cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistics in Public Administration Curricula/Applied Statistics for Public Administration, fourth edition K. J. Meier and J. L. Brudney/Statistical Analysis for Public Administration L. L. Giventer/Adventures in Social Research: Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows E. Babbie and F. Halley

(1998). Statistics in Public Administration Curricula/Applied Statistics for Public Administration, fourth edition K. J. Meier and J. L. Brudney/Statistical Analysis for Public Administration L. L. Giventer/Adventures in Social Research: Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows E. Babbie and F. Halley. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 233-238.
Rapid Quantification of Protein Particles in High-Concentration Antibody Formulations

Current technologies for monitoring the subvisible particles that may be generated during fill-finish operations for protein formulations are cumbersome. Measurement times are generally too long for real-time analysis, and the high protein concentrations that are characteristic of many antibody products interfere with common optical techniques for particle analysis. To rapidly monitor protein particle levels in high-concentration protein solutions, we developed a fluorescence-based method that uses extrinsic fluorescent dyes such as 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid that are sensitive to the presence of aggregated protein. To test the method, antibody formulations containing various concentrations of protein particles were generated by application of various mechanical and freeze-thaw stresses. After addition of fluorescent dyes, fluorescence intensities were measured and compared to fluorescence intensities in particle-free formulations. The differences in fluorescence intensities were linearly proportional to protein particle levels, which for calibration purposes were measured offline by fluid imaging microscopy and protein assays. Protein particle levels could be measured without requiring sample dilution, even in high-concentration (e.g., 40 mg/mL) antibody formulations.
Evaluation of a Peer-led Asthma Self-management Group Intervention for Urban Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose This paper describes the acceptability and generalizability of an evidenced-based peer-led asthma self-management program. Design and methods Adolescents with persistent asthma (n = 259, ages 12–17 years) from three urban cities participated in a one day camp led by either trained peer leaders (n = 35, ages 16–20 years; intervention group) or healthcare professionals (control group). Participants completed a camp evaluation form, and the peer leader quality survey. Results Overall program evaluation showed high acceptability with average score of 4.5 (±0.87) out of 5 and no treatment group differences were found. Campers highly rated peer leaders' qualification, particularly trustworthiness (98%), knowledge (97%), and sense of humor (95%). Participants from low income families (annual income Conclusions This study supports the acceptability and generalizability of a peer-led asthma self-management program across different urban community locations, seasons and venues. Practice Implications Trained peers can be as effective as adult educators in teaching adolescents asthma self-management.
THE HUMAN CAPITAL OF BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND INNOVATION: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

The human capital of corporate boards of directors is a key organizational resource affecting a variety of strategic outcomes. Using human capital theory within the broader theoretical contexts of ...
Brain Health Knowledge in the Aging Population: Eat Better, Move More

The older adult U.S. population is growing in number and life expectancy; there will thus be more individuals affected by cognitive impairment in future years. Promotion of brain health is therefor...
Defaunation of large mammals alters understory vegetation and functional importance of invertebrates in an Afrotropical forest

Abstract Hunting has reduced or eliminated large-bodied vertebrates in many areas across the tropics, contributing to the global process of defaunation. Elucidating the ecological consequences of hunting has important implications for managing ecosystems and for our understanding of community and ecosystem ecology. We present data collected through a combination of comparative and experimental approaches to assess how faunally-intact and heavily-hunted forests in Gabon differ in understory vegetation structure, macroinvertebrate fauna, ecological processes, and the relative importance of different taxa driving those processes. Our results show that hunted sites had denser understory vegetation and hosted approximately 170 times fewer termites compared to faunally-intact sites. While web-building spiders were positively associated with understory vegetation density, this effect did not translate to significantly higher abundances in heavily-hunted forests. Additionally, the overall rates of decomposition, insectivory, and seed predation/removal on the forest floor appeared robust to both defaunation and the associated increases in understory vegetation density. However, our exclosure experiments revealed that the contribution of invertebrates to decomposition was approximately 25% lower in hunted sites compared to faunally-intact sites. Results suggest potential resilience in this complex ecosystem such that microbial or other taxa not measured in this study may compensate for the reduced functional contribution of invertebrates to decomposition. However, while our results illustrate potential resilience, they also indicate that indirect effects following defaunation, such as increases in the density of understory vegetation, may alter invertebrate communities on the forest floor, with potential consequences for the mechanisms, and therefore the dynamics, driving critical ecosystem processes.
Lesser magnitudes of lower extremity variability during terminal swing characterizes walking patterns in children with autism

