cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ZOOSPORIC FUNGI OF OCEANIA. VII. FUSIONS IN RHIZOPHLYCTIS

A B S T R A C T Clumping, pairing, and fusion of zoospores occur commonly in three isolates of Rhizophlyctis oceanis sp. n., as well as in R. ingolcii Sparrow from the South Pacific islands and New Zealand. At preselnt the fusions are interpreted to be gametic, but this interpretation has not been substantiated fully because it has not been possible so far to bring the fusion products to maturity and demonistrate conclusively that resting spores are sexually formed. The motile cells appear to be facultative. They may function as zoospores and develop directly into sporangial thalli or fuse to form young zygote-like thalli. In this respect they are very similar to those of some members of the Olpidiaceae and Synchytriaceae. The fusing cells lose their morphological identity as such in the process of fusion as in members of these families, and in this respect they are unlike most of those of the family Rhizidiaceae in which Rhizophlyctis is commonly classified. The fusions in R. oceanis and R. ingoldii are strikingly similar to those in Karlingia dubia Karling, an operculate species, which indicates that Rhizophlyctis and Karlingia are closely related genera. IN TWO previous publications on the zoosporic fungi of Oceania the author (Karling, 1968; in press) describes several monocentric chytrids which were isolated on various substrata from watered soil samples. The present contribution concerns primarily the occurrence of clumping, pairing, and fusion of motile cells in Rhizophlyctis oceanis sp. n. and a brief report of these phenomena in R. ingoldii Sparrow. Three isolates of the former species, P6, A12, and AMH, were trapped on strips of purified shrimp and lobster chitin which were floated on the surface of inundated soil samples from Pitcairn Island, from Aitutaki, Cook Islands, and from the crater
Interfacial Crystallization in Gel-Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

PVA and PVA/SWNT fibers (PVA = poly(vinyl alcohol), SWNT = single-walled nanotubes) were processed by gel spinning. At 1 wt.-% SWNT loading, tensile strength increased from 1.6 GPa for the control PVA to 2.6 GPa for PVA/SWNT composite. Analysis of this data suggests stress of up to ≈116 GPa on the SWNT in the composite fiber. This confirms excellent reinforcement and load transfer of SWNT in the PVA matrix. Tensile modulus of the fiber is also increased from 47 GPa for the control to 70 GPa for the composite. Interfacial studies using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal extended-chain crystal growth of PVA at the PVA-SWNT interface. High SWNT alignment in the fiber is revealed, where the polarized Raman G-band ratio (I VV 0° /I VV 90° ) is as high as 106. Composite fiber shrinkage in water is reduced by ∼70 % when compared to the control PVA fibers.
Visualizing uncertainty for geographical information in the global terrorism database

Presenting information on a geopolitical map can offer powerful insight into a problem by leveraging an individual's innate capacity to discover patterns and to use map-related cues to incorporate pre-existing knowledge. This mode of presentation is not without its flaws, however, as the act of placing information at specific coordinates can imply a false sense of the data's geo-spatial certainty. Traditional uncertainty visualization techniques, such as those that change primitive attributes or employ animation, can create large amounts of clutter or actively distract when visualizing geospatially uncertain events within large datasets. To effectively identify geo-spatial trends within the Global Terrorism Database of the START Center, we have developed a novel usage of squarified treemaps that maintains the strengths of traditional map-viewing but incorporates some measure of data verity.
The reliability of skin biopsy with measurement of intraepidermal nerve fiber density

Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) is a sensitive measure of small fiber injury, and holds promise as a clinical trial endpoint measure. A total of 48 punch biopsies were obtained from 22 patients. Tissue was sectioned and stained with PGP9.5. The relative intertrial variability (RIV) of IENFD measurements for each section and punch made by two different observers was determined (interobserver variability). Intraobserver variability (same observer measuring twice) was determined for 50% of the sections and punches. Sections from 12 punch biopsies were also stained at a second laboratory. The effect of the number of sections counted and processing site on reproducibility was investigated. A total of 223 sections were analyzed. The mean IENFD was 6.7 fibers/mm. Mean (±standard deviation) interobserver variability was 9.6%±9.4 for each biopsy site and 10.2%±11.9 for individual sections. Mean intraobserver variability was 9.6%±8.9 for biopsies, and 8.8%±9.0 for sections. There was no significant difference in IENFD for tissue stained at different laboratories. Intraclass correlation coefficients were greater than 0.98 for each comparison. There was no relationship between absolute IENFD and reproducibility. Reproducibility was highest when four sections were counted. IENFD measurement is highly reproducible. At least four sections should be analyzed. Reliability does not vary with severity of disease. These findings suggest IENFD may be a useful endpoint measure in future neuropathy treatment trials.
Proprietary technologies: building a manufacturer’s flexibility and competitive advantage

