cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic studies of the centrality dependence of soft photon production in Au + Au collision with PHENIX

Abstract Since the earliest days of Heavy Ion Physics thermal soft photon radiation emitted during the reaction had been theorized as a smoking gun signal for formation of a quark–gluon plasma and as a tool to characterize its properties. In recent years the existence of excess photon radiation in heavy ion collisions over the expectation from initial hard interactions has been confirmed at both RHIC and LHC energies by PHENIX and ALICE respectively. There the radiation has been found to exhibit elliptic flow v 2 well above what can currently be reconciled with a picture of early emission from a plasma phase. During the 2007 and 2010 Au + Au runs PHENIX has measured a high purity sample of soft photons down to p T > 0.4 GeV / c using an external conversion method. We present recent systematic studies by PHENIX from that sample on the centrality dependence of the soft photon yield, and elliptic and triangular flow v 2 and v 3 in Au + Au collisions which fill in the experimental picture and enable discrimination of competing soft photon production scenarios.
Extensional aspects of earthquake induced ruptures determined by an analysis of fracture bifurcation

Abstract Numerical and experimental investigation of symmetric fracture bifurcation (Kalthoff, 1972), has shown that for forks with small branch angles α α c , where α c is approximately 14°, the propagation of the branches tends to enlarge the angle. For forks with larger branch angles, α > α c , the propagation of the branches tends to diminish the angle. Forks with the critical angle α c will propagate in their original direction. Kalthoff theorized that the branch angle changes as a function of K I / K II , where K I and K II are the stress intensity factors for tensile and shear (sliding) modes, respectively, and K I is considerably larger than K II . In this study I test the hypothesis that this fracture mechanic theory applies to the analysis of fault bifurcation in the crust, particularly in cases of rapid fracture. Fractures produced during the 1968 earthquake at the Coyote Creek fault in California are intensively branched and an example of rapid rupture. The angular behaviour of the branching ruptures in eight forks follows Kalthoffs theory unusually well. This implies that fracture at the surface was dominated by the tensile mode. Additional observations that support this implication are: series of prominent ruptures which show openings (of 20–30 mm per rupture), the symmetrical and bilateral forking, the high-intensity and angular shapes of individual branches, the opening of grabens associated with several bifurcations, lack of bifurcation in the southern break of the Coyote Creek fault, and the patterns of en echelon fractures which reflect mixed mode surfacial rupture. Hence, contrary to previous interpretations, according to field evidence and fracture mechanic theory, the fault bifurcation and opening along the Coyote Creek fault are not compatible with local tension caused by the primary shear. Fracture probably occurred by different mechanical modes at depth and at the surface. While faulting may have originated by shear at depth, rupture at the surface was dominated by far-field tension associated with NE-SW extension in South California. The present model predicts the directions of fracture propagation along the fault.
The Anti-Coincidence Detector for the GLAST Large Area Telescope

Abstract This paper describes the design, fabrication and testing of the Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD) for the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT). The ACD is LATs first-level defense against the charged cosmic ray background that outnumbers the gamma rays by 3–5 orders of magnitude. The ACD covers the top and four sides of the LAT tracking detector, requiring a total active area of ∼8.3 m 2 . The ACD detector utilizes plastic scintillator tiles with wavelength shifting fiber readout. In order to suppress self-veto by shower particles at high gamma-ray energies, the ACD is segmented into 89 tiles of different sizes. The overall ACD efficiency for detection of singly charged relativistic particles entering the tracking detector from the top or sides of the LAT exceeds the required 0.9997.
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model of organophosphate-induced mammalian neurotoxicity

Fifteen organic phosphate pesticides were tested by computer tracking for their acute behavioral toxicity with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Thirteen of these 15 chemicals are used as insecticides and are anticholesterase agents. The other two chemicals are used as herbicides. EC50 values for each chemical were compared to the corresponding LD50 acute lethality value in rats and mice. Order of toxicity was found to be significantly correlated in comparisons of C. elegans to both rats and mice. Mechanistic investigations were conducted by assaying 8 of the 15 chemicals for anticholinesterase activity in C. elegans. Significant cholinesterase inhibition was confirmed for five chemicals that had displayed high behavioral toxicity, while three chemicals of low behavioral toxicity showed no significant decrease in cholinesterase activity. Toxicity for two chemicals that do not inhibit cholinesterase in mammals was linked to pH effects. Detailed comparison of individual chemicals and metabolic issues are discussed. These results have positive implications for the use of C. elegans as a mammalian neurological model and support the use of C. elegans in early rounds of chemical toxicity screening.
Cultivation of taste and bounded rationality: Some computer simulations

