cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of nucleic acid higher order structure by gas-phase H/D exchange in a quadrupole-FT-ICR mass spectrometer

Nucleic acid higher order structure is of intense interest in antisense and antigene strategies toward novel chemotherapeutic agents. Understanding how structural characteristics affect solution-phase properties is essential for a rational approach to nucleic acid-targeted drug design. The most dominant nucleic acid secondary structure is the hairpin, formed by intrastrand hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleobases. We have previously applied gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) with mass spectrometry detection to show that anionic DNA duplexes have lower HDX rates than their constituent monomers, indicating that hydrogen bonding can shield hydrogens from exchanging with the bath gas D2S. The same HDX assay is applied here to investigate nucleic acid hairpin structure. Variations in hairpin solution-phase stabilities are achieved by changing their loop size, stem length, and stem composition (ratio of G/C and A/T(U) base pairs in the stem). These differences can be carried into the gas phase because electrospray ionization is a gentle ionization method that is able to preserve noncovalent interactions. Observed gas-phase HDX rates of these hairpins are consistent with their relative solution-phase stabilities as predicted by MFold, i.e., less stable nucleic acid hairpins exchange faster than more stable hairpins. To our knowledge, the presented experiments demonstrate for the first time that gas-phase HDX may be used to characterize nucleic acid higher order structure and the results suggest that the relative stabilities of nucleic acid hairpins in the gaseous phase are correlated with those in solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 256–264, 2009. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Beam Condenser-Microscope System For High Pressure Studies And General Microsampling

The development of a new, versatile beam condenser system for FT-IR spectrometers will be described. Primarily designed for use with the diamond-anvil high pressure cell, it also serves as a very convenient accessory for general microsampling. A major advantage of the system is the routine capability to visually observe the sample, using conventional optical microscopy, while the sample remains in place in the spectrometer. This adds a powerful tool to spectral studies of phase transitions, decompositions, kinetics, and distributions in microscopically heterogeneous samples. Applications of the system in high pressure studies of model lubricants will be discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nitrogen doping of fused silica and silicate glasses: a study of transport and optical properties☆

Abstract Our work has demonstrated for the first time that relatively large amounts of atomic nitrogen can be incorporated in fused silica, rather than Vycor, by a high temperature NH3 cracking process. The nitrogen analysis process shows that the nitrogen is chemically dissolved in the molecular structure of the fused silica glass and we obtain a product which is a stable and transparent glass. A kinetic study of this nitriding process has shown that nitrogen incorporation in a glass will occur even at temperatures as low as 500°C, although the best efficiencies in the reaction are attained at temperatures near or slightly below the glass transition temperature of the glass. The kinetic study also shows that optimum nitriding conditions for fused silica are a NH3/N2 ratio of 3:1 at a nitriding temperature of ∼1000°C. We discuss the possible structural scheme that allows increased lattice stiffness of a nitrided glass relative to a non-treated glass. This in turn has important consequences for understanding the problem of glass stability (i.e. devitrification) in silicate based glasses.
Sequential behavior and learning in evolved dynamical neural networks

This article explores the use of a real-valued modular genetic algorithm to evolve continuous-time recurrent neural networks capable of sequential behavior and learning. We evolve networks that can generate a fixed sequence of outputs in response to an external trigger occurring at varying intervals of time. We also evolve networks that can learn to generate one of a set of possible sequences based on reinforcement from the environment. Finally, we utilize concepts from dynamical systems theory to understand the operation of some of these evolved networks. A novel feature of our approach is that we assume neither an a priori discretization of states or time nor an a priori learning algorithm that explicitly modifies network parameters during learning. Rather, we merely expose dynamical neural networks to tasks that require sequential behavior and learning and allow the genetic algorithm to evolve network dynamics capable of accomplishing these tasks.
Returns from Plantings of Legal-Sized Brook, Brown and Rainbow Trout in the Pigeon River, Otsego County, Michigan

Abstract A complete census of fishing on 4.8 miles of the Pigeon River, together with population estimates made at the end of the open season, made possible an accurate evaluation of the yield and survival of open-season plantings of hatchery trout. Fishing intensity in this research area for 3 years averaged 2,414 daily trips per year which was equivalent to 278 hours of fishing effort per acre per year. Sections in which hatchery fish were planted attracted about three times as much fishing as did the unplanted sections. Fishing quality, measured by the catch per hour per fishing trip, was generally poor for native fish, averaging less than 1 fish for 5 hours of effort. Hatchery fish made up about 70 percent of the total catch for the 3 years. Planting trout from a live-crate a few at a time (scatter-planting) did not prove to be advantageous over the practice of liberating large numbers of fish in one hole (spot-planting). Trout that had been scatter-planted did not contribute to the catch for a longer...
TRIANGULAR DIFFERENCE TESTING: REFINEMENTS TO SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL TRIADS

