cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature on feeding and growth characteristics of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed a formulated feed

Abstract We investigated the effect of culture temperature on feed intake, absorption, organismal growth, and tissue production of Lytechinus variegatus by culturing individuals at three different temperatures representing the normal range of temperature exposure in wild populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Large L. variegatus (ca. 42 + 0.6 mm diameter, 36 + 1.3 g wet weight, n = 97) were collected at St. Joseph Bay, Florida, in October 2001. Eight sea urchins were held individually in 1-L containers within an 80-L aquarium with recirculated synthetic seawater at 32-ppt salinity. Three aquaria with the containers were each placed in three incubators at temperatures of 16, 22, or 28 °C for 8 weeks. Sea urchins held at 22 °C had the highest rate of feed intake. Feed intake in individuals held at 16 °C decreased significantly during the first 2 weeks of exposure and then increased to values not significantly different from those held at 28 °C by week 6. The dry matter absorption efficiency of individuals held at 28 °C was significantly higher than those held at 16 °C or 22 °C. The percentage of organic matter in the feces did not vary significantly with temperature. Individuals increased significantly in diameter, wet weight, and gonad weight at all temperatures. The wet weights of individuals held at 22 °C were significantly higher than those held at 28 °C or 16 °C, which did not differ significantly. The gut weight varied inversely with temperature. The wet weight of gonads of individuals held at 22 °C was significantly higher than those held at 28 °C, but neither differed significantly from those held at 16 °C. Production efficiencies, both organismal and gonadal, were inversely proportional to temperature, indicating that the overall metabolic cost of production increased with increasing temperatures. Organism production efficiencies were lower and gonad production efficiencies were higher than those found in small sea urchins, emphasizing that patterns of nutrient allocation vary between small and large sea urchins. Physiological processes associated with feed intake, absorption, and nutrient allocations vary with temperature, but allow the sea urchins to maintain growth and gonad production at a variety of temperatures. These data suggest that temperatures near the upper limits do not promote efficient use of resources, an important consideration for future commercial culture. Since gonad (roe) production is the ultimate goal of many aquaculture operations, gonad production efficiencies will provide a valuable tool for evaluating the efficacy of various feeds and feeding conditions on gonad production.
Pore Dilation in C-Type Inactivation of Potassium Channels

It is commonly thought that C-type inactivation is the result of constriction or "collapse" of the outer mouth of a voltage-gated K+ channel. It is well established that conduction requires that the selectivity filter be a good fit for a dehydrated K+ ion. In theory, failure to conduct could thus result from dilation of the filter, making it too large to effectively complex a K+ ion. Our modeling and simulations as well as a review of the literature give support to this idea. Lowering or removing K+ from the external (and/or the internal) solution is known to promote C-type inactivation. Our simulations show that external K+ removal causes dilation of the outermost site in the selectivity filter, an expected consequence of the mutual repulsion between the oriented dipoles of the filter. Dilation makes the outer site capable of accepting a partially hydrated Na+ ion, but inactivates the channel because the Na+ cannot move into Sites 2-4, which are K+ selective. Removing internal K+ causes the inner sites to dilate, making the pore Na+ selective. The chain of events that follow channel activation and allow pore dilation are under investigation.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Mechanism of lipid activation of Na, K, Mg-activated adenosine triphosphatase and K, Mg-activated phosphatase of bovine cerebral cortex.

Na+, K+, Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase and K+, Mg++-activatedp-nitrophenyl phosphatase prepared from a membrane fraction of bovine cerebral cortex were studied with regard to the manner of their activation by phospholipids, using phosphatidyl serine, lysolecithin, monodecyl and didecyl phosphates. The kinetic and chromatographic studies suggested the following. (1) When the enzyme proteins bind the phospholipids in a proper ratio, they attain the optimum activation. (2) The binding causes a simple conversion of the enzymes from an inactive form to a fully activated form. (3) The lipids in both micellar form and molecular dispersion activate the enzymes. (4) Of the proteins contained in the enzyme preparation, only a group of proteins possessing the ATPase and the phosphatase activities bind phospholipids, and the amount of the bound lipids is limited.
Differences in local genomic context of bound and unbound motifs

Understanding gene regulation is a major objective in molecular biology research. Frequently, transcription is driven by transcription factors (TFs) that bind to specific DNA sequences. These motifs are usually short and degenerate, rendering the likelihood of multiple copies occurring throughout the genome due to random chance as high. Despite this, TFs only bind to a small subset of sites, thus prompting our investigation into the differences between motifs that are bound by TFs and those that remain unbound. Here we constructed vectors representing various chromatin- and sequence-based features for a published set of bound and unbound motifs representing nine TFs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a machine learning approach, we identified a set of features that can be used to discriminate between bound and unbound motifs. We also discovered that some TFs bind most or all of their strong motifs in intergenic regions. Our data demonstrate that local sequence context can be strikingly different around motifs that are bound compared to motifs that are unbound. We concluded that there are multiple combinations of genomic features that characterize bound or unbound motifs.
Continuous quality production and machine maintenance

