cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjunctival M cells selectively bind and translocate Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin

Antigen-sampling M cells are found in the follicle-associated epithelium above organized lymphoid tissue in many mucosae. They play a key role in initiating the mucosal immune response and act as a site of entry for opportunistic pathogens. This study investigates the presence of M cells in the Guinea pig conjunctiva. Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin I and II (MAL-I and MAL-II) were identified as potential conjunctival M cell markers based on a screening of 12 lectins and 5 carbohydrate epitope antibodies on aldehyde-fixed follicles. Biotinylated or fluorescein-conjugated MAL-I was then instilled into conjunctival sacs in vivo for 15-60 min. Specimens were assessed by epi-fluorescence stereomicroscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Selective labelling of a subset of epithelial cells overlying lymphoid follicles was observed following in vivo exposure to MAL-I. MAL-I labelling was restricted to cells with sparse, irregular microvilli. Cells preferentially labelled with MAL-I were found to internalize the lectin during a 60 min in vivo exposure. MAL-I was transcytosed to basolateral membranes of cells filled with intracellular vesicles during a 45 min in vivo incubation. This study demonstrates that the Guinea pig conjunctiva contains a cell with morphological and functional characteristics of antigen-sampling M cells.
A study of the minor peaks in high performance liquid chromatograms of globin chains on reversed phase columns.

The high performance liquid chromatograms of the hemoglobins in a hemolysate show minor peaks on reversed phase columns in addition to the expected major peaks of the α, β, and γ chains. One of these had previously been identified as the δ chain. The material in the most prominent minor peak which is termed “pre-β” is indistinguishable from the normal β chain in amino acid composition, but the difference has not been identified. An analogous pre-δ peak appears when chromatographically isolated Hb A2 is examined, but pre-α and pre-γ peaks have not been observed. One minor peak contains a non-heme protein(s). Glycosylated hemoglobins do not separate from their non-glycosylated counterparts, but acetylated γ chains appear to do so.
Randomized Play-the-Leader Rules for Sequential Sampling from Two Populations

Observations may be taken from one of the two populations. A randomized selection rule is one that chooses the populations according to some determined odds. The odds for choosing a population the next time may be dependent on all the observations taken so far from both populations. In this paper, the odds are made for the randomized selection rule in such a way that the number of observations from the better population relative to the number of observations from the other population grows at prescribed rates, typically of exponential order or faster. The rules include randomized play-the-winner rules and randomized analogues of Robbins' rules. Some Monte Carlo investigations are conducted to study these randomized selection rules for moderate sample sizes.
Analysis of the expansion-fan flowfield for holes in a hypersonic configuration

An investigation has been conducted to define the viscous/in viscid flowfield that results when an external, supersonic flow encounters an opening in the surface of a hypersonic vehicle. Pitot probes and Mach-flowangularity probes provided data for the external boundary-layer and free-shear-layer/expansion-fan flow that occurs when a wedge containing a cavity is exposed to the Mach 8 stream of Tunnel B of the Arnold Engineering Development Center. A numerical code has been developed using the rotational method-of-characteristics for a nonadiabatic flow in order to generate flowfield solutions for comparison with these data. Using the ratio of the internal cavity pressure to the external surface presssure (pc/Pe) as an input boundary condition, there is good agreement between the computations and the data for the pitot-pressure profiles and the flow directions in the free-shear-layer/expansion-fan flow.
Classroom note: Using the binomial series to prove the arithmetic mean–geometric mean inequality

In 1968, Leon Gerber compared (1 + x) a to its kth partial sum as a binomial series. His result is stated and, as an application of this result, a proof of the arithmetic mean–geometric mean inequality is presented.
Equality, fairness, and social conflict

There are three generic problems that arise in the use of the concept of equality as a principle of fairness. These problems concern (i) determining when equality is appropriate as opposed to some other principle, (ii) deciding how equality is to be operationalized, and (iii) determining how to implement equality. The proposal is made that these intrapersonal decision conflicts are mirrored by social conflicts when multiple interests are involved. This way of looking at social conflicts also suggests some novel ways to approach conflict resolution.
Homologous desensitization of the insulinotropic glucagon-like peptide-I (7-37) receptor on insulinoma (HIT-T15) cells.

