cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative parathyroid localization does not improve surgical outcomes for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Background Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergo localization prior to operation with variable success. Therefore, in this study we investigated the safety of parathyroidectomy without imaging. Methods A prospective database of 2057 surgical patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from 2001 to 2019 was reviewed. Patients were categorized by use of preoperative imaging (ultrasound, sestamibi, CT scan), pathology, and cure. Results 1879 (91%) patients underwent preoperative imaging. CT scan was the most sensitive study (92%), though specificity was only 64%. Patients with imaging were older, had higher pre- and postoperative calcium, more likely to undergo unilateral exploration and have an adenoma (p Conclusions While localization may lead to minimally-invasive operations, we observed no differences in postoperative complications or cure rates in the hands of an experienced surgeon. Therefore, preoperative parathyroid localization does not improve outcomes for hyperparathyroidism and can be ordered sparingly.
Does closure of fascia, type, and location of trocar influence occurrence of port site hernias? A literature review

Since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery, it has become more popular with many advantages over open surgery including faster recovery, shorter hospital stays, and decreased tissue trauma. Despite its benefits, laparoscopic surgery can result in its own unique complications, such as the formation of a trocar site hernia (TSH), which have been reported in approximately 0–1.0% of laparoscopic cases when using non-bladed trocars. A literature review was performed from June 1990 to June 2019. PubMed was searched using the keywords “laparoscopic surgery,” “trocar site hernia,” and “port site hernia.” Only articles in English were identified but not limited to the USA. The total number of patients in all articles was 18,533 with a mean follow-up period of 22.50 ± 1.76 months. The overall trocar site hernia rate was 0.104%. When comparing open vs. closed ports, there was no significant difference in the hernia incidence rate for 5-mm and 10-mm ports. When comparing bladed versus non-bladed trocars left open, there was a statistically significant difference with lower hernia incidence rates for non-bladed trocars over bladed trocars for 5-mm, 10-mm, and 12-mm ports. And when comparing trocar location from midline versus off-midline, there was a statistically significant higher TSH incidence in midline trocar locations. Results suggest that TSH rate is lower when using non-bladed trocars for any size of trocar. When comparing whether fascial closure had an effect, the 5-mm and 10-mm ports had no difference in incidence rates and leaving the fascia open can reduce operative time, risk of needlestick injuries, and overall procedural cost. In addition, trocars at midline locations resulted in higher TSH incidence rates. Future research is still needed to assess for other factors that may influence hernia formation and how it can be minimized.
Performance Analysis of Axial-Injection, End-Burning Hybrid Rocket Propulsion System

Although several investigations have been performed regarding the fundamental physics of axial-injection, end-burning hybrid rocket motors, investigations into the mission performance of a propulsi...
Insufficient representation: the disconnect between congress and its citizens: by Patrick Fischer, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2018, 187 pp., $90.00 (Hardcover), ISBN 978149854532

Insufficient Representation is not a critique on the effectiveness of congress. It is very clear from the beginning that author, Patrick Fischer, is not setting out to offer any solutions to our le...
A Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network for Seizure Onset Localization

The success of epileptic surgery highly depends on the accurate localization of the epileptic seizure. Seizure onset localization process is done using the intracranial Electroencephalogram (iEEG) recording which helps the physicians to determine the epileptogenic source in the brain. In this paper, we propose a supervised learning method based on a convolutional gated recurrent neural network to accurately analyze the non-stationary and nonlinear EEG signals. We study the effect of different hyperparameters like the number of convolutional layers and the number of kernels on the accuracy of such a difficult classification task. Discriminative spatio-temporal features are automatically extracted from the EEG signals by the convolutional neural network and the recurrent neural network. EEG feature extraction and classification applied to raw data are performed in a single automated system rather than extracting handcrafted features as in the previous work. High classification accuracy of 95.1% using ten-fold cross-validation testing strategy, makes the proposed method the most efficient among the state of the art.
Making activists out of environmentalists: new experimental evidence

Among the many goals of advocacy organizations is motivating supporters to engage in actions that help move forward the policy goals of the group. This might include signing a petition, sending an ...
How to Unify All Schools of Thought in Social Science and Humanities into One Scientific School of Thought

There are hundreds and thousands of schools of thought in social science and humanities, while there is only one school of thought in natural science. This paper investigates the question how to unify all schools of thought in social science and humanities into one scientific school of thought by transforming social science and humanities into subfields of physics. By being parts of physics, the scientific version of social science and humanities should allow only one school of thought logically and naturally. This paper will discuss what this scientific version of social science and humanities will look like and how it can be uniquely defined in terms of physics of human society, mathematics, methodology, history, facts, forecasting models, equilibrium values systems, and equilibrium solutions to normative problems. This paper should be useful for reconciling the current extremely polarized policy debates between the left and right around the world.
A Capped Tudor Domain within a Core Subunit of the Sin3L/Rpd3L Histone Deacetylase Complex Binds Nucleic Acids

