cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reality of Practicing the Ten Key Components in Adult Drug Court

Model adult drug courts are designed based on the Ten Key Components. Although most process evaluations describe the structure of program implementation, few studies describe the reality of implementing the Ten Key Components or provide a discussion about the intense commitment by staff and offenders necessary to achieve a successful drug court. This study provides a detailed description of the reality of implementing the Ten Key Components as related to everyday operations and to the broader process evaluation literature. Policy recommendations are provided regarding the most relevant components to informing the successful implementation of adult drug courts.
Biomimetic peptides that engage specific integrin-dependent signaling pathways and bind to calcium phosphate surfaces.

Many important matrix proteins involved in bone remodeling contain separate domains that orient the protein on hydroxyapatite and interact with target cell receptors, respectively. We have designed two synthetic peptides that mimic the dual activities of these large, complex proteins by binding to calcium phosphate minerals and by engaging integrin-dependent signaling pathways in osteoblasts. The addition of either PGRGDS from osteopontin or PDGEA from collagen type I to the HAP-binding domain of statherin (N15 domain) did not alter its alpha-helical structure or diminish its affinity for hydroxyapatite. Immobilized N15-PGRGDS bound MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts predominantly via the alpha v beta 3 integrin and induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at comparable levels to immobilized osteopontin. Immobilized N15-PDGEA bound MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts predominantly through the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin and induced similar levels of FAK phosphorylation. Although both peptides induced FAK phosphorylation with similar time courses, only the N15-PDGEA peptide induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, showing that these peptides are also capable of engaging integrin-specific signaling pathways. This peptide system can be used to study adhesion-dependent control of signaling in the context of the relevant biomineral surface and may also be useful in biomaterial and tissue engineering applications.
SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON 13C NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS IN DIALKYLAMINOPHENYLCHLOROPHOSPHINES

Abstract The relative chemical shifts and 2J(PC) coupling constants in the low-temperature limiting spectra of a series of Ph(R2N)PCl compounds [R  Me, Et, PhCH2, iPr and c-Hex] differ for R  primary or secondary. For primary alkyl substituents, the more downfield signal exhibits a large, positive coupling and the more upfield resonance shows a small, negative coupling. These observations are reversed for secondary alkyl substituents. Calculated minimum-energy molecular structures indicate that the source of this reversal does not lie in differences in conformation about the PN bond. Analysis of the high- and low-temperature limiting spectra of a series of Ph(RR′N)PCl compounds [R, R′  Me, Et, Bz, iPr and c-Hex] suggests that the NC carbon syn to the phosphorus lone-pair is subject to a relatively constant deshielding effect from the phosphorus-lone pair and a shielding contribution from the anti substituent that increases with increasing bulk of that anti substituent. Conversely, the chemical shift of the carbon anti to the phosphorus lone-pair is relatively insensitive to changes in the syn substituent, giving rise to the observed chemical shift reversal.
Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of Bovine Oligosaccharide-binding Protein A MICROBICIDAL GRANULE PROTEIN OF EOSINOPHILS AND NEUTROPHILS

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) constitute a recently characterized family of pattern-recognition molecules that are conserved from insects to humans and are implicated in mammalian innate immunity. Here we report the isolation, characterization, cDNA cloning, and antimicrobial activities of a bovine PGRP ortholog termed bovine oligosaccharide-binding protein (bOBP). Milligram quantities of bOBP were purified from peripheral leukocytes, thus allowing for the characterization of the disulfide array and for determining the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the native protein. Of the tissues analyzed, bOBP mRNA was detected only in bone marrow where the protein is synthesized as a 190 amino acid precursor. The mature 169 amino acid protein is stored in the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and eosinophils but is absent from lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. bOBP was microbicidal for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast at low micromolar concentrations. The finding that bOBP was microbicidal for organisms in which peptidoglycan is absent (Cryptococcus neoformans) or buried (Salmonella typhimurium) indicates that previous conclusions about the specificity of peptidoglycan recognition proteins must be reevaluated and suggests that other envelope components may mediate the antimicrobial action of PGRP family members.
A Mathematical Model of Force Generation by Flexible Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments

Important mechanical events during mitosis are facilitated by the generation of force by chromosomal kinetochore sites that attach to dynamic microtubule tips. Several theoretical models have been proposed for how these sites generate force, and molecular diffusion of kinetochore components has been proposed as a key component that facilitates kinetochore function. However, these models do not explicitly take into account the recently observed flexibility of kinetochore components and variations in microtubule shape under load. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model for kinetochore-microtubule connections that directly incorporates these two important components, namely, flexible kinetochore binder elements, and the effects of tension load on the shape of shortening microtubule tips. We compare our results with existing biased diffusion models and explore the role of protein flexibility inforce generation at the kinetochore-microtubule junctions. Our model results suggest that kinetochore component flexibility and microtubule shape variation under load significantly diminish the need for high diffusivity (or weak specific binding) of kinetochore components; optimal kinetochore binder stiffness regimes are predicted by our model. Based on our model results, we suggest that the underlying principles of biased diffusion paradigm need to be reinterpreted.
A Novel Breath Test to Directly Measure Use of Vaginal Gel and Condoms

