cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Legal Realism and International Law

Distinctive features of a new legal realist approach to international law are its commitment to empirical work, its assessment of the role of institutions in meditating the pursuit of social goals, its engagement with critical analysis in a self-reflective manner to question incoming biases, and its grounding in social problems in a pragmatist vein. The purpose of engaging in research in a new legal realist vein is to uncover issues and perspectives through empirical engagement about which we are otherwise ignorant, permitting our incoming predispositions (inevitable no matter how neutral we try to be) to be challenged and transformed. This is particularly important in a world characterized by constituencies with different priorities, perspectives, and opportunities to be heard. The chapter situates new legal realism in relation to the original legal realist movement in the United States and the current transnational context. It provides research examples of what a new legal realist approach to international law offers.
Introduction to the T-Cell Lymphomas

The human skin contains a vast array of T cells, including cytotoxic, helper, memory, and regulatory subsets. Each of these cell types has different functional, proliferative, and migratory capacities. The diversity of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) reflects the multiplicity of T-cell subsets [1, 2]. The WHO/EORTC classification recognizes 15 cutaneous lymphomas, 10 of which are T-cell lymphomas. Their incidence and various organizational schemas for understanding CTCL are offered in this chapter. Each of the lymphomas is addressed individually in subsequent chapters.
SU‐E‐J‐112: Intensity‐Based Pulmonary Image Registration: An Evaluation Study

Purpose: Accurate alignment of thoracic CT images is essential for dose tracking and to safely implement adaptive radiotherapy in lung cancers. At the same time it is challenging given the highly elastic nature of lung tissue deformations. The objective of this study was to assess the performances of three state-of-art intensity-based algorithms in terms of their ability to register thoracic CT images subject to affine, barrel, and sinusoid transformation. Methods: Intensity similarity measures of the evaluated algorithms contained sum-of-squared difference (SSD), local mutual information (LMI), and residual complexity (RC). Five thoracic CT scans obtained from the EMPIRE10 challenge database were included and served as reference images. Each CT dataset was distorted by realistic affine, barrel, and sinusoid transformations. Registration performances of the three algorithms were evaluated for each distortion type in terms of intensity root mean square error (IRMSE) between the reference and registered images in the lung regions. Results: For affine distortions, the three algorithms differed significantly in registration of thoracic images both visually and nominally in terms of IRMSE with a mean of 0.011 for SSD, 0.039 for RC, and 0.026 for LMI (p<0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test). For barrel distortion, the three algorithms showed nominally no significant difference inmore » terms of IRMSE with a mean of 0.026 for SSD, 0.086 for RC, and 0.054 for LMI (p=0.16) . A significant difference was seen for sinusoid distorted thoracic CT data with mean lung IRMSE of 0.039 for SSD, 0.092 for RC, and 0.035 for LMI (p=0.02). Conclusion: Pulmonary deformations might vary to a large extent in nature in a daily clinical setting due to factors ranging from anatomy variations to respiratory motion to image quality. It can be appreciated from the results of the present study that the suitability of application of a particular algorithm for pulmonary image registration is deformation-dependent.« less
The Effect of Thermal Exposure on the Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Alloys Intended for Elevated Temperature Service

Because of their ease of fabricability, durability, and good specific properties, precipitation-hardened aluminum alloys have been the materials of choice for subsonic aircraft for over 50 years. At the present time, precipitation-hardening alloys are being evaluated for use in elevated temperature applications such as supersonic transport aircraft. These applications require stability of mechanical properties, implying stable microstructures. In this study, it has been shown that for three materials of interest, microstructural evolution at relatively low temperatures may result in complex changes in mechanical properties with fracture resistance being a salient example. Changes in amounts and kinds of grain boundary fracture, probably related to growth of grain boundary precipitate phases or segregation of embrittling species to the boundaries, appear to dominate the behavior.
Drug-Related Renal Dysfunction in the Elderly

Because of its high blood flow and function to excrete and metabolize xenobiotics, the kidney is especially prone to injury by drugs and chemicals. In elderly patients, renal function is also often reduced by age itself or comorbid diseases leading to a high incidence of adverse drug reactions both to the kidney itself and to other organs because of drug accumulation. This paper reviews this issue with specific emphasis on drugs that are often used in elderly subjects such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Surface Pretreatments of Aluminum Alloy AA2024-T3 and Formation of Chromate Conversion Coatings I. Composition and Electrochemical Behavior of the Oxide Film

Aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 has been subjected to various pretreatments including those routinely carried out in the industry prior to conversion coating of the alloy. The surface chemistry of the samples after pretreatment was analyzed using variable angle X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VAXPS). Electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the samples in quiescent 0.05 M NaCI solution. The results were compared with those obtained from an untreated sample used in as-received condition that acted as a control. The surface of the alloy was observed to be enriched in copper and magnesium after certain pretreatments. Composition of the surface oxide film as well as the electrochemical behavior was found to vary significantly depending on the pretreatment. In all cases, the overlayer formed on the alloy was less than the sampling depth of the XPS (∼90 A). Pretreatment of the alloy using Alconox® was found to result in the formation of a highly protective aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) surface film. The corrosion current of the samples was observed to be directly proportional to the aluminum oxyhydroxide content of the film, while the polarization resistance of the sample was inversely proportional to the surface copper content.
Bull Semen Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Nucleosidase: II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES

Abstract NAD nucleosidase (NAD glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.5) was shown to have a sedimentation coefficient of 3.09 S, and no concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient was observed. A Stokes radius of 28.6 A was obtained from gel filtration of the enzyme on Sephadex G-100. High speed sedimentation equilibrium studies showed the enzyme to have a molecular weight of 36,300. The diffusion coefficient of 7.52 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1 was also calculated. The enzyme possesses an absorption spectrum showing a maximum at 278 nm with E1%280 nm = 10.9. Amino acid composition and the fluorescence properties of the enzyme were also reported.
Evaluation of doubly labeled water for measuring energy expenditure during changing nutrition.

Change in abundance of /sup 2/H and /sup 18/O in dietary water during a doubly labeled water energy period may introduce error into the calculated carbon dioxide production rate (RCO/sub 2/). To examine the accuracy of /sup 2/H/sub 2/(/sup 18/)O during changing nutritional regimens, we compared /sup 2/H/sub 2/(/sup 18/)O and periodic open-circuit respiratory gas exchange (RGE) in postsurgical infants who were changing from parenteral to alternative parenteral and/or oral nutrition. The two methods were compared before and after correction for shifts in isotopic abundance of the infant water pools during the energy-expenditure period. Baseline corrections were predicted using the difference between abundances of the initial body water and final nutrient solutions. Before isotopic correction, /sup 2/H/sub 2/(/sup 18/)O underestimated RCO/sub 2/ in eight subjects by 11.8 +/- 20.1% (mean +/- SD). After correction, agreement between the two methods improved; the underestimate was then -8.7 +/- 12.9%. To obtain maximum precision of /sup 2/H/sub 2/(/sup 18/)O, subjects should be maintained on the same nutritional regimen before and during the study unless valid correction formulae are used.
DSSA case study: navigation, guidance, and flight director design and development

The effort to create a workstation-based environment to support the development, maintenance and upgrade of avionics systems with an order-of-magnitude improvement in quality and productivity over current approaches through the reuse of large portions of well-designed and documented software is discussed. The challenges of capturing and representing knowledge for avionics navigation, guidance, and flight director are described to illustrate the impacts of designing a domain-specific software architecture. The technologies required to enable engineers to use domain knowledge effectively within a workstation-based development environment are also discussed. >
Gene duplication in Mimulus underlies parallel floral evolution via independent trans-regulatory changes.

Summary Identifying the genetic basis of parallelism reveals the means by which evolution repeats itself and shows what aspects—if any—may be predictable [1]. The recently tetraploid luteus group of Mimulus [2] contains five species native to central Chile [3], three of which have evolved extensive red floral pigmentation using at least two distinct loci [4]. Here we show that the parallel evolution of petal lobe anthocyanin (PLA) pigmentation in M. cupreus and M. luteus var. variegatus occurred via separate yet strikingly similar mechanisms. In each case, a dominant, single-locus gain of pigmentation [4] maps to a genomic region ( pla1 and pla2 , respectively) containing adjacent, apparently recently duplicated paralogs of MYB anthocyanin-regulating transcription factors. Interestingly, candidate genes in pla1 and pla2 are themselves related by an older duplication. In both cases, pla genotype cosegregates with expression of multiple genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, revealing a mechanism of coordinated trans -regulatory expression changes across functionally related enzyme-encoding genes. We conclude that in this instance, evolution has repeated itself with marked consistency. Duplication has enabled that repetition to occur using two physically independent but functionally similar loci, highlighting the importance of genomic complexity to the evolutionary process.
The effect of large deformation and material nonlinearity on gel indentation

A gel, an aggregate of polymers with solvents, has dual attributes of solid and liquid as solvent migrates in and out of the polymer network. Indentation has recently been used to characterize the mechanical properties of gels. This paper evaluates the effects of large deformation and material nonlinearity on gel indentation through theoretical modeling and finite element analysis. It is found that large deformation significantly affects the interpretation of the experimental observations and the classical relation between indentation force and depth has limitations for large deformation. The material nonlinearity does not play a very important role on indentation experiment so that the poroelasticity is a good approximation. Based on these observations, this paper proposes an alternative approach to measure the mechanical properties of gels, namely, uniaxial compression experiment.
Postural balance measurements for children and adolescents

Measurements of standing balance were determined for 92 children and adolescents, 5-18 years old, while they stood on a force plate with eyes open or eyes closed. The measurements included center-of-pressure calculations for path length per second, average radial displacement, anterior-posterior and mediolateral amplitudes, area per second, mean frequency of sway, Brownian random motion measure of short-term diffusion coefficient, and long-term scaling exponent. All balance parameters improved from youngest to oldest subjects, and the parameters improved when measured with the subjects' eyes open compared with closed. The mean values for data from three trials varied by only 5% when compared with the mean values from 10 trials. Data from this study suggest that force-plate center-of-pressure data can be used to determine differences in standing balance between children and adolescents of different ages and those with movement and balance abnormalities.
Vocal fold medialization in children: Type I thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction

Vocal fold medialization for unilateral vocal fold paralysis in appropriately selected children is possible. Indications include persistent dysphonia or aspiration. Techniques for medialization in adults are not uniformly transferable to pediatric cases. Successful surgical implementation requires knowledge of evolving laryngeal anatomy and ability to adapt an operation to the anatomy of the individual child. Guidelines for successful medialization of the vocal fold in children are presented in this report.
Imazamethabenz-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua L.) is resistant to diclofop-methyl

Abstract An imazamethabenz-resistant wild oat accession AR1 was found to be resistant to diclofop-methyl. Experiments were conducted to determine the response of this accession to other acetyl-CoA-carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides and the physiological mechanism of its resistance to diclofop-methyl. Diclofop-methyl dose responses in greenhouse experiments indicated an ED 50 of 1.04 kg ha −1 for the AHS2 susceptible accession and 43.8 kg ha −1 for the AR1 resistant accession with a AR1/AHS2 ED 50 ratio of 42. The diclofop-methyl-resistant AR1 accession was susceptible, i.e., not cross resistant, to both aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides, fenoxaprop-P and clodinafop, and cyclohexanedione herbicides, sethoxydim, clethodim and tralkoxydim. Diclofop similarly inhibited the acetyl-CoA carboxylase from the AR1 ( I 50 =31 μM ) and AHS2 ( I 50 =35 μM ) accessions. Absorption of [ 14 C ]diclofop-methyl was similar for the two accessions for at least the first 12 h after treatment (HAT), but was greater by the AHS2 than the AR1 accession at 24, 72, and 168 HAT. Metabolism of [ 14 C ]diclofop-methyl to diclofop was similar in AR1 and AHS2 wild oat at 24 and 72 HAT. Therefore, the mechanism of resistance to diclofop-methyl in the AR1 wild oat accession is not due to an altered ACCase enzyme nor due to differential metabolic activation of diclofop-methyl to diclofop. Difference in the pattern of absorption of [ 14 C ]diclofop-methyl between AR1 and AHS2 accessions may have a minor role. The role of other possible mechanisms of resistance is discussed.
In vivo assay for melanocyte lightening substances

L'emploi de grenouilles dont la pigmentation est noircie par l'ablation de la region hypothalamique est presentee comme une methode d'essai des substances eclaircissant les melanocytes. Bien que la presence des deux groupes O-methyl etN-acetyl de la melatonine soit necessaire pour un effet eclaircissant maximum, il semble que le groupe O-methyl soit le plus important. La melatonine est proposee comme standard.
Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Plasma Lipids

Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. Current guidelines recommend diet as first-line therapy for patients with elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations. However, what constitutes an optimal dietary regimen remains a matter of controversy. Large prospective trials have demonstrated that populations following plant-based diets, particularly vegetarian and vegan diets, are at lower risk for ischemic heart disease mortality. The investigators therefore reviewed the published scientific research to determine the effectiveness of plant-based diets in modifying plasma lipid concentrations. Twenty-seven randomized controlled and observational trials were included. Of the 4 types of plant-based diets considered, interventions testing a combination diet (a vegetarian or vegan diet combined with nuts, soy, and/or fiber) demonstrated the greatest effects (up to 35% plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction), followed by vegan and ovolactovegetarian diets. Interventions allowing small amounts of lean meat demonstrated less dramatic reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. In conclusion, plant-based dietary interventions are effective in lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations.
Hypnosis for Children and Adolescents With Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography, 1985-1995:

Abstract This annotated bibliography reviews the professional literature published in English, from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, on the subject of the use of hypnosis with pediatric cancer patients. Books, chapters, and journal articles are included; dissertations, theses, and unpublished material are not. This bibliography contains 37 items organized into three categories: (1) General Discussions; (2) Case Reports or Case Studies; and (3) Experimental and Nonexperimental Group Designs. The brief annotations provided are not intended to be reviews or to be evaluative, but, rather, to inform the reader about the content and focus of the publication. This is an update of a previously published annotated bibliography, also presented in this Journal , which explored the relationship between hypnosis and pediatric cancer in journal articles published from 1960 to 1985.
Vulnerability of U.S. Maize Germ Plasm to Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot

Carson, M. L. 1999. Vulnerability of U.S. maize germ plasm to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot. Plant Dis. 83:462-464. Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is a potentially important maize disease that has recently appeared in the continental United States in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. To better predict the potential of this newly introduced disease to inflict damage on the U.S. maize crop, 64 public and private inbred lines and 80 proprietary commercial maize hybrids representing the genetic diversity in the U.S. maize crop were evaluated for resistance to PLS in the 1996-97 and 1997-98 winter nursery seasons. Plots were evaluated for PLS severity (0 to 9 scale) at the early to mid dent stages of kernel development. Relatively few hybrids or inbreds were free from PLS at this growth stage. Inbred lines related to B73 were particularly susceptible to PLS. Relatively few commercial hybrids were as severely diseased as a susceptible check hybrid, indicating that U.S. maize production is not particularly vulnerable to damage from PLS at this time. However, the susceptibility of several widely used parental inbred lines makes PLS a potential concern to the seed industry should it become established in areas of hybrid seed production.
Elementary-school principals and their political settings

This study utilizes a stratified (on SES) sample of Detroit metropolitan elementary-school districts to examine political settings of principals. Altogether 18 principals were interviewed in 1981 and 1984. Twelve more were interviewed in the Lansing area in 1985. Upper income districts were found to have bureaucratic settings as did the lower income, even where their districts were poor or anomic. Principals in the latter viewed the central office more negatively than did the former. Middle income districts were more typically bargaining. Some schools in middle and upper income districts were impacted from the neighborhood especially when the latter was relatively poor.
Evolution of electric communication channels of mormyrids

1. Field studies in the Ivindo River district of Gabon, West Africa, yielded information on the ecology and the electric discharge characteristics of 23 species of mormyrid fishes. The electric organ discharge (EOD) acts as an electric signature that defines the properties of an electric communication and electrolocation channel. Correlations between the properties of this signature and the ecological and social conditions of the fish in their natural environment suggest that signature properties are under natural selection, much as are social communication displays. 2. EOD duration is reduced in those species that aggregate in dense schools. Those with long-duration discharges are widely spaced in stream habitats. EOD waveforms are usually species-specific. EODs are highly divergent within some genera, but convergence to the same EOD pattern is also found among schooling species. Species producing monophasic EODs inhabit rivers rather than small streams. A river habitat is evenly represented by fish species with EODs at all frequencies in the available spectrum. Stream habitats are represented mainly by species with shortduration pulses that emphasize the high-frequency end of the available spectrum.
Effects of acute paraquat toxicity on circulating levels of arachidonic acid, PGF2α and PGE2 in the beagle

We studied the effects of paraquat (25 mg/kg, free base, I.V.) on the circulating plasma levels of arachidonic acid, PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in the beagle. The arachidonic acid level was quantified by GLC and prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay. The plasma levels of arachidonic acid after paraquat treatment were decreased to 50.8% of control at 0.5 hrs. Thereafter the levels increased with time reaching a maximum level of 127.8% at 12 hrs, from which it decreased to 82.8% of control at 24 hrs. Concurrent with these changes in arachidonic acid, the plasma PGE2 levels at 0.5, 1.5, 6.0, 12.0 and 24.0 hrs were significantly decreased to 65.4%, 42.5%, 52.4%, 41.0% and 50.3% of control levels, respectively. In contrast to these findings the plasma levels of PGF2 alpha after paraquat treatment were insignificantly elevated at 0.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 hrs, to 174.3%, 170.4%, 119.3%, 183.3% and 180.3% of control respectively. The ratio of PGE2/PGF2 alpha exhibited a significant decrease at 12.0 and 24.0 hrs. Histopathological studies revealed insignificant changes of the lungs, but marked changes of the kidney. We concluded from these studies that changes in plasma levels of prostaglandins may be related to the acute nephrotoxicity caused by paraquat in dogs.
The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health: A Shared Response

(1999). The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health: A Shared Response. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 14-15.
The radiation from an electrically small circular wire loop implanted in a dissipative homogeneous spherical medium.

Radio-frequency rediation properties of the implanted transmitter were studied. Two models using spheres representing the biological body were studied theoretically; one is for current loop without insulation, and the other, a loop housed in a small spherical insulation embedded in the lossy sphere. The observed anomalous phenomenon, that received rf field is increased after transmitter is embedded in a biological body, has been explained theoretically. Increase of rf field occurs when effective wavelength approaches diameter of sphere and loss tangent of medium is less than or near 1. When loop is at center of spherical body, the radiation pattern is closely the same as that of loop in free space. When loss tangent is less than 1, maximum field strength occurs if effective wavelength is equal to diameter of sphere. When loop is off-centered, orientation of the loop is found to be important in determining field strength and radiation pattern. If the magnetic dipole moment direction of loop is perpendicular to radial axis of the sphere, rf field is 5≈10 times stronger than when the dipole direction is parallel. These results will be useful in the design of implant telemetry systems.
Bisection is optimal

We seek an approximation to a zero of a continuous functionf:[a,b]?? such thatf(a)?0 andf(b)?0. It is known that the bisection algorithm makes optimal use ofn function evaluations, i.e., yields the minimal error which is (b?a)/2 n+1, see e.g. Kung [2]. Traub and Wozniakowski [5] proposed using more general information onf by permitting the adaptive evaluations ofn arbitrary linear functionals. They conjectured [5, p. 170] that the bisection algorithm remains optimal even if these general evaluations are permitted. This paper affirmatively proves this conjecture. In fact we prove optimality of the bisection algorithm even assuming thatf is infinitely many times differentiable on [a, b] and has exactly one simple zero.
Video self-modelling: an effective intervention for a preschooler with language delays

The remediation of language skill deficits has a positive impact on school success. Thus, intervention methods that contribute to the acquisition maintenance and generalisation of language skills during the preschool years are of value. Researchers have studied learning from modelled behaviour for some time. The more like the individual the model was perceived to be, the more effective the results. It may be logical to assume that if an individual were to observe him/herself being successful at a task, self-efficacy would increase. This appears to be the case in this study, in which video self-modelling was used with a preschooler with language delays.
Origins of Selectivity in Molecular and Supramolecular Entities: Solvent and Electrostatic Control of the Translational Isomerism in [2]Catenanes†

The fundamental basis for the stabilization of molecular complexes of various dioxyarenes and/or dithiaarenes and a tetracationic cyclophane was established by empirical force field and ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The more stable translational isomers of the related [2]catenanes do not necessarily correspond to the more stable complexes involving the individual components. The origin of this anomaly was investigated using the AMBER* force field. Each [2]catenane is composed of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)the tetracationic cyclophaneand one constitutionally unsymmetrical macrocyclic polyether, incorporating 1,4-dioxybenzene and a dioxyarene or a dithiaarene unit as its two π-electron rich recognition sites. The calculated and experimental isomer ratios at equilibrium for these [2]catenanes are in good agreement. In two instances, the calculated ratios invert as a result of changing the solvation model from H2O to CHCl3. There is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical observ...
Enantioselective solid-phase synthesis of α-amino acid derivatives

Abstract Wang-resin bound derivatives of glycine Schiff base esters are alkylated in the presence of quaternary ammonium salts derived from cinchonidine or cinchonine using phosphazene bases to give either enantiomer of the product α-amino acid derivatives in 51–89% ee.
A Catalytic Path for Electrolyte Reduction in Lithium-Ion Cells Revealed by in Situ Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Although controlling the interfacial chemistry of electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for maintaining the reversibility, electrolyte decomposition has not been fully understood. In this study, electrolyte decomposition on model electrode surfaces (Au and Sn) was investigated by in situ attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Simultaneously obtained ATR-FTIR spectra and cyclic voltammetry measurements show that lithium ethylene dicarbonate and lithium propionate form on the Au electrode at 0.6 V, whereas diethyl 2,5-dioxahexane dicarboxylate and lithium propionate form on the Sn electrode surface at 1.25 V. A noncatalytic reduction path on the Au surface and a catalytic reduction path on the Sn surface are introduced to explain the surface dependence of the overpotential and product selectivity. This represents a new concept for explaining electrolyte reactions on the anode of LIBs. The present investigation shows that catalysis plays a dominant role in ...
Recent developments in the physiological assessment of sarcoidosis: clinical implications.

Purpose of review This review emphasizes key findings in physiologic research of sarcoidosis reported over the past year. Recent findings Sarcoidosis, a multiorgan disease involving the formation of epithelioid-cell granulomas, is characterized by reduced lung volumes, compliance, and diffusion capacity (D(L)CO), and, in a small number of cases, by airflow limitation. Recent studies do not show a close relationship between changes in lung volume and radiographic stage. Fatigue and exercise limitation are characteristic of this condition, and can be assessed by health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments. Recent investigations have focused on the evaluation of the extent of parenchymal and nodal inflammatory activity by PET using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET imaging). Pulmonary hypertension in advanced cases of sarcoidosis contributes to increased physical impairment, and decreased HRQOL and survival. It is best associated with ambulatory desaturation, reduced D(L)CO, and abnormal cardiopulmonary exercise testing findings indicative of pulmonary vascular disease. If pulmonary hypertension is suspected, it should be screened for by echocardiography and confirmed by right heart catheterization. Selected patients with progressive disease unresponsive to medical therapy or with severe pulmonary hypertension should be considered for lung transplantation. Current criteria for lung transplantation include New York Heart Association functional class III-IV, pulmonary hypertension, and/or right atrial pressure at least 15 mmHg. Summary Periodic assessment of HRQOL measures, exercise-induced hypoxemia, and right-sided cardiac pressures for pulmonary hypertension provides, to date, the best insight into the magnitude of physiologic impairment, serving as guideposts for management (including lung transplantation) and prognosis.
FORMATION OF AUXIN IN YEAST CULTURES

We have found far more auxin in the culture media of bakers' yeast than was obtained by Kogl and Kostermans from the cells themselves. The production of auxin by yeast cells resembles the formation observed in other organisms such as Rhizopus and Rhizobium which also form auxins in their culture media. The auxin yield was found to increase with the concentration of sucrose and to decrease with the concentration of peptone. An inverse relation with the rate of cell multiplication was observed. Enlarged and elongated cells appeared only in those media which contained considerable amounts of auxin. The total auxin yield in the various cultures was found to be directly proportional, below pH 5, to the hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, it was proposed that certain growth conditions favor the breakage of the link between auxin and its protein carrier (Skoog and Thimann) 1940) and consequently accelerate the rate of excretion of auxin into the growth medium.
A BVP solver based on residual control and the Maltab PSE

Our goal was to make it as easy as possible to solve a large class of boundary value problems (BVPs) for ordinary differential equations in the Matlab problem solving environment (PSE). We present here theoretical and software developments resulting in bvp4c, a capable BVP solver that is exceptionally easy to use.
Pressure-flow relationships in a model for the arterial system.

A mathematical model is developed in state variable form suitable for the study of the control of blood pressure and flow in the mammalian cardiovascular system. The applicability of the model to steady state, both mean and pulsatile, and transient phenomena is demonstrated by the agreement of the results with experimental data. This model was developed to study the neural and renal-endocrine-electrolyte control of cardiovascular functions.
Sound‐generating (sonic) motor system in a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus): Sexual polymorphism in the ultrastructure of myofibrils

One mechanism used by teleost fishes to produce acoustic communication signals involves the contraction of sonic "drum" muscles that appose the lateral walls of the swimbladder. In one marine species, the midshipman (Porichthys notatus), there is a sex difference in the overall size of the swimbladder as well as in the ultrastructural properties of its myofibrils. Additionally, there are two classes of sexually mature males referred to as Type I and Type II. The peripheral sonic motor system of Type I males differs from that of Type II males and females (which resemble each other) in a number of ways: (1) the mass of their swimbladder and associated sonic muscles is 50% greater, (2) their muscle fibers are several times larger and have a characteristically large volume of sarcoplasm that surrounds the myofibrils and is densely filled with mitochondria, (3) the length of z-lines of their myofibrils is about 20-fold greater, and (4) their sarcoplasmic reticulum is more highly branched. The ultrastructure of the myofibrils of Type II males and females resembles that found in the sonic muscle of males and females in other related species. The larger mass and specializations of the sonic muscle in Type I males are considered to be adaptations related to their known role in sound production and the unique long duration "humming" sounds that they generate during the breeding season. The similarity in the sonic motor system between females and Type II males is considered to be related to the utilization of an "alternative mating strategy" by Type II males. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a sex difference or, for that matter, a sexual polymorphism in the ultrastructural features of a vertebrate myofibril.
Longitudinal characteristics of hospital use before and after alcoholism treatment.

The frequency of inpatient hospital care for three years before and three years after alcoholism treatment was evaluated for a group of 255 patients of predominantly lower socioeconomic status treated for alcoholism at a rural midwestern medical center in 1983. Subjects were interviewed while in treatment to obtain information regarding alcoholism history and demographics. Hospital care was ascertained from an electronic data file of discharges from 172 acute care hospitals throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. One-third of the sample was never hospitalized for an alcohol-related condition in the years prior to or after alcoholism treatment, and 23% of the sample experienced no hospitalizations at all other than the treatment episode when interviewed. The majority of hospital stays before and after treatment were attributed to alcohol abuse. The frequency and total hospital length of stay for alcohol-related admissions increased yearly before treatment, peaked in the year after treatment, and then...
DNA Damage by the Direct Effect of Ionizing Radiation: Products Produced by Two Sequential One-Electron Oxidations

It has long been assumed that the population of radicals trapped in irradiated DNA (that is, the radicals escaping recombination) would quantitatively account for the lesions observed in DNA. Recent results indicate that this is not the case. The yield of DNA lesions exceed the yield of trappable radicals. To account for a portion of this shortfall, it is thought that some of the initially formed 2'-deoxyribose radicals undergo a second oxidation by nearby base cation radicals to form 2'-carbocations. The carbocations react to give strand breaks and free base release. Schemes are presented to account for the major oxidation products observed including 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoAde, 5-OHMeUra, and free base release. Theoretical calculations were performed to ascertain the likelihood of the second oxidation step in these reaction pathways actually occurring, and to account for base sequence dependence and various levels of hydration.
Bose-Einstein correlations in e+e- collisions

The MARK II detector is used to study the Bose-Einstein correlation between pairs and triplets of charged pions produced in hadronic decays of the J)psi), the ..sqrt..s = 4 to 7 GeV continuum above the J)psi), two photon events at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV, and e/sup )plus/)e/sup )minus/) annihilation events at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV as a function of Q/sup 2/, the four-momentum transfer squared. After corrections for Coulomb effects and pion misidentification, we find a nearly full Bose-Einstein enhancement ..cap alpha.. in the J)psi) and the two photon data and about half the maximum value in the other two data sets. The radius parameter )tau)(an average over space and time) given by pion pair analyses lies within a band of +-0.10 fm around 0.73 fm and is the same, within errors, for all four data sets. Pion triplet analyses also give a consistent radius of approx. 0.54 fm. fits to two-dimensional distributions R(q/sub T//sup 2/, q/sub C//sup 2/) of invariant components of Q/sup 2/ = q/sub T//sup 2/ )plus) q/sub C//sup 2/ give )tau)/sub T/ approx. )tau)C approx. )tau), where q/sub T/ is the transverse three-momentum difference calculated with respect to the net pair three-momentum, and q/sub C/ ismore » in effect the longitudinal three-momentum difference in the pion pair rest frame. When q/sub T/ is calculated with respect to the jet axis for two-jet events in the e/sup )plus/)e/sup )minus/) annihilation data at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV, a fit to R(q/sub T//sup 2/, q/sub C//sup 2/) also gives )tau)/sub T/ approx. )tau)/sub C/ approx. )tau). Noting that q/sub L/ and q/sub 0/ are not invariant, we make fits to R(/sub T//sup T/, q/sub L//sup 2/) and to R(q/sub T//sup 2/, q/sub 0//sup 2/) (Kopylov formulation), and we find )tau)/sub 0/ approx. )tau)/sub L/ approx. )23))tau)/sub T/ to )12))tau)/sub T/. 44 refs., 43 figs., 15 tabs« less
A covariant formulation of anisotropic finite plasticity: theoretical developments

Abstract The implications of the postulate of covariance are examined for the anisotropic elastic–plastic solid. A definition of symmetry based on Noll’s intrinsic theory of material response is proposed. Canonical constitutive equations for the plastic variables and the structural tensors that characterize the anisotropic response are derived and discussed.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the holotype specimen of Wildemania schizophylla (Bangiales: Rhodophyta)

Ion Proton data was used to assemble the complete mitochondrial genome from the holotype specimen of Wildemania schizophylla (29,156 bp). The mitogenome contains 50 genes, including 2 ribosomal RNA, 23 transfer RNA, 4 ribosomal proteins, 2 ymfs, 3 open reading frames (ORFs), and 19 genes involved in cellular respiration. Although gene synteny is conserved, the mitogenome of W. schizophylla is significantly smaller due to the lack of large intronic ORFs present in the cytochrome oxidase locus of other Bangiales. The results support the recognition of Wildemania as distinct from Porphyra, and demonstrate that small amounts of type material are suitable for genomic studies.
Diet composition alters the acceptance of fat by rats

The acceptance of dietary fat by rats is influenced by changes in fat digestion and metabolism. In these experiments, rats were fed diets that differed in fat, carbohydrate and fiber content, and the acceptance of fat was measured. Rats fed a high fat (HF) diet ate more corn oil in 30-min or 6-h tests than did rats fed an isocaloric high carbohydrate (HC) diet. This effect was seen after the diets were switched and rats retested. Differences in dietary fiber between the isocaloric HF and HC diets did not account for this effect because rats fed HF diets, either high or low in fiber content, drank more oil than rats fed the HC diet. Rats fed the HF diet with added carbohydrate drank less oil than rats fed the HF diet, and the same amount of oil as rats fed the HC diet. Compared with rats fed the HC diet, rats fed the HF diet drank more oil in a two-bottle preference test with sucrose or when mixed with sucrose in a single-bottle test. Rats offered a variety of fats, sugars or other test foods, ate more nutritive liquid fats and some solid fats, but did not eat more sugar or other items if they were fed the HF diet rather than the HC diet. These studies taken together strongly suggest that rats fed a high fat diet show a greater acceptance of fat compared with rats fed a high carbohydrate diet.
COMPARISON OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN NUTRITION PROGRAMS FOR THE ELDERLY

A group timing instrument was used to study both congregate (CM) and home delivered (HDM) meal service in an elderly nutrition program (ENP) in Wilmington, Delaware. All eight centers studied utilize vendor-provided bulk food delivered daily at service temperature. Centers spent an average of 11.75 /pm 4.07 min/meal to provide CM and 16.25 /pm 5.04 min/meal to provide HDM. The use of volunteer and paid labor was measured in all centers. Volunteers provided between 24% and 73% of total time used in CM and between 3% and 63% of total time used in HDM. These findings expand the knowledge about the use of the labor resource in nutrition programs for the elderly.
Ultrasonic evaluation of solid-state welds

Ultrasonic techniques for evaluating the quality of solid-state weld interfaces have been investigated over the past several years. Promising results have been obtained on a variety of solid-state welds by extracting features from the ultrasonic wave forms and applying pattern recognition algorithms to separate acceptable from unacceptable welds. The general conclusion is that the ultrasonic features most sensitive to interfacial bonding are those dependent on high frequencies. However, no single feature has been discovered that is adequate to yield separation of good vs. poor welds, since the microstructural response is also frequency dependent.
Using Organizational Stories for the Diagnostic Phase of Planned Change: Some Possibilities and Precautions

Storytelling has often been presented as one way of assessing the subjective, hard-to-measure variables that affect organizational success such as corporate culture and group norms. The content of organizational stories, however, can provide valuable information concerning both the informal and formal organization. As such, stories can be used much more broadly—and practically—than has been reported previously. In particular, during the diagnostic phase of planned change, stories can be gathered via individual interviews, group interviews, structured questionnaires, observation, unobtrusive methods, and story creation. Moreover, stories gathered by these methods—especially when coupled with other forms of diagnostic information—may result in a deeper understanding of the organization's problems and opportunities that subsequently can be addressed by a program of planned change. This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different methods for collecting story data, considers how stories can be ...
Parents’ Management of Adolescents’ Romantic Relationships Through Dating Rules: Gender Variations and Correlates of Relationship Qualities

This study examined parents’ rules concerning their late adolescents’ dating activities. Participants were mostly European-American, including 165 mothers or fathers and 103 of their children (ages 17–19; 28 sons and 75 daughters). Parents provided information regarding their use of dating rules; rules were coded by type (i.e., supervision, restriction, or prescription) and by the degree of control the rule set provided. Most parents (64%) reported using dating rules, and rules varied by the adolescents and parents’ gender. Rule types were related differentially to qualities of parents and adolescents’ relationships, such that supervision rules reflected a healthy parent–child dynamic and prescription rules related negatively to qualities of parents’ romantic/marital relationships. This study contributes to a growing body of research on parents’ management of adolescents’ peer relationships by expanding the focus from friendships to romantic partnerships.
Development of skin structure and cutaneous water loss in nestling desert House Sparrows from Saudi Arabia

The outer layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), contains lipids and corneocytes, which together form layers that limit cutaneous water loss (CWL). We examined the development of structure of the SC and CWL in nestling House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) from Saudi Arabia. We measured CWL of nestlings, and characterized development of their epidermis using electron microscopy. We tested two antagonistic hypotheses, that CWL decreases as nestlings age, a response to increased thickness of SC, and an opposite idea that CWL increases as nestlings age even though the number of layers of the SC remains constant. CWL of nestling House Sparrows varied with developmental stages, in a non-linear fashion, but not significantly so. CWL of nestlings averaged 7.31+/-1.5 g H(2)O/(m(2) h), whereas for adults it was 4.95 g/(m(2) h); adult CWL was 67.7% that of nestlings. We found that morphology of the SC did not change linearly with age, but seemed to vary with developmental stage. CWL decreased as the SC thickness increased and as the total thickness of the corneocytes increased. Further, we found that CWL decreased as the thickness of the extracellular space increased, number of corneocytes increased, and proportion of the SC that is extracellular space increased.
Testing QCD with milli-TeV electrons

Analogies have been drawn between QCD where quarks build up hadrons, which in turn build up nuclei, and QED where electrons build up atoms, which in turn build up molecules. There has been a lot of talk about creating a quark theory of the nucleus in QCD by analogy with the way electrons build up molecules in QED. However, this seems to me to be a case of trying to run before you can walk, in that in QED the first step has been achieved, namely understanding atoms in terms of their electronic structure, but understanding molecules in QED is only understood in rather simple cases. In QCD the situation is even worse, in that we haven't even achieved the first step, namely in understanding how hadrons are built from quarks. We all believe that quarks are in the hadrons, and that at high momentum transfer we can apply perturbative QCD(pQCD). But to build the hadrons, we need pQCD and also non-perturbative QCD, which, at present, means building models to simulate the effects of the confinement. Insofar as any successful model of the nucleus will have it looking to a very good approximation as if it is made of nucleons,more » then I believe that first we have to understand the dynamics of quarks building the individual nucleons. Throughout this talk, I wanted to show how low-energy electron beams may help us deepen that understanding, and hopefully lead us towards the correct dynamical picture of the nucleon. 28 refs., 1 fig., 2 tab.« less
The Incidence of Type-1 Diabetes in NOD Mice Is Modulated by Restricted Flora Not Germ-Free Conditions

In the NOD mouse, the incidence of type-1 diabetes is thought to be influenced by the degree of cleanliness of the mouse colony. Studies collectively demonstrate that exposure to bacterial antigen or infection in the neonatal period prevents diabetes [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], supporting the notion that immunostimulation can benefit the maturation of the postnatal immune system [11]. A widely accepted extrapolation from this data has been the notion that NOD mice maintained under germ-free conditions have an increased incidence of diabetes. However, evidence supporting this influential concept is surprisingly limited [12]. In this study, we demonstrate that the incidence of diabetes in female NOD mice remained unchanged under germ-free conditions. By contrast, a spontaneous monoculture with a gram-positive aerobic spore-forming rod delayed the onset and reduced the incidence of diabetes. These findings challenge the view that germ-free NOD mice have increased diabetes incidence and demonstrate that modulation of intestinal microbiota can prevent the development of type-1 diabetes.