cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ensuring integrity in AGU publications and compliance with dual publication policy

[1] To ensure the highest standards for publication, AGU has begun screening manuscript submissions using CrossCheck (http://www.crossref.org/crosscheck.html) for possible verbatim use of previously published material. Water Resources Research andGeophysical Research Letters have tested this technology since summer 2010. It has proven very useful in ensuring the highest integrity in publication standards and compliance with the AGU dual publication policy (http://www.agu.org/pubs/authors/policies/dualpub_policy.shtml). According to Barbara Major, assistant director of journals, other AGU journals will adopt this screening process in the near future.
Are There Racial Gaps in High School Leadership Opportunities? Do Academics Matter More?

Participation in high school sports and leadership activities is typically associated with later adult earnings premia. In stark contrast to the large but diminishing racial disadvantage found in other measures of educational opportunity, this analysis of high school leadership development finds few examples of racial disadvantage in historical 1960 data, but an emerging disadvantage to black female students between 1972 and 2004. Earnings regressions reveal positive earnings premia to black women who engaged in sports and leadership activities as adolescents, but not to black men. Particularly large premia to higher math scores (or penalties to lower math scores) among black workers are also observed. These findings call into question any world-view in which U.S. wages are a simple function of observable worker qualifications, and highlight the continued need to monitor equitable access to educational opportunities in U.S. schools.
Cycle GMP-activated channels of rod photoreceptors show neither fast nor slow desensitization

Desensitization of cGMP-activated channels was examined in excised, inside-out patches obtained from rod photoreceptors. Cyclic GMP was applied using a rapid-flow system in which concentration jumps are complete within 10-50 ms. In outer-segment patches containing many channels, the cGMP-dependent conductance reached a steady plateau that was maintained for tens of seconds in the presence of cGMP; thus, there was no indication of slow desensitization. However, rapid desensitization on the scale of milliseconds could not be ruled out because of limited speed of access of cGMP to the inner face of the patch membrane. To test for rapid desensitization, inner-segment patches containing only a single cGMP-activated channel were used. In these one-channel patches, there was no change in activity of the channel with time from its earliest onset after application of cGMP, indicating that rapid desensitization also did not occur.
Improved method for analysis of whole bone torsion tests

Structural tests, such as whole bone torsion tests, have become widely accepted methods for assessing average bone material properties. To simplify interpretation of these tests, the nonuniform bone geometry is often analyzed as a tube with a constant cross section (prismatic) and the areal properties of the smallest bone section. This approach may not adequately represent the true torsional behavior of the cross section and does not account for any lengthwise variations in bone geometry. The errors introduced by these approximations are particularly significant when comparing bones of different sizes and geometries. In this paper, we examine the effects of approximating the cross-sectional torsional behavior and of neglecting lengthwise variations in bone geometry. We then present a simple, standardized procedure utilizing a FORTRAN computer program for accurate determination of material properties. We examine first simple idealized bone geometries and then a complex three-dimensional model of the femur from a 26-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rat. For these models, the conventional methods for interpreting torsion tests introduce errors of up to 42% in the shear modulus and up to 48% in the maximum shear stress; a straightforward extension of these methods reduces the errors to within 3%.
Binding of IgA to erythrocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy

Primate erythrocytes (RBCs) may be involved in the transport and processing of C3b-containing immune complexes (IC). Compared to RBCs from healthy controls, increased amounts of IgA were detectable on RBCs from 7 of 17 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA NP). There was no difference in the amount of IgG or IgM. The highest amount of RBC-bound IgA corresponded to 6 ng IgA/10(8) cells. The mechanisms involved in the binding of IgA to RBCs were investigated in vitro. Isolated IgA1 or IgA2 did not bind to RCBs from a patient with IgA deficiency. In contrast, incubation of RBCs with a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) precipitate of serum from a patient with IgA NP which contained IgA-IC resulted in IgA1 binding. However, this binding was not inhibited by monoclonal anti-CR1 or by an excess of IgG or IgM. Factor I did not cause release of IgA from RBCs from patients with IgA NP. Heat-aggregated IgA1 also bound to RBCs and this binding was not affected by the presence of complement. We conclude that minute amounts of IgA-IC are bound to RBCs by a complement- and Fc receptor-independent mechanism. The quantity of IgA-IC associated with RBC is so small that it is unlikely to represent an important in vivo route of IgA-IC transport or processing.
Reduction of the Auger rate in semiconductor quantum dots.

