cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: radiologic findings with pathologic correlation

Eosinophilic esophagitis is increasingly recognized as a cause of dysphagia or food impaction in pediatric patients. It has a high male predominance and is often associated with a history of allergy or asthma. To correlate fluoroscopic findings in eosinophilic esophagitis with the endoscopic and histologic findings. We retrospectively reviewed the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) findings of eosinophilic esophagitis and correlated them with the clinical, endoscopic and histologic findings in a series of 17 children (12 boys, 5 girls). UGI findings were normal in 12 children, including 4 who had a normal UGI exam after endoscopic disimpaction for an obstructing food bolus. Five children had strictures identified on UGI: one was demonstrated with endoscopy. This suggests that the impactions and strictures were due to an esophageal dysmotility rather than a fixed anatomic abnormality. Because the UGI findings are frequently normal in eosinophilic esophagitis, radiologists need to have a high index of suspicion for this disease. In children with a strong clinical history, especially impaction in the absence of an esophageal stricture, endoscopy and biopsy are indicated for further evaluation.
Spectral measurements and other features of separating turbulent flows

Measurements from two strong adverse-pressure-gradient separating turbulent boundary-layer flows are presented. Detailed study of spectra shows that the flow variables Φ uu (k 1 δ)/−uv mac vx k 1 δ form a set of scaling parameters for streamwise velocity fluctuation power spectra from these and other adverse pressure gradient flows. The backflow mean velocity profile scale on the maximum negative mean velocity U N and its distance from the wall N. In the mean backflow region, there appears to be a semilogarithmic region in profiles of the streamwise fluctuating velocity component, u', which spreads over a definite range of y/δ
Magnetic and thermal pressures in the solar wind

Explorer 34 solar wind data for the period June to December, 1967 show that(a) The magnetic pressure, P B≡B 2/8π, and thermal pressure,P k≡n p kTp+n α kTα+n e kTe,are variable and positively correlated on a scale of ≳ 2 days, but (b) changes in P b and P k are anticorrelated on a scale ∼ 1 hr (∼0.01 AU). Thus, dynamical hydromagnetic processes (dv/dt⊄o) must occur on the mesoscale, but the solar wind tends to be in equilibrium(P B+P K∼constant) on a smaller scale, the microscale. The 3-hr averages show that the most probable value of β≡P k/P B is β=1.0±0.1, which implies that the most probable state of the solar wind at 1 AU is not one of equipartition between the thermal energy and magnetic energy. The average total pressure for a given bulk speed(P(V)=P k+P k+P B) is essentially independent of V, implying that P is not determined by the heating or acceleration mechanisms of the solar wind; the average pressure is P=(2.9±1.5)×10-10dyne/cm2.
Readability, Interest, and Coverage of 10 Textbooks on Educational Assessment

10 textbooks on educational assessment were analyzed with the Flesch formula for reading ease and interest. Reading levels were surprisingly low, with one book in the “standard, Grade 8 to 9” category, five in the “fairly difficult, Grade 10 to 12” category, and the other four in the “difficult, college level” category. Seven of the books were classified as “dull”, three as “mildly interesting”. Textbook coverage on 33 topics was also analyzed and charted. Good agreement was found for the topics treated by the various authors. Widest coverage was found for the topic of measurement, and sparse coverage was found for analysis of variance, hypotheses, inference and probability, prediction and regression, and selecting tests. Most texts contained adequate organizational aids.
Main factors associated with homeowners' intentions to move

Individuals make mobility decisions based on many factors. Satisfaction with neighbourhoods and homes has been identified in previous research, as have changing demographic characteristics. This paper extends earlier studies to identify the main factors behind the intentions to move for non-moving homeowners versus those who subsequently moved using data from a survey conducted for Franklin County homeowners in Ohio in the US, through factor analysis and Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis. Non-movers, on the one hand, show strong intentions to move when they are relatively dissatisfied with their ‘neighbourhood’, ‘housing amenities’, ‘amount of housing space’, and ‘distance to preferred locations’. On the other hand, actual movers appeared to concentrate on more specific factors, such as housing size and distance to preferred locations rather than the environment of their current neighbourhood. Household life-cycle characteristics do not appear to affect either groups’ assessments of their likelih...
Ultrasonic diagnosis of abdominal disease.

