cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sharing a Playbook: Integrated Care in Community Health Centers in the United States

Objectives. We investigated basic measures used to assess collaboration between colocated providers and to gauge the extent to which health centers practice integrated care.Methods. We used the Assessment of Behavioral Health Services survey and the 2010 Uniform Data System to explore the elements of integrated care for behavioral health conditions. We used multivariable regression models to examine the correlates of integrated care.Results. More than 85% of health centers provided mental health services in 2010, and almost half offered substance use treatment. Health centers commonly reported shared access to information among behavioral health and medical providers and joint care planning. A higher degree of integrated care involving joint case conferences was less common. Health centers without electronic health records and those with lower percentages of total staff composed of behavioral health workers were less likely to provide integrated care.Conclusions. A 2-pronged strategy involving financial i...
Discovery and crystallography of bicyclic arylaminoazines as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Abstract Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) are reported that incorporate a 7-indolizinylamino or 2-naphthylamino substituent on a pyrimidine or 1,3,5-triazine core. The most potent compounds show below 10 nanomolar activity towards wild-type HIV-1 and variants bearing Tyr181Cys and Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys resistance mutations. The compounds also feature good aqueous solubility. Crystal structures for two complexes enhance the analysis of the structure–activity data.
Tests of the Standard Model

Abstract The sessions on Tests of the Standard Model consisted of a number of talks on neutral current and charged current weak interactions [1]–[13]. In this summary I will concentrate on neutral current tests, including a description of the present status and of the plans for the future. Both LEP/SLC and other proposals for high precision experiments are discussed. Particular emphasis will be given to the need for having a number of high precision experiments in various kinematic ranges and probing different couplings, in order to systematically exclude the possibilities for new physics or to diagnose the oritin of any deviations from the standard model that might observed.
Documentation of Students' Clinical Reasoning Using a Computer Simulation

• Computer simulations can provide both a clinical experience for teaching problem solving and a method of documenting a student's clinical reasoning style. The CAMPS simulation consists of approximately 500 items describing a patient's history, physical examination and laboratory results, and treatments. The student has full option to select any item in any order, producing a wide variation of performances. Since all of the students interact with the same clinical problems, the faculty member can make comparisons of that individual student with the class. From the record of the simulation encounter, the person responsible for student evaluations can prepare a narrative that lists the overall performance, the specific omissions and commissions, and comparisons with the class. Experience with a group of 111 students in a basic pediatric course showed that this method of documenting clinical inquiry detected a variety of levels of performances. Comparisons of the results of these tests with the faculty observations showed that 16% of these students who were judged to be very good or excellent in problem solving by the faculty performed at least 1 SD below the class average on the simulations. This project highlights the power of computer simulations to provide documentation of student performance with the additional benefit of a cost of less than $1 per student. ( AJDC 1989;143:575-579)
IgG-complex stimulated platelets: a source of sCD40L and RANTES in initiation of inflammatory cascade.

Abstract Platelets are a crucial element in maintenance of hemostasis. Other functions attributable to platelets are now being appreciated such as their role in inflammatory reactions and vascular remodeling. Platelets have been reported to bind immunological stimuli like IgG-complexes and the understanding that platelets may participate in immunological reactions has been speculated for nearly 50 years. In previous observations, we demonstrated that platelets could bind and internalize aggregated IgG-complexes without inducing platelet aggregation or granule release. To characterize this observation further, we tested the hypothesis that aggregated IgG-complexes do not activate platelets. To this end, platelets were stimulated with IgG-complexes or thrombin as a positive control and evaluated for activation by aggregation, expression of surface markers and production of cytokines. Activation with thrombin resulted in aggregation, expression of high levels of CD62P (P-selectin) expression and activation of the fibrinogen receptor, α IIb β 3 . Furthermore, stimulation with thrombin resulted in significant amounts of sCD40L (CD154) and RANTES (CCL5). However, platelets stimulated with IgG-complexes resulted in no aggregation and low levels of CD62P expression. Surprisingly, platelets stimulated with aggregated IgG-complexes released similar amounts of sCD40L and RANTES as platelets activated by thrombin. These data suggest that platelets are capable of secreting inflammatory molecules in response to IgG-complexes.
PERINATAL FACTORS UNDERLYING NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS

We evaluated prolonged use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the effects of perinatal factors in infants who developed neonatal cholestasis (CH). Only infants 2 weeks, had no GI disease and received TPN ⩾14 days were studied; 40 infants met these criteria. 19 infants developed CH (direct bilirubin > = 1.5 mg/dl >1 week) and 21 did not. Infants who developed CH received TPN longer than those without CH (P <0.01). However, the mean duration (± 1SD) of TPN at the onset of CH was 32 ± 13 days while the mean duration (± 1SD) of TPN in the uneffected infants was 33 ± 16 days (P = NS). Infants with CH compared to those without CH had a greater frequency of hypotension (P <0.01) and severe hyaline membrane disease (P <0.01), although no differences were observed in birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores, and the first blood gas results. These findings indicate that among immature infants, severe systemic and pulmonary hypoperfusion (shock) appears to damage the liver to the degree that during TPN its impaired excretory function is overwhelmed, leading to CH.
Slowness‐weighted diffraction stack for migrating wide‐angle seismic data in laterally varying media

Wide‐angle prestack depth migration is an important tool for studying the nature of reflecting boundaries in the earth's crust. The slowness‐weighted diffraction stack (SWDS) method has been used to incorporate both two‐way traveltime constraints and slowness information in the migration. For this purpose, traveltimes and apparent slownesses of reflected arrivals must be calculated in the image space. Earlier applications of SWDS required a 1D or gently varying seismic velocity structure to obtain these quantities by ray tracing in the image space. I show that the apparent slownesses can also be derived directly from one‐way traveltime maps using Fermat's principle. The SDWS is applied to an existing onshore–offshore wide‐angle data set, and the example shows that the method can be used to image detailed reflectivity structure at great depths.
Intradimensional and extradimensional shifts in compound concept learning

Following pretraining in a two category concept task with one of two dimensions relevant, Ss were shifted to a second concept task requiring four response categories with two of three dimensions relevant. Training on the second (compound) concept involved either an intradimensional, an extradimensional, or a control shift relative to pretraining. Compound concept learning requiring an IS was shown to he superior to learning requiring an ES, and to yield positive transfer. Compound concept learning requiring an ES did not produce negative transfer.
Left ventricular ejection fraction may not be useful as an end point of thrombolytic therapy comparative trials

In the era of comparative and adjunctive trials in reperfusion therapy, the need to develop alternative end points for mortality reduction is clear. Left ventricular ejection fraction, which has been commonly used as a surrogate, is problematic due to missing values, technically inadequate studies, and lack of correlation with mortality results in controlled reperfusion trials performed to date. In this paper, we present a composite clinical end point that includes, in order, severity of adverse outcome death, hemorrhagic stroke, nonhemorrhagic stroke, poor ejection fraction (less than 30%), reinfarction, heart failure, and pulmonary edema. Such a composite index may be useful to detect true therapeutic benefit in reperfusion trials without necessitating greater than 20-30,000 patient enrollment.
Inhibition of glutamate uptake with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate potentiates glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal cultures

Sodium-dependent, high-affinity glutamate transport is generally assumed to limit the toxicity of glutamate in vivo and in vitro, but there is very little direct evidence to support this hypothesis. In the present study, the effects of the specific uptake inhibitor l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate on the toxicity and clearance of glutamate were examined in hippocampal neuronal cultures. At a concentration that was not toxic by itself, l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate increased the toxicity of glutamate approximately fivefold and slowed the clearance of glutamate from the extracellular space. This toxicity was almost completely blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate. These studies provide direct evidence that sodium-dependent, high-affinity glutamate transport limits glutamate toxicity in vitro.
Halide glasses based on chlorides, bromides and iodides☆

Abstract There is relatively little information on glasses based on chlorides, bromides and iodides. Because of the recent interest in fluoride it is the objective of this paper to evaluate the potential for preparing new halide glasses and to offer some predictions on the properties of glasses based on chlorides, bromides and iodides. The predictions of glass-forming tendency, viscosity, chemical durability and structures are discussed.
The neurotrophic compound J147 reverses cognitive impairment in aged Alzheimer's disease mice

Despite years of research, there are no disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a fatal, age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Screening for potential therapeutics in rodent models of AD has generally relied on testing compounds before pathology is present, thereby modeling disease prevention rather than disease modification. Furthermore, this approach to screening does not reflect the clinical presentation of AD patients which could explain the failure to translate compounds identified as beneficial in animal models to disease modifying compounds in clinical trials. Clearly a better approach to pre-clinical drug screening for AD is required. To more accurately reflect the clinical setting, we used an alternative screening strategy involving the treatment of AD mice at a stage in the disease when pathology is already advanced. Aged (20-month-old) transgenic AD mice (APP/swePS1ΔE9) were fed an exceptionally potent, orally active, memory enhancing and neurotrophic molecule called J147. Cognitive behavioral assays, histology, ELISA and Western blotting were used to assay the effect of J147 on memory, amyloid metabolism and neuroprotective pathways. J147 was also investigated in a scopolamine-induced model of memory impairment in C57Bl/6J mice and compared to donepezil. Details on the pharmacology and safety of J147 are also included. Data presented here demonstrate that J147 has the ability to rescue cognitive deficits when administered at a late stage in the disease. The ability of J147 to improve memory in aged AD mice is correlated with its induction of the neurotrophic factors NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) as well as several BDNF-responsive proteins which are important for learning and memory. The comparison between J147 and donepezil in the scopolamine model showed that while both compounds were comparable at rescuing short term memory, J147 was superior at rescuing spatial memory and a combination of the two worked best for contextual and cued memory. J147 is an exciting new compound that is extremely potent, safe in animal studies and orally active. J147 is a potential AD therapeutic due to its ability to provide immediate cognition benefits, and it also has the potential to halt and perhaps reverse disease progression in symptomatic animals as demonstrated in these studies.
A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach to Pooled Interrupted Time Series Analyses