Chromatin-modifying complexes containing histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities play critical roles in the regulation of gene transcription in eukaryotes. These complexes are thought to lack intrinsic DNA-binding activity, but according to a well-established paradigm, they are recruited via protein-protein interactions by gene-specific transcription factors and post-translational histone modifications to their sites of action on the genome. The mammalian Sin3L/Rpd3L complex, comprising more than a dozen different polypeptides, is an ancient HDAC complex found in diverse eukaryotes. The subunits of this complex harbor conserved domains and motifs of unknown structure and function. Here we show that Sds3, a constitutively associated subunit critical for the proper functioning of the complex, harbors a type of Tudor domain that we designate the capped Tudor domain (CTD). Unlike canonical Tudor domains that bind modified histones, the Sds3 CTD binds to nucleic acids that can form higher-order structures such as G-quadruplexes, and shares similarities with the knotted Tudor domain of the Esa1 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that was previously shown to bind single-stranded RNA. Our findings expand the range of macromolecules capable of recruiting the Sin3L/Rpd3L complex and draws attention to potentially new roles for this HDAC complex in transcription biology.
Servant leadership across the globe: Assessing universal and culturally contingent relevance in organizational contexts

Abstract Servant leadership is ripe for exploration from both etic and emic perspectives investigating its robustness as a leadership style globally. Through a meta-analysis of data from 139 studies, we examine the relationship of servant leadership with 23 attitudinal, behavioral, and performance outcomes across cultures. Utilizing values and practices approaches to culture, we test the moderating influence of a profile of four GLOBE culture dimensions theoretically linked to servant leadership: assertiveness, institutional collectivism, humane orientation, and power distance. The findings provide evidence of servant leadership's association with workplace outcomes, grant insight into contingencies of cultural practices and values, and offer directions for future research.
Assessment of LV Myocardial Scar Before Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

Catheter ablation has become an established therapeutic option in symptomatic patients with atrial fibrillation [(1)][1]; however, long-term procedural success has been disappointing because of arrhythmia recurrence in up to 25% of patients at 1 year and 40% at 5 years [(1)][1]. The need for repeat
Reduced miR-133a Results in Upregulation of Angiotensinogen in the Paraventricular Nucleusof Rats with Chronic Heart Failure

Activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been suggested to enhance sympathetic activation in chronic heart failure (CHF) condition. The contribution due to changes in angiotensinogen (AGT) per se remains to be examined. In this study, we observed a 12-fold increase in levels of AGT gene in the PVN of CHF rats compared to sham-operated controls. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism for increased expression of AGT, we performed in silico analysis of 3'-UTR of AGT gene and found potential binding site for microRNA (miR)-133a. We found a 1.9-fold decrease in mir-133a expression in the PVN of rats with CHF. We hypothesized that decreased expression of mir-133a may be responsible for the increased expression of AGT in the PVN. To test this hypothesis we used NG108 (neuroblastoma x glioma) cell line, which endogenously expresses RAS, as our in vitro model. Overexpression of miR133a (pEZX-MR03-miR133a) in NG108 cells resulted in 1.4 and...
Purification and properties of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from Achromobacter georgiopolitanum.

Abstract The chemical, physical, and biological properties of a capsular polysaccharide preparation obtained from Achromobacter georgiopolitanum have been investigated. The polysaccharide behaves as an anionic polyelectrolyte and experimental evidence indicates the presence of 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-d-glucuronic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosamine, and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucosamine in a 2:1:2 molar ratio. The preparation was also antigenic and is of structural interest in that it contains analogues of glucosamine with either an equatorial carboxyl or methyl substituent attached to carbon atom 5.
A note on simple anti-commutative algebras obtained from reductive homogeneous spaces

Let G be a connected Lie group and H a closed subgroup, then the homogeneous space M = G/H is called reductive if there exists a decomposition (subspace direct sum) with where g (resp. ) is the Lie algebra of G (resp. H ); in this case the pair (g, ) is called a reductive pair .
Equivalency of Paper Versus Tablet Computer Survey Data

Survey responses collected via paper surveys and computer tablets were compared to test for differences between those methods of obtaining self-report data. College students (N = 258) were recruited in public campus locations and invited to complete identical surveys on either paper or iPad tablet. Only minor homogeneity differences were found between methods, whereas no significant differences were evident in terms of acceptance rates, proportion of missing data, words per text response, scale scores, or scale internal consistencies. Findings suggest that collecting data from students via computer tablet is a viable alternative to paper-based methods and results in similar psychometric survey properties.
A Behavioral Perspective on College Teaching

