cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIGCHI and SIGACCESS working together to improve accessibility

The field of computing is one that has a special relationship with disability due to both the many opportunities and many flaws that computers present with respect to disability access. However, despite many successes in this arena, the conferences and digital resources of the Association for Computing Machinery are still not all accessible to people with disabilities.
Differential Foliar Uptake of Copper by Two Azalea Cultivars Following Copper Hydroxide Fungicide Applications

Copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] (Kocide 101®) used as a fungicide initially increased leaf copper (Cu) in ‘Hinodegiri’ and ‘Massasoit’ azaleas (Kurume type). There was a direct relationship between Cu(OH)2 rates and leaf Cu of ‘Massasoit’ up to 4 times the commercial rate of 3.58 grams ai/liter (3.08 lb/100 gal). Leaf Cu of ‘Hinodegiri’ was initially directly related to Cu(OH)2. At rates greater than 0.47 grams ai/liter (0.77 lb/100 gal), leaf Cu became inversely related to the rate of Cu(OH)2. No visual phytotoxic symptoms were observed at 4 times the commercial rate. Erroneous interpretation of leaf analysis could occur if the interpreter was not aware of recent Cu(OH)2 fungicide applications. Growers should not eliminate Cu fertilization based on Cu(OH)2 sprayed plants.
Unified Spectrum of Tropical Rainfall and Waves in a Simple Stochastic Model

In the tropics, rainfall is coupled with atmospheric dynamics in ways that are not fully understood, and often different mechanisms are proposed to underlie different modes of variability. Here, it is shown that a unified model with a simple form can produce many different modes of variability. In particular, this includes the Madden–Julian oscillation and convectively coupled equatorial waves. The model predicts the length scales, time scales, structures, and spatiotemporal variability of these modes reasonably well for a simple model. Furthermore, the model produces a background spectrum of rainfall that resembles spatiotemporal red noise and is only weakly coupled with wave dynamics. The full spectrum is also shown to be shaped by antiresonance, whereby rainfall oscillations are prevented from occurring at the oscillation frequencies of dry waves. To produce all of these aspects simultaneously, a key factor is differing roles of lower and middle tropospheric water vapor.
Development, Dissemination, and Assessment of a Food Safety Systems Management Curriculum for Agribusiness Students in Armenia

This study addresses the development, dissemination, and assessment of a Food Safety System Management (FSSM) curriculum offered to college-aged, agribusiness students in Yerevan, Armenia. Prior to beginning the program, demographic data were collected and a paper-based pretest was administered to access the food safety knowledge, behavior, and attitude of participants (n = 29). For assessment of a skill, participants’ handwashing techniques were videotaped and scored before the program commenced. Immediately after completion of the entire curriculum, a paper-based post-test with identical questions for food safety knowledge, behavior, and attitude was administered and handwashing skills were assessed. ANOVA with repeated measures was used to evaluate significant differences (α = 0.05) for food safety knowledge using a pretest, post-test, and a 3-mo follow-up. A paired t-test was used to evaluate handwashing skills before and after the curriculum was presented. The pretest score (44.93%, ± 2.87) for food safety knowledge (n = 29) differed significantly (P <0.0001) when compared with the post-test score (73.21%, ± 3.28) and the 3-mo follow-up (n = 23) score (67.76%, ± 3.93). Participants’ (n = 9) handwashing skills prior to delivery of the FSSM curriculum differed significantly (P <0.0001), when compared to handwashing skills after completion of the curriculum. Students’ food safety attitudes and behavior assessed using a five-point Likert scale, also improved significantly as a result of the FSSM program. The 3-mo follow-up survey on food safety attitude and behavior was consistent with the post-test survey results. The information from this project may be of interest to education experts, Extension professionals, food industry personnel, or regulatory agencies, in the development and dissemination of an international food safety program.
Web Service Enrichment for Sensors Exposal: Case Study for Crisis Management Systems Purposes of the C2-SENSE Project

In this paper the contribution of the C2-SENSE project to improvement of seamless and secure interoperability between currently used radio systems for flood warning systems was presented. The main challenge of the project was to exploit the existing publicly available communication network infrastructure with the possibility to add more sophisticated tools. In this paper we present the physical software profiles development that could be universal for many communication devices for sensors data acquisition. Presented physical profiles contain all crucial data about interface/protocol configuration, data workflow and data source description. Furthermore we demonstrated how to connect Physical Interoperability layer with other C2-SENSE components, in order to create whole Interoperability Framework.
The role of medial prefrontal cortex in the working memory maintenance of one's own emotional responses.

