cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment of the Editor: C2-C1 transarticular fixation.

The Letter to the Editor of R.E.E. Oman˜a et al. concerning‘‘Anterior Pedicle Screw Fixation of C2: An AnatomicAnalysis of Axis Morphology and Simulated SurgicalFixation’’ and the response on it by Zeng-Hui Wu et al. is avaluable contribution to optimize anterior pedicle screwﬁxation of C2 in the stabilization of C1/C2 dislocation.However, I wonder why these authors are so much‘‘ﬁxed’’ on an anterior screw placement as an adjunct tostabilize the segment C1/C2 from the front.This is indeed not a simple technique and induces all thedifﬁculties and risks of a transoral surgery. There is a well-established alternative, which can be achieved through a‘‘classical’’ anterolateral cervical approach at the level ofC5, exactly like the approach for an anterior odontoidscrew ﬁxation. With the proper retractor systems, thisapproach can even be performed as a minimally invasiveprocedure. The speciﬁc anatomic structure of the massalateralis of C2 with the superior part of it overlappinganteriorly like a terrace the anterior transarticular C2–C1screw ﬁxation is relatively easy to be performed. Thereduced joint C1/C2 can be held with a K-wire, which actsadditionally as a guide wire for the self-cutting cannulatedscrews.This technique is extensively described in the AO-Manual for Spine Surgery as well as in the originalliterature [1–3]. It is a pity that the authors do not cite thiselegant technique as an alternative to a somewhat cum-bersome technique.Furthermore, it may not be of relevance that we have toextend the anatomical studies to other races and genderdependent, since every surgeon, who decides to use thisrare technique should anyway evaluate the anatomicallandmarks of the speciﬁc patient to be treated in order toplan the surgery as safely as possible.
Network Marketing and Supply Chain Management: Here to Stay

Network marketing, as a strategic tool of supply chain management, has been gaining popularity. This paper looks at the network marketing-supply chain paradigm, and analyses some of its implications. The network marketing paradigm has become more significant because of the growth/popularity of the internet, which provides a powerful impetus to the whole concept of effective network marketing-supply chain management. This mainly conceptual, theoretical study will also provide a practical perspective by looking at a few manufacturing and service companies that are implementing the network marketing-supply chain strategy model in some form. The study develops an effective network marketing-supply chain management model that uses network marketing and supply chain management as key strategies, and shows their positive impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study contends that network marketing and supply chain management are here to stay!
Modulation of granulocyte LAM-1 and MAC-1 during dialysis--a prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Modulation of granulocyte LAM-1 and MAC-1 during dialysis—A prospective, randomized controlled trial. Hemodialysis with first-use cellulosic dialysis membranes results in activation of the alternative pathway of complement and profound neutropenia followed by rebound leukocytosis. The neutropenia has been shown to be associated with increased expression of adhesion receptors and pulmonary sequestration of granulocytes. However, the mechanism underlying the return of the granulocytes has not been elucidated. We determined simultaneously the changes in the granulocyte adhesion receptor MAC-1 (CD11b-CD18) and the selectin LAM-1 receptor during dialysis using a complement activating and a non-complement activating membrane, in a randomized, cross-over study. With initiation of dialysis with cellulosic membranes, there was a rapid and prominent increase in the expression of MAC-1 receptors. At the nadir of granulocyte count, 15 minutes after initiation of dialysis with the complement activating membrane, there was a four-fold increase in the MAC-1 receptor expression. At the same time, there was a two-fold decrease in LAM-1 expression. There were no changes in the expression of two other granulocyte receptors CD 11a and CD 15 which are known not to be modulated during granulocyte activation. Granulocytes harvested during dialysis and which had high MAC-1 and low LAM-1 expression had a significantly decreased adherence to endothelial cell monolayers. Dialysis of the same patients with non-complement activating membranes resulted in no significant change in the expression of these receptors on granulocytes nor in their adherence to endothelial cells. These results shed new light on the mechanism of the cyclical granulocytopenia and rebound granulocytosis during dialysis with new cellulosic membranes.
Confocal reflectance microscopy of basal cell cancers ex vivo: progress toward enhancing contrast and detectability of nuclei relative to dermis

