cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple stochastic learning automata for vehicle path control in an automated highway system

This paper suggests an intelligent controller for an automated vehicle planning its own trajectory based on sensor and communication data. The intelligent controller is designed using the learning stochastic automata theory. Using the data received from on-board sensors, two automata (one for lateral actions, one for longitudinal actions) can learn the best possible action to avoid collisions. The system has the advantage of being able to work in unmodeled stochastic environments, unlike adaptive control methods or expert systems. Simulations for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle provide encouraging results.
A 28nm high-density 6T SRAM with optimized peripheral-assist circuits for operation down to 0.6V

An increasing amount of embedded memory is used in today's ICs and consequently the design of low-power, high-density SRAM is becoming critical. With technology scaling, it is becoming increasingly more challenging to achieve reliable low voltage operation for SRAMs due to process variation. Recent work proposed various design innovations to address this problem [1–2]. Conventional 6T SRAM bit-cell provides high area density but fails to operate as supply voltage scales down. Instead, the work in [3] utilizes an asymmetrical 6T bit-cell that can operate down to 0.7V in 45nm CMOS. An alternative 8T bit-cell topology can potentially operate at lower V min [4–5], yet it leads to ∼40% larger bit-cell area and suffers from half-select problem if used in a column-interleaved architecture. In this work, we present a 28nm high-density 6T SRAM operating down to low supply voltages. Hierarchical bit-line architecture, pre-read phase during write cycles and signal boosting for better write-ability provide functionality down to 0.6V. Figure 14.4.1 shows an SEM image of the 6T bit-cell used in this work. This bit-cell has an area of 0.12μm2 providing very high transistor density.
A comparative study of naming, resolution & discovery schemes for networked environments

As the cost of computing technology is decreasing and networks and internetworks of computers expand in scope, the discovery and location of resources becomes an essential function of the networked computing environment. In light of the exponential growth of the global Internet, with increasingly large and dynamic computing domains, comes the challenge of scalable resource discovery, where client applications search for resources (i.e. services, devices, etc.) on the network by describing some attribute of interest, instead of a particular resource location. The paper presents a comparative study of various resource discovery, naming and resolution schemes used for heterogeneous networked environments. The schemes we found interesting to compare are: Cisco's Distributed Director, service location protocol (SLP), service discovery protocol (SDP), intentional naming system (INS) and Twine. We analyzed the characteristics of these algorithms by comparing parameters of these systems (like scalability, robustness, optimized usage, and general strengths and weaknesses) and found that every system carries its tradeoffs. We finally summarized our results based on this study.
Towards Identifying Contribution of Wake Turbulence to Inflow Noise from Wind Turbines

Downstream turbines in a wind farm often operate under the influence of wakes from upstream turbines. Aerodynamic losses and aeromechanical issues (stochastic loads) associated with such wake-turbine interactions have been investigated before. However, the role such interactions play in the generation of aerodynamic noise has not been evaluated. This paper presents a two-step approach for predicting noise due to wake-turbine interaction. The first step involves an aerodynamic analysis of a wind farm using large eddy simulations. Time accurate data and turbulence statistics in the turbine wakes are obtained from this simulation just ahead of the downstream wind turbines. The second step uses the turbulence information with aeroacoustic models to predict radiated noise in the far field. Simulation results of two simplified model problems corresponding to these two steps are presented in this paper.
Two New Allocapnia from Eastern North America (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

Two new species of Allocapnia in the recta complex are described, Allocapnia sequatchie n. sp. and A. starki n. sp. from Tennessee and Mississippi, respectively. Descriptions are supported by illustrations and scanning electron photomicrographs. Additionally, scanning electron photomicrographs of an A. recta × loshada hybrid from southwestern Virginia are presented.
Influence of long-term greentree reservoir impoundment on stand structure, species composition, and hydrophytic indicators 1

Abstract Greentree reservoir management was initiated during a period when riparian forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley were disappearing rapidly. Greentree reservoirs (GTRs) were intended to provide a refuge for overwintering migratory waterfowl within a landscape of decreasing habitat availability. However, GTRs frequently are flooded as much as 2.5 months longer than unimpounded bottomland forests (UBF), and previous work has shown that such unnatural hydroperiods can have substantial negative effects on such ecosystem attributes as tree assemblage composition and invertebrate production. We conducted the present study to quantify (1) frequency of canopy gaps and (2) tree species composition in GTRs, as compared with UBFs. In general, GTRs were quite similar to UBF stands, in terms of canopy density, proportion of trees in the canopy versus mid-story, degree of stress exhibited by individual trees, gap frequency, and species diversity. However, multivariate comparisons of GTRs versus unimpounded...
Modeling Electron Beam Interactions in Semiconductors

Microcaracterisation de semiconducteurs a l'aide de microscope electronique a balayage. Processus de diffusion elastique et inelastique et equation decrivant les sections efficaces. Emploi de la methode Monte Carlo pour la simulation de la trajectoire des electrons. Interpretation de l'image obtenue par microscopie electronique
Directed search for generalized plans using classical planners

