cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic and Mechanical Behavior of Conductive Polymer Materials for Antennas

Polyethylene utilities pipes are difficult to detect once buried. Ground penetrating radar is typically used for location, but the electromagnetic signatures of small pipe lines, like the lines that between mains and individual buildings, are often too weak to be detectable. Due to the high number of buried pipelines and the high risks and costs that can occur with damaged lines, improving the locatability of the pipe is an important area of focus. Polyethylene doped with conductive dopants and made into antennas could provide a more distinct electromagnetic target during location. In this work, the electromagnetic properties of the conductive polyethylene material were studied. Mechanical strains were applied to the material to determine how the electromagnetic response would change with the physical deformation.
Genetic variability of influenza A virus in pigs at weaning in Midwestern United States swine farms

Suckling piglets play an important role at maintaining influenza A virus (IAV) infections in breeding herds and disseminating them to other farms at weaning. However, the role they play at weaning to support and promote genetic variability of IAV is not fully understood. The objective here was to evaluate the genetic diversity of IAV in pigs at weaning in farms located in the Midwestern USA. Nasal swabs (n = 9,090) collected from piglets in breed-to-wean farms (n = 52) over a six-month period across seasons were evaluated for the presence of IAV. Nasal swabs (n = 391) from 23 IAV-positive farms were whole-genome sequenced. Multiple lineages of HA (n = 7) and NA (n = 3) were identified in 96% (22/23) and 61% (237/391) of the investigated farms and individual piglets, respectively. Co-circulation of multiple types of functional HA and NA was identified in most (83%) farms. Whole IAV genomes were completed for 126 individual piglet samples and 25 distinct and 23 mixed genotypes were identified, highlighting significant genetic variability of IAV in piglets. Co-circulation of IAV in the farms and co-infection of individual piglets at weaning was observed at multiple time points over the investigation period and appears to be common in the investigated farms. Statistically significant genetic variability was estimated within and between farms by AMOVA, and varying levels of diversity between farms were detected using the Shannon-Weiner Index. Results reported here demonstrate previously unreported levels of molecular complexity and genetic variability among IAV at the farm and piglet levels at weaning. Movement of such piglets infected at weaning may result in emergence of new strains and maintenance of endemic IAV infection in the US swine herds. Results presented here highlight the need for developing and implementing novel, effective strategies to prevent or control the introduction and transmission of IAV within and between farms in the country.
Analysis of two Seasat synthetic aperture radar images of an urban scene

Because the Seasat satellite is not polar-orbiting, the look-directions of its SAR radar on the basic ascending and descending orbits were neither in the same direction, orthogonal to, nor opposite to, one another. This calls for a technique by means of which to identify those features within a given geographic region which were imaged from two directions by Seasat SAR and are sensitive to radar orientation. It is demonstrated that images from the two orbits with different look directions can be registered and subtracted from one another, with the resulting difference image highlighting those features that are direction-sensitive. Although this depends on a precise registration the subtraction technique is straightforward once such registration has been obtained.
An Introduction to Continuum Physics

Classical continuum physics deals with materials without a visible microstructure. That is, the scale of observation is large compared to the molecular scale, but small relative to other heterogeneities within the system. More modern continuum theories allow for a visible microstructure; amongst such theories are polar [65], mixture [21], nonlocal [63], and hybrid mixture [78]. In this chapter we concentrate mainly on setting out a general framework for classical continuum physics, however, toward the end of the chapter we set out the field equations for mixture and hybrid mixture theory. Fig. 1.1.1 illustrates the type of systems we concentrate on in this chapter. On the smallest scale (Figure 1.1.1a) individual molecules evince. Statistical mechanical theories and some micropolar field theories may be applicable on this scale. On a slightly larger scale the body appears locally uniform with no distinct microstructure. This is the scale-of-observation on which classical continuum theories apply. On yet a larger scale-of-observation large heterogeneities evince. Such media may require polar, mixture, hybrid mixture, or nonlocal continuum theories.
P57 Unrecognised scurvy with home parenteral nutrition

