cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoindentation behavior of high entropy alloys with transformation-induced plasticity

Nanoindentation of three metastable dual-phase high entropy alloys (HEAs) was performed to obtain their inherent elastoplastic deformation responses. Excellent combination of hardness and elastic modulus in as-cast condition confirmed that, their inherently higher strength compared to other HEAs reported in literature, can be attributed to alloy chemistry induced phase stability. Further, hardness of 8.28 GPa combined with modulus of 221.8 GPa was obtained in Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-Si-Cu HEA by annealing the as-cast material, which is the best hardness-modulus combination obtained to date in HEAs from nanoindentation. On the other hand, although Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-Si HEA showed lower hardness and modulus than Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-Si-Al and Fe-Mn-Co-Cr-Si-Cu HEAs, the former alloy exhibited the highest strain rate sensitivity, as determined from tests performed at five different strain rates. The three alloys also had subtle differences in incipient plasticity and elastoplastic behavior, while retaining similar levels of hardness; and nanoindentation response showed microstructural dependence in friction stir processed, annealed and tensile-deformed specimens. Thus, the study highlighted that while higher strength was achieved by designing a class of HEAs with similar composition, any of the individual alloys can be tuned to obtain enhanced properties.
A new CLT for additive functionals of Markov chains

Abstract In this paper we study the central limit theorem for additive functionals of stationary Markov chains with general state space by using a new idea involving conditioning with respect to both the past and future of the chain. Practically, we show that any additive functionals of a stationary and totally ergodic Markov chain with var ( S n ) ∕ n uniformly bounded, satisfies a n − central limit theorem with a random centering. We do not assume that the Markov chain is irreducible and aperiodic. However, the random centering is not needed if the Markov chain satisfies stronger forms of ergodicity. In absence of ergodicity the convergence in distribution still holds, but the limiting distribution might not be normal.
Regaining balance during 'reality vertigo': six insights gleaned from the front-line to manage pandemic-related anxiety.

One month ago, most of us had never heard of ‘Zoom’. One month ago, most of us would never imagine that scarcity of toilet paper, masks or ventilators would become a global concern. In academic medicine in the USA 1 month ago, our reality and focus were on caring for patients, equipping trainees with the skills to become good doctors, working to identify ways to navigate and improve electronic health records (EHR) and systems in order to enhance physician-well-being. However, as we are all now exquisitely aware, previous plans and efforts—our entire reality—has suddenly nosedived at a dizzying pace as we collectively turn our focus to the new reality of COVID-19. Life as we knew it has disappeared in a heartbeat. We now find ourselves on an emotional rollercoaster in the theme park of uncertainty. No one likes to feel out of control, especially smart people. And physicians are very smart people. Perceiving oneself as out of control creates overwhelming feelings of anxiety and dread. Unfortunately, at this moment in time, uncertainty permeates every aspect of our lives: from what course this pandemic will take, to the future economic repercussions, to concerns about family and colleagues. We have written previously about the concept of ‘reality vertigo’1 but from a patient’s perspective. This term refers to the idea that receiving a potentially life-altering diagnosis leads to intense perceptual shifts and emotional turmoil. During this turbulent period, it appears that the individual’s entire world view, as well as his or her plans and hopes for the future, are suddenly thrown into question. Depression, anxiety and somatisation of emotional distress may be strongly related to this overall belief that one has completely lost control …
Flavons and Baryogenesis

In this talk, I first discuss a popular scenario of electroweak baryogenesis through varying Yukawa couplings and show that A. Braconi et al. (Phys Rev D100 (1), 015032) [1] the instability of the Higgs potential already is encountered at the TeV scale. I will next present a novel mechanism of baryogenesis through flavon decay M.-C. Chen et al. (Phys Rev D100 (1), 035011) [2]. These notes are based on an invited talk by the author at FHEP 2019 in Hyderabad, India.
Media Contact and Posttraumatic Stress in Employees of New York City Area Businesses after the September 11 Attacks.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine associations between media contact and posttraumatic stress in a sample with a large number of individuals who were directly exposed to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks and to compare outcomes in exposed and unexposed participants. Methods Structured interviews and questionnaires were administered to a volunteer sample of 254 employees of New York City businesses 35 months after the attacks to document disaster trauma exposures, posttraumatic stress outcomes, and media contact and reactions. Results Media variables were not associated with psychopathological outcomes in exposed participants, but media contact in the first week after the attacks and feeling moderately/extremely bothered by graphic 9/11 media images were associated with re-experiencing symptoms in both the exposed and unexposed participants. Feeling moderately/extremely bothered by graphic media images was associated with hyperarousal symptoms in exposed participants. Conclusions The findings suggest that media contact did not lead to psychopathology in exposed individuals, although it was associated with normative distress in both exposure groups. Because of the potential for adverse effects associated with media contact, clinicians and public health professionals are encouraged to discuss concerns about mass trauma media contact with their patients and the public at large.
The primitive equations of the atmosphere in presence of vapour saturation

A modification of the classical primitive equations of the atmosphere is considered in order to take into account important phase transition phenomena due to air saturation and condensation. We provide a mathematical formulation of the problem that appears to be new in this setting, by making use of differential inclusions and variational inequalities, and which allows to develop a rather complete theory for the solutions to what turns out to be a nonlinearly coupled system of non-smooth partial differential equations. Specifically we prove the global existence of quasi-strong and strong solutions, along with uniqueness results and maximum principles of physical interest.
Ranitidine Use and Gastric Cancer Among Persons with Helicobacter pylori.

