cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Wind Energy Technology and Control

In this paper the horizontal axis wind turbine structure, major components, and fundamental of operation of each block was briefly discussed. The tools and techniques used in design and control of large-scale wind turbine were also reviewed. Some overview of the various stages of turbine operation and control strategies used to maximize energy capture in below rated wind speeds was presented, however, the emphasis was on control to alleviate loads when the turbine was operating at maximum power. The nonlinear model of wind turbines and their linear version for design of controllers were explained and developed. Finally, the available linear control techniques for capturing maximum power from the wind were conferred.
Failure Analysis on Transformer Wiring Board

The chemical composition and structure of wiring board in transformer was investigated by using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis,and the reasons for the failure of the transformer wiring board were analyzed.It is suggested that the manufacturing process,atmospheric environment and construction conditions have influence on the service life of transformer wiring board.
Turnover of extracellular matrix by type II pulmonary epithelial cells

Rat type II pulmonary epithelial cells synthesize and assemble a multicomponent extracellular matrix (ECM) which can modulate cellular differentiation in primary culture. This study defines turnover of the type II cell matrix. Turnover kinetics were analyzed in two types of pulse-chase protocols based on loss of radioactive ECM components. To estimate turnover of previously synthesized ECM, type II cells were plated on extracted matrix that was radiolabeled 2, 3, or 6 days; alternatively, ECM was radiolabeled in pulse-chase experiments to measure turnover by the same cells that synthesized the matrix. Rapid initial rates of ECM turnover were evident in both cases. While overall matrix stability appeared to change with culture time, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed a similar spectrum of proteins in the ECM over the course of kinetic studies. The results reveal rapid turnover of ECM by type II cells and suggest that matrix stability may be regulated. These observations provide a basis for future investigations of the physiological significance of turnover of individual ECM components by the alveolar epithelium.
Fan Response to Boundary-Layer Ingesting Inlet Distortions

The modeling capabilities of TURBO, an existing turbomachinery analysis code, have been extended to include the ability to solve the external and internal flow fields of a boundary-layer ingesting inlet. Flow solutions are presented and compared with experimental data for several high-Reynolds-number flows to validate the solver modifications. The upstream flowfield was coupled to a hypothetical compressor fan to present a fully developed distortion to the fan. Although the total pressure distortion upstream of the fan was symmetrical for this geometry, the pressure rise generated by the fan blades was not, because of the velocity nonuniformity of the distortion. Total pressure profiles at various axial locations are computed to identify the overall distortion pattern, how the distortion evolves through the blade passages and mixes out downstream of the blades, and where any critical performance concerns might be. Stall cells are identified that are stationary in the absolute frame and are fixed to the in...
Socially Responsible Investing: Data-Driven Decision Making

Socially responsible investing (SRI) is an investment process that screens investment opportunities based on ethical, social, corporate governance, or environmental. SRI has been growing rapidly; total U.S.-domiciled SRI-managed assets increased from $3.74 trillion in 2012 to $6.57 trillion in 2014. The growth of SRI puts it in a position to encourage sustainability as such firms have better access to capital markets. Unfortunately, while financial performance indicators have become standardized, social and environmental performance ratings have not. As the prominence of SRI grows, so does the number of metrics available to evaluate corporate social performance: there were 21 ratings in 2000 and that number grew to 108 by 2012. The complexity of environmental and social performance contributes to the proliferation of rating metrics. Different aspects of environmental performance might be important to different rating schemes. For instance, one rating could place emphasis on greenhouse gas emissions, while another rating could focus on water usage. The heterogeneity of such ratings creates a situation in which the results of an assessment of environmental performance can differ based on which criteria are used. This case examines this phenomenon. This case study examines 13 publicly traded chemical companies in order to understand the various measures and dimensions of corporate environmental performance. Students are presented with real-world data on corporate environmental performance (including pollutants released and third-party corporate social responsibility ratings) and asked to incorporate environmental and social performance into investing decisions. This case highlights some of the challenges of evaluating corporate environmental performance. This includes the positive correlation between environmental strengths and concerns. That is to say, firms that tend to have significant environmental issues, tend also to invest in sustainable practices. Thus looking only at environmental strengths might present a misleading picture of firm corporate environment performance. A companion teaching note is available upon request from the authors.
The impaired and/or disabled anesthesiologist

Purpose of review Impairment and/or disability resulting from any of a number of etiologies will afflict a significant number of anesthesiologists at some point during their career. The impaired anesthesiologist can be difficult to identify and challenging to manage. Questions will arise as to if, how, and when colleagues, family members, or friends should intercede if significant impairment is suspected.This review will examine the common sources of impairment among anesthesiologists and the professional implications of these conditions. We will discuss the obligations of an anesthesiologist and his/her colleagues when there is sufficient suspicion that he/she might be impaired. Recent findings Substance use disorder remains one of the commonest sources of impairment among both resident and attending anesthesiologists. Other common etiologies of impairment include various physical ailments, major psychiatric disorders, especially depression and burnout, and age related dementia. Many regulatory organizations, healthcare systems, and state licensing agencies have developed programmes and protocols with which to identify and direct into treatment those suspected of significant impairment. Summary Some degree of impairment will occur to one-third of anesthesiologists during the course of their career. It is important to understand how such impairments might impact the safe practice of anesthesiology.
Are the “Omphalotrochus Beds” of the U.S.S.R. Permian?: DISCUSSION

A discussion by J. Brookes Knight, Carl O. Dunbar, and Robert E. King advocating the inclusion of beds bearing Omphalotrochus and Waagenoconcha in the basal Permian of Russia and of the Andes mountains.
Work Characteristics Associated with Physical Functioning in Women

Women make up almost half of the labor force with older women becoming a growing segment of the population. Work characteristics influence physical functioning and women are at particular risk for physical limitations. However, little research has explored the effects of work characteristics on women's physical functioning. U.S. women between the ages of 50 and 79 were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study between 1993 and 1998. Women provided job titles and years worked at their three longest-held jobs (n = 79,147). Jobs were linked to characteristics in the Occupational Information Network. Three categories of job characteristics related to substantive complexity, physical demand, and social collaboration emerged. The association between job characteristics and physical limitations in later life, measured using a SF-36 Physical Functioning score <25th percentile, was examined using modified Poisson regression. After controlling for confounding variables, high physical demand was positively associated with physical limitations (RR = 1.09 CI: 1.06-1.12) and substantively complex work was negatively associated (RR = 0.94, CI: 0.91-0.96). Jobs requiring complex problem solving, active learning, and critical thinking were associated with better physical functioning. Employers should explore opportunities to reduce strain from physically demanding jobs and incorporate substantively complex tasks into women's work to improve long-term health.
Relationship Between Grain, Semolina, and Whole Wheat Flour Properties and the Physical and Cooking Qualities of Whole Wheat Spaghetti

Durum breeding programs need to identify raw material traits capable of predicting whole wheat spaghetti quality. Nineteen durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars and 17 breeding lines were collected from 19 different environments in North Dakota and were evaluated for physical and cooking qualities of whole wheat spaghetti. Raw material traits evaluated included grain, semolina, and whole wheat flour characteristics. Similar to traditional spaghetti, grain protein content had a significant positive correlation with cooking quality of whole wheat spaghetti. Stepwise multiple regressions showed grain protein content, mixogram break time, and wet gluten were the predominant characteristics in predicting cooked firmness of whole wheat spaghetti.
The effects of early auditory-based intervention on adult bilateral cochlear implant outcomes.

Objectives: The goal of this exploratory study was to determine the types of improvement that sequentially implanted auditory-verbal and auditory-oral adults with prelingual and childhood hearing loss received in bilateral listening conditions, compared to their best unilateral listening condition.Methods: Five auditory-verbal adults and five auditory-oral adults were recruited for this study. Participants were seated in the center of a 6-loudspeaker array. BKB-SIN sentences were presented from 0° azimuth, while multi-talker babble was presented from various loudspeakers. BKB-SIN scores in bilateral and the best unilateral listening conditions were compared to determine the amount of improvement gained.Results: As a group, the participants had improved speech understanding scores in the bilateral listening condition. Although not statistically significant, the auditory-verbal group tended to have greater speech understanding with greater levels of competing background noise, compared to the auditory-oral ...
Molten Salt Corrosion of Ceramics

Molten salt deposits are a major corrodent in heat engines and heat exchangers. In a heat engine the major deposit is sodium sulfate, formed from reaction of ingested sodium and sulfur in the fuel. Conditions for deposit formation are discussed. The reaction of molten sodium sulfate with the silica scale on SiC or Si3N4 is best described by the acid/base theory of oxides. A highly basic sodium sulfate deposit will rapidly dissolve this acidic silica film. Thus a knowledge of the high temperature environment and corresponding salt basicity allow prediction of corrosion. The overall corrosion reaction is described by salt deposition, rapid dissolution of the silica scale, and accelerated oxidation. SiC and Si3N4 exhibit extensive pitting and/or grain boundary attack from corrosion, which leads to a strength reduction. One approach to limiting corrosion of SiC is the use of coatings. Mullite is more corrosion resistant than SiC, has a comparable thermal expansion coefficient and thus is an ideal coating candidate. Performance of mullite coated SiC is discussed.
Surgical Residents’ Work Hours and Well-Being in Year 2 of the FIRST Trial

In year 1, residents assigned to flexible duty hours were more likely to report negative effects on their well-being than those assigned to standard duty hours. In year 2, reports of negative effects in the former group decreased but remained more common than in the latter group.
GlcNAc Conjugated Atorvastatin with Enhanced Water Solubility and Cellular Internalization

