cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass Balance and Atom Probe Tomography Characterization of Soft Magnetic (Fe 65 Co 65 ) 79.5 B 13 Si 2 Nb 4 Cu 1.5 Nanocomposites

Electric and magnetic properties, including saturation induction, resistivity, Curie temperature, and others, that make soft magnetic materials attractive for applications such as power converters and electric machines depend on local alloy composition. In this paper, we address this dependence quantifiably. First, we correlate the crystallization state to local composition with a novel mass balance. Second, we perform atom probe tomography on (Fe65Co35)79.5B13Si2Nb4Cu1.5 magnetic nanocomposites to explore local compositional evolution with devitrification and test predictions. Precise 3-D atom maps of constituent elements are constructed from as-cast, intermediate, and late stage crystallized samples. Local compositions and final crystal fraction predicted from mass balances are tested. Analysis of chemical partitioning during growth quantifies the depletion of glass formers (GFs) in nanocrystals, and enrichment of GFs and depletion of Fe and Co in the amorphous phase. Finally, we demonstrate the direct measurement of local composition on a nanometer scale and present predictive models necessary to deduce intrinsic constituent phase properties and investigate the proposed shell interfacial phases.
Penetration of fire partitions by plastic pipe

Plastic DWV pipe will not propagate flame through a fire separation even under adverse pressure differentials if appropriate barrier devices and construction methods are used. This paper reports the results of a small-scale test program that studied the penetration of fire separations by plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe.
Teaching with Technology in Physical Education

Physical education is at a crossroads in the 21st century. With government mandates related to the No Child Left Behind Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2001) emphasizing core subjects, such as m...
Payoff Continuity in Incomplete Information Games: A Comment

Abstract Kajii and Morris (J. Econ. Theory 82 (1998) 267) provide necessary and sufficient conditions for two priors to be strategically close. The restrictiveness of these conditions establishes that strategic behavior can be highly sensitive to the assumed prior. Their results thus recommend care in the use of priors in economic modelling. Unfortunately, their proof of a central proposition fails for zero probability types. This comment corrects their proof to account for these cases.
Size effects in metallic foam core sandwich beams

Abstract Foams exhibit size effects: if the specimen dimensions are of the same order as the cell size, the moduli and strength depend on specimen size. Metallic foams have particularly large cells (typically 2–20 mm), potentially giving rise to size effects when they are used in sandwich beams. Previous studies have shown that the shear strength of metallic foams bonded to rigid plates increases by over 50% if the specimen thickness is equal to the cell size. In this study, sandwich beams with aluminum alloy faces and aluminum alloy foam cores were tested in three-point bending to characterize the effect of the beam depth on the limit load. Beams of constant ratio of core thickness to span length but different absolute values of core thickness were tested, and the measured limit loads were compared to analytical values. The analysis gives a good description of the measured limit load when the shear size effect is accounted for.
Carcinoma of the mandible. Result of radiation therapy.

(1973). Carcinoma of the Mandible: Result of radiation therapy. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 378-386.
Crystal structure stability and fission gas swelling in intermetallic uranium compounds

Abstract A correlation between fission-induced amorphization and the behavior of fission gasses in intermetallic uranium compounds is proposed. Changes in fission-gas mobility and in the plastic flow rate of the fuel, that result from such a transformation, are likely to be responsible for the large fission-gas-driven swelling-rate increases that have been observed in certain fuels. This study attempts to assess the propensity for amorphization of intermetallic compounds as potential test-reactor fuels by means of their thermodynamic properties. The compound U 6 Mn was thus identified as a probable candidate for a stable high-density intermetallic fuel to be used in dispersion-fuel elements.
Effect of graded hypoxia on the high-affinity CPP binding site of the NMDA receptor in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor is modified during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. The present study tests the hypothesis that the NMDA receptor 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) high-affinity binding site is modified during hypoxia and that the degree of modification correlates with the progressive decrease in cerebral cellular energy metabolism and increase in lipid peroxidation induced by hypoxia. Studies were conducted in twelve anesthetized, ventilated newborn piglets, five normoxic and seven hypoxic which were exposed to decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) to achieve varying phosphocreatine (PCr) levels. 3 [H]-CPP binding was performed with CPP concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1500 nM at 23°C for 40 min in P 2 membrane fractions. Brain tissue PCr levels were determined biochemically. Conjugated dienes (CDs) were measured as an index of lipid peroxidation. In the normoxic group, B max (receptor number) for the CPP binding site was 329±93 fmol/mg protein and K d (dissociation constant) 137±44 nM, the mean PCr value was 2.5±0.4 μmol/g brain and the CD level was 0.0 nmol/g brain. As tissue hypoxia worsened, there was a gradual decline in tissue PCr as well as receptor B max and K d values, and there was an increase in conjugated dienes. Both the receptor B max ( r =0.90) and K d ( r =0.72) decreased in a linear relationship as PCr decreased. As the levels of CDs increased both the receptor B max ( r =0.88) and K d ( r =0.68) decreased in a linear fashion. The data show that there is not a critical hypoxic threshold for modification of the CPP binding site of the NMDA receptor, but that modification is coupled to a gradual decrease in brain cell energy metabolism and increase in lipid peroxidation. We speculate that hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor is mediated not only by changes in the receptor recognition site but also by an alteration of brain cell membrane structure secondary to conjugated diene formation.
Age-related sensitivity to cisplatin ototoxicity in gerbils.

