cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatin modification and epigenetic control in functional nerve regeneration

The repair and functional recovery of the nervous system is a highly regulated process that requires the coordination of many different components including the proper myelination of regenerated axons. Dysmyelination and remyelination failures after injury result in defective nerve conduction, impairing normal nervous system functions. There are many convergent regulatory networks and signaling mechanisms between development and regeneration. For instance, the regulatory mechanisms required for oligodendrocyte lineage progression could potentially play fundamental roles in myelin repair. In recent years, epigenetic chromatin modifications have been implicated in CNS myelination and functional nerve restoration. The pro-regenerative transcriptional program is likely silenced or repressed in adult neural cells including neurons and myelinating cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems limiting the capacity for repair after injury. In this review, we will discuss the roles of epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation, in the maintenance and establishment of the myelination program during normal oligodendrocyte development and regeneration. We also discuss how these epigenetic processes impact myelination and axonal regeneration, and facilitate the improvement of current preclinical therapeutics for functional nerve regeneration in neurodegenerative disorders or after injury.
Unpacking the Urban Infrastructure Nexus with Environment, Health, Livability, Well-Being, and Equity

Multi-objective sustainability planning in cities must address seven physical provisioning systems that are key to advancing local and planetary well-being. Recent progress in environmental and health footprinting, combined with new frontiers in unpacking infrastructure-well-being relationships, will advance urban nexus science to provide customizable information toward inclusive well-being on a finite planet, one city at a time, across the globe.
Numerical Cognition and Quantitative Abilities in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract A longstanding question in comparative psychology is whether animals can use quantitative information to guide behavior in ways similar to how humans use that information. The question has been the focus of significant research across many species. In this chapter, we concentrate on some of the broader questions that have been asked, beginning with whether animals can count the way that humans do in the absence of language. We then review some of the research conducted with nonhuman primates demonstrating their abilities to judge quantities and to learn ordinal relations between quantities or symbols representing numbers of items, and that explores the extent to which they fall prey to some of the same visual numerical illusions as humans do. We compare their performances to those of humans in certain tasks, and we conclude by assessing the different mechanisms that have been proposed to support quantitative processes in nonhuman animals.
The Efficient Multiprocessor Implementation of Synchronous Reactive Components

Model-based design methodologies based on the synchrony assumption are widely used in many safety-critical application domains. The synchrony assumption asserts that actions (such as the execution of code) occur instantaneously; however, physical platforms obviously do not possess this property. This paper considers a scheduling problem that arises when one seeks to implement programs that are written under the synchrony assumption upon actual multiprocessor platforms, and shows that existing results from scheduling theory can be adapted to solve this scheduling problem.Synchronous programming, Multiprocessor scheduling, Deadlines, Makespan minimization, Processor speedup factor.
Anticholinergic medications and risk of dementia in older adults: Where are we now?

Anticholinergic medications are effective for a wide variety of indications, but are associated with significant central adverse effects, especially cognitive decline and dementia in older adults.W...
Exosomal Long Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Players in the Tumor Microenvironment

Recent advances in exosome biology have uncovered a significant role of exosomes in cancer and make them a determining factor in intercellular communication. Exosomes are types of extracellular vesicles that are involved in the communication between cells by exchanging various signaling molecules between the surrounding cells. Among various signaling molecules, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA having a size of more than 200 nt in length and lacking protein-coding potential, have emerged as crucial regulators of intercellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes containing various lncRNAs, known as exosomal lncRNAs, reprogram the microenvironment by regulating numerous cellular functions, including the regulation of gene transcription that favors cancer growth and progression, thus significantly determining the biological effects of exosomes. In addition, deregulated expression of lncRNAs is found in various human cancers and serves as a diagnostic biomarker to predict cancer type. The present review discusses the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the crosstalk between tumor cells and the surrounding cells of the microenvironment. Furthermore, we also discuss the involvement of exosomal lncRNAs within the tumor microenvironment in favoring tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, and tumor-supportive autophagy. Therefore, lncRNAs can be used as a therapeutic target in the treatment of various human cancers.
Identification of Veterans With PTSD Based on EEG Features Collected During Sleep.