Introduction The classical dermatological signs of vitamin C deficiency are now rare. The diagnosis of Scurvy was initially unrecognised in a 16-year-old boy. Aim To describe a challenging case of vitamin C deficiency. Subject and Method A 16-year-old boy with intestinal failure due to short bowel syndrome. He had been on home parenteral nutrition (PN) for 14 years. He had restricted dietary intake due to intestinal rapid transit. He presented with 4 weeks history of non-pruritic rash on his legs and 2 weeks of bruising with ankle and knee pain. On examination, he was systemically well. There were numerous peri-follicular petechiae distributed symmetrically over his lower legs with a few scattered lesions on the arms and trunk. (see figures 1, 2). Initial investigations did not reveal blood dyscrasia, infection, or autoimmune disorder. Vitamin A, D, E, B1, B12, folate, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Manganese were within normal limits. Rheumatology and dermatology opinions were sought; diagnosis of Scurvy was suspected. Skin Biopsy showed perifolliculitis with erythrocyte extravasation suggestive of Scurvy. Four days after starting vitamin C supplement, symptoms completely resolved. Subsequently, plasma vitamin C level came back low at 1.6 μmol/L ( Immediate contact was made with the compounding company and an enquiry revealed inadvertent use of a uni-layer bag for his home PN, allowing accelerated degradation despite addition of the appropriate amount at manufacture. Summary and discussion PN is a lifesaving treatment for patients who cannot be adequately nourished by other feeding routes. Despite this, nutritional deficiencies still occur, warranting close nutritional monitoring. Analysis of ascorbic acid in the uni-layer bag showed degradation by 50% every 24 hours due to oxidation and by 14 days virtually none was detected. Our patient used bags stored for up to 14 days. In a multi-layer bag, 50% degradation occurs over 14 days, but the amount remaining in the bag was above the recommended daily allowance of 100 mg/day. Rate of vitamin C decay depends on the constituents of PN, storage environment and the bag containing it (1, 2). Conclusion This case is a reminder of the Scurvy’s clinical presentation. Diagnosis was initially challenging; however, starting treatment on clinical suspicion while awaiting lab results relieved the symptoms and substantiated the diagnosis. Scurvy is preventable and may occur with well monitored PN support as well as in fully enterally fed children (3). We advise to ensure home PN bags are multi-layered and practice stock rotation not only when nearing the expiry date. Note: Consent was obtained to publish the photos. References Gibbons E, Allwood MC, Neal T, Hardy G. Degradation of dehydroascorbic acid in parenteral nutrition mixtures. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2001;25(3–4):605–611 Gorman SR, Armstrong G, Allen KR, et al. Scarcity in the midst of plenty: enteral tube feeding complicated by Scurvy. J Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutr 2002; 35:93–5
Equiangular Frames and Their Duals

Systems of m equiangular lines spanning \(\mathbb {R}^d\) or \(\mathbb {C}^d\) that satisfy the so-called Welch bound have recently gained a lot of attention due to various applications in signal processing. Such sets are called equiangular tight frames (ETFs). One of the geometrically appealing aspects of an ETF is that any vector can be represented in terms of an ETF by using a dual frame that is also an equiangular set. However, for a given m and d, with m > d + 1, ETFs are rare. Here we study some properties of equiangular lines spanning \(\mathbb {R}^d\) when the Welch bound is not met. Such equiangular sets are more common than ETFs. In this case, the properties of the canonical dual, in particular, the angle set of the canonical dual are studied. We determine conditions on equiangular lines spanning \(\mathbb {R}^d\) whose canonical dual has few distinct angles.
A new method for the purification of initiation factor F2 in high yield, and an estimation of stoichiometry in the binding reaction.

A simple method is described for purifying protein synthesis initiation factor F2 which involves ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation of a 0.5 m NH4Cl wash of the ribosomes, followed by chromatography on cellulose phosphate and then on Sephadex G-200. Cellulose phosphate chromatography is an especially effective method, producing a 36-fold purification. The over-all yield of F2 is 23%, the over-all purification is 115-fold, and the final product shows one band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis. With this preparation it was shown that 1 molecule of F2 could stimulate the binding of up to 7 N-formylmethionyl tRNA molecules to ribosomes. This indicates that F2 is released from the ribosome after catalyzing the binding reaction and can then be reused.
The Biology of Panic Disorder

The burgeoning amount of knowledge recently accumulated about the biology of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (termed collectively PD) may prompt concern for falling into the “blind men feeling the elephant” trap. A plethora of biochemical compounds capable of inducing panic and other severe anxiety states not only supports a biological component in panic disorder, but also tests our definitions of clinical panic states. We are presented the challenge of differentiating primary pathogenesis from secondary and less specific changes in a complex interplay of biological systems.
Review of hemoglobin A(1c) in the management of diabetes.

Hemoglobin HbA1c (A1c) has been used clinically since the 1980s as a test of glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that tight glycemic control, quantified by lower blood glucose and A1c levels, reduced the risk of the development of complications from diabetes. Subsequently, standardization of A1c measurement was introduced in different countries to ensure accuracy in A1c results. Recently, the International Federation of Clinical Chemists (IFCC) introduced a more precise measurement of A1c, which has gained international acceptance. However, if the IFCC A1c result is expressed as a percentage, it is lower than the current DCCT-aligned A1c result, which may lead to confusion and deterioration in diabetic control. Alternative methods of reporting have been proposed, including A1c-derived average glucose (ADAG), which derives an average glucose from the A1c result. Herein, we review A1c, the components involved in A1c formation, and the interindividual and assay variations that can lead to differences in A1c results, despite comparable glycemic control. We discuss the proposed introduction of ADAG as a surrogate for A1c reporting, review imprecisions that may result, and suggest alternative clinical approaches.
An Examination of Organizational and Professional Commitment Among Public, Not-for-Profit, and Proprietary Social Service Employees

