cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New York Civil Practice

During the Survey year, the New York Court of Appeals issued important opinions with respect to strict compliance for service of process, the foreign object exception under CPLR 214-a, and disclosure against corporate employees. The Court also imposed sanctions for the first time under Part 130 of the Uniform rule, and ruled that issue preclusion could be given to a criminal conviction to preclude subsequent civil litigation. In addition the Court recognized that substituted service could be used against a criminal contemnor. New York appellate courts issued instructive decisions regarding long-arm jurisdiction, forum non conveniens, and discovery of surveillance videos. The Legislature also enacted amendments that affect General Municipal Law 205(e), preferences, Article 78, traverse hearings, court-annexed arbitration, defaults, health care proxies, and forfeiture. The Governor also signed legislation affecting notices of claim and statutes of limitation in wrongful death actions against a variety of public authorities. There were also several important federal decisions and federal legislation of which the New York bench and bar should be aware. The United States Supreme Court issued opinions pertaining to personal and subject matter jurisdiction.The Court also made important rulings with respect to venue, res judicata, discovery, and Rule 11 sanctions. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit adopted a uniform federal statute of limitations for private securities claims and clarified use of the sixty day service toll in federal courts. The court also analyzed what constitutes "doing business" under CPLR 301. Finally, on December 1, 1990, President Bush signed into law the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990. The Act implements recommendations of the Federal Courts Study Committee and changes practice in federal court in a number of important areas .There were also important developments regarding mandatory continuing legal education and mandatory pro bono.
History of anal fistulas

The recorded history of anal fistulas dates back to the Ancient Greeks, but no fistula in history has been as well or interestingly documented as that of Louis XIV, the Sun King of France. His story illustrates not only the state (or lack thereof) of medicine at the time, but also the first recorded use of the fistulotomy. This narrative provides a unique perspective for the role of the surgeon in 17th century France as well as cementing the place of cryptoglandular fistula disease in history.
Acute Epidural Spinal Hemorrhage from Vasculitis: Resolution with Immunosuppression

Background Angiographic vasculitis affecting the spine has been rarely described. The use of immunosuppression as a primary treatment and a review of the literature is presented. Methods Case report. Results A 61-year-old female presented with sudden onset back pain and headache. The patient was found to have acute spinal epidural hemorrhage and subsequent work-up demonstrated angiographic spinal vasculitis. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide resulted in clinical and radiographic improvement. Conclusions Immunomodulating therapy should be considered in the management of select patients with spinal vasculitis which may lead to improved clinical outcome and potentially disease resolution.
Considerations and Recommendations Regarding Myofascial Trigger Point Injection

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to review the previously published data on myofascial trigger point injection and to present a proposed technique of myofascial trigger point [TrP] injection modified from tha described by Drs. Travell and Simons. Findings: Trigger point injection is an effective and valuable procedure to inactivate an active TrP, and subsequently relieve the pain and tightness of the muscle involved in myofascial pain syndrome. It is essential to elicit a local twitch response [LTR] during TrP injection to obtain the best results of immediate relief of pain. LTR is a brisk twitching of the muscle fibers of the taut band during mechanical stimulation [including needling] on the most sensitive site, the TrP region. Sometimes, other remote TrPs can also be inactivated if the "key TrP" is appropriately selected for injection based on skillfull clinical judgement. The trigger point injections are indicated for quick relief of acute, subacute, or chronic myofascial pain, for substitut...
The creation of a class of limited voting common stock and shareholder wealth

Abstract Common stock with limited voting rights changes managerial incentives by allowing managers to separate ownership of equity from ownership of votes. This study compares managerial ownership before and after the creation of a class of limited voting common stock by 44 publicly traded firms between 1962 and 1984, and examines whether the event affects the wealth of current shareholders. There is no evidence that current shareholders are harmed by the creation of limited voting common stock.
The correlates of conflict: Disagreement is not necessarily detrimental.

In this study, the authors examined whether concurrent associations between adolescent outcomes and disagreements with mothers, fathers, and best friends vary as a function of perceived relationship quality. Participants were 469 11- to 18-year-old youths from a culturally diverse community. Negative qualities of parent-adolescent and friend relationships were linked to adjustment problems (aggression, anxiety and depression, delinquency, and withdrawal). Positive qualities of parent-adolescent relationships were linked to school grades and adjustment problems. Nonlinear associations between conflict and adolescent outcomes were moderated by negative qualities of relationships such that increases in conflict from low to moderate levels were linked to (a) higher school grades for adolescents in better but not poorer quality relationships and (b) greater delinquency and withdrawal for adolescents in poorer but not better quality relationships.
Metabolism of 3,4-Dichloropropionanifide in Plants: The Metabolic Fate of the 3,4-Dichloroaniline Moiety

