cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient balances and maintenance requirements for nitrogen and energy in desert tortoises (Xerobates agassizii) consuming forages

Abstract The North American tortoise Xerobates agassizii (synonym: Gopherus agassizii) consumes herbage and grasses produced from low and variable desert rains. Utilization of Sphaeralcea ambigua foliage and the grass Schismus barbatus were studied in 8 adult tortoises (2.3 kg body mass). The herbage contained more N but less fiber than the grass. Tortoises ingested and digested more dry matter and energy from herbage than grass. Intakes and retention of N were greater from the herbage than the grass, but amino acid proportions and true N digestibilities were similar between diets. Herbage contained more Ca than grass, especially in relation to P (Ca:P 14.5 vs. 1.9), but this was ameliorated by lower absorption of Ca from the hergage. K intakes were greater from the herbage than the grass and associated with the digestive loss of Mg from herbage. Low Na content of both forages resulted in net losses of Na. Maintenance requirements for dietary N (14.4 mg · kg−0.75 · d−1) and for digestible energy (19.9 kJ · kg−0.75 · d−1) were lower than estimates for other herbivorous reptiles and consistent with the utilization of desert pastures where quality and abundance may be low and erratic. Modest requirements for these and other nutrients may enable desert tortoises to tolerate temporal deficiencies, but these must ultimately be corrected by a wider dietary selection. Consequently, both diversity and abundance of pasture growth may be critical to long-term nutrient balances of this threatened species.
Creative Destruction among Industrial Firms in the United States

There is a growing interest in dynamic modeling of capitalism as recent experience has demonstrated the importance of innovation in shaping the structure and growth rate of capitalist nations. Economists recognize that innovation by its nature describes a dynamic, evolutionary model of capitalism which is inadequately described by the equilibrium models which have dominated economic thought since the 19th century.
The effects of feeding flaxseed during the receiving period on morbidity, mortality, performance, and carcass characteristics of heifers

Two experiments were conducted at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center to determine the effects of feeding ground flaxseed (flax) during the receiving period on the growth, health, and subsequent finishing performance of heifers. Crossbred heifers (Exp. 1: n = 363, 214 +/- 1 kg of initial BW; Exp. 2: n = 377, 222 +/- 1 kg of initial BW) were purchased during January and April of 2006. Heifers were fed receiving rations based on steam-flaked corn with 0, 2, 4, or 6% ground flax (DM basis) for 56 d. Following the receiving period, cattle in Exp. 1 and 2 were fed steam-flaked corn-based diets for 150 and 147 d, respectively, and then slaughtered. Heifers were implanted 91 and 109 d before slaughter for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, DMI during the receiving period tended to increase linearly (P = 0.09) with increasing flax in the diet. Average daily gain was 1.46, 1.56, 1.58, and 1.61 kg for heifers fed 0, 2, 4, and 6% flax, respectively (linear, P = 0.03). Final BW in Exp. 1 after the finishing period was increased (linear, P = 0.04) with increasing inclusion of flax in the receiving diets. In Exp. 2, growth performance and mortality during the receiving period were not different among treatments (P > 0.12). During the receiving period in Exp. 2, incidence of the first respiratory treatment tended to be greatest (P = 0.09) for heifers fed 4% flax. During the finishing period, DMI were 8.4, 8.4, 8.0, and 8.1 kg/d for 0, 2, 4, and 6% flax, respectively (linear, P = 0.05). In Exp. 2, LM areas were greatest (quadratic, P = 0.04) for cattle fed 2% flax at receiving. In general, feeding flax during the receiving period may have the potential to improve growth performance; however, performance between experiments was variable, and many factors excluding flax feeding may have contributed to this response.
Preventing outbreaks: making our medication delivery system safer.

Archives of Internal Medicine Multistate Outbreak of Serratia marcescens Bloodstream Infections Caused by Contamination of Prefilled Heparin and Isotonic Sodium Chloride Solution Syringes David Blossom, MD; Judith Noble-Wang, PhD; John Su, MD; Stacy Pur, RN, BSN; Roy Chemaly, MD, MPH; Alicia Shams; Bette Jensen, MMSc; Neil Pascoe, RN, CIC; Jessica Gullion, PhD; Eric Casey, BA; Mary Hayden, MD; Matthew Arduino, PhD; Daniel S. Budnitz, MD, MPH; Isaam Raad, MD; Gordon Trenholme, MD; Arjun Srinivasan, MD; for the Serratia in Prefilled Syringes Investigation Team Group Background To investigate clusters of Serratia marcescens (SM) bloodstream infections (BSIs) at health care facilities in several states and determine whether contaminated prefilled heparin and isotonic sodium chloride solution (hereinafter, saline) syringes from a single manufacturer (company X) were the likely cause, we performed an outbreak investigation of inpatient and outpatient health care facilities from October 2007 through February 2008. Methods Active case finding for clusters of SM BSIs. Information on SM BSIs was obtained, and SM blood isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Culture specimens were taken from various lots of prefilled heparin and saline syringes by health care facilities and the CDC to test for the presence of SM. The SM isolates from syringes and blood were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results A total of 162 SM BSIs in 9 states were reported among patients at facilities using prefilled heparin and/or saline syringes made by company X. Cultures of unopened prefilled heparin and saline syringes manufactured by company X grew SM. Of 83 SM blood isolates submitted to the CDC from 7 states, 70 (84%) were genetically related to the SM strain isolated from prefilled syringes. A US Food and Drug Administration inspection revealed that company X was not in compliance with quality system regulations. Conclusions A multistate outbreak of SM BSIs was associated with intrinsic contamination of prefilled syringes. Our investigation highlights important issues in medication safety, including (1) the importance of pursuing possible product-associated outbreaks suggested by strong epidemiologic data even when initial cultures of the suspected product show no contamination and (2) the challenges of medical product recalls when production has been outsourced from one company to another.
Latin American Street Children: Action Research with Social Work Students

