cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐J‐83: To Investigate the Rate Reproducibility of Respiration Motion Using the Concept of Dominant Frequency, Power of Dominant Frequency and Dominant Bandwidth

Introduction: Dominant frequency(DF) can be defined as the frequency with the maximal power in a frequency spectrum. This concept has been used to analyze signals in various fields of science as diverse as music, cardiac and seismic signals. In the current study DF and related frequency analysis techniques were used to investigate the reproducibility of respiration motion. Method: X (ω) = FFT[x(n)] where X (ω) is the respiration motion in frequency domain and x(n) is respiration motion in time domain therefore DF = ω| max [X (ω)] . DF determines the prime rate of the respiration motion. The power of dominant frequency (PDF) shows the reproducibility of a signal. PDF = X (DF) ∑ ω=0 2π X (ohgr;) . Dominant bandwidth (DB) was calculated as the frequency band around the DF which contained 50% of the total power. 24 lungcancer patient respiration motion signals acquired with free breathing(FB), audio coaching(A) and audio‐visual biofeedback(AV) were analyzed in the frequency domain. Results: The PDF of A and AV were significantly greater than FB (p<0.05). In addition, a negative correlation between DF and PDF with correlation coefficients of −0.23, −0.46 and −0.59 for FB, A and AV respectively was observed. Finally rate reproducibility (RR) was investigated against the visual training displacement parameter, which is set based on the average peak‐to‐peak motion during FB, revealed positive correlation with A and AV (0.59 and 0.67) when compared with FB (0.33). DB is a more robust method to evaluate RR as compared to PDF, since the power distribution around the dominant frequency would be evaluated as opposed to a single peak. DB analysis displayed reduced values for A and AV compared to FB indicating a worse RR for FB. Conclusion: In conclusion breaths‐per‐min of respiration motion is possibly inversely proportional to rate reproducibility. RR had a positive correlation with visual training displacement parameter. Finally DB provided a characterization of the frequency spectrum and revealed trends similar to PDF.
Quantification of frozen flow properties for a turbulent mixing layer of helium and nitrogen gas

Two high-speed cameras were used to generate a set of measurements of laser light propagating through a high- Reynolds-number mixing layer. A channel-flow mix of helium gas at 4.5 m/s and nitrogen gas at 1.0 m/s induced optical perturbations which were sensed using shadowgraph and wave front slope measurements. Phase surfaces were reconstructed from the wave front slopes. An ensemble of 255 frame- registered measurements were obtained for each sensing technique at eight aperture locations in the flow, spaced between 0 cm and 15 cm from the exit nozzle of the turbulence generator. A technique is introduced which computes an array of correlation coefficients over a two- dimensional sliding window for various temporal separations as a means to quantify frozen flow properties. For the wave front phase, the peaks of the correlation coefficient arrays degraded by 30 to 60 percent for 1 ms separation, indicative of limited validity in a frozen flow assumption for this type of flow.
Assessing Resource Demands during Sentence Processing in Parkinson's Disease☆

Abstract Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have sentence comprehension difficulty, but it is unclear whether this is due to a deficit in grammatical processing or to an executive resource limitation. To assess grammatical processing in PD while minimizing task-related demands, PD patients and healthy control subjects performed a word detection procedure that assesses sensitivity to grammatical agreements in sentences in an “on-line” fashion. With this technique, we found that control subjects and PD patients are equally sensitive to grammatical agreement violations in sentences. A traditional, resource-demanding measure of sentence comprehension was also administered to the same PD patients. In comparison to healthy controls, PD patients were significantly impaired in their relative comprehension of sentences containing object-gap subordinate clauses compared to subject-gap subordinate clauses. Performance on several executive resource measures was also impaired in PD, and this correlated with their comprehension performance. Sensitivity to grammatical agreements with the word detection procedure, in the context of sentence comprehension difficulty on a traditional measure, suggests that PD patients' executive resource limitations contribute to their sentence comprehension difficulty.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF GLUCOSE, GLUTAMINE, AMMONIA, LACTATE, AND GLUTAMATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Calibration models are generated and evaluated for the measurement of five different components in synthetic mixtures prepared in aqueous solutions. Mixtures of glucose, glutamine, ammonia, lactate, and glutamate were prepared to simulate concentration levels expected during routine bioreactor fermentation processes. Near-IR spectra were collected from these solutions over the spectral range from 5000 to 4000 cm-1. This spectral information was used to build individual multivariate calibration models for each analyte. Models were constructed on the basis of partial least-squares regression of raw and Fourier filtered absorbance spectra. Each analyte could be detected selectively with mean percent errors of prediction ranging from 4 to 8%.
Introduction to the Special Section: 20 Years of fMRI—What Has It Done for Understanding Cognition?