Studies to elucidate the fate of 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) in rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nato) plants have shown that the propanil molecule is cleaved and the propionic acid moiety metabolized. To ascertain the fate of the 3,4-dichloroaniline moiety of propanil, rice plants were exposed to propanil in liquid culture. The roots and shoots of treated rice plants were extracted and quantitatively assayed for four aniline-containing metabolites. One of the four metabolites proved to be 3,4-dichloroaniline, while the remaining three metabolites contained complexed 3,4-dichloroaniline. N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-glucosylamine was identified as one of the complexes. A time-course study of the four metabolites indicated the appearance of the 3,4-dichloroaniline-containing metabolites within 6 hours. After 14 days of treatment, the complexed aniline metabolites amounted to only 10 percent of the total propanil administered to the rice plants.
Sorting in a paging environment

This sorting study was part of an extensive measurement project undertaken on the M44/44X, an experimental paging system which was conceived and implemented at IBM Research in order to explore the virtual machine concept. The study was concerned with the implementation of sorting procedures in the context of the dynamic paging environment characteristic of virtual memory machines. Descriptions of the experimental sort programs and analysis of the performance measurement results obtained for them are presented. The insight gained from the experimental effort is used to arrive at a set of broad guidelines for writing sort programs for a paging environment.
New Biochemical Genetic Markers for Largemouth Bass

Abstract New electrophoretic analyses have provided additional information concerning intraspecific genetic variation among largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Genetic differences, previously unknown, were found among four stocks of largemouth bass, two of them domestic and two of which were one generation removed from the wild. The domestic stocks were derived from intergrade populations of northern and Florida subspecies; one nonintergrade stock represented the northern subspecies M. s. salmoides and the other represented the Florida subspecies M. s. floridanus. More than 60 presumptive loci were electrophoretically examined. At least 11 loci were polymorphic. Of the polymorphic loci, two represented previously known fixed subspecific differences and two or perhaps three represented previously known allele frequency differences. Variation among the stocks at the remaining loci was expressed as allele frequency differences. Allelic polymorphisms restricted in our sample to Florida or intergrade popula...
Quantum mechanical state preparation II-The statistical ensemble as a thermostat

In this sequel to an earlier paper on quantal state preparation (Park & Band, 1972), the simple model used before is adapted and somewhat generalised to enable an exact treatment of the causal evolution of a system immersed in a statistical ensemble constituted of replicas of the system itself. The ensemble is initially in a state of statistical equilibrium, but the initial state of the system is arbitrary. It is established as a purely dynamical theorem that the system is eventually coerced into the same equilibrium state as that of the replicas in the ensemble. From this general result we obtain as a special case mechanical justification for the common assumption in statistical thermodynamics that an ensemble can function as a thermostat.
A Politics of Possibility without the Possibility of Politics? Thoughts on Harvey’s Trouble with Difference

(1998). A Politics of Possibility without the Possibility of Politics? Thoughts on Harvey’s Trouble with Difference. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 712-719.
Optimization of photo-induced molecular reorientation in azobenzene polymer film

Molecular reorientation of an azobenzene in a polymer film is studied by using polarized actinic beams with two colors. The photo-induced molecular reorientation can be optimized when the polarizations of the actinic light beams are orthogonal. We applied this feature to write a nonvolatile holographic grating in the film. The stored information can be read repeatedly without volatility with the same wavelength as the writing beam.
Hydrogen Storage with Annular LaNi5 Metal Hydride Pellets

Thermal conduction capability of metal hydrides can be enhanced by 400 ~ 500% through pelletizing the metal hydride powder after a well-controlled copper-coating treatment. In this paper, pelletized LaNi5 metal hydride is studied to evaluate its heat transfer performance and hydrogen absorption rate. In order to analyze the transient heat transfer and hydriding reaction, numerical simulations are carried out based on a multiple-physics modeling. The reactor temperature variation and the dimensionless mass of absorbed hydrogen are plotted for different hydrogen gas supply pressures. The results are compared with the conventional powder-type metal hydride reactor.
Decoherence of quantum fields: Pointer states and predictability

We study environmentally induced decoherence of an electromagnetic field in a homogeneous, linear, dielectric medium. We derive an independent oscillator model for such an environment, which is sufficiently realistic to encompass essentially all linear physical optics. Applying the ``predictability sieve'' to the quantum field, and introducing the concept of a ``quantum halo,'' we recover the familiar dichotomy between background field configurations and photon excitations around them. We are then able to explain why a typical linear environment for the electromagnetic field will effectively render the former classically distinct, but leave the latter fully quantum mechanical. Finally, we suggest how and why quantum matter fields should suffer a very different form of decoherence. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Geometrically Exact Conservative Remapping (GECoRe): Regular Latitude–Longitude and Cubed-Sphere Grids

Abstract Land, ocean, and atmospheric models are often implemented on different spherical grids. As a conseqence coupling these model components requires state variables and fluxes to be regridded. For some variables, such as fluxes, it is paramount that the regridding algorithm is conservative (so that energy and water budget balances are maintained) and monotone (to prevent unphysical values). For global applications the cubed-sphere grids are gaining popularity in the atmospheric community whereas, for example, the land modeling groups are mostly using the regular latitude–longitude grid. Most existing regridding schemes fail to take advantage of geometrical symmetries between these grids and hence accuracy of the calculations can be lost. Hence, a new Geometrically Exact Conservative Remapping (GECoRe) scheme with a monotone option is proposed for remapping between regular latitude–longitude and gnomonic cubed-sphere grids. GECoRe is compared with existing remapping schemes published in the meteorolog...
Effects of CMOS process fill patterns on spiral inductors

Spiral inductors with various metal fill-patterns under the spiral is fabricated with SOI CMOS technology and characterized up to 49 GHz. The impact of the fill on the inductor characteristics is found to be very small and changes can be attributed to the increase of parasitic capacitance. A simple model is proposed that can accurately estimate the increase of capacitance. A simple model is proposed that can accurately estimate the increase of capacitance by the fill. Design guidelines for optimizing fill patterns are recommended. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 462–465, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10790
"I loan because...": understanding motivations for pro-social lending

As a new paradigm of online communities, microfinance sites such as Kiva.org have attracted much public attention. To understand lender motivations on Kiva, we classify the lenders' self-stated motivations into ten categories with human coders and machine learning based classifiers. We employ text classifiers using lexical features, along with social features based on lender activity information on Kiva, to predict the categories of lender motivation statements. Although the task appears to be much more challenging than traditional topic-based categorization, our classifiers can achieve high precision in most categories. Using the results of this classification along with Kiva teams information, we predict lending activity from lender motivation and team affiliations. Finally, we make design recommendations regarding Kiva practices which might increase pro-social lending.
Enhanced sucrose pellet consumption induced by benzodiazepine-type drugs in squirrel monkeys: role of GABAA receptor subtypes.

Rationale Benzodiazepine agonists characteristically increase food intake in humans and non-human subjects, and the underlying mechanisms of this effect are not understood completely.
Kinetics of the Luminescence of Isoelectronic Rare-Earth Ions In III-V Semiconductors

In this work we have developed a model for the kinetics of the energy transfer from the host lattice to the localized core excited states of rare earth isoelectronic structured traps (REI-trap). We have derive a set of differential equations for semi-insulating semiconductor governing the kinetics of rare earth luminescence. The numerically simulated rise and decay times of luminescence show a good quantitative agreement with the experimental data obtained for InP:Yb, over a wide range of generation rates.
InAs/GaSb superlattice based long-wavelength infrared detectors: Growth, processing, and characterization

Abstract We report growth, processing, and characterization of antimonide superlattice long-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. We used photoluminescence measurements for evaluating detector material and studied the influence of the material quality on the intensity of the photoluminescence. We performed direct noise measurements of the superlattice detectors and demonstrated that while intrinsic 1/ f noise is absent in superlattice heterodiode, side-wall leakage current can become a source of strong frequency-dependent noise. We developed an effective dry etching process for these complex antimonide-based superlattices that enabled us to fabricate single pixel devices as well as large format focal plane arrays.
Evaluation of single-board computers for the antenna controller at the Allen Telescope Array

We review a variety off-the-shelf single board computers being considered for application in the Allen Telescope Array (ATA) for antenna control. The evaluation process used the following procedure: we developed an equivalent small program on each computer. This program communicates over a local area network (Ethernet) to a remote host, and makes some simple tests of the network bandwidth. The controllers are evaluated according to 1) the measured performance and 2) the time it takes to develop the software. Based on these tests we rate each controller and choose one based on the Ajile aJ-100 processor for application at the ATA.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE PROBABLE CHEMICAL NATURE OF CROWN‐GALL TUMOR‐INDUCING PRINCIPLE

IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED that a specific etiological agent-ttumor-inducing principle-is required as one of several agents and factors which, acting in sequence, transform normal cells into crown-gall tumor cells (Braun, 1947b). The temporal relation of tumor-inducing principle (TIP) to the transformation processes was investigated by Braun (1947a, 1952) and Braun and Mandle (1948), who showed that it was active subsequent to a conditioning period and just prior to or during the first histologically detectable stages of wound healing. Thus, TIP begins acting on conditioned cells about 24 hr. after inoculation of crown-gall bacteria into healthy tissues. The period of its activity can be as short as 10 hr. under optimal conditions. Braun and Mandle (1948), in an extension of earlier studies (Riker, 1926), found that the principle apparently is destroyed or inactivated in vivo at 320C. at about the same rate as it is formed at 25?C. At 28?C. to 31?C. the rate of formation to TIP exceeded its rate of destruction. Braun (1950) reported that the activation energy for TIP inactivation was about 80,000 cal./mole and suggested that TIP or something intimately associated with its inactivation, may be . . . "a factor of complex structure." Although conclusive data are lacking, it may be assumed that TIP is a product of virulent crowngall bacteria synthesized by the bacteria in the host. The suppression of tumor cell formation by antibiotics (de Ropp, 1949) or by bacteriophage treatments of crown-gall bacteria (Brown and Quirk, 1929) supports this assumption. Klein and Klein (1953) showed that completely avirulent strains of crown-gall bacteria, as well as avirulent species of related bacteria, could acquire the property of virulence from nucleic acids produced by virulent forms and from the DNA isolated from virulent bacteria. This transmittance factor had no tumor-inducing ability and is not TIP. Once acquired, virulence appeared to be genetically fixed, indicating that hereditary units for virulence were acquired by bacteria deficient for these units (Cf. Lederberg, 1952). The formation of TIP by virulent bacteria thus seems to be conditioned by the presence and activity of hereditary units which regulate the production of the principle. Attenuated cultures of crowngall bacteria, on the other hand, appear to possess the ability to form TIP but apparently lack the abil-
Bond lengths in Hg1−xCdxTe and II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract Our EXAFS results for the narrow-gap semiconductor alloy Hg 1−x Cd x Te show that the Hg-Te and Cd-Te bond lengths remain constant within 0.008A between x = 0.15 and 1.0. Similarly, our investigation of bond lengths in the diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) Zn 1−x Mn x Se and Hg 1−x Mn x Te shows them to be essentially constant with x. We relate these results to previously published and currently developed theories.
HIV/AIDS Prevention, Faith, and Spirituality among Black/African American and Latino Communities in the United States: Strengthening Scientific Faith-Based Efforts to Shift the Course of the Epidemic and Reduce HIV-Related Health Disparities

Black/African American and Latino communities are disproportionately affected by the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic. Blacks/African Americans and Latinos are also more likely to report a formal, religious, or faith affiliation when compared with non-Hispanic whites. As such, faith leaders and their institutions have been identified in the National HIV/AIDS Strategy as having a vital role to serve in reducing: (1) HIV-related health disparities and (2) the number of new HIV infections by promoting non-judgmental support for persons living with and at risk for HIV/AIDS and by serving as trusted information resources for their congregants and communities. We describe faith doctrines and faith–science partnerships that are increasing in support of faith-based HIV prevention and service delivery activities and discuss the vital role of these faith-based efforts in highly affected black/African American and Latino communities.
Group II Introns Designed to Insert into Therapeutically Relevant DNA Target Sites in Human Cells

Mobile group II intron RNAs insert directly into DNA target sites and are then reverse-transcribed into genomic DNA by the associated intron-encoded protein. Target site recognition involves modifiable base-pairing interactions between the intron RNA and a >14-nucleotide region of the DNA target site, as well as fixed interactions between the protein and flanking regions. Here, we developed a highly efficient Escherichia coli genetic assay to determine detailed target site recognition rules for the Lactococcus lactis group II intron Ll.LtrB and to select introns that insert into desired target sites. Using human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA and the human CCR5 gene as examples, we show that group II introns can be retargeted to insert efficiently into virtually any target DNA and that the retargeted introns retain activity in human cells. This work provides the practical basis for potential applications of targeted group II introns in genetic engineering, functional genomics, and gene therapy.
PLAYSPACE: A Preventive Intervention for Infants and Young Children at Risk from Postnatal Depression

Postnatal depression is known to have deleterious effects on child emotional, social and cognitive development, and yet there are few prevention programs and little research on prevention of psychopathology in populations of middle socio-economic status (SES). This paper presents a preventive intervention for this population of women, infants and young children. The intervention, referred to as PLAYSPACE, combines an ongoing, relational-developmental, psychoanalytically oriented therapy group for the women, with a teacher-led concurrent psychosocial play group in an engaging playspace for the children and, in addition for some women, individual relational-developmental psychotherapy with a concurrent individual child care option in the playspace. A previous article presented the adult group component and outcome research. In this article, the focus is child outcomes, the psychosocial play group and the individual child care component.
Studies of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexation by bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) ligands containing alkene and alkyne bridging groups

Abstract The copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of three new 1,2-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) ligands containing unsaturated four carbon bridging groups is studied by continuous variation UV–Vis spectroscopic and pH potentiometric equilibrium experiments. The cis-butene-2 (LC) linked ligand may form monomeric MN6-type complexes while the trans-butene-2 (LT) and butyne-2 (LY) ligands are prevented by their stereochemistry from forming monomeric complexes and form oligomeric complexes. It is determined that the stability of the CuLC2+ complex is not appreciably different from the oligomeric complexes of LT and LY. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations are made on three square pyramidal Cu2L4+ complexes: [Cu2LCCl4] (1), [Cu2LYCl4] (2), and [Cu2LT(NO3)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 (3). The structure of [Ni2(LC)2](ClO4)4 · 2H2O (4) is a binuclear dimer that contains two nickel(II) ions sandwiched between two ligands, indicating that bis([9]aneN3) ligands with four linker atom chains may form either monomeric or oligomeric structures.
Self-focusing of narrow one-dimensional beams in photonic microcavity arrays