. Using a model system of 3mM NaCl and purified water, predictions were made for subjects’ability to discriminate the odd sample in a set of nine triadic tasting sequences associated with the triangle test. With such individual triads rather than triangular testing protocols which involve more than one triad, it was found necessary to modify the regular Sequential Sensitivity Analysis. The modification required a consideration of sensory adaptation effects caused by repeated tasting of the same stimulus in some of the sequences. Further confirmation was also obtained for the order of magnitude of signal strengths of water and NaCl stimuli tasted after water or NaCl prerinses.
Effects of sodium N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine on cadmium distribution and excretion

Abstract Sodium N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine (MDCG) was evaluated for its efficacy in mobilizing and promoting excretion of metallothionein-bound 109 Cd using mice which had received 0.03 mg of CdCl 2 ·2.5H 2 O along with 1.0 >Ci of 109 CdCl 2 three weeks earlier. The MDCG-induced change in the fecal excretion of Cd ranged from a 15-fold increase over the control rate at the lowest dose level used (2.2 mmol/kg; 684 mg/kg) up to a 72-fold increase at the highest dose (8.8 mmol/kg; 2736 mg/kg) following three daily injections. The latter treatment regimen resulted in a fecal excretion of almost 30% of the administered Cd over a 3-day period of observation. Urinary Cd excretion was insignificant in both the control and treated groups. The whole body burden of Cd was reduced by over 50% following seven thrice-weekly i.p. injections of MDCG at 8.8 mmol/kg. There was a 60–65% reduction in both the liver and kidney Cd levels following the same treatment regimen. Radioassay of ten other organs and tissues revealed only modest changes. Testicular Cd was decreased slightly at the highest dose level, and heart tissue from each treated group contained slightly more Cd than controls. Results indicated a rather marked specificity of MDCG in lowering the Cd content of two organs most susceptible to Cd-induced toxicity.
New regime of homogeneous flow in the deformation map of metallic glasses: elevated temperature nanoindentation experiments and mechanistic modeling

The character of plastic deformation in metallic glasses is investigated through instrumented nanoindentation experiments on amorphous Pd40Ni40P20 and Mg65Cu25Gd10. Using a customized experimental apparatus, nanoindentation experiments have been conducted over four decades of indentation strain rate and from ambient temperature up to the glass transition, allowing rapid evaluation of an extensive deformation map with only small volumes of experimental material. At low rates and temperatures, inhomogeneous or serrated flow is observed, owing to the discrete operation of individual shear bands. Two distinct regimes of homogeneous flow can be identified. The first, expected, regime of homogeneous flow corresponds to the onset of viscous deformation at high temperatures and low rates, and is well described by existing mechanistic models. The second homogeneous regime occurs at high deformation rates even well below the glass transition, and arises when deformation rates exceed the characteristic rate for shear band nucleation, kinetically forcing strain distribution. By extending an existing model for glass deformation to explore shear band nucleation kinetics, this second regime is quantitatively rationalized and the natural frequency for shear band nucleation is extracted from the data. From this analysis the critical radius of a shear band as it transitions from nucleation to propagation is estimated to be in the submicron range.
Genetic, environmental, and gender effects on individual differences in toddler expressive language.

In this article, the authors examined the genetic and environmental factors influencing expressive language development in a sample of 386 toddler twin pairs participating in the Wisconsin Twin Pro...
Alterations in splenocyte protein kinase C (PKC) activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in vivo.

The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on growth factor-coupled activation of nuclear protein kinase C (nPKC) and on the subcellular distribution of PKC activity in rat splenocytes were investigated. Seven days after a single injection of TCDD (50 μg/kg body weight), cytosolic and particulate PKC activity was significantly higher in splenocytes from TCDD-treated rats or pair-fed control rats compared to ad libitum-fed animals. In a separate experiment, purified splenocyte nuclei from TCDD-treated animals and controls were used to study activation of nPKC by growth factors and other trophic agents. Growth factor-stimulated nPKC activation was attenuated in splenic nuclei from TCDD-treated rats compared to vehicle-treated controls. Evidence presented here suggests that the cellular mechanism of TCDD toxicity leading to immunosuppression in rodents may be mediated in part by uncoupling of growth factor receptors linked to PKC activation at the level of the nucleus. However, changes in total splenocyte PKC activity appear to be correlated with hypophagia since cytosolic and particulate PKC levels were elevated in TCDD-treated rats and their pair-fed partners.
Generation and Amplification of femtosecond pulses in Tm:fiber

We describe the generation and amplification of femtosecond pulses at 2-μm wavelength in thulium doped fiber. The mode-locked oscillator is a ring cavity based on single-mode Tm:fiber producing stable soliton pulses at 70 MHz repetition rate with 40 pJ pulse energy, centered at ~1.97 μm wavelength with ~8 nm (FWHM) spectral width. These pulses seed a Tm:fiber based Raman amplifier, which increases the energy up to 9 nJ. The spectrum is broadened up to 40 nm (FWHM) and the center wavelength can be shifted from ~1.97- 2.15 μm. The Raman solitons are inherently time-bandwidth limited with pulse durations <150 fs.
Staining of interphase nuclei and mitotic figures in cultured cells with alcian blue 8GX.

