cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G1 Phase-Dependent Expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and Protein Correlates with Chemoresistance of Human Cancer Cells

Recent experiments suggest an interconnection between cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis), although the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have hypothesized that expression of some apoptosis regulators is cell cycle-dependent, which in turn influences tumor cell chemosensitivity in a cell cycle-dependent fashion. To test these hypotheses, we synchronized human leukemia Jurkat T, Neo (using aphidicolin), breast cancer MCF-7, normal fibroblast, and simian virus 40-transformed cells (by aphidicolin or serum starvation), and measured levels of several Bcl-2 family proteins. The highest expression of Bcl-2 protein was found in the G1 phase of all the five cell lines tested. In contrast, levels of Bax protein remained relatively unchanged in four of the cell lines, and levels of Bcl-XL, Bcl-XS, and Bak proteins showed little or no cell cycle-dependent changes in Jurkat T cells. Similar to the changes in Bcl-2 protein levels, its mRNA expression was also G1phase-specific, whereas the level of a Bcl-2 cleavage activity remained constitutive. When treated with an anticancer drug (etoposide or cisplatin) or the kinase inhibitor staurosporin, the cells containing a high G1 population and a high Bcl-2 protein level were much more resistant to the induced apoptosis than the cells containing a high S phase population and a low Bcl-2 protein level. Constitutive overexpression of Bcl-2 protein in Jurkat T cells completely blocked the S phase-associated sensitivity to these apoptosis stimuli. The cell cycle-dependent Bcl-2 protein expression seems to contribute to the regulation of chemosensitivity and apoptotic commitment of human tumor cells.
The Financial Crisis of 2008

This case presents excerpts from the speeches of observers to the 2008 financial crisis, including former and current central bankers, a private banker, and a Nobel-prize winning economist. They present different interpretations of the causes of the financial crisis, and make proposals about how a similar crisis might be stopped in the future. The goal of the case is to provide students with alternative perspectives and broad historical data so that they can evaluate both causes of and responses to the crisis.
Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Convergence on Interferon Signaling

Improving efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade for cancer can be facilitated by combining these agents with each other and/or with other conventional or targeted therapies. Interferon and innate immune signaling pathways in immune and tumor cells have emerged as intriguing determinants of response and resistance, often in complex and seemingly paradoxical ways.
Effect of Bovine Gamma Globulin on Subsequent Immunization with Dinitrophenylated Bovine Gamma Globulin.

SummaryRabbits were immunized with bovine gamma globulin intravenously in saline and were reinjected with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin intravenously. No secondary effect on anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies was observed by prior injection of bovine gamma globulin; on the contrary, no anti-dinitrophenyl antibody was produced in these animals whereas in controls, which had not received prior bovine gamma globulin injections, antibody production was detected, especially with highly derivated dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin preparations. A secondary effect against bovine gamma globulin was observed, especially with the less derivated preparation.
Predicting Variability of High-Penetration Photovoltaic Systems in a Community Microgrid by Analyzing High-Temporal Rate Data

Interest in renewable energy sources continues to gain popularity. However, a major fundamental limitation exists that prevents widespread adoption: variability of electricity generated. Distributed generation (DG) grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems with centralized battery back-up can mitigate the variability of PV systems and be optimized to reduce cost by analyzing high-temporal rate data. Thus, it is an attractive system to meet “go green” mandates, while also providing reliable electricity. The focus of this paper is to analyze the variability of a high-penetration PV scenario when incorporated into the microgrid concept. The proposed system design approach is based on high-temporal rate instead of the more commonly used hourly data rate. The methodology presented in this paper employs a technoeconomic approach to determine the optimal system design to guarantee reliable electricity supply with lowest investment. The proposed methodology is used to demonstrate that the variability of the PV resource can be quantified by determining the number of PV arrays and their corresponding distance in the microgrid and then mitigate with optimized storage.
Key Technical Analysis and Prospect of High Voltage and Extra-high Voltage Power Cable

All aspects, such as the expansion of power industry, the increasing diversity of power transmission, and the needs in urban power consumption, hydropower transmission and undersea transmission, and environmental protection, lead to the increasing application of power cables in both amount and types, for instance even gas insulated pipeline(GIL) is getting close to practical application. We summarized the characteristics, development and present practical application of power cables worldwide, and made prospects about the main trends of power cable development in the future. Moreover, we discussed the main topics about power cables such as high performance dielectric material, aging of electrical tree, space charge accumulation, design of insulation structure, and operation detection. It is concluded that the application of DC cables will be an important part in power transmission, but it has to overcome some key problems such as space charge accumulation. The needs for power cables are closely related to the requirements in aspects of society, economy, and environment. A hybrid transmission line model of overhead transmission, power cable and gas insulated pipeline is adopted to solve the bottleneck of power transmission in the future due to altitude limit, sea crossing, and ecology issues. It is concluded that, due to the increases of energy demand, city scale, and working condition's complexity, a significant rise in the application scale of AC and DC power cables is expected. Power cable and GIL will become more and more important in the power industry, and the main restriction will be their reliability and economy.
Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among Cancer Survivors in the U.S.

