cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Comments upon the Ritual of the Sanni Demons

If I have understood Obeyesekere correctly, his paper on the ritual of the Sanni demons has two major concerns: to describe and interpret the dynamics of a dramatic healing ritual and to identify the symptoms represented symbolically by the Sanni demons. The ritual of the eighteen demons is presented as a dramatic confrontation between the forces of good, the gods, and those of evil, the disease-causing demons. The story line is provided by texts recounting original mythic encounters between the Buddhas and the demons. A degree of abreaction is achieved by the patient who is drawn into the drama as well as by the audience for whom the drama acts as an alleviator of tensions and reinforcer of religious values. After observing that each of the eighteen demons represents a discrete set of symptoms and that the system of Ayurvedic medicine currently popular in Ceylon is a naturalistic one, Obeyesekere uses comparative linguistic and myth materials from other parts of India to demonstrate that the demons once represented physical rather than psychological symptoms and that psychological content has gradually come to replace an earlier set of organic, naturalistic representations. In the main Obeyesekere's interpretations of the dramatic aspects of the ritual agree with observations recorded by scholars for many people the world over. We need here only to review the dynamics of the magical healing process and to provide some comparative examples from other parts of the world. The discussion concerning the evolution of the Sanni demons raises some interesting questions concerning the evolution of naturalistic theories of medicine, the degree to which tribal populations are concerned with physical as opposed to mental symptoms, and the degree to which it is the symptom rather than the etiological agent which must be represented in drama. All of these are questions of some interest to anthropology and ones to which there are as yet no definite answers.
A note on the stability of low-Prandtl-number Hadley circulations

This paper discusses the stability of the flow of a low-Prandtl-number liquid contained in a shallow slot with differentially heated vertical endwalls. The effect of thermally insulating boundaries at the top and bottom of the container on wavelength selection is emphasized. Stability calculations indicate that, for Prandtl number Pr in the range 0.015 < Pr < 0.27, the first perturbations to grow are overstable (oscillatory) longitudinal rolls with axes perpendicular to the endwalls, and with very large cross-stream wavelengths of about 9 to 15 layer depths. Previous studies using thermally conducting boundaries predict critical wavelengths of about three layer depths. The new results are in substantial agreement with an experiment using a differentially heated layer of mercury with aspect ratio (depth/length) 0.047 in both horizontal directions. The implications of the long-wavelength instability for the interpretation of thermal oscillations observed in other smaller-aspect-ratio configurations is discussed.
Psychological Effects of Attack on the World Trade Center: Analysis before and after:

Four different studies using a total sample of 711 from the same New York City student population tested a model that has emerged from previous research on disasters. The model suggests that postdisaster psychological distress is a function of exposure to the disaster, predisaster psychological distress, acute distress following the disaster, time elapsed between disaster and observation of distress, and additional traumatic experiences since the disaster. Although findings replicate those of previous cross-sectional studies regarding association of exposure and distress after the disaster, before and after studies did not detect an effect on postdisaster psychological distress of the World Trade Center attack. Great caution must be used in attributing elevated psychological distress observed postdisaster to the effects of the disaster.
An Autonomic Link Between Inhaled Diesel Exhaust and Impaired Cardiac Performance: Insight From Treadmill and Dobutamine Challenges in Heart Failure–Prone Rats

Cardiac disease exacerbation is associated with short-term exposure to vehicular emissions. Diesel exhaust (DE) might impair cardiac performance in part through perturbing efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) input to the heart. We hypothesized that acute changes in ANS balance mediate decreased cardiac performance upon DE inhalation. Young adult heart failure–prone rats were implanted with radiotelemeters to measure heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), core body temperature, and pre-ejection period (PEP, a contractility index). Animals pretreated with sympathetic antagonist (atenolol), parasympathetic antagonist (atropine), or saline were exposed to DE (500 µg/m3 fine particulate matter, 4h) or filtered air and then treadmill exercise challenged. At 1 day postexposure, separate rats were catheterized for left ventricular pressure (LVP), contractility, and lusitropy and assessed for autonomic influence using the sympathoagonist dobutamine and surgical vagotomy. During DE exposure, atenolol inhibited increases in HR, BP, and contractility, but not body temperature, suggesting a role for sympathetic dominance. During treadmill recovery at 4h post-DE exposure, HR and HRV indicated parasympathetic dominance in saline- and atenolol-pretreated groups that atropine inhibited. Conversely, at treadmill recovery 21h post-DE exposure, HRV and PEP indicated sympathetic dominance and subsequently diminished contractility that only atenolol inhibited. LVP at 1 day postexposure indicated that DE impaired contractility and lusitropy while abolishing parasympathetic-regulated cardiac responses to dobutamine. This is the first evidence that air pollutant inhalation both causes time-dependent oscillations between sympathetic and parasympathetic dominance and decreases cardiac performance via aberrant sympathetic dominance.
Eye movements provide the extra-retinal signal required for the perception of depth from motion parallax

