cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient emulators for scattering using eigenvector continuation

Abstract Eigenvector continuation (EC) has been shown to accurately and efficiently reproduce ground states for targeted sets of Hamiltonian parameters. It uses as variational basis vectors the corresponding ground-state eigensolutions from selected other sets of parameters. Here we extend the EC approach to scattering using the Kohn variational principle. We first test it using a model for S-wave nucleon-nucleon scattering and then demonstrate that it also works to give accurate predictions for non-local potentials, charged-particle scattering, complex optical potentials, and higher partial waves. These proofs-of-principle validate EC as an accurate emulator for applying Bayesian inference to parameter estimation constrained by scattering observables. The efficiency of such emulators is because the accuracy is achieved with a small number of variational basis elements and the central computations are just linear algebra calculations in the space spanned by this basis.
Negative feedback by conserved kinases patterns degradation of C. elegans Raf in vulval fate patterning.

Activation of a canonical EGFR-Ras-Raf-ERK cascade initiates patterning of multipotent Vulval Precursor Cells (VPCs) of C. elegans. We previously showed that this pathway includes a negative-feedback component in which MPK-1/ERK activity targets the upstream kinase LIN-45/Raf for degradation by the SEL-10/FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase. This regulation requires a Cdc4 phosphodegron (CPD) in LIN-45 that is conserved in BRAF. Here, we identify and characterize the minimal degron that encompasses the CPD and is sufficient for SEL-10-mediated, MPK-1-dependent protein degradation. A targeted screen of conserved protein kinase-encoding genes yielded gsk-3/GSK3 and cdk-2/CDK2 as required for LIN-45 degron-mediated turnover. Genetic analysis revealed that LIN-45 degradation is blocked at the L2 stage due to cell cycle quiescence, and that relief of the block during the L3 stage relies on activation of CDKs. Additionally, activation of MPK-1 provides spatial pattern to LIN-45 degradation but does not bypass the requirement for gsk-3 and cdk-2 activity. This analysis supports a model whereby mpk-1/ERK, gsk-3/GSK3, and cdk-2/CDK2, along with sel-10/FBXW7, constitute a regulatory network that exerts spatial and temporal control of LIN-45/Raf degradation during VPC patterning.
Assessing the Effect of Hofmeister Anions on the Hydrogen-Bonding Strength of Water via Nitrile Stretching Frequency Shift.

The temperature dependence of the peak frequency (νmax) of the C≡N stretching vibrational spectrum of a hydrogen-bonded C≡N species is known to be a qualitative measure of its hydrogen-bonding strength. Herein, we show that within a two-state framework, this dependence can be analyzed in a more quantitative manner to yield the enthalpy and entropy changes (ΔHHB and ΔSHB) for the corresponding hydrogen-bonding interactions. Using this method, we examine the effect of ten common anions on the strength of the hydrogen-bond(s) formed between water and the C≡N group of an unnatural amino acid, p-cyanophenylalanine (PheCN). We find that based on the ΔHHB values, these anions can be arranged in the following order: HPO42- > OAc- > F- > SO42- ≈ Cl- ≈ (H2O) ≈ ClO4- ≈ NO3- > Br- > SCN- ≈ I-, which differs from the corresponding Hofmeister series. Because PheCN has a relatively small size, the finding that anions having very different charge densities (e.g., SO42- and ClO4-) act similarly suggests that this ranking order is likely the result of specific ion effects. Since proteins contain different backbone and side-chain units, our results highlight the need to assess their individual contributions toward the overall Hofmeister effect in order to achieve a microscopic understanding of how ions affect the physical and chemical properties of such macromolecules. In addition, the analytical method described in the present study is applicable for analyzing the spectral evolution of any vibrational spectra composed of two highly overlapping bands.
Investigating a Virtual Reality-based Emergency Response Scenario and Intelligent User Interface for First Responders:

Because advances in broadband capabilities will soon allow first responders to access and use many forms of data when responding to emergencies, it is becoming critically important to design heads-...
Uncertainty Quantification of the 1-D SFR Thermal Stratification Model via the Latin Hypercube Sampling Monte Carlo Method

A one-dimensional (1-D) thermal stratification (TS) model was recently developed in our research group to predict the TS phenomenon in pool-type sodium-cooled fast reactors. This paper performs unc...
Radiation-induced oral mucositis hamster model using a linear accelerator enhances clinical relevance of preclinical studies for treatment strategy investigation

Translational animal models for oral mucositis (OM) are necessary to simulate and assess the bioclinical effects and response in humans. These models should simulate high levels of radiation exposure that leads to oxidative stress and inflammatory-initiated tissue changes. Hamster models have been extensively studied to observe pathological effects of radiation exposure and help in the development of effective treatments. To successfully evaluate the potential for treatment regimens with consistency and relevance, a radiation-induced OM hamster model was developed using a clinical linear accelerator utilized by cancer patients daily. The dose exposure to the isolated, everted cheek pouch of a hamster, as well as the progression of injury, pro-inflammatory marker, histological, and elasticity analyses of the buccal pouch were conducted to verify replicability and reproducibility of the injury model. The findings from this model demonstrated its ability to consistently induce injury and resolution over 28 days using an acute dose of 60 Gy. This model was developed to enhance clinical relevance when evaluating potential efficacious treatments and can now be utilized in efficacy studies to better evaluate developed therapeutics in a preclinical model that is easy to translate to clinical studies..
The Ch'orti' Project Collaboration

