cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief report one-year prospective prediction of marijuana use cessation among youth at continuation high schools

Abstract This article reports a large-scale study of the prediction of marijuana use cessation among adolescents who were regular users at baseline. Social, attitude, intrapersonal, violence-related, drug-use-related, and demographic baseline measures served as predictors of whether or not 566 current marijuana users reported having quit use 1 year later. Quitting was defined as having not used marijuana in the last 30 days and having no intention to use marijuana in the future (31% of the baseline users). Those who were slightly older, who reported receiving relatively less approval for using drugs, who held relatively unfavorable attitudes about the acceptability of drug use, and who reported relatively less victimization in the last year were relatively likely to quit. Implications of these results include the need to increase unacceptability of marijuana use to help increase efforts at self-initiated quitting.
Remote access to multimedia databases: an object oriented approach

Recent advances in media processing technology have resulted in the generation of vast amounts of multimedia information. There exists a need to manage this information. This paper describes the design and implementation of an object-oriented system used for remote multimedia database access. The work includes the design of a framework to model multimedia information in the object-oriented database POET, the development of a POET multimedia server to provide access to this information and the design of client interfaces to the system.
Modeling of middle Pliocene climate with the NCAR GENESIS general circulation model

Abstract A climate modeling study was carried out which used boundary conditions created by the USGS PRISM group. The model used for this study is the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GENESIS climate model. GENESIS is an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) that is coupled to a land-surface model and contains submodels (for snow and soil. Boundary conditions incorporated into the model which were specific to the middle Pliocene (~ 3 Ma) are (1) present day continent configuration, modified by a 35 m rise in sea level, (2) modified present day elevations, (3) reduced continental ice cover on both Greenland and Antarctica, (4) Pliocene vegetation, and (5) Pliocene sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice distribution. Atmospheric pCO 2 and orbital parameters were set at current values. The greatest influence of the specified warm SSTs upon the resulting climate was occurrence of warmer and more humid high latitudes than observed in the current climate, especially in the winter season. The global mean surface temperature was 3.6 °C warmer than in a present day control case, and global mean precipitation increased by 5% relative to the control case, with most excess precipitation occurring over the African continent and the oceans. Zonal winds weakened slightly in the Pliocene case but Hadley cell extent and jet stream locations were unchanged relative to the control case. Model results predict specific areas in which middle Pliocene climate should have differed substantially from the present climate, which can be tested with paleoclimate data.
Do Religious Affirmations, Religious Commitments, or General Commitments Mitigate the Negative Effects of Exposure to Thin Ideals?

Western pressures for thinness tell women that having a thin body makes a person worthy. Two factors that may provide alternative means of self-worth are religion and general commitment to a meaningful goal. This study experimentally tested whether religious-affirming statements buffered against exposure to thin models for everyone, or only for women with strong religious commitment. It also examined the relationships among religious commitment, general commitment, and body satisfaction. One hundred eleven women at a religious-affiliated college completed the commitment scales and baseline body measures. They were later randomly assigned to read one set of affirming statements, after which they then completed body measures again. Results showed that religious commitment buffered against exposure to ultrathin models. Women who were strongly religiously committed and who read religious statements that affirmed the body showed higher body esteem. Correlation results showed that general commitment was positively related to body esteem, body satisfaction, and healthy dieting. Religious commitment was positively related to body esteem and body satisfaction. Results are discussed in relation to schemas and depth of processing. Practical implications are discussed.
Geometric parametrization and constrained optimization techniques in the design of salient pole synchronous machines

The shape optimization of magnetic devices is efficiently performed with field calculation and sensitivity analysis based on the finite element method. Several sequential unconstrained optimization techniques are discussed and evaluated with respect to their application in engineering design. The optimization of the geometry of a salient pole generator so as to achieve a desired field configuration in the airgap is used as an illustrative numerical example to demonstrate the geometric parametrization technique, emphasize the importance of constraints in engineering design, and highlight the advantageous features of the augmented Lagrangian multiplier method for nonlinear constrained optimization. For the required geometric parametrization a recent novel use of structural mapping is extended to incorporate constrained optimization. The associated equations of structural mapping are presented. >
Necessary Collusion: Prognostic Communication With Advanced Cancer Patients

