cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of the jamming avoidance response ofEigenmannia

1. Single unit responses of electroreceptors, of Posterior Lateral Line Lobe cells and of Torus Semicircularis cells were studied. Three types of stimuli were used; one was sufficient for evoking the jamming avoidance response and the other two lacked key features necessary for the behavior's occurrence. Responses to each of these stimuli were compared to determine which stimulus parameters were measured by each cell type. 2. The receptor population was divided into two groups. The P-receptors, probability coders, responded primarily to changes in the amplitude of the stimulus. No differences were seen in the phases of their peak activity during stimulation with either +ΔF or −ΔF beats or with amplitude modulations of a pure tone (Figs. 4,5). The T-receptors, tonic receptors, usually fired one spike during each stimulus cycle with a very constant phase. These receptors can provide information that will allow detection of the presence and the sign of theΔF of beats since the phase of the individual cycles within the beat change in a systematic fashion relative to either pure tone component of the beat (Fig. 3). 3. Posterior Lateral Line Lobe T-cells behaved similarly to T-receptors (Fig. 7). P-cells from this region responded to increases in stimulus amplitude with either an increase (E Type) or a decrease (I Type) in firing frequency. As in the case of P-receptors, no differences in the firing patterns of these P-cells were found when + or −ΔF beats or AM were used as stimuli (Figs. 8,9). 4. Many Torus Semicircularis T-cells responded to beats capable of evoking the jamming avoidance behavior with little or no phase modulation compared to the T-cells seen in antecedent areas. These cells could therefore supply a necessary temporal reference for the evaluation of the changing phase of a beat stimulus relative to one of its pure tone components (Fig. 10). A subset of the Torus P-cells behaved the same as did the Posterior Lateral Line lobe P-cells. The remainder (sign-sensitive cells) showed strikingly different responses to + and −ΔF beats and AM stimuli (Figs. 11, 12, 13). These cells are shown to be sensitive to phase differences between electrical stimuli received at near by regions of the body (Fig. 15). ThisΔF sign sensitivity is only found when stimuli capable of evoking a JAR are used. 5. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the behavior of the sign-sensitive cells which rely on comparison of a reference signal and a beat driven signal supplied by different populations of T-units (Fig. 16). Based on these results, a simple neural circuit is proposed (Fig. 17) which is sufficient to account qualitatively for the known properties of the jamming avoidance behavior.
Life in earth extreme environments: a study of cryobiotic potentialities.

Cryobiotic potentialities on earth, investigating life forms physiological response to temperature, cryotolerance mechanisms, etc
Cardiorespiratory arrest with laryngeal oedema in pregnancy- induced hypertension

A 17-year-old black female with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) suffered cardiorespiratory arrest on arrival in the recovery room after Caesarean section under general endotracheal anaesthesia. Successful resuscitation included orotracheal intubation, complicated by severe laryngeal oedema. Causative mechanisms are discussed.
PREDICTION OF THE MOLAR VOLUME AT THE NORMAL BOILING POINT

Abstract A group contribution method for the prediction of the molar volume at the normal boiling point has been developed. The method can be used for organic and inorganic compounds. It cannot be used for elements and diatomic molecules. Group contributions are shown for a wide variety of hydrocarbons, organic halogen compounds, organic oxygen compounds, organic nitrogen compounds, organic sulfur compounds, organic boron compounds, organic silicon compounds, miscellaneous organics, and many inorganic compounds. Contrary to the corresponding states methods for the prediction of molar volumes, knowledge of critical properties, acentric factors, and reference volumes is not needed.
Synthesis of a Hemoglobin Polymer Containing Antioxidant Enzymes Using Complementary Chemistry of Maleimides and Sulfhydryls

To increase the overall size of hemoglobin (Hb), we developed a novel system of polymerization based on the complementary chemistry between sulfhydryls and maleimides. The maleimides were introduced onto the protein through N-(-maleimidobutyryloxy) succinimide, while the sulfhydryls were added using 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (Trauts reagent). Resulting polymers showed SDS-PAGE bands with molecular weights as high as 96 kDa. Size exclusion chromatography has demonstrated species with molecular weight > 700 kDa. The flexibility of the sulfhydryl-maleimide chemistry has also allowed insertion of two antioxidant enzymes, catalase (Cat) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), into the Hb polymer. Cat was incorporated into the heavier fractions of the polymer, while SOD was found throughout the molecular weight range.
The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader

This reader contributes to the sociology of gambling, and offers a variety of sociological approaches, ranging from classical sociological analyses of gambling to contemporary sociological approaches to risk.
High-level expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) by a metastatic rat cell line: purification and production of blocking antibodies

Significant levels of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) were found in serum-free medium conditioned by a highly metastatic rat cell line, RC20. To study CINC's role in inflammation and metastasis, CINC was purified from this source for use in in vitro assays and for antibody production in goats and rabbits. CINC was a potent chemoattractant for rat neutrophils (EC-50 0.5 nM). A fusion protein of glutathione-S-transferase and CINC (GST-CINC) was produced in E. coli. Anti-CINC polyclonal IgG was purified from immune goat and rabbit sera by protein A and GST-CINC affinity chromatography. Both goat and rabbit anti-CINC antibody preparations at 4 micrograms/mL (an 11-fold molar excess) were found to completely block the activity of 2.5 nM CINC in a rat neutrophil chemotaxis assay. These antibodies have been used to develop a sensitive immunoassay for CINC. The availability of large amounts of affinity-purified blocking anti-CINC antibody will allow investigations into the role played by CINC in rodent inflammation models and in the metastasis of RC20 cells.
Understanding cortisol reactivity across the day at child care: The potential buffering role of secure attachments to caregivers

Full-day center-based child care has been repeatedly associated with rising cortisol across the child care day. This study addressed the potential buffering role of attachment to mothers and lead teachers in 110 preschoolers while at child care. Using multi-level modeling and controlling for a number of child, family, and child care factors, children with more secure attachments to teachers were more likely to show falling cortisol across the child care day. Attachment to mothers interacted with child care quality, with buffering effects found for children with secure attachments attending higher quality child care. Implications for early childhood educators are discussed.
Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why it Matters for Global Capitalism

The article reviews the book "Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism," by George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shille.
Organic chemistry: catalysts break symmetry.

The creation of asymmetric molecules from symmetrical precursors is a useful strategy for organic synthesis. A new catalyst can accomplish this task through a unique, symmetry-breaking reaction.
Traps on the Path of Analysis

Qualitative researchers experience common traps as we build our analyses. These traps include (1) becoming attached to studies related to our topic; (2) feeling overly sympathetic toward participants; (3) unknowingly taking on lay assumptions and beliefs; and (4) falling into subjectivism. These categories are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive but represent the stumbling blocks we have encountered in our research and in others' work. We examine these barriers to qualitative analysis and discuss practical strategies to avoid or overcome them.
Stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles with dual-emissive boron dyes for tumor accumulation.

Responsive biomaterials play important roles in imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments are one class of biomaterial utilized for these purposes. The incorporation of luminescent molecules into NPs adds optical imaging and sensing capability to these vectors. Here we report on the synthesis of dual-emissive, pegylated NPs with “stealth”-like properties, delivered intravenously (IV), for the study of tumor accumulation. The NPs were created by means of stereocomplexation using a methoxy-terminated polyethylene glycol and poly(d-lactide) (mPEG-PDLA) block copolymer combined with iodide-substituted difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-poly(l-lactide) (BF2dbm(I)PLLA). Boron nanoparticles (BNPs) were fabricated in two different solvent compositions to study the effects on BNP size distribution. The physical and photoluminescent properties of the BNPs were studied in vitro over time to determine stability. Finally, preliminary in vivo resul...
Isolation of Mitochondria from Tissue Culture Cells

The number of mitochondria per cell varies substantially from cell line to cell line. For example, human HeLa cells contain at least twice as many mitochondria as smaller mouse L cells. This protocol starts with a washed cell pellet of 1-2 mL derived from ∼10⁹ cells grown in culture. The cells are swollen in a hypotonic buffer and ruptured with a Dounce or Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer using a tight-fitting pestle, and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation.
INNERVATION OF THE HAND MUSCLES OF DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS VIRGINIANA, KERR

An investigation of the innervation of the hand muscles of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana, Kerr, was made to determine the pattern of hand muscle innervation in a relatively primitive quadruped mammal. Four pairs of preserved opossum hands were dissected, and the innervation of their muscles studied with a stereobinocular microscope. The distributions of the median and ulnar nerves to the hand muscles are outlined, and the details of distribution are illustrated by means of seven diagrams. Peculiar anastomoses were consistently found between the superficial interdigital rami of the median nerve and branches of the deep volar ramus of the ulnar nerve, and the short deep flexors of digit II consistently received all, or a part, of their innervation from superficial interdigital rami of the median nerve. Five features of these unusual nerve connections and distributions are summarized and discussed.
Auditory reaction times for functional and nonfunctional hearing loss.

Differences in decision processes as measured by auditory reaction times of simulated or actual functional hearing-loss subjects and nonfunctional subjects were investigated. Sensation level data a...
Cytotoxicity: Specificity after in vitro Sensitization

Animals sensitized in vivo against an allogeneic tissue subsequently show accelerated rejection specificially of that or antigenically similar tissues. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro will destroy target cells isogeneic with the sensitizing cells. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro can differentiate specifically between different allogeneic target cells—as occurs in vivo.
Foundational certified code in the Twelf metalogical framework

Foundational certified code systems seek to prove untrusted programs to be safe relative to safety policies given in terms of actual machine architectures, thereby improving the systems' flexibility and extensibility. Using the Twelf metalogical framework, we have constructed a safety policy for the IA-32 architecture with a trusted runtime library. The safety policy is based on a formalized operational semantics. We have also developed a complete, foundational proof that a fully expressive typed assembly language satisfies that safety policy.
Progressive systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma presenting as pulmonary interstitial fibrosis

Purpose The purpose of this work was to report the clinical features of 10 patients with systemic sclerosis presenting with lung disease in the absence of cutaneous involvement (systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma). Patients and methods The study involved a retrospective review of patients with systemic sclerosis at a tertiary care facility presenting with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of interstitial lung disease in the absence of cutaneous manifestations of scleroderma, and a MEDLINE computer search for patients who presented with lung disease and later developed taut skin (scleroderma). Results Ten patients with systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma presenting with pulmonary signs or symptoms were discovered. A positive antinuclear antibody (seven of eight), esophageal dysmotility (eight of nine), restrictive lung disease (six of eight), Raynaud's phenomenon (five of eight), and abnormal nailfold capillaries (six of six) were present in these patients. Six of these 10 patients developed typical scleroderma from four months to seven years after presentation. Lung pathology was examined in six patients and all had changes consistent with interstitial pneumonias and fibrosis. Four of the 10 patients had occupations that could have exposed them to potential pulmonary toxins. In contrast to patients with typical scleroderma, all 10 patients we discovered were men. Conclusions Systemic sclerosis should be considered in patients with idiopathic interstitial lung disease even in the absence of classic sclerodermatous cutaneous involvement. An esophagram, antinuclear antibody, and widefield nailfold examination may facilitate the diagnosis.
Conformational changes of colicin Ia channel-forming domain upon membrane binding: a solid-state NMR study.

Abstract Channel-forming colicins are bactericidal proteins that spontaneously insert into hydrophobic lipid bilayers. We have used magic-angle spinning solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the conformational differences between the water-soluble and the membrane-bound states of colicin Ia channel domain, and to study the effect of bound colicin on lipid bilayer structure and dynamics. We detected 13 C and 15 N isotropic chemical shift differences between the two forms of the protein, which indicate structural changes of the protein due to membrane binding. The Val Cα signal, unambiguously assigned by double-quantum experiments, gave a 0.6 ppm downfield shift in the isotropic position and a 4 ppm reduction in the anisotropic chemical shift span after membrane binding. These suggest that the α-helices in the membrane-bound colicin adopt more ideal helical torsion angles as they spread onto the membrane. Colicin binding significantly reduced the lipid chain order, as manifested by 2 H quadrupolar couplings. These results are consistent with the model that colicin Ia channel domain forms an extended helical array at the membrane–water interface upon membrane binding.
Variations in the ambient ozone concentration during the 26 February 1979 solar eclipse

Abstract The ambient ozone concentration was measured during the partial solar eclipse on 26 February 1979, at Argonne National Laboratory. A 50% reduction in the ozone concentration occurred during the eclipse as a result of photochemical reactions. The observed lag time between the minima of the solar radiation and the ozone concentration is consistent with the computed lag time. The labile nature of ozone is self-evident in what may be the first measurement of the ambient ozone concentration during a solar eclipse.
Methamphetamine Downregulates Striatal Glutamate Receptors via Diverse Epigenetic Mechanisms

Background Chronic methamphetamine (METH) exposure causes neuroadaptations at glutamatergic synapses. Methods To identify the METH-induced epigenetic underpinnings of these neuroadaptations, we injected increasing METH doses to rats for 2 weeks and measured striatal glutamate receptor expression. We then quantified the effects of METH exposure on histone acetylation. We also measured METH-induced changes in DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation. Results Chronic METH decreased transcript and protein expression of GluA1 and GluA2 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and GluN1 N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. These changes were associated with altered electrophysiological glutamatergic responses in striatal neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction revealed that METH decreased enrichment of acetylated histone H4 on GluA1, GluA2, and GluN1 promoters. Methamphetamine exposure also increased repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) corepressor 1, methylated CpG binding protein 2, and histone deacetylase 2 enrichment, but not of sirtuin 1 or sirtuin 2, onto GluA1 and GluA2 gene sequences. Moreover, METH caused interactions of REST corepressor 1 and methylated CpG binding protein 2 with histone deacetylase 2 and of REST with histone deacetylase 1. Surprisingly, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction revealed METH-induced decreased enrichment of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at GluA1 and GluA2 promoter sequences. Importantly, the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid, blocked METH-induced decreased expression of AMPAR and N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Finally, valproic acid also attenuated METH-induced decrease H4K16Ac recruitment on AMPAR gene sequences. Conclusions These observations suggest that histone H4 hypoacetylation may be the main determinant of METH-induced decreased striatal glutamate receptor expression.
Isolation of Testosterone-(17β→1β-oside)-d-glucopyranosuronic Acid from Human Blood1

To a 71-yr-old woman with an arrhenoblastoma, 50 μ of 4-14C-testosterone was administered and 135 ml of blood was withdrawn 15 min later. The blood extract was separated into 4 different compartments by chromatography on alumina. The glucuronide compartment was separated by countercurrent distribution into 4 fractions, 3 of which were identified: testosterone-(17β → 1β-oside)-d-glucopyranosuronic acid (TG); 5β-androstan-(3α→lβ-oside)-d-glucopyranosuronic acid-17-one (EG); and 5α-androstan-(3α→lβ-oside)-d-glucopyranosuronic acid-17-one(AG). TG was identified upon conversion to methyl [testosterone-(17β→lβ-oside)-d-2,3,4-tri-0-acetyl-glucopyranosuronate] (TGAc3M) not separable from cold synthetic compound by repeated crystallization. The steroid portion was identified as testosterone after enzymatic hydrolysis of TG, addition of nonradioactive steroid, and the maintenance of constant specific activity after repeated crystallizations. These procedures identified the steroid and its glucuronic conjugate. This...
Uncoupling of photophosphorylation by ATP: Removal of coupling factor

Summary Uncoupling of photophosphorylation was observed when chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of ATP, ADP or sodium pyrophosphate under conditions of low ionic strength. Light-induced proton uptake and the 515nm absorption change were also inhibited. Mg ++ ions reversed inhibition at Mg ++ ATP ratios of approximately one. DCCD and chloroplast coupling factor also reversed inhibition of proton uptake suggesting that the under conditions of low ionic strength, in the absence of excess Mg ++ ions, ATP produces uncoupling by chelating endogenous magnesium thus removing coupling factor.
Amplification of plasma modes in semiconductor heterostructures

Abstract We investigate current driven instabilities of plasma modes in semiconductor heterostructures. Amplification of the plasma modes becomes possible when electrons are driven parallel to the interface by a sufficiently large electric field. Effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon scatterings are included. We find that the idealized, strictly two-dimensional treatment of the charge carriers used in our previous studies is an excellent approximation if only one subband is occupied at T=0, and the frequency of the generated oscillation is much less than the intersubband separation. We also find that if more subbands are occupied, the threshold drift velocity for this instability can be significantly reduced, making it more practical for device applications.
Directional recoil rates for WIMP direct detection

New techniques for the laboratory direct detection of dark matter weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are sensitive to the recoil direction of the struck nuclei. We compute and compare the directional recoil rates $dR/d\mathrm{cos}﻿\ensuremath{\theta}$ (where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle measured from a reference direction in the sky) for several WIMP velocity distributions including the standard dark halo and anisotropic models such as Sikivie's late-infall halo model and logarithmic-ellipsoidal models. Since some detectors may be unable to distinguish the beginning of the recoil track from its end (lack of head-tail discrimination), we introduce a folded directional recoil rate $dR/d|\mathrm{cos}﻿\ensuremath{\theta}|$, where $|\mathrm{cos}﻿\ensuremath{\theta}|$ does not distinguish the head from the tail of the track. We compute the ${\mathrm{CS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$ exposures required to distinguish a signal from an isotropic background noise, and find that $dR/d|\mathrm{cos}﻿\ensuremath{\theta}|$ is effective for the standard dark halo and some but not all anisotropic models.
s + i s state with broken time-reversal symmetry in Fe-based superconductors

We analyze the evolution of the superconducting gap structure in strongly hole-doped Ba${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ between $x=1$ and $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.4$ (optimal doping). In the latter case, the pairing state is most likely $s\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$, with different gap signs on hole and electron pockets, but with the same signs of the gap on the two $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-centered hole pockets (a $++$ state on hole pockets). In a pure KFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ ($x=1$), which has only hole pockets, laser ARPES data suggested another $s\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ state, in which the gap changes sign between hole pockets (a $+\ensuremath{-}$ state). We analyze how a $++$ gap transforms into a $+\ensuremath{-}$ gap as $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$. We found that this transformation occurs via an intermediate $s+is$ state in which the gaps on the two hole pockets differ in phase by $\ensuremath{\phi}$, which gradually involves from $\ensuremath{\phi}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ (the $+\ensuremath{-}$ state) to $\ensuremath{\phi}=0$ (the $++$ state). This state breaks time-reversal symmetry and has huge potential for applications. We compute the dispersion of collective excitations and show that two different Leggett-type phase modes soften at the two end points of the time-reversal-symmetry-breaking state.
Paradox of the drinking-straw model of the butterfly proboscis

Fluid-feeding Lepidoptera use an elongated proboscis, conventionally modeled as a drinking straw, to feed from pools and films of liquid. Using the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), we show that the inherent structural features of the lepidopteran proboscis contradict the basic assumptions of the drinking-straw model. By experimentally characterizing permeability and flow in the proboscis, we show that tapering of the food canal in the drinking region increases resistance, significantly hindering the flow of fluid. The calculated pressure differential required for a suction pump to support flow along the entire proboscis is greater than 1 atm (~101 kPa) when the butterfly feeds from a pool of liquid. We suggest that behavioral strategies employed by butterflies and moths can resolve this paradoxical pressure anomaly. Butterflies can alter the taper, the interlegular spacing and the terminal opening of the food canal, thereby controlling fluid entry and flow, by splaying the galeal tips apart, sliding the galeae along one another, pulsing hemolymph into each galeal lumen, and pressing the proboscis against a substrate. Thus, although physical construction of the proboscis limits its mechanical capabilities, its functionality can be modified and enhanced by behavioral strategies.
The use of a genetic map of biallelic markers in linkage studies

Improvements in genetic mapping techniques have driven recent progress in human genetics. The use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as biallelic genetic markers offers the promise of rapid, highly automated genotyping. As maps of SNPs and the techniques for genotyping them are being developed, it is important to consider what properties such maps must have in order for them to be useful for linkage studies. I examine how polymorphic and densely spaced biallelic markers need to be for extraction of most of the inheritance information from human pedigrees, and compare maps of biallelics with today's genome-scanning sets of microsatellite markers. I conclude that a map of 700-900 moderately polymorphic biallelic markers is equivalent--and a map of 1,500-3,000 superior--to the current 300-400 microsatellite marker sets.
Imaging of endogenous neurotransmitter release

A method for imaging endogenous release of two common neurotransmitters from tissue slices is described. This detection employs fluorometric, enzymatic assays for glutamate and for GABA, the progress of which is directly monitored by a cooled CCD camera. The assays are highly specific for their substrate, allowing accurate determination of either glutamate or GABA release by tissues. The images captured allow visualization of the release of these transmitters, permitting a direct correlation of transmitter release with well localized regions of the tissue examined. This procedure is advantageous for studies on endogenous neurotransmission.
A target for producing polarized 21Na by optical pumping

Abstract We describe a target used to produce 21 Na, a 22.5 s half-life positron emitter, in 2.5 bar of 20 Ne gas. The 21 Na was subsequently polarized in situ using a pulsed dye laser, with a maximum nuclear vector polarization |〈 J 〉| = 0.70(2). The 20 Ne gas also serves as a buffer, increasing the diffusion time to the target chamber walls to about 12 s. Integrating over this time interval, the target gives an average activity of greater than 10 6 s −1 with |〈 J 〉| = 0.62.
Evolution of bone transplantation: molecular, cellular and tissue strategies to engineer human bone *

Bone defects occur in a wide variety of clinical situations, and their reconstruction to provide mechanical integrity to the skeleton is a necessary step in the patient's rehabilitation. The current gold standard for bone reconstruction, the autogenous bone graft, works well in many circumstances. However, autograft reconstruction, along with the available alternatives of allogenous bone graft or poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cement, do not solve all instances of bone deficiency. Novel materials, cellular transplantation and bioactive molecule delivery are being explored alone and in various combinations to address the problem of bone deficiency. The goal of these strategies is to exploit the body's natural ability to repair injured bone with new bone tissue, and to then remodel that new bone in response to the local stresses it experiences. In general, the strategies discussed in this paper attempt to provide the reconstructed region with appropriate initial mechanical properties, encourage new bone to form in the region, and then gradually degrade to allow the new bone to remodel and assume the mechanical support function. Several of the concepts presented below are already finding clinical applications in early patient trials.
Is there a single best species for studies of metabolic regulation

Abstract To what extent is it possible to generalize among animal species the results of metabolic studies? What may be the consequences of over-emphasis on a single species, the rat? These are difficult questions which unfortunately have been of only marginal interest to many biochemists working in metabolic regulation. The major metabolic pathways are similar in most mammalian species. What is different, however, is the pattern of their regulation. Biochemists tend to minimize these variations to develop more general theories about the control of metabolic processes. However, in metabolism, perhaps more than in many areas of modern biochemistry, complexity is the starting point. It is an integrative discipline requiring a constant testing of interactions between metabolic events at varying levels of cellular organization. It can be argued that by concentrating on one or two animal species we are not giving adequate consideration to species diversity.
Wireless machine vision systems based on COTS equipment

While wireless is slowly finding his way in industrial automation environments, the real advantages of using WLANs to exchange process data are still unclear. As a matter of fact, at present, solutions characterized by lower bit rates are being mostly considered to this extent. One field which can benefit from the high throughput of WLANs is machine vision: in this case, the need arises to exchange large amounts of information (images) in short times and with reasonable reliability. In this paper, the use of commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) wireless equipment for setting up a machine vision system has been investigated. Sample systems were first deployed and operated. Then, a measurement campaign was carried out in order to characterize the performance one can expect from such kind of systems precisely.
Safety-first and extreme value bilateral U.S.–Mexican portfolio optimization around the peso crisis and NAFTA in 1994

Abstract High volatility can motivate safety-first portfolio optimization in emerging markets. Mexico is a case in point, as the December 1994 Mexico peso crisis followed the high positive expectations from the ratification of NAFTA earlier that year. This study examines safety-first and extreme value optimization for bilateral U.S.–Mexican portfolios in U.S. dollar (USD) and Mexican peso (MXN) around the crisis, and compares these to Markowitz mean–variance optimization. It finds that these approaches result in substantial differences for the optimal investment weights in Mexico, with these generally higher under safety-first pre-1994 and lower post-1994 than under mean–variance optimization, whether in MXN or USD. Safety-first objectives do not inhibit investment weights that are higher than the minimum variance optimization weights for Mexico in the non-crises pre-1994 period. But following the 1994 financial crisis, safety-first optimization requires more of an exit from Mexico than even minimum variance optimization.
Radiation hybrid mapping of 11 alpha and beta nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes in Rattus norvegicus.

Abstract Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the vestibular efferents and a wide variety of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed in the vestibular periphery. To date, 11 nicotinic subunits (alpha and beta) have been reported in mammals. Previously, our group [Brain Res. 778 (1997) 409] reported that these nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha and beta subunits were differentially expressed in the vestibular periphery of the rat. To begin an understanding of the molecular genetics of these vestibular efferents, this study examined the chromosomal locations of these nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes in the rat ( Rattus norvegicus ). Using radiation hybrid mapping and a rat radiation hybrid map server ( www.rgd.mcw.edu/RHMAP SERVER/), we determined the chromosomal position for each of these genes. The α2–7, α9, α10, and β2–4 nicotinic subunits mapped to the following chromosomes: α2, chr. 15; α3, chr. 8; α4, chr. 3; α5, chr. 8; α6, chr. 16; α7, chr. 1; α9, chr. 14; α10, chr. 7; β2, chr. 2; β3, chr. 16; and β4, chr. 8. With the location for each of these nicotinic subunits known, it is now possible to develop consomic and/or congenic strains of rats that can be used to study the functional genomics of each of these subunits.
Observation of the buildup of modulational instability from wave breaking.

Orthogonally polarized pulses copropagating in birefringent fiber are observed to develop coherent terahertz intensity oscillations owing to modulational instability. Rather than forming spontaneously from noise with random phase, the modulational instability is coherently initiated from wave-breaking oscillations. This results in stable terahertz oscillations that have little timing jitter from pulse to pulse. Experimentally this is evidenced by the terahertz modulation observed in cross correlations that are obtained by averaged sampling over many pulses. Numerical integrations of coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations verify this description.
Development of a new real-time method for measuring S(IV) in cloud water using a counter-flow virtual impactor

A new method of analysis for S(IV) is described incorporating a counter-flow virtual impactor for collection and evaporation of cloud droplets with an SO2 analyzer. This technique allows analysis of aqueous S(IV) concentration in real-time and overcomes some sampling or analysis problems of conventional sampling with bulk cloud water collectors and wet chemical analysis methods. The technique is demonstrated by the correlated responses of the S(IV) instrument and instruments measuring physical properties of clouds while passing in and out of clouds. Measured aqueous S(IV) concentrations ranged from the detection limit (0.1 nmol per m3 of air) to 1.8 nmol m-3 in clouds in Ohio. S(IV) molar concentrations (moles/l of cloud water) were not calculable from these measurements, but can be calculated when a measurement of the liquid water content of the collected cloud water is made simultaneously.
Effect of Viscosity on the Accuracy and Stability of Elastic Impression Materials

A ram and cylinder penetrometer was designed to measure the viscosity of impression materials at their time of placement. Viscosity had no effect on accuracy or stability of the impression materials within the viscosity ranges studied.
Numerical models: A tool for investigating ocean circulation

An increasing need exists for quantitative studies of the circulation of the world ocean. The hydrodynamic equations with a suitable Reynolds averaging to eliminate very Small scale motion may be used to analyze the very extensive data on the temperature and salinity structure of the ocean which have been gathered by oceanographic expeditions. Hydrodynamic models may also be useful in planning future surveys as well as predicting the formation of large scale temperature anomalies in the ocean which are believed to be an important influence on world fisheries and year to year variations in weather.
Molecules of Post algebras

Following A. Abian, we define amolecule of a partially ordered set to be any nonzero elementm with the property that any two nonzero elements less than or equal tom have a nonzero lower bound. In a Boolean algebra an element is a molecule iff it is an atom; however, in an arbitrary distributive lattice the notion of a molecule is too general to permit explicit characterization. In this note we examine the molecules in a coproduct of two distributive lattices and use our results to show that molecules play the same role in Post algebras as atoms do in Boolean algebras.
Crash data analysis: Collective vs. individual crash level approach

Abstract Introduction Traffic safety literature has traditionally focused on identification of location profiles where “more crashes are likely to occur” over a period of time. The analysis involves estimation of crash frequency and/or rate (i.e., frequency normalized based on some measure of exposure) with geometric design features (e.g., number of lanes) and traffic characteristics (e.g., Average Annual Daily Traffic [AADT]) of the roadway location. In the recent past, a new category of traffic safety studies has emerged, which attempts to identify locations where a “crash is more likely to occur.” The distinction between the two groups of studies is that the latter group of locations would change based on the varying traffic patterns over the course of the day or even within the hour. Method Hence, instead of estimation of crash frequency over a period of time, the objective becomes real-time estimation of crash likelihood. The estimation of real-time crash likelihood has a traffic management component as well. It is a proactive extension to the traditional approach of incident detection, which involves analysis of traffic data recorded immediately after the incident. The units of analysis used in these studies are individual crashes rather than counts of crashes. Results In this paper, crash data analysis based on the two approaches, collective and at individual crash level, is discussed along with the advantages and shortcomings of the two approaches.
Serial late dilatations of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents in porcine aorta.

Background: Covered stents may be desirable for stenting of coarctations. Objectives: To evaluate the ability of Atrium expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stents to be implanted and then serially dilated to the size of the adjacent aorta during a rapid growth period in swine. Methods: Eight Yorkshire pigs (7 females) with a mean weight of 18.3 ± 0.7 kg had an Atrium ePTFE-covered stent deployed in the descending aorta. Five of these animals also had an identical Atrium bare metal stent (BMS) control deployed in the descending aorta. All swines were recatheterized with the first dilatation of the stents to 14 mm at day 100. Four of these animals were recatheterized at day 145 and euthanized, and the remaining four swine were recatheterized with a second dilatation to 18–20 mm, 195 days after initial implantation. Results: All stents were deployed without device malfunction, and both uncovered and covered stents were successfully dilated from 10 to 11 mm to the size of the adjacent aorta (16–20 mm). There was no gradient across either type of stent on recatheterization and all stents were well sized to the native aorta. Only the size of the aorta limited the degree of stent dilatation. The Atrium covered stents consistently recoiled after maximal dilatation and required higher pressures for further expansion. Gross damage to the aorta was noted in two animals in which stents were dilated to >20% the diameter of the native aorta. In stent neointimal thickness was equivalent for both types of stent. Conclusions: Atrium ePTFE-covered stents can be implanted at 10–11 mm and serially dilated to accommodate for rapid aortic growth. High pressure balloons are required for dilatation of ePTFE-covered stents. Atrium covered stents exhibited more recoil and foreshortening at larger diameters. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Limited solubility of iron in the Sun's interior

STRIPPED iron nuclei in a hydrogen plasma under central solar conditions, according to the classical Debye–Huckel model, would undergo phase separation for concentrations well below the cosmic abundance value. The higher concentration corrections, needed to characterise the iron-rich phase, lead to enhanced solubility for a simplified model where the electrons form a uniform background. Support for an iron-rich phase coalescing in the solar interior requires more accurate treatment of bound and partially bound electrons in such a mixture. The results of the Debye–Huckel model where the electrons are treated discretely and as a continuum, are reported here and support the possibility of phase separation. The physical cause of that phase separation is simply that the potential energy is lower in the separated phases than in the mixture because the local charge neutralisation is much better satisfied in the two separated phases.
Depressed Mood in Informal Caregivers of Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment

This study estimates the prevalence of depressed mood in caregivers of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and assesses whether demographics, stressors, intrapsychic strain, and gain a...
Blackberry virus E: an unusual flexivirus

A virus, named blackberry virus E (BVE), was recently discovered in blackberries and characterized. The virus genome is 7,718 nt long, excluding the poly-A tail, contains five open reading frames (ORFs) and resembles that of flexiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed relationships to allexiviruses, which are known to infect plants of the family Alliaceae. BVE lacks the 3’end-proximal ORF, which encodes a nucleotide-binding protein, a putative silencing suppressor in allexiviruses. The overall results of this study suggest that this virus is an atypical and as yet undescribed flexivirus that is closely related to allexiviruses.
Model for fault tolerance and policy from RM-ODP expressed in UML/OCL

Fault tolerance (FT) is a topic of major concern in achieving dependable systems, for both real time as well as non real time systems. The paper provides a model of achieving fault tolerance, based on the ISO/ITU Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP). This reference model provides a system software engineering methodology for fault tolerance, an object based model of fault tolerance, system requirements for achieving fault tolerance in an open manner, modeling constructs and rules to enable a proper system specification of fault tolerance, and business rules in terms of policies to achieve a well formed system specification. All these aspects are discussed at some depth, but the author primarily focuses on how certain behavior can be specified and achieved in an object based system, the constructs of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the Object Constraint Language (OCL).
Building a 100K log/sec logging infrastructure

A look at the logging infrastructure that one division of Intuit built that included the requirement to handle 100K lines of logs per second with the logs being delivered to several destinations (including proprietary appliances)This paper will cover the options considered, the choices made and the problems we ran into. The most unusual and interesting topic discussed is the method selected to distribute the logs to all the different destinations, able to deliver the log message to several different load balanced farms of servers with only one copy being sent over the wire.
Course development in computer science design

This paper concerns new procedures devised to stimulate creative accomplishment by undergraduate students. The methods employed involve a wide range of educational technologies, and include flexibility for participant choices. Almost all students in the twelve offerings to date have been seniors in computer science. Thirty-five individuals completed team projects in one class. Typically from six to twenty students take this course. The course has objectives of furthering participant ability to communicate. Students gain experience with presentations, composing visuals, dealing with questions, participating in discussions, and in developing technical report writing skills. The author leads them to inquire and reach out by library, Internet, and personal interaction means. (Both with potential users of products they design, and authors of material they read on current computer technology). The methods discussed in the talk include ways to foster group interaction. Students are subtly encouraged to regard the class as an entity. This is done by the instructor adopting a 'guide on the side' stance, no grade being assigned to oral exposition, and giving only feedback-grades to written work prior to the submission of the team project. Some of the techniques used rely on electronic mail, complex use of the World Wide Web, availability in the university library of volumes compiled from professional and student work by the instructor, and multiple surveys of class participants. These means foster student cooperation and generate a sustainable noncompetitive dynamic. Forms and methods presented show what has been done over the past four years at UCLA.
Did the Institution of Marriage by Purchase Exist in Old Germanic Law

Tim main sources from which we derive our knowledge of the social life of our forebears are legal documents, the works of historians like Tacitus, Old English and Old Icelandic poetic literature, and especially the Old Icelandic Family Saga. Whereas the legal documents often bear witness to extreme cases, to acts which ought not to be committed, real life is nowhere better depicted than in the Family Saga. One of the most interesting problems is that of married life. A number of scholars concerned with law and legal history speak of 'Rauboder Gewaltehe' and of 'Kaufehe," of the lack of independence and of privileges for the engaged and married woman. The men familiar with the documents of literature, impressed by the admirable portraits of women in the Saga, are convinced that the freedom, respect, and independence enjoyed by women pictured in the Saga are true to life. From no passage in the Family Saga can one conclude that the institution of marriage by purchase existed. It is the laws (at least in the opinion of a number of historians of Germanic law) and expressions having the meaning 'purchase' and 'sale" which seem to support the theory that the bride was purchased. However, a close scrutiny of the sources makes it clear that the gift of the bridegroom does not come into the possession of the person who gives away the bride. It belongs to the bride and serves as a financial security for her.2 Accordingly, the theory of the marriage by purchase has as its mainstay the words having the meaning 'to buy' and 'to sell'; as a matter of fact, it appears that it came into being on the basis of these words. From the very beginning a general consideration should have prevented the protagonists of this theory from attributing too much weight to the meaning 'to purchase' of these words. As the institution of marriage by purchase is considered to be quite ancient, the original meaning of the expressions 'purchase' and 'sale' must be taken into account. This meaning was 'exchange,' as originally goods were exchanged, and not bought and sold; this meaning is moreover, partly preserved in the Gmc. words for 'purchase' and 'sale.' It is especially Gmc. kaupon, OIcel. kaupa, kaup, bru';Skaup, etc., which have been quoted in support of the theory of the institution of marriage by purchase. Even Krause, who believes in this theory, must, however, admit, that OIcel. bru';Skaup has the meaning 'wedding' and not 'purchase of the bride.'3 Kaup used with regard to a woman means 'agreement, stipulation,' 'Heiratsabmachung,'
Binary Controls for the Corporate Marginal Tax Rate

This paper examines the properties of simulated corporate marginal tax rates to assess their incremental benefit over other measures of corporate tax status. While binary variables have generally been replaced by simulated rates when marginal tax rate controls are needed, the results of this paper suggest a variety of advantages to using binary variables (or combinations of binary variables) in empirical specifications. In both cross-sectional and panel data settings, the results demonstrate that simple and easily constructed binary variables provide statistically equivalent results. Further analysis shows that binary variables are also statistically superior to alternatives to simulated rates that have been suggested in their absence. Additional tests show that using binary variables to control for firms’ tax incentives in empirical studies has several advantages over other available tax rate measures, including dramatically larger sample sizes, the ability to capture greater cross-sectional variation in tax incentives, and coefficient estimates that represent readily observable and discrete tax states.Current version not for citation.