Abstract The present research explores whether workers' commitment to their organization and commitment to their profession are related to an organization's auspice, to the nature of their job, and to employees' personal characteristics. Two hundred seven (207) social service employees from three types of organizational auspices participated in this study. These consisted of (1) public, (2) not-for-profit and (3) proprietary organizations. Using a oneway ANOVA and multiple regression analysis, it was found that both organizational and professional commitment are related to auspice. The three organizational groups were distributed along a continuum: public, not-for-profit, and proprietary, with workers from public organizations reporting less commitment. In addition, the findings regarding the professional commitment of social service workers appear to be related to employees' ages and to their position within the organization.
ULTRASONIC MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION OF MELT SPUN METALLIC RIBBONS

The rapid cooling rates obtainable by melt spinning techniques have enabled the production of nonequilibrium metallic glasses and microcrystalline alloys with enhanced solubility of solute elements. The recent and intensive development of rapidly solidified metal alloys has been accompanied by an extensive body of research concerning characterization of both material properties and preparation processes. Structural, magnetic, electrical and tensile properties have been investigated thus far. However, accurate characterization of elastic properties has been difficult because the final product achieved by melt spinning is usually a ribbon or foil with a thickness on the order of 50 μm or less. This geometry precludes the use of bulk ultrasonic waves for characterization of the elastic properties of these materials. Instead, guided waves must be utilized for the determination of elastic properties. Unlike bulk waves, the velocity of guided waves usually shows dispersion; velocity is a function of extrinsic factors, such as specimen thickness and ultrasound frequency. Hence, determination of elastic properties of ribbons from sound wave velocities cannot be achieved by direct substitution into appropriate equations.
Laser-induced desorption from sapphire surfaces

Laser-induced desorption of energetic (~7eV) aluminum ions was observed from clean and water-covered sapphire (1102) surfaces using time-of-flight mass spectrometry with laser wavelengths of 1064, 355, and 266 nm. In sharp contrast, O+ (H+ and OH+) ions were observed in electron-induced desorption measurements with 300 eV electrons from the bare (water-covered) (1102) surface. Sapphire surfaces were characterized with low energy electron diffraction, reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy.
Engineering Nanowire n-MOSFETs at $L_{g}

As metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) channel lengths (Lg) are scaled to lengths shorter than Lg <; 8 nm source-drain tunneling starts to become a major performance limiting factor. In this scenario, a heavier transport mass can be used to limit source-drain (S-D) tunneling. Taking InAs and Si as examples, it is shown that different heavier transport masses can be engineered using strain and crystal-orientation engineering. Full-band extended device atomistic quantum transport simulations are performed for nanowire MOSFETs at Lg <; 8 nm in both ballistic and incoherent scattering regimes. In conclusion, a heavier transport mass can indeed be advantageous in improving ON-state currents in ultrascaled nanowire MOSFETs.
The stress tensor in granular shear flows of uniform, deformable disks at high solids concentrations

Application of the kinetic theory of gases to granular flows has greatly increased our understanding of ‘rapid’ granular flows. One of the underlying assumptions is that particles interact only through binary collisions. For a given set of material and flow parameters, as the concentration increases, the transition from a binary collision mode to other modes of interaction occurs. Kinetic theory can no longer be applied. A numerical model is utilized to simulate the mechanical behaviour of a small assembly of uniform, inelastic, frictional, deformable disks in a simple shear flow. There are two objectives: to obtain the ‘empirical’ constitutive law and to gain insight into the mechanisms that operate in the transitional and quasi-static regimes. In a simple shear flow, spatially and temporally averaged dimensionless stresses is the shear rate, Kn is the normal stiffness of an assumed viscoelastic contact force model, Ks/Kn is the ratio of tangential to normal stiffness, ζn is the normal damping coefficient, μ is the friction coefficient, and ρs, D and m are the particle density, diameter and mass, respectively. The range of B from 0.001 to 0.0707 was investigated for C ranging from 0.5 to 0.9, with material constants fixed as ζn = 0.0709 (corresponding to the restitution coefficient e = 0.8 in binary impacts), Ks/Kn = 0.8 and μ = 0.5. It is found that for lower concentrations (C 0.75) τ*ij monotonically decreases as B increases. Moreover, their relationship in this regime is well approximated by power law: τ*ij ∝ B−n(C). The powers nij range from nearly zero for C = 0.775 (corresponding to the familiar square power dependency of dimensional stresses on the shear rate in the rapid flow regime), to nearly two for C = 0.9 (corresponding to shear-rate independence in quasi-static regime). The intermediate concentration range corresponds to transition. Distinct mechanisms that govern transitional and quasi-static regimes are observed and discussed.
Interactions between hypertension and diabetes on vascular function and structure in rats

