cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase front design with metallic pillar arrays

We demonstrate numerically the ability to design a phase front using an array of metallic pillars. We show that in such structures, the local phase delay upon transmission can be tuned by local geometry.
Behavior of Dairy Cows in an Alternative Bedded-Pack Housing System

Abstract The objectives of this study were to measure lying behavior and social interactions of lactating cows housed in an alternative bedded-pack system, commonly referred to as a compost dairy barn, and to investigate the association between the temperature-humidity index and lying behavior of these cows. The study was conducted in 12 compost dairy barns in Minnesota between late June 2005 and September 2005. Lying, standing, and walking behavior of 147 focal cows was measured by automatic activity monitors. The daily lying time was 9.34±1.94h. The number of daily lying bouts was 11.0±3.2 and the lying bout length was 50.8±35.6min. As days in milk increased, the total number of lying bouts increased, corresponding to an increase in total daily lying time. Cows in the compost barns lay down for less time, took more steps, and reduced the length of lying bouts as the temperature-humidity index increased. Social interactions and lying positions of all cows in the bedded-pack area (total of 886 cows in the 12 dairies) were recorded using visual observations during two 4-h periods on 2 separate days. A total of 43.3% of the cows were lying down at any time. All 4 natural lying positions (head back, head up, flat on the side, and head on the ground) were observed in 9 of the bedded packs during the direct visual observation periods. The majority (84.6%) of the cows observed lying down assumed the head-up position. Of all observed lying events, the head-back lying position was assumed 8.8% of the time, the head on the ground 5.4% of the time, and flat on the side 0.8% of the time. Observations of social interactions on the bedded-pack area showed that 0.94±1.5 incidents of chasing away, 0.94±1.8 of pushing, 1.4±1.6 of head butting, and 2.3±2.9 of allogrooming (social licking) occurred per hour. Observations of lying behavior, social interactions, and natural lying positions indicated that compost dairy barns can be an adequate housing system for dairy cows.
Charged Higgs decays in models with singlet neutrino in large extra dimensions

Abstract In models with large extra dimensions and TeV scale quantum gravity, small (Dirac) neutrino masses can be obtained naturally if the right-handed neutrino propagates in the extra dimensions. In this scenario, with 2 Higgs doublets, we show that the decay of charged Higgs into left-handed charged lepton (say τ ) and right-handed neutrino can be significantly enhanced, with O (1) branching ratio, due to the large number of Kaluza–Klein states of the right-handed neutrino. Since τ 's from the standard decay of charged Higgs are right-handed , the above novel charged Higgs decay can provide a distinctive signature of these models at hadron/lepton colliders. Similarly, top quark decays to bμ + ν , bτ + ν through virtual charged Higgs can be enhanced.
Oxidant-controlled regioselectivity in the oxidative arylation of N-acetylindoles

N-Acetylindoles can be oxidatively coupled with arenes such as benzene or pentafluorobenzene in dioxane. The use of Cu(OAc)2 as the stoichiometric oxidant produces selective arylation at the 3-position of indole while AgOAc produces selective arylation at indole’s 2-position.
Three-dimensional computer modeling of electromagnetic fields: A global lookback lattice truncation scheme

Abstract A new lattice truncation scheme for the finite difference time domain approach to the solution of Maxwell's equations has been developed. The problem space is truncated near the sources and the field components on its boundary are generated from those field values known at retarded times on an interior surface one cell from it with an integral representation of the electromagnetic field. The numerical implementation of this global lookback scheme is discussed. Examples which have been used to determine its characteristics and its validity are given.
Recent developments in nitride chemistry

The chemistry of ternary nitrides is reviewed with special focus on developments of the last two years (1996 and 1997). In particular, structures and properties of ternary and higher transition metal nitrides, main group nitrides, subnitrides, and nitride halides are compared, and a section on thermodynamics of ternary nitrides is included. Finally, methods for the preparation of gallium nitride single crystals are summarized.
High-Redshift Galaxies: Their Predicted Size and Surface Brightness Distributions and Their Gravitational Lensing Probability

Direct observations of the first generation of luminous objects will likely become feasible over the next decade. The advent of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) will allow imaging of numerous galaxies and mini-quasars at redshifts z 5. We apply semianalytic models of structure formation to estimate the rate of multiple imaging of these sources by intervening gravitational lenses. Popular cold dark matter (CDM) models for galaxy formation yield a lensing optical depth of ~1% for sources at z ~ 10. The expected slope of the luminosity function of the early sources implies an additional magnification bias of ~5, bringing the fraction of lensed sources at z = 10 to ~5%. We estimate the angular size distribution of high-redshift disk galaxies and find that most of them are more extended than the resolution limit of NGST, ~006. We also show that there is only a modest redshift evolution in the observed mean surface brightness of galaxies at z 2. The expected increase by 1-2 orders of magnitude in the number of resolved sources on the sky, due to observations with NGST, will dramatically improve upon the statistical significance of existing weak-lensing measurements. We show that despite this increase in the density of sources, confusion noise from z > 2 galaxies is expected to be small for NGST observations.
Fluctuation effects on 3D Lagrangian mean and Eulerian mean fluid motion

