cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of RUNX1-JAK2 in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hematopoietic Cells Activates the JAK-STAT and MYC Pathways.

A heterogeneous genetic subtype of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia is driven by constitutive kinase-activation, including patients with JAK2 fusions. In our study, we model the impact of a novel JAK2 fusion protein on hematopoietic development in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We insert the RUNX1-JAK2 fusion into one endogenous RUNX1 allele through employing in trans paired nicking genome editing. Tagging of the fusion with a degron facilitates protein depletion using the heterobifunctional compound dTAG-13. Throughout in vitro hematopoietic differentiation, the expression of RUNX1-JAK2 is driven by endogenous RUNX1 regulatory elements at physiological levels. Functional analysis reveals that RUNX1-JAK2 knock-in cell lines yield fewer hematopoietic progenitors, due to RUNX1 haploinsufficiency. Nevertheless, these progenitors further differentiate toward myeloid lineages to a similar extent as wild-type cells. The expression of the RUNX1-JAK2 fusion protein only elicits subtle effects on myeloid differentiation, and is unable to transform early hematopoietic progenitors. However, phosphoprotein and transcriptome analyses reveal that RUNX1-JAK2 constitutively activates JAK-STAT signaling in differentiating hiPSCs and at the same time upregulates MYC targets—confirming the interaction between these pathways. This proof-of-principle study indicates that conditional expression of oncogenic fusion proteins in combination with hematopoietic differentiation of hiPSCs may be applicable to leukemia-relevant disease modeling.
International Institutions and the Rule of Law: The Case of National Corruption

Studies of the rule of law have become ubiquitous in the past decade in the field of economics, and to a lesser extent, political science. Much of this work focuses on the domestic determinants of the rule of law or the implications of variation in the rule of law on various macroeconomic outcomes. This paper, however, explores the links between international and regional organizations and the rule of law, operationalized here as corruption. The paper generates several theoretical mechanisms linking international institutions and the rule of law, then generates some initial cross-national empirical evidence linking membership in these international institutions and levels of domestic corruption.
Self-Regulation Theory: How Optimal Adjustment Maximizes Gain

Contents Tables and Figures Introduction The Problem of Adaptation The Nature of Problem Solving The Theory of Self-Regulation Self-Regulated Thinking Self-Regulated Doing Maximum Gain Self-Determined Gain Innovative Gain Appendix Bibliography Index
Interaction between the Cig1 and Cig2 B-type cyclins in the fission yeast cell cycle

In this report, we describe the cloning and characterization of a B-type cyclin, Cig2 from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The cig2 gene encodes a 45-kDa protein that is most similar to a previously identified B-type cyclin in S. pombe, Cdc13. Deletion of cig2 had no observable effect on cell viability or progression through the cell cycle. Strains carrying the cig2 null allele do, however, exhibit an enhanced ability to undergo conjugation relative to a wild-type strain. The cig2 transcript was found to undergo periodic oscillation during the cell cycle, peaking at the G1/S-phase boundary. We have investigated the relationship between Cig2 and the other B-type cyclins, Cig1 and Cdc13, in the fission yeast. We found that cells carrying disruptions of both the cig1 and cig2 genes contain multiple nuclei with a 1C DNA content, suggesting that they are delayed in progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The phenotype of this double mutant suggests that there is a delay in septum formation, possibly as a result of defective nuclear separation.
A meta-analytic review of situational constraints and work-related outcomes: Alternative approaches to conceptualization

Abstract This article reviews current conceptualizations of constraints and reports the results of a quantitative review of published research on situational constraints. The results of the meta-analysis are consistent with those of previous reviews that used a traditional narrative review method; constraint scores bear a weak relationship with performance measures (−.14) and a fairly robust relationship with self-reported affect (−.32 with satisfaction, .39 with frustration). It is concluded that this weak pattern of findings suggests the need for alternative conceptualizations of constraints. Toward that end, a variety of conceptual framing schemes from which to generate alternative measurements of constraints and hypotheses about constraint-outcome relationships are presented.
High-performance energy-efficient memory circuit technologies for sub-45nm technologies

This tutorial discusses challenges and design solutions for high-performance energy efficient memory/register file circuit design. Technology scaling trends for leakage and process variation for sub-45nm technologies are analyzed, with special emphasis on their impact on wide fan in OR gates found in high performance register file. Novel high-speed and leakage/process tolerant circuits are reviewed. Leakage/process sensors which enable these processes compensating techniques are presented.
The thermal stability of near-surface ground ice on Mars

Results of thermal calculations are presented which show that observed geographic variations in the thermal and reflectance properties of Martian soils significantly affect subsurface temperatures. The results indicate that in certain regions, ground-ice deposits could exist much closer to the surface and much closer to the equator than previously thought. These deposits could be a valuable resource for future human exploration.
Brain neuronal RNA metabolism during acute soman toxication: effects of antidotal pretreatments.

