cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Effectiveness of Systemic Therapy after Stereotactic Radiosurgery on Cancer Recurrence and All-Cause Mortality

Background Patients with cancer often present with brain metastases in the setting of controlled extracranial disease, for which they receive stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and surgical resection. The role of systemic therapy after SRS is unclear. Brain metastasis indicates active cancer dissemination, and microscopic systemic disease may be present despite absence of gross disease as assessed by conventional imaging modalities. Objective The aim was to determine if post-SRS systemic therapy reduces the risk of brain relapse, systemic relapse, and death in patients with brain metastases and controlled extracranial disease. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 67 patients with controlled extracranial disease who received SRS for brain metastases. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess how post-SRS systemic therapy affected the risk of brain relapse, systemic relapse, and all-cause mortality. Results In our sample, 31% of patients received systemic therapy after SRS. Post-SRS systemic therapy did not affect median time to brain relapse (P = 0.43), systemic relapse (P = 0.16), or death (P = 0.33) by univariate analysis. After accounting for confounding factors such as cancer histology and age, post-SRS systemic therapy significantly reduced the risk of brain relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; P = 0.002) but not systemic relapse (HR, 0.38; P = 0.09) or all-cause mortality (HR, 2.16; P = 0.09). Conclusions Only a minority of patients with brain metastases and controlled extracranial disease receive adjuvant systemic therapy after SRS, but those that do have a reduced risk of brain relapse. Post-SRS systemic therapy may act prophylactically to reduce the risk of intracranial cancer recurrence.
The Problem of Elimination in the Algebra of Logic

A central objective in any system of logic is to determine what conclusions follow from given premises. A special case is the recognition of valid syllogisms. Intermediate in generality is the problem of elimination, i.e., eliminating a logical variable from an equation or set of equations. The use of the word elimination in this context appears as early as 1854 in George Boole’s treatise, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, which contains the following description of the problem: As the conclusion must express a relation among the whole or among a part of the elements involved in the premises, it is requisite that we should possess the means of eliminating those elements which we desire not to appear in the conclusion, and of determining the whole amount of relation implied by the premises among the elements which we wish to retain. Those elements which do not present themselves in the conclusion are, in the language of the common Logic, called middle terms; and the species of elimination exemplified in treatises on Logic consists in deducing from two propositions, containing a common element or middle term, a conclusion connecting the two remaining terms. But the problem of elimination, as contemplated in this work, possesses a much wider scope. It proposes not merely the elimination of one middle term from two propositions, but the elimination generally of middle terms from propositions, without regard to the number of either of them, or to the nature of their connexion. To this object neither the processes of Logic nor those of Algebra, in their actual state, present any strict parallel.1
Trimble, Linda. 2017. Ms. Prime Minister: Gender, Media, and Leadership

In studies of executive leadership we often take as a given the media’s coverage and fascination with a president or prime minister. In the United States, where there is a joining of head of state ...
Enhanced Hydrogen Gas Detection Using SAW Sensor Through Oxygen Pre-Treatment

Hydrogen gas sensing is crucial in a variety of applications, including power generation, fuel cells, automotive, metallurgic and manufacturing industries. Some of the requirements for a hydrogen sensor are reliability, robustness, stability, fast response and recovery times. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology can offer these characteristics, and others such as small size and weight, wireless operation capability including multiple sensor interrogation, mass production reproducibility and low cost. In this work, an improvement in room temperature H 2 gas sensor response time and stability is reported through the use of O 2 treatments. The exposure to O 2 , after interaction with H 2 , reconditions the Pt-Al 2 O 3 composite thin-film used both as the electrode and H 2 sensing layer. As a result, the SAW sensor frequency response recovery is over five times larger during the initial 20 minutes when compared to the exposure to N 2 inert gas. In addition, the O 2 treatment allows the recovery of the sensor to a state close to the one prior to the reduction by H 2 within about an hour, thus leading to a stable device response, which is very difficult to achieve under the inert N 2 environment even after tens of hours. The method is thus very promising in recovering the surface of sensing devices which rely on metallic composite electrodes and oxide films exposed to reducing environment.
The ‘July Effect’ in supervisory residents: assessing the emotions of rising internal medicine PGY2 residents and the impact of an orientation retreat

Background: The arrival of new residents brings challenges for residency programs and residents. Many residency programs conduct orientation sessions to help transition rising supervisory residents...
A phased Canis lupus familiaris Labrador Retriever reference genome utilizing high molecular weight DNA extraction methods and high resolution sequencing technologies

