cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations Between Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene and Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Dyslipidemia

Abstract Recent reports have shown that the frequency of the homozygous deletion genotype (DD) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is highly associated with myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy, particularly in those considered to be at low risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) on the basis of their apoB or LDL cholesterol concentrations. The present study was initiated to extend this inquiry by exploring the possibility that the ACE/DD genotype might be associated with risk factors not evaluated in the initial reports. Consequently, we determined the ACE genotype in 181 subjects, 124 with normal glucose tolerance and 57 with non–insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and compared various aspects of glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein metabolism in the three ACE genotypes. In general, normal subjects with the DD genotype had a lower body mass index, were more insulin sensitive (as assessed by the insulin suppression test), and had lower plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose. In addition, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were lowest and HDL cholesterol concentrations highest in the DD group. However, the only statistically significant differences were between the ID and DD groups; the latter had lower values for body mass index, was more insulin sensitive, and had a lower plasma insulin response to oral glucose. Similar but insignificant trends were noted in the patients with NIDDM. The present results show that subjects with the ACE/DD genotype are not at increased risk for CHD because of insulin resistance, relative hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, or a dyslipidemia characterized by a high triglyceride and low HDL cholesterol concentration. Indeed, the risk for CHD from these variables seems to be decreased in subjects with the ACE/DD genotype.
1750 SWEAT POTASSIUM (K + ) VALUES IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

We retrospectively studied the results of sweat K+ values gathered on initial presentation from patients with CF to determine whether sweat K+ values varied with age. Two hundred seventy four sweat collections were obtained by the Gibson-Cooke method from 204 patients with CF over a ten year+period and were analyzed for sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl), and K+ by the same technician. We excluded tests performed on patients already diagnosed and under treatment for CF, leaving a total of 112 patients. In the case of duplicate sweat tests on the same person, the test with the largest amount of sweat was used for analysis. The mean sweat Na+, Cl−, and K+ for patients 1 year are compared in the table. The findings of lower sweat Na+ and higher sweat K+ in infants compared to older children may reflect hyperaldosteronism secondary to inadequate salt replacement prior to diagnosis. Loss of large quantities of K+ in the sweat in infants with CF may predispose them to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.
All-Raman transmission of 80 × 10 Gbit/s WDM signals with 50 GHz spacing over 4160 km of dispersion-managed fibre

All-distributed-Raman amplification in backward-pumped 80 km spans is employed to transmit 80×10 Gbit/s non-return to zero (NRZ) wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals over 4160 km of a symmetrically-configured dispersion-managed fibre with no forward error correction. At the received bit error rate levels below 10−9, this is a record capacity-distance product for terrestrial all-Raman systems.
The Effects of Propylthiouracil, Iodothyronines, and Other Agents on Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Human Placenta

Human and rat placental homogenates contain inner ring deiodinase activity (PT4ase) towards T4 and T3. This activity may decrease the transfer of T4 and T3 across the placenta and influence thyroid hormone disposal in the fetal circulation. Data are now presented on human PT4ase in subcellular fractions, the Km of human PT4ase, and the effects of drugs and other compounds on human and rat PT4ase. The specific activity (nanograms of rT3 produced per min/ mg protein) of each fraction of human placenta was as follows: nuclear, 0.07; mitochondrial, 0.15; lysosomal, 0.19; microsomal, 1.30; and cytosol, 0.01. The apparent Michaelis-Menton (Km) for PT4ase in human placental microsomes was 1.2 × 10-7 M. T3, 3,3′-diiodothyronine, iopanoic acid, iodoacetic acid, diamide, and propranolol all exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of human and rat PT4ase when tested in the presence of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Propylthiouracil did not inhibit PT4ase at 10 mM DTT, but when the DTT concentration was lowered to 0.25 mM, ...
Use of embedded DRAMs in video and image computing

Abstract We have evaluated the role of embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) in the performance of programmable mediaprocessors, focusing on video/image computing. eDRAM’s contributions to improving the total system performance can be assessed by measuring the number of CPU stall cycles caused by the memory transactions. We decomposed the CPU stall cycles into three components: latency due to row access, latency due to the pipeline of memory transactions, and burst transfer time. We used a cycle-accurate cache and eDRAM model to measure the system performance in executing selected low-level video/image computing functions on a mediaprocessor core. We simulated various values for data bus width, page size, and row-access time of eDRAM, pipeline delay of a memory transaction, and data cache line size. While the wider data width of eDRAM does reduce the burst transfer time, the actual reduction in the total stall cycles when the width was expanded from 8 to 16 bytes was lower than expected, ranging from 6.2% to 18.9%. Instead, we found that the row-access latency and memory transaction pipeline delay represent the major portion of the CPU stall cycles. For example, in case of 32-byte wide data bus, they account for 85.3–95.1% of the memory busy time during which data cache misses are serviced. We show how to lower the CPU stall time further, e.g., using no-write-allocate data cache to reduce the total burst transfer time, efficient memory banking to reduce the number of eDRAM page misses, and various software/hardware methods to bring data to the cache before they are needed by the CPU. In particular, the regular memory access pattern in video/image computing allows several methods to enhance the memory performance in using eDRAM, e.g., enlarging the cache line size and data prefetching. This paper presents our methodology, experimental results, and findings, which would be useful to the design of highly integrated systems on a chip with eDRAM in the future.
Action Spectra for Light-induced Elongation in Fern Protonemata

The action spectrum for promotion of elongation of protonemata of Onoclea sensibilis has peaks at 400–420, 580–600 and 640–660 nm. The largest growth increments at saturating light doses are produced by yellow and far-red light. Elongation induced by yellow and far-red irradiation persists in old as well as young filaments, while red-light promotion is found only in young filaments. The growth promotion caused by yellow light is partially reversed by red light down to the level of growth produced by red irradiation alone. Elongation of rhizoids is under reversible red, far-red control, while yellow light is inactive. A model is proposed and discussed in which the light-sensitive elongation of filaments is accounted for by the presence of three distinct photoreceptors: phytochrome; a pigment absorbing yellow light. P580; and a pigment absorbing blue light, P420.
Cycloserine inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric-alpha-ketoglutaric transaminase

Abstract Cyloserine was found to inhibit γ-aminobutyric-α-ketoglutaric transaminase of Escherichia coli and of cat and monkey brain in vitro . The inhibition was characterized by two phases: one was rapid, reversible, and competive with α-aminobutyric acid; the other was slow, progressive, and not reversible. The inhibition was reversed by γ-aminobutyric acid in the initial phase of the reaction but was not reversed by pyridoxal phosphate. Rats and guinea pigs treated acutely or chronically with cycloserine exhibited high concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid in the brain, a finding consistent with γ-aminobutyric-α-ketoglutaric transaminase inhibition by cycloserine in vivo .
Evaluation of Nosema ceranae spore-specific polyclonal antibodies

SummaryA new genomic antibody (Ab) has been developed against a spore-wall protein SWP-32 of the honey bee intracellular pathogen, Nosema ceranae. In dot blots and Western blots this Ab specifically recognized N. ceranae spore antigens and did not cross-react with N. apis spore lysates, unless blots were overdeveloped. The detection sensitivity depends on both the concentration of the anti-SWP-32 Ab and the concentration of Nosema spores in the lysates. To avoid non-specific staining, we suggest using this new Ab at 1:5000 dilution for detection of 1×103 and higher spore numbers per assay. Considering that a single infected bee can produce over 50 × 106 spores, this level of sensitivity will allow detection of a very low level of Nosema infection in bee colonies.
Ground Truth Determinations of Detonation Sites of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia

Abstract Although ground truth (GT) locations for peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) conducted in the former Soviet Union are generally thought to be well known, they can be erroneous by up to tens of kilometers. Information (maps, photographs, descriptions) published in radionuclide contamination and environmental studies, combined with satellite imagery, allow for the improvement of the coordinates of these detonations. We are able to link disturbed areas visible in satellite imagery to probable detonation sites for all PNEs conducted in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, and improve on, or confirm, previously published solutions; taking possible uncertainties and alternative sites into consideration, all of them can be located to GT0 or GT1. The improvements are most pronounced for Crystal, where a mound over the detonation site can be identified, and for detonations conducted for the purpose of enhanced petroleum recovery near Tas‐Yuryakh.
Incorporating residual dipolar couplings into the NMR solution structure determination of nucleic acids

NMR solution structures of nucleic acids are generally less well defined than similar-sized proteins. Most NMR structures of nucleic acids are defined only by short-range interactions, such as intrabase-pair or sequential nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), and J-coupling constants, and there are no long-range structural data on the tertiary structure. Residual dipolar couplings represent an extremely valuable source of distance and angle information for macromolecules but they average to zero in isotropic solutions. With the recent advent of general methods for partial alignment of macromolecules in solution, residual dipolar couplings are rapidly becoming indispensable constraints for solution NMR structural studies. These residual dipolar couplings give long-range global structural information and thus complement the strictly local structural data obtained from standard NOE and torsion angle constraints. Such global structural data are especially important in nucleic acids due to the more elongated, less-globular structure of many DNAs and RNAs. Here we review recent progress in application of residual dipolar couplings to structural studies of nucleic acids. We also present results showing how refinement procedures affect the final solution structures of nucleic acids.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly (Nucleic Acid Sci) 52: 168–180, 1999/2000
Influence of chronic morphine treatment on protein kinase C activity: comparison with butorphanol and implication for opioid tolerance

The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic opioid treatment could influence the protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the rat brain. Chronic morphine (microns agonist) but not butorphanol (mu/delta/kappa mixed agonist) treatment enhanced cytosolic PKC activity in the pons/medulla, but not in the cytosolic fractions of cortex and midbrain regions. Concomitant administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, blocked the PKC upregulation by chronic morphine. Chronic administration of morphine and butorphanol produced no change in the membrane PKC activity. Antinociceptive tolerance to morphine but not to butorphanol was developed under these conditions. These results suggest that chronic morphine administration leads to an upregulation of the cytosolic PKC activity in the pons/medulla through repeated activation of mu opioid receptors and that the PKC upregulation in this specific area may contribute to the morphine tolerance.
Will haplotype maps be useful for finding genes

From its introduction into the literature, the idea of haplotype map-based linkage disequilibrium (LD) studies has been the subject of disputes. These queries involve the extent to which the haplotype blocks exist, the validity of fundamental concepts such as the recombination hotspot, and the application of this idea in the form of the HapMap project. In this article, we review the relevant literature to evaluate the potential importance of haplotype maps for psychiatric genetics. We first take a closer look at the nature of haplotype blocks and then address the impact of block definitions and methodological factors, such as single-nucleotide polymorphism density and sample size, on findings from haplotype block studies. After distinguishing between two types of haplotype map-based LD studies, we discuss the importance of the recombination hotspot and the nature of the disease mutations affecting complex traits. In the final section, we summarize our main conclusions and comment on the usefulness of haplotype maps for finding genes.
A New Species of Fossil Homolid Crab (Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Río Foyel Formation (Paleogene), Río Negro Province, Argentina

A previously undescribed fossil specimen of deep water crab belonging to the family Homolidae de Haan, 1839 was discovered in the collection of the Museo Paleontologica de Bariloche of Rio Negro Province, Argentina. The specimen is exceptional because one of the extra-lineal flanks is present. These lateral portions of the carapace are often absent in homolid crab specimens, due to disarticulation of the carapace along the lineae homolicae (Glaessner, 1969). The specimen was collected from the (middle?) Oligocene Rio Foyel Formation (Casadio et al., 2004), which crops out south of the town of San Carlos de Bariloche, in the foothills of the Andes Mountains (Fig. 1). Paleogene specimens of the Homolidae are exceedingly rare, due in large part to the lack of preserved rocks from deepwater environments (Feldmann et al., 1991), which they prefer in modern oceans. This specimen is of particular importance because it is not only the first reported fossil occurrence of the genus Paromola Wood-Mason, 1891 but also provides additional evidence as to the depositional environment of the Rio Foyel Formation. Figure 1 —Collection locality of Paromola vetula n. sp. specimen, near San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina. The Rio Foyel Formation was deposited within the Nirihuau Basin, Rio Negro Province, Argentina. The lithology of the Rio Foyel Formation is reported as being composed primarily of beds of massive shale with isolated fossiliferous calcareous concretions (Casadio et al., 2004). The concretions contain the remains of corals, brachiopods including Terebratula sp., several species of clams, gastropods, echinoids, and decapods (Casadio et al., 2004). The stratigraphy and exact age of the Rio Foyel Formation is currently a matter of debate. The region has been tectonically deformed, and outcrop exposures are limited. Various conflicting interpretations have been made regarding the depositional environment(s) and the age of the …
Ontogenetic shifts in ambush-site selection of a sit-and-wait predator, the Chacoan Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli)

Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use are widespread among vertebrates. These niche shifts are often attributed to age-specific patterns of resource use, which are correlated with changes in morphology, diet, and habitat. We examined the ontogeny of ambush-site selection in a sit-and-wait predator, the Chacoan Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli Barrio, 1980), in the Gran Chaco ecoregion of Bolivia. We quantified covariation in microhabitat and morphological variables and tested for microhabitat selection against randomly selected points. We identified an ontogenetic shift in ambush-site selection between adult and metamorph frogs. When compared with random points, metamorphs selected a subset of available habitat, whereas adult frogs did not appear to select ambush sites. Metamorphs, compared with adults, selected ambush sites farther from a pond’s edge with a greater proportion of dry mud. The metamorph of C. cranwelli may have selected ambush sites based on spatial distribution of certain size classes of pr...
Communication Practices of Japanese Managers in America: Cultural vs Functional Theories:

