cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXVIII: Consequences and More Solutions Regarding Poor Well-Being in Medical Students: Reply.

ABSTRACT Suggestions to improve the well-being in medical students include establishing learning communities, having pass-fail grading at least in the freshman and sophomore years, giving the students some control over their learning environment (such as with evaluations and serving on the curriculum committee), encouraging more protected time and more money for faculty teaching and mentoring, and eliminating mistreatment of medical students. Also, the Medical Student and Physician Well-Being Index should be freely available to the medical students and staff for both self-evaluation and for evaluating the learning environment. Burnout in medical school may continue in residency and not only causes misery to the individual, but adversely affects professionalism and patient care.
Essential adjunction of a strong unit to an archimedean lattice-ordered group

Within archimedean $$\ell $$ -groups, “ $$H \in W^{*}$$ ” means H contains a strong unit, and “ $$G \in SW^{*}$$ (respectively, $$ESW^{*}$$ )” means there are $$H \in W^{*}$$ and an embedding (respectively, essential embedding) $$G \le H$$ . This paper continues earlier work in which we developed methods of attacking the question “ $$G \in SW^{*}$$ ?” and gave many examples with answer “No” and “Yes”. Here, we take up the question “ $$G \in ESW^{*}$$ ?”—focusing on the differences between $$SW^{*}$$ and $$ESW^{*}$$ and the different kinds of minimal adjunctions of strong unit (essential and not)—and again give many examples.
COVIDOSE: Low-dose tocilizumab in the treatment of Covid-19

Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated hyperinflammation may contribute to the high mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor blocking monoclonal antibody, has been repurposed for Covid-19, but prospective trials and dose-finding studies in Covid-19 are lacking. Methods We conducted a phase 2 trial of low-dose tocilizumab in hospitalized adult patients with Covid-19, radiographic pulmonary infiltrate, fever, and C-reactive protein (CRP) >= 40 mg/L who did not require mechanical ventilation. Dose cohorts were determined by a trial Operations Committee, stratified by CRP and epidemiologic risk factors. A range of doses from 40 to 200 mg (low-dose tocilizumab) was evaluated, with allowance for one repeat dose at 24-48 hours. The primary objective was to assess the relationship of dose to fever resolution and CRP response. Outcomes were compared with retrospective controls with Covid-19. Correlative studies evaluating host antibody response were performed in parallel. Findings A total of 32 patients received low-dose tocilizumab. This cohort had improved fever resolution (75.0% vs. 34.2%, p = 0.001) and CRP decline (86.2% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.001) in the 24-48 hours following drug administration, as compared to the retrospective controls (N=41). The probabilities of fever resolution or CRP decline did not appear to be dose-related in this small study (p=0.80 and p=0.10, respectively). Within the 28-day follow-up, 5 (15.6%) patients died. For patients who recovered, median time to clinical recovery was 3 days (IQR, 2-5). Clinically presumed and/or cultured bacterial superinfections were reported in 5 (15.6%) patients. Correlative biological studies demonstrated that tocilizumab-treated patients produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies comparable to controls. Interpretation Low-dose tocilizumab was associated with rapid improvement in clinical and laboratory measures of hyperinflammation in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Results of this trial and its correlative biological studies provide rationale for a randomized, controlled trial of low-dose tocilizumab in Covid-19.
Power-Conscious Professional Responsibility: Justice Black’s Unpublished Dissent and a Lost Alternative Approach to the Ethics of Cause Lawyering

Public interest impact litigation as currently practiced raises significant legal ethics concerns. This Article excavates the historical foundations of two of these difficulties and, on the basis of original archival research, uncovers a way around them. The Article focuses on two modern ethical dilemmas posed by impact litigation: conflicts of interest and the use of litigation for policy-making. It argues that, as a historical and doctrinal matter, these ethical problems trace back to Justice Brennan’s decision to set cause lawyering on a putatively neutral First Amendment basis in NAACP v. Button. That rationale, however, was not the case’s original ratio decidendi. In fact, the egalitarian neutralism Brennan embraced had initially provided a reason for finding impact litigation improper. Only a pair of dramatic, unexpected resignations transformed it into a foundation for cause lawyering. Meanwhile, an unpublished draft opinion would have grounded impact litigation in Equal Protection and Carolene Products-type considerations. This race- and power-conscious alternative, championed by Justice Black, provided a competing ethical foundation for public interest impact litigation that would have better addressed our contemporary legal ethics concerns. This Article elucidates Justice Black’s argument for the first time. It reconstructs the complicated dynamics that led to the abandonment of his dissent and its transformation into Justice Brennan’s majority opinion. In telling this story, the Article denaturalizes the ethical regime that governs impact litigation today by showing how nearly it was radically different. The Article’s contributions are descriptive and normative. On the descriptive level, it offers a revised account of NAACP v. Button on the basis of new archival finds. Normatively, it seeks to champion Black’s race- and power-consciousness against Brennan’s neutralism, showing what Black’s approach might have to offer legal ethics today.
A Compact Frequency-Tunable VGA for Multi-Standard 5G Transceivers