Targeting ligands facilitate cell specific drug delivery and improve pharmaceutical properties. Herein, we designed two ligand drug conjugates by conjugating GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) with atorvastatin. These two conjugates, termed G-AT and G-K-AT, exhibited enhanced water solubility and cellular uptake. Moreover, both G-AT and G-K-AT were able to release atorvastatin and consequently achieve significant inhibition against 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.
Regulatory and Reimbursement Issues in Genomic Testing

The development of advanced genetic sequencing technologies and genomic testing services challenges the existing regulatory framework for clinical laboratory testing. These challenges will demand a refinement and adaptation on the part of laboratories, professional and accrediting organizations, vendors and manufacturers, and regulatory agencies of existing standards and practices to accommodate novel genomic technologies and clinical applications. The value of existing concepts of laboratory developed tests and companion diagnostics will need revision in order to accommodate genomic sequencing assays. This chapter addresses these issues and the notion that, to some extent, these novel technologies will challenge established definitions of disease, and the foundations of medical practice.
Sensitivity analysis with cross-validation for feature selection and manifold learning

The performance of a learning algorithm is usually measured in terms of prediction error. It is important to choose an appropriate estimator of the prediction error. This paper analyzes the statistical properties of the K-fold cross-validation prediction error estimator. It investigates how to compare two algorithms statistically. It also analyzes the sensitivity to the changes in the training/test set. Our main contribution is to experimentally study the statistical property of repeated cross-validation to stabilize the prediction error estimation, and thus to reduce the variance of the prediction error estimator. Our simulation results provide an empirical evidence to this conclusion. The experimental study has been performed on PAL dataset for age estimation task.
RCC-3D: Qualitative Spatial Reasoning in 3D.

Qualitative Spatial Reasoning (QSR) theories have applications in areas such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), robotics, biomedicine, and engineering. However, existing QSR theories primarily have been applied only to 2D data. Herein we introduce a 3D reasoning system that is based on Generalized 2D Region Connection Calculus (GRCC). Our theory, RCC-3D, supports a priori knowledge of the extent of each object. It also provides occlusion support by considering the projections of 3D objects on 2D space. Further, we demonstrate how this model is applied to a particular domain such as anatomy.
On Medicine and Virtue: A Response

Why virtue? Why virtue in relation to medicine? For many, medical ethics already seems complex enough, so why muddy the water by introducing the subject of virtue? It is no secret that virtue has not been a popular topic in recent philosophical and theological ethics. Therefore, it would seem to be the better part of wisdom not to introduce the subject of virtue into the discussion of medical ethics, as we stand the chance of becoming even more lost in the intricacies of ethical theory and as a result of throwing little light on the subject of medicine.
The Safety and Quality Agenda in Critical Care Medicine

Despite data that appear to support that fact that healthcare induces harm through acts of commission and omission, providers, in general, have been either unwilling or unable to admit their role in the observed and unobserved events that were occurring, even when they happened right in front of them. A major reason for this indifference seems to be that providers only had two groups to blame for these events, themselves or the patients. Given that many providers view themselves as infallible, the events had to be the patients’ fault and, as such interventions were considered unlikely to be benefi cial. In the fast-paced, high-stress intensive care unit (ICU) environment, the likelihood of events occurring secondary to these acts of commission and omission logically increases exponentially. Several wake up calls regarding the need to address these acts and events fi nally created the right pressures so that safety and quality programs across healthcare in general and in the ICU in particular have been crafted. The payors, recognizing the opportunity to control costs entered the arena and are now promulgating pay for performance programs [1]. As additional forces, such a horizontal and vertical integration, medical emergency response teams, genomic and proteomic medicine, and technological solutions affect healthcare delivery in the ICU a logical question arises. Will there be a need for a safety and quality agenda in 2015 and if so will it be a focus of our attention?
Consistent, Holistic, and Objective: Using a Scorecard for Electronic Resource Evaluation and Renewal Decision-Making

Collection assessment is a critical component of collection development and management in academic libraries. The rising cost of subscription resources puts pressure on library budgets and further ...
Preclinical Evaluation of the First Adenosine A1 Receptor Partial Agonist Radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.

Central adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) is implicated in pain, sleep, substance use disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, and is an important target for pharmaceutical development. Radiotracers for A1R positron emission tomography (PET) would enable measurement of the dynamic interaction of endogenous adenosine and A1R during the sleep–awake cycle. Although several human A1R PET tracers have been developed, most are xanthine-based antagonists that failed to demonstrate competitive binding against endogenous adenosine. Herein, we explored non-nucleoside (3,5-dicyanopyridine and 5-cyanopyrimidine) templates for developing an agonist A1R PET radiotracer. We synthesized novel analogues, including 2-amino-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (MMPD, 22b), a partial A1R agonist of sub-nanomolar affinity. [11C]22b showed suitable blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and test–retest reproducibility. Regional brain uptake of [11C]22b was consistent with known brain A1R...
A Series ${N}$ -Path Code Selective Filter for Transmitter Rejection in Full-Duplex Communication

A series code selective filter (CSF) for full-duplex communication is presented. The CSF passes a desired signal in a frequency band only when the signal is tagged with a pseudonoise (PN) code that matches the code at the filter. This approach is shown to reject a transmit signal in the same band as a desired receive signal. The coded transmitter signal is orthogonal through appropriate code selection from a codebook and the PN sequence spreads the signal energy outside the filter bandwidth (BW). The CSF achieves a self-interference rejection of 23.2 dB over a 10-MHz BW using on-chip generated Walsh codes. The CSF operates from 300 to 675 MHz and consumes 28.2 mA from a 1-V supply at 500 MHz. The CSF achieves an IIP3 of 15.7 dBm. The CSF was implemented in a 45-nm CMOS silicon on insulator process and occupies an area of 0.9 mm2.
In-Hospital mortality varies by procedure type among cirrhosis surgery admissions.

BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis have increased peri-operative mortality risk relative to non-cirrhotic patients, however, the impact of surgical procedure category on this risk is poorly understood. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of cirrhosis surgery admissions using the National Inpatient Sample between 2012 and 2014 to estimate the adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality by surgical procedure category. RESULTS In-hospital mortality differed by surgical procedure category. Relative to major orthopedic surgeries, major abdominal surgeries had the highest odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 8.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.96-11.49), followed by major cardiovascular surgeries (OR 3.45, 95% CI 2.33-5.09). There was also a significant interaction term, whereby elective/non-elective admission status impacted in-hospital mortality risk differently for each surgical procedure category (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In-hospital mortality varies substantially by surgical procedure type. Accounting for procedure type in models may improve risk prediction for peri-operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis.
Outpatient management of alcohol-related liver disease

Alcohol-related liver disease has become the leading indication for liver transplantation in the USA, partly due to an increase in the prevalence of high-risk drinking behaviour and alcohol use disorder, particularly among young women. Achieving sustained alcohol abstinence might not only prevent the development and progression of alcohol-related liver disease, but could also lead to clinically significant improvements, even in the advanced stages of disease. In this Series paper, we discuss the diagnosis and outpatient management of alcohol-related liver disease, with an emphasis on treatment options for alcohol use disorder and the assessment of nutritional status.
Using IPM-CPR as a Management Program for Apple Orchards.

We have demonstrated how management of key orchard pests including the insect invasive species Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) can be accomplished using a systems-level approach termed IPM-CPR (Integrated Pest Management-Crop Perimeter Restructuring) in apple. We conducted on-farm comparisons of IPM-CPR to standard management program for managing H. halys, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) in commercial apple orchards in 2014, 2016, and 2017 in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. The presence and abundance of key pests and fruit injury at harvest were used as a measure of success of the program. We compared the amount of insecticide applied for each management program. In majority of instances, there were no differences in the IPM-CPR and the standard management program in terms of H. halys numbers in baited pyramid traps and stink bug injury at harvest. Damage from C. pomonella and G. molesta in the IPM-CPR treatment was significantly lower than the standard management program in 2014 and 2017. Amount of active ingredient used was on average 62.1% lower in the IPM-CPR treatment compared with standard management program. Despite a reduction in insecticide use, there were minimal impacts on beneficial insects. Overall, IPM-CPR in apples successfully managed key orchard pests, including H. halys, and used significantly less insecticide than a standard insecticide-based management program and could be adopted as a systems-level approach for pest population reduction.
Younger Women Living with Chronic Disease: Comparative Challenges, Resiliencies, and Needs in Heart Disease and Breast Cancer.

Background: Younger women with chronic disease (<60 years of age), especially women with stereotypically “men's” heart disease (HD), are understudied. Unique difficulties may occur with HD, which i...
Enhancing Medical Word Sense Inventories Using Word Sense Induction: A Preliminary Study

Correctly interpreting an ambiguous word in a given context is a critical step for medical natural language processing tasks. Medical word sense disambiguation assumes that all meanings (senses) of an ambiguous word are predetermined in a sense inventory. However, the sense inventory sometimes does not cover all senses or is outdated as new concepts arise in the practice of medicine. Obtaining all word senses is therefore the prerequisite work for word sense disambiguation. A classical method for word sense induction is string expansion, a rule-based method that searches the corpus for full forms of an abbreviation or acronym. Yet, it cannot be applied to ambiguous words that are not abbreviations. In this paper, we study methods that can semi-automatically discover word senses from a large-scale medical corpus, regardless of whether the word is an abbreviation. We conducted a comparative evaluation of four unsupervised data-driven methods, including context clustering, two types of word clustering, and sparse coding in word vector space. Overall, sparse coding outperforms the other methods. This demonstrates the feasibility of using sparse coding to discover more complete word senses. By comparing the senses discovered by sparse coding with those in senses inventory, we observed new word senses. For more than half of the ambiguous words in the MSH WSD data set (sense inventory maintained by National Library of Medicine), sparse coding detected more than one new word sense. This result shows an opportunity in enhancing medical word sense inventories with unsupervised data-driven methods.
Reference-Tracking Control Policies for Packetized Coordination of Heterogeneous DER Populations

This manuscript presents design and analysis of a set of reference-tracking control policies for large-scale coordination of distributed energy resources (DERs) and quantifies tracking errors that arise due to heterogeneity in the power ratings for a fleet of DERs. In particular, the relay-based, reference-tracking control strategy that underpins much of packetized energy management (PEM) is augmented to uniquely leverage PEM’s energy packet request mechanism to optimize the number of accepted requests and to explicitly consider the quality of service (QoS). In addition, tracking errors from modeling a heterogeneous fleet of packetized DERs with a group of homogeneous macromodels are analytically derived for relevant PEM information scenarios. Finally, simulation-based analysis validates the results and shows that PEM is suitable for providing load balancing and ramping services for the grid.
“Balls at Kingston to the ‘ Brown Girls ’,” 1 : A Palimpsest for Bleached-Brown Skins in Jamaican Dancehall

The spectacle of brown skin in Jamaica emerged in the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century with the “balls at Kingston to the ‘Brown Girls’” (Lewis 382), referred to as the “Brown Girls Balls.” “Brown Girls” referred to mulatto women or mulatress, infantilized as “girls,” who were off-springs of Europeans and enslaved Africans. Brown women were considered the “fair sex” by Eurocentric standards, known for their beauty and elegance, and sponsored by the British Royal Navy ranks of Admiral of the Red and Admiral of the Blue. By the early nineteenth century, the Brown Girls Balls started going out into the streets in processions in “sets” of skin color by the gradation or shade of skin, costumed in matching dresses and parasols as they danced and sang through the streets. Later, the Set Girls parades joined annual John Canoe masquerades, celebrated from Christmas to the New Year. A contemporary brown skin spectacle reemerged in dancehall in the 1990s with a bleached-brown appearance with skin bleaching creams, critiquing colorism. I see masquerades like the Brown Girls Balls and derivative masquerades as palimpsests for skin bleaching to play “brown” in dancehall today. I argue that references to brown skin spectacles in the late eighteenth century “balls at Kingston to the ‘Brown Girls’” and derivative masquerades are palimpsests for the bleached-brown skins in contemporary dancehall that still haunts the society’s consciousness about its past, and recontextualizes the seeming paradox of bleached-brown skin masquerade in dancehall to denounce racism and colorism.
A History of Migraine Headache is Associated with Worse Disability and Walking Speed in a Cohort of Patients with MS (P5.2-005)

Objective: To assess the association between a history of migraine and disability and neurological function in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and to determine whether migraine co-occurs with other comorbid conditions in MS patients. Background: Migraine headaches are common in people with MS. Whether migraine has a role in MS course or symptom severity is unknown. Design/Methods: We conducted an observational study of MS patients who completed the MS Performance Test-based (MSPT) (iPad version of the MS Functional Composite) assessment of neurologic function and completed a questionnaire querying comorbidities, including a history of physician-diagnosed migraine. Other queried comorbidities included: diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, sleep apnea, depression, anxiety. We evaluated the association between a positive history of migraines and MS outcomes, including disability (Patient Determined Disease Steps [PDDS]) and objective neurological outcomes (walking speed, manual dexterity and processing speed) using generalized linear models adjusting for age, sex, MS subtype/duration, years of education, and body mass index. We also tested whether the pre-specified comorbidities were overrepresented in MS-migraineurs vs. MS-non-migraineurs. Results: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 289 participants (79% female, mean age: 49.2y [standard deviation: 12.9y], who completed MSPT and migraine questionnaires. Relative to MS-non-migraineurs, MS-migraineurs tended to be younger (mean age 44.3y[11.0y] vs. 50.4y[13.1y]; p=0.0008), overweight (73.9% vs. 51.6%; p=0.002), and have a history of depression (46.2% vs. 24.2%, p=0.0008) and anxiety (30.8% vs. 18.8%; p=0.04). MS-migraineurs also had increased odds of severe vs. mild disability (OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.04–9.20) and significantly slower walking speeds (9.08% slower; 95% CI: 0.82%–18.77%; p=0.03) relative to MS-non-migraineurs. A history of migraine was not associated with processing speed or manual dexterity. Conclusions: Traditional migraine risk factors such as obesity, anxiety and depression were also overrepresented in our cohort of MS-migraineurs. A history of migraine was associated with greater disability. Longitudinal studies should evaluate if migraine predicts future neurologic disability. Disclosure: Dr. Damian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fitzgerald has nothing to disclose. Dr. Erin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mowry has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for UpToDate. Dr. Mowry has received research support from Biogen, Genzyme, Teva, and Sun Pharma.
The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America

