cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construct validation of the USA-Spanish version of the SF-36 health survey in a Cuban-American population with benign prostatic hyperplasia

This study examined the USA-Spanish version of the SF-36 health survey (validated in Mexican-Americans) and tested its construct validity in Cuban-Americans with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The study evaluated the SF-36 and American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index scores of 264 individuals with BPH. Individuals were assigned to one of the following groups: non-Hispanics who received the English version, Cubans who received the English version and Cubans who received the Spanish version. The objective was to determine the correlation between the individuals' SF-36 and AUA Symptom Index scores. It was expected that patients in the severe category would have the lowest quality of life (QoL) scores. The analysis was conducted using a MANOVA with a planned comparisons procedure. For all eight scales, the English and Spanish versions of the SF-36 were able to classify individuals with mild/moderate symptoms of BPH as having statistically higher QoL scores than those with severe symptoms of BPH. We concluded that the USA-Spanish version of the SF-36 can differentiate between levels of symptom severity in individuals with BPH. More importantly the construct validity of the English and Spanish versions of the SF-36 was demonstrated through significant correlation with the theorized constructs.
A Weakly Supervised Fine Label Classifier Enhanced by Coarse Supervision

Objects are usually organized in a hierarchical structure in which each coarse category (e.g., big cat) corresponds to a superclass of several fine categories (e.g., cheetah, leopard). The objects grouped within the same coarse category, but in different fine categories, usually share a set of global visual features; however, these objects have distinctive local properties that characterize them at a fine level. This paper addresses the challenge of fine image classification in a weakly supervised fashion, whereby a subset of images is tagged by fine labels, while the remaining are tagged by coarse labels. We propose a new deep model that leverages coarse images to improve the classification performance of fine images within the coarse category. Our model is an end to end framework consisting of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which uses both fine and coarse images to tune its parameters. The CNN outputs are then fanned out into two separate branches such that the first branch uses a supervised low rank self expressive layer to project the CNN outputs to the low rank subspaces to capture the global structures for the coarse classification, while the other branch uses a supervised sparse self expressive layer to project them to the sparse subspaces to capture the local structures for the fine classification. Our deep model uses coarse images in conjunction with fine images to jointly explore the low rank and sparse subspaces by sharing the parameters during the training which causes the data points obtained by the CNN to be well-projected to both sparse and low rank subspaces for classification.
Engaging Millennials in the Workplace

Over 70 million adults born between 1981 and 1996 make up the generation of adults referred to as millennials, the fastest-growing group making up the present-day workforce, with 56 million currently employed or looking for work. One in three individuals in the workplace is a millennial. Because millennials make up such a large portion of the workforce, it is imperative that employers better understand them and understand how to engage them. This 2-page fact sheet written by Lauren Headrick Sweeney, Matthew Benge, and Hannah Carter and published by the UF/IFAS Agricultural Education and Communication Department discusses offers some strategies. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc329
Hydrodissection as a therapeutic and diagnostic modality in treating peroneal nerve compression

A 51-year-old man presented with pain in the region of his left patellar tendon and fibular head. He had previously undergone three L5 epidural steroid injections and physical therapy without relief. Prior magnetic resonance imaging was significant only for fat pad impingement, and electromyography and nerve conduction studies were negative. Ultrasound demonstrated an enlarged peroneal nerve suggestive of peroneal nerve entrapment. Three ultrasound-guided hydrodissection procedures offered symptomatic improvement and identified an area posterior to the fibular head that was unable to be hydrodissected, indicating scar tissue causing peroneal nerve compression. The patient was referred for peroneal nerve decompression at the area of entrapment with complete symptom relief. This case is unique in describing the ability of hydrodissection to identify nerve compression not visualized with other diagnostic tests.
Multiple drug resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from aborted women by using serological and molecular techniques in Diwaniyah city/Iraq.

Background and objectives The study was sought to detect the effect of Listeria monocytogenes on pregnant Iraqi women at Al-Diwaniya hospitals and determination of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Materials and methods 360 specimens including blood, urine, vaginal and endocervical were collected from 90 patients with spontaneous abortions. Blood samples were displayed to immunological study and remaining specimens were subjected to bacteriological diagnosis. PCR was used to determine the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Results Fifteen positive samples (16.6%) of patients and thirteen isolates (14.5%) from patients were recognized based on ELISA and PCR assay respectively. The general isolation of L. monocytogenes strains in cases of abortive women was 13/270 (4.8%). L. monocytogenes strains were highly virulent because of presence of virulence factors associated genes, namely actA, hlyA, plcA and prfA in all strains. Multiple drug resistance (MAR) index values of 15.4% of isolates were >0.2. Conclusion It is necessary for conducting susceptibility testing and to select the suitable antibiotics and avoid the effects of these bacteria in pregnant women.
Assessment of Readmission in a Rural Medical Center

