cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early glottic cancer in a veteran population: Impact of race on management and outcomes.

Objectives Multiple population studies have shown racial discrepancies in head and neck cancer treatment and outcomes. We sought to characterize the impact of race on clinical outcomes for patients with early glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a tertiary institution which provides equivalent access to care. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all early glottic (T1-T2) squamous cell carcinoma at a single institution, the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans' Administration Medical Center (MEDVAMC). Data collected included demographic information, primary and adjuvant treatment modalities, time to diagnosis, time to treatment, recurrences, recurrence treatment modality, secondary malignancies, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Results One hundred seventeen patients with a primary diagnosis of T1-T2 glottic squamous cell carcinoma were included. Black and white patients demonstrated equivalent rates of recurrence, RFS, and OS. There was no significant difference in treatment delivery by race for all recorded parameters. T1b tumors were associated with an increased risk of recurrence which did not translate into a statistically significant decrease in RFS or OS. Surgical treatment was associated with increased recurrence but similar RFS and OS compared to radiation-based treatment. Secondary malignancies were common; 12% of patients were diagnosed with a second primary lung cancer during the study period. Conclusion At our institution, race did not impact survival when access to care, treatment selection, and delivery are equivalent for early glottic SCC. Secondary lung cancer is a critical risk factor for mortality in this patient group and requires long-term surveillance and monitoring. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1733-1739, 2020.
Integrating Hybrid-Clustering and Localized Regression for Time Synchronization of a Hierarchical Underwater Acoustic Sensor Array

Time synchronization is a critical requirement for the application of underwater acoustic sensor network (UWSN). Although a number of time synchronization protocols have been proposed for UWSN, none of them can be directly applied to stand-alone autonomous acoustic receivers, as they lack hardware platforms permitting communication. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based time synchronization framework for stand-alone autonomous receiver arrays, using the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System as a case study. The proposed framework consists of array partition and time synchronization. Using detections of receiver-attached beacons as input, this framework synchronizes all receiver clocks to a root receiver clock. The framework has been successfully used in a field study at Trevallyn Dam forebay in Tasmania, Australia.
Fibroblast‐specific Stat1 deletion enhances the myofibroblast phenotype during tissue repair

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) is a ubiquitously expressed latent transcription factor that is activated by many cytokines and growth factors. Global Stat1 knockout mice are prone to chemical-induced lung and liver fibrosis, suggesting roles for Stat1 in tissue repair. However, the importance of Stat1 in fibroblast-mediated and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-mediated injury response has not been directly evaluated in vivo. Here, we focused on two models of tissue repair in conditional Stat1 knockout mice: excisional skin wounding in mice with Stat1 deletion in dermal fibroblasts, and carotid artery ligation in mice with global Stat1 deletion or deletion specific to VSMCs. In the skin model, dermal wounds closed at a similar rate in mice with fibroblast Stat1 deletion and controls, but collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression were increased in the mutant granulation tissue. Cultured Stat1 -/- and Stat1 +/- dermal fibroblasts exhibited similar αSMA+ stress fiber assembly, collagen gel contraction, proliferation, migration, and growth factor-induced gene expression. In the artery ligation model, there was a significant increase in fibroblast-driven perivascular fibrosis when Stat1 was deleted globally. However, VSMC-driven remodeling and neointima formation were unchanged when Stat1 was deleted specifically in VSMCs. These results suggest an in vivo role for Stat1 as a suppressor of fibroblast mediated, but not VSMC mediated, injury responses, and a suppressor of the myofibroblast phenotype.
Utilization of a Resuscitative Care Unit for Initial Triage, Management, and Disposition of Minor Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Management of minor intracranial hemorrhage typically involves ICU admission. ICU capacity is increasingly strained, resulting in increased emergency department boarding of critically ill patients. Our objectives were to implement a novel protocol using our emergency department-based resuscitative care unit for management of management of minor intracranial hemorrhage patients in the emergency department setting, to provide timely and appropriate critical care, and to decrease inpatient ICU utilization. Design Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Setting Single large academic medical center in the United States. Patients Adult patients presenting to the emergency department with management of minor intracranial hemorrhage managed via our resuscitative care unit-management of minor intracranial hemorrhage protocol from September 2017 to April 2019. Intervention Implementation of a resuscitative care unit-management of minor intracranial hemorrhage protocol. Measurements and main results Demographic data, need for vasoactive infusions in the emergency department, emergency department and hospital length of stay, emergency department disposition, and 30-day outcomes (readmission, mortality, need for neurosurgical procedure) were collected. Fifty-five patients were identified, with mean age 67.1 ± 20.0 years. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale on presentation was 14.8 ± 0.5, and 66% had a history of trauma. Locations of hemorrhage were subdural (42%), intraparenchymal (35%), subarachnoid (15%), intratumoral (7%), and intraventricular (2%). Nineteen patients (35%) were discharged from the emergency department, 22 (40%) were admitted to general care, and 14 (26%) were admitted to intensive care. In discharged patients, there was no mortality or neurosurgical interventions at 30 days. In a subgroup analysis of 36 patients with a traumatic mechanism, 18 (50%) were able to be discharged from the emergency department after management in the resuscitative care unit. Conclusions Initial management of emergency department patients with minor intracranial hemorrhage in a resuscitative care unit appears safe and feasible and was associated with a substantial rate of discharge from the emergency department (35%) and a low rate of admission to an inpatient ICU (26%). Use of this strategy was associated with rapid initiation of ICU-level care, which may help alleviate the challenge of increasing emergency department boarding time of critically ill patients facing many institutions.
The cross-talk of NOTCH and GSK-3 signaling in colon and other cancers

The GSK-3 kinases, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, have a central role in regulating multiple cellular processes such as glycogen synthesis, insulin signaling, cell proliferation and apoptosis. GSK-3β is the most well studied, and was originally described for its role in regulating glycogen synthase. GSK-3β has been studied as a participant in the oncogenic process in a variety of cancers due to its intersection with the PTEN/PI3K/AKT and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Dysregulated signaling through the Notch family of receptors can also promote oncogenesis. Normal Notch receptor signaling regulates cell fate determination in stem cell pools. GSK-3β and Notch share similar targets such β-catenin and the WNT pathway. WNT and β-catenin are involved in several oncogenic processes including those of the colon. In addition, GSK-3β may directly regulate aspects of Notch signaling. This review describes how crosstalk between GSK-3β and Notch can promote oncogenesis, using colon cancer as the primary example.
Inventing future cities, by Michael Batty: Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2018

In 2019, the unthinkable occurred in New York City. The tantalizing promise of Amazon bringing tens of thousands of jobs and hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue was tossed into the East Rive...
Context-Adaptive Management of Drivers’ Trust in Automated Vehicles

Automated vehicles (AVs) that intelligently interact with drivers must build a trustworthy relationship with them. A calibrated level of trust is fundamental for the AV and the driver to collaborate as a team. Techniques that allow AVs to perceive drivers’ trust from drivers’ behaviors and react accordingly are, therefore, needed for context-aware systems designed to avoid trust miscalibrations. This letter proposes a framework for the management of drivers’ trust in AVs. The framework is based on the identification of trust miscalibrations (when drivers’ undertrust or overtrust the AV) and on the activation of different communication styles to encourage or warn the driver when deemed necessary. Our results show that the management framework is effective, increasing (decreasing) trust of undertrusting (overtrusting) drivers, and reducing the average trust miscalibration time periods by approximately 40%. The framework is applicable for the design of SAE Level 3 automated driving systems and has the potential to improve the performance and safety of driver–AV teams.
Security Analysis of a System-on-Chip Using Assertion-Based Verification

Current systems-on-chip designs contain multiple cores which perform a variety of processing, storage, and communication functions. Complexity of interactions among the cores and of the cores themselves introduce potential security vulnerabilities which can be exploited by malicious actors to mount a variety of attacks. Hence, it is essential to develop appropriate security policies to mitigate the vulnerabilities. In addition, these security policies should be formally specified and the design should be statically verified for security assurance prior to fabrication. In this paper, we show how a catalog of vulnerabilities can be used to develop mitigating security policies for a set of cores in a system-on-chip. We show how temporal logic assertions can be used to formally specify the security policies, parameterized using formal signal names. Given a specific target architecture, these parameterized assertions can be instantiated with actual signal names and verified using a formal verification tool. We demonstrate the application of this process to an OpenRISC-1200 based system-on-chip design written in Verilog. Security policies are specified as SystemVerilog Assertions and verified using Cadence JasperGold™. Three design errors ad-versely effecting the security policies are uncovered in the design.
A Phase IV Trial of Proton Therapy in Children: The First Report from SJPROTON1

