cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Structure of Turbulence in the Bottom Boundary Layer of the Coastal Ocean

Abstract Six sets of particle image velocimetry (PIV) data from the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean are examined. The data represent periods when the mean currents are higher, of the same order, and much weaker than the wave-induced motions. The Reynolds numbers based on the Taylor microscale (Reλ) are 300–440 for the high, 68–83 for the moderate, and 14–37 for the weak mean currents. The moderate–weak turbulence levels are typical of the calm weather conditions at the LEO-15 site because of the low velocities and limited range of length scales. The energy spectra display substantial anisotropy at moderate to high wavenumbers and have large bumps at the transition from the inertial to the dissipation range. These bumps have been observed in previous laboratory and atmospheric studies and have been attributed to a bottleneck effect. Spatial bandpass-filtered vorticity distributions demonstrate that this anisotropy is associated with formation of small-scale, horizontal vortical layers. Methods f...
Silicon-micromachined gas chromatography system used to separate and detect ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. II. Evaluation, analysis, and theoretical modeling of the gas chromatography system

A miniature gas chromatography (GC) system was designed and developed using silicon micromachining and integrated circuit (IC) processing techniques. The MMGC system can separate parts-per-million (ppm) ammonia and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in less than 30 minutes when isothermally operated (80/spl deg/C) at 40 psi. The heat of adsorption of nitrogen dioxide (0.38 eV) on a CuPc thin film (0.2 /spl mu/m thick) was also independently established. As a result of the MMGC system's performance evaluation, several of the assumptions invoked in the initial design were re-investigated, and a refined technique for optimizing the MMGC system's operation and performance was developed. >
The Characterization of Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation and Fractal Analysis by Biomechanical Properties

The purpose of this study was to show how the difference in structure affects the mechanical properties of bone and if BUA or fractal analysis is able to detect these changes in mechanical properties. A total of 38 cancellous bone cubes were obtained from seven bovine tibiae (32 specimens) and one human tibia (6 specimens). BUA was measured in the superior/inferior (SI), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP) directions for each specimen. The fractal dimension was estimated by using the continuous alternating sequential filter (CASF) pyramid approach to handle fractal dimension estimation of small images. Nondestructive compressive tests were also performed in the three orthogonal directions for each sample. The correlations between BUA and density were statistically significant for all three directions. The correlation between BUA and elastic modulus varied depending on the direction in which the two parameters were measured. The best correlation was in the AP directions (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001), followed by the ML direction (r = 0.52, p = 0.0006), and finally the SI direction (r = 0.18, p = 0.28). The only significant correlation between fractal dimension and density was in the SI direction (r = 0.39, p = 0.015). There was significant correlation between fractal dimension and elastic modulus in all three directions, but the direction that exhibited the best correlation was the SI direction (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). The correlation coefficients for the AP and ML directions were 0.45 (p = 0.0046) and 0.34 (p = 0.0377), respectively. A multivariate model, carried out to predict the elastic modulus from the BUA or fractal dimension including density, demonstrated that the correlation coefficient significantly increased in all three directions for BUA and fractal dimension. After adjustment for density, significant relationships between elastic modulus and BUA or fractal dimension were still found (p < 0.05).
Enhancing Pharmacist Involvement in Weight Management—Time to Get with the Program:

The Annals of Pharmacotherapy ■ 2004 November, Volume 38 ■ 1961 The US Department of Health and Human Services Secretary announced on July 15, 2004, a new Medicare coverage policy that would remove barriers for the treatment of obesity for Medicare beneficiaries. This is an important step that removes previous language from the Medicare Coverage Issues Manual stating that obesity is not an illness. This previous statement effectively prevented reimbursement for weight management interventions. This government and public health focus on obesity will likely bring new opportunities for healthcare professionals to participate in the management of overweight and obese individuals. The prevalence of Class III or extreme obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m2, has increased significantly over the last decade.1 The most recent data suggest that, although tobacco use remained the leading preventable cause of death in the US in 2000, poor diet and physical inactivity leading to overweight and obesity may soon, if not already, overtake smoking as the number one preventable cause of death.2 Weight loss of 5–10% is considered to provide important health benefits in reducing the severity of obesity-related comorbidities.3,4 These include decreased blood lipid levels and blood pressure, as well as delayed onset or improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus.4 Diet and life-style physical activity should underpin all other weight management interventions. Pharmacotherapy with prescription medications for obesity, including phentermine, sibutramine, and orlistat, is reserved for patients who have been unsuccessful with diet and exercise alone.5
Quantifying Political Polarity Based on Bipartite Opinion Networks