Understanding and predicting hospital readmission has been of interest for more than three decades. To strategically place readmission reduction resources where most beneficial, organizations use readmission risk-stratification tools. However, common tools used to assess 30-day risk do not incorporate health disparity and it is unknown how modifying currently validated tools affects their predictive value. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe the population of people who are admitted and re-admitted for hospital care in a rural population and examine the effectiveness of a common risk satisfaction tool to predict 30-day readmission in a rural population experiencing health disparities. This retrospective cohort study examined data from de-identified Electronic Health Record and included adult patients admitted to one general medicine service. The factors identified in this study that influence readmission are also identified in the literature and include number of co-morbid conditions and insurance status. DOI: http://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v20i2.615
Improved Li+Transport in Polyacetal Electrolytes: Conductivity and Current Fraction in a Series of Polymers

Author(s): Snyder, RL; Choo, Y; Gao, KW; Halat, DM; Abel, BA; Sundararaman, S; Prendergast, D; Reimer, JA; Balsara, NP; Coates, GW | Abstract: Polymer electrolytes mitigate safety concerns surrounding flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolytes demonstrate viable conductivity values (∼1 × 10-3 S/cm) at elevated temperatures (g70 °C) but a relatively low Li+ current fraction (≤0.2) because strong Li+ coordination inhibits cation mobility. We have developed a series of polyacetal electrolytes by systematically varying methylene oxide (MO) and ethylene oxide (EO) units in the polymer backbone. These materials maintain high oxygen-to-carbon ratios like PEO but offer improved ion transport, revealing trends of decreasing conductivity and increasing current fraction with respect to polymer composition. In particular, the increasing current fraction measured via the Bruce-Vincent method suggests that MO units improve Li+ mobility relative to anion mobility. We calculate an overall efficacy (product of conductivity and current fraction) for each polymer/salt composition and identify two polymers - P(EO-MO) and P(EO-2MO) - that outperform PEO at high and low salt concentrations, respectively.
DDAF: Deceptive Data Acquisition Framework against Stealthy Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are converging towards a hybrid platform that is becoming ubiquitous in all modern infrastructures. The massive deployment of CPS requires comprehensive, secure, and reliable communication. The integration of complex and heterogeneous systems makes enormous space for the adversaries to get into the network and inject malicious data. To obfuscate and mislead the attackers, we propose DDAF, a deception defense-based data acquisition framework for a hierarchical communication network of CPSs. Each switch in the hierarchical network generates a random pattern of addresses/IDs by shuffling the original sensor IDs reported through it. Later, while sending the measurement data from remotely located sensors to the central controller, the switches craft the network packets by replacing the sensors’ original IDs with pre-generated deceptive IDs. Due to the deception, any stealthy attack turns into a random data injection and ends up as an outlier during the bad data detection process. By analyzing the outlier data, DDAF detects and localizes the attack points and the targeted sensors. DDAF is generic and highly scalable to be implemented in any size of networked control systems. Experimental results on the standard IEEE 14, 57, and 300 bus power systems show that DDAF can detect, mitigate, and localize almost 100% of the stealthy cyber-attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first framework that implements complete randomization in the data acquisition of a networked control system.
Hot carbon corona in Mars' upper thermosphere and exosphere: 2. Solar cycle and seasonal variability

This work presents the variability over seasons (i.e., orbital position) and solar cycle of the Martian upper atmosphere and hot carbon corona. We investigate the production and distribution of energetic carbon atoms and the impacts on the total global hot carbon loss from dominant photochemical processes at five different cases: AL (aphelion and low solar activity), EL (equinox and low solar activity), EH (equinox and high solar activity), PL (perihelion and low solar activity), and PH (perihelion and high solar activity). We compare our results with previously published results but only on the limited cases due to the dearth of studies on solar EUV flux and seasonal variabilities. Photodissociation of CO and dissociative recombination of CO+ are generally regarded as the two most important source reactions for the production of hot atomic carbon. Of these two, photodissociation of CO is found to be the dominant source in all cases considered. To describe self-consistently the exosphere and the upper thermosphere, a 3-D kinetic particle simulator, the Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator, and the 3-D Mars Thermosphere General Circulation Model are one-way coupled. The basic description of this hot carbon calculation can be found in the companion paper to this one. The spatial distributions and profiles of density and temperature and atmospheric loss rates are discussed for the cases considered. Finally, our computed global escape rate of hot carbon ranges from 5.28 × 1023 s−1 (AL) to 55.1 × 1023 s−1 (PL).
Conditions for Acceleration of Super-High Energy Cosmic Rays in Active Galactic Nuclei

Super-high energy (~ 1020eV) cosmic rays could be accelerated in current-carrying beams associated with black-hole accretion discs in galactic nuclei. The current system might resemble an electrical circuit with a voltage source (black hole and accretion disc) coupled to a load (cosmic-ray beam) and a low impedance element (ambient conducting medium). Beam particles can be accelerated to 1020 provided that the beam channel medium behaves like an inductive circuit with high impedance. But even if these conditions are satisfied, a major difficulty the model faces is the large energy loss caused by photomeson reactions.
Time course of structural and functional maturation of human olfactory epithelial cells in vitro.