As a young oncologist, I find myself wrestling with many of the most difficult issues in the practice of oncology: making difficult trade-offs between risk and benefits of arduous treatments, finding sources of strength to deal with the devastating realities of patients’ situations, and determining how to communicate important information to patients in ways that give them honest and useful information, but still allow them to preserve some hope for the future. It is this last issue on which I offer my thoughts here. I have noticed that although common wisdom holds that we should give accurate and honest prognostic information to patients at all times, in practice this is hard to do. So, I find myself engaging in a process of communication about prognosis with patients which, in a sense, allows the cold, hard facts to come out over time, as opposed to presenting them up front. I have found other oncologists who seem to use a similar strategy. I do this because it is a style of communication which, I think, “works” for me and my patients: patients come to deal with the painful knowledge of their ultimate outcomes over time in ways that I think allow them to cope along the way. But I have continuously asked myself whether this is the “right” way to communicate. Is such a strategy of communication ethical? Looking to the literature about prognostic communication with patients with advanced cancer, two lines of thought dominate. The first suggests that patients want accurate estimates of their prognosis and that accurate estimates benefit patients by allowing them to make end-of-life plans consistent with their values. The second suggests that patients desire, above all, to maintain hope for their situations, and that the “management of hope” permits the prognosticating oncologist to take some liberties with prognostic estimates in order to preserve the patient’s ability to maintain hope. These two lines of thinking appear to be at odds with one another. Is there, however, an ethical way of resolving the tensions between these two views? In the end, I believe that except in instances where stark frankness is openly requested, a style of communication that allows patients to dictate most of the flow of prognostic information or to avoid it is an ethical strategy of prognostic communication. I will refer to this strategy as “necessary collusion.” By collusion I mean the spoken or unspoken agreement we sometimes enter into with some patients to avoid or delay discussing a definitive, numerical prognostic estimate of life expectancy. This article is an examination of whether such collusion is ethical. I am going to argue that such collusion can be ethical, because of certain special characteristics of the situation of patients with advanced cancer and their relationships with their oncologists.
A positron camera detector design with cross-coupled scintillators and quadrant sharing photomultipliers

A new positron camera scintillation detector design is proposed. This design uses discrete scintillators which are tightly optically coupled (glued) together to form a block. The coupling interfaces between crystals have different degrees of polish depending on the interface location within the block. Each block has the same dimension as that of the photomultipliers (PMTs) used, but the blocks and the PMT array are offset in both X-Y directions. The advantages of the design are: (a) higher detection efficiency with almost 100% packing fraction; (b) very uniform signal pulse-heights even for very small crystals at the edge of the block; (c) decoding which is less dependent on the depth of interaction; (d) significant decrease in the number of PMTs by up to 75%; and (e) with the smallest PMT (1.0 cm) currently available, spatial resolution in the range of 1-2 mm is possible. >
Direct sequence CDMA employing combined modulation schemes

In most direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems, the modulation scheme used is a simple one. In this paper, employing a combined modulation scheme in DS-CDMA is proposed. By combining two or more modulation schemes, the resultant symbol energy can be increased, and thus a better symbol error rate performance can be achieved. For the combined modulation scheme, the symbol error rate is determined by the less powerful one of the basic modulation schemes. So a proper selection of modulation combination is essential for power efficiency. In a DS-CDMA system, unlike a narrow-band system, the bandwidth efficiency is closely related to its power efficiency. Thus a combined modulation concept may result in a bandwidth efficient DS-CDMA system. In this paper, we present two DS-CDMA schemes by combining MFSK and coherent MPSK and differential BPSK. These two schemes are respectively denoted as (1) MFSK-MPSK/DS-CDMA, and (2) MFSK-DPSK/DS-CDMA. The proposed schemes have better performance than the conventional CDMA schemes. >
Diversity of the Upper Paleolithic “Venus Figurines and Archeological Mythology”

Meanings attributed to Upper Paleolithic female figurines in the past have been based on the assumption that they are all alike in important ways. Attention is called here to the diversity of the figurines, and possible alternative interpretations.
A real Schur form method for modeling singularly perturbed systems

A method is presented for modeling a two-time-scale system in the singularly perturbed form. The method uses an ordered real Schur decomposition, which can be efficiently computed using standard subroutines from EISPACK. Three results are given. First, it is shown that any two-time-scale system can be modeled in the singularly perturbed form by a transformation into an ordered real Schur form, followed by balancing. Second, under some conditions on the ordered real Schur decomposition, a procedure is given to achieve the modeling task with all fast variables chosen from the original state variables. Third, necessary and sufficient conditions are given to achieve modeling by permutation of the original state variables. >
Process modeling of nitrogen effects on carbon assimilation and allocation—a review