We propose the use of quantum dots in semiconductor lasers to reduce the Auger rate, the dominant process limiting the performance of today's semiconductor lasers in the thermal infrared. We will see that many Auger processes cannot occur in quantum dots that are surrounded by a very large potential energy barrier because continuum energy states are not available as final states. We present many possible materials that can be used for these quantum dots and barriers. We also derive an analytical expression for the Auger rate in a quantum sphere, in which there are two electrons and two holes, in terms of Slater integrals, reduced matrix elements, and Racah coefficients of total-angular-momentum quantum numbers. We note that the total angular momentum must be conserved for Auger processes in a quantum dot, unlike the linear momentum conservation law required in the bulk. We present a practical example of a 150-\AA{}-radius InSb quantum dot surrounded by CdTe barriers, whose room-temperature band gap is at 4.8 \ensuremath{\mu}m (258 meV), and whose room-temperature Auger lifetime is calculated as 135 ns, which is at least two orders of magnitude better than the Auger lifetime in other low-temperature semiconductor lasers. We present partial Auger rates and tabulate them in a Grotrian diagram labeled by the bound states involved. We calculate and discuss the temperature dependence of quantum-dot Auger rates. In calculating the (nonparabolic) band structure and energy states, we use a multiband envelope-function approximation in eight-band k\ensuremath{\cdot}p theory, which also included some of the effects of higher-order bands. Single and multiparticle eigenstates are chosen to diagonalize the total angular momentum. We include valence-band mixing in calculating our single-particle quantum-dot states.
Balancing hardware intensity in microprocessor pipelines

The evaluation of architectural tradeoffs is complicated by implications in the circuit domain which are typically not captured in the analysis but substantially affect the results. We propose a metric of hardware intensity (), which is useful for evaluating issues that affect both circuits and architecture. Analyzing data for actual designs, we show how to measure the introduced parameters and discuss variations between observed results and common theoretical assumptions. For a power-efficient design, we derive relations for and supply voltage V under progressively more general situations and illustrate the use of these equations in simple examples. Then we establish a relation between the architectural energy-efficiency metric and hardware intensity, and we derive expressions for evaluating the effect of modifications at the microarchitectural level on processor frequency and power, assuming the optimal tuning of the pipeline. These relations will guide the architect to achieve an energy-optimal balance between architectural complexity and hardware intensity.
Maximum-Limiting Ages of Lake Michigan Coastal Dunes: Their Correlation With Holocene Lake Level History

Coastal geomorphology along the Great Lakes has long been linked with lake-level history. Some of the most spectacular landforms along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan are high-relief dunes that mantle lake terraces. It has been assumed that these dunes developed during the Nipissing high stand of ancestral Lake Michigan. This hypothesis was tested through stratigraphic analyses and radiocarbon dating of buried soils at four sites between Manistee and Grand Haven, Michigan. At each site, thick deposits of eolian sand overlie late-Pleistocene lacustrine sands. Moderately developed Spodosols (Entic Haplorthods) formed in the uppermost part of the lake sediments are buried by thick dune sand at three sites. At the fourth locality, a similar soil occurs in a very thin (1.3 m) unit of eolian sand buried deep within a dune. These soils indicate long-term (∼ 4,000 years) stability of the lake deposits following subaerial exposure. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal in the buried sola indicates massive dune construction began between 4,900 and 4,500 cal. yr B.P. at the Nordhouse Dunes site, between 4,300 and 3,900 cal. yr B.P. at the Jackson and Nugent Quarries, and between 3,300 to 2,900 cal. yr B.P. at Rosy Mound. Given these ages, it can be concluded that dune building at one site occurred during the Nipissing high stand but that the other dunes developed later. Although lake levels generally fell after the Nipissing, it appears that dune construction may have resulted from small increases in lake level and destabilization of lake-terrace bluffs.
Anaerobic Preparation and Solvent-Free Separation of Uranium Endohedral Metallofullerenes

Safe production, handling, and separation of depleted uranium endohedral metallofullernes in an oxygen-free environment is demonstrated. Films of C60, C70, and M@C60 are produced by subliming fullerenes from arc-produced soot onto a mass spectrometry target (with ca. 1% impurities of higher fullerenes). Also, films consisting of higher fullerenes (empty and full) and mostly devoid of C60 or C70 are made by subliming at higher temperatures. The temperature of the soot must be uniform and held constant during sublimation in order to produce high-quality films. M@C60 requires a slightly higher temperature for sublimation than empty C60, the likely result of stronger interactions between M@C60 and its surroundings in the soot.
Digital teaching file in interventional radiology

