cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant functional traits explain interspecific differences in immediate cyclone damage to trees of an endangered rainforest community in north Queensland

Cyclones cause profound immediate impacts on tropical rainforest trees, including defoliation, limb loss, snapping of stems and uprooting. Some studies have shown that plant functional traits such as tree size, buttress roots and wood density are correlated with these forms of cyclone damage. On 20 March 2006, Severe Tropical Cyclone Larry crossed the north Queensland coast and proceeded inland across the Atherton Tablelands, impacting the critically endangered Mabi Type 5b rainforest. We investigated the effects of Cyclone Larry on common tree species by categorizing damage to trees as uprooted, snapped, limbs damaged (light, moderate, severe) or upright and estimating levels of defoliation. Damage was then related to functional traits including tree size, presence of buttress roots, wood density, and leaf size and strength. Levels of damage differed between species. Tree size (diameter at breast height) and the presence of buttress roots were not related to damage levels. Wood density was significantly negatively correlated to proportion of trees with snapped stems and significantly positively correlated with the proportion of trees upright with no or light limb damage. Levels of defoliation were significantly related to leaf strength (specific leaf area – SLA) and to leaf width, but not other components of leaf size (area or length) or petiole length. Species with high wood density and low SLA (e.g. Argyrodendron spp.) were found to have high cyclone resistance, the ability to resist damage, while species with low wood density and high SLA (e.g. Dendrocnide photinophylla) exhibited low resistance. However, traits related to low resistance are also those linked to rapid growth and high cyclone resilience, the ability to recover from damage, so it is unlikely that the Mabi forest will experience long-term changes in floristic composition following Cyclone Larry.
Effects of two levels of stimulus complexity upon hypothesis sampling systems among second and sixth grade children

Abstract Groups of second and sixth grade children each solved a series of discrimination-learning problems involving four and eight dimensions that contained blanktrial probes for the S′s hypothesis (H). There were significant effects of grade level on three dependent measures (learning, generating consistent H patterns, sampling locally consistent Hs). Main effects of stimulus complexity were significant on five measures (the three above, rejecting disconfirmed Hs, maintaining confirmed Hs). There were no interactions involving any of these measures. The hypothesis sampling system (Sy) observed in each problem was also determined. Among sixth grade Ss this measure was unaffected by stimulus complexity level. Second grade Ss generated logically structured Sys in 65% of four-dimensional, but only 30% of eight-dimensional problems. They generated stereotyped behaviors or unsystematic sequences of Hs in 70% of eight-dimensional, but only about 35% of four-dimensional problems. Detailed analyses revealed that among second grade Ss good information processors (in terms of four component processes above) usually imposed a logical structure on four-dimensional, but generated unsystematic sequences of Hs in many of eight-dimensional problems. Poor processors generated stereotyped behaviors in both four- and eight-dimensional problems.
Invalidation of the resting electrocardiogram obtained via exercise electrode sites as a standard 12-lead recording.

Abstract The difficulty in interpreting the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) due to the interference from muscle potentials produced by arm and leg motion makes it unsuitable during the exercise treadmill test. Likewise, the exercise lead placement ECG cannot substitute for the standard ECG due to significant errors in the former's diagnostic interpretation. This study compares the ECGs recorded via standard and exercise sites regarding frontal and horizontal plane axes, diagnosis and location of myocardial infarction and estimation of infarct size using the complete 54-criteria and 32-point Selvester QRS scoring system. The altered limb lead locations on the exercise ECG caused the QRS vectors to artifactually appear to be directed more inferiorly, posteriorly and rightward, producing a marked rightward mean frontal plane axis shift of +48 ° (p
PET Imaging of Translocator Protein (18 kDa) in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Using N-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-2-18F-Fluoro-N-(2-Phenoxyphenyl)Acetamide

311 Objectives To analyze the PET/CT imaging characteristics of IgG4 related diseases (IgG4 related diseases, IgG4RD) and investigate the function of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing of IgG4RD and whole-body evaluation. Methods Whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT findings in 14 patients (male 12, female 2, age from 43 to 75, the median age of 59 years old) with clinical conformed IgG4RD were reviewed retrospectively. Organs9 morphology changes, density alter and 18F-FDG metabolism was observed. Results All of 14 cases had a high level of serum IgG4, 970.14 + / - 950.70 mg/dl (136 ~ 3690 mg/dl). 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging show there were multiple organ involvement in IgG4RD, 12 cases (85.7%) with pancreas involvement, characterized by diffuse or segmental enlargement of the pancreas with increased 18F-FDG uptake; 9 cases (62.3%) with salivary gland involvement, characterized by unilateral or bilateral salivary glands swelling with increased 18F-FDG uptake; 6 cases (42.9%) had bile duct system involved, characterized by mild expansion of bile ducts with mild thickening wall. Along the bile duct 18F-FDG uptake was increased; 7 in 12 male patients (58.3%) had prostatic involved, characterized by unilateral or bilateral lobe with increased 18F-FDG uptake; Other organs were involved including thyroid (5 cases), lung (4 cases), intestinal (4 cases), artery (2 cases) and kidney (1 case). Conclusions IgG4RD is a systemic disease. 18F-FDG PET/CT shows well the changes and metabolic characteristics of organs which are involved in IgG4RD. It plays a distinct role in diagnosis of IgG4RD and whole-body evaluation. Research Support This study is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China ((81170435,81471714)); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20100480545);The International Cooperationprojects ofShanghai Science and Technology Committee (10410708800).
Consequences of unilateral hearing loss : Time dependent regulation of protein synthesis in auditory brainstem nuclei