This study was undertaken to define the developmental period of maximal sensitivity to cisplatin ototoxicity in gerbils. Five groups were established based upon post-natal age (P) at exposure to cisplatin, P10 (n=8), P14 (n=8), P18 (n=6), P22 (n=7) and P42 (n=7). Animals were given cisplatin, 1 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal for 4 days. In the first four groups, P10, P14, P18 and P22, distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured at 45 days of age, when responses were expected to be developmentally stable. Distortion product grams and input-output functions were measured. There was a statistically significant difference only between P14 and P42 (P<0.01). There was a significant interaction of age and frequency in the P14 group only (P<0.01). A secondary analysis compared distortion product grams of P14 animals, exposed to cisplatin, and age-matched saline-treated animals (n=6). There was a significant treatment effect. In summary, there was an effect of age on the cisplatin ototoxicity in gerbils. Also, there was an effect of the frequency on DPOAE levels in P14 gerbils. These data support the presence of a ‘sensitive’ period to cisplatin ototoxicity in gerbils.
SNAPs, a family of NSF attachment proteins involved in intracellular membrane fusion in animals and yeast.

Abstract Three new and likely related components of the cellular fusion machinery have been purified from bovine brain cytosol, termed α-SNAP (35 kd), β-SNAP (36 kd), and γ-SNAP (39 kd). Transport between cisternae of the Golgi complex measured in vitro requires SNAP activity during the membrane fusion stage, and each SNAP is capable of binding the general cellular fusion protein NSF to Golgi membranes. The SNAP-NSF-membrane complex may be an early stage in the assembly of a proposed multisubunit "fusion machine" on the target membrane. SNAP transport factor activity is also found in yeast. Yeast cytosol prepared from a secretion mutant defective in export from the endoplasmic reticulum ( sec17 ) lacks SNAP activity, which can be restored in vitro by the addition of pure α-SNAP, but not β- or γ-SNAPs. These data suggest that the mechanism of action of SNAPs in membrane fusion is conserved in evolution.
Ammonium Micas: Possible Sources of Atmospheric Ammonia and Nitrogen

Ammonium muscovite, NH 4 Al 2 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 , and ammonium phlogopite, NH 4 Mg 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 , have been synthesized hydrothermally at gas pressures of 2 kilobars and temperatures between 550° and 730°C. Both micas are stable only in environments of high ammonia fugacity. Ammonia or nitrogen, or both, are released by thermal decomposition, cation exchange, or oxidation. The ammonia : nitrogen ratio in the gas depends primarily on the hydrogen fugacity and the temperature of the environment. Calculations show that, even in a predifferentiated Earth, nitrogen may have predominated. The total amount of nitrogen present on the surface of Earth could be accounted for by the decomposition of a layer of ammonium muscovite 170 meters thick.
Effects of pressure support during an acute reduction of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants.

Effects of Pressure Support during an Acute Reduction of Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation in Preterm Infants
Vitamin E protection against tumor formation by transplanted murine sarcoma cells.

Abstract Mice fed vitamin E at a level of 0.5 g DL‐α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet demonstrated decreased incidence and rate of appearance of tumors produced by transplanted sarcoma cells (K3T3), compared to control groups fed diets without the vitamin supplement. Protection was dependent on the degree of unsaturation of dietary fat and on the size of the tumor cell challenge. When vitamin E was increased 10‐fold (to 5 g/kg diet), the protective effect was no longer observed. Protection may be mediated through the host immune system, because sublethal, whole‐body X‐irradiation abrogated differences in tumor development between the + E and the ‐E mice. Studies with in vitro immunization showed that treatment of the K3T3 cell with vitamin E enhanced its ability to induce a cytotoxic response. It appears that the direct effect of vitamin E is on the tumor cell rather than on the immune system, since spleen cells from mice fed diets with and without vitamin E supplementation were indistinguishable in their respo...
Effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibition on the nonenzymatic glycation of glomerular basement membrane.