Effects of various antidotal treatments on neuronal RNA contents and on soman induced RNA and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depletion were monitored using quantitative cytochemical techniques. In rats treated only with antidotes, atropine depressed whereas pralidoxime (2-PAM) elevated RNA contents of both caudate and cerebrocortical (Layer V) neurons. Soman produced a virtually complete inhibition of AChE activity and a moderate decline in neuronal RNA contents. Atropine pretreatment partially restored neuronal RNA levels. Atropine+2-PAM prophylaxis eventuated in a complete restoration of RNA levels but no reactivation of AChE. Addition of physostigmine to the atropine +2-PAM treatment regimen resulted in appreciable AChE reactivation but reduced RNA levels. The overall data indicate that: (1) soman-induced neuronal RNA depletion can be completely reversed by antidotal pretreatment; (2) no precise relationship exists between the extents of antidote-induced restoration of RNA and AChE levels; and (3) 2-PAM exerts marked effects on the brain neuronal network which are unrelated to AChE reactivation. It is postulated that effects of soman and antidotes on neuronal RNA metabolism may signify alterations in acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and that pharmacologic manipulation of ACh responsiveness during organophosphate cholinesterase poisoning may be a mechanism for additional therapeutic intervention.
A cytochrome P4502B form is the major bioactivation enzyme for the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in guinea pig

1. We have purified three P450s from the liver of the phenobarbital (PB)-treated guinea pig in order to evaluate the role of these enzymes in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) metabolism.2. PB treatment of guinea pig increased the hepatic microsomal conversion of the PA senecionine (SN) to the pyrrolic metabolite (±)6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H/-pyrrolizine (DHP), an activation product, and SN N-oxide, a detoxification product by 224 and 70% respectively.3. Reconstitution of a PB-inducible guinea pig P4502B isoform (Mr = 57512 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) in a reconstituted system metabolized SN to DHP and SN N-oxide at rates of 1.98 and 1.45 min-1 respectively. A second purified guinea pig P450, a 2C-type isoform (Mr = 56 496 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry), produced SN N-oxide from SN at the rate of 13.3 min-1 but catalyzed little DHP formation. The third guinea pig P450, an apparent 3A type (Mr = 54–56 000 by SDS-PAGE), lost its catalytic activity towards SN during the final purification proce...
Regulation of Socs Gene Expression by the Proto-oncoprotein GFI-1B TWO ROUTES FOR STAT5 TARGET GENE INDUCTION BY ERYTHROPOIETIN

SOCS proteins take part in a classical negative feedback loop to attenuate cytokine signaling. Although STAT family members positively modulate Socs gene expression, little else is known about Socs gene regulation. Here, we identify functional binding sites for GFI-1B, a proto-oncogenic transcriptional repressor, in the promoters of murine Socs1and Socs3. Thus, mutating these sites relieved transcriptional repression, as determined by luciferase reporter assays of transiently transfected erythropoietin-responsive 32D-EpoR and HCD57 cells. Furthermore, cotransfection of Gfi-1Bexpression plasmid repressed reporter activity of wild-type (but not mutagenized) Socs1 and Socs3 promoters, strongly suggestive of direct GFI-1B binding to these promoters. In addition, overexpression of Gfi-1B resulted in reduced transcript levels of Socs1 and Socs3, but notSocs2 or Cis. Upon stimulation with erythropoietin, Socs transcripts were rapidly induced, whereas Gfi-1B mRNA was down-regulated. Interestingly, the latter effect appears to rely on STAT5 activity, but not on phosphoinositide 3-kinase or MAPK pathways. Thus, cytokine-mediated STAT5 activation allows relief of direct repression by GFI-1B of theSocs1 and Socs3 promoters, but apparently not of the Socs2 and Cis promoters. This constitutes a previously undescribed mode of controlling cytokine responsiveness, through the direct repression of a tumor suppressor (SOCS1) by a proto-oncoprotein (GFI-1B).
Structural and Optical Effects of Capping Layer Material and Growth Rate on the Properties of Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dot Structures

In order to develop nanoengineering methods to control electronic spectrum of self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy, we have utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence (PL) and TEM methods to investigate the effects of capping layer growth on the physical/chemical properties as well as the optical/electronic performance of QD device structures. Capping layer material choice (or its absence all together) has been found to directly influence QD dimensions (size, height), and subsequently, to affect QD emission wavelength. We report results of QD lateral size and height as well as densities of InAs QDs capped with 2ML (monolayers) of AlAs or GaAs grown at various rates. Our AFM results are complemented by PL measurements, where the optical properties of capped versus non-capped QDs have been explored and direct correspondence between structural differences induced by capping and the electronic/optical properties of QDs is demonstrated. Analysis of the data shows that the results can be explained by two competing surface processes. The first of which is the redistribution of indium between QDs on top of the 2D wetting layer, resulting in the increase of QD size with time. The second effect is the diffusion of indium out of the QDs and onto the top of the capping layer. TEM with multislice image simulation has supported our AFM and PL observations with the demonstration of “indium driven” alloy intermixing in the overlayer as well as significant alloying in the InAs wetting layer.
Lorentz violation, gravitomagnetism, and intrinsic spin