Dr. Robin Quizar and Dr. Rich Sandoval are both alumni of CU Boulder Linguistics, and they are both affiliated with Metropolitan State University of Denver, Robin as Emeritus Professor of Linguistics and Rich as Assistant Professor of Anthropology. Together they run a language documentation effort called the Ch’orti’ Project, of which Robin is the director. Robin worked extensively with the Ch’orti’ (Mayan) language and community in Guatemala throughout the 1970s and 80s, helping to produce a number of language reference and revitalization materials. After retiring from MSU Denver, Robin renewed this research, reconnected with the Ch’orti’ community, and founded the Ch’orti’ Project in 2013 as a collaborative effort with MSU Denver’s Ethnography Lab. Rich joined the project in 2017. Given his background in linguistic anthropology, language documentation, and other relevant linguistics subfields, Rich was a good fit to help Robin run the project. The project’s accomplishments over the years are in large part due to the work of student assistants from the Ethnography Lab. One of the main goals of the project is to give these anthropology and linguistics undergraduate students real-world experience as well as the opportunity to develop a variety of practical and technological skills. The project has also involved other collaborators, including other scholar/researchers. Because a primary focus of the Ch’orti’ Project is to support the Ch’orti’ community’s own language revitalization efforts, including the reclamation of the Classic Mayan writing system, the project has undertaken a number of trips to the Ch’orti’ communities of Guatemala and Honduras in order to learn about these efforts, conduct research, and otherwise develop community relationships. The essay elaborates on Robin, Rich, and other collaborators’ work with respect to these project activities and goals. It also provides background on Ch’orti’ language revitalization efforts, general Ch’orti’ language scholarship, and Robin’s contributions to both.
A neural hub that coordinates learned and innate courtship behaviors

Abstract Holistic behaviors often require the coordination of innate and learned movements. The neural circuits that enable such coordination remain unknown. Here we identify a midbrain cell group (A11) that enables male zebra finches to coordinate their learned songs with various innate behaviors, including female-directed calling, orientation and pursuit. Anatomical mapping reveals that A11 is at the center of a complex network including the song premotor nucleus HVC as well as brainstem regions crucial to innate calling and locomotion. Notably, lesioning A11 terminals in HVC blocked female-directed singing, but did not interfere with female-directed calling, orientation or pursuit. In contrast, lesioning A11 cell bodies abolished all female-directed courtship behaviors. However, males with either type of lesion still produced songs when in social isolation. Lastly, monitoring A11 terminals in HVC showed that during courtship A11 inputs to the song premotor cortex signal the transition from innate to learned vocalizations. These results show how a brain region important to reproduction in both birds and mammals coordinates learned vocalizations with innate, ancestral courtship behaviors.
The Post-Pandemic Order: A Blueprint for Balancing Health and IP Interests in the Age of Viral Variants (preprint)

On May 31, 2021, the World Health Assembly (“WHA”) agreed to convene a full-body meeting in early December 2021 to develop a pandemic response treaty for future pandemics. Although discussions about the possibility of a treaty are underway, more drastic organizational reform is needed. The Agreement that the World Health organization (“WHO”), World Trade Organization (“WTO”), and World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) announced in May is an excellent start, however the cooperation must extend further and more pervasively in existing frameworks and resolutions. This Article proposes an enhanced cooperation agreement that creates a Trilateral Council with the global capacity and ability to (1) investigate developing pandemics; (2) implement TRIPS compulsory licensing provisions and grant voluntary licenses to facilitate vaccine development; (3) facilitate the rapid creation of raw material pipelines to vaccine and treatment developers; and (4) fund remuneration for voluntary licenses that would incentivize pharmaceutical companies and other IP developers to collaborate and provide a rapid resolution to emerging crises.
Upstream U3 sequences in simian immunodeficiency virus are selectively deleted in vivo in the absence of an intact nef gene.

Abstract Major transcriptional control elements are located within the U3 region of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of lentivirus and other retroviral genomes. The nef auxiliary gene of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus overlaps about 70% of the 450- to 560-bp-long U3 region present in these primate lentiviruses. We analyzed viral DNA sequences present in rhesus monkeys infected with a mutant of SIVmac containing a 182-bp deletion in the region of nef that does not overlap the LTR. Between 50 and 100% of the viral DNA molecules in eight of nine monkeys infected for 16 or more months contained additional deletions of 111 to 302 bp within the 517-bp U3 region. These deletions were contained within a 334-bp region of U3 that is overlapped by the nef reading frame, and they did not affect the polypurine tract, the NF-kappa B binding site, or other sequence elements in this same region that are important for transcription and replication. Such deletions were not detected in any of 41 PCR amplifications from 8 rhesus monkeys infected with wild-type SIV for 8 to 26 months, nor were they detected in 10 animals infected with vpr, vpx or vpr-vpx deletion mutants. These results indicate that, in the absence of an intact nef gene, these upstream U3 sequences are not advantageous for the virus.
Asian American Women in Therapy: Feminist Reflections on Growth and Transformations

SUMMARY The introduction to this special collection provides the framework that underlies all of the articles presented. The complexity and multidimensionality of identity is discussed as well as its relevance to this volume. The group identity of being a woman of Asian ancestry in the U.S. is the common experience that ties all of the articles together. A summary of each of the articles is provided.
Conservation Implications of Host Use for Rare Parasitic Plants

Both the study and management of parasites have historically focused on the control, and even elimination, of parasite populations. In contrast, rare parasitic plants represent an uncommon challenge for conservation biologists and managers who often wish to bolster populations of these parasites. Although parasitic plants may suffer any of the maladies known to affect small populations of plants, parasitic plants may also be limited by the additional suite of factors of host availability, host quality, host resistance to parasitism, and parasite preference. We describe studies that have examined parasite growth and reproductive performance with a variety of host species to argue that consideration of the host needs of parasitic plants is necessary for successful conservation of rare species using this mode of resource acquisition. Although it is clear that parasite performance varies greatly with the availability of different host species, little is known about the host requirements of most parasitic plants, and the relative importance of particular host species may not immediately be obvious. Further, because published host lists generally do not distinguish minor hosts from those that sustain parasite populations, such lists may be misleading for conservation efforts. We argue that successful conservation and restoration of parasitic plants may necessitate the management of thoughtfully selected host populations. Historicamente, tanto el estudio y el manejo de parasitos se han enfocado en el control y la eliminacion de poblaciones parasitas. En contraste, las plantas parasiticas representan un reto poco comun para biologos de la conservacion y manejadores que a menudo desean incrementar poblaciones de estos parasitos. Aunque pueden sufrir las consecuencias de cualquiera de los males que afectan a poblaciones pequenas de plantas, las plantas parasiticas pueden estar tambien limitadas por factores como disponibilidad y calidad del hospedero, resistencia del hospedero al parasitismo y preferencia del parasito. Describimos estudios que han examinado el crecimiento del parasito y su desempeno reproductivo con una variedad de especies hospederas para argumentar que es necesario considerar los requerimientos de las plantas parasiticas para la conservacion exitosa de especies raras que utilizan esta forma de obtencion de recursos. Aunque es claro que el desempeno de parasitos varia con la disponibilidad de especies hospederas, se conoce poco acerca de los requerimientos de hospedero de la mayoria de plantas parasiticas, y la importancia relativa de especies hospederas particulares puede no ser inmediatamente obvia. Mas aun, debido a que las listas de hospederos publicadas generalmente no distinguen entre huespedes menores y aquellos que sustentan a las poblaciones parasitas, las listas pueden ser enganosas para los esfuerzos de conservacion. Argumentamos que la conservacion y restauracion exitosa de plantas parasiticas puede requerir del manejo de poblaciones de hospederos cuidadosamente seleccionados.
Metagenomic analysis of a high carbon dioxide subsurface microbial community populated by chemolithoautotrophs and bacteria and archaea from candidate phyla.

Research on geologic carbon sequestration raises questions about potential impacts of subsurface microbiota on carbon cycling and biogeochemistry. Subsurface, high-CO2 systems are poorly biologically characterized, partly because of difficulty accessing high-volume, uncontaminated samples. CO2 -driven Crystal Geyser (CG, Utah, USA), an established geologic carbon sequestration analogue, provides high volumes of deep (∼ 200-500 m) subsurface fluids. We explored microbial diversity and metabolic potential in this high-CO2 environment by assembly and analysis of metagenomes recovered from geyser water filtrate. The system is dominated by neutrophilic, iron-oxidizing bacteria, including 'marine' Mariprofundus (Zetaproteobacteria) and 'freshwater' Gallionellales, sulfur-oxidizing Thiomicrospira crunogena and Thiobacillus-like Hydrogenophilales. Near-complete genomes were reconstructed for these bacteria. CG is notably populated by a wide diversity of bacteria and archaea from phyla lacking isolated representatives (candidate phyla) and from as-yet undefined lineages. Many bacteria affiliate with OD1, OP3, OP9, PER, ACD58, WWE3, BD1-5, OP11, TM7 and ZB2. The recovery of nearly 100 genes encoding ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase subunit proteins of the Calvin cycle and AMP salvage pathways suggests a strong biological role in high-CO2 subsurface carbon cycling. Overall, we predict microbial impacts on subsurface biogeochemistry via iron, sulfur, and complex carbon oxidation, carbon and nitrogen fixation, fermentation, hydrogen metabolism, and aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Some Properties of a Polarized OCP

This paper reports on Monte Carlo calculations of properties of polarizable one-component plasmas (OCP). The purpose of this research is to supplement the classical OCP investigations by determining the thermodynamic properties of dense plasmas that are only partially degenerate. This work extends similar calculations by DeWitt and Hubbard (1976) and Totsuji and Takami (1984). An additional purpose is to determine radial distribution functions for partially degenerate plasmas; these can be used for testing theoretical methods of calculating plasma properties (cf. Rogers et. al., 1983).
The Nanoaquarium: A New Paradigm in Electron Microscopy

Since its invention, the electron microscope has facilitated numerous advances in a plethora of disciplines ranging from materials science, physics, and chemistry, to biology. Traditional electron microscopy must be carried out, however, in a high vacuum environment that does not allow for real time imaging of processes in liquid media. Consequently, traditional electron microscopy has been restricted to painstaking “postmortem” investigations on dry or frozen samples without any guarantee that an image is captured at the “right” moment. Static images also do not provide information on process dynamics, and the sample preparation may adversely impact the structure of the object to be imaged. The ability to image dynamic processes in liquid media is certain to be transformative, lead to new discoveries, and provide a better understanding ofmany important processes at the nanoscale. To overcome the limitations of traditional electron microscopy, there has been a growing interest in recent years in developing means for wet electron microscopy that will allow one to image samples in real time in their native environment and observe processes in situ as they take place. We briefly survey recent efforts pertaining to wet electron microscopy and then describe in greater detail the work of our group with a custom-made, micro-fabricated liquid cell dubbed the “nanoaquarium”. The nanoaquarium sandwiches a thin liquid layer, ranging in thickness from tens of nanometers to a few microns, between two thin, electron-transparent, silicon nitride membranes. The liquid cell is hermetically sealed from the vacuum environment of the electron microscope. The thin liquid layer scatters only a small fraction of the electrons and allows one to image objects suspended in the liquid with high resolution. We describe briefly the imaging of oriented assembly of colloidal crystals, diffusion limited aggregation of nanoparticles, and electrochemical processes.
Grammar of the Shot

Chapter 1 THE SHOT AND HOW TO FRAME IT Chapter 2 THE ART OF COMPOSITION Chapter 3 COMPOSITION - BEYOND THE BASICS Chapter 4 PUTTING YOUR SHOTS TOGETHER: PRE-THINKING THE EDITING PROCESS Chapter 5 DYNAMIC SHOTS - TALENT AND CAMERA IN MOTION Chapter 6 WORKING PRACTICES AND GENERAL GUIDELINES Chapter 7 IN CONCLUSION
Influence of Lifestyle Choices on Calcium Homeostasis

Much of the research in the area of smoking, alcohol intake, and estrogen/progesterone hormone therapies (HTs) concentrates on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic risk ather than on calcium homeostasis per se. Heavy smoking and excessive alcohol intake are key risk factors for bone loss and osteoporotic fractures. However, the effect of light smoking on bone is not as clear, whereas very moderate alcohol intake has been shown to either increase BMD or not have adverse effects on bone. Nonetheless, smoking and alcohol intake affect bone turnover and calcium homeostasis, although this primarily has been observed with heavier use. Duration of smoking and alcohol use appear to be important factors in determining their negative effects on bone. Provided smoking and alcohol ingestion have not caused permanent end-organ damage (i.e., lung disease, cancer, cirrhosis, osteoporosis), deleterious effects on calcium homeostasis are apparently reversible. Coexistent lifestyle factors, such as heavy coffee drinking and physical inactivity, may also contribute synergistically to osteopenia in smokers and drinkers. Although estrogen deficiency plays a key role in osteoporosis and other menopauserelated chronic diseases, HT is often accompanied by side effects and increases the risks of breast and uterine cancer. Because of adverse effects as revealed by results from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI; increased risk of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism) and the fear of cancer, noncompliance is a major obstacle with HTs. The current thinking is that HT should not be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis, but may be indicated short-term to alleviate vasomotor symptoms.
Would You Like a Side of Statin with That

Can you guess what the numbers 256, 166, and 80 all have in common? For many, they are merely three random, even numbers. For a middle-aged woman from Oakwood, Georgia, however, they have much more...
Concentration profiles in a turbulent suspension when gravity is not affecting deposition

Abstract An idealized representation of the dispersed flow in a fully-developed annular pattern is considered for the case of zero gravitational effects. The walls of a two-dimensional channel are represented as presenting arrays of infinitesimal particle sources. The behavior of a single source is described by modeling the fluid turbulence seen by the particles with a modified Langevin equation. By carrying out the calculations over a wide range of dimensionless time constants the deposition process could be followed, as the controlling mechanism changed from Brownian diffusion, to turbulent diffusion, to free-flight, to unidirectional non-turbulent trajectories. The calculation of local mean particle accelerations allowed a direct evaluation of the turbophoretic velocity. A consideration of the concentration profiles indicates that a Boussinesq representation of turbulent mixing is not valid in an Eulerian analysis.
Cultural/Favorite Recipe Day: Strengthening Approaches to Increase Culturally Diverse Foods Served in Head Start Meals.

This article summarizes the findings and implications of a study that evaluated food service modifications designed to increase culturally diverse meals served in Head Start programs while adhering to nutrition performance standards in Boston, Massachusetts.
Ectodomain shedding of TβRIII is required for TβRIII-mediated suppression of TGF-β signaling and breast cancer migration and invasion.

The type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII) undergoes ectodomain shedding, with surface TβRIII enhancing and soluble TβRIII inhibiting TGF-β signaling. TβRIII mutants with impaired or enhanced shedding ar...
Application-dependent testing of FPGAs for bridging faults

A new technique is presented for testing for bridging faults in the interconnects of an arbitrary design implemented in an FPGA. The configuration of the routing resources used in the original design remains unchanged in the test configurations. Only the logic blocks used in the design are reprogrammed in order to implement single-term functions, logic functions with only one minterm or one maxterm. As shown by formal proofs, all activated faults are detected when single-term functions and appropriate test vectors are used. As presented in the paper, only two test configurations are necessary to detect all bridging faults, achieving 100% fault coverage. An algorithm is presented for test configuration and test vector generation for the entire FPGA. Also, test vector and configuration generation problem is systematically converted to a satisfiability problem, and state of the art SAT-solvers are exploited for automatic test vector and configuration generation.
Terminal Schwann cells guide the reinnervation of muscle after nerve injury.

Schwann cells and axons labeled by transgene-encoded, fluorescent proteins can be repeatedly imaged in living mice to observe the reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions. Axons typically return to denervated junctions by growing along Schwann cells contained in the old nerve sheaths or “Schwann cell tubes”. These axons then commonly “escape” the synaptic sites by growing along the Schwann cell processes extended during the period of denervation. These “escaped fibers” grow to innervate adjacent synaptic sites along Schwann cells bridging these sites. Within the synaptic site, Schwann cells, originally positioned above the synaptic site continue to cover the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) immediately following denervation, but gradually vacate portions of this site. When regenerating axons return, they first deploy along the Schwann cells and ignore sites of AChRs vacated by Schwann cells. In many cases these vacated sites are never reinnervated and are ultimately lost. Following partial denervation, Schwann cells grow in an apparently tropic fashion from denervated to nearby innervated synaptic sites and serve as the substrates for nerve sprouting. These experiments show that Schwann cells provide pathways that stimulate axon growth and insure the rapid reinnervation of denervated or partially denervated muscles.
Cell death delineates axon pathways in the hindlimb and does so independently of neurite outgrowth

We wished to know whether the cell death and phagocytosis seen near the outgrowing nerve front in the hindlimb delineate axon pathways and, if so, whether the cells died only in the presence of growth cones. We unilaterally deleted the lumbosacral neural tube and reconstructed the patterns of neurite outgrowth and phagocytes during the stage when neurites first begin to colonize the thigh. In the control limbs, sensory and motor nerve pathways coincided with sites of phagocytosis, including those pathways that had yet to be colonized by growth cones. For instance, phagocytes were clustered at foci within the muscle masses where muscle nerves form a day later. However, they were not seen in adjacent, nonpathway regions such as posterior sclerotome or dorsal and ventral to the region of the plexus in which axons extend only posteriorly. Phagocytes were also seen in defined regions that are probably inaccessible to growth cones because they are too distant from pathways (i.e., subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge) or express substances that are typical of precartilagenous tissues which may prohibit axon advance. In the experimental limbs, we conservatively estimated that neurite outgrowth was reduced to less than one-tenth (neurites were visible only with electron microscopy) or less than one-third of normal. Outgrowth extended less far distally and, in half the cases, motor innervation was completely abolished. Despite the extensive reduction in neurite outgrowth, the distribution of phagocytes was indistinguishable from that of the control side. Furthermore, the number of phagocytes did not differ significantly. We conclude that cell death delineates axon pathways remarkably well and does so without an interaction with growth cones; it is an independent characteristic of the axonal pathways and may be directly or indirectly important to axonal pathfinding. This is the first identification of a feature that characterizes prospective nerve pathways in the hindlimb.
Ghost imaging: from quantum to classical to computational

Ghost-imaging experiments correlate the outputs from two photodetectors: a high-spatial-resolution (scanning pinhole or CCD array) detector that measures a field that has not interacted with the object to be imaged, and a bucket (single-pixel) detector that collects a field that has interacted with the object. We give a comprehensive review of ghost imaging—within a unified Gaussian-state framework—presenting detailed analyses of its resolution, field of view, image contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio behavior. We consider three classes of illumination: thermal-state (classical), biphoton-state (quantum), and classical-state phase-sensitive light. The first two have been employed in a variety of ghost-imaging demonstrations. The third is the classical Gaussian state that produces ghost images that most closely mimic those obtained from biphoton illumination. The insights we develop lead naturally to a new, single-beam approach to ghost imaging, called computational ghost imaging, in which only the bucket detector is required. We provide quantitative results while simultaneously emphasizing the underlying physics of ghost imaging. The key to developing the latter understanding lies in the coherence behavior of a pair of Gaussian-state light beams with either phase-insensitive or phase-sensitive cross correlation.
Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe

Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe explains how ordinary people become involved in resistance and rebellion against powerful regimes. The book shows how a sequence of casual forces - social norms, focal points, rational calculation - operate to drive individuals into roles of passive resistance and, at a second stage, into participation in community-based rebellion organization. By linking the operation of these mechanisms to observable social structures, the work generates predictions about which types of community and society are most likely to form and sustain resistance and rebellion. The empirical material centres around Lithuanian anti-Soviet resistance in both the 1940s and the 1987–91 period. Using the Lithuanian experience as a baseline, comparisons with several other Eastern European countries demonstrate the breadth and depth of the theory. The book contributes to both the general literature on political violence and protest, as well as the theoretical literature on collective action.
Analysis of the Relationship between H2S Removal Capacity and Surface Properties of Unimpregnated Activated Carbons

The H2S breakthrough capacity was measured on two series of activated carbons of a coconut shell and a bituminous coal origins. To broaden the spectrum of surface features the samples were oxidized using nitric acid or ammonium persulfate under conditions chosen to preserve their pore structures. Then the carbons were characterized using Boehm titration, potentiometric titration, thermal analysis, temperature programmed desorption, sorption of nitrogen, and sorption of water. It was found that the choice of unimpregnated carbon for application as H2S adsorbent should be made based on parameters of its acidity such as number of acidic groups, pH of surface, amount of surface groups oxygen, or weight loss associated to decomposition of surface oxygen species. The results obtained from the analyses of six unimpregnated carbon samples suggest that there are certain threshold values of these quantities which, when exceeded, have a dramatic effect on the H2S breakthrough capacity.
The self-perceptions and attributions of attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and nonreferred boys

Compared the self perceptions and attributions of attention deficit hyperactivity disordered (ADHD) and control boys. The ADHD boys viewed themselves as no worse than control boys on self-perceived competence and global selfworth, especially when internalizing symptomatology was taken into account statistically through covariance analyses. In terms of attributions, the ADHD boys were more likely to take responsibility for social successes and less likely to take responsibility for social failures than the control boys. Although the ADHD boys scored significantly higher on the Children's Depression Inventory, this difference was no longer significant when items dealing with behavior, school, and social problems were excluded. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding how the attributions and selfperceptions of ADHD boys may mediate their performance in challenging academic and social situations.
Visualization of water movement in the living rabbit eye

Water enriched with the stable isotope 17O (H2(17)O) shortens the transverse relaxation time (T2) of protons in water and can therefore be used as the contrast agent for proton magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This agent can be given topically or intravenously to demonstrate water movement in the eye. Topical H2(17)O (0.05-0.1 ml/eye, 10% enrichment) entered the anterior chamber within 5 min and dissipated from the chamber in a single-exponential fashion (flow-rate constant k = 0.1 min-1), principally due to an exchange with the iridic circulation. No H2(17)O was detected in the vitreous. Intravenous administration of H2(17)O (1 ml/kg, 10% enrichment) resulted in rapid entry (less than 20 min) of the agent into the aqueous chamber. Again, no H2(17)O was detected in the vitreous. The lens region, on the other hand, showed an increase in image intensity with time that reached a plateau after 40 min. Although these findings are preliminary, acetazolamide (20 mg/kg injected intravenously) appeared to affect iridic circulation, possibly through vasoconstriction. Potential application of this H2(17)O-enhanced MR imaging technique is discussed.
Effects of antihistaminic agents upon the electrographic activity of the cat brain: A power spectral density study

Abstract The actions of three representative antihistaminics, tripelennamine (TPM), dipenhydramine (DPA), and ehlorpheniramine (CPA) on the electrical activity of the cat brain have been examined with the aid of power spectral density analysis. During the slow intravenous infusion of these drugs, DPA alone induced an increase in cortical synchrony but later induced cortical desynchrony like that seen throughout the infusions of TPM and CPA. Hippocampal theta (3.5–5 Hz) activity was induced by all 3 drugs, but computer analysis delineated subtle differences in the patterns of onset and dominance with the drugs, suggesting a greater complexity of hippocampal rhythms than previously reported. Bimodal activity in the range of 1–2 and 3–4.5 Hz was seen with all 3 drugs in reticular formation, thalamus and cortex, and in hippocampus as well with DPA and CPA. Total normalized cortical power approximated 100% throughout the infusion of TPM, while CPA and DPA cortical power values fluctuated and reached final values of approximately 200% just prior to paroxysm. All three drugs induced epileptiform paroxysms followed by hypersynchronous activity.
Cold-acclimation increases the ventricle size of carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract 1. 1. The relative ventricle size (wet or dry weight) of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was inversely proportional to acclimation temperature. 2. 2. At the higher acclimation temperatures of 24 and 30°C, where wide ranges of growth rates were possible, relative ventricle size was positively correlated with growth rate. 3. 3. Comparing fish with the same growth rate (0.50%/day), 12°-acclimated fish were found to have relative ventricle sizes more than 50% larger than fish acclimated to 30°C.
ELIMINATION OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ALTERS VASCULAR FUNCTION

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. We evaluated the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in vascular endothelial function, a marker of cardiovascular health, at baseline and in the presence of angiotensin II, using an endothelial-specific knockout of the murine VDR gene. In the absence of endothelial VDR, acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation was significantly impaired (maximal relaxation, endothelial-specific VDR knockout=58% versus control=73%; P<0.05). This was accompanied by a reduction in endothelial NO synthase expression and phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein levels in aortae from the endothelial-specific VDR knockout versus control mice. Although blood pressure levels at baseline were comparable at 12 and 24 weeks of age, the endothelial VDR knockout mice demonstrated increased sensitivity to the hypertensive effects of angiotensin II compared with control mice (after 1-week infusion: knockout=155±15 mm Hg versus control=133±7 mm Hg; P<0.01; after 2-week infusion: knockout=164±9 mm Hg versus control=152±13 mm Hg; P<0.05). By the end of 2 weeks, angiotensin II infusion-induced, hypertrophy-sensitive myocardial gene expression was higher in endothelial-specific VDR knockout mice (fold change compared with saline-infused control mice, type-A natriuretic peptide: knockout mice=3.12 versus control=1.7; P<0.05; type-B natriuretic peptide: knockout mice=4.72 versus control=2.68; P<0.05). These results suggest that endothelial VDR plays an important role in endothelial cell function and blood pressure control and imply a potential role for VDR agonists in the management of cardiovascular disease associated with endothelial dysfunction.
The effect of temperature on routine metabolism in Tilapia rendalli boulenger

Using a continuous flow respirometer it was shown that young Tilapia rendalli had three distinct phases of oxygen consumption over the temperature range of 17–40° C. In the first phase (17–28° C) the metabolic energy demand followed the normal logarithmic increase with increasing temperature. Between 28 and 37° C the increased oxygen uptake was suppressed and showed a relatively small increase with increasing temperature. This feature was believed to be a significant energy saving function important to the growth of these fish which feed in the warm eulitoral margins of lakes during the day. The final phase shows a return to the original logarithmic increase in oxygen consumption. These results were related to, and compared with, actual changes in biomass at various temperatures and the theoretical and actual biomass changes were found to compare favourably.
Cost Analysis of PET and Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification for the Reversal of Atherosclerosis

We present a preliminary cost analysis of a combination intervention using PET and comprehensive lifestyle modification to reverse atherosclerosis. With a sensitivity of 92%–95% and specificity of 85%–95%, PET is an essential tool for high-precision diagnosis of coronary artery disease, accurately guiding optimal treatment for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. PET imaging provides a powerful visual and educational aid for helping patients identify and adopt appropriate treatments. However, little is known about the operational cost of using the technology for this purpose. Methods: The analysis was done in the context of the Century Health Study for Cardiovascular Medicine (Century Trial), a 1,300-patient, randomized study combining PET imaging with lifestyle changes. Our methodology included a microcosting and time study focusing on estimating average direct and indirect costs. Results: The total cost of the Century Trial in present-value terms is $9.2 million, which is equal to $7,058 per patient. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the present value of total costs is likely to range between $8.8 and $9.7 million, which is equivalent to $6,655–$7,606 per patient. Conclusion: The clinical relevance of the Century Trial is significant since it is, to our knowledge, the first randomized controlled trial to combine high-precision imaging with lifestyle strategies. The Century Trial is in its second year of a 5-y protocol, and we present preliminary findings. The results of this cost study, however, provide policy makers with an early estimate of the costs of implementing, at large scale, a combined intervention such as the Century Trial. Further, we believe that imaging-guided lifestyle management may have considerable potential for improving outcomes and reducing health-care costs by eliminating unnecessary invasive procedures.
NUVA: architectural support for runtime verification of parametric specifications over multicores