Abstract This paper presents the Findings of a multi-country research project on street children and youth in urban Latin America. Prior studies of street children have been too superficial, being primarily concerned with identifying the socio-demographic characteristics of this population. A more detailed, analytic view of the situation of street children has been lacking. By using an action research method, our data indicate that economic factors underlie the marginalization of most Latin American children rather than familial factors (e.g., abuse and neglect), as is so often the case with North American youth.
Free Space Optical MIMO System Using PPM Modulation and a Single Optical Amplifier

The use of an optical pre-amplifler in a multiple laser multiple receive aperture system for atmospheric line-of- sight optical communications is investigated. Multiple transmit- receive paths serve to fight channel fading due to clear air scintillation. Using orthogonal polarization and repetition coding cross two lasers is shown to provide transmitter diversity. Receiver diversity can be obtained by using optical phase shifters to counter channel phase offsets. Binary pulse position modulation (PPM) is proposed and analyzed in the presence of background radiation and amplified spontaneous emission noise. Using an optical pre-amplifler in a multiple-input/multiple-output channel results in significantly better performance than using an electrical amplifier.
Strategies for Managing Reproduction and Controlling Health Problems in Groups of Cows

Abstract For group management of reproduction, cows within a herd may be physically segregated according to reproductive status, or cows within larger herd groups may be identified according to reproductive state by utilization of specific identification aids. Partitioning cows and records into unique reproductive management categories allows specific actions to be directed toward all cows which have a common reproductive state. Grouping cows for reproductive management can be compatible with feeding, herd health, and milking management. Primary benefits of grouping are more efficient utilization of management resources and more opportunity to maximize output per cow.
TH‐D‐330A‐06: Registration of Gated PET Images Using Wavelet Denoising

Objective: Gated PETimages are characterized by low signal to noise ratio which results in poor image registration. The aim of this abstract is to evaluate the accuracy of image registration of gated PETimages following wavelet denoising. Methods: A NEMA/IEC phantom containing 6 spheres of varying diameters (1–3.7cm) was filled with F‐18 water and positioned on a unidirectional translating platform in the FOV of a DST PET/CT scanner. A sinusoidal waveform (5 sec cycle, 2cm peak to peak) was used to drive the platform during the PETdata acquisition. The platform motion was tracked using an RPM device which sent a trigger signal to the PET scanner at a specific phase of every repeating cycle of the waveform. PET data was acquired in 2D for 30 minutes using LIST mode and then rebinned using a gated prescription (10 bins of 500 msec each) into 13 different scan durations ranging from 1 min to 30 min. This scheme resulted in 13 gated image sets each corresponding to a different scan duration. The same experiment was then repeated using four different sphere/background ratios of 2, 3.4, 7.4 and 13.5. PETimages were then reconstructed using OSEM. At each contrast ratio and scan duration, the gated images were first processed using wavelet denoising and then registered to the first bin. The estimated motion from this registration was then compared to that without wavelet denoising as well as to the true motion. Results:Wavelet denoising decreases the background noise without blurring the image. The effect of wavelet denoising on image registration decreased with increasing sphere‐to‐background ratio and increasing scan duration. Plots showing the difference between image registration with and without wavelet denoising will be presented. Conclusion:Wavelet denoising improves image registration. This improvement quickly diminishes with increasing scan duration and/or contrast ratio.
Revision of the gorgonian genus Simpsonella (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) from the western margin of the Indo-Pacific, with the description of a new species from southeastern Africa

The five species of the chrysogorgiid genus Simpsonella Stiasny, 1940, are described from recently collected material this includes the description of a new species from south-eastern Africa. The genus is presently known onlv from the western margin of the Indian Ocean, along the east African coast of Tanzania and South Africa. The name Simpsonella is here chosen as the valid generic name by subsequent designation. The genus differs from most other genera in the family Chrysogorgiidae by the possession of sclerites with scalloped margins and/or strong tubcreulations and foliations, together with a crowded and mostly multiserial arrangement of the polyps.
Reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors on atopic T lymphocytes.

