cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Me and my shadow

Building relationships with internal and external technical support staff can be an important factor in developing an effective and successful Help Desk. Strong relationships improve the efficiency of information flow, thereby improving the quality of support provided to customers. The Campus Information Technologies and Educational Services (CITES) Help Desk at the University of Illinois started a job-shadowing program to strengthen relationships within CITES. The program pairs a Help Desk consultant with a service manager or other CITES support professionals, allowing each participant to see the daily hands on activities of the person they are shadowing. Consultants better understand the processes behind services provided by CITES, while service managers better understand the daily activities of Help Desk consultants. Based on these successes, CITES and departmental support groups such as the Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS) have joined together to extend the job shadowing program. This has provided valuable information regarding the strengths that each support group can bring together in addressing the technical opportunities and challenges of faculty, staff and students. In this session we talk about the importance of building relationships and how to setup a successful job-shadowing program.
Central renin injections: effects on drinking and expression of immediate early genes

This study investigated the drinking response and the expression of Fos- and Egr-1-immunoreactivity (Fos-ir; Egr-1-ir) in the brain induced by endogenous angiotensin generated by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of renin. Renin induced Fos-ir in the subfornical organ (SFO), median preoptic (MnPO), supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN), area postrema (AP), nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS) and lateral parabrachial nuclei (LPBN). Renin-induced Egr-1-ir exhibited a similar pattern of distribution as that observed for Fos-ir. The dose of i.c.v. renin that induced expression of immediate early gene (IEG) product immunoreactivity also produced vigorous drinking. When renin-injected rats were pretreated with captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, drinking was blocked. With the same captopril pretreatment, both Fos- and Egr-1-ir in the SFO, MnPO, SON, PVN, AP and LPBN were also significantly reduced.
Rapid changes in the lymphopoietic and granulopoietic compartments of the marrow caused by stress levels of corticosterone

Summary Exposure to concentrations of glucocorticoids analogous to those produced during stress, trauma and malnutrition had rapid but varying effects on the major classes of cells within the marrow. Corticosterone (CS) was given as a subdermal implant in young mice and generated 60–95 µg CS/dl of blood compared to 5–15 µg CS/dl for sham controls over a period of 36 hr. Within 24 hr CS had caused losses of 30–70% among the early pro-B, pre-B and immature B cells. The pre-B cells were virtually eliminated by 36 hr and the capacity of surviving pro- and pre-B cells to cycle was reduced by 70–80%. Interestingly, the earliest of B cells, the prepro-B cells, showed considerable resistance to CS, being reduced by only 20% at 36 hr. Thus, the pattern of survival within the B-cell compartment paralleled the expression of Bcl-2. At the 36-hr time-point there were no changes in the proportion of progenitor cells, erythroid or monocytic cells, or number of nucleated cells in the marrow. By contrast, 36 hr after exposure to CS there was an increase of 30% in the proportion and absolute number of cells in the granulocytic compartment. Chronic production of CS appears to reprogramme lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis, perhaps to preserve the first line of immune defence at the expense of the lymphoid branch. Resistance to apoptosis and modifications in the activity of the glucocorticoid receptor and cytokines produced by stromal cells are postulated as targets for CS-driven changes.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POSTULATED LUNAR SURFACE MATERIALS

Heat balance of lunar surface layer during lunation related to measurements of thermal properties of postulated lunar surface materials
Solvent dependence of peak frequencies and bandwidths of the ν4 vibration of the series CH3MCl3, M C, Si, Ge, Sn

Abstract The Raman spectra of the carbon—chlorine symmetric stretching mode, ν 4 , of the Group IVA methylmetal trichlorides (CH 3 MCl 3 , M  C, Si, Ge, Sn) were acquired in a number of solvents of varying molecular properties. Non-linear curve fitting procedures were used to separate the four band components resulting from chlorine isotope splitting. The band maxima of the two lighter members of the series were observed to shift to lower frequency with increasing solvent polarizability, indicating the predominance of solute—solvent dispersion forces. In the germanium and tin compounds, on the other hand, the peak frequencies were correlated, instead, with solvent dipole moment. This result is in contrast to earlier studies on the ν 1 (CH 3 symmetric stretching) vibration, for which dispersion interactions are the dominant frequency displacement mechanism in all four compounds. The bandwidths of the ν 4 vibration were found to depend on dipolar interactions in the germanium and tin compounds. However, this correlation was not observed for the two lighter series members, nor for the carbon—chlorine antisymmetric stretching vibration in CH 3 SnCl 3 .
CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS OF FAST PROJECTILES IN LOW-Z MATERIALS