Abstract Background Anecdotally, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have highly variable lower extremity walking patterns, yet, this has not been sufficiently quantified. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine walking pattern variability by way of lower extremity coordination and spatio-temporal characteristics in children with autism compared with individuals with typical development during over-ground walking. Methods Bilateral continuous relative phase variability was computed for the thigh-leg, leg-foot, and thigh-foot segment couples for 11 children with autism and 9 children with typical development at each gait sub-phase. Furthermore, left and right stride lengths and stride width were computed and compared. The Model Statistic was utilized to test for statistical differences in variability between each child with autism to an aggregate group with typical development. Effect sizes were computed to determine the meaningfulness between responses for children with autism and typical development. Coefficient of variation and effect sizes were computed for stride lengths and stride width. Findings Analysis revealed that children with autism exhibited differences in variability in each gait sub-phase. Notably, all but two children with autism exhibited lesser variability in all segment couples during terminal swing. Differences in stride lengths were relatively minimal, however, greater coefficient of variation magnitudes in stride width were observed in children with autism. Interpretation This finding reveals that children with autism may have limited or a preferred movement strategy when preparing the foot for ground contact. The findings from this study suggest variability may be an identifiable characteristic during movement in children with autism.
The Quest for Legitimacy: Strategies for Tension Management in Organizational Social Media Use

Despite the great utility of social media for improving organizational legitimacy, empirical evidence has revealed that organizations generally do a poor job adopting or using social media. Such se...
Clarifying questions about the nature of rights

This Article critiques the debate over the nature of rights on the grounds that theorists have (1) failed to specify and defend an ultimate aim, (2) predominantly deployed a standard of success–ext...
Materials Matter: An Exploration of Text Complexity and Its Effects on Middle School Readers' Comprehension Processing

Purpose Complex features of science texts present idiosyncratic challenges for middle grade readers, especially in a post-Common Core educational world where students' learning is dependent on understanding informational text. The primary aim of this study was to explore how middle school readers process science texts and whether such comprehension processes differed due to features of complexity in two science texts. Method Thirty 7th grade students read two science texts with different profiles of text complexity in a think-aloud task. Think-aloud protocols were coded for six comprehension processes: connecting inferences, elaborative inferences, evaluative comments, metacognitive comments, and associations. We analyzed the quantity and type of comprehension processes generated across both texts in order to explore how features of text complexity contributed to the comprehension processes students produced while reading. Results Students made significantly more elaborative and connecting inferences when reading a text with deep cohesion, simple syntax, and concrete words, while students made more evaluative comments, paraphrases, and metacognitive comments when reading a text with referential cohesion, complex syntax, and abstract words. Conclusions The current study provides exploratory evidence for features of text complexity affecting the type of comprehension processes middle school readers generate while reading science texts. Accordingly, science classroom texts and materials can be evaluated for word, sentence, and passage features of text complexity in order to encourage deep level comprehension of middle school readers.
The Border and the Valley as Home

This chapter introduces the voices of leaders from the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas. While Valley leaders’ demographics and beliefs are diverse, taken together their Valley stories act as a strategic political and rhetorical project to remake the borderlands as central to the United States’ ideals and its possible futures. The leaders are engaged in an effort to deborder the borderlands region. The arc of the leaders’ Valley stories is a strategic intervention to demystify the borderlands by claiming them as the American embodiment of home. Their stories are set within a history of the Rio Grande Valley, illustrating shifting social, political, and racial/ethnic orders since the 1800s. The Valley leaders’ fundamental yet radical idea is that the U.S.–Mexico borderlands are more, not less, American, than the interior of the United States, precisely because of the influence from Mexico.
Automated Infrared Pupillometer Use in Assessing the Neurological Status in Pediatric Neurocritical Care Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review

Automated infrared pupillometry (AIP) is rapidly becoming an accepted standard for the evaluation of pupil size and reactivity in adult neurocritical care. Recently, pediatric centers are increasingly utilizing this technology, but data supporting its use in children are limited. Our pediatric intensive care unit instituted AIP as a standard of care for pupillary light assessments in neurocritical care patients in early 2020. In this article, we describe four cases highlighting the advantage of using objective assessments of the pupillary light reactivity response measured by the Neurological Pupil index (NPi) to detect early changes in the patient's neurological status. These cases support the applicability of AIP in pediatric neurocritical care as a noninvasive neurologic monitoring tool. The NPi may be superior to manual pupil assessments by providing a numerical scale for accurate trending clinical status of a patient's neurologic condition.
Suspension properties and characterization of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines

Abstract Aluminum-containing adjuvants are commonly used in vaccines to elicit an enhanced immune response in patients. The structure and surface characteristics of aluminum-containing adjuvants govern their interaction with antigens and its formation of antigen–adjuvant complexes. Furthermore, the individual properties of the adjuvant and antigen and interactions between them significantly impact the macroscopic behavior of vaccine suspensions. Herein, the bulk suspension properties of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines, such as particle size, surface charge, and sedimentation rate, and techniques used to characterize these properties are reviewed. The development of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines requires evaluation of factors such as characterization of the flocculation state of the suspension and the impact of processing stress on particle characteristics. From clinical development to commercial manufacturing, a fundamental understanding of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine suspension behavior should be considered.
Fatigue damage prognosis of steel bridges under traffic loading using a time-based crack growth method