Maximum forest productivity will only be realized through intensified management of mineral nutrition. This review examines selected individual tree and stand nutrition models. Nutrient supply is defined by mass flow and diffusion processes in a forest environment. Additionally, structures of biomass accumulation models are considered as well as nutritional limitations on assimilation functions and carbon allocation patterns.
Exploiting Opportunistic Packet Delivery for Rate Control in 802.11 Wireless Networks

The throughput of the 802.11 protocol, which offers multiple transmission rates, is greatly influenced by the rate control algorithms. However, the high overheads associated with rate adjustment cause traditional rate selection mechanisms to select rates that are non-optimal. In this paper, we explore how packet combining can address this problem. Combining together and broadcasting packets originally destined different receivers exploits multiple opportunities of packet delivery and reduces the risk of poor choices of rates. As a result, our algorithm more aggressively seeks higher transmission rates and can adapt to fast changing channel conditions. Throughput enhancement in simulation indicates that throughput can be boosted by more than 50% on average in Rayleigh fading channels.
Experimental Verification of Models for Microfabricated Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters

Experiments have been performed to verify power-optimized modal models of piezoelectric vibration harvesters for microelectromechanical systems. Such harvesters can power a variety of sensors, and there have been recent national workshops dedicated to harvesting. Detailed experimental results, including displacement histories and electrical output, are provided over a range of frequencies and electrical loadings to compare with (optimized) modal models. The harvester geometry considered is that of a symmetric bimorph macroscale cantilever. Although some experimental work for cantilevered bimorph harvesters has been published, key testing and/or device parameters needed for model verification are missing and/or data at and near power optima (the most interesting operating points) are not provided. Therefore, a detailed set of experiments was performed using power-optimized modeling results to guide the test matrix. Over the broad range of parameters tested, the models accurately predicted all trends and device performance away from device resonances (resonance and antiresonance frequencies). Near the resonance frequencies, the model consistently underpredicts electrical performance, which is satisfactorily attributed (and experimentally supported) to the well-known piezoelectric coupling nonlinearity in the large-strain region. The data presented herein can serve as benchmark data to verify other modeling efforts. The verified models have been used to optimally design microelectromechanical system harvesters for commercial aircraft and microfabrication is ongoing.
A novel design for a high power superconducting delay line

Potential designs for a high power superconducting delay line of approximately 10 ms duration are described. The transmitted signal should have low dispersion and little attenuation to recapture the original signal. Such demands cannot be met using conventional metal conductors. This paper outlines a proposal for a new transmission line design using low temperature superconducting material which meets system specifications. The 25 W line is designed to carry pulsed signals with an approximate rise time of 8 nsec and a maximum voltage magnitude of 25 kV. Predicted electrical design and performance of the line are presented.
Coping and Social Support as Mediators of the Relation of Optimism to Depressive Symptoms among Black College Students.

This investigation examines mechanisms through which optimism may influence psychological adjustment among 133 Black college students. Specifically, this study evaluates the extent to which active ...
Stand-Alone Lateral Surgery for Spinal Deformity

Spinal deformity is term used to define many different types of pathologies in either adult or pediatric patients; hence, it can include both congenital and degenerative defects. Pediatric or adolescent scoliosis/deformity and its treatment are beyond the scope of this chapter. Furthermore, a stand-alone lateral construct in pediatric spine deformity is not well established in the current literature, and hence posterior or combined techniques are mainly used. Adult spinal deformity is characterized by spinal curvature >10° with associated derangement of spinopelvic alignment [1, 2]. Adult scoliosis consists of primary degeneration that developed over time after skeletal maturity most likely secondary to asymmetric degeneration of discs, osteoporosis, and vertebral body compression fractures or progressive idiopathy that developed prior to skeletal maturity. Presenting symptoms of this condition primarily include radiculopathy, chronic low back pain and neurogenic claudication caused by concurrent spinal stenosis.
Quantifying Macroinvertebrate Responses to In‐Stream Habitat Restoration: Applications of Meta‐Analysis to River Restoration