As currently used, ultrasonic diagnostic technics employ two types of presentation: the A-scope, or amplitude-depth, technic, and the B-scope, or compound scan and focused crystal, technic. The A-scope technic appears to have definite application in echoencephalography, echocardiography, bitemporal fetal-cephalography, and detection of tumors in the breast and gallstones in a distended gallbladder. Work on the B-scope technic for ultrasonic diagnoses over the past 12 years has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining pictorial representation of anatomic and pathologic processes. In the abdomen good pictures have been obtained of the kidney, liver, and splenic areas, and also of fluid-filled structures such as the stomach and bladder. Under good operating conditions, this technic can clearly show such pathologic processes as cysts, abscesses, local infections, tumors, fibrosis, foreign bodies, and accumulations of fluid. At present, it can be particularly useful in precisely localizing a liver lesion for biopsy. It is necessary to acquire greater experience in interpreting pictures and in correlating these findings with those of biopsy, surgery, and autopsy. Certain improvements are discussed which may improve picture detail and equipment operation.
Dielectric constants of crystalline and amorphous spodumene, anorthite and diopside and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dissipation factors of LiAlSi_2O_6, CaAl_2Si2O_8 and CaMgSi_2O_6 in both the crystalline (α-spodumene, anorthite, and diopside) and amorphous forms were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: spodumene κ'_(11)=7.30 tan δ= 0.0007 κ′_(22)=8.463 tan δ= 0.0002 κ′_(33) =11.12 tan δ= 0.0007 anorthite κ′_a^*=5.47 tan δ= 0.0009 κ′_b^*=8.76 tan δ= 0.0010 κ′_c^*=7.19 tan δ= 0.0013 diopside κ′_(11)=9.69 tan δ= 0.0016 κ′_(22) = 7.31 tan δ= 0.0007 κ′_(33)=7.29 tan δ= 0.00019 LiAlSi_2O_6 κ′=8.07 tan δ= 0.047 amorphous CaAl_2Si_2O_8 κ′=7.50 tan δ= 0.0024 amorphous CaMgSi_2O_6 κ′=8.89 tan δ= 0.0021 amorphous The dielectric properties of a spodumene glass, progressively crystallized at different conditions, were also determined. As the crystallization temperature was increased from 720 to 920° C, κ′ increased from 6.22 to 6.44. The dissipation factor, tan δ, remained constant at 0.020. Similarly, as the crystallization time at 750° C increased from 0.5 hr to 6.0 hr, κ′ increased from 6.28 to 6.35. The deviations of the measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation from those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α_D(mineral, glass) = σ α D(oxides) are +7.4% for α-spodumene, +1.2% for diopside, and +28.0, +19.6 and +15.9% for amorphous spodumene, anorthitie and diopside compositions, respectively. Positive deviations in α-spodumene and anorthite are consistent with lower than normal apparent cation bond valence sums and are believed to be evidence for loosely bonded “rattling” Li and Ca ions. Diopside, with Ca and Mg ions having normal bond valence sums, exhibits no abnormal deviation from additivity. Larger positive deviations in amorphous SiO_2, LiAlSi_2O_6, CaAl_2Si_2O_8 and CaMgSi_2O_6 are postulated to arise from a combination of loosely bonded cations and disordered O= ions where the oxygen dielectric polarizability increased from its normal value of 2.0 A^3 in well-behaved oxides to 2.2–3.0 A_3 in the amorphous phases.
Magnitude and origin of the enhanced basicity of the catalytic glutamate of triosephosphate isomerase.

Glu-167 of triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma brucei brucei (TbbTIM) acts as the base to deprotonate substrate to form an enediolate phosphate trianion intermediate. We report that there is a large ∼6 pK unit increase in the basicity of the carboxylate side chain of Glu-167 upon binding of the inhibitor phosphoglycolate trianion (I3-), an analog of the enediolate phosphate intermediate, from pKEH ≈ 4 for the protonated free enzyme EH to pKEHI ≈ 10 for the protonated enzyme–inhibitor complex EH•I3-. We propose that there is a similar increase in the basicity of this side chain when the physiological substrates are deprotonated by TbbTIM to form an enediolate phosphate trianion intermediate and that it makes an important contribution to the enzymatic rate acceleration. The affinity of wildtype TbbTIM for I3- increases 20 000-fold upon decreasing the pH from 9.3 to 4.9, because TbbTIM exists mainly in the basic form E over this pH range, while the inhibitor binds specifically to the rare protonated e...
The Nature and Role of Phenomenological Psychology in Alfred Schutz

The essay reviews how phenomenological psychology can draw on Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology in order to clarify the foundations of the cultural sciences and then explicates the theory of this psychology implicit in Schutz's oeuvre. Max Weber has shown that all phenomena of the socio-cultural world originate in social interaction and can be referred to it. According to him, it is the central task of sociology to understand the meaning which the actor bestows on his action (the "subjective meaning" in his terminology). But what is action, what is meaning, and how is the understanding of such meaning by a fellow-man possible, be he a partner of the social interaction, or merely an observer in everyday life, or a social scientist? I submit that any attempt to answer these questions leads immediately to questions with
CHRONIC SHEDDING TULAREMIA NEPHRITIS IN RODENTS: POSSIBLE RELATION TO OCCURRENCE OF Francisella tularensis IN LOTIC WATERS

