cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case-Control Study to Evaluate Utah’s Shaken Baby Prevention Program

Abstract Objective Educational programs designed to inform mothers and other child caretakers about the dangers of infant shaking have been widely adopted; however, only one has been evaluated to ascertain its effect on abusive head trauma (AHT). This project's goal was to evaluate whether an educational video delivered on the postpartum ward decreased AHT occurrence. Methods A case-control study was conducted in which 77 Utah resident mothers of children aged under 2 years who had AHT were drawn from the only pediatric level-one trauma center in Utah and the Medical Examiner's Office from 2001 to 2007. Five control mothers per case matched by birth year were identified through the state's birth certificate registry. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds of AHT given maternal exposure to the educational video. An alternate injury and alternate educational exposures were assessed to examine potential confounding. Results The educational video was associated with nonstatistically significant reductions of both AHT (odds ratio [OR] 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5–1.2) and the alternate injury mechanism, child injury from motor vehicle crash (OR 0.9, 95% CI, 0.6–1.4). Alternate education about car seat use (OR 0.4, 95% CI, 0.2–0.8), back to sleep (OR 0.3, 95% CI, 0.2–0.5), and setting hot water temperature (OR 0.2, 95% CI, 0.1–0.4) were associated with significant reductions in AHT. Conclusions AHT occurrence was not significantly associated with the educational video but was associated with alternate postpartum education provided to mothers. These results suggest that the shaken baby prevention video is not causal at reducing AHT.
A TYPOLOGY OF MEN WHO BATTER: Three Types Derived From Cluster Analysis

Important theoretical and treatment implications may be revealed when men who batter their intimate partners are categorized according to type. Data on 165 batterers were cluster analyzed, and three types identified: family-only aggressors, generalized aggressors, and emotionally volatile aggressors. The clustering variables explained 90% of the variance in category assignment. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Using a Nursing Framework to Measure Client Satisfaction at a Nurse-Managed Clinic

There is considerable literature on nurse-managed clinics and client satisfaction with nurse practitioner care. However, the methodological weaknesses of satisfaction measures which are often used limits confidence in the study findings. Satisfaction measures typically lack reliability analysis and/or have limited validity testing. This descriptive, correlational study investigates the validity and reliability of a new measure, the Client Satisfaction Tool (CST) and determines the degree of satisfaction that clients at a newly established senior health clinic had with the primary care services they were receiving. The CST is based upon Cox's Interactional Model of Client Health Behavior and thus was explicitly developed to measure client satisfaction with a nurse practitioner model of care. A convenience sample of 38 clients completed the CST. Responses to the CST indicated that users of the senior health clinic were satisfied with the care they received. Reliability testing showed that the tool has high internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha was 0.956) and high stability (r = 0.974). Construct validity testing with measures of perceived health changes showed that the tool has both convergent (r = 0.599, P 0.10) validity. Thus, the CST is a methodologically sound measure of client satisfaction that can be used in future research that examines client satisfaction with nurse practitioner care.
Anisotropic Transient and Stationary Electron Velocity in Bulk Wurtzite GaN

The theoretical calculation of transient electron velocity overshoot in wurtzite c-axis GaN indicates a higher transient overshoot peak for transport in the basal plane ( Gamma-M and Gamma-K) than along the growth direction (Gamma-A). Characteristic rise times for the transient overshoot peak are found to be shorter for transport along the c-axis. Stationary electron velocity is significantly larger for transport oriented in the basal plane than along the c -axis. No significant anisotropy is observed, however, in either the transient or steady-state electron velocity as a function of field orientation within the basal plane itself. The higher peak transient and stationary velocities in the basal plane are directly attributable to the anisotropy of the electronic dispersion, which exhibits lower effective mass along the Gamma-M and Gamma-K directions and greater nonparabolicity along the Gamma-A direction.
Pretending to Be "Postracial": The Spectacularization of Race in Reality TV's Survivor

While race is usually an implicit discourse in reality television, making it an explicit discourse seems to have little effect on challenging the prevailing representations of race in prime-time television. This research demonstrates how Survivor's "race wars" season attempted to reinforce a "postracial" narrative that race no longer matters in contemporary U.S. society while simultaneously perpetuating the familiar representations that reproduce racial ideology. Using data derived from a systematic content analysis, the author argues that Survivor spectacularized race by (1) using racial logic to explain the success and failure of teams as well as the failure of individuals to survive within their teams, (2) essentializing people of color's racial identity as biologically and culturally bound while simultaneously making whiteness invisible and normal, and (3) promoting color-blind and postracial assertions that contradicted the clear salience of race in shaping contestants' "survival." The author considers what this explicit racialization of the program reveals about the potential for—and pitfalls of—addressing race in reality television.
Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C regulates activation of RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells by lipopeptide JBT3002