Cultured endothelial cells derived from bovine calf pulmonary artery were subjected to a variety of fixatives and stained with 1% Alcian blue 8GX at pH 2.59 to 3.26. Within this range of pH, interphase nuclei and especially mitotic figures were (a) strongly stained in cells fixed with 10% formalin (phosphate buffered or unbuffered) or 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde, (b) weakly stained or unstained in cells fixed in formaldehyde containing divalent cations, and (c) unstained in cells fixed in acetic acid-containing fluids. However, optimal nuclear staining with Alcian blue under the conditions of this study was judged to be achieved after fixation with neutral phosphate buffered 10% formalin.
Investigation of submonolayer SiOX species formed from oxidation of silane on Pt(1 1 1)

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of SiH 4 and O 2 was investigated on Pt(1 1 1) with a focus on characterizing surface oxidation of silicon. Temperature programmed desorption was used to identify trends in desorption peak temperature and desorption yields to show trends in reactant availability and consumption. These experiments showed increases in H 2 desorption and decreases in O 2 desorption with increasing SiH 4 exposure. No significant H 2 O desorption was observed with high exposures of SiH 4 , consistent with O atoms remaining on the surface through bonding with Si atoms. This observation also indicates Si–O reaction kinetics are faster than water formation kinetics. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) was used to study the vibrational modes of surface species isolated after various exposures and thermal treatments. Spectra observed after low exposures of SiH 4 on an O-saturated surface consist of three primary peaks at 480, 800, and 1130 cm −1 , modes similar to those observed in the initial stages of surface oxidation of Si single crystals. However, spectra observed after higher exposures of SiH 4 have a single dominant peak at 750 cm −1 , indicating a different surface structure at higher Si coverage. Finally, Auger electron spectroscopy showed no shift in the Si LVV peak after exposure to oxygen, suggesting that a true silicon oxide phase is not formed. HREEL spectra collected after higher silane exposures are consistent with computed spectra for a chain of SiO species in which Si is bound to the surface and O is in a bridging position between Si atoms. Comparisons to previous work on Pd(1 1 1), in which clearly silica-like regions on the surface are formed during oxidation of surface silicon, indicate silane oxidation thermal chemistry depends strongly on surface composition.
A meta-analysis examining clinical test utility for assessing superior labral anterior posterior lesions.

BackgroundThe reported accuracy of clinical tests for superior labral anterior posterior lesions is extremely variable. Pooling results from multiple studies of higher quality is necessary to establish the best clinical tests to use.HypothesisCertain clinical tests are superior to others for diagnosing the presence or absence of a superior labral anterior posterior lesion.Study DesignMeta-analysis.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE (1966–2007), CINAHL (1982–2007), and BIOSIS (1995–2007) was performed for (labrum OR labral OR SLAP OR Bankart) AND (shoulder OR shoulder joint OR glenoid) AND (specificity OR sensitivity AND specificity). Identified articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria. Sensitivity and specificity values were recorded from each study and used for meta-analysis.ResultsSix of 198 identified studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. Active compression, anterior slide, crank, and Speed tests were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The accuracy of the anterior sl...
192 PROLONGED MECHANICAL VENTILATION OF INFANTS AFTER OPEN HEART SURGERY

Records of all 140 infants 7 days (19). The 16% mortality in those with MV ≥7 days did not exceed that in infants with briefer MV (17%). Factors which prolong MV include: younger age (p<.005) (mean 10 mo), longer bypass time (p<.005) (mean 105 min), longer aortic cross clamp time (p<.01) (mean 51 min), and pre-op MV (p<.05). A predictive index (PI) for each patient was derived by assigning a +1 score for each factor when its value was worse than the mean. PI ≥2 predicted prolonged MV ≥7 days with 95% sensitivity and 57% specificity. MV ≥7 days occurred in 26% of infants with PI ≥2 and only in 1% with PI <2. Post-op factors including premature extubation requiring reintubation (p<.005) and requirement for a second surgical procedure (p<.005) also lengthened MV. The R2=.57 for combined significant variables in relation to duration of MV. While not predictive for the entire population, among the 19 requiring MV ≥7 days, 14 had pre-op elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, resistance, or blood flow, or high left atrial pressure. For patients predicted to have high risk of prolonged MV, early nutritional support, heightened vigilance for treatable complications and nosocomial infections, and avoidance of futile premature extubation are all suggested.
Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the Description of a New Natricine Colubrid

The Pratt Slide fossil site of Brown County, Nebraska, has yielded the largest and most diverse Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Age (late Miocene; approximately 10.5-9.5 Ma) snake fauna thus far known. The overall composition of the snake fauna consists of extinct taxa from older Miocene times, temporally isolated taxa, and modern taxa. More specifically, the fauna includes at least two extinct erycine boids, 14 colubrids of which five genera are extinct, and possibly three extant viperid genera. The fossil site yielded additional evidence (three vertebrae) of the unique late Clarendonian erycine Tregophis brevirachis and vertebrae of a new distinctive tiny natricine colubrid. Additional vertebrae of a Paleoheterodon-Heterodon snake(s) further support the suggestions by others that these two xenodontine colubrids are indistinguishable at the vertebral level. Overall, the composition of the Pratt Slide snake fauna provides supportive evidence of a North American late Miocene transition from an archaic to a modern snake fauna with most of the modernization taking place during Clarendonian to Hemphillian time (approximately 10-6 Ma).
Monocyte Function in Chickens with Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy

Abstract Monocyte functions of Storrs strain muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens and Storrs control strain were compared. After short-term in vitro culture of monocytes, cells taken from Storrs MD chickens had a significantly lower incidence of cells capable of phagocytizing sheep red blood cells than did cells cultured from the control strain. In contrast, no difference was found in the ability of MD vs. control strain blood mononuclear cells to undergo in vitro chemotaxis in response to a bacterial culture supernatant. The study also revealed a distinct peripheral blood leukocyte profile of young MD chickens: elevated percentages and absolute numbers of granulocytes. The total leukocyte count in MD chickens was not significantly different from that of normal chickens. These findings extend previous observations concerning altered reticuloendothelial system function in MD strain chickens.
A compiler-writer's view of GaAs computer system design

The question of how a computer system can be designed to take advantage of GaAs's fast switching times to avoid limiting system performance by communication-bandwidth and circuit-density factors is addressed. The authors hope to specify a set of design guidelines which are sufficiently flexible that they encompass both GaAs and silicon technologies, as well as any others that may evolve. They present a compiler-writer's view of how such guidelines can be created, as well as a number of specific guidelines given as examples. >
Phantom Life Pain: Discussion of Hazel Ipp's “Nell—A Bridge to the Amputated Self”

In her moving narrative of the treatment of Nell, Ipp describes the “amputation” of herself in the move away from her African homeland, along with the reconnection of that aspect of herself in their successful analysis. The loss of a sense of self, however, is not limited to geographical moves, but is inherent in almost any life change: for instance, from family home to wider world, or from one job or relationship to another. Each transition involves an inevitable amputation of memories, dreams, friendships, identities, and other associations, all of which have powerful emotional resonances. The connections are not obliterated, however, nor are they conventionally repressed or dissociated. Rather, they remain as presences: phantom aspects of ourselves that ache nostalgically from time to time to remind us of important things we have not quite lost. As Ipp's work shows, these aspects, ultimately, can be profoundly healing to reattach.
Increased Tie2 Expression, Enhanced Response to Angiopoietin-1, and Dysregulated Angiopoietin-2 Expression in Hemangioma-Derived Endothelial Cells

Infantile hemangiomas are endothelial tumors that grow rapidly in the first year of life and regress slowly during early childhood. Although hemangiomas are well-known vascular lesions, little is known about the mechanisms that cause the excessive endothelial cell proliferation in these most common tumors of infancy. To investigate the molecular basis of hemangioma, we isolated endothelial cells from several proliferative-phase lesions and showed that these cells are clonal and exhibit abnormal properties in vitro (E. Boye, Y. Yu, G. Paranya, J. B. Mulliken, B. R. Olsen, J. Bischoff: Clonality and altered behavior of endothelial cells from hemangiomas. J Clin Invest 2001, 107:745–752). Here, we analyzed mRNA expression patterns of genes required for angiogenesis, including members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor family and the angiopoietin/Tie family, in hemangioma-derived and normal endothelial cells. KDR, Flt-1, Tie1, Tie2, and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) were strongly expressed in cultured hemangioma-derived endothelial cells and in hemangioma tissue. In contrast, there was little expression of angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) or VEGF. We found Tie2 mRNA and protein up-regulated with a concomitant increase in cellular responsiveness to Ang1 in most hemangioma-derived endothelial cells. Ang2 mRNA was down-regulated in response to serum in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells, but not in normal endothelial cells, suggesting altered regulation. These findings implicate Tie2 and its ligands Ang1 and Ang2 in the pathogenesis of hemangioma.
Instability free routing: beyond one protocol instance

Today, a large body of research exists regarding the correctness of routing protocols. However, many reported global disruptions of Internet connectivity, e.g., inter-AS persistent loops, cannot be explained by looking at a single routing protocol at a time. In fact, these anomalies have long been suspected in the operator community to be caused by the interactions between routing protocols. The interactions between protocol instances are governed by two procedures at the border routers: route selection (RS) ranks routes from different protocol instances; and route redistribution (RR) exchanges routes between protocol instances. Prior studies hypothesized that RR may be responsible for a portion of the observed anomalies. In this paper, we provide analytical and experimental results to link RS, RR, and their interplay to anomalies discovered in operational networks. We show that RS by itself can cause route oscillations and loops, and that in all Cisco, Quagga, and XORP implementations, non-deterministic behaviors may occur because of their incorrect modeling of the dependencies between RS and RR. We identify the root cause for each of the instabilities and derive a configuration guideline as well as a functional model to eliminate them.
MBDD versus MMDD for Multistate Systems Analysis

Many combinatorial reliability models assume binary designation of states for both systems and their components. In many real applications, however, systems and their components may have more than two states (or levels of performance) varying from perfect operation to complete failure. In this paper, we present two combinatorial decision diagram based models that have been proposed for the analysis of multistate systems: multistate binary decision diagrams (MBDD) based approach and multistate multivalued decision diagrams (MMDD) based approach. And we conduct an empirical performance comparison between those two methods in terms of model size and computational complexity via two illustrative examples.
Synchronous bilateral Wilm's tumor in the adolescent and adult

Bilateral Wilms' tumor in the adolescent and adult is extremely rare, with only four pre- vious cases reported. Theories as to the etiology of this entity and a review of the demographics, di- agnosis, staging, and treatment of Wilms' tumor with emphasis on bilateral disease and the older patient are presented. Current approaches to the patient with an atypical presentation of Wilms' tumor can result in excellent results similar to those seen with the more typical presentation.
Improving Techniques for Proving Undecidability of Checking Cryptographic Protocols

Existing undecidability proofs of checking secrecy of cryptographic protocols have the limitations of not considering protocols common in literature, which are in the form of communication sequences, since only protocols as non- matching roles are considered, and not considering an attacker who is an insider since only an outsider attacker is considered. Therefore the complexity of checking the realistic attacks, such as the attack to the public key Needham-Schroeder protocol, is unknown. The limitations have been observed independently and described similarly by Froschle in a recently published paper, where two open problems are posted. This paper investigates these limitations, and we present a generally applicable approach by reductions with novel features from the reachability problem of 2-counter machines, and we solve the two open problems. We also prove the undecidability of checking authentication which is the first detailed proof to our best knowledge. A unique feature of the proof is to directly address the secrecy and authentication goals as defined for the public key Needham-Schroeder protocol, whose attack has motivated many researches of formal verification of security protocols.
Overexpression of GAP-43 Reveals Unexpected Properties of Hippocampal Mossy Fibers

The mossy fiber (MF) system targets the apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells in the stratum lucidum (SL). In mice over- expressing the growth-associated protein GAP-43 there is an apparent ectopic growth of these MFs into the stratum oriens (SO) targeting the basal dendrites of these same pyramidal cells (Aigner et al. (1995) Cell 83:269-278). This is the first evidence to our knowledge that links increased GAP-43 expression with growth of central axons. Here we studied the Aigner et al. transgenic mice but were unable to confirm such growth into SO. However, using quantitative methods we did observe enhanced growth within the regions normally targeted by MFs, for example, the SL in the CA3a region. These contrasting results led us to study MFs with double-immunostaining using an immuno- histochemical marker for MFs, the zinc transporter, ZnT3, to visualize the colocalization of transgenic GAP-43 within MFs. Unexpectedly, using both fluorescence and confocal microscopy, we were unable to detect colocalization of GAP-43-positive axons with ZnT3-positive MF axons within the MF pathways, either in the region of the MF axons or in the SL, where MF terminals are abundant. In contrast, the plasma membrane-associated presynaptic marker SNAP-25 did colocalize with transgenic GAP-43-positive terminals in the SL. Synaptophysin, the vesicle-associated presynaptic terminal marker, colocalized with ZnT3 but did not appear to colocalize with GAP-43. The present findings raise important questions about the properties of granule cells and the MF mechanisms that differentially regulate axonal remodeling in the adult hippocampus: (1) Because there appears to be at least two popu- lations of granule cells defined by their differential protein expression, this points to the existence of an intrinsic heterogeneity of granule cell expression beyond that contributed by adult neurogenesis; (2) Given the present evidence that growth is induced in mice over- expressing GAP-43 in adjacent non-GAP-43 containing MFs, the poten- tial exists for a heretofore unexplored interaxonal communication mechanism. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxidation of SiCf/SiC-HfB2 Composites under Laser Heating

Ceramic matrix composites with SylramicTM and CG NicalonTM SiC fibers and SiC-HfB2 matrices derived from a combination of polymer-derived SiC ceramic and HfB2 particulate slurries were prepared. The composites were tested for oxidation resistance by laser heating at 2 MW/m2 to achieve temperatures near 1600°C. The oxidation resistance was compared between uncoated CG NicalonTM and BN-coated SylramicTM fiber-based composites. Oxidation resulted in precipitated nano-sized HfO2 independent of the fibers and fiber coatings.
In ovo vaccination of commercial broilers with a glycoprotein J gene-deleted strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus.

SUMMARY. Conventional live attenuated vaccines have been used as the main tool worldwide for the control of infectious laryngotracheitis. However, their suboptimal attenuation combined with poor mass administration practices allowed chicken embryo origin vaccine-derived isolates to circulate in the field, regain virulence, and be the cause of continuous outbreaks of the disease. Previous studies indicated that stable attenuation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) can be achieved by the deletion of individual viral genes that are not essential for viral replication in vitro. One of these genes is the glycoprotein J (gJ) gene. Its deletion provided significant attenuation to virulent ILTV strains from Europe and the United States. The objective of this study was to construct an attenuated gJ-deleted ILTV strain and evaluate its safety and efficacy for in ovo (IO) administration of commercial broilers. A novel gJ-deleted virus (NΔgJ) was constructed, and a 103 median tissue culture infective dose ...
Insular Geology of the Line Islands

The Line Islands seamount chain consists of a series of ridges and seamounts which extend 4800 km across the Central Pacific Basin (Fig. 1). The seamounts form the longest intraplate submarine mountain chain in any ocean, rising from a sea floor in excess of 5000 m deep. Only twelve seamounts reach sea level to form low islands or atolls; all are presently bordered by fringing reefs. Some seamounts extend above sea level to form typical atolls, having shallow salty lagoons and a rim occasionally broken by channels to the sea, e.g., Fanning, Palmyra and Caroline. Still other seamounts reach sea level and form islands with unbroken land surfaces, e.g., Jarvis, Vostok and Flint Islands. All of the islands are low and nearly flat. Christmas Island and Johnston Island display the highest elevations with sand dunes reaching 12 m.
The therapeutic implications of intratumoral regulatory T cells.

In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Wolf and colleagues present compelling evidence that underscores a key role for regulatory T cell–induced immune suppression in tumor pathogenesis ([1][1]). Although most cancer patients mount innate and adaptive antitumor reactions, the evolution of
Apparent motion enhances visual rhythm discrimination in infancy.

Many studies have demonstrated that infants exhibit robust auditory rhythm discrimination, but research on infants’ perception of visual rhythm is limited. In particular, the role of motion in infants’ perception of visual rhythm remains unknown, despite the prevalence of motion cues in naturally occurring visual rhythms. In the present study, we examined the role of motion in 7-month-old infants’ discrimination of visual rhythms by comparing experimental conditions with apparent motion in the stimuli versus stationary rhythmic stimuli. Infants succeeded at discriminating visual rhythms only when the visual rhythm occurred with an apparent motion component. These results support the view that motion plays a role in infants’ perception of visual temporal information, consistent with the manner in which natural rhythms appear in the visual world.
Kinetics of potassium exchange in heterogeneous systems

Abstract A plant's nutritional requirement for potassium (K) is usually satisfied by release of K+ from the phases of soil K. The rates of the reactions between the forms of K in a heterogeneous system are primarily dependent upon the types and amounts of clay minerals present. An overview of the kinetics of K exchange in clay and soil systems will be presented. Discussion will include: rates of K exchange on kaolins, smectites, vermiculites, and soils; models and methods to describe these reactions; and, the rate determining steps involved. A knowledge of the reaction kinetics between the phases of K is paramount in modeling the fate of applied K in soils.
ZEB2 Represses the Epithelial Phenotype and Facilitates Metastasis in Ewing Sarcoma

The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are attributable to metastasis. Effective treatment of metastatic disease will be improved by a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon. Much of the work in this field has focused on metastasis of carcinomas, tumors of epithelial origin, while metastasis of sarcomas, tumors of mesenchymal origin, remains poorly understood. Experimental evidence from studies in carcinomas, coupled with clinical observations, highlights the importance of both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics in these cancer cells that make them competent for metastasis. We set out to test if similar cellular plasticity contributes to sarcoma metastasis. We found that the transcription factor, ZEB2, repressed epithelial gene expression in Ewing sarcoma cells, and this, in turn, repressed the epithelial phenotype. When ZEB2 was experimentally reduced in these cells, epithelial characteristics including decreased migratory ability and cytoskeleton rearrangements were observed. Furthermore, ZEB2 reduction in Ewing sarcoma cells resulted in a decreased metastatic potential using a mouse metastasis model. Our data show that Ewing sarcoma cells may have more epithelial plasticity than previously appreciated. This coupled with previous data demonstrating Ewing sarcoma cells also have mesenchymal features primes these cells to successfully metastasize. This is clinically relevant for 2 important reasons. First, this may offer a therapeutic opportunity to induce characteristics of one cell type or the other depending on the stage of the disease. Second, and more broadly, this raises questions about the cell of origin in Ewing sarcoma and may inform future animal models of the disease.
Identification and isolation of an axonal plasma membrance enriched fraction from cerebellar granule cell neurites

A procedure is described to isolate a fraction enriched in cerebellar granule cell neuritic membranes. Morphological markers that are specific for either the granule cell perikarya or neuritic membranes have been identified. Concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to bind predominantly to the granule cell neurites whereas, the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 2′,3′, cyclic nucleotide-3-phosphohydrolase (CNPase) are localized predominantly in the neuronal cell bodies. The membrane fraction enriched in Con A binding has been used to generate a monoclonal antibody which morphologically recognized the cerebellar granule cell nueritic membrance. Following fractionation of the granule cells, each marker was used to identify the cellular origin of the fractions. The neuritic markers Con A and the neuritic membrane antibody MR2 bound predominately to membrances found in the 29.1% and 31.5% region of the sucrose gradient. The perikaryal markers, CNPase and AChE activity were most enriched in membrance fractions found at a sucrose concentration of 23% and 21%, respectively. Morphological examination of the neuritic enriched fraction shows that it contains predominately membranous material with few subcellular organelles. The protein profiles of the cerebellar granule cell fractions are unique when compared with the protein profiles of other neuronal and non-neuronal fractions. The membrane fraction isolated from the cerebellar granule cells should prove useful in furthering our understanding of the axonal influence on glial development.
Activation of Promutagens by Green Plants

AROMATIC AMINES AS MODEL PROMUTAGENS FOR STUDIES IN PLANT ACTIVATION . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Aromatic Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Inhibitors to Identify Biochemical Pathways in Plant Activation. . . . . . . . . . . Isolation of High Molecular Weight Plani-Activated Aromatic Amine Products . Plant-Activated Aromatic Amine Products as Substrates for NIO-Acetyltransferases Molecular Effects of Plant-Activated Promutagens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .
Effect of Iron Source on Color and Appearance of Micronutrient-Fortified Corn Flour Tortillas

ABSTRACT Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread occurrence. Consequently, iron is commonly added in cereal fortification programs. However, many iron sources cause undesirable sensory changes, especially color changes, in the food being fortified. This study evaluated the effect of different iron sources on CIE L*a*b* color values and sensory color perception in fortified corn tortillas. Corn masa flour was fortified with micronutrient premix containing vitamins, zinc, and one of eight iron compounds. Iron sources included ferrous fumarate (F), ferrous sulfate (S), ferric orthophosphate (OP), ferrous lactate (L), ferrous gluconate (G), ferric pyrophosphate (PP), sodium iron (III)-EDTA, and A-131 electrolytic iron (E), with addition levels adjusted based on bioavailability. Control (Ct) samples were prepared with all micronutrients except iron. All iron-fortified tortillas had lower L* values and were significantly darker than control tortillas. Based on instrumental color values and Mexican regulatory rec...
Base substitutions, targeted single-base deletions, and chromosomal translocations induced by bleomycin in plateau-phase mammary epithelial cells.

Abstract Yu, Y., Inamdar, K. V., Turner, K., Jackson-Cook, C. K. and Povirk, L. F. Base Substitutions, Targeted Single-Base Deletions, and Chromosomal Translocations Induced by Bleomycin in Plateau-Phase Mammary Epithelial Cells. Radiat. Res. 158, 327–338 (2002). Previous work showed that treatment of plateau-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells with the radiomimetic double-strand cleaving agent bleomycin induced very small deletions as well as interchromosomal reciprocal translocations, both of which could be ascribed to errors in end joining of DNA double-strand breaks. In an attempt to assess the possible role of TP53 in suppressing such repair errors, bleomycin-induced mutagenesis at the HPRT locus was examined in immortalized 184B5 human mammary epithelial cells (TP53+), and in a TP53-defective derivative, 184B5-E6tfxc6. For both cell lines, the most frequent bleomycin-induced mutations were base substitutions, with no apparent targeting to major bleomycin lesions. However, both lines also sustained sin...
The morphosyntax of (in)alienably possessed noun phrases

This paper argues that there is a fundamental difference between alienable and inalienable possession in the syntax of the noun phrase, and that this difference involves direction of predication. A possessum is the subject of a predicate that is or contains the possessor; the configurational relationship between the possessive predicate and its subject is established by a relator that takes the possessum either as its specifier or as its complement, with the possessive predicate occupying the other position in the small clause. Alienably possessed noun phrases involve an underlying syntax in which the possessum is the relator’s specifier; inalienable possession constructions are built on a structure in which the possessum is the complement of the relator. The paper provides an analytical sketch of a partial typology of possessed noun phrases and an account of the cross-linguistic generalisation that for languages that show a systematic structural distinction between alienable and inalienable adnominal possession, it is the inalienably possessed noun phrase that is morphosyntactically simpler than the alienably possessed one. The focus of the discussion is on Hungarian, a language whose ‘possessedness marker’ -(j)a/-(j)e is teased apart into two component parts: an affixal ‘spurious’ article -a/e lexicalising the relator of DP-internal possession, and an additional -j- that in noun phrases that show a morphological alienability split has morphemic status, functioning as the linker that facilitates the Predicate Inversion derivation of alienably possessed noun phrases.
Primary Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Implementing the Clinical Trial Findings

OBJECTIVE:To review the clinical trials evaluating warfarin for primary stroke prophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), to discuss the relative benefits and risks of warfarin versus aspirin therapy, and to review the clinical practice guidelines and identify potential barriers to their implementation in clinical practice.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE literature search was performed to identify clinical trials of antithrombotic therapy for NVAF, clinical practice guidelines, studies evaluating physician practices and attitudes, cost-effectiveness studies, and pertinent review articles. Key search terms included atrial fibrillation, stroke, antithrombotic, warfarin, aspirin, and cost-effectiveness.DATA EXTRACTION:Prospective, randomized clinical trials were selected for analysis. Clinical practice guidelines from recognized panels of experts were reviewed. Comprehensive review articles were selected.DATA SYNTHESIS:NVAF is a common arrhythmia that is associated with a substantial risk for stroke. Seve...
A Remarkable Development of the Sporophyte in Anthoceros fusiformis, Aust

