cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological and mechanical characterization of bone phenotypes in the Amish G610C murine model of osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary bone disease where gene mutations affect Type I collagen formation resulting in osteopenia and increased fracture risk. There are several established mouse models of OI, but some are severe and result in spontaneous fractures or early animal death. The Amish Col1a2G610C/+ (G610C) mouse model is a newer, moderate OI model that is currently being used in a variety of intervention studies, with differing background strains, sexes, ages, and bone endpoints. This study is a comprehensive mechanical and architectural characterization of bone in G610C mice bred on a C57BL/6 inbred strain and will provide a baseline for future treatment studies. Male and female wild-type (WT) and G610C mice were euthanized at 10 and 16 weeks (n = 13-16). Harvested tibiae, femora, and L4 vertebrae were scanned via micro-computed tomography and analyzed for cortical and trabecular architectural properties. Femora and tibiae were then mechanically tested to failure. G610C mice had less bone but more highly mineralized cortical and trabecular tissue than their sex- and age-matched WT counterparts, with cortical cross-sectional area, thickness, and mineral density, and trabecular bone volume, mineral density, spacing, and number all differing significantly as a function of genotype (2 Way ANOVA with main effects of sex and genotype at each age). In addition, mechanical yield force, ultimate force, displacement, strain, and toughness were all significantly lower in G610C vs. WT, highlighting a brittle phenotype. This characterization demonstrates that despite being a moderate OI model, the Amish G610C mouse model maintains a distinctly brittle phenotype and is well-suited for use in future intervention studies.
Performance of Zucker rats in two consummatory contrast paradigms

Zucker obese rats showed larger successive negative contrast (degree of reduction in licking when shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose) and larger anticipatory contrast (depressed intake of 4% sucrose when 4% sucrose preceded 32% sucrose in once-per-day pairings) than Zucker lean rats. However, the difference between the lines was small and the performance of the obese rats was similar to that of commercially available Sprague-Dawley rats. The lean and obese rats did not differ in their intake of 32% or 4% sucrose in noncontrast conditions, but they did differ in open-field activity—the obese rats were considerably less active than the lean rats. These data indicate that Zucker obese rats show normal incentive relativity functions in the consumption of sucrose.
Using Single-Species and Whole Ecosystem Tests to Characterize the Toxicity of a Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent

A four-month experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of a sewage effluent using both single-species and whole ecosystem tests. Fresh effluent from the East Greenwich, Rhode Island, sewage treatment plant was added daily to six experimental ecosystems (mesocosms). Sewage effluent additions were made at 0.1, 1.0, and 10% of the daily seawater input (960 L/day) from Narragansett Bay. Reagent grade, inorganic nutrients were added to the control, 0.1% and 1.0% effluent treatments to normalize nutrient loadings in all treatments. The Arbacia punctulata sea urchin sperm cell test was conducted on effluent and mesocosm samples. In the mesocosms, measurements of responses at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization were made. The single-species toxicity test indicated the mean EC 5 0 of the sewage effluent was 1.1%. Toxicity decayed rapidly over time, and was unrelated to carbon, nutrient, residual chlorine, or metal concentrations. Toxicity in the mesocosms was variable due to short-term (4 to 5 h), incomplete mixing of the effluent. There was no evidence for a buildup of toxicity in the mesocosms. Mesocosm effluent additions decreased phytoplankton standing stock and produced an imbalance between total system production and respiration leading to hypoxia. At the 10% effluent loading, net system production was negative. Results indicated both single-species and mesocosm approaches were useful to assess toxicity. The single-species test was best utilized to characterize the magnitude and persistence of toxicity, and the mesocosm experiments were best employed to identify sensitive communities and processes.
Making aesthetic choices

A framework is presented for making choices that are primarily constrained by aesthetic, as opposed to pragmatic, considerations. An example of the application of this framework is a computer system called "Ani", capable of making simple computer animation in response to high-level incomplete story descriptions. Aesthetic choice is presented as a parallel computation in which each choice point gathers together and evaluates suggestions. When faced with difficulties these choices can be postponed. The order in which inter-dependent choices are made is influenced by the focus of the problem.
We'll See it When We Believe it

Recently, I watched a young high school English teacher lecture for at least forty minutes, using four or five illustrative transparencies. When I asked him why he employed the lecture method with the particular subject matter he was teaching, he replied, "I wasn't lecturing; I was using the overhead." Not long before this exchange, a supervisor of English teachers had written me a glowing account of how effectively one of her teachers taught weekly vocabulary lists (incidents disguised). These teachers, supervisors, and others like them are intelligent people who have been repeatedly exposed to educational theories that question the extensive use of lectures and the use of vocabulary lists in high school English classes. What is it that keeps them from seeing these teaching acts critically in relation to the theory that they have been taught? Why is it that many teachers still use workbooks, teach Latin grammar in isolation, and stress technical literary terminology prior to students' understanding of the concepts? Why are so few English teachers working with listening skills? In other words, why are English teachers not employing methods recommended by research, their university instructors, and experts in teaching? I believe that the answers lie in their preservice education. Before English teachers can use multiple or new strategies with ease, at least three reforms must be effected. First, we must include coached practice in our education programs; second, we must help young teachers to understand themselves; and third, the content and delivery of all courses must be reconsidered. To effect reform, any reform, in university teacher education, we will need to believe in that reform. The same is true of reform in public school English classes. We will see educational reform implemented in English classrooms when teachers believe it is necessary. "We'll see it when we believe it," to quote Saul Alinsky (1978, p. 59).
Circuit activity driven multilevel logic optimization for low power reliable operation

The problem of optimization of multilevel combinational logic to achieve low power dissipation as well as low area is considered wherein it is assumed that static CMOS gates are used. Given a multilevel Boolean network as a collection of functions, the system determines a new function at a time, adds it to the collection and expresses the existing functions in terms of it. In selecting the new function the effect on power dissipation as well as area are considered. The authors describe an efficient implementation of a general algorithm to compute expected number of transitions per unit time at circuit nodes. These numbers are in turn used to compute power dissipation. A prototype multilevel logic optimization system has been implemented. Results are given for a selection of benchmark examples. >
Isolation of helicase alpha, a DNA helicase from HeLa cells stimulated by a fork structure and signal-stranded DNA-binding proteins.

Abstract A DNA helicase, called DNA helicase alpha, was purified from HeLa cells to apparent homogeneity. The helicase and its single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activities cosedimented in glycerol gradients with two polypeptides of 110 and 90 kDa with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.4 S. The DNA helicase was markedly stimulated by DNA substrates with a 5'-tailed fork. A DNA substrate with a 3'-tailed fork structure was less stimulatory, although it was more active than substrates without a fork. The directionality of unwinding is 3'-->5' with respect to the single-stranded DNA to which the enzyme was bound. The helicase activity also required a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) for unwinding activity. The stimulation by SSBs was nonspecific; all SSBs tested, such as human SSB, bacteriophage T4 gene 32, and Escherichia coli SSB, stimulated the DNA helicase activity to a varying extent in the presence of a fork structure. With long duplex substrates (> 500 base pairs), the presence of a fork substantially stimulated the DNA helicase activity in the presence of E. coli SSB. Human SSB stimulated the DNA helicase activity to the greatest extent (> 10-fold) with a substrate containing a fork compared with substrates without a fork. DNA helicase activity required ATP hydrolysis and could be supported by all eight nucleoside triphosphates. The Km values for ATP and dATP in unwinding were 28 and 48 microM, respectively. In general, ribonucleoside triphosphates were better effectors than deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The properties of this DNA helicase make it a candidate for a DNA replicative helicase in human cells.
The Prince of Wales Versus Clark Gable

ABSTRACTIn the 1920s and 1930s Americans avidly consumed news of Edward, Prince of Wales, through a variety of media: mass circulation newspapers and magazines, radio, the gramophone and film. This article argues that the Prince of Wales' popularity in the United States between the wars sheds light on key changes in the meaning of citizenship following mass enfranchisement in the Anglo-American world. It argues also that media representations of the Prince of Wales contributed to the creation of an Anglophone culture of celebrity, which would become a primary means by which Britons and Americans came to know each other in the inter-war years.
La enseñanza del inglés a estudiantes inmigrantes en Estados Unidos: Un breve resumen de programas y métodos

Nearly ten per cent of the students currently attending public schools in the United States are classified as English Language Learners ( ELL ); that is to say, students who are learning English. The most important challenge this population brings to the educational authorities of their school districts and the schools they attend, is to find the most effective ways to teach them both English and the academic content pertaining to their grade. Since the methods traditionally used did not teach them either the vocabulary or the content needed for subjects such as Math or Science, they fell behind their English-speaking peers. It was necessary, then, to evolve toward a better integration of the language and the lesson content. The present article summarizes the objectives of the traditional methods, details the changes that have taken place in the last decades to improve the simultaneous teaching of English and academic content, and concludes with an explanation of the techniques most used today.
Antimigraine drugs: new frontiers

There are many acute care and preventive medications for the treatment of migraine. However, patients may often find that their headaches are not under optimal control. There are several targets that have been looked at and studied for the production of new, more effective medications. There are also effective devices for therapy of migraine. A list of targets will be put forth and a small number of them will be described in greater detail in this paper.
Acceleration of Citrate Oxidation in Yeast by Aspartic Acid

CITRATE oxidation in cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has previously been reported to be stimulated by a weakly basic factor present in boiled yeast juice1. It was afterwards observed that ammonia accelerates citrate oxidation when added to the assay system for oxidation factor, and significant amounts of free ammonia were found in the boiled juice prepared from the D.C.L. commercial bakers' yeast investigated2. In a further study of different strains of yeast, high oxidation factor activity has now been observed in ammonia-free extracts of Anheuser–Busch commercial bakers' yeast when added to a particulate-free enzyme from the same organism. In these preparations all activity is due to free L-aspartic acid, present in a concentration of 4.6 [µM/gm. yeast. The end-product of citrate oxidation in the presence of aspartic acid is glutamic acid. The reaction requires the addition of di- or tri-pyridine nucleotide coenzymes. This is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Mergers and the market for organization capital

Abstract In this paper, mergers are an equilibrium outcome in which acquirers “marry” targets so as to gain access to their organization capital. Firms with lower learning costs about the new technology are not necessarily those that manage it best once it is mature. Since there are gains from trade, a market for organization capital can arise through mergers. This model generates a merger wave after a shock to technology and is consistent with several other stylized facts on mergers documented in the literature.
An analysis of the European community VAT: Implications for U.S. tax policy

Abstract In recent years, several proposals have been introduced to implement a value added tax (VAT) in the United States as well as other forms of consumption-based or flat-taxes. Most proposals are pitched as being fairer, simpler, and more amenable to encouraging personal savings and business investment than the federal income tax. However, consumption taxes such as the VAT have often been criticized for three main reasons. First, consumption taxes such as the VAT, are accused of being money machines in government hands. Second, consumption taxes are said to be regressive. Third, consumption taxes are said to pre-empt the state tax base. Revenue Statistics from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development for nine European Union (EU) countries are used to determine whether the VAT became a “money machine” in the nine EU countries. Results indicate that VATs can be implemented without becoming money machines for the government. EU countries used the VAT to replace a number of indirect taxes and not to increase the overall tax burden. Disparate findings from prior studies are reconciled for the same years studied by prior authors. One possibility for disparate findings may be that prior studies used too few years of data in their analysis.
Assessment of the influence of ENSO on annual global air temperatures

Abstract The connection between El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as characterized by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the global air temperature (GAT) is studied in the time and frequency domains, within the framework of bivariate autoregressive (AR) modeling and maximum entropy spectral analysis. The linear relationship between Sol and GAT is shown to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence level for the entire frequency range from 0.0 to 0.5 cycle year−1 The GAT-SOI time series form a closed feedback loop linear system with the damping factor of 0.38 and operating frequency of 0.062 cycle year−1 The contribution of ENSO to the overall GAT variance is shown to amount to about 30%; it reaches 35% at frequencies between 0.1 and 0.2 cycle year−1 and is not less than 25% between 0.02 and 0.34 cycle year−1 At higher frequencies the contribution decreases to about 10%. A unit change in SOI leads to a 0.13°C change in the global air temperature at f ≈ 0.06 cycle year−1 whereas at the higher frequencies, the response decreases to about 0.04°C. The spectrum of ENSO-subtracted annual variations of GAT has relatively low energy in the low-frequency band and a broad maximum centered at about 0.25 cycle year−1 The spectrum of the Sol contribution to GAT variations has approximately the same shape as the GAT spectrum, which means that ENSO contributes more energy to variations of GAT at large and intermediate (4–6 years) time scales.
Digital vascular resistance in normal, polycythemic and hypertensive states.

The relationship between blood pressure and flow in the digital circulation has been found to be rectilinear. This makes it possible from a single pressure-flow determination to measure (1) digital vascular configuration volume index, (2) initial digital arterial caliber, (3) resistance in dyne second/cm.5, (4) resistance in dynes and (5) resistance in dynes/cm.2. The normal variations in these values and the deviations from the normal found in hypertension and polycythemia are presented.
In Honor of Robert M. Solow: Nobel Laureate in 1987

is a friend of mine. And, I can tell you, he's no Dan Quayle. In fact, so far as I can tell, he has nothing at all in common with Dan Quayle. He does, however, have something in common with Ken Galbraith, Milton Friedman, and Paul Samuelson-three of the most famous economists of our age: he shares Galbraith's skill with the pen, Friedman's dexterity with the spoken word, and Samuelson's way of making mathematics sing economics. Take pity, if you will, on the poor soul-me-who has to stand here and pay tribute to such a man without sounding trite. Here is a man who has done everything, garnered every honor an economist can get, and yet has managed to earn not only the profound respect and admiration of his peers but also their deep affection. It is truly no exaggeration to say that many in our profession look upon him like a brother or like a father, and that economists' faces all over the world lit up when his Nobel Prize was announced. Here is a scholar whose work has left an indelible imprint on his discipline. Not just a model, mind you, but even a residual bears his name! Here is a teacher who probably numbers among his students more leading economists than anyone who ever lived. Here is a writer who brings grace, charm, and humor to economic prose-something often thought impossible. Here is a man whose worst apparent fault is that he roots for the Boston Red Sox. (How can such a fine person do such a crazy thing?) More important, how can I stand here singing his praises without simply sounding corny? Especially when I know he will rise in a few minutes and show me up. Well, let me try by starting with some straight biography. Robert Merton Solow began life in exactly the right way, if you want to become a great economist: he was
Relationships Between Alcohol-related Informal Social Control, Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Problem Behaviors Among Racially Diverse Urban Youth

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationships between alcohol-related informal social control and parental monitoring on alcohol use, behavior and intentions; violent behavior; and delinquent behavior in a racially diverse population of young urban adolescents. Baseline surveys were administered to 6th grade male and female students in 61 urban Chicago schools as part of Project Northland Chicago, a group randomized trial for the prevention/reduction of substance use. A subset of their parents (n = 3,034) was also surveyed regarding alcohol use, violence, and delinquency and related issues. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships between alcohol-related informal social control (as measured by parental perceptions of neighborhood action regarding youth drinking) and parental monitoring (as reported by parents), and three adolescent outcomes (alcohol use, behaviors and intentions; violent behavior; and delinquent behavior; as reported by teens). Associations between alcohol-related informal social control and parental monitoring were positive and significant (P < .001). Direct paths from parental monitoring to all three adolescent outcomes were negative and statistically significant (alcohol use, behaviors and intentions, P < .001; violent behavior, P < .001; and delinquent behavior, P < .001). Alcohol-related informal social control was not significantly associated with adolescent outcomes. Efforts to engage parents to be more active in monitoring adolescents’ activities may be related to lower levels of underage drinking, violence and delinquency among both female and male urban youth. Neighborhood norms and action against teenage drinking may be too distal to adolescent outcomes to be directly associated.
Exploring stem cell biology with small molecules

Stem cells hold promise for the treatment of a number of diseases. Small molecules serve as useful chemical tools to control stem cell fate and may ultimately contribute to development of effective medicines for tissue repair and regeneration.
A Top-Five List for Emergency Medicine: A Pilot Project to Improve the Value of Emergency Care

IMPORTANCE The mean cost of medical care in the United States is growing at an unsustainable rate; from 2003 through 2011, the cost for an emergency department (ED) visit rose 240%, from $560 to $1354. The diagnostic tests, treatments, and hospitalizations that emergency clinicians order result in significant costs. OBJECTIVE To create a "top-five" list of tests, treatments, and disposition decisions that are of little value, are amenable to standardization, and are actionable by emergency medicine clinicians. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Modified Delphi consensus process and survey of 283 emergency medicine clinicians (physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners) from 6 EDs. INTERVENTION We assembled a technical expert panel (TEP) and conducted a modified Delphi process to identify a top-five list using a 4-step process. In phase 1, we generated a list of low-value clinical decisions from TEP brainstorming and e-mail solicitation of clinicians. In phase 2, the TEP ranked items on contribution to cost, benefit to patients, and actionability by clinicians. In phase 3, we surveyed all ordering clinicians from the 6 EDs regarding distinct aspects of each item. In phase 4, the TEP voted for a final top-five list based on survey results and discussion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A top-five list for emergency medicine. The TEP ranked items on contribution to cost, benefit to patients, and actionability by clinicians. The survey asked clinicians to score items on the potential benefit or harm to patients and the provider actionability of each item. Voting and surveys used 5-point Likert scales. A Pearson interdomain correlation was used. RESULTS Phase 1 identified 64 low-value items. Phase 2 narrowed this list to 7 laboratory tests, 3 medications, 4 imaging studies, and 3 disposition decisions included in the phase 3 survey (71.0% response rate). All 17 items showed a significant positive correlation between benefit and actionability (r, 0.19-0.37 [P ≤ .01]). One item received unanimous TEP support, 4 received majority support, and 12 received at least 1 vote. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our TEP identified clinical actions that are of low value and within the control of ED health care providers. This method can be used to identify additional actionable targets of overuse in emergency medicine.
STEADY-STATE THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUSLY QUENCHED MATERIALS

This paper presents a methodology for thermomechanical analysis of a continuously quenched material at steady state. The heat transfer associated with the quenching process is governed by a convection-diffusion equation, and the thermal stress evolution is governed by the equation of motion and the constitutive equations. To formulate the thermomechanical problem, the Petrove-Galerkin finite element method is used for the heat transfer problem, while the virtual work principle with the finite element method is applied to the thermal stress problem. Both the thermal and stress problems are solved in the Eulerian frame with the inelastic strain rate systematically integrated along the quenched material. To integrate the inelastic strain rate, a weak formulation is applied to the material derivative of the constitutive equation for inelastic deformation, where the Petrove-Galerkin approach is also employed. In a test problem with a classical viscoplastic constitutive model, numerical results are compared wit...
Universal features of polymer shapes

Forme moyenne adoptee par de longues chaines polymeriques en solution diluee dans un bon solvant
Comparison of hardwood stand structure after partial harvesting using intensive canopy maps and geostatistical techniques

Abstract Intensive canopy mapping and geostatistical techniques were used to evaluate spatial heterogeneity in stand structure after diameter-limit harvests and a shelterwood seed cut in an Appalachian hardwood stand. The size, density, and location of tree crowns and stems were mapped to provide baseline data for predetermined locations within treatment blocks. Spatial data were collected from the same areas. Variogram models were used to compare spatial dependence in canopy cover and regeneration among the harvests. Kriged estimates of canopy cover were obtained and compared to intensive canopy maps. Canopy cover was spatially dependent on a range of 11.5 m in the shelterwood seed cut, 7.5 m in the 30 cm, and 8.1 m in the 41 cm diameter-limit harvests. Spatial dependence of regeneration extended to a range of 9.7 m in the shelterwood seed cut and 7.3 m in the 41 cm diameter-limit harvest. There was little dependence in regeneration presence within the 30 cm diameter-limit harvest at the scale sampled. Shade-tolerant regeneration had longer ranges of spatial dependence in the shelterwood seed cut. Shade-intolerants were autocorrelated at greater distances within the 41 cm diameter-limit harvest. Tolerant regeneration was positively correlated with the presence of canopy to a distance of 5–10 m. Likewise, the presence of shade-intolerant regeneration was negatively correlated with canopy cover at the same distance. Kriged and intensive canopy maps appeared to match well; however, when sampled, only the kriged maps of the 30 cm diameter-limit harvest corresponded with the intensive canopy maps to a significant extent. Geostatistics provided an excellent means of depicting spatial dependence in these harvests. Future refinements of these techniques could allow larger areas to be sampled with less error, as well as with a large reduction in both cost and effort when compared to intensive canopy mapping.
Thermoregulation: What's New? What's Not?

n reviewing literature, as far back as the 1800s, the use of I heated incubators has improved survival rates of term and preterm infants. The idea of incubation can be traced as far back as to the Egyptians, who used heat to improve the productivity of hatching chicken eggs. As the chick embryos matured, less heat was required because the embryo generated its own heat from an increase in metabolism, related to being more mature and larger. In his travels to Egypt from France in 1799, Napoleon was impressed with the incubation theory and brought it back to France, where it was used in Parisian zoos. A French obstetrician, Tarnier, was the first to apply this idea of incubation to human premature infants in the late 19th century, where he reported improving survival of premature infants using crude incubators to warm them. The survival of these small infants was so impressive that, during this time, it was common to see infants in incubators on display at carnivals and fairs around the world. Over the next 60 years, the survival of small infants weighing less than 2000 grams increased from 38% to 66% when the infants were kept warm with incubators. Numerous studies initiated the technologically advanced development of incubators and radiant warmers used today. The theory of thermoregulation has been studied repeatedly and shown to be an effective intervention in neonatal care. Basic concepts of heat exchange and the physiology of human thermoregulation are crucial points to understand to provide a thermal-neutral environment for the premature infant. To maintain a constant central temperature within narrow limits (36.5°C–37.5°C), very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants or sick premature infants are typically cared for either in incubators or under radiant warmers. Maintaining a constant temperature requires a balance between heat production and heat loss.
The Philosophical Foundations of Risk

A partir de N. Rescher : " A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management " (Univ. Press of America, Washington, 1983), l'A. confirme l'idee que la theorie de la decision ne suffit pas a fonder une analyse complete de la notion de risque : il y faut, en plus, une theorie epistemologique
Thermal cycling and the optical and electrical characterization of self-assembled multilayer Nile Blue A–gold thin films

Some laser applications produce high power densities that can be dangerous to equipment and operators. We have fabricated thin-film coatings by using molecular electrostatic self-assembly to create a spectrally selective absorbing coating that is able to withstand thermal fluctuations from −20 °C to 120 °C. We made the thin-film coatings by alternating deposition of an organic dye and gold colloidal nanoparticles onto glass substrates. Nile Blue A perchlorate, with a maximum absorbance slightly above 632 nm, was chosen as the organic dye. Strong coupling between the dye molecules and the gold nanoparticles provides a redshift that increases as the film’s thickness is increased. The incorporation of the gold colloidal nanoparticles also decreases the resistivity of the film. The resistivity of the film was measured with a four-point probe and found to be ~10 Ω/cm for the two samples measured. Atomic-force microscopy was used to show that film thickness increased 2.4 nm per bilayer. The optical properties of the film were measured at the end of every 5 thermal cycles from −20 °C to 120 °C, and negligible degradation was observed after 30 cycles.
Analysis of microstructures of laser surface-melted tool steels