We have created a digital teaching file in interventional radiology. Based in FilemakerPro, this file is used simultaneously on Macintosh and Windows platforms in our department. Each case can contain up to 20 images or Quick-Time movies. Cases can be searched on the basis of demographic data, case type, ACR codes, CPT codes, and RSNA key words. Currently, images are acquired on an ongoing basis using a Kodak DC420 digital camera. At the time of the SCAR conference, we anticipate supplementing or supplanting this mode of image acquisition with 1 digital data direct from our 3 Toshiba CAS-8000 angiography units and 2 PACS. This teaching file is currently shared on our local area network. We anticipate soon having the capability to share it as a searchable database on the World Wide Web.
Active timing-based correlation of perturbed traffic flows with chaff packets

Network intruders usually launch their attacks through a chain of intermediate stepping stone hosts in order to hide their identities. Detecting such stepping stone attacks is difficult because packet encryption, timing perturbations, and meaningless chaff packets can all be utilized by attackers to evade from detection. In this paper, we propose a method based on packet matching and timing-based active watermarking that can successfully correlate interactive stepping stone connections even if there are chaff packets and limited timing perturbations. We provide several algorithms that have different trade-offs among detection rate, false positive rate and computation cost. Our experimental evaluation with both real world and synthetic data indicates that by integrating packet matching and active watermarking, our approach has overall better performance than existing schemes.
CEREBRAL PALSY AND NEWBORN CARE. III: ESTIMATED PREVALENCE RATES OF CEREBRAL PALSY UNDER DIFFERING RATES OF MORTALITY AND IMPAIRMENT OF LOW-BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS*

SUMMARY To maintain a stable over-all prevalence of handicap, the rate of handicap among survivors must decline in parallel to the decline in mortality among live births. The 24 per cent decline in mortality among low-birthweight infants in New York City between 1962 and 1976 requires a 35 to 39 per cent decline in the rate of neurological impairment among lowbirthweight survivors simply to avoid the production of an increased number of handicapped children in the population as a whole. Such evidence as we have suggests that the declining morbidity may not be keeping pace with the recent declines in mortality: thus, although more healthy survivors will result from newborn intensive care, a modest increase in the prevalence of handicap may also ensue.
Do Colleges Get What They Pay For? Evidence on Football Coach Pay and Team Performance

We use a data set of Football Bowl Subdivision (Division-IA) universities to investigate the hypothesis that higher coach pay leads to improved team performance. Our analysis finds that pay and tea...
A Strategy Which Maximizes the Geometric Mean Return on Portfolio Investments

A common formulation of the portfolio selection problem leads to the prescription of a strategy which maximizes the geometric mean return on investments. In this paper we examine conditions under which solutions exist for the case where the returns distribution is discrete. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a solution to exist and give a computationally convenient and exact method for finding a solution in circumstances where i a solution exists and ii the number of securities equals or exceeds the number of values in the returns distribution.
Plant Volatiles Influence Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Lygus hesperus

Previous laboratory studies have shown that the mirid Lygus hesperus is attracted to volatiles emitted from alfalfa; feeding damage increases the amounts of several of these volatiles, and visual cues can enhance attraction further. The present study tested single plant volatiles in electrophysiological and behavioral trials with L. hesperus. Electroantennogram (EAG) analyses indicated that antennae responded to most plant volatiles included in the test, and that when gender differences were observed, males usually were more responsive than females. Antennal responses to the alcohols ((E)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, 1-hexanol), the acetate (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and the aldehyde (E)-2-hexenal were among the strongest. Moderate responses were observed for (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (±)-linalool, and methyl salicylate. A dose dependent response was not observed for several terpenes (β-myrcene, β-caryophyllene, (+)-limonene, or both (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-α-pinenes). EAG responses, however, were not always consistent with behavioral assays. In Y-tube bioassays, males did not exhibit a positive behavioral response to any of the compounds tested. Instead, males were repelled by (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (±)-linalool, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and methyl salicylate. In contrast, female L. hesperus moved upwind towards (R)-(+)-α-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene, and showed a negative response towards (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (S)-(−)-α-pinene, and methyl salicylate. This study emphasizes the use of multiple approaches to better understand host plant finding in the generalist herbivore L. hesperus.
A Biopsychosocial Model to Complement a Biomedical Model: Patient Questionnaire Data and Socioeconomic Status Usually Are More Significant than Laboratory Tests and Imaging Studies in Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Modern medical care is based largely on a paradigm known as a "biomedical model," in which a single "gold standard" high-technology test guides clinical care. Patients with hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, and many other conditions often are unaware of their status in the absence of data from "objective" tests. By contrast, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and most rheumatic diseases, patients generally are aware of symptoms, and information from patients often is as or more important to taking direct clinical decisions than laboratory tests, imaging studies, or even physical examination data. Physical function on a patient self-report questionnaire generally is as significant as, or more significant than laboratory, imaging, or physical examination data in predicting severe outcomes of RA, such as work disability, costs, and mortality. Patient questionnaires may be viewed as contributing to a complementary "biopsychosocial model" that can overcome limitations of the traditional "biomedical model" in RA and other chronic diseases. Further relevance of a "biopsychosocial model" in RA and other rheumatic diseases is seen in evidence that socioeconomic status, most easily assessed as formal education level, identifies favorable or unfavorable clinical status and prognosis at high levels of significance. Socioeconomic status may be regarded as a surrogate for the importance of patient actions, in addition to actions of health professionals, in the course and outcomes of rheumatic and other chronic diseases.
Price Formation and the Appraisal Function in Real Estate Markets