Glucagon-like peptide-I(7–37) [GLP-I(7–37)] is an intestinal peptide with potent insulinotropic activities on pancreatic β-cells in vivo and in vitro. In earlier studies elevated concentrations GLP-I(7–37) inhibited insulin release and cAMP generation in β-cells. We now show that the GLP-I(7–37) receptor in the glucose-responsive B-cell line HIT-T15 undergoes rapid and reversible homologous desensitization in response to supraphysiological concentrations of GLP-I(7–37). GLP-I(7–37) stimulated insulin release and cAMP generation in a glucosedependent biphasic manner with a maximum stimulation at 10 nmol/liter. The first-phase insulin secretory response was reduced by 41% at doses of GLP-I(7–37) of 100 nmol/liter and higher. Preperifusion of B-cells with 100 nmol/liter GLP-I(7– 37) for 5 or 10 min reduced a subsequent insulin secretory response to 10 nmol/liter GLP-K7–37) after hormone washout and recovery periods of 10 min (52% and 55% reduction) or 30 min (33% reduction or full recovery). Preperifusion of...
NMR Studies of Water Transport and Proton Exchange in Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions

Water-in-carbon dioxide (W/C) microemulsions stabilized by an ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether (PFPECOO-NH4+) surfactant are studied with NMR diffusion and relaxation methods with the aim of obtaining information on the dynamics of this system, as well as aiding in the design of new surfactants that can form stable microemulsions in CO2. Short proton transverse relaxation times (3−10 ms) measured for water and ammonium ions are shown to agree with a simple proton exchange model. As the pressure is lowered below the phase boundary, the NMR spectra indicate that surfactant migrates to the new liquid phase along with the water. Diffusion coefficients are reported in the CO2 density range of 0.88−1.00 g/mL at 25 °C. The fractional amounts of water diffusion in bulk CO2, within the droplets, and through the water channels are delineated quantitatively. In decreasing the density from 0.96 to 0.88 g/mL, the water diffusion coefficient increases by a factor of 2 while the diffusion coefficients for ammoniu...
Cl-/base exchange in rat mesangial cells: Regulation of intracellular pH

Cl - /base exchange in rat mesangial cells: Regulation of intracellular pH. The present study was designed to determine whether rat glomerular mesangial cells possess Cl - -dependent intracellular pH (pH i ) regulatory processes. Rat glomerular mesangial cells were grown to confluence on glass coverslips. Intracellular pH (pH i ) was measured with BCECF. Steady state pH i in HCO 3 - containing solutions was 7.08 ± 0.03 (N = 13). When extracellular Cl - was acutely removed, pH i increased at a rate of 0.57 ± 0.03 pH/min units (N = 8), P i to 0.34 ± 0.04 pH/min, P + removal and amiloride (1 mM) did not alter the increase in pH i induced by Cl - removal. Steady state pH i in the absence of Cl - was significantly increased above control, 7.39 ± 0.02 (N = 7), P i by CO 2 removal, pH i recovered at a rate of 0.07 ± 0.01 pH/min (N = 9). In the absence of Cl - , the pH i recovery rate was significantly decreased to 0.01 ± 0.008 pH/min (N = 5), P i recovery to 0.02 ± 0.01 pH/min (N = 5), P + removal and amiloride (1 mM) had no effect on the rate of pH i recovery following acute alkaline loading. Following acute acidification of pH i using the NH 4 Cl prepulse technique, pH i failed to recover in the presence of HCO 3 - (25 mM) and Cl - (119 mM) in the absence of Na + . Upon exposure to Na + (140 mM), pH i recovered at a rate of 0.62 ± 0.05 pH/min (N = 7). Amiloride (1 mM) significantly decreased the rate of pHi recovery in the presence of HCO 3 - (25 mM) to 0.10 ± 0.05 pH/min (N = 9),P + -independent Cl - /base exchanger which regulates pHi following acute intracellular alkalinization but not following intracellular acidification. Conversely, Na + dependent pH i regulatory processes (predominantly the Na + /H + antiporter and to a lesser extent Na + dependent Cl - /base exchange), regulate pH i only following acute intracellular acidification.
Correction of a generalized information measure

A generalized measure of information (uncertainty, entropy) for discrete probability distributions was introduced in 1991 by this author. Certain parameter restrictions were specified. However, as discussed in the present paper, additional parameter restrictions are necessary to ensure that the new measure possesses certain important properties. Some special cases of the measure are mentioned.
Oviposition and Larval Bark-Surface Orientation of Medetera aldrichii (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): Response to a Prey-Liberated Plant Terpene

The distribution of eggs of the Scolytidae predator Medetera aldrichii Wheeler on oviposition grids arranged on a prey-infested tree, showed that selection of predator oviposition sites was influenced by proximity of the prey's gallery entrance and ventilation holes. Adult and larval response to commercial D-alpha-pinene in laboratory ol-factometric studies indicated that volatiles emanating from prey galleries at these sites release appetitive ovipositional behavior from the gravid female and guide the bark-surface orientation of the newly eclosed predator larva from oviposition sites toward prey gallery openings.
Line formation in pulsating variable stars

Abstract We describe an integral equation method that solves the equation of radiative transfer in a spectral line for an opacity that depends on depth, frequency, and angle, and derive an expression for the line source function of a two-level atom in a gas that is traversed by a plane, steady shock wave. We solve the simultaneous equations for the transfer of radiation in a line and for the gas flow through a shock front and discuss cases that are indicative of the line formation in variable stars such as W Virginis.
The U.S. DOE least-cost utility planning program