This paper presents a multi-standard digitally controlled variable gain amplifier (VGA) for 5G phased array transceivers, designed and fabricated in 120 nm SiGe BiCMOS process. A current steering technique is used to minimize the phase variation under different gain modes. Frequency tuning is achieved by utilizing variable artificial transmission lines, capable of shifting the peak gain frequency from 28 GHz to 39 GHz in discreet steps to obtain multi-band operation with minimal footprint. The proposed VGA achieves more than 12.5 dB measured peak gain, gain tuning range of 18 dB, gain resolution of less than 1 dB with 4.5 dBm. The IC occupies area of only 0.08 mm2 and consumes 45 mW.
Direct Estimates of Breeding Site Fidelity and Natal Philopatry in Brood Parasitic Brown-Headed Cowbirds Molothrus ater

Avian obligate brood parasitism is a specialised life history strategy that may impact the dispersal of juvenile and adult parasites when compared with non-parasitic (parental) bird species. In contrast to expectations, however, several brood parasites show a territorial spacing system while breeding, including breeding site fidelity within and across years. In comparison, data are sparse on the extent of natal philopatry in brood parasites. We estimated minimum levels of breeding site fidelity and natal philopatry in the generalist parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater in two subsequent years of colour-ringing known-sexed adults and nestlings. Adults' breeding site fidelity was moderate and similar to previous reports on this species and on other non-parasitic temperate zone passerines. We recorded lower estimates for natal philopatry compared to adult Cowbird breeding site fidelity, but this still fell within the range typically reported for offspring of other North American, migratory, and parental songbirds. These results suggest that social parasitism as a reproductive strategy does not in itself appear to impact patterns of philopatric behaviours of Brown-headed Cowbirds and perhaps other brood parasites.
PHASE DIAGRAMS OF BINARY SYSTEMS SmCl_3-Cal_2 and SmCl_3-LiCl

The phase diagrams of binary systems SmCl_3-CaCl_2 and SmCl_3-LiCl was determined by DTA and X-ray diffraction analysis. The system SmCl_3-CaCl_2 is of a simple eutectic type with eutectic point of 55.8 mol-％ SmCl_3 at 545℃. The system SmCl_3-LiCl is of the type with incongruent melting phase 2SmCl_3·LiCl at peritectic point 434℃ and with eutectic point of 31.5 mol-％ SmCl_3 at 395℃.
Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia and Mortality in Patients with Dysphagia.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To identify risk factors for pneumonia incidence in patients with dysphagia undergoing a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) in an outpatient tertiary-care center. STUDY DESIGN Historical cohort study. METHODS All individuals undergoing a VFSS between 10/02/13 and 07/30/15 were identified and followed historically for 2 years. Demographic information, medical history, and fluoroscopic data were collected. The 2-year incidence of pneumonia was obtained from the medical records and telephone interview. The incidence of pneumonia and death were calculated and risk factors for pneumonia and mortality were ascertained. RESULTS 689 patients were followed for 2 years. The mean age (±standard deviation) of the cohort was 65 (±15.5) years. 49% (338/689) were female. The most common causes of dysphagia were cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (270/689), head and neck cancer (175/689), and neurodegenerative disease (56/689). The incidence of pneumonia was 22% (153/689). The incidence of death was 11%. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder [COPD] (odds ratio [OR] = 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-4.19), hypertension (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23-2.73), tracheotomy status (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.09-7.99), and vallecular residue (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.24-2.85) were all significantly associated with an elevated risk of pneumonia. Kidney disease (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-9.9), COPD (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.65-6.49), vallecular residue (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.35-4.1), male gender (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.25-3.92), and low body mass index (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.19) were independent adjusted risk factors for death. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of aspiration pneumonia (22%) and death (11%) within 2-years of a VFSS was high. The greatest adjusted risk factors for incident pneumonia were tracheotomy (OR = 3.0), COPD (OR = 2.4) and vallecular residue (OR = 1.9). The greatest adjusted risk factors for death were COPD (OR = 3.3), vallecular residue (OR = 2.3), and male gender (OR = 2.2). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Stein's method for Conditional Central Limit Theorem

In the seventies, Charles Stein revolutionized the way of proving the Central Limit Theorem by introducing a method that utilizes a characterization equation for Gaussian distribution. In the last 50 years, much research has been done to adapt and strengthen this method to a variety of different settings and other limiting distributions. However, it has not been yet extended to study conditional convergences. In this article, we develop a novel approach using Stein's method for exchangeable pairs to find a rate of convergence in Conditional Central Limit Theorem of the form $(X_n\mid Y_n=k)$, where $(X_n, Y_n)$ are asymptotically jointly Gaussian, and extend this result to a multivariate version. We apply our general result to several concrete examples, including pattern count in a random binary sequence and subgraph count in Erdos-Renyi random graph.
Probing the halo structure of 1 9 , 1 7 , 1 5 C and 14 B

