cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ties that Bind: The Limits of Automony and Uniformity in International Commercial Arbitration

Responding to the perceived requirements of international commerce, most industrialized nations have enacted legislation that encourages recourse to international commercial arbitration. Legislative support for arbitration, however, has not been unconditional. International commercial arbitration is also a creature of contract and therefore implicates the public policy of the country where it takes place. The call for autonomy and uniformity in international commercial arbitration reflects a desire to liberate this process from the shackles of local curial norms. Modern national arbitration laws differ in the extent to which they separate international arbitration from domestic public policy; but all laws protect at a minimum those interests deemed vital to basic notions of morality and justice. These are the ties that bind. This Comment addresses the development of international commercial arbitration in four parts. Section II analyzes the commercial needs which drive international arbitration. Section III describes the importance of autonomy and uniformity in the arbitral process. Section IV discusses the laws of the United States, England and France. Finally, Section V examines the impact which these diverse laws have on arbitral discovery procedures.
The Next Digital Scholar: A Fresh Approach to the Common Core State Standards in Research and Writing edited by James P. Purdy and Randall Mcclure

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS), a set of learning outcomes published in 2010 for K-12 schools, has been adopted by a majority of U.S. states. They are meant to make a significant impact on ...
Search for intermediate structure in the 19F+12C system.

The reaction /sup 12/C(/sup 19/F,..cap alpha..)/sup 27/Al was studied over the same energy range, E/sub c.m./ = 16--22 MeV, where previous elastic and inelastic measurements were found to exhibit large back angle oscillatory motion. Excitation functions and angular distributions were measured for a number of alpha particle groups. These excitation functions do not show a strong correlation among themselves, nor do they correlate strongly with the elastic and inelastic scattering data. The angular distributions for two resolved states and two unresolved groups have the same average slope without any discernible pattern. Hauser-Feshbach calculations are structureless and the calculated angular distributions have a much smaller slope than the data. Overall, we conclude that within the present study it has not been possible to identify unequivocally any resonances in the /sup 12/C+ /sup 19/F system.
VERITAS Observations of Blazars

The VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is used to study very high energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is currently the most sensitive VHE gamma-ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration's Key Science Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class of identified VHE sources, with ~30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which are blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE exposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE gamma-rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected results are presented.
A new algorithm for circuit-level electrothermal simulation under EOS/ESD stress

Summary form only given. ESD protection circuits are designed to meet certain specifications such as human body model (HBM) voltage. Electrothermal circuit simulation can be of use in protection circuit design. In this work, we propose a new algorithm to evaluate transient device temperatures, such as the drain junction temperature of NMOS devices, so that the electrothermal circuit simulation can be performed accurately. Using the electrothermal circuit simulator, we can examine device heating during HBM testing.
Financial resource availability and corporate social responsibility expenditures in a sub-Saharan economy: The institutional difference hypothesis

Studies done in developed economies have demonstrated a positive relationship between financial resource availability and CSR. Arguments that we term the Institutional Difference Hypothesis (IDH) drawn from the institutional literature, however, suggest that institutional differences between developed and developing economies are likely to result in different CSR implications. Integrating the logic of IDH with insights from slack resources theory, we argue that there exists a negative relationship between financial resource availability and CSR expenditures for firms in Ghana, a sub-Saharan African emerging economy. We use lagged data from the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre and find that Return on Sales, Return on Equity, and Net Profitability were consistently associated with lower CSR expenditures. We highlight the implications of our findings for research and managers.
Diet-related differences in the cuticular lipids ofManduca sexta larvae

Cuticular lipid components were examined from fourth-instar larvae ofManduca sexta reared on artificial diet or growing plants. The plants used were potato, tobacco, and tomato grown in pots in a greenhouse. Twenty-eight components made up the bulk of the lipids, but there were significant differences in the proportions of them present in insects reared on the different diets. In the case of some insect cuticular lipid components, there was an obvious relationship with the surface components of the plant, but generally this relationship was weak. Nonetheless, the differences may have ecological relevance, as indicated by preliminary work on predation.
Localization of ubiquitin to differentiating vascular tissues

The selective degradation of proteins, an essential process of any developmental program, may entail conjugation of the protein to be destroyed to the polypeptide ubiquitin. Experiments were designed to localize ubiquitin as a first step in determining whether this molecule is crucial for certain developmental processes in plant tissues and cells. Antibodies to ubiquitinated protein were detected on tissue prints of cross sections of bean petioles (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae), cotton hypocotyls (Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae), and Coleus stems (Coleus x hybridus, Lamiaceae). For most of the material investigated, there appears to be an accumulation of ubiquitin antibodies in vascular tissues, but not preferentially in the abscission zone of bean petioles. Vascular localization was confirmed using immunohistochemical methods on fixed and sectioned internodal tissues of Coleus. Antibodies to ubiquitin are detected in parenchyma cells of the cortex and pith, but are most concentrated in the xylem, especially secondary xylem, and in the cambial region, and in the phloem. Thus, ubiquitin accumulates in certain vascular tissues, some of which may be undergoing programmed cell death. Ubiquitin can also be detected in nondifferentiating cells, and its level is elevated in rapidly dividing cambial cells.
A finite number of sub-bands?