Mohs surgery is a staged procedure for microscopically excising basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) while preserving the surrounding normal skin. Serial excisions are performed with each excision being guided by examination of the frozen histology. Mohs surgery is a meticulous and time-consuming (15-45 minutes per excision) procedure requiring several (2-20) excisions and frozen histology prepared for each excision. Real-time confocal reflectance microscopy may make Mohs surgery more efficient by enabling rapid detection of BCCs directly in fresh, unprocessed excisions, and thereby possibly avoiding frozen histology. As previously reported, we are developing an acetowhitening-and-cross polarized method to detect BCCs with a confocal reflectance microscope. Acetowhitening compacts the chromatin within the nucleus, increasing nuclear backscatter, and brightening the nuclei in the confocal images of the tissue. Our experiments to optimize acetowhitening, using acetic acid concentrations from 1% to 30% and treatment times from 30 seconds to 5 minutes, show that a minimum concentration of 2% with minimum washing time of 2 minutes is required for enhancing nuclear morphology. Increased depolarization is observed within the compacted chromatin relative to the surrounding collagen, and imaging in brightfield or crossed polarization brightens or darkens the cellular cytoplasm and birefringent dermis; thus, we may potentially vary nuclear/cytoplasm and nuclear/dermis contrast. Images are collected, oriented, and tiled to create mosaics and sub-mosaics to view large excisions at variable 2X - 10X magnifications. To create and display mosaics, adequate pixelation relative to resolution must be maintained and precise mechanical fixturing is necessary to control tilt, sag, flattening and stability of the excised tissue specimen.
Role of grafting in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with Poly(vinyl alcohol) as an emulsifier. I. Effect of the degree of blockiness on the kinetics and mechanism of grafting

The role of grafting in particle nucleation during the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as an emulsifier and potassium persulfate as an initiator was investigated. The polymerizations were carried out in batch with a low solids (10%) recipe. An automated reaction calorimeter (Mettler RC1) was used for the direct monitoring of the kinetics of emulsion polymerizations with three medium molecular weight PVAs differing in their degrees of blockiness (Poval 217EE > 217E > 217). Smith–Ewart case 1 kinetics (average number of free radicals per particle Np (217EE) > Np (217), and the final Np was independent of the degree of blockiness of PVA. The particle size distributions were broad (particle diameter = 20–100 nm) and bimodal. On the basis of these data, we concluded that particle nucleation was continuous and was accompanied by extensive limited aggregation during the particle growth stages. The evolution of the amounts of grafted PVA and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) were determined in polymerizations employing the two PVAs differing the most in blockiness (Poval 217EE and 217). The grafted PVAc followed similar profiles, increasing with conversion, particularly near the end of the two reactions. The amounts of grafted PVAc were about the same in the final latexes (37–39%). In contrast, the grafting of PVA was nearly complete by the time monomer droplets had disappeared in each reaction (25% conversion). However, the extent of grafting differed significantly, with the blockier PVA having about one-third the grafting of the more random PVA (∼10% vs ∼30%). In these low solids recipes, grafting appeared to be primarily a solution event, occurring predominantly in the aqueous phase and not at the particle/water interface, as was previously speculated. The PVAc grafts grew until the molecules became water-insoluble and precipitated, forming polymer particles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3633–3654, 2001
Design and Control of a Compact Lightweight Planar Positioner Moving Over a Concentrated-Field Magnet Matrix

In this paper, a single-moving-part planar positioner with six coils is designed and implemented. A concentrated-field permanent-magnet matrix is employed as the stationary part. The moving platen has a compact size (185.4 mm × 157.9 mm), light mass (0.64 kg) and low-center-of-gravity. The moving platen carries three planar-motor armatures with two phases per motor. Force calculation is based on the Lorentz force law and conducted by volume integration. In order to deal with the nonlinearity due to trigonometric dependencies in the force-current relation, modified proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and lead-and-PI compensators are designed with computed currents to close the control loop and obtain the desired performances. Experimental results verified the commutation law and the force calculation. The new design with only six coils allows for simplification of the control algorithm and reduced power consumption of the positioner. The maximum travel ranges in x, y, and the rotation about the vertical axis are 15.24 cm, 20.32 cm, and 12.03°, respectively. The positioning resolution in x and y is 8 μm with the rms position noise of 6 μm. The positioning resolution in rotations about the vertical axis is 100 μrad.
Comparisons of Styrene Ionomers Prepared by Sulfonating Polystyrene and Copolymerizing Styrene with Styrene Sulfonate

