cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-employment transition services for students with disabilities: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND Students with disabilities often experience numerous challenges in terms of finding employment. Given the important role of vocational rehabilitation counselors in supporting employment activities for these students, a need exists for identifying effective strategies that increase employment outcomes for this population. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to examine and describe successful research- based interventions on pre-employment transition services for students with disabilities that can be used by vocational rehabilitation counselors. METHODS The search strategy examined literature from 1998 through 2017 focused on vocational rehabilitation counselors, students with disabilities, and elements related to pre-employment transition services. Articles included American, European, and Australian literature published in English. RESULTS This review identified a number of research-based interventions that support employment outcomes for students with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS The research-based interventions identified in this scoping review can help vocational rehabilitation counselors consider effective strategies for increasing employment outcomes for students with disabilities.
Viability of Virtual Skills-based Assessments Focused on Communication.

Objective. To evaluate faculty and student perceptions of and performance on virtual skills-based assessments focused on communication compared to in-person assessments. Methods. In spring 2020, virtual skills-based assessments were conducted. After all assessments were completed, two 12-item questionnaires, one for students and one for the faculty members who conducted the assessment, were designed to assess perceptions of virtual skills-based assessments. The surveys were distributed via an online platform to second- and third-year (P2 and P3) pharmacy students and to faculty who had participated in a virtual skills-based assessment. Scores from the spring 2020 virtual skills-based assessment were compared to scores on the in-person skills-based assessment that took place in spring 2019. Results. Of the 19 faculty and 279 students invited to participate, 18 (94.7%) faculty and 241 (86.4%) students responded. The majority of faculty (88.9%) and students (63.5%) perceived the virtual skills-based assessments to be effective at simulating an interaction. However, only 33.3% of faculty and 28.6% of students preferred the virtual environment. There was not a significant difference in student performance between in-person and virtual assessments for patient consultation and SOAP note skills. Conclusion. Providing sufficient formative and summative feedback to pharmacy students is a challenge, particularly in the context of skills-based assessments. Students and faculty reported that the virtual assessment provided an opportunity for an appropriate assessment of student communication skills. However, a strong preference for using virtual skills-based assessments in the future was not observed.
Blind Discretion: Girls of Color & Delinquency in the Juvenile Justice System

The juvenile justice system was designed to empower its decisionmakers with a wide grant of discretion in hopes of better addressing youth in a more individualistic and holistic, and therefore more effective, manner. Unfortunately for girls of color in the system, this discretionary charter given to police, probation officers, and especially judges has operated without sufficiently acknowledging and addressing their unique position. Indeed, the dearth of adequate gender/race intersectional analysis in the research and the stark absence of significant system tools directed at the specific characteristics of and circumstances faced by girls of color have tracked alarming trends such as the rising number of girls in the system and the relatively harsher punishment they receive compared to boys for similar offenses. This willful blindness must stop. This Article discusses the history and modern status of the juvenile justice system as it relates to girls of color, showing how it does not, in fact, relate to girls of color. There is hope, however. This Article concludes with policy recommendations, focusing on practical solutions and tools that will help decisionmakers exercise their considerable discretion to serve, rather than disserve, girls of color. The message to system actors is simple: Open your eyes! We owe that to our girls.
Texting Behaviors of Individuals With Chronic Aphasia: A Descriptive Study.

Purpose In today's digital world, text messaging is one of the most widely used ways that people stay connected. Although it is reported that people with aphasia experience difficulties with texting, little information is available about how they actually do text. This study reports texting behaviors, such as the number and type of messages sent and contacts individuals with aphasia have. The relationships between texting behaviors and aphasia severity, including writing impairments, and social connectedness are explored. Method Twenty participants were sampled from an ongoing randomized clinical trial investigating an electronic writing treatment for aphasia (Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT03773419). Participants provided consent for researchers to view and analyze texts sent and received over a 7-day period immediately prior to the assessment. Participants' text messages were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded. Results Over the 7-day period, the number of contacts with whom participants texted ranged from one to 18. The mean number of text messages exchanged was 40.3 (SD = 48.24), with participants sending an average of 15.4 (SD = 23.45) texts and receiving an average of 24.9 (SD = 29.44) texts. Participants varied in the types of texts sent; some had a larger proportion of initiated texts, while others drafted more responses, either simple or elaborative in nature. There was no correlation between the total number of texting exchanges and the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient (rs = .13, p = . 29) or the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Writing subtest (rs = .05, p = .42). There was also no correlation between the total number of texting exchanges and scores on measures of social connectedness. Conclusions Texting behaviors of individuals with aphasia are widely variable. Demographics, severity of aphasia and writing, and social connectedness may not predict texting behaviors. Therefore, it is clinically important to explore the unique texting abilities and preferences of each individual to meet their communication and social participation goals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14669664.
First report of the ferroelectric behavior of a metal, as shown for solder

Ferroelectric behavior is well known for nonconductive dielectrics. This work provides the first report of this behavior in a metal, specifically a solder (Sn–4Ag), which is highly conductive. As required for ferroelectric behavior, the polarization changes sign when the applied electric field changes sign. The curve of polarization vs. electric field over positive and negative values of the electric field is asymmetric, with the forward polarization being greater than the subsequent reverse polarization, regardless of the direction of the initial current (electric field), due to the hysteresis. A minimum electric field magnitude of 1 × 10−3 V/m (corresponding to an energy of 0.5 meV) is needed for the polarization magnitude to be nonzero. Above this value, the polarization magnitude increases with increasing field magnitude, with the slope of the curve increasing with the field magnitude, reaching a constant value when the field magnitude exceeds 4 × 10−3 V/m. The polarization does not level off, indicating the absence of saturation in the polarization, as expected from the polarization stemming from the free electrons interacting with the atoms. This is in contrast to nonconductive ferroelectric materials, which exhibit polarization saturation. The maximum slope of the curve gives the DC relative permittivity of 6.10 × 103, which is smaller than the AC permittivity based on capacitance measurement by three orders of magnitude. The ferroelectric behavior is potentially useful for data storage, voltage-based tuning of the capacitance and polarization polarity switching through the reversal of the polarity of the electric field.
Monitoring Depression Trends on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people’s daily lives and has caused economic loss worldwide. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the pandemic has increased depression levels among the population. However, systematic studies of depression detection and monitoring during the pandemic are lacking. Objective: This study aims to develop a method to create a large-scale depression user data set in an automatic fashion so that the method is scalable and can be adapted to future events; verify the effectiveness of transformer-based deep learning language models in identifying depression users from their everyday language; examine psychological text features’ importance when used in depression classification; and, finally, use the model for monitoring the fluctuation of depression levels of different groups as the disease propagates. Methods: To study this subject, we designed an effective regular expression-based search method and created the largest English Twitter depression data set containing 2575 distinct identified users with depression and their past tweets. To examine the effect of depression on people’s Twitter language, we trained three transformer-based depression classification models on the data set, evaluated their performance with progressively increased training sizes, and compared the model’s tweet chunk-level and user-level performances. Furthermore, inspired by psychological studies, we created a fusion classifier that combines deep learning model scores with psychological text features and users’ demographic information, and investigated these features’ relations to depression signals. Finally, we demonstrated our model’s capability of monitoring both group-level and population-level depression trends by presenting two of its applications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Our fusion model demonstrated an accuracy of 78.9% on a test set containing 446 people, half of which were identified as having depression. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, appearance of first person pronouns, talking about biological processes such as eat and sleep, talking about power, and exhibiting sadness were shown to be important features in depression classification. Further, when used for monitoring the depression trend, our model showed that depressive users, in general, responded to the pandemic later than the control group based on their tweets (n=500). It was also shown that three US states—New York, California, and Florida—shared a similar depression trend as the whole US population (n=9050). When compared to New York and California, people in Florida demonstrated a substantially lower level of depression. Conclusions: This study proposes an efficient method that can be used to analyze the depression level of different groups of people on Twitter. We hope this study can raise awareness among researchers and the public of COVID-19’s impact on people’s mental health. The noninvasive monitoring system can also be readily adapted to other big events besides COVID-19 and can be useful during future outbreaks.
Promises and limitations of targeting adhesion molecules for therapy

Dramatic progress in elucidating the molecular basis of inflammation over the past two decades has led to the development new anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies. In particular, the adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte trafficking from the blood stream to tissue have emerged as important therapeutic targets. Extensive preclinical studies have shown that blockade of leukocyte or endothelial adhesion molecules is efficacious in diverse disease models, prompting many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to develop adhesion antagonists. However, because of the close relationship between inflammation and host defense and tissue repair, anti-adhesion therapy may also be a double-edged sword. This chapter reviews the promises and limitations of anti-adhesion therapy, focusing on those drugs that have completed clinical trials.
Differential Acceptance of Genomic Medicine Approaches Between Future and Practicing Physicians

To introduce medical students at Boston University School of Medicine to the complexities of genomic testing approaches, students were presented information on the scientific and ethical foundations of genomic medicine and were then asked to apply these principles to a controversial case. Medical student and New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) reader responses to a hypothetical case of an adult seeking genomic testing to explore his personal cancer risk were compared. The responses revealed that future physicians are significantly more inclined than NEJM readers to embrace genomic approaches in response to a case of an asymptomatic patient seeking genomic testing.
Absorption by Particle Edges and Asperities

Measurements of infrared emittance from powders indicate that edges and other asperities on the particles cause enhanced absorption. A theory of the particle phase function, in which the asperities are represented by a surface distribution of induced dipoles, was able to fit the experimental results and to predict the outcome of further experiments correctly.
Antianginal efficacy and improved exercise performance with timolol. Twice-daily beta blockade in ischemic heart disease