We consider the problem of finding generalized plans for situations where the number of objects may be unknown and unbounded during planning. The input is a domain specification, a goal condition, and a class of concrete problem instances or initial states to be solved, expressed in an abstract first-order representation. Starting with an empty generalized plan, our overall approach is to incrementally increase the applicability of the plan by identifying a problem instance that it cannot solve, invoking a classical planner to solve that problem, generalizing the obtained solution and merging it back into the generalized plan. The main contributions of this paper are methods for (a) generating and solving small problem instances not yet covered by an existing generalized plan, (b) translating between concrete classical plans and abstract plan representations, and (c) extending partial generalized plans and increasing their applicability. We analyze the theoretical properties of these methods, prove their correctness, and illustrate experimentally their scalability. The resulting hybrid approach shows that solving only a few, small, classical planning problems can be sufficient to produce a generalized plan that applies to infinitely many problems with unknown numbers of objects.
The Volatility of Exchange Rates and Its Effect on Skewness and Kurtosis in Financial Markets

In this study, we examine how exchange rate volatility in a particular country influences both the kurtosis and skewness of stock returns. In a variety of tests that hold constant the structure of the financial market, we show that exchange rate volatility is associated with greater kurtosis, and more negative skewness. We use the out-of-sample implementation of the Euro as an identification strategy in order to make stronger causal inferences. The implementation of the Euro created stability in exchange rates not only in the Euro Region but also in other parts of the world. We find some evidence that the adoption of the Euro decreased the level of kurtosis and increased the skewness of stock returns.
Repeatability of aerobic performance in Red Junglefowl: Effects of ontogeny and nematode infection

1. Repeatability is important in determining how traits are affected by selection, but it is largely unstudied for most physiological characters other than locomotory performance. We examined the repeatability of aerobic capacity, measured as maximum O 2 consumption (Vo 2max ), in Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus. Vo 2max is an integrated index of metabolic performance that can be intuitively linked to fitness because it sets the upper limit to sustainable power output. 2. We used mass residuals to determine Vo 2max repeatability in adult birds, and across growth from 28-day-old chicks to reproductively mature adults. We measured Vo 2max during brief episodes of intense exercise in motorized running wheels. Minimal resting metabolism (Vo 2mr ) was measured in adults to provide an estimate of factorial aerobic scope (Vo 2maX /Vo 2mr ). We also examined the influences of sex and infection by a common intestinal nematode, Ascaridia galli, on Vo 2max . 3. There were no gender differences in adult Vo 2mr or in the Vo 2max of chicks. However, the Vo 2max of adult males was considerably greater than that of adult females. Factorial aerobic scopes were 9.6 and 5.6 for adult males and females, respectively. Higher scope in males may be an adaptation to support intense, prolonged intermale aggression. Infection with A. galli significantly depressed the mass and Vo 2max of chicks but had no effect on adults. 4. The Vo 2max of adult junglefowl was highly repeatable over periods up to 180 days. In contrast, we found no repeatability of Vo 2max across ontogeny for birds tested initially as chicks and again as adults. The lack of repeatability was not influenced by sex or infection status.
Simplified Method for Measuring Embryo Respiration

Abstract This research note describes an apparatus for measuring the oxygen consumption of incubating chicken eggs. The results compare favorably with those of Barott (1937), Romanoff (1941) and Calvert (1967). The apparatus utilizes a bubble-type flowmeter, timed with a split-timer stopwatch. Landauer (1951) credits Schwann (1834) with the first demonstration that oxygen was needed for successful hatching of chicken eggs. Measurement of the amount of oxygen consumed by embryos and membranes apparently started with Bohr and Hasselbalch (1900). In the last 35 years there have been three extensive American studies of the amount of oxygen consumed by incubating chicken eggs. Barott (1937) used water-jacketed calorimeters and measured groups of 89 eggs over 8-hour periods. Romanoff (1941) used a manometric respirometer and, as the title of his report indicates, measured one egg at a time. Calvert (1967) measured oxygen consumption with a modified Warburg apparatus, measuring one egg at a time. In…
Individualizing the treatment of gout.