When barriers to entry are limited, technologies often contribute little to a firm’s long-term competitive advantage (CA). This research argues that a manufacturing firm’s proprietary technologies can overcome this limitation because they are rare, inimitable, valuable and non-substitutable. Technologies, which are dedicated by suppliers to meet a manufacturer’s needs, are also a part of a firm’s strategic assets. Based on 201 responses from senior managers and executives at US manufacturers, results show that proprietary technologies positively influence suppliers’ dedicated technologies. In addition, these two types of technologies influence differently a manufacturing firm’s flexibility and CA. Proprietary technologies indirectly impact flexibility and directly impact CA, while suppliers’ dedicated technologies directly impact flexibility and indirectly impact CA. The combination of the two technology resources creates the overall success for manufacturer.
New class of hallucinogens : GABA-enhancing agents

Hallucinogenic drugs are of interest to psychiatrists as possible models of schizophrenia. Possibly some of the mechanisms by which these drugs elicit altered mental states might lead to a better understanding of schizophrenia. GABA-enhancing drugs, such as muscimol and CI-966, produce mental states that differ in various ways from those of other hallucinogens. The mechanism of action also differs from the others, which may be mediated by receptors for serotonin (LSD), acetylcholine (scopolamine), or NMDA (phencyclidine). Whether the GABAA receptor will provide clues to schizophrenia remains to be elucidated.
Mediators of Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactoid Reactions, and Rhinitis:

Besides histamine, a large and increasing number of mediators of allergic reactions are being found to be released by mast cells or basophils during anaphylactic reactions. Many of these same subst...
Comparison of NCEP Multisensor Precipitation Estimates with Independent Gauge Data over the Eastern United States

AbstractGauge-calibrated radar estimates of daily precipitation are compared with daily observed values of precipitation from National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer Network (COOP) stations to evaluate the multisensor precipitation estimate (MPE) product that is gridded by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for the eastern United States (defined as locations east of the Mississippi River). This study focuses on a broad evaluation of MPE across the study domain by season and intensity. In addition, the aspect of precipitation type is considered through case studies of winter and summer precipitation events across the domain. Results of this study indicate a north–south gradient in the error of MPE and a seasonal pattern with the highest error in summer and autumn and the lowest error in winter. Two case studies of precipitation are also considered in this study. These case studies include instances of intense precipitation and frozen precipitation. These results suggest th...
Response of cerebellar Purkinje cells to serotonin and the 5-HT1A agonists 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone in vitro.

Abstract These studies were undertaken in an attempt to classify the receptor subtyps mediating the inhibitory effects of serotonin (5-HT) on cerebellar Purkinje cells in the in vitro slice preparation. 5-HT and the 5-HT 1A specific agonists 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propyl-amino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and ipsapirone were iontophoretically applied to Purkinje cells during control periods and periods of concurrent application of the 5-HT 1A /5-HT 2 antagonist spiperone. 5-HT was found to produce three distinct effects on Purkinje cell spontaneous discharge: inhibition, excitation and a biphasic effect. Iontophoretically applied 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone elicited only inhibition of Purkinje cell firing all cells tested. Purkinje cell inhibitions elicited by 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone were all found to be significantly dose-dependent. However, while dose-response curves for 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone were found to be identical, they both differed significantly from the 5-HT curve. Spiperone was shown to significantly attenuate Purkinje cell inhibition induced by 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone. In several cells 5-HT-induced inhibition of spontaneous discharge was reversed to excitation in the presence of spiperone. This was never observed with either 8-OH-DPAT or ipsapirone. Thus, our results suggest that 5-HT-induced Purkinje cell inhibitions are at least partially mediated by the 5-HT 1A receptor subtype, and there also may be additional 5-HT receptor subtypes present mediating other responses. Ultimate Purkinje cell responses to 5-HT may be due to summation of responses induced by activation of several 5-HT receptor subtypes.
The problem of order in Austrian economics: Kirzner vs. Lachmann ∗

The current controversy among Austrian economists concerns the precise way in which time and ignorance is to be incorporated into market analysis. While both sides think the market process is fundamentally orderly and coherent, they disagree about how to conceptualize that order. One side, associated mostly with Israel Kirzner, conceives of economic order in the conventional sense of a system converging towards a neoclassical notion of equilibrium. The Austrian contribution to this analysis is to emphasize the important role of entrepreneurial alertness in bringing about convergence towards equilibrium. Kirzner's theory of alertness is able to incorporate partial ignorance into economic analysis, but it does not give a satisfactory account of the consequences of real time. The other side, following Ludwig Lachmann, argues that a full appreciation of the implications of time and ignorance in economics forces us to abandon conventional notions of equilibrium and instead formulate a theory of the ‘kaleidic s...
Postnational globalization and (en)gendered meat production in Ruth L. Ozeki's my year of meats

