cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A chimeric mouse model of Gaucher disease.

BACKGROUND: There is a major need for a mouse model of Gaucher disease, but the glucocerebrosidase knockout mouse is not viable; it dies shortly before or immediately after birth, apparently because of involvement of the central nervous system and/or skin. The most common form of Gaucher disease, type I, has a phenotype that is limited to the monocyte-macrophage system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have created a chimeric mouse by infusing hematopoietic stem cells from fetuses that are homozygous for the glucocerebrosidase knockout into irradiated mice. RESULTS: The chimeric mice manifested a severe deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity in peripheral blood cells and spleen indicating a lack of cell-cell correction. Levels of glucocerebroside in spleen and liver are increased, and infusing the mice with exogenous glucocerebroside/albumin particles produced a marked increase in the amount of glucocerebroside stored in liver and spleen. Morphologically identifiable Gaucher cells were not present. CONCLUSIONS: The chimeric model reflects the increased glycolipid storage in the reticuloendothelial system that is characteristic of Gaucher disease, and could be useful as a model for studying treatment of Gaucher disease.
Development of structure and function in the mammalian yolk sac. 3. The development of amino acid transport by rabbit yolk sac.

Abstract Rabbit yolk sacs obtained from fetuses older than 20 days' gestation actively accumulated l -valine, l -isoleucine, l -phenylalanine, l -alanine, and l -methionine. Glycine, l -proline, betaine, l -lysine, α-methylglucoside, and 6-deoxyglucose were not actively accumulated. The yolk sac is a polarized membrane as it was capable of effecting a net transfer of l -valine across its full thickness from mucosal to serosal compartments against a concentration gradient. l -Valine rapidly equilibrated with intracellular water in tissue obtained from fetuses younger than 20 days' gestation, but accumulation against a concentration gradient did not occur. Inhibition of valine uptake in such tissue by l -methionine and l -isoleucine suggested that a carrier-mediated process was involved. The rate of exit of preloaded l -valine from 17-day yolk sacs was similar to that found in 28- to 30-day yolk sacs. A study of the effect of valine concentration on the initial rate of uptake by the more mature yolk sacs indicated saturation kinetics with an approximate Kt of 2.1 mM. No saturation of the transport rate by 17-day yolk sacs was found up to 10 mM concentration of valine.
Bovine babesiosis in northern Mexico.

The occurrence ofBoophilus microplus infestations accompanied by bovine babesiosis was confirmed for 2 locations in northern Mexico. The confirmation at one location was made by transferring whole blood to a splenectomised calf which subsequently developed an acuteBabesia bovis infection. Examination of thin blood smears from a suspect animal at the second location revealedB. bovis-infected erthrocytes. A serological survey of other herd members at both locations showed antibody activity against bothBabesia andAnaplasma spp.
Oxygen Depletion in Central and Eastern Lake Erie: Relationship with Bacteria, Chlorophyll, POC, and Morphometry

Abstract Hypolimnion oxygen depletion in central and eastern Lake Erie was related to bacteria, particulate organic carbon, and chlorophyll concentrations during 1979. The central basin had the higher oxygen depletion rate and this was associated with more microbiota and particulate organic carbon. After compensation for temperature differences, the rate of oxygen depletion per unit bacteria, chlorophyll, and particulate organic carbon was found to be similar in each basin. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that lake morphometry affects oxygen depletion through the control of hypolimnion particle concentrations. The implication that most of the hypolimnion oxygen metabolism occurs in the water column means that the role of sediments as a site of oxygen consumption should be reassessed.
Characterization of effector functions of v-raf/mil- and v-myc-transformed murine splenic macrophage cell lines

We have characterized several of the cytocidal effector functions of a series of cell lines derived by recombinant retroviral transformation of individual clones of C3H/HeJ mouse splenic macrophages. The three cell lines described in this report (4.01, 4.07, 4.14) all expressed equivalent tumoricidal activity against P815 tumor target cells. However they differed in their high avidity binding of tumor cells (4.01 = 4.14 greater than 4.07), as well as in the killing of Leishmania major (4.01 = 4.07 greater than 4.14), the expression of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes (4.14 greater than 4.01 greater than 4.07), and finally, in the tumor-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (4.01 = 4.14 greater than 4.07). The stable and restricted expression of distinct effector functions among these three cell lines makes them particularly valuable as models for establishing the precise mechanisms by which cytocidal functions are effected. In addition, they should also prove of value in understanding the basis for macrophage functional diversity.
Regulation of vinculin binding to talin and actin by phosphatidyl-inositol-4-5-bisphosphate

Vinculin, a prominent cytoskeletal protein at cell-substrate adhesions (focal adhesions) and cell-cell adhesions (adherens junctions), interacts with other cytoskeletal proteins, including talin and actin. An intramolecular interaction between the head and tail domains of vinculin masks the binding sites for both proteins. The exposure of cryptic binding sites may be important for promoting focal adhesion assembly. Several agents that induce the formation of focal adhesions act through the GTP-binding protein Rho, which elevates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) levels by activating phosphatidyl-inositol-4-phosphate-5-OH kinase (PtdIns-5-OH kinase). PtdInsP2 regulates several actin-binding proteins, including profilin, gelsolin and alpha-actinin, and interacts with vinculin. Here we report that PtdInsP2 dissociates vinculin's head-tail interaction, unmasking its talin- and actin-binding sites. Microinjection of antibodies against PtdInsP2 inhibit assembly of stress fibres and focal adhesions.
Four polymorphic markers on rat chromosome 12 form a single linkage group.