Abstract Conductive hearing impairment results in marked changes in neuronal activity in the central auditory system, particularly in young animals [Tucci, D.L., Cant, N.B., Durham, D., 1999. Conductive hearing loss results in a decrease in central auditory system activity in the young gerbil. Laryngoscope 109, 1359–1371]. To better understand the effects of conductive hearing loss (CHL) on cellular metabolism, incorporation of 3 H-leucine was used as a measure of protein synthesis in immature postnatal day 21 gerbils subjected to either unilateral CHL by malleus removal or profound sensorineural hearing loss by cochlear ablation. 3 H-leucine uptake was measured after survival times of 6 or 48 h. Protein synthesis values were standardized to measurements from the abducens nucleus and compared with measurements from sham animals at similar age/survival times. Protein synthesis in the medial superior olive (MSO) was found to be significantly down-regulated (bilaterally) after CHL in animals surviving 48 h. However, 6 h after CHL manipulation, protein synthesis is up-regulated in MSO (bilaterally) and in the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.
A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds

In the context of a recently published phylo- genetic estimate for 151 hummingbird species, we provide an expanded informal taxonomy, as well as a formal phylogenetic taxonomy for Trochilidae that follows the precepts of the PhyloCode, but remains consistent with the hierarchical nomenclature of the Linnaean system. We compare the recently published phylogenetic hypothesis with those of prior higher-level and more taxonomically circumscribed phylogenetic studies. We recommend the recognition of nine new clade names under the PhyloCode, eight of which are consistent with tribes and one with a subfamily under the Linnaean system.
The interferon-β and tamoxifen combination induces apoptosis using thioredoxin reductase

Abstract Interferons (IFNs) suppress cell growth by inducing cellular genes. The anti-estrogen tamoxifen (Tam), binds to estrogen receptor and inhibits transcription of estrogen stimulated genes. In cells resistant to IFN-induced growth suppression, IFN/Tam combination causes cell death. We previously reported that the combination of IFN-β and Tam was a more potent growth suppressor of human tumor xenografts than either agent alone. The IFN/Tam combination acts in a manner similar to the IFN/retinoic acid combination. Using a genetic technique, we have recently identified several genes associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality (GRIM). One such gene, GRIM-12, was identical to human thioredoxin reductase (TR). In the present study we have examined whether the IFN/Tam combination also requires GRIM-12 for inducing cell death. We report here that GRIM-12 is necessary for mediating the cell death effects of IFN/Tam, and its expression is induced by IFN/Tam at a post-transcriptional stage. Repression of GRIM-12 levels either by antisense expression or by dominant negative inhibitors caused resistance to IFN/Tam induced death and promoted cell growth. Overexpression of GRIM-12 increased IFN/Tam induced apoptosis. Thus, these studies have identified a critical role for GRIM-12 (TR) in apoptosis.
Caring for Homeless Persons with Serious Mental Illness in General Hospitals

Background The care of homeless persons with serious mental illness remains a common and challenging problem in general hospital settings. Objective This article aims to review data on homelessness and its psychiatric comorbidities, and to expand the skills of providers who encounter homeless individuals in general hospital settings. Results Literature review reveals patient, provider, and systems factors that contribute to suboptimal health outcomes in homeless individuals. Conclusions Diagnostic rigor, integrated medical and psychiatric care, trauma-informed interventions, special considerations in capacity evaluations, and health care reform initiatives can improve the treatment of homeless persons with serious mental illness.
A Frequency-Modulated Resistance-Capitance Oscillator

A method of producing frequency-modulated waves is described in which a resistance element in a resistance-capacitance-tuned oscillator is replaced by the output resistance of a variable-μ tube. As the grid potential of the latter tube is varied, its output resistance varies, and a wide-band frequency modulation of the oscillator is obtained. Mathematical relations between the frequency variation and the grid-potential change are derived. Experimental results are discussed.
Effects of radiation on optical fibers

We have studied the effects of radiation on the performance characteristics of optical fibers. These fibers were exposed to radiation of a continuous electron beam of the Lehigh University Radiation Facility. Results of light transmission as a function of radiation dose for various fiber configurations, as well as anneal results, are presented.
Critical role of gap junction coupled KATP channel activity for regulated insulin secretion.

Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin in response to closure of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, which causes membrane depolarization and a concomitant rise in intracellular Ca2+ (Cai). In intact islets, β-cells are coupled by gap junctions, which are proposed to synchronize electrical activity and Cai oscillations after exposure to stimulatory glucose (>7 mM). To determine the significance of this coupling in regulating insulin secretion, we examined islets and β-cells from transgenic mice that express zero functional KATP channels in approximately 70% of their β-cells, but normal KATP channel density in the remainder. We found that KATP channel activity from approximately 30% of the β-cells is sufficient to maintain strong glucose dependence of metabolism, Cai, membrane potential, and insulin secretion from intact islets, but that glucose dependence is lost in isolated transgenic cells. Further, inhibition of gap junctions caused loss of glucose sensitivity specifically in transgenic islets. These data demonstrate a critical role of gap junctional coupling of KATP channel activity in control of membrane potential across the islet. Control via coupling lessens the effects of cell–cell variation and provides resistance to defects in excitability that would otherwise lead to a profound diabetic state, such as occurs in persistent neonatal diabetes mellitus.
Effects of thromboxane analog U46619 on endothelial damaged canine coronary arteries in vivo.

Abstract We studied the effects of the thromboxane analog, U46619, infused into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery of intact dogs before and after producing endothelial denudation of the mid portion of the LAD. Proximal artery cross-sectional area (CSA) decreased by 47% with 0.1 μg/min infusion of U46619 with intact and denuded endothelium, while resting CSA reduced spontaneously following denudation. Coronary resistance vessels demonstrated a marked constrictor response to U46619 with a rise in resistance and a fall in flow and myocardial O 2 consumption. U46619 produces significant narrowing of proximal epicardial coronary arteries as well as resistance coronary vessels. This effect could cause ischemia in patients with moderate coronary atherosclerosis.
Student Perceptions of Sexual Assault Resources and Prevalence of Rape Myth Attitudes

This study investigated whether students at a large, public university were receiving sexual assault resource information, whether the information was informative, and whether it was successful in dispelling commonly held rape myths. Findings suggest that students may not be receiving sexual assault information even though it was available on campus. If students reported receiving sexual assault information, they did not report much knowledge about its contents. In addition, knowledge of resources was not indicative of a lowered belief in rape myths. However, female students were less likely to believe in rape myths compared to male students. Students recommended innovative ways the university could disseminate information and these suggestions are discussed.
High-performance RF/microwave integrated circuits in advanced logic CMOS technology: the coming of age for RF/digital mixed-signal system-on-a-package

Summary form only given. This tutorial presents recent developments in CMOS device and circuit technology, which enable the disruptive ascent of CMOS logic technology to the forefront of high performance RF/microwave communication circuit and system designs, fully integrated with high performance digital processors on the same die. Device level characteristics of CMOS and bipolar are compared vis-a-vis, and their meaning to circuit design and system performance are analyzed. Circuit level solutions to compensate for intrinsic drawbacks on logic CMOS technology are introduced and their adequacy to RF/microwave wireless integrated system stressed. New CMOS-compatible structures, already available as deep Nwell implants, are shown to be the only required device level addition to advanced CMOS processes to enable mixed-signal integration. The tutorial concludes with a prelude of what is ahead and where very promising research and product developments are likely to come from.
A novel programmed shrinkage dilatometer for optimized sintering of powder ceramics

A fast-firing shrinkage rate controlled dilatometer was developed as a tool for optimizing sintering of powder compacts. The instrument described in this work features an infrared imaging radiation furnace and a low thermal mass dilatometer assembly which allowed controlled heating and cooling rates of up to 500°C min−1. Shrinkage control was accomplished using a computer interfaced PID control algorithm. Adjustments were made to hardware and software which reduced specimen creep under dilatometer pushrod load, eliminated non-uniform pushrod expansion, fostered reproducible specimen temperature determination, accounted for thermal expansion during sintering, and generated instantaneous termination of sintering at the specified end of RCS. Tests performed on ZnO samples demonstrated very rapid thermal response and excellent shrinkage control.
CARD SORTING AS A TECHNIQUE FOR SURVEY INTERVIEWING