Background: Previously, we identified sleep-electroencephalography (EEG) spectral power and synchrony features that differed significantly at a population-average level between subjects with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we aimed to examine the extent to which a combination of such features could objectively identify individual subjects with PTSD. Methods: We analyzed EEG data recorded from 78 combat-exposed Veteran men with (n = 31) and without (n = 47) PTSD during two consecutive nights of sleep. To obviate the need for manual assessment of sleep staging and facilitate extraction of features from the EEG data, for each subject, we computed 780 stage-independent, whole-night features from the 10 most commonly used EEG channels. We performed feature selection and trained a logistic regression model using a training set consisting of the first 47 consecutive subjects (18 with PTSD) of the study. Then, we evaluated the model on a testing set consisting of the remaining 31 subjects (13 with PTSD). Results: Feature selection yielded three uncorrelated features that were consistent across the two consecutive nights and discriminative of PTSD. One feature was from the spectral power in the delta band (2-4 Hz) and the other two were from phase synchronies in the alpha (10-12 Hz) and gamma (32-40 Hz) bands. When we combined these features into a logistic regression model to predict the subjects in the testing set, the trained model yielded areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of at least 0.80. Importantly, the model yielded a testing-set sensitivity of 0.85 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.31. Conclusions: We identified robust stage-independent, whole-night features from EEG signals and combined them into a logistic regression model to discriminate subjects with and without PTSD. On the testing set, the model yielded a high sensitivity and a PPV that was twice the prevalence rate of PTSD in the U.S. Veteran population. We conclude that, using EEG signals collected during sleep, such a model can potentially serve as a means to objectively identify U.S. Veteran men with PTSD.
The Big Con – Reassessing the

Most economists differ, not on the causes of the Great Recession, but on their relative importance. They concur, though, on the basic problem, namely human, not market failure. This study applies the evidence, some new, some old, to re-try the usual suspects. It finds none guilty. Instead, it identifies broadly defined multiple equilibrium, mediated by opacity, false rumors, and panic, as the real culprit. There are many models of bank runs. But each can trigger firing runs – firing someone else’s customers for fear that others are firing your customers. Firing runs, in turn, exacerbate bank runs, producing a vicious cycle. This cycle can be manipulated by those who benefit from economic distress (short sellers). If the banking system, not the banking players is the problem, the solution surely lies in fundamental banking reform. This paper concludes by pointing out that a reform that shifted to 100 percent, equity-financed mutual-fund banking with government-organized, real-time asset verification and disclosure could preclude financial runs and their ability to induce firing runs.
Changing Perspectives on LGBT Representation in ELT Textbooks

This chapter examines the issue of including LGBT content in published language teaching materials. It showcases a particular project which I worked on at the beginning of my writing career and which now represents an interesting case study in how LGBT content can be sanitized within the context of globalized teaching materials. It shows how this material was eventually repackaged and reappropriated for a global market. The chapter begins by analysing heteronormativity - gay invisibility - erasure - in materials and then explores different strategies for introducing or adapting LGBT content, providing general advice about queering ELT while always keeping in mind local contexts. The chapter then explains the continued struggle to challenge heteronormativity as the market becomes increasingly globalized and authors see their influence in materials creation diminish. The chapter finishes with some positive examples of how more inclusive materials can be produced today, focusing on online examples of LGBT content and includes general recommendations for practitioners.
Memories of school recess predict physical activity enjoyment and social-emotional well-being in adults

Abstract School recess can provide social, emotional, and physical benefits for children. Yet, not all children experience recess the same, as inequity in access to recess and variability in the quality of recess exist. Researchers have yet to understand the long-term implications of recess experiences on adult well-being and physical activity behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore the inter-relationships between memories of recess, physical activity, and social-emotional well-being. A total of 514 adults between the ages of 19 and 79 (M = 45.56; SD = 15.62) were surveyed via Prolific, a web-based research platform. Participants were asked about their memories of recess enjoyment and recess exclusion, and current physical activity levels, physical activity enjoyment, social isolation, social role satisfaction, and sense of meaning and purpose. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that memories of recess enjoyment were associated with meaning and purpose (β = 0.138, p
Review: Great Christian Jurists in American History

In their edition "Great Christian Jurists in American History," Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall have commissioned an interdisciplinary group of notable scholars to profile several recognizably Christian jurists whose contributions to the law in the United States have proven formative or influential. Organized chronologically by jurist, from the early colonial period to contemporary figures, the book features biographical sketches of each jurist, including commentary regarding his or her particular religious tradition, followed by bibliographical or source material that contextualizes the jurist's scholarly and academic significance. Each chapter describes a jurist's leading theories and then appraises the jurist by situating him or her within a specific school or mode of Christian thought.
‚Konstruktion‘ von Wissen in der Automobilindustrie

