cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SKPing a Hurdle: Sox2 and Adult Dermal Stem Cells

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Biernaskie et al. (2009) demonstrate that a specific subpopulation of dermal papilla fibroblasts, marked by Sox2 expression, displays properties of adult stem cells, including serial hair follicle initiation, dermal cell differentiation, and skin-derived precursor production.
Epitaxial metastable (GaSb)1-x(Ge(2-y)Sn2y)x quarternary alloys on GaAs(100): 1085 Crystal growth, structure, and raman scattering

Epitaxial metastable (GaSb)1-x)(Ge2(1-y)Sn2yx quaternary alloys have been grown with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 1085 y ≤ 0.27 by RF multitarget sputter deposition on GaAs(100) substrates. Films, ≈1 μm thick, deposited under the same growth conditions on Corning 7059 glass substrates were polycrystalline with a very strong (220) preferred orientation. A growth phase map, plotted as a function of x, y, and deposition temperature Ts, showed that the maximum growth temperature decreased rapidly with increasing Sn concentration, ranging from ≥ 500°C for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with y = 0 to ⩾ 150°C for x = 0.6 with y = 0.27. The lattice parameter a0 of the alloys decreased linearly with increasing x for a given y and increased linearly with y for a given value of x. a0 ranged from 0.6094 nm for GaSb to 0.5775 nm for (GaSb)0.2(Ge1.86Sn0.14)0.8. Form an analysis of fundamental and superstructure diffraction peak intensities, the zincblende-to-diamond structural phase transition was found to occur near x ≈ 0.3. Raman scattering results showed a two-peak behavior over the composition range investigated. The GaSb-like longitudinal-optical peak near 234 cm-1 softened and broadened with increasing x for all y values. A weak “Ge-like” mode increased in frequency from 265 cm-1 at x = 0.05 with y = 0.07−0.27 to 280 cm-1 at x = 0.6 and y = 0.07. The reaction path for phase decomposition in these alloys was found using hot-stage transmission electron microscopy to proceed through a series of intermediate metastable phases. Alloys with low Sn concentrations were stable for 2 h anneals at temperatures ⩾ 475°C. However, thermal stability decreased with increasing Sn concentrations to ⩾ 225°C for a 2 h anneal of alloys with low x and high y values.
Anomalous ground states at the interface between two transition-metal compounds

The effects of strong covalency across a strongly correlated interface between two transition-metal compounds are studied. Since the charge transfer is directional, the lowest electron-removal and -addition states are often not involved in the formation of covalent bonds across the interface. This paper shows that this can lead to the formation of unusual ground states not found in the bulk. For cuprates, the formation of ``Zhang-Rice triplets'' is observed. For nickelates, we demonstrate the possibility of in-plane or out-of-plane orbital switching, whereas cobaltates are prone to spin switching. For Co and Fe compounds, a change between antiferromagnetic superexchange and ferromagnetic double exchange is found. Calculations of x-ray magnetic dichroism are presented, which could provide insight into the presence of these unusual ground states.
Predictive Modeling of In Vivo Response to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer

A clear contradiction exists between cytotoxic in-vitro studies demonstrating effectiveness of Gemcitabine to curtail pancreatic cancer and in-vivo studies failing to show Gemcitabine as an effective treatment. The outcome of chemotherapy in metastatic stages, where surgery is no longer viable, shows a 5-year survival <5%. It is apparent that in-vitro experiments, no matter how well designed, may fail to adequately represent the complex in-vivo microenvironmental and phenotypic characteristics of the cancer, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. We evaluate in-vitro cytotoxic data as an indicator of in-vivo treatment success using a mathematical model of tumor growth based on a dimensionless formulation describing tumor biology. Inputs to the model are obtained under optimal drug exposure conditions in-vitro. The model incorporates heterogeneous cell proliferation and death caused by spatial diffusion gradients of oxygen/nutrients due to inefficient vascularization and abundant stroma, and thus is able to simulate the effect of the microenvironment as a barrier to effective nutrient and drug delivery. Analysis of the mathematical model indicates the pancreatic tumors to be mostly resistant to Gemcitabine treatment in-vivo. The model results are confirmed with experiments in live mice, which indicate uninhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis with Gemcitabine treatment. By extracting mathematical model parameter values for proliferation and death from monolayer in-vitro cytotoxicity experiments with pancreatic cancer cells, and simulating the effects of spatial diffusion, we use the model to predict the drug response in-vivo, beyond what would have been expected from sole consideration of the cancer intrinsic resistance. We conclude that this integrated experimental/computational approach may enhance understanding of pancreatic cancer behavior and its response to various chemotherapies, and, further, that such an approach could predict resistance based on pharmacokinetic measurements with the goal to maximize effective treatment strategies.
Naloxone reversal of analgesia produced by brain stimulation in the human