(2001). Postnational globalization and (en)gendered meat production in Ruth L. Ozeki's my year of meats. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 99-128.
The UN International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur: New and Disturbing Findings

Following a US referral of the Darfur crisis to the United Nations, the UN undertook the UN Commission of Inquiry into Darfur. In late January 2005, following an analysis of the data collected by the UN's COI team, the UN declared that while it found crimes against humanity had been committed by the government of Sudan (GoS) and the Janjaweed (Arab militia), it did not find evidence that the GoS had perpetrated genocide. Herein, Samuel Totten, argues that a correct analysis of the data collected by the COI team would have been genocide. In addition to offering a critique of the COI's analysis, Totten is critical of the hurried, unsystematic, and underfunded investigation.
Percutaneous isolated pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis-thrombectomy system for the management of acute arterial limb ischemia: 30-day results from a single-center experience.

Objective To study the efficacy of isolated pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis-thrombectomy (IPMT) by Trellis™ device (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) in managing acute limb ischemic (ALI). Background ALI is both life and limb threatening disease with a reported 9–15% mortality and 15–25% limb loss in the first month after presentation. Pitfalls of current endovascular techniques include major bleeding, distal embolism, and prolonged thrombolytic infusion. IPMT isolates the thrombus between two balloons and utilizes wire oscillation to increase the thombus-lytic exposure surface area followed by aspiration. It decreases systemic lytic exposure, procedure time, and distal embolism. Methods Technical aspects, success, and bleeding complications in 24 consecutive patients with ALI treated with IPMT between October 2009 and September 2010 were analyzed. In-hospital and 30-day mortality, amputation rates and treatment success rates were determined. Results 24 patients constituted 32 arteries; 18 (56.25%) were suprainguinal including 3 grafts (9.4%) and 14 (43.75%) were infrainguinal native arteries. Substantial or complete response was seen in >90% vessels with 87.5% patients revealing TIMI three flow while none demonstrated TIMI 2 or 3 pretreatment. Only three patients required adjunctive post-IPMT thrombolysis. In-hospital and 30-day all cause mortality was 4.16%. One patient died in-hospital and no patient underwent amputation. Conclusion Besides being the largest series of ALI patients treated with IPMT, this is the first and largest series including 14 native infrainguinal arteries. These results suggest IPMT to be a promising and safer therapeutic option in ALI, likely due to its site-specific nature and limited thrombolysis exposure time. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Genetics of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: A Reanalysis

• Objective. —To determine whether the existing family data for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) are sufficient for the purposes of establishing the mode of inheritance of this condition. Design. —Reanalysis of the familial aggregation patterns exhibited by IHPS, using data from several published family studies. Conclusions. —Due to several limitations of the available family data for IHPS, the results of this analysis should be interpreted cautiously. Within the context of these limitations, the familial recurrence pattern among monozygotic cotwins and more remote relatives of IHPS probands was found to be inconsistent with generalized single major locus inheritance. The familial recurrence pattern of IHPS is, however, compatible with multifactorial threshold inheritance or the effects of multiple interacting loci. Under a model of multiple interacting loci, no single locus can account for more than a fivefold increase in the risk to first-degree relatives of IHPS probands. In contrast to several earlier reports, this analysis does not support the existence of a maternal factor that contributes to the risk of IHPS in the offspring of affected females. ( AJDC . 1993;147:1203-1211)
IgG replacement by the subcutaneous route using preparations licensed in the USA for administration by other routes

Abstract Rationale Patients with adverse reactions to multiple IVIG preparations may tolerate IVIG given subcutaneously. However, there is no preparation of IgG licensed for subcutaneous administration in the US. Therefore, we determined whether preparations licensed for use by other routes would be tolerated subcutaneously. Methods Eleven of one-hundred antibody-deficient patients receiving IgG therapy in our practice infuse IgG subcutaneously. Reasons for using the subcutaneous route include poor IV access, migraines, nausea/vomiting, and convenience of self/home administration. Five patients receive a liquid 16% preparation intended for IM use (Baygam R ) and six patients receive lyophilized preparations containing sucrose (Carimune TM NF or Panglobulin TM NF). Forty milliliters of sterile water is used to reconstitute lyophilized products to 15%. Patients use 26-27 gauge catheters and portable infusion pumps. Results Over 1500 subcutaneous infusions have been completed without any systemic reactions or migraines. Only one patient premedicates with antihistamines. One patient had a significant local reaction and returned to IVIG. Another patient failed to take infusions as scheduled and was admitted for lower extremity cellilitis with a low IgG level. Conclusions IgG preparations licensed for IM and IV use can be safely administered subcutaneously. Lyophilized preparations containing sucrose are well tolerated, even at higher concentrations than used for IV administration. Careful selection of patients and physician monitoring are necessary to ensure proper compliance and efficacy of subcutaneous IgG replacement.
Quantitative ultrasound of skeletal muscle: reliable measurements of calibrated muscle backscatter from different ultrasound systems.

