cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressive sensing spectral domain optical coherence tomography with dispersion compensation

In this paper, we describe a novel CS method that incorporates dispersion compensation into the CS reconstruction of spectral domain OCT (SD OCT) signal. We show that A-scans with dispersion compensation can be obtained by multiplying the dispersion correcting term to the undersampled linear-in-wavenumber spectral data before the CS reconstruction. We also implemented fast CS reconstruction by taking the advantage of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The matrix-vector multiplication commonly used in the CS reconstruction is implemented by a two-step procedure. Compared to the CS reconstruction with matrix multiplication, our method can obtain dispersion compensated A-scan at least 5 times faster. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high quality image with dispersion compensation.
Objects, motions, and paths: spatial language in children with Williams syndrome.

The acquisition of spatial language is often assumed to be built upon an early-emerging system of nonlinguistic spatial knowledge. We tested this relationship by examining spatial language in children with Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorder that gives rise to severe nonlinguistic spatial deficits together with relatively spared language. Twelve children with WS, 12 normally developing mental-age matched children, and 12 normal adults described 80 videotaped motion events. Children with WS showed substantial control over key linguistic components of the motion event, including appropriate semantic and syntactic encoding of Figure and Ground objects, Manner of Motion, and Path. The expression of Path, although surprisingly spared, was more fragile among children with WS in contexts plausibly related to their nonlinguistic spatial deficit. The results show strong preservation of the formal aspects of spatial-linguistic knowledge and suggest that the nonlinguistic spatial deficits shown by childr...
Dense SNP association study for bipolar I disorder on chromosome 18p11 suggests two loci with excess paternal transmission

Parent-of-origin effects have been implicated as mediators of genetic susceptibility for a number of complex disease phenotypes, including bipolar disorder. Specifically, evidence for linkage on chromosome 18 is modified when allelic parent-of-origin is accommodated in the analysis. Our goal was to characterize the susceptibility locus for bipolar I disorder on chromosome 18p11 and investigate this parent-of-origin hypothesis in an association context. This was achieved by genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a high density (1 SNP/5 kb) along 13.6 megabases of the linkage region. To increase our ability to detect a susceptibility locus, we restricted the phenotype definition to include only bipolar I probands. We also restricted our study population to Ashkenazi Jewish individuals; this population has characteristics of a genetic isolate and may therefore facilitate detection of variants for complex disease. Three hundred and forty-four pedigrees (363 parent/child trios) where probands were affected with bipolar 1 disorder were genotyped. Transmission disequilibrium test analysis revealed no statistically significant association to SNPs or haplotypes within this region in this sample. However, when parent-of-origin of transmitted SNPs was taken into account, suggestive association was revealed for two separate loci.
The organizational response to the discovery of false sign-off

Financial statement audit quality is directly threatened when auditors sign off audit steps without performing the required work. This behavior, known as false sign-off, has received attention in the academic literature for over 30 years. Most prior false sign-off research has focused on trying to understand why and how much false sign-off occurs from the perspective of the auditors who engage in the behavior. Some recent research based on experiments and semi-structured interviews has investigated the organizational response to the discovery of false sign-off, finding that one reason the behavior may occur is that it is not sufficiently discouraged when it is discovered. The current study uses a widely distributed survey to ask auditors about their discovery of and response to actual instances of false sign-off. The survey explores the types and frequency of discovered false sign-off, the actions actually taken by auditors when it is discovered, the factors that influenced the auditors’ chosen course of action and the ultimate organizational response to the cases that are reported.
Relationships between Ability, College Attendance, and Family Income.

Some of the social functions of testing were examined by studying the characteristics and educational outcomes of students with different test scores and from families with different incomes. Using College Board file information, the educational plans and other relevant characteristics of students with different combinations of family income and test scores were compared. A follow-up of applicants who had completed high school in 1981 determined their educational status. These data were related to the applicants' test scores and family incomes to estimate the relative influence of each of their educational outcomes.
Gramsci and Marxist Sociology of Knowledge: an Analysis of Hegemony-Ideology-Knowledge*

This paper is an attempt to analyze the fundamental components of Gramsci's Marxist theory: the assertion of absolute historicism and humanism over economic determinism, the primacy of superstructu...
Evaluation of Heads Up! - Children Read, Listen and Learn: A Hospital Clinic-Based Literacy Program

Evaluation of Heads Up! - Children Read, Listen and Learn: A Hospital Clinic-Based Literacy Program
Christ as Culture 2: Christ as Art

: Art can be understood as experimenting with possible worlds. There is, however, a real world underlying the possible worlds – the world created by God. We do not have unmediated access to this world, and so must, and can, continue to be artists, and a loss of faith in the existence of the real world leads to a loss of the possibility of art. If Christ is to be understood as art, then the Father is the artist who experiments with a possible world, which is thus defined as the real world, through his Son, the Logos.
Inference of molecular homology and sequence alignment by direct optimization.