Abstract 1. The effect of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Acarbose on integrated glycemic control and on nonenzymatic glycation of glomerular basement membrane was examined in streptozotocin diabetic rats. 2. Treatment with Acarbose for 8 weeks after induction of diabetes significantly reduced the level of HbA 1c and of glomerular basement membrane glycation. 3. Acarbose exerts a significant antihyperglycemic effect and has a salutary influence on the nephropathic process in experimental diabetes.
Promising new antiviral drugs

We now have a basis for a more rational approach to rapid evaluation and development of antiviral drugs by screening for activity in vitro, testing for toxicity and efficacy in animals, and clinical testing in humans. Acyclovir is a prototype of this improved process. Interferon has a beneficial effect against CMV infection in renal transplant patients and has promising results in the treatment of papillomas and rhinovirus infections. It does not seem to be as effective against genital herpes or varicella zoster as acyclovir. Ribavirin is effective against respiratory syncytial virus infections and Lassa fever. Varicella-zoster virus is highly sensitive to bromovinyl deoxyuridine in vitro. Phosphonoformate is effective in herpes simplex in animals but of little clinical benefit topically in human recurrent A2 herpes. Zidovudine may decrease mortality rates and infectious complications in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. DHPG (9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2propoxymethyl))guanine is useful in treatment of cytomegalovirus and infection in immunocompromised patients. The prodrug of acyclovir results in high blood levels of acyclovir and shows promise in the treatment of varicella-zoster infections. Many halogenated pyrimidine nucleoside analogs are being developed. Buciclovir is another acyclic guanosine analog effective against herpes simplex virus in vitro. 2'-nor-cyclic guanosine monophosphate has a broad antiviral spectrum of action. Interleukin-2 is being investigated. Combined therapies of two or more antiviral drugs or antiviral drugs and other treatments are being studied.
A model study of downstream variations of the thermodynamic structure of the trade winds

A simple model is used to study downstream variations in the thermodynamic structure of the trade-wind boundary layer due to downstream variations in sea-surface temperature, divergence, surface wind speed, and the thermodynamic structure above the inversion. Model results indicate that dry and cold air advection due to an equatorward increase in sea-surface temperature results in a boundary layer that is less than 1 ° cooler and 1 g kg -1 drier than that obtained for steady-state horizontally homogeneous conditions. Although the magnitude of the advection terms in the heat and moisture budgets may be relatively large, below the inversion they are generally balanced by increased convective heating and moistening. The downstream variations in the temperatures below the inversion are relatively insensitive to variations in any of the external parameters and were generally within 1 °C of the homogeneous solutions. The mixing ratio, however, is sensitive to variations in the surface wind speed and the thermodynamic structure above the inversion. The height of the trade inversion obtained for the various downstream experiments was found to differ significantly from the horizontally homogeneous solutions. These differences indicate that the height of the inversion may depend more on upstream rather than local conditions. The downstream variations in the inversion height depend on sea-surface temperature, divergence, variations in the temperature and moisture above the inversion, surface wind speeds, and radiative cooling variations. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00238.x
Monovacancy formation energy and debye temperature of close-packed metals

Abstract A useful and significant relationship exists between the Debye temperature θD and the monovacancy formation energy E f. It appears that E f for close-packed metals can be calculated from θD with an uncertainty of not more than 5–10%.
Delay, stage of disease and survival from breast cancer

Abstract An investigation of 1784 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer reported to the Lakes Area Regional Tumor Service Registry was conducted to examine the effect of delay, age, availability of physicians, stage of disease and marital status upon length of survival. Significant relationships were found between length of delay and extent of disease, length of delay and length of survival, extent of disease and length of survival as well as between age and survival. Patients residing in areas having fewer than one physician per 4000 population demonstrated poorer survival than patients from areas having one or more physicians per 4000 population. A regression analysis employing a Cox modeling technique showed stage of disease, length of delay, and age to be significant predictors of survival. Delay by patients was found to affect survival through its influence upon the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis. These findings provide qualified support for efforts directed toward early detection and treatment. They imply that reducing delay may have a favorable impact upon prognosis for a portion of breast cancer patients.
The gustatory neocortex of the rat

Research findings related to the functional significance of the gustatory neocortical system of the rat are reviewed and interpreted. Studies of gustatory neocortex (GN) involvement in taste-related cognitive processes are emphasized after briefly reviewing GN anatomy and physiology. Evidence is presented supporting the conclusion that the GN contributes relatively little to fundamental taste reactivity, but is deeply involved in cognitive (learning and memorial) taste processes; that is, “reactive salience” to taste stimuli is preserved following GN ablation, while “associative salience” is markedly degraded. Apparent functional similarities between GN and other sensory neocortical areas are emphasized throughout the paper, and a hierarchical view of gustatory system functioning is addressed.
Comparing topside and bottomside-measured characteristics of the F2 layer peak

The ionospheric characteristics of the F2 layer peak have been measured with ionosondes from the ground or with satellites from space. The most common characteristics are the F2-peak density NmF2 and peak height hmF2. In addition to these two parameters this paper studies the F2-peak scale height. Comparing the median values of hmF2 and NmF2 obtained from topside and bottomside sounding shows good agreement in general. The Chapman scale height values for the F2 layer peak derived from topside profiles, Hm,top, are generally several times larger than Hm,bot derived from bottomside profiles.
Co-existence of localized and itinerant electrons in the LiV2O4 system