Abstract Traditionally, the fatigue damage assessment of steel bridges is conducted using cycle-based methods. Cycle-based methods require stress time history be transformed to cycle history first before fatigue analysis can be performed. However, well-defined cycle history does not exist for the traffic-induced stress time history of bridges as it contains numerous large and small cycles with random stress ranges embedded together. To address this inherent difficulty, a time-based fatigue crack growth (FCG) model is proposed for fatigue damage prognosis of steel bridges under traffic loading. The time-based FCG method describes the crack growth in the time domain through a crack growth kinetics function derived based on the physical mechanism of fatigue crack propagation. To demonstrate the proposed method, numerical simulations are first performed using full-scale coupled vehicle-bridge interaction framework to generate stress time histories of a typical steel bridge under traffic loading. Then, FCG analysis is performed using the time-based method and the effects of road surface roughness and vehicle weight on the FCG are studied. Finally, a case study on the I-10 Twin Span Bridge is presented to demonstrate the time-based FCG method for fatigue damage prognosis using in situ monitoring data. The results show that the proposed method can be used to directly predict the FCG of steel bridges in the time domain using stress time histories obtained either from stress analysis or in situ monitoring.
Issues from South Asian Politics: Some Postcolonial Reflections

Making U.S. Foreign Policy Toward South Asia: Regional Imperatives and the Imperial Presidency. Edited by Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne H. Rudolph. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2008. 448 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN 978-0-253-22000-4). South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective. By Rajesh M. Basrur. New York: Routledge, 2008. 172 pp., $39.95 paperback (ISBN 978-0-415-39194-8). South Asia's Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament. Edited by Thaza Varkey Paul. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2010. 352 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN 978-0-804-76221-2). The reviewed books address South Asia's predicaments pertaining to the region's state capacity, nuclear security, and foreign policy relations with the United States. South Asia's Weak States, edited by T.V. Paul, explains the multifaceted insecurities of South Asia by identifying the presence of weak states and weak cooperative interstate norms in the region. South Asia's Cold War, by drawing on the general characteristics of the US–USSR, US–China, USSR–China, and US–North Korea Cold Wars, studies the Cold War in South Asia (between India and Pakistan) and the possibilities of thawing this war. Making US Foreign Policy Towards South Asia remains an analysis of US foreign policy toward South Asia since the Nixon era with emphasis on the Bush era after 9/11. Barring some excessively descriptive chapters (in Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolf), the three books constitute a valuable source of information for scholars, graduate students, and policy practitioners interested in International Relations (IR)/Security, South Asian nuclear security, and issues of US–South Asian foreign policymaking. Rudolph and Rudolph's book is particularly helpful for policy practitioners. Nonetheless, these books (with the exception of some chapters that are mentioned below), and to some extent Basrur's book, explain issues of South Asian security from a conventional/empirical framework of politics. Thus, they preclude the interrogation of how interpretive factors/processes such as the power of discourse, ideology, articulation of identities, international hierarchy, and voices/concerns of the South Asian actors that are vital (when considering politics of the postcolonial world) may implicate South Asian security, state capacities, and US–South Asian foreign policy affairs. Below, I comparatively delineate the core theses, theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and the contributions of these three scholarships. However, considering South Asia's postcolonial location, its colonial experience, and its presence in a hierarchical world of IR, suggest that a more critical line of analysis, …
Antibacterial sensitivity of Bifidobacterium (Lactobacillus bifidus)

The antibacterial sensitivity patterns of gram-positive, nonsporeforming, anaerobic bacilli variously classed as Lactobacillus bifidus, Actinomyces bifidus, or Bifidobacterium were studied by the plate dilution method. A total of 34 strains, mostly from human feces, was studied. Three species, B. longum, B. adolescentis, and B. bifidum, were represented with 11, 11, and 6 strains, respectively. The other six strains fell into four other species. Most strains of all types resisted 100 μg/ml or more of neomycin, polymyxin B, and nalidixic acid. They were somewhat less resistant to kanamycin and still less so to streptomycin. All strains were inhibited by less than 1 μg/ml of penicillin G and erythromycin, by 3.1 units or less per ml of bacitracin, by 3.1 μg/ml or less of chloramphenicol, and by 6.2 μg/ml or less of tetracycline and lincomycin. Most strains were inhibited by 3.1 μg/ml of vancomycin. Results were very variable with cephalothin and nitrofurantoin, with some strains quite resistant. With half of the drugs tested, there were moderate differences in sensitivity between different species. These data are discussed in relation to the effect of antimicrobial agents on bifid bacilli in the normal human fecal flora, in relation to the implications thereof, and in relation to the usefulness of several agents (particularly neomycin, nalidixic acid, and polymyxin B) in selective media for Bifidobacterium.
The effect of iodination on the precipitin reaction. The anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium (anti-AP) hapten system.

