cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for an increased opioid inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary microadenoma.

The inhibiting role of endogenous opioid peptides on gonadotropin secretion was evaluated by the infusion of anopioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (1.6 mg/ for 4 h), in 10 hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary microadenoma (prolactinoma) and 5 normal women during the early follicular phaseof the cycle. In normal women, naloxone infusion induced no significant changes in any of the three pituitary hormones measured. Six prolactinoma patients with low normal levels of basal LH [10.0 ± 1.0 mlU/ml ±SE)] responded to naloxone infusionwith an increment of circulating LH in the form of an amplified pulsatile pattern of release, which lasted for at least 2 h after the infusion. The other 4 patients with prepubertal levels of LH (4.9 ± 0.8 mlU/ml) exhibited no LH response to naloxone. There were no significant changes in FSH or PRL levels in either group of patients. These findings suggest that an increased endogenous opioid inhibition of LH release occurs in patients with PRL producing microadenoma.
TRANSIENT DYNAMICS AND QUASISTATIONARY EQUILIBRIA OF CONTINUOUS-TIME LINEAR STOCHASTIC CELLULAR AUTOMATA VOTER MODELS WITH MULTISCALE NEIGHBORHOODS

This paper studies asynchronously-updated linear voter cellular automata models, with local and global interactions. In the locally-interacting model, sites copy the states of randomly-chosen sites in the local neighborhood; in the globally-interacting model, sites copy the states of sites chosen at random from the entire lattice. A multiscale model is also considered, mixing the two types of interactions. Such models can be used to model simple genetic drift, or the spread of opinions or ideas. The pair approximation moment-closure method is used to develop systems of differential equations describing the dynamics of the models with k states per site; stochastic spatially explicit simulations are also used. In simulations on large lattices, state frequencies among sites remain relatively constant at their initial values, while autocorrelations between adjacent sites move toward quasiequilibrium distributions and then remain constant with minor stochastic fluctuations. Full analytical solutions for the transient dynamics of the local autocorrelation (clustering) among adjacent sites are obtained with k = 2 states, and compared with simulations. Both show that increasing global interactions decreases spatial autocorrelation, and that even in the absence of long-distance interaction, there will still be mixing among the states. That is, the lattice will not converge to a quasiequilibrium configuration where regions in different states are maximally isolated from each other (completely segregated), but instead sites will have a strictly positive probability of being adjacent to sites in different states.
Autologous glioma cell vaccine admixed with interleukin-4 gene transfected fibroblasts in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: preliminary observations in a patient with a favorable response to therapy

We designed a phase I clinical trial of vaccinations with autologous glioma cells expressing transgene-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4), and treated one patient with a right temporal lobe recurrent glioblastoma. This 62-year-old man underwent craniotomy and partial tumor removal, at which time autologous tumor cells were obtained for vaccine preparation. After confirming the patient's cellular immune function by skin test, two cycles of vaccination with irradiated autologous glioma cells admixed with gene transfected fibroblasts were given intradermally. The patient demonstrated no evidence of allergic encephalitis throughout this course. Immunohistochemistry with biopsy samples taken from the vaccine sites demonstrated that the infiltration level of CD4, CD8 and CD1a positive cells increased proportionally to the amount of IL-4 produced at the each site, suggesting that there was local immune response induced at the vaccine site. While it is premature to assess effectiveness of the vaccine, this initial patient's course suggested a transient response to the vaccine, and he survived 10 months after treatment.
Bounded Rationality and the Implications for HRD

The problem and the solution. Initiatives intended to bring about positive organizational change and improvement often fail to achieve their intended goals. Although hindsight can be used to generate a list of reasons why a program failed, these reasons tend to be symptomatic of the real problem. The examples presented in this article are representative of the type of program and the nature of the decision making that HRD (human resource development) professionals could be involved in or responsible for. To truly be strategic within the organization, HRD professionals need to take a leadership role in anticipating and preventing program failures. This means that HRD professionals need to understand and be aware of the implications of bounded rationality in decision making.
Kinetics of the reaction of CH3O with NO2

Abstract Rate coefficients for the reaction of CH 3 O with NO 2 were measured over the temperature range 220–473 K and over the pressure range 0.6–4.0 Torr using a flow reactor apparatus with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of CH 3 O. The results were fitted to extract recombination and disproportionation rate constants. Combined with previous indirect studies at higher pressure, they suggest that the reaction proceeds not through a single complex but by separate paths, with disproportionation occurring by direct H-atom abstraction.
Embracing a broad spirituality in end of life discussions and advance care planning.

Advance care planning for end of life typically focuses on the mechanics of completing living wills and durable power of attorney documents. Even when spiritual aspects of end of life care are discussed, the dominant assumptions are those of traditional religious systems. A broad view of spirituality is needed, one that may involve traditional religious beliefs but also includes personal understandings of what is holy or sacred. Embracing this broad practice of spirituality will help both familial and professional caregivers honor an essential aspect of end of life discussions and promote greater discernment of the deep meaning in advance care documents
Tunneling out of metastable vacuum in a system consisting of two capacitively coupled phase qubits

Using a powerful combination of Coleman's instanton technique and the method of Banks and Bender, the exponential factor for the zero temperature rate of tunneling out of metastable vacuum in a system of two identical capacitively coupled phase qubits is calculated in closed form to a second order in an asymmetry parameter for a special case of intermediate coupling $C={C}_{J}∕2$.
GOOD INTENTIONS MEET HARD REALITIES: AN EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT GREENLIGHT REENTRY PROGRAM

Research Summary: The literature on correctional interventions (“What Works”) suggests that programs incorporating multimodal or cognitive-behavioral skills training consistently show moderate results in reducing offender recidivism. Project Greenlight was an innovative, short-term, prison-based reentry program that drew extensively from that literature. Survival analyses show that intervention participants performed significantly worse on multiple measures of recidivism after one year, and multivariate analyses indicate that covariates fail to mediate the observed relationships. The authors offer several potential explanations for their findings, but they speculate that the answer lies somewhere in a combination of implementation difficulties, program design, and a mismatch between the targeted offender population and the program. Policy Implications: Although there is extensive empirical support for multimodal programs in correctional interventions, especially those that involve or rest on cognitive skills foundations, little is actually known about the efficacy or limitations of different program models. The authors' analysis suggests that some short-term, prison-based programs, especially attractive to states and criminal justice agencies because of the low cost and capability to handle large numbers of offenders, may be poorly situated to address the multiple needs of offenders as they return to the community, and may in fact, increase the probability of criminal behavior. These findings also suggest that correctional interventions need to pay attention to the treatment principles underlying successful interventions and not simply the components of programs known to work.
GluR1-immunopositive interneurons in rat neocortex.

Recent in vitro studies suggest that inhibitory interneurons in cortex may express the GluR1 glutamate receptor subunit in the absence of GluR2, leading to calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) channels. We performed a study of rat somatic sensory cortex to confirm and extend these observations, using quantitative immunocytochemistry for multiple antigens. A morphologically distinct subpopulation of nonpyramidal neurons in neocortex was intensely immunoreactive for GluR1. Electron microscopic analysis of these cells revealed somatic staining for GluR1, mainly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Dendritic staining was concentrated at the synaptic active zone and in the adjacent subsynaptic cytoplasm. Double immunostaining revealed that the large majority of intensely GluR1-positive cells contained γ-aminobutyric acid or its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase, but little or no GluR2. Thus, AMPA receptors on a subpopulation of inhibitory interneurons in cortex are likely to be calcium permeable. This calcium permeability is likely to influence functional properties of these neurons; it may underlie the high levels of calcium-binding proteins they contain; and may render them liable to excitotoxic injury. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the in vitro synthesized arabinan of mycobacterial cell walls.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that polymerized [14C]arabinan can be synthesized from polyprenylphosphate-[14C]arabinose by the particulate enzymes of Mycobacterium smegmatis [R.E. Lee, K. Mikusova, P.J. Brennan and G.S Besra (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 11829–11832]. In the present investigation, the [14C]arabinan product was biochemically characterized. Sizing chromatography revealed a molecular weight consistent with that expected from mature arabinan. Digestion of the [14C]arabinan with a mixture of arabinases produced oligo[14C]arabinoside fragments including hexa[14C]arabinoside and tetra[14C]arabinoside which originated from the non-reducing terminal regions of the polymer, and di[14C]arabinoside from the internal regions of the polymer. These arabinoside fragments represent the major known structural motifs that comprise the arabinan segment of arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. The presence of [14C]arabinose in both the internal and external regions of the [14C]arabinan suggests that polyprenylphosphate-arabinose is the major, and perhaps the only, donor of arabinosyl residues in mycobacteria.
An Energy-efficient Wireless Information and Power Transfer System with Multiple Antennas in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we present an architecture for a wireless sensor that incorporates energy harvesting and efficient wireless information transmission. An energy source delivers wireless power and transmits information to a sensor node over erasure channels using multiple antennas. The sensor node also receives and harvests the electromagnetic (EM) signals radiated by the energy source. Using spatial and polarization diverse antenna architectures, energy efficient designs and strategies are proposed. Numerical results show that the multiple antenna architectures offer improved energy efficiencies relative to traditional single antenna links in both Rayleigh and Rician channels exhibiting either partial or high spatial correlations.
FEMALE RESPONSES TO ACUTE AND REPEATED RESTRAINT STRESS DIFFER FROM THOSE IN MALES

Chronic stress is implicated in diseases which differentially affect men and women. This study investigated how the activation of neuronal subpopulations contributes to changes in neuroendocrine regulation that predispose members of each sex to stress-related health challenges. Adult male and female rats were restrained in single (acute) or 14 consecutive daily (repeated) 30 min sessions; brain sections were immunohistochemically stained for Fos, arginine vasopressin (AVP) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Acute restraint increased the number of PVH cells expressing Fos, with greater increases in males than females. Habituated responses were seen following repeated stress in both sexes, with no sex differences between groups. No sex differences were found in the number of neurons co-expressing Fos and AVP. Absolute counts of cellular Fos and GR co-localization mirrored Fos expression. In contrast, when doubly-labeled cells were normalized to staining for Fos alone, females showed greater numbers of Fos- and GR-positive cells than males after both acute and repeated stress. These data demonstrate that sex-specific stress responses are evident at the level of neuronal activation, and may contribute to different consequences of chronic stress in females versus males. Females may be more sensitive to glucocorticoid negative feedback, suggesting that sex-dependent differences in the efficiency of initiating and terminating stress responses may exist. Understanding the neural and endocrine pathways that mediate these functions in males and females will inform targeted therapeutic strategies to alleviate stress and the sex-specific afflictions with which it is associated.
Extension of IMGO model to projectile velocities where electron-capture ∼ electron-loss cross sections

An intramolecular geometric outscattering (IMGO) model, developed to extract “atomic” total single electron capture σ10 cross sections from σ10 and σ01 (electron loss) measurements on C-bearing molecules by including intramolecular secondary electron loss processes for projectiles with σ10 ⋘ σ01, was extended to 100–2500 keV H+ on CmHn data which reaches projectile velocities where σ10 ∼ σ01. Atomic C and H cross sections compare well with theoretical calculations over the entire energy range. Reasonable “atomic” σ10 values for H, even when it contributed < 1% to the overall cross section, could be obtained from a sufficiently large set of CmHn data. An initial analysis of total electron loss cross sections is also presented.
Coordination number model to quantify packing morphology of aligned nanowire arrays.

The average inter-wire spacing in aligned nanowire systems strongly influences both the physical and transport properties of the bulk material. Because most studies assume that the nanowire coordination is constant, a model that provides an analytical relationship between the average inter-wire spacings and measurable physical properties, such as nanowire volume fraction, is necessary. Here we report a continuous coordination number model with an analytical relationship between the average nanowire coordination, diameter, and volume fraction. The model is applied to vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) and nanofiber (VACNF) arrays, and the effective nanowire coordination number is established from easily accessible measures, such as the nanowire spacing and diameter. VACNT analysis shows that the coordination number increases with increasing nanowire volume fraction, leading the measured inter-CNT spacing values to deviate by as much as 13% from the spacing values predicted by the typically assumed hexagonal packing. VACNF analysis suggests that, by predicting an inter-fiber spacing that is within 6% of the reported value, the continuous coordination model outperforms both square and hexagonal packing in real nanowire arrays. Using this model, the average inter-wire spacing of nanowire arrays can be predicted, thus allowing more precise morphology descriptions, and thereby supporting the development of more accurate structure–property models of bulk materials comprised of aligned nanowires.
THE EFFECTS OF REINFORCER PAIRING AND FADING ON PRESCHOOLERS' SNACK SELECTIONS

The effects of reinforcement pairing and fading on preschoolers' snack selections were evaluated in a multiple baseline design. Baseline preferences for snack options were assessed via repeated paired-item preference assessments. Edible, social, and activity-based reinforcers were then exclusively paired with a less preferred snack option. Once the snack paired with reinforcement was selected most frequently, the three types of reinforcement were systematically faded. Frequent selections of the previously less preferred snack option were produced with paired reinforcement, but were disrupted for all children as the paired reinforcement was reduced to low levels. These data showed that paired reinforcement was initially effective in increasing preference for the originally less preferred snack options, but more permanent changes in the value of the snack options were not achieved. Conditions for producing persistent changes in children's snack choices are discussed.
Review: Janet Heaton (2004). Reworking Qualitative Data

Seit mehr als einem Vierteljahrhundert nutzen Forschende quantitative Daten systematisch fur Sekundaranalysen. Viele Daten sind breit zuganglich und es wird zur Sekundarnutzung solcher Datensatze fur neue Fragestellungen ermutigt. Zwischenzeitlich ist diese Praxis auch auf qualitative Datensatze ausgedehnt worden, und Janet HEATON gibt in diesem Buch einen ausfuhrlichen Uberblick uber derartige Unterfangen, speziell in Grosbritannien. Sie beschaftigt sich, ausgehend von ungefahr 65 Studien, mit methodischen, ethischen und erkenntnistheoretischen Fragen qualitativer Sekundaranalysen als einem moglichen neuen Bereich qualitativer Methodologie. Interessant ist in diesem Zusammenhang auch ihr Vorschlag, Sekundaranalysen abhangig von verschiedenen Charakteristika wie Funktion, Fokus, Datensorten und -quellen zu differenzieren. Mit uber 100 Seiten eroffnet das Buch einige neue Einsichten in die Praxis qualitativer Sekundaranalysen. Dennoch bleibt der Wunsch zuruck, in einem solchen Buch mehr zu bekommen als HEATON geboten hat. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503150
Identification of markers for nipple epidermis: changes in expression during pregnancy and lactation.

