cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Residual-Based Procedure for hp-Adaptation on 2D Hybrid Meshes

H- and p-adaptations are effective ways of achieving high-quality solutions for CFD simulations, with reasonable computing costs. Combined hp-adptation offers even greater flexibility for complex problems. In the present study, a residual based procedure for hpadaptaion is developed. The adaptation is driven by an efficient multi-p a posteriori error estimator. P-adaptation is applied to smooth regions of the flow field while h-adaptation targets the non-smooth regions, identified by accuracy-preserving TVD marker. Several numerical tests with the correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) formulation are presented to demonstrate the capability of the technique. I. Introduction daptive solution methods have been an active topic of CFD research for decades. Through these methods, computing power can be redistributed to where it is needed the most, thus the desired accuracy can be achieved with minimal costs. For a high-order method, two types of adaptations are usually considered: local mesh subdivision (h-refinement) and local polynomial degree enrichment (p-refinement). It has been shown that p-adaptation is superior in regions where the solution is smooth [13], while h-adaptation is preferred in non-smooth regions such as flow discontinuities, where high-order methods become less effective. Obviously, the combination of both h- and padaptation offers greater flexibility than methods that incorporates h- or p-adaptation alone. Hp-adaptation is made possible by the development of a series of compact high-order methods for unstructured meshes, such as the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method [3,4,7], the spectral volume (SV) method [14,21] and the spectral difference (SD) method [15]. Unlike the finite volume method that achieve high-order by expanding the stencil, the above methods employ a polynomial to approximate the solution in each cell or element, and the polynomials collectively form a function which is discontinuous across cell boundaries. The compact solution reconstruction of these methods is an ideal feature for p-adaptation. Recently, the correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) formulation was developed in 1D [11], and extended to simplex amd hybrid meshes in [22]. It unites the DG, SV and SD method into a nodal differential formulation. The CPR formulation combines the compactness and high accuracy with the simplicity and efficiency of the finite difference method, and can be easily implemented for arbitrary unstructured meshes. The current hp-adaptation is based on the CPR formulation, but similar methods can be easily applied to other campact high-order methods.
Delay optimal low-power circuit clustering for FPGAs with dual supply voltages

This paper presents a delay optimal FPGA clustering algorithm targeting low power. We assume that the configurable logic blocks of the FPGA can be programmed using either a high supply voltage (high-Vdd) or a low supply voltage (low-Vdd). We carry out the clustering procedure with the guarantee that the delay of the circuit under the general delay model is optimal, and in the meantime, logic blocks on the non-critical paths can be driven by low-Vdd to save power. We explore a set of dual-Vdd combinations to find the best ratio between low-Vdd and high-Vdd to achieve the largest power reduction. Experimental results show that our clustering algorithm can achieve power savings by 20.3% on average compared to the clustering result for an FPGA with a single high-Vdd. To our knowledge, this is the first work on dual-Vdd clustering for FPGA architectures.
The Minor Proteins of Bovine Milk

Summary To summarize the state of knowledge concerning the minor proteins of bovine milk, it can be observed that: 1.The following proteins have been adequately shown to be native constituents of milk, prepared in crystalline, or very pure form, and some knowledge is available concerning their composition, structure, and properties: xanthine oxidase, lactoperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and trypsin inhibitor. 2.The following proteins have been adequately shown to be native constituents of milk and some knowledge is available concerning their properties: protease, amylases, lipases, and lactenins I and II. 3.The following proteins have been shown to be present in milk and have been prepared in a crystalline or concentrated form, although they still appear to be heterogenous and some question exists as to their origin: γ-casein, and a red protein. 4.The following proteins have been shown to be present in milk, but a question exists as to their origin, and they have not been adequately purified f or characterizations: the lactose-destroying enzymes, aldolase, catalase, copper protein, σ-proteose, and sunlight-flavor precursor. That much more information is needed is obvious.
HEREDITY OF THE Rh BLOOD TYPES

IN previous papers of this series,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 studies were described on the heredity of the Rh—Hr blood types in a series of 525 families with 925 children. The results of these family studies, as well as the statistical analysis of the distributions of the Rh—Hr type in various populations throughout the world have confirmed the accuracy of the theory of heredity of the Rh—Hr blood types by multiple allelic genes.
Herodotus 2.96. 1–2 Again

As A. B. Lloyd points out, the passage from Herodotus which includes this sentence is the most important non-Egyptian commentary on Ancient Egyptian shipbuilding. In the years following the discovery of the Dynasty IV ships buried beside Khufu's pyramid at Giza (c. 2500 B.C.), J. S. Morrison suggested a change in the translation of the word (⋯ν)eπ⋯κτωσαν. Traditionally, and in Lloyd's commentary, the verb ⋯μπακτ⋯ω has been interpreted as meaning ‘to caulk’. Morrison, however, believes that (⋯ν)eπ⋯κτωσαν ought to refer to reinforcement of a ship's fastenings with papyrus ropes. He bases this interpretation on the evidence of the Khufu boats, which are sewn through v-shaped mortises across the hull's width (Fig. 1), and on the argument that caulking is better done from the outside. Lloyd has challenged this translation, but we would like to support it with some further evidence, in particular evidence of Egyptian shipbuilding practice.
Altered expression and changing distribution of the nerve growth associated protein GAP-43 during ocular HSV-1 infection in the rabbit.

This research examines changes that occur in neurons during corneal herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and focuses on the nerve growth associated protein GAP-43. Cornea and trigeminal ganglion (TG) of New Zealand white rabbits were examined after inoculation of the McKrae and 17 Syn+ strains of HSV-1 to the cornea. Rabbit tissues were taken during acute, latent and induced reactivation stages of infection. Systemic immunosuppression (intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) was used to induce reactivation. Western blotting, immunoblotting and autoradiography with the same antibody were used respectively to verify antibody specificity, measure changes in GAP-43 concentration and localize GAP-43 to neurons in the TG. During acute infection, corneal GAP-43 increased significantly while no change was seen in the TG. GAP-43 content was elevated in TG and cornea during viral latency (post-inoculation days 84–154) for both HSV-1 strains. When latent virus was reactivated, the corneal con...
Structural and functional dynamics of photosynthetic antenna complexes

Photosynthetic organisms face a special challenge. They must absorb large numbers of solar photons to provide the energy to power their metabolism, yet too much energy can be extremely damaging and can lead to rapid cell death (1). Maintaining the balance between too little and too much energy, especially in the face of light intensity fluctuations that can change by orders of magnitude within milliseconds, requires a sophisticated system that has multiple levels of regulation and repair. The challenge is especially complex for oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms, which contain two coupled light-driven reaction centers that must coordinate electron flow despite significantly different kinetic and spectral properties. The job of collecting photons, efficiently distributing the energy to the place where it is needed, and protecting the organism against photodamage falls to the photosynthetic antenna system. These antenna systems are specialized for the absorption of photons and transfer of energy in the form of excited states or excitons to the photosynthetic reaction center, where electron transfer processes begin the long series of processes that lead to long-term energy storage in the form of biomass (2). In many cases, these antenna complexes can be purified away from the reaction centers and their light-absorbing and regulatory properties can be studied in molecular detail. In PNAS, Wang and Moerner (3) have carried out an in-depth analysis of a photosynthetic antenna complex, the allophycocyanin pigment protein found as part of the larger phycobilisome complex in cyanobacteria, revealing in remarkable detail the complexities of the energy transfer and photodegradation processes that take place.
Association Between a Novel 11–Base Pair Deletion Mutation in the Promoter Region of the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I Gene and Plasma HDL Cholesterol Levels in Taiwanese Chinese

Objective— Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a multiligand cell-surface receptor that mediates the selective uptake of lipid from HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) into cells. This study hypothesized an association between functional variants in the promoter region of SR-BI gene and HDL-C levels. Methods and Results— We identified 2 novel mutations in the SR-BI gene promoter region by using single-strand conformation polymorphism. One mutation was an 11-bp CCCCGCCC C GT deletion mutation from positions −140 to −150 relative to the transcription start site, corresponding to an Sp1 binding site; the other was a C → T substitution at position −142. Twenty-six of 690 unrelated subjects were heterozygous for the −140 to −150 deletion mutation, and the allele frequency in this population was 0.02. This study showed that the deletion variant prevented binding of Sp1 to this region of the SR-BI promoter and effectively reduced transcriptional activities in HepG2 cells. Notably, the −140 to −150 deletion mutation was significantly associated with increased HDL-C levels and explained ≈0.5% of the variation in HDL-C levels in this population. Conclusions— A genetic variant at the SR-BI gene promoter region might explain a significant proportion of individual differences in HDL-C levels among Taiwanese Chinese. Our results require further replication in an independent population.
Hospitalized heart failure: rates and long-term mortality

Background: Heart failure has been called the “new epidemic of cardiovascular disease,” but few studies have described key epidemiologic measures of the syndrome in geographically defined US populations. Methods and Results: We obtained lists of discharge diagnosis codes in 1995 from 22 Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area hospitals; identified patients 35 to 84 years old with a heart failure discharge code; and sampled and abstracted 50% of the hospital records. To identify heart failure–related hospitalizations, we applied 6 published definitions of the syndrome to the sample and selected cases that met at least 4 of the 6 definitions (n 2887). The patient cohort was followed for 5 to 6 years to ascertain deaths. The rate of hospitalized heart failure ranged from a few dozen hospitalized patients per 100,000 residents ages 35 to 44 years to more than 2000 per 100,000 residents ages 75 to 84, and was consistently higher among men than among women (age-adjusted rate ratio 1.46; 95% CI 1.39–1.54). Within 1-year of the index admission, 37% of male patients and 30% of female patients have died—10 times the annual mortality of the source population. By the end of the follow-up, cumulative mortality reached 72% in men and 66% in women. In multivariable regression of the hazard of death on age, sex, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), age was a strong determinant of mortality and male patients had modestly higher hazard of death than female patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% CI 1.18–1.41). LVEF was not a strong predictor of death. Conclusion: A heart failure–related hospitalization is a marker of grave prognosis: only one quarter to one third of the patients survives 5 years after admission. Both the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and the risk of subsequent death are moderately higher in men than in women. LVEF, when measured in the context of heart failure–related hospitalization, is not a strong predictor of death.
Ductile yielding and brittle fracture at the ends of parallel cracks in a stretched orthotropic sheet