Understanding the human brain is one of the greatest scientific quests of all time. Although this endeavor has engaged genera- tions of scientists, the available methods were very limited until recently. Investigators could examine people with brain injuries, measure brain structure post mortem, make infer- ences from behavior, or extrapolate from invasive work in ani- mals. Even the tools used to examine the brain in action in healthy people in the latter part of the 20th century had major limitations. Electrophysiological measurements of brain activ- ity on the scalp could record rapid fluctuations but could not pinpoint the source of these signals. Positron emission tomog- raphy (PET) allowed scientists to measure blood flow as an index of local brain activity, and to trace molecules that bind to specific receptors, but it requires injecting people with a radioactive isotope, thus limiting the temporal and spatial res- olution according to the decay properties of the isotope. Tech- niques that captured activity in the human brain with high spatial and temporal resolution were lacking (Churchland & Sejnowski, 1988). Thus, the development of functional mag- netic resonance imaging (fMRI), which offered temporal reso- lution on the order of seconds and spatial resolution on the order of millimeters, opened up an exciting new landscape for exploration.
Experience-Dependent Development of Spinal Motor Neurons

Locomotor activity in many species undergoes pronounced alterations in early postnatal life, and environmental cues may be responsible for modifying this process. To determine how these events are reflected in the nervous system, we studied rats reared under two different conditions-the presence or absence of gravity-in which the performance of motor operations differed. We found a significant effect of rearing environment on the size and complexity of dendritic architecture of spinal motor neurons, particularly those that are likely to participate in postural control. These results provide evidence that neurons subserving motor function undergo activity-dependent maturation in early postnatal life in a manner analogous to sensory systems.
Influence of Heating and Cooling Rates on Bacillus cereus Spore Survival and Growth in a Broth Medium and in Rice

Survival, spore germination, and growth of emetic and diarrheal type strains of Bacillus cereus were evaluated in broth and rice media during heating and cooling. Samples were heated to 80°C (20C°/hr or 40C°/hr) or 90°C (ca. 900C°/hr), prior to cooling to 10°C (5C°/hr or 10C°/hr). Following heating to 80°C, growth occurred during 5C°/hr cooling. After heating to 90°C, inactivation of three strains occurred during cooling from 90 to 80°C and again from 50 to 40°C. Great variability was observed among the responses of the four strains. Emetic strains exhibited greater survival than diarrheal strains. Rice reduced low temperature inactivation, and did not favor emetic strains. Significant two and three way interactions existed among media, strains, heating and cooling rates.
Psychosocial Predictors of HIV-Associated Sexual Behaviors and the Efficacy of Prevention Interventions in Adolescents at-Risk for HIV Infection: What Works and What Doesn’t Work?

The HIV epidemic among adolescents in the United States is inherently tied to individual, psychosocial, and cultural phenomena. Expanding intervention development and implementation to incorporate a broader spectrum of determinants of adolescents' sexual risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV acquisition may provide an opportunity to prevent disease transmission more effectively. To address the STI/HIV prevention needs of adolescents, we highlight research assessing adolescents' sexual risk behavior and place the findings in the context of the diverse array of psychosocial factors influencing adolescents. This synthesis provides an opportunity to examine why adolescents engage in risky sexual behavior and to review the effectiveness of theory-based prevention programs. Subsequently, we offer recommendations for improving future programs aimed at reducing the incidence of STI/HIV infection among adolescents.
Spouse contracting to increase antabuse compliance in alcoholic veterans

Developed and evaluated a home-based contracting program to determine its effect on the compliance rates of discharged alcohol patients to a disulfiram (antabuse) regimen. The three comparison groups included (a) no contract/no recording; (b) contract/recording; and (c) contract/recording plus instructions for positive reinforcement. Twenty-five patients who had been treated in a behaviorally oriented inpatient alcohol dependence treatment program and who lived with a significant other (i.e., spouse, sibling, parent) participated in the study. At the end of the 3-month period for which the disulfiram was prescribed, those Ss who were involved in contracting and recording reached criterion more frequently than those who were in the minimal treatment group. Furthermore, 84% of this S sample were abstinent at the 3-month follow-up according to collateral reports. The discussion centers on the use of home-based contracting as an inexpensive alternative to other, more costly disulfiram programs. Additional methods for obtaining measures of reliability on self-report of disulfiram usage also are discussed.
Results of chest wall resection and reconstruction with and without rigid prosthesis.