Regional 125I-albumin permeation and glomerular structural changes were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats with diabetes and/or hypertension. All rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy 2 weeks after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. At the same time, one-half of the nondiabetic and diabetic animals were placed on 1% saline drinking water and given weekly intramuscular injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate to induce hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mm Hg). Vascular permeability studies were performed after 1 and 3 months of hypertension. Hypertension, alone or in combination with diabetes, had no effect on weight gain, plasma glucose, or food consumption, but did increase 24-h urine volume in nondiabetics. In normotensive diabetics and in nondiabetic hypertensive rats, vascular 125I-albumin permeation was increased in eyes, aorta, and new granulation tissue (formed in a subcutaneous fabric implant), and glomerular basement membranes were thickened without any change in the fractional volume of the glomerulus occupied by mesangium. Urinary albumin and IgG excretion in nondiabetic hypertensive rats was increased much more than in normotensive diabetics. Hypertension and diabetes were additive in their effects on 125I-albumin permeation in eyes, aorta, and granulation tissue, and on glomerular basement membrane thickening, but were synergistic in their effects on urinary albumin excretion and mesangial fractional volume. The magnitude of the increase in vascular albumin permeation and urinary albumin and IgG excretion between and 1 and 3 months was much larger in diabetic hypertensive rats than in rats with hypertension or diabetes alone. Neither diabetes nor hypertension, alone or in combination, had any effect on albumin permeation in skeletal muscle, skin, heart, or brain. These findings demonstrate that hypertension and diabetes increase vascular albumin permeation in rats preferentially in tissues that correspond to sites of clinically significant vascular disease in human diabetics. They also attest to an important interaction between blood pressure-induced and diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability in these tissues and in structural changes in the glomerular vasculature.
Aeroelastic Flutter of a Flexible Disk Rotating in an Enclosed Compressible Fluid

The aeroelastic stability of a thin, flexible disk rotating in an enclosed compressible fluid is investigated analytically through a discretization of the field equations of a rotating Kirchhoff plate coupled to the acoustic oscillations of the surrounding fluid. The discretization procedure exploits Green’s theorem and exposes two different gyroscopic effects underpinning the coupled system dynamics: one describes the gyroscopic coupling between the disk and acoustic oscillations, and another arises from the disk rotation. The discretized dynamical system is cast in the compact form of a classical gyroscopic system and acoustic and disk mode coupling rules are derived. Effects of eigenvalue veering of structure and acoustic dominated modes are investigated in detail. For the undamped system, coupled structure-acoustic traveling waves can destabilize through mode coalescence leading to flutter instability. Regions in parameter space are identified where structure-acoustic traveling waves of specific wave numbers destabilize. The results are expected to be relevant for the design of high speed, low vibration, low noise hard disk drives and optical data storage systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Pancreatic tissue sampling guided by EUS, CT/US, and surgery: A comparison of sensitivity and specificity

Abstract Background: Needle aspiration of the pancreas is performed to differentiate pancreatic malignancy, focal chronic pancreatitis, and metastasis to the pancreas. Biopsies may be directed by using EUS, CT, US, or surgery. This study retrospectively compared the accuracy of EUS-guided, CT/US-guided, and surgical tissue sampling of the pancreas over a 5-year period. Methods: The records of patients undergoing pancreatic tissue sampling were reviewed for a final clinical diagnosis based on the results of cytology, histology, and clinical history. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each technique were calculated. Results: One hundred forty-nine tissue samples (68 EUS-guided, 70 CT/US-guided, 11 surgical) from 128 patients were compared. There was no significant difference in accuracy rates for EUS (76.4%), CT/US (81.4%), and surgically guided (81.8%) specimens. EUS was used when masses were smaller (2.6 ± 0.1 cm) as compared with CT/US (3.4 ± 0.2 cm, p p = 0.49). In univariate analyses, factors associated with greater accuracy regardless of technique were as follows: (1) older age, (2) larger size of the mass, and (3) participation by a cytologist during the procedure. A subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis, in which the examination of the effect of each factor controls for the effect of each of the other factors, found that only older age was a significant predictor of accuracy. Conclusion: EUS-guided tissue sampling of pancreatic masses is as accurate as CT/US-guided sampling and surgical biopsies. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:218-24.)
Experimental, very high-temperature, liquid--uranium equation of state

U wire samples under very high confining gas pressures are heated Ohmically into the liquid phase. The sample diameter is measured after achievement of thermodynamic equilibrium. Enthalpy-volume isobars and resistivity-enthalpy curves are obtained. The data are fitted with a soft-sphere theory of liquids, and the critical point of U is estimated.
The photochemistry of acetone in the presence of water

Abstract In this Letter, we study the photochemistry of acetone at 248 and 308 nm without and in the presence of water. We report the observation of a water dependence on the photolysis quantum yield of acetone.
Complementary Kinesiology: Why It Is Not Wise to Choose Sides or Work Alone.