Political inclinations of individuals (liberal vs. conservative) largely shape their opinions on several issues such as abortion, gun control, nuclear power, etc. These opinions are openly exerted inonline forums, news sites, the parliament, and so on. In this paper, we address the problem of quantifying political polarity of individuals and of political issues for classification and ranking. We use signed bipartite networks to represent the opinions of individuals on issues, and formulate the problem as a node classification task. We propose a linear algorithm that exploits network effects to learn both the polarity labels as well as the rankings of people and issues in a completely unsupervised manner. Through extensive experiments we demonstrate that our proposed method provides an effective, fast, and easy-to-implement solution, while outperforming three existing baseline algorithms adapted to signed networks, on real political forum and US Congress datasets.Experiments on a wide variety of synthetic graphs with varying polarity and degree distributions of the nodes further demonstrate the robustness of our approach.
Modeling metabolic homeostasis and nutrient sensing in Drosophila: implications for aging and metabolic diseases

Over the past decade, numerous reports have underscored the similarities between the metabolism of Drosophila and vertebrates, with the identification of evolutionarily conserved enzymes and analogous organs that regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is now well established that the major metabolic, energy-sensing and endocrine signaling networks of vertebrate systems are also conserved in flies. Accordingly, studies in Drosophila are beginning to unravel how perturbed energy balance impinges on lifespan and on the ensuing diseases when energy homeostasis goes awry. Here, we highlight several emerging concepts that are at the nexus between obesity, nutrient sensing, metabolic homeostasis and aging. Specifically, we summarize the endocrine mechanisms that regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and provide an overview of the neuropeptides that regulate feeding behavior. We further describe the various efforts at modeling the effects of high-fat or -sugar diets in Drosophila and the signaling mechanisms involved in integrating organ function. Finally, we draw attention to some of the cardinal discoveries made with these disease models and how these could spur new research questions in vertebrate systems.
GENI Laboratory Exercises Development for a Cloud Computing Course

Cloud computing education involves integration of computing theories and information technologies in new and interesting ways. It can enable students to architect scalable infrastructures and develop web-service based applications utilizing distributed systems. In this paper, we describe our efforts, experiences and findings in the development of laboratory exercises that utilize GENI infrastructure in a cloud computing course offered at University of Missouri in Fall 2013. Three sets of laboratory exercises were developed and administered for 30 undergraduate/graduate students to help them gain skills in computer and network virtualization, and also to prepare them for distributed system programming projects. We found that the GENI infrastructure provides unique capabilities for student training, and combining it with lab exercises that use public clouds such as Amazon Web Services can provide an overall rich set of hands-on learning opportunities.
A Pilot Study of Clinical Measures to Assess Mind-Body Intervention Effects for those with and without PTSD

Objective: Assess measures for future mind-body interventions in those with and without PTSD. Methods: Psychological and immune measures were assessed at baseline in three age and gender-matched groups: 1) 15 combat veterans with PTSD, 2) 15 combat veterans without PTSD, and 3) 15 non-combat veterans without PTSD. Physiological measures were assessed at baseline, during relaxation and stress conditions. Results: The PTSD group had increased PTSD and depression severity, anxiety, and mood disturbance, and decreased quality of life scores. Respiration, heart rate variability, heart rate, and blood pressure differed significantly between conditions but not between groups. Conclusions: Respiration and heart rate variability may be useful measures for future mind-body intervention trials.
Fragility Fractures: The Fall and Decline of Bone Health

“Our hope is that Americans can live long and live well. Unfortunately, fractures—the most common and devastating consequence of bone disease—frequently make it difficult...” “Much of the burden of bone disease can potentially be avoided if at-risk individuals are identified and appropriate interventions... are... timely.... (H)ealth care providers frequently fail to identify and treat individuals at high risk for osteoporosis or other disorders of bone...” “... a number of `red flags'... signal potential problems with an individual's bone health at different ages. One of the most important flags is a previous fragility-related fracture.”1 In releasing the Surgeon General's report, Bone Health and Osteoporosis , Secretary Tommy Thompson of the Department of Health and Human Services declared: “Osteoporosis, fractures, and other chronic diseases no longer should be thought of as an inevitable part of growing old.” Seniors should “live long and live well.” To achieve that goal, Secretary Thompson contends, we must move beyond the traditional focus on providing health care and emphasize prevention. “By focusing on prevention and lifestyle changes, including physical activity and nutrition, as well as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, Americans can avoid much of the damaging impact of bone …
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ESTROGEN AGAINST VASCULAR DAMAGE TO THE TESTIS CAUSED BY CADMIUM.