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that atopic T lymphocytes have decreased sensitivity to prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). In order to determine whether this decreased sensitivity was reflected at the receptor level, we have employed a radioligand binding assay utilizing [ 3 H]PGE 2 . We have demonstrated a single specific reversible binding site for [ 3 H]PGE 2 on normal T cells ( N = 10) with a mean K D (± SD) of 32.2 (± 25.0) n M , a binding capacity of 20.2 (± 13.0) p M , and a mean of 1004 (± 118) receptors per cell. Atopic T cells ( N = 10) were also found to have a single specific binding site for [ 3 H]PGE 2 with a mean K D of 24.9 (± 17.8) n M , a binding capacity of 7.1 (± 10.1) p M , and a mean of 372 (± 61) receptors per cell. These radioligand binding studies were correlated with functional studies in the same subjects. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated protein synthesis ([ 3 H]leucine uptake) was suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion by PGE 2 (10 −6 −10 −12 M ). The maximal effect of PGE 2 on normal T cells was 10 −6 M PGE 2 with an IC 50 of 10 −12 M . Atopic T cells responded quantitatively less than normal T cells to PGE 2 . Further, the maximum suppression of protein synthesis by PGE 2 occurred at 10 −6 M with an IC 50 , of 10 −10 to 10 −11 M . These studies suggest that part of the decreased sensitivity of atopic T cells to PGE 2 may result from a reduction in PGE 2 binding sites.
Group Identification under Conditions of Threat: College Students' Attachment to Country, Family, Ethnicity, Religion, and University Before and After September 11, 2001

Three classes of introductory psychology students at the University of Pennsylvania completed a survey including several measures of group identification on 20 March 2001, 15 September 2001, and 24 March 2003. Importance of country and university were rated higher four days after the 9/11 terrorist attacks than six months before or 18 months after. Scores on a 9-item scale of identification with country were higher immediately after 9/11 than at the other two assessments. Four theories (group dynamics, CORFing, TMT, SIT) are considered; none predicts the whole pattern of results observed. Discussion highlights group dynamics theory for understanding the increase in identification with country and introduces the possibility that the increase in identification with university might have been a response to experiencing 9/11 as loss of control. Discussion also highlights the value of assessing level of identification with multiple identity groups in order to see the complexity of identity dynamics. Language: en
Passive millimeter-wave imagery of helicopter obstacles in a sand environment

Operation of military helicopters in a dusty environment challenges pilots with reduced visibility. Passive millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging has the potential to be used in these environments to image through dust cloud obscurants. The millimeter-wave phenomenology of the sand environment and the obstacles present in that environment are explored in this work. A 93 GHz polarimetric passive MMW imager was used to characterize an obstacle-rich sand environment and the results are presented. It is shown that there is a strong polarimetric signature present for both sand and cinder block between 10 and 30 degrees depression angles. Also shown is the phenomenology associated with shadows on sand. It was determined that berms and ditches can be very difficult to detect using even a sensitive MMW radiometer. The results can be used to model the performance of passive MMW imaging systems in a sandy environment.
Conservation of infectivity in purified fibrillary extracts of scrapie-infected hamster brain after sequential enzymatic digestion or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Infectious extracts of scrapie-infected hamster brain enriched for scrapie-associated fibrils and scrapie amyloid protein (PrP) were partially denatured and subjected to either polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with subsequent isolation of the PrP band or sequential enzymatic digestion with deglycosidase, phospholipase, proteinase, and several different nucleases. Infectivity measurements of these various specimens revealed a convincing association between infectivity and scrapie amyloid protein, with or without its sugar chains and disulfide bonds, and did not support the hypothesis that nucleic acid is involved in replication.
Intrastriatal and intraventricular injections of oligodeoxynucleotides in the rat brain: tissue penetration, intracellular distribution and c-fos antisense effects.

We have determined the time course, the spatial spread in brain tissue, and the intracellular distribution of biotin- and fluorescein-labeled phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) following single injections into the rat striatum or the lateral ventricle. These time and space parameters were correlated with the ability of c-fos phosphorothioate antisense ODNs to suppress the induction of Fos protein by cocaine. A rapid and dose-dependent tissue penetration of labeled ODNs was observed following either intrastriatal or intraventricular injections of a constant sample volume. Inspection of tissue sections by confocal microscopy uncovered a distinct change in the intracellular disposition of labeled ODNs during the 24 h post-injection period. At 1, 6 and 12 h, the vast majority of the fluorescent signal was confined to the interstitial spaces throughout the zone penetrated by ODNs. Neuronal nuclei displayed faint labeling along the outer portion of the nucleus at 1 and 6 h post-injection. At these time-points, ODNs were not detected in the cytoplasm. By 16 h, ODNs were barely detectable in the extracellular space and absent from neuronal nuclei. Instead, ODNs were seen in large cytoplasmic granules of neurons throughout the tissue zone penetrated by the ODNs. Experiments with intrastriatal injections of antisense ODNs to c-fos mRNA revealed Fos suppression between 3 and 12 h, but not at 16 and 24 h. This combined analysis has revealed that (1) restricted tissue penetration by ODNs limits their antisense effects on protein expression, and (2) depletion of extracellular ODNs and sequestration of c-fos antisense ODNs into large intracellular granules coincides with the loss of their biological activity.
Pío Baroja's ‘Beizama’: A Crime Retold

