cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good Faith and Reasonable Expectations

The recognition that there is an obligation of good faith in every contract has been regarded as one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, a half century after the doctrine’s incorporation into the Restatement Second of Contracts and the Uniform Commercial Code, great controversy and confusion remain about it. A scholarly dispute about the nature of the doctrine framed more than thirty years ago has hardly been advanced, much less resolved. More important, although nearly every court announces its support of the doctrine, often using similar language and familiar sources, many judicial opinions are unclear, confusing, or confused.The controversy and confusion stem from a fundamental misunderstanding about the nature of the good faith obligation. That misunderstanding is a belief that good faith is a special doctrine that does not easily fit within the structure of contract law. Indeed, the doctrine is seen as potentially dangerous, threatening to undermine more fundamental doctrines and the transactions that they are designed to uphold. Because of its dangerousness, good faith needs to be substantially restricted in its application. In particular, the doctrine either needs to be closely tied to the terms of the contract, limited to cases in which a party has willfully violated its obligations under the contract, or both.All of this is wrong. There is nothing special about the doctrine of good faith. It is continuous with the rest of contract doctrine. It is distinct from other doctrines, but only distinct in the same way that the rules about formation are distinct from the rules about consideration. Good faith is simply another embodiment of the basic principle of contract law—the protection of reasonable expectations. The application of that principle through the good faith obligation leads to a proper understanding of the content of the doctrine and a rejection of many of the ways that courts improperly cabin it.Following an Introduction, Part II of this article describes the controversy among scholars and the confusion in the courts about the obligation of good faith. Part III defines the protection of reasonable expectations as the fundamental principle of contract law and illustrates how the principle emanates in various doctrines in ways that resemble its role in good faith. Part IV applies the reasonable expectations principle to good faith and explains how it corrects the errors courts make in applying the doctrine.
Suspected Repressed Childhood Sexual Abuse: Gender Effects on Diagnosis and Treatment

This article explores therapists' responses to clients' suspicions that they have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Each participant was randomly assigned one of two vignettes, va...
Bactericidal Action of a Complement-Independent Antibody against Relapsing Fever Borrelia Resides in Its Variable Region

A single chain variable fragment (scFv) of CB515, a complement-independent bactericidal monoclonal IgM against a relapsing fever Borrelia, was constructed to investigate the region wherein the unique bactericidal function resides. Monomeric CB515 scFv (26 kDa) was capable of binding its Ag on whole organisms and by immunoblot. This binding was shown to be species and serotype-specific to the 19 kDa variable small protein, recognized by its parent monoclonal IgM. A dose-dependent bactericidal effect of the CB515 scFv was detected by direct enumeration of spirochetes. Spirochetes incubated with the CB515 scFv before inoculation into mice grew into escape mutants, whereas spirochetes incubated with an irrelevant scFv developed as the original infecting serotype. This bactericidal effect, as seen at the ultrastructural level, was due to disruption of the outer membrane and to severe membrane blebbing eventually progressing to lysis. These results indicate that the variable region of CB515 is responsible for this bactericidal activity and that the constant region of the Ab is dispensable.
A dual-band Hilbert slot antenna for GPS and Bluetooth application

A microstrip-fed dual-band Hilbert slot antenna is proposed for GPS and Bluetooth/WLAN application in portable handheld terminals. A third order Hilbert slot printed on 0.813 mm thick Duroid 5880 substrate (/spl epsi//sub r/=2.2) operates at 1.575 GHz and 2.45 GHz. A second order Hilbert slot maintains the dual-band performance with significant improvement in bandwidth. The bandwidths at the GPS and WLAN frequency bands are 4.8 and 2.7%, respectively within S11 of 10 dB.
Methodology and preliminary results from the neurobiology of late-life depression study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to investigate the relationship between neuroticism and depression in an elderly cohort. In this paper, we describe the methods of an National Institute of Mental Health-NIMH-supported study and present findings among the cohort enrolled to date. METHODS: We used the NEO Personality Inventory to assess neuroticism, and we employed several cognitive neuroscience-based measures to examine emotional control. RESULTS: Compared with a group of 27 non-depressed older control subjects, 33 older depressed subjects scored higher on measures of state and trait anxiety and neuroticism. On our experimental neuroscience-based measures, depressed subjects endorsed more negative words compared with controls on an emotional characterization test. In addition, we found a significant group-by-congruency effect on an emotional interference test where subjects were asked to identify the face's emotional expression while ignoring the words "fear" or "happy" labeled across the face. CONCLUSION: Thus, in this preliminary work, we found significant differences in measures of neuroticism and emotional controls among older adults with and without depression. Language: en
Five new species in the subgenus Parasitatax (Acari: Unionicolidae: Unionicola) from North America and asia, with a re-evaluation of related species