Widespread implementation of quantitative muscle ultrasonography in assessing skeletal muscle pathology is limited by an inability to replicate results between different ultrasound systems. We have developed a measurement of skeletal muscle pathology, calibrated muscle backscatter (cMB), which should be reproducible between different ultrasound systems. We compared the reliability of grayscale and cMB measurements between different ultrasound systems, configurations and region-of-interest (ROI) sizes. cMB of skeletal muscle was reliably measured (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≤0.98) despite very dissimilar grayscale levels (ICC ≤0.54). cMB reliability was highest between systems using similar settings (ICC: 0.82–0.98) and was lowest when transducer type varied (ICC: 0.47–0.71). Reliability was better from ROIs spanning a narrow range of depths compared with larger ranges. cMB measurements are more reliable than grayscale between different ultrasound systems and configurations. Measuring cMB could improve widespread implementation of quantitative ultrasound in assessments of skeletal muscle pathology.
Communication climate and coping mechanisms in the college classroom

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: first, to determine those teacher behaviors indicative of supportive and defensive communication climates, and those that fail to distinguish between the two types of climate; and second, to determine the specific student coping mechanisms indicative of supportive and defensive climates. Results supported the following conclusions: (1) supportiveness and defensiveness are independent dimensions of communication climate; (2) liked and disliked college classes differ more in their degree of supportiveness than defensiveness; (3) liked and disliked classes may be distinguished by both their supportiveness and defensiveness; and (4) student behavior in a non‐supportive, defensive climate is characterized by the use of coping mechanisms.
Chapter 4.: The Current Status of Prescribing Psychiatric Drugs for College Students: A Nascent Science or a SNAFU?

In recent years psychiatric medications have been prescribed for college students and the general public in burgeoning numbers. The vast majority of these prescriptions are written by non-psychiatr...
Decomposition and ordering processes involving thermodynamically first-order order → disorder transformations

Abstract Clustering and ordering processes often occur concomitantly or synergistically during the decomposition of supersaturated solid solutions. However, the occurrence of spinodal decomposition in conjunction with an order → disorder transformation thermodynamically of first order under equilibrium conditions is generally not well understood. In this paper a simple graphical approach using free energy-composition diagrams and loci of thermodynamic instability delineating regions of continuous transformation is used to develop a framework for understanding the interplay between clustering and ordering occurring in metallic solid solutions where the ordered precipitate stems from a phase diagram configuration in which the ordered and disordered states are connected by a first-order phase transition. The approach is applied to the NiAl, NiTi and AlLi binary alloy systems in which the interaction of clustering and ordering appears to play an important role.
Predictors and early and late outcomes of respiratory failure in contemporary cardiac surgery.

Background Respiratory failure (RF) is a serious complication following heart surgery. The profile of patients referred for cardiac surgery has changed during the last decade, making prior investigations of RF after cardiac surgery less relevant to the current population. This study was designed to analyze the incidence, predictors of RF, and early and late outcomes following this complication in a large contemporary cardiac surgery population. Methods We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from the New York State Department of Health database including 5,798 patients undergoing cardiac surgery between January 1998 and December 2005. Patients with RF (intubation time ≥ 72 h) were compared to patients without RF. Results The incidence of RF was 9.1% (n = 529). The highest incidence of RF was observed following combined valve/coronary artery bypass graft (14.8%) and aortic procedures (13.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed preoperative and operative predictors of RF such as renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.3), aortic procedures (OR, 2.6), hemodynamic instability (OR, 3.2), and intraaortic balloon pump (OR, 2.6). The mortality rate following RF was 15.5% (n = 82), compared to 2.4% (n = 126) in the no-RF group (p Conclusion RF remains a serious and common complication following cardiac surgery, particularly in patients undergoing complex procedures. RF is associated with significant comorbidity, increased hospital mortality, and reduced long-term survival. Future research efforts should focus on a more precise identification of patients at risk and the development of new treatment modalities that would potentially prevent the occurrence of this complication.
Lead transport in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells

This study evaluated the use of IEC-6 cells as a model for studying lead (Pb) transport by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and examined potential transport mechanisms for Pb uptake and extrusion. Pb accumulation in IEC-6 cells exposed to 5 and 10 μM Pb for up to 60 min was time- and dose-dependent. Reduction of incubation temperature significantly reduced the total cellular Pb content of IEC-6 cells. Simultaneous exposure of cells to zinc (Zn) and Pb resulted in decreased total cellular Pb contents compared to total cellular Pb contents of cells exposed to Pb only. IEC-6 cells treated with ouabain (1 mM) or sodium azide (1 mM) and 5 μM Pb accumulated more Pb than cells exposed to Pb only. Cells treated withp-chloromercuribenzensulfonic acid (50 μM),p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (50 μM), or iodoacetimide (50 μM) accumulated less Pb than cells treated with Pb only. We conclude that Pb uptake by IEC-6 cells depends on the extracellular Pb concentration. Our data suggest that the mechanism of Pb uptake by IECs is complex, and that Pb transport in IEC-6 cells is time- and temperature-dependent, involves sulfhydryl groups, and is decreased by the presence of Zn. Extrusion of Pb is at least partially dependent on metabolic energy.
Effect of water temperature on flow of a natural stream