Abstract This paper deals with the most significant accomplishments of recent projects sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Least-Cost Utility Planning Program. This overview, with its accompanying bibliography, is designed to make the resources of these projects, completed in 1989, widely accessible to utility planners and regulators. The most significant contributions of the projects relate to three areas: 1. (1) DSM technology assessments and database development, 2. (2) assessments of current planning methods and future policy directions, and 3. (3) consensus building and the development of organizational structures to support least-cost planning.
Role of atrial natriuretic factor in volume control

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a 28 amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted mainly by the heart atria in response to atrial stretch. ANF acts on the kidney to increase sodium excretion and GFR, to antagonize renal vasoconstriction, and to inhibit renin secretion. In the cardiovascular system, ANF antagonizes vasoconstriction, and shifts fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. In the adrenal gland, ANF is a powerful inhibitor of aldosterone synthesis. ANF participates importantly in the natriuretic response to acute and chronic volume overload. ANF's property of shifting fluid from the vascular to the interstitial compartment acts as a buffering device, guarding against excessive plasma volume expansion in face of an increased total extracellular fluid volume. ANF is also a physiological modulator of GFR, and mediates nephron hyperfiltration and natriuresis when salt excretion is threatened by a reduction in the number of nephrons. Guanylyl cyclase (GCA) receptors mediate the effects of ANF by generating cGMP. Clearance receptors remove ANF from the circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and serve as a hormone buffer system to impede large inappropriate fluctuations in plasma levels of ANF. The specific structure-function-dynamics relationships of these receptors serve to modulate the role of ANF in pressure-volume homeostasis.
Measuring user preference changes in digital libraries

Much research has been conducted using web access logs to study implicit user feedback and infer user preferences from clickstreams. However, little research measures the changes of user preferences of ranking documents over time. We present a study that measures the changes of user preferences based on an analysis of access logs of a large scale digital library over one year. A metric based on the accuracy of predicting future user actions is proposed. The results show that although user preferences change over time, the majority of user actions should be predictable from previous browsing behavior in the digital library.
Nonlinear resonant interactions of interfacial waves in horizontal stratified channel flows

We consider the problem of nonlinear resonant interactions of interfacial waves with the presence of a linear interfacial instability in an inviscid two-fluid stratified flow through a horizontal channel. The resonant triad consists of a (linearly) unstable wave and two stable waves, one of which has a wavelength that can be much longer than that of the unstable component. Of special interest is the development of the long wave by energy transfer from the base flow due to the coupled effect of nonlinear resonance and interfacial instability. By use of the method of multiple scales, we derive the interaction equations which govern the time evolution of the amplitudes of the interacting waves including the effect of interfacial instability. The solution of the evolution equations shows that depending on the flow conditions, the (stable) long wave can achieve a bi-exponential growth rate through the resonant interaction with the unstable wave. Moreover, the unstable wave can grow unboundedly even when the nonlinear self-interaction effect is included, as do the stable waves in the associated resonant triad. For the verification of the theoretical analysis and the practical application involving a broadbanded spectrum of waves, we develop an effective direct simulation method, based on a high-order pseudo-spectral approach, which accounts for nonlinear interactions of interfacial waves up to an arbitrary high order. The direct numerical simulations compare well with the theoretical analysis for all of the characteristic flows considered, and agree qualitatively with the experimental observation of slug development near the entrance of two-phase flow into a pipe.
In Situ Ultraviolet-Visible Reflection Spectroscopy of Cobalt Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Irreversibly Adsorbed on the Basal Plane of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

This note will present results of UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy measurements obtained during continuous potential cycling with a combination of light intensity modulation and signal averaging techniques
Search performance with discrete-cell stimulus arrays: filtered naturalistic images and probabilistic markers

In order to partially fill the gap between search studies with artificial and naturalistic stimuli, experiments with segmented and spatially filtered images of real stimuli in the discrete cells of search arrays were conducted. RT × set size functions obtained with the spatially filtered arrays were compared with those obtained with geometric and other types of arrays. With the aid of Fourier analysis, components of target certainty/uncertainty, target-distractor similarity/dissimilarity, and distractor homogeneity/heterogeneity were evaluated for their effects on search performance and efficiency. The comparative effects of valid/invalid and ambiguous/unambiguous markers of search items were included in the experiments to probe the potential contributions of top-down and bottom-up control to search with naturalistic stimuli. Visual coding in the form of spatial frequency passbands and top-down preferences for distractor search were used to explain the results.
Industrial ultrasonic imaging and microscopy