An important aspect of successful cross-cultural management is the ability of managers to adapt their leadership styles to the cultural expectations of host country nationals. One aspect of leadership style is compliance gaining which is the ability to obtain the consent of a subordinate to carry out a task. Managers' can use a variety of strategies to obtain subordinate compliance with requests. This study examines the compliance-gaining strategies of Japanese managers in the US to determine whether they in fact adapt their strategies when they go overseas. Based on findings regarding compliance-gaining behaviours of Japanese managers in Japan, it appears that there is little change in behaviour when the managers are transferred to the US. The effects of communication, interpersonal, and organizational variables were also investigated.
Preference for concentric orientations in the mouse superior colliculus

The superior colliculus is a layered structure important for body- and gaze-orienting responses. Its superficial layer is, next to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the second major target of retinal ganglion axons and is retinotopically organized. Here we show that in the mouse there is also a precise organization of orientation preference. In columns perpendicular to the tectal surface, neurons respond to the same visual location and prefer gratings of the same orientation. Calcium imaging and extracellular recording revealed that the preferred grating varies with retinotopic location, and is oriented parallel to the concentric circle around the centre of vision through the receptive field. This implies that not all orientations are equally represented across the visual field. This makes the superior colliculus different from visual cortex and unsuitable for translation-invariant object recognition and suggests that visual stimuli might have different behavioural consequences depending on their retinotopic location.
TRANSMISSION OF EPIDEMIC GASTROENTERITIS TO HUMAN VOLUNTEERS BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF FECAL FILTRATES

Epidemic gastroenteritis was transmitted to human volunteers by the oral administration of fecal filtrates. The original inocula were obtained from patients in a natural outbreak which occurred at Marcy State Hospital in the winter of 1946-47. The experimental disease closely resembled that of the donors. The incubation period ranged from I to 5 days, with a mean of 3 days. The disease was carried through three generations, in the last two by means of fecal filtrates. Oral administration of unfiltered throat washings from experimental cases of the disease likewise induced gastroenteritis but subjects who inhaled a portion of the same throat washings remained asymptomatic. Volunteers who inhaled throat washings taken from patients in the epidemic at Marcy State Hospital also failed to develop the disease. Five volunteers who had previously been inoculated with fecal filtrates were reinoculated with the same material. Gastroenteritis followed in one of the two subjects who had failed to contract the disease the first time. The others remained well. Embryonated hens' eggs were inoculated with one of the two unfiltered stool suspensions used in the pool which had induced gastroenteritis in each of the three volunteers to whom it was fed. Three sets of eggs were inoculated: one on the chorioallantoic membrane, another into the yolk sac, and a third into the amniotic sac. Three serial passages were carried out by each method at varying time intervals. Penicillin and streptomycin were employed as antibacterial agents. Tissue and extraembryonic fluids from the third passage were non-infective for volunteers.
Track data hubs enable visualization of user-defined genome-wide annotations on the UCSC Genome Browser

Summary: Track data hubs provide an efficient mechanism for visualizing remotely hosted Internet-accessible collections of genome annotations. Hub datasets can be organized, configured and fully integrated into the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser and accessed through the familiar browser interface. For the first time, individuals can use the complete browser feature set to view custom datasets without the overhead of setting up and maintaining a mirror. Availability and implementation: Source code for the BigWig, BigBed and Genome Browser software is freely available for non-commercial use at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/jksrc.zip, implemented in C and supported on Linux. Binaries for the BigWig and BigBed creation and parsing utilities may be downloaded at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/. Binary Alignment/Map (BAM) and Variant Call Format (VCF)/tabix utilities are available from http://samtools.sourceforge.net/ and http://vcftools.sourceforge.net/. The UCSC Genome Browser is publicly accessible at http://genome.ucsc.edu. Contact: ude.cscu.eos@kannod
cBathy Bathymetry Estimation in the Mixed Wave-Current Domain of a Tidal Estuary.

ABSTRACT Holman, R.A. and Stanley, J., 2013. cBathy Estimation in the Mixed Wave-Current Domain of a Tidal Estuary. The last decade has seen considerable progress in the development of algorithms for nearshore bathymetry estimation based on celerity observations of ocean surface waves. This work has evolved into a robust algorithm called cBathy which produces operational results that compared well to 16 CRAB surveys at Duck, NC, collected over two years (bias 0.19 m, rmse 0.51 m over a 1000 by 500 analysis region). However, cBathy is presently based on a wave dispersion implementation that neglects the effects of currents. In May 2012, cBathy was tested in a tidal inlet environment at the RIVET experiment at New River Inlet, NC, a location with a complex ebb tidal delta and strong tidal currents. Initial analyses without Doppler correction to the algorithm show up to 50% overestimation of depth excursions at tidal time scales, presumably associated with wave-current effects. Data from in situ instruments ...
Increasing Use of Kidney Sparing Approaches for Localized Renal Tumors in a Community Based Health System: Impact on Renal Functional Outcomes

Purpose: The use of partial nephrectomy and other kidney sparing approaches in national databases lags far behind practice patterns at major academic centers. The reasons and impact of this disparity are largely unknown. We examined the trend in kidney sparing approaches in a community based health care system to examine associated factors and impact on renal function.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the records of all patients who underwent intervention for suspicious renal lesions at a single health care system between 1998 and 2010. Demographic, pathological and functional data were collected in an institutional review board approved database.Results: During the 12 study years a kidney sparing approach was used in 35% of patients with localized renal tumors. A clear increase in the proportion of patients undergoing a kidney sparing approach was observed, including 11%, 23% and 49% during successive 4-year periods. A kidney sparing approach was used in 81% of patients with tumors 4 cm or less during ...
Application of empirical mode decomposition in the field of polymer physics

Noisy data has always been a problem to the experimental community. Effective removal of noise from data is important for better understanding and interpretation of experimental results. Over the years, several methods have evolved for filtering the noise present in the data. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) based filters are widely used because they provide precise information about the frequency content of the experimental data, which is used for filtering of noise. However, FFT assumes that the experimental data is stationary. This means that: (i) the deterministic part of the experimental data obtained from a system is at steady state without any transients and has frequency components which do not vary with respect to time and (ii) noise corrupting the experimental data is wide sense stationary, that is, mean and variance of the noise does not statistically vary with respect to time. Several approaches, for example, short time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform-based filters, have been developed to handle transient data corrupted with nonstationary noise (mean and variance of noise varies with respect to time) data. Both these approaches provide time and frequency information about the data (time at which a particular frequency is present in the signal). However, these filtering approaches have the following drawbacks: (i) STFT requires identification of an optimal window length within which the data is stationary, which is difficult and (ii) there are theoretical limits on simultaneous time and frequency resolution. Hence, filtering of noise is compromised. Recently, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been used in several applications to decompose a given nonstationary data segment into several characteristic oscillatory components called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Fourier transform of these IMFs identifies the frequency content in the signal, which can be used for removal of noisy IMFs and reconstruction of the filtered signal. In this work, we propose an algorithm for effective filtering of noise using an EMD-based FFT approach for applications in polymer physics. The advantages of the proposed approach are: (i) it uses the precise frequency information provided by the FFT and, therefore, efficiently filters a wide variety of noise and (ii) the EMD approach can effectively obtain IMFs from both nonstationary as well as nonlinear experimental data. The utility of the proposed approach is illustrated using an analytical model and also through two typical laboratory experiments in polymer physics wherein the material response is nonstationary; standard filtering approaches are often inappropriate in such cases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Factors That Hinder Offender Reentry Success: A View From Community Corrections Officers

Within the institutional correctional literature, much has been written about the differences in authority between correctional officers and inmates. Recently, researchers have begun exploring the differences in authority between ex-offenders and community corrections officers (CCOs). Emerging literature in the correctional field suggests that ex-offenders perceive CCOs as being socially distant from them and have doubt as to whether CCOs are genuine in their attempts to assist the ex-offenders in reintegrating back into the community. Using qualitative data from a sample of 132 federal and state corrections officers in Seattle, Washington, this investigation advances previous research by examining officers’ perceptions of social distance with their clients. Results from the survey responses and policy implications are presented.
Effectiveness of an Extension-Oriented Treatment Approach in a Subgroup of Subjects With Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this multicenter randomized clinical trial was to examine the effectiveness of an extension-oriented treatment approach (EOTA) in a subgroup of subjects with low back pain (LBP) who were hypothesized to benefit from the treatment compared with similar subjects who received a lumbar spine strengthening exercise program. Methods: Subjects with LBP and symptoms distal to the buttocks that centralized with extension movements were included. Forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to groups that received an EOTA (n=26) or a strengthening exercise program (n=22). Subjects attended 8 physical therapy sessions and completed a home exercise program. Follow-up data were obtained at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 months after randomization. Primary outcome measures were disability (modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire) and pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale). Results: Subjects in the EOTA group experienced greater improvements in disability compared with subjects who received trunk strengthening exercises at 1 week (mean difference between groups from baseline=8.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.0, 15.9), 4 weeks, (mean difference=14.4, 95% CI=4.8, 23.9), and 6 months (mean difference=14.6, 95% CI=4.6, 24.6). The EOTA group demonstrated greater change in pain at the 1-week follow-up only. Discussion and Conclusion: An EOTA was more effective than trunk strengthening exercise in a subgroup of subjects hypothesized to benefit from this treatment approach. Additional research is needed to explore whether an EOTA may benefit other subgroups of patients.
Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium

For much of the 20th century, lactate was largely considered a dead-end waste product of glycolysis due to hypoxia, the primary cause of the O2 debt following exercise, a major cause of muscle fatigue, and a key factor in acidosis-induced tissue damage. Since the 1970s, a ‘lactate revolution’ has occurred. At present, we are in the midst of a lactate shuttle era; the lactate paradigm has shifted. It now appears that increased lactate production and concentration as a result of anoxia or dysoxia are often the exception rather than the rule. Lactic acidosis is being re-evaluated as a factor in muscle fatigue. Lactate is an important intermediate in the process of wound repair and regeneration. The origin of elevated [lactate] in injury and sepsis is being re-investigated. There is essentially unanimous experimental support for a cell-to-cell lactate shuttle, along with mounting evidence for astrocyte–neuron, lactate–alanine, peroxisomal and spermatogenic lactate shuttles. The bulk of the evidence suggests that lactate is an important intermediary in numerous metabolic processes, a particularly mobile fuel for aerobic metabolism, and perhaps a mediator of redox state among various compartments both within and between cells. Lactate can no longer be considered the usual suspect for metabolic ‘crimes’, but is instead a central player in cellular, regional and whole body metabolism. Overall, the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle has expanded far beyond its initial conception as an explanation for lactate metabolism during muscle contractions and exercise to now subsume all of the other shuttles as a grand description of the role(s) of lactate in numerous metabolic processes and pathways.
“Who Speaks for the Child?” Consent, Assent, and Confidentiality in Pediatric Dermatology

Parents have the ultimate legal authority to make medical decisions for their children. In cases where there is disagreement between parents and physician, or between both parents, the physician should listen respectfully to the parents’ concerns and try to reach a mutually satisfactory consensus. In cases where this is not possible, the physician has an ethical obligation to advocate for the best interests of the child, while recognizing the legal authority of the parent(s) or legally authorized representative. As children mature, they should be allowed to have a greater voice in medical decisions, a process known as assent. Especially in the case of elective medically unnecessary procedures, such assent or dissent, while not legally required or binding, should be given considerable weight. There are well-recognized exemptions from the need for parental consent for minors. This chapter deals with the ethical and legal principles that are relevant to medical decision–making involving the parent–child–physician triad.
Talented Students in an Exemplary Career and Technical Education School: A Qualitative Inquiry.

Outstanding talents exist in all areas of human endeavor, yet little information exists concerning gifted and talented students in career and technical education (CTE) settings. This qualitative study investigated an exemplary CTE center and the experiences of the rural secondary students who were identified as talented in this setting. Four themes emerged and paralleled suggested practices in gifted education: individualization, student-centered meaningful choices, instructors as developers of talent, and participation in career and technical student organizations. Results offer methods that secondary educators can use to recognize and identify talented CTE students and engage them in challenging, meaningful learning. Findings of positive experiences of talented students in this setting led to the conclusions that CTE programs should be included as part of the continuum of services for gifted and talented youth and that CTE programs should identify, recognize, and serve gifted and talented students.
Time Series Analysis of Scansar Interferograms using the Small Baseline Subset Technique

We generate a deformation time series by applying the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR processing algorithm to ScanSAR (burst mode) data synthesized from ERS-1/2 stripmap SAR data. Careful selection of interferometric image pairs based on short spatial and temporal baselines mitigates higher levels of decorrelation observed in low-resolution ScanSAR data. We simulate burst mode data from 40 ERS-1/2 stripmap raw datasets over Phoenix, Arizona by omitting raw data lines. Interferograms are formed for varying amounts of burst overlap to reflect a realistic ScanSAR scenario and the effect of loss of resolution and coherence on accuracy of time series solution due to varying amounts of burst overlap is investigated. Comparison of ScanSAR SBAS results with stripmap SBAS results shows a mean error of 0.01-0.1 cm/year in velocity estimates and 0.4-2.1 cm error in displacements.
PROBING ATOMICALLY INHOMOGENEOUS SURFACES WITH TUNNELING MICROSCOPY

Abstract The connection between observed, physical properties of adsorbed surfaces and their microscopic origins requires structural determination at the atomic level. Yet, investigation of such systems at that scale reveals local inhomogeneities in both reconstruction and individual atomic species at various stages of adsorbate incorporation. We have studied the submonolayer growth of Ga and B on Si(111) with tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, and we show for each known phase assumed by these systems that images of mixed-phase surfaces provide structural information for new reconstructions which would not be accessible from images of a homogeneous, single-phase surface. Where mixing of adsorbate and substrate atoms occurs within a surface phase, individual atoms of two species may be identified. We demonstrate that controlled surface doping of Si(111) by boron induces identifiable changes in the local character of specific adatom sites leading to device characteristics associated with the presence of the tunneling tip over particular atoms.
Quantitative risk measures applied to Alaskan commercial fisheries

Risk measures can summarize the complex variability inherent in fisheries management into simple metrics. We use quantitative risk measures from investment theory to analyze catch and revenue risks...
Predictors of Posterior Glottic Stenosis: A Multi-Institutional Case-Control Study.

Objective:To assess intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in the development of posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) in intubated patients.Methods:Patients diagnosed with PGS between September 2012 and May 2014 at 3 tertiary care university hospitals were included. Patient demographics, comorbidities, duration of intubation, endotracheal tube (ETT) size, and indication for intubation were recorded. Patients with PGS were compared to control patients represented by patients intubated in intensive care units (ICU).Results:Thirty-six PGS patients were identified. After exclusion, 28 PGS patients (14 male, 14 female) and 112 (65 male, 47 female) controls were studied. Multivariate analysis demonstrated ischemia (P < .05), diabetes (P < .01), and length of intubation (P < .01) were significant risk factors for the development of PGS. Fourteen of 14 (100%) males were intubated with a size 8 or larger ETT compared to 47 of 65 (72.3%) male controls (P < .05). Posterior glottic stenosis (P < .01), length of intubation ...
Six -DOF Modeling and Simulation of a Generic Hypersonic Vehicle for Control and Navigation Purposes

This paper covers the development of a Six Degrees of Freedom simulation of a generic hypersonic vehicle (GHV) [1] based on two different aerodynamic models and the aerodynamic database developed in reference [2] for control and navigation purposes. The results from APAS, which is an engineering level CFD program, from a high fidelity CFD code, STARS, and from wind tunnel experiments are used in this research. For the GHV model a combined cycle engine including a turbojet, ramjet-scramjet, and rocket engines are designed to cover subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic speeds. Using numerical linearization techniques including the Jacobian method, the LTI state equations were developed. This work is supported partially by an Air Force grant, in support of their emphasis on new aerospace vehicle concepts and hypersonic technologies.
Bone morphogenetic protein in pediatric spine fusion surgery

Background: There is a paucity of literature describing the use of bone graft substitutes to achieve fusion in the pediatric spine. Outcomes and complications involving the off-label use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in the pediatric spine are not clearly defined. The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature with respect to reported outcomes and complications involving the use of low-dose BMP-2 in pediatric patients. Methods: A Medline and PubMed literature search was conducted using the words bone morphogenetic protein, BMP, rh-BMP-2, bone graft substitutes, and pediatric spine. Results: To date, there are few published reports on this topic. Complications and appropriate BMP-2 dosage application in the pediatric spine remain unknown. Conclusions: This report describes the potential for BMP-2 to achieve successful arthrodesis of the spine in pediatric patients. Usage should be judicious as complications and long-term outcomes of pediatric BMP-2 usage remain undefined in the existing literature.
Teaching specialty cancer medicine in rural hospitals: the cancer outreach program as a model.

Abstract Cancer doctors and nurses are clustered in the metropolitan areas of Virginia. However, cancer patients are found throughout the state, and cancer mortality time trends are worse in the rural areas. Efforts to recruit cancer physicians and nurses to rural hospitals have been unsuccessful due to the practice characteristics, educational isolation, and economic disincentives. Our rural cancer education program involves the physicians and nurses currently in practice at two rural hospitals. We provide hands‐on training in cancer care, continuing education, and intense week‐long educational sessions. We have observed changes in physician and nurse practice styles that benefit the cancer patient including effective pain management, enrollment of patients on clinical trials, increased use of adjuvant therapy, and breast conservation. We are providing state‐of‐the‐art cancer care at the rural hospitals in the Cancer Outreach Program. We have improved the educational opportunities and increased utilizati...
Some Sexual Aspects of the Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

The sexual aspect is an important part of the lives of most people. It is also an important part of the lives of persons with cardiac illness. Unfortunately, all too often the sexual sphere has been neglected. An interesting and recent example of this neglect is provided by an otherwise excellent article by Morris et al (1973). The study measured the prospective finding of Myocardical Infarction in association with vigorous exercise. The data were obtained through questionnaires given to 16,882 government employees. Participants were asked “to record everything they would normally discuss with another person, which of course imposes limitations.” No further instructions were given and according to Morris and his associates, the following activities were elicited. As can be seen in Table 1, there is not a single mention of any sexual activity.
Analysis of Anti-Reovirus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Using the H-2dml Mutant

The murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to reovirus -- a double-stranded, segmented RNA virus -- has been analyzed using the dm1 mutant and its d parent strain. Reovirus stimulates a strong CTL response in mice of both haplotypes. The H-2D/Ldm1, H-2Dd and H-2Ld antigens allserveas. anti-reovirus CTL restricting elements. These CTL most likely recognize nonmembrane structures of reovirus because this “naked” virus is nonenveloped and nonbudding with no known membrane maturation stage in its replication cycle. The fine-specificity of the H-2 restriction imposed by the individual class I molecules of these haplotypes has been examined by analyzing the crossreactivity patterns of parent and mutant CTL tested with L cells transformed with various cloned H-2 genes. Preliminary data indicates that d anti-reovirus CTL generally do not crossreact with infected targets expressing the mutant H-2D/Ldml antigen whereas dm1 antireovirus CTL frequently cross-lyse reovirus infected targets expressing either the H-Dd or H-Ld antigens. The nonreciprocity of the d and dm1 CTL response suggests that fundamentally different immunodominant determinants are selected for CTL recognition in d as compared to dm1 mice although substantial sequence homology exists between the H-2D/Ldml hybrid antigen and the two parent antigens from which the mutant class I molecule arose. Based on the unique hybrid nature of the H-2D/Ldml antigen, additional hybrid class I molecules have been constructed in collaboration with Drs. Iwona Stroynowski and Lee Hood, using the mutant and parent genes for exonshuffled gene constructs. Preliminary data is presented showing that dm1 CTL can recognize reovirus infected L cell transformants expressing the class I variant, [Dd]-[D/Ldml]-[Dd], with the brackets denotingtheboundaries between the [a1]-[m2]-[a3] extracellular domains. Eventually additional variants of this type will be constructed and expressed in L cells. In conjunction with the recently-isolated cloned reovirus genes, these novel class I genes will provide further insight into the structural elements of these molecules which govern anti-viral CTL recognition.
Behavioral deficits induced by third-trimester equivalent alcohol exposure in male C57BL/6J mice are not associated with reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis but are still rescued with voluntary exercise.

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure can produce permanent alterations in brain structure and profound behavioral deficits. Mouse models can help discover mechanisms and identify potentially useful interventions. This study examined long-term influences of either a single or repeated alcohol exposure during the third-trimester equivalent on survival of new neurons in the hippocampus, behavioral performance on the Passive avoidance and Rotarod tasks, and the potential role of exercise as a therapeutic intervention. C57BL/6J male mice received either saline or 5 g/kg ethanol split into two s.c. injections, two hours apart, on postnatal day (PD)7 (Experiment 1) or on PD5, 7 and 9 (Experiment 2). All mice were weaned on PD21 and received either a running wheel or remained sedentary from PD35-PD80/81. From PD36-45, mice received i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. Behavioral testing occurred between PD72-79. Number of surviving BrdU+ cells and immature neurons (doublecortin; DCX + ) was measured at PD80-81. Alcohol did not affect number of BrdU+ or DCX+ cells in either experiment. Running significantly increased number of BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in both treatment groups. Alcohol-induced deficits on Rotarod performance and acquisition of the Passive avoidance task (Day 1) were evident only in Experiment 2 and running rescued these deficits. These data suggest neonatal alcohol exposure does not result in long-term impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the mouse model. Three doses of ethanol were necessary to induce behavioral deficits. Finally, the mechanisms by which exercise ameliorated the neonatal alcohol induced behavioral deficits remain unknown.
“Demi-Semi-Royal Progress”

With the increasing London social and editorial activity of 1918, the Galsworthys’ flat in Adelphi Terrace House, with only one bedroom, was too small for guests, entertaining or the separate bedrooms they began to prefer. They learned that Grove Lodge, a house they had looked at but found too expensive just before they married, was again vacant. It was the smallest of three clustered houses overlooking Hampstead Heath at the top of Holly Bush Hill. The houses had been built in the eighteenth century, parts of them probably earlier, and Grove Lodge was a kind of pendant lower on the hill to the central and elegant structure called Admiral’s House. Constable lived at Grove Lodge for a time in the early 1820s, then referred to as Lower Terrace, painting a view over the heath called House at Hampstead now in the National Gallery and a picture of the Admiral’s House now in the Tate. Grove Lodge had been a rectory in the late nineteenth century. The Admiral’s House, in Galsworthy’s time, was owned by Sir John Fortescue, described by Galsworthy when he once invited Charles Scribner to dinner with him as “the King’s Librarian and author of the History of the British Army and of the first year of the War”.1
Early Mathematical Development: How the Home Environment Matters

In the past three decades, the study of the home numeracy environment has grown and the field has moved from establishing the connection between the home environment and young children’s mathematical skills to examining more nuanced relationships. This chapter provides a brief history of home numeracy research, reviews the current literature, and identifies the underlying theoretical assumptions that have guided the research. Much of the research has focused on parents as a major force in the home environment and focused on parental attributes such as behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs, as causal indicators. While direct connections are not always supported there is enough consistency in the research to conclude that parents can influence their children’s mathematical development. Current models of the home numeracy environment are reviewed and recommendations made about new ways to conceptualize both the role of parents and the interactive and constantly changing relationship between parents and their children.