The role of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in maintaining emotional information within working memory (WM) remains insufficiently investigated – with some studies suggesting this process activates MPFC and others suggesting its activity is suppressed. To reconcile these different results, we asked 26 healthy participants to complete a WM task involving the maintenance of emotional content (EWM), visual content (VWM), or no content (“rest”) after exposure to emotion-provoking images. We also assessed individual differences in emotional awareness (EA). We observed that dorsal MPFC was more active during EWM than VWM; further, relative to the rest condition, both of these WM conditions involved suppression of ventral MPFC. We also observed that the dorsal anterior cingulate subregion of dorsal MPFC was positively associated with EA. We discuss how these results may be able to reconcile the findings of previous EWM studies, and extend understanding of the relationship between MPFC, EA, and WM.
The Transition between Shoot Regeneration Competence and Callus Determination in Internodal Stem Explants of Populus deltoides

Experiments were conducted to monitor the competence status of internodal stem expiants of 15 Populus deltoides genotypes in in vitro culture. The focus of this study was to investigate the transition from shoot regeneration competent to callus determined growth when in the presence of the inducer zeatin. Shoot regeneration competence and callus determination were measured by transferring expiant tissue from callus inducing medium (CIM: WNA medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 2,4-D) to shoot inducing medium (SIM: WNA medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 zeatin). Transfers from CIM to SIM were made at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 day intervals. The number of regenerated shoots per expiant and the percent of expiants regenerating at least one shoot were determined after 60 days.
Dependence of the Optimal Risk Control Decisions on the Terminal Value for a Financial Corporation

The paper deals with the model of a firm which has a possibility to choose among a variety of production/business policies with different risk and profit potential. The objective is to find the policy which maximizes the expected total discounted dividend pay-out until the time of bankruptcy. The bankruptcy is defined as the time when the liquid assets of the company vanish. A typical example of such a corporation would be an insurance company whose different business activities correspond to choosing different levels of reinsurance.
The Socio-Cultural Contexts of Early Education in Caribbean Societies

This chapter discusses the socio-cultural context of English-speaking Caribbean children’s transition from preschool to primary school. Early childhood education in English-speaking Caribbean countries is steeped in rigorous academic training and parents and teachers view this as necessary for the transition to formal schooling. Pressures from within the ecological niche s of Caribbean countries help shape childrearing beliefs and practices regarding early development and education. The need for a more-culturally-sensitive approach to transition to primary school is seen as a necessary step toward improving early childhood education practices.
New strategies for the enumeration of enteric pathogens in water

Water quality standards for drinking water and recreational waters have long been based on the enumeration of faecal coliforms in the various water supplies, with 0 CFU Escherichia coli/100 ml for drinking water and <126 CFU generic E. coli/100 ml for recreational waters. Irrigation water will soon undergo the same scrutiny in the United States. For over 50 years the most probable number method has been used by laboratories to estimate the level of viable bacteria in a sample, but this method is labour intensive and slow, especially if large numbers of samples need to be tested. In this review, we describe some recent innovations in methods to enumerate enteric pathogens in water. These methods are based on different reasoning schemes that can be categorized as biosensors and nucleic acid-based methods. All the methods described here used natural water sources. Several were also used to survey the bacterial levels in naturally contaminated samples. The different methods vary in their limits of detection, ease of use, and potential portability. Some combine very good limits of detection with the ability to overcome technical challenges; however, there is considerable room for improvement, as none of the methods are without shortcomings.
The Challenges in Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplantation for Light-Chain Amyloidosis

Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a systemic syndrome characterized by progressive organ dysfunction leading to organ failure and death. The heart is the most commonly involved organ and the leading determinant of short- and long-term survival. Pathogenic free light chains, fragments of intact immunoglobulins, are the amyloidogenic proteins and are secreted by clonal bone marrow plasma cells. The goal of therapy is to cut off the supply of these light chains to allow organ recovery. Therapies for AL amyloidosis are based on therapies used to treat multiple myeloma, which is a more common plasma cell disorder. However, because patients with AL amyloidosis have organ dysfunction, including multiorgan involvement, they generally have poor treatment tolerance and increased treatment toxicity. Unfortunately, the consequences of toxicity and difficulty in tolerating treatment may result in a fatal outcome. Therefore, treatment should balance the goal of achieving a rapid and meaningful reduction in the circulating light chains while maximizing patient safety. This approach is best achieved by a multidisciplinary approach involving related medical disciplines. This review describes the challenges of managing patients with AL amyloidosis and provides a guide for physicians with a specific focus on cardiac management. We address the role of autologous stem cell transplantation vs standard-intensity therapies in a risk-adapted approach and discuss the management of commonly encountered toxicities. Guidance on response assessment, including organ response, is provided. With expansion in treatment options, we anticipate continuous improvement in outcome for this disease. Nonetheless, early diagnosis remains the best approach to improve disease burden and outcome.
Examining the Role of Court Appointed Special Advocates in Improving Access to Care for Vulnerable Pediatric Populations

Introduction/ Background: Children involved in the child welfare system have been described as being uniquely vulnerable and at risk for adverse outcomes because they do not have their natural or biological advocates, their parents. In order to provide appropriate advocacy and support for these children, Court Appointed Special Advocates, (CASAs), are assigned to children within the foster care system. The role of the CASA is to monitor the fit between the child and his or her environment and to determine whether that environment is …
Registros médicos de pacientes: La digitalización ya no es una opción y debe ser una obligación

Medical records have been transforming from exclusively paper-based into, in many cases, exclusively digital. This change has occurred gradually: initially isolated from the local or national health information system and then in the integration process or already completely interconnected with the entire system. This is due to the society’s access to electronic systems that can communicate and exchange data with each other in an agile and technologically interoperable way. However, there are still great challenges on how to achieve this interoperability and to establish data security, privacy, and confientiality; however, medical records in digital format are today a powerful and indispensable tool for decision-making, policy formulation, and proper public health management.
“Walking with God”: developing and pilot testing a manualised four-week program combining Christian meditation and light-to-moderate physical activity for daily stress

In the current study, the authors developed and pilot tested a manualized four-week program for Christian adults with daily stress, combining Christian meditation with light-to-moderate physical ac...
A school of nursing and the inaugural dean: A descriptive case study

Abstract Using descriptive case study methodology, the impact of an inaugural dean on a School of Nursing is explored from the perspective of the Vice President for Academic Affairs (VPAA), the School Chairperson and the faculty and staff in the School. Advantages of this administrative structure were identified by the various constituencies. Faculty and staff identified consistent leadership, strategic planning, increased internal and external visibility of the School; and focus on faculty scholarship and development. From the VPAA's perspective, a dean was a buffer between him and the nursing faculty as well as someone who could resolve student issues without involving him. Allowing the dean to make decisions at the executive level provided the VPAA with the time to focus on other areas for which he was responsible. Creating the dean position also helped to indicate the School of Nursing's importance to Mount Saint Mary College (MSMC). Further research should be conducted on the impact of a dean on the community partners and on obtaining external funding, including alumni donations.
Seismic behavior and design of steel girder bridges with integral abutments

Integral abutment bridges have certain advantages over conventional seat-type abutment bridges due to increased redundancy, higher damping, smaller displacements, and, thus, the elimination of unseating potential. However, there is a lack of information on their seismic modeling, system response, and seismic design. This paper presents the recommended guidelines for the seismic design of steel bridges with integral abutments. These guidelines are based on extensive analytical investigations as well as available experimental research. Contrary to the common assumption in analysis and design, nonlinear finite element analyses showed that the typical girder-to-abutment connection is not rigid and can influence the overall seismic response of the bridge. A procedure for calculating the minimum required embedment length of the girder into abutment stem to achieve a rigid connection is proposed. A procedure to evaluate the steel pile ultimate lateral displacement capacity is also proposed. The use of the system-level damping due to yielding and inelastic response of the various components including the soil behind the abutments and around the piles is discussed.
Collision Avoidance Using Partially Controlled Markov Decision Processes

Optimal collision avoidance in stochastic environments requires accounting for the likelihood and costs of future sequences of outcomes in response to different sequences of actions. Prior work has investigated formulating the problem as a Markov decision process, discretizing the state space, and solving for the optimal strategy using dynamic programming. Experiments have shown that such an approach can be very effective, but scaling to higher-dimensional problems can be challenging due to the exponential growth of the discrete state space. This paper presents an approach that can greatly reduce the complexity of computing the optimal strategy in problems where only some of the dimensions of the problem are controllable. The approach is applied to aircraft collision avoidance where the system must recommend maneuvers to an imperfect pilot.
Polynucleotide-dependent Incorporation of Amino Acids in a Cell-free System from Thermophilic Bacteria

The preparation of a cell-free amino acid incorporation system from Bacillus stearothermophilus active at 65° and the conditions for optimal activity with synthetic polynucleotide messengers are described. The activity of this system is comparable to that of the conventional Escherichia coli system. Its thermal stability, high activity, and low nuclease content are convenient features for studies of protein synthesis and coding. Thus, a 1.4:1 copolymer of adenylic and uridylic acids, which, because of a high degree of ordered structure, is almost inactive in the E. coli system at 37°, promoted significant incorporation of isoleucine, leucine, and lysine in the B. stearothermophilus system at 65°.
Real-Time Mutable Broadcast Disks