Ductile yielding of the Dugdale type and brittle fracture in the Barenblatt sense are investigated for regions at the ends of a periodic array of semi-infinite parallel cracks in a stretched orthotropic sheet. Direct transform methods are used to obtain the Wiener-Hopf equation. Factorization of the kernel and several other steps of the analysis can be completed in closed form for a dense class of elastic constants, and asymptotic forms are derived for other cases. The solutions depend upon the finite spacing between cracks and have characteristics which have been observed in experiments: 1) At high load levels the yield zone of the ductile material grows in jumps; 2) For a brittle material the allowable load level increases as the speciman size decreases.
Emancipated Minors: Health Policy and Implications for Nursing

Emancipation is a process that offers adolescents a solution to serve in the role of an adult in circumstances that warrant the need for more autonomy. The process and definitions of emancipation are often ambiguous for adolescents, nurses, and other health care providers that provide services for these individuals. Emancipation can be additionally perplexing with the lack of overarching federal guidelines and the fragmented definitions among various states. Nursing has a significant and legal role in providing care for emancipated minors and a more global duty to advocate for adolescents in situations that necessitate emancipation. This article explores the emancipation process, the laws of each state that govern emancipation, the facilitators and barriers, and the role of nursing in the emancipation process.
Initial pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy evaluation of nasal morphine gluconate for breakthrough pain in cancer patients

Patients with controlled background pain associated with cancer frequently also experience episodes of moderate to severe intensity breakthrough pain. Opioid pharmacotherapy, particularly with oral morphine, remains the cornerstone for the management of cancer pain. Nasal administration of opioids provides a mechanism for more rapid drug absorption and more rapid onset of pain relief compared with oral dosing. This non-randomized, open-label, uncontrolled investigation evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a single 40 mg dose of nasal morphine gluconate, administered to cancer patients in response to an episode of breakthrough pain. Single dose nasal morphine gluconate administered to 11 patients was associated with effective plasma morphine concentrations (mean C(max) 64 ng/ml; range 33.8-121 ng/ml) and low plasma morphine metabolites (morphine-6-glucuronide mean C(max) 114 ng/ml; range 46-189 ng/ml; morphine-3-glucuronide mean C(max) 572 ng/ml; range 257-990 ng/ml). Side effects were minor and limited to nasal irritation. Patients reported rapid onset of pain relief (perceptible pain relief achieved in 10/11 patients, time to onset 2.4+/-2.1 min; and meaningful pain relief, achieved in five patients, 6.8+/-7.3 min to onset, mean t(max) 0.36 h). Pain intensity scores were significantly reduced at all times after dosing; pain relief scores were unchanged. Patient satisfaction ratings were high. These results show that nasal morphine has rapid absorption and apparent onset of effect. Additional multi-dose, dose-ranging and placebo-controlled studies of nasal morphine for cancer pain are warranted.
Online-untransferable signatures

Non-transferability of digital signatures is an important security concern, traditionally achieved via interactive verification protocols. Such protocols, however, are vulnerable to "online transfer attacks" -- i.e., attacks mounted during the protocols' executions. In this paper, we show how to guarantee online untransferability of signatures, via a reasonable public-key infrastructure and general assumptions, without random oracles. Our untransferable signatures are as efficient as prior ones that provably provide weaker types of untransferability.
To flourish or not: positive mental health and all-cause mortality.

Objectives. We investigated whether positive mental health predicts all-cause mortality.Methods. Data were from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (n = 3032), which at baseline in 1995 measured positive mental health (flourishing and not) and past-year mental illness (major depressive episode, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety disorders), and linked respondents with National Death Index records in a 10-year follow-up ending in 2005. Covariates were age, gender, race, education, any past-year mental illness, smoking, physical inactivity, physical diseases, and physical disease risk factors.Results. A total of 6.3% of participants died during the study period. The final and fully adjusted odds ratio of mortality was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 2.62; P = .05) for adults who were not flourishing, relative to participants with flourishing mental health. Age, gender, race, education, smoking, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disease, and HIV/AIDS were significant predictors of...
Modulo transforms - an alternative to lifting

This paper introduces a new paradigm for the construction of reversible transforms that map integers to integers. Transform matrices with integer entries are first considered, and the modular arithmetic properties of transform coefficients are studied. It is shown that these transform coefficients are redundant in modular arithmetic. Further, this redundancy can be exploited by quantizing transform coefficients critically so as to produce an effective scaled transformation with unit determinant. This forms the basis of a class of transforms referred to as modulo transforms that are reversible and unit determinant, conditions necessary for applications such as lossless compression and reversible image rotation. The theory of modulo transforms is examined in depth. Analysis based on modular arithmetic shows that two-dimensional rotations can be critically quantized, albeit with nonequal bin widths along axes. A construction procedure is derived for realizing a reversible transform with small or unit scaling factors, and a theorem is stated wherein certain Pythagorean triples can be scalar quantized to produce a reversible, normalized, scalefree transform matrix. Modulo transforms and lifting are compared and contrasted in theory, and in experiments. The computational aspects of modulo transforms are also discussed in this paper.
An Evaluation of a High-Resolution Hydrometeorological Modeling System for Prediction of a Cool-Season Flood Event in a Coastal Mountainous Watershed

This study used the atmospheric Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the University of Washington Distributed Hydrology‐Soil‐ Vegetation Model (DHSVM) for the simulation of a complex rain-on-snow flood event that occurred from 28 December 1996 to 3 January 1997 on the 1560-km2 Snoqualmie River watershed in western Washington. Three control simulations were created with MM5 applied at 36-, 12-, and 4-km horizontal spacing and DHSVM at a horizontal spacing of 100 m. Results showed that the accuracy of the atmospheric fields increased with higher horizontal resolution, although underforecasting of precipitation was evident for all three resolutions. Simulated river flows captured 67% (36 km), 75% (12 km), and 72% (4 km) of the total flow and 52% (36 km), 58% (12 km), and 62% (4 km) of the event peak flow. Several sensitivity simulations of the modeling system (4-km spacing only) were conducted to improve on the control simulations. Adjusting the MM5 precipitation using observations led to a streamflow forecast that captured 90% of the total flow. Reduction of the model high‐wind speed bias improved the simulated snowmelt, although the resulting effects on streamflow were relatively small. A sensitivity experiment that included the precipitation from an intense rainband that was not captured by MM5 revealed the importance of this highintensity, short-lived feature; simulated streamflow from this experiment captured 93% of the total flow and over 82% of the peak flow, with a 4-h timing error. A final set of sensitivity simulations, using both a higher- and lower-elevation observation as the sole forcing of DHSVM (no MM5), revealed strong sensitivity to the observation location; using a slightly displaced (;8 km) lower-elevation observation produced river flows that differed by over 18%. Both of the resulting simulated river flows forced by the two-station method were significantly lower than both the observed flows (35% and 53% of total observed flow) and the flows simulated with the MM5 input fields. A major cause of this low flow was that the temperatures at the observation locations were located in gap regions of the Cascade Mountains, were not representative of the basin-average temperature, and therefore caused too much precipitation to fall as snow.
The Importance of Medical Screening of Volunteers Participating in Research on Mental Illness

Introduction: The importance of psychiatric screening of volun- Introduction: The importance of psychiatric screening of volun- Introduction: teers participating in research on mental illness is well estab- lished. Although psychiatric research frequently relies on subjects presumed to be free of medical conditions that affect nervous system function or safety of participants, little information exists on the value of medical screening in this population. This study describes findings on medical evaluations that potentially impact psychiatric research. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of medi- Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of medi- Methods: cal evaluations in 476 consecutively referred healthy controls and 64 anxiety patients to determine the prevalence of conditions that resulted in exclusion from studies. All subjects had history and physical examination by a board-certified family physician and 37% of participants completed laboratory assessment. Results: One-hundred ten (20%) volunteers were excluded. Exclusion rates were similar for controls and patients. The most common reasons for exclusion were psychiatric conditions (6.3%), positive toxicology screen (5.4%), abnormal liver function tests (4.5%), cardiovascular abnormalities (3.9%), positive viral mark- ers including hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodefi- ciency virus (3.5%), anemia (2.5%), neurologic disorders (1.6%), and electrolyte abnormalities (1.0%).
Sleep in Neuromuscular Diseases

Sleep disorders in neuromuscular disorders are generally caused by respiratory dysfunction associated with these diseases. Hypoventilation in neuromuscular diseases results from both respiratory muscle weakness and reduced chemoreceptor sensitivity, which is required for ventilatory drive. This condition results in repeated arousals, sleep fragmentation, and nocturnal hypoxemia, manifesting most commonly as excessive daytime somnolence. Polysomnography can identify sleep disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular disorders and treatment with noninvasive ventilation may improve quality of life.
Relating basic concepts of pulmonary mechanics to clinical situations.