It has been unclear whether the perception of depth from motion parallax is an entirely visual process or whether it requires extra-retinal information such as head movements, vestibular activation, or eye movements. Using a motion aftereffect and static test stimulus technique to eliminate visual cues to depth, this psychophysical study demonstrates that the visual system employs a slow eye movement signal, optokinetic response (OKR) in particular, for the unambiguous perception of depth from motion parallax. A vestibular signal, or vestibularly driven eye movement signal is insufficient for unambiguous depth from motion parallax. Removal of the OKR eye movement signal gives rise to ambiguous perceived depth in motion parallax conditions. Neurophysiological studies suggest a possible neural mechanism in medial temporal and medial superior temporal cortical neurons that are selective to depth, motion, and direction of eye movement.
Medical Ethics Needs a New View of Autonomy

The notion of autonomy commonly employed in medical ethics literature and practices is inadequate on three fronts: it fails to properly identify nonautonomous actions and choices, it gives a false account of which features of actions and choices makes them autonomous or nonautonomous, and it provides no grounds for the moral requirement to respect autonomy. In this paper I offer a more adequate framework for how to think about autonomy, but this framework does not lend itself to the kinds of practical application assumed in medical ethics. A general problem then arises: the notion of autonomy used in medical ethics is conceptually inadequate, but conceptually adequate notions of autonomy do not have the practical applications that are the central concern of medical ethics. Thus, a revision both of the view of autonomy and the practice of "respect for autonomy" are in order.
Phylogenetic Insights on Adaptive Radiation

Adaptive radiation is a response to natural selection and ecological opportunity involving diversification of species and associated adaptations. Although evolutionary biologists have long speculated that adaptive radiation is responsible for most of life's diversity, persistent confusion and disagreement over some of its most fundamental questions have prevented it from assuming a central role in explaining the evolution of biological diversity. Today, answers to many of these questions are emerging from a new wave of integrative research that combines phylogenetic trees with a variety of other data and perspectives. In this review, I discuss how modern phylogenetic analyses are central to (a) defining and diagnosing adaptive radiation, (b)identifying the factors underlying the occurrence and scope of adaptive radiation, (c)diagnosing predictable patterns of ecological diversification during adaptive radiation, and (d) reconstructing the history of adaptive radiations.
Effect of continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene during cold storage on postharvest decay development and quality attributes of stone fruits and table grapes

The influence of continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene on fruit quality and on the development of postharvest brown rot of stone fruits and gray mold of table grapes during long-term cold storage was investigated using selected cultivars of table grapes (nonclimacteric) and climacteric (peach, plum, nectarine, and apricot) and nonclimacteric (sweet cherry) stone fruits. Depending on the experiment, climacteric stone fruits were exposed to concentrations of ethylene of 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 10, or 100 m ll 1 during storage at 0, 5, or 10 8C for up to 28 days; sweet cherries were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 m ll 1 ethylene during storage at 0 or 5 8C for 21 days; and table grapes were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 m ll 1 ethylene during storage at 0 or 5 8C for up to 60 days. Neither incidence nor severity of brown rot were affected by constant ethylene exposure on stone fruits wound-inoculated with Monilinia fructicola . Similarly, ethylene did not affect gray mold nesting ability on table grapes artificially inoculated with Botrytis cinerea . Furthermore, ethylene exposure neither influenced external quality attributes (skin color on peaches and cherries, skin pitting and stem browning on cherries, and rachis browning on table grapes) nor internal quality attributes (flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity on all fruit, and flesh color and internal breakdown on climacteric stone fruits). The only exceptions were flesh softening of apricots, which in every test was significantly enhanced by exogenous ethylene, and flesh mealiness in experiments with ‘Elegant Lady’ peaches, the appearance of which was delayed by ethylene exposure in one case. In conclusion, no general commercial benefit could be expected from actively removing ethylene from cold storage rooms or transport containers containing peaches, plums, nectarines, sweet cherries, or table grapes. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Sun-Direction Estimation Using a Partially Underdetermined Set of Coarse Sun Sensors

A comparison of different methods to estimate the sun-direction vector using a partially underdetermined set of cosine-type coarse sun sensors (CSS), while simultaneously controlling the attitude towards a power-positive orientation, is presented. CSS are commonly used in performing power-positive sun-pointing and are attractive due to their relative inexpensiveness, small size, and reduced power consumption. For this study only CSS and rate gyro measurements are available, and the sensor configuration does not provide global triple coverage required for a unique sun-direction calculation. The methods investigated include a vector average method, a combination of least squares and minimum norm criteria, and an extended Kalman filter approach. All cases are formulated such that precise ground calibration of the CSS is not required. Despite significant biases in the state dynamics and measurement models, Monte Carlo simulations show that an extended Kalman filter approach, despite the underdetermined sensor coverage, can provide degree-level accuracy of the sun-direction vector both with and without a control algorithm running simultaneously. If no rate gyro measurements are available, and rates are partially estimated from CSS, the EKF performance degrades as expected, but is still able to achieve better than 10∘ accuracy using only CSS measurements.
What is the significance of experiencing relaxation in response to the first use of nicotine