Abstract It is shown that the condition for the number of electron sub-band levels from quantization in an accumulation or inversion layer to be finite is that converges, where V(z) is the potential as a function of depth z. It appears that this condition should normally be satisfied.
Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant crack cocaine users in a rural community

Objective: To investigate why women who use crack cocaine are at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods: One thousand one hundred fifty-two (99.7%) of 1155 consecutive prenatal patients attending a rural public health clinic were interviewed about drug use and sexual practices and tested for HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Results: Fifty-one (4.7%,) of 1096 pregnant women reported ever using crack cocaine, but only five (10%) of the crack cocaine users had ever injected drugs. Eighteen (35%) of the crack users were HIV infected compared with 22 (2%) of the 1045 women who reported never using crack (odds ratio 25, 95% confidence interval 12–52; P Conclusion: Women who reported using crack cocaine were at an increased risk of HIV infection because crack use was associated with a significant increase in unprotected sexual contact.
Welfare receipt among children living with grandparents

Considerable increases in the numbers of children living with grandparents have prompted concerns over their economic well-being and grandparents’ use of welfare programs. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I profile the economic well-being of children living with grandparents and estimate the likelihood of receiving two welfare programs: food stamps and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Findings suggest that identifying the exact living arrangements of children is pivotal to understanding differences in economic disadvantage and welfare receipt among children living with grandparents. Although children in grandmother-only, no parent present families are the most likely to be poor, they are not the children most likely to receive welfare. The children most likely to receive welfare live with their single mothers and grandparents in three-generation households.
Genetics of age-related hearing loss in mice. IV. Cochlear pathology and hearing loss in 25 BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains.

The effects of three putative genes which contribute to age-related hearing loss (AHL genes) were evaluated using auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and post-mortem cochlear histopathology in 25 recombinant BXD inbred mouse strains, originally derived from C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) progenitor strains. All BXD strains showed substantial elevation of ABR thresholds and loss of spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) during the first year of life. The findings are consistent with our genetic model in which D2 and B6 inbred strains both possess the Ahl (age-related hearing loss) gene, whereas D2 possesses two additional chromosomal loci with AHL genes (Ahl2 and Ahl3). The between-strain distribution in the severity of SGC loss and ABR threshold elevations suggests that the severity of hearing loss is determined in large part by the number of AHL genes an animal possesses and by additional genetic background effects. The present findings also demonstrate that, because BXD strains vary substantially in the rate and severity of progressive hearing loss (but are genetically closely related), they can provide powerful animal models for developmental studies of AHL.
Comparative osteogenesis of maxilla and iliac crest human bone marrow stromal cells attached to oxidized titanium: a pilot study.

Objectives: Severe alveolar bone loss affects dental implant placement. Bone augmentation by grafting iliac crest bone rich in osteoprogenitor cells such as bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) requires a second surgical procedure in non-orofacial bone. Skeletal site-specific osteogenesis indicates maxilla and mandible BMSCs are highly proliferative and exhibit osteogenic properties superior to iliac crest BMSCs. Alveolar bone can be easily obtained during routine dental surgery, but it is unclear if titanium-attached alveolar BMSCs will retain their superior osteogenic properties. This study evaluated and compared in vitro osteogenic properties of titanium-attached maxilla and iliac crest BMSCs in same individuals. Material and methods: Primary culture of maxilla and iliac crest BMSCs from four normal healthy volunteers was expanded in culture. In 24-well plates, first passage BMSCs were seeded directly (1 × 104 cells/well) on oxidized titanium disks (1.27 cm diameter and 2 mm thickness) or tissue culture plate. Each cell type was assessed for affinity for titanium, post-attachment survival and osteogenic differentiation based on alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin expressions. Results: There was no difference in the affinity of maxilla and iliac crest BMSCs to titanium. However, titanium-attached maxilla BMSCs were apparently more osteogenically responsive than iliac crest cells based on calcium accumulation and gene expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin. But these differences were not statistically significant in this small patient sample. Conclusion: Maxilla and iliac crest BMSCs have similar attachment affinity for titanium. This pilot study indicates that titanium-attached maxilla BMSCs are more osteogenically responsive and may be a viable and more readily available donor graft material in implant dentistry.
Bariatric surgery improves the metabolic profile of morbidly obese patients with Type 1 Diabetes

A growing body of evidence has demonstrated significant and sustained improvement in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. However, there are limited data on the impact of bariatric surgery in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Only fewer than 10 cases of bariatric surgery in patients with T1D have been reported in the literature, which show a significant weight reduction and improvement in glycemic control (1–3). A recent experimental study in a rat model of spontaneous development of T1D has also shown that a particular type of gastrointestinal bypass (duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery) lowers blood glucose concentration within 2 days after surgery (4). The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic outcomes, including the glycemic status, of patients with T1D after bariatric surgery. Clinical outcomes and metabolic parameters of 10 morbidly obese patients with poorly controlled T1D who underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery between 5 January 2005 and 12 …
Phytochrome structure and photochemistry: recent advances toward a complete molecular picture

Phytochromes are nature's primary photoreceptors dedicated to detecting the red and far-red regions of the visible light spectrum, a region also essential for photosynthesis and thus crucial to the survival of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Given their roles in measuring competition and diurnal/seasonal light fluctuations, understanding how phytochromes work at the molecular level would greatly aid in engineering crop plants better suited to specific agricultural settings. Recently, scientists have determined the three-dimensional structures of prokaryotic phytochromes, which now provide clues as to how these modular photoreceptors might work at the atomic level. The models point toward a largely unifying mechanism whereby novel knot, hairpin, and dimeric interfaces transduce photoreversible bilin isomerization into protein conformational changes that alter signal output.
Pulmonary Fibrosis after Prolonged Therapy with 1,3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-nitrosourea

A 43-year-old man with metastatic malignant melanoma was treated with l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-mtrosoiirea (BCNU) in combination with imidazole carboxamide and hydroxyurea. He achieved complete remission. After 22 months of chemotherapy, the patient developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Open lung biopsy showed sclerosing alveolitis. Long-term therapy with BCNU may cause pulmonary fibrosis, as has been seen with other cytotoxic drugs.
System design of a grammar-programmable high-level language machine

An architectural concept called Grammar-Programming is introduced which allows computers to be constructed that can directly execute a variety of high-level languages. Representing an intermediate level between the basic hardware/firmware functions of ordinary computers and the software operations of language translators, it is shown how grammar-programs can be constructed which specify the syntax and semantics of various programming languages. The Grammar-Programmable Machine (GPM) then uses these specifications to process directly the users' high-level language programs. In the Ph.D. dissertation* upon which this abstract is based, a model is first developed for representing the syntactic and semantic characteristics of context-free language generators, and an automaton called a Syntax Network (SN) is constructed. Next a simple, statement-directed language is introduced to express the states of the syntax network and to define the actual grammar-programming language. A simulator is then implemented which is used to test the grammar-programs written for ALGOL and SNOBOL. Finally, the architectural organization for the Grammar-Programmable Machine is described at the register-transfer level. By taking advantage of its intermediate position between software compilation and hardware interpretation of high-level languages, the Grammar-Programmable Machine is able to emphasize the best features of both techniques and to achieve a potential that neither can reach individually.
Multiple baseline analysis of the regulated breathing procedure for the treatment of stuttering

Abstract The effects of a regulated breathing procedure on several characteristics of the speech of an adult stutterer were evaluated in a multiple baseline across situations design. Speech rate, dysfluency rate, and masseter electromyelogram (EMG) were measured during reading, an interview, a simulated social situation, and while speaking on the telephone or over an office intercom. Results showed reliable change in each dependent measure consistent with implementation of the regulated breathing treatment in a multiple baseline fashion. The treatment effects were substantiated by a social validation procedure in which naive observers listened to tape-recorded samples of the subject's speech in all phases of the experiment. The naive observers rated the subject's speech in terms of the ability to understand the subject's speech, subjective desire to interact with the subject, and global social impression made by the subject. Descriptors were regulated breathing, stuttering, facial EMG, and social validation.
Laparoscopic repair of a small intestinal mesenteric rent in a broodmare.

