cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TOTAL CARBONATE ION CONCENTRATION IN SALINE WATERS1

AEEXRACI’ A new method of determining total carbonate ion content of saline waters requires measurement of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas ( Pco2) in equilibrium with an initial solution, plus two more PCO, measurements made after adding a known amount of strong base and after further adding boric acid. These three PCO, measurements, plus the total inorganic carbon concentration (X0,) are used to compute the total carbonate ion concentration of the original solution, without the use of any system of apparent dissociation constants. Experimental data for seawater samples using this method yield total carbonate ion concentrations in agreement with those calculated using Lyman’s apparent dissociation constants for carbonic and boric acids. The method can be equally well applied to other saline natural waters. Carbon is present in natural water systems in a great variety of chemical forms, resulting from a complicated interplay of chemical weathering, ocean-atmosphere gas exchange, biological activity, mineral formation and dissolution, and internal mixing. Most of the dissolved carbon in seawater is present as dissociation products of carbonic acid or as dissolved CO2 gas, all of which are generally charactcrized as the “total dissolved inorganic carbon,” i.e. 2,C02. The detailed solution chemistry of the dissociation products of carbonic acid is complicated by the presence of major ion complexes formed by HC03- and COs2- with the alkali and alkaline earth metals abundant in all saline waters. It is common to discuss the chcmistry of the dissociation products of carbonic acid in saline waters in terms of total bicarbonate ion and total carbonate ion, where “total” is understood to include the free ions plus those ions combined with the alkali and alkaline earth metals as complex species. Current methods for determining total carbonate ion content in saline waters are all dependent on emf measurements made with the glass electrode. In general, it is necessary to measure two complete potentiometric titration curves (including one in which all carbon dioxide species are excluded by prior acidification) to determine the carbonate ion content of a natural saline solution. For seawater, assuming a constant alkali plus alkaline earth to chloride matrix and a constant boron-chloride ratio and the validity of a set of laboratory determined “apparent” dissociation constants, the usual practice is to measure only two diagnostic properties of the inorganic carbon system. Methods based on pH or alkalinity determinations involve electrode measurements, while those based on the determination of Ptro, and XC02 involve measurements that can both be made with an infrared gas analyzer. Park (1969) has reviewed the advantages of the various combinations of two mcasurcd parameters of the inorganic carbon system in seawater, all of which require knowledge of a system of apparent dissociation constants.
Comparative analysis of several GMR strip sensor configurations for biological applications

Abstract Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor strips are fabricated and modeled with the purpose of detecting a uniform distribution of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biological application. We find that the free and fixed layers of GMR sensors play a dominant role in exciting the MNPs, and consequent MNP stray fields lead to increased free layer susceptibility. This result persists even when MNPs are confined to the interior of the sensing region but is enhanced when MNPs are allowed near exterior edges. Our analysis includes three different fabrication configurations on two different spin valve film stacks and agrees well with experimental results.
Management of the critically ill child with sepsis

Sepsis is broadly understood to be the systemic response to infection. It can be said to exist when an infectious process has triggered the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The term ‘SIRS’ was coined in 1992 by the American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care Medicine to describe the non-specific inflammatory process occurring in adults after trauma, infection, burns, pancreatitis and other diseases.
Implementing MPI-IO Atomic Mode and Shared File Pointers Using MPI One-Sided Communication

The ROMIO implementation of the MPI-IO standard provides a portable infrastructure for use on top of a variety of underlying storage targets. These targets vary widely in their capabilities, and in some cases additional effort is needed within ROMIO to support all MPI-IO semantics. Two aspects of the interface that can be problematic to implement are MPI-IO atomic mode and the shared file pointer access routines. Atomic mode requires enforcing strict consistency semantics, and shared file pointer routines require communication and coordination in order to atomically update a shared resource. For some file systems, native locks may be used to implement these features, but not all file systems have lock support. In this work, we describe algorithms for implementing efficient mutex locks using MPI-1 and the one-sided capabilities from MPI-2. We then show how these algorithms may be used to implement both MPI-IO atomic mode and shared file pointer methods for ROMIO without requiring any features from the underlying file system. We show that these algorithms can outperform traditional file system lock approaches. Because of the portable nature of these algorithms, they are likely useful in a variety of situations where distributed locking or coordination is needed in the MPI-2 environment.
Investigation of factors influencing release of solid drug dispersed in inert matrices.

A number of factors controlling the rate of drug release from plastic matrices were investigated. It was found that the choice of plastic, weight of drug incorporated in matrix, solubility of drug used, matrix additives, and solvent could markedly affect the release rate. The changes in experimental drug release behavior as a function of these variables were determined and compared to the expected results determined from theory. The matrix tortuosity factor was studied by leaching drug from tablet and then resaturating the porous matrix with a 5 per cent sodium salicylate solution. The release rate of sodium salicylate from these resaturated matrices were determined, and relative tortuosities were calculated.
Aggrecan, an unusual polyelectrolyte: review of solution behavior and physiological implications.