In this essay I argue in favor of a holistic vision for our field under the heading of complementary kinesiology. I argue that battles over reified dichotomies and even compromise solutions have impeded our progress as a profession. I describe the theory of complementation as an alternative. I say it is a strange and paradoxical way of conceptualizing our values and our direction, one that is difficult to grasp intellectually. But I also suggest that it helps us see how and why there really are no “sides” in our profession and why “working alone” is not a viable option. I argue that complementation will allow us to be a more flexible, effective, and otherwise smarter field. Thus, I conclude that any difficulties inherent in understanding complementation are well worth the effort.
Evaluation Theory is Who We Are

All evaluators should know evaluation theory because it is central to our professional identity. It is what we talk about more than anything else, it seems to give rise to our most trenchant debates, it gives us the language we use for talking to ourselves and others, and perhaps most important, it is what makes us different from other professions. Especially in the latter regard, it is in our own self-interest to be explicit about this message, and to make evaluation theory the very heart of our identity. Every profession needs a unique knowledge base. For us, evaluation theory is that knowledge base.
Biological effects of two genetically defined leukotoxin mutants of Mannheimia haemolytica.

Abstract Mannheimia(Pasteurella)haemolytica serotype 1 is the primary causative agent responsible for bovine pneumonic mannheimiosis, also known as shipping fever in cattle. The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors, foremost of which is the exotoxic leukotoxin. The leukotoxin is a calcium-dependent cytolysin that is a member of the RTX (repeats in toxin) family and exhibits a narrow cell-type and species specificity and has biological effects only on ruminant leukocytes and platelets. The genetic organization of the leukotoxin is comprised of four genes: lktC , lktA , lktB and lktD . The lktA structural gene encodes the protoxin (pro-LktA) and lktC encodes a transacylase that post-translationally modifies the inactive pro-LktA to a biologically active wild-type leukotoxin (LktA). The LktA has been implicated as the key factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of lung injury associated with the disease and considerable efforts have been employed in abrogating toxin function while retaining immunogenicity, with an eye towards design of attenuated vaccines. We hypothesized that the pro-LktA retains the ability to cause biological effects on target cells as has been reported in the case of the closely related RTX toxin α-hemolysin (HlyA). We also examined the biological effects of an amino-terminal truncation mutant leukotoxin ΔLktA on target cells. Thus the objectives of our study were to investigate whether two different mutant leukotoxins, one a nonacylated pro-LktA, and the other lacking 344 amino acids at the N-terminal end of the LktA protein; ΔLktA, are capable of (i) binding to the β2-integrin leukotoxin receptor, (ii) inducing the elevation of second messenger intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), and (iii) inducing inflammatory gene expression, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) and cytolysis in target cells. Our results demonstrate that neither acylation nor the amino terminal 344 amino acids are required for LktA binding but are essential for LktA-induced [Ca 2+ ] i elevation, generation of ROM, generation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and cytolysis in target cells.
Excitation electric field inhomogeneities in a cubic ion cyclotron resonance cell: ion motion for away from the cyclotron frequency

A theory of ion motion in a cubic ICR cell is presented for differential sinusoidal excitation that explains the observed stability, orders of magnitude, and resonance positions for excitation frequencies away from the cyclotron frequency. This is accomplished by transforming the equations of motion to an amplitude-phase representation where resonance is identified as terms with slowly varying phase. The assumption of isolated resonance reduces the analysis to a case-by-case study of individual resonances. Two classes of nonlinear resonances are identified: those dependent only on the excitation field inhomogeneities and those dependent also on the linear excitation. The latter resonances are negligible compared to the first class. For the strong resonances in the first class, resonance frequencies are predicted at 2ωz ± ω−, ω+ ± 2ωz, ω+ ± ω−, 2ω+ ± ω−, 3ω+, and 3ω−, where ω+, ωz, and ω− are the cyclotron, z-axis, and magnetron frequencies characteristic of the unperturbed motion, respectively. The amplitude—phase equations show that the z-node coupling coefficients are proportional to (mass)−12 while the radial modes are mass-independent in the low mass limit. Therefore, if the initial mode amplitudes are mass independent, mass discriminatory effects related to excitation inhomogeneities in quadrupolar traps are attributable to the z-mode. The coupling coefficient for the z-mode equation of motion has a relative order of magnitude approximately (ω+ − ω−)/ωz greater than the corresponding radial mode coefficients, hence the resonances at 2ωz ± ω− and ω+ ± 2ωz hve the strongest effect on ion motion. The stability of ion motion in the isolated resonance approximation is governed by a constant of motion relating the mode-amplitudes for the mode coupling resonances. The observed stability at ω+ — 2ωz and instability at w+ + 2ωz are explained by this invariant. Finally, FT-ICR double resonance experiments are used to show changes in the ICR signal for excitation near ω+ ± 2ωz, 2ωz, 2ω+, and 3ω+. Experimental results agree qualitatively with theoretical predictions. Excitation at ω+ − 2ωz shows a small increase in the FT-ICR signal due to reduction in the z-mode amplitudes. The resonances at ω+ + 2ωz and near 2ωz show a decrease in the signal due to z-axis ejection. Excitation at 3ω+ and near 2ω+ gave changes in the FT-ICR signal consistent with radial mode excitation.
Institutional Economics Revisited: Discussion