Much of the subject matter learned in college, particularly during the first two years, is taught in relatively large classes with text and lecture as the primary source of the information being learned. If students make effective and prolonged contact with these sources, they can acquire extensive verbal repertoires in many areas of knowledge. Unfortunately there are many other activities that compete for the typical student’s study time. Several factors are often cited as variables that will support study behavior in competition with other activities, but the only powerful one available to the teacher is the exam grade, as it is related to the course grade. However, unless exams are clearly related to appropriate study behavior, require thorough and extensive coverage of the subject matter, occur frequently (preferably no less often than once a week), and are also clearly related to the course grade, even this factor will not generate prolonged and effective study behavior. Effective college teaching is essentially a form of aversive control, but if done properly the aversiveness is quite mild, and such aversive control can be responsible for the development of large and valuable intellectual repertoires.
The practical performance of subgradient computational techniques for mesh network utility optimization

In the networking research literature, the problem of network utility optimization is often converted to the dual problem which, due to nondifferentiability, is solved with a particular subgradient technique. This technique is not an ascent scheme, hence each iteration does not necessarily improve the value of the dual function. This paper examines the performance of this computational technique in realistic mesh network settings. The traditional subgradient technique is compared to a subgradient technique that is an ascent algorithm. It is found that the traditional subgradient techniques suffer from poor performance. Specifically, for large networks, the convergence is slow. While increasing the step size improves convergence speed, due to stability problems, the step size cannot be set arbitrarily high, and suitable step sizes result in slow convergence. The traditional subgradient technique also suffers from difficulties when used online. The ascent scheme performs well in all respects, however, it is not a distributed technique.
Risk for Invasive Fungal Infections during Acute Myeloid Leukemia Induction Therapy: a True Association with Echinocandins?

We read the report by Gomes and colleagues characterizing the incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) during remission induction chemotherapy ([1][1]). Given the high density of IFIs in the first 42 days after induction chemotherapy, as well as a
The new black bag: PDAs, health care and library services

Many health‐care professionals are reaching for their palm‐size computer or personal digital assistant (PDA) as their latest indispensable health‐care instrument. How can libraries, librarians and information science professionals support further adoption of this popular peripheral tool? The Tompkins‐McCaw Library for the Health Sciences, part of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries, has formed a health‐care PDA Special Interest Group and sponsored a listserv to provide opportunities for informal communications. In addition, other health sciences libraries have provided instructional and program development support. Highlights such activities and programs to provide an overview of how PDAs are being used by health‐care practitioners throughout the country. In addition, offers Internet home pages and articles that specifically address health‐care applications of the PDA.
A serum agglutinating human red cells exposed to EDTA.

Summary A sample of serum was found to agglutinate cells which had been exposed to EDTA. Agglutination disappeared when EDTA was removed and reappeared when the EDTA was readded. This phenomenon can lead to unexpected agglutination and confusion in backtyping.
Evidence for a mechanism predisposing to intergenerational CAG repeat instability in spinocerebellar ataxia type I

Spinocerebellar ataxia type I (SCAI) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat on chromosome 6p. Normal alleles range from 19-36 repeats while SCA1 alleles contain 43-81 repeats. We now show that in 63% of paternal transmissions, an increase in repeat number is observed, whereas 69% of maternal transmissions showed no change or a decrease in repeat number. Sequence analysis of the repeat from 126 chromosomes reveals an interrupted repeat configuration in 98% of the unexpanded alleles but a contiguous repeat (CAG)n configuration in 30 expanded alleles from seven SCA1 families. This indicates that the repeat instability in SCA1 is more complex than a simple variation in repeat number and that the loss of an interruption predisposes the SCA1 (CAG)n to expansion.
Factors Influencing Wildfire Occurrence and Distribution in Eastern Kentucky, USA

Most wildfires in Kentucky occur in the heavily forested Appalachian counties in the eastern portion of the state. In the present study, we reconstructed a brief fire history of eastern Kentucky using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images acquired between 1985 and 2002. We then examined relationships between fire occurrence and area burned, and abiotic and human factors. Abiotic factors included Palmer Drought Severity Index, slope, aspect, and elevation, and human factors included county unemployment rates, distance to roads, and distance to populated places. Approximately 83% of the total burned area burned only once, 14% twice, and 3% thrice. More fires burned in the winter compared with the fall, but the latter fires were larger on average and accounted for ~71% of the total area burned. Fire size was negatively correlated with Palmer Drought Severity Index for certain times of the year. There were significant relationships between elevation and slope and fire occurrence, but not between aspect and fire occurrence. We found links between fire location and proximity to roads and settlements, but we found no correlations between monthly unemployment rates and arson-caused fires.
The Development of a Three Dimensional Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure Locus: A Finite Element Analysis