Abstract There is an increased interest in using broadcast disks to support mobile access to real-time databases. However, previous work has only considered the design of real-time immutable broadcast disks, the contents of which do not change over time. This paper considers the design of programs for real-time mutable broadcast disks --- broadcast disks whose contents are occasionally updated. Recent scheduling-theoretic results relating to pinwheel scheduling and pfair scheduling are used to design algorithms for the efficient generation of real-time mutable broadcast disk programs.
Zones of Exclusion: Urban Spatial Policies, Social Justice, and Social Services

Across the United States homeless persons, prostitutes, and drug and alcohol users are subject to policies that severely limit their freedom of movement. These new policies create spatial exclusion zones that deny these groups the right to inhabit or traverse large areas of their cities, particularly in the downtown cores, where treatment centers, shelters, food banks, soup kitchens, government services, and other social services are typically concentrated. In this paper, I examine these new spatial exclusionary policies (with a focus on Washington State’s policies), present a brief historical account of socio-spatial practices, contextualize the current spatial laws, and end with the implications of current exclusionary laws for social work practice, policy, and research.
Fracture of a Ceramic Femoral Head after a Revision Operation. A Case Report

Since the introduction of the low-friction hip arthroplasty by Charnley, there have been numerous attempts to improve the wear characteristics of metal on polyethylene. Boutin, in 1970, introduced the first ceramic total hip replacement. Ceramic components have been shown to have better wear characteristics than stainless-steel and metal-alloy components because of their hard, scratch-resistant surface; hydrophilic surface properties (wettability); corrosion resistance; and excellent biocompatibility8,13. As wear debris is one of the major factors responsible for failure of a total hip arthroplasty, the use of a ceramic femoral head for a revision operation is very appealing4,5,18. It is not uncommon to find wear of the acetabular component with osteolysis and a well fixed femoral stem. The use of a ceramic femoral head for a revision may be justified in that situation, especially if the patient is young. However, ceramic has a high elastic modulus, which means that it is a brittle material and thus is susceptible to fracture. In the English-language literature, there have been reports of at least eleven instances of a fracture of a ceramic femoral head in patients who had a polyethylene acetabular component3,12,15,16. We now report on a patient who had a revision total hip arthroplasty because of extensive polyethylene wear. At the time of the revision, a ceramic femoral head was placed on a well fixed femoral stem. The head subsequently fractured. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a fracture of a ceramic femoral head occurring after a revision operation. A sixty-seven-year-old man who weighed ninety-two kilograms and had osteoarthrosis was managed with a right total hip arthroplasty with use of an anatomic medullary locking prosthesis (AML; DePuy, Warsaw, Indiana) that was inserted without cement; …
Symphalangism associated with constriction rings: Syndactyly and brachytelophalangy in a black patient

A 7-year-old girl presented with symptoms of constriction ring syndrome, syndactyly, and brachytelophalangy in the presence of proximal unilateral symphalangism. Physical findings revealed previous surgical correction of constriction rings of the right index and long fingers, a short right thumb with a hypoplastic distal phalanx, a shortened long finger with a stiff proximal interphalangeal joint and characteristic absence of skin creases, and incomplete syndactyly of the right first, second, and third web spaces. A brief review of symphalangism and a surgical treatment plan are presented. This is believed to be the first case report of symphalangism in a black patient with multiple congenital anomalies.
Rates of Survival and Growth of Bluegill Yolk Fry Stocked at Different Intensities in Hatchery Ponds

Abstract Data gathered during two summers from five ponds at the Wolf Lake Hatchery near Kalamazoo, Michigan, showed little correlation between the rate of survival and the intensity of stocking bluegill yolk fry. Ponds stocked at rates that ranged from 2,500 to 323,000 yolk fry per acre were drained at the end of the first summer, the first winter, and the second summer. Not more than 40 percent of the fry stocked in the spring survived the first summer in any pond. By the end of the second summer as few as 1 percent and not more than 20 percent of the original stock remained. Fish that were stocked at lesser intensities grew faster than those stocked more heavily. Competition from Iowa darters apparently seriously impaired the survival of bluegill yolk fry in one pond during the first summer. In another pond green sunfish, that entered as young of the year through the water supply during the first summer, became dominant over the bluegills in number and total weight by the end of the second summer. Unde...
Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome, and liver transplantation.

At present, liver transplantation is the only effective treatment to improve the outcome in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome, a life-threatening condition whose prevalence can be close to 20% in patients with end-stage liver disease who are awaiting liver transplantation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension occurring in the setting of portal hypertension, namely portopulmonary hypertension, another major pulmonary-hepatic-vascular condition, has prevalence on the order of 5% in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Unlike hepatopulmonary syndrome in moderate-to-severe stages of portopulmonary hypertension, liver transplantation may not reverse the condition and because of the increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality, this is being regarded by many authorities as a contraindication to liver transplant. As a result, a therapeutic regimen of vasodilator therapy strategy becomes necessary to ameliorate the portopulmonary hypertension and allow time for conditioning of the right ventricle, before proceeding to transplantation. Careful assessment of right ventricular function by echocardiography is essential before undertaking liver transplantation in patients with portopulmonary hypertension. Transplantation should be delayed until both the pulmonary pressures reduce to the mild to moderate range and the right ventricle becomes conditioned to the extra work load and can safely sustain the patient through the rigors of transplantation.
Vibrational corrections to the charge and momentum densities of H2

Abstract Vibrational corrections to the charge and momentum densities of H 2 are calculated using the Wang wavefunction and various expressions for the dependence of the effective nuclear charge on the interatomic distance. Both harmonic oscillator and Morse potentials are employed for the vibrational wavefunctions, and excited as well as ground vibrational states are considered. The corrections to the momentum density, though considerably smaller than the charge density corrections, appear to be somewhat more sensitive qualitatively to the choice of both nuclear and electronic wavefunctions.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cellular proteins reveals myeloid origin of blasts in two children with otherwise undifferentiated leukemia.

In previous studies, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed the detection of 11 poly-peptide markers that distinguished between subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and between acute lymphoblastic and acute myelocytic leukemia. This report describes the occurrence of polypeptide markers in two-dimensional gels that indicate a myeloid origin of blasts obtained from two children who presented with acute leukemia, the cells of origin of which could not be determined, at the time of diagnosis, by morphologic, cytochemical, or immune marker analysis. The authors conclude that two-dimensional electrophoresis provides a new tool for the delineation of the cell of origin in acute leukemia. Cancer 57:1539–1543, 1986.
A method for measuring snow depth using fine-resolution radars☆

Abstract A new method for determining snow depth over a horizontal surface uses the fading statistics for a radar that has excess range bandwidth. The number of independent samples per measurement with such a radar depends on the depth of the snow contributing to volume scatter. With deeper snow, and thus more volume scatter, the variance of the signals is reduced. Thus, the variance may be used to estimate the snow depth. Dry snow is required so that the volume scatter from within is not attenuated significantly. The radar used in such a measurement must have a bandwidth considerably greater than that required for the range resolution used. Such a radar could be deployed on a helicopter or low-flying aircraft, as well as on a sled. The method was tested using a wide-band beamlimited FMCW scatterometer mounted on a sled pulled over snow-covered sea ice. Although only a single test was possible, the results indicate the validity of the method.
Evaluation of methods for determining 6-hydroxydopamine cytotoxicity.

The toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH-SY5Y (SY5Y) and the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line were measured with five viability assays. Four of the assays (attachment efficiency, plating efficiency, amino acid incorporation into acid-precipitable proteins, and Trypan Blue dye exclusion) showed higher drug susceptibility in SY5Y cells than CHO cells. Only growth inhibition (proliferation index) gave results indicating greater sensitivity in CHO cells. Over a time span of 48 hr, injured cell populations lost vital functions in the following order: attachment ability, amino acid incorporation, proliferative capacity, and dye exclusion. Recovery of each of the functions occurred in sublethally injured populations. Monitoring the extinction and recovery of vital functions permitted the accurate determination of a drug concentration (30 μg/ml) selectively toxic for SY5Y cells. A strong correlation was noted between relative values for amino acid incorporation 3 hr after drug treatment, attachment efficiency at 24 hr, and dye exclusion at 24 and 48 hr. We concluded that Trypan Blue dye exclusion and amino acid incorporation were suitable methods for comparing the effects of cytotoxins on different cell lines, provided they were performed at the appropriate time after treatment with the toxin. The combined techniques yield both population and individual cell data, are simple to do, and are applicable to nondividing cell populations.
Calcium accumulation by isolated nerve ending particles from brain. II. Factors influencing calcium movements.

A synaptosomal preparation from rat brain accumulated 45Ca by a temperature-sensitive process requiring ATPd and Mg++. The uptake of 45Ca was correlated with a net increase in total calcium, and after brief incubations the concentration of 45Ca in the particles was several hundred times that remaining in the medium. Calcium accumulation was associated with a corresponding stoichiometric accumulation of phosphate. Synaptosomes that had accumulated 45Ca during a prior incubation lost the radioactivity during a subsequent incubation in the absence of ATP. NaCl increased the efflux of accumulated 45Ca, a process distinguishable from the non-specific inhibition of 45Ca accumulation by various solutes corresponding with their effects on intra-synaptosomal volume. The Na+-induced efflux of 45Ca was not affected by ouabain. Since the intrasynaptosomal mitochondria have been identified as the site of 45Ca accumulation in synaptosomes, the data suggest that these mitochondria may function as reservoirs of releasable Ca++ within the nerve ending, possibly participating in the Ca++-dependent process of neurotransmitter release.
Ubiquitin-like protein activation.

Post-translational covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (ubls) has emerged as a predominant cellular regulatory mechanism, with important roles in controlling cell division, signal transduction, embryonic development, endocytic trafficking and the immune response. Ubls function by remodeling the surface of their target proteins, changing their target's half-life, enzymatic activity, protein–protein interactions, subcellular localization or other properties. At least 10 different ubiquitin-like modifications exist in mammals, and attachment of different ubls to a target leads to different biological consequences. Ubl-conjugation cascades are initiated by activating enzymes, which also coordinate the ubls with their downstream pathways. A number of biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the mechanism of ubl-activating enzymes and their roles in ubl conjugation cascades.
HIV and liver diseases: recent clinical advances.

Because the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV has been prolonged, liver diseases have assumed far greater importance as a cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Given the shared risks of transmission, patients who have HIV often are coinfected with hepatotrophic viruses such as hepatitis C and hepatitis B. Further, antiretroviral therapy (ART) used by patients who have HIV is often hepatotoxic, contributing to liver damage. With increasing immunosuppression caused by AIDS, patients who have HIV have to deal with these issues and the increased risk of infection with opportunistic viral, fungal, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. In addition, steatosis and lipodystrophy now are recognized more commonly in patients who have HIV, particularly in the setting of ART. Thus, understanding of liver diseases in the setting of HIV infection becomes an important focus in caring for these individuals. There have been numerous advances in the treatment of liver disease in patients who have HIV, particularly in treating viral hepatitis C and B. This article reviews various liver manifestations in patients who have HIV and the recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic options.
Characterization of major milk proteins from BALB/c and C3H mice

Milk proteins from BALB/c and C3H mice were characterized with respect to their electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide gels under alkaline and acid conditions. The major casein and whey proteins from each strain migrated similarly under the conditions employed. Phosphoproteins were identified by staining with "Stains-all" and by changes in electrophoretic mobility and staining induced by prior treatment with phosphatase. Sialic acid-rich glycoproteins were identified by staining with periodic acid-Schiff and with "Stains-all" by prior treatment with neuraminidase to identify sialic acid as the acidic portion of the molecule. The two major whey proteins were characterized further by their migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. One protein had the same mobility as mouse serum albumin. The other protein migrated with a mobility similar to that of bovine alpha-lactalbumin. The identity of the former protein was confirmed by its reaction with goat anti-mouse serum albumin in an immunodiffusion procedure, and the latter protein by its B protein activity in the lactose synthetase assay.
Fisher information as the basis for diffraction optics

It is shown that the Helmholtz wave equation follows from a new uncertainty principle: Given, as data, the position of a photon in an unknown diffraction pattern, the estimated position of the centroid of the pattern will suffer minimum precision. This implies a maximally spread out diffraction pattern, obeying a principle of minimum Fisher information. The minimum is constrained by knowledge of the refractive-index function n(x, y, z) of the medium through a requirement that the mean-square spatial phase gradient across the medium should be generally nonzero. Operationally the principle works directly with intensities and not complex amplitudes. As a practical matter the numerical use of the intensity-based principle might permit a widening of the known scope of solutions to diffraction problems.
Fantasies of the New Class: New Criticism, Harvard Sociology, and the Idea of the University

In The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class (1979), sociologist Alvin Gouldner predicted that a ‘new class’ of professional knowledge workers would soon displace the moneyed bourgeoisie (the ‘old class’) as the pre-eminent elite in modern U.S. society. This new class encompassed a broad array of occupations: teachers, engineers, scientists, professors, anyone who laid claim to a saleable body of knowledge acquired at the post-secondary level of education—what Gouldner, echoing Pierre Bourdieu, called ‘cultural capital.’ Hitherto, the class had been divided between two groups—humanistic intellectuals and the technical intelligentsia. The former’s interests were ‘primarily critical, emancipatory, hermeneutic and hence often political’ (48). The latter’s interests were technical and concerned with improving the means of production owned by the old class. Gouldner imagined, however, that the two groups were united by their joint dependence upon the university and the ‘culture of critical discourse’ that it fosters. Because of this institutional and cultural tie, the intellectuals and intelligentsia would join together into a single class that would promote a fusion of morality and techne in the modern state. The old class was powerless to prevent this, since it depended upon the technical capabilities of the intelligentsia and thus had to support the new class’s institutions. Gouldner thus imagined the emergence of a new social order of professionals, centered in the university, that would extend and perfect the U.S. welfare state.
Behavior-Problem Patterns among the Learning Disabled: III — Replication across Age and Sex:

Teachers completed rating scales on learning disabled male and female students ranging in age from 6 to 18 years. Responses were factor-analyzed to identify characteristic behavior problems of the learning disabled. While replicating findings from previous studies, the results revealed some important differences, that is, problems found to be characteristic of the learning disabled students differed according to sex and age level. These findings have implications for understanding the nature of learning disabilities and for designing appropriate educational programs for learning disabled students.
From science teacher to teacher leader: Leadership development as meaning making in a community of practice

The process through which three science teachers became active, effective teacher leaders in their schools, their profession, and their communities was investigated. A model of leadership development, proposed by Palus and Drath (Evolving leaders: A model for promoting leadership development in programs, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC, 1995), was used as a framework for analyzing and understanding the experiences and forces that led these teachers to become leaders. Development of the teacher leaders was prompted by their involvement in SCI-LINK, a program that began as a way to link environmental scientists and science teachers, and grew over a period of 6 years to become a constellation of activities and a learning community of teachers, scientists, and science educators. Four elements of SCI-LINK that promoted and supported leadership development are identified. Implications for leadership development in science education and other subject areas are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:281–297, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10022
Regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and apoptosis by estradiol in bovine granulosa cells

Although atresia of bovine follicles is associated with apoptosis of granulosa cells, the signals initiating this cell death have not been resolved. NF-kappaB has been implicated as an important regulator of genes controlling apoptosis, and previous studies indicate that estradiol may modulate NF-kappaB activation. We hypothesized that estradiol activates NF-kappaB, and thus, inhibits apoptosis in granulosa cells of dominant follicles. Dominant follicles were collected on Days 4, 6, and 8 of the first follicular wave following ovulation and assayed for NF-kappaB activity. Concentrations of estradiol in follicular fluid decreased on Day 6 compared to Day 4 of the wave. NF-kappaB activity in granulosa cells was lower on Day 8 compared to Days 4 and 6. In vitro, NF-kappaB activity and minimal incidence of apoptosis (<4%), as measured by Annexin V and TUNEL assays, were associated with production of estradiol. However, inhibition of NF-kappaB in vitro led to a suppression of apoptosis. These results indicate that follicular NF-kappaB activation is associated with estradiol production. However, whether NF-kappaB is playing a pro- or anti-apoptotic role in granulosa cells of the dominant bovine follicle remains to be elucidated.
Physiological, biochemical and histological changes in skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction and spinal cord of rats rendered paraplegic by subarachnoidal administration of 6-aminonicotinamide.

Summary Exposure of rats to the nicotinamide analog, 6-aminonicotinamide, produces an irreversible rigid paralysis of the hind limbs. The present study describes electrophysiological alterations that occur in extensor digitorum longus (extensor) and soleus muscles of rats treated with a single subarachnoid injection of 6-aminonicotinamide and compares these changes with cellular and biochemical changes that occur in the spinal cord. Injection of 50 μ of 6-aminonicotinamide into the subarachnoid space at L2–L4 of adult female rats produced rigid paralysis of both hind limbs in 24–36 h. In extensor muscles, the membrane potential decreased significantly about 48 h after injection, but this partial depolarization took somewhat longer in the soleus muscles. Spontaneous transmitter release, as studied by frequency and amplitude of miniature endplate potentials, was significantly affected from day 7 after injection. At the onset of paralysis, 6-phosphogluconate levels were increased more than 1000-fold in the lumbar region of the spinal cord and returned to control levels by 14 days after injection. This metabolite thus serves as a biochemical marker for the presence of the 6-aminonicotinamide analog of NADP in tissues. Beginning at 3 days an increase in small phagocytic cells was noted in both the cervical and lumbar regions of the cord. These proliferating cells were highly localized to the anterior horn region where maximal numbers were detected at 8 days. Few viable motor neurons were present in the lumbar region of the cord at this time. There was a close correlation between the accumulation of small cells and the increased β-glucuronidase activity. Despite the marked cellular alterations in the spinal cord at 8 days there were no changes in the total extractable lipid in gray and white matter. Cellular changes were maintained in the lumbar region for as long as 540 days. At this time most of the electrophysiological properties of the extensor muscle were restored to normal, suggesting that collateral sprouts from the residual motor neurons may have reinnervated the denervated muscle fibers.
SUBDURAL HÆMATOMA AFTER WHIPLASH INJURY

Abstract The case-histories of two patients with subdural haematomas apparently caused by whiplash injury alone are presented. One patient survived uneventfully after surgical relief but the other died before the clot could be evacuated. The impact data from one of these cases was used to derive the approximate level of rotational acceleration produced in the patient's head during the whiplash. This value (1636 radians per second per second) was slightly lower than that predicted for cerebral concussion by head rotation in man.
Application of Dual Brain Theory to Cross-Cultural Studies of Cognitive Development and Education:

The cognitive structures of children from minority group, poor, rural, aboriginal, or otherwise socially disadvantaged backgrounds are hypothesized to be gestalt-synthetic in mode of thought and field-dependent in cognitive style; cognitive structures of children from dominant, majority, urban, nonaboriginal, or otherwise advantaged backgrounds, to be relatively logical-analytic and field-independent. These cognitive structures are shown by cerebral lateralization theory to have neurophysiological substrates. Individual hemisphericity, the tendency to rely on the resources of the right or left cerebral hemisphere, is interpreted on four distinct levels : performance hemisphericity, hemispheric activation, hemispheric preference (as personality structure), and cognitive style (lateral flexibility). An illustrative comparison of thinking processes of Australian Aborigines and Australian-born whites is developed using primary and secondary data
The effects of a single session of inescapable tailshock on the subsequent locomotor response to brief footshock and cocaine administration in rats

Rationale We have previously shown that exposure to a single session of inescapable (IS), but not escapable (ES), tailshock can sensitize the subsequent conditioned place preference and locomotor responses to opioids, but not other drug classes. However, prior work suggests that IS might sensitize nonopioid drug responding if the drug were to be preceded by a mild stressor.
Military coups in the post-cold war era: Pakistan, Ecuador and Venezuela

Abstract This article compares the failed military coups in Ecuador (2000) and Venezuela (2002) with the successful 1999 military putsch in Pakistan in order to identify what factors affect coup outcomes in third-wave democracies. The unity of the armed forces in support of the Pakistani coup, and its division in the two Latin American cases, are critical in explaining the divergent outcomes. In turn, the degree of cohesion within the military in each case was affected by perceptions of domestic support and international reaction to military rule. In Ecuador and Venezuela there was greater public antipathy for military rule and stronger international opposition. This increased the armed forces' perceptions of the costs of governing, fostering divisions within the officer corps that ultimately scuttled the coups. In contrast, the successful coup in Pakistan was largely attributable to the unified military, which was a product of greater domestic and international tolerance of military rule.
Multiplication and refractoriness in the cat's retinal-ganglion-cell discharge at low light levels

Measurements of the pulse-interval distribution and pulse-number distribution for cat retinal ganglion cells in darkness and light have been carried out by Barlow, Levick, and Yoon. The experimental results for an on-center brisk-sustained cell are in accord with a mathematical model incorporating four features: Poisson quantum fluctuations, additive dark noise, multiplication noise (random multiple neural spikes per absorbed quantum), and refractoriness. The data cannot be properly explained by a model lacking any one of these features. Parameters extracted from the model are in good agreement with physiological values.
Central serous chorioretinopathy after epidural corticosteroid injection

Abstract PURPOSE: To report three patients who developed central serous chorioretinopathy after epidural corticosteroid injection for treatment of back pain. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Three men, aged 73, 52, and 73 years, presented with bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy after corticosteroid injection in the epidural space for treatment of back pain. In all three cases, we did not initially elicit the history of corticosteroid use. RESULTS: Two of the three patients, aged 52 and 73 years, had diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy and one, aged 73 years, had classic central serous chorioretinopathy. Two patients had a spontaneous resolution of the subretinal fluid in both eyes. One patient had laser photocoagulation in both eyes but continued to have diffuse leakage in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: A careful history to determine corticosteroid use, including possible intrajoint and epidural injection, should be performed in older people with serous detachment of the macula, particularly when bilateral.
Two‐hit model of haemorrhagic shock and Pseudomonas sepsis

Background Shock or trauma is a frequent prerequisite of bacterial sepsis. This has not, however, been reported in connection with related animal models. Therefore a porcine two-hit model was established with haemorrhage and resuscitation followed by the induction of sepsis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods Thirteen pigs were anaesthetized and permanently catheterized. Seven were subjected to haemorrhagic shock (bleeding until a mean of 50 per cent of the estimated blood volume remained) for 45 min, and then resuscitated with crystalloid, colloid and shed blood. A further six animals without shock served as controls. All pigs were fully conscious. The following day a continuous intravenous infusion of P. aeruginosa (1·6 × 107 colony-forming units kg−1 h−1) was given for 24 h, followed by a reduced dose (1·6 × 106 colony-forming units kg−1 h−1) for a further 24 h. The animals were then observed for another 48 h. Results All animals fulfilled the criteria for sepsis. However, the initial fever, arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly lower in the shock group. In contrast, the pulmonary pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and cardiac index were raised (P < 0·05, shock versus control group). Conclusion These data indicate that sepsis is aggravated by a preceding haemorrhagic shock. This two-hit model considers one important precondition of human sepsis and may contribute to the development of a better treatment for this condition. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd