cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deficiency of Dgcr8, a gene disrupted by the 22q11.2 microdeletion, results in altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex

Individuals with 22q11.2 microdeletions have cognitive and behavioral impairments and the highest known genetic risk for developing schizophrenia. One gene disrupted by the 22q11.2 microdeletion is DGCR8, a component of the "microprocessor" complex that is essential for microRNA production, resulting in abnormal processing of specific brain miRNAs and working memory deficits. Here, we determine the effect of Dgcr8 deficiency on the structure and function of cortical circuits by assessing their laminar organization, as well as the neuronal morphology, and intrinsic and synaptic properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of Dgcr8(+/-) mutant mice. We found that heterozygous Dgcr8 mutant mice have slightly fewer cortical layer 2/4 neurons and that the basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons have slightly smaller spines. In addition to the modest structural changes, field potential and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings performed in layer 5 of the prefrontal cortex revealed greater short-term synaptic depression during brief stimulation trains applied at 50 Hz to superficial cortical layers. This finding was accompanied by a decrease in the initial phase of synaptic potentiation. Our results identify altered short-term plasticity as a neural substrate underlying the cognitive dysfunction and the increased risk for schizophrenia associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions.
Comparison of insertion time and pullout strength between self-tapping and non-self-tapping AO 4.5-mm cortical bone screws in adult equine third metacarpal bone.

Objective— To compare screw insertion characteristics and pullout mechanical properties between self-tapping (ST) and non–self-tapping (NST) AO 4.5-mm cortical bone screws in adult equine third metacarpal bone (MC3). Study design— In vitro biomechanical experiment. Animals or sample population— Seven pairs of adult equine MC3. Methods— Bicortical holes were drilled transversely in proximal metaphyseal, diaphyseal, and distal metaphyseal locations of paired MC3. NST screws were inserted in pre-tapped holes in 3 sites of one bone pair, and ST screws were inserted in non-tapped holes of contralateral MC3. Tapping and screw insertion times and maximum torques were measured. Screw pullout mechanical properties were determined. Results— Screw insertion time was longer for ST screws. Total time for tapping and insertion (total insertion time) was over twice as long for NST screws. Statistically significant differences were not observed between screws for any pullout mechanical property. From pullout tests, diaphyseal locations had significantly stiffer and stronger structure than metaphyseal locations. Pullout failure more commonly occurred because of screw breakage than bone failure. Bone failure and bone comminution were more commonly associated with ST screws. Bone failure sites had pullout failure loads that were 90% of screw failure sites. Conclusions— NST and ST 4.5-mm-diameter cortical bone screws have similar pullout mechanical properties from adult equine MC3. ST screws require less than half the total insertion time of NST screws. Clinical relevance— Use of ST 4.5-mm-diameter cortical bone screws should be considered for repair of adult equine MC3 fractures; however, bone failures at screw sites should be monitored.
Content of polyamines in beef and pork after animal slaughtering

Dietary polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) participate in an array of important human physiological roles, including tumour growth. Physicians and dieticians thus need reliable information on polyamine contents in foods. However, data for both fresh and processed beef and pork are limited. We therefore, determined the initial content of the polyamines, 24 h after slaughtering, in sirloin and rump of 63 young bulls and in loin and leg of 27 pigs of both genders. Polyamines were determined as N-benzamides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). PUT and SPD contents in most of the meat samples were negligible. Mean SPM contents were about 22±6 mg kg−1 in sirloin and rump. No significant correlations at P<0.05 were found between the SPM contents in sirloin and rump, likewise between SPM contents and the age and between live weight and type of the efficiency of the bulls. Mean SPM contents in loin and legs of barrows were 26.1±7.0 and 28.4±8.5 mg kg−1, respectively, while the corresponding values in gilts were 22.3±10.6 and 18.3±9.3 mg kg−1.Between the genders the difference in SPM contents in the legs was significant. SPM contents relatively vary widely within the individual kinds of meat, which complicates application of the results for the controlled human nutrition.
Neuroadaptive changes in the mesocortical glutamatergic system during chronic nicotine self-administration and after extinction in rats.