Phospholipase activities are thought to be involved in the activation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because our previous studies showed that the synthetic lipopeptide JBT3002 might activate macrophages via signaling pathways similar to those used by LPS, we investigated whether phospholipase activities are required for activation of macrophages by JBT3002. Treatment of RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells with JBT3002 stimulated expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a dose-dependent manner. The JBT3002-induced production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha was significantly inhibited by tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609), a selective inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). JBT3002-induced expression of steady-state mRNA for both iNOS and TNF-alpha was inhibited by D609. Cells treated with JBT3002 had greater production of diacylglycerol (DAG) in 2 min, which lasted for at least 30 min and could be blocked by D609. Activation of RAW264.7 cells was not affected by butanol, a PC-specific phospholipase D inhibitor, and treatment with JBT3002 did not affect phosphatidic acid formation. RAW264.7 cells treated with DAG analogue 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, in the presence of interferon-gamma, produced TNF-alpha. These results suggested that activation of RAW264.7 cells by JBT3002 requires PC-PLC activity.
Amiodarone Induced QTC Prolongation : A Case Report

Anti-arrhythmic drugs like amiodarone have the potential to prolong QT intervals which can result in Torsades de pointe arrhythmia. Eventhough it has few pro-arrhythmic effects, it has a rare chance (<2%) of causing QT prolongation which is associated with TdP (torsado de pointes). If TdP is rapid or prolonged, it can lead to ventricular fibirillation and sudden cardiac arrest. We report on a case of a 50 year old male who is admitted with Atrial Flutter (2:1 AV block). He was started on oral Amiodarone (400mg/day) and was planned for elective DC version. His serial ECG was monitored and he converted to sinus rhythm (HR-56/min) on the third day. Subsequent ECGs showed progressive prolongation of the QTc interval (calculated with Bazet's formula). Amiodarone dose was reduced (100mg/day) and further monitoring revealed gradual normalisation of the QTc interval. Review of the patients medication did not reveal the presence of any other drug capable of prolonging QTc. It has been well recognized that a prolonged QT interval (congenital or acquired) on the surface ECG is associated with an increased risk of TdP and sudden death. By far, the most common cause of acquired long QT syndrome is drug induced with anti-arrhythmic drugs being the most commonly implicated. Co- administration of multiple drugs especially with other QT prolonging drugs and hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 iso-enzyme inhibitors must be avoided. Health care providers must be careful about the adverse effect (TdP) which is a potentially fatal condition.
Crystalline Polymers and Fibers

In this chapter we shall examine the properties of a collection of polymer molecules in the crystalline state. In this state each chain adopts the same ordered conformation. Because of the high degree of molecular order the structure in this state is very similar to that of monomeric solids. It is virtually axiomatic, and has been amply demonstrated, that polymers with a sufficiently regular chain structure will crystallize. The type of chain irregularities that retard or even suppress the crystallization process are chemically different units such as copolymer units, branch points, and chemically identical units that are geometric or stereo-isomers. It should not surprise us that the drastic difference in the chain conformation is reflected in some major differences in properties as compared with the disordered state. For example, the modulus of elasticity increases anywhere from 1,000- to 10,000-fold, reflecting the loss of long-range elasticity in the ordered state. Thus in the crystalline state a polymer chain is not easily deformed.
Imaging of Human Retinal Microvasculature Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope

In vivo microvascular imaging was performed on healthy and diseased retinas using an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) employed with fluorescein angiography and non-confocal imaging techniques. With qualitative and quantitative image analyses, AOSLO provides a platform for characterizing retinal microvascular changes cross-sectionally and longitudinally due to disease progression or response to treatment.
Small-strain measurement in bridge connections using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is emerging as a vital tool to help civil engineers improve the safety, maintainability, and reliability of critical structures and assists infrastructure owners with timely information for the continued safe and economic operation of their structure. SHM involves implementing a strategy that identifies and characterizes damage or undesirable performance in engineering structures. The goal of this research project was to determine the smallest strains measurable using standard digital image correlation (DIC) based SHM equipment. This practical investigation that had strong ties to the industry was motivated by damage observed in a real-world bridge, which was initially undetected. Its early detection would have led to reduced repair costs. To accomplish the aforementioned goal, tests were performed on a laboratory specimen that replicated a steel beam-to-column connection of the concerned bridge, involving progressively loading it in a manner in which it was loaded in the actual bridge, while simultaneously measuring the strains that developed in it using the aforementioned DIC-based equipment and software. Under the controlled conditions in the laboratory, the minimum resolution of the state-of-the-art system used in this investigation was determined. Due to the challenges faced in making these small-strain measurements even under highly controlled laboratory conditions, it was concluded that it is currently unrealistic to use the existing DIC technology in a real-world situation to measure strains as small as those that would need to be measured to detect the onset of damage in bridge connections. More work needs to be done in this area.
Effect of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Rat Liver ATP.