Background Chest wall resections are associated with significant morbidity, with respiratory failure in as many as 27% of patients. We hypothesized that our selective use of a rigid prosthesis for reconstruction reduces respiratory complications. Methods The records of all patients undergoing chest wall resection and reconstruction were reviewed. Patient demographics, use of preoperative therapy, the location and size of the chest wall defect, performance of lung resection if any, the type of prosthesis, and postoperative complications were recorded. Predictor of complications were identified by χ 2 and logistic regression analyses. Results From January 1, 1995, to July 1, 2003, 262 patients (median age, 60 years) underwent chest wall resection for tumor in 251 (96%), radiation necrosis in 7 (2.7%); and infection in 4 patients (1.3%). The median defect size was 80 cm 2 (range, 2.7 to 1,200 cm 2 ) and the median number of ribs resected was 3 (range, 1 to 8). Major lung resection was performed in 85 patients (34%). Prosthetic reconstruction was rigid (polypropylene mesh/methylmethacrylate composite) in 112 (42.7%), nonrigid (polytetrafluoroethylene or polypropylene mesh) in 97 (37%), and none in 53 patients. Postoperatively, 10 patients died (3.8%), 4 of whom had pneumonectomy plus chest wall resection. Respiratory failure occurred in 8 patients (3.1%). By multivariate analysis, the size of the chest wall defect was the most significant predictor of complications. Conclusions Our incidence of respiratory failure is lower than previously reported and may relate to our use of rigid repair for defects likely to cause a flail segment. Pneumonectomy plus chest wall resection should be performed only in highly selected patients.
Spin Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin Coupling in Molecules

A new type of nuclear spin-spin coupling in molecules in liquids is investigated by means of the spin echo technique. A coupling interaction of the rotationally invariant from $\ensuremath{\hbar}J{\mathbf{I}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathbf{I}}_{2}$ in the nuclear induction Hamiltonian predicts the detailed shape of the spin echo envelope. Echo modulation frequencies corresponding to the coupling $J$ and the chemical shift between nonequivalent protons are measured in a variety of compounds. A generalized method for calculating the spin echo is presented for large chemical shift and weak coupling among an arbitrary number of spins. The damping of the echo modulation, due to spin relaxation and molecular effects which interrupt the $J$ coupling, is accounted for by a phenomenological treatment of the quantum-mechanical expectation value of nuclear magnetization.
On the conversion between mean and eddy components of potential and kinetic energy in isentropic and isopycnic coordinates

Abstract Equations for the mean and eddy kinetic energy and for the mean and eddy potential energy in isopycnic and isentropic coordinates are derived, and conversion terms between the four energy forms are identified. Contrary to Lorenz' isobaric formulae, a conversion term between mean kinetic and eddy potential energy is found in the isopycnic/isentropic framework; furthermore, no term governing direct conversion between eddy and mean potential energy exists in isopycnic coordinates. The option of “re-routing” some energy conversion processes to eliminate the formal difference between the isopycnic/isentropic and the isobaric viewpoint is discussed. A numerical simulation of baroclinic instability in an isentropic coordinate model is used to illustrate the energy conversion processes.
The characterization of chromosomal rearrangements by a combined micro-FISH approach in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome

Abstract We report the application of a combined strategy: chromosome microdissection, degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR, and reverse chromosome painting (micro-FISH), as well as forward chromosome painting, for the characterization of chromosomal rearrangements in a MDS patient with the karyotype 46,XX,−11,+r analyzed by G-banding. The karyotype was refined as 46,XX,der(2)t(2;11) (q35;?p13),der(11)dic r(11)(:p13→q13::p13→q13:). Our study demonstrated that the chromosome composition of a neoplasia can be identified more systematically and accurately using these combined molecular cytogenetic approaches. The DOP-PCR methodology modified is suitable for the practical application of micro-FISH on specimens prepared for routine banding analysis.
Time series characterization, Poisson integral, and robust divergence measures

New functions are proposed for time series characterization based on a relationship between the Poisson integral and spectral analysis. These functions are shown to completely specify the correlation structure of a time series and can be estimated consistently and uniformly even if the time series has a mixed spectrum. They are also shown to be equipped with flexible parameters that can be used to achieve desired frequency selectability. Using these characterization functions, a new divergence measure is proposed for time series discrimination and change detection. Sensitivity of the new divergence is investigated under the additive and multiplicative spectral departure models. The divergence is shown to be more robust than some spectral-density-based divergence measures in fighting against narrow-band spectral contamination and distortion. A change-detection example in speech processing is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.
Stigma, health beliefs and experiences with health care in lesbian women.