SUMMARY Treatment for gouty arthritis should be individualized to address the patient’s other medical problems and the likelihood that gout will become chronic. We present a typical case and review the options, explaining their utility for this and other patients.
Reynolds Number Effects on the Secondary Flow of Profile Contoured Low Pressure Turbines

Low pressure turbine profiles with high aerodynamic loading can suffer from poor midspan performance at lower Reynolds number. Studies have shown that forward loading can mitigate the low Reynolds number lapse in performance at midspan, but concerns remain about increased secondary loss from front loading profiles. The effect of Reynolds number on low pressure turbine secondary flow losses are considered here. The front loaded L2F profile is studied experimentally in a low speed linear cascade. Several different geometric contours are used to modify the shape of the blade near the endwall, which decreases passage total pressure loss. Profile contouring is accomplished by placing an endwall glove over the blade at the blade to endwall junction. Performance of each profile is compared versus Reynolds number and boundary layer parameters. Translation of dominate secondary loss flow features were tracked using surface oil flow visualization, and their movement in the passage is related to changes in passage total pressure loss. Measurements showed that the lift off-line of the passage vortex moved downstream as Reynolds number decreased, and passage total pressure loss increased.
Metal-Catalyzed and Metal-Free Intermolecular Amination of Light Alkanes and Benzenes

Light alkanes (C1-C10) and simple aromatics are derived from desirable crude energy feedstock but present challenging cases for C–H functionalization purposes. This article reviews efforts to media...
Professional Practices in Undergraduate Research Programs

The undergraduate research experience (URE) is an important avenue within a college trajectory in which students enhance their critical thinking, learn about the scientific process, and develop the knowledge and values that will guide their future scientific and professional careers. Individual institutions, programs, departments, and faculty administer undergraduate research differently, but each should adhere to a common set of guidelines which govern the research mentoring process. Adherence to standard practices will enhance the research experience for both students and mentors. This article examines standards and guidelines for professional practices involving undergraduate research and scholarship, and will discuss lapses and limitations that students and faculty frequently confront. The growth, support, and proper management of undergraduate research programs (URPs) at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs) is important for maintaining a talented pool of young scientists, as students benefit greatly from direct interactions with faculty mentors that predominate at PUIs.
Design of FSM simulation for I~2C bus based on FPGA

According to I2C bus communication protocol,this paper introduced design of the I2C bus by FSM based on FPGA.It mainly includes the brief introduction of the characteristic of I2C bus,the design ideas and implementation process for I2C bus based on FPGA.Then it share and explanation some program of initialization for SAA7111 and SAA7121 in Verilog HDL.Finally timing simulation under master-slave in QuartusII was done,and debugging by SignalTapII on hardware was completed successfully.
Post-bucking Carrying Capacity and Failure Modes of Composite Thin-wall Stiffened Panels with and without Damage

Delamination damage was prefabricated on composite thin-wall stiffened panels used in advanced aircraft by impact test,and then the buckling,post-buckling carrying capacity and failure modes of the samples with and without damage at shear load were studied by shear tests.The result show that the delamination damage could reduce the stiffness of the composite thin-wall stiffned panel and change its failure mode,and cause the obvious local buckling appearing during shear process,and thus greatly reduced bucking,post-bucking and damage loads.
Interlude: Necromanticism and Romantic Authorship

This intermezzo adds to scholarship on the theory and practice of Romantic authorship, pointing out effects of necromantic tourism on popular conceptions of writers. A distinctly Romantic “death of the author” emerged from touristic reader-author interactions. Sometimes comical, sometimes poignant, literary tourists’ commerce with writers taught authors that their death was a central fact of their celebrity. Necromantic tourism thus appealed simultaneously to two opposing models: on the one hand, it celebrated authors’ singularity, but on the other it insisted on authors’ fundamental commonalities with each other.
Neural Networks for Heuristic Selection: An Application in Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling

The Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) is concerned with the scheduling of a collection of precedence-related activities subject to constraints on resources and the objective of maximizing Net Present Value (NPV). It is a complex combinatorial optimization problem which finds wide application. Due to the intractable nature of this problem, many heuristic procedures have been developed to obtain near optimal solutions. Extensive studies have shown that there is no single heuristic that dominates in all project environments. In addi tion, among the many problem parameters that describe project networks, the critical variables that may contribute to heuristic performance are not readily apparent. In this research, we explore the use of neural networks to induce the relationship between problem parameters and heuristic performance. 1ce
Robust performance with respect to diagonal input uncertainty

The robust performance problem of keeping the output sensitivity function small despite the presence of block diagonal uncertainty at the plant input is studied using sensitivity analysis as well as structured singular value analysis. It is shown that the robust performance is primarily determined by the first- and second-order effects of input uncertainty on the output sensitivity function. Robustness indicators are derived as functions of both the plant condition number and its input directionality properties. These indicators are useful in detecting potential design difficulties associated with ill-conditioned plants when input uncertainty is block diagonal, and they appear to give more accurate information than the plant relative gain array. >
Lifestyle intervention for adults with spinal cord injury: Results of the USC–RLANRC Pressure Ulcer Prevention Study