SummaryThe concentrations of ATP in rat liver were determined at 2, 8, and 24 hours after stomach-tube feeding of ethanol. ATP concentration nearly doubled 8 hours after feeding but returned to control levels by 24 hours. This acute effect of ethanol ingestion was not sex dependent. When male rats were fed ethanol for 2 months or longer, the liver ATP content decreased. This depression in ATP persisted for as long as 16 months but returned to control levels 2 days after ethanol was withdrawn. These results of chronic ethanol feeding were found only in the experiments with male rats, not females. The results with males were duplicated by chronic acetaldehyde feeding.
Energy expenditure during normo- and overfeeding in peripubertal children of lean and obese Pima Indians.

We investigated the hypothesis that peripubertal children born to obese parents have a lower 24-h energy expenditure during "weight maintenance" and/or in response to overfeeding when compared with...
Demonstration that Thy(lo) subsets of mouse bone marrow that express high levels of lineage markers are not significant hematopoietic progenitors.

We have been unable to reproduce experiments suggesting the existence of three lineage-restricted progenitor populations from mouse bone marrow. Thy1.1loMac-1+B220+ cells were reported to give rise to greatly expanded numbers of myeloid and lymphoid cells, while Thy1.1loMac- 1+B220- and Thy1.1loMac-1-B220+ cells were reported to be highly proliferative myeloid and B-lineage-restricted progenitors, respectively. Both Mac-1+ cell types appear to be much less frequent than previously reported, and we observed no activity consistent with their characterization as committed progenitors of expanded numbers of cells. The original identification of these populations may have resulted from a failure to distinguish bonafide signals from autofluorescent background and nonspecific staining. The progenitor activities originally associated with these populations may have been due to hematopoietic stem cell contamination. This study shows that low levels of Mac-1 are expressed on cells with multipotent progenitor activity. Thy1.1loB220+Mac-1- cells can be purified from bone marrow, but in these experiments they do not give rise to detectable levels of progeny on injection into lethally irradiated mice. Thy1.1loB220+Mac-1- cells appear to be pro-B cells without significant proliferation potential in vivo. The finding that the described populations do not have the reported progenitor activities leaves the pathways of stem cell differentiation open to further study.
Ileocolic intussusception presenting with bilious vomiting due to extrinsic duodenal obstruction

We present a case of a child presenting with bilious vomiting due to extrinsic duodenal obstruction by an ileocolic intussusception. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and use of sonography are discussed.
Endocrine therapies for BPH: scientific rationale, clinical results, and patient selection

In 1993, medical therapy for BPH is a reality. Androgen deprivation therapy (LHRH agonists, antiandrogens, and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors) has been shown to be effective by reducing the static component of BPH. Of these agents, the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors have the greatest promise because of their low toxicity profile. Aromatase inhibitors, which function via a different mechanism, however, have not been demonstrated, as monotherapy, to be effective in the treatment of symptomatic BPH. It is still theoretically possible that aromatase inhibitors could have a role in the management of prostatism if they are utilized in conjunction with an antiandrogen or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor. Although the early results for this endocrine therapies are encouraging, several issues relating to medical treatment remain unanswered. Not everyone with significant prostatism will respond to androgen deprivation therapy. How does the physician identify pre-treatment the patient most likely to achieve a significant improvement in voiding function with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy? At the present time, there is no method--based on symptoms, DRE findings, serum hormone and PSA levels, or histopathologic criteria--for recognizing the ideal patient for androgen deprivation therapy. Without question, it is a subjective decision. As a result, the benefits and risks of these medical approaches as well as those of the minimally invasive and surgical therapies must be discussed with the patient so that he can participate in the management decision. In this manner, the expectations and needs of the patient will be best served.
3.31 – Imaging

Small-animal imaging has emerged as a powerful technique to determine the pharmacokinetics and molecular effects of new drugs. Computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can all be used to study these compounds or their effects directly. The methods all have varying sensitivities and resolutions and can be used to track events down to the molecular level. Around six orders of magnitude separate cellular and molecular events. Cell radii are around 10−5 m, whereas a small-molecular-weight compound (1 kDa) will have a molecular radius of around 10−10 m. Although MRI can have a resolution of below 10−4 m, the sensitivity of magnetic resonance spectroscopy is quite poor, at 10−4 molar. Conversely, PET and SPECT have lower resolutions of around 10−3 m, but the sensitivities are down to 10−12 molar and depend on the specific activity of the tracer used. Small-animal imaging is a valuable tool to investigate new drugs and validate their potential in vivo. CT and MRI are good methods for anatomical and functional imaging, but cannot be reliably used for molecular imaging since they require potentially pharmacologically active doses of drugs. Optical methods of imaging can be performed at the tracer level using bioluminescence and fluorescent imaging techniques, but they can only offer planar images which cannot give quantitative data. Small-animal imaging with PET and SPECT permits the non-invasive study of novel drugs as well as their effects in animals over substantial periods of time. The methods are directly transferable into the clinic and offer a rapid and cost effective way of developing new therapeutic strategies.
Empirical estimates of size-resolved precipitation scavenging coefficients for ultrafine particles