One can approach the economics of the arts, as any field of applied economics, in either of two ways. First, one can treat economic theory and econometric technique as subjects settled by specialists in those fields, to be used in the ec onomics of the arts as they are given, very much as if one were studying the demand for maize. Alternatively, one can treat the economics of the arts as a field which may need and suggest its own developments in theory and technique, suitable to its spec ial problems and processes, from which general economic theory and econometric theory might in principle learn something. Perhaps this latter view is implausible, given the high state of development of economic theory and econometrics in the modern liter ature. Yet many of the advances embodied in these fields have come from particular areas of application-and the economics of maize has been a particularly fertile field.
Civilizations as zones of prestige and social contact

Une civilisation est une aire de prestige, irradiant vers l'exterieur a partir de centres au sein desquels se deroulent des activites qui en imposent culturellement. C'est donc aussi un forme de reseau (network pattern) de personnes qui s'auto-identifient en tant que membres de cette culture en visitant ses centres culturels, ainsi que d'etudiants, residents temporaires, et touristes venant de l'etranger. A ces mouvements convergents vers le centre s'ajoutent des mouvements inverses d'enseignants et de missionnaires vers l'exterieur qui manifestent l'existence d'une aire de prestige. Ce point de vue est tres different des definitions habituelles assimilant la civilisation a un code ou a un modele culturel (cultural blue-print) gouvernant croyances et institutions. Pourtant les civilisations ne sont pas des essences, mais des activites : accomplir des rituels sociaux, generer de l'energie emotionnelle, conferer du prestige a des objets symboliques. Une civilisation peut etre etudiee a travers l'examen des activites qui augmentent ou diminuent le niveau de charisme civilisationnel ainsi que le degre et la portee de son pouvoir d'attraction. Les civilisations ne sont pas monolithiques ; elles sont au contraire faites habituellement d'une variete de modeles culturels, puisque la creativite s'y developpe a travers des rivalites de positions. L'histoire comparee des philosophies et des reseaux sociaux qui les ont portees est riche en exemples de telles configurations. Et ceci continue d'etre le cas dans la relation contemporaine entre la civilisation musulmane et la civilisation occidentale
Housing environments and community adjustment of severely mentally ill persons

This study examined relationships between the quality and appropriateness of housing environments and community adjustment of 729 deinstitutionalized severely mentally ill clients in a state-wide community support service program. Environmental measures included ratings of the physical condition of the client's residence, its adequacy for six key life activities, and the overall appropriateness of the residential setting for the client. Community adjustment measures included global level of functioning, degree of maladaptive behavior and client's perceived quality of life. Evidence is presented that quality and appropriateness of housing environments significantly affect aspects of client's community adjustment outcomes over a nine-month period.
Diffusive transport with consecutive catalytic wall reactions

A new complete solution is obtained for the plug flow reactor with consecutive catalytic wall reactions at low Peclet number flow. The significant effects of the Peclet number and the wall reaction kinetics on the concentration field, the Sherwood number, the yield of the intermediate product and the optimal reactor length are established. A useful graph for the design purpose is presented for the determination of the optimal yield of the intermediate product B and the reactor length for Pe = 1.
Efficacy of daptomycin in complicated skin and skin-structure infections due to methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: results from the CORE Registry.

ABSTRACTObjective: To characterize postmarketing clinical experience with daptomycin in treating complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs) due to cultureconfirmed MRSA and MSSA in real-life prescribing situations.Research design and methods: The Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience 2004 (CORE 2004) is a multicenter observational registry involving 45 separate institutions, designed to characterize infection types, pathogens, and outcomes of patients who were treated with daptomycin. A subset analysis of the CORE 2004 data was conducted to characterize patients with cSSSI due to culture-confirmed MRSA and MSSA, but without bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or other significant infectious processes. Clinical information, including patient demographics, antibiotic treatments, and clinical outcome, was analyzed. Adverse event data were not collected in CORE 2004.Main outcome measure: Clinical success (cured or improved) or failure was assessed at the end of daptomycin treatment.Result...
Design, simulation, and performance of a draft tube spout fluid bed coating system for aerogel particles

Abstract A draft tube spout fluid bed coating system was designed to coat porous aerogel particles in a size range from 0.1 to 2 mm in diameter. Its primary objective was to insure that just the outer surface of the particles was coated. The inner, pore surface area of the particles needed to remain open to preserve their insulating properties. This paper discusses the design, simulation, and experimental results we obtained on the actual coating of 1–3 mm particles. A conventional, pharmaceutical coating, Surelease®, was used as the coating material and the system successfully coated the particles without penetration of the coating material into the particles. The apparatus can be used to coat friable, low density particles as well as those of high density and is well suited for other coating applications including those in the pharmaceutical industry.
Induction of p53 accumulation by Moloney murine leukemia virus-ts1 infection in astrocytes via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2.