The Food and Drug Administration requested withdrawal of ranitidine formulations, due to a potentially carcinogenic contaminant, N-nitrosodimethylamine. We evaluate whether ranitidine use is associated with gastric cancer. This is a retrospective multicenter, nationwide cohort study within the Veterans Health Administration, among patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP) prescribed long-term acid suppression with either: (1) ranitidine, (2) other histamine type 2 receptor blocker (H2RB), or (3) proton pump inhibitor (PPI)) between May 1, 1998, and December 31, 2018. Covariates included race, ethnicity, smoking, age, HP treatment, HP eradication. Primary outcome was non-proximal gastric adenocarcinomas, using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. We identified 279,505 patients with HP prescribed long-term acid suppression (median 53.4 years; 92.9% male). Compared to ranitidine, non-ranitidine H2RB users were more likely to develop cancer (HR 1.83, 95%CI 1.36–2.48); PPI users had no significant difference in future cancer risk (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82–1.04), p < 0.001. Demographics associated with future cancer included increasing age (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15–1.20, p < 0.001), Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.21–1.75, p < 0.001), Black race (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.68–2.14) or Asian race (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.17–3.52), p < 0.001, and gender (female gender HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.85, p = 0.02). Smoking was associated with future cancer (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.23–1.54, p < 0.001). Secondary analysis demonstrated decreased cancer risk in those with confirmed HP eradication (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.40). No association between ranitidine and increased gastric cancer was found. There is no demonstrable association between ranitidine use and future gastric cancer among individuals with HP on long-term acid suppression.
The effect of breakfast after the bell on student academic achievement

Many schools are adopting breakfast after the bell (BAB) in an effort to expand opportunities to participate in school breakfast. Improved nutrition may lead to better academic achievement, but BAB may also cut into instruction time. Using the synthetic control method, we find little evidence of positive or negative effects on test scores. These findings cannot be explained by the lack of an effect on breakfast participation nor by increases in school attendance. Student behavior improves after BAB adoption, which may offset interference with instruction time. Overall, BAB can be incorporated into the school day without adversely impacting academic achievement.
Fission yeast polycystin Pkd2p promotes transition to cell growth during cytokinesis

Abstract Polycystins are evolutionarily conserved cation channels. Mutations of human polycystins lead to a common genetic disorder, Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disorder (ADPKD). Interestingly, the fission yeast homologue Pkd2p is required for cytokinesis, the last stage of cell division, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, motivated by our discovery of the epistatic genetic interactions between pkd2 and the Hippo pathway Septation Initiation Network (SIN), we investigated their interplay during cytokinesis. We found that pkd2 modulated the localization as well as the activities of SIN proteins. Most notably, pkd2 promotes a transition to cell size growth during cytokinesis, which is opposed by SIN. The role of Pkd2p in cell growth is not limited to cytokinesis. A newly isolated pkd2 temperature-sensitive mutant blocked the cell size expansion during interphase. Such growth defect was accompanied by frequent cell shrinking, reduced cell volume, and decreased cell stiffness. We conclude that Pkd2p promotes transition to the post-mitosis cell size growth in coordination with the Hippo pathway. Summary statement Mutations in polycystins lead to a human genetic disorder, ADPKD. Our study shows that the fission yeast polycystin homologue Pkd2p plays a distinct role in cytokinesis through opposing the Hippo pathway and promoting cell size growth.
Investigating the Influence of Excipients on the Stability of Levothyroxine Sodium Pentahydrate

A range of tablet excipients were evaluated for their influence on the physical form and chemical stability of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate (LSP; C15H10I4NNaO4·5H2O). LSP-excipient binary powder blends were stored under two conditions: (a) in hermetically sealed containers at 40 °C and (b) at 40 °C/75% RH. By use of synchrotron X-ray diffractometry, the disappearance of LSP could be quantified and the appearance of crystalline levothyroxine (free acid) could be identified. Under hermetically sealed conditions (40 °C) hygroscopic excipients such as povidone induced partial dehydration of LSP to form levothyroxine sodium monohydrate. When stored at 40 °C/75% RH, acidic excipients induced measurable disproportionation of LSP resulting in the formation of levothyroxine (free acid). HPLC analyses of drug-excipient mixtures revealed that lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and croscarmellose sodium caused pronounced chemical decomposition of LSP. On the other hand, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and alkaline pH modifiers did not affect the physical and chemical stability of the API following storage at 40 °C/75% RH. HPLC, being a solution based technique, revealed chemical decomposition of the API, but the technique was insensitive to physical transformations. Excipient properties such as hygroscopicity and microenvironmental acidity were identified to be critical determinants of both physical and chemical stability of LSP in a drug product. For drugs exhibiting both physical and chemical transformations, simultaneous solid-state and solution based analyses will enable comprehensive stability evaluation.
Barrier Function-Based SDRE Control for Nonlinear Systems with State Constraints