Background: Early reports suggest adverse events following proton therapy (PT) for childhood cancer are more prevalent. We evaluated treatment-failure and toxicity following Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS)-PT in children. Methods: The single-institution Phase IV trial screened 856 children, of which 528 were eligible for PBS-PT, and 500 enrolled in SJPROTON1 from 2017–2020. The median follow-up was 2.1 years (range 1.1-4.4). The primary objective was the cumulative incidence (CI) of ≥grade 3 non-hematologic, PBS-PT attributable toxicity by CTCAE v4.0. Additional outcomes included PBS-PT toxicity attributable hospitalization, procedures, and treatment-related mortality. Toxicities including necrosis, vasculopathy, neurologic deficits, and fracture/osteoradionecrosis were further characterized (any grade). Competing risk regression was used to evaluate predictors of ≥grade 3 PBS-PT attributable toxicity. Findings: At two years, the event-free survival was 73.2% (95% CI, 68.9%-77.8%). Distant and local failure predominated with a 2-year CI of 16.5% (95% CI 13.1-20.4) and 6.8% (95% CI 4.6-9.5) respectively. The 4 year CI of ≥grade 3 toxicity was 24.5%; including necrosis (3.7%), neurologic deficit (2.9%), and fracture/osteoradionecrosis (0.79%). The rates of PBS-PT-toxicity attributable hospitalization and procedures were 3.9% and 7.6%. Predictors of any ≥grade 3 toxicity included baseline total toxicity burden (TTB) (HR 1.043, 95% CI 1.012-1.07, p=0.007), and mixed photon/PBS-PT (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.51-4.54, p=0.006) in CNS patients, and pelvic radiotherapy (HR 4.25, 95% CI 1.08-16.72, p=0.038), and TTB (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.04-1.16, p=0.002) in non-CNS patients. Interpretation: PBS-PT yields a low incidence of toxicity, but subsets are at increased risk, and may require additional procedures or hospitalization. Funding: This work was supported by ALSAC and Cancer Center Core Grant CA21765. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The SJPROTON1 trial was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at St. Jude. Informed consent was obtained from the parent, caregiver, or patient, with assent from the patient, as appropriate.
Substance abuse in pregnancy

Abstract Substance use disorders during pregnancy is a major public health concern. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are identified as one of the single most preventable public health and social problems affecting women. Identification of substance use during pregnancy continues to be underreported by women as the possible legal ramifications are a major concern. In recent years, the legalization of marijuana has seen an increase in use and is now one of the most commonly used substances. Many of these substances have a negative impact on fetal development, including growth restriction and preterm delivery. Some of the sequelae continue during infant and child growth and development. The use of screening tools such as brief office interventions assists in identifying women at risk or currently using harmful substances and is one strategy providers may implement to support a positive and healthy pregnancy outcome.
Lateralized RSA: The US Experience

The design of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been in evolution since the initial designs by Dr. Grammont. The unique characteristic of the initial design was to create more medial center of rotation (COR) of the glenoid component so that shear forces across the baseplate–glenoid bone interface reduced and thereby decrease glenoid component failure rates. Subsequent designs were created which did not medialize the COR as much as the initial Grammont prosthesis to decrease the notching and dislocation rates seen in the Grammont prosthesis. These prostheses were called “lateralized” although the COR was actually just less medial than popular Grammont type of designs. This chapter will summarize the effects of a “lateralized” (i.e., less medial) COR used initially in the United States in terms of the biomechanics, the effect upon baseplate loosening and clinical results. This chapter will also address the biomechanics and clinical results in terms of inlay versus onlay humeral components as they relate to the experience of using lateralized RTSA.
Predictors of In-hospital Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock Patients on Vasoactive or Inotropic Support.

Background:Though controversial, the short-duration in-patient use of inotropes in cardiogenic shock (CS) remain an ACC/AHA Class IIa indication, and are frequently used in the initial treatment of...
Response Submission to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights with regard to a Petition Alleging Violations of the Human Rights of John Melvin Alexander, et. al. by the United States of America

This Response Submission to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights was prepared by Gay J. McDougall and Charles J. Ogletree to supplement an original petition submitted on this matter by Global Rights and Professor Ogletree. The petition alleges U.S. violations of the human rights of African Americans resulting from racially-motivated rioting in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 1921 attacks on the African American community in Tulsa were nothing less than acts of ethnic cleansing and constituted a massive violation of the jus cogens norm against racial discrimination. It was a crime against humanity in the nature of ethnic cleansing to which no statute of limitations should attach. The Response Submission notes that the Victims did not file claims in the US courts until 2001 for the following reasons: 1) The intimidation and fear which were the intended consequences of the riots created a barrier to seeking judicial relief in that most victims feared for their lives. 2) The judicial system as a whole in Oklahoma was structurally biased against justice for African American claimants in general and lacked the constitutionally required components for access to an impartial and fair system of justice for African Americans as opposed to white Americans. 3) In any event until 2001, the identity of the assailants had been purposely concealed. It was not discoverable until the Tulsa Commission (which operated as a Truth Commission) uncovered new and substantial evidence that state actors played a pivotal role in the violence and issued its report in 2001. Prior to that time, the riot was presented as involving only private actors. The statute of limitations in this matter should have begun to run only in 2001 when the victims first became aware of the state culpability with regard to the riots.
Prevention of the generalized Shwartzman reaction by glucocorticoids

Abstract The generalized Shwartzman reaction, such as induced by bacterial endotoxin in the normal rabbit and the pregnant rat, was prevented with glucocorticoids. The corticoids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone) were administered in a single large subcutaneous injection a few hours prior to provocation of the reaction. On the other hand, adrenocorticotropic hormone as well as the mineralocorticoid desoxycorticosterone acetate were ineffective.
Computational Investigation of Airfoil Stall Flutter