As part of a continuing study of ioncontaining polymers, a comparison has been made on styrene-based sulfonate ionomers obtained by two different processes. Copolymers of styrene with sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) have been compared with corresponding polymers obtained by the sulfonation/neutralization of preformed polystyrene (S-PS). The former system covered a range of sulfonate level from 1 to 30 mol %, while the latter ranged from about 1 to 7 mol %. The characterization of these materials has been conducted using solubility behavior, dilute solution viscometry, thermal mechanical analysis, density measurements, and water adsorption studies. At low (ca. 1%) levels the solubility behavior of the SSS copolymers and the sulfonated polystyrenes were similar. However, at higher sulfonate levels the solubility behavior in different solvents and the dilute solution viscometry were significantly different for the two systems. Similarly, thermal analysis studies (DSC) showed that the glass transition of the sulfonated polystyrene increased linearly with sulfonate level, while the TR for the SSS copolymer increased modestly, up to about 7 mol % sulfonate content, and then remained constant. Significant differences in the softening behavior and water absorption characteristics were also observed for these two classes of ionomers. Although molecular weights and molecular weight distributions are not now available for these ionomers, the differences in their behavior does not appear to be due simply to differences in molecular weight. It is postulated that the differences in the copolymer and the S-PS ionomers may originate with differences in sulfonate distribution. It is suggested that the SSS monomer units are incorporated as blocks in the copolymer as opposed to a more random distribution in the S-PS ionomer. Indirect evidence in support of his argument is found, for example, in the case of the copolymer in the solubility behavior, the relative independence of T, on sulfonate concentration and the apparent existence of a second, high temperature transition tentatively attributable to an ionrich phase. Additional studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
A precision architecture for high-speed amplifier applications

A circuit configuration is suggested for the design of fixed-gain amplifiers that are intended for integrated circuit fabrication and that require both accuracy and high-speed. The approach, which does not employ negative feedback, is demonstrated in both BJT and HBT processes. Fixed-gain amplifiers are designed and tested to a specification of 0.1% gain accuracy and bandwidths in excess of 2 GHz.
Asynchronous Control Arrays

This paper introduces a class of programmable cellular arrays, called control arrays, and presents a technique for programming these arrays to realize asynchronous control systems. Control arrays are two-dimensional uniform networks composed of a collection of identical cells that can be independently programmed to one of two internal states. A control system is a device that controls one or more operations by means of initiation and termination signals that are transmitted through bidirectional control links. A control system model is developed by augmenting the marked graph model in order to represent constraints on the generation of these control signals. Finally, an array synthesis procedure for realizing control systems with control arrays is presented.
Corrugated substrate integrated waveguide with dual band non-Bragg resonance

A corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) with dual non-Bragg resonance frequencies at 4.8 GHz and 8 GHz is presented, where the two sidewalls of the SIW are not straight but corrugated in sinusoidal shape. Theory has been described and backed up by numerical simulation. In addition, test devices are fabricated and characterized. The measurement results show good agreement with those of theoretical calculation and simulation. Design parameters for dual bands include the amplitude and period of the corrugations, and the phase difference between two corrugation boundaries. The presented architecture has flexibility for broadband or multi-band applications. Design guidelines are discussed.
"Hoes can be hoed out, players can be played out, but pimp is for life"—The Pimp Phenomenon as Strategy of Identity Formation

The pimp’s ubiquity in popular and youth culture belies its divergent interpretations along racial lines. This article is an ethnographic study of how adolescents at a multiracial urban high school vary in their performance and interpretation of the pimp and how they create racialized identities through these variations. All peer groups studied understood the pimp as representing sexual prowess, but for the African American peer group, the pimp more importantly represented manipulation and generalized power. Departing from Goffman’s concepts of performance and stigma, the study illustrates the limitations of both in capturing the racializing and empowering aspects of the pimp persona for the African American students who enacted it. Merging symbolic interaction with the poststructuralist concepts of identity as lodged in discourse and with performance as transgression, this article explains how adolescents’ pimp performances produced identities that were informed by white supremacist logic but also subverted this logic in their construction of racial differences. Over the last decade, the pimp has become a central figure in American youth culture, traveling from urban rappers to suburban consumers and from inner city schools to private colleges. At my home campus in upstate New York, dedicated engineering students wear T-shirts stating “pimpin’ ain’t easy,” decorate their windows with posters stating “Pimpin’—Ho’ sale since 1869,” and approvingly greet each other with “hi pimp, what’s up?” The pimp, signifying endearment and achievement, has also become a standard in cyberspace, where Web hosts frequently feature themselves as pimp, pimp daddy, or pimptress, and has a career in the daily aired MTV show “Pimp My Ride.” But the ubiquity of this expression belies its distinct meanings and usages among young people today. This ethnographic study of students in an urban, multiracial high school examines the different meanings adolescents attached to their particular performances of the pimp and the racialized
A Symposium on Building a Coalition To Improve the Public's Oral Health: Reaction Paper

The dental research community has a social and civic responsibility to participate actively in promoting the public's oral health, but participation should be carefully orchestrated with other groups. The ADHA “Hearing on Needs” has stimulated a coalescing of groups and individuals to contribute to the welfare of society's oral health. Dental organizations—especially dental public health organizations—need to work more cooper- atively together to work, in turn, with other organizations. “In union, there is strength.”
The geochemical cycle of arsenic in Lake Washington and its relation to other elements

