cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and storage of bed material in a gravel-bed channel during episodes of aggradation and degradation: a field and flume study

The dynamics of sediment transport capacity in gravel-bed rivers is critical to understanding the formation and preservation of fluvial landforms and formulating sediment-routing models in drainage systems. We examine transport-storage relations during cycles of aggradation and degradation by augmenting observations of three events of channel aggradation and degradation in Cuneo Creek, a steep (3%) gravel-bed channel in northern California, with measurements from a series of flume runs modeling those events. An armored, single-thread channel was formed before feed rates were increased in each aggradation run. Output rates increased as the channel became finer and later widened, steepened, and braided. After feed rates were cut, output rates remained high or increased in early stages of degradation as the incising channel remained fine-grained, and later decreased as armoring intensified. If equilibrium was not reached before sediment feed rate was cut, then a rapid transition from a braided channel to a single-thread channel caused output rates for a given storage volume to be higher during degradation than during aggradation. Variations in channel morphology, and surface bed texture during runs that modeled the three cycles of aggradation and degradation were similar to those observed in Cuneo Creek and provide confidence in interpretations of the history of change: Cuneo Creek aggraded rapidly as it widened, shallowed, and braided, then degraded rapidly before armoring stabilized the channel. Such morphology-driven changes in transport capacity may explain the formation of flood terraces in proximal channels. Transport-storage relations can be expected to vary between aggradation and degradation and be influenced by channel conditions at the onset of changes in sediment supply. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Abstract 2320: Long Acting Erectile Dysfunction Drug Tadalafil Limits Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Preserves Left Ventricular Function through Protein Kinase G Dependent Pathway

Tadalafil (TAD) is a novel long acting inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5, which enhances erectile function in men through accumulation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. Since cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling plays a key role in cardioprotection, we hypothesized that TAD would limit myocardial infarction (MI) following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) through a mechanism involving PKG. Additionally, we contemplated that TAD would preserve left ventricular (LV) function following 30 min ischemia and 24 hr reperfusion. TAD (1 mg/kg, ip) or 10% DMSO (vehicle) was administered in ICR mice 1 hr prior to 30 min of regional ischemia by coronary artery occlusion followed by 24 hr reperfusion. In another subset of mice, KT5823 (KT), a specific PKG inhibitor (1 mg/kg, ip), was administered 10 min before TAD or 10% DMSO. Infarct size was measured at the end of reperfusion using TTC and LV function was assessed using transthoracic echocardiography. Infarct size was reduced in TAD-treated mice as compared to controls. KT abolished TAD-induced protection and KT alone had no effect on infarct size in controls (Figure). All groups did not present with significant LV dilatation at 24 hr post infarction. However, TAD preserved fractional shortening (FS:31 ± 1.5%) as compared to control mice (FS: 22 ± 4.8%, P ± 0.05). Baseline FS was 44 ± 1.7%. KT abrogated the preservation of LV function with TAD by a marked decline in FS to 17 ± 1%. TAD is a powerful cardioprotective agent which limits MI and preserves LV function through activating PKG. Therefore, this drug may be a useful therapeutic modality to suppress I/R injury in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Penicillin therapy of gonococcic endocarditis; a case report.

Abstract 1.1. A case of gonococcic endocarditis superimposed on a healed rheumatic mitral valve deformity is reported. The etiological diagnosis was confirmed by eight positive blood cultures of N. gonorrhoeae obtained prior to therapy. 2.2. Treatment with penicillin and sulfadiazine resulted in an apparent cure.
Decision-Making, Intertemporal

Intertemporal decisions imply trade-offs between current and future rewards. Intertemporal discounting models formalize these trade-offs by quantifying the values of delayed pay-offs. Keywords: discount factor; discount function; discount rate; exponential; hyperbolic; dynamic inconsistency
Determining optimal configuration for turbine generator cooler

Configuration problems with hierarchical decision-tree structures are difficult to encode for solution using simple genetic algorithms. The chromosomes typically require fitness-evaluating schemes with steep gradients to optima. Solutions get stuck at local optima. We used a GA that can control the expression of over-specified chromosomes for exploring the multilevel search-space. Experiments to configure a turbine generator cooler are performed and results are reported.
Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions compared to arterial blood gases in normals.

BACKGROUND: Most hyperbaric medicine centers do not monitor arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions during hyperbaric oxygen, but many can transcutaneously monitor oxygen (PtcO2) and carbon dioxide (PtcCO2). METHODS: We compared PtcO2 and PtcCO2 measurements to simultaneous PaO2 and PaCO2 measurements in 10 healthy volunteers to determine if PtcO2 and PtcCO2 measurements are surrogates for PaO2 and PaCO2 in the hyperbaric environment. We took blood samples via arterial catheter and took PtcO2 and PtcCO2 chest measurements while the subjects were compressed in a monoplace hyperbaric chamber at pressures between 0.85 atmospheres absolute (atm abs) (our local atmospheric pressure, at altitude 1,300 m) and 3.0 atm abs, while the subjects breathed air, then oxygen. RESULTS: The PtcO2 correlated with PaO2 (r2 = 0.99). Under all the conditions, the PtcO2 values were lower than PaO2 values by approximately 10%. The PtcCO2 was 2-6 mm Hg higher than the PaCO2, but the correlation was low (r2 = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: The PtcO2 in normal humans may be used to estimate the PaO2. The PtcCO2 may not be an adequate reflection of the PaCO2. It is unknown if PtcO2 and PtcCO2 measurements in critically ill patients can replace PaO2 and PaCO2 measurements.
Concentration of Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins and Their Fractionation by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

Various technics for concentrating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to electrophoretic separation of the protein fractions were tested. Vacuum ultrafiltration through a collodion sac proved to be the most reliable and convenient method. The proteins in the concentrate were separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and quantitated densitometrically. The mean values for the various protein fractions in normal CSF were the following: 4.9% pre-albumin, 61.5% albumin, 4.5% α1 globulin, 6.7% α2 globulin, 13.7% β globulin, and 8.8% γ globulin.
Genome‐wide expression analysis and EMX2 gene expression in embryonic myoblasts committed to diverse skeletal muscle fiber type fates

Background: Primary skeletal muscle fibers form during embryonic development and are characterized as fast or slow fibers based on contractile protein gene expression. Different avian primary muscle fiber types arise from myoblast lineages committed to formation of diverse fiber types. To understand the basis of embryonic muscle fiber type diversity and the distinct myoblast lineages that generate this diversity, gene expression analyses were conducted on differentiated muscle fiber types and their respective myoblast precursor lineages. Results: Embryonic fast muscle fibers preferentially expressed 718 genes, and embryonic fast/slow muscle fibers differentially expressed 799 genes. Fast and fast/slow myoblast lineages displayed appreciable diversity in their gene expression profiles, indicating diversity of precursor myoblasts. Several genes, including the transcriptional regulator EMX2, were differentially expressed in both fast/slow myoblasts and muscle fibers vs. fast myoblasts and muscle fibers. EMX2 was localized to nuclei of fast/slow myoblasts and muscle fibers and was not detected in fast lineage cells. Furthermore, EMX2 overexpression and knockdown studies indicated that EMX2 is a positive transcriptional regulator of the slow myosin heavy chain 2 (MyHC2) gene promoter activity in fast/slow muscle fibers. Conclusions: These results indicate the presence of distinct molecular signatures that characterize diverse embryonic myoblast lineages before differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 242:1001–1020, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
All-weather troughs for periphyton studies

Abstract An on-site, experimental, continuous-flow trough system has been designed for intersite comparisons of periphyton settlement and net growth. The apparatus incorporates features that enable trouble-free operation in sub-zero weather. A dark-trough is used to measure passive settlement rates at each site. These values are used to correct light-trough accrual to obtain true net accumulation rates. Such corrections are needed for intersite comparison of periphyton growth rates by the biomass accrual method under conditions of slow algal growth.
NO-MNDO: Reintroduction of the Overlap Matrix into MNDO.

The effect of reintroducing the overlap matrix into the secular equations for an NDDO (neglect of diatomic differential overlap)-based semiempirical molecular orbital method has been investigated. The modification is expected to improve the description of interactions between electron pairs. The idea has been tested by implementation and evaluation of a nonorthogonal version of the MNDO method (NO-MNDO) with parametrization for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Overall, the accuracy of NO-MNDO for heats of formation is nearly identical to that for the more highly parametrized AM1 method. The mean absolute error (MAE) for heats of formation of a comprehensive set of 622 neutral, closed-shell molecules is reduced from 8.4 kcal/mol with MNDO to 6.8 kcal/mol with NO-MNDO. In addition, the performance for conformational equilibria and torsional barriers is significantly improved with NO-MNDO, presumably owing to the improved description of closed-shell interactions. For molecular geometries, the usual training and test sets have been expanded through use of MP2/6-31G(d) results for consistent comparisons. The performance of NO-MNDO for bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles remains good with MAEs of 0.017 A, 2.5°, and 4.5°. Additionally, NO-MNDO corrects severe errors by MNDO for R(•) + H-R' hydrogen-atom transfers, while testing for activation barriers for nine pericyclic reactions reveals only modest improvement.
A Product Family Genealogy Based Configuration Model

Product variation and customization is a trend in current market-oriented manufacturing environment. Product configuration is the key technology in this customization environment. But complex customer requirements are still hard to resolve. So the purpose of this study is to offering a new intelligent configuration algorithm to this problem, which is based on Product Family Genealogy Model (PFG). Characteristics of customer group, modules and product platform are discussed to build a PFG model - a hierarchy of reasonable configuration models. Based on it, both the customer requirements and constraints are classified and treated respectively. So the product configuration task can be easily accomplished by four sequenced stages i.e. “PFG position”, “key configuration”, “basic configuration”, and “form configuration”. Finally, an example of desktop configuration is presented to demonstrate this approach.
Advancing quality of urinary incontinence evaluation and treatment in nursing homes through translational research.

Aim: This article presents the development of ongoing research to improve the evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) in nursing homes through “A Model for Use of the Urinary Incontinence Guideline in US Nursing Homes” under the initiative Translating Research into Practice (TRIP II). Background: The previous research provided the definition of the clinical practices needing improvement, the relative size of the population needing care, and an estimate of the manpower required. The model proposed nurse practitioners (NPs) as consultants to nursing homes to perform the basic incontinence evaluation and treatment, thereby (1) improving incontinence evaluation and treatment, (2) reducing UI, (3) reducing complications, and (4) increasing cost savings attributable to UI. Approach: A quasi-experimental research design with pre- and post-comparison was selected utilizing four control and four experimental NP caseloads followed for 16 weeks post-onset (n = 320). Findings: Findings are not yet available from this study, which is ongoing. Discussion: The real-world challenges presented by this translational research and their solutions are discussed.
Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus : case report and literature review

A 38-year-old woman developed acute, severe weakness during the treatment of status asthmaticus that included high-dose intravenous corticosteroids. A muscle biopsy and EMG indicated a myopathy, and nerve conduction studies disclosed a neuropathic component. In association with corticosteroid tapering, the clinical, EMG, and nerve conduction abnormalities resolved. In some patients, intensive treatment of status asthmaticus may cause a reversible, toxic disorder of muscle and nerve.
Kähler and symplectic structures on nilmanifolds

On etudie l'existence de structures de Kahler et de structures symplectiques sur des nilvarietes arbitraires
Consequences of a hydrous mantle for Venus tectonics: Predictions for Magellan

The consequences of a Venus mantle enriched in water relative to the earth are considered. If the moon-forming impact hypothesis is correct, earth may have lost substantial volatiles. Venus, however, experienced no such impact and is therefore likely to be relatively more water-rich. It is demonstrated that a higher abundance of water in the Venus mantle has the effect of inhibiting the rise of crust-forming melts and volatiles to the surface, which results in a thin stable crust, a dry, stiff upper mantle, and restricted magmatism. Conduction through a shallow thermal lithosphere dominates the removal of heat from the interior, and flow in the mantle is strongly coupled to the surface deformation. Current observations of Venus are consistent with this model. A review of the consequences of this model makes it possible to make predictions for the Magellan radar images.
The Next Generation of Prisoners: Toward an Understanding of Violent Institutionalized Delinquents

Violent behavior by juveniles, along with the juvenile incarceration rate, has been on the decline in the past several years. Despite these declines, institutionalized juveniles, particularly violent offenders, constitute the population most at risk of becoming the next generation of adult prisoners. Using a sample of youth incarcerated in the Texas Youth Commission (TYC), this article first examines gender differences among numerous self-report measures including but not limited to violence, maltreatment, life stress, and depression. Next, multivariate analysis revealed that age, minority status, substance dependency, life stress, and gang membership were significantly related to violent offending. Analyses also revealed that numerous variables were related to depression among incarcerated male and female delinquents. This article ends with a discussion of policy implications for incarcerated delinquents.
Direct Observation of Coherent Exchange Scattering by Low-Energy Electron Diffraction from Antiferromagnetic NiO

Coherent exchange scattering has been observed in low-energy electron diffraction from antiferromagnetic NiO. Half-order diffraction beams which correspond to the translational symmetry of the magnetic cell occur below the N\'eel temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=525$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and disappear at ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$. These beams are attributed entirely to exchange scattering because of their intensity, which is much too great to be accounted for by direct dipole-dipole and spin-orbit interactions.
Eutrophication in Hiroshima Bay

Abstract Several researches for eutrophication in the northern Hiroshima Bay were carried out to investigate nutrient budgets in aquatic circulation processes, i.e. primary production, settling flux of particulate organic matter (POM) and the benthic remineralization. It became apparent from these investigations that primary production contributed to the organic pollution in the northern bay than land based organic loadings by a factor of 10, that approx. 70–80% of the POM originating in phytoplankton were easily remineralized into inorganic nutrients during the settling process in water, and that approx. 60% of nitrogen and 70% of phosphorus in POM settled on the sediments might be returned to the water column by the release from benthic sediment.
Adhesive receptors expressed by tumor cells and platelets: novel targets for therapeutic anti-metastatic strategies

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that adhesive interactions between tumor cells and platelets may play a central role in the metastatic process. Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that platelets appear to enhance the development of arrested tumor emboli into a secondary metastatic colony. Platelet adhesive glycoprotein receptors and their immunorelated counterparts expressed by tumor cells participate in tumor-induced platelet aggregation, which may be an early step in the development of a metastatic lesion. Platelet anti-adhesive agents have been demonstrated to reduce metastases in rodent models. Although tumor adhesive glycoproteins have yet to be fully characterized, specific inhibition of their functional sites could constitute a forthcoming strategy for effective inhibition of metastases.
International Soccer Success and National Institutions

A growing literature has examined the causes of success in international soccer. We build on this literature by constructing a model of international success, as measured by the number of ``Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) points'' a national team has earned and by the resulting rank. We generate testable hypotheses about the impact of a nation's political regime, colonial heritage, and institutions on its soccer performance. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and negative binomial regressions, we show that our proxies for these variables affect soccer performance. Specifically, we find that the international success of a country's club teams positively affects the national team's success.
Fluid‐fluid levels in a simple bone cyst on magnetic resonance imaging

An unusual case is presented here of simple bone cyst (SBC) with fluid-fluid levels on MR and cementum-like substance on microscopy in an atypical location in the distal femur. Fluid-fluid levels are commonly described in the literature within aneurysmal bone cysts, giant cell tumour, chondroblastomas and telangiectatic osteosarcomas, but a literature review revealed only one reported case with multiple fluid levels occurring in a simple bone cyst on MRI. A cementum-like matrix is diagnostic of SBC and is seen in approximately 10% of cases.
Chitin isolates: Species variation in residual amino acids

Abstract 1. 1. The covalently bound chitin-protein mucopolysaccharides of several species of marine invertebrates have been fractionated by alkali and acid treatments similar to those used in the normal isolation of chitin. 2. 2. These chitin isolates and even the further-deproteinated chitins all contained small amounts of residual amino acids, with marked species variation in their identity and content. 3. 3. Aspartic acid, serine and glycine were most prevalent (aspartic acid persistent) and could be involved in the covalent linkage between chitin and protein.
INFANTS ENTERING FOSTER CARE COMPARED TO OTHER INFANTS USING BIRTH STATUS INDICATORS

Abstract Objective: Infants comprise nearly one fourth of all entries to foster care. Linkage of administrative birth and placement data can provide information about these infants that may otherwise be unavailable or difficult to obtain. Method: Statewide birth records and foster care placement histories were linked via probability matching. Logit regression was used to compare 26,460 maltreated infants who entered foster care between 1989 and 1994 with a random sample of 68,401 other infants born during that time frame. Results: Infants in care were more than twice as likely to have single parents and be born with low birthweight, and twice as likely to have been born with a birth abnormality as other infants, controlling for other factors. The largest difference was in the eightfold increased likelihood for mothers of infants in care to have had no prenatal care. Infants in care were nearly three times as likely to be born into larger families (third or greater live births to the mother). Mothers of infants in care were more than twice as likely to be African American compared to White than mothers of other infants, while Hispanic and Other ethnic groups were underrepresented in the group of infants in care. Foreign born mothers, especially Hispanic women, were much less likely to have infants in care than they were to have children in the other group. Conclusions: Administrative datasets, while often limited in the number of variables they include and scope of their information, can be a valuable tool when used to understand demographics and frame questions for future research. Infants who enter foster care differ in substantial ways from other children. These findings have important implications for future research aimed toward targeting of child welfare services and supports.
EXPLORING MARKET PRICING STRATEGIES VIA DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

Price determinants as well as strategies can be studies by use of simulation, particularly if cost and price relationships can be related to market activity [1] [9] [11]. But, through the use of dynamic programming, given the market conditions, one can extend the analysis to include an optimal strategy. This paper describes a dynamic programming approach to studying price strategy. A model is developed to show that in a market characterized by cost/volume and price/volume relationships, profitability can be extended beyond that resulting from a dominant market strategy to an optimal maximizing strategy. Extension of the model is suggested for studying (a) sensitivity of a strategy (solution) to price level and cost changes, (b) optimal timing of withdrawal, and (c) present value analysis.
Filamentous plant pathogen effectors in action

Live-cell imaging assisted by fluorescent markers has been fundamental to understanding the focused secretory 'warfare' that occurs between plants and biotrophic pathogens that feed on living plant cells. Pathogens succeed through the spatiotemporal deployment of a remarkably diverse range of effector proteins to control plant defences and cellular processes. Some effectors can be secreted by appressoria even before host penetration, many enter living plant cells where they target diverse subcellular compartments and others move into neighbouring cells to prepare them before invasion. This Review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of the cell biology of biotrophic interactions between plants and their eukaryotic filamentous pathogens based on in planta analyses of effectors.
Detailed Mechanism for Trans−Cis Photoisomerization of Butadiene Following a Femtosecond-Scale Laser Pulse

The detailed dynamical processes involved in trans → cis photoisomerization of butadiene have been studied in realistic simulations, employing a technique that is described in the text. Many interesting features are observed, including the following sequence of events: (i) The initial electronic excitation converts the central single bond to a double bond and the terminal double bonds to single bonds, so the molecule at first rotates about only these end bonds. (ii) There is then a series of rapid nonadiabatic transfers of population among electronic states near the HOMO−LUMO gap, which ultimately result in depopulation of the excited states. (iii) The bonds consequently revert to their original ground-state character, permitting a continuous rotation about the central single bond. At the end, the molecule is essentially in the ground electronic state for the new conformation. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the couplings of C−C−C bending vibrations to nonadiabatic electronic transitions and i...
Tensor-Krylov methods for large nonlinear equations

In this paper, we describe tensor methods for large systems of nonlinear equations based on Krylov subspace techniques for approximately solving the linear systems that are required in each tensor iteration. We refer to a method in this class as a tensor-Krylov algorithm. We describe comparative testing for a tensor-Krylov implementation versus an analogous implementation based on a Newton-Krylov method. The test results show that tensor-Krylov methods are much more efficient and robust than Newton-Krylov methods on hard nonlinear equations problems.
New Models and Concepts for Power System Reliability Evaluation Including Protection System Failures

This paper develops new models and concepts for incorporating the effect of protection system failures into power system reliability evaluation. The two types of protection failures, i.e., undesired-tripping mode and fail-to-operate mode, and their impact on reliability modeling are discussed. A complete Markov model for current-carrying components is established and its simplified form appropriately describes the overall reliability situation of individual components. Concepts of self-down state and induced-down state are introduced and used to build the composite unit model for quantitatively assessing the influence of protection failures on modeling system states. Finally, a Markov model of power systems with protection failures is proposed for system reliability evaluation. The proposed methodology is then illustrated in detail.
Continuous model synthesis

We present a novel method for procedurally modeling large complex shapes. Our approach is general-purpose and takes as input any 3D polyhedral model provided by a user. The algorithm exploits the connectivity between the adjacent boundary features of the input model and computes an output model that has similar connected features and resembles the input. No additional user input is needed to guide the model generation and the algorithm proceeds automatically. In practice, our algorithm is simple to implement and can generate a variety of complex shapes representing buildings, landscapes, and 3D fractal shapes in a few minutes.
Structure of iskenderolide

The structure of a sesquiterpene lactone germacranolide was defined as 1β,6β-dihydroxygermacr-4(5),10(14)-dien-8,12-olide and was the C6-epimer of (11R)-11,13-dihydrotatridin-B.
Effect of wind-generated bubbles on the clustered OFDM power loading for time-varying shallow water acoustic channels with limited feedback

Wind blowing over the sea surface generates many dramatic effects. One of the most important effects is bubbles generated by breaking waves, which can have a major effect on high frequency acoustic propagation, sound speed profile and ambient noise due to the sound scattering and absorption properties of a thin layer of bubbles. In this paper, on one hand, we analyze several important properties of bubbles and their effect on acoustic propagation and sound speed profile, based on the proposed propositions; on the other hand, we propose an optimization model aiming at maximizing the capacity with constraints of the total transmission power in a symbol. It is achieved by adopting the Lloyd algorithm based limited feedback procedure. Simulation results will reveal the underwater acoustic (UWA) channel impulse response with the effect of bubbles, and compare the difference of system capacities in terms of limited feedback procedure, based on with and without the effect of bubbles respectively.
Extra-pair-bond courtship and forced copulation among captive green-winged teal (Anas crecca carolinensis)

Abstract A 9 1/2-week study of eight pairs of wild-caught, full-winged green-winged teal in flight pens showed that paired males both directed courtship toward, and attempted forced copulation on, females paired to other males. Chronology of activities in individuals indicated that: (a) this courtship was probably related to building of liaisons and subsequent mate-changes; (b) males were assessing female reproductive condition and selectively attempting to force copulation on females in laying or pre-laying condition; (c) attempts by males to force copulation on their own mates were associated with forced copulation attempts on the latter. Females tried to avoid forced copulations by fleeing and hiding from pursuing males; their mates attacked assaulting males and tried to dislodge them. A mixed male reproductive strategy involving sperm competition is indicated.
Suppression of adernal cortical growth and differentiation in fetal rats exposed to dexamethasone

The effects of maternal dexamethasone (DEXA) administration during the last days of gestation on fetal adrenal growth and differentiation were studied. Timed pregnant rats were divided into three groups: (a) 21d DEXA-3 received DEXA in drinking water (5 μg/ml) from days 18 to 21 of gestation; (b) 21d DEXA-6 received the same dosage of DEXA from days 15 to 21 of gestation; and (c) 21d control received tap water throughout gestation. On gestation day 21, pregnant rats were decapitated and ble into heparinized tubes; their fetuses were excised, weighed, decapitated, and bled. Fetal adrenals were prepared for electron microscopy or weighed and frozen until assayed for corticosterone. Control adrenals were also collected on day 15 of gestation and processed for electron microscopy only. Fetal adrenals were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.5 M cacodylate buffer, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide (OsO4), dehydrated, and embedded in Epon 812. Twenty-one day (21d) fetal adrenal weights were 44% and 68% lower than control values for DEXA-3 and -6, respectively. Fetal adrenal corticosterone levels were decreased by 70% and 89% for the respective groups. These observations correlated with ultrastructural findings of decreased mitochondrial number and size, altered orientation of the inner mitochondrial membrane, decreased lipid, and dilation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cortical fascicular cells of DEXA-exposed fetuses. Ultrastructural changes in the 21d DEXA fetal adrenals resembled 15d day control fetal adrenals. The results suggest suppressed adrenocortical differentiation probably due to DEXA inhibition of the steroidogenic influence of the fetal pituitary on the developing adrenal gland in DEXA-exposed fetuses.
Synthesis and molecular structure of two zirconocene complexes of cyclooctatrienyne

Abstract Two zirconocene complexes of cyclooctatrienyne have been prepared by β-hydrogen elimination from zirconocene biscyclooctatetraenyl. Both complexes are fluxional by a ring inversion process with activation barriers in the range typical of cyclooctatetraenes. An X-ray crystal structure of 3a reveals a boat conformation of cyclooctatrienyne ring with no significant flattening when compared with cyclooctatetraene.
The quasi-static, cyclic fatigue and final fracture behavior of a magnesium alloy metal-matrix composite

Abstract In this paper the results of a study to understand the role of composite microstructure on quasi-static, cyclic fatigue, deformation and fracture behavior of magnesium alloy Z6 discontinuously reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particulates are presented. Quasi-static fracture of the composite was dominated by cracking of the reinforcing particulates present in the magnesium alloy metal matrix. Final fracture occurred as a result of crack propagation through the alloy matrix between particulate clusters. The composite specimens were cyclically deformed over a range of stress amplitudes. The stress amplitude–fatigue life response was found to degrade with an increase in test temperature. Influence of test temperature on quasi-static and cyclic response and final fracture behavior of the composite is discussed in light of the concurrent and mutually interactive influences of composite microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of constituents of the composite material, magnitude of cyclic stress amplitude and fatigue life.
Localized Heating of Single Oligonucleotides using Infrared Light

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an exceptional tool that provides the ability to “observe” the various motions associated with biomolecular dynamics. The temperature-dependence of these dynamical motions can provide rich thermodynamic information about the observed process. To obtain superior temporal (< 2 ms) and spatial (< 20 μm) control of temperature, along with a greater range of accessible steady-state temperatures (20-90 °C), we have developed an infrared absorption based heating system to locally heat a small volume of water via absorption in the second overtone of the OH stretch (1445 nm). With the infrared light focused onto the confocal volume of a single-molecule fluorescence microscope the aqueous solution can be heated rapidly and locally. The IR heating system primarily functions as a steady-state source of heat for temperature-dependent kinetic studies of biomolecular conformational changes. However, given the relatively fast temporal control of laser intensity we have utilized short pulses of heat (10-1000 ms) to study the dissociation of a DNA duplex as well at the unfolding of an RNA pseudoknot at the single-molecule level.
NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8 + T cells

Natural killer (NK) cells survey host tissues for signs of infection, transformation or stress and, true to their name, kill target cells that have become useless or are detrimental to the host. For decades, NK cells have been classified as a component of the innate immune system. However, accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggests that, like the B and T cells of the adaptive immune system, NK cells are educated during development, possess antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal expansion during infection and generate long-lived memory cells. In this Review, we highlight the many stages that an NK cell progresses through during its remarkable lifetime, discussing similarities and differences with its close relative, the cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell.
Simplified regression patterns for classification

A transformation of a set of partial regression equations to a potentially simple form is shown to be permissible for personnel classification purposes when all individuals are assigned to jobs. Simplification is achieved by maximizing the number of near zero partial regression weights.
Pathologic role of stressed-induced glucocorticoids in drug-induced liver injury in mice.

Abstract We previously reported that acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) in mice is associated with a rise in serum levels of the glucocorticoid (GC), corticosterone. In the current study, we provide evidence that endogenous GC play a pathologic role in AILI. Specifically, pretreatment of mice with the GC receptor (GCR) inhibitor, RU486 (mifepristrone), protected normal but not adrenalectomized mice from AILI, while pretreatment with dexamethasone, a synthetic GC, exacerbated AILI. RU486 did not affect the depletion of whole liver reduced GSH or the formation of APAP–protein adducts. It also had no effects on the formation of reactive oxygen species or the depletion of mitochondrial GSH or ATP. While RU486 pretreatment also protected against halothane-induced liver injury, it exacerbated concanavalin A (ConA)- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury, demonstrating the complexity of GC effects in different types of liver injury. Conclusion: These results suggest that under certain conditions, elevated levels of GC might represent a previously unappreciated risk factor for liver injury caused by APAP and other drugs through the diverse biological processes regulated by GCR.
Cascading activation: Bush’s ‘war on terrorism’ and the Israeli—Palestinian conflict

The study employs the cascading activation model and indexing hypothesis to examine a process by which functional frames compete to reshape ideological frames. I apply the model to the post-9/11 fr...
34.2: Optical Components Directly Molded on the LCD Glass Substrate

In this paper, we describe the new process which we developed to mold precision optical components directly on a glass substrate of LCD using precision mastering by diamond cutting technique and photopolymer (2P) molding technique. We succeeded to mold a lens array on an LCD glass substrate with precise alignment to sub pixels of TFT array within six micrometer throughout the 13-inch diagonal display area.
A Selected Bibliography of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), a Eurasian graminivorus chrysomelid, was first identified with the North American fauna when it was collected near Galien, Mich., in 1962. Annual surveys since 1962 have plotted its ever-expanding American distribution, and now, 8 years later, it ranges from southern Ontario, Canada, to central Kentucky and from central Illinois to western New York. Thus, about 10% of the small grain acreage of the United States is within its present known range. Information is available (D. Haynes, personal communication) which indicates that the cereal leaf beetle's population throughout this region is still increasing, even in the area where it was first detected; it is therefore extremely difficult at this time to predict accurately what its eventual population will be in any favorable environment. Oman (1968) estimated that 1,380,000 was used in cereal leaf beetle control programs in 1967. This figure will probably increase as the insect continues to disperse and multiply.
Freeway Crash Timeline Characteristics and Uses

Timeline information for freeway crashes was extracted using 10,589 crashes, 2,816 of which were matched with enforcement agency dispatch records and 320 of which were matched with ambulance dispatch records. The average time between when a crash occurred and when the crash scene was cleared was 52.2 min. The enforcement agency was notified 3.4 min after the crash, and the first responding officer arrived at the crash scene 6.0 min later. The ambulance dispatcher was notified 5.1 min after the first responding officer arrived at the scene, and the first ambulance arrived at the scene 7.5 min later, remained at the scene 20.9 min, and arrived at the hospital 10.9 min after it left the crash scene. Enforcement agency notification and response times were not affected by crash and environmental factors; however, enforcement agency on-scene time (representing 80 percent of crash duration) was statistically related to crash type, crash severity, need for emergency medical services transport, air bag deployment,...
The displacement of calibration curves for electrical soil‐moisture units

Electrical-resistance blocks were calibrated for use in soil-moisture studies at Seabrook, N.J. Curves from successive laboratory calibrations are positioned differently because of the effects of chemical quality of the water used, drying techniques and other factors. Furthermore, the laboratory curves are displaced from the field calibration curves because of the difficulty of establishing moisture equilibrium in laboratory samples. It is believed that the results demonstrate the general unreliability of laboratory calibrations when compared with field calibrations of soil-moisture blocks
Quantitative protein sequencing using mass spectrometry: Mass spectral analysis of 2-anilino-5-thiazolinone derivatives of amino acids without prior conversion to the phenyl thiohydantoins

Summary The use of mass spectrometry to directly analyze for the 2-anilino-5-thiazolinone amino acid derivatives from the Edman reaction has been described. A comparison of the mass spectra of a number of thiazolinone derivatives with those of the corresponding phenyl thiohydantoin derivatives has been made and a close similarity between the two sets of spectra is observed. This similarity in mass spectral behavior is interpreted as evidence that the thiazolinone derivatives undergo thermal rearrangement to the more stable thiohydantoin structure during mass spectral analysis. The ability to analyze the thiazolinone derivative directly by mass spectrometry is discussed and further demonstrated by using the method to identify the products of the N-terminal Edman degradation of Ribonuclease.
Lytic Replication of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Results in the Formation of Multiple Capsid Species: Isolation and Molecular Characterization of A, B, and C Capsids from a Gammaherpesvirus

Despite the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus more than 35 years ago, a thorough understanding of gammaherpesvirus capsid composition and structure has remained elusive. We approached this problem by purifying capsids from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the only other known human gammaherpesvirus. The results from our biochemical and imaging analyses demonstrate that KSHV capsids possess a typical herpesvirus icosahedral capsid shell composed of four structural proteins. The hexameric and pentameric capsomers are composed of the major capsid protein (MCP) encoded by open reading frame 25. The heterotrimeric complexes, forming the capsid floor between the hexons and pentons, are each composed of one molecule of ORF62 and two molecules of ORF26. Each of these proteins has significant amino acid sequence homology to capsid proteins in alpha- and betaherpesviruses. In contrast, the fourth protein, ORF65, lacks significant sequence homology to its structural counterparts from the other subfamilies. Nevertheless, this small, basic, and highly antigenic protein decorates the surface of the capsids, as does, for example, the even smaller basic capsid protein VP26 of herpes simplex virus type 1. We have also found that, as with the alpha- and betaherpesviruses, lytic replication of KSHV leads to the formation of at least three capsid species, A, B, and C, with masses of approximately 200, 230, and 300 MDa, respectively. A capsids are empty, B capsids contain an inner array of a fifth structural protein, ORF17.5, and C capsids contain the viral genome.
Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 Is Regulated by GABA in Rat Striatum and Substantia Nigra

In the medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatonigral pathway, a cascade of events involving the activation of dopamine D1 receptors, an increase in cyclic AMP, and activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase causes the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on Thr34, converting DARPP-32 into a powerful inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1. In the present study, the incubation of striatal or substantia nigra slices with GABA also increased the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on Thr34. GABA did not significantly increase cyclic AMP levels in slices. The phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by GABA was blocked in both brain regions by pretreatment of slices with the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, but not with the GABAB receptor antagonist, phaclofen. Moreover, the threonine phosphorylation of DARPP-32 produced by maximally effective doses of either forskolin (in striatum) or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (in substantia nigra) was increased further by GABA. The data are consistent with a model in which GABA increases the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 by inhibiting dephosphorylation of the protein by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin.
The intramolecular salt effect in chiral auxiliaries. Enhanced diastereoselectivity in a nitrile oxide cycloaddition via rational transition state stabilization

Abstract The use of ion pairs to control a nitrile oxide cycloaddition is demonstrated. A chiral phenylmaleimide derivative bearing an ionic group and an associated counterion provides enhanced selectivity in the cycloaddition of benzonitrile oxide. The intramolecular salt effect controls the orientation of the 1,3-dipolar reagent. The nature of the solvent is shown to be relevant in the selectivity of the reaction.
Flatten a Curved Space by Kernel [Applications Corner]

Due to the recent explosion of data from all fields of science, there is an increasing need for pattern analysis tools, which are capable of analyzing data patterns in a non-Euclidean (curved) space. Because linear approaches are not directly applicable to handle data in a curved space, nonlinear approaches are to be used. Early-day nonlinear approaches were usually based on gradient descent or greedy heuristics, and these approaches suffered from local minima and overfitting [1]. In contrast, kernel methods provide a powerful means for transforming data in a non-Euclidean curved space into points in a high-dimensional Euclidean flat space, so that linear approaches can be applied to the transformed points in the high-dimensional Euclidean space. With this flattening capability, kernel methods combine the best features of linear approaches and nonlinear approaches, i.e., kernel methods are capable of dealing with nonlinear structures while enjoying a low computational complexity. In this column, we provide insights on and illustrate the power of kernel methods in two important pattern analysis problems: feature extraction and clustering.
Splash: Simulation optimization in complex systems of systems

Decision-makers increasingly need to bring together multiple models across a broad range of disciplines to guide investment and policy decisions around highly complex issues such as population health and safety. We discuss the use of the Smarter Planet Platform for Analysis Simulation of Health (Splash) for cross-disciplinary modeling, simulation, sensitivity analysis, and optimization in the setting of complex systems of systems. Splash is a prototype system that allows combination of existing heterogeneous simulation models and datasets to create composite simulation models of complex systems. Splash, built on a combination of data-integration, workflow management, and simulation technologies, facilitates loose coupling of models via data exchange. We describe the various components of Splash, with an emphasis on the experiment-management component. This latter component uses user-supplied metadata about models and datasets to provide, via an interactive GUI, a unified view over all of the parameters in all of the component models that make up a composite model, a mechanism for selecting the factors to vary, and a means for allowing users to easily specify experimental designs for the selected factors. The experiment manager also provides a mechanism for systematically varying the inputs to the composite models. We show how the experiment manager can be used to implement some simple stochastic-optimization functionality by implementing the Rinott procedure for selecting the best system. We also implement a sensitivity-analysis method based on a fractional-factorial experimental design. We demonstrate this technology via a composite model comprising a financial-rate model and a healthcare payer model.
The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans:

When examining environmental justice and injustice, surprisingly few studies have examined the experiences of Native Americans. In filling this gap, we criticize and build on environmental and poli...
Responses to Violence in a Psychiatric Setting The Role of Patient's Race

With an archival method, we studied 453 incidents of violence at a Connecticut state psychiatric hospital for adolescents. Records revealed no difference in the number of violent acts by White and non-White patients. However, the White hospital staff physically restrained non-White patients nearly four times as often as they restrained Whites. Interracial contact reduced this differential imposition of restraints. These findings complement experimental evidence and illustrate contemporary race relations.