cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical citizenship and anger: a reconstructionist resistance to the election of Donald J. Trump

AbstractAlmost like never before, the place and role of citizenship in a democracy is at the forefront of my thinking. The Trump administration, that in a month’s time has attempted to turn the presidency of the United States into an autocracy, demands that citizens become actively engaged in ensuring that the hallmarks of living in a democracy and the ethical efficacy of the checks and balances system that is to undergird the governmental process are being forthrightly enacted. This season brings into much higher focus what it actually mans to live in a democracy and what it means to be a critical citizen in such a time as this.
Moral Distress: Using Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Interventions to Decrease Nurse Perceptions of Distress

Background Studies have shown that the moral distress experienced by nurses affects patient outcomes and staff engagement. Objectives The purpose of this quality improvement initiative was to implement a process for staff to cope with moral distress. Methods The 21-item Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) was administered pre- and postintervention to a sample of 56 oncology nurses to assess moral distress and whether it was alleviated with the use of mindfulness interventions. Chi-square analysis compared the frequency of morally distressing situations. Findings Moral distress was identified, with the finding that mindfulness interventions decreased nurse perceptions of distress. Healthcare providers offering a false sense of hope was the most frequently reported situation. Postintervention MDS-R survey results reflected a decrease in frequency of distress.
OCEANOGRAPHIC TOPICS | Thermohaline Circulation

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J R Toggweiler and R M Key, volume 4, pp 1549–1555, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
A seroepidemiologic profile of persons seeking anonymous HIV testing at alternate sites in upstate New York.

Alternate sites for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing were established in New York State in the late summer of 1985. In a six-month period at the beginning of 1986, 14.4% of individuals who received HIV test results were seropositive. Questionnaire data were obtained from 1,635 persons for development of an epidemiologic profile of attendees: most were white (83%), males (72%), born in the United States (94%), well (80%), who sought testing because they had risk factors (73%) or had had sex with persons at risk (26%). Higher rates of HIV seropositive were found among blacks (26%), Hispanics (30%), males (16%), and those with a known risk factor (18%), and among those with symptoms (21%), than among those without these characteristics. Factors associated with HIV seropositivity are described.
Everyone's Watching

In 1996 he Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles and Public Safety launched the Genesis project, a technology-enabled reengineering endeavor. In September of 1999, after four years of planning, organizational restructuring and system development, the new system was released. To the accompaniment of great publicity, it fell dramatically short of expectations. This case provides the background necessary to understand the origins and shortcomings of the system, then focuses on the turn-around effort that took the system to a point of successful operation within a year of its going into production. The turn around was accomplished under great pressure to retreat to the legacy system. The effort involved a synergy of manual and technical corrections to bring overall system performance to acceptable levels. The DMV now faces the formidable challenge of taking full responsibility for the long-term maintenance of a system that was designed and implemented by outside contractors.
Spatial Interaction Processes: An Overview

In this chapter we introduce the basic theoretical framework to be employed throughout the rest of the book. The formal details of the framework will be developed in a more abstract theoretical setting in Chapter 3 below. Hence the objectives here are to introduce the main concepts in an informal manner, and to illustrate their meaning in terms of simple examples. To do so, we begin in Section 1.2 below with a consideration of the basic theoretical perspectives embodied in the present approach to spatial interaction behavior.
Development of the Somatic Gonad and Fat Bodies

The development of the Drosophila fat body and gonads represent excellent models for studying cell type specification, patterning and morphogenesis during organ formation. Moreover, these organs are critical for the proper homeostasis of one generation of the species, while ensuring the production of the next generation. The specification of the fat body and somatic gonad from segmentally repeated domains within the mesoderm highlights how the embryonic patterning systems are used to generate the different cell types that make up distinct organs. The fat body and somatic gonad are formed, at least in part, from analogous domains within the mesoderm. Distinct segmental identities specified by the homeotic genes are utilized to distinguish between the fat body and somatic gonad, and pattern cell types within these tissues. These tissues also rely on information from sex determination to exhibit different functions, and even form distinct organs, in the two sexes. Finally, complex cell-cell interactions and morphogenetic movements are required to form fat body and gonads with the proper tissue architecture.
Democratizing Network Reservations through Application-Aware Orchestration

The provisioning of network connections for data transfers that provide quality of service (QoS) over research and education (R&E) networks is currently performed by network operators. For network connections that span multiple administrative domains, network operators have to reach agreements on reservation requirements. As a result, a network reservation request may take from days to weeks to be provisioned. To improve provisioning times and the success rate of multidomain network reservations, we designed and implemented an application-aware orchestration framework for multidomain R&E networks. This framework leverages latest developments in software-defined networking to automate network provisioning in order to democratize access to network reservation through novel APIs. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of our application-aware orchestration framework. We evaluate our system using Mininet and demonstrate that it provisions 49% more reservations than current state-of-the-art systems within seconds of receiving a request.
Modeling White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) populations to assess commercial harvest influence on age structure

