cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public roles and private negotiations: Considering city magazines' public service and market functions

Editors at city and regional magazines face the same competing loyalties as other local journalists, including sharing information about their cities while considering the interests of their organizations, readers, and advertisers. This study used in-depth interviews with city and regional magazine editors (N = 11) around the country to explore how they navigate public and private interests affecting their work and the implications of these negotiations for their journalistic identity and the perceived functions of their publications in communities. The results shed light on how the editors negotiate a focus on private-service content, which attracts readers and revenue, and public-service content, which serves the magazines’ journalistic role.
The E and G Subunits of the Yeast V-ATPase Interact Tightly and Are Both Present at More Than One Copy per V1 Complex

The E and G subunits of the yeast V-ATPase are believed to be part of the peripheral or stator stalk(s) responsible for physically and functionally linking the peripheral V1 sector, responsible for ATP hydrolysis, to the membrane V0 sector, containing the proton pore. The E and G subunits interact tightly and specifically, both on a far Western blot of yeast vacuolar proteins and in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Amino acids 13-79 of the E subunit are critical for the E-G two-hybrid interaction. Different tagged versions of the G subunit were expressed in a diploid cell, and affinity purification of cytosolic V1 sectors via a FLAG-tagged G subunit resulted in copurification of a Myc-tagged G subunit, implying more than one G subunit was present in each V1 complex. Similarly, hemagglutinin-tagged E subunit was able to affinity-purify V1 sectors containing an untagged version of the E subunit from heterozygous diploid cells, suggesting that more than one E subunit is present. Overexpression of the subunit G results in a destabilization of subunit E similar to that seen in the complete absence of subunit G (Tomashek, J. J., Graham, L. A., Hutchins, M. U., Stevens, T. H., and Klionsky, D. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26787-26793). These results are consistent with recent models showing at least two peripheral stalks connecting the V1 and V0 sectors of the V-ATPase and would allow both stalks to be based on an EG dimer.
L-364,718, a new CCK antagonist, inhibits postprandial pancreatic secretion and PP release in dogs

The effects of L-364,718, a new CCK receptor antagonist, on food-stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of PP, insulin, CCK, and gastrin were examined in four conscious dogs with pancreatic fistulas. Intravenous injections of L-364,718 (20 nmol/kg) significantly inhibited pancreatic protein and enzyme responses by food (33% inhibition) but not juice volume output. Both rapid and secondary prolonged postprandial rises of plasma PP were also significantly suppressed by L-364,718 (50% inhibition); however, plasma levels of insulin were not altered. Postprandial levels of gastrin were not affected by L-364,718 administration, whereas 3-hr integrated CCK response was significantly enhanced by L-364,718. This study indicates that L-364,718 inhibits pancreatic protein and enzyme secretion and the release of pancreatic polypeptide stimulated by food in conscious dogs. This inhibition might be due to the selective blockage of receptor binding of circulating CCK molecules. The results suggest that L-364,718 may be useful for the physiological and pathophysiological studies associated with CCK.
Long-Term Ecological Monitoring

The intent of long-term ecological monitoring is to document changes in important properties of biological communities. At the least, a long-term monitoring system should be designed to detect long-term trends in three key attributes: soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and the biotic integrity of the system. There are four basic guidelines for developing integrated soil-vegetation monitoring systems for rangelands. These are: (1) identifying a suite of indicators which are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes and/or properties; (2) selecting base indicators on site specific objectives and resource concerns, and inherent soil and site characteristics; (3) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes; and (4) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes. To the extent possible, indicators should reflect e...
Particulate and dissolved vanadium in the North Pacific Ocean

The distributions of dissolved trace elements in the oceans result from a complex series of biogeochemical processes. Historically, most models describing the cycles of these elements have been formed around high quality data for the distributions of the dissolved elements1. I report here a detailed vertical profile of particulate vanadium and estimate its particle-associated flux. This flux suggests a surface depletion of dissolved vanadium which is verified by the first detailed determinations of dissolved vanadium in several profiles from the Pacific Ocean.
Effect of gluten content on recrystallisation kinetics and water mobility in wheat starch gels

The effect of gluten on starch retrogradation at 5 °C was studied using 1H NMR relaxometry. Gels were made from gluten and starch at 27.8 and 38.5% total solids and with gluten comprising either 10, 15 or 20% of the solids. Changes in the transverse relaxation time constant (T2) were related to water mobility. Mono-exponential analysis of relaxation curves showed that, in general, gluten retarded starch retrogradation. T2 values in gluten gels also decreased during storage, but to a much lesser extent. Distributed exponential analysis showed that two distinct regions of T2 were observed in all samples. During aging, the peak values of both regions shifted to lower values for all gels. Starch gel samples showed the most significant shift, and gluten gels showed the least. The three levels of gluten addition in starch/gluten gels produced similar shifts. For all samples the signal intensity of the less mobile region decreased more dramatically than that of the more mobile region during storage. It was suggested that gluten retards water loss in the granule remnants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
An Artificial Life Approach to Host-Parasite Interactions

