cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular beam mass spectrometry with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy and dynamics.[1-4] Fundamental studies of photoionization processes of biomolecules provide information about electronic structure of these systems. Furthermore determinations of ionization energies and other properties of biomolecules in the gas phase are not trivial, and these experiments provide a platform to generate these data. We have developed a thermal vaporization technique coupled with supersonic molecular beams that provides a gentle way to transport these species into the gas phase. Judicious combination of source gas and temperature allows for formation of dimers and higher clusters of the DNA bases. The focus of this particular work is on the effects of non-covalent interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonding, stacking, and electrostatic interactions, on the ionization energies and proton transfer of individual biomolecules, their complexes and upon micro-hydration by water.[1, 5-9] We have performed experimental and theoretical characterization of the photoionization dynamics of gas-phase uracil and 1,3-methyluracil dimers using molecular beams coupled with synchrotron radiation at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline[10] located at the Advanced Light Source and the experimental details are visualized here. This allowed us to observe the proton transfer in 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers,more » a system with pi stacking geometry and with no hydrogen bonds[1]. Molecular beams provide a very convenient and efficient way to isolate the sample of interest from environmental perturbations which in return allows accurate comparison with electronic structure calculations[11, 12]. By tuning the photon energy from the synchrotron, a photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve can be plotted which informs us about the cationic electronic states. These values can then be compared to theoretical models and calculations and in turn, explain in detail the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated species [1, 3].« less
Ashanti and Dahomean Architectural Bas-Reliefs

Ever since African art was “discovered” as an aesthetic as opposed to ethnographical genre, enthusiasm for its emotional vigor and clarity of form has centered primarily upon sculpture. Sculpture, to be sure, is the most widespread mode of African artistic expression, and the description and analysis of regional and ethnic styles in sculpture either in the round or relief have commanded a great deal of attention; but, while carving in wood has been the chief medium modeling in clay has also been extensively developed. Some of the most interesting of African artistic achievements have been embodied in clay sculpture either in the round or in architectural reliefs, yet very little has been written on clay sculpture, and virtually nothing has been done on African architecture and its myriad patterns and styles of mural decoration. Reasons for this imbalance are not difficult to find: most of the books on African art have been written in Europe with the help of extensive museum and private collections. Mud sculpture, on the other hand, is extremely difficult to transport, especially if sun-dried and not fired; and architecture remains essentially impossible to study in absentia. A few anthropologists have mentioned mud sculpture and architecture, but writers on African art have tended to ignore this area of both historic and contemporary artistic achievement.
Design constraints of the LST fine guidance sensor

The LST Fine Guidance Sensor design is shaped by the rate of occurrence of suitable guide stars, the competition for telescope focal plane space with the Science Instruments, and the sensitivity of candidate image motion sensors. The relationship between these parameters is presented, and sensitivity to faint stars is shown to be of prime importance. An interferometric technique of image motion sensing is shown to have improved sensitivity and, therefore, a reduced focal plane area requirement in comparison with other candidate techniques (image-splitting prism and image dissector tube techniques). Another design requirement is speed in acquiring the guide star in order to maximize the time available for science observations. The design constraints are shown parametrically, and modelling results are presented.
Fine structural organization of the hemiellipsoid body of the land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus.

Electron microscopical observations of the hemiellipsoid bodies of the land hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus resolve microglomerular synaptic complexes that are comparable to those observed in the calyces of insect mushroom bodies and which characterize olfactory inputs onto intrinsic neurons. In an adult hermit crab, intrinsic neurons and one class of efferent neurons originate from neuronal somata of globuli cells covering the hemiellipsoid bodies. Counts of their nucleoli show that about 120,000 globuli cells supply each hemiellipsoid body in an adult hermit crab. This number is comparable to the number of globuli cells supplying mushroom bodies of certain insects, such as honey bees and cockroaches. Counts of axons in tracts leading from the olfactory lobes to the hemiellipsoid bodies resolve 20,000 afferent axons, however, an order of magnitude greater than known for any insect. These afferent axons provide numerous swollen varicosities, each presynaptic to many small profiles, and thus comparable to the microglomeruli that characterize insect mushroom body calyces. Also, common to mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies are arrangements of intrinsic neurons, afferent neurons containing dense core vesicles, and systems of serial synaptic complexes that relate to postsynaptic profiles of efferent neurons. Together, the ultrastructural organization of the hemiellipsoid bodies of C. clypeatus supports the proposition that this center may share a common origin with the insect mushroom body despite obvious divergent evolution of overall shape. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2847–2863, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tectorecipient zone of cat lateral posterior nucleus: evidence that collicular afferents contain acetylcholinesterase.

