cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trial study design to test a bilingual digital health tool for alcohol use disorders among Latino emergency department patients

Abstract We describe an emergency department (ED)-based, Latino patient focused, unblinded, randomized controlled trial to empirically test if automated bilingual computerized alcohol screening and brief intervention (AB-CASI), a digital health tool, is superior to standard care (SC) on measures of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related negative behaviors and consequences, and 30-day treatment engagement. The trial design addresses the full spectrum of unhealthy drinking from high-risk drinking to severe alcohol use disorder (AUD). In an effort to surmount known ED-based alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment process barriers, while addressing racial/ethnic alcohol-related health disparities among Latino groups, this trial will purposively use a digital health tool and seek enrollment of English and/or Spanish speaking self-identified adult Latino ED patients. Participants will be randomized (1:1) to AB-CASI or SC, stratified by AUD severity and preferred language (English vs. Spanish). The primary outcome will be the number of binge drinking days assessed using the 28-day timeline followback method at 12 months post-randomization. Secondary outcomes will include mean number of drinks/week and number of episodes of driving impaired, riding with an impaired driver, injuries, arrests, and tardiness and days absent from work/school. A sample size of 820 is necessary to provide 80% power to detect a 1.14 difference between AB-CASI and SC in the primary outcome. Showing efficacy of this promising bilingual ED-based brief intervention tool in Latino patients has the potential to widely and efficiently expand prevention efforts and facilitate meaningful contact with specialized treatment services.
Perspectives of electrocatalysis in the chemical industry: a platform for energy storage

Electrocatalysts participate in electrochemical reactions by facilitating the electron transfer between reactants and electrode, that is, direct use of electrons (DUE) to enable a chemical transformation. In this brief review, recent findings in electrocatalyst development for processing chemicals ranging from complex feedstocks (e.g. solid fuels, biomass) to ammonia, are discussed. The concept of electrons to fuels and chemicals presents an opportunity for a modern interpretation of process intensification. It is envisioned that hybrid thermo-chemical/electrochemical reactors would enable a transformational change in the chemical industry, enabling the manufacturing of chemicals and fuels at/or near the point of use while capitalizing on the renewable energy infrastructure. In a broader perspective, the DUE for chemical transformations is foreseen as an energy storage platform.
Communicating our way to engaged volunteers: A mediated process model of volunteer communication, engagement, and commitment

Retaining productive volunteers is an essential issue nonprofit organizations face, as volunteers help extend nonprofits' services to their target populations. The current study examined two facets of communication, perception of voice (i.e., upward communication) and satisfaction with communication (i.e., downward communication), as well as training, as important volunteer management practices with respect to facilitating volunteer engagement and commitment using both psychological contract and social exchange theories as the framework. One-hundred and seventy-one volunteers from two nonprofit organizations were surveyed to assess their satisfaction with the communication processes at their respective agencies, as well as their level of engagement, commitment, and perception of the training they received for their volunteer roles. Volunteer perceptions of both upward and downward communication were found to be indirectly related to organizational commitment through engagement. In addition, results indicated that volunteer training practices moderated the effects of upward and downward communication on engagement and commitment. Findings suggested that upward and downward communication are important predictors of volunteer engagement and commitment. Furthermore, providing training may help to strengthen these indirect effects.
The psychiatric effects of ketogenic diet therapy on adults with chronic epilepsy.

Abstract Objectives Patients with epilepsy are known to exhibit high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. Little is known about the psychiatric effects of a ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) on adults with epilepsy. The objective of this study was to better understand the relationship between KDT and psychological state based on depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults with chronic epilepsy. Methods Adults at the Johns Hopkins Adult Epilepsy Diet Center on a modified Atkins diet (MAD) for at least one month were surveyed retrospectively. Adults who were diet naive were given a baseline survey and an additional survey after 3 months or more on MAD. Surveys included validated measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as their severity. Participant demographics, seizure frequency, and use of concomitant antiseizure drugs (ASDs), chronic anxiolytics (excluding as-needed benzodiazepines for seizure rescue only), and/or antidepressant drugs were extracted from electronic medical records. Results One-hundred participants aged 19–75 enrolled in the study. Sixty participants filled out a single retrospective survey. Of 40 diet naive participants who filled out a baseline prospective survey, 19 completed a follow-up survey while on MAD and 21 participants were lost to follow-up. Longer diet duration was significantly associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms, based on psychiatric measure scores, in retrospective study participants. Lower seizure frequency was also significantly associated with less anxiety symptoms in the retrospective cohort. Prospective study participants did not experience significant change in anxiety or depressive symptoms on the diet. There was a significant correlation between higher ketone level and responder rate (≥50% seizure reduction) in the prospective cohort, although no correlation between ketone level and change in psychiatric symptoms was seen. Significance Psychiatric comorbidity among patients with epilepsy is quite common and can be influenced by multiple factors such as seizure frequency, the use of various ASDs, social factors, and underlying etiology. Although ketogenic diet therapies have been in clinical use for one century, the psychiatric impacts have been insufficiently explored. This study provides preliminary evidence that KDT may have a positive impact on psychological state independent of seizure reduction or ketone body production and may be influenced by longer duration of diet therapy. These results support further investigation into specific effects and potential therapeutic benefits on various psychiatric disorders.
An outlaw in the family: notes on the dossier of Heron, son of Phaseis

Discussion of the dossier of a Theadelphian family to which a fugitive brother can be added.
Effect of winter cover crops on soil nutrients in two row-cropped watersheds in Indiana.

The midwestern United States is a highly productive agricultural region, and extended crop-free periods in winter/spring can result in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses to waterways that degrade downstream water quality. Planting winter cover crops can improve soil health while reducing nutrient leaching from farm fields during the fallow period. In this study, we used linear mixed effects models and multivariate statistics to determine the effect of cover crops on soil nutrients by comparing fields with cover crops (n = 9) versus those without (n = 6) in two Indiana agricultural watersheds: the Shatto Ditch Watershed, which had >60% of croppable acres in winter cover crops, and the Kirkpatrick Ditch Watershed, which had ∼20%. We found that cover crops decreased soil nitrate-N by >50% and that the magnitude of reduction was related to the amount of cover crop biomass. In contrast, cover crops had variable effects on water extractable P and Mehlich III soil test P. Finally, cover crop biomass significantly increased soil N mineralization and nitrification rates, demonstrating that cover crops have the potential to supply bioavailable N to cash crop after termination. Our study showed that widespread implementation of winter cover crops holds considerable promise for reducing nutrient loss and improving soil health. The degree to which these results are generalizable across other systems depends on factors such as climate, soil characteristics, and past and current agronomic practices.
The Systemic and Cellular Metabolic Phenotype of Infection and Immune Response to Listeria monocytogenes .

It is widely accepted that infection and immune response incur significant metabolic demands, yet the respective demands of specific immune responses to live pathogens have not been well delineated. It is also established that upon activation, metabolic pathways undergo shifts at the cellular level. However, most studies exploring these issues at the systemic or cellular level have utilized pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that model sepsis, or model antigens at isolated time points. Thus, the dynamics of pathogenesis and immune response to a live infection remain largely undocumented. To better quantitate the metabolic demands induced by infection, we utilized a live pathogenic infection model. Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes were monitored longitudinally over the course of infection through clearance. We measured systemic metabolic phenotype, bacterial load, innate and adaptive immune responses, and cellular metabolic pathways. To further delineate the role of adaptive immunity in the metabolic phenotype, we utilized two doses of bacteria, one that induced both sickness behavior and protective (T cell mediated) immunity, and the other protective immunity alone. We determined that the greatest impact to systemic metabolism occurred during the early immune response, which coincided with the greatest shift in innate cellular metabolism. In contrast, during the time of maximal T cell expansion, systemic metabolism returned to resting state. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the timing of maximal metabolic demand overlaps with the innate immune response and that when the adaptive response is maximal, the host has returned to relative metabolic homeostasis.
Probing Fast Enzyme Processes

This chapter focuses on the application of fast reaction techniques to detect and enumerate the elementary reactions of multistep kinetic processes. The process of rapid mixing of an enzyme with its reactants permits the experimenter to conduct single-turnover enzyme kinetic measurements (i.e., experiments designed to reveal any pre-steady-state bursts in product formation by employing similar concentrations of enzyme and substrate) is discussed. The enzyme itself is treated as a reactant and is used at concentrations comparable to its substrate(s). This condition favors detection of burst-phase kinetics, and intermediates formed in elementary reactions contained within multistep mechanisms. The time-scale of rapid mixing methods is limited by the physics of combining two reactant-containing solutions and the mutual diffusion of those reactants. Relaxation methods are especially well suited for studying fast reactions comprising an enzymatic reaction cycle. The process of how a rapid-mixing technique is combined with relaxation and spectroscopic techniques to study the behavior of reaction intermediates that would otherwise be kinetically inaccessible is also seen. In the case of photosensitive reactions, photosynthetic systems, as well as those enzymes probed with photo-caged substrates, flash photolysis is a powerful fast-reaction tool. These and laser-based relaxation methods approaching the sub-pico-second time range have revolutionized the way that enzyme chemists think about the most fundamental aspects of biochemical reactivity.
Trademarks and the Beijing Olympics: Gold Medal Challenges

There is no question that the Summer Olympics in Beijing pose a tremendous marketing opportunity. They also pose a great opportunity for the development of effective techniques for enforcing intellectual property rights. China has already enacted special regulations governing the protection of Olympic symbols and has established special regulations governing the enforcement of those regulations. Yet many of the cultural and political issues that impact China’s enforcement activities in other arenas (including counterfeiting and piracy of IP protected goods and services) remain problematic. Furthermore, while the Olympic symbols may be the subject of heightened protection, cultural perceptions of the differences between commercial marks and Olympic symbols may make any appreciable “improvement” in IPR protection evanescent. The opportunity, however, for increased dialogue and training should not be lost. In the glow of gold medal competitions, IP owners who follow a rational approach may well find that the benefits of their efforts last long after the closing ceremonies in Beijing.
Information-Theoretic Security in Stochastic Control Systems

Infrastructural systems such as the electricity grid, healthcare, and transportation networks today rely increasingly on the joint functioning of networked information systems and physical components, in short, on cyber–physical architectures. Despite tremendous advances in cryptography, physical-layer security and authentication, information attacks, both passive such as eavesdropping, and active such as unauthorized data injection, continue to thwart the reliable functioning of networked systems. In systems with joint cyber–physical functionality, the ability of an adversary to monitor transmitted information or introduce false information can lead to sensitive user data being leaked or result in critical damages to the underlying physical system. This paper investigates two broad challenges in information security in cyber–physical systems (CPSs): preventing retrieval of internal physical system information through monitored external cyber flows, and limiting the modification of physical system functioning through compromised cyber flows. A rigorous analytical framework grounded on information-theoretic security is developed to study these challenges in a general stochastic control system abstraction—a theoretical building block for CPSs—with the objectives of quantifying the fundamental tradeoffs between information security and physical system performance, and through the process, designing provably secure controller policies. Recent results are presented that establish the theoretical basis for the framework, in addition to practical applications in timing analysis of anonymous systems, and demand response systems in a smart electricity grid.
The Association Between Aging Inmate Housing Management Models and Non-Geriatric Health Services in State Correctional Institutions

Abstract One of the current debates in the literature on aging inmates asks, what is the most efficient housing/health care model for this “special needs” population? State and federal correctional systems place elderly inmates either in specialized segregated housing units away from the general inmate population, consolidate elderly inmates in housing units within the prison, or provide a combination of both models. In general, proponents of the segregated housing model argue that aging inmates will receive specialized medical services in geriatric units. However, proponents of consolidated housing model argue that aging inmates will have the benefit of both geriatric and non-geriatric health services. This paper examines the association between the type of housing management model for aging inmates and the availability of non-geriatric physical and mental health services. Data for the analysis come from the 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The ...
Nematode-Trapping Fungi: Evaluation of Axenic Healthy and Galled Roots as Trap Inducers

Larvae of Meloidogyne hapla Chit. induced abundant trap formation in the predaceous fungus Arthrobotrys conoides Drechs. Under similar aseptic conditions, neither healthy roots of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, nor roots parasitized by the root-knot nematode induced traps.
Instability of a liquid sheet of parabolic velocity profile

A power series mathematical solution is advanced for the problem of instability of an inviscid liquid sheet of parabolic velocity profile emanated from a nozzle into an inviscid gas. A comparison of the instability of a sheet of parabolic velocity profile with one of a uniform velocity profile is performed in order to deduce the effects of velocity profile relaxation on instability. The results show that for both antisymmetrical and symmetrical disturbances departure from uniformity of the velocity profile causes the instability to be reduced. The physical interpretation and practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Echolocation by cave swiftlets

The ability of cave dwelling swiftlets (Collocalia spodiopygius) to detect small cylindrical obstacles by echolocation was tested in a 3x9 m flight chamber. Although there was great individual variability, 6.3 mm obstacles were avoided much more often in total darkness than 1.5 wires (P<0.001). Flash photographs showed that the latter were avoided only by chance (about 50% misses). Obstacles 3.0 mm in diameter were avoided only slightly more often than 1.5 mm wires.
The need for approval and the private versus public disclosure of self1

The relationship between need for approval and public and private self-disclosure was evaluated. Sixty female college students discussed their preferences for a steady date with a confederate in confidence or after having given permission for their comments to be cited in lectures or a book. The results showed that high-need-for-approval subjects revealed themselves more intimately in public than in private conditions wheras low- and moderate-need subjects disclosed more intimately in private than in public. The results not only demonstrated the strength of the effect of social evaluation on the behavior of high-need subjects, but also suggested that personality must be accounted for in self-disclosure research before factors influencing self-disclosure may be understood completely.
Hydrides in thermally charged alpha-2 titanium aluminides

Identification de la structure cristalline des hydrures formes dans un alliage Ti-24Al-11Nb-α 2 thermiquement charge et determination des relations cristallographiques entre les hydrures et la matrice
Magnetostatic mode spectra of uniaxial ferromagnets

The Damon‐Eshbach dispersion relation for magnetostatic modes in a rectangular platelet is expressed in terms of the permeability tensor of the magnetic medium and the consequences of a uniaxial easy‐plane anisotropy are investigated. The anisotropy modifies the critical angle between bulk and surface modes which results in the existence of bulk excitations within the series of DE‐surface modes. Two systems are analyzed. In the case of a ferromagnetic layer compound, the anisotropy is large compared with the demagnetizing field and the series of surface modes is replaced by a second series of volume modes. Recent measurements are reported on Ca‐doped YIG. Several hundred modes of forward and backward volume modes are in good agreement with the calculated dispersion function using the parameters of pure YIG and Hu = −250 Oe. It is suggested that a measured anisotropy profile along the film normal suppresses a few bulk modes within the series of surface modes and accounts for a gap observed on the low field...
Inhibition of α-receptor-induced Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx by Mn2+ and La3+

Abstract The influence of Mn2+ and La3+ on α-receptor-stimulated Ca2+ movements was examined in arterial smooth muscle of the rabbit aorta. Both cations cause an inhibition of phenylephrine (PE) contractile response which exhibits a different pattern at low and high cation concentrations. At 0.1-1.0 nM inhibition by Mn2+ and La3+ was predominately due to a reduction in Ca2+ influx reflected as inhibition of the slow phase of contraction and reduction in PE-stimulated 45Ca uptake. PE log dose-response curves were shifted to the right in a non-parallel manner by 1 mN Mn2+ such that responses to lower PE concentrations were more inhibited. However, in the presence of 10 mM Mn2+ PE responses are equally inhibited at all PE levels. At 10 mM both Mn2+ and La3+ also inhibited PE-stimulated Ca2+ release resulting in a reduction in both the rapid phase of contraction and in the magnitude of PE stimulation of 45Ca efflux. The effects of Mn2+ (1 or 10 mM) on contraction and 45Ca efflux were rapidly reversible, while the effect of La3+ was not. Inhibition of Ca2+ release by 10 mM Mn2+ was not caused by displacement of releasable Ca2+, but appeared to reflect their occupation of a superficially located receptor modulating site. The inhibition of Ca2+ influx by lower concentrations of Mn2+ may illustrate the functional consequence of configurational changes in the α2-form of the receptor which have been recently described at lower concentrations of divalent cations.
Reduction with Autonomy

Back in the 60's, the philosophy of mind, like so many things, was full of hope ard promise. Putnam had just invented functionalism and the words "multiple realization" were on everyone's lips. The idea that mentality was a higherorder property of physical systems promised to satisfy our materialist longings without depriving us of our minds. (We were very fond of our minds.) But now a sort offin de siecle exhaustion has settled over the philosophical world, and many among us have abandoned the dream of having our minds and reducing them too. On the one hand, Jaegwon Kim insists that we must retreat to the "strong" typereductionism of the 50's if we expect our beliefs and desires to have any efficacy in a material world. On the other hand, philosophers including Lynne Rudder Baker (1995), Tyler Burge (1993), Stephen Schiffer (1987), and Stephens Stich and Laurence (1994) now maintain that reductionism in any form is probably impossible and certainly unnecessary. Throwbacks that we are, we mean to keep hope alive. We agree with Kim that Baker and the others are mistaken in thinking that an adequate theory of mind can do without a systematic account of relations between the mental and the physical. We deny that the mind-body problem is an artifact of either screwed-up philosophical priorities or metaphysical self-indulgence (though what's wrong with self-indulgence?). But at the same time, we reject Kim's form of reductionism for its failure to preserve the autonomy of the mental. We believe that a reconsideration of the original arguments for the multiple realization thesis will establish both the reality and the causal relevance of the mental, in a way that is consistent with the demands of materialism. We begin, in Part One, with our criticisms of Kim' s reductionist solution to the problem of mental causation, and argue for an alternative approach. In Part Two, we address arguments Baker and Burge have made against the need for reduction, and then explain why the autonomy of the mental cannot be taken for granted.
FMRFamide-immunoreactive retinopetal fibers in the frog, Rana pipiens: demonstration by lesion and immunocytochemical techniques.

Abstract Retinopetal fibers, immunoreactive to a molluscan cardioexcitatory-like peptide (FMRFamide-ir), were examined in Rana pipiens with the use of immunocytochemical and lesion techniques. In intact frogs, FMRFamide-ir retinopetal fibers were found in the optic nerve, optic nerve head, and nerve fiber, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers of the retina. Presumptive monostratified amacrine cells were also labeled. As observed in flat-mounted retinas, the retinopetal fibers radiated from the optic disc toward the peripheral retina, branched many times along their course and were more prevalent in the dorsal retina. Crushing the optic nerve eliminated retinopetal fibers from all regions except the cerebral stump of the optic nerve, indicating that this projection was of central origin. Bilateral prechiasmatic lesions completely eliminated retinopetal fibers from both retinas, indicating that the fibers arose from the rostral forebrain. Within the rostral brain, FMRFamide-ir perikarya were found in olfactory bulb, diagonal band, medial septum, anterior commissure area, and two regions of the posterior preoptic area. Olfactory bulbectomy and midforebrain lesions equally reduced the numners of these fibers in the retina, implicating the nervus terminalis as a possible source for some of the retinopetal projection. These data will serve as a foundation for future studies on the function of retinopetal fibers in the frog retina.
Sustainability, Optimality, and Development Policy

Considering sustainability a matter of intergenerational welfare equity, this paper examines whether an optimal development path can also be sustainable. It argues that the general “zero-net-aggregate-investment” condition for an optimal development path to be sustainable in the sense of the maximin criterion of intergenerational justice is too demanding to be practical, especially in the context of developing countries. It further argues that while the maximin criterion of sustainability may be appealing to the rich advanced industrial countries, for the poor developing countries it implies equalization of poverty across generations, and as such is too costly a moral obligation to be acceptable. The paper suggests that a compromise development policy that follows the optimal growth approach but adopts certain measures to mitigate both the intergenerational and intragenerational welfare inequalities may be more appropriate for these countries. Some of the principal elements of such a policy are highlighted.
Ingestion of caustic alkali farm products.

Since the Poison Prevention Packaging Act took effect, the number of ingestions of caustic alkali from household products has been significantly reduced. Commercial caustic alkalis used on farms, however, were not included in this legislation. Fourteen children over a 5 year period were seen after ingestion of commercial caustic alkalis used on farms. Seven of the children had ingested liquid pipeline cleaners and seven had ingested solid agents used for a variety of reasons. Six of seven children ingesting liquid agents did so from nonoriginal containers into which the caustic had been transferred for convenience. All seven children ingesting solid agents did so from the original container. Eight of the 14 children were found to have second-degree or worse esophageal involvement. Both solid and liquid caustic agents used commercially on farms can cause significant morbidity. Development of a child-resistant container for daily transfer of liquid pipeline agents could be helpful in preventing injuries from liquid pipeline cleaners. Pediatric gastroenterologists as well as primary care physicians in rural areas should be familiar with this type of injury and should take an active role in instructing parents of children living on farms to prevent such injuries. Extension of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act to caustic alkalis used on farms needs to be considered. Language: en
Hydrodynamical Simulations of Narrow Planetary Rings. I. Scaling

Abstract We investigate the global dynamics of the uranian rings using a modified 2-D smoothed particle hydrodynamic code combined with a 2-D tree code used to compute the particle-to-particle gravitational interactions. This code includes epicyclic fluid motion, nonaxisymmetric flow, local and nonlocal shear viscosity, self-consistent scale height evolution, ring–satellite gravitational interaction and coevolution, and ring self-gravity. To follow the scale height of each SPH particle we solve the vertical momentum equation for the flow using a Runge-Kutta scheme with a second order polynomial fit to the vertical behavior of the fluid pressure (N. Borderies et al. , 1985, Icarus 63 , 406–420). The behavior of the fluid viscosity is obtained from I. Mosqueira (1996, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY), who found good agreement between a low optical depth extension of the high optical depth nonlocal viscosity model of Borderies et al. (1985) with the results of a local patch-code ring simulation. Our present viscosity model includes a further correction which accounts for the epicyclic limit to the mean free path (P. Goldreich and S. Tremaine, 1978, Icarus 34 , 227–239). This treatment covers both the high and the low ring density regimes so long as the fluid treatment remains valid. All energy source and sink terms in the presence of a nonzero fluid velocity divergence are self-consistently considered, including terms not considered in prior studies of rings. Furthermore, a new method has been tested and used to remove the noise contribution to the viscous momentum flux which occurs in traditional treatments of the viscosity within the SPH framework. In the present context this correction is needed to assure a physical behavior for the ring. Even within a 2-D framework the uranian rings are so narrow compared to their semimajor axes that radial resolution requires too many particles given our present computer resources. To address this issue we have developed a physical scaling that reduces the semimajor axis of the ring while preserving its width and, we believe, retains the relevant global satellite–ring dynamics. In the case of ring resolution on the order of kilometers, with a value of the scaling parameter that reduces the ring's semimajor axis by a factor of 20, our scaling allows for savings between a factor of 500 in the case of synodic time scales to a factor of 10,000 for viscous time scales. We expect this scaling to figure significantly in numerical studies of the global dynamics of planetary rings in the future. In the present study we use this scaling to follow the evolution of an epsilon-like ring in the presence of an m =2 mode (but no satellites) with and without self-gravity. In these runs, chosen as an initial demonstration of the usefulness and applicability of our scaling, the ring can be seen to evolve in the presence of shear.
Taste preferences measured by tongue licks and bar presses as a function of age in the rat

Rats of 40, 150, or 300 days, N = 46, were deprived of water daily for 15-hr. Number of tongue licks or bar presses during daily 30-min. tests for water, sucrose, quinine, salt, or hydrochloric acid at presumed preference threshold concentrations were recorded. Significant differences between performance and drinking measures of preference were found for quinine at all ages, but not for other solutions.
Verification of effective thicknesses for side-grooved compact specimens

Abstract Three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analyses of smooth and 25% side-grooved compact specimens were conducted to verify the effective thicknesses used in the ASTM E-813 J-R curve testing procedure. The analysis showed that the current effective thickness definitions used in E-813 for calculating the elastic stress intensity factor, B e = √(BB N ) , and the plastic component of the J- integral , B e = B N , are accurate, where B and B N are the nominal specimen thickness and thickness at the crack plane, respectively. The effective thickness, B e = B{1-(1-B N /B) 2 } , used in E-813 overestimates the compliance by about 7%. This error could be reduced to less than 1% if the effective thickness is taken as equal to the specimen total thickness, B e = B .
A multidisciplinary assessment of waste paper recovery from an institutional source

Abstract A multidisciplinary study of waste paper recovery from a complex of state government office buildings was undertaken for the purpose of developing, evaluating and recommending cost-reducing modifications in the present operations. Previous research on resource recovery has focused on either the total mixed municipal stream or specific residual materials within that stream. Little work has investigated the recycling potential of wastes from a particular institution such as state government which generates a considerable volume of waste paper. A major thrust of this research was a survey of the office workers and custodians who must participate in a waste paper recycling program. The economic viability of waste paper recovery programs is highly contingent on voluntary willingness of office workers to sort reclaimable residuals at the point of discard. This study demonstrated that office workers were receptive to recycling program, but that mere receptivity could not guarantee a successful program unless the participants were adequately advised on how to make distinctions between salvageable and nonsalvageable materials. Reluctance to support any administrative role change was found among custodial workers. This study also illustrated the financial advantages of manual separation at the source, as well as the impact of central storage and other modifications on the economics of the present system.
The science of doping.

The processes used to charge athletes with cheating are often based on flawed statistics and flawed logic, says Donald A. Berry.
Sci-Fri PM: Planning-01: Measured electron and x-ray angular distribution data for benchmarking Monte Carlo codes

Monte Carlo (MC) studies of the output of medicallinear accelerators have demonstrated that in‐air profiles are useful in the beam commissioning process. A recent investigation of x‐ray profiles (Tonkopi et al, Med. Phys 32 (9), 2005) showed very good agreement between measurement and EGSnrc calculations but to achieve this level of agreement the beam linac spot size, energy and angular divergence had to be treated as variables. In this project we carried out measurements and MC calculations for an electron accelerator for which the initial beam parameters are well known. Two sets of investigations were carried out. In the first we measured electron scatter distributions for a range of scattering foils and electron energies of 13 and 20 MeV. The profiles were parameterised and compared to EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculations. It was found that generally the EGSnrc calculations gave agreement with the measurements within 1.5 %. In the second investigation, which is on‐going, in‐air profiles were obtained for photon beams produced using different targets (from beryllium to lead). Measuredangular distributions were obtained using ion chambers with different build‐up caps (low and high‐Z) and the sensitivity of the data to small changes in geometry (e.g., moving the x‐ray target) was investigated. The photon energy fluence was calculated using EGSnrc and preliminary indications are that the measured and calculated distributions agree to better than 5 %. Work supported in part by NIH grant R01 CA104777‐01A2.
Molecular Diversity among Communities of Freshwater Microchlorophytes

Current hypotheses on the distribution of freshwater microchlorophytes lead to predictions of low diversity and wide environmental tolerances. Thus, the same few species should be found worldwide in many different habitats. However, these hypotheses are based on a morphospecies concept, which precludes the possibility of numerous cryptic species among these organisms. In this study, we examined the diversity of coccoid green microalgae and chlamydomonads (Chlorophyta) isolated from sites in Minnesota and North Dakota (USA) using techniques of 18S rDNA sequence analysis. Of 93 distinct 18S rDNA sequences identified from among 273 isolates examined by molecular techniques, all but four are new to science. The spatial distribution of organisms represented by these 18S rDNA sequences was not uniform, because some lakes and ponds yielded distinct 18S rDNA types not found at other sites. In addition, organisms generally considered to be cosmopolitan, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris, were not found. These results challenge predictions of low species number and wide environmental tolerances among these eukaryotic microorganisms.
Whittaker Chambers's Witness and the Dilemma of a Modern Conservatism

Published in 1952, Witness is the memoir of Whittaker Chambers (1901–61). A former spy for the Soviet Union, Chambers was among the most influential anti-communists and conservatives of the 1950s. He wrote Witness to further an anti-communist conservatism. By the objective criterion of influence, Chambers enjoyed unusual success: his book was read by a mass audience and by politicians alike; it was cherished by Ronald Reagan, who brought his own anti-communist conservatism to the White House in 1980. Yet a careful reading of Witness complicates the story of its influence. Chambers had profound doubts about modernity and modern America. He thought that a secular capitalist modernity had undermined Western culture and America alike. Capitalism and technology may yield great power, but they also corrupt cultural integrity. Witness is as much the record of spiritual anguish within the modern world, of modern conservatism experienced as dilemma, as it is a Cold War call to arms. Chambers's anti-communist words and energy inspired Reagan and his neoconservative admirers, but by cheerfully embracing modern America they ignored the key dilemma of Chambers's eight-hundred-page autobiography. Witness can thus be used to track the intellectual evolution of an increasingly modern American conservatism.
Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by modified Fenton's reagent.

Abstract The degradation of tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride—CT) by modified Fenton’s reagent (catalyzed hydrogen peroxide) was investigated using a range of hydrogen peroxide concentrations and 1 mM iron(III) catalyst. The documented reactive species in modified Fenton’s reactions, hydroxyl radical (OH ), is not reactive with CT, yet CT degradation was observed in the Fenton’s reactions and was confirmed by chloride generation. Because CT is not reactive with OH , a reductive mechanism which may involve superoxide radical anion is proposed for CT degradation in modified Fenton’s systems. Scavenging of reductants by excess chloroform prevented CT degradation, confirming a reductive mechanism. Similar to CT, three other oxidized aliphatic compounds, hexachloroethane, bromotrichloromethane, and tetranitromethane, were also degraded by modified Fenton’s reagent. The results show that modified Fenton’s reactions act through a reductive mechanism to degrade compounds that are not reactive with OH , which broadens the scope of this process for hazardous waste treatment and remediation.
Cachectin and tumour necrosis factor as two sides of the same biological coin

In response to invasive stimuli macrophages secrete cachectin, a multipotent protein. Prominent among its biological effects is the ability to induce wasting (cachexia) as well as a lethal state of shock. The identity of cachectin and tumour necrosis factor has led to a new view of its therapeutic potential.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of O VI Overlying the Scutum Supershell

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer observations of the B0 III star HD 177989 (l = 178, b = -119, d = 4.9 kpc). This line of sight passes through the high-latitude outflow from the Scutum supershell (GS 018-04+44), a structure that lies at a kinematic distance of ~3.5 kpc and spans ~5° in diameter. The O VI λ1031.93 line is compared with Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) observations of Si IV, C IV, and N V to examine the ionizing mechanisms responsible for producing the high ion absorption, as well as to study the processes by which gas is expelled into the halo. The O VI profile spans a similar velocity range as the other highly ionized atoms, from -70 to +80 km s-1. Component fits reveal very broad absorption at the kinematic velocity of the Scutum shell, which differs from the narrow Si IV, C IV, and N V components, suggesting that these other species occupy a more confined region. It is possible that the O VI is present in hot gas from the shell interior that is diffusing into the high-latitude region above it. The column densities in the Scutum supershell component are N(Si ) = (3.59 ± 0.09) × 1013, N(C ) = (1.78 ± 0.04) × 1014, N(N ) = (8.89 ± 0.79) × 1012, and N(O ) = (7.76 ± 0.75) × 1013 cm-2. The corresponding column density ratios of N(C )/N(Si ) = 4.96 ± 0.17, N(C )/N(N ) = 20.0 ± 1.8, and N(C )/N(O ) = 2.29 ± 0.23 show that while the C IV and Si IV columns are amplified in this region, the enhancement is not reflected in N V or O VI. We suggest that such ionic ratios and column densities could be produced by ~150-200 turbulent mixing layers lying in a fragmented medium above the polar cap of the superbubble. We note through a sight-line comparison that although these absorption characteristics are similar to those near the center of Radio Loops I and IV, they differ considerably from those near the edges of the loops. It is apparent that the traits of high ion absorption in a supershell, as well as the ionizing mechanisms responsible, can vary among sight lines through the shell.
Occupational fatigue, underlying sleep and circadian mechanisms, and approaches to fatigue risk management

In most occupational settings, a primary reason for fatigue is incompatible timing of duty schedules relative to circadian (i.e., 24-hour) rhythm and the need for sleep. This review describes the sleep-related neurobiology of fatigue; factors in the operational environment that contribute to fatigue; and the effects of fatigue on cognitive performance that lead to errors, incidents, and accidents. A range of fatigue countermeasures are reviewed, broadly categorized as preventive countermeasures and operational countermeasures. Fatigue-related optimization of duty schedules and fatigue risk management systems are discussed as comprehensive ways to reduce fatigue and increase safety while maintaining productivity and operational integrity. Occupational fatigue is of significant concern at the individual, organizational, and societal levels, and strategies have been developed to help successfully manage and mitigate fatigue at each level.
Platelet monoamine oxidase activity levels in subgroups of alcoholics: Diagnostic, temporal, and clinical correlates

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels were measured in 47 male inpatient alcoholics to determine whether this biological marker might be useful in differentiating subtypes of alcoholics. Of the subgrouping methods tested, only type 2 alcoholics defined by the criteria of Gilligan et al had significantly lower platelet MAO activity than type 1 alcoholics at intake, but this finding was not stable over time in a subset of subjects. Neither separating male veteran alcoholics into either of two other variations of the type 1/type 2 subtypes, nor classifying the sample into primary alcoholics versus primary ASPD with secondary alcoholism categories, yielded significant differences between subgroups. Generally, enzyme activity levels ( V max ) were higher about 10 days after stopping drinking compared to platelet MAO values determined in thrombocytes obtained after approximately 4 weeks abstinence; these levels remained relatively' stable 3 months later in a cohort of subjects. Tobacco smoking was significantly negatively correlated to platelet MAO activity levels.
Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but potentially life threatening, diseases characterized by widespread epidermal necrosis, and are predominantly medication-induced. Unfortunately, though they are often associated with long-term debilitating sequelae, there are currently no efficacious pharmaceutical interventions proven through large clinical trials. It has been well established that the epidermal damage in these diseases is due to keratinocyte apoptosis. Although drug-specific T cells are implicated in this process, our understanding of the immunopathology is far from complete. The scenario suggested by today's literature points towards drug-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells utilizing perforin/granzyme B trigger keratinocyte apoptosis. Subsequently, there may be an expansion of apoptosis involving the interaction of either membrane-bound or soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) with its receptor Fas. The cellular source of sFasL remains controversial, with both peripheral lymphocytes and keratinocytes themselves as potential candidates. Cytokines produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages or keratinocytes may participate by activating keratinocytes and enhancing their expression of Fas and FasL, or by promoting the skin recruitment of lymphocytes by upregulating adhesion molecules. A better understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms is required to identify appropriate therapeutic interventions. Finally, clinicians must remain vigilant about drug hypersensitivity to prevent SJS/TEN.
Dissection of Cross-Reactivities Using a Panel of H-2Ld Alloreactive T Cell Hybridomas

Abstract In order to explore the role which class I structure plays in alloreactivity, we have generated L d -reactive T cell hybridomas by fusion of a dm2 anti-BALB/cJ MLR with the BW5147 cell line and examined their stimulation by the following class I molecules (α1/α2/ α3): L q , D q , dm1, LP d /L d /D d , L q /D q /L d , and Q10/Q10/L d . We found that their specificities differed in their patterns of cross-reactions and were reasonably representative of those present in the bulk population of MLR-generated CTLs. L d /L d /D d and Q10/Q10/L d stimulated the majority of the hybridomas, L q and dm1 were recognized by over half of the panel, and L q /D q /L d stimulated only modestly, while D q was not recognized by any hybridoma. Correlation of these observed reactivities with class I structure suggests that putative TCR contact residues may play a significant role in recognition when compared to the polymorphic amino acid residues which control pocket specificity and peptide binding. Specifically, L q and D q possess very similar or identical pockets, in contrast to those of dm1 and Q10. However, Q10 has identical TCR contact residues to L d , both on the α1 and α2 α helices, unlike D q which is mismatched on both helices. L q and dm1 are mismatched compared to L d on only one helix. Thus, a molecular rationale for the cross-reactions observed in this study involves the direct participation of residues of class I molecules in allorecognition.
Do animals satiate or habituate to repeatedly presented reinforcers

Operant response rates may decrease within experimental sessions. The most likely explanation for the decrease is that satiation or habituation reduces the effectiveness of the repeatedly presented reinforcer. We argue that, contrary to intuition, both empirical and formal arguments favor habituation over satiation. Attributing the decreases in operant responding partly to habituation challenges the traditional assumption that habituation alters only reflexive behavior and does not occur to biologically significant stimuli. It preserves common terminology during operant and classical conditioning and when appetitive and aversive stimuli are used. It may provide a relatively general description of temporal changes in behavior in a wide variety of situations and may help to integrate motivational variables into theories of conditioning.