Individuals who feel relaxed the first time they inhale from a cigarette are more likely to develop nicotine dependence. To determine if the relaxation response is associated only with specific aspects of dependence, a survey was administered to 1405 adolescents aged 14–18 years (mean 15.8 years) from four schools in Massachusetts. Nicotine dependence was measured with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), and the loss of autonomy over tobacco was measured with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) and the Autonomy Over Smoking Scale. A feeling of relaxation was reported by 39.4% of 439 youth who had inhaled from a cigarette. Relaxation was associated with increased risk of current smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 5.7, p < 0.001), daily smoking (OR = 5.7, p < 0.001), a loss of autonomy on the HONC (OR = 5.0, p < 0.001), and a DSM-IV diagnosis (OR = 2.4, p < 0.02). In regression analyses, relaxation was not associated with psychological reliance on tobacco after controlling for nicotine withdrawal sy...
Biosynthesis of Morphinan Alkaloids

By the turn of the century a large number of alkaloids had been isolated, and investigators began to turn their attention to the ways by which these natural products were constructed in the living plant. Many interesting ideas were proposed during the next decades. After World War II suitable radioisotopes became available for labelling and tracer studies, and the liquid scintillation counter was developed for accurate measurement of carbon-14 and tritium activities. Thus, by the late 1950’s the time was ripe for experimental work to test the validity of the various hypotheses that had been presented. A burst of research activity focusing on the morphinan alkaloids emerged from several laboratories, and within less than a decade the major steps in the biosynthesis of morphine had been elucidated.
Reliability-aware global routing under thermal considerations

Thermal effect is a key factor to interconnect reliability degradation. As technology scales, the distance between the metal layers and substrate continues to shrink and significantly increases the impact of substrate temperature on interconnect reliability. While it is already a concern in 2D ICs, the thermal impact will be more challenging in the emerging 3D ICs architecture. In this paper, we present a reliability-aware global routing with thermal considerations. We propose two techniques, thermal-driven Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) construction and thermal-driven maze routing, to reduce the probability of interconnect failures. Experimental results show that our router effectively reduces the failure rate by approximately 13% on average, with little overhead on the traditional design objectives.
Semi-Automatic Segmentation Software for Quantitative Clinical Brain Glioblastoma Evaluation

Rationale and Objectives Quantitative measurement provides essential information about disease progression and treatment response in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The goal of this article is to present and validate a software pipeline for semi-automatic GBM segmentation, called AFINITI (Assisted Follow-up in NeuroImaging of Therapeutic Intervention), using clinical data from GBM patients. Materials and Methods Our software adopts the current state-of-the-art tumor segmentation algorithms and combines them into one clinically usable pipeline. Both the advantages of the traditional voxel-based and the deformable shape-based segmentation are embedded into the software pipeline. The former provides an automatic tumor segmentation scheme based on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) brain data, and the latter refines the segmentation results with minimal manual input. Results Twenty-six clinical MR brain images of GBM patients were processed and compared with manual results. The results can be visualized using the embedded graphic user interface. Conclusion Validation results using clinical GBM data showed high correlation between the AFINITI results and manual annotation. Compared to the voxel-wise segmentation, AFINITI yielded more accurate results in segmenting the enhanced GBM from multimodality MR imaging data. The proposed pipeline could be used as additional information to interpret MR brain images in neuroradiology.
Reducing Liposome Size with Ultrasound: Bimodal Size Distributions

Sonication is a simple method for reducing the size of liposomes. We report the size distributions of liposomes as a function of sonication time using three different techniques. Liposomes, mildly sonicated for just 30 sec, had bimodal distributions when surface-weighted with modes at about 140 and 750 nm. With extended sonication, the size distribution remains bimodal but the average diameter of each population decreases and the smaller population becomes more numerous. Independent measurements of liposome size using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the nystatin/ergosterol fusion assay all gave consistent results. The bimodal distribution (even when number-weighted) differs from the Weibull distribution commonly observed for liposomes sonicated at high powers over long periods of time and suggests that a different mechanism may be involved in mild sonication. The observations are consistent with the following mechanism for decreasing liposome size. During ultras...
Ligand-dependent inhibition of oligomerization at the human thyrotropin receptor.