Introduction The population-level patterns of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among cancer survivors in the U.S. are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of e-cigarette use among cancer survivors in a nationally representative sample. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of the 2014 National Health Interview Survey of the U.S. non-institutionalized civilian population. The main study outcomes were the prevalence and correlates of ever and current e-cigarette use among adults with self-reported history of cancer, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer (N=2,695). Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined whether e-cigarette use differed by cigarette smoking status and demographic subgroups. The analyses were performed in 2015. Results The prevalence of e-cigarette use among adult cancer survivors was lower than the general population: 2.8% of cancer survivors reported currently using e-cigarettes and an additional 6.3% had previously used e-cigarettes but were not currently using them. Use of e-cigarettes was most common among cancer survivors who currently smoked cigarettes: 34.3% of current smokers were ever e-cigarette users and 15.6% were current e-cigarette users, compared with former smokers (2.7% ever and 1.4% current e-cigarette users) and never smokers (small sample/estimates unavailable). Conclusions E-cigarettes are not part of current evidence-based smoking-cessation strategies. However, the finding that cancer survivors who currently smoke cigarettes are more likely to use e-cigarettes highlights the importance of addressing e-cigarette use in patient–provider communications around tobacco cessation.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in SCC of the head and neck: a major advance in staging the N0 neck.

The management of the NO neck in patients with head and neck cancer is controversial. Neck dissection provides important staging information that guides patient treatment. We examined the feasibili...
Class Counts: Preface to original edition

Like Elsie wondering why a cow is a “cow”, I have spent an inordinate amount of time worrying about what makes a class a “class”. Here is the basic problem. The Marxist concept of class is rooted in a polarized notion of antagonistic class relations: slave masters exploit slaves, lords exploit serfs, capitalists exploit workers. In the analysis of developed capitalist societies, however, many people do not seem to neatly fit this polarized image. In everyday language, many people are “middle class”, and, even though Marxists generally do not like that term, nevertheless, most Marxist analysts are uncomfortable with calling managers, doctors and professors, “proletarians.” Thus, the problem is this: how can the social categories which are commonly called “middle” class be situated within a conceptual framework built around a polarized concept of class? What does it mean to be in the “middle” of a “relation”? The diverse strands of research brought together in this book are all, directly or indirectly, ramifications of struggling with this core conceptual problem. My empirical research on these issues began with my dissertation on class and income, completed in 1976. In that project, I used data gathered by the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Quality of Employment Survey and several other sources. None of these had been gathered with Marxist concepts in mind.
Evaluation of an ionic liquid-based epoxy after exposure on the MISSE-8 Carrier

Abstract An ionic liquid-based epoxy was evaluated after more than two years of continual nadir space exposure on the MISSE-8 sample rack outside of the International Space Station. In addition to space radiation, atomic oxygen and vacuum space exposure the samples also experienced approximately 12,500 thermal cycles between ∼−40 °C and +40 °C. The returned samples exhibited no cracking or de-bonding from the aluminum discs to which the epoxy was initially applied; there was a slight change in color, and a miniscule variance in before-and-after weight was measured. Microscopic examination revealed some slight deformities, dimpling, and deposits on the exposed surfaces. These are put into the context of an on-going effort to develop viable carbon-fiber based composite tanks for, but not inclusively, cryogenic liquid containment.
Verified High-Order Inversion of Functional Depedencies and Interval Newton Methods

A new method for computing verified enclosures of the inverses of given functions over large domains is presented. The approach is based on Taylor Model methods, and the sharpness of the enclosures scales with a high order of the domain. These methods have applications in the solution of implicit equations and the Taylor Model based integration of Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) as well as other tasks where obtaining verified high-order models of inverse functions is required. The accuracy of Taylor model methods has been shown to scale with the (n + 1)-st order of the underlying domain, and as a consequence, they are particularly well suited to model functions over relatively large domains. Moreover, since Taylor models can control the cancellation and dependency problems (see Makino, K. and Berz, M.: Efficient Control of the Dependency Problem Based on Taylor Model Methods, Reliable Computing 5(1) (1999)) that often affect regular interval techniques, the new method can successfully deal with complicated multidimensional problems. As an application of these new methods, a high-order extension of the standard Interval Newton method that converges approximately with the (n + 1)-st order of the underlying domain is developed. Several examples showing various aspects of the practical behavior of the methods are given.
INNOPLANT Total Hip Replacement System

Total hip replacement is a salvage procedure that is done to alleviate discomfort secondary to osteoarthritis in the hip, which is most often a result of hip dysplasia. Commercially available total hip replacement implants for small animal patients are classified as cemented or cementless. The INNOPLANT Total Hip Replacement system includes modular, screw-in cementless components that were developed to improve implant stability by maintaining as much normal anatomic structure, and by extension biomechanics of the coxofemoral joint, as possible. As a newer system, there are few data and no long-term studies available in the veterinary literature.
Tailoring the magnetic properties of FexCo(1−x) nanopowders prepared by a polyol process

Precise control over the magnetic properties of FeCo alloys is of scientific significance, due to their high Curie points and saturation magnetizations, and of broad interest for applications such as transformer cores, induction motors, switching devices, and hyperthermia. The magnetic properties of FexCo(1−x) alloy-based nanopowders prepared by polyol synthesis and their relationship with morphological features and the evolution of the microstructure were investigated using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. Proportionalities related to the magnetic properties, saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc), were identified where Ms ∝ (110) crystallite size of FeCo (bcc) and Hc ∝ particle diameter for the as-synthesized FexCo(1−x) nanopowders. Adjusting the reaction composition allows for control of the FeCo (bcc) (110) crystallite size from 20–45 nm represented by a response surface model. Morphological features of the as-synthesized nanopowders include particles interlinked as chains, and particles either in the form of cuboids or spheroids, all with diameters ranging from 75–175 nm. FexCo(1−x) alloy was confirmed by XRD in each nanopowder while few contained a combination of phases which include Co (fcc), or ferrite (CoFe2O4), or both. Depending on composition, particle dimension, and microstructure, the Ms ranged from 90–215 emu g−1 with Hc from 90–400 Oe for all nanopowders synthesized by the sub-reflux, isothermal condition (150 °C). Tailoring the magnetic properties of FexCo(1−x) alloy-based nanopowders is accomplished chemically by identifying and regulating significant reaction parameters and conditions.
3D Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Exfoliated Rhenium Disulfide

ReS2 represents a different class of 2D materials, which is characterized by low symmetry having 1D metallic chains within the planes and extremely weak interlayer bonding. Here, the thermal conductivity of single-crystalline ReS2 in a distorted 1T phase is determined at room temperature for the in-plane directions parallel and perpendicular to the Re-chains, and the through-plane direction using time-domain thermoreflectance. ReS2 is prepared in the form of flakes having thicknesses of 60-450 nm by micromechanical exfoliation, and their crystalline orientations are identified by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The in-plane thermal conductivity is higher along the Re-chains, (70 ± 18) W m-1 K-1 , as compared to transverse to the chains, (50 ± 13) W m-1 K-1 . As expected from the weak interlayer bonding, the through-plane thermal conductivity is the lowest observed to date for 2D materials, (0.55 ± 0.07) W m-1 K-1 , resulting in a remarkably high anisotropy of (130 ± 40) and (90 ± 30) for the two in-plane directions. The thermal conductivity and interface thermal conductance of ReS2 are discussed relative to the other 2D materials.
Introduction to Mixture Designs

In previous chapters, we discussed situations where our factors, or independent variables (X’s), were categorical or continuous, and there were no constraints which limited our choice of combinations of levels which these variables can assume. In this chapter, we introduce a different type of design called a mixture design, where factors (X’s) are components of a blend or mixture. For instance, if we want to optimize a recipe for a given food product (say bread), our X’s might be flour, baking powder, salt, and eggs. However, the proportions of these ingredients must add up to 100% (or 1, if written as fractions), which complicates our design and analysis if we were to use only the techniques covered up to now.
Microbiota and the liver

The gut microbiome outnumbers the human genome by 150-fold and plays important roles in metabolism, immune system education, tolerance development, and prevention of pathogen colonization. Dysbiosis has been associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as well as cirrhosis and complications. This article provides an overview of this relationship. Liver Transplantation 24 539-550 2018 AASLD.
INCAE, Harvard, and International Development: Research for Progress in Central America