Context/Objective: Medically serious pressure injuries (MSPrIs), a common complication of spinal cord injury (SCI), have devastating consequences on health and well-being and are extremely expensive to treat. We aimed to test the efficacy of a lifestyle-based intervention designed to reduce incidence of MSPrIs in adults with SCI.Design: A randomized controlled trial (RCT), and a separate study wing involving a nonrandomized standard care control group.Setting: Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, a large facility serving ethnically diverse, low income residents of Los Angeles County.Participants: Adults with SCI, with history of one or more MSPrIs over the past 5 years: N=166 for RCT component, N=66 in nonrandomized control group.Interventions: The Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program, a 12-month lifestyle-based treatment administered by healthcare professionals, largely via in-home visits and phone contacts.Outcome Measures: Blinded assessments of annualized MSPrI incidence rates at 12 and 24 m...
New Insights on Cultural Patterns of Suicide in the United States: The Role of Honor Culture:

Cultural differences in suicide can be indicative of varying social pressures placed on individuals. High suicide rates in U.S. honor cultures have been proposed to reflect pressures associated wit...
Trends in common surgical procedures at children’s and nonchildren’s hospitals between 2000 and 2009

Abstract Purpose Though growth in children's surgical expenditures has been documented, procedure-specific differences in volume and costs at children's hospitals (CH) and non-hildren's hospitals (NCH) have not been explored. Our purpose was to compare trends in volume and costs of common pediatric surgical procedures between CH and NCH. Methods We performed a review of the 2000–2009 Kids' Inpatient Database identifying all cases of appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis (AP), tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA), fundoplication (FP), humeral fracture repair (HFR), pyloromyotomy (PYL), and cholecystectomy (CHOLE). Trends in case volume and costs were examined at CH versus NCH. Results The proportion of surgical care at CH increased for all procedures from 2000 to 2009. TA and CHOLE demonstrated higher costs per case at CH. Positive growth over time in cost per case at CH was seen for AP and FP, with the cost per case of FP increasing by 21% between 2006 and 2009. Conclusions The proportion of surgeries performed at CH is continuing to grow alongside proportionate increases in costs, however costs for certain procedures are higher at CH than NCH. Further investigation is needed to explore cost containment at CH while still maintaining specialized, high quality surgical care. Level of evidence Level III.
Prediction of cognitive and motor development in preterm children using exhaustive feature selection and cross-validation of near-term white matter microstructure

Abstract Background Advanced neuroimaging and computational methods offer opportunities for more accurate prognosis. We hypothesized that near-term regional white matter (WM) microstructure, assessed on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), using exhaustive feature selection with cross-validation would predict neurodevelopment in preterm children. Methods Near-term MRI and DTI obtained at 36.6 ± 1.8 weeks postmenstrual age in 66 very-low-birth-weight preterm neonates were assessed. 60/66 had follow-up neurodevelopmental evaluation with Bayley Scales of Infant-Toddler Development, 3rd-edition (BSID-III) at 18–22 months. Linear models with exhaustive feature selection and leave-one-out cross-validation computed based on DTI identified sets of three brain regions most predictive of cognitive and motor function; logistic regression models were computed to classify high-risk infants scoring one standard deviation below mean. Results Cognitive impairment was predicted (100% sensitivity, 100% specificity; AUC = 1) by near-term right middle-temporal gyrus MD, right cingulate-cingulum MD, left caudate MD. Motor impairment was predicted (90% sensitivity, 86% specificity; AUC = 0.912) by left precuneus FA, right superior occipital gyrus MD, right hippocampus FA. Cognitive score variance was explained (29.6%, cross-validated Rˆ2 = 0.296) by left posterior-limb-of-internal-capsule MD, Genu RD, right fusiform gyrus AD. Motor score variance was explained (31.7%, cross-validated Rˆ2 = 0.317) by left posterior-limb-of-internal-capsule MD, right parahippocampal gyrus AD, right middle-temporal gyrus AD. Conclusion Search in large DTI feature space more accurately identified neonatal neuroimaging correlates of neurodevelopment.
High-precision modular microfluidics by micromilling of interlocking injection-molded blocks

Wider use and adaptation of microfluidics is hindered by the infrastructure, knowledge, and time required to build prototype systems, especially when multiple fluid operations and measurements are required. As a result, 3D printing of microfluidics is attracting interest, yet cannot readily achieve the feature size, smoothness, and optical transparency needed for many standard microfluidic systems. Herein we present a new approach to the design and construction of high-precision modular microfluidics, using standard injection-molded blocks that are modified using micromilling and assembled via elastically averaged contacts. Desktop micromilling achieves channel dimensions as small as 50 μm depth and 150 μm width and adhesive films seal channels to allow internal fluid pressure of >400 kPa. Elastically averaged connections between bricks result in a mechanical locating repeatability of ∼1 μm, enabling fluid to pass between bricks via an O-ring seal with >99.9% reliability. We demonstrated and tested block-based systems for generating droplets at rates above 9000 min−1 and COV <3%, and integrated optical sensors. We also show how blocks can be used to build easily reconfigurable interfaces with glass microfluidic devices and imaging hardware. Microfluidic bricks fabricated by FDM and SLA 3D printing cannot achieve the dimensional quality of molded bricks, yet 3D printing allows customized bricks to be integrated with standard LEGOs. Our approach enables a wide variety of modular microfluidic units to be built using a widely available, cost-effective platform, encouraging use in both research and education.
How Do Le Fort-Type Fractures Present in a Pediatric Cohort?