Abnormally high arsenic concentrations (> 200 ppm dry wt) in the surface sediments of Lake Washington are attributed to atmospheric input of partially soluble arsenic-rich dust from a copper smelter 35 km upwind and removal of dissolved As from the lake water by bacteria or an inorganic reaction. The suspended matter in the deeper lake water contains 9% iron, 8% manganese, and 350 ppm arsenic. Cores dated by /sup 210/Pb indicate that As levels began to increase in the sediments when the smelter began operation in 1890. An arsenic budget for the lake shows equal supplies from the atmosphere and from rivers, and removal by outflowing water (45%) and by accumulation in the sediments (55%). A similar cycle was observed for antimony which is released by the smelter in much smaller amounts than arsenic. About two-thirds of the As in rain and lake water was in the form of arsenate; however, in the interstitial water 55% of the dissolved As was present as Arsenite and a few percent as dimethylarsinic acid.
Efficient optimized composition of semantic web services

Advances in Internet and software technology play increasing roles in creating work environments and online services that impact our everyday living. Web service computing paradigm has revolutionized how these software applications can be developed rapidly and reliably by employing available services available in standard forms across the web. Automatic composition of web services is necessary and challenging when there are a huge growing number of available web services but no single service offers the desired function. This paper presents an approach to automatically combining published web services to meet the application requirements using as few services as possible. Our approach is based on heuristic algorithms that incorporate semantics of services from their ontology into identifying valid executable services in the composition structure. The paper describes the approach and evaluates its performance on public service repositories. Our experimental results show correct optimized solutions 100% of the time, with a reduction in the average running time, compared to champion of Web service chal-lenge'06 competition, of 60.2% over 31 composition problems.
Turning around failing schools

In this article, the author reviews research from the organizational sciences to develop turnaround policy guidelines that may prove useful for policy makers and educators. The approach is an integ...
AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading

AutoDock Vina, a new program for molecular docking and virtual screening, is presented. AutoDock Vina achieves an approximately two orders of magnitude speed-up compared with the molecular docking software previously developed in our lab (AutoDock 4), while also significantly improving the accuracy of the binding mode predictions, judging by our tests on the training set used in AutoDock 4 development. Further speed-up is achieved from parallelism, by using multithreading on multicore machines. AutoDock Vina automatically calculates the grid maps and clusters the results in a way transparent to the user.
Teaching Teams About Teamwork: Preparation, Practice, and Performance Review:

Regardless of the justifications we use for team member selection or the techniques preferred for managing team conflict, an often-overlooked yet critically important first step of collaborative assignments involves teaching teams about teamwork. Prior to working on a team project, students need to practice the collaborative skills required to complete the assignment. Although teaching teams about teamwork is not a new concept, students are often left to “sink or swim,” and they mistakenly apply individual work processes to group experiences. Falling under the categories of instructional methodology as well as classroom strategies, concepts related to teaching teams about teamwork provide students with the tools they need to perform well in collaborative assignments.
Patchiness, aggregation, and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources

. 1. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the outcome of competition between two species of carrion-breeding Diptera for food at two levels of resource patchiness. 2. Adults of Fannia howardi Malloch (Muscidae) and Megaselia scalaris Loew (Phoridae) were released into a large population cage and were given access to three 2g sections of pork kidney in one treatment (low patchiness) and to twelve 0.5g sections in the other (high patchiness). 3. Increasing the patchiness of the resource resulted in reduced overlap in the distribution of the two species, and therefore less interspecific competition. However, this did not result in improved survival of the poorer competitor, F.howardi. Both species aggregated their eggs at high patchiness, and therefore suffered from increased levels of intraspecific competition. 4. The experiment shows that increasing patchiness in this way could lead to prolonged coexistence, as has been predicted in other studies.
The Art and Danger of the Question: Its Place Within Philosophy for Children and Its Philosophical History

Philosophy has been defined as the art of questioning but throughout history, the definition and role of questions has varied within philosophy, education, and indeed life itself. The educational theory and practice known as Philosophy for Children (P4C) claims questions as central to philosophical dialogue. However, even within “P4C” we find disagreement and debate over the proper role/nature of the question. This article reviews of the current range of perspectives on questions in P4C and then traces the history of the question within the Western philosophical tradition in order to offer insight into the power and danger of philosophical inquiry.
Triangulation in Evaluation: Design and Analysis Issues

More effective use of mixed-methods evaluation designs employing quantitative and qualitative methods requires clarification of important design and analysis issues. Design needs include assessment...
Opposing Effects of Bacitracin on Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Infection: Enhancement of Binding and Entry and Inhibition of Endosomal Penetration

Cell invasion by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a complex process relying on multiple host cell factors. Here we describe an investigation into the role of cellular protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) by studying the effects of the commonly used PDI inhibitor bacitracin on HPV16 infection. Bacitracin caused an unusual time-dependent opposing effect on viral infection. Enhanced cellular binding and entry were observed at early times of infection, while inhibition was observed at later times postentry. Bacitracin was rapidly taken up by host cells and colocalized with HPV16 at late times of infection. Bacitracin had no deleterious effect on HPV16 entry, capsid disassembly, exposure of L1/L2 epitopes, or lysosomal trafficking but caused a stark inhibition of L2/viral DNA (vDNA) endosomal penetration and accumulation at nuclear PML bodies. γ-Secretase has recently been implicated in the endosomal penetration of L2/vDNA, but bacitracin had no effect on γ-secretase activity, indicating that blockage of this step occurs through a γ-secretase-independent mechanism. Transient treatment with the reductant β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) was able to partially rescue the virus from bacitracin, suggesting the involvement of a cellular reductase activity in HPV16 infection. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of cellular PDI and the related PDI family members ERp57 and ERp72 reveals a potential role for PDI and ERp72 in HPV infection.
Synthesizing optimal fixed-point arithmetic for embedded signal processing

Using fixed-point arithmetic rather than floating-point for data processing can significantly reduce the cost and power consumption of embedded systems. Unfortunately, this also shifts the burden of managing the data representation from run time to compile time, and in many cases the task of compile-time optimization must be done manually. A number of attempts have been made to formalize this process, and fixed-point methods have even been codified into an industry standard for a popular hardware-definition language, VHDL, in recent years. While the standard fixed-point libraries are certainly correct in the strict sense, they overlook an important practical consideration and may often produce results that are far from optimal. This paper discusses methods for maximizing the efficiency of fixed-point operations by careful use of the standard libraries.
2D Accessibility Analysis for Waterjet Cleaning

Effective cleaning with high pressure waterjets requires direct impact of jets and sufficiently high impact pressure. The objective of this research is to find all such cleanable regions, given a CAD model of a workpiece, by means of geometric accessibility analysis. We use a configuration space (C-space) approach for addressing the problems of both optimum surface proximity for effective cleaning and collision avoidance between the cleaning lance and the workpiece. Minkowski sums are used to compute the C-spaces and cleanable regions are then found by visibility analysis. Implementations and results for 2D examples are shown to validate the approach.
An update-aware storage system for low-locality update-intensive workloads

Traditional storage systems provide a simple read/write interface, which is inadequate for low-locality update-intensive workloads because it limits the disk scheduling flexibility and results in inefficient use of buffer memory and raw disk bandwidth. This paper describes an update-aware disk access interface that allows applications to explicitly specify disk update requests and associate with such requests call-back functions that will be invoked when the requested disk blocks are brought into memory. Because call-back functions offer a continuation mechanism after retrieval of requested blocks, storage systems supporting this interface are given more flexibility in scheduling pending disk update requests. In particular, this interface enables a simple but effective technique called Batching mOdifications with Sequential Commit (BOSC), which greatly improves the sustained throughput of a storage system under low-locality update-intensive workloads. In addition, together with a space-efficient low-latency disk logging technique, BOSC is able to deliver the same durability guarantee as synchronous disk updates. Empirical measurements show that the random update throughput of a BOSC-based B+ tree is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the same B+ tree implementation on a traditional storage system.
Psychopathic Traits Moderate Relationships Between Parental Warmth and Adolescent Antisocial And Other High-Risk Behaviors

Risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior may operate differently for youth with versus without psychopathic traits. No prior studies address positive parenting in youth with a clinical measure of psychopathic traits. This study tested whether psychopathic traits reduce responsiveness to parental warmth in terms of conduct problems, substance use, and risky sexual behavior and the alternative perspective that psychopathic traits reduce responsiveness to harsh parenting, but not responsiveness to nurturance among 214 ethnically diverse male and female adolescent detainees. Multiple regression indicated that, for adolescents with low and medium levels of affective traits—but not adolescents with high levels of these traits—higher levels of warmth were associated with marginally fewer conduct disorder symptoms and with lower levels of substance use. Similarly, the association between warmth and substance use was stronger in youth with lower levels than for youth with high levels of overall psychopathy.
Influence of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Chorionic Gonadotropin-Alpha Subunit Secretion in a Human Lung Cancer Cell Line (ChaGo): Discordance of Cytotoxic and Secretory Effects

Cells from cultures of ChaGo, a cell line of a human lung cancer that ectopically produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) were exposed to five different cancer chemotherapeutic agents in vitro in separate experiments (one drug/expt). The control doubling time averaged 4 days, with molar biphasic secretory rates of hCG-alpha ranging from a high of 58.1 to a low of 10.5 pmoles/10(6) cells/24 hours. Drug concentrations were chosen to induce a 30-60% inhibition of cell replication over a period of 8-10 days. Neither methotrexate nor vincristine demonstrated major effects on extracellular hCG-alpha production, but each agent moderately depressed cell number and each produced major inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis. Procarbazine inhibited marker production only in slight excess of inhibition of cell growth and cell protein. Actinomycin D and mechlorethamine, however, had profound effects on inhibition of hCG-alpha production in excess of cell growth. Our results indicated that cancer chemotherapeutic agents have specific and differing effects on cell growth and cell protein on the one hand and marker production on the other. These data suggested a mechanism for certain cases of discordance between hormone production and clinical status.
Reflections of a Vaccinologist: Lessons Learned About What We Can Do to Improve Trust in Vaccines and Vaccine Programs

Public trust can be improved by learning from past mistakes, by establishing a standing forum for review of new concerns as they arise, and by maintaining a robust vaccine safety system. Developing standard guidelines for reporting causality assessment in case reports would help educate physicians and prevent future unnecessary concerns based on false assumptions of causal relationships.
Who Matters?: Effective Classroom Management Strategies for Multicultural Elementary Education

3 Background and Introduction 3 Question and Thesis Statement 7 Literature Review 7 Methodology 14 Interview Results 16 Discussion 27 Common Goals 27 Facets: Explicit Strategy Explanation 30 Conclusion 32 Works Cited 33 Effective Classroom Management Practices for Multicultural Education !3
KCNJ10 (Kir4.1) is expressed in the basolateral membrane of the cortical thick ascending limb.

The aim of the present study is to examine the role of Kcnj10 (Kir.4.1) in contributing to the basolateral K conductance in the cortical thick ascending limb (cTAL) using Kcnj10+/+ wild-type (WT) a...
ACP Journal Club. Review: In older persons at vascular risk, statins do not prevent dementia or cognitive decline at 3.5 to 5 years.

Source Citation McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P. Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;1:CD003160. 26727124
Can You Hear the Drums Fernando

The author describes in this short article a cautionary tale about protecting your creative work via copyright. Sometimes it’s the smallest of details that trip us up. Little things we overlook, like dead batteries in a smoke alarm. Fernando Torres-Negron learned this lesson, taught by a United States Court of Appeals, the hard way. And it cost him dearly.In 1993 Fernando was asked by his amigo, Ruben Canuelas, to write a song for the friend’s merengue band. Fernando listened to a tape of the band’s music to pick up its style, and the result was music and lyrics for a merengue bomba rhythm song he named Noche de Fiesta. He wrote the song on a sheet of paper and made a taped recording of him singing the song. Fernando handed over the paper and the tape and didn’t look back. That is, until 2001 when he learned that the song had been included on 3 CD’s that were distributed in Puerto Rico and the continental United States without his blessing.The author goes on to describe how the musician brought suit to protect his intellectual property, and how the courts dealt with the litigation.
Fundamental Aspects of the Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction

During normal cycles of cell growth and division, cells are exquisitely sensitive to their environment, responding to many stimuli ranging from nutrient availability, growth factors, and cell density with either increased proliferation or growth arrest. The cell’s ability to sense and respond to these environmental cues is lost on the progression of cells to a malignant state, rendering cancer cells resistant to growth inhibition by growth factor withdrawal, contact inhibition, or irradiation. These cancerous cells acquire many genetic and epigenetic mutations that can constitutively activate signaling pathways to mimic growth factor signaling, block growth inhibitory signals, and fundamentally alter core components of the cell-cycle machinery, removing key inhibitors or increasing amounts and activity of key activators. Although the genetic alterations of many upstream genes of diverse function have been shown to lead to malignancy, in the end these upstream factors feed into a core network that governs cell-cycle progression.
Quantitative three-dimensional evolutionary carbonate models: forward and inverse methods

The following notes provide a quantitative mathematical basis from which a three-dimensional (in space), time dependent, numerical algorithm can be constructed to incorporate the basic processes of carbonate accumulation and diagenesis in relation to sea level variations, basement subsidence, wave base erosion, and fluid transportation (by bed load and suspended load) of eroded carbonates.
Style, Selection, and Historicity

Archaeological studies of artifact “style” largely focus on two interrelated questions. First, what kinds of social communication take place through visual stylistic phenomena? Second, how do physical considerations affect these processes and the kinds of communication that take place? For many years, archaeologists have sought to answer these two questions by searching for cross-cultural regularities. Investigators assume that regularities do exist and that knowledge of them will result in more accurate interpretations of material records of past social conditions in any culture-historical setting. In my view, these assumptions rest on shaky ground, in particular on questionable concepts of causation.
An area efficient modular architecture for real- time detection of multiple faces in video stream

Design of an efficient modular architecture for detection of multiple faces in video stream is presented in this paper. Face detection is the first step in many surveillance and security applications such as face recognition, face authentication for banking and security access control, monitoring and tracking, etc. The algorithm used for this hardware design is the Viola-Jones algorithm, which has proven to be very effective and fast. The hardware design employs a modular approach in an efficient memory management strategy for this memory-intensive application. The proposed design is targeted for a low-cost FPGA prototype board from Altera (DE2 board) for a cost-effective face detection system. The proposed approach utilizes the on-chip memory module to reduce accesses to external memory chip for improved performance in the application.
Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering.

Abstract The brain’s default mode network (DMN) is highly active during wakeful rest when people are not overtly engaged with a sensory stimulus or externally oriented task. In multiple contexts, increased spontaneous DMN activity has been associated with self-reported episodes of mind-wandering, or thoughts that are unrelated to the present sensory environment. Mind-wandering characterizes much of waking life and is often associated with error-prone, variable behavior. However, increased spontaneous DMN activity has also been reliably associated with stable, rather than variable, behavior. We aimed to address this seeming contradiction and to test the hypothesis that single measures of attentional states, either based on self-report or on behavior, are alone insufficient to account for DMN activity fluctuations. Thus, we simultaneously measured varying levels of self-reported mind-wandering, behavioral variability, and brain activity with fMRI during a unique continuous performance task optimized for detecting attentional fluctuations. We found that even though mind-wandering co-occurred with increased behavioral variability, highest DMN signal levels were best explained by intense mind-wandering combined with stable behavior simultaneously, compared with considering either single factor alone. These brain–behavior–experience relationships were highly consistent within known DMN subsystems and across DMN subregions. In contrast, such relationships were absent or in the opposite direction for other attention-relevant networks (salience, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks). Our results suggest that the cognitive processes that spontaneous DMN activity specifically reflects are only partially related to mind-wandering and include also attentional state fluctuations that are not captured by self-report.
The Cover-Up

Shame affects us at our core; we bury it, interring it. Elided or covered over by other terms–“interred in rhetoric”–shame fades from view. Thus, shame is covered over, or covered up. Scenes of shame and its concealment emerge theologically in the Edenic drama recounted in the Bible.
IoT Security through the Lens of Energy Efficiency: Energy as a First-Order Security Consideration

IoT devices are expected to proliferate significantly in the coming years. While computational requirements have, in general, become more demanding, capacity gains in device battery technology have increased only incrementally. The result is the well-known battery gap. In this position paper, we highlight the need for security researchers to consider the energy implications of their approaches, technologies, and solutions for IoT devices. First, we motivate and describe the problem of energy efficiency in IoT device security. Next, we discuss power measurement methodologies available to researchers for examining the energy efficiency implications of new algorithms and solutions within their work. We then describe a case study of academic research illustrating how energy efficiency can be treated as a first order consideration within an IoT security research investigation. Finally, we discuss the handling of energy efficiency goals and metrics within research on IoT devices. Our objective is to build awareness of energy efficiency as a first-order consideration for the IoT security research community. Overall, we provide information on how and why energy efficiency should be addressed in IoT device security research, including measurement frameworks, goals metrics, and an illustrative case study.
Environments Tune and Select Cellular Diversity

Technical advances in single-cell sequencing data and their application to greater samples is revealing substantial cell-to-cell variation in expression levels and propagation of this variation between molecules across cells. New quantitative approaches that apply mechanistic and statistical models in a systems-wide approach are illuminating the drivers of phenotypic diversity.
EPR of Cobalt-Substituted Zinc Enzymes

Co(II) is sometimes utilized as a spectroscopically active substitute for Zn(II) in enzymes. Metal binding sites in enzymes that contain catalytically active Zn(II) generally yield high-spin S = 3/2 Co(II) ions when substituted with cobalt, and these provide EPR spectra rich in information. Extracting this information involves an appreciation of the extent to which the properties of Co(II) mirror those of Zn(II), careful sample preparation and biochemical characterization, careful recording of the EPR data, and the ability to interpret spectra in a quantitative way. Here, the applicability of Co(II) as a structural and functional mimic of Zn(II) in enzymes is considered and a brief update of EPR studies in the literature is presented. Methods of substitution of Zn(II) by Co(II) are described. Recording EPR spectra of high-spin Co(II) that will provide useful information is not a trivial exercise, and experimental considerations are discussed in some detail. The analysis of EPR spectra in terms of spin-Hamiltonian parameters is described, along with their interpretation in structural terms. Complementary techniques to EPR are very briefly discussed, and a case study is presented as an example of how EPR of Co(II) can provide mechanistic information on a zinc enzyme that is unavailable by other techniques.
Iterated Contraction Based on Indistinguishability

