cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Hypoalphalipoproteinemia): An Approach to Management

Clinical management of dyslipidemias has focused primarily on the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) fraction; however, lipid disorders accompanied by low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (hypoalphalipoproteinemia) are common, particularly among subjects with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease prior to age 55 years. The therapeutic objectives for high-risk subjects with dyslipidemias is directed initially toward reduction of the LDL-C fraction; thereafter, aggressive efforts aimed at raising the HDL-C fraction may be warranted. Strategies for raising the HDL-C fraction start with hygienic measures that include aerobic exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, withdrawal of agents secondarily lowering HDL-C, and estrogen replacement. Pharmacotherapy selected according to the dyslipidemia that accompanies the HDL-C disorder is indicated for subjects who manifest premature coronary artery disease or who have a familial history of coronary artery disease and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1528-1538)
Van der Waals Epitaxy of GaSe on GaAs(111)

Although heteroepitaxy of lattice-matched and lattice-mismatched materials leading to artificially structured materials has resulted in impressive performance in various electronics devices, material combinations are usually limited by lattice matching constraints. A new concept for fabricating material systems using the atomically abrupt and low dimensional nature of layered materials, called van der Waals epitaxy (VDWE), has been developed. GaSe (Eg = 2.1 eV) has been deposited on the three dimensional surface of GaAs (111) using a molecular beam deposition system. GaSe was evaporated from a single Knudsen source, impinging on a heated substrate. Even with a lattice mismatch of 6% between the substrate and the growing film, good quality single crystal films were grown as determined by RHEED. The films have further been analyzed using a complementary combination of XPS and X-ray reflectivity.
Moments of truncated continuous univariate distributions

Abstract Truncated moment expressions (TMEs), defined as moment equations for truncated or incomplete distributions, are derived for several continuous univariate distributions commonly applied to hydrologic problems, including normal, lognormal, Pearson type III, log Pearson type III, and extreme value (Weibull and Gumbel) distributions. Solutions for gamma, tanks-in-series, and exponential distributions result as special cases. For most of the distributions considered here, closed form TMEs are presented for Nth order moments for the general case of double truncation (both upper and lower bounds). For the normal and Gumbel distributions, TMEs are presented only for moments of order N={0,1,2,3} and {0,1}, respectively. The derived TMEs are used to evaluate the effect of truncation on measured moments. The relative error between the first four truncated and complete moments is calculated as a function of both upper and lower truncation point.
United States National seismograph network

Abstract The USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) has planned and is developing a broadband digital seismograph network for the United States. The network will consist of approximately 150 seismograph stations distributed across the contiguous 48 states and across Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Data transmission will be via two-way satellite telemetry from the network sites to a central recording facility at the NEIC in Golden, Colorado. The design goal for the network is the on-scale recording by at least five well-distributed stations of any seismic event of magnitude 2.5 or greater in all areas of the United States except possibly part of Alaska. All event data from the network will be distributed to the scientific community on compact disc with read-only memory (CD-ROM).
An Uncommon Problem with the Use of an Ultrasound Guided Interscalene Catheter in a Five-Year-Old Child

Purpose of the study: We wish to report the case of a 5-year-old boy who had an interscalene catheter placed under ultrasound guidance. There is low level evidence to support the use of ultrasound when performing peripheral nerve blocks in adults and children. We will discuss the technique and an unusual complication with the catheter. Methods: A 5-year-old, 20 kilogram, ASA I child was scheduled for a humeral osteotomy. Following induction of general anaesthesia an interscalene catheter was placed using both a nerve stimulator and ultrasound guidance. The catheter threaded easily and a dose of 7 ml 0.5% Ropivicaine was injected down the catheter, followed by another 3 ml at the end of surgery. Results: The child had a successful sensory block and required only simple analgesia (oral paracetamol and ibuprofen) post-operatively. Of interest we were unable to elicit appropriate muscle twitches with the nerve stimulator despite good visualization of the brachial plexus and needle with the ultrasound. In addition, after a short period post-operatively we were unable to inject local anaesthetic down the catheter and it was subsequently removed. Following removal we found blood clot occluding all but one of the catheter side holes. Conclusions: Ultrasound guidance was used to place an interscalene catheter in a 5-year-old—to date, the smallest child having this procedure in our hospital. Although the block was successful the catheter became occluded by clot. We have been unable to find other reports of this problem in the literature. Using ultrasound has the potential to reduce the risk of complications when placing interscalene catheters, particularly in children. Furthermore, this case illustrates that the use of a nerve stimulator may not guarantee adequate localization of the nerves during neural blockade.
Neodymium fluorescence in glass: comparison with computer simulations of glass structure

Linewidths and intensities in the absorption and emission spectra of Nd3+ have been measured in a large number of beryllium fluoride glasses and are found to vary systematically with composition. To account for these variations, we have simulated the atomic structure at Nd3+ sites by molecular dynamics methods and used a point charge model to predict relative energy levels. For simple beryllium fluoride glass and alkali and alkaline earth fluoroberyllate glasses, the predicted average energy levels of the 4F32 state are in general agreement with experiment.
The free will theodicy

The Free Will Theodicy (FWT) attempts to defeat the Argument from Evil by claiming that the suffering of the innocent (SOI) is justified by the existence of free will (FW). I argue against the FWT by demonstrating that there are at least three logically possible worlds, one without FW and two with it, such that, if given a choice, all conscious beings would act rationally in choosing to live in any of those three worlds rather than in the current world. This choice outcome undermines the FWT's contention that FW adequately justifies the quantity and severity of the SOI in this world.
Analysis of the role of phosphate oxygens in the group I intron from Tetrahymena.

Abstract We have developed a quantitative substitution interference technique to examine the role of Pro-Rp oxygens in the phosphodiester backbone of RNA, using phosphorothioates as a structural probe. This approach is generally applicable to any reaction involving RNA in which the precursor and reaction products can be separated. We have applied the technique to identity structural requirements in the group I intron from Tetrahymena thermophila for catalysis of hydrolysis at the 3′ splice site; 44 phosphate oxygens are important in 3′ splice site hydrolysis. These include four or five oxygens previously observed to be important in exon ligation. Although phosphate oxygens having a functional significance can be found throughout the intron, the strongest phosphorothioate effects are closely associated with positions in the highly conserved intron core, which are likely to be involved in tertiary interactions, substrate recognition and catalysis.
Measurements of cumulative evaporation from bare soil

Careful measurements were made of evaporation of soil water during 1921 in California at Davis, Delhi, Mountain View, and Whittier. The soil surface was kept free of vegetation and no rain fell for periods of eight to 12 weeks. Analyses of the records indicate that an average curve of evaporation loss against time may be useful for situations where more exact data are not available. Other studies of soil in tanks reveal that, after the first week, the evaporation rate from bare soil without a water table is extremely slow. For a period of 1547 days during which rain was excluded, the average evaporation rate was 0.00236 inch/day. When water tables were maintained at depths between 0.5 and 5.0 ft it was found that the evaporation loss from uncropped soils with high water table was not directly proportional to the depth from the soil surface to the water table.
An investigation of real estate agent service to home sellers: Relevant factors and attributions

This study examines real estate agent service from a frequently neglected perspective – that of the home seller. Using qualitative data from 32 in-depth interviews in the US, we identify seven factors that are important to home sellers in evaluating real estate agent service: communication, effort, advertising, guidance, professionalism, representation, and results, with communication and results being the most important, and communication faring the worst (related to home seller expectations). In addition, we employ content analysis to investigate attributions made by home sellers in evaluating the process and outcome aspects of the service received from their agent. We find that process factors (whether positive or negative) are attributed to the agent. In contrast, attributions for outcome are more complex, exhibiting a chronological interaction effect, tied to process evaluations.
Bacterial actins? An evolutionary perspective.

According to the conventional wisdom, the existence of a cytoskeleton in eukaryotes and its absence in prokaryotes constitute a fundamental divide between the two domains of life. An integral part of the dogma is that a cytoskeleton enabled an early eukaryote to feed upon prokaryotes, a consequence of which was the occasional endosymbiosis and the eventual evolution of organelles. Two recent papers present compelling evidence that actin, one of the principal components of a cytoskeleton, has a homolog in Bacteria that behaves in many ways like eukaryotic actin. Sequence comparisons reveml that eukaryotic actin and the bacterial homolog (mreB protein), unlike many other proteins common to eukaryotes and Bacteria, have very different and more highly extended evolutionary histories.
A projected‐steepest‐descent potential‐reduction algorithm for convex programming problems

A recent work of Shi (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 2002; 9: 195–203) proposed a hybrid algorithm which combines a primal-dual potential reduction algorithm with the use of the steepest descent direction of the potential function. The complexity of the potential reduction algorithm remains valid but the overall computational cost can be reduced. In this paper, we make efforts to further reduce the computational costs. We notice that in order to obtain the steepest descent direction of the potential function, the Hessian matrix of second order partial derivatives of the objective function needs to be computed. To avoid this, we in this paper propose another hybrid algorithm which uses a projected steepest descent direction of the objective function instead of the steepest descent direction of the potential function. The complexity of the original potential reduction algorithm still remains valid but the overall computational cost is further reduced. Our numerical experiments are also reported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased fat consumption induced by morphine administration in rats

Patterns of caloric intakes and dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate were examined in male rats following the administration of morphine sulfate (0.0, 1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg, IP). Animals were given access to either ground Purina Chow or one of two dietary self-selection regimes, one with a high-fat ration (7.8 kcal/g) and the other with a fat ration isocaloric to the carbohydrate and protein rations (3.8 kcal/g). Animals received morphine injections at the beginning of a six-hour feeding period and nutrient intakes were measured at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours postinjection. Similar patterns of macronutrient choice were observed for both animals maintained on the high-fat regime and animals with access to the isocaloric components following morphine injections. As a function of morphine injections, animals on both self-selection regimes increased fat intake while suppressing carbohydrate intake and exhibiting little modifications in protein intake.
A study of cloud distributions using reflected radiance measurements from the ATS satellites

Cloud distributions determined using reflected radiance measurements from multicolor spin-scan cloud camera on ATS 3
Extrusion of ATPase Activity from Pinocytotic Vesicles of Abutting Endothelium and Smooth Muscle to the Internal Elastic Membrane of the Major Arterial Circle of the Iris of Rabbits

Extrusion of ATPase Activity from Pinocytotic Vesicles of Abutting Endothelium and Smooth Muscle to the Internal Elastic Membrane of the Major Arterial Circle of the Iris of Rabbits
Comparison of FANS and ARCS incoherent inelastic neutron scattering measurements of hydrogen trapped at dislocations in deformed Pd

Abstract Incoherent inelastic neutron scattering (IINS) measurements of the vibrational density of states (VDOS) of hydrogen trapped at dislocations in deformed PdH0.0013 have been performed using ARCS at the SNS and FANS at the NCNR. A comparison of data sets at 4 and 295 K indicates good agreement of the measured VDOS for the two instruments. The low hydrogen inventory (∼10-3 g) provides a test of the response of each instrument over the energy transfer range of 40–100 meV corresponding to the vibrational density of states of the hydrogen modes.
DNA synthesis and the mitotic cycle in frog kidney cells cultivated in vitro.

Abstract Frog kidney cells in tissue culture exhibit a lag period of about 48 hr before the onset of DNA synthesis. During this time the number of cells incorporating nucleoside into rapidly labeled RNA decreases for 10–12 hr, then increases until 48 hr. Coincident with the start of DNA synthesis there is a sharp drop in the synthesis of rapidly labeled RNA. The generation cycle of frog kidney cells was determined: G1 + telophase = 16 hr, S = 22.3 hr, G2 + prophase = 7.7 hr, T = 46 hr.
Inference in panel data models under attrition caused by unobservables

This paper concerns identification and estimation of a finite-dimensional parameter in a panel data-model under nonignorable sample attrition. Attrition can depend on second period variables which are unobserved for the attritors but an independent refreshment sample from the marginal distribution of the second period values is available. This paper shows that under a quasi-separability assumption, the model implies a set of conditional moment restrictions where the moments contain the attrition function as an unknown parameter. This formulation leads to (i) a simple proof of identification under strictly weaker conditions than those in the existing literature and, more importantly, (ii) a sieve-based root-n consistent estimate of the finite-dimensional parameter of interest. These methods are applicable to both linear and nonlinear panel data models with endogenous attrition and analogous methods are applicable to situations of endogenously missing data in a single cross-section. The theory is illustrated with a simulation exercise, using Current Population Survey data where a panel structure is introduced by the rotation group feature of the sampling process.
Ontogenetic habitat shifts and habitat use in an endangered minnow, Notropis mekistocholas

Henderson AR, Johnston CE. Ontogenetic habitat shifts and habitat use in an endangered minnow, Notropis mekistocholas. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 87–95. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Information on larval and juvenile habitat use is virtually absent for fishes. Our objective was to document habitat use of larval and juvenile Cape Fear shiners Notropis mekistocholas, an endangered species, in both natural and lab settings so that a better understanding of habitat requirements in all life stages can be achieved. We measured habitat parameters of areas used by all life stages of N. mekistocholas in the summers of 2007–2008 in the Rocky River, North Carolina. Field data suggests larvae use more shallow depths (mean = 31.6 cm) and reduced water velocities (mean = 0.02 m·s−1) than adults (mean = 56.3 cm, 0.10 m·s−1), and juveniles 15–25 mm often school with adults. Results of lab studies support field observations. In the mesolarval and metalarval stages N. mekistocholas were selective in their use of water velocity (P = 0.013) and depth (P = 0.001). In multiple juvenile stages, N. mekistocholas were selective for water velocity (P = 0.015), and depth (P < 0.001), choosing deeper depths and higher water velocities than larvae. These results demonstrate ontogenetic shifts in habitat use of N. mekistocholas and suggest that water velocity and depth are critical to successful recruitment for this species.
Bibliotherapy in the Classroom: Using Literature To Promote the Development of Emotional Intelligence.

(2002). Bibliotherapy in the Classroom Using Literature to Promote the Development of Emotional Intelligence. Childhood Education: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 74-80.
Solute retention in column liquid chromatography. IX: Comparison of methods of determination of the void volume in liquid-liquid chromatography

Abstract It is shown in the case of true liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC) (OV-1 polysiloxane stationary phase; methanol, water, or blended mobile phases) that no one method of determination of the column void volume gives unambiguous results. A generalized convention regarding definition of the column and system void volumes is therefore developed. It is stipulated that, barring multiple retention mechanisms, the former, VM' is comprised of the space within a column to which solutes have access, yet which is not otherwise occupied by the stationary phase, the packing matrix, or immobilized carrier. VM should thereby be no greater than the retention volume of any solute; and should also be invariant with mobile-phase composition as well as with temperature. The method of self-consistent fitting of the retentions of homologous series of alcohol solutes as a function of homolog number is said overall to provide the column void volume that most closely satisfies these criteria, although several other techni...
Research on NDT Technique for Thick-Walled Metal Parts of Power Stations

A NDT technique suited to inspecting thick-walled metal parts of power stations is comprised of time-of-flight-diffraction technique, Pulse-echo technique and magnetic particle inspection technique or dye penetrate technique. Flaw sizing accuracy and probability of detection can be improved greatly with application of the technique, and the risk of components` failure can be decreased greatly.
Specificity of amino acid transport in Trypanosoma equiperdum.

SYNOPSIS Uptake of [14C] alanine, arginine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine by Trypanosoma equiperdum occurred by both a mediated mechanism and diffusion. Twenty amino acids were studied as inhibitors of absorption of the above amino acids. Results suggested that at least 4 distinct transport loci are involved in amino acid transport. These 4 loci have overlapping affinities for amino acids and seem to be involved, respectively, in the absorption of (a) arginine and phenylalanine; (b) arginine; (c) alanine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid; (d) glutamic acid. The data also showed that multiple sites for substrate binding occur on each of 2 transport systems.
Introducing students to cancer prevention careers through programmed summer research experiences

Training programs in cancer prevention research play an important role in addressing impending shortages in the cancer prevention workforce. Published reports on the effectiveness of these programs, however, often focus on a program’s success in recruiting and retaining a demographically diverse trainee population or on academic successes of the trainees, in general. Little has been reported about programs’ success in stimulating long-term interest in cancer prevention per se, whether in research or in other choATsen applications. We set out to examine the success of our National Cancer Institute (NCI) R25E American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)-funded summer research experiences program for undergraduates at fostering awareness of and career interest in cancer prevention. Fourteen summer research undergraduates participated in a 12-week structured training program which featured a variety of experiences designed to create awareness of and interest in cancer prevention and cancer prevention research as career tracks. Experiences included career talks by faculty, informational interviewing of role model faculty, career exploration workshops, and structured interactions with graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and junior faculty. Students were surveyed about the effectiveness of the program via SurveyMonkey 8 months after completing the program. This article reports on the results of the survey and analyzes the relative effectiveness of the various types of programming strategies used. Implications for use in training program development are discussed.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of water-soluble phospholipid analogues as inhibitors of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus.

The rate of hydrolysis of natural phospholipids by the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus (PLCBc) follows the order phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylethanolamine ≫ phosphatidyl-l-serine. To probe the structural basis for this substrate specificity, a series of water-soluble, nonhydrolyzable substrate analogues were needed so their complexes with the enzyme could be studied via X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Accordingly the water-soluble dithiophospholipids 2−10 having choline, ethanolamine, and l-serine headgroups were synthesized, and the inhibitory activity of each was determined in an assay using 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C6PC) as the monomeric substrate. The 1,2-dibutanoyl dithiophosphocholine 2 was a weak inhibitor, whereas the related 1,2-dipentanoyl dithiophosphocholine 3 and the ethylene glycol dithiophosphocholines 4 and 5 were moderate inhibitors. The 1,2-ω-hydroxydiacyl dithiophosphocholines 6 and 7 were pote...
Photon Echoes Made Simple

Photon Echoes in gases are analyzed via the Billiard Ball Echo Model both in the short and long pulse limit where the “atoms” are represented as spherical and elliptical billiard balls, respectively. Recent experiments demonstrating the elliptical billiard ball shape are presented using intensity data which ranges over close to eleven orders of magnitude.
Relationship between tissue redox potentials and hemoglobin oxygenation based on fluorescence of NADH/FAD and absorption spectroscopy of oxy/deoxy hemoglobin

Neoplastic changes in tissues are reflected by biochemical (tissue metabolism, blood oxygenation, blood volume) and morphological changes. These changes can be monitored non invasively using fluorescence / reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet / visible spectral regions.
A reevaluation of the role of innervation in primary and secondary myogenesis in developing chick muscle.

Abstract The neural dependence of primary and secondary myogenesis and its relation to fiber-type differentiation was immunocytochemically investigated in chicken limb muscles. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a novel combination of slow myosin and fast Ca2+-ATPase antibodies differentially stained mutually exclusive populations of myotubes, which in the slow region of the iliofibularis allowed us to visualize primary and secondary myotubes and to quantify their development. When these antibodies were used to stain myotubes in muscles that were either chronically paralyzed by d-tubocurarine or denervated, we were surprised to observe by both LM and EM analysis that secondary myotubes formed in both cases, in contrast to the widely held tenet that nerve activity is necessary for secondary myogenesis. Also, an unexpected decrease in the number of primary myotubes occurred before the onset of secondary myotube formation. Although the total quantity of myotubes formed was drastically reduced by curare treatment or denervation, the ratio of fast to slow myotubes increased normally between st 34 and 39 1 2 . Paralysis by curare did produce a striking increase in the size of individual myotube clusters, indicating that blocking nerve activity either increases adhesion between myotubes or prevents a normal decrease in adhesion during development which may be necessary for myofiber separation from clusters. Our findings indicate that both slow primary and fast secondary myotube populations are composed of nerve-dependent and independent individuals and that the relative quantities of fast and slow myotubes are regulated independent of innervation.
Hydration of soda-lime glass

Abstract The hydration of soda-lime glass is studied using resonant nuclear reactions to measure the hydrogen and sodium profiles of hydrated glasses. The rate of growth of the surface layer of hydrated glass is initially proportional to the square root of time as is characteristic of diffusion controlled processes. After longer exposure a steady-state hydration profile is observed, which indicates that in addition to the diffusion controlled reaction there is a slow etching of the glass surface. The measured hydration profiles are discussed in relationship to the Doremus model of interdiffusing ions, which is found to be in good agreement with the data. This model is also discussed in relationship to measured hydration profiles of vacuum heated samples of hydrated glass.
Sediment Chemistry on the Mainland Shelf of the Southern California Bight

Abstract To understand large-scale environmental changes and the cumulative effects of multiple discharges, 248 sites on the mainland shelf of the Southern California Bight (SCB) were sampled using a stratified-random study design. Eighty-nine per cent of SCB sediments were found to contain evidence of anthropogenic contamination. Eighty-nine per cent of the SCB was contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons including total DDT (82%) and total PCB (46%). Using iron as a conservative tracer of natural contributions for eight metals of interest, 50% of the SCB was estimated to be anthropogenically enriched in at least one trace metal. Sediments near discharges from publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and urbanized watersheds had a greater extent and magnitude of contamination than other SCB sediments. Santa Monica Bay, where numerous anthropogenic sources commingle, had significantly higher concentrations of every constituent examined relative to other regions of the SCB.
Use of General Preservation Assessments

This paper describes the typology of general preservation assessments and investigates what is being accomplished based on recommendations identified in the process. The author characterizes the assessment based on tabulated data. A range of institutional types and sizes are represented. The investment of staff time and the role of the consultant are examined. The most frequent goal of respondents was to develop a preservation plan. Interest in repair and reformatting was significantly less than interest in preventive activities. The findings of this study suggest that assessment reports are thorough and organized; report content is consistent across the population studied. The study informs future assessments by defining current practice through the collection of concrete data on specific representative measures.
Blogging in a region of conflict: supporting transition to recovery

The blogosphere is changing how people experience war and conflict. We conducted an analysis of 125 blogs written by Iraqi citizens experiencing extreme disruption in their country. We used Hoffman's [8] stages of recovery model to understand how blogs support people in a region where conflict is occurring. We found that blogs create a safe virtual environment where people could interact, free of the violence in the physical environment and of the strict social norms of their changing society in wartime. Second, blogs enable a large network of global support through their interactive and personal nature. Third, blogs enable people experiencing a conflict to engage in dialogue with people outside their borders to discuss their situation. We discuss how blogs enable people to collaboratively interpret conflict through communities of interest and discussion with those who comment. We discuss how technology can better support blog use in a global environment.
Analysis of apoptosis induced by HIV-1 Vpr and examination of the possible role of the hHR23A protein.

Abstract The HIV-1 Vpr protein induces apoptosis of cells, the mechanism of which is unknown. To clarify how this function may be related to other Vpr functions, we simultaneously assessed the effects of multiple point mutations upon various Vpr properties. Our data suggest that induction of arrest by Vpr may be unnecessary for induction of apoptosis. This is exemplified by a C-terminal mutant, R80A, that does not arrest cells, yet induces low but significant levels of apoptosis. We also show that mutation of Vpr at both of its nuclear localization sequences (within its α-helices and the overlapping leucine zipper-like domain) does not affect induction of either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. This indicates that neither sequence is essential for these two functions of Vpr. It further suggests that multimerization of Vpr, which maps to residues 60 and 67 within the leucine-rich region, is unnecessary for initiation of apoptosis and arrest. We previously found that the Vpr-binding protein, hHR23A, can partially alleviate induction of arrest. We now show that overexpression of hHR23A itself causes apoptosis of cells. Mutation of its C-terminal UBA( 2 ) domain that is responsible for binding Vpr disrupts the apoptotic effect. This suggests that Vpr may induce apoptosis through a pathway involving hHR23A.
A Method for Staining of Carious Lesions in Teeth.

In the study of experimental rat caries large numbers of animals must be employed to obtain significant statistical results. As a result the methods for examination of the molar teeth become very important. Some investigators have employed the very tedious method of preparing stained thin-sections by the ordinary technics. Others have attempted to reduce the time and expense by resorting to either gross inspection of the carious teeth or to rapid grinding and examination of ground sections. At the suggestion of Dr. B. F. Miller of the University of Chicago the author has developed a rapid, simple and precise method for the staining of carious areas in rat molars (and also in human teeth). Previously,1 the author had developed a method for the demonstration of insoluble calcium salts in the tissues. It was found that this method cannot be applied to the study of teeth because the silver solution used in the techmc will not penetrate the dense dental tissues. Dentin will get a very superficial black coating...
A material‐independent method for extending stress update algorithms from small-strain plasticity to finite plasticity with multiplicative kinematics

We provide a method for automatically extending small‐strain state‐update algorithms and their correspondent consistent tangents into the finite deformation range within the framework of multiplicative plasticity. The procedure, when it applies, operates at the level of kinematics and, hence, can be implemented once and for all independently of the material‐specific details of the constitutive model. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
A theoretical model simulating the anomalous concentration dependence of the equilibrium thermal unfolding curve of noncrosslinked tropomyosin.

Thermal unfolding curves of tropomyosin have so far been fit only semi-quantitatively by the statistical-mechanical theory of the helix-coil transition. The calculated values of helix content are a bit too small for the most dilute solutions and a bit too large for the most concentrated ones. The theory, as hitherto used, assumes a uniform helix-helix interaction, whereas evidence from studies on molecular segments suggests otherwise. A theoretical model incorporating such non-uniformity in helix-helix interaction is used to produce simulated thermal unfolding curves. These simulated curves, when fit to the theory using the assumption of uniformity, reveal precisely the same discrepancies seen with the experimental data. We conclude that nonuniformity in helix-helix interaction along the tropomyosin molecule is responsible for the small discrepancy between experimental data and the uniform-model theory previously employed.
Employment in the Ecuadorian cut-flower industry and the risk of spontaneous abortion

Research on the potentially adverse effects of occupational pesticide exposure on risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB) is limited, particularly among female agricultural workers residing in developing countries. Reproductive histories were obtained from 217 Ecuadorian mothers participating in a study focusing on occupational pesticide exposure and children's neurobehavioral development. Only women with 2+ pregnancies were included in this study (n = 153). Gravidity, parity and frequency of SAB were compared between women with and without a history of working in the cut-flower industry in the previous 6 years. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relation between SAB and employment in the flower industry adjusting for maternal age. In comparison to women not working in the flower industry, women working in the flower industry were significantly younger (27 versus 32 years) and of lower gravidity (3.3 versus 4.5) and reported more pregnancy losses. A 2.6 (95% CI: 1.03-6.7) fold increase in the odds of pregnancy loss among exposed women was observed after adjusting for age. Odds of reporting an SAB increased with duration of flower employment, increasing to 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3, 8.8) among women working 4 to 6 years in the flower industry compared to women who did not work in the flower industry. This exploratory analysis suggests a potential adverse association between employment in the cut-flower industry and SAB. Study limitations include the absence of a temporal relation between exposure and SAB, no quantification of specific pesticides, and residual confounding such as physical stressors (i.e., standing). Considering that approximately half of the Ecuadorian flower laborers are women, our results emphasize the need for an evaluating the reproductive health effects of employment in the flower industry on reproductive health in this population.
Early lung allograft function in twin recipients from the same donor: risk factor analysis.

Background Transplantation of lung allografts from the same donor into 2 recipients ("twinning") provides an opportunity to study recipient and donor factors that influence early allograft function. Methods Twenty-seven pairs of recipients were identified and evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis (p Results Analysis of the pooled data without regard to pairing showed that alveolar-arterial gradient in the operating room was influenced by donor age, length of donor hospitalization, recipient mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure at unclamping, and transplantation of a left lung. The alveolar-arterial gradient in the intensive care unit was correlated with donor age, donor cause of death, and mean PA pressure on arrival in that unit. Only mean PA pressure remained significant at 24 hours. Days of mechanical ventilation was determined by mean PA pressure on arrival in the intensive care unit, drop in mean PA pressure during operation, and diagnosis of the recipient. In the paired analysis, receiving a left lung, recipient diagnosis (pulmonary hypertension worse than others), and need of cardiopulmonary bypass were significantly associated with immediate graft dysfunction, although these influences did not persist beyond the immediate postoperative period. Donor arterial oxygen tension and time of ischemia were not significant predictors in any analysis. Conclusions Immediate allograft function was associated with donor-related characteristics initially, but these lost importance over the ensuing 24 hours. Recipient PA pressure was an immediate and persisting influence. In the analysis of differences in function between the members of each pair, transplantation of the left lung, recipient diagnosis, and cardiopulmonary bypass were identified, but their influence did not persist beyond the first 6 hours.
SU‐FF‐T‐15: On the Prescription Dose in Permanent Cs‐131 Seed Prostate Implants

Purpose: Recently, 131Cs seeds have been introduced for prostate permanent seed implants. This type of seed has a relatively short half-life and has its most prominent emitted photon energy peaks in the 29 keV to 34 keV region. Traditionally, 145 Gy and 125 Gy have been prescribed for 125I and 103Pd seed prostate implants, respectively. Since both the half-life and dosimetry characteristics of 131Cs seed are quite different from those of 125I and 103Pd, the appropriate prescription dose for 131Cs seed prostate implant may well be different. This study was to determine an appropriate dose prescription scheme for permanent 131Cs seed prostate implants. Method and Materials: A linear quadratic radiobiological model was used in this study. Prostate edema of different durations and sizes was taken into consideration in the dose and tumor cell survival fraction calculations. The tumor cell survival fractions in 103Pd and 125I permanent seed implants were taken as reference values to derive the appropriate dose prescription value for 131Cs seed implants. Calculations were also performed for tumors of different tumor doubling times. Results: As expected, the derived prescription dose values were dependent on type of tumors and types of edema. For fast growing tumors, the derived prescription doses were different depending on the type of reference implant was used: 125I or 103Pd seed implant. However, for slow growing tumors such as prostate cancer, the derived prescription dose values were very similar and it was determined that 124 Gy was an appropriate prescription dose for permanent 131Cs seed prostate implants. Conclusion: An appropriate prescription dose has been derived for 131Cs permanent seed prostate implants. The dose value was determined to be 124 Gy.
Factors influencing intentions to maintain web content in voluntary organizations

Voluntary organizations (VOs) use Web sites to help them raise funds, recruit volunteers, and so on. Content management systems (CMS) simplify Web site maintenance, letting IT novices update content. However, some VOs have difficulty recruiting volunteers for this role. This study will use the theory of planned behavior to examine factors influencing volunteers' intentions to help maintain Web site content. The results could help software designers make CMS use more attractive, and VO leaders find people willing to maintain content.
Breakdown of the band-gap-common-cation rule: The origin of the small band gap of InN

It is well accepted that the band gap of a semiconductor compound increases as the atomic number decreases. However, recent measurements of the small band gap of InN ${(E}_{g}\ensuremath{\sim}0.9\mathrm{eV})$ suggest that this rule may not hold for the common-cation In compounds. Using a band-structure method that includes band-gap correction, we systematically study the chemical trends of the band-gap variation in III-V semiconductors. The calculated InN band gap is $0.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\mathrm{eV},$ much smaller than previous experimental value of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.9\mathrm{eV}.$ The InN band-gap anomaly is explained in terms of atomic-orbital energies and the band-gap deformation potentials.
Relative Deprivation and Psychological Well-Being Among Residents of Public Housing Targeted for Participation in a Self-Sufficiency Intervention

Data for this analysis, linking perceived deprivation and psychological well-being, were from a needs assessment administered to African-American residents of public housing selected as potential participants in a self-sufficiency intervention (n = 77). Regression analyses indicated that the belief that one is well off economically relative to others was associated with optimism about the future, hostility, and a negative self-image. Although these findings are counterintuitive, they are readily interpretable within the context of the literature on status striving and social mobility among groups with limited opportunities. Future research is needed to clarify the nature of the relationships between these variables and their practical implications in an era of national welfare reform.
The thermal conversions of 6,6-difluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes to fluorobenzenes. An interesting dichotomy of mechanisms

Abstract A kinetic study of the thermal, dehydrofluorinative aromatization reactions of two ostensibly-similar 6,6-difluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene systems led to the conclusion that drastically different mechanisms operate for the two reactions. Activation parameters, solvent effects, kinetic isotope effects, isotope labelling experiments and observation of reactive intermediates all contributed to the conclusion that the reaction of 6,6-difluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, 1, proceeds via a homolytic hydrogen-shift rearrangement, while the reaction of 2,3-benzo-6,6-difluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, 6, proceeds via a solvolytic mechanism involving rate-determining carbocation formation.
Energy transfer in conjugated proteins and nucleic acids

Abstract Efficiencies of energy transfer from the nucleic acid and protein moieties to dye in complexes with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride were measured. Light energy absorbed by the nucleic acid in deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid complexes was not transferred to the dye. However, in every protein-dye conjugate, light absorbed by the aromatic residues led to fluorescence of the dye. The efficiency was usually less than 100%, depending on the protein, the number of dye molecules per protein molecule, and the wavelength of light absorbed by the protein. The energy transfer decreased at wavelengths shorter than 250 mμ and longer than 285 mμ. Dilute sodium hydroxide, which quenches the fluorescence of the proteins, reduces the efficiency of energy transfer to zero. Urea, which does not quench the fluorescence of the proteins, reduces the efficiency of transfer by about 30–50%. Concentrated solutions of lithium bromide and sodium bromide also do not quench the fluorescence of the proteins but they increase the efficiency of transfer. Light absorbed by the nucleic acid moiety of tobacco mosaic virus apparently does not lead to fluorescence of the virus, indicating no transfer of energy from nucleic acid to protein. The reverse process probably does not occur since no quenching effects by the nucleic acid were observed.
Effect of alkalinization and fluids on survival in acute, non-hypoxic respiratory acidosis

Abstract Effects of intravenous normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, hypertonic saline, and Tromethamine were studied in 21 pigs and 60 rats subjected to acute, severe respiratory acidosis. Transient multiphasic alterations of systemic arterial pressures were seen with boluses of each agent-especially sodium bicarbonate and hypertonic saline-but any improvements in hemodynamic variables were transient. At the dose given, sodium bicarbonate significantly increased Paco 2 while decreasing hydrogen ion (H + ) accumulation, whereas tromethamine buffered pH without significantly increasing Paco 2 However, no change of either arterial or venous H + or Pco 2 could be identified which rapidly produced death. Survival times were statistically equivalent among all groups. Therefore, intravenous treatment of respiratory acidosis with fluids or alkalinizing agents appears neither helpful nor harmful.
Unexpected Formation of Highly Functionalized Dihydropyrans via Addition-Cyclization Reactions Between Dimethyl Oxoglutaconate and α,β-Unsaturated Hydrazones.

Abstract The condensation between dienophiles and α,β-unsaturated hydrazone azadienes was previously reported to afford piperidines. During an attempt to adapt this reaction to the preparation of piperidine-based conformationally restricted analogs of glutamate, it was discovered that the electrophile, dimethyl oxoglutaconate (DOG) led to highly substituted dihydropyrans in 20–50% yield. The unexpected pyran product likely results from an initial 1,4-addition of the hydrazone to the oxoglutaconate followed by intramolecular cyclization of the resultant enolate oxygen to the α,β-unsaturated iminium ion. Further manipulations afford substituted tetrahydropyran 6-methamino-2,4-dicarboxylic acids.
Menopause Is a Determinant of Breast Adipose Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is recognized as a risk factor for the development of several malignancies. Local white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, defined by the presence of dead or dying adipocytes encircled by macrophages which form crown-like structures (CLS), occurs in the breasts (CLS-B) of most overweight and obese women. Previously, we showed that the presence of CLS-B is associated with elevated tissue levels of proinflammatory mediators and aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis. The associated increased levels of aromatase in the breast provide a plausible mechanistic link between WAT inflammation and estrogen-dependent breast cancers. Thus, breast WAT inflammation could be relevant for explaining the high incidence of estrogen-dependent tumors with aging despite diminished circulating estrogen levels after menopause. To explore this possibility, we determined whether menopause in addition to body mass index (BMI) is associated with breast WAT inflammation among 237 prospectively enrolled women. The presence of CLS-B and its severity (CLS-B/cm2) as indicators of WAT inflammation correlated with menopausal status (P=0.008 and P<0.001) and BMI (P<0.001 for both). In multivariable analyses adjusted for BMI, the postmenopausal state was independently associated with the presence (P=0.03) and severity of breast WAT inflammation (P=0.01). Mean adipocyte size increased in association with CLS-B (P<0.001). Our findings demonstrate that breast WAT inflammation, which is associated with elevated aromatase levels, is increased in association with the postmenopausal state independent of BMI. Breast WAT inflammation, a process that can potentially be targeted, may help to explain the high incidence of estrogen-dependent tumors in postmenopausal women.