cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Place-based learning and knowing: critical pedagogies grounded in Indigeneity

For Indigenous peoples, knowledge and science are written onto the landscapes our lan- guages ''talk into being'' through the ''individual and collective consciousness of our communities (Cajete 2000, 284).'' Our landscapes are the storied histories, cosmogonies, philosophies and sciences of those Indigenous knowledges which are increasingly being pushed aside by the 'gray uniformity' of globalization and its progenitor, European colonization. It is within storied places that we can still glimpse alternatives to this gray uniformity of globalization which brings with it a rhetoric of capitalism, modernism, abstract space and Western science. It is this rhetoric produced through globalization which erases the storied land- scapes, destroying the libraries embedded within Indigenous toponyms, creating a terra nullius: an empty land awaiting a colonial/neo-colonial his- tory and economy. As Paulo Freire has challenged us to see, critical consciousness requires us to ''read our world,'' decoding the images of our own concrete, situated experiences with the world (Freire and Macedo 1987, 35). A critical pedagogy of place recognizes the concrete experiences of communities grounded in shared histories, stories and challenges based within a politics of place. A critical pedagogy of place seeks to decolonize and reinhabit the storied landscape through 'reading' the ways in which Indigenous peoples' places and environment have been injured and exploited. This paper seeks to discuss how through reading the places in the world as 'political texts,' one may engage in reflection and praxis in order to understand, and where necessary, to change the world.
PRICE AND PRODUCTIVE UNCERTAINTIES IN DYNAMIC PLANNING

Abstract : The model is developed with reference to a single decision maker and incorporates intertemporal and interspatial considerations with some of the important aspects of inventory control models. The model is discussed in terms of an individual farmer attempting to plan his production and sales over an N year planning horizon. A series of models is presented. The first section considers the production and sale of one commodity in a single market. In the second section, the price and production uncertainties are introduced and the model is solved using chance constrained programming. The third section extends the model to a multimarket, multicommodity case. (Author)
Comparative measurements of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and insulin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during starvation.

Abstract The possibility that altered central nervous system (CNS) metabolism is reflected by changes in the constituents of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated. From eight obese subjects undergoing total starvation for weight reduction, overnight and 21-day fasting specimens of venous blood and lumbar CSF were obtained nearly simultaneously to determine the concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and immunoreactive insulin (IRI). After 21 days of starvation, the glucose concentration fell in both blood and CSF. The decrease in blood glucose was greater than the decline in CSF glucose, resulting in a diminished blood-CSF difference. Concentrations of β-OHB and AcAc in blood and CSF were elevated after prolonged fasting, but blood levels exceeded those in CSF, producing an increased blood-CSF ketone body difference. After an overnight and 21-day fast, the IRI levels in CSF were about one-half of the serum levels. These data suggest that metabolic alterations in CNS metabolism during prolonged starvation are reflected in substrate concentrations observed in CSF, and demonstrate that insulin is presented in the CSF of man.
Functional vision loss.

Purpose of review Functional disorders are a major category of vision loss not uncommonly presenting to an ophthalmologist or neuro-ophthalmologist. There are constant advances in the discrimination of causes for functional vision loss, as well as testing and treatment of these patients. Recent findings New tests for diagnosing functional vision loss have been reported. These include techniques for evaluating both decreased visual acuity and visual field loss, allowing the physician to objectively state if a patient's vision is better than what he is claiming. Newer imaging modalities such as functional MRI suggest that certain areas of the brain show impaired modulation in persons with conversion disorder. There are few clinical trials for the treatment of persons with functional vision loss, and therefore no conclusive treatment recommendations. Summary This article discusses the recent advances regarding functional vision loss relevant to the ophthalmologist.
Cloud Structures on Neptune Observed with Keck Telescope Adaptive Optics

We report on observations obtained with the adaptive optics system at the 10 m Keck II Telescope during engineering validation and early science observing time for the adaptive optics system. We observed Neptune at near-infrared wavelengths. Angular resolution was 005–006, corresponding to a spatial scale of approximately 1000 km at Neptune. We discuss the latitudinal structure of circumferential cloud bands and of compact infrared-bright features seen in the southern hemisphere, as well as their variation with wavelength. We determine the values of I/F (proportional to the ratio of reflected intensity to incident solar flux) in the J and H infrared-wavelength bands, including narrowband filters where there is strong methane absorption. We use the I/F values inside and outside of methane bands to estimate the altitude of clouds responsible for the brightest compact features in the infrared. Our data show that, on two of our four observing dates, the brightest region on Neptune contained highly reflective haze layers located below the tropopause but not deeper than a few bars.
Eligibility, Recruitment, and Retention of African Americans with Severe Mental Illness in Community Research

Data that addresses severely mentally ill (SMI) African Americans (AAs) likelihood to participate in clinical research is limited. This study’s purpose was to determine if differences exist between races regarding eligibility, recruitment, and retention in a community-based clinical trial. The sample included 293 participants. Data sources included clinical records and interviews. Logistic regression was used for analysis. AAs were as likely to participate and to complete followup interviews as Whites. In contrast to studies about non-mentally ill AAs, AAs with SMI appeared to be as willing to consent to and to remain in clinical research studies as Whites.
The SOD2 gene, encoding a manganese-type superoxide dismutase, is up-regulated during conidiogenesis in the plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola.

The SOD2 gene, encoding a manganese-type superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), was identified from Colletotrichum graminicola among a collection of cDNAs representing genes that are up-regulated during conidiogenesis. The SOD2 gene consists of a 797-bp open reading frame that is interrupted by three introns and is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 208 amino acids. All conserved residues of the MnSOD protein family, including four consensus metal binding domains, are present in the predicted SOD2 protein. However, the predicted protein does not appear to contain a signal peptide that would target it to the mitochondria. Northern hybridizations revealed that expression of the ∼900-bp SOD2 transcript is closely associated with differentiation of both oval and falcate conidia. Southern analysis indicated that there is only a single copy of the gene. SOD2 disruption strains were morphologically and pathogenically indistinguishable from wild-type strains. The dispensability of the MnSOD enzyme may be due to the activities of two other SOD enzymes, a highly expressed iron-type superoxide dismutase and a much less abundant copper/zinc type, that were also detected in C. graminicola.
On the critical Fujita exponents for solutions of quasilinear parabolic inequalities

Abstract This work is devoted to the study of critical blow-up phenomena for wide classes of quasilinear parabolic equations and inequalities. The model example for this treatment is well known and comes from the theory of turbulent diffusion: (∗) u t ⩾ div x |u| m−1 u x α−2 |u| m−1 u x +|u| q−1 u, m⩾1, α>1. We obtain the existence of critical blow-up exponents for nonnegative weak solutions of inequalities of the type ( ∗ ) that belong only locally to the corresponding Sobolev spaces in the half-space R 1 + × R n , n⩾1. We impose no conditions on the behavior of solutions on the hyperplane t=0 so that the results obtained in the paper are of Liouville type. The approach developed herein is directly applicable to the study of analogous problems for systems of quasilinear elliptic and parabolic equations and inequalities, and its elliptic analogue has recently been developed by the authors.
CUTTING TEMPERATURE MODELING BASED ON NON-UNIFORM HEAT INTENSITY AND PARTITION RATIO

ABSTRACT The understanding of temperature distribution along the tool-chip interface is important for machining process planning and tool design. Among many temperature modeling studies, uniform heat partition ratio and/or uniform heat intensity along the interface are frequently assumed. This assumption is not true in actual machining and can lead to ill-estimated results at the presence of sticking and sliding. This paper presents a new analytical cutting temperature modeling approach that considers the combined effect of the primary and the secondary heat sources and solves the temperature rise along the tool-chip interface based on the non-uniform heat partition ratio and non-uniform heat intensity along the interface. For the chip side, the effect of the primary shear zone is modeled as a uniform moving oblique band heat source, while that of the secondary shear zone is modeled as a non-uniform moving band heat source within a semi-infinite medium. For the tool side, the effect of the secondary heat ...
What do we mean by the Mean

Summary This article explores what school-pupils understand by the term “mean” and suggests apparatus to help with teaching the concept.
Hormone production by cultures of small‐cell carcinoma of the lung

Continuous cell lines have been established from a variety of biopsy and postmortem species of tumor from patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) and have been maintained over several years. The medium from the cultures has been assayed for peptide, glycoprotein, and steroid hormones. Significant amounts of 14 hormones including calcitonin, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), parathormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, glucagon, growth hormone, somatostatin, prolactin, beta-endorpin, lipotropin, oxytocin-neurophysin, vasopressin-neurophysin, and estradiol have been demonstrated. Up to ten different hormones have been produced by a single cell line. Most produce ACTH and all evaluated so far produce estradiol. These studies indicate that cells from SCCL have a potential for producing a wide variety of hormones and that this characteristic can be maintained for prolonged periods of culture in vitro.
B7.1 costimulation increases T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity via selective expansion of specific variable alpha and beta genes of the T-cell receptor.

Abstract Background: Optimal T-cell activation requires not only ligation of the T-cell receptor (TcR) but also delivery of costimulatory signals by various accessory molecules. The interaction of the costimulatory molecule B7.1 (CD80) with its receptor CD28 provides a strong positive signal to T cells. Methods: The B7.1 gene was transduced into cultured human ovarian, breast, and pancreatic tumor cells by using a retroviral vector. Autologous as well as allogeneic naive T-cells were stimulated with either wild-type or B7.1-transduced tumor cells in a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC). In addition to cytolytic activity, T-cell proliferation, T-cell subset composition, and the frequencies of TcR variable (V) alpha and beta genes were compared in T cells from both types of MLTC. Results: Introduction of the B7.1 gene into tumor cells was successful in all tumors to a varying degree. Those tumors expressing high levels of B7.1 induced significantly higher levels of T-cell proliferation than wild-type tumor cells. T-cell subset composition did not markedly differ between T cells stimulated with wild-type tumor cells or B7.1-expressing tumor cells. However, T cells stimulated with B7.1-expressing tumor cells showed a significantly increased cytolytic potential. The increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was associated with a higher frequency of specific TcR Vα and Vβ genes. In addition, B7.1 costimulation promoted oligoclonality among the responding T cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that costimulation through B7.1 promotes T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity through clonal expansions of T cells bearing antigen-specific TcR Vα and Vβ genes and through promotion of oligoclonality. The data also suggest that promoting B7.1-mediated costimulation is an important aspect of immune therapies. (Surgery 2000;127:342-50.)
L-Shell Ionization Cross Sections of BA, CE, ND, SM and DY for Proton Energies from 0.5 to 2.0 MeV

Protons from the University of Texas at Arlington's 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator were used to produce characteristic L x-rays from thin targets of Ba, Ce, Nd, Sm and Dy. Incident proton energies were varied from 0.5 to 2.0 MeV. The x-rays were detected by an ORTEC High Purity Germanium Low Energy Photon Spectrometer (LEPS) mounted at 90° to the beam direction. The incident proton beam was monitored by a particle detector also mounted at 90° to the beam direction. The measured x-ray production cross sections were converted to ionization cross sections by the use of subshell fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig transition probabilities taken from Bambynek. Comparison of these ionization cross sections as well as the ratios of selected subshell x-ray yields with the predictions of the Plane Wave Born Approximation (PWBA) and the Binary Encounter Approximation (BEA) show that the PWBA predictions fit the experimental results much better than the BEA predictions.
Present status and future prospects of CIGSS thin film solar cells

Abstract Efficiencies of CuIn 1− x Ga x Se 2− y S y (CIGSS) modules are comparable to those of lower end crystalline-Si modules. CIGSS layers are prepared by reactive co-evaporation, selenization/sulfurization of metallic or compound precursors, reactive co-sputtering and non-vacuum techniques. CuIn 1− x Ga x S 2 (CIGS2) layers are prepared by sulfurization of Cu-rich metallic precursors and etching of excess Cu 2− x S. Usually heterojunction partner CdS and transparent-conducting bilayer ZnO/ZnO:Al layers are deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) or RF magnetron sputtering. CIGSS solar cell efficiencies have been improved by optimizing Cu, Ga and S proportions and providing a minute amount of Na. This paper reviews preparation and efficiency improvement techniques for CIGSS solar cells.
Chronopotentiometric oxidation of substituted acetates in acetonitrile

Abstract The chronopotentiometric behavior of tetrabutylammonium salts of twenty substituted acetates was studied at platinum anodes in acetonitrile. In every case a diffusion-controlled wave was obtained, suitable for analytical use. Quarter-wave potentials and diffusion coefficients are reported. Waves were obtained on current reversal in most cases, thought to indicate concomitant oxidation of traces of water but not influencing analytical results. Only a single step was observed with monocarboxylates, but dicarboxylates (such as the dinegative malonate ion) gave two-step waves.
Towards Ultra-compact High Heat Flux Microchannel Heat Sink

Abstract Trends towards miniaturizing the electronics devices and to increase the computational capability has driven the modern microelectronics industry toa state where efficient thermal management issue has become the most challenging and in some case limiting parameter for the further development of these devices. Research is going on around the globe to address this challenge and to come up with a solution that is economically viable and user level applicable to meet not only the current issue but also to address the forth coming heat removal challenges where 1000 W/cm 2 seems to be a feasible target specially for the defense related electronics. Exploiting high surface area to volume ratio and high latent heat of vaporization, flow boiling in microchannel possesses the highest opportunityto meet this challenge; although boiling instability and pressure fluctuation limit its implementation in any practical devices. To harness the full potential of flow boiling in microchannel, new schemes need to be implemented to control the boiling characteristics. This paper presents one active (implementation of synthetic jet in microchannel) and one passive (surface morphology modification with nanostructures) flow boiling control mechanism which can be implemented easily and can tune all the boiling performance parameters positively. Flow boiling in microchannel with reliable control mechanism could be the solution for the next generationthermal management challenges arising from the microelectronics industry.
The effect of morning glory seeds upon extinction of a classically conditioned response in fish ( Tilapia mossambica)

Twenty-four fish were classically conditioned to a CS of 4-sec light-off paired with a UCS of 0.5-sec shock for 10 trials per day over 10 days. In a double-blind procedure, extinction trials of 10 trials per day for 4 days were given to fish receiving either their normal feeding or that of ground morning glory seeds. The effect of the morning glory seeds was to significantly increase resistance to extinction.
Analysis of three-dimensional interface cracks using enriched finite elements

Many important interface crack problems are inherently three-dimensional in nature, e.g., debonding of laminated structures at corners and holes. In an effort to accurately analyze three-dimensional interface fracture problems, an efficient computational technique was developed that utilizes enriched crack tip elements containing the correct interface crack tip asymptotic behavior. In the enriched element formulation, the stress intensity factors K I, K II, and K III are treated as additional degrees of freedom and are obtained directly during the finite element solution phase. In this study, the results that should be of greatest interest are obtained for semi-circular surface and quarter-circular corner cracks. Solutions are generated for uniform remote tension and uniform thermal loading, over a wide range of bimaterial combinations. Of particular interest are the free surface effects, and the influence of Dundurs’ material parameters on the strain energy release rate magnitudes and corresponding phase angles.
Habitat Patterns in a Small Mammal Community

Microhabitat relationships between four sympatric small mammal species (Peromyscus leucopus, Ochrotomys nuttalli, Blarina brevicauda, and Tamias striatus) were examined to determine if their discriminant analysis of small mammal habitat represented a unique habitat utilization pattern for a specific small mammal community. The authors concluded that habitat is only one of many dimensions to be considered when studying the interactions of sympatric species. Reproductive strategy, activity patterns, and other factors make up the n-dimensional hyperspace of an animal's niche. Thus differences in habitat usage alone cannot be used to determine niche overlap and competition between species. (JMT)
Phosphorus and the growth of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) sporophytes

The effect of phosphate (Pi) supply on growth rate and tissue phosphorus content of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. sporophytes was examined. Sporophytes were batch cultured in aquaria with flowing recirculated seawater enriched by 30 μM nitrate. Each aquarium was supplemented with a different seawater Pi concentration, 0, 0.3, 1, 2, 3, and 6 μM. Sporophyte mean specific growth rates declined with time in all cultures presumably due to the normal developmental decrease in the proportion of meristematic tissue of each plant. Growth rate declines were more pronounced in cultures that were nutrient limited. Sporophyte growth was P-limited after two-week exposure to Pi less than 1 μM, corresponding to a tissue P concentration of less than 0.20% dry weight. Plants cultured at 6 μM Pi contained tissue P levels of 0.53% dry weight after three weeks. Luxury consumption and storage of P occurred.
Qualitative comparison of systems facilitating data structure visualization

The development of pedagogically sound learning tools using software visualization (SV) techniques has been a very popular area of research. In this paper we will conduct a qualitative comparison of a few such tools with an emphasis on data structure visualization. There are numerous tools available in academia to aid in the instruction of introductory level data structures. In this paper, we will evaluate a representative sample of these tools using Price's SV taxonomy and suggest improvements that can be incorporated in future work.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of cytochrome oxidase vesicle crystals prepared by cholate solubilization.

Abstract Cytochrome oxidase vesicle crystals with long-range order have been obtained from cholate-solubilized, highly purified reconstitutively active preparations. These crystals, which are suitable for electron-microscopic structure investigation, show pgg symmetry in the 0° projection. Using Fourier reconstruction and modified back-projection methods, a three-dimensional reconstruction has been obtained at a resolution of 25 A. Our structural results are in agreement with the model of Henderson . [ J. Mol. Biol. 112 , 631 (1977)] obtained for their Triton-derived crystals.
Formation of dimethyl selenide and trimethylselenonium from selenobetaine in the rat.

Abstract The 24-h respiratory excretion of dimethyl selenide (DMSe) and urinary excretion of trimethylselenonium (TMSe) were studied in adult male rats injected with 2 mg Se/kg as selenobetaine [(CH3)2Se+CH2COOH] or its methyl ester, labeled with 75Se and 14C. The DMSe was trapped by means of 20% benzyl chloride in xylene. TMSe was measured by cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography. There was extensive respiratory excretion of DMSe from selenobetaine methyl ester (about 50% of the dose) and from selenobetaine (about 25%). About 12% of the dose was converted to TMSe for both compounds. When the Se-methyl carbons were labeled with 14C and the selenium with 75Se, doubly labeled DMSe and TMSe were formed; the 14 C 75 Se ratio in DMSe formed from selenobetaine methyl ester was almost unchanged from that administered, and the ratio in TMSe was only slightly lower than in DMSe. In contrast to its ester, doubly labeled selenobetaine yielded DMSe having a lower 14 C 75 Se ratio (approximately one-half of that administered) and a further decrease was observed between DMSe and TMSe. These data indicate that the (CH3)2Se moiety in selenobetaine methyl ester undergoes facile release to form DMSe, which is directly methylated to form TMSe. Selenobetaine, however, appears to lose a methyl group prior to scission of the SeCH2COOH bond. The results with selenobetaine also suggest that TMSe generated metabolically is not inert, and can undergo demethylation followed by remethylation; confirmatory evidence for this metabolic instability is provided by the exhalation of [75Se]DMSe after the direct administration of [75Se]TMSe. When [75Se]selenobetaine or its ester was given with the methylene carbon in the acetic acid moiety labeled with 14C, only 75Se was present in the DMSe and TMSe, indicating that TMSe did not arise by decarboxylation of selenobetaine. It is concluded that both selenobetaine and its methyl ester are readily converted to DMSe and TMSe by pathways that do not involve decarboxylation or the formation of hydrogen selenide as an intermediate, and DMSe is a direct precursor of TMSe.
AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERALIZABILITY THEORY IN SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH1

During the last decade researchers in the area of second language testing have adopted increasingly more sophisticated evaluation techniques in an attempt to better understand the process of learning a second language. Analysis of variance, regression analysis, and factor analysis are among the statistical procedures that have allowed for insightful evaluation of language testing data. This paper explores the feasibility of applying another procedure, generalizability theory analysis, to second language testing research. An earlier paper (Hinofotis, Bailey, and Stern 1981) reported on the development of a rating scale for assessing the oral proficiency of nonnative-speaking teaching assistants and the actual use of the scale by a panel of raters in evaluating pilot data. The data from that study are reanalyzed here using generalizability theory, which provides simultaneous estimates of consistency along several dimensions of the research, e.g., raters, subjects, and occasions. The paper includes a comparison of generalizability theory and classical test theory, an analysis of the oral proficiency data, and a brief discussion involving the interpretation of generalizability study results.
Skeletal Muscular Patterning: Topographical Analysis of the Integrated Electromyogram

The extraction of mean amplitude from integrated electromyographic (IEMG) responses provides a valid but limited measure of muscle action potentials (MAPs). More comprehensive topographical analyses of IEMG responses based on frequency analyses are unsatisfactory since IEMG responses are aperiodic, and autoregressive procedures may be unsatisfactory since autocorrelations constitute an irreversible transformation of the original waveform, represent a substantial loss of information in contrast to the original waveform, and harbor little apparent relationship to MAPs. In a Theoretical Investigation, a mathematical procedure is developed to quantify topographical features of both the amplitude and temporal dimensions of the IEMG response. Procedures for extracting these parameters and the relationship between each and the recruitment of MAPs are illustrated. In a Validation Study, surface electromyograms are recorded from the preferred forearm under various conditions of mild isometric forearm contraction. Results support the viability, reproducibility, and validity of the topographical analysis.
Neural network application in damage identification using multiscale sensing data

Damage identification is an important component for accurate lifetime predictions of any structure. In the case of a composite structure, however, damage can occur at several material scales: it can vary from micro damage, like fiber debonding or micro-cracking, to global damage such as buckling or delamination. These different material scales make damage identification difficult with a single type of sensing device. A single embedded optical fiber, causing little perturbation to the surrounding host structure, can multiplex hundreds of sensors, and furthermore, sensors measuring at different length scales. For example, short Bragg gratings can measure strain at given locations; long Bragg gratings can measure strain gradients; interferometric techniques can measure integrated strain along a given fiber length. The use of multi-scale measurements has been shown by the authors to improve the precision of damage identification. Still the treatment and fusion of these data is a non-trivial problem. This work presents a back propagation Neural Network algorithm used to fuse simulated multi-scale sensor data in order to identify damage. An analytical model of an isotropic plate subjected to a known load and specific forms of damage is used to train the network. The input data are: localized strain, localized strain gradient, and integrated strain measurement along a regularly spaced sensor network. This method is tested against a randomly generated set of damages. The combined use of multi-scale measurements and Neural Network analysis shows a great potential in damage identification for composite structures.
Heightening Uncertainty Around Certain Science Media Coverage, False Balance, and the Autism-Vaccine Controversy

To investigate how balanced presentations of the autism-vaccine controversy influence judgments of vaccine risk, we randomly assigned 327 participants to news articles that presented balanced claims both for and against an autism-vaccine link, antilink claims only, prolink claims only, or unrelated information. Readers in the balanced condition were less certain that vaccines did not cause autism and more likely to believe experts were divided on the issue. The relationship between exposure to balanced coverage and certainty was mediated by the belief that medical experts are divided about a potential autism-vaccine link. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Porosity, crystal phase, and morphology of nanoparticle derived alumina as a function of the nanoparticle's carboxylate substituent

Carboxylate-alumoxanes are a simple to prepare class of chemically functionalized alumina nanoparticles. The identity of the carboxylate group has a direct effect on the microstructure and temperature of phase conversion for their pyrolysis to alumina bodies. A series of carboxylate-alumoxanes with varying chain length of the organic substituent (organic content) have been investigated: acetic acid alumoxane (A-A), methoxyacetic acid alumoxane (MEA-A), methoxy(ethoxy)acetic acid alumoxane (MEA-A) and methoxy(ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid alumoxane (MEEA-A). The changes in porosity, surface area, pore volume, and pore size distributions, crystal phase and morphology of the alumina formed from each alumoxane have been studied between 600 and 1100 °C by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET). Alumina derived from A- and MEA-alumoxanes have a particulate morphology, while alumina derived from MA- and MEEA-alumoxane are composed of aggregates of smaller particles. The properties of the alumina at higher temperatures are dependent on the identity of the carboxylate periphery and hence the morphology of the alumina at the lower temperatures.
The impact of crustacean herbivores on cultured seaweed populations

Abstract The impact of two herbivorous crustaceans on seaweeds raised in an aquaculture system has been estimated from laboratory determined grazing rates and estimated crustacean densities in the system. Grazing losses are generally very small in comparison to algal productivity but may be significant when crustacean populations are abundant and algal productivity is low.
Rare and unusual alleles in Alaskan ethnic groups

Frequencies of AK31, AK61, UMPK2, DPGM2, GOT2S, GOT3S, PGP2, RDS2, PGDc, DIA4, NP2 and PEPB6 in 18 language groups were estimated. Four of these alleles occurred in only a single group, but the rest were found in no systematic way in several. The results suggest that some of the alleles were present in early ancestors of these groups, but have disappeared from many of them because of the small size of the groups and their lack of contact with one another.
Raman spectra of singly suspended supersaturated ammonium bisulfate droplets

Abstract Using the 4880 A line of an argon ion laser, Raman spectra of supersaturated solution droplets were obtained for ammonium bisulfate and ammonium sulfate in the region between 650 and 1300 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1. For the bisulfate droplets, the Raman spectra show distinctive features that are not in the spectra of either the bulk crystalline or the solution samples. The present investigation indicates that under supersaturation conditions ion-solvent interactions may result in the formation of semi-ordered bisulfate ion lattice with interspersed water molecules.
The Fundamental Determinants of Credit Default Risk for European Large Complex Financial Institutions

during the initial phase of distress in selected European Large Complex Financial Institutions (LCFIs). It uses yearly data over 2004–08 for 29 European LCFIs. The results from a dynamic panel data estimator show that LCFIs’ business models, earnings potential, and economic uncertainty (represented by market expectations about the future risks of a particular LCFI and market views on prospects for economic growth) are among the most significant determinants of credit risk. The findings of the paper are broadly consistent with those of the literature on bank failure, where the determinants of the latter include the entire CAMELS structure - that is, Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Quality, Earnings Potential, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to Market Risk. By establishing a link between the financial and market fundamentals of LCFIs and their CDS spreads, the paper offers a potential tool for fundamentals-based vulnerability and early warning system for LCFIs.
Kinetics of hydrolysis of acylals of aspirin: hydrolysis of (1'-ethoxy)ethyl 2-acetoxybenzoate.

Abstract A derivative of aspirin, (1′-ethoxy)ethyl 2-acetoxybenzoate, was synthesized and its hydrolysis was studied in aqueous solution. The rate of hydrolysis was followed spectrophotometrically and found to be: ( a ) first order with respect to the compound, ( b ) independent of pH, ( c ) very sensitive to solvent polarity, and ( d ) an isotope effect ( k / D 2 o/ k / D 2 o) near unity. Based on these results, the hydrolysis of the derivative appears to proceed by a classical S N 1-type mechanism.
Carotenoids in the Seminal Fluid of Wild Birds: Interspecific Variation in Fairy-Wrens

Abstract Male secondary sexual characters can provide females with information regarding the fertilizing capacity of a male's sperm. In some fishes and birds, intense nuptial coloration is correlated with male fertilizing capacity, but no mechanistic link between coloration and sperm quality has been established. One plausible mechanism is that carotenoid pigments, which color skin and feathers in many animals, are present in seminal fluid and serve as antioxidant protectors of sperm. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze sperm samples from four species of Australian fairy-wren (Malurus) and detected low concentrations (<1 μg ml−1) of carotenoids in some samples. Xanthophyll carotenoids (including lutein and zeaxanthin), which are typically dietary in origin, were present in the seminal fluid of Superb (M. cyaneus) and Splendid (M. splendens) Fairy-Wrens. In contrast, red ketocarotenoids (including astaxanthin and canthaxanthin), which are likely metabolically derived from dieta...
Application of the hydrogen titration method to a thermodynamic investigation of solid Al-Ca alloys

Abstract The hydrogen titration method (HTM) was employed to investigate the condensed phases in the Al-Ca system. The method is based on the reaction Ca(in alloy) + H 2 (g) ⇄ CaH 2 (c) in which hydrogen acts as the titrant and CaH 2 acts as the titration product. The calcium activity in the alloy is calculated from the known equilibrium constant K for this reaction and the experimental hydrogen pressure P via a simple relationship, a Ca = 1 KP . Hydrogen plateau pressures, determined for the Al 4 Ca + Al and Al 2 Ca + Al 4 Ca phase fields in the ranges 400–630 °C and 0.02–1.1 MPa, were used to derive temperature-dependent expressions for the corresponding calcium activities and electromotive forces in Ca-Ca 2+ -(Al-Ca)-type galvanic cells. Integration of these expressions has produced 1. (1) the standard free energies of formation for Al 4 Ca(c) ΔG f o (kJ (g atom) −1 ) = −(20.18 ± 0.38) + (4.29 ± 0.78) × 10 −3 T and for Al 2 Ca(c) ΔG f o (kJ (g atom) −1 ) = −(31.28 ± 0.46) + (5.67 ± 0.93) × 10 −3 T and 2. (2) the standard free energies accompanying the reaction of Al 4 Ca(c) or Al 2 Ca(c) with H 2 (g) to produce Al(c) and CaH 2 (c). Favorable log P versus 1 T relationships and no significant alloy degradation during cycling suggest a potential utility for Al 2 Ca as a “high temperature” hydrogen storage medium having an absorption capacity of 2.13 wt.% H and an operation range of 450–650 °C. The potential for hydrogen storage of other calcium-containing binary systems undergoing HTM reactions is discussed.
Measuring Cluster Peculiar Velocities and Temperatures at Centimeter and Millimeter Wavelengths

I present a detailed investigation of issues related to the measurement of peculiar velocities and temperatures using Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects and estimate the accuracy to which peculiar velocities and gas temperatures of distant galaxy clusters could be measured. With μK sensitivity on arcminute scales at several frequencies it will be possible to measure peculiar velocities to an accuracy of ~130 km s-1 and gas temperatures to better than 1 keV. The limiting factor for the accuracy of vpec is the presence of bulk motions within the galaxy cluster, even for apparently relaxed clusters. The accuracy of the temperature is mainly limited by noise. These results are independent of redshift, provided the clusters of interest are distant (z 0.15). Using only three frequencies, the optimal strategy is to place one observing frequency in the Rayleigh-Jeans region (ν < 40 GHz), one near 150 GHz, and the third at 300 GHz or higher. Measurements at the null of the thermal SZ effect are of marginal utility, other than as a foreground/background monitor.
Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia.

Excerpt Familial hyperlipoproteinemia was discovered through one of its secondary and inconsistent manifestations, deposits of lipids in skin and tendons, called xanthomatosis. As early as 1873, ho...
Symmetric path integrals for stochastic equations with multiplicative noise

A Langevin equation with multiplicative noise is an equation schematically of the form dq/dt=-F(q)+e(q){xi}, where e(q){xi} is Gaussian white noise whose amplitude e(q) depends on q itself. I show how to convert such equations into path integrals. The definition of the path integral depends crucially on the convention used for discretizing time, and I specifically derive the correct path integral when the convention used is the natural, time-symmetric one whose time derivatives are (q{sub t}-q{sub t-{delta}}{sub t})/{delta}t and coordinates are (q{sub t}+q{sub t-{delta}}{sub t})/2. (This is the convention that permits standard manipulations of calculus on the action, like naive integration by parts.) It has sometimes been assumed in the literature that a Stratonovich Langevin equation can be quickly converted to a path integral by treating time as continuous but using the rule {theta}(t=0)=(1/2). I show that this prescription fails when the amplitude e(q) is q dependent. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Theory of Semiconductor Response to Charged Particles

The wave-number- and frequency-dependent dielectric function of a semiconductor is derived and calculated in terms of a model consisting of an electron gas with an energy gap. From it are deduced, as a function of the gap width, ($i$) the screening of a point defect, ($\mathrm{ii}$) the annihilation rate of positrons, and ($\mathrm{iii}$) the stopping power for swift charged particles. A partition rule holds between the contributions of single-particle excitations ${L}_{s}$ and collective resonance excitations ${L}_{r}$ to the stopping number $L={L}_{s}+{L}_{r}$ in the sense that ${L}_{s}=C+{L}_{r}$; the constant $C$ grows with the gap width.
Predicted thresholds of dynamic stability against backward balance loss under slip and nonslip bipedal walking conditions

The primary purpose of this study was to determine, at liftoff of the trailing foot under both slip and nonslip conditions in bipedal walking, the threshold values of the center of mass (COM) velocity relative to the base of support, required at a given COM position, in order to prevent backward balance loss. A 7-link bipedal model and forward dynamics simulation integrated with a dynamic optimization routine were employed to derive the threshold values. We found that the minimum COM velocity ranged from 0 to 0.29 and from 0 to 0.52, corresponding to the changes in the initial COM positions from the heel of the right foot, to 1.25-time the foot length posterior to the leading (slipping) heel required for walking respectively under nonslip and slip conditions. This required COM velocity was consistently higher under slip conditions than that under nonslip conditions. These findings were verified by extensive experimental data collected during human walking experiments. They may not only provide scientific basis for fall prevention among older adults, but also provide essential guidance in bipedal robotic design.
Comparison of three commonly used cytologic preparations in effusion immunocytochemistry

Discrepant results in effusion immunocytochemistry are often the result of specimen processing. Smears, cytospins, cell blocks, and monolayer preparations have all been used in various published studies; thus, there is no consistency in the immunostaining process for cytology to compare with the surgical pathology "gold standard" results. We sought to evaluate optimal specimen preparation for the immunostaining of effusion samples. Fourteen reactive and 15 malignant effusion samples (various epithelial/mesothelial neoplasms) were each prepared in three forms: air-dried cytospins (postfixed in ethanol), formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks, and liquid-based thin-layer (ThinPrep, CYTYC, Boxborough, MA) processing. All slides were immunostained with antibodies commonly used in effusion cytology: HBME-1, calretinin, E-cadherin, BerEP4, B72.3, LeuM1, and CA19-9. Cytospin and ThinPrep samples performed in a similar manner: high background staining was encountered in 66% of cases, most evident in three-dimensional clusters of cells. In addition, membrane staining patterns were difficult to interpret. Cell blocks provided the best milieu for morphologic interpretation, with less background staining (only 17% of cases) and results that most closely approximated those reported in the surgical pathology literature. The cost per test for cell block immunocytochemistry was also the most economical for our laboratory.
The course of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression: a prospective study.

Abstract Background Negative cognitive styles have been shown to prospectively predict depression onset and recurrence. Research has also begun to suggest that cognitive styles may be associated with the course of depression as well. This study examined whether cognitive risk for depression onset also predicts the course of depression in a prospective design. Methods One hundred fifty-nine initially nondepressed participants from the Temple–Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project who experienced a depressive episode while in the study were followed prospectively for 2.5 years. Four indicators of the course of depression were assessed from diagnostic interviews and questionnaires administered every 6 weeks: the number, severity and duration of episodes and the chronicity of the depression experienced. Results Cognitive high-risk participants experienced more episodes of depression, more severe episodes, and more chronic courses than low-risk participants. There were no risk group differences observed for the duration of episodes. Limitations This study's sample was chosen to include individuals with high and low cognitive vulnerability to depression, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings to other individuals. Also, the study included some participants with a past history of depression. Conclusions Negative cognitive styles predict a worse course of depression as well as rendering an individual prone to depression onset. This highlights that the cognitive factors impacting depression's course overlap, at least partly, with those that initiate depression. Thus, knowledge of a depressed individual's cognitive styles could aid in prognosis and treatment planning.
DE-2 photoelectron measurements consistent with a large scale parallel electric field over the polar cap

Winningham and Heikkila (1974) presented observations of various polar cap particle morphologies. They interpreted observations of 'anomalous' photoelectron angular distribution over the polar caps to be indicative of a large scale, outwardly directed, parallel electric field over the polar cap. The parallel field was observed to be spatially and/or temporarily variable. However, results obtained by Winningham and Heikkila have one weakness, which is related to the lack of simultaneous observations at many pitch angles. The present investigation is, therefore, concerned with the presentation of results from Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE-2) which confirm the experimental results of Winningham and Heikkila. It is concluded that the earth's polar caps act much like any conductor immersed in a plasma and illuminated by sunlight. DE-1 and DE-2 would then represent tiny point probes examining the internal details in the sheath region of the polar cap.
Transinhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by an inducible cell-resident gene encoding a dysfunctional VP19c capsid protein

This study demonstrates that cells expressing a dysfunctional analog of a herpes simplex virus (HSV) capsid protein inhibits HSV replication. Vero cell lines expressing HSV-1 capsid protein VP19c/beta-galactosidase fusion proteins were constructed and tested for their kinetics of expression, intracellular location, and ability to interfere with HSV replication. Two chimeric genes were constructed for these studies. The larger chimeric gene encodes the amino terminal 327 amino acids (aa) of VP19c fused to the carboxy terminal 1026 aa of beta-galactosidase, and the shorter chimeric gene encodes VP19c aa 1-30 and 302-327 fused to the carboxy-terminal 1026 aa of beta-galactosidase. Cell lines V32G-1 and V32G-2 containing the larger and the shorter chimeric genes, respectively, were isolated after cotransfection with plasmid pSV2-neo DNA, cell selection, and limiting-dilution cloning. The chimeric VP19c/beta-galactosidase genes resident in V32G-1 and V32G-2 cell lines were induced by early gene products of superinfecting wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2, but were not constitutively expressed. The hybrid proteins expressed in infected V32G-1 and V32G-2 cells both colocalized with infected cell protein 8 (ICP8) into virus-replicative compartments in the cell nuclei. HSV-1 and HSV-2 growth in V32G-1 cells (which express the larger chimeric gene) was significantly reduced compared to growth in V32G-2 and control Vero cells. The data suggest that the larger VP19c/beta-galactosidase hybrid protein interferes with virus capsid assembly or morphogenesis in a competitive manner. Results also demonstrate that a small portion of VP19c containing the predicted endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence for this capsid protein (aa 1-30) promotes incorporation of the VP19c/beta-galactosidase fusion proteins into nuclear viral replication compartments.
Multiple-Quantum-Well-Based Spatial Light Modulators For Electro-Optical Implementation Of Neural Metworks

There has been a resurgence of interest in artificial neural networks. However, dedicated hardware implementation is still a bottleneck for the development of significant applications. The neurons and the synapses are the two key components in a neural network. Synapses are used to provide massive interconnections between different neurons. The computational capability of a neural network depends on its storage capacity and speed. The storage capacity is related to the number of synapses (interconnections) between individual neurons. The information is stored in the strength and the distributed pattern of the interconnections. The 2-D nature of optics with inherent capability to provide large connectivity is particularly attractive for implementing neural network models.