We have measured the parallel momentum distributions of outcoming fragments in the one-neutron breakup of the odd-mass carbon isotopes ${}^{19,17,15}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{14}\mathrm{B}$. Owing to their low neutron separation energies, the study of these nuclei is of particular interest regarding the appearance of the halo phenomenon. Discrepancies between experiment and theory observed for ${}^{15}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{14}\mathrm{B}$ indicate that their halos are not as prominent as in ${}^{11}$Be or ${}^{11}$Li, and that core excitations start playing a role in the breakup mechanism. In ${}^{17}\mathrm{C}$ the halo appears hindered by a $d$-wave neutron ground state configuration. Finally, the data on ${}^{19}\mathrm{C}$ suggests an $s$-wave neutron around the 2${}^{+}$ excited state in ${}^{18}\mathrm{C}$.
Parallelverarbeitung und modularer Systemaufbau

Die Fortschritte der Halbleitertechnologie ermoglichen heute die Herstellung von komplexen logischen Bauelementen und grosen Speichern. Doch sind die abschatzbaren Grenzen noch lange nicht erreicht und grosere Konzentrationen von Schaltkreisen zu erwarten. Wirtschaftlich ist die Herstellung jedoch nur in Serienfertigung. Die Vereinheitlichung ist fur reine Speicher ideal, bei logischen Bauelementen von der Komplexitat eines ganzen Rechnerkerns ublicher Bauart wird sie zu einer Herausforderung der Systemarchitekten und Programmierer. Doch auch die Technologen bekommen neue Aufgaben. Die Verbindungen zwischen den Bauelementen werden die neuen kritischen Stellen in einem System. Fin System, das dynamisch veranderbar und beliebig erweiterungsfahig sein soll, wird moglicherweise mit starren mechanischen Informationsleitungen nicht das Auslangen finden. Wir verwenden bereits jetzt gerichtete elektromagnetische Strahlung, um Daten aus holographischen und magnetischen Speichern abzulesen. Es konnte der nachste Schritt sein, auf ahnliche Art Verbindungen zwischen Baugruppen aus Prozessoren und Speichern aufzubauen.
EVIDENCE FOR ASEISMIC DEFORMATION RATE CHANGES PRIOR TO EARTHQUAKES

AbstractFor ten earthquakes in nonmagmatic settings, there are credible published accounts of pre-earthquake deformation-rate changes lasting hundreds of seconds to more than a decade. Although most M > 7.5 earthquakes have occurred without detectable pre-earthquake deformation, the detection threshold for aseismic deformation remains high, in that aseismic slip with moment equivalent to an M5 earthquake would in most (although not all) cases have been missed. Interseismic deformation rates vary without being followed by earthquakes, and a strain-rate change prior to the 1989 Mw6.9 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake is shown to be similar in size to many other rate changes that have occurred since that time. Most examples of pre-earthquake aseismic deformation lasting hundreds of seconds or more probably originate adjacent to, or downdip of, the seismic rupture plane, rather than within the zone that undergoes seismic failure.
Reaction path of phosphofructo-1-kinase is altered by mutagenesis and alternative substrates.

Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase (PFK) has been proposed to have a random, nonrapid equilibrium mechanism that produces nonallosteric ATP inhibition as a result of substrate antagonism. The consequences of such a mechanism have been investigated by employing alternative substrates and mutants of the enzyme that produce a variety of nonallosteric kinetic patterns demonstrating substrate inhibition and sigmoid velocity curves. Mutations of a methionine residue in the sugar phosphate binding site produced apparent cooperativity in the interaction of fructose 6-phosphate. Cooperativity could also be seen with native enzyme using a poorly binding substrate, fructose 1-phosphate. With an alternative nucleotide, 1-carboxymethyl-ATP, coupled with a mutation that introduced a negative charge in the nucleotide binding site, one could observe substrate inhibition by fructose 6-phosphate and apparent cooperativity in the interaction with nucleotide. Furthermore, the use of a phosphoryl donor, γ-thiol-ATP, which g...
Cloning of a cDNA for a T cell-specific serine protease from a cytotoxic T lymphocyte

A new serine protease was encoded by a clone isolated from a murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte complementary DNA library by an RNA-hybridization competition protocol. Complementary transcripts were detected in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, spleen cells from nude mice, a rat natural killer cell leukemia, and in two of eight T-helper clones (both cytotoxic), but not in normal mouse kidney, liver, spleen, or thymus, nor in several tested T- and B-cell tumors. T-cell activation with concanavalin A plus interleukin-2 induced spleen cells to express this gene with kinetics correlating with the acquisition of cytolytic capacity. The nucleotide sequence of this gene encoded an amino acid sequence of approximately 25,700 daltons, with 25 to 35 percent identity to members of the serine protease family. The active site "charge-relay" residues (His57, Asp102, and Ser195 of the chymotrypsin numbering system) are conserved, as well as the trypsin-specific Asp (position 189 in trypsin). A Southern blot analysis indicated that this gene is conserved in humans, mouse, and chicken. This serine protease may have a role in lymphocyte lysis and a "lytic cascade."
Semiempirical determination of the atom-surface interaction

