cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heavy-quark production at Fermilab Tevatron Collider energies.

We propose a way to test structure functions at low $x$ by measuring the heavy-quark cross section at Fermilab Tevatron Collider energies. We show that the QCD calculation (through order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3}$) of the total cross section for the bottom- and top-quark pair cross section is very sensitive to the choice of the structure function at Collider energies. Comparison with the experimental data indicates that some choices of the structure functions seem to be preferred by the data. We illustrate how measurements of the bottom-quark pair cross section at Tevatron Collider energies should be able to make a clear distinction between different choices of the structure functions, therefore providing valuable information about the gluon structure function at low $x$. We find that the bottom-quark cross section at Collider energies is dominated by the $\mathrm{gg}$ initial subprocess, while the top-quark cross section is dominated by the contribution from the $\mathrm{qq}$ subprocess at low energies. At Tevatron energies this contribution becomes 30%, while the rest is due to the $\mathrm{gg}$ initial subprocess. We show that the ratio of the cross section calculated through order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3}$ to the one calculated through the order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2}$, the so-called $K$ factor, is of order 3 for the bottom-quark cross section and of order 2 for the top-quark cross section at Tevatron energies. We also show that the theoretical uncertainty due to the choice of the structure function has a significant effect on the experimental lower limit of the top-quark mass.
The promise of psychiatric enviromics

Background The human genome dwells within environment, determines environment and its expression is shaped by environment. Aims To introduce ‘psychiatric enviromics’ as a complement to human genomics and proteomics as applied to mental health. Method Selective literature review and synthesis. Results and conclusions Psychiatric enviromics can be planned to sustain the search for specific environments or environmental processes and conditions that promote mental health and reduce the occurrence of psychiatric disturbances. Subsets of the psychiatric envirome will be discovered to have functional importance precisely because specific environmental conditions or processes will reduce, amplify or otherwise modulate the expression of specific genes or multiple gene interactions at identifiable periods of life-span development. Other salubrious environmental conditions and processes will have funtional importance but lack specificity of action with respect to gene expression. An international collaboration in the form of a review of evidence is proposed as a starting point for ‘psychiatric enviromics’.
Formal treatment of some low-temperature properties of melting solid helium-3

Recent observations of the low-field-strength paramagnetic susceptibility of melting solid 3He indicate its Curie-Weiss-type behavior at temperatures T > 5 mK. These require an identical temperature behavior of the magnetic melting-pressure shift over the same temperature range. Melting-pressure-shift measurements should thus independently confirm the observed temperature behavior of the susceptibility and yield, in addition, the Curie constant of melting solid 3He. Using the theoretical value of this constant in the low- or moderate-field-strength melting-pressure-shift formula, the calculated shifts appear to be currently accessible to measurements with acceptable accuracy at T > 5 mK. The inverse problem of determination of the paramagnetic moment or magnetization of melting solid 3He from melting-pressure shifts may be solved on the basis of a differential magnetothermodynamic relation without significant limitations on the applied external magnetic field strength or on the temperature range. Helium-3 melting-pressure and temperature measurements in the presence of a constant and uniform magnetic field of known strength should enable, within the above formalism, the determination of the magnetic phase diagram of solid 3He at melting down to the lowest experimentally accessible temperatures. This approach may supplement other independent methods of magnetic phase-boundary-line determinations of solid 3He.
Corruption and the role of information

Several studies have explored how certain economic and cultural variables affect a country's corruption level. This study extends previous research by not only considering these variables, but also taking into account the impact that information and communication technology can have on corruption. The results indicate that the greater the access to information, the lower the corruption levels. Therefore bridging the digital disparity across countries can also serve to lessen national corruption levels.
Tunability in electron transport of molybdenum chalcogenide nanowires by theoretical prediction

Abstract Transition metal chalcogenide nanowires could comprise an alternative for nanoelectronics application, yet this class of materials is not well-characterized. Here we predict tunability in I–V characteristics of MoX (X = S, Se) nanowires, dependent on chalcogen atom, Li doping, type of electrode, and morphology. We show an intrinsic negative differential resistance (NDR)-like behavior for Mo6S6 nanowires, explained by bands mismatch in the electronic structure calculated by density functional theory (DFT) within the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. The NDR-like behavior is suppressed upon Li intercalation or for gold leads. The electron transport results are based on optimized configurations using a non-empirical London dispersion-corrected DFT functional.
Nonmentalizing States in Early-Childhood Survivors of the Holocaust: Developmental Considerations Regarding Treatment of Child Survivors of Genocidal Atrocities