Purpose Le Fort–type fractures are very rare in children, and there is a paucity of literature presenting their frequency and characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the etiology, frequency, and fracture patterns of children with severe facial trauma associated with pterygoid plate fractures in a pediatric cohort. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all children aged younger than 16 years with pterygoid plate and facial fractures who presented to our institute between 1990 and 2010. Patient charts and radiologic records were reviewed for demographic and fracture characteristics. Patients were categorized into 2 groups as per facial fracture pattern: non–Le Fort–type fractures (group A) and Le Fort–type fractures (group B). Other variables including dentition age, frontal sinus development, mechanism of injury, injury severity, and concomitant injuries were recorded. Univariate methods were used to compare groups. Results We identified 24 children; 25% were girls, and 20.8% were of nonwhite race. Most presented with Le Fort–type fracture patterns (group B, 66.7%). Age was significantly different between group A and group B (mean, 5.9 years and 9.9 years, respectively; P = .009). No significant differences in Injury Severity Score, rate of operative repair, and length of stay were found between groups. Conclusions Most children with severe facial fractures and pterygoid plate fractures presented with Le Fort–type fracture patterns in our cohort. The mean age of children with Le Fort–type fractures was greater than in those with non–Le Fort–type patterns. However, Le Fort–type fractures did occur in younger children with deciduous and mixed dentition.
Debt, Liquidity, and Profitability Problems in Small Firms:

Small business writers and researchers often base their analysis on the assumption that small businesses are undercapitalized and have low liquidity. Surprisingly few researchers have addressed thi...
Simulation techniques for image utility analysis

Modeling a space borne imaging system is key in predicting mission utility and exploring the sensor design trade space. It is important to capture critical real world phenomena in the modeling as accurately as possible to optimize design parameters. As a step toward optimal design of spectral imaging systems, this work presents simulation techniques that were used to model a panchromatic imaging system and predict well-known image quality metrics for a range of values of a key optical design variable - the effective focal length (EFL).We designed a at desert scene that included 7% and 15% reflectance panels and generated simulated images for a range of EFLs. The panels were used to calculate a sensor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The simulation incorporated a summer atmosphere with a collection time and geometry set to produce zenith solar and nadir collection angles. Platform motion and height with a given integration time for known detector parameters were also incorporated to produce images with changing EFL. A point spread function (PSF) of a typical optical system was incorporated that was scaled according to the EFL for a constant aperture diameter in order to capture the optical resolution changes. The PSF along with smear from the platform motion and integration time introduced realistic image blur to enable the relative edge response (RER) for the system to be estimated from the simulated images. The simulation used the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model that incorporates ray-tracing techniques and physics based radiation propagation modules. The SNR, RER, and GSD calculated from the synthetic images were used to estimate the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) rating for a range of EFLs. An optimum EFL was found by this process which included the compensating effects of resolution, sampling, and noise as the EFL changed. This technique is currently being expanded to assess trades for sensor design in order to optimize optical payload designs for multispectral and hyperspectral imaging systems.
SchemaDrill: Interactive Semi-Structured Schema Design

Ad-hoc data models like JSON make it easy to evolve schemas and to multiplex different data-types into a single stream. This flexibility makes JSON great for generating data, but also makes it much harder to query, ingest into a database, and index. In this paper, we explore the first step of JSON data loading: schema design. Specifically, we consider the challenge of designing schemas for existing JSON datasets as an interactive problem. We present SchemaDrill, a roll-up/drill-down style interface for exploring collections of JSON records. SchemaDrill helps users to visualize the collection, identify relevant fragments, and map it down into one or more flat, relational schemas. We describe and evaluate two key components of SchemaDrill: (1) A summary schema representation that significantly reduces the complexity of JSON schemas without a meaningful reduction in information content, and (2) A collection of schema visualizations that help users to qualitatively survey variability amongst different schemas in the collection.
Picturing the Working Protein

In discussions and in reading textbooks or papers, one often encounters two, implied or explicit, statements about proteins: I. Folding leads from the unfolded state to the unique native structure. II. This structure, as deduced from X-ray scattering, represents the “working” protein.
Electrocardiographic responses to pulmonary embolism. Mechanisms and sources of variability.

Abstract Most episodes of pulmonary embolism are associated with nonspecifically altered or unchanged electrocardiograms. QRS and T abnormalities of right ventricular “strain,” like significant circulatory changes, require 50 percent embolic obstruction and greatly increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Primary T wave changes appear to be related to increased right ventricular mural tension exaggerating myocardial oxygen requirements and simultaneously compromising the oxygen delivery system. QRS axis and conduction changes result from acute right ventricular dilatation plus hypoxia of His-Purkinje system components. Diagnostic sensitivity is partly related to time and frequency of monitoring. Bronchoconstriction due to serotonin release after embolic impact may produce P wave changes. Experimental studies indicate the protective effect of heparin (as an anti-serotonin agent). Some clinical and electrocardiographic variability may be related to prior treatment with many common medications which act as anti-serotonin agents.
Photoreactivation: Mammalian Cells

The phenomenon known as photoreactivation (PR) was discovered in Streptomyces griseus by Keiner in 1949. Thereafter, much of the initial work involving the characterization of this light effect was carried out using other prokaryotes (Jagger, 1967). I will attempt to briefly review the pertinent data accumulated for PR in mammalian cells.
The Evolution of Complexity in Metazoans

Living organisms combine high levels of both complexity and organization to produce systems that seem unparalleled in these respects in the inorganic world. The Metazoa include the most complex representatives of the organic kingdoms, having evolved from simpler but still highly complex unicellular protistan ancestors. Aspects of cellular complexity are treated by other papers in this volume. Here I wish to discuss some findings that bear on the rise of multicellular complexity of the metazoan style.
Exponentials and Logarithms

This chapter presents a brief overview of exponentials and logarithms. A worthwhile project for students in this regard would be to try to experimentally verify Newton's Law of Cooling: The rate of cooling is proportional to the difference between the object temperature and ambient temperature. If T = the number of degrees Celsius above ambient and t = the time in minutes, then Newton's Law of Cooling becomes . If the initial temperature is T 0 , the solution to the differential equation with this initial condition is . The chapter discusses repeated exponents. The number b(b b ) need not equal (b b ) b . The temperate zone insect models in on discrete dynamical systems use the fact that all the new bugs are born at the same time. May flies hatch in the spring, live a few days, lay eggs, and then die. The next spring a certain multiple of last spring's population hatches. If each mother May fly has b eggs survive and hatch, then the population next spring will be p [ t + l] = b · p [ t ]. If one begins with P 0 , the formula for the solution is an exponential, p [ t ] = P 0 · b t .
Diagnosing Schizophrenia: A Deep Learning Approach

This paper presents a new method for diagnosing schizophrenia using deep learning. This experiment used a secondary dataset supplied by the National Institute of Health. The experiment analyzes the dataset and identifies schizophrenia using traditional machine learning methods such as logistic regression, support vector machines, and random forest. Finally, a deep neural network with three hidden layers is applied to the dataset. The results show that the neural network model yielded the highest accuracy, suggesting that deep learning may be a feasible method for diagnosing schizophrenia.
The impact of novel induction regimens on transplant outcome in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma after controlling for high-risk FISH cytogenetics.

8033Background: Induction therapy with novel agents followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is standard of care for eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). The prim...
Medicaid Claims for Contraception Among Women With Medical Conditions After Release of the US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use.

Introduction The US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (MEC) identified 20 medical conditions that increase a woman's risk for adverse outcomes in pregnancy. MEC recommends that women with these conditions use long-acting, highly effective contraceptive methods. The objective of our study was to examine provision of contraception to women enrolled in Medicaid who had 1 or more of these 20 medical conditions METHODS: We used Medicaid Analytic Extract claims data to study Medicaid-enrolled women who were of reproductive age in the 2-year period before MEC's release (2008 and 2009) (N = 442,424) and the 2-year period after its release (2011 and 2012) (N = 533,619) for 14 states. We assessed 2 outcomes: provision of family planning management (FPM) and provision of highest efficacy methods (HEMs) for the entire study population and by health condition. The ratio of the after-MEC rate to the before-MEC rate was used to determine significance in MEC's uptake. Results Outcomes increased significantly from the before-MEC period to the after-MEC period for both FPM (1.06; lower bound confidence interval [CI], 1.05) and HEM (1.37; lower bound CI, 1.36) for a 1-sided hypothesis test. For the 19 of 20 conditions we were able to test for FPM, contraceptive use increased significantly for 12 conditions, with ratios ranging from 1.05 to 2.14. For the 16 of 20 conditions tested for HEM, contraception use increased significantly for all conditions, with ratios ranging from 1.19 to 2.80. Conclusion Provision of both FPM and HEM increased significantly among women with high-risk health conditions from the before-MEC period (2008 and 2009) to the after-MEC period (2011 and 2012). Health policy makers and clinicians need to continue promotion of effective family planning management for women with high-risk conditions.
An assessment of plant species differences on cellulose oxygen isotopes from two Kenai Peninsula, Alaska peatlands: Implications for hydroclimatic reconstructions

