cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthostasis, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Abdominal Pain in Children : Is There a Relation Between Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia and Recurrent Abdominal Pain?

The types of patients different subspecialists jointly manage often provide insights regarding shared pathophysiology and common treatment strategies. During the past decade, as cardiologists have increasingly recognized the subset of adolescents with multiple somatic symptoms and marked orthostatic
Relativistic solar cosmic rays

Abstract Solar and galactic cosmic rays are of profound astrophysical interest. One facet of contemporary cosmic ray research utilizes these energetic particles as space probes for studying the characteristics of the solar-controlled interplanetary medium, the heliosphere, which is essentially the extension of the solar corona to a considerable distance beyond the orbit of earth. Solar cosmic ray observations in particular contribute to our understanding of the earth's environs, the interplanetary medium, and the sun itself. Appropriately deployed ground-based cosmic ray detectors utilize the earth as a spacedraft for carrying out experiments that are far beyond the capacity of artificial satellites. In interpreting the observations, however, the effects of the geomagnetic field and of the atmosphere must be taken into account by appropriate analytical procedures. Theoretical models account for many of the characteristics of the observed modulations and anisotropies, which manifest themselves as temporal or spatial intensity variations. Analysis of the measurements in terms of various models provides an understanding of the physical mechanisms, as well as the determination of the relevant parameters. Properties of solar cosmic rays that have been investigated include spectra, angular distributions, transport mechanisms and the acceleration to relativistic energies.
Activation of fos in mouse amygdala by local infusion of norepinephrine or atipamezole

Norepinephrine (NE) is known to activate a number of immediate-early genes (IEGs) in the brain which may be involved in prolonged changes in neuronal function. To investigate the function of these genes it would be useful to have a model system in which they are induced in specific populations of cells in specific brain regions without systemic drug administration which can affect multiple sites. In the present paper we have shown that local infusions of NE or of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, in the mouse amygdala produces localized expression of fos. The expression of fos was blocked by a cocktail of an α1- (prazosin) and β1-adrenoceptor (betaxolol) blocker but not by a selective 5-HT1A blocker (WAY100135). Prazosin and betaxolol did not have a nonspecific reducing action on fos expression. It is concluded that localized expression of fos after NE infusion in the mouse amygdala represents a model system for further studies of the role of IEG expression in central noradrenergic function.
A macroscopic analysis of composites containing layered spherical inclusions

This investigation considers a hypothetical three-phase ordered composite to permit the design of a new material both stiffer and tougher than the matrix phase alone. The required elastic solution is greatly simplified and was based on a single layered inclusion in an otherwise infinite matrix under uniaxial tension. The solution presented is exact and generalized to accommodate any number of concentric layers of different thickness and composition.
Focal not widespread grafts induce novel dyskinetic behavior in parkinsonian rats

Abstract Dyskinesias are a common consequence of dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Little is known about the influence of cellular replacement strategies upon drug-induced dyskinesias. In the current study, we employed parkinsonian rats to test whether the distribution of dopamine neuron grafts could differentially alter striatal circuitry and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Specifically, we compared behavioral and neurochemical consequences of dopamine reinnervation restricted to a focal region of the striatum to innervation encompassing the majority of the striatum by distributing the same number of cells into single locus or multiple locations. Both the single-site and widespread grafts reduced pregraft dyskinesias and normalized FosB/ΔFosB in the dorsal two-thirds of the lateral striatum. However, single-site DA graft recipients developed a robust, novel forelimb-facial stereotypy and upregulated FosB/ΔFosB expression in the ventrolateral striatum, an area associated with movements of tongue and forelimbs. The onset of forelimb-facial stereotypy correlated with measures of increased graft function.
From knowledge science to symbiosis science

In the mid-1980s, Brian Gaines first developed a model to predict the trajectory of progress in human-computer relationships, including how the knowledge science research programme would naturally transform itself over time into something he called ''symbiosis science.'' In this article, we reflect both on the extraordinary prescience of this model, and the contributions and challenges faced by researchers intent on progressive achievement toward the aspirations it inspires.
Gut mucosal hypoperfusion measured with an automated on-line tonometer (the tonocap) in a canine model of hemorrhage

The Tonocap was used successfully to detect gut mucosal hypoperfusion in a canine model of hemorrhage. With re-injection of sampled air there was no suggestion of CO2 depletion during hypoperfusion.
Comparisons of Theoretical Methods for Predicting Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics

A number of airfoils have been tested in the Pennsylvania State University low-speed low-turbulence wind tunnel, and the results of these tests are compared with those predicted using several well-known theoretical methods. The theoretical methods used are the potential-flow/integral boundary-layer methods XFOIL 6.96 and PROFIL07 and the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver OVERFLOW 2.2e. This version of the OVERFLOW solver contains an implementation of the transitional shear-stress transport turbulence model developed by Langtry and Menter (“Correlation-Based Transition Modeling for Unstructured Parallelized Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 47, No. 12, 2009, pp. 2894–2906). This model is capable of capturing the influence of transition on the flowfield through a local-correlation method. The airfoils considered for this study are the E 387, S805, PSU 94-097, HTR1555, S903, and S824. Although none of the theoretical methods considered were consistently the best overall, all codes ...
Dynamic recrystallization and grain size effects in shock hardened copper

Des echantillons de cuivre ont ete soumis a un chargement par ondes de choc de 50GPa suivi par une haute deformation γ ∼ 2-5 a une vitesse de deformation eleve (∼ 10 4 s −1 ). La structure recrystallisee consiste de grains fins et equiaxes (0.1-0.3 μm). Des essais a basse vitesse de deformation sur ces memes echantillons soumis au choc et prechauffes ont produit une structure recrystallisee avec une taille de grains de 2-3 μm et une densite elevee de macles de recuit. Ces differences indique que les mecanismes de recristalization dynamique operant a basses et hautes vitesses de deformation sont differents. L'effet de la taille de grain initial a ete aussi etudie: des tailles de grain de 10, 5, 25, 117, et 315 μm, ont etes produites
An experimental investigation of the atomic europium anion

The electron affinity (EA) of europium has been measured using laser photodetachment electron spectroscopy. The EA of Eu(8S7/2) was determined to be 1.053 ± 0.025 eV. The data also show that Eu− has at least one bound excited state with binding energy of 0.864 ± 0.024 eV relative to the ground state of the europium atom. The experimental results are consistent with recent EA measurements of lanthanide atoms whose anions are predicted to have [Xe](4fn 6p) (where n is odd) configurations.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON-PHONON MODEL

The properties of a one-dimensional system of degenerate electrons coupled to long-wavelength phonons are investigated. The equivalent model Hamiltonian of Tomonaga, which describes the electrons by density waves, is diagonalized to normal modes. These are calculated for the Einstein model and constant coupling, and used to get the ground-state energy. A physical interpretation of the model is given. The breakdown of the system for strong coupling is discussed. The many-body perturbation theory is used to assess the validity of the Tomonaga model. The electron-phonon ground-state energy diagrams may be grouped in two sets as Tomonaga and non-Tomonaga. The latter cancel among themselves exactly to a high order. The extent of the cancellation in three dimensions is treated in fourth order and found to be significant, but not exact.
Patient selection for neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: beyond severity of illness.

To explore how neonates with respiratory failure are selected for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) once severity of illness criteria are met, and to determine how conflicts between ECMO providers and parents over the initiation of ECMO are addressed. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a data collection survey, which was sent to the directors of neonatal respiratory ECMO centers. The lowest birth weight and gestational age at which respondents would consider placing a neonate on ECMO were frequently below recommended thresholds. There was wide variability in respondents’ willingness to place neonates on ECMO in the presence of conditions such as intraventricular hemorrhage and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The number of respondents who would never seek to override parental refusal of ECMO was equal to the number who would always do so. Significant variability exists in the selection criteria for neonatal ECMO and in how conflicts with parents over the provision of ECMO are resolved.
Mechanical behavior and constitutive modeling of metal cores

Studying the mechanical behavior of metal cores provides insight into the overall performance of structures comprising metal sandwich plates, and can help immensely in designing metal sandwich plates for specific engineering applications. In this study, the response of folded (corrugated) plate and pyramidal truss cores are explored under both quasistatic and dynamic loadings. In particular, two important characteristics of metal cores, the nonuniform hardening/softening evolution due to stressing in different directions and the rate-dependence of this process, are discussed for different core topologies, including the square honeycomb core. In addition, the role of core behavior on the overall performance of sandwich plates is studied by employing a constitutive model for the elastic-plastic behavior of plastically compressible orthotropic materials [Xue et al. 2005]. The constitutive model is capable of capturing both the anisotropy of the core, associated with stressing in different directions, and its rate-dependence. The approach, based on employing the core constitutive model, not only significantly reduces the computation time, but also permits exploration of the role of each fundamental rate-dependent response of the metal core on the overall response of the metal sandwich plates.
First magnetomyographic recordings of uterine activity with spatial-temporal information with a 151-channel sensor array

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of recording the spatial-temporal magnetomyographic activity from the pregnant uterus with the use of the newly developed 151-channel noninvasive device, known as the superconducting quantum interference device array for reproductive assessment. STUDY DESIGN: Uterine magnetomyographic signals were recorded from 10 pregnant subjects with the 151-channel sensor array curved to fit the pregnant abdomen. The recording sessions were 16 minutes in length, with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. RESULTS: Uterine activity bursts were successfully recorded with the superconducting quantum interference device array for reproductive assessment system. By obtaining a contour plot of the magnetic field distribution, we were able to localize the areas of activation over the uterus during a contraction. Also, it was possible to calculate the time delay in the propagation of the activity across the uterus. CONCLUSION: Using superconducting quantum interference device array for reproductive assessment system, we have established the feasibility of recording uterine contractile activity with spatial-temporal resolution that is high enough to determine the regions of localized activation and propagation over the uterus.
Torsional Micromirror Array Design for Optical Binary Switching and Amplitude Modulation Applications

A torsional micromirror was designed and fabricated using a three-level, polysilicon, surface micromachined, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process. The torsional micromirrors have highly-reflective, gold-coated polysilicon optical surfaces. Electrostatically induced in-plane and outof-plane vertical deflections on the order of 2.75 μm were achieved. The modeling phase focused on the microdynamical behavior of the torsional micromirror. The IntelliCAD® finite element analysis program was used to generate a plot of the micromirror’s deflection (d) versus applied direct current voltage (V). The data was least-squares fitted to the well-established V ∞ d3/2 relationship. A resonant frequency analysis predicted an approximate switching speed of 6 μsec. The relative reliability (number of operational cycles) of the torsional micromirror design was measured to exceed 2 million flexure events. The potential for using torsional micromirrors as binary optical switches and amplitude modulators is addressed.
Internet Auctions and Frictionless Commerce: Evidence from the Retail Gift Card Market

This study investigates the pricing of retail gift cards on eBay. We find substantially less price dispersion than previously documented in other online markets for consumer goods. As gift cards are homogenous goods with clearly defined value, this suggests that greater price dispersion found in other markets may be due to unobservable differences in product characteristics, or from lacking the competitive nature of auction environments. Additionally, gift cards for the discount retailer Wal-Mart exhibit less price dispersion than other large retailers’ gift cards, consistent with the perception that greater search by price-sensitive shoppers can lead to less friction in markets.
Effect of backward masking onsame-different judgments

Subjects judged whether two adjacent letters were identical or different. The letter pair was presented briefly, followed by a superimposed patterned mask (Experiments 1 and 2) that was intended to terminate processing early. Previous work using variation in speed stress (Krueger & Chignell, 1985) had indicated that false-same errors (i.e., ondifferent pairs) predominate in early processing (missing-feature principle), whereas false-different errors predominate in late processing (internal-noise principle). The mask did not terminate processing early, however, because it produced a large preponderance of false-different errors (9%). Also, both response time (RT) and the standard deviation of RT increased as the stimulus-onset asynchrony between letter pair and mask decreased. The results indicate that backward masking works by integration (C. W. Eriksen, e.g., 1966) rather than by interruption (Sperling, 1963), and is a graded rather than all-or-none phenomenon. Consistent with the internal-noise principle, a lateral mask (Experiment 2) produced a large preponderance of false-different errors (7%) and a large fast-same effect (50 msec).
Operating behaviour and crystallization mechanism of a sodium sulphate sodium phosphate mixture in a heat storage system

The operating behaviour of a new salt hydrate mixture in a pilot heat storage unit using direct contact heat exchange has been investigated. The new storage medium is based on diluted Glauber's salt in which the excess water has been replaced by Na2HPO4 ṁ 12H2O as an active participant in the storage process. Improved heat storage properties have been found with the new salt mixture. Sampling of the salt solution and deposited crystals during operation indicated that alternate independent crystallization of Glauber's salt and of the phosphate salt occurs. Simulations of the crystallization behaviour based on this assumed mechanism are described. On a etudie le comportement operatoire d'un nouveau melange de sels hydrates dans une unite de stockage thermique a l'echelle pilote, employant un echange de chaleur par contact direct. Le nouveau milieu de stockage comporte du sel de Glauber dilue, dans lequel on a remplace l'exces d'eau par Na2HPO4 · 12H2O qui participe activement au processus de stockage. On a trouve que le nouveau melange de sels avait de meilleures proprietees pour le stockage thermique. L'ech-antillonnage de la solution de sel et des cristaux deposes durant l'operation a indique qu'il se produit alternativement une cristallisation du sel de Glauber ou du phosphate. On decrit des simulations du comportement de la cristallisation basees sur ce mecanisme hypothetique.
Changes in object-oriented arm movements that precede the transition to goal-directed reaching in infancy.

The emergence of prehensile skills in infancy is one of the central issues in motor development. The objective of this longitudinal study was to quantitatively describe the changes in the object-oriented arm movements that precede the transition to goal-directed reaching movements in infancy. Arm kinematics in 10 full-term infants were recorded biweekly from the age of 10 to 28 weeks while objects were presented for prehension. The kinematics were analyzed across three progressive phases of object-oriented arm movements (early, before, and after onset of reaching movements). As infant age increased through the stage of object-oriented movements, the distinguishing feature was that there was a decrease in movement jerk (when normalized to a dimensionless quantity), which reflects the increasing ability to adaptively modulate arm movements. This change in the dynamic characteristics of the object-oriented arm movements precedes the onset of goal-directed reaching movements and is hypothesised to reflect a critical variable in the infant developmental process of learning to reach in prehension. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:685–693, 2011.
Two New Species of Cophixalus from New Guinea

We describe two new species of Cophixalus from the north coast ranges of Papua New Guin- ea. One of the species has a reduced first finger lacking a disc and is clearly aligned with C. shellyi, C. ateles, and C. pipilans. The other species also has a reduced first finger but retains a disc on that digit. Its relationships within the genus are less clear but are probably also with the clade having a reduced first
Clustering with unsupervised learning neural networks: a comparative study

A benchmark study of two self-organizing artificial neural network models, ART2 and DIGNET, is conducted. The architecture differences and learning procedures between these two models are compared. The performance of ART2 and DIGNET on data clustering and pattern recognition problems with noise or interference is investigated by computer simulations. It is shown that DIGNET generally has faster learning and better clustering performance on the statistical pattern recognition problems. DIGNET has a simpler architecture, and the system parameters can be analytically determined from the self- organizing process. The threshold value used in DIGNET can be specifically determined from a given lower bound on the desirable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A modified model based on the features of ART2 and DIGNET is also derived and investigated. The simpler architecture combines the ART2 structure with the advantages of DIGNET model. The concepts of well depth and stage age originally introduced in DIGNET are applied in the modified model. The modified model preserves the features of noise suppression, contrast enhancement and self- organizing stable pattern recognition of ART2, yet provides a specific method to adjust parameters in the network. The network performs a variant of K-means learning, but without the knowledge of a priori information on the actual number of clusters. The networks discussed in this paper are applied and benchmarked against clustering and pattern recognition problems. Comparative simulation results of the networks are also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of a non-indexible equatorial x-ray reflection from frog sartorius muscle

Abstract X-ray equatorial reflections from frog sartorius muscle were studied using a position sensitive detector. A weak reflection appeared between the 10 and 11 peaks which did not index on the hexagonal filament lattice. This reflection, first reported by Elliott et al . (1967), was further characterized. The spacing of the reflection varied in direct proportion to that of the 10 peaks for sarcomere lengths between 2·0 μm and 3·0 μm. Its intensity appeared relatively insensitive to length changes. Optical diffraction patterns from electron micrographs of oblique sections through muscle gave ratios for the spacings of the myosin filaments and the Z -disc lattice that correlated very closely with the X-ray results. It is suggested that the Z -disc structure is the major source of this nonindexible reflection.
Classroom-Based Measurement and Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment is an integral component of the current movement toward classroom-based performance assessments. A variety of descriptions have been presented in the literature, but little consensus exists regarding the goals or procedures for using portfolio assessment. An empirical basis for using portfolio assessment for a range of instructional decisions is virtually nonexistent. This article presents a conceptual model in which portfolio assessment is viewed as a process of collecting multiple forms of data to support inferences about student performance in a skill or content area that cannot be sampled directly by a single measure. In this respect, portfolio assessment is viewed as analogous to the process of construct validation. The suggested model of portfolio assessment serves as a framework for clarifying the goals of instruction and aligning these goals with classroom-based assessment procedures that support individual referenced decisions. The model also occasions an agenda for research ...
Principals' Sensemaking and Enactment of Teacher Evaluation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look across six first-year principals to investigate their engagement with and sensemaking of specific messages of instructional leadership around teacher evaluation. Design/methodology/approach – This research project, a cross-case study, was carried out using in-depth qualitative observations and interviews of six first-year principals over one school year. Sensemaking theory was used to analyze both how and the mechanisms through which principals understood their roles as teacher evaluators. Findings – The results demonstrate that first, principals received a variety of messages about how to conduct teacher evaluations, and second, that connections to specific individuals influenced their associations to specific messages they received about instructional leadership and how they enacted teacher evaluation practices on their campuses. Research limitations/implications – This is an in-depth qualitative analysis, and therefore is not generalizable to all first-yea...
The moral legitimacy of intellectual property claims: American business and developing country perspectives

Private property forms the bedrock of the business/society relationship in a market economy. In one way or another most societies limitwhat people can claim as property as well as theextent of claims they can make regarding it. In the international arena today intellectual property rights are a focal point of debate. Many developing countries do not recognize the monopoly claims of patents and copyrights asserted by business as legitimate. This paper reviews contemporary areas of dispute and then presents the tasks facing the construction of a fair intellectual property rights regime.
In vivo effects of (-)-nicotine on ethanol-induced increase in glucose utilization in the mouse cerebellum

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible in vivo effects of (-)-nicotine, ethanol, and an adenosine agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) when injected individually as well as in various combinations on glucose utilization in the fresh cerebellar slices of mice. Mice received ICV (-)-nicotine or CHA followed 5 min later by a test dose of ethanol (2 g/kg; IP). Animals were killed 20 min postethanol treatment and fresh slices (300 microns) of cerebellum were incubated in a glucose medium in Warburg flasks using 14C-glucose as a tracer. Trapped 14CO2 was counted to estimate glucose utilization. Ethanol treatment markedly accentuated glucose utilization, whereas the pretreatment with (-)-nicotine (125 and 250 ng, ICV) resulted in a significant attenuation in the ethanol-induced increase in glucose utilization. However, ICV (-)-nicotine (125 ng) alone did not produce any change in the cerebellar glucose utilization. The attenuation of ethanol-induced increase in glucose utilization by (-)-nicotine was nearly totally blocked by ICV hexamethonium, a purported nicotinic antagonist, suggesting participation of cholinergic-nicotinic receptors. The (-)-nicotine pretreatment also significantly attenuated both the ICV CHA (25 ng)-induced increase in glucose utilization and the accentuation of ethanol-induced increase in glucose utilization by CHA. The antagonistic effect of (-)-nicotine on CHA- and ethanol-induced increase in glucose utilization indicating an interaction between (-)-nicotine and ethanol and between (-)-nicotine and adenosine may suggest involvement of postreceptor (nicotinic and adenosine) mechanisms including ionic channels.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF SPIRAL LATTICES

Spiral lattices, beautifully illustrated in composite flowers such as daisies and discussed in a recent letter by Bursill, Peng and Fan, have concentric crystalline grains separated by quasicrystalline grain boundaries. They are generated by a simple algorithm parametrized by one golden (or noble) angle. The topology of the patterns and their crystallographic properties (floret shape, lattice planes) are set by Voronoi construction. Golden or noble angle, and thus Fibonacci or Lucas numbers of visible spirals in each grain, correspond to maximal uniformity of the pattern so that their ubiquity in nature is the consequence of a variational principle. Existing results are reviewed here, which answer some questions raised by Bursill et al.
Underreporting of bestiality among juvenile sex offenders: Polygraph versus self-report

Juvenile sex offenders (JSO) are a specific subset of delinquent adolescents that are receiving more attention because of the crimes they commit and the issues surrounding how to successfully treat their deviant behaviors. Given JSO are such predominant treatment concerns in society, it is essential to identify and target key risk factors. One sexual behavior, bestiality, may be of particular importance to address in treatment. In a meta-analysis conducted by Seto and Lalumiere, a 14% rate of bestiality among JSO was reported. This current study examined the differences in JSO (n = 32) who admitted bestiality based upon a self-report measure, the Multiphasic Sexual Inventory-II (MSI-II), compared to information elicited by polygraphs. The results indicated extensive underreporting of bestiality behaviors between these two sources of information (MSI-II = 37.5%; polygraph = 81.25%). These findings are important given the reliance treatment programs place on information elicited from self-report tools.
Towards first principles-based identification of ternary alloys for hydrogen purification membranes

Using dense films of metal alloys offers a useful path towards fabricating membranes for hydrogen purification that simultaneously exhibit high H2 fluxes and are chemically robust. Experimental identification of ternary alloys with these properties has been limited by the large resources needed to test multiple materials. We have considered whether first principles calculations could be used to screen ternary alloys in the absence of experimental data by examining methods that could allow these calculations to be applied to large numbers of materials. In particular, we have used models based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine a class of ternary metal alloys made up of Pd, Cu and a third additive metal as H2 membranes. Our calculations suggest additive metals that yield ternary alloys that retain the favorable surface chemistry of CuPd binary alloys but are predicted to yield higher H2 fluxes than the corresponding binary membranes. Our results also point to future directions for the development of first principles calculations in screening ternary alloys for H2 purification.
Super‐resolution of images: Algorithms, principles, performance

A new facet of image restoration research has begun to emerge in recent years: super-resolution of images, which we define as the processing of an image so as to recover object information from beyond the spatial frequency bandwidth of the optical system that formed the image. Simple Fourier analysis would indicate that super-resolution is not possible. Therefore, it is important to reconcile this simplistic view with the existing algorithms that have been demonstrated to achieve super-resolution. In this article, we consider some of the algorithms that have demonstrated super-resolution and discuss the common principles that they share which makes it possible for them to recover some of the lost bandwidth of the object. We also consider the question of super-resolution performance, which is the measure of how much lost bandwidth can be recovered from a super-resolution algorithm, and how the performance is related to the algorithm principles that allow super-resolution to occur. We conclude with examples of super-resolution.
Laser Excitation of a Fracture Source for Elastic Waves

We show that elastic waves can be excited at a fracture inside a transparent sample by focusing laser light directly onto this fracture. The associated displacement field, measured by a laser interferometer, has pronounced waves that are diffracted at the fracture tips. We confirm that these are tip diffractions from direct excitation of the fracture by comparing them with tip diffractions from scattered elastic waves excited on the exterior of the sample. Being able to investigate fractures—in this case in an optically transparent material—via direct excitation opens the door to more detailed studies of fracture properties in general.
Induction of Glutamine Synthetase in Embryonic Retina: Its Dependence on Cell Interactions

A relation between enzyme induction in embryonic cells and cellular organization is indicated by the finding that the levels of glutamine synthetase induced by hydrocortisone in the embryonic neural retina in vitro are dependent on the associations between the retina cells. Intact retina tissue, aggregates of dissociated cells, and cells in monolayer culture showed a decreasing response, in this order, to glutamine synthetase induction. With time of culture, the enzyme activity continued to rise in the intact retina and in cell aggregates, but activity declined in monolayer cultures even though the inducer was continuously present. Dispersed cells cultured in monolayer without the inducer showed after 24 hours a loss of inducibility which could not be reversed by reaggregating such modified cells but could be prevented by maintaining the freshly dispersed cells at a low temperature.
Gene duplication gives rise to a new 17-kilodalton lipocalin that shows epididymal region-specific expression and testicular factor(s) regulation.

Using transgenic mice, we have recently shown that 5 kb of the 5′-flanking region of the mouse epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein (mE-RABP) gene contains all of the information required for spatial and temporal gene expression in the epididymis. To identify the important cis-DNA regulatory element(s) involved in the tissue-, region-, and cell-specific expression of the mE-RABP gene, the 5-kb DNA fragment was sequenced. A computer analysis of the nucleotide sequence showed the presence of a new gene located 1.7 kb upstream from the mE-RABP gene transcription initiation site. The analysis of the open reading frame showed that the new gene encoded a putative 17-kDa lipocalin (named mEP17) related to mE-RABP. A 600-bp complementary DNA encoding mEP17 was cloned by rapid amplification of 3′-cDNA ends from epididymal total RNA. Two mEP17 RNA species (1 and 3.1 kb in size) were detected by Northern blot in the epididymis, but not in other tissues tested. In situ hybridization analyses showed that, unlike m...
The relationship between injustice and crime: A general strain theory approach

Abstract Purpose Connect General Strain Theory (GST) and the organizational justice literature by examining how different types and combinations of major forms of injustice (distributive, procedural, and interactional), and resultant anger, may increase the likelihood that individuals respond to strain with crime. Method Logit and OLS regressions are used to analyze survey data obtained from a vignette that was randomly assigned to a sample of undergraduates. The vignette presented a distributive injustice and manipulated the additional presence of procedural and interactional injustice. Respondents rated their likelihood of intending to engage in a violent act and a non-violent deviant act. Results As expected, multiple types of injustice foster the intention of responding to injustice with crime. In addition to a distributive injustice, the presence of procedural injustice predicts violence, while interactional injustice predicts excessive drinking. Moreover, anger mediates the injustice-crime relationship, although this effect is more substantial for the association between procedural injustice and violence. Conclusions The relationship between injustice and crime is complex. Different forms of injustice can affect the propensity for crime through anger. Further research is encouraged to identify the criminogenic potential of certain types of combinations of injustice on the experience of negative emotions and crime.
Analysis of the IGLO bond contributions to the 13C shielding tensors in the local bond frame

A new method is presented to analyze the IGLO (individual gauge for localized orbitals) bond contributions in 13C chemical shielding. The IGLO bond contributions calculated in the molecular frame are rotated to a local bond frame, in which one component is selected along the bond. This procedure removes the explicit angular dependence of the IGLO bond contributions and allows a comparison of the bond contributions in different molecules. The results provide a new method to study the electronic basis of shielding interactions. The problems associated with the multiple gauge origins used in the IGLO method are discussed in their relationship to the bond contribution analysis.
Novel recognition site forl-quisqualate sensitizes neurons to depolarization byl-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate (l-AP4)

Abstract Brief exposure of rat hippocampal slices to l -quisqualate sensitizes pyramidal neurons to depolarization by l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate ( l -AP4). We report here experiments designed to clarify the duration, pharmacology, mechanism, and pathway specificity of this ‘QUIS-effect’. The quisqualate-induced sensitization to l -AP4 decreases only 3-fold over a 4 h period. No compound besides quisqualate has been found to induce the QUIS-effect, including quisqualate analogues, potent excitatory amino acid agonists, l -glutamate, l -aspartate, and compounds known to stimulus second messenger systems in hippocampal slices. Of 43 compounds assayed here, only 5 are able to block the induction of the QUIS-effect. Although these blockers are also potent ligands at a chloride-dependent glutamate uptake site, the marked difference in rank ordering of compounds for QUIS-effect blockade and uptake site potency suggests that the QUIS-effect is not induced through this uptake site. The QUIS-effect can be induced in the CA1 region, the medial perforant path, and the lateral olfactory tract of the rat, and in the guinea pig CA1. It cannot be induced in the l -AP4-sensitive rat lateral perforant path (LPP), suggesting that the receptors for l -AP4 in the LPP may be distinct from those that are sensitized by quisqualate in the other pathways.
Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter

Organic substrates (sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids and neutrotransmitters) are actively transported into eukaryotic cells by Na+ co-transport. Some of the transport proteins have been identified—for example, intestinal brush border Na+/glucose and Na+/proline transporters1,2 and the brain Na+/Cl–/GABA transporter3—and progress has been made in locating their active sites and probing their conformational states1,2,4–7. The archetypical Na+-driven transporter is the intestinal brush border Na+/glucose co-transporter (see ref. 8), and a defect in the co-transporter is the origin of the congenital glucose–galactose malabsorption syndrome9. Here we describe cloning of this co-transporter by a method new to membrane proteins. We have sequenced the cloned DNA and have found no homology between the Na+/glucose co-transporter and either the mammalian facilitated glucose carrier or the bacterial sugar transport proteins. This suggests that the mammalian Na+-driven transporter has no evolutionary relationship to the other sugar transporters.
Analysis of InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal OE mixers

We analyze the optoelectronic mixing characteristics of InAlAs, Schottky-enhanced, InGaAs-based, metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors. For devices with Schottky-enhancement layers (SELs) of about 500 a, the measured frequency bandwidth is less than that of a corresponding photodetector. The mixing efficiency decreases with decrease in optical power, decreases with increase in local oscillator frequency and decreases with decrease in mixed signal frequency. We attribute this behavior to the band-gap discontinuity associated with the SEL. For devices with thinner SELs (≈100 a), the mixing characteristics are greatly improved: the bandwidth of the optoelectronic mixer (OEM) is similar to that of a corresponding photodetector and the mixing efficiency decreases only slightly with decrease in optical power. We attribute these results to the enhancement of the thermionic/tunneling current through the thinner SEL. We also present a circuit model of the Schottky-enhanced, InGaAs-based OEM to explain the experimental results.
Crypt Apoptotic Count Reproducibility in Small Bowel Allograft Biopsies

Enumeration of crypt apoptotic bodies (AB) is used in the diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) in small bowel allografts. Due to differing definitions, there is a potential for variation in AB numbers between pathologists that may affect diagnosis. Thirty biopsies from allografts were obtained: 10 negative for ACR, 10 indeterminate, and 10 with mild ACR. Three pathologists blindly reviewed each case twice and counted the maximal AB number per 10 crypts. Intraobserver kappa ranged from 0.423 to 0.913 and interobserver kappa from 0.478 to 0.686 depending on AB definition. Intraobserver diagnosis agreement based on classical AB number occurred in 81 of 90 instances (90%) and in 77 of 90 using the liberal definition (85%), P < .01). There was substantial intraobserver and moderate to substantial interobserver agreement in crypt AB counts. However, both intraobserver and interobserver variability would have led to diagnostic discrepancies in a small subset of cases.
Temporal Game Challenge Tailoring

Digital games often center on a series of challenges designed to vary in difficulty over the course of the game. Designers, however, lack ways to ensure challenges are suitably tailored to the abilities of each game player, often resulting in player boredom or frustration. Challenge tailoring refers to the general problem of matching designer-intended challenges to player abilities. We present an approach to predict temporal player performance and select appropriate content to solve the challenge tailoring problem. Our temporal collaborative filtering approach—tensor factorization—captures similarities among players and the challenges they face to predict player performance on unseen, future challenges. Tensor factorization accounts for varying player abilities over time and is a generic approach capable of modeling many kinds of players. We use constraint solving to optimize content selection to match player skills to a designer-specified level of performance and present a model—performance curves—for designers to specify desired, temporally changing player behavior. We evaluate our approach in a role-playing game through two empirical studies of humans and one study using simulated agents. Our studies show tensor factorization scales in multiple game-relevant data dimensions, can be used for modestly effective game adaptation, and can predict divergent player learning trends.
Defective lentiviral vectors are efficiently trafficked by HIV-1 and inhibit its replication.

Gene therapy against HIV infection should involve vector-mediated delivery of anti-HIV therapeutic genes into T-lymphocytes and macrophages or, alternatively, hematopoietic progenitors. Transduction of mature cells with defective vectors would have limited success because the vector would disappear with cell turnover. However, if a vector could be trafficked by wild-type HIV, initial transduction of a majority of the population would not be required, as the vector would be able to spread. We describe HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors that are efficiently packaged and trafficked by HIV-1, allowing a small number of cells initially transduced to spread the vector within a nontransduced cell population. We examined whether the presence or absence of the rev gene and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) would have a noticeable effect on the ability of lentiviral vectors to be trafficked and to inhibit HIV-1 replication. We found that replacement of rev/RRE with a constitutive transport element from Mason–Pfizer monkey virus had no apparent effect on trafficking and did not change the intrinsic inhibitory abilities of the vectors. We also constructed a rev/RRE-independent HIV-1-derived vector carrying a trans-dominant negative mutant of HIV-1 Rev, RevM10. This vector was less efficiently trafficked by HIV-1 and, despite the presence of an anti-HIV-1 gene, RevM10, was less efficient at inhibiting HIV-1 replication when introduced into a target T-cell population.
Intelligent Optimization of Parallel and Distributed Applications

This paper describes a new project that systematically addresses the enormous complexity of mapping applications to current and future parallel platforms. By integrating the system layers - domain-specific environment, application program, compiler, run-time environment, performance models and simulation, and workflow manager - and through a systematic strategy for application mapping, our approach exploit the vast machine resources available in such parallel platforms to dramatically increase the productivity of application programmers. This project brings together computer scientists in the areas represented by the system layers (i.e., language extensions, compilers, run-time systems, workflows) together with expertise in knowledge representation and machine learning. With expert domain scientists in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we are developing our approach in the context of a specific application class which already targets environments consisting of several hundreds of processors. In this way, we gain valuable insight into a generalizable strategy, while simultaneously producing performance benefits for existing and important applications.
Preschoolers' learning about buoyancy: Does it help to give away the answer?

How to teach science to young children? Despite extensive research on the importance of direct instruction, the general recommendation is to provide children with an opportunity to explore a domain on their own. However, it is not clear how self-guided explorations could help children overcome misconceptions. The current paper pursues this question within the domain of sinking objects - a domain in which children often hold misconceptions. An open-exploration teaching approach was contrasted with a teaching approach in which children were provided with a simplified rule about buoyancy. In particular, preschoolers were taught to focus on the amount of empty space inside a sinking object: the less empty space the faster it would sink. Results of two experiments show some benefit of the direct-instruction approach. Although performance was not at ceiling, giving away the answer nevertheless improved performance. It might have allowed children to circumvent their misconceptions, setting the stage for further learning. Implications for science of learning in humans and robotics are discussed.
Hispanic Nurses’ Experiences of Bias in the Workplace

Purpose: The continuing issue of health inequity for Hispanics highlights the importance of retaining Hispanic nurses in the workplace. This article describes the use of short answers such as “Describe the bias you experienced” and “If a patient refused care, what was the reason given?” to increase understandings about bias through the descriptions of Hispanic nurses. In this study, bias was defined as those implicit negative stereotypes and attitudes that negatively affect judgments about, evaluations of, and actions toward others. Design/Method: For this qualitative component of a descriptive study employing both qualitative and quantitative methods, 111 Hispanic nurses responded to open-ended questions about experiences of bias that were included with a survey tool and demographic questionnaire. Findings: Three themes emerged: being overlooked and undervalued, having to prove competency, and living with “only-ness.” Respect was an overarching concept. Discussion/Conclusions: The written descriptions of...
Upper Elementary and High School Students' Attitudes toward Gender-Typed Occupations

Students in grades five, eight and eleven (N = 292) responded to three questions regarding a list of sex-typed and gender-neutral occupations: "Who can do these jobs?," "Would you like to do these jobs?," and "Could you learn to do these jobs?" ANCOVA (Covariate = Race) performed on each scale support the hypothesis that deeper (more personal) beliefs regarding occupations would be more traditional in nature and that males and females would diverge most prominently in their self-efficacy beliefs concerning the occupations. Males and females at each of the three grade levels are more alike in their generalized abstract views and personal preferences than in their personal efficacy or beliefs about their ability concerning gender-typed occupations.