cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Recombinant Interleukin-2 the Best Way to Deliver Interferon-γ in Human Disease?

Studies in man have suggested that interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T cells are important in herpes simplex disease recurrences. These have led to the use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in a guinea pig model of herpes simplex genital infection. Here, that lymphokine lessens the severity of acute and chronic herpes simplex disease and it also produces an adjuvant action on the protective effect of herpes simplex virus (HSV) subunit vaccines. A variety of potentially useful actions of IL-2 might underly these effects, including increased lymphokine release and enhanced cytotoxic actions of natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer cells, or histocompatibility antigen restricted T cells. IL-2 appears to be involved in the mobilization of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes, which may mediate the enhancement of the previously mentioned immune functions. It seems appropriate to explore these effects of IL-2 in human viral disease. Since the systemic use of IFN-γ is limited by side effects, IL-2 may be an important mechanis...
KINDERGARTEN READINESS AND SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AT AGES EIGHT TO TEN YEARS IN A COHORT OF EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. † 1624

KINDERGARTEN READINESS AND SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AT AGES EIGHT TO TEN YEARS IN A COHORT OF EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. † 1624
Contact Transform for the Biharmonic Equation Applicable to Plane Stress Elastoplastic Elliptical Hole Problems

An analytical technique is developed that reduces the unknown elastic-plastic boundary of a linear elastic-perfectly plastic material containing an elliptical hole under tensile plane stress loading conditions into an equivalent mathematical problem with known boundaries. This mathematical transformation may facilitate this problem’s solution by either analytical or numerical means. Yield is assumed to occur in this analysis under the Tresca yield criterion. An example elastic-plastic problem illustrating this method is drawn from existing literature in the form of a perturbation solution for an elliptical hole derived by a series expansion about a circular boundary.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH BY XYLULOSE IN CHLOROCOCCUM ECHINOZYGOTUM1,2

SUMMARY We previously established that xylulose inhibits the growth of the green alga Chlorococcum echinozygotum. Utilizing experiments involving exposure of the alga to NaHC14O3, it was possible to show by counting the C14 activity of methanolic extracts of the algal cells that xylulose inhibited CO2 uptake. Subsequently it was shown that xylulose does not inhibit or otherwise influence the Hill reaction in this alga. Several enzymes related to xylulose metabolism were investigated. It was found that xylulokinase was active in C. echinozygotum while phosphoketolase activity was absent. Transketolase was present but its activity was not notably affected by xylulose. Crude carboxydismutase preparations were found to be inhibited by xylulose and xylulose 5-phosphate. However, as carboxydismutase was purified further, this inhibition was relatively less. When xylulose 1,5-diphosphate was prepared synthetically, this compound was found to be the most effective inhibitor of purified algal carboxydismutase. We conclude that d-xylulose enters the cells of C. echinozygotum where it is converted to d-xylulose 1,5-diphosphate which acts as a competitive inhibitor of carboxydismutase.
Public enterprise reform: Privatization and the World Bank

Abstract The objectives of this paper are: (i) to review the importance and performance of public enterprises in developing countries; (ii) to examine the questions of whether and why performance improvements should result from privatization; and (iii) to discuss, in light of the preceding analysis, the approach used by the World Bank concerning privatization.
A Comparative Study of Social-Perceptual Ability in Learning Disabled and Nonhandicapped Students:

As many learning disabled (LD) students spend a greater part of their school day in regular classrooms, the importance of social/interpersonal abilities becomes of increased concern to both special and regular educators. Despite efforts to provide for administrative and programmatic considerations in the least restrictive environment, emphasis is still focused on academics for the learning disabled student. To date, few formal attempts have been made to address socioadaptive behavior that is crucial to any “mainstreaming” effort. Feasibly, for the learning disabled student, the least restrictive environment may be the least restrictive academically, while presently being the most restrictive socially.
Highlights: event coverage in mobile social networks

Mobile phones are becoming convergent platforms for sensing, computation, and communication. A variety of human-centric applications are on the rise that take advantage of this convergence in innovative ways. This paper envisions Highlights, a collaborative videorecording system that takes advantage of this convergence. Ideally, when multiple phones in a social gathering run Highlights, the output is a short video-highlights of the occasion, created without human intervention. To achieve this, mobile phones must sense their surroundings and collaboratively detect events that qualify for recording. For each event, the phone with the best view must be activated, eventually resulting in multiple video-clips of different events. When joined together, the outcome can become a useful video-summary of the occasion. This paper reports early work towards this longer term project.
CONTENDING WITH COMPLEXITY: THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF SCALED WORLDS AS RESEARCH TOOLS

Complex, real-world behavior takes place in complex, real-world environments. Efforts to study cognition in such environments can be hampered by difficulty in accurately tracking information flow. ...
Matrix design for human service organizations.

