cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. political culture in the policy classroom: social work teaching methods and activity

ABSTRACTIn the United States, social welfare policy skills are essential, considering that social workers are often embedded in institutions where policy regulates practice. As such, social policy ...
Contextual Information in Social How-To Questions That Initiate Documentation:

This study introduces social question-and-answer (SQA) documentation to technical and professional communication scholarship. It conceptualizes SQA as interactive, user-generated documentation and ...
Rehearsing Scripture: Discovering God’s Word in Community.

This book offers a new approach to encountering God’s Word in an exciting and creative way. Throughout it, Florence effectively relies on the metaphor of a theater repertory group to spur the reade...
Victimization of children with disabilities: coping strategies and protective factors

Students with disabilities are frequently victimized or marginalized at school. However, little is known from the perspective of youth with disabilities about their experiences of victimization, co...
Magna ease bioprosthetic aortic valve: mid-term haemodynamic outcomes in 1126 patients.

Objectives The Magna Ease aortic valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) is a third-generation bioprosthetic valve developed as a modification of the well-studied Perimount and Magna valve designs. This study's objective is to evaluate a large, single-centre experience with Magna Ease aortic valve replacement (AVR) focusing on clinical outcomes and haemodynamic performance. Methods All patients undergoing AVR between 8/2010 and 10/2018 at our institution implanted with the Magna Ease valve were included except those undergoing ventricular assist device or congenital aortic surgery. Primary outcomes were overall survival and freedom from reoperation. Mean transprosthetic gradient (mTPG) and structural valve deterioration (SVD) served as secondary outcomes. Results Totally 1126 consecutive implantations of Magna Ease valves were included. Concomitant procedures were performed in 56.5% (n = 636). No severe patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) was present at implantation. Overall survival at 30 days, 1 year, 5 years and 9 years was 97.2%, 95.0%, 86.1% and 78.2%, respectively, with improved survival for isolated AVR. Total of 2.4% (n = 27) of patients required reoperation with 0.3% (n = 4) for SVD. Echocardiographic follow-up data revealed low mTPG throughout the study period. SVD occurred in 28.7% of patients at a mean of 3.9 years post implantation. Conclusions Magna Ease AVR maintained low mean transprosthetic gradients throughout mid-term evaluation and was associated with excellent overall survival and freedom from reoperation at nine years post implantation.
Non-intrusive coupling of a 3-D Generalized Finite Element Method and Abaqus for the multiscale analysis of localized defects and structural features

Abstract This paper presents a multiscale computational framework able to resolve localized defects and features such as cracks and welds in large structures. It couples Abaqus models and 3-D Generalized Finite Element (GFEM) discretizations enriched with numerically-defined functions – the GFEM with global-local enrichments (GFEMgl). The structural-scale problem is modeled in Abaqus using a coarse, 3-D mesh, suitable for capturing the global response of the structure. The GFEMgl is used to accurately model localized features of interest that are otherwise ignored by Abaqus models. The GFEMgl utilizes enrichment functions provided by the solution of, potentially multiple, local problems solved in parallel. The coupling between Abaqus and GFEMgl models is handled by the Iterative Global-Local method (IGL). The proposed multiscale framework – denoted by the acronym IGL-GFEMgl in this work – is non-intrusive in the sense that the interactions between Abaqus and the GFEMgl solver require no modifications of Abaqus or knowledge about its implementation of the FEM. Numerical examples of a specimen undergoing localized plasticity, a hat-stiffened panel with a large number of spot welds, and a T-joint structure subjected to mixed-mode fatigue crack propagation are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed framework. The results show that the IGL-GFEMgl can achieve nearly the same accuracy as a Direct Finite Element Analysis (DFEA) while leveraging methodologies and algorithms implemented in commercial and research software. Moreover, it is also shown that the user time spent on model preparation can be greatly reduced when dealing with complex problems.
Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer: A population-based study, 2006 to 2017.

4536Background: Current guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). NAC has been shown to confer a survival benef...
CD38 plays an age-related role in cholinergic deregulation of airway smooth muscle contractility.

Background Allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in neonatal mice, but not adult mice, is caused by elevated innervation and consequent cholinergic hyperstimulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM). Whether this inflammation-independent mechanism contributes to ASM hypercontraction in childhood asthma warrants investigation. Objective We aim to establish the functional connection between cholinergic stimulation and ASM contractility in different human age groups. Methods First, we employed a neonatal mouse model of asthma to identify age-related mediators of cholinergic deregulation of ASM contractility. Next, we conducted validation and mechanistic studies in primary human ASM cells and precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) from young ( 20 years old) donor lungs. Finally, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the identified cholinergic signaling mediators using culture models of human ASM hypercontraction. Results We have discovered that ASM hypercontraction due to cholinergic deregulation in early postnatal life requires CD38. Mechanistically, cholinergic signaling activates the PI3K/Akt pathway in immature ASM cells to upregulate CD38 levels, thereby augmenting the Ca2+ response to contractile agonists. Strikingly, this early life, CD38-mediated ASM hypercontraction is not alleviated by the β-agonist, formoterol. Conclusions Our findings identify the acetylcholine-PI3K/Akt-CD38 axis as a critical mechanism of AHR in early postnatal life. Targeting this axis may provide a tailored treatment for children at high risk for allergic asthma.
Linolenic Acid Provides a Source of Docosahexaenoic Acid for Artificially Reared Rat Pups

The goal of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of linolenic acid for enriching docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infant rats. Seven-day-old rat pups were artificially reared and fed intragastrically for 8 d a milk substitute containing either 1) corn oil, high in linoleic acid (35.6 g/100 g fatty acids, 775 kJ/L); 2) menhaden oil, high in DHA (3 g/100 g, 67 kJ/L) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 6 g/100 g, 132 kJ/L); or 3) linseed oil, rich in linolenic acid (34 g/100 g, 750 kJ/L). Growth rates were comparable among the artificially fed pups and those raised by lactating dams. Feeding the DHA precursor linolenic acid enriched EPA in plasma, erythrocytes and liver, but enriched DHA only in the liver, compared with feeding corn oil. The proportion of liver DHA in the pups fed the linolenic acid-rich substitute was twice that detected in the corn oil-fed pups and 60% of the level found in the pups fed the preformed DHA. The significant elevation of hepatic DHA indicates active desaturation and elongation in the developing rat liver. The failure to enrich erythrocyte DHA suggests the need for caution in the use of erythrocytes as an index of DHA status in tissues capable of in situ synthesis. The artificial rearing of rat pups was proven suitable for studying the interaction of dietary manipulation and tissue accretion of essential fatty acids during the postnatal development.
Quantum Field Theory for Mathematicians

1. Relativistic quantum mechanics 2. Fock space, the scalar field and canonical quantization 3. Symmetries, conserved currents and conserved quantities 4. The scattering matrix and Feynmann diagrams 5. Differential transition probabilities and predictions 6. Representations of the Lorentz group 7. Two-component scalar fields 8. Four-component scalar fields 9. Massive vector fields 10. Reformulating scattering theory 11. Functional integral quantization 12. Quantization of gauge theories 13. Anomalies of gauge theories 14. SU(3) representation theory 15. The structure of the standard model 16. Hadrons, flavor symmetry and nucleon-pion interactions 17. Tree-level applications of the standard model 18. Regularization and renormalization 19. Renormalization of QED 20. Renormalization and preservation of symmetries 21. The renormalization group equations.
The use of stilbestrol in abnormal gynecologic bleeding (nonmalignant)

Abstract 1. 1. In more than 200 cases, excessive gynecologic bleeding (nonmalignant) was controlled satisfactorily in 99 per cent by the injection of stilbestrol in oil (25 mg. per c.c. dosage) into the anterior lip of the cervix uteri. 2. 2. A critical analysis of 60 cases revealed that 58.3 per cent ranged from 20 to 30 years of age; 70 per cent had decreased thyroid function; 70 per cent had pelvic disorders; 71.4 per cent were menorrhagic and menometrorrhagic; 70.2 per cent bled from a proliferative endometrium and infertility was significantly higher. 3. 3. Large or repeated dosage of stilbestrol did not cause toxic symptoms of sufficient intensity to warrant its discontinuance or modification. 4. 4. The pelvic disorders did not contraindicate such use of stilbestrol.
Forensic Training and Practice

The recognition by the American Psychological Association (APA) of Forensic Psychology as a Specialty is a significant landmark for the field. This recognition has resulted from the development of a substantial body of professional literature and specialized knowledge. The foundation for these advances was laid in the decades of the 1970s, with the establishment of the American Psychology-Law Society (later recognized as Division 41 by APA) and the American Board of Forensic Psychology (which subsequently became a specialty board of the American Board of Professional Psychology). This chapter describes the state of the field in terms of both practice and formalized training. The areas of practice within both Forensic Psychology (application of clinical specialties) and Legal Psychology (application of experimental specialties) are described. Current training paradigms, including graduate education, internships, postdoctoral fellowships, and continuing education activities, are discussed. Since this training is not yet formalized, recommendations are made for developing an integrated model of training, consistent with the recognition of Forensic Psychology as a Specialty. This model will continue to emphasize the importance of a basic, broad-based clinical foundation for practice. In addition, an argument is made for the need to develop an agreed-upon standard for “Diplomate” status. Keywords: diplomate; forensic; internship; postdoctoral; specialty; training
Refinement of the Gravity Field by Satellite‐To‐Satellite Doppler Tracking