This paper attempts to coalesce considerations of attachment processes, trauma, mentalization, and nonverbal behavior to underscore some of the developmental and therapeutic challenges demonstrated by older-adult child survivors of the Holocaust, and by implication, other child victims of similar genocidal and traumatic events. Young child survivors experienced not only their own traumatic exposure to violence, harm, and loss, but also the stress-transmission of the adult caregivers who raised them in the years that followed. For some, the horrendous losses, combined with impediments to organizing relationships, and to experiences of predictable and trusted continuities, negatively impact the development of the reflective function, and of interpretive skills basic to successful implicit relatedness and explicit exchanges. "Neutral flow" of bodily tension and shape often signals the freezing accompanying nonmentalizing states. Misalignments in individual personality structure and discordances in interpersonal exchange underscore the need to address fundamental building blocks of relatedness and mentalization in the therapeutic process.
VLSI circuit design supported by computer system simulation

Satisfying the enormous signal processing demands of space based sensors in the next decade is beyond the capability of integrated circuit technology as we know it today. However the performance promise of digital VLSICs (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) should make this problem soluble if the right device technologies, computational algorithms and computer architectures can be selected which best exploit VLSI for this application. In this space sensor signal processor design study, computer system simulation using the language ECSS (Extendable Computer System Simulator) proved to be the key to performing tradeoffs and developing designs which could meet the stressing demands for low power and high computational throughput.
Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process in Operations Management

The use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an effective way to deal with qualitative decision areas of operations management. Four published applications of AHP are briefly reviewed in forecasting, supplier selection, facility location, and choice of technology. Furthermore, four more potential applications are suggested in other areas of operations management, including product design, plant layout, maintenance frequency selection, and choice of logistic carrier. In addition, suggestions for other areas of research are discussed.
Hopewell on the Sandusky: Analysis and Description of an Inundated Ohio Hopewell Mortuary-Ceremonial Site in North-Central Ohio

Northern Ohio has traditionally been placed at the "periphery" of Ohio Hopewell interaction. The recent discovery of an inundated mortuary-ceremonial site in Sandusky Bay with characteristic Hopewell artifacts, burial treatments, and deposits has stimulated a reexamination of the relationship between northern Ohio Middle Woodland societies and the Ohio Hopewell core. From this locality, known as the Pumpkin site, amateur archaeologists salvaged burials; Flint Ridge chert bifaces, Lowe cluster points and bladelets; a copper celt and beads; and other distinctive Hopewell funerary and ceremonial objects. Pumpkin site burial treatments and artifact forms also show considerable similarities to the Esch Mounds component located just to the east. A single AMS radiocarbon determination of 1840 + 40 BP (Beta-221575) on human bone collagen places the Pumpkin component securely within the Middle Woodland period. Information from this unique site indicates that local Middle Woodland ties to the Ohio Hopewell heartland were more significant than previously perceived.
Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children

AbstractPurpose: The American Urological Association convened the Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel to analyze the literature regarding available methods for treating vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed following a urinary tract infection in children and to make practice policy recommendations based on the treatment outcomes data insofar as the data permit.Materials and Methods: The panel searched the MEDLINE data base for all articles from 1965 to 1994 on vesicoureteral reflux and systematically analyzed outcomes data for 7 treatment alternatives: 1) intermittent antibiotic therapy, 2) bladder training, 3) continuous antibiotic prophylaxis, 4) antibiotic prophylaxis and bladder training, 5) antibiotic prophylaxis, anticholinergics and bladder training, 6) open surgical repair and 7) endoscopic repair. Key outcomes identified were probability of reflux resolution, likelihood of developing pyelonephritis and scarring, and possibility of complications of medical and surgical treatment.Results: Av...
A Study of Impacts of Coupled Model Initial Shocks and State–Parameter Optimization on Climate Predictions Using a Simple Pycnocline Prediction Model

AbstractA skillful decadal prediction that foretells varying regional climate conditions over seasonal–interannual to multidecadal time scales is of societal significance. However, predictions initialized from the climate-observing system tend to drift away from observed states toward the imperfect model climate because of the model biases arising from imperfect model equations, numeric schemes, and physical parameterizations, as well as the errors in the values of model parameters. Here, a simple coupled model that simulates the fundamental features of the real climate system and a “twin” experiment framework are designed to study the impact of initialization and parameter optimization on decadal predictions. One model simulation is treated as “truth” and sampled to produce “observations” that are assimilated into other simulations to produce observation-estimated states and parameters. The degree to which the model forecasts based on different estimates recover the truth is an assessment of the impact o...
A High Stability Electrode Technology for Stacked SrBi2Ta2O2 Capacitors