The matrix design structures the organization according to specific work projects rather than along department lines. Its value to the human service organization has yet to be demonstrated though it has been successful in industry.
Dynamic access distance driven cache replacement

In this article, we propose a new cache replacement policy that makes the replacement decision based on the reuse information of the cache lines and the requested data. We present the architectural support and evaluate the performance of our approach using SPEC benchmarks. We also develop two reuse information predictors: a profile-based static predictor and a runtime predictor. The applicability of each predictor is discussed in this paper. We further extend our reuse information predictors so that the cache can adaptively choose between the reuse information based replacement policy and an approximation of LRU policy. According to the experimental results, our adaptive reuse information based replacement policy performs either better than or close to the LRU policy. Our experiments show that L2 cache misses are reduced by 12.32p and 19.95p using the profiling-based static and runtime adaptive predictors respectively.
DECAY OF MOLECULES AT SPHERICAL SURFACES : NONLOCAL EFFECTS

The decay rates for molecules in the vicinity of a metallic sphere are investigated in a phenomenological approach for very close molecule-surface distances d. The Fuchs-Claro model [Phys. Rev. B 35, 3722 (1987)] is adopted to describe the polarizability of the sphere with the nonlocal dielectric response being accounted for within the hydrodynamic description. The results show significant differences when compared with those obtained previously within a local description for d\ensuremath{\lesssim}50 \AA{}, with extra resonances observed in the high-frequency regime, a phenomenon similar to that noted previously by Ruppin in his calculation of the extinction cross section for such spheres.
Reexamination of jumps across quasi-statically propagating surfaces under generalized plane stress in anisotropically hardening elastic-plastic solids

Strong discontinuities across quasi-statically propagating surfaces in anisotropic elastic-plastic solids under generalized plane stress are reexamined allowing for some generality in constitutive response and taking into account the phenomenon of necking. Jumps in stresses are ruled out on the basis of material stability postulates and a previous approach (by Pan, 1982) is discussed. It is noted that for elastic-perfectly plastic solids, sliding velocity discontinuities occur under restrictive and exceptional conditions (when both the surface and its normal are stress characteristics) for generalized plane stress as compared to plane strain. Necks may form along (stress) characteristic directions with the relative velocity vector orthogonal to the other family of characteristics.
N-S Simulations of Crow-Type Instabilities in Vortex Wake

Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations of the Crow instability of wake vortices are conducted using large-eddy simulations without background turbulence. Sinusoidal displacement has been specified as the initial perturbation for the vortex system. The results have shown that the minimum Crow instability wavelength is about one vortex spacing shorter than predicted by Crow's linear stability theory. The planar- standing-wave-angle value and the amplitude indifference behavior agree with Crow's analysis. Simulations with periodicity in the axial direction have indicated minor influence of axial flow on the Crow instability.
The chemical composition of metallic spheroids and metallic particles within impactite from Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona

Abstract Atomic absorption analyses of 25 metallic spheroids from Barringer Meteorite Crater have been carried out for Fe, Ni, Co and Cu. In addition, electron microprobe analyses of 58 impactite metallic particles have been carried out for Fe, Ni and Co from four different impactite samples. The normalized Ni, Co and Cu contents of the spheroids were from 13–22 per cent, 0.8–1.3 per cent and 260–430 μg/g, respectively. These figures represent enrichment factors of 2–3 in the spheroids compared to analyses of the bulk meteorite. The Co/Ni and Cu/Ni ratios in the spheroids are close to the respective ratios in the bulk meteorite. This suggests that the spheroids were formed by preferential removal of iron by oxidation from a chemically homogeneous liquid. The impactite metallic particles had Ni contents from 10 to 95 per cent and Co contents from 0·3 to 4 per cent. The Co contents of these particles showed a positive correlation with Ni up to 60 per cent Ni and a negative correlation beyond 60 per cent Ni. Reaction of the impactite metallic particles with SiO 2 of the target can explain these variations. Our findings show that extensive chemical reaction between projectile and target occurs at impact.
Putin and the Re-emergence of the Russian Military

Putin’s efforts to deal with the Russian Army’s many problems have just begun to scratch the surface.
RECEPTORS FOR COMPLEMENT ON LEUKOCYTES