Antianginal efficacy and improved exercise performance with timolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was assessed in 23 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris in an 11-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-two of the 23 subjects completed the open-label phase of this investigation (weeks 0 to 6) while receiving 10 to 30 mg of timolol twice daily to optimize exercise capacity. Weekly anginal episodes and nitroglycerin consumption declined from 8.9 ± 9.1 episodes/week and 8.1 ± 10.6 tablets/week, respectively, with placebo to 2.7 ± 5.2 episodes/week and 2.6 ± 6.0 tablets/week with optimal timolol dose (p −3 versus 21.7 ± 5.4 × 10 −3 , respectively). Exercise duration was prolonged from 263.3 ± 90.2 seconds to 330.3 ± 73.9 seconds (p During the double-blind phase (weeks 7 to 10), 8 subjects received timolol and 11 patients received placebo. Nitroglycerin consumption at weeks 8 and 10 and anginal frequency at week 8 were unchanged compared with initial placebo treatment. Resting HR, peak exercise HR, and peak exercise double product were significantly attenuated at weeks 8 and 10 in timolol patients compared with their initial placebo exposure. However, these variables were unchanged in placebo subjects compared with their initial placebo therapy. Exercise duration was again prolonged at week 8 in timolol subjects compared with initial placebo results (315.1 ± 61.2 seconds versus 261.3 ± 68.8 seconds, p Timolol twice daily, therefore, is potentially useful in some patients with angina pectoris. Other patients may, however, require a shorter dose interval for optimal angina control and maximal improvement in exercise capacity.
Newcastle disease virus RNA. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization of RNA from virus particles

Exposure of Newcastle disease virus particles to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in release of an RNA which sedimented more rapidly than chick embryo ribosomal RNA in sucrose density-gradients. Shaking virus with phenol after addition of detergent did not change the sedimentation velocity of the rapidly sedimenting viral RNA. This viral RNA was separated from contaminants of smaller size by gel filtration on 2% agarose columns. Viral RNA isolated in this manner had a sedimentation coefficient S20,w of 49·2 s in 0·01 M -sodium acetate, 0·05 M -NaCl, 0·5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 5·1). It had a bouyant density of 1·68 g/cc in cesium sulfate. Its base composition was: cytosine, 23·2%; adenine, 20·1%; guanine, 25·4%; uracil, 31·2%. The high molecular weight RNA isolated from Newcastle disease virus was not shown to be infective.
Angiotensin II controls p21ras activity via pp60c-src

Angiotensin II is the major effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, and it exerts its physiologic functions via a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor called AT1. We found that in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, angiotensin II stimulated the formation of Ras-GTP, Ras-Raf-1 complex formation, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of two important Ras GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), p120 Ras-GAP and p190 Rho-GAP. Electroporation of anti-pp60c-src antibody into cultured, adherent smooth muscle cells blocked the angiotensin II stimulation of Ras-GAP and Rho-GAP tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast electroporation of antibodies against c-Yes or c-Fyn had no effect. Anti-pp60c-src antibody also blocked angiotensin II-stimulated Ras activation and Ras-Raf-1 complex formation. These data strongly suggest that a G protein-coupled receptor such as the AT1 receptor can activate the Ras protein cascade via the tyrosine kinase pp60c-src.
Performing prevention: risk, responsibility, and reorganising the future in Japan during the H1N1 pandemic

One distinguishing feature of modernity is a shift from fate to risk as a central explanatory principle for uncertainty and danger. Framing the future in terms of risk creates the possibility – and, increasingly, responsibility – for prevention. This study analyses qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 20 physicians and 43 members of the general public in Japan during the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009 to examine how risk and responsibility were imagined, managed, and reorganised through preventative behaviours. I examined respondents’ discussions of a specific preventative recommendation issued in Japan during the 2009 pandemic: prophylactic gargling. I found that Japanese doctors had mixed, often conflicting, opinions about the efficacy of gargling to prevent infection; most felt its usefulness as a recommendation lay in its capacity to give patients the belief that they could mitigate the risk of infection. Doctors who were openly dubious about the effectiveness of gargling in reducing...
The Development of the Person: Social Understanding, Relationships, Conscience, Self

The development of social understanding, relationships, self, and conscience constitute the most important ways that early developing individuality intersects with the social world. These topics have also received the most concerted research attention by students of early development. This chapter summarizes research on these achievements, emphasizing: (1) the relational context in which early social and personality development unfolds, (2) psychological growth arises from the shared activity of children with others, from which developing persons appropriate new skills and understanding, and (3) thinking and understanding in early childhood is a critical foundation for what follows in later years. Keywords: attachment; conscience; morality; relationships; security; self; understanding
Preston M. Hickey memorial lecture. Ionic and nonionic iodinated contrast media: evolution and strategies for use.