Contamination of streams by Francisella tularensis, a fastidious pathogen, was discovered by Miller in Russia.14 Subsequently that contamination was found to be the source of extensive human outbreaks, and to occur as well in North America. Circumstantial evidence supports a hypothesis that infected voles are responsible for the contamination, but when freshly isolated F. tularensis palaearctica is inoculated parenterally, only acute illness and death result whereas long-term contamination of streams would seem to demand a more chronic process. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that voles have an apparent predilection to tularemic nephritis when partially immunized before parenteral infection, but also when naive voles are infected orally. Associated chronic bacteriuria would seem to fulfill requirements for protracted contamination of watersheds.
Sodium, potassium, and protein concentrations and 2D-SDS-page of epididymal luminal and ejaculated seminal fluids of the adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

The concentration of soluble protein and of sodium and potassium ions was estimated in chimpanzee caput epididymal luminal fluid, cauda epididymal luminal fluid, and ejaculated seminal fluid. Protein concentration was 48.5 ± 1.5 μg/μl in caput fluid, 26.8 ± 2.0 μg/μl in cauda fluid, and 53.0 ± 7.9 μg/μl in seminal fluid. Sodium concentration was 127.0 ± 7.0 mM in caput fluid, 34.5 ± 1.8 mM in cauda fluid, and 18.8 ± 1.8 mM in seminal fluid. Potassium concentration was 58.0 ± 0.0 mM in caput fluid, 56.8 ± 5.2 mM in cauda fluid, and 77.0 ± 1.7 mM in seminal fluid. Proteins in caput epididymal, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated seminal fluids, with approximate molecular weights (kDa) between <14.4 and 45.0 kDa and apparent isoelectric points (pIs) between 4.5 and 7.5, were resolved by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-SDS-PAGE) and silver stained. In caput fluid, the most intensely stained polypeptides resolved between 14.4 and 21.5 kDa (pI 5.4-7.4). In cauda fluid, the number and intensity of stained components increased markedly, and the most intensely stained polypeptides resolved between 21.5 and 31.0 kDa (pI 5.7-7.3). In seminal fluid, polypeptides between <14.4 and 45.0 kDa (pI 5.7-7.4) appeared characteristically diffuse and distributed. These results demonstrate that the ions and the polypeptides in the luminal microenvironment change significantly along the epididymal duct of the male chimpanzee. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Synthesis of Novel Carbohydrates Amenable to the Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-Branched Nucleosides

Abstract The facile synthesis of several substituted carbohydrates that are amenable for the preparation of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-hydroxymethyl nucleosides are reported. Elaboration of a previously reported analog, 5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-(benzyloxy)methyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-D- ribofuranose (4) has provided two 2,3-dideoxy-3-branched ribose derivatives 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-(benzyloxy)methyl-1-O-methyl-β-D-ribofuranose (7) and 1.5-di-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-(benzyloxy)methyl-(α,β)-D-ribofuranose (10). Due to problems involved with the separation of anomeric mixtures when these carbohydrates were condensed with an heterocycle, another versatile synthon 5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-(benzyloxy)methyl-2-O-t-butyldimethylslyl-1-O- methyl-β-D-ribofuranose (12) was synthesized. The utility of this compound (12) is demonstrated in the total synthesis of 1-[3-deoxy-3-hydroxymethyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl]thymine (20).
Wobbling phenomena with logarithmic law nonlinear Schrödinger equations for incoherent spatial Gaussons

Abstract We apply the equivalence particle principle to several nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLSEs) that model the propagation of a spatial beam with logarithmic law nonlinearity. Using this principle, expressions for acceleration, spatial frequency, spatial period and other variables for a spatial soliton can be derived from the solution of the homogenous NLSE with logarithmic law nonlinearity. These results agree well with numerical simulations of the perturbed NLSE. We show that if the expression of the acceleration is bounded this means the spatial soliton propagates with a swing effect.
The Spanish Actress's Art: Improvisation, Transvestism, and Disruption in Tirso's El vergonzoso en palacio

This essay investigates how the introduction of women onto the early modern Spanish stage disrupted patriarchal norms, as actresses often dressed, acted, and spoke as men, as they engaged in extemporaneous speech, and as female audiences gave voice in the theatre. Influenced by Italian commedia dell’arte , Spanish drama followed the commedia use of extemporaneous speech and female cross-dressing, that allowed women to act as men, with all the attendant freedoms usually barred women. The segregation of the audience by gender far from containing the female audience instead enabled a powerful voice. As a case study to consider how women used the space of the theatre to negotiate their place in the world and to explore the limits and possibilities of gender, I turn to Tirso de Molina’s El vergonzoso en palacio [The Shy Man at Court], a play that features both female transvestism and monologues that suggest extemporaneous speech.
Cooperation during prey digestion between workers and larvae in the ant, Pheidole spadonia