Ultrasonic imaging and scanned acoustic microscopy are terms used to describe similar imaging processes at different magnifications and frequencies. Both processes form images by acquiring spatially correlated measurements of the interaction of high-frequency sound waves with materials. With the exception of the interference measurement, called V(z), and the gigahertz frequencies used by the higher frequency scanning acoustic microscopes, it is difficult to establish operational differences between them. This is especially true since almost all commercial ultrasonic imaging systems use transducers producing focused beams and can display magnified high-resolution images. Ultrasonic C-scan imaging was developed largely by the ultrasonic nondestructive testing industry. The development was gradual and evolutionary. Over a 50-year period, better and better broadband transducers, electronics and scanners were developed for operation at progressively higher frequencies, now ranging from 1.0 to 100 MHz. Conversely, scanning acoustic microscopes made a relatively sudden appearance 20 years ago on the campus of Stanford University. The first scanning acoustic microscopes operated at gigahertz frequencies and used microwave electronics that produced acoustic tone bursts with many wavelengths per pulse. Three factors control resolution in an acoustic image: diameter of the acoustic beam or its point spread function (PSF); size and spacing of the pixels making up the image; signal-to-noise ratio (contrast) of the feature being resolved. The beam diameter, or PSF, is controlled by the frequency of the ultrasonic pulse and the focal convergence of the beam (or focal length to diameter ratio Z/d). In the coupling fluid, the Z/d ratio is determined by the transducer diameter and lens, but in the material, Z/d is established by the materials ultrasonic velocities. Pixels are the squares of colour or greyscale that make up computer displays of scanned images. Following Nyquist's criterion, the resolution of those images is twice the size and spacing of the pixels. It follows, therefore, that in order to support the resolution of an ultrasonic beam, the pixels must be no larger than half that beam diameter. Finally, the contrast of the feature being studied must be (at least) a clear shade of grey above the background produced by the image noise. The noise can be due to the material or the electronics. Written to support industrial ultrasonic inspection of materials, this discussion will emphasise the similarities between imaging and microscopy rather than the differences. The roles of the focusing lens, the pulse frequency, and the material being imaged, with respect to the final resolution of an acoustic image, will be considered in detail. It will be shown that additional improvements in resolution can be achieved with image processing. Finally, applications studies in metals, ceramics, composites, attachment methods, coatings, and electronic assemblies will be used to demonstrate specific roles for imaging/microscopy in nondestructive testing.
Leveraging Multidisciplinarity in a Visual Analytics Graduate Course

Demand is growing in engineering, business, science, research, and industry for students with visual analytics expertise. However, teaching VA is challenging owing to the multidisciplinary nature of the topic, students' diverse backgrounds, and the corresponding requirements for instructors. This article reports best practices from a VA graduate course at Purdue University, where instructors leveraged these challenges to their advantage instead of trying to mitigate them.
Modifications of behaviour associated with inherited convulsions or whirling in three strains of peromyscus

Abstract Measures of behaviour of three strains of deermice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) which exhibit inherited types of convulsions or whirling are compared with similar measures made of a normal strain. Differences between affected and normal strains occur in the means of time taken to enter and to traverse several kinds of experimental apparatus, response time to bright light, maze learning, persistence in front of a glass barrier, and amount of spontaneous activity per unit of time. The mice of the EP strain exhibit sound-induced convulsions and also become deaf early in life. It is suggested that the inability of the adults of this strain to hear warning sounds may in part explain why they made better records than normal Peromyscus in a number of the measures. It is tentatively suggested also that a deficiency in the sense of smell leading to failure to detect warning odours may in part explain why the CV mice, which are osmogenic convulsives, made better records than normal animals for some of the measures. The tendency of the WZ mice to whirl evidently handicaps them in traversing the maze and other experimental pathways. This perhaps explains in part their poor records in some of these measures of behaviour. Their tendency to whirl may also in part explain why they respond more quickly than normal animals to the stimulus of bright light. Not all the differences between the affected and normal Peromyscus in these measures of behaviour, however, have an obvious relationship to the major defects of convulsions, deafness, defective smell, or whirling. Some of these modifications of behaviour of the abnormal strains may be due to pleiotropic effects of their major defective genes or to differences between the strains in their other genes.
Investigation of the mechanism responsible for the corrosion resistance of B implanted copper

Abstract Ion implantation is an effective way to passivate copper films. The present work was designed to refine our understanding of the mechanisms which lead to this result. The oxidation of B implanted copper and copper oxide (Cu2O) was studied. It was found that the oxidation rate of Cu2O implanted with B is as low as that of copper metal implanted with B. Further, it is observed that CuO forms on the surface of both B implanted Cu and Cu2O, in contrast to the Cu2O that forms on not implanted copper. A mechanism which leads to these effects is briefly discussed.
Genetic distance and gene diversity among linguistically different tribes of Mexican Indians.