A real estate market model characterized by incomplete information, costly search, and varying expectations is presented. The model describes a self-selection process for market participants and a distribution of transaction prices. These transaction prices, which arise from a Nash equilibrium, can be expressed as a noisy signal, reflecting incomplete information as well as the conditions of sale. The appraiser's role is formalized as the task of signal extraction. The model emphasizes the differences in information available to individual buyers and sellers, who make transactions only infrequently, and the appraiser, whose expertise comes from observing many transactions. Based on the model, it is shown that contrary to popular perceptions, appraisal smoothing is consistent with an optimal updating strategy.
An incremental 'add-on' approach to determining the effect of modification of the geometry of a thin plate on its electromagnetic scattering properties

The problem of rapid estimation of the effect of perturbing a thin plate structure is addressed using the add-on technique that was introduced recently by R. Kastner (see ibid., vol.37, p.353-61, 1989). An important feature of this method is its ability to make efficient use of previously computed results for the current distribution on a portion of the scatterer that remains unchanged as the geometry of the plate is modified. The procedure, which has been successfully applied to large irregular strip arrays and to a class of planar geometries that introduce negligible cross-polarization effects in the scattering process, is extended in this work to apply to arbitrary plates. In order to demonstrate the versatility of the method, numerical results are given for a number of plate geometries, including one with apertures. >
The influence of light on paternal plants in Campanula americana (Campanulaceae): pollen characteristics and offspring traits

Offspring trait expression is determined by the combination of parental genes and parental environments. Although maternal environmental effects have been widely characterized, few studies have focused on paternal environmental effects. To determine whether light availability influences pollen and offspring traits in the woodland herb Campanula americana, we reared clones of 12 genotypes in two light levels. In the parental generation we measured pollen number and size. Plants grown under high light produced more pollen grains per flower than those grown under low light. However, the response was genotype specific; some individuals responded little to changes in light availability while others substantially reduced pollen production. As a consequence, paternity ratios may vary between light environments if more pollen is associated with greater siring success. We crossed a subset of these plants to produce the offspring generation. The paternal and maternal light environments influenced offspring seed mass, percentage germination, and days to germination, while only maternal light levels influenced later life traits, such as leaf number and size. Maternal and paternal environmental effects had opposite influences on seed mass, percentage germination and days to germination. Finally, there was no direct relationship between light effects on pollen production and offspring trait expression.
Visual Perception versus Visual Plus Kinaesthetic Perception in Judging Colored Weights

Resume Pour determiner les poids apparents relatifs des couleurs, six cubes de carton (de meme grandeur et poids, couverts respectivement de papier rouge, jaune, vert, bleu, noir, et blanc) ont ete presentes a chacun de 100 etudiants universitaires selon la methode de comparaisons en paires. Chaque sujet a employe deux procedes differents. Dans le Procede I, il a leve les deux cubes d'une paire l'un immediatement apres l'autre disant lequel a semble le plus lourd. Dans le Procede II, il n'a fait que dire lequel des cubes de chaque paire a semble le plus lourd. La combinaison des resultats de tous les sujets a donne un poids apparent pour chaque couleur en termes du nombre moyen des fois que la couleur a ete jugee plus lourde que celles avec lesquelles elle a ete comparee. Le Procede I, employant la perception visuelle et la perception kinesthesique, s'est montre une technique absolument inconstante donnant des differences de poids apparent lesquelles sont inconstantes statistiquement et n'ont qu'un petit ...
A space-partitioning-based indexing method for multidimensional non-ordered discrete data spaces