Digestion and distribution of nutrients are central to the growth and reproduction of social insect colonies, just as they are to individual organisms. In the case of eusocial insect species, different components of food handling and processing can be distributed among castes. This paper reports on an ant species, Pheidole spadonia, in which the adult workers butcher prey and 4th instar larvae dissolve prey for distribution among other colony members including workers, larvae and queens. To characterize the process, six groups, each composed of twenty-five workers and thirty larvae, were provisioned with a fruit fly carcass, and then video-taped continuously for 24 hours. On average, five adult workers and twenty-two 4th instar larvae invested 12.8 labor hours into butchering and predigesting one fly carcass. Workers contributed a mean total of 3.3 labor hours to butcher the carcass into small fragments. Fourth instar larvae contributed a mean total of 9.5 labor hours to pre-orally dissolve the solid fragments. Surprisingly, larvae did not ingest during the dissolving process. Instead, workers ingested the dissolved prey tissue into their crops and then regurgitated it to colony members, larvae and workers, that solicited for feedings. The cooperative interactions reported here between workers and larvae extend the mechanistic and evolutionary explanations for eusociality.
Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome

To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) CONTROL: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.
Effect of Time of Transition from Manuscript to Cursive Writing upon Subsequent Performance in Handwriting, Spelling and Reading.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an optimum time for the transition from manuscript to cursive writing in terms of subsequent performance in handwriting, spelling, and reading. Scores on reading, spelling, and handwriting measures were obtained from 120 fourth- and 120 sixth-grade subjects who had made the transition at one of the four most common transition times, i.e., first half of second grade, second half of second grade, first half of third grade, second half of third grade. Time of transition was associated only with handwriting performance: late transition was associated with rapid writing and early transition with legible writing.
Copolymerization characteristics of some vinylnaphthalenes and vinylphenanthrenes

β-Vinylnaphthalene, 6-chloro-2-vinylnaphthalene, 4-chloro-1-vinylphenanthrene, and 2- and 3-vinylphenanthrenes have been copolymerized with styrene, methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate. All copolymerize well to give products generally softening at higher temperatures than polystyrene of its copolymers. Analysis of the relative reactivities in copolymerization indicates that, with the exception of the single α-vinylnaphthalene derivative, these monomers are more reactive in copolymerization than styrene. This is in agreement with expectations based on the greater possibilities for resonance stabilization of an adjacent free radical by the naphthalene and phenanthrene nuclei.
Bottom Fauna-Substrate Relationships in a Northern Colorado Trout Stream: 1945 and 1974

A study of bottom fauna-substrate relationships conducted on North St. Vrain Creek, Colorado, USA in 1945 was repeated in 1974 to determine changes in the stream en- vironment and in the community structure and standing crop of macroinvertebrates. The stream remains a clear, unpolluted trout stream with soft water of neutral pH. Despite differences in flow, temperature, and riparian vegetation, macroinvertebrate composition was similar to that of 1945; most differences can be attributed to normal year-to-year fluctuations and slight shifts in emergence periods. Total density was less on all substrata in 1974, which is attributed to the higher discharge. Total biomass was comparable except for lower values on bedrock in 1974.
Cell surface oligosaccharide modulation during differentiation. II. Membrane mobility of oligosaccharide lectin conjugates.

Abstract The quantitative, population doubling level (PDL) dependent changes in cell surface oligosaccharides on IMR-90 cells, were investigated from the perspective of membrane mobility of the lectin-oligosaccharide conjugates. Concanavalin-A (CON-A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA-120), and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were all observed to cluster, cap, and endocytose in cultured human diploid fibroblasts (IMR-90). Quantitative photometry at 37°C over defined periods of time indicated that as the IMR-90s approached cellular senescence a specific lectin-dependent inability to either endocytose or process the capped complex occurred. The development of a biotin/avidin/enzyme amplification assay permitted the assignment of the accumulating signal to the internal compartment. Kinetic data indicate that there are at least three separate (and separable) mechanisms for the PDL related changes in lectin binding. Data for the CON-A complex indicates that at least two classes of functional complexes are present. Regression analysis of the kinetic data for the RCA-120 complex indicates a similar membrane clearance for the IMR-90s at all population doubling levels (PDL), suggesting that the quantitative differences observed earlier were due to simple quantitative reductions in the RCA complexing molecules. Data for WGA mobility on the membrane indicates that they are both changes in the number and mobility status of the complexes. These results indicate that the quantitative changes in lectin binding observed previously as IMR-90 cells approach senescence are correlated with alterations in membrane mobility patterns of the lectin oligosaccharide conjugates.
In vitro analysis of the antileukemic effect of tumor necrosis factor-α gene therapy with myeloid progenitor cells: the role of dendritic cells1

