cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate 76% and iopamidol in euvolemic and dehydrated dogs.

We examined the acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of intravenous meglumine/sodium diatrizoate-76% and iopamidol in euvolemic and dehydrated dogs. The physiologic responses were compared with acute changes in the level of an endogenous heparin-like material (EHM). One of eight dehydrated dogs receiving diatrizoate (2 ml/kg) had an immediate vomiting reflex associated with a very significant decline in all measured renal hemodynamic parameters; none of eight dehydrated dogs receiving iopamidol experienced a similar reaction. EHM levels did not correspond to the magnitude of the physiologic responses following either iopamidol or diatrizoate. Significant differences between iopamidol and diatrizoate were noted when comparing the magnitude of the decrease in systemic pressure (- delta 3.8 +/- 3.02, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 19.4 +/- 7.3 mm Hg, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .03), increased renal plasma flow (+ delta 6.2 +/- 4.9, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. + delta 33.7 +/- 8.0 ml/min, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .05), and decreased filtration fraction (- delta 0.09 +/- 0.01, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 0.14 +/- 0.02, diatrizoate, n = 8; P less than .03). There was no significant difference in the decrease in glomerular filtration rate (- delta 7.4 +/- 1.0, iopamidol, n = 8; vs. - delta 9.3 +/- 1.3, diatrizoate, n = 8; P greater than .05), since the marked drop in filtration fraction occurring with diatrizoate was counterbalanced by the marked increase in renal plasma flow. Acute systemic and renal hemodynamic effects are significantly lessened when comparing iopamidol with diatrizoate.
Learning to act old: Heroes, villains or old fools

Abstract Early work in gerontology stressed adaptability and implied a certain passivity in the formulation of aging self-concepts. More recent efforts have focused on intentionality and socially negotiated aspects of self-conception. This article asserts that the selection of role models evolves out of intentional consciousness and that these then stand as external referents for self-definition. Relying on our own proleptic imagery of who we want to be, we use personalized ideal types to orient our own behavior and attitudes. Utilizing a three-fold typology originated by Klapp, the discussion outlines three global ideal types that actors may use in charting their own course.
Bilateral variation in limb articular surface dimensions.

Joint form is frequently used to interpret locomotor and manipulative adaptations and infer physical behavioral patterns in past humans, yet the precise genetic and environmental determinants of joint size are incompletely understood. The aim of this research is to assess the plasticity of limb articular dimension through the use of directional asymmetry as an indicator of mechanical stress during skeletal development. Directional asymmetry is largely attributable to differential mechanical loading during bone growth related to handedness. Because the large majority of individuals are right-handed, it is hypothesized that joint dimensions will be significantly larger in the upper right limb and lower left limb in the crossed symmetry pattern that is typically exhibited in bone lengths. Patterns of bilateral variation were explored by sex and skeletal location. Significant levels of directional asymmetry (P < 0.05) suggest that limb articular surfaces are adapted to the mechanical environment. Biomechanical factors are important in the development and maintenance of articular morphology. Further research, however, is needed to establish the exact relationship between joint size and the mechanical environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:328–333, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epitaxial Fe/Y2O3 interfaces as a model system for oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloys

Abstract The fundamental mechanisms underlying the superior radiation tolerance properties of oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic steels and nanostructured ferritic alloys are poorly understood. Thin film heterostructures of Fe/Y2O3 can serve as a model system for fundamental studies of radiation damage. Epitaxial thin films of Y2O3 were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on 8% Y:ZrO2 (YSZ) substrates with (1 0 0), (1 1 0), and (1 1 1) orientation. Metallic Fe was subsequently deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. Characterization by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in the channeling geometry revealed a degree of epitaxial or axiotaxial orientation for Fe(2 1 1) deposited on Y2O3(1 1 0)/YSZ(1 1 0). In contrast, Fe on Y2O3(1 1 1)/YSZ(1 1 1) was fully polycrystalline, and Fe on Y2O3(1 0 0)/YSZ(1 0 0) exhibited out-of-plane texture in the [1 1 0] direction with little or no preferential in-plane orientation. Scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging of Fe(2 1 1)/Y2O3(1 1 0)/YSZ(1 10) revealed a strongly islanded morphology for the Fe film, with no epitaxial grains visible in the cross-sectional sample. Well-ordered Fe grains with no orientation to the underlying Y2O3 were observed. Well-ordered crystallites of Fe with both epitaxial and non-epitaxial orientations on Y2O3 are a promising model system for fundamental studies of radiation damage phenomena. This is illustrated with preliminary results of He bubble formation following implantation with a helium ion microscope. He bubble formation is shown to preferentially occur at the Fe/Y2O3 interface.
The Image of Absence: Archival Silence, Data Visualization, and James Hemings