Abstract Five new species (Unionicola (Parasitatax) dimocki, arcuatoides, bishopi, cooki and tumidoides) are described for the first time. All species in Parasitatax are mussel parasites. The species of the subgenus are re-evaluated, and distribution and host records are reported for U. ypsilophora (Bonz), U. arcuata (Wolcott), U. tumida (Wolcott) and U. thienemanni Viets.
Contesting Representations: Life-Writings and Subjectivity in Postmodern and Feminist Autobiography

Autobiographical and `life-writing' genres provide textual sites for representing aspects of experience and the articulation of relational selves. This paper investigates contemporary, postmodern feminist assays of identity that both question and challenge the limits of modernist representations of subjectivity. In life-writings by Helene Cixous, Michelle Cliff, Audre Lorde and Maya Angelou contestations over representation, agency and resistance. to fixed identity categories are made explicit. Postmodern textual and interpretative practices, including autobiographical `metissage' and non-synchronous analyses of raced, gendered and classed subject positions, replace essentialist representations of subjects in a politics of hybridity and difference. These texts offer pedagogic expressions of resistance to the enduring legacy of modernist authorship as an act deriving from a coherent self-present writing self. The practice of metissage and the disruption of temporality in these contemporary writings is rega...
Functions of a matrix and Krylov matrices

For a given nonderogatory matrix A, formulas are given for functions of A in terms of Krylov matrices of A. Relations between the coefficients of a polynomial of A and the generating vector of a Krylov matrix of A are provided. With the formulas, linear transformations between Krylov matrices and functions of A are introduced, and associated algebraic properties are derived. Hessenberg reduction forms are revisited equipped with appropriate inner products and related properties and matrix factorizations are given.
Impact of vaccine shortages on immunization programs and providers.

Abstract Background During 2001 and the first half of 2002, the United States experienced severe shortages of five of the eight universally recommended vaccines for children. Objective To evaluate the impact of shortages of diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), and tetanus and diphtheria vaccine (Td) shortages on state and urban area immunization programs and immunization providers between September 2001 and January 2002. Methods (1) Survey of state and urban area immunization program managers. Outcome measures included changes in vaccine distribution and suspension of daycare/Head Start and school entry immunization requirements for Td, DTaP, and PCV7. (2) Interviews with Vaccines for Children Program immunization providers scheduled to receive a routine site visit between January 21 and February 1, 2002. Outcome measures included problems experienced with vaccine orders, implementation of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) interim recommendations for DTaP and PCV7, and length of time with no DTaP or PCV7 vaccines in stock. Results Over 85% of immunization programs changed the way they distributed PCV7, DTaP, and Td vaccines to providers, including limiting the amount of vaccine ordered or distributing partial orders. Additionally, 76% of programs experienced problems purchasing or receiving varicella vaccine. Sixty-eight percent of programs suspended school entry requirements for Td. Immunization providers reported problems with orders of Td (56%), PCV7 (45%), DTaP (30%), and varicella (29%). Approximately 16% and 29% of providers implemented the interim ACIP recommendations for DTaP and PCV7, respectively. However, 21% of providers suspended administration of all doses of PCV7 because they ran out of vaccine before learning of the shortage. Conclusions From suspension of school entry requirements to delaying administration of vaccine, the recent vaccine shortages affected immunization programs’ and providers’ ability to administer vaccines in a timely manner.
Chromatophorotropic activity of extracts of the brain and nerve cord of the leech, Macrobdella decora, in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: An in vivo and in vitro study

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts of the brain and nerve cord of the leech, Macrobdella decora , that were injected into intact fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator , produced dispersion of the pigment in the erythrophores of these crabs, but did not cause the pigment in their melanophores to disperse. 2. 2. When these extracts of leech organs were injected into isolated crab legs, there was no significant pigment dispersing effect on the erythrophores or melanophores. 3. 3. A substance, presumably 5-hydroxytryptamine, present in the central nervous system of the leech apparently stimulated the release of red pigment dispersing hormone in the crabs.
Estimation of metabolic reaction rates from a mathematical analysis of tracer experiments