The assumption that restoring physical habitat heterogeneity will increase biodiversity underlies many river restoration projects, despite few tests of the hypothesis. With over 6,000 in-stream habitat enhancement projects implemented in the last decade at a cost exceeding $1 billion, there is a clear need to assess the consistency of responses, as well as factors explaining project performance. We adopted an alternative approach to individual case-studies by applying meta-analysis to quantify macroinvertebrate responses to in-stream habitat restoration. Meta-analysis of 24 separate studies showed that increasing habitat heterogeneity had significant, positive effects on macroinvertebrate richness, although density increases were negligible. Large woody debris additions produced the largest and most consistent responses, whereas responses to boulder additions and channel reconfigurations were positive, yet highly variable. Among all strategies, the strength and consistency of macroinvertebrate responses were related to land use or watershed-scale conditions, but appeared independent of project size, stream size, or recovery time. Overall, the low quality and quantity of pre- and post-project monitoring data reduced the robustness of our meta-analysis. Specifically, the scope and strength of conclusions regarding the ubiquity of macroinvertebrate responses to restoration, as well as the identification of variables controlling project performance was limited. More robust applications of meta-analysis to advance the science and practice of river restoration will require implementing rigorous study designs, including pre- and post-project monitoring replicated at both restored and control sites, collection of abiotic and biotic variables at relevant spatiotemporal scales, and increased reporting of monitoring results in peer-reviewed journals and/or regional databases.
Cutaneous infection in man caused by Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarium moniliforme was isolated from a pustular lesion on the hand of an otherwise healthy male. Branching hyphae were seen in pus stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. Pustular lesions containing branching hyphae were produced in mice after subcutaneous injection of microconidia. The experimental infection in mice and the naturally occurring lesion in man healed without treatment in 1 to 2 weeks. Although production of catenulate microconida was abundant on several common laboratory media, the characteristic macroconidia of F. moniliforme were produced only on barley-pea-rice straw agar.
Energy Storage in Organic Fuels

The Preface included a discussion of the several types of natural materials that can be obtained from the earth and used as fuels. The major ones are wood and the several fossil fuels, including the various types of coals, crude oil, and natural gas. The fossil fuels, which now play such a major role in the energy supply, will surely gradually become less important as they become depleted. But the recent development of fracking technology, as discussed in the Preface, will result in the access to substantial additional sources of crude oil in some locations.
The President as Scientist-in-Chief

During the Bush Administration, many scientists, both inside and outside of government, asserted that the President was distorting scientific knowledge to achieve political ends. In controlling the scientific output of government agencies, President Bush acted consistently with unitary executive theory. Under this theory, the President can direct the output and discretion of government agencies. This article examines the tension between a unitary executive and government agencies engaged in scientific research and policy making. In particular, the article assesses the legality of two high profile instances in which President Bush allegedly distorted scientific data to achieve his policy objectives: global climate change and human embryonic stem cell research. The article assesses whether a Scientist-in-Chief model of executive control fosters the values of accountability and efficiency that underpin unitary executive theory. The article also explores various checks on the Scientist-in-Chief, including Congress, the courts, the states, and the media. The article concludes that a Scientist-in-Chief model of executive authority undermines democratic accountability and scientific deliberation. Notably, President Obama has expressly disavowed the Scientist-in-Chief model of his predecessor.
Collaborative care: evidence-based models that improve primary care depressive outcomes.

The 2001 Institute of Medicine Report “Crossing the Quality Chasm,” summarized the current care of chronic illness in the United States by emphasizing “Between the health care we have and the health care we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm.” Across multiple chronic illnesses within primary and specialty care systems, this summary statement illustrates that clinicians and other health professionals are not adequately providing patients guideline levels of treatment–levels that can lower the risk for complications of those illnesses.
Sulfur Oxides Control and Metallurgical Technology

Technical means already exist for control of sulfur oxide emissions and recovery of sulfur compounds from the smelting of copper, lead, and zinc. However, the cost of control is roughly proportional to the volume of offgas that must be treated, and the cost of sulfur recovery from certain operations will remain relatively high until the volumes of offgas are reduced.
Abstract 210: Stem Cell Conditioned Culture Media Attenuated Albumin-induced Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition in Renal Tubular Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be a promising therapy for many different diseases. Stem cell conditioned culture media (SCM) exhibit similar beneficial effects as MSCs. Albuminuria-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in progressive renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic renal disease. The present study tested the hypothesis that SCM inhibit albumin-induced EMT in cultured renal tubular cells. SCM were obtained by culturing rat adult MSCs for 3 days. Cultured renal proximal tubular cells were incubated with rat albumin (20μg/ml) and treated with SCM or control culture media. Our results showed that 48 h albumin incubation stimulated EMT in renal proximal tubular cells as shown by significant decrease in the protein levels of epithelial marker E-cadherin from 2.30 ± 0.27 to 0.87 ± 0.11 ( P P P
Crafting the Image in Surgical Telemedicine

In the past few years, surgical telemedicine has emerged as a promising answer to the increasing needs of everyday surgical collaboration and education. The implicit desire is to allow a remote surgeon to see the body as the local surgeon does in order to engage in shared decision-making or instruction. With this paper we take a step back by discussing the productive and cross-referential nature of surgical practice and image use. We discuss how it is not simply a case of transferring recorded video, but rather a new practice is instantiated in creating a view of the body for the remote surgeon. In order to investigate these practices for capturing and using video, we have deployed a head-mounted video camera (via the Google Glass) in six transplant organ recovery assessments. Drawing on observations and analysis of the video recordings, we examine how the transmitting surgeon crafts a view for the remote surgeon in order to facilitate the co-construction of knowledge and shared decision making. We use these findings to discuss further design directions for video use in expert telecommunication.
Dot-Product Join: An Array-Relation Join Operator for Big Model Analytics

Big Data analytics has been approached exclusively from a data-parallel perspective, where data are partitioned to multiple workers ‐ threads or separate servers ‐ and model training is executed concurrently over different partitions, under various synchronization schemes that guarantee speedup and/or convergence. The dual ‐ Big Model ‐ problem that, surprisingly, has received no attention in database analytics, is how to manage models with millions if not billions of parameters that do not fit in memory. This distinction in model representation changes fundamentally how in-database analytics tasks are carried out. In this paper, we introduce the first secondary storage array-relation dot-product join operator between a set of sparse arrays and a dense relation targeted. The paramount challenge in designing such an operator is how to optimally schedule access to the dense relation based on the sparse non-contiguous entries in the sparse arrays. We prove that this problem is NP-hard and propose a practical solution characterized by two important technical contributions— dynamic batch processing and array reordering. We execute extensive experiments over synthetic and real data that confirm the minimal overhead the operator incurs when sufficient memory is available and the graceful degradation it suffers as memory resources become scarce. Moreover, dot-product join achieves an order of magnitude reduction in execution time for Big Model analytics over alternative in-database solutions.
Factors Associated with Low Socioeconomic Status Predict Poor Postoperative Follow-up after Meningioma Resection

Objectives To quantify the rates of loss of follow-up after meningioma resection and to identify any key demographical associations. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2001-2013. Participants A total of 281 patients surgically treated for an intracranial meningioma at a single institution between 2001 and 2013. Main Outcome Measures Patient clinical follow-up within the first postoperative year. Results A history of tobacco use (p < 0.0001), ongoing alcohol abuse at time of presentation (p = 0.0014), Medicaid coverage (p < 0.0001), and lack of a college degree (p < 0.0001) were all found to be predictors of loss of follow-up at a statistically significant level. Conclusions Several factors associated with low socioeconomic status are predictors of poor clinical follow-up after meningioma resection. The health risk of poor follow-up in this patient population is significant, and increased measures are needed to ensure regular appointment attendance.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Dehydrogenation Activity of an Iridium Arsenic Based Pincer Catalyst

A new arsenic-based pincer (AsOCOAs) dehydrogenation catalyst has been synthesized, IrHCl{2,6-C6H3-(O-AsBut2)} (3). Treatment with an equivalent of base (NaO-tert-butoxide) under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas affords the dihydride catalyst IrH2{2,6-C6H3-(O-AsBut2)} (4). The activity of 3 was explored under transfer dehydrogenation conditions with cyclooctane and tert-butyl ethylene, giving a maximum turnover number of 960 at 175 °C in 24 h. Acceptorless dehydrogenations were also explored with pyrrolidine-based molecules, ethylperhydrocarbazole (5), methylperhydroindole (6), and butylpyrrolidine (7), in which all results indicate 3 is roughly half as active as the analogous phosphine-based pincer catalyst 2. Akin to the phosphine pincer catalysts the activity was seen to steadily improve with increasing temperature, peaking at 175 °C, upon which thermal decomposition sets in.
Attractants for Synanthropic Flies: Area-wide Control of Hippelates collusor with Attractive Baits

The attractant Lursect TM was formulated with sugar-toxicant baits and used for area-wide control of Hippelates collusor (Townsend) in California. Spot treatment with the formulation using 1 lb/20 acres reduced populations to very low levels after 2–3 treatments of an isolated agricultural ranch. Continuous treatment (twice weekly) in late 1970 of several golf courses and adjacent agricultural areas breeding H. collusor yielded rapid decline of populations in 4–6 wk. Seasonal treatment (April–October) of the same area 1 year later produced promising results. Semiweekly treatments of agricultural areas infested with and breeding large numbers of H. collusor markedly lowered the density of females (the only sex attracted to hosts and Lursect). As only older females are attracted, the proportion of teneral females increased in the population subjected to attractant-toxicant formulations. The proportion of inseminated and parous females decreased as the treatments continued. Female to male ratios, as expected, also declined.
Quantitative Study of Randomicity on Symmetric Encryption Data