Sheep red blood cells sensitized by 7S, but not by 19S rabbit anti-Forssman antibodies, adhere and form rosettes on mouse macrophages and on a few monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). When, however, C' factors from mouse serum are added to the antigen-19S antibody complex (EAC'), rosettes are formed on most mouse peritoneal macrophages and PMN and on a few monocytes. In addition EAC' also adheres to 10-25% of lymph node lymphocytes but not to thymus lymphocytes. EAC' prepared with 7S anti-Forssman antibodies has identical properties. The adherence of red cells induces an increase in the membrane activity of the leukocytes and causes injury to the red cells which rapidly become deformed and fragmented. Adherence of EAC' occurs at 37 degrees C and is minimal at 4 degrees C. Probably only the first four C' components are involved in this phenomenon as mouse serum deficient in C'5 or rabbit serum, deficient in C'6 can be used as a source of C' components. Treatment of EAC' with EDTA does not modify its leukocyte-adherence properties. The adherence of EAC' to the leukocytes is not inhibited in the presence of serum. The receptors for C' on macrophages, PMN, and monocytes differ from those found on lymphocytes. Rosette formation by EAC' on macrophages, PMN, and monocytes depends on divalent cations (Mg(++)) and can be reversed by Na(3)H EDTA, while adherence to lymphocytes is independent of these ions and occurs in the presence of 0.01 M Na(3)H EDTA. Both types of receptors for C' components are destroyed by trypsin treatment of the leukocytes, in contrast with the receptors for 7S antibodies on the same cells which persist after enzyme treatment.
A Sequential Sampling Procedure for Stochastic Programming

We develop a sequential sampling procedure for a class of stochastic programs. We assume that a sequence of feasible solutions with an optimal limit point is given as input to our procedure. Such a sequence can be generated by solving a series of sampling problems with increasing sample size, or it can be found by any other viable method. Our procedure estimates the optimality gap of a candidate solution from this sequence. If the point estimate of the optimality gap is sufficiently small according to our termination criterion, then we stop. Otherwise, we repeat with the next candidate solution from the sequence under an increased sample size. We provide conditions under which this procedure (i) terminates with probability one and (ii) terminates with a solution that has a small optimality gap with a prespecified probability.
HR-2 Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Restore Fusion Kinetics Delayed by HR-1 Mutations That Cause Clinical Resistance to Enfuvirtide

Enfuvirtide (ENF) prevents the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into cells by binding to the HR-1 region of the viral envelope (Env) protein gp41 subunit. Resistance to ENF arises via mutations in the drug binding site in HR-1. In addition, HR-2 mutations are commonly observed in ENF-resistant Env proteins, though their role remains unclear. We explored the mechanistic basis for clinical resistance to ENF and the role of HR-2 mutations. Using panels of ENF resistance-associated mutants for two patients, we found that mutations in HR-1 slowed the fusion kinetics and that mutations in HR-2 restored fusion rates. We assessed the differences in the rates of fusion of these mutants from a temperature-arrested state and observed similar trends, suggesting that the step of delay occurs after coreceptor engagement. Sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies was unchanged by the HR-1 and HR-2 mutants in each panel. Since this result was in contrast to those of a previous in vitro analysis where enhanced sensitivity to neutralization was demonstrated for heterologous Envs with ENF resistance-associated HR-1 changes, we examined the context dependence of HR-1 and HR-2 mutations by transferring the mutations seen in one patient into the Env context of another. These studies revealed that some, but not all, HR-1 mutations, when placed out of context (i.e., in a patient Env where they did not originally arise), enhance sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. However, in most cases, HR-1 mutations in ENF-treated patients evolve in a manner that preserves pretreatment neutralization sensitivity so as to evade the pressures of the immune system.
Changes in saponin content and composition during the ensilage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Abstract Two varieties of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) were ensiled under laboratory conditions after being treated with formic acid or after wilting for different times. Intact saponins, using an HPLC method, were determined in the starting material and after ensiling. The presence of two saponins were detected and measured in the experiment using the variety Hodoninka and three saponins in the second experiment using the variety Palava. Soyasaponin I was present in both varieties, whilst the two other saponins, designated as saponin A and saponin B, had chromatographic properties consistent with glycosides, of medicagenic acid. Significant decreases in saponin concentrations were observed after ensiling varying from 12% to 100%. Soyasaponin I was found to be relatively stable, while saponin A was not detected after the first week of ensiling. Treatment with formic acid stabilised saponin B and soyasaponin I for the variety Palava in contrast to the other treatments.
BUSINESS CONTRACTIONS AND INCUMBENT PARTY LOSSES OF THE PRESIDENCY: 1864–1932

Using aggregate level data on U.S. business cycles, this article addresses the question of whether or not economic conditions may have impacted presidential elections during the sample. A simple regression model is employed, and the results indicate that downturns in the economy hurt the fortunes of incumbent presidents, or the candidate of their party, during the sample.
A comparison of AAPM TG-108 PET/CT shielding recommendations to measurements in an oncology center