We assessed the feasibility of a breath test to detect women's single or concurrent use of vaginal products by adding ester taggants to vaginal gel and condom lubricant. Healthy non-pregnant women were enrolled into a two-day cohort (N = 13) and a single-day cohort (N = 12) in San Francisco. Within each cohort, women were randomized (5:1) to tagged or untagged products, and inserted in a clinical setting: 4 mL of tenofovir placebo gel (ten tagged with 15 mg 2-pentyl acetate; three untagged), and an artificial phallus with a lubricated condom (11 tagged with 15 mg 2-butyl acetate; two untagged), on two separate days (two-day cohort) or concurrently (single-day cohort). Using a portable mini-gas chromatograph, the presence/absence of taggants was determined in breath specimens collected prior to, and at timed intervals following product exposure. Demographic, clinical and product use experience data were collected by structured interview. All participants completed all visits and inserted their assigned products. At 5 min post-insertion, the breath test was 100% accurate in identifying insertion of the tagged (or untagged) gel and/or condom. The half-life in breath of the two esters tested was <1 h with large variability between individuals, taggants and cohorts. Overall, among those receiving tagged product, six mild and two moderate product-related AEs were reported. All were transient and resolved spontaneously. Additional sensations included taste in mouth (N = 4) and scent (N = 5). The tagged products were well tolerated. This breath test has the potential to accurately and objectively monitor adherence to vaginal gel and condom used separately or concurrently.
A data mining-constraint satisfaction optimization problem for cost effective classification

We propose a data mining-constraint satisfaction optimization problem (DM-CSOP) where it is desired to maximize the number of correct classifications at a lowest possible information acquisition cost. We show that the problem can be formulated as a set of several binary variable knapsack optimization problems, which are solved sequentially. We propose a heuristic hybrid simulated annealing and gradient-descent artificial neural network (ANN) procedure to solve the DM-CSOP. Using a real-world heart disease data set, we show that the proposed hybrid procedure provides a low-cost and high-quality solution when compared to a traditional ANN classification approach.The massive proliferation of very large databases in organizations makes it necessary to design cost effective and efficient data mining systems. This paper proposes a data mining constraint satisfaction optimization problem, which provides a high quality cost effective solution for a binary classification problem.
Effects of day and night temperature and temperature variation on photosynthetic characteristics

Net photosynthetic rates and mesophyll conductances were measured under standardized conditions for leaves of two C3 and one C4 annual species grown at temperatures of 20 to 32°C. Plants were grown with varying day and night temperatures, and also at constant temperatures equal to all the day and night temperatures used. Plants were grown with 8, 12, and 16 hours of light per day. This design allowed determination of whether photosynthetic characteristics were best correlated with day, night, mean, or time-weighted mean temperatures, The results showed that for Glycine max (L.) Merr. (C3) night temperature was most important in determining photosynthetic characteristics, while in Helianthus annuus L. (C3) and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. (C4) the time-weighted mean temperature was most important. The results for all species were consistent with the hypothesis that development of photosynthetic characteristics is related to a balance between the rate of leaf expansion and the rate of photosynthesis under the growth conditions.
Evolution of the mantle: Geochemical evidence from alkali basalt

A careful consideration of the heterogeneities in the trace-element concentrations and lead and strontium isotope ratios for primary alkali basalt and nephelinite shows that the isotopic heterogeneities reflect real geochemical heterogeneities of their mantle source that have existed variously from about 1,000 to 3,000 m.y. ago. It is suggested that at present there is not mantle-wide convection and that the mantle source for alkali basalt is deeper than the presently convecting mantle. During Archean time, mantle convection was much deeper than at the present time, and this deeper convection led to hot-line tectonics that may have determined the tectonic style found in Archean greenstone belts.
Positron annihilation in small metal voids

Abstract The electron density profile around small voids of varying radii in Al is calculated in a fully self-consistent manner using the density-functional formalism of Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham. The results are then used to calculate positron lifetimes and angular correlation between annihilation photons as a function of the size of the void.
Serum level of cryptic tumor antigens in breast cancer patients as determined by two monoclonal antibodies (M85/F36) and its comparison with CA 15-3.