The superficial layers of the cat's superior colliculus innervate the medial subdivision of the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LPm). LPm is set off from adjoining thalamic zones by its denser staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). We sought to learn whether the tectal afferents to LPm might themselves be the source of the enzyme staining by examining the effects of collicular lesions on the thalamic staining pattern. Large excitotoxin lesions of the colliculus largely eliminated AChE staining in the ipsilateral LPm. By contrast, fibersparing lesions of LPm itself left AChE staining nearly unchanged. Destruction of collicular neurons by excitotoxins dramatically reduced AChE staining in fibers of the brachium and superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus. The reduction was especially pronounced in the lower part of the superficial gray layer, in which LP-projecting collicular neurons are located. These results are consistent with the view that LP-projecting collicular neurons synthesize AChE and account for much of the histochemically detectable enzyme present both in the lower superficial gray layer and in LPm. In the colliculus, the excitotoxin lesions spared AChE staining in a thin sheet at the upper border of the superficial gray layer and in the enzyme-positive patches in the intermediate layers. This surviving tectal AChE thus is probably presynaptic and could be contained at least partly in cholinergic afferents from the parabigeminal nucleus and pontomesencephalic tegmentum. The collicular lesions had no obvious effect on AChE staining in the parabigeminal nucleus or in the C-laminae or ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Geographical abundance distributions of coastal invertebrates: using one‐dimensional ranges to test biogeographic hypotheses

Aim It is often assumed that species generally reach their highest densities in the centre of their range and decline in abundance towards the range edges. A number of mechanisms have been proposed that could theoretically support this pattern, and several ecological theories have been developed based on the assumption that this pattern occurs in nature. However, few studies have quantified geographical patterns of species abundance throughout species ranges. This is largely because of the logistical challenges of sampling throughout the large spatial areas of most species ranges. We use intertidal invertebrates, which have relatively well defined linear ranges, to test the hypothesis that species are most abundant in the centres of their ranges. Location Our sampling programme covered all or most of the ranges of twelve intertidal invertebrate species along the Pacific coast of North America, from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California, Mexico) to Shelikof Island (AK, USA). Method We sampled invertebrate density at forty-two field sites using quadrat and transect methods. We used a shape fitting procedure to find idealized range shapes that best fit the sampled distributions of abundance. The idealized range shapes represented both a distribution where abundance was highest at the range centre and distributions where abundance was highest at one or both of the range edges. Results Overall, this suite of species did not show the expected pattern of high abundance near the range centre. Six of the species showed patterns indicative of high densities near one of their range edges, whereas only two showed patterns with high densities near their range centres. Furthermore, nine of the twelve species had sites near the range edges in which density ranked in the top 20% of all sites. Main conclusions The hypothesis that species are most abundant in the centre of their ranges cannot be generalized to this diverse suite of intertidal organisms. The diversity of distribution shapes that we found suggest that evolutionary and ecological theories that assume high abundance at range centres should be re-examined with consideration of alternative abundance distributions. We suggest that sampled geographical distributions of abundance can be combined with demographic and physical factor data taken at the same scale to test hypotheses related to the causes of range boundaries and the responses of species ranges to climatic change.
Characterization of zinc-tin-oxide films deposited by thermal co-evaporation

Abstract The structural, electrical, and optical properties of zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) films with different compositions prepared by thermal co-evaporation using ZnO and SnO 2 sources were investigated. The as-deposited films were amorphous but opaque. The lowest resistivity, ~ 8 × 10 − 5 Ω cm, was obtained for ZTO with 33 at.% Sn. Upon post-annealing in air, a sharp increase in transparency was observed between 350 and 550 °C, accompanying with a marked decrease in conductivity. This was attributed to re-oxidation of partially reduced oxides, leading to a lower density of oxygen vacancies. Our study showed that conductive and transparent ZTO films with low Sn content may be prepared by co-evaporation deposition, and suitable for use in devices as transparent electrodes.
FT catalyst performance: comparison between pilot-scale SBCR and CSTR systems

Abstract A considerable interest has been expressed in using slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRs) to carry out FT synthesis, particularly for the conversion of stranded natural gas into liquids. Historically, wall effects in small-scale SBCR reactors (diameters less than 30 cm) have presented many challenges with regard to interpretation of kinetic/conversion data for process scale-up. In this paper, we describe a novel 5 cm diameter SBCR system that incorporates a natural slurry recirculation loop that minimizes wall effects and promotes plug-flow behavior in the liquid phase. Conversion performance, activity decline, and attrition of a precipitated Fe/K Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst in the SBCR is compared to that of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) run using the same catalyst and operating conditions.
Lateral Stereocontrol Using π-Allylmolybdenum Systems: The Use of Methyl Substitution To Effect Conformational Control Leading to High Levels of Stereoselectivity