We previously reported that Moloney murine leukemia virus-ts1–mediated neuronal degeneration in mice is likely a result of both loss of glial support and release of cytokines and neurotoxins from ts1-infected glial cells. Viral infection in some cell types regulates expression of p53 protein, a key regulator of cell proliferation and death. Therefore, we hypothesized that p53 and its dependent genes may be linked with ts1-mediated neuropathology. We examined the presence of p53 and its dependent gene product, a proapoptotic protein bax-α, in ts1-induced spongiform encephalomyelopathy. Compared with controls, the lesions of infected animals contained increased levels of p53 and bax-α in astrocytes, as shown by strong nuclear p53 and cytoplasmic bax-α immunoreactivity in astrocytes. To determine how ts1 affects p53 expression in astrocytes, we then assessed the expression of p53 and its dependent genes, such as bax-α and p21, in infected and uninfected immortalized C1 astrocytes and studied possible pathways responsible for p53 accumulation in infected astrocytes. In these studies using mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, infection-induced increases in the p53 level were partially blocked by PD98059, a synthetic inhibitor of MEK1 that is the immediate upstream kinase of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), but not by SB202190, a potent p38 kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, treatment with PD98059 significantly decreased the level of p21 protein, a p53-dependent gene product. These results suggest that ts1 infection may stabilize p53 protein through activation of ERKs in C1 astrocytes, leading to increased expression of the p21 and bax-α proteins, both of which induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our studies suggest that ts1 neuropathology in mice may result from changes in expression and activity of p53, brought about in part by ts1 activation of ERK.
Feasibility study of friction stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy with AISI 1018 steel:

AbstractThe present work demonstrates that friction stir welding (FSW) is a feasible route for joining 6061 aluminium (Al) alloy to AISI 1018 steel. The weld has a good weld quality and is free of cracks and porosity. The tensile failure happened at the boundary between the nugget and thermomechanically affected zone of the base Al alloy, indicating that the weld has a higher joining strength. Despite the fact that the hardness fluctuates strongly within the nugget, the average hardness of the nugget is substantially higher than that of the base Al alloy. During FSW, localized melting of the Al alloy in the nugget occurred, and the molten Al alloy reacted strongly with steel pieces spread through the nugget, which resulted in the formation of the Al-Fe intermetallic compounds, Al13Fe4 and Al5Fe2. The nugget consists of secondary phases including coarse steel pieces and Al-Fe intermetallic compounds, and an Al alloy matrix. These secondary phases contribute to the hardness of the weld.
The rat hippocampal slice preparation as an in vitro model of ischemia.

In vivo models of cerebral ischemia do not fully control for the interacting effects of many variables (e.g., anesthesia, temperature, cerebrovascular changes) and often do not clearly define the region affected. Numerous in vivo studies have indicated that hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage; this effect is often attributed to lactic acidosis. To separate the effects on neuronal tissue of ischemia from those due to actions on the cerebrovascular system, we used an in vitro blood-free system as an ischemic model. In our study we evaluated the effects of various combinations of oxygen and glucose levels on evoked synaptic activity in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice preparation. A 50% inhibitory dose for both oxygen and glucose on neuronal synaptic function was determined. It is our intention to use this model for preliminary screening of antihypoxic/anti-ischemic drugs.
The Generation of Permutations in Magnetic Bubble Memories

In this paper two recent models of basic operations in magnetic bubble memories are discussed. The accessing of an item and the generation of arbitrary permutations in these models are studied. It is shown that the two methods of accessing an item as described in this paper for the two models are optimal in terms of the number of operations. For each model, lower bounds for the number of operations needed to generate arbitrary permutations are derived for both the worst case and the average case. Consequently, the methods proposed in this paper for both models are shown to be optimal as far as the order of magnitude of the number of operations is concerned. The results obtained in this paper may be helpful for deciding upon the relative merits of these two models.
Pelletized sewage sludge as a fertilizer for containerized plants: Plant growth and nitrogen leaching losses

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of sewage sludge pellet fertilizers (SPFs) for growing containerized greenhouse crops and their potential for nitrogen (N) leaching, three experiments were conducted where SPFs were compared to conventional water‐soluble fertilizer (WSF) and controlled‐release fertilizer (CRF). In different experiments ‘First Lady’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ‘Selenia’ New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens sp. hybrids) (NGI) were grown in 0.5‐liter pots of soilless growth medium and plants were fertilized with 20N‐ 4.3P‐16.6K WSF, 14N‐6.2P‐11.6K CPF, or two types of SPF, 3N‐1.0P‐0.1K or 5N‐1.3P‐0.1K. CRF and SPFs were incorporated in the growth medium at planting. In each experiment, treatments received the same amount of N and volume of irrigation water. Leachate was analyzed for ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) and nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) at regular intervals and shoot dry weight was measured at the end of each experiment. SPFs alone as the sole source of N resulted in less N leaching com...
Relation of infant feeding practices, cigarette smoke exposure, and group child care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first two years of life