1. The prison and the gallows: the construction of the carceral state in America 2. Law, order, and alternative explanations 3. Unlocking the past: the nationalization and politicization of law and order 4. The carceral state and the welfare state: the comparative politics of victims 5. Not the usual suspects: feminists, women's groups, and the anti-rape movement 6. The battered women's movement and the development of penal policy 7. From rights to revolution: prison activism and penal policy 8. Capital punishment, the courts, and the early origins of the carceral state, 1920s-60s 9. The power to punish: the political development of capital punishment, 1972 to today 10. Conclusion: whither the carceral state.
A new congestion control framework for large bandwidth-delay product networks

The performance of adaptive congestion control methods will not scale well with bandwidth increase, due to elongating feedback loop and “wired-in” conservativeness of its rate change algorithms. We prove the point by showing that an experimental approach, with a non-adaptive non-conservative control algorithm, can yield order-of-magnitude larger network power and better bandwidth scalability than TCP Reno for multi-megabit/gigabit networks. This result suggests that generally congestion control algorithms should get more aggressive in high-speed networks, and the additional aggressiveness should be a variable determined by the ratio between transported data size and bandwidth-delay product.
Remote Sensing of Applications in Hydrology

Remote sensing is the science of observing and analyzing an area, object, or phenomenon based on data collected by sensors physically separated from the target. The sensors are mounted on platforms such as ground-based, airplane, or satellite platforms. Physical radiation transfer is the foundation for remote sensing. Typically, the observation is of radiation reflected or emitted from the object of interest. There are two types of remote sensing: active and passive. In active remote sensing, the object is illuminated by radiation of a known wavelength (or frequency); the backscatter from the object is recorded by the sensor. In passive remote sensing, the sensor records radiation generated from natural sources, such as the sun, or radiation emitted from the earth or atmosphere. Radiation that the sensor receives has a spectral response that reveals properties of the atmosphere and object of interest. By extending remote sensing applications to improve the spatial and temporal resolution of certain key water resource variables, scientists can better understand and quantify water resource processes. Keywords: remote sensing; evapotranspiration; flood mapping; precipitation; soil moisture; surface snow; waterbody detection; waterbody characteristics; wetland detection
Resolution cell based fusion: making a virtue of necessity

If members of a suite of sensors are not co-located, it is unreasonable to assume that they share a common resolution cell grid. The idea is that if a target is known to be confined to an intersection of lit resolution cells, and this overlap is generally small, one can take advantage of this. In a previous paper the authors (1994) examined the effects of such "noncoincidence" with respect to tracking. In this paper the authors evaluate it from another viewpoint: detection.
Effect of prepubertal feeding regimen on reproductive development of gilts.

The effect of prepubertal feed level on growth and reproductive development of gilts was investigated. At 13 wk. of age, white crossbred gilts were penned individually and assigned to the following treatments: Ad lib, ad libitum intake from 13 to 25 wk. of age (n = 64); Control, ad libitum intake from 13 wk. of age until 100 kg BW and then 90% of ad libitum intake until 25 wk. of age (n = 65); and Restricted, 74% of ad libitum intake from 13 wk. to 25 wk. of age (n = 64). Feed was formulated to primarily restrict energy intake. The study was replicated in two seasons. At 25 wk. of age, gilts were moved to group pens, approximately 16 gilts/pen, allowed ad libitum access to feed, and estrus detection was initiated. Gilts were mated at first estrus and those recycling were remated. After mating, gilts were moved to gestation stalls and fed 1.5x maintenance. At 30 d of gestation, reproductive tracts were harvested, and numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and live embryos were recorded. From 13 to 25 wk. of age, feed consumption was 258 for Ad lib, 251 for Control, and 189 kg/gilt for Restricted, and, from 13 wk. of age until 30 d of gestation, total feed consumption was 367 for Ad lib, 356 for Control, and 299 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. Age at puberty (196 d) and pregnancy (200 d) was not affected (P>.18) by treatment. However, the rate at which gilts attained puberty (e.g., percentage pubertal at 28 d) was greatest in Ad lib (75) and least in Control (61) gilts. Number of CL and live embryos at 30 d of gestation/gilt assigned to the study was unaffected (P>.21) by treatment. Quantity of feed consumed from 13 wk. of age to 30 d of gestation per live embryo in gilts assigned to the study was 40.0 for Ad lib, 39.8 for Control, and 30.6 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. These results indicate that moderate feed restriction of gilts during prepubertal development may increase efficiency of swine production without negative impact on reproductive performance through 30 d of gestation.
Higher Education Student Body Diversification as Glocal Practice

Georg Simmel's assertion that strangeness organizes nearness and remoteness helps to understand how the social category of First Generation College Student (FGCS, first in the family to attend college) is used at a public university in the United States southwest. Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) is applied to ethnographic data. Difference categories and devices morph into those of distance in an interaction where a recruitment convention substitutes for a handshake between a boy and some adults in the hallway of a student center. These changes imbricate with those found in the analysis of a student-persistence sequence of an educational marketing recruitment DVD. As evidence of glocal practice or the global impact of local contact gestures of student body diversification or massification policies directed at FGCSs (and others), they appear to coincide with distribution and recognition social justice projects that are inviting us to reach out across distances, short and long.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema

Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. Ashish Rajadhyaksha & Paul Willemen New Delhi: Oxford University Press & London: British Film Institute Distributed in North America by Indiana University Press. 1994 568 pp.
A Proof of a Conjecture of Stanley Concerning Partitions of a Set

Let n be a positive integer, let ∏ n denote the lattice of partitions of {1, 2, ..., n } and let Sn denote the symmetric group on n letters. For each S ⊆ { 1 , 2 , … , n − 2 } define an S -chain of ∏ n to be a 0-1 chain of ∏ n having an element of rank s for each s ∈ S and having no other elements except 0 and 1. The group S n acts as a group of automorphisms of ∏ n hence acts on the set of all S -chains in ∏ n . Let α ( S ) denote the number of orbits of S -chains on ∏ n and let β( S ) = ∑ T ⊆ S ( − 1 ) | S − T | α ( T ) . It is known that β( S ), O for all subsets S ⊆ { 1 , 2 , … , n − 2 } . Richard Stanley showed that β({1, 2, ..., n − 2}) = 0 and that ∑ S β( S ) is the number of alternating permutations in S n − 1 . He conjectured that β( S ) = 0 whenever S has the form {1, 2, ..., j }. The aim of this paper is to prove that Stanley's conjecture is true.
When Does a Molecule Become a Polymer

Using light scattering spectroscopy, we demonstrate that a transition from small molecular behavior to Rouse dynamics in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a smooth function of molecular weight, Mw. The asymptotic Rouse behavior is achieved when the chain begins to display Gaussian behavior. Surprisingly, the molecular weight dependence of physical properties such as Tg and density also level off at the same molecular weight. A comparison of PDMS and polystyrene (PS) demonstrates that neither molecular weight between entanglement (Me) nor Kuhn segment length lK is important for Tg and density. We speculate that there may be a third important parameter of molecular weight, in addition to Me and lK, which characterizes chain statistics and determines the molecular weight dependence of some physical properties. We introduce the molecular weight of a random step, mR, as such a parameter. mR is estimated to be ∼560 for PDMS and ∼5100 for PS. The molecular weight dependence of Tg in PDMS and PS appears to be the ...
A pilot study investigating intraoperative electron beam irradiation in the treatment of ovarian malignancies

Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IOEBRT) in the treatment of ovarian malignancies was investigated at the Clement O. Miniger Radiation Oncology Center (COMROC). Nine patients were operated in the COMROC IOEBRT operating amphitheater and five were found to have disease sufficiently limited to allow for IOEBRT. The patients' ages ranged from 13 to 80 (median 53) years. Five patients had serous cystadenocarcinoma, one papillary adenocarcinoma, one mixed germ cell tumor, one squamous cell carcinoma, and one granular cell tumor of the ovary. The median survival of the non-IOEBRT group was 13 (range 12-29) months, while the IOEBRT group's median survival was 14 (range 18-46) months. All of the patients tolerated IOEBRT well without addition to the surgical morbidity.
A 10mW 37.8GHz current-redistribution BiCMOS VCO with an average FOMT of −193.5dBc/Hz

The continued scaling of digital CMOS technology has enabled mm-Wave VCOs with record figures of merit [1-5]. This is mainly driven by the increase in cutoff frequency and decrease in power consumption brought by lower supply voltages. However, at mm-Wave, challenges such as low Q-factor of the tuning varactors and switched capacitors result in a sharp degradation in the resonator Q. For an NMOS LC-VCO (Fig. 8.8.1), a large bias current and high transconductance (gm) are needed to maintain a given oscillation amplitude and to satisfy the startup condition. Since gm has a weak dependency on current in strong inversion, it can primarily be increased by enlarging the device width, W1, as illustrated in Fig. 8.8.2. Further degradation in the device gm is experienced when the VCO operates near the transistor cutoff frequency, necessitating an even larger W1 (Fig. 8.8.2). This results in a large fixed capacitance Cfix1 and hence a limited VCO tuning range (TR) [1,2]. It can also be shown that for the same bias current (i.e. output swing), increasing W1 comes at the expense of large thermal (1/f2) noise. This can be illustrated by examining the excess noise factor F, defined as the ratio between the transistors' switching noise and the tank resistor noise [6]. As depicted in Fig. 8.8.2, an extra 5dB of 1/f2 noise is added to the VCO output when the transistor W1 is increased from 20μm to 60μm, which is required to meet a 2× startup margin. Moreover, increasing W1 leads to a higher contribution of 1/f3 noise from up-converted 1/f noise [7].
Osterix enhances proliferation and osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells

Osterix (Osx) is a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that is expressed in osteoblasts of all endochondral and membranous bones. In Osx null mice osteoblast differentiation is impaired and bone formation is absent. In this study, we hypothesized that overexpression of Osx in murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) would be able to enhance their osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in vitro. Retroviral transduction of Osx in BMSC cultured in non-differentiating medium did not affect expression of Runx2/Cbfa1, another key transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation, but induced an increase in the expression of other markers associated with the osteoblastic lineage including alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Retroviral transduction of Osx in BMSC also increased their proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and ability to form bone nodules. These events occurred without significant changes in the expression of α1(II) procollagen or lipoprotein lipase, which are markers of chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation, respectively.
The Angiotensin Type 2 (AT2) Receptor Null Mutant Mice: A Model of the Diverse Spectrum of Congenital Urinary Tract Anomalies in Humans. • 1677

The ontogeny of the renal calyx and ureter involves the resorption of septa between the ureteric buds, and recanalization of the ureter. Both these phenomena take place in concert with the disappearance of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which densely surround the ureter and ureteric buds. Our recent studies have revealed that upregulation of AT2 transcriptional activity is temporally and spatially associated with the disappearance of these mesenchymal cells. In vitro studies with mouse embryonic fibroblasts also demonstrated a significant role of AT2 in promoting cell apoptosis. We now report that male mice (129 × C57BL/6) carrying a targeted null mutation of the AT2 gene (on the X chromosome) display congenital urinary tract anomalies (CUTA) with a penetrance of 23%. CUTA is predominantly unilateral, and includes hypoplastic kidney, multicystic dysplastic kidney, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, megaureter, vesicoureteral reflux and some combination thereof. This diversity of phenotypes and male preponderance closely mimic human CUTA. Evaluation of the inheritance pattern of CUTA in mice indicates that at least two other modifier genes are also involved. Together with our recent preliminary genetic findings in human populations, these results indicate that 1) embryonic activation of AT2 receptor has a significant developmental role to ensure normal growth of the ureter and the kidney; and 2) the diverse anatomical patterns seen in childhood CUTA share a common mechanism of impaired/delayed apoptosis of mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing ureter. With the AT2 null mutant mouse, it is now possible to identify other genes, besides the AT2 gene, that are involved in CUTA, and to study the etiology of CUTA in utero.
Identifying determinants of risk of sexual victimization of youth: a multivariate approach

The present study argues that a greater understanding of the factors which contribute to a youth's sexual victimization is likely to not only be based on what we know about the youths who are victimized but also on comparative information on youths who are not. Selected social background variables from a sample of young victims (n = 20) and nonvictims (n = 21) representing a population of youths with histories of antisocial behavior were compared. Using stepwise discriminant analysis several factors relating to youths' home environment significantly discriminated victims from nonvictims. The results suggest that the probability of being sexually victimized is increased when the home environment is unstable and lacks adequate control over youths' activities. The need for improved research methodologies to achieve better identification of determinants of risk is discussed. Multivariate assessment of social, situational, and personal factors of victims and nonvictims is recommended as a potentially promising approach for improving current rape prevention efforts. Language: en
MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) decreases activity in Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens)

Abstract The effects of MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 ) on activity and aggression of male Siamese Fighting Fish ( Betta splendens ) were considered. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of 0.0 or 10.0 mg/kg MIF-1. After a 10-minute delay, they were placed in a 10 gallon aquarium and their activity was monitored for 60 minutes. Although aggressive responses in the presence of suitable opponents were not reliably affected, a significant decrease in general activity was produced. This is compatible with differential effects of MIF-1 across species.
Fast computation of dyadic Green's function for layered media and its application in interconnect simulations

Summary form only given. In order to solve layered-medium problems, such as interconnect simulations, various numerical methods have been developed. We are concerned with piecewise homogeneous objects embedded in a layered medium. The surface integral equation (SIE) can be used to reduce the number of unknowns required in the volume integral equation. For the solution of the SIE, we first develop a fast method to evaluate the Sommerfeld integrals in the dyadic Green's function (GF) for a layered medium. Particular attention is paid to evaluate the GF when the source and observation points are on the same plane parallel to the layer interfaces. The primary and quasi-static field terms are subtracted from the integrand of the dyadic GF and their contribution is calculated analytically. This makes the integrand decay rapidly for large values of k/sub /spl rho//. Since this is an exact method, the whole procedure is robust; the results of this method have been validated by comparison with many examples in the literature, and the high efficiency has been verified. We then apply this dyadic GF in the solution of surface integral equations arising from interconnect simulations.