cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing When Insiders are Locked in: An Abstract

Initial public offering (IPO) share overhang refers to the share retention in an IPO by pre-IPO shareholders, who are predominantly insiders. We evaluate the link between overhang and the strategic value of post-IPO marketing activity. IPO overhang is positively related to post-IPO marketing spendings. On average, a one-standard deviation increase in overhang leads to an additional $4.6 million spent on marketing during the three years after an IPO. Furthermore, in these three years, high overhang firms that spend more on marketing significantly outperform their counterparts. Finally, while greater marketing spendings are associated with enhanced equity liquidity, insiders do not derive an economically significant benefit. Overall, our results suggest that the positive link between overhang and marketing is more a reflection of insiders’ interest alignment than a self-serving desire to boost short-term stock performance or stock liquidity prior to cashing out. This positive effect is moderated by the existence of financial stakeholders such as venture capitalists, and non-financial stakeholders such as key customers. Despite the capital infusion and the rapid growth they realize from an IPO, newly public firms should not consider aggressive marketing a universal choice, as it is value-enhancing only when pre-IPO shareholders’ interests are aligned. Our findings advance the literature on marketing resource allocation, insider ownership and IPOs, and highlight their relations within an agency theory framework. The paper intends to contribute to the knowledge of researchers, managers, and investors. To date, the marketing literature has focused on agency issues and interest alignment mechanisms (e.g., compensation) of lower-level agents such as salespeople. However, mechanisms to align the interests of higher-level agents such as corporate decision makers have not received commensurate attention. Accordingly, we apply agency theory to corporate marketing decisions, by investigating the impact of share retention by pre-IPO shareholders, a potential interest alignment mechanism, on a firm’s post-IPO marketing strategy.
VeloViz: RNA-velocity informed 2D embeddings for visualizing cellular trajectories

0 Abstract Single cell transcriptomic technologies enable genome-wide gene expression measurements in individual cells but can only provide a static snapshot of cell states. RNA velocity analysis can infer cell state changes from single cell transcriptomics data. To interpret these cell state changes as part of underlying cellular trajectories, current approaches rely on visualization with principal components, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and other 2D embeddings derived from the observed single cell transcriptional states. However, these 2D embeddings can yield different representations of the underlying cellular trajectories, hindering the interpretation of cell state changes. We developed VeloViz to create RNA-velocity-informed 2D and 3D embeddings from single cell transcriptomics data. Using both real and simulated data, we demonstrate that VeloViz embeddings are able to consistently capture underlying cellular trajectories across diverse trajectory topologies, even when intermediate cell states may be missing. By taking into consideration the predicted future transcriptional states from RNA velocity analysis, VeloViz can help visualize a more reliable representation of underlying cellular trajectories. VeloViz is available as an R package on GitHub (https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/veloviz) with additional tutorials at https://JEF.works/veloviz/.
Bias-variance decomposition of absolute errors for diagnosing regression models of continuous data.

Summary Bias-variance decomposition (BVD) is a powerful tool for understanding and improving data-driven models. It reveals sources of estimation errors. Existing literature has defined BVD for squared error but not absolute error, while absolute error is the more natural error metric and has shown advantages over squared error in many scientific fields. Here, I analytically derive the absolute-error BVD, empirically investigate its behaviors, and compare that with other error metrics. Different error metrics offer distinctly different perspectives. I find the commonly believed bias/variance trade-off under squared error is often absent under absolute error, and ensembles—a never hurt technique under squared error—could harm performance under absolute error. Compared with squared error, absolute-error BVD better promotes model traits reducing estimation residuals and better illustrates relative importance of different error sources. As data scientists pay increasing attention to uncertainty issues, the technique introduced here can be a useful addition to a data-driven modeler's toolset.
David Callies and the Future of Land Use Regulations

This essay examines the contributions of David L. Callies to our understanding of property rights and land use regulations. It notes the wide-ranging and impressive scope of his scholarship, and utilizes his body of work to assess future developments in the field of land use law. In the connection, the essay explores Callies’s analysis of such current issues as exactions, inclusionary zoning, the “public use” clause of the Fifth Amendment, the determination of the relevant parcel for regulatory takings purposes, and the ripeness doctrine as a barrier to litigation takings cases in federal court. The essay then offers some thoughts about the future direction of land use law. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of private property in safeguarding individual liberty.
ON DEMAND: Designing, Scaffolding, and Evaluating Multimodal Assignments (15 mins)

“Literacies are not static” (Selfe 84). Teaching towards the future means helping students acquire critical literacy in content which relies on multiple communication modes such as visual and auditory or linguistic and spatial. Many faculty feel underprepared to assign multimodal projects or unsure of the pedagogical value of exploring multimodal literacy within the context of their discipline.In my 15 minute video, I will tackle the biggest concerns that faculty have regarding multimodal assignments including the pedagogical basis for assigning multimodal projects, the role of digital and analog technologies in multimodal work, strategies for scaffolding multimodal work, assigning multimodal work that is ethical and accessible, how to keep student diversity and privacy in mind in multimodal assignment design, and possibilities for evaluating multimodal projects. Linked to my presentation, I will provide participants with an activity packet in which they can explore potential ideas or revise existing ideas for multimodal assignments in their classes. Participants will begin by thinking about the kinds of multimodal content that is produced and consumed by and for members and organizations related in their disciplines. Participants will select one idea from this list and proceed through a series of activities designed to help them think through how they would design an assignment for their students to produce this kind of discipline-specific multimodal project. Participants will be encouraged to think about the options of digital and analog technologies, consider how they might scaffold this assignment to include parameters for using ethically sourced materials and producing accessible content, and to evaluate their assignment idea in light of our diverse student populations and in light of student privacy issues.
Prediction of Anisotropic Thermopower of La2−xMxCuO4

The thermopower tensor S αβ (T) of a tetragonal or orthorhombic crystal is diagonal in the crystallographic axes and equals, according to Boltzmann theory1 $${S_{\alpha \alpha }}(T)\, = - \frac{{{k_B}}}{e}\int {d \in } \left( {\frac{{ \in - \mu }}{{{k_B}T}}} \right){\sigma _{\alpha \alpha }}( \in )\left( { - \frac{{\partial f}}{{\partial \in }}} \right)/\int {d \in } {\sigma _{\alpha \alpha }}( \in )\left( { - \frac{{\partial f}}{{\partial \in }}} \right)$$ (1) $${\sigma _{\alpha \alpha }}( \in )\, = \,{e^2}N( \in )\,{v_\alpha }^2( \in )\,\gamma ( \in )$$ (2) where N(∈), vα 2(∈), and τ(∈) are the density of states, mean square velocity (a-component) and scattering lifetime, averaged for states with energy ∈. If a Sommerfeld expansion of σ αα(∈) is valid, the integrals in Eq. (1) yield a result linear in T and proportional to σ′αα(µ)/σ αα(µ). However, the integrands in Eq. (1) do not become vanishingly small until ±10kgBT~.02Ry (at 300K) above and below ∈F, so the Sommerfeld expansion fails and S is not linear.
Effect of the intra-layer potential distributions and spatial currents on the performance of graphene SymFETs

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) model for a graphene symmetric field effect transistor (SymFET), which considers (a) the intra-graphene layer potential distributions and (b) the internal current flows through the device, is presented and discussed. The local voltages along the graphene electrodes as well as the current-voltage characteristics of the device are numerically calculated based on a single-particle tunneling model. Our numerical results show that: (i) when the tunneling current is small, due to either a large tunneling thickness (≥ 2 atomic layers of BN) or a small coherence length, the voltage distributions along the graphene electrodes have almost zero variations upon including these distributed effects, (ii) when the tunnel current is large, due to either a small tunneling thickness (∼ 1 atomic layer of BN) or due to a large coherence length, the local voltage distributions along the graphene electrodes become appreciable and the device behavior deviates from that predicted by a 1-D approximation. These effects, which are not captured in one-dimensional SymFET models, can provide a better understanding about the electron dynamics in the device and might indicate potential novel applications for this proposed device.
Elimination Theory for Nonlinear Parameter Estimation

The work presented here exploits elimination theory (solving systems of polynomial equations in several variables) [1][2] to perform nonlinear parameter identification. In particular show how this technique can be used to estimate the rotor time constant and the stator resistance values of an induction machine. Although the example here is restricted to an induction machine, parameter estimation is applicable to many practical engineering problems. In [3], L. Ljung has outlined many of the challenges of nonlinear system identification as well as its particular importance for biological systems.
FedEx - a fast bridging fault extractor

Test pattern generation and diagnosis algorithms that target realistic bridging faults must be provided with a realistic fault list. In this work we describe FedEx, a bridging fault extractor that extracts a circuit from the mask layout, identifies the two-node bridges that can occur, their locations, layers, and relative probability of occurrence. Our experimental results show that FedEx is memory efficient and fast.
The application of decision models at choice of a convenient type of farm

The paper shows how to choose the most convenient type of farm by means of methods for multi criteria evaluation of alternatives. Because of multifunctional character of agriculture, type of farm must be valuated from different views, according to different criteria. The multi criteria decision making among various types of farm is illustrated by a model farm in a mountainous area. The task has been solved from an economic and an ecologic view. A different significance of the chosen criteria reflected these two different approaches to the choice of the most convenient type of farm.
Gld-1, a Tumor Suppressor Gene Required for Oocyte Development in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We have characterized 31 mutations in the gld-1 (defective in germline development) gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. In gld-1 (null) hermaphrodites, oogenesis is abolished and a germline tumor forms where oocyte development would normally occur. By contrast, gld-1 (null) males are unaffected. The hermaphrodite germline tumor appears to derive from germ cells that enter the meiotic pathway normally but then exit pachytene and return to the mitotic cycle. Certain gld-1 partial loss-of-function mutations also abolish oogenesis, but germ cells arrest in pachytene rather than returning to mitosis. Our results indicate that gld-1 is a tumor suppressor gene required for oocyte development. The tumorous phenotype suggests that gld-1(+) may function to negatively regulate proliferation during meiotic prophase and/or act to direct progression through meiotic prophase. We also show that gld-1(+) has an additional nonessential role in germline sex determination: promotion of hermaphrodite spermatogenesis. This function of gld-1 is inferred from a haplo-insufficient phenotype and from the properties of gain-of-function gld-1 mutations that cause alterations in the sexual identity of germ cells.
The capillarity equation at the nanoscale: Gas bubbles in metals

Abstract We investigate the modifications to the Young–Laplace capillarity equation needed to describe nanoscale gas bubbles embedded in metals, scale at which the finite width of the interface region cannot be neglected. We focus in particular on the case of He in Fe. Using both, the concept of Tolman’s length that provides a curvature dependence for the interface energy, and a new equation of state for He at the nanoscale that accounts for interface effects (see Caro et al., 2013), we derive an expression to predict pressure, and from it density and the amount of He in nanoscale bubbles. We find that conditions for equilibrium are found for values of pressure or density at variance by a factor of ∼ 2 compared to the traditional way of using the capillarity equation and a bulk He EOS.
Openness, Economic Growth, and Development: Some Further Results

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Repository Citation Eusufzai, Zaki, "Openness, Economic Growth, and Development: Some Further Results" (1996). Economics Faculty Works. Paper 7. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/econ_fac/7
Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Alternatives for PZT?

Investigations in the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have recently claimed comparable properties to the lead-based ferroelectric perovskites, represented by Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, or PZT. In this work, the scientific and technical impact of these materials is contrasted with the various families of “soft” and “hard” PZTs. On the scientific front, the intrinsic nature of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties are presented in relation to their respective Curie temperatures (T C) and the existence of a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Analogous to PZT, enhanced properties are noted for MPB compositions in the (Na,Bi)TiO3-BaTiO3 and ternary system with (K,Bi)TiO3, but offer properties significantly lower. The consequences of a ferroelectric to antiferroelectric transition well below T C further limits their usefulness. Though comparable with respect to T C, the high levels of piezoelectricity reported in the (K,Na)NbO3 family are the result of enhanced polarizability associated with the orthorhombic-tetragonal polymorphic phase transition being compositionally shifted downward. As expected, the properties are strongly temperature dependent, while degradation occurs through the thermal cycling between the two distinct ferroelectric domain states. Extrinsic contributions arising from domains and domain wall mobility were determined using high field strain and polarization measurements. The concept of “soft” and “hard” lead-free piezoelectrics were discussed in relation to donor and acceptor modified PZTs, respectively. Technologically, the lead-free materials are discussed in relation to general applications, including sensors, actuators and ultrasound transducers.
Small-Scale Simulation Chamber for Space Environment Survivability Testing

A vacuum chamber was designed that simulates the space environment to facilitate tests of material modification due to space environment interactions. Critical environmental elements to be simulated include an ultrahigh vacuum, a far ultraviolet (FUV)/ultraviolet/VIS/NIR solar spectrum, an electron plasma flux, temperature extremes, and long duration exposure. To simulate the solar electromagnetic spectrum (EMS), a solar simulator was used with a range 200-2000 nm. A Krypton lamp provides surrogate radiation for the prominent FUV hydrogen Lyman- α120-nm emission not produced by the solar simulator. A monoenergetic electron flood gun (20-15 keV) provides a controlled electron flux. Electron and EMS incident fluxes of up to four times sun equivalent intensities at 95% uniformity across the full 100- cm2 sample surface are possible to reduce the exposure time for accelerated testing. A temperature range from 100 to 450 K is achieved using an attached cryogenic reservoir and resistance heaters. The versatile sample holder and radiation mask allow for cost-effective, customizable investigations of multiple small-scale samples under diverse conditions. In situ monitoring capabilities allow measurements to be taken at frequent intervals during the course of the exposure cycle, while the samples are still under vacuum. An automated data acquisition system monitors and records the temperature, pressure, electron, and EMS fluxes. Calibrated reflectivity, absorptivity, and emissivity of the samples can be measured using in situ integrating sphere and IR absorptivity/emissivity probes.
The earned income tax credit as an instrument of housing policy