The relation of infant feeding practices, cigarette smoke exposure, and groupchild care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion (OME) was evaluated in a cohort of 698 healthy infants prospectively monitored by tympanometry in the home every 2 to 4 weeks until 2 years of age. Except for an experimental group of children who were offered early tube placement, the study children received conventional care from their personal physician or clinic. We used LISREL, a structural equation modeling procedure (computer software), to explore associations between environmental variables and OME onset and duration while controlling for interrelations among the variables. Supine feeding position and early initiation of group child care were associated with earlier onset of OME. Shorter duration of breast-feeding, increased packs of cigarettes smoked per day in the home, and increased hours per week in group child care were associated with an increase in the amount of time with OME during one or more of the age blocks studied (birth to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 18, and 12 to 24 months). For a decrease in the amount of time with OME during the first 2 years of life, prolonged breast-feeding and upright feeding position should be encouraged, and cigarette smoke exposure should be minimized. Limiting early child care in large groups might also be advisable.
Afferent vagal stimulation: neurographic correlates of induced EEG synchronization and desynchronization.

Summary o 1. Cortical synchronization and desynchronization were induced by afferent cervical vagal stimulation in the cat. 2. By simultaneously recording the vagal neurogram and the induced EEG responses, it was determined that rapidly conducted vagal potentials were associated with EEG synchronization, while potentials conducted at approximately 15 m/sec were correlated with EEG desynchronization. 3. The specific factor which determined the nature of the EEG response was whether synchronogenic or desynchronogenic vagal afferent fibers were stimulated and not the frequency of stimulation. 4. Following supranodose transection of the vagus nerve, the sensory elements remaining in the vagus could be stimulated to induce a vagal neurogram which contained the potential complexes seen in the intact nerve and which had been correlated with the induced EEG responses. A histologic analysis of intact and transected vagi confirmed the neurographic findings. 5. The patterns of the induced synchronization which occur as a result of afferent vagal stimulation are similar to those which occur spontaneously or during quiet sleep in the unrestrained cat. It was concluded that the vagal afferent system is comprised of fiber groups which are able to initiate and maintain either synchronization or desynchronization of the EEG and that these fiber groups are both functionally and structurally discrete.
The effect of aligned defects on the propagation speed of a dynamic crack in PMMA

Abstract Following earlier observations of multiple micro-crack formation accompanying crack propagation under dynamic conditions, the question regarding the discrepancy between the “theoretically anticipated” maximal crack (Rayleigh wave) speed and those observed typically in amorphous, isotropic solids is examined experimentally. It is shown that if the production of these multiple micro-cracks ahead of the main fracture is suppressed by fabricating a material possessing a thin uniform region of vanishing intrinsic (molecular/atomic) material strength the crack speed is materially increased to the point of approaching the Rayleigh wave speed. Moreover, it is also shown that the presence of small discreet flaws of sufficient spatial density similarly “weakens” the material to produce fracture speeds comparable with the Rayleigh wave speed. One deduces, therefore, that for a single crack front the linearized theory of elastodynamics correctly predicts the dynamic crack propagation behavior of a solid with sufficiently low material strength.
The reconstruction of dynamic 3D structure of biological objects using stereo microscope images

In this paper, we address the analysis of 3D shape and shape change in non-rigid biological objects imaged via a stereo light microscope. We propose an integrated approach for the reconstruction of 3D structure and the motion analysis for images in which only a few informative features are available. The key components of this framework are: 1) image registration using a correlation-based approach, 2) region-of-interest extraction using motion-based segmentation, and 3) stereo and motion analysis using a cooperative spatial and temporal matching process. We describe these three stages of processing and illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach using real images of a live frog's ventricle. The reconstructed dynamic 3D structure of the ventricle is demonstrated in our experimental results, and it agrees qualitatively with the observed images of the ventricle.
A Monte Carlo approach to compute the asymptotic standard errors of dynamic multipliers

Abstract A Monte Carlo method to compute asymptotic standard errors of dynamic multipliers is proposed. It is applied to Hein's Model I to find standard error of interim multipliers of taxes on nominal income.
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean

The Earth's climate reflects the balance between the sunlight absorbed by the Earth atmosphere system and the infrared radiation that the Earth emits to space. Change the composition of the atmosphere and the deposition of absorbed sunlight and the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere and surface are altered, upsetting existing balances, forcing temperatures to respond and the climate to change. Understanding the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere is the key to anticipating the changes. In addition, with the recent launch of Terra, the first flagship of NASA's Earth Observing System, observations of reflected sunlight and emitted infrared and microwave radiation are being used increasingly to probe atmospheric and surface processes as well as to monitor the various components and thermodynamic states of the climate system. There is clearly a need for textbooks that introduce newcomers to radiative transfer, given its central role in climate and remote sensing. The landmark references by S. Chandrasekhar [1950] and R.M. Goody [1964] served as introductions to radiative transfer for many of today's practitioners, but they were not meant to be textbooks and have proven unwieldy when pressed into that role. This new book should fulfill this need.
Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe.