This paper presents a latent variable approach for the estimation of treatment effects within a pooled interrupted time series (ITS) design. Although considered quasi-experimental, the ITS design has been noted as representing one of the strongest alternatives to the randomized experiment, making it highly appropriate for use in documenting the presence of effects that might warrant further evaluation in a large-scale randomized study. Results suggest that the latent variable growth modeling (LGM) is capable of detecting simultaneous differences in both level and slope, and provides tests of significance for these two necessary indicators of an ITS intervention effect. As shown in the analyses, the LGM framework provides a comprehensive and flexible approach to research design and data analysis, making available to a wide audience of researchers an analytical framework for a variety of analyses of growth and developmental processes.
Food Insecurity and SNAP Participation in Mexican Immigrant Families: The Impact of the Outreach Initiative

We study the factors associated with food insecurity and participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in Mexican immigrant families in the US. Estimates from analyses that control for a rich set of economic, demographic, and geographic variables show that children in Mexican immigrant families are more likely to be food insecure than children in native families, but are less likely to participate in SNAP. Further, more vulnerable groups such as the first-generation Mexican immigrant families, families in the US for less than 5 years, and families with non-citizen children - that are at a higher risk of food insecurity are the least likely to participate in SNAP. Our analysis suggests that the US Department of Agriculture outreach initiative and SNAP expansion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act increased SNAP participation of the mixed-status Mexican families. We do not find any evidence that the outreach and ARRA expansion increased SNAP receipt among Mexican immigrant families with only non-citizen members who are likely to be undocumented.
Nematodes as Nutrients for Soil Fungi

Two nematode-trapping fungi, Arthrobotrys conoides and Monacrosporium rutgeriensis, and a non-predacious soil fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, were grown using nematodes as the sole source of nutrient. The test nematode species was Panagrellus redivivus. Colony diameters of all three fungi on water agar, cornmeal agar, and water agar containing nematodes, were not significantly different from each other, although cornmeal and nematode agar supported fungal growth that was the most compact and luxuriant. On "nematode-agar" growth of R. solani was comparable to that on control cornmeal agar. Sporulation and trap formation of A. conoides was greater than on cornmeal agar. With M. rutgeriensis sporulation and trap formation were not increased over than on nematode-agar. Cultures of A, conoides in sterile quartz sand grew faster, sporulated more and produced greater numbers of traps in the presence than in the absence of autoclaved nematodes.
In Response to Lindsay and Emerson

Background Lindsay's comments related mostly behaviour, analytic conceptions of human behaviour and therapy. Materials and Method I argue that radical behaviourism addresses many of his concerns relating to private behaviour and his cognitive analysis of the private behaviour of offenders with intellectual disabilities. Cognitive explanations of behaviour can readily be reformulated in behaviour analytic terms. Emerson's comments mostly concern the external validity of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) research, the cost–benefit analysis of ABA interventions, the relevance of outcome research to public policy and the apparent narrowness of outcome variables used in ABA outcome research. I argue that treatment efficacy is a necessary condition for cost efficacy and the only other approach that currently has evidence of efficacy is anger management, although that is based on a very small literature. Studies have addressed the cost efficacy of ABA interventions for some common problems, but no studies are available for cost efficacy of non-behavioural research. The limitations in the outcome literature for ABA should be judged against the general absence of evidence from controlled studies for non-behavioural treatment. Conclusion The balance of evidence continues to favour selection of behavioural treatments.
Rational realizations of the minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix

Abstract A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+, −, 0}. The minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix A is the minimum of the ranks of the real matrices whose entries have signs equal to the corresponding entries of A. It is conjectured that the minimum rank of every sign pattern matrix can be realized by a rational matrix. The equivalence of this conjecture to several seemingly unrelated statements are established. For some special cases, such as when A is entrywise nonzero, or the minimum rank of A is at most 2, or the minimum rank of A is at least n − 1 (where A is m × n), the conjecture is shown to hold. Connections between this conjecture and the existence of positive rational solutions of certain systems of homogeneous quadratic polynomial equations with each coefficient equal to either −1 or 1 are investigated.
Probing the electronic structure of the nickel monohalides: Spectroscopy of the low-lying electronic states of NiBr and NiCl