Many real life systems operate in restricted state space. This study presents a new controller design technique for solving nonlinear regulator problems under the state dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) framework for systems with state constraints. A barrier function-based weighting matrix is designed to handle the state constraints. Stability analysis and constraint satisfaction are proved through Lyapunov analysis. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated through a nonlinear benchmark problem and an application problem. The associated simulation results are also presented.
No Less of a Man: Inducing Empathy to Reduce Male Rape Myth Acceptance:

Male sexual assault is an understudied area. Interventions aimed at reducing negative attitudes toward male survivors have received relatively little attention in the field of sexual assault and vi...
Covid-19 and Advertising: The Case for a Paradigm Shift

While the global coronavirus pandemic might not have caused many of the changes we are witnessing in the field of advertising, it has definitely accelerated the rate of change in many areas of our ...
Seed Banks Alter the Rate and Direction of Molecular Evolution in Bacillus subtilis

Fluctuations in the availability of resources constrains the growth and reproduction of individuals, which in turn effects the evolution of their respective populations. Many organisms are able to respond to fluctuations by entering a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity, a phenomenon known as dormancy. This pool of dormant individuals (i.e., a seed bank) does not reproduce and is expected to act as an evolutionary buffer, though it is difficult to observe this effect directly over an extended evolutionary timescale. Through genetic manipulation, we analyze the molecular evolutionary dynamics of Bacillus subtilis populations in the presence and absence of a seed bank over 700 days. We find that the ability to enter a dormant state increases the accumulation of genetic diversity over time and alters the trajectory of mutations, findings that are recapitulated using simulations based on a simple mathematical model. While the ability to form a seed bank does not alter the degree of negative selection, we find that it consistently alters the direction of molecular evolution across genes. Together, these results show that the ability to form a seed bank affects the direction and rate of molecular evolution over an extended evolutionary timescale.
Palmetto Paper (Russian)

This is the Russian translation of the August 2005 version of UVA-QA-0657. The manager of a paper plant must decide whether to buy a new electrode boiler to replace a natural gas boiler. The challenge is to cut through complexities, such as uncertainty in boiler efficiency, energy prices, financing alternatives, and supplier/competitor relationships to arrive at a first-cut analysis and decision. Although the case is rich with issues, a considered decision can be made without using the sophisticated methods available to treat these complexities. The case is designed as an introductory class in which an agenda for a course in decision analysis/management science is established. Excerpt UVA-QA-0893 PALMETTO PAPER Джим Карпентер, руководитель завода Palmetto Paper в Спартанберге, нетерпеливо пробежал глазами по листку бумаги, на котором было напечатано коммерческое предложение компании Southern Power по продаже электрокотла. Карпентер, в прошлом работавший водителем NASCAR, получил репутацию человека, который иногда принимает решения, полагаясь на свою интуицию. Его чутье подсказывало ему, что сейчас самое время заменить старый грязный газовый котел на новый, электрический, с эффективностью 99,5%. По прогнозам, цены на газ должны были вырасти, к тому же обслуживание газового котла обходилось недешево. Карпентер надеялся, что цены Southern Power на электричество были достаточно низкими, чтобы покупка нового котла оправдалась. Palmetto Paper Компания Palmetto Paper была вторым по величине производителем бумаги в штате Южная Каролина. Компании принадлежало четыре бумажных завода на юго-востоке США, а завод в Спартанберге был самым крупным из них и обеспечивал самые высокие объемы производства. На этом заводе производился всего один вид продукции, и он соответствовал единому стандарту качества. На тот момент рыночный спрос на данную продукцию был высок, и компания Palmetto Paper получала большое количество заказов на несколько лет вперед. Поскольку завод в Спартанберге работал с самой высокой производительностью, он функционировал 24 часа в сутки, 51 неделю в год (одна неделя ежегодно уделялась плановому техническому обслуживанию и ремонту). . . .
A Comparison of Methods of Predicting Equilibrium Gas Phase Compositions in Pressurized Binary Systems Containing an Essentially Pure Condensed Phase

The design of purification processes involving the removal of impurities by condensation from pressurized gas streams requires phase equilibrium data which are often not available. The objective of this paper is to examine several methods of predicting the composition of a gas phase in equilibrium with an essentially pure condensed phase when only the properties of the pure components are known and to compare these predictions with the limited experimental data for the system hydrogen-methane at low temperatures.
Comparison of TOX and GC/MS Data for RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Well Samples