We introduce a class of set-theoretic operators on a tolerance space that models the process of minimal belief contraction, and therefore a natural process of iterated contraction can be defined. We characterize the class of contraction operators and study the properties of the associated iterated belief contraction.
Comparison of two memristor based neural network learning schemes for crossbar architecture

This paper compares two neural network learning schemes in crossbar architecture, using memristive elements. Novel memristive crossbar architecture with dense synaptic connections suitable for online training was developed. Training algorithms and simulations of the two proposed learning schemes, winner adjustment training (WAT) and multiple adjustments training (MAT) are presented. Tests performed using MNIST handwritten character recognition benchmark dataset confirmed the functionality of proposed learning schemes. Proposed learning schemes were compared accounting for noise, device variations and multipath effects. The proposed learning schemes improve available neural network learning schemes.
Long-Term Habitat Use by Mountain Gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla beringei ). 2. Reuse of Foraging Areas in Relation to Resource Abundance, Quality, and Depletion

Resource depression caused by current feeding and the rate of resource renewal should influence foragers' decisions about when to revisit foraging areas. Adjustment of foraging paths and revisit rates should be particularly important when resources renew slowly. Foragers can also benefit by returning more often to highly profitable than to less profitable foraging areas. Many highly frugivorous primates seem to time revisits to fruit sources so as to harvest fruit efficiently and, also, use efficient search paths. Fewer data on non-frugivores exist. Mountain gorillas are folivores that eat mostly perennially available, continuously growing herbs and vines. Vegetation regenerates slowly from the effects of gorilla trampling, though trampling can also facilitate food species productivity, at least in the short term. Adjustment of intervals between visits to foraging areas to the extent of previous use and to resource renewal rates should increase gorilla foraging efficiency. Long-term data on habitat use by 6 mountain gorilla social units show that revisit intervals vary in association with variation in the extent of previous use and in plant productivity. However, they also revisit areas more often, the higher the biomass and nutritional quality of food there. These data are generally consistent with the hypothesis that the gorillas crop resources on a sustained-yield basis, though more precise data on areal revisits and complementary long-term data on vegetation composition would be needed to test the hypothesis.
Philosophy as Cultural Politics: Philosophical Papers

This volume presents a selection of the philosophical papers which Richard Rorty has written over the past decade, and complements three previous volumes of his papers: Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, Essays on Heidegger and Others and Truth and Progress. Topics discussed include the changing role of philosophy in Western culture over the course of recent centuries, the role of the imagination in intellectual and moral progress, the notion of 'moral identity', the Wittgensteinian claim that the problems of philosophy are linguistic in nature, the irrelevance of cognitive science to philosophy, and the mistaken idea that philosophers should find the 'place' of such things as consciousness and moral value in a world of physical particles. The papers form a rich and distinctive collection which will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in philosophy and its relation to culture.
THE LIBERTY OF THE CHURCH: Source, Scope and Scandal

This article was presented at a conference, and is part of a symposium, on "The Freedom of the Church in the Modern Era." The article argues that the liberty of the Church, libertas Ecclesiae, is not a mere metaphor, pace the views of some other contributions to the conference and symposium and of the mentality mostly prevailing over the last five hundred years. The argument is that the Church and her directly God-given rights are ontologically irreducible in a way that the rights of, say, the state of California or even of the United States are not. Based on a careful reading of, among other sources, the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Liberty, Dignitatis Humanae (1965), the article articulates and defends the Church's self-understanding as a divine institution possessed of supernatural authority that has rightful consequences for the ordering of society and polity. Catholic doctrine upholds a rich concept of individual freedom of conscience and defends a regime of broad toleration, but it does so respectful of the demands of the common goods, natural and supernatural, both of which the Church serves in the exercise of her liberty. The Church anticipates that her claims on her own behalf will be a scandal to the world. This article complements and, to a limited extent, overlaps the analysis in my recent article "Resisting the Grand Coalition in Favor of the Status Quo By Giving Full Scope to the Libertas Ecclesiae."
The Drive to Innovate

Innovations, whether they are outcomes of imagination, creativity, or both, come from corporate entities. Corporations present new products to the marketplace. The products may be radical innovations, breakthroughs, incremental innovations, or just run-of-the-mill line extensions. Corporations manage the present by developing and introducing products and processes incrementally by using sustaining technologies, or manage the future by radical innovations that are produced by disruptive technologies (Christensen 2003). Radical innovations evolve from thinking outside of the box. This means that the company, along with its current portfolio, is developing a futuristic product portfolio (Samli 2007). If the portfolio is exclusively dealing with incremental changes, it is not futuristic. Making nominal changes or improvements in the existing product offering is not indicating the extent and the force of the company’s drive to innovate. Futuristic portfolios are not typical instruments of corporate planning.