An enzyme immunoassay system that measures cryptic epitopes on breast cancer mucinlike antigens (BCM-EIA) was evaluated in a double-blind manner in sera from 58 normal blood donors, 36 sex- and age-matched controls, 36 patients with benign breast diseases, and 47 patients with breast cancer. Two murine monoclonal antibodies, M85 (IgM) as the solid-phase and F36122 (lgG3) as the probe, were used in the configuration of the assay kit. The assay additionally utilized neuraminidase to remove terminal sialic acid from carbohydrate side-chains to expose cryptic epitopes that were masked in serum specimens. BCM-EIA monoclonal assay from the normal healthy blood donors resulted in 17.34 ± 7.04 units/ml (mean ± 1 S.D.) with an upper normal cutoff of 31.4 units/ml. The distributions of serum BCM in the sex- and age-matched controls (17.77 ± 11.17) and benign breast diseases (14.34 2 11.46) were similar to that of normal blood donors. A mean value of 66.04 units/ml and 27.74 units/ml was obtained from breast cancer patients with active disease and without evidence of disease, respectively, a level much greater than those of normals, controls, and benign breast diseases. Simultaneous analysis of CA 15-3, a putative breast tumor marker, in the normal donors and breast cancer patients revealed correlation regression of (CA 15-3) = 0.876 (BCM) + 1.972, r = 0.856; and (CA 15-3) = 0.66 (BCM) + 16.094, r = 0.730, respectively. These data showed that there is a statistically significant correlation of CA 15-3 and BCM in normal blood donors' specimens. However, such a strong and positive correlation canot be unequivocally established in breast cancer patients' specimens. In conclusion, the double-blind evaluation of breast cancer patients revealed the feasibility and clinical potential of the assay. The favorable comparison of BCM with CA 15-3 was encouraging. In addition, an excellent repeatability was obtained by 24 different paired and blind specimens supporting the technical reliability of the assay system. These initial results demonstrated that BCM is a potential serum marker parameter for breast cancer.
Lectotypification of Peruvian Melastomataceae described by Cogniaux from Weberbauer collections

We provide a comprehensive reference for lectotypifications of Peruvian Melastomataceae taxa described by Cogniaux in 1908 from Weberbauer specimens at Berlin. Of the 45 taxa described from the Cogniaux publication, we designate new lectotypes for 39 taxa: Axinaea nitida, Axinaea tetragona, Blakea villosa , Brachyotum asperum , Centradeniastrum roseum , Calyptrella robusta , Graffenrieda foliosa , Macrocentrum fasciculatum var. peruvianum , Miconia alpina , Miconia atrofusca , Miconia brevistylis , Miconia chrysanthera , Miconia crassistigma , Miconia densifolia , Miconia dumetosa , Miconia falcata , Miconia floccosa , Miconia fruticulosa , Miconia glutinosa , Miconia grisea , Miconia hamata , Miconia lugubris , Miconia monzoniensis , Miconia neriifolia var. brevifolia , Miconia nigricans , Miconia secundifolia , Miconia setinervia , Miconia urbaniana , Miconia weberbaueri , Myrmidone peruviana , Tibouchina asperifolia , Tibouchina brevisepala , Tibouchina calycina , Tibouchina calycina var. parvifolia , Tibouchina cymosa , Tibouchina laevis , Tibouchina rhynchantherifolia , Tibouchina virescens , and Tibouchina weberbaueri.
Latin American structuralism: A methodological perspective

Abstract Latin American structuralism has played a central role in the debates on economic development theory and policy since the 1950s.The career of Raul Prebisch has mirrored the trajectory of structuralism and can provide it an historical context. After noting the importance of structuralism, the article isolates its main tenets. It then places Latin American structuralism within the methodological tradition of structuralism which includes writers such as Piaget, Levi-Strauss and Chomsky in other disciplines. Methodological the key to the success of Latin American structuralism is its ability to isolate a deep structure of the international economy and to center its analysis around it. The understanding of the domestic economy and of short-run policy problems is less satisfactory. After a brief eclipse during the late 1970s, Latin American structuralism is currently a vital mode of understanding development problems, in this case through its marriage with a more formal, mathematical approach to knowledge originating in the United States.
Recruitment and Retention for Stepfamily Education

To assist scholars and practitioners involved with marriage and relationship education for diverse audiences, this article establishes new and verifies already existing strategies to recruit and retain couples in stepfamilies. We examine recruitment and retention strategies used by 10 different agencies who offer the Smart Steps program to low-income stepfamilies. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 facilitators and 40 participants. Many of the identified strategies were consistent with related research regarding the use of incentives, minimizing costs, and removing logistical barriers. Additional strategies and implications were identified including the cultivation of trust, using personal contacts, involving children and incentivizing youth attendance, tapping into the interests and motivations of potential participants, and advertising common stepfamily problems conjointly with the promise of helpful solutions.
Effect of beta adrenergic agents on blood vessels of the rat Iris. II. Morphological modifications of the vessel wall