Stereocontrol exerted by a π-allyl-Mo(CO)2Tp system (Tp = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borato), during addition of Grignard reagents to neighboring aldehyde functionality and during dihydroxylation of alkenes, is found to be dependent on conformational preferences of the substituent relative to the organometallic moiety. Incorporation of a methyl group at C(2) of the π-allyl ligand leads to excellent conformational control when the lateral substituent is a vinyl group, and this results in a diastereomer ratio of 25:1 for the diol that is obtained from osmylation. Poorer conformational control is observed for an aldehyde, and nucleophile additions show correspondingly lower stereoselectivity. Introduction of a methyl substituent at C(1) of the π-allyl ligand does not effect conformational control, as expected, and very poor lateral stereocontrol is observed during both alkene dihydroxylation and nucleophile additions to aldehyde.
Surge: an experiment in real-time music analysis for gaming

Most current music-based games rely on the player's objective of following the rhythm of the game's music as precisely as possible using an external control interface. The emergence of these rhythm-based games has been due to the popularity of titles such as the Dance Dance Revolution, Guitar Hero, and Rock Band series of games. As a multi-discipline collaboration at Drexel University between the Digital Media graduate curriculum, ECE Music Entertainment Technology (MET) lab, and the RePlay Lab for gaming research, we have focused on expanding the concept of the music game genre through merging novel audio-analysis algorithms together with music-driven dynamic gameplay. This research has produced a new style of game, termed a music-reactive platform game.
Late Pleistocene climate and water budget of the South American Altiplano

Geomorphic evidence from the Peruvian-Bolivian Altiplano indicates that during episodes prior to 28,000 and around 12,500-11,000 yr B.P., lakes covered an area about six and four times as large as at present, respectively. Within the constraints of the heat and water budget, model calculations are used to estimate the precipitation rate that would allow hydrologic equilibrium. On this basis it is suggested that rainfall on the Altiplano during the episodes of enlarged lakes was, respectively, some 300 and 200 mm annum−1 larger than at present, representing increases of about 75 and 50%, respectively. Field evidence suggests that the episodes of enlarged lakes on the Altiplano may have preceded or coincided with periods of maximum glaciation in the neigh-boring Andes. In this region with high elevation of the ice equilibrium line, increased precipitation is particularly conducive to glaciation.
Distinct modes of regulated receptor insertion to the somatodendritic plasma membrane

Many neural signaling receptors are regulated by endocytosis, but little is known about receptor insertion into the plasma membrane. Time-lapse imaging of the beta2 adrenergic receptor expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, using pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein tagging and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, resolved distinct vesicular fusion events mediating receptor insertion into the somatodendritic plasma membrane. A 'transient' insertion mode resulted in rapid lateral dispersion of receptors immediately after insertion. A 'persistent' insertion mode resulted in the retention of inserted receptors in surface-accessible domains, which were relatively immobile for a prolonged 'wait' period before dispersing laterally. Distinct insertion modes were oppositely regulated by receptor activation and by mechanisms differing in their dependence on the signaling effector cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. These results reveal a new mechanism for homeostatic regulation of postsynaptic signaling and a 'kiss-and-wait' mode of regulated membrane protein insertion in neurons.
Formation and antiproliferative effect of prostaglandin E3 from eicosapentaenoic acid in human lung cancer cells

We investigated the formation and pharmacology of prostaglandin E(3) (PGE(3)) derived from fish oil eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in human lung cancer A549 cells. Exposure of A549 cells to EPA resulted in the rapid formation and export of PGE(3.) The extracellular ratio of PGE(3) to PGE(2) increased from 0.08 in control cells to 0.8 in cells exposed to EPA within 48 h. Incubation of EPA with cloned ovine or human recombinant cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) resulted in 13- and 18-fold greater formation of PGE(3), respectively, than that produced by COX-1. Exposure of A549 cells to 1 microM PGE(3) inhibited cell proliferation by 37.1% (P < 0.05). Exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells to PGE(3), however, had no effect. When A549 cells were exposed to EPA (25 microM) or a combination of EPA and celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), the inhibitory effect of EPA on the growth of A549 cells was reversed by the presence of celecoxib (at both 5 and 10 microM). This effect appears to be associated with a 50% reduction of PGE(3) formation in cells treated with a combination of EPA and celecoxib compared with cells exposed to EPA alone. These data indicate that exposure of lung cancer cells to EPA results in a decrease in the COX-2-mediated formation of PGE(2), an increase in the level of PGE(3), and PGE(3)-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.
Statistical signatures of self-organization.