A largely unconstrained set of relativity-violating effects is studied via the gravitomagnetic effect on intrinsic spins. The results of existing comagnetometer experiments are used to place constraints on two new combinations of these effects at the 10% level. We show that planned improvements in these experiments will make them competitive with the best existing sensitivities to this elusive class of relativity-violating effects. Prospects for measuring the conventional general-relativistic gravitomagnetic effect are also considered.
The pharmacokinetics of penicillamine in a female mongrel dog

The pharmacokinetic parameters of D-penicillamine were investigated by administering four intravenous bolus doses, four oral doses, and six constant rate intravenous infusions to a female mongrel dog at dosages comparable to 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg in man. The pharmacokinetics of D-penicillamine demonstrated nonlinearity in the dog. There was more than proportional increase in the area under the whole blood concentration curve for an increase in the bolus intravenous dose. The steady state whole blood, plasma, and packed cell levels of penicillamine were increased more than proportionately for an increase in the intravenous infusion rate. Total body clearance of penicillamine was decreased by increasing the dose or the infusion rate of penicillamine. Correspondingly, the estimated half-life of unchanged penicillamine in the whole blood was decreased for increased intravenous bolus doses. The renal clearance of penicillamine was nonlinear, decreasing with time during the bolus experiments and increasing at higher infusion rates. The nonrenal clearance was decreased at higher infusion rates, suggesting that a saturable nonrenal elimination process exists for penicillamine in the dog. The nonlinearities that were observed in the dog, if also present in man, may be responsible in part for the dose related side effects reported clinically for penicillamine.
Influence of nitrogen fertilization on methane uptake in temperate forest soils

METHANE, a long-lived gas (8–10 years residence time), is important in the chemistry of the atmosphere and the Earth's radiation balance1–3. The tropospheric abundance of CH4 has been increasing by ˜1.1% yr–1 over the past decade4,5. The cause of this increase may be due to either increases in global sources or decreases in global sinks1,6,7. Although considerable research has focused on measuring CH4 emissions from major biological sources7,8, much less is known about the magnitude of, and factors controlling, biological sinks of CH4. The largest biological sinks for methane are microorganisms in aerobic soils7. Here we report a study of CH4 uptake by aerobic temperate-forest soils. We measured CH4consumption rates (up to 3.17 mg CH4–C m–1 day–1) that were higher than reported previously. Globally, soils of temperate and boreal forests may consume up to 9.3 Tg CH4–C yr–1. We also found that the CH4 uptake rates of these soils were decreased significantly by elevated soil moisture (14%) and nitrogen additions (33%), implying that nitrogen fertilization may reduce this CH4 sink.
Rigid protein motion as a model for crystallographic temperature factors.

Abstract The extent to which the librations of rigid molecules can model the crystallographic temperature factor profiles of proteins has been examined. For all proteins considered, including influenza virus hemagglutinin, glutathione reductase, myohemerythrin, myoglobin, and streptavidin, a simple 10-parameter model [V. Schomaker and K. N. Trueblood (1968) Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 24, 63-76] is found to reproduce qualitatively the patterns of maxima and minima in the isotropic backbone meansquare displacements. Large deviations between the rigid molecule and individual atomic temperature factors are found to be correlated with a region in hemagglutinin for which the refined structural model is unsatisfactory and with errors in the structure in a partially incorrect model of myohemerythrin. For the high-resolution glutathione reductase structure, better results are obtained on treating each of the compact domains in the structure as independent rigid bodies. The method allows for the refinement of reliable temperature factors with the introduction of minimal parameters and may prove useful for the evaluation of models in the early stages of x-ray structure refinement. While these results by themselves do not establish the nature of the underlying displacements, the success of the rigid protein model in reproducing qualitative features of temperature factor profiles suggests that rigid body refinement results should be considered in any interpretation of crystallographic thermal parameters.
Assessing the concentration, speciation, and toxicity of dissolved metals during mixing of acid-mine drainage and ambient river water downstream of the Elizabeth Copper Mine, Vermont, USA