Abstract Single crystals and pure powders of LiV 2 O 4 were characterized by structural, electrical, and magnetic experiments. From all the physical property parameters obtained in our studies and those previously reported in the literature, a complete description of the crystal chemistry is presented. The low magnetic moment and the electrical conductivity in LiV 2 O 4 can be explained using a “narrow d -band” model where the coexistence of localized and collective electrons is observed.
The development and application of biosensing devices for bioreactor monitoring and control

Presently, few of the reported (bio)chemical sensor devices have found application in fermentation monitoring and control. Although many devices with desirable selectivities have been reported, few have demonstrated reliability sufficient to encourage significant and widespread application. Chemical sensors (ion-selective electrodes, amperometric detectors, piezoelectric, field-effect transistors, semiconductor, Optrode and optoelectronic sensors), biosensors (based on potentiometric, amperometric, field-effect transistor and conductiometric detectors) and physical detection methods are reviewed with the aim of highlighting the problems of their application in this area. Physical detection principles appear to show promise as reliable and direct monitoring principles. However, even the more reliable discrete (bio)chemical sensor devices require the development of on-line flow sampling and autocalibration methods to demonstrate the necessary reliability. Biosensor devices appear most problematical and it is concluded that continued development of more direct biosensing principles is likely to prove most fruitful.
Laser, photolysis of formic acid vapor at 222 nm. quantum yields of stable products

Quantum yields of the stable products, CO, CO2 and H2, formed in the excimer laser photolysis of formcc acid vapor at 222 nm and 296 K, have been determined. The results, taken together with the primary quantum yield of OH and the mechanssm of the subsequent reaction of OH with formic acid, studied earlier in our laboratory, are consistent with the photolytic channels, . Although calculated and measured yields from the photolysis of a range of pressures of formcc acid are in good agreemen,, the mechanism is not unique, and molecular photodecomposition paths may occur for the monomer to some extent.
Whistler anisotropy instability: Wave‐particle scattering rate

[1] An electron temperature anisotropy T⊥e > T∥e (where ⊥ and ∥ refer to directions relative to the background magnetic field) can excite the whistler anisotropy instability in a collisionless plasma. The resulting enhanced fluctuating magnetic fields scatter the electrons and reduce the anisotropy. We use particle-in-cell simulations in a spatially homogeneous plasma model to compute the maximum values of the wave-particle scattering rate for electron anisotropy reduction. This rate scales as the electron cyclotron frequency but, for a fixed initial growth rate, is relatively independent of the electron temperature if kBTe ≤ 5 keV. For larger electron temperatures, the scattering rate decreases with increasing Te, suggesting that relativistic effects play a role.
Intraocular pressure in a Somali population living in the United States.

Purpose Intraocular pressure is a risk factor for the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. With few exceptions, higher mean intraocular pressure and greater prevalences of glaucoma have been reported for individuals of African origin. This study was performed to compare the mean intraocular pressure of a group of ethnic East Africans living in the United States with that of Caucasians living in the same community. Patients and methods Retrospective comparison of Somali patients 30 years of age or greater with age- and gender-matched Caucasian control subjects. All patients were seen in the same clinic in Seattle, Washington, between July 1996 and March 1998. Patients were excluded for conditions or medications affecting intraocular pressure and for a diagnosis of glaucoma. Mean intraocular pressure of the two populations was compared using an independent sample two-tailed t test. Results Following exclusions and defined age limits, 57 Somali patients and 57 Caucasian control subjects were included in the final analysis. Mean age of Somalis was 48.5 +/- 12.2 years versus 48.1 +/- 11.3 years for control subjects (P = 0.84). The mean intraocular pressure of Somalis was 13.76 +/- 3.63 mm Hg versus 13.94 +/- 2.78 mm Hg for control subjects (P = 0.77). Conclusion Some populations of African origin may not have higher mean intraocular pressures compared with non-African populations. Consideration of ethnic and racial origins more specific than "African" should be given when evaluating intraocular pressure in individual patients.
Proteomic analysis of nipple aspirate fluid using SELDI-TOF-MS.

