cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robotic Tumor Tracking Techniques in Radiation Therapy

Precise and accurate dose delivery is critically important in external beam radiation therapy. In many cases target-volumes are stationary, but the problem arises when the tumors move significantly. Respiratory and cardiac motions have been found to displace and deform tumors in the lung, pancreas, liver, breast, and other organs. Because of this, radiation oncologists must expand the margin around tumor for radiation therapy. Consequently, a large volume of healthy tissue is irradiated, and critical organs adjacent to the tumor are sometimes difficult to spare. Implementation of the robotic tumor tracking techniques can potentially improve the quality of patient treatment by reducing unnecessary radiation dose to healthy normal tissues and critical structures and thereby lowering the toxicity level and increasing survival. Moreover, unlike gating, robotic tracking and dynamic delivery of radiation dose would be faster and efficacious.
Real Video Clips Make a Real Difference: Video-Based Training for Improving Sterile Practices

Central venous catheter (CVC) -related infections are a significant source of preventable morbidity and mortality. To reduce CVC-related infections, we developed a web-based educational intervention. Video records of care provider performance of CVC insertion were used in task analysis and in expert review of performance as part of a needs analysis. Stakeholder opinions of compliance to recommended sterile practices were elicited. Based on these data, we developed an online training course for residents on recommended sterile practices during CVC insertion. The course contained short video clips from actual patient care demonstrating common breaks in recommended sterile practices. We propose reasons why the video-based course was effective in promoting compliant behavior, and reasons training influences attitudes toward sterile practices.
A Shadow of Ourselves: Identity Erasure and the Politics of Queer Leadership.

In this article, the authors explore issues of identity, sexual orientation, gender identity, educational leadership and leadership preparation. We discuss professional norms, including attire, and in turn how professional norms might construct panopticons, identity and US public school leadership. We conclude by exploring a consciously queer approach to educational leadership preparation.
Compact quasi-chaotic optical cavity

We present a novel multi-pass optical cavity with partially-chaotic ray dynamics. For a centimeter-size device, our experimental measurements confirm meter-scale optical path lengths supported by the cavity, suggesting future applications in trace gas detection.
Measuring Available Bandwidth: pathChirp's Chirp Train Structure Remodeled

Measuring available bandwidth over a network path is required by many applications including end-to-end admission control and server selection. In order to measure the available bandwidth, the end hosts need network information, such as packet delay, at intermediate systems. Several techniques have been proposed to address this problem. We have selected the most recently proposed algorithm called pathChirp and proposed an alternative approach. The main goal of pathChirp is to get the delay information at the intermediate systems by using the concept of self-induced congestion (which uses chirp train packets) in order to estimate the available bandwidth. However there are scenarios where pathChirp cannot provide accurate available bandwidth. We use the pathChirp mechanism as our underlying tool and modify its structure of chirp train. In the modified structure, the rate of the odd inter-chirp packet will be the same as the rate of previous even inter-chirp packet. Additionally, rate of inter-chirp packets will be increased exponentially with even power rather than both even and odd power as done in pathChirp scheme. Purpose of this new structure is to capture more network information using three different time-shifted chirp trains, and subsequently to find a better estimate for the available bandwidth. Our theory and simulation results support this claim.
Changes in the content of total nitrogen and mineral nitrogen in the basil herb depending on the cultivar and nitrogen nutrition

Among fundamental nutrients, nitrogen fertilization is considered one of the most effective factors affecting both the yield and the quality of plant material. Nitrogen form used for fertilizing is also of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of nitrogen nutrition (calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and urea) as well as (green, purple, and 'Fino Verde') on the chemical composition and yielding of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). After drying the plant material at a temperature of 60°C and milling, total nitrogen was determined by means of Kjeldahl method, while mineral nitrogen content (N-NH , N-NO 3 ) was analyzed in 2% acetic acid extract. Yield of fresh basil matter depended significantly on the variety grown. The highest yields were obtained from a cultivar of 'Fino Verde' fertilized with ammonium nitrate. The purple variety plants fertilized with urea were characterized by a largest amount of total nitrogen. The 'Fino Verde' cultivar fertilized with urea accumulated the least quantities of nitrates in the basil herb.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin controls prostaglandin D2 generation in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease

Background Prostaglandin (PG) D 2 is the dominant COX product of mast cells and is an effector of aspirin-induced respiratory reactions in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Objective We evaluated the role of the innate cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acting on mast cells to generate PGD 2 and facilitate tissue eosinophilia and nasal polyposis in patients with AERD. Methods Urinary eicosanoid levels were measured in aspirin-tolerant control subjects and patients with AERD. Nasal polyp specimens from patients with AERD and chronic rhinosinusitis were analyzed by using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Human cord blood–and peripheral blood–derived mast cells were stimulated with TSLP in vitro to assess PGD 2 generation. Results Urinary levels of a stable PGD 2 metabolite (uPGD-M) were 2-fold higher in patients with AERD relative to those in control subjects and increased further during aspirin-induced reactions. Peak uPGD-M levels during aspirin reactions correlated with reductions in blood eosinophil counts and lung function and increases in nasal congestion. Mast cells sorted from nasal polyps expressed PGD 2 synthase (hematopoietic PGD 2 synthase) mRNA at higher levels than did eosinophils from the same tissue. Whole nasal polyp TSLP mRNA expression correlated strongly with mRNA encoding hematopoietic PGD 2 synthase ( r = .75), the mast cell–specific marker carboxypeptidase A3 ( r = .74), and uPGD-M ( r = 0.74). Levels of the cleaved active form of TSLP were increased in nasal polyps from patients with AERD relative to those in aspirin-tolerant control subjects. Recombinant TSLP induced PGD 2 generation by cultured human mast cells. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that mast cell–derived PGD 2 is a major effector of type 2 immune responses driven by TSLP and suggests that dysregulation of this innate system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of AERD.
Securities Regulation or Self Regulation: A Shareholder Activist's Perspective

If you carefully examine the current laws and regulations governing the interaction of shareholders with corporate managers and directors, you are as likely to conclude that they are designed to prevent effective involvement as you are to conclude that they are designed to encourage it. What we have is a proxy card that reflects management's position submitted to voters who are conflicted, uninformed, and/or indifferent. Corporate management's control of the process for nominating directors and of the use of the corporate bank accounts for fighting any efforts by shareholders to hold them accountable has created an enormous gap between the theory and the reality of corporate governance. But the obstacles to shareholder influence on portfolio companies is as much a function of management's ability to control information and the difficulty and expense of finding and communicating with each other as it is of the legal restrictions. As consciousness of governance concerns is growing worldwide and the relationship of accountability and disclosure to performance is increasingly incontrovertible, the World Wide Web will make it possible for shareholders throughout the world to work together to insist on improvements.
Two Narratives of Youth

In the course of a review of a colleague's book on the Beat generation of poets and novelists, I examine two narratives that society has adopted of youth -- at least certain rich and spoiled ones. The narratives -- boys will be boys and genius is a little bit crazy -- have implications for the police, educators, and parents inasmuch as they buy wide latitude for young people like Alan Ginsburg, Jack Kerouac, and their crowd, who went to good schools, were their teachers' darlings, drank and took drugs, and committed many crimes along the way to becoming famous. If you have a teen-age child or relative, you will perhaps enjoy my demonstration that teenagers are a social construction and do not really exist.
The complexity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: a focus on vaccination and challenge viruses

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes respiratory distress, decreased egg production, conjunctivitis, and death in chickens. ILT can be prevented by vaccination. Traditionally, that vaccination is with a chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine. However, CEO vaccines can revert to virulent ILTV and cause outbreaks. One of the successes of the recombinant vaccines with gene inserts for ILT is that they do not revert to virulence, but do prevent ILT symptoms. However, these same recombinant vaccines do not necessarily prevent replication of ILTV in the trachea of chickens, which then can lead to ILT outbreaks. One of the regulations for ILT vaccines is that they must protect chickens against inoculation with an ILT challenge virus. All licensed vaccines in the U.S. are licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB). The CVB provides ILT challenge virus to biologics companies for efficacy testing of vaccines. The current USDA challenge virus strain was generated through egg passage from a 1960s strain of ILTV. Recently, the CVB was able to acquire an ILT field isolate from an outbreak in a laying hen flock that had been vaccinated with a recombinant ILT vaccine. Mortality, clinical signs and pathogenicity of this field isolate were compared to the current USDA challenge virus. An interesting aspect of the research was that several asymptomatic chickens still had tracheal lesions, both from the field isolate and current challenge virus, indicating viral replication without clinical signs. This is not entirely surprising due to research indicating similar results with some recombinant ILT vaccines,
Comparison of Numerical Methods to Determine the Effect of Non-Equilibrium in Flows from the Laminar to Turbulent Regime

This study compares kinetic and continuum methods to determine the effects of nonequilibrium on the solutions provided for flow regimes ranging from fully laminar to turbulent. The continuum solution method performed by a Navier-Stokes solver in CFD++ allows for small deviations from equilibrium but break down if deviations become larger. The kinetic solution method is performed with the SMILE code which uses the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and is fully capable of modeling non-equilibrium but is computationally intensive, requiring up to 700% of the time for the continuum method in the flows with the highest modeled Reynolds numbers. The flow modeled is that of a free expansion jet through an orifice where the Reynolds number of the flow is defined at the orifice throat. It is found that the kinetic solver predicts non-equilibrium areas to be 120% larger than those predicted by the continuum solver in the laminar flow regime. As the flow enters the transition regime, the solutions begin to converge as the number of particles within the flow increases. This contributes to diffusing gradients faster and non-equilibrium plays a much smaller role. When the flow enters turbulence, oscillations in the flow cause the solutions to diverge. A turbulent experimental comparison is also made which shows the oscillations predicted are similar in frequency (~20 kHz) to those modeled (20-67 kHz).
Influence of body fat on duration of thiopental anesthesia.