Using gene frequency data for 14 genetic loci, genetic distances between 13 tribes of Mexican Indians belonging to 12 language groups were determined and a dendrogram was constructed. The genetic distance between tribes is correlated more with geographic proximity than with language affinity. The gene diversity (heterozygosity) of the total population was decomposed into the three components, i.e., the gene diversity between three main linguistic groups, the gene diversity between tribes within the main linguistic groups and the gene diversity within tribes. About 95% of the total gene diversity exists within tribes, the intergroup and intertribe components being only about 5%.
NON-POTENTIAL FIELDS IN THE QUIET SUN NETWORK: EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET AND MAGNETIC FOOTPOINT OBSERVATIONS

The quiet Sun (QS) magnetic network is known to contain dynamics which are indicative of non-potential fields. Non-potential magnetic fields forming "S-shaped" loop arcades can lead to the breakdown of static activity and have only been observed in high temperature X-ray coronal structures—some of which show eruptive behavior. Thus, analysis of this type of atmospheric structuring has been restricted to large-scale coronal fields. Here we provide the first identification of non-potential loop arcades exclusive to the QS supergranulation network. High-resolution Atmospheric Imaging Assembly data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory have allowed for the first observations of fine-scale "S-shaped" loop arcades spanning the network. We have investigated the magnetic footpoint flux evolution of these arcades from Heliospheric and Magnetic Imager data and find evidence of evolving footpoint flux imbalances accompanying the formation of these non-potential fields. The existence of such non-potentiality confirms that magnetic field dynamics leading to the build up of helicity exist at small scales. QS non-potentiality also suggests a self-similar formation process between the QS network and high temperature corona and the existence of self-organized criticality (SOC) in the form of loop-pair reconnection and helicity dissipation. We argue that this type of behavior could lead to eruptive forms of SOC as seen in active region (AR) and X-ray sigmoids if sufficient free magnetic energy is available. QS magnetic network dynamics may be considered as a coronal proxy at supergranular scales, and events confined to the network can even mimic those in coronal ARs.
Dysarthria interventions that address self-monitoring of respiratory and phonatory physiology seem to facilitate use of speech-recognition software1

Which dysarthria treatment—physiologic, behavioral, or pragmatic—is most beneficial for facilitating the use of speech-recognition software? 1 Abstracted from: Hird, K., & Hennessey, N. W. (2007). ...
Comment on Philpotts and Philpotts (2005): Crystal-mush compaction in the Cohassett flood-basalt flow, Hanford, Washington

Flood-basalt lava flows have generally been assumed to be homogeneous with little variation in flow composition. This concept was reinforced by the ability to map many flows over large distances and, thus, develop a workable regional stratigraphy, as in the Columbia River Basalt Group (Swanson et al., 1979). As detailed studies were carried out on Columbia River Basalt Group flows, however, it became clear that some lava flows did not fit this model and that considerable variation occurred in some flows (e.g., Reidel and Fecht, 1987; Reidel, 1998, 2000, 2005). One of the most complex compositional patterns occurs in the Cohassett flow of the Sentinel Bluffs Member, Grande Ronde Basalt (Reidel, 2000, 2005). Philpotts and Philpotts (2005) propose that the compositional variation observed in the central portion of the Cohassett flow from corehole DC-6 is the result of a process that they have called compaction. Their conclusions are based on an analysis of textures that were observed in vertically oriented samples, complimented by quantitative modeling of the compositional profile. The purpose of my comment is to provide an alternative explanation for the compositional pattern ob-
Introducing Water to an Analysis of Alternative Food Security Policies in the Middle East and North Africa

In the Middle East and North Africa, food security and water security are tightly entwined. In particular, choices about the extent to which food security policies rely on trade rather than domestically produced staples have stark consequences for the region's limited water resources. This paper builds on previous modeling results comparing the cost and benefits of policies to protect consumers against surging international wheat prices, and expands the analysis to consider the consequences of the policies for water resources. A self-sufficiency policy is analyzed as well. Results suggest that trade-based food security policies have no significant effect on the sustain bility of water resources, while the costs of policies based on self-sufficiency for water resources are high. The analysis also shows that while information about the water footprint of alternative production systems is helpful, a corresponding economic footprint that fully measures the resource cost of water is needed to concisely rank alternative policies in economic terms that are consistent with sustainable outcomes.
Determination of temporal correlation of ultrafast laser pulses using phase conjugation

Abstract A new time domain single shot conjugation autocorrelator is described. Three beams derived from the same initial laser pulse interact in a nonlinear medium to produce a backward signal wave in a 90° phase conjugate geometry. The pulse duration is determined from the spatial width of the phase conjugate beam emerging from the interaction region. Pulse duration measurements of pulses selected from a YAG laser train show that shorter pulses are generated toward the tail of the pulse train.
Smoking as a risk factor for short-term outcomes following primary total hip and total knee replacement in veterans.