The unique ability of olfactory neurons to regenerate in vitro has allowed their use for the study of olfactory function, regeneration, and neurodegenerative disorders; thus, characterization of their properties is important. This present study attempts to establish the timeline of structural (protein expression) and functional (odorant sensitivity) maturation of human olfactory epithelial cells (hOE) in vitro using biopsy-derived cultured tissue. Cells were grown for 7 days; on each day, cells were tested for odorant sensitivity using calcium imaging techniques and then protein expression of each cell was tested using immunocytochemistry for proteins typically used for characterizing olfactory cells. Previous studies have shown that mature olfactory neurons in vitro attain a unique “phase-bright” morphology and express the olfactory marker protein (OMP). By day 3 in vitro, a variety of cells were odorant-sensitive, including both “phase-bright” and “phase-dark” cells that have previously been considered glial-like cells. The functional maturation of these hOEs appears to take place within 4 days. Interestingly, the emergence of an odorant sensitivity profile of both phase-bright and phase-dark cells preceded the expression of marker protein expression for OMP (which is expressed only by mature neurons in vivo). This structural maturation took 5 days, suggesting that the development of odorant sensitivity is not coincident with the expression of marker molecules that are hallmarks of structural maturation. These results have important implications for the use of hOEs as in vitro models of olfactory and neuronal function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The problem of unsuspected tuberculosis during pregnancy in the negro

Abstract 1.1. One thousand consecutive patients attending the Prenatal Clinie of the Provident Hospital and Training School were examined for pulmonary tuberculosis by fluoroscopy and x-ray. 2.2. Eighteen cases, 1.8 per cent, of unsuspected clinically important tuberculosis and 11 additional cases, 1.1 per cent, of clinically unimportant reinfection tuberculosis, a total of 29 cases, or 2.9 per cent, were found by this technique. This incidence was found to be approximately the same as for other nonpregnant women of the same age groups examined at Provident Hospital. 3.3. These findings are compared with those reported by Eisele and associates 1 at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, where the incidence of unsuspected clinically important tuberculosis was 1.0 per cent. It is concluded that the difference is probably due more to the different economic and social status of the two groups than to race, or to a slight difference in their age distributions. 4.4. The finding of so high an incidence, especially in the Negro in whom tuberculosis tends to run a more unfavorable course, serves to confirm the contention that routine chest roentgenologic examinations should be an indispensable part of the prenatal care of Negro pregnant women.
Modeling entrainment of waterlogged large wood in stream channels.

[1] Research has led to an understanding of how floatable wood provides physical complexity and habitat in streams, but little is known about large wood that does not float because it is waterlogged, mineralized, or naturally heavier than water. To better understand the dynamics of this largely unrecognized component of streams, I derived a theoretical model for predicting entrainment of waterlogged logs, then constructed prototype logs to simulate waterlogged wood and used them to measure log friction and critical flow velocities at log entrainment in an alluvial creek. I then modeled critical velocities under the same conditions entrainment was observed. The model underpredicted critical velocities by an average of 24%, with a range of error from 8% to −69%. Sensitivity analyses indicated that reducing lift and drag coefficients improved the average error, but not the error range. Lack of unique drag coefficients for prototype logs, winnowing of bed material from around prototype logs during entrainment tests, error estimating friction for logs approaching neutral buoyancy, and the variability of flow velocity common in streams were probable causes of error. Observed critical velocities that entrained prototype logs averaged 0.70 m s−1. Critical velocities and log friction increased with branch length, bed roughness, and log density, but only friction increased with log length. Friction coefficients averaged 0.62 and increased with branch length and bed roughness. This model and existing equations for predicting movement of buoyant large wood can be used to compute budgets for logs with a range of attributes in streams.
Fundamentality and Time‐Travel

The relation of being more fundamental than, as well as the Finean notion of partial grounding, are widely taken to be irreflexive, transitive, and asymmetric. However, certain time-travel cases that have been used to raise worries about the irreflexivity, transitivity, and asymmetry of proper part of can also be used to argue that more fundamental than and partially grounds do not have these formal properties. I present this worry and discuss several responses to it, with the aim of showing that the problem is harder to address when applied to fundamentality and partial grounding than it was when merely applied to proper parthood.
Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis: More than Just a Simple Dilutional Effect

Fluid resuscitation lies at the heart of acute care medicine. Despite the central role occupied by plasma volume expansion therapeutics, there remains little consensus regarding the ideal fluid for plasma volume expansion. However, the unintended consequences of excessive plasma volume expansion as well as those untoward events directly ascribed to the prescribed fluids have come to the fore. Anasarca, pulmonary edema, myocardial stress, acute lung injury (ALI), acute kidney injury, as well as the secondary abdominal compartment syndrome have all been described as unintended consequences of plasma volume expansion following critical illness or injury [1, 2, 3]. It is important to note that these events occur with both crystalloid and colloid therapy, although at different rates.
How To Promote Pulmonary Health With Kinetic Therapy.

Kinetic Therapy can improve outcomes for immobilized patients, but the treatment can be costly. Using a protocol designed by critical care nurses, nurses in your units can provide cost-effective Kinetic Therapy.
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and molluscum contagiosum: a therapeutic challenge after reaction to cidofovir.

A 43-year-old white man with molluscum contagiosum and a history of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome presented to our clinic. He had previously finished six cycles of chemotherapy with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone), and had achieved complete remission for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient had a 1.5-year history of molluscum contagiosum that had spread to the entire trunk and upper and lower extremities. Past therapies included liquid nitrogen cryotherapy, imiquimod, cantharidin, curettage, topical emollients (Dermasil), salicylic acid (Clear Away and Compound W), and trichloroacetic acid peel. Most recently, topical cidofovir had resulted in severe edema of the left arm. On physical examination, the patient had hundreds of umbilicated, flesh-colored to erythematous papules over his body(Figs 1 and 2). A lesional biopsy of a 5-mm umbilicated papule from the left axilla showed epidermal cells and infundibular hair follicles with large intracytoplasmic molluscum inclusion bodies. Figure 1. Disseminated molluscum-lower back Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Disseminated molluscum-upper chest Download figure to PowerPoint Laboratory results included a normal metabolic panel, complete blood count (CBC), and liver function tests (LFTs), as well as a negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test. The patient's immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG, and IgA were all normal. However, abnormally low laboratory values included an IgM of 17 mg/dL and absolute CD4 and CD8 counts of 203 and 41 µL, respectively. Initial therapy included topical imiquimod and oral acitretin 25 mg daily. Three months later, the patient showed slight improvement only and acitretin was discontinued. He had also been using salicylic acid (Compound W) and silver nitrate applications. Most recently, the plan included continuation of cantharidin toothpick treatment and imiquimod, and the potential addition of systemic interferons (γ or α) and topical or intravenous cidofovir.
Endotoxin‐induced hyperthermia in pregnant golden hamsters

The degree of elevation and the duration of induced fever following endotoxin treatment of pregnant golden hamsters were examined. A radiothermistor was surgically implanted in the abdomen of each animal on day 6 of pregnancy. The animals were intravenously treated with a bolus injection of saline or endotoxin (1, 10, 20, or 200 micrograms/kg) on the morning of day 8 of gestation. Abdominal temperatures were monitored at 15-minute intervals on days 8 and 9 and at 1-hour intervals on days 10 through 14 of gestation. The mean temperature of the saline-treated control animals was 37.2 degrees C with a range from 36.5 to 38.2 degrees C. The total number of viable fetuses, and the mean fetal weight of the 1-microgram/kg group were not significantly different from those of the saline controls, although a statistically significant monophasic temperature elevation did occur between 3 and 9 hr post-treatment. Three of seven females that received 10 micrograms/kg had viable litters and exhibited a monophasic fever. The remaining four animals exhibited a biphasic fever and total resorption of all implanted fetuses. The first phase began 2.5 hr post-treatment and lasted for 3-6 hr. The second phase began 12-15 hr post-treatment and lasted for 15 to 25 hr. All animals receiving 20 or 200 micrograms/kg demonstrated similar multiple temperature elevations. Treatment of animals with greater than 20 micrograms/kg resulted in total resorption of all implanted fetuses and maternal weight loss. Nonpregnant females treated with 20 micrograms/kg of endotoxin exhibited a biphasic temperature elevation; thus the second phase of the fever response can not be attributed to embryo death and resorption.
Getting in Trouble: Feminist Postcritical Policy Ethnography in an Urban School:

This article addresses how the author uses the notion of “getting in trouble” as a source of methodological energy to hold the researcher accountable to the complexities of conducting ethnographic ...
Auditory Warning Signals: New Concepts and Approaches:

The importance of auditory warning signals has long been recognized by designers, yet the design of current auditory warnings are often cited as fundamentally flawed by numerous shortcomings. This symposium, using the medical domain as the context, begins by introducing the status quo and trends in auditory warning design, and discusses the current problems within this setting. We continue with a presentation of the efforts of the International Organization for Standards (ISO) to improve auditory warnings for current and future medical devices. Informative auditory signals are discussed in the final two presentations, focusing first on techniques using “earcons,” “sonification,” in general, and then examining how these continuous and intermittent auditory warnings and informative displays could support the users' tasks.
Open and closed loop manipulation of charged microchiplets in an electric field