Objectives— To describe standing laparoscopic repair of mesoduodenal rent inaccessible by ventral median celiotomy. Study design— Clinical case report. Sample population— A 6-year-old Thoroughbred broodmare with a right displacement of the dorsal colon and small intestinal incarceration in a mesoduodenal rent. Methods— Two days after correction of a right dorsal displacement of the ascending colon, small intestinal incarceration, and partial closure of mesoduodenal rent, standing left and right flank laparoscopy was used to explore the abdomen to identify the mesoduodenal defect. The mesenteric rent was repaired from right flank portals by approximation with hemostatic clips. Results— Approximation of the mesoduodenal rent was achieved with laparoscopic clips. No further complications or signs of abdominal pain occurred over the following year. Conclusions— Mesenteric rents in the mesoduodenum can be repaired by laparoscopic techniques in the standing horse. Clinical Relevance— Use of laparoscopic techniques in the standing horse should be considered for mesoduodenal rents that are not accessible form a ventral median celiotomy.
Stressed mirror polishing. 1: A technique for producing nonaxisymmetric mirrors

The theoretical basis is developed for a technique to fabricate nonaxisymmetric mirrors. Stresses are applied to a mirror blank that would have the effect of elastically deforming a desired surface into a sphere. A sphere is then polished into the blank, and upon release of the applied stress, the spherical surface deforms into the desired one. The method can be applied iteratively, so arbitrary accuracy should be possible. Calculations of the stresses and deformations are carried out in detail for an off-axis section of a paraboloid. For a very general class of surfaces, it is sufficient to only impose appropriate stresses at the edge of the blank plus a uniform pressure on the back.
Satellite-observed variability and trend in sea-ice extent, surface temperature, albedo and clouds in the Arctic

Recent observations of a decreasing ice extent and a possible thinning of the ice cover in the Arctic make it imperative that detailed studies of the current Arctic environment are made, especially since the region is known to be highly sensitive to a potential change in climate. A continuous dataset of microwave, thermal infrared and visible satellite data has been analyzed for the first time to concurrently study in spatial detail the variability of the sea-ice cover, surface temperature, albedo and cloud statistics in the region from 1987 to 1998. Large warming anomalies during the last four years (i.e. 1995−98) are indeed apparent and spatially more extensive than previous years. The largest surface temperature anomaly occurred in 1998, but this was confined mainly to the western Arctic and the North American continent, while cooling occurred in other areas. The albedo anomalies show good coherence with the sea-ice concentration anomalies except in the central region, where periodic changes in albedo are observed, indicative of interannual changes in duration and areal extent of melt ponding and snow-free ice cover. The cloud-cover anomalies are more difficult to interpret, but are shown to be well correlated with the expected warming effects of clouds on the sea-ice surface. The results from trend analyses of the data are consistent with a general warming trend and an ice-cover retreat that appear to be even larger during the last dozen years than those previously reported.
Role of GABAA receptors in rat hindbrain nuclei controlling gastric motor function

It has been shown in cats that gastric motor control by the dorsal vagal complex and nucleus ambiguus is under a tonic GABAergic influence. Since much more work has been performed in rats to define vago-vagal reflexes controlling gastrointestinal function, an understanding of the potential inhibition by candidate neurotransmitters such as GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) in the rat dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is essential to assess. Multiple-barrelled micropipettes were used to apply to the dorsal vagal complex the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (0.1-1 nmol), and a GABAA agonist, muscimol (10 nmol) prior to micro-injection of the GABAA antagonist. Micro-injections of bicuculline (353 pmol and 1 nmol), which were localized primarily in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, produced significant increases in intragastric pressure and pyloric motility. These responses were abolished by vagotomy and by a prior micro-injection of muscimol. To determine whether GABAergic blockade in the dorsal vagal complex results in gastric motor excitation through excitatory amino acid receptors, kynurenic acid (5 nmol), a kainate/NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartic acid) receptor antagonist, was micro-injected prior to bicuculline. This abolished the increase in gastric motor function normally evoked by bicuculline. In the other two important hindbrain nuclei controlling gastric function, the nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus ambiguus, bicuculline (353 pmol) significantly increased intragastric pressure via vagally mediated pathways. These data demonstrate that all three rat hindbrain nuclei known to influence gastric function via the vagus nerve are under tonic GABAergic control. In addition, in the dorsal vagal complex, relief from GABAergic inhibition results in increases in gastric motor function through kainate/NMDA receptor-mediated excitation.
Lest taxonomy become taxidermy : a comment on the relapse replication and extension project

In this commentary on the Relapse Replication and Extension Project, several points are addressed. First, the selection of the pretreatment "baseline relapse" as the key predictor variable for post-treatment relapse in the predictive and construct validity studies is questioned. It is doubtful whether retrospective accounts of drinking episodes after 4 days of abstinence qualify as relapse episodes for the following reasons: clients may not have been committed to abstinence (e.g. weekend binge drinkers); treatment may have included coping skill training for pretreatment high-risk situations (i.e. treatment intervention is viewed as a "nuisance variable"). By assuming that a client's retrospective report of a poorly defined pretreatment "relapse" is predictive of the type of relapse episode experienced during the post-treatment follow-up assessment is to commit an error of "taxidermy" in evaluating the reliability and validity of the taxonomy; i.e. the tendency for researchers to "stuff and permanently mount" distal baseline episodes as static predictor variables, thereby depriving them of their dynamic and fluid role as proximal determinants in the relapse process. The difference between researchers who assess distal trait predictors of relapse and clinicians who focus more on proximal state predictors in conducting relapse prevention therapy is discussed and illustrated by means of a case study. Finally, the metaphor of relapse as "falling off the wagon" is described as an example of a systems approach to relapse prevention.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BOVINE HYPOPHYSIS.

The rete mirabile cerebri and the hypophysial vascularization were studied by various injection and staining techniques. The rostral hypophysial arteries arose bilaterally from the arterial circle of the cerebrum, while the caudal hypophysial arteries arose from the rete miabile on the dosal and caudal surfaces of the gland. The ramifications of the rostral hypophysial arteries supplied the vascular structures in the hypophysial stalk, which were classified on the basis of their structure into three groups; arborization forms, spike forms, and capillary loops. These structures drained into large portal vessels leading to the pars distalis. The pars distalis received a second smaller group of portal vessels from the capillary bed of the lower infundibular stem. The small group of portal vessels was limited in its extent by a well-developed hypophysial cleft. No direct arterial supply to the pars distalis could be demonstrated. The findings of this study support the view that the blood in the hypophysial portal system flows distally from the hypophysial stalk to the pars distalis.
Kinetics of fluorescein decay and its application as a geothermal tracer

Abstract Fluorescein is a dye used to trace the path of injected fluids through geothermal reservoirs. We have measured its thermal stability at temperatures up to 300°C in hydrothermal autoclaves at various fluid compositions, pHs, and oxygen concentrations. The results of these experiments indicate that fluorescein will decay less than 10% during a one month tracer test in geothermal reservoirs with temperatures below 210°C. For tracer tests involving longer times and/or higher temperatures, the activation parameters presented in this study can be used to correct for thermal decay. These parameters were applied to a tracer test conducted at the Dixie Valley, Nevada geothermal system to correct for the thermal decay of fluorescein and to deduce the effective temperature of the injection-production flow path.
Intrigue: Langue, culture et mystère dans le monde francophone. 2nd ed. by BLOOD, ELIZABETH, & YASMINA MOBAREK.

The article reviews the book "Intrigue: Langue, culture et mystere dans le monde francophone," 2nd ed. by Elizabeth Blood and Yasmina Mobarek.
The human serum amyloid A (SAA)-encoding gene GSAA1: nucleotide sequence and possible autocrine-collagenase-inducer function.

Abstract We have determined the genomic sequence of the human GSAA1 gene, a member of the family of acute-phase human serum amyloid A (SAA)-encoding genes. This sequence predicts a mature protein of 104 amino acids (aa), several of which differ from residues usually conserved in the sequence of SAA proteins isolated from serum. Despite coding differences, however, the four-exon structure of GSAA1 resembles that of other SAA genes in humans and mice. The N-terminal 25 aa of the mature GSAA1 protein are virtually identical to those of an ‘SAA-like’ autocrine collagenase inducer produced by rabbit synovial fibroblasts; the latter also differ from the corresponding aa found in SAA in serum. We propose that GSAA1 is the human gene coding for a protein closely related to the SAA, but which is adapted to this important autocrine cytokine function.
Pluto's kinetic interaction with the solar wind

[1] Pluto's interaction with the solar wind is determined by photoionization of escaping neutrals, the spatial extent of which depends on the magnitude of the atmospheric escape, and is characterized as Venus-like to comet-like for small to large escape rates. The weak magnetic field at >30 AU means that ion kinetic effects play a crucial role at Pluto given both large ion gyroradii and upstream ion inertial lengths that are comparable to the size of the obstacle (2–4 RP). The nature of this highly kinetic interaction has been studied using a three-dimensional hybrid code (particle ions, fluid electrons). For small, but plausible, neutral escape rates we find that a bow shock structure forms with considerable upstream asymmetry and the velocity distribution of heated protons in the shock region is characterized as a partial ring beam. The downstream wake is highly structured with a density enhanced “arm” of deflected solar wind protons.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy in protein quality control

Chaperone-mediated autophagy is a selective mechanism for degradation of soluble cytosolic proteins in lysosomes that distinguishes itself from other autophagic pathways by the selectivity with which CMA substrates are targeted for degradation. The recent molecular dissection of this autophagic pathway and the development of experimental models with compromised CMA have unveiled the important contribution of this pathway to protein quality control. In fact, CMA activation seems to be a common mechanism of cellular defense against proteotoxicity.
Acute pulmonary responses among automobile workers exposed to aerosols of machining fluids.

Previous investigations of workers exposed to machining fluids have shown increased rates of cough and phlegm and have shown that these exposures may cause occupational asthma. To examine acute responses to these agents, cross-shift lung function changes related to machining fluid aerosols among 89 machine operators at two factories producing automobile parts were measured and compared with the findings for 42 unexposed assembly workers studied similarly at the same factories. Workers wore a personal air-sampling device on a Monday and Friday of a working week, and spirometry was performed before and after the work shifts on both days. On Mondays, a 5% or greater decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1), regarded as an "FEV1-response," occurred in 23.6% of the machinists and in only 9.5% of the assembly workers (relative risk = 2.5, p less than .05). After adjusting statistically for a history of childhood asthma, for smoking prior to lung function testing, and for race, odds ratios for an FEV1-response of 4.4 among workers exposed to aerosols of straight mineral oils, 5.8 for oil emulsions, and 6.9 for synthetic fluids were found. The FEV1-responses on Fridays were similar to those on Mondays. There was no progressive decline in FEV1 over the work week. Personal air samples, collected with a two-stage impactor, allowed aerosol masses to be measured in three size fractions: less than 3.5 microns, 3.5-9.8 microns, and greater than 9.8 microns aerodynamic diameter. Exposure levels to each type of machining fluid were remarkably similar within each size fraction and for total aerosol levels. Total aerosol concentrations for assembly workers ranged from 0.07 to 0.44 mg/M3, and for machinists from 0.16 to 2.03 mg/m3. Inhalable particle (less than or equal to 9.8 microns) levels were derived from the sum of the air concentrations in the two smallest-size fractions, and significant cross-shift decrements in FEV1 on Mondays and Fridays were associated with inhalable aerosol levels greater than 0.20 mg/m3. These findings show that acute airflow obstruction is associated with exposures to aerosols of various machining fluids and that airway responses occur well below current recommended exposure limits.
Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes: an approach to diagnosis and management

Diabetes is a common complication of cystic fibrosis (CF). Because of evidence that it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, prompt diagnosis and aggressive management of CF-related diabetes (CFRD) is important. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation held a consensus conference in 1998 to define the current standards for the diagnosis and care of this disease [Moran A, Hardin D, Rodman D et al. Diagnosis, screening, and management of CFRD: a consensus conference report. J Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999: 45: 61-73]. This article reviews those recommendations, and presents the practical approach to the management of CFRD used at the University of Minnesota.
Conservative management of significant epidural haematomas in children

A significant epidural haematoma (EDH) is generally treated by craniotomy and evacuation. This is a report of conservative management following an EDH on computerized tomography (CT) in a paediatric population. The authors examined whether conservative treatment of radiologically significant EDH is a successful and safe therapeutic option. Retrospective data were collected from charts of patients with conservatively treated EDH in the Department of Surgery of the University Children’s Hospital Zurich between September 1993 and January 2004. Included were patients without focal neurological deficits, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 15 and an initial CT demonstrating an EDH with a minimal thickness of 1 cm. Mild clinical symptoms of raised intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea or vomiting were treated symptomatically. Follow-up included a standardized interview, a neuropaediatric examination and CT. Thirteen children with EDH had successful conservative management. Only one 12-year-old female patient with a delayed diagnosed frontal EDH required surgical intervention 24 h after admission and 5 days after the accident. Clinical follow-up showed patients without neurological deficits, a Glasgow Outcome Scale of 5 and no post-traumatic sequelae over an average of 4 4/12 years (range 4 months to 10 4/12 years). Follow-up CT showed complete resolution of the EDH within 2 to 3 months. Our results demonstrate that significant EDH can be treated non-operatively in neurologically normal children. We recommend that such treatment be performed in specialised paediatric centres under adequate neurological observation since prompt emergency operation in case of neurological deterioration should be provided.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of bovine lactoferrin and a 39-kilodalton protein found in mammary secretions during involution.