This chapter explores the development of research activity in the Central American Institute of Business Administration (INCAE), particularly in its Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS), and the role Harvard University has played in this evolution. It examines the INCAE-Harvard partnership, results generated, CLACDS’s affiliation with key international development actors, and how this combination of inputs has propelled INCAE and CLACDS to the forefront of knowledge generation for Central American development. Key outputs in recent years include national and regional monitoring for the World Economic Forum and Social Progress Index; the Central American Private Sector Initiative for improved public policy; joint projects with the United Nations for microfinance and sustainable development; and hundreds of publications in regional and international journals.
Treatment of moderate rheumatoid arthritis with different strategies in a health resource-limited setting: a cost-effectiveness analysis in the era of biosimilars.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a chronic inflammatory joint disease associated with psoriasis, is notable for diversity in disease presentation, course and response to treatment. Equally varied are the types of musculoskeletal involvement which include peripheral and axial joint disease, dactylitis and enthesitis. In this review, we focus on the psoriatic joint and discuss pathways that underlie synovial, cartilage and bone inflammation and highlight key histopathologic features. The pivotal inflammatory mechanisms and pathobiology of PsA parallel findings in other forms of spondyloarthritis but are distinct from disease pathways described in rheumatoid synovitis and bone disease. The diagnosis of PsA from both a clinical and imaging perspective is also discussed.
Thought Beyond Experience

Our remaining task in this part is to construct a coherently conceivable account of the realization of thoughts which are not experiences or quasi-experiences. But, for economy, we will attempt an account which is plausible as well, or at least not implausible for all we know so far. We will proceed by pulling several threads together. From Chapter Three, we have a sense of the content generation operations. From Chapter Nine, we know how infinity and normativity provide little obstacle to the concrete realization of our thought. From Chapter Ten, we have a somewhat detailed understanding of how thoughts are mediated by words, and how word-mediated thoughts are rooted in the interanimation of thoughts which are not mediated by words. From Chapter Eleven, we have a sense of how neural resources plausibly underwrite the interanimation of our thoughts. It is because experiences are primary thoughts, 1 which involve in particular contexts particular patterns of neural firing, that it is possible to develop an account, not only of quasi-experience but of our other thoughts beyond experience, which can mesh with both objectual and non-objectual accounts of experience. From Chapter Twelve, we have a sense of how quasi-experience might be realized, and a coherently conceivable if finally implausible objectual account of the realization of experience. Finally, we know from Chapter Eleven that there are only two sorts of cases which we need to treat explicitly here. Those sorts are primary thoughts, and thoughts of the mixed sort. Virtual thoughts will take up the slack. In fact, we know that even thoughts of the mixed sort are fixed by primary thoughts and their virtual components, or more exactly by primary thoughts and the kinds of resources which lead us to ascribe virtual thoughts. Still, some important instances of the mixed sort deserve special treatment here. And it will be revealing to give each of the content generation operations some explicit attention in what follows, even if thoughts with any human content might be mediated by words in roughly the manner of the essentially word-mediated contents noted in Chapter Three. Even if thoughts with contents generated by certain operations are not always realized in the particular ways we will discuss, it is useful to explicitly discuss at least one special mechanism for each.
Role of lysine in the replication of reovirus. II. Characterization of empties and effect on macromolecular synthesis.

Omission of lysine from the extracellular medium of HeLa cells infected with reovirus type 2 results in the production of virus structures which could be separated by isopycnic sedimentation in CsCl into a top band of empty particles (L-T) and a bottom band (L-B) containing a mixture of defective and complete virus structures. The L-T and L-B particles were found to be similar to the complete virus in the following properties: adsorption characteristics to HeLa cells, RNA base composition, and qualitative distribution of the double-stranded viral RNA segments and structural viral proteins.
Macroporous Hydrogels for Stable Sequestration and Sustained Release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Using Nucleic Acid Aptamers

Macroporous hydrogels have been widely studied for biological and biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, these hydrogels cannot stably sequester molecules of interest due to their high permeability. The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of using two aptamers to sequester two protein drugs, quantify the apparent diffusivity of protein drugs in aptamer-functionalized macroporous hydrogels, and evaluate the function of aptamer-functionalized macroporous hydrogels in controlling protein release for angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were used as model proteins. The data show that anti-VEGF and anti-bFGF aptamers could be uniformly incorporated into macroporous hydrogels for stable and specific sequestration of VEGF and bFGF. The aptamers could reduce the apparent diffusivity of VEGF and bFGF in the macroporous hydrogels by approximately three orders of magnitude. Moreover, as the aptamers could prolong the release of these growth factors, dual aptamer-functionalized macroporous hydrogels could stimulate synergistic angiogenesis. Therefore, this work has successfully demonstrated that aptamer-functionalized macroporous hydrogels hold great potential of stably sequestering multiple molecules of interest for various biological and biomedical applications.
White matter hyperintensities: Relationship to amyloid and tau burden