A fully implicit factorized two-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver has been developed and applied to the problem of predicting subsonic airfoil flutter in the light stall regime. The inviscid fluxes are evaluated with a central difference ADI scheme and fourth and second order numerical dissipation is used to obtain oscillation-free solutions. The performance of algebraic and one-equation turbulence models in predicting separated flow is explored for computing subsonic high Reynolds number steady flow and unsteady flows over an oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil. Comparisons of the computed results with available experimental data indicate that even though the lift response is fairly well predicted, the computation of the pitching moment hysteresis loops is very sensitive to turbulence modeling. Results computed with several current models are in good agreement whenever the steady stall angle is exceeded only slightly. However, they fail to capture the vortex shedding process leading to the onset of stall flutter.
Analyzing cooperative containment of fast scanning worms

Fast scanning worms, that can infect nearly the entire vulnerable population in order of minutes, are among the most serious threats to the Internet today. In this work, we investigate the efficacy of cooperation among Internet firewalls in containing such worms. We first propose a model for firewall-level cooperation and then study the containment in our model of cooperation using analysis and simulation. Our results suggest that, with moderate overhead, cooperation among Internet firewalls can provide 95% containment under 10% deployment while being resilient to 100-1000 malicious firewalls.
Sodium dependence of the Na+-H+ exchanger in the pre-steady state: Implications for the exchange mechanism

Abstract The pre-steady state time course of amiloride-sensitive Na+o uptake by the Na(+)-H+ exchanger in renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) exhibits a burst phase at 0 degrees C which corresponds to the initial turnover of the exchanger (Otsu, K., Kinsella, J. L., Sacktor, B. S., and Froehlich, J. P. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 4818-4822). Investigation of the Na+o dependence of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger between 1 and 10 mM Na+ revealed that activation of the burst phase involves at least two Na+ transport sites interacting with positive cooperativity. In this study, characterization of the Na+ transport sites contributing to the burst phase was extended to include Na+ concentrations below 1 mM. Between 0.1 and 1 mM Na+ the amplitude of the burst phase in acid-loaded BBMV (pHi 5.7; pHo 7.7) exhibited a sigmoidal dependence on [Na+]o, consistent with the presence of a second class of high affinity Na+ transport sites with cooperative binding characteristics. In contrast, steady state Na+ uptake obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, similar to the behavior observed previously at higher (1-10 mM) Na+o concentrations. Treatment of the vesicles with carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, which induced the formation of an inside-negative membrane potential, increased the burst amplitude but had no effect on the steady state uptake velocity. Experiments performed with alkaline-loaded BBMV (pHi 7.7; pHo 7.7), which permit only a single turnover of the exchanger, gave a simple hyperbolic dependence of the burst amplitude on [Na+]o (0.5-5 mM). We propose that the change in multiplicity of Na+ transport sites and membrane potential sensitivity that occurs in the transition between the pre-steady state and the steady state of Na+ uptake in acid-loaded vesicles reflects the presence of an oligomer which operates according to a "flip-flop" mechanism. The minimum subunit composition inferred from the biphasic [Na+]o dependence of the burst amplitude is a dimer at low (< 1 mM) Na+o levels and a tetramer at high [Na+]o. Communication between the subunits producing the complex [Na+]o dependence is controlled by the intravesicular (cytoplasmic) H+ modifier site. Under alkaline conditions (pH 7.7), where this site is unoccupied, the subunits behave as independent units and cease operation after the first turnover. Occupation of the H+ modifier site activates a conformational interaction between the subunits that leads to cooperative Na+o binding, alternation of the transport sites, and repetitive cycling of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger.
Sustainable Technology for Achieving Very Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Effluent Levels

This project addresses the successful nitrogen and phosphorus removal technologies being implemented at existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), some key challenges and knowledge gaps in implementing technologies, research needs to improve the existing methods and technologies to achieve low total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) effluents (TN <5 mg/L and TP< 0.5 mg/L). Technology and cost assessment of successful technologies for TN and TP removal on a sustainable basis was accomplished by using a “threshold limit” approach to categorize technologies for different effluent TN and TP limits based on desired criteria. Membrane-based process applications were selected among advanced treatment processes for N and P removal from wastewater at pilot and lab scale technology demonstration studies. The investigations included membrane bioreactor application for N and P removal from wastewater, centrate treatment, and to achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The results indicated membrane based applications are attractive methods for achieving low TN and TP effluents, but supplementary chemical addition is needed depending on the wastewater characteristics. Full scale implementation of step feed BNR with chemical P removal was demonstrated as a successful technology transfer application at John Egan Wastewater Reclamation Plant of Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series . ISBN: 9781843397892 (eBook)
Observational Constraints on Model Atmospheres for Uranus and Neptune