Des experiences de traitements par faisceau laser sur des aciers outil AISI M2 et T1 ont ete realisees pour identifier les microstructures en fonction de la profondeur de fusion ou de la vitesse de refroidissement
The response of the associational afferents to the dentate gyrus to simultaneous or sequential elimination of the commissural and entorhinal afferents.

Previous studies have shown that following the removal of the commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus, the ipsilateral association afferents, which are normally distributed within the same region of the molecular layer, sprout new collateral branches and in time occupy essentially all the vacated synaptic sites. It is also known that when the entorhinal afferents to the dentate gyrus are interrupted the associational and commissural fibers can both undergo a similar phase of reactive synaptogenesis and give rise to new collaterals which extend for some distance into the denervated zone. Since the associational fibers can sprout after the removal of either the commissural or entorhinal afferents experiments were designed to determine their capacity for sprouting in newborn and young adult rats when both groups of afferents were eliminated either simultaneously or sequentially (i.e., after an interval of 8 weeks). The resulting changes in the terminal field of the associational afferents were assessed, two months after the last deafferentation, by measuring in autoradiographs the width of the zone occupied by the associational afferents labeled with [3H]proline, and by estimating the volume of this region in Timm-stained sections. The results indicate that under these conditions the associational afferents are capable of expanding their terminal field not only to occupy essentially all of the synaptic sites made available by the elimination of commissural fibers, but also to occupy a significant proportion of the space vacated by the removal of the entorhinal afferents. This suggests that the capacity of the associational afferents for reactive synaptogenesis is greater than that expressed after either commissural of entorhinal lesions alone.
Monthly, weekly, and daily patterns in the incidence of congestive heart failure.

. Objective: To determine whether there are patterns in the incidence of emergency department (ED) visits for congestive heart failure (CHF) by month of the year, day of the week, or hour of the day. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of a computerized billing database of ED visits, involving seven northern New Jersey hospitals EDs. Consecutive patients seen by emergency physicians over an 11-year period (January 1, 1988-December 31, 1998) were included. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate for significant differences (p < 0.05). Results: There were a total of 2,370,233 patients in the database, of whom 26,224 had a primary ED diagnosis of CHF. The chi-square test rejected uniformity for month of the year, for day of the week, and for hour of the day (p < 0.0001). Visits for CHF were increased in the winter months. Compared with the average of the other months, December was the highest (14.3% above, p < 0.0001) and August was the lowest (15.5% below, p < 0.0001). There was also a day-of-the-week variation. Compared with the average of the other days, Monday was the highest (14.5% above, p < 0.0001) and Saturday was the lowest (9.6% below, p < 0.0001). There was also an hour-of-the-day pattern, with a rapid rise after 8 AM and a downtrend after 3 PM. Conclusions: These data revealed a higher incidence of ED visits for CHF in the winter months, on Mondays, and during the hours of 8 AM to 3 PM. In comparison with previous studies, these data revealed a similar pattern by month of the year and a different pattern by hour of the day.
Resilient Sexual Desire in Heterosexual Couples

Inhibited sexual desire (ISD), characterized by low sexual interest and sexual avoidance, is a common problem for heterosexual couples presenting to sex therapy. ISD is multicausal and multidimensional and manifests differently for males and females. Precipitating factors include traumatic sexual experiences, negative self-image, sexual guilt or shame, deviant or variant sexual behavior, relationship difficulties, and a chronic sexual dysfunction. Regardless of whether the male or female experiences ISD, the effect on the couple is that the cycle of positive anticipation, pleasure-oriented intercourse, and a regular rhythm of sexual contact is replaced by anticipatory anxiety, unsuccessful intercourse, self-consciousness, and avoidance. This article outlines a therapeutic plan for establishing resilient sexual desire by emphasizing intimacy, pleasure, satisfaction, and realistic sexual expectations.
The involvement of catalytic site thiol groups in the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside.

Abstract Sodium nitroprusside, a potent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase, potentiated mixed disulfide formation between cystine, a potent inhibitor of the cyclase, and enzyme purified from rat lung. Incubation of soluble guanylate cyclase with nitroprusside and [ 35 S]cystine resulted in a twofold increase in protein-bound radioactivity compared to incubations in the absence of nitroprusside. Purified enzyme preincubated with nitroprusside and then gel filtered (activated enzyme) was activated 10- to 20-fold compared to guanylate cyclase preincubated in the absence of nitroprusside and similarly processed (nonactivated enzyme). This activation was completely reversed by subsequent incubation at 37 °C (activation-reversed enzyme). Incorporation of [ 35 S]cystine into guanylate cyclase was increased twofold with activated enzyme, while no difference was observed with activation-reversed enzyme, compared to nonactivated enzyme. Cystine decreased the activity of nonactivated and activation-reversed enzyme about 40% while it completely inhibited activated guanylate cyclase. Mg +2 - or Mn +2 -GTP inhibited the incorporation of [ 35 S]cystine into nonactivated or activated guanylate cyclase. Also, diamide, a potent thiol oxidant that converts juxtaposed sulfhydryls to disulfides, completely blocked incorporation of [ 35 S]cystine into nonactivated or activated guanylate cyclase. These data indicate that activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitroprusside results in an increased availability of protein sulfhydryl groups for mixed disulfide formation with cystine. Protection against mixed disulfide formation with diamide or substrate suggests that these groups exist as two or more juxtaposed sulfhydryl groups at the active site or a site on the enzyme that regulates catalytic activity. Differential inhibition by mixed disulfide formation of nonactivated and activated enzyme suggests a mechanism for amplification of the on-off signal for soluble guanylate cyclase within cells.
Body Consciousness and Performance: Somaesthetics East and West

Embodiment is a universal feature of human life, and so is body consciousness. Body consciousness, as I understand it, is not merely the consciousness that a mind may have of the body as an object, but includes the embodied consciousness that a living, sentient body directs at the world and also experiences in itself (and through which it indeed can experience itself as both subject and object). Since the term 'body' is too often contrasted with mind and used to designate insentient, lifeless things, and since the term 'flesh' has such negative associations in Christian culture (and moreover focuses merely on the fleshly part of the body), I have chosen the term 'soma' to designate the living, sensing, dynamic, perceptive body that lies at the heart of the project of somaesthetics.1 Part of that project concerns the reasons and methods for raising one's somatic consciousness to promote better self-use and consequently greater achievement of philosophy's traditional goals of knowledge, self-knowledge, virtue, happiness, and justice. Consciousness has different levels. At its most basic form of primitive body intentionality, we can even describe a level of what could be paradoxically called unconscious consciousness. This is the sort of limited, obscure awareness we exhibit in our sleep, when, for example, we intentionally (though unconsciously) move a pillow that is disturbing our breathing.2 Beyond this level is the stage when we are awake and clearly conscious of the object we perceive, say the cup of coffee we are holding and drinking from, but are not explicitly aware of it as a distinct object of consciousness, as when we are drinking the coffee absentmindedly or simply noticing the coffee's taste and not the cup. Yet, even without explicit awareness, we can handle the cup with efficiency and ease. This level of unreflective, unthematized perception is what Maurice Merleau-Ponty hails as "primary consciousness" and the fundamental, unappreciated key to the mystery of our successful perception and action.3 We reach a higher level of consciousness when we have explicit awareness of the cup, when we attend to it as a distinct object of consciousness; and we can distinguish a fourth, more reflective level, when we are not only explicitly conscious of the object but also conscious of how (and that) we are conscious of it. Here we consciously monitor our awareness of the object as an explicit datum of consciousness, noticing, for example, how our attention to the cup makes it look bigger or feel heavier. These different levels of consciousness that we noted with respect to objects like pillows or cups can also be found in the sense we have of our em-
The political economy of India's telecommunication reforms

Abstract The new Indian telecommunications policy is one of the most interesting telecommunications reform programs in the developing world. It begins the restructuring process by introducing competition in the local loop, and forces Indian and foreign companies to form joint ventures to provide basic services. Instead of licensing one or two companies to provide services nationally, the government plans to grant separate licences for 18 regions, holding out the potential for a number of different providers to enter the market. Finally, it avoids privatization of the government PTT, which will continue to provide services in head-to-head competition with the private telcos. The first section of this paper introduces the broad parameters of the institutional approach; the second briefly describes the government's new economic policies; and the third assesses the structural, technical, regulatory and service components of the government's new telecommunications policy from an institutional perspective.
Twelve-month results of a clinical wear study of three artificial tooth materials.

This study compared in vivo wear of a new artificial tooth material with that of existing artificial tooth materials. Artificial tooth wear was determined by measuring height changes of selected points on contacting tooth surfaces in patients with complete dentures during a 12-month period. These results are part of an ongoing 3-year clinical study. A total of 67 patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups in this double-bblind study. Group 1 received dentures with existing artificial tooth matrials. Group 2 received dentures that contained teeth with the new experimental material. Group 3 received dentures with Bioform IPN resin teeth (Dentsply International Inc., York, Pa). A computerized coordinate measuring machine and computer-controlled X-Y positioning stages were used for this study. Tooth wear was determined by measuring vertical heights of contacting points from baseline points at each of two time intervals. The calculation of wear was made by comparing the differences in height at the beginning of the experiment with those meauured at each time interval. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the difference in mean wear among the three groups from baseline to 6 months and from 6 to 12 months. Group differences in total wear at 12 months were also tested. The ANOVA results revealed no statistically significant differences in the wear among the three types of denture teeth at the 6- or 12-month time intervals or at 12 months ( p >0.05). The average total wear value at 12 months was 90 μm. Group 1 averaged 102 μm of wear, group 2 averaged 88 μm of wear, and group 3 averaged 76 μm of wear.
Methods for Evidence-Based Practice: Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Designs.

Good quantitative evidence does not require large, aggregate group designs. The authors describe ground-breaking work in managing the conceptual and practical demands in developing meta-analytic strategies for single subject designs in an effort to add to evidence-based practice.
Coupling from a single mode fiber to a III—V thin-film waveguide via monolithic integration of a polymeric optical waveguide

Abstract A novel technique to improve the coupling efficiency from a single mode fiber to a semiconductor waveguide is proposed. The coupling is provided by an intermediate polymer waveguide patterned atop a GaAs/GaAlAs structure. Computer simulations showed that a good coupling efficiency can be achieved with this technique.
Linear extension rate is independent of colony size in the coral Pocillopora damicornis

Measurements of the skeletal extension rate of branches of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis showed that the linear extension rate is independent of colony size for colonies from 1.9 to 19 cm in diameter. Analysis of existing data from Western Australia, Samoa, the Great Barrier Reef and Hawaii supports the finding that linear extension is not related to colony size in this species.
Indications for digitalis therapy: a new look

The indications for use of digitalis as an inotropic agent have been reexamined in the context of recent emphasis on the toxicity of digitalis and current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of clinical congestive heart failure in various disease states. Digitalis may be overprescribed in patients in whom (1) the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure are not due primarily to an impairment of myocardial contractility, (2) administration of digitalis is not associated with notable improvement in cardiac function, or (3) increases in contractility could have a deleterious effect on myocardial metabolism. There must be increased selectivity in the administration of digitalis to patients with heart disease and more emphasis on pharmacologic manipulation of other factors that control cardiac performance. ( JAMA 229:1911-1914, 1974)
Delay in the Onset of Immune Hemolysis in Vivo Apparently Due to Heparinization

A 55-year-old type B patient inadvertently received one unit of type Ax blood following the administration of 14 units of type B blood while heparinid for cardiopulmonary bypass. Agglutinated erythrocytes were present in a Wright stained film of venous blood after the transfusion of the A, unit, but they were absent three hours after administration of protamine sulfate when hemolysis ensued. Heparin may have temporarily prevented rapid early lysis of the transfused incompatible cells. AGGLUTINATED erythrocytes were discovered in the blood of a type B patient after he received a unit of type Al blood while heparinzed for cardiopulmonary bypass. Three hours after protamine sulfate was given the agglutinates were absent and brisk hemolysis occurred. Rosenfield, Vitale, and KochwaZ demonstrated in rats that transfused lysin-sensitized erythrocytes were protected from rapid early destruction in vivo by heparinizing the recipient. Heparinization may have prevented rapid early lysis of the transfused cells in our patient.
The timing of DNA synthesis in Amoeba proteus

Abstract In Amoeba proteus (strain Bk) DNA synthesis occupies the first 5 to 7 h of interphase although a very low level of incorporation of 3 H-thymidine continues in about 10 % of the cells for a longer time. If a G1 phase exists, it must be shorter than 15 min. A measurable G1 period could not be introduced by starvation or actinomycin C, and the initiation of DNA synthesis appears to be rightly coupled to the completion of mitosis. The cessation of reproduction in A. proteus appears to occur by an arrest of the cell cycle in the G2 phase.
Studies on synthetic approaches to 1H- and 2H-indazolyl derivatives.

Synthetic approaches designed to provide 1H- and 2H-indazolyl derivatives of potential biological interest are reported. Special emphasis has been placed on the characterization of indazolylpyridinium products generated from reactions between indazole and 4-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide under various conditions. A stable mixture consisting of 3 parts of the 1H-isomer 9 to 1 part of the 2H-isomer 10 was obtained at room temperature in the presence of the base 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP). The same reaction at 60 °C gave only the 1H-isomer 9. At 100 °C in the absence of TMP only the 2H-isomer 10 was formed. The isomerization of 10 to 9 was found to proceed quantitatively at 60 °C but only in the presence of TMP. The effects of temperature and base on the course of these reactions are rationalized in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.