A simple method for testing whether broadband noise comes from driven dynamical effects (rather than equilibrium fluctuations) is described. Asymmetrical higher-order time correlation functions can violate detailed balance, providing a key signature of dynamical effects. Simulations of a one-dimensional sandpile model are used for an initial illustration. Also, a hitherto unreported phenomenon\char22{}growth of the non-Gaussian nature of the statistics with system size\char22{}is found and attributed to the presence of correlations on the scale of the whole system.
Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave‐particle interactions during storms

[1] Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt are subjected to pitch angle and energy diffusion by chorus, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC), and hiss waves. Using quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for cyclotron resonance with field-aligned waves, we examine whether the resonant interactions with chorus waves produce a net acceleration or loss of relativistic electrons. We also examine the effect of pitch angle scattering by EMIC and hiss waves during the main and recovery phases of a storm. The numerical simulations show that wave-particle interactions with whistler mode chorus waves with realistic wave spectral properties result in a net acceleration of relativistic electrons, while EMIC waves, which provide very fast scattering near the edge of the loss cone, may be a dominant loss mechanism during the main phase of a storm. In addition, hiss waves are effective in scattering equatorially mirroring electrons and may be an important mechanism of transporting high pitch angle electrons toward the loss cone.
Berry-Esséen rate in asymptotic normality for perturbed sample quantiles

In estimating quantiles with a sample of sizeN obtained from a distributionF, the perturbed sample quantiles based on a kernel functionk have been investigated by many authors. It is well known that their behaviour depends on the choices of “window-width”, saywN. Under suitable and reasonably mild assumptions onF andk, Ralescu and Sun (1993) have recently proven that limN→∞N1/4wN=0 is the necessary and sufficient condition for the asymptotic normality of the perturbed sample quantiles. In this paper, their rate of convergence is investigated. It turns out that the optimal Berry-Esseen rate ofO(N−1/2) can be achieved by choosing the window-width suitably, saywN=O(N−1/2). The obtained results, in addition to being explicit enough to verify the sufficient condition for the asymptotic normality, improve Ralescu's (1992) result of which the rate is of order (logN)N−1/2.
Decay characteristics of 84Se

Abstract The nuclide 84Se has been identified among the fission products of 235U. The selenium fraction was obtained by solvent extraction from HBr into 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone. The radiations were studied by β- and γ-ray scintillation spectroscopy, by γ-ray spectroscopy with a Ge(Li) detector, and by coincidence measurements. The decay of 84Se shows a half life of 3·1±0·2 min and involves a single β transition of 1·4±0·05 MeV and a coincident γ ray of 407·7±0·5 keV.
Differential Gene Expression in Apoptosis: Identification of Ribosomal Protein 23K, a Cell Proliferation Inhibitor

Abstract Gene expression during the camptothecin-induced apoptotic death of human leukemic U937 cells and mouse T-cell hybridoma QW4.1 cells was studied by the mRNA differential display technique. Ten clones were confirmed to be differentially expressed, nine of which encoded novel sequences. One clone, U3.2, was induced approximately 10-fold in camptothecin-treated cells and was found to be identical to a highly basic 23-kDa human protein which contains basic leucine zipper-like motifs and has recently been identified as the human homologue of the rat ribosomal protein L13a. Northern blot analysis revealed a major mRNA of ∼0.9 kb and a minor mRNA of ∼1.3 kb. Overexpression of a full-length 23K cDNA, tagged with a FLAG sequence, in COS-7 cells revealed a predominantly nucleolar localization and the absence of any 23K protein from the cytoplasm. Subsequent transfection studies, using antisense phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides, revealed that inhibition of 23K expression results in an increased cell proliferation and greater sensitivity of U937 cells to the effects of camptothecin-induced cell death. Upregulation of 23K expression using a cDNA construct resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation and growth arrest, suggesting a role for 23K protein as a proliferation checkpoint following a cellular insult.
Electroanatomic mapping of the right ventricle in a patient with a giant epsilon wave, ventricular tachycardia, and cardiac sarcoidosis

Ventricular Depolarization Abnormality in Sarcoidosis. A 47-year-old man presented with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia of right ventricular origin. Surface ECG recorded during sinus rhythm showed a bizarre "double QRS" pattern. Biventricular cardiomyopathy was found with predominant right ventricular involvement, due to cardiac sarcoidosis. Electroanatomic mapping was used to characterize the right ventricular substrate abnormalities and to decipher the specific activation abnormalities responsible for the ECG findings.
Neo-republicanism and the civic economy:

It is clear that a revival of republicanism is under way, but it is not clear that the republican tradition truly speaks to contemporary concerns. In particular, it is not clear that republicanism ...
Neck dissection prior to radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of tongue base.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base can be treated with comparable control and survival rates when neck dissection (ND) is performed before radiation therapy (RT). Methods: Fourteen patients were treated between 1990 and 2000. Tumor stage on presentation was: T2, 6; T3, 4; T4, 4. Average radiation dose was 7,268 cGy. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 11 years (median, 50 months). Ten patients (71.4%) who presented with cervical metastases underwent neck dissection. All neck dissections were performed prior to RT. Results: The initial local control rate was 85.7%. The 10-year survival rate was 62.8%. Patients tolerated their procedure well and were ready for RT within 2 to 4 weeks. Conclusions: Our preliminary data indicate that our treatment protocol results in control and survival rates which are comparable with other regimens. It is our impression that in contrast to patients undergoing ND after radiation, our patients tolerated their initial ND well and were better prepared for the second part of the treatment. Future studies will use quality-of-life research methods to study this aspect of the treatment protocol. (Am J Otolaryngol 2002;23:138-141. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)
Molybdenum as a Factor Limiting Primary Productivity in Castle Lake, California

A trace-element deficiency is evident from carbon-14 bioassays of Castle Lake's natural phytoplankton populations. Increase in photosynthetic rates with the addition of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate has been demonstrated throughout the year. It is likely that other trace elements may also be found to be limiting factors in lakes having a limited watershed.
Future medical applications of single-cell sequencing in cancer

Advances in whole genome amplification and next-generation sequencing methods have enabled genomic analyses of single cells, and these techniques are now beginning to be used to detect genomic lesions in individual cancer cells. Previous approaches have been unable to resolve genomic differences in complex mixtures of cells, such as heterogeneous tumors, despite the importance of characterizing such tumors for cancer treatment. Sequencing of single cells is likely to improve several aspects of medicine, including the early detection of rare tumor cells, monitoring of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), measuring intratumor heterogeneity, and guiding chemotherapy. In this review we discuss the challenges and technical aspects of single-cell sequencing, with a strong focus on genomic copy number, and discuss how this information can be used to diagnose and treat cancer patients.
Propagation Of Light In Tissue For Photodynamic Therapy

The absorbed dose rate in tissues can be calculated knowing the absorptivity, radiant energy fluence rate, and concentration of the photosensitizer. The propagation of visible light in malignant and nonmalignant tissues has been calculated by the discrete ordinates method for solving the Boltzmann transport equation, using absorption and scattering coefficients derived from measurements in tissues. A photodetector with isotropically responding fiberoptic probe imbedded in the tissue has been calibrated and used to measure the energy fluence rate in vivo. The effect of absorption in blood and in the photosensitizer dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) has been investigated in a scattering medium or phantom. The generation and propagation of long wavelength fluorescence from absorption in DHE and in endogenous fluors is important in an apparatus designed to measure the concentration of DHE in tissues.
Algebraic eigenspaces of nonnegative matrices

Abstract The Perron-Frobenius theory for square, irreducible, nonnegative matrices is generalized by studying the structure of the algebraic eigenspace of an arbitrary square nonnegative matrix corresponding to its spectral radius. We give a constructive proof that this subspace is spanned by a set of semipositive vectors and give a combinatorial characterization of both the index of the spectral radius and dimension of the algebraic eigenspace corresponding to the spectral radius. This involves a detailed study of the standard block triangular representation of nonnegative matrices by giving special attention to those blocks on the diagonal having the same spectral radius as the original matrix. We also show that the algebraic eigenspace corresponding to the spectral radius contains a semipositive vector having the largest set of positive coordinates among all vectors in this subspace.
An antenna for laser gravitational-wave observations in space

Progress during the past two years on a proposed Laser Gravitational-Wave Observatory in Space (LAGOS) is discussed. Calculated performance for a 10 to the 6th km sized antenna over the frequency range of 10 to the -5th to 1 Hz is given. The sensitivity from 0.001 to 0.1 Hz is expected to be 1 x 10 to the -21st/Hz exp 0.5. Noise sources such as accelerations of the drag-free test masses by random molecular impacts and by fluctuations in the net thermal radiation pressure will limit the sensitivity at lower frequencies. The scientific objectives are the observation of CW gravitational waves from large numbers of binary systems and the detection of pulses which may have been emitted during the period of galaxy formation.
Symmetry of solitary waves

It is shown that all supercritical solitary wave solutions to the equations for water waves are symmetric, and monotone on either side of the crest. The proof is based on the Alexandrov method of moving planes. Further a priori estimates, and asymptotic decay properties of solutions are derived
Ecosystem-based management-a new goal under NOAA's strategic plan