Abstract Individual rabbit antisera against p -azophenylthrimethylammonium (Apz) hapten were iodinated at varying levels and tested for their ability to bind free homologous hapten and to precipitate homologous hapten diaotized to unreactive carrier protein. Of the 3 globulins tested, 2 were found to be insensitive to iodine up to 20 atoms/antibody molecule while the third was found to be partially iodine sensitive at much lower levels. Experiments with the insensitive globulins demonstrated that the aggregation of soluble immune complexes intop a macroscopic precipitate was not decreased by iodination. Loss of precipitating activity of the iodine sensitive globulin paralleled the loss of hapten binding activity. The hypothesis (that the effect of iodination upon precipitating antibodies in general is primarily upon binding) was successfully tested. The prediction (that an antibody insensitive to iodination with respect to hapten binding would also be insensitive to iodination with respect to hapten-carrier precipitation) was confirmed.
HYDROGEN VEHICLE FUELING STATION.

We describe a hydrogen vehicle fueling station that receives and stores hydrogen in liquid form and dispenses it either as a liquid or compressed gas. The economics of distribution that accrue from the favorable weight and volume advantages of liquid hydrogen support this concept both now and for some time to come. Our model for liquid transfer to a 120 L vehicle tank shows that tank filling times under five minutes are feasible with pump-assisted transfer, or for pressure transfer with subcooling greater than 1 K. Our model for compressed gas transfer shows that vehicle tank underfilling of nearly 30 percent can occur during rapid refueling. Cooling the fill gas to 214 K completely eliminates the underfilling problem.
Biochemical basis of the constitutive repressor cleavage activity of recA730 protein. A comparison to recA441 and recA803 proteins.

The recA730 mutation results in constitutive SOS and prophage induction. We examined biochemical properties of recA730 protein in an effort to explain the constitutive activity observed in recA730 strains. We find that recA730 protein is more proficient than the wild-type recA protein in the competition with single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB protein) for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding sites. Because an increased aptitude in the competition with SSB protein has been previously reported for recA441 protein and recA803 protein, we directly compared their in vitro activities with those of recA730 protein. At low magnesium ion concentration, both ATP hydrolysis and lexA protein cleavage experiments demonstrate that these recA proteins displace SSB protein from ssDNA in a manner consistent with their in vivo repressor cleavage activity, i.e. recA730 protein > recA441 protein > recA803 protein > recAwt protein. Additionally, a correlation exists between the proficiency of the recA proteins in SSB protein displacement and their rate of association with ssDNA. We propose that an increased rate of association with ssDNA allows recA730 protein to displace SSB protein from the ssDNA that occurs naturally in Escherichia coli and thereby to become activated for the repressor cleavage that leads to SOS induction. RecA441 protein is similarly activated for repressor cleavage; however, in this case, significant SSB protein displacement occurs only at elevated temperature. At physiological magnesium ion concentration, we argue that recA803 protein and wild-type recA protein do not displace sufficient SSB protein from ssDNA to constitutively induce the SOS response.
Scalable Control of Distributed Robotic Macrosensors

This paper describes a control mechanism by which large numbers of inexpensive robots can be deployed as a distributed remote sensing instrument, and in which the desired large-scale properties of the sensing instrument emerge from the simple pair-wise interactions of its component robots. Such sensing instruments are called distributed robotic macrosensors. Robots in the macrosensor interact with their immediate neighbors using a virtual spring mesh abstraction, which is governed by a simple physics model. By carefully defining the nature of the spring mesh and the associated physics model, it is possible to create a number of desirable global behaviors without any global control or configuration. Properties of the resulting macrosensor include arbitrary scalability, the ability to function in complex environments, sophisticated target tracking ability, and natural fault tolerance. We describe the control mechanisms that yield these results, and the simulation results that demonstrate their efficacy.
Remarks on the structure of twentieth century philosophy

In this paper, the author reviews recent developments in twentieth century philosophy. Three important movements emerged independently, movements which for different reasons rapidly came to dominat...
Beyond textbook neuroanatomy: The syndrome of malignant PCA infarction

Given its limited vascular territory, occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) usually does not result in malignant infarction. Challenging this concept, we present 3 cases of unilateral PCA infarction with secondary malignant progression, resulting from extension into what would classically be considered the posterior middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. Interestingly, these were true PCA infarctions, not "MCA plus" strokes, since the underlying occlusive lesion was in the PCA. We hypothesize that congenital and/or acquired variability in the distribution and extent of territory supplied by the PCA may underlie this rare clinical entity. Patients with a PCA infarction should thus be followed closely and offered early surgical decompression in the event of malignant progression.
An optimal neural network based call admission control protocol for high-speed networks: modeling and analysis