Peat cores are valuable archives of past environmental change because they accumulate plant organic matter over millennia. While studies have primarily focused on physical, ecological, and some biogeochemical proxies, cores from peatlands have increasingly been used to interpret hydroclimatic change using stable isotope analyses of cellulose preserved in plant remains. Previous studies indicate that the stable oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) preserved in alpha cellulose extracted from specific plant macrofossils reflect the δ18O values of past peatland water and thereby provide information on long-term changes in hydrology in response to climate. Oxygen isotope analyses of peat cellulose (δ18Ocellulose) have been successfully developed from peat cores that accumulate the same species for millennia. However, to fully exploit the potential of this proxy in species-diverse fens, studies are needed that account for the isotopic variations caused by changes in dominant species composition. This study assesses variation in δ18O values among peatland plant species and how they relate to environmental waters in two fens informally named Horse Trail and Goldfin, located on the leeward (dry) and windward (wet) side, respectively, of the climatic gradient across the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Environmental water δ18O values at both fens reflect unmodified δ18O values of mean annual precipitation, although at Goldfin standing pools were slightly influenced by evaporation. Modern plant (mosses and Carex (sedges)) δ18Ocellulose values indicate that all Carex are higher (~2.5 ‰) than those of mosses, likely driven by their vascular structure and ecophysiological difference from non-vascular mosses. Moss δ18Ocellulose values within each peatland are similar among the species, and differences appear related to evaporation effects on environmental waters within hummocks and hollows. The plant taxa-environmental water δ18O differences are applied to the previously determined Horse Trail Fen untreated bulk δ18O record. Results include significant changes to inferred millennial-to-centennial scale hydroclimatic trends where dominant taxa shift from moss to Carex, indicating that modern calibration datasets are necessary for interpreting stable isotopes from fens, containing a mix of vascular and nonvascular plants. Accounting for isotopic offsets through macrofossil analysis and modern plant-water isotope measurements opens new opportunities for hydroclimatic reconstructions from fen peatlands.
Expanding the range of binding energies and oxidizability of biologically relevant S–aromatic interactions: imidazolium and phenolate binding to sulfoxide and sulfone

Oxidation and protonation/deprotonation strongly impact intermolecular noncovalent interactions. For example, S-aromatic interactions are stabilized up to three-fold in the gas phase on oxidation of the sulfur ligand or protonation/deprotonation of the aromatic. To probe if such stabilizing effects are additive and to model interactions of oxidized methionine (MetOn) with protonated histidine and deprotonated tyrosine residues in proteins, we examined Me2SOn (n = 1, 2) binding to imidazolium, phenolate and their 4-methylated forms. Ab initio MP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p) gas-phase calculations reveal that the Me2SOn-imidazolium complexes adopt edge-on geometry with σ-type (N/C-HarO) H-bonding and interaction energies of -17.2 to -31.1 kcal mol-1. The less stable (-13.8 to -21.0 kcal mol-1) Me2SOn-phenolates possess en-face geometry stabilized by π-type (C-Hπar) H-bonding. Comparing these energies with those reported for the Me2S-neutral aromatics affirms the additive effects of ligand protonation/deprotonation and oxidation on gas-phase stability. However, this is not the case in water although the aqueous complexes retain their preferred gas-phase σ- and π-type H-bonded structures. Binding free energies (kcal mol-1) calculated from molecular dynamics simulations in bulk water (preceded by CHARMM36 force field calibration where necessary) reveal that Me2SO-imidazolium (-4.4) is more stable than Me2SO-phenolate (-2.4) but Me2SO2-imidazolium (-0.6) is less stable than Me2SO2-phenolate (-3.8). Vertical ionization potentials (IPV) calculated for the gas-phase complexes indicate that the Me2SOn-phenolates, but not the Me2SOn-imidazoles, are oxidizable under biological conditions. Charge transfer from the phenolate increases its IPV by ∼20%, decreasing its susceptibility to oxidation. Overall, this work provides fundamental data to predict the behaviour of protein-based MetOn-aromatic-ion interactions.
The Harms of Hematuria Evaluation: Modeling the Risk-Benefit of Using Split Bolus Computerized Tomography Urography to Reduce Radiation Exposure in a Theoretical Cohort.

Purpose:Computerized tomography urography is used to evaluate patients with gross or microscopic hematuria. Computerized tomography urography is a high radiation dose scan and, thus, it confers a h...
Prognostic Significance of Postoperative Subsyndromal Delirium

Background Whether postoperative subsyndromal delirium (SSD) is a separate syndrome from delirium and has clinical relevance is not well understood. Objectives We sought to investigate SSD in older surgical patients and to determine its prognostic significance. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of patients who were 65 years or older and were scheduled for noncardiac surgery. Postoperative delirium was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method. SSD was defined as the presence of at least one of the possible 10 symptoms of delirium, as defined by the Confusion Assessment Method, but not meeting the criteria for delirium. Results The number of features of SSD on the first postoperative day was associated with the subsequent development of delirium on the next day, after controlling for other risk factors. When compared with a patient with no SSD features, a patient with 1 SSD feature was 1.07 times more likely to have delirium on the next day (95% CI: 0.42–2.53), with 2 features was 3.32 times more likely to have it (95% CI: 1.42–7.57), and with ≥ 2 features was 8.37 times more likely to have it (95% CI: 4.98–14.53). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the number of features of SSD and increased length of hospital stay and worsened functional status at 1 month after surgery. Conclusions SSD is prevalent in at-risk surgical patients and has prognostic significance. Only a single symptom of SSD was sufficient to cause a significant increase in hospital length of stay and further decline in functional status. These results suggest that monitoring for SSD is indicated in at-risk patients.
Analyzing action games: a hybrid systems approach