SummaryA single subcutaneous injection of CdCl2 (0.03 mmole/kg) to mature male C. D. mice consistently produced vascular damage to the testis characterized by marked edema, capillary hemorrhage and thrombosis with resulting interstitial tissue and tubular necrosis. Previous treatment with testosterone propionate did not alter this response. A treatment period with estradiol benzoate, which resulted in tubular regression, protected the testis against vascular injury from cadmium. This protection was reversible since following cessation of estradiol benzoate treatment and disappearance of tubular atrophy, the testes were again susceptible to cadmium induced vascular damage. The induction of tubular regression was not essential for this vascular protection by estrogen since stilbestrol, which did not produce tubular regression in the doses used, also protected the testis against vascular injury caused by cadmium.
Longitudinal pulsed detonation instability in a rotating detonation combustor

Abstract The peculiar phenomenon of longitudinal pulsed detonation (LPD) in a rotating detonation combustor (RDC) is studied using hydrogen–air mixtures, by utilizing: (i) two air injection schemes having different inlet areas, and (ii) a convergent nozzle assembly with different spacers that affixes to the RDC exit. By varying the air injection pressure ratio and the backpressure, the regime of occurrence and the mechanism of this pulsed detonation instability are investigated. Immense evidence to suggest that LPD is caused by a peculiar detonation initiation mechanism enabled by a reflected shock wave from the RDC exit is discovered through an ensemble axial pressure profile analysis. Distance–time plots show that a single cycle of the pulsed detonation has two components: a fast-moving axial forward decaying detonation wave (with 75% of the ideal detonation speed) and a slower reflected detached shock wave (with 30% of the ideal speed). When the weak reflected wave comes in contact with the fresh reactants at the RDC headwall, another strong axial detonation is produced, thereby continuing the cycle without external ignition. LPD is also found to have three diverse facets, namely, inception, sustenance and operating frequency. For similar backpressures, the two air injection schemes have completely different operating regimes, leading to the inference that while backpressure is necessary for the onset of the pulsed detonation instability, by virtue of enabling reflected shock waves from the exit, lower air injection pressure ratio dictates the sustenance of the instability. A narrow band of injection pressure ratios, between 1.4 and 1.85, under back-pressurized RDC operation has high proclivity to produce sustained periodic longitudinal pulsed detonations in the combustor. Above this range, stable rotating detonation is preferred, and below this range, the operation is distinguished by the mixed presence of both rotating and pulsed detonations for a given test point, finally breaking down into chaotic instability for lower pressure ratios. The frequency of the pulsed detonation operation is found to depend on the initial combustor pressure and equivalence ratio, with higher frequency observed with an increase in backpressure and equivalence ratio.
The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps: Biology, Systematics, Evolution and Ecology

The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps: Biology, Systematics, Evolution and Ecology Donald L. J. Quicke 2015; xv + 681 704 pages + 63 plates Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK ISBN: 978-1-118-90705-4 $219.95 (hardcover); $175.99 (e-book) ![Graphic][1] This comprehensive and highly detailed book is a treasure trove of information about ichneumonoid wasps, one of the most species-rich groups of animals on earth. Its roughly 700 pages constitute an up-to-date and thoughtful review of ichneumonoid biology, ecology, and systematics, including functional morphology interpretations that are seldom brought together in one place. Despite the rapidly changing concepts of higher classification of this superfamily (also reviewed), Quicke's book is likely to stand as a valuable reference for some time, especially for comparative and functional morphology, basic biology, and some aspects of ecology. The bibliography spans 86 pages and is less selective than many reviews of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, making it also an excellent source for finding literature. While the book does contain some of Quicke's personal views and speculations, especially on functional morphology and evolution of major lineages, its broad and relatively even coverage of the literature will give readers a strong starting point for exploring this ecologically and … jwhitfie{at}life.illinois.edu [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Reality Check: Multiplatform newspaper readership in the United States, 2007–2015

Twenty years into US newspapers’ online ventures, many are stuck between a shrinking market for their print product and an unsuccessful experiment with digital offerings. Since readership is the foundation for subscription and advertising revenue, this study, through a longitudinal analysis of readership data (2007, 2011, and 2015) of 51 US newspapers, provides an up-to-date review on these newspapers’ online and print readership. Results indicated that the (supposedly dying) print product still reaches far more readers than the (supposedly promising) digital product in these newspapers’ home markets, and this holds true across all age groups. In addition, these major newspapers’ online readership has shown little or no growth since 2007, and more than a half of them have seen a decline since 2011. The online edition contributes a relatively small number of online-only users to the combined readership in these newspapers’ home markets. These findings raise questions about US newspapers’ technology-driven ...
The hidden subsidies of rural prisons: Race, space and the politics of cumulative disadvantage

This paper links the rise of a punitive punishment regime that disproportionately targets poor, urban minorities and the increasing use of rural spaces to warehouse prisoners. Preliminary evidence ...
Force variation within arrays of monodisperse spherical particles

A numerical study of the flow over dispersed spherical particles proposes new correlations to determine the statistics of the aerodynamic forces acting on each particle.
A technique to improve visual perception characteristics of subtracted roentgenograms.

A method of X-ray subtraction, which utilizes a translucent graphic arts film (DuPont Cronapaque) for the final image, is presented. This print may be viewed by either transmitted or reflected light. The results appear to be superior to conventional transparency subtraction film.
"Her Story Was Complex": A Twine Workshop for Ten- to Twelve-Year-Old Girls.