We have previously demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene therapy with transgene-expressing myeloid progenitor cells (32DTNF-alpha) is effective in inhibiting the progression of leukemia with a lethal dose of murine 32Dp210 myeloid leukemia cells. Because TNF-alpha has been shown to induce the activation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), we investigated the effect of TNF-alpha secreted by transduced cells (32DTNF-alpha cells) on the activation of DCs and their role in the production of antileukemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We demonstrate that administration of 32DTNF-alpha cells to the mice enhances the allo-stimulatory capacity of the splenic (CD11c+) and bone marrow-derived DCs in both mixed leukocyte response and CTL development. The enhanced allo-stimulatory capacity of splenic DCs from mice injected with 32DTNF-alpha cells correlated with increase in the cell-surface expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (I-Ak), and production of interleukin-12 (IL-12). Furthermore, administration of 32DTNF-alpha cells during immunization with irradiated 32Dp210 leukemia cells augmented the capacity of splenic DCs to stimulate antileukemic CTL response in spleen cells. Collectively, these data suggest that in vivo production of TNF-alpha by transduced cells enhances the phenotypic and functional activation of DCs, resulting in induction of a stronger antileukemic cytotoxic T-cell immune response.
Mapping CooA·RNA Polymerase Interactions IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVATING REGIONS 2 AND 3 IN CooA, THE CO-SENSING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR

CooA is a CO-sensing protein that activates the transcription of genes encoding the CO-oxidation (coo) regulon, whose polypeptide products are required for utilizing CO as an energy source in Rhodospirillum rubrum. CooA binds to a position overlapping the −35 element of the PcooF promoter, similar to the arrangement of class II CRP (cAMP receptor protein)- and FNR (fumarate and nitrate reductase activator protein)-dependent promoters when expressed inEscherichia coli. Gain-of-function CooA variants were isolated in E. coli following mutagenesis of the portion ofcooA encoding the effector-binding domain. Some of the mutations affect regions of CooA that are homologous to the activating regions (AR2 and AR3) previously identified in CRP and FNR, whereas others affect residues that lie in a region of CooA between AR2 and AR3. These CooA variants are comparable to wild-type (WT) CooA in DNA binding affinity in response to CO but differ in transcription activation, presumably because of altered interactions with E. coli RNA polymerase. Based on predictions of similarity to CRP and FNR, loss-of-function CooA variants were obtained in the AR2 and AR3 regions that have minimal transcriptional activity, yet have WT-like DNA binding affinities in response to CO. This study demonstrates that WT CooA contains AR2- and AR3-like surfaces that are required for optimal transcription activation.
Image, Media Bias, and Voter Characteristics : The Ideal Candidate from 1988-2000

The view of image as a transaction between what candidates say and do and the way in which voters compare that behavior to their beliefs of what candidates should be or do stimulates three critical questions important to political communication. First, although the power of the media to affect the outcome of political campaigns and candidates is believed by citizens and has been documented by researchers, do the views of individual members of the media regarding the ideal qualities required of presidential candidates differ significantly from those of the voters? Second, do the criteria of the “ideal presidential candidate” vary across elections? And finally, do the evaluative dimensions of idealness differ by party affiliation, age, or gender? The answers to these and related questions were determined from a survey of 562 journalists covering, and 1,246 citizens attending, political rallies in New Hampshire during the presidential primaries of 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000.
Effect of embedded microcrystallites on the light-induced degradation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We have studied the degradation kinetics of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H})$ samples, in which a small fraction of microcrystallites is embedded. We find that the defect density increases with an unusually slow initial pace, which is then followed by the ``normal'' ${t}^{1/3}$ law and the subsequent saturation. The corresponding photoconductivity shows a remarkable initial stability. We present a model that reproduces the experimental results, and relates the structural and degradation anomalies. The measured defect density is interpreted as a superposition of contributions from a defective layer that wraps the microcrystallites and a high-quality amorphous matrix.
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: the whole story

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is characterised by proliferation of malignant secretory cells that markedly expand prostatic ducts and acini. Its morphological features and diagnostic criteria have been refined in recent studies. Its molecular characteristics have also been increasingly elucidated. IDC-P is strongly associated with high grade and high volume invasive prostate cancer and unfavourable clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is critical to recognise and report IDC-P, especially in prostate biopsies where the clinical implications of the diagnosis are greatest. IDC-P has to be distinguished from several other prostate lesions with similar histological appearance. The distinction between IDC-P and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is most important as they have drastically different implications for patient management. IDC-P is an uncommon finding in prostate biopsies, and is even rarer as an isolated finding without concomitant prostate cancer in biopsies. However, patients with isolated IDC-P in biopsies are recommended for either definitive treatment or immediate repeat biopsy. This article will review the historical aspect, diagnostic criteria, molecular genetics, and clinical significance of IDC-P.
The control of temporal and spatial organization during the Caulobacter cell cycle

The Caulobacter cell cycle exhibits time-dependent expression of differentiation events. These include the morphological transition of a swarmer cell to a replication-competent stalked cell and the subsequent polarized distribution of specific gene products that results in an asymmetric predivisional cell. Cell division then yields a new swarmer cell and a stem-cell-like stalked cell. Two-component signal transduction proteins involved in cell cycle control and proteins required for cell division and flagellar biogenesis have been shown to be regulated temporally and spatially during the cell cycle. The mechanisms underlying this regulation include protein phosphorylation and proteolysis.
Choice functions and bounded rationality