Commercial harvest of White Suckers Catostomus commersonii for bait in the American Lobster Homarus americanus industry is minimally regulated in Maine and there are concerns as to the influence of...
Research on Software Simulation Technology of New Generation Smart Substation Secondary System

With the rapid development of the new generation smart substations, how to carry out a reasonable assessment and design defect warning for the whole substation before construction is one of the important topics of attention. This paper proposes the software simulation technology for new generation smart substation secondary system. The software simulation technology can simulate the communication behavior of MMS/GOOSE and the universal event response mechanism. The simulation system can achieve the single device simulation verification, the bay operation simulation check and the whole station operation simulation check of the new generation smart substation secondary system. By simulating the action state of the secondary system, the correctness and rationality of the SCD file can be verified, and the reasonableness evaluation and the design defect warning of the substation before construction can be carried out. It greatly simplifies the complexity of the device and system debugging, and improves the efficiency of the integrated debugging of the smart substation automation system.
Vaccines and Vaccination Practices: Key to Sustainable Animal Production

Protection of food animals from diseases is essential to meet the current and future demands of animal protein for human consumption. Vaccination is a crucial component of the overall strategy to achieve this goal. This article addresses the types of vaccines and vaccination techniques for cattle, swine, poultry, and fish, including brief introductions defining pathogens, immune responses, genetic resistance, and biosecurity.
Scales of progress, power and potential in the US bioeconomy

Abstract For the past 15 years, countries worldwide have sought to build ‘bioeconomies’, or manufacturing sectors that use renewable biomass resources to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials. As a still-evolving concept, the bioeconomy has been translated differently in different national contexts. In this article, we focus on the United States. The US bioeconomy comprises a highly decentralised, disconnected, fragmented system, with some US locales much more active than others. We argue that the marginal status of the US bioeconomy can be attributed to a number of factors. These include the lack of awareness and implementation of existing federal government visions; development pathway dependencies linked to investments in fossil- and bio-fuels to the neglect of other biobased products; and uneven and locked in levels of stakeholder power and influence. Drawing on the results of 16 key informant interviews, we explore these themes in an attempt to unravel some of the complex conditions that have shaped bioeconomy development and governance to date. We suggest that, for the US bioeconomy to realize its full potential, exploration of a new governance model is required: a polycentric regime based on biomass regions, collaborative efforts and innovation capabilities.
One-year survival and physical functioning with surgery compared to no surgery in early-stage lung cancer.

6584 Background: Medical co-morbidities in patients with lung cancer frequently impact a treatment decision out of fear of doing harm without a benefit. A prospective study looking at racial dispar...
Growth of Nb3Sn coating in tin vapor-diffusion process

The potential of Nb3Sn for superconducting radio frequency cavities is widely recognized, and renewed R&D efforts continue to bring new insights about the material's structure and properties. We have systematically coated niobium samples with Nb3Sn for different durations. Several samples were coated over (“overcoat”) multiple times to elucidate the growth kinetics of Nb3Sn during the tin vapor-diffusion process. Analysis of coated samples is consistent with the model in which tin diffuses via grain boundaries to the Nb3Sn-Nb interface, where the growth of Nb3Sn into the niobium bulk takes place. Similar scaling laws are found for Nb3Sn grain growth and layer thickness. Nonparabolic layer growth is consistent with significant grain growth, which reduces the number of Sn transport channels. An examination of patchy regions in Nb3Sn coating, revealing large single-crystalline grains, points to impeded Nb3Sn layer growth due to low grain boundary density, resulting in a significantly thinner coating in those areas.
Assessments used to measure participation in life activities in individuals with cancer: a scoping review

Individuals with cancer are at high risk for restricted participation in meaningful life activities such as work, school, and social activities. Evaluating participation in life activities is identified as a critical component of rehabilitation referral and triage systems. This scoping review investigates what assessments are used to measure participation in life activities in individuals with cancer. Six databases were systematically searched using keywords and controlled vocabulary through February 2020. Eligible studies used the term participation in the context of life situations and had an assessment with at least 5 participation-specific questions. A total of 4604 unique articles were identified and screened for eligibility. Thirty-two studies were included; 20 unique assessments of participation were identified. Assessments were developed with the primary purpose of measuring participation (n = 8); global or physical function (n = 9); community integration (n = 1); social activity (n = 1); or occupational gaps (n = 1). Most assessments (12/20) were not developed with the purpose of measuring participation and only 4 assessments measured key components of participation other than frequency. Measuring participation in life activities is a developing area in oncology research. Most studies do not accurately or comprehensively measure this construct. The heterogeneity in assessments used indicates no clear consensus on a gold-standard participation measure for use among cancer survivors. Comprehensively measuring participation will help identify individuals in need of rehabilitation services and is an essential first step to inform the development of targeted interventions to enhance participation.
Zika Virus Infection Prevents Host mRNA Nuclear Export by Disrupting UPF1 Function