Purpose: The AAPM Task Group Report 108 provides methods for calculating photon shielding for PETscanner suites. Calculated shielding requirements may be conservative in some areas when assuming a static point source and absence of scanner self-shielding. This study compares TG-108 shielding calculations to measured data from an oncology PET/CT scanner. Methods: Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters were place at eight positions at 1 m height on the walls surrounding a PET/CT scanner. Dosimeters were also placed at three positions in the ceiling along the axial length of the scanner. Each position contained three dosimeters covered with 0, 1.6, or 3.2 mm of lead to separate the x-ray and 511 keV photon components. Dosimeters were switched out every month for a total collection period of 10 months. The dosimeter measurements were compared to TG-108 estimates by dividing the measured dose by the TG-108 calculated dose. Results: The PET gantry provided considerable shielding in the transaxial detector plane resulting in a low measured to calculated dose ratio of 0.26. The ratio increased to 0.48 at 45° between the transaxial and axial planes then to 0.95 at the head of the scanner. Dose ratios at the foot of the scanner were near unity at the walls but as high as 2 in the ceiling. The high ceiling dose was attributed to unshielded radiation contributions from the dose handling area. Conclusions: TG-108 provides accurate dose estimates when there is no barrier between the patient and measurement location. Careful consideration of the shielding properties of the scanner can reduce the amount of shielding necessary to include in walls.
Impulse stimulated ``explosive'' crystallization of sputter deposited amorphous (In,Ga)Sb films

Abstract Rapid irreversible exothermic amorphous-to-polycrystalline phase transformations have been observed in sputter deposited (In,Ga)Sb films. The transformation was triggered in approximately 10 −7 sec in a local region of the film using a sufficiently large energy pulse induced by, for example, a pulsed laser or a mechanical impulse. When the sum of the heat of crystallization released from a given domain and the energy supplied by external heating was sufficient to trigger a neighboring domain then the transformation propagated throughout the sample with an average velocity on the order of 200 cm/sec. The critical temperature for propagation was dependent upon the film composition, growth conditions, and thermal history. A qualitative model to explain these results is discussed.
Regulation of the Arf tumor suppressor in Eμ-Myc transgenic mice: longitudinal study of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis

Lymphomagenesis in Eμ- Myc mice is opposed by the Arf tumor suppressor, whose inactivation compromises p53 function and accelerates disease. Finding nascent Eμ- Myc –induced tumors in which p19Arf causes cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis is problematic, since such cells will be eliminated until Arf or p53 function is lost. Knock-in mice expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lieu of Arf coding sequences allow analysis of Arf promoter regulation uncoupled from p19Arf action. Prior to frank lymphoma development, unexpectedly low levels of Eμ- Myc –induced p19Arf or GFP were expressed. However, as lymphomas arose in Arf +/GFP heterozygotes, additional oncogenic events synergized with Eμ- Myc to further induce the functionally null Arf - Gfp allele. Concomitant up-regulation of p19Arf was not observed; instead, the wild-type allele was inactivated. We infer that very low levels of Arf are tumor suppressive, and that further induction provides the selective pressure for the emergence of tumors that have inactivated the gene.
Racial Uplift? Intra‐Racial Class Conflict and the Economic Revitalization of Harlem and Bronzeville

The study of revitalizing African American urban neighborhoods is needed to understand how race, class, and politics influence community development. While numerous investigations of urban neighbor...
Baseline high‐latitude ionospheric parameters and field‐aligned ion motion

[1] Establishing baseline values for ionospheric parameters allows for the identification of special events and comparison of events that occur at different magnetic local times, seasons, or solar cycle phases. Variations in average electron densities, ion and electron temperatures, and ion velocities between 100 and 800 km altitude are determined from Svalbard and Sondrestrom radar data. Despite their similar geomagnetic latitudes, Svalbard and Sondrestrom are found to measure significantly different populations. The average ion flux and ion, electron and plasma pressures can be calculated from the measured quantities. The primary location for upward moving ions is the dayside noon region, where the cusp can be expected. The role of plasma pressure is discussed.
Temperature and carrier induced spin coherence in GaAs

We observe a surprising increase of the transverse electron spin lifetime with increased lattice temperature up to 100 K in undoped bulk GaAs. The electron g-factor deviates from a linear temperature dependence below 50 K
Using a Drug Before the Risks and Benefits Are Known From a Phase 3 Clinical Trial Thoughts on Compassion

1 approved.Inmakingallofthesede- cisions, it is important to recognize that the likely alternative—not to treat the patient with the drug in question—carries with it risks that may be more difficult to anticipate than those established in the phase 3 trial of the drug. Either course of action may also leave the physician vulnerable to allegations of medi- cal negligence. Compassion should always be a componentofmedicaldecisionmak- ing. Compassionate use of a medi- cation is appropriate but only after sober reflection, even if this inher- ently time-intensive exercise bur- dens an already harried clinician. Thedecisionshouldbebasedonsev- eral factors. These include evi- dencethatpermitsanestimateofthe efficacyoftheparticulardrugforthat indication in the particular patient, thepotentialforharmfromusingor not using the drug, the available al- ternatives, and an informed pa- tient'swillingnesstoreceiveamedi- cation on what amounts sensu strictu to an experimental basis.
Error and Discounting in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