Abstract We formulate equations for the slow time dynamics of fluid motion that self consistently account for the effects of the variability upon the mean. The time-average effects of the fluctuations introduce nonlinear dispersion that acts to spatially smooth the transport velocity of the mean flow relative to its circulation or momentum velocity, by the inversion of a Helmholtz operator whose length scale corresponds to the covariance of the fluctuations.
A coarse-grid projection method for accelerating incompressible flow computations

We present a coarse-grid projection (CGP) method for accelerating incompressible flow computations, which is applicable to methods involving Poisson equations as incompressibility constraints. The CGP methodology is a modular approach that facilitates data transfer with simple interpolations and uses black-box solvers for the Poisson and advection-diffusion equations in the flow solver. After solving the Poisson equation on a coarsened grid, an interpolation scheme is used to obtain the fine data for subsequent time stepping on the full grid. A particular version of the method is applied here to the vorticity-stream function, primitive variable, and vorticity-velocity formulations of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We compute several benchmark flow problems on two-dimensional Cartesian and non-Cartesian grids, as well as a three-dimensional flow problem. The method is found to accelerate these computations while retaining a level of accuracy close to that of the fine resolution field, which is significantly better than the accuracy obtained for a similar computation performed solely using a coarse grid. A linear acceleration rate is obtained for all the cases we consider due to the linear-cost elliptic Poisson solver used, with reduction factors in computational time between 2 and 42. The computational savings are larger when a suboptimal Poisson solver is used. We also find that the computational savings increase with increasing distortion ratio on non-Cartesian grids, making the CGP method a useful tool for accelerating generalized curvilinear incompressible flow solvers.
Reactions of Electropositive Chlorine Compounds with Fluorocarbons

The reactions of simple chlorine containing compounds of the general composition XCl are reviewed and discussed. The compounds included for review are ClF, RfOCl, SF5OCl, CF3OOCl, SF5OOCl, ClOSO2F, ClOClO3 and ClONO2. It is concluded that most of the known reaction chemistry of electropositive chlorine compounds can be rationalized in terms of either addition of Cl-X across multiple bonds or oxidative addition to atoms, such as iodine or sulfur in their lower oxidation states. The observed variety of final reaction products can be explained by a multitude of secondary reactions which can involve either eliminations, further additions or degradations. The observed reactions are easily moderated and controlled and only seldom is no reaction encountered.
Stylus Flight in Surface Profiling

In this paper, theoretical and experimental work on stylus flight is described. Experiments on the surfaces of different roughness specimens with sinusoidal, rectangular, triangular and random waveforms support the theoretical model, which predicts stylus flight from the traversing speed, stylus force, stylus radius and parameters of the surface.
An intelligent distributed environment for active learning

Active learning is an e ective learning approach. In this paper, we present an intelligent agent assisted environment for active learning. The system is to better support studentcentered, self-paced, and highly interactive learning approach. Students' learning-related pro les, such as learning styles and background knowledge, are used in selecting, organizing, and presenting learning materials. A new approach to course content organization and delivery is being developed based on smart instructional components, which can be integrated into a wide range of courses. The system is being implemented using the prevalent Internet, Web, digital library, and multi-agent technologies.
Bootstrapping an NMHV amplitude through three loops

We extend the hexagon function bootstrap to the next-to-maximally-helicity-violating (NMHV) configuration for six-point scattering in planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory at three loops. Constraints from the $$ \overline{Q} $$ differential equation, from the operator product expansion (OPE) for Wilson loops with operator insertions, and from multi-Regge factorization, lead to a unique answer for the three-loop ratio function. The three-loop result also predicts additional terms in the OPE expansion, as well as the behavior of NMHV amplitudes in the multi-Regge limit at one higher logarithmic accuracy (NNLL) than was used as input. Both predictions are in agreement with recent results from the flux-tube approach. We also study the multi-particle factorization of multi-loop amplitudes for the first time. We find that the function controlling this factorization is purely logarithmic through three loops. We show that a function U , which is closely related to the parity-even part of the ratio function V , is remarkably simple; only five of the nine possible final entries in its symbol are non-vanishing. We study the analytic and numerical behavior of both the parity-even and parity-odd parts of the ratio function on simple lines traversing the space of cross ratios (u, v, w), as well as on a few two-dimensional planes. Finally, we present an empirical formula for V in terms of elements of the coproduct of the six-gluon MHV remainder function R 6 at one higher loop, which works through three loops for V (four loops for R 6).
Catalytic, asymmetric preparation of ketene dimers from acid chlorides.

The cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed dimerization of monosubstituted ketenes generated in situ from the reaction of acid chlorides and diisopropylethylamine yields ketene dimers in high yields and enantioselectivities. This reaction tolerates sterically demanding and functionally diverse substituents. Kinetic studies suggest that the rate-determining step for the reaction is the deprotonation of the acid chloride by the tertiary amine to form ketene and that the stereochemistry-forming step is addition of an ammonium enolate with ketene.
DEEP MMT TRANSIT SURVEY OF THE OPEN CLUSTER M37. III. STELLAR ROTATION AT 550 Myr

In the course of conducting a deep (14.5 r 23), 20 night survey for transiting planets in the rich ~550 Myr old open cluster M37, we have measured the rotation periods of 575 stars, which lie near the cluster main sequence, with masses 0.2 M ? M 1.3 M ?. This is the largest sample of rotation periods for a cluster older than 500 Myr. Using this rich sample we investigate a number of relations between rotation period, color, and the amplitude of photometric variability. Stars with M 0.8 M ? show a tight correlation between period and mass with heavier stars rotating more rapidly. There is a group of four stars with P > 15 days that fall well above this relation, which, if real, would present a significant challenge to theories of stellar angular momentum evolution. Below 0.8 M ?, the stars continue to follow the period-mass correlation but with a broad tail of rapid rotators that expands to shorter periods with decreasing mass. We combine these results with observations of other open clusters to test the standard theory of lower main-sequence stellar angular momentum evolution. We find that the model reproduces the observations for solar-mass stars, but discrepancies are apparent for stars with 0.6 M 1.0 M ?. We also find that for late K through early M dwarf stars in this cluster, rapid rotators tend to be bluer than slow rotators in B ? V but redder than slow rotators in V ? IC . This result supports the hypothesis that the significant discrepancy between the observed and predicted temperatures and radii of low-mass main-sequence stars is due to stellar activity.
Otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis: Case series and controversies

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to (1) report the clinical presentation, treatment, and sequelae in a series of pediatric patients with otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis and (2) to review the most controversial aspects of management of this rare intracranial complication of otitis media. Methods Retrospective chart review of inpatients treated for central venous thrombosis at a tertiary care facility between 1996 and 2012. Results Five pediatric patients (four male, one female) were identified with otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis. Age at presentation ranged from 13 months to 15 years. All underwent a surgical procedure, ranging from a simple myringotomy with tympanostomy tube placement to tympanomastoidectomy and internal jugular vein ligation or craniotomy. Three were anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin with subsequent transition to low molecular weight heparin of variable duration. One patient developed a non-life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage while on long-term anticoagulation. Follow-up imaging, when available, did not directly correlate complete thrombus resolution with use of anticoagulation or with persistent symptoms. Conclusions Otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis is a rare intracranial complication of otitis media with significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in the modern era of antibiotic treatment, surgical intervention, and anticoagulation therapy. Due to the rarity of this condition today, the recommended extent of surgical intervention and need for routine anticoagulation are unclear, and requires further data to determine definitively.
Evolution of the Angular Correlation Function

For faint photometric surveys, our ability to quantify the clustering of galaxies has depended on interpreting the angular correlation function as a function of the limiting magnitude of the data. Because of the broad redshift distribution of galaxies at faint magnitude limits, the correlation signal has been extremely difficult to detect and interpret. Here we introduce a new technique for measuring the evolution of clustering. We utilize photometric redshifts derived from multicolor surveys to isolate redshift intervals and to calculate the evolution of the amplitude of the angular two-point correlation function. Applying these techniques to the Hubble Deep Field, we find that the shape of the correlation function at z=1 is consistent with a power law with a slope of -0.8. For z > 0.4, the best fit to the data is given by a model of clustering evolution with a comoving r -->0=2.37 h-1 Mpc and =-0.4 -->+ 0.37−0.65, which is consistent with published measures of the clustering evolution. To match the canonical value of r -->0=5.4 h-1 Mpc found for the clustering of local galaxies requires a value of =2.10 -->+ 0.43−0.64 (significantly more than linear evolution). The log likelihood of this latter fit is 4.15 times smaller than that for the r -->0=2.37 h-1 Mpc model. We, therefore, conclude that the parameterization of the clustering evolution of (1+z)-(3+) is not a particularly good fit to the data.
Discontinuous Galerkin method for computing gravitational waveforms from extreme mass ratio binaries

Gravitational wave emission from extreme mass ratio binaries (EMRBs) should be detectable by the joint NASA-ESA LISA project, spurring interest in analytical and numerical methods for investigating EMRBs. We describe a discontinuous Galerkin (dG) method for solving the distributionally forced 1+1 wave equations which arise when modeling EMRBs via the perturbation theory of Schwarzschild black holes. Despite the presence of jump discontinuities in the relevant polar and axial gravitational `master functions', our dG method achieves global spectral accuracy, provided that we know the instantaneous position, velocity and acceleration of the small particle. Here these variables are known, since we assume that the particle follows a timelike geodesic of the Schwarzschild geometry. We document the results of several numerical experiments testing our method, and in our concluding section discuss the possible inclusion of gravitational self-force effects.
The positive force–frequency relationship is maintained in absence of sarcoplasmic reticulum function in rabbit, but not in rat myocardium