The search for better radiopaque iodinated contrast material for intravascular use is continuing, but the recent development of new lower osmolality contrast media (LOCM), both ionic and nonionic, has dramatically affected the practice of radiology. The major issue retarding the introduction of LOCM into clinical practice in this country has been the increased cost of the media. Numerous preliminary assumptions and probabilities about the tolerance, efficacy, and overall safety of LOCM have been documented in scientific studies. The lower osmolality, reduced chemotoxicity, and high hydrophilicity of new compounds, particularly the nonionic variety compared with conventional high osmolality ionic agents (HOCM), offer a significant margin of safety to patients with known risk factors. Mounting data suggest that low or no risk patients are benefited as well, perhaps to an even greater degree. Costly trade-offs to the universal use of LOCM exist, therefore careful consideration of the advantages and disadvant...
Repeated treatment with chimeric anti‐CD4 antibody in multiple sclerosis

We treated 21 multiple sclerosis patients with two to four doses of cM-T412, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the CD4 antigen found on helper/inducer T lymphocytes. The mean number (± standard error) of circulating CD4 lymphocytes decreased from 888 (± 81) cells/mm3 at baseline to 246 (± 18) after treatment. At 1 year after the last treatment, the CD4 count had recovered to only 335 (± 32). The antibody had no effect on CD8 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or other leukocytes. Side effects were minimal. Despite the prolonged depletion of CD4 lymphocytes, no opportunistic infections occurred. Only 1 patient had a possible allergic reaction. Most patients were clinically stable, but a few progressed. We conclude that repeated treatment with cM-T412 is effective in reducing the number of circulating CD4 lymphocytes and has no limiting side effects.
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Triggers a Rapid, Temperature-Responsive Morphogenetic Program in Thermally Dimorphic Fungi

The monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a major component of microbial cell walls and is ubiquitous in the environment. GlcNAc stimulates developmental pathways in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which is a commensal organism that colonizes the mammalian gut and causes disease in the setting of host immunodeficiency. Here we investigate GlcNAc signaling in thermally dimorphic human fungal pathogens, a group of fungi that are highly evolutionarily diverged from C. albicans and cause disease even in healthy individuals. These soil organisms grow as polarized, multicellular hyphal filaments that transition into a unicellular, pathogenic yeast form when inhaled by a human host. Temperature is the primary environmental cue that promotes reversible cellular differentiation into either yeast or filaments; however, a shift to a lower temperature in vitro induces filamentous growth in an inefficient and asynchronous manner. We found GlcNAc to be a potent and specific inducer of the yeast-to-filament transition in two thermally dimorphic fungi, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. In addition to increasing the rate of filamentous growth, micromolar concentrations of GlcNAc induced a robust morphological transition of H. capsulatum after temperature shift that was independent of GlcNAc catabolism, indicating that fungal cells sense GlcNAc to promote filamentation. Whole-genome expression profiling to identify candidate genes involved in establishing the filamentous growth program uncovered two genes encoding GlcNAc transporters, NGT1 and NGT2, that were necessary for H. capsulatum cells to robustly filament in response to GlcNAc. Unexpectedly, NGT1 and NGT2 were important for efficient H. capsulatum yeast-to-filament conversion in standard glucose medium, suggesting that Ngt1 and Ngt2 monitor endogenous levels of GlcNAc to control multicellular filamentous growth in response to temperature. Overall, our work indicates that GlcNAc functions as a highly conserved cue of morphogenesis in fungi, which further enhances the significance of this ubiquitous sugar in cellular signaling in eukaryotes.
Numerical Simulation of Single-Phase and Multiphase Non-Darcy Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs

A numerical method as well as a theoretical study of non-Darcy fluid flow through porous and fractured reservoirs is described. The non-Darcy behavior is handled in a three-dimensional, multiphase flow reservoir simulator, while the model formulation incorporates the Forchheimer equation for describing single-phase or multiphase non-Darcy flow and displacement. The non-Darcy flow through a fractured reservoir is handled using a general dual-continuum approach. The numerical scheme has been verified by comparing its results against those of analytical methods. Numerical solutions are used to obtain some insight into the physics of non-Darcy flow and displacement in reservoirs. In addition, several type curves are provided for well-test analyses of non-Darcy flow to demonstrate a methodology for modeling this type of flow in porous and fractured rocks, including flow in petroleum and geothermal reservoirs.
Kir6.2 Channel Gating by Intracellular Protons: Subunit Stoichiometry for Ligand Binding and Channel Gating

The adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels are gated by several metabolites, whereas the gating mechanism remains unclear. Kir6.2, a pore-forming subunit of the K(ATP) channels, has all machineries for ligand binding and channel gating. In Kir6.2, His175 is the protonation site and Thr71 and Cys166 are involved in channel gating. Here, we show how individual subunits act in proton binding and channel gating by selectively disrupting functional subunits using these residues. All homomeric dimers and tetramers showed pH sensitivity similar to the monomeric channels. Concatenated construction of wild type with disrupted subunits revealed that none of these residues had a dominant-negative effect on the proton-dependent channel gating. Subunit action in proton binding was almost identical to that for channel gating involving Cys166, suggesting a one-to-one coupling from the C terminus to the M2 helix. This was significantly different from the effect of T71Y heteromultimers, suggesting distinct contributions of M1 and M2 helices to channel gating. Subunits underwent concerted rather than independent action. Two wild-type subunits appeared to act as a functional dimer in both cis and trans configurations. The understanding of K(ATP) channel gating by intracellular pH has a profound impact on cellular responses to metabolic stress as a significant drop in intracellular pH is more frequently seen under a number of physiological and pathophysiological conditions than a sole decrease in intracellular ATP levels.
Optimal maps for the multidimensional Monge-Kantorovich problem

Let μ1,…, μN be Borel probability measures on ℝd. Denote by Γ(μ1,…, μN) the set of all N-tuples T=(T1,…, TN) such that Ti:ℝd ℝd (i = 1,…, N) are Borel-measurable and satisfy μ1 = μi[V] for all Borel V ⊂ ℝd. The multidimensional Monge-Kantorovich problem investigated in this paper consists of finding S=(S1,…, SN) ∈ Γ(μ1,…, μN) minimizing over the set Γ(μ1, ···, μN). We study the case where the μi's have finite second moments and vanish on (d - 1)-rectifiable sets. We prove existence and uniqueness of optimal maps S when we impose that S1(x) ≡ x and give an explicit form of the maps Si. The result is obtained by variational methods and to the best of our knowledge is the first available in the literature in this generality. As a consequence, we obtain uniqueness and characterization of an optimal measure for the multidimensional Kantorovich problem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acceptance and recall of written prosocial, neutral, and aggressive modeling cues1

Nine groups of 50 college students responded to acceptance (imitation) and recall questions after being exposed to one of three written modeling sequences (prosocial, neutral, or aggressive), each of which included one of three types of vicarious consequences (positive, neutral, or negative). The results provided strong support for the theoretical predictions regarding the influence of written vicarious consequences on acceptance and recall of modeled behaviors. Regardless of the type of story, positive vicarious consequences led to a significantly higher level of acceptance of the modeled actions than did negative vicarious consequences. The effects of neutral vicarious consequences on acceptance varied with the nature of the modeling story. Although positive and negative vicarious consequences generally led to higher levels of overall recall than did neutral vicarious consequences, patterns of overall recall varied across the three types of stories. Similarly, analyses of the three components (details, behaviors, consequences) of the overall recall measure indicated that recall patterns were inconsistent across the three types of stories. Thus, the results of the present study indicate the importance of considering both vicarious consequences and the situations in which these consequences occur. Furthermore, the effects of written vicarious consequences appear to parallel those of live and/or taped consequences. Continued investigation of these effects is highly warranted.
Vertebral osteopenia: a new indication for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have reduced radial and preserved vertebral bone density. We have identified a subset of patients with low lumbar spine bone density at diagnosis. This study assessed the effect of parathyroidectomy (undertaken based upon accepted surgical guidelines) or nonintervention on bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients. Twenty-two of 143 (15%) patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism had lumbar spine BMD more than 1.5 SD below the mean for an age- and sex-matched population (z-score). Fourteen underwent parathyroidectomy, whereas 8 were followed with no intervention. All had annual BMD measurements for 4 yr after enrollment or after surgery. After parathyroidectomy, there was a brisk sustained rise in lumbar spine BMD [yr 1, 15 +/- 3% (P < 0.005); yr 4, 21 +/- 4% (P < 0.01)]. In those followed without surgery, BMD did not change significantly at any site. Postmenopausal women showed the same pattern as the cohort as a whole, i.e. increased BMD after surge...
Epitaxial and Smooth Films of a-Axis YBa2Cu3O7.

YBa2Cu3O7 films have been grown epitaxially on SrTiO3 (100) and LaAlO3 (100) substrates with nearly pure a-axis orientation and with transition temperature Tc (R = 0) of 85 K. A unique feature of these films is their smooth surface. These smooth surfaces enable the growth of short-period superlattices with well-defined modulations. The films are untwinned and the grains grow with their c-axis along one of two perpendicular directions on the substrate ([100] or [010]). The fabrication of sandwich-type Josephson junctions with good characteristics may now be possible because unlike c-axis—oriented films, the superconducting coherence length of these smooth films is appreciably large perpendicular to their surfaces.
Pills of PTEN? In and out for tumor suppression

The tumor-suppressive activity of PTEN has always been attributed to its endogenous intracellular function. Recently two different groups have demonstrated that PTEN is secreted/exported into the extracellular environment for uptake by recipient cells, and functions as a tumor suppressor in a cell non-autonomous manner.
The immune response to glucagon in conjugated form