Abstract Since 1981 a large body of research has focused on the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma as a “basic paradigm” for the study of non-kin cooperation. Current evidence, however, shows that animals consistently defect in controlled Prisoner's Dilemmas. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand this by studying the effects of error and discounting (the tendency to devalue future rewards) on the stability of two strategies, tit-for-tat and Pavlov, against the clear experimental winner, all-defection. When considering strategic error, it is found that there are some payoff combinations in which the “cooperative strategy (tit-for-tat or Pavlov) can never be stable against all defection, and others where low levels of temporal discounting and/or large levels of game repetition can stabilize the cooperative strategy, as the conventional view suggests. These no-cooperation regions are characterized and compared for tit-for-tat and Pavlov. When tit-for-tat is pitted against all defection, however, there is also a third set of payoff combinations in which tit-for-tat is stable against all defection at intermediate levels, but unstable at both very low and very high levels of temporal discounting. For both strategies, increasing error rates increase this no-cooperation region. Similarly, as error increases weaker temporal discounting is required to stabilize a cooperative strategy against all defection. The most modest requirements for stability occur when the “temptation to defect” is negligible and the benefits of mutual cooperation greatly exceed the benefits of mutual defection. Estimates of the relevant discounting parameters are presented and discounting rates that are at least an order of magnitude smaller than values that seem plausible under the conventional “game repetition” view of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma are estimated. The prediction is that animal cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemmas will be restricted to a very small set of payoff combinations.
Preparing TESOL Students for the ESOL Classroom: A Cross‐Cultural Project in Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication classes for TESOL students give them a solid foundation for their work with their own ESOL students. This article presents the cross-cultural project that TESOL students have to complete in a required intercultural communication class at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and the case study that was used to assess the project. The project requires that students learn from and share with someone from a different culture while they are exploring their cultural selves and the workings of culture in themselves and others. Specifically, there are four learning outcomes: Students are expected to: (1) reflect on and deepen their understanding of themselves and others as cultural beings, (2) put newly acquired intercultural knowledge into practice, (3) develop and enhance their intercultural competence, and (4) develop confidence in their ability to talk to people from different cultures. The study found that all four expected learning outcomes were met.
Phosphorylation triggers domain separation in the DNA binding response regulator NarL.

DNA binding proteins of two-component signal transduction systems in microorganisms are activated by phosphorylation through an unknown mechanism. NarL is an example from the nitrate/nitrite signal transduction system of Eschericia coli. NarL consists of N- and C-terminal domains, the latter of which contains the DNA binding elements. To explore the mechanism of activation, single nitroxide side chains were introduced, one at a time, at nine different sites throughout the C-terminal domain to monitor the tertiary structure and the status of the surface in contact with the N-terminal domain. In addition, three pairs of doubly labeled proteins were prepared to monitor the interdomain distance using the magnetic dipolar interaction. The results of these site-directed spin-labeling studies reveal that phosphorylation at a distant site in the N-terminal domain triggers domain separation, likely by a hinge-bending motion. This in turn presents key elements of the C-terminal domain for docking to the DNA target ...
The Effects of the Age-Type of Tasks and Incumbent Age Composition on Job Perceptions.

Abstract Previous research indicates that bias in decisions regarding older workers can be reduced by altering a decision-maker's perceptions of the job. However, we know little about what factors contribute to job perceptions. In the present study, two variables were manipulated in order to assess their influence on overall job perceptions and job worth: the age composition of incumbents and the age-type of job content (tasks). We hypothesized that as the proportion of older workers in a job increased, the job would be rated as older, and that as the proportion of older tasks in a job description increased, ratings of the worth of the job would be significantly higher. Results supported both hypotheses. The results are discussed in relation to systematic differences in decisions regarding job stereotype and job worth.
On the links between globalization and poverty

This article surveys the evidence on the linkages between globalization and poverty, drawing on a new NBER study that has been completed under the direction of one of the authors. We focus on two measures of globalization: trade and international capital flows. Past researchers have argued that global economic integration should help the poor since poor countries have a comparative advantage in producing goods that use unskilled labor. Our first conclusion is that such a simple interpretation of general equilibrium trade models is misleading. Second, the evidence suggests that the poor are more likely to share in the gains from globalization when there are complementary policies in place.Third, trade and foreign investment reforms have produced benefits for the poor in exporting sectors and sectors that receive foreign investment. Fourth, financial crises are very costly to the poor. Finally, the collected evidence suggests that globalization produces both winners and losers among the poor. The fact that some poor individuals are made worse off by trade or financial integration underscores the need for carefully targeted safety nets. We conclude the article by identifying a number of unanswered research questions regarding the impact of globalization on poverty.
Comparison of markov and least-squares missile position and velocity estimates