In recent years, scholars from across the humanities, including literary critics Stephen Best and Saidiya Hartman, have theorized about how best to account for the silences endemic to the archive of American slavery. These critics call for a shift away from what Best has described as a "logic and ethic of recovery" to a new focus, instead, on animating the mysteries of the past. With the example of James Hemings, Thomas Jefferson's enslaved chef (and Sally Hemings's older brother), this essay shows how a set of techniques associated with the digital humanities-in particular, techniques that derive from the fields of computational linguistics and data visualization-can further illuminate these mysteries. It also describes how the unique demands of the archive of slavery pose challenges to the field of digital humanities as it is currently conceived. By contrasting a set of visualizations of Hemings's archival trace with Jefferson's own charts and tables, Klein demonstrates how we must rethink the empiricist epistemology of the visible that endures to this day. After a brief discussion of data visualization as it relates to the construction of race, Klein turns to the issue of labor, and concludes that Hemings's culinary labor, when considered as techne, can inform discussions of digital labor today.
In situ dissolution or deposition of Ytterbium (Yb) metal in microhotplate wells for a miniaturized atomic clock

Current atomic clocks are burdened by size, weight, power and portability limitations to satisfy a broad range of potential applications. One critical need in the fabrication of a miniaturized atomic clock is small, low-power metallic sources. Exploiting the relatively high vapor pressure of ytterbium (Yb) and its dissolution in anhydrous ammonia, we report two independent techniques for depositing Yb inside a well micromachined into a microhotplate. Subsequent in situ evaporation of Yb from the microhotplate well serves as a low-power metallic source suitable for atomic clocks. The deposition and evaporation of Yb were confirmed using a variety of physicochemical techniques including quartz crystal microbalance, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and laser fluorescence. We also describe the fabrication of the microhotplate device, an integral component of our Yb-based miniature atomic clock. The Yb deposition/evaporation on a microhotplate well is thus useful as a low power Yb source during the fabrication of a miniaturized atomic clock, and this technique could be used for other applications requiring a vapor of a metal that has a moderate vapor pressure.
Application of the PTSD-alcohol expectancy questionnaire (P-AEQ) to sexually assaulted college women

Risk of alcohol use problems is an important clinical concern for women who have been sexually assaulted and experience PTSD symptoms. This study explored this risk by testing a factor structure of an alcohol expectancy questionnaire that assesses beliefs about alcohol's effects on posttraumatic stress symptoms (P-AEQ). Symptom-specific expectancy scores were then tested as predictors of alcohol consumption. Subjects were 96 female undergraduate women who reported being forced to have sex, 68 who experienced pressure to have sex, and 149 who denied any forced or pressured sex. Alternative factor models were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A four-factor model reflecting posttraumatic stress symptom domains (Intrusions, Avoidance, Arousal, and Numbing) was found. The numbing factor was correlated with drinking among assaulted women; however, no support was found for symptom-specific expectancies to moderate between assault and drinking. Findings supported a role for posttrauma symptom-specific al...
Patterns of survival at subzero temperatures by hatchling painted turtles and snapping turtles

Neonatal painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) do not emerge from their nest immediately upon hatching but instead remain inside the nest cavity until the following spring. Because the nest chamber is only 7–12 cm beneath the surface of the ground, hatchlings in northerly populations may be exposed to subzero temperatures during their first winter of life. We studied the pattern of survival by hatchling painted turtles exposed to subzero temperatures in a controlled laboratory experiment and discovered that 50% of the animals in our samples could withstand exposure to approximately −8.6°C for 18 hr. In contrast, hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) died at −2°C. This extraordinary ability for hatchling painted turtles to withstand exposure to subzero temperatures is a key feature in the unusual life history of the species and distinguishes painted turtles from other species occurring at high latitudes.
Sustainable grizzly bear mortality calculated from counts of females with cubs-of-the-year: An evaluation

Abstract Unduplicated counts of female grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis with cubs-of-the-year are currently used to estimate minimum population sizes used, in turn, to calculate allowable (assumed to equal sustainable) mortality for grizzly bear populations in the contiguous United States of America. This calculation assumes that unduplicated counts are an unbiased and accurate indicator of population size and that the ratios of minimum population size and known mortality to their respective totals are equal. Neither of these assumptions can be directly tested. However in this paper I use data from the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1977–1990, to evaluate two directly related but alternate hypotheses: (1) annual variation in unduplicated counts is explained by factors extraneous to the number of adult females in the population (i.e. search effort and sightability of females with cubs); and (2) there is > 10% risk of allowing unsustainable mortality (actual mortality rate > 6%) given a plausible, uniform range of population and mortality ratios. My results are consistent with accepting both of these hypotheses. I therefore concluded that unduplicated counts varied without a known relationship to population size and that, by normal standards, the method currently adopted for management of grizzly bear populations in the contiguous United States was not a conservative basis for calculating maximum allowable mortality. I suggest that using lower mortality rates and conservative bounds of confidence limits for the estimated parameters used in calculations of allowable mortality could substantially reduce the risk of unintentionally allowing excessive mortality.
Judgmental biases in decision support for strike operations