We have re-examined the visible and near-IR regions of the spectra of Uranus and Neptune to provide additional data for constructing atmospheric models. We find that a true continuum exists only at wavelengths below 4700 A, that the 6420 A absorption previously attributed to hydrogen is probably caused by methane, that there is no evidence for ammonia, ethylene or ethane absorptions in our spectra, and that the abundance of methane is probably much higher than previous estimates suggest. This last finding implies that the value of H/C in the atmospheres of both planets is much less than 1/10 the solar (or Jovian) value. Clear, Rayleigh-scattering model atmospheres are not compatible with the observations, but more work is needed to establish viable alternatives.
Conjoined Structures in the Language of Deaf Students

Approximately 450 deaf students (age 10 to 18 years) and 60 hearing children (age eight to 10 years) judged the grammaticality of unreduced and reduced conjoined structures formed by using and, and...
A Flume Experiment on the Adjustment of the Mean and Turbulent Statistics to a Transition from Short to Tall Sparse Canopies

Water-flume experiments are conducted to study the structure of turbulent flow within and above a sparse model canopy consisting of two rigid canopies of different heights. This difference in height specifies a two-dimensional step change from a rough to a rougher surface, as opposed to a smooth-to-rough transition. Despite the fact that the flow is in transition from a rough to a rougher surface, the thickness of the internal boundary layer scales as x 4/5, consistent with smooth-to-rough boundary layer adjustment studies, where x is the downstream distance from the step change. However, the analogy with smooth-to-rough transitions no longer holds when the flow inside the canopy and near the canopy top is considered. Results show that the step change in surface roughness significantly increases turbulence intensities and shear stress. In particular, there is an adjustment of the mean horizontal velocity and shear stress as the flow passes over the rougher canopy, so that their vertical profiles adjust to give maximum values at the top of this canopy. We also observe that the magnitude and shape of the inflection in the mean horizontal velocity profile is significantly affected by the transition. The horizontal and vertical turbulence spectra compare well with Kolmogorov’s theory, although a small deviation at high frequencies is observed in the horizontal spectrum within the canopy. Here, for relatively low leaf area index, shear is found to be a more effective mechanism for momentum transfer through the canopy structure than vortex shedding.
Treatment of Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome with Homograft

We report the successful treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome in an infant. The treatment consisted of intracardiac repair of pulmonary regurgitation with a homograft valve, which allowed for early extubation and survival.
Crib-biting in US horses: breed predispositions and owner perceptions of aetiology.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Crib-biting is an equine stereotypy that may result in diseases such as colic. Certain breeds and management factors have been associated. Objectives: To determine: breed prevalence of crib-biting in US horses; the likelihood that one horse learns to crib-bite from another; and owner perceptions of causal factors. Methods: An initial postal survey queried the number and breed of crib-biting horses and if a horse began after being exposed to a horse with this habit. In a follow-up survey, a volunteer subset of owners was asked the number of affected and nonaffected horses of each breed and the extent of conspecific contact. The likelihood of crib-biting given breed and extent of contact was quantified using odds ratio (OR) and significance of the association was assessed using the Chi-squared test. Results: Overall prevalence was 4.4%. Thoroughbreds were the breed most affected (13.3%). Approximately half of owners believed environmental factors predominantly cause the condition (54.4%) and crib-biting is learned by observation (48.8%). However, only 1.0% of horses became affected after being exposed to a crib-biter. The majority (86%) of horses was turned out in the same pasture with other horses and extent of contact with conspecifics was not statistically related to risk. Conclusion: This is the first study to report breed prevalence for crib-biting in US horses. Thoroughbreds were the breed more likely to be affected. More owners believed either environmental conditions were a predominant cause or a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the behaviour. Only a small number of horses reportedly began to crib-bite after being exposed to an affected individual, but approximately half of owners considered it to be a learned behaviour; most owners did not isolate affected horses. Potential relevance: Genetic predisposition, not just intensive management conditions and surroundings, may be a factor in the high crib-biting prevalence in some breeds, and warrants further investigation. Little evidence exists to suggest horses learn the behaviour from other horses, and isolation may cause unnecessary stress.
La psychologie contemporaine des « traits » dans le cadre de la recherche néogaltonienne : comment elle est censée fonctionner et pourquoi en réalité elle ne fonctionne pas

Resume La validation epistemique de la psychologie contemporaine des « traits » comme cadre d'etudes scientifiques de la personnalite requiert le postulat suivant : les resultats statistiques obtenus a partir d'agregats lors d'etudes correlationnelles des differences individuelles ouvrent une « fenetre » epistemique sur ce qui se passe chez les individus constituant cet agregat. Ce postulat est la pierre angulaire du paradigme « neogaltonien » en recherche psychologique (Danziger, 1987) qui inspira le celebre appel de Cronbach (1957) a une fusion des disciplines experimentales et correlationnelles de la psychologie scientifique. Cette perspective sur les etudes de la personnalite est soumise ici a un examen critique attentif et nous montrons qu'elle est scientifiquement intenable. Notre argument est qu'il n'y a de science de la personnalite viable que centree sur les personnes et non sur des variables de differences individuelles.
Ethics in reference service: Codes, case studies, or values?

The ethics of librarianship has become a topic of increasing interest since the mid‐1970s, as a series of scandals beginning with Watergate seemed to show serious weaknesses in the ethical standards of lawyers and other professionals.
Bucky ball and quantum dot doped polymers: A new class of optoelectronic materials

Abstract After the recent synthesis of fullerene carbon clusters, we have succeeded in synthesizing an approximately 15 A pyramid-shaped CdS cluster (quantum dot). Here we focus on the photoconductive properties of fullerene and CdS cluster doped polymers. Fullerenes (C 60 and C 70 ) are very effective dopants for enhancing the photoconductivity of a variety of polymers such as polyvinylcarbazole. Photogeneration and transport measurements show that these fullerene-doped polymeric photoconductors are as good as many commercial photoconductors. The mechanism of photoconductivity and the unique role of fullerene will be discussed. The largest single-sized semiconductor cluster has been synthesized and crystallographically characterized recently. This cluster has an 82 atom tetrahedral core of cubic phase CdS with the overall shape of a pyramid. Its preparation and structure will be discussed. Polymers doped with this CdS cluster, and other semiconductor nanoclusters, show excellent photoconductivity and represent a new class of optoelectronic materials.
Chaotic mixing of viscous fluids by periodic changes in geometry: Baffled cavity flow

The baffled cavity flow—the first representative of a class of chaotic flows produced by time-dependent changes of geometries—is introduced and extensions to spatially-periodic systems proposed. Both experimental and computational results are reported. The goal of the study is to put into evidence some of the steps and considerations when designing a new mixing flow; a related objective is to demonstrate the use of an efficient and accurate numerical technique (BIEM) suitable for mixing studies in time-dependent geometries. Several parameters that affect the degree of mixing are studied: the mixing protocol—how the baffles are alternated and how many baffles are used in the flow during each piecewise motion; baffle sizes and shapes; geometrical and flow parameters, such as the wall displacement per period; and details of the baffle's motions.
Selective interaction of drugs with a discriminable stimulus associated with narcotic actions

Abstract Rats were trained to bar press on either one of two levers depending on whether they received an injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) or saline. The rats responded on the morphine-correct lever when injected with another narcotic, fentanyl, but responded on the saline-correct lever when injected with a narcotic antagonist or another CNS active, but non-narcotic, drug (e.g., amphetamine, apomorphine). The narcotic antagonist, naloxone, prevented the occurrence of the narcotic discriminable stimulus, but the rats responded on the morphine-correct lever when injected with morphine plus any of a number of potent CNS active, but non-narcotic compounds. These results are discussed with reference to the specificity of this procedure for detecting drugs with narcotic agonist or antagonist properties.
The electrochemical impact on electrostatic modulation of the metal-insulator transition in nickelates

For physical studies of correlated electron systems and for realizing novel device concepts, electrostatic modulation of metal-insulator transitions (MITs) is desired. The inherently high charge densities needed to modulate MITs make this difficult to achieve. The high capacitance of ionic liquids are attractive but, voltages are needed that can be in excess of the electrochemical stability of the system. Here, we show temperature/resistivity data that suggest electrostatic modulation of the MIT temperature of NdNiO3 in a wide regime. However, additional voltammetric and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements demonstrate the electrochemical impact of the electrostatic doping approach with ionic liquids.
Credit assignment and discovery in classifier systems

Classifier systems are “discovery” production rule systems that utilize the genetic algorithm for discovery and allocate credit through the bucket brigade. For any given problem, the success of a classifier system depends on the choice of representation, the system's ability to attain reward or punishment states (evaluation states), accurate estimation of the relative merit of individual classifiers, and the genetic algorithm's ability to use information about the current population of rules to generate better rules. This article addresses the adequacy of the bucket brigade and backward averaging for credit assignment and reviews a preliminary study of two variants in conjunction with rules that are fully enumerated as well as with discovery. Potential difficulties with each of these methods are highlighted in several theoretical examples, including one from the literature. Preliminary results and tentative similarities between these hybrids and Sutton's Adaptive Heuristic Critic (AHC) are suggested.
Reflections on the evolution of implicit Navier–Stokes algorithms

Abstract This article gives a historical perspective on the evolution of implicit algorithms for the Navier–Stokes equations that utilize time or Newton linearizations and various forms of approximate factorization including alternating-direction, lower/upper, and symmetric relaxation schemes. A theme of the paper is how progress in implicit Navier–Stokes algorithms has been influenced and enabled by the introduction of characteristic-based upwind approximations, unstructured-grid discretizations, parallelization, and by advances in computer performance and architecture. Historical examples of runtime, problem size, and estimated cost are given for actual and hypothetical Navier–Stokes flow cases from the past 40 years.
Novel spatial interaction prior for Bayesian image segmentation and restoration

The task of image segmentation implies estimation of the number and associated parameters of the classes within an image, and the class label for each image voxel. In this work, an over-segmentation of the data is first obtained using a Bayesian restoration algorithm. The method incorporates a novel spatial interaction prior, in which neighboring voxels can be classified differently so long as the distance between the centroids of their intensity distributions are within a certain extent. The corresponding functional is iteratively minimized using a series of local optimizations for the label field and a half-quadratic algorithm for the restoration. Redundant classes are then grouped in a second step by making use of information obtained in the initial restoration about the degree of affinity or interaction between the classes. The method is demonstrated on MRI images of the head.
Permeability of ethyl cellulose to light gases. Effect of ethoxy content

Abstract Mean permeability coefficients, P , for He, O2, N2, CH4, and CO2 in ethyl cellulose with ethoxy contents of 47.2, 47.9, and 49.6% were determined at 35.0°C and at pressures from 4 to 13.6 atm. (405.2 to 1378.0 kPa). The values of P increase with increasing ethoxy content because of a decrease in the chain packing density. By contrast, the overall selectivity of ethyl cellulose to several gas pairs is relatively unchanged by variations in the ethoxy content of the polymer. The glass-transition temperature of ethyl cellulose, and hence the chain mobility, is also little affected by the ethoxy content. Ethyl cellulose exhibits a considerably higher gas permeability and a lower selectivity than the structurally similar cellulose acetate with a comparable degree of substitution. This appears to be due to the larger free volume and lower glass-transition temperature of the former polymer.
Dynamic light scattering by polyelectrolyte solutions

A generalized expression for the apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp) for macroions as a function of scattering vector (q) is developed. Mathematica®, a system of doing mathematics on a computer, was used to obtain the eigenvalues for a select set of polyion-electrolyte systems. It is shown that under the conditions of low electrolyte concentration Dapp exhibits a marked q-dependence. The second part of this communication focuses on the so-called “ordinary-extraordinary” transition observed in some polyelectrolyte systems. The characteristic Dapp versus electrolyte profile for this transition is compared with the “splitting” of relaxation times reported for many other polyelectrolyte systems. General problems associated with dynamic light scattering studies on macroion systems are discussed.
Neutralization epitope diversity of coxsackievirus B4 isolates detected by monoclonal antibodies.

Only recently have we begun to fully realize the diversity of virions within a single human isolate of the group B Coxsackieviruses. These intratypic (strain) differences may be one of the important factors influencing pathogenesis, e.g., myocarditis vs. pancreatitis. Yet, until the virion strains within a type can be well differentiated, a thorough analysis of the pathogenic potential of each is not possible. We compared two human isolates, JVB and Edwards, and 15 isolates derived from these two in search of determinants of strain specificity and to evaluate the diversity/stability of neutralization epitopes on the virions comprising each isolate. Polyclonal antisera failed to show strain specific determinants. However, monoclonal antibodies directed to individual neutralization epitopes defined strain specific differences. Plaque reduction neutralization tests with these monoclonal antibodies allowed the quantitation of the expression of epitopes on the virions in each isolate. These data helped to establish the limits of diversity and stability of the neutralization epitopes of Coxsackievirus B4 virions and describe the changes in epitopes among laboratory isolates.
Conversation as Experiential Learning

This article proposes a framework relevant to the continuous learning of individuals and organizations. Drawing from the theory of experiential learning, the article proposesconversational learning...
The heterobasidiomycete moss parasites Jola and Eocronartium in culture: cytology, ultrastructure, and anamorph

The heterobasidiomycete moss parasites Eocronartium and Jola have figured prominently in theories of the evolution of the rust fungi and of the basidiomycetes. Such theories made implicit assumptions about the moss parasites, although very little of their life history was known. This is the first in a series of studies to elucidate the life history of the moss parasites. Polyspore monokaryotic cultures were obtained from basidiospores, and dikaryotic cultures were obtained from hyphae inside the moss host plant. In culture, the moss parasites produced Sporothrix -like anamorphs. The uninucleate conidia germinated by a germ tube, by production of single secondary conidia, or by iterative germination. Conidial-hyphal fusion was observed. A dikaryon was produced by mating single conidial isolates of Eocronartium muscicola , completing a part of its life history. Ultrastructural characteristics of wall break at branching, condensed chromatin during interphase, and simple septal pore morphology from fruiting bodies of Jola spp. and cultured isolates of Jola javensis and E. muscicola were consistent with those of related auricularioid phytoparasitic taxa, the rust fungi, and Pachnocybe ferruginea. Jola and Eocronartium can be grown in axenic culture and are not obligate parasites. In nature, the Sporothrix -like anamorph of these fungi may function in dispersal and mating. The previously unknown anamorph of the moss parasites may be instrumental in our understanding of the origin and evolution of the rust uredinial stage.
Emblide, a new polyfunctional cembranolide from the soft coral sarcophyton glaucum