NOAA's Strategic Plan, completed on March 31, 2003 after extensive input from over one thousand external and internal stakeholders from seven different regional locations across the Nation, created four overarching strategic goals for NOAA, including: (1) Protect, restore, and manage the use of coastal and ocean resources through ecosystem-based management; (2) Understand climate variability and change to enhance society's ability to plan and respond; (3) Serve society's needs for weather and water information; and (4) Support the Nation's commerce with information for safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transportation. While these Goals provide for enhanced focus for NOAA climate programs, water quality and quantity programs and broad support for NOAA marine aviation and surface transportation programs and information, the broadest change within NOAA may be the development of a single Goal for ecosystem-based management of ocean and coastal resources. The development of this single goal should lead to a series of actions, starting with the identification of ocean and coastal ecosystems and a definition of ecosystem-based management to implementation of NOAA's large list of ocean and coastal programs on a holistic basis rather site by site and species by species approaches , and include social and economic implications of management decisions on humans. Using the new NOAA Strategic Plan as a starting point, the author will examine the necessary steps, kinds of science and new management approaches that will need to be considered for NOAA to seriously address this new approach to its ocean and coastal resource management responsibilities. Based on this examination, the author will identify some of the new skills, observations and observation systems, modeling capabilities and new partnerships that NOAA will need to obtain to ensure success in its delivery of this new ecosystem-based management goal.
Synchronized chaotic optical communications at high bit rates

Basic issues regarding synchronized chaotic optical communications at high bit rates using semiconductor lasers are considered. Recent experimental results on broadband, high-frequency, phase-locked chaos synchronization, and message encoding-decoding at 2.5 Gb/s are presented. System performance at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s is numerically studied for the application of three encryption schemes, namely chaos shift keying, chaos masking, and additive chaos modulation, to three chaotic semiconductor laser systems, namely the optical injection system, the optical feedback system, and the optoelectronic feedback system. By causing synchronization error in the forms of synchronization deviation and desynchronization bursts, the channel noise and the laser noise both have significant effects on the system performance at high bit rates. Among the three laser systems, the optoelectronic feedback system has the best performance while the optical feedback system has the worst. Among the three encryption schemes, only the performance of additive chaos modulation with low-noise lasers is acceptable at high bit rates.
Trials for Terrorists The Shifting Legal Landscape of the Post-9/11 Era

In the post—9/11 period, the United States government employed alternate methods to deal with those accused of pursuing terrorism or aiding the nation's enemies. In an effort to thwart terror attacks, officials employed both civilian and military authority to investigate, apprehend, detain, and prosecute terror suspects. At first the Bush administration was granted considerable deference by the public and other branches of government on a wide variety of measures, including detainments. Eventually, both the courts and Congress reasserted themselves to limit the broad authority that the administration initially wielded over suspected terrorists. In particular, the ability of the military to detain American citizens in most circumstances was all but eliminated, and its near complete authority over noncitizens was significantly restricted as well.
Influence of the activation temperature on the activity of copper—zinc oxide catalysts in the hydrogenation of propene

Abstract The behaviour of CuZnO catalysts in propene hydrogenation at 323 K has been investigated in order to gain information as to whether or not a synergic effect due to ZnO on the activity of copper is present. With this aim, two different series of catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation at (A) variable or (B) constant ( ≈ 8) pH. The whole composition range from CuO/ZnO 100:0 to 0:100 was covered in preparation A, while only copper-rich samples (CuO/ZnO≥67:33) were prepared from method B. Chemisorption experiments of hydrogen and propene on samples reduced with hydrogen at 473 K point to the presence of adsorption sites in binary samples different from those existing in single components, that are influenced by the outgassing temperature. The last parameter has also a great effect on the catalytic activity of CuZnO dilute samples. In fact, while the activity of all samples outgassed at the temperature of reduction (473 K) is practically correlated with the exposed area of copper metal, outgassing at 723 K leads to an increase in the activity of dilute catalysts. The effect is greater the more dilute the catalyst. By also considering that a solid solution of Cu II in the surface layer of ZnO has been observed on dilute samples before reduction, the hypothesis is made that after activating at 723 K extra activity develops due to sites at the contact region between copper metal and ZnO. In this view importance is given to the degree of hydroxylation of the oxide. The influence of the latter parameter under methanol synthesis on CuZnO catalysts is also discussed.
Isotactic Polypropylene with (3,1) Chain-Walking Defects: Characterization, Crystallization, and Melting Behaviors

Using two living nickel α-diimine complexes (rac-1 and rac-4) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), isotactic polypropylene (iPP) samples containing five types of regiodefects were synthesized. Both isolated and successive groups of (2,1) and (3,1) enchainments were identified by solution-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The extended monomer and bulky nature of these defects add some restraints to the crystallinity level that can be achieved in these polymer samples. The complex based on a cumyl-derived ligand, rac-4, produces higher molecular weight iPP with a higher content of bulky defects than rac-1. Melting temperatures and crystallinity levels of rac-4-derived iPP are accordingly lower than the polymers obtained from rac-1. Although the nature of the chain-walking defect is similar to the addition of the ethylene unit, the difference in polymer properties is profound. At equivalent point defects per total monomers (XB), iPP samples with chain-walking defects display lower melting temperatures and much ...
The Intestinal Heme Transporter Revealed

The iron-containing porphyrin heme provides a rich source of dietary iron for mammals. The fact that animals can derive iron from heme implies the existence of a transporter that would transport heme from the gut lumen into intestinal epithelial cells. In this issue of Cell, Shayeghi, McKie, and co-workers (Shayeghi et al., 2005) now describe a heme transporter that is expressed in the apical region of epithelial cells in the mouse duodenum. Their identification of heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) provides a major missing piece in our understanding of iron uptake and mammalian nutrition.
Citalopram treatment of minor depression in elderly men: an open pilot study.

