cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of 2-Deoxyglucose Uptake by Intracranial Glioma of Athymic Mice

Background It is recognized that cancer cells exhibit highly elevated glucose metabolism compared to non-tumor cells. We have applied in vivo optical imaging to study dynamic uptake of a near-infrared dye-labeled glucose analogue, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) by orthotopic glioma in a mouse model. Methodology and Principal Findings The orthotopic glioma model was established by surgically implanting U87-luc glioma cells into the right caudal nuclear area of nude mice. Intracranial tumor growth was monitored longitudinally by bioluminescence imaging and MRI. When tumor size reached >4 mm diameter, dynamic fluorescence imaging was performed after an injection of the NIR labeled 2-DG, IRDye800CW 2-DG. Real-time whole body images acquired immediately after i.v. infusion clearly visualized the near-infrared dye circulating into various internal organs sequentially. Dynamic fluorescence imaging revealed significantly higher signal intensity in the tumor side of the brain than the contralateral normal brain 24 h after injection (tumor/normal ratio, TNR = 2.8±0.7). Even stronger contrast was achieved by removing the scalp (TNR = 3.7±1.1) and skull (TNR = 4.2±1.1) of the mice. In contrast, a control dye, IRDye800CW carboxylate, showed little difference (1.1±0.2). Ex vivo fluorescence imaging performed on ultrathin cryosections (20 µm) of tumor bearing whole brain revealed distinct tumor margins. Microscopic imaging identified cytoplasmic locations of the 2-DG dye in tumor cells. Conclusion and Significance Our results suggest that the near-infrared dye labeled 2-DG may serve as a useful fluorescence imaging probe to noninvasively assess intracranial tumor burden in preclinical animal models.
Fungal competition and mycotoxin production on corn

Aflatoxin and secalonic acid D production in corn in laboratory and field by mixed cultures ofPencillium oxalicum andAspergillus flavus orA. parasiticus was lower than production by the pure cultures. However, mixed culture of these molds withFusarium spp. did not affect mycotoxin production.
The effects of procedures, social accounts, and benefits level on victims' layoff reactions.

Three hundred and fifty-three layoff victims responded to questions describing their reactions to layoffs. Victims also described management layoff practices. Two measures of procedural fairness in layoff practices (decision-making characteristics and social accounts) and one measure of layoff outcomes (benefits level) were included. Only decision-making characteristics predicted exemployee willingness to recruit for a former employer and desire for regulation of layoffs. These results provide further evidence of the importance of procedural justice in organizational decision-making.
Effect of empiric antiarrhythmic therapy in resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims with coronary artery disease

Abstract The effect of empiric antiarrhythmic therapy with quindine and procainamide on long-term mortality was examined in 209 patients with coronary artery disease resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The antiarrhythmic agent used was determined by the patient's private physician without knowledge of the study ambulatory electrocardiogram. Of the 209 patients, procainamide was prescribed in 45 (22%), qiinidine in 48 (23%) and no antiarrhythmic therapy in 116 (55%). Digoxin therapy was initiated in 101 patients. The 2-year total survival rate for the quinidine, procainamide and nontreated patients was 61, 57 and 71% (p
PEG-g-poly(GdDTPA-co-L-cystine): effect of PEG chain length on in vivo contrast enhancement in MRI.

Biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes, Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers (GDCP), were grafted with PEG of different sizes to modify the physicochemical properties and in vivo MRI contrast enhancement of the agents and to study the effect of PEG chain length on these properties. Three new PEG-grafted biodegradable macromolecular gadolinium(III) complexes were synthesized and characterized as blood pool MRI contrast agents. One of three different lengths of MPEG-NH2 (MW = 550, 1000, and 2000) was grafted to the backbone of GDCP to yield PEGn-g-poly(GdDTPA-co-l-cystine), PEGn-GDCP. The PEG chain length did not dramatically alter the T1 relaxivity, r1, of the modified agents. The MRI enhancement profile of PEGn-GDCP with different PEG sizes was significantly different in mice with respect to both signal intensity and clearance profiles. PEG2000-GDCP showed more prominent enhancement in the blood pool for a longer period of time than either PEG1000-GDCP or PEG550-GDCP. In the kidney, PEG2000-GDCP had less en...
Rare anterior nutrient foramen of the tibia in an adolescent with shin pain

Nutrient foramina are normal anatomic structures that typically appear linear on radiographs and can therefore mimic fractures. When seen en face, they may appear rounded or ovoid. The interpreting radiologist must be aware of the typical location and appearance of the various nutrient foramina to avoid misdiagnosing them as osseous pathology, such as fractures or lytic bone lesions. In this report, we present a case of a rare anterior tibial nutrient foramen in an adolescent patient with anterior shin pain. We also review the literature on location of tibial nutrient foramina, and discuss the potential for misdiagnosing these foramina as a pathologic finding.
Impact of Hypnotic Testimony on the Jury

In the past decade, the forensic use of hypnosis to enhance the memories of victims, witnesses, and defendants has sharply increased. A great deal of controversy surrounds this issue. Some commentators argue that testimony derived from hypnosis should not be allowed as evidence because of its inherent unreliability and the unduly powerful impact it may have on a jury. In the present research, we used a jury simulation technique to study the impact that a hypnotically refreshed witness has upon jurors' decision making. A major finding is that jurors view hypnotic testimony with a certain amount of skepticism. In some respects, its impact is comparable to that of testimony based on delayed recall, and rarely does it have the impact of testimony from an immediate report. In addition, jurors' judgments about hypnotically refreshed testimony affected the way they evaluated other evidence at trial: Jurors who learned that a prosecution witness had been hypnotized were less believing ofother prosecution witnesses than were jurors not exposed to hypnotic testimony. The forensic application of these findings is discussed.
A review of various flow-solid interaction analysis methods with emphasis on recent advances in turbulence models and flow analysis methods

A review on various experimental, analytical, and numerical methods for the flow-solid interaction of a nest of cylinders subjected to cross flow is presented in this paper. In order to assess the possibility of initiating a development of major numerical analysis method for flow-solid interaction of a nest of cylinders in cross flows, a review on various turbulence models, numerical methods such as the finite element method and the finite difference method, and the available numerical methods for flow-solid interactions have been included in this paper. A multiple-time-scale turbulence model for complex turbulent flows and a finite element method for high Reynolds number flows have been introduced herein for the same reason.
Infiuence functions for certain parameters in discriminant analysis when a single discriminant function is not adequate

The influence function introduced by Hampel (1968, 1973, 1974) i s a tool that can be used for outlier detection. Campbell (1978) has derived influence function for ~ahalanobis's distance between two populations which can be used for detecting outliers i n discriminant analysis. Radhakrishnan and Kshirsagar (1981) have obtained influence functions for a variety of parametric functions i n multivariate analysis. Radhakrishnan (1983) obtained influence functions for parameters corresponding to "residual" wilks's A and i t s "direction" and "collinearity" factors i n discriminant analysis when a single discriminant function is ade- quate while discriminating among several groups. In this paper influence functions for parameters that correspond to "residual" wilks's A and its "direction" and "coplanarity" factors used to test the goodness of f i t of s (s>l) assigned discriminant func- tions for discriminating among several groups are obtained. These influence functions can be used for outlier detection i n m...
Impedance of a three-dimensional head-spine model

A three-dimensional, discrete mathematical model of the human spine, torso, and head is decribed. The model consists of a system of rigid bodies representing the head, vertebrae, pelvis, and viscera, interconnected by deformable elements representing the intervertebral discs, ligaments, and other connective tissues. The model is a modified version of a previously developed head-spine model, the primary modifications being the incorporation of a detailed representation of the viscera-abdominal wall system and the determining of more accurate model damping parameters. Driving point impedances for vertical (+Gz) excitation were numerically determined for both the modified and the older model and compared to experimentally obtained driving point impedances of human volunteers. It is shown that the modified model's impedance is in much better agreement with the experimental results than that of the older model.
Approximating complex polynomial zeros: modified Weyl's quadtree construction and improved Newton's iteration

Abstract We propose a new algorithm for the classical and still practically important problem of approximating zeros zj of an nth degree polynomial p(x) within error bound 2−b maxj |zj|. The algorithm uses O((n2 log n) log(bn)) arithmetic operations and comparisons for approximating all the n zeros and O((kn log n) log(bn)) for approximating the k zeros lying in a fixed domain (disc or square) and isolated from the other zeros. Unlike the previous fast algorithms of this kind, the new algorithm has its simple elementary description, is convenient for practical implementation, and allows the users to adapt the computational precision to the current level of approximation achieved in the process of computing and ultimately to the requirements to the output precision for each zero of p(x). The algorithm relies on our novel versions of Weyl's quadtree construction and Newton's iteration.
Thermoplastic vibration welding: Review of process phenomenology and processing–structure–property interrelationships

Vibration welding offers a robust method for physically joining thermoplastics to fabricate complex hollow assemblies from simpler injection-molded articles without using an external heat source, adhesives, or mechanical fasteners. Vibration welding involves a complex interplay of several phenomena—solid (Coulomb) friction, melting, high strain-rate, pressure-driven, strong (high-strain) melt flows, solidification, and microstructure development—which ultimately govern the strength and integrity of the weld. Defects in the weld region may lead to catastrophic failure of the welded assembly. In this article, the current understanding of the processing–structure–property relationships in the context of vibration welding of thermoplastics and polymer-matrix composites is reviewed. Experimental as well as analytical methods of investigation of the vibration welding process phenomenology are presented. The interrelationships between the microstructure in the weld region and the resulting weld strength and fatigue behavior are then discussed in the light of this phenomenological information for neat polymers, filled polymers, polymer blends, and foams. This review is also aimed at identifying the areas requiring further investigation with regard to understanding vibration welding phenomenology and weld structure–property relationships. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stability analysis of resistive wall kink modes in rotating plasmas.

The stability analysis of external magnetohydrodynamic modes is carried out for a cylindrical plasma in the presence of a resistive wall, plasma flow, and coupling to the sound wave continuous spectrum. It is confirmed that the resonance of the mode with the sound continuum produces an effective dissipation. The combined effects of dissipation and plasma flow open up a window of stability to the external kinks. This theory can explain the numerical results of A. Bondeson and D. J. Ward [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 72}, 2709 (1994)].
Tumor-promoting/progressing role of additional chromosome instability in hepatic carcinogenesis in Sgo1 (Shugoshin 1) haploinsufficient mice.

A major etiological risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is infection by Hepatitis viruses, especially hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus do not cause aggressive activation of an oncogenic pathway, but they transactivate a broad array of genes, cause chronic inflammation, and, through interference with mitotic processes, lead to mitotic error-induced chromosome instability (ME-CIN). However, how ME-CIN is involved in the development of HCC remains unclear. Delineating the effect of ME-CIN on HCC development should help in identifying measures to combat HCC. In this study, we used ME-CIN model mice haploinsufficient in Shugoshin 1 (Sgo1−/+) to assess the role of ME-CIN in HCC development. Treatment with the carcinogen azoxymethane caused Sgo1−/+ ME-CIN model mice to develop HCCs within 6 months, whereas control mice developed no HCC (P < 0.003). The HCC development was associated with expression of early HCC markers (glutamine synthetase, glypican 3, heat shock protein 70, and the serum marker alpha fetoprotein), although without fibrosis. ME-CIN preceded the expression of HCC markers, suggesting that ME-CIN is an important early event in HCC development. In 12-month-old untreated Sgo1 mice, persistent DNA damage, altered gene expression, and spontaneous HCCs were observed. Sgo1 protein accumulated in response to DNA damage in vitro. Overall, Sgo1−/+-mediated ME-CIN strongly promoted/progressed development of HCC in the presence of an initiator carcinogen, and it had a mild initiator effect by itself. Use of the ME-CIN model mice should help in identifying drugs to counteract the effects of ME-CIN and should accelerate anti-HCC drug development.
Studies on the metabolism of photosynthetic bacteria. XIV. Quantitative relations between malate dissimilation, photoproduction of hydrogen, and nitrogen metabolism in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Abstract 1. 1. Quantitative relations involved in photohydrogen production from malic acid by Rhodospirillum rubrum have been studied. It has been shown that in the absence of exogenous N 2 or NH 4 Cl, one mole of CO 2 and one mole of H 2 each are evolved per mole of malate dissimilated in the early stages of metabolism. In the presence of N 2 or NH 4 Cl, no hydrogen is evolved and one mole of CO 2 appears per mole malate consumed. Both isomeric forms of malate are utilized at equal rates. 2. 2. The relation between ammonia uptake and malate consumption has been investigated. Ammonia uptake is shown to be accelerated by addition of substrate and by illumination. It is shown that inhibition of photohydrogen occurs in the presence of catalytic amounts of ammonia and is reversible, being lifted as soon as ammonia is completely removed by normal metabolic reactions involved in nitrogen metabolism. 3. 3. No stoichiometric relation is found between the amounts of ammonia consumed and the amount of hydrogen which would have been expected to appear from the amount of malate consumed. The data appear best interpreted as in accordance with a mechanism for nitrogen inhibition of photohydrogen which is catalytic in nature and superimposed on normal ammonia uptake. 4. 4. The effect of a large number of amino acids on the photohydrogen production and growth has been investigated. In all instances involving photohydrogen production, no measurable amount of free ammonia could be demonstrated. The list of amino acids promoting growth and not interfering with photohydrogen production has been extended to include not only the original pair found effective, l -glutamic and l -aspartic acids, but also l -arginine, l -proline, l -leucine, and, with some qualifications, l -lysine.
Abdominal granulocytic sarcomas : demonstration by MRI

The magnetic resonance imaging findings of histologically-proven renal and pancreatic granulocytic sarcomas are demonstrated in two patients. Granulocytic sarcomas were moderately hypointense on T1-weighted images, mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted images, and enhanced in a diminished fashion on early and late postgadolinium T1-weighted images.
Toxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia Isolated from Aged, Cured Meats

Eighty-nine cultures of Aspergillus and 54 cultures of Penicillium isolated from aged, cured meats were tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Two of 22 isolates of A. ruber, 5 of 28 A. repens, 2 of 12 A. sydowi, 1 of 12 A. restrictus, 2 of 7 A. amstelodami, 1 of 2 A. chevalieri, and an A. fumigatus isolate exhibited toxicity. Similarly, 2 of 15 isolates of P. expansum, 1 of 3 P. notatum, 1 of 2 P. brevi-compactum, and 1 of 8 Penicillium spp. were found to be the most toxic. Among these fungi, the chloroform extract from the growth of an A. sydowi isolate showed the greatest toxicity. There was no direct or indirect evidence that aged, cured meats contain toxic metabolites.
An algebraic solution to the 3-D discrete tomography problem

Discrete tomography is the problem of reconstructing a binary image defined on a discrete lattice of points from its projections at only a few angles. It has applications in X-ray crystallography, in which the projections are the number of atoms in the crystal along a given line, and nondestructive testing. The 2-D version of this problem is fairly well understood, and several algorithms for solving it are known, most of which involve discrete mathematics or network theory. However, the 3-D problem is much harder to solve. This paper shows how the problem can be recast in a purely algebraic form. This results in: (1) new insight into the number of projection angles needed for an almost surely unique solution; (2) non-obvious dependencies in projection data; and (3) new algorithms for solving.
The effects of flattening fundamental frequency contours on sentence intelligibility in speakers with dysarthria

This study explored the relationship between F0 variability and intelligibility in persons with motor speech disorders. The literature suggests that monopitch may have detrimental effects on the intelligibility of individuals with dysarthria (and other speech disorders), but few studies have examined the independent effect of a flat F0 contour on intelligibility in speakers with articulatory difficulties. An LPC resynthesis technique was used to reduce the speakers' sentence F0 range by 25%, 50% and 100% (flattened F0). Two dysarthric speaker groups were evaluated, one with prosodic inadequacy and imprecise articulation (hypokinetic) and one with imprecise articulation only (UUMN). Speech intelligibility was assessed using a word transcription task and an interval-scaling task. Results argue strongly for the perceptual importance of sentence-level F0 variations on speech intelligibility even when the F0 range is severely restricted. Results also suggest that the contribution of F0 to intelligibility may v...
Smart sinks: real-world opportunities for context-aware interaction

Can implicit interaction with a computer easily drive useful interface improvements in physical world settings? This paper presents a case study presenting multiple such context-aware interaction improvements in a sink. We have identified opportunities where automated interfaces at the sink have positive consequences for safety, hygiene and ecology. The danger of scalding oneself with hot water is confronted by transforming the water into a graphical user interface and using image understanding to dispense the proper temperature of water. Audio-visual feedback at the sink can motivate users to conserve water. Used in combination with an RFID reader, the sink can serve as an effective means of verifying hand-washing compliance for clean environments. Finally, automatic actuation of the sink's height based on the user and task can prevent burns and ergonomic injuries. This project demonstrates that the integration of digital interaction in a hostile environment can facilitate and improve our daily rituals.
The stability and disturbance-amplification characteristics of vertical mixed convection flow

An experimental and theoretical investigation has been conducted to determine the stability and disturbance-amplification characteristics of the combined forced and free convection flow adjacent to a vertical uniform-heat-flux surface in a uniform free stream. Previous studies of the stability of mixed convection flows have been limited to linear stability analysis of the effect of weak buoyancy on the neutral stability of a stronger forced flow. Here we consider circumstances where forced-convection effects are small compared with buoyancy effects. The flow behaviour is analysed using linear stability theory. The analysis incorporates a new formulation which permits the calculation of amplification contours for a given flow circumstance. The governing equations have been solved numerically to generate stability planes including the neutral curve and constant amplification contours. Stability planes are presented for assisting and opposed flows at Prandtl numbers Pr of 0·733 and 6·7. In air ( Pr = 0·733), the presence of a weak free stream is found to cause the disturbance-amplification rates and the filtered frequency to deviate strongly from those found in purely free-convection flow. In water ( Pr = 6·7), the effect of a free stream is much weaker. In addition, hot-wire and thermocouple measurements of the filtered frequencies and the disturbance-amplitude distributions are presented for aiding mixed convection flow in air. The measurements are found to be in very good agreement with the calculated results of the stability analysis.
Designing nesting structures of user-defined types in object-relational databases

This paper presents a methodology for designing proper nesting structures of user-defined types in object-relational databases. Briefly, we envision that users model a real-world application by using the EER model, which results in an EER schema. Our algorithm then uses the theory we developed for nested relations to generate scheme trees from the EER schema. We shall prove that the resulting scheme trees have exactly the same information content as the EER schema, and the scheme-tree instances over the resulting scheme trees do not store information redundantly. Finally, the scheme trees are transformed to Oracle Database 10g nested object types for implementation. The algorithm in this paper forms the core of a computerized object-relational database design tool we shall develop in the future.
Non‐linear finite element dynamic analysis of axisymmetric solids

Abstract : The subject of this investigation has been the static and dynamic analysis of axisymmetric solids taking into account both material and geometric nonlinearities. A general Lagrangian formulation forms the basis for the incremental equations of motion which are solved using direct integration methods. Solution accuracy is improved by applying equilibrium correction loads at each step. Finite element discretization is achieved through the use of quadrilateral plane stress and axisymmetric elements with incompatible modes added for improvement of the element flexural characteristics. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed computer program. (Author)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Treatment of Cholecystitis: Possible? Yes; Practical??

Classically, until now, the management of cholecystitis has consisted of immediate and judicious clinical assessment of the affected patient, interpolating into the assessment of the physical findings and results from appropriate laboratory, x-ray, and scanning techniques (sonography and scintigraphy) to formulate a clinical impression. Usually, after the diagnosis has been established, the patient is subjected to a cholecystectomy, although the timing of the surgery may vary depending on the clinical condition of the patient. Alternatives to this management (cholecystectomy, medical management) scheme have been suggested, but these are dependent upon the clinical condition ofthe patient and considerations of risks. Percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder or cholecystostomy is sufficient enough to provide drainage, relieve obstruction, and the consequences of infection, i.e., sepsis, and prevent perforation. A contributory role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in this schema has not been a consideration. An ERCP is rarely employed for therapy (or diagnosis) when cholecystitis is suspected but it might assume a more significant role if it is considered an efficacious alternative in specific conditions. We have had the unusual experience of managing 11 patients with cholecystitis employing ERCP and its therapeutic modalities, i.e., sphincterotomy, selective cannulation of the cystic duct, and relieving obstruction of that structure by catheter displacement of an obstructing stone. Endoscopic techniques providing decompression of the gallbladder are described, and the feasibility of utilizing endoscopic procedures for treatment of cholecystitis will be given consideration.
NOTES ON THE X‐RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF MULLITE*

A wide range of artificial alumina-silica products has been examined by the X-ray powder method. In each case in which the pattern has been sufficiently clear to permit a decision the pattern has been that of mullite, not that of sillimanite. The examination included a number of preparations made by heating clay minerals and clays at 1000°. Mullite crystals containing alumina or the oxides of iron or titanium in solid solution give diffraction patterns in which the lines are slightly displaced toward the origin with respect to the corresponding lines in the diffraction pattern of the standard mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2). Mullite crystals, freed by HF treatment from the matrix in which they grew, often give diffraction patterns in which the intensities of certain lines arc strikingly different from normal. This is due to the orientation of the minute elongated crystals when mounted for photographing. Finally, two recent papers proposing special names for certain similar materials are discussed and, on the basis of published data and the evidence presented here, these proposals are found to be unwarranted.
Measuring Absolute Amounts of Reading Comprehension Using the Rauding Rescaling Procedure.

A procedure is described for rescaling objective measures of comprehension so that they reflect amounts of accuracy of comprehension on an absolute scale. The procedure is based upon rauding theory, a theory that interrelates reading ability, passage difficulty, reading time, and passage comprehension. The validity of the rescaling procedure is dependent upon one primary assumption—that the relationship between the objective measure of comprehension and the theoretical construct, accuracy of comprehension, is linear. The rescaling procedure was evaluated and illustrated by application to previously collected data. Four different measures of passage comprehension administered subsequent to reading yielded drastically different "percent comprehension" scores—the average of all the errors among the measures at each rate was 15%. However, when the four measures were rescaled, all four provided accuracy of comprehension scores which were more similar—the corresponding average of all these errors was only 6%. There appears to be adequate empirical evidence supporting the validity of the rauding rescaling procedure. It represents a method for measuring reading comprehension on a ratio scale with absolute units rather than the relative units now being used.
Viewing memory through Night and Fog, The Sorrow and the Pity and Shoah

Between 1955 and 1983, three French film documentaries displaced our understanding of the events of World War II: Nuit et brouillard by Alain Resnais, Le Chagrin et la pitie by Marcel Ophuls and Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah. These are films that reveal specific moments in France’s difficult path to assessing the events of the ‘dark years’. As markers of changes in the political, social and cultural attitude of France’s views of the war and Vichy, these films offer probing historical evidence of France’s struggles with its past, as well as compelling archival materials on the deportations, the occupation and the Holocaust. But, in addition, they also present us with exceptional illustrations of the vicissitudes of recollections, the unpredictable workings of memory, and the vicarious effects of visual and oral testimonies. They in turn testify to a contemporary cultural event: the displacement of traditional history in favour of testimony.
Biological significance of poliovirus mutants of altered cystine requirement

Abstract The isolation of poliovirus mutants with an enhanced requirement for cystine ( cy r ) is reported. The relationship of these together with wild ( cy + ), cystine independent ( cy 1 ), and cystine inhibited ( cy t ) types was investigated in respect to several other biological properties of the virus. A high degree of correlation was demonstrated between the occurrence of cy r , temperature sensitive ( t s , low efficiency of plating under acid agar ( d ), inability to propagate in MS cells ( ms ), low reproducing capacity at 40° ( rct 40 ), and attenuated phenotypes. Conversely, cy t mutants were always associated with t r , d + , ms + , rct 40 + , and virulent phenotypes. The ms character is demonstrated to be only a special measure of the cystine response. Each of the other characters was found to be distinct unto itself. Exclusion of one poliovirus strain by a second can be controlled by the nature of the medium in which mixedly infected cells are maintained.
Evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds. IV. Intra-ovarian growth dynamics can link sex determination and sex-specific acquisition of resources

The evolutionary importance of maternal effects is determined by the interplay of maternal adaptations and strategies, offspring susceptibility to these strategies, and the similarity of selection pressures between the two generations. Interaction among these components, especially in species where males and females differ in the costs and requirements of growth, limits inference about the evolution of maternal strategies from their expression in the offspring phenotype alone. As an alternative approach, we examine divergence in the proximate mechanisms underlying maternal effects across three house finch populations with contrasting patterns of sex allocation: an ancestral population that shows no sex-biased ovulation, and two recently established populations at the northern and southern boundaries of the species range that have opposite sequences of ovulation of male and female eggs. For each population, we examined how oocyte acquisition of hormones, carotenoids and vitamins was affected by oocyte growth and overlap with the same and opposite sexes. Our results suggest that sex-specific acquisition of maternal resources and sex determination of oocytes are linked in this system. We report that acquisition of testosterone by oocytes that become males was not related to growth duration, but instead covaried with temporal exposure to steroids and overlap with other male oocytes. In female oocytes, testosterone acquisition increased with the duration of growth and overlap with male oocytes, but decreased with overlap with female oocytes. By contrast, acquisition of carotenoids and vitamins was mostly determined by organismwide partitioning among oocytes and oocyte-specific patterns of testosterone accumulation, and these effects did not differ between the sexes. These results provide important insights into three unresolved phenomena in the evolution of maternal effects ‐ (i) the evolution of sex-specific maternal allocation in species with simultaneously developing neonates of both sexes; (ii) the link between sex determination and sex-specific acquisition of maternal products; and (iii) the evolution of context-dependent modulation of maternal effects.
The long-run component of foreign exchange volatility and stock returns

Abstract The present paper explores the cross-sectional pricing power of foreign exchange volatility in the US stock market by decomposing it into short- and long-run components. Our approach is motivated by Bartov et al. (1996). Empirically, we find supporting evidence that the long-run component of foreign exchange volatility is priced in the US stock market. Our findings have important implications for international finance and empirical asset pricing.
Collapse of southwestern North America and the evolution of early Miocene detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes, the Sierra Nevada orocline, and the San Andreas fault system

Plate reconstructions indicate that early Miocene Pacific–North American relative motion was not parallel to the transform, but was instead oblique and transtensional. We propose that the western edge of the North American plate east of the transform gravitationally collapsed to the southwest in response to this divergence. The northern and eastern edges of the collapsed region underwent extension between 24 and 20 Ma. Whereas extension in southeastern California and southern Arizona during this interval was coaxial with the overall S50°–60°W collapse direction, the extension direction along the northern oundary (Mojave extensional belt) was north-south and the result of the combined effects of the southwestward collapse and the independent northwestward translation of the region to the north. Collapse continued between 20 and 16 Ma, and extension persisted in southeastern California and southern Arizona; extension along the northern boundary waned owing to the apparent cessation of motion of the region to the north. Thus, the kinematics of the northern boundary changed to dextral shear and extension along what is here named the “Trans–Mojave-Sierran shear zone.” This east-west zone of mainly right shear oroclinally folded the southern tail of the Sierra Nevada and the central Mojave Desert; rocks within this 83–110-km-wide zone were rotated (Approx.)40°–60° (clockwise) about vertical axes. Finally, as collapse moved the North American plate progressively west across the locus of transform shear, its western edge became increasingly subject to the motion of the Pacific plate. Over time, the edge of North America was truncated by faults of the San Andreas system and transferred to the Pacific plate.
Welcome to Neurology: Genetics

The powers of human genetics and genetic technologies have transformed the complexities of neurology and neuroscience at the basic, translational, and now also the clinical level. We have left an era of black and white views of causative genetic variation and are entering a period of more than 50 shades of grey, fascinated with DNA variants that increase or decrease risk, epigenetic modification, and an unexpectedly large number of variants of unknown or potentially pathogenic significance. Loss-of-function alleles and even complete human gene knockouts for certain genes appear to be compatible with a normal phenotype.
Antecollis and Parkinsonism in Adults with Dravet Syndrome

Investigators at Toronto Western and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, prospectively studied the motor abnormalities in a consecutive sample of adults with genetically proven Dravet syndrome (DS).
Perceived Control, Family Environment, and the Etiology of Child Anxiety—Revisited

Abstract In 1998, Chorpita, Brown, and Barlow published a now seminal study in Behavior Therapy examining the development of anxiety in children and adolescents using Barlow’s 1988 model of the development of anxiety in adults. Mindful of developmental considerations, parental control and children’s perceptions of control were considered key factors in this revised model. Since that study, mixed support has accumulated for the role of control, both parental control and children’s perceptions of that control, in the development of childhood anxiety. As a result, the measurement of these constructs has been critically examined and refined in recent years and encouraging findings have been obtained. Unfortunately, however, the Chorpita and colleagues study as well as the studies that have followed have used cross-sectional designs and the directionality of effects has not been clearly established. Longitudinal studies are required. Here, we present a qualitative review of these developments and provide directions for future research.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Shape Design and Positioning of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages

Study Design Cadaveric biomechanical analysis. Objective The aim of this study was to compare three interbody cage shapes and their position within the interbody space with regards to construct stability for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Methods Twenty L2–L3 and L4–L5 lumbar motion segments from fresh cadavers were potted in polymethyl methacrylate and subjected to testing with a materials testing machine before and after unilateral facetectomy, diskectomy, and interbody cage insertion. The three cage types were kidney-shaped, articulated, and straight bullet-shaped. Each cage type was placed in a common anatomic area within the interbody space before testing: kidney, center; kidney, anterior; articulated, center; articulated, anterior; bullet, center; bullet, lateral. Load-deformation curves were generated for axial compression, flexion, extension, right bending, left bending, right torsion, and left torsion. Finally, load to failure was tested. Results For all applied loads, there was a statistically significant decrease in the slope of the load-displacement curves for instrumented specimens compared with the intact state ( p p = 0.062). Among all instrumented groups, there was no statistically significant difference in stiffness for any of the loading conditions or load to failure. Conclusions Our results failed to show a clearly superior cage shape design or location within the interbody space for use in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
The case against Zika virus

Several recently published case reports and many more stories in the popular press have linked congenital malformations—in particular, an abnormally small head (microcephaly)—to maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus newly emergent in the Americas. Although normal
Nonlinear Transient Phenomena in Elastic-Plastic Solids

A finite element model is proposed to analyze nonlinear transient phenomena in elastic-plastic solids due to both material and geometrical nonlinearities. Time integration of the semi discrete finite element equations is performed by using an implicit-explicit predictor-multicorrector algorithm developed by Hughes and co-workers. It is shown that the algorithm can be simply and concisely implemented. The technique allows for a convenient selection of implicit and explicit elements, and for a convenient implicit-explicit split of the various operators appearing in the equations of motion. The procedure proves to be extremely effective in dealing with incompressible plastic flow problems. Numerical results which demonstrate the versatility and accuracy of the method are presented.
Behavior of Workers of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to the Queen Recognition Pheromone: Laboratory Studies with an Olfactometer and Surrogate Queens

Red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, queens produce a queen recognition pheromone that attracts daughter or conspecific worker ants singly or in groups. Their attractiveness ceases if they are separated from their colony for more than 30 min, but returns immediately when they are reunited with their workers. Whole-body queen extracts of the pheromone are attractive when carried by an air stream into an olfactometer or when applied to surrogate queens (pieces of rubber septa). Extracts of the pheromone induce some attraction at a concentration of 0.01 queen equivalent, with maximum response at concentrations of 0.5 to 5.0 queen equivalents. The response of workers to extracts of other RIFA castes was significantly less than that to queen extracts in all bioassays.
Observations on the Nesting Habits of Some New World Carpenter Bees with Remarks on their Importance in the Problem of Species Formation (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The biological literature pertaining to the nesting habits of the New World carpenter bees belonging to the genus Xylocopa is organized and new biological information, particularly that relating to the nesting habits, is provided for eight American species. These are: Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, X. brasilianorum varipuncta Patton, X. californica arizonensis Cresson, X. frontalis (Olivier), X. guatemalensis Cockerell ( X. peleni Cockerell is declared a synonym), X. micans Lepeletier, X. tabaniformis androleuca Michener, and X. virginica virginica (Linnaeus). The importance of nesting habits in determining the probable ancestry, origin, dispersal and species formation in the group is discussed and evaluated. The accidental introduction of carpenter bees and their occasional successful establishment in new geographic areas is explored with the conclusion that care should be taken so as to prevent accidental introductions of species known to attack structural timbers.
Photogrammetry of a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator

In 2012, two large-scale models of a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic decelerator were tested in the National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex at NASA Ames Research Center. One of the objectives of this test was to measure model deflections under aerodynamic loading that approximated expected flight conditions. The measurements were acquired using stereo photogrammetry. Four pairs of stereo cameras were mounted inside the NFAC test section, each imaging a particular section of the HIAD. The views were then stitched together post-test to create a surface deformation profile. The data from the photogram- metry system will largely be used for comparisons to and refinement of Fluid Structure Interaction models. This paper describes how a commercial photogrammetry system was adapted to make the measurements and presents some preliminary results.
Research on principle of error-tolerant compilers

Programmers often make some errors in program. This paper discusses the principle of errortolerant compilers. The errors in C programming that can be corrected automatically are presented, and the method SSM used in analyzing the compiler is described. The aim of this work is to develop a error-tolerant compiler which can correct some errors automatically.
Multiscale fully convolutional network with application to industrial inspection

In recent years, deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), has shown great efficacy for solving various vision tasks. In image segmentation, it has been demonstrated that a CNN can greatly outperform other approaches. However, special attention has to be paid towards setting various parameters in the CNN that affects the scale of the feature map generated at the last convolutional layer, where scale here refers to the ratio of the number of pixels in the original input image that correspond to each pixel in the feature map. Quite often, the optimal settings are tied to the specific problem on hand and can be fairly challenging to determine. To overcome such an issue, this paper proposes a multiscale Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) that combines networks trained at various scales, thereby allowing for conducting segmentation more generically. Moreover, such a multiscale architecture allows for incremental fine-tuning as more training images become available later on and new networks can be trained and added to the combined network. Such flexibility has great utility in applications such as industrial inspection, where training images may not be readily available initially, but yet requires a high level of accuracy. This paper will validate our findings by reporting the results that we have obtained by applying multiscale FCN to the inspection of aircraft engine part.
Protein evolution: Charting the universe of macromolecular structure

Understanding how protein architecture evolves is paramount if we are to engineer protein targets and drugs with pharmacological properties, understand the epidemiology and evolution of disease, or model protein interactions in systems biology. In order to 'chart' the universe of protein architecture from an evolutionary perspective, structural similarities in protein design have been linked to evolutionary patterns of architectural occurrence in genomes using a general phylogenomic approach. Analysis of over 30 genomes revealed patterns of evolution in the overall structure of molecules and clear molecular transformation pathways. This evolutionary structure uncovered in the world of proteomes and architectures can now be used to model evolutionary processes. This type of research uses principles drawn from disparate disciplines and addresses fundamental issues in biology such as the origin and diversification of life, the role of lateral gene transfer, and the network behavior of biological systems.
Cytoskeletal Configuration Modulates Mechanically Induced Changes in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis, Morphology, and Stiffness.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) responding to mechanical cues generated by physical activity is critical for skeletal development and remodeling. Here, we utilized low intensity vibrations (LIV) as a physiologically relevant mechanical signal and hypothesized that the confined cytoskeletal configuration imposed by 2D culture will enable human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSC) to respond more robustly when LIV is applied in-plane (horizontal-LIV) rather than out-of-plane (vertical-LIV). All LIV signals enhanced hBMSC proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and upregulated genes associated with cytoskeletal structure. The cellular response was more pronounced at higher frequencies (100 Hz vs 30 Hz) and when applied in the horizontal plane. Horizontal but not vertical LIV realigned the cell cytoskeleton, culminating in increased cell stiffness. Our results show that applying very small oscillatory motions within the primary cell attachment plane, rather than perpendicular to it, amplifies the cell’s response to LIV, ostensibly facilitating a more effective transfer of intracellular forces. Transcriptional and structural changes in particular with horizontal LIV, together with the strong frequency dependency of the signal, emphasize the importance of intracellular cytoskeletal configuration in sensing and responding to high-frequency mechanical signals at low intensities.
The sophisticated kind theory

Generic sentences are commonsense statements of the form ‘Fs are G,’ like ‘Bears have fur’ or ‘Rattlesnakes are poisonous.’ Kind theories hold that rather than being general statements about indivi...