Runtime Verification (RV) has recently emerged as a complementary technology to extend coverage of conventional software verification methods. To address the substantial performance and power overhead of pure software RV frameworks, this paper introduces NUVA, which stands for nonuniform verification architecture, a distributed automata-based RV architecture for parametric specifications in the form of parameterized finite-state automata, with a case study over a cache-coherent nonuniform-memory-access (ccNUMA) multiprocessor. The core of NUVA is a coherent distributed automata transactional memory (ATM) that efficiently maintains states of a dynamic population of automata checkers organized into a rooted dynamic directed acyclic graph (DAG) concurrently shared among all processor nodes. A cycle-accurate model of a ccNUMA multiprocessor confirms that performance slowdown is 1~3% and NoC message traffic increases by 10~15% at parametric event density1 of 0.025 EPI for two compute-intensive scientific benchmarks having irregular concurrent data structures. The detailed architecture and implementation metrics in TSMC 40nm CMOS technology are presented. NUVA can be dimensioned to incur average total power overhead of less than 140mW and area overhead of 4mm2 for a quad-core multiprocessor chip, at operating frequency of 250MHz. It is also estimated to incur 1.9~2.6% area overhead and 0.5~1% power overhead when integrated with Intel's family of high-end desktop and mobile quad-core processors operating at 1.6~3.2GHz. Our silicon implementation achieves average performance2 of 1.5 MEPS/mW. For a processor core with 5 MIPS/mW, this corresponds to a 3.2% drop in energy efficiency at parametric event density of 0.01 EPI.
A quantitative approach to the cell shuttling model

Abstract A quantitative treatment of the cell shuttling model for strain accomodation in cellular microstructures during low cycle fatigue is developed. Based on the fraction of dislocation interactions with repulsive character, the functional form for the distribution of mesh lengths available for reversed deformation is determined explicitly and is used to evaluate the contribution of the cell shuttling model to the hysteretic stress-strain behavior. It is shown analytically that the cell shuttling model leads to a linear relationship between cell size and critical mesh length when the dislocation configuration and hence the stress-strain behavior is required to be reproduced on each consecutive cycle.
Renal concentration tests: Osmotic pressure, specific gravity, refraction and electrical conductivity compared☆

Abstract Concentration tests were performed in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency and in normal control subjects, comparing measurements of urinary specific gravity, osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity, refraction and related concentrative properties. No one concentrative property was found to be of unique diagnostic value. Concentration tests by any measure are highly variable physiologically and the results are poorly reproducible. Such tests can be usefully quantified for several concentrative properties by means of boundary values, above which renal function is assumed to be normal and below which it is assumed to be impaired, with a zone of doubt between. Suggested values for this purpose are tabulated. Selection of one or another concentrative property for diagnosis should be determined largely upon methodologic considerations. Osmotic pressure and refraction are methods of choice in respect to accuracy; the latter, in addition, combines rapidity and simplicity of measurement. A theoretic discussion of effects of osmotic diuresis on concentration tests is presented, together with corrections for the effects of glycosuria and proteinuria on measurements of urinary refraction and specific gravity. It is recommended that specific gravity measurements of urine for clinical purposes be abandoned as a laboratory procedure in favor of the more accurate determinations of refraction or osmotic pressure.
Color development time of the Lowry protein assay

Abstract Color development of the Lowry protein assay was tracked over time for bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations ranging from 40 to 600 μg/ml. The time interval between 2 and 4 h produced the most stable readings. This time frame also improved linearity of the standard curve.
Intersections of mortality-rate and survival functions: Model-independent considerations

In work reported previously (Hirsch, 1995), it was shown that families of straight lines intersect at a single point if and only if the slopes of the lines are linearly related to their intercepts. This slope-intercept relation was applied to several mathematical mortality models including the Gompertz-Makeham and the Weibull. In all cases, survival functions intersected at greater ages than the corresponding mortality-rate functions. It was further demonstrated that a common point of intersection can exist for members of a family of survival functions or for members of the corresponding family of mortality-rate functions but not for both. Here the same results are obtained with respect to intersections of general model-independent survival and mortality-rate functions. The generality of the results strengthens the conclusion reached earlier that these intersections imply only the existence of a valid slope-intercept relation and have little other significance with regard to the biology of aging.
Comments on Jill Sinclair Bell's “The Relationship Between L1 and L2 Literacy: Some Complicating Factors”: A Reader Reacts…

Jill Sinclair Bell's fascinating description and analysis of her own experience studying Chinese literacy skills (Vol. 29, No. 4, Winter 1995) raises important issues for teaching literacy at all levels, from learning a new script to the acquisition of critical literacy skills. Her emphasis on the complicated nature of transfer and on the influence of unconscious assumptions about the meaning of literacy, how literacy should be learned, and which "qualities of self' (p. 687) are displayed in literacy is very welcome in a field where often students and teachers hope for the simple answer. In particular, these issues are of crucial importance in English for academic purposes writing classrooms where teachers need to address issues of contrastive rhetoric, help students access academic discourse communities, and provide students with meaningful feedback. My purpose here is to examine the implications of Bell's article for this setting and to draw on other literature to find some pedagogical directions to address these issues.
Irreducible divisor graphs in commutative rings with zero divisors

In their article “Irreducible Divisor Graphs”, Coykendall and Maney (2007) introduced the idea of irreducible divisor graphs of elements of a domain. We generalize this concept to commutative rings with zero divisors. In particular, the interplay of unique factoring and connected/complete graphs is explored. The diameter and girth of such graphs are also briefly discussed.