The question of what resolution of the gravity field can be obtained from satellite-to-satellite Doppler tracking was investigated by performing least-squares adjustments of simulated Doppler data, solving for parameters describing the anomalous gravity field in various sized blocks. By examining the correlation between the adjusted parameters describing neighboring blocks, it was possible to judge whether a given set of data was capable of resolving blocks of a given size. Two concepts of satellite-to-satellite tracking are considered: the first involves two satellites near together in very low orbits, while the second uses geostationary satellites to track a single very low satellite. In either case, blocks 500 km on a side can be satisfactorily resolved from an orbital altitude of 700 km. From an altitude of 200 km, blocks 200 km on a side can be resolved. Because of the lower limit on altitude imposed by the presence of the earth's atmosphere, it does not appear that satellite-to-satellite Doppler tracking will be able to resolve features smaller than 200 km on a side.
High frequency of false positive IgM immunoblots for Borrelia burgdorferi in Clinical Practice

Although it is known that two-tier serologic testing for Lyme disease may be associated with false positive results on the IgM immunoblot, this problem has never been systematically studied in the clinical practice setting. In a retrospective investigation of patients referred to the private adult practice of an Infectious Diseases physician for possible for Lyme disease, 50 of 182 patients (27.5%, 95% CI: 21.1-34.6) were found to have a false positive IgM immunoblot. 78.0% of these patients had received unnecessary antibiotic therapy. False positive results were not restricted to any single commercial laboratory. Research on alternative testing strategies that eliminate the IgM immunoblot entirely is warranted.
“E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Romantic Tale ‘Der Sandmann’ or The Pathology of a Migraine”

Much critical literature on E.T.A. Hoffmann’s tale “Der Sandmann” centers around whether the young physics student Nathanael is suffering from some neurotic, psychological malady due to a childhood trauma, or whether a series of supernatural events have targeted him to lead a tortuous and ultimately tortured existence at the hands of the monstrous Coppelius, aka The Sandman. Other scholars analyze this Romantic tale as a reaction to an historical present rather than within abstract or strictly psychoanalytic principles, more specifically, the influence of Bamberg, a center of medical and psychiatric research and practice, on Hoffmann’s works. I wish to continue this line of inquiry by looking at the tale from a more modern medical perspective: Nathanael’s bouts of madness may have a physical or neurological rather than purely psychological basis which would have gone unnoticed during the early 1800s. I believe Hoffmann’s intricate narrative on Romantic conceptions of the artist, society, sickness and healing, outlines the pathology of a patient suffering from a variety of symptoms associated with “migraine with aura.”“Der Sandmann” should be included among works exhibiting descriptive evidence of migraine experience. This would provide a new contextual orientation for the tale and also further illustrate the progress and limitations of Romantic era psychiatric practices in its confrontations with reason, unreason, and madness.
Upregulation of Sodium Channel Nav1.3 and Functional Involvement in Neuronal Hyperexcitability Associated with Central Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons and central neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that these phenomena are consequences, in part, of dysregulated expression of voltage-gated sodium channels. Because the rapidly repriming TTX-sensitive sodium channel Nav1.3 has been implicated in peripheral neuropathic pain, we investigated its role in central neuropathic pain after SCI. In this study, adult male Sprague Dawley rats underwent T9 spinal contusion injury. Four weeks after injury when extracellular recordings demonstrated hyperexcitability of L3-L5 dorsal horn multireceptive nociceptive neurons, and when pain-related behaviors were evident, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry revealed an upregulation of Nav1.3 in dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Intrathecal administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeting Nav1.3 resulted in decreased expression of Nav1.3 mRNA and protein, reduced hyperexcitability of multireceptive dorsal horn neurons, and attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia after SCI. Expression of Nav1.3 protein and hyperexcitability in dorsal horn neurons as well as pain-related behaviors returned after cessation of antisense delivery. Responses to normally noxious stimuli and motor function were unchanged in SCI animals administered Nav1.3 antisense, and administration of mismatch ODNs had no effect. These results demonstrate for the first time that Nav1.3 is upregulated in second-order dorsal horn sensory neurons after nervous system injury, showing that SCI can trigger changes in sodium channel expression, and suggest a functional link between Nav1.3 expression and neuronal hyperexcitability associated with central neuropathic pain.
Quantum Transport Simulation of Tunneling Based Spin Torque Transfer (STT) Devices: Design Trade offs and Torque Efficiency

We present a quantum transport simulation of tunneling based spin torque transfer (STT) devices using the non equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism in the ballistic regime. We show that it is possible to achieve a quantitative agreement for both the tunneling magneto resistance (TMR) and the amplitude of the switching current with the same set of parameters. We also analyze the device performance as a function of parameter variations. Comparison with experiment shows that there is a lot of scope for improving the interface between the magnetic contact and the tunneling oxide, which, in turn, will improve the device performance significantly.
Detection of stable contacts for human motion analysis