Recently, several studies have reported oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors, although the functional implications of this phenomenon are still unclear. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and coimmunoprecipitation (COIP), we previously reported that the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor tagged with green fluorescent protein (TSHRGFP) and expressed in a heterologous system was present as oligomeric complexes on the cell surface. Here, we have extended this biophysical and biochemical approach to study the regulation of such oligomeric complexes. Co-expression of TSHRGFP and TSHRMyc constructs in Chinese hamster ovary cells resulted in FRET-positive cells. The specificity of the FRET signal was verified by the absence of energy transfer in individually transfected TSHRGFP and TSHRMyc:Cy3 cells cultured together and also by acceptor photobleaching. Occupation of the receptor molecule by the ligand (TSH) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the FRET index from 20% in the absence of TSH to
Ground Water Resources and Earthquake Hazards: Ancient and Modern Perspectives

Hydrologic responses to earthquakes such as water level oscillations in monitoring wells and flow changes in streams have been known for decades. However, damage to aquifers and changes in groundwater supplies represents an earthquake hazard that has received relatively little attention from the scientific community. Yet, its impact is high as it leaves well infrastructure without water, results in water pollution, and creates a threat to public health in the aftermath of earthquakes. Although there are relatively few documented cases of the effects of seismic activity on aquifers and groundwater in both the ancient written record and in archaeological studies dealing with the consequences of earthquakes, the use of modern seismic examples and technology could allow for new interpretations of ancient disasters. This chapter reviews known documented modern cases of groundwater supply damages and attempts to analyze similar ancient occurrences in Crete during the Bronze Age.
Zelda overcomes the high intrinsic nucleosome barrier at enhancers during Drosophila zygotic genome activation

The Drosophila genome activator Vielfaltig (Vfl), also known as Zelda (Zld), is thought to prime enhancers for activation by patterning transcription factors (TFs). Such priming is accompanied by increased chromatin accessibility, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Here, we analyze the effect of Zld on genome-wide nucleosome occupancy and binding of the patterning TF Dorsal (Dl). Our results show that early enhancers are characterized by an intrinsically high nucleosome barrier. Zld tackles this nucleosome barrier through local depletion of nucleosomes with the effect being dependent on the number and position of Zld motifs. Without Zld, Dl binding decreases at enhancers and redistributes to open regions devoid of enhancer activity. We propose that Zld primes enhancers by lowering the high nucleosome barrier just enough to assist TFs in accessing their binding motifs and promoting spatially controlled enhancer activation if the right patterning TFs are present. We envision that genome activators in general will utilize this mechanism to activate the zygotic genome in a robust and precise manner.
Laboratory and Field-based Studies of Abundances, Small-scale Patchiness, and Diversity of Gymnamoebae in Soils of Varying Porosity and Organic Content: Evidence of Microbiocoenoses

Abstract Soil samples (varying in granularity) from four natural sites were cultured in microcosms to determine small-scale patchiness in abundance and diversity of gymnamoebae. Eighty grams of the same thoroughly mixed soil, either moistened with distilled water (− nutrients) or supplemented with an equivalent vol. of organically enriched water (+ nutrients), were placed in covered glass jars and incubated for 14 d (25 °C). Abundances (number/gram soil) were assessed in each of 3 core samples (5–10 mm apart). Assay precision was estimated to be ± 4%. Abundances were similar in the 3 closely-spaced samples, but occasional samples had higher abundances, probably representing localized enriched sites (“nutrient hot spots”). Diversity within the triplicate, closely spaced samples varied substantially. Mean abundance and diversity of amoebae were consistently higher in organically enriched soil and in soil of increasing granularity. Field samples collected directly from two of the sites showed similar pattern...
Within-day Fluctuations in Serum Bile-acid Concentrations among Normal Control Subjects and Patients with Hepatic Disease

Engelking, Larry R., Dasher, Charles A., and Hirschowitz, Basil I.: Within-day fluctuations in serum bile-acid concentra­ tions among normal control subjects and patients with hepatic disease. Am J Clin Pathol 73: 196-201, 1980. Under carefully controlled conditions in a clinical research ward, conjugated primary bile-acid concentrations were measured by a 125 I-radioimmunoassay every eight hours for four days in seven healthy control subjects and ten patients with hepatic disease (five with cirrhosis, three with primary biliary cirrhosis and two with sclerosing cholangitis). Two meals of approximately equal composition were consumed daily at 10 A.M. and 6 P.M., and blood was drawn at 4 A.M., 12 noon and 8 P.M.. With the exception of one patient, all subjects had greater postprandial than fasting serum bile-acid concentrations, with all healthy control subjects and most of those with hepatic disease showing evening values equal to or greater than the noon values. For the healthy control subjects, the mean values were 0.8, 1.4 and 1.9 MM. and for those with hepatic disease, 108, 140 and 133 HM. There were large fluctuations in serum bile acids (up to sevenfold) among patients with hepatic disease. These fluctua­ tions were independently validated by finding corresponding changes in serum radioactivity derived from injection of a tracer (24-"C cholic acid) at the start of each study.
Conditional Trend Analysis: A Model that Allows for Nonusers

Goodhardt and Ehrenberg have developed a useful stochastic model for analyzing period-to-period fluctuations in sales. In this article we generalize their model to allow for nonbuyers of the produc...
Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloadditions of benzocyclononynes.