Proteomic analysis of body fluids, including breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), holds promise to aid in early cancer detection. We conducted a prospective trial that collected NAF from women scheduled for diagnostic breast surgery to determine 1) the consistency of proteomic results, 2) protein masses associated with breast cancer, 3) subsets of women with a unique proteomic profile and 4) a breast cancer predictive model. NAF was collected preoperatively in 114 women and analyzed by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry over a 3–50 kDa range using H4, NP and SAX ProteinChips. For all 3 chips, the same protein peaks were detected over 90% of the time in duplicate samples. The overall coefficient of variation was ≤ 0.17% for each chip for the internal standard and ≤ 0.29% for the unknown proteins. Seven candidate protein ion masses frequently expressed in NAF were identified. Three (5,200-H4, p=.04, 11,880-H4, p=.07 and 13,880 Da-SAX, p=.03) were differentially expressed in women with/without breast cancer. Protein expression differed between women with/without pathologic nipple discharge (PND), but the 5,200, 11,880 and 13,880 proteins remained associated with breast cancer even if PND samples were excluded. Subset analysis identified differences in expression between benign disease and DCIS and between DCIS and invasive cancer for the 5,200 and 33,400 Da proteins. The best cancer detection model included age, parity and the 11,880 Da protein, and excluded women with PND. 1) NAF proteomic analysis using SELDI-TOF is reproducible with the same sample set across different platforms, 2) differential proteomic expression exists between women/without breast cancer and 3) combining proteomic and clinical information that are available before surgery optimizes the prediction of which women have breast cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Feeding Laying Hens Various Levels of Cow Manure on the Pigmentation of Egg Yolks

Abstract Dried cow manure was added at the rate of 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 kilograms per 100 kilograms of diets containing 0 and 23 milligrams of xanthophylls per kilogram of diet to determine the effect on blood xanthophyll levels and the pigmentation of yolks produced by hens on these diets. There was a high positive linear correlation between the amount of cow manure added and the amount of xanthophyll in the blood, the amount of xanthophyll in the egg yolk, and the yolk visual score. There was a high negative linear correlation between pigmenting efficiency and the amount of cow manure added to the diet. Although cow manure was a good source of xanthophylls, it was not efficiently utilized by the hen as a source of xanthophylls.
Endovenous Laser Ablation of the Saphenous Veins: Bilateral Versus Unilateral Single-session Procedures

Purpose To assess the feasibility of bilateral endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of saphenous veins in a single session with use of diluted lidocaine for tumescent anesthesia. Materials and Methods Among 122 consecutive EVLA procedures (112 patients; mean age, 49 years; 75% women) over a 12-month period, there were 75 unilateral procedures ( n = 67) and 47 bilateral interventions ( n = 45). Tumescent anesthesia consisted of lidocaine diluted to 0.10% for unilateral procedures versus 0.05% for bilateral cases (lidocaine dose Results Bilateral procedures could be performed successfully with low lidocaine dilutions with a similar success rate (96%) as unilateral procedures (100%). No significant variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate was observed between bilateral and unilateral groups. No patient experienced signs of lidocaine toxicity. After adjusting for length of vein treated, there were no significant differences in the total lidocaine dose used, tumescent anesthesia volume, or procedure duration. Conclusions Bilateral saphenous vein ablation in a single session appears safe and effective when tumescent anesthesia is given with very dilute lidocaine (0.05%). This approach may help meet patients' requests for simultaneous bilateral treatment and reduce duration of postprocedural discomfort.
Assessing the ACGME Competencies in Psychiatry Training programs.

In 2000, the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) laid out a definition of competence that included six specific areas of focus: patient care (including clinical reasoning), medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement interpersonal and communication skills professionalism, and systems-based practice. The ACGME’s intention was to mandate increasingly reliable and valid assessment measures to be used by all training programs over the next decade, with the goal of providing “more credible, accurate, reliable and useful educational outcome data.” In this article, the authors will review definitions of competency according to the new ACGME standards and examine the assessment tools currently available, including global evaluations, 360-degree evaluations, checklists, standardized examinations and direct observations. The authors will provide an overview of critical considerations in different assessment methods, including timing, psychometric properties, benchmarks, and feedback. Finally, the authors will discuss the relevant literature concerning the strengths and weaknesses of these various assessment tools. Throughout, the authors will comment on the applicability of the literature on assessment to the field of psychiatry and consider directions for competency assessment within and beyond psychiatric training. Following the paper is an annotated bibliography of the literature for those wishing to explore this topic more deeply and a list of web-based resources that may be used by those wishing to access available instruments.
Discovery of the cellular and molecular basis of cholesterol control

The cellular control of cholesterol metabolism mediated by lipoproteins was first appreciated in pioneering work published in a 1974 PNAS Classic by Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein. We know from this paper that the LDL binds to a cell surface receptor and dampens the activity of a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis and that a receptor deficiency is responsible for a major genetic cause of hypercholesterolemia and premature atherosclerosis.
A surface roughness characterization system