^N increase of precision in missile position and velocity estimates can be obtained by using smoothing and rate filters that consider the serial (time) correlation of the errors in the measurements of a radio tracking system. We will consider the estimation of the position and velocity vector of a vehicle that is observed by a radio tracker that provides three coordinates as functions of the time. The following considerations generally apply to the case of a radio tracking system measuring range, azimuth, and elevation or range and two direction cosines or range and two range differences. However, our numerical example corresponds to the AZUSA Mark II continuous wave (CW) radar, for which there is available trajectory and error structure data. First we will proceed to compare minimum variance (Markov) smoothing and first-derivative filters with least-squares filters. In order to make a simple comparison, we will apply the continuous theory of Zadeh and Ragazzini rather than the digital filters that can be constructed by algebraic means" in the sampled-data case. Under very general conditions, Swerling has shown that this optimum linear estimate based on continuous observation during a finite time T is the limit of optimum linear estimates based on sampled data as the sample spacing tends to zero. Since the sample spacing of AZUSA Mark II is -£§ sec, we will assume that these continuous estimates are sufficiently close to the discrete estimates for the sampled-data case. Thus we will be concerned with the calculation of the ratio
Stimulation of protein synthesis of frog embryo cells by larval and adult frog liver ribonucleic acid preparations.

RECENT work from our laboratory has characterized certain quantitative properties of DNA and chromatin from developing frog embryos in terms of RNA-polymerase-mediated RNA synthesis1,2. Apart from knowing how much RNA can be synthesized using chromatin or DNA as a primer, it would be of interest to know some of the qualitative properties of the RNA synthesized. The present investigation examines two questions: Can added RNA stimulate protein synthesis of intact frog embryo cells? If it can, is this stimulation due to species of tissue-specific RNA molecules directing the synthesis of the appropriate proteins? Liver RNA preparations can stimulate haemin synthesis of minced frog embryos3 or mouse ascites tumour cells4, and Niu et al.5 have claimed that liver RNA induces the synthesis of liver specific proteins in ascites tumour cells.
Fiber matrix model of sclera and corneal stroma for drug delivery to the eye

A model derived from fiber matrix theory to predict the permeability of the eye's fibrous tissues, namely the sclera and corneal stroma, to water and solutes ranging from low molecular-weight drugs to macromolecules was developed. The model is based upon the ultrastructure of the cornea and the sclera; all parameters correspond to the geometrical and physicochemical characteristics of the eye and solutes, and are estimated from independent literature data. Comparison of our predictions with a large set of experimental data shows good agreement. The model suggests that important factors controlling diffusion rates across the sclera and stroma are tissue hydration, tissue thickness, and the size and volume fraction of proteoglycans present in these tissues. Applications to ocular drug delivery and treatment of glaucoma are discussed.
Genetic analysis of Drosophila vitellogenesis: a molecular weight variant of yolk polypeptide-2 in Drosophila simulans.

To assess the likelihood of finding genetic variants for the three major yolk polypeptides (YPs) within the species Drosophila melanogaster, YPs from the five species most closely related to D. melanogaster were investigated. The relative positions of the three YPs were characteristic for each species, and in all cases the mobilities of the YP in the ovary corresponded to that of the YP in the hemolymph of the same species. Different stocks of Drosophila simulans were found to have either of two forms of yolk polypeptide-2 (YP2). The YP2S polypeptide migrated more slowly than YP2F by an apparent molecular weight difference of about 700 daltons. The genetic factor responsible for this difference mapped to locus 35 on the X chromosome. The Yp2 allele present specified the mobility of the YP2 polypeptide in both the hemolymph and the ovary. YP1 and YP3 were the same in both Yp2 S and Yp2 F stocks indicating that they are not affected by the Yp2 gene. Densitometric scans of gels showed that there was more than twice as much YP2F as YP2S in the ovaries and hemolymph of homozygous animals. Yp2 S/Yp2 F heterozygotes contained both fast and slowly migrating YP2. The amount of each YP2 in Yp2 F/Yp2 S heterozygotes was about half that found in each homozygote. These dosage results suggest that this locus is the structural gene. Peptide mapping showed that the structural element contributing to retarded mobility of YP2S is unlikely to reside at either end of the molecule. These experiments suggest a cytogenetic location in which to concentrate further investigations on the genetic regulation of YP2 synthesis.
The Challenger Tragedy and Search for Legitimacy.

The Challenger tragedy compromised NASA's status as a legitimate institution. Actions taken to repair legitimacy included the open hearings of the Rogers Commission, scapegoating of executives, and limiting performance goals. It is suggested that NASA's long‐term legitimacy will require new and dramatic performance goals.
Characterization of the effect of Melanocortin 1 Receptor, a member of the hair color genetic locus, in alpaca (Lama pacos) fleece color differentiation

Abstract Little is known about the inheritance and influence of the fleece color gene Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) is a well-known gene responsible for red versus black fleece pigmentation and is hypothesized to be a candidate gene for variation in alpaca coloration patterns. Inheritance of red versus black pigmentation in the context of genetic mutation is well understood in many domesticated mammals. We characterized the MC1R gene in a population of multi-colored alpacas in order to better understand its effect on coat color in the alpaca. Our characterization of the alpaca MC1R gene revealed 11 mutations. Of these one is a 4 bp deletion, four are silent mutations and six are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the amino acid sequence (T28V, M87V, S126G, T128I, S196F, R301C). No mutation correlated completely with fleece color in alpacas at the MC1R locus. This may be due to the epistatic relationship of MC1R with other coat color genes especially agouti signaling protein (ASIP).
Wnt Signaling and the Evolution of Embryonic Posterior Development