In this study, I discuss the need to increase girls’ involvement with game design due to the numerous benefits that engaging in this practice might have. In particular, I discuss the tool Twine, an...
A novel Word2vec based tool to estimate semantic similarity of genes by using Gene Ontology terms

The Gene Ontology (GO) contains GO terms that describe biological functions of genes and proteins in the cell. A GO term contains one or two sentences describing a biological aspect. GO is used in many applications. One application is the comparison of two genes or two proteins by first comparing semantic similarity of the GO terms that annotate them. Previous methods for this task have relied on the fact that GO terms are organized into a tree structure. In this old paradigm, the locations of two GO terms in the tree dictate their similarity score. In this paper, we introduce a new solution to the problem of comparing two GO terms. Our method uses natural language processing (NLP) and does not need the GO tree. We use the Word2vec model to compare two words. Using this model as the key building-block, we compare two sentences, and definitions of two GO terms. Because a gene or protein is annotated by a set of GO terms, we can apply our method to compare two genes or two proteins. We test the ability of our method in two ways. In the first experiment, we measure how similar are genes in the same regulatory pathways. In the second experiment, we test the model ability to differentiate a true protein-protein network from a randomly generated network. Our results are equivalent to those of previous methods which depend on the GO tree. This gives promise to the development of NLP methods in comparing GO terms.
HAAS, Linda L., Philip HWANG, and Graeme RUSSELL, eds., ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND GENDER EQUITY; International Perspectives on Fathers and Mothers in the Workplace

HAAS, Linda L, Philip HWANG, and Graeme RUSSELL, eds., ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND GENDER EQUITY; International Perspectives on Fathers and Mothers in the Workplace. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc., 2000, 291pp., $29.95 softcover. More and more men and women, worldwide, face the challenge of integrating their work and family responsibilities. This cross-national comparison assesses how the crucial linkages between workplaces and families are changing. Special attention is paid to the consequences of recent concerted attempts to change the workplace to be more individual and family friendly. These include recruiting more women, instituting equal opportunity laws and family benefits, and implementing changes in the corporate culture. Linda Haas, Philip Hwang, and Graeme Russell brought together an impressive international network of scholars to collaborate on this book. This network was initiated in conjunction with Haas and Hwang's research on corporate culture and fatherhood in Sweden, which was supported in part by the Ford Foundation. The nineteen scholars, who contributed chapters, represent three continents and a wide range of basic and applied disciplines, eight altogether. The carefully Grafted cross-national comparisons between four societies examine how different cultural practices influence, reproduce, and change organizational cultures and gender relations. Six of the chapters (eight if you count the editors) benefit from having a cross-national writing team composed of at least one native from the country covered and another from outside the country. Three themes, simultaneously emphasized, are applying a gender perspective to workfamily issues, regarding work-family linkages as socially constructed, and examining the social context of these linkages and work organizations. Following the book's illuminating introduction are 14 chapters divided into three sections. Part one provides answers to the following questions. How have the work conditions of mothers and fathers changed and why? To what extent do couples share breadwinning and child care responsibilities and what facilitates or discourages such sharing? How do workplace policies and practices influence mothers' and fathers' abilities to successfully combine breadwinning and child care roles? Part two details the history of workplace programs and policies relevant to both the workfamily linkage and to gender equity. The current trends, explanations, effective programs and policies, and likely future directions are covered. Part three closely scrutinizes organizations undergoing change. …
Programmable, time-dependent optical heating in water using a nano-patterned silicon membrane

We use a photonic-crystal pattern to create an absorptive resonance near 970nm. We carry out experiments and simulations to show that all-dielectric, programmable microheaters can be achieved using this design and operate in water.
Adaptation of an Electrochemistry-based Li-Ion Battery Model to Account for Deterioration Observed Under Randomized Use

Tracking the variation in battery dynamics as a function of health is presently attracting attention in academia and industry due to the increased usage of expensive batteries in dynamic systems such as aircraft and electric cars. The online adaptation of battery models to account for age-dependent changes in dynamics is necessary to maintain accurate estimates of the remaining system operations that can be supported under battery power. A novel method for the adaptation of parameters in an electrochemical model of a lithium- ion battery is presented here. An unscented Kalman filtering algorithm is shown to enable the production of internal battery state estimates and age-dependent electrochemical model parameter estimates using only battery current and voltage data collected over randomized discharge profiles. The use of only data collected over randomized discharge profiles distinguishes this work from other works that make use of reference discharge cycles to judge battery health. The experimental results presented here compare online model estimates produced by the proposed algorithm to offline model estimates obtained by periodically taking batteries offline to run reference discharge cycles.
Gesellschaftliche Marginalisierung und Selbst-Positionierungsweisen angelernter Arbeiter in der ‚Wissensgesellschaft‘