THERE botanists, has to been question a marked the validity tendency of of the late, antithetic especially theory among of alternaBritish botanists, to question the validity of the antithetic theory of alternation of generations in the Pteridophytes, and considerable ingenuity has been shown in the efforts to prove essential homologies existing between gametophyte and sporophyte. None of the theories proposed has seemed to the writer to be based upon positive evidence at all commensurate with that brought forward in favour of the antithetic theory. Especially striking are the numerous resemblances between the sporophyte of the Anthocerotaceae and that of the lower Pteridophytes. The Anthocerotaceae constitute one of the most clearly defined families of plants known to the botanist ; but their relationships with other forms are by no means so evident. The highly developed sporophyte, especially in the genus Anthoceros , has naturally invited comparison with that of the simpler Pteridophytes, and the writer has long felt that the marked similarities of structure are something more than mere analogies. The gametophyte of the Anthocerotaceae is very simple in structure, and fairly comparable with that of the Marattiaceae or Equisetum . The single chromatophore found in most of the Anthocerotaceae is very much like that of many green algae and is unknown elsewhere among the Bryophytes. Together with the very simple structure, this indicates that the gametophyte of the Anthocerotaceae is perhaps the most primitive of all the Bryophytes. Of the American species of Anthoceros> the common Pacific Coast A. fusiformis , Aust., has the longest sporophyte. This often reaches a length of two or three inches, the maximum recorded by Howe 1 being
Clinical and Serologic Responses in Volunteers Given Vacuolating Virus (SV40) by Respiratory Route

SummarySV40 virus present as a contaminant in a pool of respiratory syncitial virus prepared in cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells was inoculated by the respiratory route into 35 adult volunteers: 8 of these received SV40 virus preparation in which the RS virus component was neutralized by addition of RS antiserum. None of the test subjects developed signs or symptoms attributable to inhalation of SV40. SV40 virus was recovered from throat swab specimens of 3 of the volunteers 7 or 11 days after exposure. SV40 neutralizing antibody in titers ranging from 1:5 to 1:80 appeared in the blood of 22 of the 35 test subjects.
Synthesis and Structure of a Trigonal Monopyramidal Vanadium(III) Complex, [(C6F5NCH2CH2)3N]V, and the Vanadium(IV) Product of Its Oxidation, {[(C6F5NCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2NHC6F5)]V(O)}2

Reduction of [N3NF]VCl ([N3NF]3- = [(C6F5NCH2CH2)3N]3-) with sodium amalgam in toluene yields dark green, trigonal monpyramidal, paramagnetic [N3NF]V (1). During attempts to recrystallize 1 from toluene at room temperature, bright green crystals of {[(C6F5NCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2NHC6F5)]V(O)}2 (2) formed over a period of 2 weeks, possibly from traces of water. A key feature of 2 is that one arm of the triamidoamine ligand has been protonated and is now “dangling” away from the metal.
Some Conceptual Problems in Nuclear Proliferation

While significant progress has been made in establishing a legal barrier to the further spread of nuclear weapons, some important nations are withholding approval of this Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Political factors are very significant, but agreement is made even more difficult by persistent ambiguities in technological forecasts of “how far we or they are from the bomb.” The time-lag for any crash weapon programs will not remain as extended as one might hope, because civilian technology itself is drawing states ever closer to de facto military capabilities. Yet the length of this time-lag may be crucial to the maintenance of peace if political crises emerge. Since scientists offer widely varying estimates on such time-lags, a graphical formulation is offered to reduce ambiguity. In the end, the effectiveness of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards under the NPT may depend more on their symbolic and political impact than on their technology.
Romanticism/Judaica: a convergence of cultures

Sheila Spector has put enormous scholarly energy into demonstrating and analysing the intersections between Jewish literary, religious and philosophical questions in the historical movement we call...
Investigation on Influenza A H1N1 Antibody among Healthy Population in Xicheng District of Xi'an City

[Objective]To investigate the infection status and antibody levels of Influenza A H1N1 among healthy population in Xicheng District of Xi'an City,to analyze and predict epidemic trends of H1N1,and provide evidence for its prevention and control.[Methods]Hemagglutination inhibition test was adopted to detect antibodies of influenza A H1N1 virus in serum of healthy people in different age groups.[Results]The positive rate of antibodies after injecting H1N1 influenza vaccine was up to 62.2%.The positive rate of antibodies of H1N1 virus among total population was 30.05%.[Conclusion]It was effective to inject H1N1 vaccine,but the immunity of H1N1 influenza virus is not high among healthy people.