How the pressure-volume relationships of the lungs and chest wall interact to determine the compliance characteristics of the respiratory system is perhaps one of the more difficult conceptual areas in pulmonary physiology both to teach and for first-year medical school physiology students to master. An understanding of this material is nevertheless important, because it allows the student to integrate a large number of concepts in pulmonary mechanics that may not seem at first glance to be related. For example, in spirometry, the lung divisions, total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), and residual volume (RV) are frequently learned only in descriptive terms; e.g., FRC is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. An understanding of the pressure-volume characteristics of the respiratory system, however, allows these descriptive definitions to be replaced by more useful functional definitions; e.g., FRC is the lung volume at which the elastic recoils of the lungs and chest wall are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The latter has the distinct advantage in that it helps the student to understand why FRC is altered in such diseases as emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, the clinical utility of determining FRC, and the calamitous consequences of a pneumothorax. An understanding of the compliance characteristics of the lungs is also critical for helping the student to understand why a vertical distribution of ventilation exists in the lungs and how, for example, in unilateral lung disease, arterial PO2 can have substantially different values depending on whether the patient is lying on the left or right side. Accordingly, the objective of this presentation is to provide a framework for teaching this material in a way that allows the student to understand the relationship of basic concepts to the disordered physiology that results from lung disease. PLACING A DISCUSSION OF COMPLIANCE IN THE OVERALL CONTEXT OF FUNCTION: WORK OF BREATHING
Enzyme Induction: Rifampin-Disopyramide Interaction

A 62-year-old woman with a history of supraventricular tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions was admitted with palpitations and anxiety. Previous therapy with antiarrhythmics had resulted in intolerable adverse effects or no effect on the arrhythmia. She had been taking rifampin prior to admission for acid-fast bacilli. Disopyramide was started on admission for supraventricular tachycardia. Subtherapeutic disopyramide blood concentrations were noted with concomitant administration of rifampin and disopyramide at normal doses. This case report demonstrates a possible drug interaction between these two drugs and the importance of careful monitoring. It was found that it takes three to five days after rifampin is discontinued before the enzyme induction of disopyramide disappears and disopyramide concentrations return to normal.
An Unpublished Diary of Archbishop William Wake

It was naturally a matter of some concern to the pupils and friends of the late Dr Norman Sykes when it became known recently that the Lambeth Library had acquired a manuscript diary of William Wake for the years of his episcopate as bishop of Lincoln and for the first ten years of his tenure as archbishop of Canterbury. The diary was, of course, quite unknown to Dr Sykes, and it seems right that there should be some critical examination of it in relation to the magisterial two-volume biography of Wake, which was published in 1957.
Flow Characteristics of an Annular Intercooler-Diffuser for Gas Turbines

Benefits of intercooling in power generating gas turbines can be maximized by reducing stagnation pressure loss in the intercooler flow path without adversely affecting the flow pattern in compressors. The intercooler-diffuser isolates the low pressure compressor from the intercooler, recovers the static pressure by decelerating the compressor discharge flow, and uniformly supplies low speed air to the intercooler for effective heat exchange. An experimental investigation was carried out to obtain data in a conceptual design with two sections: an outwardly canted prediffuser and a dump. The test-section was a one-fourth scale model of a typical industrial gas turbine. The diffuser flow is described in terms of the pressure recovery and loss coefficients, velocity vectors, static and stagnation pressure distributions, and the mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles. The flow resistance by the intercooler was simulated to assess its effects on the upstream diffuser flow. The airflow rate was varied to obtain data at full and part-load operations. The inlet conditions corresponded to naturally developed axisymmetric annulus flow. Results show high stagnation pressure loss and distorted velocity profiles in the dump because of flow recirculation next to the casing. Pressure recovery was confined to the prediffuser and a tail-section downstream of the dump where the flow reattached. Results show that the diffuser flow was practically unaffected by the intercooler and by operation at part-load.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
(Ga1–xZnx)(N1–xOx) Nanocrystals: Visible Absorbers with Tunable Composition and Absorption Spectra

Bulk oxy(nitride) (Ga1–xZnx)(N1–xOx) is a promising photocatalyst for water splitting under visible illumination. To realize its solar harvesting potential, it is desirable to minimize its band gap through synthetic control of the value of x. Furthermore, improved photochemical quantum yields may be achievable with nanocrystalline forms of this material. We report the synthesis, structural, and optical characterization of nanocrystals of (Ga1–xZnx)(N1–xOx) with the values of x tunable from 0.30 to 0.87. Band gaps decreased from 2.7 to 2.2 eV over this composition range, which corresponded to a 260% increase in the fraction of solar photons that could be absorbed by the material. We achieved nanoscale morphology and compositional control by employing mixtures of ZnGa2O4 and ZnO nanocrystals as synthetic precursors that could be converted to (Ga1–xZnx)(N1–xOx) under NH3. The high quality of the resulting nanocrystals is encouraging for achieving photochemical water-splitting rates that are competitive with ...
Proteomic Stable Isotope Probing Reveals Biosynthesis Dynamics of Slow Growing Methane Based Microbial Communities

Marine methane seep habitats represent an important control on the global flux of methane. Nucleotide-based meta-omics studies outline community-wide metabolic potential, but expression patterns of environmentally relevant proteins are poorly characterized. Proteomic stable isotope probing (proteomic SIP) provides additional information by characterizing phylogenetically specific, functionally relevant activity in mixed microbial communities, offering enhanced detection through system-wide product integration. Here we applied proteomic SIP to 15NH4+ and CH4 amended seep sediment microcosms in an attempt to track protein synthesis of slow-growing, low-energy microbial systems. Across all samples, 3495 unique proteins were identified, 11% of which were 15N-labeled. Consistent with the dominant anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) activity commonly observed in anoxic seep sediments, proteins associated with sulfate reduction and reverse methanogenesis – including the ANME-2 associated methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase (Mer) – were all observed to be actively synthesized (15N-enriched). Conversely, proteins affiliated with putative aerobic sulfur-oxidizing epsilon- and gammaproteobacteria showed a marked decrease over time in our anoxic sediment incubations. The abundance and phylogenetic range of 15N-enriched methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) orthologs, many of which exhibited novel post-translational modifications, suggests that seep sediments provide niches for multiple organisms performing analogous metabolisms. In addition, twenty-six proteins of unknown function were consistently detected and actively expressed under conditions supporting AOM, suggesting that they play important roles in methane seep ecosystems. Stable isotope probing in environmental proteomics experiments provides a mechanism to determine protein durability and evaluate lineage-specific responses in complex microbial communities placed under environmentally relevant conditions. Our work here demonstrates the active synthesis of a metabolically specific minority of enzymes, revealing the surprising longevity of most proteins over the course of an extended incubation experiment in an established, slow-growing, methane-impacted environmental system.
Detecting Chilling Injury of ‘Xiahui 5' Peach by Hyperspectral Half-Transmittance Imaging

Hyperspectral half-transmittance imaging technique was investigated for the detection of chilling injury in ‘Xiahui 5' peach during storage. Sensory score, browning index, hardness and extractable juice content were measured. At the same time, classification standard of chilling injury for ‘Xiahui 5' peach was established based on the correlation of sensory score with physicochemical values. Then, hyperspectral half-transmission images over the wavelength range of 400–1 000 nm were captured. Independent component analysis(ICA) and weighting coefficients for ICA were implemented on the pictures. The optimal wavelengths selected were 640, 745, and 811 nm. Hyperspectral half-transmission ICA images for different injury levels of chilled peach were obtained, and black spots were found which indicated chilling injury. Finally, the spectral average of each characteristic band was chosen as the input of the Fisher discrimination model, and an average testing accuracy of 91.0% was achieved to distinguish chilled ‘Xiahui 5' peach with different injury levels. This research demonstrated that the hyperspectral half-transmittance imaging technique is feasible for the detection of chilled peach at different injury levels.
Chemical Kinetics of Carbon Isotope Fractionation of Oil-Cracking Methane and Its Initial Application

By means of the gold tube thermal simulation equipments, 2 oil samples from Tarim Basin are carried out pyrolysis under high pressure and constant heating rate. Combining GC and carbon isotope analysis, the relationship between generation ratio of and carbon isotope ratio of methane and simulating temperature along with heating rate can be obtained. Based on the experiments above, the chemical kinetic models of methane generated from oil and its fractionation of carbon isotope are constructed and calibrated. The results indicate that the average value and distribution range of activation energy of methane generation are similar for the two oil samples with insignificant difference in distributional manner. The average activation energy of ~ 12 CH_4 generation is a little bit lower than that of the corresponding ~ 13 CH_4 because of relatively higher in low part of activation energy distribution of ~ 12 CH_4 compared to that of ~ 13 CH_4. There is a tiny difference between the activation energy distribution of ~ 12 CH_4 and ~ 13 CH_4 gene- ration that results the obvious fractionation of carbon isotope of the methane generated. The initial application of the calibrated models in Tarim Basin suggests that the gas pools in well Yingnan 2 comes mainly from the partial accumulation in late-and recent-period, and that of well Mandong 1 is cumulated gas.
American Civil Religion: What Americans Hold Sacred

This volume is a collection of well-written, informative, and at times entertaining essays pertaining to individual artifacts of American Civil Religion. The artifacts include locations as diverse ...
Immunoperoxidase detection of carcinoembryonic antigen and blood group substances in papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

AbstractImmunoperoxidase localization of A and B blood group substances and carcinoembryonic antigen in papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder demonstrated blood group substances in 22 of 48 carcinomas and trace amounts of carcinoembryonic antigen in 26. All 22 cases of transitional cell carcinoma positive for blood group substances were stage O (noninvasive) and 21 were grade I or II (well differentiated). Of 26 tumors negative for blood group substances 14 were grade III (poorly differentiated). Of 17 patients who had tumors positive for blood group substances at any time no positive tumor was followed by invasive carcinoma. In contrast, of 17 patients who had tumors negative for blood group substances 15 either had invasive carcinoma at the time of diagnosis or later. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity did not correlate with pathologic stage, histologic grade or clinical course.
Probe of Rydberg-Atom Transitions via an Amplitude-Modulated Optical Standing Wave with a Ponderomotive Interaction

In ponderomotive spectroscopy an amplitude-modulated optical standing wave is employed to probe Rydberg-atom transitions, utilizing a ponderomotive rather than a dipole-field interaction. Here, we engage nonlinearities in the modulation to drive dipole-forbidden transitions up to the fifth order. We reach transition frequencies approaching the sub-THz regime. We also demonstrate magic-wavelength conditions, which result in symmetric spectral lines with a Fourier-limited peak at the line center. Applicability to precision measurement is discussed.
Family Systems and the Preferred Sex of Children

This is a broad overview of how the prevalent family systems in the developing world influence sex preference for children. Son preference is evident in the data in East Asia and South Asia, and in the Middle East and North Africa, where patriarchal family systems make sons more valuable than daughters to parents in terms of economic, physical, and emotional sustenance. In sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, there is little difference between the levels of support parents can expect from sons and daughters—and little revealed sex preference in the data.
Contaminant Considerations in Humans

The study of the effects of contaminants on humans is not actually a major part of the science of ecotoxicology. Rather, it is usually pursued as a separate discipline that is sometimes called environmental toxicology as it is related to the environment (usually the workplace) that humans find themselves in. Nevertheless, humans are subject to contaminant exposure under many different scenarios and exhibit similar sublethal effects as any other mammal. An overriding problem in studying the effects of chemical exposure to humans is the inability to conduct controlled experiments. Thus, much of what we know about contaminant effects in humans (particularly cancer) has been inferred from experiments on other animals or, in a few cases, from natural experiments due to workplace exposures or accidents. This chapter discusses some of the effects of contaminant classes on humans and ends with a FOCUS section on several contaminant disasters.
Is Cu a stable electrode material in hybrid perovskite solar cells for a 30-year lifetime?

One grand challenge for long-lived perovskite solar cells is that the common electrode materials in solar cells, such as silver and aluminum or even gold, strongly react with hybrid perovskites. Here we report the evaluation of the potential of copper (Cu) as the electrode material in perovskite solar cells for long-term stability. In encapsulated devices which limit exposure to oxygen and moisture, Cu in direct contact with CH3NH3PbI3 showed no reaction at laboratory time scales, and is predicted to be stable for almost 170 years at room temperature and over 22 years at the nominal operating cell temperature of 40 °C. No diffusion of Cu into CH3NH3PbI3 has been observed after thermal annealing for over 100 hours at 80 °C, nor does Cu cause charge trap states in direct contact with CH3NH3PbI3 after long-term thermal annealing or illumination. High performance devices with efficiency above 20% with a Cu electrode retain 98% of the initial efficiency after 816 hours storage in an ambient environment without encapsulation. The results indicate Cu is a promising low-cost electrode material for perovskite solar cells for long-term operation.
Extending Cell Tower Coverage through Drones

This paper explores a future in which drones serve as extensions to cellular networks. Equipped with a WiFi interface and a (LTE/5G) backhaul link, we envision a drone to fly in and create a WiFi network in a desired region. Analogous to fire engines, these drones can offer on-demand network service, alleviating unpredictable problems such as sudden traffic hotspots, poor coverage, and natural disasters. While realizing such a vision would need various pieces to come together, we focus on the problem of "drone placement". We ask: when several scattered users demand cellular connectivity in a particular area, where should the drone hover so that the aggregate demands are optimally satisfied? This is essentially a search problem, i.e., the drone needs to determine a 3D location from which its SNR to all the clients is maximized. Given the unknown environmental conditions (such as multipath, wireless shadows, foliage, and absorption), it is not trivial to predict the best hovering location.We explore the possibility of using RF ray tracing as a hint to narrow down the scope of search. Our key idea is to use 3D models from Google Earth to roughly model the terrain of the region, and then simulate how signals would scatter from the drone to various clients. While such simulations offer coarse-grained results, we find that they can still be valuable in broadly guiding the drone in the right direction. Once the drone has narrowed down the 3D search space, it can then physically move to quickly select the best hovering location. Measurement results from a WiFi mounted drone, communicating with 7 clients scattered in the UIUC campus, are encouraging. Our early prototype, DroneNet, reports 44% throughput gain with only 10% measurement overhead compared to a full scan of the entire region.
Improved tissue culture conditions for the emerging C4 model Panicum hallii

Panicum hallii Vasey (Hall’s panicgrass) is a compact, perennial C4 grass in the family Poaceae, which has potential to enable bioenergy research for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Unlike P. hallii, switchgrass has a large genome, allopolyploidy, self-incompatibility, a long life cycle, and large stature—all suboptimal traits for rapid genetics research. Herein we improved tissue culture methodologies for two inbred P. hallii populations: FIL2 and HAL2, to enable further development of P. hallii as a model C4 plant. The optimal seed-derived callus induction medium was determined to be Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 40 mg L−1 L-cysteine, 300 mg L−1 L-proline, 3% sucrose, 1 g L−1 casein hydrolysate, 3 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 45 μg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), which resulted in callus induction of 51 ± 29% for FIL2 and 81 ± 19% for HAL2. The optimal inflorescence-derived callus induction was observed on MP medium (MS medium supplemented with 2 g L−1 L-proline, 3% maltose, 5 mg L−1 2,4-D, and 500 μg L−1 BAP), resulting in callus induction of 100 ± 0.0% for FIL2 and 84 ± 2.4% for HAL2. Shoot regeneration rates of 11.5 ± 0.8 shoots/gram for FIL2 and 11.3 ± 0.6 shoots/gram for HAL2 were achieved using seed-induced callus, whereas shoot regeneration rates of 26.2 ± 2.6 shoots/gram for FIL2 and 29.3 ± 3.6 shoots/gram for HAL2 were achieved from inflorescence-induced callus. Further, cell suspension cultures of P. hallii were established from seed-derived callus, providing faster generation of callus tissue compared with culture using solidified media (1.41-fold increase for FIL2 and 3.00-fold increase for HAL2). Aside from abbreviated tissue culture times from callus induction to plant regeneration for HAL2, we noted no apparent differences between FIL2 and HAL2 populations in tissue culture performance. For both populations, the cell suspension cultures outperformed tissue cultures on solidified media. Using the methods developed in this work, P. hallii callus was induced from seeds immediately after harvest in a shorter time and with higher frequencies than switchgrass. For clonal propagation, P. hallii callus was established from R1 inflorescences, similar to switchgrass, which further strengthens the potential of this plant as a C4 model for genetic studies. The rapid cycling (seed-to-seed time) and ease of culture, further demonstrate the potential utility of P. hallii as a C4 model plant.
Proportional bias between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis varies based on sex in active adults consuming high- and low-carbohydrate diets

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are common methods of body composition assessment, but the agreement between these methods varies. Bias between DXA and single-frequency BIA was evaluated at 6 different time points in 48 active male and female adults consuming standardized high- and low-carbohydrate diets. It was hypothesized that fixed and proportional biases exist between DXA and BIA but that the extent of bias does not differ based on sex. Substantial fixed bias was present for estimates obtained by DXA and BIA, and both men and women exhibited proportional bias for fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The magnitude of bias was greater in women, and only women exhibited proportional bias for body fat percentage. In individuals with less FM, the mean difference between DXA and BIA was high, indicating that BIA underestimated FM relative to DXA. However, in individuals with greater FM, better agreement was seen. Correspondingly, the mean difference in FFM estimates was greater in individuals with less FFM. In some individuals with high quantities of FM or FFM relative to the sample, the relationship between devices was reversed such that BIA overestimated FM and underestimated FFM. The degree of disagreement between DXA and BIA varies substantially based on body size and sex such that all-encompassing statements regarding the comparability of these technologies cannot presently be made.
Policy Development, Procedures, and Tools for Navigating Regulations

This chapter addresses policy development, procedures, and tools with respect to behavioral clinical videoconferencing (CV) practice. Particular attention is given to tips and tools that are useful in relation to institutional, regulatory, and legal entities when establishing or promoting a behavioral telehealth practice.
Teaching Dickens by the Numbers: A Case Study of The Mystery of Edwin Drood

Serial publication revolutionized the Victorian publishing industry. For this reason, “writing by numbers” is an important concept for any student who is studying Victorian literature. This chapter will demonstrate the usefulness of working with Charles Dickens’s unfinished serialized novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, to introduce part-issue publication. By studying the existing chapters of the novel with an eye toward installment breaks, constructing “appropriate” endings to the novel, and memorializing those endings in Dickensian-style installment plans, students gain a deeper appreciation for the craft and nuance of Victorian serialization. The structure of the course, including a one hour, forty minutes class meeting once a week, further facilitates the deep, immersive learning that pedagogical research has found critical to student success.
“Should I stay or should I go?” Understanding the noninvolved partner’s decision-making process following infidelity:

Two studies were conducted to test a conceptual model that expands upon the roles of attribution and forgiveness after a partner’s infidelity by integrating concepts from social network approval an...