Nicotine self-administration causes adaptation in the mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic system, including the up-regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits. We therefore determined the effects of nicotine self-administration and extinction on NMDA-induced glutamate neurotransmission between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). On day 19 of nicotine SA, both regions were microdialyzed for glutamate while mPFC was sequentially perfused with Kreb’s Ringer buffer (KRB), 200 μM NMDA, KRB, 500 μM NMDA, KRB, and 100 mM KCl. Basal glutamate levels were unaffected, but nicotine self-administration significantly potentiated mPFC glutamate release to 200 μM NMDA, which was ineffective in controls. Furthermore, in VTA, nicotine self-administration significantly amplified glutamate responses to both mPFC infusions of NMDA. This hyper-responsive glutamate neurotransmission and enhanced glutamate subunit expression were reversed by extinction. Behavioral studies also showed that a microinjection of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (NMDA-R antagonist) into mPFC did not affect nicotine or sucrose self-administration. However, in VTA, NBQX (AMPA-R antagonist) attenuated both nicotine and sucrose self-administration. Collectively, these studies indicate that mesocortical glutamate neurotransmission adapts to chronic nicotine self-administration and VTA AMPA-R may be involved in the maintenance of nicotine self-administration.
A study of the valence electron approximation: Application to LiH

Using the valence bond approach and a six-term wave function valence electron calculations are made of the energy and dipole moment of lithium hydride. Comparisons are then made with previous two- and with four-electron results. It is found that reasonable agreement with four-electron calculations of the dipole moment is obtained when the valence orbitals are made orthogonal to the orbitals of the neglected lithium inner shell 1s electrons and that an approximate variational theorem for the energy is then valid. On the other hand, when one fails to require the valence orbitals to be orthogonal to the inner shell an energy lower than the ‘experimental’ energy can be obtained and the computed dipole moment is in poor agreement with the computed four-electron moment and with the experimentally determined moment. Finally, as with four-electron calculations, hybridization with the 2p covalent structure is necessary to give a reasonable dipole moment.
STUDIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE AND PROTEIN IN A STRUMA OVARII.

A struma ovarii was analyzed for distribution of iodine and protein. Thyroglobulin was isolated and characterized by salting-out, starch gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation and immunologic reactions. Its iodoamino acid distribution was determined by spectrophotometric titration. Most of the iodine was in the form of monoiodotyrosine. Seventy-three and five tenths per cent of the total iodine in the tissue was in soluble form. The largest proportion of the insoluble fraction was associated with the microsomes. The iodine content of the struma was low by comparison with normal thyroid tissue. Albumin as identified by electrophoresis, salting-out, and immunologically was a major component of the soluble fraction of this struma.
The Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium Transmission to Redshift 6

We have measured the transmission of the Lyα forest produced by neutral hydrogen scattering in the intergalactic medium between redshifts 2 and 6.3 using high signal-to-noise, high-resolution (R ≥ 5000) observations of 50 quasars spread over the redshift range. We use a uniform set of 15 A intervals covering Lyα, Lyβ, and Lyγ absorption regions to tabulate the forest transmission as a function of redshift. The transmitted fractions show a relatively smooth evolution over the entire range of redshifts, which can be modeled with a smoothly decreasing ionization rate. Previous claims of an abrupt change at z ~ 6 appear in part to be a consequence of an incorrect conversion of Lyβ to Lyα optical depths. The tabulated transmissions can be used to calculate the colors of objects with a specified input spectrum as a function of redshift. We calculate the colors of a flat-fν galaxy with a large intrinsic continuum break as an important example.
Transvenous retrograde nidus sclerotherapy under controlled hypotension (TRENSH): hemodynamic analysis and concept validation in a pig arteriovenous malformation model.

BACKGROUND Transvenous retrograde nidus sclerotherapy under controlled hypotension (TRENSH) is a proposed novel concept for endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). OBJECTIVE To assess the experimental hemodynamic feasibility of TRENSH in a pig AVM model. METHODS We surgically constructed carotid-jugular fistula-type AVM models in 8 pigs. In 5 pigs (group 1) we hemodynamically assessed the AVM through the main arterial feeder (AF) and draining vein (DV) at systemic normotension (Syst(norm)). We then performed retrograde nidus angiography through the DV at progressively deeper levels of hemorrhagic systemic hypotension (Syst(hypo)), and graded and correlated these angiograms with the degree of Syst(hypo). In another 3 pigs (group 2) we correlated the effects of temporary balloon occlusion of the main AF with the angiographic extent of retrograde nidus filling. RESULTS In group 1 pigs, the drop in AF pressure correlated strongly (r(2) = 0.93-0.99) with the drop in DV pressure at progressively deeper Syst(hypo). Minimal retrograde nidus filling occurred at Syst(norm). We observed progressively greater extents of retrograde nidus filling as the transnidal pressure gradients fell with deeper Syst(hypo). Near-complete retrograde permeation of the nidus was possible as the transnidal gradients approached 0 mm Hg. As more of the nidus filled, its concurrent emptying was documented through a greater number of DVs. Temporary AF occlusion resulted in improved retrograde nidus filling in all group 2 pigs. CONCLUSION Endovascular TRENSH appears feasible in a pig AVM model. Further experimental investigations of TRENSH are necessary to assess its full potential before future clinical applications.
Isolation of and ribonucleic acid synthesis in nuclei of rat fetal liver.