Abstract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were developed for two proteins found in mammary secretions during the non-lactating period: lactoferrin and a 39-kdal protein. Minimum detectable concentrations were .12 ng/ml for lactoferrin and .0037 ng/ml for the 39-kdal protein. Standard curves were linear in the ranges of .4 to 100 ng/ml for lactoferrin and 2.4 to 30 ng/ml for the 39-kdal protein. The immunoassays were used to measure concentrations of the proteins in mammary secretions during involution. From the last day of milking to d 30 of involution, mean concentrations of lactoferrin and the 39-kdal protein increased from .82 ± .35 to 78.5 ± 12.43 mg/ml and from 11.8 ± 3.8 to 84.4 ± 21.1 mg/ml, respectively. The immunoassays described will be valuable for further studies on the synthesis and secretion of these proteins during mammary involution.
Polymer coatings by rapid expansion of suspensions in supercritical carbon dioxide

Suspensions of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) in supercritical CO2 formed by dispersion polymerization with a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based surfactant were sprayed to form uniform films. The viscosity reduction of the dispersed phase caused by dissolved CO2 is crucial for atomization to produce fine droplets, and for coalescence and leveling on the surface to form a uniform film. Re-suspension of the polymer after de-pressurization and re-pressurization led to modestly larger droplets in the suspension which produced a film nearly as uniform as the original one. Inferior films were produced by suspensions without surfactant. Unlike previous studies of rapid expansion of homogeneous polymer solutions and related techniques, films were produced from concentrated polymer mixtures without any organic solvent.
Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson’s disease

Studies have implicated methamphetamine exposure as a contributor to the development of Parkinson's disease. There is a significant degree of striatal dopamine depletion produced by methamphetamine, which makes the toxin useful in the creation of an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The immediate need is to understand the substances that increase the risk for this debilitating disorder as well as these substances'neurodegenerative mechanisms. Currently, various approaches are being taken to develop a novel and cost-effective anti-Parkinson's drug with minimal adverse effects and the added benefit of a neuroprotective effect to facilitate and improve the care of patients with Parkinson's disease. Amethamphetamine-treated animal model for Parkinson's disease can help to further the understanding of the neurodegenerative processes that target the nigrostriatal system. Studies on widely used drugs of abuse, which are also dopaminergic toxicants, may aid in understanding the etiology, pathophysiology and progression of the disease process and increase awareness of the risks involved in such drug abuse. In addition, this review evaluates the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of certain drugs against methamphetamine-induced toxicity.
Bringing Everyday Life to Policy Analysis: The Case of White Rural Women Negotiating College and Welfare.

Abstract There is an emergent consensus that the disposition of Black young men is an important determinant of their labor market troubles. The problem, we are told, is not labor market discrimination but the fatalistic attitudes (the “enemy within”) held by many Black youth. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine race differences in fatalism and joblessness. I find that the greater fatalism of Blacks is explained by their more disadvantaged background and subsequent problems in schools and the labor market, not by their distinctive cultural orientations. I also find a modest effect of measures of fatalism on subsequent joblessness and a more pronounced effect for more disadvantaged White and Black young men.
In Situ Crystallization of Beta Zeolite Membranes and Their Permeation and Separation Properties

Beta zeolite membranes with a Si/Al ratio of 15 were prepared by in situ crystallization on porous alumina and stainless steel supports. Pervaporation fluxes of pure organic molecules decreased as the molecular kinetic diameter increased. These membranes were effective for separating 1,3-propanediol from glycerol.
Suppression of thrombolysis in a canine model of pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUNDThe brisk fibrinolytic response of canines has impaired efforts to develop a canine model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Difficulties in retaining chronic embolic residuals were partially overcome by administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) (Circulation. 1991;83:1272-1279.). In this study, we used type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), a major inhibitor of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, to determine its efficacy in the suppression of thrombolysis in canines.METHODS AND RESULTSThrombus was induced in the inferior vena cava of anesthetized mongrel dogs with thrombin and a special double-balloon catheter; 2 hours later, the thrombus was embolized. In one group of dogs, activated type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) (130 micrograms) was delivered directly into the forming thrombus; in another, TXA (110 mg/kg) was given intravenously before thrombus formation; in controls, thrombus was induced without inhibitors. Cross-linked fibrin degradation product (D-dim...
IFN-α induces MxA gene expression in cultured human corneal fibroblasts

Treatment of certain human cells with Interferon-α (IFN-α) induces the synthesis of a 76 kDa protein designated MxA that is involved in resistance to viral infection. We have used a specific cDNA clone and monoclonal Ab to show that MxA is induced in IFN-α treated human corneal fibroblast cultures. Mx RNA was increased 23-fold and 45-fold after 5 and 9 h of IFN-α treatment, respectively. The MxA protein was detectable by immunoblotting at 5 hr after IFN treatment and peaked at 17 hr. Concentrations of IFN-α as low as 1 U/ml induced detectable amounts of MxA, and expression was maximal at 1 × 103 U ml−1. These results confirm that MxA synthesis is induced in human corneal fibroblasts treated with IFN-α.
Effect of the fabrication method on the electrical properties of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)/carbon black composites

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS), an engineering plastic, was combined with carbon black (CB) to increase its conductivity. The ABS/CB composites were prepared using two different methods: dissolution of ABS in Butan-2-one and manual mixing of the constituent materials. These fabrication methods led to different microstructures, which led to vastly different electrical properties. The microstructures were acquired using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, while the electrical conductivity was obtained using impedance spectroscopy. The percolation threshold of the composites fabricated using the manual mixing method was found to be much lower (0.0054 vol.% CB) than that of the composites fabricated using the dissolution method (2.7 vol.% CB).
Surgical aortic valvuloplasty using the cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator: An invasive hemodynamic follow-up study

Valve repair and calcium debridement in patients with calcific aortic stenosis, using the Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA), results in a reduction in the aortic valve gradient while potentially avoiding long-term problems inherent to prosthetic valves. Invasive followup data in these patients has not previously been reported. Ten patients in whom CUSA debridement was performed underwent cardiac catheterization prior to and 8.0 +/- 2.5 months following the procedure. Compared to baseline, the aortic valve area significantly increased from 0.75 +/- 0.2 to 1.1 +/- 0.3 cm2 (p = 0.009) and the mean gradient was significantly reduced from 54 +/- 21 to 27 +/- 21 mmHg (p = 0.02) at followup. No significant change was noted in cardiac output, ejection fraction, left ventricular end systolic or diastolic volumes or left ventricular end diastolic pressure. However, 6 patients were found to have at least one grade worsening of aortic regurgitation. The development of increased aortic insufficiency in many patients after CUSA aortic valve debridement will likely limit this procedure's clinical utility.
Improving Safety and Reducing the Risk of Liability: The Emergency Action Plan

(2002). Improving Safety and Reducing the Risk of Liability: The Emergency Action Plan. Strategies: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 19-20.
CMS Tracker performance and alignment with cosmic muons

Abstract The goal of the CMS Tracker is to provide high efficiency pattern recognition with excellent momentum, angular, and point resolution of charged particle tracks. The CMS Tracker consists of both microstrip and pixel silicon detectors, for a total of more than 16 000 modules. In order to achieve the desired performances, a careful and successful program of commissioning, calibration and alignment is mandatory. An extensive cosmic data taking of CMS in presence of a 3.8 T magnetic field in Autumn 2008 (CRAFT) was carried out. This proved to be a great opportunity to gain experience with the Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) system, calibrate and align at the full detector granularity the Tracker. Results from the CRAFT experience regarding the DQM, calibration and alignment of the CMS Tracker are reported in the following.
Part-time versus full-time employment status differences: A replication and extension

SUMMARY Two groups of part-time employees were compared to full-time employees on several organizationally relevant reactions and behaviours in order to replicate and extend research on potential employment status differences. After controlling for demographics, it was found that there were mean differences between the groups; however, no evidence was found for differences in how the various groups 'process' organizational experience. Based on the results, irnplications for managing part- versus full-time employees are discussed. An examination of recent trends in the employment pattern reveals that an increasing number of persons work on a part-time basis. Statistics indicate that the percentage of part-time workers has increased from 13 per cent in 1967, to over 18 per cent by 1984 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982, 1984; Monthly Labor Review, 1968). These data underscore the importance of examining issues associated with the management of the portion of the labour force who work part-time in addition to those who work fulltime. To the extent that important differences exist, such distinctions need to be reflected in an organization's policies that are directed at the effective utilization of human resources. While research comparing part-time and full-time employees' reactions to work has produced inconsistent findings (see, for example, Eberhardt and Shani, 1984; Logan, O'Reilly and Roberts, 1973; Miller and Terborg, 1979), other evidence suggests that full- and part-time employees may 'process' organizational experience differently. Evidence for this conclusion is based on research by Kline and Peters (1984), Logan et a!. (1973), Peters, Jackofsky and Salter (1981), and Salter, Peters and Jackofsky
Corticotropin releasing factor produces behavioural activation in rats

A 41-residue peptide with high potency and intrinsic activity to stimulate the secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin by the adenohypophysis has been characterized and synthesized1,2,19. From experience with other hypophysiotropic and brain peptides3–5, and studies suggesting that CRF could act centrally to activate the sympathetic nervous system (M. Brown et al., in preparation), we considered it likely that this corticotropin/β-endorphin releasing factor (CRF) would have direct behavioural actions. We decided to investigate the effects of CRF on a simple measure of activation in the rat, locomotor activity in photocell cages. We report here that centrally injected synthetic CRF produces a dose-dependent locomotor activation in rats. This increase in activity was not produced by peripheral administration of CRF. In an open field test, rats receiving centrally injected CRF exhibited behaviour consistent with an increase in emotionality. These results suggest that CRF may have an activating action in the central nervous system independent of its effects on the anterior pituitary gland.