Summary During vertebrate embryogenesis, most of the mesodermal tissue posterior to the head forms from a progenitor population that continuously adds blocks of muscles (the somites) from the back end of the embryo. Recent work in less commonly studied arthropods — the flour beetle Tribolium and the common house spider — provides evidence suggesting that this posterior growth process might be evolutionarily conserved, with canonical Wnt signaling playing a key role in vertebrates and invertebrates. We discuss these findings as well as other evidence that suggests that the genetic network controlling posterior growth was already present in the last common ancestor of the Bilateria. We also highlight other interesting commonalities as well as differences between posterior growth in vertebrates and invertebrates, suggest future areas of research, and hypothesize that posterior growth may facilitate evolution of animal body plans.
Perturbation theory near N = 2 superconformal fixed points in two-dimensional field theory

Abstract The neighborhoods of N = 2 superconformal fixed points corresponding to the discrete series of minimal models are examined using perturbative renormalization group analysis. The renormalization group flow generated by the least relevant fields is explicitly calculated, and it is shown that no nontrivial fixed points exist in the perturbative regime.
Nickel levels in hair and nickel ingestion in guinea pigs.

Abstract Hair samples from control guinea pigs and from animals receiving 2.5 μg Ni/ml in drinking water for 4 months were analyzed for nickel by atomic absorption spectrometry. No significant differences in nickel contents were observed. These findings are interpreted as an indication that hair is not a tissue for valid biopsy in the assessment of nickel ingestion.
Relationship between the neural dysgenesis and increased production of class I MHC H-2Kk mRNA and protein in neurons of murine trisomy 16 fetuses

Abstract Neuronal cells from murine trisomy 16 fetuses have increased levels of class I MHC H-2Kk. To determine whether this increased level of H-2Kk protein product resulted from an increased synthesis of mRNA, a 33 base antisense cDNA probe complementary to a region in exon 2 of the H-2Kk sequence (nucleotide 392–424) was synthesized. This probe was used to examine, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the neural distribution of H-2Kk mRNA and protein product. A marked elevation of the H-2Kk mRNA and protein were localized in mts16 neuronal populations that were susceptible to dysgenesis. The results implicate the expression of the H-2Kk in the neuropathology of mts16 and its human counterpart, Down syndrome.
Impacts of Back Surface Conditions on the Behavior of Oxygen in Heavily Arsenic Doped Czochralski Silicon Wafers

The precipitation of interstitial oxygen (Oi) in heavily arsenic doped Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers (As-wafer) has been studied for both polysilicon and damaged back surfaces. After annealed at 1200°C for 45 minutes and 950°C for 15hrs sequentially, the As-wafers with polysilicon show no Oi precipitation in the bulk while polyhedral Oi precipitates are observed at the interface between polysilicon and the silicon substrate. They exhibit a habit plane of {100}. The lack of the Oi precipitation in the bulk may reduce the total gettering efficiency of the polysilicon layer on the As-wafer. The same annealing led to rod-like SiOx precipitates in the wafers with damaged back surface. These precipitates extended about 1um into the bulk and had a habit plane of {111}. This morphology has high interfacial energy and is only possible when strain relief is dominant. The Oi outdiffusion has been observed to be same for both backside surface conditions and is only determined by annealing process.
A note on the use of two-layer models of coastally trapped waves☆

Abstract Several aspects of coastally trapped wave behavior in two-layer models and in continuously stratified models are considered. A two-layer model and a uniformly stratified model are compared over a step shelf showing that, although they predict qualitatively different free-wave dispersion properties, some features of their long wave behavior are qualitatively similar. A sharp pycnocline model (a continuously stratified approximation to the two-layer model) is used to show that the presence of a vertical coastal wall (required in most two-layer models) produces substantial changes in the free-wave behavior. With a vertical coastal wall, baroclinic motions may be trapped close to the coast when the bottom there appears locally flat. Without a vertical coastal wall, such near-cost trapping apparently does not occur and the lowest mode of the sharp pycnocline model behaves more like the lowest mode of a uniformly stratified model.
Leisure motivation revisited: why people recreate

The concepts of leisure and recreation have been studied at great length over the past 50 years. In this study, the authors explore whether a unified theory of leisure/recreation is possible and, if so, what elements are essential to answer the question of ‘why people recreate’. Utilizing a two-stage research methodology (qualitative and quantitative), the authors discovered four core values/motivations for leisure/recreation. These are: (1) escape; (2) enhancing relationships; (3) personal mastery; and (4) winning. A perceptual map of leisure/recreation identified two anchor sets: (1) ‘activity participation’ (self versus with others); and (2) ‘benefit attained’ (the experience versus the results). The ‘benefit attained’ axis is a significant differentiator between leisure/recreation participants, particularly on the demographics of income and gender. The results side is more predominantly male and high income. The proposed unified theory can help leisure managers to understand their markets and position...
Classroom Contribution: What Do Students Perceive as Fair Assessment?.