Although white matter hyperintensities have traditionally been viewed as a marker of vascular disease, recent pathology studies have found an association between white matter hyperintensities and Alzheimer's disease pathologies. The objectives of this study were to investigate the topographic patterns of white matter hyperintensities associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers measured using PET. From the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, 434 participants without dementia (55% male) with FLAIR and gradient recall echo MRI, tau-PET (AV-1451) and amyloid-PET scans were identified. A subset had cerebral microbleeds detected on T2* gradient recall echo scans. White matter hyperintensities were semi-automatically segmented using FLAIR MRI in participant space and normalized to a custom template. We used statistical parametric mapping 12-based, voxel-wise, multiple-regression analyses to detect white matter hyperintense regions associated with Alzheimer's biomarkers (global amyloid from amyloid-PET and meta-regions of interest tau uptake from tau-PET) after adjusting for age, sex and hypertension. For amyloid associations, we additionally adjusted for tau and vice versa. Topographic patterns of amyloid-associated white matter hyperintensities included periventricular white matter hyperintensities (frontal and parietal lobes). White matter hyperintense volumes in the detected topographic pattern correlated strongly with lobar cerebral microbleeds (P < 0.001, age and sex adjusted Cohen's d = 0.703). In contrast, there were no white matter hyperintense regions significantly associated with increased tau burden using voxel-based analysis or region-specific analysis. Among non-demented elderly, amyloid load correlated with a topographic pattern of white matter hyperintensities. Further, the amyloid-associated, white matter hyperintense regions strongly correlated with lobar cerebral microbleeds suggesting that cerebral amyloid angiopathy contributes to the relationship between amyloid and white matter hyperintensities. The study did not support an association between increased tau burden and white matter hyperintense burden.
Influencing the Influencers

Social media influencers are category enthusiasts who often post product recommendations. Firms sometimes pay influencers to skew their product reviews in favor of the firm. We ask the following research questions. First, what is the optimal level of affiliation (if any) from the firm's perspective? Affiliation introduces positive bias to the influencer's review but also decreases the persuasiveness of the review. Secondly, since affiliated reviews are often biased in favor of the firm, what is the impact of affiliation on consumer welfare? We find that the affiliation decision depends on the cost of information acquisition, the consumer's prior and awareness, and the disclosure regime. When the consumer's prior belief is low, the firm needs to affiliate less closely or not at all in order to preserve the influencer's persuasiveness, the change in the consumer's belief following the influencer's review. In contrast, when the consumer's prior belief is high, the firm fully affiliates with the influencer to both maximize awareness and prevent a negative review. We also show that the firm's involvement can be Pareto-improving if the information acquisition cost is relatively high, and a partial disclosure rule may increase consumer welfare.
Sensing device for breath biomarker detection

H 2 S is known to be a biomarker that is correlated to intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). CuO sensors are typically used to detect the presence and monitor the concentration of H 2 S. A CuO-sensor breathalyzer that may potentially be used to detect H 2 S in exhaled breath has been developed and it is described in this work. Using the uniquely tailored and continuous nanostructure of the CuO network and a robust design for a wireless device prototype for a resistive based breathalyzer, a noninvasive breath analysis tool that may be used in the diagnosis of SIBO and IBS is described here.
Business leadership strategies under tenuous economic conditions

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon are at risk of failure because of the geo-economic crisis. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies successful leaders of SMEs use to sustain their businesses during tenuous economic conditions. The target population for the research comprised six business leaders of SMEs in Beirut, Lebanon. Data were gathered from company documents and interviews and analysed using Yin's data analysis method. Four themes emerged: Leaders of SMEs embedded change management in their organisations, increased awareness in their organisations, created solid organisational and financial structures, and created and targeted niche markets.
Unilateral Blurred Vision as the Sole Presenting Symptom of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Purpose To describe a case of infiltrative optic neuropathy caused by chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Case report A 41-year-old white male presented with painless, blurry vision in the left eye. Examination revealed unilateral optic nerve swelling confirmed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Initial workup revealed mild leukocytosis, eventually diagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). No other cause of optic neuropathy was identified despite extensive investigation. The patient developed rapidly progressive retinal ganglion cell nerve fiber layer (NFL) atrophy and relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) of the left eye despite steroid treatment but stabilized after four cycles of CLL-targeted chemotherapy. Although infiltrative optic neuropathy is well-known in leukemia, presentation with only subtle vision loss is rare. Vision loss usually presents late in leukemic infiltrative optic neuropathy and therefore must be considered in patients with optic disc swelling and leukocytosis. Conclusion When treating CLL, progressive visual decline with coexistent optic neuropathy may warrant chemotherapy.
Age-related and sex-specific effects on architectural properties and biomechanical response of the C57BL/6N mouse femur, tibia and ulna.