Preliminary studies related to the design and development of new cycloalkyne reagents for metal-free click coupling are reported. Cyclononynes are more stable than cyclooctynes, and the robust benzocyclononyne platform offers spontaneous reactivity toward azides at rates competitive with other azidophiles that have been employed for metal-free click coupling. Benzocyclononynes (e.g., 1) provide valuable insight into the design of new cycloalkynes for strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) couplings for applications in which side reactions and decomposition of the reagent must be kept to a minimum.
Investigating the Morphology of Polymer/Fullerene Layers Coated Using Orthogonal Solvents

P3HT/PCBM bilayer samples were fabricated by spin coating PCBM dissolved in CH2Cl2 onto P3HT films. Dissolution of the P3HT does not occur because CH2Cl2 is a nonsolvent for P3HT. We show using ste...
Physiologic aspects of exercise in pregnancy.

Exercise, regardless of type, intensity, or duration, requires an energy expenditure that is greater than resting energy expenditure. To increase energy expenditure, oxygen is needed by the working muscles to transform stored chemical energy (mainly fat and carbohydrate) into the mechanical energy of movement. Physiologic responses (ie, simultaneous cardiovascular and respiratory responses) occur at the onset of exercise to match energy expenditure and to ensure adequate oxygen availability to exercising muscle while maintaining the viability of other tissues. These cardiovascular and respiratory responses are mediated by hormonal influences and result in metabolic changes that provide energy for continued exercise. During pregnancy, endocrine changes occur that alter the regulation of metabolic and cardiopulmonary function and contribute to maternal responses to exercise. This chapter will describe the physiologic responses to acute exercise and exercise training during pregnancy. Physiologic Variables Altered by Exercise
THE EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON THE STABILITY OF SEA WALL

Vertical bulkheads, or retaining walls of the sheet-pile type, are often used as sea walls at locations not subjected to continuous or severe wave action. Many miles of this type sea wall have been constructed along the Florida coast and coastline of the United States and have given satisfactory service. However, the failures of vertical seawalls which continue to occur during mild storms indicate that the design procedures available, or actually used, may be inadequate.
A collaborative approach to financial literacy in the Chicago public schools

This paper describes an economic and financial education program at the elementary grades involving a coalition of partners in Chicago. We provide a brief overview of the research literature for these grades. Then, we describe how a curriculum was implemented and evaluated in the Chicago Public Schools. An attitude survey was administered to students as a preand post-test. Over 2,500 individual tests from 48 schools and 110 librarians were matched. The measured changes, while often modest, were statistically significant and large enough to indicate that the positive changes may be attributed to the curriculum. Anecdotal results are also reported. ______________________________________________________ JEL Codes: A21
A query system for social media signals

Social media nowcasting, the process of estimating real-world phenomena from social media data, has grown in popularity over the last several years as an alternative to traditional data collection methods like phone surveys. Unfortunately, current nowcasting methods depend on pre-existing, traditionally collected survey data as an aid to sift through the huge number of signals that can be derived from social media. This dependence severely limits the applicability of current nowcasting techniques. If we could remove this need for conventional data, social media signals could describe a much wider range of target phenomena. We have built a nowcasting querying system that estimates real-world phenomena without requiring any conventional data, relying instead upon an interactive exploration with users. Specifically, our system exploits a user-provided multi-part query consisting of semantic and signal components. The user can explore in real time the tradeoff between these two components to find the most relevant social media signals to estimate the target phenomenon. Our demonstration system lets users search for signals within a large Twitter corpus using a dynamic web-based interface. Also, users can share results with the general public, review and comment on others' shared results, and clone these results as starting points for further exploration and querying.
The potential of smart technologies for learning and instruction

The field of artificial intelligence has been influencing learning and instruction since the 1980s with the introduction of intelligent tutoring systems. Since then, advances in artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, instructional design, and learning science have occurred along with the introduction of powerful new technologies, including dynamic assessment and feedback mechanisms, highly interactive mobile devices, and internet-based repositories of resources to support learning and instruction. This paper provides an overview of smart technologies in education and their potential for the future.
Implementation and evaluation of a monthly water balance model over the US on an 800 m grid