Kapitel 6 fasst weitere und zugleich abschliesende Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung zusammen. Dies geschieht in zwei deutenden Schritten, wobei beide mit einem Zwischenfazit enden. Im Vergleich zu dem vorhergehenden Kapitel uberwiegt hier der Anteil an interpretativen Resultaten gegenuber deskriptiven Ergebnissen. Zu Beginn enthalt das Kapitel einen Exkurs in das Praktikerwissen und den Inkrementalismus als zusatzliche im Zusammenhang mit den Ergebnissen dieser Forschungsarbeit relevante theoretische Konzeptionen. Es folgen zwei weitere Schritte, die jeweils in mehreren Etappen die beiden Typen der Wissensverwendung, die anhand des erhobenen Datenmaterials herausgearbeitet werden konnten, sowie die anhand des Untersuchungsmaterials rekonstruierte Bedeutung von Wissen und die spezifische Art der Wissensgenese vorstellen.
Current Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Vascular Surgery

Abstract Basic foundations of artificial intelligence (AI) include analyzing large amounts of data, recognizing patterns, and predicting outcomes. At the core of AI are well defined areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, artificial neural networks, and computer vision. While research and development of AI in healthcare is being conducted in many medical subspecialties, only few applications have been implemented in clinical practice. This is true in Vascular Surgery where applications are mostly in the translational research stage. These AI applications are being evaluated in the realms of vascular diagnostics, perioperative medicine, risk stratification, and outcome prediction, among others. Apart from the technical challenges of AI and research outcomes on safe and beneficial use in patient care, ethical issues and policy surrounding AI will present future challenges for its successful implementation. This review will give a brief overview and a basic understanding of AI and summarize the currently available and used clinical AI applications in Vascular Surgery.
The impact of embryonic development and endometrial maturity on the timing of implantation.

Objective To gain insight into the peri-implantation period in the human and to answer the question whether timing of nidation is dependent on the stage of embryonic development, endometrial maturation, or a possible dialogue between the two. Design Seventy-five women underwent embryo transfer (ET) throughout 93 cycles. Thirty-three ETs resulted in viable pregnancies and deliveries. These pregnancy cycles were used for embryonic signal detection. Embryos of identical age were transferred onto hormonally and histologically defined endometria of different maturational stages (days 15 to 19). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was measured by a hypersensitive chemiluminescence assay in maternal serum every 1 to 5 days to detect the first embryonic signal. Results Individual linear regressions of hCG versus embryonic age and endometrial maturation were performed on 33 viable pregnancy cycles ( r 2 =90.5% to 99.9%, P P Conclusions First embryonic signal detection (presumed window of implantation) extends between cycle days 20 and 24. Implantation is dependent on embryonic age and is independent of endometrial maturation within this window. The timing and sigmoidal pattern of hCG detection coincides with structural changes of the implantation bed. The steeper slope of late ETs may represent a compensatory mechanism for late maternal recognition of pregnancy for corpus luteum rescue.
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid ≤ 1.0 cm

BACKGROUND Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid that measure ≤ 1.0 cm often are termed incidental or occult tumors. In the current study, the author sought to determine the incidence of such tumors at his institution over a relatively short period. METHODS The author reviewed the results from all patients who underwent thyroid resection over a 65-month period and correlated the findings with clinical and cytologic information. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 720 resections were performed, and 210 papillary carcinomas were identified that were the reason for the excision. The mean size of these tumors decreased from 2.1 cm to 1.7 cm (P = 0.018) over the period of the study, and the percentage of tumors measuring ≤ 1.0 cm increased from 21% to 39% (P = 0.007). The vast majority of these small tumors (73%) were identified by preoperative fine-needle aspiration. During the same period, there were 62 incidental papillary carcinomas, 94% of which measured ≤ 0.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS The size of papillary thyroid carcinomas that were resected at the author's institution decreased significantly, and carcinomas measuring ≤ 1.0 cm increased significantly. Currently, papillary carcinomas that measure between 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm rarely are either occult or incidental findings in the majority of patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Collagen heterogeneity. High resolution separation of native ( 1(I) 2 2 and ( 1(II) 3 and their component chains.

Abstract The two collagens of cartilage differing in primary structure, extracted from lathyritic chick xiphoid processes, can be separated from each other in their native forms by differential salt precipitation. One form, [α1(I)]2α2, present in smaller amount, is less soluble and is precipitated by 2.2 m NaCl at neutral pH; the other form, [α1(II)]3, which remains in solution, can be precipitated by dialysis at very low ionic strength. The two different α1 chains, α1(I) and α1(II) which chromatograph close to one another on CM-cellulose, can be completely separated under mildly alkaline conditions on an anion exchange resin, DEAE-cellulose, by stepwise elution with buffers of decreasing pH. This chromatographic technique for collagen chain separation has revealed microheterogeneity of both types of α1 chains by separating a number of components displaying only small differences in amino acid content, principally in the hydroxylysine moiety.
Rethinking the Ontological Argument: Deconstructionism and the Ontological Argument: The Case of Mark Taylor

The Viability of Philosophy Let us start with a quotation from Mark Taylor: Hegel brings to systematic completion insights anticipated by Plotinus and Augustine and subsequently articulated by Anselm. The entire Hegelian edifice can actually be understood as a sustained argument for God's existence. Anselm's faith seeking understanding becomes Hegel's translation of religious Vorstellungen into the philosophical Begriffe . Inasmuch as Hegel's system marks the closure of the ontotheological tradition, his philosophical rendering of the ontological argument is a pivotal moment in the fulfillment of the Western philosophical quest. If the ontological argument is in any way inadequate, ontotheology inevitably fails. Thus, philosophy's stake in the ontological argument is nothing less than the viability of philosophy itself. (Taylor 1993, 11–12; 1982, 34–40) These remarkable lines were written in 1993 by Taylor, who is at present perhaps the most important deconstructionist philosopher of religion and theologian (or better, as he puts it, a/theologian). I say that these lines are “remarkable” despite the fact that no one, as far as I know, has yet remarked on them. Taylor has gone on to write more books and to say even more arresting things, but I think it may profit us to slow down the speed of Taylor's cinematic career so as to carefully examine a part of this single frame, which, if I understand Taylor correctly, implicitly contains the following argument: If the ontological argument fails (O) then the ontotheological tradition that culminates in Hegel fails (OT).
Creative Problem Solving in Second Life: An Action Research Study

A digital Creative Problem-Solving (CPS) process was facilitated in a 3D virtual world in order to assess whether such an environment was conducive to remote synchronous creative collaboration. IBM associates comprised the majority of the group that was involved in the process. Insights regarding the experience working within this virtual environment are discussed at length as seen through the eyes of the authors (CPS facilitators) of this paper and through the eyes of the participants. Data was gathered through a short feedback form administered to all participants, and informal interviews were also held to explore ways to improve the CPS experience. Results were encouraging. In common, participants reported that their experiences were deeply engaging and conducive to creative collaboration. An argument is made for the early adoption and use of this type of virtual worlds for remote-synchronous creativity interactions. Finally, from a systems view of creativity, the authors identify opportunities for future research studies that examine the efficacy of creative collaboration within virtual worlds.
Geo-awareness, Geo-enablement, Geotechnologies, Citizen Science, and Storytelling: Geography on the World Stage

Five converging global trends – geo-awareness, geo-enablement, geotechnologies, citizen science, and storytelling– have the potential to offer geography a world audience – attention from education and society that may be unprecedented in the history of the discipline. Issues central to geography are now part of the global consciousness. Everyday objects are rapidly becoming locatable, and thus able to be monitored and mapped. Many tools and data sets that were formerly used and examined only by geographers and other earth and environmental scientists are now in the hands of the general public. Citizens outside academia are becoming involved in contributing data to the scientific community. Multimedia and cloud-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have greatly multiplied the attraction that maps have had for centuries to tell stories. But despite these trends bringing opportunity to geography, is geoliteracy becoming increasingly valued? How can educators, researchers, and practitioners seize the opportunity that these trends seem to present to actively promote geographic content knowledge, skills, and perspectives throughout education and society?
Feedback stabilization in the presence of fading channels

In this paper we analyze two classes of analog fading channels placed at the input of the plant. Based on previous results, finding a linear controller that provides mean square stability of the closed loop through the channel is equivalent to a robust control synthesis problem, where the nominal generalized plant is deterministic, and the stochastic variables in the channel model are represented as model uncertainty. We show that FIR AWGN channel with Gaussian coefficients leads to a rank-one (convex) problem, which can be easily solved to find the largest variance of the channel coefficients tolerable by an LTI controller. For a channel, which allows for with delays and erasure, we compute the channel probabilities for which mean square stability can be provided by a LTI controller.
Enhanced Hole Mobility in Regioregular Polythiophene Infiltrated in Straight Nanopores

We demonstrate that the hole mobility in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) can be enhanced by a factor of 20 by infiltrating it into straight nanopores of anodic alumina. Optical characterization shows that the polymer chains are partially aligned in the charge-transport direction.
The effects of unit morale and interpersonal relations on conflict in the nursing unit.

The effects of unit morale and interpersonal relations on conflict in the nursing unit Background. Health care organizations face major changes, and these changes are likely to increase conflict in organizations. Although numerous studies have focused on conflict management, few have considered causes and effect of conflict in nursing units. Methods. The investigation tested a structural equation that examined the relationships among individual and contextual variables and intragroup conflict, job satisfaction, team performance effectiveness, and anticipated turnover. The nonrandom sample consisted of 141 nurses employed on 13 inpatient units at a state-supported, 597-bed academic medical centre in a southeastern city. Results. Intragroup conflict was higher on smaller units with a higher ratio of RNs to total staff. Intragroup conflict was not associated with satisfaction with pay or anticipated turnover. In the final model, the unit morale and interpersonal relations dimension of team performance effectiveness was negatively associated with intragroup conflict and anticipated turnover, and positively associated with satisfaction with pay. High perceptions of unit morale and interpersonal relations buffered the effect of unit size and skill mix on intragroup conflict. Goodness of fit statistics indicated a good fit of the model to data. Conclusion. The findings have implications for nursing educators and administrators, and provide direction for future research.
First impressions: US media portrayals of public relations in the 1920s

Purpose – The paper traces negative and limiting media depictions of public relations (PR) to their origins in the 1920s in order to determine whether modern media characterizations of “public relations” are new or a legacy of the past.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative content analysis was used in order to look more deeply at media characterizations of public relations. The New York Times and Time magazine were chosen to sample because of their dominance and unique reflection of the era, respectively.Findings – Reporting about “public relations” was primarily fair. Early practitioners were often quoted defining the profession, including “great men” of PR history and more common practitioners. These practitioners of PR are as much to blame for confounding the terms “public relations” and “press agent” as are the media of the 1920s.Practical implications – This historical study sheds a light on and provides context for both the media and society's understanding of public relations today.Originalit...
Justice, Population Health, and Deep Brain Stimulation: The Interplay of Inequities and Novel Health Technologies

This article adopts a population-level bioethics approach to analyzing the ethical implications of novel deep-brain stimulation (DBS) technologies. I claim that a microlevel focus on costs and benefits is necessary but insufficient to address the concerns of social justice and health equity that attend the potential utilization of DBS technologies. A macrosocial, population-based analysis notes two ethically significant trends regarding novel health technologies: (1) that they are the prime mover of hyperinflationary health cost trajectories, and (2) that even where they improve overall population health such technologies may expand health inequalities. Such an expansion could exacerbate what Powers and Faden have identified as “densely-woven patterns of disadvantage,” and therein could contravene mandates of social justice. Such concerns of justice and equity are sharpened by the fact that those populations that bear the highest risk of suffering the injuries and illnesses for which DBS technologies migh...
AES depth profiling with N2+ ion sputtering

Depth profiling of a polycrystalline multicomponent film using AES was compared with Ar+ and N2+ ion sputtering. The latter appears to give an improved depth resolution.
Growth inhibition of Chlorella induced by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, and its reversal by purines.

3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE is a chemical which inhibits growth and chlorophyll synthesis in higher plants1. The inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis has been shown to result not from similarity in structure of the triazole ring to the pyrrole ring of chlorophyll2, but to a direct effect on plastid development, with secondary influence on the pigment content of the plastids2–4.
Methane‐producing microbes important for studying greenhouse gas emissions

Microbial communities in thawing permafrost contribute a significant amount to atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide. A new paper published in Nature on 23 October describes how a newly discovered microbe—Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis—adds another layer to the complicated relationship between the world's permafrost fields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Franklin's role in electrical science

Prior to the 18th century little serious scientific interest had been aroused by electrical phenomena. However, when Benjamin Franklin, in 1746, began experimenting with electrical effects he initiated much productive activity in the field and, in fact, in later years was known as the “father of electricity.” This article presents a discussion of early electrical discoveries by Franklin and his contemporaries. Excerpts from letters and publications then current afford an insight into scientific thought of the period.
Multicomponent diffusion of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene in polyisobutylene from vapor sorption FTIR-ATR spectroscopy

In this study, diffusion coefficients of toluene/methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) mixtures in polyisobutylene were measured at 50°C using vapor sorption FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance) spectroscopy. For three mixture compositions, the diffusion coefficients were determined using a diffusion framework for ternary systems. The “crossterm” diffusion coefficient for MEK was found to be very small under the experimental conditions studied here, while that for toluene was found to increase with increasing MEK concentration. On the basis of this finding, a binary diffusion model was used to determine diffusion coefficients for MEK over a wide range of mixture compositions and the results compared well with those determined from pure MEK transport data. Relative transport rates during integral sorption experiments with mixtures were used to explain the results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 337–344, 1998
Current status of the 800 x 800 charge-coupled-device image sensor

This paper presents an updated version of a previous paper describing a three-phase 800 x 800 charge-coupled-device image sensor. Although this device was originally designed to be used as the sensor for the Wide Field/Planetary Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope, it is now being used as the detector of choice on many ground-based telescopes. The performance of the device is reviewed, and the important contributions it has made to the understanding of general CCD performance is indicated.
Physical design challenges beyond the 22nm node

Producing working chips in current (32nm) and forthcoming CMOS technologies feels a lot like trying to create an intricate oil painting using a broom! After all, we are using light with a wavelength of 193nm to create shapes less than a tenth of a wavelength in dimension. But this pheneomena is well known to all who work in the area of VLSI, and much has been made of the tremendous gains our industry has made over the years. These innovations and gains will need to continue for a few more years, at least, until the replacement for Silicon is found.As we have continued technology scaling, the physical design rules that constrain what the layout of a circuit look like have changed. In earlier technologies, design rules were driven primarily by equipment and material limitations, as well as particulate contamination (defects). In today's technologies, the design rules have become much more complex because they are now being increasingly driven by lithographic constraints. One important new phenomena has been the increase in design rules that enforce various forms of regularity on the design. Restricted polysilicon orientation, width and pitch being one common example.From this perspective, one can imagine a scenario where increasing layout restrictions are applied in order to allow further scaling. Since different layers have different resolution requirements, with the top-most metal layers (so-called fat metal) having the least challenging lithography, such layout restrictions will likely be applied bottom up. Thus the bottom-most metal layers, which have the tightest design rules, get impacted by regularity first, followed by the intermediate layers, and so on.If we examine current layout practice at the 32nm node, we observe that the polysilicon layer is already quite regular. The hard lithography problems, however, have migrated to the first metal layer -commonly referred to as M1. The M1 layer typically has similar dimensions to the polysilicon layer, so it is understandable that it would present significant lithography challenges. Furthermore, creating dense layouts of complex circuit topologies like latches and multiplexors cannot be done without introducing a certain amount of topological complexity in within-cell routing. Herein lies the first challenge in moving to the 22nm node and beyond: balancing the desire for density with that of image fidelity.How can physical design help with this problem? It strikes the author that much attention is paid to numerous global aspects of physical chip design, i.e. placement, global routing, congestion management and so on. But in the end, the assumption is that the individual leaf cells are fixed, opaque (except for pin locations perhaps) and -- most disturbingly --uninteresting. While some of this information hiding is necessary to manage the complexity of the design process, one cannot help thinking of ways in which some effective cross-optimization might happen.
Distribution of androgen receptor-like immunoreactivity in the brains of intact and castrated male hamsters

The distribution of androgen receptor-like (AR) immunoreactivity was mapped in brains of (a) intact, sham-castrated and (b) castrated male hamsters. The pattern of AR-immunoreactive (AR-ir) staining was, in general, similar to that reported for gonadal steroid autoradiography of the male hamster brain. Moreover, with one exception, AR-like staining was similar in intact and castrated males, and occurred in the medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and several hypothalamic nuclei including the periventricular, supraoptic, and ventromedial nuclei, and median eminence. However, while AR-ir labeling was virtually absent in the lateral septum of intact males, it was clearly present in the lateral septum of castrated males. The view that androgen receptors in brain generally decline after castration received no support from this study.
The relationship between changes in consumption and politics in Poland

I) In the Polish postwar experience growth of consumption has been inversely proportional to the power of the Communist Party (CP). It may be that the Polish experience can be generalized to other countries of Eastern Europe. 2) In view of the apparent permanence of postwar CP rule in Poland, periods of unsatisfactory consumption performance could cause only a change in CP leadership or lead to a threat of such a change, rather than terminate CP rule as such.
Chemical changes induced in aragonite using treatments for the destruction of organic material

Abstract Treatments used to destroy or remove organic material prior to chemical analyses of carbonate material alter the elemental composition of aragonite. To assess chemical changes in aragonite caused by various treatments, an abiogenic aragonite crystal was powdered and split into five groups. One group was left untreated as the control group. The four remaining groups were treated as follows: (1) soaking in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 24 hr.; (2) boiling for 3 min. in a 5 N sodium hydroxide solution; (3) soaking in a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution for 24 hr.; and (4) heating for 2 hr. at 400°C. Each group was split subsequently and analyzed for Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn, Fe, Na and K content. Using a statistical technique designed specifically for compositional data, analyses indicate that all of the treatments except heating caused significant changes in the composition of the aragonite. Although the extent of the chemical alteration differs according to the particular treatment, broadly similar changes occurred in all chemically treated samples. Most notable are decreases in Fe and Mg, possibly related to their occurrence in the aragonite as adsorbed ions, as interstitial ions, or in structural defect sites. The significant changes caused by these chemical treatments can lead to misinterpretations of laboratory-altered chemical compositions as products of natural processes.
Education Journal Editors’ Perspectives on Self-Plagiarism

The perspectives of academic journal editors regarding self-plagiarism were examined by means of an online survey in which 277 editors of education journals participated. Following the survey, a sub-sample of 14 editors were interviewed. A substantial majority of editors were found to be in accord with the most recent edition of the Publication Manual of the APA in believing that re-use of long, verbatim passages or tables, figures and images from an author’s previously published work without appropriate citation is unethical, and most editors viewed less egregious self-borrowing as wrong also. However, numerous editors expressed unease with the general concept of self-plagiarism, and several of them noted contextual factors that can make limited self-plagiarism acceptable. A clear majority indicated support for a common policy regarding self-plagiarism but had doubts about the feasibility of getting agreement on a comprehensive statement.
Replication of Nonoccluded Baculovirus Associated with the ParasitoidMicroplitis croceipes(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) inHeliothis virescens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)☆

Abstract Replication of Microplitis croceipes nonoccluded baculovirus (McNOBV) in Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae was detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and bioassay. Five-day-old (early third instar) H. virescens larvae were inoculated intrahemocoelically with 0 (control), 3, or 30 ng virus/larva, subjected to ELISA, and verified by TEM, at various hours after inoculation. The ELISA results showed increases of the absorbance values and the amount of virus particles produced in some inoculated larvae. McNOBV infection was observed in 16.7–33.3 and 66.7–83.3% of larvae inoculated with 3 and 30 ng virus, respectively, 24–96 h post inoculation. Virus particles were detected in hemolymph, fat body, and midgut epithelial cells of infected larvae. In bioassay, when McNOBV-infected larvae were exposed to healthy, premated, female M. croceipes (Cresson) for oviposition, 10.6% of the M. croceipes females became infected with the virus. Examination of M. croceipes offspring indicated significant decreases (control vs. infected) in larval emergence (75.0 to 39.6%), cocoon formation (68.8 to 31.3%), and adult eclosion (68.1 to 22.2%). McNOBV was detected by ELISA in 25.9% of dead larvae, 45.2% of dead pupae, and 37.3% of the surviving adults of M. croceipes. These results demonstrate that McNOBV replication in H. virescens larvae and transmission of McNOBV from infected H. virescens larvae to ovipositing M. croceipes females and their offspring can occur.
Finite Element Analysis of Functionally Graded Thick-Cylinders Subjected to Mechanical and Thermal Loads

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are used to design structures used in high temperature environment. Hybrid pressure vessels can be designed from FGMs to incorporate improved strength, weight reduction, thermal properties, impact resistance etc. Progressive research in this area will lead to the determination of optimum design parameters and provide insight in developing manufacturing techniques of full-scale hybrid pressure vessels and experimental validation. In future, an accurate damage model will help in planning component examinations in a selective manner in order to provide useful information about material condition and predict the remaining life of the structure.A functionally graded thick-walled cylindrical vessel with varying material properties in the radial direction is considered. The cylinder is assumed to be made of one phase spatially dispersed in a matrix of another. Volume fractions of the phases are assumed to vary along the radial direction according to power laws. The gradation is represented by dividing the radial domain into finite sub-domains. The effective material properties such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion are estimated using Mori-Tanaka [1], Hashin–Shtrikman [2], Hatta-Taya [3] and Rosen-Hashin [4] relations. The hollow cylinder is subjected to axisymmetric mechanical and thermal loadings. Finite Element Analysis is performed using a commercial package, ANSYS, to obtain temperature and stress component distribution along the thickness of the cylinder. Results are presented graphically to show the effect of internal pressure, temperature change, and gradient variation of material properties on stress components throughout the thickness.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Plutonium uptake and behavior in vegetation of the desert southwest: A preliminary assessment

Eight species of desert vegetation and associated soils were collected from the Nevada National Security Site (N2S2) and analyzed for 238Pu and 239 + 240Pu concentrations. Amongst the plant species sampled were: atmospheric elemental accumulators (moss and lichen), the very slow growing, long-lived creosote bush and the rapidly growing, short-lived cheatgrass brome. The diversity of growth strategies provided insight into the geochemical behavior and bio-availability of Pu at the N2S2. The highest concentrations of Pu were measured in the onion moss (24.27 Bq kg-1 238Pu and 52.78 Bq kg-1 239 + 240Pu) followed by the rimmed navel lichen (8.18 Bq kg-1 and 18.4 Bq kg-1 respectively), pointing to the importance of eolian transport of Pu. Brome and desert globemallow accumulated between 3 and 9 times higher concentrations of Pu than creosote and sage brush species. These results support the importance of species specific elemental accumulation strategies rather than exposure duration as the dominant variable influencing Pu concentrations in these plants. Total vegetation elemental concentrations of Ce, Fe, Al, Sm and others were also analyzed. Strong correlations were observed between Fe and Pu. This supports the conclusion that Pu was accumulated as a consequence of the active accumulation of Fe and other plant required nutrients. Cerium and Pu are considered to be chemical analogs. Strong correlations observed in plants support the conclusion that these elements displayed similar geochemical behavior in the environment as it related to the biochemical uptake process of vegetation. Soils were also sampled in association with vegetation samples. This allowed for the calculation of a concentration ratio (CR). The CR values for Pu in plants were highly influenced by the heterogeneity of Pu distribution among sites. Results from the naturally occurring elements of concern were more evenly distributed between sample sites. This allowed for the development of a pattern of plant species that accumulated Ce, Sm, Fe and Al. The highest accumulators of these elements were onion moss, lichen flowed by brome. The lowest accumulators were creosote bush and fourwing saltbush. This ranked order corresponds to plant accumulations of Pu.
Affective predictors of preservice science teaching behavior