In vertebrates, specific regions of skin crucial for interaction with and manipulation of elements in the environment are characterized by specialized epidermis. Regions of specialized epidermis show distinct patterns of cellular differentiation and express specific keratins that provide an increased ability to withstand mechanical strain. The nipple, which must endure the mechanical strain of nursing, is a type of specialized epidermis. The entire ventral skin of the keratin 14 promoter driven PTHrP mouse provides a model for nipple development. To identify novel markers for this specialized epidermis, we have used two-dimensional (2-D) gels, mass spectrometric protein identification, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to compare intermediate filament preparations from the nipple-like K14-PTHrP ventral skin to that of wild-type littermates. We identified 64 spots on 2-D gels that were increased in expression in the nipple-like skin of the female K14-PTHrP mouse and 11 spots that were elevated in the wild type. Microsequencing suggested that K17 and epiplakin were among the proteins with the greatest increase in expression in the K14-PTHrP ventral skin. Using Western blots and immunohistochemistry, we evaluated the expression of these proteins as well as K6 in the wild-type nipple, K14-PTHrP ventral skin and wild-type ventral skin. In addition, we found that the expression of K6 was minimally changed in the pregnant and lactating nipple, but the expression of a previously identified marker, K2e, was reduced during lactation. Using a model of the mechanical strain induced by nursing, we found that K2e but not K6 expression was responsive to this condition. The identification of epidermal markers and their expression patterns will provide insight into the cellular differentiation patterns of the nipple and the underlying epidermal–mesenchymal interactions that direct this differentiation.
Attended/unattended this in academic student writing: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives

This paper addresses the question of what governs the optional attendance of the determiner this by a noun phrase in academic student writing. Previous research on this has largely focused on the noun phrases accompanying this, while the question of what determines writers’ choice between attended and unattended this in the first place has received only little attention. In the p resent study, we present the results of a more comprehensive analysis, including quantitative methods (logistic regression analysis, Distinctive Collexeme Analysis, textual distribution measures) and qualitative methods (cluster extraction), of more than 5,800 hits of sentence-initial this obtained from the Michigan Corpus of Upper Level Student Papers (MICUSP). Overall, the results point to a strong influence of the verb accompanying (un)attended this, which is moderated to some extent by author-related variables like academic discipline, academic proficiency level, native speaker status, and gender. A qualitative pattern analysis of the most prominent this + verb clusters reveals that semantic biases evidenced in the verbs distinctively associated with (un)attended this are reflected at the text-organizational level in terms of positional preferences within paragraphs and texts. In combination, the results point towards an o ngoing delexicalization of this + verb clusters like this is and this means into textual organization markers, which stands in sharp contrast to traditional cautions against unattended this as mere “vague reference” that is to be avoided.
A Model-Driven Approach to Job/Task Composition in Cluster Computing

In the general area of high-performance computing, object-oriented methods have gone largely unnoticed. In contrast, the computational neighborhood (CN), a framework for parallel and distributed computing with a focus on cluster computing, was designed from ground up to be object-oriented. This paper describes how we have successfully used UML in the following model-driven, generative approach to job/task composition in CN. We model CN jobs using activity diagrams in any modeling tool with support for XMI, an XML-based external representation of UML models. We then export the activity diagrams and use our XSLT-based tool to transform the resulting XMI representation to CN job/task composition descriptors.
Voltammetric sensor for uranium based on the propyl gallate- modified carbon paste electrode

A carbon paste electrode modified with the ligand propyl gallate is introduced for preconcentration/voltammetric measurements of low levels of uranium. The resulting preconcentrating electrode offers many attractive properties for on-site sensing of uranium, including high sensitivity and selectivity, self-cleaning capability, and use of nondeaerated quiescent solutions. The response is characterized with respect to the paste composition, preconcentration period, solution and differential pulse conditions, and other variables. The sensor displays high stability, and can be used repeatedly without regeneration. When coupled to a 100-ft (30.5-m) long shielded cable, the electrode offers a remote sensing capability, as illustrated in the determination of uranium in groundwater.
Using malaise traps to sample ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

Pitfall traps provide an easy and inexpensive way to sample ground-dwelling arthropods (Spence and Niemela 1994; Spence et al. 1997; Abildsnes and Tommeras 2000) and have been used exclusively in many studies of the abundance and diversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Despite the popularity of this trapping technique, pitfall traps have many disadvantages. For example, they often fail to collect both small (Spence and Niemela 1994) and trap-shy species (Benest 1989), eventually deplete the local carabid population (Digweed et al. 1995), require a species to be ground-dwelling in order to be captured (Liebherr and Mahar 1979), and produce different results depending on trap diameter and material, type of preservative used, and trap placement (Greenslade 1964; Luff 1975; Work et al. 2002). Further complications arise from seasonal patterns of movement among the beetles themselves (Maelfait and Desender 1990), as well as numerous climatic factors, differences in plant cover, and variable surface conditions (Adis 1979). Because of these limitations, pitfall trap data give an incomplete picture of the carabid community and should be interpreted carefully. Additional methods, such as use of Berlese funnels and litter washing (Spence and Niemela 1994), collection from lights (Usis and MacLean 1998), and deployment of flightmore » intercept devices (Liebherr and Mahar 1979; Paarmann and Stork 1987), should be incorporated in surveys to better ascertain the species composition and relative numbers of ground beetles. Flight intercept devices, like pitfall traps, have the advantage of being easy to use and replicate, but their value to carabid surveys is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of Malaise traps for sampling ground beetles in a bottomland hardwood forest.« less
Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri in the San Francisco Bay estuary

Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri are the most numerous shorebird species in the San Francisco Bay estuary during winter. A sample of 106 Western Sandpipers was captured in mist nets and radio-marked with 1-g transmitters to examine their wintering site fidelity and movements. Differences in distances moved, home range extent and core area size were examined by age, sex, season, site, time of day and tide. All birds remained in the south San Francisco Bay region during winter and exhibited strong site fidelity, with a mean home range of 22.0 km2 or only 8% of the study area. First-year birds had larger home ranges (26.6 ± 3.6 km2) than adults (17.2 ± 2.5 km2) in winter, but home range sizes of males and females were not significantly different in any period. Home range sizes were similar between seasons, but core areas were smaller in spring (6.3 ± 1.2 km2) than in early (9.6 ± 4.0 km2) or late (11.6 ± 1.6 km2) winter. Movements and home range size were similar for radio-marked birds located during day and night. The high degree of regional and local site fidelity demonstrated that the mixture of natural mud fiats and artificial salt ponds in southern San Francisco Bay provided sufficient resources for large wintering populations of Western Sandpipers.
Towards a better code completion system by API grouping, filtering, and popularity-based ranking

Nowadays, programmers spend much of their workday dealing with code libraries and frameworks that are bloated with APIs. One common way of interacting with APIs is through Code Completion inside the code editor. By default, Code Completion presents in a popup pane, in alphabetical order or by relevance, all accessible members available in the apparent type and supertypes of a receiver expression. This default behavior for Code Completion should and can be further improved because (1) not all public methods are APIs and presenting non-API public members to a programmer is misleading, (2) certain APIs are meant to be accessible only in some limited contexts but not others, (3) the alphabetical order separates otherwise logically related APIs, making it hard to see their connection and to work with, and (4) commonly used APIs are often presented long after much less used APIs due to suboptimal API sorting strategies. BCC (Better Code Completion) addresses these problems by enhancing Code Completion so that programmers can control how specific API elements should be sorted, filtered, and grouped. We report our preliminary validation results from testing BCC with Java projects that make use of the AWT/Swing APIs. For one large project, the BCC approach reduces by over ninety percent the total number of APIs that a programmer would have to scroll through using Eclipse's Code Completion before settling on the desired ones.
Progress in metabolic engineering

Abstract Major advances in metabolic engineering from the past two years include the production of ethanol from Zymomonas mobilis grown on xylose at high yield, the production of aromatic amino acids from Escherichia coli at theoretical yield, the over-production of the aspartate family of amino acids from Corynebacterium, and the successful production of polyhydroxybutyrate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although insights into metabolic regulation in central metabolism have been gained, much remains to be investigated in the area of metabolic flux regulation and global responses.
A limitation on Long's model in stratified fluid flows

The flow of a continuously stratified fluid into a contraction is examined, under the assumptions that the dynamic pressure and the density gradient are constant upstream (Long's model). It is shown that a solution to the equations exists if and only if the strength of the contraction does not exceed a certain critical value which depends on the internal Froude number. For the flow of a stratified fluid over a finite barrier in a channel, it is further shown that, if the barrier height exceeds this same critical value, lee-wave amplitudes increase without bound as the length of the barrier increases. The breakdown of the model, as implied by these arbitrarily large amplitudes, is discussed. The criterion is compared with available experimental results for both geometries.
Airborne imagery of ocean mixed-layer convective patterns

Abstract Airborne infrared and synthetic aperture radar imagery collected over the Gulf Stream are used to examine the surface patterns of small-scale thermal convection and wind-driven Langmuir circulation. These patterns have a thermal contrast of ∼0.25 °C, which is roughly an order of magnitude larger than predicted by large-eddy simulations but consistent with the effect on surface temperature of surfactant accumulations induced by mixed-layer eddies.
Reassessing intertemporal choice: human decision-making is more optimal in a foraging task than in a self-control task

Many contemporary concerns (e.g., addiction, failure to save) can be viewed as intertemporal choice problems in which the consequences of choices are realized at different times. In some laboratory paradigms used to study intertemporal choice, non-human animals demonstrate a preference for immediacy (impulsive choice) that results in failures to maximize the amount of reward received. There is evidence, however, suggesting that such non-optimal impulsive choice may be due to a mismatch between the standard presentation of options in the laboratory (e.g., a “larger-later” and a “smaller-sooner” option) and the way that options occur in natural settings (e.g., foraging). We present evidence that human impulsive choice is similarly affected: In two experiments, decisions were more optimal when options were presented in a format sharing features with the evolutionarily important problem of foraging compared to when options were presented in the standard format. These findings suggest a more nuanced view of intertemporal choice and support the adoption of ideas from foraging theory into the study of human decision making.
A prospective cohort study of microvascular decompression and Gamma Knife surgery in patients with trigeminal neuralgia

Object The aim of this study was to analyze 1 surgeon's 4-year experience with microvascular decompression ([MVD], 36 patients) and Gamma Knife surgery ([GKS], 44 patients) in 80 consecutive patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods The authors conducted a prospective cohort study from March 1999 to December 2003 with an independent clinical assessment of the results and serial patient satisfaction surveys. All patients completed a 2004 patient satisfaction survey (0.5–5 years postoperative), and 70% of surviving patients completed the same survey in 2007 (3.9–8.5 years postoperative). Follow-up was undertaken in 100% of the patients (mean 3.4 ± 2.14 years, range 0.17–8.5 years). Results Respective initial and latest follow-up raw pain-free rates were 100 and 80.6% for MVD and 77.3 and 45.5% for GKS. The median time to the maximal benefit after GKS was 4 weeks (range 1 week–6 months). Respective initial, 2-, and 5-year actuarial pain-free rates were 100, 88, and 80% for MVD and 78, 50, and 33% for ...
Object-based attention: sensory modulation or priority setting?

The detection of an invalidly cued target is faster when it appears within a cued object than when it appears in an uncued object equally distant from the cued location; this is a manifestation of object based attention. Five experiments are reported in which it was investigated whether early sensory enhancement (in which attention “spreads” within an attended object but stops at its borders) or a later attentional prioritizationmechanism best accounts for these effects. In Experiments 1–4, subjects identified a centrally located target with a button press while attempting to ignore flanking distractors that were mapped to either a compatible or an incompatible response. The flankers appeared either within the object occupied by the target or in a different object but at the same distance from the target. The well-known effect of distance between the target and the flankers on the magnitude of the compatibility effect was replicated. However, whether the target and the flankers were in the same or different objects had no effect on the magnitude of the compatibility effect. In Experiment 5, when attention could not be narrowly focused in advance, object-based modulation of the flanker effectwas observed. These results suggest that object-based selection may reflectan object-specificattentional prioritization strategy, rather than object-based attentional modulation of an early sensory representation.
Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) Is Induced Upon Monocyte Differentiation and Is Expressed in Human Atheroma

Objective— Because extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a tumor cell–derived protein, induces matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in fibroblasts and because MMPs are important in ...
Gap Probabilities and Betti Numbers of a Random Intersection of Quadrics

We consider the Betti numbers of an intersection of k random quadrics in $$\mathbb {R}\text {P}^n$$RPn. Sampling the quadrics independently from the Kostlan ensemble, as $$n \rightarrow \infty $$n?? we show that for each $$i\ge 0$$i?0 the expected ith Betti number satisfies $$\begin{aligned} \mathbb {E}b_i(X)=1+O(n^{-M})\quad \text {for all } M>0. \end{aligned}$$Ebi(X)=1+O(n-M)for allM>0.In other words, each fixed Betti number of X is asymptotically expected to be one; in fact as long as $$i=i(n)$$i=i(n) is sufficiently bounded away from n / 2 the above rate of convergence is uniform (and in this range Betti numbers concentrate to their expected value). For the special case $$k=2$$k=2 we study the expectation of the sum of all Betti numbers of X. It was recently shown (Lerario, in Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 143:3239---3251, 2015) that this expected sum equals $$n+o(n)$$n+o(n); here we sharpen this asymptotic, showing that $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{j=0}^n\mathbb {E}b_j(X)=n + \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}n^{1/2} + O(n^c) \quad \text {for any } c>0 \end{aligned}$$?j=0nEbj(X)=n+2?n1/2+O(nc)for anyc>0(the term $$\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}n^{1/2}$$2?n1/2 comes from contributions of middle Betti numbers). The proofs are based on a combination of techniques from random matrix theory and spectral sequences. In particular (1) is based on a reduction that requires an average count of the number of singular quadrics in a random pencil; this count turns out to be related to the derivative at zero of the gap probability $$f_{\beta , n}$$fβ,n in finite Gaussian $$\beta $$β-ensembles ($$\beta =1,2,4$$β=1,2,4). We provide also new computations for this quantity and as n goes to infinity: $$\begin{aligned} f_{\beta , n}'(0)\sim -\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi }n^{1/2}. \end{aligned}$$fβ,n?(0)~-22?n1/2.
Criticality Safety Data Applicable to Processing Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Fuel

Critical-experiment data are presented on a heterogeneous lattice of fuel rods comprised of uranium and plutonium oxides, clad with stainless steel, and moderated with (U + Pu) nitrate solution, a condition not unlike that encountered in a fuel-element dissolver operation. The effect of a soluble neutron absorber (gadolinium nitrate) on the criticality of this type of system was also examined for its possible use as a method of criticality prevention and control during the dissolution step. The results provide data for code validation, an essential requirement on complex systems such as this, if the calculations are to be utilized to prescribe subsequent control limits under similar or related conditions in fuel processing. Experiments indicate (for the very limited data presented) that a heterogeneous system composed of these fuel rods in water can have a larger buckling than the fuel in the dissolved state. The question is, whether a fuel rod of a size different from that used in these experiments, immersed in fissile-bearing solutions, might have a still higher buckling (and smaller critical size) than the highest achievable buckling for fuel rods of optimum diameter and spacing in water. This important consideration regarding the criticality safety aspects of dissolvers mustmore » be examined in each case. The results of calculations of these systems with the KENO Monte Carlo code utilizing ENDF/B-III cross sections are presented. (auth)« less
The cost of solidarity: the salvadoran labor movement in Puerto el Triunfo and Greater San Salvador in 1979 and 1980

This essay analysis the labor movement in Puerto Triunfo and Greater San Salvador in 1979 and 1980. The common ideological bond linking both the port labor movement and the San Salvador movement was a rudimentary syndicalism that had no formal expression either locally or nationally. The evidence presented in this essay suggests that the local and national movements in late 1970s Salvador reflected some of the attitude, technique, and strategy but not necessarily the hope of classic syndicalism. Yet, those ideological forms remained as inchoate expressions. Moreover, the syndicalists of El Salvador labored under authoritarian and increasingly terroristic conditions unimaginable to the founders of the tradition. The arrests, tortures, and assassinations not only provoked militant responses but also imposed the necessity for semi clandestine action that made the full implementation of rank and file democracy —a sine qua non for syndicalism— extremely difficult to achieve. The disjunctions between the syndicalist ethos and formal ideological expressions in the port and in the capital had several consequences. First they led to misunderstandings and alienation between the different groups. But at the same time, these various dialectical interplays between formal and informal discourse, between rank and file and leadership, and between the port and the metropole all played significant roles in the militant rise and expansion of the labor movement. The essay will trace this broader transformation while presenting a detailed examination of the political and social changes in Puerto El Triunfo, a quite distinct history that nevertheless reflected, influenced and paralleled the labor movement as a whole. I will make use of the concept of “desencuentro”.
A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON PREDICTING ATTRITION

Summary.-Comparison of two regression models for predicting attrition among 49,668 Air Force recruits indicate the importance of defining turnover in terms which are conceptually related to the predictor variables. Abelson (1987) found that, in studying turnover, a stronger relationship exists between job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job tension, and withdrawal cognitions when the criterion is defined as "avoidable leavers" than when those who leave for unavoidable reasons are included in the definition. This finding strongly suggests the necessity of defining the criterion in terms conceptually linked to predictor variables. The current study of 49,668 Air Force recruits compared the efficacy of two regression models in predicting attrition. Both models contained the same set of predictor variables but differed in how the criterion variable was defined. Equation 1 defined attrition as whether an enlistee was or was not in the Air Force 36 mo. following the enlistment date. This definition includes both avoidable and unavoidable leavers. Equation 2 looked only at avoidable attrition due to poor work performance, a consequence conceptually associated with a poor job-person match. Predictor variables included age, education, scores on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), and scores from the Vocational Interest Career Examination (VOICE), an interest test designed for use in classifying Air Force recruits; see Alley and Matthews (1982) for a complete description of the VOICE. Analysis yielded multiple Rs of ,142 for Equation 1 and ,242 for Equation 2. When the criterion variable is "cleaned" by eliminating attritions based on reasons not conceptually linked with the predictor set, such as hardship releases or illness, the predictive efficacy of the regression model is improved. These findings compare favorably with those of Abelson The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily re resent
A Door-to-Door Survey of Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) Infestations in Row Homes in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

We conducted a door-to-door survey in a residential census tract of Philadelphia to estimate the prevalence and spatial patterns of recent bed bug infestations. We interviewed 596 residents, of whom 66 (11.1%) reported recent bed bug infestations. We confirmed current infestations in a subset of 15 (68.2%) of 22 inspected households. Most residents reported that their infestation began within the past year (2012-2013). We found no correlation between property value and infestation status. Spatial analyses showed significant clustering of bed bug infestations only at fine scales, suggesting limited active dispersal of the insects. Residents used a large variety of treatment methods to eliminate bed bugs, but only 48.1% reported success. Our results provide a prevalence estimate of recent bed bug infestations and highlight the importance of passive rather than active dispersal of bed bugs even among dense urban row homes.
Should Chronic Total Occlusion Be Treated With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting? Chronic Total Occlusion Should Not Routinely Be Treated With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Should chronic total occlusions (CTOs) of coronary arteries be revascularized by coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery? It would seem that this is not a question that is often asked, yet CTOs are common and are more commonly revascularized by CABG than by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this article, we review the epidemiology of CTOs; discuss issues and viability of the subtended zone, how viability could be assessed, indications for revascularization of CTOs, and the literature on CABG for CTO; and conclude with recommendations for future research. The fundamental positions put forward here are that the literature on CABG for CTOs is not strong enough to justify this common procedure on a routine basis, that decisions on care still need to be made, and that additional research is needed. Response by Zakkar et al on p 1826 CTOs are common findings on coronary arteriograms.1,2 Although there has been extensive literature on the subject of PCI for CTOs, there is less literature on CABG for CTOs.3–5 This is despite data from the early 2000s showing that patients with CTO are treated more often with CABG than with PCI.1 Christofferson et al1 studied 8004 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization at a single institution between 1990 and 2000. CTOs were defined as 100% coronary occlusion present for at least 3 months. Patients with previous CABG or recent myocardial infarctions (n=1423) were excluded. Of the remaining 6581 patients, 3087 (47%) had significant coronary artery disease (>70% coronary stenosis). Of patients with significant coronary artery disease, a CTO was present in 1612 patients (52%), of whom 375 (12%) had >1 CTO. Among patients with significant coronary artery disease and a CTO, 11% were treated with PCI, 40% with CABG, and 49% with medical therapy. In comparison, …
Characteristics of Different Parts of Composite Insulators Impacted by Water Droplets and Its Influencing Factors

The forms of ice coating covered on different parts of insulator depend on the impacting numbers of water droplets on these parts. To obtain the influences of various factors on the characteristics of different parts of insulator impacted by water droplets, both wind tunnel model and composite insulator model are established. A composite insulator is divided into four parts, namely the upper surface of the shed, the lower surface of the shed, the edge of the shed and the insulator core rod, to research the influences of such parameters as the diameter of water droplet(or medium volume diameter, MVD), the air current velocity, the tilt angle of air current and the temperature of air current on the characteristics of different parts of composite insulators impacted by water droplets. Research results show that when the MVD is less than 30μm, most of water droplets impact on the edge of the shed and the insulator core rod; when the MVD is bigger than 30μm, most water droplets impact on the upper surface of the shed; along with the increasing of air flow speed, the number of water droplets impacting the upper surface of the shed varies from increase to decrease and the critical MVD is 90 μm, and during this process the number of water droplets impacting the edge of the shed and the insulator core rod varies from increase to saturation and their critical MVD are 30 μm and 50 μm respectively; the number of water droplets impacting the composite insulator is the minimum under advectional current and the maximum under vertical air-stream with the direction from above down. The MVD, the velocity of air current and the tilt angle of air current influence the characteristics of water droplets locally impacting the insulator and their features are different.
Comparative studies of phagocytosis in normal and in anemic blood.

1. The nature of the increased phagocytic activity of the neutrophiles in anemic blood as measured in vitro is investigated. The reliability of the method is discussed and ways of improving the accuracy are described. 2. Whole normal blood was diluted to anemic levels with physiological saline alone or with additional homologous serum in order to test the effect of mechanical interference of a variable number of cells on phagocytosis. The results are equivocal. Reducing erythrocyte numbers to anemic levels by removing the packed red cells in centrifuged blood and then resuspending the remaining cells and serum showed that no change in phagocytosis was produced by this means. 3. Data on varying the oxygen tension in the atmosphere above the phagocytic system showed no consistent effects except a possible elevation in phagocytosis in pure oxygen. The time of exposure to the gases varied from zero to five hours before the addition of the bacterial suspension to the system. 4. Washed leukocytes from anemic blood had the same elevated phagocytic activity when returned to either anemic serum or to normal serum, while washed normal leukocytes had the same phagocytosis in both normal and anemic serum. It was therefore concluded that the change leading to an increased phagocytosis in anemia occurs in the neutrophile rather than in the serum. 5. These findings are discussed in the light of additional data now being prepared for publication.