Human decisionmaking does not typically fit the classical analytic model, and the heuristics employed may yield a variety of biased judgments. These biases are often considered inherently adverse, but may be functional in some cases. Decision support systems can mitigate some biases, but often introduce others. "Debiasing" decision support systems entails designing DSS to address expected biases, and to preclude inducing new ones. High-level C2 decisionmaking processes are poorly understood, but these general principles and lessons learned in other fields are expected to obtain. A notional air campaign illustrates potential biases in a commander"s judgment during planning and execution, and the role of debiasing operational DSS.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modified-Policosanol Does Not Reduce Plasma Lipoproteins in Hyperlipidemic Patients When Used Alone or in Combination with Statin Therapy

Policosanol is a poorly absorbed nutritional supplement used primarily for cholesterol management. Findings from previous trials evaluating the effects of policosanol are mixed with early data reporting positive lipid effects while more recent studies indicate negligible efficacy. We hypothesized that re-formulating policosanol would result in an improvement in major lipoproteins and possibly provide some explanation for previously conflicting trial data. Our primary objectives were to assess the efficacy and safety of modified-policosanol (MP) on the major lipoproteins among hyperlipidemic subjects receiving background statin therapy or as monotherapy. This 8-week clinical trial consisted of 3 arms. Subjects receiving chronic statin therapy (N = 36) were randomized in a double-blind design to MP 20 mg daily or placebo. In the third arm, subjects not receiving statin therapy (N = 18) were assigned open-label MP 20 mg daily. The utilization of MP when added to background statin therapy or as monotherapy resulted in no significant changes in major lipoproteins (all p > 0.05). The MP therapy was well tolerated with no major adverse events reported. Consistent with recent clinical trial data, MP demonstrated an excellent safety profile but produced no significant effects on major lipoproteins when used as monotherapy or when given with concomitant statin therapy.
Spike pattern-based coding schemes in the cricket cercal sensory system

Abstract We apply the recently developed information distortion method (Comput. Neural Systems 12 (4) (2001) 441) to the analysis of coding by single neurons in the cricket cercal sensory system. This technique allows simultaneous identification of stimulus features and corresponding neural responses. The best approximation of a coding scheme that we obtained suggests that significant information is encoded in spike patterns. We compare this method to the linear stimulus reconstruction approach. Our coarsest nontrivial reproduction completely recovers the stimulus reconstruction results. Further refinements uncover additional structure, not present in the stimulus reconstruction results.
Atrial vagal escape after crushing parts of the sinus node.

Abstract Systematic application of clamps across the sinus node leads at first to progressive inhibition of vagal influence on the sinus node activity and then to restoration of this effect. The mechanisms of these paradoxical results are discussed but no satisfactory explanation is evident.
Radiation quality effects in chemical dosimetry

Abstract An examination has been made of the importance of the effects of secondary electrons in the interpretation of yields of the Fricke dosimeter for high energy charged particles.
Probe and radar electron temperatures in an isotropic nonequilibrium plasma.

Electron temperatures measured by electrostatic probes and radar backscatter in isotropic, nonequilibrium plasma for studying planetary atmospheres
Aligning a reflection cavity by Anderson’s method

The sounding rocket principle of equivalence measurement uses a set of four laser gauges operating in Fabry–Perot cavities to determine the relative acceleration of two test masses that are chemically different. One end of each cavity is a flat mirror on a test mass. Because the test masses are unconstrained and thus expected to rotate slightly during measurement, and because the distance measurements are made at the sub-picometer level, it is essential to have real-time alignment of the beam entering the cavity. However, the cavity must be used in reflection and space is limited. We show that Anderson’s alignment method can be used in reflection, but that it requires that the Fabry–Perot cavity have mirrors with significantly unequal reflectivities.
An investigation of the antibacterial effect of carrot on Listeria monocytogenes

Carrot slices immersed in a potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/l, pH 7.0) or carrot tissue macerated in the buffer had a lethal effect on Listeria monocytogenes. This antilisterial activity was suppressed by anaerobiosis, thiol compounds (1 mmol/l) and bovine serum albumin (0.05%) but was not affected by sodium ascorbate (200 mmol/l), propyl gallate (25 mmol/l), catalase (1100 U/ml), superoxide dismutase (357 U/ml), or chelating agents (10 mmol/l). Free-radical scavengers had no effect at 10 mmol or 50 mmol/l but histidine and diazabenzocyclooctane at 100 mmol/l reduced the antilisterial activity. The addition of Tween 20, 0.05% (v/v), to carrot macerates improved the recovery of the activity in the supernatant liquid after centrifugation at 10 000 g for 2 min. The addition of higher concentrations of the detergent to the macerate reduced the antilisterial activity.
"Ventilatory alternans": a left-right alternation of inspiratory airflow in humans.

