cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Antimicrobial Treatments Applied via Conventional or Handheld Electrostatic Spray To Reduce Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Chilled Beef Outside Rounds.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of different antimicrobial interventions applied via either conventional spray (CS) or handheld electrostatic spray (ESS) to reduce Sh...
The Prevalence of Consumer Arbitration Agreements by America’s Top Companies

This article present the results of a study that examines the use of arbitration agreements by the top 100 Fortune Magazine-ranked largest domestic companies in the United States. The market power of these companies, which collectively represent more that two-thirds of the U.S. GDP, have enabled them to impose arbitration agreements upon their customers and have removed themselves from the traditional judicial system when disputes arise with their customers. This study focuses on two main issues: 1) How many of these top companies have used arbitration agreements in connection with customer transactions since 2010; and 2) Of those companies, how many use arbitration agreements containing a “class waiver” requiring customers to waive their right to proceed collectively or as part of a class. The study then concludes with some observations about the prevalence of consumer arbitration agreements among America’s top companies.
Resistive-Pulse Analysis of Single Phospholipid Vesicles Using Quartz Nanochannels

We report the use of resistive-pulse method and quartz nanochannels for the detection and size analysis of single vesicles. Cylindrical shape quartz nanochannels have been used to detect single phospholipid vesicles ranging from 100 to 300 nm and polystyrene nanoparticles ranging from 170 to 400 nm in diameter. Translocations of single vesicles and nanoparticle were detected as individual square current pulses, which could be used to determine particle size. Our results show excellent agreement between the particle/vesicle sizes obtained from nanochannels and those from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This electronic-based method was found to be fast, simple, and used cheap and robust microsensors made in house. The application of a quartz channel might be combined with other analytical methods, such as amperometry and fluorescence microscopy, to yield more complete information about biological and artificial vesicles.
ELP-dependent expression of MCL1 promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer are generally thought to exploit oncogene addiction, a phenomenon in which a single oncogene controls both the growth and survival of the tumor cell. Many well-validated examples of oncogene addiction exist; however, the utility of oncogene targeted therapies varies substantially by cancer context, even among cancers in which the targeted oncogene is similarly dysregulated. For instance, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling can be effectively targeted in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but not in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where EGFR is activated to a similar degree. We find that EGFR controls a similar signaling/transcriptional network in TNBC and EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells, but only NSCLC cells respond to EGFR inhibition by activating cell death. To address this paradox and identify mechanisms that contribute to insensitivity to EGFR inhibition in TNBC, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic knockout screen. Our screen identifies the Elongator (ELP) complex as a mediator of insensitivity to EGFR inhibition in TNBC. Depleting ELP proteins caused high levels of apoptotic cell death, in an EGFR inhibition-dependent manner. We find that the tRNA-modifying function of the ELP complex promotes drug insensitivity, by facilitating expression of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of MCL1 synergizes with EGFR inhibition across a panel of genetically diverse TNBC cells. Taken together, we find that TNBC addiction to EGFR signaling is masked by the ELP complex, and our study provides an actionable therapeutic strategy to overcome this resistance mechanism by co-targeting EGFR and MCL1.
Reliability and Validity of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy in Diabetes in Measuring Diabetes Knowledge Among Hispanics With Type 2 Diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy in Diabetes (SKILLD) scale in measuring diabetes knowledge among Hispanics with t...
TGIF1-Twist1 axis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

TG-interacting factor 1 (TGIF1) exerts inhibitory effects on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling by suppressing Smad signaling pathway at multiple levels. TGIF1 activity is important for normal embryogenesis and organogenesis, yet its dysregulation can culminate in tumorigenesis. For instance, increased expression of TGIF1 correlates with poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer patients, and enforced expression of TGIF1 facilitates Wnt-driven mammary tumorigenesis, suggesting that TGIF1 might function as an oncoprotein. Quite surprisingly, TGIF1 has recently been shown to function as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), possibly owing to its ability to antagonize the pro-malignant transcription factor Twist1. In this article, we will briefly elaborate on the biological and clinical significance of the unique tumor-suppressive function of TGIF1 and its functional interaction with Twist1 in the context of PDAC pathogenesis and progression.
Early Peanut Introduction and Testing: A Framework for General Pediatrician Beliefs and Practices.

Background: Peanut introduction guidelines have undergone significant reversal since 2001 from recommending delayed introduction to rescinding the recommendations in 2008 to actively recommending early introduction of peanut between 4 and 11 months of age in high-risk infants in 2015. This qualitative study aims to explore pediatrician beliefs, practices, facilitators, and barriers regarding peanut introduction and testing. Methods: General pediatricians from academic, private, large group, and underserved practices in Northern California underwent individual semi-structured interviews in 2017. We asked about experiences surrounding infant peanut introduction, strategies for staying up-to-date with current recommendations, and barriers and facilitators to the new peanut introduction and testing recommendations. The data were coded, and using grounded theory methodology, a conceptual framework was developed around early peanut introduction and testing in infants. Results: Eighteen general pediatricians participated. We identified barriers that may contribute to pediatrician reluctance to recommending early peanut introduction or testing including lack of awareness, lack of agreement, lack of resources, and lack of outcome expectancy. A framework was created that suggests that pediatricians need to be knowledgeable about new recommendations, agree with the recommendations, have resources to carry out the counseling and testing, and have buy-in from the parents in order for successful uptake of peanut introduction guidelines. Conclusion: Recommending early peanut introduction or testing causes significant apprehension in some pediatricians, and there are many barriers to following recent early peanut introduction recommendations. A potential limitation of the study is that it was conducted right after the addendum guidelines were changed, leaving the possibility that attitudes and practices may have evolved since 2017. It is still likely that a multifaceted approach that addresses primary care provider guideline awareness, limited primary care resources for education and testing, and includes support and collaboration from subspecialty practices is more likely to lead to improved early peanut introduction uptake.
Association between food addiction and body dissatisfaction among college students: The mediating role of eating expectancies.

Abstract A positive association between food addiction (i.e., an addiction to compulsively overeat highly palatable foods) and body dissatisfaction in college students exists. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Eating expectancies, one's learning history regarding the association between eating and its consequences, may provide potential pathways linking food addiction and body dissatisfaction. In the current study, five eating expectancies (i.e., eating helps manage negative affect, eating is pleasurable and useful as a reward, eating leads to feeling out of control, eating enhances cognitive competence, and eating alleviates boredom) were evaluated as potential mediators between food addiction and body dissatisfaction in 738 college students (mean age = 19.21 ± 1.63, 61.4% female). Students completed the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory, Yale Food Addiction Scale, and Eating Expectancy Inventory. Adjusting for sex, age, race, and body mass index, structural equation modeling was used to examine the bi-directional mediation effects of the eating expectancies between food addiction and body dissatisfaction. Results showed a bi-directional positive association between food addiction and body dissatisfaction (β = 0.12–0.26, standard error [SE] = 0.07–0.03, all p
Appropriating Women’s Thoughts: The Admissibility of Sexual Fantasies and Dreams Under the Consent Exception to Rape Shield Laws

Federal Rule of Evidence 412 prohibits the admission of evidence of the victim’s prior sexual behavior and sexual predisposition. There are, however, exceptions to the general prohibition. Significantly, evidence of the victim’s sexual behavior with the defendant may still be admissible if the defendant claims consent. And, in the context of a consent defense, not only is the victim’s physical conduct with the defendant potentially admissible, but so are her voiced sexual fantasies or dreams involving the defendant. Thus, woman’s thoughts, imagined or even unconscious, may be appropriated as evidence of consent under current rape shield laws. The same rationale that was the foundation for the chastity requirement under traditional rape law also applies to the admissibility of women’s sexual fantasies and dreams under the consent exception—women who express sexual fantasies act outside social norms, have deficient character, and therefore such evidence is relevant to consent. Yet, sexual fantasies and dreams, based on imagined or even unconscious thoughts, do not make the fact of consent more or less likely. And, even though such evidence is not relevant to consent, courts have admitted it. This Article examines the admissibility of women’s sexual fantasies and dreams under the consent exception, traces its origins, highlights its application, argues that sexual fantasies and dreams should be excluded, and proposes a practical solution to address this problem.
Nickel-mediated N–N bond formation and N2O liberation via nitrogen oxyanion reduction

The syntheses of (DIM)Ni(NO3)2 and (DIM)Ni(NO2)2, where DIM is a 1,4-diazadiene bidentate donor, are reported to enable testing of bis boryl reduced N-heterocycles for their ability to carry out stepwise deoxygenation of coordinated nitrate and nitrite, forming O(Bpin)2. Single deoxygenation of (DIM)Ni(NO2)2 yields the tetrahedral complex (DIM)Ni(NO)(ONO), with a linear nitrosyl and κ1-ONO. Further deoxygenation of (DIM)Ni(NO)(ONO) results in the formation of dimeric [(DIM)Ni(NO)]2, where the dimer is linked through a Ni–Ni bond. The lost reduced nitrogen byproduct is shown to be N2O, indicating N–N bond formation in the course of the reaction. Isotopic labelling studies establish that the N–N bond of N2O is formed in a bimetallic Ni2 intermediate and that the two nitrogen atoms of (DIM)Ni(NO)(ONO) become symmetry equivalent prior to N–N bond formation. The [(DIM)Ni(NO)]2 dimer is susceptible to oxidation by AgX (X = NO3−, NO2−, and OTf−) as well as nitric oxide, the latter of which undergoes nitric oxide disproportionation to yield N2O and (DIM)Ni(NO)(ONO). We show that the first step in the deoxygenation of (DIM)Ni(NO)(ONO) to liberate N2O is outer sphere electron transfer, providing insight into the organic reductants employed for deoxygenation. Lastly, we show that at elevated temperatures, deoxygenation is accompanied by loss of DIM to form either pyrazine or bipyridine bridged polymers, with retention of a BpinO− bridging ligand.
A Case Report of Fetal Thrombotic Vasculopathy in a COVID Placenta

COVID-19 has affected patients of all ages and demographics, not excluding pregnant women. The effects of COVID-19 on pregnant women are still largely unknown. Several adverse perinatal outcomes have been reported in COVID-19-positive pregnant women, including pre-eclampsia, miscarriage, pre-term labor, and stillbirth. Histopathological examination of COVID-19 placentas can contribute significant data regarding maternal and fetal health and can elucidate more findings in this novel disease. A 23-year-old female with morbid obesity and scant antenatal care presented to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath and fever; she was found to be positive for COVID-19. Grossly, her placenta showed no abnormalities. Histological examination of her placenta showed chronic lymphoplasmacytic deciduitis, villous fibrosis, loss of capillarization, extravasation of erythrocytes, chorangiosis, and thrombosis of upstream stem vessels, including large fetal vessels on the chorionic plate. These changes were deemed to be consistent with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV). In conclusion, this case of FTV in the placenta of a patient with COVID-19 is a significant finding, as it can be critical to clinicians in the management of prenatal care for expecting mothers during this pandemic.This case was presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Clinical Scientists (ACS) on May 13, 2021.
Setting the Prize

The exchange of letters between Gauss and Sophie Germain can stand apart from personal, social, or political circumstances. It made very little difference whether Gauss was responding to a letter from LeBlanc or Germain; what mattered was that he could speak of number theory to another interested mathematician, one who was at least able to understand his thinking. Events of war or of personal life faded into the background; in the foreground are two intellectuals dealing abstractly with matters of profound interest to themselves, but unrelated to events, other people or even the realities of nature.
Determinants of Sexual Activity and Pregnancy among Unmarried Young Women in Urban Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: With age of marriage rising in Kenya the period between onset of puberty and first marriage has increased resulting in higher rates of premarital sexual activity and pregnancy. We assessed the determinants of sexual activity and pregnancy among young unmarried women in urban Kenya. Methods: Baseline data from five urban areas in Kenya (Nairobi Mombasa Kisumu Machakos and Kakamega) collected in 2010 by the Measurement Learning & Evaluation project were used. Women aged 15-24 years who had never been married and were not living with a male partner at the time of survey (weighted n=2020) were included. Using weighted multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression analyses we assessed factors associated with three outcome measures: time to first sex time to first pregnancy and teenage pregnancy. Results: One-half of our sample had ever had sex; the mean age at first sex among the sexually-experienced was 17.7 (+or- 2.6) years. About 15% had ever been pregnant; mean age at first pregnancy was 18.3 (+or-2.2) years. Approximately 11% had a teenage pregnancy. Three-quarters (76%) of those who had ever been pregnant (weighted n=306) reported the pregnancy was unwanted at the time. Having secondary education was associated with a later time to first sex and first pregnancy. In addition religion religiosity and employment status were associated with time to first sex while city of residence household size characteristics of household head family planning knowledge and misconceptions and early sexual debut were significantly associated with time to first pregnancy. Education city of residence household wealth early sexual debut and contraceptive use at sexual debut were associated with teenage pregnancy for those 20-24 years. Conclusion: Understanding risk and protective factors of youth sexual and reproductive health can inform programs to improve young people’s long-term potential by avoiding early and unintended pregnancies.
SU-E-T-197: Comparing Quality Assurance Strategies for Single Isocenter Treatments of Multiple Brain Metastases

Purpose: To demonstrate a new quality assurance (QA) technique for single isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for stereotactic radiosurgery of multiple brain metastases and to compare quantitative QA results using this method with results using a cylindrical diode array and full field coronal films. Methods: This study employs a phantom built of 28 thin slabs to accommodate radiochromic film insertions near all planning target volume (PTV) locations, providing target specific data for individual PTVs. Single isocenter VMAT plans were designed for two patients with 5 and 11 intra-cranial metastases. Both plans were modified three times to create plans that overdosed a target by 10%, and underdosed a target by 10 % and 20%. Gamma analyses were performed for full field coronal films, the diode array measurements and for individual PTVs with the proposed film stack method using square ROIs centered on the PTVs, measuring twice the length of the PTV’s equivalent sphere diameter. Passing gamma criteria was 95% of points passing at 5%/1mm and a threshold of 10% of the prescription dose. Results: Of the 6 introduced errors, 1 was detected by the diode array gamma test (93.1% pass rate). Pass rates for the other 5 ranged from 95.4–98.8%. None of the errors were detected using the full field film gamma test (pass rates: 98.7–99.9%). Using the proposed film stack method, 5 of 6 errors were detected by failed gamma tests (pass rates: 51, 53, 71, 87.3, 93.9 and 97.8%). The two high pass rates were due to attempts to underdose a PTV that measured too high in the original plan. Conclusion: The results suggest that current methods may be lacking quantitative value and rely heavily on challenging qualitative evaluation, while the proposed method offers a much needed practical method for meaningful quantitative results.
Neither Hero Nor Villain: The Supreme Court, Race, and the Constitution in the Twentieth Century -- Chapter 1: The Plessy Era

Chapter 1 of my forthcoming book is on the Plessy era. It discusses four sets of issues -- racial segregation, disfranchisement, black exclusion from juries, and the separate-and-unequal issue raised in Cumming (1899). The purpose of the book is to situate Supreme Court decisions within the broader sociopolitical context of the time. My conclusions from this first chapter are as follows. First, the Justices' performance during the Plessy era confirms the limited capacity of the Supreme Court to protect minorities from majoritarian oppression. Second, the text of the Constitution and legal precedent construing it were sufficiently indeterminate to accommodate the Justices' racial inclinations. Third, "subconstitutional" rules governing issues like the standard of proof for establishing a constitutional violation, conditions of access to federal courts, and standards of federal court review of state court fact findings are as important to the effective enforcement of constitutional rights as are their formal declaration. Fourth, even had the Plessy Court been more committed to the pursuit of racial equality, there were clear limits on how much judicial intervention could have accomplished, given the lack of inclination in the national political branches to enforce aggressive pro-civil rights decisions, the fierce opposition of southern whites, and the underdeveloped bureaucratic capacity of the national government. Fifth, even had the Court broadly defined the constitutional rights of blacks, and these decisions had somehow been enforceable, not much of substance would have changed for southern blacks, since most of Jim Crow's legal apparatus reflected rather than produced a social reality of white supremacy.
The Effects of Human Rights Norms on Sovereignty: The Native American Context

INTRODUCTION 57 I. RADICALS IN THEIR OWN TIME 57 II. VINE DELORIA JR. AND INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY 59 III. INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS 62 IV. COMMUNITY 64
Modifying the Message

It has long been known that phenotypic variation involves a complex web of interactions with genetic background influencing the expression of genetic variants. In his Perspective, Nadeau describes new work ( Buchner et al.) that identifies a modifier gene and determines how it acts to affect the severity of neuronal defects in med mice.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2B and its role in alterations in mRNA translation that occur under a number of pathophysiological and physiological conditions.

Publisher Summary Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2B is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for a second initiation factor, eIF2. During the initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation, eIF2 binds Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) and initiator methionyl- transfer RNA (tRNA i ) (met-tRNA i ) and the resulting ternary complex subsequently binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit. Alterations in ternary complex formation due to changes in eIF2B GEF activity not only produce alterations in global rates of protein synthesis but also cause specific changes in the translation of mRNAs encoding certain proteins, such as the transcription factors general control nonrepressed 2 (GCN2) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Studies have implicated changes in eIF2B GEF activity in alterations in protein synthesis in a number of pathophysiological and physiological conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, sepsis, vanishing white matter disease, and resistance exercise. The chapter discusses the state of knowledge concerning the function of eIF2B and its role in regulating mRNA translation.
The Validity of American College Test for Discerning Potential Academic Achievement Levels--Ethnic and Sex Groups.

AbstractThis paper attempts to answer two questions: (1) what is the relationship between past achievement (high school quarter), the American College Test, and the first semester college GPA, and (2) does the ACT have the same meaning for sex and ethnic groups. The universe consisted of 996 freshmen who were stratified according to sex and ethnic grouping with 520 respondents selected by simple random technique. Achievement scores were obtained from students’ transcripts. Two-way analysis of variance was used to establish significance. This study revealed that high school quarter rankings are better indicators of potential college achievement than ACT. It also demonstrated that the ACT has a built-in sex and ethnic bias. Two solutions are discussed as remedies for the problem.
Role of analytical ultracentrifugation in assessing the aggregation of protein biopharmaceuticals.

In developing and manufacturing protein biopharmaceuticals, aggregation is a parameter that needs careful monitoring to ensure the quality and consistency of the final biopharmaceutical drug product. The analytical method of choice used to perform this task is size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, it is becoming more and more apparent that considerable care is required in assessing the accuracy of SEC data. One old analytical tool that is now reappearing to help in this assessment is analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). Developments in AUC hardware and, more importantly, recent developments in AUC data analysis computer programs have converged to provide this old biophysical tool with the ability to extract very high resolution size information about the molecules in a given sample from a simple sedimentation velocity experiment. In addition, AUC allows sample testing to be conducted in the exact or nearly exact liquid formulation or reconstituted liquid formulation of the biopharmaceutical in the vial, with minimal surface area contact with extraneous materials. As a result, AUC analysis can provide detailed information on the aggregation of a biopharmaceutical, while avoiding many of the major problems that can plague SEC, thus allowing AUC to be used as an orthogonal method to verity SEC aggregation information and the associating properties of biopharmaceuticals.
Macromineral element interrelationships and lactational performance: empirical models from a large data set.

Abstract The objectives were to model empirical interrelationships among dietary macromineral elements and cation-anion difference influencing DMI, milk yield, 4% FCM yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. The database consisted of 1022 cow-period means collected from 326 midlactation cows in experiments with incomplete block designs. Dietary concentrations of elements ranged from below to above current recommendations, and cation-anion difference (Na + K – Cl) was from +5.8 to +61.2 meq/100 g of dietary DM. Interrelationships were detected for dietary concentrations of Na by K for DMI, 4% FCM yield, and milk fat percentage; Na by Ca for DMI, milk yield, and 4% FCM yield; K by Cl for DMI, 4% FCM yield, and milk protein percentage; K by Ca for 4% FCM yield, milk protein, and fat percentages; Na and P for DMI and milk protein percentage; and K by P for 4% FCM yield and milk fat percentage. Maximal DMI and milk yield were observed with .58% Na, .40% Mg, and +38 meq/100 g of dietary DM. Agreement was close for DMI and milk yield responses to dietary cation-anion difference from our database and independent data sets. The models developed are empirical, do not necessarily establish cause and effect, and should be evaluated prudently; however, they provide useful information to design future research.
THE EXTENT OF ENERGY RANDOMIZATION IN THE INFRARED MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION OF SF6

Abstract Crossed laser and molecular beams were used to obtain the recoil-energy distributions of fragments in the study of multiphoton dissociation of SF 6 . The measured recoil-energy distributions of SF 5 under a laser excitation of ≈ 10 J/cm 2 are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of the RRKM model for unimolecular dissociation assuming an average excitation of ≈ 22 kcal/mole beyond the dissociation threshold and complete energy randomization in the excited molecule before dissociation. At higher laser energy fluence, it was observed that a secondary dissociation process could occur in which the primary dissociation product, SF 5 , absorbed more photons and further decomposed into SF 4 and F. From the results, we found that the average dissociation lifetime for SF 6 was ≈ 10 ns under our experimental conditions.
Pharmacological treatment of chronic non-cancer pain in pediatric patients

Chronic pain in children and young adults occurs frequently and contributes to early disability as well as personal and familial distress. A biopsychosocial approach to evaluation and treatment is recommended. Within this approach, there is a role for pharmacologic intervention. A variety of medications are used for chronic pain conditions in pediatric patients. Medication classes include anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, opioids, local anesthetics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Data is sparse, and most medications are used without condition-specific approval by national regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration in the US and the European Medicines Agency. In the absence of evidence on which to base practice, optimal drug therapy decisions rest on understanding proposed mechanisms of pain conditions, extrapolation from adult data-when such exists, and empirical and experiential knowledge. Drug delivery systems have evolved, and practitioners have to decide amongst not only medication classes, but also routes of delivery. Opioids are not recommended for use by non-pain specialists for the treatment of pediatric chronic pain, and even then the issues are more complex than can be addressed here. This article reviews the major medications used for pediatric chronic pain conditions.
Persistence in seminary and in ministry

A follow-up study of 672 seminary students from 14 seminaries who took the Theological School Inventory in 1962 and 574 from 10 seminaries who took it in 1973 investigated factors involved in persistence in seminary and in ministry. Among those found were definiteness of decision, interest in parish ministry, a supportive spouse, unambivalent resolution of the authority problem, good role models in father and ministers. Motivations included redemptive outreach, pastoral care, Christian insight and scholarship, the encouragement of other people and a sense of effectiveness in ministry.
Comprehensive, structurally-informed alignment and phylogeny of vertebrate biogenic amine receptors

Biogenic amine receptors play critical roles in regulating behavior and physiology in both vertebrates and invertebrates, particularly within the central nervous system. Members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, these receptors interact with endogenous bioamine ligands such as dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine, and are targeted by a wide array of pharmaceuticals. Despite the clear clinical and biological importance of these receptors, their evolutionary history remains poorly characterized. In particular, the relationships among biogenic amine receptors and any specific evolutionary constraints acting within distinct receptor subtypes are largely unknown. To advance and facilitate studies in this receptor family, we have constructed a comprehensive, high-quality sequence alignment of vertebrate biogenic amine receptors. In particular, we have integrated a traditional multiple sequence approach with robust structural domain predictions to ensure that alignment columns accurately capture the highly-conserved GPCR structural domains, and we demonstrate how ignoring structural information produces spurious inferences of homology. Using this alignment, we have constructed a structurally-partitioned maximum-likelihood phylogeny from which we deduce novel biogenic amine receptor relationships and uncover previously unrecognized lineage-specific receptor clades. Moreover, we find that roughly 1% of the 3039 sequences in our final alignment are either misannotated or unclassified, and we propose updated classifications for these receptors. We release our comprehensive alignment and its corresponding phylogeny as a resource for future research into the evolution and diversification of biogenic amine receptors.
Aligning the φX174 genetic map and the φX174/S13 heteroduplex denaturation map