Abstract Bounded rationality assumes a utility function but not maximization. Simon’s version is satisficing. Another, attributable to Luce, is maximization to within a threshold of discrimination. Framed as conditions on a choice function, each with weak and strong variants, the two versions of bounded rationality have been shown to be equivalent, weak variant to weak variant, strong to strong. A finding of this paper is that, unlike classical rationality, bounded rationality does not depend on (or vary in strength with) the ordering properties of the underlying preference relation. Weak bounded rationality has been shown to be equivalent to a simple relaxation of Chernoff’s Axiom, got by changing “every x ∈ C ( X ) ” to “some x ∈ C ( X ) ”. Another finding of this paper is that exactly the same change turns the Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference into an equivalent of strong bounded rationality.
Behavioral components of shock-induced aggression in ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus)

The fighting behavior of paired ground squirrels was observed in a footshock chamber, with shock offset contingent on pair members displaying an unambiguous dominant-subordinate relationship. Status relations stabilized over days, resulting in a decrease in the intensity and duration of encounters and an increase in the frequency of threat displays. Various agonistic components are described and their functions and effects discussed in terms of naturally occurring aggression in this species.
A simple group contribution equation of state for fluid mixtures

Abstract A new group contribution equation of state based on the Patel—Teja (PT) equation is presented in this paper. The new equation retains the functional form (cubic in volume) of the PT equation, but uses group additivity mixing rules for the equation of state constants. Group interaction parameters in the new equation were regressed from a limited amount of mixture data. The equation of state was then used to predict VLE for a number of binary and multicomponent mixtures. The predictions were shown to be as good as, or better than, predictions using the PT equation with conventional mixing rules.
Counterion Dependent Crystallization Kinetics in Blends of a Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer With Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)

Abstract Blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with a perfluorosulfonate ionomer, Nafion®, have been prepared and examined in terms of the crystallization kinetics of the PVDF component. In blends of PVDF with Na+-form Nafion®, the rates of bulk crystallization, as observed by DSC, and the spherulitic growth rates of the PVDF component, as observed using optical microscopy, were found to be very similar to that of pure PVDF. This behavior was attributed to the course phase separation of Na+-form Nafion® from PVDF and melt incompatibility of the physically cross-linked ionomer with the crystallizable component. In this segregated state, the PVDF component of the blend is allowed to crystallize in pure phases that are isolated under the influence of Nafion®. In contrast, when the ionomer was exchanged with more weakly interacting quaternary alkylammonium counterions, a decrease in both the rate of bulk crystallization and spherulitic growth was observed. Furthermore, the crystallization kinetics of PVDF in these blends was found to be dependent on the counterion size; as the size of counterions associated with the Nafion® component increased, the rate of crystallization decreased. This behavior was attributed to a weakening of the electrostatic interactions in the ionomer phase and thus an increase in the extent of phase mixing with the larger ions.
A cost analysis of a pancreatic cancer screening protocol in high-risk populations

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in the United States. A screening protocol is needed to catch early-stage, resectable disease. This study suggests a protocol for high-risk individuals and assesses the cost in the context of the Affordable Care Act. Methods Medicare and national average pricing were used for cost analysis of a protocol using magnetic resonance imaging/MRCP biannually in high-risk groups. Results Costs per year of life added” based on Medicare and national average costs, respectively, are as follows: $638.62 and $2,542.37 for Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, $945.33 and $3,763.44 for hereditary pancreatitis, $1,141.77 and $4,545.45 for familial pancreatic cancer and “p16-Leiden” mutations, and $356.42 and $1,418.92 for new-onset diabetes over age 50 with weight loss or smoking. Conclusions A screening program using magnetic resonance imaging/MRCP is affordable in high-risk populations. The United States Preventive Services Task Force must re-evaluate its pancreatic cancer screening guidelines to make screening more cost-effective for the individual.
Effects of Mg2+ and the 2' OH of guanosine on steps required for substrate binding and reactivity with the Tetrahymena ribozyme reveal several local folding transitions.

Transient kinetic studies with fluorescence detection were used to determine the effects of Mg2+ concentration and the 2' OH group of guanosine monophosphate, prG, substrate on various steps in the transesterification reaction of prG with 5' pyrene-labeled oligonucleotides as catalyzed by the L-21 ScaI ribozyme. The effect of increasing Mg2+ from 5 to 10 mM on the rate constants of association and dissociation of 5' pyrene-labeled CUCUA at 15 degrees C was measured. The rate constant of association increases about 3-fold to (8.7 +/- 0.7) x 10(6) M-1 s-1 at 10 mM Mg2+. The rate constant for dissociation is 25 +/- 4 s-1 at 10 mM Mg2+, within experimental error of the rate constant of 17 +/- 5 s-1 measured at 5 mM Mg2+. This Mg2+ dependence is attributed to nonspecific binding of Mg2+ to the duplex helix. In the absence of prG, no docking of substrate is observed. The effect of Mg2+ concentration on rates for docking of 5' pyrene-labeled substrate, pyrCCUCUA, were measured at [Mg2+] >/= 2 mM and at temperatures /= 4 mM. In the presence of Ca2+, such that [Ca2+] + [Mg2+] = 15 mM, the observed rate constants of both transients are constant when 4 mM </= [Mg2+] </= 7 mM but double between 7 and 11 mM Mg2+. At pH 6.5 when 4 mM </= [Mg2+] </= 7 mM in the absence of Ca2+, there is also evidence for a third transient with a Mg2+-dependent observed rate constant that is intermediate between the observed rate constants of docking and transesterification. Thus these experiments reveal several separable, local folding transitions that are dependent on Mg2+ in a very cooperative manner and are important for function. When pdG is substituted for prG, no transesterification is observed, and fluorescence quenching is observed for 1-15 mM Mg2+. The switch from fluorescence enhancements with prG to quenching with pdG suggests the 2' OH of prG is important for proper positioning of substrate in the catalytic site.
Predictive Elastothermodynamic Damping in Finite Element Models Using a Perturbation Formulation

A method is presented by which elastothermodynamic damping can be included in finite element formulations for design analysis. In this method, elastothermodynamic damping theory is combined with a perturbation method previously developed for viscoelastic modeling. A key aspect of this approach is that it projects elastothermodynamic damping onto the undamped mode shapes of the structure. A finite element formulation is developed and presented for beams in both bending and extension. The finite element formulation creates nonsparse, nonsymmetric damping and stiffness matrices. Results with this method for various cases are discussed. After validation against the classic Zener model damping prediction, the method is applied to the analysis of damping in a three-dimensional truss. The results show that elastothermodynamic damping is higher for modes with a larger portion of their strain energy due to local member bending rather than extension. Through examples it is shown that to maximize elastothermodynamic damping in a truss, both the member cross section and the truss mode shapes must be considered.
Cone Penetration Test Based Direct Methods for Evaluating Static Axial Capacity of Single Piles

The direct cone penetration test (CPT) based pile design methods use the measured penetrometer readings by scaling relationships or algorithms in a single-step process to enable the assessment of pile capacity components of shaft and base resistance (f p and q b, respectively) for evaluation of full-size pilings. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of published works that focus on direct CPT evaluation of static axial pile capacity. The review is presented in a chronological order to explicate the evolution over the past six decades of an in situ test based solution for this soil-structure interaction problem. The objective of this study is an attempt to assemble maximum published methods proposed as a result of past investigations in one resource to afford researchers and practitioners with convenient access to the respective design equations and charts. In addition to an all-inclusive summary table and the design charts, a compilation of significant findings and discussions thereof are presented. Furthermore, potential future research directions are indicated, with special emphasis on the optimal use of the modern multi-channel hybrid geophysical-geotechnical seismic CPT to evaluate the complete axial pile load–displacement response.
Trace element analyses of fertilizers and soil amendments by axial‐view inductively‐coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry

Abstract The application of fertilizers and other amendments, including urban and industrial wastes, to agricultural lands is of some concern due to the possibility of soil pollution by heavy metals and, ultimately, deterioration of the environment. Easy, rapid, and safe analytical procedures are therefore required to assess the potential hazard of applying these materials to soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of axial‐view inductively‐coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP‐AES) for the determination of 17 elements of environmental significance in HNO3 and HF digests of selected fertilizers and soil amendments. Reliable results were obtained for silver (Ag), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni). The arsenic (As), manganese (Mn) and vanadium (V) analyses were virtually problem free in samples containing low to moderate amounts of chromium (Cr), Ni, and titanium (Ti). Bismuth (Bi), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl) could not be determined due to spectral inter...
An inversion method for parabolic equations based on quasireversibility

Abstract This paper is concerned with a new method to solve a linearized inverse problem for one-dimensional parabolic equations. The inverse problem seeks to recover the subsurface absorption coefficient function based on the measurements obtained at the boundary. The method considers a temporal interval during which time dependent measurements are provided. It linearizes the working equation around the system response for a background medium. It is then possible to relate the inverse problem of interest to an ill-posed boundary value problem for a differential-integral equation, whose solution is obtained by the method of quasireversibility. This approach leads to an iterative method. A number of numerical results are presented which indicate that a close estimate of the unknown function can be obtained based on the boundary measurements only.
Implications of high renewable electricity penetration in the U.S. for water use, greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, and materials supply

Abstract Recent work found that renewable energy could supply 80% of electricity demand in the contiguous United States in 2050 at the hourly level. This paper explores some of the implications of achieving such high levels of renewable electricity for supply chains and the environment in scenarios with renewable supply up to such levels. Expanding the renewable electricity supply at this scale by 2050 implies annual capacity additions of roughly 20 gigawatts per year (GW/year) over the next decade, rising to roughly 40 GW/year from 2040 to 2050. Given total 2012 renewable electricity capacity additions of slightly more than 16 GW, this suggests moderate growth of the related supply chains, averaging overall roughly 4% annual growth to 2040. Transitioning to high renewable electricity supply would lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and water use, with only modest land-use implications. While renewable energy expansion implies moderate growth of the renewable electricity supply chains, no insurmountable long-term constraints to renewable electricity technology manufacturing capacity or materials supply are identified.
Prototype: in search of the perfect Senegalese basketball physique.

