cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial exposure to nicotine in college-age women smokers and never-smokers: a replication and extension.

Abstract Recent research suggests that people who become smokers may be more sensitive to the positive effects of nicotine upon initial exposure than those who do not take up smoking. The present study was designed to extend these findings to a sample of college-age women never-smokers and light smokers. Subjects were asked to rate pleasurable and displeasurable sensations upon first smoking and to indicate the presence or absence of pleasurable rush or buzz, relaxation, dizziness, nausea, and cough. Pleasurable sensations were marginally greater in smokers; pleasurable rush or buzz and dizziness were significantly more likely to be reported by smokers. Relaxation, displeasur-able sensations, nausea, and cough did not differ significantly between groups. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores significantly predicted pleasurable but not displeasurable sensations; Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scores predicted neither. These findings lend further support to the following conclusions:...
Galerkin Optimal Control

This paper introduces a family of computational methods for solving optimal control problems that calculate optimal trajectories using Galerkin numerical techniques. An important result in the theoretical foundation of these methods is that their associated feasibility and consistency theorems are proved for problems with continuous and/or piecewise continuous controls. In this paper we demonstrate that Galerkin numerical techniques allow for the formulation of optimal control problems in a number of ways that allow for efficiency and/or improved accuracy. The family of Galerkin methods presented can solve a wide range of optimal control problems with a variety of state and control constraints. Numerical formulations using Lagrangian and Legendre test functions are derived. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate the versatile nature of various Galerkin optimal control formulations.
CIS- AND TRANS-3-HEXENE : INFRARED SPECTRUM IN LIQUID ARGON SOLUTION, AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM GEOMETRY, NORMAL COORDINATE ANALYSIS, AND VIBRATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS

Abstract The infrared spectra of cis -3-hexene and trans -3-hexene dissolved in liquid argon have been obtained at temperatures from 93 to 120 K. The absorptions were observed with a low-temperature cell and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations were performed to obtain the equilibrium geometry, vibrational frequencies, force fields, and infrared intensities. The calculations were done at the Hartree-Fock level using 6-31G basis set. The Cartesian force fields from ab initio calculations have been converted to the force field in symmetry coordinates. The scale factors of ab initio calculated force fields were determined. Normal coordinate calculations were performed using a scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field. Vibrational normal modes calculated for the lowest energy rotamers of cis - and trans -3-hexene have been assigned to infrared absorption bands observed in liquid argon solution. The assignments were based on calculated frequencies and potential energy distributions. The equilibrium geometries of the two lowest energy rotamers (symmetry C 2 and C s ) of cis -3-hexene and of the three lowest energy rotamers (symmetry C i , C 2 , and C 1 ) of trans -3-hexene were calculated. Variable temperature studies of the infrared spectrum of cis - and trans -3-hexenes dissolved in liquid argon were done to obtain the ΔH of conversion between the rotamers C 2 and C s of cis -3-hexene and between the rotamers C i , C 2 , and C 1 of trans -3-hexene.
Investigating the influence of LiDAR ground surface errors on the utility of derived forest inventories

Light detection and ranging, or LiDAR, effectively produces products spatially characterizing both terrain and vegetation structure; however, development and use of those products has outpaced our ...
Specialty board certification and clinical outcomes: the missing link.

Purpose Specialty board certification status is often used as a standard of excellence, but no systematic review has examined the link between certification and clinical outcomes. The authors evaluated published studies tracking clinical outcomes and certification status. Method Data sources consisted of studies cited between 1966 and July 1999 in OVID-Medline, psychological abstracts (PsycLit), and the Educational Research Information Clearinghouse (ERIC). Screening criteria included: only U.S. patients and physicians used as subjects; verified specialty board certification status by an American Board of Medical Specialties' (ABMS') member board using the ABMS database or derivative sources; described selection criteria for patients and physicians; selected nationally recognized standards of care for outcomes; and nested patient data by individual physician. The computerized searches that were conducted in 1999 identified 1,204 papers; one author and a research assistant selected 237 papers based on subject relevance, and reduced the list to 56 based on study quality. The authors independently applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify 13 of the 56 papers containing 33 separable relevant findings. Results Of the 33 findings, 16 demonstrated a significant positive association between certification status and positive clinical outcomes, three revealed worse outcomes for certified physicians, and 14 showed no association. Three negative findings and one finding of no association were identified in two papers with insufficient case-mix adjustments in the analyses. Meta-analytic statistics were not feasible due to variability in outcome measures across studies. Conclusions Few published studies (5%) used research methods appropriate for the research question, and among the screened studies more than half support an association between board certification status and positive clinical outcomes.
Relationships between Acute Care and Nursing Unit Use in Two Continuing Care Retirement Communities

The likelihood of nursing home use among Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) residents is substantially affected by temporary placements. CCRC residents are more likely to use a nursing unit after a hospital stay or outpatient surgery than are community residents. On the other hand, CCRC residents have a lower rate of hospital admissions and a higher rate of outpatient surgery. There is an apparent substitution between the use of on-site personal care and nursing services among the CCRCs studied. The interrelationships between acute care and nursing unit use suggest implications for managed care, insurance coverage, and the measurement of outcomes of care in assisted living facilities.
Effects of Earthquake Ground Motion Selection and Scaling Method on Performance-Based Engineering of Wood-Frame Structures

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of procedures for both ground motion record selection and scaling on performance-based engineering tools underlying emerging seismic design procedures for en...
Using Electronic Medical Records to Teach Patient-Centered Care

Objective. To develop, implement, and evaluate the use of electronic medical records (EMRs) in disease state management activities to teach pharmacy students patient-centered care skills. Design. F...
The effect of hypertension on uncontrolled hemorrhage in a rodent model.

UNLABELLED Patients with essential hypertension (EH) have higher mortality rates from hemorrhage. How the complex physiologic changes seen in EH affect the response to uncontrolled hemorrhage has yet to be adequately described. OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in the hemorrhage volumes and hemodynamic responses to uncontrolled hemorrhage between hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive rats (WKYs). METHODS Twenty-four adult rats (12 WKYs and 12 SHRs) were anesthetized with althesin via the intra-peritoneal route. The femoral artery was cannulated by cutdown for mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement and blood gas sampling. Twelve rats (6 WKYs and 6 SHRs) underwent uncontrolled hemorrhage by 50% tail amputation. Twelve rats (6 WKYs and 6 SHRs) served as non-hemorrhage controls. The MAP, base excess (BE), and cumulative blood loss were measured pre-hemorrhage and then every 15 minutes post-hemorrhage for 90 minutes. Data were reported as mean +/- standard error of the mean. Comparisons between control and uncontrolled hemorrhage groups were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated-measures post-hoc testing by Bonferroni. Statistical significance was defined by an alpha = 0.05. RESULTS Mortality rates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the SHRs (100%) as compared with the WKYs (33%). Changes in time-averaged MAP post-hemorrhage were significantly greater (p < 0.001) in the SHR group (88 +/- 10 mm Hg) as compared with the WKY group (48 +/- 4 mm Hg). Hemorrhage volume was significantly lower (p = 0.02) in the SHR group (3.7 +/- 0.5 mL) as compared with the WKY group (6.1 +/- 0.7 mL). CONCLUSIONS Hypertensive rats had a higher mortality rate than normotensives from a comparable vascular injury with lower hemorrhage volumes.
Three-dimensional craniocervical helical CT: is isotropic imaging possible?

PURPOSE: To assess whether isotropic resolution is attainable in three-dimensional craniocervical helical computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cadaveric cervical spine and two orbital phantoms were scanned in air and water by using 180 degrees-interpolated helical CT with three-dimensional reconstruction. Scan parameters yielded nominally isotropic voxels with reconstruction of 1-mm collimated and incremental sections at 0.2-mm intervals. CT scan angle was varied with the assumption that volume-averaging artifacts should be scan angle-independent with isotropic voxels. Twelve blinded observers analyzed three-dimensional images generated from multiple CT orientations to assess changes in volume-averaging artifacts that would indicate voxel anisotropy. RESULTS: Significant observable differences in three-dimensional image representation were present in test anatomic regions in one cervical spine phantom (two-tailed P < .006) and in both orbital phantoms (P < .008 and P < .006). No statistica...
Sticky Knowledge in Copyright

Knowledge is sticky because it adheres to people along social routes, lodged within relational and collective modalities, as well as through copyright’s proverbial fixed works that can be transacted more freely. Sticky knowledge may in fact constitute a much larger body of knowledge than we usually acknowledge in intellectual property and may intersect with copyright in unexpected ways. This Article delves into sticky knowledge, which has been referenced often outside of intellectual property and sometimes within the laws of patents and trade secrets but almost not at all within copyright law. Under what circumstances will sticky knowledge encourage robust knowledge transmission – or copyright’s goal of "encouragement of learning"? Understanding the scope and reach of this kind of knowledge may point to optimal means to encourage knowledge spillovers and reliability.
RESEARCH FOCUS: MESSENGER Into Darkness

One of the oddest juxtapositions in the solar system can be found near the poles of Mercury. On a planet with daytime temperatures regularly exceeding the boiling point of water, there is ice at the bottom of polar impact craters. This unusual pairing is made possible because of Mercury’s rigidly
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to a δ-opioid receptor selectivily blocks the spinal antinociception induced by δ-, but not μ- or κ-opioid receptor agonists in the mouse

An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (A-oligo) to delta-opioid receptor mRNA was utilized to block the expression of mouse delta-opioid receptor in the spinal cord of male ICR mice. Intrathecal treatment with A-oligo (1.6-163 pmol) dose-dependently attenuated the antinociception induced by i.t. administered DPDPE ([D-Pen2,5]enkephalin) or [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, delta-opioid receptor agonist, without affecting the antinociception induced by DAMGO ([D-Ala2-MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin) or U50,488H, respective mu- or kappa-opioid receptor agonists. Scrambled sense oligodeoxynucleotide (163 pmol) was ineffective against the tail-flick inhibition induced by DPDPE,[D-Ala2]deltorphin, DAMGO or U50,488H. The studies confirm previous pharmacological studies at the molecular level indicating a distinct delta-opioid receptor for antinociception in the spinal cord.
The importance of individual differences in end-user training: The case for learning style

The importance of effective training in ensuring the success of End-User Computing (EUC) has been emphasized by several researchers in MIS. A vast amount of evidence from research in such related areas as educational psychology suggest that individual differences, such as a novice end user's learning style may effect his/her learning of a new EUC software. This paper reports the findings of a series of studies that examined the influence of a novice's learning style in learning of typical EUC tools such as spreadsheets and electronic mail. A consistent pattern of findings emerged that indicate that learning style is an important predictor of learning performance, both by itself and in interaction with training methods. The findings suggest that in the design of training, it is essential to match training methods to individual difference variables. Based on these findings, guidelines are suggested for IS professional involved in EUC training.
Multiscale Models with Moisture and Systematic Strategies for Superparameterization

Abstract The accurate parameterization of moist convection presents a major challenge for the accurate prediction of weather and climate through numerical models. Superparameterization is a promising recent alternative strategy for including the effects of moist convection through explicit turbulent fluxes calculated from a cloud-resolving model. Basic scales for cloud-resolving modeling are the microscales on the order of 10 km in space on time scales on the order of 15 min, where vertical and horizontal motions are comparable and moist processes are strongly nonlinear (meso-gamma scale). In this paper, systematic multiscale asymptotic analysis is utilized to develop simplified microscale mesoscale dynamic (MMD) models for interaction between the microscales and spatiotemporal mesoscales on the order of 100 km and 2.5 h (meso-beta scale). The new MMD models lead to a systematic framework for superparameterization for numerical weather prediction (NWP) generalizing the traditional column modeling framewor...
Developing software for parallel computing systems

Abstract In recent years parallel computing systems based on a collection of a modest number (generally in the range of 16 to 1024) relatively high powered processors (such as those used in scientific workstations) have become commercially available. The current systems software for these computing systems requires that programmers use special techniques to benefit from the improved computing speed of the systems. When converting programs that have been written for conventional sequential or vector systems to one of the new parallel systems, programmers must be aware of the paradigms of parallel computing and the primitive operations used by the new system. This paper lays the foundation for converting old code to parallel code by describing two paradigms of parallel computing: data parallel and message passing. Some primitive operations of these two paradigms are described and illustrated by examples from existing languages, and a few examples of data parallel code are given.
A Cross-dimensional study of spatial visualization in young children.

(1976). A Cross-Dimensional Study of Spatial Visualization in Young Children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 339-340.
Energy-resolving X-ray fluorescence detection using synthetic multilayers.

The potential of synthetic multilayers for energy-resolving the X-ray fluorescence in X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experiments is discussed. Two detection systems, one using curved multilayers and the other using graded multilayers to select X-ray fluorescence photons, have been designed to cover a wide energy range with a usefully large solid angle. Such a detector will be more advantageous than the barrel-like crystal-array detector because of the unique properties of synthetic multilayers, such as larger horizontal acceptance angles and bandwidth. In addition, the detector should be much simpler to construct and readily accommodates energy changes, especially the detector using graded multilayers. Comparison of the multilayer array detector with conventional detectors, such as ionization chambers and conventional 13-element Ge detectors, shows that the proposed system will be superior, particularly with the increased photon fluxes available from insertion devices and with decreased sample concentration, since this detection system eliminates the `bad' photons before they enter any X-ray detector. Consequently, the X-ray detector proper for this system does not suffer from the incident-count-rate bottleneck common to current X-ray fluorescence detectors with energy resolution by signal processing. Thus, this new fluorescence detection system will provide tremendous opportunities for XAFS measurements on dilute systems, such as biological systems, at third-generation synchrotron sources.
Design Feature Analysis and Pilot Ergonomic Evaluation for Protective Fire Gear

Abstract Well established fire suit is usually constructed by several layers to provide protection against many hazards on fire ground. This kind of fire gear system has some side-effects such as lowering the operating efficiency and flexibility of firefighters. Fire gear manufacturers have been continuously trying to improve the mobility and comfort of fire suits without sacrificing protective performance by optimizing designs, structures and materials etc. Many attempts have been made to understand human body structure and movements and further optimize the designs to improve the flexibility and mobility of firefighters. As partial results of a comparative study, the ergonomic design features such as “tail coat”, “ergonomic under arm bellow”, “contoured knees”, and “F. R. O. M crotch” that theoretically benefits the movements of firefighters were analyzed in this paper. The differences and benefits of those ergonomic designs were analyzed and evaluated by comparing with traditional cut design. Distinguished ergonomic design features improved the range of motion (ROM) - mobility and flexibility of the wearers.
A Role for AKAP (A Kinase Anchoring Protein) Scaffolding in the Loss of a Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Inhibitory Response in Late Pregnant Rat Myometrium

During pregnancy in the rat, there is a change in the ability of chlorophenylthio (CPT)-cAMP to inhibit myometrial phosphatidylinositide turnover. This is accompanied by a change in the association of proteins with a plasma membrane A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). Both CPT-cAMP and isoproterenol inhibited oxytocin-stimulated phosphatidylinositide turnover on days 12 through 20 of gestation, whereas neither agent had an effect on day 21. Accompanying this change was a dramatic decrease in the concentration and activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] and an increase in the concentration of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) in plasma membranes from day 21 compared with day 19 pregnant rats. In contrast, both PKA and PP2B concentrations and activities increased in total myometrial homogenates. Both PKA and PP2B coimmunoprecipitated with an antibody against the 150-kDa AKAP found in rat myometrial plasma membranes. More PKA was associated with AKAP150 on day 19 than on day 21, while t...
The reliability and stability of verbal working memory measures.

The psychometric properties of several commonly used verbal working memory measures were assessed. One hundred thirty-nine individuals in five age groups (18-30, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years) were tested twice (Time I and Time II) on seven working memory span measures (alphabet span, backward digit span, missing digit span, subtract 2 span, running item span, and sentence span for syntactically simple and complex sentences), with an interval of approximately 6 weeks between testing. There were significant effects of age on all but two of the tasks. All the measures had adequate internal consistency. Correlations between performances at Time I and Time II were significant for all the tasks, other than the missing digit span task. The magnitude of the correlations was similar across the age groups and ranged from .52 to .81. Classification of subjects into discrete memory span groups on the basis of a single measure was highly inconsistent across testing sessions and tasks. Classification into upper and lower quartiles was more stable than using a cutoff score for group membership or than classification into high-, medium-, and low-span groups. Correlational analyses showed that there was a moderate relationship between performances on many of the span tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that six of the seven tasks reflected a common factor. Both test-retest reliability and stability of classification improved when a composite measure reflecting performance on several tasks was used.
An unusual complication of the use of the Cronin implant for augmentation mammaplasty.

Summary Inadvertent puncture of the Cronin prosthesis at operation resulted in leakage of the silicone and loss of the implant. Based on this failure for the implant to self-seal, it would seem wise to employ only the intact Cronin prosthesis.
PDE5 inhibitors and permanent visual loss.

Editor's note: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a form of optic nerve stroke, has received attention as the result of a possible rare association with PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i). The possible mechanism of the PDE5i interaction with NAION is unclear, and the sporadic case reports do not seem to shed light on this topic. There is little guidance on this subject for the patient and clinician alike. Nonetheless, clinicians are being deluged with queries, without definitive answers. At this juncture, an ophthalmologic evaluation is discretionary, and appears to be based on either patient desire, patient risk factor profile, or clinician instinct. The scientific literature is scant as well. Several case reports exist to date, without clear vision for the future study of this disease. Robert Tomsak, a noted neuro-ophthalmologist, discusses NAION here.
SSI for children with mental disorders: Backgrounds and a study of participation

Abstract For the first time since its inception in 1974, SSI for disabled children is under close public scrutiny. Is SSI being implemented for mentally disabled children, as intended under the law? If it is, the state rate of participation in SSI for reasons of mental illness and mental retardation should reflect the prevalence of such mental disorders among children in the states as well as the degree of child poverty. This article, first, discusses SSI policies and their development and, then, presents the findings of a study that tested this assumption by investigating the relationship between the rates of participation on account of mental illness and mental retardation and the prevalence of these mental disorders. The study found that SSI is being implemented for children with mental retardation, as intended under the law, but not for children with mental illnesses. The implications of the findings for policy are discussed.
Petrogenesis of basalt-trachyte lavas from Olmoti Crater, Tanzania

Abstract Olmoti Crater is part of the Plio-Pleistocene Ngorongoro Volcanic Highland (NVH) in northern Tanzania to the south of Gregory Rift. The Gregory Rift is part of the eastern branch of the East African Rift System (EARS) that stretches some 4000 km from the Read Sea and Gulf of Aden in the north to the Zambezi River in Mozambique. Here, we (1) characterize the chemistry and mineral compositions of lavas from Olmoti Crater, (2) determine the age and duration of Olmoti volcanic activity through 40Ar/39Ar dating of Olmoti Crater wall lavas and (3) determine the genesis of Olmoti lavas and the relationship to other NVH and EARS volcanics and (4) their correlation with volcanics in the Olduvai and Laetoli stratigraphic sequences. Olmoti lavas collected from the lower part of the exposed crater wall section (OLS) range from basalt to trachyandesite whereas the upper part of the section (OUS) is trachytic. Petrography and major and trace element data reflect a very low degree partial melt origin for the Olmoti lavas, presumably of peridotite, followed by extensive fractionation. The 87Sr/86Sr data overlap whereas Nd and Pb isotope data are distinct between OLS and OUS samples. Interpretation of the isotope data suggests mixing of enriched mantle (EM I) with high-μ-like reservoirs, consistent with the model of Bell and Blenkinsop [Bell, K., Blenkinsop, J., 1987. Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites: implications for mantle heterogeneity. Geology 5, 99–102] for East African carbonatite lavas. The isotope ratios are within the range of values defined by Oceanic Island Basalt (OIB) globally and moderate normalized Tb/Yb ratios (2.3–1.6) in these lavas suggest melting in the lithospheric mantle consistent with other studies in the region. 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating analyses of matrix and anorthoclase separates from Olmoti OLS and OUS lavas indicate that volcanic activity was short in duration, lasting ∼200 kyr from 2.01 ± 0.03 Ma to 1.80 ± 0.01 Ma. The age of Olmoti activity overlaps with ages reported for Ngorongoro Caldera, implying contemporaneous activity of multiple NVH volcanic centers during part of the eruption interval. Olmoti is considered the source for the bulk of interbedded volcanics and volcaniclastic deposits that comprise much of the upper Bed I section of nearby Olduvai Gorge, and part of the Laetoli sequence, both known for their well preserved fossils and archaeological remains. Age and chemical data reported here are compatible with those derived from tephra and lava interbedded in Bed I at Olduvai Gorge and from the Olpiro Beds at Laetoli.
Correlating optical absorption and thermal conductivity in diamond

The presence of defects in diamond induces one‐phonon infrared absorption which is not allowed in the perfect crystal due to symmetry. Concomitantly the thermal conductivity is reduced by additional phonon‐defect scattering. For single crystal diamonds irradiated with fast neutrons, we find a correlation between the one‐phonon absorption and the room‐temperature thermal conductivity valid over three orders of magnitude in defect concentration. This relation holds for both unannealed and annealed crystals for which the detailed configuration of defects is different, as well as for a synthetic diamond film containing a similar type of disorder. Infrared absorption can thus be used to determine the thermal conductivity of diamonds containing vacancy‐related defect centers.
Measurement of Formation Resistivity Changes Induced by In-Situ Combustion

Use of controlled source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT) techniques to map thermal fronts associated with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes depends upon knowledge of the changes in formation electrical resistivity. Measurement of these changes required the development of a technique which survives high temperatures and a very corrosive environment while measuring over a frequency range of 5 to 5000 Hz. The apparatus to make these measurements is described. The results from a laboratory forward dry combustion test in the University of Calgary combustion tube are presented. It is found that there is a two-decade change in the resistivity as the fire front traverses through a region. Also there are indications of the separate zones within a fire front. The importance of these results to interpreting CSAMT data are then considered. The frequency dependence of the resistvity changes suggests means of increasing CSAMT sensitivity for deep oil pay-zone mappings. 4 figures.
A SPECTRAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN VIRUSES

Poliovirus type I, strain LSc2ab, has been grown in HeLa cell cultures and purified by means of a five-step process involving cell debris removal, virus precipitation with polyethylene glycol 6000, ultrasedimentation into a discontinuous CsCl step gradient, chloroform extraction in the hypertonic state, and isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. Virus concentration of 1.5-3.0 mg/ml in 20 μliter samples was achieved by volume reduction. Laser-Raman spectra of the purified samples exhibit characteristic lines which can be assigned to the viral coat protein and the RNA. Because characteristic spectral "fingerprints" can be obtained in a matter of minutes, it may be possible to develop a method of rapid viral analysis based upon molecular spectroscopy. Our study shows for the first time that a human virus can be identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Study of the angular coefficients and corresponding helicity cross sections of the W boson in hadron collisions

We present the standard model prediction for the eight angular coefficients of the $W$ boson, which completely describes its differential cross section in hadron collisions. These coefficients are ratios of the $W$ helicity cross sections and the total unpolarized cross section. We also suggest a technique to experimentally extract the coefficients, which we demonstrate in the Collins-Soper azimuthal-angle analysis.
CD44 expression on epidermal melanocytes.

We examined CD44 expression on melanocytes to begin to understand what role CD44 might have in the normal behavior of melanocytes and to provide a basis for comparing CD44 expression in melanoma cells. CD44 was expressed on the entire surface of melanocytes and accentuated at the tips of dendritic processes. Two predominant forms of CD44 are expressed on cultured human foreskin melanocytes. One form has the covalent addition of chondroitin sulfate, whereas the other form has no chondroitin sulfate. Both use the hematopoietic, or CD44H, core protein. Using polymerase chain reaction primers that span the site where alternative splicing of CD44 occurs, we found only the cDNA coding CD44H. 12-O-.Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate increases the size of the chondroitin sulfate chain(s) attached to CD44 but not the proportion of CD44 molecules that carry chondroitin sulfate. Ninety percent of proteoglycans on melanocytes are chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and the CD44 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan represented 10% of that total. These data show that CD44H is expressed as a "part-time" chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan on normal cultured melanocytes.
352 AN ADMINISTRATIVE/APPRAISAL TOOL TO IMPROVE COMMUNITY SCREENING FOLLOW-UP

Expensive screening programs, EPSDT, Head Start/Day Care (HS/DC) have failed because of poor follow-up. Only 43% follow-up was reported by Eisner (Ped. 49:128, ′72) for migrant children. For the past five years, we have implemented a statewide school/center-based migrant HS/DC screening program, involving over a thousand children annually. A simple administrative instrument was implemented as part of the child's health record. The instrument outlined the steps of care required to achieve treatment for problems identified from the screening data base. The center nurse recorded by date the steps of care for each child's problem and monitored the instrument weekly. There were 480 pieces of information the average center nurse needed to know to be aware of where each child was in the process of care. The record also established a data base for a process/outcome evaluation, noting which problems received treatment and follow-up. Out of those children enrolled who received complete screening (743), 1,057 problems were identified and catagorized. Treatment was documented in 989 (93%) of the problems. Treatment for 899 (85%) of the problems was acceptable according to American Academy of Pediatrics' standards. This administrative instrument, which serves as a medical care appraisal tool, has also been found useful in improving follow-up screening and is proposed for broader application.
Residual Stresses in a Wo‐Phase Microcracking Ceramic

Residual stresses in a SiC-TiB_2 particulate composite before and after stressing have been measured using X-ray diffraction. Tensile residual stresses in the TiB_2 drop by 60% after bending stresses of 250 MPa are applied. Likewise, the compressive residual stresses in the SiC phase decrease accordingly. Such behavior is consistent with stress-induced microcracking.
On Analytical Modeling of Intermittent Faults in Digital Systems

This correspondence discusses three analytical models for intermittent faults in digital systems. These models attempt to represent the stochastic behavior of intermittent faults accurately. The models find applications in predicting the performance of fault detection algorithms. A fault detection procedure is described and its performance is examined based on the analytical models. A numerical example is presented which illustrates the performance prediction of the fault detection algorithm.
Multifont OCR postprocessing system

A series of techniques is being developed to postprocess noisy, multifont, nonformatted OCR data on a word basis to 1) determine if a field is alphabetic or numeric; 2) verify that an alphabetic word is legitimate; 3) fetch from a dictionary a set of potential entries using a garbled word as a key; and 4) error-correct the garbled word by selecting the most likely dictionary word. Four algorithms were developed using a technique called vector processing (representing alphabetic words as numeric vectors) and also by applying Bayes maximum likelihoods olutions to correct the OCR output. The result was the development of a software simulator which processed sequential fields generated by the Advanced Optical Character Reader (in use by the U.S. Postal Service in New York City), performed the four functions indicated above, and selected the correct alphabetic word from a dictionary of 62000 entries.
AN ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN: A SPATIAL APPROACH TO PROACTIVE PEDESTRIAN PLANNING

There are about 75,000 pedestrian crashes in the United States each year. Approximately 5000 of these crashes are fatal, accounting for 12% of all roadway deaths. On college campuses, pedestrian exposure and crash-risk can be quite high. Therefore, we analyzed pedestrian crashes on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) as a test case for our spatially-oriented prototype tool that combines perceived-risk (survey) data with police-reported crash data to obtain a more complete picture of pedestrian crash-risk. We use spatial analysis techniques combined with regression models to understand factors associated with risk. The spatial analysis is based on comparing two distributions, i.e. the locations of perceived-risk with police-reported crash locations. The differences between the two distributions are statistically significant, implying that certain locations on campus are perceived as dangerous, though pedestrian crashes have not yet occurred there, and there are actual locations of police-reported crashes that are not perceived to be dangerous by pedestrians or drivers. Furthermore, we estimate negative binomial regression models to combine pedestrian and automobile exposure with roadway characteristics and spatial/land use information. The models show that high exposure, incomplete sidewalks and high crosswalk density are associated with greater observed and perceived pedestrian crash-risk. Additionally, we found that people perceive a lower risk near university libraries, stadiums, and academic buildings, despite the occurrence of crashes.
Japanese politics and the history textbook controversy, 1982-2001

Abstract In recent years, there has been a good deal of media and academic interest in the ways in which Japanese history textbooks represent Japan's wartime past. However, the discussion has tended to revolve primarily around a number of symbolic textbook issues, such as government censorship of the term ‘aggression,’ without much consideration of divisions and conflict within the state and the ruling bloc itself. Consequently, no real analysis has emerged concerning the ways in which right-wing nationalist elements have exploited the textbook issue with the aim of reinforcing their political and cultural dominance over contemporary Japan. This article presents the Japanese history textbook controversy as an ongoing cultural and political struggle. It attempts to understand the process of the textbook struggle historically, and the relations between political parties and actors, the state bureaucracy, and right-wing nationalists. In particular, the study examines the ways in which the power of right-wing nationalism has been appropriated and negotiated by the leaders and members of the Liberal Democratic Party and bureaucrats in the Ministry of Education. It also looks at the ways in which such power has been resisted by textbook authors, educators, and certain segments of public opinion.
Experimental colitis triggers the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the urinary bladder via TRPV1 signaling pathways

Clinical data provide evidence of high level of co-morbidity among genitourinary and gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic pelvic pain. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that colonic inflammation can impact the function of the urinary bladder via activation of TRPV1 signaling pathways followed by alterations in gene and protein expression of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons and in the bladder. Inflammation was induced by intracolonic instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 12.5mg/kg), and desensitization of TRPV1 receptors was evoked by intracolonic resiniferatoxin (RTX, 10(-)(7)M). mRNA and protein concentrations of CGRP and SP were measured at 3, 5 and 30 days. RTX instillation in the colon caused 3-fold up-regulation of SP mRNA in the urinary bladder at day 5 (n=7, p ≤ 0.05) followed by 35-fold increase at day 30 (n=5, p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, TNBS colitis triggered 15.8-fold up-regulation of SP mRNA 1 month after TNBS (n=5, p ≤ 0.05). Desensitization of colonic TRPV1 receptors prior to TNBS abolished SP increase in the urinary bladder. RTX led to 4.3-fold increase of CGRP mRNA at day 5 (n=7, p ≤ 0.05 to control) in the bladder followed by 28-fold increase at day 30 post-RTX (n=4, p ≤ 0.05). Colitis did not alter CGRP concentration during acute phase; however, at day 30 mRNA level was increased by 17.8 ± 6.9-fold (n=5, p ≤ 0.05) in parallel with 4-fold increase in CGRP protein (n=5, p ≤ 0.01) in the detrusor. Protein concentration of CGRP in the spinal cord was diminished by 45-65% (p ≤ 0.05) during colitis. RTX pretreatment did not affect CGRP concentration in the urinary bladder; however, it caused a reduction in CGRP release from lumbosacral DRG neurons during acute phase (3 and 5 days post-TNBS). Our results clearly demonstrate that colonic inflammation triggers the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides SP and CGRP in the urinary bladder via activation of TRPV1 signaling mechanisms enunciating the neurogenic nature of pelvic organ cross-sensitization.
Effect of n-dodecylthiol and thermal annealing on the performance of P3HT/PC70BM polymer photovoltaic cells

In this research, n-dodecylthiol was added to poly(3-hexylthiophene)/[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PC70BM) polymer solar cells to improve the crystallinity of P3HT and enhance the phase separation of P3HT/PC70BM. UV–Vis and external quantum efficiency results showed enhancement in P3HT self-organisation ability which led to improved crystallinity and intensified phase separation of P3HT/PC70BM in the cast films. Atomic force microscopic analysis showed that adding n-dodecylthiol to P3HT/PC70BM resulted in an increase in surface roughness which provided more space for P3HT crystallites to form. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed a higher crystallinity in the heat-treated samples containing up to 2% of n-dodecylthiol by volume, which resulted in a nearly 33% increase in device efficiency at the optimum annealing conditions of 150°C for 30 min. The cell performance deteriorated abruptly at temperatures higher than 150°C.
Mobilities of Mass-Identified Atomic Ions in the Noble Gases

A drift-tube\char22{}mass-spectrometer apparatus has been used to determine the mobilities of mass-identified atomic ions in the noble gases as a function of $\frac{E}{p}$ (drift field/gas pressure) at $T=295$ K. The measured values of the reduced mobilities ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ in He, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ in Ne, and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ in Ar are in agreement with earlier investigations that did not employ mass identification. The measured value at $\frac{E}{p}=O$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}({H}^{+} \mathrm{in}\mathrm{He})=({31.0}_{\ensuremath{-}1.0}^{+0.5})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, is in good agreement with quantum-mechanical calculations, but the observed decrease of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ with ion energy is somewhat slower than that predicted by theory. The measured mobility of each of the noble-gas ions ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ in He is found to be $\ensuremath{\sim}(6\ensuremath{-}12)%$ lower than that of the corresponding alkali-metal ion (as determined by Tyndall's group).
A cytogenetic analysis of the lozenge pseudoalleles in Drosophila.

Implicit in the theory of the gene is the notion that the chromosomes are subdivided into a number of regions each of which can be labelled a gene. The experimental basis for this concept was derived from two lines of evidence: (1) the consistent segregation of phenotypic allelic mutants to separate gametes, and (2) the occurrence of crossing over between phenotypically nonallelic mutants. From these observations it followed that crossing over could be used as an empirical measure of the distance between genes and concurrently as a tool for specifying the linear limits occupied by a single gene. Following the discovery of pseudoallelism, questions were raised concerning the utility of the crossing over event as a method for determining the limits of the gene. The diametrically opposed points of view engendered by this discovery have been discussed at length elsewhere by a number of investigators and need not be repeated here
Medism: the origin and significance of the term

To designate collaborating with Persia, the Greeks employed the verb Μηδίζω ‘side with the Medes’ or the noun Μηδισμός ‘leaning toward the Medes, Medism’, both derived from Μῆδος. Since this seemingly inappropriate terminology has attracted only limited consideration, a thorough discussion of its usage in Greek literature may help to clarify Greek relations with the Achaemenid empire throughout the classical period. After a brief preliminary discussion I consider the more problematic aspects of this terminus technicus.It may be observed initially that such terms characterized the political relationships within the Greek world, and were encouraged by the struggle of each polis to maintain its independence and preserve its distinctive cultural qualities. For example, such terms as ‘Atticizing’ (Thuc. iii 62.2, 64.5) and ‘Laconizing’ (X. Hell. iv 4.2) arise during the contention for leadership in the Greek world in the late fifth and early fourth centuries.
Psychosocial correlates of health-promoting and health-impairing behaviors in pregnancy.

AbstractBehaviors during pregnancy including eating, exercise, cigarette smoking, and other substance use affect the health of a pregnant woman and her fetus. However, little is known about what influences pregnant women to engage in these health behaviors. Based upon relevant theory, we hypothesized that because health-promoting behaviors require continuous efforts that may depend upon a reliable, stable set of resources, intrapersonal traits, namely self-esteem and optimism, would be associated with the practice of health-promoting behaviors during pregnancy. In addition, we hypothesized that variables reactive to the more immediate context, pregnancy-specific stress and perceived control over pregnancy, would be associated with the practice of health-impairing behaviors. We distinguished health-promoting and health-impairing behaviors in a diverse sample of 165 pregnant women and investigated whether such behaviors are associated with distinct psychosocial factors. Results supported study hypotheses an...
Can evolutionary dynamics explain free riding in experiments

Abstract Free riding experiments have generated many anomalous results that cannot be explained with standard Nash equilibrium models of public goods. This paper examines the experiments within the context of evolutionary game theory. This approach models the decision process of agents by an adaptive learning algorithm. The algorithm ‘strengthens’ strategies that do relatively well and ‘weakens’ strategies that do relatively poorly. This model produces predictions that are strikingly similar to those generated by experiments. Hence, evolutionary game theory may provide a way to understanding otherwise anomalous observations on contributions to public goods.
Performance of two quantitative PCR methods for microbial source tracking of human sewage and implications for microbial risk assessment in recreational waters.

Before new, rapid quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for assessment of recreational water quality and microbial source tracking (MST) can be useful in a regulatory context, an understanding of the ability of the method to detect a DNA target (marker) when the contaminant source has been diluted in environmental waters is needed. This study determined the limits of detection and quantification of the human-associated Bacteroides sp. (HF183) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) qPCR methods for sewage diluted in buffer and in five ambient, Florida water types (estuarine, marine, tannic, lake, and river). HF183 was quantifiable in sewage diluted up to 10−6 in 500-ml ambient-water samples, but HPyVs were not quantifiable in dilutions of >10−4. Specificity, which was assessed using fecal composites from dogs, birds, and cattle, was 100% for HPyVs and 81% for HF183. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) estimated the possible norovirus levels in sewage and the human health risk at various sewage dilutions. When juxtaposed with the MST marker detection limits, the QMRA analysis revealed that HF183 was detectable when the modeled risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness was at or below the benchmark of 10 illnesses per 1,000 exposures, but the HPyV method was generally not sensitive enough to detect potential health risks at the 0.01 threshold for frequency of illness. The tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity in the MST methods indicates that HF183 data should be interpreted judiciously, preferably in conjunction with a more host-specific marker, and that better methods of concentrating HPyVs from environmental waters are needed if this method is to be useful in a watershed management or monitoring context.