A full or partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common and painful injury that has been estimated to occur approximately 250,000 times annually in the U.S. [1]. Articular cartilage and meniscal injuries are also associated with ACL injuries [2]. ACL injuries can often lead to degenerative osteoarthritis of the articular cartilage [2]. An epidemiology study of athletic injuries by Majewski et al. [3] determined that out of 19,530 sports injuries, 20% were ACL injuries and 8% were medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Identification and estimation of nonlinear models with misclassification error using instrumental variables: A general solution

Abstract This paper provides a general solution to the problem of identification and estimation of nonlinear models with misclassification error in a general discrete explanatory variable using instrumental variables. The misclassification error is allowed to be correlated with all the explanatory variables in the model. It is not enough to identify the model by simply generalizing the identification in the binary case with a claim that the number of restrictions is no less than that of the unknowns. Such a claim requires solving a complicated nonlinear system of equations. This paper introduces a matrix diagonalization technique which allows one to easily find the unique solution of the system. The solution shows that the latent model can be expressed as an explicit function of directly observed distribution functions. Therefore, the latent model is nonparametrically identifiable and directly estimable using instrumental variables. The results show that certain monotonicity restrictions on the latent model may lead to its identification with virtually no restrictions on the misclassification probabilities. An alternative identification condition suggests that the nonparametric identification may rely on the belief that people always have a higher probability of telling the truth than of misreporting. The nonparametric identification in this paper directly leads to a n -consistent semiparametric estimator. The Monte Carlo simulation and empirical illustration show that the estimator performs well with a finite sample and real data.
Evaluation of IRI-95 to correct errors caused by faraday rotation in passive microwave remote sensing from space

Abstract Passive remote sensing from space at the long wavelength end of the microwave spectrum has the advantages of penetrating the atmosphere and responding to parameters of the ocean and earth's surface important for understanding earth's environment. Examples are the measurements of soil moisture and sea surface salinity. These measurements can be made at L-band (1.413 GHz) and are needed to understand energy exchange with the atmosphere at the surface. Sensor systems are under serious consideration to make these measurements. However, at L-band Faraday rotation in the ionosphere can be sufficient to cause errors in the retrieval of the surface parameters. This is especially a problem for the retrieval of sea surface salinity in the open ocean because the dynamic range of the measurement is relatively small. An important question in the design of such sensor systems is whether models can be used to correct Faraday rotation. As a first step toward addressing that question, IRI-95 is used to assess the order of magnitude of the Faraday rotation and the error it causes at L-band in the observed brightness temperature. Errors on the order of several Kelvin are possible. In addition, a limited evaluation of the model is made by comparing the effects of Faraday rotation using prediction and observed vertical total electron content.
Partial dislocations at domain intersections in a tetragonal ferroelectric crystal

Domain behaviour under electric cycling was examined by transmission electron microscopy in a -oriented 0.65Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.35PbTiO 3 ferroelectric crystal. Prior to electric cycling, the crystal contained two nonparallel sets of 90° domain walls along the two {110} planes. For the most part, the domain walls remained planar, dividing the crystal into highly regular domain strips. As two nonparallel domain walls approached each other, the domain width tapered down to avoid full contact. Upon repeated electric cycling, the domains were forced into full contact, resulting in direct intersections of 90° domain walls and charged wall segments along the domain intersection. At the domain intersection, partial dislocations were observed along with a stacking fault on a {101} plane. These dislocations had a Burgers vector of [101] and were of predominantly screw type. It is suggested that the partial dislocations resulted from a shear displacement along [101] in the crystal as the domain switched its polarization to form the intersection.
Preparation and characterization of silicon based inorganic membrane for gas separation

Abstract This paper presents a method for preparing a silicon based inorganic membrane. The inorganic membrane prepared by the polymerization-pyrolysis process exhibits high permeability, selectivity, and heat resistivity. Furthermore, the preparation process is simple, inexpensive and highly reproducible. By varying the polymerization and/or pyrolysis conditions, inorganic membranes with different physical properties can be obtained. In this paper, a modified diffusion equation for gas permeation through microporous media in the Knudsen regime was derived theoretically as a function of both temperature and pressure. A refined expression was obtained for the adsorbate flow (activated diffusion) by evaluating the partition functions and using the appropriate adsorption isotherm. Permeabilities of H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , Ar, CH 4 , CO and CO 2 through a silicon base inorganic membrane were measured in the temperature range of 25 to 200°C and pressure range of 10 to 50 psig. Experimental data were correlated based on the newly derived activated diffusion equation. The agreement between the experiments and theory was good.
Values of games without side payments

A value forn-person games without side payments is given which coincides with theShapley value for games with side payments, and with theNash value for two-person games.
The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of film agglomeration