Abstract The authors determine the composition of a river that is impacted by acid-mine drainage, evaluate dominant physical and geochemical processes controlling the composition, and assess dissolved metal speciation and toxicity using a combination of laboratory, field and modeling studies. Values of pH increase from 3.3 to 7.6 and the sum of dissolved base metal (Cd + Co + Cu + Ni + Pb + Zn) concentrations decreases from 6270 to 100 μg/L in the dynamic mixing and reaction zone that is downstream of the river’s confluence with acid-mine drainage. Mixing diagrams and PHREEQC calculations indicate that mixing and dilution affect the concentrations of all dissolved elements in the reach, and are the dominant processes controlling dissolved Ca, K, Li, Mn and SO4 concentrations. Additionally, dissolved Al and Fe concentrations decrease due to mineral precipitation (gibbsite, schwertmannite and ferrihydrite), whereas dissolved concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn decrease due to adsorption onto newly formed Fe precipitates. The uptake of dissolved metals by aquatic organisms is dependent on the aqueous speciation of the metals and kinetics of complexation reactions between metals, ligands and solid surfaces. Dissolved speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the mixing and reaction zone is assessed using the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and results of speciation calculations using the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). Data from open and restricted pore DGT units indicate that almost all dissolved metal species are inorganic and that aqueous labile or DGT available metal concentrations are generally equal to total dissolved concentrations in the mixing zone. Exceptions occur when labile metal concentrations are underestimated due to competition between H+ and metal ions for Chelex-100 binding sites in the DGT units at low pH values. Calculations using the BLM indicate that dissolved Cd and Zn species in the mixing and reaction zone are predominantly inorganic, which is consistent with the DGT results. Although the DGT method indicates that the majority of aqueous Cu species are inorganic, BLM calculations indicate that dissolved Cu is inorganic at pH 5.5. Integrated dissolved labile concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in the mixing and reaction zone are compared to calculated acute toxicity concentrations (LC50 values) for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (Cd, Cu and Zn) and water fleas (Ceriodaphnia dubia) (Cd and Cu) using the BLM, and to national recommended water quality criteria [i.e., criteria maximum concentration (CMC) and criterion continuous concentration (CCC)]. Observed labile concentrations of Cd and Zn are below LC50 values and CMC for Cd, but above CCC and CMC for Zn at sites
Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Studies of Conjunctival Large Cell Acanthoma, Epidermoid Dysplasia, and Squamous Papilloma

Purpose To evaluate clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically a spectrum of conjunctival squamous proliferations. Design Retrospective clinicopathologic study. Methods One large cell acanthoma, 7 epidermoid dysplasias, and 4 squamous papillomas were evaluated with microscopy and biomarkers Ki-67, p53, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ber-EP4, AE1, AE3, and 8 individual cytokeratins. Normal associated conjunctiva served as a baseline for interpretation. Results The large cell acanthoma recurred 4 times but retained its benign histopathologic features. The cells were 2-3 times larger than the keratinocytes of the normal conjunctiva and did not display atypia. Immunohistochemistry revealed a low Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in the large cell acanthoma compared with high indices in dysplasias and papillomas. p53 was negative in the nuclei of normal epithelium while positive in all neoplasms, most intensely in the dysplasias. Immunostaining showed similar staining patterns for cytokeratins in large cell acanthoma and normal conjunctiva, except for full-thickness CK14 positivity and CK7 negativity in the lesion. Dysplasias generally lost normal CK7 expression and frequently abnormally expressed CK17. The papillomas displayed a normal cytokeratin pattern but exhibited a higher than normal PI and weak p53 positivity. Conclusions Conjunctival large cell acanthoma is a morphologically distinctive clonal entity with clinical and immunohistochemical phenotypic characteristics denoting a dysplasia of minimal severity. Because of recurrences without invasion, it requires treatment. Dysplasias exhibited more deviant biomarker abnormalities including frequent aberrant full-thickness CK17 positivity and CK7 negativity. The absence of major cytokeratin derangements in the squamous papillomas may be of ancillary diagnostic value for lesions displaying borderline cytologic features.
Functional encryption: a new vision for public-key cryptography

Decryption keys allow users to learn a specific function of the encrypted data and nothing else.
Chernobyl Nuclear Catastrophe and the High Risk Potential for Mental Retardation.

The nuclear explosion at Chernobyl nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, continues to have wide political, social, and medical ramifications. Hot debris from the Chernobyl reactor covered an area of more than 5,000 square kilometers with nearly 20 million curies of radionuclides. Eleven regions with a population of nearly 17 million people, of whom 2.5 million were children below the age of 5 years, suffered some degree of radioactive contamination. These children are currently of elementary school age. One of the tragedies of the explosion is that thousands of these children are at high risk for mental retardation and learning disorders.
Modeling the Failure of Electronic Devices by Dendrite Growth in Bulk and Thin Layer Electrolytes

Abstract A model electronic device consisting of two sputter-deposited copper conducting lines on an α-alumina substrate has been exposed to electrochemical conditions that lead to failure by dendrite growth. The growth kinetics of copper dendrites have been determined for two types of experimental conditions. The model substrates in the first set of experimental conditions were fully immersed in bulk electrolytes, and in the second set of conditions, the model substrates were covered by thin layers (∼1.9 µ) of electrolyte. Sulfuric acid electrolytes (pH 1.0) containing various concentrations of dissolved copper were used for both types of experiments, which were conducted by applying a fixed cathodic potential using a potentiostat. The effect of varying the copper ion concentration and cathodic potential was examined, and a comparison was made between the behavior in the two types of experiments conducted, i.e., bulk and thin layer electrolytes. Experimentally measured dendrite growth rates have been com...
Cathodic pre-treatment effects on the behaviour of a platinum electrode☆

Abstract Hydrogen formed by cathodic polarization of a bright platinum electrode in CO-saturated 1 M H 2 SO 4 is shown to remain associated with the electrode for relatively long periods of time. Such hydrogen causes unusual open-circuit potential behaviour after anodic pulses, and can give characteristic hydrogen regions in anodic charging curves. Potential behaviour, in itself, may not be a sufficient criterion for the absence of hydrogen at the electrode interface.
Colloidal crystals as templates for porous materials

Close-packed colloidal crystals are promising precursors for novel materials, but only after appropriate methods are developed to fix their structure. A wide range of advanced materials has recently been synthesized by replicating the structure of colloidal crystals into durable solid matrices. Such materials with structured pores have promise as photonic crystals, catalysts, and membranes, and in a variety of other applications. This paper reviews the methods used in the formation of these materials and likely future trends in the field.
Influence of high dietary lead on selenium metabolism in dairy calves.