Presents the development, modeling, analysis and performance evaluation of an optimal neural network based call admission control (CAC) protocol for high-speed Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks. Thus neural network based CAC protocol simultaneously satisfies two quality of service (QoS) parameters, namely cell loss ratio (CLR) and delay. The protocol presented is suitable for "on-line" application and provides efficient network resource (buffer space and link capacity) utilization. The end-to-end delay and CLR values are divided among the nodes of the connection. For Poisson and ON-OFF sources, M/D/1/K and MMPP/D/1/K queuing models are developed. Analytical expressions at nodes for CLR and delay have are developed based on these models. These analytical expressions are used to develop a CAC protocols. The principles behind the Kohonen neural networks were used in the development and software implementation of this CAC protocol.
How Memories of School Experiences Can Enrich Educational Evaluations

State legislatures increasingly are mandating standardized tests that students must pass to graduate. This chapter suggests that an evaluative technique, autobiographical memory research using narrative reports from students, can help teachers enrich instructionand learning.
Mechanisms of Stretch-Activated Reactive Oxygen Modulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Computational Studies

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen derived molecules such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ion, and are believed to play a significant role in physiological processes ranging from cell signaling to cell growth, differentiation, aging processes, apoptosis and defense against microbial pathogens. In cardiomyocytes, ROS can oxidize sulfhydryl (SH) groups of cysteine residues in many proteins including the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels (i.e. the ryanodine receptors or RyR2s). Among other possible consequences, such oxidation appears to be able to increase the sensitivity of RyR2 to be activated by cytosolic [Ca2+]i. By this means ROS can increase the open probability of RyR2s and hence increase Ca2+ spark activity.Stretching ventricular cardiac myocytes has been shown to activate NADPH oxidase (NOX2), produce ROS and thereby increase Ca2+ spark rate in a process called "X-ROS" signaling. Here, we present a 4-state RyR2 model that include X-ROS signaling and the associated increase in the Ca2+ sparks rate. Using this new model, effects of diastolic stretch and the subsequent ROS production on Ca2+ sparks and the [Ca2+]i transient during excitation-contraction coupling has been studied. This model will be used to examine stretch-dependent Ca2+ signaling in heart in health and disease.
Shared Typologies of Kāmaśāstra, Alaṅkāraśāstra and Literary Criticism

This paper brings kāmaśāstra into conversation with poetics (alaṅkāraśāstra) and modes of literary criticism associated with Sanskrit literature (kāvya). It shows how historical intersections between kāvya, kāmaśāstra, and alaṅkāraśāstra have produced insightful cross-domain typologies to understand the nature and value of canonical works of Sanskrit literature. In addition to exploring kāmaśāstra typologies broadly as conceptual models and analytical categories useful in literary-critical contexts, this paper takes up a specific formulation from the kāmaśāstra (the padminī-citriṇī-śaṅkhinī-hastinī type-casting of females) used by a twentieth century literary critic to frame the relationships between canonical poets of Sanskrit literature.
“Disaggregation” of Phytochrome in Vitro—A Consequence of Proteolysis

The relationship between a large molecular weight (9S) and a small molecular weight (4.5S, 60,000 molecular weight) species of phytochrome was examined to determine if the larger species was an aggregate of the smaller. Alterations of pH, salt concentration, or phytochrome concentration did not cause any observable formation of the large form from the small form. However, in partially purified phytochrome extracts from Secale cereale L. and Avena sativa L., the large form was converted to the small form over time at 4 C in the dark. This breakdown was inhibitable by the protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. When highly purified large molecular weight rye phytochrome was incubated with a neutral protease isolated from etiolated oat shoots, the large phytochrome was converted to the small form without qualitative visible absorbancy changes. The effect of the oat protease could be mimicked by a wide variety of commercial endopeptidases, including trypsin. Examination of the trypsin-induced breakdown on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that as the size of the photoreversible unit changes from large to small, the size of its constituent polypeptide chains is reduced from 120,000 to 62,000 molecular weight. These experiments provide evidence that the endogenous breakdown observed in extracts is a result of contaminant protease and, consequently, that the small molecular weight species of phytochrome is an artifact due to proteolysis.
Reduction of copper(II) acetate with copper metal in heterogeneous systems

Durch Reaktion von Cu(II)-acetat-hydrat mit elektrolytisch erzeugtem Cu-Staub in einem Sublimationsapparat unter vermindertem Druck und erhohter Temp. wird sehr reines Cu(I)-acetat in hoher Ausb. erhalten (Ausb.-Angabe in g.).
STUDIES ON INACTIVATION OF ESTRADIOL BY THE LIVER1

IT IS generally believed that estrogens are rapidly inactivated by the liver, this belief being based largely upon data obtained from four types of observation, a) Liver tissue (dog, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea-pig, frog) and cell-free extracts of liver have been found to inactivate estrogens in vitro (Silberstein, et al., 1933; Zondek, 1934; Engel and Navratel, 1937; Heller, et al, 1939; Heller, 1940; Engel, 1941; Heller and Heller, 1943). b) It was reported (Israel, et al., 1937) that estrone s i not inactivated when perfused through a heart-lung preparation (dog) but is rapidly (within 15 minutes) inactivated when perfused through a heart-lung-liver preparation, c) Ovaries transplanted to the mesentery (Golden and Sevringhaus, 1942) or pellets of crystalline estrogen implanted in the spleen (Biskind and Mark, 1939; Biskind, 1940, 1941) exert little or no estrogenic effect as comparedwith their characteristic action when implanted subcutaneously.
Anaxagoras and the scientist/laity interaction

Abstract The phenomenon that caused Anaxagoras to develop his model that explained the phases and eclipses of the Moon was a meteorite fall. The model was a turning point for science in explaining more than one phenomenon with a single model. It precipitated the growth of Greek astronomy and the first heliocentric theory. Anaxagoras was also the first scientist to get into trouble for a conflict between science and religion. Contrary to an impression from the title of this conference, scientific literature paid little attention to the meteorite fall phenomenon. Both scientists and the public mainly pay attention to models, and often to the extraneous irrelevant attachments of models, those by which it is placed in memory. Models are artistic creations that are culture dependent. Phenomena are our only solid link to the world of reality. The main issue of this paper is the problems that the individual has with models. The paper discusses the effect of Anaxagoras on scientific thought. It concludes by exploring three areas where relationship of science to society as Anaxagoras set it up, has left unresolved problems.
Detailed Kinetic Study of the Growth of Small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1. 1-Naphthyl + Ethyne †

A better understanding of the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is of great practical interest because of their potential hazardous health effects and their role as intermediates in soot and fullerene formation. The potential surfaces of the reactions C6H5 + C2H2 and 1-C10H7 + C2H2 were explored by density-functional theory using BLYP and B3LYP functionals. Vibrational analysis allowed the determination of thermodynamic data and deduction of high-pressure-limit rate constants via transition state theory. The pressure and temperature dependences of these chemically activated reactions were computed using the modified strong collision approximation. The comparison of the predictions for the C6H5 + C2H2 system with experimental data showed good agreement in particular at high temperatures relevant for a combustion environment. The dominant product from acetylene addition to 1-naphthyl at low pressures is the five-membered ring species acenaphthylene, consistent with the more pronounced form...
The management of children's distress in response to painful medical treatment for burn injuries.

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to develop an initial assessment of the efficacy of astress-management program designed to reduce the behavioral distress of children undergoing highlypainful medical treatments for their burn injuries. The stress-management program was delivered to 4 male patients, ages 5–12 yr and its effects assessed in a combined multiple-baseline and reversal design. Results indicated that the program was moderately effective at reducing behavioral distress during the burntreatment procedures for 3 of the 4 patients and less effective with the fourth. However, the design also revealed that the presence of a therapist to coach the patient in the use of these techniques was essential and that distress levels rose substantially on days when there was no therapist present. Finally, speculations concerning the factors responsible for the effectiveness of the stress-management program as well as its reduced efficacy with 1 S were discussed.
Maternal proximity and infant CO2 environment during bedsharing and possible implications for SIDS research.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of human infant mortality after the neonatal period in Western countries. Recently, child care practices have been shown to be important in determining infant vulnerability to SIDS. However, very little is known about the impact of parent-infant cosleeping on infant sleep physiology and behavior and SIDS risk. This reflects the failure of Western societal research paradigms to appreciate the human infant's evolutionary history of cosleeping, the recency of the emergence of solitary infant sleeping as a practice and the fact that parent-infant cosleeping is still the preferred sleeping arrangement for the majority of contemporary societies. Incorporating current hypotheses on the mechanisms of SIDS, we have hypothesized that the comparatively sensory-rich cosleeping environment might be protective against SIDS in some contexts. As a first step to characterize cosleeping environments, this investigation is aimed at assessing, in routinely bedsharing mothers and infants, their relative sleeping positions and the potential for sleeping in close face-to face proximity and for infant exposure to increased environmental CO2 produced by maternal respiration. The latter is important in that breathing elevated levels of CO2 can have diverse effects, ranging from respiratory stimulation at low levels to suffocation at very high levels. Two related laboratory studies were performed. In the first, all-night videotapes of 12 healthy, routinely bedsharing mother-infant pairs were analyzed for sleeping positions and time spent in face-to-face orientation and distances separating their faces. Infants were 11-15 wk old. Mothers predominantly positioned themselves on their sides facing their infants, with the infants placed either supine or on their sides. Mothers and infants slept oriented face-to-face for 64 +/- 27% (S.D.) of non-movement time, with distance less than 20 cm commonly separating their faces. In the second study, concentrations of CO2 in air were measured in six young women at distances of up to 21 cm from their nares. Peak expiratory CO2 concentrations remained above 1.0% at distances up to 9 cm and above 0.5% at 18 cm. Both baseline and peak CO2 levels were further increased at all distances when measured within a partial air pocket created to simulate a bedding environment sometimes seen during bedsharing. We conclude that during bedsharing there is potential for 1) a high degree of face-to-face orientation and close proximity and consequently 2) increased environmental CO2, as a result of maternal respiration, to non-lethal levels that might stimulate infant respiration. The close proximity would also maximize the sensory impact of the mother on the infant through other modalities. We also suggest that bedsharing may minimize prone infant positioning, a known risk factor for SIDS.
Machine-fault classification: A fuzzy-set approach