Interestingly enough, these two papers start at very different points, and yet end up in a very similar position. Their common view is that orthodoxy is necessary but not sufficient if one is to understand the economy. Don Paarlberg offers a reflective view drawing on his years as a key economic advisor in Washington. Stan Johnson offers the perspective of one who is in a position to advise the governments of the former Soviet Union yet finds his orthodox toolkit incomplete. As one who teaches a graduate course in institutional economics, I am encouraged by yet another opportunity for serious professional dialogue concerning epistemological matters of importance to applied economists.' I stress the epistemological aspect for obvious reasons. Those who practice economics are taught at an early age that institutional economics is now (1) dead; (2) a branch of sociology; or (3) something of quaint historical interest discussed somewhere in the semester after one lecture on the Physiocrats, but before the single obligatory yet dismissive lecture on Marx. Economists these days are usually not in the mood for epistemological discourse. Revealed truth is presented to graduate students in one or two textbooks and countless journal articles going as far back as, perhaps, 1987. I insist that students cannot understand the
The critical issues in global health today.

In coming issues of wjm, this space will be dedicated to current topics and issues in “global health.” No doubt this broad category means many things to many people, but we plan to present the issues, interventions, technologies, and developments that affect the health and well-being of people and communities in less developed countries. We also hope to prompt discussions about the roles and responsibilities of industrialized nations, the medical profession, the public and private sectors, and public health policy in remedying some of the health disparities that exist in the world and that are often most pronounced between the world's “health haves” and “have-nots.”
Polarization-sensitive quantum optical coherence tomography: Experiment

Abstract Polarization-sensitive quantum optical coherence tomography (PS-QOCT) makes use of a Type-II twin-photon light source for carrying out optical sectioning with polarization sensitivity. A BBO nonlinear optical crystal pumped by a Ti:sapphire psec-pulsed laser is used to confirm the theoretical underpinnings of this imaging paradigm. PS-QOCT offers even-order dispersion cancellation with simultaneous access to the group-velocity dispersion characteristics of the interstitial medium between the reflecting surfaces of the sample.
Low-Loss Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fibers

Single-crystal sapphire (α-Ae 2 0 3 ) fibers are potentially useful in a wide variety of optical applications, particularly those involving high-power or high temperature light-guiding, over the wavelength range from 0.24 μm in the ultraviolet to 4.0 μm in the mid-infrared. These fibers are routinely grown at rates of up to 8 mm/min, and with diameter stability of better than 0.5% rms under feedback control. Recent measurements on unclad 150 μm diameter fibers show fundamental mode scattering losses of about 0.3 dB/m in the visible and less than 0.07 dB/m at 3.39 μm.
Water-Cooled Gas Turbine Development Program Wheelbox Tests

The incentives for a water-cooled gas turbine have been previously presented by Caruvana et al.1 The ongoing water cooling development effort at General Electric, including the successful operation of a 9.7 in. (24.7 cm) dia laboratory turbine at firing temperatures up to 3500 F (1927 C), has been described by Horner et al.2 An important portion of this effort is wheelbox testing wherein water transfer, distribution, cooling, collection, and erosion are being studied in full-scale rotating hardware of the General Electric MS-7000 size gas turbine. In addition, rotor dynamic and bucket tip water discharge characteristics are being obtained for the design of a full size water-cooled gas turbine. Discussed are the design of the rather unique test vehicle and the results obtained from the initial test phase. Results from the second phase of testing, to be conducted in late 1978, will be the subject of a future paper. This effort has been funded under the EPRI Water-Cooled Gas Turbine Development Project.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Regulation of glucose utilization in yeast

Our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the glucose response in yeast has advanced in the past year. Two transporter-like proteins have been shown to function as glucose sensors in a pathway for glucose induction of transporter genes. Our understanding of the glucose repression mechanism has been augmented by studies of the Snf1 protein kinase, the Mig1 repressor, and the role of Snf1 in inhibiting Mig1 and regulating activators. DNA microarrays have been used to assess glucose-regulated gene expression.
Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Bio-oil from swine manure

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of bio-oil derived from swine manure were investigated using thermogravimetry techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis of the bio-oils were carried out in O2 and N2 atmosphere under different heating rates (5–20 °C/min) to a maximum temperature of 900 °C. The results indicate that the combustion processes of bio-oil occurred in three stages, namely the water and the lighter compound evaporation, i.e., the release of the volatile compounds, ignition and burning of the heavier compounds (mainly carbon), and finally decomposition of the carbonate compounds. The effect of heating rate was also studied, and higher heating rates were found to facilitate the combustion process. Different reaction kinetic mechanisms were used to treat TG data, and showed that diffusion models are the best fit for describing the combustion of bio-oil in air. The kinetic parameters of the three stages were determined using Coats–Redfern method. The study provided reliable basic data for the burning of bio-oil.
Flash bleaching of rhodopsin in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Abstract The flash bleaching of cattle rhodopsin extracted in cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied. Comparison of the results obtained with CTAB-extracted rhodopsin with those for digitonin-extracted rhodopsin has lead to the conclusion that the same bleaching pathway exists in the two detergents. Analysis of millisecond difference spectra, per cent bleach data and t 1/2 for meta II production all suggest that CTAB causes rhodopsin to act as though it were at a higher temperature than digitonin-extracted rhodopsin. For 1 % CTAB the apparent temperature differential is 15 ± 3°C and is strikingly constant regardless of the bleaching parameter being measured. This effect is attributed to the greater rate in CTAB of the conversion of metarhodopsin I to the irreversible form, meta I-prime. It is proposed that CTAB produces conformational changes which lower the thermal barriers for the rate of decay of bleaching intermediates.
Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in root exudates and biomass of transgenic corn does not persist in soil.

The Cry3Bb1 protein, insecticidal to the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica spp.), of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kumamotoensis was released in root exudates of transgenic Bt corn (event MON863) in sterile hydroponic culture (7.5 ± 1.12 ng/ml after 28 days of growth) and in nonsterile soil throughout growth of the plants (2.2 ± 0.62 ng/g after 63 days of growth). Kitchawan soil, which contains predominantly kaolinite (K) but not montmorillonite (M), was amended to 3 or 6% (vol./vol.) with K (3K and 6K soils) or M (3M and 6M soils) and with 1, 3, 5, or 10% (wt./wt.) of ground biomass of Bt corn expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein and incubated at 25 ± 2°C at the –33-kPa water tension for 60 days. Soils were analyzed for the presence of the protein every 7 to 10 days with a western blot assay (ImmunoStrip) and verified by ELISA. Persistence of the protein varied with the type and amount of clay mineral and the pH of the soils and increased as the concentration of K was increased but decreased as the concentration of M was increased. Persistence decreased when the pH of the K-amended soils was increased from ca. 5 to ca. 7 with CaCO3: the protein was not detected after 14 and 21 days in the pH-adjusted 3K and 6K soils, respectively, whereas it was detected after 40 days in the 3K and 6K soils not adjusted to pH 7. The protein was detected for only 21 days in the 3M soil and for 14 days in the 6M soil, which were not adjusted in pH. These results indicate that the Cry3Bb1 protein does not persist or accumulate in soil and is degraded rapidly.
Heart Failure in the Elderly

Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 5 million Americans, and more than 550,000 new cases are reported each year (1,2). In addition, despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HF, as well as reductions in age-adjusted mortality rates from coronary heart disease and hypertensive cardiovascular disease (CVD) (3,4), both the incidence and prevalence of HF are increasing, primarily owing to the aging of the population (5). Indeed, HF is predominantly a disorder of the elderly, with prevalence rates increasing exponentially from less than 1% in the population under age 50 to about 10% in individuals over the age of 80 (6). Consequently, more than 75% of hospitalizations for HF occur in persons 65 years of age or older (7), the median age for all HF admissions is 75 years (8), and HF is the leading indication for hospitalization in older adults (2).
Regeneration of the tectorial membrane in the chick cochlea following severe acoustic trauma

Damage to the tectorial membrane caused by acoustic trauma was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy immediately after exposure and at selected time points over a 10 day recovery period. At 0 h of recovery the structure of the tectorial membrane overlying the region of hair cell damage was severely disrupted and connections between the membrane and the basilar papilla were lost. By 24 h of recovery, regeneration of the tectorial membrane was evident in the secretion of new matrix materials by the supporting cells of the basilar papilla. By 10 days of recovery a new honeycomb-like matrix had replaced the segment of damaged tectorial membrane, re-established connections with hair cell stereocilia and become fused with adjacent regions of undamaged tectorial membrane. However, the regenerated segment included only the honeycomb-like structure of the lower layer of the normal tectorial membrane. The laterally-oriented fibers which form the upper layer of the membrane were not regenerated over the damaged region. These findings indicate that the tectorial membrane is regenerated in parallel with the hair cells during recovery from acoustic trauma but the full extent of this recovery and its effect on cochlear function are not yet clear.
HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES

The majority of clinicians will encounter patients with heat-related illness in one form or the other. Early recognition and management are important to prevent morbidity and mortality. In children and elderly, the clinical signs may be subtle and in such situations a sound knowledge of heat-related illnesses is crucial. Besides diagnosing and treating heat-related illnesses, it is equally important to know how to prevent them as they are easily preventable.
An analysis of stresses in a dental implant system

Abstract Successful replacement for missing teeth is one of the most complex problems facing the dental profession. Although many different types of dental implants are now available, their performance in restoring masticatory function is still limited and the subject of much controversy. Finite element stress analysis (FESA) has been used in the evaluation of existing dental implant design and offers the potential of evaluating and improving implant design without the risk and expense of implantation. A two-dimensional FESA was performed to study the effects that methods for trabecular bone representation and surgical positioning of the implant have on stresses around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) dental implants. The results of this study have shown that modeling of individual cancellous bone trabeculae and modeling cancellous bone as a homogeneous material resulted in similar stress distributions; however, significant differences in stress magnitudes were observed. It was also observed that placement of the implant strongly influenced the state of stress in tissues surrounding it.
Education and structural adjustment in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The paper analyzes the performance of adjusting and non-adjusting countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America between 1980 and 1988. The analysis documents that the 1980s were a decade of growing austerity in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, which reduced the potential contributions of households to education. Adjusting countries also reduced public education expenditures. Facing reductions in funds, education Ministries cut disproportionately the share for teaching materials. Eventually teacher salaries deteriorated in real terms too. There were also declines in the relative number of children enrolled in primary school. In sub-Saharan Africa, adjustment decreased the opportunity to complete primary school disproportionately for girls. There were no effects of adjustment in the opportunity to access secondary or higher education. The main conclusion of the paper is that in reframing the study of the educational consequences of adjustment the main failure of adjustment is one of lost opportunities to include education and human resource development at the center of the restructuring process.
Reward anticipation and processing of social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders.

Background: How children respond to social and nonsocial rewards has important implications for both typical and atypical social-cognitive development. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are thought to process rewards differently than typically developing (TD) individuals. However, there is little direct evidence to support this claim. Methods: Two event-related potentials were measured. The stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) was utilized to measure reward anticipation, and the feedback related negativity (FRN) was utilized to measure reward processing. Participants were 6- to 8-year-olds with (N = 20) and without (N = 23) ASD. Children were presented with rewards accompanied by incidental face or nonface stimuli. Nonface stimuli were composed of scrambled face elements in the shape of arrows, controlling for low-level visual properties. Results: Children with ASD showed smaller responses while anticipating and processing rewards accompanied by social stimuli than TD children. Anticipation and processing of rewards accompanied by nonsocial stimuli was intact in children with ASD. Conclusions: This is the first study to measure both reward anticipation and processing in ASD while controlling for reward properties. The findings provide evidence that children with autism have reward anticipation and processing deficits for social stimuli only. Our results suggest that while typically developing children find social stimuli more salient than nonsocial stimuli, children with ASD may have the opposite preference. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, social motivation, event-related potentials, social stimuli.
Non-exponential relaxation of a single quantum vibrational excitation of a large molecule in collision free gas phase at elevated temperature

Abstract The intramolecular vibrational dynamics of the asymmetric CO stretch of W(CO) 6 (∼2000 cm −1 ) have been studied in the collision free gas phase at 326 K using ps mid-infrared pump–probe spectroscopy. The pump–probe decay is a tri-exponential with components 140 ps, 1.28 ns, and >100 ns. The middle component is the population relaxation into the collection of low frequency intramolecular modes. This relaxation heats the low frequency modes causing a spectral shift that gives rise to the long component. The fast component, which is described theoretically, is caused by the dynamics of the superposition state composed of thermally populated low frequency modes.
Instrumentation for Continuous Fluid-Air Exchange During Vitreous Surgery

Fluid-air exchange of the vitreous cavity after vitrectomy permits tamponade of retinal holes in the repair of complicated retinal detachments. 1,2 Various techniques have been devised for air injection by multiple syringe injections 1 or simple displacement of bottled air by fluid infused into evacuated bottles or flasks. 3 These techniques suffer from inability to maintain an adequate intraocular pressure and, thus, visibility with various suction pressures during vitrectomy procedures.
Human Microsporidiosis and AIDS

protozoa are small obligate intracellular parasites of the intestine, liver, muscles, cornea, and several other tissues. They are difficult to detect because they stain poorly, often evoke little or no tissue response, and require electron-microscopic methods for classification. Although there are no human isolates, serologic evidence in humans (using an animal pathogen [Encephalitozoon cuniculi] as the antigen) suggests that clinically silent infections may occur in humans, as they do in mice, rabbits, dogs, foxes, squirrel monkeys, and birds. Experiments in mice suggest that patients with impaired T cell functions may be vulnerable to clinical disease caused by these parasites. There is no known treatment. Patients with AIDS commonly are burdened with one or more opportunistic infections that produce serious disease and may be major contributors to the clinical syndromes associated with AIDS [1]. Secondary parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and pneumocystosis are now well recognized but, until recently, were rarely diagnosed in adults. New evidence suggests that several novel obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Microspora also may be important
The Interdependence of Lung Antioxidants and Antiprotease Defense in ARDS

As in hereditary α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, protease-antiprotease and oxidant-antioxidant balances play a significant role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. However, the disease processes and possibilities for therapeutic intervention differ markedly.