cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Sharing in Social Science Repositories: Facilitating Reproducible Computational Research

From new types of data to new computational methodologies, computation is engendering a revolution in social science research and with this comes the issue of facilitating data and code sharing to encourage collaboration and reproducibility in scientific publishing. A repository designed for this purpose at Harvard University, The Dataverse Network, permits authors to upload data and code with their own terms of use. This paper examines these terms of use for 30, 090 uploads to discover barrier issues to sharing in the social sciences and compares them to those found in a survey of NIPS registrants. We find that the additionally specified terms of use in The Dataverse Network primarily address issues of maintaining subject confidentiality, preventing further sharing, making specific citation a condition of use, restricting access by commercial or profit-making entities, and time embargoes, which differs to those elucidated among NIPS participants. Using these findings we suggest a sharing framework for social science data to expand engagement of the larger social science community and encourage verification of research findings.
Visualizing the behavior of dynamically modifiable code

Recent years have seen an increased recognition of some of the advantages offered by dynamically modifiable code, i.e., code that changes during the execution of the program. In its full generality, it can be very difficult to understand the behavior of such self-modifiable code. This paper describes a system that graphically displays the execution behavior of dynamic code, focusing on code modifications and their effect on the structure of the program, i.e., the call graph and control flow graphs of functions. This can help users visualize the structure of runtime code modifications and understand the behavior of dynamically modifiable programs.
A hitchhiker's guide to cell biology: exploitation of host-cell functions by intracellular pathogens

A report on the 'Pathogen-host cell interactions' minisymposium at the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, Washington DC, USA, 8-12 December 2001.
Distributed probability network

This paper introduces a distributed sub-pattern space binary associative memory for error correction and pattern completion. The associative architecture presented in this work is analogous to belief network representations in that, it represents domain knowledge using a set of sub-pattern joint probability distributions. It is superior to belief networks in that, it can be used as an associative memory. The proposed architecture is distributed in nature and offers a fault tolerant solution to binary pattern completion and error correction problems.
Centrifugal states and Centripetal Courts: Early state reaction to European Court of Justice (1958–1994) and U.S. Supreme Court (1789–1860)

(1996). Centrifugal states and Centripetal Courts: Early state reaction to European Court of Justice (1958–1994) and U.S. Supreme Court (1789–1860) The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, pp. 703-709.
A Scalable Geographic Service Provision Framework for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Supporting scalable and efficient routing and service provision in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has been a big research challenge. Conventional topology-based unicast and multicast protocols are normally hard to scale due to the big overhead in their routing schemes. Supported by these routing protocols, conventional service discovery schemes also have limited scalability and efficiency. Basing their forwarding decisions only on the local topology, geographic-based unicast routing protocols have drawn a lot of attentions in recent years. However, current geographic unicast routing can not adapt to different traffic conditions in a service provision network and current geographic multicast protocols can hardly scale to a large network size and group size. We propose a geographic routing and service provision framework for MANET which possesses the features of scalability, efficiency, robustness and adaptability. In the framework, an efficient hierarchical structure is built and maintained, based on which a scalable membership management is deployed to efficiently track the resource and service states. An adaptive and reactive geographic unicast routing protocol and a scalable and robust multicast protocol are designed to meet the different routing requirements in a service provision network. With the support of all of these components, the service provision functions, such as service discovery, delivery and coordination, can be deployed in the framework
Isolation of heparin-derived oligosaccharides containing 2-O-sulfated hexuronic acids, by lipoprotein lipase affinity chromatography.

Abstract Oligosaccharides (hexa to dodeca) terminating with [ 3 H]2,5-anhydromannitol (AMan R ) were isolated from heparin by partial cleavage with nitrous acid at low pH (pH 1.5) followed by gel filtration and reduction with [ 3 H]NaBH 4 . They were subsequently chromatographed on a lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-Sepharose column. High- and low-affinity oligosaccharides for LpL were isolated and characterized. Disaccharide analysis revealed the presence of (IdceA(2-SO 4 )→AMan R 6-SO 4 ) and (IdceA(2-SO 4 )→AMan R ) as the major disaccharide products after low pH nitrous acid treatment. The oligosaccharides are, therefore, enriched in IdceA(2-SO 4 )-(GlcNSO 4 ±6-SO 4 ) sequences. Furthermore, they are found to be composed of 2- O -sulfated hexuronic acid-containing sequences, structural features, characteristic of heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharies with potential antiproliferative activities. These oligosaccharides may have the potential as lipase-releasing agents from endothelial and adipocyte surfaces.
Stress field and seismotectonics of northern South America

We have integrated in situ stress, neotectonic, and Global Positioning System data to investigate the complex interactions among the South American, Caribbean, and Nazca plates and the Costa Rica–Panama microplate and to examine different seismotectonic models that have been proposed for the region. The resulting data set was used to generate an integrated stress map of the region that shows that the stress field in northern South America varies systematically in both orientation and relative magnitude. In the southwestern part of the study area, the Ecuadorian Andes stress province exhibits strong E-W compression resulting from the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. In the North Andes stress province, the observed NW-SE compression may result from the convergence between the Caribbean and the South American plates and/or the negative buoyancy of the already subducted Caribbean plate beneath northwestern South America. Possible convergence between the Costa Rica–Panama microplate with respect to northwestern South America may also be a source of compression in this region. In north and northeastern Venezuela, normal and strike-slip faulting with a NE-SW direction of extension characterizes the San Sebastian–El Pilar stress province.
Enhanced reductive dechlorination in columns treated with edible oil emulsion.

Abstract The effect of edible oil emulsion treatment on enhanced reductive dechlorination was evaluated in a 14 month laboratory column study. Experimental treatments included: (1) emulsified soybean oil and dilute HCl to inhibit biological activity; (2) emulsified oil only; (3) emulsified oil and anaerobic digester sludge; and (4) continuously feeding soluble substrate. A single application of emulsified oil was effective in generating strongly reducing, anaerobic conditions for over 14 months. PCE was rapidly reduced to cis-DCE in all three live columns. Bioaugmentation with a halorespiring enrichment culture resulted in complete dechlorination of PCE to ethene in the soluble substrate column (yeast extract and lactate). However, an additional treatment with a pulse of yeast extract and bioaugmentation culture was required to stimulate complete dechlorination in the emulsion treated columns. Once the dechlorinating population was established, the emulsion only column degraded PCE from 90–120 μM to below detection with concurrent ethene production in a 33 day contact time. The lower biodegradation rates in the emulsion treated columns compared to the soluble substrate column suggest that emulsified oil barriers may require a somewhat longer contact time for effective treatment. In the HCl inhibited column, partitioning of PCE to the retained oil substantially delayed PCE breakthrough. However, reduction of PCE to more soluble degradation products (cis-DCE, VC and ethene) greatly reduced the impact of oil–water partitioning in live columns. There was only a small decline in the hydraulic conductivity (K) of column #1 (low pH + emulsion, Kfinal/Kinitial = 0.57) and column #2 (live + emulsion, Kfinal/Kinitial = 0.73) indicating emulsion injection did not result in appreciable clogging of the clayey sand. However, K loss was greater in column #3 (sludge +emulsion, Kfinal/Kinitial = 0.12) and column #4 (soluble substrate, Kfinal/Kinitial = 0.03) indicating clogging due to biomass and/or gas production can be significant.
Factors associated with the length of the latent phase during labor induction.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors that are associated with the length of the latent phase during labor induction in nulliparous women. Study design During a 6-month period, all nulliparous women with a viable fetus of at least 36 weeks gestation who underwent induction of labor were identified. Demographic and intrapartum data were abstracted from the medical record. In an effort to understand the association of different factors with the length of the latent phase, both univariable and multivariable analyses were employed. Results The median length of the latent phase for the women available for analysis ( N = 397) was 384 min with an interquartile range of 240–604 min. In univariable analysis, a greater maternal age, a medical indication for induction, and unripe cervical status at admission (assessed by either modified Bishop score or use of cervical ripening agents) were significantly associated with a latent phase of at least 12 h. In multivariable analysis, the only variables that continued to be independently associated with a latent phase of at least 12 h were modified Bishop scores of 0–2 (adjusted odds ratio 42.0, 95% confidence interval 9.7, 183.2) and 3–5 (adjusted odds ratio 9.3, 95% confidence interval 2.1, 40.9). Conclusion A woman's modified Bishop score at admission for labor induction, but not other risk factors typically associated with cesarean, is associated with length of the latent phase.
HIV Infection Affects Streptococcus mutans Levels, but Not Genotypes

We report a clinical study that examines whether HIV infection affects Streptococcus mutans colonization in the oral cavity. Whole stimulated saliva samples were collected from 46 HIV-seropositive individuals and 69 HIV-seronegative control individuals. The level of S. mutans colonization was determined by conventional culture methods. The genotype of S. mutans was compared between 10 HIV-positive individuals before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 10 non-HIV-infected control individuals. The results were analyzed against viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, salivary flow rate, and caries status. We observed that S. mutans levels were higher in HIV-infected individuals than in the non-HIV-infected control individuals (p = 0.013). No significant differences in S. mutans genotypes were found between the two groups over the six-month study period, even after HAART. There was a bivariate linear relationship between S. mutans levels and CD8+ counts (r = 0.412; p = 0.007), but not between S. mutans levels and either CD4+ counts or viral load. Furthermore, compared with non-HIV-infected control individuals, HIV-infected individuals experienced lower salivary secretion (p = 0.009) and a positive trend toward more decayed tooth surfaces (p = 0.027). These findings suggest that HIV infection can have a significant effect on the level of S. mutans, but not genotypes.
Mechanisms of GaAs atomic layer epitaxy : a review of progress

Abstract In this article we review the surface chemistry of several precursors for the growth of GaAs. Specifically, we discuss trimethylgallium, triethylgallium, and arsine. Our discussion focuses on the importance of surface chemistry in achieving atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs. While ALE has been the subject of numerous publications, a thorough understanding of the mechanism(s) of GaAs ALE has not been attained. We wish to illustrate how surface science experiments have helped in the search for a complete understanding. More generally, the results discussed in this paper are relevant to gas source molecular beam epitaxy, metal organic molecular beam epitaxy, organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, and chemical beam epitaxy.
Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part II: Apparent Heat and Moisture Sources and Eddy Momentum Transport*

Abstract The interactions between the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and synoptic-scale variability (SSV) are investigated by diagnosing the atmospheric apparent heat source (Q1), apparent moisture sink (Q2), and eddy momentum transport. It is found that the synoptic Q1 and Q2 heating (cooling) anomalies are in phase with cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity disturbances, aligned in a southeast–northwest-oriented wave train pattern over the western North Pacific (WNP). The wave train is well organized and strengthened (loosely organized and weakened) during the ISO active (suppressed) phase. The nonlinearly rectified Q1 and Q2 fields due to the eddy–mean flow interaction account for 10%–30% of the total intraseasonal Q1 and Q2 variabilities over the WNP. During the ISO active (suppressed) phase, the nonlinearly rectified intraseasonal Q1 and Q2 heating (cooling) appear to the northwest of the ISO enhanced (suppressed) convection center, favoring the northwestward propagation of the ISO. A diag...
The emergence of dance/movement therapy in Estonia

Abstract In 1991 the Baltic nation of Estonia peacefully achieved independence from the Soviet Union. The arts played a significant role throughout this historic process and they continue to be an important in contemporary Estonian society. Out of these roots, there is growing academic and professional focus on the uses of creativity to facilitate health, well-being and other therapeutic goals. This paper is based on the author's experiences as a U.S. Fulbright Scholar teaching at Tallinn University's Department of Applied Creativity in 2011. It examines recent academic and professional developments in the field of dance/movement therapy and other creative arts therapies in Estonia. It also analyzes the academic, cultural, and economic factors that will likely have significant influence on the future of Estonian dance/movement therapy and creative art therapies.
Systems analysis and planning for the criminal justice system

Abstract Systems analysis, which has made important contributions in dealing with technological systems, also has an important role to play in dealing with a variety of social system problems that occur within the city. The problem of crime, and especially of the operation of the criminal justice system is one of the most fundamental of these problems, and one which in many respects typifies the operation of a wide class of social systems. This paper first presents a brief description of the criminal justice system, a discussion of some attempts to model that system, an enumeration of some of the difficulties inherent in developing and using such models, and then an indication of some approaches to dealing with those difficulties. This leads to a description of JUSSIM, an interactive computer model for criminal justice planning and system design. Finally, the author indicates how that model can be applied to other social systems.
Al-doped ZnO aligned nanorod arrays for opto-electronic and sensor applications

We report on the growth of vertically aligned Al:ZnO nanorod arrays synthesized by the hydrothermal technique at considerably low temperature on a sputtered Al:ZnO seed layer. The morphology demonstrates that the nanorod arrays maintain remarkable alignment along the c-axis over a large area. The optoelectronic properties of nanorod arrays on Al:ZnO/p-Si seed layer with SiO 2 have been illustrated. The photocurrent is significantly reduced in nanorod arrays on AZO/SiO2/p-Si heterojunction due to multiple scattering phenomena associated with the nanorod arrays. The optical properties of the AZO film with and without the AZO nanorod arrays were investigated. Also the effects of an intermediate layer in the AZO/P-Si heterojunction structure with and without the AZO nanorod array present were explored. All the various intermediate layers displayed photovoltaic effect behavior, especially with the AZO/SiO 2 /P-Si heterojunction structure, which exhibited ideal diode behavior. The optoelectronic properties of nanorod arrays on AZO/P-Si seed layer with SiO 2 have been illustrated. The photocurrent is significantly reduced in nanorod arrays on AZO/SiO 2 /P-Si heterojunction due to multiple scattering phenomena associated with the nanorod arrays. The results have tremendous impact for sensor fabrication, including glucose sensor.
Inviting the Significant Other of LGBT Clients into Substance Abuse Treatment Programs: Frequency and Impact

In the New York Metropolitan area, convenience samples of 194 LGBT and 107 heterosexual former clients of substance abuse programs were compared in regard to rate of invitation of their significant others into treatment for at least one session. No significant differences between sexual orientation groups were found. For LGBT respondents, inviting significant others into treatment resulted in improved program completion rates, greater satisfaction with treatment, enhanced feelings of counselor support, and higher abstinence rates at the end of treatment. For women, not having a significant other predicted higher abstinence rates at the end of treatment.
Shake-and-Bake on the grid

Computational and data grids represent an emerging technology that allows geographically and organizationally distributed resources (e.g. computing and storage resources) to be linked and accessed in a fashion that is transparent to the user, presenting an extension of the desktop for users whose computational, data and visualization needs extend beyond their local systems. The New York State Grid is an integrated computational and data grid that provides web-based access for users from around the world to computational, application and data storage resources. This grid is used in a ubiquitous fashion, where the users have virtual access to their data sets and applications, but do not need to be made aware of the details of the data storage or computational devices that are specifically employed. Two of the applications that users worldwide have access to on a variety of grids, including the New York State Grid, are the SnB and BnP programs, which implement the Shake-and-Bake method of molecular structure (SnB) and substructure (BnP) determination, respectively. In particular, through our grid portal (i.e. logging on to a web site), SnB has been run simultaneously on all computational resources on the New York State Grid as well as on more than 1100 of the over 3000 processors available through the Open Science Grid.
Synthetic training sets for the development of discriminant functions for the detection of volatile organic compounds from passive infrared remote sensing data

A novel synthetic data generation methodology is described for use in the development of pattern recognition classifiers that are employed for the automated detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during infrared remote sensing measurements. The approach used is passive Fourier transform infrared spectrometry implemented in a downward-looking mode on an aircraft platform. A key issue in developing this methodology in practice is the need for example data that can be used to train the classifiers. To replace the time-consuming and costly collection of training data in the field, this work implements a strategy for taking laboratory analyte spectra and superimposing them on background spectra collected from the air. The resulting synthetic spectra can be used to train the classifiers. This methodology is tested by developing classifiers for ethanol and methanol, two prevalent VOCs in wide industrial use. The classifiers are successfully tested with data collected from the aircraft during controlled releases of ethanol and during a methanol release from an industrial facility. For both ethanol and methanol, missed detections in the aircraft data are in the range of 4 to 5%, with false positive detections ranging from 0.1 to 0.3%.
Northwestward-Propagating Wave Patterns over the Tropical Western North Pacific during Summer

Abstract The possible relationship between northwestward-propagating wave disturbances and tropical cyclones over the tropical western North Pacific during summer is studied using data assimilated by the navy's global model during May–September 1989–91. A multiple-set canonical correlation (MCC) analysis is applied to the 850-hPa meridional (v) component over a core domain covering the western Pacific. The analysis seeks the maximal geometrically averaged correlation between 12 consecutive twice-daily fields. Two MCC components, with a 90° phase difference and comparable variances that combine to nearly one-third of the total variance, describe the northwestward-propagating pattern with a period near 8–9 days. Upstream of this steady northwestward-propagating pattern there is a weaker, westward propagation along 5°N that may be traced back to 170°E. The surface pressure cell advancing east of the Philippines is consistent with low-level winds for a circulation in gradient wind balance. It has a zonal wave...
The health trade-off of rural residence for impaired older adults: longer life, more impairment.

Context: Years lived with and without physical impairment are central measures of public health. Purpose: We sought to determine whether these measures differed between rural and urban residents who were impaired at the time of a baseline measurement. We examined 16 subgroups defi ned by rural/urban residence, gender, race, and education. Methods: This is a 20-year retrospective cohort study, following 2,939 Americans who were aged 65-69 in 1982 and physically impaired at the time of the baseline measurement, with data from the National Long-Term Care Survey. Interpolated Markov chain analysis and microsimulation estimated life expectancy at age 65 and expected number of years with physical impairment. Impairment was defi ned as requiring help in 1 or more activities of daily living. Findings: Among older individuals with physical impairments at baseline, rural residents lived notably longer than urban residents. In all but 1 group, rural residents lived more years with physical impairment, and they also had a notably larger proportion of remaining life impaired. Conclusions: Results suggest a notable public health impact of rural residence for impaired individuals, a longer expected period of impairment. Needs for services for people with impairments may be greater in rural areas. 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of
Dynamic compressive failure of a glass ceramic under lateral confinement

An experimental technique has been developed for imposing controlled multi-axial loading on cylindrical ceramic specimens. The multi-axial loading is achieved by superposing passive lateral confinement upon axial compression. Descriptions of the experimental technique, as well as experimental results for a machinable glass ceramic, Macor, are presented. The axial compression was applied using a Kolsky (split Hopkinson) pressure bar modified to apply a single loading pulse. Experiments were also conducted under quasi-static conditions using a servo-hydraulic load frame. The specimens were confined laterally using shrink-fit metal sleeves. The confining pressure ranges from 10 to 230 MPa. Under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, the experimental results showed that the failure mode changes from fragmentation by axial splitting without confinement to localized faulting under moderate lateral confinement (10–120 MPa). The process of fault initiation was characterized in detail for specimens under moderate confinement. Based on the experimental results, a compressive failure mechanism was proposed for brittle materials under moderate lateral confinement. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was found to fit the experimental strength data. The failure criterion is shown to be consistent with the analytical results from a micromechanical model for brittle failure. Transition from brittle to ductile behavior was observed under high confinement (230 MPa).
Organization-Environment Isomorphism, Rejection, and Substitution in Brazilian Protestantism

Mainline organization theory generally presumes that organizations tend toward ever greater 'fit' or isomorphism with their environments. Much of current organization theory also stresses the rational-legal bases of organization at the expense of charismatic and traditional authority.This paper posits two nonisomorphic responses to the environment—rejection and substitution—and analyzes their dynamics in bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic protestant churches in 200 Brazilian communities.
Modeling hydrodynamic interaction in Brownian dynamics: simulations of extensional flows of dilute solutions of DNA and polystyrene

Abstract We describe a method to include full hydrodynamic interactions (HI) using the Rotne–Prager tensor into the bead–spring model without excluded-volume interactions in a way suitable for Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations of the transient nonlinear rheological properties of dilute polymer solutions. First, we develop a scheme to determine the HI parameter h∗ and bead radius “a” that keeps the number of beads N modest at high molecular weight and yet matches the bead–spring model to the “real” polymer both in its longest relaxation time or diffusivity near equilibrium and in the drag on the chain at full extension, the latter being estimated by a formula of Batchelor. Second, we compare three different numerical integration methods, namely an explicit Euler’s method, a semi-implicit Newton’s method and a semi-implicit predictor–corrector method, and conclude that the predictor–corrector method is the best one available now, because of its ability to use larger time-steps and the relatively low computational expense for each step. Third, we perform simulations for two different macromolecules, namely λ-phage DNA and high molecular weight polystyrene (PS). We find that we can model λ-phage DNA with full HI with only 10 beads, and find that HI has negligible effect on extensional-flow behavior because of DNA’s expanded configuration even at rest, and therefore, its small value of h ∗ =0.03 . For PS in a theta solvent, however, molecular configurations are much more compact, and to avoid bead overlap we must keep h ∗ . This requires the use of more beads, at least N=20 for a molecular weight of 2 million, even if we drop the requirement that we match the longest relaxation time. Surprisingly, despite our inability to match the experimental longest relaxation time with a limited number of beads, excellent agreement with experimental filament-stretching strain–stress data is obtained except for the plateau Trouton ratio for PS of molecular weight of 2 million at various Weissenberg numbers. The inclusion of HI eliminates the “lag”, the delay in growth of the Trouton ratio relative to experimental data, seen in earlier simulations.
Slow growth of 3He-B into hypercooled 3He-A

We report observations of the first-order phase transition between the two superfluid phases of 3He. We supercool a long cylindrical sample of the higher-temperature A phase in a magnetic field in a simple dc magnetometer. We then introduce B phase at one end of the sample and observe its growth into the supercooled A phase via the magnetometer signal. For temperatures above a certain value, the phase interface travels up the tube with a nearly time-independent velocity, whose temperature dependence is in reasonable agreement with theory. We also investigate the dependence of this velocity on tube diameter and magnetic field. Our measured values of the difference between A phase and B phase magnetization agree with previous dynamic (NMR) measurements. We also derive thermodynamic data on the AB transition from the measurements of magnetization difference and the dependence of the transition temperature on magnetic field.
Elevation: a major influence on the hydrology of New Hampshire and Vermont, USA / L'altitude exerce une influence importante sur l'hydrologie du New Hampshire et du Vermont, Etats-Unis

ABSTRACT Much of New Hampshire and Vermont (combined area = 50 000 km2) has hilly to mountainous topography. Elevations range from 0 to 1900 m a.s.l. (average = 360 m), and many peaks exceed 1200 m. Mean annual precipitation increases strongly with elevation (adjusted for additional orographic effects and distance from moisture sources), as do mean monthly precipitation, snow depth, and snow water equivalents. Mean monthly temperatures decrease with elevation, largely masking latitudinal effects, and can be used with other information to show how potential evapotranspiration changes with elevation. These effects combine to produce strong elevational increases in mean annual streamflow and, more surprisingly, cause streamflow variability, both short term and annual, to decrease with mean drainage basin elevation. Low flows for a given exceedance probability increase markedly as mean basin elevation increases above 340 m. Flood peaks for a given return period also increase with mean basin elevation. Slope a...
Structure and three-dimensional crystal packing preferences for mer-tris(8-quinolinolato)indium(III) vapor-phase-grown crystals

Evaluation of indium(III) tris(8-quinolinolato) (Inq3) chelate crystals grown slowly from the vapor phase under vacuum (∼10-6 Torr) was compared to the aluminum analogue, Alq3. In both cases, a previously unidentified close π−π interaction is identified, which likely impacts charge conduction. In the case of Inq3, we observe a mixture of both meridianal (mer) and facial (fac) crystals. The larger pseudohexagon mer-Inq3 crystals were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and showed average In−N and In−O bond lengths significantly longer (0.22 and 0.26 A, respectively) than Alq3 and bond angles about the In3+ ion more distorted from an ideal octahedral geometry. The crystalline packing of mer-Inq3 is found to closely resemble the β-Alq3 phase, where both metal chelates are characterized by pairing of symmetry-related mer-optical isomers in three-dimensional π−π stacking interactions (∼3.5 A or less). The smaller needlelike crystals were determined to be pure fac-Inq3 by powder X-ray diffraction studi...
Migrastatin analogues target fascin to block tumour metastasis

Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients. Development of new therapeutics preventing tumour metastasis is urgently needed. Migrastatin is a natural product secreted by Streptomyces, and synthesized migrastatin analogues such as macroketone are potent inhibitors of metastatic tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Here we show that these migrastatin analogues target the actin-bundling protein fascin to inhibit its activity. X-ray crystal structural studies reveal that migrastatin analogues bind to one of the actin-binding sites on fascin. Our data demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal proteins such as fascin can be explored as new molecular targets for cancer treatment, in a similar manner to the microtubule protein tubulin.
Tissue and Serum microRNAs in the KrasG12D Transgenic Animal Model and in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer

microRNAs (miRs) modulate the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins and can thus contribute to cancer initiation and progression. In addition to their intracelluar function, miRs are released from cells and shed into the circulation. We postulated that circulating miRs could provide insight into pathways altered during cancer progression and may indicate responses to treatment. Here we focus on pancreatic cancer malignant progression. We report that changes in miR expression patterns during progression of normal tissues to invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D mouse model mirrors the miR changes observed in human pancreatic cancer tissues. miR-148a/b and miR-375 expression were found decreased whereas miR-10, miR-21, miR-100 and miR-155 were increased when comparing normal tissues, premalignant lesions and invasive carcinoma in the mouse model. Predicted target mRNAs FGFR1 (miR-10) and MLH1 (miR-155) were found downregulated. Quantitation of nine microRNAs in plasma samples from patients distinguished pancreatic cancers from other cancers as well as non-cancerous pancreatic disease. Finally, gemcitabine treatment of control animals and p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D animals with pancreatic cancer caused distinct and up to 60-fold changes in circulating miRs that indicate differential drug effects on normal and cancer tissues. These findings support the significance of detecting miRs in the circulation and suggests that circulating miRs could serve as indicators of drug response.
Machining Quality Analysis of an Engine Cylinder Head Using Finite Element Methods

Abstract Structural analysis is routinely used to design parts but less frequently used to design manufacturing processes. Structural analysis should be used in process design for many parts because loads experienced during manufacture exceed service loads. Application of these analyses has been limited due to lack of validation results for realistically complex parts against extensive sets of data. This paper describes structural analysis results for the manufacture of an aluminum engine cylinder head. Three specific error sources are modeled using finite element analysis (FEA): (1) cylinder head deckface distortion due to clamping forces, (2) deckface (or part) distortion due to a pressing in of seats and guides, and (3) seat and guide distortion due to clamping forces. A compliant fixture and contact-based boundary conditions are used for the clamping analysis using ABAQUS/Standard for the FEA modeling. The valve seat and guide insertion is modeled as a shrink-fit operation using the contact-pair approach, which greatly simplifies the numerical problem with satisfactory precision. The roundness and concentricity are computed for a variety of press-fit interference conditions covering the range of variation expected within the tolerance bands of the powder metal inserts and the pre-bored holes. Computed results from all studies agree well with direct CMM measurements and laboratory validation data.
Assessing the application of three theories of conceptual change to interdisciplinary data sets

The study of students' preconceptions and how they affect their learning in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields is of nationally recognized importance. There are, however, various and contradictory theoretical approaches to conceptual change, and none of them have been rigorously applied in the context of engineering education. This paper is part of a larger study drawing on existing sets of data from a wide range of engineering content areas to develop a theoretical explanation of conceptual change in engineering education. In the work reported here we re-analyze students' understanding of concepts about axially loaded members (from mechanics of materials) and Boolean logic (from digital logic). Previously published analyses of these data argue that the context of a problem or question effects students' reasoning about that concept. These contexts can range from the presence or absence of figures or diagrams to the social contexts of the problem. We explored three potential theoretical explanations for the context-sensitivity of student reasoning: (1) a perceptual cues theory, (2) a domain specificity theory, and (3) a language-based theory. It is argued that these competing theoretical explanations do not contradict each other as much as they overlap, and potentially productive syntheses of the theories are proposed as directions for future work.
MO‐F‐213CD‐07: Implementation of Dose Monitoring in a Cardiology Department with Independent Medical Reporting Systems

Purpose: Not all clinical service sections within a large hospital system are incorporated into the main radiology information system (RIS) and picture archiving and communication system (PACS); attaining and analyzingdose data for a cardiology department at our institution is challenging. The aim is to implement a dose monitoring program in a cardiology department whose medical recording systems are independent of the institutional systems. Methods: During a cardiac case the technologist documents the activities (catheterization, biometrics, biopsy, valve replacement, etc.) performed by the medical staff. Physics worked with the cardiology staff to identify what standard notations would indicate the procedure type, and where to reliably enter cumulative air kerma (AK). This information was compiled into a report, and the data was manually classified into seven pertinent procedure types. For a particular procedure and quarter, cases exceeding a z_score of 5 (indicating >5 SD above mean) were excluded and catalogued. Basic statistics (mean/SD/median/percentiles/min/max) were calculated for the purpose of observing longitudinal trends. A list of flagged studies ‐ cases exceeding the 95 th percentile for a given data subset ‐ was generated for the purpose of clinical review. Result: Preliminary analysis shows that common low dosecardiac procedures such as heart biopsies, intra‐arterial balloon pump insertions, and right heart catheterizations (RHC) exhibit stable median AK of approximately 200 mGy over the last two quarters. Higher dose procedures include left heart catheterizations (LHC), combination LHC/RHCs (both with median AK approximately 900 mGy), and the more complex interventional LHC (median AK approximately 3000 mGy). Cases exceeding the 95th percentile for a given procedure are currently being used to develop a follow‐up process for potential deterministic effects. Conclusions: A robust system of analyzingdose data from an RIS/PACS‐independent cardiology system has been developed. The results are being used to improve physician training and fluoroscopic practice.
RESOLUTION OF SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN.

Resolution of Some Problems Concerning the Reduced Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide Dehydrogenase of the Respiratory Chain
Validation of DAPPER for 3D QSAR: Conformational Search and Chirality Metric

Adequate conformational searching of small molecules and inclusion of a chirality identifier are necessary features of any current technique for quantitative structure−activity relationships (QSAR). However, implementation of these features can be difficult and computationally expensive, and some techniques can still lead to insufficient treatment of molecular conformation. We select the standard systematic conformational search as the default search method for our recent 3D QSAR program, DAPPER, and develop a novel chirality metric for use in QSAR. These techniques are implemented in DAPPER and validated on standard data sets.
Methods for attaining high interband tunneling current in III-Nitrides

III-Nitride based tunneling devices have generated a great deal of interest due to their ability to operate at very high powers/current and elevated temperatures. Additionally, with the increasing interest for making GaN-based photovoltaics, the need for efficient interband tunneling in multi-junction solar cells will be a necessity too. But, to date, due to the nitride's large bandgap and lack of very high bulk doping capabilities, it has proved very difficult to create III-Nitride interband tunnel diodes operating at high current densities. One solution is to use a fairly high concentration of indium in the central tunnel junction to decrease the bandgap and thereby exponentially increase the tunneling probability, while also making use of the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization charge available in the nitrides to supplement the creation of two quantum wells adjacent the tunnel junction, thereby creating a resonant interband tunneling diode (RITD).
Azelastine inhibits IgE-mediated human basophil histamine release.

Abstract To examine the mechanisms potentially contributing to therapeutic efficacy of azelastine in allergic rhinitis and asthma, we studied the effect of azelastine on stimulated histamine release from basophils prepared as a mixed leukocyte suspension from human blood. Azelastine was found to significantly inhibit anti-IgE-stimulated basophil histamine release. Time-course experiments indicated that the inhibitory effect of azelastine was immediate and that preincubation of basophils in azelastine was not necessary. In dose-response experiments with azelastine, 1 to 100 μmol/L, significant inhibition of histamine release was consistently observed in azelastine concentrations ≥10 μmol/L. This inhibition was dose dependent ( r = 0.96; p
Does aggressive local therapy improve survival in metastatic breast cancer

Abstract Background. Women with metastatic breast cancer and an intact primary tumor are currently treated with systemic therapy. Local therapy of the primary tumor is considered irrelevant to the outcome, and is recommended only for palliation of symptoms. Methods. We have examined the use of local therapy, and its impact on survival in patients presenting with stage IV breast cancer at initial diagnosis, who were reported to the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) between 1990 and 1993. Results. A total of 16,023 patients with stage IV disease were identified in the NCDB during this period, of whom 6861 (42.8%) received either no operation or a variety of diagnostic or palliative procedures, and 9162 (57.2%) underwent partial (3513) or total (5649) mastectomy. The presence of free surgical margins was associated with an improvement in 3-year survival in partial or total mastectomy groups (26% vs 35%, respectively). A multivariate proportional hazards model identified the number of metastatic sites, the type of metastatic burden, and the extent of resection of the primary tumor as significant independent prognostic covariates. Women treated with surgical resection with free margins, when compared with those not surgically treated, had superior prognosis, with a hazard ratio of 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.58,0.65). Conclusions. These data suggest that the role of local therapy in women with stage IV breast cancer needs to be re-evaluated, and local therapy plus systemic therapy should be compared with systemic therapy alone in a randomized trial. Surgery 2002;132:620-7.
Temperature dependent activity and structure of adsorbed proteins on plasma polymerized N-isopropyl acrylamide.

Thorough studies of protein interactions with stimulus responsive polymers are necessary to provide a better understanding of their applications in biosensors and biomaterials. In this study, protein behavior on a thermoresponsive polymer surface, plasma polymerized N-isopropyl acrylamide (ppNIPAM), is investigated using multiple characterization techniques above and below its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Protein adsorption and binding affinity are probed using radiolabeled proteins. Protein activity is estimated by measuring the immunological activity of an antibody adsorbed onto ppNIPAM using surface plasmon resonance. Conformation/orientation of the proteins is probed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the TOF-SIMS data. In this work, we find that at low protein solution concentrations, ppNIPAM-treated surfaces are low fouling below the LCST, but protein retentive above it. The protein adsorption isotherms demonstrate that apparent affinity between soluble protein molecules and the ppNIPAM surface are an order of magnitude lower at room temperature than at 37 °C. Although direct protein desorption is not observed in our study when the surface temperature drops below the LCST, the binding affinity of surface adsorbed protein with ppNIPAM is reduced, as judged by a detergent elution test. Furthermore, we demonstrated that proteins adsorbed onto ppNIPAM are functionally active, but the activity is better preserved at room temperature than 37 °C. The temperature dependent difference in protein activity as well as TOF-SIMS and PCA study suggest that proteins take different conformations/orientations after adsorption on ppNIPAM above and below the LCST.
Crohn's disease evaluation: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR imaging and single-phase helical CT scanning.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of gadolinium and barium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in detecting intestinal and extraintestinal Crohn's disease and compare MRI with contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography (CT). Twenty-six patients with Crohn's disease underwent imaging examinations, including gadolinium-enhanced, fat suppressed fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled (FMPSPGR) MR imaging with oral 2% barium sulfate and rectal water and with helical CT using i.v. and positive (13) or negative (13) intestinal contrast material. MR images and CT scans were reviewed separately by two radiologists for bowel wall thickness and enhancement, presence of abscess, phlegmon, and fistula. MR images and CT scans were then compared side by side. Surgical, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings and results of barium studies were reviewed to determine the location and severity of involvement of intestinal Crohn's disease. Depiction of mural thickening and/or enhancement was superior on the MR images, which showed 55 (85%) and 52 (80%) of 65 abnormal bowel segments for the two observers, compared with helical CT, which showed 39 (60%) and 42 (65%; P 0.05) of 28 segments. In the side-by side comparison, MR imaging was preferred over helical CT for depicting normal bowel wall (MR 71%, CT 4%, equal 25%; P < 0.001), mural thickening (MR 41%, CT 11% equal 48%; P < 0.01), mural enhancement (MR 89%, equal 11%; P < 0.001), and overall GI tract evaluation (MR 52%, CT 10%, equal 38%; P < 0.001). Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging with oral dilute barium sulfate and rectal water depicts intestinal and extraintestinal changes of Crohn's disease and shows promise as a clinically useful tool.
Studies on nucleoproteins VI. The deoxyribonucleoprotein and the deoxyribonucleic acid of bovine tubercle bacilli (BCG)

Abstract The preparation of a deoxyribonucleoprotein from the BCG variant of bovine type tubercle bacilli is described. The principal steps involved precipitation at pH 4.2, removal of contaminating materials at half-saturation with ammonium sulfate, and fractionation with ethanol at a low temperature. The purified product was shown to contain about 0.4 amino acid residue for one nucleotide residue. An approximate estimation of the principal amino acids contained in the nucleo-protein revealed a preponderance of dicarboxylic over basic amino acids. The deoxyribonucleic acid was freed of its protein component by tryptic digestion and examined with respect to the distribution of purines and pyrimidines. It belongs to the extreme “GC type”. More detailed aspects of the arrangement of nucleotides in the nucleic acid chain were studied through the application of the method of differential distribution analysis, making use of the results of the stepwise acid hydrolysis. The sugar moiety of the deoxypentose nucleic acid was identified tentatively as deoxyribose. The nucleotide composition of the pentose nucleic acid of BCG also was determined.