Abstract That homologies exist and can be recognized and discovered is of central importance to comparative and evolutionary biology. Traditionally, homology assessment for both molecular and morphological data has been treated as a two-step process involving the generation of a proposition of homology and then the evaluation of that hypothesis through the test of congruence in a phylogenetic analysis. An alternative phylogenetic method, direct optimization, combines these into a one-step process in which positional homology and cladograms are co-estimated simultaneously. Here we examine the use of the term “homology” as it is applied to molecular data, and critique the concept of molecular homology one must accept if cladograms are to be interpreted as phylogenetic estimates. The test of congruence alone cannot be used to determine homologous (historically identical) features, and character analysis and the proposition of primary homology hypotheses is the only procedure that can identify correspondences between features justified as retaining phylogenetic information. The practical ramifications for phylogenetic analysis, such as data exclusion and the interpretation of tree-like diagrams as phylogenies, are discussed.
Structure of polymerizable lipid bilayers IV. Mixtures of long chain diacetylenic and short chain saturated phosphatidylcholines and analogous asymmetric isomers.

Abstract Polymerization of 1,2-bis(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) is enhanced by addition o short-chain saturated phosphatidylcholines such as 1,2-dinonanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DNPC). Because of well established constraints on the topochemical polymerisation process, we undertook structure-based experiments to determine the nature of this effect. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) that the DNPC crystalized the proximal (m) and disordered the distal (n) methylene segments of DC8,9PC, thus providing flexibility to accommodate the conformational change upon polymer formation, or (b) that the DNPC forced lateral displacement of DC8,9PC, which would then allow interdigitation of these segments with those of the opposing monolayer and potentially more crystalline alignment of the diacetylene. Low angle X-ray diffraction studies do not support the interdigiated chain model. However, these measurements also indicate that the two lipid species may be phase separated under many conditions. An analogous structure, 1-(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)2-nonanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C8,9NPC) did not polymerize, and low angle X-ray diffraction studies indicate that bilayers of this lipid were interdigitated such that the terminal methyl group of the tricosadiynoyl chain on each lipid in the bilayer was adjacent to the diacetylenic moiety of a lipid on the opposing monolayer. Implications of these findings pertinent to identifying significant factors in polymerization of diacetylenic phospholipid bilayers are discussed.
Dimensions of the Female Role

Four dimensions of traditional femininity are presented and provide a framework within which to examine the adherence to cultural conditioning and expectations.
Droplet Sizing Using the Shifrin Inversion

A method for measuring droplet size distributions was investigated with an emphasis on limitations related to measurements in real spray environments. The method stores a photographic image of a plane of droplets within a spray and is capable of evaluating particle size distributions within the spray, one small region at a time. The method complements droplet velocity measurements made using Particle Image Velocimetry. In a typical experiment, a plane of the spray was illuminated by a laser light sheet and photographed. After processing, a small laser beam scanned the film and a diffraction pattern was generated for each region illuminated by the small laser. The diffraction pattern was inverted using a Shifrin inversion to solve for the particle size distribution within the illuminated region. In this paper the authors will discuss some of the limitations of this method and indicate one approach which seems to allow for improved inversions using data signal processing.
ONE-PARTICLE SPECTRAL WEIGHT OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SINGLE-BAND HUBBARD MODEL

Dynamic properties of the three-dimensional single-band Hubbard model are studied using quantum Monte Carlo combined with the maximum entropy technique. At half-filling, there is a clear gap in the density of states and well-defined quasiparticle peaks at the top (bottom) of the lower (upper) Hubbard band. We find an antiferromagnetically induced weight above the naive Fermi momentum. Upon hole doping, the chemical potential \ensuremath{\mu} moves to the top of the lower band where a robust peak is observed. Results are compared with spin-density-wave mean-field and self-consistent Born approximation results, and also with the infinite-dimensional (D=\ensuremath{\infty}) Hubbard model, and experimental photoemission for three-dimensional transition-metal oxides. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Penalized Functional Regression.