Abstract Metabolism of orally dosed 75 Se was studied in 10 intact male Holstein calves that were fed ad libitum a control diet containing no added Pb or supplemented with 1000ppm Pb as PbSO 4 for 4 wk. Lead-supplemented calves did not exhibit any clinical signs of Pb toxicity. Voluntary feed intake was reduced by 9.5% and average daily gain by 23%. Lead content of rib, liver, and kidney increased. Serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase activity was increased during the last 2 wk of the experiment in calves fed Pb. In calves receiving supplemental Pb, 75 Se absorption, blood concentration, and urine concentration were reduced by 26, 21, and 42%, respectively. Tissue 75 Se concentrations were significantly lower in kidney, liver, testicle, pancreas, small intestine, heart, spinal cord, and muscle in calves fed Pb. There was a significant negative correlation (r = −.78) between 75 Se and stable Pb concentrations in the liver. It is not clear whether the ingestion of subclinical amounts of Pb could affect the absorption and utilization of Se in dairy calves to the extent of Se deficiency when dairy calves are kept in areas known to be low in Se.
EFFECTS OF D2O AND OSMOTIC GRADIENTS ON POTENTIAL AND RESISTANCE OF THE ISOLATED FROG SKIN

Exposure of the outside surface of isolated frog skin (R. pipiens and R. catesbeiana) to sulfate solution made up with D2O decreased skin potential and resistance. Exposure of the inside surface to D2O solution decreased the potential slightly but increased the resistance. The changes were linearly related to the D2O concentration. Since D2O acts like a hyperosmotic solution, the skin potential and resistance were studied upon exposure to solution made hyperosmotic by addition of sucrose, mannitol, acetamide, urea, thiourea, Na2SO4, or K2SO4. Skin potential and resistance decreased when the outside solution was made hyperosmotic. The changes depended upon the concentration and the nature of the solute. Thiourea and urea solutions were the most effective. Treatment of the inside surface gave relatively small decreases in potential; the resistance either increased or remained unchanged. These effects appeared to depend upon the direction of the osmotic gradient across the skin rather than upon the value of the osmolarity compared to normal body fluids. Experiments with a series of six polyhydric alcohols from methanol to mannitol and the polysaccharides, sucrose and raffinose, showed adonitol with 5 carbons to decrease the potential the most. Smaller and larger compounds of this set gave lesser effects. As yet no consistent explanation of the effects is forthcoming, but their demonstration calls for caution in the indiscriminate use of solutes such as mannitol or sucrose "to make up the osmolality" and in the neglect of urea because "it penetrates freely."
A Two-Dimensional Transonic Flow Model for Turbomachines Using an Implicit Lambda Scheme

A two-dimensional Euler solver allowing the calculation of transonic flow conditions and weak shocks for turbomachinery blade rows is presented. The algorithm is based on a second-order-accurate finite-difference version of the implicit lambda scheme applied to the Euler equations assuming isentropic flow conditions. Using a fairly simple grid point network with equal spacing in meridional and tangential directions, this algorithm has been used successfully to calculate stationary and rotating stages of axial, radial and mixed flow turbomachinery cascades. Predictions are shown for a Laval nozzle and a high-turning turbine nozzle and compared against theoretically and experimentally available data.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Proactive and Reactive Sibling Aggression and Adjustment in Adolescence

Existing research on aggression tends to narrowly focus on peers; less is known about sibling aggression, most likely due to its historical acceptance. Aggression is characterized by its forms (i.e., physical vs. social or relational aggression) and its functions (i.e., the motivations behind the aggressive act and categorized as proactive vs. reactive aggression). We use data from a two-wave study of middle (n = 197; M age = 12.63 years at Wave 1) and older (n = 159; M age = 16.50 years at Wave 1) adolescents to assess the extent to which proactive and reactive functions of sibling aggression make unique or conditional contributions to adolescent adjustment (i.e., depression, delinquency, and substance use). We find that proactive sibling aggression increases risk for problem substance use and delinquent behavior, reactive sibling aggression increases risk for depressed mood and delinquent behavior, and such results are observed even with statistical adjustments for sociodemographic and family variables, stressful life events, and prior adjustment. Few conditional effects of proactive or reactive sibling aggression by sex or grade are observed; yet, for all three outcomes, the harmful effects of reactive sibling aggression are strongest among adolescents who report low levels of proactive sibling aggression. The results speak to the importance of understanding the proactive and reactive functions of sibling aggressive behaviors for adolescent adjustment.
Evidence for and against the existence of a salt-losing hormone.

T i~ ~ increased urinary sodium excretion that results from the administration of A C T H to patients with virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia was first reported in 1949 by Dr. Wilkins in association with Roger A. Lewis? The following year these observations were extended to include patients with the salt-losing variety of the syndrome. 2 I t was noted that the potassium excretion of different patients responded in varying fashion to ACTH, but there was a consistent sodium diuresis on the day A C T H was given. The suggestion was made that patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia associated with Addisonian crises might secrete adrenal steroids which promote sodium excretion rather than sodium retention. In 1951 work was reported from the same laboratory demonstrating increased sodium excretion in response to A C T H administration in newborn infants. These infants were able to respond to desoxycorticosterone ad-
The quantitative, micro analytical determination of carbon and hydrogen in an athmosphere of nitrogen

A method for the gravimetric, quantitative micro analytical determination of Carbon and Hydrogen in organic compounds in an atmosphere of Nitrogen has been developed. It was established, that organic compounds could be combusted quantitatively in an inert atmosphere. This fact made possible several advantageous changes in procedure and reagents. The experiments are being continued.
Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Autobiographical Narratives

In this study, the authors examined gender differences in narratives of positive and negative life experiences during middle adolescence, a critical period for the development of identity and a life narrative (Habermas & Bluck, 2000; McAdams, 2001). Examining a wider variety of narrative meaning-making devices than previous research, they found that 13- to 16-year old racially and economically diverse females told more elaborated, coherent, reflective, and agentic narratives than did adolescent males. There were surprisingly few differences between narratives of positive and negative events. These findings replicate and extend previous findings of gender differences in autobiographical narratives in early childhood and adulthood and indicate that gender is a critical filter through which personal memory and identity are constructed during adolescence.
Invoking the User from Data to Design

Personas, stemming from the field of user-centered design (UCD), are hypothetical users that represent the behaviors, goals, and values of actual users. This study describes the creation of personas in an academic library. With the goal of leveraging service-generated data, the authors coded a sample of chat reference transcripts, producing two numeric values for each. The transcripts were plotted on an X/Y graph where X represented the nature of the user’s information need and Y represented the nature of the user’s motivation. A k-means cluster analysis of the plotted points produced four clusters, which served as the personas’ basis.
Radiation dose to the interventionalist is directly affected by the operating position

We aimed to determine the optimal positioning of the interventionalist with regard to radiation exposure during endovascular aneurysm repairs (EVAR). The radiation absorption of two vascular surgeo...
Mean-square discrepancies of the Hammersley and Zaremba sequences for arbitrary radix

Theoretical formulae are obtained for estimating the discrepancy of a certain class of equidistributed sequences. Earlier results ofHalton andZaremba are generalized to arbitrary radix. The new discrepancy formulae are exact but more tractable than previously known versions. Significantly improved error-bounds for Quasi-Monte Carlo numerical integration result.
Is resection with primary anastomosis following destructive colon wounds always safe

Resection with primary anastomosis was associated with a 14% anastomotic leak rate in this review of 60 patients with destructive colon wounds. The presence of an underlying medical illness or massive blood transfusion was associated with anastomotic complications. In the high-risk subset of patients who had one or both of these risk factors, the anastomotic leak rate was 42%. The incidence of anastomotic leak in previously healthy patients without massive transfusion was 3%. Ileocolostomies were no safer than colocolostomies. We conclude that resection with anastomosis should not be performed on all patients with destructive colon injuries, as the risk of anastomotic leak is prohibitive in those with either massive blood loss or underlying medical illness. We continue to perform primary anastomosis in healthy patients without excessive blood loss.
Spore coat formation and timely sporulation depend on cellulose in Dictyostelium.

Cellulose is a major component of the extracellular coat that surrounds the terminally-differentiated spore of Dictyostelium. It is sandwiched between two layers of proteins that derive from prespore vesicles by exocytosis. Strains unable to synthesize cellulose due to null mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase (dcsA) failed to make detergent-resistant spores but produced small, highly refractile, round spore-like cells up to a day late. Although these cells resembled spores in appearance, they were unstable, only transiently ellipsoid in shape, and sensitive to hypo-osmotic shock, drying, or detergents. Differentiation of these pseudo-spores was induced in the normal time frame by activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase or co-development with wild type cells, and coat proteins were secreted by the dcsA-null cells at the same time as wild type cells. A substantial fraction of secreted coat proteins was loosely associated with the surface of the mutant cells, resembling the precoat posited to form early during normal sporulation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the precoat had little ultrastructural organization in the absence of cellulose. Thus, cellulose in the coat appears to be required for the organization of the precoat precursors as well as the stability, dormancy, and shape of the spore.
Active sodium and chloride transport across the isolated rabbit conjunctiva.

The bulbar-palpebral conjunctiva from albino rabbits was dissected as a cylinder and cut longitudinally to convert it to a flat epithelium that was mounted as a partition between Ussing-type chambers, exposing 0.38 cm2 of cross-sectional area. The tissue was bathed with a modified Tyrode's solution at 37d`C, pH 7.5. The tear-facing side (apical) was 14.6 ± 1.5 mV negative relative to the basolateral side. Transepithelial resistance was 1.23 ± 0.01 KΩ. cm2 and the short-circuit current (Isc) was 14.4 ± 1.3, μA/cm2. Sixty percent of the Isc could be accounted for by a Na+-dependent, bumetanide-inhibitable Cl− transport directed towards the apical side. The remainder of the lsc reflected a Na+ absorptive process at the apical surface that was amiloride resistant. Evidence was obtained that a likely contributor to this activity is an elec-trogenic Na+-glucose co-carrier. The Cl− -dependent Isc was stimulated by forskolin and epinephrine. Permeabilization of the apical membrane with amphotericin B evinced a cu...
Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy in Prostate Glands <20 cm3

Purpose To investigate the dosimetry, treatment-related morbidity, and biochemical outcomes for brachytherapy in patients with prostate glands 3 . Methods and Materials From November 1996 to October 2006, 104 patients with prostate glands 3 underwent brachytherapy. Multiple prostate, urethral, and rectal dosimetric parameters were evaluated. Treatment-related urinary and rectal morbidity were assessed from patient questionnaires. Cause-specific survival, biochemical progression-free survival, and overall survival were recorded. Results The median patient age, follow up, and pre-treatment ultrasound volume was 64 years, 5.0 years and 17.6cm 3 , respectively. Median day 0 dosimetry was significant for the following: V100 98.5%, D90 126.1% and R100 Conclusion Our results demonstrate that brachytherapy for small prostate glands is highly effective, with an acceptable morbidity profile, excellent postimplant dosimetry, acceptable treatment-related morbidity, and favorable biochemical outcomes.
Symbolic Preference Using Simple Scoring

Despite the popularity of stochastic parsers, symbolic parsing still has some advantages, but is not practical without an effective mechanism for selecting among alternative analyses. This paper describes the symbolic preference system of a hybrid parser that combines a shallow parser with an overlay parser that builds on the chunks. The hybrid currently equals or exceeds most stochastic parsers in speed and is approaching them in accuracy. The preference system is novel in using a simple, three-valued scoring method (-1, 0, or +1) for assigning preferences to constituents viewed in the context of their containing constituents. The approach addresses problems associated with earlier preference systems, and has considerably facilitated development. It is ultimately based on viewing preference scoring as an engineering mechanism, and only indirectly related to cognitive principles or corpus-based frequencies.
Role of pump coherence in two-photon interferometry

We use a parametric down-conversion source pumped by a short-coherence-length continuous-wave (CW) diode laser to perform two-photon interferometry in an intermediate regime between the more familiar Franson-type experiments with a long-coherence-length pump laser, and the short pulsed pump ``time-bin'' experiments pioneered by Gisin's group. The use of a time-bin-like Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the CW pumping beam induces coherence between certain two-photon amplitudes, while the CW nature of the experiment prevents the elimination of remaining incoherent ones. The experimental results highlight the role of pump coherence in two-photon interferometry.
Reformulating Ill-Conditioned Differential−Algebraic Equation Optimization Problems

This paper discusses numerical issues in differential−algebraic equation (DAE) optimization concerning the stability and accuracy of the discretized nonlinear programming problems (NLP). First, a brief description of the solution strategy based on reduced-Hessian successive quadratic programming (rSQP) is presented, focusing on the decomposition step of the DAE constraints. Next, some difficulties associated with unstable DAE problem formulations are exposed via examples. A new procedure for detecting ill-conditioning and problem reformulation is then presented. Furthermore, some properties of this procedure as well as its limitations are also discussed. Numerical examples are provided, including a flowsheet optimization problem with an unstable reactor.
Influence of embedded material at edges on natural frequencies of rotating annular disk

An analytical method is investigated for the determination of the effect of attaching different materials at one of the edges of annular disk on its natural frequencies. The linear in-plane free vibration of a compound disk in based of two-dimensional plane stress theory is studied to satisfy the displacement and stresses of the disk. The materials used in the disk are considered to be homogenous, elastic and isotropic and the disk is rotating at constant angular speed. In this investigation, the annular disk is considered to be clamped at the inner side and free at the outer edge. The dimensionless natural frequencies for different modes, rotating speeds, and thickness ratios at the inner and outer side are computed.
An overview of polymer ageing studies in the nuclear power industry

Abstract Polymeric components are widely used in nuclear power plants (NPPs) in equipment which is important to the safety of the plant. The degradation of such components is therefore of considerable interest to the industry and its regulatory bodies, generating a large number of studies worldwide. Some of these components need to remain functional over the full operational life of the plant, which may span up to 60 years. Predictive modelling of their behaviour is therefore of key importance. This paper outlines the main areas of research, particularly relating to the use of elastomeric seals and polymeric cable insulation in NPP.
A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America