In this essay I discuss some aspects of the Senegalese basketball complex: agents, scouts, coaches, and trainers that operate within this domain and who obsess over the physical characteristics they believe will translate into success for the players they seek to recruit. They consider Senegal to be an especially fertile terrain for discovering new talent. These players are allegedly uncorrupted by the greed that characterizes sport in its most financially lucrative locales. And yet, by combining ethnographic detail with an article that appeared in ESPN Magazine, I discern parallels with that well-known modern discourse concerning the ‘noble savage,’ who this time is imagined as a fitting antidote, not to the rapid advance of modern capitalism but to the high stakes competition that defines neoliberal market mechanisms. Basketball experts abstract from the personal histories of Senegalese players to circulate stereotypes with profound implications for the possibilities these athletes may pursue.
Decoupling of degenerate positive-norm states in string theory

The ``spin''-two and scalar physical propagating fields of the third massive level of the open bosonic string are shown to be mere gauge artifacts of the higher-``spin'' fields at the same mass level. This is demonstrated by requiring the worldsheet conformal symmetry in the weak-background-field approximation and is argued to be a \ensuremath{\sigma}-model four-loop result. It is conjectured that this phenomenon comes from the well-known ambiguity in defining the positive-norm states due to the existence of zero-norm states in the same Young representation.
Dynamic imaging of paralytic eyelid disorders.

Purpose: Eyelid dysmotility may result from trauma, tumors, inflammation, infection, and a variety of other conditions. In these cases, a mechanical effect is disrupting a normal neuromuscular apparatus. Dysmotility can also be caused by paralytic eyelid disorders; included in this broad category are neurologic and myogenic disorders of eyelid opening and/or closure. Secondary effects include spastic eyelid closure and synkinesis syndromes. These conditions, by definition, are disorders of movement, and can only be studied adequately using dynamic imaging techniques.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed. Ninety abstracts were reviewed.Results: Dynamic eyelid imaging has evolved dramatically over the past two decades, at least partially due to the rise of inexpensive digital technology. Magnetic search coil imaging, high- and low-speed videography, electromyography, and high-resolution microscopy coil magnetic resonance imaging each has its advantages and disadvantages, an unde...
Helicopter Evacuation of Trauma Victims in Los Angeles: Does it Improve Survival?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the method of transport after injury and survival among trauma patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma facility in Los Angeles, California. The trauma registry of LAC+USC Medical Center was reviewed to identify all injured patients evacuated by emergency medical service (EMS) from the injury scene from 1998 to 2007. The study population was divided into those who were airlifted (HEMS) and those who were transported by ground emergency medical service (GEMS) with transportation time that exceeded 30 minutes (GEMS > 30 minutes). During the 10-year study period, 1,836 patients were airlifted (helicopters for emergency medical service (HEMS)) and 1,537 patients were ground transported (GEMS > 30 minutes). HEMS patients suffered more frequently a penetrating injury (19% vs. 11%, p < 0.001), presented more often hypotensive to the emergency department (4% vs. 1%, p < 0.001), had more frequently a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 (9% vs. 3%, p < 0.001) and required more often an intubation at the injury scene (1.6% vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001). However, the transportation time and the total prehospital time were significantly shorter for airlifted patients. After multivariable analysis, the difference in mortality between the two transport modalities was not significant (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval, 0.72 (0.22, 2.35); p = 0.596). In a metropolitan Los Angeles trauma system, EMS helicopter transportation of injured patients does not appear to improve overall adjusted survival after injury. There is however a potential benefit for severely injured subgroups of patients due to the shorter prehospital times.
Pinned films and capillary hysteresis in microfluidic channels

Pinned water films in a microfluidic channel act as elastic membranes under tension that increase capillary pressures while preserving the mechanical work dissipated around capillary pressure-saturation, Pc–Sw, hysteresis cycles. High-resolution two-photon laser micromachining of SU-8 photoresist was used to fabricate wedge-shaped microfluidic channels that included sharp edge features to pin wetting films during drainage. The films were measured using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The tension in the film acts as an elastic tether that shifts the Pc–Sw hysteresis cycle higher in pressure relative to the hysteresis cycle in the same sample when films are not pinned. The film tension is strongly nonlinear as the restoring force decreases with increasing displacement. The contribution of elastic forces to hysteresis has important consequences for pressure and saturation control in microfluidics.