The analgesia resulting from electrical stimulation in the periventricular grey matter at the level of the posterior commissure in the human patient has been reversed by naxolone. This finding raises the possibility that such stimulation is effective because morphine receptor cells may be activated.
Interaction of wedge crack and grain boundary dislocations

Abstract Analysis of the interaction between a triple junction wedge crack and the pile-ups of grain boundary dislocations is used to investigate crack nucleation. Through the numerical solutions of a system of integral equations, the rearrangement of the dislocations and the stress redistribution due to the crack formation are fully taken into account in the analysis. Under remote tension, numerical results are obtained for the stress intensity factors, the dislocation populations on the grain boundaries, as well as the equilibrium crack lengths. The dependence of the crack length and the crack stability on the grain boundary orientations and the pile-up lengths is investigated.
Combined hyperspectral and spectral domain optical coherence tomography microscope for noninvasive hemodynamic imaging.

We have combined hyperspectral imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) to noninvasively image changes in hemoglobin saturation, blood flow, microvessel morphology, and sheer rate on the vessel wall with tumor growth. Changes in these hemodynamic variables were measured over 24 h in dorsal skin fold window chamber tumors. There was a strong correlation between volumetric flow and hemoglobin saturation (ρ=0.89, p=9×10−6, N=15) and a moderate correlation between shear rate on the vessel wall and hemoglobin saturation (ρ=0.56, p=0.03, N=15).
Effect of ionizing radiation on unesterified tocopherols in fresh chicken breast muscle.

Abstract The effect of ionizing radiation on free tocopherols in chicken was determined Raw chicken breast muscle with skin and adipose tissue removed was subjected to gamma radiation from a 137Cs source at 1, 2·25, 5·0, and 10·0 kGy. The chicken was packaged aerobically, and irradiated at 4°C. Free tocopherols were extracted directly from the meat without a saponification step. The tocopherols were resolved using normal phase, high performance liquid chromatography by spectrophotofluorometric detection. Irradiation resulted in a significant linear decrease in alpha and gamma tocopherol with increasing dose levels. At 3 kGy, the maximum level approved by the FDA for poultry, a 15% reduction of free gamma tocopherol and a 30% reduction for free alpha tocopherol were observed.
Self-focus and relational knowledge

Abstract Cognitive processes responsible for the effect of self-focus on performance were investigated. In the first experiment, the possibility that self-focus increases the memory for the cognitive operations used in generating words was examined. Self-focus, as produced by focusing on feelings, increased the accuracy of delayed recognition memory both for self-generated words, where more cognitive operations were used, and for the repetition of experimenter-supplied words, where fewer cognitive operations were used. Thus, self-focus did not increase memory more when more cognitive operations were used. Because the recognition memory in the initial experiment had been tested after a week, it was possible that the increase in recognition memory was due to an increase in the use of organization after self-focus. The likelihood of this possibility was strengthened when, in the second experiment, it was found that self-focus resulted in an increase in the automatic integration of propositions. In the third experiment after self-focus there was better memory for the connections formed in that experiment. Increased relating of material after self-focus is proposed as a mechanism by which self-focus affects performance.
Evidence for the inhibitory subunit of adenylate cyclase (Ni) in nervous and heart tissue of Aplysia.

Abstract Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) plays a critical role in modulating a variety of neuronal responses in Aplysia californica. Previous studies have focused on the neurotransmitter activation of adenylate cyclase, which presumably occurs via the guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)-regulated excitatory subunit (Ns). While adenylate cyclase has also been shown to be regulated by inhibitory neurotransmitters, coupled through the inhibitory GTP-regulated coupling protein Ni in some systems, the effects of Ni-mediated adenylate cyclase inhibition on neuronal processing in Aplysia have not previously been reported. In the present study Ni is detected in Aplysia by both protein chemistry and enzymatic activity. A 40 kdalton substrate for the enzymatic activity of Bordetella pertussis toxin is observed. Incubation of Aplysia nervous tissue homogenates with pertussis toxin (IAP) and 32P-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide labels a single protein, assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Furthermore, crude membrane suspensions of this tissue demonstrate biphasic adenylate cyclase activity in response to increasing concentrations of GTP, showing Ni and Ns functional activities. These findings provide evidence that Ni is present in Aplysia tissue. Ni may serve as an important site for the regulation of cAMP synthesis and neuronal plasticity.
Protein model assessment via machine learning techniques

We attempt to solve the problem of protein model assessment using machine learning techniques and information from sequence and structure of the protein. The goal is to generate a machine that understands structures from PDB and given a new model, predicts whether or not it belongs to the class of PDB structures. We show two such machines (SVM and FDT); results appear promising for further analysis. To reduce computational overhead, multiprocessor environment and basic feature selection method is used. The prediction accuracy using improved FDT is above 80% and results are better when compared with other machine learning techniques.
Trigger processor for the APEX positron-electron spectrometer

