cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium and potassium transport by the collecting duct

This review covers aspects of Na and K transport along the three major regions of the collecting duct: the cortical collecting duct (CCD), the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD), and the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). The basic cell models that have been developed over the past several years are included with an attempt to integrate some of the newer observations on specific transport processes and their regulation. Heterogeneity along the collecting duct is emphasized as are species differences insofar as they are known. The normal mechanisms of Na and K transport are presented in the context of their long-term regulation by steroid hormones. The enormous increase in the understanding of the subject over the past several years precludes a detailed review of collecting duct function and its hormonal regulation. Mechanisms of Na transport regulation in epithelial models of the collecting duct are mentioned to the extent that they provide illustrative mechanisms. The lessons and principles derived from such model systems form a critical portion of the integrated understanding of distal nephron and collecting duct Na transport.
Malate dehydrogenase activity and isozyme patterns during amphibian metamorphosis.

Abstract 1. 1. Total malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was not statistically significantly different in thyroxine-treated (experimental) and untreated (control) Rana pipiens embryos. 2. 2. Total MDH activity declined significantly during a 16-day test period in both experimental and control groups. 3. 3. Electrophoresis revealed an increase in the mitochondrial MDH isozyme, relative to the cytoplasmic form during the 16-day test period in both experimental and control groups. 4. 4. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of the two isozymes changed progressively during the test period, resulting in greater separation.
Classical-limit description of rotation-vibrational band excitation in deformed even-even nuclei

Abstract Classical-limit S -matrix (CLSM) theory, previously formulated for Coulomb excitation of the ground band in even-even nuclei, is extended to rotation-vibrational bands. A perturbation approximation is introduced for which the results are conceptually simple, and lend themselves to an illuminating classical description of rotational-vibrational excitation. Numerical calculations performed with this formalism for the K = 0 octupole band in 238 U are in good agreement with calculations based on the semiclassical Alder-Winther theory. It is suggested that methods analogous to those described here could be used to describe nucleon and cluster transfer in deformed systems.
The Evidence for the Role of Concurrent Partnerships in Africa’s HIV Epidemics: A Response to Lurie and Rosenthal

Standardizing of definitions and improving methods of measuring concurrency has been a preoccupation of many researchers recently. These discussions are further along than what Lurie and Rosenthal imply. In order to address the need for improved data collection on concurrency, a consultation was recently held by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modeling and Projections, which proposed the following definition of concurrency: overlapping sexual partnerships where sexual intercourse with one partner occurs between two acts of intercourse with another partner [23]. The meeting also proposed, in order to improve the comparability of data, the following primary indicator: the percentage of women and men ages 15–49 reporting more than one ongoing sexual partnership at the point in time 6 months before the interview [23]. While there may still be some limitations to this measurement—particularly in terms of finding more accurate sources of data for this type of sensitive sexual behavior—we hope that this consensus definition and indicator will improve the accuracy and generalizablity of further research.
Reversible inactivation of the Ah receptor associated with changes in intracellular ATP levels

We have previously demonstrated that incubation of Hepa-1 cells in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB) results in a time- and temperature-dependent loss of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) binding activity (Gudas et al., 1986). We show here that this loss of binding activity is probably attributable to a CB induced inhibition of glucose transport, as incubation of cells in the presence of glycolytic inhibitors or in glucose free medium caused a similar effect. All conditions leading to loss of binding also caused a marked reduction in cellular ATP concentration, suggesting that ATP (or perhaps another energy-dependent molecule) is required for maintaining the receptor in the active state. Inactivation of the Ah receptor occurred in the cytosol but not when it had translocated to the nucleus. Reactivation of receptor binding activity occurred readily in vivo and did not require de novo protein synthesis. However, attempts to restore receptor binding activity in vitro were not successful. To our knowledge this is the first reported evidence indicating that the TCDD binding Ah receptor can exist in both an inactive and an active form, with the amount present in the active ligand binding form being coupled to the energy state of the cells.
Disruption of a Neuropeptide Gene, flp-1, Causes Multiple Behavioral Defects in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neuropeptides serve as important signaling molecules in the nervous system. The FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide)-related neuropeptide gene family in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is composed of at least 18 genes that may encode 53 distinct FMRFamide-related peptides. Disruption of one of these genes, flp-1, causes numerous behavioral defects, including uncoordination, hyperactivity, and insensitivity to high osmolarity. Conversely, overexpression of flp-1 results in the reciprocal phenotypes. On the basis of epistasis analysis, flp-1 gene products appear to signal upstream of a G protein-coupled second messenger system. These results demonstrate that varying the levels of FLP-1 neuropeptides can profoundly affect behavior and that members of this large neuropeptide gene family are not functionally redundant in C. elegans.
Melody recognition in dichotic listening with or without frequency-place mismatch.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to examine recognition of degraded melodic stimuli in dichotic listening with or without frequency-place mismatch. DESIGN Melodic stimuli were noise vocoded with various number-of-channel conditions in a dichotic and monaural processor. In the dichotic zipper processor, the odd-indexed channels were tonotopically matched and presented to the left ear while the even-indexed channels were tonotopically matched or upward shifted in frequency and presented to the right ear. In the monaural processor, all channels either unshifted or shifted were presented to the left ear alone. Familiar melody recognition was measured in 16 normal-hearing adult listeners. RESULTS Performance for dichotically presented melodic stimuli did not differ from that for monaurally presented stimuli even with low spectral resolution (8 channels). With spectral shift introduced in one ear, melody recognition decreased with increasing spectral shift in a nonmonotonic fashion. With spectral shift, melody recognition in dichotic listening was either not different or superior in a few cases relative to the monaural condition. CONCLUSIONS With no spectral shift, cohesive fusion of dichotically presented melodic stimuli did not seem to depend on spectral resolution. In spectrally shifted conditions, listeners may have suppressed the partially shifted channels in the right ear and selectively attended only to the unshifted ones, resulting in dichotic advantages for melody recognition in some cases.
A 2-D indoor localization system based on visible light LED