The method for the analysis of total organic halogen (TOX) was developed as a means to trace the products of disinfection in drinking water. It was intended to measure, collectively, compounds such as trihalomethanes and halogenated ethanes. Briefly, the method involves passing a measured amount of sample through a column of activated carbon, followed by pyrolysis of the carbon and analysis of the gases produced for total halogen (as chloride) by microcoulometric titration. It has been shown to produce good recoveries for spiked deionized water and for other simple, fairly clean waters that are free of turbidity. This method is documented as Method 9020 in SW-846 (Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste).
The Right to Health, or the Lack Thereof: Lessons from Appalachia

In this paper, we investigate relationships between rights consciousness and health-seeking behavior in health outcome-specific locations in Virginia. Using new survey data, we analyze how Appalachian and non-Appalachian women residing in geographic clusters with low and high relative risk of breast cancer incidence vary in terms of their sense of entitlement to health care. We also explore how that sense of entitlement (or its absence) is related to breast cancer screening decisions.
Private Decisions and Public Goods: Trade-Offs in the Conservation Programs in the New Farm Bill: Discussion

The 2002 Farm Bill creates several opportunities for landowners to adopt management practices that protect and improve soil and water quality. Landowners considering enrollment in conservation programs must compare the monetary and nonmonetary costs and benefits from removing land from production agriculture. The overall purpose of this invited paper session was to improve the understanding of the factors affecting a landowner's decision to enroll in conservation programs. Papers addressed the environmental benefits of conservation programs and compared the returns to enrolling in conservation programs to the returns from production agriculture.
Experimental demonstration of quantum sensing in the presence of quantum decoherence

We report the first experimental demonstration of an entanglement-enhanced sensing system that is resilient to environmental loss and noise.
Two-dimensional finite element analysis of reverberation chambers: the inclusion of a source and additional aspects of analysis

Results for the source-free finite element reverberation chamber are presented focusing on tuner effects on the modal distribution. The tuner step size is also examined. The inclusion of a source in the 2D formulation is presented that couples the modes to an idealized source model.
Star Clusters: Basic Galactic Building Blocks Throughout Time and Space, IAU S266, edited by Richard de Grijs and Jacques Lépine

Star Clusters: Basic Galactic Building Blocks Throughout Time and Space, IAU S266, edited by Richard de Grijs and Jacques Lepine, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 594 pp., £70.00 (hardb...
Post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer survivors: relationship to the impact of cancer scale and other associated risk factors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of cancer survivors and to investigate their association with the impact of cancer, depressive symptoms, and social support. Methods: We administered a survey to participants in a cancer survivor registry. It included: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C), Impact of Cancer Scale (IOC) v.2, and measures of social support, income, and long-term effects of cancer. We performed multivariate analyses to estimate associations between PCL-C and other variables. PCL-C score was examined as a continuous dependent variable and categorically. Results: Responses were available from 162 cancer survivors. Mean age was 51years (standard deviation (SD) 16); mean time since diagnosis was 11years (SD 10). Mean PCL-C score was 27 (SD 9, range 17-64); 29% of the sample scored 30 and above, 13% scored 38 and above, 7% scored 44 and above. Linear regression indicated that PCL-C scores were significantly associated with the IOC negative impact scale (NIS) (p<0.001), depressive symptoms (p=0.003), less social support (p=0.02), and lower income (p=0.03). NIS subscale analyses showed that two subscales, life interference (LI) and worry (W), were significantly correlated with PCL-C score (LI: p<0.001; W: p=0.02). Conclusions: In this study, the IOC NIS was associated with endorsement of PTSD symptoms. Assessing survivors for PTSD symptoms with the PCL-C could detect those individuals in need of psychosocial support. The IOC may be useful for identifying target areas for interventions to reduce these symptoms among cancer survivors. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delineation of Pothole-Dominated Wetlands and Modeling of Their Threshold Behaviors

AbstractTime-invariant contributing area and full hydrologic connectivity are commonly assumed in traditional watershed delineation and modeling. In reality, however, contributing area of a depression-dominated prairie basin varies and undergoes a progressive evolution process that is characterized by unique threshold behaviors associated with the depression filling–spilling–merging–splitting–depleting dynamics. The research reported in this paper aims to precisely delineate prairie potholes and the associated wetlands, effectively characterize their dynamic hydrotopographic properties, and further quantify the resultant threshold behaviors and spatiotemporal variability in hydrologic connectivity. Delineation and modeling for a wetland site in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) highlighted the crucial role of topographic characteristics in the formation, evolution, and connectivity of prairie potholes. Particularly, the modeling tests for real rainfall demonstrated the significant impacts of complex rainfa...
Elastic Wave Scattering by a Surface-Breaking Planar Crack in 3d