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that can infect fetuses in utero causing characteristic neurodevelopmental disorders including microcephaly. We previously showed that ZIKV infection downregulates expression of up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1), a helicase/ATPase and central regulator of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Here, we identify a novel function of nuclear UPF1 in mRNA export. Using crosslinking immunoprecipitation of UPF1 followed by sequencing of associated transcripts as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments, we find widespread mRNA accumulation in the cell nucleus of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) upon ZIKV infection or UPF1 knockdown. Knockdown of FREM2, a top UPF1 target transcript encoding an extra-cellular matrix protein critical in fetal development, decreased expression of pluripotency markers and increased neuronal differentiation in NPCs, consistent with the model that trapping FREM2 mRNA in the nucleus perturbs proper NPC function. Collectively, our data uncovers a new posttranscriptional mechanism by which ZIKV "shuts off" host mRNA export via UPF1. As we find UPF1 linked to many neurodevelopment pathways, we propose that the lack of host mRNA export contributes to virally induced neurodevelopmental disorders in ZIKV infection.
Functional differences drive the selection of NRAS mutants in melanoma

Distinct NRAS mutants are enriched in various tumor types. Here, we generated a suite of fully congenic, conditional, Nras knock-in mouse models (LSL-Nras Q61R, -K, -L, -H, -P, -Q; G12D and G13D, -R) to test the hypothesis that melanocyte transformation requires functions specific to the NRAS mutants enriched in human melanoma (Q61R and Q61K). Consistent with the rarity of NRAS codon 12 and 13 mutants in human melanoma, spontaneous melanomas were rare or absent in mice expressing NRAS G12D, G13D or G13R. Mice expressing less common codon 61 alleles (Q61H, Q61P) also developed few or no tumors. NRAS Q61R, Q61K, or Q61L expression, by contrast, induced rapid melanoma onset with high penetrance. Cohorts of heterozygous mice containing one LSL-Nras Q61R and one LSL-Nras Q61K, -L, -H, -P, or -Q allele were generated to assess potential interactions between NRAS mutants. The ability of each Nras variant to substitute for an Nras Q61R allele was consistent with its own ability to drive spontaneous melanoma formation. However, LSL-Nras Q61Q/Q61R mice rarely developed tumors. In vitro experiments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) highlighted activation of the MAPK pathway as a defining difference between tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic NRAS mutants. Enhanced MAPK activation was associated with the promotion of BRAF-BRAF and BRAF-CRAF dimers. These results support the development of cancer preventative strategies specific to the properties of the commonly observed RAS mutants in each tumor type.
Single-Point Mutation Near Active Center Increases Substrate Affinity of Alginate Lyase AlgL-CD

Alginate lyases have been widely used for the preparation of bioactive alginate oligosaccharides. An alginate lyase AlgL-CD was rationally designed by introducing alkaline amino acid residues near active center to increase activity. One of its mutants E226K presented much higher activity than wild-type AlgL-CD. Substrate affinity of E226K increased 10 folds as the Km values indicated. The spectra of intrinsic emission fluorescence and circular dichroism of E226K suggested the whole enzyme turned to be more flexible. The 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS)-binding assay showed that the hydrophobic active center of E226K was more available to ligand. Molecular dynamic analysis of the enzyme-substrate complex showed that lid loops of the active center in E226K turned to be more opened up, which might contribute to the increase of substrate-binding affinity. Meanwhile, the catalytic residue of E226K was closer to the hydrogen donor C5 atom of the substrate to increase catalysis rate. The final degradation products of alginate by E226K were determined to be identical with that of AlgL-CD. This study provides guidance for improving enzymatic preparation efficiency of bioactive alginate oligosaccharides.
Mean plasma bupivacaine concentrations following pectoral nerve blocks (PECS II).