An LED based 2-D indoor localization system is proposed. For evaluation purpose we also present computer simulations results that show for a normal room size, we can locate a target to within centimeters.
Behavior of dopant-modified interfaces in metallic nanocrystalline materials

This article provides a concise discussion of thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to microstructure stabilization by dopant atoms located at interfaces in metallic nanocrystalline materials and an overview of recent molecular dynamics simulations used to study the behavior of dopant-modified interfaces in nanocrystalline copper. Molecular dynamics simulations show that antimony dopant atoms randomly positioned at copper grain boundaries can retard grain growth, in agreement with proposed thermodynamic and kinetic predictions. Simulations of uniaxial tensile deformation show a maximum in the flow strength at a grain size of 15 nm and that antimony dopants at the grain boundaries do not appreciably impact the nucleation of partial or full dislocations during uniaxial tensile deformation in nanocrystalline copper.
Cognitively inspired decision making for software agents: integrated mechanisms for action selection, expectation, automatization and non-routine problem solving

Despite impressive advances in the past decades, autonomous agents living in dynamic and unpredictable environments are typically equipped with simple decision-making mechanisms in their sense-decide-act routines. These agents deal mostly with one goal at a time. This research aspires to model, design and/or implement a sophisticated decision making mechanism that selects the agent's next action with different levels of awareness: automatized skills, consciously mediated routine solutions, and consciously deliberated non-routine solutions. Such a decision-making mechanism is presented in a "conscious" software agent framework called IDA that implements Baars' Global Workspace Theory of consciousness. IDA integrates many computational and conceptual mechanisms, among which this research deals with its action selection, expectation, automatization and non-routine problem solving modules. The overarching continual task of an agent's intelligence is for the service of choosing, at each moment in time, the appropriate action in response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. IDA's action selection mechanism (ASM) can interleave and prioritize actions of different and competing goal hierarchies. The ASM system is implemented as a domain independent and reusable framework for behavior networks and is tested as a controller to a khepera robot operating in a real world domain. We humans have the amazing ability to learn a procedural task (e.g. walking) so well that we do not need to think about the task consciously in order to accomplish it. This ability is what we call automatization. Once a task has been automatized there is no need for attention to be paid to its execution unless the expected result does not occur. At failure of expectation, deautomatization process temporarily disables the automatization effects and "conscious" control plays a role to deal with the failure situation. We implement the automatization and deautomatization cognitive functions as a self-organizing system in the IDA framework. Non-routine problem solving is the ability to devise unexpected, and often clever, solutions to problems that never been encountered before. We will present a detailed design and specification of a non-routine problem solving mechanism as a special goal context hierarchy that guides a deliberative solution search process, which we will discuss in IDA's cognitive cycle.
Effect of botulinum toxin on detrusor overactivity induced by intravesical adenosine triphosphate and capsaicin in a rat model.

Abstract Objectives To assess the effects of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) on a model of detrusor overactivity induced by intravesical infusions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and capsaicin. BTX has recently been used clinically to treat overactive bladder syndromes without a precise knowledge of the mechanism of action. Methods Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats underwent BTX injections. Six received 1.0 U and 6 received 0.5 U. BTX injections were done at bladder tube placement. Ten rats received saline injections as controls. After 48 hours of recovery, all 22 animals underwent awake, conscious cystometrography (CMG), performed using both saline and ATP (20 mM) intravesical infusion at 0.074 mL/min. In another 4 rats, capsaicin (100 μM) was infused intravesically before and after the BTX injections. The CMG parameters calculated included bladder contraction pressures and contraction frequencies (contractions per minute or Herz). Results Intravesical saline CMG produced a contraction frequency of 0.78 ± 0.10 Hz. Intravesical ATP doubled this voiding frequency to 1.45 ± 0.18 Hz ( P = 0.003). BTX treatment at 1.0 U reduced the frequency to 0.91 ± 0.13 Hz ( P = 0.02). BTX injection significantly decreased the bladder contraction pressure during saline and ATP CMG. However, 0.5 U BTX did not decrease ATP-induced overactivity; therefore, in the capsaicin experiments, 1.0 U BTX was used. Although BTX tended to reverse detrusor overactivity secondary to intravesical capsaicin, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Intravesical infusion of either ATP or capsaicin can induce detrusor overactivity. BTX was more effective in blocking the effect of ATP than of capsaicin, although BTX injection did show a trend in reducing the contraction frequencies and amplitudes induced by capsaicin. The clinical utility of using BTX to treat overactive bladder syndromes and bladder hypersensory states, especially those that may be caused by an augmentation of the purinergic pathway, should be studied further.
Negative resistance and conversion gain in SIS mixers

Abstract We report the observation of negative quasiparticle dynamic resistance on the DC I–V curves of superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions. This negative resistance appears on the first few photon assisted tunneling steps below 2Δ/e when our tin-tin oxide-tin tunnel junctions are pumped with a 36 GHz microwave current source. We present a simple analytical model which shows that large (and also negative) dynamic quasiparticle resistance is expected for junctions with sharp I–V curves when the microwave source impedance is high. Because the dynamic resistance can be very large, an impedance-matched quasiparticle mixer should have unlimited gain. We have observed a net mixer gain of 4.3±1 dB at 36 GHz with a mixer noise temperature ≲10K.
20 dB on-off Raman amplification in silicon waveguides

We report on-off optical gains of 20 dB in silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Free carrier and two photon absorption of 4 dB is measured indicating an intrinsic Raman gain of 24 dB
CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND THE PROFITABILITY OF FORTUNE 500 INDUSTRIALS: 1971–1990

US Companies were widely reported to be investing millions of dollars over the last two decades to upgrade manufacturing and operating facilities to increase competitiveness in the global marketplace. These investments should have resulted in increased profitability. The observed performance of Fortune 500 Industrial companies fell short of these goals.
Texture Gradient Effectiveness in the Perception of Surface Slant.

Abstract To assess the development of monocular slant perception as well as the relative effectiveness of different sources of information, children in first, third, and fifth grades and college adults were asked to make judgments of surface slant on the basis of monocular texture gradient information. Accuracy of judgment increased with increasing age. In addition, differences in gradient effectiveness were found. Compression gradients were relatively ineffective sources of information, whereas perspective and multiple gradients resulted in greater accuracy. The results suggest limitations on the specificity of certain forms of gradients.
Modern calculus notation applied to physics

Modern calculus emphasizes the distinctions between functions, variables and operators, and also stresses the importance of functional substitution. The associated notation is extremely helpful in articulating the physical significance of many types of mathematical statements and is useful in simplifying actual computations. These points are illustrated with discussions based on: (a) the conservation of energy; (b) the harmonic oscillator; and (c) the transformation of derivatives in special relativity.
A study of the impact of package changes on orange juice demand

Abstract In January 2009, Tropicana introduced a new package design as part of its advertising and branding campaign, with the theme “Squeeze it’s a Natural”. Sales of the Tropicana Pure Premium line plummeted 20% between the end of December and February from the same period a year ago. By the end of February, Tropicana had changed its mind and went back to the earlier packaging. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Tropicana’s package redesign on the sales of Tropicana orange and on the sales of all orange juice in grocery stores. Study results show that the package redesign cost Tropicana an estimated $27 million.
Was Heidegger an Externalist

To address the question posed in the title, I focus on Heidegger's conception of linguistic communication developed in the sections on Rede and Gerede of Being and Time. On the basis of a detailed analysis of these sections I argue that Heidegger was a social externalist but semantic internalist. To make this claim, however, I first need to clarify some key points that have led critics to assume Heidegger's commitment to social externalism automatically commits him to semantic externalism regarding concept use. I begin by explaining the independence of those positions, arguing that social externalism answers the question of whose concepts in a linguistic community are properly individuated, whereas semantic externalism makes a claim about what it takes for concepts to be properly individuated. Once these issues are distinguished, it is possible to see that Heidegger's intersubjectivist conception of language commits him to social externalism, while his conception of the ontological difference commits him ...
Nuclear Radiation-Induced Atmospheric Air Breakdown in a Spark Gap

We have investigated the effect of pre-ionization by a radioactive -ray source on the atmospheric air breakdown conditions in a high-voltage spark gap. A standoff millimeter-wave (mmW) system was used to monitor the breakdown properties. A decrease in breakdown threshold was observed with an increase of radiation dose. We attribute this to a space charge-controlled electron diffusion process in a cloud of radiation-induced ion species of both polarities. The space charge-dependent diffusion coefficient was determined from the measurement data. In addition, we found that the breakdown process shows random spikes with Poisson-like statistical feature. These findings portend the feasibility of remote detection of nuclear radiation using high-power mmWs.
Sensor Self-Organization for Mobile Multi-Target Tracking in Decentralized Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose the self-organization based sensor collaboration scheme for the Mobile Multi-Target Tracking (MMTT) in our developed Decentralized Wireless Sensor Networks (DWSN). Our developed DWSN has three-tier hierarchical structure. At each time step, the Cluster Heads (CH) having the more information on the tracked targets are activated. The activated CHs receive the measurement-sets from their own cluster members, and obtain the local multi-target estimates based on these measurement-sets. Using the local target-state estimates, the CHs quantize the measurement-sets, and share with other activated CHs. The CHs that have the sufficient detection capabilities with respect to the same tracked targets are included into the same group and collaborate with each other to achieve the final target-position estimation. Since only the quantized measurement-sets are communicated between sensor-nodes, we also propose the Decentralized Cardinality Balanced Multi-Bernoulli (DCBMeMBer) filtering algorithm, which is based on the adaptive Huffman-tree scheme and is implemented by the Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method. The obtained extensive simulation results validate and evaluate our proposed self-organization-based sensor collaboration scheme and our developed DCBMeMBer filtering algorithm.
Validation of the MPI patient profiles by partners and healthcare providers

The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is one of the most widely used instruments to assess patients' coping with chronic pain. It provides a psychosocial classification system that categorizes patients into three coping styles: Adaptive, Dysfunctional, and Interpersonally Distressed. To date, comprehensive information about the validity of the MPI taxonomy obtained from informants other than the patient has been unavailable. This has limited conclusions about the extent to which the MPI captures patients' adaptation to chronic pain beyond self-report. The present study is the first to examine whether the distinct multidimensional profiles underlying the patient clusters can be confirmed by proxy report. Ninety-nine chronic pain patients, their partners, and their healthcare providers participated in the study. Patients completed the MPI twice to determine stability of classification. Partners and providers rated the patient on MPI proxy versions developed for this study. Results revealed that partner- and provider-reported MPI ratings corresponded with the self-report patient profiles. The profiles of patients showing classification stability rather than switching of cluster assignment between the two MPI assessments had the highest correspondence with proxy ratings. These results extend prior validity research on the MPI and demonstrate that differential psychological adaptational styles to chronic pain can be reliably recognized by partners and healthcare providers.
Effect of cisplatin on hair cell morphology and lateral wall Na, K-ATPase activity

The dose-response ototoxic effects of cisplatin were studied in guinea pigs. Loss of Preyer reflex and suppression of the N1 amplitude occurred in cisplatin-treated animals and was described as dose-related. Drug-induced hair cell damage, as observed with scanning electron microscopy, occurred sporadically throughout the turns of the cochlea and the incidence increased with dose. Na, K-ATPase activity in the lateral wall tissues was not significantly different between treatment groups. The results reported here indicate that cisplatin ototoxicity was dose-dependent, but was not directly related to Na,K-ATPase activity in the lateral wall.
Pharmacological comparison of R(+), S(-) and racemic thiopentone in mice.

The i.p. LD50's of the enantiomorphs of thiopentone have the following increasing order of lethality R(+), racemate and S(−). Whereas the racemate and the S(−) compound have similar therapeutic indices, the R(+) compound has the highest value. The S(−) isomer is the most potent anesthetic agent, followed by the R(+) and the racemate. In the ability to block pentylenetetrazol- and strychnine-induced seizures, the compounds are ranked in the following order of decreased potency: S(−), racemate and R(+). The differences in potency between antipodes have been related to absolute steric configuration of the molecules. Differences in potency of the stereoisomers have been discussed in relationship to known metabolic conversions of thiopentone and its rapid penetration into body fat depots.
Vaccine induced immunologic memory for hepatitis B surface antigen: implications for policy on booster vaccination.

Abstract This paper reviews published literature on the long-term persistence of immunologic memory for HBsAg after a course of hepatitis B vaccine and the functional significance this has for policy on booster vaccination. Several studies have shown that vaccine induced antibody (anti-HBs) specific for the surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is protective at a serum concentration of 10 milli-International Units per milliliter (mIU ml −1 ). When acquired passively (e.g. from hepatitis B immune globulin), susceptibility to infection returns as antibody declines. However, vaccine induces active synthesis of anti-HBs accompanied by immunologic memory for HBsAg that affords ongoing protection independent of antibody. Persistent memory over periods of 5 years or more is evident from large, rapid increases in antibody following booster vaccination, even in subjects who have lost antibody. Complementary studies, using an in vitro enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (spot-ELISA), show that the number of memory B lymphocytes able to produce anti-HBs does not diminish as the level of antibody declines. That immunologic memory provides effective immunity is suggested by serologic studies over periods of 5 years or more of vaccinees frequently exposed to HBV. Although many failed to maintain at least 10 mIU ml −1 of antibody, there have been very few clinically significant breakthrough infections. Thus, it appears unnecessary to give healthy vaccinees a booster vaccination when the level of anti-HBs falls below 10 mIU ml −1 . Current studies suggest good retention of immunologic memory in healthy vaccinees over periods of 5–12 years. While additional studies will better define the limits of this phenomenon, routine booster vaccination should not be needed to sustain immunologic memory and protection within 5 years and perhaps longer after the primary vaccination series.
Tourism dynamics: Cyprus' hotel value chain and proﬁtability

In response to the Cyprus Hotel Association's aim to test how Cyprus' year 2010 ofﬁcial strategy may affect tourist arrivals, hotel bed capacity and proﬁtability, this study looks at Cyprus' hotel value chain within the island's tourism customer–supplier value chain. A system dynamics simulation model helps compute multiple strategic scenarios of what might happen to Cyprus' tourism over the next 40 years. The faithful reproduction of historical tourism and bed capacity data through a 40-year time horizon shows the model's usefulness. The computed scenarios assess Cyprus' hotel value-chain sensitivity to policy parameters, tourism growth and tourism seasonality, along with their potential effects on the hotel value chain and proﬁtability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyanoacrylate as a retrofilling material

The sealing ability of cyanoacrylate as a retrograde root canal filling material was evaluated in vitro. Fifty roots were cleansed, shaped, and assigned to five groups of ten roots each. The root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and Grossman's sealer. The apical 2 mm of each root in the five groups was resected. In groups I, II, and III, retrofilling preparation was made and filled with amalgam, varnish and then amalgam, and cyanoacrylate, respectively. In group IV, a hot instrument was used to seal the gutta-percha, and in group V, a cold burnisher was used for the same purpose. All of the teeth were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours and sectional longitudinally; dye penetration was then measured. One-way analysis of variance performed on the means of the groups indicated that group III had the least amount of leakage (p < 0.05). This study indicates that cyanoacrylate may have potential as a retorgrade filling material.
EFFECTS OF FAT LEVEL AND COOKING METHODS ON PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS

Trimmed top rounds from 9 Angus steers were flaked and formed into restructured steaks containing 15, 20, or 25% fat. The steaks were cooked in a microwave oven (MW) on a preheated browning dish or broiled in a conventional oven (CO). Microwave cooking required less time and energy. Decreased time and energy for cooking also related to increased fat levels. Cooking losses and penetration hardness values were greater for the MW steaks. Cooking losses increased and penetration hardness values decreased with increasing fat level. MW steaks appeared more well-done and were harder, less moist, and more resistant to chewing. As fat level increased softness and moistness scores also increased. Consumer panelists found all steaks to be equally acceptable, suggesting the potential for the development of portion- and fat-controlled restructured steaks for microwave cooking.
Large area mapping of soil moisture using the ESTAR passive microwave radiometer in Washita'92

Abstract Washita'92 was a large-scale study of remote sensing and hydrology conducted on the Little Washita watershed in southwest Oklahoma. Data collection during the experiment included passive microwave observations using an L-band electronically scanned thinned array radiometer ( ESTAR ) and surface soil moisture observations at sites distributed over the area. Data were collected on 8 days over a 9-day period in June 1992. The watershed was saturated with a great deal of standing water at the outset of the study. During the experiment there was no rainfall and surface soil moisture observations exhibited a drydown pattern over the period. Significant variations in the level and rate of change in surface soil moisture were noted over areas dominated by different soil textures. ESTAR data were processed to produce brightness temperature maps of a 740 sq. km. area on each of the 8 days. These data exhibited significant spatial and temporal patterns. Spatial patterns were clearly associated with soil textures and temporal patterns with drainage and evaporative processes. Relationships between the groundsampled soil moisture and the brightness temperatures were consistent with previous results. Spatial averaging of both variables was analyzed to study scaling of soil moisture over a mixed landscape. Results of these studies showed that a strong correlation is retained at these scales, suggesting that mapping surface moisture for large footprints may provide important information for regional studies.
The effects of cells on oxygen transfer in bioreactors

Cells may affect oxygen transfer rates by three mechanisms: respiration of cells accumulated at the gas/liquid interface, physical presence of cells as solid particles, and modification of the medium by cells. These effects were studied experimentally in bubble-aerated bioreactors using baker's yeast at different cell concentrations, agitation speeds, aeration rates, and specific oxygen uptake rates. The overall effect of cells was to enhance oxygen transfer rates. The physical presence of cells as solid particles was found to retard oxygen transfer, presumably due to the lower oxygen permeability in the cell layer accumulated near the bubble surfaces. Cell respiration and medium modification, on the other hand, enhanced oxygen transfer rates. The retardation by nonrespiring cells and the enhancement due to cell respiration were found stronger at higher agitation speeds and lower aeration rates employed. This was attributed to the higher interfacial cell accumulation associated with the smaller bubbles produced under these conditions in the systems studied.
Analysis of the Factors Involved in the Loss and Restoration of the Chaperone-like Function of α-Crystallin

Abstract α-crystallin, the major protein component of the crystallin lens of mammalian eyes, is found in vivo as two separate gene products. Both isoforms are expressed in different major tissues of the body, with the lens the only location where both are found together. Both sequences can be phosphorylated, though at different locations. Both exhibit a high sequence homology to the small heat shock proteins, and it has been shown that α-crystallin also resists heat-induced denaturation. Horwitz [J. Horowitz (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10449–10453] demonstrated that α-crystallin can exhibit chaperone-like protection against heat-induced turbidity increases, and it has been suggested that this may be an in vivo function as well. However, neither isoform, when purified, shows the same overall level of chaperone-like activity as the native species, except for one phosphorylated species [M. A. M. van Boekel, S. E. A. Hoogakker, J. J. Harding, and W. W. de Jong (1996) Ophthalmic Res. 28(Suppl. 1), 32–38]. Experiments designed to determine the factors leading to loss of chaperone-like activity indicate that strong ionic conditions, such as those used in isoform separation and/or the presence of divalent cations reduce the efficiency of this function and that the presence of EDTA fully restores it irrespective of prior treatment or buffer conditions. Heat stabilty is essentially preserved under all conditions. These results suggest that α-crystallin may serve primarily as a heat shock protein in vivo and that the chaperone-like function may be inhibited under physiological conditions.
Phase dynamics in a binary-collision atom-laser scheme

Various aspects of the phase dynamics of an atom-laser scheme based on binary collisions are investigated. Analytical estimates of the influence of elastic atom-atom collisions on the laser linewidth are given, and linewidths achievable in a recently proposed atom-laser scheme [M. G. Moore and P. Meystre, Phys. Rev. A 56, 2989 (1997)] are evaluated explicitly. The extent to which a relative phase can be established between two interfering atom lasers as well as the properties of this phase are also investigated.
Infrared Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts

Abstract The infrared (IR) study of surface species and reactions occurring on solids has contributed markedly to our understanding of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis, and a wide variety of solids has been examined. However, an entire class of catalysts consisting of metal dispersed on carbon has never been studied because the carbon catalyst support absorbs IR radiation so strongly in even the thinnest practical layers that conventional IR techniques fail. As IR data would be helpful in understanding how such catalysts function, we have explored the feasibility of examining carbon-supported catalysts with photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PDS) and describe the first IR spectra ot surface species on a Ni-on-carbon catalyst.
Hyperkalaemia, a sequel to chemotherapy of Burkitt's lymphoma.

Abstract Hyperkalaemia developing within 48 hours of chemotherapy was found in retrospective analysis in five of twenty-two evaluable cases of Burkitt's lymphoma in patients treated in the U.S.A. This syndrome was fatal in two of these five patients, and was the suspected cause of sudden post-chemotherapeutic death in two further cases in which serum-potassium levels were not recorded. Clinical and animal studies suggest that hyperkalaemia is related to sudden lysis of large volumes of tumour. Patients at serious risk were found to be those with large tumour masses and/or impairment of renal function. Close observation, parenteral hydration, and diuretic therapy, control of hyperuricaemia, reduction of the initial dose of chemotherapy, and, if necessary, dialysis are suggested during the initial therapy of these high risk Burkitt lymphoma patients.
Thermodynamic stability of single-phase fluids and fluid mixtures under the influence of gravity

The equilibrium state attained by a single‐phase fluid or fluid mixture when under the influence of gravity and subject to given external constraints differs, as is well known, from its gravity‐free counterpart. The thermodynamic stability of single‐phase fluids and their mixtures, however, is shown to be uninfluenced by the presence of gravity. Single‐phase fluids and their mixtures are thermodynamically stable when under the influence of gravity if, and only if, the gravity‐free stability criteria are satisfied everywhere throughout the fluid volume. Gravitational fields, therefore, introduce no additional mechanism whereby spontaneous fluctuations can destabilize an equilibrium state.
Time-course of ”redistribution” of thallium-201 administered during transient ischemia

The “redistribution” of Tl-201 administered as a single dose during treadmill exercise and monitored by external imaging may permit differentiation between transient ischemia and old myocardial infarction. The time course of this “redistribution” of Tl-201 was examined in 20 closed chest dogs instrumented with indwelling left atrial catheters and occlusive cuffs placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery. In 15 of the dogs Tl-201 and Sr-85 microspheres (15μ) were injected during transient coronary artery occlusion: Five of the dogs were sacrificed 2 min later without releasing the occlusion; five dogs were sacrificed after 30 min and five dogs after 4 h of reperfusion. Five dogs with permanent occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery were studied 4 h after Tl-201 administration. Compared to normal myocardium Tl-201 activity in regions with>95% flow reductions was decreased by 93.3% in the five dogs sacrificed 2 min after administration. After 30 min of reperfusion this difference was 59.7% and was only 16.5% after 4 h of reperfusion. During the initial 30 min of reperfusion this change in regional distribution was due to a 22% fall in activity in normal myocardium and a 4.4 fold increase in the transiently ischemic myocardium. Activity in normal myocardium declined further by 63% from 30 to 240 min of reperfusion while activity in the transiently ischemic myocardium decreased by 15.5%, although this change was statistically not significant. Thus, early “redistribution” of Tl-201 reflects active uptake of Tl-201 by transiently ischemic tissue and decrease in Tl-201 activity in normal myocadium. During late reperfusion redistribution is primarily due to a more rapid loss of Tl-201 from normal myocardium. We conclude that transient ischemia is visualized best early after stress. Imaging begun late after exercise, e.g., after 30 min, may not permit differentiation between transient ischemia and old myocardial infarction.
Water in the Moon's interior: Truth and consequences

Abstract Geochemical data for H 2 O and other volatiles, as well as major and trace elements, are reported for 377 samples of lunar volcanic glass from three chemical groups (A15 green, A15 yellow, A17 orange 74 220). These data demonstrate that degassing is a pervasive process that has affected all extrusive lunar rocks. The data are combined with published data to estimate the total composition of the bulk silicate Moon (BSM). The estimated BSM composition for highly volatile elements, constrained by H 2 O/Ce ratios and S contents in melt inclusions from orange glass sample 74 220, are only moderately depleted compared with the bulk silicate Earth (avg. 0.25X BSE) and essentially overlap the composition of the terrestrial depleted MORB source. In a single giant impact origin for the Moon, the Moon-forming material experiences three stages of evolution characterized by very different timescales. Impact mass ejection and proto-lunar disk evolution both permit system loss of H 2 O and other volatiles on timescales ranging from days to centuries; the early Moon is likely to have accreted from a thin magma disk of limited volume embedded in, but largely displaced from, the extended distribution of vapor around the Earth. Only the protracted evolution of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) presents a time window sufficiently long (10–200 Ma) for the Moon to gain water during the tail end of accretion. This “hot start” to lunar formation is however not the only model that matches the lunar volatile abundances; a “cold start” in which the proto-lunar disk is largely composed of solid material could result in efficient delivery of terrestrial water to the Moon, while a “warm start” producing a disk of 25% volatile-retentive solids and 75% volatile-depleted magma/vapor is also consistent with the data. At the same time, there exists little evidence that the Moon formed in a singular event, as all detailed planetary accretion models predict several giant impacts in the terrestrial planet region in which the Earth forms. It is thus conceivable that the Moon, like the Earth, experienced a history of heterogeneous accretion.
Biological system development for GraviSat: A new platform for studying photosynthesis and microalgae in space

Abstract Microalgae have great potential to be used as part of a regenerative life support system and to facilitate in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) on long-duration human space missions. Little is currently known, however, about microalgal responses to the space environment over long (months) or even short (hours to days) time scales. We describe here the development of biological support subsystems for a prototype “3U” (i.e., three conjoined 10-cm cubes) nanosatellite, called GraviSat, designed to experimentally elucidate the effects of space microgravity and the radiation environment on microalgae and other microorganisms. The GraviSat project comprises the co-development of biological handling-and-support technologies with implementation of integrated measurement hardware for photosynthetic efficiency and physiological activity in support of long-duration (3–12 months) space missions. It supports sample replication in a fully autonomous system that will grow and analyze microalgal cultures in 120 μL wells around the circumference of a microfluidic polymer disc; the cultures will be launched while in stasis, then grown in orbit. The disc spins at different rotational velocities to generate a range of artificial gravity levels in space, from microgravity to multiples of Earth gravity. Development of the biological support technologies for GraviSat comprised the screening of more than twenty microalgal strains for various physical, metabolic and biochemical attributes that support prolonged growth in a microfluidic disc, as well as the capacity for reversible metabolic stasis. Hardware development included that necessary to facilitate accurate and precise measurements of physical parameters by optical methods (pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry) and electrochemical sensors (ion-sensitive microelectrodes). Nearly all microalgal strains were biocompatible with nanosatellite materials; however, microalgal growth was rapidly inhibited (∼1 week) within sealed microwells that did not include dissolved bicarbonate due to CO 2 starvation. Additionally, oxygen production by some microalgae resulted in bubble formation within the wells, which interfered with sensor measurements. Our research achieved prolonged growth periods (>10 months) without excess oxygen production using two microalgal strains, Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 29 and Dunaliella bardawil 30 861, by lowering light intensities (2–10 μmol photons m −2 s −1 ) and temperature (4–12 °C). Although the experiments described here were performed to develop the GraviSat platform, the results of this study should be useful for the incorporation of microalgae in other satellite payloads with low-volume microfluidic systems.
Enhanced UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activity in cultivated skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis and its possible relationship to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Enhanced UDP-Galactose: Glycoprotein Galactosyl Transferase Activity in Cultivated Skin Fibroblasts from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Its Possible Relationship to the Pathogenesis of the Disease
Crowd-sourced assessment of technical skills: an opportunity for improvement in the assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills.

Abstract Background Objective, unbiased assessment of surgical skills remains a challenge in surgical education. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of Crowd-Sourced Assessment of Technical Skills. Methods Seven volunteer general surgery interns were given time for training and then testing, on laparoscopic peg transfer, precision cutting, and intracorporeal knot-tying. Six faculty experts (FEs) and 203 Amazon.com Mechanical Turk crowd workers (CWs) evaluated 21 deidentified video clips using the Global Objective Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills validated rating instrument. Results Within 19 hours and 15 minutes we received 662 eligible ratings from 203 CWs and 126 ratings from 6 FEs over 10 days. FE video ratings were of borderline internal consistency (Krippendorff's alpha=.55). FE ratings were highly correlated with CW ratings (Pearson's correlation coefficient=.78, P Conclusion We propose the use of Crowd-Sourced Assessment of Technical Skills as a reliable, basic tool to standardize the evaluation of technical skills in general surgery.
Considering Cannabis: The Effects of Regular Cannabis Use on Neurocognition in Adolescents and Young Adults

Thirty-six percent of high-school seniors have used cannabis in the past year, and an alarming 6.5 % smoked cannabis daily, up from 2.4 % in 1993. Adolescents and emerging adults are undergoing significant neurodevelopment and animal studies suggest they may be particularly vulnerable to negative drug effects. In this review, we will provide a detailed overview of studies outlining the effects of regular (at least weekly) cannabis use on neurocognition, including studies outlining cognitive, structural, and functional findings. We will also explore the public health impact of this research.
Pharmacology of fenofibrate

This discussion outlines the major aspects of the human pharmacology of fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic agent. In view of its short half-life, efficient absorption, and elimination, fenofibrate would not appear to accumulate in either plasma or tissues. It is extensively absorbed only in the presence of food and is transported through the bloodstream by albumin. Fenofibrate is taken up by both the liver and kidney. Except for a small percentage (about 5 percent) reduced at the ketone moiety before conjugation, most drug is excreted as a conjugate in the urine. Less than 20 percent is excreted through the bile. In normal persons, at steady state with usual doses of 100 mg three times daily, the plasma half-life approximates 30 hours. Because fenofibrate is not dialyzable, it has a markedly prolonged half life in patients with renal failure and should not be used.
Composition and Mechanical Properties of Gutta-Percha Endodontic Points:

Gutta-percha endodontic filling points were found to contain approximately 20% gutta-percha (matrix), 66% zinc oxide (filler), 11% heavy metal sulfates (radiopacifier), and 3% waxes and/or resins (plasticizer). The mechanical properties were indicative of a partially crystalline viscoelastic polymeric material. They were found to obey Hooke's law and displayed a prominent upper and lower yield point when stressed beyond the proportional limit. The essential differences in mechanical properties of individual brands were found to be a function of the gutta-percha and zinc oxide concentration.
Transforming Inquiry and Action: Interweaving 27 Flavors of Action Research

This article presents a conceptual typology of 27 different flavors of action research, underpinned by the dimensions of voice, practice, and time. This typology highlights how narrow a segment of reality is examined in most social science studies, as well as how fundamentally different the first- and second-person participatory study of the present and the future is from the third-person detached study of the past. We show that action research has multiple aims, including personal integrity and social mutuality as well as explaining empirical variance in intended outcomes. Far from diluting the positivist concern with validity, however, we argue that action research studies that include a greater proportion of the 27 types of methods are likely to account for more of the empirical variance in situations than do traditional social science studies.