SummaryA 5 g % decrease in body fat of the rat resulted in a 100% increase in length of thiopental anesthesia at a fixed thiopental dosage, or a 40% decrease in the amount of thiopental required for a given duration of anesthesia. In contrast the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia was unaffected by the amount of body fat.
Detection of the 1226 (Jewish) mutation for Gaucher's disease by color PCR : a means for studying the gene frequency of the disorder

The authors applied the polymerase chain reaction- (PCR) based color complementation assay for rapid detection of the 1226 ("Jewish") mutation of the glucocerebrosidase gene. Fifty-seven unrelated patients with Gaucher's disease and 50 unrelated normal Ashkenazi Jewish volunteers were studied. This mutation was identified in more than 75% of the Jewish Gaucher's disease alleles and in 4 (8%) of the 50 normal Jewish volunteers. The reliability of the technique was verified both by DNA sequencing and by leukocyte beta-glucosidase assay. This method is suggested as the simplest and most suitable one for a large-scale screening for the 1226 mutation for Gaucher's disease.
Medical Mental Models An Assessment of Condition and Treatment Knowledge Structures with Implications for App Design

Medical mobile apps whose layout, navigation, and interactions match the mental model of the user (i.e. the user's expectations) are more apt to produce positive usability outcomes than those that ...
Molecular epidemiological characteristics of enterovirus type 71 in Anhui Province,2009- 2012

Objective To clarify molecular characteristics of Enterovirus type 71 by sequencing the complete VP1 nucleotide acid,and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Methods HEV71 virus VP1 region gene were sequenced. The samples were collected from 19 throat swab specimens of HFMD from2009 to 2012,one came from Xinyang,Henan province,and the others from Anhui province. The nucleotide sequence was analyzed with reference strains from the Gen Bank,then the phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results The complete VP1 gene of all the 19 specimens contained 891 be in length,which encodes a peptide with 297 amino acids. Compared with the types A,B,C,the nucleotide sequences homology of the studied specimen were 82. 6%-83. 6%,83. 3%-85. 5% and86. 7%-98. 9%,respectively. The homology of amino acid were 96. 0%-97. 0%,96. 0%-97. 7%,and 97. 0%-100. 0%,respectively. Conclusions The epidemic strains of HEV71 from 2009 to 2012 in Lu'an had a high homology with the ones separated in recent years in China mainland( 94. 6 %-98. 9%). All of the isolated belong to C4 a subtype,which is similar with the isolates of C4 b in the previous reports.
Resistant in-stent restenosis in the drug eluting stent era.

Abstract In the drug eluting stent (DES) era, repeat in-stent restenosis (ISR) of the same coronary lesion, despite percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is a rare but challenging problem that has not been reported. We aim to describe what we propose as the occurrence of "resistant"-ISR (R-ISR) in the DES era, including angiographic patterns and outcomes. We defined R-ISR as the recurrence of an ISR episode after successful treatment of the same lesion. We identified 276 consecutive patients with 291 lesions who had R-ISR between May 2003 and June 2012. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed for the first and second ISR episodes. Outcomes at one year, including death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion failure (TLF), were analyzed. Patients with R-ISR had a high frequency of diabetes (62%), chronic kidney disease (39%), bifurcation lesions (51%), and moderate to severe calcified lesions (52%). The most common pattern of R-ISR was focal (77%). R-ISR lesions were treated with DES implantation (55%) or balloon-only strategy (45%). The mortality rate and TLF at 2-years were 9.3% and 51% respectively. The overall 2-year TLF rate did not vary with the originally implanted stent, angiographic pattern (focal versus diffuse), or revascularization strategy. R-ISR appears to consist predominantly of focal lesions and occurs in patients at high clinical and angiographic risk, conceivably owing to their unique diabetic and coronary calcification profile. Clinical outcomes are suboptimal irrespective of angiographic pattern or treatment strategy, indicating the recalcitrant nature of the disease, and need for aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and novel interventional approaches. In the drug eluting stent (DES) era, repeat in-stent restenosis (ISR) of the same lesion, despite percutaneous coronary intervention, is a rare and challenging problem. We described the "resistant"-ISR (R-ISR) phenomena in the DES era, i.e. the recurrence of an ISR after a successful treatment of that same episode. We identified 276 consecutive patients with R-ISR, who presented with a high clinical and angiographic risk, conceivably owing to their unique diabetic and coronary calcification profile. The most common pattern of R-ISR was focal. The overall 2-year TLF rate exceeded 50% and did not vary significantly with the original stent implanted, angiographic pattern, or type of percutaneous revascularization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconditioning: A Framework for Automatic Power Optimization of QDI Circuits