Abstract In a study visualizing ventilation with hyperpolarized 3 He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in elite breath hold divers, the dynamic MRI images in one subject exhibited an apparent alternation of the image intensity between left and right lung. We hypothesized that the alternation resulted from alternating variations in inspiratory flow rate to left and right lungs. Analysis showed that the alternation was not due to random uncorrelated temporal fluctuations of intensity ( p −1 , suggesting a cardiac origin. Similar alternation of ventilation was confirmed retrospectively in 4 of 6 additional subjects. These observations are consistent with previous studies showing cardiogenic mixing of gas in the lung. We speculate that cardiogenic pendelluft, possibly from ballistic lateral motion of the beating heart, could cause alternating variations of inspiratory flow to the lungs.
Resistance Training in Older Adults: Are Community-Based Interventions Effective for Improving Health Outcomes?

Sarcopenia is associated with substantial health and economic consequences and is emerging as a major public health problem in the older population. The effects of sarcopenia may increase the risk for adverse health outcomes in older adults, and strategies need to be developed to maintain healthy aging. Although several intervention strategies have been proposed, resistance training (RT) has been suggested as the most effective stimulus for optimizing improvements in physical function and body composition with age. Although RT has been established as a safe and efficacious intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, very few older adults regularly participate in RT programs. Community-based RT programs may be a feasible strategy because of their accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and lower-intensity training stimuli. However, the effects of these interventions on health outcomes in older adults have not been adequately reviewed. This report will describe the health effects associated with...
Efficient design of SCADA systems using minimum spanning trees and the NFR Framework

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are being increasingly used to monitor and control critical infrastructures ranging from computer networks to manufacturing, and proper design of SCADA systems is an important issue for developers of SCADA systems and their users. Current practice seems to center around purchasing a best-of-breed solution and configuring it to meet the expected system goals. In this paper we propose an efficient design approach based on minimum spanning trees and the NFR Framework(NFR standing for Non-Functional Requirements) wherein SCADA designs are captured in spanning trees and minimum spanning trees indicate the optimally weighted designs, and the most suitable among these weighted designs is chosen by employing the NFR Framework, which is a goal-oriented framework for analyzing competing alternatives and choosing the best one based on the goals for the SCADA system. The design algorithm is verified by applying it to a case study.
5-Hydroxytryptamine stimulates net Ca2+ flux in the ventricular muscle of a mollusc (Busycon canaliculatum) during cardioexcitation.

Noninvasive, self-referencing calcium (Ca 21 ) electrodes were used to study the mechanisms by which 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) affects net Ca 21 flux across the sarcolemma of myocytes from ventricular trabeculae (from a marine gastropod, Busycon canaliculatum). Treat- ment of isolated trabeculae with 5-HT causes a net Ca 21 efflux, which is 30% blocked by verapamil. These findings suggest that the efflux is in part the result of a previous Ca 21 influx through L-type Ca 21 channels and is due to a rapid Ca 21 extrusion mechanism inherent to the sarcolemma of these myocytes. 5-HT-induced net Ca 21 efflux is also re- duced by about 40% by treatment with a sodium (Na 1 )-free, lithium (Li 1 )-substituted saline, which shuts down the Na-Ca exchanger during Ca 21 extrusion. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 21 ATPase, almost completely abolishes the 5-HT-in- duced net Ca 21 efflux, suggesting that the SR rather than the extracellular pool is the primary Ca 21 reservoir serving 5-HT-induced excitation.
Evaluation of the government documents collection: An introduction and overview

Abstract Commonly used techniques of evaluating library collections are identified, considered, and related to the government publication collection. The environment of collection evaluation is considered. The major techniques used to evaluate collection adequacy include: reference queries, circulation queries, questionnaires administered to library users, size of collection, list checking, consultation with subject specialists, and observation. The need for continuous evaluation is emphasized as is evaluation which will be used to improve the ability of the collection to meet local needs.
Effect of tillage on abundance of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Col., Scarabaeidae), larvae and adults in highbush blueberry fields