Abstract The APEX experiment is designed to study anomalous positron-electron pair production in heavy-ion collisions. Its trigger processor is designed to give a fast, first-level trigger which initiates data readout for interesting events. This is achieved by identifying the back-to-back 511 keV annihilation radiation from positron decay. The radiation is detected in a segmented NaI(Tl) calorimeter and the trigger processor identifies those patterns of hit detectors which are consistent with back-to-back decay. A fast pattern recognition algorithm gives triggering pulses within the 82.5 ns accelerator beam pulse period. Valid hit patterns are software-coded into memory and can be easily changed. A novel two-level discriminator, constructed from standard IC devices, provides self-vetoing to reduce background associated with cosmic ray muons.
Recent performance data on the Tektronix TK1024A imager: back-illuminated, MPP, and non-MPP operating modes

The TK1024 four quadrant readout imager has been in production for several years and has evolved into a device with a high level of performance. Current production volumes are several hundred wafer starts per year (4 devices per wafer). In the last year improvements have been made in dark current with the addition of MPP unpiants and the reduction of MOSFET read noise. The paper presented at last year''s symposium focused on general performance data (SPIE vol. 1447 pgs 298 - 309 ). This paper will discuss specific test data recently observed on devices fabricated with the current process. Data on read noise conversion gain and dark current versus temperature in both non-MPP and MPP modes will be the emphasis of this paper. In addition information wifi be presented on Full Well versus operating voltages and optimal timing for MPP operation in the typical slow scan (50 kilopixels/sec) readout mode. 1.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Migration, insecurity and identity: The Nepali dairymen in India's Northeast

The migration of the Nepalis to Northeast India for cattle grazing and dairy farming since the last years of the nineteenth century evolved as a mainstay of later Nepali migrations in the twentieth century. It is significant that this group of migrants enjoyed active colonial patronage, along with the labourers and Gurkha soldiers in the army, but was among the first to face the impact of changing colonial land and taxation policies. Government policies of exclusion and nativist attitudes in post-independence India caused them considerable insecurity about their status in the region. This paper highlights the evolution of the Nepali dairy farmers as an important economic group within the larger group of Nepali migrants in Northeast India, and looks at the issues that led to a redefinition of their relations in the host country and articulations for reassertion/or search for an identity in India.
Pleiotropic effects of prostaglandin E2 in hematopoiesis; prostaglandin E2 and other eicosanoids regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function.

Eicosanoids have been implicated in the physiological regulation of hematopoiesis with pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic stem cells and various classes of lineage restricted progenitor cells. Herein we review the effects of eicosanoids on hematopoiesis, focusing on new findings implicating prostaglandin E2 in enhancing hematopoietic stem cell engraftment by enhancing stem cell homing, survival and self-renewal. We also describe a role for cannabinoids in hematopoiesis. Lastly, we discuss the yin and yang of various eicosanoids in modulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell functions and summarize potential strategies to take advantage of these effects for therapeutic benefit for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Low-energy electron diffraction study of submonolayer mixtures of carbon monoxide and nitrogen with argon physisorbed on graphite.

Submonolayer mixtures of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen (${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$) with argon (Ar) are physisorbed on the basal plane of a graphite single crystal. The structures for these mixtures are studied by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) at temperatures between 10 and 40 K. The phase diagrams of these mixtures are inferred from LEED patterns, theoretical arguments, and comparison with Barrett and Meyer's bulk phase diagrams of CO-Ar and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-Ar mixtures. The long-range orientationally and compositionally ordered commensurate CO-Ar pinwheel structure previously reported by You, Fain, Satija, and Passell coexists at low temperatures with a phase-separated incommensurate Ar-rich phase for Ar compositions of more than 25 mol? A short-range commensurate compositional ordering for the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-Ar mixtures is inferred from the LEED patterns.
Effect of prior deformation on Co-Ti, Co-Ti-Nb and Co-Ti-Fe alloys

The influence of prior deformation in spinodally decomposing Co-Ti, Co-Ti-Nb and Co-Ti-Fe alloys has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy and hardness isotherms. Deformation seems to have an influence on the decomposition sequence in Co-3% Ti alloy; however, it does not affect the sequence of transformations in the ternary alloys. The ternary alloys show peak hardness after deformation and subsequent annealing at 873 K. The peak hardness of the deformed alloys occurred quite early, compared with the undeformed alloys.
The impact of news use and social capital on youth wellbeing: An aggregate‐level analysis

The current study explores the socioenvironmental determinants of youth development, with a focus on the mass media and social capital; it tests a model in which news use and social capital influence youth wellbeing. Social capital is operationally defined in terms of youth involvement and perceptions of place, and youth wellbeing is measured with youth arrest and youth pregnancy. Individual-level data come from three telephone surveys of adults in 38 counties in the state of Iowa, with macro-level data coming from the same counties. Over time, youth involvement increased significantly, while youth pregnancy decreased significantly. Perceptions of place and youth arrest remained constant. After transforming the individual-level measures to the aggregate, structural equation modeling offered support for a three-step model in which news use influences social capital, which, in turn, influences youth wellbeing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 947–965, 2007.
Plasmid-mediated isolation of a repressor protein.