There is an increasing demand for similarity searches in a multidimensional non-ordered discrete data space (NDDS) from application areas such as bioinformatics and data mining. The non-ordered and discrete nature of an NDDS raises new challenges for developing efficient indexing methods for similarity searches. In this article, we propose a new indexing technique, called the NSP-tree, to support efficient similarity searches in an NDDS. As we know, overlap causes a performance degradation for indexing methods (e.g., the R-tree) for a continuous data space. In an NDDS, this problem is even worse due to the limited number of elements available on each dimension of an NDDS. The key idea of the NSP-tree is to use a novel discrete space-partitioning (SP) scheme to ensure no overlap at each level in the tree. A number of heuristics and strategies are incorporated into the tree construction algorithms to deal with the challenges for developing an SP-based index tree for an NDDS. Our experiments demonstrate that the NSP-tree is quite promising in supporting efficient similarity searches in NDDSs. We have compared the NSP-tree with the ND-tree, a data-partitioning-based indexing technique for NDDSs that was proposed recently, and the linear scan using different NDDSs. It was found that the search performance of the NSP-tree was better than those of both methods.
Self-Reported Marijuana Effects and Characteristics of 100 San Francisco Medical Marijuana Club Members

In order to assess the relationships between medical marijuana users' reasons for use, side effects, and drug use patterns, 100 participants were recruited from the San Francisco Cannabis Cultivator's Club. Users, averaging 14 years pre-illness use, perceived marijuana to be more effective than other treatments and to have less severe side effects. Urine drug assays showed recent use of other drugs, particularly stimulants. History of substance abuse or dependence and other psychiatric disorders was common. Those with greater past dependence on other drugs thought marijuana to be more effective but also reported worse side effects and quality of life. Quality of life was associated more with marijuana side effects rating than effectiveness. Patients reported potentially serious marijuana side effects on some questionnaires but not others. Inconsistencies in reporting made interpretation of results difficult. Physician supervision of medical marijuana use would allow more effective monitoring of therapeutic and unwanted effects, some unrecognized by patients.
Prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum among Downstream- Migrating Salmonids in the Columbia River

Abstract Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is an important contributor to mortality of salmonids in hatcheries in the Columbia River basin. However, the impact of BKD on the survival of downstream migrants is difficult to determine because there is little information on the disease-related mortality among these fish. In this study, the impact of BKD on juvenile salmonids was examined by determining the percentage of downriver migrants infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum (the causative agent of BKD) and evaluating the effects of salt water on the progress of the disease. During the 2 years of this study, approximately 20% of the three species of migrating hatchery and wild salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) collected were infected with R. salmoninarum. Mortality caused by BKD increased when fish were held in salt water.
Income levels of bad-debt and free-care patients in Massachusetts hospitals

ABSTRACT: This study disputes the common notion that many hospitalized patients whose expenses are written off to bad debt are able to pay their bills. By matching 1996 state tax returns to more than 350,000 bad-debt and free-care claims at seven Massachusetts hospitals, we found that most patients involved had incomes below the federal poverty level and thus were presumably eligible for either public programs or hospital-based free care. This suggests that hospitals and public officials need to investigate further why low-income, uninsured patients are not receiving benefits for which they are eligible. Our results also suggest that measurements of indigent care levels in hospitals for purposes of research or regulation should include some portion of bad debt.
Limit cycles due to friction forces in flexible joint mechanisms

The paper investigates the limit cycle phenomena in flexible joint mechanisms due to motor side Coulomb friction and load side friction with more emphasis on the latter. Two friction forces are studied separately as independent sources of limit cycles. Controller instability is considered as a sufficient condition for a limit cycle to appear. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm analysis
Towards Effective Defense Against Insider Attacks: The Establishment of Defender's Reputation

We address issues related to the establishment of defender's reputation in anomaly detection against insider attacks. We consider two types of attackers: smart insiders, which learn from historic attacks and adapt their strategies to avoid detection/punishment, and naive attackers, which blindly launch their attacks. We introduce two novel reputation-establishment algorithms for systems with solely smart insiders and systems with both smart insiders and naive attackers, respectively. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our reputation-establishment algorithms can significantly improve the performance of anomaly detection against insider attacks in terms of the tradeoff between detection and false positives.
Structural and transcriptional analyses of a purine nucleotide-binding protein from Pyrococcus furiosus: a component of a novel, membrane-bound multiprotein complex unique to this hyperthermophilic archaeon