One of the most important theoretical problems in ultrasonic NDE is the understanding and calculation of scattering of elastic waves from surface flaws, especially cracks, because cracks usually start on, and grow from, surfaces. Cracks can often lead to catastrophic failure, which may be avoided if they can be detected and characterized.
Effect of fading and Poisson traffic on the performance of fiber-optic microcellular systems

Recently, the use of fiber as the remoting infrastructure for low cost-microcellular networks has attracted much attention.1,2
WEYL GROUP MULTIPLE DIRICHLET SERIES OF TYPE A2

A Weyl group multiple Dirichlet seriesis a Dirichlet series in several complex variables attached to a root system Φ. The number of variables equals the rank rof the root system, and the series satisfies a group of functional equations isomorphic to the Weyl group Wof Φ. In this paper we construct a Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series over the rational function field using n th order Gauss sums attached to the root system of type A 2. The basic technique is that of [11, 10]; namely, we construct a rational function in rvariables invariant under a certain action of W, and use this to build a “local factor” of the global series.
Video assisted transaxillary first rib resection in treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS).

A 24-year-old woman presented with a history of swelling and heaviness in her right upper extremity following swimming or any prolonged physical activity involving overhead arm abduction. She noted occasional numbness and paresthesia. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) results were normal. Venogram demonstrated high-grade narrowing of the subclavian vein at the thoracic outlet with provocative maneuvers (hyperabduction and rotation) of right upper extremity. She was referred for surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS).
Diagnostic applications of the most advanced theory and code for Stark broadening of hydrogen lines in plasmas

Summary form only given. The theory combines two new phenomena in electron broadening with an improved treatment of the ion dynamics. The first new phenomenon is a strong Indirect Coupling (IC) between the electron and ion broadenings carried out via the radiating atom acting as an intermediary. The higher the plasma density and/or the principal quantum number of the radiator, the more important the IC becomes. For most hydrogen lines, the IC results in a significant decrease of the linewidth, except few lines, such as the L, line, where the IC decreases the width. The second new phenomenon is a strong Direct Coupling (DC) between the electron and ion broadenings, represented by the acceleration of the perturbing electron by the ion nearest to the radiator. The DC results in a narrowing of the lines, which becomes quite dramatic as the temperature decreases and/or the density increases.
Evaluation of Blast Furnace Slag as a Means of Reducing Metal Availability in a Contaminated Sediment for Beneficial Use Purposes

An attractive option for the management of dredged sediment involves the use of dredged sediment for beneficial use purposes, such as for fill material. Treatment (chemical amendment) of contaminated sediment may be necessary to limit the environmental and human availability (bioaccessibility, leachability, plant uptake) of heavy metals associated with the contaminated sediment before it is placed. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of admixing a specific chemical amendment (blast furnace slag) with slightly contaminated fresh-water sediment for reducing metal availability. Initial characterization tests of the un-amended sediment showed that the some of the metals analyzed were present in relatively available (non-residual) forms. Although sulfide was present in the un-amended sediment, the amount was not sufficient to bind all of the available metals. A series of metal availability testing methods indicated that the amendment of the sediment with blast furnace slag (4% on a dry w...
Tractable probabilistic knowledge bases: Wikipedia and beyond

Building large-scale knowledge bases from a variety of data sources is a longstanding goal of AI research. However, existing approaches either ignore the uncertainty inherent to knowledge extracted from text, the web, and other sources, or lack a consistent probabilistic semantics with tractable inference. To address this problem, we present a framework for tractable probabilistic knowledge bases (TPKBs). TPKBs consist of a hierarchy of classes of objects and a hierarchy of classes of object pairs such that attributes and relations are independent conditioned on those classes. These characteristics facilitate both tractable probabilistic reasoning and tractable maximum-likelihood parameter learning. TPKBs feature a rich query language that allows one to express and infer complex relationships between classes, relations, objects, and their attributes. The queries are translated to sequences of operations in a relational database facilitating query execution times in the sub-second range. We demonstrate the power of TPKBs by leveraging large data sets extracted from Wikipedia to learn their structure and parameters. The resulting TPKB models a distribution over millions of objects and billions of parameters. We apply the TPKB to entity resolution and object linking problems and show that the TPKB can accurately align large knowledge bases and integrate triples from open IE projects.
Long-Term Advances in the State of the Art of Travel Forecasting Methods

In addition to being the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Centre de recherche sur les transports (C.R.T.), 1996 was the 40th anniversary of the publication of Studies in the Economics of Transportation by M. Beckmann, C. B. McGuire and C. B. Winsten (1956), widely recognized as the first major contribution to urban transportation planning methods, and one of the first monographs in the nascent fields of regional science and transportation science. At the time this book appeared, the first urban transportation studies in the United States were also just beginning to grapple with the problem formulated and analyzed in this book. For unknown reasons, the network equilibrium problem with variable demand presented in the book was ignored by the transportation planners of that day. Moreover, the first author seemed to be unaware that this same problem was being considered by those pioneering studies (Martin Beckmann, personal interview, July 9, 1996).
Inverter gate drive and phase leg development for 175°C operation