Abstract A multicopy chimeric plasmid enriched for operator sequences has been used to mobilize and isolate a repressor protein. The procedure relies on the intact isolation of a plasmid DNA-protein complex, precipitation of the complex with polyethylene glycol, ionic elution of the bound protein, and final purification on phosphocellulose columns. The procedure was tested by isolation of the lac repressor and is presented as a general method for isolation of other specific DNA-binding proteins.
Evidence for the retinoid control of urothelial alkaline phosphatase

Abstract The amount of alkaline phosphatase activity per μg of DNA in the urothelium (transitional epithelium) of the rat urinary bladder, organ-cultured in chemically-defined serum-free medium, decreased greater than 70% during a 13 day culture period. This decrease in enzyme activity corresponded inversely with the increase in cell number in the urothelium indicating that enzyme synthesis did not accompany growth. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased back to values approaching normal enzyme levels during a 3 day culture period by the addition of 10 μM retinoic acid. Retinol also increased enzyme activity but it was only half as effective as retinoic acid. A significant increase in enzyme activity was initiated by 1 μM retinoic acid, however the most effective concentration was at 10 μM.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY V. PHENOMENA OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN BLOCKED AND SPLENECTOMIZED MICE.

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of one intravenous injection of India ink as well as splenectomy did not alter the course of either Pneumococcus Type I infection or tetanus intoxication in mice. 2. The protective action of Antipneumococcus Type I serum against the corresponding infection, as determined by the injection of in vitro prepared mixtures of serum and culture, was definitely lower in mice which had received one blocking injection of India ink shortly before the test. 3. Titration of tetanus toxin and antitoxin in blocked and splenectomized mice gave results identical with those obtained in normal mice, if in vitro prepared and incubated toxin-antitoxin mixtures were injected. The degree of protection, however, conferred by a preceding dose of antitoxin against subsequent intoxication, was markedly lower in blocked mice than in normal control animals, this difference becoming more pronounced with the increase of the time interval.
The effectiveness of breath-holding to stabilize lung and pancreas tumors during radiosurgery

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of breath-holding on the short-term reproducibility and long-term variability of tumor position during image-guided radiosurgery. Method: Thirteen patients have undergone single-fraction radiosurgery treatments during which the tumor was repeatedly imaged radiographically to observe its position. The imaging data were used to monitor the efficacy of breath-holding and to periodically readjust the alignment of the treatment beam with the tumor. These measurements have allowed the effects of breathing, heartbeat, patient movement, and instrumental uncertainties to be separately identified in the record of tumor position. Results: During inspiration breath-holding, the lung tumor position was reproducible to within 1 mm, on average, in the direction of maximum displacement during regular breathing, and to within 1.8 mm in three dimensions overall. The pancreas tumor position in three dimensions was reproducible to within 2.5 mm on average. Some patients showed a slow, steady drift of tumor position during the extended sequence of breath-holds, which was compensated by periodic retargeting of the treatment beam. Conclusion: Breath-holding can allow the reduction of tumor motion dosimetry margins to 2 mm or less for lung cancer treatments, provided that the treatment system can detect and adapt to long-term variations in the mean tumor position during a lengthy treatment fraction.
Reassessment of the oceanic residence time of phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the growth of all organisms and is believed to limit marine productivity, especially on geologic time scales (Holland, 1984; Smith, 1984; Howarth, 1988; Codispoti, 1989). As a result of the link between marine photosynthetic productivity and atmospheric CO2, phosphorus along with other nutrients present in short supply in the euphoric zone have been cited as potential players in the ocean's role in climate change. This link has been referred to as the "nutrient-CO2" connection (Broecker, 1982). Model simulations which aim to quantify the role of oceanic nutrient inventories in promoting or enhancing climate change rely on the most currently formulated element budgets for the ocean. In this paper significant modifications to the currently accepted marine phosphorus budget are proposed. The modified P budget presented here requires a reassessment of phosphorus residence time in the ocean, and a concomitant review of the role of P as a potential player in climate change over glacialinterglacial time scales. Element budgets constructed for the oceans consist of a mass balance between inputs and outputs, for which the simplifying assumption is generally made that the ocean is in steady state with the specific element in question. The fluvial P flux constitutes the bulk of the input term for the marine phosphorus budget (atmospheric input is < 10% of the fluvial input: Froelich et al., 1982 ). Burial with sediments is the mechanism for ultimate removal of P from the oceans. For a system at steady state, the input flux equals the output flux. In the present paper, we focus on the output flux, burial with sediments, for two reasons. First, the chemistry of phosphorus buried in sediment cores, from which P burial fluxes are calculated, has not been affected to the same degree as rivers by anthropogenic perturbation. It is therefore simpler to quantify the output term of the P budget which can be extrapolated to pre-anthropogenic times. Second, detailed P speciation data permit us to quantify the burial flux of reactive-P as contrasted with refractory-P in sediments. This distinction is significant because burial of reactive-P constitutes removal of potentially bio-available P from the oceans. Two types of modification to the marine phosphorus budget are proposed here. First, the locus of P burial is addressed. Specifically, the importance of P burial in the deep sea is contrasted with P burial in continental margins. Second, the burial flux is characterized in terms of reactive(potentially bio-available) P vs. refractory-P. This distinction is made possible by obtaining detailed P speciation data from application of the SEDEX method (Ruttenberg, 1992), a selective leaching procedure which separates solid-phase P into five reservoirs on the basis of chemical reactivity: loosely-sorbed P; ferric iron bound-P; authigenic apatite + biogenic apatite + C a C O 3 bound-P; detrital apatite P; and organic-P. Detailed P spe-
Relationship between Ceo Compensation and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence of Labor Market Norms