Abstract A system has been developed for producing two-dimensional statistical characterization of the roughness of surfaces. The system employs a conventional profilometer for tracing the surface of interest, the output of which is fed to a conventional desk-top microcomputer through a special interface module. The data are then processed through a two-dimensional sharp cutoff software filter to eliminate superfluous characteristics of the raw profilometer signal and are subsequently reduced to a scatter diagram of height versus pitch for the surface variation being measured. From the scatter diagram, the height and pitch frequency of occurrence histograms are then generated. The histograms are then analyzed using conventional statistical methods to produce various indices of roughness height, height uniformity, roughness pitch, pitch uniformity, height and pitch variation normality and characteristic surface steepness. Application of the system in analyzing various surfaces illustrates some unique characteristics not evident from conventional profilometry.
Cytokine production in varicella zoster virus-stimulated limiting dilution lymphocyte cultures

Human blood lymphocytes were stimulated with varicella zoster virus (VZV) antigen in limiting dilution cultures and the amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 measured in the supernatants. The results indicate that up to 85% of proliferating cells of young adults produce IFN-gamma and up to 10% make IL-4. At limiting dilution, few if any wells were positive for both IFN-gamma and IL-4. The amount of IFN-gamma per well increased in the presence of antibody to IL-4, but anti-IFN-gamma not increase IL-4 production. The frequency of wells containing IFN-gamma was lower in subjects 55 years of age, and the amounts of IFN-gamma in positive wells was significantly lower in cultures of the older subjects' lymphocytes. The frequency of IL-4-making cells did not fall significantly with age. The data suggest that the age-related decline in the frequency of blood T cells which responds to VZV affects mainly the cells with a Th1-like cytokine phenotype.
ADAPTATION TO HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS. I. VARIATION IN HETEROPHYLLY IN RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA L.

A population of organisms is adapted for existence in a constant environment when its individuals are adequately equipped both physiologically and morphologically for maintenance, growth and reproduction. The population then has what is called immediate fitness. But, of course, no environment is constant; all organisms must cope with change or heterogeneity both within and between generations. This they do through individual and population adaptability. Individual adaptability has been referred to in many ways, for example, as individual ecological amplitude, plasticity, phenotypic flexibility (Thoday, 1953), individual homeostasis (Lewontin, 1957) and buffering (Allard and Bradshaw, 1964). It depends basically on the physiological capabilities of the organism and is manifest as conformance or its obverse regulation (homeostasis) in morphogenesis, physiological maintenance, procreation and behavior. Whether conformance (plasticity) or regulation (stability) is the more adaptive solution for an organism faced with environmental heterogeneity depends on the peculiarities of the organ systems affected and the extent of the environmental change. Constancy can be preserved in critical attributes such as temperature, moisture, or photosynthesis only by changing some other component or attribute of the system. Sometimes the change is rapidly reversible (homeostasis in the sense of Cannon, 1932), sometimes slowly reversible (acclimation) and sometimes irreversible. The change may not show outwardly, in which case it is purely physiological, or the physiological response may have a morphological effect, in which case it is morphological as well.
Brand alliance and customer-based brand-equity effects

This research examines brand alliances, a specific marketing strategy designed to transfer the positive brand equity of two or more partner brands to the newly created joint brand. The study explores how customer-based brand equity (that is, brand equity as seen from the customer's perspective) of partner brands affects consumer evaluations of an alliance brand; how the brand equity of one partner brand affects the other; how customer-based brand equity of the partner brands affects consumers' evaluations of the search, experience, and credence attribute performance of the alliance brand; and how product trial influences such evaluations. Results suggest that merely the act of pairing with another brand elevates consumers' evaluations of the partner brands' customer-based brand equity, and high-equity partners enhance pretrial evaluation of experience and credence attributes that are relevant to the high-equity partner. As hypothesized, product trial moderates the equity value of the alliance partner for experience attributes, and brand equity of the partner brands influences consumer perceptions of the alliance brand's equity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cauchy convergence schemes for some nonlinear partial differential equations

Motivated by ongoing work in the theory of stochastic partial differential equations we develop direct methods to infer that the Galerkin approximations of certain nonlinear partial differential equations are Cauchy (and therefore convergent). We develop such a result for the Navier–Stokes equations in space dimensions two and three, and for the primitive equations in space dimension two. The analysis requires novel estimates for the nonlinear portion of these equations and delicate interpolation results concerning subspaces.
Exploring the consequences of brand credibility in services

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the framework of brand credibility effects is applicable to service categories and to examine if brand credibility's impact differs according to service type and involvement level.Design/methodology/approach – Using a self‐administered survey (n=385), this study tests the proposed model, including six latent constructs: brand credibility, perceived quality, perceived risk, information costs saved, perceived value for money, and purchase intention.Findings – The results indicate that brand credibility exerts a strong effect on purchase intention by increasing perceived quality, perceived value for money, and information costs saved, and by decreasing perceived risk across multiple service categories. The results also indicate that the magnitude of brand credibility's impact on purchase intention varies under different conditions with regard to utilitarian and hedonic services.Research limitations/implications – This study is based on student sam...
Wind profiler yields observations of ENSO signal