The open-reading frame PF0895 in the genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, encodes a 206-residue protein (M(R )23,152). The structure of the recombinant protein was solved by single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) using a mercury derivative. It has been refined to 1.70 A with a crystallographic R and R(free )values of 19.7% and 22.3%, respectively. The PF0895 structure is similar to those of the ATP binding cassettes observed in the ABC transporter family. However, bioinformatics and molecular analyses indicate that PF0895 is not part of the expected five-gene operon that encodes a typical prokaryotic solute-binding ABC transporter. Rather, transcriptional profiling data show that PF0895 is part of a novel four-gene operon (PF0895-PF0896-PF0897-PF0897.1) where only PF0895 has homologs in other organisms. Interestingly, from genome analysis, P. furiosus itself contains a second version of this complex, encoded by PF1090-PF1093. From the structural studies we can only conclude that one of the subunits of this novel membrane complex, PF0895, and its homolog PF1090, likely bind a purine nucleotide. PF0895 is therefore predicted to be part of a membrane-bound multiprotein complex unrelated to ABC transporters that is so far unique to P. furiosus. It appears to play a role in the stress response, as its expression is down regulated when the organism is subjected to cold-shock, where cells are transferred from 95 degrees C, near the optimal growth temperature, to 72 degrees C, near the minimal growth temperature. The related PF1090-containing operon is unaffected by cold-shock and is independently regulated.
Metabolism and Biological Activity of cis- and trans-Phylloquinone in the Rat

The separation of sufficient cis and trans forms of vitamin K for feeding and metabolic studies was accomplished on silica gel columns eluted with solvent containing n-butyl ether. The lack of biological activity of the cis isomer of phylloquinone was observed. The cis isomer was retained longer in liver, particularly in mitochondria, but had low retention in that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated as the rough membrane fraction. The cis isomer of phylloquinone was a poor substrate for 2,3-epoxidation in vivo and in vitro. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that epoxidation of vitamin K is coupled to the biological activity of the vitamin, and that microsomes are the site of metabolism and function of vitamin K.
Interlingual Interference in Naming Color Words

The Stroop Color-word test was administered to two groups of bilinguals to assess the relative influence of interlingual versus intralingual interference. Subjects included 10 native Turkish speakers whose second language was English and 10 native English speakers who spoke Turkish fluently. Each subject was asked to vocalize color names in Turkish and in English, using a control list (XXX), a Turkish list, and an English list of color words written in a contrasting color ink from the meaning of the color word. Intralingual interference was greater than interlingual for American subjects, but Turks experienced both forms of interference almost equally. Overall interference was greater for Americans. Results suggest that interlingual interference may be related to familiarity with a language. Implications for assessing fluency in a second language are discussed.
Absolute configuration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanol formed metabolically from 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is an important metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Using the chiral derivatizing agent, (R)-(+)-alpha-methylbenzyl isocyanate [(R)-(+)-MBIC], previous work has shown that the enantiomeric ratio of metabolically formed NNAL and its glucuronide derivative may be species dependent. However, the absolute configuration of such NNAL has not been previously reported. Synthetically prepared racemic NNAL was converted to diastereomeric esters by reaction with (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA) chloride (Mosher's reagent) and the products were characterized by 1H-NMR. Based on chemical shift data, the absolute configuration of NNAL in each diastereomeric ester was assigned. Hydrolysis of (R)-NNAL-(R)-MTPA gave (R)-NNAL. This was converted to the corresponding carbamate by reaction with (R)-(+)-alpha-MBIC and the absolute configurations of the diastereomeric carbamates formed by reaction of (R)- and (S)-NNAL with (R)-(+)-MBIC were thereby assigned. Conversion of metabolically produced NNAL to the same carbamates allowed us to assign the NNAL formed from NNK by rat liver microsomes as (R)-NNAL. The major and minor NNAL-glucuronide diastereomers found in the urine of patas monkeys and humans exposed to NNK were similarly assigned; they were formed from (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL, respectively.
Analysis of melanoma recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy

Little attention has been paid to the characteristics and outcomes of patients who experience distant, local or regional recurrence of melanoma following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy. This article aims to review the published literature on the topic and presents some general summaries regarding this patient population. Patients who experience a disease recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy have a worse overall survival compared with patients with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy. The implications and possible explanations for these findings are discussed in order to both underscore the need for in-depth investigation of local, regional or distant melanoma recurrence among patients following a true negative sentinel lymph node biopsy, as well as increased efforts to minimize the rate of false negative sentinel lymph node biopsies.
Peroxynitrite modulates tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphoinositide signalling in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: Attenuated effects in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells

Peroxynitrite may contribute to oxidative stress involving neurodegeneration in several disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. As with other reactive oxygen species, peroxynitrite might affect neuronal signalling systems, actions that could contribute to adaptive or deleterious cellular outcomes, but such effects have not previously been studied. To address this issue directly, peroxynitrite (50-500 microM) was administered to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to assess its effects on protein tyrosine nitration, phosphoinositide signalling and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Peroxynitrite rapidly increased the nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity of numerous proteins, primarily in the cytosol. Peroxynitrite inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by activation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol and the inhibition was greater after the depletion of cellular glutathione. In comparison, muscarinic receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells was less vulnerable to inhibition by peroxynitrite either without or with prior depletion of glutathione. There was a large, rapid and reversible increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the p120 Src substrate in peroxynitrite-treated SH-SY5Y cells, a response that was potentiated by glutathione depletion; in contrast, peroxynitrite decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells was less sensitive to modulation by peroxynitrite. Thus alterations in phosphoinositide signalling and protein tyrosine phosphorylation were greater in neuroblastoma than astrocytoma cells, and modulation of these signalling processes probably contributes to neuronal mechanisms of the response to peroxynitrite.
Plaque rupture and intracoronary thrombus in nonculprit vessels: an eyewitness account.

Over the last 25 years, there has been enormous progress in understanding the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Nonocclusive, mural, or occlusive intracoronary thrombus (ICT) has been established as the cause of nearly all
Knowledge Modeling for Computer Aided Treatment Planning

The purpose for this study is to develop robust and comprehensive knowledge models which can provide patient specific prediction of achievable dose distribution in radiation therapy plans for a wide range of cancer types. These models are useful tools to guide radiation therapy planning. Clinical RT plans for a number of cancer types including prostate, head and neck, anorectal, lung and spinal SBRT plans are studied retrospectively. The knowledge modeling correlates patient anatomical features with the dose features embedded in the RT plans. A number of patient’s anatomical and dosimetric features are considered in the model. The geometrical relationships between the OARs and PTV are represented by the distance-to-target histogram, DTH and the distance- to-OAR histogram. Important anatomical and dosimetric features were extracted from DTH and DVH by principal component analysis (PCA). For spine SBRT plans, voxel-level dose distribution is also predicted in addition to the dose-volume histogram (DVH) of spinal cord in order to explore the tradeoff between PTV coverage and spinal cord sparing by an active optical flow model (AOFM). A step-wise multiple regression method was used to select the most significant patient features which influence the dose distribution. To validate the knowledge models, the model predicted dosimetric parameters in the OARs of the validation cases are compared with the actual plan values. The difference between the model predictions and the actual values for some example dosimetric indexes are (mean±s.d.: volume in percent of OAR volume, dose in percent of prescription dose): lung V5Gy in lung IMRT plans: 0.1±6.9, Parotid median dose in head and neck IMRT plans: 0.9±5.6, Spinal cord D2% in spinal SBRT plans: 0.1±0.6. The predicted dosimetric indexes by the knowledge models can provide good estimates for those in actual plans. These models can help to improve the quality and efficiency of treatment planning.
Les données des EPS : fiabilité des matériels ; défaillances de cause commune, facteurs humains

La qualite d'une EPS depend fortement de la qualite des donnees quantitatives d'entree et de leurs evaluations. L'objectif de ce papier est de faire une description rapide des methodes de collecte et de calcul des donnees liees a la fiabilite des materiels, aux defaillances de cause commune, et aux facteurs humains en conduite normale ou accidentelle.
The World of Whistleblowing: From the Altruist to the Avenger

This exploratory study investigates the world of whistleblowing. The topic has produced a great deal of discussion but little clear understanding of the contexts in which whistleblowers act or the paths they follow, or even a critical understanding of whistleblowing as a social and legal practice. The study articulates some of these boundaries through a mixed-method analysis. The authors reviewed extant quantitative data and conducted a series of interviews in order to be able to sketch a plausible picture of the current state of whistleblowing. The results were used to construct a typology of whistleblowers that provides a conceptual shorthand for the goals, motivations, and contexts that define whistleblowing.
Observation of Hot Electron Field Emission

We report energy distributions of silicon Field Emitter Arrays coated with 50A of ZnO. The distributions reflect changes in the ZnO conductivity induced by annealing in vacuum, temperature, and annealing in hydrogen. An additional coating of titanium performed in-situ produced large additional changes. Emission from the ZnO at energies near the Fermi level increased with gate voltage only after hydrogen annealing, when hot, and after Ti coating. In those same cases the emission distribution contained a tail at energies above EF. The highenergy emission tail is due to a many-body or Auger process whereby holes injected below EF create hot electrons. Although emission from ZnO occurred at energies up to 8eV below EF, no high-energy tail was observed in the normal case. Thus emission appears to occur from isolated electrons in ZnO gap states in cases where the distribution lacks a high-energy tail. Conversely, emission above EF suggests that emission occurred from a metallic state such as an accumulated conduction band.
Revealing electronic open quantum systems with subsystem TDDFT