The study supports the existence of a relationship between components of CEO compensation and firm performance. On average, the sampled firms can be characterized as having high levels of CEO cash compensation and high ROE, as well as high levels of stock option values and high market returns. These between‐firm effects suggest the existence of labor market norms linking executive compensation with firm performance. CEO cash compensation was also strongly influenced by CEO age and firm size.
Decomposition of almost complete tripartite graphs into two isomorphic factors of fixed diameter

An almost complete tripartite graph [email protected]?"m"""1","m"""2","m"""3 is obtained by removing an edge from the complete tripartite graph K"m"""1","m"""2","m"""3. A graph that can be decomposed into two isomorphic factors of diameter d is d-halvable. Froncek classified all 4-halvable almost complete tripartite graphs of even order in which the missing edge has its endpoints in two partite sets of odd order. In this paper, we classify 4-halvable almost complete tripartite graphs of even order for which the missing edge has an endpoint in a partite set with an even number of vertices. We also classify all 4-halvable almost complete tripartite graphs of odd order. Finally, we give a partial classification of 3- and 5-halvable almost complete tripartite graphs.
Parasitoids acquired by Coleophora parthenica [Lepidoptera : Coleophoridae] ten years after its introduction into Southern California for the biological control of Russian thistle

Parasitism of the stem and branch-boring mothColeophora parthenica Meyrick [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae], introduced into California for the biological control of Russian thistle,Salsola australis R. Brown [Chenopodiaceae] was studied in the Coachella Valley of southern California during 1985–1986.
An improved jugular cannulation procedure and cannula storage apparatus

Abstract A jugular cannulation technique is described which significantly improves existing procedures for withdrawing sequential blood samples from small laboratory animals. The procedure provides an improved method of storing the cannula in an innocuous protective apparatus allowing long-term serial bleeding.
Chaos in the thermal convection of weakly shear-thinning fluids

Abstract The influence of weak shear thinning on the onset of chaos in thermal convection is examined for a Carreau-Bird fluid. A truncated Fourier representation of the flow and temperature field leads to a three-dimensional system that generalizes the classical Lorenz system for a Newtonian fluid. It is found that the critical Rayleigh number at the onset of thermal convection remains the same as for a Newtonian fluid, but the amplitude and nature of the convective cellular structure is dramatically altered by shear thinning. The presence of shear thinning leads to a second Hopf bifurcation around the convective branches in addition to the one usually present in the Lorenz system. While chaotic behavior sets in, as the Rayleigh number increases, at the first Hopf bifurcation similarly to the case of a Newtonian fluid, there appears a series of periodic behaviors (inverse period doubling) leading to intermittency and again to chaos at a Rayleigh number that becomes increasingly smaller as the effect of shear thinning increases.
The selfish nature of generosity: Harassment and food sharing in primates

Animals may share food to gain immediate or delayed fitness benefits. Previous studies of sharing have concentrated on delayed benefits such as reciprocity, trade and punishment. This study tests an alternative model (the harassment or sharing-under-pressure hypothesis) in which a food owner immediately benefits because sharing avoids costly harassment from a beggar. I present an experiment that varies the potential ability of the beggar to harass, and of the owner to defend the food, to examine the effects of harassment on food sharing in two primate species: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). For both species, high levels of harassment potential significantly increased both beggar harassment and sharing by the owner. Food defensibility did not affect harassment or sharing. Interestingly, squirrel monkeys and chimpanzees shared equally frequently with conspecifics despite a much higher natural sharing rate in chimpanzees. These results suggest that harassment can play a significant role in primate food sharing, providing a simple alternative to reciprocity. The selfish nature of harassment has implications for economic, psychological and evolutionary studies of cooperative systems.
The Proposed South Kensington and Paddington Subway

