cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power Adaptation for Multihop Networks With End-to-End BER Requirements

With the requirement of average end-to-end bit error rate (BER) performance, we study power-adaptation problems for multihop ad hoc networks to minimize the power consumption in fading channels, considering two scenarios with regard to the knowledge of the channel-state information (CSI). One is that the transmitter for each hop knows the instantaneous CSI (ICSI) of its hop and all other hops (ICSI/ICSI), and the other is that the transmitter of each hop has only the knowledge of the ICSI of its hop and the average CSI (ACSI) of all other hops (ICSI/ACSI). The two power-adaptation problems (with ICSI/ICSI and ICSI/ACSI) are formulated into nonlinear programming problems, and corresponding power-adaptation solutions/schemes are obtained. Numerical examples are presented to compare the networks with the two proposed power-adaptation schemes and a distributed power-adaptation scheme, in which the transmitter of each individual hop adjusts its transmission power based on its own ICSI and a specified BER requirement for this hop. It is shown that the two proposed schemes have similar power consumptions, and both achieve a noticeable power saving over the distributed scheme.
English language proficiency and lifetime mental health service utilization in a national representative sample of Asian Americans in the USA

Background US Department of Health and Human Services reported that the lack of English language proficiency and the shortage of providers who possessed appropriate language skills were identified as major barriers to mental health service use for approximately half of the population of Asians and Pacific Islanders. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of lifetime mental health service use in relation to English language proficiency among Asian Americans. Methods Data from 2095 Asian participants from the National Latino and Asian American Study were analyzed using logistic regression. Results Respondents with better English language proficiency and with a mental health diagnosis were more inclined to use mental health services. Participants who were born in the USA, who were widowed, separated or divorced, who sought comfort from religion, who reported worse physical and mental health self-ratings were more likely to use mental health services. The lack of health insurance coverage was not a significant predictor. Conclusions The public health implications for behavioral health include the need to educate health-care providers working with Asian Americans regarding the benefits derived from seeking services and making interpreter services available in a culturally sensitive environment.
Reversal of end-stage renal disease after aortic dissection using renal artery stent: a case report

Background Medical management is the conventional treatment for Stanford Type B aortic dissections as surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The advent of endovascular interventional techniques has revived interest in treating end-organ complications of Type B aortic dissection. We describe a patient who benefited from endovascular repair of renal artery stenosis caused by a dissection flap, which resulted in reversal of his end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Nitrite reduction by copper through ligand-mediated proton and electron transfer

Nitrite reduction by a copper complex featuring a proton-responsive tripodal ligand is demonstrated. Gaseous nitric oxide was confirmed as the sole NOX by-product in quantitative yield. DFT calculations predict that nitrite reduction occurs via a proton and electron transfer process mediated by the ligand. The reported mechanism parallels nitrite reduction by copper nitrite reductase.
Relationship between the passage of local anaesthetics across the blood-brain barrier and their effects on the central nervous system

The transfer of procaine and lignocaine from blood to cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) was studied in six patients and in twelve dogs. Local anaesthetics appeared very rapidly in the c.s.f. after intravenous administration. Within 20 minutes, a c.s.f./plasma ultrafiltrate ratio around 0.9 was reached. Para-aminobenzoic acid, a procaine metabolite, appeared in c.s.f. later than procaine. This is explained by a different rate of drug entry into the c.s.f. and by the need for previous procaine splitting by plasma cholinesterase. The rapid transfer of local anaesthetics corresponds with their high lipid-solubility and low degree of ionic dissociation at the pH of the body. The free movement of drugs to and from the brain accounts for the controllability of general anaesthesia induced by the intravenous administration of local anaesthetics.
Determination of total cation-forming mineral elements in feces and urine and its relation to renal "net acid" excretion.

SummaryA relatively simple titrimetric method for determining total cation-forming mineral elements in urine and feces is described and demonstrated to yield dependable values. Addition of fecal minerals to an otherwise constant diet in rats is shown to effect an increased urinary excretion of total cation-forming mineral elements together with a correspondingly decreased renal “net acid” excretion. The theoretical basis for this result and for analogous results of others is discussed. It is concluded that the extent to which cation-forming mineral elements are excreted in the feces rather than in urine can considerably influence the extent of renal “net acid” excretion.Addendum: While the preceding report was in press, studies by Lennon, Lemann and Litzow(13,14) appeared, in which collective values for Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ (ions derivable from cation-forming elements) in diet and feces, respectively, are calculated as a negative and positive component, respectively, of “total effective acid production”...
Protest suicide among Korean students and laborers: a study of suicide notes.