“On this day [July 13, 1510]…in Modena there appeared an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise…but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then little by little they recover and do not perish.”
Hedgehog Signaling in Development and Homeostasis of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Hedgehog family of secreted morphogenetic proteins acts through a complex evolutionary conserved signaling pathway to regulate patterning events during development and in the adult organism. In...
An ultrastructural study of human eosinophil granules: maturational stages and pyroantimonate reactive cation.

For ultrastructural study of the formation and maturation of human eosinophil granules, bone marrow and buffy coat specimens were fixed with an aqueous solution of potassium pyroantimonate and osmium tetroxide and by conventional methods. The antimonate-osmium tetroxide method of fixation, which is thought to permit ultrastructural localization of sodium or other cations, offered an advantage over routine methods in that it permitted recognition of four rather than two varieties of cytoplasmic granules in human eosinophils at various stages of cell development. These four granule varieties, designated A, B, C, and D, differed primarily in distribution and content of crystalloids and antimonate deposits: A granules lacked antimonate deposits and cystalloids; B granules contained a rim of deposits but lacked crystalloids; C granules possessed deposits that were present in the peripheral matrices but not in the central crystalloids; and D granules lacked deposits but contained crystalloids. Evidence is provided that these four varieties of granules represent progressive stages in the maturation of a single granule type and that granules without crystalloids are transformed into granules with crystalloids. The results also provide evidence for the presence of an as yet unidentified pyroantimonate precipitable cation in human eosinophil granules.
Relationship between galectin-3 expression and TRAIL sensitivity in breast cancer

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) binds to death receptors expressed on cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Triple-negative breast cancer cell lines are more sensitive to TRAIL or TRAIL-death receptor agonistic monoclonal antibody-induced apoptosis compared with HER-2/neu-overexpressing or luminal cell lines. The paper under evaluation sought to determine whether the His64/Pro64 polymorphism of galectin-3, which is associated with breast cancer incidence, affects sensitivity to TRAIL. None of five breast cancer cell lines homozygous for Pro64 galectin-3 were sensitive to TRAIL, but two out of two homozygous His64 cell lines and one out of two heterozygous His64 cell lines were sensitive. Transfection of galectin-3 null BT549 breast cancer cells with His64 galectin-3 rendered them sensitive to TRAIL, while Pro64 galectin-3-transfected cells remained resistant to TRAIL. This article highlights that galectin-3 receptor expression and genotype may be useful markers in predicting TRAIL or agonistic antibody sensitivity of breast cancer patients.
The challenge of developing statistical reasoning

This paper defines statistical reasoning and reviews research on this topic. Types of correct and incorrect reasoning are summarized, and statistical reasoning about sampling distributions is exami...
A proposed mechanism for the visions of dream sleep

The visions of dream sleep are suggested to occur through a dream mechanism which implicates tryptamine derivatives as endogenous paychedelics. The hallucinations that occur in some schizophrenic syndromes are also proposed to occur through a similar, though desynchronized, mechanism. These compounds occur in the human pineal gland and are regarded as neurotransmitters or neuroregulators. A protocol for experimental verification is suggested.
Efficacy of Abbreviated Progressive Muscle Relaxation in a High-Stress College Sample

This study’s purpose was to examine the efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation (APMR) to enhance physiological and psychological functioning among high-stress college students. Participants (N 128) were undergraduates, 19 years old on average, predominantly female and White, with high Perceived Stress Scale scores. After random assignment, for 20 min, 66 experimental group participants underwent APMR lying down and 62 control group participants lied down quietly. Pre- and postintervention measures included the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scale, relaxation items, electrocardiograph heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), and salivary cortisol. Compared with the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater increases in mental (Cohen’s d 0.32) and physical (Cohen’s d 0.32) relaxation, and normalized high-frequency HRV (Cohen’s d 0.29), and decreases in low- to high-frequency HRV ratio (Cohen’s d 0.31). Small effect sizes were observed for anxiety, normalized low-frequency HRV, and cortisol. Analyses of the reliability and clinical significance of these changes indicate trends in the expected direction. These findings indicate an APMR intervention can have significant short-term effects, both reducing detrimental and enhancing beneficial functioning in high-stress college students.
Old Habits, New Consequences: Pakistan's Posture toward Afghanistan since 2001

Since September 11, 2001, Pakistan has pursued seemingly incongruous courses of action in Afghanistan. It has participated in the U.S. and international intervention in Afghanistan at the same time...
The Relative and Incremental Value Relevance of Nonfinancial Information

With the changes in the business environment, the ability of financial information to adequately reflect a firm's value is increasingly being questioned. To overcome the shortcomings of the accounting-based performance systems, nonfinancial information is required to be added to the performance systems. Recent years, the changes in the performance measures from accounting-based to integrated performance systems have also occurred in China. Therefore, it is worth investigating the relationship of nonfinancial information and a company's value based on the Chinese stock market. In the paper, the relative and incremental value relevance of nonfinancial information is investigated based on a sample of 648 listed companies who disclose RD (2) RD (3) R&D intensity has incremental information over financial information. Our study is the first study on the incremental value relevance of R&D intensity in China. Regarding to the findings, we suggest that companies should spend more money on the R&D activities and disclose their R&D expenditures.
Manganese(III) Acetate–Copper(II) Acetate

(Mn(OAc)3) [993-02-2] C6H9MnO6 (MW 232.09) InChI = 1S/3C2H4O2.Mn/c3*1-2(3)4;/h3*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;;+3/p-3 InChIKey = AHSBSUVHXDIAEY-UHFFFAOYSA-K (Mn(OAc)3·2H2O) [19513-05-4] C6H13MnO8 (MW 268.13) InChI = 1S/3C2H4O2.Mn.2H2O/c3*1-2(3)4;;;/h3*1H3,(H,3,4);;2*1H2/q;;;+3;;/p-3 InChIKey = ONJSLAKTVIZUQS-UHFFFAOYSA-K (Cu(OAc)2) [142-71-2] C4H6CuO4 (MW 181.65) InChI = 1S/2C2H4O2.Cu/c2*1-2(3)4;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L (Cu(OAc)2·H2O) [6046-93-1] C4H8CuO5 (MW 199.67) InChI = 1S/2C2H4O2.Cu.H2O/c2*1-2(3)4;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);;1H2/q;;+2;/p-2 InChIKey = NWFNSTOSIVLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L (MnIII oxidizes mono- and β-dicarbonyl compounds to the corresponding radical which adds to alkenes to give an alkyl radical; MnIII oxidizes tertiary radicals to cations but does not oxidize primary and secondary alkyl radicals; thermodynamically weaker oxidant CuII oxidizes primary and secondary radicals about 350 times faster than MnIII does to give alkenes, rather than cations) Solubility: oxidations are usually carried out in acetic acid or ethanol, although other organic solvents can be used.2 Mn(OAc)3 disproportionates in water. Form Supplied in: Cu(OAc)2 is readily available and can be used as either the hydrate or anhydrous form.
Academia-pharma intersect: providing a broader perspective on drug development synergies between academia and industry.

In the discussions and debates about ghostwriting and pharmaceutical-industry-sponsored manuscripts, at times the public, Congress, and the academic community lose sight of the tangible contribution of the pharmaceutical industry to the development of valuable new treatments, and the expansion of knowledge about why drugs work and why they fail. This valuable work is often done in collaboration with academic investigators, supported by industry. Much of this work is reported as original research in major journals. However, the broader perspective, as presented in well-written papers that review a drug or drug class, also deserves to be heard. By closing the door to manuscripts written and supported by industry, we stand the chance of losing valuable insights and useful experience. The Editors of this journal have personally reviewed and have seen the value of some of these papers, which we have heretofore rejected, and we have pondered how to create an opportunity for their publication. We have come to the conclusion that we should offer an alternative for industry-sponsored or supported reviews. We will, therefore, introduce a new section of the journal, Academia–Pharma Intersect, with Professor H. M. Pinedo, M.D., Ph.D., and Howard A. Burris III, M.D., as Section Editors. The new section will publish papers sponsored and supported by industry, but including academic contributors. All authors must affirm responsibility for the content of their paper, and all authors, including professional medical writers hired by the company, will be identified in the byline. These industry-sponsored papers, which are expected to include information about the broader range of therapeutic options relevant to the discussion, will be peer reviewed and must meet standards of objectivity and fairness. Our intent is to provide the same high quality of content found in the rest of the Journal, but from the broader perspective found at that intersection where academia and industry meet.
Edgar F. Codd: a tribute and personal memoir

It is a cliche that the Internet has revolutionized many aspects of life in the past decade. Scientific publishing is but one of the many enterprises that have been impacted by the connectivity and high bandwidth afforded by the World Wide Web. Most scientific journals now have a web presence. That said, it is still remarkable the degree to which ACM in general and TODS in particular have embraced the unique capabilities of the web to aid in the propagation of knowledge. Here I summarize the disparate and broad ways in which TODS utilizes the web, in all phases of publishing.
Protein Contents of Ozone- and Air-Fumigated Pinus Strobus Needles

Ozone (O3) is normally present within the earth’s troposphere at 20–30ppb concentration. However, as a result of increased industrialization and urbanization, e.g., automobile emissions (Elstner, 1984), O3 has become an undesirable atmospheric pollutant in many densely-populated areas of the United States. However, monitoring of atmospheric O3 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (Otto, NC) during 1988 revealed April through September fluctuations of 40–70 ppb (Figure 1), and mean hourly concentrations sometimes exceed 90 ppb. Thus, even rural areas experience elevated atmospheric O3 levels, presumably as a result of long-range transport of ozone precursors (e.g., NOx).
Active control of a reverberant enclosure using an approximate constant volume velocity source

This paper considers a feedback control strategy to dissipate acoustic energy in a reverberant enclosure by using a single, closely collocated microphone and loudspeaker, in conjuction with constant gain feedback. The loudspeaker is compensated so that it approximates a constant volume velocity source over the piston mode frequency range. This effectively removes the transduction device dynamics from the bandwidth of control and yields a controller that more efficiently removes acoustic energy from the system over the piston mode frequency range. The control approach is used to attenuate low frequency broadband noise in a rigid wall enclosure. In addition, a dynamic, state-space, H/sub 2/ controller is implemented on the system for comparison. The results indicate that the proposed controller performs nearly as well as the model-based dynamic controller for the same control energy.
A Survey of Longitudinal Acceleration Comfort Studies in Ground Transportation Vehicles

Experimental studies of objective and subjective passenger response to various fore-and-aft, or longitudinal, vehicle acceleration transients are reviewed. It is found that the wide variability in type of study and form of results does not allow conclusive statements to be made regarding passenger acceptability of any specific acceleration—jerk profile in a given transportation system.
Online university degree programmes

Pepperdine University introduced three degree programmes over the last four years that incorporate the use of online technology: a Doctor of Educational Technology degree and two Master of Arts degrees with an emphasis on educational technology. During the implementation of these degree programmes more has been learned about the critical need to incorporate into online learning the concepts of communities of practice, reflective practice, problem-based learning, and action research. In addition, an increased understanding of the role of face-to-face meetings has developed. As technologies mature and understanding of the underlying learning theory increases, additional technology use is being explored.
Disruption of Functional Connectivity of the Default-Mode Network in Alcoholism

The default mode network (DMN) comprises brain structures maximally active at rest. Disturbance of network nodes or their connections occurs with some neuropsychiatric conditions and may underlie associated dysfunction. DMN connectivity has not been examined in alcoholism, which is marked by compromised DMN nodes and impaired spatial working memory. To test whether performance would be related to DMN integrity, we examined DMN functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and graph theory analysis. We assumed that disruption of short paths between network nodes would attenuate processing efficiency. Alcoholics and controls were scanned at rest and during a spatial working memory task. At rest, the spontaneous slow fluctuations of fMRI signals in the posterior cingulate and cerebellar regions in alcoholics were less synchronized than in controls, indicative of compromised functional connectivity. Graph theory analysis indicated that during rest, alcoholics had significantly lower efficiency indices than controls between the posterior cingulate seed and multiple cerebellar sites. Greater efficiency in several connections correlated with longer sobriety in alcoholics. During the task, on which alcoholics performed on par with controls, connectivity between the left posterior cingulate seed and left cerebellar regions was more robust in alcoholics than controls and suggests compensatory networking to achieve normal performance.
Stress and Burnout Physiologic Effects on Correctional Teachers

Teachers in correctional schools are exposed to stress because of the general demands of teaching and the peculiar constraints of correctional education. This study is an attempt to discover whether stressed teachers differ from nonstressed teachers in their work-related characteristics and in their pattern of somatic complaints and illnesses. A total of 17% of the teachers in this study were classified as burned out. It was concluded that burnout represented some potential health risks for stressed teachers.
Gabapentin Withdrawal Syndrome in a Post–Liver Transplant Patient

A 41-year-old male with a previous orthotopic liver transplant began experiencing insomnia, anxiety, diaphoresis, headaches, and palpitations that progressed over a 2-day period. As part of his home medication regimen, the patient was taking gabapentin for peripheral neuropathy. His acute onset of increasing symptoms coincided with an inadvertent discontinuation of gabapentin. After reinitiation of gabapentin therapy, the symptoms slowly improved over the next 24 hours and the episode of gabapentin withdrawal syndrome resolved.
Is (Your Cellular Response to) Stress Killing You

Free radicals provide a generally accepted explanation for age-related decline in tissue function. However, the free radical hypothesis does not provide a mechanistic course of action to explain exactly how damage to macromolecules translates into the recognizable pathophysiology of aged organisms. Recent advances in the fields of DNA damage and cellular senescence point towards a substantial role for the DNA damage response, rather than DNA mutations per se, in the genesis of cellular and/or tissue damage. Furthermore, several studies suggest that protein damage can be at least as important as DNA damage in bringing about the aging phenotype. Here we propose that a ‘‘protein damage response,’’ namely the ER/UPR (endoplasmic reticulum/unfolded protein) stress response is likely to play an important role in the aging process.
Effect of Salinity on Temephos Toxicity to Larvae of Aedes sollicitans (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes sollicitans (Walker) (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector of eastern equine encephalitis as well as several other mosquito-borne brain fevers. The larvae are salt-tolerant and develop in salt marshes with highly varying salinity. The effect of salinity on the toxicity of one of the major larvicidal organophosphates, temephos, was evaluated in two groups of larvae raised either in freshwater or water with salinity ranging from 1 to 3.5%. When larvae were raised in freshwater, low salinity (1-3.5%) decreased the toxicity and high salinity (5%) increased the toxicity. In contrast, salinity did not change the toxicity to larvae raised in saltwater. Temephos treatment and salinity seemed to have cross-interaction for the larvae raised in freshwater. High salinity also caused reduction in larval body size, and 5% salinity alone caused mortality for larvae raised in freshwater, suggesting that preadaptation to saltwater in the early instars is essential for survival in later instars at high salinity.
Background of Entrepreneurs: Behavioral Determinants and Motivation

Briefly sums up what we know, what we think we know, and what we’re still unsure of on the topic of Behavioral Determinants and Motivation of Entrepreneurship.
The Collateral Consequences of Prisonization: Racial Sorting, Carceral Identity, and Community Criminalization

In this paper, I employ analyses of the collateral consequences of mass incarceration to consider how high-incarceration communities are impacted by socializing processes instilled in the prison. Collateral consequences researchers have found that neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration suffer cumulative disadvantage, intensified policing, and the criminalization of residents. But overlooked in this literature is how socializing processes that are institutionalized in the prison shape the criminalization of community residents as gang-involved. For example, I argue that the fallout of sorting imprisoned Latinos into gang-associated groups has been the emergence of prison-based Nortena/o, Surena/o, and Bulldog identities in criminalized Chicana/o neighborhoods, complicating the implications mass incarceration has for marginalized communities of color. The geographic concentration of both mass incarceration and its collateral consequences not only directs aggressive policing into these residential spaces but also structures a relationship between prison and neighborhood that reinforces the recognition of community members as criminal. The appearance of Nortena/o, Surena/o, and Bulldog identities in Latina/o neighborhoods represents some of the unanticipated consequences mass incarceration has for high-incarceration communities, both in terms of the exportation of prison culture to the street and in terms of the extension of the prison's ability to define and construct criminality.
The Diplomatic Core: The Determinants of High-Level US Diplomatic Visits, 1946–2010

Face-to-face diplomacy is an important feature of international relations. But when and why do high-level diplomatic interactions occur? We examine different theoretical perspectives using a new dataset of diplomatic visits by the US President and Secretary of State. We argue for assessing these visits along two dimensions. First, we posit that the degree of discretion or constraint in the diplomatic calendar falls along a spectrum. Strategic and domestic factors are at opposite extremes while diplomatic routines fall in the middle. Second, we consider the convergence in the relative influence of these sets of factors across the President’s and the Secretary’s calendars. We develop and test hypotheses about the determinants of visits by the President and Secretary of State across twelve presidencies from 1946 to 2010. Overall, the travels of the President and Secretary converge to serve a set of priorities that derive from a fairly stable set of national interests and from diplomatic routine. We observe that the President effectively retraces the footsteps of the Secretary more than the reverse. We find some evidence of domestic (including individual-level) influences on diplomacy, but only limited evidence that times of crisis produce distinct patterns in face-to-face encounters.
End-of-life experiences of mothers with advanced cancer: perspectives of widowed fathers

Objective Despite the importance of parenting-related responsibilities for adult patients with terminal illnesses who have dependent children, little is known about the psychological concerns of dying parents and their families at the end of life (EOL). The aim of this study was to elicit widowed fathers’ perspectives on how parental status may have influenced the EOL experiences of mothers with advanced cancer. Subjects 344 men identified themselves through an open-access educational website as widowed fathers who had lost a spouse to cancer and were raising dependent children. Methods Participants completed a web-based survey about their wife9s EOL experience and cancer history, and their own depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) and bereavement (Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, TRIG) symptoms. Descriptive statistics, Fisher9s exact tests, and linear regression modelling were used to evaluate relationships between variables. Results According to fathers, 38% of mothers had not said goodbye to their children before death and 26% were not at all ‘at peace with dying.’ Ninety per cent of widowed fathers reported that their spouse was worried about the strain on their children at the EOL. Fathers who reported clearer prognostic communication between wife and physician had lower CES-D and TRIG scores. Conclusions To improve EOL care for seriously ill patients and their families, we must understand the concerns of parents with dependent children. These data underscore the importance of parenting-related worries in this population and the need for additional clinical and research programmes devoted to addressing these issues.