An inverter phase leg has been developed that can operate in an ambient temperature up to 175 degrees Celsius using commercially-available components to the greatest possible extent. This phase leg includes a discrete gate drive circuit that incorporates both level-shifting and isolated power supply functions. A high-temperature prototype gate drive has been built and tested using small- signal bipolar transistors and diodes combined with suitable high-temperature passive components rated for operation at temperatures up to 200degC. A SPICE model was developed to study the gate drive operating characteristics over a wide temperature range from 25 to 175degC. Measured results closely match the simulation results. In addition, the gate drive circuit has been tested as part of a complete half-bridge inverter utilizing a pair of silicon carbide DMOSFETs and Schottky diodes together with stacked ceramic capacitors. Experimental results show that the gate drive and phase leg performance characteristics are well behaved at all temperatures up to 175degC.
Low frequency acoustic and electromagnetic scattering

This paper deals with two classes of problems arising from acoustics and electromagnetics scattering in the low frequency stations. The first class of problem is solving Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions on an arbitrary two dimensional body while the second one is an interior-exterior interface problem with Helmholtz equation in the exterior. Low frequency analysis show that there are two intermediate problems which solve the above problems accurate to 0(k(2) log k) where k is the frequency. These solutions greatly differ from the zero frequency approximations. For the Dirichlet problem numerical examples are shown to verify the theoretical estimates.
Bead-based microfluidic immunoassay for diagnosis of Johne's disease.

Microfluidics technology offers a platform for development of point-of-care diagnostic devices for various infectious diseases. In this study, we examined whether serodiagnosis of Johne s disease (JD) can be conducted in a bead-based microfluidic assay system. Magnetic micro-beads were coated with antigens of the causative agent of JD, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The antigen-coated beads were incubated with serum samples of JD-positive or negative serum samples and then with a fluorescently-labeled secondary antibody (SAB). To confirm binding of serum antibodies to the antigen, the beads were subjected to flow cytometric analysis. Different conditions (dilutions of serum and SAB, types of SAB, and types of magnetic beads) were optimized for a great degree of differentiation between the JD-negative and JD-positive samples. Using the optimized conditions, we tested a well-classified set of 155 serum samples from JD negative and JD-positive cattle by using the bead-based flow cytometric assay. Of 105 JD-positive samples, 63 samples (60%) showed higher antibody binding levels than a cut-off value determined by using antibody binding levels of JD-negative samples. In contrast, only 43-49 JD-positive samples showed higher antibody binding levels than the cut-off value when the samples were tested by commercially-available immunoassays. Microfluidic assays were performed by magneticallymore » immobilizing a number of beads within a microchannel of a glass microchip and detecting antibody on the collected beads by laser-induced fluorescence. Antigen-coated magnetic beads treated with bovine serum sample and fluorescently-labeled SAB were loaded into a microchannel to measure the fluorescence (reflecting level of antibody binding) on the beads in the microfluidic system. When the results of five bovine serum samples obtained with the system were compared to those obtained with the flow cytometer, a high level of correlation (linear regression, r2 = 0.994) was observed. In a further experiment, we magnetically immobilized antigen-coated beads in a microchannel, reacted the beads with serum and SAB in the channel, and detected antibody binding to the beads in the microfluidic system. A strong antibody binding in JD-positive serum was detected, whereas there was only negligible binding in negative control experiments. Our data suggest that the bead-based microfluidic system may form a basis for development of an on-site serodiagnosis of JD. Key Words: Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, Johne s disease, microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip.« less
Advanced technology trends for astronomy at Rockwell Scientific

This paper discusses the latest technologies for space and ground-based astronomy being pursued by Rockwell Scientific. The discussion covers the latest demonstrated performance of large format NIR (~1.7um cutoff) detectors mated to the HAWAII-2RG readout integrated circuit, our proven readout for large-format arrays for astronomy. Developmental work is presented on the HAWAII-4RG family (consisting of 4k x 4k, 4k x 8k, and 8k x 8k formats), RSC’s newest additions planned to the HAWAII series of astronomy readout integrated circuits. We also present the status of our multifunctional command-and-control ASIC for FPAs, which was first reported at the August 2002 SPIE.
cDNA Clones encoding bovine γ-crystallins

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of two bovine lens γ-crystallin cDNA clones, pBLγII-1 and pBLγIII-1. The 644 bp cDNA insert of pBLγII-1 contains coding information for the entire amino acid sequence of bovine γII-crystallin. The 497 bp cDNA insert of pBLγIII-1 encodes a homologous but different γ-crystallin polypeptide, and appears to lack the coding information for the C-terminal 17 amino acid residues. While the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the coding regions of the clones show a high degree of homology, the untranslated leader sequences are relatively dissimilar. The leader sequence of pBLγIII-1 is strikingly homologous to a portion of a rabbit immunoglobulin α-heavy chain mRNA.
The effect of edelfosine on CTP: Cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase activity in leukemic cell lines

Abstract Analogs of ether phospholipids have been shown to have selective anti-neoplastic activity. The compounds are known to inhibit phospholipid biosynthesis. This paper examines the effect of the alkyl-lysophospholipid, edelfosine, on the rate-limiting enzyme, CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, in de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis in sensitive and resistant leukemic cell lines. Enzyme activity was measured by the incorporation of 14C-phosphocholine into CDP-choline by lysates of HL60 and K562; cells demonstrated inhibition of incorporation of 14C-phosphocholine in HL60 cell lysates but no inhibition in K562 lysates. Partial purification of cytidylyltransferase by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting demonstrated similarity between the enzyme isolated from each cell line. Cloning and sequencing of cytidylyltransferase cDNA of HL60 cells was accomplished using a probe encoding the entire protein sequence of the K562 cytidylyltransferase gene. A substitution at nucleotide 751 from A in the HL60 cell cDNA clone to G in the K562 cDNA clone resulted in a change in amino acid number 251 from lysine (positively charged) in the HL60 enzyme to glutamic acid (negatively charged) in the K562 enzyme. This negative charge in the lipid-binding domain of the K562 enzyme may result in a weaker binding of edelfosine and the observed decrease in activity, as evidenced by resistance to edelfosine by K562 cells.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF FLOW IN A LARGE QUENCH TANK

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate isothermal flow in a large quench tank used for heat treating of steel. As a surrogate for a full simulation of quenching, the isothermal model enables a computational economical comparison of many different design configurations of the quench tank. The model includes most of the geometric complexity of the tank including the skip, the heavy beams used to support it, deflector baffles used to control the flow, and the inlet ducting. Partial factorial screening studies are conducted to identify the most important design variables. The second phase of the project involves examining four new conceptual designs for the quench tank. The outcome of the second phase was the identification of a promising new design that could be realized by the addition of ducting to the existing design. The contributions of this research include a better understanding of the parameters affecting large scale batch quench processes and the development of new directions for quench tank design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Influence of autoregressive model parameter uncertainty on spectral estimates of heart rate dynamics.

Linear autoregressive (AR) model-based heart rate (HR) spectral analysis has been widely used to study HR dynamics. Owing to system and measurement noise, the parameters of an AR model have intrinsic statistical uncertainty. In this study, we evaluate how this AR parameter uncertainty can translate to uncertainty in HR power spectra. HR time series, obtained from seven subjects in supine standing positions, were fitted to AR models by least squares minimization via singular value decomposition. Spectral uncertainty due to inexact parameter estimation was assessed through a Monte Carlo study in which the AR model parameters were varied randomly according to their Gaussian distributions. Histogram techniques were used to evaluate the distribution of 50,000 AR spectral estimates of each HR time series. These Monte Carlo uncertainties were found to exceed those predicted by previous theoretical approximations. It was determined that the uncertainty of AR HR spectral estimates, particularly the locations and magnitudes of spectral peaks, can often be large. The same Monte Carlo analysis was applied to synthetic AR time series and found levels of spectral uncertainty similar to that of the HR data, thus suggesting that the results of this study are not specific to experimental HR data. Therefore, AR spectra may be unreliable, and one must be careful in assigning pathophysiological origins to specific spectral features of any one spectrum.
A reduction in the degree of H4 acetylation during mitosis in Chinese hamster cells.

Summary Long polyacrylamide gels and curve-resolving methods were used to separate and quantitate histone H4 acetylated subfractions from synchronized line CHO Chinese hamster cells. The proportion of internally acetylated H4 molecules was found to be highest during interphase. A reduction in the proportion of acetylated H4 occurred as cells entered mitosis, and a minimum was measured during prophase and metaphase, the periods of maximal chromosomal condensation. A rapid increase in the proportion of acetylated H4 was observed as chromosomes became dispersed in telophase. These observations in proliferating cells are in accord with prior observations in differentiating systems and support the concept that H4 acetylation is minimal when chromatin is highly condensed and RNA synthesis is minimal.
Localization of glutamate cysteine ligase subunit mRNA within the rat ovary and relationship to follicular apoptosis

Ovarian levels of the antioxidant tripeptide glutathione (GSH) increase following gonadotropin administration, suggesting that GSH synthesis in the ovary may be associated with follicular growth. In situ hybridization with 35S-labeled riboprobes was used to localize ovarian mRNA expression of the catalytic and modulatory subunits of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc and Gclm), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, during each stage of the rat estrous cycle. Gclm was highly expressed in the granulosa cells and oocytes of healthy, growing follicles, not in atretic follicles. Gclc was also highly expressed in follicles; however, unlike Gclm, Gclc was also expressed in corpora lutea and interstitial cells. In a subsequent experiment, the hypothesis that GSH synthesis occurs in healthy, but not in apoptotic, follicles was tested. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptotic cells in the ovaries, and in situ hybridization for Gclm and Gclc was performed in adjacent sections of the same ovaries. TUNEL staining was found to be significantly associated with absence of Gclm hybridization in granulosa cells and oocytes and with lack of strong Gclc hybridization in granulosa cells. These results suggest that follicular apoptosis may be associated with down-regulation of Gclm and Gclc transcription in granulosa cells and oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 65: 254–261, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Equatorial Undercurrent in the Light of the Vorticity Equation