Abstract Nuclei were prepared from rat fetal liver by a modified sucrose procedure and their properties were determined. Electron micrographs of these nuclei indicated the relative purity and the preservation of the morphological characteristics. The RNA:DNA and acid-soluble nuclear protein (ASNP): DNA of these nuclei were 0.5 and 2.2, respectively. The DNA content of these nuclei was 4.8 pg/nucleus compared to 9.6 for adult rat liver nuclei. The fetal liver nuclei were also prepared by a citric acid procedure. The nucleic acid and protein contents of these nuclei were lower. Electron micrographs of citric acid-concentrated nuclei suggested either an extraction or clumping of the nuclear contents. The activities of ATP'ase, glucose-6-phosphatase, NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductases in the preparations of the fetal liver nuclei concentrated by the modified sucrose method were very low. Ribonuclease activity was higher in the nuclei from fetal rat liver than from adult liver. The properties of these nuclear ribonucleases were compared. Sedimentation analysis of the nuclear RNA from fetal and adult liver was qualitatively similar with absorbancy peaks at 4, 18, 28 and 45 S and a shoulder at 35 S.
The Definition of the Fourier Transform for Weighted Inequalities

Abstract Weighted norm inequalities for the Fourier transform have a long history, motivated in part by generalizations of the differentiation formula for Fourier transforms and by applications such as Kolmogorov′s prediction theory and restriction theory. Typically, a norm inequality, ||f||Lqμ ≤ ||f||Lpv, is established on a subspace of L1 contained in the weighted space Lpv, where f is the Fourier transform and μ and v are weights. The problem of defining the extension of f on all of Lpv is posed and solved here for several important cases. This definition sometimes results in the ordinary distributional Fourier transform, but there are other situations which are also analyzed. Precise necessary conditions and closure theorems are inextricably related to this program, and these results are established.
Glycinergic interplexiform cells make synaptic contact with amacrine cell bodies in goldfish retina

Recent works utilizing glycine-immunoreactivity (IR) and combined Golgi impregnation and 3H-glycine uptake autoradiography indicate that glycinergic interplexiform cells (IPC) may synapse upon cell bodies in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers in fish retina. This possibility was investigated with immunocytochemical techniques using presynaptic and postsynaptic markers for glycinergic neurons: a monoclonal antibody (mAb 7A) against the 93 kDa subunit of the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor and a polyclonal antiserum against a glycine/BSA conjugate. Synaptic contacts onto the lateral and proximal surfaces of amacrine cell bodies and onto the distal surface of cells in the ganglion cell layer were identified with both probes. The contacts were rare with one contacted amacrine cell/section of 500 linear micron. Serial 1-micron sections were processed alternately for glycine and GABA antisera using postembedding techniques at the light microscopic level. Glycine-IR processes + boutons were apposed to GABA-IR cell bodies in 16 of 17 examples, indicating that the dendro-somatic contacts were onto GABA-immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies. In context of other published morphological data, we suggest that the dendro-somatic synapses were derived from glycinergic IPCs. Glycinergic IPCs receive input from GABAergic horizontal cells and, via a shunt conductance produced by the dendro-somatic contacts, may be involved in controlling the sensitivity, temporal, or spatial properties of amacrine cell responses to large field illumination.
Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding mouse IκBβ

IkappaBbeta is a member of the IkappaB family of structurally related proteins that are important regulators of the inducible transcription factor NF-kappaB. In the present study, the mouse IkappaBbeta gene was cloned and sequenced, and its structure determined. The mouse IkappaBbeta gene contains six exons and five introns that span 7435 nucleotides. A single major transcription initiation site is located 59 nucleotides upstream of the initiating methionine. A translation termination codon and a single polyadenylation signal are found within exon 6. The exon/intron structure of IkappaBbeta and IkappaBalpha genes were compared and found to be very similar, with individual ankyrin repeats being maintained on corresponding exons. This suggests a close evolutionary relationship between these two IkappaB isoforms. The significance of this evolutionary relationship is discussed.
Track view of the regolithic elephant

Information gained from track studies in lunar soils is reviewed; soil maturity indices are compared and briefly discussed; track methods to establish the layering chronology of lunar cores are also treated.
Are Partner and Relationship Characteristics Associated With Condom Use in Zambian Nonmarital Relationships