At 15 commercial highbush blueberry farms, fields where row middles were tilled had 72% lower larval density of Popillia japonica than fields with grass in row middles. Popillia japonica larval populations were similar in the perimeters of tilled and untilled fields. Soil parameters measured in these sites were not correlated with larval density of P. japonica. Samples of adult beetles on bushes showed that they were significantly less abundant in tilled fields compared with fields with grass in the row middles. The abundance of larvae inside fields during the spring was significantly correlated with early, but not late summer abundance of adult beetles on bushes. Comparisons of different tillage timings showed that grassy plots between rows of blueberry bushes that were tilled in spring and kept bare all year round had lower abundance of P. japonica larvae than those that retained perennial ryegrass. The effect of tillage timing on larval abundance was not consistent across 2 years, but most timings caused similar reduction in P. japonica larval density in the row middles. Tillage in the spring and in the autumn caused 50.5% and 68.8% reduction of larval density in each year respectively. These results indicate that tillage can reduce P. japonica larval and adult abundance in highbush blueberry fields.
Is It Content or Style? An Evaluation of Two Competitive Measurement Models Applied to a Balanced Set of Ethnocentrism Items

Attitude surveys often use sets of items with identical response scales (e.g., in Likert format) in order to formulate attitude constructs. There is considerable evidence that such a response format can be susceptible to acquiescence bias (i.e., the tendency to agree with survey questions). The specification of a style factor (acquiescence) in measurement models can result in well-fitted factorial invariant models for cross-cultural surveys. Attempts to model acquiescence are confronted with the phenomenon that models with a positive and a negative factor appear to be as likely as models with a bipolar factor and a style factor. We will evaluate the two competitive measurement models, applied to a balanced set of ethnocentrism items from the 1999 Religious and Moral Pluralism (RAMP) dataset. It is argued that the competing measurement models should be evaluated in the context of a theoretically meaningful nomological network.
Gravity gradient measurements

It is shown that, for floated satellite gravity gradiometers subject to very low levels of unmodeled forces and torques, dynamic estimation can dramatically reduce rotation correction errors. The filter structure is developed, and the value of factorization techniques is examined. Numerical examples are given for a few practical cases using plausible instrument ensembles. To achieve these early results, great simplifications have been made, and important error sources have been suppressed. >
Circadian reactivity rhythm of human skin to house dust, penicillin, and histamine

Abstract Circadian rhythms characterize the extent of erythematous allergic response to fixed doses of house dust extract as well as penicillin. In the evening for diurnally active man, or, more generally, during the interval from 17.5 to 19.5 hours following the midpoint of the daily sleep span, a positive test may be more readily elicited than at other test times. Crests in the susceptibility rhythm to the allergens coincide roughly with the peaks of statistically significant changes characterizing the response of healthy subjects to a fixed dose of histamine and occur near the circadian trough in plasma corticosteroid levels, gauged in this study by urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) determinations. The findings, evaluated by electronic computer procedures, reveal the basic periodicity in man's susceptibility to a broad range of potentially harmful agents, while accounting on the practical side for some of the variability in cutaneous test results.
Mitochondrial response to chlorophenols as a short‐term toxicity assay

In this investigation the effects of chlorophenols on rat liver mitochondrial respiratory parameters were determined and compared to the toxicities of those compounds in a variety of biological systems currently being used for toxicity testing. Mitochondrial fractions were exposed to six concentrations of five different chlorophenols in a semiclosed, 2-ml reaction vessel. Respiratory parameters were measured polarographically with an oxygen electrode and compared to control experiments. The toxicity of the chlorophenols, as measured by the concentration reducing the respiratory control ratio of the control to 50% (RCR50), increased with increasing chloro substitution. RCR50 concentrations ranged from 599 μM with 2-chlorophenol to 0.110 μM with pentachlorophenol. The RCR50 concentrations for the five chlorophenols were compared to six physicochemical parameters for the same chlorophenols; high degrees of correlation between the RCR50 concentrations and the physicochemical parameters were found (r ≥ 0.890). The highest correlation coefficient obtained was with the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (r = 0.991), indicating that the ability of chlorophenols to partition into the lipid mitochondrial membrane plays a significant role in eliciting its toxic effect. RCR50 concentrations were also compared to nine currently existing short-term toxicity tests. High degrees of correlation were obtained with several of the tests, including algal, bacterial, and fish bioassays. This suggests that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may be the major mechanism by which chlorophenols cause toxicity to intact cells as well as more complex organisms. The use of mitochondrial respiratory parameters appears to offer a complementary approach as a short-term toxicity test for this class of compounds. Further development and testing with a variety of other toxicants is suggested.
Consequences of Structural Adjustment on Economic and Social Domains: Two Decades in the Life of Peru

This article examines the impact of structural adjustment in Peru by asking what seems to be a simple question: did the situation of small producers improve following implementation of structural adjustment measures? Though improvement is seen as economic growth, the criteria used to determine that are not uniform. This study focuses on a comprehensive set of indicators of production, diffusion of the cash economy, and revenue, exploring trends among different types of producers, classified according to what they produce and how the production is organized. It focuses on the period 1980 to 2000 and, whenever possible, presents data from 1970 for comparison purposes. The authors conclude that the key is not so much integrating agricultural producers into the market or opening rural markets but rather improving the conditions under which small producers and subsistence farmers become integrated into the market, which will require a deep understanding of how the production system of the rural poor functions.
O-Ring: A Fault Tolerance and Load Balancing Architecture for Peer-to-Peer Systems

O-Ring is a novel architecture that provides fault tolerance and load balancing for peer-to-peer systems. As the number of peers increases, faults become more frequent and fault tolerance becomes important. As the number of users increases, demand becomes more variable and load balancing becomes necessary. In O-Ring, data items are replicated on successive peers around the ring, with an overlap of data items stored at consecutive peers. Each peer holds data items for which it is directly responsible. It also holds backup copies of data items held by the peer preceding it on the ring and the peer following it on the ring. O-Ring allows peers to adjust their loads dynamically, without the overhead of transferring data items and without delay in request processing.
HeLa cell invasion by a strain of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli that lacks the O-antigenic polysaccharide.

Summary The interaction with HeLa cells of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain and its plasmid-cured derivative strain was examined. An O111:NM EPEC strain B171 harbours a 54 megadalton plasmid (pYR111) necessary for the expression of both localized adherence (LA) to HeLa cells and the 0-repeating side chain of the lipopolysaccharide. Under light microscopy, the plasmid-cured derivative strain B171-4 was observed to interact with HeLa cells in a pattern distinct from LA. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the bacteria were internalized by HeLa cells. In contrast, strain B171 induced pedestal-like projections and invaginations of the plasma membrane, but was never completely internalized. A quantitative assay to determine the number of internalized bacteria revealed that strain B171-4 was internalized at levels 30–70-fold higher than those of aviruient E. coli strains. Cytochalasin B reduced the levels of internalization of both strain B171-4 and an entero-invasive E. coli strain (E11), but did not affect LA by strain B171. These results suggest that EPEC strain B171 may carry a specific chromosomally determined surface factor needed to initiate internalization by HeLa cells. However, a plasmid-determined factor alters the nature of this interaction; the combined effects of the chromosomal and plasmid determinants lead to the characteristic attachment of the bacteria in clusters on the surface of the eukaryotic cell.
Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work

This study began with the premise that people can use varying degrees of their selves, physically, cognitively, and emotionally, in work role performances, which has implications for both their wor...
Wind Tunnel Analysis of a Morphing Swept Wing Tailless Aircraft

Inspired by flight in nature, work done by Lippisch, the Hortens, and Northrop offered a chance at achieving the efficiency of bird flight with swept-wing tailless aircraft. Tailless designs have been forced incorporate aerodynamic compromises for control, which have inhibited potential advantages. A morphing mechanism, which changes the twist of wing and can provide pitch, roll and yaw control for a tailless swept wing aircraft. This research is investigating the design of a morphing wing to impro ve the flight characteristics of a tailless aircraft. Wind-tunnel testing is being used to evaluate the stability, control and efficiency of a morphing swept wing tailless aircraft. Preliminary data indicates that a morphing mechanism, which can change an aircrafts wing twist in flight, can provide adequate control forces and moments to control an UAV and potentially in a manned aircraft. This morphing wing can allow a swept wing tailless aircraft to fly in a cruise configuration without the added drag of b uilt in washout or winglets normally used to prevent adverse yaw during maneuvering resulting in lift to drag ratios in the cruise configuration for the morphing wing close to 15 % better then an elevon -equipped wing. Wind tunnel data also indicates that drag reductions of between 7% and 28 % during maneuvering flight may be possible.
Primary oncocytic adenocarcinomas of the lung: A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular biologic analysis of 16 cases

Sixteen cases of primary oncocytic adenocarcinomas of the lung are reported. The patients were 11 women and 5 men between the ages of 47 and 81 years (median, 75 years) with symptoms of cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Surgical staging disclosed 14 patients (88%) with stage I disease, 1 (6%) with stage II, and 1 (6%) with stage III. Histologically, all the cases displayed prominent oncocytic features with conventional growth patterns, including acinar, papillary, and bronchioloalveolar. Immunohistochemically, the tumors displayed positive staining for keratin 7, thyroid transcription factor-1, and mitochondrial antibody. Molecular studies showed 3 (20%) of 15 tumors with EGFR mutations and 3 additional cases with KRAS mutations. Clinical follow-up of at least 24 months was obtained in all patients and showed that 5 patients had recurrences, 2 patients died of tumor, and 2 other patients died of unrelated conditions. These cases represent an unusual variant of pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
In vitro inhibition of esterase activity in amniotic fluid: Comparison with bacterial cultures

Assessment of leukocyte esterase activity in amniotic fluid for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of chorioamnionitis has been demonstrated previously. We compared in vitro inhibition of esterase activity in amniotic fluid with bacterial cultures to identify the origins of the specific esterases released by the infecting organisms. One hundred forty-one samples were tested (90 uninfected, 51 infected). Each sample was evaluated for Gram stain, cultures, and an in vitro esterase assay followed by ebelactone inhibition. Forty-two patients had positive amniotic fluid cultures. Ebelactone produced varying degrees of inhibition of esterase activity (range, 20% to 60%) in the uninfected samples and in those infected with gram-negative organisms. There was no inhibition in the samples infected with gram-positive organisms. Thus different groups of bacteria may elicit the production of different and specific esterases in infected amniotic fluid, as shown by the differences in in vitro inhibition.
Effects of direct renin inhibition on atherosclerotic biomarkers in patients with stable coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives:To evaluate whether the direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, has a more favorable effect compared to amlodipine on atherosclerotic biomarkers in patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes currently receiving standard secondary prevention therapy.Methods:A total of 38 patients were randomly assigned initially to either aliskiren (150 mg daily) or amlodipine (5 mg daily) for 2 weeks after which the dose of either medication was increased to its maximum daily dose for 4 additional weeks. Baseline and 6-week blood samples were analyzed for changes from baseline and between treatment groups for vascular and intracellular cell adhesion molecule, C-reactive protein, nitric oxide, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, 8-isoprostane, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.Results:Thirty-one patients completed the study. More of the dropouts occurred in patients receiving aliskiren. Systolic blood pressure decreased in both treatment arms with no differences between the groups being noted....
The influence of chitosan glazing on the quality of skinless pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fillets during frozen storage

Abstract Chitosan (CH1, 1% w/w solution) was used for producing chitosan film and used for glazing skinless pink salmon fillets. The rheological properties of chitosan solution, and mechanical properties and gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen) permeability of the chitosan film were evaluated. The effect of chitosan (CH1, 1% w/w solution) glazing on the quality of skinless pink salmon fillets after eight months frozen storage was determined. The rheological study showed that CH1 exhibited pseudoplastic and viscoelastic characteristics. The glass transition temperature (Tg) for the chitosan film was observed at 80.23 °C. The oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor permeabilities of the chitosan film were 5.34 × 10−2 (cm3/m day atm), 0.17 (cm3/m day atm), 0.03 (cm3/m day atm), and 2.92 × 10−10 (g water m/m2 Pa s), respectively. Fillets glazed with CH1 solution exhibited significantly (p
Electrochemical oxidation of methanol using dppm-bridged Ru/Pd, Ru/Pt and Ru/Au catalysts

The electrochemical oxidation of methanol was carried out using a series of dppm-bridged Ru/Pd, Ru/Pt and Ru/Au heterobimetallic complexes as catalysts. The major oxidation products were formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (dimethoxymethane, DMM) and methyl formate (MF). The Ru/Pd and Ru/Pt bimetallic catalysts generally afforded lower product ratios of DMM/MF and higher current efficiencies than the Ru/Au catalysts. The Ru/Au bimetallics exhibited product ratios and current efficiencies similar to those obtained from the Ru mononuclear compound CpRu(PPh3)2Cl. Increasing the methanol concentration afforded higher current efficiencies, while the addition of water to the samples shifted the product distribution toward the more highly oxidized product, MF.
Restenosis in Intervened Coronaries with Hyperhomocysteinemia (RICH).

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding the contribution made by elevated serum homocysteine evels in raising the risk of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. The objective of this study was to determine whether elevated homocysteine evels increase the risk of restenosis. Methods Two hundred and two consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stents on previously nonintervened native coronary arteries were eligible for enrollment in the study. Before the percutaneous coronary intervention, a fasting serum homocysteine evel was drawn. Patients were followed-up by their primary cardiologists for recurrence of symptoms. Those patients who had a recurrence of anginal symptoms consistent with clinical restenosis were referred for a repeat angiogram. All other patients were followed-up medically. The homocysteine evels of the patients who had repeat angiography for recurrent symptoms were compared to those who were followed-up medically. Results Age, stent ength, stent diameter, and homocysteine evels were all associated with an increased risk of restenosis in the univariate analysis. In the multiple ogistic regression model, the only variable that remained significant in relation to an increased risk of restenosis was homocysteine. There was a significant difference in the mean homocysteine evels between the restenosis group (13.7 μmol/L) and those without restenosis (9.6 μmol/L; P P = .0004). Conclusion This study demonstrates that elevated homocysteine evels strongly correlate with an increased risk of restenosis.
ON THE SEPARATION OF POWERS: LIBERAL AND PROGRESSIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM

One of the main targets of Progressive constitutional critique was the system of separation of powers. Woodrow Wilson was especially critical of that feature of American constitutionalism. As has been noted by others, Wilson wanted to replace the separation of powers with the conceptual and institutional distinction between politics and administration. Wilson, however, had an extremely truncated and on the whole inaccurate view of the point and intended operation of separation of powers, as an examination of the doctrine in the philosophy of John Locke demonstrates.
Modulation of diffusion with polarized lasers

Laser diffusion is generally used to modify the metallurgical composition at the surface of materials for improving the mechanical properties. Platinum has been diffused into titanium and tantalum sheets in this study, and the concentrations of Pt in the substrates are determined. The concentration of Pt is higher at lower scanning speeds due to higher surface temperature and longer diffusion time than in the case of higher scanning speeds. Additionally, the samples treated with a linearly polarized laser beam exhibit slightly higher concentration of Pt. The enhanced diffusion in the case of linearly polarized laser treatment can be attributed to controlled excitation of the local vibration modes of the atoms in the substrate. The reflec- tivity of the samples are also measured at the wavelength of 1,064 nm and compared with theoretical results.
A consultation system for statistical analysis of data

The authors discuss Nonpare, a consultation system for analysis of data using nonparametric statistical procedures. It is intended to serve as an intelligent interface that will act as a guide, an instructor, and an interpreter to a body of statistical software. The essence of Nonpare is the rule-based interface to accompanying software and the interpretations of the ensuing computations. Nonpare exists as a prototype, with a limited release planned in 1989 for field testing. >
Compositional changes in cell wall polysaccharides from chilled and non-chilled cucumber fruit

Abstract Cell wall carbohydrate composition and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content have been determined in chilled (2.5°) and non-chilled (12.5°) cucumber fruit. The major compositional change that accompanied the increased capability for ACC synthesis during chilling was a diminished loss of galactose residues, relative to the loss which occurred at 12.5°. However, the loss of galactose residues increased markedly when fruit were transferred from 2.5° to 20°, and wall galactose levels eventually declined to similar levels in both chilled and non-chilled fruit. Rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose and cellulose content of walls was similar in chilled and non-chilled fruit and did not change substantially upon transfer of fruit to 20°. Upon transfer of chilled fruit from 2.5° to 20°, an increase in the relative amount of galacturonic acid in cell walls occurred; this change did not occur in non-chilled fruit. Thus, chilling stress results in a rapid change in the neutral sugar and galacturonic acid composition of cell wall pectic polysaccharides upon warming.
Monitoring Remedial Effectiveness

Contaminated sediment remediation is a long-term, often decadal, process from initial characterization to achieving remedial action objectives (RAOs). Monitoring remedial effectiveness is critically important in contaminated sediment management. It seeks to answer the fundamental question of “Were we successful?” As a result, it is also a topic of great sensitivity. From a pragmatic point of view, there are many disincentives to conducting remedy effectiveness monitoring. What happens if the remedy is not “successful” and hundreds of millions of private and public dollars have been spent over many years of cleanup, after years of investigation and negotiation? Do we start over again? Determine it cannot be done? While this concern is very real, it does not outweigh the statutory requirements, cost accountability, human and ecological risk implications, and the standards of good governance and environmental stewardship that mandate remedy effectiveness be tracked and verified.
On Accurate Color Calibration for Digital Cameras

Conversion from raw camera coordinates to a standard color space is developed here as a direct product of two independent maps, one for chromaticity coordinates of hue and saturation, the other for brightness. The principal focus is on the former. While the main approach is a target-based mapping, comparison with a more conventional approach shows that the structure of chromaticity for point reflection spectra at the capture gamut boundary influences the map far into the interior. Failure to account properly for this systematic effect is the largest source of error in standard color mappings. Restriction to chromatic mappings defines a class of corresponding chromatic metamers. Failure of a camera to satisfy the Luther condition produces two distinct classes of chromatic metamer errors: essential and adventitious. c 2014 Society for
Moral Intuition and Its Rational Features

As one kind of intuition,moral intuition has features of general intuitions.It also has rational features from the perspectives of physiological basis of the formation of intuition,practical accumulation,and the participation of rationality.In moral life,moral intuition plays an important role,but has limitations difficult to overcome.Compared with moral intuition,moral rationality is of ultimacy.
Effects of the Cooling Mode on the Temperature Uniformity of Ultra Heavy Plate Quenching

The tank immersion mode and ultra fast continuous cooling mode were adopted for ultra heavy steel plate quenching,through comparing the effects of sustainable cooling and intermittent cooling on the cooling rates of the centre and near surface part and the temperature uniformity along the thickness direction,centre heat conduction and surface heat transfer characteristic of the ultra heavy steel plate during quenching were illustrated. Based on this,optimal quenching schedule was constructed. The results showed that,compared with sustainable continuous quenching,intermittent continuous quenching not only kept the lower surface cooling rate,but also increased centre cooling rate,and the temperature uniformity along the thickness direction was improved remarkably. When the water cooling and air cooling time ratio was 1. 4,the optimization effects appeared obviously.