Abstract The use of equations for the study of reaction rates of several metabolic schemes and the necessary conditions are discussed. In the case of one or two immediate precursors it is shown that under certain conditions the fractional rates can be derived from the slope and intercept of a line going through points that can be determined from the graphical integration of specific activity-time curves. A metabolic scheme based on the template hypothesis was postulated as a possible mechanism of polymer formation in cells, and a simple specific activity precursor-product relationship is derived. It is shown that “limiting fractional rates” can be evaluated in the steady state in the case that ( a ) the immediate precursor is not known and the product is metabolically homogeneous, ( b ) the immediate precursor is known but the product is a mixture of metabolically distinct substances, and ( c ) the immediate precursor is not known and the product is metabolically heterogeneous. The possibility of having compartmentalization of a complex substance like protein or nucleic acid even in specific tissues is discussed.
Preference for and Suitability of Asian Elm Species and Hybrids for the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Selected elms Ulmus spp . and their hybrids growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for feeding preference and suitability for the adult elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller). No-choice and multiple choice studies revealed that the hybrid U. japonica ✕ U. wilsoniana Accolade was the least suitable for feeding and reproduction by the elm leaf beetle. The hybrid U. japonica-U. wilsoniana X U. pumila Danada and U. pumila (standard) were highly preferred and suitable for feeding and reproduction by adult beetles. Preovipositional period was a function of suitability as adults feeding on the least suitable species/hybrids oviposited later than females feeding on the most suitable elms such as Danada and U. pumila . Suitability had no significant effect on male and female longevity nor did male/female longevity affect suitability or preference of elm species/hybrids evaluated in this study. Less and intermediately suitable species of U. japonica ✕ U. wilsoniana Accolade, U. daridialla, U. japonica , and U. wilsoniana show promise for future elm breeding programs.
A robust, field-deployable method for the electrodeposition of actinides

Several methods for the electrodeposition of actinides for alpha-spectrometry analysis have been developed over the past few decades, but none have been specifically designed to facilitate rapid analysis in a field situation. This paper describes the development of an electrodeposition procedure that is specifically adapted for use in a mobile lab. Using these techniques one would be able to obtain preliminary results in the event of a radiological incident. Quantitative yields with associated uncertainties have been determined for the procedure. It has also been shown that short deposition times can provide quantitative results.
Rapid quantitation of the immunopreciptin reaction in agarose gel by electroimmunodiffusion with paper discs

Abstract Paper disc-electroimmunodiffusion in agarose gel provides a rapid and sensitive quantitation of the immunoprecipitin reaction.
l-Tryptophan administration potentiates serotonin-dependent myoclonic behavior in the rat

Tryptophan administration increases brain tryptophan and brain serotonin levels in rats; a single intraperitoneal injection of p-chloroamphetamine produces a postural myoclonic syndrome in rats that depends on presynaptic serotonin release. In order to test the behavioral consequences of tryptophan administration, 10 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine was given to separate groups of rats pretreated with either 50 mg/kg of tryptophan, a suspension of neutral amino acids with tryptophan excluded or 0.9% saline. The postural syndrome was graded visually on a 0–20 point scale and the animals were killed 1–2 hr after p-chloroamphetamine injections. Tryptophan administration increased whole brain tryptophan levels 100% (P< 0.001), increased brain and spinal cord indoleamine levels 66% (P< 0.001), and enhanced p-chloroamphetamine-induced myoclonic behavior 34% (P< 0.01) compared to saline controls. In separate experiments, spinal cords were transected in 9 rats and intercollicular decerebrations made in 5. Subsequent injections of 10 mg/kg of f-chloroamphetamine produced myoclonus in both groups, although other features of the postural syndrome did not occur in most decerebrate animals. It is concluded from these experiments that tryptophan-induced increases in brain and spinal cord serotonin content enhance behaviors that depend on serotonin release, and that the myoclonus induced by p-chloroamphetamine is not abolished by acute intercollicular decerebration or spinal cord transection.
Mutual repression of synaptic efficacy by pairs of foreign nerves innervating frog skeletal muscle

CONSIDERABLE attention has been directed recently at the proposed phenomenon of synaptic repression. In lower vertebrates experimentally crossed nerves will successfully innervate inappropriate muscles; in certain cases, it has been observed that some fibres later regrow to their original muscles, where they form functional synapses. In some instances where this occurs, the foreign innervation then seems to lose effectiveness in making the muscle contract1–3. Mark and his collaborators have concluded that repressed synapses of the foreign nerve remain morphologically intact4–6 and are capable of being reactivated rapidly if the original nerve is again cut7–9. Although other workers10,11 have shown persistent double innervation without apparent repression in the same or comparable preparations in fish, Yip and Dennis12 have recently confirmed the existence of quickly reversible synaptic repression in salamander limbs. There have been suggestions that similar synaptic repression might exist in the mammalian central nervous system13. If this is confirmed, it could constitute an important mechanism for plasticity during development or experience14,15. Thus it is important to determine the mechanism of repression and to assess the reasons for the variability in the degree of competitive interaction observed in different preparations.
Yes, Virginia, Aseptic Technique Is Very Important: Maximal Barrier Precautions During Insertion Reduce the Risk of Central Venous Catheter-Related Bacteremia