Abstract We discuss three methods of determining V(z), the lateral average (G = 0 Fourier component) of the atom-surface interaction, from the bound state spectrum found in beam scattering. One method uses the Rydberg-Klein-Rees technique, which yields the width of the potential (i.e., separation of classical turning points) as a function of energy. This method incorporates also the known asymptotic form V ∼ −C3z−3, whereC3 is derived from the polarizability and dielectric function of atom and solid, respectively. The second method uses a hybrid potential, constructed from a Morse potential with shifted zero of energy connected to the asymptotic form,−C3z−3, requiring continuity of V and d V d z . The third potential is a Lennard-Jones 3–9 interaction. Results are presented for H and He scattering from LiF and NaF.
Fault Plane Solutions of Earthquakes and Direction of Motion in the Gulf of California and on the Rivera Fracture Zone

Fourteen new fault plane solutions were determined for earthquakes in the Gulf of California and Rivera fracture zone regions. Four solutions in the Gulf corroborate previous work showing that right-lateral, strike-slip faulting on northwesterly trending planes is the dominant sense of slip. Three events near the southern part of Baja California reflect internal deformation of the Pacific plate; the sense of motion is not parallel to that in the Gulf. Solutions on the Rivera fracture zone are consistent with right-lateral, strike-slip motion on west-northwesterly trending faults. The measured sense of motion is also not parallel to that in the Gulf. These data demonstrate the existence of the Rivera plate as separate from the North American plate.
A form of synaptically induced metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression that does not require postsynaptic calcium.

Abstract The calcium control hypothesis posits that postsynaptic calcium increases are required to trigger synaptic plasticity, with large increases inducing LTP and small increases inducing LTD. In CA1 of the hippocampus, however, LTD induced by chemical activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (agonist-LTD) is independent of increases in postsynaptic calcium. Here we tested whether LTD induced by pairing of presynaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization (synaptic-LTD) is similarly calcium-independent. This protocol induced an NMDA-dependent LTP when paired at 0 mV, which was converted to mGluR-dependent LTD when paired at −20 mV. The LTD was not blocked by calcium chelation, blockers of L- or T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, or hyperpolarization to −70 mV. We conclude that synaptically induced mGluR-dependent LTD, like agonist induced mGluR LTD, does not require calcium influx for its induction.
Effect of the oxidation state of LiNbO3:Fe on the diffraction efficiency of multiple holograms

We show that the oxidation state of Fe in LiNbO3 has two competing effects on the diffraction efficiency of multiple holograms in 90 degree-geometry holographic storage. For crystals with moderate absorption, the saturation space-charge field is larger after high-temperature reduction treatment. However, reduction also increases absorption, which reduces the overall diffraction efficiency. We develop a theoretical model that predicts achievable diffraction efficiency as a function of oxidation state, doping level, photovoltaic field, crystal length, and region of beam overlap. We compare this model with experimental results for achievable diffraction efficiency and erasure-time constant.
Symptom Management with Massage and Acupuncture in Postoperative Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract The level of evidence for the use of acupuncture and massage for the management of perioperative symptoms in cancer patients is encouraging but inconclusive. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial assessing the effect of massage and acupuncture added to usual care vs. usual care alone in postoperative cancer patients. Cancer patients undergoing surgery were randomly assigned to receive either massage and acupuncture on postoperative Days 1 and 2 in addition to usual care, or usual care alone, and were followed over three days. Patients' pain, nausea, vomiting, and mood were assessed at four time points. Data on health care utilization were collected. Analyses were done by mixed-effects regression analyses for repeated measures. One hundred fifty of 180 consecutively approached cancer patients were eligible and consented before surgery. Twelve patients rescheduled or declined after surgery, and 138 patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 scheme to receive massage and acupuncture (n=93) or to receive usual care only (n=45). Participants in the intervention group experienced a decrease of 1.4 points on a 0–10 pain scale, compared to 0.6 in the control group (P=0.038), and a decrease in depressive mood of 0.4 (on a scale of 1–5) compared to ±0 in the control group (P=0.003). Providing massage and acupuncture in addition to usual care resulted in decreased pain and depressive mood among postoperative cancer patients when compared with usual care alone. These findings merit independent confirmation using larger sample sizes and attention control.
Computer architecture education at the University of Illinois

This short paper briefly describes the computer architecture courses at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. It then examines the opinions of computer architecture undergraduate and graduate students who have taken these courses. Based on these opinions, suggestions are made on how to improve the curriculum.
A reexamination of some nonverbal perceptual abilities of language-impaired and normal children as a function of age and sensory modality.

A battery of nonverbal perceptual and memory tests were given to 35 language-impaired (LI) and 38 control subjects. Three modalities of tests were given: auditory, visual, and cross-modal (auditory...
Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle

A three-dimensional smoothed-particle hydrocode is the basis of the present numerical simulations of conditions under which a giant collision between a proto-Mercury and a planet one-sixth its size would lead to the loss of most of the silicate mantle of Mercury and thereby account for its anomalously high density. A head-on collision at 20 km/sec, and an off-axis impact parameter of half the radius of the proto-Mercury at 35 km/sec, are approximately equal in damage yielded; both will yield a remnant whose characteristics are those of the present Mercury.
Abstract 2387: Activation of Inhibin A signaling is associated with a basal-like HER2 subtype and resistance to lapatinib in breast cancer cell lines.

HER2 amplification occurs in ∼20% of all breast cancers, and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeted therapeutics such as trastuzumab and lapatinib have been developed and have improved outcomes for patients with HER2+ disease. However, a significant proportion of patients have tumors that either develop resistance or simply fail to respond to these therapies at all. To better understand the mechanism of resistance, we screened a panel of 22 HER2+ breast cancer cell lines with lapatinib. Of these, 6 showed significant resistance, failing to reach 50% growth inhibition (GI50) even at 5uM, the highest dose tested. The resistant lines were all more basal-like in expression patterns, and were more responsive to MEK inhibitors than their luminal-like counterparts. These two patterns of expression are similar to the different HER2 subtypes recently identified by the TCGA project. Differential expression analysis utilizing t-tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons identified approximately 150 transcripts that were more highly expressed in resistant cell lines. We performed high-throughput screening using siRNA knockdown of the target genes in combination with lapatinib treatment. Staining for markers of proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (cleaved PARP), and activity of the PI3K-AKT pathway showed that silencing of inhibin A resulted in a decrease in the ratio of proliferative to apoptotic cells in the resistant cell lines 21-NT and 21-PT. Concurrent with this decrease was a down-regulation of both p-MAPK and p-AKT. GO analysis revealed a strong enrichment for Inhibin A signaling amongst the 150 resistance associated transcripts. Mining of tumor databases revealed that there was a trend between high levels of Inhibin A expression and poor outcome in HER2 positive tumors (p=0.08). These data suggest that activation of Inhibin A signaling is associated with a more basal like subclass of HER2+ tumors, resistance to HER2 targeted therapeutics such as lapatinib, and that corresponding over-expression of Inhibin A is associated with poor outcome in HER2+ patients. Citation Format: James E. Korkola, Juha Rantala, Nora Bayani, Laura Heiser, Nicholas Wang, Obi Griffith, Joe Gray. Activation of Inhibin A signaling is associated with a basal-like HER2 subtype and resistance to lapatinib in breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2387. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2387
An algorithm for improving partitions of pin-limited multi-chip systems

We present a method for improving a topological partition of a logic circuit. Circuits are partitioned so that they may be implemented by a number of modules (for example, by a number of chips). By reducing the number of I/O pins necessary for communication between the modules we reduce the size of the chips needed to implement the modules, and thereby may also reduce the number of chips needed to implement the modules. Interpartition communication is organized into many unidirectional channels connecting the blocks. The number of lines necessary for implementing a communication channel is reduced by minimizing the amount of information that the channel must transmit, and by encoding the information that is transmitted. The reduction in the channel size usually is accompanied by an increase in the amount of logic in the partition modules. Thus this method is most effectively applied to design styles that are pin-limited; i.e. design styles that have a high ratio of logic area to number of input/output ports. We apply this method to a number of example communication channels and show large reductions in the size of the channels. We also show examples of designs that have fewer chips, or designs have smaller chips after application of these methods.
Temperature variation and apparent thermal diffusivity in the refreezing active layer, Toolik Lake, Alaska.

Temperatures were sampled at eight‐hour intervals over a five‐month period within the refreezing active layer at Toolik Lake, Alaska. The variance spectra of the temperature series, calculated as a function of wavelength, reveal relatively high‐frequency (sub‐diurnal) temperature fluctuations near the base of the active layer during refreezing, behaviour that is not consistent with a purely conductive system. The thermal records were also used in a numerical scheme to calculate apparent thermal diffusivity at regularly spaced depths in the substrate. Widely fluctuating positive and negative diffusivity values suggest that non‐conductive processes play an important role in heat transport during and after freezeback. Phase transformations, vapour diffusion and water advection all can enhance or oppose the conductive tendency. Models based exclusively on conductive principles are inadequate to explain thermal evolution in the dynamic near‐surface layer of permafrost regions. Des temperatures ont ete mesurees dans la couche active en train de regeler a des intervalles de 8 heures, au cours d'une periode de 5 mois. Les spectres de variance des series de temperature calculees comme une fonction de la longueur d'onde revelent des fluctuations de temperature de haute frequence relative (inferieure a la journee) pres de la base de la couche active pendant le regel. Cette observation n'est pas coherente avec un systeme ou seule la conductibilite thermique intervient. Les enregistrements de temperature ont ete aussi utilises dans un schema theorique pour calculer la diffusivite thermique apparente a des profondeurs regulierement espacees dans le sous‐sol. Des valeurs de diffusivite largement fluctuantes, positives et negatives, suggerent que des processus autres que la conductibilite jouent un rǒle important dans le transfert de la chaleur avant et apres le gel. Des changements de phase, la diffusion de la vapeur et de l'advection de l'eau du sol peuvent augmenter ou s'opposer a la fluctuation de temperature contrǒlee par la conductibilite. Des modeles bases uniquement sur les principes de conductibilite thermique sont inadequats pour expliquer L'evolution thermique de la couche active des regions a pergelisol.
Statistical Comparison of Weighted Overlap Measures

Abstract Ecological studies using measures of overlap or similarity often treat these measures as free of sampling error. If sample sizes are relatively small, however, the estimates of overlap may not be accurate, and misleading interpretations may result. Two methods are presented here for estimating the variance of a general weighted measure of similarity. First, an approach based on the multinomial model is discussed. Because the multinomial model is not valid when data are clustered, a second more general approach is given. The more general approach is applicable when the data may be broken into units; in diet analysis, for example, a stomach may be used as a unit. Two examples illustrating the usefulness of the methods are given. Received January 16, 1984 Accepted November 14, 1984
Blazer Russet: An Early to Mid-Season Potato Cultivar With High U.S. No. 1 Yields and Good Processing and Culinary Qualities

‘Blazer Russet’ is an early to mid-season cultivar notable for its high U.S. No. 1 yield of medium-russeted tubers and its good processing and culinary qualities. It was derived from the cross A7816-14 x ‘NorKing Russet’ and was released in 2005 by the USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Blazer Russet is very suitable for processing into French fries and other frozen potato products directly from the field or from extended storage, with higher merit scores than ‘Russet Burbank’ and ‘Ranger Russet’ in processing and post-harvest evaluations. Blazer Russet also has high merit for use in the fresh market, with sensory evaluations comparable to those of Russet Burbank. Total yields for Blazer Russet at five early harvest trial locations in the western United States were 12% greater than either ‘Russet Norkotah’ or ‘Shepody’, while U.S. No. 1 yields were 12% greater than Russet Norkotah and 35% greater than Shepody. Specific gravities of Blazer Russet tubers were comparable to tubers of Shepody, and higher than those of Russet Norkotah in early harvest trials. In full-season trials in the western United States, total yields for Blazer Rus set were slightly lower than Ranger Russet and slightly higher than Russet Burbank, but U.S. No. 1 yields were 8% greater than Ranger Russet and 38% greater than Russet Burbank. In these full-season trials, tuber specific gravity of Blazer Russet was similar to Russet Burbank, but lower than Ranger Russet. Blazer Russet is resistant to sugar ends, tuber malformations and most internal and external defects, the exception being its moderate susceptibility to hollow heart. Blazer Russet is resistant to common scab, tuber powdery scab and PVX, and has moderate resistance to blackspot bruise and tuber late blight infections. It is moderately susceptible to powdery scab root galling, PVY0, early blight infection of the tuber, Erwinia soft rot and Fusarium dry rot. Blazer Russet is susceptible to Verticillium wilt, pink rot, PLRV net necrosis, corky ringspot, and foliar early blight and late blight.
Meal size and intermeal interval in human subjects in time isolation.

Abstract We analyzed the content and number of meals eaten by eight subjects who lived for several weeks in time isolation and whose free-running sleep-wake periods (SWP) lengthened (to an average of more than 33 hours) and were desynchronized from the stable 25 hour rhythm of body temperature. Recently, in an analysis of meal timing, we reported that the long SWPs of free-running desynchrony (FRD) were associated with significantly longer intermeal intervals (IMI) than the shorter SWPs of free-running synchrony (FRD), suggesting that meals and sleep-wake events are timed by the same mechanism. We now report that in both FRS and FRD, subjects ate approximately three meals per SWP and the average size of a meal was similar across conditions. As a result, mean caloric intake decreased by 21 percent per 24 hours and mean satiety ratio increased by 27 percent on the long biological days of FRD. Despite the decrease in caloric intake, body weight did not change significantly in FRD compared to FRS. Decreased food consumption in FRD was not attributable to lowered core body temperature. The similarity of average meal size in the two FR conditions suggested that increased meal size did not drive the longer IMIs of desynchrony, although variability of caloric intake from meal to meal within conditions correlated with postmeal and premeal intervals. The results are interpreted as further support for the concept that in time isolation, the same mechanism that governs the timing of sleep and waking is important in regulating the timing of meals.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Complex Uranium Oxide, Na 4.5 Nd 0.5 UO 6

Single crystals of Na4.5Nd0.5UO6 were grown out of a molten hydroxide flux and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Na4.5Nd0.5UO6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd with a = 6.6574(5) A, b = 9.7031(6) A, and c = 20.1571(13) A. The material exhibits an ordered rock salt structure type. The uranium atoms are located in a distorted UO6 octahedral coordination environment containing two short, 2.056(4) A, and four long, 2.116(3) A, U–O bonds. The short bonds are significantly longer compared to what is typically observed for the uranyl cation, UO2 2+. The synthesis and crystal structure of a new complex uranium oxide, Na4.5Nd0.5UO6 are reported.
The plight of the elderly alcohlic

