cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic buckling process of axially compressed cylindrical shells subject to edge constraints

Abstract In this paper the effects of prebuckling deformation caused by edge constraints, and non linear strain displacement relationships, on the inelastic buckling process of axially compressed cylindrical shells are studied. By Drucker's postulate of positive work in plastic deformation, a modified incremental theory of plasticity on the stress-strain relationships expressed in terms of Kirchhoff stress and Green strain rates is developed. A variational principle in the Lagrangian description and for quasi-static problems of finite plasticity is developed, and the existence of an extremum principle for a material having a sufficiently great hardening rate is shown. In addition a criterion for the stability of a body under dead load is established. The variational principle in conjunction with the incremental Rayleigh-Ritz technique is used to determine the deformation process of an idealized cylindrical shell composed of four thin load carrying sheets made of a general work hardening material. The theoretical predictions obtained numerically by digital computer compare favorably with available experimental results.
Diabetic Nephropathy in the Elderly

Although diabetes is clearly linked to macro- and microvasculopathy in multiple organs resulting in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular catastrophic diseases, blindness, and limb amputations, it is the relentless progression of diabetic nephropathy toward becoming the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that now challenges budgets and treatment facilities providing hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Nephrology, as a specialty, is now dominated by the necessity to address geriatrics and endocrinology to cope with the tidal wave of elderly ESRD patients suffering from uremia caused by diabetes. On the brighter side, emergence of effective renoprotective regimens now slow the incidence rate of ESRD in those with diagnosed diabetes. There is bona fide reason to hope that within a decade, kidney failure attributable to diabetes will be transformed into a preventable complication of a disease that has dominated and directed our heritage.
Paper: A new approach to the analysis of discrete event dynamic systems

We present a new, time domain approach to the study of discrete event dynamical systems (DEDS), typified by queueing networks and production systems. A general state-space representation is developed and perturbation analysis is carried out. Observation of a single sample realization of such a system can be used to predict behavior over other sample realizations, when some parameter is perturbed, without having to make additional observations. Conditions under which this is always possible are investigated and explicit results for some special cases are included.
Retention and Research Use of Residual Newborn Screening Bloodspots

The storage and use of residual newborn screening dried blood specimens has generated significant controversy in the past 5 years, primarily because of public concerns over the lack of parental knowledge and consent for these activities. State policies addressing the management of these specimens vary widely, and there is currently little guidance to aid new state policy development to address the concerns of program professionals, investigators, and the general public. This article offers guidance for state policy based on multiple sources of data, including public attitudes, professional statements, state experience, and an analysis of the ethical, social, legal, and biomedical issues from a multidisciplinary group of scholars. This guidance will be useful for state programs that seek to develop policies that are informed by a contemporary analysis of the key ethical, legal, and social aspects of this practice. This article represents the work of the authors and does not represent American Academy of Pediatrics policy.
Solid polymer electrolyte complexes of polymethacrylates carrying pendant oligo‐oxyethylene(glyme) chains

Formation de complexes entre le polyethyleneglycol methacrylate de methoxy-2 ethyle (ou le substituant polyethylene-glycol monomethyl ether peut avoir une masse moleculaire de 200, 400 ou 1000) et le thiocyanate de sodium ou le triflate de sodium ou de lithium
On the statistical dynamics of the Lorenz model

We use the theory of stochastic differential equations with rapidly fluctuating coefficients to study the statistical dynamics of the Lorenz model in the turbulent region. On the assumption that the system is ergodic we are able to calculate self-consistently several basic statistical quantities in terms of the parameters of the model. Our results are in good agreement with numerical computations.
Maps: a compiler-managed memory system for raw machines

This paper describes Maps, a compiler managed memory system for Raw architectures. Traditional processors for sequential programs maintain the abstraction of a unified memory by using a single centralized memory system. This implementation leads to the infamous "Von Neumann bottleneck," with machine performance limited by the large memory latency and limited memory bandwidth. A Raw architecture addresses this problem by taking advantage of the rapidly increasing transistor budget to move much of its memory on chip. To remove the bottleneck and complexity associated with centralized memory, Raw distributes the memory with its processing elements. Unified memory semantics are implemented jointly by the hardware and the compiler. The hardware provides a clean compiler interface to its two inter-tile interconnects: a fast, statically schedulable network and a traditional dynamic network. Maps then uses these communication mechanisms to orchestrate the memory accesses for low latency and parallelism while enforcing proper dependence. It optimizes for speed in two ways: by finding accesses that can be scheduled on the static interconnect through static promotion, and by minimizing dependence sequentialization for the remaining accesses. Static promotion is performed using equivalence class unification and modulo unrolling; memory dependences are enforced through explicit synchronization and software serial ordering. We have implemented Maps based on the SUIF infrastructure. This paper demonstrates that the exclusive use of static promotion yields roughly 20-fold speedup on 32 tiles for our regular applications and about 5-fold speedup on 16 or more tiles for our irregular applications. The paper also shows that selective use of dynamic accesses can be a useful complement to the mostly static memory system.
Conservation Opportunities for Securing In-Stream Flows in the Platte River Basin: A Case Study Drawing on Casper, Wyoming’s MunicipalWater Strategy

The Platte River Basin consists of tributaries largely in Wyoming, Colorado and Western Nebraska, with the main stem in Central Nebraska. Critical wildlife habitat on the main stem requires additional in-stream flows. The watershed is one hosting multiple resources, a variety of users, and managed by an array of state and federal agencies. This study proposes a basis for securing in-stream flows for the Platte River. Candidate water supply mechanisms are suggested based on the way in which Casper, Wyoming secured water for its municipal needs. Canal lining is compared to a dam project, increasing reservoir storage, and purchasing water rights, with consideration also made for water pricing to reduce municipal use. Comparisons are based on economic efficiency, potential water conservation, and property rights criteria. Canal lining, coupled with demand management, is shown to conserve water best, given the set of efficiency and cost criteria for in-stream flow enhancement. The approach offers an opportunity to organize the water supply choice context in a transboundary watershed when quantitative information is limited.
Human tumours in mice confirmed by chromosomal analysis.

THE growth of human tumours in mice may be evaluated by node size and histological sections1–4. Because tumour cells may fuse with host cells5–7 in vivo, it is important to ascertain which cells produce the tumour. Human chromosomes may be identified using banding procedures and this makes it possible to verify that human cells alone grow in the tumour. If chromosomal analysis is performed on the tumour before injection, it would also be possible to determine which cells were able to grow rapidly in vivo. Here we present a report on such a chromosomal analysis of a human cervical carcinoma cell line grown in immunosuppressed mice and re-established in vitro.
Computational Aerodynamic Predictions of Supersonic Retropropulsion Flowfields

Supersonic retropropulsion, or the initiation of a retropropulsion phase at supersonic freestream conditions, is an enabling decelerator technology for high-mass planetary entries at Mars. Supersonic retropropulsion relies on retrothrust to decelerate the vehicle. A thrust-driven interaction of underexpanded jet flow with the shock layer of a blunt body alters the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Little literature exists on analytical and computational modeling approaches for supersonic aerodynamic-propulsive interactions at moderate thrust levels and flight-relevant conditions. This investigation is an exploratory application of a steady, turbulent computational approach to supersonic retropropulsion flowfields using modern and historical test cases. The results obtained from this approach agree reasonably well with experimental data for the locations of the bow shock, stagnation point, and Mach disk for a retropropulsion configuration with a single nozzle at the nose. The surface pressure dis...
The state of the journal: four years of publication

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the development and progression of the International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing and include comments on its future direction.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the approach of an essay format.Findings – The journal has published key papers in pharmaceutical and healthcare research and continues to develop an interdisciplinary character with contributions from scholarly and practice‐oriented sources.Originality/value – The paper provides a contemporary appraisal of the status and positioning of the journal.
The use of eHealth services in US nursing homes as an improvement of healthcare delivery to residents

This analysis postulates that greater and more frequent access to health information via the internet, using eHealth services, should lead to both improved performance in healthcare delivery and reduced deficiencies. eHealth is a technological tool that health practitioners in nursing homes can easily use. As such, they can obtain the information they need to make solid decisions when directing care plans and delivery for residents. The rationale behind this analysis is based on the major care deficiencies that have pervaded US nursing homes. Although the mission of the Nursing Home Reform Act, a 1987 federal law, was to secure quality care in nursing homes, the Nursing Home Reform Act has clearly fallen short in its priority to offer adequate provisions.
Alterations in protein kinase C type III-α during heat shock of rat embryo fibroblasts

Abstract Heat shock treatment of rat embryo fibroblasts resulted in a 60% increase in cytosolic protein kinase C activity, in contrast to phorbol ester-induced translocation to the membrane. During reversal of the cells back to the normal temperature a decrease in cytosolic PKC activity was observed and paralleled by an increase in protamine kinase activity. Cell lysates prepared from heat shock-treated cells show a marked calcium/phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of several endogenous PKC substrate proteins, while the 28-kDa stress protein was shown to be a PKC substrate. These cells express the TYPE III-α isoform of PKC and, thus, the alterations induced within cells exposed to hyperthermic treatment may reflect a functional significance with regard to the regulation of this specific isoform.
A mass spectrometer for the detection of neutral species formed by electron impact

Abstract A mass spectrometer has been built which allows measurements to be made on the neutral species formed during electron impact dissociation of positive ions. The instrument has been shown to be effective not only in the measurement of the abundances of these species but also in the measurement of excited states of neutrals. In addition the present design is suitable for the measurement of the kinetic energy of positive ion species.
Chip Seal Program Excellence in the United States

A survey of U.S. public highway and road agencies that use chip seals as a part of their roadway maintenance program was developed and conducted to identify best practices in chip seal design and construction. A total of 72 individual responses from 42 U.S. states and 12 U.S. cities and counties were received; of those, nine respondents reported that they were getting excellent results from their chip seal programs. Those responses were grouped together and analyzed by the case study method to identify trends that lead to consistently excellent chip seal results. The study found that the successful chip seal programs had much in common. They use chip seals as a preventive maintenance tool, applying them to roads before distress levels were classified as moderate. They require their contractors to use the latest technology, and they exploit advances in material science such as the use of modified binders. And most of them use chip seals on both high- and low-volume roads.
Cortical abnormality in schizophrenia: An in vivo application of the gyrification index

To investigate the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia exhibit gross cortical abnormalities of developmental origin, we utilized the gyrification index (GI) (ratio of inner to outer cortical contours), a measure of overall cortical folding, in an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study of young, strongly right-handed male patients and controls. The two groups did not differ with respect to whole-brain volume, age, or handedness. In an examination confined to the left hemisphere, mean GI values were significantly reduced in the patient group in both anterior and posterior regions. Neither age nor length of illness were found to be significant predictors of GI variance in the patient group, suggesting that GI reductions do not result from an ongoing atrophic process. Rather, these results are consistent with the hypothesis of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia that result in an overall reduction in cortical folding.
Paul the Apostle: His Life and Legacy in Their Roman Context . By J. Albert Harrill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xv + 208 pp. $25.99 paper.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Paul the Apostle: His Life and Legacy in Their Roman Context . By J. Albert Harrill . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2012. xv + 208 pp. $25.99 paper.Book Reviews and Notes"That Saint Paul . . . . He's the one who makes all the trouble." Anyone who wants to understand that trouble would do well to take up this book, and anyone charged with teaching a course on the troublesome apostle will find it made for this purpose. That the author chooses this line from Hemingway for an epigraph tells us that he, too, wants to stir up a bit of creative trouble, in the classroom and in academic discourse about Paul. The book is an admirably succinct introduction to the current state of Pauline scholarship but wants also to offer an important correction. The book, identified as "a historical biography" with full awareness of the ambiguity of both adjective and noun, is divided into two roughly equal parts: "the life" and "the legend."Those address in turn the two pivotal insights that emerged in twentieth-century scholarship on Paul. First, to understand the life one must know the social and cultural context within which that life was lived and by which the surviving evidence for it was shaped. Second, to discern the significance of the life one must explore the ways its story was retold and appropriated or resisted by succeeding generations of interested parties.In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship, the cultural context of nascent Christianity was defined by a supposed antithesis between "Judaism" and "Hellenism." Only slowly did we come to realize, by the turn of this century, that there were many different ways in which Jewish communities adapted to the complex culture of the Greco-Roman world, appropriating some elements, resisting others, in order to maintain but reshape their own identities. And the little sect and emerging trans-ethnic cult that would become "Christianity" must be understood--not "against" that "background," but--as indigenous in that dynamic culture. Harrill is fully in accord with that shift of consensus, but he wants to correct it in one important respect: Paul was not only "Jew" and "Greek," he was also Roman . That is the subject of chapter 3, which is effectively the book's center, and will likely provoke the most surprise and resistance. New Testament scholars tend to dismiss the notion that Paul might be in any way pro-Roman, as they tend to doubt the assertion of the book of Acts that he was born a Roman citizen. The recent influence of post-colonialist theory has strengthened this tendency; Paul is now commonly seen as deliberately anti -Roman. Harrill will have none of this, dismissing it as wishful thinking (91-94).The key term for Harrill's understanding of Paul's romanitas is the Latin auctoritas , which he translates "clout" or "influence. …
Assessment of chronic exposure to radiostrontium by urinary assay.

RADIOACTIVE contamination of the biosphere and particularly of the human population is a contemporary problem of high interest, and strontium-90 is perhaps the most important single radionuclide concerned. We require to know what levels are being incorporated into the human population at any given time. Since food is the major route by means of which environmental radiocontaminants reach human beings, attention has largely been turned to the monitoring and surveying of food and water. This communication proposes that urinary assays of strontium-90 and calcium may have considerable advantage for the estimation of the contemporary strontium-90 to calcium ratio of the intake, and for estimation of the strontium-90 to calcium ratio in newly forming bone. The same considerations would also apply to strontium-89 whenever this radionuclide is of inportance.
Amniotic fluid embolism: an obstetrical enigma

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) has been classically defined as an event that occurs acutely during labor and delivery or immediately postpartum, presenting with hypoxia and hypotension leading to cardiovascular collapse, altered mental status and coagulopathy. Since AFE presents similarly to several other obstetrical emergencies, definitive diagnosis is difficult and can result in a delay in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy. Myriad signs and symptoms are associated with occurrence of AFE, but five clinical signs have traditionally been associated with AFE: respiratory distress, cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse, coma and hemorrhage. Although the diagnosis of AFE is a diagnosis of exclusion, if a woman presents with acute shock and cardiovascular collapse accompanied by respiratory distress during labor or shortly after delivery in the absence of any other obvious cause, the diagnosis of AFE is likely. This review will examine the diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of AFE as an obstetr...
Fuzzy logic controller for low temperature application

The most common temperature controller used in low temperature experiments is the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller due to its simplicity and robustness. However, the performance of temperature regulation using the PID controller depends on initial parameter setup, which often requires operator's expert knowledge on the system. In this paper, we present a computer-assisted temperature controller based on the well known.
Comparing unidimensional and multidimensional models of benefit finding in breast and prostate cancer.

Psychosocial research with cancer patients has increasingly recognized that a large proportion report at least some positive changes or aspects of personal growth that occur because of their illness—a construct referred to as benefit finding. Although theory suggests that there may be several domains to benefit finding, measurement instruments such as the Benefit Finding Scale (BFS) are typically considered to be unidimensional. This study compared single and multiple factor models of the BFS using group confirmatory factor analysis in men with prostate cancer (n = 185) and women with breast cancer (n = 115) who were less than 2 years postdiagnosis. In both samples, the multiple-factor model fit the data significantly better than the single-factor model, and factor loadings were equivalent between groups. Men with prostate cancer reported greater Personal Growth benefit finding and women with breast cancer reported greater Social Relationships benefit finding. Differential relationships were observed between BFS factors and sociodemographic and disease-related variables. Results suggest an alternate multidimensional framework for the BFS that may be generalizable across cancer populations. Future research should examine if BFS domains are differentially related to quality-of-life outcomes in both cancer and other medical patients.
Solitary waves and a stability analysis of an equation of short and long dispersive waves

Abstract A universal model for the interaction of long nonlinear waves and packets of short waves with long linear carrier waves is given by a system in which an equation of Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) type is coupled to an equation of nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) type. The system has solutions of steady form in which one component is like a solitary-wave solution of the KdV equation and the other component is like a ground-state solution of the NLS equation. We study the stability of solitary-wave solutions to an equation of short and long waves by using variational methods based on the use of energy–momentum functionals and the techniques of convexity type. We use the concentration compactness method to prove the existence of solitary waves. We prove that the stability of solitary waves is determined by the convexity or concavity of a function of the wave speed.
Inhibitors of NF-κB signaling: design and synthesis of a biotinylated isopanepoxydone affinity reagent

Abstract A number of inhibitors of NF-κB signaling arising from our recent syntheses of isopanepoxydone and panepoxydone have been identified. Structure–activity data have been correlated to allow the design and synthesis of an affinity reagent for the isolation and identification of any relevant cellular target.
Sign language aphasia following right hemisphere damage in a left-hander: A case of reversed cerebral dominance in a deaf signer?

Recent lesion studies have shown that left hemisphere lesions often give rise to frank sign language aphasias in deaf signers, whereas right hemisphere lesions do not, suggesting similar patterns of hemispheric asymmetry for signed and spoken language. We present here a case of a left-handed, deaf, life-long signer who became aphasic after a right-hemisphere lesion. The subject exhibits deficits in sign language comprehension and production typically associated with left hemisphere damaged signers. He also exhibits evidence of local versus global deficits similar to left-hemisphere lesioned hearing patients. This case represents reversed lateralization for sign language and also may represent reversed lateralization for visuo-spatial abilities in a deaf signer.
Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series, Eisenstein series and crystal bases

We show that the Whittaker coecients of Borel Eisenstein series on the metaplectic covers of GLr+1 can be described as multiple Dirichlet series in r complex variables, whose coecients are computed by attaching a number-theoretic quantity (a product of Gauss sums) to each vertex in a crystal graph. These Gauss sums depend on \string data" previously introduced in work of Lusztig, Berenstein and Zelevinsky, and Littelmann. These data are the lengths of segments in a path from the given vertex to the vertex of lowest weight, depending on a factorization of the long Weyl group element into simple reections. The coecients may also be described as sums over strict Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns. The description is uniform in the degree of the metaplectic cover.
Effects of afternoon rest on the performance of geriatric patients in a rehabilitation hospital;: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE When a person is hospitalized, he or she enters an environment in which time is structured very differently than it is in everyday life. Research with healthy young subjects in sleep laboratories has indicated that disruption in activity-rest cycles significantly affects mood, physical skills, and cognitive performance. Older persons whose daily routines are upset when they become patients in a hospital may be even more vulnerable to performance deficits. This pilot study was implemented in a regional rehabilitation center as an initial step in exploring the relationships between variations in schedule and geriatric patients' functioning while hospitalized. METHOD Single-subject methodology was used to study six elderly fracture patients' responses to the addition of an afternoon nap to their daily routine. Data were collected each morning and afternoon, during "nap" and "no nap" weeks, with simple measures of alertness, concentration, strength, coordination, and reaction time. RESULTS Tendencies toward late afternoon drowsiness and, in some cases, improved cognitive performance, were observed when naps were provided. CONCLUSION Data about the ways in which hospital routine affects performance can guide occupational therapists in advocating for balanced programs of activity and rest for older rehabilitation patients.
Profile-Driven Instruction Mapping for Dataflow Architectures

Dataflow architectures provide an abundance of computing units that can be statically or dynamically configured to match the computing requirements of the given application. Wire delay has a reduced impact in dataflow architectures because only neighboring architectural entities are allowed to communicate within a single clock cycle. In this paper, the authors propose integer linear programming (ILP)-based placement and routing algorithms for mapping dataflow graphs (DFGs) to dataflow machines. The optimization process is guided by profiling information available from the compiler. The goal is to minimize the total execution time of the given application represented by a DFG under architectural constraints. A hierarchical method to handle the complexity of the initial ILP formulation is proposed. The profile-driven ILP algorithm reduces the total execution time of benchmark applications compared to the conventional wirelength-driven ILP approach. In addition, the ILP-based approach outperforms simulated annealing-based approach
Models of Middlemen: Issues Concerning the Economic Exploitation of Modern Peasants

This article develops an economic model of the exploitation of peasants by a class of middlemen in a latifundia-free, small-holding peasant area of central Mexico. It proposes that the exploiting class in contemporary peasant societies is not necessarily the one that controls the land, but is usually the one that controls the transfer of goods between the local peasant economy and the industrialized national economy.Exploitation is by economic middlemen. The means by which they extract wealth from the economic system is analyzed in this article in simple mathematical terms. The process has a number of variations, two of which are discussed. The first variation discussed is when the middlemen are the agents of transfer for all goods passing between the peasant economy and the national economy. The second is when the middlemen are only the importers of manufactured goods coming into the peasant economy but are not the exporters of the agricultural produce of the peasants. The system of exploitation found in...
CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Depletion in Human Lymphoid Tissue Ex Vivo Is Not Induced by Noninfectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions

We tested infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), noninfectious but conformationally authentic inactivated whole HIV-1 virions, and purified gp120 for the ability to induce depletion of CD4+ T cells in human lymphoid tissues ex vivo. Infectious CXCR4-tropic HIV-1, but not matched inactivated virions or gp120, mediated CD4+ T-cell depletion, consistent with mechanisms requiring productive infection.
Deformable volumes in path planning applications

This paper addresses the problem of path planning for a class of deformable volumes under fairly general manipulation constraints. The underlying geometric model for the volume is provided by a mass-spring representation. It is augmented by a realistic mechanical model. The latter permits the computation of the shape of the considered object with respect to the grasping constraints by minimizing the energy function of the deformation of the object. Previous research in planning for deformable objects considered the case of elastic plates and proposed a randomized framework for planning paths for plates under manipulation constraints. The present paper modifies and extends the previously proposed framework to handle simple volumes. Our planner builds a roadmap in the configuration space. The nodes of the roadmap are equilibrium configurations of the considered volume under the manipulation constraints, while its edges correspond to quasi-static equilibrium paths. Paths are found by searching the roadmap. We present experimental results that illustrate our approach.
A mechanism for sun-climate connection

[1] Mechanisms by which small changes in the sun's energy output during the solar cycle can cause changes in weather and climate have been a puzzle and the subject of intense research in recent decades. Here we report that differences in surface circulation conditions during solar maximum and minimum periods are caused by differences in the frequencies with which circulation perturbations in the stratosphere reach the surface. A much greater fraction of stratospheric perturbations penetrate to the surface during solar maximum conditions than during minimum conditions. This difference is more striking when the zonal wind direction in the tropics is from the west: no stratospheric signals reach the surface when equatorial 50 hPa winds are from the west under solar minimum conditions, and over 50 percent reach the surface under solar maximum conditions. It has been previously shown that stratospheric circulation perturbations reaching the surface change weather patterns by imposing atmospheric pressure anomalies characteristic of the Arctic oscillation.
Urban Residential Redevelopment in the People's Republic of China:

This paper reports on an evaluation of urban redevelopment policies and practices in the People's Republic of China. In most Chinese cities, redevelopment regulations require the on-site replacemen...
Media Scheduling: A Stochastic Dynamic Model Approach

A stochastic model is developed with application to both the study of consumer behavior and the scheduling of advertising media. This model incorporates a stochastic response behavior model which examines changes in brand purchase probability over time through the integration of consumer advertising exposure response, purchase incidence behavior and purchase-event feedback constructs. The response behavior model provides the basis for the objective function of a general media scheduling model that is formulated as a binary integer mathematical programming system. Among the factors considered or reflected in the media model are the sales potentials of the target audience and respective market segments, advertising budget, media timing, exposure probabilities, and time patterns e.g., advertising carry-over, forgetting and saturation effects. Finally, efficient heuristic programming techniques are proposed for solving the media model.
Interpretation of whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measures in children: comparison with peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

Abstract The assessment of bone health in children requires strategies to minimize the confounding effects of bone size on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) areal bone mineral density (BMD) results. Cortical bone composes 80% of the total skeletal bone mass. The objective of this study was to develop analytic strategies for the assessment of whole body DXA that describe the biomechanical characteristics of cortical bone across a wide range of body sizes using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measures of cortical geometry, density (mg/mm 3 ), and strength as the gold standard. Whole body DXA (Hologic QDR 4500) and pQCT (Stratec XCT-2000) of the tibia diaphysis were completed in 150 healthy children 6–21 years of age. To assess DXA and pQCT measures relative to age, body size, and bone size, gender-specific regression models were used to establish z scores for DXA bone mineral content (BMC) for age, areal BMD for age, bone area for height, bone area for lean mass, BMC for height, BMC for lean mass, and BMC for bone area; and for pQCT, bone cross-sectional area (CSA) for tibia length and bone strength (stress-strain index, SSI) for tibia length. DXA bone area for height and BMC for height were both strongly and positively associated with pQCT CSA for length and with SSI for length (all P P P
Leisure and Later Life: Past, Present and Future

Dans cet article, l'A fait part de ses recherches concernant la pratique des loisirs et l'avancee en âge. L'A explique ici ses methodes et ses lignes theoriques
Arabidopsis variegation mutants: new insights into chloroplast biogenesis

Plant variegations are characterized by the presence of white sectors in normally green tissues and organs. Whereas the white sectors contain defective plastids that lack coloured pigments, the green sectors contain morphologically normal chloroplasts. Variegation mutants are defective in chloroplast developmental processes and arise due to mutations in nuclear or organellar genes. Despite their widespread occurrence in nature, only a few variegations have been studied at the molecular level. In this review, recent progress toward understanding two Arabidopsis variegations, immutans (im) and var2 is summarized. Both im and var2 are caused by nuclear recessive mutations and the responsible genes have been cloned and characterized. IMMUTANS functions as a chloroplast terminal oxidase that transfers electrons from the plastoquinol pool to oxygen. It appears to be a versatile electron sink, especially early in chloroplast development, when its function is crucial for carotenoid biosynthesis, and in excess light, when it serves as a 'safety valve'. IM also probably functions in chlororespiration. VAR2 encodes a chloroplast FtsH metalloprotease (termed AtFtsH2). Along with other AtFtsH proteins (AtFtsH1, 5 and 8), it forms complexes in the thylakoid membrane that are probably involved in the process of PSII repair during photoinhibition. A model has been proposed to explain the mechanism of var2 variegation, which suggests that threshold levels of FtsH complexes are required for green sector formation. It is concluded that studies on im and var2 have provided novel insights into nuclear-chloroplast interactions and, especially, into mechanisms of photoprotection.
The impact of gender differences in occupational attainment on the relative earnings of young workers

This study investigates the potential influence that gender differences in occupational structures have upon the relative earnings of young women in the US labour market. The empirical methodology integrates a multinomial logit model of occupational attainment with estimated human capital wage equations across occupations. Empirical analysis of data from the 1979 cohort of the NLSY suggests that nearly two-thirds of the gender gap in hourly earnings results from men having more favourable earnings structures within occupations, relative to their female colleagues. Gender differences in occupational distributions apparently have a minor impact on the relative earnings of women.
Method to contour the intaglio surface of an immediate denture when using a chairside soft reline procedure after tooth extraction.

VOLUME 83 NUMBER 6 It is occasionally necessary to reline an immediate provisional denture to improve fit or comfort immediately after tooth extraction. The reline material can migrate into the extraction site and create protrusions that, if not removed, will interfere with proper healing. If allowed to stay in the denture, it will lead to a poorly contoured ridge. To prevent this problem, side and end cutting rongeurs can be used to contour the soft reline material (Fig. 1). Once the reline material is appropriately contoured, it acts to stop bleeding from the extraction site and creates a matrix to which the tissue can heal. A 24-hour postsurgical visit should be scheduled to remove the denture and inspect the surgical site. At subsequent appointments, the soft reline material must be replaced according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL-DERIVED NITRIC OXIDE MOBILIZATION IS ATTENUATED IN COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS

The attenuation of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO) mediated vasodilation is a consistent finding in both conduit and resistance vessels during dietary copper (Cu) deficiency. Although the effect is well established, evidence for the mechanism remains circumstantial. This study was designed to determine the relative amount of NO produced in and released from the vascular endothelium. Using the fluorescent NO indicator, 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM), we now demonstrate the effect of a Cu-deficient diet on the production of NO from the endothelium of resistance arterioles. In one group of experiments, control and Cu-chelated lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) were used to assay NO production and fluorescence was observed by confocal microscopy. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified diets that were either Cu adequate (6.3 micrograms Cu per gram of food) or Cu deficient (0.3 micrograms Cu per gram of food) for 4 weeks. In the second series of experiments, first-order arterioles were microsurgically isolated from the rat cremaster muscle, cannulated, and pressurized with (3[N-morpholino]propanesulfonic acid) physiologic salt solution (MOPS-PSS). DAF-FM (5 micromol.L-1) was added in the lumen of the vessel to measure NO release. Baseline DAF-FM fluorescence was significantly lower in Cu-chelated ECs than in controls. In response to 10-6 mol.L-1 acetylcholine, fluorescent intensity was significantly less in chelated ECs and in the lumen of Cu-deficient arterioles. The results suggest that production and release of NO by the vascular endothelium is inhibited by a restriction of Cu. This inhibition may account for the attenuated vasodilation previously reported in Cu-deficient rats.
Modulation of MDM2/p53 and cyclin-activating kinase during the megakaryocyte differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to address the involvement of CDK activating kinase (CAK), p53, and MDM2 proteins in the mitotic arrest associated with the acquisition of a polyploid DNA content during megakaryocyte differentiation of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells. Methods To evaluate this mechanism we investigated HEL cells as a model system in which there is a marked increase in DNA content during megakaryocyte differentiation induced by phorbol-diesters. Specific cell-cycle phases were separated by centrifugal elutriation and SDS PAGE and Western analysis were performed to determine the relative abundance of these proteins. Kinase assays were carried out following immunoprecipitation of cellular lysates with the antibodies to the proteins. Results Polyploid HEL cells show an increase in the abundance of the CAK complex proteins, CDK7 and cyclin H, and a sixfold increase in CAK-specific activity. Increased CAK activity in polyploid HEL cells follows both the downregulation of p53 protein and its decreased association with CAK complex. Consistent with the reduction of p53, polyploid HEL cells undergo a dramatic increase in MDM2 protein abundance that in turn facilitates increased interaction of this protein with p53. Conclusion These observations demonstrate that deregulated expression of MDM2 and p53 during megakaryocyte differentiation allow a relaxation of the control over genomic stability, allowing further replicative rounds of DNA synthesis.
A combined-source solution for radiation and scattering from a perfectly conducting body

A combined-source solution is developed for electromagnetic radiation and scattering from a perfectly conducting body. In this solution a combination of electric and magnetic currents, called the combined source, is placed on the surface S of the conducting body. The combined-source operator equation is obtained from the E -field boundary-value equation. It is shown that the solution to this operator equation is unique at all frequencies. The combined-field operator equation also has a unique solution, but it is not directly applicable to the aperture radiation problem. The H -field and E -field operator equations fail to give unique solutions at frequencies corresponding to the resonant frequencies of a cavity formed by a hollow conductor of the same shape. The combined-source operator equation is solved by the method of moments. The solution, valid for a three-dimensional closed surface S , is then applied to a surface of revolution. Examples of numerical computations are given for a sphere, a cone-sphere, and a finite circular cylinder.
Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 in primary lung cancers—a meta-analysis

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. A possible carcinogenic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been investigated for >20 years and has major clinical and public health implications. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 in primary lung cancers (2435 subjects from 37 published studies). The overall HPV prevalence ranged from 0.0 to 78.3% with large heterogeneity across geographic regions and histological tissue types. A higher proportion, 50% (7/14), of the European studies reported low or no HPV prevalence (0-10%) compared with the Asian studies, 22% (4/18). When the analysis was limited to HPV16 and HPV18 prevalence, a higher prevalence in Asia (HPV16 = 11.6% and HPV18 = 8.8%) than in Europe (HPV16 = 3.5% and HPV18 = 3.6%) was observed. Studies using HPV-specific primers resulted in higher prevalence rates than consensus HPV primers (HPV16: Asia = 13% and Europe = 6%; HPV18: Asia = 13% and Europe = 5%). Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of HPV in lung carcinogenesis with careful thought given to study design and laboratory detection methods for a more accurate assessment of HPV status in lung tumors.
Impact on patient care of discordance in radiology readings between external overnight radiology services and staff radiology readings at a level 1 trauma center.

Abstract Background Overnight radiology services (ORSs) provide computed tomography (CT) scan readings that are automatically reviewed by staff radiologists (SRs) and the trauma service. Discordant readings and their clinical significance were investigated. Methods ORS-read CT scans over 3 years were reviewed. A discordant reading was clinically significant if it resulted in a substantive change in patient care. All clinically significant findings were reviewed by a blinded radiologist. Results Five hundred thirty-four CT scans were identified: 191 (35.8%) head, 187 (35%) cervical, 66 (12.4%) chest, and 90 (16.9%) abdomen/pelvis scans. One hundred twenty-three scans (23%) were abnormal with a DR of 16%: 5 head, 2 cervical, 7 chest, and 6 abdomen/pelvis scans. Seven (6%) scans had clinically significant findings missed: 3 head and 4 abdomen/pelvis scans. ORSs missed 7, and SRs missed 3 clinically significant findings. A blinded radiologist confirmed the clinically significant findings. Conclusions The discordant rate of readings for abnormal CT scans was 16% with 37% considered to be clinically significant. ORSs missed 100%, and 29% of the clinically significant findings were identified after SR/trauma service rounds. SR/trauma service review of ORS readings is supported.
Environment behavior models for scenario generation and testing automation

This paper suggests an approach to automatic scenario generation from environment models for testing of real-time reactive systems. The behavior of the system is defined as a set of events (event trace) with two basic relations: precedence and inclusion. The attributed event grammar (AEG) specifies possible event traces and provides a uniform approach for automatically generating, executing, and analyzing test cases. The environment model includes a description of hazardous states in which the system may arrive and makes it possible to gather statistics for system safety assessment. The approach is supported by a generator that creates test cases from the AEG models. We demonstrate the approach with case studies of prototypes for the safety-critical computer-assisted resuscitation algorithm (CARA) software for a casualty intravenous fluid infusion pump and the Paderborn Shuttle System.
Culture, Cultural Models, and the Division of Labor

ABSTRACT Part of a larger project involving the interplay of culture, cognition, and society, this article opens with an overview of that project, and then proceeds to kinds of collective (or shared) cognitive structures and their role in the larger enterprise. The remainder of the article focuses on one kind of shared cognitive structure, cultural models. It describes them and then offers some empirical data that is supportive of their existence and suggested role and that provides some evidence concerning their form and content. The article concludes with a brief description of ongoing research involving a more extensive empirical application of the cultural models approach. 1 1The basic approach, as well as much of the general content, primarily is Kronenfeld's; the research for the Ranch section is Hedrick's, as is most of the write up of that section. Many thanks to Alan Beals, Gene Anderson, Victor DeMunck, and Andrea Kaus for helpful input into the work and the wider project, and to Dwight Read for...
ON SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE, CLOUDINESS AND WIND VARIATIONS IN THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC

Abstract Records of sea-surface temperature, cloudiness and wind are investigated for eight ocean areas along the shipping lane between Europe and South America. There was a gradual increase in temperature over most of the tropical Atlantic between 1922 and 1938 (Bullig, 1954). The total warming over the 17-yr period varied between 0.6C and 0.9C and was strongest at latitude 7N. In the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands, the strength of the northerly wind component decreased by about 0.8 m sec−1. Off the central Brazilian coast, the amount of cloud cover decreased by 5 to 7 per cent. The power spectra of temperature, cloudiness and wind anomalies are investigated for the frequency range between zero and six cycles per year. It is found that most of the power of temperature anomalies is concentrated at low frequencies and that there are no periodicities. A significant and inverse relation between temperature and wind anomalies is found in the NE trade-wind region. Along the Brazilian coast there is a direc...