Twenty-jive Midwestern self-identified lesbian women were recruited through a snowball design to participate in a semistructured interview. Data were analyzed qualitatively for themes and consensus. Stigma and identifiability in lesbian women are complex issues that affect their cultural and social experience, health beliefs, interaction with health care providers and use of health care systems. The results suggest that lesbian women often do not feel comfortable seeking health care, experience nonempathetic responses when they do and even feel at risk of harm in some health care situations. Nurses are challenged to evaluate the adequacy of knowledge and reassess the quality of health care offered to lesbians.
VEROCYTOTOXIN-1 (VT-1) INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (GCEC) AND MESANGIAL CELLS (MC) IN VITRO. † 2168

Since GCEC injury characterizes the renal manifestations of HUS, understanding the mechanisms of VT-induced GCEC injury is of importance. We previously demonstrated that human GCEC and MC are susceptible to VT-1 and develop altered cell shape and cell death. Cell death may develop through necrosis or programmed cell death (apoptosis). The role of apoptosis in VT-1 mediated glomerular cell injury was investigated in human GCEC and MC in culture.
A Micromechanics-Based Hysteresis Model for Ferroelectric Ceramics:

Based on the mechanics of domain switch and irreversible thermodynamics, a micromechanics-based model that incorporates the effect of polarization strain and electric polariza- tion in the switched domain is developed to predict the evolution of new domain and the associated hysteresis loops of a ferroelectric ceramic. The new domain concentration cr associated with the remanent polarization Pr, and the new domain concentration cc at the coercive field Ec, are also found in terms of the saturation polarization Ps, the coercive field Ec, and the dielectric permittivity of the parent domain. The theory is developed with a homogenization technique for a coupled, dual-phase electromechanical system with an evolving microstructure, whose driving force arises from the re- duction of Gibbs' free energy and whose resistance force comes from the energy dissipation due to domain wall movement. The developed theory is applied to a lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), first for the calculation of its hysteresis electric displacement versus electric field (D vs. E) relation and the butterfly-shaped longitudinal strain versus electric field ( vs. E) relation, and then for its nonlinear compressive stress-strain relation and nonlinear depolarization. The results are shown to provide the essential features of the hysteresis behavior and found to be in quantitative ac- cord with the experimental data.
Coordinating cellular background transfers using loadsense

To minimize battery drain due to background communication in cellular-connected devices such as smartphones, the duration for which the cellular radio is kept active should be minimized. This, in turn, calls for scheduling the background communication so as to maximize the throughput. It has been recognized in prior work that a key determinant of throughput is the wireless link quality. However, as we show here, another key factor is the load in the cell, arising from the communication of other nodes. Unlike link quality, the only way, thus far, for a cellular client to obtain a measure of load has been to perform active probing, which defeats the goal of minimizing the active duration of the radio.In this paper, we address the above dilemma by making the following contributions. First, we show experimentally that to obtain good throughput, considering link quality alone is insufficient, and that cellular load must also be factored in. Second, we present a novel technique called LoadSense for a cellular client to obtain a measure of the cellular load, locally and passively, that allows the client to determine the ideal times for communication when available throughput to the client is likely to be high. Finally, we present the Peek-n-Sneak protocol, which enables a cellular client to "peek" into the channel and "sneak" in with its background communication when the conditions are suitable. When multiple clients in a cell perform Peen-n-Sneak, it enables them to coordinate their communications, implicitly and in an entirely distributed manner, akin to CSMA in wireless LANs, helping improve throughput (and reduce energy drain) for all. Our experimental evaluation shows overall device energy savings of 20-60% even when Peek-n-Sneak is deployed incrementally.
Thermodynamic feasibility of enzymatic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol.

Production of valuable chemicals from CO2 is highly desired for the purpose of controlling CO2 emission. Toward that, enzymatic reduction of CO2 for the production of methanol appeared to be especially promising. That has been achieved by reversing the biological metabolic reaction pathways. However, hitherto, there has been little discussion on the thermodynamic feasibility of reversing such biological pathways. The reported yields of methanol have been generally very low under regular reaction conditions preferred by naturally evolved enzymes. The current work examines the sequential enzymatic conversion of CO2 into methanol from a thermodynamic point of view with a focus on factors that control the reaction equilibrium. Our analysis showed that the enzymatic conversion of carbon dioxide is highly sensitive to the pH value of the reaction solution and, by conducting the reactions at low pHs (such as pH 6 or 5) and ionic strength, it is possible to shift the biological methanol metabolic reaction equilibrium constants significantly (by a factor of several orders of magnitude) to favor the synthesis of methanol.
Modulating hydrogel crosslink density and degradation to control bone morphogenetic protein delivery and in vivo bone formation.

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) show promise in therapies for improving bone formation after injury; however, the high supraphysiological concentrations required for desired osteoinductive effects, off-target concerns, costs, and patient variability have limited the use of BMP-based therapeutics. To better understand the role of biomaterial design in BMP delivery, a matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-sensitive hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel was used for BMP-2 delivery to evaluate the influence of hydrogel degradation rate on bone repair in vivo . Specifically, maleimide-modified HA (MaHA) macromers were crosslinked with difunctional MMP-sensitive peptides to permit protease-mediated hydrogel degradation and growth factor release. The compressive, rheological, and degradation properties of MaHA hydrogels were characterized as a function of crosslink density, which was varied through either MaHA concentration (1–5 wt.%) or maleimide functionalization (10–40%f). Generally, the compressive moduli increased, the time to gelation decreased, and the degradation rate decreased with increasing crosslink density. Furthermore, BMP-2 release increased with either a decrease in the initial crosslink density or an increase in collagenase concentration (non-specific MMP degradation). Lastly, two hydrogel formulations with distinct BMP-2 release profiles were evaluated in a critical-sized calvarial defect model in rats. After six weeks, minimal evidence of bone repair was observed within defects left empty or filled with hydrogels alone. For hydrogels that contained BMP-2, similar volumes of new bone tissue were formed; however, the faster degrading hydrogel exhibited improved cellular invasion, bone volume to total volume ratio, and overall defect filling. These results illustrate the importance of coordinating hydrogel degradation with the rate of new tissue formation.
A note on a WKB application to a duct of varying cross-section

In this paper, the two-dimensional problem of an incident plane sound wave traveling along a rigid duct or a rigid horn is studied. It has been shown that a simple one-dimensional analysis gives accurate predictions of the sound propagation. The impedance of a particular horn is obtained using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation to solve the Webster equation. The mouth of the horn is assumed to be terminated in an infinite baffle. Computation of the normalized acoustic impedance using the WKB approach shows less floating point operations when compared with a Runge-Kutta algorithm.
Inter- and intra-tooth variation in the oxygen isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate: implications for palaeoclimatological and palaeobiological research

Abstract Significant differences in the δ18Op value between teeth, and even within a single tooth were observed in a detailed study of the oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel phosphate (δ18Op) of hypsodont teeth from bison and sheep jaws. The permanent molars and premolars of a fossil adult bison from eastern Wyoming (∼500 yr B.P.) and a modern sheep from California were analyzed. The bison is assumed to have been free-ranging with a variety of possible water sources, whereas the sheep was raised on a ranch. Inter-tooth variability in δ18Op for the bison compared to the sheep (5.6‰ and 3.5‰, respectively) may be a result of behavioral differences. Analyses of multiple samples from the m3 of both the bison and sheep vary to a similar degree (3.5‰) in a similar cyclic pattern down the length of the tooth, a pattern which is interpreted to be seasonal. When present, inter- and intra-tooth variations in δ18Op are controlled by the water and food ingested by the mammals during the period of enamel formation. In these localities, well waters, surface waters, and mother's milk have different isotopic compositions at different times of the year. The data underscore the role of biology and behavior in determining δ18Op values, and the need to understand how they vary for a population of interest. If these variations are taken into account, the δ18Op values of single samples from small, late-forming teeth (e.g. premolars) can be used as a proxy for the δ18O value of local meteoric water for long-term climate studies. Multiple samples from a single third molar may provide information on the duration and timing of enamel growth, seasonality, as well as long-term climate change.
The surprising superconductor: MgB2

For the past decade and a half, scientists have been happily developing a new picture of superconductivity based on the rich phenomena found in the copper-oxide compounds. These superconductors define fascinating new directions: high transition temperatures, weakly coupled layers, exotic states of vortex matter, pseudogaps, stripes, and applications in the power and electronics industries. Now comes a startling discovery from an unexpected corner: 40-K superconductivity in MgB{sub 2}.
Effects of therapy with soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor fusion protein on pulmonary cytokine expression and lung injury following haemorrhage and resuscitation

Acute lung injury frequently develops following haemorrhage, and is characterized by increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and massive neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Blood loss produces rapid increases in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression among pulmonary cell populations which precede the development of lung injury. In order to examine the role of TNF-alpha in producing acute inflammatory lung injury, we treated mice following haemorrhage and resuscitation with a TNF antagonist, composed of soluble dimeric human p80 TNF receptor linked to the Fc region of human IgG1 (sTNFR:Fc). Therapy with sTNFR:Fc prevented the post-haemorrhage increases in circulating and pulmonary TNF-alpha levels normally found following blood loss. Administration of sTNFR:Fc also diminished the increase in IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA normally found in the lungs following haemorrhage. However, therapy with sTNFR:Fc was not associated with improvement in the histologic parameters of post-haemorrhage lung injury, such as neutrophil infiltration and interstitial oedema. In contrast to the effects of sTNFR:Fc on cytokine mRNA levels among intraparenchymal pulmonary mononuclear cells, such therapy following haemorrhage was associated with increased amounts of mRNA for TNF-alpha among peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as increased IFN-gamma titres in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. These results indicate that therapy with sTNFR:Fc in the post-haemorrhage period, although capable of decreasing proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lungs, does not prevent the development of acute lung injury in this setting.
Nickel electrodeposition studies for high-aspect-ratio microstructure fabrication for MEMS

This work investigates both DC and pulse electroplating techniques for nickel. A nickel sulfamate electrolyte is utilized for nickel deposition over Cu/Ti coated silicon substrates. Stress levels and grain morphology are investigated and analyzed for the electroplated nickel deposit. A comparison is also made between the results obtained from DC and from long and short duration pulse electroplating techniques. Both compressive and tensile built-in stresses are observed in both DC and long duration pulse plated nickel while only compressive stresses are observed in short duration pulse plated nickel.
My experience with academic intolerance

I shall discuss a subject which I have never before commented on in any public forum: that is, my own experience with "academic intolerance" (after becoming something of a public figure), and offer some personal views about the politicization, not just of disciplines, but of thought i tse l f -both inside and outside the disciplines. I have studiously maintained silence on all aspects of my experience with these matters since my traumatic encounter at Berkeley some years ago. But let me begin at the beginning. I would like to say that, when the invitation came to address the NAS conference, my inclination was, as usual, to reject it. Then I had a letter from Irving Louis Horowitz. I thought it over and decided, why not? Certainly, I 'm something of an expert on the subject! I have been picketed and boycotted and shouted a t i f not d o w n i n not one or two, but several of the country's premier institutions. I decided, all right, I'll talk a little about it. My experience begins with an invitation from the University of California at Berkeley to deliver the "Jefferson Lectures." Now the Jefferson Lectures are an academically prestigious series of two or three lectures which a social scientist is annually invited to deliver. It is nice to be asked. You're invited on the basis of academic merit, on the quality of your written work and scholarship-and the lectures are then published by the University of California Press. So I was pleased to be invited to deliver the Jefferson Lectures. I was told that I had been the unanimous choice of the faculty committee charged with making the invitations, and I accepted. As I had been thinking intensively about some aspects of human rights since I had been at the United Nations, I thought I would develop a series of three lectures on human rights and American foreign policy. This was my intention. What ! encountered at Berkeley were ghoulish demonstrators in death masks, who made it very nearly, though not entirely, impossible for me to speak. What they made utterly impossible was any sort of intellectual exchange. They eliminated any possibility of rational discourse.
A disjunct eddy accumulation system for the measurement of BVOC fluxes: instrument characterizations and field deployment

Abstract. Biological volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), such as isoprene and monoterpenes, are emitted in large amounts from forests. Quantification of the flux of BVOCs is critical in the evaluation of the impact of these compounds on the concentrations of atmospheric oxidants and on the production of secondary organic aerosol. A disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) sampler system was constructed for the measurement of speciated BVOC fluxes. Unlike traditional eddy covariance (EC), the relatively new technique of disjunct sampling differs by taking short, discrete samples that allow for slower sampling frequencies. Disjunct sample airflow is directed into cartridges containing sorbent materials at sampling rates proportional to the magnitude of the vertical wind. Compounds accumulated on the cartridges are then quantified by thermal desorption and gas chromatography. Herein, we describe our initial tests to evaluate the disjunct sampler including the application of vertical wind measurements to create optimized sampling thresholds. Measurements of BVOC fluxes obtained from DEA during its deployment above a mixed hardwood forest at the University of Michigan Biological Station (Pellston, MI) during the 2009 CABINEX field campaign are reported. Daytime (09:00 a.m. to 05:00 p.m. LT) isoprene fluxes, when averaged over the footprint of the tower, were 1.31 mg m−2 h−1 which are comparable to previous flux measurements at this location. Speciated monoterpene fluxes are some of the first to be reported from this site. Daytime averages were 26.7 μg m−2 h−1 for α-pinene and 10.6 μg m−2 h−1 for β-pinene. These measured concentrations and fluxes were compared to the output of an atmospheric chemistry model, and were found to be consistent with our knowledge of the variables that control BVOCs fluxes at this site.
Developmental waves in myxobacteria: A distinctive pattern formation mechanism.

In early stages of their development, starving myxobacteria organize their motion to produce a periodic pattern of traveling cell density waves. These waves arise from coordination of individual cell reversals by contact signaling when they collide. Unlike waves generated by reaction-diffusion instabilities, which annihilate on collision, myxobacteria waves appear to pass through one another unaffected. Here we analyze a mathematical model of these waves developed earlier [Igoshin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14 913 (2001)]. The mechanisms which generate and maintain the density waves are clearly revealed by tracing the reversal loci of individual cells. An evolution equation of reversal point density is derived in the weak-signaling limit. Linear stability analysis determines parameters favorable for the development of the waves. Numerical solutions demonstrate the stability of the fully developed nonlinear waves.
Nanostructured ZnO as Biomimetic Anti-reflective Coatings on Textured Silicon Using a Continuous Solution Process

A novel table-top, microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition (MAND™) process, which combines the merits of microreaction technology with solution-phase nanomaterial synthesis and film deposition, was used to grow a nanostructured ZnO anti-reflective coating on a textured silicon substrate from aqueous solution. The subwavelength, anti-reflective nanostructures mimicked the structure and performance of the surface of the eye from a night-flying moth. Solution-processed Ag nanoparticles were applied as a seed layer on the textured silicon surface leading to preferred heterogeneous nucleation and good area coverage. Preferential growth of the nanostructured ZnO was controlled by changing residence time, reaction temperature, and concentration of precursor solution without the use of a buffer reagent (e.g. HMTA). Well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were fabricated by MAND at a very high deposition rate (i.e. 125 nm min−1) compared to batch hydrothermal method. The surface reflection of the polished silicon was suppressed from an average of 30.8% between wavelengths of 400 and 900 nm to 10.6% after micro-scale pyramidal surface texturing to 3.4% after application of the ZnO nanostructure on the textured silicon. The results provide a potential economical path to broadband anti-reflection (AR) for silicon wafers and solar cell substrates.
Effective dielectric constant of a metal-dielectric composite

We calculate the effective dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ of a composite medium containing metallic particles, characterized by the Drude dielectric function ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{D}$. The value of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{D}$ is so high that the factor $|\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}r{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{D}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}|$ is of the order of unity. We compare our results with those given by the Bruggeman mixing rule, and with the results given by the mixing rule valid under the small-particle approximation published earlier. The enhancement in the Im ($\ensuremath{\epsilon}$) is up to 2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than the values given by the Bruggeman mixing rule. However, our new results are lower (by a factor of 2 to 10) than the results we previously obtained.
Phonon Localization and Anharmonicity in Model Glasses

We have studied the localization of normal modes in a model glass as a function of several parameters and found that the fraction of modes which are localized remains small even when the disorder is very large. We have also studied how anharmonic effects, such as the Grueneisen parameter, are influenced by whether or not a mode is localized or extended.
Acute hepatotoxicity of a tetrachlorobiphenyl--changes in the hepatocyte ultrastructure and plasma membrane-bound enzymes.

An acute lethal dose (1.7 g/kg body wt) of3H-labeled 2,5,2′,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) given to rats produced swollen hepatocytes that had conformationally altered mitochondria, a large degree of intracellular vacuolization, membrane fragmentation, particularly involving the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase in cytoplasmic matrical material. The high specific radioactivity (dpm/mg protein) found in the plasma membrane (PM), as compared to other subcellular fractions, was correlated to decreases in the membrane-bound (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities. The radioactive material bound to plasma membranes or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was organic-soluble and co-extracted with membrane lipids. No water-soluble metabolite conjugates were detected in these membrane fractions. In the cytosol, the majority of the radioactive material also was organic-soluble, with only 4% of the total radioactivity being water-soluble. The organic-soluble radioactive material associated with PM, ER, and cytosol was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, and 78% of it was found to be unconjugated monohydroxy-TCB. These data suggest a possible relationship between inhibition of plasma membranelocalized ATPase and swelling of hepatocytes during the acute TCB intoxication. In addition, the membrane lipid-bound monohydroxy metabolite may be a factor contributing to the acute hepatotoxicity of TCB.
SR2-1: The Genomic Mutation Landscape of Breast Cancer: A TCGA Report.

An important goal, that of characterizing the breadth and complexity of mutations in breast cancer, is being approached by The Cancer Genome Atlas in its next-generation sequencing and analysis of the exome and whole genome content of breast cancer samples. At present, we have produced, analyzed, and validated mutations by exome capture of matched tumor and normal genomic DNA across all breast cancer subtypes, using over 500 samples as our primary discovery set. The resulting information has been further analyzed by integration with other data types being generated in the project, including RNA-seq, methylation and SNP array data. We have further initiated a study using whole genome sequencing of 21 basal subtype cases. My presentation will provide an overview of the methods of data generation, analysis and integration. I will further provide information about our discoveries to-date and future plans. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr SR2-1.
Granuloma faciale associated with adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A 65-year-old man presented to the Dermatology Outpatient Department complaining of an eruption of 10 years’ duration. He also suffered from hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus for which he received mononitrate isosorbide, propranolol, nifedipine, aspirin, and glimepinide; he showed well-controlled hypertension and blood glucose. He had consulted several dermatologists since the appearance of the eruption. A diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis had been made. Although the diagnosis had not been confirmed by histology, the patient had received injections of steroids without any apparent improvement. On clinical examination, the eruption was noticed on the front and anterior area of the scalp (Fig. 1). It consisted of pink- to red-colored papules, which had become confluent and formed large plaques. The lesions had extended with time and were totally asymptomatic. Figure Figure 1 . Clinical appearance at initial consultation Download figure to PowerPoint The chronic course of the eruption prompted the performance of a biopsy. Histologic examination of the lesions revealed a slight spongiotic epidermis, below which a zone deprived of cells (Grenz zone) was found. Beneath the Grenz zone, there was a dense, diffusely distributed dermal accumulation of inflammatory infiltrate (Fig. 2), consisting of lymphocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes, and a small amount of nuclear dust. Deposits of eosinophilic material were observed around the walls of some vessels. Direct immunofluorescence revealed fibrinogen and complement C3 on the walls of some vessels. The histologic picture was considered by the pathologist to be compatible with granuloma faciale. Figure 2. Histology of a skin lesion from the anterior area of the scalp. An intense inflammatory infiltrate is evident beneath the Grenz zone Download figure to PowerPoint Full blood count examination was within normal levels. Blood glucose, urea, creatinine, and liver enzymes were also found to be within normal levels, but serum ferrum was far below the normal value at 11 µg (normal range, 53–167 µg). Ferritin was normal. Although there were no complaints of any associated underlying disease, tumor markers were evaluated. Of the tumor markers, only specific prostatic antigen far exceeded normal levels, with a value of 11.24 ng (normal range, 0–4.0 ng), a result that led to a urology consultation. Prostate examination revealed an edematous, enlarged prostate with a nodule on the left prostate lobe. A biopsy was taken and showed a well-differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma, Gleason's grade 3. Due to the presence of coronary artery disease, antiandrogen therapy of the prostate adenocarcinoma was first-choice treatment. Antiandrogen therapy consisted of cyproterone acetate, 300 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks, and leuproreline acetate, 3.75 mg intramuscularly once a month. With this therapy, within 2 months and parallel to the regression of the tumor, a significant improvement in the skin lesions was noted (Fig. 3). Figure 3. Granuloma faciale in regression under antiandrogen therapy Download figure to PowerPoint
The effect of relationship orientation on negotiators' cognitions and tactics

Multimethod research was conducted to investigate how relationship orientation affects cognitions and tactics of dealing with conflicts. In-depth interviews by a clinical psychologist revealed differences in perspective on the relationship, and content analysis of a videotaped laboratory simulation revealed differences in tactics attributable to differential concern for relationship preservation. A second laboratory simulation manipulated the duration of the negotiators' relationship to investigate the effects of relationship orientation when situational factors are taken into account. The results generally show that relationship-oriented negotiators tend to view relationships with the other party as continuous rather than episodic, adopt flexible postures, and avoid relationship-impairing tactics; they also show that situation can have a strong effect.
Discovery of a novel COX-2 inhibitor as an orally potent anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drug: design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship.

Abstract Cyclooxygenase (COX) has been considered as a significant pharmacological target because of its pivotal roles in the prostaglandin biosynthesis and following cascades that lead to various (patho)physiological effects. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that suppress COX activities have been used clinically for the treatment of fever, inflammation, and pain; however, nonselective COX inhibitors exhibit serious side-effects such as gastrointestinal damage because of their inhibitory activities against COX-1. Thus, COX-1 is constitutive and expressed ubiquitously and serves a housekeeping role, while COX-2 is inducible or upregulated by inflammatory/injury stimuli such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lipopolysaccharide in macrophage, monocyte, synovial, liver, and lung, and is associated with prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin production that evokes or sustains systemic/peripheral inflammatory symptoms. Also, hypersensitivity of aspirin is a significant concern clinically. Hence, design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship of [2-{[(4-substituted)-pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}-(6- or 5-substituted)-1H-indol-3-yl]acetic acid analogues were investigated to discover novel acid-type COX-2 inhibitor as an orally potent new-class anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drug. As significant findings, compounds 1–3 demonstrated potent COX-2 inhibitory activities with high selectivities for COX-2 over COX-1 in human cells or whole-blood in vitro, and demonstrated orally potent anti-pyretic activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic-inflammatory fever model in F344 rats. Also compound 1 demonstrated orally potent anti-inflammatory activity against edema formation and a suppressive effect against PGE2 production in carrageenan-induced peripheral-inflammation model on the paw of SD rats. These results suggest that compounds 1–3 are potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory disease and are useful for further pharmacological COX-2 inhibitor investigations.
Bound states, resonances, and poles in low-energy K-barN interaction models.

The locations of the dynamic poles in the complex energy plane of the {ital s}-wave {ital T} matrix for the coupled ({ital {bar K}N},{Sigma}{pi}) system are calculated. Investigated are a quark bag model and several potential models, including one that agrees with the strong interaction shift in kaonic hydrogen as well as scattering data. Each potential model is found to support either one or no poles, while the bag model is found to support two. The poles energies are found to be quite different from the energy of the {Lambda}{sup *}(1405) determined by phenomenological analyses along the real energy axis.