Nearly continuous observations of tropospheric wind at Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W) have been made since March 1986 using a VHF wind-profiling Doppler radar. The interannual zonal wind variations observed at this central Pacific location show a clear El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal with weaker than normal lower tropospheric easterlies and upper tropospheric westerlies during El Nino and stronger than normal lower tropospheric easterlies and upper tropospheric westerlies during La Nina. These dramatic changes in the tropospheric circulation over the central Pacific are related to variations in the zonal Walker Circulation, which in turn are associated with the Southern Oscillation. Observations recorded from 1986 to 1989 illustrate a complete ENSO cycle with the 1986–1987 El Nino followed by the 1988–1989 La Nina.
Analysis of neuronal gene expression with laser capture microdissection

The brain is a heterogeneous tissue in which the numbers of neurons, glia, and other cell types vary among anatomic regions. Gene expression studies performed on brain homogenates yield results reflecting mRNA abundance in a mixture of cell types. Therefore, a method for quantifying gene expression in individual cell populations would be useful. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a new technique for obtaining pure populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues. Most studies thus far have used LCM to detect DNA sequences. We developed a method to quantify gene expression in hippocampal neurons from mouse brain using LCM and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This method was optimized to permit histochemical or immunocytochemical visualization of nerve cells during LCM while minimizing RNA degradation. As an example, gene expression was quantified in hippocampal neurons from the Tg2576 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease.
Effects of crop and surface irrigation method on water intake rate of soil

Abstract Two surface irrigation methods on three crop fields (border irrigated alfalfa and small grain and furrow-irrigated potatoes) in southeast Idaho were tested to determine their effects on the parameters of the Kostiakov equation. A double-ring infiltrometer was used to measure the water intake rate of soil for the border irrigated fields. The furrow-irrigated fields were tested by both double-ring infiltrometer and inflow-outflow methods. The border-irrigated fields showed higher values of the intercept of the Kostiakov equation than the furrow-irrigated fields for a given soil. This means that the border-irrigated fields have a higher initial intake rate than that of the furrow-irrigated fields. The intercepts obtained by the inflow-outflow method were lower than that by the double-ring infiltrometer but the exponents were statistically not different.
The clinical relevance of calcaneus bone mineral measurements: a review

The use of bone mineral content (BMC) measurements to assist in the management of osteoporosis has received increasing emphasis in recent years. Although the calcaneus, an essentially trabecular bone (90-95%), has been used extensively in the NASA experiments, few data relating to primary osteoporosis have appeared in the literature until recently. This paper is a review of the methods of measurement, their precision and methods of calibration, and the relationship of calcaneal mineral content to age, height, weight, other bone sites, degree of spinal osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease and the effects of therapeutic drugs. Prospectively, calcaneal BMC relates as well as spinal BMC to osteoporotic fracture risk. It is this use of BMC measurements which has the most promise for the future. The data indicate that osteoporosis is a systemic disease and trabecular bone losses are reflected in the calcaneus as well as in the spine itself.
Soil heavy metal concentrations, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a contaminated grassland ecosystem

Abstract Soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were measured in a grassland ecosystem with a wide range of heavy metal concentrations ranging from 7.2 to 48.1 mmol kg−1 (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in portions of the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, U.S.A. Total and fluorescein diacetate active (FDA) fungal biomass, FDA-active bacterial biomass, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), the activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-glucosidase, endocellulase, and acid and alkaline phosphatases were also measured. Most measures of microbial biomass were lower in polluted soils. Significant reductions (10- to 50-fold) in the activities of all enzymes closely paralleled the increase in heavy metal concentrations. These results demonstrate that heavy metal contamination of soil has adversely affected the abundance and activity of microorganisms involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in this site.
Requirement of Innate Immunity in Tumor-Bearing Mice Cured by Adoptive Immunotherapy Using Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes.

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine the cellular effectors of both the adoptively transferred cells and the tumor-bearing host that participate in the antitumor response to adoptive immunotherapy using culture-activated tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). Methods. TDLNs harvested from mice with 4T1 carcinoma cells were fractionated to derive the L- subpopulation and activated ex vivo prior to in vitro cytokine release assays and adoptive transfer into BALB/c mice bearing 3-day established subcutaneous tumors. Tumor-bearing recipients were SCID (lacking T, B, and NK cells), Rag2 deficient (lacking T and B cells), and wild-type BALB/c mice. Results. Culture-activated L- 4T1 TDLN from BALB/c mice secreted significant levels of interferon-gamma in response to 4T1 but not control tumor cells in vitro. CD4 cells within the adoptively transferred effector cell population contributed significantly to the antitumor effect in vivo. Culture-activated L- TDLNs from BALB/c wild-type mice were able to cure Rag2 deficient but not SCID mice bearing 4T1 subcutaneous tumors, suggesting a requirement of NK cells within the innate immune system of the tumor-bearing host during the antitumor response. Conclusions. These results identify the cellular effectors involved in tumor regression following adoptive transfer and demonstrate the requirement for intact innate immunity within the tumor-bearing host.
Correlated Photon Pairs Using Silicon Waveguides