We demonstrate the ability to orient, position, and transport microchips (“chiplets”) with electric fields. In an open-loop approach, modified four phase traveling wave potential patterns manipulate chiplets in a dielectric solution using dynamic template agitation techniques. Repeatable parallel assembly of chiplets is demonstrated to a positional accuracy of 6.5 μm using electrodes of 200 μm pitch. Chiplets with dipole surface charge patterns are used to show that orientation can be controlled by adding unique charge patterns on the chiplets. Chip path routing is also demonstrated. With a closed-loop control system approach using video feedback, dielectric, and electrophoretic forces are used to achieve positioning accuracy of better than 1 μm with 1 mm pitch driving electrodes. These chip assembly techniques have the potential to enable future printer systems where inputs are electronic chiplets and the output is a functional electronic system.
Activation of Distinct P2Y Receptor Subtypes Stimulates Insulin Secretion in MIN6 Mouse Pancreatic β Cells

Extracellular nucleotides and their receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential in disorders such as inflammation, brain disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Pancreatic beta cells express several purinergic receptors, and reported nucleotide effects on insulin secretion are contradictory. We studied the effect of P2Y receptors on insulin secretion and cell death in MIN6, mouse pancreatic beta cells. Expression of P2Y(1) and P2Y(6) receptors was revealed by total mRNA analysis using RT-PCR. MIN6 cells were stimulated in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose with or without P2Y(1) and P2Y(6) agonists, 2-MeSADP and Up(3)U, respectively. Both the agonists increased insulin secretion with EC(50) values of 44.6+/-7.0 nM and 30.7+/-12.7 nM respectively. The insulin secretion by P2Y(1) and P2Y(6) agonists was blocked by their selective antagonists MRS2179 and MRS2578, respectively. Binding of the selective P2Y(1) receptor antagonist radioligand [125I]MRS2500 in MIN6 cell membranes was saturable (K(D) 4.74+/-0.47 nM), and known P2Y(1) ligands competed with high affinities. Inflammation and glucose toxicity lead to pancreatic beta cell death in diabetes. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that Up(3)U but not 2-MeSADP protected MIN6 cells against TNF-alpha induced apoptosis. Overall, the results demonstrate that selective stimulation of P2Y(1) and P2Y(6) receptors increases insulin secretion that accompanies intracellular calcium release, suggesting potential application of P2Y receptor ligands in the treatment of diabetes.
Treatment of complete transposition of the great vessels with the Blalock-Hanlon operation.

Transposition of the great vessels is the most frequent cause of death from congenital heart disease in childhood. The high incidence and poor prognosis of this condition have stimulated the development of many palliative and corrective surgical procedures, but in general their results have been discouraging. During the past 6 years at the Texas Children's Hospital 45 patients with transposition of the great vessels have undergone palliative operation by the creation of an atrial septal defect, using the Blalock-Hanlon technic. The prime criterion for the selection of a patient for surgical treatment was severe anoxemia with or without associated congestive heart failure. The majority of cases were under 1 year of age and 49 per cent less than 3 months of age at the time of surgery. Among 28 patients operated upon during the past 2 years 23, or 82 per cent, survived operation with general improvement. Use of this palliative operation is recommended for the small infant or critically ill patient, and total...
Accelerated queries of time series databases

It has been previously proposed that a query to a database of time signals can be accelerated by searching over partial data in Fourier space. It is proposed here that such queries can be accelerated further by employing composite Fourier filtering. In particular, many fractional power filters are trained on sets of vectors from the database. In single comparisons information about the entire set of vectors is available. Query times are shortened mainly due to the ability to examine several vectors in the database simultaneously.
Tourism impact estimation

Abstract Economic impacts associated with whiteeater recreation on the Klamath River in Oregon (USA) are estimated using a combination of primary expenditure data and the IMPLAN input-output system. Impact estimates are generated for a range of use levels. A “naive” model, which assumes that all expenditure in the destination area are related to the river, is distinguished from an “adjusted” model, which includes only expenditures that would be lost without the river. Primary data regarding substitution behavior indicate that estimates of total impact may be overstated if an adjusted model is not employed. Overall results show that whitewater recreation, even on a small scale, can help to diversify a region's economy.
Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo

Human ontogeny requires nearly twice the time as that of living apes1. This extended period of maturation is usually regarded as a significant evolutionary advance enhancing the importance of learning1–5. Mann6 suggested that alteration of the timing of growth and development occurred very early in hominid evolution, using evidence based on a human–like pattern of dental development identified in juvenile hominid dentitions from South African cave sites (primarily Australopithecus robustus from Swartkrans). He interpreted a human–like pattern to indicate a long human-like schedule of maturation. In contrast, recent study of incremental lines in tooth enamel7 suggests short developmental periods for Australopithecus and even for early members of the genus Homo. Here I report patterns of dental development for A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. robustus, A. boisei, H. habilis and early H. erectus, indicating that A. robustus and A. boisei (‘robust’ australopithecines) differ from other hominid species. Most early hominids resemble pongids rather than modern humans in patterns of dental development.
Interphase Integrity of Neutron Irradiated SIC Composites

