cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in children.

Abstract The genesis of atherosclerosis may be in childhood. Early diagnosis, family studies, and therapy with diet or drugs of hyperlipoproteinemias in childhood proffers the opportunity for long range amelioration of risk factors which contribute to atherosclerosis in adult life. Familial hypercholesterolemia is common in childhood, perhaps affecting as many as one of two hundred unselected children. Familial hypertriglyceridemia can be diagnosed in 25% of children born to kindreds with familial hypertriglyceridemia. In infants and young children, hypercholesterolemia is often responsive to low cholesterol, polyunsaturate-rich diets. In older children with familial hypercholesterolemia, addition of cholestyramine resin may be necessary to maintain normal cholesterol levels. Children with familial hypertriglyceridemia are sensitive to weight reduction and the National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) type IV diet. As yet, there is no conclusive evidence that normalization of cholesterol and triglyceride in children will prevent the accelerated development of atherosclerosis, but prudent dietary and drug therapy appears to have considerable promise as a pediatric approach to prevention of atherosclerosis.
Molecular determinants of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis-induced disease

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) strains are divided into two subgroups on the basis of their differing disease phenotypes. Members of the GDVII subgroup, such as GDVII strain, produce an acute lethal polioencephalomyelitis. In contrast, members of the TO subgroup, such as DA strain, induce a persistent infection with chronic demyelination; this white matter disease serves as an experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their similar pathology and because the immune system in both diseases appears to contribute to the demyelination. The availability of full-length infectious TMEV clones, the relative simplicity of the TMEV genome, and the availability of the mouse as a host provide the opportunity to identify molecular determinants and disease mechanisms that are responsible for neurovirulence, demyelination and virus persistence, and makes this a valuable system for pathogenesis studies.
Application of the nuclear–electronic orbital method to hydrogen transfer systems: multiple centers and multiconfigurational wavefunctions

Abstract The current status of the recently developed nuclear–electronic orbital (NEO) approach is summarized, and the application of this approach to hydrogen tunneling systems is explored. In the NEO approach, specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons, and mixed nuclear–electronic wavefunctions are calculated variationally with molecular orbital methods. In the application of the NEO approach to hydrogen transfer reactions, the transferring hydrogen nuclei are treated quantum mechanically, and the reaction coordinate depends on only the classical nuclei. For hydrogen tunneling systems, typically the nuclear wavefunction is bilobal and is delocalized between the donor and the acceptor at the transition state. Methodological developments aimed at facilitating the calculation of nuclear–electronic wavefunctions for hydrogen tunneling systems are discussed. These methods include multiple basis function centers, symmetry, and state-averaged NEO-MCSCF (multiconfigurational self-consistent-field). Applications to model proton and hydrogen atom transfer reactions are presented to illustrate the implementation of these methods and to elucidate the fundamental principles of electron–proton correlation in hydrogen tunneling systems.
The effect of TRH and a related tripeptide, L-N-(2-oxopiperidin-6-YL-carbonnyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide (MK-771, OHT), on the depressant action of barbiturates and alcohol in mice and rats

Abstract TRH and a related tripeptide, L-N(2-oxopiperidin-6-ylcarbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide (MK-771, OHT), shortened pentobarbital sleeping time of mice in a dose-related fashion. The regression lines were not parallel, so that a strict potency comparison cannot be made between the two compounds. However, comparison between the doses of TRH and OHT required to achieve a maximum response showed the latter to be some 100 times as potent as the former. TRH and OHT shortened methohexital sleeping time of rats and interfered with pentobarbital-induced and alcohol-induced hypothermia in mice. The depressant effect of alcohol upon electroshock escape, rotorod performance, and achievement of a simple, learned task was partly overcome by TRH and OHT. Although quantitative comparisons were not made in all tests, OHT was consistently the more potent of the two compounds.
S-Nitrosothiol-modified nitric oxide-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides as antibacterial agents

S-Nitrosothiol-modified chitosan oligosaccharides were synthesized by reaction with 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride and 3-acetamido-4,4-dimethylthietan-2-one, followed by thiol nitrosation. The resulting nitric oxide (NO)-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides stored ∼0.3μmol NO mg(-1) chitosan. Both the chemical structure of the nitrosothiol (i.e. primary and tertiary) and the use of ascorbic acid as a trigger for NO donor decomposition were used to control the NO-release kinetics. With ascorbic acid, the S-nitrosothiol-modified chitosan oligosaccharides elicited a 4-log reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa viability. Confocal microscopy indicated that the primary S-nitrosothiol-modified chitosan oligosaccharides associated more with the bacteria relative to the tertiary S-nitrosothiol system. The primary S-nitrosothiol-modified chitosan oligosaccharides elicited minimal toxicity towards L929 mouse fibroblast cells at the concentration necessary for a 4-log reduction in bacterial viability, further demonstrating the potential of S-nitrosothiol-modified chitosan oligosaccharides as NO-release therapeutics.
Survival and Operative Outcome Analysis of Robotic Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Surgical Staging for Endometrial Cancer

and a blade that is driven by a micrometer cuts trigger, watching all the planes to reach the abdominal cavity as the going through., for what can prevent intra-abdominal injury elements. Being an abdominal approach system safe, reliable, reproducible and easy to perform, allowing effective and rapid initial trocar placement and reducing the complications of closed approach, how to prevent subcutaneous emphysema, among others.
Characterization of heme ligation properties of Rv0203, a secreted heme binding protein involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis heme uptake.

The secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heme binding protein Rv0203 has been shown to play a role in Mtb heme uptake. In this work, we use spectroscopic (absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic circular dichrosim) methods to further characterize the heme coordination environments of His-tagged and native protein forms, Rv0203-His and Rv0203-notag, respectively. Rv0203-His binds the heme molecule through bis-His coordination and is low-spin in both ferric and ferrous oxidation states. Rv0203-notag is high-spin in both oxidation states and shares spectroscopic similarity with pentacoordinate oxygen-ligated heme proteins. Mutagenesis experiments determined that residues Tyr59, His63, and His89 are required for Rv0203-notag to efficiently bind heme, reinforcing the hypothesis based on our previous structural and mutagenesis studies of Rv0203-His. While Tyr59, His63, and His89 are required for the binding of heme to Rv0203-notag, comparison of the absorption spectra of the Rv0203-notag ...
Trial end points and natural history in patients with G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy : preparation for gene therapy clinical trial.

Importance Establishing the natural history of G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is important to determine the optimal end points to assess the safety and efficacy of a planned gene therapy trial. Objective To use the results of the present natural history study of patients with G11778A LHON to plan a gene therapy clinical trial that will use allotopic expression by delivering a normal nuclear-encoded ND4 gene into the nuclei of retinal ganglion cells via an adeno-associated virus vector injected into the vitreous. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective observational study initiated in 2008 was conducted in primary and referral institutional practice settings. Participants included 44 individuals with G11778A LHON, recruited between September 2008 and March 2012, who were evaluated every 6 months and returned for 1 or more follow-up visits (6-36 months) as of August 2012. Exposures Complete neuro-ophthalmic examination and main measures. Main Outcomes and Measures Visual acuity, automated visual field testing, pattern electroretinogram, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results Clinical measures were stable during the follow-up period, and visual acuity was as good as or better than the other visual factors used for monitoring patients. Based on a criterion of 15 or more letters from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart, 13 eyes of 8 patients (18%) improved, but 24 months after the onset of symptoms, any further improvements were to no better than 20/100. Acuity recovery occurred in some patients despite continued marked retinal nerve fiber layer thinning indistinguishable from that in patients who did not recover visual acuity. Conclusions and Relevance Spontaneous improvement of visual acuity in patients with G11778A LHON is not common and is partial and limited when it occurs, so improvements in vision with adeno-associated virus–mediated gene therapy of a synthetic wild-type ND4 subunit gene should be possible to detect with a reasonable sample size. Visual acuity appears to be the most suitable primary end point for the planned clinical trial.
Effects of undernutrition on early brain growth in the rabbit.

Abstract Nutritional restriction during the first 21 days of life in the rabbit has resulted in a 53% reduction of body growth, 8% reduction of whole brain growth, and 13% reduction of cerebellar growth. The reductions of accumulation of DNA, RNA, and cholesterol were more pronounced in the cerebellum than in the cortical mantle. The effect of early undernutrition upon cerebellar development appears to be less pronounced in the rabbit than in the rat on the basis of comparison with previously reported studies of other investigators. Neurological observations indicate that undernourished animals manifest hyperreactive behaviors suggestive of failure of development of brain inhibitory mechanisms.
Activism, Identity and Service: The Influence of the Asian American Movement on the Educational Experiences of College Students.

This article emphasises two major themes that address the influence of the Asian American Movement: (1) encouraging students to broaden the discourse on race and ethnic relations by redefining categories and challenging prevalent assumptions; (2) an increased tolerance and frequency in course offerings that examine and centralise the histories, literature and political underpinnings of Asian Americans and ethnic (i.e. Japanese) specific communities, which has equipped students to engage in discourse and community action. Countering dominant narratives through unification and education is the means by which Asian American students fought for representation and fair treatment.
Economic incentive framework for sustainable energy use in US residential construction