Die Wissenssoziologische Diskursanalyse (Keller 2005) verknupft Michel Foucaults Diskurs- und Subjektkonzeptionen mit dem Interpretativen Paradigma der Soziologie (Keller 2012a) und schliest an die Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung an. Dieses wissenssoziologisch fundierte Forschungsprogramm wird durch eine Subjektivierungsheuristik (Bosancic 2014, 2016) erweitert, die es ermoglicht, sowohl die klassischen Dimensionen der empirischen Erforschung menschlicher Subjektivitaten (wie Habitus, Milieu oder Biographie) als auch diskursiv konstituierte Subjektpositionen und Identitatsmodelle in den Blick zu nehmen. Subjektivierung wird dabei als doppeltseitiger Prozess verstanden: einerseits werden in Diskursen Subjekt- und Identitatsmodelle erzeugt, die an empirische Subjekte adressiert sind. Andererseits nehmen die so Adressierten im Rahmen dieser ‚Anrufungen‘ Selbst-Positionierungen vor. Die Anwendung der Subjektivierungsheuristik wird am Beispiel einer empirischen Untersuchung uber angelernte Arbeiter demonstriert. Die Angelernten wurden im Zuge von okomischen Transformationsprozessen marginalisiert und es stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern die Selbst-Positionierungen der Angelernten durch die gegenwartig randstandige und benachteiligte gesellschaftliche Stellung und die dominanten Diskurse uber Arbeit, Markt und Qualifikation, beeinflusst sind. Dabei wird deutlich gemacht, welche erweiterten Forschungsperspektiven sich durch das heuristische Modell der Subjektivierung fur die Analyse der Prozesse sozialer Ungleichheit ergeben.
The Reactions of Aryl Tin(II) Hydrides {AriPr6Sn(μ-H)}2 (AriPr6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2) and {AriPr4Sn(μ-H)}2 (AriPr4 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) with Aryl Alkynes: Substituent Dependent Structural Isomers

The reactions of the aryl tin(II) hydrides {AriPr6Sn(μ-H)}2 (AriPr6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2) and {AriPr4Sn(μ-H)}2 (AriPr4 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) with aryl alkynes were investigated. Reaction of {AriPr6Sn(μ-H)}2 and {AriPr4Sn(μ-H)}2 with 2 equiv of diphenyl acetylene, PhCCPh, afforded the aryl alkenyl stannylenes AriPr6SnC(Ph)C(H)Ph (1) and AriPr4SnC(Ph)C(H)Ph (2). In contrast, the analogous reactions of {AriPr6Sn(μ-H)}2 with 2 equiv of phenyl acetylene, HCCPh, afforded a high yield of the cis-1,2 addition product AriPr6(H)SnC(H)C(Ph)Sn(H)AriPr6 (3), which has a four-membered Sn2C2 core structure comprised of two Sn–Sn bonded Sn(H)AriPr6 units bridged by a −C(H)═C(Ph)– moiety. The corresponding reaction of the less bulky hydride {AriPr4Sn(μ-H)}2 with 2 equiv of phenyl acetylene leads to AriPr4SnC(H)C(Ph)Sn(H)2AriPr4 (4) which unlike 3 has no Sn–Sn bonding. Instead, the tin atoms are connected solely by a −C(H)═C(Ph)– moiety. Each tin atom carries a AriPr4 substituent but one is also substituted...
Factors Associated with Entrepreneurial Intentions in Doctor of Pharmacy Students

Objective. A five-factor measure was tested to see if it formed a single entrepreneurial drive scale, and which factors were associated with either general or pharmacy-specific entrepreneurial intention. Methods. Over three years, third-year Doctor of Pharmacy students completed a survey. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, correlations, hierarchical regression analysis, and structural equations modeling were used to analyze the data. Results. There were 370 students out of 402 who participated. All five factors were identified, but not all proposed items were retained. Findings suggest that the five factors do not form a single entrepreneurial drive scale. Taking an entrepreneurship course and having a proactive disposition were significantly associated with both general and pharmacy-specific entrepreneurial intention. Female gender was significantly associated with lower general entrepreneurial intention. Conclusion. Proactive students should be recruited, and entrepreneurial courses offered.
Ellen Johnston: Autobiographical Writings of “The Factory Girl”

This chapter examines a rare memoir by a Victorian woman factory worker, the preface to Johnston’s Autobiography, Poems and Songs. A resident of Glasgow and Dundee whose verses attracted the aid of Alexander Campbell, editor of the Glasgow Sentinel, Johnston used her memoir and autobiographical poems to narrate her years of childhood abuse, unwed motherhood, factory labor, and stubborn pride in authorship. “Factory girls” had lower standing in the Victorian class hierarchy than servants, and Johnston’s pointed use of the epithet and self-designation of the “Queen of the Penny Post” reflected pride not only in her verse, but also in her ability to reach a working-class audience against enormous odds.
Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use and misuse among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically.

Abstract Background Benzodiazepine use dramatically increases the risk of unintentional overdose among people who use opioids non-medically. However, little is known about the patterns of co-occurring benzodiazepine and opioid use among young adults in the United States. Methods The Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription Drug Study (RAPiDS) was a cross-sectional study from January 2015—February 2016. RAPiDS recruited 200 young adults aged 18–29 who reported past 30-day non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use. Using Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher’s exact test, we examined correlates associated with regular prescribed and non-medical use (defined as at least monthly) of benzodiazepines among NMPO users in Rhode Island. Results Among participants, 171 (85.5%) reported lifetime benzodiazepine use and 125 (62.5%) reported regular benzodiazepine use. Nearly all (n = 121, 96.8%) reported non-medical use and 43 (34.4%) reported prescribed use. Compared to the 75 participants who did not regularly use benzodiazepines, participants who reported regular use were more likely to be white (66.3% vs. 58.0%, p = 0.03), have ever been incarcerated (52.8% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.04), and have ever been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (bipolar: 29.6% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.04; anxiety: 56.8 vs. 36.0%, p = 0.01). Although the association was marginally significant, accidental overdose was higher among those who were prescribed the benzodiazepine they used most frequently compared to those who were not (41.9% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.06). Conclusion Benzodiazepine use and misuse are highly prevalent among young adult NMPO users. Harm reduction and prevention programs for this population are urgently needed.
Power, Empowerment, and Conflict: Engaging Effectively with Power in Political Settings

How can political social workers constructively engage with power and conflict in order to promote social change? Although a commonly used word, power has a variety of uses, definitions, and connotations that are explored in this chapter. Is power something held by individuals or given through a web of structures and institutions? Is power negative or positive? Is there a finite (“zero-sum”) amount of power so that in order for one person or group to gain power, another must give up or have power taken away—resulting in conflict and power struggles? Or is power something that can be shared, grown, and created? Specific tools that political social workers can use to assess power dynamics in political contexts are presented.
A Note on Adiabatic Flow Localization in Viscoplastic Solids

Summary A history dependent dimensionless parameter λ which represents the integral in time of the ratio of the rate of flow softening to the rate of strain-rate hardening is identified as a possible flow localization parameter, and the attainment of a critically large value λ c of λ is suggested as a simple criterion for monitoring the beginning of severe adiabatic flow localization. A full two-dimensional large deformation finite element simulation of a plane strain tension test on a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic material under adiabatic conditions is performed and the initiation and growth of a naturally appearing band-like region of localization is followed from slow early growth to severe localization. By simultaneously monitoring level contours of λ it is demonstrated that the time of formation of a band-like region in which λ > λ c and which extends across the specimen, correlates very well with the beginning of significant flow localization.
Metabolic Anomalies, Nutrition, and Growth

Nutrition is the process of assimilating substrate into body tissues and stores. Nutrients are the metabolically active constituents of food. Substrates are the metabolites required for energy, growth, maintenance, and storage. Nutritional state designates success in accomplishing this process in relation to norms. Growth is increase in size. Unless otherwise specified, growth will denote skeletal elongation, i.e., increase in stature.
Polyamine Structure and Synthetic Analogs