ALTHOUGH there can be no question but that any facilities of access to the group of buildings on the ground of the Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851 will be greatly to the advantage of the public, the objections to the proposed railway raised in your recent article on “Shaking the Foundations of Science” are worthy of most serious consideration, if they are not altogether fatal to the scheme. The alternative route for the line which you suggest, along Queen's Gate, would meet with equal difficulties, much greater expense, and certain opposition in several quarters. There is, however, another solution of the question free from most of the objections to both the others.
A method for curve-fitting by exponential functions☆

Abstract A method is presented for fitting exponential functions to data of the decay type. In an elementary “peeling-off” form of the method, the local ordinate is plotted against the local first derivative of the data. The straight line portion of this graph at large time, if it exists, yields simultaneously a constant (asymptotic value) plus an exponential, which can be subtracted from the given curve and the procedure repeated. The method permits judging the data in simple fashion for suitability of fit by exponentials simultaneously with the fitting itself. The method is formulated as an analytic version of Prony's method, which permits clarification of certain difficulties of the latter. Procedures are suggested for fitting exponentials with closely spaced half-lives, and for fitting functions other than exponential. The method is illustrated by application to data on the time course of respiratory uptake of a highly fat-soluble inert gas by human subjects.
Bacterial meningitic deafness: Historical development of epidemiology and cellular pathology

Meningitis resulting in labyrinthitis and its associated hearing loss was first described by several authors during 1864 and 1865 but it was not integrated into the otological cannon until H. Knapp's publications of 1871. These reports were incorporated by St John Rossa in his textbook of 1873. Politzer, in 1882, included a fuller description of the clinical symptoms. Analysis of records of the etiologies of students in 90 schools for the deaf in North America from 1817 to 1893 showed that before the mid-1870s meningitis was rarely identified as an etiology (<1%) but by the 1880s it accounted for 10–20% of all etiologies, with male preponderance. Cellular pathology of meningitic labyrinthitis from the 1860s to the 1990s examined the ways in which bacteria invaded the inner ear. Human temporal bone studies were a major source of understanding of the pathological processes. Honda, in 1927, injected guinea pigs intracranially with live bacteria, and observed the effects on the membranous labyrinth. In 1988 L...
HETEROGENEITY IN POLLEN ALLELE FREQUENCIES AMONG CONES, WHORLS, AND TREES OF TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE (PINUS PUNGENS)

Pinus pungens Lambert (Table Mountain pine) is characterized by serotinous cones that are borne several (two to five) per whorl. Sporophytic and gametophytic tissues from whorls collected in different canopy zones of eight trees were electrophoresed and surveyed for six allozyme loci. Pollen allele frequencies received by individual trees, whorls on trees, and cones in whorls were estimated and used to estimate outcrossing rates and the distribution of genetic diversity within and among each level. Significant differences in pollen allele frequencies were detected at all levels, indicating that the genetic composition of the pollen pool available to different female strobili is heterogeneous. The fine-scale genetic structure in the seed pool is a record of past reproductive events and is the precursor to genetic structure in the next generation.
47.1: A 32‐in. Integrated Hg‐free Lamp that Eliminates Problems of Backlights with Multiple Lamps

To date backlight solutions for large size LCD TV's are relying on direct lights using multiple tubing systems based on mercury. Besides other drawbacks the use of Hg has to be paid off by intrinsic Hg reactions with lamp components which result in blackening and efficiency depreciation. Direct light B/L units with a large number of discharge tubes are suffering much more by that intrinsic drawback than all other known systems relying on Hg. As a consequence, it seems to be questionable whether the demand of TV application to guarantee a uniform aging over lifetime can be met. With the 32″ lamp of the new PLANON generation a breakthrough for LCD TV backlighting has been achieved. The mercury free, xenon based one-body lamp solution delivers instant light and long lifetime. Maintenance problems and the uncertainty of an inhomogeneous appearance during lifetime as, e.g., shadowing or striping of the radiation pattern in the LCD panel area as they may reveal in mercury based systems do not arise. After the redesign of lamp and production technology of PLANON the door to a cost effective mass production with the ability for an up scaling to high volume production within short times has been opened.
Thermal management and desorption modeling of a cryo-adsorbent hydrogen storage system