SiC/SiC composites were fabricated from Hi-Nicalon™ fibers with carbon, porous SiC and multilayer SiC interphases. These materials were then irradiated in the High Flux Beam Reactor with fast neutrons at 260 and 900–1060°C to a dose of l.1×1025 n/m2 corresponding to 1.1 displacements per atom (dpa). Results are presented for bend strength of both non-irradiated and irradiated materials. Within the interphases studied the multilayer SiC interphase material showed the least degradation (8-20%) in ultimate bend stress, while porous SiC underwent the greatest degradation (∼35%). The fiber matrix interphases are studied with TEM for both non- irradiated and irradiated materials. While no irradiation induced microstructural evolution of the interphase was observed, debonding of the interphase from the fiber was observed for all cases. This debonding is attributed to tensile stresses developed at the interface due to densification of the Hi-Nicalon™ fiber. Residual stress analysis of the fiber matrix interface indicates that the irradiation-induced densification of Hi-Nicalon™ and the volumetric expansion of the CVD SiC matrix cause tensile stresses well in excess of those which can be withstood by these, or any other viable SiC composite interphase.
Statistics of the Zeros of Zeta Functions in a Family of Curves over a Finite Field

Abstract. Let Fq be a finite field of cardinality q and l ≥ 2 be a prime number such that q ≡ 1 (mod l). Extending the work of Faifman and Rudnick [6] on hyperelliptic curves, we study the distribution of zeros of zeta functions of curves over Fq varying over the moduli spaces of cyclic l-fold covers of P(Fq), in the limit of large genus. The zeros all lie on a circle, according to the Riemann Hypothesis for curves, and their angles are uniformly distributed. Moreover, the number of angles inside a fixed symmetric interval I is asymptotically a sum of l−1 2 identical independent Gaussian random variables, each of which comes naturally from a Dirichlet character and has mean 4g|I|/(l − 1) and variance 4 π2 log(2g|I|). These results continue to hold for shrinking intervals as long as the expected number of angles 2g|I| tends to infinity.
Differential responses of human neural and hematopoietic stem cells to ethanol exposure

The mechanisms underlying fetal developmental defects caused by maternal ethanol (EtOH) consumption remain unclear. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include neurological and immunological dysfunctions that are linked to cell reduction in these systems. Neural (NSC) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) may be targets for the cytotoxic effects of EtOH. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction systems of these stem cells may be involved in EtOH-induced cell death. Purified CD34+ human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and CD133+/nestin+ human neural stem cells (NSC) were exposed to 0.1-10 mM EtOH. A range of indices of cell damage indicated that these doses of EtOH were deleterious to NSC, but had no observable effects on HSC. Furthermore, the colony-forming ability of NSC was completely inhibited by 5 mM EtOH treatment, whereas HSC were unaffected by even 20 mM EtOH. These results suggest that NSC are much more sensitive to EtOH than HSC. Classic and novel PKC isozyme prote...
Smoke inhalation: diagnosis and treatment.

Smoke inhalation, defined as airway or pulmonary parenchymal injury resulting from the inhalation of toxic combustion products, presents with a wide range of severity in patients with and without skin burns. In patients with severe injuries, the diagnosis is obvious on the basis of the history and clinical presentation; in patients with less severe injuries or those in whom the clinical consequences are delayed, diagnostic precision is difficult because diagnostic clues provide only indirect information. There is no specific treatment so diagnosis is not critical for patient management. Patients at risk include 20% to 30% of flame burn victims who should receive vigorous supportive care. The mortality rate of smoke inhalation victims without a burn is <10%. With a burn the mortality rate is 30% to 50%, suggesting that thermal injury or its treatment is responsible for further lung damage. Endotracheal intubation provides definitive treatment for obstructed or soon-to-be obstructed patients. However the diagnosis of smoke inhalationper se is not an indication for airway intubation and respiratory support; 12% of patients without a burn require intubation versus 62% of those with a burn. A translaryngeal tube can be converted to a tracheotomy safely in burn victims; tracheotomies are easier to manage if burns of the neck are excised and grafted prior to placement. Mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the treatment for the pulmonary injury. The early lesions of smoke inhalation often progress in the context of sepsis and other complications of the burn illness to a clinical state consistent with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Extraction of UO22+ by two highly sterically hindered (X1) (X2) PO(OH) extractants from an aqueous chloride phase