Myocardial calcium handling differs between species, mainly in the relative contribution between the sources for activator calcium. To investigate the role of the myofilaments and intracellular calcium decline in governing the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle, and to elucidate additional determinants of relaxation other than the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) at various frequencies within the in vivo range, the present study was performed by altering the calcium handling in rat and rabbit. Trabeculae, iontophoretically loaded with bis-fura-2 to monitor cytoplasmic calcium levels, were subjected to ryanodine and cyclopiazonic acid to inhibit SR function. Simultaneous force and [Ca2+]i measurements were obtained at 1–4 Hz in rabbit and at 4–8 Hz in rat before and after SR inhibition. Inhibition of the SR resulted in increased diastolic and peak calcium levels as well as decreased developed force in both species. Calcium transient amplitude decreased in rat, but increased in rabbit after SR inhibition. Time to peak tension, time from peak tension to 50% relaxation, time to peak calcium, and time from peak calcium to 50% calcium decline were all prolonged. Results suggest that L-type calcium channel current is responsible for increases in calcium with increasing frequency, and that the SR amplifies this effect in response to increased L-type current. The response of the myofilaments to alterations in calcium handling plays a critical role in the final determination of force, and may differ between species. These results imply the balance between force relaxation and calcium decline is significantly different in larger mammals, necessitating a critical re-evaluation of how myocardial relaxation is governed, specifically regarding frequency-dependent activation.
Sweetening Cyclic Peptide Libraries

Enzymatic macrolactamization of linear glycosidated peptides provides access to an important class of drug-like molecules. The work presented in this issue [1] shows that it may be possible to make complex libraries of glycosidated cyclic peptides by incorporating glycosidated amino acids into linear peptides via solid-phase peptide synthesis followed by thioesterase-mediated peptide cyclization.
A numerical investigation of nonlinear aeroelastic effects on flexible high aspect ratio wings

A nonlinear aeroelastic analysis is developed to analyze the aeroelastic characteristics of flexible high-aspect-ratio wings at transonic speeds. This is achieved by directly coupling a three-dimensional geometric nonlinear methodology, based on a 12 degree-of-freedom beam finite element, with an Euler/Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics analysis. Static aeroelastic results are presented for an unswept and swept high-aspect-ratio wing. Unswept wing results show a reversal in twist due to the nonlinear torsion-bending coupling effects. Specifically, the torsional moments due to drag become large enough to cause the wing twist rotations to washin the wing tips, whereas the linear results show a washout twist rotation. The nonlinear twist results are attributed to the large bending displacements coupled with the large drag experienced by this flexible high-aspect-ratio wing at the transonic flow conditions. Swept wing results show that nonlinear torsion-bending effects tend to reduce the amount of washout as compared to a linear structural aeroelastic analysis, making the wing more prone to tip stall.
Hierarchy methods for random vibrations of elastic strings and beams.

Hierachy methods for random vibrations of elastic strings and beams, discussing stochastic eigenvalue problems
ALE finite elements with hydrodynamic lubrication for metal forming

Abstract Computer simulation methods for metal forming processes based on Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite elements, adaptive mesh deployment techniques and hydrodynamic lubrication finite elements are developed. The emphasis is placed on the interaction of the tool and metal workpiece by including the effects of lubricant flow, pressure gradient, film entrainment, surface roughness and sliding. It provides a more realistic modeling of contact, lubrication, and frictional stresses.
Facilitating Cross-Boundary Leadership in Emerging E-government Leaders

To achieve the vision of e-government, organisations across the federal, state and local government are challenged to improve efficiency and effectiveness, and to afford citizens the same access to information and services they have come to expect from e-business. E-government also has the potential to foster participation in governance. To achieve e-government objectives, leaders must collaborate across boundaries with their counterparts in other departments, organisations, and levels of government. In 2002, the Information Resources Management College, National Defense University, began focusing on the development of cross-boundary leadership as the foundation of its new e-government Leadership Certificate.
A facile synthesis of Cerny epoxides and selectively blocked derivatives of 2-azido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose

Abstract 1,6:2,3-Dianhydro-β- d -glucopyranose and its 3-alkylated derivatives were prepared from d -glucal in one pot with overall isolated yields of 60–70%, and these Cerny epoxides were further conveniently converted to selectively blocked 2-azido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranose derivatives by azido opening of the epoxide ring.
The effect of organizational form on quality: the case of franchising

Abstract The organizational form of franchising has been shown to yield higher profits and faster growth through reducing agency costs. Why then does anyone not franchise? In this paper I argue that the diffuse residual claims of the franchise system reduce overall system quality, and that this problem is inherent in the nature of franchising. The theory is tested by examining evidence from both the restaurant and the hotel industries, including chains that franchise and ones that own all of their units. In both industries, quality is negatively related to the percent franchising in the chain, controlling for size, growth in units, monitoring costs, market segment, ownership structure, multi-chain operation, and price. The results suggest that the franchise contract increases free-riding and decreases quality in decentralized service chains, and that quality is not contractible in this setting.
Optimal pricing and advertising strategy for introducing a new business product with threat of competitive entry

Abstract The problem of optimal joint pricing and advertising decision making for a new product facing potential competitive entry has received inadequate attention. We propose a model that attempts to find the optimal price–advertising frontier in the face of potential competitive entry that maximizes total discounted profits for pre- and post-entry periods. We find that a firm would charge the price that equates price elasticity to marginal revenue product of advertising (as predicted by [Dorfman, R. and Steiner, P.O. (1954), Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality, American Economic Review, 44(5), 826–836.]) only when the potential effects of pricing and advertising on its market share are not considered. Under optimal conditions, aware that market share is subject to erosion, the firm charges a somewhat lower price than the profit maximizing price, and sets an advertisement expense that is somewhat higher than the profit-maximizing advertising level as predicted by Cournot's monopolistic setting. We illustrate the applicability of our model using business product examples taken from several industries including operating systems, software, pharmaceutical, and telephone switching. Directions for future research with implications for B2B managers (for example, the possible effects of preannouncement to forestall competitive entry) are discussed.
Learning from words

There is a widely accepted family of views in the epistemology of testimony centering around the claim that belief is the central item involved in a testimonial exchange.1 For instance, in describing the process of learning via testimony, Elizabeth Fricker provides the following: "one language-user has a belief, which gives rise to an utterance by him; as a result of observing this utterance another user of the same language, his audience, comes to share that belief'2 In a similar spirit, Alvin Plantinga says that "...a belief on the part of the testifiee has warrant only if that belief has warrant for the testifier."3 In both of these passages, we find strands of what I shall call the Belief View of Testimony (hereafter, the BVT).4 There are several different yet related components of the BVT. First, while statements are necessary for the process of communication, they are merely vehicles for expressing beliefs they enable us to make public what would otherwise remain private. Strictly speaking, then, we do not learn from one another's words we learn from one another's beliefs.5 This is one of the
Variations in the Modal Characteristics of a Telescopically Deploying Beam

ABSTRACT The equations of motion for a two-segment deploying telescopic beam are derived through application of Lagrange's equation. The outer tube of the beam is fixed at the free end and the inner tube slides freely relative to the fixed segment. The resulting nonlinear, non-autonomous set of equations is linearized and simplified to the standard Euler-Bernoulli partial differential equations for an elastic beam by freezing the deployment process at various stages and examining the small-amplitude natural modes of vibration of the resulting configuration. Application of the natural boundary conditions and compatibility of motion relations for the two segments in their region of overlap leads to a transcendental characteristic equation in the frequency parameter βL, where (βL)4=w2mL4/EI with L = length of beam, m = mass/unit length of beam, EI= flexural rigidity of the beam, and w = frequency. Numerical solution of the equation for the characteristic roots determines the modal frequencies, and the corres...
General access to chiral N-alkyl terminal aziridines via organocatalysis.

A three step, one-pot protocol involving enantioselective α-chlorination of aldehydes, subsequent reductive amination with a primary amine, and SN2 displacement to afford chiral N-alkyl terminal az...
Enantioselective synthesis of tertiary α-chloro esters by non-covalent catalysis

We report an enantioselective approach to tertiary α-chloro esters through the reaction of silyl ketene acetals and N-chlorosuccinimide. The reaction is promoted by a chiral squaramide catalyst, which is proposed to engage both reagents exclusively through non-covalent interactions. Application of the tertiary chloride products in stereospecific substitution reactions is demonstrated.
On expected factors in reduced decompositions in type B

The expected number of Yang-Baxter moves appearing in a reduced decomposition of the longest element of the Coxeter group of type B"n is computed to be 2-4/n. For the same element, the expected number of 0101 or 1010 factors appearing in a reduced decomposition is 2/(n^2-2).
MODELING THE LINE-OF-SIGHT INTEGRATED EMISSION IN THE CORONA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CORONAL HEATING

One of the outstanding problems in all of space science is uncovering how the solar corona is heated to temperatures greater than 1 MK. Though studied for decades, one of the major difficulties in solving this problem has been unraveling the line-of-sight (LOS) effects in the observations. The corona is optically thin, so a single pixel measures counts from an indeterminate number (perhaps tens of thousands) of independently heated flux tubes, all along that pixel's LOS. In this paper we model the emission in individual pixels imaging the active region corona in the extreme ultraviolet. If LOS effects are not properly taken into account, erroneous conclusions regarding both coronal heating and coronal dynamics may be reached. We model the corona as an LOS integration of many thousands of completely independently heated flux tubes. We demonstrate that despite the superposition of randomly heated flux tubes, nanoflares leave distinct signatures in light curves observed with multi-wavelength and high time cadence data, such as those data taken with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. These signatures are readily detected with the time-lag analysis technique of Viall & Klimchuk in 2012. Steady coronal heating leaves a different and equally distinct signature that is also revealed by the technique.
Storing Secrets on Continually Leaky Devices