Abstract Adsorbent based hydrogen storage systems using activated carbon or metal organic framework (MOF) materials are among the most promising material based hydrogen storage systems. In this effort, a complete 3-D discharge model to simulate extraction of hydrogen from the storage bed for fuel cell operation is developed. The desorption process is endothermic and the heating requirement is met by a heating element which includes a helical coil and a central longitudinal rod placed inside the bed. Since thermal conductivity of adsorbent bed plays a crucial role in determining the temperature distribution, simulations were performed to find an optimum conductivity range that can facilitate maximum extraction of hydrogen from the bed along with a fairly uniform bed temperature distribution. Finally, storage system designs including the adsorbent bed and heating system for two adsorbents – an activated carbon (AX-21) and a MOF material (MOF-5) – are presented.
Image library approach to evaluating parametric uncertainty in metrology of isolated feature width

When measuring the width of an isolated line or space on a wafer or photomask, only the feature's image is measured, not the object itself. Often the largest contributors to measurement uncertainty are the uncertainties in the parameters which affect the image. Measurement repeatability is often smaller than the combined parametric uncertainty. An isolated feature's edges are far enough away from nearest edges of other features that its image does not change if this distance is increased (about 10 wavelengths in an optical microscope or exposure tool, or several effective-beam-widths in a SEM). When the leading and trailing edges of the same feature are not isolated from each other the metrology process becomes nonlinear. Isolated features may not be amenable to measurement by grating methods (e.g., scatterometry), and there is no hard lower limit to how small an isolated feature can be measured. There are several ways to infer the size of an isolated feature from its image in a microscope (SEM, AFM, optical,...), and they all require image modeling. Image modeling accounts for the influence of all of the parameters which can affect the image, and relates the apparent linewidth (in the image) to the true linewidth (on the object). The values of these parameters, however, have uncertainties and these uncertainties propagate through the model and lead to parametric uncertainty in the linewidth measurement, along with the scale factor uncertainty and the measurement repeatability. The combined measurement uncertainty is required in order to decide if the result is adequate for its intended purpose and to ascertain if it is consistent with other similar results. The parametric uncertainty for optical photomask measurements derived using an edge threshold approach has been described previously [1]; this paper describes an image library approach to this issue and shows results for optical photomask metrology over a linewidth and spacewidth range of 10 nm to 4 μm. The principles will be described, the 1-dimensional image library used and the method of comparing images, along with a simple interpolation method, will be explained, and results presented. This method is easily extended to any kind of imaging microscope and to p dimensions, where p is the number of imaging parameters used. It is more general than the edge threshold method and leads to markedly different results for features smaller than a wavelength.
A relative generalized Lefschetz number

Abstract The generalized Lefschetz number of a selfmap on a finite CW complex is a trace-like quantity that captures both the Lefschetz number and the Nielsen number of the map. In this paper, we will define a relative generalized Lefschetz number for a selfmap f :( X , A ) →( X , A ) of a finite CW pair, in terms of the generalized Lefschetz numbers of the maps f on X and f A = f ∣ A on A . From this number one can extract the relative Nielsen number, thereby allowing us to compute it as a trace.
Nucleation of dislocations from crack tips under mixed modes of loading: Implications for brittle against ductile behaviour of crystals

The variational boundary integral method of Xu and Ortiz is taken as a basis for studying dislocation nucleation from atomically sharp cracks under combined mode I-mode II loading. The tension-shear potential of Rice et al. is extended to allow for skewness in the shear resistance curve and to account for the surface production resistance which accompanies ledge formation. The calculated unstable equilibrium configurations of the incipient dislocations and the dependence of the associated activation energies on crack tip energy release rate are found to differ from the Rice-Beltz perturbation solution and the Schock-Puschl more approximate solution. Simulations of dislocation nucleation on inclined slip planes reveal that, while tension softening facilitates nucleation, surface production resistance impedes it. The extent to which these two effects influence critical conditions for dislocation nucleation is quantified. The calculations suggest that homogeneous dislocation nucleation on inclined planes is not favoured for materials with all but the lowest of unstable stacking-energy-to-surface-energy ratios. This emphasizes the importance of heterogeneous dislocation nucleation and nucleation on oblique slip planes on which free surface production should play a much weaker role. The implications of these findings on the nucleation-controlled brittle-ductile transition in cleavage fracture are discussed.
Optimized clock gating cell for low power design in nanoscale CMOS technology

This paper discusses a novel clock gating cell (CGC) optimized for high performance and low power design. The conventional CGC is analyzed along with other low power implementations of the CGC that have previously been proposed. The new CGC topology is proposed and compared to the topologies previously introduced in terms of dynamic clock power, leakage, area and timing.
Teaching banking skills to mildly mentally retarded adolescents

In this study, two experiments evaluated a classroom training program designed to teach basic banking skills to three mildly mentally retarded adolescents. The participants were taught to open savings and checking accounts during Experiment I and to conduct banking transactions during Experiment II. The banking transaction skills acquired in Experiment II maintained at high levels and generalized to two novel environments for two participants, whereas moderate generalization and maintenance scores were obtained by the third participant. The average performance of the mentally retarded participants compared favorably with the scores obtained by 10 college student volunteers in both the percentage of correct responses and the pattern of incorrect responses.
Abstract 3296: SRC-3 is a critical mediator in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Androgen ablation therapy is the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer. While tumors initially respond to androgen deprivation, they almost always recur with an androgen-independent phenotype termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Castration-resistant tumors are incurable with current therapy regimens and account for most prostate cancer mortality. Better understanding of their biology is therefore critical for devising novel treatment options. Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is a nuclear receptor coactivator that promotes growth of endocrine tissues. It enhances proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines and is highly expressed in advanced human prostate tumors. Despite this, the role of SRC-3 in CRPC is not well studied. PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in most human prostate cancers. Mice harboring PTEN deletion in prostatic epithelial cells develop cancer that arises from progenitors in the luminal epithelial and basal compartments. Tumors histologically mimic advanced human disease and are castration-resistant. We hypothesized that, in prostate tumors caused by PTEN deletion, SRC-3 is a critical mediator for accelerating the development of CRPC. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice in which floxed PTEN and SRC-3 genes were concomitantly deleted in prostate epithelial cells via a Cre recombinase driven by the Probasin promoter. We first compared tumor mass, histology and biomarkers in these PTENf/f/SRC-3f/f/ARR2PBiCre (pten3cko) mice vs. PTENf/f/ARR2PBiCre (ptencko) mice. We found that while tumor growth in pten3cko mice was slightly inhibited at 9 wks of age, tumor histology and cellular composition were not markedly different. We then castrated mice of both genotypes at 9-wks-old and harvested tumors at 12wks. Interestingly, castrated ptencko mice had significantly worsened tumor aggressiveness–as indicated by increased proliferation index, reduced differentiation (increased p63; decreased K5 and K8) and increased reactive stroma (double staining of SMA and vimentin)–versus their non-castrated counterparts. Amazingly, in addition to significantly reducing tumor size, SRC-3 ablation reversed all changes comprising the aggressive phenotype seen in the post-castration tumors. Further investigation showed SRC-3 deletion decreased mTOR signaling. Together, these data show that castration induces a worse tumor phenotype in the setting of PTEN deletion and that SRC-3 promotes this process by inducing epithelial cell proliferation and enhancing the growth-promoting effect of these cells on the stroma. Therefore, SRC-3 may serve as a potential target for controlling CRPC development. Citation Format: Jean Ching-Yi Tien, Zhaoliang Liu, Li Gao, Jianming Xu. SRC-3 is a critical mediator in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C53.
Application of the Grieshaber air system to maintain endotracheal tube cuff pressure.

Abstract The Grieshaber ® Air System was designed to maintain intraocular pressure during ophthalmologic surgery. It also has been used to maintain pressure in leaking endotracheal tube cuffs. It is a very useful device, especially if the intubation is difficult or the patient's position precludes replacement of the endotracheal tube. Two patients are presented in whom the system was used to maintain endotracheal tube cuff pressure.
A Mariner 9 atlas of the moons of Mars

During its active lifetime Mariner 9 obtained 32 high-resolution pictures of Phobos, and 9 of Deimos. The spacecraft orbit was adequate for about 80% complete coverage of Phobos. However, the coverage of the outer satellite was restricted to the Mars-facing side. The approaches used in processing the pictures are discussed. For each satellite picture a coordinate grid of the satellite was obtained with the aid of a computer.
Psychological stress is associated with relapse in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic hepatitis of unknown aetiology that is marked by the presence of circulating auto-antibodies, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and liver biopsy showing plasma cell infiltration, inter-face hepatitis and piece-meal necrosis (1). Its course is marked by responsiveness to immunosuppressive medications with episodes of remission and relapse (2). Sixty-five percent of patients enter remission within 18 months and 80% achieve remission within 3 years (3, 4). Even with achievement of remission, studies indicate that 50–87% of patients will relapse within 1 year after stopping medication (3-5). In one study > 80% had one or more relapses, despite treatment from 7 to 43 years (5). It remains unclear what factors account for the high frequency of relapse in AIH, although both short treatment duration and failure to normalize disease activity have been suggested (6, 7). To date, no study has examined pathogenic mechanisms which might lead to relapse, although psychological stress, particularly life events perceived as stressful, have been cited anecdotally by physicians and patients to worsen disease activity (5). Psychological stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the sympathetic nervous system and ultimately leads to immune dysregulation (8) marked by increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (9, 10). In autoimmune diseases, augmentation of a pro-inflammatory response could have deleterious effects in tissues that are particularly susceptible to immune stimulation. In this study we hypothesize that life events equated with psychological stress might be associated with relapse or recrudescence of disease activity, and seek to determine factors associated with a relapsing-remitting course. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), a well-recognized life events scaling instrument, was used to measure psychological stress (11). Our findings suggest that psychological stress is associated with relapse in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.