cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing the spread of pathogens and aquatic invasive species in the Great Lakes recreational fishery: An application of the drivers-pressures-state-impacts-responses framework

Abstract The Great Lakes are one of the most invaded aquatic ecosystems in the world, and the spread of fish pathogens and aquatic invasive species (AIS) has become a serious issue for fishery management in the Great Lakes. Our study applies the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses model (DPSIR) to identify social-ecological linkages in the spread of pathogens and AIS by anglers, boaters, and bait dealers in the Great Lakes. We developed a conceptual DPSIR model based on input by staff members in governmental agencies and non-governmental organizations that have been involved in the management of pathogens and AIS. The integration of managers' input to develop the model is a novel approach for understanding fisheries. Most previous studies using the DPSIR framework did not account for natural resource managers' input even though the DPSIR framework is frequently applied to provide information to these groups. The identified relationships in our model provide multiple entry points for empirical, interdisciplinary research. These studies would help understand the effectiveness of management responses to change human behaviors, and to understand and predict changes in the Great Lakes ecosystem and fishery. The model could also be used to promote understanding of the impacts of pathogens and AIS on the fishery, and to increase awareness of human behaviors that contribute to the continued spread. Future studies could further expand or replicate the model with input by other stakeholder groups such as bait dealers and/or anglers and boaters to identify if these groups share an understanding of the management problem and responses.
Damage Reduction to Food Products During Transportation and Handling

This chapter provides an insight to the role of packaging in providing protection to food products during transportation and handling. With increasing global demand for food products, producers of high quality fresh produce ship packaged produce across continents and oceans daily. Transportation and handling impart stresses from shocks, vibrations and compression forces that can produce bruising and accelerate ripening. The shelf life at retail is therefore critical, and requires protection to the food products after harvesting and packaging. Packages also provide food safety and enhance traceability and tracking through the entire value chain. Various packaging technologies that enhance the shelf life and insure the quality and freshness attributes are discussed.
Simulation of REBEKA 6 with DRACCAR v2.1

Abstract This document presents a simulation of the test REBEKA 6 with the thermo-mechanical code DRACCAR v2.1, carried out in the framework of the NURESAFE SP3. The analysis focuses on the impact of the non-heated central rod on its neighbors: various results, including azimuthal temperature differences, cladding creep in different directions, overall deformation profiles and the occurrence of rupture are assessed and compared to experimental data. Overall, the DRACCAR results are encouraging and most trends seem plausible although the experimental data cannot always be reproduced accurately. Several suggestions for future developments are provided, including the addition of a model dedicated to tertiary creep in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of the size of post-rupture balloons.
Clinical Relevance of CRp in Untreated AML.

For many years response to induction therapy for AML was classified as CR or no CR. Recently, responses less than CR, e.g. CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp), have also been recognized. Attaining CRp suggests that a treatment is more “active” than if neither CR nor CRp had occurred (“resistant”). However, the question of whether CRp conveys clinical benefit has received relatively little attention; in particular, what is the effect of CRp on subsequent survival probability (“SSP”) relative to CR or resistant? The database we used to address this question consisted of 1051 consecutive pts with untreated AML (APL excepted) or high-risk MDS (> 10% blasts) considered for induction therapy at MDA from 2000 through 2004. 5% of the pts declined therapy, 45% achieved CR and 5% CRp, as usually defined, while 29% were resistant, i.e. they survived at least 1 month after beginning therapy, without ever achieving CR or CRp, or showed obvious reappearance of blasts before the end of this month; the remaining pts were called “early deaths” and were not further considered. CRp rates were higher among pts with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 (−5/−7; 15% CRp in 264 pts) than among other cytogenetic subsets (CRp rate 4–6%), with the following number of CRps for every 100 CRs: −5/−7 53.6, inv (16) or t(8;21) 5.5, normal karyotype 7.5, other cytogenetic abnormalities 15.4.The median number of days to CR was 31, CRp 44, and resistant 40, while the 75th percentiles were 38, 60, and 59 respectively. Although many induction regimens were used, we, for simplicity, classified these as either “higher” or “lower” intensity, with the former (HI, 914 pts) corresponding to “chemotherapy” and the latter (LI) to “targeted therapy”, as commonly accepted. CR and CRp rates were 51% and 5% for HI and 5% and Sensitivity analyses dating SSP from day 30 or day 90, rather than day 60, produced similar results. We are: (1) doing a multivariate analysis examining the relative effects on SSP of response, cytogenetics (given the association of poor prognosis cytogenetics with CRp), and treatment after relapse, and (2) assessing whether the effects of CR vs CRp vary according to induction treatment. Our current results, however, constitute the first demonstration that CRp is of clinical relevance in untreated AML.
Automation of sample preparation for mass cytometry barcoding in support of clinical research: protocol optimization

Analysis of multiplexed assays is highly important for clinical diagnostics and other analytical applications. Mass cytometry enables multi-dimensional, single-cell analysis of cell type and state. In mass cytometry, the rare earth metals used as reporters on antibodies allow determination of marker expression in individual cells. Barcode-based bioassays for CyTOF are able to encode and decode for different experimental conditions or samples within the same experiment, facilitating progress in producing straightforward and consistent results. Herein, an integrated protocol for automated sample preparation for barcoding used in conjunction with mass cytometry for clinical bioanalysis samples is described; we offer results of our work with barcoding protocol optimization. In addition, we present some points to be considered in order to minimize the variability of quantitative mass cytometry measurements. For example, we discuss the importance of having multiple populations during titration of the antibodies and effect of storage and shipping of labelled samples on the stability of staining for purposes of CyTOF analysis. Data quality is not affected when labelled samples are stored either frozen or at 4 °C and used within 10 days; we observed that cell loss is greater if cells are washed with deionized water prior to shipment or are shipped in lower concentration. Once the labelled samples for CyTOF are suspended in deionized water, the analysis should be performed expeditiously, preferably within the first hour. Damage can be minimized if the cells are resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) rather than deionized water while waiting for data acquisition.
Transitioning to Patient-Centered Medical Homes: Associations With Appointment Availability.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent implementation of the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) in military primary care has gained significant traction and attention from leadership and policy makers. The study objective was to measure the rate of change in appointment availability before and after primary care clinics were certified as a medical home. Access to care is one core tenet of the medical home and appointment availability is an important indicator of access. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, longitudinal observational study involving 21 U.S. Navy primary care clinics from 2011 to 2014. Appointment availability, as measured by third next available appointment, was constructed for 21 primary care clinics over a 29-month time period (14 months precertification, certification month, 14 months postcertification). A mixed-effects model with linear splines was applied where third next available appointment was the dependent variable. Main interest independent variables include time (precertif...
Lowering rumen-degradable protein maintained energy-corrected milk yield and improved nitrogen-use efficiency in multiparous lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the effect of reducing rumen-degradable protein (RDP) and rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) proportions on feed intake, milk production, and N-use efficiency in primiparous and multiparous cows exposed to warm climates. Eighteen primiparous and 30 multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments formulated to contain 2 proportions of RDP (10 and 8%) and 2 proportions RUP (8 and 6%) of dry matter (DM) indicated as follows: (1) 10% RDP, 8% RUP; (2) 8% RDP, 8% RUP; (3) 10% RDP, 6% RUP; and (4) 8% RDP, 6% RUP. Protein sources were manipulated to obtain desired RDP and RUP proportions. Diets were isoenergetic and contained 50% forage and 50% concentrate (DM basis). Cows were individually fed the 10% RDP, 8% RUP diet 3 wk before treatment allocation. Cows were exposed to the prevailing Tennessee July and August temperature and humidity in a freestall barn with no supplemental cooling. Main effects and their interaction were tested using the Mixed procedure of SAS (least squares means ± standard error of the mean; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Observed values of nutrient intake and milk production were used to obtain NRC (2001) model predictions. Cows showed signs of heat stress throughout the study. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased dry matter intake (DMI; 0.9 kg/d) at 8% RUP, but increased DMI (2.6 kg/d) at 6% RUP in primiparous cows. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased milk yield (10%) at 8% RUP, but increased yield (14%) at 6% RUP. Treatments did not affect yield of energy-corrected milk. For multiparous cows, treatments did not affect DMI. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased yield of energy-corrected milk (3.4%) at 8% RUP, but increased yield (8.8%) at 6% RUP. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP and 8 to 6% RUP both increased N-use efficiency for primiparous and multiparous cows. The NRC model underestimated metabolizable protein and RUP supply, and overestimated RUP requirements, resulting in predictive losses of milk yield 1.4 to 5.8 times greater than observed values. In summary, the reduction of RDP and RUP proportions did not affect DMI, whereas the RUP reduction at 10% RDP had a small negative effect on energy-corrected milk yield. However, reduction of RDP and RUP consistently improved N-use efficiency of heat-stressed multiparous cows. The reduction of RDP and RUP proportions reduced DMI and milk yield but did not affect energy-corrected milk yield in primiparous cows, indicating a limited supply of nutrients.
Despite available habitat at range edge, yellow‐cedar migration is punctuated with a past pulse tied to colder conditions

Aim To explore the recent (past ~1,000 year) migration history of yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis), a climate-threatened tree, which appears to lag behind its potential climatic niche at a leading northern range edge, and infer its continued migration potential under changing climate. Location Southeast Alaska, USA. Methods We located 11 leading range edge yellow-cedar stands near Juneau, Alaska, determined their proportional occupancy of modelled habitat and estimated stand ages to determine approximate time of establishment. We used future climate projections to determine the potential vulnerability of these leading edge populations using a well-established risk factor for yellow-cedar mortality in the region. Results Despite abundant potential habitat, and having existed in the study area > 675 years, yellow-cedar has only occupied a small proportion (<0.8%) of suitable habitat. Yellow-cedar appears to have undergone a past pulse of successful regeneration and establishment during the Little Ice Age climate period, with little expansion in recent decades. Under high emissions future climate scenarios, nine of 11 stands (82%) may become exposed to climate conditions that predispose yellow-cedar to root freezing injury by 2070. Main conclusions We show that yellow-cedar's migration near a northern range edge is episodic, with a past pulse of establishment during the Little Ice Age. When planning for the conservation and management of this culturally and economically valuable tree, forest managers should consider yellow-cedar's currently limited migration at the leading edge, mortality emerging farther north in recent decades and potential vulnerability of range edge stands by 2070. The range of intense, climatic driven yellow-cedar mortality is expanding northward and rapidly approaching the species' leading edge in southeast Alaska. Yellow-cedar's episodic migration demonstrates that species may not respond linearly to a warming climate and that other factors controlling dispersal to suitable habitat must be considered for accurate range predictions.
Maximum Entropy and Joint Norm Bounds for Operator Extensions

The maximum entropy principle is applied to give a new proof of the Kaftal, Larson and Weiss joint operator norm/Hilbert-Schmidt norm theorem for operator extensions. Using this technique, new local bounds for the joint norm extension problem are obtained.
Risk factors for wound complications following spine surgery.

Background Wound complications, including surgical site infections (SSIs) and wound dehiscence, are among the most common complications following spine surgery often leading to readmission. The authors sought to identify preoperative characteristics predictive of wound complications after spine surgery. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for years 2012-2014 was reviewed for patients undergoing spine surgery, defined by the Current Procedural Terminology codes. Forty-four preoperative and surgical characteristics were analyzed for associations with wound complications. Results Of the 99,152 patients included in this study, 2.2% experienced at least one wound complication (superficial SSI: 0.9%, deep SSI: 0.8%, organ space SSI: 0.4%, and dehiscence: 0.3%). Multivariate binary logistic regression testing found 10 preoperative characteristics associated with wound complications: body mass index ≥30, smoker, female, chronic steroid use, hematocrit 3 hours. A risk score for each patient was created from the number of characteristics present. Receiver operating characteristic curves of the unweighted and weighted risk scores generated areas under the curve of 0.701 (95% CI: 0.690-0.713) and 0.715 (95% CI: 0.704-0.726), respectively. Patients with unweighted risk scores >7 were 25-fold more likely to develop a wound complication compared to patients with scores of 0. In addition, mortality rate, reoperation rate, and total length of stay each increased nearly 10-fold with increasing risk score. Conclusion This study introduces a novel risk score for the development of wound dehiscence and SSIs in patients undergoing spine surgery, using new risk factors identified here.
Dynamics of antiferroelectric phase transition in PbZrO 3

The dynamics of the phase transition in antiferroelectric ${\mathrm{PbZrO}}_{3}$ which is the subject of a decades-long debate, is examined using first-principles-based simulations. This is achieved through the development of a computational approach that allows calculations of generalized complex susceptibilities at an arbitrary point of the Brillouin zone. Application of this approach to the case of ${\mathrm{PbZrO}}_{3}$ predicts the temperature evolution of many of its lattice modes, some of which remain elusive or even ``invisible'' in experiments. The computational data suggest that two lattice modes are primarily responsible for the antiferroelectric phase transition in this material: the one associated with oxygen octahedra tilts dynamics and the other due to lead ions antipolar vibrations.
Quantitative Analysis: The SEM/EDS Elemental Microanalysis k-ratio Procedure for Bulk Specimens, Step-by-Step

This module discusses the procedure used to perform a rigorous quantitative elemental microanalysis by SEM/EDS following the k-ratio/matrix correction protocol using the NIST DTSA-II software engine for bulk specimens. Bulk specimens have dimensions that are sufficiently large to contain the full range of the direct electron-excited X-ray production (typically 0.5–10 μm) as well as the range of secondary X-ray fluorescence induced by the propagation of the characteristic and continuum X-rays (typically 10–100 μm).
Learning to Individuate: The Specificity of Labels Differentially Impacts Infant Visual Attention.

This study examined differences in visual attention as a function of label learning from 6 to 9 months of age. Before and after 3 months of parent-directed storybook training with computer-generated novel objects, event-related potentials and visual fixations were recorded while infants viewed trained and untrained images (n = 23). Relative to a pretraining, a no-training control group (n = 11), and to infants trained with category-level labels (e.g., all labeled "Hitchel"), infants trained with individual-level labels (e.g., "Boris," "Jamar") displayed increased visual attention and neural differentiation of objects after training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training

Mangus BC, Miller MG. Philadelphia, PA 19103, FA Davis Co, 2005, paperback, 225 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-8036-1127-7, $39.95. This text consists of 3 sections: an introduction with a historical background, prescription and over-the-counter drugs typically used in the training room or with a younger population, and commonly abused drugs in sports. The material is presented in a student-friendly fashion with several tables that provide an easy reference to drugs, their actions, and their adverse reactions. Each chapter has either a boxed area titled “Athletic Training Responsibility” or “What to Tell the Athlete” or a scenario from the field that follows most major topics and applies the information presented on that topic in the athletic training setting. Other student- and reader-friendly aspects include the discussion section at the end of each chapter, questions to test readers' understanding of the …
Massensterben und die Hypothese der Einsamen Erde

Man stelle sich vor, wir umkreisten dieErde in einem Raumschiff — vor 65 Mio. Jahren. Seit der im letzten Kapitel beschriebenen Explosion des Lebens im Kambrium sind etwa 500 Mio. Jahre vergangen. Es ist der Tag, an dem ein Asteroid in die Erdatmosphare eintritt und sich rasch der Erdoberflache nahert, dort, wo sich heute die mexikanische Yucatan-Region befindet. Wir waren Zeugen des Einschlags, der die Dinosaurier — und 60% der anderen Spezies - eliminiert und ihre Existenz beendet.
A Physicist’s Musings on Teaching About Energy

This chapter discusses the concept of energy as viewed from the perspective of a particle physicist and discusses implications for the teaching of energy. A major conclusion is that there are many ways the term energy is used across the disciplines, and students cannot be expected to make connections between them if they are not aided to do so by explicit discussion of the relationships and differences between the usages.
Carbon-11 labeled styryl dyes as new PET RNA-specific, live cell imaging probes

1237 Objectives: A new type of styryl dyes have been developed as RNA-specific, live cell imaging probes for fluorescent microscopy technology to study nuclear structure and function. This study was designed to develop carbon-11 labeled styryl dyes as new PET probes for imaging of RNA in living cells. Methods: E36 (1) and E144 (2) were synthesized from 2-methylquinoline with indole-3-carboxaldehyde and 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde in 2 steps, respectively. F22 (3) was synthesized from 6-methoxy-2-methylquinoline in 2 steps. (E)-2-(2-(1-(triisopropylsilyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)vinyl)quinoline (4) was synthesized from 2-methylquinoline in 2 steps. (E)-2-(2,4,6-trimethoxystyryl)quinoline (5) was prepared from 2-methylquinoline and 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde in 1 step. (E)-4-(2-(6-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)vinyl)-N,N-diemthylaniline (6) was prepared from 6-methoxy-2-methylquinoline and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in 1 step. Precursor 4 was labeled by [11C]CH3OTf, trapped on a cation-exchange CM Sep-Pak cartridge following a quick deprotecting reaction by addition of (n-Bu)4NF in THF, and isolated by SPE purification to provide target tracer [11C]E36. The target tracers [11C]E144 and [11C]F22 were prepared by N-[11C]methylation of the precursors 5 and 6 using [11C]CH3OTf and isolated by SPE method, respectively. Results: The overall chemical yields for target compounds 1, 2 and 3 were 23%, 43% and 61%, respectively. The overall chemical yields for precursors 4, 5 and 6 were 43%, 43% and 32%, respectively. The radiochemical yields for [11C]1, [11C]2 and [11C]3 were 40-70%, decay corrected to EOB, based on [11C]CO2. The specific activity was 4.0-6.0 Ci/μmol at EOB. Conclusions: An efficient and convenient synthesis of carbon-11 labeled styryl dyes [11C]E36, [11C]E144 and [11C]F22 has been well-developed. Research Support: Susan G. Komen for the Cure BCTR0504022.
How does the wall of the diffusion cloud chamber affect performance

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the results of two-dimensional treatment of the mass and energy transfer processes that occur during operation of the thermal diffusion cloud chamber (TDCC). It examines the effect of wet and dry walls and the aspect ratio— diameter to height— on the supersaturation and nucleation rate profiles. It also examines the effects of pressure, temperature, and background gas on the stability of chamber operation. The TDCC is a commonly used tool in the investigation of nucleation phenomena. It shows the results of a two-dimensional analysis of the mass and energy transport within the diffusion cloud chamber, which specifically accounts for the presence of the chamber wall, which can be dried by heating or wetted from condensation of the vapor. The effect of the two different operating conditions on the chamber interior appears negligible. A far greater influence on the interior conditions is the aspect ratio. A minimum aspect ratio of 7.5 is required to ensure the validity of the one-dimensional transport approximation. The analysis also showed that under certain operating conditions, density minima occur near the wall. These minima can lead to buoyancy driven convection, which in turn affects the nucleation rate in the center of the chamber.
A MATHEMATICAL CONSISTENCY CHECK FOR IN VIVO STRAIN MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT A numerical technique is presented to evaluate and correct the zero-strain reference points experimentally determined for in vivo bone strain rosette applications. The method is used to determine if significant transverse stresses are present during in vivo activities. If transverse stresses are shown to be negligible, then one can proceed to adjust the experimentally determined zeros to minimize the transverse stress throughout the time period (e.g. gait cycle) under consideration.
Practical Knowledge and Linguistic Competence

This chapter examines the distinction between practical and propositional (or theoretical) knowledge. It then considers the objections put forward by Stanley and Williamson and finds them wanting. Afterwards, it presents Chomsky’s position on linguistic competence as a form of propositional knowledge. It criticizes both the theoretical and the empirical arguments Chomsky puts forward in favor of his view and presents some observations in favor of the idea that linguistic competence is ultimately practical. In so doing, it aims to re-habilitate the picture of practical knowledge and of linguistic competence endorsed, arguably, by Wittgenstein and Ryle.
Changes in stage at diagnosis of screenable cancers after the Affordable Care Act.

6521Background: Extensive evidence links inadequate insurance with later stage at cancer diagnosis, particularly for cancers that can be detected by screening. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) impleme...
Clinical outcomes following identification of tip appendicitis on ultrasonography and CT scan.

Abstract Background/Purpose With recent improvements in imaging technology, subtler variations in the anatomy of the appendix can be appreciated. We hypothesized that radiographic findings of tip appendicitis may not correlate strongly with a pathologic diagnosis of appendicitis. Methods Our radiology database was searched for reports of a diagnosis of tip appendicitis between January 2013 and June 2017 for patients between the ages of 2 and 17. Retrospective chart review was performed for demographic and clinical data, including outcomes. For patients managed operatively, the pathology results were reviewed for evidence of acute appendicitis. Patients managed nonoperatively and those with negative pathology were considered to not have appendicitis. Results Fifty-five patients met inclusion criteria (31 boys and 24 girls); 46/55 patients with tip appendicitis on imaging ultimately did not have appendicitis. Twenty-one patients underwent appendectomy, and 9/21 had pathologic evidence of appendicitis. One patient had a ruptured appendix. No other pathology was identified in the negative appendectomies. Two patients managed nonoperatively required readmission, but not secondary to missed diagnosis of appendicitis. Conclusions Ultrasound and CT findings of tip appendicitis may not accurately associate with a final diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Clinical judgment should ultimately dictate appropriate initial management, follow-up tests, and imaging. Type of Study Diagnostic Study. Level of Evidence Level III.
Diagnostic utility of the Active Compression Test for the superior labrum anterior posterior tear: A systematic review.

BackgroundThe Active Compression Test has been proposed to have high diagnostic accuracy for superior labrum anterior to posterior tears. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the availa...
Maintaining Breastfeeding During Severe Infant and Maternal HSV-1 Infection: A Case Report.

Introduction:Childbearing women with primary or secondary Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infection are at risk of transmitting neonatal herpes infection to their infants; a medical emergency that is a...
Discretization Chaos: Feedback Control and Transition to Chaos

Problems in the design of feedback controllers for chaotic dynamical systems are considered theoretically, focusing on two cases where chaos arises only when a nonchaotic continuous-time system is discretized into a simpler discrete-time systems (exponential discretization and pseudo-Euler integration applied to Lotka-Volterra competition and prey-predator systems). Numerical simulation results are presented in extensive graphs and discussed in detail. It is concluded that care must be taken in applying standard dynamical-systems methods to control systems that may be discontinuous or nondifferentiable.
Self-Perceived Scholastic Competence, Athletic Competence, and Physical Appearance Are Enhanced in Children and Young Adults with Physical Disabilities Following a Community-Based Running Program

Children and young adults with physical disabilities consistently report low self-concept across multiple domains. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine if a community-based running program working to improve physical activity patterns in children and young adults with physical disabilities also affected self-concept, and (2) identify specific self-concept domains affected by the community-based running program. Twenty children and young adults (17 males, 3 females, 7–24 years) participated in a community-based running program. The 10-week community-based program occurred twice weekly with a time-based progression of total run time each week. The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was used to assess self-concept at baseline and following the program. Data were analyzed for 19 participants using mixed analysis of variance models. Mean improvements were noted in each subscale of the SPPC. Significant main effects (p < .05) were found in the specific domains of scholastic competence, athletic competence, and physical appearance. Among elementary aged children, the greatest improvements were found for scholastic competence (0.56, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.87); the greatest improvements were found for athletic competence among high school aged children and young adults (0.42, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.84). The community-based running program described in this study may have the ability to improve self-concept in young people with physical disabilities, particularly in the domains of scholastic competence, athletic competence, and physical appearance. The ability of a program to improve components of health beyond physical well-being has important implications for future implementation of community-based interventions.
Material-Dependent Evolution of Mechanical Folding Instabilities in Two-Dimensional Atomic Membranes.

Inducing and controlling three-dimensional deformations in monolayer two-dimensional materials is important for applications from stretchable electronics to origami nanoelectromechanical systems. F...
Would Shaming or Instilling Hope in Indian Bystanders Lead to Positive Reporting Intentions? Examining the Impact of Emotional Appeals and Perceived Social Support in Domestic Violence Prevention PSAs

Research on sexual violence and bullying has highlighted the importance of bystander intervention. This empirical study focuses on public health messaging that can induce positive behavior change a...
Change is on the horizon: call to action for the study of positive emotion and reward in psychopathology

We briefly discuss current challenges in the field of positive emotion and reward in psychopathology. These include seven key ‘blind spots’ including: (1) breaking down silos and barriers among disciplines, (2) paradigm shifts in understanding positive emotion, (3) rethinking our language of positive emotions, (4) increasing diversity of research approaches and perspectives, (5) capturing positive emotions in real-world settings, (6) confronting the key role of substance use in positive emotion regulation, and (7) embracing lifespan developmental approaches. By highlighting these challenges, we aim to generate discussion and enhance opportunities for synergistic collaboration as our field looks ahead to dynamic changes and fruitful advances on the horizon.
Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms, infant white matter, and toddler behavioral problems.

Abstract Background Maternal depression is prevalent during and following pregnancy and is related to adverse outcomes in offspring. Perinatal depression is associated with risk for difficulties in offspring; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. We examined whether maternal prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms were associated with infant white matter organization and with behavioral problems in toddlerhood. Methods 37 mother–infant dyads (20 male; ages 5.95–7.66 months) participated in this study. We conducted diffusion MRI with infants during natural sleep. Mothers reported on their prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms at six months postpartum. We calculated fractional anisotropy (FA), radial, axial, and mean diffusivity, and assessed offspring behavioral problems at age 18 months. Results Prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with FA of the corpus callosum; postnatal depressive symptoms were not associated with FA of limbic tracts or corpus callosum segmentations. Higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with higher FA and lower radial diffusivity of the corpus callosum genu; FA of this region was positively associated with behavioral problems at age 18 months. Limitations This study had a small sample size; therefore, findings should be replicated. Further, we used retrospective reports of maternal prenatal depression, but validated them in this study. Conclusions Depressive symptoms during pregnancy may affect infant corpus callosum development and, in turn, offspring behaviors. These findings suggest that early maternal stress accelerates infant neurodevelopment in a manner that may increase risk for behavioral problems. Thus, efforts to reduce maternal prenatal depression should be a public health priority.
No Good Deed Goes Unpunished

As we closed out a memorable 2020 and look to the New Year, we might say that not much good has come out of this year. But as a Monty Python fan, I love the ditty from The Life of Brian movie, "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life." While the pandemic has taken much, it has also provided opportunities to explore new ways of learning, working, and being in community. For me, the pandemic has highlighted a fact I think we have all long suspected: the current journal peer review process is broken-it's unsustainable.
Critical Race Theory and Morality: New Looks at Original Sins

I am trained both as a lawyer and an academic. I understand that is oxymoronic to some. But I did not learn about critical race theory (CRT) from my School of Law; I learned about CRT from my School of Education. Immediately, I became, and remain, excited to see philosophical theory applied to the lived experiences, ideas, and beliefs that I carried for years. It is that excitement that motivates and generates each of my research projects. Katrina Dillon’s essay excites and motivates me as well. And isn’t that what we most hope that an essay will do? Dillon’s essay expands on the underutilization of CRT in philosophy. However, at the outset, she complicates her endeavor. Initially, she states an intention to “analyze the morality(ies) at work within critical theory or CRT.” Then, Dillon informs the reader that “[a] critical race theory of morality” could inform a dialogue defining morality. Though subtle, the distinction between the tail wagging the dog or the dog wagging the tail is relevant. Morality could drive an analysis of CRT, its history, and its relevance to America’s future. I believe that Dillon is more concerned with how CRT can (re)conceptualize morality. So, this essay originates from that assumption. Moreover, because Dillon grounds her analysis in David Purpel and Derrick Bell, American philosophers, I will also focus my response essay on a European American conceptualization of morality.
Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

Purpose Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are standard of care for management of end-stage heart failure. LVAD patients are on antiplatelet agents and long-term anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent thrombotic events. The ease of use, superior efficacy, and improved side effect profile have made direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) the preferable anticoagulant for treatment of atrial fibrillation; but there is limited data regarding their safety and efficacy in patients with an LVAD. Methods In this multicenter retrospective analysis, LVAD patients who were switched to a DOAC after a trial of warfarin were compared to patients who remained on warfarin. The DOAC group included patients with a history of warfarin failure or noncompliance. Overall survival as well as thrombotic events (i.e. ischemic stroke, pump thrombosis) and bleeding events (i.e. intracranial or gastrointestinal (GI) bleed) were compared between the two groups. Non-parametric and semi-parametric cox multiple regression analysis were performed. Univariate screening was performed to identify co-variates to be included in the multivariable analysis when applicable. Results A total of 268 patients were included in the study (DOAC group: N=8, mean age=58±19 years, 75% male vs warfarin group: N=260, mean age=57±13 years, 81% male). The majority of the DOAC (75%) and all warfarin patients were on low-dose aspirin. There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (HR=2.0, P=0.2; adjusted HR=2.3, P=0.1) (Figure 1A). There were no statistically significant differences in GI bleeding (HR=0.95, P=0.9; adjusted HR=1.1, P=0.9) and intracranial bleed (HR=1.5, P=0.7) (Figure 1B-C). Additionally, the rate of ischemic stroke (HR=1.5, P=0.7) and pump thrombosis were similar between the two groups (HR=0.9, P=0.9; adjusted HR=0.7, P=0.7) (Figure 1D-E). Conclusion Our findings suggest DOACs may provide a safe and effective alternative to warfarin in the life long anticoagulation of LVAD patients. Further studies are warranted.
Abstract TP325: Race-Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Craniotomy for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Disparities in the clinical management and utilization of life-prolonging procedures among racial/ethnic minorities suffering from acute stroke has been well described for patients wi...
Interstitial lung disease pathology in systemic sclerosis

Interstitial lung disease is a relatively frequent manifestation of systemic sclerosis with approximately one-third of patients developing clinical restrictive lung disease. Fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is the most common cause of diffuse parenchymal lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD), followed by usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Radiographic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis-like changes may accompany other forms of interstitial lung disease, most commonly UIP. In an appropriate clinical setting with supportive high-resolution computed tomography findings, lung biopsy is not needed to confirm the presence of interstitial lung disease and surgical lung biopsies are often reserved for atypical presentations. In this review, we discuss the histological findings that define the most common patterns of SSc-ILD and outline other findings sometimes encountered in lung biopsies obtained from systemic sclerosis patients, including pulmonary vascular changes, aspiration, chronic pleuritis, and diffuse alveolar damage.
Rowmotion on fences

A fence is a poset with elements F = {x_1, x_2, ..., x_n} and covers x_1 x_{a+1} > ... > x_b < x_{b+1} < ... where a, b, ... are positive integers. We investigate rowmotion on antichains and ideals of F. In particular, we show that orbits of antichains can be visualized using tilings. This permits us to prove various homomesy results for the number of elements of an antichain or ideal in an orbit. Rowmotion on fences also exhibits a new phenomenon, which we call orbomesy, where the value of a statistic is constant on orbits of the same size. Along the way, we prove a homomesy result for all self-dual posets and show that any two Coxeter elements in certain toggle groups behave similarly with respect to homomesies which are linear combinations of ideal indicator functions. We end with some conjectures and avenues for future research.
Network activity changes in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: the role of aging and early entorhinal cortex dysfunction.

The greatest risk factor for development of the deadly neurodegenerative disorder known as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is advancing age. Currently unknown is what mediates the impact of advanced age on development of AD. Also unknown is what impact activity alterations in the entorhinal cortex (EC) has on the spread of AD pathology such as pathological tau through the brain as AD progresses. This review focuses on evidence in the literature that describes how one potential age-related change, that of glutamate-mediated increases in neuronal activity, may ultimately increase the risk of developing AD and promote the spread of tau pathology in AD-affected brains from the EC to later regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. A better understanding of these detrimental alterations may allow for earlier detection of AD, offering a better prognosis for affected individuals.
Minimizing Epidemic Viral Total Exposure under the Droplet and Aerosol Models

In recent years, especially after the Coronavirus pandemic, extensive research has been conducted to propose models for the spread of viruses in social networks, and to come up with viable techniques to reduce the propagation of viruses. In this paper, we propose a new general time-evolving graph model that is suitable to be applied to viral spread propagation studies. Furthermore, with a focus on a rare type of infecting mode called the aerosol model, which turns out to be one of COVID's transmission types, we study the simple problem of minimizing the total exposure of a virus within a group of people that visit a place or set of places successively. An extensive simulation is conducted to examine the efficiency of our viral-minimizing spread technique and to compare it to other possible scenarios of the behavior of the population.
Method for Fabricating Transparent Patient-Specific Vocal Tract Replicas.

INTRODUCTION Transparent, patient-specific vocal tract replicas are helpful in research and educational endeavors but challenging to procure. An accessible method for fabricating these models, improving on previously suggested processes, would make them more widely available. METHOD Detailed instructions for fabricating a transparent, patient-specific vocal tract model were addressed. The broad steps were (1) digitally reconstructing (patient-specific) vocal tract geometry, (2) producing a vocal tract mold (using methods such as three-dimensional [3D] printing), and (3) casting transparent material (such as silicone) around the vocal tract mold and removing the mold. The cavities remaining within the cast represented the exact geometry of the vocal tract. DISCUSSION A combination of 3D printing and silicone casting can produce useful vocal tract replicas. Several simple changes to previous methods can improve consistency and reduce the labor and cost of production. Limitations and potential modifications to expand the applications of this method are discussed.
Reliability of Fitness Strength Tests

Abstract Three fitness tests—push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups—were administered on four separate days to elementary and junior high school boys to determine the relative reliabilities of using a single trial, better of two trials, and average of two trials. A trend analysis of the data revealed significant improvement during the four trials, and scores increased significantly from trial to trial on push-ups. Neither the better of two trials or the average of two trials was found to be any more reliable than a single trial.
An APAF-1·Cytochrome c Multimeric Complex Is a Functional Apoptosome That Activates Procaspase-9

We report here the reconstitution of the de novo procaspase-9 activation pathway using highly purified cytochrome c, recombinant APAF-1, and recombinant procaspase-9. APAF-1 binds and hydrolyzes ATP or dATP to ADP or dADP, respectively. The hydrolysis of ATP/dATP and the binding of cytochromec promote APAF-1 oligomerization, forming a large multimeric APAF-1·cytochrome c complex. Such a complex can be isolated using gel filtration chromatography and is by itself sufficient to recruit and activate procaspase-9. The stoichiometric ratio of procaspase-9 to APAF-1 is approximately 1 to 1 in the complex. Once activated, caspase-9 disassociates from the complex and becomes available to cleave and activate downstream caspases such as caspase-3.
Directed Growth of Early Cortical Axons Is Influenced by a Chemoattractant Released from an Intermediate Target

Projection neurons throughout the mature mammalian neocortex extend efferent axons either through the ventrolaterally positioned internal capsule to subcortical targets or through the dorsally located midline corpus callosum to the contralateral cortex. In rats, the internal capsule is pioneered on E14, but the corpus callosum is not pioneered until E17, even though these two types of projection neurons are generated at the same time. Here we use axonal markers to demonstrate that early cortical axon growth is directed toward the nascent internal capsule, which could account for the timing difference in the development of the two efferent pathways. This directed axon growth may be due to a chemoattractant and/or a chemorepellent secreted by intermediate targets of cortical efferent axons, the nascent internal capsule, or the medial wall of the dorsal telencephalon (MDT), respectively. To test for these soluble activities, explants of E15 rat neocortex and intermediate targets were cocultured in collagen gels. Cortical axon outgrowth was directed toward the internal capsule, but outgrowth was nondirected and suppressed when cocultured with MDT, suggesting that the internal capsule releases a chemoattractant for cortical axons, whereas the MDT releases a chemosuppressant. Because the chemoattractant Netrin-1 is expressed in the internal capsule, we cocultured cortical explants with E13 rat floor plate, which expresses Netrin-1, or with Netrin-1-transfected or control-transfected 293T cells. Cortical axon growth was directed toward both floor plate and Netrin-1-transfected 293T cells, as it had been toward the internal capsule, but not toward control-transfected 293T cells. These findings suggest that early events in cortical axon pathfinding may be controlled by a soluble activity which attracts initial axon growth toward the internal capsule and that this activity may be due to Netrin-1.
Interparental Violence and Nonverbal Abilities

Nonverbal decoding and encoding abilities of undergraduates were examined as a function of their self-reported history of interparental violence. Students exposed to domestic violence showed decoding and encoding deficits. Results for decoding revealed an emotion-specific deficit for recognizing happiness but no evidence for an advantage in decoding anger and fear. In contrast, students from violent homes showed overall deficits in posed encoding of emotions. There was no evidence for an emotion-specific encoding bias in the pattern of false negatives and no evidence for suppression of general expressiveness. Hence, it appears that the encoding deficit of students from violent homes is a result of inappropriate encoding. Results are discussed in terms of past theoretical explanations for the influence of family environment on nonverbal abilities.
X-Ray Spectra of Supernova Remnants

High quality X-ray spectra for the brightest remnants are now available from several satellites. The data for Tycho’s remnant, Cas A, and Kepler’s remnant have been used to derive elemental abundances which appear mostly larger than average interstellar values and increase with respect to those values as one progresses from Mg to Ca. Iron appears low. All the abundances appear particularly high in Tycho. Spectral observations above 20 keV for Cas A and Tycho show that electron-ion equilibration proceeds faster than the Coulomb rate. Ionization-recombination equilibration, however, is almost certainly not attained in these young remnants, and this may account for the two temperature components found to fit the spectra best by most X-ray observers. Spectral evidence, coupled with optical evidence that Tycho’s remnant is in the Sedov phase of evolution, indicate that the ejecta were not primarily iron. The older remnant in Puppis has been well studied by a crystal spectrometer and shows many informative line features.