We propose to use four-wave mixing inside silicon waveguides for generating correlated photon pairs. We present a theory that includes all noise sources and provides an analytic expression for the pair correlation.
A Variable-Geometry Combustor Used to Study Primary and Secondary Zone Stoichiometry

A combustion program is underway to evaluate fuel quality effects on gas turbine combustors. A rich-lean variable geometry combustor design was chosen to evaluate fuel quality effects over a wide range of primary and secondary zone equivalence ratios at simulated engine operating conditions. The first task of this effort, was to evaluate the performance of the variable geometry combustor. The combustor incorporates three stations of variable geometry to control primary and secondary zone equivalence ratio and overall pressure loss. Geometry changes could be made while a test was in progress through the use of remote control actuators. The primary zone liner was water cooled to eliminate the concern of liner durability. Emissions and performance data were obtained at simulated engine conditions of 80 percent and full power. Inlet air temperature varied from 611 to 665K, inlet total pressure varied from 1.02 to 1.24 MPa, reference velocity was a constant 1400 K.
Androgen regulation of protein synthesis in the seminal vesicle fibromuscular stroma

The fibromuscular stroma (FMS) separated from the seminal vesicles of adult guinea pigs incorporated [35S]methionine into a 12 500 X g soluble fraction in vitro. Incorporation decreased 60% in tissues from 7-day castrates with no further change up to 21 days post-castration. Administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone prevented this decrease. Castration did not appear to increase the degradation of newly synthesized protein, or to alter the distribution between soluble and particulate subcellular fractions. Using SDS-PAGE and fluorography to quantitate [35S]methionine incorporation into specific proteins, three protein classes were identified which responded differentially to castration: (1) bands at 110 000 and 24 000 Mr decreased by 95%; (2) bands at 58 000 and 97 000 Mr were unchanged; (3) multiple bands decreased in proportion to total incorporation. Administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone could not fully maintain, at control levels, the synthesis of the 110 000 and 24 000 Mr bands. These results demonstrate that the FMS of the guinea pig seminal vesicle can serve as a useful model system for studying hormonally regulated functions of male sex accessory stromal tissue.
Ionization detector for gas chromatography with switchable selectivity for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus

Abstract An ionization detector for gas chromatography is described, the selectivity of which can be changed such that it can be operated as a universal detector with the same properties as a flame-ionization detector, as a specific phosphorus detector and as a selective detector for both nitrogen and phosphorus. The last operational mode is also used for operation as a selective nitrogen detector. The changeover between all three operational modes is rapid and needs no manipulation of the detector itself, as all necessary operations are effected at the control unit only.
Body Mass Index, Body Esteem, and Unprotected Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Seek Partners Online

Research examining the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and sexual risk outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM) has yielded inconsistent results. Using a web-based survey, single-identified (e.g., not in a relationship) young MSM (N = 431) between the ages of 18 and 24 years who sought romantic partners online were asked to respond to items regarding their BMI, body image (e.g., attribution, dissatisfaction, and pride), and sexual risk behaviors. We used Poisson regressions to examine the relationships between BMI, body image, and the number of unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) occasions and partners in the past 2 months. We found a curvilinear relationship between BMI and URAI occasions, and a linear relationship between BMI and URAI partners. These relationships persisted after accounting for body image. Further, we found that body attribution served as a protective factor whereas body pride served as a risk factor. We discuss the implications of our findings for sexual health education and HIV prevention.
Voluntary Facial Displays of Pain Increase Suffering In Response to Nociceptive Stimulation

Facial expressions of pain are an important part of the pain response, signaling distress to others and eliciting social support. To evaluate how voluntary modulation of this response contrib- utes to the pain experience, 29 subjects were exposed to thermal stimulation while making stan- dardized pain, control, or relaxed faces. Dependent measures were self-reported negative effect (valence and arousal) as well as the intensity of nociceptive stimulation required to reach a given subjective level of pain. No direct social feedback was given by the experimenter. Although the amount of nociceptive stimulation did not differ across face conditions, subjects reported more negative effects in response to painful stimulation while holding the pain face. Subsequent analyses suggested the effects were not due to preexisting differences in the difficulty or unpleasantness of making the pain face. These results suggest that voluntary pain expressions have no positively reinforcing (pain attenuating) qualities, at least in the absence of external contingencies such as social reinforcement, and that such expressions may indeed be associated with higher levels of negative affect in response to similar nociceptive input. Perspective:This study demonstrates that making a standardized pain face increases negative affect in response to nociceptive stimulation, even in the absence of social feedback. This suggests that exaggerated facial displays of pain, although often socially reinforced, may also have unintended aversive consequences.