We simulate the 1950-2010 water balance for the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) with a monthly water balance model (MWBM) using the 800-m Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data set as model input. We employed observed snow and streamflow data sets to guide modification of the snow and potential evapotranspiration components in the default model and to evaluate model performance. Based on various metrics and sensitivity tests, the modified model yields reasonably good simulations of seasonal snowpack in the West (range of bias of ±50 mm at 68% of 713 SNOTEL sites), the gradients and magnitudes of actual evapotranspiration, and runoff (median correlation of 0.83 and median Nash-Sutcliff efficiency of 0.6 between simulated and observed annual time series at 1427 USGS gage sites). The model generally performs well along the Pacific Coast, the high elevations of the Basin and Range and over the Midwest and East, but not as well over the dry areas of the Southwest and upper Plains regions due, in part, to the apportioning of direct versus delayed runoff. Sensitivity testing and application of the MWBM to simulate the future water balance at four National Parks when driven by 30 climate models from the Climate Model Intercomparison Program Phase 5 (CMIP5) demonstrate that the model is useful for evaluating first-order, climate driven hydrologic change on monthly and annual time scales. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chapter 8: An Exercise in Supplementation That Failed: The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract

Should the right to be let alone be interpreted as a shield against government interference with economic liberty? Or should it be limited solely to “thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and sensations”? There is no doubt Brandeis proposed in the latter sense—i.e., there is no doubt that he conceived of it as a shield for the emotional side of personal life but not for economic freedom. But why should Brandeis’s preference be treated as dispositive? If interpretive supplementation is justified on behalf of the emotional side of personal life, why isn’t it justified as well for claims to economic freedom—for freedom of contract claims, in particular? This chapter relies on the extended Madisonian framework to explain why interpretive supplementation would not be appropriate for claims of economic freedom. The reason for this is to be found in the course of American history. Although abolitionism intimated the possibility of a national commitment to freedom of contract, the nation’s strongly negative reaction to judicial opinions issued in the early twentieth century that sought to extend principles of freedom of contract to labor relations—Lochner v. New York, a 1905 case, is the pre-eminent example—established that there was no supermajority consensus in favor of a robust right in this context. The Court has thus properly adhered to the extended Madisonian framework by refraining from interpretive supplementation on behalf of economic freedom while engaging in supplementation on behalf of privacy rights.
Fabricating polyacrylamide microbeads by inverse emulsification to mimic the size and elasticity of living cells

Inverse emulsification was used to fabricate polyacrylamide (PAAm) microbeads with size and elastic properties similar to typical, mammalian cells. These biomimicking microbeads could be fluorescently stained and functionalized with a collagen type-I coating, post-polymerization, for tracking bead locations and promoting cell recognition/binding, respectively. By occupying a previously unfilled range of sizes and mechanical properties, these microbeads may find unique use in both biomedical and materials applications.
Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Characterization of Bioactive Peptide-Synthetic Polymer Conjugates.

The bioconjugate BMP2-(PEO-HA)2, composed of a dendron with two monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) branches terminated by a hydroxyapatite binding peptide (HA), and a focal point substituted with a bone growth stimulating peptide (BMP2), has been comprehensively characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) methods, encompassing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization (ESI), tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). MS2 experiments using different ion activation techniques validated the sequences of the synthetic, bioactive peptides HA and BMP2, which contained highly basic amino acid residues either at the N-terminus (BMP2) or C-terminus (HA). Application of MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and IM-MS to the polymer–peptide biomaterial confirmed its composition. Collision cross-section measurements and molecular modeling indicated that BMP2-(PEO-HA)2 exists in several folded and extended conformations, depending on the degree of protonation. Protonati...
Neutron-neutron and neutron-photon correlations with FREYA

For many years, the state of the art for modeling fission in radiation transport codes has involved sampling from average distributions. However, in a true fission event, the energies, momenta and multiplicities of emitted particles are correlated. The FREYA (Fission Reaction Event Yield Algorithm) code generates complete fission events. Event-by-event techniques such as those of FREYA are particularly useful because it is possible to obtain complete kinematic information on the prompt neutrons and photons emitted during the fission process. It is therefore possible to extract any desired correlation observables. We describe FREYA and compare our results with neutron-neutron, neutron-light fragment and neutron-photon correlation data.
The Role of the Protein Kinase C (PKC) Family in Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis of Human Leukemic Cells.

Abstract Glucocorticoids (GC's) are among the most important clinical agents for the treatment of human leukemias. Cells exist, however, that have a functional glucocorticoid (GC) receptor, but are resistance to GC-induced apoptosis—suggesting that major signal transduction pathways (ie PKC family) may influence cellular response to GC. In order to determine whether glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is mediated by members of the PKC family, we first screened the CEM acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemic cell line for the presence or absence of all known PKC isoforms. We used two clonal cell lines that were derived from the same parent, CEM-CCRF, but which subsequently developed a pronounced difference in their sensitivity to glucocorticoids. One of these cell lines, CEM C7-14 is sensitive to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, while the second cell line, CEM C1-15, is resistant. Of the 12 known PKC isoforms, 5 were detected at the basal level, and furthermore that specific members (PKC iota) was up-regulated during resistance, while PKC theta was up-regulated during apoptosis. Selectively inhibiting the entire PKC family caused increased cellular susceptibility to GC-induced apoptosis. Selectively targeting specific isoforms (PKC iota) caused resistant cells to become sensitive to apoptosis. Using immunoflouresence imaging, we showed the selective translocation of PKC's iota, theta, and alpha after treatment with glucocorticoids. In addition, we showed specific phosphorylation of the isoforms iota, theta, and alpha in cells undergoing DEX-induced apoptosis. Two-dimensional proteomic analysis indicated a large number of proteins in CEM cells that show significant change after DEX treatment. We successfully identified several proteins which were regulated both after treatment with DEX alone, and after treatment with DEX + the PKC specific inhibitor Safingol. These proteins may represent the potential cross talk between the glucocorticoid and PKC apoptosis pathways. Taken together, these studies show that the PKC family is directly involved in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.
A unique pattern of cortical connectivity characterizes patients with attention deficit disorders: a large electroencephalographic coherence study

Attentional disorders (ADD) feature decreased attention span, impulsivity, and over-activity interfering with successful lives. Childhood onset ADD frequently persists to adulthood. Etiology may be hereditary or disease associated. Prevalence is 5% but recognition may be ‘overshadowed’ by comorbidities (brain injury, mood disorder) thereby escaping formal recognition. Blinded diagnosis by MRI has failed. ADD may not itself manifest a single anatomical pattern of brain abnormality but may reflect multiple, unique responses to numerous and diverse etiologies. Alternatively, a stable ADD-specific brain pattern may be better detected by brain physiology. EEG coherence, measuring cortical connectivity, is used to explore this possibility. Participants: Ages 2 to 22 years; 347 ADD and 619 neurotypical controls (CON). Following artifact reduction, principal components analysis (PCA) identifies coherence factors with unique loading patterns. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) determines discrimination success differentiating ADD from CON. Split-half and jackknife analyses estimate prospective diagnostic success. Coherence factor loading constitutes an ADD-specific pattern or ‘connectome’. PCA identified 40 factors explaining 50% of total variance. DFA on CON versus ADD groups utilizing all factors was highly significant (p≤0.0001). ADD subjects were separated into medication and comorbidity subgroups. DFA (stepping allowed) based on CON versus ADD without comorbidities or medication treatment successfully classified the correspondingly held out ADD subjects in every instance. Ten randomly generated split-half replications of the entire population demonstrated high-average classification success for each of the left out test-sets (overall: CON, 83.65%; ADD, 90.07%). Higher success was obtained with more restricted age sub-samples using jackknifing: 2-8 year olds (CON, 90.0%; ADD, 90.6%); 8-14 year olds (CON, 96.8%; ADD 95.9%); and 14-20 year-olds (CON, 100.0%; ADD, 97.1%). The connectome manifested decreased and increased coherence. Patterns were complex and bi-hemispheric; typically reported front-back and left-right loading patterns were not observed. Subtemporal electrodes (seldom utilized) were prominently involved. Results demonstrate a stable coherence connectome differentiating ADD from CON subjects including subgroups with and without comorbidities and/or medications. This functional ‘connectome’, constitutes a diagnostic ADD phenotype. Split-half replications support potential for EEG-based ADD diagnosis, with increased accuracy using limited age ranges. Repeated studies could assist recognition of physiological change from interventions (pharmacological, behavioral).
Serotonergic antidepressants are associated with REM sleep without atonia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is generally observed in older men and in individuals with specific neurologic diseases. There are case reports of RBD in individuals taking serotonergic antidepressants. Our objective was to assess electromyogram (EMG) activity during REM sleep in individuals taking serotonergic antidepressants and in a matched control group not on such medication. DESIGN Chart review of clinical and polysomnographic data. SETTING Sleep laboratory affiliated with a general hospital. PARTICIPANTS 15 subjects taking a serotonergic antidepressant and 15 age-matched individuals not on such medication. MEASUREMENTS Submental and anterior tibialis tonic and phasic EMG activity during REM sleep, REM latency, time in REM, apnea-hypopnea index, periodic leg movements of sleep index, and sleep-architecture measures. RESULTS Tonic, but not phasic, submental EMG activity during REM sleep was significantly more common in the antidepressant-treated group than in the control group (P < .02). Tonic REM submental EMG activity correlated with REM latency (r = .42, P = .02) and inversely with REM time (r = -.36, P = .05). Subject age correlated with tonic REM submental EMG activity (r = .58, P = .02) in the antidepressant group There were also trends for more phasic activity in the anterior tibialis (P = .09) and submental (P = .07) EMG in REM sleep in the antidepressant group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Subjects taking serotonergic antidepressants had more EMG activity in the submental lead during REM sleep than did controls. This correlated with measures of REM suppression and age. Individuals taking such medications may be at increased risk of developing REM sleep behavior disorder, particularly with increasing age.
Nitrogenous Derivatives of Phosphorus and the Origins of Life: Plausible Prebiotic Phosphorylating Agents in Water