Suicide notes from two groups of protest suicides in South Korea during the period 1975-2003 were compared: suicide notes from students (n =16) and suicide notes from workers (n = 15). The students appeared to be acting upon abstract ideals, including the oppression of the masses by the government and the American forces in Korea, and they typically urged the reunification of Korea. The workers were acting upon more local concerns, such as the oppression of their union by the government and the companies and the policies of their specific companies. Language: en
A multistream model of visual word recognition.

Four experiments are reported that test a multistream model of visual word recognition, which associates letter-level and word-level processing channels with three known visual processing streams isolated in macaque monkeys: the magno-dominated (MD) stream, the interblob-dominated (ID) stream, and the blob-dominated (BD) stream (Van Essen & Anderson, 1995). We show that mixing the color of adjacent letters of words does not result in facilitation of response times or error rates when the spatial-frequency pattern of a whole word is familiar. However, facilitation does occur when the spatial-frequency pattern of a whole word is not familiar. This pattern of results is not due to different luminance levels across the different-colored stimuli and the background because isoluminant displays were used. Also, the mixed-case, mixed-hue facilitation occurred when different display distances were used (Experiments 2 and 3), so this suggests that image normalization can adjust independently of object size differences. Finally, we show that this effect persists in both spaced and unspaced conditions (Experiment 4)—suggesting that inappropriate letter grouping by hue cannot account for these results. These data support a model of visual word recognition in which lower spatial frequencies are processed first in the more rapid MD stream. The slower ID and BD streams may process some lower spatial frequency information in addition to processing higher spatial frequency information, but these channels tend to lose the processing race to recognition unless the letter string is unfamiliar to the MD stream—as with mixed-case presentation.
Transformations, background estimation, and process effects in the statistical analysis of microarrays☆

Microarray technology has made available large data sets that can provide information on gene expression when cells are subjected to various treatments. Before proceeding with a formal statistical analysis, many biological and procedural aspects should be considered. These aspects may guide the analysis and subsequent statistical inference. Several of these issues are discussed in connection with the analysis of oligonucleotide and cDNA microarray experiments. The particular focus in this article is on effects caused by the cDNA slide manufacturing process, appropriate transformations of the data, and on adjustments for background. A prescription for the analysis of microarray data is proposed and demonstrated using data from a cDNA experiment comparing the genetic expressions in two mouse cell lines; a candidate set of genes is identified for further study. The prescription may be modified for oligonucleotide microarray data.
More inclusive or selective ionization for mass spectrometry using obstructive sonic spray ionization and voltage polarity switching.

RATIONALE: A new variation of sonicspray ionization (SSI) significantly enhances its sensitivity with an advantage of producing selective or more inclusive ionization by changing the polarity of the potential applied to an obstruction in the path of the SSI spray. This technique also provides high sensitivity with water solutions, which is difficult for electrospray ionization (ESI) without added organic solvent. METHODS: An Orbitrap Exactive mass spectrometer with an IonMax source heated electrospray ionization (ESI) probe operating at its maximum sheath gas setting was used for SSI. Both positive and negative polarities varying from 0.1 to 4 kV were applied to a metal obstruction positioned in the path of the spray using an atmospheric solid analysis probe. All mass spectra for this study were acquired in the positive ion mode. RESULTS: SSI using a variety of obstructions improved the observed analyte ion abundance of small molecules, peptides, and proteins by approximately two orders of magnitude. The addition of a DC or AC voltage to a metal obstruction further enhanced the abundance of analyte ions by an additional two orders of magnitude. The relative abundances of the detected positive ions were considerably altered by switching the voltage polarity on the obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: SSI with an obstruction improves the sensitivity of various samples compared with SSI. An applied voltage onto the obstruction further enhances the analyte ion abundances to approximately equal that of ESI but has the added advantage that switching the voltage polarity from positive to negative on the obstruction emphasizes different compounds present in the sample.
Coercing Victim Participation in Domestic Violence Prosecutions

The proliferation of coercive prosecution policies toward victims of domestic violence is premised on the notion that prosecution protects victims. However noble this criminal justice ideology, it is largely untested and may reflect an interest in defining prosecution for its practitioners rather than using prosecution on behalf of victims. This article examines recent coercive policies in light of both differing views on the prosecutorial role of victims and extant research evidence on the protective impact of mandatory prosecution.
Healthy Lungs: Cancer Education for Middle School Teachers Using a “Train and Equip” Method

Prevention of the initiation of tobacco use, which is associated with increased risk of developing cancer of the lung, the oral cavity, larynx, and emphysema, should target middle school-age children because that is where experimentation with tobacco use usually begins. Millions of children attending school do not receive proper education regarding the biological science of the human respiratory system coupled with the impact that tobacco use has at the cell, tissue, and organ levels of biological organization because their teachers are ill-prepared and ill-equipped to teach this normal and cancer-related content. The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences has a statewide outreach program that provides middle school teachers training in a "Healthy Lungs" curriculum that covers the normal functional anatomy of the respiratory system as a basis for adding the effect of tobacco use and its associated cancers and emphysema. This training also provides each participant a resource kit of supplies, materials, and items of equipment. A long-term implementation survey identified a high degree of transference of content and use of the resource kit items into new classroom learning activities for the trainee's students for both the normal functional anatomy of the human respiratory system and associated general and cell/tissue/organ-specific cancer biology.
Optimal Irrational Behavior in Continuous Time

Abstract Feigenbaum et al. (2009) showed in a two-period overlapping generations model that households can improve upon the rational, competitive equilibrium while maintaining competitive factor markets if agents coordinate upon an irrational consumption/saving rule. We generalize their findings to continuous time. The optimal consumption rule with coordination implies a U-shaped lifecycle consumption profile. Rational agents living in a standard competitive equilibrium would need a 4% increase of consumption in every period across the lifecycle to reach the level of utility that can be achieved under coordination. Most of this gain can be achieved with a linear saving rule.
COCOTS risk analyzer

Most risk analysis tools and techniques require the user to enter a good deal of information before they can provide useful diagnoses. The COCOTS risk analyzer described here enables the user to obtain a COTS glue code integration risk analysis with no inputs other than the set of glue code cost drivers the user enters to obtain a COCOTS glue code integration effort estimate. The risk assessment is based on an expert Delphi analysis of the relative risks involved in the most critical combinations of COCOTS cost driver ratings. The evaluation of our approach shows that it has done an effective job of estimating the relative risk levels of a sample of small USC e-services projects.
Percolation model for growth rates of aggregates and its application for business firm growth.

Motivated by recent empirical studies of business firm growth, we develop a dynamic percolation model which captures some of the features of the economical system—i.e., merging and splitting of business firms— represented as aggregates on a d-dimensional lattice. We find the steady-state distribution of the aggregate size and explore how this distribution depends on the model parameters. We find that at the critical threshold, the standard deviation of the aggregate growth rates, , increases with aggregate size S as S, where can be explained in terms of the connectedness length exponent and the fractal dimension df, with =1/2df 0.20 for d=2 and 0.125 for d →. The distributions of aggregate growth rates have a sharp peak at the center and pronounced wings extending over many standard deviations, giving the distribution a tent-shape form—the Laplace distribution. The distributions for different aggregate sizes scaled by their standard deviations collapse onto the same curve.
Comparison of object oriented architectures for knowledge base management systems

A number of critical aspects of system architectures are investigated to determine their suitability for handling knowledge base management systems (KBMS). The architectures considered are the iAPX 432, a highly integrated object-based microprocessor system; the IBM System/38, a tagged capability system; and the connection machine, a computer architecture based on cellular automata. The inherent capabilities of each for realizing information bases on physical machines are evaluated. >
Electronic messaging and shared context in an ongoing work group

Using an in-depth multi-method field study of an ongoing workgroup, the author explored when and why electronic messaging (EM) was chosen by group members, and how that choice related to communication effectiveness. EM was effective when shared interpretive context was well-established, Where context was lacking, rich face-to-face communication was more effective. Additionally, communication was more effective when communicators chose the expected mode of communication in compliance with the group's communication procedures and habits. >
Immunochemical quantitation of DNA adducts derived from the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl.

Abstract To assess target-tissue exposure to the human urinary bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), we have developed a sensitive immunochemical method for measuring the major arylamine-DNA adduct formed, N -(guan-8-yl)-ABP (Gua-C8-ABP). High-affinity polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with N -(guanosin-8-yl)-ABP coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were characterized and shown to have high specificity for antigenic determinants on the purine and biphenyl rings of Gua-C8-ABP and minimal cross-reactivity with ABP, deoxyguanosine, or hydrolyzed DNA. Assay standards containing ABP-modified DNA were prepared by reacting [ 3 H] N -hydroxy-ABP with calf thymus DNA. DNA samples were hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid and dried under vacuum, and the residues were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide under argon. Using a streptavidin-biotin amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA hydrolysates competed at 25 µg DNA/microtiter well for a limiting amount of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-(Gua-C8-ABP) in the presence of excess solid-phase bovine serum albumin-(Gua-C8-ABP) coating antigen. The limit of sensitivity for this assay using 25 µg DNA was 2 adducts/10 8 nucleotides. Gua-C8-ABP adducts in liver and bladder epithelial DNAs were readily quantified after p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg ABP to dogs. This methodology is capable of detecting adducts at levels of biological significance and should be applicable to human target-tissue dosimetry.
Plenary talk III Domain-specific languages

Computer science is undergoing a revolution today, in which language designers are shifting attention from general purpose programming languages to so-called domain-specific languages (DSLs). General-purpose languages like Java, C#, C++, and C have long been the primary focus of language research. The idea was to create one language that would be better suited for programming than any other language. Ironically, we now have so many different general purpose languages that it is hard to imagine how this goal could be attained. Instead of aiming to be the best for solving any kind of computing problem, DSLs aim to be particularly good for solving a specific class of problems, and in doing so they are often much more accessible to the general public than traditional programming languages.
Use of Single-Ping Bottom-Track ADCP Data to Characterize Small-Scale Bathymetry

Abstract A shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler, in its bottom-track mode, estimates the radial velocity of the transducer relative to the bottom and the range from the transducer to the bottom for each beam of each ping. These data, along with attitude data (pitch, roll, and heading), can be used to map the X, Y, and Z positions of the beam/bottom intercepts. This paper shows how these intercepts can then be used to characterize the size, shape, and orientation of small-scale bathymetric features. The method is applied to data collected over a field of sand waves located 40 km east–northeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, in 30 m of water. Forty-five sand waves were crossed. The sand waves were oriented in an east–west direction, had characteristic heights of 3 m, wavelengths of 230 m, and northern slopes steeper than southern slopes (e.g., 3.8% versus 2.4%). Some sand waves were sampled repeatedly and extended for several kilometers.
Why Not Run the Efficient Global Optimization Algorithm with Multiple Surrogates

Surrogate-based optimization has become popular in the design of complex engineering systems. Each optimization cycle consists of analyzing a number of designs, fitting a surrogate, performing optimization based on the surrogate, and finally performing exact simulation at the design obtained by the optimization. Adaptive sampling algorithms that add one point per cycle are readily available in the literature. They use uncertainty estimators to guide the selection of the next sampling point(s). The addition of one point at a time may not be efficient when it is possible to run simulations in parallel. So we propose an algorithm for adding several points per optimization cycle based on the simultaneous use of multiple surrogates. The need for uncertainty estimates usually limits adaptive sampling algorithms to surrogates such as kriging and polynomial response surface because of the lack of uncertainty estimates in the implementation of other surrogates. We import uncertainty estimates from surrogates having such estimates to use with other surrogates such as support vector regression models. The approach was tested on two analytic examples for nine basic surrogates including kriging, radial basis neural networks, linear Shepard and support vector regression. For these examples we compare our approach with traditional sequential optimization based on kriging. We found that our approach was able to deliver better results in a fraction of the optimization cycles needed by the traditional kriging implementation.
Renal Dysfunction in Liver Transplant Candidates: Evaluation,Classification and Management in Contemporary Practice

Renal dysfunction is a common comorbidity in patients with liver failure and is a well-established predictor of both morbidity and mortality among patients awaiting liver transplantation. The etiology of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis can be functional, structural, or represent a combination of potentially reversible physiologic changes and permanent histologic damage. Diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic kidney disease have been established, but cirrhosis poses challenges for accurate assessment of renal function with conventional clinical methods such as serum creatinine and creatinine-based estimating equations. Renal biopsies can have an important role for defining permanent structural damage as part of the pre-transplant evaluation of patients with liver disease; however, coagulopathy, portal hypertension and ascites increase the risk of biopsy-associated complications in cirrhotic patients. While renal dysfunction due to hepatorenal physiology is potentially reversible after liver transplantation, simultaneous kidney liver transplantation and kidney after liver transplant can also improve outcomes in a subset of patients with irreversible renal injury.
SOME PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING THE INTENSITY OF SELECTION THROUGH FERTILITY DIFFERENCES IN NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS.

We used empirical data from a laboratory population of Heterandria formosa (Pisces, Poeciliidae) and simulations based on those data to examine methods of estimating the intensity of phenotypic selection through fertility differences when generations overlap. The correct intensity was known because we knew the history of every female, as well as the rate at which the population was growing. The net reproductive rate, which is an appropriate measure of fitness when generations do not overlap, underestimated the true intensity of selection. This measure of fitness did not provide a rank order of individuals that agreed significantly with the correct rank order. Simulated schemes of vertical sampling of females, using number of offspring produced during the sampling window as a measure of fitness, provided no consistently useful information about the direction or intensity of selection. Weighting the number of offspring by female age, to give more value to offspring of younger females, produced only a slight improvement in accuracy. Other data indicated that fertility differentials are closely tied to particular environmental conditions. When generations overlap, estimates of fertility differentials will have to be based on horizontal studies of lifetime performance of a cohort coupled with demographic information on the entire population.
Shadow of The Indian in the Fiction of John Steinbeck

Steinbeck's major figures of Indian heritage, of whatever admixture, who live in Mexico and California share a common quality of suffering. Kino of The Pearl and Zapata of Viva Zapata!, Danny of Tortilla Flat, Pepe in "Flight," Gitano of "The Great Mountains," and Tularecito of The Pastures of Heaven either cannot or will not compromise their heritage, even if only a remnant remains, and so achieve a kind of tragic stature. Others such as Juanito of To a God Unknown, Joseph and Mary Rivas of Sweet Thursday, and Juan Chicoy of The Wayward Bus deny or repress the callings of their shadowy past and so merely survive. Steinbeck drew them all more from the image of Indians in popular legend than from the pages of history. They are conjured up from some other world, timeless as memory, and borne as in a dream. In drawing his more primordial images of Indians, Steinbeck was influenced, perhaps, by such fanciful sketches as Eriksson makes of the Skraelings in the Vinland Sagas or which Sir Gawain makes of the "forest trolls" on his errand to the green chapel. Steinbeck himself could hardly have witnessed first hand the "gnomes" which Tularecito claims as kin or the "dark watchers of the forest" which Pepe sees in "Flight." Steinbeck uses these primordial images to establish the idea in terms of myth at least that Indians as a people have ancient roots and that those roots are bound to shape in some measure a temperament considered Indian, as distinct from one considered white or Black. Although anthropologically unsound, Steinbeck leans toward the idea that the Indianness of, say, Tularecito and Danny is more a product of blood lineage than of cultural upbringing. In short, Steinbeck characterizes his Indian figures as members of a particular race, who act as they do because of some subconscious predisposition, and who, in like manner, are so identified as Indians by members of Western culture. Whether or not scientifically demonstrable, these notions of race and predisposition play in Steinbeck's greater literary treatment of what makes humankind
Design and Implementation of the ATSC Demonstration of HDTV at NAB'97

At NAB'97 the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) demonstrated high-definition television (HDTV) and data broadcasting using the ATSC digital TV standard. The demonstration featured over-the-air broadcasts from a local Las Vegas television station, with program distribution from the model HDTV station in Washington, D.C., to Las Vegas. This paper describes the design and implementation of the demonstration, including the main constraints and issues affecting the system architecture and equipment. Also mentioned are some of the problems encountered and how they were overcome. The paper concludes with the lessons learned from the demonstration and how HDTV systems in the future may be improved using new techniques and equipment.
Induction of hepatic and intestinal flavokinase after oral administration of riboflavin to riboflavin-deficient rats.

SummaryUse of [14C]riboflavin to assay flavokinase of rat liver and intestine yields apparent activities which are higher than those previously reported. Rats fed a riboflavin-deficient diet for 50 days after weaning have lower intestinal and hepatic flavokinase activities than animals fed a complete diet. Within 6-8 hr after per os administration of 50 μg of riboflavin to the deficient rat, the flavokinase levels of both organs have nearly doubled. Hence, the riboflavin-deficient rat rapidly recovers the capacity to phosphorylate riboflavin after the vitamin is reintroduced into the diet.
Molecular Pathology of Lobular Carcinoma

Lobular breast carcinoma has distinct clinical, morphological and molecular features. Due to loss of E-cadherin molecule lobular breast carcinoma cells characteristically appear dyshesive. The loss of E-cadherin is due to an underlying molecular alteration in CDH1, the gene encoding E-cadherin protein. The majority of lobular breast carcinomas are of luminal A molecular subtype, which generally have a good prognosis. Molecular changes seen in other subtypes of lobular breast carcinomas appear similar to those seen in ductal breast carcinomas and may be associated with a worse prognosis.
Studies of Risk of Food Hygiene in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and Some Advices on Food Risk Management

Objective To analyze situation of the food hygiene safety and propose the countermeasures.Method With expert consultation activity and review, the situations and countermeasures of the food hygiene safety were analyzed.Results The food hygiene safety of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games are faced with many floating population, a large food demand, long lasting time, high occurrence period of the food borne disease and the terrorism.Conclusion It is suggested that Beijing should build a detecting network of food hygiene pollutants, perfect food safety detecting techniques, and strengthen administration of catering enterprises. Beijing also should carry on the hygiene evaluation and examination of construction items of the Olympic Games, and prepare for dealing with food hygiene emergency.
Computed tomographic evaluation of femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty: a comparison between trans-epicondylar and balanced gap techniques

[Objective]To compare the actual femoral component rotation obtained by the TEA and BG techniques.[Methods]Thirty TKAs performed by TEA and BG techniques(15 each) were evaluated prospectively by CT scan for femoral component rotation as well as the Knee Society Scores(KSS).[Result]The mean rotation in BG group was 2.7°±1.1° and 5.6°±1.6° in the TEA group(P=0.001).The improvement in KSS for function was significantly greater in the BG group than in the TEA group(P= 0.002),but there was no difference in the KSS for knee(P=0.39).[Conclusion]This study demonstrates that the use of the TEA technique for determining rotational alignment in TKA results in excessive external rotation of the femoral component and poorer KSS for function compared to the BG technique.
New Insights into Mechanisms and Functions of Nuclear Size Regulation

Nuclear size is generally maintained within a defined range in a given cell type. Changes in cell size that occur during cell growth, development, and differentiation are accompanied by dynamic nuclear size adjustments in order to establish appropriate nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume relationships. It has long been recognized that aberrations in nuclear size are associated with certain disease states, most notably cancer. Nuclear size and morphology must impact nuclear and cellular functions. Understanding these functional implications requires an understanding of the mechanisms that control nuclear size. In this review, we first provide a general overview of the diverse cellular structures and activities that contribute to nuclear size control, including structural components of the nucleus, effects of DNA amount and chromatin compaction, signaling, and transport pathways that impinge on the nucleus, extranuclear structures, and cell cycle state. We then detail some of the key mechanistic findings about nuclear size regulation that have been gleaned from a variety of model organisms. Lastly, we review studies that have implicated nuclear size in the regulation of cell and nuclear function and speculate on the potential functional significance of nuclear size in chromatin organization, gene expression, nuclear mechanics, and disease. With many fundamental cell biological questions remaining to be answered, the field of nuclear size regulation is still wide open.
Personal Values, Traveler Personality Type, and Leisure Travel Style

The study examined the relationship between the List of Values (LOV) and Plog's traveler personality type scale and the ability of each to predict travel style. Survey data were collected from a convenience sample of 514 visitors to a tourist destination in Arizona. Results indicated that personal values were significantly related to traveler personality type (p .25). It was concluded that Plog's measure of traveler personality type may more accurately be conceptualized in terms of locus of control.
An Innovations Approach for Interpolating a Random Surface Based on Sparse Data

Innovations methods have become exceedingly useful in time series analysis for parameter estimation and prediction. However, it is difficult to generalize innovations techniques to spatial random processes, primarily due to the lack of a natural ordering of observations in the spatial domain. In this paper, an innovations approach is proposed for interpolating a spatial random process based on a sparse set of irregularly spaced observations. The process is assumed to be a stationary, two-dimensional Gaussian random field. The proposed interpolation method is demonstrated on both simulated and actual data.
The Effects of Different learning Tasks on Model-building in Plate Tectonics: Diagramming Versus Explaining

Geology is a complex, semantically rich domain involving the interpretation of geological maps as external visualizations. Geological maps are complex in particular because 3-dimensional features must be inferred from 2-dimensional representations depicted by differing line types and weights. Modeling building, as an internal mental activity, is also required in order to achieve deep understanding of textual materials in geology, of geological maps, as well as in understanding complex causal processes, e.g., convection, underlying geological phenomena. Using literature from Cognitive Psychology, a framework for teaching and learning with visualizations in Plate Tectonics is given as an example of one difficult topic in Geology which involves the understanding of visualizations. Based on previous work in students' conceptions in Geology, three studies of students' conceptions and cognition in plate tectonics were designed. These studies highlight the importance of progressive model-building as a good pedag...
Microbes use encapsulin protein organelles to sequester toxic reactions

Cells organize and regulate their metabolism via membrane- or protein-bound organelles. In this way, incompatible processes can be spatially separated and controlled. In prokaryotes, protein-based compartments are used to sequester harmful reactions and store useful compounds. These protein compartments play key roles in various metabolic and ecological processes ranging from iron homeostasis to carbon fixation. We identified more than 900 proteinaceous encapsulin nanocompartment systems in bacterial and archaeal genomes. Encapsulins can be found in 15 bacterial and 2 archaeal phyla. Our analysis reveals 1 new capsid type and 9 previously unknown cargo proteins targeted to the interior of encapsulins. We experimentally characterize 3 newly identified encapsulin systems and illustrate their involvement in iron mineralization, oxidative and nitrosative stress resistance and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, a process responsible for 30% of the N lost from the oceans. We propose that encapsulins represent a widespread strategy for toxic reaction sequestration in prokaryotes.
Molecular Testing in Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a relatively rare, but lethal disease with one of the lowest survival rates after diagnosis. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed late during the course of the disease which accounts for its high mortality rate. To diagnose pancreatic cancer at early stage is challenging because this cancer may not be responsible for symptoms and patients may not look for medical attention until the cancer has already spread locally or to distant organs. Consequently, we are constantly looking for molecular markers that can identify early pancreatic cancer and hopefully offer treatments that can confidently impact survival in individual patients after diagnosis. This chapter summarizes the available evidence regarding molecular markers developed to improve the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using human specimens including serum, pancreatic juice, bile, stool, urine, and tissue.
Conservation of Resources and Traumatic Stress

Conservation of resources (COR) theory has been developed as a general stress theory that helps delineate both why certain circumstances are stressful and the process of people’s reactions to stressful circumstances (Hobfoll, 1988, 1989; Hobfoll & Lilly, 1993). As a general theory of stress, it can help us understand both the similarities and differences inherent in traumatic stress as compared to major stressors, everyday stressors, and minor hassles. If the theory is truly helpful, it can further aid in informing interventions aimed at benefiting victims of traumatic stress. This chapter focuses on COR theory as it applies to traumatic stress and emphasizes how it helps us to understand stress reactions, recovery, and lifelong sequelae. Hopefully, it will also help the reader frame other chapters in this volume and provide a general guide for understanding the nature and treatment of traumatic stress.
Distress in acute leukemia and breast cancer survivors during early survivorship: Evidence to guide survivorship care planning.

e20564 Background: Distress is 6th vital sign in cancer survivors & designates patient-reported psychosocial or physical suffering. Distress screening is not commonly performed yet is prevalent in ...
Clinical Psychology Training: Accreditation and Beyond

Beginning with efforts in the late 1940s to ensure that clinical psychologists were adequately trained to meet the mental health needs of the veterans of World War II, the accreditation of clinical psychologists has largely been the province of the Commission on Accreditation of the American Psychological Association. However, in 2008 the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System began accrediting doctoral programs that adhere to the clinical science training model. This review discusses the goals of accreditation and the history of the accreditation of graduate programs in clinical psychology, and provides an overview of the evaluation procedures used by these two systems. Accreditation is viewed against the backdrop of the slow rate of progress in reducing the burden of mental illness and the changes in clinical psychology training that might help improve this situation. The review concludes with a set of five recommendations for improving accreditation.
Synthesis and fluorescence spectroscopy of tris(pyrenyl)pnictogen compounds

The synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence spectroscopy of E(C16H9)3 complexes (E = P, As, Sb, and Bi), as well as OP(C16H9)3, OAs(C16H9)3, and SP(C16H9)3, is reported. These compounds exhibit fluorescence quantum yields that span two orders of magnitude, from well below 1% to ca. 14%.
Complexities of human memory: relevance to anaesthetic practice.

Abstract Mechanisms of anaesthetic actions on memory have largely focused on easily definable aspects of episodic memory, with emphasis on particular drug interactions on specific memory processes. However, the memory landscape of the perioperative experience includes many facets that lie outside these conceptualisations. These include patient recall of preoperative conversations, patient beliefs regarding allergies and unusual/uncommon anaesthetic events, memories of awareness, and particularly vivid dreams during anaesthesia. In no small part, memories are influenced by a patient's interpretations of events in light of their own belief systems. From the practitioner's point of view, relating fully to the patient's experience requires some framework of understanding. The purpose of this review is to highlight research over the previous decades on belief systems and their interactions with autobiographical memory, which organises episodic memories into a personally relevant narrative. As a result, memory is a set of continuously malleable processes, and is best described as a (re)constructive rather than photographic instantiation. Belief systems are separate but closely interacting processes with autobiographical memory. The interaction of a constantly evolving set of memories with belief systems can explain phenomena such as illusions, distortions, and (re)constructions of factitious events. How anaesthetics and our patient interactions influence these behaviours, and vice versa, will be important questions to explore and define with future research.
The effect of engine operating conditions on exhaust gas recirculation cooler fouling

Abstract Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler fouling occurs when particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons (HC) in diesel exhaust form a deposit on the walls of the EGR cooler through thermophoresis and condensation. To better understand the mechanisms controlling deposit formation and removal and how operating conditions can affect cooler performance, 20 identical tube-in-shell EGR coolers with sinusoidal fins were fouled using a 5-factor, 3-level experimental design. The deposit thickness was measured using two methods: (1) epoxy-mounting and polishing cooler cross-sections and comparing deposit thicknesses on the primary (outer tube) to the secondary (fins) heat transfer surfaces, and (2) milling tube sections such that the surface of a fin could be observed and measuring the deposit thickness across the fin using a 3D profilometer. Near the cooler inlet, high inlet gas temperatures reduced deposit thickness by promoting mud-cracking and spallation. Near the middle of the cooler, the flow rate had the largest impact on the deposit thickness through the effect on residence time of the PM. The HC concentration along with flow rate had the largest effects near the cooler outlet where the lower temperatures allows for more HC condensation. These insights into how engine operating conditions influence the development of fouling layers in EGR coolers learned through this study will aid in the development of more fouling resistant coolers in the future.
Comparison of tissue genotyping (TG) vs circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for selection of matched therapy and impact on clinical outcomes among patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

1020Background: Oncogenic mutations are attractive targets for targeted therapies, but the clinical impact is unclear. We evaluated the impact of TG or ctDNA on the selection of matched therapy and...
Sodium Purification by Cold Trapping at the Experimental Breeder Reactor II

Purity control of the primary and secondary sodium systems at the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) is by essentially continuous cold trapping of small side streams of the total sodium inven...
Employment of lipids in the measurement and modification of cellular, humoral, and immune responses.

Publisher Summary The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is a fundamental host-defense system of the body. It plays a major role in defense of the host against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, in part by its role as the afferent limb of the immune reflex arc as well as its expression of intracellular killing. The RES is also involved in neoplasia, transplantation, inflammation, and host response to traumatic, hemorrhagic, endotoxic, and burn shock. In view of its multifacet expression and its unique anatomical localization, the delineation of the role of the RES to the well-being of the host requires that specific chemical agents to be developed, which have the ability to selectively enhance or depress the functional expression of this unique system. This chapter discusses the use of lipids to modify reticuloendothelial (RE) function and the consequences, either beneficial or detrimental, on the host when particulate lipid preparations are administered intravenously.
Treatment Planning Considerations for Prostate SBRT and MRI Based Planning

External beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer is in a period of rapid change and evolution as treatment paradigms shift toward hypofractionated regimens. Technological advances including image guided radiotherapy, volume modulated arc therapy and the use of magnetic resonance imaging for planning, treatment delivery and response assessment have made the move to hypofractionation possible. In this chapter, the treatment planning process applicable to hypofractionated, stereotactic radiotherapy for prostate cancer using a conventional linear accelerator is described with an emphasis on the increasing role of magnetic resonance imaging in simulation and planning. A simulation workflow using MR imaging only is presented and compared with one based on multi-modality imaging (CT and MRI). An overview of volume modulated arc therapy planning is provided with examples for extreme hypofractionation and simultaneous boost treatment of intra-prostatic disease. Further developments of MR-based planning methods to target dominant intra-prostatic lesions, perform on-line adaptive therapy and MR-guided radiotherapy delivery are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of K2O-ZnO-GeO2-SiO2 optical glasses

Abstract Germanosilicate glasses are essential in the manufacture of optical amplifiers, waveguides, and solid-state lasers. ZnO, with a wide direct band gap of 3.37 eV, has a broad range of applications in UV-shielding materials. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research adding ZnO into germanosilicate glasses has been reported. In this study, thirteen samples centered around a molar composition of 20K2O-20ZnO-40GeO2-20SiO2 were melted, and the composition-property relationships were investigated. The densities are in the range of 3.18–3.46 g/cm3 and the refractive index values (RI) are between 1.588 and 1.630, close to the RI of pure GeO2 (1.603). Density and RI values increase with GeO2 and SiO2 concentrations. The UV cut-off edge is between 313 and 320 nm, significantly higher than the 157 nm value in typical soda lime glass. Fragility (m) and glass transition temperature (Tg) were determined by fitting viscosity data with the MYEGA equation. The Tg from the MYEGA equation is in good agreement with Tg values from DSC. Thermal expansion coefficient of samples is in the range of 102.7 to 139.2 × 10−7/°C, mainly influenced by the amount of ZnO and K2O. We conclude that these samples have relatively high refractive index, high transparency, good glass forming ability, and good UV-shielding properties, making them suitable for lens applications.
Annals Graphic Medicine - Paused

This comic (yes, a comic!) visually captures the experience of a patient with menopausal symptoms.