Summary I followed Mr. Ernst for six months as need arose, but the most intense intervention took place in the first two months. Most of that time he was dry. For a while he took diazepan (Valium) for his “nerves” three times a day, not revealing his source, but the only drugs he continued taking were methocarbamol (Robaxin) and aspirin. Eating well, he had maintained a five-pound weight gain for a month. In April when he “fell off the wagon,” he went voluntarily to the Vinita State Alcohol Treatment Center. He stayed only two days, however. He attended the PFPC regularly for arthritic and back pain. At a routine visit, blood was found in his urine, and kidney stones were diagnosed during a hospital workup. This, of course, gave him some concern. The ear lesion had healed, probably because he had stopped drinking. He had completed all examinations and procedures to file for disability and Title 19 benefits and was waiting to hear results. He had a nondrinking woman friend whom he visited regularly, and was happily involved with his brothers and sisters. Mr. Ernst felt much better physically and by July he had not had a drink for two months. He was showing some insight, as evidenced by his saying, “The doctor would not give me any pain medication. Guess that would just be trading the Devil for the Witch.” At our last meeting, he said he was taking only aspirin for his arthritis, and had stopped taking Valium. except when he was really “jumpy.” He revealed his source to me. He was showing concern about others. His niece was in the hospital, and he said he would give her as good care as she gave him when he could not help himself. Mr. Ernst's situation demonstrates both the seriousness of ignoring the problems of alcoholism in the elderly on the part of health providers and the positive response of the elderly person when a sympathetic listener gives him the feeling that someone cares for him.
Multi-kHz, Multi-mJ, Phase Stabilized, OPCPA Amplifier System

The pump beam generation line of an optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) system providing few-cycle pulses with energy in the millijoule range at repetition rates up to 10 kHz is presented. The overall design of the system is briefly discussed including stretching-compressing and parametric amplification. The main emphasis is on the requirements on the pump beam for successful pumping of a parametric amplifier. Aspects of the design of the multistage hybrid amplifier line are detailed and performances of each stage are presented.
Yield and Quality of Soft Tofu As Affected by Soybean Physical Damage and Storage

Damaged soybeans with 10% and 20% of splits and seedcoat cracks was stored in 85% relative humidity, 30 °C for up to 60 days. Samples were taken out at 15-day intervals for analysis and processing....
Macroinvertebrate community response to large-woody debris additions in small warmwater streams

Half-logs are a common restoration tool used to provide cover for fish in degraded streams. These structures may also provide a stable substrate for biofilm production and aquatic macroinvertebrate colonization. Half-logs (N = 108) were installed into nine streams of the upper Wabash River basin, Indiana, in July 2003 to examine changes in aquatic macroinvertebrate community composition and functional guilds under varying land-use types. Following installation, half-logs were colonized and showed statistically significant increases in both relative abundance and taxa richness of macroinvertebrates over time. The number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa collected from half-logs, as a percentage of total community composition, was positively related to the percentage of canopy coverage across streams and the relative abundance of shredder taxa utilizing half-logs decreased significantly with increasing canopy coverage. Forest streams exhibited significantly lower relative abundances of individuals colonizing half-logs (mean = 14.9 taxa/0.25 m2) than fallow field and agricultural streams (mean = 29.5 and 33.1, respectively). The percentage of pollution-tolerant taxa using half-logs was highest in fallow field streams (mean = 18.4%), followed by forest and agriculture systems (mean = 15.9% and 13. 9%, respectively). These results indicate that half-logs were colonized by aquatic macroinvertebrates and exhibited changes in community composition and functional feeding guilds over time and across land-use types. The extent of colonization and use of half-logs was largely dependent upon the pre-existing in-stream habitat quality and the predominant land-use type.
Experimental studies of St. Louis encephalitis virus in vertebrates.

Serologically negative birds and mammals of species, known from other studies to be exposed naturally to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus in Memphis, Tennessee, and other selected species were inoculated experimentally with strains of SLE virus to determine their potential as natural hosts. Mosquitoes (Culex sp.) were allowed to feed on some of the inoculated vertebrate species, held for 14 days, and tested for SLE infection. The cardinals (Richmondena cardinalis), robins (Turdus migratorius), and baby chicks (Gallus gallus) all became viremic; 97% of the bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and 20% of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) became viremic. No viremia was detected in raccoons (Procyon lotor), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), or adult cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Only 20% of cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus audubonii), 50% of wood rats (Neotoma mexicana), and 75% of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) but all the young cotton rats and least chipmunks (Eutamias minimus) were susceptible. Robins h...
EFFECTS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL EXTRACT ON RENAL FUNCTION IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS1,2,3