By analyzing the principles and application of the encrypted data,the paper describes a way of randomicity quantitativeness techniques on the data encrypted based on the normal distribution and chi-square distribution.Taking existing MatLab function erfc and chi2cdf into account,the paper calculates the statistics of data encrypted and draws the maps using the statistics.It also makes a analysis of randomicity quantitativeness on the different ciphertext which comes from different symmetric encryption algorithm.The ultimate goal of this method is to provide a solution recognizing the data encrypted effectively.
Practical Differentially Private Modeling of Human Movement Data

Exciting advances in big data analysis suggest that sharing personal information, such as health and location data, among multiple other parties could have significant societal benefits. However, privacy issues often hinder data sharing. Recently, differential privacy emerged as an important tool to preserve privacy while sharing privacy-sensitive data. The basic idea is simple. Differential privacy guarantees that results learned from shared data do not change much based on the inclusion or exclusion of any single person’s data. Despite the promise, existing differential privacy techniques addresses specific utility goals and/or query types (e.g., count queries), so it is not clear whether they can preserve utility for arbitrary types of queries. To better understand possible utility and privacy tradeoffs using differential privacy, we examined uses of human mobility data in a real-world competition. Participants were asked to come up with insightful ideas that leveraged a minimally protected published dataset. An obvious question is whether contest submissions could yield the same results if performed on a dataset protected by differential privacy? To answer this question, we studied synthetic dataset generation models for human mobility data using differential privacy. We discuss utility evaluation and the generality of the models extensively. Finally, we analyzed whether the proposed differential privacy models could be used in practice by examining contest submissions. Our results indicate that most of the competition submissions could be replicated using differentially private data with nearly the same utility and with privacy guarantees. Statistical comparisons with the original dataset demonstrate that differentially private synthetic versions of human mobility data can be widely applicable for data analysis.
Negotiating the Diagnostic Uncertainty of Genomic Test Results

Clinicians order next-generation genomic testing to address diagnostic uncertainty about the cause of a patient’s symptoms. Based on video-recorded observations, we examine geneticists as they retu...
Analysis of distance protection in low frequency AC transmission systems

This paper extends the analysis of low frequency AC (LFAC) transmission systems and investigates short-circuit fault characteristics and distance protection considerations. Due to operation at a low frequency, transmission line reactance is reduced and thus the power system transfer capability is increased significantly. The transmission line impedance reduction, however, creates a drawback in LFAC systems when faults occur. The analysis shows that fault currents are expected to be much higher than in a 60 Hz system. In addition, LFAC has a longer current wavelength and requires the protection system perform quickly to clear faults. This paper first examines distance protection in LFAC systems and determines that LFAC systems have a larger separation between distance protection zone characteristic impedance and load impedance in comparison to 60 Hz systems. Next, several typical fault types in a power systems are analyzed at different frequencies. A fault clearing time case is also calculated and compared between different systems. The analysis shows that the critical clearing time (in seconds) is less for LFAC systems in comparison to conventional 60 Hz systems.
Immunization and treatment updates: 2016-2017 influenza season

Influenza-associated infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among immunocompromised patients. Immunization is the primary mode of prevention of disease; however, efficacy in immunocompromised patients may be limited. Antiviral medications are important for treatment and prophylaxis of affected individuals. This article reviews treatment and prevention recommendations for the 2016-2017 influenza season in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
Uma análise comparativa sólida, que rejeita determinismos

This article addresses the book Brasil e Estados Unidos: O que Fez a Diferenca [Brazil and the United States: What Made the Difference], journalist Ricardo Lessa’s work published in 2008 by Civilizacao Brasileira publishing company; and which is a gripping comparative interpretation of the social, cultural and economic factors determining the success and the United State, and frustrating the Brazilian dream of repeating the North-American accomplishment in the tropics
Exotic “Gill Lice” Species (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae: Salmincola SPP.) Infect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Southeastern United States

Abstract Salmincola californiensis infected 25 of 31 (prevalence 0.8; intensity 2–35 [mean 6.6 ± standard deviation 7.7; n = 25]) rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, from a private trout farm connected to the Watauga River, North Carolina. Salmincola edwardsii infected all of 9 (1.0; 2–43 [9.3 ± 13.0; 9]) brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from Big Norton Prong, a tributary of the Little Tennessee River, North Carolina. Both lernaeopodids are well-known salmonid pathogens, but neither is native to, nor has been previously taxonomically confirmed from, the southeastern United States. Herein, we (1) use light and scanning electron microscopy to identify and provide supplemental morphological observations of these lernaeopodids, (2) furnish complementary molecular sequence data from the 28S rDNA (28S), and (3) document the pathological effects of gill infections. We identified and differentiated these lernaeopodids by the second antenna (exopod tip with large [S. californiensis] vs. slender [S. edwardsii] s...
Alternative ABC Methods and Funding Justification

Replacement or repair of bridges throughout the United States must be done on a priority basis so that traffic flow will not be adversely affected. This chapter advances the concepts of accelerated bridge construction (“ABC”) discussed in earlier chapters, with an emphasis on analytical terminology to facilitate structural condition evaluation. Methods for evaluating the structural and functional condition of bridges are described. Policy making, the scope of reconstruction, selecting economical alternatives, and the use of modular bridges are also emphasized. Innovative techniques and new applications given in earlier chapters are further expanded. Case studies of successful ABC projects by selected states using self-propelled modular transporters or lateral slide-in methods are presented. Essential funding needs, value engineering, and alternate solutions such as public–private partnerships are discussed.
Cord Blood Transplants for Nonmalignant Disorders: Data, Consensus, and Challenges

Successful use of cord blood transplant (CBT) in the treatment of children with a variety of nonmalignant disorders has been well documented in the last 25 years. Because of their relatively smaller size and weight, most children are able to have access to cord blood units with excellent cell dose. A large electronically searchable worldwide inventory of pretested cord blood units (CBU) allows for rapid donor identification and selection and timely transplantation. Additionally, lower graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), absence of risk to the donor, and higher probability of finding a donor for ethnic and racial minorities make CBT an attractive option in patients with nonmalignant diseases. This chapter will review the current status and cumulative experience of CBT for hemoglobinopathies, bone marrow failure syndromes, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and inherited metabolic disorders. Additionally, areas of consensus, novel therapeutic applications, and future challenges will be reviewed. Finally, the chapter will conclude that CBT is a proven therapeutic option for most children requiring transplantation for nonmalignant diseases and should be performed early in the course of the disease to achieve the best outcomes.
Calibrated imaging reveals altered grey matter metabolism related to white matter microstructure and symptom severity in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves damage to white matter microstructures. This damage has been related to grey matter function as measured by standard, physiologically-nonspecific neuroimaging indices (i.e., blood-oxygen-level dependent signal [BOLD]). Here, we used calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to examine the extent to which specific, evoked grey matter physiological processes were associated with white matter diffusion in MS. Evoked changes in BOLD, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and oxygen metabolism (CMRO2 ) were measured in visual cortex. Individual differences in the diffusion tensor measure, radial diffusivity, within occipital tracts were strongly associated with MS patients' BOLD and CMRO2 . However, these relationships were in opposite directions, complicating the interpretation of the relationship between BOLD and white matter microstructural damage in MS. CMRO2 was strongly associated with individual differences in patients' fatigue and neurological disability, suggesting that alterations to evoked oxygen metabolic processes may be taken as a marker for primary symptoms of MS. This work demonstrates the first application of calibrated and diffusion imaging together and details the first application of calibrated functional MRI in a neurological population. Results lend support for neuroenergetic hypotheses of MS pathophysiology and provide an initial demonstration of the utility of evoked oxygen metabolism signals for neurology research. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5375-5390, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobilization for Gene Therapy

Preclinical animal models have been instrumental to investigate the efficiency of gene transfer into human HSCs. They have clearly established the influence of the source of HSCs on the efficiency of gene transfer. The difference in transduction efficiency of HSCs collected from different sources should be considered whenever planning clinical gene therapy trials and should preferably be tested directly in comparative studies. Steady-state BM and G-CSF-mobilized HSCs are equivalent in their susceptibility to retroviral transduction and currently the main sources of HSCs used in clinical gene therapy. No evidence suggests an increased risk of insertional mutagenesis when cells from either source are used for gene therapy applications. The newly identified mobilizing properties of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and the recent demonstration of the susceptibility of the cells mobilized with this agent to retroviral infection are likely to bring AMD3100 to the forefront for gene therapy applications.
Management of Leaks with Endoluminal Stents

Leaks following bariatric surgery occur in 1.6–4.8% of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedures and in 1.7–2.4% of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) cases. Surgical re-exploration for bariatric leaks carries an increased morbidity (15–50%) and mortality (2–10%). Endoscopically placed self-expandable stents offer a noninvasive means of managing bariatric leaks. This chapter focuses on the indications, deployment techniques, and complications of placing endoluminal stents for the treatment of leak following bariatric surgery.
Instrumental development of a quasi-relativistic ultrashort electron beam source for electron diffractions and spectroscopies.