Abstract Randomly bred rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with bovine glucagon conjugated to proteins using bis-diazotized benzidine made anti-glucagon antibodies with specificity primarily for the car☐y-terminal part of the molecule, whereas animals immunized with free glucagon make amino-terminal-specific antibody (Senyk et al., 1971 a,b). In guina pigs immunized with conjugates of glucagon and bovine serum albumin (G-BSA), glucagon was unable to elicit cellular immune responses (delayed cutaneous reactions, MIF release and stimulation of DNA synthesis by lymphoid cells in culture), in contrast to animals immunized with free glucagon. Animals rendered unresponsive to to BSA by treatment with cyclophosphamide and subsequently immunized with G-BSA still made no response to glucagon, indicating that in this conjugated form glucagon acts only as a haptenic determinant, whereas in free form it is an immunogen. Glucagon conjugated to a poly-γ- d -glutamic acid hapten of mol. wt. 35,000 using a carbodiimide reagent evoked cellular and humoral responses to the glucagon moiety, but no anti-hapten antibody was detected; antiglucagon antibodies from different animals has a variable pattern of specificity with respect to the car☐y-terminal vs. amino-terminal parts of the molecule. The specificity of antibodies made against conjugated glucagon thus depended on the mode of conjugation, a finding which may have a bearing on the development of differential radioimmunoassays for pancreatic glucagon and glucagon-like immunoreactivity in body fluids.
Marta Minujín and the Performance of Softness

I felt and affirmed that art was much more important to the human being than the immortal tradition framed at museums and galleries that only cultivated people had access to. For me, art was a way ...
Accuracy enhancements for overset grids using a defect correction approach

A defect-correction approach is investigated as a means of enhancing the accuracy of flow computations on overset grids. Typically, overset-grid techniques process and pass information only at grid boundaries. In the current approach, error corrections at all overlapped interior points are injected between grids by using a defect-correction scheme. In some cases this is found to enhance the overall accuracy of the overset-grid method. Locally refined overset grids can be used to provide an efficient solution-adaptation method. The defect correction can also be ultilized as an error-correction technique for a coarse grid by evaluating the residual using a fine base grid, but solving the implicit equations only on the coarse grid. Numerical examples include an accuracy and dissipation study of an unsteady decaying vortex flow, the flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil, and the flow over a mulit-element high-lift airfoil.
Advances in Perioperative and Critical Care of the Burn Patient: Anesthesia Management of Major Thermal Burn Injuries in Adults

Anesthetic management of burnsKey points Patients with burn injury can and will present to any hospital. Many of those hospitalized for burn injury will require surgical treatment of theirinjuries. Patients undergoing surgical treatment for major thermal burn injury often exhibitpreexisting medical issues and/or burn-related pathophysiology that must beconsidered in the anesthetic plan. Performing a focused preoperative assessment of a patient with burn injury isparamount, particularly with respect to airway abnormalities, gas exchange,and hemodynamic status. Smoke-inhalation injury largely inﬂuences the clinical course of patients withmajor burn injury. Recognizing and managing intraoperative blood loss and volume replacement iscritical.Continued
Outcome measures for surgical simulators: Is the focus on technical skills the best approach?

Background Mastery of operative performance is based on technical skill and intra-operative judgment. However, previous simulation studies have largely focused on technical skills and measures. This study investigates changes in operative performance when assessment and feedback focus on decision making. Methods Using a nonequivalent, pretest/post-test experimental design, 8 senior residents (PGY4-5) performed a laparoscopic ventral hernia repair using a newly developed box-trainer style simulator fabricated to induce surgical decision making. The pretest simulator had a 10 × 10-cm defect 5 cm above the umbilicus. The post-test simulator had a 10 × 10-cm defect in the right upper quadrant. After the pretest, faculty provided immediate feedback on operative decisions that lead to errors. In addition, residents were allowed to visually inspect their repair by removing the box trainer skins. Video-analysis using a 9-item decision making checklist was used to categorize pretest and post-test error differences. Results Common errors made during the pretest included improper visualization of the suture passer and improper mesh preparation on the back table. These errors resulted in incomplete hernia repairs by 75% of residents on the pretest. In contrast, 100% of residents successfully completed the more difficult, nonequivalent post-test hernia. Checklist analysis showed residents committed more errors on the pretest resulting in lower performance scores (score = 48.12; SD = 19.26) compared with post-test performance (score = 75.00; SD = 14.39; P Conclusion Residents' decision-making skills seem to significantly affect operative performance. To facilitate mastery of operative performance, additional research is needed on simulation-based, operative skills measures that focus on intra-operative decision making.
Survival from burns in the new millennium: 70 years' experience from a single institution.