We develop fast fitting methods for generalized functional linear models. The functional predictor is projected onto a large number of smooth eigenvectors and the coefficient function is estimated using penalized spline regression; confidence intervals based on the mixed model framework are obtained. Our method can be applied to many functional data designs including functions measured with and without error, sparsely or densely sampled. The methods also extend to the case of multiple functional predictors or functional predictors with a natural multilevel structure. The approach can be implemented using standard mixed effects software and is computationally fast. The methodology is motivated by a study of white-matter demyelination via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The aim of this study is to analyze differences between various cerebral white-matter tract property measurements of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls. While the statistical developments proposed here were motivated by the DTI st...
General Theory of Heart-Vector Projection

A mathematical and physical basis for heart-vector projection concepts is presented and its significance for current practices in frontal-plane and spatial electrocardiography is discussed. Assumptions underlying the theory are stated and utilized to derive a general relationship between the heart dipole and the potentials it produces in the body. Specific equations are given for unipolar and bipolar leads and the Wilson central-terminal voltage. Coefficients determined experimentally for human torso models differ markedly from those that stem from Einthoven's hypothesis. Einthoven's equilateral triangle represents a special case of the general theory. Geometric interpretations are applied to a quantitative frontal-plane example, to the Wilson central-terminal voltage and extended to the concept of an image surface corresponding to the human body surface.
Sevoflurane-induced delayed neuroprotection involves mitoK ATP channel opening and PKC ε activation

There is an increasing body of evidence that a brief exposure to anesthesia induces ischemic tolerance in rat brain (anesthetic preconditioning). However, it is unknown whether preconditioning with sevoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic in current clinical practice, produces a delayed window of neuroprotection against ischemia and what the mechanisms are for this protection. To address these issues, adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h. Sevoflurane preconditioning was induced 24 h before brain ischemia by exposing the animals to sevoflurane at 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (2.4%) in oxygen for 60 min. Animals preconditioned with sevoflurane had lower neurological deficit scores and smaller brain infarct volumes than animals with brain ischemia at 6 and 24 h after MCAO, respectively. Application of a selective antagonist for mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, 40 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before sevoflurane exposure attenuated this beneficial effect. Moreover, protein kinase C e (PKC e) was translocated to the membrane fraction at 6 h, but not 24 h, after brain reperfusion in animals preconditioned with sevoflurane and this effect was also abolished by 5-HD. We concluded that sevoflurane preconditioning induces a delayed neuroprotection and that mitochondrial KATP channels and PKC e may be involved in this neuroprotection.
Internalization of cationized ferritin receptors by rat hepatoma ascites cells.

Abstract Cationized ferritin (CF) was used to label the cell surface anionic sites of Chang rat hepatoma ascites cells. If the hepatoma cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and treated with CF, the label was distributed evenly over the external surface of the plasma membrane. Treatment of unfixed ascites cells with CF yielded clusters of ferritin particles separated by label-free areas of the plasma membrane. Some unfixed ascites cells were treated firstly with CF, then incubated in veronal buffered saline at 37 °C for 10, 20, 30 and 45 min, subsequently fixed in glutaraldehyde and re-exposed to CF. After 10 min of incubation, the label was arranged into large clusters with the remaining areas of the plasma membrane lightly labelled with CF. At 20 min, only clusters of ferritin were present on the plasma membrane; the remaining area of the cell surface was totally free of label. The ability of the plasma membrane to bind additional CF was completely restored after 45 min of incubation. These results suggest that for some period of time after internalization of CF label on cell surface the plasma membrane is devoid of any detectable negative charge.
Ocular neuromyotonia: differential diagnosis and treatment

AbstractOcular neuromyotonia (ONM) is a rare but distinctive clinical entity characterized by involuntary episodic contraction of one or more muscles supplied by the ocular motor nerves. A retrospective review was conducted on all patients with ONM seen by the neuroophthalmology service in the past 20 years. Ten patients were identified with ONM; six affecting vertical muscles (superior oblique; inferior rectus; superior rectus) and four affecting lateral rectus muscles. Case 1 has been reported previously. Most episodes occurred every 10–40 min, lasted a few seconds to several minutes, and were repeated throughout the day. Only two patients had previously undergone cranial radiation. Two had thyroid eye disease. One patient presented with superior oblique myokymia and subsequently developed ONM. Membrane stabilizing medications were prescribed in 7 of the 10 patients with varied success. ONM episodes ceased after extraocular muscle surgery in one patient with thyroid eye disease.
On the stability of lyotropic lamellar liquid crystals and the thicknesses of their lamellae

The stability of lamellar lyotropic liquid crystals was investigated using a thermodynamic formalism. The interfacial tension A was expressed in terms of the thicknesses ‰1 and ‰2 of the two kinds of lamellae. For given thicknesses, the system might be stable if A g 0. In adition, the derivatives @f/@‰i of the excess free energy f, due to van der Waals, hydration, steric, electrostatic, and undulation interactions, must be negative for the lamellar structure to be stable. The thermodynamic conditions employed show that the domain of existence of the lamellar phase is restricted to narrow ranges of layer thicknesses and parameters of interaction. The effect of the bending modulus and of the ionic strength on the stability was examined. The thicknesses of the two kinds of lamellae were calculated using equilibrium and mass balance equations. It was shown that the nonlinearity of these equations could be responsible for the observed deviations from the “ideal dilution law”. A comparison between the calculated and experimental results was made.
Large-Larmor-radius interchange instability