The Equatorial Undercurrent, recently observed in the central Pacific Ocean by Cromwell, Montgomery, and Stroup, is a narrow eastward current occupying the lower part of the surface layer at the equator. In the present study the Undercurrent, treated as a permanent feature of the oceanic circulation, is found to be consistent with the conservation of absolute cyclonic vorticity in the equatorward flow comprising one segment of the meridional circulation. The continental barriers permit the formation of the longitudinal pressure-gradient component essential for the existence of the Undercurrent. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1955.tb01189.x
The effect of pentobarbital anesthesia on the autonomic nervous system control of heart rate during baroreceptor activation

This study determined the influence of pentobarbital anesthesia on the autonomic nervous system control of baroreceptor mediated reflex bradycardia in the rat. Reflex bradycardia was elicited by phenylephrine-induced hypertension in conscious and pentobarbital anesthetized (PA) rats before and after sympathetic blockade with the beta-1 receptor antagonist atenolol or parasympathetic blockade with the peripherally acting muscarinic receptor antagonist methyl-atropine. Reflex bradycardia was significantly decreased by pentobarbital anesthesia. Cardiosympathetic blockade produced equivalent relative decreases in baroreflex gain in conscious and PA rats. In contrast, parasympathetic nervous system blockade with methyl-atropine produced relatively less inhibition of baroreflex gain in the PA rat compared with the conscious rat. These results suggest that pentobarbital anesthesia decreases baroreflex gain by inhibiting vagally mediated reflex bradycardia.
Polymerization by oxidative coupling. II. Oxidation of 2,6‐disubstituted phenols

Many 2,6-disubstituted phenols are readily oxidized with oxygen, a tertiary amine and a copper (I) salt being used as catalyst. The products are diphenoquinones (I) or 1,4-polyphenylene ethers (II): The effect of variation of the substituents on the phenol and the infrared spectra of the polymers is discussed. Amine complexes of copper salts are the only effective catalysts found for the polymer-forming reaction. The effect on the catalyst of varying the copper salt and the ligand is discussed.
Floral realms, palaeomagnetics, and the drifting of the USSR during the phanerozoic

Abstract The palaeomagnetic and palaeofloral data obtained by Soviet geologists are shown to be consistent. When interpreted within the framework of continental drift, the data allow the motion of the East European Platform and Siberian Platform since the Silurian Period to be discussed and suggest four phases of continental drift when examined at the global level. These are the Narnian Phase (Pre‐Silurian), the Pangean Phase (Silurian to Middle Triassic), the Tethyan Phase (Upper Triassic to Middle Cretaceous), and the Atlantean Phase (Upper Cretaceous to Holocene).
Action of Prostigmine, Carbaminoyl-choline (Doryl) and Acetyl-B-methylcholine (Mecholyl) on Intestine of a Cladoceran

Summary1. Prostigmine, acetylcholine, carbaminoyl-choline and acetyl-B-methyl-choline produce in Simocephalus vetulus vigorous intestinal contractions.2. The period which elapses between the addition of the drugs and the onset of the characteristic effect is definitely dependent, with the exception of carbaminoyl-choline, on the concentration of the drug.3. Carbaminoyl-choline did not exhibit a graded action within the range of concentrations employed in this work.4. Atropine blocks the action of the drugs employed in this work. However, it acts more slowly and less effectively in antagonizing the action of carbaminoyl-choline.5. Prostigmine causes intensification and prolongation of the effects of acetylcholine and it reduces considerably the time which elapses between the administration of acetylcholine and the appearance of the vigorous intestinal contractions.6. In contrast with carbaminoyl-choline, a marked antagonism was found to exist between acetyl-B-methyl choline and atropine.7. Carbaminoyl-chol...
An ammonia emission inventory for fertilizer application in the United States

Fertilizer application represents a significant fraction of ammonia emissions from all sources in the United States. Previously published ammonia inventories have generally suffered from poor spatial and temporal resolution, erroneous activity levels, and highly uncertain emission factors. Here we present an ammonia emission inventory for fertilizer application that for the first time incorporates county-level data at monthly resolution, and includes more accurate activity levels and emission factors. The inventory shows that considerable variations in emissions can occur within a state. The emissions generally peak at two times of the year, in spring and in fall. The timing of these peaks depends on crop schedules. Overall, the new inventory shows the importance of determining emissions at sub-annual time resolution, and at spatial resolution better than statewide average values as reported in previous inventories.