Human motion analysis is one of the important topics in visual surveillance applications,the ultimate goal of which is to achieve automated scene understanding. This paper proposes a novel "stable contact "concept for temporal abstraction of image sequences, and presents a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)based framework to recognize continuous human activities. With the extended star-skeleton representation, stable contacts are formed by stationary extreme points, and image sequences are segmented temporally into adjacent but disjoint primitive intervals. We define a set of primitive motion units (PMU 's)over primitive intervals based on stable contacts and trajectories. Thus frame sequences are abstracted as PMU sequences. Discrete HMM 's are trained on manually segmented sequences to classify segmented testing PMU sequences into predefined activities. The continuous recognition on non-segmented PMU sequences is achieved by searching over the time axis, for the best fit between durations of PMU sequences and types of activities. The experiments on various sequences of (mixed) human activities, including walking, running and climbing (fences or rocks), are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed concept and framework.
The effect of x‐irradiation upon potassium retentivity of yeast

Leakage of potassium from yeast receiving 60,000 r of x irradiation was studied by a method analogous to an ion exchange column. Irradiation with 60 kr produces a marked disturbance in the ability of the yeast cell to retain potassium ion. The effect is dependent on the presence of oxygen during irradiation, but is not markedly altered by changes in ionic environment during the measurement period. The manifestation of the radiation effect is very dependent on the substrate present during measurement. In a general way, when substrates associated with high normal leakage rates are used the radiation effect is small and vice versa, with pyruvate a notable exception. There was a fairly linear inverse relationship between normal leakage rate and the magnitude of the radiation effect. Correlation between substrate utilization, as measured by oxygen uptake, and the degree of radiation damage manifested was not as good as that with normal potassium leakage rates.
Trans-resveratrol boronic acid exhibits enhanced anti-proliferative activity on estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Resveratrol (RSV), a natural compound present in the skin and seeds of red grapes, is considered a phytoestrogen and has structural similarity to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol. RSV inhibits tumor cell growth in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) breast cancer cell lines resulting in cell specific regulation of the G1/S and G2/M stages of the cell cycle. However apoptotic cell death was only observed in ER+ MCF-7 cells. In this study, we designed and synthesized boronic acid derivative of RSV and evaluated their biological effects on ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The trans-4 analog inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells and is not a substrate for p-glycoprotein. The trans-4 analog induces G1 cell cycle arrest, which coincides with marked inhibition of G1 cell cycle proteins and a greater pro-apoptotic effect. Finally, the trans-4 analog had no effect on the estrogen-stimulated growth of MCF-7 cells. Our results demonstrate that the trans-4 analog inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cell...
Molecular cloning of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase and expression of catalytic activity of the fusion protein in Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 1. Three groups of cDNA clones (total of six) for human UDP-galactose: β N -acetyl-glucosamine galactosyltransferase (4βGT) were obtained by screening of a fetal liver library in λgt11 with an affinity purified anti 4βGT antibody. 2. 2. One group of clones (three clones) reacted with two distinct anti 4βGT murine monoclonal antibodies. 3. 3. Nucleotide sequence of this group of clones were similar to published sequence for human 4βGTcDNA, except the 74 nucleotides at the 5′-end. 4. 4. Partially purified fusion protein encoded by this group of clones showed all the catalytic properties of 4βGT, although the cDNA was partial and the protein was probably unglycosylated.
Integrating Twitter into Wiki to support informal awareness

In the current study, we explored Twitter as a useful and practical extension to a wiki-based collaborative work space. A two-week experiment and a survey study shed some light on the potential benefits of integrating Twitter, or other existing social networking tools with a formal collaborative work space in encouraging meta-data level communication and promoting informal awareness.
Natural Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Is Mediated by Transitional Memory CD8+ T Cells

HIV replication is suppressed in vitro by a CD8(+) cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR). This activity directly correlates with an asymptomatic clinical state. The objective of this study was to identify the phenotype of CD8(+) cell subsets having strong CNAR activity. CD8(+) cell subset frequencies and CNAR levels were measured for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected individuals and three groups of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals: asymptomatic individuals with low-level viremia (vHIV), antiretroviral-drug-treated subjects with undetectable virus levels (TxHIV), and therapy-naive aviremic elite controllers (EC). CD8(+) cells from the vHIV individuals exhibited the highest HIV-suppressing activity and had elevated frequencies of CD45RA(-) CD27(+) and PD-1(+) (CD279(+)) cells. Functional assessments of CD8(+) cells sorted into distinct subsets established that maximal CNAR activity was mediated by CD45RA(-) CCR7(-) CD27(+) and PD-1(+) CD8(+) cells. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiles of CD8(+) cell subsets having strong CNAR activity exhibited increased perturbations in comparison to those of inactive subsets. Together, these studies suggest that CNAR is driven by HIV replication and that this antiviral activity is associated with oligoclonally expanded activated CD8(+) cells expressing PD-1 and having a transitional memory cell phenotype. The findings better describe the identity of CD8(+) cells showing CNAR and should facilitate the evaluation of this important immune response in studies of HIV pathogenesis, resistance to infection, and vaccine development.
Zein Batch Extraction from Dry-Milled Corn: Cereal Disintegration by Dissolving Fluid Shear

ABSTRACT Corn particles were extracted in an agitated vessel with a 4:1 mass ratio of 70% ethanol to corn for periods of 1–6 hr at ambient temperature. The extract solution was filtered and centrifuged to remove suspended particles after extraction and then diluted to 40% ethanol to precipitate extracted solute. Measurements of the mass of suspended particles separated by centrifugation indicate that mixing the corn particles with the ethanol dissolves and weakens the protein between cells and between starch granules within cells near the particles' surface. Under the conditions of this study, corn particles release starch granules more rapidly than the protein bodies dissolve, as indicated by analysis of the centrifuged particles. The diffusion coefficient for ethanol solution in corn was estimated and compared with a coefficent derived from a fit of the trend in the rate of release of fine particles from the milled corn. The diffusion coefficient of pure zein in a stagnant 70% ethanol solution was estim...
Overlapped block motion compensation

Block motion compensation is a critical component of most efficient video compression algorithms. Applications range from real-time low bit rate teleconferencing codecs to moderate and high bit-rate coding standards currently being considered for CD-ROM video storage and packet video. Recent research has suggested that blocking artifacts can be reduced by applying block motion compensation on overlapped blocks in image frames. In this paper, we formulate overlapped block motion compensation as an optimal linear estimator of pixel intensities given the neighboring block motion estimate in the frame. Applying this framework, we propose a procedure for designing optimal windows for overlapped block motion compensation. When applying block motion compensation with overlapped blocks, the optimal motion vector to apply at each block in an image depends on values of motion vectors in a non-causal neighborhood of that block. Thus, unlike for standard block-based compensation, optimal motion estimates cannot be computed with exhaustive search block- matching algorithms, even with the overlap window incorporated. Instead, we defined a simple iterative procedure for computing optimal motion estimates for overlapped block motion compensation. The performance gains achieved by both optimal motion estimation and optimal overlapped windows are demonstrated in simulations. Together, reductions of up to 30% in displaced frame difference energy are demonstrated compared with standard block motion compensation.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The versatile functions of ATM kinase

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, the mutation of which causes the autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia, plays an essential role in the maintenance of genome stability. Extensive studies have revealed that activated ATM signals to a massive list of proteins to facilitate cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and many other aspects of physiological responses in the event of DNA double-strand breaks. ATM also plays functional roles beyond the well-characterized DNA damage response (DDR). In this review article, we discuss the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ATM in DDR, the mitotic spindle checkpoint, as well as hyperactive ATM signaling in cancer invasion and metastasis.
Empowerment, expectations, and the psychological contract—managing the dilemmas and gaining the advantages

Abstract Empowerment, participation, self-managing work teams, employee ownership and profit sharing are but a few of the many current forms of employee involvement in workplace decision making. Few theorists or practicing managers question the concept of employee involvement or its potential benefits. However, most employers realize that the degree of involvement varies with the organizational situation, the persons involved and the nature of work. Empowerment creates a dilemma. Empowering employees results in creating beliefs about entitlements that must be unfulfilled eventually. Unfulfilled beliefs about entitlements may constitute a breach of the psychological contract between employer and employee. A breach of the psychological contract may result in employee behavior that is counterproductive in terms of organizational goals.
Characterization of the Calcium Overload in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes Under Metabolic Inhibition

Abstract We studied the calcium compartmentation of the Ca overload induced by 50 min of metabolic inhibition (MI) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. MI was achieved by application of 1 m m iodoacetic acid (IAA) and 10 m m 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) with omission of glucose in the perfusate. MI per se abolished spontaneous beating, but 10 m m caffeine pulses at 15, 30 and 45 min were able to induce contractile responses. The contractile responses were abolished in the presence of Thg. After 20 min of MI, cells began to accumulate Ca. After 50 min of MI, the Ca exchanged via Na/Ca exchange (Na/Ca exchange-dependent Ca content) was increased by 3.21±0.15 mmol/kg dry weight ( n =5). The net increase remaining exchangeable via Na/Ca exchange represents 80% of the global net 45 Ca uptake after 50 min in MI which was 3.98 mmol/kg dry weight, obtained in the “on-line” experiments. The release of this component of Ca is completed within 150 s via Na/Ca exchange. There also was a 50% increase in the Ca content of the so-called “slow” compartment, 0.44±0.08 mmol/kg dry weight ( n =10) after 50 min under MI. The t 1/2 of this compartment was 24.8±3.8 min typical of a mitochondrial origin in these cells. Thus 92% of the net Ca increase after 50 min MI remains exchangeable—80% of this is completed within 150 s via Na/Ca exchange and 20% more slowly, t t/2 about 25 min. Cell ATP content, 27.35±2.07 nmoles/mg protein, was decreased after 10 min of MI to 2.25±0.29 nmoles/mg protein ( n =10) and remained close to this level after 20 min of MI (2.11±0.17 nmoles/mg protein; n =6). It is to be noted that our results indicate no compromise of the Na/Ca exchange system after 50 min of MI although the global ATP is depleted in these cells.
The use of chemical probes to analyse DNA and RNA structures

Abstract In the past year, chemical probes have been used to characterize the structures of complicated nucleic acid molecules in solution. The elucidation of the folding pathway of a ribozyme and the definition of the unusual structures adopted by guanine-rich telomeric DNA have been particularly rewarding.
Subatmospheric vapor pressures evaluated from internal-energy measurements

Vapor pressures were evaluated from measured internal-energy changes in the vapor+liquid two-phase region, ΔU (2). The method employed a thermodynamic relationship between the derivative quantity (ϖU (2)/ϖV) T and the vapor pressure (p σ) and its temperature derivative (ϖp/ϖT)σ. This method was applied at temperatures between the triple point and the normal boiling point of three substances: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), pentafluoroethane (R125), and difluoromethane (R32). Agreement with experimentally measured vapor pressures near the normal boiling point (101.325 kPa) was within the experimental uncertainty of approximately ±0.04 kPa (±0.04%). The method was applied to R134a to test the thermodynamic consistency of a publishedp-p-T equation of state with an equation forp σ for this substance. It was also applied to evaluate publishedp σ data which are in disagreement by more than their claimed uncertainty.
Values and semivalues on subspaces of finite games

It is proved that every value or semivalue on a linear symmetric subspace of finite games is the restriction to this subspace of a semivalue on the space of all finite games.
Annual summary of vital statistics--1966.

One cannot very well summarize an article of this character, but it does seem that we may take encouragement from what appears to be recent, more rapid progress in relation to infant mortality. At the same time, the steadily worsening relative position of the United States among comparable countries of the world should stimulate us to further effort. Citizens of the wealthiest country in the world, whose whole history is built on concern for its people, can hardly be content when clearly unnecessary deaths, which could be prevented by increased national effort, take place. The situation needs to be a matter of permanent concern to all practicing pediatricians, as well as to the Academy.
Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reports

This study tested the efficacy of Event Report Training (ERT), a training procedure designed to improve children's memory reports and decrease suggestibility. Children (N = 58) participated in two forensically relevant play events. Two weeks later, children received ERT or participated in control procedures, after which they received a memory interview. Results indicated that ERT decreased suggestibility to abuse-related questions in preschoolers; their responses were highly accurate and age differences were eliminated. ERT did not increase the amount of information preschoolers provided in response to open-ended questions. However, with ERT 7- to 8-year-olds reported 32% more information which included a 32% increase in actions, without an accompanying increase in incorrect information. Due to school-aged children's high accuracy rates, it was impossible to gauge the effectiveness of ERT in reducing suggestibility. The failure to obtain an effect of ERT in preschoolers' open-ended recall is discussed in terms of their cognitive-developmental limitations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Ferroelectric field effect transistor with a double-gate structure on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

The ferroelectric effect has been demonstrated on an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistor using a Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 layer deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The device with a metal-ferroelectric-metal-semiconductor (MFMS) structure was fabricated with a Schottky contact placed between ferroelectric PZT and AlGaN/GaN 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel. The Schottky contact performs as a bottom electrode of the ferroelectric PZT and also as a barrier layer to prevent interaction at the interface between PZT and GaN. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of (111)-oriented perovskite phase PZT on gate patterned AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Transfer characteristics of the double-gate ferroelectric field effect transistor was determined by measuring its source-drain current as the gate bias applied on the top electrode was swept from -15 V to 15 V and then back to -15 V with a voltage step of 0.1 V. Ferroelectric behavior was observed in the plot of source-drain current versus gate voltage that showed a large counterclockwise hysteresis with a 50 % current modulation at zero gate bias.
Perspectives on nuclear structure

Abstract In a perspective “from the trenches”, I describe recent work on Monte Carlo methods to treat the nuclear shell model. A perspective “from the heights” then offers predictions for the development of Nuclear Physics during the next decade.
Adhesion Dynamics in Probing Micro- and Nanoscale Thin Solid Films

This study focuses on modeling the probe dynamics in scratching and indenting thin solid films at micro- and nanoscales. The model identifies bifurcation conditions that define the stick-slip oscillation patterns of the tip. It is found that the local energy fluctuations as a function of the inelastic deformation, defect formation, material properties, and contact parameters determine the oscillation behavior. The transient variation of the localized function makes the response nonlinear at the adhesion junction. By quantifying the relation between the bifurcation parameters and the oscillation behavior, this model gives a realistic representation of the complex adhesion dynamics. Specifically, the model establishes the link between the stick-slip behavior and the inelastic deformation and the local potentials. This model justifies the experimental observations and the molecular dynamics simulation of the adhesion and friction dynamics in both the micro- and nanoscale contact.
Curved bridge response to a moving vehicle

An algorithm is developed for the solution of the dynamic displacement and rotation of a horizontal curved guideway (bridge) as it interacts with a traversing vehicle. The algorithm is validated against experimental results, and a parametric study is presented.
The second promise ofbrown

This article describes the cultural consequences of the local school closing in a predominantly black community (Centerville) as a result of desegregation policies. Based on oral accounts of community members, the author unearths the diverse functions the former all-black school used to have in the community. Furthermore, the possible reasons for the nostalgia with which the community remembers its “own” school are analyzed. It is shown why the predominantly white schools to which today's students are bused cannot possibly “pass the test” of comparison with the former community school. And finally, the article reminds us of two promises ofBrown, only one of which has been fulfilled in the case of Centerville. While racial segregation of schooling was indeed abolished in Centerville, the second promise ofBrown—providing equal educational opportunities for all children irrespective of race—remains elusive at best. And the very institution that would be central to fulfilling the second promise ofBrown—a school for which the town feels a sense of ownership—was closed for the sake of desegregation.
Thermodynamic framework for identifying free energy inventories of enzyme catalytic cycles

Pauling’s suggestion that enzymes are complementary in structure to the activated complexes of the reactions they catalyze has provided the conceptual basis to explain how enzymes obtain their fantastic catalytic prowess, and has served as a guiding principle in drug design for over 50 y. However, this model by itself fails to predict the magnitude of enzymes’ rate accelerations. We construct a thermodynamic framework that begins with the classic concept of differential binding but invokes additional terms that are needed to account for subtle effects in the catalytic cycle’s proton inventory. Although the model presented can be applied generally, this analysis focuses on ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) as an example, where recent experiments along with a large body of kinetic and thermodynamic data have provided strong support for the noncanonical thermodynamic contribution described. The resulting analysis precisely predicts the free energy barrier of KSI’s reaction as determined from transition-state theory using only empirical thermodynamic data. This agreement is suggestive that a complete free energy inventory of the KSI catalytic cycle has been identified.
Weight changes and health in Cuba

Learning from hardship Changes in food supplies and reductions in physical activity are fueling increases in overweight and obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease worldwide.1 We have had few opportunities to see a reversal of this process, which is continuing inexorably almost everywhere. One such opportunity was provided by the well developed public health surveillance systems in Cuba, which were maintained during a period of serious economic hardship in the early 1990s. In a linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.f1515), Franco and colleagues used these systems to look at the effects of reduced energy intake and increased physical activity on body weight and the occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and death.2 In Cuba, decreased food availability and increased physical activity, supported by the distribution of more than a million bicycles during 1991 to 1995, led to an average 5.5 kg reduction in weight over five years, shifting the whole population distribution of weight downwards. Predictably, a profound and almost immediate reduction in the incidence of diabetes occurred, and a striking decline in cardiovascular mortality began, with a lag of about five years. These findings …
Cuticular hydrocarbons as queen adoption cues in the invasive Argentine ant.

In social insects, individuals typically recognize and behave aggressively towards alien conspecifics, thereby maintaining colony integrity. This is presumably achieved via a nestmate recognition system in which cuticular compounds, usually cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC), of genetic and/or environmental origin serve as recognition cues. Most invasive populations of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), display minimal nestmate–non-nestmate discrimination, resulting in low levels of intraspecific aggression allowing free movement of workers and queens among nests. However, invasive L. humile in the southeastern United States show relatively high levels of intraspecific aggression, and selectively adopt non-nestmate queens. Using behavioral assays and gas chromatography, we found an association between non-nestmate queen adoption and similarity of the CHC profiles of adopted and host colony queens. Also, nestmate and non-nestmate queen CHC profiles became more similar after adoption by queenless colonies. Furthermore, queens treated with non-nestmate queen CHC had distinct CHC profiles and were generally attacked by nestmate workers. We suggest that in L. humile , CHC are used as queen recognition cues, and that queen recognition errors are more likely to occur when the CHC profiles of non-nestmate and host colony queens are similar. Our findings provide further evidence for the complex and dynamic nature of L. humile nestmate discrimination, which may in part underlie the success of introduced populations of this invasive ant.
Recent advances in pediatric liver transplantation.

Pediatric liver transplantation has matured into a wellestablished, highly successful treatment for advanced pediatric liver disease. Recent 1-year success rates range from 85% to 95%. This unprecedented achievement is the result of careful selection criteria and optimal timing of transplantation, technical advances in surgical technique, and improved treatment following transplant. This report highlights many recent published findings representing advances that have led to current successful approaches.
Correlation of in-plane bending test and FEA results for thin-walled elbows

Abstract The objective of this study is to validate a finite element analysis (FEA) simulation methodology to predict the global behavior of thin-walled elbows subjected to in-plane bending. Two in-plane closing mode bending tests and one in-plane opening mode bending test were conducted on 2″ schedule 10 elbows, and a nonlinear FEA procedure was used to simulate the tests. A detailed FEA study was carried out to determine the relative importance of weld size and location, measured wall thicknesses, and original cross-section dimensions on the reconciliation results. When the weld bead was included in the analysis, the reconciliation results for load–displacement behavior and some of the strain measurements were excellent. For those cases in which the strain measurements reconciliations were not so good, a possible explanation is provided.
Comparison of REXCO code predictions with flexible vessel experiments

Abstract This paper deals with the REXCO code predictions of the flexible vessel tests. Comparisons are made with the data from experiments which were designed specifically for the purpose of code verification and/or modification. These experiments were performed with a well-defined and calibrated energy source in cylindrical vessel with precision tolerances and simple well-defined boundary conditions. The experimental data can thus be used as reliable test data for validation of computer codes, as well as of the modeling techniques used in the computer analysis. The inputs to the computer analysis are the vessel and core barrel dimensions and boundary conditions, the stress-strain relationships for the vessel and core barrel materials, the equation of state for the coolant, and the pressure-volume relationship of the energy source. The REXCO-predicted wall deformations, pressure loadings, and integrated impulses at various gauge positions are compared with the experimental data. Results of the comparisons are discussed.
Effect of Cadmium on Bone Calcium and 45Ca in Nonpregnant Mice on a Calcium-Deficient Diet: Evidence of Direct Effect of Cadmium on Bone

Abstract To clarify the mechanism of the effect of Cd on bone, virgin female mice with 45Ca prelabeled skeletons (15 μCi/mouse) were exposed to a Ca-deficient diet (0.002%) containing 0, 5, or 25 ppm Cd or 25 ppm Pb for 32 days. During the first 72 hr, the 0 ppm controls showed a 2.5-fold decrease in fecal 45Ca excretion (decreased bone resorption), a 12-fold decrease in total fecal stable Ca, a 5-fold decrease in endogenous fecal Ca excretion, and a significant elevation in both serum 45Ca (108%) and specific activity (92%) due to the Ca-deficient diet. In contrast, Cd immediately and significantly increased fecal 45Ca excretion (55%), total fecal stable Ca (13%), endogenous fecal Ca excretion (32%), as well as serum 45Ca (15%) and specific activity (17%) (25 ppm Cd vs 0 ppm), supporting the hypothesis of an early, direct effect of Cd on bone. Overall, during 32 days, Cd at 25 ppm induced a 60% increase in fecal 45Ca excretion compared to 0 ppm controls, providing a sensitive measure of the Cd-induced increase in bone resorption. In contrast, the effect of Cd was too small to cause a statistically significant 45Ca loss from the right femur and lumbar vertebrae, but a significant 45Ca loss (up to −13%) was seen for the remaining skeleton (25 ppm vs 0 ppm group). In addition, Cd at 25 ppm induced small but statistically significant decreases in ash weight (−12%), ashweight to dry weight (−5%), Ca/dry (−7%), and Ca/ash (−2%) in the right femur and significant decreases in ash/dry (−7%) and Ca/dry (−12%) in the lumbar vertebrae compared with the controls. Our present study supports the hypothesis that Cd at 25 ppm had a significant direct effect on bone, with no effect at 5 ppm Cd or 25 ppm Pb, and no appearance of the extreme demineralization characteristic of Itai-Itai disease, although mice were exposed to a Ca-deficient diet for 32 days. Our results from this and earlier studies support the view that chronic Cd exposure along with nutritional deficiency contributed to the pathogenesis of Itai-Itai disease among multiparous, postmenopausal women in Japan.
Dispersion-based applications in photonic crystals

A novel implementation of a variable beam splitter using a photonic crystal (PhC) is proposed. The beam splitter consists of two periodic structures: a non-channel dispersion guiding region and a band gap based splitting structure. The dispersion guiding PhC structure is used to route the optical wave by exploiting the dispersion properties of the lattice. Arbitrary power ratio between output beams can be achieved by varying the parameters of the splitting structure. Within the studied range of splitting structures, high output power was observed and verified experimentally.
Facts and fiction: the death of Saint Ignatius of Loyola.

Background The biography of Ignatius of Loyola, the sainted founder of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits), ends with his death in curious circumstances. Methods A careful search of the available sources written from the time of his death in 1556 to the present has reviewed the evidence. Results The evidence does not support the claims for a diagnosis that has been used for four centuries. Conclusions So-called historical “facts” simply are the opinions of historians. Ignatius may have suffered from hyperparathyroidism that led to his death rather than from a cholangioportal venous fistula.