Assigning a grade to students' class contribution may be 1 of the most controversial and difficult challenges that instructors face. The authors examine the perceived fairness of class contribution grading methods from the perspective of the performance appraisal literature. In 2 scenario studies based on actual grading techniques, the authors examined perceptions of fair assessment. Participants were undergraduate students from 2 universities. A theoretical model of procedural justice provided the background. Results indicate that 3 objective aspects of grading—explicitness of grading criteria, frequency of feedback, and proactiveness of instructor techniques—affect perceived fairness.
Colonial policies and the rise of transactional sex in Kenya

The literature on the role of policy on prostitution has focused on criminal law, largely ignoring economic and urban policies. This article examines the emergence and development of prostitution in Kibera—an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya—and the role played by government policy. Records show that a rapid growth in prostitution accompanied Kibera’s transition from a military exercise ground to an informal settlement. Drawing on primary and secondary historical sources, this paper argues that colonial government policies of land alienation, taxation, and inequitable urban housing created a social context that promoted the migration of women into Nairobi and into Kibera, with many turning to prostitution. This paper therefore highlights an important but understudied role of economic and urban policies on prostitution.
The Civil Aeronautics Board and the All-Cargo Airlines: The Early Years

Following World War II, the American Civil Aeronautics Board was able to develop the highly uncertain air-cargo market at little risk to itself or to the Federal government. Professor Schary suggests this was because it delayed its regulatory action until after the pattern of competition in the industry had been naturally established.
Real-time 2D analog motion detector VLSI circuit

An analog VLSI implementation of real-time motion detection in early vision using a hybrid of the Reichardt and Ullman-Marr models has been fabricated. It has a 5*5 array of photoreceptors, with a receptor fill factor of 0.42. The majority of this circuit operates in strong inversion. The photosensors have squared logarithmic and linear responses for low and high intensity illumination, respectively. A linear passive resistive grid is used to implement the desired difference of Gaussian impulse response transfer function of the edge detection circuit whose dynamic range is 3 V. These outputs are used to determine the velocities of the translating objects. Velocities up to 2 m/s on chip corresponding to 6 m/s in space have been measured in 2D. The array has been fabricated in a 2 mu m n-well CMOS process. >
Stability of sterile aqueous epinephrine injections submitted by U.S. hospitals

The stability of sterile aqueous epinephrine injections stored in hospital pharmacies across the United States was studied. Through a voluntary drug stability program, FDA selected 254 samples of epinephrine injection submitted by hospital pharmacies. The samples were analyzed for strength, identification, d-isomer content, related impurities, pH, total acidity, and physical condition. Of the 254 samples tested, 23 samples did not meet USP requirements for epinephrine strength. Four of these samples were still within their expiration dates and seven had no expiration dates, indicating they were manufactured before 1975. An additional 19 samples did not meet USP requirements for total acidity. Some samples were found to be racemic; it appears that the racemic mixture originates from using d,l-epinephrine as the starting material rather than from racemization during shelf-life. Epinephrine injections obtained from hospital pharmacies appear to be stable within their expiration dates.
Web-based education for low-literate parents in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: development of a website and heuristic evaluation and usability testing

Abstract Purpose Low health literacy has been associated with poor health-related outcomes. The purposes are to report the development of a website for low-literate parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and the findings of heuristic evaluation and a usability testing of this website. Methods To address low literacy of NICU parents, multimedia educational Website using visual aids (e.g., pictographs, photographs), voice-recorded text message in addition to a simplified text was developed. The text was created at the 5th grade readability level. The heuristic evaluation was conducted by three usability experts using 10 heuristics. End-users’ performance was measured by counting the time spent completing tasks and number of errors, as well as recording users’ perception of ease of use and usefulness (PEUU) in a sample of 10 NICU parents. Results Three evaluators identified 82 violations across the 10 heuristics. All violations, however, received scores Discussion and conclusions Different types of visuals on the Website were well accepted by low-literate users and agreement of visuals with text improved understanding of the educational materials over that with text alone. The findings suggest that using concrete and realistic pictures and pictographs with clear captions would maximize the benefit of visuals. One emerging theme was “simplicity” in design (e.g., limited use of colors, one font type and size), content (e.g., avoid lengthy text), and technical features (e.g., limited use of pop-ups). The heuristic evaluation by usability experts and the usability test with actual users provided complementary expertise, which can give a richer assessment of a design for low literacy Website. These results facilitated design modification and implementation of solutions by categorizing and prioritizing the usability problems.