Abstract This article studies the work of Pio Baroja in one of his later trilogies, La selva oscura . It focuses upon the ‘crimen de Beizama’. This crime is referred to under the title of ‘Silencio’ in Book Four of El cabo de las tormentas (Volume 2 of La selva oscura). Yet the same crime also forms a substantial part of Las mascaradassangrientas in Baroja's Memorias de un hombre de accion . The article considers how Baroja portrays the same crime in two different texts, set in entirely different historical moments. Having located many of the documentary sources Baroja may have had at his disposal, notably newspaper reports and pamphlets, the article compares the details contained in these with those portrayed in both ‘Silencio’ and Las mascaradas sangrientas in order to ascertain exactly how Baroja was using source material as well as what kind of Realism he was cultivating towards the end of his career and how it might be defined. What becomes clear is that Baroja gives two entirely different and contra...
A framework for dynamic parallelization of FPGA-accelerated applications

High-level synthesis and compiler studies have introduced many compile-time techniques for parallelizing applications. However, one fundamental limitation of compile-time optimization is the requirement for pessimistic dependence assumptions that can significantly restrict parallelism. To avoid this limitation, many compilers require a restrictive coding style that is not practical for many designers. We present a more transparent approach that aggressively parallelizes applications by dynamically analyzing actual runtime dependencies and scheduling functions onto multiple devices when dependencies allow. In addition, the approach applies FPGA-specific pipelining optimizations to exploit deep parallelism in chains of dependent functions. Experimental results show a speedup of 4.9x for a video-processing application compared to sequential software execution, a speedup of 5.6x compared to traditional FPGA execution, with a framework overhead of only 4%.
Increasing the ursodeoxycholate (UDC): deoxycholate (DCA) ratio in model fecal water solutions enhances apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Possible mechanism for cancer chemoprevention effect of UDC

Increasing the ursodeoxycholate (UDC): deoxycholate (DCA) ratio in model fecal water solutions enhances apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Possible mechanism for cancer chemoprevention effect of UDC
Analysis of roll tensioning and its influence on circular saw stability.

In a typical sawmill, about 12% of the wood which is cut is reduced to sawdust. Further material is lost during subsequent planing. A substantial part of this large loss of a costly natural resource can be saved by the use of thin, stable sawblades, but only if proper saw tensioning conditions are developed. The thickness of a stable sawblade can be minimized through optimal tensioning, an increasingly urgent objective because of sharply rising raw material costs. A theoretical model is presented which accurately describes the development of residual stresses in a roll tensioned circular sawblade and the resulting changes in saw critical speed. This model is essential for the reliable prediction of optimal tensioning conditions for any given saw operating state, and for the development of automated control of the tensioning process. An example is presented of an optimally tensioned circular sawblade for which a 40% thickness reduction is achieved compared with an equivalent untensioned sawblade with the same critical speed.
Coupling of isocyanides to alkynes on manganese

Abstract Novel six-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles bonded to manganese are produced from the reaction of [p-RC6H4CH2C(O)Mn(CO)4(CNC6H4-p-R′)] (1) R′=Me or OMe, R=H or Cl with various alkynes. Trapping of the alkynes by an unsaturated manganese-mono(iminoacyl) group generated in situ leads to formation of: [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,4,5,6-tetraphenyl-η5-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (2a), [1-(p-methoxy)-2-benzyl-3,4,5,6-tetraphenyl-η5-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (2b), [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,5-dihydro-4,6-diphenyl-η5-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (3a), [1-(p-methoxy)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,5-dihydro-4,6-diphenyl-η5-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (3b), [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,5-dimethyl-4,6-bis(carbomethoxy)-η5-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (4) and η4-azacyclohexadienyl complexes: [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,6-dimethyl-4,5-bis(carbomethoxy)-η4-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (5a), [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,6-bis(carbomethoxy)-4,5-dimethyl-η4-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (5b), [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-4,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(carbomethoxy)-η4-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (5c) and [1-(p-tolyl)-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbomethoxy)-η4-azacyclohexadienyl]manganese tricarbonyl (6). All these products result from coupling of one iminoacyl group and two molecules of alkyne. Surprisingly, reaction of 1 with hexafluoro-2-butyne led to formation of an unsaturated five-membered manganacycle [1,1,1,1-tetracarbonyl-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-5-p-tolyl]-5-azamanganacyclopentadiene (7). The structure, reactivity and formation mechanism of these complexes are discussed.
Primitive Variable Modeling of Multidimensional Laminar Flames