Approximately three per cent of the variation in streamflow of the Kootenai River near Copeland, Idaho, has been found to be associated with variation in water temperature. This has been determined by correlation analysis of residuals in streamflow that were not accounted for by either gage height or slope.
Carbon dioxide solubility in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride at geological conditions: Experimental results at 323.15, 373.15, and 423.15 K and 150 bar and modeling up to 573.15 K and 2000 bar

Abstract A new experimental system was designed to measure the solubility of CO2 at pressures and temperatures (150 bar, 323.15–423.15 K) relevant to geologic CO2 sequestration. At 150 bar, new CO2 solubility data in the aqueous phase were obtained at 323.15, 373.15, and 423.15 K from 0 to 6 mol kg−1 NaCl(aq) for the CO2–NaCl–H2O system. A γ − φ (activity coefficient − fugacity coefficient) type thermodynamic model is presented for the calculation of both the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous phase and the solubility of H2O in the CO2-rich phase for the CO2–NaCl–H2O system. Validation of the model calculations against literature data and other models (MZLL2013, AD2010, SP2010, DS2006, and OLI) show that the proposed model is capable of predicting the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous phase for the CO2–H2O and CO2–NaCl–H2O systems with a high degree of accuracy (AAD hzz5047@gmail.com .
Employing Detection Controlled Models in Health and Environmental Risk Assessment: A Case in Offshore Oil Drilling

ABSTRACT This study examines the determinants of health, safety, and environmental (HS&E) incidence and reporting behavior in Gulf of Mexico offshore drilling. One objective is to determine statistically significant variables that influence the probability of HS&E incidence and reporting. Incidence modeling employs standard qualitative response models with binary and ordered dependent variables, and a Poisson specification. A second objective is to examine the impact of imperfect reporting on inferences. Unlike previous studies, models allowing for the possibility of imperfect reporting are specified and estimated. The results of this analysis provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis that aspects of well complexity and site complexity increase the likelihood of HS&E incidents in drilling. Equally important is evidence rejecting the hypothesis that broader oil company attributes influence HS&E incidence. An analysis of reporting behavior provides mixed support for the hypothesis that well-known fi...
Distribution and excretion of two phthalate esters in rats, dogs and miniature pigs.

Abstract Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) or butylglycolylbutyl phthalate (BGBP) was administered in the diet to male Sprague-Dawley rats, beagle dogs and miniature pigs in a dose of 50mg/kg for 21-28 days before oral administration of a single dose of the same compound labelled with 14 C in the carbonyl group. The animals were killed and tissues, faeces and urine were analysed for 14 C at various times after the dose of [ 14 C]phthalate was administered. In the rat, approximately half of the 14 C activity from labelled DIOP was excreted in the urine and half in the faeces, while radioactivity from this phthalate appeared predominantly in the faeces in dogs (69-80%) and in the urine in pigs (65-86%). The BGBP label was excreted mainly in the urine in rats (77-83%), dogs (72-75%) and pigs (68-89%). Extraction of the tissues for metabolites indicated that DIOP was less readily metabolized than BGBP by all three species. The nature of the substituent on the phthalate molecule appears to influence the excretion of the phthalate-ester metabolites.
Moving Frames for Lie Pseudo–Groups

We propose a new, constructive theory of moving frames for Lie pseudo-group actions on submanifolds. The moving frame provides an effective means for determining complete systems of differential invariants and invariant differential forms, classifying their syzygies and recurrence relations, and solving equivalence and symmetry problems arising in a broad range of applications.
Random molecular fields in spin-glasses

The Edwards-Anderson theory of spin-glasses is derived without the replica method. It is conjectured that the mean-field free energy is less than the exact free energy.
Furosemide pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight infants.