The effects of isoproterenol on iridial vessels of young (3–5 weeks old) and older (6–8 months old) rats were examined by light and electron microscopy. Twenty min after the topical application of various doses of isoproterenol, animals were given an intravenous injection of a suspension of carbon particles and eyes were enucleated 20 min to 3 hr thereafter. Topical application of isoproterenol resulted in several morphological modifications of iridial venules: the development of small patent spaces between adjacent endothelial cells; extravasation of carbon particles and their entrapment between endothelial cell and pericyte; the formation of rounded protrusions along the entire adlumenal surface of endothelial cells; and formation of a complex array of adlumenal projections in the vicinity of a leaky portion of the endothelium. In addition, in older animals only, isoproterenol caused adhesion of individual platelets to endothelial cells bordering a leaky junction, and adhesion of carbon particles to these platelets. Isoproterenol-induced carbon labelling of the vessel wall was also seen in the ciliary processes of all animals but was much less marked than that seen in iridial vessels. These results show that a beta-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol, can alter the fine structure and the apparent permeability properties of a vascular endothelium.
Symbolic Interaction and Postmodernism: Close Encounter of a Dubious Kind

My aim here is threefold: firstly, to ask those who are attracted to certain aspects of postmodernism to avoid imprudent applications of it to our work; secondly, to assess the accomplishments of Symbolic Interaction as we approach the new millennium and; thirdly, to express the hope that Symbolic Interaction will deliver on it s deepest political and philosophical values by speaking truth to power while remembering whose side it is on.
Deposition of Aerially Applied BT in an Oak Forest and Its Prediction with the FSCBG Model

Abstract Data are provided from 17 single-swath aerial spray trials that were conducted over a fully leafed, 16-m tall, mixed oak forest. The distribution of cross-swath spray deposits was sampled at the top of the canopy and below the canopy. Micrometeorological conditions were measured above and within the canopy during the spray trials. The USDA Forest Service FSCBG (Forest Service-Cramer-Barry-Grim) model was run to predict the target sampler catch for each trial using forest stand, airplane-application-equipment configuration, and micrometeorological conditions as inputs. Observations showed an average cross-swath deposition of 100 IU cm−2 with large run-to-run variability in deposition patterns, magnitudes, and drift. Eleven percent of the spray material that reached the top of the canopy penetrated through the tree canopy to the forest floor. The FSCBG predictions of the ensemble-averaged deposition were within 17% of the measured deposition at the canopy top and within 8% on the ground beneath the...
High-speed GC and GC/time-of-flight MS of lemon and lime oil samples.

The high-speed GC separation and MS characterization of lime oil and lemon oil samples using programmable column selectivity and time-of-flight mass spectrometry is described. The volatile essential oils are separated on a series-coupled (tandem) column ensemble consisting of a polar trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane column and a nonpolar 5% phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane column. Both columns are 7 m long. A 50 °C/min linear temperature ramp from 50 to 200 °C is used, giving an analysis time of ∼2.5 min. A time-of-flight MS with time array detection and automated peak finding and characterization software was used to identify 50 components in lime oil samples and 25 components in lemon oil samples. Despite numerous cases of extensive peak overlap, spectral deconvolution software was very successful in the characterization of most overlapping peaks. For cases where a more complete chromatographic separation is desirable, the tandem column ensemble is operated in the first-column stop-flow mode to enhance th...
Numerical solution of the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract A numerical method to solve the incompressible, 3-D Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in primitive variable form on non-staggered, uniform and non-uniform grids, is discussed. The Neumann-Poisson problem for pressure is solved by using a fast direct method and the velocity and temperature fields are advanced in time with the Douglas-Gunn ADI method. Accurate transient solutions to the 2-D and 3-D convective flow in a shallow box heated from a side have been obtained and compared with available results. Some results for the 3-D lid-driven cavity flow are also presented.
Analytical procedures for the quantification of isotopic amino acid incorporation into photosynthetic proteins of Synechocystis PCC 6803

The mechanism of oxygen evolution has been an enigma for nearly two centuries. Pioneering work by Bessel Kok, Pierre Joliot, and many others during the last quarter century has provided valuable insight into this most unique and important chemical reaction. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the introduction of biochemical techniques for the purification of photosynthetic complexes that have, in turn, stimulated the biophysical chemists and spectroscopists to apply high resolution techniques in order to resolve the structure/function relationships in these protein complexes. Valuable information about events at the atomic level can be gained through isotopic substitution of particular amino acids thought to be important in the catalytic process. The ability to generate functional auxotrophs in the photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 has been used successfully to identify the redox active components Z and D as tyrosine residues in the reaction center of Photosystem II. In this report, we present results of the application of specific isotopic labeling for high resolution spectroscopy of purified PS II particles. We have developed analytical procedures for monitoring the incorporation of both 2H and 17O labeled amino acids by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic analysis. We also show that the growth curve of cells subjected to obligate auxotrophy displays two distinct stationary phases; one that corresponds to depletion of exogenous amino acids, and a second that corresponds to the normal cell density at stationary phase. Cells harvested at the second stationary phase show little or no retention of the labeled amino acid.
METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SMALL BOWEL AND COLONIC TRANSIT

Transit assessment of the small intestine and colon is relevant in the study of physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacodynamics, and there is increasing use of small-bowel and colonic transit measurements in clinical practice as well. The main methods that are applied in clinical practice are substrate-hydrogen breath tests for small-bowel transit and radiopaque markers for colonic transit. Over the past 2-3 decades, scintigraphy has become the preferred standard in research studies, particularly for studies of pathophysiology and pharmacodynamics. New approaches include experimental stable isotope measurement of orocecal transit and the recently approved method using a wireless motility capsule that is validated as an accurate measurement of small-bowel and colonic transit.
The binding interface between Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein S15 and its 5'-translational operator mRNA.

The Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein S15 (BS15) binds a purine-rich three-helix junction motif in the central domain of 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as a translational operator located in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of its cognate messenger RNA (mRNA). An in-frame fusion between the 5′-UTR of the BS15 gene and β-galactosidase (lacZ) was prepared, and tested for BS15-dependent translational repression of lacZ activity in Escherichia coli. The presence of BS15 in trans represses lacZ activity 24-fold. A series of detailed point mutations in BS15 were tested for their effects upon translational repression of lacZ activity. These point mutations demonstrated that the 5′-UTR-BS15 binding interface utilizes many of the same conserved amino acid residues implicated in the binding of BS15 to 16 S rRNA. The data demonstrate that the S15 protein can bind to an RNA target motif based primarily upon appropriate minor groove and sugar-phosphate backbone contacts, irrespective of the specific RNA sequence.
Experiences in developing and applying a software engineering technology testbed

A major problem in empirical software engineering is to determine or ensure comparability across multiple sources of empirical data. This paper summarizes experiences in developing and applying a software engineering technology testbed. The testbed was designed to ensure comparability of empirical data used to evaluate alternative software engineering technologies, and to accelerate the technology maturation and transition into project use. The requirements for such software engineering technology testbeds include not only the specifications and code, but also the package of instrumentation, scenario drivers, seeded defects, experimentation guidelines, and comparative effort and defect data needed to facilitate technology evaluation experiments. The requirements and architecture to build a particular software engineering technology testbed to help NASA evaluate its investments in software dependability research and technology have been developed and applied to evaluate a wide range of technologies. The technologies evaluated came from the fields of architecture, testing, state-model checking, and operational envelopes. This paper will present for the first time the requirements and architecture of the software engineering technology testbed. The results of the technology evaluations will be analyzed from a point of view of how researchers benefitted from using the SETT. The researchers just reported how their technology performed in their original findings. The testbed evaluation showed (1) that certain technologies were complementary and cost-effective to apply; (2) that the testbed was cost-effective to use by researchers within a well-specified domain of applicability; (3) that collaboration in testbed use by researchers and the practitioners resulted comparable empirical data and in actions to accelerate technology maturity and transition into project use, as shown in the AcmeStudio evaluation; and (4) that the software engineering technology testbed's requirements and architecture were suitable for evaluating technologies and accelerating their maturation and transition into project use.
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer

The scale of current lung cancer pandemic often overshadows the fact that lung cancer was a rare disease at the beginning of the 20th century.1 Although tobacco had been sed worldwide for centuries, the present epidemic follows he introduction of manufactured cigarettes with addictive roperties. However, accounts of lung cancer date back to he early 1400s, when up to 50% of miners working along the order of Germany and the Czech Republic died of a pulmoary disease called Bergkrankheit (mountain disease).2 It was not until 1879 when Harting and Hesse performed 20 autopsies on miners who had died of this pulmonary disease and concluded that 75% of them had died of pulmonary sarcoma, which was not until years later identified as lung cancer.3 They suggested that the arsenic in the dust led to irritation in the respiratory tract and lymph nodes leading to the lung cancer. A number of investigators in the 1920s and 1930s proposed radiation and radon gas as potential etiologic agents. By the 1930s lung cancer incidence was increasing, and the use of tobacco was thought to be an important cause. Ochsener and DeBakey4 reviewed the increasing number of ung cancers among their patients and concluded that inhalng the smoke of cigarettes was a probable responsible factor. It took until the 1962 report by the Royal College of Phyicians and the 1964 warning by the Surgeon General of the nited States to firmly establish the correlation between the se of cigarettes and the incidence of lung cancer. Both of hese reports stated there was a clear correlation between the se of cigarettes and the incidence of cancer. Many studies ince then have continued to demonstrate that this direct elationship existed. Cigarette smoking remains the leading ause of lung cancer, with 85%-90% of all lung cancer paients having smoked cigarettes at some point.
Centromere mapping in triploid families of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg).

Abstract Gene-centromere mapping, a tool for improving linkage maps, can be accomplished in families of triploid bivalve molluscs induced by inhibiting the second meiotic division (MII) of fertilized oocytes. Here, we report half-tetrad analyses of seven triploid families of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , using 56 microsatellite DNA markers and the amylase gene. Most MII segregations (88/93) show 1:1 ratios of homozygotes, as expected, and marker-centromere distance are calculated for these cases as one-half the proportion of heterozygotes, y . Heterogeneity of y is observed in nine of 25 cases in which markers were typed in more than one family, suggesting variation in gene-centromere recombination among families. Altogether, 64 statistically independent marker-centromere distances are obtained, 61 of which can be arranged onto previously published linkage groups (LG) and three of which are linked to a centromere but unlinked to any other marker. Differences in marker orders between linkage and centromere maps imply polymorphisms for chromosomal rearrangements. Six of the 10 centromeres of the Pacific oyster genome are closely linked to nine microsatellite DNA markers, facilitating future linkage assignments. Distances among markers on the centromere map correlate closely with distances among markers separated by 30 cM or less on the linkage map, supporting the assumption in centromere mapping of complete interference (i.e. one and only one cross-over between a marker and the centromere). High interference, reported in previous studies, is not supported here by a uniform distribution of y -values from zero to one. Detailed analysis of segregation patterns reveals more cross-over events than counted under the assumption of complete interference, with no or even partial negative interference calculated for pairs of markers on LG4.
Infinite dimensional multipoint methods and the solution of two point boundary value problems

Consider the problem of determining the roots of an equation of the formF(?) =0 whereF maps the Banach spaceX into itself. Convergence theorems for the iterative solution ofF(?) =0 are proved for multipoint algorithms of the form? n+1=? n -? ? (? n ),? ? 1, where $$\phi _\alpha (x) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^\alpha {(F'_x )^{ - 1} F(x - \phi _{j - 1} (x))} $$ and ?0(?)=0. The theorems are applied to the solution of two point boundary value problems of the form $$\dot y$$ =f (y, t), g(y(0))+h(y(1))=c. A set {A(t),B,C} of matrices is called boundary compatible if the linear two point boundary value problem $$\dot y$$ =A(t)) y+k (t),B y (0) + C y (1) = d has a unique solution for allk (t) andd. Then, under certain conditions, there are boundary compatible sets such that the problem $$\dot y$$ =f (y, t),g (y (0) ) +h (y (1)) =c has the equivalent integral representation where? andΓ are Green's matrices for the linear problem $$\dot y$$ =A(t)y +k(t),B y (0) +C y (1) =d. Eq. (i) is viewed as an operator equation of the formF (x) =(I-T) (x) = 0 and convergence conditions for the iterative solution of (i) are deduced from the general theorems. Explicit interpretations of the convergence results are given in terms off, g, h and some illustrative numerical examples are presented.
The diurnal variation of atomic hydrogen

Examination of the relative importance of several effects which influence the diurnal variation of atomic hydrogen abundance near the critical level. It is pointed out that the neglect of exospheric hydrogen in a recent theoretical treatment causes an overestimation of the diurnal variation at high exospheric temperatures, and an underestimation at low exospheric temperatures. The fluxes due to lateral flow are large compared to other fluxes only to the extent that the actual diurnal variation is very different from the diurnal variation corresponding to zero net lateral flow, which does not seem to be the case in the real atmosphere. Two effects which are probably important are charge exchange reactions with thermal oxygen ions, resulting in a diurnal exchange with the plasmasphere; and charge exchange reactions with high velocity protons, resulting in enhanced escape and diurnal variation.
The potential demise of OR/MS: Consequences of neglecting epistemology

Abstract The key to arrest the decline of Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) lies in the active study of the epistemological foundations of the discipline, in particular in the study of Metamodeling, where the latter represents the inquiry of the methodological issues by which we design the process of Modeling.
A Postmodern Feminist Perspective on Organizations in the Natural Environment Rethinking Ecological Awareness

Concern over the natural environment has been a persistent problem for industrialized society. One possible reason for the enduring anxiety over the condition of the ecosystem may be that the masculinist perspective dominant in business education, research, and practice does not allow us to envision sustainable solutions. This manuscript traces the rise of masculinist hegemony in organizational science and counters with a postmodern feminist alternative that may provide more workable, long-term solutions to environmental degradation. Examples of changes in business language and heuristics that may be derived from such a postmodern feminist perspective are discussed.
Label-free low-cost disposable DNA hybridization detection systems using organic TFTs

Organic thin film transistors (OTFT) are potentially very attractive for making portable and disposable DNA hybridization detection toolkits because of their ultra-low-cost manufacturing and potentially high sensitivity. To make a self-supported DNA sensor, we herein report an OTFT-based label-free DNA hybridization detection system integrating electrically read DNA hybridization sensors and microfluidic delivery channels. We previously reported DNA-doped OTFTs acting as electrically read DNA sensors. In this article, we first study physics of DNA sensitivity of OTFTs, clarifying the doping mechanism. The article also presents a method of verification of the immobilization and presence of DNA on the surface using TOF-SIMS analysis. As a further step, sources of variation of measured data and methods of minimization are discussed using a novel photolithography-based microfluidics fabrication method, directly enabling on-chip hybridization and self-supported DNA detection. By integrating the sensors with microfluidics, for the first time, we demonstrate necessary technologies required to realize disposable, rapid turn-around tools for field-deployable genetic diagnosis.
Stationary waves in the flow of a homogeneous fluid with vertical shear of the velocity

A plane problem of free stationary gravitational waves in a horizontal current with vertical shear of the velocity is studied in the linear statement. The determination of the parameters of waves is reduced to the solution of the Sturm–Liouville boundary-value problem. For some vertical distributions of current velocity, we obtain analytic solutions. We propose a numerical algorithm for finding the parameters of waves. On the basis of the performed analysis, we establish the possibility of existence of stationary surface waves in currents for certain ranges of the Froude number. As the Froude number decreases, the waves become shorter, which leads to a faster attenuation of waves disturbances with depth. Under the actual conditions, the waves are short and suffer the influence of shear currents only in the subsurface layer of the ocean.
Photo-ionized lithium source for plasma accelerator applications

A photo-ionized lithium source is developed for plasma acceleration applications. A homogeneous column of lithium neutral vapor with a density of 2/spl times/10/sup 15-3/ is confined by helium gas in a heat-pipe oven. A UV laser pulse ionizes the vapor. In this device, the length of the neutral vapor and plasma column is 25 cm. The plasma density was measured by laser interferometry in the visible on the lithium neutrals and by CO/sub 2/ laser interferometry on the plasma electrons. The maximum measured plasma density was 2.9/spl times/10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/, limited by the available UV fluence (/spl ap/83 mJ/cm/sup 2/), corresponding to a 15% ionization fraction. After ionization, the plasma density decreases by a factor of two in about 12 /spl mu/s. These results show that such a plasma source is scaleable to lengths of the order of 1 m and should satisfy all the requirements for demonstrating the acceleration of electrons by 1 GeV in a 1-GeV/m amplitude plasma wake.
Defining Cultural Competence in Context: Dyadic Norms of Friendship Among U.S. High School Students

Abstract Cultural competence is often defined as the ability to adhere to a core set of beliefs and practices. In this article, I argue that in many cases competence also involves the creative and occasionally idiosyncratic use of conventional knowledge to meet both personal goals and the specific requirements of local relationships and settings. I illustrate this tension between adopting broadly shared cultural norms and adapting them to local circumstances by examining how U.S. high school students prioritize their expectations of “good friends.” Drawing from cultural consensus approaches in cognitive anthropology, I analyze patterns of agreement among students to show that despite some population-wide sharing, friends share more similar priorities than do nonfriends, and individuals also maintain stable differences in their personal priorities. These patterns of agreement and disagreement support the view that individuals strike a balance between fitting their personal models of friendship to broad cultural norms and accommodating the goals and needs of particular partners. More generally, I argue that competence in a cultural domain (in this case appropriate friendship behaviors) must be examined in relation to the specific contexts of use and the scale of social interaction for that domain. [competence, cultural consensus, friendship, quadratic assignment procedure, adolescence]
Single antenna microwave nulling using time-reversal techniques

In this paper, we describe a single antenna microwave nulling technique that makes use of time-reversal concepts. The time-domain experiments have shown that by using single antenna and time-reversal technique, we can have focusing as well as nulling at any point in space. We have done experiments at 2.45 GHz in a cylindrical cavity environment. The degree of nulling (or focusing) depends on the multipath components in the channel as well as the bandwidth of the signal. The cavity provides a multipath rich-environment where we can show focusing and nulling by using a relatively small bandwidth compared to free space.
California fault lines: understanding the causes and impact of network failures