We observe linear and nonlinear features of a strong plasma/magnetic field interchange Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the limit of large ion Larmor radius. The instability undergoes rapid linear growth culminating in free-streaming flute tips.
Mars CO2 cycle: Effects of airborne dust and polar cap ice emissivity

Abstract Mars General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations are presented to illustrate the importance of the ice emissivity of the seasonal CO2 polar caps in regulating the effects of airborne dust on the martian CO2 cycle. Simulated results show that atmospheric dust suppresses CO2 condensation when the CO2 ice emissivity is high but enhances it when the CO2 ice emissivity is low. This raises the possibility that the reason for the repeatable nature of the CO2 cycle in the presence of a highly variable dust cycle is that the CO2 ice emissivity is “neutral” – the value that leads to no change in CO2 condensation with changing atmospheric dust. For this GCM, the “neutral” emissivity is approximately 0.55, which is low compared to observed cap emissivities. This inconsistency poses a problem for this hypothesis. However, it is clear that the CO2 ice emissivity is a critical physical parameter in determining how atmospheric dust affects the CO2 cycle on Mars.
LORAP - Long Range Aerial Panoramic Photographic System

The LORAP, Long Range Aerial Panoramic photographic system, is the latest addition to a total panoramic camera system development by Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. The LORAP system program consists of the KA-112A panoramic camera, pod, pylon, cockpit control, aircraft modification, AGE (pod/camera handling and electronic test equipment), handbooks, training, spares, and field service. The LORAP is designed to provide long range side looking high acuity panoramic photography taken from aboard present or future high performance aircraft. The camera subsystem design utilizes an F/5.6, 72 inch focal length lens mounted within a lightweight graphite epoxy lens barrel. The panoramic design utilizes the "split-scan" principle and affords image motion compensation, automatic roll, pitch, and yaw correction, automatic slant range focus, and manual pressure/temperature focus. The pod subsystem permits installation on multiple types of aircraft and affords inflight-selectable starboard or port sector scanning from the horizon down to a 36° depression angle on either side of the flight path. The airborne LORAP System follows a total system concept from conceptual design through operational use. Several systems have been delivered and the associated airborne and ground support hardware, software, logistic support equipment and trained personnel have been established "on site" through the participation of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation personnel assisted by Lockheed Aircraft Services.
Wild-Type H- and N-Ras Promote Mutant K-Ras-Driven Tumorigenesis by Modulating the DNA Damage Response

Mutations in KRAS are prevalent in human cancers and universally predictive of resistance to anticancer therapeutics. Although it is widely accepted that acquisition of an activating mutation endows RAS genes with functional autonomy, recent studies suggest that the wild-type forms of Ras may contribute to mutant Ras-driven tumorigenesis. Here, we show that downregulation of wild-type H-Ras or N-Ras in mutant K-Ras cancer cells leads to hyperactivation of the Erk/p90RSK and PI3K/Akt pathways and, consequently, the phosphorylation of Chk1 at an inhibitory site, Ser 280. The resulting inhibition of ATR/Chk1 signaling abrogates the activation of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint and confers specific sensitization of mutant K-Ras cancer cells to DNA damage chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo.
Sex differences in child nutritional and immunological status 5-9 years post contact in fringe highland Papua New Guinea.

Objectives: This study examines sex differences in vulnerability among children experiencing rapid culture change that may reflect distinct microecologies driven by differential parental investment and/or sex-specific life history strategies. Apparent female growth canalization may be a life history strategy favoring growth over maintenance but also may reflect sex-differentiated selection for resilience based on unequal treatment during early life. Methods: Stature, weight, and serum measures of C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammation marker) and EpsteinBarr Virus antibodies (EBV, a humoral immune response marker) were collected longitudinally among children/adolescents ages 5–20 years (N 5 65), 5–9 years after sustained contact in a fringe highland hunter-horticulturalist group from the Schrader Range in Papua New Guinea exhibiting male preference and sex-biased survival. It was hypothesized that girls would exhibit canalization, with better nutritional status than boys; lower maintenance investment would yield lower female immune activation; and because of differential survivorship, females would appear increasingly canalized as early conditions for girls worsened relative to boys. Results: Girls had greater arm circumference z-scores than boys, less frequent stunting, and lower CRP despite high pathogen load. Average nutritional status for girls improved over time as the sex ratio became increasingly male biased and the condition of female infants reportedly worsened. Conclusions: Both canalization and survivorship effects were found. Although a life history perspective on female canalization can help explain developmental outcomes in populations undergoing rapid culture change amid adversity, possible sex differences in the strength of survivorship effects that select for resiliency should not be ignored. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:657–666, 2010. ' 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The convergence of unparalleled growth in net global wealth with profoundly unequal wealth distribution has intensified inequities within and among societies. Hence, identifying pathways toward vulnerability or resilience in the face of rapid global culture change is a major public health concern (Worthman and Kohrt, 2005). The comparative study of child growth under different rearing conditions has highlighted the importance to child well-being not only of historical, structural, and material factors at the population level but also of microecologies of individuals or subgroups of children within the same society and even within the same household (Bogin, 2001). In particular, culturally informed, sex-differentiated access to resources and patterns of exposure to disease foster sex differences in developmental trajectories that belie simple predictions based on conditions under which the group as a whole resides (Stinson, 1985; Worthman, 1996). Sex differences in developmental outcomes during culture change provide a case study in how localized forms of differential treatment intersect with variation in children’s intrinsic adaptive
Adsorption of single alkali atoms on tungsten using field emission and field desorption

Abstract Single adatom events have been detected and the binding energies and dipole moments of single sodium, potassium and cesium adatoms have been measured on the (110), (112) and (111) planes of tungsten in a probe hole field emission microscope. The Fowler-Nordheim formulation has been modified to include averaging effects implicit in probe hole measurements on single adsorbed atoms. The work function changes and consequent dipole moments associated with single alkali adatoms on a tungsten surface have been estimated. A model has been proposed to obtain binding energies from measurements of the field required to desorb a single alkali adatom. The results are in good agreement with current theoretical predictions for the adsorption of single alkali atoms on metals.
Cajal–Retzius cells in the mouse: transcription factors, neurotransmitters, and birthdays suggest a pallial origin

Cajal-Retzius cells are reelin-secreting neurons found in the marginal zone of the mammalian cortex during development. Recently, it has been proposed that Cajal-Retzius cells may be generated both early and late in corticogenesis, and may migrate into the cortex from proliferative zones in the subpallium (lateral ganglionic eminence and medial ganglionic eminence) or cortical hem. In the present study, we used reelin as a marker to study the properties of Cajal-Retzius cells, including their likely origins, neurotransmitters, and birthdates. In double labeling experiments, Cajal-Retzius cells (reelin(+)) expressed transcription factors characteristic of pallial neurons (Tbr1 and Emx2), contained high levels of glutamate, were usually calretinin(+), and were born early in corticogenesis, on embryonic days (E)10.5 and E11.5. Tbr1(+) cells in the marginal zone were almost always reelin(+). The first Cajal-Retzius cells (Tbr1(+)/reelin(+)) appeared in the preplate on E10.5. In contrast, interneurons expressed a subpallial transcription factor (Dlx), contained high levels of GABA, were frequently calbindin(+), and were born throughout corticogenesis (from E10.5 to E16.5). Interneurons (Dlx(+)) first appeared in the cortex on E12.5. Our results suggest that the marginal zone contains two main types of neurons: Cajal-Retzius cells derived from the pallium, and migrating interneurons derived from the subpallium.
Use of the cosmid adenoviral vector cloning system for the in vitro construction of recombinant adenoviral vectors

The large size of the adenoviral genome unfortunately precludes there being many unique, useful restriction sites available for in vitro manipulation. Two methods have been developed for the construction of recombinant adenoviral vectors to date: in vivo homologous recombination or direct ligation in vitro. The efficiency of either the direct ligation method or the homologous recombination method is low because of the large size of the recombinant adenoviral vectors. To circumvent these problems, we have chosen to use the cosmid vector system to facilitate the assembly of recombinant adenoviral vectors. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that recombinant adenoviral vectors can be efficiently constructed in vitro by the cosmid vector system. With this method, it is possible to amplify the recombinant adenoviral vector DNA sufficiently to transfect 293 cells. The cosmid adenoviral vector cloning method for in vitro construction of the full-length recombinant adenoviral vectors represented here is simple and efficient and should facilitate the development of recombinant adenoviral vectors for human gene therapy.
Remote sensing of volcanic ash hazards to aircraft

The Alaskan eruptions of Augustine Volcano (1986) and Redoubt Volcano (1989-90) were major hazards to air traffic at Anchorage, along a major polar air route. Detailed examinations were made of multispectral imagery collected by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) aboard polar orbiting NOAA weather satellites. More than 70 images of eruptions from the two volcanoes, which exhibit a great variety of eruptive and atmospheric conditions have been examined. The data set offers an elaborate test of the utility of synoptic weather satellites for discriminating and tracking eruption clouds. The results so far are very encouraging, demonstrating a success in discrimination and mapping of eruption clouds under a variety of conditions. The two eruptions have different spectral characteristics, which have precluded the use of a single algorithm to discriminate eruption clouds from meteorological ones. Laboratory spectral study of ashes collected from the field are being used to help understand differing spectral characteristics of ash clouds as detected by the AVHRR.
A polynomial time recognition algorithm for probe interval graphs

Probe interval graphs were introduced to model a problem arising in a form of DNA sequencing. This paper presents an O(n2) algorithm for recognizing probe interval graphs. This is the first polynomial time recognition algorithm for this class.
Discrete aircraft frequency concept [abstracts]

Summary form only given. Today's air-ground communication system normally reqnires the assignment of a discrete very-high frequency, and, where appropriate, an ultra-high frequency for every function associated with air traffic control. This requires that each function of a control tower, such as approach control, local control, ground control, etc., and each function of the air route traffic control centers (ARTCC), such as high- and lowwdtitude sectors, be assigned at least one discrete frequency and in many cases two or more. When a channel for a particular function becomes saturated or when new facilities or functions are added to the system, more channels are required. Recent FAA studies have indicated there is presently a reqnirement for more than 100 channels over and above the number now available. As aviation grows, the problem will become mote severe. Solutions available within the framework of today���s system and current equipment will not produce acceptable long-term results. Therefore, it appears necessary to consider and evaluate new methods of air traffic control communication techniques. One methcd currently under consideration by the FAA is the discrete aircraft frequency concept. This concept differs from the present system in that a single frequency would be assigned to an aircraft. The ground system would semi-automatically change to the aircraft���s frequency when communication is desired, as opposed to the aircraft changing frequency for every control boundary and function in today���s system. One cf the advantages would be better frequency utilization, by balancing communication loading over all communication channels. In this system, assignment of the frequencies to aircraft would be done so that at any given time and place the total number of aircraft will generally be uniformly distributed among the available frequencies.
On feedback-stabilization of large second-order systems

A simple approach to the state feedback stabilization problem associated with a large second-order model is proposed. The approach requires neither matrix inversion nor computation of any eigenvalues. Implementation is discussed, and numerical results are presented. >
Radiation therapy for localized disease

Background. Since 1910, a variety of radiation modalities, including radioactive isotopes, photons, and particle beams, have been used to treat prostatic cancer. Methods. This report focuses on external beam x-irradiation produced by medium energy linear accelerators. Between 1956 and 1990, 1119 patients have been treated with curative intent at Stanford University. Tumor doses of 70 Gy delivered at 10 Gy/wk have been safe and effective. Results. Fifteen-year survival rates ranging from 50%, equivalent to that of an age-matched cohort, for the least extensively localized tumors to 18% for the most extensive have been achieved
Interleukin‐2‐mediated Survival and Proliferative Signals are Uncoupled in T Lymphocytes that Fail to Divide after Activation1

T lymphocytes are heterogeneous with respect to their ability to proliferate following activation in vitro and in vivo. Approximately 30% of T lymphocytes fail to progress through the cell cycle, despite showing evidence of an activated state. The population of T lymphocytes that remains undivided during a primary stimulation has been shown to be refractory to restimulation via the TCR and fails to proliferate in response to IL-2. In an in vitro model of T-cell deletion following clonal expansion, we demonstrate that T lymphocytes that do not progress through the cell cycle during primary stimulation have a sevenfold greater survival advantage compared with T lymphocytes that have divided. Progression through multiple division cycles is associated with down-regulation of Bcl-2 during a postactivation period of growth factor withdrawal. However this alone does not account for diminished survival, as constitutive expression of a Bcl-2 transgene did not restore survival to the levels seen in undivided cells. Engagement of the IL-2 receptor on these undivided activated T lymphocytes leads to enhanced survival and up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Surprisingly, while IL-2 also induces phosphorylation of Akt, it does not initiate cell cycle progression in this population of primary undivided cells. Our data provide evidence that a T cell's survival capacity is linked to its proliferative behavior. Furthermore, our results provide the first report of a population of T cells, in which the IL-2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways leading to survival and proliferation are naturally uncoupled.
Flow of granular materials modeled as a non-linear fluid

Abstract Recently, Massoudi (2011a) derived a generalized form of a constitutive relation related to Reiner's fluid model for wet sand, where not only the effects of volume fraction are incorporated in the rheological properties of the fluid, but also the shear viscosity depends on the shear rate. In this paper, we use this model to study the fully developed flow of granular-like materials down an inclined plane. The governing equations are made dimensionless and numerical solutions are presented for the various dimensionless parameters.
Giant cell arteritis of the thyroid in a 69-year-old male

We report the case of a 69-year-old Caucasian male with a histological confirmed diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) of the thyroid. To our knowledge this is the second reported case of GCA of the thyroid with a histological confirmed diagnosis. Unique to this case is that our patient did not have the simultaneous occurrence of a positive temporal artery biopsy or classic symptoms of temporal arteritis. The patient presented with fever of unknown origin, and fatigue. Laboratory reports included a sedimentation rate of >100 mm/h and C-reactive protein level of 17.1 mg/dL. Goiter with irregular calcifications was found on the computed tomography image. Temporal artery biopsy was negative. The patient continued to have intermittent fever after discharge and was readmitted to the hospital 41 days after discharge for fever and increasing fatigue. The thyroid was resected to rule out neoplasia. Granulomatous GCA was identified within the thyroid specimen.
Design of the Nb/sub 3/Sn dipole D20

The design of a 55-mm bore superconducting Nb/sub 3/Sn dipole with a short sample field of 13 T at 4.3 K and a current of 5500 A/turn is presented. The superconducting dipole has two layers of Nb/sub 3/Sn coils, each wound in a double pancake. The inner cable has 37 strands with a strand diameter of 0.75 mm and a Cu/Sc ratio of 0.4; the outer cable has 47 strands with a diameter of 0.48 mm and a Cu/Sc ratio of 1.15. To obtain a high transfer function and low saturation effects on the multipoles, the stainless steel collar is elliptical and the iron yoke is close in. The thin collar itself provides only a minimum prestress and the full prestress of 100 MPa is given by a 25-mm welded stainless steel shell or by winding a wire around the yoke. Aluminium spacers are used as assembly tools and as a means to control the gap size in the vertically split iron yoke. The authors present the magnetic design and the calculated stress and strain distribution in structure and coils. A 1-m model called D20 is to be built and tested at LBL. >
Theory-Guided Spelling Assessment and Intervention: A Case Study

Purpose: Current research and theory in spelling development and best practices for literacy instruction were reviewed to develop a set of theoretically guided assessment and intervention procedure...
Covariance Stationarity of International Equity Markets Returns: Recent Evidence

Intertemporal stationarity tests of the variance-covariance matrix of monthly returns on seven international equity indices are conducted over the most recent period. Pairwise covariances are then decomposed into their component statistics for further examination of the source(s) of stationarity or nonstationarity. Historical analysis reveals that pairwise covariances were invariably highly nonstationary over forecast intervals that varied in length between one month and five years. Reliance on historical covariances to estimate future covariances over a hold-out sample produced suboptimal results in comparison to an alternative naive forecasting model. These findings were robust in that they were invariant to whether nominal or real returns were used. Evidence on the intertemporal stationarity of the vector of mean returns is also provided.
Are Lab-cultured Anaphes iole Females Strictly Proovigenic?

Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of Lygus bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) in North America. Circumstantial evidence suggests that A. iole females are strictly proovigenic. This study was designed to determine if honey-fed A. iole females could in fact mature additional eggs if exposed to hosts for a few days then removed from hosts and held at 25 °C for 0, 3, or 6 days. Contrary to expectation, honey-fed A. iole females matured considerably more eggs when deprived of hosts for 3 or 6 days rather than 0 days. This research suggests that A. iole females are not strictly proovigenic. However, they do have proovigenic tendencies, since most females emerge with at least 71% of their potential fecundity.
The diversity and unity of Herpesviridae.

The family herpesviridae contains over 100 viruses endogenous to humans and to a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Inclusion in the family is based on architecture of the virion. The viruses differ significantly with respect to base composition and sequence arrangements of their DNAs, but share many biologic properties including the ability to remain latent in their hosts. On the basis of their biologic properties the herpesviruses have been classified into three subfamilies, i.e. alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae. The members of each subfamily share many properties including greater conservation and colinear arrangements of their genes. As a rule, more than one herpesvirus has been isolated from animals of economic importance and both humans have yielded viruses belong to all three subfamilies of the herpesviridae.
Use of monosodium glutamate for improving the palatability of amino acid rations.

SummaryA synthetic ration in which all of the nitrogen is furnished as free amino acids is not as palatable to the mouse as one containing casein. The inferior palatability results in less food consumption during the first 3 to 7 days and consequently poorer growth. When the initial lag period is diminished or eliminated by the addition of 1% of monosodium glutamate to the ration, the final weights of the mice are more consistent and approach more closely those of the animals fed a ration containing casein.
De-escalating workplace aggression.

Abstract:Consider developing sound aggression prevention programs before negative incidents occur.
Why is This a Battle Every Night?: Negotiating Food and Eating in American Dinnertime Interaction

This article analyzes interactions about food and eating among dual-earner middle-class families in Los Angeles, California. It synthesizes approaches from linguistic and medical anthropology to investigate how health is defined and negotiated both in interviews and in everyday communication. In particular, it explores dinnertime episodes from five families to illustrate how interactional bargaining contributes to struggles between parents and children over health-related practices, values, and morality. It compares naturally occurring videotaped interactions to parents' evaluations of their families' health elicited in interviews. The analysis of food interactions reveals much about the discursive construction of health and family life, including frequent conflicts between parents and children over eating practices. [health, food and eating, dinnertime interaction, children, working families, United States]
On Their Own: Development strategies of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in India

Rekha Datta outlines some of the strategies used by the now world-renowned Indian informal sector organization – SEWA, the Self-Employed Women's Association – as an integrated model of empowerment.
Eleven-year report on a predoctoral implant dentistry program.

Purpose: An elective program on implant dentistry was started in the summer of 1994 at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry (UDM). The program provides comprehensive didactic and clinical training in implant dentistry to a select group of senior dental students. This study describes the program and clinical results of the first 11 years of the elective program in implant dentistry at UDM. Materials and Methods: The program is 1 year long and is offered to a group of 10 senior students out of a class of 72. In addition to a one-semester lecture course offered to all dental students, students in the elective program participate in a one-semester seminar which includes literature review and “hands-on” surgical and prosthodontic components. Patients are assigned during the summer term to students who work in pairs. Students actively participate in diagnosis and treatment planning, assist in surgery, and accomplish the prosthodontic procedures. Prosthodontic services include single-tooth restorations, multiple-unit fixed restorations, overdentures, and full-arch fixed prostheses. A retrospective analysis of the patients treated in the first 11 years of the program was conducted. Results: During the first 11 years of the program, 159 implants were placed in 70 patients. There were a total of 10 failed implants in seven patients (failure rate 6.3%): eight implants prior to loading and two following loading. Minor complications included gold screw loosening, gold screw fracture, porcelain fracture, and soft tissue inflammation, which occurred in less than 5% of the patients. Conclusions: The rates of implant failure and complications in the first 11 years of the elective implant program at UDM appear to be within an acceptable range when compared to other educational programs and studies reported in the dental literature.
Resolution enhancement of imaging systems by quantum phase amplification

ABSTRACT A novel quantum phase amplication (QPA) technique is proposed to enhance the spatial resolution of passiveimaging systems, without the commensurate increase of the aperture size. The key component of this approachis the production of phase-amplied light, a squeezed state of the electromagnetic eld that can be generated inphase-sensitive three-wave mixing (PSTWM). We have established the theoretical basis for QPA using PSTWMand theoretically derived the conditions for the operation of the ubiquitous PSTWM realized by using standardlaser technology. In our approach sub-Rayleigh imaging can be explored to perform the super-resolution enhance-ment of remotely sensed data. We applied the PSTWM to improve the distinguishability of two point sourcesin several scenarios. In addition, detector segmentation was modeled to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio.Keywords: Quantum (transverse) phase amplication, phase-sensitive three-wave mixing, spatial resolution,signal-to-noise ratio 1. INTRODUCTION
Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling

The transcription factor NF-kappaB has served as a standard for inducible transcription factors for more than 20 years. The numerous stimuli that activate NF-kappaB, and the large number of genes regulated by NF-kappaB, ensure that this transcription factor is still the subject of intense research. Here, we attempt to synthesize some of the basic principles that have emerged from studies of NF-kappaB, and we aim to generate a more unified view of NF-kappaB regulation.
Coloration of textiles with self-dispersible carbon black nanoparticles

Cotton, wool, acrylic and nylon fabrics can be directly dyed by using surface modified carbon black (CB), self-dispersible carbon black (SDCB), nanoparticles through an exhaustion process. The SDCB nanoparticles were prepared by refluxing CB particles in nitric acid for certain time to result in hydrophilic carboxylic groups on their surfaces. The SDCB nanoparticles behaved similarly to direct or acid dyes in dyeing cotton, acrylic and nylon fibers. The SDCB nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and particle size analyzer. The SDCB-dyed fabrics showed good colorfastness against crocking. However, the wash fastness of the nanoparticle-dyed cotton fabrics is relatively lower than the crocking fastness due to the hydrophilic feature of the SDCB nanoparticles. Direct employment of the nanoparticles in dyeing opens new applications of nanotechnologies in textile production.
Serum luteinizing hormone, prolactin and progesterone levels during pregnancy in the rat.

Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin were measured twice daily, and those of progesterone once daily, throughout gestation in rats with confirmed pregnancies, and in which parturition was seen to have occurred on day 23. Serum LH concentration during the first 11 days of pregnancy was distinctly higher than during the period between days 13–19, with a conspicuous pivot—point occurring at about day 12; beginning on day 20 and continuing to term, a progressive increase occurred, which was not contiguous with the acute, post—partum, ovulation inducing surge of LH. Serum prolactin level did not show as distinct a pattern of change, although highly erratic levels during the initial 10 days, and consistently low levels during most of the second half of pregnancy were noted. When related to the pattern of changes in the levels of serum LH and prolactin, the changes in serum progesterone level were seen to be inversely related to those in serum LH during the period from day 11 to term (r = -0.97...