OBJECTIVE:: This review explores the series of published analyses from Massachusetts General Hospital to better understand how changes in medical specialization of burn medicine likely enabled the most important increase in survival from burns in the past 70 years. BACKGROUND:: Seventy years ago, survival from the most serious burn injuries was not possible even in the most advanced countries until critical advances were introduced. Insights into those few medical advances that actually impacted survival might be better understood from the consideration of a continuous series of survival analyses over 7 decades at Massachusetts General Hospital. METHODS:: Mortality data from previously reported probit and logit analyses from thousands of patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. A comparison of mortality from these prior mortality analyses from a more recent multicenter study and a national data set was performed. RESULTS:: The only giant leap forward in survival occurred during the 1970s, with no improvement during either the preceding or subsequent 30-year intervals. Despite the many modern advances that have been added to the care of these patients since 1984, although these may have represented medical progress, these advances did not impact survival. CONCLUSIONS:: Survival rates from burn injury may have been maximized by current treatment approaches within medical centers of excellence in burn medicine. Further efforts to improve the quality of life of survivors of burn injury should ultimately have very favorable impact upon the long-term outcomes in these patients who now survive such devastating injuries. Language: en
The Holocaust and Business as Usual: Congressional Source Materials.

Fueled by the need to resolve problems in war production and working in the context of New Deal anti-monopoly sentiment, a number of important Senate committees before and during World War II inves...
Effects of endogenous and exogenous thiols on the distribution of mercurial compounds in mouse tissues.

The distribution of mercury, a well known environmental contaminant, has been evaluated in detail in several species of animals; however, limited information is available in the mouse. Considerable species differences exist in the distribution of various forms of mercury. In the current study, methylmercuric chloride or mercuric chloride were injected ip in mice at two dose levels. The concentration of mercury in various organs was determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. After the administration of methylmercury, the concentration of mercury increased in brain up to 3 days, despite a declining mercury content in blood. The first-order rate of mercury uptake in brain was independent of the dose of methylmercury. In blood, methylmercury was largely confined to erythrocytes. Mercury concentrations in liver and kidney correlated with those in the blood. Mercuric chloride was distributed equally between erythrocytes and plasma in blood. Mice receiving mercuric chloride did not have appreciable levels of mercury in the brain throughout the sampling period. Coadministration of L-cysteine with mercuric chloride reduced mercury levels in the liver with no effect on brain concentrations. Glutathione depletion by diethylmaleate increased mercury concentration in brain after methylmercury treatment, whereas a decrease in kidney mercury concentration was observed. The results suggested that thiol compounds may not facilitate the entry of mercuric ion into the brain but can alter the distribution in other organs.
Harnessing endogenous miR-181a to segregate transgenic antigen receptor expression in developing versus post-thymic T cells in murine hematopoietic chimeras

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting complementary sequences, referred to as miRNA recognition elements (MREs), typically located in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs. miR-181a is highly expressed in developing thymocytes and markedly downregulated in post-thymic T cells. We investigated whether endogenous miR-181a can be harnessed to segregate expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and TCRs between developing and mature T cells. Lentiviral-encoded antigen receptors were tagged with a miR-181a-specific MRE and transduced into mouse BM cells that were used to generate hematopoietic chimeras. Expression of a CAR specific for human CD19 (hCD19) was selectively suppressed in late double-negative and double-positive thymocytes, coinciding with the peak in endogenous miR-181a expression. Receptor expression was fully restored in post-thymic resting and activated T cells, affording protection against a subsequent challenge with hCD19+ tumors. Hematopoietic mouse chimeras engrafted with a conalbumin-specific TCR prone to thymic clonal deletion acquired peptide-specific T cell responsiveness only when the vector-encoded TCR transcript was similarly engineered to be subject to regulation by miR-181a. These results demonstrate the potential of miRNA-regulated transgene expression in stem cell-based therapies, including cancer immunotherapy.
Factors Associated with Cessation Behavior in Adolescent Smokers † 33

We examined factors associated with a reduction of smoking behavior among adolescent daily smokers from a longitudinal school-based cohort study of New Hampshire 8-10th grade students. Cessation behavior was identified by a response on at least one subsequent survey indicating occasional or nonsmoking. We determined associations between cessation behavior and baseline measurements of level of addiction (daily cigarette consumption), years since smoking initiation, opinion of adults smoking more than one pack of cigarettes per day, prior experience with quitting, intent to quit, school performance and sociodemographics. Of 160 adolescents who qualified as daily smokers at baseline, 15 (9.4%) subsequently described themselves as nonsmokers, and 9(5.6%) as occasional smokers. The smoking cessation rate (including only subsequent nonsmokers) was 0.063 per person year. Compared with light smokers(1-9 cigarettes per day), heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes per day) had a significantly longer smoking history, a higher likelihood of past failed quit attempts (23 vs. 58% respectively), a higher intent to continue smoking (61 vs. 80% respectively), and were less likely to disapprove of adults smoking more than one pack of cigarettes per day (82 vs. 61% respectively).
Hypophysectomy and the structure of exploratory behavior in the rat.

Chronically maintained hypophysectomized or sham-operated adult male Sprague/2-Dawley rats were exposed to a novel environment and their activity patterns were recorded for 4 hr. A comparison of behavior across groups indicated an increase in exploration for the experimental rats. Further analysis revealed changes in activity consistent with disrupted habituation. This was also confirmed with a second exposure to the testing environment. This may reflect disrupted consolidation of the stimulus and motivational properties of the new environment on the part of the hypophysectomized rats. The present findings are consistent with previous reports on the role of pituitary hormones in learning, and extend previous studies to a novel paradigm.
Bases of fuzzy vector spaces

Abstract Let V be a vector space over a field F . Let A be a fuzzy subspace of V over F . We give sufficient conditions for A to have a basis over a fuzzy subfield K of F . We also show that if A has the sup property, then A has a fully free basis over F but not necessarily a fully free basis over K .
Renal calculi in spinal cord-injured patient: association with reflux, bladder stones, and foley catheter drainage.

Abstract Renal units associated with reflux in the spinal cord-injured (SCI) patient have a greater incidence of kidney stones developing than in the nonrefluxing units. It is logical to assume that SCI patients with persistent reflux and bladder stones treated with cystolitholapaxy would be at even higher risk for kidney stones developing. Of the 898 SCI patients studied (1, 793 renal units), in 14.8 percent kidney stones developed. Kidney stones occurred in 161 of 1,517 (10.6 %) of nonrefluxing units. Of the 276 renal units with reflux, in 104 (37.7%) an ipsilateral stone developed. Of the 198 patients in whom a kidney stone formed, 56.6 percent managed their bladder with a Foley catheter whereas only 28 percent of 700 patients in whom a stone did not form used a Foley catheter. On evaluating 261 patients (520 renal units) with bladder stones treated with cystolitholapaxy, 62.5 percent of these patients were managed with a Foley catheter. The association between cystolitholapaxy treatment, reflux, and the formation of kidney stones was (1) in 22 of 111 (19.8 %) refluxing units, an ipsilateral stone formed; (2) in 70 of 409 (17.1 %) units that were nonrefluxing, stones developed; and (3) overall, in 92 (17.7 %) renal units, kidney stone developed. We concluded that kidney stone development is significantly increased in the SCI patient with reflux and/or Foley catheter drainage. From these data cystolitholapaxy treatment in the presence of reflux does not appear to increase the development of kidney stones.
4,4-Bis(methylthio)azetidin-2-ones as synthons of 1,2- and 1,3-dicarbonyl systems

Abstract The importance of β-lactams as synthetic building blocks has been widely recognized in organic synthesis due to possible ring cleavage at any of the four single bonds of the β-lactam ring. We now report reactions involving breaking of the N1–C4 bond in differently substituted at C3 4,4-bis(methylthio)azetidin-2-ones, leading to formation of 1,2- and 1,3-dicarbonyl systems.
Efforts to improve international migration statistics: a historical perspective.

During the past decade the international statistical community has made several efforts to develop standards for the definition, collection and publication of statistics on international migration....
Bone Formation and Inhibition of Bone Loss by Dynamic Muscle Stimulation With Altered Interstitial Fluid Pressure

Tissue-level mechanisms and functions, including bone strain and muscle, are the potential key players in bone physiology and adaptation [1,2,3]. However, the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Exercise such as muscle contraction appears to increase blood flow to the skeletal tissues, i.e., bone and muscle. These evidences imply that bone fluid flow induced by muscle dynamics may be an important role in regulating fluid flow through coupling of muscle and bone via microvascular system.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Mafic Cumulus Processes and Chemical Evolution in an Open Magma Chamber: The Newark Island Layered Intrusion, Labrador, Canada

The Newark Island Layered Intrusion (NILI) is a Middle Proterozoic (1305 ± 5 Ma; U-Pb zircon) mafic pluton on the eastern edge of the Nain Anorthosite Complex, Labrador. The NILI has been subdivided by Wiebe (1988) into a stratigraphically lower, earlier, layered series (LS) and a later hybrid series (HS). Although grossly similar in mineralogy, the REE and Sr isotope systematics of the LS and HS cumulates differ dramatically. All but one of the LS cumulates exhibit low total REE (La = 5 to 8 X chondrites) and a large positive Eu anomaly, indicative of an adcumulus to mesocumulus origin, with plagioclase and olivine as the expected major cumulus phases. Analyzed HS cumulates and other nonchilled rocks also contain principally olivine and plagioclase as cumulus phases, yet exhibit much higher abundances of the REE (La = 40 to 90 X chondrites), are LREE enriched ((Ce/Sm)n = 1.78), and show only a small positive Eu anomaly that diminishes with increasing REE abundances. No assemblage of mafic minerals alone ...