This paper formulates a problem of continuous quality production and maintenance of a machine. Quality is assumed to be a known function of the machine's (Markov diffusion process) degradation states. Applications to a specific quality function are used to obtain analytical solutions to an open-loop and feedback stochastic control maintenance problem.
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

The cause of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown despite considerable research. This article reviews the evidence for current theories regarding this disorder, including possible suspected relationships with microbial and immunologic factors, and presents medical diseases that mimic RAS lesions in certain patients. Topical management of the common form of minor RAS is described along with systemic therapy currently available to patients with severe forms of this disease.
Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices among providers in a medical home.

Abstract Objective: Breastfeeding offers numerous health advantages to children, mothers, and society. From obstetrics to pediatrics, breastfeeding dyads come in contact with a wide range of healthcare providers. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) calls for pediatricians to support breastfeeding enthusiastically and for all children to have a medical home. We studied an inner-city healthcare system with a Dyson Community Pediatrics Training Initiative Model Medical Home clinic, to explore how a breastfeeding/baby-friendly medical home might be built upon this framework. We describe breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices among a full range of providers and healthcare system-level barriers to effective and coordinated breastfeeding services. Methods: We conducted eight focus groups using semistructured interviews: (1) pediatricians; (2) obstetricians; (3) pediatric nurses and allied health professionals; (4) obstetric nurses and allied health professionals; (5) 24-hour telephone triage answ...
Cardiovascular responses of perimenopausal women to hormonal replacement therapy

Abstract Objective: This study was undertake to test the hypothesis that hormone replacement therapy alters cardiovascular function during the first several months of therapy. Study Design: Serial estimates of blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and venous capacitance were obtained before and at 1, 5, 9, and 21 weeks after the beginning of hormone replacement therapy with daily estradiol and intermittent norethindrone. Measurements were performed by means of electrocardiography, automated blood pressure measurement (Dynamap; Critikon Company LLC, Tampa, Fla), echocardiography, and plethysmography. Results: Hormone replacement therapy did not alter heart rate, blood pressure, or venous capacitance. End-diastolic volume and stroke volume were unchanged after 1 week of hormone replacement therapy but rose thereafter. After 5 weeks of hormone replacement end-diastolic volume and stroke volume were increased by 13 ± 5 mL and 9 ± 2 mL, respectively, and after 9 weeks the increases totaled 23 ± 5 mL and 17 ± 3 mL, respectively. As a result cardiac output rose progressively to a level 1.1 ± 0.3 L/min (18%) greater than pretreatment values and systemic vascular resistance fell 15%. These changes were associated with a 3-fold increase in serum estradiol levels. Conclusion: The studied regimen of hormone replacement therapy produces progressive cardiac remodeling and peripheral vasodilatation during the first 2 months of therapy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:17-22.)
Risk analysis of hurricane disruptions on workforce and interdependent regional sectors

In today's society, infrastructure and economic systems have become more complex and highly coupled. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, have the potential to cause physical disruptions to an infrastructure system (e.g., a damaged highway), which consequently affects workforce availability. Workforce disruptions in the aftermath of a hurricane can adversely impact regional economic productivity as workforce contributes significantly in the production of commodities and delivery of services. Furthermore, the recovery process is further exacerbated by the inherent interdependencies among economic sectors, which give rise to direct and indirect economic losses in the affected regional economy. This paper investigates the effects of reduced workforce levels on the production outputs of industry sectors in the aftermath of a hurricane. The risk-based framework in this research allows the decomposition of risk assessment and risk management processes to address risk-related questions pertaining to hurricane scenarios. This paper develops a workforce recovery model to assess workforce disruption scenarios in the aftermath of a hurricane. This is accomplished by accounting regional data and historical scenarios associated with the formulation of the workforce disruption model. The process includes translating workforce absenteeism into production losses, noting that workforce absenteeism can affect the quality and availability of products and services provided by the industry sectors. The extended methodology is capable of identifying critical workforce sectors on the basis of two metrics: (i) inoperability, which measures the “normalized loss” of each sector as a proportion of its total production output; and (ii) economic loss, which measures the monetary worth of the reduced production of an industry sector. The enhancements to the DIIM formulation are incorporated into a decision support tool and then applied to a case study to implement various hurricane scenarios for the Commonwealth of Virginia. The objective of the case study is to illustrate the impacts of different hurricane categories on Virginia's workforce availability and its cascading effects to the regional economy. Furthermore, the identification of such critical sectors supports the decision-making process by narrowing the focus on sectors that incur the greatest production losses due to workforce unavailability. Given the uncertainty involved in modeling the reductions in workforce availability, this research offers a risk-based framework that can guide the process of assessing and managing hurricane impacts on regional interdependent systems.
Polarization of coherent synchrotron radiation from an electron beam rotating in a plasma