Abstract We employ an accurate numerical algorithm to simulate two model flames—an unconfined lifted and a confined, coflowing, methane-air jet diffusion flame using detailed chemistry and complex transport models. The algorithm employs Newton's method to obtain the primitive variable solution of the large system of strongly coupled elliptic governing equations. The Newton equations are solved by a block-line tridiagonal method. We employ a global grid refinement technique which equidistributes meshes according to the gradients and curvatures of the solution obtained on the previous mesh and bounds the ratio of adjacent grid step size. The algorithm can be applied to problems ranging from non-reacting flows to reacting flows in two- or three-dimensional configurations. In the unconfined case, the lifted flame and the “triple flame” are both predicted in the numerical solution. The computed solutions agree well with the experimental results. The comparison of the present solutions with the previously repor...
Automatic programming of APL functions for screen management

Defining and processing screen displays at present is typically a tedious and system dependent task. In this paper, four fundamental primitive-type functions are proposed for managing input and output for a display controlled via a user-accessible memory mapped screen organization. A utility is described in this context for relieving the programmer from the repetitive tasks of coding input/output instructions and the associated functions for data type checking. The programmer may define forms, protected text information, unprotected fields, and field attributes in a user-friendly manner. Necessary APL functions for performing the actual user/display interaction are generated either by the utility at the time the form is defined, or dynamically via a virtual memory management strategy. As a result, the programmer's efforts may be concentrated on the actual processing of information, minimizing the time needed to prepare a user-friendly interface. Details are supplied as they pertain to APLSV in the IBM 5120 environment.
Coal particle integrity in high-temperature solvents, with and without agitation

Abstract The physical characteristics of W. Kentucky (bituminous) and Wyodak (subbituminous) coal particles after exposure to hydrogen-donor solvents at temperatures of 400–450°C have been observed. It is found that for exposures of up to 2 min, with pyridine extraction yields of up to 86% maf, particles do not disintegrate if no mechanical stresses are applied to them. By contrast, with modest rates of stirring at 400 °C the particles do disintegrate at times as short as 2 min even with corresponding pyridine extraction yields of as low as 52% maf. The mineral matter appears to comprise a major part of the physical skeletal structure which maintains particle integrity, in the absence of mechanical stresses, even after most of the organic matter has been removed.
All-optical token technique for distributed contention resolution in AWGR-based optical interconnects

This paper studies the networking performance of a 10Gb/s 64-port AWGR-based optical switch with distributed all-optical contention resolution based on saturation effect in R-SOAs. Significant reduction in latency compared to FBF architecture is observed.
Quantitative analysis of long-form aromatase mRNA in the male and female rat brain

In vitro studies show that estrogens acutely modulate synaptic function in both sexes. These acute effects may be mediated in vivo by estrogens synthesized within the brain, which could fluctuate more rapidly than circulating estrogens. For this to be the case, brain regions that respond acutely to estrogens should be capable of synthesizing them. To investigate this question, we used quantitative real-time PCR to measure expression of mRNA for the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme, aromatase, in different brain regions of male and female rats. Importantly, because brain aromatase exists in two forms, a long form with aromatase activity and a short form with unknown function, we targeted a sequence found exclusively in long-form aromatase. With this approach, we found highest expression of aromatase mRNA in the amygdala followed closely by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and preoptic area (POA); we found moderate levels of aromatase mRNA in the dorsal hippocampus and cingulate cortex; and aromatase mRNA was detectable in brainstem and cerebellum, but levels were very low. In the amygdala, gonadal/hormonal status regulated aromatase expression in both sexes; in the BNST and POA, castration of males down-regulated aromatase, whereas there was no effect of estradiol in ovariectomized females. In the dorsal hippocampus and cingulate cortex, there were no differences in aromatase levels between males and females or effects of gonadal/hormonal status. These findings demonstrate that long-form aromatase is expressed in brain regions that respond acutely to estrogens, such as the dorsal hippocampus, and that gonadal/hormonal regulation of aromatase differs among different brain regions.
The NIH Budget and the Future of Biomedical Research

We have recently entered another period of stagnant funding for the NIH. Dr. Joseph Loscalzo writes that it seems clear that new methods of support must be developed if biomedical research is to continue to thrive in the United States.
NMR in pure3He films on a Nuclepore substrate

The properties of3He films on a Nuclepore substrate have been measured by pulsed NMR at a Larmor frequency of 10 MHz between 1.3 and 4.2 K. The3He film thickness was varied from 0.14 to 2 layers. The spin-spin relaxation timeT 2 agrees well with previous measurements of3He films on Mylar and Vycor glass at low temperatures. The spin-lattice relaxation timeT 1 for submonolayer films shows a strong temperature dependence consistent with a thermally activated process. This behavior has not previously been observed on amorphous substrates. The spin diffusion coefficient was measured for the thickest films at 4.2 and 2.6 K and found to be consistent with free atom motion of the3He in the vapor. In thin films or at low temperatures, the diffusion was too small to be observed. The magnetic coupling between the3He nuclei in a film and the protons in the Nuclepore substrate was determined from the effect of the3He on the proton-lattice relaxation time. It is about 100 times weaker than the interaction between3He and the fluorine nuclei in a Teflon substrate.
Serotype 1 reassortant of bovine rotavirus WC3, strain WI79-9, induces a polytypic antibody response in infants.