Pectoral nerve blocks (PECBs) provide analgesia after breast surgery.[1–3][1] Plasma concentration levels of bupivacaine (PCLBs) following fascial plane injections can exceed the threshold for local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST, mean venous level of 2.1 µg/mL), as described following
TU-CD-207-08: Intrinsic Image Quality Comparison of Synthesized 2-D and FFDM Images

Purpose: With the combined interest of managing patient dose, maintaining or improving image quality, and maintaining or improving the diagnostic utility of mammographic data, this study aims to compare the intrinsic image quality of Hologic’s synthesized 2-D (C-View) and 2-D FFDM images in terms of resolution, contrast, and noise. Methods: This study utilized a novel 3-D printed anthropomorphic breast phantom in addition to the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammography accreditation phantom. Analysis of the 3-D anthropomorphic phantom included visual assessment of resolution and analysis of the normalized noise power spectrum. Analysis of the ACR phantom included both visual inspection and objective automated analysis using in-house software. The software incorporates image- and object-specific CNR visibility thresholds which account for image characteristics such as noise texture which affect object visualization. T- test statistical analysis was also performed on ACR phantom scores. Results: The spatial resolution of C-View images is markedly lower (at least 50% worse) than that of FFDM. And while this is generally associated with the benefit of reduced relative noise magnitude, the noise in C-View images tends to have a more mottled (predominantly low-frequency) texture. In general, for high contrast objects, C-View provides superior visualization over FFDM; however this benefit diminishes for low contrast objects and is applicable only to objects that are sufficiently larger than the spatial resolution threshold. Based on both observer and automated ACR phantom analysis, between 50–70% of C-View images failed to meet ACR minimum accreditation requirements – primarily due to insufficient (unbroken) fiber visibility. Conclusion: Compared to FFDM, C-View offers better depiction of objects of certain size and contrast, but provides poorer overall resolution and noise properties. Based on these findings, the utilization of C-View images in the clinical setting requires careful consideration, especially if considering the discontinuation of FFDM imaging.
Developing a Culturally Responsive Literacy Pedagogy: Preservice Teachers, Teaching Cases, and Postcard Narratives

The results of the U. S Census provide evidence that our population is becoming more varied and that diversity is most salient in our schools. This demographic shift will continue to have a significant impact on the curriculum, students, teachers, and other aspects of education as we have historically known it. One of the most challenging aspect is that while our students are becoming more diverse, our teacher population is not. Eighty to ninety percent of the teaching population is White, heterosexual, middle class females, with little experiences with people from diverse backgrounds. (Lowenstein, 2009; Sleeter, 2001). The academic achievement gap continues to widen between culturally diverse students and their White peers. This disparity in achievement along demographic lines indicates a clear and present need to more fully prepare teachers on how to educate children of diverse backgrounds--a crucial component of developing a culturally responsive pedagogy. “As our society changes, so must our teacher education practices” (Lee, Summers, & Garza, 2009, p.1). This mixed method study was developed around the hypothesis that teaching cases and student-written postcard narratives using an empathetic identity (Wiseman, 1978) should be used in a literacy course to foster a culturally responsive literacy pedagogy. This study took place over one semester at a four year college, in a preservice education literacy course. Five teaching cases were written or modified to be aligned with this particular course’s content. I examined 20 preservice teachers (n=20) and a professor as they engaged in case-based instruction. Immediately following the teaching
Gambling Disorder/Pathological Gambling

Pathological gambling (PG), characterized by “recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits,” affects about 0.2–2.0% of the adult population. As PG may affect family members, employers, and society as a whole, PG is important to understand within a public health framework. Similarities have been identified between the pathophysiologies of PG and substance use disorders. This has led to a proposal to conceptualize and categorize PG as a nonsubstance or “behavioral” addiction. Both substance and nonsubstance addictions are associated with alterations in brain structure and function, can be treated with behavioral and pharmacological therapies, and, if left untreated, may lead to devastating consequences. Keywords: individual differences; addiction; therapy
Projections of fossil fuel use and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Using the published record of atmospheric CO2 levels from 1743 to 1990 and the published record of world anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1860 to 1990 for fossil fuel use, deforestation, biological methane production and cement manufacturing, the Future Atmospheric CO2 Model (FAC Model) is developed that projects future atmospheric CO2 levels. Projections of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions, also developed in this paper, are the input to the FAC Model determining the projections of future atmospheric CO2 levels. Published data from 1990 to 2001 are used to test the FAC Model. When published anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1990 to 1999 are entered into the FAC Model, the projection of atmospheric CO2 concentrations is parallel to but 2 ppm higher than the instrumental record from Mauna Loa, Hawaii. World fossil fuel production is modeled using Hubbert' s Resource Model (HR Model) and projected into the future. These projections are converted to CO2 emissions and combined with projections of CO2 emissions for deforestation, biological methane production and cement manufacturing to form the input to the FAC Model. Proved reserves of world fossil fuel are used to develop a low estimate of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions and proved reserves plus an estimate of future discoveries of world fossil fuel are used to develop a high estimate of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The two estimates of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions are put into the FAC Model to generate future atmospheric CO2 levels. The scenarios presented in this study define a range of anthropogenic impact on atmospheric CO2 from the low value of 453 ppm to a high value of 632 ppm in the year 2076 and then falling to 450 ppm by the year 2150. The FAC Model predicts that it is unlikely atmospheric CO2 levels will rise above 650 ppm.
Transmisión de Anaplasma marginale por garrapatas