Reference genome fidelity is critically important for genome wide association studies (GWAS), yet many are incomplete or too dissimilar from the study population. A typical whole genome sequencing approach implies short-read technologies resulting in fragmented assemblies with regions of ambiguity low complexity. Further information is lost by economic necessity when genotyping populations, as lower resolution technologies such as genotyping arrays are commonly utilized. Here we present a phased reference genome for Canis lupus familiaris utilizing high molecular weight sequencing technologies. We tested wet lab and bioinformatic approaches to demonstrate a minimum workflow to generate the 2.4 gigabase genome for a Labrador Retriever. The resulting de novo assembly required eight Oxford Nanopore R9.4 flowcells (~23X depth) and running a 10X Genomics library on the equivalent of one lane of an Illumina NovaSeq S1 flowcell (~88X depth), bringing the cost of generating a nearly complete reference genome to less than $10K. Mapping of publicly available short-read data from ten Labrador Retrievers against this breed-specific reference resulted in an average of approximately 1% more aligned reads compared to mapping against the current gold standard reference (CanFam3.1, p
A Scalable Switchable Dual-Polarized 256-Element Ka-Band SATCOM Transmit Phased-Array with Embedded RF Driver and $\pm 70^{\circ}$ Beam Scanning

This paper presents a scalable switchable dual-polarized 256-element Ka-band SATCOM transmit (TX) phased-array with embedded driver. The phased-array is based on 64 SiGe 8-channel TX beamformer chips and uses low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) and surface mount technology (SMT). The phased-array can transmit clockwise and counter-clockwise polarization which is suitable for Ka-band SATCOM. It demonstrates a measured 6.8° 3-dB beamwidth, +32 dBW (+62 dBm) EIRP on axis, greater than 25 dB cross-polar discrimination (XPD) and the ability to scan to ± 70° in all planes. The scalable nature allows for economical construction of larger phased-array without grating lobes. A compact size of 11.7 × 7.5 em2 makes it suitable for Ka-band SATCOM portable terminals.
Reframing migration. Lampedusa, border of spectacle, and aesthetics of subversion: by Federica Mazzara, Oxford, Bern, Berlin and Wien, Peter Lang, 2019, 260 pp. (soft cover), $60.95, ISBN: 9781789972382

Reframing Migration analyses the potential of artist and activist representational practices to challenge the ‘Mediterranean migration crisis’ framework. It does so by discussing dominant portrayal...
Patients' Attitudes and Sources of Information on Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Rural Michigan

Background This study investigated patients' attitudes about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in rural Michigan Despite increasing cases in rural communities across America, surveys have revealed that residents may feel less threatened by the virus compared to their urban counterparts This difference in attitude and information appraisal can negatively affect rural health by discouraging coronavirus disease (COVID-19) preventative behaviors Understanding social influences that contribute to the formation of opinions about the pandemic can help public health officials and clinicians better address rural health Methodology This cross-sectional study surveyed 299 participants from three primary care clinics in Shiawassee County of Michigan during a seven-week interval Statistical analysis, primarily through SAS version 9 4 (SAS Institute Inc , Cary, NC, USA), included descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression models, paired t-tests, and correlation coefficients A p-value less than or equal to 0 05 was considered significant Results Patients believed the risk COVID-19 posed to their family was significantly higher than the risk it posed to themselves (p < 0 001) Patients who reported that they would follow their provider's advice for treatment of a non-COVID-19 medical illness were found to be more likely to follow a provider's advice on COVID-19 (p < 0 001) However, patients overall were more agreeable with following provider advice for non-COVID-19 medical illnesses than they were for COVID-19 (p < 0 001) Conclusions As patients were more agreeable with following medical advice on chronic conditions than COVID-19, there may be extrinsic factors influencing patient views of COVID-19 Polarization of COVID-19 in the media has heavily influenced attitudes toward the virus in America Initiatives to provide reliable patient education is key to encouraging constructive discussions and a healthy rural community In a strong patient-provider relationship, primary care providers can share and encourage appropriate healthy behaviors regarding COVID-19, which have a direct impact on community health
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potential carbamate prodrugs of 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA)

5′-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a natural substrate of MTA phosphorylase (MTAP) and is converted to adenine via a salvage pathway for AMP production in normal healthy cells. The lack of MTAP expression in many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies compared to normal healthy cells has been explored in a potential therapeutic strategy to selectively target tumor cells using antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) while protecting normal healthy cells with MTA. Herein, a series of carbamate prodrugs, namely the N-(alkyloxy)carbonyl-MTA derivatives 2a-f, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential prodrugs of MTA. All carbamate prodrugs were stable in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 37 °C. In the presence of mouse liver microsomes, the prodrugs were converted to MTA at varying rates with the hexyl and butyl carbamates 2a and 2b most readily activated (t1/2 of 1.2 and 9.4 h, respectively). The activation was shown to be mediated by carboxyesterases present in mouse liver microsomes.
Circuit Connectivity Inspired Neural Network for Analog Mixed-Signal Functional Modeling

Among different types of regression methods to model Analog/Mixed-Signal (AMS) circuits, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a promising candidate due to its reasonable accuracy and fast evaluation. However, for complex AMS circuits with wide specification ranges, creating an ANN model requires a large training dataset. To reduce the required training dataset’s volume, we have proposed a circuit-connectivity-inspired ANN (CCI-NN), including multiple sub-ANNs linked according to the actual circuit connections. For validation, we have employed CCI-NN to model a three-stage amplifier and a current-steering digital-to-analog converter. For a certain modeling accuracy, the training dataset requirement is reduced by 3.5x-7.6x.
Arginase promotes endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats.