The self-focusing of one-dimensional spatial beams is studied in resonant periodic structures that consist of a linear array of coupled planar photonic microcavities. Self-focusing results from the nonlinear phase shift that is due to refractive detuning of the intraband resonance. Coupled with this resonance enhancement of the nonlinearity is the strong modification of linear diffraction, which can take on negative, positive, or zero values. Even in the regime where diffraction is significantly enhanced compared with that of bulk media, the self-focusing intensity threshold is reduced. The power throughput of the self-focused beam through the microcavity structure is also greater than for operation at the band edge of a photonic bandgap structure because of the broader nature of the intraband resonance.
Electromagnetic transmission through mesh covered apertures and arrays of apertures in a conducting screen

The problem of electromagnetic transmission through wire mesh covered arbitrarily shaped aperture or arrays of apertures (possibly covered by a thin lossy dielectric sheet) in a perfectly conducting ground plane is considered. The equivalence principle and image theory are used to derive an integral equation for the equivalent magnetic currents. The method of moments is utilized to solve the integral equation, with the aperture modeled by triangular patches. Numerical results are presented for transmission coefficients and transmission cross-section patterns for electrically small apertures.
Mechanism and role of furosemide-sensitive K+ transport in L cells: a genetic approach.

As part of a genetic study of the mechanisms for cation transport in cultured mammalian cells, two mouse fibroblastic cell lines have been compared with respect to unidirectional42K+ influx. The cell lines areLM(TK −) andLTK-5, a mutant selected fromLM(TK −) by the ability to grow in medium containing 0.2mm K+. In both cell lines, the overall influx can be resolved into three components: (i) a ouabain- and vanadate-sensitive component ( i MK f), presumably the Na/K pump, which is a saturable function of extracellular K+ with aK 1/2 of 1.3mm; (ii) a furosemide-sensitive component ( i Mk fx), also a saturable function of extracellular K+, with aK 1/2 of 6mm; and (iii) a diffusional component ( i Mk d); which is a linear function of extracellular K+. By several independent criteria, i Mk o and i Mk f appear to be distinct transport processes. First, as indicated above, they can be separated with the use of inhibitors. In addition, they can be separated genetically, since theLTK-5 mutant shows a threefold elevation in i Mk f with no change in i Mk o. And finally, extracellular Na+ has no effect on i Mk o, but stimulates i Mk f, a result consistent with the notion that i Mk f influx occurs by Na−K cotransport. Further experiments were directed towards understanding the nature of theLTK-5 mutation and the physiological role of i Mk f. LTK-5 differs from the parental cell line, not only in having an increased i Mk f, but also in having a large cell volume, a slow maximal growth rate, and an ability to grow at 0.2mm K+. The most straightforward interpretation — that the increased i Mk f is itself responsible—is unlikely since the addition of furosemide to the growth medium had no effect upon the growth rate or cell volume of the mutant at either normal or low extracellular K+ concentrations. It did, however, render the parent capable of growth at 0.2mm K+. Possible interpretations are discussed.
The temperature and pressure dependence of the reactions H + O2 (+M) --> HO2 (+M) and H + OH (+M) --> H2O (+M).

The reactions H + O2 (+M) → HO2 (+M) and H + OH (+M) → H2O (+M) have been studied using high-level quantum chemistry methods. On the basis of potential energy hypersurfaces obtained at the CASPT2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory, high-pressure limiting rate coefficients have been calculated using variable reaction coordinate transition state theory. Over the temperature range 300−3000 K, the following expressions were obtained in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1: k∞(H + O2) = (25T−0.367 + (7.5 × 10−2 )T0.702) × 10−11 and k∞(H + OH) = (4.17 × 10−11)T0.234exp(57.5/T). Available experimental data on the pressure dependence of the reactions were analyzed using a two-dimensional master equation. The following low-pressure limiting rate coefficients were obtained over the temperature range 300−3000 K in units of cm6 molecule−2 s−1: k0(H + O2 + Ar) = (9.1×10−29)T−1.404exp (−134/T), k0(H + O2 + N2) = (2.0×10−27)T−1.73exp (−270/T), k0(H + OH + Ar) = (8.6×10−28)T−1.527exp (−185/T), and k0(H + OH + N2) = (1.25×10−26)T−1.81exp...
Ultrastructural evidence against in vivo disaggregation of brain polyribosomes after administration of L-dopa or phenylalanine.