Abstract A reassortant rotavirus, strain W179-9, was constructed bearing gene 9 of serotype 1 rotavirus strain W179 and all other genes derived from bovine (serotype 6) rotavirus strain WC3. The antigenic phenotype of W179-9 is bivalent: serotype 1 and serotype 6. W179-9 administered orally at a dose of 10 7.5 p.f.u. induced no adverse effects in 48 infants of age 2–11 months. Serotype 1- and serotype 6-specific serum neutralizing antibody titres were induced with approximately equal frequency in these infants. Serotype 1-specific antibody responses were inhibited in infants previously seropositive to type 1. The immune response rate was enhanced by administration of a second, ‘booster dose’.
Homotopy theory of simplicial abelian Hopf algebras

Abstract We examine the homotopy theory of simplicial graded abelian Hopf algebras over a prime field Fp, p > 0, proving that two very different notions of weak equivalence yield the same homotopy category. We then prove a splitting result for the Postnikov tower of such simplicial Hopf algebras. As an application, we show how to recover the homotopy groups of a simplicial Hopf algebra from its Andre-Quillen homology, which, in turn, can be easily computed from the homotopy groups of the associated simplicial Dieudonne module.
Degradation mechanisms of nickel oxide electrodes in zinc/nickel oxide cells with low-zinc-solubility electrolytes

Nickel oxide electrodes that suffered capacity degradation during extended cycling in zinc/nickel oxide cells were examined by a variety of chemical and physical techniques. Nickel hydroxyzincates, which have been speculated to cause such capacity degradation, were also examined. Powder X-ray diffraction experiments indicated that the intersheet distance between layers of turbostratic nickel hydroxide increased when zinc was incorporated. Photoelectron spectra (XPS) showed that this material is probably a mixture of NiOH)2 and ZnO or Zn(OH)2. Raman spectroscopy data also supported this conclusion. XPS indicated that the form of zinc in degraded nickel oxide electrodes is probably ZnO or Zn(OH)2. Significant increases in resistivity were found in cycled nickel oxide electrodes, and optical microscopy provided visible evidence of mechanical damage during cycling. These results suggest that the observed capacity degradation was largely mechanical in nature, and not due to the formation of nickel-zinc double hydroxides, as had been reported by others. Cell-cycling experiments indicated that the mechanical degradation is largely irreversible.
Monoazido analog of ethidium as a chromatin probe: binding to DNA.

Two photoaffinity analogs of ethidium, 8-azido-3-amino, and 3-azido-8-amino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium chloride, have been used to probe the structure of mammalian chromatin and its interactions with the ethidium moiety. The monoazido analogs were established as suitable probes by comparing their interactions with chromatin and pure DNA prepared from chromatin to those of the parent ethidium bromide. Scatchard analysis of the binding data determined from spectrophotometric titrations showed that the analogs interacted with both nucleic acids in a manner similar to the parent compound. The effect of chromatin proteins on the interaction of the ethidium moiety with intact chromatin was investigated directly. By exposing the noncovalent complex to visible light, the monoazido analog was attached covalently in its interaction sites within chromatin, and the amount of drug bound covalently to DNA was determined for both protein-free DNA and chromatin. Using saturating concentrations of drug, DNA within intact chromatin was found to be associated with only half as much drug as DNA extracted from its protein prior to drug exposure. The distribution of drug bound within chromatin was determined following the attachment of the monoazido analog (by photoactivation) to chromatin that had undergone limited nuclease digestion. Several distinct populations isolated by size fractionation and quantitative measurements revealed that (1) both the core particles and the spacer-containing particles contained bound drug, reflecting high-affinity binding sites; and (2) chromatin particles containing 150 DNA base pairs (putatively nucleosome core structures) contained less total bound drug at high drug concentrations than those particles having intact spacer DNA.
Device physics of crystalline solar cells

Abstract High material quality is a prerequisite for achieving high conversion efficiencies, but cells must be carefully designed to maximize performance. Very high conversion efficiencies are now being achieved in two quite different semiconductors, silicon and GaAs. The internal device physics of crystalline silicon and GaAs cells are compared and contrasted in this paper. The paper illustrates how detailed device simulation is used to examine the internal performance of cells, identify loss mechanisms and assess design options.
Thiol-dependent passive K/Cl transport in sheep red cells: II. Loss of Cl- and N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity in maturing high K+ cells.