Antidepressant pharmacotherapy in elderly patients is challenging. The authors examined the use of citalopram to treat late-life minor depression. Ten men (mean age: 73±2 years) with DSM-IV Minor Depression were administered citalopram 20 mg/day. Efficacy was measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Clinical Global Impressions of Severity (CGI-S) scales. Citalopram was well tolerated, and GDS, MADRS, and CGI-S scores decreased after 12 weeks. These findings indicate that citalopram is safe and effective in the treatment of late-life minor depression.
Hydrogen storage in destabilized borohydride materials

Abstract Several new destabilized borohydride systems were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and characterized to determine their suitability for hydrogen storage. The mixtures included: Mg(BH 4 ) 2 /Ca(BH 4 ) 2 ; Mg(BH 4 ) 2 /CaH 2 /3NaH; and Mg(BH 4 ) 2 /CaH 2 ; systems as well as a double cation hydride MnLi(BH 4 ) 3 . Temperature programmed desorption, TPD, analyses showed that the desorption temperature of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 can be lowered by ball milling it with Ca(BH 4 ) 2 . The resulting mixture absorbed and released hydrogen with the pressure composition temperature, PCT, isotherm displaying a well-defined plateau region. The other two systems; Mg(BH 4 ) 2 /CaH 2 and Mg(BH 4 ) 2 /CaH 2 /NaH, can also absorb and release hydrogen. The desorption enthalpies are all in the 84–88 kJ/mol range. These systems, however, are only partially reversible and lose some of their hydrogen-holding capacity after the initial desorption. A plausible explanation for this is that the mechanisms involve the formation of a (B 12 H 12 ) −2 -containing intermediate which has a high kinetic barrier to re-hydrogenation. TPD analysis also showed that the double cation material, MnLi(BH 4 ) 3 can release hydrogen in the range of 130 °C but the process is irreversible. A Kissinger analysis of the first decomposition step in the differential thermal analysis, DTA, data showed that the activation energies for all the Mg(BH 4 ) 2 -based borohydrides range from 115 to 167 kJ/mol.
Preservation of anterior leaflet chordae tendineae during mitral valve replacement

Preservation of anterior mitral leaflet papillary muscle attachments during mitral valve replacement was achieved in 20 patients by excising the central portion of the anterior leaflet and suturing the rim of leaflet tissue containing marginal chordae to the remaining edge of leaflet attached to the left atrium. This closure tacks the chordae to the fibrous trigones, opens the subvalvular area, and avoids a potentially thrombogenic or obstructive redundant leaflet ridge along the rim of an inserted valve. The technique is simple, safe, reproducible, and teachable.
Intestinal Histology of Dorosoma cepedianum

The intestinal histology of D. cepedianum was examined by light microscopy. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Analysis and control of a multi-string photovoltaic (PV) system interfaced with a utility grid

This paper focuses on the study of a two-stage, multi-string photovoltaic (PV) system connected by a common DC bus to a centralized inverter, interfaced with a utility grid. The distribution network model, load model and DC bus model are used for simulation. PV system exhibits non-linear v-i characteristics and an intermediate boost converter is employed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. An incremental conductance algorithm is employed to control the boost converter. A centralized inverter is controlled via a decoupled current control method and interfaced to the utility grid through a distribution transformer. The control of inverter is completely independent of maximum power point control of boost converter. Finally system stability is assessed with respect to variation in solar radiation of the PV and distribution network parameters.
Dexamethasone Immunosuppression Resulting in Turkey Clostridial Dermatitis: A Retrospective Analysis of Seven Studies, 1998-2009

SUMMARY We have studied the etiology of turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC) for the past 20 yr and have determined that this syndrome is caused by the inability of some fast-growing male turkeys to cope with production stressors. Although immunosuppressive viruses have often been associated with susceptibility to gangrenous dermatitis (cellulitis), we hypothesize that production stressors alone can also undermine resistance to opportunistic pathogens by both increasing bacterial translocation from the intestine and disrupting the skin's antimicrobial barrier, resulting in subcutaneous lesions referred to as cellulitis and recently named turkey clostridial dermatitis (CD). Some common characteristics between TOC and CD are that they are both caused by opportunistic bacterial species that are prevalent in the environment and are both most common in adolescent male birds. In both diseases the affected birds are often large, healthy, and from the best-performing flocks. Our TOC studies using dexamethasone immu...
Reliability of majority voting based VLSI fault-tolerant circuits