Of the major factors affecting end-to-end service availability, network component failure is perhaps the least well understood. How often do failures occur, how long do they last, what are their causes, and how do they impact customers? Traditionally, answering questions such as these has required dedicated (and often expensive) instrumentation broadly deployed across a network.We propose an alternative approach: opportunistically mining "low-quality" data sources that are already available in modern network environments. We describe a methodology for recreating a succinct history of failure events in an IP network using a combination of structured data (router configurations and syslogs) and semi-structured data (email logs). Using this technique we analyze over five years of failure events in a large regional network consisting of over 200 routers; to our knowledge, this is the largest study of its kind.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES ON RATE MODELING AND REACTOR SIMULATION

Abstract Experimentally determined reaction rates often are used to discriminate between proposed reaction rate models. However, little emphasis has been placed upon evaluating the effect of experimental measurement uncertainties on rate model determinations. In this work, usual methods of rate model discrimination (mean-squared error criterion) are used to distinguish the best rate model. Regression occurred on three sets of rate data that contained various levels of measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty in reaction rate is reflective of the uncertainty associated with experimental measurement of pressure, temperature, and composition. Our objective was to determine whether experimental measurement uncertainties influence the selection of the best rate model. Five rate expressions were used to regress the sets of kinetic rate data. The best rate model depended upon the level of measurement uncertainty, indicating the need for accurate kinetic data. Simulation of a plug flow reactor using the best rat...
Measuring Errors in Operational Analysis Assumptions

Operational analysis, an area of study first defined in the computer science field, has been used in the analysis of systems performance. System performance measures for a specific set of output data are obtained using operational analysis formulas derived from assumptions which are verifiable by the observed data. This paper gives relationships which may be used to quantify the errors in these assumptions. Additionally, basic propositions are given which help in understanding operational analysis assumptions. These propositions are used in developing correction terms which can be used to adjust performance measures so that their values are exact for a set of data no matter how much the assumptions used in deriving the performance measure relations are violated.
Contrasting Effects of Matrix Protein on Apoptosis in HeLa and BHK Cells Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Are due to Inhibition of Host Gene Expression

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in host cells. Recently, it has been shown that two VSV products are involved in the induction of apoptosis, the matrix (M) protein, and another viral product that has yet to be identified (S. A. Kopecky et. al., J. Virol. 75:12169-12181, 2001). Comparison of recombinant viruses containing wild-type (wt) or mutant M proteins showed that wt M protein accelerates VSV-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, while wt M protein delays apoptosis in VSV-infected BHK cells. Our hypothesis to explain these results is that both effects of M protein are due to the ability of M protein to inhibit host gene expression. This hypothesis was tested by infecting cells with an M protein mutant virus defective in the inhibition of host gene expression (rM51R-M virus) in the presence or absence of actinomycin D, another inhibitor of host gene expression. Actinomycin D accelerated induction of apoptosis of HeLa cells infected with rM51R-M virus and delayed apoptosis in BHK cells infected with rM51R-M virus, similar to the effects of wt M protein. The idea that the induction of apoptosis by M protein in HeLa cells is due to its ability to inhibit host gene expression was further tested by comparing the activation of upstream caspase pathways by M protein versus that by actinomycin D or 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB). Expression of M protein activated both caspase-8 and caspase-9-like enzymes, as did treatment with actinomycin D or DRB. Induction of apoptosis by M protein, actinomycin D, and DRB was inhibited in stably transfected HeLa cell lines that overexpress Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein that inhibits the caspase-9 pathway. A synthetic inhibitor of caspase-8, Z-IETD-FMK, did not inhibit induction of apoptosis by M protein, actinomycin D, or DRB. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that the induction of apoptosis by M protein is caused by the inhibition of host gene expression and that the caspase-9 pathway is more important than the caspase-8 pathway for the induction of apoptosis by M protein and other inhibitors of host gene expression.
A method for controlling residual film stress in LPCVD polysilicon films for surface micromachined MEMS

As the micro-electro-mechanical machine (MEMS) industry is maturing, an increased array of product applications and devices are being introduced. As these devices are being developed new processes are required to control and attain the desired levels of polysilicon stress. In this work the relationship between polysilicon blanket residual stress and dopant concentration and anneal conditions are investigated. It was found that as the sheet resistance increased, the magnitude of the stress increased several orders of magnitude. Annealing the wafers for increased durations and multiple cycles lowered the level of stress observed while reducing the response to dopant concentration. The response was reduced by fifty percent for a time increase from 20 to 180 minutes. It is suggested that specific levels of stress are best attained with modifications to the dopant concentration for the required thermal cycles. The characterization performed allows for reduced learning cycles and cost in the development of new MEMS process flows to achieve first pass success for device specific requirements.