Phosphorylation under plausible prebiotic conditions continues to be one of the defining issues for the role of phosphorus in the origins of life processes. In this review, we cover the reactions of alternative forms of phosphate, specifically the nitrogenous versions of phosphate (and other forms of reduced phosphorus species) from a prebiotic, synthetic organic and biochemistry perspective. The ease with which such amidophosphates or phosphoramidate derivatives phosphorylate a wide variety of substrates suggests that alternative forms of phosphate could have played a role in overcoming the "phosphorylation in water problem". We submit that serious consideration should be given to the search for primordial sources of nitrogenous versions of phosphate and other versions of phosphorus.
Measuring $$\theta_{13}$$ in MINOS

In Chap. 2 we saw that searching for a nonzero θ13 is one of the main priorities in the field of neutrino physics. In this chapter, after reviewing the motivation for θ13 in the first part of Sect. 4.1 we explain how MINOS can access this mixing angle by searching for νe appearance, together with the main challenges involved in that search. Section 4.2 then lays out the strategy for the analysis, by introducing the different methods involved and by giving an overview of their roles. The subsequent chapters, which are referenced throughout Sect. 4.2, provide more detail on each of the steps of the analysis.
Incremental forward checking for the Disjunctive Temporal Problem

This paper studies algorithms for the Disjunctive Temporal Problem (DTP) a quite general temporal reasoning problem introduced in [12]. This problem involves the satisfaction of a set of constraints represented by disjunctive formulas of the form x1 - y1 ≤ r1 V x2 - y2 ≤ r2 V ... V xk - yk ≤ rk. The paper starts sketching why DTPs are potentially very useful in plan management applications, then analyzes the current solutions to DTP, and introduces a constraint-satisfaction problem solving algorithm where different aspects of current DTP's literature are integrated. This basic algorithm is then improved exploiting the quantitative temporal information in the "distance graph". Using this knowledge an incremental version of the forward checking is obtained and shown to be competitive with current best results. The whole approach allows to understand pros and cons of the current algorithms for the DTP and suggests further future developments as discussed in the final part of the paper.
Early Microbes Modify Immune System Development and Metabolic Homeostasis-The "Restaurant" Hypothesis Revisited.

The developing infant gut microbiome affects metabolism, maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, immune system function, and brain development. Initial seeding of the neonatal microbiota occurs through maternal and environmental contact. Maternal diet, antibiotic use, and cesarean section alter the offspring microbiota composition, at least temporarily. Nutrients are thought to regulate initial perinatal microbial colonization, a paradigm known as the “Restaurant” hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that early nutritional stresses alter both the initial colonizing bacteria and the development of signaling pathways controlled by microbial mediators. These stresses fine-tune the immune system and metabolic homeostasis in early life, potentially setting the stage for long-term metabolic and immune health. Dysbiosis, an imbalance or a maladaptation in the microbiota, can be caused by several factors including dietary alterations and antibiotics. Dysbiosis can alter biological processes in the gut and in tissues and organs throughout the body. Misregulated development and activity of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, driven by early dysbiosis, could have long-lasting pathologic consequences such as increased autoimmunity, increased adiposity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review will focus on factors during pregnancy and the neonatal period that impact a neonate’s gut microbiome, as well as the mechanisms and possible links from early infancy that can drive increased risk for diseases including obesity and NAFLD. The complex pathways that connect diet, the microbiota, immune system development, and metabolism, particularly in early life, present exciting new frontiers for biomedical research.
Toward a Theory and Pedagogy of Rhetorical Vulnerability

This article responds to the proliferation of fake news in today’s media by considering how a rhetorical theory and pedagogy more deeply grounded in a rethinking of vulnerability might help us as rhetoricians and writing scholars to address fake news as more than just dis-informative rhetoric. In the first part, I bring together scholarship from within and outside of rhetoric and writing studies in order to frame vulnerability as a fundamental component of all rhetorical encounters. In the second part, I propose the use of trolling rhetoric as an object of analysis that may help students better understand how deceptive and disruptive genres of discourse (including, but not limited to, fake news) may, in the process of trying to exploit our rhetorical vulnerability, actually call attention to this crucial aspect of rhetorical encounters.