Four PCR-typable polymorphic markers were mapped to rat chromosome 12 by linkage analysis of F2 intercross progeny of Fischer (F344/N) and Lewis (LEW/N) rat strains. The markers formed a single linkage group, covering 27.7 cM, with the following order and distance between markers: plasminogen activator inhibitor (Planh)—0.0 cM—phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-related sequence 2 (Pepckr2)—15.4 cM—anonymous marker (D12N155)—12.3 cM—serine dehydratase (Sdh). All markers were identified and genotyped by PCR analysis of simple sequence repeats. The gene encoding Planh was previously assigned to rat chromosome 12, which allowed us to assign the entire linkage group to this chromosome. These markers were highly polymorphic in 13 additional inbred rat strains (BUF/N, BN/SsN, WKY/N, MNR/N, LER/N, WBB1/N, WBB2/N, MR/N, LOU/MN, SHR/N, ACI/N, SR/Jr, and SS/Jr). These markers should be useful tools for further genetic studies in rats.
On the Solution of Geometric Programs via Separable Programming — A Reply

THE AUTHORS would like to correct an oversight that inadvertently appeared in our article. In a footnote on p. 289 we stated that we knew of nothing written about the resemblance between the dual geometric programming problem and the classical chemical equilibrium problem. This statement was true when the first draft of the paper was written over 2 years ago. However, at the time our paper went to print, we were well aware of several references1'2 pointing out the resemblance. The fact that the footnote was not corrected was an oversight on our part.
Acylase-Catalyzed Deacetylation of Haloalkene-Derived Mercapturates

Mercapturates (S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteines) are terminal metabolites formed by the glutathione-dependent metabolism of electrophilic xenobiotics, including haloalkenes. Acylases catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acyl-L-amino acids, including many xenobiotic-derived mercapturates, to give fatty acids and amino acids as products. Although several acylases have been identified, the acylases that catalyze the deacetylation of the haloalkene-derived mercapturates have not been identified and characterized. Acylase I catalyzes the deacetylation of some haloalkene-derived mercapturates, including S-(1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine, S-(2-chloro-1,1, 2-trifluoroethyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and S-(2-bromo-1,1, 2-trifluoroethyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine [Uttamsingh, V., et al. (1998) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 800-809]. In the studies presented here, we identified a rat kidney acylase that catalyzed the hydrolysis of the haloalkene-derived mercapturates S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine, S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1, 3-butadienyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and S-(2,2-dibromo-1, 1-difluoroethyl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The substrate selectivity and amino acid sequence of the purified rat kidney acylase were studied. Although the sequence of the purified rat kidney acylase was somewhat identical with that of aspartoacylase, it did not catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-aspartate.
Assessing Psychological Separation and Academic Performance in Nonresident-Father and Resident-Father Adolescent Boys

This article initially reviews the psychoanalytic and empirical literature on the facilitative role that fathers play in children's development and functioning. Empirical evidence is presented comparing the academic performance of 25 nonresident-father boys and 25 resident-father boys between the ages of 14 and 17. The study also assesses whether the degree of psychological separation from mother and father, quality of mother–son/father–son relationship, and frequency of contact with father had a mediating effect on academic performance. The study found that boys living in nonresident-father homes were under-functioning when compared to boys living in father-resident homes. Results also showed that boys living in nonresident father homes who were more similar in regard to their father's attitudes and beliefs, performed better academically. In assessing the group as a whole, results revealed that academic performance improved when boys were more dependent on father in regard to having concrete needs met and when their attitudes and beliefs were similar to father's. In regard to the perceived quality of mother–son/father–son relationship, results for nonresident-father boys showed a positive correlation between the quality of relationship with father and academic performance. Similarly, when assessing the group as a whole, a positive correlation was found between the quality of father–son relationship and academic performance. Finally, for nonresident-father boys, a positive correlation was found between frequency of father–son contact and academic performance.
Advances in ultrasonography of urinary tract obstruction

Ultrasound has many ideal attributes as a method for detecting urinary obstruction. It is noninvasive, quick, portable, requires neither radiographic contrast media nor ionizing radiation and is relatively inexpensive. Conventional ultrasound provides anatomic information regarding obstruction, primarily a dilated collecting system. In some cases, ultrasound may reveal the level and cause of obstruction. Traditional ultrasound does not, however, provide physiologic or functional data regarding obstruction. Numerous investigations have attempted to address these limitations with the addition of a duplex Doppler ultrasound study.
The First Week: Engaging Students and Creating Expectations

Student engagement is a topic of ongoing discussion. Hassel and Lourey (2005) lament its absence. Gray and Madsen (2007) suggest ways to elicit it. I present here an activity to use during the firs...
Computing equilibria in multi-player games

We initiate the systematic study of algorithmic issues involved in finding equilibria (Nash and correlated) in games with a large number of players; such games, in order to be computationally meaningful, must be presented in some succinct, game-specific way. We develop a general framework for obtaining polynomial-time algorithms for optimizing over correlated equilibria in such settings, and show how it can be applied successfully to symmetric games (for which we actually find an exact polytopal characterization), graphical games, and congestion games, among others. We also present complexity results implying that such algorithms are not possible in certain other such games. Finally, we present a polynomial-time algorithm, based on quantifier elimination, for finding a Nash equilibrium in symmetric games when the number of strategies is relatively small.
“Movement as motive”: Self‐definition and social advocacy in social movement autobiographies

This essay develops the thesis that in a rhetorically effective social movement autobiography, form enables the rhetorical functions of self‐definition and social advocacy to become mutually reinforcing, so that the author's life story demonstrates the plausibility of enacting the movement's ideology at the level of the individual, while the movement's “story” provides a backdrop against which the author can achieve a meaningful form of self‐definition. The distinctive relationship between form and function in movement autobiographies can be elucidated through the Burkeian concept of directional substance and, in particular, through Burke's insight that “when an individual's acts are referred to some larger curve, we get movement as motive.”
The Incidence of Concha Bullosa and Its Relationship to Chronic Sinonasal Disease

Review of CT scans from 198 consecutive patients demonstrated that 33% of 82 patients with sinusitis demonstrated a concha bullosa on at least one side. The incidence in 116 controls was 11%. This ...
Remote sensing dynamic monitoring of ecosystem service value of soil conservation with time series data

Terrestrial ecosystem has important ecological function and ecological services value. Soil conservation is one of the important ecological service functions of ecosystem, which is benefit for improve ecological environment and realize economy sustainable development. The soil conservation functions of ecosystem mainly include maintaining soil fertility, reducing waterway silt-up and protecting topsoil. Beijing area was chosen as study area, of which the ecosystem changed rapidly. Time series LandSat images were used to analyze the dynamic change of spatial pattern of ecosystem in Beijing area in recent thirty years. By using the method of opportunity cost, the study evaluated the ecosystem service value of soil conservation and analyzed its dynamic change of spatial pattern. Results showed that the order of ecosystem service value in Beijing area was 1978 > 1992 > 2000 > 2010. Because of the close relation with soil erosion, the ecosystem service value fluctuated with yearly precipitation. The main contributors of ecosystem service value of soil conservation were forest, of which the proportion could reach above 80%. The government was committed to promoting the percentage of forest cover, so the forest was the stable contributor for soil conservation in Beijing area.
Directed evolution: overcoming biology's limitations.

A process in which peptide nucleic acids may be used for in vitro evolution has been developed. This method can offer enormous opportunities to evolve stable, non-natural molecules for therapeutic applications.
Thermal performance of Al2O3 Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs) for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) applications

Abstract Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs) were synthesized by dispersing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, ([C4mim][NTf2]) ionic liquids (ILs). The experimental assessment of NEILs includes investigating the effective thermophysical properties and forced convection heat transfer under laminar and turbulent flow regime. The results show that thermal conductivity and heat capacity enhanced up to ∼11% and ∼49% respectively for 0.9 vol% NEILs. The rheological behavior of NEILs shows non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior with shear viscosity decreasing with increasing shear rate. The viscosity of NEILs shows much higher value compared to the base ILs for a small amount of nanoparticles dispersion and also has a strong temperature dependency. Measured viscosity and thermal conductivity were found to be much higher than predicted by the well-established model for dilute suspensions. The convective heat transfer performance increases with the nanoparticles concentration within the measured nanoparticles vol%; up to ∼27% and ∼40% enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was found in laminar and turbulent flow regime respectively. The possible mechanisms of the enhanced thermal performance are discussed.
Light and electron microscopic evaluation of thymuses from feline leukemia virus-infected kittens

Summary Light microscopic and electron microscopic findings in thymuses from 4-week old feline leukemia virus-infected and 4- and 9-week old noninfected kittens were evaluated and found to be morphologically similar to each other. Thymuses from 9-week old feline leukemia virusinfected kittens were markedly atrophied and individual lobules within each thymus varied in the severity of atrophy. Lobules having the least severe atrophy had a moderate thinning of the cortex and a heterogeneous thymocyte population arranged in disorganized cords. Additional morphologic changes in these thymuses included intense eosinopoiesis at the corticomedullary junction, increased prominence of vasculature, and enlarged Hassal's corpuscles. In addition to these changes lobules of thymus having the most severe atrophy had a marked cortical thymocyte depletion, lobule collapse, and increased numbers of mast cells. Degeneration of epithelial cells in most lobules was indicated by electronlucency of the cytoplasmic matrix and often greatly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations for a dirty gapless superconductor.

A complete set of charge-conserving, gauge-invariant, time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations is derived for a gapless, dirty, type-II superconductor using the method of Gor'kov and Eliashberg. Pair breaking by magnetic impurities and by a static magnetic field is permitted in any ratio, in contrast to the equations of Hu and Thompson, where the magnetic impurities dominate. Our extension of the range of validity requires a sizable increase in complexity. The space and time derivatives of the order parameter and the dynamic electromagnetic fields must be included to one higher order than in previous work. The equations are solved for a plane geometry in perpendicular magnetic field to first order in a parallel time-independent electric field, including all screening or backflow effects. The nonlinear terms due to normal-state Joule heating found by Larkin and Ovchinnikov are also obtained, and a precise connection is made between the vertex functions appearing in our equations and the electron distribution function appearing in the Boltzmann equation in the normal state.
High-harmonic generation using a kHz, 2.1-µm OPCPA pumped by a ps cryogenic Yb:YAG amplifier

We study the cutoff extension and efficiency scaling of high-harmonic generation in Xe, Kr, and Ar using a kHz 2.1-µm OPCPA pumped by a picosecond cryogenic Yb:YAG amplifier. High-harmonic spectroscopy and propagation effect are discussed.
Soil and xylem water potential and soil water content in contrasting Pinus contorta ecosystems, Southeastern Wyoming, USA.

The relationships between volumetric soil water content (ϕ), in situ soil water potential (Ίsoil) and predawn xylem pressure potential (Ίpredawn) were quantified in four contrasting lodgepole pine ecosystems in Wyoming, USA. On three of the sites, changes in Ίsoil correlated closely with Ίpredawn, but on a porous soil derived from coarse granitic parent material, Ίpredawn declines occurred much sooner than corresponding declines in Ίsoil, possibly because of local depletion of rhizosphere moisture and low molecular diffusivity of water in that soil. Exptrapolation of laboratory-derived characteristic curves for soil moisture to field conditions yielded different relationships between ϕ and Ίsoil than curves derived from in situ measurements, probably because of disruption of soil structure and porosity during sample collection and handling in laboratory studies. Although a close correlation between ϕ and Ίpredawn was observed, future efforts at modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum should be directed towards a more detailed understanding of the complex relationships between Ίsoil at varying depths and plant water stress.
The effect of pyridoxal phosphate on rabbit muscle aldolase.

Rabbit muscle aldolase loses activity when exposed to low concentrations of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The inactivation is specifically prevented by substrates and substrate analogues, and is reversed by dilution, or by addition of amino thiols. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate reacts with approximately six ϵ-amino lysine groups in the enzyme. The product was identified by spectral studies and by reduction with NaBH4 followed by hydrolysis and isolation of N6-pyridoxyllysine. Peptides containing N6-pyridoxyllysine were obtained after cyanogen bromide cleavage of the reduced complex, and the lysine residues that reacted with PLP were shown to be distinct from those involved in Schiff base formation with the substrate. The evidence suggests that pyridoxal 5′-phosphate reacts at one of the phosphate-binding sites of rabbit muscle aldolase. Most of the bound pyridoxal phosphate was located in the amino-terminal peptide, which contained one equivalent of pyridoxyl-P per subunit. Smaller quantities, about one-half equivalent per subunit, were incorporated into the carboxyl-terminal peptide. The lysine residue that forms the Schiff base with dihydroxyacetone phosphate was present in a third peptide located near the center of the chain.
DNA hypomethylation in the origin and pathogenesis of human diseases

The pathogenesis of any given human disease is a complex multifactorial process characterized by many biologically significant and interdependent alterations. One of these changes, specific to a wide range of human pathologies, is DNA hypomethylation. DNA hypomethylation signifies one of the major DNA methylation states that refers to a relative decrease from the "normal" methylation level. It is clear that disease by itself can induce hypomethylation of DNA; however, a decrease in DNA methylation can also have an impact on the predisposition to pathological states and disease development. This review presents evidence suggesting the involvement of DNA hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of several major human pathologies, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders.
PLZF staining identifies peripheral T-cell lymphomas derived from innate-like T-cells with TRAV1-2-TRAJ33 TCR-α rearrangement.

To the editor: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are uncommon and account for <10% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[1][1] The most common category of PTCL is “not otherwise specified” (PTCL-NOS), reflecting the lack of specific parameters to define PTCL subsets in a biologically relevant way.[2][
Maximum performance pipelines with switchable reservation tables

We describe a new technique for achieving maximum performance in pipelines which allows task initiations to follow any arbitrary cycle provided that the average time between initiations is /spl les/M, where M is the maximum number of reservations of any stage. This is not possible with the existing methods. The idea behind the proposed scheme is to allow different initiations to follow different reservation tables. This contrasts existing methods which require all initiations in a cycle to follow the same reservation table. We describe an algorithm for systematic construction of the reservation tables for different initiations in any cycle whose performance does not exceed the theoretical upper bound on throughput. We formally prove that the algorithm is correct and that it will always succeed in constructing the tables. >
Structure of Aeropyrum pernix fibrillarin in complex with natively bound S-adenosyl-L-methionine at 1.7 Å resolution.

Fibrillarin is the key methyltransferase associated with the C/D class of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and participates in the preliminary step of pre-ribosomal rRNA processing. This molecule is found in the fibrillar regions of the eukaryotic nucleolus and is involved in methylation of the 2′-O atom of ribose in rRNA. Human fibrillarin contains an N-terminal GAR domain, a central RNA-binding domain comprising an RNP-2-like superfamily consensus sequence and a catalytic C-terminal helical domain. Here, Aeropyrum pernix fibrillarin is described, which is homologous to the C-terminal domain of human fibrillarin. The protein was crystallized with an S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) ligand bound in the active site. The molecular structure of this complex was solved using X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.7 A using molecular replacement with fibrillarin structural homologs. The structure shows the atomic details of SAM and its active-site interactions; there are a number of conserved residues that interact directly with the cofactor. Notably, the adenine ring of SAM is stabilized by π–π interactions with the conserved residue Phe110 and by electrostatic interactions with the Asp134, Ala135 and Gln157 residues. The π–­π interaction appears to play a critical role in stabilizing the association of SAM with fibrillarin. Furthermore, comparison of A. pernix fibrillarin with homologous structures revealed different orientations of Phe110 and changes in α-­helix 6 of fibrillarin and suggests key differences in its interactions with the adenine ring of SAM in the active site and with the C/D RNA. These differences may play a key role in orienting the SAM ligand for catalysis as well as in the assembly of other ribonucleoproteins and in the interactions with C/D RNA.
Government by the people, for the people—twenty‐first century style

Abstract Citizens' competence for democratic self‐government must be judged by their ability to perform the typical functions of modern citizenship, rather than by their scores on surveys of political information—which are flawed in a variety of important respects. The role requirements for effective citizenship have changed throughout American history because government has grown vastly in size, complexity, and the range of functions that it performs. Effective use of citizens’ political talents therefore requires limiting public surveillance and advice to broad overview aspects, rather than to micro‐management. Citizens perform these more limited functions adequately, demonstrating that government by the people remains viable under modern conditions.
Punishment-induced facilitation: Comments and analysis

A theoretical and methodological analysis of recent research (e.g., Smith, Uisanin, & Campbell, 1966) was done in order to reconcile some divergent results. Varied effects of punishment of escape and avoidance responses were attributed, in large degree, to the location of punishment in the response sequence.
Preliminary report: kinetic studies on the modulation of high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and subfraction metabolism by sex steroids in a postmenopausal woman.

Abstract To investigate the effects of estrogens and androgens on the metabolism of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL), a normolipidemic postmenopausal woman was studied under the following conditions: (1) during supplementation with ethinyl estradiol (0.06 mg/d); (2) without sex steroid therapy; and (3) during treatment with stanozolol, an androgenic, anabolic steroid (6 mg/d). During these manipulations HDL and LDL cholesterol levels fluctuated widely but reciprocally: during estrogen supplementation HDL increased while LDL decreased; during stanozolol HDL-C decreased while LDL-C increased. Simultaneous changes in post-heparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase activity paralleled those of LDL (and opposed those of HDL), decreasing with estrogen and increasing with stanozolol. During all three phases, autologous 125 I-HDL turnover studies disclosed similarities between HDL 2 and apolipoprotein A-I metabolism and between HDL 3 and apolipoprotein A-II metabolism. In the untreated state the residence times of HDL 2 and apo A-I were only half those of HDL 3 and apo A-II. During estrogen treatment HDL 2 and apo A-I, residence times were selectively prolonged, coming to resemble those of HDL 3 and apo A-II, which remained unchanged. By contrast, during stanozolol treatment HDL 3 and apo A-II residence times were selectively reduced, coming to resemble those of HDL 2 and apo A-I, which remained unchanged. Apo A-I levels increased on estrogen and decreased on stanozolol, while apo A-II remained stable. Hence, estrogen increased HDL primarily by retarding the catabolism of the HDL 2 subfraction rich in apo A-I, whereas stanozolol decreased HDL by accelerating the catabolism of HDL 3 , relatively rich in apo A-II. These effects may have been mediated via the concomitant sex steroid-induced changes in the activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase, hypothesized to be a central enzyme in the regulation of HDL catabolism.
ACHIEVING DEXTEROUS MANIPULATION FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL ROBOTS THROUGH THE USE OF HYDRAULICS

Existing robotic surgical platforms face limitations which include the balance between the scale of the robot and its capability in terms of range of motion, load capacity, and tool manipulation. These limitations can be overcome by taking advantage of fluid power as an enabling technology with its inherent power density and controllability. As a proof-of-concept for this approach, we are pursuing the design of a novel, dexterous robotic surgical tool targeted towards transgastric natural orifice surgery. The design for this hydraulic surgical platform and the corresponding analysis are presented to demonstrate the theoretical system performance in terms of tool positioning and input requirements. The design involves a combination of a novel 3D valve, hydraulic artificial muscles, and multi-segmented flexible manipulator arms that fit in the lumen of an endoscope. A dynamic model of the system is created. Numerical simulations show that a hydraulic endoscopic surgical robot can produce the desired performance without using large external manipulators such as those employed by conventional surgical robots. They also provide insight into the component interactions and input response of the system. Future work will include manufacturing a prototype to validate the concept and the numerical models.
Structure of a C-Terminal .alpha.-Helix Cap in a Synthetic Peptide

We report here a novel C-terminal capping structure in a peptide helix, in which the NH of the side chain of asparagine forms an H-bond with the helix main chain CO four residues away. The backbone forms a local 3[sub 10] helix at the C-terminus, with the side chain contributing an additional H-bonded loop. This structure reveals formation of H-bonds by the side chain and main chain of a single residue that serve as a fundamental signal at the C-terminus of helices. The structure formed in this way blocks continuation of the [alpha]helix, hence providing a stronger C-termination signal than Pro 19, as seen in the relative CD values. 12 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Modeling mineral dissolution and precipitation in dual-porosity fracture−matrix systems

Abstract A dual-porosity chemical transport model is applied to saturated fractured porous media. In this model, transport through fractures is advection-dominated while transport within the matrix and between the matrix and the fractures is diffusion-dominated. Recent studies in the literature indicate that conservative tracers and radionuclides in these systems will be retarded by matrix diffusion even in the absence of chemical reactions. This study examines systems that include chemical reactions (e.g., dissolution/precipitation and aqueous complexation) and examines changes in retardation caused by precipitation. The two-dimensional simulation domain consists of a single fracture and the adjacent permeable matrix. The system is modeled using finite differences and a chemical equilibrium simulator based on the Villars-Cruise-Smith algorithm. A constant flow rate is assumed in the fracture, and diffusion rates are functions of the local matrix porosity. Results from simulations with idealized chemistry are presented and discussed to illustrate basic characteristics of this system. These characteristics include both advection-induced and diffusion-induced sequential dissolution/precipitation waves. Results are contrasted with limiting single porosity cases. An additional simulation using the Pitzer activity coefficient model illustrates the chemical retardation of a contaminant due to contaminant precipitation.
Potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition by isoproterenol in the cerebellar cortex: receptor specificity.

Abstract A large body of electrophysiological data has supported the hypothesis that an important role of norepinephrine in the central nervous system is to modulate the actions of other transmitter systems, particularly those utilizing the amino acid neurotransmitters. Noradrenergic potentiation of inhibitory responses, induced by locally-applied or synaptically-released gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on cerebellar Purkinje neurons, has been observed by a number of investigators, who have suggested that activation of beta-adrenergic receptors plays a critical role in mediating this modulatory effect of norepinephrine (NE). Two postsynaptic receptors for GABA, termed A and B, have been identified and both subtypes have been found in the cerebellum of the rat. The purposes of this investigation were first to identify the subtype(s) of GABA receptor responsible for mediating the inhibitory effects of locally-applied GABA in the cerebellar cortex and second to identify which subtype of GABA receptor is modulated by a beta-adrenergic input. Inhibitory responses of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, in urethane-anesthetized rats, to iontophoretic or pressure-applied isoguvacine, a selective GABAAagonist, to baclofen, a GABAB agonist or to GABA itself, were examined before, during and after local application of isoproterenol or norepinephrine. Isoguvacine, but not baclofen, induced consistent and dose-dependent inhibition of the firing ofPurkinje cells. At ejection currents that had no effect on spontaneous firing rate, iontophoretically-applied isoproterenol potentiated isoguvacine-induced inhibition. These data suggest that GABAA, rather than GABAB receptors, mediate GABA-induced inhibitions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Moreover, it appears that the modulation of GABA function by beta adrenergic agonists involves an interaction between a beta-adrenergic input and the GABAA receptor complex.
Lower Eocene and Paleocene Gentianaceae: Floral and Palynological Evidence

Lower Eocene flowers with Pistillipollenites macgregorii pollen represent the earliest megafossil evidence of the Gentianaceae. The Paleocene occurrence of P. macgregorii, the fossil's modern floral structure, and suggested trends in the evolution of pollen in the Gentianaceae indicate a considerably earlier origin for the family. Floral morphology typical of bee-pollinated flowers provides the earliest, albeit indirect, fossil evidence of bees .
Viscosity, relaxation time, and dynamics within a model asphalt of larger molecules

The dynamics properties of a new “next generation” model asphalt system that represents SHRP AAA-1 asphalt using larger molecules than past models is studied using molecular simulation. The system contains 72 molecules distributed over 12 molecule types that range from nonpolar branched alkanes to polar resins and asphaltenes. Molecular weights range from 290 to 890 g/mol. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations conducted at six temperatures from 298.15 to 533.15 K provide a wealth of correlation data. The modified Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts equation was regressed to reorientation time correlation functions and extrapolated to calculate average rotational relaxation times for individual molecules. The rotational relaxation rate of molecules decreased significantly with increasing size and decreasing temperature. Translational self-diffusion coefficients followed an Arrhenius dependence. Similar activation energies of ∼42 kJ/mol were found for all 12 molecules in the model system, while diffusion prefactors spanned an order of magnitude. Viscosities calculated directly at 533.15 K and estimated at lower temperatures using the Debye-Stokes-Einstein relationship were consistent with experimental data for asphalts. The product of diffusion coefficient and rotational relaxation time showed only small changes with temperature above 358.15 K, indicating rotation and translation that couple self-consistently with viscosity. At lower temperatures, rotation slowed more than diffusion.
Crystal field analysis of LaCl3:Am3+ and AmCl3 and its relationship to the spectra of frozen solutions of Am3+(aquo)

Abstract A crystal field analysis of the energy level structure deduced in LaCl3: Am3+ and in the isostructural compound AmCl3 from spectroscopic measurements has been carried out using an effective operator Hamiltonian. Both free-ion and crystal field parameters were fitted to the data. While a shift in energy between transitions observed in the doped crystal and pure compound was noted, it was found that the same crystal field parameters were applicable to both samples. Shifts in centers of gravity of levels could be attributed to differences in free-ion structure. There is a clear similarity between spectra observed for the solid compounds studied and that observed for a frozen aqueous solution of Am3+. This indicates that the same symmetry-induced selection rules are operative and is consistent with a ninefold coordination by water molecules.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF EPENDYMA IN THE BRAIN OF THE RAT

The ciliated ependyma of the rat brain consists of a sheet of epithelial cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over ciliary shafts and numerous evaginations of irregular dimensions. The relatively straight lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at discrete sites to form five-layered junctions or zonulae occludentes which obliterate the intercellular space. These fusions occur usually at some distance below the free surface either independently or in continuity with a second intercellular junction, the zonula adhaerens. The luminal junction is usually formed by a zonula adhaerens or, occasionally, by a zonula occludens. The finely granular and filamentous cytoplasm contains supranuclear dense bodies, some of which are probably lysosomes and dense whorls of perinuclear filaments which send fascicles toward the lateral plasmalemma. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal body complexes of neighboring cilia. These complexes include a striated basal foot and short, non-striated rootlets emanating from the wall of each basal body. The rootlets end in a zone of granules about the proximal region of the basal body, adjacent to which may lie a striated mass of variable shape. All components of the basal body complex of adjacent cilia are independent of each other.
Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Lawsonite and their Variation with Temperature

Abstract We have measured the elastic wave velocities and single-crystal elastic moduli of lawsonite (CaAl 2 (Si 2 O 7 )(OH) 2 ·H 2 O) by Brillouin spectroscopy at high temperatures to 450 °C and at room pressure. Lawsonite is generally characterized by high longitudinal ( v P ) and shear ( v S ) elastic wave velocities. A number of the elastic properties increase with increasing temperature, including the shear modulus, G ( ∂G / ∂T =+2.01 GPa/100 K), and the aggregate velocities v P and v S . These anomalous properties are likely related to a displacive phase transition at ∼0 °C. This is supported by the small value of the elastic modulus c 66 (18(1) GPa at room temperature), and the fact that c 66 softens as temperature is decreased approaching the ∼0 °C phase transition. The anomalous behavior in c 66 leads to a decrease in v P / v S and Poisson’s ratio with increasing temperature at 1 atm pressure. Our results show that the aggregate bulk modulus ( K S =125(2) GPa at 21 °C) decreases monotonically with increasing temperature ( ∂K S / ∂T =−1.8 GPa/100 K), in contrast to the results of Daneil et al. (1999) who observed a minimum in the bulk modulus at ∼230 °C. In general, the aggregate elastic wave velocities of lawsonite under high P – T conditions of a subducted slab are expected to remain comparable to those of anhydrous mafic silicates. This observation reinforces the notion that other hydrous minerals persist in subducted oceanic crust to considerable depth (∼250 km), in order to explain the low velocity layers observed in some subduction zones (e.g. Helffrich, 1996; Abers, 2000).
"Above all do no harm:" horizons in pediatric oncology.

The articles selected in this review highlight some advances in the use of the "old standards" methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine for the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, especially the laboratory studies, which may allow a "pharmacologic phenotyping" to identify children most likely to relapse. In addition, we review the use of "newer" drugs (epipodophyllotoxins), which may be effective but are also associated with high morbidity (ie, secondary acute myeloid leukemia). As a second issue, "dose intensity" and the use of high-dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation will be challenged, especially in light of peripheral stem cell harvest and the use of growth factors.
A direct determination of the energy release for the 3α breakup of the second-excited state of ^(12)C

The energy difference between the second-excited state of ^(12)C and three α-particles has been determined by implanting ^(12)B ions within a silicon surface-barrier detector, and observing the pulses from the 3α decay of the second-excited state of ^(12)C, formed in ≈ 1.5% of the ^(12)B decays. The result obtained, Q = 379.6 ± 2.0 keV is in good agreement with that obtained by measuring the excitation energy of the ^(12)C second-excited state and then subtracting three times the mass excess of an α-particle. The combined result from the present work and three recent excitation measurements is Q = 380.1 ± 1.1 keV.
Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Using Harmony Search

This study presents a cost minimization model for the design of water distribution networks. The model uses a recently developed harmony search optimization algorithm while satisfying all the design constraints. The harmony search algorithm mimics a jazz improvisation process in order to find better design solutions, in this case pipe diameters in a water distribution network. The model also interfaces with a popular hydraulic simulator, EPANET, to check the hydraulic constraints. If the design solution vector violates the hydraulic constraints, the amount of violation is considered in the cost function as a penalty. The model was applied to five water distribution networks, and obtained designs that were either the same or cost 0.28–10.26% less than those of competitive meta-heuristic algorithms, such as the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and tabu search under similar or less favorable conditions. The results show that the harmony search-based model is suitable for water network design.
Sixth international congress on child abuse and neglect, Sydney, Australia, August 11–14, 1986

Abstract THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS under the auspices of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) and the Council of Australian Welfare Ministers was attended by 1,674 delegates from 36 countries. As expected, the host country had the largest number of delegates. The greatest number of Congress participants from countries other than Australia came from North America where the majority of the ISPCAN membership is located. Present were 103 ISPCAN members. ISPCAN membership grew substantially as 247 delegates took advantage of the joint registration fee. Among countries not previously represented at ISPCAN biennial congresses were participants from Nepal, China, Papua New Guinea. Japan, and Korea. Some delegates from developing countries received financial support from UNICEF, the Australian Development Assistance Bureau (ADAB) and The Australian International Year of Peace Secretariat (IYP).
Electron microscopic study of experimental acute hypertensive encephalopathy.

Electron microscopic examinations were carried out in the brains of cats with acute arterial hypertension produced by intermittent compression of the descending aorta.
Monolayer, bilayer, multilayers: evolving magnetic behavior in Langmuir-Blodgett films containing a two-dimensional iron-nickel cyanide square grid network.

The assembly of two-dimensional cyanide-bridged FeIII−NiII square grid networks at the air−water interface and subsequent transfer of these networks as isolated monolayer, isolated bilayer, and multiple bilayer (multilayer) films via the Langmuir−Blodgett technique results in novel low-dimensional systems in which the effects of dimensionality on magnetic behavior in molecule-based materials can be observed. The magnetic response of these films between 2 < T < 300 K in dc fields from −50 < H < 50 kG and in 4 G ac fields from 1 Hz to 1 kHz are reported. The results show the presence of ferromagnetic domains with characteristic hysteresis in each of the three systems. The magnetic response for all three samples is anisotropic with a stronger field-cooled magnetization observed when the planes of the films are aligned parallel to the applied field. Additionally, each of the three samples shows frequency dependence in both the real and imaginary components of the ac susceptibility. This behavior is interprete...
Holographic Associative Memory System Using A Thresholding Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator

Experimental implementation of a holographic optical associative memory system using a thresholding microchannel spatial light modulator (MSLM) is presented. The first part of the system is basically a joint transform correlator, in which a liquid crystal light valve is used as a square-law converter for the inner product of the addressing and input memories. The MSLM is used as an active element to recall the associated data. If the device is properly thresholded, the system is capable of improving the quality of the output image.
Damage detection using piezoelectric impedance approach with inductive circuitry

The impedance-based damage detection has been recognized to be sensitive to small-sized damage due to its highfrequency measurement capability. Low-cost impedance measurement circuit has been explored to extract the piezoelectric impedance/admittance curves by using a resistor that is serially connected with the piezoelectric transducer, which enables a self-contained sensor unit. In this research, an innovative impedance-based damage detection scheme is proposed, which combines the key features of the low-cost impedance measurement circuit with those of the piezoelectric circuitry dynamics. In the new scheme, the piezoelectric transducer is integrated with an inductive circuit. The resonant effect of the inductive circuitry can greatly increase the measurement amplitude. Moreover, when the inductance is properly tuned, very significant dynamic interaction between the mechanical structure being monitored and the electrical circuitry will occur. This results in an order-of-magnitude amplification of the admittance change upon the occurrence of damage, which can yield much increased damage detection sensitivity. Extensive numerical and experimental investigations are carried out to demonstrate the new sensing system development.