Abstract Aging is known to reduce bone quality and bone strength. We sought to determine how aging affects the biomechanical and architectural properties of various long bones, and if sex influences age related differences/changes. While researchers have extensively studied these changes in individual bones of mice, there is no comprehensive study of the changes in the bones from the same mice to study the changes with aging. We performed three point bending tests and microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis on femurs, tibiae and ulnae. Three point bending tests were utilized to calculate biomechanical parameters and imaging was also performed using high resolution microCT to reveal both cortical and trabecular microarchitecture C57BL/6N mice were divided into three age groups: 6, 12 and 22 months. Each age and sex group consisted of 6–7 mice. The ultimate load to failure (UL), elastic stiffness (ES), modulus of elasticity (E) and the moment of inertia about bending axis (MOI) for each bone was calculated using three point bending test. MicroCT scans of all the bones were analyzed to determine cortical bone volume per tissue volume (C.BV/TV), trabecular bone volume per tissue volume (Tb.BV/TV), cortical bone area (B.Ar) using CTAn's microCT analysis and tested for correlation with the biomechanical parameters. Mean (standard error) values of UL in femur decreased from 19.8(0.6) N to 12.8(1.1) N (p
Floquet Cavity Electromagnonics

Hybrid magnonics has recently attracted intensive attention as a promising platform for coherent information processing. In spite of its rapid development, on-demand control over the interaction of magnons with other information carriers, in particular, microwave photons in electromagnonic systems, has been long missing, significantly limiting the potential broad applications of hybrid magnonics. Here, we show that, by introducing Floquet engineering into cavity electromagnonics, coherent control on the magnon-microwave photon coupling can be realized. Leveraging the periodic temporal modulation from a Floquet drive, our first-of-its-kind Floquet cavity electromagnonic system enables the manipulation of the interaction between hybridized cavity electromagnonic modes. Moreover, we have achieved a new coupling regime in such systems: the Floquet ultrastrong coupling, where the Floquet splitting is comparable with or even larger than the level spacing of the two interacting modes, beyond the conventional rotating-wave picture. Our findings open up new directions for magnon-based coherent signal processing.
Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment

The authors propose that people adopt others' perspectives by serially adjusting from their own. As predicted, estimates of others' perceptions were consistent with one's own but differed in a manner consistent with serial adjustment (Study 1). Participants were slower to indicate that another's perception would be different from--rather than similar to--their own (Study 2). Egocentric biases increased under time pressure (Study 2) and decreased with accuracy incentives (Study 3). Egocentric biases also increased when participants were more inclined to accept plausible values encountered early in the adjustment process than when inclined to reject them (Study 4). Finally, adjustments tend to be insufficient, in part, because people stop adjusting once a plausible estimate is reached (Study 5).
Gravity wave variations and contributions to stratospheric sudden warming using long-term ERA5 model output

Abstract This work analyzed ERA5 (ECMWF ReAnalysis) data from 1979 to 2018 to study changes in stratospheric gravity waves (GWs) associated with stratospheric sudden warming (SSWs). GW variations are examined by separating them into polar vortex split and displacement events. In general, GW amplitudes show enhancements prior to the wind reversal at 10 hPa and 60°N and reductions after the wind reversal. GW enhancements are larger during polar vortex split events compared to displacement events, likely due to the location of the polar vortex and background wind conditions. Locations of GW enhancements are different between split events and displacement events and these locations correlate with the locations of polar vortex edge where background wind is strong. GW drag (GWD) and Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux divergences are also analyzed to understand GW contributions to occurrences of SSWs. Our results indicate maximum GWD prior to SSWs are ~18% of the total drag, and timing of eastward zonal wind weakening is coincident with enhancements of westward GWD. These results indicate that although the main driver of SSWs are planetary waves, GWs can contribute to the occurrences of SSWs.
Motion Planning Transformers: One Model to Plan Them All

Transformers have become the powerhouse of natural language processing and recently found use in computer vision tasks. Their effective use of attention can be used in other contexts as well, and in this paper, we propose a transformer-based approach for efficiently solving the complex motion planning problems. Traditional neural network-based motion planning uses convolutional networks to encode the planning space, but these methods are limited to fixed map sizes, which is often not realistic in the real-world. Our approach first identifies regions on the map using transformers to provide attention to map areas likely to include the best path, and then applies local planners to generate the final collision-free path. We validate our method on a variety of randomly generated environments with different map sizes, demonstrating reduction in planning complexity and achieving comparable accuracy to traditional planners.
Review of ERCP Techniques in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients: Highlight on the Novel EUS-Directed Transgastric ERCP (EGDE) Technique

Hepatobiliary complications are common in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients. Despite development of multiple surgical and endoscopic access techniques over the years, ERCP using standard duodenoscope remains challenging in these patients due to the altered anatomy. Limited success with enteroscope-assisted and laparoscope-assisted ERCP led to the evolution of the novel EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) procedure, with variations of this technique termed as Gastric Access Temporary for Endoscopy (GATE), EUS-guided TransGastric ERCP (EUS-TG-ERCP), EUS-guided GastroGastrostomy-assisted ERCP (EUS-GG-ERCP), and EUS-directed transgastric intervention (EDGI). EDGE has high technical (100%) and clinical success rates (60–100%), lower adverse event rate (1.5–7.6%), and up to 20% access stent migration rate; without any significant weight changes. EDGE has significantly shorter procedure time (73vs184min), post-procedural hospital stays (0.8vs2.65 days) and is more cost effective compared to other modalities. EDGE technique addresses the challenges of RYGB anatomy as a minimally invasive, clinically successful, fully endoscopic, and cost-effective option. We present a literature review of the EDGE technique from its inception to current, in addition to reviewing other access techniques, their advantages, disadvantages and outcomes.
Increased Lower Extremity Injury Risk Associated With Player Load and Distance in Collegiate Women's Soccer.

Background There is limited research regarding the impact of workload on injury risk specific to women's soccer. Wearable global positioning system (GPS) units can track workload metrics such as total distance traveled and player load during games and training sessions. These metrics can be useful in predicting injury risk. Purpose To examine the relationship between injury risk and player workload as collected from wearable GPS units in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women's soccer players. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Lower extremity injury incidence and GPS workload data (player load, total distance, and high-speed distance) for 65 NCAA Division I women's soccer players were collected over 3 seasons. Accumulated 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week loads and acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were classified into discrete ranges by z-scores. ACWR was calculated using rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) models. Binary logistic regression models were used to compare the 7:28 rolling average and EWMA ACWRs between injured and noninjured players for all GPS/accelerometer variables. The prior 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week accumulated loads for all GPS/accelerometer variables were compared between the injured and uninjured cohorts using 2-sample t tests. Results There were a total of 53 lower extremity injuries that resulted in lost time recorded (5.76/1000 hours "on-legs" exposure time; 34 noncontact and 19 contact injuries). The prior 2-week (7242 vs 6613 m/s2; P = .02), 3-week (10,533 vs 9718 m/s2; P = .02), and 4-week (13,819 vs 12,892 m/s2; P = .04) accumulated player loads and 2-week (62.40 vs 57.25 km; P = .04), 3-week (90.97 vs 84.10 km; P = .03), and 4-week (119.31 vs 111.38 km; P = .05) accumulated total distances were significantly higher for injured players compared with noninjured players during the same time frames. There were no significant differences in player load, total distance, or high-speed distance ACWR between injured and noninjured players for both the rolling averages and EWMA calculations. Conclusion Higher accumulated player load and total distance, but not ACWR, were associated with injury in women's soccer players.
Dragging Deaths: A Case in Point

A 16-year-old boy was riding his bicycle when he was struck by a truck. He was dragged over 2 1/2 miles (4 km) before he was deposited on the side of the road. The injuries evident at autopsy revealed the boy died from dragging and not from the initial impact. The scene, and the autopsy findings, will be discussed. Language: en
Failure Stories: Interpretations of Rejected Papers in the Late Imperial Civil Service Examinations

This article investigates the practice of returning marked papers to rejected candidates in late imperial Chinese examinations. The practice—common from the sixteenth century to the abolition of imperial examinations in 1905—established a sense of personal communication between examiners and examinees and was an opportunity for rejected candidates to benefit from the examination system. The failed papers returned to their authors enabled them to make sense of their performance by interpreting, when not misconstruing, examiners’ comments. The examiners sometimes praised the papers and blamed the decision to fail on other examiners. As a result, most rejected candidates tended not to challenge the examiners through official channels or take collective action against the examination system. Thus, in the late imperial examination system, the ways in which rejecting decisions could be negotiated and construed were no less important than the awarding of degrees to an extremely small proportion of participants. Cet article s’interesse a la pratique, particuliere a la periode imperiale tardive, consistant a rendre leurs copies aux candidats ayant echoue aux examens. Courante depuis le xvie siecle et jusqu’a l’abolition des examens mandarinaux en 1905, cette pratique creait l’impression d’une relation personnelle entre les examinateurs et les candidats et etait un moyen pour ceux qui avaient echoue de tirer profit du systeme. Les copies rejetees retournees a leurs auteurs permettaient a ces derniers de donner un sens a leur performance en interpretant, voire en devoyant, les commentaires des examinateurs. Il arrivait que les examinateurs fassent l’eloge des copies et attribuent a autrui la decision de les rejeter. De ce fait, la plupart des candidats malheureux evitaient de contester les examinateurs par la voie reglementaire ou de manifester collectivement contre le systeme. Ainsi, dans le systeme des examens a la fin de la periode imperiale, la maniere dont les decisions negatives pouvaient etre negociees ou interpretees n’etait pas moins importante que l’attribution de rangs academiques a une toute petite proportion de ceux qui concouraient.
Regulating Securities Professionals: Emotional and Moral Aspects of Fiduciary Investing