This article reports on two years' experience with card sorting, a novel method of gathering survey data in large-scale research. Reliability, validity, and response bias are assessed, and reactions of respondents and interviewers are reported. The authors conclude that card sorting is a fast and interesting method of obtaining valid and reliable interview data, and one which appears to be capable as well of counteracting at least some of the biasing effects of response set. Everett F. Cataldo is Associate Professor of Political Science at FloridaAtlantic University; Richard M. Johnson is Chairman and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle; Lyman A. Kellstedt is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle; and Lester W. Milbrath is Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Assessment of male anthropometric trends and the effects on simulated heat stress responses

Assessing temporal changes in anthropometrics and body composition of US Army soldiers is important because these changes may affect fitness, performance, and safety. This study investigated differences in body dimensions (height, weight, percent body fat (%BF)) of US Army male soldiers by comparing 2004 and 1988 databases. Anthropometric somatotypes were identified and physiological responses of the different somatotypes to simulated heat stress (35°C/50%rh, ∼550 W work rate, carrying 12 kg load including battle dress uniform and body armor, rest for 30 min and walk for 70 min) using a thermal regulatory model were evaluated. A significant increase in body weight (2.4 kg) was observed between the 2004 and 1988 data (P < 0.05, after Bonferroni correction). However, changes in height and circumference measurements for %BF were insignificant, with the magnitude of the changes not exceeding inter-observer errors. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that anthropometric distributions did not differ between the two databases and identified five primary somatotypes: “tall-fat”, “tall-lean”, “average”, “short-lean”, and “short-fat.” Within each database, anthropometric values differed among the somatotypes. However, simulated physiological responses to heat stress in each somatotype were similar in the 2004 and 1988 populations. In conclusion, an increase in body weight was the primary change observed in this sample of US Army male soldiers. Temporal changes in somatotypes of soldiers over a 16-year period had minimal impact on simulated physiological response to heat stress using a thermal regulatory model.
Need for cognition as a moderator of the primacy effect

Abstract Hendrick and Constantini's (1970, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 15 , 158–164) study of the primacy effect in impression formation was replicated and extended to include need for cognition. High need for cognition subjects were found to be less prone to the primacy effect. Need for cognition as a moderator variable of other information processing biases is discussed.
USE OF LONG TEMPLATE PCR TO DIFFERENTIATE THE GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE GENE FROM PSEUDOGENE: IMPLICATIONS FOR GAUCHER DISEASE. † 870

The identification of mutations in genes which have highly homologous pseudogenes can be complex because of the potential for rearrangements and difficulties in discriminating between the two sequences. One such example is the gene for glucocerebrosidase, the lysosomal enzyme which is deficient in Gaucher disease. The glucocerebrosidase pseudogene, which has over 96% homology to the coding regions of the functional gene, is located 16kb downstream. The functional gene is actually about 2kb longer than the pseudogene because of inserted Alu and longer intronic sequences. Some mutant allelcs encountered in Gaucher patients result from recombination or fusion with the pseudogene, and thus it is essential to differentiate between the two. We have used long template PCR, utilizing themostable Taq and Pwo polymerases, to simultaneously amplify a 5.6kb genomic fragment from the glucocerebrosidase gene and a corresponding 3.9kb segment from the pseudogene. These sizes were confirmed by amplifying plasmids carrying the gene and pseudogene separately. The larger band, amplified from the glucocerebrosidase gene, can then be utilized as a template for further sequencing or mutation detection and screening methods. Using the long template PCR system we have identified patient alleles which have deletions of varying sizes in the glucocerebrosidase gene. This technique should prove valuable in clarifying inconsistancies in genotype-phenotype correlation in Gaucher disease.
Chiral corrections to the baryon axial currents

Abstract Chiral logarithmic corrections to the baryon axial vector currents in semileptonic hyperon decay are computed including intermediate octet and decuplet states, and it is shown that the spin- 3 2 decuplet partially cancels the large spin- 1 2 octet contribution corrections to the quark currents are also computed.
Generalized predictive control of yaw dynamics of a hybrid brake-by-wire equipped vehicle

Yaw stability of an automotive vehicle in a steering maneuver is critical to the overall safety of the vehicle. In this paper we present a theoretical development and experimental results of a vehicle yaw stability control system based on generalized predictive control (GPC) method. The controller tries to predict the future yaw rate of the vehicle and then takes control action at present time based on future yaw rate error. The proposed controller utilizes the insight into the yaw rate error growth when the automobile is in an understeer or oversteer condition on a low friction coefficient surface in a handling maneuver. A hybrid brake-by-wire equipped vehicle was used to experimentally verify the proposed control algorithm. Experimental results show that the predictive feature of the proposed controller provides an effective way to control the yaw stability of a vehicle.
Effects of a rapid injection into the canine superior mesenteric artery of diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Renografin-76).