Abstract Below-cloud scavenging coefficients for ultrafine particles (UFP) exhibit comparatively large uncertainties in part because of the limited availability of observational data sets from which robust parameterizations can be derived or that can be used to evaluate output from numerical models. Long time series of measured near-surface UFP size distributions and precipitation intensity from the Midwestern USA are used here to explore uncertainties in scavenging coefficients and test both the generalizability of a previous empirical parameterization developed using similar data from a boreal forest in Finland (Laakso et al., 2003) and whether a more parsimonious formulation can be developed. Scavenging coefficients (λ) over an ensemble of 95 rain events (with a median intensity of 1.56 mm h−1) and 104 particle diameter (Dp) classes (from 10 to 400 nm) indicate a mean value of 3.4 × 10−5 s−1 (with a standard error of 1.1 × 10−6 s−1) and a median of 1.9 × 10−5 s−1 (interquartile range: −2.0 × 10−5 to 7.5 × 10−5 s−1). The median scavenging coefficients for Dp: 10–400 nm computed over all 95 rain events exhibit close agreement with the empirical parameterization proposed by (Laakso et al., 2003). They decline from ∼4.1 × 10−5 s−1 for Dp of 10–19 nm, to ∼1.6 × 10−5 s−1 for Dp of 80–113 nm, and show an increasing tendency for Dp > 200 nm.
Do Auditors Correctly Identify and Assess Internal Control Deficiencies? Evidence from the PCAOB Data

Auditors routinely fail to disclose material weaknesses prior to a material error (i.e. restatements). One potential reason is that auditors misclassify the severity of identified internal control deficiencies due to complexity in judging the materiality and likelihood of potential related errors. Another reason is that auditors face disincentives to report a material weakness without a clear indication of an existing error. We evaluate these possibilities using a proprietary database on auditor-identified control deficiencies that are not deemed material weaknesses, hence not publicly disclosed. We compare the severity of the control deficiency with the severity of ex-post reporting errors. Even though we find some evidence consistent with auditor and management incentives to misclassify material weaknesses as less serious deficiencies, we generally find that 1) the severity of identified control deficiencies is properly assessed and 2) the auditor is able to provide reasonable assurance about whether financial statements are materially misstated in the presence of identified deficiencies. Our evidence indicates that the inability of auditors to properly identify relevant internal controls is a contributing reason why material weaknesses are not discovered and disclosed prior to material error restatements.
The Effect of Speed on Foldable ROPS Actuation Forces.

. The number of fatalities caused by tractor rollovers has decreased in recent years, but the number of fatal tractor rollover accidents with a folded-down rollover protective structure (ROPS) has increased. Operating a ROPS-equipped tractor in low overhead clearance zones is difficult and sometimes impossible. The foldable ROPS (FROPS) was designed to solve the rigid ROPS problem, but lowering and raising a conventional FROPS is a time-consuming and strenuous process. After operators fold down a FROPS to pass a low overhead clearance zone, some prefer to leave it in the folded or inoperative position, increasing the risk of a rollover fatality. The actuation forces for raising and lowering a FROPS are not well known and may be influenced by actuation speed. A completely randomized block design with two blocks, five levels of speed, and multiple replications was conducted to investigate the effect of speed on actuation torque. The blocks were two sizes of tractor FROPS. The test included five levels of speed, including two levels of static measurement and three levels of dynamic measurement. A variable-speed motor system was used to control the speed for raising and lowering the FROPS. The actuation torque is a function of the FROPS upper part shape, dimensions, material density, turning acceleration, and friction. A theoretical model was developed to predict the actuation torque based on the FROPS shape, dimensions, and material density. For one ROPS, due to friction, the dynamic actuation torque was greater for raising and less for lowering than the theoretical torque. Indicator variable regression was used to analyze the effect of speed on actuation torque. Results showed that speed had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on actuation torque. Although there were statistically significant differences between the dynamic actuation torques, these differences were relatively small and negligible compared to the differences between the static torques.
Age-dependent changes of cerebral copper metabolism in Atp7b −/− knockout mouse model of Wilson’s disease by [64Cu]CuCl2-PET/CT