A fraction of the passive, ouabain-insensitive K+ fluxes in mature low K+ (LK) but not in high K+ (HK) sheep red cells requires the presence of Cl− anions and can be stimulated by volume expansion (Dunham, P.B., Ellory, J.C.,J. Physiol. (London) 318:511–530, 1981) or treatment with 2mm N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (Lauf, P.K., Theg., B.E.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92:1422–1428, 1980). In the present study it is shown that reticulocytes of both anemic LK and HK sheep possess the Cl−-dependent K+ transport system which subsequently remains functional in mature LK but not in HK red cells. Kinetically, Cl−-mediated K+ fluxes of reticulocytes of LK sheep are different from mature red cells only in theirV max values as measured in Na+ or choline+ media, while there is an apparently much lower affinity for external K+ ions in reticulocytes of HK sheep. N-ethylmaleimide stimulated K+ transport in the reticulocytes of both sheep genotypes suspended in Cl− but failed to do so in NO 3 − media. The data are interpreted in terms of their biochemical, physiologic, and genetic implications for the HK/LK transition in sheep red cells.
The impact of the absolute number and ratio of positive lymph nodes on survival of endometrioid uterine cancer patients.

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the absolute number and ratio of positive lymph nodes on the survival in node-positive endometrioid uterine cancer. Data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute Registry from 1988 to 2001. Analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods. A total of 1222 women were diagnosed with stage IIIC-IV node-positive endometrioid corpus cancer. The 5-year disease-specific survival of women with 1, 2–5, and >5 positive nodes were 68.1, 55.1, and 46.1%, respectively (P 10–⩽50, and >50%), was associated with a decrease in survival from 77.3 to 60.7 to 40.9%, respectively (P 20 nodes). On multivariate analysis, the absolute number of positive nodes and lymph node ratio were significant independent prognostic factors for survival. Increasing absolute number of positive nodes and lymph node ratio are associated with a poorer survival in women with node-positive uterine cancers. The stratification of node-positive uterine cancer for prognostic and treatment purposes warrants further investigation.
Schmittner receives 2006 ocean sciences early career award

Andreas Schmittner received the Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., in recognition of significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences. I am pleased to introduce Andreas Schmittner as a recipient of the Ocean Sciences Early Career Award, in recognition of his contributions to understanding global change through coupled modeling of the Earth system. Andreas is addressing an exceptionally broad range of topics spanning physical oceanography, atmospheric sciences, ecology, chemistry, and geology.
Evidence for origin of certain childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas in thymus‐derived lymphocytes

Lymphoblasts from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or malignant lymphoblastic lymphoma were studied using surface markers characteristic of T and B lymphocytes. A B-cell marker, i.e. surface immunoglobulin, was absent in all cases studied. Fouteen of 22 children (64%) had lymphoblasts with one or both markers of T lymphocytes, i.e. receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) and/or human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) detectable using heterologous antithymocyte sera absorbed with B lymphocytes. In all instances, lymphoblasts which carried E receptors also carried HTLA. However, lymphoblasts in 6 cases carried HTLA but not E receptors. It is possible that ALL may often involve T lymphocytes which are early in differentiation (i.e. prior to development of E receptors) or, alternatively, that E receptors may be lost from T cells following malignant transformation. Thymus enlargement was found only in cases of ALL or lymphoma where T markers were present. Lymphoblasts carried the same markers when examined in various sites and at various times from the same patient.
Selective-state charge transfer in a collision between an alpha particle and ground-state Na: A molecular-states approach.

The semiclassical impact-parameter method, based on a 14-state molecular expansion, is employed to calculate the charge-transfer cross sections for He{sup 2+}-Na(3{ital s}) collisions. Electron translation effects have been taken into account. Selective capture into the {ital n}=3 manifold of He{sup +} is found to occur in the low kilo-electron-volt energy region. The total capture cross section also exhibits an oscillatory energy dependence in the low-energy region.
Divergent types of repair associated with root fractures in maxillary incisors

Calcium hydroxide was successfully used as a temporary intracanal filling material in the treatment of 2 teeth with horizontal root fractures. Radiographic examination indicated that two different types of repair had occurred. The first was healing with calcified tissue and the second was healing with hone and connective tissue. The patient was seen at a 1-year post-treatment follow-up and there was substantial evidence of repair around both roots.
SUBURBAN MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES: THE EFFECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, FUNCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND REGIONAL CONTEXT*

A wide variety of models exist seeking to explain variation in the level of suburban government activity. Alternative models stress concepts of local stratification and discrimination, the structure of local decision-making, ecological position, and public choice, each of which suggests varying hypotheses about which suburbs spend more and which less. In this paper we summarize and evaluate the relative strength of each of these alternative models, and propose major directions for future research.
A Miniature Distributed Ku-Band Phase Shifter Using Tunable Inductors and MEMS Varactors