Open quantum systems (OQSs) are perhaps the most realistic systems one can approach through simulations. In recent years, describing OQSs with Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been a prominent avenue of research with most approaches based on a density matrix partitioning in conjunction with an ad-hoc description of system-bath interactions. We propose a different theoretical approach to OQSs based on partitioning of the electron density. Employing the machinery of subsystem DFT (and its time-dependent extension), we provide a novel way of isolating and analyzing the various terms contributing to the coupling between the system and the surrounding bath. To illustrate the theory, we provide numerical simulations on a toy system (a molecular dimer) and on a condensed phase system (solvated excimer). The simulations show that non-Markovian dynamics in the electronic system-bath interactions are important in chemical applications. For instance, we show that the superexchange mechanism of transport in donor-bridge-acceptor systems is a non-Markovian interaction between the donor-acceptor (OQS) with the bridge (bath) which is fully characterized by real-time subsystem time-dependent DFT.
Experience and Meaning

In both the tradition of classical empiricism and that of idealism, two views of experience prevail in tandem: one, that experience is always con scious; two, that it is a kind of knowledge or inherently and essentially a source of knowledge. John Dewey's radical reconstruction of the concept of experience substitutes for such a cognitivist or epistemological view a pic ture of experience as an organismic process in nature, an ongoing interac tion between individual and environment. In this interaction, the individual is not simply aware but is simultaneously doing and undergoing. The doings and undergoings are purposive and experimental, efforts to control future experience and direct the development of the experiencer. Even though for Dewey consciousness is not the stuff of experience and knowledge is not its essence or its end, consciousness and knowledge have their places in this process. The environment, nature in interaction with the individual, discloses itself to an organism capable of awareness. And in the effort to control, when doing is blocked and a situation is problematic or uncertain, the individual is stimulated to reflective inquiry which generates knowledge. Inquiry discovers the instrumental value of experienced objects, interpreting them in terms of the ends to which they serve as means. It thereby constructs "secondary objects,"1 "intellectual signs" [EN 128], that "explain the primary objects . . . enable us to grasp them with understanding instead of just having sense-contact with them." [EN 5] Thus reflection in the midst of primary experience generates "secondary or reflective experience" [EN 4], experience Dewey also terms "cognitive" and "intellectual." [EN 23] Primary, non-cognitive experience remains, for him, the setting for and the referent of secondary, cognitive experience. On ly "that context of non-cognitive but experienced subject-matter . . . gives what is known its import." [EN 23]2 To hold that all experience is cognitive and, correlatively, that the secondary objects of knowledge and science are the "real" ones, is to commit a fallacy of selective emphasis, that of in tellectualism. [EN 21] Dewey was trying to overcome the subjectivist and intellectualist con notations that the term 'experience' has for so long had for philosophers. He was also trying to portray experience as a dynamic, forward-oriented
Evaluation of safety effectiveness of multiple cross sectional features on urban arterials.

This research evaluates the safety effectiveness of multiple roadway cross-section elements on urban arterials for different crash types and severity levels. In order to consider the nonlinearity of predictors and obtain more reliable estimates, the generalized nonlinear models (GNMs) were developed using 5-years of crash records and roadway characteristics data for urban roadways in Florida. The generalized linear models (GLMs) were also developed to compare model performance. The cross-sectional method was used to develop crash modification factors (CMFs) for various safety treatments. The results from this paper indicated that increasing lane, bike lane, median, and shoulder widths were safety effective to reduce crash frequency. In particular, the CMFs for changes in median and shoulder widths consistently decreased as their widths increased. On the other hand, the safety effects of increasing lane and bike lane widths showed nonlinear variations. It was found that crash rates decrease as the lane width increases until 12 ft width and it increases as the lane width exceeds 12 ft. The crash rates start to decrease again after 13 ft. It was also found that crash rates decreases as the bike lane width increases until 6 ft width and it increases as the bike lane width exceeds 6 ft. This paper demonstrated that the GNMs clearly captured the nonlinear relationship between crashes and multiple roadway cross-sectional features, which cannot be reflected by the estimated CMFs from the GLMs. Moreover, the GNMs showed better model fitness than GLMs in general. Therefore, in order to estimate more accurate CMFs, the proposed methodology of utilizing the GNMs in the cross-sectional method is recommended over using conventional GLMs when there are nonlinear relationships between the crash rate and roadway characteristics.