This is an experimental study to investigate the feasibility of employing fuzzysets theory in an integrated machine-fault diagnostic system. This system consists of modules for data acquisition, data processing, features extraction, fault clustering and fault assignment. Among these tasks, fault clustering and fault assignment are accomplished using fuzzy-sets-based procedures. The theoretical foundation of this study is discussed, with case studies.
Decreased mortality with tight glycemic control in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis in a large community hospital system.

OBJECTIVE To measure the efficacy and possible adverse consequences of tight blood glucose (BG) control when compared to relaxed control. METHODS A retrospective, observational study was conducted at a community-based teaching hospital system among adult, nonmaternity hospitalized patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Tight glycemic control of BG was compared with less strict BG control, and the following outcome measurements were compared: BG, average length of stay (ALOS), severe hypoglycemia, and mortality. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2012, 18,919 patients were admitted to the ICU. The mortality rate was significantly lower (P = .0001) in patients with an average BG between 80 and 110 mg/dL (8%) and 111 and 140 mg/dL (9.4%) than in patients with average BG between 141 and 180 mg/dL (12.9%). Using tight glycemic control (80 to 110 mg/dL), the ALOS in the ICU decreased from 4 to 2.9 days (P<.0001) among all patients, and from 4.2 to 2.1 days (P<.0001) among patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft. Comparatively, the ALOS for the hospital decreased from 9.4 to 8 days. The incidence of severe hypoglycemia (BG <40 mg/dL) was higher (P = .01) in the tight BG control group (4.78%) compared with the relaxed control group (3.5%). This rate was lower than in previously published studies that analyzed the use of tight control. CONCLUSION Tight glycemic control using protocolbased insulin administration resulted in a decrease in mortality and ALOS among all patients in the ICU. The incidence of severe hypoglycemic episodes was slightly higher in the tightly controlled group but remained lower than in previously published studies.
Observations of Student Behavior in Nonclassroom Settings A Multilevel Examination of Location, Density, and School Context

Observational methods are increasingly used to assess the impact of school-based interventions. Yet, few studies have used observations in nonclassroom settings, such as hallways or the cafeteria, ...
Denaturation map of bacteriophage T7 DNA and direction of DNA transcription.

Abstract After partial denaturation of bacteriophage T7 DNA by heat or alkali, electron microscopy showed preferential strand separation at A + T-rich sites which map asymmetrically at the following fractional lengths: 0.01, 0.16, 0.21, 0.26, 0.33, 0.42, 0.46, 0.57, 0.63, 0.66, 0.86, 0.91 and 0.99. This map physically distinguishes between the two molecular ends of T7 DNA. In vitro synthesis of RNA by Escherichia coli RNA-polymerase with T7 DNA as a template and subsequent partial heat denaturation of the complexed DNA permitted simultaneous localization of RNA-synthesis sites and of strand-separation sites on individual molecules. Since the enzyme is known to initiate close to the genetically defined left-end of T7 DNA, it was found that the fractional length 0 of the denaturation map is equivalent to the left-end of the genetic map and that at least 90% of RNA synthesis is initiated close to the left-end of T7 DNA.
The reentry female student in marriage and family training

The challenges of feminist family therapists of gender bias in family therapy training and practice models need to be considered in relation to the predominance of reentry women in masters degree programs in marriage and family therapy. This article describes a developmental training model that incorporates feminist-informed values into curriculum, program policies, instructional strategies, and program structure. The model builds on the assumption that gender-associated behaviors of both sexes have contextually determined value. Training for the appropriate application of gender-associated behaviors rather than for their inclusion or exclusion can increase female reentry student flexibility and self-confidence.
Nonlinear modal control method

This work extends previous work on nonlinear normal modes to include the case of forced response. This allows the nonlinear normal mode method to be applied to the feedback control problem providing a new method of controlling nonlinear multiple-degree-of-freedom systems. The proposed method uses a transformation proposed earlier for homogeneous systems written in state-space form. The coordinate transformation for the forcing vector is defined here in state space and related to the physical coordinate system. The result is a pseudomodal decoupling transformation of a nonlinear inhomogeneous system. Although interesting in its own statement, this transformation also provides a nonlinear modal control scheme. This result is applied to a known coupled two degree-of-freedom oscillator with a cubic stiffness term. The results illustrate the design of a nonlinear modal control law.
On “Accurate” evaluation of extended sums

Abstract The concepts of error complexity and average error complexity are discussedin association with the problem of summing a sequence of floating-point numbers on a digital computer. A general optimal algorithm is described together with some implementation considerations.
Incentive Effects of Parents’ Transfers to Children: An Artefactual Field Experiment

The standard altruism model within the family predicts that transfers will be inversely related to the recipient’s income. Thus, parents will implicitly insure children against bad luck. This insurance may cause children to take undesirable risks. Anticipating this moral hazard, parents may alter their transfers. Using an artefactual field experiment, we show that parents use transfers to compensate for differences between their teenage children when incomes are independent of children’s actions. However, when a potential incentive problem is introduced, parents generally move away from compensating transfers. In addition, we find that the teenage children are more likely to take unfair bets when their behavior is not detectable by their parents.
Laboratory evaluation of zanthophylline as a feeding deterrent for range caterpillar, migratory grasshopper, alfalfa weevil, and greenbug

Choice and no-choice tests were used to evaluate zanthophylline as a feeding deterrent for range caterpillar, migratory grasshopper, alfalfa weevil, and greenbug. Range caterpillar, migratory grasshopper, and alfalfa weevil exhibited reduced feeding on zanthophylline-treated foliage in choice tests. Only range caterpillar was deterred by zanthophylline in no-choice tests; greenbug host preference was not affected by zanthophylline.
Glucocorticoid regulation of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in cultured porcine splenocytes.

Abstract Glucocorticoids are reported to bias cytokines to a Th2 phenotype. However, this dogma has been advanced largely from studies utilizing potent glucocorticoid analogs. The current study was conducted to revisit the issue of glucocorticoid modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine production and evaluate migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mRNA expression in cultured pig splenocytes treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of cortisol (CORT). Dexamethasone (DEX) was included for comparison. In Experiment 1, DEX, at 150 and 300 nM, suppressed concanavalin (ConA)-stimulated IFNγ at both 12 and 24 h in culture, and IL-10 at 24 h (P
Ordered multiphase polymer nanocomposites for high-performance solid-state supercapacitors

Abstract Multilayered ordered nanostructures were fabricated by assembling in-situ grown polyaniline nanowire arrays with graphene oxide nanosheets. As-fabricated nanostructure was subsequently impregnated with the (H3PO4–Nafion)/polyvinyl alcohol solution to create a multiphase composite, which was used as a solid-state supercapacitor where graphene oxide/polyaniline nanowires served as electrode and (H3PO4–Nafion)/polyvinyl alcohol served as solid electrolyte. The ordered polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures facilitated the charge transfer and resulted in the specific capacitance of 83 F/g even if the discharge current was 5 A/g. The efficient charge transportation and electrode–electrolyte interaction resulted in small equivalent series resistance as low as 5.83 Ω, and thus outstanding electrochemical performance. The charge transfer resistance was much smaller than other commonly used solid-state electrolyte and almost negligible. As a result only 7% capacitance loss was found when the frequency increased from 100 to 1000 Hz. The energy density was as high as 26.5 Wh/kg while the power density was ∼3600 W/kg. The energy storage performance was also very stable since 82% specific capacitance was maintained after 1000 cycles.
Global sourcing of information technology in the Middle East: The case of Qatar

In this paper we review the status of Information Technology development, deployment and management in Qatar. We discuss different types of activities, ownership models, management and opportunities in various sectors: private, e-government, and education. Qatarpsilas recent experience in rapid development may serve as an example for other countries or regions on a rapid growth path.
Anomalous Night-Time Reception of a Major Solar Radio Burst

DURING the early morning hours of March 8, 1958, the planet Jupiter was under observation by a total of five different receiving arrays at the University of Florida Radio Observatory. Two of these arrays operated at a frequency of 18 Mc./s., two at 22.2 Mc./s., and one at 27.6 Mc./s. Both pen recording and aural monitoring of the signals by an observer were employed. At 0235 U.T. an unusual event began simultaneously on all five channels, consisting of a single very intense burst of noise which slowly rose to a maximum, and even more slowly declined over a total period of about 2 min. During this interval the observer was able to obtain an excellent record of the polarization of the disturbance with the 22.2 Mc./s. polarimeter, which was kept in stand-by condition during all periods of observation.