In an effort to evaluate the “spillover method” of measuring blood flow during angiography, we explored the effects of rapid injection of diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Renografin-76) at rates no greater than resting blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery of anesthetized dogs. An increase in mesenteric blood flow and a decrease in mesenteric arterial pressure occurred many seconds after cessation of the injection. The dilation effected by the contrast agent was less marked at elevated blood flow values than at resting flows. The pattern of response to diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium resembled that observed with vasodilator drugs. Our findings also suggest that the initial vascular response to a pulsation of the diatrizoate medium is vasodilation.
Endovascular stents in congenital heart disease

Abstract The preliminary results of endovascular stent implantation in patients with congenital heart disease are encouraging. They demonstrate that stents can be delivered reliably to a variety of obstructive cardiovascular lesions with few complications. The immediate results for relief of obstruction are excellent, and they are better than the minimum standards for successful balloon angioplasty. With the exception of stents placed in pulmonary veins, there is no evidence of significant restenosis or other complications of implantations at other sites. The progressive obstruction seen in patients with pulmonary vein stenosis, both at and beyond the stent, is probably a consequence of the underlying lesions rather than a result of stent failure. Definitive conclusions about the indications for and complications of this procedure will require a larger patient experience and a longer period of follow-up. However, the early results reviewed here and the rapid improvements in stent design suggest that endovascular stent implantation will rapidly become a feasible, safe, and effective catheter-directed therapy for many children and adults with intravascular obstructions associated with congenital and acquired cardiovascular defects.
Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study.

Between 40–65% of multiple sclerosis patients experience cognitive deficits, with processing speed and working memory most commonly affected. This pilot study investigated the effect of computerized cognitive training focused on improving processing speed and working memory. Participants were randomized into either an active or a sham training group and engaged in six weeks of training. The active training group improved on a measure of processing speed and attention following cognitive training, and data trended toward significance on measures of other domains. Results provide preliminary evidence that cognitive training with multiple sclerosis patients may produce moderate improvement in select areas of cognitive functioning.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is associated with an increased prevalence of radiographic bronchiectasis.

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common disease with several known extrarenal manifestations, although no known pulmonary features. The formation of renal cysts in ADPKD has been attributed to dysfunction of primary cilia and the primary cilia-related proteins polycystin-1 (in 85% of cases) and polycystin-2 in renal epithelial cells. The goals of this study were to characterize the normal expression of polycystin-1 in the motile cilia of airway epithelial cells and to evaluate lung structure in ADPKD patients. Methods Airway epithelium from non-ADPKD patients was immunostained to localize polycystin-1 expression, and lung tissue from ADPKD patients was examined for pathologic changes. CT scans from ADPKD patients (n = 95) and a control group of non-ADPKD chronic kidney disease patients (n = 95) were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of bronchiectasis using defined criteria. Results Immunostaining revealed polycystin-1 expression in the motile cilia of non-ADPKD airway epithelial cells. Lung tissue from one of five available ADPKD patient autopsies revealed histologic changes of bronchiectasis. Review of CT scans revealed a threefold-increased prevalence of bronchiectasis in the ADPKD group compared to the control group (37% vs 13%, p = 0.002). Conclusions ADPKD patients demonstrate an increased prevalence of radiographic bronchiectasis, a previously unrecognized manifestation of the disease. This association suggests that patients with primary cilia-associated diseases may be at risk for airway disease.
Optofluidics in bio-chemical analysis

Optofluidics organically integrates microfluidics and photonics and is an emerging technology in biological and chemical analysis. In this paper, we overview the recent studies in bio-chemical sensing applications of optofluidics. Particularly, we report the research progress in our lab in developing diverse optofluidic devices using two unique configurations: thin-walled capillary based optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) and multi-hole capillary based optofluidic platforms. The first one has been developed to be OFRR-based label-free biosensor, microfluidic laser based intra-cavity sensors, and on-column optical detectors for micro-gas chromatography (μGC), while the second one has been developed to be optofluidic Fabry-Perot based label-free biosensor and optofluidic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) biosensor. All of these devices take advantage of superior fluidic handling capability and high sensitivity, and have been used in detecting various biological and chemical analytes in either liquid or vapor phase.
Changes in Visual Object Recognition Precede the Shape Bias in Early Noun Learning