For an accurate calculation of target x-ray production or of projectile energy loss in low-Z materials, it is necessary to know the projectile charge state at each point in the material. If the projectile is fast enough so that charge transfer can be neglected with respect to electron stripping, it is possible to deduce a simple expression for the charge fractions as a function of the penetration distance into the target. The expression depends essentially only on the stripping cross section per electron of the particular shell being stripped, on the initial number of electrons on the projectile, and on the charge state. A small correction has to be applied for the effect of shells lying inside of the shell being stripped. The expression has been tested with Xe45+ projectiles between 82 and 300 MeV/u and with U83+ projectiles between 105 and 960 MeV/u with targets of Be, C, mylar, and Al. Model calculations are made of the effect of charge distributions on PIXE x-ray production and on projectile energy loss.
The vascularization of adrenal transplants in the rat and the effect of X-irradiation†

Vascularization of subcutaneous (ear) and mesenteric adrenal autografts, homografts, and x-irradiated autografts was studied microscopically through visualization of small blood vessels by intravascular precipitation of lead chromate. Vascularization of autografts in both sites begins on the third day after transplantation with a surface network of small vessels. Vascular buds penetrate the graft on the fourth day. On the seventh vascularization is complete. Vessels penetrate along regenerated adrenocortical fasciculi. Later, large vessels supplying the network around the graft are prominent and venous sinuses exist near the surface. Vascularization of subcutaneous homotransplants follows the same qualitative course but is chronologically irregular, delayed one or more days in most cases. On the second day an inflammatory vascular reaction occurs around the wound in the ear. Generally, vessels are finer, less well injected than in autografts. Mesenteric homografts, however, are vascularized like mesenteric autografts. X-irradiation of adrenals in vitro with 2,000 r prior to autografting also produces chronological irregularity and retardation of vascularization, up to 28 days after subcutaneous transplantation, but only during the first 12 days in mesenteric transplants. Except for reduction in size, from the thirteenth day on, x-irradiated mesenteric transplants are like non-irradiated controls.
The independent manipulation of intellectually and emotionally based beliefs

Abstract A number of people who have written from a cognitive perspective have implied that only beliefs perceived as factual influence behavior. By contrast, the Sappington and Russell Four Variable Model proposes that behavior is influenced by beliefs subjectively perceived as non-rational and as not based upon facts (called emotionally based beliefs) as well as by beliefs subjectively perceived as rational and as supported by facts (called intellectually based beliefs). Much prior research supports this proposal. However, the model also proposes that the two types of beliefs derive from different sources and respond to different variables. This has not been previously demonstrated. The present article describes four studies which attempt to demonstrate that intellectually and emotionally based beliefs indeed respond to different variables and can be manipulated independently. Intellectually based, but not emotionally based, beliefs were changed by varying the amount of objective information provided. Emotionally based, but not intellectually based, beliefs were found to be changed by increasing emotional arousal. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistically short cracks

Bone is more difficult to break than to split. Although this is well known, and many studies exist on the behaviour of long cracks in bone, there is a need for data on the orientation-dependent crack-growth resistance behaviour of human cortical bone that accurately assesses its toughness at appropriate size scales. Here, we use in situ mechanical testing to examine how physiologically pertinent short (<600 microm) cracks propagate in both the transverse and longitudinal orientations in cortical bone, using both crack-deflection/twist mechanics and nonlinear-elastic fracture mechanics to determine crack-resistance curves. We find that after only 500 microm of cracking, the driving force for crack propagation was more than five times higher in the transverse (breaking) direction than in the longitudinal (splitting) direction owing to major crack deflections/twists, principally at cement sheaths. Indeed, our results show that the true transverse toughness of cortical bone is far higher than previously reported. However, the toughness in the longitudinal orientation, where cracks tend to follow the cement lines, is quite low at these small crack sizes; it is only when cracks become several millimetres in length that bridging mechanisms can fully develop leading to the (larger-crack) toughnesses generally quoted for bone.
Buy! Sell! Produce! Economic education activities

All children are part of an economic system. They encounter different goods and services daily. Most young children have used money, have gone to the bank and are familiar with their parents' employment. Children's play activities investigate the economic system. As children role play occupations they may buy and sell goods or provide services to customers. They may use unit blocks to build stores and community services such as fire stations. Children sort and count money, barter toys and pretend they are writing out checks. Many child-initiated activities involve exploration of basic economic experiences.
On non-local effects in Van der Waals forces between metals

Abstract It is shown that Van der Waals forces between metals are insensitive to non-local effects as induced by the wave-number dependence of the dielectric constants of the adherents.
Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on zinc absorption in rat small intestine.

The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the ability of the small intestine to absorb zinc was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Six rats were fed the Lieber-Decarli liquid rat diet for 1 month during which 36% of their total calories were provided as ethanol, while their pair fed controls received these calories as carbohydrate. Zinc absorption was then examined simultaneously in duodenal and ileal segments byin vivo perfusion. Net absorption of zinc in the ileum was reduced by 16% following chronic ethanol feeding. Duodenal absorption of zinc was significantly less than in the ileum and was unaffected by chronic ethanol ingestion. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol ingestion significantly impairs net zinc absorption in the ileum of the rat, the most active area of zinc uptake as measured byin vivo perfusion, and suggest that malabsorption of zinc may contribute to the zinc deficiency seen following chronic ethanol ingestion.
An examination of encoding and retrieval processes in reading disabled children.

Abstract A choice reaction time experiment was performed in order to assess the information processing characteristics of 12-year-old reading disabled children. Eight reading disabled children were compared to a sample of nondisabled readers. The stimuli consisted of consonants presented in three memory load conditions. A Stimulus Quality manipulation was included in the design in order to assess the encoding process. The results of the research indicated that the rate of encoding differed between disabled and nondisabled readers. In addition, support for the hypothesis that disabled and nondisabled readers do not differ in terms of central processes was also obtained.
A Conceptual Model of the Impacts of Fishing Gear on the Integrity of Fish Habitats

Fishing gear is used over large regions of continental shelves worldwide, but studies of the effects of fishing on seafloor habitats are generally conducted on a limited number of sediment types, making the wider application of particular studies difficult. Fishing gear can reduce habitat complexity by smoothing bedforms, removing emergent epifauna, and removing species that produce structures such as burrows. I de- veloped a conceptual model of gear impacts across gradients of habitat complexity and levels of fishing effort to provide a more holistic understanding of the effects of fishing gear. Each habitat type, in an unaffected state, was categorized and scored numerically based on the components of habitat structure. Values for highly affected habitats, based on observations, were integrated into the model and represented the most af- fected state. The model predicts linear reductions in complexity based on linear increases in fishing effort. For example, the complexity value of pebble-cobble with emergent epifauna decreases linearly to half the unaf- fected value (i.e., 10 to 5) in the most affected condition. Research is needed to refine the model and develop improved predictive capabilities. For example, threshold effects may occur that depend on habitat type, fish- ing gear, and fishing effort. Adding feedback loops to the model, based on recovery rates of habitats, will greatly increase the value of such models to managers. The model can be used directly for management in the current iteration by adopting a well-conceived adaptive management strategy. The objective of such an ap- proach must include both the sustainable harvest of fishes and the maintenance of biodiversity.
Muscovite-garnet granites in the Mojave Desert: Relation to crustal structure of the Cretaceous arc

A previously undocumented belt of Upper Cretaceous, primary muscoviteand garnet-bearing granites is exposed within the Mesozoic batholith of the central and western Mojave Desert of California. This granite belt occurs more than 140 km west of the better known Cordilleran interior belt of primary muscovite-bearing granitoids, and the central and western Mojave granites are derived from much different sources, possibly Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists or similar rocks. Anatexis of Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists to produce these granites would require emplacement of the schists prior to the Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary, the most widely accepted time of schist emplacement. The granite belt may also correlate with similar rocks in the southernmost Sierra Nevada and eastern Salinia. The distinctive isotopic and petrologic character of the granite belt reflects differences in crustal structure between the Mojave–southern Sierra Nevada and the central Sierra Nevada portions of the Cretaceous continental margin batholith. Possible correlation of this belt with rocks in eastern Salinia also places further limits on the pre-early Tertiary position of Salinia.
A zero-current-switching multilevel switched capacitor DC-DC converter

This paper introduces a zero-current-switching multilevel switched capacitor dc-dc converter for use in high voltage gain and high temperature applications. This circuit has a reduced charge path, low switch count and low device ratings compared to many similar topologies. Furthermore, switching losses and component size are greatly reduced. Zero-current-switching is achieved using small inductances in the circuit to resonate in series with the capacitors. In this way, the current is made to go to zero at the beginning and end of each switching cycle. A simulation is used to then verify the proposed converter.
Impact of donor cardiac arrest on heart transplantation

Background Cardiac transplantation is an effective therapy for patients with end-stage heart failure, but it is still hindered by the lack of donor organs. A history of donor cardiac arrest raises trepidation regarding the possibility of poor post-transplant outcomes. The impact of donor cardiac arrest following successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation on heart transplant outcomes is unknown. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the impact of donor cardiac arrest on orthotropic heart transplantation using the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Methods We performed a secondary longitudinal analysis of all cardiac transplants performed between April 1994 and December 2011 through the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. Multiorgan transplants, repeat transplants, and pediatric recipients were excluded. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier methods as well as multivariate adjusted logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models. Results A total of 19,980 patients were analyzed. In 856 cases, the donors had histories of cardiac arrest, and in the remaining 19,124 cases, there was no history of donor cardiac arrest. The unadjusted 1-, 5-, and 10-year actuarial survival rates between the arrest and the nonarrest groups were not significantly different. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated no difference in survival in the donor arrest group at 30 days, 1 year, or 3 years. Furthermore, the adjusted Cox proportional hazard model for cumulative survival also showed no survival difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion If standard recipient and donor transplantation criteria are met, a history of donor cardiac arrest should not prohibit the potential consideration of an organ for transplantation.
Direct observation of microtubule dynamics at kinetochores in Xenopus extract spindles: implications for spindle mechanics

Microtubule plus ends dynamically attach to kinetochores on mitotic chromosomes. We directly imaged this dynamic interface using high resolution fluorescent speckle microscopy and direct labeling of kinetochores in Xenopus extract spindles. During metaphase, kinetochores were stationary and under tension while plus end polymerization and poleward microtubule flux (flux) occurred at velocities varying from 1.5–2.5 μm/min. Because kinetochore microtubules polymerize at metaphase kinetochores, the primary source of kinetochore tension must be the spindle forces that produce flux and not a kinetochore-based mechanism. We infer that the kinetochore resists translocation of kinetochore microtubules through their attachment sites, and that the polymerization state of the kinetochore acts a “slip-clutch” mechanism that prevents detachment at high tension. At anaphase onset, kinetochores switched to depolymerization of microtubule plus ends, resulting in chromosome-to-pole rates transiently greater than flux. Kinetochores switched from persistent depolymerization to persistent polymerization and back again during anaphase, bistability exhibited by kinetochores in vertebrate tissue cells. These results provide the most complete description of spindle microtubule poleward flux to date, with important implications for the microtubule–kinetochore interface and for how flux regulates kinetochore function.
Design Methods for Flow in Rough Conduits

Design curves and methods for determining friction factors for turbulent flow in closed conduits and tranquil open channel flow; methods are physically realistic, being based on five distinct regimes of turbulence and related to actual physical dimensions of boundary roughness elements.
Précis of The Modularity of Mind

The Modularity of Mind presses an alternative to the “New Look” or “interactionist” view of cognitive architecture that has dominated several decades of cognitive science. Whereas interactionisim stresses the continuity of perceptual and cognitive processes, modularity theory argues for their distinctness. It is argued, in particular, that the apparent plausibility of New Look theorizing derives from the failure to distinguish between the (correct) claim that perceptual processes are inferential and the (dubious) claim that they are unencapsulated , that is, that they arc arbitrarily sensitive to the organism's beliefs and desires. In fact, according to modularity theory, perceptual processes are computationally isolated from much of the background knowledge to which cognitive processes have access. The postulation of autonomous, domain-specific psychological mechanisms underlying perceptual integration connects modularity theory with the tradition of faculty psychology, in particular, with the work of Franz Joseph Call. Some of these historical affinities, and some of the relations between faculty psychology and Cartesianism, are discussed in the book.
Embedded self-circulation of liquid fuel for a micro direct methanol fuel cell

This paper introduces a micro direct methanol fuel cell (muDMFC) with an embedded self-pumping mechanism to deliver liquid fuel. The fuel is propelled by the CO2 bubbles generated by the fuel-cell electrochemical reaction, and the bubbles are removed from the system during the self-pumping process. Furthermore, the pumping rate is self- regulated by the reaction, i.e., by the electric load. By eliminating the need for a pump and gas/liquid separator, our design allows much simpler fuel-cell systems, which is especially beneficial for miniaturization. Although we test with muDMFC in this paper, the mechanism applies to other membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-based fuel cells with organic liquid fuels as well.
Geographical location and corporate disclosures

This paper investigates the effect of U.S. firms' geographical location, whether urban or rural, on their corporate disclosure policies. For a comprehensive sample of U.S. firms for the years 1988 to 2004, I find that the quality of reported earnings is better for rural firms as compared to urban firms. Earnings of rural firms exhibit greater ability to predict cash flows, higher response coefficients for stock returns, greater conservatism, and lower probability of small positive values. Also, the increase in the likelihood of issuing voluntary management earnings forecasts with the increase in the magnitude of bad news is greater for rural firms. The difference in such disclosure practices across rural and urban firms is even more pronounced in the periods preceding equity offerings, suggesting that reducing information asymmetry prior to equity offerings is one of the reasons for better quality disclosures by rural firms.
Patient Safety in the Cardiac Operating Room: Human Factors and Teamwork A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

The cardiac surgical operating room (OR) is a complex environment in which highly trained subspecialists interact with each other using sophisticated equipment to care for patients with severe cardiac disease and significant comorbidities. Thousands of patient lives have been saved or significantly improved with the advent of modern cardiac surgery. Indeed, both mortality and morbidity for coronary artery bypass surgery have decreased during the past decade (Figure 1).1 Nonetheless, the highly skilled and dedicated personnel in cardiac ORs are human and will make errors. In 1991, Leape and colleagues2,3 estimated that among the 2 million patients hospitalized in New York in 1984, there were 27 179 adverse events that involved negligence; other evidence suggests that up to 16% of hospital inpatients are harmed.4 Gawande and associates5 found that the incidence of surgical adverse events was 12% among cardiac surgery patients versus 3% in other surgical patients; 54% of the adverse events were considered preventable. Of the roughly 350 000 to 500 000 patients who undergo cardiac surgery each year, 28 000 will have an adverse event, and one third of deaths associated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations may be preventable.6 Figure 1. Change in mortality and stroke rates in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, 2000 to 2009. There was a 24.4% and 26.4% reduction in the unadjusted observed operative mortality (2.4% vs 1.9%) and stroke rates (1.6% vs 1.2%), respectively, during the course of the study period. Reprinted from ElBardissi et al1 with permission from Elsevier. Copyright © 2012, The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Refined techniques, advanced technologies, and enhanced coordination of care have led to significant improvements in cardiac surgery outcomes. However, more than 10 years after the Institute of Medicine report,7 there is …
Phycomyces: An Increase in Mechanical Extensibility during the Avoidance Growth Response

The sporangiophore of Phycomyces shows a transient response to a double barrier, the avoidance growth response. Tensile tests conducted on the stage IV sporangiophore demonstrate that an increase in mechanical extensibility occurs about a minute after a double barrier stimulus. This change in mechanical extensibility is similar to the one that occurs after a light stimulus. We have concluded that the avoidance stimulus occurs somewhere on the same pathway between the photoreceptor mechanism and the final growth response.
A Simulation-Integrated Decision Support System for Advanced Vehicle Design Demonstrated on Colorado State's EcoCAR

Modeling and simulation are becoming standard tools in the academic and industrial worlds of advanced automotive design. When coupled with optimization, these tools have the potential to fundamentally change the design process and facilitate rapid progress in the state of the field by opening the door to inverse design. In inverse design, the designer controls decision variables directly, and design variables are obtained as outputs. Through inverse design, the tradeoffs imbedded in vehicle technologies can be communicated efficiently to decision makers, and the mystery in the design space can be illuminated. The full capabilities of inverse design, however, have not yet been realized due to lengthy simulation run times for optimization and not having models integrated with the decision metrics. As first-time participants in the EcoCAR2 competition, the Colorado State University design team embarked on a research mission to investigate feasible technologies and identify tradeoffs within the context of the competition, which required confronting these roadblocks. To perform architecture selection and component sizing the CSU team developed a decision support system (DSS) from which inverse design was performed. Surrogate models of the vehicle design space were developed to bypass the roadblock of computation time and competition-relevant decision metrics were directly integrated to enable inverse design. This unique approach enabled the evaluation of optimized technology options within the context of the competition and provided assessment of Pareto-optimal tradeoffs within each technology option. With this tool the CSU design team illuminated the design space of the EcoCAR2 competition and selected a vehicle that not only excels in the competition but also pushes the boundaries of conventional design philosophy. The CSU design team has chosen to build a blended charge-depleting mode plug-in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle that optimizes energy consumption and emissions while meeting consumer acceptability requirements. The methods and results of this research are presented in the following report.
Mapping and manipulating the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptome using a transcription factor overexpression-derived regulatory network

Mycobacterium tuberculosis senses and responds to the shifting and hostile landscape of the host. To characterize the underlying intertwined gene regulatory network governed by approximately 200 transcription factors of M. tuberculosis, we have assayed the global transcriptional consequences of overexpressing each transcription factor from an inducible promoter. We cloned and overexpressed 206 transcription factors in M. tuberculosis to identify the regulatory signature of each. We identified 9,335 regulatory consequences of overexpressing each of 183 transcription factors, providing evidence of regulation for 70% of the M. tuberculosis genome. These transcriptional signatures agree well with previously described M. tuberculosis regulons. The number of genes differentially regulated by transcription factor overexpression varied from hundreds of genes to none, with the majority of expression changes repressing basal transcription. Exploring the global transcriptional maps of transcription factor overexpressing (TFOE) strains, we predicted and validated the phenotype of a regulator that reduces susceptibility to a first line anti-tubercular drug, isoniazid. We also combined the TFOE data with an existing model of M. tuberculosis metabolism to predict the growth rates of individual TFOE strains with high fidelity. This work has led to a systems-level framework describing the transcriptome of a devastating bacterial pathogen, characterized the transcriptional influence of nearly all individual transcription factors in M. tuberculosis, and demonstrated the utility of this resource. These results will stimulate additional systems-level and hypothesis-driven efforts to understand M. tuberculosis adaptations that promote disease.
TEN YEARS OF REALTIME, NEAR-SURFACE CURRENT OBSERVATIONS SUPPORTING OIL SPILL RESPONSE1

Trajectory modeling is one of the few tools that allow spill managers to get ahead of an oil spill. To that end, the Texas General Land Office is committed to maintaining and improving the Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) and its associated modeling efforts to ensure a reliable source of accurate, up-to-date information on currents along the Texas coast. As the nation embarks on the development of an Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), TABS will be an active participant as a foundational regional component to the national backbone of ocean observations. The lessons-learned from TABS’ ten years of spill response operations will provide a valuable roadmap for the operators of new ocean observing systems to ensure that they understand and meet the unique needs of the oil spill response community. This paper describes the circumstances which led to the creation of TABS; the unique, spill response-driven philosophy behind the development and operation of the system; lessons-learned and the resulting modifications to the system; examples of TABS' service; new TABS forecasting models and real time analysis tools; and the future direction of TABS in the context of a national Integrated Ocean Observing System.
Ultrasonic Transducer with a Two-Dimensional Gaussian Field Profile

A transducer is described which generates a two-dimensional Gaussian field by controlling both the position of multiple circular electrodes and the voltage applied to each electrode. The transducer is constructed by depositing concentric rings electrodes onto one flat surface of a circular piezoelectric crystal disk and attaching the rings to an impedance matching network which acts as a voltage divider. Geometrical inter-ring separations and electrical inter-ring impedances are designed to minimize the error between the generated acoustic field, modeled as a piecewise linear function, and the desired Gaussian distribution. Total mean squared error between the averaged far-field data and a Gaussian shape is less than two percent.
Addition of Rifampin to Cephalexin Therapy for Recalcitrant Staphylococcal Skin Infections—An Observation

We report two pediatric patients with recalcitrant staphylococcal infections whose infections resolved when rifampin was added to standard antistaphylococcal therapy. One patient had a post-varicella staphylococcal ulcerative lesion and did not respond to cephalexin alone but did respond when rifampin was added. A second patient had staphylococcal bullous impetigo and did not respond to dicloxacillin or cephalexin but did respond when rifampin was added to the cephalexin. If a patient fails to respond to traditional antistaphylococcal therapy, the addition of rifampin may be beneficial.
Gating Currents of Monomeric Hv Channel Reveals a Permeation Pathway Coupled to the Voltage Activation

Recently, a family of voltage-gated proton channels, called (Hv) was cloned from different organisms. Hv channel shares a common structure with the Voltage Sensor Domain (VSD) of voltage-gated K channels. Despite off the high homology between Hv channel and the VSD, they have distant quaternary structures. Hv channel lacks a pore domain, and is fully functional either as a monomer or dimer. The S4 was proposed as the possible permeation pathway, resembling the omega current present in some mutants of Shaker K+ channel. However the permeation pathway is still elusive. Fluorescence experiments suggests that the voltage activation in Hv is in two steps, where the second step is a cooperative conformational change, involving interactions between subunits that opens both permeation pathways in a concerted way in the dimer. However, the relationship between the H+ pore, and the voltage sensor activation is not fully understood for the monomer. Here we presented the first Hv gating currents recordings from the monomeric Hv form (Hv-ΔNΔC). Interestingly, the voltage sensor activation precedes the H+ conduction, suggesting that voltage sensor and H+ pore, are two different structures allosterically coupled. The Q-V present a zδ of 1.6 e0, in agreement with previous experiments of voltage-clamp fluorometry. The data presented support the hypothesis that the channel opening is associated to a second conformational state of the voltage sensor, associated to an extremely slow component in the gating current. Supported by Fondecyt grants ACT 1104 and Fondecyt 1120802 to CG and 1110430 to R.L.
A survey: Spoofing attacks in physical layer security

Increasing demand on wireless communications also increases the issues related to communication security. Among different security solutions, physical layer security have recently been gaining many interests by the researchers. In this paper, a survey study is provided in one of the most critical attacks, namely spoofing attacks. When a legitimate transmitter stops sending a signal to a legitimate receiver, the spoofer starts to transmit a deceiving signal to the same legitimate receiver by acting as if it is the legitimate transmitter. The aim of the spoofer is to deceive the legitimate receiver. Within this concept, we first review the detection methods and countermeasures to spoofing attacks. To be able to evaluate the proposed techniques, we discuss different metrics provided in the literature. Then, we conclude the paper with the open issues.
Brain Insulin Receptor Causes Activity-Dependent Current Suppression in the Olfactory Bulb Through Multiple Phosphorylation of Kv1.3

Insulin and insulin receptor (IR) kinase are found in abundance in discrete brain regions yet insulin signaling in the CNS is not understood. Because it is known that the highest brain insulin-binding affinities, insulin-receptor density, and IR kinase activity are localized to the olfactory bulb, we sought to explore the downstream substrates for IR kinase in this region of the brain to better elucidate the function of insulin signaling in the CNS. First, we demonstrate that IR is postnatally and developmentally expressed in specific lamina of the highly plastic olfactory bulb (OB). ELISA testing confirms that insulin is present in the developing and adult OB. Plasma insulin levels are elevated above that found in the OB, which perhaps suggests a differential insulin pool. Olfactory bulb insulin levels appear not to be static, however, but are elevated as much as 15-fold after a 72-h fasting period. Bath application of insulin to cultured OB neurons acutely induces outward current suppression as studied by the use of traditional whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recording techniques. Modulation of OB neurons is restricted to current magnitude; IR kinase activation does not modulate current kinetics of inactivation or deactivation. Transient transfection of human embryonic kidney cells with cloned Kv1.3 ion channel, which carries a large proportion of the outward current in these neurons, revealed that current suppression was the result of multiple tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.3 channel. Y to F single-point mutations in the channel or deletion of the kinase domain in IR blocks insulin-induced modulation and phosphorylation of Kv1.3. Neuromodulation of Kv1.3 current in OB neurons is activity dependent and is eliminated after 20 days of odor/sensory deprivation induced by unilateral naris occlusion at postnatal day 1. IR kinase but not Kv1.3 expression is downregulated in the OB ipsilateral to the occlusion, as demonstrated in cryosections of right (control) and left (sensory-deprived) OB immunolabeled with antibodies directed against these proteins, respectively. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the hormone insulin acts as a multiply functioning molecule in the brain: IR signaling in the CNS could act as a traditional growth factor during development, be altered during energy metabolism, and simultaneously function to modulate electrical activity via phosphorylation of voltage-gated ion channels.
Meeting Halfway between Rochester and Frankfurt: Generative Salience, Focal Points, and Strategic Interaction

Rational choice theory and the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas exclude important social categories from their analyses of strategic interaction. Successful strategic action in many contexts, however, depends upon the irreducibly intersubjective categories of the lifeworld. I defend this claim by analyzing the use of focal points to solve the multiple equilibria problem in coordination games, reconstructing both the generation of the salience behind focal points as well as the strategic rationality of using them. The goal of this reconstruction is to demonstrate the compatibility of what appears to be mutually hostile research traditions, validating the intuition that together they provide a better understanding of politics than either school can on its own. Knowledge is elusive and volatile; it escapes measurement. That's why the conquering god of that era was Hermes ... god of crossroads. -Umberto Eco, Foucault's Pendulum
Dietary fat reduction strategies

In this study, we used computer modeling to identify which techniques designed to achieve dietary fat reduction were the most effective in meeting the dietary recommendations of the American Heart Association Step-One diet. Menus were developed for men and nonpregnant, nonlactating women, 25 to 50 years old, according to the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (with 36% and 37% of energy from fat for men and women respectively). The menus were modified realistically using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System. The following five strategies were applied: skim milk replaced whole milk and 2%-fat milk (SKM); medium-fat meat exchanges replaced higher-fat ones (MMtEx); lean meat exchanges replaced higher-fat ones (LMtEx); fat-modified products were used (FMP); and 2%-fat milk replaced whole milk (LFM). For men, strategies LMtEx, SKM + LMtEx, SKM + LMtEx + FMP, LMtEx + FMP, LMtEx + FMP + LFM, and LMtEx + LFM reduced energy by 195 to 415 kcal and achieved the targeted level of energy from fat (≤30 ± 1%) and cholesterol (
Visceral larva migrans and the hypereosinophilia syndrome.

ABSTRACT:This is a case of visceral larva migrans and hypereosinophilia syndrome with persistently elevated white blood cell count despite adequate medical therapy in a 4-year-old boy with leukocytosis and splenomegaly. Medical history included reactive airway disease and geophagia (pica). Serology
An Earwitness to History: Street Hawkers and Their Calls in Early 20th-Century Egypt

Historians have recently started listening to the past, contributing to what David Howes has described as a “sensorial revolution in the humanities and social sciences.” In the same way that all five senses are relevant to our daily understanding of the world around us, they should be vital to our understanding of historical events. Interpreting how peoples of the past sensorially experienced their world makes possible a richer, more comprehensive grasp of historical events. A sensorially grounded historical narrative is an embodied history that is connected to everyday people and lives. Historians of the Middle East, however, with few exceptions, are still largely producing soundproof, devocalized narratives of the past.
The End of the Intelligentsia: The Future of the Philosopher in Russia

For Nikolai Berdiaev in The Russian Idea (Russkaia ideia, 1946), the content and form of Russian literature and philosophy are nonnegotiable: Russian literature is philosophical; Russian philosophy is literary. Both are necessarily religious. Moreover, both disciplines make strides toward the same messianic end: to represent the deeply engrained moral character of the Russian people and to reveal the future toward which this character leads. In the previous chapter, we saw two anthropological alternatives to this model. Philosophers Sergey Horujy and Valery Podoroga explicitly separate themselves from the mythologized category of Russian philosophy, in part out of allegiance to their respective views of disciplinary professionalism. While Horujy split with the canon of Russian religious philosophy over what he viewed as its methodological sloppiness, Podoroga has described his own approach as sharing nothing in common with the sacralizing tendencies of Russian religious philosophy. Both see themselves as philosophers in Russia, as philosophers by profession, but not as Russian philosophers in some inherited sense of the term.
Effects of cultural tailoring on persuasion in cancer communication: : A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis examined the persuasive impact of culturally tailored messages in cancer communication. The study sample includes 36 articles with 58 experimental pairs (N = 30,006). Results showed that culturally tailored cancer messages had an overall small and significant influence on persuasion (r = .120, p < .001). Deep tailoring, which integrates the cultural values, norms, and religious beliefs of the target ethnic group, had a significantly stronger effect compared to surface tailoring, which only incorporates surface cultural features such as language, diet, and risk statistics. Moreover, the moderating effects of cancer types, ethnicity, message format, media channels, message design approach, gender, and study design factors were explored. The theoretical and practical implications of the study were discussed.
Prenatal Alcohol and Neurologic Dysfunction

Of 698 pregnant women interviewed about alcohol consumption at the maternity hospital in Roubaix, France, 156 of the offspring were investigated at age 4 and 1/2 years, using a standardized neuropsychological assessment.
In the Red: Deficits in Immune Regulation Underlie Psoriasis Severity

IL-17–driven pathways are active in the skin of patients with psoriasis. Kim et al. examined lesions from mild and moderate to severe psoriasis and found that differences in cutaneous disease severity may be the outcome of lapses in immunoregulatory mechanisms; because as much, if not more, T helper type 17–induced inflammation was seen in mild psoriasis, these patients may also benefit from anti-IL-17–targeted biologics.
Geometric Restriction of Gas Permeance in Ultrathin Film Composite Membranes Evaluated Using an Integrated Experimental and Modeling Approach

Gas permeation through ultrathin film composite (uTFC) membranes can be restricted by the pore size and porosity of the porous supports, resulting in a reduction in permeance. Although this geometric restriction has been demonstrated using empirical and computational models, a systematic experimental validation of the models is still lacking. This study addresses the gap by preparing a series of uTFC membranes comprising glassy perfluoropolymers (such as Teflon AF1600 and Hyflon AD80) as selective layers on top of a commercial poly(ether sulfone) (PES) microporous support and investigating the effects of the surface morphology and selective layer thickness on the gas permeance. The geometric restriction resulting from the porous support becomes more severe as the selective layer becomes thinner. For example, the PES support decreased the gas permeance of a 100-nm-thick Hyflon AD80 film by as much as 42%. The experimental data agreed well with the modeling results, which convincingly confirms that porous s...
Plugging Social Responsibility into Shopper Marketing

The topic of in-store marketing has a long academic and practice history dating back to the early 20th century (Schumann & Davidson 2007; Schumann et al. 2008). Numerous papers have reflected aspects of the in-store environment and strategy. So it is interesting to note the resurgence of “shopper marketing” over the past ten years. Shopper marketing has been defined as “understanding how one’s target consumers behave as shoppers and leveraging this intelligence to benefit the company or brand, consumers, retailers and shoppers” (Flint, 2009). Shopper marketing includes examining the way shoppers are influenced by various promotional activities such as couponing, packaging, in-store media, brand promotions and signage. Shopper marketing strategy addresses how retailers and brand manufacturers are trying to collaborate in new ways, supply chain execution of more engaging shopper marketing programs, and ways of engaging the consumer along the path to purchase and at that point of purchase while in a shopping “mode.”
The Use of Lasers and Light Treatment for Hair Growth and Hair Transplantation

Laser light presents a non-invasive treatment option for patients with hair loss. In this chapter, we examine data for the use of ultraviolet, fractionated, and low-level light therapy (LLLT) for the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss, as well as alopecia areata and cicatricial alopecias. Mechanisms for laser-induced hair growth include localized vasodilation and skin wounding. More data about ideal dosing and treatment parameters is still needed.
Heterogeneity of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease of unknown etiopathogenesis with mean survival of 3–5 years and limited therapeutics. IPF is characterized by a loss of alveolar type II epithelial cells and aberrant activation of stromal cells, leading to a considerable effort to characterize the origin and activation mechanisms of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in IPF lungs. In this review, the origin and contribution of fibroblast and myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis will be summarized. Lineage tracing experiments suggested that interstitial lung fibroblasts and lipofibroblasts, pericytes, and mesothelial cells differentiate into myofibroblasts. However, epithelial- and bone marrow-derived cells may give rise to collagen expressing cells but may not contribute to the pool of myofibroblasts. There is great heterogeneity in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in fibrotic lungs. Further, there is evidence for the expansion of pericyte-derived myofibroblasts and loss of lipofibroblasts and lipofibroblast-derived myofibroblasts in IPF.