The effect of compensating module faults on the reliability of majority voting based VLSI fault-tolerant circuits is investigated using a fault injection simulation method. This simulation method facilitates consideration of multiple faults in the replicated circuit modules as well as the majority voting circuits to account for the fact that, in VLSI implementations, the majority voting circuits are constructed from components of the same reliability as those used to construct the circuit modules. From the fault injection simulation, a survivability distribution is obtained which, when combined with an area overhead expression, leads to a more accurate reliability model for majority voting based VLSI fault-tolerant circuits. The new model is extended to facilitate the calculation of reliability of fault-tolerant circuits which have sustained faults but continue to operate properly. Analysis of the reliability model indicates that, for some circuits, the reliability obtained with majority voting techniques is significantly greater than predicted by any previous model. >
Dimensional Reduction of Conformal Tensors and Einstein-Weyl Spaces ?

Conformal Weyl and Cotton tensors are dimensionally reduced by a Kaluza- Klein procedure. Explicit formulas are given for reducing from four and three dimensions to three and two dimensions, respectively. When the higher dimensional conformal tensor vanishes because the space is conformallly flat, the lower-dimensional Kaluza-Klein func- tions satisfy equations that coincide with the Einstein-Weyl equations in three dimensions and kink equations in two dimensions.
THE LATERAL COMPLETION OF AN ARBITRARY LATTICE GROUP

SUMMARY This paper shows that every lattice group G can be densely embedded in a unique laterally complete lattice group H (the lateral completion of G). All reasonable structure properties of G are inherited by H and we have the following relationships between the ideal radical Z-(G), the distributive radical D(G) and the radical R(G) of G and the corresponding radicals of H. L(G) U (L(H) nG)cz D(H) nG = D(G) <= R(H) O G = R(G)
SOCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF WOMEN OFFENDERS WHO USE DRUGS: A FOCUS ON THE MOTHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP

Conceptually, social support among very heavily drug-involved women is complex and multidimensional. This article examines the structure and function of the social support systems of women offenders (N = 100) who used drugs during the last 6 months before entering court-mandated drug-free treatment programs. These systems typically contain about nine supporters, almost equally divided between men and women, and about half of the women's supporters are family members. The women identify parents and partners as their major providers of practical help and advice. They look most to their partners for a sympathetic ear, and to their parents for affirmation of their self-worth. Overall, two-thirds of the women identify their mothers as among their supporters. These mothers are often anxious to do whatever they can to help their daughters stop using drugs. Paradoxically, the assistance many mothers give their daughters in providing money or basic life necessities often enables the daughter's drug use. Although many daughters appreciate their mother's help, there is an element of distrust and control in many of the mother-daughter relationships, and some daughters receive unwanted help from their mothers. Drug treatment providers can benefit from understanding their clients' social support systems, especially the dynamics of important relationships with main pretreatment supporters, such as parents. By gaining this understanding and helping their clients to effectively accept and use social support, treatment providers can assist them in maintaining their recovery when they leave treatment and return to their communities.
A Framework for Life-Cycle Cost Assessment of Composites in Construction:

The slow acceptance of composite materials in construction could be attributed to the high initial cost of composites compared to conventional materials and the limited information on life-cycle cost. This paper presents a unique framework for a probable life-cycle cost assessment model for composite materials in construction. The proposed model utilizes the historical life-cycle performance data for conventional materials, knowledge about material properties, and deterioration characteristics for new and conventional materials to effectively assess the life-cycle cost and behavior of composite materials in construction. The proposed model integrates deterioration characteristics of structural components under different environmental and loading conditions to establish performance envelopes. Monte Carlo simulation models are generated to evaluate various maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR and R) strategies possible over the life-cycle. The life-cycle cost associated with each scenario is computed...
Will caloric restriction and folate protect against AD and PD

Recent epidemiologic studies of different sample populations have suggested that the risk of AD and PD may be increased in individuals with high-calorie diets and in those with increased homocysteine levels. Dietary restriction and supplementation with folic acid can reduce neuronal damage and improve behavioral outcome in mouse models of AD and PD. Animal studies have shown that the beneficial effects of dietary restriction result, in part, from increased production of neurotrophic factors and cytoprotective protein chaperones in neurons. By keeping homocysteine levels low, folic acid can protect cerebral vessels and can prevent the accumulation of DNA damage in neurons caused by oxidative stress and facilitated by homocysteine. Although further studies are required in humans, the emerging data suggest that high-calorie diets and elevated homocysteine levels may render the brain vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders.