cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis of the breast

Abstract 1. 1. Nine cases of tuberculosis of the breast have been presented including two cases with co-existing carcinoma. 2. 2. The need for guinea pig inoculation in addition to the usual bacteriologic study of chronic discharging breast sinuses is suggested. 3. 3. For the proper surgical management of all suspicious breast lesions, we believe that the use of the frozen section is essential. 4. 4. In only two of our nine cases was the diagnosis suspected preoperatively; one of these patients had chronic discharging sinuses and one had previous joint tuberculosis.
Analytic Modeling in Management Accounting Research

This Chapter examines analytic or modeling based research, but with an emphasis on the broader perspective of viewing research as a portfolio of investment projects. I stress three keys to good modeling: primacy of the research question, preparation of the model, and the Ralph test. I also identify dominant themes in the recent literature.
Diabetes: Emergency and Hospital Management.

Simon R Page, George M Hall BMJ Books, £25, pp 248 ISBN 0 7279 1229 1 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] ![Graphic][3] What a pleasure to read a two authored work that doesn't equivocate and expresses a consistent viewpoint (as opposed to standard multiauthored texts or dry consensus statements). Better yet, it is light and well written and admirably addresses important aspects of emergencies in diabetes care and hospital management. Several unique and attractive features of this publication warrant comment It's obvious that the authors have extensive hands-on experience with many of the problems dealt with. Accordingly, their clinical vignettes are associated with practical management gems at every turn. Their coverage of surgery … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
The influence of grazing on active γ-Proteobacteria cells

Michelle Juliette Wilson for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Chemical Engineering presented on May 18, 2007. Title: The Influence of Grazing on Active γProteobacteria Cells Abstract approved:_______________________________________________________ Barry Sherr By identifying the relationships between abundance and metabolic activity in a bacterial community, we advance our knowledge of the marine carbon cycle. In the present study, our goal was to examine the role of protist grazing on the metabolic activity of γProteobacteria in the upwelling system off the Oregon coast. Metabolically active γProteobacteria were identified and quantified by a technique which combines microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The experiment consisted of three treatments: a control, a cubitainer filtered to enhance the effects of grazing, and a cubitainer filtered to reduce the grazing pressure on heterotrophic cells. In the three treatments, changes in the γ-Proteobacteria population were independent of the entire bacterial community. We found different γ-Proteobacteria population patterns in each experimental treatment at the beginning and over the course of a 2 day incubation. In the reduced grazing environment, the increase in γ-Proteobacteria abundance was 11 times greater than the increase in the enhanced grazing environment. This suggests that γProteobacteria are vulnerable to grazing pressures. Additionally, our data suggest that metabolically active γ-Proteobacteria were targeted by grazing protists. Understanding the marine microbial communities through which carbon flows depends upon further defining the relationships between grazers and specific phylogenetic bacterial groups.
Robot skill learning, basis functions, and control regimes

A computational, constructive theory of tunable, open loop trajectory skills is presented. A skill is a controller whose outputs achieve any of a family of tasks in a space characterized by n parameters, n>1. Learning consists of a search for the best skill output generation scheme. An interpretation process maps skill outputs into sequences of commands for the plant by using basis functions. It is claimed that appropriate basis functions can speed up the learning process and overcome the limitations of a linear trajectory tuning algorithm. A skill learning algorithm and experiments done with various basis functions for a one-dimensional throwing task are described. Table lookup alternatives and whether modifications might make them feasible in this domain are considered. >
Homing behaviour of Lacerta agilis and Lacerta vivipara (Sauria, Lacertidae)

Displacements over distances of 70-150 m were carried out with 48 L. agilis and 34 L. vivipara in order to determine their ability to return to their original home range. Return rates for 70 m displacements averaged 81.5 % for L. agilis and 50 % for L. vivipara; for 100 m displacements these figures were 66.7 % and 28.6 % respectively; 150 m displacements never resulted in homing. Most returns occurred within a few days. Probably both species are familiar with a far greater area than is suggested by their home range size.
Predictors of Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Background— Patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and risk stratification in this population remains poor. Methods and Results— This study followed 269 patients (left ventricular ejection fraction 120 ms; New York Heart Association class III/IV) undergoing CRT with a defibrillator for 553±464 days after CRT with defibrillator implantation to assess for independent predictors of appropriate device therapy for VAs. Baseline medication use, medical comorbidities, and echocardiographic parameters were considered. The 4-year incidence of appropriate device therapy was 36%. A Cox proportional hazard model identified left ventricular end-systolic diameter >61 mm as an independent predictor in the entire population (hazard ratio [HR], 2.66; P =0.001). Those with left ventricular end-systolic diameter >61 mm had a 51% 3-year incidence of VA compared with a 26% incidence among those with a less dilated ventricle ( P =0.001). Among patients with left ventricular end-systolic diameter ≤61 mm, multivariate predictors of appropriate therapy were absence of β-blocker therapy (HR, 6.34; P <0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction <20% (HR, 4.22; P <0.001), and history of sustained VA (HR, 2.97; P =0.013). Early (<180 days after implant) shock therapy was found to be a robust predictor of hospitalization for heart failure (HR, 3.41; P <0.004) and mortality (HR, 5.16; P <0.001.) Conclusions— Among patients with CRT and a defibrillator, left ventricular end-systolic diameter >61 mm is a powerful predictor of VAs, and further risk stratification of those with less dilated ventricles can be achieved based on assessment of ejection fraction, history of sustained VA, and absence of β-blocker therapy.
Comparison of streamtube and three-dimensional models of reactive transport in heterogeneous media

Field-scale transport of reactive solutes is influenced strongly by physical and geochemical heterogeneity over a wide range of spatial scales. Accurate numerical simulation requires fine spatial and temporal discretization to resolve the smallest scales of heterogeneity, in addition to coupling large numbers of chemical components participating in geochemical and microbiological reactions. Standard approaches based upon finite difference or finite element discretization of the governing set of advection-dispersion-reaction equations can lead to computational difficulties for large problems. To overcome these difficulties, several streamtube-based models have been presented in the literature. These models neglect transverse dispersion, and hence reactive transport occurs along independent one-dimensional streamtubes. Therefore, streamtube models are well-suited for applications where the objective is to calculate solute flux breakthrough across a control plane. We develop a reactive streamtube model by mo...
Alterations in calcium metabolism in murine macrophages by the benzene metabolite 1,4-benzoquinone.

Abstract Exposure of murine peritoneal macrophages to very low concentrations of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) induced immediate increases in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations ([Ca 2+ ] i ). Increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were induced by concentrations as low as 5 nM and the response was dose dependent and linear up to 1 μM. The sources of Ca 2+ were from both internal inositol triphosphate (IP 3 )-sensitive and -insensitive sites and from the external medium. BQ did not induce IP 3 formation and did not affect binding to its receptors. 1,4-Hydroquinone had no effect on [Ca 2+ ] i . Catechol did elicit some increases in [Ca 2+ ] i , but did so only at much higher concentrations (5 μM). The action of BQ was almost identical to that of the established Ca 2+ –ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin except that there were some intracellular stores of Ca 2+ released by thapsigargin that were not released by BQ. BQ also was mitogenic for macrophages in conjunction with phorbol myristate acetate. These data suggest that BQ raises [Ca 2+ ] i by inhibition of Ca 2+ –ATPases, is a comitogen, and does so at concentrations that could be achieved in vivo in the general urban population.
Studies on the Chemistry and Reactivity of α-Substituted Ketones in Isonitrile-Based Multicomponent Reactions

Using the Passerini and Ugi reactions as representative tests, the utility of several α-substituted ketones R−CO−CH2−X (X = sulfonyloxy, acyloxy, azido, halo, hydroxy, and sulfonyl) in isonitrile-based multicomponent reactions was explored. In a relative rate study (R = PhCH2CH2), each of the α-substituted ketones underwent Passerini condensation more rapidly than the parent ketone. Short, highly convergent routes to oxazoline, β-lactam, di-O-acylglyceramides, and other molecular frameworks were developed.
Prevalence, incidence, and demographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis from 2000 to 2004 among children in the US Medicaid beneficiary population.

Purpose We investigated nationwide prevalence, incidence, and sociodemographics of SLE and lupus nephritis among Medicaid-enrolled children.
Nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Indiana University experience.

Abstract Objectives To report on the short-term morbidity of radical nephrectomy in 32 patients with poorer performance status and more advanced primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Nephrectomy followed by immunotherapy has been shown to improve survival in selected, good performance status patients with metastatic RCC. Methods We report on 32 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy (20 open procedures and 12 laparoscopic) in the setting of metastatic RCC at Indiana University between 1999 and 2002. The study group included patients with advanced primary tumors (inferior vena cava involvement, large size, and involvement of adjacent structures). The patients' performance status score ranged from 0 to 2. Results The average hospital stay was 5.1 days. No significant intraoperative complications were encountered, and postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients, including one perioperative death. At 4 weeks postoperatively, 21 (72.4%) of 29 assessable patients had a performance status equal to, or better than, their preoperative status, including 4 patients who converted from a preoperative performance status of 2 to 0 or 1 postoperatively. Eleven patients (34.4%) went on to receive postoperative immunotherapy. Conclusions The results of our study demonstrated that radical nephrectomy in the setting of metastatic RCC has a low morbidity and acceptable recovery in these patients with advanced primary tumors and poorer performance status.
Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Analysis Applied to Rotation Residuals of the Solar Convection Zone

We apply empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert analysis to time series of rotation residuals at all latitudes and at all depths in the convection zone derived from 49 Global Oscillation Network Group data sets covering the period 1995 May 7 to 2000 May 15. Hilbert analysis combined with EMD is a tool to analyze nonlinear and nonstationary signals and is used to localize events in time-frequency space. We calculate Hilbert power spectra, power as a function of time and frequency, for each time series in order to determine whether the rotation rate in the convection zone shows any other systematic temporal variation besides the so-called torsional oscillation pattern in the upper convection zone and the periodicity of 1.3 yr near the base of the convection zone. In other regions of the convection zone, the temporal variations of the rotation residuals are compatible with a noise signal except near about 0.86 R☉ in radius, where we find indications of a long-term period of about 6 yr. However, it is uncertain whether this signal is of solar origin, since the available data set is too short to rule out the possibility of an artifact. In addition, we calculate the amount of power contained in the torsional oscillation signal as a function of time, latitude, and radius to study the variation of the torsional oscillation pattern. The depth to which the pattern extends apparently changes with time. For example, at midlatitudes the pattern extends to deeper layers with increasing time. The degree of stationarity doubles from the surface to about 0.92 R☉ in radius, which indicates that the torsional oscillation pattern disappears with increasing depth in agreement with previous results.
‘A democracy tempered by the rate of exchange’: Audit culture and the sell-out of progressive writing curriculum

In this article, the authors draw on the concept of ‘audit culture’ to examine the political and professional implications for teachers emerging from contemporary, commercially distributed, writing...
Pyrimidine metabolism during restorative brain growth after neonatal undernutrition in the rat.

Summary: Three litters of 20 Wistar rat pups each were maintained until age 6 days at which time only the 4 lightest and 4 heaviest pups from each litter were left with the mother until age 13 days. Three control litters of eight pups each were also maintained for 13 days. At that time, the undernourished light pups showed body weight, cerebellar weight, and cerebellar DNA, respectively, of 79.2%, 86.6%, and 90.4% compared with a “combined control” group consisting of control pups plus undernourished heavy pups which were statistically indistinguishable with regard to these three measurements. After the week of “catchup” or restorative body and brain growth, activities of enzymes from metabolic pathways leading to pyrimidine and nucleic acid biosynthesis were measured in cerebella from all three groups (control, undernourished heavy, and undernourished light). The salvage pathway enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) and the inter-conversion pathway enzyme thymidylate synthetase (TS) in the undernourished light group showed significant elevations of 32% and 11%, respectively, above activity in the combined control group. The salvage pathway enzyme uridine kinase (UK) and the de novo pathway enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase were not significantly different in cerebella from these two groups. The significant elevation in TK and TS in undernourished pups suggests that these enzymes are critical for restorative brain growth. The significant elevation of TS indicates that the inter-conversion pathway converting available uridylate, a ribonucleotide, to thymidylate, a deoxyribonucleotide, is activated in order to augment DNA biosynthesis. Speculation: These findings suggest that certain metabolic pathways may have special importance in restorative brain growth. These biochemical relationships may be extrapolated to the condition of human perinatal undernutrition and restorative brain growth whereby it might be expected that certain critical enzymes and metabolic pathways may be selectively affected.
Compressive strength of unidirectional fiber composites with matrix non-linearity

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of fiber misalignment and non-linear behavior of the matrix on fiber microbuckling and the compressive strength of a unidirectional fiber composite. The initial fiber misalignment constituted the combined axial and shear stress state in the matrix, and the state of stress just prior to the buckling was considered to be the initial state of stress in bifurcation analysis. The expression for the critical microbuckling stress was found to be the same as that for the elastic shear-mode microbuckling stress except that the matrix elastic shear modulus was replaced by the matrix elastic-plastic shear modulus. Incremental theory of plasticity and deformation theory of plasticity were used to model the matrix non-linearity. The analysis results showed reasonable correlation with available experimental data for AS4/3501-6 and AS4/PEEK graphite composites with 2° to 4° range of initial fiber misalignment.
Azapeptides as inhibitors and active site titrants for cysteine proteinases.

Ester and amide derivatives of alpha-azaglycine (carbazic acid, H2NNHCOOH), alpha-azaalanine, and alpha-azaphenylalanine (i.e., Ac-l-Phe-NHN(R)CO-X, where X = H, CH3, or CH2Ph, respectively) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the cysteine proteinases papain and cathepsin B. The ester derivatives inactivated papain and cathepsin B at rates which increased dramatically with leaving group hydrophobicity and electronegativity. For example, with 8 (R = H, X = OPh) the apparent second-order rate constant for papain inactivation was 67 600 M-1 s-1. Amide and P1-thioamide derivatives do not inactivate papain, nor are they substrates; instead they are weak competitive inhibitors (0.2 mM 24 h at 4 degrees C). Azaalanine derivatives Ac-L-Phe-NHN(CH3)CO-X inactivate papain ca. 400- 900-fold more slowly than their azaglycine analogues, consistent with the planar configuration at Nalpha of the P1 residue and the very substantial stereoselectivity of papain for L- vs D- residues at the P1 position of its substrates. Azaglycine derivative 9 (R = H, X = OC6H4NO2-p) inactivates papain extremely rapidly (>70 000 M-1 s-1), but it also decomposes rapidly in buffer with release of nitrophenol (kobs = 0.13 min-1); under the same conditions 8 shows <7% hydrolysis over 24 h. This nitrophenol release probably involves cyclization to an oxadiazolone since 17 (R = CH3, X = OC6H4NO2-p), which cannot form an isocyanate, releases nitrophenol almost as rapidly (kobs = 0.028 min-1). Cathepsin C, another cysteine proteinase with a rather different substrate specificity (i.e., aminopeptidase), was not inactivated by 8, indicating that the inactivation of papain and cathepsin B by azapeptide esters is a specific process. Their ease of synthesis coupled with good solution stability suggests that azapeptide esters may be useful as active site titrants of cysteine proteinases and probes of their biological function in vivo.
Data quality in the study of the mechanisms of extracorporeal photochemotherapy

To the editor: A recently published article by Berger et al describes studies in which the authors concluded that extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) induces a subset of monocytes to differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs).[1][1] The core data are shown in [Figures 1][2] and 2 of their paper, which
Correlation of theory with experimental SOAs

Predictions for the near-traveling wave amplifier (NTWA) with multiple-quantum-well structures have been developed. The continuity equation for quantum wells (QWs) with high carrier densities is combined with the amplifier TW gain equation expressed in terms of stimulated lifetime. This formulation allows the signal gain to be related to the bias current and the optical input signal through Fermi energies. The charge neutrality condition also plays an important role for high carrier density QW amplifiers. Auger recombination and heating effects are incorporated as essential components of the model. Experimental measurements of gain versus bias current and output power for both /spl lambda/= 850- and 1550-nm devices are found to be very well matched by the calculated results.
A Near‐Earth Object Hazard Index

: With the advent of expanded near-Earth object (NEO) surveys, the number of known close approaches to Earth will increase dramatically. For many of these objects, uncertainties in their preliminary orbits will result in calculations yielding nonzero probabilities of collision over the next century. An index system is proposed which places the hazard posed by any given close approach into an easily understandable context that allows simple and efficient communication between astronomers and the public.
Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnostic approaches in clinical practice

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional gastrointestinal disorder long considered a diagnosis of exclusion, has chronic symptoms that vary over time and overlap with those of non-IBS disorders. Traditional symptom-based criteria effectively identify IBS patients but are not easily applied in clinical practice, leaving >40% of patients to experience symptoms up to 5 years before diagnosis. Objective To review the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected IBS, strengths and weaknesses of current methodologies, and newer diagnostic tools that can augment current symptom-based criteria. Methods The peer-reviewed literature (PubMed) was searched for primary reports and reviews using the limiters of date (1999-2009) and English language and the search terms irritable bowel syndrome, diagnosis, gastrointestinal disease, symptom-based criteria, outcome, serology, and fecal markers. Abstracts from Digestive Disease Week 2008-2009 and reference lists of identified articles were reviewed. Results A disconnect is apparent between practice guidelines and clinical practice. The American Gastroenterological Association and American College of Gastroenterology recommend diagnosing IBS in patients without alarm features of organic disease using symptom-based criteria (eg, Rome). However, physicians report confidence in a symptom-based diagnosis without further testing only up to 42% of the time; many order laboratory tests and perform sigmoidoscopies or colonoscopies despite good evidence showing no utility for this work-up in uncomplicated cases. In the absence of diagnostic criteria easily usable in a busy practice, newer diagnostic methods, such as stool-form examination, fecal inflammatory markers, and serum biomarkers, have been proposed as adjunctive tools to aid in an IBS diagnosis by increasing physicians' confidence and changing the diagnostic paradigm to one of inclusion rather than exclusion. Conclusion New adjunctive testing for IBS can augment traditional symptom-based criteria, improving the speed and safety with which a patient is diagnosed and avoiding unnecessary, sometimes invasive, testing that adds little to the diagnostic process in suspected IBS.
The Statistical Study of French Crises

Two major themes have been developed by Ernest Labrousse in his well-known works on prices and income. One, a reinterpretation of the origins of the French Revolution, does not concern us here. The other, a theory of an agriculturally determined business cycle, has recently been confirmed for the early nineteenth century by a young historian and student of Labrousse, M. A. Chabert, and forms the subject of this paper. Chabert's first work offered time series of French prices from 1798 to 1820, a hitherto neglected interval falling between the monetary anarchy of the assignats and the period covered by the tables of the Bureau de la Statistique Generale. He has followed this with a more ambitious effort, a general study of the social and economic development of France during the same years, as reflected in the price series already presented and other data assembled since.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: closure of the B-domain as a result of nucleotide binding.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes the production of carbamoyl phosphate which is subsequently employed in the metabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides or arginine. The catalytic mechanism of the enzyme occurs through three highly reactive intermediates: carboxyphosphate, ammonia, and carbamate. As isolated from Escherichia coli, CPS is an R,‚-heterodimeric protein with its three active sites separated by nearly 100 A. In addition, there are separate binding sites for the allosteric regulators, ornithine, and UMP. Given the sizable distances between the three active sites and the allosteric-binding pockets, it has been postulated that domain movements play key roles for intramolecular communication. Here we describe the structure of CPS from E. coli where, indeed, such a domain movement has occurred in response to nucleotide binding. Specifically, the protein was crystallized in the presence of a nonhydrolyzable analogue, AMPPNP, and its structure determined to 2.1 A resolution by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The B-domain of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetic component of the large subunit closes down over the active-site pocket such that some atoms move by more than 7 A relative to that observed in the original structure. The trigger for this movement resides in the hydrogen- bonding interactions between two backbone amide groups (Gly 721 and Gly 722) and the ‚- and A-phosphate groups of the nucleotide triphosphate. Gly 721 and Gly 722 are located in a Type IIIreverse turn, and this type of secondary structural motif is also observed in D-alanine:D-alanine ligase and glutathione synthetase, both of which belong to the "ATP-grasp" superfamily of proteins. Details concerning the geometries of the two active sites contained within the large subunit of CPS are described.
An extension of the dehoff growth path analysis

Growth path analysis is discussed from both deterministic and stochastic points of view. If nucleation is assumed deterministic, the number density function is a solution of the continuity equation. If nucleation is considered a stochastic process, the number density function loses its meaning and must be replaced by a probability density function. Im portant implications of stochastic nucleation are discussed.
Analysis of complex mutations induced in cells by herpes simplex virus type-1.

Abstract The shuttle vector plasmid pZ189 was used as a target for mutagenesis in COS-1 cells. Complex mutations were analyzed in 5 plasmids that were recovered from noninfected cells and 15 plasmids that were recovered from cells that were infected with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Complex mutations in noninfected cells consisted of duplications and rearrangements of plasmid DNA, while those from cells that were infected with HSV-1 included 8 that were enlarged due to insertion of other DNA sequences. Plasmids that contained inserted DNA showed an increase in size of from 118 by up to around 4500 bp. Maps were constructed based on restriction enzyme digestion, and some or all of each plasmid was examined by DNA sequencing. The inserted DNA was not derived from HSV-1 in any case, since it did not hybridize to DNA from HSV-1 and showed no sequence similarities to the virus. Instead, inserted DNA was found to hybridize to Hin dIII-digested cellular DNA as a single or double band in 5 plasmids and contained multiple repeat sequences such as α satellite, Alu or Kpn repeats in 4 plasmids. In four enlarged plasmids the identity of the inserted sequences could not be determined. The junctions between the shuttle vector and the inserted DNA did not show features of transposable elements and no homology was detected between inserted sequences and the sequence at the insertion site. No preferred site for recombination was detected. Although no similarities were found among the inserted sequences, it is possible that the cellular sequences represent cellular targets for virus-mediated rearrangement. It appears that HSV-1 stimulates nonhomologous recombination between DNA sequences in virus-infected cells.
The effectiveness of red light cameras in the United States-a literature review

Objective: To examine the available scientific evidence based on peer-reviewed publications concerning the effectiveness of red light cameras (RLCs) within the U.S. traffic system.Methods: Relevant literature published prior to December 2012 was retrieved from the PubMed, Medline, and Engineering Index databases using free-text term queries. Jurisdictions with either a fixed number of RLCs studied or area wide programs within the United States were included. RLC studies with additional interventions were excluded. Nine RLC studies were extracted and grouped into 3 categories based on outcome measures: violations, crashes, and injuries/fatalities.Results: All 9 studies reviewed showed significant reductions in the frequency/rate of violations, crashes, and injuries at intersections after RLC implementation. RLC interventions appear to decrease violations, crashes, and injuries at intersections.Conclusions: Despite limited peer-reviewed publications available in the literature, it appears that RLCs decrease...
Are adobe walls optimal phase-shift filters?

The adobe house construction gives an automatic, air conditioning effect because the rooms tend to be cool at midday and warm at night. Presumably this is brought about by the walls acting as a heat filter so that there is nearly a 12-hour phase lag. This raises the question of how to optimize the adobe phenomenon by a suitable design of the walls. In this study it is supposed possible to make the walls of layered construction with layers having different thermal resistivity. Such a layered wall can be modeled electrically as a ladder filter of capacitors and resistors. The input to the ladder is a sinusoidal voltage. Then the following question arises: If the filter capacitors have given values, how should the resistors be chosen so that the output voltage has a given phase lag but least attenuation? It is found possible to answer this question by use of a special variational principle. Applying this analysis to building construction shows how to maximize oscillation of interior temperature with a phase lag of a prescribed number of hours.
Seasonal variations in gastric free HCl production.

Free HCl secretion was investigated in 2 evidently healthy high school boys over a period of 11 months. A total of 65 collections was made. The results indicated a significant within-season variation during the spring and summer as compared to fall and winter.
The adenylate nucleotide pool in the digestive glandgonad complex of Biomphalaria glabrata infected by Schistosoma mansoni

The levels of adenylate nucleotides were examined in the digestive gland and ovotestes of Biomphalaria glabrata during cercarial shedding of Schistosoma mansoni, 10 weeks post-infection. In general, parasitization resulted in decreases in the adenylate levels in both tissues, but the results were not statistically significant. Moreover, the energy charge ratio was not significantly altered. The mean energy charge in ovotestes from uninfected and infected individuals was 0.81 and 0.77, respectively, and that in the digestive gland, 0.70 and 0.66, respectively. Extensive variation was observed in energy charge of digestive gland from infected individuals and this was attributed to possible differences in the degree of infection.
A Repeated Measures Approach to the Detection of the Acute Behavioral Effects of Toluene at Low Concentrations

Abstract A Repeated Measures Approach to the Detection of the Acute Behavioral Effects of Toluene at Low Concentrations. Wood, R. W., and Cox, C. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25, 293-301. Acute behavioral effects of solvents are frequently the critical parameter considered for the recommendation of exposure limit values. Studies of toluene's acute effects on animal behavior during exposure have not been particularly sensitive; increasing the number of observations at low concentrations and the number of animals studied is a reasonable approach to increasing the ability to detect small acute effects. The effects of toluene (1783000 ppm) were determined in 12 rats trained to nose poke on a probabilistic schedule of food delivery in a small exposure chamber that was highly ventilated with air or a toluene test atmosphere. Animals served as their own controls and were exposed to toluene twice a week for 2 hr during behavioral evaluation. At least six determinations of the effects of toluene were made at concentrations of 178, 300, and 560 ppm, and at least three determinations at 1000, 1780, and 3000 ppm. Biphasic concentration-effect, time-effect, and concentration-response functions were observed. Rates of nose poking increased in 4 of 12 animals at 178 ppm and in 9 of 12 animals at 300 ppm; all animals were affected at 560 ppm. The concentration at which a 10% rate increase occurred was determined by regression analysis to be 156 ppm with the lower 95% confidence limit or "benchmark" concentration being 116 ppm. Weighted regression analysis produced slightly higher estimates of these parameters, 182 and 157 ppm, respectively, while conventional logistic regression revealed that 10% of animals would be affected at a concentration of 114 ppm with a lower confidence limit of 63 ppm. These studies demonstrate that effects on the conditioned performance of rats occur at exposure levels below 300 ppm, the concentration at which robust concentration-related behavioral effects are reported during human experimental exposures to toluene. The statistical methods here have general application in noncancer safety evaluation.
A consistency mapping for the effects on enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield using two sugar yield definitions in cellulosic biofuel manufacturing

Abstract Two different sugar yield definitions (cellulose-based and biomass-based) were used in reported studies investigating the relationship between biomass particle size and enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield. It is noticed that these reported relationships are not consistent if sugar yield is defined differently. The literature does not contain any reports on the effects of sugar yield definition on the relationship between biomass particle size and enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield. This paper presents a consistency mapping to show under what conditions the relationships are consistent (or inconsistent) when these two definitions are used. The application of this mapping is illustrated via an experimental study with poplar wood biomass on the relationship between biomass particle size and enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield using both sugar yield definitions. The application of this mapping is also illustrated via data reported in the literature. Not limited to particle size, this mapping is applicable to investigations of the relationships between a variety of parameters (biomass type, pretreatment condition, etc.) and enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield.
Preferential conservation of the globular domains of the βA3/A1-crystallin polypeptide of the chicken eye lens

The primary structure of the beta 19/26-crystallin polypeptide of the chicken lens has been determined by cDNA sequencing and primer extension experiments. In addition, a primer extension experiment has corrected the sequence for the N-terminal arm of the murine beta 23 polypeptide, which is the homologue of the chicken beta 19/26 polypeptide. We also show that, in the chicken and mouse, the N-terminal arm of the polypeptide is encoded on two separate exons. For simplicity, we have changed the names of both chicken beta 19/26 and murine beta 23 to beta A3/A1, which is the name of the homologous bovine polypeptide. The deduced sequence of the chicken beta A3/A1 polypeptide fits the predicted three-dimensional structure involving two homologous domains, each folded into two 'Greek key' motifs, common to the beta gamma-crystallin superfamily of proteins. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the chicken and mammalian beta A3/A1 polypeptides indicates that different regions of the protein, which are encoded on different exons, are diverging at different rates. The N-terminal extension is the fastest evolving region of the beta A3/A1 polypeptide. Hybrid-selected translation coupled with primer extension experiments suggest that a single chicken beta A3/A1 mRNA synthesizes two polypeptides, beta A3 (25 kDa) and beta A1 (23 kDa) by utilization of different translation initiation sites.
Assessing the impact of patent infringement on new product sales

Abstract In order to assess the impact of patent infringement on the growth of a new product, a model is developed through the intervention model development processes of Box-Jenkins and Box-Tiao. Physical interpretations of model parameters and determination of associated damages suggest that the model can provide a sound basis for analyzing patent infringement disputes.
Solubilization of Hydrocarbon Emulsion Droplets Suspended in Nonionic Surfactant Micelle Solutions

The mass transport of nonpolar molecules from emulsion droplets to surfactant micelles was studied using a static light scattering technique. A series of n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with varying droplet concentrations (0−0.05 wt %) and mean droplet diameters (0.17−0.73 μm). Emulsion droplets were suspended in either pure water or water containing nonionic surfactant micelles (2 wt % polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). The time dependence of the droplet concentration and size distribution were monitored using light scattering. In the absence of surfactant micelles the size and concentration of oil droplets remained constant, but in their presence the droplet concentration decreased with time and the mean droplet diameter increased. The kinetics of the solubilization process depended strongly on the initial droplet size and concentration. Our experimental observations can be explained in terms of two opposing physical mechanisms: solubilization (which tends to decrease the mean drop...
Solid oxygen source for bioremediation in subsurface soils

Abstract Sodium percarbonate was encapsulated in poly(vinylidene chloride) to determine its potential as a slow-release oxygen source for biodegradation of contaminants in subsurface soils. In laboratory studies under aqueous conditions, the encapsulated sodium percarbonate was estimated to release oxygen over about a two-month period. Microbial survival in the presence of encapsulated sodium percarbonate was markedly increased compared to the unencapsulated compound. In laboratory studies, the encapsulated sodium percarbonate was used to provide oxygen as an electron acceptor for microorganisms during the biodegradation of propylene glycol. In 30 days at 12°C (similar to subsurface soil temperatures), the concentration of propylene glycol was reduced tenfold and the number of propylene glycol degrading organisms increased tenfold compared to live controls without the encapsulated sodium percarbonate. Killed controls did not show significantly reduced concentrations of propylene glycol compared to the live controls. Acidic soil conditions (pH 4.7) were neutralized to a pH of about 8.3 by the encapsulated sodium percarbonate.
Studying the Impact of Technology-Infused Activities among Low-Income Spanish-Speaking Immigrant Families.

This study examines the impact of an intervention technology program—Community Learning Centers—designed to assist low-income Spanish-speaking parents in learning and using technology for family advancement. The study is based on a sample of 408 participants who completed pre- and post-surveys. Data collection was conducted across 2 years in 2008 and 2009. The findings suggest that the program is achieving its objective of providing technology literacy to parents, creating learning environments for capacity building, as well as empowering parents to become participants in the educational development of their children.
Motivational Bases and Emotional Labor: Assessing the Impact of Public Service Motivation

Emotional labor has become an important topic in the study of organizational behavior, but no research has examined how it is affected in individuals’ motivational bases. Public administration scholars have started to study this concept, but empirical studies are still in their infancy. Focusing on a particular type of motivational base—public service motivation (PSM), this article assesses how PSM and its three dimensions (attraction to policy making, commitment to public interest, and compassion) affect two common emotional labor activities (surface acting and deep acting). Using data from a survey of certified public management students, the results show that PSM is negatively associated with surface acting and positively associated with deep acting. Among the PSM dimensions, attraction to policy making is positively associated with surface acting; compassion is negatively associated with surface acting and positively associated with deep acting; and commitment to public interest is not associated with surface acting or deep acting.
Design of a transuranic VUV spectrometer

Abstract We present a conceptual design of a VUV photoemission spectrometer capable of handling transuranic materials at a synchrotron source. The essential mechanical safety features as well as mandatory operating procedures are discussed. Total containment of radioactive samples is the essential goal of any such spectrometer.
Britain and Hiroshima

Most historical accounts of the atomic bombings of Japan show little interest in Britain's explicit authorization for the attacks. Meanwhile, the few historians who have attempted to explain it rel...
TECHNIQUES OF TESTING SIMILARITY BETWEEN PROFILES

This paper is a critical survey of methods for analyzing the similarity between profiles. Among the measures of similarity examined are intraclass correlation, Cattell's rp, Cronbach and Gleser's distance measure, analysis of variance, Hotelling's T2, discriminant function, and Mahalanobis' D. An evaluation is made of each, some illustrative examples are given, and the relationships among several of them are presented.
Determination of N-n-propylnoparomorphine in serum and brain tissue by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract A method for the determination of the neuractive compound N- n -propylmorapomorphine (NPA) in biological tissues is described. Isolation of NPA from serum or brain tissue was achieved via liquid-liquid extraction from phosphate-buffered tissue extract (0.25 M , pH 7.2) into ethyl acetate. The NPA, along with a [ 2 H 7 ]NPA analogue serving as internal standard, was converted to the corresponding bis(trifluoroacetyl) ester by treatment with excess trifluoroacetic anhydride at 75°C. The electrophoric derivatives were analyzed by fused-silica capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the negative ion chemical ionization mode. Selected ion monitoring of the [M − CF 3 CO] − ions of derivatized NPA ( m/z 390) and internal standard [ 2 H 7 ]NPA ( m/z 397) permitted the quantitation of NPA in serum and brain samples obtained from rats treated with either free NPA or the prodrug methylenedioxy-NPA (MDO-NPA). Calibration was conducted down to a practical limit of assay sensitivity, at 0.50 ng NPA per ml of serum and 0.50 ng NPA per g of brain. The relative standard deviation for replicate serum samples spiked at 20 ng/ml was 4.2% ( n = 5) and for brain samples at 10 ng/g, it was 3.6%. This method revealed differences in the free NPA brain/serum ratios in rats treated separately with the stereoisomers R -(−)-MDO-NPA and S -(+)-MDO-NPA.
Optical distribution networks

Current optical networks are migrating towards WDM-based transport between traditional electronic multiplexers/demultiplexers, routers and switches. The ONRAMP Program addresses technologies, architectures and designs of future high performance data networks. This paper focuses on WDM aware IP networks with emphasis on access networks. The access network can be divided into the feeder network and the distribution network. Generally bandwidths of fiber closer to the end user is less precious. Thus in the distribution network, we propose the use of all passive optical components and remotely pumped amplifiers trading bandwidth assignment efficiencies for lower costs. We will examine the design of the distribution network from the view of services to be supported by the network and its desirable properties. Generic physical topologies will be considered and implementation optics presented.
Host lymphocyte transformation in lymph of canine kidney allograft.

Abstract Renal lymph from canine allografts was carefully studied. Cells from the kidney allograft are enlarged and probably represent transformed host lymphocytes. Such cells called immunoblasts are not seen in kidney autografts or normal host kidneys. Lymph flow is also increased in the allograft. The cytokinetics in renal lymph following transplantation are mentioned. Immunoglobulin G is seen in a few immunoblasts coming from the allograft after four days. An electron photomicrograph of the transformed lymphocyte is described.
Regulation of air and blood flow through the booklungs of the desert scorpion, paruroctonus mesaensis

Abstract Injections of dye, latex and India ink were used to reveal the path of hemolymph circulation through the scorpion booklungs. Fine, branched arteries carry blood directly to muscle and other organs. The blood returns through venous channels to the ventral mesosoma where it passes laterally through the booklungs and into the pneumocardial veins just beneath the pleural cuticle. Blood flows dorsally through these veins to the pericardial sinus and heart. The scorpion has four pairs of booklungs located in the anterior segments of the ventral mesosoma. Each booklung has a spiracle which opens into an atrium enclosed by cuticular membrane. Air passes from the atrium into the booklung lamellae. Agitation of the animal or application of CO 2 causes retraction of the anterior and posterior atrial membrane. This expands the atrial chamber and allows gas exchange in the booklung lamellae. The posterior atrial membrane has a specialized region which forms a springy valve. This normally closes the spiracle unless pulled open by contraction of the attached poststigmaticus muscle. The pectens and receptors within the atrium may mediate the responses to CO 2 . Slender hypocardial ligaments containing muscle fibers extend from the heart (dorsal mesosoma) to the booklungs in the ventral mesosoma. Heart movements thus cause dorso-ventral movement of the booklungs. The significance of these movements is as yet unclear. They may increase ventilation, help force blood to the heart and/or agitate the blood and booklung lamellae and thereby aid gas exchange. Passage of blood through the booklungs is regulated by dorsal and ventral muscles attached to the atrium at the lateral edge of the booklung. Contraction of the ventral atrial muscle closes the excurrent channel for passage of blood from the booklung into the pneumocardial vein. Electrical stimulation of the segmentai nerves from the subesophageal and first three abdominal ganglia causes spiracle opening and contraction of muscles attached to the atrial membrane. A previous study showed that these same segmental nerves also modulate heart activity. They thus provide a major pathway for regulation of the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Periodical Use in a University Music Library: A Citation Study of Theses and Dissertations Submitted to the Indiana University School of Music from 1975-1980

In an effort to measure in-house use of music periodicals, a citation study based on bibliographies in theses and dissertations was conducted at the Indiana University Music Library. A total of 256 titles were cited, but only 30% were cited more than once. While the periodical literature cited by musicologists has a low rate of obsolescence, the periodicals cited by theorists and educators becomes obsolete at a rapid rate, making the rate of obsolescence for the field as a whole, fairly high, unlike other subject areas in the humanities.