We consider the question of how to store a value secretly on devices that continually leak information about their internal state to an external attacker. If the secret value is stored on a single device from which it is efficiently retrievable, and the attacker can leak even a single predicate of the internal state of that device, then she may learn some information about the secret value itself. Therefore, we consider a setting where the secret value is shared between multiple devices (or multiple components of a single device), each of which continually leaks arbitrary adaptively chosen predicates its individual state. Since leakage is continual, each device must also continually update its state so that an attacker cannot just leak it entirely one bit at a time. In our model, the devices update their state individually and asynchronously, without any communication between them. The update process is necessarily randomized, and its randomness can leak as well. As our main result, we construct a sharing scheme for two devices, where a constant fraction of the internal state of each device can leak in between and during updates. Our scheme has the structure of a public-key encryption, where one share is a secret key and the other is a ciphertext. As a contribution of independent interest, we also get public-key encryption in the continual leakage model, introduced by Brakerski et al. and Dodis et al. (FOCS '10). This scheme tolerates continual leakage on the secret key and the updates, and simplifies the recent construction of Lewko, Lewko and Waters (STOC '11). For our main result, we show how to update the ciphertexts of the encryption scheme so that the message remains hidden even if an attacker interleaves leakage on secret key and ciphertext shares. The security of our scheme is based on the linear assumption in prime-order bilinear groups. We also provide an extension to general access structures realizable by linear secret sharing schemes across many devices. The main advantage of this extension is that the state of some devices can be compromised entirely, while that of the all remaining devices is susceptible to continual leakage. Lastly, we show impossibility of information theoretic sharing schemes in our model, where continually leaky devices update their state individually.
Observations of Magnetic Reconnection in the Turbulent High-Speed Solar Wind

The high-speed solar wind that originates in coronal holes is permeated by evolved, Alfvenic-type fluctuations associated with MHD turbulence. We have used high temporal resolution (3 s) plasma and magnetic field measurements by the Wind spacecraft at 1 AU to identify and study Petschek-like reconnection exhausts in this turbulent flow for the first time. Despite the fact that the turbulent cascade produces numerous thin current sheets at 1 AU, such exhausts are relatively rare; we have identified only 34 reconnection exhausts in 1358 hr of high-speed solar wind data. With three exceptions, each exhaust was embedded within a relatively sharp, outward-propagating Alfvenic fluctuation. Local field shear angles across these reconnection exhausts ranged from 24° to 160°, with average and median values being ~90°. The vast majority (88%) of these exhausts were narrower than 4 × 104 km and were convected past the spacecraft in <66 s. Multispacecraft observations indicate that current sheets, and thus also reconnection X-lines, in the turbulent, high-speed wind are considerably more localized than in the low-speed wind or in interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The Wind observations demonstrate that reconnection is one way in which solar wind turbulence is dissipated and the high-speed wind heated far from the Sun, although it is not yet clear how effective reconnection is overall in this regard.
Synthesis of tris(trifluoromethyl)gallium and its adducts

Abstract Tris(trifluoromethyl)gallium and its trimethylphosphine and trimethylarsine complexes have been synthesized using the Morrison reagent. Several new materials of potential importance to the microelectronic industry have been produced.
Information transmission in oscillatory neural activity

Periodic neural activity not locked to the stimulus or to motor responses is usually ignored. Here, we present new tools for modeling and quantifying the information transmission based on periodic neural activity that occurs with quasi-random phase relative to the stimulus. We propose a model to reproduce characteristic features of oscillatory spike trains, such as histograms of inter-spike intervals and phase locking of spikes to an oscillatory influence. The proposed model is based on an inhomogeneous Gamma process governed by a density function that is a product of the usual stimulus-dependent rate and a quasi-periodic function. Further, we present an analysis method generalizing the direct method (Rieke et al. in Spikes: exploring the neural code. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999; Brenner et al. in Neural Comput 12(7):1531–1552, 2000) to assess the information content in such data. We demonstrate these tools on recordings from relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat.
Adolescent and Young Women's Contraceptive Decision-Making Processes: Choosing “The Best Method for Her”

Abstract Purpose To evaluate influences on adolescent and young women's contraceptive decision-making processes. Methods We conducted 21 individual interviews with women who presented to an adolescent-focused Title X family planning clinic seeking a new contraceptive method. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide, audio-taped and transcribed. Three researchers independently coded the transcripts using grounded theory; codes were organized into overarching themes and discrepancies were resolved. Results After identification of themes, we organized the conceptual framework of the decision-making process using the transtheoretical model of behavior change in which participants move through 4 stages: (1) contemplation, (2) preparation, (3) action, and (4) maintenance. When contemplating contraception, most of our participants were highly motivated to avoid pregnancy. During preparation, participants gathered information related to their contraceptive concerns. Participants cited peers as primary informants and healthcare providers as experts in the field. Participants integrated information received with their personal concerns about contraception initiation; the most common concerns were effectiveness, method duration, convenience, and side effects. When participants acted on choosing a contraceptive method they described how it fit their individual needs. They considered their contraceptive experiences unique and not necessarily applicable to others. During maintenance, they acted as informants for other peers, but most commonly expressed that each individual must choose “the best method for her.” Conclusions When adolescent and young women select a contraceptive method they balance the benefits and risks of available methods portrayed by peers and provider in the context of their personal concerns. Peer influence appeared to be greatest when participants shared contraceptive concerns and goals.
Alignment-dependent ionization probability of molecules in a double-pulse laser field

We demonstrate the possibility of determining the dependence of ionization probabilities on the alignment of molecules in a double-pulse laser experiment. A short pump pulse is used to generate a rotational wave packet which produces aligned molecules during the periods of rotational wave packet revival. The ionization probabilities by a subsequent probe laser vs the time delay are calculated for ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ molecules at different temperatures. Distinct time dependence is predicted, and the results are interpreted in terms of the geometry of the charge distributions of the valence electrons of the two molecules.
Aberration and the Speed of Gravity

Abstract The observed absence of gravitational aberration requires that `Newtonian' gravity propagate at a speed cg>2×1010c. By evaluating the gravitational effect of an accelerating mass, I show that aberration in general relativity is almost exactly canceled by velocity-dependent interactions, permitting cg=c. This cancellation is dictated by conservation laws and the quadrupole nature of gravitational radiation.
Hyperstrong Radio-Wave Scattering in the Galactic Center. II. A Likelihood Analysis of Free Electrons in the Galactic Center

The scattering diameters of Sgr A* and several nearby OH masers (≈ 1'' at 1 GHz) indicate that a region of enhanced scattering is along the line of sight to the Galactic center. We combine radio-wave scattering data and free-free emission and absorption measurements in a likelihood analysis that constrains the following parameters of the GC scattering region: The GC-scattering region separation, ΔGC; the angular extent of the region, ψl and ψb; the outer scale on which density fluctuations occur, l0; and the gas temperature, Te. The maximum likelihood estimates of these parameters are ΔGC=133−80+200 pc, 05≤ψl1°, and (l0/1 pc)2/3Te−1/2=10-7±0.8 . The parameter ψb was not well constrained, and we adopt ψb = 05. The close correspondence between ΔGC and ψl DGC suggests that the scattering region encloses the GC. As host media for the scattering, we consider the photoionized surface layers of molecular clouds and the interfaces between molecular clouds and the 107 K ambient gas. We are unable to make an unambiguous determination, but we favor the interface model in which the scattering medium is hot (Te ~ 106 K) and dense (ne ~ 10 cm-3). The GC scattering region produces a 1 GHz scattering diameter for an extragalactic source of 90'', if the region is a single screen, or 180'', if the region wraps around the GC, as appears probable. We modify the Taylor-Cordes model for the Galactic distribution of free electrons in order to include an explicit GC component. We predict that pulsars seen through this region will have a dispersion measure of approximately 2000 pc cm-3, of which approximately 1500 pc cm-3 arises from the GC component itself. We stress the uniqueness of the GC scattering region, probably resulting from the high-pressure environment in the GC.
High-resolution low-power CMOS D/A converter

A very low-power, high-resolution, medium-speed D/A converter is described. The converter was realized using a standard analog CMOS technology. It achieved 15-bit monotonicity and less than 0.07-percent overall linearity at a clock frequency of 100 kHz, without requiring any trimming or calibration. The measured SNR was 85 dB, the power dissipation was less than 10 mW, and the distortion for a sinusoidal output was less than 0.04 percent. The D/A converter is intended for battery-powered speech and music synthesis applications where high dynamic range, low power, and low cost are all important. >
THE RESURGENCE OF INVENTORY RESEARCH: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?