A high stability electrode technology with TaSiN as a barrier metal was used to fabricate a stacked SBT capacitor array on polySi plugs, and hysteresis characteristics and contact properties of the stacked capacitor were studied.
Contemporary "urologic" intervention in the pancreaticobiliary tree.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the role of minimally invasive “urologic” interventional techniques for the treatment of pancreaticobiliary calculi in contemporary practice. Methods. Fourteen patients with retained cystic duct (n = 2), hepatic duct (n = 5), common duct (n = 2), pancreatic duct (n = 4), or gallbladder (n = 1) calculi were treated with 19 procedures, including shock wave lithotripsy (n = 9) and percutaneous flexible endoscopy with electrohydraulic or holmium laser lithotripsy (n = 10). Previous attempts using standard gastroenterologic or radiologic interventions before the urologic referral had failed in all 14 patients. Results. A successful result, defined by the resolution of stones and symptoms, was achieved in 12 patients (86%); 2 patients (14%) had residual calculi that ultimately required an open operative procedure. The hospital stay for each intervention was 0 to 2 nights, and no patients had any significant complications. Conclusions. Even in this age of advanced gastroenterologic technology, including laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, the urologist can play a significant role in the minimally invasive treatment of patients with complicated biliary disease such that the need for open operative “salvage” procedures will be further minimized.
Non-Gaussian noise in x-ray and γ-ray detectors

Image statistics are usually modeled as Poisson in γ-ray imaging and as Gaussian in x-ray imaging. In nuclear medicine, event-driven detectors analyze the pulses from every absorbed gamma photon individually; the resulting images rigorously obey Poisson statistics but are approximately Gaussian when the mean number of counts per pixel is large. With integrating detectors, as in digital radiography, each x-ray photon makes a contribution to the image proportional to its pulse height. One pixel senses many photons in long exposures, so the image statistics approach Gaussian by the central limit theorem (CLT). If the exposure time is short enough, however, each pixel will usually respond to no more than one photon, and we can separate individual photons for position estimation. Integrating detectors are therefore event-driven when we use many short-exposure frames rather than one long exposure. In intermediate exposures, the number of photons in one pixel is too small to invoke CLT and apply Gaussian statistics, yet too large to identify individual photons and apply Poisson statistics. In this paper, we analyze the image quality in this intermediate case. Image quality is defined for detection tasks performed by the ideal observer. Because the frames in a data set are independent of each other, the probability density function (PDF) of the whole data set is a product of the frame PDFs. The log-likelihood ratio λ of the ideal observer is thus a sum across the frames and has Gaussian statistics even with non-Gaussian images. We compare the ideal observer's performance with the Hotelling observer's performance under this approximation. A data-thresholding technique to improve Hotelling observer's performance is also discussed.
In-network channel decoding using consensus on log-likelihood ratio averagesy

This paper considers the problem of distributed decoding of a coded message from a mobile access point (AP) sent to a sensor network. The distributed decoding problem is solved using a consensus algorithm on the log-likelihood ratio averages, which ensures that all sensors attain the same decision as if all received signals were available at a centralized location. Unlike existing distributed hypothesis testing problems, whose inter-sensor communication cost grows exponentially with the codeword size, the novel consensus-based distributed decoder exploits knowledge over the problem to reduce the cost to be linear. Link failures and inter-sensor communication noise are also accounted for. Analysis and simulations confirm that the resultant distributed decoder attains bit error rate performance approaching its centralized counterpart within a few iterations.
LUBAC: A new function in immunity.

![Figure][1] Insight from Bertrand Boisson (left) and Jean-Laurent Casanova (right) In this issue, [Rodgers et al.][2] report a new substrate of the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) and a new function of this complex in mice. Linear ubiquitination has been implicated as a key
Understanding nanoparticle assembly: A simulation approach to SERS-active dimers

We report herein on a model built to analyze and optimize nanoparticle (NP) dimer formation. The rationale for this work stems from our interest in building effective NP dimer-based tagging systems for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection. This model takes into account the behavior of the NPs in solution and the molecules on their surface, to provide a coherent and physically constrained system. The kinetics of formation of dimers and larger assemblies are investigated on suspensions of varying concentrations through a coarse-grained ad hoc computer simulation based on a Molecular Dynamics-like approach. Several different effects are considered, including the behavior and interaction of surface molecules, the interactions between the latter and the NPs, and between NPs. The surface molecules are treated as rigid structures that can occupy specific binding sites. A Brownian model is used to both integrate the particle trajectory and provide random thermal forces. These systems show a NP concentration-dependent behavior with respect to the formation of dimers versus larger assemblies over the timescale of the simulation. The simulations also indicate that these systems form low-density aggregates as opposed to the close packed formations reported previously. A dependence on the properties and the concentration of the linkers is also demonstrated.
Linearized quadrupole waves in general relativity and the motion of test particles

We write out the explicit form of the metric for a linearized quadrupole gravitational wave in the transverse-traceless gauge. We give a collection of formulas which are useful for testing numerical codes to integrate the full nonlinear Einstein equations. We also show that a test particle initially at rest acquires no energy from a linearized gravitational wave.
Characteristics of low-latitude Pc1 pulsations during geomagnetic storms

