cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic plasticity, but not genetic adaptation, underlies seasonal variation in the cold hardening response of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract In temperate regions, an organism’s ability to rapidly adapt to seasonally varying environments is essential for its survival. In response to seasonal changes in selection pressure caused by variation in temperature, humidity, and food availability, some organisms exhibit plastic changes in phenotype. In other cases, seasonal variation in selection pressure can rapidly increase the frequency of genotypes that offer survival or reproductive advantages under the current conditions. Little is known about the relative influences of plastic and genetic changes in short lived organisms experiencing seasonal environmental fluctuations. Cold hardening is a seasonally relevant plastic response in which exposure to cool, but nonlethal, temperatures significantly increases the organism’s ability to later survive at freezing temperatures. In the present study, we demonstrate seasonal variation in cold hardening in Drosophila melanogaster and test the extent to which plasticity and adaptive tracking underlie that seasonal variation. We measured the cold hardening response of flies from outdoor mesocosms over the summer, fall, and winter. We bred outdoor mesocosm-caught flies for two generations in the lab and matched each outdoor cohort to an indoor control cohort of similar genetic background. We measured the cold hardening response of indoor and field-caught flies and their laboratory-reared F1 and F2 progeny to determine the roles of seasonal environmental plasticity, parental effects, and genetic changes on cold hardening. We also tested the relationship between cold hardening and other factors, including age, developmental density, food substrate, presence of antimicrobials, and supplementation with live yeast. We found strong plastic responses to a variety of field- and lab-based environmental effects, but no evidence of seasonally varying parental or genetic effects on cold hardening. We therefore conclude that seasonal variation in the cold hardening response results from environmental influences and not genetic changes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Proteus mirabilis Siphophage Stubb.

ABSTRACT Proteus mirabilis, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. Phages infecting Proteus mirabilis could be used as therapeutics to treat infections caused by this bacterium. This announcement describes the complete genome sequence of the T5-like P. mirabilis phage Stubb.
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Homing and Migration of B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in Response to CXCR4 Stimulation and Downstream Activation of the PI3K Pathway.

Malignant B-cells characteristically home to the bone marrow and lymph nodes. However, the mechanisms by which cells are recruited into and mobilized from the bone marrow/lymph nodes into the peripheral blood are not well understood. Chemokines such as SDF-1 and it receptor CXCR4 play a central role for lymphocyte trafficking and homing. Downstream activation of the PI3K pathway by chemokines has been implicated in the migration of many cell types. We recently demonstrated that CXCR4 expression correlates significantly with disease progression in CLL. Patients with Rai stage 4 had a higher expression of CXCR4 when compared to patients with Rai stage 0. The expression of CXCR4 was not found on CLL B cells resident within the lymph nodes implying that there may have been downregulation of CXCR4. In this study, we explore the molecular mechanisms involved in homing and migration of B-CLL cells in response to CXCR4 and investigated the role of the PI3K pathway in migration of CLL cells in response to SDF-1. Boyden chamber in vitro migration assays were used with primary CLL peripheral blood cells and the MEK1 CLL cell line. In addition, we expressed fluorescent YFP-CXCR4 in the cells and used confocal microscopy to visualize changes in the subcellular location of the fluorescent CXCR4 before and after SDF-1 stimulation. Inhibitors of the PI3K pathway such as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10uM, one hour pretreatment) and the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (200nM overnight) were used. SDF-1 induced a dose dependent migration of primary CLL cells and MEK1 cells, indicating functional CXCR4 receptors. MEK 1 cells transfected with YFP-CXCR4 demonstrated surface localization on the cells. 3-Dimensional and continuous live imaging after SDF-1 stimulation for 30 minutes demonstrated alterations in the CXCR4-YFP leading to its capping and internalization subcellularly. Pretreatment of the cells with PI3K pathway inhibitors led to inhibition of migration with LY294002 but not with rapamycin. Confocal microscopy demonstrated abrogation of subcellular localization in the presence of LY294002 but not with rapamycin with the addition of SDF-1. These results demonstrate that CLL cells express functional CXCR4 receptora and that the PI3K pathway is essential for SDF-1 dependent CLL migration. In addition, we demonstrate that the CXCR4 receptor is internalized in response to SDF-1 stimulation indicating that CLL cells downregulate the CXCR4 receptor once they home to the bone marrow or lymph nodes where there is abundant SDF-1 in the microenvironment. This leads to the confinement of the cells in the microenvironment preventing further migration of the cells outside of the bone marrow/lymph nodes. Supported in part by CA97274
Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persistence and Drug Tolerance

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection stimulates host immune responses that limit bacterial replication. During pathogenesis, the bacterium must sense and adapt to a variety of stressful environments including nutrient limitation, hypoxia, and acidification of the environment. These cues can drive the bacterium to establish a state of non-replicating persistence (NRP). NRP bacteria are tolerant to antibiotics and are thought to play a role in the months long course of tuberculosis (TB) therapy. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of Mtb establishment and maintenance of NRP will provide key insights into Mtb pathogenesis and present new drug targets that may shorten the course of TB therapy. In this chapter, we will examine host–pathogen dynamics that are associated with Mtb persistence and drug tolerance, including the use of in vitro and in vivo models to study Mtb persistence. Specific in vitro models of NRP will be examined, with a focus on nutrient starvation, hypoxia and acidic pH as host-relevant environments that promote NRP. Therapeutic strategies to control Mtb persistence will be also examined, with a focus on newly discovered compounds that target redox homeostasis, cell envelope integrity, respiration and ATP homeostasis, and the DosRST signaling pathway.
LEFT VENTRICULAR GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN PREDICTS RISK IN PATIENTS WITH MIXED AORTIC VALVE DISEASE: EVIDENCE FOR A CUT-OFF POINT

We assessed the prognostic value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) in mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This retrospective cohort study evaluated 834 patients (age 69 ± 15 years, 57% males) with LVEF ≥50% and moderate or more
Classifying relative equilibria. III

We announce several theorems on the evolution of relative equilibria classes in the planar n-body problem. In an earlier paper [1] we announced a partial classification of relative equilibria of four equal masses. In [2] we described these new relative equilibria classes and showed the way in which a degeneracy arose in the four body problem. These results point the way toward classifying relative equilibria for any n > 4.
Metals retention in a net alkaline mine drainage impacted stream due to the colonization of the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis).

Abstract This study investigated two aspects of Castor canadensis (North American Beaver) colonization on a net alkaline mine drainage impacted tributary to Tar Creek (Ottawa County, OK, USA). Specifically, the retention of metals due to the presence of beaver dams, and metals contamination of sediments due to long-term loading, were examined. The Unnamed Tributary (UT) has been impacted by two mine drainage sources since at least 1979, with Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn being the primary metals of concern. This study was conducted along a 1.6 km reach of the stream. The presence of beaver was noted in the UT in 2013, and by the end of 2014, the majority of the UT had been transformed into a series of six to eight wetlands constructed by beaver. The study found the presence of beaver impoundments resulted in a decrease in aqueous Fe and Cd concentrations, with minimal influence on Pb concentrations. The most upstream beaver pond, impounding waters with the greatest initial metals concentrations, had mean Fe and Cd removal efficiencies of 57% and 63%, respectively. Utilizing geomorphic data collected during rapid habitat assessments, this beaver pond had an approximate surface area and hydraulic retention time of 3000 m2 and 70 h, respectively, resulting in a mean Fe removal rate of 4.12 g m−2 day−1 of Fe. The sediments collected from the UT contained elevated Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations, with many of the metals concentrations greater than five times the EPA site-specific probable effect concentrations for sediment toxicity (Cd: 11.1 mg/kg, Pb: 150 mg/kg, and Zn: 2083 mg/kg). Five sediment samples contained Fe concentrations exceeding 200,000 mg/kg. Overall, this study emphasizes the ability of beaver to modify their surroundings and the potentially important role of beaver dams to help retain metals from untreated mine drainage impacted streams.
Inhibition of androgen/AR signaling inhibits diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced tumour initiation and remodels liver immune cell networks

A promotional role for androgen receptor (AR) signaling in hepatocellular carcinogenesis is emerging. In pre-clinical models, including diethylnitrosamine- (DEN-) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), anti-androgen therapies delay hepatocarcinogenesis. However, pharmacologic anti-androgen therapy in advanced HCC patients fails, suggesting that AR plays a role in HCC onset. This study aims to characterize AR expression and function throughout DEN-induced liver inflammation and carcinogenesis and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic AR antagonism to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. We demonstrate that pharmacologic AR antagonism with enzalutamide inhibits hepatocellular carcinogenesis. With enzalutamide treatment, we observe decreased CYP2E1 expression, reducing DEN-induced hepatocyte death and DNA ethyl-adducts. AR protein expression analyses show that DEN causes an initial upregulation of AR in portal fibroblasts and leukocytes, but not hepatocytes, suggesting that hepatocyte-autonomous AR signaling is not essential for DEN-induced carcinogenesis. Ablating androgen signaling by surgical castration reduced pre-carcinogen Kupffer cell populations but did not alter DEN-mediated immune cell recruitment nor AR expression. In this study, we identified that anti-androgen interventions modulate mutagenic DNA adducts, tumour initiation, and immune cell composition. Additionally, we find that AR expression in hepatocytes is not present during nor required for early DEN-mediated carcinogenesis.
Miscellaneous Drug-related Adverse Effects

Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, acneiform eruptions, and folliculitis have all been associated with medications used in renal transplant recipients. The physiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, workup, and treatment for each of these drug-related dermatologic conditions are covered in this chapter.
The Kyoto Protocol: A Flawed Concept

The framework of the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement for the world's rich countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, is deeply flawed. This paper explains why. The Protocol lacks essential country coverage, provides an inadequate basis for allocating emission rights, lacks provision for monitoring and enforcement, and implies politically unacceptable transfers among governments under a (necessary and desirable) arrangement for trading emission rights. In addition, it would by itself do little to limit climate change. An alternative approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions is suggested, focussing on international agreement on common actions to reduce emissions. And contingency plans for adaptation to climate change and for sequestration greenhouse gases are urged.
Systemic factors associated with adipose tissue remodeling after severe burn injury in children (1160.2)

The chronic adrenergic stress response to severe burn injury a causes plethora of metabolic abnormalities. However, the impact of burn injury on adipose tissue (AT) metabolism remains largely unkno...
RNO-DSON Call for Abstracts for Rural Conference Oct 2011

Announce the Bi-Annual International Rural Nursing & Rural Health ConferenceOctober 13, 14, & 15, 2011Including a special Graduate Student Research Session on October 15, 2011 in Binghamton, NYThe DSON, Binghamton University and the RNO are seeking abstracts of research, projects, practice and conceptual or theoretical papers that focus on Rural Nursing or Health/Health Care of Rural and Underserved Populations. This is a broad multidisciplinary conference with a special invitation for interdisciplinary research teams focused on rural or underserved populations. Review for podium presentations will require completed work by abstract deadline. Symposium presentations may included completed work (desired) or in progress (if slots available). Poster presentations and/or symposia may include work in progress with the planned completion date prior to the October 2011 conference.
Abstract 19026: Libman-sacks Endocarditis: Can It Be Clinically Predicted?

Background: Libman-Sacks endocarditis, characterized by Libman-Sacks vegetations (LSV), is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is a strong predictor of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA), cognitive dysfunction, and increased mortality. Accurate detection of LSV may lead to early therapy and prevention of development or progression of embolic cerebrovascular disease. TEE is accurate for detecting LSV, but is semi-invasive. Thus, there is a need for identifying clinical variables with a high predictive value for LSV on TEE. Methods: 76 SLE patients (69 women, 38 ± 12 years old) and 26 age-and sex-matched healthy controls underwent TEE and assessment of demographics, atherogenic risk factors, and parameters of inflammation, platelet activity, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Patients were also assessed for SLE duration, activity, injury, therapy, and autoantibodies including antiphospholipid antibodies. Multivariate regression and optimal receiver operator curve by Neyman-Pe...
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

This chapter analyzes the communication medium known as Internet relay chat (IRC), a worldwide system of real-time, text-based conferencing on the Internet. After a brief look at the background and development of IRC, attention is given to the infrastructure of IRC networks, servers, and channels, as well as to the most widely used client software. The chapter discusses the specific roles of IRC operators, channel operators, and users, as well as the basic commands they most often employ. Principles of computer-mediated communication are identified and applied to the process of relationship development and community building in the IRC environment. Special attention is given to social, legal, and security issues related to interpersonal communication in a global networking environment. The chapter concludes with a survey of IRC's potential usefulness in various organizational and educational contexts. Keywords: channel; channel operators; client; computer-mediated communication; direct client connection (DCC); social factors
Improved Cell Therapy Protocols for Parkinson's Disease Based on Differentiation Efficiency and Safety of hESC-, hiPSC-, and Non-Human Primate iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons†

The main motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain (VM). For the future treatment of Parkinson's disease with cell transplantation it is important to develop efficient differentiation methods for production of human iPSCs and hESCs-derived midbrain-type DA neurons. Here we describe an efficient differentiation and sorting strategy for DA neurons from both human ES/iPS cells and non-human primate iPSCs. The use of non-human primate iPSCs for neuronal differentiation and autologous transplantation is important for preclinical evaluation of safety and efficacy of stem cell-derived DA neurons. The aim of this study was to improve the safety of human- and non-human primate iPSC (PiPSC)-derived DA neurons. According to our results, NCAM(+) /CD29(low) sorting enriched VM DA neurons from pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cell populations. NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were positive for FOXA2/TH and EN1/TH and this cell population had increased expression levels of FOXA2, LMX1A, TH, GIRK2, PITX3, EN1, NURR1 mRNA compared to unsorted neural cell populations. PiPSC-derived NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were able to restore motor function of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats 16 weeks after transplantation. The transplanted sorted cells also integrated in the rodent brain tissue, with robust TH+/hNCAM+ neuritic innervation of the host striatum. One year after autologous transplantation, the primate iPSC-derived neural cells survived in the striatum of one primate without any immunosuppression. These neural cell grafts contained FOXA2/TH-positive neurons in the graft site. This is an important proof of concept for the feasibility and safety of iPSC-derived cell transplantation therapies in the future.
111In-8-hydroxyquinoline platelet labeling in dogs