Aggrecan is a high-molecular-weight, bottlebrush-shaped, negatively charged biopolymer that forms supermolecular complexes with hyaluronic acid. In the extracellular matrix of cartilage, aggrecan‐hyaluronic acid complexes are interspersed in a collagen meshwork and provide the osmotic properties required to resist deswelling under compressive load. In this review we compile aggrecan solution behavior from different experimental techniques, and discuss them in the context of concentration regimes that were identified in osmotic pressure experiments. At low concentrations, aggrecan exhibits microgel-like behavior. With increasing concentration, the bottlebrushes self-assemble into large complexes. In the physiological concentration range (2 < caggrecan < 8% w/w), the physical properties of the solution are dominated by repulsive electrostatic interactions between aggrecan complexes. We discuss the consequences of the bottlebrush architecture on the polyelectrolyte characteristics of the aggrecan molecule, and its implications for cartilage properties and function.
The anatomical basis of the Abbé flap.

Objectives Objective of the study were 1) to determine the course, including specific relationship to the vermilion border, free margin of the lip, and orbicularis oris and number of the superior and inferior labial arteries, and 2) to discuss the relevance of this anatomy to design of the Abbe flap. Study Design Detailed anatomical dissections of the mid and lower face of injected cadaver heads. Methods Sixteen superior labial arteries and 15 inferior labial arteries in 9 adult cadaver heads ranging in age from 41 to 90 years were studied. Results The superior labial artery was a single vessel in all cases. At the oral commissure the vessel was superior to the vermilion border in 94% of the dissections. At the midline the vessel was within the vermilion border in 75% of dissections. The vessel was found within the orbicularis oris in 19% of dissections and between the mucosa and the orbicularis oris in 81% of dissections. The inferior labial artery was a single vessel in all dissections. Its course was variable in position relative to the vermilion border and to its take-off from the facial artery. In the central portion of the lip the vessel was found within the orbicularis oris in 13% of dissections and between the mucosa and the orbicularis oris in 87% of dissections. Conclusions The superior labial artery is found within 10 mm of the free margin of the upper lip. The inferior labial artery is variable in its course, varying up to 15 mm from the free margin of the lower lip.
In-Corp-O-Real: A Psychological Critique of Corporate Personhood and Citizens United

It seems absurd today that a robot’s political speech could ever warrant First Amendment protection. And yet, fifty years ago the same claim regarding corporations would have seemed equally absurd. But here we are, with anthropomorphized corporations enjoying political free speech rights equal to ordinary human beings. While corporations are constitutional people and robots presently are not, it is not obvious that this will, or should, remain this way forever. In the not-too-distant future, robots will more closely resemble human beings in appearance and function. When — not if — this happens, how will courts distinguish corporations from robots for constitutional civil rights analyses? Throughout this Article, I will use robots as a practical foil for corporations to reveal the errors in the way the Supreme Court impetuously granted corporations political free speech rights as entities distinct from their members. I hope to prove that precisely because man-made corporations share more in common with robots than with human beings, we should not stretch the metaphor of personhood too far to apply our civil rights to them. Specifically, we should not bestow corporations with political speech rights that are equivalent to those of biological people based flimsily upon the fact that they metaphorically possess a few traits that humans also share. I will demonstrate that corporations may be subordinated to individual humans when it comes to expressing political speech because corporations do not possess fear, mortality, constrained perception, memory, computational processing, empathy, theory of mind, or any sincere emotion. Corporate speakers can take advantage of these traits in humans to persuade us to make political decisions that are not in our interest. But we cannot compel the same errors in corporations because corporations have no reciprocal sense of empathy, fear, or risk. In addition to providing corporations with an advantage over humans in the market-place of ideas, our complex psychology may also explain why we can be easily tricked into anthropomorphizing inanimate objects such as corporations.
Improved force modeling on Mars-Orbiting spacecraft

We present improvements to the modeling of non-conservative forces affecting Marsorbiting spacecraft. Recent high-resolution gravity fields enable the recovery of smaller signals in the radio tracking data, previously obscured by mismodeled gravitational anomalies. In particular, we show that the estimation of the atmospheric drag experienced by the spacecraft benefits from the new force models. More precise calculations of the spacecraft cross-sectional areas entering the equations for the atmospheric drag and direct solar radiation pressure are possible after accounting for the inter-plate self-shadowing of the spacecraft physical model. The relevant surface areas can vary by as much as 20% on average, and the effects can be very variable within one orbit (±10%). We assess the benefits of these updated models by studying two spacecraft, Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We study the effects of modeling on the magnitude and characteristics of the accelerations, on the reconstructed spacecraft trajectory and on the estimated atmospheric density. We plan to use these model improvements with the upcoming Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Transport effects on hydraulic loading rate and microbial removal performance in biosand filters