Copper is a nutritional metal required for brain development and function. Wilson’s disease (WD), or hepatolenticular degeneration, is an inherited human copper metabolism disorder caused by a mutation of the ATP7B gene. Many WD patients present with variable neurological and psychiatric symptoms, which may be related to neurodegeneration secondary to copper metabolism imbalance. The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility and use of copper-64 chloride ([64C]CuCl2) as a tracer for noninvasive assessment of age-dependent changes of cerebral copper metabolism in WD using an Atp7b −/− knockout mouse model of WD and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Continuing from our recent study of biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [64C]CuCl2 in Atp7b −/− knockout mice, PET quantitative analysis revealed low 64Cu radioactivity in the brains of Atp7b −/− knockout mice at 7th weeks of age, compared with 64Cu radioactivity in the brains of age- and gender-matched wild type C57BL/6 mice, at 24 h (h) post intravenous injection of [64C]CuCl2 as a tracer. Furthermore, age-dependent increase of 64Cu radioactivity was detected in the brains of Atp7b −/− knockout mice from the 13th to 21th weeks of age, based on the data derived from a longitudinal [64C]CuCl2-PET/CT study of Atp7b −/− knockout mice with orally administered [64Cu]CuCl2 as a tracer. The findings of this study support clinical use of [64Cu]CuCl2-PET/CT imaging as a tool for noninvasive assessment of age-dependent changes of cerebral copper metabolism in WD patients presenting with variable neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
A forgotten contribution: Melanchthon’s catechisms in the service of the 16th-century Reformation

The present article examines Melanchthon’s catechisms in their historical setting and explores their theological potential, especially in terms of the Protestant concept of vocation by virtue of wh...
Role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in lung transplantation

Lung transplantation is one of the highest risk solid organ transplant modalities. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and lung transplant outcomes, including acute and chronic rejection. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of GERD in lung transplantation, as informed by the most recent publications in the field. The pathophysiology of reflux-induced lung injury includes the effects of aspiration and local immunomodulation in the development of pulmonary decline and histologic rejection, as reflective of allograft injury. Modalities of reflux and esophageal assessment, including ambulatory pH testing, impedance, and esophageal manometry, are discussed, as well as timing of these evaluations relative to transplantation. Finally, antireflux treatments are reviewed, including medical acid suppression and surgical fundoplication, as well as the safety, efficacy, and timing of such treatments relative to transplantation. Our review of the data supports an association between GERD and allograft injury, encouraging a strategy of early diagnosis and aggressive reflux management in lung transplant recipients to improve transplant outcomes. Further studies are needed to explore additional objective measures of reflux and aspiration, better compare medical and surgical antireflux treatment options, extend follow-up times to capture longer-term clinical outcomes, and investigate newer interventions including minimally invasive surgery and advanced endoscopic techniques.
Cosmic Visions Dark Energy: Small Projects Portfolio

Understanding cosmic acceleration is one of the key science drivers for astrophysics and high-energy physics in the coming decade (2014 P5 Report). With the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and other new facilities beginning operations soon, we are entering an exciting phase during which we expect an order of magnitude improvement in constraints on dark energy and the physics of the accelerating Universe. This is a key moment for a matching Small Projects portfolio that can (1) greatly enhance the science reach of these flagship projects, (2) have immediate scientific impact, and (3) lay the groundwork for the next stages of the Cosmic Frontier Dark Energy program. In this White Paper, we outline a balanced portfolio that can accomplish these goals through a combination of observational, experimental, and theory and simulation efforts.
MIXED: Educational Perspectives from Families of Mixed East and West Educational Background

Will my children’s creativity be hindered if I place them within the rigidity of an East Asian school? Conversely, could my children’s math and science skills benefit from the high expectations of an East Asian curriculum and teacher? The purpose of this study is two-fold: Firstly, it aims to demonstrate that comparison between Eastern and Western educational traditions can be framed in terms of a dialectic concerning students’: development, autonomy, learning environment, and curricula. Secondly, it is to analyze the substance and effects of this dialectic in the context of 15 families of mixed educational background situated between Eastern and Western educational traditions. These families in Hong Kong have access to educational opportunities for their children in adherence to educational styles associated with either Eastern or Western culture, or a combination of both. This study seeks to illuminate the possible: dominance, abandonment, and/or synthesis of cultural background when evaluating schooling options for children in families of mixed educational background. The study finds that these families largely inclined towards educational ideals more associated with Eastern characterizations while their children were at the primary level of education. In stark contrast, they unanimously favored Western propensities in education when their children were in secondary school and beyond. This study concludes that there may be wider ramifications of this model of intercultural compromise beyond the level of the intercultural family, particularly as it relates to broader global and comparative educational discourse surrounding notions of how creativity and innovation may be fostered in educational contexts.
Kinetics of Vaporization of Molten Selenium

Vaporization of molten selenium was studied under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to measure the vapor composition, and a vacuum microbalance was used to measure the total rate-of-weight-loss. Both measurements were made as a function of temperature near 500 K. Experimental results indicate that the vaporization of molten selenium is a retarded reaction having vaporization coefficients of about 0.1 for all species Se n (g) (n = 2–8). Results also show that the activation free energy of vaporization for all species is approximately equal to the free energy change of depolymerization reactions of liquid molecules, as obtained by other authors. These molecules consist of long chains in thermodynamic equilibrium with octacyclic rings. Mecha­nisms for the vaporization of molten selenium are postulated that involve the formation of short chains or small, nearly closed loops on liquid surface as the rate-limiting step. These activated complexes have the same number of atoms as the gaseous ring molecules to be formed. A critical test for this model is proposed which, if proven correct, may lead to a novel technique for growing pure single crystals of trigonal selenium.
CONSIDERATION OF BULBAR AND SUPRABULBAR AFFERENT INFLUENCES UPON SPEECH MOTOR COORDINATION AND PROGRAMMING

ABSTRACT Based upon available evidence, our own work, and recent developments in the study of limb motor control, the potential roles of afferent influences upon speech motor programming were evaluated. From this analysis it was suggested that : 1) autogenic or closed-loop feedback processes may not play a significant role in speech motor programming, except during learning or in adaptation to unusual disruptions, whether introduced experimentally or naturally, and 2) afferent influences are nevertheless very important in speech control and may be acting through open-loop, feedforward pathways to reduce the coordinative complexity associated with the rigid timing requirements for multiple speech movements and to allow for potential errors to be elminated, predictively, in the actual process of motor execution. In evaluating the potential nervous system sites for these feedforward influences, evidence concerning potential bulbar and suprabulbar actions was considered. From these latter considerations it was hypothesized that suprabulbar afferent pathways, especially those subserving intentional reactions, may play the prominent role in the control and programming of voluntary movements for speech. Implications for motor execution and programming disorders of speech are discussed.
Modulation of TRPM1 and the mGluR6 Cascade in ON Bipolar Cells

In the retina, cones contact two types of bipolar cells, releasing the same transmitter onto each. Since the two types of bipolar cells must respond to light (and therefore cone transmitter) with opposite polarities, each has evolved very different postsynaptic mechanisms to solve this problem. The OFF bipolar cell expresses ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) and kainate glutamate receptors, conferring depolarization during photoreceptor transmitter release. However, the requirement for a hyperpolarizing action of glutamate at ON bipolar cells ruled out the use of ionotropic receptors at this synapse. Years of investigation by a number of different laboratories have revealed this highly novel, perhaps unique mechanism by which activation of a glutamate receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor type 6 (mGluR6), results in membrane hyperpolarization. The photoreceptor–ON bipolar cell synapse must also be adaptive, enhancing rapid changes in illumination while attenuating slower, more long-lasting changes in order to avoid saturation of downstream synapses. Calcium appears to play a major role in this form of short-term plasticity. Finally, recent evidence suggests that the gain of this synapse is additionally regulated by ambient light levels. Both cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G (PKG) and protein kinase C (PKC) appear to play key roles in these forms of long-term plasticity. Sections “ON Bipolar Cells and the mGluR6 Pathway: A Brief History” and “Elucidation of the mGluR6 Signaling Cascade” of this chapter summarize what is currently known about this synaptic pathway, with an emphasis on the major historical breakthroughs that shaped our understanding of this exceedingly complex synapse along the way. Sections “Modulation of the mGluR6 Cascade: Ca2+”, “Modulation of the mGluR6 Cascade: cGMP”, and “Modulation of the mGluR6 Cascade: PKC and DAG” summarize the roles of Ca2+, cGMP, and PKC in the regulation of this pathway.
Is extensive atrial fibrosis in the setting of heart failure associated with a reduced atrial fibrillation burden

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects 10-50% of patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor long-term prognosis. AF is commonly associated with atrial structural remodeling (ASR), principally characterized by atrial dilatation and fibrosis. However, the occurrence of AF in the full spectrum of ASR encountered in patients with HF is poorly defined. Experimental studies have presented evidence that extensive ASR can be accompanied with a reduced burden of AF, secondary to a prominent depression of atrial excitability. This reduction in AF burden is associated with severe atrial fibrosis rather than with dilatation. Clinical studies of patients with HF point to the possibility that advanced ASR is associated with a less frequent AF occurrence than moderate ASR. Our goal in this review is to introduce the hypothesis that AF is less likely to occur in severe versus moderate atrial ASR in the setting of HF and that it is severe atrial fibrosis-associated depression of atrial excitability that reduces AF burden.
Faculty Teachers’ Perspectives of Resident Academic Half Day

Academic Half Day (AHD) is an innovative curricular model in which learning is condensed into half day blocks. Perspectives of faculty teachers who have implemented AHD have not been well described. The objective of our study was to explore faculty teachers’ perspectives of resident AHD. We conducted a qualitative study using individual interviews (Sept–Dec 2017) of faculty who coordinated and taught resident AHD. We used a semi-structured interview guide, analyzed data using constant comparative methods, and collected data until reaching saturation. In accordance with grounded theory methodology, we iteratively developed codes and identified major themes, resolving discrepancies by consensus. Twelve faculty participated in interviews; 75% previously gave noon conference. Analysis yielded three themes. Recruiting enough colleagues to teach at AHD was challenging. Competing clinical demands, time commitment to teach, and hesitancy facilitating small group learning compared to giving a lecture limited recruitment. Faculty valued different teaching formats. Residents were engaged in active learning, and faculty enjoyed getting to know residents. Long-term learning outcomes were uncertain. Choosing topics with limited teaching time was difficult; faculty worried insufficient content was delivered. The coordination of AHD within the residency core curriculum was unclear. Faculty feel residents are engaged in learning at AHD. Faculty face challenges recruiting colleagues to teach and worry insufficient topics are covered. The impact of their teaching on long-term learning is uncertain. Further work is needed to coordinate AHD with other learning activities.
Freud’s Response to the Semantic Objection: Concepts, Essentialism, and the Definition of “Mental”

In response to the semantic objection, Freud must show that the concept “unconscious mental state” is at least conceptually coherent. Preferably, Freud should start from a definition of “mental” that is shared with his Cartesian opponents to provide a common basis for discussion. To identify what form such a definition might take, I explore five prominent theories of the nature of concepts, arguing that Freud is best understood as applying what I call a “black box essentialist” account: A state is mental if and only if it possesses the same mental-relevant essential property possessed by the base set of conscious mental states. This definition allowed Freud to reject the semantic objection and focus instead on the theoretical issue of the essence of the mental.
Use and Application of Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) Database

University experts can offer uniquely valuable insights for informing policy based on expertise they develop through research. The application of knowledge through public service is an important and understudied mechanism for translating academic expertise to government and other communities. Today universities encourage researchers to engage in public service, and often they actively provide institutional support to create a culture and environment where such pro bono work is regarded as an important activity by the research community. Yet the question remains as to whether or not a systematic mechanism exists to track, record, and measure the value of university expertise influencing policy within the context of research. We explore a useful but underutilized administrative data source, the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) database, with an eye towards linking the federal service data to other sources in order to measure research impact in a sociopolitical setting. This publicly available dataset contains rich information on federal advisory committees that play an important role in shaping national programs and policies. Each year an average of 900 advisory committees with more than 60,000 members have provided either policy or grant review advice in 40 different issue areas. Our exploratory findings suggest a steady increase of academics in federal service, the different level of federal service contribution by universities, and the association between federal service and university R&D spending. We also discuss the importance of data cleaning when using administrative data for research and data linkage methods when linking federal service data to university research spending records.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF FERROELECTRIC DOMAINS IN LITAO3 USING ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Direct observation of ferroelectric domain structures in LiTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystal, without etching or surface coating, has been realized by using environmental scanning electron microscopy in secondary electron emission mode. The new method can nondestructively provide domain contrast image at submicron resolution, and the domain contrast image is very stable. Conditions for best domain contrast of LiTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystals have been established.
El corporativismo estatal, las políticas educativas y los movimientos estudiantiles y magisteriales en México

Este articulo describe el estudio de las politicas y practicas educativas en Mexico en el periodo comprendido entre 1970 y 1990, centrandose particularmente en los movimientos estudiantiles tanto de 1968 como los posteriores, asi como los movimientos magisteriales los cuales tuvieron como resultado el Congreso Universitario en 1990. Estudia los procesos de negociacion, de lucha y los compromisos del sistema educativo, subrayando la intervencion gubernamental con sus correspondientes lazos con la empresa privada y los grandes sindicatos dominados por el Estado
Inverted duplication, triplication and quintuplication through sequential breakage-fusion-bridge events induced by a terminal deletion at 5p in a case of spontaneous abortion.

Background Integrated chromosome, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analyses have been effective in defining unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements. Discordant chromosome and aCGH results are rarely reported. Methods Routine cytogenomic analyses and literature review were performed in the study of a case from products of conception (POC). Results Chromosome and FISH analysis revealed a mosaic pattern consisting of a primary aberration of an inverted duplication of 5p and derived secondary and tertiary aberrations from sequential triplication and quintuplication of 5p, respectively. The aCGH analysis detected only a 1.521 Mb terminal deletion at 5p15.33 with no other pathogenic copy number variants in the genome. This mosaic karyotypic pattern likely resulted from chromosome instability induced by sequential breakage-fusion-bridge events during in vitro cell culture. A review of literature found heterogeneous distal deletion and inverted duplication of 5p in prenatal and pediatric cases. Conclusion This is the first case reported in POC with a unique mosaic pattern and discordant chromosome and aCGH results. Caution should be applied in reporting and interpreting these discordant results and further analysis for underlying mechanism should be considered.
Are we making a difference? Rural university students’ perceptions of diversity and inclusion

Recent demographic trends indicate that the evolving workforce will increasingly comprise a variety of cultures, belief systems, and ethnic populations. As future professionals in a global environment, post-graduate business students must understand the increasing importance of differences they will encounter. The purpose of this study is to understand business students’ perceptions of diversity and inclusion during their academic experience in a rural university in west-central Michigan, USA. The research design was descriptive, and the research was conducted using a quantitative method of surveying. Any students currently pursuing their qualification at College of Business comprised the target population. A total of 349 students responded to the survey. The respondents ranging in age from 18-24 years responded to Likert scale and nominal questions regarding their perceptions on diversity and inclusion. Although mostly positive, business students shared that some of the current programs could be improved. These perceptions provide constructive data for use in evaluating and amending current diversity and inclusion programs and suggestions for future research are offered based on the study’s findings.
A Multi-Function Sensor for Eddy Correlation Measurements of Benthic Flux

Eddy Correlation (EC) is a technique that can be used to measure the transport of substances in aquatic ecosystems between bottom sediments and the overlying water (i.e. benthic fluxes). Based on high-speed, simultaneous, and co-located velocity and concentration measurements, EC has been successfully used in a variety of freshwater and marine settings to determine benthic fluxes of dissolved oxygen. Application to a larger range of compounds is limited, however, by the lack of suitable chemical sensors. Here, we describe FACT, a novel, high-speed, multi-function sensor created to expand the range of benthic fluxes that can be measured with EC. An optical fiber spectrofluorometer with a proximally located conductivity cell and thermistor, FACT enables benthic flux measurements of fluorescing compounds, such as fluorescent dissolved organic matter, as well as of heat and salinity which can be used as tracers for submarine groundwater discharge. The high bandwidth and open-beam geometry of the fluorescence sensor are particularly beneficial for EC measurements. FACT was integrated with a velocity sensor into a full EC system capable of simultaneous benthic flux measurements of fluorescing compounds, heat, and salinity. Tested in a laboratory tank, fluxes measured by all three sensors were found to track each other as well as compare favorably with expected values. The ability to measure fluxes of multiple substances both extends the applicability of EC to a wider range of natural sites, and can provide insight into issues of sensing volume and time responses as they affect the application of EC to natural waters.
Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) Exposure after Ex Vivo T-Cell Depleted Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Is Highly Variable and Impacts Immune Reconstitution in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients

Background Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) is used in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to prevent graft-versus-host-disease and graft failure. Its main and unpredictable toxicity includes poor immune reconstitution (IR) associated with higher mortality: patients who early reconstitute CD4+ have lower non-relapse mortality (NRM) and higher survival. Recently, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) pharmacodynamic rATG model described the optimal ATG exposure in various T-replete HCT settings. No data is however available in EX VIVO T-Cell Depleted (TCD) HCT. The goal of this study is to determine the optimal exposure of rATG in a pediatric and young adult patient EX VIVO TCD HCT setting, allowing early IR. Methods Pediatric and young adult patients receiving their first allogeneic EX VIVO TCD HCT at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (2008–2018) were included. No restrictions were applied in terms of donor source, indication, conditioning, and age. Only patients receiving rATG (alone) or no ATG were included in analyses. We estimated exposure of rATG, before, after and total as area under the curve; (AUC) (mg*d/L) for all patients using an established PK model (Admiraal et al.,Lancet Hematology 2017). Outcomes of interest were CD4+ IR,defined as CD4+ levels >50/uL at two consecutive measures within 100 days, overall survival (OS), and NRM. We evaluated the association between ATG exposures and IR using a smoothed exposure to define optimal ATG exposure after HCT.Cox proportional hazard models, and multi-state competing risk models were used for analyses. Results 223 underwent a TCD HCT. 186 were included in the analysis as they received rATG (n=165) or no ATG (n=21).120(65%) had malignant and 66 (35%) had non-malignant indications for HCT. Median age was 10.5 (0.2–44) years. For those who received rATG, median rATG exposure after HCT was 34.2(range 0.622-104). A lower post AUC was associated with higher probability of IR (p 20 (p 20 (p=0.03:Fig 3), and in NRM according CD4 IR at day 100 (IR:CI 4+/- 4% vs. No IR; CI 30+/-10%;p Conclusions In patients who received EX VIVO TCD graft, rATG plays crucial role in probability of CD4+ IR. Patients who had rATG exposure