cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contingency management for behavior change: Applications to promote brief smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among patients who are being treated for opioid-dependence, yet there have been limited scientific efforts to promote smoking cessation in this population. Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral treatment that provides monetary incentives contingent upon biochemical evidence of drug abstinence. This paper discusses the results of two studies that utilized CM to promote brief smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients. Participants in a pilot study were randomly assigned for a 2-week period to a Contingent group that earned monetary vouchers for providing biochemical samples that met criteria for smoking abstinence, or a Noncontingent group that earned monetary vouchers independent of smoking status (Dunn et al., 2008). Results showed Contingent participants provided significantly more smoking-negative samples than Noncontingent participants (55% vs. 5%, respectively). A second randomized trial that utilized the same 2-week intervention and provided access to the smoking cessation pharmacotherapy bupropion replicated the results of the pilot study (55% and 17% abstinence in Contingent and Noncontingent groups, respectively; Dunn et al, 2010). Relapse to illicit drug use was also evaluated prospectively and no association between smoking abstinence and relapse to illicit drug use was observed (Dunn et al., 2009). It will be important for future studies to evaluate participant characteristics that might predict better treatment outcome, to assess the contribution that pharmacotherapies might have alone or in combination with a CM intervention on smoking cessation and to evaluate methods for maintaining the abstinence that is achieved during this brief intervention for longer periods of time.
Draft Genome Sequence of Israeli Outbreak-Associated Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 3 Clinical Isolate BAA87.

ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is a seafood-associated pathogen that causes severe wound and intestinal infections. Biotype 3 of V. vulnificus emerged in 1996 as the cause of an Israeli outbreak associated with the handling of infected tilapia. Here, we describe the whole-genome sequence of the ATCC biotype 3 clinical isolate BAA87 (CDC9530-96).
Resolving Discrepancies between Theory and Experiment: IR Spectrum of the Proton-Shared HBr:Pyridine Complex

The computed MP2/6-31+G(d,p) structure of the HBr:pyridine complex and the computed harmonic and experimental spectra of this complex agree that HBr:pyridine is stabilized by a proton-shared hydrogen bond. However, differences are evident between the computed and experimental spectral patterns with respect to the frequencies and intensities of strong bands. Solution of a one-dimensional nuclear vibrational equation along the normal coordinate mode allows for an estimation of an anharmonicity of the proton-stretching motion. When an anharmonic stretching force constant is used to recompute the spectrum, excellent agreement is found between theory and experiment.
A chronic ethanol-feeding study in rhesus monkeys.

This study describes the effect of chronic ethanol-feeding in rhesus monkeys. Animals which were maintained on a diet containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 as 1.4 and 0.08% of the calories, respectively, and consumed alcohol (mean 2.6 g kg−1 d−1) had decreased amounts of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 in their livers and plasma lipids compared with controls. Alcohol consumption did not appear to effect the absorption of2H5-18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 esters into the blood following an oral dose. There was an increase in2H5 enrichment in plasma 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, indicating that alcohol may have increased production of these fatty acids. There was a greater concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal in the plasma of alcohol-exposed monkeys compared to controls.
Identification of nonlinear systems using random impulse train inputs

Nonlinear systems that require discrete inputs can be characterized by using random impulse train (Poisson process) inputs. The method is analagous to the Wiener method for continuous input systems, where Gaussian white-noise is the input. In place of the Wiener functional expansion for the output of a continuous input system, a new series for discrete input systems is created by making certain restrictions on the integrals in a Volterra series. The kernels in the new series differ from the Wiener kernels, but also serve to identify a system and are simpler to compute. For systems whose impulse responses vary in amplitude but maintain a similar shape, one argument may be held fixed in each kernel. This simplifies the identification problem. As a test of the theory presented, the output of a hypothetical second order nonlinear system in response to a random impulse train stimulus was computer simulated. Kernels calculated from the simulated data agreed with theoretical predictions. The Poisson impulse train method is applicable to any system whose input can be delivered in discrete pulses. It is particularly suited to neuronal synaptic systems when the pattern of input nerve impulses can be made random.
Estimates of the effect of a plasma momentum flux on the free surface of a thin film of liquid metal

Abstract The use of a thin film of liquid metal (LM) to protect a divertor surface requires that the LM film be able to withstand the flux of momentum carried by the energetic plasma exhaust flow. This momentum flux was estimated from edge modeling results of an ITER conceptual design activity (CDA) type divertor, and was found to be comparable with the hydrostatic pressure of a typical LM film of the order of millimeters in height. A two-dimensional, free boundary fluid code, RIPPLE, was modified to account for this flux and used to give an initial estimate of the seriousness of this effect. Lithium films are dramatically affected, to such a degree that their use in an LM divertor is seriously questioned. Gallium films withstand the momentum flux much better, with speeds of around 1 m s −1 giving adequate performance in a realistic CDA divertor momentum flux profile. The inclusion of magnetohydrodynamic forces, not present in this initial estimation, is required to describe fully the LM film response.
Endometrial Cytosolic and Nuclear Progesterone Receptors in the Luteal Phase Defect

Basal body temperature profiles, serial serum progesterone levels, and serial endometrial biopsies were studied in 15 infertile women during 21 ovulatory cycles. Ten cycles (in 9 women) demonstrated luteal phase defects (LPD), diagnosed by a histological lag in endometrial maturation, normal luteal phase length, and normal luteal phase serum progesterone levels. Both normal and LPD cycles had a maximum amount of endometrial cytosolic progesterone receptor (PgR) on days 13–15, with a significant decline thereafter. LPD cycles had significantly lower endometrial nuclear PgR concentrations than did normal cycles during the proliferative phase, but luteal phase endometrial nuclear PgR levels were similar in both groups. In 2 LPD women treated with dydrogesterone, normal endometrial maturation and a decline in endometrial cytosolic PgR concentrations in the late luteal phase were found. Therefore, with the exception of endometrial nuclear PgR concentrations during the proliferative phase, we found no evidence ...
Ionization of Rydberg atoms at metallic surfaces: Influence of stray fields

The ionization of xenon Rydberg atoms at metallic surfaces is examined. The data show that, when the effects of stray electric ``patch'' fields present on the surface are taken into account, ionization is well described by a simple over-the-barrier model. The patch fields are determined from direct measurements of the potential variations across the target surfaces using Kelvin probe force microscopy. Monte Carlo techniques are used to model the atom-surface interaction. The results confirm the important role that patch fields can play during Rydberg atom-surface interactions and suggest that such interactions can provide a sensitive probe of stray fields at surfaces.
Developmental aspects of glucocorticoid regulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible enzymes in rat liver

The expression of hepatic cytochrome P4501A1 (P4501A1), glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit (GST), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QOR) proteins was evaluated in fetal, neonatal, and adolescent rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) to elucidate the developmental aspects of glucocorticoid regulation of the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vivo. These developmental states were chosen to represent either glucocorticoid deplete or replete conditions due to their differences in circulating glucocorticoid levels. Rats were treated with either MC (10 mg/kg body wt) or Dex (10 mg/kg body wt) or a combination of both and sacrificed 24 h later. In neonatal rats, the enzyme activities of P4501A1, GST, and QOR were increased by MC treatment approximately 65-, 1.4-, and 7-fold, respectively. The induction of these enzymes by MC was further potentiated an additional 2-, 1.5-, and 1.4-fold by concomitant Dex treatment. In adolescent male rats, Dex potentiated MC induction of P4501A1 activity (1.7-fold), but repressed MC induction of GST and QOR activities. When the protein contents for the three enzymes were measured by Western blot analyses, a positive correlation was observed with enzyme activities for all conditions except for the adolescent rat, where hepatic protein content of P4501A1 of rats treated with both MC and Dex was not significantly increased above the level seen with 3-methylcholanthrene treatment alone. The levels of specific mRNA and transcriptional activity for cytochrome P4501A1, GST Ya isozyme, and QOR closely paralleled the changes seen in their protein content in the livers of neonatal and adolescent rats. Dexamethasone potentiation of P4501A1 expression at the protein and RNA level were clearly statistically significant in the neonatal rat, but not in the adolescent rat, suggesting that the circulating levels of glucocorticoids are sufficiently low during the neonatal period that the full expression of induction of P4501A1 was not attained in the absence of exogenously administered glucocorticoids. These data also demonstrate that glucocorticoids have differential effects on the induction of GST Ya subunit and QOR protein and RNA in the neonatal and adolescent state, possibly related to circulating levels of glucocorticoids.
Integrating Tristimulus Colorimetry into Pharmaceutical Development for Color Selection and Physical Appearance Control: A Quality-by-Design Approach

The color of pharmaceutical dosage forms can be an important aspect of product branding and patient compliance with a dosing regimen. During the development of drug products, it is important to understand the stability of not only the active pharmaceutical ingredient but also the color and appearance of the tablet or capsule. Currently, the most common method to ensure color stability is to conduct a visual test throughout a stability study. This visual test is subjective and can be expensive, especially if there is a failure late in development or after marketing approval. This work describes a series of studies using accelerated conditions (i.e., heat, humidity, and light) and logistic regression analyses that have been developed to determine the relative stability ranking of multiple color coatings early in development to provide an increased probability of technical success on long-term stability studies and to avoid coatings whose visual appearance may change over time. Once this relative stability ranking has been established, the stability advantages can be assessed versus any manufacturing/processing liabilities of the selected coating in order to make a data-driven decision around coating selection. This work reviews the basic fundamentals of colorimetry, followed by the description of a consistent experimental approach to correlate a visual rating with an instrumental measurement (e.g., dE* from a colorimeter) to remove the subjectivity from the assessment. This approach represents a novel strategy for establishing a probabilized correlation between the quantitative instrumental color measurement and the visual rating of the same color change. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:2608–2621, 2013
Evaluation of Hot-Mix Asphalt Distress under Rapid Freeze-Thaw Cycles Using Image Processing Technique

One of the major distresses found in asphalt pavement layers is moisture damage due to rapid freezing and thawing in cold regions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the stripping of fine and coarse aggregates on the surface of an asphalt mixture after the rapid freeze-thaw effect using an image processing technique. Samples of size 183mm 50mm 70mm (beam shape) were prepared using a linear kneading compactor. These samples were placed into an automatic freeze-thaw chamber for about 38 days (8 cycles of freeze-thaw a day, and 300 freeze-thaw cycles in total) to simulate the freeze-thaw effect on asphalt pavement. It was anticipated that the 300 freeze-thaw cycles will simulate the condition of an asphalt pavement during one year of freeze-thaw. Images of the asphalt mixture’s surface were scanned and evaluated using an image processing technique. It was found that stripping increased when the asphalt mixture underwent more freeze-thaw cycles. The results and analysis of the freeze-thaw effects are further discussed in this study.
Antigen Solubilized from Human Leukemia: Lymphocyte Stimulation

Soluble antigen was extracted with hypertonic (3 molar) potassium chloride from the malignant cells of seven patients with acute leukemia. The antigen and leukemia cells were used to stimulate autologous patients' and allogeneic normal donors' lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The lymphocytes of six patients showed significant blastogenic responses to autologous antigen. In contrast, the lymphocytes of only one of seven normal donors responded to the soluble antigens. Both patients' and normal subjects' lymphocytes responded to the intact leukemia cells. The use of these antigens should facilitate the study of specific tumor immunity in human leukemia.
Executive values and the ethics of company politics: Some preliminary findings

A model of correlates of executives' views of organizational politics was presented. The model incorporated three sets of variables: executives' background, values and attitudes. Data collected from 302 managers were used to validate the model. The results showed that precursors of executive perceptions of the ethics and effect of company politics were different. Values were stronger than background variables in explaining executives' views of company politics.
The moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities

Abstract The preservation of heritage through renovation projects of sport and recreation facilities is a recent phenomenon. We are not generally prompted to think of sport and recreation venues as cultural objects to preserve or as hosts to heritage, yet, they appear to be significant sources of heritage for communities and fan nations ( Mason et al., 2005 , Rosentraub and Ijla, 2008 ). Noting facilities have the ability to preserve heritage, the aim of this paper is to review contemporary philosopher Peter Singer's (1993) perspective on moral obligation to highlight the potential to protect heritage through sport and recreation facility management practices. We argue that communities and constituents may have a moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities due to the value they possess. Appropriately, preservation is defined and framed as a managerial activity to assure the survival social, political, and cultural records.
Presence of immunoreactive calcitonin in the hypothalamus and pituitary lobes of rats

We have found calcitonin-like immunoreactive material in extracts of hypothalami from six-month old, male rats. The level of this immunoreactivity, 0.21 ng/hypothalamus, is substantial considering our lower limit of detection, 0.006 ng of rat calcitonin. However, the hypothalamus contains less calcitonin-like immunoreactive material than either the anterior lobe (1.16 ng) or neurointermediate lobe (0.81 ng) of the pituitary. Taken together these three sources of calcitonin-like immunoreactive material contain less than one thousandth the immunoreactivity found in the thyroid. The exact nature of the calcitonin-like immunoreactive material found in these extrathyroidal sites and its physiological role, if any, remain to be discovered. The recent report of the occurrence of calcitonin receptors in the hypothalamus and other brain regions in conjunction with our finding of calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus suggests that calcitonin-like molecules may be active within the brain.
Catheter-probe–assisted endoluminal US

EUS typically is performed with an echoendoscope. However, smaller diameter, nonoptic, catheter–based US (C-EUS) probes have been developed to expand the armamentarium for EUS imaging within the GI tract, including the pancreas and the biliary tree. These probes can be passed through the accessory channel of a gastroscope, a colonoscope, and/or a duodenoscope, providing high-resolution images of the GI wall, the ampulla, the bile duct, and the pancreatic duct. This review discusses available equipment, techniques for performing the examination, clinical applications, safety, future technical developments, and advantages and disadvantages of C-EUS. PUBLICATIONS REVIEW METHODOLOGY The Ovid database (Ovid Technologies, Inc., New York, N.Y.) was used to search publications through May 2004 related to catheter US probes by using the following keywords: ‘‘catheter ultrasound probe,’’ ‘‘intraductal ultrasound,’’ ‘‘miniprobe ultrasonography,’’ ‘‘sonoprobe,’’ ‘‘ultrasonic miniprobe,’’ ‘‘high frequency endosonography,’’ and ‘‘high frequency ultrasound probe.’’ Pertinent studies published in English were reviewed. The bibliographies of all retrieved articles were searched for further relevant references.
Generalized Kripke Frames

Algebraic work [9] shows that the deep theory of possible world semantics is available in the more general setting of substructural logics, at least in an algebraic guise. The question is whether it is also available in a relational form.This article seeks to set the stage for answering this question. Guided by the algebraic theory, but purely relationally we introduce a new type of frames. These structures generalize Kripke structures but are two-sorted, containing both worlds and co-worlds. These latter points may be viewed as modelling irreducible increases in information where worlds model irreducible decreases in information. Based on these structures, a purely model theoretic and uniform account of completeness for the implication-fusion fragment of various substructural logics is given. Completeness is obtained via a generalization of the standard canonical model construction in combination with correspondence results.
Ochratoxin A: Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration

Ochratoxin A is a fungal metabolite which induces pathological changes in animals. The toxin was isolated from cultures of Aspergillus ochraceus and purified by thin-layer chromatography. Ochratoxin A and one of its hydrolysis products, dihydroisocoumarin, severely inhibited coupled respiration when applied at low concentration to rat liver mitochondria.
Human macrophage ATP7A is localized in the trans-Golgi apparatus, controls intracellular copper levels, and mediates macrophage responses to dermal wounds

The copper transporter ATP7A has attracted significant attention since the discovery of its gene mutation leading to human Menkes disease. We previously reported that ATP7A is highly expressed in the human vasculature and identified a novel vascular function of ATP7A in modulation of the expression and activity of extracellular superoxide dismutase. We recently identified that ATP7A expression in THP-1 cells (a monocyte/macrophage model cell line) plays a role in the oxidation of low density lipoproteins, indicating that it is necessary to further investigate its expression and function in monocytes/macrophages. In the current study, we demonstrated the protein and mRNA expression of ATP7A in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived macrophages and alveolar macrophages. ATP7A was strongly co-localized with the trans-Golgi apparatus in PBMC-derived macrophages. Intracellular copper, detected by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, was found to be distributed to the nucleus and cytoplasm in human THP-1 cells. To confirm the role of endogenous ATP7A in macrophage copper homeostasis, we performed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in murine peritoneal macrophages, which showed markedly increased intracellular copper levels in macrophages isolated from ATP7A-deficient mice versus control mice. Moreover, the role of ATP7A in regulating macrophage responses to dermal wounds was studied by introduction of control and ATP7A-downregulated THP-1 cells into dermal wounds of nude mice. Infiltration of THP-1 cells into the wounded area (detected by expression of human macrophage markers MAC2 and CD68) was reduced in response to downregulation of ATP7A, hinting decreased macrophage accumulation subsequent to dermal wounds. In summary, alongside our previous studies, these findings indicate that human macrophage ATP7A is localized in the trans-Golgi apparatus, regulates intracellular copper levels, and mediates macrophage responses to a dermal wound.
The Effectiveness of Supported Employment in People With Dual Disorders

Objective: This study compared the effectiveness of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment to control vocational rehabilitation programs for improving the competitive work outcomes of people with a severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorder. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted drawing from four randomized controlled trials comparing IPS-supported employment to conventional vocational rehabilitation programs for severe mental illness and focusing on the 106 clients with a recent (past 6 months) substance use disorder. Competitive work outcomes were tracked across an 18-month follow-up period. Analyses compared the IPS and comparison vocational programs on cumulative work over the 18 months, including attainment of work, hours and weeks worked, job tenure, wages earned, and days to first job. Results: In the total study group, clients who participated in IPS had better competitive work outcomes than those who participated in a comparison prog...
CONNECTING QTLS TO THE G-MATRIX OF EVOLUTIONARY QUANTITATIVE GENETICS

Evolutionary quantitative genetics has recently advanced in two distinct streams. Many biologists address evolutionary questions by estimating phenotypic selection and genetic (co)variances (G matrices). Simultaneously, an increasing number of studies have applied quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping methods to dissect variation. Both conceptual and practical difficulties have isolated these two foci of quantitative genetics. A conceptual integration follows from the recognition that QTL allele frequencies are the essential variables relating the G-matrix to marker-based mapping experiments. Breeding designs initiated from randomly selected parental genotypes can be used to estimate QTL-specific genetic (co)variances. These statistics appropriately distill allelic variation and provide an explicit population context for QTL mapping estimates. Within this framework, one can parse the G-matrix into a set of mutually exclusive genomic components and ask whether these parts are similar or dissimilar in their respective features, for example the magnitude of phenotypic effects and the extent and nature of pleiotropy. As these features are critical determinants of sustained response to selection, the integration of QTL mapping methods into G-matrix estimation can provide a concrete, genetically based experimental program to investigate the evolutionary potential of natural populations.
The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002: what impact has it had on small business firms?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 on small corporations when compared to large firms and to investigate differences perceived by small and large firms with respect to costs and internal controls.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire containing 20 questions (five demographic and 15 addressing issues related to SOX implementation) was mailed to 5,479 board members, chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) of 676 separate firms with 117 completed surveys returned.Findings – The results of the study show significant differences in the responses between small and large firms concerning: the overall impact of SOX on the firm; the amount of time dedicated to SOX; the role of the external auditor; the firm's implementation stage; the most significant challenges due to SOX implementation; the corporate governance reforms instituted; and changes in board compensation.Research limitations/implications – The basic li...
Pemoline induced acute choreoathetosis: case report and review of the literature.

AbstractBackground: Pemoline is an oxazolidine derivative that is structurally different from amphetamines and used in the treatment of attention deficit disorder. Pemoline has not been commonly associated in the literature as a cause of acute movement disorders. The following case describes two children acutely poisoned with pemoline who experienced profound choreoathetdi. Case Report: Two, 3-year-old male, identical twin siblings presented to the emergency department after found playing with a an empty bottle of pemoline originally containing 59 tablets. The children had a medical history significant for attention deficit disorder previously treated with methylphenidate without success. This was their first day of pemoline therapy. The choreoathetoid movements began 45 min to 1 h after ingestion. The children gave no history of prior movement disorders and there was no family history of movement disorders. The children received gastrointestinal decontamination and high doses of intravenous benzodiazepin...
Heats of formation of organic molecules by ab initio calculations: Alkyl radicals

A bond and group equivalent scheme that allows the calculation of heats of formation for alkyl radicals from the ab initio restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock 6–31G* energies was developed. For a group of 12 radicals, the rms error for the calculated heats of formation was 0·65 kcal mol−1 (1 kcal = 4·184 kJ). Heats of formation were predicted for the pentyl radical and six of its isomers for which the experimental values are unknown.
Fighting and avoidance in response to aversive stimulation.

Avoidance behavior in single and paired rats was established by placing the animals into a chamber and allowing their shock-induced random movements to produce a bar press. Single subjects consistently performed better in the avoidance situation than paired subjects. This finding was related to the high incidence of shock elicited fighting which was observed between the paired animals. Both avoidance and fighting responses were typically made by one of the paired subjects while the other showed only the stereotyped fighting reaction. The addition of a naive subject into the chamber with a subject that had previously learned to avoid, also produced fighting behavior which disrupted the avoidance responding.
EMPOWERING THE GERIATRIC CLIENT

An approach to client care is presented that includes a heuristic paradigm that communicates to the client and caretaker why what they are asked to do is important for the client's health. In addition, it is important for all to understand that without the client's or caretaker's active involvement, there is less than optimal health care. Finally, nurse professionals, by extending their traditional educational function, empower the clients to a fuller participation in their health care.
An instrument for measuring the contour of the cornea.

An instrument designed to measure quantitatively the contour of the human cornea is described. This apparatus can be used to obtain enlarged cross sections of the cornea without harming the eye in any way. An image of a brightly illuminated slit is projected onto the cornea. The intersection of the slit image with the surface of cornea constitutes a section plane through the cornea. The undistorted, enlarged images of selected sections are recorded photographically as corneagrams.
Genetic instability associated with adenoma to carcinoma progression in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Abstract Background & Aims: Genetic instability related to defective DNA mismatch repair genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of carcinoma in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). However, nonneoplastic tissues from patients inheriting defects in human MSH2 or human MLH1 do not show significant genetic instability. The aim of this study was to determine whether acquisition of genetic instability at the adenoma stage promotes malignant transformation by studying adenoma-carcinoma progression in HNPCC. Methods: Dinucleotide repeat loci were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction from microdissected adenoma and/or carcinoma stages from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded HNPCC tumors. Results: Although genetic instability was observed at some loci in almost all cases, the proportion of microsatellite loci altered was significantly less ( P
Effect of Sodium Salts and Added Water on Color of Dark Meat Turkey Patties Subjected to Long‐term Storage

Patties from a Control (all meat), Treatment I (meat, 1.1% water, 1.0% NaCl and 0.5% STP) and Treatment II (meat, 11.1% water, 1.0% NaCl and 0.5% STP) were frozen for 0 to 24 wk, broiled, and analyzed for color attributes. Treated patties had lighter exterior surfaces with reduced redness and increased yellowness. The opposite effects were observed for the interior of patties. Treatment II had elevated values for internal yellowness as compared to Treatment I. Storage caused an increase in both external and internal color values. Sensory scores indicated that internal redness of treated patties was greater than that of the Control but gradually decreased during storage.
Molecular Modeling of Two Disaccharides Containing Fructopyranose Linked to Glucopyranose

Abstract Ramachandran energy surfaces for the disaccharides leucrose and turanose were computed using MM3. For each molecule, thirty-two combinations of hydroxyl and primary alcohol group orientations were considered. The calculations used a dielectric constant of 4.0 and the maps were generated on a 20° grid-spacing. The models compared well with the corresponding crystal structures except for significant deviations in some of the anomeric C-O bond lengths.
Creating public value with tax and spending policies: The view from public economics

According to the framework rooted in public economics, governments can create public value by focusing tax and spending policies on remedying market failures and addressing concerns about fairness embodied in a social welfare function. By pursuing optimal tax and spending policies, governments navigate the omnipresent trade-offs between equity and efficiency. Of course, in practice, the process by which policies are adopted does not resemble the planner's problem in social choice theory. In addition, real fiscal policies do not look much like the recommendations that arise from the optimal tax literature. Governments operate in public choice environments that are not conducive to focused remedying of market failure, and they suffer from their own tendencies to fail to achieve their objectives. Nevertheless, many of the tools are in place to help the federal and state governments focus tax and spending in ways that can maximize public value.
Differential Regulation by Glucocorticoids of Mouse Proα2(I) and Proα1(III) DNA-Binding Proteins

Abstract Multiple procollagen-specific DNA-binding proteins were identified for the α2(I) and the αl(III) procollagen promotor containing gene fragments. The proteins are genespecific, differing in their relative molecular weights and relative binding specificities. A major finding was the increased DNA-binding with specificity for the procollagen promoter containing DNAs by several nonhistone nuclear proteins in mouse embryo fibroblasts treated with dexamethasone. The previously reported coordinate decrease of type I and type III procollagens by glucocorticoids may involve differential regulation by glucocorticoids of procollagen gene specific DNA-binding proteins.
Twelve-year experience of radioembolization for colorectal hepatic metastases in 214 patients: survival by era and chemotherapy.

Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the safety, treatment characteristics and survival outcomes of Yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization for unresectable colorectal carcinoma (CRC) liver metastases refractory to standard of care therapy.
Life History and Description of Immature Stages of Euaresta stigmatica (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Ambrosia spp. (Asteraceae) in Southern California

Euaresta stigmatica Coquillett is bivoltine and nearly monophagous on four native ragweeds, Ambrosia spp. (Asteraceae), in the southwestern United States. In southern California, larvae of the spring (F 1 ) generation develop singly in and feed on one or both ovules of young fruiting involucres of Ambrosia ilicifolia (Gray) Payne, with a small proportion infesting the staminate involucres. Adults emerge after 1 mo, with their reproductive organs immature. The F 2 generation develops in the involucres of fall-blooming Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hooker. The egg is described and illustrated for the first time for any species of Euaresta. First, second, and third instars and the puparium are described and illustrated for the first time for E. stigmatica. The posterior spiracular plates of all three instars bear only three interspiracular processes, whereas the larvae and puparia of all other nonfrugivorous tephritids described to date bear four such processes. Adult behaviors described from field and laboratory studies include courtship, copulation, and territoriality. Male courtship displays include three behaviors previously undescribed for Tephritidae: a side-to-side dance, rapid side stepping, and n middle leg abduction. Hymenopterous parasitoids of E. stigmatica include two solitary, primary larval-pupal, endoparasitoids, Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) and Pteromalus sp. (Pteromalidae). Potential use of E. stigmatica as a biological control agent for ragweeds in Eurasia is discussed
The selective effects of indomethacin on contractile responses of the isolated rat uterus.

These studies were initiated to examine the effects of indomethacin on uterine contractile responses to oxytocin, carbachol, bradykinin, angiotension II and isoproterenol. Isolated uterine horns used in this study were removed from immature (21 days old) ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (40–50 gm). Pre-treatment of uterine horns with indomethacin (10-3M) for periods of 15,30,60,90, and 180 seconds resulted in maximal inhibition of oxytocin-induced contractions by 15 seconds. In an indomethacin dose-response study, oxytocin-induced contractions were completely eliminated by a dose of indomethacin of 10-3M. Utilizing doses of indomethacin (3.5 × 10-4 and 5.0 × 10-4M) that significantly reduced oxytocininduced contractions by 48 and 77% respectively, contractile responses induced by carbachol (10-6M), bradykinin (10-6M), and angiotension II (4 × 10-11M) were not significantly reduced. Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle by isoproterenol (10-5M) in the presence of carbachol (10-5M) was not altered by indome...
Comparison of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation values associated with two i.v. iron formulations in hemodialysis patients

Purpose. The effects of i.v. iron formulations on serum ferritin concentration (SFC) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) are compared in adult hemodialysis patients with anemia receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Methods. This study consisted of 215 patients who were receiving chronic hemodialysis, ESAs, and i.v. iron supplementation from November 2005 to November 2006. All patients received iron sucrose therapy from November 2005 to April 2006. Patients were then switched to sodium ferric gluconate. If the patient’s SFC was <100 ng/mL and TSAT was <20%, then iron sucrose 100 mg i.v. at every hemodialysis for 10 doses or sodium ferric gluconate 125 mg i.v. at every hemodialysis for 8 doses was administered as loading doses. Maintenance doses of iron sucrose 60 mg or sodium ferric gluconate 62.5 mg were administered every two weeks if the SFC was 100–499 ng/mL and the TSAT was 20–29% or every four weeks if the SFC was 500–600 ng/mL and the TSAT was 30–45%. SFC and TSAT were measured every three months. Results. More treatment courses resulted in target SFC and TSAT values during treatment with sodium ferric gluconate than iron sucrose, but neither difference was significant. The proportion of treatment courses resulting in SFCs of >600 ng/mL (above the target range) was significantly greater during treatment with iron sucrose than sodium ferric gluconate. Conclusion. There was no significant difference between iron sucrose and sodium ferric gluconate in the frequency in which SFC and TSAT values were within target ranges in hemodialysis patients with anemia receiving ESAs. Of the two drugs, iron sucrose was more likely to produce an SFC above the target range.
Effects of rooting by feral hogs Sus scrofa L. on the structure of a floodplain vegetation assemblage

We evaluated effects of rooting by feral hogs (Sus scrofa) on total emergent vegetation cover, vegetation species richness, and diversity of plant-defined microhabitat types in an impounded floodplain marsh in central Florida. Data were collected in 6 split-plots (rooted and control) over 10 post-rooting, monthly sampling periods. Hog rooting led to reduced plant cover in broadleaf marsh habitats and to significantly higher microhabitat diversity and species richness. Although feral hogs can have detrimental effects on native biota and community structure, our data suggest that hog rooting is a disturbance that can enhance plant species richness and associated microhabitat diversity in wetland habitats.
The combustion chemical vapor deposition of high temperature materials

Abstract Combustion chemical vapor deposition (combustion CVD) has been used to deposit a number of different high temperature oxide coatings, including Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CeO 2 , some spinel oxides (MgAl 2 O 4 , NiAl 2 O 4 ), and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The materials presented in this paper were selected because of their intrinsic merit as protective materials at elevated temperature. This paper reviews the technique of combustion CVD, and summarizes both the methods used and key results from high temperature materials which have been deposited using this technique. The ability of Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 to provide oxidation protection to a prototypical superalloy substrate, Ni-20Cr, is reported, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to quantify the alloy’s oxidation response; all three coatings reduce the oxidation kinetics of Ni-20Cr.
Expression of β-actin and a-tubulin mRNA in gerbil brain following transient ischemia and reperfusion up to 1 month

Abstract The time course of mRNA expressions of two cytoskeletal proteins, β-actin and a-tubulin, was studied by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization in the same gerbil brains at various periods of recirculation following 10 min of forebrain ischemia. On Northern blot analysis, β-actin rnRNA in the forebrain showed increase after 6 h and 24 h recirculation. There was wide variation in its expression 3 days postischemia (PI), and by 7 days PI it had returned to control. The α -tubulin mRNA in the forebrain was shown to be reduced 6 h PI in our previous study. In the present analysis of Northern blots of delayed postischemic periods, there was no significant change in its expression even though there were variations. In situ hybridization revealed a decline in the mRNA expressions of both α-tubulin and β-actin in the CAI region as early as 6–24 h PI with the reductions being prominent at 3 days PI. By 7 days PI, β-actin was only faintly visible while a -tubulin was completely absent in the CAI region. Neither RNA was detectable in CAI 1 month PI. The heat shock-70 protein was expressed by I h PI, and it continued to be expressed up to 24 h, returning to control by 3 days PI. These results indicate that ischemia inhibits mRNA expressions of cytoskeletal protein in the selectively vulnerable region of the brain, i.e. CAI. The time course of the reduction of the two mRNAs coincides with delayed neuronal death suggesting that the cytoskeletal proteins may play important roles in selective postischemic neuronal injury.
Interplay Between Local Environment Effect and Electronic Structure Properties in Close Packed Structures

Within a tight binding framework, the interplay between local atomic arrangement, orbital directionality and phase stability properties is discussed for a series of tetrahedrally close packed (tcp) structures. The common features which characterize the local densities of states of tcp phases can be explained by a moment analysis up to fourth order terms. On the contrary, it is shown that structural energy differences between simple and tcp crystalline structures requires the knowledge of at least the fifth order moments, a fact which has been underestimated in the past. Finally, the relative stability of various representative geometries, including the ones of simple crystalline structures is examined as a function of the number of valence electrons.
Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being:

This study examined the links among relationship status, relationship happiness, and a latent measure of subjective well-being. Using the study of Marital Instability over the Life Course, we found that married individuals reported the highest level of subjective well-being, followed (in order) by individuals in cohabiting relationships, steady dating relationships, casual dating relationships, and individuals who dated infrequently or not at all. Individuals in happy relationships reported a higher level of subjective well-being than did individuals in unhappy relationships, irrespective of relationship status. Even with relationship happiness controlled, however, relationship status was associated with subjective well-being. A longitudinal analysis suggested that shifting into more committed relationships was followed by improvements in subjective well-being. Little support was found for the assumption that people with a high level of well-being select themselves into more committed relationships.
Effects of aluminium on nitrate uptake and assimilation

A study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the effects of external Al on NO 3 - uptake and assimilation depend upon the concentration of Al present. Young soybean seedlings [Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cv. Essex], growing under moderate acidity stress at pH 4.2, were exposed to a range of {Al 3+ } in solution for 3d, and to labelled 99 atom % 15 NO 3 - during the final hour of Al exposure. Uptake of l5 NO 3 - g -1 root dry weight was increased by about 28% in the presence of Al at {Al 3+ } below 10 mmol m -3 , and NO 3 - uptake was decreased by about 12% when the (Al 3+ ) increased to 44 mmol m -3 . The stimulation phase closely paralleled stimulation of root elongation. At higher {Al 3+ }, the inhibition of root elongation was much more severe than that of NO 3 - uptake. There was no indication of a separate effect of Al on root 15 NO 3 - reduction in situ, as the accumulation of reduced 15 N in the root remained a similar percentage of 15 NO 3 - uptake at all {Al 3+ }. At higher {Al 3+ }, the atom % 15 N enrichment of the insoluble reduced-N (protein) fraction of root tips increased. This suggests that the Al inhibition of root elongation did not result from disruption of the N supply to the root apex.
Turtle cortical activity captured by dynamic models

It is well known that visual targets evoke waves of activity in the visual cortex of freshwater turtles. In this paper we construct an ARMA system realization of the cortical wave generated as a result of both simple stationary flash and moving natural inputs to the cortex. These inputs include video sequences from 'an ocean with moving fish'. The input sequences and the output cortical waves are represented with respect to suitably chosen spatial and temporal bases. The corresponding coefficient sequences are viewed as inputs to and outputs of the ARMA system. The paper discusses system realization using a least squares algorithm.
Traffic Equilibrium and Variational Inequalities

We consider the general traffic equilibrium network model where the travel cost on each link of the transportation network may depend on the flow on this as well as other links of the network. The model has been designed in order to handle situations where there is interaction between traffic on different links e.g., two-way streets, intersections or between different modes of transportation on the same link. For this model, we use the techniques of the theory of variational inequalities to establish existence of a traffic equilibrium pattern, to design an algorithm for the construction of this pattern and to derive estimates on the speed of convergence of the algorithm.
Long-term age-dependent behavioral changes following a single episode of fetal N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade

Administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine during the perinatal period can produce a variety of behavioral and neuroanatomical changes. Our laboratory has reported reliable changes in learning and memory following a single dose of ketamine administered late in gestation. However, the nature of the drug-induced changes depends on the point during embryonic development when ketamine is administered. Embryonic day 18 (E18) rat fetuses pre-treated with ketamine (100 mg/kg, i.p. through the maternal circulation) and taught a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learn and remember the CTA, whereas E19 fetuses do not. The current study sought to determine if long-term behavioral effects could be detected in animals that received ketamine or a saline control injection on either E18 or E19. Rat behavior was evaluated on two different measures: spontaneous locomotion and water maze learning. Measurements were collected during 2 periods: Juvenile test period [pre-pubertal locomotor test: Postnatal Day 11 (P11); pre-pubertal water maze test: P18] or Young-adult test period [post-pubertal locomotor test: P60; post-pubertal water maze test: P81]. Water maze performance of ketamine-treated rats was similar to that of controls when tested on P18. Likewise, the age of the animal at the time of ketamine/saline treatment did not influence learning of the maze. However, the young-adult water maze test (P81) revealed reliable benefits of prenatal ketamine exposure – especially during the initial re-training trial. On the first trial of the young adult test, rats treated with ketamine on E18 reached the hidden platform faster than any other group – including rats treated with ketamine on E19. Swim speeds of experimental and control rats were not significantly different. Spontaneous horizontal locomotion measured during juvenile testing indicated that ketamine-treated rats were less active than controls. However, later in development, rats treated with ketamine on E18 were more active than rats that received the drug on E19. These data suggest that both the day in fetal development when ketamine is administered and the timing of post-natal behavioral testing interact to influence behavioral outcomes. The data also indicate that the paradoxical age-dependent effects of early ketamine treatment on learning, previously described in fetuses and neonates, may also be detected later in young adult rats.