Biosand filters (BSFs) are increasingly designed using smaller and/or lighter casing material in an effort to reduce logistical requirements and implementation costs. The increased portability of a smaller, lighter design presents a potential negative consequence: the ability to move the installed/operational filter by the homeowner and potentially disturb the system. This study investigated the effects of moving and agitation on filter performance, using mature BSFs which had been in use for over nine months prior to the move. Data were analyzed for four replicate filters of three different filter types: the traditional concrete BSF and two plastic bucket (5-gal and 2-gal, respectively; 5-gal bucket = 18.9-L bucket, 2-gal bucket = 7.6-L bucket) BSFs. Filters were moved approximately 1 km and monitored for hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and Escherichia coli removal for 8 weeks following the move. Moving the filters resulted in reduced HLRs, likely due to sand compaction, but E. coli removal remained high (log10 removal ≥2.8 for all sizes) and increased significantly as compared to data collected prior to the move. The resulting operational implications of moving BSFs are discussed.
Analysis of the Relationship between Benzo(a)pyrene Concentration in Typical Rural Drinking Water and Human Health in Downstream of Huaihe River

The relationship between Benzo(a)pyrene concentration in drinking water and morbidity and mortality caused by malignant tumors was investigated in Huai'an City,downstream of the Huaihe River.A total of 159 water samples from 28 villages of 14 towns in Xuyi County,Jinhu County and Chuzhou District were collected during the high and low flow periods in Huai'an City.Samples of deep groundwater,shallow groundwater and surface water were collected in all the selected villages simultaneously.B(a)P was analyzed by SPE coupled with GC-MS.B(a)P was detected in 89.94% of the samples,and the mean concentration of B(a)P was 9.77 ng/L.Concentrations of B(a)P in about 25.78% of the water samples exceeded the water quality standard.The B(a)P level was significantly different among samples in deep groundwater,shallow groundwater and surface water(χ2=10.15,P0.01) collected during the high flow period.Its concentration in surface water was the highest.There were statistically significant differences in cancer morbidity and mortality of the residents in the three counties.Meanwhile,there was midly significant difference in the mean B(a)P concentration in the water samples of the three counties.There was no significant correlation between cancer epidemiological status and B(a)P level for the three kinds of water samples during high flow and low flow periods.Although the B(a)P concentrations in some of the water samples exceeded the water quality standard,there was no evidence of its correlation with high cancer morbidity.
Brief Discussion on the Present Status of Flue Gas Mercury Removal Technology

Electric power is the main flue gas discharge source and mercury,the trace element,is discharged into atmosphere in different forms,which causes great harms to the environment.There are generally three ways to control mercury emissions: combustion mercury removal,pre-and post-combustion mercury removal. Post-combustion is the main method and it is mostly used and widely concerned in recent research,which includes two parts: to conduct research on all kinds of absorbents and on the utilization of the present desulfurization devices to remove mercury.
Present Situation of Public Health Emergency Response in Panzhihua,2008-2010

Objective To understand the present situation of public health emergency response in Panzhihua and provide evidence for the development of public health emergency response system during '12th five year plan' period.Methods The questionnaire of national public health emergency response was used in the survey.Results The staffnumber of CDCs/health supervision institutions and the bed number per thousand population for public health emergency response in Panzhihua had met the requirement of the standard in Sichuan province.A total of 865 beds could be mobilized within 60 hours and public health emergency response teams had been organized in all health agencies.The trainings and drills of emergency response were conducted.Although there was some stockpile of materials,the public health emergency teams lacked equipments to support their action.The annual budget for public health emergency response was 19 100 yuan,35 300 yuan and 26 100 yuan from 2008 to 2010.Only the members of the emergency response teams in a few health agencies had subsidy.Conclusion The public health emergency response teams in Panzhihua have been organized,but there is urgent need for equipments and funds.
Fetal Exposure to Carcinogens With Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Phase 1 MAW Study Findings.

Author(s): Flanagan, Christie A; Koller, Kathryn R; Wolfe, Abbie W; Thomas, Timothy K; Benowitz, Neal L; Renner, Caroline C; Hughes, Christine; Hatsukami, Dorothy K; Bronars, Carrie; Murphy, Neil J; Day, Gretchen; Decker, Paul A; Patten, Christi A | Abstract: IntroductionThe high prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use during pregnancy in Alaska Native (AN) women is concerning due to the detrimental effects of these products to the mother and the developing fetus. We sought to correlate maternal cotinine levels with fetal exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen to incorporate in a biomarker feedback intervention to motivate tobacco cessation during pregnancy.MethodsDemographic and tobacco use data were collected from a convenience sample of pregnant AN smokers, ST users, and non-users. Maternal and neonatal urine were collected at delivery. Maternal urine cotinine and neonatal urine total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, a tobacco-specific carcinogen) levels in smokers and ST users were analyzed and their correlations determined by Spearman correlation coefficients.ResultsDuring 2012-2014, we enrolled 64 non-users, 54 smokers, and 30 ST (20 homemade iqmik; 10 commercial ST) users (n = 148). Analyses of paired maternal-infant urine samples obtained for 36 smokers demonstrated a moderate to strong correlation (r = 0.73, P l .001) between maternal cotinine and infant NNAL levels. The correlation was not significant for 25 iqmik users (r = 0.36, P = .17) or 9 commercial ST users (r = 0.60, P = .09). No analysis was conducted for 55 non-users with cotinine and NNAL levels l limits of quantification.ConclusionsThere is a moderate to strong correlation between maternal smoking and fetal exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen NNAL.ImplicationsThe correlation between maternal smoking and fetal carcinogen exposure may provide an education tool to help motivate smoking cessation among pregnant AN women. Further investigation is warranted to determine correlations between maternal commercial ST and iqmik use and neonatal NNAL.
Electrophysiological properties of guinea pig tracheal epithelium determined by cable analysis

Electrophysiological characteristics of guinea pig tracheae were measured in vitro using an adaptation of cable analysis. This method allowed the repeated measurement of luminal diameter and epithelial electrical potential, resistance, and short-circuit current (Isc) during treatments known to affect smooth muscle contraction and epithelial ion transport. Stable values taken 3 h after mounting were as follows: diameter, 2.27 +/- 0.10 mm; potential, -28.3 +/- 2.3 mV; resistance, 327 +/- 30 omega.cm2; and Isc, 91.2 +/- 6.8 microA/cm2. These electrophysiological results are comparable to reported values for other species. However, the resistance and potential obtained in this study were larger than those previously reported for the guinea pig. Tracheal diameter was decreased 15% by methacholine and was increased 43% by subsequent isoproterenol treatment. Isoproterenol caused a small but significant increase in Isc when this quantity was normalized to tracheal length rather than to the apparent surface area. In contrast, apical amiloride decreased Isc by 51% and did not change diameter. These data validate this implementation of cable analysis, demonstrate that sodium absorption is the predominant mechanism of active ion transport by guinea pig tracheal epithelium, and indicate that this tissue has little capacity for stimulated chloride secretion.
Gynecologic Considerations for the Acute Care Surgeon

Familiarize with the clinical presentation of gynecologic emergencies that might require general surgical intervention.
Bandwidth Enhancement of RF Resonators Using Duffing Nonlinear Resonance for Wireless Power Applications

This paper presents a nonlinear resonator circuit based on the Duffing equation to enhance the bandwidth of wireless power harvesting and wireless power transfer systems. The Duffing resonator circuit can be implemented with passive components. In this paper, analysis of an electrical Duffing resonator is presented. The detailed discussion of the Duffing resonator’s properties is provided. As a proof of principle, a wireless power harvester employing such a nonlinear resonator has been designed and tested. It is shown that the Duffing resonator circuit enhances the bandwidth of the harvester by 2.7 times compared with a harvester using a linear resonator with the same quality factor, while achieving a similar amplitude level near the resonance frequency. Furthermore, the bandwidth of the nonlinear resonator is independent of its quality factor ( $Q$ ).
Effects of grid size on predictions of bed expansion in bubbling fluidized beds of Geldart B particles: A generalized rule for a grid-independent solution of TFM simulations

Abstract Numerical simulations of gas–solid fluidized beds based on the kinetic theory of granular flow exhibit a significant dependence on domain discretization. Bubble formation, bubble size and shape all vary greatly with the discretization, and the use of an inappropriate scale resolution leads to inaccurate predictions of fluidization hydrodynamics. In this study, grid-independent solutions of the two fluid model were examined by comparing the bed expansions obtained from numerical simulations with experimental results and empirical predictions, based on bubbling fluidized beds of Geldart B particles. Grid independence was achieved with a grid resolution equal to 18 times the particle diameter. The simulation results were compared with previously published data for verification purposes. The results of this work should provide a guideline for choosing the appropriate grid size and thereby minimize the time and expense associated with large simulations.
Migration Times and Ethnic Identity: Mexican Migration to the US Over Three Generations

This chapter uses census material and interviews with three generations of Mexican migrants to the US to explore the changing meaning of migration for family strategies of survival and how it affects transnational identities in both the US and Mexico. Using the concepts of family time and industrial time (labor markets and urbanization), and adding that of migration time (the dominant US migration policy), it looks at migrant family economies and the different ways family members adapted to historical changes in industrial time and migration time. The paper begins with the Bracero Program (1941–1962) and continues with the surge in undocumented migration from the 1970s and the peak in the 1990s, ending in the present when non-visa net migration to the US is close to zero. The drastic change in migration policy with the border blockade of the new millennium has paradoxically locked temporary undocumented migrants into the United States. This has helped create a new demographic in the US in which Hispanic children, mainly of Mexican origin, are the largest single ethnic component in the school-age population in many cities and states. It also weakens transnational ties with Mexico at the same time as the rise in involuntary deportations increases the insecurity of a substantial portion of the Mexican-born population in the US.
4D flow image quality with blood pool contrast: a comparison of gadofosveset trisodium and ferumoxytol.

To evaluate the effect of MRI blood pool contrast agent on 4D flow image quality and ventricular volume measurements. Adult patients referred for clinical cardiac MRI (n = 22) were imaged with 4D flow. Patients with renal failure (n = 10) received ferumoxytol, and the remainder (n = 12) received gadofosveset trisodium. Image quality was assessed with (1) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); (2) contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR); and (3) 5-point Likert scale based on endocardial border definition (1 = none; 2 = partial but unable to visualize; 3 = able to roughly estimate; 4 = visible for most of the cardiac cycle; 5 = excellent definition). A subset (n = 15) had short axis steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine imaging allowing for comparison of standard volumetric measurement technique with 4D flow derived volumetric measurements. 4D flow studies using ferumoxytol demonstrated a higher median Likert score of 5 (IQR, 5–5) versus 3 (IQR, 2–3). Median cavity SNR and CNR were higher for ferumoxytol compared to gadofosveset trisodium [65 (IQR, 50–74) versus 22 (IQR, 14–28), p < 0.001; and 40 (IQR, 32–49) versus 4 (IQR, 3–10), p < 0.001]. Good correlation (p < 0.001) was seen between SSFP and 4D flow measured ventricular volumes (ESV and EDV) with ferumoxytol (r = 0.998, mean difference = 1.2 mL, LOA = − 7.7–10.1 mL) and gadofosveset trisodium (r = 0.942, mean difference = − 2.7 mL, LOA = − 35.7–27.1 mL). Ferumoxytol used off-label as an MRI blood pool contrast agent offers an attractive alternative to gadofosveset trisodium in patients with renal failure, with excellent 4D flow image quality and good correlation of volumetric measurements compared to the CMR reference (SSFP).
The Historical Amnesia of Contemporary Immigration Federalism Debates

This article explores competing interpretations of American federalism and immigration authority during the 18th century. I argue that the 1787 Constitution did not clearly place the authority to manage migration with the national government. In fact, the Constitution did not discuss entry and exit policy, including the power of deportation. The debates over the Alien and Sedition Acts illustrate the diversity of opinions about the proper balance of authority between the national and subnational governments with regard to migration policy. Debates over the potential expansion of national power were particularly heated in the antebellum period because migration policy and slave policy were inextricably linked. In the end, whatever guidance the Constitution provided on migration policy was tainted by the document’s endorsement of slavery.
Cardiac Lesion Mapping In Vivo Using Intracardiac Myocardial Elastography

Radio frequency (RF) ablation of the myocardium is used to treat various cardiac arrhythmias. The size, spacing, and transmurality of lesions have been shown to affect the success of the ablation procedure; however, there is currently no method to directly image the size and formation of ablation lesions in real time. Intracardiac myocardial elastography (ME) has been previously used to image the decrease in cardiac strain during systole in the ablated region as a result of the lesion formation. However, the feasibility of imaging multiple lesions and identifying the presence of gaps between lesions has not yet been investigated. In this paper, RF ablation lesions ( $n = 7$ ) were generated in the left ventricular epicardium in three anesthetized canines. Two sets of two lesions each were created in close proximity to one another with small gaps (1.5 and 4 cm), while one set of two lesions was created directly next to each other with no gap. A clinical intracardiac echocardiography system was programmed to transmit a custom diverging beam sequence at 600 Hz and used to image the ablation site before and after the induction of ablation lesions. Cumulative strains were estimated over systole using a normalized cross-correlational displacement algorithm and a least-squares strain kernel. Afterward, lesions were excised and subjected to tetrazolium chloride staining. Results indicate that intracardiac ME was capable of imaging the reduction in systolic strain associated with the formation of an ablation lesion. Furthermore, lesion sets containing gaps were able to be distinguished from lesion sets created with no gaps. These results indicate that the end-systolic strain measured using intracardiac ME may be used to image the formation of lesions induced during an RF ablation procedure, in order to provide critical assessment of lesion viability during the interventional procedure.
Synaptic Neurexin Complexes: A Molecular Code for the Logic of Neural Circuits

Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons in brain that transmit and compute information, thereby connecting neurons into millions of overlapping and interdigitated neural circuits. Here, we posit that the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses are governed by a molecular logic that is controlled by diverse trans-synaptic signaling molecules. Neurexins, expressed in thousands of alternatively spliced isoforms, are central components of this dynamic code. Presynaptic neurexins regulate synapse properties via differential binding to multifarious postsynaptic ligands, such as neuroligins, cerebellin/GluD complexes, and latrophilins, thereby shaping the input/output relations of their resident neural circuits. Mutations in genes encoding neurexins and their ligands are associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, autism, and Tourette syndrome. Thus, neurexins nucleate an overall trans-synaptic signaling network that controls synapse properties, which thereby determines the precise responses of synapses to spike patterns in a neuron and circuit and which is vulnerable to impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Psychology Doctoral Program Admissions: What Master’s and Undergraduate-Level Students Need to Know

What do psychology doctorate programs require and prefer in their master’s level applicants? Do the programs value students’ graduate experiences during and postadmission? Doctoral programs’ (n = 2...
MetaLonDA: a flexible R package for identifying time intervals of differentially abundant features in metagenomic longitudinal studies.

Microbial longitudinal studies are powerful experimental designs utilized to classify diseases, determine prognosis, and analyze microbial systems dynamics. In longitudinal studies, only identifying differential features between two phenotypes does not provide sufficient information to determine whether a change in the relative abundance is short-term or continuous. Furthermore, sample collection in longitudinal studies suffers from all forms of variability such as a different number of subjects per phenotypic group, a different number of samples per subject, and samples not collected at consistent time points. These inconsistencies are common in studies that collect samples from human subjects. We present MetaLonDA, an R package that is capable of identifying significant time intervals of differentially abundant microbial features. MetaLonDA is flexible such that it can perform differential abundance tests despite inconsistencies associated with sample collection. Extensive experiments on simulated datasets quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of MetaLonDA with significant improvement over alternative methods. We applied MetaLonDA to the DIABIMMUNE cohort ( https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/diabimmune ) substantiating significant early lifetime intervals of exposure to Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium in Finnish and Russian infants. Additionally, we established significant time intervals during which novel differentially relative abundant microbial genera may contribute to aberrant immunogenicity and development of autoimmune disease. MetaLonDA is computationally efficient and can be run on desktop machines. The identified differentially abundant features and their time intervals have the potential to distinguish microbial biomarkers that may be used for microbial reconstitution through bacteriotherapy, probiotics, or antibiotics. Moreover, MetaLonDA can be applied to any longitudinal count data such as metagenomic sequencing, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, or RNAseq. MetaLonDA is publicly available on CRAN ( https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MetaLonDA ).
Human and mouse model cognitive phenotypes in Down syndrome: implications for assessment

The study of cognitive function in Down syndrome (DS) has advanced rapidly in the past decade. Mouse models have generated data regarding the neurological basis for the specific cognitive profile of DS (i.e., deficits in aspects of hippocampal, prefrontal, and cerebellar function) and have uncovered pharmacological treatments with the potential to affect this phenotype. Given this progress, the field is at a juncture in which we require assessments that may effectively translate the findings acquired in mouse models to humans with DS. In this chapter, we describe the cognitive profile of humans with DS and associated mouse models, discussing the ways in which we may merge these findings so as to more fully understand cognitive strengths and weaknesses in this population. New directions for approaches to cognitive assessment in mice and humans are discussed.
Paleohydrologic Equations for Rivers

Geomorphologists are becoming increasingly active in reconstructing the characteristics of ancient rivers. The features of interest generally are those that describe the former streamflow, such as discharge and mean velocity, and those that describe the channel, for example bankfull width and depth, or meander dimensions. To make these estimates, the paleohydrologist depends on relations derived for modern rivers. Fluvial-geomorphic literature contains many such relations that potentially can be applied to former rivers and their flows.
ABHRANTA: locating bugs that manifest at large system scales

A key challenge in developing large scale applications (both in system size and in input size) is finding bugs that are latent at the small scales of testing, only manifesting when a program is deployed at large scales. Traditional statistical techniques fail because no error-free run is available at deployment scales for training purposes. Prior work used scaling models to detect anomalous behavior at large scales without being trained on correct behavior at that scale. However, that work cannot localize bugs automatically. In this paper, we extend that work with automatic diagnosis technique, based on feature reconstruction, and validate our design through case studies with two real bugs from an MPI library and a DHT-based file sharing application.
Mate preferences in emerging adulthood and beyond: Age variations in mate preferences and beliefs about change in mate preferences:

Few studies have considered how mate preferences may differ for individuals at different ages of emerging adulthood and beyond or considered at the same time other individual difference variables b...
Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Meniere’s Disease

Meniere’s disease (MD) consists of a tetrad of episodic vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. The episodic vertigo typically resolves over time; however, hearing loss usually becomes permanent with disease progression. MD is thought to be caused by endolymphatic hydrops, which has been visualized both in pathologic temporal bone specimens and in vivo via magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple theories exist regarding the etiology of endolymphatic hydrops and the mechanism by which endolymphatic hydrops causes the symptoms of MD. MD is principally diagnosed based on clinical assessment and audiometric documentation of hearing loss; however, a variety of adjunct vestibular tests can be used to differentiate MD from similar disorders.
Targeting pacemaker channels in depression

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channel dysfunction drives stress susceptibility and depression-like behavior.
Review of pervaporation and vapor permeation process factors affecting the removal of water from industrial solvents

A recent review article (Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 94: 343–365 (2019)) identified several commercially‐available permselective materials for drying organic solvents with pervaporation (PV) and vapor permeation (V·P) separation processes. The membrane materials included polymeric and inorganic substances exhibiting a range in the performance characteristics: water permeance, water/solvent selectivity, and maximum use temperature. This article provides an overview of the factors affecting the design of PV/V·P processes utilizing these membranes to remove water from common organic solvents. Properties of the specific membrane and of the solvent substantially affect the PV/V·P separation. Equally important is the impact of operating parameters on the overall separation. To study these impacts, simplified process performance equations and detailed spreadsheet calculations were developed for single‐pass and recirculating batch PV systems and for single‐pass V·P systems. Estimates of membrane area, permeate concentration, solvent recovery, permeate condenser temperatures, and heating requirements were calculated. Process variables included: solvent type, water permeance, water/solvent selectivity, initial and final water concentrations, operating temperature (PV) or feed pressure (V·P), temperature drop due to evaporation (PV) or feed‐side pressure drop (V·P), and permeate pressure. The target solvents considered were: acetonitrile, 1‐butanol, N,N‐dimethyl formamide, ethanol, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl tert‐butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and 2‐propanol. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Oral Pseudomyogenic Hemangioendothelioma: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Pseduomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PMH) is a vascular neoplasm of intermediate biological potential first described by Hornick and Fletcher (Am J Surg Pathol 35:190–201, 2011). Despite its initial categorization as a malignant entity, PMH often demonstrates an indolent behavior profile, and thus was classified as a rarely metastasizing endothelial neoplasm in the 2013 WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone. It is a tumor primarily of skin and soft tissue, with most reported cases involving the trunk or extremities. To date, only one case of PMH involving the oral cavity has been reported. Herein, we present a case of PMH involving the mandibular gingiva and vestibule of a 33-year-old female and discuss the salient features of this entity.
Clinical trial simulation: modeling and practical considerations

As clinical trials are increasingly globalized with complex footprints over hundreds of sites worldwide, sponsors and contract research organizations constantly seek to make better and faster decisions on their investigational products, and drug supply planning must evolve to ensure efficient, effective supply chain for every study. This endeavor is challenging due to unique characteristics of multi-center trials including randomization schemes for multiple treatment arms, finite recruitment target (that is, across all sites, only a finite number of subjects need be satisfied) and uncertainty in recruitment rates, etc. Simulation has great potential for being the ideal tool which companies can utilize to make better decisions with considerations to both supply chain risks and costs. To achieve this goal, it is important to understand the specifics of clinical trial supply chains. Built upon this knowledge, our paper provides an advanced tutorial on modeling and practical considerations in clinical supply simulation.
Islam, Exclusivity, and the State: Evidence from France

What drives the belief that religious identity is incompatible with mainstream identities? Using the case of Islam in France, this paper provides the first causally-identified evidence that government engagement with marginalized communities does in fact shift these perceptions of identity incompatibility, which I term religious exclusivity. I demonstrate that this can occur not only through governments' provision of material benefits but rather the way that government actions shape perceptions of group rejection. Understanding the origins of exclusivity provides important insights into a central but often overlooked driver of integration, radicalization, voting, and violence. I measure and test this theory using causal, computational, and ethnographic methods based on over two years of fieldwork, unique big data sources, and machine learning methods. I find that positive (negative) government engagement decreases (increases) religious exclusivity by a statistically and substantively significant amount. These findings have broad implications not only for Islam in France but contexts across the globe in which identity serves as a salient cleavage.
Inference with Many Weak Instruments.

We develop a concept of weak identification in linear IV models in which the number of instruments can grow at the same rate or slower than the sample size. We propose a jackknifed version of the classical weak identification-robust Anderson-Rubin (AR) test statistic. Large-sample inference based on the jackknifed AR is valid under heteroscedasticity and weak identification. The feasible version of this statistic uses a novel variance estimator. The test has uniformly correct size and good power properties. We also develop a pre-test for weak identification that is related to the size property of a Wald test based on the Jackknife Instrumental Variable Estimator (JIVE). This new pre-test is valid under heteroscedasticity and with many instruments.
Recurrent mismatch binding by MutS mobile clamps on DNA localizes repair complexes nearby

DNA mismatch repair (MMR), the guardian of the genome, commences when MutS identifies a mismatch and recruits MutL to nick the error-containing strand, allowing excision and DNA resynthesis. Dominant MMR models posit that after mismatch recognition, ATP converts MutS to a hydrolysis-independent, diffusive mobile clamp that no longer recognizes the mismatch. Little is known about the postrecognition MutS mobile clamp and its interactions with MutL. Two disparate frameworks have been proposed: One in which MutS-MutL complexes remain mobile on the DNA, and one in which MutL stops MutS movement. Here we use single-molecule FRET to follow the postrecognition states of MutS and the impact of MutL on its properties. In contrast to current thinking, we find that after the initial mobile clamp formation event, MutS undergoes frequent cycles of mismatch rebinding and mobile clamp reformation without releasing DNA. Notably, ATP hydrolysis is required to alter the conformation of MutS such that it can recognize the mismatch again instead of bypassing it; thus, ATP hydrolysis licenses the MutS mobile clamp to rebind the mismatch. Moreover, interaction with MutL can both trap MutS at the mismatch en route to mobile clamp formation and stop movement of the mobile clamp on DNA. MutS's frequent rebinding of the mismatch, which increases its residence time in the vicinity of the mismatch, coupled with MutL's ability to trap MutS, should increase the probability that MutS-MutL MMR initiation complexes localize near the mismatch.
States and Cities As 'Norm Sustainers': A Role for Subnational Actors in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change

President Donald Trump’s declared intent to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change has prompted many states and cities in the United States to redouble their efforts on climate change and to pledge support for the international treaty. U.S. subnational states and cities cannot be parties to the Paris Agreement, so what do their declarations of support mean from the perspective of international law? Using Harold Koh’s theory of transnational legal process as a framework, I address this question by integrating the literature on international climate law and state and the scholarship on local climate innovation. I argue that subnational actors are “norm sustainers” who can help to ensure the success of the Paris Agreement even if the U.S. withdraws from the treaty. When subnational actors pledge to uphold a global treaty, like the Paris Agreement on climate change, they act as norm sustainers and contribute to the transnational legal process in three distinct ways. First, by publicly benchmarking their own progress on the U.S. targets under the Paris Agreement, subnational norm sustainers can signal to other nation-states that a significant portion of the United States is still committed to the goals of the Paris Agreement. Consistent with the treaty’s emphasis on transparency for compliance, such subnational disclosure could encourage other countries to achieve their own national targets, or, at the very least, help to prevent a decrease in ambition in the wake of a U.S. withdrawal from the treaty. Second, states and cities can sustain and strengthen key norms of international environmental law that are embedded within the Paris Agreement. For example, President Trump has essentially repudiated the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. I argue that states and cities give this principle meaning when they tie their own climate policies to the Paris Agreement. Finally, as norm sustainers, states and cities can demonstrate the feasibility of climate actions in a way that lays the groundwork for national policy, as the literature on cooperative federalism in the United States has long recognized. Thus, even if President Trump fulfills his campaign promise of withdrawing the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change, the sustaining efforts of states and cities could enable a future president to rejoin the treaty. President Trump’s actions threaten to derail global progress on climate change by encouraging other countries to defect from the Paris Agreement. Although U.S. states and cities cannot be parties to the treaty, their actions as norm sustainers can help to ensure the treaty’s success and heighten international ambition on climate change.
Abstract IA04: Regulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer

The Hippo pathway is crucial in organ size control and its dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. Core components of the Hippo pathway include the protein kinases of MST1/2, MAP4Ks, LATS1/2, the transcription co-activators YAP/TAZ, and their DNA binding partners TEADs. LATS phosphorylates YAP/TAZ to promote cytoplasmic localization and degradation, thereby inhibiting YAP/TAZ and cell growth. The Hippo pathway is regulated by a wide range of signals, including cell density, GPCR, cellular energy levels, and mechanical cues. We will present our recent progresses on Hippo pathway regulation and its role in cancer. The emerging role of the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis suggests the potential therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for cancer treatment. Citation Format: Kun-Liang Guan. Regulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.