This work reports on a miniature distributed micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) phase shifter using both tunable capacitors and inductors. Compared to the conventional distributed MEMS phase shifters with only tunable capacitors, the proposed MEMS phase shifter has one more design parameter (tunable inductor value) to realize high return loss of more than 26 dB at all states, large phase shift of 37.5°/mm per unit length, and large phase shift per decibel of 180°/dB at 15 GHz. A one proof-of-concept 1 bit phase shifter is fabricated and characterized. The measured results of the phase shifter are in good agreement with measurements.
Hardware realization of a Fermat number transform

The hardware design and implementation of a Fermat number transform (FNT) is described. The arithmetic logic design is treated in detail and a new data representation for integers modulo a Fermat number is derived. In addition, the FNT is compared with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the basis of hardware required for a pipeline convolver.
Child Physical Abuse and Self-Perceived Social Isolation Among Adolescents

This research examines the connection between physical abuse and social isolation. Using data from the National Youth Survey, a measure of self-perceived social isolation was constructed indicating the extent to which respondents feel detached from their friends and from school. Those who had experienced violence were predicted to be more isolated than those who had not. Results strongly supported the hypothesis, controlling for theoretically relevant variables. Explanation is provided in terms of damage to attachment skills, social competence, and self-esteem concomitant to being a victim of abuse. Males were more socially isolated than females, and Hispanics more than Whites. Children with involved parents were less socially isolated; those whose parents experienced normlessness were more isolated. Children who recently experienced a stressful event or were from riskier neighborhoods were more isolated. The number of children in the family was positively related to isolation. Social isolation decreases between seventh and eighth grades.
HM-BiTAM: Bilingual Topic Exploration, Word Alignment, and Translation

We present a novel paradigm for statistical machine translation (SMT), based on a joint modeling of word alignment and the topical aspects underlying bilingual document-pairs, via a hidden Markov Bilingual Topic AdMixture (HM-BiTAM). In this paradigm, parallel sentence-pairs from a parallel document-pair are coupled via a certain semantic-flow, to ensure coherence of topical context in the alignment of mapping words between languages, likelihood-based training of topic-dependent translational lexicons, as well as in the inference of topic representations in each language. The learned HM-BiTAM can not only display topic patterns like methods such as LDA [1], but now for bilingual corpora; it also offers a principled way of inferring optimal translation using document context. Our method integrates the conventional model of HMM — a key component for most of the state-of-the-art SMT systems, with the recently proposed BiTAM model [10]; we report an extensive empirical analysis (in many ways complementary to the description-oriented [10]) of our method in three aspects: bilingual topic representation, word alignment, and translation.
Loss of hepatocyte EGFR has no effect alone but exacerbates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and impairs regeneration in hepatocyte Met-deficient mice

The role(s) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in hepatocytes is unknown. We generated a murine hepatocyte specific-EGFR knockout (KO) model to evaluate how loss of hepatocellular EGFR expression affects processes such as EGF clearance, circulating EGF concentrations, and liver regeneration following 70% resection or CCl4-induced centrilobular injury. We were able to disrupt EGFR expression effectively in hepatocytes and showed that the ability of EGF and heregulin (HRG) to phosphorylate EGFR and ERBB3, respectively, required EGFR. Loss of hepatocellular EGFR impaired clearance of exogenous EGF from the portal circulation but paradoxically resulted in reduced circulating levels of endogenous EGF. This was associated with decreased submandibular salivary gland production of EGF. EGFR disruption did not result in increased expression of other ERBB proteins or Met, except in neonatal mice. Liver regeneration following 70% hepatectomy revealed a mild phenotype, with no change in cyclin D1 expression and slight differences in cyclin A expression compared with controls. Peak 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling was shifted from 36 to 48 h. Centrilobular damage and regenerative response induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were identical in the KO and wild-type mice. In contrast, loss of Met increased CCl4-induced necrosis and delayed regeneration. Although loss of hepatocellular EGFR alone did not have an effect in this model, EGFR-Met double KOs displayed enhanced necrosis and delayed liver regeneration compared with Met KOs alone. This suggests that EGFR and Met may partially compensate for the loss of the other, although other compensatory mechanisms can be envisioned.
Radiogas chromatography mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode

The value of selected ion monitoring in analyzing biological radio isotope incorporation experiments by radiogas chromatography mass spectrometry is illustrated with reference to the biosynthesis of the mycotoxin mycophenolic acid and the mode of action of the anticholesterolemic drug 20,25-diazacholesterol. It is shown that the increased sensitivity and specificity of the selected ion monitoring mode detector permits straightforward detection and identification of the relatively small cellular pools associated with metabolic intermediates. The computer program RADSIM is described. Problems that still exist in using radiogas gas chromatography mass spectrometry technology to analyse isotope incorporation experiments are discussed.