The polyamines putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), spermidine (1,8-diamino-4-azaoctane, 2), and spermine (1,12-diamino-4,9-diazadodecane, 3) (Fig. 1) are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are found in significant amounts in nearly every prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell type. Spermidine and spermine primarily exist in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 as fully protonated polycations and possess the pKa values indicated in Fig. 1 (1). This high degree of positive charge is an important factor in the biological functions of these molecules, and, as will be discussed later in this chapter, alterations in the pKa of polyamine nitrogens can affect and disrupt their cellular function. Polyamines are widely distributed in nature and are known to be required in micromolar to millimolar concentrations to support a wide variety of cellular functions. However, data that establish the precise role of the polyamines and their analogs in cellular processes are incomplete. The ongoing identification of new functions for the polyamines ensures that new avenues for research are arising continuously in an extremely diverse set of disciplines. The human and mammalian pathways for polyamine metabolism have been extensively studied, and analogous pathways have been elucidated for a relatively small number of organisms. There are important interspecies differences in polyamine metabolism, especially among eukaryotic cells, plants, and some bacteria and protozoa. In some prokaryotes, only putrescine and spermidine are synthesized, whereas in other cases, such as certain thermophilic bacteria, polyamines with chains longer than spermine are found. In some parasitic organisms, there are additional enzymes that are not present in the host cell, and, as such, provide a target for the design of specific antiparasitic agents. The enzymes involved in human and mammalian polyamine metabolism are reasonably similar, and inhibitors targeted to these enzymes rely on the observation that polyamine metabolism is accelerated, and polyamines are required in higher quantities, in target cell types. The diversity of biological research in the polyamine field is the subject of an excellent book (2). Keeping in mind the diverse nature of polyamine distribution and function, it is reasonable to assume that carefully designed polyamine analogs could have the potential to disrupt polyamine metabolism, and thus such agents have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. The polyamine pathway represents an important target for chemotherapeutic intervention because depletion of polyamines results in the disruption of a variety of cellular functions and may, in specific cases, result in cytotoxicity (3,4). This chapter will summarize the development of synthetic derivatives of the polyamines, and describe their use as potential chemotherapeutic agents. A comprehensive review of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors (4) and a review of the role of polyamines in normal and tumor cell metabolism (5) have recently been published.
Correlates of lens thickness: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the relationships of lens thickness to age, to the presence of a nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular cataract. and to other personal characteristics in participants in the Beaver Darn Eye Study. METHODS. Slit lamp photographs taken during a population-based prevalence study were measured for lens thickness. In addition, slit lamp photographs were graded for nuclear cataracts, and retroillumination photographs were graded for cortical and posterior subcapsular cataracts. A questionnaire was administered, and height, weight. and blood pressure were measured by protocol. RESULTS. Lens thickness increased systematically with age in men and women. In multivariate analysis, age, sex (male), cortical cataract, diabetes, nuclear cataract, and former cigarette smoking were related significantly to lens thickness. CONCLUSIONS. Age was the most significant personal characteristic associated with lens thickness among those subjects considered. In addition, other characteristics, including specific cataract types and risk factors for cataracts, also were associated with thickness. Whether lens thickness among people of the same age is associated prospectively with these characteristics requires a longitudinal follow-up.
Key technologies and applications of AC/DC hybrid distributed renewable energy system

In general, distributed renewable energy, energy storage and DC load are connected to the traditional AC distribution network through multistage converters, which leads to low energy efficiency of the system. AC/DC power distribution technology can effectively reduce the intermediate link of AC/DC transformation, and improve the economy, reliability and operation flexibility of power distribution. This paper is aimed at the economic energy problems of efficient access for high-capacity distributed renewable energy and DC load, on the basis of research before, several aspects such as system structure design, key equipment support technology and operation control technology are explored, in order to provide some ideas and references for further research and application of AC/DC hybrid system.
Open challenges in building combat simulation systems to support test, analysis and training

High expectations to leverage Modeling and Simulation (M&S) capabilities to support operational testing, systems analysis and user/operator training is motivated by a number of factors. As the complexities of new operations, such as multi-domain operations and operations in highly contested area operations, can no longer be tested and trained in live environments, leveraging M&S capabilities efficiently is paramount. In this paper, we use the differentiation of combat simulation requirements in terms of functional (e.g., model fidelity) and non-functional (e.g., real-time, distributed) characteristics to define a trade space to highlight challenges in relation to simulation purpose. 5th generation weapon systems require lots of data with high fidelity, depending on the purpose of the simulation. As functional and non-functional characteristics are interdependent, the design of supporting simulation systems must be well aligned with the purpose when developed, and is constraining possible purposes to be supported once it is developed.
Temporal topic modeling applied to aviation safety reports: A subject matter expert review

Abstract The aviation safety reporting system database has seen many applications of topic modeling and natural language processing. Its size, metadata, and narratives have made it ideal for demonstrating new models and approaches. However, less often seen is how these methods are applied by subject matter experts and subsequently interpreted. Within this article, latent Dirichlet allocation is applied to a fourteen year sample of the aviation safety reporting system database, filtered for commercial airline operations. The topics terms generated were presented to three subject matter experts, along with weighted topic narratives, and mean usage of each topic by month. A high level of inter-rater agreement was demonstrated for the conceptual themes that emerged from the selected topics. The subject matter experts were able to identify the reporter’s qualification (air traffic controllers, etc.) as well as some of the environmental, regulatory, and industry factors consistent with observed temporal trends of topic usage. Through this examination, additional suggestions are made for the process of interpretation of topic modeled themes, expanding on the work of DiMaggio, Nag, and Blei. Post facto, the study identified the increase in reported safety concerns facing flight crews following the introduction of the runway awareness and advisory system into the cockpit in 2009. Additionally, the results precipitated a change to the way the subject matter experts interpreted the narratives and their implications to industry safety. This work provides a practical validation of the use of natural language processing in sensemaking and pinpointing trends necessary for prioritizing safety activities.
Reggeʼs Einstein–Hilbert functional on the double tetrahedron☆

Abstract The double tetrahedron is the triangulation of the three-sphere gotten by gluing together two congruent tetrahedra along their boundaries. As a piecewise flat manifold, its geometry is determined by its six edge lengths, giving a notion of a metric on the double tetrahedron. We study notions of Einstein metrics, constant scalar curvature metrics, and the Yamabe problem on the double tetrahedron, with some reference to the possibilities on a general piecewise flat manifold. The main tool is analysis of Reggeʼs Einstein–Hilbert functional, a piecewise flat analogue of the Einstein–Hilbert (or total scalar curvature) functional on Riemannian manifolds. We study the Einstein–Hilbert–Regge functional on the space of metrics and on discrete conformal classes of metrics.
Application of transfer matrix method, Green's function, and variational technique to predict diffuse absorption with edge effect

Acoustic calculations utilizing the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) occasionally underestimate the sound absorption performance of multi-layered porous material when compared to experimentally obtained data. This is particularly true when experimental data pertains to reverberant (Diffuse-Sabine) absorption. When there is a large impedance mismatch between the reverberant wall and the porous specimen, experimental data indicates Absorption Coefficients greater than 1, which defies the law of conservation of energy. It is hypothesized that the extra absorption is due to the diffraction of waves occurring at the edge of the tested materials, thus increasing the area where energy is absorbed. This contradiction of the law of energy is often referred to as the “edge effect”. This study aims in creating a tool to predict and further understand the edge effect phenomena within reverberation and anechoic rooms and to determine the true absorption performance of the multi-layered porous material by using the TMM, Green’s function, and the variational technique. A plate-foam system is used as a test bed; computation results are compared to experimental absorption data. The outcome of the research will support automobile, aerospace, and architectural companies in reaching sound and vibration targets required for new vehicle/building models.Acoustic calculations utilizing the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) occasionally underestimate the sound absorption performance of multi-layered porous material when compared to experimentally obtained data. This is particularly true when experimental data pertains to reverberant (Diffuse-Sabine) absorption. When there is a large impedance mismatch between the reverberant wall and the porous specimen, experimental data indicates Absorption Coefficients greater than 1, which defies the law of conservation of energy. It is hypothesized that the extra absorption is due to the diffraction of waves occurring at the edge of the tested materials, thus increasing the area where energy is absorbed. This contradiction of the law of energy is often referred to as the “edge effect”. This study aims in creating a tool to predict and further understand the edge effect phenomena within reverberation and anechoic rooms and to determine the true absorption performance of the multi-layered porous material by using the TMM, Gr...
Gender-Affirming Voice

The field of transgender healthcare is rapidly expanding and evolving in many parts of the world. Medical practitioners and other providers working in transgender and gender-diverse services attempt to keep pace with the needs of those communities. For speech-language pathologists (SLPs), our role is critical in helping individuals align their voices and communication with their gender identity. The increasing demand for voice and communication services obligates our profession to increase the population of SLPs that are comfortable, competent, and prepared to provide services in this burgeoning practice area. This chapter on gender-affirming voice serves as an introduction to a variety of concepts for transgender and gender-expansive voice and communication services and how they may apply to pediatric/adolescent patients.
Bifurcated immigration and the end of compassion

Impressions to the contrary, the United States continue to be a country of immigration. I review recent statistics showing the size of the present migrant flow and its progressive bifurcation betwe...
An amazing 10-year collection of hearing loss prevention supplements by the National Hearing Conservation Association.

Ten years ago, we had the privilege to be guest editors of the first International Journal of Audiology (IJA) National Hearing Conservation Association (NHCA) supplemental journal issue, which was ...
The Effect of Image Resolution on Deep Learning in Radiography.

Tracking convolutional neural network performance as a function of image resolution allows insight into how the relative subtlety of different radiology findings can affect the success of deep lear...
Involuntary emotional expression disorder in postural tachycardia syndrome.

Abstract Objective To study the frequency of latent and overt involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED) in postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS). Methods We compared 51 PoTS patients with 15 neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) patients and 12 control subjects using the Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS) for latent IEED and the PHQ-9 questionnaire for depression screening before head-up tilt (HUT). Overt IEED occurrence was observed during HUT. Results HUT precipitated overt IEED in 11 (22%) PoTS patients but not in NMH patients or controls. CNS-LS identified latent IEED in 23 (45%) PoTS patients, 5 (33%) NMH patients, and no control subjects. The CNS-LS tearfulness subscale was elevated in PoTS patients compared with controls (P = 0.0006). The PHQ-9 questionnaire scores were elevated in 69% of PoTS patients and 47% of NMH patients. The PHQ-9 score was higher in PoTS ( Conclusions The study demonstrated frequent occurrence of latent IEED in PoTS and NMH and overt IEED in PoTS without “structural” involvement. HUT was a specific trigger for overt IEED in PoTS. Depression was co-morbid with PoTS. Neurohumoral and cerebral blood flow changes in supine position along with reduced gray matter volume in the insula and cingulate gyrus may underlie susceptibility to IEED. During HUT, cerebral hypoperfusion, rising epinephrine levels, and augmented autonomic arousal provide underpinnings for overt IEED. Clinicians should recognize this entity and counsel PoTS patients and their families. Limiting the duration of orthostatic stress may reduce morbidity.