Abstract From a Pacific marine coelenterate we have isolated emblide, a cembrane diterpenoid which bears acetoxy, dienoic ester, and α,β-unsaturated ϵ-lactone functions. Its structure (1) was deduced from spectral and X-ray crystallographic data.
Synthesis and turnover of Euglena gracilis mitochondrial DNA

Abstract Replication of mitochondrial DNA was investigated by a density transfer experiment in a strain of Euglena gracilis lacking chloroplast DNA. DNA was uniformly labeled in a medium containing 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate and [3H]adenine in the presence of the heavy-density label and transferred to a medium containing 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate but no [3H]adenine following removal of the heavy-density label. Replication of nuclear DNA within these cells was used as an internal control. The densities and ratios of the peaks of nuclear DNA were those expected for a strict semiconservative replication. In contrast, replication of mitochondrial DNA was dispersive, as illustrated by the following results: (1) both native and denatured mitochondrial DNA exhibited a single density peak at 1.1 and 2.2 cell doublings after the density transfer. (2) The specific activity of 3H-labeled DNA varied across the peak of native or denatured DNA, indicating a heterogeneous population of molecules exhibiting different degrees of density and radioisotope labeling. This dispersive replication could involve either multiple recombination events or extensive turnover of the DNA or a mixture of both. Extensive dispersion of the sample obtained at 1.1 cell doublings after the density transfer is shown by the persistence of the same peak density for duplex DNA reduced to a molecular weight of 6 × 105 by shearing. Two measures of the rate of replication of mitochondrial DNA were obtained from the densities of native duplex DNA and the rate of decrease in 3H-specific activities of duplex DNA during the experiment. The average of these rates indicates that mitochondrial DNA replicates at least 1.5 times as fast as nuclear DNA. Since there is a constant ratio of mitochondrial DNA:nuclear DNA in a logarithmic culture, mitochondrial DNA was calculated to have a half-life of 1.8 cell doublings.
Development of a Geriatric Behavioral Self‐Assessment Scale*

: Described is the development of a self-rating geriatric behavioral scale modeled after the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG). This new Self-Assessment Scale-Geriatric (SASG) provides a valid and reliable measure of behavioral pathologic changes for the selective screening of elderly patients who manifest mild to moderate symptoms of dementia. Further use and refinement of this new measuring device are required to confer on it the maximum possible accuracy.
An examination of exposure measurement error from air pollutant spatial variability in time-series studies

Relatively few studies have evaluated the effects of heterogeneous spatiotemporal pollutant distributions on health risk estimates in time-series analyses that use data from a central monitor to assign exposures. We present a method for examining the effects of exposure measurement error relating to spatiotemporal variability in ambient air pollutant concentrations on air pollution health risk estimates in a daily time-series analysis of emergency department visits in Atlanta, Georgia. We used Poisson generalized linear models to estimate associations between current-day pollutant concentrations and circulatory emergency department visits for the 1998-2004 time period. Data from monitoring sites located in different geographical regions of the study area and at different distances from several urban geographical subpopulations served as alternative measures of exposure. We observed associations for spatially heterogeneous pollutants (CO and NO(2)) using data from several different urban monitoring sites. These associations were not observed when using data from the most rural site, located 38 miles from the city center. In contrast, associations for spatially homogeneous pollutants (O(3) and PM(2.5)) were similar, regardless of the monitoring site location. We found that monitoring site location and the distance of a monitoring site to a population of interest did not meaningfully affect estimated associations for any pollutant when using data from urban sites located within 20 miles from the population center under study. However, for CO and NO(2), these factors were important when using data from rural sites located > or = 30 miles from the population center, most likely owing to exposure measurement error. Overall, our findings lend support to the use of pollutant data from urban central sites to assess population exposures within geographically dispersed study populations in Atlanta and similar cities.
Alcohol and human physical aggression: pharmacological versus expectancy effects

Objective: Research has demonstrated that there is a relationship between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior. Two basic theoretical positions have been proposed to account for this relationship: the pharmacological perspective and the expectancy perspective. This study examined these two competing explanations of the alcohol-aggression relationship. Method: Subjects were 40 males selected from a pool of 233 potential subjects who were interviewed by telephone regarding their alcohol expectancies. Subjects who believed that alcohol increases their aggression and subjects who believed that alcohol decreases their aggression were selected to participate. These subjects were randomly assigned to one of two dose conditions: active-placebo or high dose of alcohol. Subjects were given the opportunity to behave in an aggressive manner within the context of a competitive reaction time task. Aggression was operationalized as the intensity of electric shock subjects set for their opponent during the task. R...