φX174/S13 DNA heteroduplexes were constructed by annealing purified φX174 complementary strand DNA and S13 viral DNA. The heteroduplexes were mounted for electron microscopy under a series of increasingly denaturing conditions and photographed. The micrographs were measured and oriented to form a map showing the progressive denaturation of various regions of the molecule. Such heteroduplex molecules were totally denatured and mixed with a denatured specific fragment of φX174 RF^‡ purified from a digestion with the restriction endonuclease Hind of Hemophilus influenzae. After renaturation the molecules were mounted for electron microscopy under standard conditions. Each of three different φX174 RF fragments could be seen in a different, specific region of the heteroduplex and could be oriented with respect to the others to correspond to the known φX174 cleavage map. The φX174 genetic map was thus superimposed on the heteroduplex denaturation map by using the included fragments as reference points. Under mildly denaturing conditions three regions of the heteroduplex are conserved as doublestranded: two regions of about 10% of the φX174 genome each in genes A and H and a region of about 25% of the φX174 genome covering gene E and most of gene F. Under increasingly denaturing conditions only two small duplex regions of 2 and 4% are conserved, one each in genes E and F.
The effects of verbalization on verbal discrimination learning and associative recall in young children and adults

Abstract Groups of fifth-grade and college S s learned a verbal-discrimination list consisting of 12-paired high-frequency words. The lists were learned under conditions where S s were or were not instructed to pronounce the right and wrong items during the feedback exposure period. Following acquisition, S s were given eight trials involving recall of Right-Wrong and Wrong-Right associations. Rate of acquisition was directly related to age and pronunciation during acquisition hindered learning for both fifth-grade and college S s. Associative recall of both W-R and R-W associations was facilitated under the pronunciation treatment. However, W-R recall was greater than R-W recall for the college S s, with the reverse being true for the fifth-grade S s. The results were discussed in relation to the frequency theory of verbal-discrimination learning.
Studies of pentose metabolism in normal subjects and in patients with pentosuria and pentosuria trait.

Endogenous serum l-xylulose concentration exceeds 1 mg. per 100 ml. in pontosuric patients, and the level rises several-fold following administration of glucuronolaetone. L-xylulose is not detectable in the serum of most nonpentosuric subjects before administration of glucuronolactone, but appears following ingestion of this compound. The increase in both serum and urine pentose levels after glucuronolactone is greater in patients with pentosuria trait than in control subjects. A comparison of serum and urine levels suggests that both pentosuric and nonpentosuric subjects excrete most of the l-xylulose which is presented to the renal tubules. TPN-xylitol (l-xylulose) dehydrogenase, the enzyme believed to be defective in subjects with pentosuria, can be demonstrated in normal human liver and in rat and guinea-pig liver and kidney.
Effects of waveshape on crack initiation in low-cycle fatigue

Abstract Some limited experimental observations have been presented to show the effects of wave-shape on crack-initiation life. The effect of a compressive hold is mainly on crack-initiation life, while a decrease of strain rate in a symmetrical continuous-cycling test seems to reduce both the crack-initiation and the crack-propagation life. In all cases, within the measurable range of crack lengths, crack growth occurs exponentially with cycles. These preliminary observations on the effects of waveshape on crack-initiation life are consistent with results from a study of the fracture surfaces of specimens that have been subjected to two different waveshapes mixed in a sequential manner.
Introduction: in search of good sexual-developmental pathways for adolescent girls.

This chapter introduces and defines the notion of positive adolescent female sexuality and summarizes the diverse perspectives that each of the chapters in this volume takes regarding this topic.
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of an Fe-40Al-0.7C-0.5B alloy

Abstract The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of an extruded Fe-40Al-0.7C-0.5B (at.%) alloy was investigated. Four types of precipitates were found to be present in the B2 matrix in the as-extruded condition. These were Fe 3 AlC 05 with the perovskite structure, Fe 2 B, a tetragonal boride with the CuAl 2 structure, graphite (free carbon), and a new tetragonal phase (v) that is likely coherent with the matrix. In addition, fringe contrast was observed, both in the matrix and within the precipitates and is thought to arise from the presence of stacking faults. The stability of these precipitates and the faults following various heat treatments was determined.
Quantum Oscillations of Microwave Helicon Dispersion in n-Type InSb and InAs

The effect of orbital quantization on microwave helicon dispersion in $n$-type InSb and InAs is investigated theoretically and experimentally. In the local limit, the leading term describing helicon dispersion is, unlike helicon damping, unaffected by orbital quantization. Quantum effects enter through the scattering-dependent terms involved in the dispersive part of the helicon propagation constant. The main contribution is shown to be associated with the Shubnikovde Haas-like oscillations of the scattering correction to the dissipationless Hall conductivity. Experimental measurements of the transmitted helicon phase observed at quantizing magnetic fields in highly doped $n$-type InSb and InAs at 35 GHz and liquid-helium temperature are compared with the theory. The magnetic field dependence of the observed oscillations in helicon phase agrees reasonably well with the theoretical analysis. While little can be said analytically about the amplitude of these oscillations (of the order of a few percent), our data does provide an empirical measure of the limits within which the usual classical analysis of helicon dispersion is valid. Finally, the effect of quantum oscillations appears to be considerably stronger in the helicon dispersion than in the related dc problem of the Hall coefficient.
Film Boiling of Saturated Nitrogen in Horizontal Tubes of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

The data of a nitrogen film boiling experiment in horizontal tubes are presented in the paper. The experiment condition was the same as the actual application, which is neither a uniform heat flux nor a uniform wall temperature condition. The purpose is trying to find a good method to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for actual film boiling applications. The experiment data are carefully analyzed and compared with some current available correlations. A combined method is recommended in this paper for average heat transfer coefficient of film boiling in horizontal tubes based on the understanding of flow regimes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The sound field within a rigid porous layer

Abstract The sound field within a layered porous granular medium may be explored by means of suitably protected probe microphones. The field within a system consisting of a granular surface layer above a thick porous substrate with considerably higher flow resistivity is modelled by assuming the granular media to be characterized by uniform slit-pores within a rigid solid matrix and by applying boundary conditions at each interface. The predicted relative amplitude spectrum within the surface layer is influenced by interferences between the first few wave components of the internally reflected field. Predictions are in qualitative agreement with data obtained in washed sand and gravel.
Richard Peterson and cultural theory: From genetic, to integrated, and synthetic approaches

Abstract To trace the importance of Richard Peterson for theories of culture in effect this article maps developments over the past thirty years. Initially, Peterson introduced the production-of-culture approach as a grounded theoretical perspective, rather than a formal theory. Theoretically, this perspective was undergirded by assumptions about culture as genetic code. From this point of departure, Peterson subsequently moved to consider cultural consumption. Specifically, his analysis of ‘culture classes’ and characterization of cultural ‘omnivores’ moved beyond narrower structuralist class theories of consumption. Given these two strands of cultural analysis - of production and consumption - the question arose of how to arrive at an integrated theory of relations between the two. A review of the sociologies of Wendy Griswold and Howard S. Becker suggests two central issues: overcoming the binary division of production versus consumption, and incorporating theories of meaning formation and deployment. But these issues in turn require a synthetic theory rather than simply the integration of production and consumption approaches. Recent developments toward a synthetic theory of culture reach a point anticipated by Peterson in the 1970s, in that they theorize the production of meaning in the course of social life.
Developmental consequences of awdb3, a cell-autonomous lethal mutation of Drosophila induced by hybrid dysgenesis.

The abnormal wing disc locus, which is at salivary gland chromosome position 100C-D of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, has been identified by a recessive lethal mutation, awdb3, induced by hybrid dysgenesis. When homozygous, this mutation causes abnormal development of the brain, the ovaries, and the larger imaginal discs as described in the preceding paper (C.R. Dearolf, E. Hersperger, and A. Shearn, 1988, Dev. Biol. 129, 159-168). The DNA corresponding to this locus was isolated from a genomic library prepared from awdb3 heterozygotes by screening with a P-element probe. The awdb3 allele resulted from the insertion of a P-element fragment into a gene that encodes an 0.8-kb poly(A)+ RNA. In mutant larvae, that 0.8-kb transcript is replaced by two chimeric transcripts that are 0.7 and 1.3 kb in length, both of which contain P-element and awd sequences. The wild-type awd+ gene transcript is most abundant during the second and third larval instars but is found at a lower level during every developmental stage as well as in continuous cell lines. Thus the awd+ gene transcript can be detected in normal larvae at a developmental stage long before defects are expressed in mutant larvae. Moreover, some tissues, for example the salivary gland of nonmutant, third-instar larvae, contain high levels of this transcript, even though these tissues appear to develop normally in mutant larvae.
Simulation Study of Conditional, Bootstrap, and t Confidence Intervals in Linear Regression

Abstract Two resampling procedures, the bootstrap (BS) and the conditional confidence interval (CCI), are compared with the standard t-interval for the slope parameter in simple linear regression with an error term that is not necessarily normal. The type of bootstrap confidence intervals computed are the widely used bias-corrected and accelerated (BC a ) intervals. The CCIs are found by an efficient method for inverting permutation tests. Normal, highly skewed, and heavy-tailed error distributions are considered. While the CCI and BC a intervals have similar asymptotic properties, for a moderate number of cases, the confidence intervals obtained from the CCI and BC a behave differently in terms of accuracy, power, length, and correctness. Across all conditions, the CCI is the most accurate interval and has very good power. The t-intervals are also very accurate across most of the conditions we studied, and have coverage closer to the nominal value than the BC a intervals.
Means versus ends: a review of the literature on Japanese management accounting

Abstract As an introduction to the topic of Japanese management accounting, we provide here a review of the literature and an attempt to categorize what has been written previously on the subject. One obvious characteristic that emerged during this review is that Japanese management accounting is designed to operate in a 'Japanese setting', not a Western one. Much of the literature on Japanese methods recognizes some aspect of that setting when describing the techniques. During the review process, several related clusters of recurring practices surfaced. We have crystallized these clusters into five themes. They are: (1) examining work using the 'eyes' of the market; (2) focusing on the quality of work; (3) employing 'waste' as the measure of cost; (4) continually improving the way work is done, and (5) sharing knowledge through vertical and horizontal communication. It is our contention that the Japanese management accounting techniques described in the literature cannot be sensibly and effectively used in Western venues without an understanding of how the Japanese employ these particular management accounting techniques to pursue the multiple themes behind their use.
AYSE: Automated System Synthesis Environment

This paper presents an educational Electronic Design Automation tool called AYSE (Automated SYstem Synthesis Environment). AYSE is developed to help undergraduate and graduate students better understand and implement fundamental concepts in digital electronic design and synthesis courses. It receives an intermediate format that represents the system behavior and a set of constraints as input; and generates the representation of the actual circuit using the electronic components (functional units, memory and steering logic components) available in its technology library. A user can load the input from an external file or utilize the graphical user interface (GUI). Similarly, the output can be displayed using GUI or written to a file. The user is able to interact with the tool during the synthesis process and select the algorithms to perform three main synthesis tasks; namely, resource allocation, operation scheduling and resource binding/sharing. It is also possible to run the tool for the most efficient solution. The effectiveness of the tool was tested in a graduate level course.
Critique of “an electron microscope study of crystal calcium carbonate formation in the mouse otolith”

Electron micrographs of otoconia of fetal mice, as obtained by Nakahara and Bevelander, provide morphological evidence that the otoconia con- sist of both organic material and calcium carbonate (calcite), contrary to their own conclusions. Calcite is an integral component of otoconia, apparently from their inception. The concept of mineralization by calcite of an already developed organic template ("preotolith) is shown to be in error.
Stability of Escherichia coli Membrane Proteins During Chloramphenicol Treatment

Abstract It is shown that there is no degradation of previously formed inner and outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli during 1 h of chloramphenicol treatment.
Electro-Optic Sampling In Gallium Arsenide

Electro-optic sampling uses short optical pulses to measure high-speed electrical waveforms propagating in electro-optic crystals. Since GaAs is electro-optic, a perfect application of this technique is the noninvasive probing of signals propagating in devices and circuits made in this and related compound semiconductors. Principles, limitations and applications to high-speed circuit characterization will be discussed.
Semiconductor quantum dots: synthesis and water-solubilization for biomedical applications.

Background: Quantum dots (QDs) are generally nanosized inorganic particles. They have distinctive size-dependent optical properties due to their very small size (mostly < 10 nm). QDs are regarded as promising new fluorescent materials for biological labeling and imaging because of their superior properties compared with traditional organic molecular dyes. These properties include high quantum efficiency, long-term photostability and very narrow emission but broad absorption spectra. Objective/methods: Recent developments in synthesizing high quality semiconductor QDs (mainly metal-chalcogenide compounds) and forming biocompatible structures for biomedical applications are discussed in this paper. Results/conclusions: This information may facilitate the research to create new materials/technologies for future clinical applications.
Tissue quantification in photon-limited microendoscopy

This paper explores the use of Poisson sparse decomposition methods for computationally separating tumor nuclei from normal tissue structures in photon-limited microendoscopic images. Sparse decomposition tools are a natural fit for this application with promising preliminary results. However, there are significant the tradeoffs among different algorithms used for Poisson sparse decomposition which are described in detail and demonstrated via simulation.
Limitations of ecological risk assessment

(1995). Limitations of ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 443-453.
On the amplitude of random telegraph noise

A simple physical model is developed to show that the “hole-in-the-inversion-layer” model for RTN is in fact correct. This simple model allows RTN amplitude for future devices to be predicted intuitively and quantitatively. The model provides additional incite into the physics of RTN in MOSFETs.