Abstract The comparative extraction behavior of tracer-level UO22+ into benzene solutiosn of two highly sterically hindered extractants, di(2,6-di-iso-propyl phenyl) phosphoric acid, HD(2,6-i-PΦ)P and di-tertiary-butyl phosphinic acid, H[Dt-BP], vs an aqueous 1.0 F (NaCl + HCl) phase was studied. The extraction of UO22+ in both systems is directly second-power dependent upon extractant concentration and inversely second-power dependent upon hydrogen ion concentration, the stoichiometry of extraction being UO2A2++2(HY)20 ⇆ UO2(HY2)20 + 2HA+ The expression for the distribution ratio, K, is K=K5F2/[H+]2 the general expression for the extraction of any metallic species being K=K5Fa/[H+]b where Ks is a constant characteristic of the system, F the concentration in formality units of extractant in the organic phase, [H+] the concentration of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase, and a and b the respective extractant and hydrogen-ion dependencies. Both extractants have a high degree of steric hindrance. The HD(2,6-i-PΦ)P is the more highly acidic, the pKA value, in 75% ethanol, being 3.2. The pKA, previously reported, for H[Dt-BP] is 6.26. The Ks for UO22+ in the system HY in benzene diluent vs an aqueous 1.0 F (NaCl + HCl) phase is 2 × 104 for H[Dt-BP] and 3 × 10−1 for HD(2,6-i-PΦ)P; the ratio of the Ks values, nearly 7 × 103, favors the less acidic extractant. For comparative purposes, the Ks values for UO22+ and for Eu3+ in other (X1)(X2)PO(OH), in benzene diluent vs 1.0 F (NaCl + HCl) systems are presented. The variations are discussed in terms of the pKA of the extractant and the steric hindrance within the extractant.
Function and Production of Nitric Oxide in the Coronary Circulation of the Conscious Dog During Exercise

This study determined the changes in NO production from the coronary circulation of the conscious dog during exercise. The role of endogenous NO as it relates to coronary flow, myocardial work, and metabolism was also studied. Mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented for measurements of coronary blood flow (CBF), ventricular and aortic pressure, and ventricular diameter, with catheters in the aorta and coronary sinus. Acute exercise (5 minutes at 3.6, 5.9, and 9.1 mph) was performed, and hemodynamic measurements and blood samples were taken at each exercise level. Nitro-L-arginine (NLA, 35 mg/kg IV) was given to block NO synthesis, and the exercise was repeated. Blood samples were analyzed for oxygen, plasma nitrate/nitrite (an index of NO), lactate, glucose, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Acute exercise caused significant elevations in NO production by the coronary circulation (46 +/- 23, 129 +/- 44, and 63 +/- 32 nmol/min at each speed respectively, P < .05). After NLA, there was no measurable NO production at rest or during exercise. Blockade of NO synthesis resulted in elevations in myocardial oxygen consumption and reductions in myocardial FFA consumption for comparable levels of CBF and cardiac work. The metabolic changes after NLA occurred in the absence of alterations in myocardial lactate or glucose consumptions. NO production by the coronary circulation is increased with exercise and blocked by NLA. The absence of NO in the coronary circulation during exercise does not affect levels of CBF, because it shifts the relationship between cardiac work and myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting that endogenous NO modulates myocardial metabolism.
Extreme Giftedness: A Bit Less Mysterious--An Editorial.

(1987). Extreme giftedness: A bit less mysterious‐an editorial. Roeper Review: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 72-74.
A 24 GHz modular phased array based on extended resonance technique

A 24 GHz modular phased array based on extended resonance technique is presented in this paper. Extended resonance technique eliminates the need for separate power divider and phase shifters in the conventional phased arrays. This technique is used along with heterodyne mixing concept in the design of the presented phase array. Furthermore, a modular approach is utilized in the design of the phased array to significantly reduce the design complexity associated with large phased arrays. As a proof-of-principle, the seven-element 24 GHz is implemented and the measurement result is presented.
Effect of varying inspiratory and expiratory times during high-frequency jet ventilation.

Although high-frequency jet ventilation may reduce barotrauma, the optimal ventilator settings at which complications are minimized have not been determined. To develop ventilator strategies applicable to the human infant, we studied six New Zealand rabbits before and after saline lung lavage. Changes in functional residual capacity (ΔFRC) and airway pressure gradient (peak inspiratory pressure minus positive end-expiratory pressure) were measured while inspiratory time (T 1 ) and expiratory time (T E ) were varied. Frequencies of 120, 240, and 480 cycles per minute and inspiratory to expiratory ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:9 resulted in T 1 that varied from 12 to 250 msec, and T E from 62 to 450 msec. Analysis of variance demonstrated that as T i was shortened, a significantly higher airway pressure gradient was necessary to maintain a constant tidal volume. As T E was shortened, air trapping, as determined from both inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure and ΔFRC, significantly increased. Lung lavage increased the airway pressure gradient at each T i , but decreased air trapping at each T E . At no time did entrainment contribute to the delivered tidal volume. We conclude that a relatively narrow range of T i and T E may be necessary for optimal use of high-frequency jet ventilation to reduce airway pressures and minimize the risk of air trapping.
Purification of adult rat sciatic nerve ciliary neuronotrophic factor