This report validates a technique of separating and labeling canine platelets using indium-1 1 llabeled 8-hydroxyquinoline (Yn-8-HQ). Platelet survival time in six normal dogs was 6.3 ? 0.7 (SD) days. Labeling effisiency using this technique was 51.8 + 9.2% (SEM) and elution loss of 11LIn-8-HQ label from platelets was consistently less than 4%. Vn label offers no observable advantages over the more traditional Wr label for platelet survival studies. However, the high efficiency labeling and --y-emission characteristics of “‘In-8-HQ make it more suitable for noninvasive clot localization in patients with early pulmonary emboli and peripheral venous thrombi. Radioisotopic measurement of platelet thrombokinetics has provided important information regarding thrombocytopenias and related hematologic disorders [5, 12, 13, 20, 211. More recently, in vivo platelet survival studies have found wider application in many clinical areas including atherosclerotic vascular disease, the fate of arterial bypass grafts [24-261, and clinical investigation of arterial, peripheral venous, and pulmonary emboli [lo, 11, 171. The present study was undertaken to validate the efficacy of canine platelet labeling using indium-1 1 l-labeled &hydroxyquinoline. Indium 111 (“‘In) can be complexed easily to the lipophilic compound 8-hydroxyquinoline (S-HQ). When used as a platelet label for early clot localization studies, this radioisotope offers several advantages over traditional labels such as chromium 5 1 radiochromate (51Cr)28 and newer labels such as technetium 99m (ggmTc) as pertechnetate and as the oxine complex [28, 301.
Is the derivative a function? If so, how do we teach it?

This study investigated features of instructors’ classroom discourse on the derivative with the commognitive lens. The analysis focused on how three calculus instructors addressed the derivative as a point-specific value and as a function in the beginning lessons about the derivative. The results show that (a) the instructors frequently used secant lines and the tangent line on the graph of a curve to illustrate the symbolic notation for the derivative at a point without making explicit connections between the graphical illustration and the symbolic notations, (b) they made a transition from the point-specific view of the derivative to the interval view mainly by changing the literal symbol for a point to a variable rather than addressing how the quantity that the derivative shows, changes over an interval, (c) they quantified the derivative as a number using functions with limited graphical features, and (d) they often justified the property of the derivative function with the slope of the tangent line at a point as an indication of the universality of the property. These results show that the aspects of the derivative that the past mathematicians and today’s students have difficulties with are not explicitly addressed in these three classrooms. They also suggest that making explicit these aspects of the derivative through word use and visual mediators, and making clear connections between the ways that the quantities and properties of the derivative are visually mediated with symbolic, graphical, and algebraic notations would help students to understand why and how the limit component for the derivative are illustrated on graphs and expressed symbolically, and the derivative is expanded from a point to an interval, and properties of the derivative are investigated over an interval. More explicit discussions on these ideas perhaps make them more accessible to students.
Effects of prostaglandins, dibutyryl camp, LHRH, estrogens, progesterone, and potassium on output of prostaglandin F2α, 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, HCG, estradiol, and progesterone by placental minces

In order to compare the endocrine response of placental minces to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and to screen for effects of potential stimulatory and inhibitory substances, the simultaneous outputs of PGF2α, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM), progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and hCG were evaluated during a 4 hour incubation in 5 placentas. The output of hCG was highest for 12-week placentas, intermediate for a 16 week placenta, and lowest for term placentas. The output of 17β-estradiol by 12 and 16 week placentas in the presence of 30 μM dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was greater than that by term placentas. Progesterone output was apparently independent of gestational age although some variation between 12-week placentas was demonstrated. Output of PGF2α was lower in 12 and 16-week placentas than in term placentas and that of PGFM was lower in 12-week placentas than in term placentas. LHRH (100 nM) produced stimulation of PGF2α output (P<.005) and a trend toward inhibition of progesterone output (which failed to achieve statistical significance) but no stimulation of hCG under these conditions. Stimulation of the outputs of hCG (P<.005) and PGF2α (P<.001) and inhibition of that of progesterone (P<.005) was produced by 20 mM dbcAMP. DHEAS inhibited output of progesterone (P<.01) and PGF2α (P<.01). There were no effects of potassium, estrogens, progesterone, or prostaglandins on output of any measured substance.
Importance of cis-proline 22 in the membrane-binding conformation of bovine prothrombin.

Upon addition of calcium to the metal-free protein, bovine prothrombin displays a conformational change with behavior of a classic trans- to cis-proline isomerization. The change is accompanied by a decrease of the intrinsic protein fluorescence and is essential to creating the membrane-binding conformation of prothrombin. This study showed that an identical conformational change was displayed by a peptide corresponding to residues 1−45 of prothrombin. This peptide contains a single tryptophan that underwent extensive quenching upon calcium addition. The kinetics were slow (t1/2 = 2.7 min at 24 °C) and displayed an activation energy of 24 kcal/mol. These properties overlapped precisely with the behavior of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 (residues 1−156). Consistent with studies on prothrombin and other vitamin K-dependent proteins that have been modified or truncated, the 1−45 peptide required about 10-fold higher calcium to elicit these behaviors than did fragment 1. The conformational change was necessar...
Continuous Oxygen Saturation Recording during resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn infants

We measured Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) continuously in 29 severely asphyxiated infants (mean Apgar score 3.5 at 1 min), birthweight 1.05 - 2.7, mean 1.86 Kg. A new dual lumen umbilical arterial catheter containing fiber optics was positioned in the lower aorta. Red light transmitted down one fiber optic is reflected by the blood and the signal converted by the instrument to a digital reading of SaO2. The other lumen is used to sample blood and measure pressure. Electronic calibration is made before insertion. Reliability was shown by comparison with SaO2 measured in a cuvette oximeter (I.L. 182) r = 0.98, S.D. 2.46, n = 139. The time constant is 5 secs. and rapid changes in SaO2 are seen during resuscitation. Immediately after the catheter is inserted changes in SaO2 show the efficiency of assisted ventilation in improving blood oxygenation. Optimal levels of positive end-expiratory pressure and inspired oxygen concentration are quickly determined while blood sampling is reduced. In asphyxia and acidosis SaO2 reflects oxygen content more accurately than PaO2. The relationship between SaO2 and PaO2 for these infants shows that hyperoxia may be avoided if SaO2 is kept below 96%.
Tutorial-based interfaces for cloud-enabled applications

Powerful image editing software like Adobe Photoshop and GIMP have complex interfaces that can be hard to master. To help users perform image editing tasks, we introduce tutorial-based applications (tapps) that retain the step-by-step structure and descriptive text of tutorials but can also automatically apply tutorial steps to new images. Thus, tapps can be used to batch process many images automatically, similar to traditional macros. Tapps also support interactive exploration of parameters, automatic variations, and direct manipulation (e.g., selection, brushing). Another key feature of tapps is that they execute on remote instances of Photoshop, which allows users to edit their images on any Web-enabled device. We demonstrate a working prototype system called TappCloud for creating, managing and using tapps. Initial user feedback indicates support for both the interactive features of tapps and their ability to automate image editing. We conclude with a discussion of approaches and challenges of pushing monolithic direct-manipulation GUIs to the cloud.
A Hole in the Argument

An 80-year-old man presented for evaluation of shortness of breath and fatigue four weeks after repair of a hiatal hernia. He reported a mild, nonproductive cough and abdominal bloating. Before the surgery, he had been very active and had had no dyspnea.
Counseling patients on preventing prenatal environmental exposures - A mixed-methods study of obstetricians

Author(s): Stotland, Naomi E; Sutton, Patrice; Trowbridge, Jessica; Atchley, Dylan S; Conry, Jeanne; Trasande, Leonardo; Gerbert, Barbara; Charlesworth, Annemarie; Woodruff, Tracey J | Abstract: ObjectiveDescribe the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of U.S. obstetricians on the topic of prenatal environmental exposures.Study designA national online survey of American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) fellows and 3 focus groups of obstetricians.ResultsWe received 2,514 eligible survey responses, for a response rate of 14%. The majority (78%) of obstetricians agreed that they can reduce patient exposures to environmental health hazards by counseling patients; but 50% reported that they rarely take an environmental health history; less than 20% reported routinely asking about environmental exposures commonly found in pregnant women in the U.S.; and only 1 in 15 reported any training on the topic. Barriers to counseling included: a lack of knowledge of and uncertainty about the evidence; concerns that patients lack the capacity to reduce harmful exposures; and fear of causing anxiety among patients.ConclusionU.S. obstetricians in our study recognized the potential impact of the environment on reproductive health, and the role that physicians could play in prevention, but reported numerous barriers to counseling patients. Medical education and training, evidence-based guidelines, and tools for communicating risks to patients are needed to support the clinical role in preventing environmental exposures that threaten patient health.
Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated twins

This case report summarizes in detail the clinical course of twins referred for intervention after maltreatment at 19 months of age who were followed to 36 months of age. Data from comprehensive assessment of parent–child relationships in these cases are reviewed and this material is considered in light of numerous family and systems factors that impacted the twins' clinical course. Diagnostic considerations pertaining to Reactive Attachment Disorder and the post-traumatic symptom of dissociation are presented. Links between recent research models of brain development and symptom presentation is discussed.
Tissue-specific regulation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channel expression by muscarinic receptor activation in ovo.

Abstract We investigated the effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation on the expression levels of the G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK) subunits using solution hybridization and immunoblot analyses. We report here that treatment of chick embryos in ovo with muscarinic agonist causes decreases in mRNA levels encoding GIRK1 and GIRK4 in atria but does not alter GIRK1 expression in ventricles. In addition, GIRK1 protein levels also demonstrate a decrease in atria upon muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation. Numerous receptors couple to the activation of the GIRK family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels; thus, these decreases represent a novel mechanism for regulating physiological responses to chronic agonist exposure.
Competing effects of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and exchange bias in epitaxial Fe/IrMn bilayers

We systematically investigated the possible magnetization reversal behavior in well-characterized, epitaxial, Fe/IrMn exchange-biased bilayers as a function of the antiferromagnetic (AF) layer thickness. Several kinds of multistep loops were observed for the samples measured at various field orientations. The angular dependence of the switching fields, observed using longitudinal and transverse magneto-optic Kerr effect, were shown to depend on the competition between the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the exchange bias (EB). A modified “effective field” model was applied to quantitatively describe the evolution of the magnetic behavior and correctly predict the occurrence of different magnetic switching processes. The dependence of the effective anisotropy fields on the AF layer thickness directly reflects the competing effects of the pinned and rotatable AF spins at the EB interface.
Magnetic Equation of State for Nickel Near Its Curie Point

The magnetization-field-temperature ($\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{-}H\ensuremath{-}T$) behavior of nickel both above and below its Curie point ${T}_{c}$ is found to obey an equation of state in which $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{{|1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}|}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ is uniquely related to $\frac{H}{{|1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}|}^{\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$, where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are the critical exponents for the temperature dependence of the spontaneous moment and initial susceptibility, respectively.
Ibuprofen with acetaminophen for postoperative pain control following tonsillectomy does not increase emergency department utilization

ObjectiveTo compare the performance of ibuprofen vs codeine for postoperative pain management after tonsillectomy as measured by need for emergency department (ED) treatment for pain and/or dehydra...
Child health status and outcome of care: A commentary on measuring the impact of medical care on children

It has been over 10 years since Barry Pless in Montreal and Gil Graves at the National Institute of Child Health and Development hosted a conference on the measurement of child health status, with particular reference to children with chronic illness [2]. Shortly thereafter, the Foundation for Child Development supported a working group (under the direction of Sally Guttmacher) for the purpose of bringing together what was known about the measurement of child health status (unpublished)-at the time, not much. In the intervening period, much progress has been made in the measurement of adult health status and in the application of the resulting tools in clinical trials and community health assessments. The situation regarding children has not been as salutary. Why so? Part of the answer may be a result of popular perceptions that most children are "healthy," so that there has not been much evidence of interest from funding agencies that attention is needed in this area. Certainly, the elderly have captured much of the attention of policy-makers and researchers, largely because of the striking demographic shifts and because societal commitment to meeting the health
Expert System for Asphalt‐Paving Construction Inspection

A knowledge‐based expert system has been developed to aid in the construction of asphalt pavements. The goal of the expert system is to provide advice to inexperienced inspectors concerning how to identify and correct deficiencies in the asphalt construction operation. Major advice areas included in the expert system are paving techniques, compaction, quality control, and weather limitations. The expert system was developed from information provided by New York State Department of Transportation paving experts. The knowledge base was developed using a shell program capable of inducing rules from example tables. Information derived from interviews with experts was input in the form of examples. The expert system was developed on an IBM‐compatible personal computer. Initial use of the system has been as a tutorial for inexperienced paving inspectors. Development of the expert system indicates the feasibility of using expert systems at the construction site to improve the quality of construction.
Slater transition-state band-structure calculations

Slater's transition-state method enables one to calculate excitation energies by means of an artificial state that is halfway between the ground state of an atom or molecule and an excited state. This idea has been adapted to insulators and semiconductors with a band-structure model where a localized hole is created in one cell by removing charge from the top of the valence band and putting it in a delocalized state at the bottom of the conduction band. Significant improvements in calculated band gaps are obtained in most cases over conventional local-density calculations.
Effects of a Free-to-Roll Fuselage on Wing Flutter: Theory and Experiment

A theoretical study of a wing–fuselage combination with a rigid-body roll degree of freedom for the fuselage and elastic modes for the wing is presented along with a companion wind-tunnel test. The full-span wing dynamics are modeled using a linear-plate wing structure theory. A component modal analysis is used to derive the full structural equations of motion for the wing–fuselage combination system. A three-dimensional time-domain vortex-lattice aerodynamic model is also used to investigate flutter of the linear aeroelastic system. The experimentally observed flutter mode is antisymmetric, although theory suggests that the symmetric-mode flutter velocity is only modestly higher than that for the antisymmetric modes. Correlation between theory and experiment for flutter velocity and frequency is good. The experimentally observed postflutter response is a limit-cycle oscillation, and this is worthy of further study using an appropriate nonlinear theory.
Modeling of Interference from Cooperative Cognitive Radios for Low Power Primary Users

Cognitive radios (CR) must ensure that their transmissions do not cause harmful interference to the primary users that operate in the same band. Primary users with short communication range transmitters, such as wireless microphone systems, are considered. The CR network is distributed according to a Poisson process. The CRs detect the primary user either through primary transmitter signals or through beacons collocated with the primary receiver. Three levels of cooperative sensing by CRs are analyzed, namely, no cooperation, full cooperation and partial cooperation. The characteristic function of the interference at the primary receiver for all combinations of primary user detection and cooperative sensing schemes are derived for the system modeled along a line (1-D) and about a plane (2-D). The analysis in 1-D corresponds to a highway scenario and 2-D corresponds to a planar system. The carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) at the primary receiver is evaluated using the characteristic function. The analysis clearly shows the need for cooperative spectrum sensing when the density of the CRs is high. It is shown that the effect of shadowing, small scale fading, and power control at the CRs can be captured into the density of the CR network. The results hold for the CRs that are wide-band devices as well as narrow-band devices.
Deuteration of amino acids in acidic deuterium oxide solution at supercritical temperatures

Abstract The deuterations of a number of the common amino acids at 400 °C and 390 bars in aqueous strong acid are reported. Protium/deuterium exchange is found to be rapid at the α carbon in all examples. Decarboxylation occurred in most cases at a sufficiently rapid rate that the reaction could not be used for deuteration at other sites in most cases. Exchange was accompanied by racemization of the α chiral center as was previously observed for reaction in supercritical base. While rapid α deuteration was noted for all the amino acids, slower deuteration of alkyl chains was not observed because of decomposition. Electrophilic substitution of activated aromatic groups, however, was more rapid than decomposition leading to the production of some products deuterated at sites other than the α carbon. Several of the decomposition products are identified and a general scheme for the deuteration and decomposition reactions is suggested.
Anthropometric parameters of tooth selection.

Abstract A study of many skulls was made to determine the ratios between the size of certain bony structures and the size of the anterior teeth. Several commonly used ratios were not verified, but relatively more consistency was found in others. Of particular significance was the ratio of the nasal width to the combined widths of the maxillary incisor teeth.
Acid-catalyzed and solvolytic desulfation of H2SO4-hydrolyzed cellulose nanocrystals.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared by H2SO4 hydrolysis have sulfate groups on their surface, which have negative implications for some CNC applications. In this study, two desulfation methods were evaluated, and the properties of desulfated CNCs were compared to those of unsulfated CNCs, prepared by HCl hydrolysis. H2SO4-hydrolyzed CNCs from softwood sulfite pulp were subjected to either a mild acid hydrolytic desulfation or a solvolytic desulfation in dimethyl sulfoxide via the pyridinium salt. Removal of the sulfate groups was confirmed by conductometric titration and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of the desulfation procedure on the lateral crystallite dimensions was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The extent of particle aggregation in the samples was assessed by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The acid hydrolytic method achieved only partial desulfation and produced gradually decreasing sulfate contents upon successive repetition. The solvolytic method achieved n...
Toward a Media Literate Model for Civic Engagement in Digital Culture: Exploring the Civic Habits and Dispositions of College Students on Facebook

Youth today live integrated lifestyles. Not only must they negotiate personal and public identities online, but they also must navigate information types now incorporated into single web platforms. As a result, there is an increasing need to understand how youth today see social platforms as serving personal, public, and civic needs. This article utilizes a survey (n = 279) and focus group sessions (n = 71) to explore student dispositions toward Facebook, specifically exploring its perceived value for information gathering, community interaction, relationship maintenance, and civic dialog. The results show a population that increasingly uses social media platforms for all information habits but that sees them as inherently social. Students also reported little to no formal training or education about social media and its role in their lives. The article concludes by proposing a more purpose-driven approach to teaching and learning about social networks as vibrant civic spaces in addition to the social and...
FAILURE, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT ANALYSIS OF A NAVY SUBSYSTEM: CASE STUDY OF A PUMP

SUMMARY An age-replacement policy may be used to minimize the cost of replacement and repair of a system whose rate of repairable failures increases with age. In this paper we model the failure times before replacement of one such system—a pump used on a submarine—by a non-homogeneous Poisson process having log-linear hazard rate which is a function of age. Maximum likelihood is used to estimate model parameters. A renewal—reward process is used to obtain estimates of log-run average costs of age-replacement policies. It should be noted that the policy obtained does not recognize possible between-submarine di⁄erences but does acknowledge that noise from a submarine pump is not to be tolerated. ( 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fair Use: Law, Ethics and Librarians

ABSTRACT The fair use doctrine allows the use of copyrighted works without the permission of the copyright owner. Fair use is a legal concept, and the test for determining if a use is fair is contained in the Copyright Act of 1976. But fair use is also an ethical concept because it involves a determination of when it is fair to use someone's property. This article discusses the librarians' legal obligation of fair use and the librarians' ethical obligation of fair use and the similarities and differences between them, concluding that the librarians' ethical obligation may be greater than their legal obligation. The article also suggests principles which librarians can advocate for in copyright policies to implement the ethics of fair use.
Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm With Rupture Into the Interventricular Septum and Left Ventricular Cavity

A23-year-old Haitian man presented with complaints of shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, and occasional palpitations. Examination revealed a wide pulse pressure and a continuous murmur across the precordium. The echocardiogram showed a ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva (Figure 1⇓). The sinus rupture dissected into the interventricular septum and then ruptured into the left ventricular cavity (Figures 2⇓ and 3⇓). No operative intervention was undertaken. Aneurysms of …
Experimental study of a subsystem in an entangled two-photon state

The state of a signal-idler photon pair of spontaneous parametric down-conversion is a typical nonlocal entangled pure state with zero entropy. The precise correlation of the subsystems is completely described by the state. However, it is an experimental choice to study only one subsystem and to ignore the other. What can we learn about the measured subsystem? Results of this kind of measurements look peculiar. The experiment confirms that the two subsystems are both in mixed states with entropy greater than zero. One can only obtain statistical knowledge of the subsystems in this kind of measurement. @S1050-2947~99!02610-4#
The Connection Between the Interstellar Cloud Mass Spectrum and the Stellar Mass Spectrum in Star-Forming Regions

We discuss a connection between the mass spectrum of interstellar gas clouds and the mass spectrum of formed stars. Our consideration of this problem is given in terms of what we call the partial effectiveness of star formation, i.e., the number of stars of mass m formed in a cloud of mass M per unit interval of stellar masses. This function transfers the statistical properties of the interstellar cloud population to the statistical properties of the stellar population. We show that this function can be obtained phenomenologically in the sense that its derivation does not require any theoretical speculations about particular processes involved in star formation but is based only on a consideration of the observed statistical properties of ensembles of interstellar gas clouds and newly formed stars. We show that these stars are not homogeneously distributed in the interval of allowed stellar masses. Their distribution is peaked around some specific mass (depending on cloud mass) and decreases rapidly outside the vicinity of this mass. We also show that the number of stars with masses in a given interval formed in a cloud of mass M, the mass of these stars, and the specific star formation efficiency are strong functions of stellar and/or cloud masses. Therefore, the mean statistical characteristics of star formation, such as, for example, the star formation efficiency, which are usually used to describe star formation phenomena, may not be applicable in many particular problems.
Challenges Experienced By One Academic Mother Transitioning From Maternity Leave Back to Academia

While many scholars have written about the experience of academic motherhood in higher education, with their research revealing a number of challenges faced by academic mothers, none have presented an in-depth view of the transition of returning to work after maternity leave. For this reason, the authors used a narrative inquiry approach to analyze and interpret the first author’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences as she transitioned from maternity leave to full-time academic work as a tenured, associate professor of education at a research university. During that transition, she faced challenges related to the prioritization and fulfillment of her academic work as well as those associated with childcare and household responsibilities. The authors provide suggestions for new, or soon-to-be-new, academic mothers and recommendations for higher education personnel to support new academic mothers who are transitioning to the full-time workforce.