The pharmacokinetics of furosemide were studied longitudinally during long-term administration in 10 very low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mean birth weight of the infants was, 829±217 g, mean gestational age at birth was 26.6±2.9 weeks, and mean postnatal age at the start of therapy was 2.4±1.0 weeks. Serial determinations of furosemide pharmacokinetic parameters were performed during 2 weeks to 3 months of long-term therapy. Plasma half-life was prolonged in infants less than 31 weeks postconceptional age (gestational + postnatal age), frequently exceeding 24 hours. All infants less than 29 weeks postconceptional age whose dosing schedule was once every 12 hours accumulated furosemide to potentially ototoxic levels. Furosemide renal clearance increased and plasma half-life decreased in association with increasing postconceptional age. Furosemide secretory clearance was very low in patients less than 31 weeks postconceptional age, resulting in a reliance on glomerular filtration to deliver drug to its main site of action within the lumen of the loop of Henle. Thus elevated plasma levels may be required to ensure adequate luminal delivery and adequate diuresis in these infants with low secretory clearance. Nevertheless, the current dosing schedule (once every 12 hours) of furosemide should be modified to once every 24 hours in infants of low postconceptional age to avoid possible toxic effects.
Depression of nocturnal pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in castrate male rats

Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was examined in intact rats, castrated rats, and in rats that had been castrated and had received testosterone proprionate. Castration resulted in significantly depressing nocturnal levels of pineal NAT (p<0.05) when compared to enzyme activity in intact rats. Testosterone proprionate administration restored plasma LH levels to normal values in castrate rats but did not induce nocturnal pineal enzyme activity to levels seen in the pineal glands of intact rats. The data substantiate the existence of a feedback control of pineal biosynthetic activity by the hypophyseal-gonadal system, but the identity of the hormone(s) responsible for regulation of pineal NAT activity is not known.
Pressure-induced ferromagnetic states in Sr14MnAs11.

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{14}$${\mathrm{MnAs}}_{11}$ were made from ambient pressure to P\ensuremath{\le}20 kbars. At ambient pressure this compound is known to be a semiconductor with a Curie susceptibility down to as low as 5 K. It is found that raising the pressure to 7 kbars enhances the susceptibility somewhat and that at pressures above 10--11 kbars the susceptibility is enhanced by more than an order of magnitude and an ordered magnetic state occurs with a transition temperature that increases as the pressure is increased. This suggests that the applied pressure leads to a band-crossing transition from semiconductor to metal and a consequent exchange coupling of the Mn spins.
A Minchinia-like haplosporidan parasitizing blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract A haplosporidan parasite was found infecting two moribund blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, from Virginia and North Carolina. Spore stages were not found in either crab. Because of the presence of haplosporosomes in the cytoplasm, the parasites are thought to be a species of Minchinia or Urosporidium.
Compensating medical injury victims in the United States: there must be a better way.

The crisis of medical malpractice insurance afford-ability and availability, highlighted by significant annual premium increases in many states, has led many observers to question the adequacy of state civil justice systems for compensating medical injury victims. Evidence exists that (a) many victims of medical injury are not compensated, (b) the state civil litigation systems present formidable obstacles to many injury victims seeking compensation, (c) many legitimate claimants may not be able to secure legal representation for their cases, and (d) the chance of recovery and the amount of damages awarded depend on the state in which the plaintiff resides.
Direct Measurement of Single Synthetic Vertebrate Thick Filament Elasticity Using Nanofabricated Cantilevers

Thick filaments are generally thought to be effectively inextensible. Here we use novel nanofabricated cantilevers to carry out the first direct force-elongation measurements on single vertebrate thick filaments. Cantilevers are ideal for these experiments: force ranges are from pico- to micronewtons, specimens can be visualized during the experiment, and attachment surfaces are in the same plane as the filament. Synthetic thick filaments from rabbit myosin were suspended between two cantilevers and stretched. With stretch, stiffness increased gradually and then became nearly constant after approximately 100 pN. Stretch rate had little or no effect on force-elongation behavior. Under physiological loads (approximately 240 pN axially averaged with full activation) filaments elongated by 1.1 +/- 0.3%. Previous x-ray diffraction results showed a 1.0 to 1.5% increase in myosin head spacing with activation; however, this increase in spacing has been interpreted as change in the state of the cross-bridges, not as elasticity in the thick filament backbone. Comparison with our data suggests that changes in the myosin x-ray reflections seen during activation may be due to elongation of the thick filament backbone. Recognition of thick filament elasticity is important because it affects the interpretation of mechanical experiments and inferences drawn on the molecular mechanism of contraction.
Human corpus callosum in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

Abstract The involvement of the corpus callosum in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not clear. We measured cross sectional area of the entire corpus callosum (CC), as well as the front 20% (genu), middle 60% (body), and posterior 20% (splenium) of the structure from a midsagittal MRI slice in AD patients ( N = 20), and young ( N = 16) and old ( N = 13) control subjects. We found that mean CC area in young controls was 570 ± 107 mm 2 . Aging did not significantly affect the mean area of the CC (562 ± 98 mm 2 ). A small, s significant reduction was seen in AD in comparison to the young control group (480 ± 133 mm 2 ). However, AD is accompanied by a large and statistically regnificant reduction in the genu area in comparison to both young and old control subjects. A trend toward an age-dependent reduction in the body area is also accentuated in AD patients who showed significantly smaller callosal bodies than young controls. We conclude that selective changes within the corpus callosum accompany aging and AD pathology.
Persistence+undoability=transactions