[1] We use search-coil magnetometer data from a low-latitude station in Parkfield, California (L = 1.77) to study the occurrence of Pc1 pulsations associated with geomagnetic storms. The Pc1 pulsations and storms are identified using automatic algorithms, and the statistical distributions are examined using a superposed epoch analysis technique, as a function of local time, time relative to storm main phase, and storm intensity. Results show that Pc1 pulsations are 2–3 times more likely (than normal) to be observed in the 2–4 d following moderate storms and 4–5 times more likely in the 2–7 d following intense storms. The Pc1 frequencies are higher in moderate storms than theyareinnonstormtimesandbecomeevenhigherandoccupyagreaterrangeoflocaltimes as the strength of the storms increase. These results are consistent with the idea that the source of EMIC waves extends to lower L values as storm intensity increases.
Radiant Heat Transfer between Nongray Directional Surfaces

Real surface property effects on local and overall heat transfer are studied for a simple system of interacting opaque surfaces. Wavelength, temperature and directional dependence of surface properties is included in the analysis for equal and unequal temperature specularly reflecting surfaces. Tungsten is employed as a representative metal and Roberts' model is used to describe the wavelength and temperature dependence of its optical parameters. The relationships of electromagnetic theory are employed to describe the directional dependence of spectral properties. Numerical results establish that gray direction independent property analysis adequately predicts the general trends of real surface analysis. The results also establish that spectral and temperature dependence of surface properties influences radiant heat transfer to a greater degree than does directional dependence of properties. Property models which adequately account for the nongray character of engineering surfaces while neglecting directional dependence of properties can provide heat transfer results of acceptable engineering accuracy.
Paraprotein Interference in Automated Chemistry Analyzers

Paraproteins can interfere in chemical measurements when they form precipitates during the testing procedure (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Here we describe ways to identify paraproteins that interfere in methods for bilirubin and HDL on an automated analyzer. The approaches appeared to be effective in identifying these rare cases of interference and did not hinder the autovalidation of appropriately high or low values for either assay. Software analysis and reporting programs currently in use that rely on rigid two-point calculations derived from reaction monitors may be susceptible to errors in analysis. We encountered an artifactually increased total bilirubin concentration and an artifactually low HDL in a patient with a monoclonal IgM paraprotein. The tests were initially performed on plasma samples with the Hitachi 917 automated analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) using the Roche total bilirubin assay and the Roche HDL-C Plus assay. For this patient, the reported total bilirubin was 318 mg/L, direct bilirubin was 2 mg/L, total protein was 127 g/L, and HDL was undetectable. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal IgMκ M component at a concentration of 66 g/L. Similar results were seen on subsequent samples (both in plasma and serum), with a high total bilirubin and undetectable HDL. On a previous admission 2 years before, her total bilirubin concentration had been within the reference interval at 4 mg/L, and her HDL was measured as 390 mg/L by the same assay systems. The Roche total bilirubin assay is a liquid, end-point, chromogenic assay based on a modification of the diazo method (10). The assay uses detergent as the accelerator and to help avoid protein precipitation. After solubilization with this reagent (reagent 1), the diazo reagent (reagent 2) is added to the cuvette to produce a pink color change …
Wind tunnel testing of a generic telescope enclosure

The design of future large optical telescopes must take into account the wind-induced buffeting of the telescope structure caused by large-scale flow structures and turbulence inside the dome. However, estimating the resulting degradation in image quality is difficult due to our relatively poor understanding of the flow inside the dome. Data has been collected in a scaled wind-tunnel test of a telescope enclosure to understand the flow-field around the region near the dome opening where the secondary mirror and supporting structure would be subjected to wind loads. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) data was collected in a vertical plane near the dome opening to obtain mean velocity and fluctuation kinetic energy. In addition, hotwire data was collected along the telescope axis to obtain temporal spectra of the velocity, and flow visualization was used to determine the general flow patterns. In addition to its direct use in telescope modeling and design, this data is of particular value in validation of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses, so that CFD can be used with confidence in future design work.
Apology to Apostrophe: Autobiography and the Rhetoric of Self-Representation in Spain

Who writes "I"? To whom are autobiographies addressed? What kinds of readers are inscribed in autobiographical narratives? In Apology to Apostrophe, James D. Fernandez's offers a lucid and powerful meditation on the nature of autobiographical writing through his investigation of the historical conditions and literary stagings of autobiographical writing in Spain. As Fernandez demonstrates, recent developments in critical theory provide new and fruitful approaches to autobiographical works that have long been neglected, misunderstood, or, in some cases, virtually unknown. Focusing primarily but not exclusively on nineteenth-century Spain, Fernandez exposes a rhetorical tension that often occurs in autobiographical discourse, between self-justification, or "apology," and the transcendence of this worldly impulse, or "apostrophe." This tension, he argues, is of particular interest in the case of Spain, but not peculiar to that nation, and his attention to the theoretical nature of autobiography leads to insightfl considerations of many canonical European autobiographies, including those of Saint Augustine, Rousseau, Saint Teresa, and Cardinal Newman. Considering Spanish autobiography in the context of first-person narrative in Europe and in the terms of current debates on the relationship between writing and selfhood, Apology to Apostrophe marks a significant advance in our historical understanding and critical discussion of the genre. The book will be of great value not only to Hispanists but also to those interested in autobiography and cultural history.
Graded impregnation of nervous tissue stained by the Golgi procedure.

A simple technique is described by which retinal whole mounts or slices of brain can be impregnated by the Golgi procedure in a graded manner. The unfixed tissue is laid on a glass slide and covered with a layer of Telfa gauze which is tied in place. Following fixation, the progress of staining, which begins beneath holes in the gauze, is followed by direct observation through the slide. The tissue is impregnated or reimpregnated until the desired results are obtained.
LIFE HISTORIES IN THE PHYLLOPHORACEAE (RHODOPHYTA: GIGARTINALES) FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. I. GYMNOGONGRUS LINEARIS AND G. LEPTOPHYLLUS1

Carpospores of Gymnogongrus linearis (C. Ag.) J. Ag. collected from Sonoma Co., California were cultured and gave rise to crustose plants. Tetrasporogenesis could not be induced. However, tetraspores from field-collected crustose tetrasporophytes found near G. linearis from San Mateo Co., California were cultured. These field crusts superficially resemble Petrocelis middendorffii (Ruprecht) Kjellman, but differ in size, color, number of tetrasporangia per filament, and distal dichotomous branching of the perithallial filaments. Tetraspores gave rise to upright plants identical to G. linearis. Gymnogongrus leptophyllus J. Ag. collected from California and Baja California, Mexico were found as narrow and wide forms. Narrow form isolates recycled directly without producing a crustose tetrasporophyte. These are interpreted as apogamous. Carpospores of the wide form grew into crusts resembling Petrocelis (=Erythrodermis) haematis Hollenberg. Tetrasporogenesis was induced in culture by abrasion or dehydration. Tetraspores from field-collected crusts and laboratory cultured tetrasporophytes grew into plants identical to G. leptophyllus, completing a sexual life history with an alternation of heteromorphic generations.
Control of PaCO2 during mechanical ventilation: Monitoring and feedback techniques

With the loss of respiratory function, mechanical ventilation is used to provide respiratory support. Ventilation is adjusted to provide homeostasis through the measurement and control of arterial PCO2. Ventilation monitoring techniques including off-line blood gas analysis, intramuscular electrodes, transcutaneous monitoring, and expired gas analysis provide the necessary data for the control of ventilation. In some clinical situations it may be advantageous to have the ventilation controlled automatically by a closed-loop system. These approaches have used end-tidal CO2 monitoring, metabolic measurements and intraarterial sensors. Feedback control has also been suggested for differential lung ventilation in the difficult to manage patient with unilateral pulmonary injury. Accurate alveolar gas sampling, drift of intraarterial sensors, and understanding of transcutaneous PCO2 measurements are areas where advances are still needed.
A Consideration Set Based Model for Forecasting Sales in China

ABSTRACT Selling European Union consumer products into China is a form of new product sales. In addition to the classic diffusion of innovation models for forecasting, sales managers need a model of buyer behavior that will assist them in making reasonable forecasts. To this end a forecasting model is proposed that utilizes the marketing universal of consideration sets, usage rates of the product class, channel coverage, awareness, and census data for areas served.
Hybrid inorganic/organic crosslinked resins containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

The incorporation of both monofunctional and multifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivatives into crosslinked resins has been conducted as a route to synthesize hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites. The central cores of POSS molecules contain an inorganic cage with (SiO 1.5 ) n stoichiometry where n=8,10 and 12. Each Si atom is capped with one H or R function giving an organic outer shell surrounding the nanometer-sized inorganic inner cage. By including polymerizable functions on the R groups, a hybrid organic/inorganic macromer is obtained which can be copolymerized with organic monomers to create thermoplastic or thermoset systems. We have focused on incorporating POSS derivatives into crosslinking resins of the following types: (1) dicyclopentadiene (2) epoxies (3) vinyl esters (4) styrene-DVB (5) MMA/1,4-butane dimethacrylate (6) phenolics and (7) cyanate esters. One goal has been to determine if molecular dispersion of the POSS macromers has been achieved or if various degrees of aggregation occur during crosslinked resin formation. As network formation proceeds, a kinetic race between POSS molecular incorporation into the network versus phase separation into POSS-rich regions (which then polymerize) occurs. Ultimately, we hope to determine the effects of such microstructural features on properties. Combustion of these hybrids creates a SiO 2 -like surface layer that retards flame spread. Dynamic mechanical properties have been studied.
Ab initio molecular orbital studies of the structure and potential energy surface of the LiAlF4 complex

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have carried out on various structures of LiAlF 4 complex using minimal and extended basis sets. A C 2v structure with two fluorines in the bridge was found to be more stable than structures with one and three fluorines in the bridge. Migration of the Li + in the complex is found to be relatively easy and the AlF − 4 anion is found to be distorted from tetrahedral symmetry.
Classical and Quantum Simulation of Electron Transfer Through a Polypeptide

Quantum rate theory, molecular dynamics simulations, and semiempirical electronic structure calculations are used to fully investigate electron transfer mediated by a solvated polypeptide for the first time. Using a stationary-phase approximation, the nonadiabatic electron-transfer rate constant is calculated from the nuclear free energies and the electronic coupling between the initial and final states. The former are obtained from quantum path integral and classical molecular dynamics simulations; the latter are calculated using semiempirical electronic structure calculations and the generalized Mulliken−Hush method. Importantly, no parameters are fit to kinetic data. The simulated system consists of a solvated four-proline polypeptide with a tris(bipyridine)ruthenium donor group and an oxypentamminecobalt acceptor group. From the simulation data entropy and energy contributions to the free energies are distinguished. Quantum suppression of the barrier, including important solvent contributions, is demo...
R-70-31 A Generalized Firing Squad Problem

This work is a solution to the generalization of the by now classical problem of Minsky, namely, the firing squad problem.
Intracarotid norepinephrine infusions inhibit ventilation in goats.

Plasma norepinephrine (NE) increases from rest to exercise during normoxic exercise, and significantly more during hypoxic exercise in goats. To determine carotid body (CB) mediated effects of increased NE on ventilatory control, we investigated ventilatory responses to intracarotid NE infusions in awake, resting goats. NE was infused (0.5–5.0 μg·kg−1·min−1, 2–3 min) into either a CB intact or contralateral CB-denervated carotid artery in both normoxia and hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.11). PRE-infusion measurements of arterial blood gases, blood pressure and pulmonary ventilation (VI) compared with values 30–45 sec after beginning NE infusions at 1.0 μg·kg−1·min−1. On the CB-intact side, NE infusions decreased VI by an average of 43% (P<0.05) and increased PaO2 4.0 ± 0.3 mmHg (P<0.05); ventilatory inhibition preceded an increase in arterial blood pressure. NE infusions on the CB-denervated side had no significant effects on VI or PaCO2, but still increased blood pressure to the same level as infusions on the CB-intact side. In hypoxia, NE infusions on the intact side no longer inhibited VI. NE induced VI inhibition in normoxia was similar in magnitude and time course to dopamine induced VI inhibition. Experiments were repeated following administration the α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (1 mg·kg−1, i.v.) the s-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol (1 mg·kg−1, i.v.) and the D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, domperidone (1 mg·kg−1, i.v.). Phenoxybenzamine partially blocked NE induced ventilatory depression and domperidone blocked it, but propranolol had no effect. These data indicate that NE inhibits ventilation in goats via effects on carotid chemoreceptors. NE induced inhibition is independent of changes in blood pressure or baroreceptor feedback, and appears to involve both α-adrenergic and D2-dopaminergic receptors.
A Method of Calculating Aircraft Wake Velocity Profiles and Comparison with Full-Scale Experimental Measurements,

Abstract : A method is developed for the calculation of the initial inviscid form of rolled-up wake vortices behind a wing having arbitrary lift distribution. The method makes use of the Betz assumptions of conservation of wake vorticity and moments of vorticity. It is found that a simple relationship exists between the radial distribution of vorticity in the rolled-up wake and the spanwise lift distribution. Computed tangential velocity profiles for DC-7, DC-9, and C-141 aircraft are shown to compare favorably with profiles measured by the FAA during tower flyby tests of these aircraft in both flapped and unflapped configurations. (Author)
The use of global wavefunctions in scattering theory

Abstract This paper considers the potential savings associated with the use of global wavefunctions in scattering theory. The normal close coupling approach exp
Tobacco mosaic virus particles contain ubiquitinated coat protein subunits.

Abstract Virions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are composed of a single strand of RNA, encapsidated in about 2130 copies of a coat protein of MW 17,500. Asselin and Zaitlin [Virology 91, 173–181 (1978)] demonstrated that virion preparations also contained small amounts of a second protein of MW 26,500, which they termed “H protein.” H protein, detectable to an average frequency of one per virion, was thought to be a protein of host origin. Subsequent studies [Collmer, Vogt, and Zaitlin, Virology 126, 429–448 (1983)] showed the H protein was comprised of a backbone of TMV coat protein, linked by a postulated isopeptide bond to a small protein that probably was of host origin. The host-derived moiety of H protein is shown here to be ubiquitin, most probably coupled to the coat protein at lysine 53. This finding is based on microsequencing of the H protein, and is substantiated by immunoblotting analysis with antibodies to human ubiquitin. Conjugated ubiquitin was detected in virions of all five strains of the virus tested. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a ubiquitinated viral structural protein.
Movement System Impairment-Based Categories for Low Back Pain: Stage 1 Validation