In Zambia as in many other Sub-Saharan African countries condom use is far below the level needed to alleviate serious threats to sexual and reproductive health. It is important to understand if and how partner and relationship characteristics are independently associated with condom use within nonmarital noncohabiting relationships. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses of data on 657 nonmarital noncohabiting relationships reported by male and female respondents in the 2000 Zambian Sexual Behavior Survey examined condom use in the 12 months preceding the survey. Partner characteristics were not independently associated with condom use. Relationship characteristics that were significant largely differed by gender. Condom use within both male- and female-reported relationships was elevated if the male partner was five or more years older than the female (odds ratios 2.1 and 3.7 respectively). Within male-reported relationships having a partner from the same community was associated with a reduced likelihood of condom use (0.5); within female-reported relationships the odds of condom use were elevated if sex had occurred only once (4.3). Condom promotion programs and interventions in Africa must take into account the relationship characteristics of intended participants paying special attention to gender differences. (authors)
Ultrasonic Sol/Gel Processing of Aluminoborosilicate Glass and Its Composite with Carbon Fiber Reinforcement

An ultrasonic sol/gel technique has been used to process aluminoborosilicate glass and its composite with carbon fiber reinforcement. In this new technique, ultrasonic energy is used in place of alcohol solvent. Gel time is easily controlled by varying the amount of ultrasonic energy and the resulting gel also exhibits less shrinkage during the densification process. The sonogel-based composite has lower flexural strengths than the alcogel and has close values between the measured moduli, while still retaining the same fracture toughness. Micromechanical analysis produces higher values; however, ill is suspected that the in situ modulus of matrix is lower than the value used in the analysis.
Elimination of endogenous peroxidase artifacts in immunoblots of plant extracts

Abstract Endogenous peroxidase activity present in extracts from a number of plant tissues was found to interfere in Western immunoblotting analysis after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). For example, such endogenous peroxidase activity complicated the identification of the polypeptide Soybean Agglutinin (SBA) in immunoblotting of samples derived from soybean ( Glycine max ) seedlings, resulting in an additional polypeptide band which was unrelated to the antibody-antigen complexes. Similarly, this endogenous peroxidase activity interfered with the immunodetection of SBA by dot immunoblotting analysis in the plant-derived extracts. Boiling of the samples, boiling the nitrocellulose paper after the dot application or electrotransfer of the proteins, or treating the paper with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) eliminated the endogenous peroxidase activity without significantly decreasing the level of immunodetection. These treatments are useful when analyses are carried out on samples derived from plant tissues and when the detection reagents include horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies.
A Comparison of Quantum, Classical, and Semiclassical Descriptions of a Model, Collinear, Inelastic Collision of Two Diatomic Molecules.

The collinear dynamics of a model diatom–diatom system is investigated. The collision partners are harmonic oscillators for which the masses and force constants are chosen to correspond to those of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules. The interaction between the molecules arises from a Lennard‐Jones 6‐12 potential acting between the inside atoms in the collinear system. Quantum mechanical close coupled calculations are performed for several collision energies ranging from 1.0 to 2.25 eV. The state‐to‐state transition probabilities which are extracted from these calculations are then used as a benchmark for comparison. Semiclassical calculations are performed within the framework of a classical path approximation. A simple scheme to modify the classical path to reflect energy exchange between the collision coordinate and the internal degrees of freedom is found to improve the results. On the whole, the agreement between the semiclassical and the quantum mechanical results is surprisingly good. The classical trajectory calculations correctly display many of the qualitative features of the collisions but the numerical agreement is not as close. Unexpectedly, the classical results do not appear to be improving as the collision energy is increased.
Mechanosensory integration in the crayfish abdominal nervous system: Structural and physiological differences between interneurons with single and multiple spike initiating sites

Cobalt backfills were used to demonstrate a population of approximately 50 paired interneurons in the 6th abdominal ganglion of the crayfish,Procambarus clarkii. Intracellular recordings from somata were used to study the response properties of individual interneurons, which were subsequently injected with Lucifer yellow. This report deals with 22 identified mechanosensory interneurons, which were each studied 2 to 20 times. (The total number of cells studied was 177). All but two of the interneurons could be assigned to one of two homogeneous classes, based on their receptive field sizes and four other consistent features: amplitude of soma spikes, duration of afterdischarge, presence of postsynaptic inhibition, and structure of the neuropilar processes. Unisegmental interneurons (Type I) (n=9) had excitatory receptive fields restricted to one segment, small soma spikes, little afterdischarge, and received extensive postsynaptic inhibition from contralateral and occasionally anterior sensory fields. All of these interneurons had a large diameter neuropilar segment (integrating segment) that was separated from the main axon by a constricted region. Multisegmental interneurons (Type II) (n=11) had excitatory receptive fields of at least six hemisegments (one half of the abdomen), large (sometimes overshooting) soma spikes, prolonged afterdischarge, and little evidence of postsynaptic inhibition. These interneurons lacked any expanded region of the dendritic tree that could be called an integrating segment. Anomalous interneurons (n=2) had multisegmental receptive fields, but in all other respects they resembled unisegmental interneurons, although their soma spikes were somewhat larger in amplitude. We hypothesize that the fundamental difference between the two main kinds of interneurons is that Type II interneurons have multiple spike initiating sites distributed throughout their dendritic trees, with any site being capable of initiating a spike that propagates to the main axon, while Type I interneurons have a single spike initiating site. The properties of anomalous interneurons are consistent with them having a single spike initiating site in each of several ganglia.
Using the Imaginary Audience Scale as a Measure of Social Anxiety in Young Adults

