cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic repair of meniscus tears extending into the avascular zone with or without anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients 40 years of age and older

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the outcome of meniscal repairs for tears that extended into the central one-third zone of the meniscus, or had a rim width of 4 mm or greater, in a case series of patients 40 years of age and older. Type of Study: Prospective case series. Materials and Methods: Thirty meniscal repairs in 29 patients were evaluated by a comprehensive examination (28 repairs) a mean of 34 months postoperatively, by follow-up arthroscopy (6 repairs) a mean of 24 months postoperatively, or both. The mean age of the patients at the time of the meniscal repair was 45 years (range, 40 to 58 years). Twenty-one patients (72%) also had ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament, which were reconstructed at the time of the meniscal repair with bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts (16 patients) or allografts (5 patients). The Cincinnati Knee Rating System was used to rate symptoms, functional limitations with sports and daily activities, patient perception of the knee condition, and sports and occupational rating levels. Results: At a mean of 33 months postoperatively, 26 meniscal repairs (87%) were asymptomatic for tibiofemoral joint symptoms and had not required subsequent surgery. Three repairs failed to heal, requiring partial meniscectomy, and 1 knee with tibiofemoral symptoms related to the repair was treated conservatively. There was no significant effect of the side of the meniscal repair, chronicity of injury, or condition of the articular cartilage on the presence of tibiofemoral symptoms or meniscal resection. Concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction appeared to increase the rate of asymptomatic meniscal repairs. The patient rating of overall knee condition was normal/very good in 76%, good in 12%, and fair/poor in 12%. Conclusions: In athletically active patients, we recommend the preservation of meniscal tissue wherever possible regardless of age, basing indications for the procedure on current and future activity levels. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 8 (November-December), 2000: pp 822–829
Peripheral circadian oscillators require CLOCK

Summary In mammals, the circadian system is hierarchical — a brain pacemaker located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for regulating locomotor activity rhythms and for synchronizing peripheral oscillators [1,2]. Recent genetic evidence in mice indicates that the bHLH transcription factors CLOCK and NPAS2 have partially redundant functions within the SCN [3,4]. To further examine the roles of CLOCK and NPAS2, we generated CLOCK-deficient ( Clock −/− ), NPAS2-deficient ( Npas2 −/− ) and double-mutant ( Clock −/− ;Npas2 −/− ) mice carrying the mPer2 Luciferase reporter gene [5]. We monitored the bioluminescence rhythms of tissue explants in culture and found that while CLOCK or NPAS2 is able to maintain SCN bioluminescence rhythmicity (Supplemental Data) [4], peripheral oscillators are arrhythmic without CLOCK. Thus, there are fundamental differences between the clock machinery of different tissues.
Controlling the disease in MYH-associated polyposis

Background MYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by bi-allelic mutations in MYH. Individuals with MAP tend to develop numerous polyps in their colon and rectum and have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Recommendations for MAP treatment vary in the literature ranging from frequent surveillance colonoscopy to prophylactic surgery depending on polyp burden. The aim of this study was to report the management and outcome of a single institution series of patients with MAP. Methods Patients with biallelic mutations in MYH were accrued over 23 years from a query of a comprehensive polyposis database using Cologene© software. Demographics, family history, upper and lower endoscopy frequency, polyp burden, and cancer data, and treatment were recorded.
Managing The Skin Toxicities From New Melanoma Drugs

Patients treated with ipilimumab or targeted inhibitors of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib) for advanced cutaneous melanoma often experience drug-related skin toxicities denoted as dermatologic adverse events (DAEs). Although rarely life-threatening, DAEs may emerge dramatically and potentially compromise oncologic therapy if not managed in a timely and effective manner. Early recognition of DAEs is critical to providing optimal skin care and prompt consultation with a dermatologist should be obtained when a diagnosis is unclear. The expanding utilization of new melanoma drugs compels physicians to maintain a watchful eye for both known and novel DAEs and to adopt a low threshold to biopsy worrisome skin findings. Numerous therapeutic options are available to manage DAEs including topical and systemic agents as well as surgical and destructive modalities. Applying such methods improves overall patient care and optimizes the effectiveness of new therapies for advanced cutaneous melanoma.
Genetic analysis of picornaviruses.

During the past year, genetic studies of picornaviruses, vastly facilitated by the application of infectious picornaviral cDNAs and RNAs, have contributed to our understanding of the function of individual picornavirus polypeptides and to the genetic processes that operate in these small RNA viruses. Especially notable were the demonstrations that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase may have a function in RNA synthesis as an uncleaved precursor polypeptide, and that a mutation in the polymerase can be complemented in trans, in contrast to data obtained from previously studied polymerase mutants. A new in vitro system, in which positive-strand sythesis, negative-strand synthesis and RNA packaging were all observed, will facilitate further studies into the mechanism of these processes.
The role of the pathologist in translational and personalized medicine

Over the years, pathologists have served to make morphologic diagnoses for clinicians when provided with a biopsy or surgically resected tissue specimen. Traditionally, pathologists have used a series of morphologic techniques and relied on the microscopic appearance of resected tissues to determine a pathologic diagnosis and, with respect to neoplastic lesions, provide predictions of the potential growth pattern that might be anticipated. With the introduction of the techniques of molecular biology in medicine, the role of the pathologist has changed as have the tools available for characterizing pathologic specimens. With the pathologist's unique perspective on disease processes and access to tissue specimens from the operating room, he has become a key player in the area of translational and personalized medicine and the development of new approaches to diagnosis and translational research.
Expectations of the maximum of sums and the sum of maxima for correlated normal variables

This paper compares expectations of the maximum of sums and the sum of maxima for correlated normal variables. General formulas are given for the expected differences and relative expected differences. Numerical values are computed for the special case of a correlated structure with common variance and covariance to illustrate the general magnitude of the differences which may occur. It is numerically shown that an approximation to the relative differences based on the extreme value distribution is very good. General correlated models with location-scale parameters are also considered. This result should be useful in application. Examples are discussed.
TU‐D‐I‐611‐03: Cone‐Beam Image Reconstruction for Circular‐Arc Trajectories Via Shift‐Invariant Horizontal and Non‐Horizontal Filtering

Purpose: To propose and validate a novel shift‐invariant filtered backprojection (FBP) type cone‐beam reconstruction algorithm for circular‐arc scanning trajectories. This algorithm has been proposed to address two shortcomings in the FDK algorithm; namely, limited visibility of low contrast objects in the off‐center planes and the inability to provide clinically acceptable reconstruction when the scanning path is shorter than the short‐scan condition. Method and Materials: Based upon the application of an exact cone‐beam reconstruction algorithm to the case of a circular trajectory, which does not fulfill the Tuy data sufficiency condition, a new algorithm has been developed. The new algorithm differs from the heuristic FDK algorithm in that multiple sets of filtered data are utilized in reconstructing the value of a single image point. The new algorithm introduces non‐horizontal filtering which is not achievable by heuristic extension fan‐beam FBP reconstruction. In this manner more of the cone‐beam data is utilized in the filtering operation. The new algorithm also enables region‐of‐interest (ROI) reconstruction in a super‐short scan mode (less than the short‐scan angular range). Results:Computer simulations were performed using analytical data generated for a standard low contrast phantom. The new algorithm provided improved visualization of structures that lie in off‐center planes when compared with the FDK algorithm. In addition simulations were performed to validate the ROI reconstruction using a super‐short scan mode. Conclusion: The circular‐arc scanning trajectories are used frequently in cone‐beam CT on interventional C‐Arm systems, micro CT systems and cone‐beam CT guided radiation therapy. A new shift‐invariant FBP type cone‐beam reconstruction algorithm has been proposed and validated for this common source trajectory. In comparison with the standard FDK algorithm the new algorithm provides improved visualization of structures that lie in off‐center planes, and it enables a super‐short scan mode for ROI reconstruction.
Students' Distress over Grades: Entitlement or a Coping Response?.

Faculties across disciplines have noted an increasing number of students who are highly distressed over grades, and this distress is accompanied by pervasive demands on professors. The student behavior takes several forms, including demands for higher grades, expectations of special accommodations by faculty, and the predictions of dire outcomes for grades less than an A. This study surveyed a group of MSW students using an instrument consisting of the Academic Entitlement Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Using Latent Class Analysis, 2 distinct subgroups were identified: students with high and low self-esteem. High self-esteem students were more likely to make pervasive demands on professors. Findings suggest this behavior is a coping response to internal distress. Suggestions and implications follow.
Introduction of Cecilia Ridgeway: Recipient of the 2005 Cooley-Mead Award

The Cooley-Mead Award for career con tributions to social psychology is the highest award given by the social psychological com munity of the American Sociological Association. It is a great privilege and honor to be a part of this award session and to intro duce the 2005 recipient of this award, Professor Cecilia Ridgeway. Cecilia is cur rently the Lucy Stern Professor of Sociology at Stanford University. In this introduction I review the development of her research career and include a few personal observa tions because we have worked together in a variety of ways over the years. Cecilia began her academic life as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan. She enrolled in the University of Michigan at age 16 and received her BA in sociology in 1967, graduating with honors. Michigan, as a center for interdisciplinary research on social psychology, was a major intellectual influ ence. Of particular import to Cecilia's deci sion to major in sociology was an introductory honors course on social psy chology, taught jointly by a psychologist and a sociologist. In that course they reenacted classic studies of conformity and norm for mation by Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif. Outside the classroom, Cecilia was among the early wave of those who joined the Students for a Democratic Society, the organization in the vanguard of the student movement of the 1960s. From Michigan, Cecilia went to Cornell to pursue graduate work, and received her MA and PhD in sociology in 1969 and 1972 respectively. A major influence at Cornell was William Lambert (the psychologist); with him she continued to develop her interests in social psychology. At Cornell she developed an interest in the sociological analysis of music, subscribing to the Weberian view that the structure of music reflects the structure of
Block copolymers for photovoltaics

Photovoltaic energy conversion is arguably the most promising option for supplying renewable, carbon-neutral energy on a global scale. In order to reach grid parity, however, costs must be reduced substantially. Inexpensive materials generally exhibit efficiencies too low for practical application, but by controlling the morphology on the nanoscale there are opportunities to achieve significant improvements in this area. Block copolymers, which naturally self-assemble into periodic ordered nanostructures, can be utilized in diverse ways to control morphology, ranging from active layers to structure directors to a combination of these methodologies.
On the use of trace levels of [1-14C]galactose to estimate cycling between fructose 6-phosphate and fructose diphosphate

Abstract The [1- 14 C]galactose method for estimating phosphofructokinase flux in liver preparations ( R. Rognstad and J. Katz, 1976, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 177 , 337–345 ) has been evaluated using a computer program that calculates the flow of 14 C label through all the carbon atoms of all the intermediates in a metabolic system. Our computations show that this method is subject to relatively small errors when gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone proceeds in the absence of glycogenolysis or of phosphorylation of exogenous glucose, provided that bidirectional flux through aldolase is at least twice the rate of gluconeogenesis. Significant error may be introduced into estimates of phosphofructokinase flux if the experimental system deviates from these conditions.
Staged repair of huge ventral hernias

Abstract The technique of staged reduction herniorrhaphies, without the ancillary use of pneumoperitoneum or of synthetic prosthetic sheeting, is a practical method for the management of huge ventral hernias. In 12 patients treated in this fashion, the success rate was satisfactorily high. No deaths occurred, and complications were few and relatively minor.
On Tacit Knowing and Apprenticeship

(1975). On Tacit Knowing and Apprenticeship. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 55-63.
Applying a 2D based CAD scheme for detecting micro-calcification clusters using digital breast tomosynthesis images: an assessment

ABSTRACT Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has emerged as a promising imaging modality for screening mammography. However, visually detecting micro-calcification clusters depicted on DBT images is a difficult task. Computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes for detecting micro-calcification clusters depicted on mammograms can achieve high performance and the use of CAD results can assist radiologists in detecting subtle micro-calcification clusters. In this study, we compared the performance of an available 2D based CAD scheme with one that includes a new grouping and scoring method when applied to both projection and reconstructed DBT images. We selected a dataset involving 96 DBT examinations acquired on 45 women. Each DBT image set included 11 low dose projection images and a varying number of reconstructed image slices ranging from18 to 87. In this dataset 20 true-positive micro-calcification clusters were visually det ected on the projection images and 40 were visually detected on the reconstructed images, respectively. We first applied the CAD scheme that was previously developed in our laboratory to the DBT dataset. We then tested a new grouping method that defines an independent cluster by grouping the same cluster detected on different projection or reconstructed images. We then compared four scoring methods to assess the CAD performance. The maximum sensitivity level observed for the different grouping and scoring methods were 70% and 88% for the projection and reconstructed images with a maxi mum false-positive rate of 4.0 and 15.9 per examination, respectively. This preliminary study demonstrates that (1) among the maximum, the minimum or the average CAD generated scores, using the maximum score of the grouped cluster regions achieved the highest performance level, (2) the histogram based scoring method is r easonably effective in reducing false-pos itive detections on the projection images but the overall CAD sensitivity is lower due to lower signal- to-noise ratio, and (3) CAD achieved higher sensitivity and higher false-positive rate (per examination) on the reconstructed images. We concluded that without changing the detection threshold or performing pre-filtering to possibly increase detection sensitivity, current CAD schemes developed and optimized for 2D mammograms perform relatively poorly and need to be re-optimized using DBT datasets and new grouping and scoring methods need to be inco rporated into the schemes if these are to be used on the DBT examinations
The development of rotational cinefluorography and its application to speech research.

The development and application of a new type of research technique and diagnostic instrument is reviewed. The technique is likened to a stereoscopic effect since a depth of perception on a single ...
Antenatal diagnosis and perinatal care of anterior abdominal wall defects

Improvements in anaesthetic care and postoperative management over the last two decades have significantly improved survival of neonates with ventral abdominal wall defects, from a dismal 47% in 1971, to 96% for both gastroschisis and isolated omphalocele in two recent series. This increased survival has generally been attributed to result from improvements in the pre and postoperative management of these fragile neonates. Specifically, the routine use of total parenteral nutrition, and staged repairs for cases with severe “viscero-abdominal disproportion” have been implicated in a decreased incidence of sepsis, morbidity and mortality. In addition, an appreciation of the wide spectrum of anomalies uniquely associated with gastroschisis and omphalocele have helped improve survival, as each has unique pathophysiologic features that have prognostic implications for the fetus before, during and after delivery.
The effect of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on cysteine-proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) in rat saliva.

Abstract The effect of a number of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the induction of rat salivary cystatin was investigated. A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was used to determine cystatin in rat whole saliva. Treatment for 10 consecutive days with a non-specific β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, or the β 1 -adrenergic agonists dobutamine or methoxyphenamine, resulted in the induction of the salivary cystatin. Induction was also found in rats treated for 10 days with arterenol. Only trace quantities of cystatin could be detected in saliva of rats treated with the β 2 -adrenergic agonists terbutaline or salbutamol. When isoproterenol was injected concomitantly with the mixed β-antagonist propranolol or the β 1 -adrenergic antagonists metaprolol, proctocol or atenolol the production of cystatin was totally suppressed. However, the β 2 -antagonist, ICI 118551, produced only a partial reduction in salivary cystatin induction elicited by isoproterenol. The findings suggest that the induction of salivary cystatin is regulated, in part, by β 1 -adrenergic receptor stimulation.
Clinical Considerations in Assessing Trauma and PTSD in Adolescents

The developmental tasks and underlying neurobiological development associated with adolescence result in high rates of traumatization and posttraumatic stress disorder for this age group. Although the development of new measures is ongoing, assessing traumatized adolescents continues to present challenges. This article outlines some of the issues complicating an accurate assessment of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. Inaccuracies inherent in reporting traumatic exposure and associated sequelae are confounded by varying definitions of trauma, chronicity or multiplicity of exposure, and developmental factors unique to adolescence. Considerations in conducting thorough assessments are reviewed, with a focus on understanding the factors underlying the unintentional minimization and/or active concealment of traumatic events and trauma symptoms. Suggestions for enhancing assessment accuracy are offered, and treatment implications are discussed.
Amyloid imaging as a biomarker for cerebral β-amyloidosis and risk-prediction for Alzheimer dementia

Since the introduction of amyloid imaging nearly 10 years ago, this technique has gained widespread use and acceptance. More recently, published reports have begun to appear in which amyloid imaging is used to detect the effects of antiamyloid therapies. This review will consider the issues involved in the use of amyloid imaging in the development and evaluation of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence regarding the postmortem correlates of in vivo amyloid imaging data are considered. The application of amyloid imaging to screening subjects for trials and use as an outcome measure is discussed in light of longitudinal changes in the in vivo amyloid signal. While the bulk of this review is directed at symptomatic patients with dementia, consideration is given to the use of amyloid imaging in nondemented subjects as well. Similarities and differences of cerebral amyloid assessment by amyloid imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements are delineated and an agenda for further research to improve the applicability of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to clinical trials is proposed.
Measurement of contractile forces generated by individual fibroblasts on self-standing fiber scaffolds

Contractility of cells in wound site is important to understand pathological wound healing and develop therapeutic strategies. In particular, contractile force generated by cells is a basic element for designing artificial three-dimensional cell culture scaffolds. Direct assessment of deformation of three-dimensional structured materials has been used to calculate contractile forces by averaging total forces with respect to the cell population number. However, macroscopic methods have offered only lower bounds of contractility due to experimental assumptions and the large variance of the spatial and temporal cell response. In the present study, cell contractility was examined microscopically in order to measure contractile forces generated by individual cells on self-standing fiber scaffolds that were fabricated via femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization. Experimental assumptions and calculation errors that arose in previous studies of macroscopic and microscopic contractile force measurements could be reduced by adopting a columnar buckling model on individual, standing fiber scaffolds. Via quantifying eccentric critical loads for the buckling of fibers with various diameters, contractile forces of single cells were calculated in the range between 30–116 nN. In the present study, a force magnitude of approximately 200 nN is suggested as upper bound of the contractile force exerted by single cells. In addition, contractile forces by multiple cells on a single fiber were calculated in the range between 241–709 nN.
Early indications of future cognitive decline: stable versus declining controls.

This study aimed to identify baseline features of normal subjects that are associated with subsequent cognitive decline. Publicly available data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative was used to find differences in baseline clinical assessments (ADAScog, AVLT, FAQ) between cognitively healthy individuals who will suffer cognitive decline within 48 months and those who will remain stable for that period. Linear regression models indicated an individual’s conversion status was significantly associated with certain baseline neuroimaging measures, including posterior cingulate glucose metabolism. Linear Discriminant Analysis models built with baseline features derived from MRI and FDG-PET measures were capable of successfully predicting whether an individual will convert to MCI within 48 months or remain cognitively stable. The findings from this study support the idea that there exist informative differences between normal people who will later develop cognitive impairments and those who will remain cognitively stable for up to four years. Further, the feasibility of developing predictive models that can detect early states of cognitive decline in seemingly normal individuals was demonstrated.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein regulates the growth of orthotopic human lung tumors in athymic mice.

BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has growth regulatory effects for many malignant cells and may influence the progression of carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and lung. In the current study, the authors investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of PTHrP neutralizing antibody and PTHrP treatment on the growth of BEN cells, a human lung squamous cell carcinoma line that expresses PTHrP and its receptor. METHODS Orthotopic lung tumors were produced in 20 athymic mice with BEN-GFP cells (a clonal line that stably expresses green fluorescent protein [GFP]) by instilling suspensions of 3 × 106 cells per mouse into the lungs of anesthetized animals. The mice were divided into 2 groups receiving either subcutaneous mouse antihuman PTHrP antibodies or irrelevant mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) G (150 μg) twice weekly. RESULTS After 30 days, 6 of 10 mice receiving anti-PTHrP antibodies had lung tumors visible on macroscopic inspection, but only 1 of the 10 mice treated with irrelevant IgG had a lung tumor that was of that size (P < 0.01). GFP fluorescence was significantly greater in lung homogenates of the PTHrP antibody-treated mice than in the mice treated with IgG (6006 ± 411 vs. 2907 ± 282 relative fluorescent units, respectively; P < 0.001). Although neutralizing antibodies stimulated BEN cell lung tumor growth, exogenous PTHrP 1-34 treatment (0.01–1 nM) inhibited the growth of cultured BEN cells by approximately 40%. CONCLUSIONS Although PTHrP expression has been reported to be associated with more aggressive malignancies, the data from the current study suggest that PTHrP 1-34 was a paracrine growth inhibitor in BEN human lung carcinoma cells. The growth-related effects of PTHrP are complex, and can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. Cancer 2001;92:1402–10. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy and Safety of Torcetrapib, a Novel Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor, in Individuals With Below-Average High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels

OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of torcetrapib, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, in subjects with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. BACKGROUND Evidence suggests HDL-C is atheroprotective. A proven mechanism for increasing the level of HDL-C is the inhibition of CETP. METHODS A total of 162 subjects with below-average HDL-C (men 150 mg/dl) versus lower levels of baseline triglycerides; at 60 mg, the change in LDL-C was 0.1% versus -22.2% (p < 0.0001), respectively. Particle size for both HDL and LDL increased with torcetrapib. There were no dose-related increases in the frequency of adverse events. Significant blood pressure increases were noted in 2 of 140 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Torcetrapib resulted in substantial dose-dependent elevations in HDL-C, accompanied by moderate decreases in LDL-C at the higher doses. Torcetrapib was generally well tolerated.
A new choking velocity correlation for vertical pneumatic conveying

A new choking correlation is presented here, based on the assumption that choking occurs at the inlet to the transport line when a parameter γ(e)=0. The voidage at the inlet required to calculate γ(e) is obtained using a correlation for the slip velocity. This new correlation is shown to give better predictions than Yang's (1983) correlation for monodisperse particles. A significant improvement in the prediction of the choking velocity of polydisperse particle, compared with the Briens and Bergougnou (1986) model, is also illustrated
Examining Trial Trends in State Courts: 1976–2002

Recent examinations of federal litigation trends show that the use of trials by the federal courts is declining. This knowledge has invariably raised the question of whether the use of trials in state courts is also declining. Unfortunately, the ability to conduct parallel examinations of state court litigation trends has been hampered by the lack of available state court disposition data. In this article we introduce the “State Court Disposition Trends” database and analyze, for the first time, long-term trial trends in the state courts. The present analysis examines 27-year trends of trials and trial rates for criminal, civil, and felony cases, and 11-year trends of trials and trial rates for general civil cases. We find that despite substantial growth in the number of case dispositions, there has been a decrease, often significant, in the use of trials by state courts.
Postembolization syndrome: changes in white blood cell counts immediately after uterine artery embolization.

Postembolization syndrome (PES) after transcatheter uterine artery embolization (UAE) is classically described as including self-limited pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. However, the expected components of PES after UAE might also include leukocytosis, the incidence and magnitude of which have not yet been determined. A retrospective review of 78 patients who underwent elective UAE for symptomatic leiomyomas showed an increase in white blood cell (WBC) counts within 24 hours after the procedure in 86% of patients, with clinically defined leukocytosis (WBC count >11,000/μL) present in 21% of patients. Interventional radiologists and other clinicians involved in the care of these patients should expect such changes and not be alarmed regarding early infectious complications.
A new protocol for studying the early events during liver regeneration.

Abstract Hepatic amino acid transport and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity were measured as early events during liver regeneration in rats adapted to a meal-feeding protocol in which food was presented during the first 2 hr of a daily 12-hr dark period. Surgeries were performed during the early hours of the light period, and food was withheld on the day following surgery to control the effect of feeding on the parameters measured. Initial experiments indicated that rats maintained on this schedule were capable of surviving partial hepatectomy. The survival rate was greater and the fat pads larger among 56-day-old than among 42-day-old rats; this indicated that animals with greater metabolic reserves were better suited for these experiments. The hepatic α-aminoisobutyric acid (α-AIB) distribution ratio and ODC activity increased above control values by 2 hr following partial hepatectomy. The α-AIB distribution ratio peaked at 10 hr after surgery and remained above control values for an additional 16 hr. In contrast, ODC activity peaked by 4 hr after surgery, followed by two smaller peaks at 10 and 20 hr. In sham-hepatectomized rats both the α-AIB distribution ratio and the ODC activity increased above control values by 3 hr after surgery, but fell to control values by 15 hr. These findings show that increases in amino acid transport and ODC activity following partial hepatectomy occur independently of feeding. The identical time course for the initiation of both of these events suggests that they result from a common effector.
Precision Beam Splitters for CO 2 Lasers

Beam splitters for 10-μm lasers are discussed and then applied to the precision measurement of high average powers. In particular, beam splitter stability has been investigated in various materials over the 20–600-W power range with power densities up to 1 kW/cm2. The absolute beam splitter ratios are given along with the achieved measurement precisions. The semiconductors investigated were GaAs, CdTe, and ZnSe in addition to one alkali-halide KCl. Standard deviations for the beam splitter ratios of 1% over the power range were typical. Absolute ratios agree with the predictions from Fresnel’s equations to 1% or better. The best measurement was made on ZnSe when a standard deviation of 0.4% was obtained for the measurement of a ratio that agreed with a calculation from Fresnel’s equations to better than 0.5%.
Two Modal Action Patterns with a Continuous Temporal Distribution

Abstract and Summary Most methods of quantitative analysis of animal behavior assume that action patterns can be unambiguously classified into discrete, exclusive categories. This is not invariably the case. The digging behavior of the Midas cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum), for example, exhibits two functionally distinct modalities, scoop and pick, that intergrade continuously in form but are separable probabilistically. We present a technique for analyzing such behaviors that provides a reliable basis for formulating and verifying categories and allows a quantitative assessment of functional dissimilarity. Zusammenfassung Die meisten Methoden quantitativer Verhaltensanalysen setzen eindeutige Klassifizierung der Verhaltensweisen in sich wechselseitig ausschliesende Kategorien voraus. Die sind aber nicht immer gegeben. Das Graben des Midas-Cichliden Cichlasoma citrinellum wird in zwei funktional verschiedenen Weisen ausgefuhrt, „Schaufeln” und „Picken”, die der Form nach ineinander ubergehen und nur statistisch unterscheidbar sind. Eine Analysetechnik fur solche Falle wird vorgestellt, die eine verlasliche Basis fur eine Kategorienbildung bietet und eine quantitative Einschatzung der funktionalen Unterschiede dieser Verhaltensweisen erlaubt. Die nachfolgende Faktorenanalyse bestatigte die funktionale Unterscheidung der beiden Endhandlungen (Modal Action Patterns). Das Verfahren scheint allgemein anwendbar.
Clinical Correlates of Computationally Derived Visual Field Defect Archetypes in Patients from a Glaucoma Clinic.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To assess the clinical validity of visual field (VF) archetypal analysis, a previously developed machine learning method for decomposing any Humphrey VF (24-2) into a weighted sum of clinically recognizable VF loss patterns.Materials and Methods: For each of 16 previously identified VF loss patterns (“archetypes,” denoted AT1 through AT16), we screened 30,995 reliable VFs to select 10–20 representative patients whose VFs had the highest decomposition coefficients for each archetype. VF global indices and patient ocular and demographic features were extracted retrospectively. Based on resemblances between VF archetypes and clinically observed VF patterns, hypotheses were generated for associations between certain VF archetypes and clinical features, such as an association between AT6 (central island, representing severe VF loss) and large cup-to-disk ratio (CDR). Distributions of the selected clinical features were compared between representative eyes of certain archetypes and all other ey...
Optimizing Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeters for Balloon and Space-Based CMB Observations

Maximizing the sensitivity of balloon-based and space-based observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) requires detectors with substantially lower saturation power and background noise than ground-based observations, because of reduced atmospheric loading and lower photon noise. We have fabricated and tested prototype transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers that have architecture identical to that used in feedhorn-coupled TES polarimeter arrays developed for ground-based CMB observations, but have saturation power appropriate for balloon-based or space-based observations (0.5 pW–7 pW). The operating resistance of these bolometers (∼3 mΩ) is appropriate for readout with time-division or gigahertz frequency-division SQUID multiplexers. Dark bolometer measurements show that the noise levels are near the expected thermal-fluctuation-noise background (<10−17 W/Hz1/2), that the thermal response times are faster than the observation requirements, and that low-frequency 1/f noise can be strongly suppressed to <10 mHz by pair differencing. We report on the performance of the prototype devices and progress towards optimizing them for balloon-based and spaced-based observations.
Maxillary sinus mucoceles: clinical presentation and long-term results of endoscopic surgical treatment.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles, understand their pathogenesis, and determine the long-term efficacy of the endoscopic surgical treatment. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients who presented with maxillary sinus muco(pyo) celes were studied. Subjects with history of preceding sinus/nasal surgery or facial trauma were excluded. The presenting signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and surgical management were reviewed. Results: There were six women and seven men with an age range of 31 to 71 years. Two patients had environmental allergies. Nine patients complained of cheek pressure or pain, six of nasal obstruction, and eight of nasal drainage. On endoscopic nasal examination, the medial wall of maxillary sinus was bulging with prolapsed middle meatal mucosa in 10; drainage was seen in 7, but none had polyps. The sinus involvement was limited to the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral ethmoid on computed tomographic studies in 10 cases. Patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, and marsupialization of the mucocele. Intraoperative cultures grew organisms in five patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged between 10 and 66 months. Two patients required lysis of adhesions in the middle meatus, and one, revision antrostomy. All patients had a patent middle meatal antrostomy and healthy maxillary sinus mucosa at latest follow-up. The presenting symptoms resolved or improved in 12 cases. Conclusions : The etiology of maxillary sinus mucoceles is not well understood. Mechanical obstruction or allergy or both do not seem to play an important role. An infectious origin is also not supported by the above data. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a reliable therapeutic measure with a favorable long-term outcome.
Variations on standard broiler processing in an effort to reduce Campylobacter numbers on postpick carcasses

SUMMARY Campylobacter numbers increase on broiler carcasses during defeathering because of leakage of gut contents through the vent. We tested several processing modifications designed to interfere with the transfer of Campylobacter from gut contents to the carcass surface. The numbers of Campylobacter detected on the breast skin of carcasses treated with each modification was compared with the numbers on control broilers processed using a standard method. Filling the vent and colon with commercially available canned spray foam did not consistently form an effective plug, and Campylobacter numbers increased during picking. Likewise, hanging carcasses with the vent pointed downward during defeathering was not effective in preventing the increase in Campylobacter numbers. Eviscerating carcasses by hand immediately before defeathering eliminated the increase in Campylobacter during automated feather picking. However, inadvertent contamination during hand evisceration led to higher numbers before feather removal. Therefore, we tested hand evisceration before scalding, allowing the scald water to kill and wash away Campylobacter spilled on the carcass during evisceration. Prescald evisceration was effective in significantly moderating the increase in Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during automated defeathering. Changing the order of standard broiler processing may help to control contamination with Campylobacter.
Latitudinal trends in the shell characteristics of marine gastropods

Species of shallow water, marine gastropods along the Atlantic coast of the United States exhibit latitudinal trends in shell characteristics that reflect the efficiency of calcium carbonate utilization. Thew are interprcted as direct responses - both genetic and ecopheno-typic - to the availability of calcium carbonate, which in near surface marine environments is primarily a function of the planetary temperature gradient. Mot-phological differences between marine and non-marine gastropods can be explained similarly, although the causative factor is probably salinity rather than temperature. Potential geolcgic applications of the rcsults are location of the paleopole and paleoequator, discovei-y of the temperature boundaries between ancient surface currents, estimation of the earth's palcotemperature gradient, and determination of absolute paleotemperature.
Modeling, model interpretation and intelligent control

The authors analyze the abstract properties of system architectures supporting structural adaptivity and describe a programming and execution environment (the Multigraph architecture) developed for this system category. The main focus of the Multigraph environment is to facilitate the modeling process on different application domains, such as instrumentation, process control, simulation, and robotics. It is shown that the problems in modeling, model interpretation, and execution environment are closely related in intelligent controllers. >
On Simultaneous Diagonal Inequalities

in integers x1, . . . , xs has been considered by a number of authors over the last quartercentury, starting with the work of Cook [9] and Pitman [13] on the case t = 2. More recently, Brudern and Cook [8] have shown that the above system is soluble provided that s is sufficiently large in terms of k and t and that the forms F1, . . . , Ft satisfy certain additional conditions. What has not yet been considered is the possibility of allowing the forms F1, . . . , Ft to have different degrees. However, with the recent work of Wooley [18], [20] on the corresponding problem for equations, the study of such systems has become a feasible prospect. In this paper we take a first step in that direction by studying the analogue of the system considered in [18] and [20]. Let λ1, . . . , λs and μ1, . . . , μs be real numbers such that for each i either λi or μi is nonzero. We define the forms F (x) = λ1x 3 1 + · · ·+ λsxs G(x) = μ1x 2 1 + · · ·+ μsxs
Nighttime Effectiveness of Rearview Mirrors: Driver Attitudes and Behaviors

The availability of new technology for antiglare rearview mirrors has increased the importance of understanding how people react to glare from rearview mirrors, and what the tradeoffs between visibility and glare reduction should be. We conducted a survey of attitudes toward and use of prism mirrors to determine what guidance that information might offer for future mirror design. The major findings are that (1) there is a high level of awareness and use of prism mirrors, but (2) the benefits obtainable from the antiglare setting of the prism mirror are not fully utilized. The reasons for this suboptimal use appear to be (1) a lower than desirable level of reflectivity on the antiglare setting, and (2) failure to make the required manual adjustments of the mirror setting.
Multiple group membership influences face-recognition: Recall and neurological evidence

Abstract The limited face-recognition research involving targets categorizable on multiple dimensions has provided contradictory evidence as to how partial-ingroup members are processed and recognized. This research demonstrates that partial-ingroup members are recognized in a manner distinct from double-ingroup and double-outgroup targets. Specifically, when race and university-affiliation are crossed, university-affiliation does not influence recognition for own-race targets, but does for other-race targets, in that other-race/own-university targets are recalled more accurately than other-race/other-university targets. The neurological mechanisms involved in the effect are explored through the inclusion of electroencephalography.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae and terrestrial ecosystem processes

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Glomeromycota) are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their acknowledged importance in ecology, most research on AMF has focused on effects on individual plant hosts, with more recent efforts aimed at the level of the plant community. Research at the ecosystem level is less prominent, but potentially very promising. Numerous human-induced disturbances (including global change and agro-ecosystem management) impinge on AMF functioning; hence study of this symbiosis from the ecosystem perspective seems timely and crucial. In this paper, I discuss four (interacting) routes via which AMF can influence ecosystem processes. These include indirect pathways (through changes in plant and soil microbial community composition), and direct pathways (effects on host physiology and resource capture, and direct mycelium effects). I use the case study of carbon cycling to illustrate the potentially pervasive influence of AMF on ecosystem processes. A limited amount of published research on AMF ecology is suited for direct integration into ecosystem studies (because of scale mismatch or ill-adaptation to the ‘pools and flux’ paradigm of ecosystem ecology); I finish with an assessment of the tools (experimental designs, response variables) available for studying mycorrhizae at the ecosystem scale.
Animation of Linux processor scheduling algorithm

In this paper, we describe a visualization tool for the Linux processor scheduling algorithm. The tool is developed for use by operating system learners to gain insight on the Linux scheduling algorithm. Through its graphical environment, a user selects a set of predefined processes as input to the tool. Each process selected possesses a specific characteristic geared toward effectively coercing the Linux scheduling algorithm to behave in a particular manner. By running the selected processes and gathering their runtime information, the tool is able to generate diagrams that reveal the intimate knowledge of the Linux scheduler such as dynamic priority assignment of processes, time quantum changes, scheduling sequence of the processes, classification of processes based upon projected CPU cycle requirements, and favoritism in scheduling toward I/O processes over CPU processes. In addition, the tool can be extended to serve as the basis for process performance measuring or optimization purpose.
PLFire: A Visualization Tool for Asynchronous Phased Logic Designs

We present a visualization tool called PLFire, which allows a user to observe the behavior of a Phased Logic (PL) circuit. Phased logic is a technique for realizing self-timed circuitry that is delay-insensitive and requires no global clock. One advantage of self-timed circuits is that throughput is based on average propagation delays and not worst-case delay. By being able to visualize the operation of a PL circuit, including the token flow, a designer gets a better understanding of what features of a design have the greatest impact on performance.
Guaranteed Performance Control of Nonlinear Systems with Application to Flexible Space Structure

This paper considers the problem of controlling nonlinear uncertain systems arising from flexible aerospace structures. We begin by addressing the tracking problem for a class of nonlinear dynamic systems with modeling uncertainties and external disturbances. New control algorithms that accommodate modeling uncertainties are proposed. It is shown that these algorithms not only guarantee system stability but also achieve certain bounded performance index and are readily applicable in vibration suppression of large flexible space structures. Numerical verification of the proposed strategy is demonstrated via the lumped mass model of a hypersonic aerospace flight vehicle structure.