Historians and social scientists analyzing the contemporary world unfortunately have too little contact and hence miss some of the ways that their interests overlap and the research of one field might benefit another. I am, therefore, extremely grateful that the Journal of Consumer Research has invited me to share with its readers an overview of my recent research on the political and social impact of the flourishing of mass consumption on twentieth-century America. What follows is a summary of my major arguments, enough to entice you, I hope, to read A Consumers' Republic (Cohen 2003), in which I elaborate on these themes. Although this essay is by necessity schematic, the book itself is filled with extensive historical evidence and is heavily illustrated with period images. In tracing the growing importance of mass consumption to the American economy, polity, culture, and social landscape from the 1920s to the present, I in many ways establish the historical context for your research into contemporary consumer behavior and markets. I hope you will …
Evidence for the Importance of Resonance Scattering in X-Ray Emission Line Profiles of the O Star ζ Puppis

We fit the Doppler profiles of the He-like triplet complexes of O VII and N VI in the X-ray spectrum of the O star {zeta} Pup, using XMM-Newton RGS data collected over {approx} 400 ks of exposure. We find that they cannot be well fit if the resonance and intercombination lines are constrained to have the same profile shape. However, a significantly better fit is achieved with a model incorporating the effects of resonance scattering, which causes the resonance line to become more symmetric than the intercombination line for a given characteristic continuum optical depth {tau}{sub *}. We discuss the plausibility of this hypothesis, as well as its significance for our understanding of Doppler profiles of X-ray emission lines in O stars.
Some aspects of tail regeneration in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. II. The role of the peripheral nerves,

The work reported here affirms that the ependyma supports tail regeneration and demonstrates that the peripheral nerve supply makes no essential contribution to the regenerative process. The normal peripheral nerve supply in the tail of Anolis carolinensis was found to be 4.5 fibers per (100 μ)2. In tails in which the peripheral nerve supply was reduced to 0.34 fibers per (100 μ)2 normal regeneration occurred if the ependyma was present. In the absence of the ependyma (i.e., the central nervous system) but with 50–75% of the peripheral nerves present no normal regenerative outgrowth occurred; however, three or four myomeres were regenerated.
Occluded gases in ferrous alloys

Abstract In this paper there has been given a discussion of: adsorption from solution by solid; the adsorption isotherm; abnormal adsorption; negative adsorption; reversibility of equilibrium; specificity of adsorption; adsorption of several solutes; adsorption from solution by liquid; adsorption and surface tension; Brownian movements; coalescence of liquids; coalescence of solids; plasticity.
Conjunctival vascular lesions. Classification and clinical significance with special reference to diabetes

A simple method for screening and photographing the conjunctival vasculature is described. A practical grading system is presented for the commoner variations such as venular congestion, tortuosity, irregular dilatations and microaneurysms, capillary ischemia and ectasias and arteriolar constriction and red-cell aggregation. The significance of the various vascular anomalies is discussed as they are present in the collecting venules, postcapillary venules, capillaries, and in the terminal and branching arterioles. Special emphasis is laid on conjunctival vascular changes in diabetes.
Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over MgO- and SiO2-Supported Rhodium Catalysts

The partial oxidation of methane over MgO- and SiO2-supported rhodium catalysts was investigated, using a CH4/O2 mixture with a molar ratio of 2.1/1 as feed gas. At 750°C and atmospheric pressure, the 1% Rh/MgO catalyst exhibited a very high stability at the high gas hourly space velocity of 720,000 ml g−1 h−1, its catalytic activity and selectivity remaining constant and high after an induction time up to 100 h of reaction. In contrast, the 1% Rh/SiO2 catalyst deactivated rapidly. To explain the above results, the reaction behaviors of CH4 and CH4/O2 (2/1) over the oxidized catalysts 1% Rh(O)/MgO and 1% Rh(O)/SiO2 were studied in a pulse microreactor. No carbon deposition occurred during the reaction of CH4 with the MgO-supported rhodium catalyst, even after the catalyst was almost completely reduced. In contrast, a notable amount of surface carbon was generated during the reaction of CH4 with the SiO2-supported rhodium catalyst. During the reaction of CH4/O2 (2/1) over the oxidized catalysts, the rhodium oxide supported on SiO2 was easily reduced by CH4, while the reduction of rhodium oxide supported on MgO occurred with some difficulty. This implies much stronger interactions between rhodium oxide and MgO than between the former and SiO2. Temperature-programmed reduction experiments also revealed much stronger interactions between rhodium and magnesium oxide and that two kinds of rhodium compounds were present in the oxidized MgO-supported rhodium catalyst. X-ray powder diffraction enabled us to identify Rh2O3 and MgRh2O4 in precalcined 10% Rh(O)/SiO2 and 10% Rh(O)/MgO, respectively. It is suggested that the strong interactions between rhodium and magnesium oxide (especially the formation of MgRh2O4) are responsible for the high stability of the MgO-supported rhodium catalysts.