Abstract. Recent empirical and theoretical research on business inventories is surveyed and critically evaluated. While most inventory research has had macroeconomic motivations, we focus on its microtheoretic basis and on potential conflicts between theory and evidence. The paper asks two principal questions. First, how can inventories, which are allegedly used by firms to stabilize production, nonetheless be a destabilizing factor at the macroeconomic level? Second, why, if firms are following the production-smoothing model, is production more variable than sales in many industries? We suggest that the so-called (S,s) model may help answer both questions.
A highly efficient synthesis of taxanes via the tandem Diels-Alder reaction

Abstract The tandem Diels-Alder reaction leads to a highly stereoselective two-step synthesis of a taxane nucleus from two readily available acyclic precursors in 50% overall yield.
Post-fire rill and gully formation, Schultz Fire 2010, Arizona, USA

Abstract The Schultz Fire burned 6100 ha on the eastern slopes of the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. The fire burned between June 20th and 30th, 2010, across moderate to very steep ponderosa pine and mixed conifer watersheds. About 40% of the fire area was classified as high-severity, mostly on mountain slopes greater than 30% and in places exceeding 100%. The upper slopes rise to over 3300 m and are the source for high energy water, coarse sediments, and woody material. A series of flood events beginning in mid-July 2010 initiated erosion that removed substantial soil from the upper slopes of the watersheds. The second event was characterized by a peak rainfall of 24 mm in 10 min. Substantial amounts of soil were eroded out of a newly developed rill and gully system, removing the A horizon and much of the B horizon. Prior to the fire there were no rills or gullies as the soil was protected by a thick O horizon. This protective organic layer burned off during the fire leaving the soil exposed to raindrop impact and erosion. There was widespread occurrence of high severity fire, with some watersheds classified as 70% high severity wildfire. This left most of the soils with moderate to severe water repellency. The development of an extensive rill and gully network fundamentally changed the hydrologic response of the upper portions of every catchment. The intense, short duration rainfall of the 2010 monsoon interacted with slope, water repellency and extensive areas of bare soil to produce flood flows an order of magnitude in excess of flows produced by similar pre-fire rainfall events. The rill networks now cover much of the upper slopes and gullies are beginning to cut to bedrock. Sediment delivery to the channel systems is likely to continue unabated for many years and hydrologic response will continue to be flashy.
Atomistic Simulation of Slow Grain Boundary Motion

Existing atomistic simulation techniques to study grain boundary motion are usually limited to either high velocities or temperatures and are difficult to compare to realistic experimental conditions. Here we introduce an adapted simulation method that can access boundary velocities in the experimental range and extract mobilities in the zero driving force limit at temperatures as low as $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2{T}_{m}$ (${T}_{m}$ is the melting point). The method reveals three mechanistic regimes of boundary mobility at zero net velocity depending on the system temperature.
Second-order elliptic equations with variably partially VMO coefficients

Abstract The solvability in W p 2 ( R d ) spaces is proved for second-order elliptic equations with coefficients which are measurable in one direction and VMO in the orthogonal directions in each small ball with the direction depending on the ball. This generalizes to a very large extent the case of equations with continuous or VMO coefficients.
Development of methodology for the rapid incorporation of carbon-13 into 1,2,4-triazolo systems from carbon dioxide

An in situ production of C-13 acetyl chloride and subsequent reaction with amidrazones affords anxiolytic 1,2,4-triazolobenzodiazepines in reaction times suitable for labelling with carbon-11 (t12=20.4 min).
METALLIZATION AND DISSOCIATION OF FLUID HYDROGEN AND OTHER DIATOMICS AT 100 GPa PRESSURES

Dynamic compression of diatomic liquids using both single-shock (Hugoniot) and multiple-shock (reverberating-shock) compression achieves pressures which range up to a few 100 GPa (Mbar), densities as high as tenfold of initial liquid density in hydrogen, and temperatures up to several 1000 K. Single-shock compression produces substantial heating, which causes a limiting compression. Multiple-shock compression is quasi-isentropic, which achieves lower temperatures and higher densities than single shocks, and has no limiting compression. Diatomic fluids have universal behaviors under dynamic compression. Under multiple-shock compression, these fluids undergo density-driven nonmetal-metal Mott transitions, probably in the monatomic state, with common density scaling at ∼100 GPa. Under single-shock compression, these fluids have essentially the same Hugoniot in velocity space. D2 undergoes temperature-driven dissociation to a poor metal at ∼50 GPa. These results provide insight into which of the two published...
Bulk superconductivity at 120 K in the Tl-Ca/Ba-Cu-O system

The discovery of 30-K superconductivity in the La–Ba–Cu–O system1 and 90-K superconductivity in the Y–Ba–Cu–O system2 stimulated a worldwide search for even higher-temperature superconductors. Unfortunately, most of the higher-temperature transitions reported in the past year have proved to be unstable, irreproducible, or not due to bulk superconductivity3–7. Recently, we and co-workers8,9 reported superconductivity above 90 K in a new Tl–Ba–Cu–O system, and pointed out that elemental substitutions in this system may lead to even higher-temperature superconductivity. Here we report stable and reproducible bulk superconductivity with an onset at 120 K and zero resistance above 100 K in the Tl–Ca/Ba–Cu–O system. This transition temperature is much higher than those observed for typical rare-earth-containing superconductors, and the onset temperatures are comparable to that in the Bi–Ca/Sr–Cu–O system, as reported in refs 10 and 11 (received after submission of this paper).