Abstract The ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF), a protein required for the survival of cultured avian embryonic parasympathetic cilary ganglionic neurons, was recently purified from extracts of selected chick intraocular tissues. Here we report the purification of a mammalian CNTF activity from extracts of adult rat sciatic nerve using a fractionation procedure similar to that employed for isolating chick eye CNTF. About 2 μg of CNTF protein can be obtained from each 1.5 g batch of nerve tissue. Like the chick CNTF, the mammalian factor displays trophic activity for dorsal root and sympathetic as well as ciliary ganglionic neurons. The nerve CNTF activity differs from its chick counterpart in molecular weight and chromatographic behavior on ion-exchange columns. Unlike purified nerve growth factor (NGF), nerve CNTF activity is insensitive to anti-NGF antibodies and is unable to support the survival of 8-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Perceived tilt and translation during variable-radius swing motion with congruent or conflicting visual and vestibular cues

We examined the influence of dynamic visual scenes on the motion perception of subjects undergoing sinusoidal (0.45 Hz) roll swing motion at different radii. The visual scenes were presented on a flatscreen monitor with a monocular 40° field of view. There were three categories of trials: (1) trials in the dark; (2) trials where the visual scene matched the actual motion; and (3) trials where the visual scene showed swing motion at a different radius. Subjects verbally reported perceptions of head tilt and translation. When the visual and vestibular cues differed, subjects reported perceptions that were geometrically consistent with a radius between the radii of the visual scene and the actual motion. Even when sensations did not match either the visual or vestibular stimuli, reported motion perceptions were consistent with swing motions combining elements of each. Subjects were generally unable to detect cue conflicts or judge their own visual–vestibular biases, which suggests that the visual and vestibular self-motion cues are not independently accessible.
Discrete transcripts encode multiple chitinase isoforms in Brugian microfilariae

Abstract The blood-borne microfilariae of the Brugian nematodes produce multiple isoforms of chitinase, whose expression is coincident with the onset of microfilarial infectivity for mosquitoes. A single cDNA sequence was previously obtained by screening a Brugia malayi microfilarial cDNA library, yet two chitinase isozymes are readily distinguished in this species. In this paper, we present evidence for the existence of multiple transcripts encoding Brugian microfilarial chitinases. Using primers based on the previously-sequenced cDNA clone, we amplified and sequenced two discrete products from B. malayi microfilarial RNA by RT-PCR. While the shorter fragment was nearly identical to the previously sequenced cDNA, the larger fragment contained an extra copy of a serine/threonine-rich repeat. RNAse protection assays were used to demonstrate that both sequences represent true transcripts, and not PCR artifacts. Using primers based on the B. malayi sequence, two novel sequences were generated by RT-PCR from B. pahangi microfilariae. Homologous and cross-species RNAse protection assays verified that multiple transcripts also encode chitinase isozymes in B. pahangi microfilariae.
Anxiety in Parents Seeking Pediatric Care

Interviewed parents of 103 children brought to a pediatric walk-in clinic, before and after seeing a physician. Previsit state anxiety was minimally related to parent perceptions of child's condition or the hospital. Anxiety, perception of child's discomfort, and perception of illness severity decreased while perceived understanding of child's illness increased postvisit. Parent perceptions of their child's condition and of the visit contributed little to the prediction of postvisit anxiety. Parent perceptions of their child's illness and the hospital were minimally related to their level of state anxiety when they brought their child to an acute care service. The visit with the physician decreased parent anxiety and improved parent perceptions of their child's condition, but these effects had little relationship to postvisit anxiety.
Acute exercise increases resistance to oxidative stress in young but not older adults

A single bout of acute exercise increases oxidative stress and stimulates a transient increase in antioxidant enzymes. We asked whether this response would induce protection from a subsequent oxidative challenge, different from that of exercise, and whether the effects were affected by aging. We compared young (20 ± 1 years, n = 8) and older (58 ± 6 years, n = 9) healthy men and women. Resistance to oxidative stress was measured by the F2-isoprostane response to forearm ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) trial. Each participant underwent the I/R trial twice, in random order; once after performing 45 min of cycling on the preceding day (IRX) and a control trial without any physical activity (IRC). Baseline F2-isoprostane levels were significantly lower at IRX compared to IRC (P < 0.05) and not different between groups. F2-isoprostane response to IRX was significantly lower compared to IRC in young (P < 0.05) but not different in the older group. Superoxide dismutase activity in response to acute exercise was significantly higher in young compared to older adults (P < 0.05). These data suggest that signal transduction of acute exercise may be impaired with aging. Repeated bouts of transient reactive oxygen species production as seen with regular exercise may be needed to increase resistance to oxidative stress in older individuals.
Measuring Wall Interference Correction Accuracy: An Overview of the NTF Program (Invited)

An off-line version of the Transonic Wall Interference Correction System (TWICS) has been implemented for the NASA Langley National Transonic Facility (NTF). The correction capability includes both solid and horizontally slotted test section configurations. A study is underway to assess and characterize the accuracy of the TWICS code as implemented in the NTF. The purpose of this paper is to present the test program and display preliminary results.