Individuals invest in securities markets via such financial intermediaries as brokers and dealers. Federal securities laws regulate the behavior of securities professionals towards their customers. The relationship between investors and securities professionals is an example of a principal-agent relationship. Such relationships suffer from well-known incentive and informational problems. This Article focuses on some novel emotional and psychological consequences of such relationships for investment decisions. This Article considers how expectations about securities investment behavior can interact with guilt on the part of securities professionals from breaching their clients' trust. This Article explains how imposing a fiduciary duty of loyalty can alter expectations about investment behavior, emotions that depend on those investment expectations, and investment behavior itself. This Article also discusses the applicability of such models to other fiduciary relationships.
Characteristics, Energetics, and Origins of Agulhas Current Meanders and Their Limited Influence on Ring Shedding

AbstractThe Agulhas Current intermittently undergoes dramatic offshore excursions from its mean path because of the downstream passage of mesoscale solitary meanders or Natal pulses. New observations and analyses are presented of the variability of the current and its meanders using mooring observations from the Agulhas Current Time-Series Experiment (ACT) near 34°S. Using a new rotary EOF method, mesoscale meanders and smaller-scale meanders are differentiated and each captured in a single mode of variance. During mesoscale meanders, an onshore cyclonic circulation and an offshore anticyclonic circulation act together to displace the jet offshore, leading to sudden and strong positive conversion of kinetic energy from the mean flow to the meander via nonlinear interactions. Smaller meanders are principally represented by a single cyclonic circulation spanning the entire jet that acts to displace the jet without extracting kinetic energy from the mean flow. Synthesizing in situ observations with altimeter...
Children and the Politics of Culture

Children and the Politics of Culture. Sharon Stephens. ed Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, 1995.366 pp.
The political plans of Mexico

Mexico emerged from its struggle for Independence with the untried Constitution of 1824 as a political guide for a people which had never known self-government. Almost immediately suggestions for amendments to this document were offered for public approval. These proposals were termed 'Plans' and for decades under this rubric they were steadily floated before the public. An analytical commentary accompanying this collection analyzes the unique role of the 'Plan' as a political instrument consciously used in the development of public policy.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance and Mn 55 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Cobalt-Doped RbMn F 3

Single crystals of Co-doped RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ have been grown by the Czochralski method, with doping concentrations ranging from zero to about 1500 ppm. It is found from antiferromagnetic-resonance (AFMR) measurements that the crystalline cubic anisotropy constant ${K}_{1}$ varies in a fairly linear manner with Co concentration. There appears to be little or no increase in ${K}_{2}$. The constant ${K}_{1}$ becomes zero at about 340-ppm Co concentration. AFMR and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ nuclear resonance have been investigated experimentally over a wide frequency range. The data agree well with the computed mode spectra. The results imply that the sublattice magnetizations and the exchange and effective nuclear hyperfine fields are essentially unaffected by the presence of the Co. Some additional modes have been observed which are not predicted by the theory.
Requiem for a theory: the “story grammar” story

Abstract Story grammar was a fairly hot topic in artificial intelligence (AI) from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Now, however, it has virtually disappeared as a research issue in AI. The process of science is one where theories are proposed, experiments are conducted, hypotheses are tested, theories are revised and, ultimately, theories are either accepted or rejected. The story grammar story is surveyed with a view towards describing what it was, and explaining what happened to it, from the perspective of the scientific process.
Superspace geometry and N = 1 non-minimal supergravity

Abstract We investigate superspace geometry for supergravity with non-minimal auxilliary fields. We find that the kinematic constraints and the superspace Bianchi identities are sufficient to obtain complete component expansions of all superspace quantities, including the vielbein and connection superfields. We include a detailed pedagogical discussion on the analysis of constrained superspace Bianchi identities, demonstrating how these are used to derive component field content and transformation laws. We also note that local, chiral supersymmetry representations which form arbitrary representations of the Lorentz group can exist only within the context of supergravity with non-minimal auxilliary fields.
Modeling open-loop stability of a human arm driven by a functional electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to restore movement control following paralysis. For complex multijoint systems, it is becoming increasingly apparent that closed-loop controllers are needed. Designing a closed-loop control system is easiest when the open-loop system is stable. In this study we developed a computational model to assess the open-loop stability of FES-control systems. We used the model to examine the open-loop stability of the human arm throughout its reachable workspace. For each simulated position of the hand we examined the stability of the arm, assuming that a minimal pattern of muscle activation was used to support the arm against gravity. Only muscles available to an existing FES user were considered. We found that with this reduced muscle set, the stability of the arm was severely compromised. We also demonstrated that muscle co-contraction can be an effective method to improve the stability for many postures.