Persistence means objects live potentially forever. Undoability means that any change to a program's store can potentially be undone. In their design and implementation of support for single-threaded nested transactions in Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ), the authors provide persistence and undoability as orthogonal features and combine them in a simple and elegant manner. They provide support for persistence through an SML interface that lets users manipulate a set of persistent roots and provides a save function that causes all data reachable from the persistent roots to be moved into the persistent heap. They provide support for undoability through an SML interface that exports two functions: checkpoint, which checkpoints the current store, and restore, which undoes all changes made to the previously checkpointed store. Finally, they succinctly define a higher-order function transact completely in terms of the interfaces for persistence and undoability. >
The Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder in Primary Care Patients With Depression or Other Psychiatric Complaints: A Systematic Review

Background Bipolar disorder prevalence in primary care patients with depression or other psychiatric complaints has been measured in several studies but has not been systematically reviewed. Objective To systematically review studies measuring bipolar disorder prevalence in primary care patients with depression or other psychiatric complaints. Methods We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method in January 2013. We searched 7 databases using a comprehensive list of search terms. Included articles had a sample size of 200 patients or more and assessed bipolar disorder using a structured clinical interview or bipolar screening questionnaire in adult primary care patients with a prior diagnosis of depression or had an alternate psychiatric complaint. Results Our search yielded 5595 unique records. Seven cross-sectional studies met our inclusion criteria. The percentage of primary care patients with bipolar disorder was measured in 4 studies of patients with depression, 1 study of patients with trauma exposure, 1 study of patients with any psychiatric complaint, and 1 study of patients with medically unexplained symptoms. The percentage of patients with bipolar disorder ranged from 3.4%–9% in studies using structured clinical interviews and from 20.9%–30.8% in studies using screening measures. Conclusions Bipolar disorder likely occurs in 3%–9% of primary care patients with depression, a trauma exposure, medically unexplained symptoms, or a psychiatric complaint. Screening measures used for bipolar disorder detection overestimate the occurrence of bipolar disorder in primary care owing to false positives.
Stability of Schur Functors

Abstract Symplectic (resp. orthogonal) Schur functors are defined on a vector spaceVwith a non-degenerate skew-symmetric (resp. symmetric) bilinear form. Each of these functors determines an irreducible representation of s p (V) (resp. s o (V)). We prove that if dim Vis sufficiently large, then the splitting into irreducible components of the composition of a symplectic (orthogonal) Schur functor and an ordinary Schur functor applied toVis independent of dim V. We also prove the stability of the branching for the symplectic (orthogonal) Schur functors.
Fluctuation-Induced Tunneling Conduction in Carbon-Polyvinylchloride Composites

We present evidence that in carbon-polyvinylchloride composites, consisting of aggregates of carbon spheres (100-400 \AA{}) dispersed in the insulating matrix, the electrical conductivity can be ascribed to a novel mechanism of tunneling with potential-barrier modulation by thermal fluctuations. Theoretical consideration of the tunneling-probability modification by thermal fluctuating electric field across tunnel junctions yields expressions for the temperature and the field dependences of the conductivity in excellent accord with experimental results.
Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Ingestion on Plasma Catecholamine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Concentrations*

The effect of oral tyrosine or tryptophan ingestion on plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EPI), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was investigated in a double blind, placebo-controlled study in fasted men. Tyrosine ingestion induced within 45 min a significant but short-lasting (approximately 30 min) increase in plasma concentrations of NE, EPI, and DA and a coincident decrease in plasma DOPAC levels. Ingestion of tryptophan or lactose placebo did not after plasma DA, EPI, NE, or DOPAC levels. Since plasma catecholamines derive from peripheral sources, while circulating DOPAC may reflect both brain and peripheral DA turnover, these results suggest that the oral ingestion of tyrosine can exert acute effects on catecholamine systems within and outside the brain.
We We We All The Way Home: The “We” effect in transitional spaces

The majority of ethnographic studies for businesses have focused on places: home, work, “third places,” and even “non-places”. Daily life, however, is composed of transitional moments - matter of “in-betweeness.” Transitional spaces and movements have increasingly been sites for “filling the gap” informational and “cocooning” products. We explored the in-between transitional moments on buses and commuter boats in Salvador, Bahia. We contend that the experience in this time-space creates a “we-tween” or just a “we-we,” which engages the people and the environment in a moment of group solidarity and interactivity. We contrast this study of in-between to those we conducted in “Western” countries. The “we” affect suggests that corporate efforts in design and development have been disproportionally focused on Euro-North American values, which has direct implications for corporate innovation. We highlight the value of a multi-voiced approach in the collaboration between our US research lab and our product lab in Brazil, as one kind of solution to the problems of appropriate innovation.
A porcine model of hydrocephalus induced by gamma knife irradiation

Background The Leksell Gamma Knife® has been used for several decades as a relatively non-invasive, highly effective and precise therapeutic tool for brain disorders ranging from tumors to vascular malformations. It has a very benign side effect profile. To date many animal hydrocephalus models have been surgically or chemically invasive. Our exploratory model uses gamma knife to induce a lesion with the aim of increasing CSF outflow resistance at the cerebral aqueduct.
Adoption of Internet shopping: the role of consumer innovativeness

The projected sales potential for Internet commerce indicates that businesses must understand those consumer characteristics that will influence consumer adoption of this medium for shopping. An empirical study conducted here (n = 403) investigates the extent to which open‐processing (more general innovativeness) and domain‐specific innovativeness explain the conditions under which consumers move from general Internet usage to a product purchase via the Internet. The results of our study find that generally higher amounts of Internet use (for non‐shopping activities) are associated with an increased amount of Internet product purchases. Importantly, however, this relationship is moderated by domain‐specific but not general innovativeness. Implications for business practice and academic research are provided.
Racial differences in risks for first cardiovascular events and noncardiovascular death: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, the Cardiovascular Health Study, and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background—No studies have compared first cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and non-CVD death between races in a competing risks framework, which examines risks for numerous events simultaneously. Methods and Results—We used competing Cox models to estimate hazards for first CVD events and non-CVD death within and between races in 3 multicenter, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored cohorts. Of 14 569 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants aged 45 to 64 years with mean follow-up of 10.5 years, 11.6% had CVD and 5.0% had non-CVD death as first events; among 4237 Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) study participants aged 65 to 84 years and followed for 8.5 years, these figures were 43.2% and 15.7%, respectively. Middle-aged blacks were significantly more likely than whites to experience any CVD as a first event; this disparity disappeared by older adulthood and after adjustment for CVD risk factors. The pattern of results was similar for Multi-Ethnic Study of Atheroscle...
Inhibition of high affinity choline transport attenuates both cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A).

Abstract Ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) has been proposed as a specific cholinergic neurotoxin. In earlier studies, using AF64A, we reported that slow infusion of 1–2 nmol of this compound into each lateral ventricle of Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in small, and transient decreases in noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus, while inducing a permanent and significant cholinergic hypofunction in the same brain region. The experiments described in this paper were designed to test the hypothesis that such noradrenergic and serotonergic changes after small doses of AF64A are secondary to the changes observed in cholinergic neurons. Levels of NA, and of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured concurrently with levels of acetylcholine (ACh), in various brain regions of rats in which the effect of AF64A was attenuated, and in respective control animals. The effect of AF64A was diminished by inhibiting the interaction of AF64A with the high affinity transport site for choline (HAChT). This was achieved using hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and A-4 (a bis 4-methylpiperidine analog of HC-3), which is centrally active following its peripheral administration. A-4 (20 or 40 mg/kg i.p.) or HC-3 (10 μg/ventricle) had no effect on ACh, NA or 5-HIAA levels in saline-treated rats. However, all treatments significantly attenuated the decrease in ACh content produced by AF64A pretreatment. Transient decreases in NA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents after AF64A treatment were prevented or reduced by prior treatment with A-4 or HC-3. These results indicate that changes in noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons following AF64A administration are not due to non-specific toxicity of AF64A, but may be the result of adaptation of these neurons to withdrawal of cholinergic input, which would normally inhibit the release of NA and 5-HT. These results also indicate that AF64A can be used to produce specific lesions of hippocampal cholinergic nerve terminals.
Influence of simulated tidal cycles on aromatic hydrocarbon uptake and elimination by the shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus

Specimens of the intertidal crab Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana, 1851) were collected near Sitka, Alaska, in 1983, and were used in laboratory experiments to determine the influence of periodic exposure to air on the toxicity, uptake, and elimination of two aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene and naphthalene. Three tidal cycles were simulated; i.e., crabs spent 0, 33, or 66% of the time in air and the remainder of the time in toxicant or seawater solutions. Naphthalene was 10 to 20 times more toxic than toluene: naphthalene caused locomotory impairment or killed the crabs more rapidly and at concentrations lower than those of toluene. In tissues, naphthalene was accumulated faster and to higher concentrations than was toluene. Exposure to air 66% of the time reduced mortality as well as the rate at which toluene and naphthalene were accumulated and lost. Crabs exposed to air had significantly higher respiration rates than those submerged in seawater; thus, reduced rates of accumulation and loss of hydrocarbons were not caused by general metabolic quiescence. Exposure to air reduced the time the crabs were in contact with water-borne hydrocarbons and, therefore, reduced toxicity of the hydrocarbons. Once crabs had accumulated the toxicants, however, elimination was hindered by exposure to air, even for the somewhat volatile compound toluene.