After eliminating reflections from the walls of the plasma container, we observed polarization of the coherent synchrotron radiation from a relativistic electron beam rotating in a plasma. Several features of the polarization agree well with calculations based on the single particle synchrotron radiation theory. A particular polarization ratio (Fig. 3) does not, however. We deduce from this direct diffraction of the radiation by the beam electrons. This is strong evidence for beam-particle bunches of size ∼cm. Also, there must be some absorption of the extraordinary wave to account for the observations. We suggest a way to apply these results to measure the pitch angle of the beam.
Strategies for Communicating About Climate Change Impacts on Public Lands

Natural resource agencies in the United States have a huge responsibility to protect and manage public lands as well as effectively communicate with diverse publics about land management issues. On...
Microfabricated Thick-Cu PZT-MEMS Millimeter-Wave Topologies and Devices

This letter reports the design, fabrication, and performance of millimeter-wave transmission lines and devices in a tri-layer thick-copper (Cu) process. Beneath the Cu layers is a low-voltage lead zirconium titanate (PZT) MEMS stackup atop a nitride membrane, on high-resistivity silicon. The 10 μm thick Cu layers enable several transmission-line topologies, and the PZT-MEMS functionality enables tunability. We designed transmission lines and un-optimized noncontact distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) phase shifters for 75–110 GHz, and present static measurements here. Simulation and measurements are in close agreement, with measured CPW line loss 0.15 dB greater than simulated (0.27 dB/mm at 95 GHz). Excess loss is attributed to Cu roughness, conductivity, and membrane/strap supports. Measured noncontact DMTL phase shifters exhibit a mean of 40 $^{\circ}$ /dB when intrinsic line loss is subtracted.
Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement

FOREWORD BY RICHARD GORDON HATCHER, MARY OF GARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Part One: The Changing Political Economy of Racism I. The Political Economy of Southern Racism II. The Old Order Changes III. Nineteen Forty-Eight: The Opening of the Breach IV. The Splitting of the Solid South Part Two: The Black Movement V. The Defeat of White Power and the Emergence of the New Negro in the South VI. The Second Wave VII. Ghetto Revolts, Black Power, and the Limits of the Civil Rights Coalition VIII. Class and Race: A Retrospective and Prospective BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES INDEX
Regulation by bicarbonate ion of intramitochondrial citrate concentration in kidney mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. Steady-state concentratins of citrate in the matrix space ([Citrate]M) in mitochondira from rabbit renal cortex were measured with low (10 mM) or high (40 mM) concentrations of bicarbonate in the medium. [Citrate]M was much less at high than a low bicarbonate concentration either in the presence or absence of rotenon. With rotenon and 1 mM citate in the medium [Citrate]M was over twice as greate at 10 as at 40 mM bicarbonate. 2. 2. The greatest effects on [Citrate]M occurred between 5 and 20 mM bicarbonate. 3. 3. The largest differences in [Citrate]M were observed when both pH and bicarbonate in the medium varied concomitantly. However significant differences in [Citrate]M occurred when bicarbonate concentration changed without change in pH; pH change with constant bicarbonate concentation caused little or no change in [Citrate]M. 4. 4. These results suggest that the concentation of bicarbonate ion regulates citrate transport across the mitochondrial membrane. This mechanism accounts for the inhibitory effects of bicarbonate on citrate oxidatin by slices and mitochondria from renal cortex and provides an explanation for the physiologic increase in citrate clearance in metabolic alkalosis.
Effects of dietary substances in children

Abstract Five studies on behavioral effects of dietary substances (alcohol, caffeine, and sugar) in children are reviewed to evaluate methodology. Pharmacokinetic and dose response data are essential in understanding age differences in behavioral response. For pediatric populations, objective behavioral data including speech rate, attention span, reaction time and motor activity are more sensitive than subjective reports of mood change. A variety of cognitive and behavioral tasks failed to show “exictatory” effects of sugar in a supposedly vulnerable population. Randomized double blind trials are essential as the children's behavior changed systematically over the course of the study independent of the substance administered.
Fast Gas Chromatography with Short Columns: Are Speed and Resolution Mutually Exclusive?

Recently, interest in developing techniques for very fast separations using capillary gas chromatography (GC) has increased significantly. This is probably owing to the many improvements in technology, hardware, and software over the past fifteen years. Nearly all of the fast GC instruments developed have a common characteristic, i.e., a short column. In this review, the practical implications on method development, optimization, and obtaining resolution of the use of very short columns for fast GC separations are discussed. The best resolution is often obtained by combining fast GC with selective sampling techniques or selective detectors, such as mass spectrometry. Method examples from several industries are drawn from the literature and the theoretical considerations in fast GC are described.
Open repair of paraesophageal hernia: reassessment of subjective and objective outcomes.

Background Surgical repair of paraesophageal hernias (PEH) remains a challenging operation. Increasing numbers of patients are undergoing laparoscopic repair. This series provides an up-to-date benchmark of the results of open repair of PEH to compare with current laparoscopic series. Methods All patients undergoing surgical repair of PEH by a single surgeon between April 1996 and November 2001 were included. Follow-up included postoperative SF-36 survey and objective reassessment (barium swallow or endoscopy) at a mean of 29.8 months. Results Seventy-two consecutive patients (mean age, 68.7 years) presented with large PEH. Presenting symptoms included heartburn (60%), dysphagia (43%), chest pain (42%), anemia (39%), and dyspnea (32%). Surgical treatment involved transabdominal open repair including sac excision, crural closure (primary closure 98.6%), and antireflux procedure (Hill procedure, 96%; Nissen fundoplication, 4%). No patient required a Collis procedure. Postoperative assessment (subjective, 97%; objective, 88%) was prospective. Median operative length was 155 minutes. Median length of stay was 4.5 days (range, 3 to 12 days). Postoperative complications occurred in 17 of 72 patients (23.6%), but no patient sustained intraoperative or postoperative visceral injuries. In-hospital and 30-day mortality was zero. Heartburn and dysphagia symptom scores demonstrated significant improvement (p Conclusions The results of open repair of PEH have continued to evolve in the same time that has seen the introduction of laparoscopic PEH repairs. Results with the open approach in the modern era can provide excellent outcomes, which are comparable to and in some measures exceed those obtained with the laparoscopic approach.
The Interplay between Linguistic and Social-Cognitive Knowledge in Perspective-Taking by Autistic Children.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore dimensions of social-cognitive knowledge in school-aged autistic children. Specifically, the presuppositional skills of verbal autistic children were examined in two communicative contexts. The children selected for this study were autistic children whose ML Us were beyond 3.0 morphemes and who exhibited non-verbal cognitive scores within borderline to normal ranges. The results of this study revealed that all the subjects demonstrated some social-cognitive knowledge of others as reflected in modifications in language relative to naive and knowledgeable listener contexts.
Theoretical and computational studies of the glucose signaling pathways in yeast using global gene expression data

We have combined DNA microarray experiments with novel computational methods as a means of defining the topology of a biological signal transduction pathway. By DNA microarray techniques, we previously acquired data on expression over time of all genes in the yeast Saccharomyces following addition of glucose to wild-type cells and to cells mutated in one or more components of the Ras signaling network. In addition, we examined the time course of expression following activation of components of the Ras signaling network in the absence of glucose addition. In this current study, we have applied a novel theoretical and computational framework to these data to identify the network topology of the glucose signaling pathway in yeast and the role of Ras components in that network. The computational approach involves clustering genes by expression pattern, postulating a signaling network topology superstructure that includes all possible component interconnections and then evaluating the feasibility of the superstructure interconnections by optimization methods using Mixed Integer Linear Programming techniques. This approach is the first rigorous mathematical framework for addressing the biological network topology issue, and the novel formulation features the introduction of discrete variables for the connectivity and logical expressions that connect the experimental observations to the network structure. This analysis yields a topology for the glucose signaling pathway that is consistent with, and an extension of, known biological interactions in glucose signaling.
Leptomeningeal cyst development after endoscopic craniosynostosis repair: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Endoscopically assisted (minimally invasive) craniosynostosis repair has been suggested as an alternative to traditional open cranlosynostosis repair. Advocates of this approach assert advantages, including decreased blood loss, operative time, and hospital stay, while providing esthetic results and safety comparable with traditional open craniosynostosis repair. The difficulties inherent in endoscopic visualization may result in complications, however, that could temper enthusiasm for this procedure. The authors report a child in whom a leptomeningeal cyst developed after performance of endoscopic craniosynostosis repair, presumably from an latrogenic dural laceration. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 5-month-old girl with sagittal synostosis underwent endoscopically assisted craniosynostosis repair. By report the procedure was uneventful and tile initial results were acceptable. The authors performed a chart review of their own experience with both endoscopically assisted craniosynostosis repair and traditional open repair. INTERVENTION: Five months after surgery, a pulsating forehead mass developed. Neuroimaging confirmed the diagnosis of a leptomeningeal cyst. The child was referred to our pediatric neurosurgery practice for operative repair. At the time of surgery, a dural defect lying directly under a previous osteotomy site was identified. After uneventful repair and follow-up of more than 1 year, the child is well and is without the development of a clinical seizure disorder or recurrence of her leptomeningeal cyst. CONCLUSION: Unrecognized dural injury combined with an overlying osteotomy in an infant can result in the development of a leptomeningeal cyst. Care must be taken at the time of endoscopic extradural surgery to recognize any inadvertent dural tears and to perform a direct repair at the time of the initial occurrence. Facility with and use of an appropriate endoscope is essential to the safe performance of minimally invasive craniosynostosis surgery.
Monocular TV vs stereo TV for solar maximum satellite repair subtasks

Several operators performed two solar maximum repair subtasks while viewing the workspace with either three monocular (non-stereo) black and white TV cameras or with one pair of stereo black and white TV cameras. For the monocular TV viewing, the three camera views were presented on three TV monitors, and a second operator controlled the pan, tilt and zoom lens power of two of the cameras. For the stereo TV viewing, neither pan, tilt, nor zoom adjustments were allowed, and no second operator was present. Operators were instructed to perform the subtasks as quickly as possible. In all cases, operators completed the tasks more quickly with stereo TV viewing than with multiple monocular TV viewing. Operators reported the learning of the subtasks to be easier with stereo viewing, and reported the most difficult aspect of learning with monocular viewing to be learning which monitor to observe during the various phases of the subtasks.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling the forced-air cooling process of fresh strawberry packages, Part II: Experimental validation of the flow model

The aim of this study was to validate a mathematical model previously developed for predicting the cooling rate of individual packages of strawberries (clamshells) during an industrial forced-air cooling application. The differences between the predicted and experimental profiles of the average-fruit temperature per clamshell were less than 0.7 °C (within the limits of the experimental uncertainty). The 7/8th cooling time of individual clamshells was predicted within less than 3% of the experimental value. In addition, the local performance of the model and its capability to predict the strawberry moisture loss were qualitatively analyzed. The moisture loss was predicted between 73% and 88% of the experimental value. The predicted temperature profile of individual fruits and airflow within clamshells followed the general trends experimentally determined. Finally, the results corroborated that the transport phenomena during force-air cooling applications can be modeled by decoupling the momentum transport from the transport of energy and mass.
How firms learn heuristics: Uncovering missing components of organizational learning

This study explores how firms learn heuristics from negative outcomes. Prior literature has suggested that learning is strongly affected by whether attributions for negative outcomes are internal or external. Our data complement this view by revealing a new and different pattern. Specifically, they show that learning heuristics appears more dependent on whether attributions are convergent or divergent across hierarchical levels. Moreover, our data show that formal communication influences the convergence and divergence of those attributions. Besides setting forth an emergent framework for how firms learn heuristics and shedding light on the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities, a central contribution of this article is uncovering important missing components of organizational learning. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Different Responses of Epidermal and Hair Follicular Cells to Radiation Correlate with Distinct Patterns of p53 and p21 Induction

Different parts of the skin respond to ionizing radiation with different sensitivities. To examine the mechanisms underlying these different responses, we investigated various cellular parameters in the skin after exposure of mice to 5 Gy of ionizing radiation. Epidermal cells responded to radiation by undergoing growth arrest, whereas the cells in the matrix of hair follicles underwent apoptosis but not growth arrest. These distinct responses correlated with differential increases in p53 and p21 proteins in these two populations of cells; whereas an increase in p53 protein levels was observed in both epidermis and hair follicular matrix, especially in the latter, the induction of p21 was strong in the epidermis but absent in the follicular matrical cells. Studies using p53-null and p21-null mice demonstrated that the radiation-induced apoptosis in the hair follicles was fully dependent on p53, and growth arrest in the epidermis was only partially dependent on p53 but fully dependent on p21. These results indicate that two epithelial cell types respond to radiation by different pathways that are governed in part by the differential p53- and p21-dependent responses of these cells; high-level induction of p53 in the absence of p21 induction led to apoptosis, whereas intermediate induction of both p53 and p21 led to growth arrest.
On the effect of ordering upon the strength of Cu3Au

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of ordering on the mechanical strength of single crystals of Cu 3 Au. It was found that as the disorder→order reaction proceeds the strength is affected in two ways. Firstly, as the degree of long-range order within the antiphase domains increases the roomtemperature strength decreases. Secondly, as the anti-phase domains grow larger the room-temperature strength first increases and then decreases. At the ordering temperature there is an appreciable drop in strength as the alloy passes from the ordered to the disordered state. Above the ordering temperature the strength increases with increasing temperature to a maximum value and then decreases again. The temperature at which this maximum occurs depends upon the applied strain-rate.
Interpersonal and political trust: modeling levels of citizens' trust

– The purpose of this research is to examine whether generally trusting people are any more likely to be the same people who are also more politically trusting. In particular, the research focuses on the relationship between interpersonal trust and three political trust‐related constructs: trust of government form, political cynicism, and incumbent trust., – The intention was to model the impact of general or interpersonal trust – i.e. Rotter's Interpersonal Trust scale, on three specific dimensions of political trust – i.e. “trust in government form”, “political cynicism”, and “incumbent trust”. This was achieved through a questionnaire, which was mailed to a random sample of 4,000 American households., – The structural aspects of the model reveal a significantly strong path between Rotter's broad‐based interpersonal trust scale and the more specific incumbent trust measure. The model also indicates a modestly strong relationship between interpersonal trust and trust in form of government, and a weak relationship between interpersonal trust and political cynicism., – This research should prove useful to academic research, campaign managers, and political strategists in terms of reinforcing the importance of different aspects or components of trust, as well as their interrelationship, and how they might impact political strategy and campaign development.
The neuronal genome of Caenorhabditis elegans

The ~100 MB genome of C. elegans codes for ~20,000 protein-coding genes many of which are required for the function of the nervous system, composed of 302 neurons in the adult hermaphrodite and of 383 neurons in the adult male. In addition to housekeeping genes, a differentiated neuron is thought to express many hundreds if not thousands of genes that define its functional properties. These genes code for ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes, transporters and receptors, neuropeptides and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, motor proteins, signaling molecules and many others. Collectively such genes have been referred to as "terminal differentiation genes" or "effector genes". The differential expression of distinct combinations of terminal differentiation genes define different neuron types. This paper provides a compendium of more than 2,800 putative terminal differentiation genes. One pervasive theme revealed by the analysis of many gene families is the nematode-specific expansions of many neuron function-related gene families, including, for example, many types of ion channel families, sensory receptors and neurotransmitter receptors. The gene lists provided here can serve multiple purposes. They can serve as quick reference guides for individual gene families or they can be used to mine large datasets (e.g., expression datasets) for genes with likely functions in the nervous system. They also serve as a starting point for future projects. For example, a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of the often complex expression patterns of these genes in the nervous system will eventually explain how nervous systems are built.
Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a self-rated version of the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Family accommodation (FA) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) refers to family members’ or significant others’ participation in or facilitation of patients’ rituals and/or avoidance. With recent studies pointing to FA as a predictor of poorer treatment outcome, there is heightened interest in developing family-based interventions for OCD aimed at reducing FA. The interviewer-rated Family Accommodation Scale for OCD (FAS-IR) is the gold standard for assessing the types and severity of FA in OCD families. However, the cost of training interviewers and the time required for administration may limit its use in some settings. A valid self-rated version could be administered for research and clinical purposes with minimal burden and has the potential to be more widely used. The present study reports on the development and initial psychometric testing of the Family Accommodation Scale for OCD-Self Rated Version (FAS-SR). The FAS-SR was compared to the FAS-IR in a sample of 41 relatives of individuals with primary OCD, demonstrating excellent internal consistency, strong agreement with the FAS-IR, and expected convergence with criterion measures. Though further study using the self-rated version is needed, these findings suggest that the FAS-SR is a valid measure of FA and a time-saving, less costly alternative to the FAS-IR.
Antisense oligonucleotide binding to U5 snRNP induces a conformational change that exposes the conserved loop of U5 snRNA

Conformational rearrangements of the spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs) are essential for proper assembly of the active site prior to the first catalytic step of splicing. We have previously shown that conformational changes caused by binding of an antisense 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotide (BU5Ae) to U5 snRNA nt 68-88 disrupted the U4/U5/U6 complex and induced formation of the U1/U4/U5 and U2/U6 complexes. Here we show that the conformational change induced by BU5Ae exposes the invariant loop of U5 that binds the 5'exon and also reorganizes internal loop 1 (IL1) and the top of stem 2. Interestingly, we have also previously found that the U1/U4/U5 complex induced by BU5Ae brings the invariant loop of U5 into close proximity with the 5'-end of U1. Taken together, these data suggest that U1 and U5 may both contribute to the ability of the U1/U4/U5 complex to bind the 5' splice site.
Two-Stage Template Matching Using Quantum-Limited Images

Two-stage template matching using quantum-limited images is investigated. A high-light-level input scene is searched using a small window function that is moved to various offsets within the input scene. The cross-correlation between the reference function and the input scene at a given offset is estimated by sampling the input scene using a small number of detected photoevents. The photon-limited correlation signal is used as a similarity criterion for comparing the input with the reference function. In the first stage, a small number of detected photoevents is used to find probable locations for the reference function. In the second stage, likely locations are examined using a sufficient number of detected photoevents to provide a recognition decision within a specified error. Results are presented for a simple inspection problem, and for scene matching in a satellite image.
Development of wafer sawing capability on 2 mil saw street 4 mil thickness with TiNiAg back metal

For existing industrial trend, increasing the Potential Die per Wafer (PDPW) through saw street reduction has become the common practice for wafer manufacturing cost reduction, which meant that sawing on wafer with saw street as narrow as 2 mil has become an important wafer sawing process in the market. The sawing process is becoming more complex with the requirement of multi layer wafer back metallization, such as TiNiAg. This paper reports the successful of development of wafer sawing capability on 2 mil saw street 4 mil thickness with TiNiAg Back Metal. The success of this sawing capability has created the opportunity not only for wafer cost reduction, but also provides a solid base and reference for the development of more challenging sawing process in future. This paper describes the development of the sawing capability.
Quasihydrodynamics of nanofluid mixtures

The functional perturbation theory method developed earlier [L. A. Pozhar and K. E. Gubbins, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1367 (1991)] and used for derivation of the transport theory of pure dense, strongly inhomogeneous fluids [L. A. Pozhar and K. E. Gubbins, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8970 (1993)] is exploited to develop the transport theory for mixtures of dense, strongly inhomogeneous fluids. The generalized Enskog-like kinetic equations have been solved using the 13-moment approximation method to obtain linearized quasihydrodynamic equations of first order in gradients of continuum variables and to derive explicit, tractable expressions for the transport coefficients of such mixtures. The derived transport coefficients are expressed in terms of equilibrium structure factors (the number density and the pair and direct correlation functions) of the corresponding inhomogeneous fluid mixtures. Diffusion in such mixtures is considered in detail for several particular cases.
Desorption of H2O and H2 from steel and LiAlO2 by temperature programmed desorption

Abstract Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) measurements with a steel sample tube and helium sweep gas are in progress to provide data describing the kinetics of desorption of H2O(g) and H2(g) from ceramic tritium breeders. Preliminary blank experiments indicated that the steel can be a reactive participant with H2O being consumed and H2 being evolved. There is also evidence of some dissolution of H2 in the steel. However, it is possible to stabilize the steel in the absence of added H2 so that useful desorption measurements with H2O(g) can be made. Initial work was on the LiAlO2-H2O(g) system. Fresh samples of LiAlO2 bear large amounts of adsorbed H2O. TPD spectra were measured for LiAlO2 that had been equilibrated in a helium stream with 200 ppm H2O(g) at temperatures from 473 to 773 K. Several techniques of data analysis were applied, questions of possible peak overlap still remain to be resolved. An activation energy for desorption of H2O(g) of approximately 120 kJ/mol appears to be associated with the sample equilibrated at 673 K. This result agrees with the value reported in the literature for decomposition of LiOH, and suggests that some sites on LiAlO2 might resemble sites on Li2O in their adsorptive properties. For a 773 K equilibration, the activation energy of desorption appears considerably higher.
Probability distribution of signal arrival times using Bayesian networks

This paper presents a new method based on Bayesian networks (BNs) for computing the exact probability distribution of the delay of a circuit. The method is based on BNs, which allows an efficient means to factor the joint probability distributions over variables in a circuit graph. The space complexity of the method presented here is O(m/sup |C|/), where m is the number of distinct values taken by each delay variable and |C| is the number of variables in the largest clique. The maximum clique size present in a BN is shown to be much smaller than the circuit size. For large circuits, where it is not practically feasible to compute the exact distribution, methods to reduce the problem size and get a lower bound on the exact distribution are presented. Comparison of the results with Monte Carlo simulations shows that we can reduce the size of the circuit by as much as 89% while maintaining the maximum difference between the predicted and simulated 3/spl sigma/ values to be less than 3%.
Conditional saddle-point configurations

A general method is presented for determining an equilibrium point on a potential energy surface subject to an arbitrary number of constraints. The method is then specialized to the calculation of a conditional saddle point in the liquid-drop model for which the constraint is the mass-asymmetry degree of freedom. This approach is useful for cases in which the mass asymmetry is not one of the chosen coordinates but instead is a function of these coordinates. Conditional saddle points are calculated for the liquid-drop and Yukawa-plus-exponential nuclear energy models, with the nuclear shape parametrized using both a three-quadratic-surface model and a Legendre polynomial expansion of the nuclear surface function. We show how the conditional saddle-point shapes and energies change as the fissility x and the mass asymmetry value ..cap alpha.. are varied. As ..cap alpha.. increases for fixed x, the saddle-point configurations effectively behave like lighter (less fissile) nuclei. For fissilities less than the Businaro-Gallone value (x/sub BG/), the conditional saddle-point energy always decreases with increasing ..cap alpha... For x>x/sub BG/, with increasing ..cap alpha.. the conditional saddle-point energy increases until it reaches the limit of the Businaro-Gallone peak, after which the energy decreases.
Learning Science through Research

The Learning Science through Research program enhances middle and high school science education by linking it with state-of-the-art research through a two-part program. The program's professional development workshops for secondary science teachers provide background information on ocean sciences and related research. The program's second component, the student lessons and field trips to our research laboratory, provide students with the opportunity to conduct experiments using first-rate instrumentation and technology.
Responses of Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellum to electrical and natural stimulation.

Abstract The responses of single neurons in the cerebellum to natural stimulation of peripheral nerves were investigated in the unanesthetized frog. These responses, as well as those elicited by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex and spinal pathways, were characterized using computer assisted statistical spike train analysis techniques. Purkinje cell responses to climbing fiber inputs were described and cells with these inputs from the hindlimb and forelimb were localized in the ipsilateral ventral portion of the corpus cerebelli. Climbing fiber responses could be elicited by sciatic nerve stimulation only at stimulus frequencies below 5/sec. The latency for these responses, evoked by stimulation of the whole sciatic nerve, the peroneal or tibial branches of the sciatic nerve or of forelimb innervation (radial nerve), was a minimum of 25 msec. It was concluded that the climbing fiber afferent system and its projections in the frog were strikingly similar to the climbing fiber inputs reaching the vermis of the cat cerebellum. Stimulation of the sciatic nerve with high frequency pulse trains evoked single spike responses in Purkinje cells with latencies of 25 msec or longer. The peak probability for these responses occurred with a latency of 50–70 msec. Only a few climbing fiber responses were recorded under these stimulus conditions. The isolated gastrocnemius muscle or tibialis anterior muscle was stretched by a computer-controlled solenoid device. Records from the muscle afferents showed brisk responses to this mechanical stimulus. However, Purkinje cell responses to this input were very small or non-existent. When the foot was moved about the ankle joint in a preparation in which the hindlimbs were left intact, Purkinje cell responses were larger and more frequent. It was concluded that the functional organization of the frog cerebellum and its spinal afferents is such that Purkinje cell responses to naturally coded stimuli are most effectively elicited when afferent information is coded in a form similar to that seen during a normal limb movement.
Analysis of the surface diffusion of alkylbenzenes and p-alkylphenols in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using the surface-restricted molecular diffusion model.

Surface diffusion of alkylbenzene and p-alkylphenol derivatives was measured in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C18-silica column with a methanol/water mixture (70/30, v/v) as the mobile phase. They were analyzed on the basis of the restricted molecular diffusion model for surface diffusion. The temperature dependence of the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds) arises probably from that of molecular diffusivity, suggesting a correlation between surface and molecular diffusion. Other correlations were also observed: (1) an enthalpy−entropy compensation of the retention equilibrium constant, (2) a linear free energy relationship between the retention and surface diffusion, and (3) a linear correlation between the restriction energy of surface diffusion and the isosteric heat of adsorption. The physical meaning of parameters involved in the surface-restricted molecular diffusion model is discussed on the basis of these results. A practical and convenient procedure for the estimation of Ds is also su...
"Johnny's a gentleman, but Jimmie's a mug": press coverage during the 1930s of Myrtle McGraw's study of Johnny and Jimmy Woods.

Press coverage of Myrtle McGraw's study of Johnny and Jimmy Woods was examined for the years 1933 to 1942 to illustrate how the shift from scientist to reporter as popularizer contributed to psychology's declining public image in the 1930s. McGraw attempted to determine whether or not a child's later motor performance might be accelerated through stimulation at an early age. Early reports of Johnny, the “conditioned” twin, outperforming his brother, Jimmy, attracted heavy publicity in the press of the day because the results were novel, controversial, timely, and of human interest. However, as it became apparent at a later age that the differences in motor performance between the twins were not so great, the press began to promote the study as a test of the efficacy of scientific child-rearing, suggesting that psychology was even less effective than common sense in the raising of a child.
Gender-related differences in myocardial inflammatory and contractile responses to major burn trauma

Gender-related differences in immune responses to hemorrhage and sepsis have been described. However, most trauma studies continue to limit experimental models to males to avoid the variable respon...