Design support tools benefit from rich information about games' emergent behavior. Inventing successful AI players for particular games can help producing some of this information, but this is both labor intensive and limited in that it can generally only reveal that a solution exists and not say that no solution exists or that certain classes of solution exist. We show a generic method for posing and answering feasible-path, optimal-path, and reachable-space queries in action games, and we devise a measure of game level difficulty. We accomplish all this by encoding action videogame characters as hybrid dynamical systems, using Flappy Bird and Super Mario as case studies.
Effect of Pulmonary Hypertension on Transplant Outcomes in Patients With Ventricular Assist Devices

Background Although extremely high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a relative contraindication for heart transplantation (HTx), recent data with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) indicate HTx outcomes may be different when high PVR is managed with an LVAD. This study clarifies the contemporary association between PVR at HTx and posttransplant survival in LVAD vs non-LVAD cohorts. Methods We reviewed the United Network for Organ Sharing registry for adults who received a transplant from 2008 to 2015. In those with continuous-flow LVADs and those with no VADs at HTx, (non-VAD), we grouped patients by low PVR (PVR Results The non-LVAD cohort included 6270 patients (4385 in low, 1643 in intermediate, and 242 in high PVR), and the LVAD cohort included 4111 patients (3227 in low, 798 in intermediate, and 86 in high PVR). The high PVR LVAD group had the worst survival, which was not significant, likely to low power (P = .300). The aHR for death in non-LVAD was 1.047 (95% confidence interval, 1.010-1.088) and in LVAD was 1.063 (95% confidence interval, 1.010-1.119). Cubic spline analysis demonstrated nonlinear associations between PVR and the aHR, especially in the LVAD cohort. Conclusions There was no significant evidence to conclude the effect of pretransplant PVR on posttransplant survival is higher in LVAD vs non-LVAD patients, based on analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. However, further investigations are indicated to clarify HTx candidacy in those with extremely high PVR even after LVAD.
West Nile virus activity in United States blood donors and optimizing detection strategies: 2014‐2018

Background Rare transfusion-transmitted West Nile virus (WNV) cases usually occur due to gaps in testing involving converting to more sensitive nucleic acid testing (NAT) formats (referred to as triggering). Using data from 2014 to 2018, we investigated a strategy used to increase detection early in the triggering period and reviewed its yield as the individual donation (ID)-NAT geographic area was decreased. Methods Mini-pool-NAT transitioned to ID-NAT following triggering based on one WNV NAT-reactive donation (having an elevated signal, repeat reactive, or in an area with WNV ongoing activity). ID-NAT-triggered geographic areas included an entire state (2014-2017) or collections within a 50-mile radius of the triggering donor's residential zip code (2018). During the MP- to ID-NAT transition, donation samples were retrieved and tested by ID-NAT for those with results not yet released (referred to as in-process testing). Reactive sample confirmation was performed by repeat NAT of an independent sample or antibody testing. Results ID-NAT included 3.2 million donations of more than 25 million tested year-round, resulting in 684 confirmed positives; all confirmed-positive donations occurred from June to December (0.64/10,000). Overall, 52% (358/684) required ID-NAT for detection, including 68 (19%) antibody negatives. Ten of 19 (53%) identified in-process were ID-NAT-only detectable, including four antibody negatives, or approximately 1 per year (2.8% of ID-NAT-only detectable). With reduced triggering geography, 12 of 19 (63%) were not identified (including 6/10 ID-NAT-only detectable, and 2/4 ID-NAT-only detectable/antibody negative). Conclusion WNV NAT's utility is between June-December; however, abandoning testing outside of this time may increase risk. While in-process testing identified approximately one ID-NAT-only detectable (antibody-negative) donation per year, reducing the geographic triggered area decreased its effectiveness.
Why Do (Some) Originalists Hate America

Imagine a regime whose fundamental law is only to be found in ancient archives. Their mysterious contents take years to unearth, layer by layer. With new discoveries, bodies of established law are unexpectedly invalidated and discarded. Others, previously rejected, spring back into life as the scholars revise earlier conclusions. The operations of government are in constant confusion. This state of affairs is likely to persist indefinitely. That doesn’t sound attractive, does it? But that is where a prominent strand of modern originalist constitutional theory would lead us. This essay is a critique of originalist methodology. But the deepest flaw in this program is not its methodological errors, but its weird political ideal.