cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MECHANICS OF THE CHEST WALL

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanics of the chest wall. Diaphragmatic displacements can be estimated from abdominal volume displacements. The wall of the abdomen includes a portion that is ordinarily not regarded as abdominal at all. This is a part of the rib cage beginning at its costal margin and extending cephelad to the diaphragmatic reflection. In this region, the diaphragm is directly apposed to the rib-cage interior, and beneath lies not lung but abdominal contents. The study described in the chapter refers to this region as the area of apposition. At residual volume, it covers approximately half of the internal surface of the rib cage, decreasing to become a narrow ring at total lung capacity—as the diaphragm shortens, the area of apposition decreases, and, finally, virtually disappears. As it decreases, it expands outward and moves upward, and both of these motions need to be taken into account in estimating abdominal displacements. The total volumetric expansion of the rib cage can be estimated by the method of Konno and Mead. The fraction of its surface taken up by the area of apposition times this displacement is an estimate of the outward displacement of the area of apposition.
Treatment for Medicare's Budget: Quick Operation or Long-Term Care?

This article draws attention to the long-term implications of Congress' 1997-1998 budget resolution to Medicare's increased charges. Because Congress has only dealt with Medicare's short-term problems, the author contends, Medicare's long-term problems have become increasingly worse. Medicare is non-integrated status in the Fiscal Constitution and experiences rising costs every year. Therefore, Congress' failure to adequately address and deal with Medicare's long-term problems will result in bankrupting Medicare's hospital insurance funds, which will leave millions of Americans without the health-care they need.To address these issues, the author describes several resolutions, among which, he contends, Congress will have to choose. These solutions include cost reduction and revenue increasing possibilities, as well as provider payment cuts, increased charges to beneficiaries, and payroll tax increases. Finally, the author discusses ways in which Congress could facilitate legislation to deal with short-term problems that will, in turn, help reduce the long-term stress Medicare imposes on American fiscal decision-makers as well as protect the long-term interests of Medicare beneficiaries.
#MeToo, the ICTY, and Intersectionality in Postsocialist Global Capitalism:

In this essay, we theorize and analyze (some of) the intercultural and intersecting structures that undergird rape and its representation in #MeToo via testimonial examples from rape survivors at t...
Importance of Early Improvement in the Treatment of Low Back Pain With Physical Therapy.

Study design .: A retrospective observational study. Objective Assess the time course of functional outcome improvements during a physical therapy (PT) episode of care for patients with low back pain. In addition, assess the impact of patient variables, such as symptom duration, on the time course of functional outcome improvements. Summary of background data Early improvement in patient-reported symptoms and functional limitations may play an important role in the eventual success of an intervention. Early improvements in pain are associated with greater improvement in disability and depression in patients with low back pain. Methods A total 11,945 patients were included. Intake functional status (FS), FS change at discharge, predicted FS change at discharge, FS change at first progress report (FS1), duration of symptoms before treatment, and duration of PT episode of care were assessed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess correlation between collected variables and FS change. Results The mean FS change was 16.995 units, mean FS1 was 12.024 units, total duration was 63.591 days, and duration at FS1 was 28.969 days, indicating 70.72% of FS change occurred in the first 45.45% of the episode of care. Similar results occurred in all symptom duration categories, ranging from "0 to 7 days' to "greater than 6 months' duration. Correlation analysis demonstrated that FS1 had the greatest correlation to FS. A strong correlation (r > 0.7) was demonstrated in all symptom duration categories ranging from 0.741 to 0.805. Conclusion The results of this study yield further support for the importance of rapid functional improvements during a PT episode of care. In addition, patients demonstrated roughly two-thirds of their improvement in the first 40% of visits regardless of their symptom duration. This study may help clinicians identify a need to modify a plan of care if insufficient early improvement is observed. Level of evidence 3.
Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism

Plasma and intracellular phosphorus plays an important role in many metabolic processes. Of the total body phosphorus content (500–800g), 85% is in the skeleton, 14% is in soft tissues, and the remainder is distributed between other tissues and extracellular fluids. The extracellular fluid pool of phosphorus is only about 600 mg, and the inorganic orthophosphate composes approximately one third of the total plasma phosphorus. Orthophosphates are derived from sequential dissociation of orthophosphoric acid: $${H_3}P{O_4} \leftrightarrow {H^+}+{H_2}P{O_4}^-\leftrightarrow{H^+}=HP{O_4}^{--}\leftrightarrow {H^+}+P{O^{---}}$$ Within the physiological range of body fluid pH, the quantities of undissociated orthophosphoric acid and of the completely dissociated trivalent phosphate in the plasma are negligible. Therefore, for practical purposes the term plasma (inorganic) phosphate embraces two orthophosphate components, i.e., HZPO4 and HPO4 -.
Pokémon GO: Gotta Catch ‘Em All... but with My Younger Friends

As the field of intergenerational gaming matures, researchers have begun to explore both the intrapersonal and interpersonal effects of gaming. In the current empirical research, we surveyed adult Pokemon GO players (ages 19–76 years) to examine player well-being as a function of motivations for playing location-based games and whether one plays with people younger than, the same age as, and older than one’s self. Although most players (73%) reported physical exercise as their primary reason for playing, players also reported relationship maintenance (63.8%), forming new relationships (33.8%), and cognitive engagement (23.8%) as important motivations. A majority (65.4%) engaged with same-age players, although 31.5% engaged with younger players and 23.8% engaged with older players. A structural equation was used to model the influence of friend characteristics (younger, same age, older) and the four motivations for playing on well-being [X2 (DF = 5) = 14.515, p < 0.02; R2 = 0.126; CMIN/df = 2.903; CFI = 0.935]. Players with younger people in their gaming network and those with relationship maintenance as their motivation to play reported higher well-being. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of including context in examinations of intergenerational gaming.
PERCUTANEOUS RETRIEVAL OF AN EMBOLIZED VEGETATION FROM PULMONARY ARTERY AFTER ICD LEAD EXTRACTION

Tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis presenting as a pulmonary artery (PA) septic embolism is a rare but frequently fatal complication. Most septic pulmonary embolism (PE) occlude segmental or subsegmental PA. Large central septic PE is rare with only 4 such cases reported previously. There is lack of
Selective host–guest chemistry, self-assembly and conformational preferences of m-xylene macrocycles probed by ion-mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry

We demonstrated ion-mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) as a powerful tool for interrogating and preserving selective chemistry including non-covalent and host–guest complexes of m-xylene macrocycles formed in solution. The technique readily revealed the unique favorability of a thiourea-containing macrocycle MXT to Zn2+ to form a dimer complex with the cation in an off-axis sandwich structure having the Zn–S bonds in a tetrahedral coordination environment. Replacing thiourea with urea generates MXU which formed high-order oligomerization with weak binding interactions to neutral DMSO guests detected at every oligomer size. The self-assembly pathway observed for this macrocycle is consistent with the crystalline assembly. Further transformation of urea into squaramide produces MXS, a rare receptor for probing sulfate in solution. Tight complexes were observed for both monomeric and dimeric of MXS in which HSO4− bound stronger than SO42− to the host. The position of HSO4− at the binding cavity is a 180° inversion of the reported crystallographic SO42−. The MXS dimer formed a prism-like shape with HSO4− exhibiting strong contacts with the 8 amine protons of two MXS macrocycles. By eliminating intermolecular interferences, we detected the low energy structures of MXS with collisional cross section (CCS) matching cis–trans and cis–cis squaramides-amines, both were not observed in crystallization trials. The experiments collectively unravel multiple facets of macrocycle chemistry including conformational flexibility, self-assembly and ligand binding; all in one analysis. Our findings illustrate an inexpensive and widely applicable approach to investigate weak but important interactions that define the shape and binding of macrocycles.
Savi Scout Radar Localization Versus Wire Localization for Breast Biopsy Regarding Positive Margin, Complication, and Reoperation Rates.

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. The Savi Scout (Cianna Medical, Merit Medical Systems,...
Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Guidelines

Patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) are at risk for both arterial and venous thrombosis, similar to patients with solid organ malignancies, as well as for increased bleeding. Use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in this population can be challenging given unique risk factors for both thrombosis and bleeding including frequent, significant disease- or treatment-related thrombocytopenia, systemic inflammation related to infection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and malignancy itself, and multiple drug–drug interactions. Proper care of these patients requires understanding appropriate indications and contraindications for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, as well as selection of the safest, most effective agent(s).
The US and ASEM: why the hegemon didn't bark

Relationships with the United States and American policy preferences have been important to the Asian and European members of ASEM in its establishment and activities. Yet US policy, business, and media elites have paid little public attention to ASEM. The puzzle is why not. Explanations of inattentiveness or foresight about Asia’s economic difficulties are unpersuasive. Instead, American ‘silence’ fits with a reasoned understanding among internationally oriented policy and business leaders that ASEM has and will pose little in the way of difficulties for their preferences about Asia and the EU for security, civil society, and economic matters. Indeed, the maneuverings in and around ASEM about those three policy areas have been and are likely to continue to be of some modest help to American internationalists. Their domestic persuasiveness benefits from ASEM developments which bolster actions they desire, and reduce pressure for policy positions they wish to avoid or believe are unlikely to gain approval in the American political economy.
Deletion of adipocytes induced by a novel device simultaneously delivering synchronized radiofrequency and hifem: Human histological study.

BACKGROUND Radiofrequency (RF) is commonly recognized treatment option for fat reduction, utilizing heat-induced adipocyte deletion. HIFEM treatment has been proven to be an effective tool for body shaping. OBJECTIVES To document the structural changes in human subcutaneous tissue induced by the combination of RF treatment with the HIFEM procedure. METHODS Four subjects (51.50 ± 6.35 years, 22.59 ± 3.21 kg/m2 ) received three 30-minute abdominal treatments consisting of RF therapy and HIFEM. One subject (57 years, 23.60 kg/m2 ) served as a control. Punch biopsies were collected at baseline, 1-week, and 1-month post-treatment. Samples were sliced and stained with HE -31.7% at 1-month) along with occasional ruptures of the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast to baseline, pyknotic nuclei with condensed nuclear chromatin were seen at 1-week and 1-month post-treatment. The control samples showed no treatment-related changes. Waist circumference decreased by an average of 2.20 cm in the treated patients. No adverse events were observed. The fat temperature reached 42-45°C, during treatment; the therapy was comfortable with high patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the efficacy and safety of the therapy combining RF and HIFEM. The adipocyte deletion and shrinkage resulted in overall reduction of fat tissue.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Hope in Women Participating in Alternative Sentencing Programs

Purpose:Alternative sentencing programs for women with nonviolent drug offenses may provide opportunities to change the life trajectories of women and their families. The primary purpose of this st...
In Utero Exposure to Heavy Metals and Trace Elements and Childhood Blood Pressure in a U.S. Urban, Low-Income, Minority Birth Cohort

Background: In utero exposure to heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) may be associated with higher childhood blood pressure (BP), whereas trace elements selenium (Se) and mangane...
Role of deep levels and barrier height lowering in current-flow mechanism in 150 μm thick epitaxial n-type 4H–SiC Schottky barrier radiation detectors

Schottky barrier detectors (SBDs) require larger surface areas than conventional electronics to increase the detection efficiency although such SBDs manifest large diode ideality factors due to inhomogeneous areal distribution of surface barrier height (SBH). Inhomogeneous SBH distributions lead to various current flow mechanisms in SBDs, which need to be identified to optimize detector performance. In this Letter, we identify the current flow mechanism in large area Schottky barrier diodes for radiation detection fabricated on 150 μm thick n-4H–SiC epitaxial layers. The analysis of temperature-dependent forward current–voltage (I–V–T) characteristics of SBDs revealed two linear regions in current–voltage curves up to 450 K, one corresponding to the current flow through a low barrier patch, while the other corresponds to that of average barrier distribution. Applying a SBH distribution model to the reverse I–V–T characteristics, an activation energy of 0.76 eV for the current flow over the Schottky barrier was calculated. The activation energy did not directly correspond to any of the defect levels observed from the deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Above 450 K, a Schottky type barrier lowering suggested a current flow through a low barrier patch of ≈ 0.8 eV. The absence of any SBH lowering below 450 K indicated that the current corresponded to a neutrally charged trap level at ≈ 0.6 eV below the conduction band edge, which was consistent with DLTS measurements revealing the presence of an electron trap level Z1/2 at 0.59 eV below the conduction band edge.
Phase and Period Effects of Physical and Chemical Factors. Do Cells Communicate

It was early appreciated (1,2) and more recently explicitly argued (3) that insight concerning the nature of the underlying circadian oscillator might be sought by examining phase and/or period alterations as a consequence of some environmental condition or perturbation — be it physical or chemical. In this brief review we will consider effects of three classes of perturbations on phase and/or period: temperature, liight and chemical, administered as either steps or pulses.
Alabama Folk Pottery

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Joey Brackner Year: 2006 Pages: 352 Publisher: University of Alabama Press ISBN: 0-8173-1509-8 (hard cover). Prices: $60.00 USD(hard cover).
Vulnerability in Contracting: Teaching First Year Law Students About Inequality and its Consequences

Traditional legal pedagogy fails to demonstrate the relationship of contract to the subordination of vulnerable populations. As a result, students rarely see the complex web of interrelationships where economic activity takes place or the legal regime that maintains it. Students are not taught how to interrogate the discourse or dismantle the systems and structures that oppress subordinated communities. This Essay describes a technique that we have developed to help students learn the meaning of law and its cultural, social, and structural significance. The traditional framing of the study of contract doctrine as one that is objective, neutral, and fair avoids any examination of human nature, subjective reasoning, or social structure. The challenge is to encourage students to think about the culturally-specific assumptions that inform our understanding of exchange – specifically, that deeply held sentiments about the appropriateness of the behavior of contracting parties are related to the relative position of the parties and the groups to which they belong, the context in which the transaction occurs, and the nature and subject matter of the exchange. A teacher who ignores the relationship between contract rules and social structure deprives students of a deeper understanding of economies and the ways in which lawyers who are concerned about inequality and poverty might use the law for social change. We believe it is imperative to teach students three things: (1) that law creates, supports, and reinforces the relationships of inequality that exist in the United States; (2) that the law can and sometimes does compensate for the economic and social disadvantages inherent in a segmented and stratified social system; and (3) that if the law recognizes the agency of individuals who are members of subordinated communities, it can be an instrument of social change. This Essay provides concrete examples of how to introduce issues of race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and disability into first year courses. Proposed exercises provide practical guidance and specific questions that can be posed to students to promote a meaningful discussion of what the law does and what the law could do to address the effects of economic disparities, prejudice, or discrimination.
Risk and Precaution Alan Randall

“Imagine a threat of substantial but uncertain harm. What should we do? If we wait until we are sure about the threat, the best opportunities for effective remedies already may be lost. If we act p...
Development of a new shooting-and-bouncing ray (SBR) tracing method that avoids ray double counting

A simple, effective, and accurate method is proposed to solve the ray double counting problem in the ray tracing method using the reception sphere mechanism. The principle behind the method is based in characterizing received rays according to the objects they encounter from the source to the observation point and avoiding counting rays with the same characteristics. Using this method, the double counting of rays in the usual shooting-and-bouncing ray tracing procedure can be easily avoided. Results are given to validate the proposed procedure and illustrate the improved accuracy.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE YBa2Cu3O7/YBa2Cu4O8 PHASE TRANSFORMATION

The YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 transformation in mixed phase, superconducting YBaCuO is investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and static lattice, three dimensional, Monte Carlo computer simulations. Micrographs reveal dislocations and stacking faults associated with the transformation that are accurately predicted by the calculations and seen in “snapshots” of the simulated structures. An atomic mechanism involving the intercalation of extra CuO planes by partial dislocation climb is proposed for the YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 /YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 phase change.
Amylolytic activity of Thermomonospora fusca

Amylases which produce maltotriose as the major end-product from starch are relatively rare. The thermophilic actinomycete, Thermomonospora fusca, produced an extracellular α-amylase which generated maltotriose as 61% of the identified products. The addition of maltotriose to a glucose-adapted exponential phase culture at 55°C in mineral salts medium caused rapid induction of amylase biosynthesis. Addition of glucose to cells growing on starch did not repress amylase biosynthesis because the actinomycete had a marked preference for maltotriose over glucose. The pH and temperature optima for the amylase activity of concentrated, washed extracellular protein were 6.0 and 65°C, respectively, with an energy of activation of 59kJ/mol. The thermostability of the concentrated, washed amylase was increased by the presence of its starch reaction products, but not by added Ca2+.
Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Several features of the tendon-to-bone attachment were examined allometrically to determine load transfer mechanisms. The humeral head diameter increased geometrically with animal mass. Area of the attachment site exhibited a near isometric increase with muscle physiological cross section. In contrast, the interfacial roughness as well as the mineral gradient width demonstrated a hypoallometric relationship with physiologic cross-sectional area (PCSA). The isometric increase in attachment area indicates that as muscle forces increase, the attachment area increases accordingly, thus maintaining a constant interfacial stress. Due to the presence of constant stresses at the attachment, the micrometer-scale features may not need to vary with increasing load.
Working Across Disciplines and Chipping Away at Silos with SLCE: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Educating Science and Engineering Students

A co-curricular approach to service-learning and community engagement (SLCE) designed to begin breaking through these institutional and personal silos that inhibit exchanges of knowledge between students, faculty and communities, is presented. This approach seeks to create a continuum of engagement and learning for students, faculty, and communities to redirect students and faculty away from the drive to solely produce a competitive product (or trophy) and toward an appreciation of the ongoing process of engagement. To construct this continuum, we draw on the idea of an intellectual apprenticeship. The students in this model serve as the apprentices, while the faculty, along with community partners and other colleagues, act as mentors in a guild of “artisans” dedicated to putting useful knowledge into action. We present the principles of engagement that underlay the entire process (respect, reciprocity and relationship), the stages of the apprenticeship, evidence that supports its effectiveness and challenges to the approach. The goal of the paper is to share the approach with the larger community so that others may borrow what they find useful and add what they believe to be missing to ultimately improve experiential education about SLCE for engineers and scientists.
Technical Note-A Markov Chain Partitioning Algorithm for Computing Steady State Probabilities

This paper presents a partitioning algorithm for recursively computing the steady state probabilities for a finite, irreducible Markov chain or a Markov process. The algorithm contains a matrix reduction routine, followed by a vector enlargement routine. The matrix reduction routine repeatedly partitions the transition matrix for the Markov chain, creating a sequence of smaller, reduced transition matrices. The vector enlargement routine computes the components of the steady state probability vector by starting with the smallest reduced matrix and working sequentially toward the original transition matrix. This procedure produces an exact solution for the steady state probabilities. No special structure is required for the Markov chain. In theory, the procedure imposes no limit on the size of the largest Markov chain to which the partitioning algorithm can be applied. In practice, roundoff errors may require modifications to the method.
Does body weight impact the efficacy of vasopressin therapy in the management of septic shock

Abstract Background Vasopressors used for the management of septic shock are often dosed according to body weight. Use of vasopressin for physiologic replacement in patients with septic shock is usually administered as a standard non–weight-based dose. We hypothesized that the efficacy of vasopressin may be influenced by body weight. Purpose The primary objective was to determine if the effects of vasopressin on other vasopressor dosing requirements is related to body weight. Secondary objectives included evaluation of blood pressure and heart rate after the start of vasopressin infusion. Methods A retrospective, cohort study in a large academic health center was conducted. Sixty-four adult inpatients with septic shock (26 medical intensive care unit and 38 surgical intensive care unit) who required vasopressor administration including vasopressin therapy were included. Dosing requirements of vasopressors were captured 1 hour before and during the hour of vasopressin initiation and 2 and 4 hours later. Other information collected during the study period included blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Results Most of the patients (n = 61) received vasopressin at a dose of 0.04 U/min. Changes in vasopressor dosing were significantly correlated with weight-adjusted vasopressin at 2 hours (correlation coefficient=−0.36, P = .03) and 4 hours (correlation coefficient=−0.46, P Conclusions Effects of vasopressin on catecholamine dosing requirements in the setting of septic shock may be influenced by body weight. Prospective studies are needed to examine weight-based dosing of vasopressin in this setting.
A review of the physiological bases of the anorexic action of phenylpropanolamine (d,l-norephedrine)

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a phenethylamine that induces a variety of effects including anorexia and weight loss. The present review compares the acute anorexic effects of PPA with those of amphetamine in animals and humans, describes the persistent chronic effects of PPA on feeding as well as differences in anorexic potency between the norephedrine enantiomers (d-norephedrine less than 1-norephedrine) and summarizes the generality of PPA anorexia. The review also describes the putative mechanisms by which PPA is thought to reduce feeding behavior including alteration of gastric emptying and interaction with central nervous system neurons.
Basis-exchange properties of sparse paving matroids

It has been conjectured that, asymptotically, almost all matroids are sparse paving matroids. We provide evidence for five long-standing, basis-exchange conjectures by proving them for this large class of matroids.
Stability Aware Delaunay Refinement

Good quality meshes are extensively used for finding approximate solutions for partial differential equations for fluid flow in two dimensional surfaces. We present an overview of existing algorithms for refinement and generation of triangular meshes. We introduce the concept of node stability in the refinement of Delaunay triangulation. We present an algorithm based on the location of center of gravity of two dimensional shapes to place a candidate refinement node so that the newly placed node has increased stability. The algorithm runs in O(n2) time, where n is the number of nodes in the mesh.
Degranulation of human mast cells induces an endothelial antigen central to leukocyte adhesion

Abstract To understand better the role of mast cell secretory products in the genesis of inflammation, a system was developed for in vitro degranulation of human mast cells in skin organ cultures. Within 2 hr after morphine sulfate-induced degranulation, endothelial cells lining microvessels adjacent to affected mast cells expressed an activation antigen important for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion. Identical results were obtained when other mast cell secretagogues (anti-IgE, compound 48/80, and calcium ionophore A23187) were used. Induction of this antigen was abrogated by preincubation with cromolyn sodium, an inhibitor of mast cell secretion, and by antiserum to tumor necrosis factor alpha. These findings indicate that degranulation of mast cells activates dermal endothelium through tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanisms. This event may be critical to the elicitation phase of cutaneous inflammation.
The impact of short exposure times on the ALE self-limiting process: potential mechanisms

Abstract Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs using metal-organic precursors and arsine (AsH3) has been reported by many researchers for the past several years in a limited temperature range and with a high background of carbon doping. Most reactor designs involve a vent-run configuration which requires long exposure times of several seconds to achieve surface coverage. The rotating susceptor and reactor design used in our laboratory allow exposure times of less than one second and high precursor flux. Such short exposure times have resulted in the successful ALE growth at temperatures as high as 700°C and low carbon background doping (in the 1015 cm-3 range). We will discuss the advantages of a susceptor design that allows the TMGa gas stream to remain at T
Chaotic jumps in the generalized first adiabatic invariant in current sheets

The present study examines how the changes in the generalized first adiabatic invariant J derived from the separatrix crossing theory can be incorporated into the drift variable approach to generating distribution functions. A method is proposed for determining distribution functions for an ensemble of particles following interaction with the tail current sheet by treating the interaction as a scattering problem characterized by changes in the invariant. Generalized drift velocities are obtained for a 1D tail configuration by using the generalized first invariant. The invariant remained constant except for the discrete changes caused by chaotic scattering as the particles cross the separatrix.
Maternity care during the post-World War II Baby Boom: the experience of general duty nurses.

The purpose of this study is to describe maternity nursing during the post-World War II Baby Boom from the perspective of general duty nurses. During the Baby Boom, maternity care changed with medical advances and the highest birth rate ever in the United States. This study provides insight into the impact of context on nurses’work experiences. Seven general duty postpartum or nursery nurses were interviewed about their nursing experiences during the Baby Boom. Constant comparative analysis was used to synthesize the transcripts of the interviews into in-depth descriptions of participants’work experiences. The large numbers of mothers and babies in their care, the prevailing concerns for infections, and paternalism influenced these nurses’work. Expectations about and by the nurses as well as work relationships contributed to the nurses’acceptance and rejection of changes in care of mothers and babies.
Formation and enlargement of the paranasal sinuses in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetuses.

Abstract Objective: Comparisons of paranasal sinus morphology between humans with and without cleft lip and palate (CLP) have yielded conflicting opinions regarding size differences. Although postnatal samples have been investigated, no studies have compared paranasal sinus volumes between cleft and noncleft human fetuses. Method: The nasal cavities of 20 ‘normal’ and 9 CLP human fetuses (8–21 weeks' postmenstrual age) were examined to assess prenatal volumetric changes of the maxillary sinuses, anterior and posterior ethmoidal air cells, and sphenoidal sinuses. Lengths and volumes of right and left maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses were calculated from histologically prepared sections using a computer reconstruction technique, and regression equations were generated to assess the enlargement rates. Results: All paranasal sinuses were found among both normal and CLP specimens in the same locations and in similar age ranges. However, greater shape asymmetry was noted for all sinuses in CLP compared to norma...
Time-division SQUID multiplexer for the readout of X-ray microcalorimeter arrays

Abstract Large-format (>1000 pixel) arrays of transition-edge sensors are being developed for applications ranging from X-ray materials analysis to submillimeter (SCUBA-2, ACT, SAFIRE) and X-ray (Constellation-X) astronomy. Cryogenic multiplexing allows instrumentation of these large detector arrays with a manageable number of wires and readout channels. We describe a SQUID-based, time-division multiplexer for X-ray microcalorimeter arrays, including a three-stage SQUID amplifier chain and room-temperature digital-feedback electronics. The prototype system has passed two milestone tests. First, energy resolution of 6.6 eV obtained from measuring 5.2 keV joule-heat pulses was not degraded by multiplexing 2, 4, or 8 biased detectors. Second, 55 Fe spectra obtained with four multiplexed detectors showed essentially the same resolution as those obtained from the same detectors while not multiplexed.
Adaptive optics 0″.2 resolution infrared images of HL Tauri: Direct images of an active accretion disk around a protostar

We have obtained 02 FWHM images of HL Tau at K', H, and J utilizing the University of Hawaii Adaptive Optics System at the 3.6 m CFHT. These are the highest resolution deep images of HL Tau ever obtained in the infrared. They provide unique insight into HL Tau's circumstellar environment. An active accretion disk is directly resolved around HL Tau for the first time in the infrared. The physical characteristics of this accretion disk (RD ~ 150 AU, and P.A. ~ 125°) are consistent with the inner disk discovered by submillimeter (0.8 mm) interferometry by Lay et al. (1994), and confirmed by 2.7 mm interferometry by Mundy et al. (1996). Bipolar cavities aligned with the accretion disk axis are for the first time detected in the infrared. We have monitored the upper cavity at comparable angular resolution for three epochs over the last 2 yr. The cavity appears to be expanding at up to ~30 km s-1. This cavity is estimated to have been created in an outburst in the direction of the optical jet ~100 yr ago. Accurate photometry and astrometry were obtained for the nearby 03 XZ Tau binary and the unresolved HL Tau star + inner disk at K', H, and for the first time at J. The large H - K = 2.14 ± 0.11 color of the HL Tau point source indicates an extinction of AJ = 7.73 ± 0.42 (AV ~ 24) along the line of sight to the star. Based on this large extinction, the SED for HL Tau's unresolved central source was dereddened. A simple accretion disk + star model reproduced the newly dereddened SED. The model assumed a large infalling envelope (as observed in 13CO; see Hayashi et al. 1993) accreting at 5 × 10-6 M☉ yr-1 onto a stable accretion disk (RD = 150 AU) around a young 0.7 M☉ pre-main-sequence (PMS) star. We find that to reproduce the observed SED, the central unresolved source in HL Tau is required to be a very young (~105 yr) PMS star surrounded by an active accretion disk. The large observed extinction from the inclined disk implies an estimated accretion disk mass of ~0.04 M☉.
Icon design for user interface of remote patient monitoring mobile devices

The purpose of this paper is to describe the studies undertaken in order to improve and simplify user interface (UI) design of a Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) device, specifically the BL Healthcare Access Tablet. Current icon designs for UIs of the RPM devices are not well designed to reflect the needs, experiences and limitations of the end-user. Complex and unclear UIs and instructions make compliance with self-management schedules often poor. The issue of compliance, with the need for effective communication between chronic disease patients and healthcare professionals emphasize the need for the appropriate UI and communication technology. Improvement is made from the perspective of the user experience (UX) / UI redesign. Usability studies were conducted, followed by the UI redesign and icons design with the aim to address the UX design. A mobile application concept for the RPM is developed, that could be used on existing tablets and smartphones, thus eliminating the need for the current costly hardware.
Consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice: development of a standardized clinical protocol.

Purpose This article presents the development of the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) following a consensus conference on perceptual voice quality measurement sponsored by...
Seed handling by three prosimian primates in southeastern Madagascar: implications for seed dispersal.

In this paper, we studied three species of prosimian primate (Propithecus diadema edwardsi, Eulemur fulvus rufus, and Eulemur rubriventer) from June-July 1995 at the Ranomafana National Park to answer three questions : 1) how they handle and process seeds, 2) how the physical properties of seeds influence seed handling and seed fate, and 3) whether handling and processing patterns influence seed dispersal. Seeds from five plant species were collected from feces and examined for external damage (punctures and scrapes), weighed, measured, and checked daily for germination. P. d. edwardsi masticated seeds into two or more pieces while feeding. Seed fragments were either dropped under the parent tree or chewed and swallowed; seeds never emerged as recognizable units in feces. In contrast, both Eulemur species either dropped or swallowed seeds whole while feeding. E. rubriventer passed seeds that were longer, wider, and heavier than seeds passed by E. f. rufus. Although seeds emerged as separate units when passed by both Eulemur species, 65 Protorhus sp. seeds were scraped and/or punctured prior to being swallowed. Based on physical property tests, Protorhus seeds were more susceptible to mastication than undamaged seeds from Eugenia sp., Cissus sp., and Chrysophyllum madagascariensis. H. madagascariensis seeds also were undamaged but had physical properties comparable to Protorhus and may avoid being masticated due to their small size (2-3 mm). All damaged seeds were moldy or rotten within 6 days, and only 15% of the undamaged seeds passed by E. rubriventer germinated. None of the seeds passed by E. f. rufus germinated. Eulemur species also rested in the same tree after feeding and defecated prior to a new feeding bout or before moving, so seeds were most likely to be dispersed under the parent tree. Consequently, we concluded that these primate species do not appear to serve as effective seed dispersers for these plant species at this time of year.
Edge Electron Gas

The uniform electron gas, the traditional starting point for density-based many-body theories of inhomogeneous systems, is inappropriate near electronic edges. In its place we put forward the appropriate concept of the edge electron gas.
Prospects of a Revived OTA for Congress

The workshop to discuss renewing a science advisory capacity for the U.S. Congress is the topic of David Malakoff's News of the Week article “Memo to Congress: get better advice” (22 Jun., p. [2229][1]). As a workshop participant, I dispute Malakoff's characterization of H.R. 2148, the bill introduced by Representative Rush Holt (D-NJ) to reauthorize the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). For an event that could have had characteristics of a religious revival—half of its attendees had been either employees, contractors, or advisors of OTA—the workshop was pragmatic and analytical. Framed by speeches from U.S. Representatives Sherwood Boehlert (R-NY), Vernon Ehlers (R-MI), Amo Houghton (R-NY), and Holt, and letters from U.S. Senators Ted Stevens (R-AK) and John Rockefeller (D-WV) lamenting Congress's need of better technical advice, the workshop established a dialectic between the advocacy by “policy wonks” of a new mechanism for advice and the perception that Congress only needs what it says it needs. Although there was no “consensus on what might convince Congress to change its mind,” there was consensus on four points of institutional design for any advisory mechanism. It would need to be (i) robustly bipartisan and bicameral, (ii) a functional part of Congress (like a support agency or the staff of a joint committee), (iii) staffed with a significant number of in-house people, but with the flexibility to use contractors, and (iv) able to provide a variety of information services to a variety of congressional clients ([1][2]). That this consensus sounds like a modified version of the old OTA is neither accident nor bias; it is the opinion of the participants based on their experience and scholarship. Holt's bill, certainly not “dead on arrival” with more than three dozen bipartisan cosponsors, signals that Congress might be beginning to resolve the conflict that eliminated OTA and to deliberate on a plan to improve its deliberations. 1. [↵][3]1. M. G. Morgan , “Improving science and technology advice for the U. S. Congress: briefing notes,” in preparation. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.292.5525.2229b [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
The Specific p38 Inhibitor SB202190 Blocks iNOS Production in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Lipoteichoic Acid from Viridans Streptococci

The Specific p38 Inhibitor SB202190 Blocks iNOS Production in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Lipoteichoic Acid from Viridans Streptococci
Minimal change nephropathy and graves' disease: report of a case and review of the literature.

Objective: To describe a possible association between Graves' disease and nephrotic syndrome attributable to minimal change nephropathy and to review the literature related to renal diseases in pat...
Effects of gender and situation on the perception of sexual harassment

This study addressed three sources of variability in the perception of sexual harassment: the gender of the observer, the gender combination of the harasser and victim, and the role relationship between the harasser and victim. College students (N = 197), approximately 80% of whom were Caucasian, single, and in their early 20s, were randomly divided into two groups. In one group, the harasser was a man and the victim was a woman. In the other group, the harasser was a woman and the victim was a man. Participants rated the degree to which they thought sexual harassment occurred in 20 hypothetical interactions in each of three situations using a 7-point sexual harassment scale. Men and women rated the situations alike as long as the harasser was a man and the victim was a woman. When the perpetrator was a woman and the victim was a man, men gave significantly lower ratings than women. In contrast, women's ratings were the same regardless of the gender of the harasser. Harassment ratings also varied as a function of the power differential between the harasser and victim. The more egalitarian the relationship, the less likely participants were to perceive the behavior as sexually harassing.
Weighted least squares approximate restricted likelihood estimation for vector autoregressive processes

We derive a weighted least squares approximate restricted likelihood estimator for a k-dimensional pth-order autoregressive model with intercept. Exact likelihood optimization of this model is generally infeasible due to the parameter space, which is complicated and high-dimensional, involving pk 2 parameters. The weighted least squares estimator has significantly reduced bias and mean squared error than the ordinary least squares estimator for both stationary and nonstationary processes. Furthermore, at the unit root, the limiting distribution of the weighted least squares approximate restricted likelihood estimator is shown to be the zero-intercept Dickey-Fuller distribution, unlike the ordinary least squares with intercept estimator that has a different distribution with significantly higher bias.
Interview with Dr. Stephen J. McSorley and Ms. Aparna Srinivasan regarding Pivotal Advance: Secondary exposure to LPS suppresses CD4+ T cells and exacerbates murine typhoid

In this Pivotal Advance manuscript, the authors address the “paradox of Salmonella immunity and immunosuppression,” a term coined to describe the observation that mitogen-unresponsive spleen cells were recovered from mice that had generated immunity to Salmonella [1]. In this work, Ms. Srinivasan and Dr. McSorley use adoptive transfer technology to demonstrate that immunosuppression is also an in vivo phenomenon and is not limited to CD4 T cells with specificity for Salmonella antigens. Specifically, the authors show that CD4 T cells (either flagellin-specific or OVA-specific) introduced into Salmonella-infected mice and subsequently activated in vivo by co-injection of respective peptide and endotoxin have only a limited ability to respond by producing IL-2 or TNF.
Chrome-magnesite Gunite compositions

A technology was developed for the production of a chrome-magnesite Gunite composition containing a binder which ensures that the coating adheres firmly to the base over the temperature range 100–1600°C. The industrial-scale use of the Gunite with the experimental binder made it possible to increase the coefficient of utilization of the original material by 40–50%.
EVALUATION OF A CUSTOMIZED INTESTINAL SUPPORT SOLUTION (GI BOOST) IN NORMAL HORSES AND CLINICAL CASES WITH ABDOMINAL INJURY – A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Our laboratory developed a customized solution containing various free-radical scavengers, energy sources, and vasodilators in an attempt to attenuate intestinal injury following an ischemic insult. This solution has been evaluated with beneficial effects following low flow ischemia and reperfusion using in vitro and in vivo models using intra-arterial and intraluminal administration. In both investigations, the solution minimized morphologic injury and decreased transmucosal leakage of albumin. Objective: To determine if the systemic administration of the solution (GI Boost) had any clinical effect on normal horses, and to summarize the outcome of horses undergoing colic surgery that received the solution intravenously and intraluminally. Animals: 5 healthy adult horses and at the time of submission the outcomes of 10 horses undergoing abdominal surgery for colic. Methods: 2 L of GI Boost was administered at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% intravenously (IV) to 5 normal horses. Parameters evaluated included CBC, chemistry panel, blood pressure, and physical examination. In 10 clinical cases, GI Boost was administered IV (intra-op and post-op) and intraluminally via the enterotomy. Results: The administration of GI Boost did not produce any clinical or hematologic abnormalities in normal cases. None of the clinical cases developed any complications associated with the use of the solution. The majority of horses were discharged from the hospital and 1 died following large colon rupture. Clinical Relevance: The administration of GI Boost may have a beneficial effect in horses presented for colic. Additional cases continue to be acquired to determine if this solution has a beneficial effect relative to traditional methods of treatment.
Does prostaglandin D2 hold the cure to male pattern baldness

Lipids in the skin are the most diverse in the entire human body. Their bioactivity in health and disease is underexplored. Prostaglandin D2 has recently been identified as a factor which is elevated in the bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and has the capacity to decrease hair lengthening. An enzyme which synthesizes it, prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS or lipocalin-PGDS), is hormone responsive in multiple other organs. PGD2 has two known receptors, GPR44 and PTGDR. GPR44 was found to be necessary for the decrease in hair growth by PGD2 . This creates an exciting opportunity to perhaps create novel treatments for AGA, which inhibit the activity of PTGDS, PGD2 or GPR44. This review discusses the current knowledge surrounding PGD2 , and future steps needed to translate these findings into novel therapies for patients with AGA.