This paper introduces reconditioning: a novel systematic technique for reducing unnecessary power consumption of asynchronous gate-level netlists, which involves the optimal reordering of conditional communication and logic primitives. Our technique is applicable to asynchronous circuits with handshaking protocols that encode data and control together, in particular, quasi delay insensitive and 1-of- ${N}$ handshaking circuits. Both an optimal integer linear program (ILP) and a fast heuristic algorithm are presented. We show that our ILP is feasible for moderate size circuits and our heuristic algorithm scales to much larger circuits, completing in seconds on circuits with tens of thousands of gates. Our experimental results show power improvement highly depends on the structure of the circuit but can often be above 26% with typically less than 5% area overhead.
The Current Status of Therapy in Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy

The development of reliable methods for doing quantitative urine cultures led to the discovery that most urinary tract infections are asymptomatic. The epidemiology, significance, prognosis, treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection in pregnant women are discussed.
MO-C-BRB-01: Welcome and Greetings from Invited Guests

With the profound changes currently occurring in medicine, the role of the medical physicist cannot stagnate, but must evolve to meet the challenges and opportunities that are presented. Medical physicists must understand these changes and establish themselves not only as relevant but as leaders in this new environment. We must increase our presence in clinical settings such as tumor boards, patient rounds, and the development of new diagnosis, imaging, and treatment techniques. By establishing ourselves as competent scientists, we can and must participate in the development of technologies through research, teaching, and clinical implementation. As medical physicists we must define our roles and value to our physician colleagues, patients, referring physicians, and senior administrators. We cannot afford to be viewed solely as quality assurance technologists, but need to move forward in step with medical and practice advances, becoming recognized as having a leadership role in providing quality research, technological development, and quality patient care. In this session, four leaders in medical research and healthcare will discuss their observations on how medical physicists have contributed to advancements in healthcare and opportunities to continue leadership in providing quality medicine through the applications of physics to research, education, and clinical practice. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the changes in the healthcare environment and how medical physicists can contribute to improving patient care. 2.Learn how medical physicists are currently leading research efforts to improve clinical imaging and diagnosis. 3.Understand the role of medical physicists in developing new technology and leading its translation into clinical care.
Clinical potential for imaging in patients with asthma and other lung disorders

The ability of lung imaging to phenotype patients, determine prognosis, and predict response to treatment is expanding in clinical and translational research. The purpose of this perspective is to describe current imaging modalities that might be useful clinical tools in patients with asthma and other lung disorders and to explore some of the new developments in imaging modalities of the lung. These imaging modalities include chest radiography, computed tomography, lung magnetic resonance imaging, electrical impedance tomography, bronchoscopy, and others.
INTERACTIONS OF FOOD STARTER CULTURES AND FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS: STREPTOCOCCUS DIACETILACTIS VERSUS FOOD PATHOGENS

The ability of Streptococcus diacetilactis to inhibit a variety of food spoilage organisms and pathogens in milk and broth cultures was demonstrated. Test organisms included Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In general, approximately 99.0% and 99.9% inhibition was observed in milk and broth, respectively. Possible practical applications of the inhibition were examined. Addition of S. diacetilactis extended the shelf life of artificially contaminated cottage cheese and prevented proteolysis in milk at 7.5 C by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited greater than 99% in vanilla cream filling, ham sandwich spread, chicken gravy, soy milk, and ground beef stored at 25 C for 24 hr. Development of the gram-negative flora of ground beef was also inhibited greater than 99% after storage at 7.5 C for 7 days. Possible roles for several factors in the mechanism of inhibition by S. diacetilactis are briefl...
A triple exon-skipping luciferase reporter assay identifies a new CLK inhibitor pharmacophore.

Abstract The splicing of pre-mRNA is a critical process in normal cells and is deregulated in cancer. Compounds that modulate this process have recently been shown to target a specific vulnerability in tumors. We have developed a novel cell-based assay that specifically activates luciferase in cells exposed to SF3B1 targeted compounds, such as sudemycin D6. This assay was used to screen a combined collection of approved drugs and bioactive compounds. This screening approach identified several active hits, the most potent of which were CGP-74514A and aminopurvalanol A, both have been reported to be cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitors. We found that these compounds, and their analogs, show significant cdc2-like kinase (CLK) inhibition and clear structure-activity relationships (SAR) at CLKs. We prepared a set of analogs and were able to ‘dial out’ the CDK activity and simultaneously developed CLK inhibitors with low nanomolar activity. Thus, we have demonstrated the utility of our exon-skipping assay and identified new molecules that exhibit potency and selectivity for CLK, as well as some structurally related dual CLK/CDK inhibitors.
Does culture matter for international market selection

Selecting the right foreign markets to enter is considered to be one of the most important strategic decisions for firms. Many international marketing scholars predicted that cultural differences would matter in export success or failure. Nonetheless, no study to date has empirically demonstrated that cultural distance effects export success. Following calls by several researchers, we use a cross-sectional time-series analysis to test the influence of culture on export success. We base our study of the effects of culture on total exports and exports by industry using Inglehart's value system and data from two waves of the WVS. Cultural differences are found to have persistent and significance effects on export activity for total exports and across industries. We also control for many macro-environmental variables found to be significant in previous IMS research and for the first time in international market selection (IMS) research, the regulative and normative institutional differences are found to be significant for some but not all products.
Movement Disorder Associated With Foreign Body Ingestion.

We present a case of recurrent bouts of irritability with arching, head extension, and lethargy in a previously healthy 10-month-old girl admitted to the PICU for acute onset of a movement disorder. The patient’s vital signs and physical examination were unremarkable but recurrent bouts of abnormal movements persisted for the first 10 hours of admission in the PICU. Possible diagnoses, such as meningitis, status epilepticus, space occupying lesions, and toxic ingestions, were ruled out because of negative cerebrospinal fluid analysis, normal EEG, and negative results of other ancillary tests. On the second day of admission, an abdominal radiograph was obtained because intussusception was considered a probable diagnosis due to recurrent episodes of arching and lethargy. The abdominal radiograph revealed the presence of a 15-mm radiopaque foreign body in the right lower quadrant corresponding to the anatomic location of the ileocecal valve. The patient made an uneventful recovery after she spontaneously passed a 1.5 cm by 1 cm rock (15 mm) in her stool on the third day of admission. This case highlights the need for a high index of suspicion for unwitnessed ingestion of a foreign body in a previously healthy preschool child with sudden onset of a movement disorder.
Drug Violence and Migration Flows Lessons from the Mexican Drug War

We examine the effect of the increase in violence that Mexico experienced after launching an aggressive campaign against drug-trafficking organizations on immigration into the United States. We instrument for violence using electoral cycles and consider two channels through which violence impacts migration: local and transit violence. Violence at the municipality of residence increased migration. Conversely, violence on the route to the United States deterred individuals from migrating. Back-of-the-envelope calculations show that between 2007 and 2012, local and transit violence had an overall positive effect on migration. Violence was responsible for a 1.53 percentage point increase in the migration rate.
Myoblasts, Satellite Cells, and Myoblast Transfer

The prospects for introducing “foreign” nuclei through the cell fusion process have been considered since it first became clear that skeletal muscle fibers form by fusion of many mononucleated myoblasts rather than the proliferation of skeletal muscle nuclei within fibers (Stockdale and Holtzer, 1961). While cell fusion is cell type specific, there is no restriction in myoblast fusion across species, as skeletal myogenic cells from different species or classes of vertebrates are capable of adding nuclei to forming fibers (Yaffe and Feldman, 1965). The introduction of nuclei by PEG-mediated cell fusion has made it feasible to introduce a limited number of nuclei of non-myogenic cells into fibers in cell culture (Blau, 1983). However, specificity of cell recognition and fusion limits the introduction of new nuclei into existing fibers or into newly forming fibers to those cells that have been committed to a myogenic fate. The prospects of converting non-myogenic cells to myogenic cells by the transfection of commitment or determination genes broadens the repertoire of cells that could be used for contributing nuclei to muscle fibers using normal fusion mechanisms (Konieczny et al., 1986; Lassar et al., 1986; Weintraub et al., 1989).
Intake Interviews and Their Role in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

In most mental health agencies, clients are seen for an intake interview before treatment begins. Counselors in private practice also typically conduct a comprehensive initial interview, although this process may not be labelled as a formal intake procedure.
A Customizable Flow Injection System for Automated, High Throughput, and Time Sensitive Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry Measurements

To better understand disease conditions and environmental perturbations, multi-omic studies combining proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic analyses are vastly increasing in popularity. In a multi-omic study, a single sample is typically extracted in multiple ways and various analyses are performed using different instruments. Thus, one sample becomes many measurements, making high throughput and reproducible evaluations a necessity. One way to address the numerous samples and varying instrumental conditions is to utilize a flow injection analysis (FIA) system for rapid sample injection. While some FIA systems have been created to address these challenges, many have limitations such as high consumable costs, low pressure capabilities, limited pressure monitoring and fixed flow rates. To address these limitations, we created an automated, customizable FIA system capable of operating at a range of flow rates (~50 nL/min to 500 µL/min) to accommodate both low- and high-flow instrument sources. This system al...
Critical phenomena and self-similarity in the gravitational collapse of radiation fluid

We observe critical phenomena in spherical collapse of radiation fluid. A sequence of spacetimes S[\ensuremath{\eta}] is numerically computed, containing models (\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\ll}1) that adiabatically disperse and models (\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\gg}1) that form a black hole. Near the critical point (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$), evolutions develop a self-similar region within which collapse is balanced by a strong, inward-moving rarefaction wave that holds m(r)/r constant as a function of a self-similar coordinate \ensuremath{\xi}. The self-similar solution is known and we show near-critical evolutions asymptotically approaching it. A critical exponent \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.36 is found for supercritical (\ensuremath{\eta}g${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$) models.
Pediatric Program Director Minimum Milestone Expectations Before Allowing Supervision of Others and Unsupervised Practice

Abstract Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires semiannual Milestone reporting on all residents. Milestone expectations of performance are unknown. Objective To determine pediatric program director (PD) minimum Milestone expectations for residents before being ready to supervise and before being ready to graduate. Methods Mixed methods survey of pediatric PDs on their programs' Milestone expectations before residents are ready to supervise and before they are ready to graduate, and in what ways PDs use Milestones to make supervision and graduation decisions. If programs had no established Milestone expectations, PDs indicated expectations they considered for use in their program. Mean minimum Milestone level expectations were adjusted for program size, region, and clustering of Milestone expectations by program were calculated for before supervise and before graduate. Free-text questions were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The response rate was 56.8% (113 of 199). Most programs had no required minimum Milestone level before residents are ready to supervise (80%; 76 of 95) or ready to graduate (84%; 80 of 95). For readiness to supervise, minimum Milestone expectations PDs considered establishing for their program were highest for humanism (2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.21–2.71) and professionalization (2.37; 95% CI, 2.15–2.60). Minimum Milestone expectations for graduates were highest for help-seeking (3.14; 95% CI, 2.83–3.46). Main themes included the use of Milestones in combination with other information to assess learner performance and Milestones are not equally weighted when making advancement decisions. Conclusions Most PDs have not established program minimum Milestones, but would vary such expectations according to competency.
Nondegeneracy of Polyhedra and Linear Programs

This paper deals with nondegeneracy of polyhedra and linear programming (LP) problems. We allow for the possibility that the polyhedra and the feasible polyhedra of the LP problems under consideration be non-pointed. (A polyhedron is pointed if it has a vertex.) With respect to a given polyhedron, we consider two notions of nondegeneracy and then provide several equivalent characterizations for each of them. With respect to LP problems, we study the notion of constant cost nondegeneracy first introduced by Tsuchiya [25] under a different name, namely dual nondegeneracy. (We do not follow this terminology since the term dual nondegeneracy is already used to refer to a related but different type of nondegeneracy.) We show two main results about constant cost nondegeneracy of an LP problem. The first one shows that constant cost nondegeneracy of an LP problem is equivalent to the condition that the union of all minimal faces of the feasible polyhedron be equal to the set of feasible points satisfying a certain generalized strict complementarity condition. When the feasible polyhedron of an LP is nondegenerate, the second result shows that constant cost nondegeneracy is equivalent to the condition that the set of feasible points satisfying the generalized condition be equal to the set of feasible points satisfying the same complementarity condition strictly. For the purpose of giving a preview of the paper, the above results specialized to the context of polyhedra and LP problems in standard form are described in the introduction.
A Multi-Stage Continuous-Duty Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

The design of a multi-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) that can provide continuous cooling at very low temperatures is presented. The ADR is being developed for use in x-ray, IR and sub-millimeter space astronomy missions which will employ large format detector arrays operating at 50 mK and lower and which may dissipate up to 10 μW. It is also being designed to reject heat slowly to a relatively warm heat sink (in the 6–10 K range), so that future missions may use mechanical cryocoolers instead of liquid helium for pre-cooling. The continuous nature of the device gives it a much higher cooling power per unit mass, allowing it to be much smaller and lighter than existing ADRs with comparable performance. Design details are discussed.
Energy Consumption Model for Apparel Sewing Process: An Approach to Environmental Sustainability

Fossil fuel based electricity, the primary source of energy in the apparel production process, causes a great deal of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to ever-increasing apparel demand and population growth, this industry's carbon footprint only grows bigger. The purpose of this exploratory study were to (a) identify the most influential energy consumption (EC) factors and (b) develop a model that capture EC levels from the apparel sewing process. A multiple regression analysis using STATA version 12.0 was used to analyze EC factors to determine their explanatory power over EC. A total of 98 observations from 98 different sewing operations from three apparel factories were collected. Findings from the study indicated sewing machine motor capacity, sewing speed and standard allocated minute were the most influential EC factors. The EC model was found as: Log (EC) = 9.68 + 0.739*log (SAM) + 0.084*SPI - 0.008*motor_capacity + 0.004*seam_length - 0.001*speed + 0.512
Small Group Leaders and the Betterment of the Family

The chapter focuses on the organization as an honest, loving, trusting family embracing cohesiveness and unity. This chapter highlights reasons why small group’s leaders essentially provide toward the betterment of the family. Due to positive relationship of trust within organizations, trust remains an essential goal for the organizational leader. This section reveals aspects of leadership theory, including Authentic Leadership theory (AL) Spiritual Leadership Theory (SL) and Ethical leadership theories, connecting the necessity of trusting leader/follower relationships. A recent consultation and organizational diagnosis of an ecclesial organization experiencing challenges in cross-cultural communication and leadership provides examples of the betterment of the organization and individuals embracing cohesiveness and unity. This likewise provides insights from a theological perspective on leadership toward the proposal for the leader(s) of the organization.
Characteristics of an effective development program for mentors of preservice teachers

Teacher education programs require effective development for mentors of preservice teachers to increase the likelihood student teaching is reliable and that it produces preferred outcomes. There ar...
The Puritan Mind in the Seventeenth Century

The history and philosophy of Puritanism is presented and related to John Winthrop, Jr. The scientific world of Francis Bacon is also presented. Winthrop was fully committed to both of these programs for human flourishing.
Recovering trophic structure through habitat restoration: A review

Abstract Restoration ecologists have long-called for more holistic approaches to ecosystem restoration and tools for monitoring restoration success. There has been an increased number of restoration projects assessing ecosystem-scale processes, such as nutrient cycling and productivity. However, an examination of trophic interactions (e.g., trophic position, linkages, and diversity) as a tool for assessing restoration success is limited and can provide a more complete depiction of restoration success when coupled with traditional community metrics. Here, the impact of habitat restoration on trophic recovery was assessed through a targeted literature review, analyzing how trophic structure responds to habitat restoration over time, compared to control sites, and viewed across ecosystems. Overall, trophic structure recovers following restoration but may require several years. Comparing systems, restoration of trophic structure in terrestrial environments has received less attention (19%) as compared to freshwater (31%) and coastal (50%) systems. Community metrics and stable isotopes were the most common methods for assessing trophic interactions and will likely continue to be valuable tools when assessing how restoration impacts ecosystems. In terms of best practices to achieve and quantify trophic restoration success, future studies should increase frequency and duration of pre- and post-restoration monitoring, establish consistency in selecting control sites, and incorporate habitat structural elements compatible with restoration to attract higher trophic level species. The inclusion of trophic interactions in restoration projects generates a more comprehensive understanding of trophic structure and ecosystem function and offers insights to develop more effective management strategies for achieving long-term restoration success.
Farmers’ Attitude and Behavior toward Savings in Ika South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

The study ascertained the attitude of farmers towards saving behaviour in Ika South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. The data were collected by questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The results revealed that the mean age of respondents was 47 years, majority of farmers’ were male (62%) and had formal education (66.2%), mean household size was four persons and farm size had a mean of 2.9 hectares. Farmers have a positive attitude towards saving but were not comfortable with commercial banks. They, however, seek alternative avenues for savings. Level of education, farm size, and years of farming experience were significant determinants of savings. Three top challenges to savings were inadequate income, family responsibility, and cost of inputs. It was recommended that policies that increase farm size/boost farm income be pursued and that commercial banks should pay particular attention to the needs of farmers in service administration to encourage them to develop a positive attitude towards commercial banks.
Projected Changes in Reference Evapotranspiration in California and Nevada: Implications for Drought and Wildland Fire Danger

Author(s): McEvoy, Daniel J; Pierce, David W; Kalansky, Julie F; Cayan, Daniel R; Abatzoglou, John T
Synthesis of Dendritic Glycoclusters and Their Applications for Supramolecular Gelation and Catalysis

Glycoclusters with three, four, and six arms of glycosyl triazoles were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The self-assembling properties of these molecules and their catalytic activity as l...
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Downstaging to Liver Transplantation as Curative Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the leading cancer-related causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Downstaging of HCC has prevailed as a key method to curative therapy for patients who present with unresectable HCC outside of the listing criteria for liver transplantation (LT). Even though LT paves the way to lifesaving curative therapy for HCC, perpetually severe organ shortage limits its broader application. Debate over the optimal protocol and assessment of response to downstaging treatment has fueled immense research activity and is pushing the boundaries of LT candidate selection criteria. The implicit obligation of refining downstaging protocol is to ensure the maximization of the transplant survival benefit by taking into account the waitlist life expectancy. In the following review, we critically discuss strategies to best optimize downstaging HCC to LT on the basis of existing literature.
Interrater Reliability of the Prone Apprehension Relocation Test.

Background:The Prone Apprehension Relocation Test (PART) augments existing radiographic measures and clinical provocative maneuvers in diagnosing hip instability. One measure of the potential clini...
Too small to fail: The role of Medicaid in mitigating pandemic-related fiscal strain on local governments

Local governments across the United States have had a prominent role in financing the pandemic response during the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak and economic recession. Yet, such governments are increasingly facing budgetary strain as sources of tax revenue evaporate. If the financial burden on such governments can be eased, they may better address those aspects of pandemic response to which they are uniquely suited, such as coordinating resources and re-allocating space within their communities. This paper investigates the role of Medicaid, traditionally the default insurer of the unemployed, as a stabilizing force on local government budgets. Using panel data from county governments during the Great Recession (2006–2012), we estimate the effect of state Medicaid generosity on public finances. We find that Medicaid mitigates the effect of unemployment shocks on county government expenditures, specifically safety-net programs and debt. We apply these point estimates to extrapolate predictions based on contemporary state Medicaid generosity and local unemployment rates. In this way, we show that Medicaid continues to mitigate the financial strain on local government during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applications For Practice • Local governments contribute heavily to hospital, health, and welfare services in the United States, and are an important implementor of pandemic policies. • As the pandemic spreads, local governments incur additional expenditures in a time of depressed revenue. • Often, the debate around Medicaid financing is framed around federal and state government budgets. However, local governments support the safety-net for indigent residents by assuming a substantial role in the finance and delivery of health care and will likely benefit from this relief. • Our findings indicate higher Medicaid generosity reduces the downstream economic strain on local governments emanating from labor market shocks. • State and federal policy may establish grants to aid local governments during the pandemic, such as in the CARES Act of 2020. However, we establish that the Medicaid program is itself a channel by which state and federal governments can support local governments. © 2021 Public Financial Publications, Inc
Venous Sinus Stenting

Over the last decade, venous sinus stenting has become one of the most popular treatments for patients with severe IIH symptoms. It is a minimally invasive treatment where a stent is placed into a narrowed vein, usually at the transverse sinus, to restore normal venous outflow from the brain. This treatment is highly effective in lowering intracranial pressure in patients with IIH. However, many patients continue to have (or develop recurrence of) IIH symptoms after stenting. In this chapter we will discuss how doctors select patients for stenting, how the procedure is performed, and what to expect afterward. In addition, we discuss how doctors manage patients that aren’t feeling better after stenting and why this may happen. In this chapter, I have tried to convey everything I know about venous sinus stenting and relay that information to readers in a simplified, easy-to-understand manner.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old.

GUIDELINE TITLE Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old RELEASE DATE: August 1, 2021 PRIOR VERSION(S): n/a DEVELOPER: American Academy of Pediatrics FUNDING SOURCE: American Academy of Pediatrics TARGET POPULATION: Well-appearing, otherwise healthy infants with fever, ages 8 to 60 days, excluding those with prematurity (<37 wk gestation), focal bacterial infections except acute otitis media, high suspicion for herpes simplex virus (vesicles), clinical bronchiolitis.
Battle of the Crystalloids in the Operating Room: A Literature Review.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to synthesize the evidence regarding the commonalities and differences between the three most common crystalloid solutions used in the operating room (normal saline [NS], lactated Ringer's [LR], and Plasmalyte [PL]) in order to determine best practice. Design This study is an integrative review of literature. Methods A review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria included adult patients undergoing surgery who received either NS, LR, and/or PL (or similar solutions) for fluid maintenance therapy. Findings A total of 15 articles from 2008 to 2020 conducted in a surgical setting were selected for the review; eleven randomized controlled studies, three observational studies, and one cohort-controlled trial. Conclusions The findings suggest balanced crystalloid solutions are superior to NS in the operating room in terms of maintaining a stable acid-base balance. PL is preferable to LR because it most closely resembles plasma concentration. Future research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the solutions.