cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarse-Grained Simulations of Gels of Nonionic Multiblock Copolymers with Hydrophobic Groups

Solutions of multiblock nonionic polymers with hydrophobic blocks in water exhibit crystalline and liquid-crystalline phases over a narrow temperature range. This strong temperature sensitivity, critical in the design of novel self-assembled materials, is the result of the drastic increase of hydrophobicity combined with the weakening of solvating interactions (hydrogen bonding or dipolar) as the temperature is raised. In this paper, we separate thermal fluctuations into a "kinetic" temperature and solvation effects and parametrize temperature variations with a single parameter a, where the solvent is modeled implicitly. We provide a microscopic interpretation for this parameter, and molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the phases of short ABCBA pentablocks, where the A and C blocks are hydrophobic and the B blocks are hydrophilic but contain hydrophobic groups. At low temperatures and for increasing concentrations, the system undergoes a sol-gel transition. The gel is swollen and consists of highly interconnected spherical micelles with a finite lifetime. At higher temperatures, lamellar and perforated lamellar phases are found for increasing polymer concentrations, while for intermediate concentrations, the system is found in a supercoiled gel. We find good agreement of our results with modified and inverted Pluronic systems and discuss the relevance for other polymers including hydrophobic blocks such as telechelic or peptide-based polymers.
Order-automorphisms of normal subsets of a power set

Abstract For X an infinite set and ¢P x the power set of X , we define normal subsets of ¢P x . For a particular normal subset of ¢P x we give necessary and sufficient conditions for an order-automorphism to be determined by a bijection of X (that is, induced ). We then characterise those normal subsets of ¢P x for which all order-automorphisms are induced.
Historical overview of John M. Norman's involvement in the development of several key instruments for biophysical measurement

Abstract If you have ever used a quantum sensor, or measured the LAI of a plant canopy, or lugged around a portable photosynthesis system, then you are likely the beneficiary of just some of John Norman's work in instrumentation. In his nearly 40-year career of trying to understand plants and their environment through modeling and measurements, John's boundless creativity and enthusiasm have never let lack of available instrumentation stop him for long. He leaves behind an impressive wake of gadgets and devices. Most served their purpose, and provided the missing information being sought. Some of his devices have gone on to world-wide success, while others are found only in the dust of former students’ memories. John's legacy, however, is clear, and goes well beyond instrumentation: he is a joyful, creative resource, as all who have had the privilege of knowing him can attest.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic separation and laser-induced fluorescence detection of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates of normal and modified bases

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography is used to separate dansylated nucleotides, both normal and modified species. The high separation power allows detection of minor components present in less than 1 part per thousand of the major components. Laser-excited fluorescence is used to detect the separated components at the 6 x 10(-18) mol level or 10(-9) M injected material. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatographic enrichment prior to labeling, this technique can be used to assess DNA damage in carcinogenesis studies.
CREEP BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF VANADIUM-DOPED FORSTERITE.

Vanadium-doped forsterite single crystals have been crept at atmospheric pressure, at temperatures ranging from 1571 to 1923 K under controlled oxygen partial pressure, po2. In the absence of an oxide buffer, the creep strength, the activation energy (550 ± 100 kJ/mol), the stress exponent (3.5 ± 0.5), and the po2 exponent (1/8 to 1/4) for this material are similar to those for unbuffered iron-bearing olivine. At po2= 10-11 MPa and T= 1773 K, the strength of vanadium-doped forsterite is slightly larger than that of undoped forsterite.
A general z-transform formula for sampled-data systems

In this paper a generalized formulation for the convolution z transform is presented. The advent of this formulation could cover most of the sampled-data cases discussed in the literature. This includes nonsynchronized, cyclic rate, multirate, and nonsynchronized multirate sampling. Furthermore, the use of this formula lies in its applications to certain forms of nonlinear discrete analysis, as well as to time-varying cases. Each of the applications is singled out, and the proper references are cited.
A pilot study to explore the safety of perioperative postpyloric enteral nutrition.

Background: The practice of holding enteral nutrition (EN) 8 hours prior to surgery is common. We hypothesized that it was safe to continue postpyloric EN, and we developed an institutional practice pattern to investigate our hypothesis. Methods: Our pilot study included intubated patients in the surgical intensive care unit at Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital who received EN via a nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube and underwent 1 or more surgical procedures. Demographic, illness, and injury information were collected as well as length of time to NJ placement, time to initiation of EN, EN interruptions, and complications. Additional hours of EN were calculated by totaling the number of hours a patient received EN past midnight on the day of surgery. Results: A total of 14 patients with mean (SD) age 44.3 (19.9) were included. Patients had a mean (SD) Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 26.1 (9.2) on admission and underwent a total of 38 operations following placement of a feeding tube. The most frequent operat...
Northwest Africa 773: Lunar mare breccia with a shallow-formed olivine-cumulate component, inferred very-low-Ti (VLT) heritage, and a KREEP connection

Abstract Lunar meteorite Northwest Africa 773 (herein referred to as NWA773) is a breccia composed predominantly of mafic volcanic components, including a prominent igneous clast lithology. The clast lithology is an olivine-gabbro cumulate, which, on the basis of mineral and bulk compositions, is a hypabyssal igneous rock related compositionally to volcanic components in the meteorite. The olivine-gabbro lithology exhibits cumulus textures and, in our largest section of it, includes some 48% olivine (Fo 64 to Fo 70 , average Fo 67 ), 27% pigeonite (En 60 Fs 24 Wo 16 to En 67 Fs 27 Wo 6 ), 11% augite (En 50 Fs 17 Wo 33 to En 47 Fs 13 Wo 40 ), 2% orthopyroxene (En 70 Fs 26 Wo 4 ), 11% plagioclase (An 80 to An 94 ), and trace barian K-feldspar, ilmenite, Cr-spinel, RE-merrillite, troilite, and Fe-Ni metal. The Mg/Fe ratios of the mafic silicates indicate equilibration of Fe and Mg; however, the silicates retain compositional variations in minor and trace elements that are consistent with intercumulus crystallization. Accessory mineralogy reflects crystallization of late-stage residual melt. Both lithologies (breccia and olivine cumulate) of the meteorite have very-low-Ti (VLT) major-element compositions, but with an unusual trace-element signature compared to most lunar VLT volcanic compositions, i.e., relative enrichment in light REE and large-ion-lithophile elements, and greater depletion in Eu than almost all other known lunar volcanic rocks. The calculated composition of the melt that was in equilibrium with pyroxene and plagioclase of the cumulate lithology exhibits a KREEP-like REE pattern, but at lower concentrations. Melt of a composition calculated to have been in equilibrium with the cumulate assemblage, plus excess olivine, yields a major-element composition that is similar to known green volcanic glasses. One volcanic glass type from Apollo 14 in particular, green glass B, type 1, has a very low Ti concentration and REE characteristics, including extremely low Eu concentration, that make it a candidate parent melt for the olivine-gabbro cumulate. We infer an origin for the parent melt of NWA773 volcanic components by assimilation of a trace-element-rich partial or residual melt by a magnesian, VLT magma deep in the lunar crust or in the mantle prior to transportation to the near-surface, accumulation of olivine and pyroxene in a shallow chamber, eruption onto a volcanic surface, and incorporation of components into local, predominantly volcanic regolith, prior to impact mixing of the volcanic terrain and related hypabyssal setting, and ejection from the surface of the Moon. Volcanic components such as these probably occur in the Oceanus Procellarum region near the site of origin of the green volcanic glasses found in the Apollo 14 regolith.
Industry partnerships to support computer science high school teachers' pedagogical content knowledge

There is a critical need for computer scientists in the new digital age, a need that is not being met largely due to a lack of qualified computing teachers in K-12. In this project, we explore a three- year, on-the-job teacher preparation program (TEALS) that pairs high school educators with computing professionals to teach introductory computing courses. We are currently conducting a mixed-methods study to explore the change in teachers' pedagogical content knowledge within this professional development model.
Behavioral Treatment of Drug Addiction: A Review and Analysis

(1973). Behavioral Treatment of Drug Addiction: A Review and Analysis. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 143-161.
A platform for scalable one-pass analytics using MapReduce

Today's one-pass analytics applications tend to be data-intensive in nature and require the ability to process high volumes of data efficiently. MapReduce is a popular programming model for processing large datasets using a cluster of machines. However, the traditional MapReduce model is not well-suited for one-pass analytics, since it is geared towards batch processing and requires the data set to be fully loaded into the cluster before running analytical queries. This paper examines, from a systems standpoint, what architectural design changes are necessary to bring the benefits of the MapReduce model to incremental one-pass analytics. Our empirical and theoretical analyses of Hadoop-based MapReduce systems show that the widely-used sort-merge implementation for partitioning and parallel processing poses a fundamental barrier to incremental one-pass analytics, despite various optimizations. To address these limitations, we propose a new data analysis platform that employs hash techniques to enable fast in-memory processing, and a new frequent key based technique to extend such processing to workloads that require a large key-state space. Evaluation of our Hadoop-based prototype using real-world workloads shows that our new platform significantly improves the progress of map tasks, allows the reduce progress to keep up with the map progress, with up to 3 orders of magnitude reduction of internal data spills, and enables results to be returned continuously during the job.
The American Law of Association: The Legal-Political Construction of Civil Society

The legal-political status and power of associations in American society is an age-old historical question. As early as the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville famously observed,
A First-Order, Simplified, Conservative Methodology for Computing Reentry Casualty Expectation

Casualty expectation is a measure of risk associated with the overflight of populated areas during the launch and reentry of space vehicles. Numerous methodologies exist for computing casualty expectation throughout the government and industry. These methodologies incorporate models for calculating failure conditions, debris impact areas, debris impact characteristics, and the population at risk. As a result of the recent Space Shuttle Columbia failure, computing casualty expectation for reentry from low Earth orbit has been at the forefront of the range safety community. Due to the high aero-thermal loads experienced during reentry, computing casualty expectation requires additional modeling consideration than what is required for a similar analysis during launch. These additional considerations include modeling the structural breakup of the spacecraft due to aerothermal effects and modeling the large, complicated debris impact areas affected by atmospheric drag and other perturbations. This paper presents first-order, simplified, conservative models that are combined to create a casualty expectation computation methodology that can be used for reentry mission planning. In this methodology casualty expectation is expressed in terms of its key elements: the vehicle failure conditions, the resulting debris casualty area, the probability of the debris impacting a certain area, and the population at risk. The failure state is computed along the vehicle’s nominal trajectory and the resulting discrete breakup points are fed into the debris breakup, casualty area, debris survivability, and impact probability models. The Model for computing the casualty area includes a simple debris breakup model, as well as simple equations for computing aerodynamic properties based on the debris shape. A model, which utilizes debris survivability lookup tables, has also been provided for determining whether debris survives. A model that combines a time-based estimate of the failure probability with a uniform downrange and normal crossrange impact probability density function is used to determine the debris impact probability. The population model is based on a world centroidal population database coupled with a kinetic energy sheltering factor. These models are combined to form a comprehensive methodology for computing the total casualty expectation for reentry.
The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors

The earliest extant public image of the crucifixion of Christ appears on a single relief panel on the early-fifth-century wooden doors of the Church of Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill in Rome (figs. 1 and 2). General scholarly consensus dates the construction of the church to the pontificate of Pope Celestine I (422–433 c.e.) as stated in the surviving inscription on the church's interior west wall.1 Construction probably continued into the pontificate of Sixtus III (432–440 c.e.) when the church was formally consecrated.2 Although in the ensuing centuries the image of the Crucified Christ—the Crucifix—attained canonical status, scholars seeking precedents for Santa Sabina's crucifixion scene have failed to determine its pedigree satisfactorily within the Christian artistic tradition. We propose that broadening our understanding of artistic prototypes for the Santa Sabina crucifixion image to include both formal and theological elements allows for a more nuanced and promising investigation.
The steepest descent gravitational method for linear programming

We present a version of the gravitational method for linear programming, based on steepest descent gravitational directions. Finding the direction involves a special small “nearest point problem” that we solve using an efficient geometric approach. The method requires no expensive initialization, and operates only with a small subset of locally active constraints at each step. Redundant constraints are automatically excluded in the main computation. Computational results are provided.
Semantic distance of concepts within a unified framework in the biomedical domain

This paper presents a cross-ontology approach, as an extension of the Cluster-Based approach, to measure semantic distance between concepts within single ontology or between concepts dispersed in multiple ontologies in a unified framework in the biomedical domain. The experimental results (with ~0.81 correlation with human scores) confirmed that the proposed approach is effective and has great potential in measuring semantic distance using multiple ontologies in a unified framework.
Abrupt increase in rat carotid blood flow induces rapid alteration of artery mechanical properties

Vascular remodeling is essential to proper vessel function. Dramatic changes in mechanical environment, however, may initiate pathophysiological vascular remodeling processes that lead to vascular disease. Previous work by some of our group has demonstrated a dramatic rise in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression shortly following an abrupt increase in carotid blood flow. We hypothesized that there would be a corresponding change in carotid mechanical properties. Unilateral carotid ligation surgery was performed to produce an abrupt, sustained increase in blood flow through the contralateral carotid artery of rats. The flow-augmented artery was harvested after sham surgery or 1, 2, or 6 days after flow augmentation. Vessel mechanical response in the circumferential direction was then evaluated through a series of pressure-diameter tests. Results show that the extent of circumferential stretch (normalized change in diameter) at in vivo pressure levels was significantly different (p<0.05) from normo-flow controls at 1 and 2 days following flow augmentation. Measurements at 1, 2, and 6 days were not significantly different from one another, but a trend in the data suggested that circumferential stretch was largest 1 day following surgery and subsequently decreased toward baseline values. Because previous work with this model indicated a similar temporal pattern for MMP-9 expression, an exploratory set of experiments was conducted where vessels were tested 1 day following surgery in animals treated with broad spectrum MMP inhibitors (either doxycycline or GM6001). Results showed a trend for the inhibitors to minimize changes in mechanical properties. Observations demonstrate that vessel mechanical properties change rapidly following flow augmentation and that alterations may be linked to expression of MMPs.
Distinct cell cycle–dependent roles for dynactin and dynein at centrosomes

Centrosomal dynactin is required for normal microtubule anchoring and/or focusing independently of dynein. Dynactin is present at centrosomes throughout interphase, but dynein accumulates only during S and G2 phases. Blocking dynein-based motility prevents recruitment of dynactin and dynein to centrosomes and destabilizes both centrosomes and the microtubule array, interfering with cell cycle progression during mitosis. Destabilization of the centrosomal pool of dynactin does not inhibit dynein-based motility or dynein recruitment to centrosomes, but instead causes abnormal G1 centriole separation and delayed entry into S phase. The correct balance of centrosome-associated dynactin subunits is apparently important for satisfaction of the cell cycle mechanism that monitors centrosome integrity before centrosome duplication and ultimately governs the G1 to S transition. Our results suggest that, in addition to functioning as a microtubule anchor, dynactin contributes to the recruitment of important cell cycle regulators to centrosomes.
Steady Flow Through Distorted Rectangular Tubes of Large Aspect Ratio

High Reynolds number $(Re)$ flows through large aspect ratio $(\lambda\mu)$ tubes of rectangular cross section are studied. One wall of the tube is slightly deformed to produce a two-dimensional distortion of length $\lambda$. We determine conditions for the flow at the centre of the tube and near the distortion to approximate the appropriate two-dimensional solution: namely, $\lambda\mu \gg (\lambda^{-1} Re)^\frac{1}{6}$ if $Re^\frac{1}{7} \precsim \lambda$ and $\mu \gg 1$ if $Re^\frac{1}{7} \gtrsim \lambda$. However, the latter condition needs to be strengthened to $\lambda\mu \gg Re^\frac{1}{7}$ if the flow is additionally to be approximately two-dimensional far up- and down-stream. The method of solution includes a numerical calculation for the flow in the sharp corners of the tube. We deduce that for sufficiently short distortions ($\lambda \ll Re^\frac{1}{9}$(ln $Re$)$^-\frac{11}{9}$), the sharp corners can effectively isolate disturbances in the wall boundary layers from each other. However, for larger distortions the disturbances in the boundary layers are all of comparable magnitude owing to interactions at the corners. Our examination of the corner regions also enables us to confirm a hypothesis, due to Hocking (1977) and others, that to leading order the pressure is constant in approximately square regions at the sides of the tube.
Establishing Appropriate Measurements for the Performance of Buildings and the Serviceability of Facilities

The quality of measurements needed to improve the performance of buildings and the serviceability of facilities inhere not in the measurements themselves but in their suitability to the needs of diverse and transitory participants in the development, design, construction, management and operations of buildings and facilities. Users must articulate their needs and metrological development will follow. A measurement development sequence is suggested: naming, ordering and scaling the variables of interest. Paper includes discussion of metrological history and measurement theory.
Focal and Generalized Slowing, Coma, and Brain Death

This chapter addresses the related topics of focal and generalized slowing, coma, and brain death. These EEG abnormalities are encountered in a wide range of clinical situations of variable severity. Focal and generalized slowing are both common and highly nonspecific findings in the EEG laboratory. Despite their lack of etiological specificity, EEG slowing and related patterns often bear important implications for both the location of CNS abnormalities and/or the prognosis for neurological recovery.
Radiation-activated nuclease activity of o,o'-Diphenyleneiodonium cations (DPI): a reductively initiated chain reaction involving the C1' chemistry.

Abstract Razskazovskiy, Y. Radiation-Activated Nuclease Activity of o,o′-Diphenyleneiodonium Cations (DPI): A Reductively Initiated Chain Reaction Involving the C1′ Chemistry. Radiat. Res. 159, 543–549 (2003). o,o′-Diphenyleneiodonium cations (DPI) convert relatively harmless radiation-produced electrons into efficient DNA cleaving agents. The cleavage products are unaltered DNA bases, 5-methylenefuranone (5-MF), and a complete set of 3′ and 5′-phosphorylated DNA fragments. The production of alkali-labile sites is a minor factor in the process. Based on the production of 5-MF, it is concluded that DNA cleavage by DPI cations involves (but may not be limited to) the C1′ chemistry. The loss of 3-aminoDPI (ADPI) cations bound to highly polymerized calf thymus DNA appears to be due to a short-chain reaction with an apparent length of up to 2.1 ADPI cations consumed for each radiation-produced electron. The suggested chain reaction mechanism includes the one-electron oxidation of DNA radicals (including the C1...
Three Tales of Obsession: Crosscutting Boundaries in Middle Eastern Film

By examining three classic neo-realist films directed by three cineastes from three different countries between 1958 and 1970, I attempt to engage a dialogue across boundaries of Middle Eastern film. Each film has been discussed in contexts of national cinema traditions with references to Western and Third World film, but rarely if ever in the context of regional, multi-lingual cinemas with which they share most in terms of theme and content. Representative of a national moment, the intersections of modernity and social dislocation, and centered on who loses his sanity, they constitute a not-so-accidental trilogy that blurs boundaries between realism and melodrama.
Static Destabilizing Behavior for Gas Annular Seals at High Eccentricity Ratios

The centering force of a plain, annular, liquid seal in a centered position has a pronounced effect on the rotordynamic behavior of pumps due to the Lomakin Effect. In centrifugal injection compressors, the centering force for a hole-pattern-stator/smooth-rotor for a balance-piston seal in a straight-through design or a division-wall seal in a back-to-back design has an impact on the rotordynamic behavior of high-pressure injection compressors. Annular seals for pumps and compressors are designed to operate in a nominally centered position. Previous test results show that the direct (centering) stiffness for liquid seals and hole-pattern-stator seals remain relatively constant out to eccentricity ratios of 0.5. For liquid seals, tests have shown positive centering capability at eccentricity ratios on the order of 0.7.New test results are presented for annular gas seals with smooth and hole-pattern stators, moving from centered to fully eccentric (contact) positions. The test fluid is air. The tests are for non-rotating conditions with a supply pressure up to 70 bars and pressure rations (PRs) of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. The exit Mach numbers for the tests are on the order of 0.33, so compressibility effects are not pronounced.Test results are presented for the net reaction force for a smooth seal and a hole-pattern-stator gas annular seal in moving from centered to fully eccentric positions. Comparisons are made between measurements and predictions from a bulk-flow code.The smooth seal creates significantly larger de-centering forces than the HP seal. Its measured de-centering force increases steadily as the stator approaches the wall. The negative slope of the reaction force also increases, indicating a steadily increasing negative stiffness. The de-centering force increased with decreasing PR, increasing ΔP, and is much larger than predicted.The HP seal de-centering reaction force is bi-linear with an approximate constant slope out to e0 ≅ 0.5, and then a much steeper slope out to wall contact. The model does not predict the bilinear behavior but does a reasonable job of predicting the force magnitude at contact.The de-centering forces measured here have not previously been reported and emphasize the importance of concentric assembly of annular seals in pumps and compressors. Unanticipated eccentricities that create negative stiffness will lead to over prediction of critical speeds and overly optimistic stability calculations.© 2013 ASME
Effects of Various Culture Media, Antibiotics, and Carbon Sources on Growth Parameters of Acremonium Coenophialum, The Fungal Endophyte of Tall Fescue

(1991). Effects of Various Culture Media, Antibiotics, and Carbon Sources on Growth Parameters of Acremonium Coenophialum, The Fungal Endophyte of Tall Fescue. Mycologia: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 110-115.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas

50-year-old white man presented with hyperglycemia and a 6-month history of changes in bowel habits, bloating, epigastric pain that radiated to his back, an 11.3kg weight loss, and ultimately dark brown urine and jaundice. He underwent an abdominal computer-assisted tomographic scan and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which revealed a pancreatic mass. A stent was placed in the ampulla, and he was referred for surgical evaluation of the pancreatic mass. A radical pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) was performed. The common bile duct was 1 cm in diameter. Three peripancreatic lymph nodes were enlarged up to 4 cm in diameter. The lymph nodes were difficult to dissect because of fibrosis to adjacent structures. Within the head of the pancreas, a firm nodular mass was identified. The remaining pancreas had a rocklike consistency. The surgical specimen consisted of the distal portion of the stomach, proximal portion of duodenum, and proximal portion of pancreas with attached gallbladder and cystic duct. The cut surface of the enlarged peripancreatic lymph nodes showed a nodular area of effacement. The nodes were tan-pink and had confluent areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. There was a tumor within the head of the pancreas, 1.6 cm in diameter, that was located medial to the common bile duct. The cut surface had an appearance similar to that of the enlarged lymph node. A total of 17 lymph nodes were dissected, 3 of which were positive for tumor metastases. Microscopically, the tumor was strikingly cellular and divided into lobulations by thin fibrous strands. The tumor extended into adjacent pancreatic tissue in a scalloped nodular configuration. While there were areas displaying uniform solid nests of tumor cells, the regular ‘‘acinar’’ with back-to-back glandular arrangement was a predominant pattern throughout the tumor (Figure, A). The tumor cells had a granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were basal in orientation, hyperchromatic, and showed slight variability in size and shape. The mitotic count was low (,1/10 high-power fields). There was a positive periodic acid‐Schiff reaction following diastase digestion within apical cytoplasmic tips (Figure, B). Mucicarmine was sparsely positive. Staining for neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin, synaptophysin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, and vasoactive intestinal
Cultural Diplomacy as Collaboration

In 2011–12, the US State Department funded a cultural diplomacy project with an emphasis on artistic collaboration rather than presentation that they called smARTpower. Designed by the Bronx Museum, smARTpower featured an artist or artist collective in each of 15 countries1 for 30–45 days engaging with especially people under 30 and women, local artists, teachers, and people with expertise from other than the arts aligned with the specific project. Unlike cultural diplomacy programs that send artists abroad to perform or exhibit, perhaps offer a master class, and then move on, smARTpower artists addressed community-based interests and needs such as women’s empowerment, climate change, and local history in highly participatory programs. Key to the project design, the artists were each hosted by a cultural organization, not a US embassy, which selected them from several possibilities. I visited 11 of the venues as the project evaluator, Bronx Museum Director of Education Sergio Bessa having based smARTpower on Action Lab, a project on which I worked with him some years earlier.2
A Professional Development School Technology Integration and Research Plan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Technology diffusion in public schools has varied in scale from local and state initiatives to large-scale governmental-funded programs. Teachers’ use of technology, however, remains limited and still focuses on the tools rather than on learning outcomes and teaching processes. Teacher education programs face a similar challenge in having pre-service teachers integrate technology and model best practice for teachers in public schools. One model for teacher education is viewing public schools and the university-based teacher education program as Professional Development Schools (PDS) where pre-service teachers and host teachers learn alongside each other in actual teaching including technology use. In this case a mature PDS model (20 years old) is described and how technology has been implemented across the teacher education program and within the PDS-network member schools. This case poses for the reader two questions: (1) How can technology diffusion occur in a PDS model addressing the different agendas of university, school, and state? (2) How can a technology integration plan also include program evaluation and/or research features so that the plan is formally and systematically studied?
Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry

This paper seeks to explain the technological forces that led to the rise of vertically integrated corporations in the late 19th Century and the opposing forces that led to a vertical-to-horizontal transition in the computer industry one hundred years later. I first model the technology of step processes with bottlenecks and show how this technology rewards vertical integration, a hierarchical organization, and the use of direct authority. These properties in turn became the organizational hallmarks of so-called “modern” corporations. I then model platform systems, showing that, in contrast to step processes, this technology rewards the multiplication of options, increasing risk, and modularity. Moreover, given a modular architecture, a platform system can be open, with different components supplied by separate firms with no loss of interoperability or efficiency. Openness multiplies options and expands diversity, thus increasing the platform system’s value. The last two decades of the 20th Century saw the rise of three distinct types of open platforms in the computer industry: (1) “forward open” platforms with downstream complementors; (2) “backward open” modular supply networks; and (3) “open exchange” platforms designed to facilitate transactions and other forms of social interaction. Whereas in 1980, vertically integrated firms dominated the industry, by 2000, the “verticals” had essentially disappeared. The largest firms in the industry in 2000 were sponsors and participants in open platform systems. I argue that the vertical-to-horizontal transition in the computer industry was an organizational response to a fundamental change in economic rewards to the technologies of rationalized step processes vs. open platform systems.
Breaking out of the Cloud: Local Trust Management and Rendezvous in Named Data Networking of Things

Many emerging IoT approaches depend on cloud services to facilitate interoperation of devices and services within them, even when all the communicating entities reside in the same local environment, as in many "smart home" applications. While such designs offer a straightforward way to implement IoT applications using today's TCP/IP protocol stack, they also introduce dependencies on external connectivity and services that are unnecessary and often brittle. This paper uses the design of an IoT-enabled home entertainment application, dubbed Flow, to demonstrate how the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture enables cloud-independent IoT applications. NDN enables local trust management and rendezvous service, which play a foundational role in realizing other IoT services. By employing application-defined naming rather than host-based addressing at the network layer, and securing data directly, NDN enables straightforward and robust implementation of these two core functions for IoT networks without cloud connectivity. At the same time, NDN-based IoT designs can employ cloud services to complement local system capabilities. After describing the design and implementation of Flow, together with a discussion on preliminary generalization of the design, as an evaluation the paper conducts a brief thought exercise of how Flow could be realized using two popular IoT frameworks, Amazon's AWS IoT service and the Apple HomeKit framework, and compares that with the real implementation over NDN.
Forensic Sciences under Scrutiny: Forensic Pathology:

Forensic pathology, as a scientific discipline, must depend upon generally accepted procedural standards in order to be useful in court. Procedural standards should assist investigations and determ...
Teleconsultation Process for Physicians Working with ASD Patients: Insights from a Usability Evaluation

We describe a usability evaluation of a teleconsultation model for primary care physicians (PCPs) with patients with autism spectrum disorders and a developmental-behavioral pediatrician (DBP) with relevant expertise. Six PCPs participated in a total of 12 consultations with a DBP. Detailed observations and user ratings and comments were collected. Standard usability metrics were used, and the communication quality and interactions of the two participating parties (PCP and DBP) were examined. High post-task and post-study ratings (including System Usability Scale, Communication Quality, and attitudes toward teleconsultation process scores), as well as the positive comments from participants, indicated that the teleconsultations were successful, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this type of communication, particularly for validating PCPs’ ideas and strengthening their confidence in talking with families, providing new ideas and redirected their thinking, and connecting PCPs with location-sensitive resources. PCPs found value in the opportunity to connect with an ASD specialist in a timely and efficient manner. Most indicated that the video element of the consultation enhanced clarity and understanding, attention, engagement, and collegiality, while acknowledging drawbacks such as reduced ability to multitask compared to consultations by phone. Recommendations for enhancements of the teleconsultation process focus on supporting PCPs in getting started with Zoom; providing ground rules and establishing procedures; creating information sharing/summary templates for the teleconsultation process; and fostering communication quality in a mediated environment.
Strategic Trust in Cloud-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems With an Application to Glucose Control

Advances in computation, sensing, and networking have led to interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS). Developments concerning the IoT and CPS will improve critical infrastructure, vehicle networks, and personal health products. Unfortunately, these systems are vulnerable to attack. Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are a class of long-term attacks in which well-resourced adversaries infiltrate a network and use obfuscation to remain undetected. In a CPS under APTs, each device must decide whether to trust other components that may be compromised. In this paper, we propose a concept of trust (strategic trust) that uses game theory to capture the adversarial and strategic nature of CPS security. Specifically, we model an interaction between the administrator of a cloud service, an attacker, and a device that decides whether to trust signals from the vulnerable cloud. Our framework consists of a simultaneous signaling game and the FlipIt game. The equilibrium outcome in the signaling game determines the incentives in the FlipIt game. In turn, the equilibrium outcome in the FlipIt game determines the prior probabilities in the signaling game. The Gestalt Nash equilibrium (GNE) characterizes the steady state of the overall macro-game. The novel contributions of this paper include proofs of the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the GNE. We also apply GNEs to strategically design a trust mechanism for a cloud-assisted insulin pump. Without requiring the use of historical data, the GNE obtains a risk threshold beyond which the pump should not trust messages from the cloud. Our framework contributes to a modeling paradigm called games-of-games .
Genetic Architecture of Swidden Agricultural Tribes from the Lowland Rain Forests of South America

The first humans entered South America between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago (Willey, 1978). By about 10,000 years b.p., humans had reached Tierra del Fuego and had presumably occupied the whole continent. At the beginning of this continental colonization, humans were hunter-gatherers (Martin, 1973) and undoubtedly remained so for at least a few millenia more. Both their ecological setting and their social organization would have reflected this fact. The physiography, climate, and biota of the continent were so incredibly diverse, however, that any sort of long-term habitation would have inevitably entailed severe adjustments in life-style to accomodate local ecological conditions in different areas. It seems probable that sociocultural radiation would have begun even as humans began to penetrate the rain forests, scale the cordilleras, and wander the grasslands. Social adaptation was undoubtedly a slow and fitful process, but by the time the early European explorers arrived, South America already exhibited a rich variety of social and cultural adaptations, a diversity in keeping with the underpinning ecological variety.
Sinonasal and laryngeal sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of uncertain etiology that can involve any organ system in the body. Sinonasal and laryngeal involvement is rare, poorly understood, and difficul...
Education among Zambian children: linking head of household characteristics to school attendance

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of head of household characteristics on school attendance among Zambian children. The study used nationally representative cross-sectional survey data with a sample of 24,165 school-aged children between the ages of 6 and 14. Findings showed that approximately 23% of the children were not in school, 14% were orphans, and 42% of children in the sample were from poor households. Heads of household in the sample showed low levels of education attainment; about 45% had a primary level education. Male heads of household had significantly higher levels of education compared to females (p < .001). Logistic regression model results showed that children living with a female head of household were more likely to attend school compared to those living with a male head of household (OR = 1.339, p < .001). In addition, findings showed greater likelihood for children’s school attendance the more educated the head of household was (p < .001). Increase in the age of the head of hous...
Neurosyphilis: mighty imitator forays with benign presentation and unique neuroimaging findings.

Background Common causes of temporal lobe hyper intensities are central nervous system infections like herpes simplex encephalitis, Lyme disease, limbic encephalitis and vascular pathology like Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. Methods: Personal assessment, laboratory data analysis and neuroimaging for the patient who was admitted to a central Pennsylvania tertiary care referral centre were conducted. Results: A 52-year-old male presented with a 1-year history of diffuse dysesthesia in upper and lower extremities with associated intermittent headaches and neck stiffness. Evaluation with lumbar puncture revealed increased nucleated cells (50 ul) with lymphocytic predominance (96%) and an elevated protein level of 109 mg/dl. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed T2/FLAIR hyper intensity in bilateral subcortical temporal white matter, left-greater-than-right and associated volume loss in cerebral parenchyma. Additional abnormal work up included reactive serum reactive plasma regain and Treponema pallidum antibody particle agglutination. Diagnosis of neurosyphilis was made and the patient was treated with intramuscular (IM) penicillin for 3 weeks. At the time of discharge, his headache and neck stiffness resolved and dysesthesias were decreased in intensity. Conclusions: The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is intricate, and no reference standard exists. Neuroimaging findings of neurosyphilis commonly are cerebral infarctions, leptomeningeal enhancement or non-specific white matter lesions. Less common features on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences are cortical atrophy and mesial temporal parenchymal signal changes. It is prudent to keep neurosyphilis in differential of mesial temporal lobe white matter changes, as early diagnosis and treatment results in better prognosis.
Bone Scanning for the Early-Detection of Metastases

Skeletal scintigraphy is one of the most frequently performed examinations in nuclear medicine. There are no longer any important differences over technique and procedure. 99mTc-labeled phosphorus complexes have been used as tracer substances for 11 years and there is general agreement on the indications for bone scanning and on its results. New developments cannot be expected in the near future.
Relationships between the Energies of Atoms and Molecules and the Electrostatic Potentials at Their Nuclei

This discussion shall focus upon the interesting and important observation that the energies of atoms and molecules can be related, both exactly and approximately, to the electrostatic potentials at their nuclei. This observation, which reveals a new route for determining total energies, is of considerable significance for several reasons. The electrostatic potential is a real physical property, and can be obtained from the electronic density function, as shall be shown below. Thus, from a theoretical point of view, the developments to be discussed are in the domain of density functional theory. No wave functions need necessarily enter the picture. Indeed since electronic densities can be determined experimentally, for example by X-ray diffraction or by electron diffraction,1–7 it follows that accurate and effective relationships between total energies and electrostatic potentials will permit energy quantities to be derived from such experimental measurements, even for very large systems.
Nipple Discharge: Imaging Variability Among U.S. Radiologists.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess radiologists' choice of imaging modality for the evaluation of clinical symptoms of physiologic nipple discharge (e.g., bilateral discharge, multi...
In vitro Measurement of Release Kinetics of Temperature Sensitive Liposomes with a Fluorescence Imaging System

Temperature sensitive liposomes (TSL) are a promising type of nanoparticles for localized drug delivery. TSL typically release the contained drug at mild hyperthermic temperatures (40-42 °C). Combined with localized hyperthermia, this allows for local drug delivery. In vitro characterization of TSL involves measurements of drug release at varying temperatures, but current methods are inadequate due to low temporal resolution of ~8 – 10 seconds. We present a novel method for measuring the drug release with sub-second temporal resolution. In the proposed system, the TSL entrapping the fluorescent drug (Doxorubicin) are pumped through a capillary tube. The tube is rapidly heated to a desired temperature via Peltier element. Since fluorescence increases as drug is released from TSL, drug release kinetics can be measured via fluorescent imaging. By fitting exponential models, we calculated the time constants of drug release at temperatures of 39.5, 40.5 and 41.5.C were about 6.09, 2.06 and 1.03 seconds, respectively. Our initial tests show that the developed system can measure TSL release at subsecond resolution, and thus allow adequate in vitro evaluation of TSL formulations.
Directed evolution of the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1 reveals that its N- and C-terminal domains cooperate in matrix metalloproteinase recognition.

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are natural inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that contribute to cancer and many inflammatory and degenerative diseases. The TIMP N-terminal domain binds and inhibits an MMP catalytic domain, but the role of the TIMP C-terminal domain in MMP inhibition is poorly understood. Here, we employed yeast surface display for directed evolution of full-length human TIMP-1 to develop MMP-3-targeting ultrabinders. By simultaneously incorporating diversity into both domains, we identified TIMP-1 variants that were up to 10-fold improved in binding MMP-3 compared with WT TIMP-1, with inhibition constants (Ki ) in the low picomolar range. Analysis of individual and paired mutations from the selected TIMP-1 variants revealed cooperative effects between distant residues located on the N- and C-terminal TIMP domains, positioned on opposite sides of the interaction interface with MMP-3. Crystal structures of MMP-3 complexes with TIMP-1 variants revealed conformational changes in TIMP-1 near the cooperative mutation sites. Affinity was strengthened by cinching of a reciprocal "tyrosine clasp" formed between the N-terminal domain of TIMP-1 and proximal MMP-3 interface and by changes in secondary structure within the TIMP-1 C-terminal domain that stabilize interdomain interactions and improve complementarity to MMP-3. Our protein engineering and structural studies provide critical insight into the cooperative function of TIMP domains and the significance of peripheral TIMP epitopes in MMP recognition. Our findings suggest new strategies to engineer TIMP proteins for therapeutic applications, and our directed evolution approach may also enable exploration of functional domain interactions in other protein systems.
A Macroscale Model for Hands-On Activities Demonstrating Transmission Electron Microscopy

Although nanotechnology lessons are increasingly integrated into curricula, students still face significant challenges in understanding the characterization techniques used to investigate nanotechn...