Objective To assess the effect of smoking on postoperative complications following elective primary total hip replacement (THR) or primary total knee replacement (TKR). Methods We used data from the national Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program to examine the association of smoking status at surgery with 30-day postoperative complication rates (including surgical site and other infections, pneumonia, stroke, myocardial infarction, mortality, and other complications) in veterans undergoing primary elective THR or TKR. Multilevel multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, work relative value units, American Society of Anesthesiology classification, and year of surgery, with additional adjustment for wound classification for surgical site infections, were used. Results A total of 33,336 patients, 95% men and 80% white with a mean age of 64 years, underwent elective primary THR/TKR between October 2001 and September 2008. Fifty-seven percent never smoked, 19% were prior smokers, and 24% were current smokers. Current smokers undergoing THR/TKR were significantly more likely than never smokers to have surgical site infections (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.16–1.72), pneumonia (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.10–2.14), stroke (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.26–5.41), and 1-year mortality (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.31–2.02). Prior smokers were significantly more likely than nonsmokers to have pneumonia, (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00–1.80), stroke (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.12–4.10), and urinary tract infection (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.55). Conclusion Current smoking at the time of elective THR or TKR is associated with increased postarthroplasty complications, especially surgical site infections and pneumonia. Preoperative smoking cessation programs should be considered in patients undergoing elective THR or TKR.
Maps, Gaps, and Modules

Curriculum Mapping is an essential educational component. When our map identified a gap in Systems-Based Practice (SBP), our institution implemented a SBP thread which utilized Institute for Healthcare Improvement modules, team-based learning sessions, and a capstone project. This manuscript describes the curricular need and solutions that emerged.
Maternal age and incidence of low birth weight at term: A population study

Abstract A total of 184,567 singleton live births with gestational ages of 40 weeks were examined from the 1980–1984 Illinois birth certificate data to determine the independent effect of maternal age on the incidence of low birth weight at term. The incidence is highest in mothers 35 years of age. To separate out the independent effect of maternal age on the incidence of low birth weight infants at term, the presence of other maternal factors, such as race, education, parity, marital status, and prenatal care, were adjusted by use of a series of multiple logistic regression analyses. All of these analyses consistently demonstrated that the adjusted risk for low birth weight at term is the lowest in teenagers and increases with advancing maternal age. These results indicate that the high incidence of this factor in young mothers apparently reflects their poor sociodemographic and prenatal care status. Advancing maternal age is associated with a decreased potential for fetal growth, possibly reflecting biologic aging of maternal tissues and systems or the cumulative effects of disease.
The effects of target location and target distinction on visual search in a depth display

Research of human-centered computing systems in industry should not avoid advances in visual display technology for safety, warning, and interaction. Novel 3D displays that present information in real depth offer potential benefits. Previous research has studied depth in visual search but depth was mostly not realized by real physical separation. Many areas of Human Factors could be augmented with the study and evaluation for operation of novel 3D displays. Such a study was presented to better understand the effects of real physical depth in association with depth redundantly coded with another feature (an additional mark on a target) distinguishing it from distracters and target location on visual search in a depth display. Target location was studied as the row or column in the visual field of view the target was positioned and also in terms of eccentricity outwardly from the center of the display. In general, depth was found to be of benefit when redundantly coded with another attribute for guiding attention. Targets were not found as fast when the target's location was further from the center fixation point, and interactions between target distinction (depth, mark, or depth+mark) and target location provide implications for designers.
Carbon−Sulfur Bond Cleavage of Methyl-Substituted Thiophenes with Iridium(III)

Reaction of [Cp*IrHCl]2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with 2-methylthiophene and 2,5-dimethylthiophene at 120 °C in the presence of H2 results in the cleavage of the thiophene carbon−sulfur bond(s). In both cases the thiophenes are ring-opened and hydrogenated, resulting in dinuclear Ir complexes with bridging thiolates. The primary product in the reaction involving 2,5-dimethylthiophene is [Cp*IrCl]2(μ-H)(μ-S-2-hexyl). This product has been characterized and is present in diastereomeric pairs. In the reaction with 2-methylthiophene a complex mixture consisting of five products is produced. The product distribution consists of mono- and disubstituted bridging thiolate complexes, three of which have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Independent synthesis of each of these products has been performed, and characterization of the reaction mixture has been accomplished by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, as well as by ESI-MS and elemental analysis. Reaction with 2-acetylthiophene showed ver...
Efficacy of intraarterial thrombolysis of basilar artery stroke.

Background : Stroke from basilar artery (BA) occlusion is a devastating neurological event with reported mortality rates of up to 90%. This series reports our experience in 15 cases using intraarterial (IA) thrombolysis to treat basilar artery stroke at the Oregon Stroke Center. Methods : Over a 4-year period, consecutive cases of basilar artery stroke were treated with IA urokinase (UK) if they met the following criteria: had a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score greater than 6; symptoms began within 48 hours; had no or minimal early infarct signs on computed tomography (CT) scan; and angiogram confirmed basilar occlusion. Patients were treated with UK infused via a microcatheter directly into the clot. Angiographic efficacy was assessed by a repeat angiogram at the end of infusion and clinical efficacy was determined by NIHSS evaluation at 48 hours and 3 months. Results : Fifteen patients, mean age 59 (16 to 78) and baseline NIHSS of 30 (7 to 40), were treated at a mean of 12 hours (4 to 48). An average dose of 500,000 (150,000 to 1,250,000) units of UK was given over 1 to 2 hours. Excellent vessel recanalization occurred in 12 of 15 (80%) patients. All three cases without recanalization died within 48 hours (100%). Of the 12 patients with recanalization, 2 died (16.7%), whereas the 9 of 10 remaining had mild or moderate neurological deficits (mean NIHSS of 5) at 3 months. Conclusion : IA thrombolysis has the potential to decrease mortality and improve outcome in cases with severe basilar artery stroke even when administered after 6 hours.
An investigation of vocational indecision in college students: Correlates and moderators

Abstract This study investigated the relationships among fear of success, locus of control, and vocational indecision in college students and the extent to which these relationships are moderated by sex and ability. Subjects, 103 female and 98 male undergraduate students, were administered measures of fear of success, locus of control, and career indecision. In addition, American College Test (ACT) composite scores were available for 154, or 77%, of the subjects. Results indicate that vocationally undecided college students are more external in their locus of control, are more fearful of success, and have lower ACT scores than decided students. Multiple regression analyses for the prediction of vocational indecision yield mixed results, as the power of prediction of the independent variables of locus of control and fear of success were influenced by the sex and ability level of the student. Results, implications for future vocational indecision research, and implications for counseling assistance of vocationally undecided students are discussed.
Local and mesoscale influences on nutrient variability in the northwest African upwelling region near Cabo Corbeiro

Abstract During the JOINT-1 experiment nutrient concentrations were routinely determined in a portion of the northwest African upwelling system near Cabo Corbeiro. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonia distributions reveals that much of the nutrient variability can be related to data obtained within this region without reference to large-scale processes. There was a clear relationship between nutrient variations and the local wind. Some of the remaining variability could be related to temporal changes in primary production, to variations in the cross-shelf flow, and to the interaction of the advective field with a longshore nutrient gradient. Mesoscale observations made it possible to explain the occurence of anomalously high ammonia concentrations over the inner shelf. There may have been a net transport of organic material into this region, and high nearshore turbidities reduced primary production rates. These factors apparently enabled community catabolism to produce ammonia faster than it could be consumed.
Downlink Analysis for a Heterogeneous Cellular Network

In this paper, a comprehensive study of the downlink performance in a heterogeneous cellular network (or hetnet) is conducted. A general hetnet model is considered consisting of an arbitrary number of open-access and closed-access tier of base stations (BSs) arranged according to independent homogeneous Poisson point processes. The BSs of each tier have a constant transmission power, random fading coefficient with an arbitrary distribution and arbitrary path-loss exponent of the power-law path-loss model. For such a system, analytical characterizations for the coverage probability and average rate at an arbitrary mobile-station (MS), and average per-tier load are derived for the max-SINR connectivity model. Using stochastic ordering, interesting properties and simplifications for the hetnet downlink performance are derived by relating this connectivity model to the maximum instantaneous received power (MIRP) connectivity model, providing good insights about the hetnets and the downlink performance in these complex networks. Furthermore, the results also demonstrate the effectiveness and analytical tractability of the stochastic geometric approach to study the hetnet performance.
On Estimating Tight-Link Bandwidth Characteristics over Multi-Hop Paths

In this paper, we explore multi-hop bandwidth estimation assuming arbitrary cross-traffic at each node and develop a new probing method called Envelope that can asymptotically estimate not only the available bandwidth but also the raw capacity of the tight link. Envelope is based on a multi-link recursive extension of unbiased single-hop estimators proposed in the past (e.g., [14]) and a variation of the packet-cartouche technique [6]. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate Envelope in various network settings and cross-traffic conditions and find that it can measure tight-link bandwidth characteristics with accuracy that significantly surpasses that of the existing methods. We also find that Envelope can measure non-tight links in certain path and cross-traffic configurations.
The Drosophila F box protein archipelago regulates dMyc protein levels in vivo.

Abstract Background: The Myc oncoprotein is an important regulator of cellular growth in metazoan organisms. Its levels and activity are tightly controlled in vivo by a variety of mechanisms. In normal cells, Myc protein is rapidly degraded, but the mechanism of its degradation is not well understood. Results: Here we present genetic and biochemical evidence that Archipelago (Ago), the F box component of an SCF-ubiquitin ligase and the Drosophila ortholog of a human tumor suppressor, negatively regulates the levels and activity of Drosophila Myc (dMyc) protein in vivo. Mutations in archipelago ( ago ) result in strongly elevated dMyc protein levels and increased tissue growth. Genetic interactions indicate that ago antagonizes dMyc function during development. Archipelago binds dMyc and regulates its stability, and the ability of Ago to bind dMyc in vitro correlates with its ability to inhibit dMyc accumulation in vivo. Conclusions: Our data indicate that archipelago is an important inhibitor of dMyc in developing tissues. Because archipelago can also regulate Cyclin E levels and Notch activity, these results indicate how a single F box protein can be responsible for the degradation of key components of multiple pathways that control growth and cell cycle progression.
The Presentation and Classification of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research on the expression and prevalence of co-occurring anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has produced variable results, in part due to the diversity in sample ascertainment and composition, methodology, and the operationalization of anxiety across studies. The present review organizes these findings to consider whether anxiety symptoms reported in ASD are better categorized as (a) a part of ASD or (b) a comorbid disorder. Although there is some support for the presence of co-occurring, potentially comorbid anxiety disorders in ASD, a shift toward measurement validation and dimensional approaches in future research is needed to determine the role of anxiety in ASD, particularly regarding its “typical” and “atypical” presentation in this population.
A memory frontier for complex synapses

An incredible gulf separates theoretical models of synapses, often described solely by a single scalar value denoting the size of a postsynaptic potential, from the immense complexity of molecular signaling pathways underlying real synapses. To understand the functional contribution of such molecular complexity to learning and memory, it is essential to expand our theoretical conception of a synapse from a single scalar to an entire dynamical system with many internal molecular functional states. Moreover, theoretical considerations alone demand such an expansion; network models with scalar synapses assuming finite numbers of distinguishable synaptic strengths have strikingly limited memory capacity. This raises the fundamental question, how does synaptic complexity give rise to memory? To address this, we develop new mathematical theorems elucidating the relationship between the structural organization and memory properties of complex synapses that are themselves molecular networks. Moreover, in proving such theorems, we uncover a framework, based on first passage time theory, to impose an order on the internal states of complex synaptic models, thereby simplifying the relationship between synaptic structure and function.
Monoclonal antibodies against microorganisms

The recent spread of hybridoma technology among laboratories has promoted the development of monoclonal antibodies against a wide variety of infectious disease agents. While monoclonal antibodies theoretically represent an excellent (perhaps superior) alternative to conventional antisera as diagnostic, therapeutic or laboratory reagents, traditional antisera may be preferable to monoclonal antibody in some circumstances because of the fixed affinity and specificity as well as the limited functional capacities of some antibodies. The acceptance of monoclonal antibodies by the clinical microbiologist and physician must await proof of their reliability, safety and efficacy.
Right middle lobectomy for a primary pulmonary leiomyoma: a case report

Primary leiomyoma of the lung is a rare benign tumor that usually presents as a solitary lesion predominantly in young females. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported. Common symptoms include fever, chronic cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, shortness of breath, and pneumonias. A 34-year-old, non-smoker female who presented with recurrent pneumonias. She was found to have a primary leiomyoma of the right middle lobe. This was treated by right middle lobectomy. 6-month follow up showed patient doing well without evidence of residual disease on computerized tomography. Primary pulmonary leiomyoma is a rare tumor distinct from benign metastasizing leiomyoma. Histologic features include absence of mitotic count, low cellularity, lack of cytologic atypia and pleomorphism. Treatment is by conservative surgical resection and carries a favorable prognosis.
NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY DURING A DINOFLAGELLATE BLOOM1

Phytoplankton nitrate reductase activity in the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina, paralleled the development of a winter dinoflagellate bloom. High enzyme activity was associated not only with high algal biomass, primarily of Peridinium triquetrum, but also with low nitrate concentrations in the typically nitrate-rich waters. Nitrate was an important source of nitrogen for the bloom organisms in spite of the abundance of ammonium. The initiation and cessation of nitrate assimilation seemed closely related to the appearance and disappearance of the bloom. Although nitrate metabolism may be an important factor in bloom timing, temperature, salinity, and flushing of the system are also involved. In situations where nitrogen may be an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of phytoplankton blooms, and where more than one nitrogen source is available, it would be of great value to know the principal form being utilized by the organisms. Problems of this nature have led to the application of the nitrate reductase enzyme assay, which determines the ability of the organism to reduce nitrate for ultimate incorporation into cellular protein. Since nitrate reductase is induced by nitrate and repressed during ammonium assimilation, Eppley et al. (1969) proposed that its assay might be a valuable tool for indicating the nitrogen source for phytoplankton. High nitrate reductase activity would indicate that nitrate was the primary nitrogen source, low or nonexistent activity that another form of nitrogen was being utilized or that the nitrogen source was exhausted. EIolmes et al. (1967) had successfully applied this technique to a red-water dinoflagellate bloom off the southern coast of California. The seasonal phytoplankton cycle of the Pamlico River estuary in North Carolina usually includes a pronounced dinoflagellate bloom from December through April