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence and single vibronic level emission spectroscopy has been used to probe five low-lying electronic states ( X 2 Π 3/2 , A 2 Δ 5/2 , X 2 Π 1/2 , A 2 Δ 3/2 and B 2 Σ 1 / 2 + ) of NiBr and NiCl that arise from the 3 d 9 configuration of Ni + . Of these, for NiBr only the X 2 Π 3/2 and A 2 Δ 5/2 states have been previously observed experimentally, and a complete vibrational analysis of the low-lying states has not been reported for either molecule. In this work, term energies and a complete set of vibrational parameters were derived for all five electronic states for both NiBr and NiCl, and these are compared with recent high level ab initio calculations. In contrast to NiI, there are very few perturbations observed in the vibronic structure of these levels for either NiBr or NiCl. The data set derived in this work affords a detailed analysis of periodic trends in the Nickel monohalide series.
Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase and effect on outcomes in a new in vivo model of surgically induced brain injury.

Object Brain tissue at the periphery of a neurosurgical resection site is vulnerable to injury by a variety of mechanisms including direct trauma, edema, hemorrhage, retractor stretch, and electrocautery. The goal in the present study was to develop an in vivo model of surgically induced brain injury and to test an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor for neuro-protective properties in this model. Methods The authors developed a new surgically induced brain injury model in rats. This model involves resection of part of the frontal lobe. Sprague–Dawley male rats weighing between 300 and 350 g were divided randomly into four groups: Group 1, surgical injury with vehicle treatment; Group 2, surgical injury after treatment with PP1 (an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor with known neuroprotective properties); Group 3, sham surgery; and Group 4, control. Postoperative assessment included blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability studies, and histological, immunohistochemical, and Western blot analyses. The authors found that...
Cowpox Virus and Other Members of the Orthopoxvirus Genus Interfere with the Regulation of NF-κB Activation

Abstract NF-κB comprises a family of transcription factors that regulate key immune processes. In this study, the effects of orthopoxvirus infection upon the activation of NF-κB were examined. During the early phase of infection, cowpox virus can inhibit the induction of NF-κB-regulated gene expression by interfering with the process of IκBα degradation. Although either okadaic acid or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment of infected cells can induce IκBα phosphorylation, further processing of IκBα is inhibited. These results suggest that cowpox virus is capable of inhibiting the activation of NF-κB at a point where multiple signal transduction pathways converge. Other orthopoxviruses affect NF-κB activity, but in a type-specific manner. Raccoonpox virus and vaccinia virus (Copenhagen strain) negatively affect NF-κB induction by TNF. In contrast, the modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain induces NF-κB activation, even in the absence of other stimuli. These findings suggest that orthopoxviruses may affect a broad range of virus–host interactions through their effects upon NF-κB activation. Moreover, because of the central role for NF-κB in immune processes and disease, these type-specific effects may contribute significantly to the immunogenic and pathogenic properties of poxviruses.
TECHNIQUE FOR VISUALIZATION OF EPIDERMAL GLANDULAR STRUCTURES IN PLANTS

The distribution of microscopic glandular structures (hairs, capsules, nodules) on a leaf or other plant part can be recorded visually by pressing the plant part against an indicator surface (filter paper, thin-layer chromatography plate) soaked in Tollens' reagent. The glandular sites are revealed instantly on the test surface as dark spots.
Haloperidol blocks the response-reinstating effects of food reward: a methodology for separating neuroleptic effects on reinforcement and motor processes.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that dopamine antagonist drugs attenuate the reinforcing properties of foods, rats previously trained to traverse a straight runway for food reward subsequently underwent extinction sessions. After running speeds had substantially decreased, rats received a single food-rewarded trial either in the presence or absence of haloperidol (0, 0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg IP). Twenty-four hours later, animals were tested for reinstatement of the running response during a drug-free test trial. Animals that were nondrugged during the food-rewarded trial showed increases in running speed on the test trial relative to extinction baseline speeds. In contrast, animals under the influence of haloperidol during the food-rewarded trial failed to show test day increases in running speed. Additional control groups ruled out the possibility that the haloperidol results were due to either motor or state-dependent learning effects. The findings support the view that dopamine systems play a role in the neural substrates underlying food reinforcement. In addition, the study demonstrates a simple and effective methodology for separating neuroleptic effects on motor and reinforcement processes.
Halogen and phosphorus storage in the Earth

Chemical analyses of surface reservoirs, coupled with compositions for interior zones inferred from geophysical and geochemical data have been used to obtain a range of estimates of the bulk composition of the earth. It is suggested that (1) apatite with 3 wt% Fe, up to 1 wt% Cl, and 0.003 wt% Br is the principal mineral reservoir for halogens, and mica is a subsidiary reservoir; (2) apatite with 18 wt% P is the principal store of P in the upper mantle and perhaps lower mantle, but accounts for only one-twentieth of P in the earth; and (3) the remaining P is in a reservoir inaccessible to magmatism, and may amount to a maximum of 0.7 wt% in the core.
Knockout of 5-Lipoxygenase Results in Age-Dependent Anxiety-Like Behavior in Female Mice

Background The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including anxiety. Knockout of 5LO has previously been shown to alter anxiety-like behavior in mice at a young age but the effect of 5LO knockout on older animals has not been characterized.
The ORNL 25 MV tandem accelerator control system

Abstract The CAMAC-based control system for the 25 MV tandem electrostatic accelerator of the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was specified by ORNL and built by the National Electrostatics Corporation. Two Perkin-Elmer 32-bit minicomputers are used in the system: a message switching computer and a supervisory computer. The message switching computer transmits and receives control information on six serial highways. This computer shares memory with the supervisory computer. Operator consoles are located on a serial highway; control is by means of a console CRT, trackball, and assignable shaft encoders and meters. Two identical consoles operate simultaneously: one is located in the tandem control room; the other is located in the cyclotron control room to facilitate operation during injection of tandem beams into the cyclotron or when beam lines under control of the cyclotron control system are used. The supervisory computer is used for accelerator parameter setup calculations, actual accelerator setup for new beams based on scaled, recorded parameters from previously run beams, and various other functions. The experience of nearly seven years of control system operation and improvements is discussed.
Experimental demonstration of using nano-photonic crystal sensor systems for submicron damage detection, quantification, and diagnoses

Photonic crystals (PC) are artificially fabricated crystals with a periodicity in the dielectric function. The spectral signature of such crystals is intricately tied to their underlying crystal lattice structural parameters. A result of this is that significant spectral changes can occur if damage is induced in the photonic crystal. In this work we present preliminary experimental results that demonstrate the possible use of photonic crystals as sensors for the detection, quantification and diagnosis of sub-micron damage. The experimentally observed variation in the reflection spectra of the photonic crystals is related to the damage induced in the material. A novel damage metric, based on principles of fuzzy pattern recognition, is introduced and is used to identify and quantify micro-damage in the photonic crystal. The corresponding damage metric is also presented and discussed. The detailed fabrication steps, as well as the advantages and limitations of this new approach are also addressed. It is concluded that photonic crystals can be successfully used for micro-damage quantification.
Spectral-temporal-polarization encoding of photons for multi-user secure quantum communication

We describe a Quantum Key Distribution protocol that combines temporal-, spectraland polarization-encoding of photons for secure communication over an interconnected network of users. Temporal encoding is used to identify a user’s location or address on the network. Polarization encoding is used to generate private cryptographic key. Polarization encoded information is locally and randomly generated by users and exchanged only over a dedicated secure channel. Spectral encoding allows for the detection of eavesdropping and tampering by a malicious agent. Temporal-spectral signals sent from the network administrator (Alice) to a user are bright light source. On the other hand spectral-temporal signal from a network user (Bob) to the administrator (Alice) are single photons. Signals are sent across the network as ordered light pairs. The ordering format is randomly chosen and are revealed only at the time of key selection between the parties so that a secure one-time cryptographic pad can be generated
A particle system for global optimization

A particle algorithm for global optimization is presented, based on concepts from optimal transport. The particle flow is constructed by considering a time-stepping variational problem, and the resulting flow is interpreted as a gradient flow with respect to a certain (pseudo-) metric. The construction requires to solve an Euler-Lagrange boundary value problem at each time step, and a Galerkin procedure is described to approximate its solution. The algorithm is illustrated by a numerical example.
From Evidence to Action: A Seamless Process in Formative Assessment?

Based on the results of a generalizability study of measures of teacher knowledge for teaching mathematics developed at the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing at the University of California, Los Angeles, this article provides evidence that teachers are better at drawing reasonable inferences about student levels of understanding from assessment information than they are at deciding the next instructional steps. We discuss the implications of the results for effective formative assessment and end with considerations of how teachers can be supported to know what to teach next.
Exploring Coulomb Interaction in Piezoelectric Materials for Assisting the Laser cooling of Solids

Realization of anti-Stokes cooling requires high enough photon extraction efficiency as well as quantum efficiency, making the implementation of this technique extremely difficult for semiconductors. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the Coulomb interaction between photogenerated electron-hole pairs in strong piezoelectric materials such as GaN/InGaN quantum wells could assist laser cooling. By comparing to the cavity back-action mechanism, we also explain how this process depends upon laser detuning with respect to bandgap. To demonstrate the advantage of this method even further, we present simulations by using experimentally reported parameters of GaN and In0.15Ga0.85N, in order to conclude that the net cooling is indeed possible even with current III-nitride growth technology.
Gateways to understanding: a model for exploring and discerning meaning from experience

Qualitative research methodologies comprise distinct traditions, each of which is based on its own assumptions and discrete methods for collecting, analyzing and reporting data. This paper examines a distinctive approach to qualitative research that was employed in a recent study to open a gateway to understanding the impact of the shootings at Columbine High School. Using the Columbine study as a model, it analyzes and delineates a process for collecting data through modified oral history practices, displaying data through stories using a specialized form of poetic representation, and disclosing results through strategies adapted from educational criticism and connoisseurship.
Estimating the First and (Some of the) Third Faces of Community Power

The author provides an approach to estimating two dimensions of community power. The analysis of the first face of power concerns the direct causal impact of elected representatives, bureaucrats, notables, group leaders, individual activists, and citizens on policy decisions. The analysis of the third face of power concerns the capacity of such actors to influence policies indirectly by influencing the preferences of other actors. An examination of 28 issues in Lawrence, Kansas, suggests that only representatives significantly exercise the first face of power and that only group leaders may exercise the third face of power (through their ability to influence the preferences of representatives).
Probability Forecasting in Meteorology

Abstract Efforts to quantify the uncertainty in weather forecasts began more than 75 years ago, and many studies and experiments involving objective and subjective probability forecasting have been conducted in meteorology in the intervening period. Moreover, the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) initiated a nationwide program in 1965 in which precipitation probability forecasts were formulated on an operational basis and routinely disseminated to the general public. In addition, the NWS now prepares objective probability forecasts for many variables, using statistical procedures. Hence probability forecasting in meteorology is unique in that very large sets of probability forecasts that have been subjected to detailed evaluation are available. This article has four objectives: (a) to review the history of probability forecasting in meteorology to acquaint statisticians with this body of literature; (b) to describe recent methodological, experimental, and operational activities in this field; (c) to exa...
A two-level micromechanical theory for a shape-memory alloy reinforced composite

Abstract A two-level micromechanical theory is developed to study the influence of the shape and volume concentration of shape-memory alloy (SMA) inclusions on the overall stress–strain behavior of a SMA-reinforced composite. The first level exists on the smaller SMA level, in which, under the action of stress, parent austenite may transform into martensite. The second level is on the larger scale consisting of the metastable SMA inclusions and an inactive polymer matrix. The evolution of martensite microstructure is evaluated from the irreversible thermodynamics, in conjunction with the micromechanics and physics of martensitic transformation. By taking martensite to exist in the form of thin plates on the micro scale and assuming SMA inclusions to be homogeneously aligned spheroids on the macro scale, the overall stress–strain behaviors of a NiTi-reinforced composite are calculated for various SMA shapes and concentrations. The results indicate that, under a tensile axial loading, martensitic transformation is easier to take place when SMA inclusions exist in the form of long fibers, but most difficult to occur when they are in the form of flat discs. In general the levels of the applied stress at which martensite transformation commences, finishes, and austenitic transformation starts, and finishes, are found to decrease with increasing aspect ratio of the SMA inclusions while the damping capacity increases with it; these properties point to the advantage of using fibrous composites for actuators or sensors under a tensile loading.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in U.S. Adults

The metabolic syndrome is defined as 3 or more of the following: hypertension, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high triglyceride level, and abdominal obesity. The gr...
CW Gain Characteristics of Linear Optical Amplifiers

The operation of the linear optical amplifier is described in terms of the two mutually orthogonal optical waves in the cavity of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) when operated above threshold. Both photon populations induce stimulated emission from the same quantum-well population and the amplifier gain is constant due to the clamped value of stimulated lifetime (gain) in the VCSEL. An analytical description is developed for both the constant gain region when the VCSEL is above threshold and for the region of gain compression at higher input power. The maximum gain is found to occur at the cavity mode position. Experimental data are found to be well matched by the calculated results.
Postnatal control of water and electrolyte homeostasis in pre-term and full-term infants.

Aperia, A., Broberger, O., Herin, P., Thodenius, K. and Zetterstrom, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Postnatal control of water and electrolyte homeostasis in pre-term and full-term infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 61–65, 1983.—A review is given of the progress which has been made during the last decade within the field of renal control of water and sodium homeostasis in newborn infants of varying gestational age. Both preterm and full-term infants have a low capacity for rapid excretion of a salt load. The natriuretic response improves gradually up to the age of 15 months. The capacity to excrete a load of sodium bicarbonate is higher than to excrete a load of sodium chloride. Under basal conditions preterm infants of a gestational age below 35 weeks have a higher renal sodium excretion than full-term infants. They also appear to be unable to retain sodium when in negative balance. The capacity to concentrate the urine is low in newborn infants, the maximal osmolality being only slightly above that of plasma. The concentrating capacity increases relatively fast during the first 4–6 postnatal weeks in full-term as well as in pre-term infants but does not reach the adult level until the second year. Water loaded newborn infants are able to excrete a urine with a osmolality as low as 30–50 mOsm per kg. In full-term infants free water clearance per unit filtered water is higher than in adults. Water-loaded pre-term infants with a gestational age of more than 30 weeks also have a supernormal diluting capacity.
Greenhouse gas emissions from naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns

Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two naturally-ventilated dairy freestall barns measured for a total of 21 d, one week each in May, July, and September 2009, are presented in this article. The holding capacity of Barn 1 (B1) was 400 Holstein cows, while that for Barn 2 (B2) was 850 cows. Air samples were taken from inlets and outlets of the barns via a custom made multiplexer gas sampling system for measurement of gas concentrations using a photoacoustic infrared multigas analyzer. Barn ventilation rates were based on air velocity measured with arrays of 3-D ultrasonic anemometers at inlets and outlets. Gas concentrations (10 min means) in the barns ranged from: 443–789 ppm for CO2, 0.0–39.4 ppm for CH4, and 0.25–0.39 ppm for N2O; with mean concentrations ranging from 6 to 20%, 0 to 4%, and 26 to 180% above the average background concentrations for CO2, N2O, and CH4, respectively. The correlations between CO2 and CH4 enhanced concentrations were relatively stronger (R of 0.67–0.74) than between CO2 and N2O enhanced concentrations (R of 0.10–0.20). Environmental conditions did not significantly (p = 0.46) impact the enhanced concentrations of N2O in the barns. All three parameters (T, RH, and v) had significant (p
Behavior of Centromeres in Univalents and Centric Misdivision in Wheat

Centromeres are responsible for the proper behavior of chromosomes in cell divisions. In meiosis the process is more complicated than in mitosis, as each chromosome in a bivalent has 2 sister centromeres and their behavior has to be strictly coordinated. Here, the behavior of sister centromeres in univalents in wheat is examined, showing that by metaphase I they often lose their coordination. This loss accelerates with the progression of anaphase I, leading to stable bipolar attachment and frequent separation of sister chromatids or to misdivision. Depending on the orientation of a univalent and its sister centromeres, misdivision may occur across the centromere region or across the pericentric chromatin. Chromosome fragments consisting of only the centromere region did not survive to the next generation. Midget chromosomes composed of the centromeres and parts of the pericentric chromatin did survive, but their transmission rates were low and appeared related to the amount of pericentric chromatin, probably because only the pericentric chromatin provides sister chromatid cohesion. As the cohesion of sister chromatids appears to be a function of the proximity to the kinetochore region, the definition of the centromere need not include pericentric regions.
In vivo ultrasonic tissue characterization of human intracardiac masses.

Interactions between an ultrasonic signal and cardiac tissue have been used to characterize the histologic state of myocardium in vitro. To assess the utility of in vivo ultrasonic tissue characterization, stochastic analysis was applied to the digitized echocardiographic signals from 15 patients with 2-dimensional echocardiograms suggesting intracardiac masses. Ten subjects with echocardiograms suggesting mural thrombi underwent subsequent surgery or necropsy, whic confirmed thrombi in 6 and revealed no thrombi (designated artifact) in 4. Five other patients had intracardiac tumors. The amplitudes within the digitized ultrasonic signals were displayed as histograms, which were described by a parameter k that represented the degree to which each histogram departed from a totally random probability density function. In 5 of 6 thrombi, k = 0, but in all 4 artifacts, k > 0. The sixth thrombus had k = 0.5 due to the specular effect of the interface between the thrombus' 2 lobes. All 5 tumors had k > 0. Ultrasonic tissue characterization using a stochastic analysis of backscatter can be performed in vivo and helps differentiate thrombus from artifact and tumor in the heart.
INTERLEUKIN-8 EXPRESSION AND MODULATION IN HUMAN PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES AND OVARIAN CELLS

Just before the time of ovulation, the number of neutrophils increases markedly in the thecal layer of the leading follicle. A preovulatory rise in chemotactic activity for neutrophils in human follicular fluid has also been detected. We hypothesized that interleukin-8 (IL-8), a neutrophil chemoattractant/activating factor and a potent angiogenic agent, may be an important modulator of leukocyte chemotaxis in ovulatory function. In this regard we investigated the expression and modulation of IL-8 in human follicular fluid samples from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer therapy and in ovarian stromal and granulosa-lutein cell cultures. The concentration of IL-8 in pre-hCG follicular fluid samples (n = 4) was 16 +/- 12 (mean +/- SEM) pg/ml, and that in post-hCG samples (n = 101) was 262 +/- 45 pg/ml (P = 0.001). In post-hCG samples, the concentration of IL-8 in an individual follicle correlated with the size of that follicle (r = 0.61; P = 0.02). We also observed a correlation between serum IL-8 levels (22 +/- 3 pg/ml) and follicular fluid levels (303 +/- 143 pg/ml), with a 14-fold gradient (r = 0.71; P = 0.01) in 11 patients tested for both. IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the protein were expressed constitutively in ovarian stromal cell cultures, and the level was increased by IL-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. hCG and LH induced higher levels of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein production. Granulosalutein cells also expressed IL-8 mRNA and protein, and the levels were increased by IL-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Importantly, progesterone suppressed both basal and IL-1 alpha-stimulated IL-8 expression in stromal and granulosa-lutein cell types. In summary, we found that IL-8 levels are elevated in periovulatory follicular fluid, and both granulosa-lutein and ovarian stromal cells express the mRNA and produce the protein. The modulation of IL-8 in these cell cultures by steroid and trophic hormones suggests that IL-8 may play an important role in the physiology of ovulation, such as timely follicular rupture and neovascularization of the corpus luteum.
First observation of mesopause temperatures lower than 100°K

Falling sphere measurements were part of a study to investigate the relationship between Noctilucent Clouds and Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes within the context of interactions between the ionized and the neutral atmosphere. During this investigation there was one measurement of a very low mesopause temperature. This temperature is believed to be the lowest value ever observed in the terrestrial environment. The reasons why this cold mesopause measurement is considered to be valid are presented.
Forced extra-pair copulation and mate guarding in the white-cheeked pintail : timing and trade-offs in an asynchronously breeding duck

. Males employing a mixed reproductive strategy may increase their fitness through extra-pair copulations (EPCs), but also risk lost paternity when they leave their own mate unguarded. How males maximize the effectiveness of forced extra-pair copulation (FEPC) attempts while minimizing the risk of cuckoldry was studied in a non-migratory population of the white-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis bahamensis, a tropical species with extended breeding seasons. Despite substantial asynchrony in the laying dates of females, males directed FEPC attempts primarily at females in fertile condition. The rate of pair copulations also peaked during the female's fertile period, but 23.1% of all successful copulations with laying females were FEPCs. Males guarded their paternity by vigorously defending their mates from males attempting FEPC, by escorting females to their nests, by defending a territory, and by forcing copulation on their own mates after they had been subjected to an FEPC attempt by another male. Contrary to expectation, males did not temporally partition mate guarding and FEPC activity but pursued FEPCs primarily during the period when their own mates were fertile. There was no evidence, however, of a trade-off between FEPC activity and the quality of male mate guarding. Females paired to males with the highest FEPC rates were rarely subjected to FEPCs themselves. In addition, although females that abandoned nesting efforts suffered a high frequency of FEPC attempts, their mates were much less active in FEPCs than the mates of females that nested successfully. These results suggest substantial variation in male quality: some males excelled at both guarding their mates and achieving FEPCs, while others neither pursued FEPCs nor mate-guarded effectively.
Multiple isoforms of the KC1 cotransporter are expressed in sickle and normal erythroid cells

Objective The KCl cotransporter (KCC) plays an important role in cellular cation and volume regulation and contributes to the process of volume reduction that accompanies reticulocyte maturation. In human red cells containing sickle hemoglobin, KCl cotransporter activity is high compared to normal cells, and contributes to the deleterious dehydration of sickle reticulocytes. To date, genes for four KCC isoforms have been identified. As a step toward determining which isoform(s) is responsible for the Cl-dependent K fluxes in reticulocytes, human erythroid cells were examined for the presence of various KCC isoform transcripts. Methods In vitro differentiated erythroid precursors, and reticulocytes isolated from normal individuals and sickle patients, were examined by reverse-transcriptase PCR for the expression of KCC isoforms. Transient transfection experiments were subsequently performed to characterize a novel KCC1 promoter. Results Expression of multiple isoforms was detected, with transcripts for KCC1, 3, and 4 detected in all samples of erythroid cells. Two N-terminal splicing variants were detected for both KCC1 and 3. Sickle hemoglobin containing reticulocytes demonstrated KCC isoform expression patterns similar to wild-type cells, except for a consistent difference in the relative abundance of one KCC1 splice variant. This N-terminal variant initiates from a newly described promoter in the KCC1 gene. Conclusion Three KCC genes are expressed in human red cells. Splicing variants arising from the KCC1 and 3 genes are also evident. Structure/function studies of mouse KCC1 suggest that these natural variants could profoundly affect overall cotransporter activity in the red cell.