Two of the most formidable skills that characterize human beings are language and our prowess in visual object recognition. They may also be developmentally intertwined. Two experiments, a large sample cross-sectional study and a smaller sample 6-month longitudinal study of 18- 24 month olds tested a hypothesized developmental link between changes in the visual object representation and noun learning. Previous findings in visual object recognition indicate that children’s ability to recognize common basic level categories from sparse structural shape representations of object shape emerges between the ages of 18 and 24 months, is related to noun vocabulary size, and is lacking in children with language delay. Other research shows that in artificial noun learning tasks, during this same developmental period, young children systematically generalize object names by shape, that this shape bias predicts future noun learning, and is lacking in children with language delay. The two experiments examine the developmental relation between visual object recognition and the shape bias for the first time. The results show that developmental changes in visual object recognition systematically preceded the emergence of the shape bias. The results suggest a developmental pathway in which early changes in visual object recognition that are themselves linked to category learning enable the discovery of higher-order regularities in category structure and thus the shape bias in novel noun learning tasks. The proposed developmental pathway has implications for understanding the role of specific experience in the development of both visual object recognition and the shape bias in early noun learning.
Mentorship: thestudents' views

Abstract Whilst the concept of mentorship is not without its critics it is generally regarded as a valid way of supporting student nurses. There is much academic literature concerning mentorship but little recorded empirical evidence to support its use. This study goes some way to correcting this deficit by looking at mentorship from the students point of view. Following on from a pilot study 19 third-year student nurses were asked to complete a 10 item questionnaire concerning their experiences of mentorship. Analysis of the data suggested that thestudents found mentorship to be a valid means of support, particularly in the early stages of their training. Mentors were seen as fulfilling a socialising role as they passed on norms of behaviour and ward routines. Nevertheless, the students did not become dependent on their mentors and as training progressed they noticed the relationship became more equal. Whilst the varied support offered to pre-registration students was seen to be of value, finding an acceptable name to describe this eclectic process is problematic, given that the support included aspects of preceptorship and clinical supervision as well as mentorship.
Private acts and public objects: An investigation of citer motives

Citation analysis has been used as a method for evaluating scholars and their impact. Evaluative citation analysis has been employed without a clear understanding of why authors give references and in the absence of any empirical work investigating citer motivations. The debate over the validity of evaluative citation analysis derives from the competing theoretical models used to describe the citer's motivations. Current models describing citer motivations were analyzed in this article and the seven most significant citer motivations identified. These seven citer motivations were presented to 26 authors at the University of Iowa each of whom had recently published an academic article. The authors indicated their motivations for giving each reference in their articles. As a result, the motivational background for more than 900 citational acts were gathered and analyzed.
Predictors of recurrent atrioventricular nodal reentry after selective slow pathway ablation

Although radiofrequency catheter ablation of the slow atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathway is highly effective for the management of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), this arrhythmia may recur in some patients after an ablation procedure that initially renders AVNRT noninducible. A retrospective study examined the factors that are associated with the recurrence of AVNRT after selective radiofrequency catheter ablation of the slow pathway. Patients were included in the study if they had initially inducible, typical slow-fast AVNRT that was noninducible at the end of the ablation session. Selective ablation of the slow pathway was performed using radiofrequency energy applied along the tricuspid annulus near the coronary sinus ostium. AVNRT recurred after initially successful slow pathway ablation in 10 of 136 patients (7.4%) over a mean follow-up period of 20.1 +/- 5.0 months; the time to recurrence ranged from 1 to 411 days. Despite the absence of inducible AVNRT, dual anterograde AV nodal conduction properties persisted after slow pathway ablation in 10 patients. AVNRT recurred in 4 of 10 patients who had evidence of residual slow pathway conduction compared with only 6 of 126 who had no residual slow pathway conduction (p = 0.003). All patients with persistent slow pathway conduction and recurrent AVNRT also had residual AV nodal echo beats. AVNRT recurred in 3 of 6 patients without accelerated junctional tachycardia during radiofrequency application compared with only 7 of 109 with accelerated junctional tachycardia (p = 0.003). Thus, AVNRT infrequently recurs after successful selective radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A General Tool for Evaluating High-Contrast Coronagraphic Telescope Performance Error Budgets

This paper describes a general purpose Coronagraph Performance Error Budget (CPEB) tool that we have developed under the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program. The CPEB automates many of the key steps required to evaluate the scattered starlight contrast in the dark hole of a space-based coronagraph. It operates in 3 steps: first, a CodeV or Zemax prescription is converted into a MACOS optical prescription. Second, a Matlab program calls ray-trace code that generates linear beam-walk and aberration sensitivity matrices for motions of the optical elements and line-of-sight pointing, with and without controlled coarse and fine-steering mirrors. Third, the sensitivity matrices are imported by macros into Excel 2007 where the error budget is created. Once created, the user specifies the quality of each optic from a predefined set of PSDs. The spreadsheet creates a nominal set of thermal and jitter motions and combines them with the sensitivity matrices to generate an error budget for the system. The user can easily modify the motion allocations to perform trade studies.
High-Temperature-Series Study of Models Displaying Tricritical Behavior. I. Ferromagnetic Planes Coupled Antiferromagnetically