Study Design Cross-sectional study of patients with mechanical low back pain (MLBP). Objective To test the construct validity of 3 categories of a movement system impairment-based classification proposed for use with patients with MLBP. Background A pathoanatomic basis for directing treatment has not proven useful in a wide variety of patients with MLBP. In addition, there is a paucity of data describing the movement system impairments that characterize many of the pathoanatomically based MLBP diagnoses. Because of the mechanical nature of MLBP, a system based on groups of signs and symptoms relevant to conservative management needs to be developed. Methods and Measures A movement system impairment-based classification was proposed that defined 5 categories of MLBP based on the findings from a standardized examination. Using the examination, 5 physical therapists examined a total of 188 patients with MLBP. A principal components analysis with an oblique rotation was conducted. Eigenvalues were plotted and...
Discrimination among pinyon pine trees by Clark's Nutcrackers: effects of cone crop size and cone characters

The influences of Colorado pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) cone crop size, cone and seed weight, cone length, number of seeds per cone, number of viable seeds, and percent viable seeds on the foraging behavior of avian seed dispersal agents were examined in field and laboratory settings. In the field, there was a significant positive relationship between cone number per tree and both the absolute number of cones and the percentage of the cone crop from which seeds were harvested. Cone weight and the number of viable seeds were also significantly related to seed harvest intensity. Laboratory experiments examined the relationship between crop size and cone characters on seed harvest by 18 Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Nutcrackers were offered a choice of two tree types: one with 20 cones attached, and another with 10 cones attached. Significantly more birds chose to remove seeds first from the tree with 20 cones than the tree with 10 cones. In timed trials, they also harvested seeds from significantly more cones on the tree with the higher cone density. In the laboratory, cones chosen for seed removal by the nutcrackers had significantly more viable seeds, more seeds, and were longer compared to cones that were not chosen. Such discriminatory foraging behavior may increase avian foraging efficiency and result in differential reproductive success of pinyon pines. This behavior may therefore influence the evolution of pinyon pine reproductive traits.
A quadrature charge-domain filter with frequency down-conversion and filtering for RF receivers

A quadrature charge-domain filter (QCDF) for frequency down-conversion and filtering is proposed. After measurement of QCDF by a 1072-MS/s sampling rate, a stop-band attenuation and bandwidth were 53-dB and 44-MHz, respectively. For quadrature performance after down-conversion, this QCDF provided −27.67-dB EVM upon a 64-QAM signal with 54-Mb/s. This chip consumed 7.7-mA power current upon a 1.2-V supply and occupied 0.08-mm 2 in 90-nm CMOS process.
Revisiting Beliefs about Foreign Language Learning1

Abstract: Research on the beliefs of American university students about foreign language learning has been limited in three ways: First, students surveyed have generally been drawn only from beginning language classes. Second, research in this area has been conducted almost exclusively with students of French, German, and Spanish, the beliefs of learners of other languages —such as Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian — have been largely ignored. Third, published studies have focused on the beliefs of learners at only one institution, rather than at a number of institutions; the results of such studies are, therefore, also likely limited by the local conditions of the given institution. This paper presents an investigation of these three issues. The study is based on a survey of over 1,000 learners of 10 different languages at different levels of instruction in three different institutions. Data collected over a three-year period are analyzed in order to compare the beliefs about language learning reported by learners in the present study with those held by learners in Horwitz's 1988 study, “The Beliefs about Language Learning of Beginning University Students.” Moreover, this paper presents comparisons of the beliefs of learners in their first year of instruction with the beliefs held by learners at other levels, of the beliefs of learners of commonly versus less commonly taught languages, and of the beliefs of learners at a public research institution with the beliefs of learners at small, private liberal arts colleges.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the fractal dimensions of stochastic fractals and Cramer-Rao bounds

A maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for the parameters of Gaussian versions of the fractionally differenced white noise process is developed. A closed-form expression for the likelihood equation is given, and Cramer-Rao bounds are computed for finite size sample data sets. It is shown how the theory can be extended to the case where the fractionally differenced white noise process is observed in the presence of white noise. The results obtained with this ML approach are satisfactory, with a mean square error which is very close to the theoretically computed Cramer-Rao bound. >
Retention of secretory proteins in an intermediate compartment and disappearance of the Golgi complex in an END4 mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Mutant V.24.1, a member of the End4 complementation group of temperature-sensitive CHO cells, is defective in secretion at the restrictive temperature (Wang, R.-H., P. A. Colbaugh, C.-Y. Kao, E. A. Rutledge, and R. K. Draper. 1990. J. Biol. Chem. 265:20179-20187; Presley, J. F., R. K. Draper, and D. T. Brown. 1991. J. Virol. 65:1332-1339). We have further investigated the secretory lesion and report three main findings. First, the block in secretion is not due to aberrant folding or oligomerization of secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum because the hemagglutinin of influenza virus folded and oligomerized at the same rate in mutant and parental cells at the restrictive temperature. Second, secretory proteins accumulated in a compartment intermediate between the ER and the Golgi. Several lines of evidence support this conclusion, the most direct being the colocalization by immunofluorescence microscopy of influenza virus hemagglutinin with a 58-kD protein that is known to reside in an intermediate compartment. Third, at the resolution of fluorescence microscopy, the Golgi complex in the mutant cells vanished at the restrictive temperature.
Family dynamics through time: brood reduction followed by parental compensation with aggression and favouritism.

Parental food allocation in birds has long been a focal point for life history and parent‐offspring conflict theories. In asynchronously hatching species, parents are thought to either adjust brood size through death of marginal offspring (brood reduction), or feed the disadvantaged chicks to reduce the competitive hierarchy (parental compensation). Here, we show that parent American coots (Fulica americana) practice both strategies by switching from brood reduction to compensation across time. Late-hatching chicks suffer higher mortality only for the first few days after hatching. Later, parents begin to exhibit parental aggression towards older chicks and each parent favours a single chick, both of which are typically the youngest of the surviving offspring. The late-hatched survivors can equal or exceed their older siblings in size prior to independence. A mixed allocation strategy allows parents to compensate for the costs of competitive hierarchies while gaining the benefits of hatching asynchrony.
Trajectories and Predictors of the Development of Very Young Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

Objective To describe the development of young boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Methods Fifty-five boys (aged 8–48 months at study entry) with the full mutation FXS received multiple developmental assessments. Results As expected, the boys’ rate of development was significantly lower than chronological age expectations. No evidence of slowing in the rate of development was found. Autistic behavior was negatively associated with development, but maternal IQ was not. Developmental delays were evident in some domains as early as 9 months; however, initial detection of delays is complicated by measures and criteria used. Developmental age scores at 31 months of age were related to scores obtained at 61 months of age only in the global composite and visual reception domain. Conclusions Developmental delays are evident in some infants with FXS as young as 9 months of age. Pediatric psychologists need to be informed about the developmental profiles in young children with FXS to accurately diagnose, treat, and support these children and their families.
Thermodynamic Properties of Water on Rice as Calculated from Reversible and Irreversible Isotherms

Moisture sorption isotherms (MSI) of dehydrated rice obtained at 10°, 20°, and 30° for two successive adsorption and desorption cycles were used to compute thermodynamic functions of water on rice. Uncompensated heats declined with increasing temperature, from 41 J/g dry matter at 10°C to 5.6 J/g dry matter at 30°C. No hysteresis was observed in cycle 2 isotherms at any temperature, indicating thermodynamic reversibility. The cycle 2 MSI were generally in between the adsorption and desorption branches of the cycle 1 MSI. Behavior of the thermodynamic quantities calculated from cycle 2 MSI was qualitatively similar to those calculated from the cycle 1 adsorption MSI, though their magnitudes differed. Some implications of these results are discussed.
Asymptotic eigenfrequency distributions for the N-beam Euler-Bernoulli coupled beam equation with dissipative joints

In this paper, we will compute asymptotically the eigenfrequencies of the general collinear Euler-Bemoulli beam equation with linear joints. We will discover in the process that many different types of joints are equivalent, that is, if one joint of a structure is replaced by an equivalent type of joint, the eigenfrequencies to leading order would remain the same for both structures. Also, if the lengths of the beams are rational, there will be a finite number of ''streams'' of eigenfrequencies, each lying asymptotically to a vertical line.
Selection and Optimization of Hydrolysis Conditions for the Quantification of Urinary Metabolites of MDMA

Recovery of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) urinary metabolites requires optimization of the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxy-3-methyoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) conjugates prior to chromatographic analysis. Acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli and Helix pomatia were evaluated. Acid hydrolysis yielded 40.0% and 39.3% higher HMA recovery compared to E. coli and H. pomatia hydrolysis, respectively (SE=9.8 and 11.4%). E. coli beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis MDA recovery was 17.1% and 26.5% greater than acid hydrolysis and H. pomatia beta-glucuronidase recovery (SE=3.3 and 6.1%), respectively. HMMA recovery by acid hydrolysis was 336.1% and 159.8% greater than E. coli and H. pomatia beta-glucuronidase (SE=72.8 and 31.6%), respectively. The effects of temperature, time, and acid amount on metabolite recovery were also evaluated. HMA and HMMA acid hydrolysis recoveries were improved at 100 degrees C and above. Effective hydrolysis could be conducted in a dry block heater, GC oven, or autoclave at temperatures from 100 to 140 degrees C. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for the measurement of MDMA metabolite conjugates were addition of 100 microL of hydrochloric acid to 1 mL urine and incubation at 120 degrees C in a GC oven for 40 min. Therefore, based on HMMA, HMA, and MDA recoveries, time efficiency, availability of instrumentation, and cost, acid hydrolysis was preferred to enzyme hydrolysis.