Objective This study investigated whether arginase contributes to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats. Methods Endothelial function and arginase expression were examined in skeletal muscle arterioles from lean and obese Zucker rats (ZRs). Arginase activity, arginine bioavailability, and blood pressure were measured in lean and obese animals. Results Arginase activity and expression was increased while global arginine bioavailability decreased in obese ZRs. Acetylcholine or luminal flow caused dilation of isolated skeletal muscle arterioles, but this was reduced or absent in vessels from obese ZRs. Treatment of arterioles with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocked dilation in lean arterioles and eliminated differences among lean and obese vessels. In contrast, arginase inhibitors or l-arginine enhanced vasodilation in obese ZRs and abolished differences between lean and obese animals, while d-arginine had no effect. Finally, mean arterial blood pressure was significantly increased in obese ZRs. However, administration of l-arginine or arginase inhibitors lowered blood pressure in obese but not lean animals, and this was associated with an improvement in systemic arginine bioavailability. Conclusions Arginase promotes endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obesity by reducing arginine bioavailability. Therapeutic approaches targeting arginase represent a promising approach in treating obesity-related vascular disease.
The spreading of oil on water in the surface-tension regime

Data which describe the unidirectional spreading of several pure oils and oilsurfactant mixtures on water in the surface-tension regime are reported. Leadingedge position and profiles of velocity, thickness and film tension are given as functions of time. The data are consistent with the numerical similarity solution of Foda & Cox (1980), although the measured dependence of the film tension on the film thickness often differs from the equilibrium relationship. The configuration of the oil film near the spreading origin may be either a coherent multimolecular layer or a multitude of thinning, outward-moving lenses surrounded by monolayer. The pure oils show an acceleration zone connecting the slow-moving inner region to a fast-moving outer region, while the oil-surfactant mixtures show a much more gradual increase in film velocity.
Syntheses and ultraviolet spectra of N-organosilyl ketimines

Abstract Twenty eight silyl ketimines and several germanium and tin analogs have been prepared by the action of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide on non-enolizable ketones or the reaction of lithium derivatives of ketimines with organosilicon chlorides. Their electronic spectra, the n →π * transition in particular, have been investigated to the d * - p * interaction between the empty d orbitals of silicon and the π system of the CN bond. The spectral data indicate a bent structure for CN·Si linkage and hence very little multiple bonding in the Si·N bond.
The Virtual Patient Specific-Model and the Virtual Dental Model

The current trend in orthodontic records is toward an integrated virtual 3-dimensional (3D) model with soft tissue, hard tissue, and dentition. An important part of this complete 3D record is the dental model. Cone beam computed tomography allows the taking of all radiographic records and the creation of virtual dental models out of a single scan. The virtual dental models created out of cone beam computed tomography come with significant diagnostic additions, changing the way electronic casts are used.
A proposed index of the conformity of one sociometric measurement to another

An index is proposed to measure the extent of agreement of the data of a sociometric test with another test made at an earlier time or on another test criterion. The index is used to define an index of concordancebetween the two tests. It is shown how the index may be used for either individuals or groups. Tests of the hypothesis that agreement is random are given for all cases and applied to an example.
Alteration of the cell membrane architecture during suspension and monolayer culturing.

Using suspension-growth-adapted HeLa (S3) cells, we followed the alterations in cell morphology during attachment and spreading on a glass surface in vitro by scanning electron microscopy. Suspension cultivation obviated the need for trypsinization or EDTA treatment of the cells before seeding, thus the cell surface was not chemically altered. The suspension-grown cells were spherical and covered with microvilli. Three hours after seeding into stationary culture, attached cells had surface blebs and large processes, but no microvilli. During the following 9 h, the surface topography altered stepwise producing a complex lamelloplasm. The paper discusses how these membrane events are related to the cell cycle and metastasis.
Relative Reinforcement Values of Food and Intracranial Stimulation

Rats trained in a discrimination-reversal situation with either food pellets or intracranial stimulation as the reinforcing stimulus were not appreciably different in their first-task performance, but reversal training was slower if the first discrimination was learned with brain stimulation.
‘It's good to teach them, but … they should also know when to apply it’: parents’ views and attitudes towards Fiji's Family Life Education curriculum

A Family Life Education (FLE) curriculum was introduced in Fiji schools in 2010 in response to concern about increasing teenage pregnancies and young people's vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and other health and social problems. However, conservative and suspicious parental attitudes towards FLE have been an obstacle. The need for an educational programme for parents to complement the FLE curriculum taught in schools is now urgent. This study examines parents' views on the sex and sexuality component of the FLE curriculum. Data were collected from 474 individuals using questionnaires, focus groups and face-to-face interviews. Participants represented different ethnic groups with Indigenous Fijians, women and Christians in the majority. The influence of the Christian religion on negative attitudes towards homosexuality and the use of protection is strong, as is parents' resistance to discussing sex education with their children. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to counter parent...
A psychological profile of the sexual dysfunctions

The present report summarizes an assessment of the psychological characteristics of a sample of sexually dysfunctional patients and compares them to those of a sample of heterosexual normals. Forty-seven male and 40 female dysfunctional patients were evaluated on the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) and contrasted to a group of 200 heterosexual normals. Findings indicated substantial differences between dysfunctionals and normals on seven of the eight subtests of the DSFI. Both male and female patients showed higher levels of psychological distress and dysphoric affect than normals, and also revealed decrements on sexual information. Particularly noteworthy among male dysfunctionals were lowered sexual drive levels and a somewhat constricted repertoire of sexual experiences. Male dysfunctionals also revealed gender role definitions less polarized in the masculine direction. Female patients did not reveal any additional decrements beyond those mentioned previously, and some equivocation in defining gender role. However, detailed analyses of Experience and Fantasy subtests depicted female patients as more creative and less constrained in their sexual activities. Conclusions suggest that sexually dysfunctional patients do maintain a characteristic psychological profile but one that is distinct for males and females.
The Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia Has a Unique Reaction Mechanism and Unusual Substrate Binding Properties

Abstract Purine phosphoribosyltransferases catalyze the Mg2+-dependent reaction that transforms a purine base into its corresponding nucleotide. They are present in a wide variety of organisms including plants, mammals, and parasitic protozoa. Giardia lamblia, the causative agent of giardiasis, lacks de novo purine biosynthesis and relies primarily on adenine and guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (APRTase and GPRTase) constituting two independent and essential purine salvage pathways. The APRTase from G. lamblia was cloned and expressed with a 6-His tag at its C terminus and purified to apparent homogeneity. Adenine and α-d-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) haveK m values of 4.2 and 143 μm with ak cat of 2.8 s−1 in the forward reaction, whereas AMP and PPi have K mvalues of 87 and 450 μm with ak cat of 9.5 × 10−3s−1 in the reverse reaction. Product inhibition studies indicated that the forward reaction follows a random Bi Bi mechanism. Results from the kinetics of equilibrium isotope exchange further verified a random Bi Bi mechanism in the forward reaction. In a mutant enzyme, F25W, with kinetic constants similar to those of the wild type and a tryptophan residue at the adenine binding site, the addition of adenine or AMP to the free mutant enzyme resulted in fluorescence quenching, whereas PRPP caused fluorescence enhancement. The dissociation constants thus estimated are 16.5 μm for adenine, 14.3 μm for AMP, and 83.0 μm for PRPP. PPi exerted no detectable effect on the tryptophan fluorescence at all, suggesting a lack of PPibinding to the free enzyme. An ordered substrate binding in the reverse reaction with AMP bound first followed by PPi is thus postulated.
The influence of Hudson Bay runoff and ice‐melt on the salinity of the inner Newfoundland Shelf

Abstract The present study examines sources of the interannual variability in salinity on the Newfoundland continental shelf observed in a 40‐year time series from an oceanographic station known as Station 27. Specifically, we investigate, through lag‐correlation analysis, the a priori hypotheses that the salinity anomalies at Station 27 are determined by freshwater runoff anomalies from Hudson and Ungava bays and by ice‐melt anomalies in Hudson Bay and on the Labrador Shelf. Interannual variations of summer runoff into Hudson Bay were significantly negatively correlated with salinity anomalies on the Newfoundland Shelf with a lag (9 months) that is consistent with expected travel times based on known current velocities in Hudson Bay and along the Labrador Shelf. Sea‐ice extent over the Labrador and northern Newfoundland shelves was significantly negatively correlated with salinity at a lag of 3 to 4 months, corresponding to the time of minimum salinity at Station 27. It appears that ice‐melt over the Lab...
Global atmospheric distribution and trend of methylchloroform (CH3CCl3)

Results of global measurements of the concentration of atmospheric methylchloroform, a man-made gas with potentially harmful environmental consequences, performed over a two-year period are presented. Samples were collected weekly at Pt. Barrow and Poker Flats, Alaska, Cape Meares, Oregon, Cape Kumakahi, Hawaii, Samoa, and Cape Grim, Tasmania, and yearly at the South Pole, and methylchloroform concentrations were determined by electron capture-gas chromatographic techniques. A latitudinal profile of CH3CCl3 concentrations derived from the data exhibits a bump at high northern latitudes, where most of the sources are located. Average concentrations calculated for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres showed a rise in global concentrations at a rate of 6.7 + or - 2.0%/year for the period from January 1979 to January 1981, with concentrations rising more slowly in 1980 than in 1979. These yearly increases are also smaller than earlier rates of increase, explainable by a reduction in the rate of emission increase, and are consistent with an atmospheric lifetime of between 6 and 10 years.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE RELIABILITY OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS.

Summary A review of the literature showed that prior reliability studies on the DAP have generally utilized atomistic graphic indices, while clinicians have claimed that the use of the DAP, in practice, has been to obtain global, personalized, impressions. Twenty Ss were twice administered the DAP with a five-week interval. Results showed that each of 9 judges were able to match the drawings of the same S from the two administrations at well beyond the .001 level of significance. The three judges with greatest DAP experience matched the 20 sets of drawings perfectly. The mean differences in correct matches for the three groups of judges (Ph.D. Clinical Psychologists, graduate students in Clinical Psychology, and college freshmen) although suggestive, were not significant. Results were contrasted with the findings of other approaches discussed in relation to other studies, and a number of research implications were noted.
Differential sensitivity of phosphoinositide metabolism to sodium fluoride and carbachol treatments in PC12 cells.

Abstract Exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) resulted in an increased accumulation (up to 10-fold) of total [3H]inositol phosphates (T-InsP) in rat PC 12 cells. The magnitude of the NaF effect was comparable to that for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated stimulation of T-InsP accumulation in the presence of saturating concentrations of carbachol, but effects of NaF and muscarinic agonists were additive at subsaturating concentrations. The NaF effect was atropine insensitive; was not mimicked by effects of NaCl (10 mM), aluminum fluoride (1 to 100 μM), forskolin (up to 100 μM), or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM); and was not altered by treatment with pertussis or cholera toxins (1 μg/ml for 24 h). By contrast, the carbachol response was fully sensitive to atropine and partly sensitive to pertussis toxin. Chelation of extracellular calcium ion following 10 min of pretreatment with EDTA or EGTA (3 mM) inhibited carbachol-stimulated T-InsP accumulation by 50%, but resulted in an enhancement of NaF-stimulated T-InsP accumulation. By contrast, inhibition of the mobilization of intracellular calcium ion with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate inhibited NaF stimulation of T-InsP accumulation by more than 50% but inhibited carbachol-stimulated TInsP accumulation to a much lower extent. Enhanced calcium influx and cell depolarization stimulated by high extracellular concentrations of KCl markedly potentiated carbachol, but not NaF, stimulation of T-InsP accumulation. This differential sensitivity to muscarinic antagonists, cell depolarization, and manipulation of intra- and extracellular calcium ion indicates that different mechanisms underly NaF and carbachol stimulation of T-InsP accumulation. However, stimulation of T-InsP accumulation in the presence of carbachol alone, NaF alone, or carbachol plus NaF was inhibited to a similar extent in the presence of the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate. Taken together, these observations suggest that NaF and carbachol effects are mediated through distinct mechanisms but share a common target, perhaps a GTP-binding protein and/or phospholipase C, whose activity is known to be influenced by protein kinase C.
The Long-Term Care Workforce Crisis: Dementia-Care Training Influences on Job Satisfaction and Career Commitment.

The present study compares changes in job satisfaction and career commitment among Alzheimer's care staff participating in a two-phase, state-level training collaborative to improve dementia care. Results reveal an increase in extrinsic job satisfaction and a decrease in career commitment. Findings could be related to the effects of both the training interventions and the time lag in data collection. Decreases in career identity depended on whether participants showed a deeper involvement in aging concerns with respect to future employment. Implications for the implementation of future interventions for direct-care staff within a context of organizational and systems-based change are discussed.
The Coverage of Human Evolution in High School Biology Textbooks in the 20th Century and in Current State Science Standards.

Efforts to eliminate or neutralize the coverage of evolution in high school biology textbooks in the United States have persisted with varying degrees of intensity and success since the 1920s. In particular, the coverage of human evolution has been impacted by these efforts. Evidence of the success of these efforts can be chronicled by the emphasis given to human evolution in secondary biology textbooks historically and in the current state science standards. Prior to the 1960s, biology textbooks provided little emphasis to human evolution. In the 1970s and early 1980s textbooks reduced the coverage of human evolution. However, in the 1990s the coverage became quite comprehensive again. In 2004, the state science frameworks of only three states had standards concerned with human evolution.
Some Identities for Spheroidal Harmonics

The spheroidal harmonics expressions $$\left[ {P_{2k}^{2s} \left( {i\xi } \right)P_{2k - 2r}^{2s} \left( \eta \right) - P_{2k - 2r}^{2s} \left( {i\xi } \right)P_{2k}^{2s} \left( \eta \right)} \right]e^{i2s\theta } $$
Integrated management of edaphic and biotic factors limiting yield of irrigated soybean and dry bean in Minnesota

Abstract Root rot of dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in a complex with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum is an increasingly important problem for dry bean and soybean producers in central Minnesota. Shortened rotation intervals, reduced tillage, use of susceptible cultivars, and soil compaction are all factors that may be contributing to a more favorable environment for the development of root rots caused by these pathogens. A Bt horizon, characteristic of sandy soils in central Minnesota is exacerbated by reduced tillage, impairs root development and contributes to plant stress. The objective of this research was to determine if reduced tillage or moldboard plowing and seed treatment with a peat formulation of Bacillus subtilis and either Rhizobium leguminosarum (dry bean) or Bradyrhizobium japonicum (soybean) would reduce root rot severity and allow increased yield of dry bean and soybean ( Glycine max L.). The study consisted of experiments planted at Staples in 2000, and Staples and Verndale in 2001. Dry bean and soybean were planted in adjacent experiments arranged in a split-plot design with tillage as the main plot and seed treatment as the subplot. The soil type at both sites is a Verndale sandy loam. The impedance layer was located at a shallower depth at Staples than at Verndale. Mean cone index values in reduced tillage plots exceeded 2500 Pa from 60 to 300 mm in the soil profile at Staples in 2000, and from 105–300 to 165–300 mm at Staples and at Verndale, respectively in 2001. Moldboard plowing reduced cone index to less than 2000 Pa in the upper 300 mm of the soil profile at Staples in 2000 and 2001 and the upper 285 mm of the soil profile at Verndale in 2001. Gravimetric soil moisture at 15–22 cm depth was 4 and 6% less in moldboard plowing than reduced tillage in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Dry bean yield was greater in moldboard plowing than reduced tillage at Staples in 2000 and 2001 (1751 vs. 1148 and 653 vs. 495 kg ha −1 , respectively) and at Verndale in 2001 (2003 vs. 1395 kg ha −1 , respectively). Seed inoculation with R. leguminosarum and B. subtilis increased dry bean yield by 11% at Staples in 2000 and 16% in 2001. Soybean yields were not increased significantly by moldboard plowing. At Verndale in 2001, seed inoculation with B. subtilis and B. japonicum increased soybean yields from 2203 to 3021 kg ha −1 . Seed treatment did not produce a consistent effect on disease severity in dry bean at Staples in 2000 or at Verndale in 2001. However, seed treatment decreased disease severity in dry bean at Staples in 2001 and in soybean at Staples and Verndale in 2001. The effect of the treatment factors, inoculation with B. subtilis and Rhizobium spp. and tillage, differed among crops, sites, and environments. A combination of management practices such as deep tillage, and seed inoculation with B. subtilis and Rhizobium spp. will be necessary to restore and maintain optimum dry bean and soybean productivity.
Glycosylation patterns of membrane proteins of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata.

Integral and membrane-associated proteins extracted from neuron-enriched perirhopalial tissue of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata were probed with a panel of lectins that recognize sugar epitopes of varying complexity. Of the 13 lectins tested, only concanavalin A, jacalin lectin and tomato lectin stained distinct bands on Western blots, indicating the presence of repeating α-1,6-mannoses, terminal Gal-α-1,6-GalNAc and repeating β-1,4-linked GlcNAc, respectively. In whole-mounted perirhopalial tissue, jacalin lectin stained several cell types, including neurons, muscle, cilia and mucus strands. Tomato lectin stained secretory cells intensely, and neurons in a punctate fashion. Concanavalin A stained cytoplasmic epitopes in both ecto-and endodermal cells, and ectodermal secretory cells and the mucus strands emanating from them. With the exception of tomato lectin's sugar epitope, the other sugar epitopes identified in this study are “non-complex.” This study suggests that while glycosylation of integral and membrane-associated proteins occurs in Cyanea, the sugars post-translationally linked to these proteins tend to be simple.
Disruption of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene in osteocytes impairs developmental bone growth in mice.

Abstract This study evaluated the role of osteocyte-derived insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in developmental bone growth by assessing the bone phenotype of osteocyte Igf1 conditional knockout (KO) mice, generated by crossing the Dmp1-driven Cre-expressing transgenic mice with Igf1 floxed mice containing loxP sites that flank exon 4 of the Igf1 gene. The periosteal diameter of femurs of homozygous conditional KO mutants was 8–12% smaller than wild-type (WT) littermates. The conditional mutants had 14–20%, 10–21%, and 15–31% reduction in total, trabecular, and cortical bone mineral contents, respectively. However, there were no differences in the total, trabecular, or cortical bone mineral densities, or in trabecular bone volume, thickness, number, and separation at secondary spongiosa between the mutants and WT littermates. The conditional KO mutants showed reduction in dynamic bone formation parameters at both periosteal and endosteal surfaces at the mid-diaphysis and in trabecular bone formation rate and resorption parameters at secondary spongiosa. The lower plasma levels of PINP and CTx in conditional KO mice support a regulatory role of osteocyte-derived IGF-1 in the bone turnover. The femur length of conditional KO mutants was 4–7% shorter due to significant reduction in the length of growth plate and hypertropic zone. The effect on periosteal expansion appeared to be bigger than that on longitudinal bone growth. The conditional KO mice had 14% thinner calvaria than WT littermates, suggesting that deficient osteocyte IGF-1 production also impairs developmental growth of intramembraneous bone. Conditional disruption of Igf1 in osteocytes did not alter plasma levels of IGF-1, calcium, or phosphorus. In summary, this study shows for the first time that osteocyte-derived IGF-1 plays an essential role in regulating bone turnover during developmental bone growth.
Innovative behavior in small-sized firms

This study compares aspects of innovative behavior among small-sized firms. The behavior considered is the acquisition of technical knowledge in the development of new products and production processes, the adoption of new production process technology, and the introduction of new innovative products as a competitive strategy. We find that among small-sized firms, size is important in determining the level of the first two aspects of innovative behavior, but not of the third.
Alternative weighting schemes for linear prediction

Abstract An important problem in applied research is the prediction of scores on a criterion from scores on a set of predictors. Typically, least squares regression is employed. However, in the small sample sizes seen frequently in applied settings, least squares regression is generally unstable. In this paper, the regression methods of equal weights, principal components, first principal component, equal weighting of components, and factor analysis are compared to least squares regression. For small to moderate samples drawn from the class of applied situations simulated here, equal weights regression is superior to the other methods studied.
Major Infectious Diseases Causing Excess Morbidity in the Hispanic Population

Current data indicate that there are a number of infectious diseases, ie, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus infections, cysticercosis, hepatitis A, syphilis, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever, among others that cause disproportionately increased morbidity in Hispanics. The greater rate of poverty with its associated socioenvironmental problems, increased barriers to health care, and importation of infectious diseases endemic in the mother country are some of the major reasons that probably account for this disparity in disease burden in Hispanics. This formidable health problem can be addressed by targeting efforts at improving health education of family units and communities, environmental improvements, elimination or reduction of barriers to health care management and disease prevention, and appropriate screening programs. A comprehensive and uniform assessment of the impact of infectious diseases on Hispanics (and other minorities) in this country remains elusive, but is of paramount importance in establishing priorities and effective/efficient strategies to address this issue. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:1513-1520
T/P92: The Future of High Energy Power Plant Piping?

There is a great deal of pressure being put on power generators to produce more power more efficiently with lower emissions, while minimizing capital costs and maximizing profits. To achieve the desired higher efficiencies with lower emissions, the operating pressures and temperatures for power, plants must increase. New piping materials are therefore being sought to handle these elevated pressures and temperatures. One such material currently in consideration is T/P92, which has been in use in European and Japanese power plants since the 90’s (European standard X 10CrWMoVNb9-2 and Japanese standard STBA29-STPA-29), and has been approved by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME BPVC) for Sections I and VIII, Division 1 construction (ref. ASME Code Case 2179-3). This paper will compare T/P92 with the current alternative, T/P91, and will discuss similarities and differences between the two materials in terms of engineering, fabrication and installation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Repeat Organization and Epigenetic Regulation of the DH-Cμ Domain of the Immunoglobulin Heavy-Chain Gene Locus

Summary The first steps of murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene recombination take place within a chromosomal domain that contains diversity (D H ) and joining (J H ) gene segments, but not variable (V H ) gene segments. Here we show that the chromatin state of this domain is markedly heterogeneous. Specifically, only 5′- and 3′-most D H gene segments carry active chromatin modifications, whereas intervening D H s are associated with heterochromatic marks that are maintained by ongoing histone deacetylation. The intervening D H s form part of a tandemly repeated sequence that expresses tissue-specific, antisense oriented transcripts. We propose that the intervening D H genes are actively suppressed by repeat-induced epigenetic silencing, which is reflected in their infrequent representation in DJ H junctions compared to the flanking D H genes.
Low-overhead and high coverage run-time race detection through selective meta-data management

This paper presents an efficient hardware architecture that enables run-time data race detection with high coverage and minimal performance overhead. Run-time race detectors often rely on the happens-before vector clock algorithm for accuracy, yet suffer from either non-negligible performance overhead or low detection coverage due to a large amount of meta-data. Based on the observation that most of data races happen between close-by accesses, we introduce an optimization to selectively store meta-data only for recently shared memory locations and decouple meta-data storage from regular data storage such as caches. Experiments show that the proposed scheme enables run-time race detection with a minimal impact on performance (4.8% overhead on average) with very high detection coverage (over 99%). Furthermore, this architecture only adds a small amount of on-chip resources for race detection: a 13-KB buffer per core and a 1-bit tag per data cache block.
A review of detailed comparisons between experiments and DSMC calculations in nonequilibrium flows

Results are reviewed from several sources on a detailed validation by experiment of the DSMC technique for the prediction of nonequilibrium flows of monatomic gases. The validation is used as a basis for using the DSMC technique to conduct numerical experiments in low Mach number shock waves to investigate the Mach number limits on the applicability of the Navier-Stokes equations. It is noted that sufficient data exist to undertake a similar, initial validation of nonequilibrium flows of nitrogen to study details of rotational energy transfer.
Inhibition of heme oxygenase after oral vs intraperitoneal administration of chromium porphyrins

Abstract The effects of chromium porphyrins on suckling rat heme oxygenase activity were compared following oral vs intraperitoneal dosing. Chromium protoporphyrin (CrPP), chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP), or chromium deuteroporphyrin 2,4 bis glycol (CrBG) were administered at 40 μmol/kg to 2-week old suckling rats either orally or intraperitoneally. Six hours after intraperitoneal dosing, CrPP and CrMP had significantly reduced hepatic and splenic heme oxygenase activity by more than 55%. CrBG effectively reduced hepatic heme oxygenase activity by 42%. More importantly, only CrMP was an effective inhibitor of hepatic heme oxygenase activity 6 hr after oral administration. In the first reported comparison of chromium porphyrin efficacyin in vivo , our data suggest that chromium porphyrins, and particularly CrMP, may be effective in chemopreventive strategies for the treatment of neonatal jaundice.
The Short‐Run Economic Effects of Corporate Taxation

of corporate tax rate increases on the price level of corporate goods and services. Subsidiary effects on the non-corporate sector and the general price level which may occur in the long run are, therefore, ignored. For a long time many economists accepted the hypothesis that the corporation income tax cannot be shifted in the short run. This conclusion is based on the analysis of the tax shifting process within the framework of the neoclassical theory of the firm. With the help of this theory it is possible to demonstrate that if a firm is maximizing its before-tax profits, the imposition of or a change in the statutory rates of a corporation income tax gives the firm no reason to change its product price. Neither marginal cost nor marginal revenue is affected by the tax, hence price and output adjustments are not advantageous. The argument holds irrespective of the form of competition in the product market so long as the point of profit maximization occurs at the equality of marginal cost and marginal
High dose magnesium infusions are not associated with increased pressor requirements after carotid endarterectomy.

INTRODUCTION Although magnesium provides cerebral protection in animal stroke models, magnesium therapy has significant side effects in humans. Therefore, we sought to examine the incidence of alpha-agonist treated hypotension in our ongoing, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I/IIa dose escalation study of magnesium therapy in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. METHODS Eighty patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy were randomly assigned to a placebo control group (n = 38) or to one of the three intravenous magnesium groups. Magnesium levels were obtained before induction, and then 15 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after a loading dose and infusion. After surgery, a target systolic blood pressure range was chosen, and the amount and duration of phenylephrine needed to maintain that pressure was compared across treatment groups. RESULTS All treatment groups achieved levels significantly different from baseline at 12 and 24 hours (P < 0.01). Magnesium treatment did not significantly increase the proportion of patients requiring pressure support. For those requiring pressure support, the amount and average duration of phenylephrine required was not different between control patients and those receiving magnesium, even when the individual minimum systolic blood pressures required were subdivided on the basis of dose of magnesium administered. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences detected in the 1) percentage of patients requiring pressor support, 2) the duration of postoperative pressor support, or 3) the amount of phenylephrine support needed between controls and magnesium treated patients. The percentage of patients requiring pressure support depended on the minimum systolic blood pressure ordered after surgery.
Apparent trophoblast giant cell production in vitro by core cells isolated from cultured mouse inner cell masses

Mouse ICM's that were isolated from blastocysts by immunosurgery and subsequently cultured for four to five days were tested for their ability to form trophoblast giant cells (TGC's) in vitro. The cores were isolated from such ICM's by a second immunosurgery and cultured for 7 to 14 days. After two days of culture a variable percentage (30%--90%) of the ICM cores produced outgrowths containing cells that resembled those of cultured ectoplacental cone. Then the outgrowths became amitotic and produced vascuolated cells that enlarged to dimensions of 200 X 375 micrometer with nuclei as large as 53 micrometer in diameter. The time course of their development from the ICM cores, their morphology and their nuclear diameters suggest that these large cells were TGC's.
Visualizing the inner lives of texts

Visualization is often viewed as a way to unlock the secrets of numeric data. But what about political speeches, novels, and blogs? These texts hold at least as many surprises. On the Many Eyes site, a place for collective visualization, we have seen an increasing appetite for analyzing documents. We present a series of techniques for visualizing and analyzing unstructured text. We also discuss how a technique developed for visualizing the authoring patterns of Wikipedia articles has recently revealed the collective lives of a much broader class of documents.