We introduce two Ising models which exhibit tricritical behavior. Their properties are studied in the presence of a nonzero external magnetic field using the method of high-temperature-series expansions. Both models may simulate some features of metamagnetic materials such as Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ or dysprosium aluminum garnet (DAG). In Paper I we treat the first model, called the "meta" model, which incorporates in-plane ferromagnetic and between-plane antiferromagnetic interactions (${J}_{\mathrm{xy}}g0$, ${J}_{z}l0$). From the two-spin correlation function (expanded to eighth order in inverse temperature), series for the direct and staggered susceptibilities $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{st}}$ are obtained which are exact in the external field. The critical line in the $H\ensuremath{-}T$ plane is located, and along it ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{st}}$ appears to diverge with a constant 5/4 exponent ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{st}}\ensuremath{\sim}{[T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}(H)]}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}5}{4}}$, consistent with the universality or "smoothness" postulate. Particular attention is focused on behavior near the tricritical point, where the phase transition in the $H\ensuremath{-}T$ plane changes from second to first order and where the critical-point exponents may be expected to take on a new set of values. At the tricritical point (${T}_{t}$, ${H}_{t}$), the tricritical susceptibility exponent $\overline{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ defined by $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{t})}^{\ensuremath{-}\overline{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$ is estimated to be 1/2. The second model is analyzed in Paper II; there we also present the implications of our results for both models in the light of the scaling hypothesis for tricritical points
Therapist Adherence/Competence and Treatment Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Review

Objective: The authors conducted a meta-analytic review of adherence–outcome and competence– outcome findings, and examined plausible moderators of these relations. Method: A computerized search of the PsycINFO database was conducted. In addition, the reference sections of all obtained studies were examined for any additional relevant articles or review chapters. The literature search identified 36 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results: R-type effect size estimates were derived from 32 adherence–outcome and 17 competence–outcome findings. Neither the mean weighted adherence– outcome (r .02) nor competence–outcome (r .07) effect size estimates were found to be significantly different from zero. Significant heterogeneity was observed across both the adherence–outcome and competence–outcome effect size estimates, suggesting that the individual studies were not all drawn from the same population. Moderator analyses revealed that larger competence–outcome effect size estimates were associated with studies that either targeted depression or did not control for the influence of the therapeutic alliance. Conclusions: One explanation for these results is that, among the treatment modalities represented in this review, therapist adherence and competence play little role in determining symptom change. However, given the significant heterogeneity observed across findings, mean effect sizes must be interpreted with caution. Factors that may account for the nonsignificant adherence– outcome and competence–outcome findings reported within many of the studies reviewed are addressed. Finally, the implication of these results and directions for future process research are discussed.
Green functions of three-dimensional static thermoelasticity problems for a piecewise homogeneous space

The Green functions of thermoelasticity problems for a piecewise homogeneous body, composed of two perfectly contacting semiinfinite isotropic bodies, have been constructed in closed form. We have used here generalized functions and Green functions for the corresponding systems of ordinary differential equations. As the limiting cases, we have obtained the Green functions of thermoelasticity problems for a semiinfinite body, when its surface, thermally insulated or maintained at zero temperature, is load-free or rigidly restrained. We also present some results of numerical studies.
Isochrones and isotherms beneath migrating ice divides

We use simple numerical and analytical models of ice flow and heat flow to characterize the shape of isochrones and isotherms beneath moving ice divides. Both nonlinear ice flow and reduced accumulation (wind scouring) at a divide can cause reduced downward flow in a region about one ice thickness wide under a divide. Greater downward velocities on the flanks cause isochrones and isotherms to become arched at depth. The magnitudes and shapes of these arches depend on the history of divide position. Arch amplitudes decrease by approximately e−1 for each increase in migration rate of 3–5 times the accumulation rate, the arches become asymmetric, with steeper leading edges and more gentle trailing edges, and the arch apex lags behind the divide. Isochrone and isotherm shapes can be used to infer past divide motions. In advection-dominated ice sheets, isochrone shapes record a longer history of divide position than do isotherm shapes. The opposite is true for diffusion-dominated ice sheets, in which a spatial array of ice-temperature measurements might extend the recorded history of divide position.
Automated tactical maintenance planning based on machine monitoring

SUMMARY We develop a machine monitoring system which utilizes proportional hazard modelling to optimally determine when a machine failure appears to be pending, such that the machine should be scheduled for repair. The model considers repair lead time and the stochastic history of the sensor measurements being monitored in making these decisions. This research provides a significant contribution to the area of automated machine diagnostics and monitoring systems, which are becoming a critical competitive technology for capital intensive industries. The predictive model demonstrates good performance under both simulated and actual machine failure conditions, and is robust across a variety of failure characteristics.
Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance?

Previous diversity research has neglected the role of psychological mechanisms that underlie the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance. Drawing on social and racial identity theories, we hypothesized that psychological safety mediates the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance. Furthermore, we proposed that race moderates both stages of the mediation, whereby the relationships between diversity climate and psychological safety and between psychological safety and performance are stronger for minorities than for Whites. Results, based on a survey of employees and their colleagues, revealed that the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance was mediated by psychological safety. We also found that the diversity climate–psychological safety and psychological safety–extra-role performance relationships were moderated by race, such that these relationships were stronger for minorities than for Whites. Further, the indirect effects of diversity climate on extra-role behaviours via psychological safety were also moderated by race, such that these relationships were stronger for minorities than for Whites. For efficient management of diversity in organizations, research and practical implications are also discussed. Practitioner Points In the midst of increasing workforce diversity, the study highlights the importance of a psychologically safe work environment where employees feel confident in expressing their true selves without fear of being judged as inferior or incompetent. By necessitating the creation of psychologically safe work environments, the study establishes psychological safety as a principal motivator of employee performance behaviours in a racially diverse work setting. The study cautions organizational practitioners that when dealing with racial diversity, one size does not fit all. Rather, positive organizational contexts (such as diversity climate and psychological safety) hold a greater significance for minorities and are more effective in shaping their performance behaviours.
L-dopa-induced air-stepping in developing rats.

Rat pups at postnatal day (PN) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 were injected with 100 mg/kg L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA; s.c.) or the control vehicle and suspended in a sling. L-DOPA induced highly stereotyped air-stepping that varied along several dimensions across development. The latency to air-stepping was constant across age, but the duration was significantly shorter in the older pups. At all ages, air-stepping was preceded or accompanied by raising of the head and dorsiflexion of the tail. The rate of stepping increased across age and gait varied with age. At PN 0, L-DOPA induced alternating forelimb movements with little involvement of the hindlimbs. At PN 5 and 10, both forelimb and hindlimb alternation were observed. At PN 10 and 15 swimming-like behavior emerged, and at PN 10, 15, and 20, episodes of galloping were interspersed with limb alternation. Thus, highly coordinated activity can be elicited by L-DOPA at all ages studied when the rat pup needs not support its own body weight and has no contact with a substrate. Drug-induced air-stepping promises to be an important new paradigm for pharmacological and behavioral studies of the development of locomotor controls in mammals.
Berlin in Focus: Cultural Transformations In Germany

Berlin in Focus: Cultural Transformations In Germany. BARBARA BECKER-CANTARINO. ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996. + 204 pp., tables, notes, selected bibliography, index, contributors.
Hierarchical diagnosis of identical units in a system

A hierarchical diagnosis algorithm is presented for testing identical units in a system. As all units are similar, it is essential that the test process be parallelized to enable test of multiple units for the cost of testing one unit. With this objective in mind, we propose a novel test architecture consisting of a hierarchy of testers in a system to test all the units simultaneously. In this approach, special test chips are placed at strategic locations in a system to compute a "golden response" by analyzing the responses of all units. The responses are propagated up the hierarchy of testers. At each level, the testers analyze the data and pass golden response computation data to testers at higher level. The tester at the top of the hierarchy computes the golden response and the test result is percolated down to the testers at the lowest level that identify faulty and fault-free units. Using this diagnosis approach, almost all units are correctly diagnosed, even when yields are as low as 40 percent. The hardware architecture of all test chips is identical and simple. This approach can be used for testing massively parallel multiprocessor systems, MCMs fabricated on a large area panel, and integrated circuits on silicon wafers.
Cooling the Collective Motion of Trapped Ions to Initialize a Quantum Register

We report preparation in the ground state of collective modes of motion of two trapped ${}^{9}{\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ions. This is a crucial step towards realizing quantum logic gates which can entangle the ions' internal electronic states. We find that heating of the modes of relative ion motion is substantially suppressed relative to that of the center-of-mass modes, suggesting the importance of these modes in future experiments.
Climate Change, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Reconceptualizing Societal–Environment Interaction Within a Socially Constructed Adaptive Landscape

This article reconceptualizes current analyses of adaptation and vulnerability to climate change within an evolutionary theory of social change premised on the concept of a socially constructed adaptive landscape. The latter describes a negotiated and contested fitness terrain. Individual and corporate actors simultaneously adapt to and actively manipulate this terrain by using alternative collective action frames, mobilizing resources, and creating or exploiting political opportunities in order to legitimate or delegitimate social structures and their associated technologies at various levels of analysis. Adaptation is conceptualized as occurring through homeostatic, developmental, rational choice, and populational mechanisms. Vulnerability results from the adaptive failure of social structures sustaining individual and collective health, livelihood, and well-being. This framework combines organizational sociologists’ insights into structure–environment interaction; constructionists’ attention to agency,...