L-dopa or phenylalanine was injected intraperitoneally into immature rats. Brain samples fixed and embedded by conventional methods were sectioned for electron microscopic study. In contrast to chemical evidence in the literature for disaggregation of brain polysomes in fractions of whole brain from animals so treated, we found no ultrastructural evidence of disaggregation in either neurons or glial cells. The fact that we and others have observed polysome disaggregation in electron micrographs of sections from other types of animal experiments suggests that our observation of stable polysomes in the present work is not the result of technical artifact, and that the disaggregation observed in brain fractions by others had probably not occurred in their intact animals. It is unlikely that the behavioral and physiological changes occurring in patients treated with L-dopa can be correlated with the state of aggregation of brain polyribosomes.
A mathematical model for translations of natural languages

Abstract Several mathematical models have been introduced in linguistics and in translations of languages. The essential mathematical tools used have been algebra, probability, logic, etc. Here we introduce a topological model for languages and their translations. Using this model, we prove that every text in a major language has a best approximating text in any other major language. We prove, similarly, that every text in any major language has a best approximation within the language itself. This permits the theoretical possibility of automatic translations.
Dielectric observations of nematic instabilities

Abstract The capacitive changes of negative dielectric anisotropy nematic liquid crystal layers in the presence of ac bias voltages reflect the frequency dependence of the director distributions which underly various instability modes.
Emerging roles for myoglobin in the heart

Myoglobin (Mb) is an intensely studied hemoprotein that is restricted mainly to the heart and oxidative myofibers in skeletal muscle. Previous physiologic and pharmacologic studies have supported a role for Mb in facilitated oxygen transport or as an oxygen reservoir in striated muscle. Transgenic and gene disruption technologies have been utilized to produce mice that lack Mb. Studies utilizing these transgenic mouse models support the notion that Mb may have multiple, diverse functions in the heart. Future studies using these emerging technologies will further enhance the understanding of the role of Mb and other hemoproteins in cardiovascular biology.
A new infusion cannula for advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy

ing illumination. The forceps were partly opened in the eye and the foreign body was tilted slightly, which enabled two of the prongs to extend beneath it while another prong remained anterior to the foreign body. The assistant then retracted the prongs, which allowed the foreign body to be firmly grasped and removed through a limbal incision. Argon green endolaser photocoagulation was applied around the retinal tears. An air-fluid exchange was performed, and CaFg gas was injected into the eye. In the first two postoperative months the retina has remained attached. The patient has subsequently been lost to follow-up.
The kappa-opioid agonist U69,593 blocks cocaine-induced enhancement of brain stimulation reward.

Background Increasing evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are involved in regulation of mood states. In animal models often used to study psychiatric illness, KOR agonists produce depressive-like effects (e.g., anhedonia), whereas KOR antagonists produce antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects. The ability of KOR agonists to produce anhedonia-like signs in laboratory animals raises the possibility that this class of drugs might be useful to ameliorate states characterized by excess reward or motivation, such as mania or stimulant intoxication. Methods We examined how the selective KOR agonist U69,593 affects cocaine-induced facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), a model of the abnormally increased reward function that characterizes mania and stimulant intoxication. Rats with stimulating electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were tested with intraperitoneal injections of U69,593 (.063–.5 mg/kg) alone, cocaine (1.25–10 mg/kg) alone, and combinations of the drugs. Results Cocaine dose-dependently decreased ICSS thresholds, indicating that it enhanced the rewarding impact of MFB stimulation. In contrast, U69,593 dose-dependently increased ICSS thresholds, indicating that it decreased the rewarding impact of the stimulation. Pretreatment with U69,593 blocked cocaine-induced decreases in ICSS thresholds at doses that had negligible effects on their own. Conclusions Activation of KORs reduces the reward-related effects of cocaine. Inasmuch as cocaine-induced behavioral stimulation in rodents may model key aspects of enhanced mood in humans, these findings raise the possibility that KOR agonists might ameliorate symptoms of conditions characterized by increased motivation and hyperfunction of brain reward systems, such as mania and stimulant intoxication.
When a Crime Committed by a Teenager Becomes a Hate Crime Results From Two Studies

This article examines the conditions under which a crime committed by a teenager comes to be viewed as a hate-motivated offense. In Study 1, the age of the perpetrator and the level of evidence wer...
Identification and Mapping of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Varicella-Zoster Virus Genome

v w V p f V w A V a 1 c i p P The primordial varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is estimated to have emerged 70 million years ago (McGeoch and Davison, 1999). Even with this ancient history, VZV has long been considered to have a stable genome. The complete DNA sequence (124,884 bp) was published by Davison and Scott in 1986. The VZV genomic sequence with its 69 open reading frames (ORFs) is frequently cited, even for strains other than Dumas, with the presumption of identity. The recent discovery of a genetically variant virus has led us to reconsider the presumption of VZV immutability (Santos et al., 1998). In the case of VZV-MSP, we discovered a virus with a missense mutation in a major glycoprotein called gE. Because this point mutation eliminates a B cell epitope, we consider this polymorphism to have been the likely end result of an antibody selection in an infected human host (Grose, 1999). This mutant virus exhibited an accelerated cell-tocell spread phenotype in both infected cells and the SCID-hu animal model of VZV infection (Santos et al., 000). Prior to this observation, all VZV wild-type isolates nd strains were considered to have a phenotype so imilar as to be indistinguishable. Based upon its likely pathogenesis, VZV undergoes nly about 20 cycles of replication during primary infecion (Grose, 2000); even though this period provides imited opportunity for genetic diversification, some hanges obviously occurred to generate VZV-MSP. herefore, we postulated that a slowly coevolving VZV enome could be investigated by a similar genetic aproach as directed toward the human genome (Collins et l., 1998). The Human Genome Project has concentrated normous effort over the past 3 years on the identifica-
Ozone affects breathing and pulmonary surfactant function in mice.

The effect on breathing of BALB/c mice immediately following ozone exposure (2 ppm) for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h was studied with a whole body plethysmograph. Whether such exposure affected the normal function of pulmonary surfactant of maintaining airway patency was evaluated with a capillary surfactometer. Respiratory rate in mice that were not exposed was 358±16 (mean±S.E.) breaths/min and decreased to 202±10 after 6 h exposure. The mean pressure change caused by breathing diminished significantly, indicating a reduced tidal volume. BAL fluid from controls maintained patency for 88±2% of the study time, 120 s, implying a good surfactant function, but the ozone exposure caused the surfactant to lose its capability of maintaining patency (P<0.0001).This decaying surfactant function of the BAL fluid coincided with an increasing protein concentration in the fluid of exposed animals (1.46±0.14 mg/ml in the 8-h group) as compared to controls (0.44±0.04 mg/ml, P<0.0001). It is concluded that leakage of plasma proteins into the airway lumen was probably the main reason for the surfactant dysfunction, which may have contributed to the altered breathing pattern.
Mercuration of modified nucleotides: Chemical methods toward nucleic acid sequencing by electron microscopy

Abstract Hg 2+ reacts quantitatively with etheno-modified adenosine and cytidine under mild conditions to yield mercurated derivatives. Similarly, ethenomodified DNA takes up as much Hg 2+ as its adenine plus cytosine content, and modified apurinic DNA takes up as much Hg 2+ as its cytosine content.
ESR Studies of the Anion Radicals of the Fullerene: C60n- (n = 1, 2, and 3).

The results of ESR studies on several anion radicals of the fullerene C 60 , C 60 n- (n = 1, 2, and 3), in the solvents benzonitrile, dichloromethane, pyridine and tetrahydrofuran containing 0.1 M TBAClO 4 are reported and discussed. The samples are prepared by electrochemical reduction techniques which allow the preparation of samples which contain, quantitatively, the desired anionie species. The results of ESR spectral studies on the anions in frozen solutions as a function of temperature are presented. The ESR lineshapes and linewidths are dependent upon the solvent and the temperature. The g-values are weakly dependent upon temperature. The results obtained from this study are presented and discussed in terms of the unique physical structure and properties of C 60 .
Failure of peritoneal exudate macrophages to reverse immunologic impairment by Friend leukemia virus.

SummaryTransfer experiments with peritoneal exudate macrophages from normal donor mice were performed to determine if a defect of normal macrophage function or activity was a major or contributing factor to the immunosuppression characterizing leukemia virus infection of mice. Challenge immunization of Friend leukemia virus-infected mice with sheep erythrocytes resulted in markedly depressed hemolytic antibody responses, as compared to responses of normal noninfected mice. When PE cell suspensions rich in macrophages were transferred from normal donor mice to leukemia virus infected recipients there was no affect on the FLV induced impairment of the immune response. Similar transfer of PE cells to normal uninfected mice generally resulted in a moderate depression of the expected immune response. In no case did the PE cells enhance the immune responses in normal or virus-infected mice.The capable technical assistance of Mr. Howard Gratizer and Ms. Kathy Katush is acknowledged.
Testability analysis and multi-frequency ATPG for analog circuits and systems

Fast and efficient test generation techniques are key to reducing the current high cost of testing analog circuits. A new multi-frequency test generation technique for detecting catastrophic failures in this class of circuits is presented. Testability transfer factors are introduced and we use them to construct an efficient test set for analog circuits. Fault detectability and fault coverage are also defined. Two circuits from the suite of analog and mixed-signal benchmark circuits are used to validate our approach.
Reaction of formaldehyde with the histidine residues of proteins

Abstract Imidazoles or imidazoles substituted in the 2 or 4(5) position but with the ring nitrogen free, give a positive Pauly reaction. N-Methylimidazole does not react. In the presence of formaldehyde, all imidazole compounds give a negative Pauly reaction. In agreement with nmr studies, it is concluded that formaldehyde reacts with the imidazole ring nitrogen in acid solution to form N-hydroxymethyl derivatives. The Pauly color yield of various proteins (chymotrypsin, TPCK-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, and reduced ribonuclease) is reduced 90–95% when the reaction is performed in the presence of formaldehyde. The color yield in water is essentially accounted for by the known reactive histidine and tyrosine content. In the presence of formaldehyde the color yield can be interpreted as arising from the known tyrosine content. It is therefore concluded that the histidine residues of the proteins examined have reacted with formaldehyde to form N-hydroxymethyl derivatives. In contrast to the Pauly color yield of chymotrypsin (AM, 52 720) which can be accounted for by the contribution of its two histidine and three reactive tyrosine residues, the color yield of TPCK-chymotrypsin (AM, 47 685) is higher than would be expected on the basis of the reported site of reaction of TPCK with chymotrypsin. The experimental molar extinction coefficient should be close to that calculated (AM, 31 300) for its presumed one reactive histidine and three tyrosine residues. That it is not is in agreement with a previous report from our laboratories suggesting that His-57 is not the only site of reaction of TPCK with chymotrypsin.
Underdesigned and Opportunistic Computing in Presence of Hardware Variability

Microelectronic circuits exhibit increasing variations in performance, power consumption, and reliability parameters across the manufactured parts and across use of these parts over time in the field. These variations have led to increasing use of overdesign and guardbands in design and test to ensure yield and reliability with respect to a rigid set of datasheet specifications. This paper explores the possibility of constructing computing machines that purposely expose hardware variations to various layers of the system stack including software. This leads to the vision of underdesigned hardware that utilizes a software stack that opportunistically adapts to a sensed or modeled hardware. The envisioned underdesigned and opportunistic computing (UnO) machines face a number of challenges related to the sensing infrastructure and software interfaces that can effectively utilize the sensory data. In this paper, we outline specific sensing mechanisms that we have developed and their potential use in building UnO machines.
DriveWise: An Interdisciplinary Hospital-Based Driving Assessment Program

ABSTRACT Health care professionals working with the elderly have opportunities through research and clinical practice to shape public policy affecting the older driver. This article describes DriveWise, an interdisciplinary hospital-based driving assessment program developed in response to clinical concerns about the driving safety of individuals with medical conditions. DriveWise clinicians use evidence-based, functional assessments to determine driving competence. In addition, the program was designed to meet the emotional needs of individuals whose driving safety has been called into question. To date, approximately 380 participants have been assessed through DriveWise. The following report details the DriveWise mission, DriveWise team members, and road test results. We continue to refine the assessment process to promote safety and support the dignity and independence of all participants. The DriveWise interdisciplinary approach to practice is a concrete example of how gerontological education across ...
Severe hyperglycemia immediately after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is predictive of acute graft-versus-host disease.

Stress hyperglycemia and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major early complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), are both associated with excessive release of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated whether new-onset hyperglycemia immediately after HSCT predicts acute GVHD. We studied nondiabetic adult recipients of human leukocyte antigen-matched HSCT (peripheral blood stem cells) for acute leukemia. Using mean morning serum glucose on Days 1–10, we classified hyperglycemia as: mild (6.11–8.33 mmol/L), moderate (8.34–9.98), and severe (minimum of 9.99). Subjects who were GVHD‐free on Day 10 were followed during Days 11–100 for grades II–IV acute GVHD or competing event. Evaluation utilized cumulative incidence-based proportional hazards regression. Subjects (n = 328) were age 18–74, median of 49 years. Per body mass index (BMI)—25.0 % were obese (BMI, 30–48), 33.8 % overweight (25 to <30), 30.8 % normal weight (21 to <25), and 10.4 % lean (18 to <21). Mild, moderate, or severe hyperglycemia occurred during Days 1–10 in 50.0, 21.3, and 16.8 % of subjects, respectively. Cumulative incidence on Day 100 was 44.8 (±2.8) % acute GVHD and 7.9 (±1.5) % competing event. Among normal-to-overweight subjects (n = 212), severe hyperglycemia developed in 14.2 % (n = 30) and more than doubled the risk of acute GVHD (hazards ratio, 2.71; 95 % CI, 1.58–4.65—adjusted for donor/recipient characteristics, prophylactic regimen, and mucositis). In contrast, among obese subjects (n = 82), severe hyperglycemia developed in 30.5 % (n = 25) but did not significantly affect risk of GVHD. (No lean subjects (n = 34) developed severe hyperglycemia.) Hyperglycemia that was less than severe had an effect indistinguishable from normoglycemia. In nondiabetic patients, severe hyperglycemia immediately after allogeneic HSCT indicates increased likelihood of acute GVHD. This association is absent in obese patients, who may be primed by obesity-induced inflammation to develop severe hyperglycemia even without experiencing the cytokine storm that is essential to GVHD pathogenesis.
REDUCTION AND STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF WHEAT GLIADIN AND GLUTENIN.

Abstract Reduction of the disulfide bonds of wheat gliadin and glutenin followed by electrophoresis in starch gel revealed the presence of some components which are perhaps common to both proteins. There were marked quantitative differences in the distribution of components. The release of 20 or more electrophoretic components from the previously unresolved glutenin fraction is further evidence that extensive intermolecular disulfide bonding is responsible for its high molecular weight. Intermolecular disulfide bonding is present only to a limited extent in the gliadin fraction.