Searching for new ways to be competitive in an increasingly deregulated market, energy suppliers worldwide have turned to energy conservation measures (ECMs) to avoid costly generation expansion, to build relationships with consumers and to comply with new international emissions standards. To maximise the cost effectiveness of an energy conservation programme, a framework is presented to assess consumer ‘willingness‐to‐pay’ for ECMs and avoided supply costs. The goal of this framework is to provide a methodology to optimise supplier incentives that will maximise consumer adoption and minimise energy production costs. A survey of 400 US homebuyers found that nearly 90% would invest in ECMs. Yet for every two years required to ‘payback’ the initial investment, consumer willingness‐to‐pay declines 25%. A case study of a medium‐size US utility found that most ECMs contribute more to profitable base load reduction than to costly peak load reduction, meaning utility loss in revenue often exceeds avoided supply...
Effect of Membrane Thickness on Conformational Sampling of Phospholamban from Computer Simulations

The conformational sampling of monomeric, membrane-bound phospholamban is described from computer simulations. Phospholamban (PLB) plays a key role as a regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase. An implicit membrane model is used in conjunction with replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations to reach μs-ms timescales. The implicit membrane model was also used to study the effect of different membrane thicknesses by scaling the low-dielectric region. The conformational sampling with the membrane model mimicking dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers is in good agreement overall with experimental measurements, but consists of a wide variety of different conformations including structures not described previously. The conformational ensemble shifts significantly in the presence of thinner or thicker membranes. This has implications for the structure and dynamics of PLB in physiological membranes and offers what we believe to be a new interpretation of previous experimental measurements of PLB in detergents and microsomal membrane.
CLT1 Targets Angiogenic Endothelium through CLIC1 and Fibronectin

Angiogenesis is important for tumor growth and metastasis. CLT1 (CGLIIQKNEC), a peptide that binds to tumor interstitial spaces in the presence of fibrin-fibronectin, has structural similarity to the anti-angiogenic β-sheet peptides anastellin and anginex. This similarity is reflected in the ability of CLT1 to form co-aggregates with fibronectin that induce an unfolded protein response and cause autophagic cell death in proliferating endothelial cells. CLT1 cytotoxicity is mediated at least in parts by a novel CLT1 binding protein, Chloride Intracellular Channel 1 (CLIC1), which promotes internalization of CLT1-fibronectin co-aggregates in a mechanism that depends on the LIIQK amino acid sequence of CLT1. LIIQK encompasses amino acid residues relevant for CLT1 binding to CLIC1 and in addition, facilitates the formation of CLT1-fibronectin co-aggregates, which in turn promote translocation of CLIC1 to the endothelial cell surface through ligation of integrin αvβ3. Paralleling the in vitro results, we found that CLT1 co-localizes with CLIC1 and fibronectin in angiogenic blood vessels in vivo, and that CLT1 treatment inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth. Our findings show that CLT1 is a new anti-angiogenic compound, and its mechanism of action is to form co-aggregates with fibronectin, which bind to angiogenic endothelial cells through integrins, become internalized through CLIC1 and elicit a cytotoxic unfolded protein response. The simple structure and high potency of CLT1 make it a potentially useful compound for anti-angiogenic treatments.
Solitons in 3HeB

There exist solitonic excitations in the order parameter description of 3He which are the analogues of skyrmions in chiral models. It is suggested in this paper that the topological or winding number of the solitons is the quasiparticle number. The ground state in the winding number one sector can be consistently interpreted as the quasiparticle itself with the correct angular momentum 12 after a suitable “Wess-Zumino” term is included in the effective action. The model also suggests an excitation of the quasiparticle with spin 32 and a state of two quasiparticles with spin 0. The latter is the analogue of dibaryons in the chiral model.
Materials and scaling effects on on-chip interconnect reliability

Scaling effects on Cu microstructure, resistivity, dielectric materials, and electromigration (EM) and time dependent dielectric break down (TDDB) reliabilities for Cu interconnects were reviewed. A simple empirical model of Cu resistivity related to Cu line area was presented. Cu line microstructures containing small grains mixed with large bamboo grains in Cu damascene lines from technology nodes below 65 nm were observed. As predicted in previous work, the EM lifetime was found to degrade by about 50% for every new generation even for the same current density. The Cu grain size was found to have a large impact on pure Cu and Cu alloy EM lifetime and activation energy Ea. Ea for pure Cu line capped with selective electroless CoWP on near-bamboo, bamboo-polycrystalline, to polycrystalline only line grain structures was reduced from 2.2 eV to 1.7 eV to 0.75 eV, respectively. Ea for 40 nm wide bamboo-polycrystalline lines capped with selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) Co was found to be 1.7 eV. Using pure Cu and Cu(Al) or Cu(Mn) diluted impurity seed layers in 40 nm wide, bamboo-polycrystalline microstructure lines and above 100 nm wide, near bamboo-like grained lines, Cu-alloy lines enhanced EM lifetimes and increased QEM from 0.9 to 1. eV and 1.0 to 1.2 eV, respectively, compared to pure Cu lines. Inter-level TDDB testing on vias connecting M1 to M2 with a via chamfer angle that varied from 58o to 81o have very similar performance with intra-level M2 data with no vias tested at the same field. This result combined with the data from a separate study, which allowed the chamfer path to be isolated from the M2-level path, suggested that the failure took place preferentially along the weak cap/ILD interface at M2 and not at the via chamfer. TDDB acceleration data indicated that the root E model was overly conservative and a more aggressive model provided a better fit to the data. TDDB lifetimes correlated fairly well with the percentage of porosity in the dielectric materials.
Current Status and Potential Applications of the Harts Removable Stent

Permanent intracoronary scents have demonstrated considerable efficacy in the treatment of PTCA-induced abrupt arterial occlusion, suboptimal dilatation, and restenosis. Despite their benefit, permanent stents have significant limitations including subacute thrombosis, need for anticoagulation with resultant vascular complications, prolonged hospitalization, and high costs. Temporary stem's have the potential for achieving many of the beneficial effects of permanent stenting without some of the iatrogenic complications. The HARTS (Heat Activated Removable Temporary Stent) removable stent employs the shape memory alloy Nitinol, and has the properties of being balloon deployable, but recoverable to a preset “memory” shape by heating it with warmed crystalloid solution. Preclinical experience first with a wire stent design and more recently with a slotted tubular design, has demonstrated the feasibility of implanting and recovering the HARTS device. Speculative applications of this technology include: treatment of acute postangioplasty occlusion and suboptimal angioplasty results; “stentoplasty”—the application of a temporary stent for several hours at the time of a primary angioplasty; and reduction of restenosis rate by inhibition of elastic recoil following short-term (hours) stenting. Further, the HARTS device may be an important vehicle for local delivery of drugs or other biologically active agents to the arterial wall. All research to date has been preclinical and controlled clinical trials will be necessary to define the safety, efficacy, and potential applications of the HARTS removable stent.
Phanerozoic marine faunas and the stability of the earth system

Abstract The marine fossil record of Phanerozoic Metazoa consists chiefly of samples of local faunas, often time-averaged and scattered sporadically in space and time. Ecological or evolutionary processes that occur on the scale of thousands of years or less preserve so rarely as to preclude their routine use in interpreting major patterns of this fossil record. The patterns that can be most accurately reconstructed and that hold promise of reflecting on the stability of the earth system include the gross ecological framework (paleocommunities and provinces), the gross taxonomic structure (the “architecture” of phylogenetic trees) and the gross composition of the faunas (the relative diversity of various taxa). For shallow-sea faunas, the ecological structure is sensitive to climate, paleogeography and sea level; taxonomic structure reflects patterns of diversification and extinction within clades; and compositional changes reflect differences in resistance to extinction and response to speciation opportunities between clades. The fossil record of the history of life, with its increasing expansion and complexity, suggets background environmental changes that are stimuli to evolution, punctuated by episodes of stress that may indicate rapid change.
Use of the ketogenic diet in neonates and infants

The ketogenic diet (KD) is still viewed as virtually last-line therapy in childhood epilepsies, and specifically as unsafe and difficult to initiate and maintain in neonates and infants. Information is presented to show that the KD is safe and efficacious in this population, and should be carefully studied to determine its real usefulness as first-line or early therapy (one or fewer anticonvulsants) in the catastrophic epilepsies of infancy.
Linking microstructure and properties through a predictive multiresolution continuum

Abstract Under the sponsorship of the NSF/Sandia Life Cycle Science-based Engineering Program, the Sandia Predictive Science Program, and the ONR Digital 3D (D3D) program, a multiresolution continuum theory [C. McVeigh, F. Vernerey, W.K. Liu, L.C. Brinson, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 195 (2006) 5053] is developed to predict material response when spatial and temporal microstructure evolution gives rise to severely inhomogeneous deformation at multiple scales. The proposed theory is applied by concurrently homogenizing the microstructure at each characteristic length scale associated with the inhomogeneous response. A continuum-microstructure work rate equivalence approach is used to develop a set of continuum partial differential governing equations, in terms of multiresolution microstresses (and couple microstresses). Constitutive models relating to each microstress are determined from numerical microstructure models. The multiresolution governing equations can be solved with a conventional finite element approach. Hence numerical and modeling errors analyses, probabilistic and reliability analyses and petaflop computing can be considered using existing approaches (or with transparent modifications). When only a single scale of inhomogeneous deformation (at the scale of the RVE) is considered, the multiresolution theory decomposes to the strain gradient theory of Fleck and Hutchinson. The theory is applied to (i) an alloy with two scales of statistically embedded particles, (ii) a cemented carbide and (iii) adiabatic shear banding in steel alloys. Only the mean constitutive behavior is considered at each scale; the full probabilistic analysis will be presented in a separate paper.
Future Directions for Agricultural Policy: Discussion

Bullock has presented useful and interesting statistics that describe the problems that have arisen under government farm programs in recent years. One of his main arguments is that the economic realities of today's agricultural sector are inconsistent with the underlying assumptions for, and objectives of, existing farm legislation. Let us briefly examine the basis for this argument and his suggestions regarding appropriate future directions for agricultural policy. I felt some unease about accepting uncritically the U.S. Department of Agriculture cost, farm price, and income figures appearing in the paper. More discussion about how the farm production costs were computed--e.g., showing how land costs were taken into account-and whether the farm income statistics are likely to be revised substantially would have been helpful. Also, it was not clear to me what was meant by the statement that farm programs using a support price based on "average farm" production costs will provide strong incentives for expansion by the larger farms that control the dominant share of productive capacity of U.S. agriculture. While such a statement is doubtless true, one might infer from it that support prices under current farm legislation are based directly on "average farm" production costs. Such an inference would be less than fully accurate for several reasons, one of which is that target prices for feed grains and wheat were unhooked from a direct tie to a cost-of-production mover under the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. But enough of these minor objections. Bullock, in my judgment, effectively supported his main argument with the following points, which are fully developed in the paper: (a) The discrepancy between production costs of large and small producers makes it impossible to achieve income support objectives for small farmers with support prices that do not overly stimulate production by large, low-cost producers. (b) Payments for supply reduction must be focused on the large, low-cost producers if they are to reduce output effectively. Such payments appear unjustified from a social welfare standpoint. (c) The per capita disposable incomes of farm operators have approached somewhat closely those of nonfarmers in the past ten years. Hence, there is little basis for arguing that farmer incomes need to be supported to raise them to levels nearer those of nonfarmers.
Association of the glucocorticoid receptor alternatively-spliced transcript 1A with the presence of the high molecular weight membrane glucocorticoid receptor in mouse lymphoma cells.

Using the combination of a cDNA library prepared from membrane glucocorticoid (mGR)-enriched S-49 cells and a mouse leukocyte genomic library, we have cloned a 7.3 kb full-length glucocorticoid receptor 1A cDNA. Primer extension, 58RACE, and long distance PCR identified the transcription start site as being located at 1026 bp from the ATG codon. The first 1,013 nucleotides (nts) of the full length sequence constitute 58 UTR sequence (exon 1), the next 2349 bp, the coding region, and the last 3,907 bp, the 38UTR. The entire 5'UTR sequence is unique to transcript 1A. The 38UTR sequence is ,88.5 % conserved with the rat 38UTR. Western blot analysis compared the molecular weight of in vitro translation products from the cloned 1A cDNA with partially purified cellular mGR. Both preparations contained the novel 150 KD and the 94 KD classical GR peptides, suggesting that transcript 1A encodes both receptor forms. Transfection of mGR-less and glucocorticoid lysis-resistant AtT-20 and HL-60 cells with full-length GR 1A cDNA imparted both mGR expression and glucocorticoid lysis-sensitivity to these cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 74:430-446, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hepatic dendritic cells: immunobiology and role in liver transplantation.

Traditional investigations of hepatic den- dritic cells (DC) have focused on immunohistochemi- cal studies of these cells within normal and pathological liver tissue. The recent availability of reagents for the improved characterization of DC, together with cyto- kine-based methods for the expansion of liver DC both in vivo and in vitro have begun to provide new insight into the immunobiology of these important antigen- presenting cells. Hepatic DC probably play a key role in the host response to blood-borne pathogens, and in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune liver diseases. They appear to be important in determining the balance between liver transplant tolerance and rejection. Their possible role in oral and portal venous tolerance remains to be defined. In this article, we focus on emerging aspects of hepatic DC immunobiol- ogy, with particular reference to liver transplantation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 322-330; 1999.
Global Young's modulus of urethane plastic cast of left ventricular myocardium calculated from roentgen angiographic silhouettes.

Abstract A method based on the principle of conservation of energy is proposed for the evaluation of the global Young's modulus of the left ventricular myocardium in the passive state. Left ventricular transmural pressure and chamber volume data suffice for calculation of the external work performed during diastole, while the shape and dimensions of the left ventricle (recorded as videoroentgen angiograms) provide the necessary geometric information for the approximate evaluation of the strain energies by an axisymmetric, finite-element technique. To quantitate the accuracy of the proposed method, the global Young's moduli for six urethane casts of a canine left ventricle were determined and compared with the moduli of strips of the same urethane material measured directly. Roentgen silhouettes of the casts filled with known volumes of roentgen contrast medium were recorded on videotape at various stages of inflation. The calculated global Young's modulus corresponded to within ± 15% of the 0.5 to 6.0 × 10 6 dyn/cm 2 range of values calculated directly from the stress-strain relationship of strips of the same urethane material.
Extreme violence and the scholarly community

This article explores the relationship between extreme violence and scholarship. I begin by arguing that the scholarly profession has been complicit in preparing the mindset, providing the rationale, and supplying the know-how and personnel for the perpetration of state-directed mass violence. Hence, I assert, scholarship cannot analyse and explicate modern extreme violence without revising its own paradigms of research and interpretation. I go on to stipulate the need to understand the mechanisms that motivate individual scholars to take part in, or to resist, atrocity. This understanding may facilitate modifications in training with an eye to promoting greater resistance to state-sanctioned crimes. Conversely, I note that the personal experience of individual scholars researching extreme violence has an inevitable effect on their work. I ask whether scholars who were subjected, or subjected others, to extreme violence, have a greater understanding of, and insight into, the phenomenon or are biased to an extent that invalidates their findings? Consequently, I argue, the very notion of objective analysis is undermined when confronting events in which the norms and conventions of ordinary existence are shattered. I conclude with some reflections on the reactions of the scholarly community to international terrorism.
Church and State: Two Models

This essay examines the similarities and differences in how Great Britain and the United States fund religiously affiliated schools and other nonprofit organizations. While each country has adopted a different model of church-state relations, their actual policies tend to converge. This article contends that both nations' funding policies fall short of attaining complete government neutrality in supporting people of all faiths and those of none, and proposes an alternative policy that promotes a genuine neutrality.
Surface water treatment using nanofiltration—pilot testing results and design considerations

Integrated membrane systems (IMS) were pilot tested for treatment of a high TOC river water. Pretreatment methods included microfiltration, in-line coagulation-microfiltration, and coagulation-sedimentation-filtration. Fouling was minimized at lower flux, lower recovery and with the addition of a biocide. Such experiments incurred no fouling. A cellulose acetate nanofilter was susceptible to biological degradation therefore a biocide was necessary to ensure membrane integrity. A polyamide membrane was sensitive to oxidation by monochloramine and rejection characteristics were compromised. The rate of fouling between the three nanofilters tested increased with increasingly negative surface charge and increasing surface roughness. Organic adsorption therefore did not follow the charge-repulsion theory but may have been negatively influenced by the greater surface area associated with a rougher surface. Modeling of productivity decline by a form of the resistance model using permeate volume and TOC concentration provided a better fit than that of the linear model of productivity with time. Rejection of organic and inorganic parameters increased with decreasing nanofilter molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). Rejection was influenced by diffusion and size exclusion mechanisms. Log removals of Bacillus subtilis spores by IMS ranged from 5.4 to 10.7 log with the highest removals achieved by microfiltration pretreatment followed by a low (200 dalton) MWCO polyamide nanofilter.
Sensitivity of frozen section histology for identifying Propionibacterium acnes infections in revision shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a clinically relevant pathogen with total shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of frozen section histology in identifying patients with Propionibacterium acnes infection during revision total shoulder arthroplasty and investigate various diagnostic thresholds of acute inflammation that may improve frozen section performance. Methods: We reviewed the results of forty-five patients who underwent revision total shoulder arthroplasty. Patients were divided into the non-infection group (n = 15), the Propionibacterium acnes infection group (n = 18), and the other infection group (n = 12). Routine preoperative testing was performed and intraoperative tissue culture and frozen section histology were collected for each patient. The histologic diagnosis was determined by one pathologist for each of the four different thresholds. The absolute maximum polymorphonuclear leukocyte concentration was used to construct a receiver operating characteristics curve to determine a new potential optimal threshold. Results: Using the current thresholds for grading frozen section histology, the sensitivity was lower for the Propionibacterium acnes infection group (50%) compared with the other infection group (67%). The specificity of frozen section was 100%. Using a receiver operating characteristics curve, an optimized threshold was found at a total of ten polymorphonuclear leukocytes in five high-power fields (400×). Using this threshold, the sensitivity of frozen section for Propionibacterium acnes was increased to 72%, and the specificity remained at 100%. Conclusions: Using current histopathology grading systems, frozen sections were specific but showed low sensitivity with respect to the Propionibacterium acnes infection. A new threshold value of a total of ten or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes in five high-power fields may increase the sensitivity of frozen section, with minimal impact on specificity. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Measures of mother-child interaction: A comparison of three methods

Three methods of recording mother-child interaction were compared in a sample of 136 adolescent mothers with children ranging in age from 8 to 27 months. Mother-child interaction was rated during in-home observations using Barnard's Teaching Scale, Schaefer's Attachment Inventory, and Clarke-Stewart's Rating Scales. The results indicate that each measure complements the other two, and that their interrelationships support the validity of the dimensions each describes. Yet, analyses indicate that they do not share common underlying factors. The findings suggest that each measure contributes to a more complete description of mother-child interaction.
The Japanese Management Theory Jungle-Revisited:

This study extends and updates a review published in the Academy of Management Review in 1984. First the external forces that have shaped Japanese management practices are reviewed. Next a description of the practices that have traditionally been viewed as Japanese management practices is presented. This section includes a discussion of overlapping Japanese organizations, long term planning horizons, decision making and control, just-in-time manufacturing, TQC, QCs and continuous improvement, aggressive R&D, lifetime employment, generalists career paths, company unions, and women as temporaries and support groups. The last section, focusing on the future of Japanese management, critiques the effectiveness of Japanese management practices, reviews the changes taking place in Japanese management, presents a model which conceptualizes the Japanese management system of the future, and identifies eleven propositions describing projected changes in this system. Finally, the problems inherent in the research rev...
The implementation of a coherent memory abstraction on a NUMA multiprocessor: experiences with platinum

PLATINUM is an operating system kernel with a novel memory management system for Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) multiprocessor architectures. This memory management system implements a coherent memory abstraction. Coherent memory is uniformly accessible from all processors in the system. When used by applications coded with appropriate programming styles it appears to be nearly as fast as local physical memory and it reduces memory contention. Coherent memory makes programming NUMA multiprocessors easier for the user while attaining a level of performance comparable with hand-tuned programs.This paper describes the design and implementation of the PLATINUM memory management system, emphasizing the coherent memory. We measure the cost of basic operations implementing the coherent memory. We also measure the performance of a set of application programs running on PLATINUM. Finally, we comment on the interaction between architecture and the coherent memory system.PLATINUM currently runs on the BBN Butterfly Plus Multiprocessor.
Intentions and attention in exploratory health search

We study information goals and patterns of attention in explorato-ry search for health information on the Web, reporting results of a large-scale log-based study. We examine search activity associated with the goal of diagnosing illness from symptoms versus more general information-seeking about health and illness. We decom-pose exploratory health search into evidence-based and hypothe-sis-directed information seeking. Evidence-based search centers on the pursuit of details and relevance of signs and symptoms. Hypothesis-directed search includes the pursuit of content on one or more illnesses, including risk factors, treatments, and therapies for illnesses, and on the discrimination among different diseases under the uncertainty that exists in advance of a confirmed diag-nosis. These different goals of exploratory health search are not independent, and transitions can occur between them within or across search sessions. We construct a classifier that identifies medically-related search sessions in log data. Given a set of search sessions flagged as health-related, we show how we can identify different intentions persisting as foci of attention within those sessions. Finally, we discuss how insights about foci dynamics can help us better understand exploratory health search behavior and better support health search on the Web.
A canonical correlation analysis of the influence of social comparison, gender, and grade level on the multidimensional self-concepts of gifted adolescents

This study examines the effects of social comparison, gender, and grade level on gifted adolescents’ multidimensional self-concept. Participants include 248 gifted adolescents who had completed the sixth through tenth grade during the previous academic year. Multidimensional self-concept was measured using the Self Description Questionnaire II (Marsh, Self description questionnaire (SDQ) II: manual, 1990) and social comparison levels were assessed through the use of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Gibbons and Buunk, J Pers Soc Psychol 76: 129–142, 1999). Results indicate that social comparison and grade level influence the emotional stability and physical attractiveness self-concepts. Gender influences the physical ability, emotional stability, verbal, and parent relations self-concepts. Conclusions and implications are discussed.
Neuroactive steroids, mood stabilizers, and neuroplasticity: alterations following lithium and changes in Bcl-2 knockout mice

Many neuroactive steroids (NS) demonstrate neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, including protection against apoptosis via Bcl-2 protein. NS are altered in post-mortem brain tissue from subjects with bipolar disorder, and several agents with efficacy in mania elevate NS in rodents. We therefore hypothesized that lithium and valproate may elevate NS, and compensatory NS increases may occur in Bcl-2 knockout mice. NS levels (allopregnanolone, pregnenolone) were determined in frontal cortex by negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in male Wistar Kyoto rats treated chronically with lithium, valproate, or vehicle. NS were also investigated in heterozygous Bcl-2 knockout mice. Allopregnanolone levels are significantly elevated in lithium-treated (p<0.05), but not in valproate-treated, rats. Pregnenolone levels also tend to be higher following lithium treatment (p=0.09). Knockout of Bcl-2 significantly increases pregnenolone levels in mice (p<0.01), while allopregnanolone levels are unaltered. NS induction may be relevant to mechanisms contributing to lithium therapeutic efficacy and neuroprotection.
Comparing potential early caries assessment methods for teledentistry

Optical caries detection has the potential to be incorporated in telehealth medicine for preventive dental screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare visible and near infrared detection methods for identifying early non-cavitated ex vivo occlusal demineralization. Six blinded examiners were used to compare the accuracy of the following three examinations in detecting occlusal demineralization: Midwest Caries ID™ (MID), visual photographic examination (CAM) and Cross Polarization Optical Coherence Tomography (CP-OCT). For each diagnostic method, two examiners assessed the extracted tooth samples 1–2 weeks apart. Teeth were then sectioned and lesion depth was confirmed (n = 42) by a blinded histological examination using a glycol based caries indicator dye. The sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Sp), Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Area under the Receiver Operator Curve (AUC) were calculated. For detecting any demineralization versus sound pit and fissure enamel, the mean Sen/Sp found was 46.9/85.0 for MID, 80.5/52.5 for CAM, and 83.4/45.0 for CP-OCT. For detecting non-cavitated demineralization that progressed into the dentin, the mean Sen/Sp found was 17.3/88.0 for MID, 48.0/57.8 for CAM, and 44.2/72.7 for CP-OCT. AUC values were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in three out of four examiner assessments when MID and CP-OCT were used to detect any demineralization. AUC values were significant for a single CAM examination. When assessing deeper non-cavitated lesions, none of the assessment methods were able to yield AUC values that were significantly different than a random ‘coin flip’ test. When examining reliability, MID demonstrated the highest ICC score (0.83) and CP-OCT had the lowest (0.49). Although MID and CP-OCT were useful in detecting the presence of demineralization, examiners were not able to utilize these devices to adequately assess the depth of the demineralization. This study found that MID and CP-OCT did not have markedly superior diagnostic values from simple CAM assessment for use in teledentistry.
Hospice Care in Nursing Homes: Does It Contribute to Higher Quality Pain Management?

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate pain management among 42 hospice and 65 non-hospice residents in two proprietary nursing homes. Design and Methods: In this prospective, anthropological, quantitative, and qualitative study, we used participant observation, event analysis, and chart review to obtain data. The Medication Quantification Scale was used in order to account for the prescription and administration of all analgesic medications. Results: Although 72% of residents experienced pain, we found no statistically significant differences in the proportion of hospice versus nonhospiceresidents(a)whohadbeenprescribedopioids and co-analgesics, and (b) whose medication was administered around the clock or as needed. Limited physician availability, lack of pharmacologic knowledge, and limitations of nursing staff hindered pain management of both groups of residents. Implications: Although hospice care is of some benefit, pain management and high-quality end-of-life care is dependentuponthecontextinwhichitisprovided.Given that between 1991 and 2001 Medicare expenditures for nursing home-based hospice care increased from $8.6 million to $21.8 million, the effectiveness of hospice-care programs in nursing homes warrants further study.
Automatic new word extraction method

New words are very difficult to be extracted automatically for those languages where there is no word boundary in written texts, such as Chinese, Japanese etc. In this paper, we present a Statistical method to extract new words from a large amount of corpus with no word boundary. Based on Generalized Suffix Tree (GST) data structure we define NWP (New Word Pattern) and SBP (Segmentation Boundary Pattern) to separate input strings into small pieces, and offer a practical and efficient algorithm to get the proper words from GST.
drinking behavior, economic status, and adaptive strategies of modernization in a highland Mexican community

Widespread peasant drunkenness was frequently cited by local people and development agents as a prime reason for the lack of success of planned change programs in the Temascalcingo region of the Mexican central highlands. This paper compares drinking patterns in the region with other Mesoamerican communities and then documents the considerable intracultural variability in this behavior within one group of peasants. There is no support for the general contention that heavier drinkers are less likely to be modernizing their productive activities. I do find, however, that heavy drinkers are less likely to be interested in some modernization strategies (specifically animal improvement) and are more likely to be interested in others (use of tractors). Although alcohol use is not the most salient variable associated with the change process, it did contribute significantly to an understanding of sociocultural dynamics in the Temascalcingo region.
Exafs Study of the Stability of Amorphous TbFe Thin Films

EXAFS is used to measure the local atomic structure of Fe in Au doped Tb-Fe thin film alloys. The as deposited sample shows structural fcatures which are essentially identical to those of the undoped films. Au additions stabilizes the amorphous structure against recrystallization, however, the loss of magnetic anisotropy under thermal annealing is not reduced. This demonstrates that magnetic relaxation in these alloys does not involve crystallization of the amorphous structure.
Target motion analysis based on RF power and Doppler measurements

This paper investigates target motion analysis (TMA) based on noisy measurements of power and Doppler from a radio frequency (RF) emitter. The research is motivated by the fact that Doppler measurements for RF signals are much easier to obtain and power measurements are always available. More importantly power and Doppler measurements complement each other in terms of the Fisher information content. However both these measurements are highly nonlinear functions of the TMA parameters, specified uniquely by its initial position and velocity. In addition direct use of these measurements in TMA introduces the nuisance parameters leading to poor numerical conditioning because of the very high source frequency, and very small power proportional constant for RF signals. Hence ratios of the neighboring measurements are used to eliminate the nuisance parameters and provide normalization of the measurement equations. An iterative least-squares (LS) algorithm is developed, and is shown to be effective through a numerical example.