The study investigated affective changes in elementary preservice teachers during a formative period and related these changes to the development of specific classroom science teaching behaviors. Thirty preservice teachers were randomly selected from a population involved in a field oriented methods course program. Analysis of pre and post affective measures and concurrent measures of perception and performance of teaching behaviors during this formative period found significant developmental relationships. The results suggest the effective use of instruments measuring certain affective changes during a formative period and moderate to strong predictive effects of the development and perception of classroom teaching behaviors. The affective changes which demonstrated relationship with teaching behavior included specific aspects of interests and attitudes toward teaching science and children learning science. No relationship was found with preservice attitudes toward nature.
CIPC residues on stored Russet Burbank potatoes: 1. Maximum label application

Residue concentrations of chlorpropham (CIPC) on stored Russet Burbank potatoes were evaluated after thermal aerosol treatment at maximum labeled rates. The aerosol was applied after the potatoes had been placed in the storage structure and the wound healing process was complete. Average residue concentrations four days after the initial application ranged from 6 to 8 mg/kg fresh tuber weight depending on the storage temperature and the application rates. A second aerosol treatment applied 90 days after the first treatment kept the residue concentrations above 5 mg/kg for the duration of the storage period. A direct spray application to the tubers at various times during the study raised the average CIPC concentration an additional 2 to 3 mg/kg. All CIPC residue concentrations measured on tubers in this study were below the EPA established (1996) tolerance of 30 mg/kg. Residue concentrations of CIPC were greater on potatoes near the bottom of the pile than near the top of the pile. These variations in CIPC residue concentrations (3–8 mg/kg between top and bottom of the bulk pile) are appropriate justification for the development of improved application methodology.
Age-associated changes in the effects of amphetamine on the blooed-brain barrier of rats

The effects of varying doses of amphetamine on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to albumin were studied in young and aged Fischer 344 rats. There was no change in the permeability of the BBB associated with aging as revealed by saline-treated control experiments. The changes in the permeability of the BBB did not correlate with the changes in blood pressure produced by corresponding doses of amphetamine in the young or aged animals. In the dose range reported the young and aged rats showed similar pressor responses to amphetamine. The aged rats showed a greater increase in the permeability of the BBB than the young, and this effect was seen with a lower dose of amphetamine in the aged rats. At the highest doses tested the permeability was restored to control levels in both the young and the aged rats. The enhanced vulnerability of the BBB of the aged rats may be related to a deterioration of the noradrenergic control of cerebrovascular permeability.
Singly and repetitively evoked potentials in human cerebral cortex with D.C. changes.

Abstract Electrophysiological studies upon the exposed human cortex were carried out in 15 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. Dendritic and radiation responses are described. The former was elicited by stimulating the cortical surface 2–5 mm. from the recording electrodes, and has been described previously by Purpura et al. (1957). The latter was obtained by stimulating the subcortical white matter and recording from the immediately overlying cortex. SP changes accompanied these responses when repetitively evoked. In the majority a negative shift was recorded at frequencies of 6–100/sec. The magnitude and duration of the shift increased with rise in rate of stimulation. At 100/sec. the amplitude was 0.5 to 1.0 mV. and the shift might then outlast the stimulus period for 2–3 sec. In 4 cases, with repetitive stimulation of the subcortical white matter, SP shifted positively at the start of the stimulus period, this shift to be replaced by a negative one during continuing stimulation. Cortical convulsoid activity, initiated by stimulation of the cortical surface in a patient undergoing excision of a cortical scar for convulsive disorder, was also studied. During stimulation, and with the appearance of the convulsoid discharge, a negative SP shift occurred. As the paroxysms ended SP shifted toward the baseline, followed by a positive shift coinciding with the iso-electric post-ictal phase of the tracing.