Abstract The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which was designed to aid low‐income working families and individuals, plays a role beyond that of income support. At a time when the availability of affordable housing is declining, the EITC also provides significant relief to households burdened by severe housing costs. This article examines the EITC's effect on housing cost burdens and analyzes and contrasts three proposals to increase its effectiveness as a housing tool. Because housing policy calculates affordability on a before‐tax basis, the positive effects of the EITC are often overlooked. If included in income, the current EITC, assuming full participation, reduces critical housing needs for working households by 18 percent. All three proposals analyzed would reduce the number of households with severe housing costs by considerably more, with our measure relieving these cost burdens the most. Finally, using the EITC as a housing tool specifically incorporates a work incentive into the assistance.
Generating, comparing, manipulating, categorizing: reporting, and sometimes fabricating data to comply with No Child Left Behind mandates

This article ethnographically examines the ways in which No Child Left Behind (NCLB) links local practices to the centralized processing of data through its narrowing of procedures and measurements aimed at accountability. Framed by actor-network theory, it draws upon data consistently collected between June 2005 and October 2008, and then intermittently through October 2010, to consider the ways in which policy technologies, such as standardized testing, bring together New York City (NYC) public schools, district administrators, for-profit educational support businesses, and government officials to address the accountability requirements of NCLB. This article reveals how, through a range of sophisticated mechanisms that support the generation and comparison of data, NYC schools become reduced to data calculation and management centers. NCLB’s standardization, privatization, and marketization encourage local policy actors to become complicit in standardizing and quantifying academic assessment through the...
Cleaning and disinfectant properties of dental surface disinfectants.

Choosing a general purpose surface cleaner and disinfectant is difficult because of the wide range of products from which to choose, claims by manufacturers, and misleading or contradictory reports in the literature. This study compares the effectiveness of eight commercially available disinfectants when used in removing dried organic debris, and in killing contaminant bacteria in blood.
Alcohol's Getting a Bit More Social: When Alcohol Marketing Messages on Facebook Increase Young Adults’ Intentions to Imbibe

This study investigates the effects of social media marketing of alcoholic beverages using a 2 (likes: low vs. high) × 2 (shares: low vs. high) × 3 (display ad type: alcohol ad vs. antibinge drinking PSA vs. local bank) × 6 (status update repetitions) experimental design. The study examines how evaluations of alcohol marketing status updates and display advertisements predict social media users’ intentions to consume alcohol, as a function of message virality and display ad type. Participants’ viral behavioral intentions (intentions to like, share, and comment on) for status updates were strongest in predicting intentions to consume alcohol, and this relationship was strongest when the Facebook status update had high likes and shares. The article argues that alcohol marketing on social media reflects a social norm of alcohol consumption, which leads users to consume more alcoholic drinks. Findings are discussed within the framework of persuasion theories and policy changes regarding regulation of alcohol ...
Nonadherence as a predictor of antidiabetic drug therapy intensification (augmentation)

Purpose To determine if nonadherence with antidiabetic drug therapy is predictive of subsequent antidiabetic drug therapy intensification. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study examining retail pharmacy dispensings of sulfonylureas or metformin to 1067 patients having diabetes. Patients that did not receive a sufficient quantity of medication to cover at least 80% of days during the evaluation period were classified as nonadherent. Outcomes identified were increase in the dose of antidiabetic medication utilized, the addition of a second antidiabetic agent to the regimen or either. Results Among users of sulfonylurea monotherapy, those classified as nonadherent were 45% more likely to intensify therapy in subsequent months as compared with those classified as adherent (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–2.00). This finding was largely driven by observed increases in dosage, which were more likely among patients classified as nonadherent (age-adjusted OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.07–2.05). Nonadherence was not found to be predictive of the subsequent addition of a second antidiabetic agent (OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.64–1.63). Overall findings were similar for the smaller sample of patients receiving metformin monotherapy, though observed differences did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions Patients who were poorly adherent to oral antidiabetic drug therapy more frequently experienced an increase in the dose of medication prescribed, as compared to patients that were classified as adherent. This finding underscores the need for prescribers to consider nonadherence as a root cause when patients fail to achieve therapeutic goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What International Test Scores Tell Us

Thirty years of warnings have not been realized that American students’ low performance on international tests threatens U.S. economic growth . Average national scores on a single test in a single year are inaccurate guides to educational policy. They hide differences in the social class composition of national samples and differences in how disadvantaged and advantaged students in each country perform over time. Further, in a large country such as the United States, where states are in charge of educational systems, performance by students of similar social class background on international tests varies greatly among states. Our examination of international test results finds that U.S. relative performance would seem to be better if U.S. social class composition were similar to that of comparison nations; that U.S. performance on international tests that are aligned with the U.S. curriculum is superior to performance on unaligned tests; and that disadvantaged students in the U.S. have been making more rapid gains than disadvantaged students in nations with higher score levels. All this should make policy makers cautious in jumping to conclusions about the shortcomings of U.S. schools and how to improve them. ᅟ
Antitumor and Anti-Pneumocystis Carinii Activities of Novel Bisbenzamidines

Among a library of 17 bisbenzamidines connected with various linkers, compounds with a flexible pentanediamide (10) or hexanediamide (12) linker were the most potent derivatives against rat Pneumocystis carinii (IC50 values of 3 and 2 nM, respectively) and had the highest selectivity index ratios (GI50 of human tumor cells/IC50 of rat P. carinii cells) of >104. Seven compounds caused 50% growth inhibition (GI50) of tumor cells at concentrations of <100 μM while the remaining ten were not cytotoxic. DNA binding affinity (ΔTm) of the tested compounds did not correlate with either their anti-P. carinii activity or cytotoxicity.
Ultrastructure of the giant cell infiltrate of subcutaneously implanted bone particles in rats and mice

The giant cells of soft tissues and those of mineralized tissues (osteoclasts) have distinctly different cell surface receptors and ultrastructural characteristics. Recently, the removal of dead bone particles in a subcutaneous environment has been described as a prototype of bone resorption, and a major issue is whether the giant cells that surround these ectopic bone implants and the processes involved in the disruption of bone surfaces are the same as those in the skeleton. We have compared the cytology and ultrastructure of giant cells recruited to subcutaneously implanted isogeneic bone particles with similar features of osteoclasts in metaphyseal bone of young normal rats and mice. Giant cells on surfaces of bone particles 2, 3, and 4 weeks after implantation were multinucleated, had a homogeneous, nonvacuolated cytoplasm, and had a bone surface interface unremarkable by light microscopy. In a few cells randomly distributed, small cytoplasmic vacuoles were present and large vacuoles were noted next to the bone surface at high magnification. By transmission electron microscopy, folded membrane configurations forming extensive interdigitations with adjacent cells were prominent features on most surfaces of giant cells. In instances where these interdigitations abutted bone surfaces, configuration resembling a ruffled border were noted, but these regions were always part of two different cells when examined at lower magnification or in serial sections. Breakdown of bone particles appeared to be by phagocytosis of small pieces and subsequent intracellular digestion in electron-dense cytoplasmic vacuoles. Osteoclasts from these same young animals were smaller with fewer nuclei, had cytoplasmic vacuoles concentrated next to bone surfaces, and had characteristic ruffled borders and clear zones. These results confirm those of others that native osteoclasts and multinucleated giant cells on dead bone particles are distinctly different with respect to both ultrastructure and mechanism of disruption of bone surfaces.
Long-term results of directional coronary atherectomy: predictors of restenosis.

Objectives. This study was performed to obtain better understanding of the long-term clinical efficacy of directional coronary atherectomy. Background. Although this procedure yields favorable acute results, its acceptance has been limited by the perception that late results (that is, freedom from restenosis) are no better than those of conventional angioplasty. Methods. A total of 225 atherectomies performed in 190 patients between August 1988 and July 1991 were examined. Minimal lumen diameter of the treated segments was measured on angiograms obtained before, after and 6 months after intervention. Results. Although most lesions (97%) had one or more characteristics predictive of unfavorable short- or long-term results after conventional angioplasty, atherectomy was successful in 205 lesions (91%) with a mean residual stenosis of 7 ± 16%. After subsequent balloon angioplasty in 16 unsuccessful atherectomy attempts, procedural success was 98%. There were no deaths or Q wave myocardial infarctions, and one patient (0.5%) underwent emergency bypass surgery. Six-month angiographic follow-up was obtained in 77% of the eligible patients. The overall angiographic restenosis rate was 32%. Predictors of a lower restenosis rate included a postprocedure lumen diameter 3 mm (24% vs. 39%, p = 0.047), serum cholesterol ≤200 mg/dl (18% vs. 40%, p = 0.018) and recent myocardial infarction (16% vs. 37%, p = 0.034). Life-table analysis showed a 2% mortality rate and a 26% incidence of other events (myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization) within the 1st year. The annual 5% mortality rate and 7% incidence of other events during years 2 and 3 were related in large part to the existence or progression of disease at other locations. Conclusions. Six-month angiographic follow-up of patients who underwent directional coronary atherectomy during the 1st 3 years of our experience shows an overall restenosis rate of 32%, with lower rates in patients with a postatherectomy lumen diameter ≥3 mm, cholesterol level ≤200 mg/dl or a recent myocardial infarction. Few if any events relating to the site of atherectomy developed after the 1st year of follow-up.
Corticosteroid analysis in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A sensitive, specific, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of prednisone, prednisolone and cortisol in biological fluids was developed with dexamethasone as the internal standard. Samples are extracted with methylene chloride, washed with sodium hydroxide and then water, and chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column with UV detection at 254 nm. Sensitivity was greater than 15 ng for all four steroids. Specificity was supported by use of dual wavelength UV detection and/or radioimmunoassay. The assay has been applied in pharmacokinetic studies and a typical plasma concentration—time profile for the three steroids is presented for one subject who received 50 mg of prednisone.
Hemoglobinopathies in India

Hemglobin variants, thalassemia, hereditary persistence of fetal herroglobin and compound disorders reported from India are listed in tabular form by state and population.In India, the heimglobinopathies occur in the midst of a uniqe genetic heterogeneity. The population of nearly 700 millim is divided into thousands of highly endogamus groups, many of which are virtual genetic isolates. Consequently, results from a survey for hemoglobin abnormalities in one group may not be generalized to other populations. Furthermore, of the small fraction of these endogamus groups which have been studied, only a minority have been examined with a range of laboratory techniques which could identify abnormalities in both hemoglobin structure (variant hemoglobins) and production (thalassemia, hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin). In spite of these limitations, my Common hemoglobin abnormalities (hemoglobin [Hb] D, E and S; α- and β- thalassemia) haw been identified at appreciable frquencies in a variety of Indian ...
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WALL STREET JOURNAL'S COVERAGE OF CORPORATE NEWS AND THE RESEARCH DESIGN OF EVENT STUDIES

The typical event study of corporate news restricts its sample of announcements to events reported in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and listed in the WSJ Index. In this paper we examine whether such samples are representative of the events omitted from the WSJ. Focusing on convertible calls in the 1980s, we analyze possible differences between a sample based only on the WSJ Index and a larger but similarly constructed sample of calls reported in the Dow Jones News Service but not in the WSJ Index. Numerous parametric and nonparametric tests reveal no significant cross-sample divergences in key attributes of the calling firms and called bonds, or in the distributions of risk-adjusted returns around announcements. This evidence suggests that WSJ-based samples for other corporate news items can be representative of cases not covered by the WSJ. Further, the evidence indicates that the results of event studies using WSJ-based samples may support inferences about events not reported in the newspaper.
Emotional labor's impact in a retail environment

Abstract It is essential for organizations to understand and manage salespeople's emotions. By monitoring the effects of emotions on the job, management can promote and enhance its sales force. However, the literature on salespersons' emotions has been largely overlooked. This paper establishes an integrative emotional labor process model to better understand the emotional component of the sales force in a retail context. Specifically, the paper examines the impact of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion in relation to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Findings suggest that emotional labor predicts both job satisfaction and organizational commitment, while emotional exhaustion only predicts job satisfaction.
Television Exposure and Children's Decoding of Nonverbal Behavior1

Two studies considered the way in which the magnitude of exposure to television relates to children's understanding and interpretation of others' nonverbal behavior. In the first study, 6th graders made judgments regarding other children whose nonverbal facial behavior did not match their internal emotional state. Results showed that heavier television viewers held a less differentiated, more simplistic view of the consequences of nonverbal self-presentation strategies. In the second study, children in Grades 2 through 6 made judgments of others' nonverbal expressions of emotion. As predicted, heavier television viewers were better at decoding others' nonverbal expressions than lighter viewers, presumably because of their greater exposure to nonverbal displays of emotion on television. In addition, nonverbal decoding skills improved with age.
Introduction to Working with Diverse Families Through Performance: Using Ethnodrama as an Instructional Tool

It is likely general education teachers will serve diverse students with disabilities in their classrooms. To do so effectively, they need to be prepared to partner with the families of these students, as family involvement is mandated and best practice in the education of students with disabilities. This study investigated the use of ethnodrama as an instructional tool for preparing 316 preservice teachers to work with diverse families. Findings revealed participants indicated feeling more positive and committed to working with diverse families after the ethnodramatic performance and valued ethnodrama as a tool which supplemented traditional textbooks and readings.
The ethics of leveraged management buyouts revisited

Although previous ethical analyses of management buyouts have presented useful insights, they have been flawed in three major ways. First, they define the transaction too narrowly, emphasizing the “going private” aspect and ignoring the “leveraged” aspect. Leveraging alters the nature of the transaction substantially and warrants additional ethical analysis. Second, these previous analyses ignore the impact of buyouts on non-stockholder constituents of the firm, an omission which renders their implicit utilitarian approach incomplete. Third, these analyses do not include Rawlsian, libertarian, or Kantian perspectives on ethics. This paper addresses these shortcomings and finds the ethical status of leveraged management buyouts to be highly suspect.
Isotopic hydrogen exchange studies of the a-Si:H surface during growth

Abstract An experiment that directly observes the H 2 elimination reaction from the surface of a-Si:H during growth by reactive magnetron sputtering is described. Mass spectrometry is used to detect desorbing HD molecules from an a-Si:D film exposed to a silicon-hydrogen growth flux. We infer that the surface kinetics is rate limited by the arrival of film precursors and not surface reorganization reactions for typical deposition conditions, and that the arriving growth flux is relatively hydrogen poor compared to grow discharge deposition.
Detonation‐induced coal gasification

A preliminary experimental and theorotical investigation of the feasibility of detonation-induced pulverized coal gasification is described. The concept envisions a closed annular detonation duct through which a hydrogen/oxygen gasphase detonation propagates continuously. Coal particles injected into the violent and rapidly changing atmosphere produced by the detonation would undergo gasification reactions and be subsequently expelled from the duct. These events would occur in a time period compatible with one revolution of the detonation. A one-dimensional analysis of the response of a single coal particle within the expansion-wave region behind the detonation front is presented. Independent variables include particle diameter, initial H2/O2 stoichiometry and expansion wavelength (at the time the particle is overtaken by the detonation front). The most significant result of this analysis is the prediction of relative gas/particle velocities ranging between 125 and 1500m/s, which are sustained throughout particle residence times of 1–15 ms corresponding to 10–1000 μm diameter particles. An experimental facility comprising a 47 m ‘single-shot’ detonation duct that was built for this study is discussed. The duct was 2.54 cm square and was terminated at each end by a 0.36 m diameter × 2.44 m long cylindrical tank which contained helium gas during a test. Sized coal particles were placed at a point within the first 3.7 m length of the duct, and thin brass diaphragms initially separated the duct from the two helium-filled tanks. Detonation was initiated at the duct, end closest to these particles. The diaphragm at that end burst, allowing combustion and gasification products to exhaust into the adjoining tank where they were quenched and decelerated. When the detonation reached the far end of the duct the second diaphragm burst, minimizing wave reflections which would otherwise return to the ‘test section’ end and interfere with the flow field there. After a test the contents of both tanks and the duct were circulated and mixed. A gas sample was then drawn and analysed for yield. Results from preliminary experiments using this facility are presented. Although too few tests were conducted for conclusive observations to be reported, in two experiments yields of CO + CH4 representing 40 per cent of the total initial carbon content in the coal samples were obtained.
Defining miRNA Targets Balancing Simplicity With Complexity

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that play an important role in the negative regulation of gene expression by suppressing protein translation. Animal genomes contain an abundance of small genes that produce regulatory RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length. The Ambros lab identified the first miRNAs in 1993 while characterizing a genetic locus involved in the control of developmental timing in C. elegans.1 It has since been shown that these miRNAs are diverse in sequence and expression patterns and are evolutionarily widespread, suggesting that they may participate in a wide range of genetic and regulatory pathways. Since their initial discovery, thousands of papers have been published characterizing miRNA properties, defining their expression, and demonstrating function. MiRNAs are initially transcribed as long primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) that are processed by the RNase III enzyme Drosha to generate stem-loop precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) approximately 70 nucleotides in length.2 These precursors are exported into the cytoplasm and, subsequently, the cytoplasmic enzyme Dicer cleaves the pre-miRNA to release the mature miRNA.3 Binding of miRNA to a messenger RNA (mRNA) with Ago proteins inhibits protein translation. It is estimated that the human genome encodes about 1500 miRNAs that are thought to regulate more than 30% of protein-coding genes.4 As interindividual variation of miRNA expression levels influences the expression of a myriad of miRNA target genes; these processes likely contribute to phenotypic differences and susceptibility to common and complex disorders.
Synthesis of mesoporous aluminum oxide with aluminum alkoxide and tartaric acid

Mesoporous aluminum oxide with high specific surface area is synthesized using aluminum alkoxide and tartaric acid. It was found that the average pore size increases with increasing amount of tartaric acid. Moreover, the mesoporous structure is thermally stable up to 1273 K, indicating potential application as catalyst supports.
The declining symbolic significance of the embargo for South Florida's Cuban Americans

The latest survey – in a series extending from 1991 to 2008 – shows for the first time that the US trade embargo no longer enjoys majority support among South Florida's Cuban Americans. This erosion of support may not be entirely a result of the failure of the embargo to accomplish its proclaimed goal. Nearly 50 years of economic sanctions against Cuba have not precipitated the Castro regime's compliance or collapse. Yet, majority support for the embargo was sustained across all Cuban American immigration cohorts and generations in a 2004 survey (N=1807). Significantly, the same survey shows that specific components of a full embargo – banning or restricting food, medicine and travel – obtained no more than minority support in any cohort arriving after 1981. This apparent discrepancy suggests that the embargo – embedded in an “exile ideology” – had become a more palatable, over-arching anti-Castro symbol than have specific anti-Castro sanctions. Logistic Regression results show that with respect to anti-Castro measures, sanctions incurring tangible costs generate the greatest disagreement among South Florida's Cuban Americans. Ultimately, in December 2008, even a largely symbolic expression of the exile ideology, Republican registration, was no longer embraced by a majority of Cuban Americans who had either recently immigrated or were born outside Cuba.
Phase formation in iron after high-fluence ion implantation

Abstract Composition and phase formation of pure iron implanted with high-energetic nitrogen or boron ions with fluences between 10 16 and 10 18 ions/cm 2 have been studied by a variety of analytical techniques. Analysis of the chemical state exhibits on the one side the structural disorder after boron implantation and on the other side the formation of phases and the existence of weakly bound nitrogen after nitrogen implantation. The systems Fe/B and Fe/N have significantly different implantation induced microstructure. The implantation leads to an amorphous or to metastable crystalline phases as function of the ion fluence. The phase formation is connected with the evolution of lateral stresses in the implanted layer.
Selected Economic Analysis at the Antitrust Division: The Year in Review

Of the many activities of the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, we have summarized some which raise interesting economic issues. We describe recent improvements in the methodology to be used in Coordinated Effects analysis of mergers. We also discuss four cases brought by the DOJ that raise issues of market definition, the influence of common partial ownership of competitors, and the effects of fringe suppliers in constraining collusion by large firms.
Rasch Partial Credit Analysis of Gross Motor Competence

The purpose of this study was to introduce a model for measurement of partial credit for the assessment of gross motor competence. Four different striking tasks were administered to a total of 128 children, ages 3 to 9 years, consisting of 64 boys and 64 girls. The partial scores were analyzed using the Rasch Partial Credit model. Satisfactory fit of model and data was obtained for Task 1 and Task 4. Step difficulties estimated for Tasks 1 and 4 ranged from 5.61 to 5.50. The average ability of the children was 0.09 (SD = 2.95). The first and second steps of Tasks 1 and 4 were easy for the children and the fourth step was difficult for them. The major advantage of using the Rasch Partial Credit analysis is that motor process measures can be calibrated and analyzed by a quantitative model with advanced test characteristics. Language: en
The mental health role of primary health care nurses

Abstract The nonpsychiatric profession of primary health care nursing makes a substantial contribution to mental health care. Its mental health role can be expanded by extending the psychosocial base of concepts currently included in basic professional nursing education programs. Expansion of the mental health role would encompass comprehensive health assessments, with attention paid to emotional and mental health problems, management of less complex problems, and use of generic intervention strategies, such as crisis intervention. Consultation from mental health professionals is essential. The primary health care nurse is not expected to function as a mental health specialist. Rather the articulation of roles and functions of these nonpsychiatric providers and mental health professionals will more effectively utilize and expand mental health care to citizens in the country.
Error associated with antagonist muscle activity in isometric knee strength testing

The purpose of this study was to determine the measurement error associated with antagonist muscle activity in isometric knee strength testing at 60° of knee flexion in both sexes. Muscle specific EMG–contraction intensity relationships were obtained from 22 young people by having them match moment targets ranging from 10% to 100% peak moment. The moments attributed to each of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles were partitioned using a practical mathematical model. Subject specific EMG–moment relationships were defined for each muscle using second-order polynomial equations. These equations were subsequently used to predict the countermoment associated with antagonist muscle activity. Error during strength testing was calculated by expressing net antagonist moments as a percentage of net agonist moments. The net antagonist moments associated with quadriceps and hamstrings muscle activity were 11.0% and 8.7% of the peak moment values recorded when the same muscle groups were acting as agonists. The error associated with antagonist activity was significantly higher in knee flexion (20.1%) than in knee extension (4.5%). Females displayed significantly higher error in knee flexor testing (P 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the error associated with antagonist activity in knee extensor testing is relatively small, whereas the error in knee flexor testing is larger. This is due to the quadriceps being much stronger than the hamstrings muscles while displaying similar levels of antagonist activity.
Studies in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease I. Methods and Pathologic Findings in Amputated Limbs

Material for an analysis of the pathogenesis and course of acute peripheral arterial occlusion was provided by patients with acute arterial occlusion in a lower extremity, special arterial injection studies of amputated limbs, arteriograms performed on cadavers, and data from an experimental investigation of acute femoral artery embolism in dogs. This correlative study offers a basis for the evaluation of procedures recommended for the prophylaxis and treatment of acute ischemia.