Two studies explored the utility and meaning of the imaginary audience phenomenon among college students. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of the Imaginary Audience Scale used for college student samples. The second study correlated imaginary audience scores with a global measure of personality and also compared the accuracy of selfmeasures, social anxiety measures, and a measure of formal reasoning to predict imaginary audience scores. Results indicated that Imaginary Audience Scale scores met conventional standards of validity and reliability in these samples of postadolescent individuals. As expected, imaginary audience behavior was related to measures of social anxiety, the self, and personality. Furthermore, imaginary audience scores were more strongly related to these measures than to an index of formal reasoning. These results suggest that imaginary audience experiences that persist into late adolescence and early adulthood may have more to do with social anxiety than with cognitive dev...
Power Control for Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Based on Spectrum Utilization Efficiency

This paper focuses on the power control for secondary users in terms of spectrum utilization efficiency to make up the current absence of a basic power control rule for cognitive radio. First, transmission power in each secondary user is given to get the best spectrum utilization efficiency based on the four kinds of scenarios into which we decompose the real cognitive radio environment. Then, we analyze the influence from each parameter to the spectrum utilization efficiency. Finally, aiming at each of those four scenarios, a group of advanced power control schemes for secondary users is proposed according to the numerical results of transmission power.
Trends in hospitalization characteristics for pediatric nephrotic syndrome in the USA.

AIM The overall aim of the current study was to analyze trends in hospital charges, length of stay (LOS), and mortality for children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome (NS) in the US. METHODS Hospitalization characteristics for children ages 0 - 17 years discharged with the principal diagnosis of NS (ICD-9-CM 581.9) in 2000, 2003, and 2006 were evaluated using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). RESULTS The mean number of children hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of NS was 1,869 per year. These discharges accounted for mean total hospital charges that increased from $11,338 to $16,760 and aggregate hospital charges that increased from $21 to $31 million dollars from 2000 to 2006. Compared to non-children's hospitals, children's hospitals had significantly higher mean hospital charges and longer lengths of stay. Importantly, the estimated mortality rate for NS (< 0.5%) was notably lower than prior reports and remained stable throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS The national health care expenditures for pediatric NS related hospitalizations are both significant and growing, although mortality is now far lower than previously reported.
Delayed metabolic maturation of the cerebral cortex of rat pups derived from lead‐treated dams

Rat pups taken from dams exposed to lead (Pb) at concentrations of 0, 5, 30, and 200 mg/l of drinking water from 14 d prior to breeding to 21 d postpartum display evidence of delayed maturation of the cerebral cortex. Delayed maturation was observed as an alteration in the ontogeny of metabolic responses of isolated cerebral tissues taken from rat pups of Pb‐treated dams to elevated K+ concentrations. These responses were found to undergo substantial developmental changes between 6 and 50 d of postnatal age. The delay in development was most marked with respect to the development of the late reduction of NAD(P)1, which occurs in response to an increase of media K+ concentration from 3 to 30 mM. Delays in the development of this response were observed as late as 50 d of age, but assumed the adult pattern by 90 d of age. An increased uptake of oxygen in response to an elevated concentration of K+ provided evidence of metabolic uncoupling in tissues taken from animals at 15 and 21 d of age. At 15 d of age, i...
Thermodynamics of gas dissolution in liquid metals with extensive solubility; the U(L)-N, Zr(L)-O, and Th(L)-O systems

Abstract The pressure-composition-temperature ( p - C - T ) relationships of the systems U(L)-N, Zr(L)-O, and Th(L)-O are derived using thermodynamic constraints and a modified form of Sievert's law. The results are used to evaluate the thermodynamic functions of each system: The integral Gibbs enthalpy of formation of UN and the Gibbs energy of solution of nitrogen in liquid uranium are determined. Inconsistency in the literature concerning the Th(L)-O system is resolved. The equilibrium oxygen pressure in the two-phase αTh(L)/σThO C region is reassessed and the corresponding Gibbs energy of solution is determined.
Quasigroup homogeneous spaces and linear representations

Abstract Using pseudoinverses of incidence matrices of finite quasigroups in partitions induced by left multiplications of subquasigroups, a quasigroup homogeneous space is defined as a set of Markov chain actions indexed by the quasigroup. A certain non-unital ring is afforded a linear representation by a quasigroup homogeneous space. If the quasigroup is a group, the linear representation is a factor in the usual linear representation of the group algebra afforded by the group homogeneous space. In the general case, the structure of the non-unital ring is analyzed in terms of the permutation action of the multiplication group of the quasigroup. The linear representation corestricts to the natural projection of the non-unital ring onto the quotient by its Jacobson radical.
Facebook v. the Florida Bar

The piece discusses social networking websites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter and MySpace) and their importance vis-a-vis the First Amendment in terms of communicating ideas (i.e., the market places of ideas), self-expression and discovery, and political expression and discussion. I emphasise the importance of this because the generation of law school graduates currently applying to take the bar is one of the first to grow up with ready access to the internet from a young age. This paper examines the recent proposals of the Florida Board of Bar Examiners (FBBE) to screen the social network pages of certain applicants to the Florida Bar. I argue that the guidelines are unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and as a result will have a chilling effect on speech if not clarified and the information on how the screening process works is then made easily available to bar candidates.
Aminostratigraphy of Quaternary shorelines in the Mediterranean basin

The age and correlation of shorelines around the Mediterranean basin have been addressed by analyzing the extent of isoleucine epimerization (aIle/Ile ratio) in protein preserved in molluscan fossils collected from raised marine deposits. The taxodont genera Glycymeris and Arca were selected as the primary taxa for this study because of their simple shell structure, reproducible aIle/Ile ratios, and ubiquitous occurrence. Direct comparison of aIle/Ile ratios in associated mollusks allows correlation of disjunct marine deposits and relative dating of sequential marine units in nearby areas that have similar thermal histories. The thermal gradient across the Mediterranean basin is, however, sufficiently high that shells from isochronous shorelines have significantly higher ratios at warmer than at cooler localities. Absolute dating, primarily U-series dates on corals directly associated with molluscan samples, provides an independent calibration of the amino acid data and compensates for dissimilar thermal histories. AIle/Ile ratios in shells from 46 marine units cluster into 5 discrete groups (C, E, F, G, and K) that are related to positive sea-level events (interglacials/interstadials) associated with odd-numbered deep-sea isotopic stages. The most complete sequences are in southern Italy, where group C ratios in Glycymeris that average 0.30 are associated with the Neotyrrhenian, a post–last-interglacial (late stage 5), high–sea-level event. Group E ratios (0.38) are associated with classical Eutyrrhenian deposits from which four U-series coral dates (126 ± 7 ka) substantiate the correlation to isotope substage 5e. Group F ratios (0.50) are associated with U-series coral and mollusk dates between 200 and 300 ka; the deposits are tentatively correlated with stage 7. Deposits that have group G ratios (0.58) are correlated with stage 9. Shells from lower Pleistocene marine deposits that have ratios between 1.0 and 1.2 (group K) constrain the ages of the younger groups. An exponential decrease in the epimerization rate inhibits resolution of the older events. AIle/Ile ratios in last-interglacial deposits are similar in the northern and central region of the study area but increase sharply in southern Sicily, North Africa, and Crete, similar to the modern thermal gradient. A lacuna between group G and group K is similar to gaps identified in California and Alaska, suggesting generally lower interglacial sea levels between stage 11 and sometime before the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary.
Canopy dynamics and phenology of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence

This research quantified the canopy phenology, growing season and inter-annual dynamics of the overstory and understory vegetation in a boreal wildfire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. Optical measurements of the canopy radiation regime were made in the 2004–2006 growing seasons to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation in the effective leaf area index (Le) and fraction of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (FIPAR) of the canopy.
Materials selection for ferromagnetic compensation in accelerator magnets

The magnetic hysteresis loops of Fe, Ni, and Ni-Cu in several geometrical forms were measured at 4.2 K. These materials were then evaluated for possible use as ferromagnetic correction elements in magnets wound from superconductive strands. The influences of demagnetization and cold work on the shape of the hysteresis loop were considered, and the saturation magnetizations, as well as the approach to saturation, were measured. Finally, several schemes were developed which would allow the selected alloys to be used for ferromagnetic compensation. >
Varieties of Theorizing and the Project of Psychology

There are two kinds of explanation in the natural sciences. In one we attempt to create a representation of the unobservable processes and structures that are responsible for phenomena, the strong sense of explanation, and in the other we formalize a description of the phenomena in question. Only the latter type of explanation was considered legitimate by positivists. In psychology there are already in existence a variety of psychologies used by people in different cultures to manage their lives. We have a variety of symbolic systems. Can we develop explanations in the second sense? We can start with the informal representation of the psychological bases of normative behaviour in sets of rules. But this tempting metaphor can be interpreted in three different ways. Rules can serve as instructions, as representations of unexpressed social conventions only immanent in what people do, or they can be a way of describing `good' habits. Using rule hypotheses to give explanations in the strong sense can mimic onl...
Chinese-wall process confinement for practical distributed coalitions

A distributed coalition supports distributed mandatory access controls for resources whose security policies differ for each group of components over nodes, and provides secure information operations and exchanges with nodes that handle information over which conflicts of interest may occur. Many projects have proposed distributed coalitions using a virtual machine monitor, but this approach for strong confinement tends to hinder successful deployments in real world scenarios that involve complicated operations and management for applications because such access control is coarse-grained for the resources.In this paper, we propose a Chinese-Wall Process Confinement (CWPC) for practical application-level distributed coalitions that provide fine-grained access controls for resources and that emphasize minimizing the impact on the usability, using a program-transparent reference monitor. We implemented a prototype system named ALDC for standard office applications on Microsoft Windows that are used on a daily basis for business purposes and that may involve conflicts of interests, evaluated its performance and influence on usability, and show that our approach is practical.
Numerical accuracy of multipole expansion for 2D MLFMA

A numerical study of the multipole expansion for the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is presented. In the numerical implementation of MLFMA, the error comes from three sources: the truncation of the addition theorem; the approximation of the integration; the aggregation and disaggregation process. These errors are due to the factorization of the Green's function which is the mathematical core of the algorithm. Among the three error sources, we focus on the truncation error and a new approach of selecting truncation numbers for the addition theorem is proposed. Using this approach, the error prediction and control can be improved for the small buffer sizes and high accuracy requirements.
First complete and productive cell culture model for members of the genus Iridovirus.

Chilo iridescent virus (CIV; the type strain of the genus Iridovirus) replicates productively in larvae of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. This study focuses on characterizing productive infections of a boll weevil cell line, BRL-AG-3A (AG3A), starting with CIV reared in the waxworm, Galleria mellonella. We show that CIV can be continually and productively passaged to high titer in AG3A cells. The replication of larval-derived CIV in AG3A was analyzed by observing viral DNA replication and restriction endonuclease digestion profiles, morphogenesis, and infectivity using TCID50 assays with AG3A as an indicator cell line. The data showed that virus passaged in the AG3A host is stable. AG3A cells are more efficient than previously utilized CF-124T cells from Choristoneura fumiferana. This system constitutes a superior model for cellular and molecular studies on CIV; it represents the first complete, productive cell culture model for the replication of CIV or any member of the genus Iridovirus.
A comparable study of image approximations to the reaction field.

Abstract The recently developed high-order accurate multiple image approximation to the reaction field for a charge inside a dielectric sphere [J. Comput. Phys. 223 (2007) 846–864] is compared favorably to other commonly employed reaction field schemes. These methods are of particular interest because they are useful in the study of biological macromolecules by the Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics methods.
Negotiating Journal Authorship: Strategies and Hazards

Writing for publication is a fulfilling activity that strengthens our discipline by building the knowledge we need for practice. Most writing teams work in a collaborative manner to determine authorship credit depending on the relative intellectual contributions of each author. Written memos of understanding at the beginning of a project help to clarify roles and ensure appropriate recognition for all contributors. By respecting the importance of intellectual property, nurse authors can ensure that an entire writing team can receive the benefits of publishing together in peer-reviewed journals.
Avian Hematopoiesis in Response to Avian Cytokines

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation potential of growth factors produced by chicken macrophages. Bone marrow (BM) cells (25 × 103) from newly hatched B15B15K-strain Leghorn chicks were seeded in .5 mL serum-free semi-solid culture supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) of a conditioned medium (CM) from a chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU. The conditioned medium was obtained by culturing MQ-NCSU cells either in LM-HAHN (CMI) or RPMI-1640 (CMII) growth medium. The control cultures contained only LM-HAHN or RPMI medium. Bone marrow cells in the presence of CMI differentiated predominately into granulocyte colonies (Experiment 1 = 84±9.2; Experiment 2 = 105 ± 5). No colonies were observed in, the control cultures. Stimulation of MQ-NCSU cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced a CM that differentiated BM cells predominantly into macrophage colonies (122±16.3 in CMI and 92±5.6 in CMII). These data suggest that MQ-NCSU cells spontaneously secrete a factor with the potential to promote granulocyte differentiation. However, upon stimulation with LPS, the factor secreted had macrophage colony stimulation potential (M-CSF), which was similar in activity when compared with the activity of recombinant chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (r-cMGF). Another CM from chicken fibroblasts (FCM) was tested on BM cells from K-strain Leghorns and Arbor Acres × Arbor Acres broiler chicks. Data from three experiments showed that 25 × 103 BM cells from K-strain chicken yielded more macrophage and granulocytes colonies (82 ± 14) than those from broilers (56 ± 12). This study suggests that avian cytokines exhibit progenitor cell differentiation potential and that this activity is dependent upon the source of cytokines and their targets.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by the cellobiohydrolase domain of CelB from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus

The celB gene of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to create a recombinant biocatalyst for hydrolyzing lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature. The GH5 domain of CelB hydrolyzed 4-nitrophenyl-b-D-cellobioside and carboxymethyl cellulose with optimum activity at pH 4.7–5.5 and 80 C. The recombinant GH5 and CBM3-GH5 constructs were both stable at 80 C with half-lives of 23 h and 39 h, respectively, and retained >94% activity after 48 h at 70 C. Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover and cellulose pretreated with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate showed that GH5 and CBM3-GH5 primarily produce cellobiose, with product yields for CBM3-GH5 being 1.2- to 2-fold higher than those for GH5. Confocal microscopy of bound protein on cellulose confirmed tighter binding of CBM3-GH5 to cellulose than GH5, indicating that the enhancement of enzymatic activity on solid substrates may be due to the substrate binding activity of CBM3 domain.
Practical implementation of multirate convolution for multiresolution image processing

This paper describes key issues associated with the computation of undecimated multiresolution signal decompositions. An effective solution is obtained by a general-purpose convolution programming model that automatically accounts for filter origin displacement and the sparse nature of upsampled filters. The handling of image boundaries during convolution is also discussed in detail.
Another look at the conditions for the extraction of protein knowledge-based potentials.

Protein knowledge-based potentials are effective free energies obtained from databases of known protein structures. They are used to parameterize coarse-grained protein models in many folding simulation and structure prediction methods. Two common approaches are used in the derivation of knowledge-based potentials. One assumes that the energy parameters optimize the native structure stability. The other assumes that interaction events are related to their energies according to the Boltzmann distribution, and that they are distributed independently of other events, that is, the quasi-chemical approximation. Here, these assumptions are systematically tested by extracting contact energies from artificial databases of lattice proteins with predefined pairwise contact energies. Databases of protein sequences are designed to either satisfy the Boltzmann distribution at high or low temperatures, or to simultaneously optimize the native stability and folding kinetics. It is found that the quasi-chemical approximation, with the ideal reference state, accurately reproduce the true energies for high temperature Boltzmann distributed sequences (weakly interacting residues), but less accurately at low temperatures, where the sequences correspond to energy minima and the residues are strongly interacting. To overcome this problem, an iterative procedure for Boltzmann distributed sequences is introduced, which accounts for interacting residue correlations and eliminates the need for the quasi-chemical approximation. In this case, the energies are accurately reproduced at any ensemble temperature. However, when the database of sequences designed for optimal stability and kinetics is used, the energy correlation is less than optimal using either method, exhibiting random and systematic deviations from linearity. Therefore, the assumption that native structures are maximally stable or that sequences are determined according to the Boltzmann distribution seems to be inadequate for obtaining accurate energies. The limited number of sequences in the database and the inhomogeneous concentration of amino acids from one structure to another do not seem to be major obstacles for improving the quality of the extracted pairwise energies, with the exception of repulsive interactions. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The impact of paleogeographic evolution on the surface oceanic circulation and the marine environment within the Mid‐Cretaceous tethys

The concept of a stable, westward flowing circumglobal current throughout the Cretaceous Tethys has become the subject of extensive debate. Results from a series of oceanic general circulation model experiments, using the NCAR Parallel Ocean Climate Model, are presented which oppose this concept and suggest a more complicated circulation pattern dominated by a clockwise gyre in the Mediterranean Tethys. Although a narrow westward flowing current is simulated hugging the southern margin of Tethys, ocean model experiments reveal the large sensitivity of this current to paleogeographic evolution. Small modifications to continental geometry, representing sea level change or tectonic plate movement during the Cretaceous, alter the direction and strength of the Tethyan circulation and, consequently, lead to regional changes in seawater properties (i.e., temperature and salinity). These oceanic general circulation model experiments indicate that geographic evolution is an important mechanism of climatic and environmental change. Since the Cretaceous experienced rapid tectonic changes these results imply large surface circulation variations in the Tethys Ocean, supporting the idea of a dynamic tropical oceanic environment. In fact, a simulation of sea-level rise during the mid-Cretaceous reproduces the fluctuations in seawater properties recorded by fauna in the Caribbean Sea.