cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Spatial Organization of the Metropolis: Zones of Diversity and Minority Enclaves in Chicago

The rapid growth of Asian and Hispanic populations in urban areas is superceding traditional classifications of neighborhoods (for example as white, transitional, or minority). The “global neighborhood” that includes all groups (white, black, Hispanic and Asian) is one important new category. We examine the emerging spatial pattern of racial/ethnic composition in the Chicago metropolis, documenting an expansion of all-minority neighborhoods in the city and just beyond its borders, a shrinking set of all-white neighborhoods in the outer suburbs, and more diverse neighborhoods including whites mainly in between. The most novel element of this pattern is how large the zone of diversity has become and how far it extends into suburbia, upending the old dichotomy of “chocolate city” and “vanilla suburbs.” In addition to comparing the distance of different kinds of neighborhoods from the urban core, we also analyze their adjacency to neighborhoods of the same type or other types. There is a strong tendency toward spatial clustering of each neighborhood type and also for transitions on the boundaries of clusters either to expand or to contract their territory.
Lack of sleep and the development of leader-follower relationships over time

Abstract Drawing from the sleep and emotion regulation model, and attribution theory, we argue that sleep can influence the quality of the relationship between leaders and their followers. Specifically, we examined the effects of lack of sleep on leader-follower relationship development at the beginning of their dyad tenure. We hypothesized that the negative effects of lack of sleep on relationships are mediated by hostility. Results based on 86 new dyads (first three days of their work relationship) showed support for our hypotheses (Study 1). Results based on 40 leaders and 120 followers over three months (five waves) also showed that lack of sleep influences perceptions of relationship quality via hostility for both leaders and followers (Study 2). Moreover, we found that the direct effects of follower lack of sleep affect leader perceptions of relationship quality in the first month of their dyad tenure but decreasingly so over time; the direct effects of a leader lack of sleep on follower perceptions of relationship quality did not vary based on dyad tenure. Results revealed that individuals are not aware of the impact of their own lack of sleep on other people’s perceptions of relationship quality, suggesting that leaders and followers may be damaging their relationship without realizing it.
Super-diversity as a methodological lens: re-centring power and inequality

ABSTRACTSuper-diversity as a methodological lens calls for a study of dynamics of new and diversified social groups that moves away from more traditional approaches focused on ethnicity. In examining the potential of super-diversity as a methodological lens, I identify a risk of downplaying the effect of “old” categories of difference that are likely to continue to shape social structures as well as space. I propose a re-centring of power and inequality in the study of super-diversity by situating its study within an urban culturalist approach, with sociological tools borrowed from ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism. This proposal is illustrated through the analysis of two public spaces in a super-diverse New York neighbourhood. I conclude by raising questions about the use of super-diversity discourse in the public and policy spheres.
Preclinical therapeutic efficacy of the ciprofloxacin‐eluting sinus stent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sinusitis

BACKGROUND The ciprofloxacin-coated sinus stent (CSS) has unique therapeutic potential to deliver antibiotics to the sinuses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the CSS stent in eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a rabbit model of sinusitis. METHODS A ciprofloxacin-eluting sinus stent was created by coating ciprofloxacin/Eudragit RS100 on biodegradable poly-D/L-lactic acid (2 mg). After analyzing in-vitro inhibition of P aeruginosa (PAO-1 strain) biofilm formation, a total of 8 stents (4 shams, 4 CSSs) were placed unilaterally in rabbit maxillary sinuses via dorsal sinusotomy after inducing infection for 1 week with PAO-1. Animals were assessed 2 weeks after stent insertion with nasal endoscopy, sinus culture, computed tomography (CT) scan, histopathology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS PAO-1 biofilm formation was significantly reduced in vitro with exposure to the CSS (p < 0.0001). Insertion of the stent in PAO-1-infected rabbits for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in sinusitis according to endoscopy scoring (p < 0.0001) and CT scoring (p < 0.002). Histology and SEM revealed marked improvement in the structure of the mucosa and submucosa with no detection of biofilm structures in the CSS cohort. CONCLUSION Although this study had a small sample size, we identified robust therapeutic efficacy of the CSS by reducing bacterial load and biofilm formation of P aeruginosa in a preclinical model of sinusitis after placement for 2 weeks.
Splenic leukocytes define the resolution of inflammation in heart failure.

Inflammation promotes healing in myocardial infarction but, if unresolved, leads to heart failure. To define the inflammatory and resolving responses, we quantified leukocyte trafficking and specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) in the infarcted left ventricle and spleen after myocardial infarction, with the goal of distinguishing inflammation from its resolution. Our data suggest that the spleen not only served as a leukocyte reservoir but also was the site where SPMs were actively generated after coronary ligation in mice. Before myocardial infarction, SPMs were more abundant in the spleen than in the left ventricle. At day 1 after coronary ligation, the spleen was depleted of leukocytes, a phenomenon that was associated with greater numbers of leukocytes in the infarcted left ventricle and increased generation of SPMs at the same site, particularly resolvins, maresin, lipoxins, and protectin. In addition, the infarcted left ventricle showed increased expression of genes encoding lipoxygenases and enhanced production of SPMs generated by these enzymes. We found that macrophages were necessary for SPM generation. The abundance of SPMs in the spleen before myocardial infarction and increased SPM concentrations in the infarcted left ventricle within 24 hours after myocardial infarction were temporally correlated with the resolution of inflammation. Thus, the acute inflammatory response coincided with the active resolving phase in post–myocardial infarction and suggests that further investigation into macrophage-derived SPMs in heart failure is warranted.
Pharmacogenetics as Personalized Medicine: Association Investigation of SOD2 rs4880, CYP2C19 rs4244285, and FCGR2A rs1801274 Polymorphisms in a Breast Cancer Population in Iraqi Women.

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women characterized by a high variable clinical outcome among individuals treated with targeted therapies. Patients and Methods In this study, we performed a population-based approach intersecting high-throughput genotype data from Iraqi populations with publicly available pharmacogenomics information to estimate the frequency of genotypes correlated with responsiveness to breast cancer treatment thus improving the clinical management of this disease in an efficient and cost effective way. A total of 50 patients and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in our study. Genotyping of rs4880, rs4244285, and rs1801274 were examined in association with breast cancer in Iraqi women. Results We found that individuals carrying the CT genotype of rs4880 manifested an increased risk of breast cancer compared with those carrying the TT genotype (odds ratio [OR], 0.171; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.053-0.551; P = .002). In the dominant model, we observed that the CT and CC genotype of rs4880 showed an increased risk of breast cancer compared with the TT genotype (OR, 0.248; 95% CI, 0.089-0.690; P = .006). Moreover, subjects with the GA genotype of rs4244285 presented a higher risk of breast cancer than the GG genotype (OR, 0.256; 95% CI, 0.066-0.987; P = .038) and dominant models (OR, 0.025; 95% CI, 0.054-0.775; P = .013). Conclusion The analysis revealed that rs1801274 showed linkage disequilibrium and decreased risk of breast cancer. In conclusion, our study suggests that rs4880 and rs4244285 polymorphisms play an important role in development of breast cancer in an Iraqi population, and no significant association was found between rs1801274 and the risk of breast cancer.
Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana

Haramiyida was a successful clade of mammaliaforms, spanning the Late Triassic period to at least the Late Jurassic period, but their fossils are scant outside Eurasia and Cretaceous records are controversial1–4. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first cranium of a large haramiyidan from the basal Cretaceous of North America. This cranium possesses an amalgam of stem mammaliaform plesiomorphies and crown mammalian apomorphies. Moreover, it shows dental traits that are diagnostic of isolated teeth of supposed multituberculate affinities from the Cretaceous of Morocco, which have been assigned to the enigmatic ‘Hahnodontidae’. Exceptional preservation of this specimen also provides insights into the evolution of the ancestral mammalian brain. We demonstrate the haramiyidan affinities of Gondwanan hahnodontid teeth, removing them from multituberculates, and suggest that hahnodontid mammaliaforms had a much wider, possibly Pangaean distribution during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition.
Catalytic Interconversion of the Quinone/Hydroquinone Couple by a Surface-Bound Os(III/II) Polypyridyl Couple

Surface catalytic interconversion of hydroquinone (H2Q) and 1,4-benzoquinone (Q) occur at a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (FTO) modified by the addition of the surface-bound couple, [Os(bpy)2((4,4′-PO3H2)2bpy)]3+/2+ (OsP2+, bpy = bipyridine and 4,4′-(PO3H2)2 = 4,4′-phosphonato-2,2′-bipyridine). Significant rate enhancements are observed with the added solution buffers—phosphate, acetate, and citrate—and a surface-bound, pyridine base. Analysis of cyclic voltammograms for the 2e–/2H+ couple, by use of the Butler–Volmer equation, point to the importance of acid–base effects and H-bonding in enhancing the reaction rate at the electrode.
Super-Flexibility: A Toolkit for Dynamic Adaptation

These are challenging times for business entities. We face the restructuring of the global financial system, complex geopolitical challenges, environmental concerns, generational differences, social tensions, ethical dilemmas, widespread diffusion of technology and legislative demands for compliance and transparency. Knowledge workers struggle to create balanced life styles, to prioritize in the face of overwhelming demands, and to juggle the combined pressures of collaborative teamwork and personal impact. The world of business is ready for innovation and creative thinking. We are truly at a critical inflection point, prompting us to think out of the box, and to pioneer new approaches and novel practices.
Inhibition of ATP-induced increase in muscarinic K+ current by trypsin, alkaline pH, and anions

In atrial cells, the open probability of G protein-activated ACh-sensitive K+(KACh) channels can be increased approximately fivefold by intracellular ATP (ATPi). Using inside-out patches, we examin...
Direct Conversion of Coal Derived Carbon in Fuel Cells

A long-held dream of early energy science and technology has been a fuel cell that would directly convert coal char (if not raw coal) into electric power—bypassing the emission problems of combustion and the efficiency limitations of thermal cycles. Such a fuel cell would generate electric power from an electrochemical reaction similar to the combustion reaction of carbon: $$ C + O_2 = CO_2 (\Delta H^0 _{298 K} = - 94.05 kcal/mole, E^0 = 1.02 {\text{V at }}750^\circ {\text{C}}) $$ (1) As an example, the fuel cell (Fig. 1) might use carbon plates or particulates wetted with a molten alkali carbonate electrolyte, a melt saturated porous ceramic separator, and an air electrode catalyzed by lithiated NiO, such as used in the molten carbonate hydrogen fuel cell (Cherepy et al, 2005; Vutetakis, 1985; Weaver et al, 1979).
L p -theory of quasiregular mappings

Historically the origin of quasiconformal mappings is connected with developments of the methods of complex functions. Since the power of this concept was first realized, quasiconformal mappings have engaged the attention of many prominent mathematicians and the theory has been greatly expanded to higher dimensions. The fundamental principle of this theory is to interpolate between diffeomorphisms and homeomorphisms [G4]. One difference between conformal and quasiconformal mappings is that the latter need not be differentiable in the usual sense. However, by a theorem due to A. Mori, F. W. Gehring and J. Viiisiilii, every quasiconformal mapping f : n --t Rn is differentiable almost everywhere and its Jacobian determinant .J(x, f) is locally integrable. Moreover, quasiconformality of f can be expressed by the differential inequality
Medial temporal lobe functional connectivity predicts stimulation-induced theta power

Focal electrical stimulation of the brain incites a cascade of neural activity that propagates from the stimulated region to both nearby and remote areas, offering the potential to control the activity of brain networks. Understanding how exogenous electrical signals perturb such networks in humans is key to its clinical translation. To investigate this, we applied electrical stimulation to subregions of the medial temporal lobe in 26 neurosurgical patients fitted with indwelling electrodes. Networks of low-frequency (5–13 Hz) spectral coherence predicted stimulation-evoked increases in theta (5–8 Hz) power, particularly when stimulation was applied in or adjacent to white matter. Stimulation tended to decrease power in the high-frequency broadband (HFB; 50–200 Hz) range, and these modulations were correlated with HFB-based networks in a subset of subjects. Our results demonstrate that functional connectivity is predictive of causal changes in the brain, capturing evoked activity across brain regions and frequency bands. Direct electrical brain stimulation can induce widespread changes in neural activity, offering a means to modulate network-wide activity and treat disease. Here, the authors show that the low-frequency functional connectivity profile of a stimulation target predicts where induced theta activity occurs.
UNIT 2.6 Agonist-Stimulated [35S]GTPγS Binding

This unit presents a convenient method for studying receptor function using a binding assay to assess the initial step in receptor-mediated G protein activation in membranes prepared from rat brain. While the example procedure employs receptor agonists for serotonin1A receptors in the hippocampus, the method can be employed to study the activity of any substance that activates a receptor coupled to a G protein, particularly Gi. Alternate protocols describe modifications that can be used to simplify and increase the accuracy of the basic protocol, as well the use of the basic protocol to study receptor antagonists. Keywords: GTPγS; 5-HT; serotonin; 5-HT1A; hippocampus; membrane preparation; binding; G protein
Vladimir Burtsev and the Struggle for a Free Russia. A Revolutionary in the Time of Tsarism and Bolshevism. By Robert Henderson. (London, UK: Bloomsbury, 2017. Pp. xi, 351. $103.00.)

This exhaustive study traces a life of political engagement by Vladimir Burtsev, a Russian socialist emigre, who was famous early in his career for being tried and convicted in 1898 by British auth...
Laminar burning velocity predictions for C1 and C2 hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants with air

Abstract Due to their high global warming potentials, many existing working fluids are being phased out. Their replacements will often be slightly flammable, and the burning velocity of refrigerant-air mixtures is a metric for ranking their flammability. To allow estimates of the flammability of new blends of agents, predictive tools for the burning velocity are being developed and require a kinetic mechanism. A hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) mechanism was developed 20 years ago to describe hydrocarbon-air flames with added trace amounts of hydrofluorocarbon fire retardants. In the present work, the mechanism has been updated slightly to include new HFC compounds, new rate data. The modified mechanism is used to predict steady, planar, 1D, unstretched burning velocities for mixtures of air with one- and two-carbon saturated HFC compounds R41 (CH3F), R32 (CH2F2), R161 (C2F5H), R152 (CH2F-CH2F), R152a (CH3-CHF2), R143 (CH2F-CHF2), R143a (CH3-CF3), R134 (CHF2-CHF2), and R134a (CH2F-CF3), for which existing experimental data were available.
Synthesis of a Macrocycle Bearing a Carbon Framework of [16]Cyclophenacene as a Carbon Nanobelt

A synthetic pathway to a functionalized tetrahydro[5]phenacene was developed, which served as a precursor, leading to a dehydrobenzo[32]annulene macrocycle containing four carbon-carbon triple bonds. The high efficiency of the macrocyclization step can be attributed to the structural rigidity of its immediate precursor. Hydrogenation of the four carbon-carbon triple bonds produced a macrocycle bearing a carbon framework of [16]cyclophenacene as the shortest macrocyclic belt-like structure of an (8,8)armchair carbon nanotube.
Capital Budgeting and Idiosyncratic Risk

Using an NPV-based revealed-preference strategy, I find that idiosyncratic risk affects the discount rate that firms use in their capital budgeting decisions. I exploit quasi-exogenous within-region variation in project-specific idiosyncratic risk and find that firms inflate their discount rate in response to an increase in project-specific idiosyncratic risk. Moreover, these discount rate adjustments are negatively associated with measures of firm profitability and investment decision. I then explore how proxies for costly external financing and firm-level idiosyncratic risk diversification relate to discount rate adjustments. Consistent with theoretical predictions, firms appear to adjust their discount rate to account for both frictions.
Grammatical Gender: A Close Look at Gender Assignment Across Languages

This review takes a broad perspective on one of the most fundamental issues for gender research in linguistics: gender assignment (i.e., how different nouns are sorted into different genders). I fi...
Safety and Risk Considerations in Medical Device Development

Abstract Conducting a thorough and informed risk analysis has become the foundation of medical device verification and validation prior to market release. Failure to conduct the risk analysis at both the level of the customer need and throughout the total life cycle of the product can leave unmitigated failure modes. Even when a device is a “me-too” product there are opportunities in differences in supplier sourcing, processing, labeling and aging of the product which can cascade to severe harms to the user or the patient. A thorough assessment of potential biological risks may identify potential toxicological risks and testing can help to identify any immediate risks, but an implanted biomaterial must withstand repeated stresses in-vivo, some of which cannot even be simulated in animals. Even assessing retrieved implants for study may not reveal sufficient information to predict the behavior of all implants in all patients. Accumulating the knowledge of potential risks and applying appropriate mitigations are still the best tools for optimizing the performance of implanted biomaterials over the product life-cycle.
A discrete nonlocal damage mechanics approach

In this paper the authors develop the governing equations for a finite element model of micro-cracking based on a novel approach, eschewing differential equations and continuum mechanics. Instead o...
Rapid decay of host basal mRNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs host antiviral mRNA biogenesis and export

A key feature of the mammalian innate immune response to viral infection is the transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) genes, which encode for secreted proteins that prime the antiviral response and limit viral replication and dissemination. A hallmark of severe COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the low presence of IFN proteins in patient serum despite elevated levels of IFN -encoding mRNAs, indicative of post-transcriptional inhibition of IFN protein production. Herein, we show SARS-CoV-2 infection limits type I and type III IFN biogenesis by preventing the release of mRNA from their sites of transcription and/or triggering their nuclear degradation. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of IFN mRNAs as a consequence of widespread cytosolic mRNA degradation mediated by both activation of the host antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase L, and by the SARS-CoV-2 protein, Nsp1. These findings argue that inhibition of host and/or viral Nsp1-mediated mRNA decay, as well as IFN treatments, may reduce viral-associated pathogenesis by promoting the innate immune response.
Friction-based riveting technique for AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract A new friction-based riveting technique, Rotating Hammer Riveting (RHR), is demonstrated to fully form AZ31 Mg rivet heads in a mere 0.23 s. Heat and pressure generated through severe plastic deformation during the process was sufficient to form the Mg rivet head without the need for a pre-heating operation. Due to preliminary twinning and followed by dynamic recrystallization, AZ31 Mg grains in the rivet head were refined during RHR, which enhance the formability of Mg rivets by triggering grain boundary sliding and reducing plastic anisotropy of Mg. In addition, RHR joints showed a metallurgical bond between the rivet head and top AZ31 Mg sheet, which eliminates a significant pathway for corrosion.
The genesis of an inter‐field marine sandwave and the associated anti‐asymmetry migration of neighboring crests

[1] A series of high resolution multibeam echo sounding surveys near San Francisco, CA suggests the occasional migration of marine sandwave crests in the direction opposite to that indicated by the shape asymmetry of the individual sandwaves, in contrast to all previous observations of the relationship between bedform shape asymmetry and migration. The anti-asymmetry migration occurs over approximately the same time period that a new sand wave crest is formed within the large and relatively stable field. The new sandwave crest appears approximately midway between two larger crests, in the vicinity of structural defects in a nearly two-dimensional portion of the field. The sandwaves in the vicinity of the new crest are found to have migrated away from the new crest regardless of their shape asymmetry. Later a large section of the new crest disappears, and the neighboring sandwaves migrated back toward the vacated crest location. This migration occurs for sandwaves up to at least ten wavelengths away from the new crest.
Structure of finite nuclei and the free nucleon-nucleon interaction: General discussion of the effective force

Abstract It is shown that the main features of the observed effective forces in nuclei can be calculated directly from the free nucleon-nucleon interaction. Although the unrenormalized interaction acts as a short-range force, the renormalized one contains P 2 , P 4 and other multipole forces. The calculated strength of the P 2 force agrees well with that obtained empirically.
Ets-2 and C/EBP-beta are important mediators of ovine trophoblast Kunitz domain protein-1 gene expression in trophoblast.

The trophoblast Kunitz domain proteins (TKDPs) constitute a highly expressed, placenta-specific, multigene family restricted to ruminant ungulates and characterized by a C-terminal "Kunitz" domain, preceded by one or more unique N-terminal domains. TKDP-1 shares an almost identical expression pattern with interferon-tau, the "maternal recognition of pregnancy protein" in ruminants. Our goal here has been to determine whether the ovine (ov) Tkdp-1 and IFNT genes possess a similar transcriptional code. The ovTkdp-1 promoter has been cloned and characterized. As with the IFNT promoter, the Tkdp-1 promoter is responsive to Ets-2, and promoter-driven reporter activity can be increased over 700-fold in response to over-expression of Ets-2 and a constitutively active form of protein Kinase A (PKA). Unexpectedly, the promoter element of Tkdp-1 responsible for this up-regulation, unlike that of the IFNT, does not bind Ets-2. However, mutation of a CCAAT/enhancer binding element within this control region not only reduced basal transcriptional activity, but prevented Ets-2 as well as cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) responsiveness. In vitro binding experiments and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays implicated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBP-β) as involved in up-regulating the Tkdp-1 promoter activity. A combination of Ets-2 and C/EBP-β can up-regulate expression of the minimal Tkdp-1 promoter as much as 930-fold in presence of a cAMP analog. An AP-1-like element adjacent to the CCAAT enhancer, which binds Jun family members, is required for basal and cAMP/ C/EBP-β-dependent activation of the gene, but not for Ets-2-dependent activity. This paper demonstrates how Ets-2, a key transcription factor for trophoblast differentiation and function, can control expression of two genes (Tkdp-1 and IFNT) having similar spatial and temporal expression patterns via very different mechanisms.
Optical Waveguide Components

The sections in this article are 1 Waveguide Theory 2 Waveguide Devices for Emission, Amplification, and Detection 3 Optical Waveguide Modulators and Switches
A worm algorithm for random spatial permutations

Abstract Models of random spatial permutations arise in the study of Bose-Einstein condensation. Namely, permutations of sites occur with probabilities depending on lengths of permutation jumps, as well as on interactions between jumps. Below a critical temperature, one observes the onset of long permutation cycles in spite of short individual jump lengths. We have devised several Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for sampling from this probability distribution. In this note, we present one particularly promising technique: a worm algorithm. It admits an elegant correctness theory. However, it suffers from a stopping-time problem: the CPU time needed to complete a sweep is strongly quadratic in the number of lattice points N.
Mycobacterium aviumReduces Expression of Costimulatory/Adhesion Molecules by Human Monocytes

Organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex survive the hostile environment of their host cells, the macrophages, and evade immune response, in part, by interfering with processing and presentation of antigen. We studied the effect of infection with M. avium on the expression of the costimulatory/adhesion molecules (referred to herein as accessory molecules) because generating an efficient T cell response requires both the recognition of processed antigen and the participation of accessory molecules. Human peripheral blood monocytes displayed reduced levels of CD54, CD58, and CD86 molecules 1 day after in vitro infection. The reduction in the expression of accessory molecules was not mediated by endogenous IL-10 or prostaglandin because monocytes infected in the presence of either anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody or indomethacin did not express normal levels of surface CD54, CD58, and CD86 molecules. Consistent with these phenotypic changes, M. avium-infected monocytes were less effective in supporting Ag-independent proliferation of autologous CD4+ T cells.
Water quality impacts of stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay.

Urban stormwater runoff is a major source of contaminants to southern California's coastal waters, yet little is known about the fate and effects of these discharges. A 3-year multidisciplinary project was conducted to investigate the dispersion of stormwater plumes in Santa Monica Bay and the resultant impacts on the water column and benthos. This paper describes the toxicity component of the study. Sea urchin fertilization toxicity tests were conducted on stormwater from the two largest discharges into the bay: Ballona Creek, which drains a highly urbanized watershed, and Malibu Creek, which receives runoff from a largely undeveloped watershed. Every sample of Ballona Creek stormwater tested was toxic (usually >5 toxic units), while Malibu Creek stormwater had a lower frequency and magnitude of toxicity (usually <4 toxic units). Surface water samples collected within the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume were always toxic whenever the concentration of stormwater in the plume exceeded 10%. The toxic portion of the Ballona Creek stormwater plume extended more than 4 km offshore on one occasion. Toxicity identification studies indicated that zinc was the primary cause of toxicity in both Ballona Creek stormwater and the discharge plume. No acute sediment toxicity (10-day amphipod survival) was present in the study area, although interstitial water toxicity was present at some stations located near the mouth of Ballona Creek. Differences in watershed characteristics likely were responsible for the greater toxicity of the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume. The Ballona Creek watershed contained a greater degree of urbanization (83% versus 12% for Malibu Creek) and the presence of a network of concrete flood control channels resulted in a stormwater plume containing elevated concentrations of toxics that received less initial dilution (compared to Malibu Creek) in the nearshore environment.
Detection of Precursors to Aviation Safety Incidents Due to Human Factors

In this paper, we study the problem of anomaly detection with application to aviation systems. We proposed a framework for detecting precursors to aviation safety incidents due to human factors based on Hidden Semi-Markov Models (HSMM). We investigate HSMMs due to their inherent ability to model durations in addition to model latent state transitions based on the observed pilots actions. Empirical evaluation on synthetic data and flight simulator data show that HSMMs perform favorably compared to many other existing anomaly detection algorithms.
Ocean rise-like basalts within the Galapagos Archipelago

THE Galapagos Archipelago, Iceland, and other oceanic islands, have been interpreted as surface manifestations of mantle plumes1–3. A key element of this model of island development centres on the petrological and geochemical contrasts between suites of lavas erupted from the proposed mantle plumes and at oceanic rises1–3. But the recognition of basalts of ocean rise composition on Iceland has prompted modification of models of petrological processes in mantle plumes4,5. We know of only one other reported occurrence of ocean rise-like basalts erupted on islands of proposed plume origin: flows in the Pololu Series on the Island of Hawaii6.
How we do it: keeping paediatric patients motivated during the cochlear implant rehabilitative process

(2004). How We Do It: Keeping paediatric patients motivated during the cochlear implant rehabilitative process. Cochlear Implants International: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Implementation of a high-resolution workstation for primary diagnosis of projection radiography images

We designed and implemented a high-resolution video workstation as the central hardware component in a comprehensive multi-project program comparing the use of digital and film modalities. The workstation utilizes a 1.8 GByte real-time disk (RCI) capable of storing 400 full-resolution images and two Tektronix (GMA251) display controllers with 19" monitors (GMA2O2). The display is configured in a portrait format with a resolution of 1536 x 2048 x 8 bit, and operates at 75 Hz in a noninterlaced mode. Transmission of data through a 12 to 8 bit lookup table into the display controllers occurs at 20 MBytes/second (.35 seconds per image). The workstation allows easy use of brightness (level) and contrast (window) to be manipulated with a trackball, and various processing options can be selected using push buttons. Display of any of the 400 images is also performed at 20MBytes/sec (.35 sec/image). A separate text display provides for the automatic display of patient history data and for a scoring form through which readers can interact with the system by means of a computer mouse. In addition, the workstation provides for the randomization of cases and for the immediate entry of diagnostic responses into a master database. Over the past year this workstation has been used for over 10,000 readings in diagnostic studies related to 1) image resolution; 2) film vs. soft display; 3) incorporation of patient history data into the reading process; and 4) usefulness of image processing.
Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in captive male orangutans: Implications for understanding developmental arrest

There are two morphs of reproductive male in orangutans. Both morphs span the age range from adolescent to adult, but "subadult" males are smaller in size and lack secondary sexual features. In this study, urine samples were collected over a 2 year period from 23 captive male orangutans in order to define the endocrinology of this apparent arrest of secondary sexual development. Three males were juveniles, 3 to 5 years of age; seven males showed no secondary sexual trait development and were over 7 years of age; six males were in the process of developing secondary sexual features, with the youngest male being 6 years of age; and seven males were fully mature adults. Morning samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and group hormone profiles were compared by analysis of variance. GH is the primary hormone of growth and development and its increase in teenage boys is associated with the adolescent growth spurt. TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete hormones that have metabolic effects and required for normal growth and development. Results show that arrested adolescent male orangutans have a GH level about 1/3 that of developing adolescents (P = .0006). TSH levels do not differ significantly between arrested and developing adolescents. These data complement other endocrine data showing significantly lower levels of sex steroids and luteinizing hormone (LH) in arrested males than developing males [Maggioncalda, 1995a,b; Maggioncalda et al., 1999]. Together with documented behavioral differences between reproductive males with and without secondary sexual features, these endocrine data support the hypothesis that in male orangutans there are alternative developmental pathways and corresponding alternative reproductive strategies.
Professional and non-professional phagocytes: an introduction.

Phagocytosis is the uptake by the cell of relatively large particles (>-OS pm) into vacuoles, by mechanisms that are clathrin independent and usually re- quire actin polymerization’ J. It is trig- gered by the interaction of certain mol- ecules on the particle surface with re- ceptors, lectins or other molecules on the phagocyte surface. Particles may be recognized directly by these receptors, but in many instances recognition is mediated by opsonins, such as anli- bodies, which coat the particles and are themselves recognized by specific receptorG. The vesicles containing the ingested material - phagosomes- ma- ture into phagolysosomes, which are acidic and rich in hydrolytic enzymes. In the Metazoa, phagocytosis underlies the uptake and degradation of microorganisms, damaged or senescent cells, and particulates such as pollutants, by specialized phago- cytic cells. Thus, phagocytasis is cen- tral to host defence against infective agents, and to tissue remodelling and inflammation. Paradoxically, phago- cytosis is also a common mechanism by which ‘ intracellular’ microorganisms invade host cells and thus avoid direct destruction by serum antibodies and complementor by cytotoxic celW. Phagocytosis is related to pino- cytosis, the process responsible for the cellular uptake of fluid, solutes, col- loids, macromolecules, virusesorsmall particles, and for bulk internalization of the plasma membrane. In contrast to phagocytosis, pinocytosis takes place constitutively, is usually clathrin dependent and generally does not require actin polymerization. The minimum particle size necessary to trigger phagocytosis or the maximum size for pinocytosis has not been defined, but size alone is probably only one of the features that deter- mine the way a particle is taken UP’ ,~. The molecular mechanisms of receptor-mediated pinocytosis are much better known than those of phagocytosis. One reason for this is that molecular ligands are usually quite specific, whereas complex par- ticles such as bacteria are often rec- ognized by several receptors, some of them incompletely characterized. In addition, whereas a wide range of cells can be used to study pinocytosis, work on phagocytosis has been primarily performed with polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs), monocytes, pri- mary rmacrophage cultures or mono- cyte-macrophage-like cell lines; all these cells are difficult to transfect, dis- play several phagocytic receptors that can act cooperatively, and respond to
Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Preterm Infants with Linear Hyperechogenicity within the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus

Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Preterm Infants with Linear Hyperechogenicity within the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus
Walking technicolor signatures at hadron colliders

Aspects of the dynamics of walking technicolor models are expected to have important consequences for technihadron production at hadron colliders. Hard-mass enhancements characteristic of walking technicolor raise technipion (${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$) masses relative to technirho (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}$) masses so that the decays ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ are either suppressed or forbidden altogether. Thus, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}$ can be unusually narrow with unconventional decay modes. Large weak isospin breaking in $U$- and $D$-technifermion masses (required for $t\ensuremath{-}b$ splitting) leads to neutral ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ that are ideally mixed. Finally, multiscale models of walking technicolor in which the light-scale technifermions carry ordinary SU(3) color can have color-octet ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}'\mathrm{s}$ which are produced strongly in parton-parton collisions and are within reach of the Fermilab Tevatron. These would appear as narrow, well-separated ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{D}D}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{U}U}$ resonances in dijet production or in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ production with a limited number of final states. These expectations are illustrated in a multiscale model containing both techniquarks and technileptons at the light scale. Depending on assumptions that determine the fundamental chiral-symmetry-breaking mass parameters of the model, we find two generic phenomenologies: (A) ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{D}D}$ with a mass of 200-250 GeV decaying exclusively to dijets and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{U}U}$ in the mass range 350-550 GeV decaying to a few ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ combinations; (B) ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{D}D}$ with a mass of 375-425 GeV and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{U}U}$ in the mass range 500-700 GeV both decaying to a few ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ modes. The ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\overline{D}D}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{dijet}$ signal of case A is large at all colliders and can be sought now at the Tevatron. The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{T}$ production rates in both cases are of \ensuremath{\sim}10 pb at the Tevatron and \ensuremath{\sim}10 nb at the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). The technipions can be sought in the next high-luminosity run of the Tevatron and may be excludable if backgrounds are not too severe. Experiments at the SSC certainly should be able to determine whether they exist.
Iridium-192 interstitial implant and external beam radiation therapy in the management of squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsil and soft palate

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the results, techniques, indications and complications of interstitial brachytherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsil and soft palate, we reviewed the Stanford University Medical School experience with this modality. Methods and Materials : Between May 1975 and January 1990, 37 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the Tonsillo-Palatine region were treated with a combination of external beam irradiation and a removable Iridium-192 interstitial implant. The mean age of these patients was 56. Twenty-two were males and 15 were females. The stage distribution included four patients with Stage I, 5 with Stage II, 10 with Stage III, and 18 with Stage IV cancers. Thirty-two percent ( 12 37 ) of these patients had T3 or T4 lesions. Forty-nine percent ( 18 37 ) had stage N2 or N3 cervical lymphadenopathy. All 37 patients received initial external beam irradiation to the primary, bilateral necks, and supraclavicular region (mean dose: 5400 cGy, range 4000–6600). Eighteen patients (49%) also received neck dissections. All 37 patients received an interstitial Irridium-192 implant using a combination intraoral swage and external looping technique. The mean dose was 2700 cGy (range 2000–4000 cGy) to an average volume of 24 cc (range 5–81). Results : Local control was obtained in 95% ( 35 37 ) of the patients. Eighty-seven percent ( 32 37 ) of the patients have remained disease-free in the neck. Nine patients have developed second primary lesions, and one developed pulmonary metastasis. Fifteen patients have died (6 succumbed to their cancers, 6 to second primaries, 2 to inter-current disease, 1 from an unknown cause). The actuarial freedom from relapse is 75%, and overall survival is 64% at 5 years, with a mean follow up of 43 months (range 5–110). Complications were limited to one case of osteo-radionecrosis of the mandible and one tonsillar ulcer. Functional and esthetic integrity was preserved in most of these patients. Conclusion : Iridium-192 interstitial implant boost combined with external beam radiation therapy is a safe and effective therapy in the management of locally advanced carcinomas of the tonsil and soft palate.
Factors influencing timing and frequency of antenatal care in Uganda.

Background Over 99% of mothers who die of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth each year are found in developing countries.3 In Uganda, maternal mortality is estimated at 435 deaths per 100,000 live births. We sought to understand the factors influencing frequency and timing of antenatal care in Uganda in order to inform policy on the key aspects that need to be influenced. Method We used data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) 2006 and employed both descriptive and quantitative approaches (probit estimation). After a probit estimation, we generated marginal effects to interpret the results as probabilities of utilisation of antenatal care given particular background characteristics. Results On average, only 17% and 47% of mothers initiate the first antenatal visit in the first trimester and attain at least four antenatal visits, respectively. The timing and frequency of antenatal visits were significantly associated with education of the mother and her partner, wealth status, regional disparities, religious differences, access to media, maternal autonomy in taking a health decision, occupations of the mother and her partner, timing of pregnancy, birth histories, and birth order. Conclusion Efforts are needed to educate girls beyond secondary level, establishment village outreach clinics with qualified staff to attract the hard-to-reach women, and to ensure universal access to prenatal care services irrespective of the ability to pay. Media penetration should also be increased amongst the population and this channel can be used to disseminate a standard piece of information concerning what pregnant women should expect and do during the prenatal period.
Measurement invariance of alcohol use motivations in junior military personnel at risk for depression or anxiety

Measurement invariance is typically assumed when assessing drinking-related constructs across distinct groups of respondents. However, measurement properties of motivations related to mood maintenance and stress relief may differ in those experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety. Invariance of social and coping drinking motives were explored with a sample of 4133 junior enlisted Air Force and Navy personnel. Measurement did not differ in those with depression symptoms. In contrast, those with anxiety symptoms differed in measurement of both motives. The impact of non-equivalence was demonstrated with a mediation model in which anxiety and depression predicted drinking motives, which in turn predicted heavy drinking. Incorporation of the partial invariance of the social motives factor attenuated the estimate of the mediated effect of social drinking motives by almost half compared to the estimate with invariance assumed. These results suggest that lack of measurement invariance could seriously bias or alter conclusions from tests of theoretical models and highlight the need for researchers to carefully consider the measurement properties of their constructs prior to model estimation.
Young Children and the Natural World

A concept associated with ecopsychology is that children are born with a sense of relatedness to their environments, and through the processes of socialization they acquire a sense of separateness ...
Vertical variation in canopy structure and CO2 exchange of oak-maple forests: influence of ozone, nitrogen, and other factors on simulated canopy carbon gain

Stand-level and physiological measurements were made for oak and maple species common in Wisconsin forests. Scaling relationships were identified to allow the development of a model for estimating net carbon exchange at the levels of a leaf, canopy stratum, and whole canopy. Functional relationships were determined between tissue gas exchange rates and perceived controlling variables. Vertical variation in leaf properties and in the distribution of foliage by weight, area, and species were characterized for several closed canopy forests. Forest canopies were divided into four horizontal strata to develop predictive models for canopy gas exchange. Leaf and canopy layer carbon dioxide exchange rates were predicted using leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf mass per area, ozone exposure, predawn leaf water potential, photosynthetically active radiation, and vapor pressure deficit as driving variables. Direct measurements of leaf gas exchange were used to validate the components (subroutines) of the model. Net carbon dioxide exchange was simulated for canopy layers at 5-min intervals over a diurnal time course. Simulations of canopy CO(2) exchange were made for a 30-m tall, mixed oak-maple forest under hypothetical ambient and greater-than-ambient ozone pollution regimes. Daily canopy net CO(2) exchange was predicted for seven forest stands and compared with estimates of aboveground net primary production, N availability, leaf area index, and canopy N.