Abstract A spatially-explicit, individual-based model simulating host-parasite interactions between Townsend's ground squirrels ( Spermophilus townsendii ) and two of its parasites (an eimerian (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) and a helminth) was developed to assess the interactions of multiple factors (host immunity, parasite life-history, weather, and chance) on this system. Most functions in the model are driven by probabilities rather than deterministic equations. The model results corroborate observations from real squirrel populations and suggest that systems may be quite stable at high host densities, but that equilibrium may be unattainable at host densities often found in real systems because the equilibrium values change as conditions change. Altering the start-up parameters affected which mechanisms most strongly influenced the system—chance events were very important, especially at low host densities, suggesting that long-term studies are needed to fully understand year-to-year variation. Parasite life-history strategies had more influence on model outcome than the other parameters.
Recent observations of the solar wind in the outer heliosphere

Abstract Observations made during recent years from the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft in the distant heliosphere continue to show interesting and unexpected features. Although the solar wind number density shows considerable variation from day to day, the radial variation of the proton number density (near the ecliptic) is consistent with a R −2 decrease. The temperature of the wind varies approximately as R −0.5 ; it seems clear that wind at higher heliographic latitudes is hotter. There is good evidence for the slowing down of the wind as it propagates into the distant heliosphere; the reduction in speed is of the order of 30 km/s and is consistent with the change expected from pickup of interstellar neutrals. Even at 40 AU, velocity structures at roughly the solar rotation period are evident. Beginning in 1987, a 1.3-year period also became apparent; observations from IMP 8 near 1 AU confirm that long-period variation and thus suggest it is of solar origin. The distant spacecraft provide near-ecliptic comparisons with the Ulysses observations and help identify when Ulysses moved into southerly latitudes dominated by polar coronal holes. Local structures in the distant wind provide challenges to our understanding of the structure of the wind and its relationship to the higher-energy particles.
Inhibition of hypothalamic LHRH depletion after ovariectomy by transplantable prolactin and growth-hormone-secreting tumors.

AbstractAnestrous Wistar-Furth rats bearing implants of the Furth MtTW15 tumor and diestrous tumor-free rats were ovariectomized and serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations, and hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) content, were studied. The increase of LH and FSH, after ovariectomy, was significantly greater in tumor-free rats than in rats bearing prolactin secreting tumor implants. The hypothalamic LHRH content of the intact tumor-bearing rats was greater (P < 0.01) than that of tumor-free rats. Furthermore, the depletion of hypothalamic LHRH content was greater in tumor-free rats than in tumor-bearing rats. These results suggest that this prolactin and growth-hormone-secreting tumor prevents gonadotropin release by reducing LHRH release from the hypothalamus.
CAF Activity, Calcium Concentration, Andy the 30,000‐Dalton Component of Tough and Tender Bovine Longissimus Muscle

Four tender and four tough bovine longissimus samples from A-maturity carcasses and four tender and four tough bovine longissimus samples from E-maturity carcasses postmortem aged 10-14 days were used to study calcium-activated factor activity (CAF), calcium concentration, and the 30,000-dalton component. Significant differences in CAF and free calcium were not found between tender and tough for CAF and free calcium, although the tough samples had more free calcium. Tender bovine longissimus muscle from A-maturity carcasses had a 30,000-dalton component and a high ratio of 30,000-dalton component to actin, whereas tough did not. In E-maturity, however, both tender and tough longissimus had a 30,000-dalton component.
An 'adding' algorithm for the Markov chain formalism for radiation transfer

An adding algorithm is presented, that extends the Markov chain method and considers a preceding calculation as a single state of a new Markov chain. This method takes advantage of the description of the radiation transport as a stochastic process. Successive application of this procedure makes calculation possible for any optical depth without increasing the size of the linear system used. It is determined that the time required for the algorithm is comparable to that for a doubling calculation for homogeneous atmospheres. For an inhomogeneous atmosphere the new method is considerably faster than the standard adding routine. It is concluded that the algorithm is efficient, accurate, and suitable for smaller computers in calculating the diffuse intensity scattered by an inhomogeneous planetary atmosphere.
Prioritizing parallel analog re-host candidates through ATLAS source code analysis

The US Navy's Consolidated Automated Support System (CASS) family of testers is outfitted with three Ai-710 analog test instruments and provides 96 channels of analog test capability, enabling transition from a traditional serial to a parallel test approach. Most CASS test program sets do not take advantage of parallel test capability, which results in long runtimes. In this paper, the authors will outline a set of design rules for mining data in the NAVAIR automatic test system source data repository to identify economical targets of opportunity, the development of an initial set of tools to apply the parallel test capability, and show a return on investment for reducing the cost of testing avionics systems.
Additional Chromosome Numbers of American Acanthaceae

Abstract Original meiotic chromosome counts are presented for 39 species in 15 genera of Acanthaceae from Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, the United States, and Venezuela. These reports include the first counts for 20 species representing 10 genera of the family, including the first chromosome number documented for the genus Poikilacanthus. Counts for 15 species confirm numbers previously reported for them from different sources. New chromosome numbers are reported in two genera, Carlowrightia (n = 17 in C. pectinata) and Justicia (n = 24 in J. galapagana). New chromosome numbers are also reported in two species of Justicia, J. comata (n = 28) and J. oerstedii (n = 11). Systematic implications of these chromosome numbers are addressed where appropriate. Communicating Editor: Anita Cholewa
Remarks on Four Notes Recently Published by C. C. Wylie

AND INTRODUCTION The present communication, in so far as it relates to a note on contraterrene meteorites,1 is simply an elaboration of certain remarks which I made extemporaneously at the time the then Secretary, Dr. Robert W. Webb, read Dr. C. C. Wylie's paper at the Eighth Meeting of the Society for Research on Meteorites held in Flagstaff, Arizona, in June, 1941. In so far as this communication relates to three more recent notes on the mass of the meteorite responsible for the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorite Crater,2 it is intended to justify objections to Wylie's results already expressed in private letters to him.
Finding critical changes in dynamic configuration spaces

Given a motion planning problem in a dynamic but fully known environment, we propose the first roadmap-based method, called critical roadmap, that has the ability to identify and exploit the critical topological changes of the free configuration space. Comparing to the existing methods that either ignore temporal coherence or only repair their roadmaps at fixed times, our method provides not only a more complete representation of the free (configuration-time) space but also provides significant efficiency improvement. Our experimental results show that the critical roadmap method has a higher chance of finding solutions, and it is at least one order of magnitude faster than some well-known planners.
A new hybrid solution to boost SAT solver performance

Due to the widespread demands for efficient SAT solvers in electronic design automation applications, methods to boost the performance of the SAT solver are highly desired. The paper proposed a hybrid solution to boost SAT solver performance in this paper, via an integration of local and DPLL-based search approaches. A local search is used to identify a subset of clauses to be passed to a DPLL SAT solver through an incremental interface. In addition, the solution obtained by the DPLL solver on the subset of clauses is fed back to the local search solver to jump over any locally optimal points. The proposed solution is highly portable to the existing SAT solvers. For satisfiable instances, up to an order of magnitude speedup can be obtained via the proposed hybrid solver
Authorization and trust in software systems

Nexus Authorization Logic (NAL) provides a principled basis for specifying and reasoning about credentials and authorization policies. It extends prior access control logics that are based on “says” and “speaks for” operators. NAL enables authorization of access requests to depend on (i) the source or pedigree of the requester, (ii) the outcome of any mechanized analysis of the requester, or (iii) the use of trusted software to encapsulate or modify the requester. To illustrate the convenience and expressive power of this approach to authorization, a document-viewer application suite was implemented for the α-Nexus operating system. One of the viewers enforces policies that concern the integrity of excerpts a document contains; another viewer enforces confidentiality policies specified by labels tagging blocks of text; and a third viewer enforces policies that impose chain-ofcustody restrictions on stages of an image-editing pipeline. To study how compatible this approach to authorization is with existing principles for building trustworthy systems, a filesystem that pervasively instantiates a number of well-known security principles was implemented for α-Nexus. The design and overall performance of this filesystem was compared to a Linux filesystem that largely ignores the security principles.
Automatic web service composition with abstraction and refinement

The behavioral description based Web Service Composition (WSC) problem aims at the automatic construction of a coordinator web service that controls a set of web services to reach a goal state. However, solving the WSC problem exactly with a realistic model is doubly-exponential in the number of variables in web service descriptions. In this paper, we propose a novel efficient approximation-based algorithm using automatic abstraction and refinement to dramatically reduce the number of variables needed to solve the problem.
Halstedian 2 Residency Training: Bridging the Generation Gap

The turn of the century has brought more than a new millennium. It has placed a spotlight on a medical system in crisis. This has not been of sudden onset but an insidious process that has occurred during the last 2 decades for most of the nation. What makes the effect of this crisis so alarming is the fact that it emerged from what was considered a gilded era. A period of overall financial surplus and exponential growth had occurred in practically all aspects of medicine, with increased disbursement of direct and indirect medical expenses, expansion of clinical practices with unprecedented profits, increased medical school enrollment, an increase in the number of residents, and enhanced research programs. Concomitant with this phenomenon were skyrocketing medical costs. With these costs as high as 15% of the gross national product, the medical field became fertile ground for a multitude of managed care initiatives that often promoted goals in competition with the discipline of health care delivery. Many managed care ventures embraced a policy of proprietary issues ahead of service, in keeping with the business motto There is no mission without a margin [profit].
International Environmental Agreements (IEAs): An Integrated Perspective on the Concept of Effectiveness

The effectiveness of international environmental agreements (IEAs) has been conceptualized in various ways in the literature, and several assessment methodologies have been postulated. There has not been any attempt at integrating the various perspectives, nor of determining the fit between the assessment methodology and the goals of the IEAs or of the IEA institutions. This article reviews the various effectiveness conceptualizations, and proposes the ‘effectiveness web’ as an integrative framework for understanding the inter-relationships that exist among the various determinants and potential indicators of IEA effectiveness. This article argues for an evolutionary and dynamic conceptualization of IEA effectiveness, as well as a multi-track assessment of effectiveness, which is more in line with the activities of the IEA institutions. This article identifies potential indicators for various stages of the life-cycle of an IEA, and using the premise of global environmental sustainability as guiding framework, provides a hierarchy of effectiveness assessment methodologies.
Recovery of Jointly Sparse Signals from Few Random Projections

Compressed sensing is an emerging field based on the revelation that a small group of linear projections of a sparse signal contains enough information for reconstruction. In this paper we introduce a new theory for distributed compressed sensing (DCS) that enables new distributed coding algorithms for multi-signal ensembles that exploit both intra- and inter-signal correlation structures. The DCS theory rests on a new concept that we term the joint sparsity of a signal ensemble. We study three simple models for jointly sparse signals, propose algorithms for joint recovery of multiple signals from incoherent projections, and characterize theoretically and empirically the number of measurements per sensor required for accurate reconstruction. In some sense DCS is a framework for distributed compression of sources with memory, which has remained a challenging problem in information theory for some time. DCS is immediately applicable to a range of problems in sensor networks and arrays.
SEVENTH POWER MOMENTS OF KLOOSTERMAN SUMS

Evaluations of the n-th power moments Sn of Kloosterman sums are known only for n ⩽ 6. We present here substantial evidence for an evaluation of S7 in terms of Hecke eigenvalues for a weight 3 newform on ΓO(525) with quartic nebentypus of conductor 105. We also prove some congruences modulo 3, 5 and 7 for the closely related quantity T7, where Tn is a sum of traces of n-th symmetric powers of the Kloosterman sheaf.
Current Status of Prospective Drug Utilization Review

BACKGROUND: The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 offered the promise that prospective drug utilization review (pDUR) systems would improve the quality of drug prescribing and patient drug use. There is little evidence that this promise has been fulfilled. To the contrary, there is growing evidence that suboptimal use of drugs (in terms of preventable drug-related morbidity) is at least as costly as the prescription drugs themselves. Online computerized pDUR has been the subject of numerous critical examinations in the pharmacy and medical literature. Recent publications have sought to illustrate perceived shortcomings in the DUR systems currently in use. OBJECTIVE: We focus on the state of the art with regard to pDUR, what is known about its effectiveness, and how emerging technologies may change pDUR and consider the work that may be needed to establish its effectiveness. SUMMARY: A growing body of literature documents numerous problems and concerns with respect to the quality of DUR criteria, DUR alerts, and the response of health care professionals to these alerts. Problems with the current pDUR “system” can be grouped into those involving technical aspects (e.g., duplicate messaging from in-store and online systems, or message text limitations) and into those involving human aspects, specifically how pharmacists and other health care providers interpret and respond to potential drug therapy problem alerts generated by the electronic systems. CONCLUSION: DUR is a quality assurance system that holds promise as a tool that, if implemented effectively, could enhance appropriate drug use. We believe a more systematic approach to DUR is needed. Evaluation and management of public and private pDUR systems must link documentation of processes of care, such as pharmacists’ cognitive services, patient interventions, etc. To address technical aspects, we strongly recommend (a) a national effort to validate DUR screen criteria relying upon evidence-based studies and (b) adoption of a minimal set of “critical“ pDUR screen criteria by pharmacy service providers and third-party intermediaries, including pharmacy benefit managers. To address the human component of pDUR systems, we advocate (a) adoption of performance standards for pharmacists and (b) explicit remuneration for time spent identifying and responding to drug therapy problems.
How to support designers in getting hold of the immaterial material of software

When designing novel GUI controls, interaction designers are challenged by the "immaterial" materiality of the digital domain; they lack tools that effectively support a reflecting conversation with the material of software as they attempt to conceive, refine, and communicate their ideas. To investigate this situation, we conducted two participatory design workshops. In the first workshop, focused on conceiving, we observed that designers want to invent controls by exploring gestures, context, and examples. In the second workshop, on refining and communicating, designers proposed tools that could refine movement, document context through usage scenarios, and support the use of examples. In this workshop they struggled to effectively communicate their ideas for developers because their ideas had not been fully explored. In reflecting on this struggle, we began to see an opportunity for the output of a design tool to be a boundary object that would allow for an ongoing conversation between the design and the material of software, in which the developer acts as a mediator for software.
Sound texture modelling with linear prediction in both time and frequency domains

Summary form only given. Sound textures, for instance a crackling fire, running water, or applause, constitute a large and largely neglected class of audio signals. Whereas tonal sounds have been effectively and flexibly modelled with sinusoids, aperiodic energy is usually modelled as white noise filtered to match the approximate spectrum of the original over 10-30 ms windows, which fails to provide a perceptually satisfying reproduction of many real-world noisy sound textures. We attribute this failure to the loss of short-term temporal structure, and we introduce a second modelling stage in which the time envelope of the residual from conventional linear predictive modelling is itself modelled with linear prediction in the spectral domain. This cascaded time- and frequency-domain linear prediction (CTFLP) leads to noise-excited resyntheses that have high perceptual fidelity. We perform a novel quantitative error analysis by measuring the proportional error within time-frequency cells across a range of timescales.
Common-cause failure analysis in event assessment

This paper reviews the basic concepts of modelling common-cause failures (CCFs) in reliability and risk studies and then applies these concepts to the treatment of CCF in event assessment. The cases of a failed component (with and without shared CCF potential) and a component being unavailable due to preventive maintenance or testing are addressed. The treatment of two related failure modes (e.g. failure to start and failure to run) is a new feature of this paper, as is the treatment of asymmetry within a common-cause component group.
DIII-D Thomson scattering diagnostic data acquisition, processing, and analysis software

One of the diagnostic systems critical to the success of the DIII-D tokamak experiment is the Thomson scattering diagnostic. This diagnostic is unique in that it measures local electron temperature and density: (1) at multiple locations within the tokamak plasma; and (2) at different times throughout the plasma duration. Thomson "raw" data are digitized signals of scattered light, measured at different times and locations, from the laser beam paths fired into the plasma. Real-time acquisition of this data is performed by specialized hardware. Once obtained, the raw data are processed into meaningful temperature and density values which can be analyzed for measurement quality. This paper provides an overview of the entire Thomson scattering diagnostic software and focuses on the data acquisition, processing, and analysis software implementation. The software falls into three general categories: 1. Set-up and Control: Initializes and controls all Thomson hardware and software, sychronizes with other DIII-D computers, and invokes other Thomson software as appropriate. 2. Data Acquisition and Processing: Obtains raw measured data from memory and processes it into temperature and density values. 3. Analysis: Provides a graphical user interface in which to perform analysis and sophisticated plotting of analysis parameters.
Centrifuge Modeling of Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads

There are many applications where piles are employed to absorb and deflect lateral impact loads. Structural elements of this type are used to protect infrastructure and are commonly found at marine sites. A series of model tests have been conducted using Columbia University’s centrifuge facility to better understand the performance of piles subjected to these loading conditions. A device was designed to install and laterally load single model piles during centrifuge flight. This device uniquely contains two lateral loading systems, one which allows static testing and another appropriate for dynamic tests. This research examines the behavior of tubular steel piles embedded within dry or saturated soil and subjected to varied rates of lateral loading. This investigation provides insight on the contribution of lateral loading rates to the behavior of piles.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids in nature: what we know and what we need to learn

The supply and demand of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 HUFA) in natural ecosystems may lead to resource limitation in a diverse array of animal taxa. Here, we review why food quality in terms of ω-3 HUFAs is important, particularly for neural tissue, across a diversity of animal taxa ranging from invertebrate zooplankton to vertebrates (including humans). Our review is focused on ω-3 HUFAs rather than other unsaturated fatty acids because these compounds are especially important biochemically, but scarce in nature. We discuss the dichotomy between ω-3 HUFA availability between aquatic primary producers, which are often rich in these compounds, and terrestrial primary producers, which are contain little to none of them. We describe the use of fatty acids as qualitative and quantitative tracers for reconstructing animal diets in natural ecosystems. Next, we discuss both direct and indirect ecological implications of ω-3 HUFA limitation at the individual, population, food web, and ecosystem scales, which include: changes in behavior, species composition, secondary production rates, trophic transfer efficiency and cross-ecosystem subsidies. We finish by highlighting future research priorities including a need for more research on ω-3 HUFAs in terrestrial systems, more research their importance for higher order consumers, and more research on the food web and ecosystem-scale effects of ω-3 HUFA limitation. Synthesis Mismatches between the supply of and demand for omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 HUFA) in natural ecosystems have the potential to result in resource limitation across a diverse array of ecosystems. We combined perspectives from ecology and nutritional science to develop a unified synthesis of ω-3 HUFA ecology. We reviewed the importance of ω-3 HUFAs for animals, the striking differences in ω-3 HUFA availability at the base of terrestrial versus aquatic food webs, and the implications of ω-3 HUFA limitation for food webs. We finished by highlighting research priorities in the field including more research on ω-3 HUFAs in terrestrial systems, on higher order consumers, and at the food web and ecosystem-scales.
Pulmonary cell kinetics and morphometry after ozone exposure: day versus night and dose response in rats

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to increasing concentrations of ozone as follows: 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.6, or 0.8 ppm. Controls were kept in chambers ventilated with filtered air. One-half of the animals in ozone was exposed for 12 h a day during daytime hours, and the other one-half of the animals was exposed for 12 h during nighttime. Cumulative labeling indexes were measured after 4 and 7 days in the terminal bronchioles, large intrapulmonary airways, trachea, and nasal epithelia. The penetration of the lesions from the bronchiole-alveolar junction into the alveolar zone was measured with quantitative morphometry. After 4 days of exposure, the extent of injury was dose dependent. Labeling indexes in the terminal bronchioles were 15-20% higher in animals exposed during nighttime compared with the animals exposed during daylight hours. On the other hand, depth of penetration of ozone lesions into the centriacinar region was not significantly different in animals exposed during the night compared with animals exposed during daytime. Labeling indexes in the large airways, trachea, or nasal cavity were not influenced by time of exposure. Between days 4 and 7, the lesions in the terminal bronchioles progressed only to a minimal degree (10%). It was concluded that the pattern of centriacinar tissue remodeling 1) followed a gradient based on ozone concentration and 2) was essentially complete after only 4 days of ozone exposure. Although a difference between daytime and nighttime exposure was observed, it was not considered to be large enough to invalidate conclusions drawn from studies in which animals are exposed to ozone during daylight hours.
Localization of disturbances in transportation systems

We present a control strategy for localization and attenuation of disturbances in transportation systems. Sudden and large disturbances in a transportation network can lead to the creation and propagation of shock waves which spread throughout the system causing jams and decreasing system throughput. By considering the Cell Transmission Model of traffic flow, we design a minimum-energy controller that exploits inter-vehicle communication to localize shock waves to small sections of the highway and attenuate them within a specified period of time. The control design is illustrated through simulations on realistic data from the I-210 highway in California.
Privacy in Healthcare

In recent years, the field of healthcare has seen an increased prevalence of electronic healthcare systems. Some of these systems seek to help patients make more informed decisions about their own health, while others may assist users in receiving proper care no matter where they are. Despite these positive impacts, the systems bring with them new risks. In particular, electronic healthcare systems have a variety of privacy concerns surrounding their use due to the personal nature of the data collected. In this chapter, we introduce several electronic healthcare systems that are currently in use and explore the different privacy challenges surrounding some of these systems. Finally, we highlight a few methods to address these privacy concerns and, thereby, improve privacy protection in healthcare systems.
A dynamic framework on travel mode choice focusing on utilitarian walking based on the integration of current knowledge.

Abstract Recently, research on utilitarian walking has gained momentum due to its benefits on both health and the environment. However, our overall understanding of how built and social environments affect travel mode choice (walking or not) is still limited, and most existing frameworks on travel mode choice lack dynamic processes. After a review of several mainstream theories and a number of frameworks, we propose an integrated framework. The basic constructs in the travel mode choice function are utilities, constraints, attitudes, and habits. With a hierarchical structure and heuristic rules, the travel mode choice function is modified by individual characteristics and travel characteristics. The framework explicitly presents several dynamic processes, including the perception process on the environment, attitude formation process, habit formation process, interactions among an individual׳s own behaviors, interactions among travelers, feedback from travel to the built and social environments, and feedback from other behaviors to the built and social environments. For utilitarian walking, the framework may contribute to the study design, data collection, adoption of new research methods, and provide indications for policy interventions.
Specific Heat of the Synthetic Rubber Hycar-OR from 15° to 340° K

Abstract Measurements of specific heat were made on a sample of Hycar-OR synthetic rubber from 15° to 340° K by means of an adiabatic vacuum-type calorimeter. The experimental values of the specific heat between 15° and 22° K were well represented by the Debye specific-heat equation, using a βν value of 80 and, accordingly, the values below 15° K were calculated with this equation. At about 250° K the material has a transition of the second order, the specific heat increasing by about 40 per cent to a value of 1.84 Int. joules · gram−1 · degree−1 just above the transition. From 250° to 340° K the specific heat-temperature curve is nearly linear, and the values can be calculated to within 0.2 per cent from the formula Cp=0.00283T+1.126, in Int. joules · gram−1 · degree−1. At 298.16° K (25° C) the specific heat is 1.971 Int. joules · gram−1 · degree−1 (0.4712 calories · gram−1 · degree−1). The increase in entropy resulting from heating from 0° to 298.16° K was calculated to be 1.743 ± 0.002 Int. joules · gr...
Abstract LB-60: Long-term use of hormone therapy and breast cancer incidence and mortality

Background: The risk of breast cancer associated with longer-term use of both estrogen (ET) or estrogen + progesterone (E+P) hormone therapy (HT) cannot be determine from existing randomized controlled trials. Methods: The Nurses’ Health Study included 121,700 female registered nurses aged 30-55 in 1976 who have been followed with biennial questionnaires to medication use, risk factors and cancer incidence. Only postmenopausal women were included in this analysis. The main outcome was incidence of invasive breast cancer. We additionally evaluated the risk of fatal breast cancer (breast cancer diagnosis that resulted in breast cancer death). Results: During 1.57 million person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2008, 5631 incident invasive breast cancers were diagnosed and 884 died of breast cancer. Breast cancer risk increased with duration of current E+P use without evidence for a plateau (e.g. RR 1.88 (95% CI 1.64-2.16) for 10-14.9 years and RR 2.35 (95% CI 1.90-2.92) for 15-19.9 years of use). More than 10 years of current ET use was also associated with increased breast cancer risk (RR 1.22 (95% CI 1.06-1.40) for 10-14.9 years and RR 1.43 (95% CI 1.22-1.68) for 15-19.9 years of use). Past E+P was also weakly associated with breast cancer risk. When the population was restricted to the same entry criteria as the Women9s Health Initiative trial, we also observed a non-significant deceased risk of breast cancer HT with current ET use similar in magnitude to that seen in the trial (RR 0.61 (95% CI 0.63-1.05) for Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-60. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-60
Using Consistency Conditions to Solve Linear Systems

Most introductory linear algebra books contain examples and exercises in which they ask for conditions on the right-hand side of a linear system to ensure consistency. The usual recommendation is to reduce the system Ail = b by elemen? tary row operations to a form f/x = c, where U is an echelon matrix, and set the components of c that correspond to the zero rows of U equal to zero. Since c is obtained from b by elementary row operations, we thus obtain a set of homoge? neous linear equations for the components of b. It is then natural to ask questions about this system such as: Are its equations independent and what characterizes its coefficient matrix?
Historic Themes and Landmarks in Social Welfare Research, by Sidney E. Zimbalist. Harper and Row, New York, 1977. $11.95. 432 Pp.

(1979). Historic Themes and Landmarks in Social Welfare Research, by Sidney E. Zimbalist. Harper and Row, New York, 1977. $11.95. 432 Pp. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 123-125.
Community Development and Social Development Informing Concepts of Place and Intentional Social Change in a Globalizing World

As a pluralistic field of scholarship and practice, community development offers insights useful to social development, especially the realm of social work. Among these contributions, of particular interest are the ways in which place matters. Assessing conceptualizations of community and community development, this essay addresses the value of community development scholarship and offers recommendations for future research. The latter include paying more attention to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and trends in relation to the population-level impacts from development initiatives.
Timing analysis of P-FRP systems

P-FRP systems are relatively new, so little research has been done on how tasks are best scheduled using the P-FRP paradigm. This paper provides a background of the subjects that timing analysis must cover, and concludes with suggestions for future research to be done in this field.
Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung von Die Grundlagen der Psychoanalyse : Eine philosophische Kritik

Das Buch Die Grundlagen der Psychoanalyse: Eine philosophische Kritik (dt. 1988) beurteilt aus philosophischer Sicht die theoretischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und heuristischen Grundlagen von Freuds monumentaler klinischer Theorie2. Der Verfasser konzentriert sich bei seiner Bewertung auf die vom Begrunder selbst angefuhrten zentralen Argumente, weil dessen Argumentation, obwohl sie schwere Mangel aufweist, weitaus anregender ist als die meisten Rechtfertigungen seiner spateren Vertreter3. Diese — orthodoxen und revisionistischen — Vertreter werden ebenfalls einer kritischen Prufung unterzogen, wobei die Aufmerksamkeit besonders einer solchen nachfreudianischen Entwicklung, der sog. hermeneutischen Rekonstruktion der Psychoanalyse, gilt.
The post treatment of microfilm with selenium toner to enhance stability in storage under adverse conditions

AbstractThe dangers inherent in the improper storage of photographic film, especially microfilm, and the necessity of following good storage practices are reviewed.Enhanced image stability is obtained by treatment of processed microfilm with a dilute solution of Kodak Rapid Selenium Toner. This treatment has been extremely effective in preventing discolouration and microspot formation under accelerated ageing conditions. The selenium treatment coupled with recommended storage practices (storage below 70°F, 15-40% RH) using recommended filing enclosures and containers would indicate that microfilm will last for manY hundreds of years.
III-Nitride nanowire lasers: fabrication and control of optical properties(Conference Presentation)

III-nitride nanowires have attracted increasing interest as potential ultracompact and low-power nanoscale lasers in the UV-visible wavelengths. In order to maximize the potential of nanowire lasers, a greater understanding and control over their properties, including mode control, polarization control, wavelength tuning, and beam shaping, is necessary. Here, we discuss the fabrication of III-nitride based single nanowire and nanowire photonic crystal lasers using a top-down approach, and present multiple methods for controlling their optical properties. The nanowires were fabricated by a two-step process composed of a lithographic dry etch followed by a selective, wet chemical etch of the nanowire sidewalls. This technique allows for high quality nanowires with straight and smooth nonpolar m-plane sidewalls and with controllable height, pitch and diameter. Precisely engineered axial nanowire heterostructures can be formed from planar heterostructures, while radial nanowire heterostructures can be formed via regrowth on the etched nanowires. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Differential expression of genes related to gain and intake in the liver of beef cattle

To better understand which genes play a role in cattle feed intake and gain, we evaluated differential expression of genes related to gain and intake in the liver of crossbred beef steers. Based on past transcriptomics studies on cattle liver, we hypothesized that genes related to metabolism regulation and the inflammatory response would be differentially expressed. This study used 16 animals with diverse gain and intake phenotypes to compare transcript abundance after a 78 day ad libitum feed study. A total of 729 genes were differentially expressed. These genes were analyzed for over-representation among biological and cellular functions, and pathways. Cell transport processes and metabolic processes, as well as functions related to transport, were identified. Pathways related to immune function, such as the proteasome ubiquitination pathway and the chemokine signaling pathway, were also identified. Our results were consistent with past transcriptomics studies that have found immune and transport processes play a role in feed efficiency. Gain and intake are impacted by complex processes in the liver, which include cellular transport, metabolism regulation, and immune function.
Annular Shear-Thinning Flow Over an Axisymmetric Sudden Expansion

Suddenly expanding annular pipe flows of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid were numerically investigated within the steady laminar flow regime. The power-law constitutive equation is used to model the rheology of interest. A parametric study is performed to reveal the influence of annular diameter ratio, k, and power-law index, n, over the following range of parameters: k = {0, 0.5, 0.7} and n = {1, 0.8, 0.6}. Flow separation and entrainment, downstream of the expansion plane, creates two recirculation regions. The first is a central recirculation region between the expansion plane and the flow stagnation point along the centerline. A second, corner recirculation region forms between the expansion plane and the flow reattachment point along the wall. The results demonstrate impact of the investigated geometrical and rheological parameters on the extent and intensity of both flow recirculation regions, the wall shear stress distribution, and the evolution and redevelopment characteristics of the flow downstream the expansion plane.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Comparison of survivability of Staphylococcus aureus and spores of Aspergillus niger on commonly used floor materials.

Background The survivability of Staphylococcus aureus and spores of Aspergillus niger was compared on 5 common floor materials. Methods Floor materials were inoculated with a known concentration of S aureus and spores of A niger on day 0. Their survivability was measured on days, 2, 7, 14, and 28 by bulk rinsate method and enumerated using culture-based method. Results The difference in change of S aureus levels was statistically significant for all tested days ( P S aureus occurred by day 2 (1-1.7 log 10 ), declined slightly (0.1 to −0.2 log 10 ) by day 7, and remained positive until day 28. However, S aureus was undetected by day 7 on both carpets. A niger spores were undetected on residential broadloom carpet and rubber-backed commercial carpet after day 2 but survived on VCT, PT, and wood until day 28. Conclusions Floor materials with hard and smooth surfaces, such as VCT and PT, can allow survival of S aureus and A niger for up to 4 weeks. It may imply that floor materials can play a major role in preserving microbial contaminants in the built environment.
Dual-core optical fibers for simultaneous measurements of temperature and strain using Brillouin OTDA

We report a dual-core fiber for simultaneous sensing of strain and temperature using BOTDA. By adjusting dopant compositions, 37% difference in strain-optical coefficient was achieved between two cores to differentiate temperature and strain responses.
Pediatric Heart Transplantation Long-Term Survival in Different Age and Diagnostic Groups: Analysis of a National Database:

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in long-term survival without the influence of early mortality, and to identify factors associated with one-year conditional ten-yea...