Anaplasma marginale is a globally prevalent pathogen of cattle transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Understanding the complex development of A. marginale in the tick vector will allow for better prediction of disease outbreaks and will afford opportunities for control of disease transmission. The basic developmental cycle of A. marginale in the tick is reviewed here along with recent studies exploiting differences in transmission between strains to delineate aspects of the interaction between the pathogen and the vector. Bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens transmitted by arthropod vectors result in severe disease in animals and humans. Despite their impact, these infections remain poorly controlled with primary reliance on acaricides to block tick transmission. The rapid emergence of tick resistance to multiple acaricides threatens this control and has resulted in a resurgence of research to develop novel strategies for control. Novel approaches to preventing tick-borne transmission of livestock pathogens will result from understanding the interaction between the pathogen and the tick, a process that culminates with development of infectivity and successful transmission. In all of the tick-transmitted pathogens, development of pathogen infectivity is coordinated with attachment and feeding of the tick upon the animal. This is clearly dependent upon signaling between the feeding vector and the pathogen and thus susceptible to intervention.
Recovery and Elimination of the Biotherapeutic Agent, Saccharomyces boulardii, in Healthy Human Volunteers

Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a nonpathogenic yeast used to treat intestinal illnesses such as pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic associated diarrhea. The behavior of this biotherapeutic agent in humans was determined (1) in investigating the effect of dose on the steady-state level and recovery and (2) in quantitating the effect of ampicillin on the recovery and elimination profile. As the Sb dose increased, the mean steady-state concentration of Sb increased significantly. The percentage recovery was dose independent. When a single Sb dose was administered 24 hr after beginning a course of ampicillin, there was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in both the area under the concentration versus time curve and the maximum fecal concentration compared to values obtained without ampicillin. Ampicillin increased steady-state recovery of the drug about twofold (P < 0.05) and steady-state levels about 2.4 times (P < 0.01). These studies have shown that there is a relationship between the dose and the amount of Sb recovered and that perturbation of the GI flora by ampicillin increases steady-state levels of Sb.
Differential cytokine regulation of natural killer cell‐mediated necrotic and apoptotic cytotoxicity

Natural killer (NK) cells can kill target cells by either necrotic or apoptotic mechanisms. Using the 51Cr-release assay to measure necrotic death of target cells, neonatal NK cells had low NK activity (K562 targets) and high lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity (Daudi targets) compared with adult cells, as has been previously reported. Using a 125I-deoxyuridine (125I-UdR) release assay, cord cells were shown to also have higher apoptotic LAK activity against YAC-1 target cells. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibited interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced necrotic killing of target cells by adult effectors but had no such inhibitory effect on cord cells. In contrast, IL-4 inhibited both adult and cord LAK cytotoxicity of YAC-1 target cells by apoptotic mechanisms with higher suppression observed in cord cell preparations. Using a colorimetric substrate conversion assay, IL-2 induced higher, and IL-4 had a more significant suppressive effect on, cord cell granzyme B enzyme activity compared with adult cells, paralleling apoptosis cytotoxicity data. Co-culture of either adult or cord LAK cells with IL-4 had a similar inhibitory effect on granzyme B protein expression, as detected by Western blotting. In contrast, IL-4 did not inhibit perforin expression, thereby defining IL-4 as a cytokine that can differentially regulate the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity processes of apoptosis and necrosis. The differential sensitivity of cord cells to cytokine regulation of cytotoxicity may also have implications for cord blood transplantations, as NK cells are known to function as an effector cell in both graft-versus-host disease and in the graft-versus-leukaemia phenomena.
and abundances derived from spectroscopic and sep analysis

The relative abundances NeO, MgO, and FeO derived from 33 Solar Maximum Mission Flat Crystal Spectrometer spectra are compared with those derived from the in situ Solar Energetic Particle analysis of Reames (1995). The spectra were obtained from non-flaring, quasi-stable active regions and include lines of the ions Mg XI (9.17 A), Ne IX (13.45 A), Fe XVIII (14.22 A), Fe XVII (15.25 A), Fe XVII (16.78 A), and O VIII (18.97 A) which were used in this study. With a characteristic temperature determined from the ratio of the Fe XVIII to Fe XVII (16.78 A) line fluxes, the abundance ratios are obtained using the fluxes and emissivity functions of lines from these different elements.
Effect of Environmental and Physiological Conditions on the Phase of Adjustment of Pseudomonas fragi.

The duration of the phase of adjustment of Pseudomonas fragi was affected by the physiological age and growth temperature of the inoculum, as well as by the temperature at which the growth curve was determined. Cultures in the exponential phase of growth gave shorter lags than stationary-phase and resting-phase inocula. Inocula from the latter phase gave the longest lags. Inocula grown at the temperature at which the growth curve was determined usually gave the shortest lags: the greater the difference between the incubation temperature of the inoculum and the incubation temperature of the growth curve, the longer the lag. Inocula grown at temperatures below the incubation temperature of the culture tended to produce longer lags than inocula grown at temperatures above the incubation temperature. The combined effect of physiological age and incubation temperature of the inoculum was additive. The effect of the incubation temperature of the culture upon the duration of the lag depended upon the method used to determine this phase. Lags that were measured in physical time (i.e., Lockhart's lag) decreased as the incubation temperature of the culture was increased, within the temperatures used. But Monod's lag, which measures physiological time, did not decrease as the temperature of growth increased but rather appeared to vary around some constant value dependent upon the physiological condition of the culture.
Ultrafast transient response of solid-state plasmas. I. Germanium, theory, and experiment

A first-principles theory is developed for the generation and the subsequent transient behavior of dense electron-hole plasmas produced in germanium by intense picosecond optical pulses. Experimental data are discussed and compared with the theory. It is shown that the valley structure of the Ge conduction band, phonons, and plasmons play significant roles in the generation and the temporal evolution of the plasma. The agreement between the theory and experiments is good. Some predictions of the theory are discussed.
Contraceptive features preferred by women at high risk of unintended pregnancy.

CONTEXT: Available contraceptives are not meeting many womens needs as is evident by high levels of typical-use failure method switching and discontinuation. To improve womens satisfaction with contraceptive methods determining what features they prefer and how these preferences are satisfied by available methods and methods under development is crucial. METHODS: The importance of 18 contraceptive method features was rated by 574 women seeking abortions--a group at high risk of having unprotected intercourse and unintended pregnancies--at six clinics across the United States in 2010. For each available and potential method the number of features present was assessed and the percentage of these that were "extremely important" to women was calculated. RESULTS: The three contraceptive features deemed extremely important by the largest proportions of women were effectiveness (84%) lack of side effects (78%) and affordability (76%). For 91% of women no method had all of the features they thought were extremely important. The ring and the sponge had the highest percentage of features that women deemed extremely important (67% each). Some streamlined modes of access and new contraceptive technologies have the potential to satisfy womens preferences. For example an over-the-counter pill would have 71% of extremely important features and an over-the-counter pericoital pill 68%; currently available prescription pills have 60%. CONCLUSION: The contraceptive features women want are largely absent from currently available methods. Developing and promoting methods that are more aligned with womens preferences presumably could help increase satisfaction and thereby encourage consistent and effective use. Copyright (c) 2012 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Echovirus Hepatic Failure in Infancy: Report of Four Cases with Speculation on the Pathogenesis:

Disseminated echovirus infection with fulminant hepatic failure occurs almost exclusively in newborns. Although a relatively uncommon condition, it is on occasion associated with neonatal death accompanied by diffuse and extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver and adrenals as the defining finding. We report four cases of severe systemic neonatal echovirus infection and present histologic and clinical evidence to demonstrate the two histologic patterns of liver involvement; intravascular coagulation in the early clinical course and a veno-occlusive component in later stages of the disease. Viral damage to vascular endothelium and hepatic venous endothelium by a "hit-and-run" process in the early viremic phase rather than direct hepatocyte injury is postulated to be a mechanism.
Changes in concepts of time from Aristotle to Einstein

The meaning of time and motion is discussed, at first tracing conceptual changes from Aristotle to Galileo/Newton to Einstein. Different views of ‘time’ in 20th century physics are then examined, with primary focus on the revolutionary changes that came with the theory of general relativity. Implications of its new view in all domains of physics are discussed — from elementary particles to cosmology. The special role of Hamilton's quaternion calculus in equations of motion in general relativity is shown.
Changing dominant understandings of adults as learners

Knowledge building in adult education has resulted in biased and incomplete understandings of adults as learners.
Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration: Comment

The fraction of evapotranspiration (ET) attributed to plant transpiration (T) is an important source of uncertainty in terrestrial water fluxes and land surface modeling (Lawrence et al. 2007, Miralles et al. 2011). Jasechko et al. (2013) used stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios from 73 large lakes to investigate the relative roles of evaporation (E) and T in ET from their catchments and to estimate global T/ET. Two recent contributions have addressed data issues with their work highlighting uncertainty propagation (Coenders-Gerrits et al. 2014) and global interception estimates (Coenders-Gerrits et al. 2014, Schlesinger and Jasechko 2014). We address here the underlying assumptions of the model applied by Jasechko et al. (2013). They assumed that the isotope ratios of the lake water incorporate spatially integrated fractionation effects of total E and T over the entire catchment. This assumption is invalid and leads to substantial errors both for catchment-scale and global estimates of T/ET.
Hydrometric and stream chemistry evidence of three storm flowpaths in Walker Branch Watershed

Hydrometric and stream chemistry measurements were made across a network of sites to identify the dominant flowpaths producing storm runoff in Walker Branch Watershed, a small forested catchment with deep soils overlying dolomitic bedrock in eastern Tennessee. Recession analysis of storm hydrographs and an end-member mixing analysis using Ca and SO4 concentrations suggested that three subsurface flowpaths were important in streamflow generation during a storm in March 1991. The chemical end-member mixing analysis indicated that vadose zone, saturated soil zone, and bedrock zone flowpaths contributed to streamflow, but the contribution of each varied over space and time. Bedrock zone flow, with high concentrations of Ca and low concentrations of SO4, dominated during baseflow prior to the storm, and was more important at a lower stream site than an upper stream site. Vadose zone water, with low concentrations of Ca and high concentrations of SO4, dominated the stormflow response at both stream sites, but was more important at the upper site than the lower site. Water level observations from shallow and deep hillslope and ridgetop wells showed the development of transient, perched groundwater tables within the top several meters of soil. Large increases in streamflow generated via vadose zone and saturated soil zone flowpaths appeared to be dependent on development of these zones of perched saturation in the upper soil profile and the initiation of lateral and vertical preferential flow.
The rising threat of vulnerabilities due to integer errors

Integer errors are mistakes a programmer makes in sensitive operations involving integer data-type variables. Bugs caused by incorrect integer use are a fact of life for developers. In early 2001, it became clear that integer errors frequently cause security vulnerabilities. The article explains the vulnerabilities, and offers guidelines to prevent the introduction of these flaws. The most important thing is to maintain awareness of the risks during software development.
The long wavelength topography of Beethoven and Tolstoj basins, Mercury

[1] Topography derived from Mariner 10 stereo images is used to characterize the interior structure of two mercurian basins, Beethoven and Tolstoj. Beethoven and Tolstoj basins are shallow (∼2.5 km and ∼2 km deep, respectively) and relatively flat-floored. Beethoven basin has an interior topographic rise near the northwest margin. The topography of Beethoven and Tolstoj basins is similar to that of lunar mare-filled basins. Well-developed basin-concentric wrinkle ridges and arcuate graben associated with lunar mascons are absent in both Beethoven and Tolstoj basins. The lack of mascon tectonic features suggests that either 1) the mercurian basins have a relatively thin veneer of fill material, 2) Mercury's elastic lithosphere was too strong for significant lithospheric flexure and subsidence to occur, or 3) the basin fill material has little or no density contrast with the surrounding crust and thus exerts little net load on the mercurian lithosphere.
Rigid PVC formulation optimization using sequential simplex

A rigid PVC formulation was optimized for processing window and cost using sequential simplex techniques in combination with desirability functions. This optimization was performed on seven of the ten ingredients from a ‘standard’ siding compound with a relatively limited number of experiments. The processing window contour mapping technique was used to evaluate the effects of formulation changes. This was combined with the formulation cost by using desirability functions to give an overall response for the simplex to optimize. The basic mechanics of sequential simplex and desirability functions are described along with the results of the optimization.
Migration of axonal protein: absence of a protein concentration gradient and effect of inhibition of protein synthesis.

Two experiments have been performed to gain insight into the mechanisms of axoplasmic protein migration. In the first the concentration of protein along cat optic nerves was measured to determine if a concentration gradient was present which might drive protein in a proximo-distal direction. None was found. In the second experiment we endeavored to determine if axonal protein migration would continue despite cycloheximide-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in the cell body. It did continue to migrate and with no significant change in rate (0.8–1.0 mm/day). It is concluded that these experiments rule out diffusion down a proximo-distal concentration gradient as a mechanism for axonal protein migration.
NIS05-5: Energy Efficient Wireless Encryption

The current encryption standard for wireless networks recommend using the AES cipher in the counter (CTR) mode for confidentiality and in the cipher block chaining (CBC) mode for authentication. In the counter mode, a 128 bit counter is encrypted using the AES into 128 bit keystream which is then XORed with 128 bits of plaintext before transmission. This operation is repeated for the entire frame and results in heavy energy consumption for larger frames. In this paper, we propose a novel cipher called High Diffusion (HD) cipher that securely expands a given 128 bit counter value to a larger 288 bit keystream during encryption, thus reducing the number of encryptions per frame compared to the AES. We show that the HD cipher is as secure as the AES under differential, linear cryptanalysis and the Square attack. Using an experimental set up consisting of a laptop with 1.8 GHz Pentium 4 processor and an Intrinsyc CerfCube with 233 MHz ARM processor we measure the energy consumption of both the AES and the HD cipher encryption operation. We observe that using HD cipher instead of AES for encryption will result in about 40% saving in energy consumption on both the laptop and the CerfCube. We also observe that energy efficiency due to HD cipher is significant for larger frame lengths.
Idiopathic Hypocomplementemic Interstitial Nephritis With Extensive Tubulointerstitial Deposits

Most forms of interstitial nephritis are cell mediated and lack tubulointerstitial immune deposits. These forms include allergic, infectious, and idiopathic interstitial nephritis. Immune complex deposits in the tubular basement membranes and interstitium most commonly are encountered in conjunction with glomerular diseases. Predominantly tubulointerstitial immune deposits without significant glomerular involvement can occur in Sjogren's syndrome and in a small subset of lupus nephritis. We report eight unusual cases of tubulointerstitial nephritis with massive tubulointerstitial immune deposits occurring in adults with hypocomplementemia and no evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus or Sjogren's disease. Most patients were older men. The renal biopsy specimens manifested a spectrum of changes ranging from tubulointerstitial nephritis to atypical lymphoid hyperplasia to changes suggestive of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Chronic local antigenic stimulation may predispose to lymphoma in these cases, analogous to what is postulated to occur in cases of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas in extranodal sites, such as salivary gland, stomach, and thyroid. The preferential tubulointerstitial immune deposition and significant interstitial plasma cell component suggest pathomechanisms that involve local immune complex formation.
Structure analysis of the propionic–pentafluoropropionic anhydride derivatives of norepinephrine and serotonin

Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis was used for the examination of norepinephrine and serotonin derivatives formed from their sequential reaction with propionic anhydride and pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The structures of the resulting derivatives were determined by the analysis of the mass spectra of the proteo and deutero homologs and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mechanisms for the synthesis and electron impact fragmentation of these derivatives are proposed.
Shock-wave-induced fracturing of calcareous nannofossils from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater

Fractured calcareous nannofossils of the genus Discoaster from synimpact sediments within the Chesapeake Bay impact crater demonstrate that other petrographic shock indicators exist for the cratering process in addition to quartz minerals. Evidence for shock-induced taphonomy includes marginal fracturing of rosette-shaped Discoaster species into pentagonal shapes and pressure- and temperature-induced dissolution of ray tips and edges of discoasters. Rotational deformation of individual crystallites may be the mechanism that produces the fracture pattern. Shock-wave–fractured calcareous nannofossils were recovered from synimpact matrix material representing tsunami or resurge sedimentation that followed impact. Samples taken from cohesive clasts within the crater rubble show no evidence of shock-induced fracturing. The data presented here support growing evidence that microfossils can be used to determine the intensity and timing of wet-impact cratering.
Classifying web videos using a global video descriptor

Computing descriptors for videos is a crucial task in computer vision. In this paper, we propose a global video descriptor for classification of videos. Our method, bypasses the detection of interest points, the extraction of local video descriptors and the quantization of descriptors into a code book; it represents each video sequence as a single feature vector. Our global descriptor is computed by applying a bank of 3-D spatio-temporal filters on the frequency spectrum of a video sequence; hence, it integrates the information about the motion and scene structure. We tested our approach on three datasets, KTH (Schuldt et al., Proceedings of the 17th international conference on, pattern recognition (ICPR'04), vol. 3, pp. 32---36, 2004), UCF50 ( http://vision.eecs.ucf.edu/datasetsActions.html ) and HMDB51 (Kuehne et al., HMDB: a large video database for human motion recognition, 2011), and obtained promising results which demonstrate the robustness and the discriminative power of our global video descriptor for classifying videos of various actions. In addition, the combination of our global descriptor and a local descriptor resulted in the highest classification accuracies on UCF50 and HMDB51 datasets.
Transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibits membrane association of protein kinase C alpha in a human prostate cancer cell line, PC3

The postreceptor signaling pathway(s) that mediates the effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is incompletely understood. The present study investigated the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the growth-inhibitory action of TGF-beta1 in PC3, a human prostate cancer cell line. PKC alpha, the only conventional PKC isoform detected in PC3 cells, appeared to be constitutively active based on its presence in both Triton-soluble membrane fraction and cytosol. However, levels of membrane-associated PKC alpha were decreased by a growth-inhibitory dose of TGF-beta1. The response to TGF-beta1 was rapid (within 5 min), time dependent, isoform specific, and occurred without apparent changes in levels of total PKC alpha protein. TGF-beta1 also decreased the levels of membrane-associated PKC activity coincident with its inhibitory effect on PKC alpha's membrane association. Inhibition of PKC activity appeared to be associated with growth inhibition in PC3 cells, because chelerythrine (a specific PKC inhibitor) likewise decreased cell proliferation. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of PKC activity, at least in part due to inactivation of PKC alpha, is an early event associated with TGF-beta1 postreceptor signaling that might mediate suppression of cell proliferation.