cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Performance in a Light-Duty Vehicle

Light-duty chassis dynamometer driving cycle tests were conducted on a Mercedes A170 diesel vehicle with various sulfur-level fuels and exhaust emission control systems. Triplicate runs of a modified light-duty federal test procedure (FTP), US06 cycle, and SCO3 cycle were conducted with each exhaust configuration and fuel. Ultralow sulfur (3-ppm) diesel fuel was doped to 30- and 150ppm sulfur so that all other fuel properties remained the same. The fuels used in these experiments met the specifications of the fuels from the DECSE (Diesel Emission Control Sulfur Effects) program. Although the Mercedes A170 vehicle is not available in the United States, its emissions in the as tested condition fell within the U.S. Tier 1 full useful life standards with the OEM catalysts installed. Tests with the OEM catalysts removed showed that the OEM catalysts reduced PM emissions from the engine-out condition by 30–40% but had negligible effects on NOx emissions. Fuel sulfur level had very little effect on the OEM catalyst performance. A prototype catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) mounted in an underfloor configuration reduced particulate matter emissions by more than 90% compared to the factory emissions control system. The results show that the CDPF did not promote any significant amounts of SO2to-sulfate conversion during these light-duty drive cycles.
Thermal Lensing Spectroscopy in the Condensed Phase

When a light beam incident upon a sample is partly absorbed and some of the absorbed energy is converted into heat through radiationless transitions, the sample warms and its index of refraction changes. It is possible to detect this change interferometri cally [1], or if the energy is deposited in a carefully controlled fashion, a lens of optical quality may be formed. In a “single beam” thermo-optieal spectrometer, first proposed by HU and WHINNERY [2], the lens distorts the incident heating light beam to an extent determined by the absorptivity of the sample and, by tuning the wavelength of the incident light, an absorption spectrum may be measured. The work of Gordon et al [3] on the thermo-optieal effect in a liquid provides a basis for linking the thermal lens to a quantitative measure of the absorptivity of the samplel [2]. Early work in our own laboratory [4] developed this single beam technique as a spectrometer for observing transitions into highly excited hydrogen stretching vibrational levels in a series of polyatomic molecular liquids. More recently we went on to develop a more sensitive dual beam spectrometer in which the variable wavelength heating beam is chopped, and a fixed wavelength probe beam monitors the fluctuating lens [5]. Synchronous detection of the periodically defocussed probe beam is used. This “dual beam” thermal lensing spectrometry has been carefully analyzed for optimization of parameters and it is seen how it, too, can be made quantitative [6].
Some Rheological Properties of Latex from Parthenium argentatum Gray Compared with Latex from Hevea brasiliensis and Ficus elastica

Latex was purified from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule), Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. (the Brazilian or para rubber tree), and Ficus elastica Roxb. (the Indian rubber tree) in ammonium alginate at pH 10. The rheological properties of the different latices (rubber particle suspensions) were determined and compared using flow temperature ramps. Latex from all three species became more viscous with increasing rubber particle concentration and decreasing temperature. At any particular temperature and concentration, latex from F. elastica was by far the most viscous, whereas the H. brasiliensis latex was the least viscous. In addition, the tendency for the latex to coagulate increased with increasing temperature and increasing particle concentration. F. elastica latex was highly sensitive to temperature, H. brasiliensis latex was the least sensitive, and P. argentatum latex demonstrated intermediate properties. The underlying causes of these differences in latex rheology are not clear but may partially relate to the particle size (largest in F. elastica and smallest in H. brasiliensis), the particle size distribution, and/or to the considerable differences in the biochemical components of the monolayer biomembrane that surrounds the various rubber particles. Differences in the molecular weight of the rubber contained within the rubber particles seem less likely to play a role because the particles remain intact in this study.
Transdermal scopolamine-induced psychosis.

PreviewHallucinations, dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, and drowsiness were the puzzle pieces in this intriguing case of toxic psychosis. For the author, diagnosis became a search for the hidden cause of this unusual condition.
Effect of a quality program with adverse events identification on airway management during overtube-assisted enteroscopy

Background and study aims: Adverse events associated with overtube-assisted enteroscopy are similar to those with routine endoscopy. Our endoscopy quality program identified a number of respiratory adverse events resulting in emergency resuscitation efforts. The aim is to report all adverse events identified by quality monitoring and outcomes of adverse events associated with overtube-assisted enteroscopy. Methods: A retrospective study used data prospectively obtained from consecutive patients undergoing overtube-assisted enteroscopy between December 2008 and July 2012. Patient characteristics, medical history, procedure indication, and procedure outcomes, including diagnosis, endoscopic therapy, and complications, were obtained. Results: In 432 overtube-assisted enteroscopies, 15 adverse events (most frequently hypoxemia, 9 /15, 60 %) occurred in 14 patients (3.2 % of total cohort; 12 were outpatients) mostly during antegrade enteroscopy. Four patients required endotracheal intubation and 4 /12 outpatients required intensive care. The procedure was aborted in 13 /14 patients, and only 1 of 10 patients scheduled for repeat antegrade enteroscopy returned. There was no mortality. Based on the frequency of adverse events, and in consultation with anesthesia providers, from August 2012 all antegrade overtube-assisted enteroscopies at our institution were done with general anesthesia. From then till September 2013, 145 antegrade and 52 retrograde overtube-assisted enteroscopies have been done, with no adverse events. Conclusions: Monitoring of endoscopy practice identified adverse events associated with overtube-assisted enteroscopy. The peer-review prompted a change in practice: all patients undergoing antegrade overtube-assisted enteroscopy at our institution now have endotracheal intubation which has dramatically decreased the rate of respiratory adverse events. The impact of endoscopic quality measurements on practices, procedures, and outcomes will be of further interest.
Stress Response of Senescent T Lymphocytes Reduced hsp70 Is Independent of the Proliferative Block

Senescent human T lymphocyte cultures are unable to undergo proliferation, but show no difference from early passage cells in cytotoxic function or surface antigenic profile. A second feature of senescent T cells is the dramatic reduction in hsp70 production in response to heat shock. This decline is associated with a decrease in binding of nuclear extracts to the consensus heat shock element. Interestingly, the progressive decline in the heat shock response of cultured T cells correlates with the percent proliferative life span completed rather than with the actual proliferative activity at the time of heat shock. This suggests that for senescent T cells the reduced ability to respond to heat shock by producing hsp70, although possibly lying at the level of transcriptional control, may nevertheless be unrelated to the reduced DNA synthesis or the diminished proliferative activity also manifested by these cells.
From seconds to femtoseconds: solar hydrogen production and transient absorption of chalcogenorhodamine dyes.

A series of chalcogenorhodamine dyes with oxygen, sulfur, and selenium atoms in the xanthylium core was synthesized and used as chromophores for solar hydrogen production with a platinized TiO2 catalyst. Solutions containing the selenorhodamine dye generate more hydrogen [181 turnover numbers (TONs) with respect to chromophore] than its sulfur (30 TONs) and oxygen (20 TONs) counterparts. This differs from previous work incorporating these dyes into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), where the oxygen- and selenium-containing species perform similarly. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy revealed an ultrafast electron transfer under conditions for dye-sensitized solar cells and a slower electron transfer under conditions for hydrogen production, making the chromophore’s triplet yield an important parameter. The selenium-containing species is the only dye for which triplet state population is significant, which explains its superior activity in hydrogen evolution. The discrepancy in rates of electro...
CHIA: Its Collaborative Mission, Structure, and Innovation

CHIA seeks to stimulate broad and active participation in the collaborative work of building a global historical data resource. To do so, CHIA must carry out the best practices in design, project administration, decentralization, project review, and innovation — and do so across disciplines, institutions, continents, and language groups. The balance of local autonomy with direction from headquarters is crucial: crowdsourcing calls on the general public to gather and document data; peer review of datasets requires commentary by independent-minded scholars; yet harmonizing and aggregating data requires a tightly organized project staff For the director and Steering Committee, setting appropriate priorities is a balancing act of coordinating and sustaining CHIA’s three complementary missions. Yet the enterprise can go ahead because of the widespread devotion to history.
Surgical management of double-outlet right ventricle associated with atrioventricular discordance

Twenty corrective operations for this unusual syndrome have been performed since 1965. All but two patients also had pulmonary stenosis; one of the exceptions had had pulmonary arterial banding. Two patients had situs inversus of the atria and viscera. In only three of the 20 patients (15 percent) was the apex of the heart positioned normally. Six patients had an entirely intracardiac repair; two early and two late deaths occurred in this group. The other technique, performed in 14 patients, involved insertion of an extracadiac conduit between a ventriculotomy in the morphologically left ventricle and the distal end of the proximally oversewn pulmonary artery; one operative and two late deaths occurred in this group. Heart block occurred in six patients, including two among the eight who had technically satisfactory intraoperative mapping of the His bundle. The intraventricular course of the bundle was not consistently positioned, being anterior to the septal defect in four and posterior in four. No hospital deaths have occurred in the last 13 operations; all except one of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Thus correction currently provides a good early results but leaves the ventricles in an inverted relationship both functionally and anatomically.
THE ULTIMATE OPTICAL DETECTION SENSITIVITY IN HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY

A novel cavity-enhanced frequency modulation spectroscopy has enabled us to achieve a record high detection sensitivity. This sensitivity is demonstrated in the high signal-to-noise ratio recovery of weak molecular overtone (C2H2, C2HD and C02) transitions at 1.064 µm.
Trajectories of research in translation studies: an update with a case study in the neuroscience of translation

The paper is a review of the major trajectories of research in translation studies during the decade 2005–2015 and an updated projection of research trajectories for the decade 2016–2025. It conclu...
Introduction to Analytical Mechanics

The constraints imposed on the motion of a system enter the Newton–Euler formulation of the equations of motion in two ways. The kinematical relations must account for the restrictions imposed on the motion, while the kinetics principles must account for the reaction force (or moment) associated with each constraint. When the system consists of more than one body, the need to account individually for the constraints associated with each connection substantially enhances the level of difficulty. The Lagrangian formulation we shall develop in this chapter takes a different view of systems. The principles are based on an overview of the system and its mechanical energy (kinetic and potential). In contrast, the Newtonian equations of motion are time derivatives of momentum principles. Another, and perhaps the most important, difference is that the reactions exerted by supports will usually not appear in the Lagrangian formulation. This is a consequence of the fact that the reactions and the geometrical description of the system are two manifestations of the same physical feature. It is from the kinematical perspective that we shall begin our study. Generalized Coordinates and Degrees of Freedom Suppose the reference location of a system is given. (Such a location might be the starting position or the static equilibrium position.) We must select a set of geometrical parameters whose value uniquely defines a new position of the system relative to the initial position.
SERMS (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators)

SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators, are nonsteroidal compounds that bind to estrogen receptors and modulate their activities in a tissue-specific manner.
Assessment of Volunteered Geographic Information Data Quality in The National Map Corps Project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

In an effort to provide accurate and authoritative spatial data for The National Map of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program, the USGS began implementation of a new crowdsourcing project in 2010. The National Map Corps (TNMCorps) enlists volunteers to update structures data across all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Volunteers collect and improve structures data by adding new features, removing obsolete points, and correcting existing data using a web-based mapping interface. Newly collected and modified point features become part of the USGS National Structures Dataset (NSD), a part of The National Map, which supplies data to US Topo maps, USGS cached base maps, and other derived products and services. Concern over the ability of volunteers to deliver high-quality data instigated a data quality study in 2012 during the Colorado pilot project, and a second nationwide quality study in July 2014. These data quality studies explore the quality of volunteered geographic information (VGI) within TNMCorps by assessing horizontal positional errors, attribute errors, and errors of commission. Results of the studies conclude that the quality of volunteered geographic data is significantly higher than baseline data, and the hierarchical editing approach improves the data at each stage. The results of the quality studies validate the overall data collection model of the project, and affirm that volunteers can provide high-quality geographic data with limited USGS monitoring.
Home-based upper extremity rehabilitation support using a contactless ultrasonic sensor

Home-based rehabilitation protocols have been shown to improve outcomes amongst individuals with limited upper-extremity (UE) functionality. While approaches employing both video conferencing technologies and gaming platforms have been successfully demonstrated for such applications, concerns regarding patient privacy and technological complexity may limit further adoption. As an alternative solution for assessing adherence to prescribed UE rehabilitation protocols, the Echolocation Activity Detector, a linear array of first-reflection ultrasonic distance sensors, is proposed herein. To demonstrate its utility for home-based rehabilitation, a controlled experiment exploring the ability of the system to distinguish between various parameters of UE motion, including motion plane, range, and speed, was conducted for five participants. Activity classification is accomplished using a quadratic support vector machine classifier using time-domain features which exploit the known geometric relationships between the patient and the device, along with the ideal kinematics of the activities of interest. Average classification accuracy for the five classes of UE motion considered herein exceeds 91%.
Variations in diet cause alterations in microbiota and metabolites that follow changes in disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a metabolically demanding disease involving immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. We previously demonstrated a significant alteration in disease course in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) preclinical model of MS due to diet. Based on the established crosstalk between metabolism and gut microbiota, we took an unbiased sampling of microbiota, in the stool, and metabolites, in the serum and stool, from mice (Mus musculus) on the two different diets, the Teklad global soy protein-free extruded rodent diet (irradiated diet) and the Teklad sterilisable rodent diet (autoclaved diet). Within the microbiota, the genus Lactobacillus was found to be inversely correlated with EAE severity. Therapeutic treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of disease, clinical scores and the amount of weight loss in EAE mice. Within the metabolites, we identified shifts in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic ...
Codelivery of Doxorubicin and Verapamil for Treating Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells

Background Patients undergoing chemotherapy can develop resistance not only to the administered drug, but also to many other unrelated types of drugs, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance. One of the most common mechanisms of multidrug resistance is an elevated expression of drug efflux pumps. Codelivery of an efflux pump inhibitor with a chemotherapeutic can increase the killing of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Objective Our hypothesis was that delivering doxorubicin directly to the cytosol of multidrug resistant cancer cells via a folate-targeted liposome loaded with a perfluoropentane emulsion droplet and doxorubicin (folated eLipoDox), along with the delivery of verapamil to block the efflux pumps will prove to be more effective in killing multidrug resistant cancer cells compared to conventional drug delivery. Method Multidrug-resistant KB-V1 cells and doxorubicin-sensitive KB-3-1 cells were treated with 500 µM verapamil and 6.5 µM doxorubicin for 2 hours. Cell viability was measured 48 hours later via an MTT assay. Results Doxorubicin-sensitive KB-3-1 cells had a cell viability of 29% when treated with verapamil and folated eLipoDox, whereas multidrug-resistant KB-V1 cells had a cell viability of 25% (p=0.38). The co-delivery of verapamil and folated eLipoDox produced the greatest toxicity to KB-V1 and KB- 3-1 cells. Conclusion We conclude that the cytosolic delivery of doxorubicin via folated eLipoDox combined with the blocking of export pumps via verapamil can overcome the multidrug resistance of KB-V1 cells and even significantly reduce the viability of doxorubicin-sensitive KB-3-1 cells.
Policymaking in the Global Context: Training Students to Build Effective Strategic Partnerships with Nongovernmental Organizations

In the global realm, public policy issues—infectious disease, immigration, and human rights—regularly cross national boundaries without any one government to assume responsibility and authority on ...
Why is the Land Green and the Ocean Red

Fossil evidence suggests that during the Paleozoic Era, green algae dominated eukaryotic phytoplankton taxa. One branch of this originally aquatic clade colonized terrestrial ecosystems to form what would become a green hegemony on land -with few exceptions, terrestrial plants are green. In contrast to land plants, contemporary oceanic phytoplankton are represented by relatively few species that are phylogenetically deeply branching. Since the Triassic Period, the major taxa of eukaryotic phytoplankton preserved in the fossil record have been dominated by organisms containing plastids derived from the “red”, chlorophyll c containing algal clade. The ocean became “red” sometime during the Triassic or early Jurassic periods. The evolutionary success of the red line in Mesozoic and younger oceans appears related to changing oceanic conditions. In this chapter, we briefly explore the evolutionary processes and ecological traits that potentially led to the success of the red line in the oceans.
Growth by Particle Aggregation

The phenomenon of disorderly nonreversible growth is very common in nature: dust and ash, coral, trees and cities grow into diverse forms far from equilibrium. In many cases a kind of a vague similarity seems to characterize the overall shape of these structures. This review is concerned with some recent attempts to give a description of such growth via simple models. We will present some glimpses of unifying features in their morphology.
Neuroprotective factors and incident hearing impairment in the epidemiology of hearing loss study

Objective Hearing impairment (HI) is common in aging adults. Aldosterone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been identified as potentially protective of hearing. The present study aims to investigate these relationships. Methods The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study is a longitudinal population-based study of aging in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, that began in 1993. Baseline for the present investigation is the 1998 to 2000 phase. Follow-up exams occurred approximately every 5 years, with the most recent occurring from 2013 to 2016. Hearing was measured by pure-tone audiometry. HI was defined as a pure tone average (PTA) > 25 decibels hearing level in either ear. Change in PTA was the difference between follow-up examinations and baseline. Baseline serum samples were used to measure biomarkers in 2017. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the effect of biomarker levels in the lowest quintile (Q1) versus the highest (Q5) on incident HI and PTA change. Results There were 1,088 participants (69.3% women) at risk of HI included in analyses. The mean baseline age was 63.8 years (standard deviation = 7.0). The 16-year incidence of HI was 54.9% and was higher in men (61.1%) than women (52.1%). In age- and sex-adjusted models, aldosterone (HR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.82-1.37), IGF1 (HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.71-1.19), and BDNF (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.66-1.12) levels were not associated with risk of HI. PTA change was similarly not affected by biomarker levels. Conclusion Aldosterone, IGF1, and BDNF were not associated with decreased risk of age-related hearing loss in this study. Level of evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 129:2178-2183, 2019.
'Mask Off' - The Coloniality of Environmental Justice

This Article suggests a paradigmatic reversal in the sociolegal conceptualization of environmental justice and seeks to expand the notion of environmental justice to a disaster risk reduction modality. This legal narrative chronicles how those with power and wealth govern the lives, fortunes, and health of those on the bottom rungs through discriminatory environmental policies. I explore case studies of sudden onset water hazard events, energy access, and the use of advanced biofuels in the localities of Puerto Rico, Pakistan, and the Philippines to show the problematic configurations of environmental justice. These examples elucidate how environmental justice is perceived and how the legal framework for environmental justice is marginalized. In turn, I recommend reframing environmental justice through the lens of the Anibal Quijano’s “coloniality of power” and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction by the United Nations. This Article is a fourth in a series on advanced biofuels and environmental justice. Previously, I examined international dimensions in Blood Biofuels (Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum), federal efforts in Resiliency and Responsive Regulation for Advanced Biofuels (Virginia Environmental Law Journal), and municipal initiatives in Energy for Metropolis (University of Miami Law Review).
Older Siblings as Academic Socialization Agents for Younger Siblings: Developmental Pathways across Adolescence

The role of older siblings in younger siblings’ academic socialization becomes increasingly salient during adolescence. This longitudinal study examines the developmental mechanisms through which older siblings shape younger siblings’ academic outcomes and whether older siblings’ peer affiliations predict younger siblings’ educational aspirations and attainment. Data consisted of responses from 395 target adolescents (Mage = 12.22 years, 48.9% female; 51.6% African American, 38.5% European American) and their older siblings (Mage = 14.65 years, 50.1% female) across nine years. The findings showed that older siblings’ affiliation with academically disengaged peers at 7th grade predicted younger siblings’ decreased affiliation with academically engaged peers and increased affiliation with disengaged peers at 9th grade. In addition, younger siblings’ affiliation with academically engaged peers predicted greater educational aspirations at 11th grade, which in turn were related to higher postsecondary educational attainment. The identification of developmental processes through which older siblings were associated with younger siblings’ academic success may aid in creating supportive social environments in which adolescents can thrive.
C-Glycosylation of Substituted Heterocycles Under Friedel-Crafts Conditions. Part 1. A Two-Step Synthesis of the Thieno(3,4-d)pyrimidine C-Nucleoside Analog of Inosine.

The ribofuranosyl acetate (I) is coupled with the thiophenes (II) or (VI) in the presence of tin tetrachloride to form the thienyl C-nucleosides (IIIa) and (IIIb) or (VII) and (VIII).
Estimation of Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 — Implications in Cement Chemistry

Portland cement, hydrated Portland cement, magnesium oxychloride, magnesium oxysulphate and plasters are inorganic cementitious systems in which different amounts of MgO, CaO, Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 are present. Identifying and estimating the Ca- and Mg-oxides and hydroxides by DTA provides information that can, in turn, be used for studying the mechanism of hydration of CaO, reactivity of calcium silicates, the relevance of the autoclave test for determining the unsoundness of cements, interactions occurring in polymer-impregnated cement, the effect of various admixtures on the hydration kinetics of cement and cement compounds, the contribution of Ca(OH)2 to the physico-mechanical properties of cement, the composition of the hydrated silicates, mechanism of hydration, chemical activity of blended cements, strength development in magnesium-oxychloride and magnesium-oxysulphate cements and causes of failure of gypsum plasters.
Population-Based Observational Studies in Oncology: Proceed With Caution

A principle goal of research in Oncology is to determine the optimal treatment for our patients. This often takes the form of comparing 2 existing therapies to one another to determine which is superior, or to introduce a new therapy and determine if it is superior or noninferior to the existing standard of care. This type of research is termed comparative effectiveness research (CER), and the gold-standard is through the conduct of randomized trials. This is the preferred approach, and the only true methodologic approach that can assign a cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment effect and the observed outcome. An alternative approach that is gaining popularity is the use of population-based registry analysis given that it is quicker, cheaper, and easier to perform. However, there are unavoidable forms of bias and confounding that exist when using observational research to perform CER, and recent evidence suggests that population-based CER often results in erroneous results, and that statistical methods to minimize bias are ineffective to overcome the numerous limitations of these databases. In this article, the strengths and weaknesses of both randomized and observational research will be discussed.
Mechanosensing during directed cell migration requires dynamic actin polymerization at focal adhesions

The mechanical properties of a cell's microenvironment influence many aspects of cellular behavior, including cell migration. Durotaxis, the migration toward increasing matrix stiffness, has been implicated in processes ranging from development to cancer. During durotaxis, mechanical stimulation by matrix rigidity leads to directed migration. Studies suggest that cells sense mechanical stimuli, or mechanosense, through the acto-myosin cytoskeleton at focal adhesions (FAs); however, FA actin cytoskeletal remodeling and its role in mechanosensing are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Ena/VASP family member, Ena/VASP-like (EVL), polymerizes actin at FAs, which promotes cell-matrix adhesion and mechanosensing. Importantly, we show that EVL regulates mechanically directed motility, and that suppression of EVL expression impedes 3D durotactic invasion. We propose a model in which EVL-mediated actin polymerization at FAs promotes mechanosensing and durotaxis by maturing, and thus reinforcing, FAs. These findings establish dynamic FA actin polymerization as a central aspect of mechanosensing and identify EVL as a crucial regulator of this process.
Incidence of Postoperative Opioid Overdose and New Diagnosis of Opioid Use Disorder Among US Veterans

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Perioperative exposure to opioids is associated with adverse outcomes. We aim to determine the associations between surgery and subsequent opioid overdose, an acute event, and a new diagnosis of opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic relapsing disease, in parallel. METHODS This retrospective cohort study of US veterans used surgery as exposure and the two outcomes were (1) occurrence of overdose and (2) new diagnosis of OUD in the first postoperative year. Surgical group was matched to the reference controls based on the propensity score of having surgery, and matched logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS A total of 261 208 surgical patients were matched to 479 531 controls. Overdose occurred in 1893 (0.7%) of the surgical patients and in 518 (0.1%) of the matched controls in the first postoperative year (OR, 6.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.80-7.75; P < .001). Among patients with no history of OUD, surgery was also associated with a new diagnosis of OUD in the first postoperative year (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.24; P = .015). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The postoperative period is strongly associated with opioid overdose, but only weakly associated with new diagnosis of OUD. This is likely due to the difficulty of diagnosing OUD in the postoperative period. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that has examined opioid overdose and new-onset OUD in the postoperative period in parallel. Our analysis suggests different risk factors for each, as well as different strengths of association with surgery. More sensitive diagnostic criteria for postoperative OUD are needed to promptly diagnose and treat this condition. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).
TruzCall: Secure VoIP Calling on Android using ARM TrustZone

Use of mobile phones today has become pervasive throughout society. A common use of a phone involves calling another person using VoIP apps. However the OSes on mobile devices are prone to compromise creating a risk for users who want to have private conversations when calling someone. Mobile devices today provide a hardware-protected mode called trusted execution environment (TEE) to protect users from a compromised OS. In this paper we propose a design to allow a user to make a secure end-to-end protected VoIP call from a compromised mobile phone. We implemented our design, TruzCall using Android OS and TrustZone TEE running OP-TEE OS. We built a prototype using the TrustZone-enabled Hikey development board and tested our design using the open source VoIP app Linphone. Our testing utilizes a simulation based environment that allows a Hikey board to use a real phone for audio hardware.
Exploring Professional Development Utilizing Questioning and Effective Mathematics Instruction for Multilingual Students

Professional development opportunities for mathematics teachers of multilingual students are a rarity. This chapter describes one such experience organized around a framework of questioning and four principles of effective mathematics instruction for multilingual students. Three seventh-grade mathematics teachers participated in semester-long professional development with this framework grounding their work. This chapter provides four illustrations of practice, one for each principle, from the professional development, as the teachers considered how to prepare to implement these principles and questioning in their own practice. This work draws on the teachers’ discussions in the professional development, focusing on their considerations for how to support multilingual students.
Corrosion performance of additively manufactured stainless steel parts: A review

Abstract The application of additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel (SS) parts is rapidly emerging in a broad spectrum of industries. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and direct laser deposition (DLD) are the main AM methods to fabricate a vast range of SSs like 316 L, AISI 420, 17-4 PH, 304 L, and AISI 4135. This article focuses on the corrosion performance of additively manufactured stainless steel parts made by LPBF and DLD. The passive film formation mechanisms and the corrosion performance of LPBF/DLD AM SS parts are discussed in comparison to their conventionally made counterparts. Microstructural features like porosity, inclusions, residual stress, surface roughness, elemental segregation, phases, and grain size distribution are elaborated thoroughly from the corrosion point of view, closely linked with the AM processing parameters. Generally, process parameters play an important role in the corrosion properties of AM parts by impacting the microstructural features. Assuming a proper set of parameters for the printing process, the overall corrosion performance of AM SS is better than its conventional counterparts. However, there are still controversies around some important aspects such as passive film structure, the nature of residual stress, post heat treatment processes, and grain size distribution and their impact on corrosion performance, which emphasizes the need for future studies in this area.
Association between history of bariatric surgery and graft rejection among solid organ transplant recipients

Abstract Objective We sought to assess the potential association between history of bariatric surgery and graft rejection among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective study of adult (age ≥18 years) SOT recipients (2000-2015) at a large tertiary care transplant network with graft rejection and bariatric surgery history according to the international classification of diseases 9th revision. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi Square, Fisher Exact tests, and logistic regression. Results Of 4363 SOT recipients, 72.6% had a history of graft rejection and 55 (1.3%) had a history of bariatric surgery. On univariate analysis, patients with graft rejection were more likely to have a history of bariatric surgery than those without organ rejection (1.5% vs. 0.7%, p=0.015). In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, transplant organ type, and history of calcineurin-based immunosuppression, there was increased odds of rejection among those with a history of bariatric surgery (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.01, 95% Confidence Interval (CI):0.98-4.46, p=0.05). However, when adjusted for body mass index at transplant, the association was attenuated (OR:3.48, CI:0.81-14.9, p=0.10). Conclusion Our single-center data indicate that the relationship between a history of bariatric surgery and graft rejection after SOT may be explained by obesity.
Single-cell mechanical analysis and tension quantification via electrodeformation relaxation.

The mechanical behavior and cortical tension of single cells are analyzed using electrodeformation relaxation. Four types of cells, namely, MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and GBM, are studied, with pulse durations ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Mechanical response in the long-pulse regime is characterized by a power-law behavior, consistent with soft glassy rheology resulting from unbinding events within the cortex network. In the subsecond short-pulse regime, a single timescale well describes the process and indicates the naive tensioned (prestressed) state of the cortex with minimal force-induced alteration. A mathematical model is employed and the simple ellipsoidal geometry allows for use of an analytical solution to extract the cortical tension. At the shortest pulse of 0.01 s, tensions for all four cell types are on the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ N/m.
Impact of anesthesia resident staff assignment decisions on nurse anesthetist and anesthesia resident staff scheduling and productivity: Tutorial using data from a pediatric hospital

Abstract Background Most large US teaching hospitals have anesthesia fellows, anesthesia residents, and nurse anesthetists or anesthesiologist assistants. The objective of the tutorial is the review of how fellow and resident staff scheduling and staff assignment decisions can influence not only their productivity but that of the nurse anesthetists (or anesthesiologist assistants). Methods We developed scenarios for this tutorial using data from 35 consecutive Tuesdays at a pediatric hospital, May through December 2020. This organizational case study used given probability distributions of workload, along with the resulting allocations of anesthesia time based on minimizing the inefficiency of use of anesthesia providers. Four scenarios were created. Results One scenario highlights that if (a) residents are assigned to cases based on the procedure category corresponding to their rotation, (b) the workday at that anesthetizing location is relatively brief, and (c) the residents are not assigned also to start one or two brief cases of different types, then productivity can be reduced substantially because of variability among operating rooms in the daily hours of cases. Another scenario highlights that productivity would be greater if the resident rotation included a pair of two specialties that took into account expected durations of the workday for the paired specialties. Conclusions Our tutorial highlights how the effect of resident staff assignments on anesthesia group productivity can be substantial because functionally, their minimum shift length would not be known from the staff schedules months in advance but instead only be realized upon the day of surgery. When a department is investigating reasons for apparently lower nurse anesthetists’ (or anesthesiologist assistants’) and anesthesia residents’ productivity, assignments based on first case starts, for whatever educational or other reasons, but not considering the duration of the workday should be part of the differential diagnosis.
COVID-19 highlights the issues facing blind and visually impaired people in accessing data on the web

During the COVID-19 pandemic, dissemination of data on the web has been vital in shaping the public's response. We postulated the increased prominence of data might have exacerbated the accessibility gap for the Blind and Visually Impaired (BVI) community and exposed new inequities. We discuss findings from a survey (n=127) on data accessibility followed by a contextual inquiry (n=12) of BVI people conducted between June and September 2020. 94% of survey respondents had concerns about accessing accurate COVID-19 data in a timely manner. Participants described how they encountered broad inaccessibility at early onset of the pandemic, and how advocacy efforts and complimenting their access with a wide range of sources helped fulfill their needs. By examining how BVI users interact with accessible COVID-19 data dashboards, we observed the effect of data literacy, confidence, and modality preferences on user strategies and takeaways. Our observations during this critical period provide an understanding of the impact access or inaccess has on the BVI community in a time of crisis and important implications for improving the technologies and modalities available to disseminate data-driven information accessibly on the web.
Factors Associated With African American Mothers' Perceptions of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination of Their Daughters: An Integrated Literature Review.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION African American (AA) women have a higher mortality rate for cervical and other cancers and are less likely to have received the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine than White women. Mothers play a significant family role and have a unique relationship with their daughters. Mothers' positive views on HPV vaccination may enhance the HPV vaccination rate among their daughters. LITERATURE SEARCH The review was conducted by searching literature in PubMed®, CINAHL®, ScienceDirect, Ovid MEDLINE®, and ProQuest databases. The search was limited to studies conducted in the United States and published since the inception of the HPV vaccine in 2006. DATA EVALUATION Of 10,566 publications retrieved, 28 articles were included in the final sample. SYNTHESIS Factors associated with HPV vaccination were approval and disapproval of HPV vaccination from physicians, family, and friends; HPV knowledge; attitude and belief about HPV vaccination; benefits of vaccination; and challenges of and barriers to HPV vaccination. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding factors related to HPV vaccination decisions among AA mothers will inform healthcare providers of the best approach to improving vaccination rates among this high-risk population.
Covalent inhibition of hAChE by organophosphates causes homodimer dissociation through long-range allosteric effects.

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), a key acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme in cholinergic neurotransmission, is present in a variety of states in situ, including monomers, C-terminally disulfide-linked homodimers, homotetramers, and up to three tetramers covalently attached to structural subunits. Could oligomerization that ensures high local concentrations of catalytic sites necessary for efficient neurotransmission be affected by environmental factors? Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-EM, we demonstrate that homodimerization of recombinant monomeric human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) in solution occurs through a C-terminal four-helix bundle at micromolar concentrations. We show that diethylphosphorylation of the active serine in the catalytic gorge or isopropylmethylphosphonylation by the RP enantiomer of sarin promotes a 10-fold increase in homodimer dissociation. We also demonstrate the dissociation of organophosphate (OP)-conjugated dimers is reversed by structurally diverse oximes 2PAM, HI6, or RS194B, as demonstrated by SAXS of diethylphosphoryl-hAChE. However, binding of oximes to the native ligand-free hAChE, binding of high-affinity reversible ligands, or formation of an SP-sarin-hAChE conjugate had no effect on homodimerization. Dissociation monitored by time-resolved SAXS occurs in milliseconds, consistent with rates of hAChE covalent inhibition. OP-induced dissociation was not observed in the SAXS profiles of the double-mutant Y337A/F338A, where the active center gorge volume is larger than in wildtype hAChE. These observations suggest a key role of the tightly packed acyl pocket in allosterically triggered OP-induced dimer dissociation, with the potential for local reduction of acetylcholine-hydrolytic power in situ. Computational models predict allosteric correlated motions extending from the acyl pocket toward the four-helix bundle dimerization interface 25 A away.
RT-ZooKeeper: Taming the Recovery Latency of a Coordination Service

Fault-tolerant coordination services have been widely used in distributed applications in cloud environments. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of time-sensitive applications deployed in edge computing environments, which introduces both challenges and opportunities for coordination services. On one hand, coordination services must recover from failures in a timely manner. On the other hand, edge computing employs local networked platforms that can be exploited to achieve timely recovery. In this work, we first identify the limitations of the leader election and recovery protocols underlying Apache ZooKeeper, the prevailing open-source coordination service. To reduce recovery latency from leader failures, we then design RT-Zookeeper with a set of novel features including a fast-convergence election protocol, a quorum channel notification mechanism, and a distributed epoch persistence protocol. We have implemented RT-Zookeeper based on ZooKeeper version 3.5.8. Empirical evaluation shows that RT-ZooKeeper achieves 91% reduction in maximum recovery latency in comparison to ZooKeeper. Furthermore, a case study demonstrates that fast failure recovery in RT-ZooKeeper can benefit a common messaging service like Kafka in terms of message latency.
Bilingual Speech Recognition by Estimating Speaker Geometry from Video Data

Speech recognition is very challenging in student learning environments that are characterized by significant cross-talk and background noise. To address this problem, we present a bilingual speech recognition system that uses an interactive video analysis system to estimate the 3D speaker geometry for realistic audio simulations. We demonstrate the use of our system in generating a complex audio dataset that contains significant cross-talk and background noise that approximate real-life classroom recordings. We then test our proposed system with real-life recordings.
Comparative Effectiveness of Quality Improvement Interventions for Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Academic Medical Centers in the United States

Article-at-a-Glance Background Prevention of pressure ulcers, one of the hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) targeted by the 2008 nonpayment policy of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), is a critical issue. This study was conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of quality improvement (QI) interventions associated with reduced hospital-acquired pressure ulcer (HAPU) rates. Methods In an quasi-experimental design, interrupted time series analyses were conducted to determine the correlation between HAPU incidence rates and adoption of QI interventions. Among University HealthSystem Consortium hospitals, 55 academic medical centers were surveyed from September 2007 through February 2012 for adoption patterns of QI interventions for pressure ulcer prevention, and hospital-level data for 5,208 pressure ulcer cases were analyzed. Between- and within-hospital reduction significance was tested with t-tests post-CMS policy intervention. Results Fifty-three (96%) of the 55 hospitals used QI interventions for pressure ulcer prevention. The effect size analysis identified five effective interventions that each reduced pressure ulcer rates by greater than 1 case per 1,000 patient discharges per quarter: leadership initiatives, visual tools, pressure ulcer staging, skin care, and patient nutrition. The greatest reductions in rates occurred earlier in the adoption process (p Conclusions Five QI interventions had clinically meaningful associations with reduced stage III and IV HAPU incidence rates in 55 academic medical centers. These QI interventions can be used in support of an evidence-based prevention protocol for pressure ulcers. Hospitals can not only use these findings from this study as part of a QI bundle for preventing HAPUs.