"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus." -Frances Pharcellus Church There long has been controversy over the level of sterile barrier precautions that should be used during the insertion of a short-term, noncuffed central venous catheter. Most authorities stress the need for "good aseptic technique," "stringent asepsis," or "surgical asepsis," and many explicitly advocate use of maximal sterile barriers,1-9 namely the use of sterile gloves, a long-sleeved surgical gown, a large sterile drape, and possibly a surgical cap and mask as well. However, most authors have not addressed the issue explicitly or endorsed the widespread practice of using only sterile gloves and drapes.1~19 Even the expert panel that wrote the first Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Infections could not bring itself to recommend sterile barriers beyond gloves and drapes.20 No cardiologist performing a cardiac catheterization would use less than complete barrier precautions, despite the fact that the catheter remains in place for only an hour or two in most cases and rarely for more than 24 hours, even when the introducer is left in place for a percutaneous transcoronary angioplasty the following day. Realizing that a short-term, percutaneously inserted, noncuffed central venous catheter is the intravascular device most likely to cause nosocomial bloodstream infection,8,21,22 I have long believedadmittedly without conclusive supportive data-that maximal sterile barrier precautions should be mandat ry during the insertion of any central venous catheter (realizing that such precautions are unnecessary and would not be cost-effective for insertion of peripheral venous catheters or intraarterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring in an ICU).8 The problem with imposing such a standard on the 5 million short-term central venous catheters placed in U.S. hospitals each year has been the lack of scientific data affirming clearcut benefits in terms of reduction of device-related infection and, in the maelstrom of impending "healthcare reform," economic cost-benefit. As a consequence, central venous catheters currently are inserted by physicians who wear sterile gloves, but often use little else in terms of barrier precautions. Personally having inserted hundreds of central venous catheters and supervised the insertion of several thousand over the past 20 years using a long floppy guidewire (as is the common practice), I would submit that without maximal sterile barriers-including a longsleeved gown and a large sterile sheet-drape-touch contamination of the guidewire, the catheter, or both is very common (but rarely appreciated).
Electrophysiological correlates of a paroxysmal movement disorder

Averaged electroencephalographic activity related to rhythmic jerking movements was recorded in a patient with a complex neurological symptomatology. The diagnosis of a functional disorder was strongly suggested by his clinical course, inconsistent findings from physical examination, and negative workup. His abnormal movements were associated with the same electrophysiological correlates as normal willed motion, suggesting that averaged movement potentials may provide useful information in the study of patients with suspected functional movement disorders.
Temperature DIP at the beginning of the photoperiod reduces plant height but not seed yield of maize grown in controlled environments

Abstract A semi-dwarf breeding line of maize ( Zea mays L., PI 587154) was grown from seed to seed in a growth chamber either at 26.7 °C days/18.3 °C nights (control treatment) or at 15.6 °C for the first 2 h of each photoperiod before being returned to standard control temperature for the rest of the photoperiod (DIP treatment). Half of the plants in each 120-day production experiment were grown in 3-L containers and half in 9-L containers, both groupings at equivalent plant-to-plant spacing. Stalks of DIP-treated plants elongated 9–10% less than controls during seed-production cycles in both pot sizes. DIP reduced vegetative dry biomass of stalks 29% relative to controls when using small pots, and 19% for plants grown in medium pots. Root dry weight was reduced 22–25% by DIP in the two container sizes, but stalk/root ratios were not altered significantly by DIP treatment or pot size. Stalk diameter also was reduced 8–9% by DIP for both pot sizes. Neither seed number nor seed weight were affected significantly by temperature treatment or pot size. DIP slowed and prolonged stalk elongation but not differentiation of nodes for both pot sizes. Timing of tassel development and pollen shed were unaffected by temperature or pot size, but timing of silk development was delayed by DIP, slightly more for plants growing in small than in medium pots. Nevertheless, primary ears developed to complete seed fill, suggesting adequate time-window overlap between pollen shed and silk receptivity for effective pollination and fertilization to occur. Controlled-environment production of maize in restricted-height growth facilities or where adequate separation distance is required between the tops of crop stands and overhead high-intensity discharge light sources may be accommodated economically by use of DIP temperature treatments without compromising grain yield. Use of medium-volume containers stabilizes the mature maize stalks bearing grain-filled ears.
Growth Plate Zonal Microarray Analysis Shows Upregulation of Extracellular Matrix Genes and Downregulation of Metalloproteinases and Cathepsins following Irradiation

Although the growth plate matrix area fraction increases after irradiation, extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression in this context has not been studied. The hypothesis was that normally expressed ECM genes would be upregulated after irradiation. The right limbs of six Sprague-Dawley 5-week-old rats were irradiated with the left limbs as controls. Half of the animals were harvested after 1 week and half after 2. Microarray was conducted from normal and irradiated tibial growth plate proliferative zone (PZ) and hypertrophic zone (HZ) chondrocytes separated by laser microdissection at each time point. In situ hybridization (ISH) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to confirm expression of selected genes. At 1 and 2 weeks after irradiation, both normally expressed ECM genes and others not highly expressed in the normal growth plate showed upregulation. Metalloproteinases and cathepsins were downregulated. PZ gene expression after irradiation exhibited features of the normal HZ, suggesting premature terminal differentiation. ECM genes not highly expressed in the normal growth plate included several members of the small leucine-rich proteins and the ezrin–radixin–moesin family. The effects of irradiation on cathepsin K (Ctsk), integrin binding sialoprotein (Ibsp), and procollagen II alpha 1 (Col2a1), as determined by ISH and real-time PCR, were highly correlated with the microarray results. Accumulation of matrix following radiation injury to the growth plate correlated well with changes in gene expression. Upregulation of genes not normally highly expressed in the noninjured growth plate suggests their importance in the injury and repair response.
Rationality, habitus, and agricultural landscapes: Ethnographic case studies in landscape sociology

To explain how agricultural landscapes become social constructions of the natural environment, this essay utilizes Jurgen Habermas's concept of rationality and Pierre Bourdieu's constructs of field and habitus to examine how social relationships shape the way three farmers perceive, alter, and evaluate their land. Intensive interviewing and aerial photographs are used to document the processes through which farmers internalize the primary rationalities of social relationships as a foundation of decision-making regarding water impoundments on their land. One farmer internalizes an instrumental rationality while interacting within relationships with the economic and political system; his landscape changes are meant to improve his ability to extract profit from the land. A second case focuses on a farmer who draws upon familial relationships to provide a substantive counter to the instrumental rationalities of economic relationships; he built a pond to conserve soil. The final case is of a farmer who resists social relationships governed by an instrumental rationality; he built a pond to improve and preserve the beauty of his farm.
NMR assignments of a stable processing intermediate of human frataxin

Frataxin, a nuclear encoded protein targeted to the mitochondrial matrix, has recently been implicated as an iron chaperone that delivers Fe(II) to the iron-sulfur assembly enzyme ISU. During transport across the mitochondrial membrane, the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence of frataxin is cleaved in a two-step process to produce the “mature” protein found within the matrix; however, N-terminally extended forms of the protein have also been observed in vivo as a result of processing deficiencies. Structural characterization studies of the mature human frataxin ortholog suggest the protein’s N-terminus is predominately unfolded, in contrast to what has been observed for the yeast ortholog. Here we report the NMR assignments of a stable intermediate in the processing of human frataxin. These studies were completed to provide structural insight into editing events that lead to mature protein formation. This report also provides structural details of frataxin editing anomalies produced in vivo during altered protein processing events.
Observation of interface band bending on GaAs/AlAs heterostructures by scanning tunneling microscopy

The electronic structure at the interface of GaAs/AlAs multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy is investigated on the (110) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. The valence band bending, which is produced by an interface dipole layer, is observed from cross-sectional profiles exhibiting spike structures. It is found that the transition region of the AlAs/GaAs interface (3.0 - 4.0 nm) is smaller than that of the GaAs/AlAs interface (4.0 - 5.0 nm). Similar spike structures showing a transition region of 3.5 - 4.5 nm are also observed at the GaAs/Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 As interface.
Complexation between poly(maleic acid/octyl vinyl ether) and poly(vinyl caprolactam) in aqueous solution and at the alumina/water interface.

Solution and interfacial properties of binary polymer mixtures of poly(maleic acid/octyl vinyl ether) (PMAOVE) and poly(vinyl caprolactam) (PVCAP) have been studied for the alumina/water system. To test the hydrophobic effect, mixtures of poly(maleic acid/methyl vinyl ether) (PMAMVE) and PVCAP are also investigated and compared to the behavior of PMAOVE/PVCAP. At low pH, both polymer mixtures become turbid upon mixing. The turbidity increases at low mixing ratios of PVCAP to the vinyl ether component, reaches a maximum, and then decreases at higher mixing ratios. Upon shifting the pH to the alkaline range, i.e., pH 7.5 and above, the turbid solution becomes clear for both the polymer mixtures. Cloud point measurements indicate the absence of complexation of PVCAP with PMAMVE under the alkaline conditions, but strong interaction with PMAOVE. This is attributed to the different forces involved in the complexation among the polymers: H bonding for PVCAP/PMAMVE and both H bonding and hydrophobic effects for PVCAP/PMAOVE. At the alumina/water interface, the normally nonadsorbing PVCAP is triggered to adsorb by PMAOVE, attributed to the hydrophobic complexation between the two. However, the adsorption of PVCAP shows a maximum as a function of the concentration of PMAOVE. At concentrations of PMAOVE above the onset of its own plateau adsorption, the amount of PVCAP triggered to adsorb is reduced possibly due to the polymer complex formation in solution.
A frustrated quest for community

Most people knew Peter Drucker as the practical sage who gave how-to advice on stubborn problems in the real world. But few knew the other Drucker, an idealistic thinker who tried to solve one of the biggest puzzles of modern humanity. Drucker engaged in a lifelong quest to discover the key for integrating community into the business world, and the word, “community,” was the single term that Drucker struggled most to fathom throughout his career. In the end he abandoned even markets as the solution for community and acknowledged defeat. Yet his final failure to connect community to business is instructive for it tells us not only about Peter Drucker, but about our current business/social dilemma.
Modelling breast cancer requires identification and correction of a critical cell lineage-dependent transduction bias

Clinically relevant human culture models are essential for developing effective therapies and exploring the biology and etiology of human cancers. Current breast tumour models, such as those from oncogenically transformed primary breast cells, produce predominantly basal-like properties, whereas the more common phenotype expressed by the vast majority of breast tumours are luminal. Reasons for this puzzling, yet important phenomenon, are not understood. We show here that luminal epithelial cells are significantly more resistant to viral transduction than their myoepithelial counterparts. We suggest that this is a significant barrier to generating luminal cell lines and experimental tumours in vivo and to accurate interpretation of results. We show that the resistance is due to lower affinity of luminal cells for virus attachment, which can be overcome by pretreating cells--or virus--with neuraminidase. We present an analytical method for quantifying transductional differences between cell types and an optimized protocol for transducing unsorted primary human breast cells in context.
Cine-MRI-aided endomyocardectomy in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is a leukoproliferative disorder marked by a predilection to damage specific organs, including the heart. This report describes a patient with extensive endocardial fibrosis accompanying this syndrome. Right ventricular endomyocardectomy with preservation of the tricuspid valve was performed. The procedure was aided by cine-magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative assessment and follow-up of surgical results.
The Two Pratyabhijñā Theories of Error

In this essay, it is argued that Abhinavagupta’s theory of error, the apūrṇakhyāti theory, synthesizes two distinguishable Pratyabhijnā treatments of error that were developed in three phases prior to him. The first theory was developed in two stages, initially by Somānanda in the Śivadṛṣṭi (ŚD) and subsequently by Utpaladeva in his Īśvarapratyabhijnākārikās (ĪPK) and his short autocommentary thereon, the Īśvarapratyabhijnāvṛtti (ĪPVṛ). This theory served to explain individual acts of misperception, and it was developed with the philosophy of the Buddhist epistemologists in mind. In a third phase, Utpaladeva developed in his Śivadṛṣṭivṛtti (ŚDVṛ) a second theory of error, one that involved the noncognition of non-duality (abhedākhyāti) and served to explain both the appearance and perception of multiplicity, despite the strict monism to which all Pratyabhijnā authors subscribe. Abhinavagupta’s treatment of error, then, is significant not only because it was meant to explain all the various theories of error offered by opposing philosophical schools, as Rastogi has shown, but more importantly because it synthesized the thinking of his predecessors on the matter in a single, elegant account of error.
Endogenous asymmetric information and international equity home bias: The effects of portfolio size and information costs

Equity home bias is one of the major puzzles in international finance. This paper investigates the impact of asymmetric information on equity home bias in a rational expectation model where portfolio managers differ in their levels of initial portfolio size and information acquisition is endogenous. The model characterizes the information acquisition and investment decisions made by each portfolio manager, and the resulting equilibrium. We find that portfolio managers with larger portfolio size acquire information about the foreign asset; this is consistent with new evidence linking the degree of home bias across portfolio managers to portfolio size.
THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF ATTENDING A COMMUNITY-BASED YOUTH PROGRAM ON CHILD DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

The current study evaluated associations between attending a community-based youth program, neighborhood problems, and child depressive symptoms in a sample of 147 children (mean [M] age 58.22 years, 54.4% male). Findings suggested that both program attendance and neighborhood problems were uniquely associated with child depressive symptoms while also considering the variance associated with child delinquency, such that high levels of attendance and low levels of neighborhood problems were associated with low levels of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, a marginally statistically significant trend (po.06) for program attendance to buffer the effects of neighborhood problems on child depressive symptoms was found. Implications for findings are discussed. C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different ontologies: land change science and health research

Land use and land cover (LULC) is now recognized as an important driver of disease. For emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases, LULC offers context and serves as a likely proximate driver of risk particularly when considering vector-borne or zoonotic diseases. Ontological differences embedded within disciplinary structures impede progress limiting the ultimate potential of both LULC data and land change theory within disease research. Geography, space, and time serve as effective complements to traditional health and place organizational and disease-research strategies. Improved systemic clarity is obtained if one orients the disease relationship to particular contexts and if the scales of the relationships are clearly defined.
Global approaches to study Golgi function

Enormous insights into Golgi function have been provided by yeast genetics, biochemical assays and immuno-labeling methods and the emerging picture is of a very complex organelle with multiple levels of regulation. Despite many elegant experimental approaches, it remains unclear what mechanisms transport secretory proteins and lipids through the Golgi, and even the basic structure of the organelle is debated. Recently, new, global approaches such as proteomics and functional genomics have been applied to study the Golgi and its matrix. The data produced reveals great complexity and has potential to help address major unresolved questions concerning Golgi function.
Reduction of Ekman circulation within Taylor-Couette flow

We demonstrate experimentally that independently rotating intermediary end-rings between the cylinders of a Taylor–Couette apparatus can be utilized to reduce friction-driven secondary flow, i.e. Ekman circulation. This allows for velocity profiles in a device of small aspect ratio to be less constrained by ‘end effects’, so that the resulting wide-gap flows can be made to have a radial distribution of circumferential velocity that resembles a narrow-gap Couette solution.
Effects of Flow Control on Forced Response and Performance of a Transonic Compressor

The main contributor to the high-cycle fatigue of compressor blades is the response to aerodynamic forcing functions generated by an upstream row of stators or inlet guide vanes. Resonant response to engine order excitation at certain rotor speeds is especially damaging. Studies have shown that flow control by trailing edge blowing (TEB) can reduce stator wake strength and the amplitude of the downstream rotor blade vibrations generated by the unsteady stator-rotor interaction. In the present study, the effectiveness of TEB to reduce forced blade vibrations was evaluated in a modern transonic compressor rig. A row of wake generator (WG) vanes with TEB capability was installed upstream of the rotor, which was instrumented with strain gages. Data was collected with and without TEB at various rotor speeds involving resonance crossings. Using 0.8% of the compressor core flow for TEB along the full WG-span, rotor blade strain was reduced by 66% at the first torsional resonance crossing. Substantial reductions were also achieved with only partial span TEB. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the TEB technique for reducing rotor vibrations in the complex flow environment of a closely-spaced transonic stage row. Moderate increases in stage performance were also measured.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Real-time holographic imaging with a bacteriorhodopsin film.

We investigate the potential of high-resolution and large space–bandwidth product holographic lensless imaging by using bacteriorhodopsin film as a real-time material under He–Ne laser illumination. The imaging reflectivity is found to be linearly proportional to the reading light intensity when the hologram is under short laser pulse stimulation. The time response of the recording process is characterized by two exponentially increasing functions that are related to the intensity modulation of the illumination. An image resolution of 80 lines/mm and a space–bandwidth product of ~2 × 106 are obtained.
Local Damage Detection with the Global Fitting Method Using Mode Shape Data in Notched Beams

Damage in a structure alters its dynamic characteristics such as frequency response functions and modal parameters. The present study extends the ‘gapped smoothing method’ for identifying the location of structural damage in a beam by introducing the ‘global fitting method.’ The procedure uses only the mode shape data obtained from a damaged structure with an assumption that the undamaged structure is homogeneous and uniform and the damage size is small. The sensitivity of damage detection algorithm is evaluated using a finite element analysis (FEA) of a few beams having a notch. Structural irregularity index (SSI) was used to identify the locations and size of damage. The ability to detect damage was enhanced by averaging SSI over a few modes. A statistical procedure was applied to identify damage with respect to background noise. A methodology and quantitative criteria was developed to select the optimum excitation grid spacing. Numerical results showed that the present method can detect both narrow (13 mm width) and wide damage (126 mm width) associated with less than 3% local thickness reductions. Experimental results validated the numerical results and detected the depth to thickness ratio about 41% and 35% for the wide and narrow notch beams, respectively. The present method showed improved resolution on detecting the location and size of damage in a beam over the previous methods using mode shape data reported in literature.
Strength of evidence and the semantics of the Japanese -te iru aspect affix

Abstract This paper argues that the various meanings of the Japanese V-te iru aspectual affix is not controlled by the verb's temporal property; rather, the meaning of this form is fundamentally undifferentiated between the resultative and progressive meanings. The paper demonstrates that the surface meaning of a sentence having this form takes on one of these two readings as a function of the amount of residual evidence that is available (or strength of evidence, SE) during or after the commission of the act. The value of SE is the result of conventional attachment of pragmatic knowledge to the event denoted by the verb. The higher the verb's SE, the resultative meaning of V-te iru, and the lower the SE, the more progressive the meaning. Instead of a system of verb classification of Japanese verbs based on the temporal property, this paper proposes an alternate one based on SE, which seems to account for the data better.
Determination of the affinity of monoclonal 19 S IgM rheumatoid factor for IgG by modified immunoassay (ELISA).

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the pathogenicity of IgM rheumatoid factor (RF), an autoantibody whose antigen is IgG, is still unclear although RF-IgG complexes appear to be important mediators of immune injury. The polyclonality of RF in RA makes it difficult to characterize certain qualitative properties such as specificity and affinity which may be very important in determining pathogenicity. Monoclonal IgM RF can be used to circumvent this problem. Monoclonal RF secreting cells can be produced via hybridizations with RA B lymphocytes fused with mouse or human myeloma cell lines. Another source of monoclonal RF is the sera of patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). One particular WM IgM RF (Kas) was chosen for our experiments to measure affinities and specificities to eight different monoclonal IgGs (three IgG1s, three IgG3s, one IgG2, and one IgG4). 19 S IgM RF, a pentavalent molecule, was mildly reduced with DTT to make 7 S univalent fragments (7 S IgM RF). 7 S IgM RF was incubated with each of the different IgGs at several different concentrations. These mixtures were allowed to come to equilibrium. An aliquot was then used to determine the amount of free 7 S IgM RF by ELISA. By plotting the reciprocal of the fraction of bound RF versus the reciprocal of the concentration of free antigen at equilibrium, different affinities were determined. The results of these determinations compare favorably with published IgM RF affinities determined by more traditional methods. This method can also be used with proteolytic digest fragments of IgG and short synthetic peptides of the IgG molecule to better locate the antigen binding site. The technique may also help us to determine whether there are select clones of RSC producing RF with different affinities that could complex to a particular type of IgG which, in vivo, could produce greater inflammatory tissue damage. Furthermore, this methodology should be useful in the study of other autoimmune diseases characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies of differing affinities.
The brittle—ductile behaviour of materials: Modelling the effect of interatomic force laws

Abstract We present a model for brittle—ductile behaviour of materials containing interfaces based on the idea that the criteria for fracture can be couched as a balance between elastic driving forces and lattice resistance terms. This approach leads to a simple block construction for the lattice resistance term for blunting dislocation emission, which can be generalized to apply to first-principles quantum-mechanical bonding calculations for the crack. We have tested the model with a generic two-dimensional hexagonal lattice with universal binding energy relation (UBER) pair force laws and shown that the model gives quantitative results. The only exception is when the bonding relations at the crack tip lead to significant lattice trapping, for which the material is more ductile than predicted. With the generic system (which should be useful in a qualitative way for more realistic materials), we find that firstly the cross-over between ductile and brittle behaviour is determined by the local bonding at th...
Real-time fault tolerant deployment and configuration framework for cyber physical systems

This paper describes ongoing work on making the deployment and configuration functionality for cyber physical systems reliable and tolerant to failures, while also supporting predictable and incremental online redeployment and reconfiguration of application functionality. Our work is currently designed and evaluated in the context of a system of fractionated spacecrafts, which is a representative CPS system.
Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, hydroxyl free radical adduct of DNA in granulocytes exposed to the tumor promoter, tetradeconylphorbolacetate

The exposure of human granulocytes to the tumor promoter, tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA), resulted in the accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the DNA of the treated cells. Hydroxyl free radicals react with DNA causing the hydroxylation of guanine at the C-8 position. The modified nucleoside (8-OHdG) cleaved from DNA, was quantitated at subpicomole levels utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCED). Superoxide dismutase and catalase caused a marked decrease in the levels of 8-OHdG in the cellular DNA. The level of 8-OHdG formed by TPA stimulation of granulocytes was equivalent to one modified guanine for about every 600 possible guanines in the cellular DNA.
Power supply signal calibration techniques for improving detection resolution to hardware Trojans

Chip design and fabrication is becoming increasingly vulnerable to malicious activities and alternations with globalization. An adversary can introduce a Trojan designed to disable and/or destroy a system at some future time (Time Bomb) or the Trojan may serve to leak confidential information covertly to the adversary. This paper proposes a taxonomy for Trojan classification and then describes a statistical approach for detecting hardware Trojans that is based on the analysis of an ICs power supply transient signals. A key component to improving the resolution of power analysis techniques to Trojans is calibrating for process and test environment (PE) variations. The main focus of this research is on the evaluation of four signal calibration techniques, each designed to reduce the adverse impact of PE variations on our statistical Trojan detection method.
Spatial theory in early conservation design: examples from Aldo Leopold’s work

Aldo Leo­pold is well known in North America as a conservationist, author, and promoter of the Land Ethic. Although Leo­pold’s work is rarely included in the realm of landscape ecology, he left several illustrations of an early spatial theory for conservation. While European geographer Troll published the term ‘landscape ecology’ in 1939, Leo­pold was discovering the role of spatial configuration in European working landscapes, and began to apply the landscape ecology concepts to wildlife management and cooperative conservation in the US. With his own spatial language he wrote, mapped, and applied elements of pattern, process, and connectedness in the landscape. In this perspective piece I use three examples from Leo­pold’s work to demonstrate his contribution to spatial theory in early conservation design. First, this paper deciphers spatial elements conveyed through Leo­pold’s writing, drawing, and teaching in the early 1930s. Second, I re-interpret Leo­pold’s observations of the spatial design of remises from his visit to Silesia, Europe. Third, I show how the lessons from Silesia were applied to a landscape in Wisconsin, USA, involving both farmers and townspeople in cooperative implementation of a remise system. Collectively, a new perspective emerges on the early dialogue of landscape ecology and conservation across continents.