It is a well established fact that hypophysectomized dogs have a chronically low glomerular filteration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF), an impaired tubular function, and an inability to excrete a water load. These deficiencies in renal function are not due to the loss of the gonadotrophic, adrenotrophic or thyrotrophic hormones (White, Hein-becker and Rolf, 1949). The administration of anterior pituitary growth hormone increased the GFR and RPF to normal levels or above (White, Heinbecker and Rolf, 1951). According to de Bodo, Schwartz, Greenberg, Kurtz, Earle and Farber, (1951), administration of the purified growth hormone to hypophysectomized dogs also increased the GFR and RPF, but not to the pre-operative levels, and significantly improved their ability o t excrete a water load. Previous work (Joseph, Schweizer, Ulmer and Gaunt, 1944; Osborn and Eversole, 1949) showed that the sluggish diuretic response of hypophysectomized rats to water loads can be partially,
Prognostic Factors for Metastasis Following Proton Beam Irradiation of Uveal Melanomas

Prognostic indicators for the development of metastasis following proton beam irradiation of uveal melanomas were evaluated for 510 patients treated from 1975 to 1984. Thirty-three patients developed metastasis (6.5%) from 3 to 51 months following treatment. The primary site of metastasis was the liver in 28 cases (85%). Both demographic and clinical factors were considered. The three leading predictors of survival without metastasis after proton beam irradiation in order of importance were: (1) largest diameter of the tumor; (2) location of the anterior margin of the tumor; and (3) age at treatment. Worse prognosis was associated with largest tumor diameter greater than 15.0 mm, tumor involvement of the ciliary body and age at treatment older than 59 years.
Cadmium removal from water using thiolactic acid-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles

This study investigated the use of titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) nanoparticles to remove aqueous cadmium from simulated wastewaters. Nanosized (45 A) colloids of anatase TiO{sub 2} were synthesized through the controlled hydrolysis of TiCl4 and their surfaces modified with the bidental chelating agent thiolactic acid (TLA). Colloids were introduced into 65 ppm cadmium-laden waters, and the suspensions were purged aerobically, anoxically with an inert gas, or by a sequential aerobic/anoxic purge. Suspensions were illuminated with 253.7 nm light. In each experiment, samples were taken from the reactor, filtered, and the filtrates analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for residual cadmium. Results from the aerobic experiments exhibited minimal (approximately 10%) removal of the cadmium from solution and no reduction of the metal on either the modified or the unmodified colloid. Anoxic results were more promising, showing no cadmium reduction on the unmodified colloid but a 40% adsorption and reduction (from a +2 valence state to elemental cadmium as determined by methyl viologen tests) of cadmium on TLA-modified colloid in the presence of light. Results from the mixed atmospheric conditions fared the best and demonstrated that in the absence of light, approximately 20% of aqueous cadmium was sorbed to the modified colloid viamore » a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Upon illumination, greater than 90% of cadmium was removed by both adsorption and reduction processes onto the TLA-modified TiO{sub 2}. These removal and reduction processes were catalytic in nature. Results from this study are significant because to date, no other research in the literature has been able to accomplish cadmium removal and reduction using TiO{sub 2}.« less
Cost-effectiveness analysis of parathyroidectomy for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background Controversy exists concerning the best treatment for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) when the National Institutes of Health consensus conference criteria for parathyroidectomy are not met. We hypothesized that parathyroidectomy would be more cost-effective than observation or pharmacologic therapy for these patients. Methods Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing treatment strategies for asymptomatic PHPT. Treatment outcomes, their probabilities, and costs were identified on the basis of literature and cost database review. Outcomes were weighted by using established quality-of-life utility factors. Sensitivity analysis was used to examine the uncertainty of costs and utility estimates in the model. Results The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for parathyroidectomy was $4778 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Operation remained cost-effective until the average cost of parathyroidectomy increased from the estimated value of $4778 to $14,650. Pharmacologic therapy was not cost-effective unless the annual cost of therapy decreased from an estimated $7406 (for cinacalcet) to $221. Parathyroidectomy ceases to be preferred over monitoring if a quality-of-life difference is not demonstrable after curative operation. Conclusions Parathyroidectomy is more cost-effective than observation for managing asymptomatic PHPT patients who do not meet National Institutes of Health criteria for parathyroidectomy. Furthermore, pharmacologic therapies with a greater than $221 annual cost were not cost-effective in this model.
The influence of test frequency on the fatigue resistance of a Ni-base eutectic composite

Abstract The high cycle fatigue life of aged Nitac 14B at 825°C in vacuum is strongly dependent upon frequency and, at high frequencies, surface finish. Crack initiation controls fatigue life at all frequencies, although the mechanism changes with frequency. Fiber cracking is especially prominent at low frequencies, as is dislocation penetration of γ′ rosettes. The results are consistent with a creep-fatigue interaction at low frequencies, such that cracks are initiated at the interior, and with surface-dominated crack initiation at high frequency. It is shown that fatigue lives at very low frequencies are consistent with creep-rupture data for Nitac 14B. Theoretical analysis of the cyclic deformation behaviour shows that decrease of frequency causes internal matrix stresses to relax and to increase stresses in the renforcing phase. This situation corresponds to transition from fatigue to creep loading conditions.