Agglomeration is a common problem in all technological areas that depend on the integrity and continuity of films. The origin of agglomeration of thin films has been traced to its thermodynamic roots. This article demonstrates that both stress and surface tension effects play major roles in determining the overall stability of a film to agglomeration. However, complete agglomeration—uncovering the substrate and the formation of well-separated islands—will only occur if the operative surface and interfacial tensions favor dewetting or partial wetting. The formation of holes and/or hillocks may be favored by the commonplace large stresses in a film. Such holes and/or hillocks can provide a means of stress relaxation in the film.
Effects of larval firefly extracts on molluscan cardiac activity

Larval firefly midgut extracts and larval firefly hemolymph extracts were found to produce a potent inhibitory effect when applied directly to the heart of a terrestrial mollusc. It is suggested that such substances could comprise an important part of the paralyzing toxin which is reportedly injected by larval fireflies into their prey.
Characterization of the zebrafish Orb/CPEB-related RNA-binding protein and localization of maternal components in the zebrafish oocyte

The animal/vegetal axis of the zebrafish egg is established during oogenesis, but the molecular factors responsible for its specification are unknown. As a first step towards the identification of such factors, we present here the first demonstration of asymmetrically distributed maternal mRNAs in the zebrafish oocyte. To date, we have distinguished three classes of mRNAs, characterized by the stage of oocyte maturation at which they concentrate to the future animal pole. We have further characterized one of these mRNAs, zorba, which encodes a homologue of the Drosophila Orb and Xenopus CPEB RNA-binding proteins. Zorba belongs to the group of earliest mRNAs to localize at the animal pole, where it becomes restricted to a tight subcortical crescent at stage III of oogenesis. We show that this localization is independent of microtubules and microfilaments, and that the distribution of Zorba protein parallels that of its mRNA.
High-resolution measurements of the ν2 and 2ν2-ν2 bands of SO2

Abstract Infrared measurements have been made on SO 2 between 450 and 602 cm −1 with a resolution of 0.005 cm −1 . The B -type bands due to the bending mode transitions 010-000 and 020-010 have been assigned and analyzed for the 32 S 16 O 2 molecule. A total of 3007 transitions were measured and fit for 32 S 16 O 2 with a standard deviation of 0.0004 cm −1 . Ro-vibrational constants are given that fit the current measurements and the pure rotational transitions reported in the literature.
A stable manganese(V)-oxo corrolazine complex.

The synthesis and characterization of an oxomanganese(V) corrolazine, (TBP)8(Cz)Mn(V)⋮O (2), are reported. This remarkably stable high-valent complex is obtained from the stoichiometric reaction of (TBP)8(Cz)Mn(III) (1) with m-CPBA and is easily purified by standard chromatographic methods on silica gel at room temperature. Complex 2 exhibits a diamagnetic 1H NMR spectrum indicative of a low-spin d2 Mn(V)⋮O species. LDI-TOFMS of 2 shows the predicted isotopic envelope at m/z 1426.8. This envelope shifts to higher mass as expected after the facile exchange of the terminal oxo group with H218O. The resonance Raman spectrum of 2 either in solution or in the solid state shows a strongly enhanced Raman band for the stretching mode of the Mn−oxo bond, which also shifts as expected upon 18O substitution: 2(16O), 979 cm-1; 2(18O), 938 cm-1 (in CH2Cl2). Initial reactivity studies show that 2 rapidly transfers the terminal oxo ligand to PPh3, resulting in the quantitative formation of OPPh3 and concomitant reducti...
A possible cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other new diseases

An hypothesis is proposed to explain the surge of new diseases appearing in the world. Mass immunization with live viral vaccines increases the probability of genetic recombination between live vaccine viruses and between live vaccine viruses and other viruses. Perhaps this is the reason for origination of new diseases within the last twenty years. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques might be used to test the hypothesis.
C-terminal Ser/Pro-Thr-Glu-Leu tetrapeptides of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 target the enzymes to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and -2) are integral membrane proteins associated with the luminal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nuclear envelope (NE). The C-terminal sequences of PGHSs end in -Ser/Pro-Thr-Glu-Leu (-S/PTEL), a sequence similar to one of the known ER targeting sequences, -Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (-KDEL). Previous immunofluorescence studies from our own and another laboratory had indicated that both native ovine (o) PGHS-1 and oPGHS-1 mutants with modified or deleted -PTEL sequences were localized primarily in the ER when the proteins were expressed for 24-40 h following transient transfection of cos-1 cells. However, in characterizing an oPGHS-1 mutant lacking 15 amino acids from the C-terminus (deltaCT15 oPGHS-1), we found that when this mutant was expressed for a shorter period (18 h) following transfection, the enzyme was concentrated near the nucleus in what appeared to be the Golgi apparatus; similar results were observed when the -P/STEL mutants of oPGHS-1 prepared previously (i.e., deltaPTEL, L600N, and L600R oPGHS-1) were retested using the 18-h posttransfection expression time; in contrast, under the same conditions, the native enzyme was localized throughout the cytoplasm (i.e., in the ER). When the cos-1 cells transfected with each of the various C-terminal mutants were treated with Brefeldin A, the immunofluorescent staining was redistributed to the ER, whereas the distribution of native oPGHS-1 was unaffected. A human PGHS-2 (hPGHS-2) mutant in which the C-terminal leucine residue was replaced with an asparagine (hPGHS-2 L604N) was also found to localize to the Golgi apparatus following 18 h expression in transfected cos-1 cells. These results establish that the C-terminal-S/PTEL sequences of both PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 target the enzymes to the ER. PGHS-2 is more highly concentrated in the NE than in the ER, but apparently this isozyme traverses the Golgi apparatus and returns to the ER prior to its becoming concentrated in the NE.
926–25 Arrhythmogenic T Wave Alternans is Primarily a Disturbance of Early Repolarization

Although we have shown previously that electrical alternans of the ST segment and T wave; i.e., repolarization alternans (RA), is a marker of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias, the mechanism of RA in humans remains unclear. To determine the component of repolarization that is most closely associated with arrhythmogenesis, electrical alternans of the ST segment, and the early (Tearly), mid (Tmid), and late (Tlate) components of the T wave were measured using sensitive spectral analytical techniques in 35 patients undergoing electrophysiological studies (EPS). Alternans measured in each phase of repolarization was correlated with arrhythmia vulnerability as defined by; 1. The results of EPS and 2. Actuarial 20 month arrhythmia-free survival. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (58 K) Download as PowerPoint slide In EPS+ patients, the magnitude of RA increased progressively during later phases of repolarization (Figure). In contrast, EPS-patients had elevated RA levels only in late (Tlate) but not during early repolarization. Hence, RA of Tlatedid not differ significantly between EPS + and EPS–patients (Figure). Inducibility at EPS was predicted with greatest specificity by the presence of RA in early repolarization (TearlySpecificity = 0.88), compared to RA involving later components of the T wave; Tmid(0.79). Tlate(0.63). or the ST segment (0.71). Similarly, RA involving early repolarization was the most specific marker for reduced arrhythmia-free survival (Specificity's: Tearly0.87, Tmid0.83, Tlate0.58, ST 0.80). Conclusions RA of the terminal component of the T wave is present in most patients and is not necessarily a specific marker for arrhythmia vulnerability. In contrast, RA involving the early phases of repolarization (Tearly) appears 10 have the most prognostic significance. RA related arrhythmogenesis may be due to an underlying disturbance affecting early repolarization.
VASCULAR REACTIONS OF THE UTERUS OF THE IMMATURE RAT1

MANY WORKERS have reported uterine hyperemia or ‘increased vascularity’ following the administration of estrogen. There has been no clear agreement, however, on the time-relations of the hyperemia and no work has appeared on the details of this effect in the rat. The rate of development of this hyperemia in immature rats, its duration and regression have been studied with a view to ascertaining, if possible, the relation of the hyperemia to the other effects of estrogen. Drugs of varied vasomotor action were tested in an exploratory investigation of the possible mechanism of the reaction. Albino rats, 21 to 23 days old, were used throughout. Their uterine vessels were studied by two methods, the intravenous injection of a nontoxic, opaque substance and by direct observation of the transilluminated uterus. A series of rats was given a single injection of o.Iγ estradiol subcutaneously and at intervals thereafter were injected, under ether, through a femoral vein with 1 cc.
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from imported foods.

A total of 187 Salmonella isolates representing 82 serotypes recovered from 4072 imported foods in the year 2000 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration field laboratories were tested for their susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance. Fifteen (8%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and five (2.7%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Most of the isolates (n=9) exhibited resistance to tetracycline. Four isolates from catfish or tilapia from Taiwan or Thailand also demonstrated resistance to nalidixic acid. These nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates possessed a point mutation at the Ser83 or Asp87 position in DNA gryase, resulting in amino acid substitutions to phenylalanine, tyrosine, or asparagine. One Salmonella Derby isolated from frozen anchovies imported from Cambodia was resistant to six antimicrobials including ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Of seven isolates displaying resistance to sulfonamides, only one S. Derby and one Salmonella Agona contained class 1 integrons that were further shown to possess the aadA and pse-1 genes conferring resistance to streptomycin and ampicillin, respectively. This study indicates that antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella are present in imported foods, primarily of seafood origin, and stresses the need for continued surveillance of foodborne zoonotic bacterial pathogens from imported foods entering the United States.
Sebaceous gland loss and inflammation in scarring alopecia: A potential role in pathogenesis

Background Primary scarring alopecia (SA) comprises a group of disorders with poorly defined origins. Improving diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities requires a better understanding of their pathogenesis. Objectives We sought to assess the frequency of sebaceous gland loss in SA and to identify the role of sebaceous gland and sebaceous gland duct inflammation in the pathogenesis of SA. Methods Ninety specimens submitted with a clinical history of alopecia, both scarring and nonscarring, were reviewed. Samples were scored based on sebaceous gland, sebaceous duct, and follicle inflammation. Results Sebaceous gland loss was much more common in cases of SA (>53% of follicles on average) than non-SA ( Limitations Sample size was limited in some alopecia entities. Inflammation was graded by means of subjective observation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that sebaceous gland loss is a common and early finding among SA. In addition, sebaceous gland and/or duct inflammation may play a role in initiating or accelerating follicular damage during the development of SA.
Discovery of the pre-erythrocytic stages of a saurian malaria parasite, hypnozoites, and a possible mechanism for the maintenance of chronic infections throughout the life of the host

Abstract Telford S. R., Jr 1989. Discovery of the pre-erythrocytic stages of a saurian malaria parasite, hypnozoites, and a possible mechanism for the maintenance of chronic infections throughout the life of the host. International Journal for Parasitology 19 : 597–616. Re-examination of tissue sections from four Takydromus tachydromoides (Sauria: Lacertidae) naturally infected with Plasmodium sasai found liver parenchymal cells, containing uninucleate parasites which may correspond to the hypnozoite stage of primate malaria parasites, schizonts and segmenters in parenchymal cells, and hepatic macrophages which contained numerous schizonts. Following destaining of the original H&E and prolonged restaining with warm Giemsa stain, encysted schizonts, protected by a hyaline wall, were discovered in the connective tissue or capillary endothelium of lung, liver, brain, heart, pancreas, kidney, intestine wall, testis, and both intra-and intermuscularly in the femoral muscles. Unencysted schizonts in the pulmonary endothelium apparently represent the phanerozoic stages, which, following encystment in the various tissues, are recognized as a new stage in the life cycle of reptilian malarial parasites, the chronozoic schizonts. A hypothesis is presented to describe the life cycle of P. sasai , which may be characteristic of other saurian malaria parasites. It interprets the sequence of pre-erythrocytic stages found as follows: sporozoites enter hepatic parenchymal cells where some may become dormant as hypnozoites, and others form cryptozoic schizonts. The cryptozoites parasitize hepatic macrophages and form metacryptozoic schizonts. Metacryptozoites produce phanerozoic schizonts in the capillary endothelium and connective tissue of the lung and other organs. Phanerozoites and possibly metacryptozoites then invade the erythrocytes to begin the erythrocytic cycle. Some of the phanerozoites in endothelium, connective tissue and skeletal muscle become encysted as chronozoic schizonts, and their progeny, chronozoites, renew the erythrocytic cycle throughout the life of the host and produce seasonal relapses of gametocytemia, in spring, at the end of hibernation by the lizard.
Coupling of Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow with Neural Activity: What Must Initially Dip Must Come Back Up

Activation flow coupling, increases in neuronal activity leading to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), is the basis of many neuroimaging methods. An early rise in deoxygenation, the "initial dip," occurs before changes in CBF and cerebral blood volume (CBV) and may provide a better spatial localizer of early neuronal activity compared with subsequent increases in CBF. Imaging modality, anesthetic, degree of oxygenation, and species can influence the magnitude of this initial dip. The observed initial dip may reflect a depletion of mitochondrial oxygen (O(2)) buffers caused by increased neuronal activity. Changes in CBF mediated by nitric oxide (NO) or other metabolites and not caused by a lack of O(2) or energy depletion most likely lead to an increased delivery of capillary O(2) in an attempt to maintain intracellular O(2) buffers.
Remote video file synchronization for heterogeneous mobile clients

Bandwidth-efficient video file synchronization between remote clients is an important task. When heterogeneous mobile clients want to synchronize their local video data to that of a remote party at a desired resolution and distortion level, it is wasteful and unnecessary to retransmit the entire video data, especially when the differences are minor while the clients are limited in transmission bandwidth. We present VSYNC (video-sync), an incremental video file synchronization protocol that automatically detects and transmits differences between the video files without prior knowledge of what is different. VSYNC generalizes the popular universal file synchronization tool rsync to a semantics-aware utility that handles synchronization of video data. An important attribute of VSYNC is that it allows synchronization to within some quantitative distortion constraint. VSYNC can be easily embedded in a codec or transcoder, and can be used to synchronize videos encoded with different parameters or stored in different, possibly proprietary, formats. A hierarchical hashing scheme is designed to compare the video content at the remote ends, while a lossy distributed video coding framework is used to realize compression gains in the update steps. Experimental results of three heterogeneous mobile clients synchronizing to an updated video file at the remote server validate the performance gains in rate-savings attained by VSYNC compared to directly sending the updated video files using H.26x or synchronizing using universal file synchronization protocols such as rsync.
How Marketing Contributes to the Bottom Line

ABSTRACT There is increasing scrutiny of marketing activities and a growing demand for greater accountability of the marketing function. This article asserts that such accountability cannot be achieved until generally accepted standards for the measurement of marketing outcomes are adopted. The article identifies three broad types of marketing outcomes and suggests that two of these are candidates for the development of standardized measures. The role of standards, essential characteristics of standards, and how they may be developed are addressed. Twelve general propositions related to standards for assessing marketing outcomes are offered.
Model-based multiconstrained integration of invasive electrophysiology with other modalities

Following recent developments, most brain imaging modalities (MR, CT, SPECT, PET) can nowadays be registered and integrated in a manner almost simple enough for routine use. By design though, these modalities are still not able to match the principles and near real-time capabilities of the much simpler (but of lower spatial resolution) EEG, thus the need to integrate it as well, along with - for some patients - the more accurate invasive electrophysiology measurements taken directly in contact with brain structures. A standard control CT (or MR) is routinely performed after the implantation of invasive electrodes. After registration with the other modalities, the initial estimates of the electrodes' locations extracted from the CT (or MR) are iteratively improved by using a geometrical model of the electrodes' arrangement (grids, strips, etc.) And other optional constraints (morphology, etc.). Unlike the direct 3D pointing of each electrode in the surgical suite - which can still act as a complementary approach - this technique estimates the most likely location of the electrodes during monitoring and can also deal with non cortical arrangements (internal strips, depth electrodes, etc.). Although not always applicable to normal volunteers because of its invasive components, this integration further opens the door towards an improved understanding of a very complex biological system.
A Review of “American Military History: A Documentary Reader”

Americans use military terminology to describe every aspect of daily life, from quarterbacks conducting an “air attack” or a “blitz” to politicians running reelection “campaigns.” Yet only a tiny p...
Proximity Effect in Cable Sheaths

The electrical characteristics of the lead sheaths of underground cables can be calculated by the methods used for computing proximity effect. Theoretically, any group of round wires and thin tubes can be calculated. Cases which are taken up in this paper are (1) a thin tube and an enclosed wire, (2) the current density, voltage drop, and power loss in the sheath of a three-conductor cable, (3) two single-conductor cables with the sheaths open-circuited, (4) two single-conductor cables with the sheaths short-circuited, and (5) three single-conductor cables in a plane.
Microbial protein synthesis in rumens of cows fed dried whole whey.

Abstract Two rumen-fistulated Holstein cows, weighing approximately 550kg, were in an experiment with switchback design to evaluate effects of consuming large amounts (38% of total ration dry matter) of dried whole whey on synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. Cows were fed total mixed rations of (dry matter) 45% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, and 45% concentrate mix. The concentrate mix was primarily corn and soybean meal (control) or 85% dried whole whey. Dry matter intakes averaged 16.4 and 15.3 kg/day for control and whey diets. Diaminopimelic acid nitrogen as percent of bacterial nitrogen was similar for both diets (.61 and .63% for control and whey diets). Likewise, aminoethylphosphonic acid nitrogen as percent of protozoal nitrogen was similar for both diets (.17 and .19% for control and whey diets). For the control diet, total ruminal nitrogen was estimated to be 45% bacterial and 27% protozoal. Bacteria and protozoa accounted for 52 and 22% of the total ruminal nitrogen in the cows fed the whey diet. Ruminal fluid volume (33.8 and 39.2 liters for control and dried whey diets) and dilution rates (10.2 and 12.8% h) were higher for dried whey. Ruminal ammonia (5.0 and 3.4 mg/dl) was lower for dried whey. Butyrate (16.5 and 24.4 moles/100 moles total volatile fatty acids) was higher, whereas propionate was lower (32.4 and 23.2 moles/100 moles total volatile fatty acids) when cows were fed dried whey. Bacterial synthesis appeared to be increased when cows were fed a diet containing large amounts of dried whey.
School-wide Systems to Promote Positive Behaviors and Facilitate Instruction

In this article we focus on school-wide systems to promote positive behaviors and enhance instruction. Part of the appeal of multi-tiered systems of support is that they facilitate collaboration between teachers by clarifying school-wide goals and the means for achieving them. We begin with an overview of multi-tiered systems of support including: (a) a description of each level of prevention: primary (Tier 1, for all), secondary (Tier 2, for some), and tertiary (Tier 3, for a few); (b) information on academic and behavior screening tools, with an emphasis on analyzing these data in tandem to inform instruction; and (c) the importance of looking at the role of the teacher as a starting point to determine how relatively low-intensity, teacher-directed shifts in instruction and management can influence student performance. Next, we provide an overview of research-based strategies teachers can employ beginning with whole-class strategies and conclude with individualized supports for students requiring more intensive assistance. Finally, we offer recommendations for teachers as they support students with behavior challenges in PreK-12 grades to promote academic and social success for all.