A stable femtosecond electron beam system has been configured for time-resolved pump-probe experiments. The ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) system is designed with a sub-MeV photoelectron beam source pulsed by a femtosecond UV laser and nondispersive beamline components, including a bunch compressor—a pulsed S-band klystron is installed and fully commissioned with 5.5 MW peak power in a 2.5 μs pulse length. A single-cell RF photo-gun is designed to produce 1.6–16 pC electron bunches in a photoemission mode with 150 fs pulse duration at 0.5–1 MeV. The measured RF system jitters are within 1% in magnitude and 0.2° in phase, which would induce 3.4 keV and 0.25 keV of ΔE, corresponding to 80 fs and 5 fs of Δt, respectively. Our particle-in-cell simulations indicate that the designed bunch compressor reduces the time-of-arrival jitter by about an order of magnitude. The transport and focusing optics of the designed beamline with the bunch compressor enables an energy spread within 10−4 and a bunch length ...
On the limits of noise performance of field effect transistors

A reduction in gate length L g of FETs below 100 nm and corresponding improvements in transconductance gm, cutoff frequency ft and maximum frequency of oscillation fmax has not resulted in expected improvements in measured minimum noise temperatures Tmin (or noise figures F min ). This observation applies to all FET technologies currently in use: FETs, HEMTs and MOSFETs. An explanation of this observation is offered by treating drain noise as a suppressed shot noise with current spectral density given by F2qI d Δf, where F is a suppression factor. The re-analysis of the available experimental data for GaAs FETs, HEMTs, InP HEMTS and MOSFETs demonstrates that the suppression factor F can be as small as 0.1 for long gates but increases rapidly for gate lengths shorter than 100 nm. It is consistent with the expectation that for Lg→0 the drain noise should approach pure shot noise and F→1.
Quantum Yields of Nitrite (NO2–) from the Photolysis of Nitrate (NO3–) in Ice at 313 nm

Photochemical reactions of nitrate in snow release reactive nitrogen species via two channels, which produce (1) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) and (2) nitrite (NO2–) and oxygen atom (O(3P)). Quantum yields (Φ) for these channels are generally well characterized, except for channel 2 in ice. In this study, we quantify Φ(NO2–) in water ices and examine the impacts of pH and organic scavengers of •OH. Compared to solution results, we find that nitrite quantum yields in ice are more sensitive to pH and that •OH scavengers are less effective, although 2-propanol appears to work well. The temperature dependence (−30 to 25 °C) of Φ(NO2–) in samples containing 2-propanol is well described by a single regression line, ln(Φ(NO2–)) = −(1330 ± 100)(1/T(K)) + (0.09 ± 0.39). At −10 °C, the resulting quantum yield is 4.6 times larger than the previously reported (and recommended) value without an •OH scavenger. Although some reports suggest nitrite is a minor product from nitrate photolysis, based on...
Ih interacts with somato-dendritic structure to determine frequency response to weak alternating electric field stimulation.

Modulation of cortical oscillation by brain stimulation serves as a tool to understand the causal role of network oscillations in behavior and is a potential treatment modality that engages impaire...
Robust Optimization of Cyclic CO2 flooding through the Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage process under geological uncertainties

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine an estimate for actual optimal oil recovery through cyclic Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process in a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir under geological uncertainties. A robust optimization approach was adopted to determine the optimal durations of gas injection, soaking, and oil production under geological uncertainties. 100 stochastic reservoir realizations of the 3D permeability and porosity distributions were created to honor geological constraints. Ranking was applied through quantifying of reservoir oil response to select P10, P50, and, P90 that represent the overall reservoir uncertainty. A compositional reservoir flow simulation was used for the GAGD process performance evaluation. Approximately 200 simulation jobs were created, including the aforementioned durations and geological uncertainty parameters, through Design of Experiments (DoE). The Latin Hypercube Sampling was adopted to create these 200 simulation jobs that then evaluated by the compositional reservoir simulation to calculate the cumulative oil production by the end of 10 prediction years. The robust optimization approach was then applied to select the true optimal solution of the highest oil recovery by taking into account the geological uncertainties in permeability, porosity, and anisotropy models. The nominal optimization of one single realization was also adopted for the comparison. The robust optimization has shown its feasibility to increase oil production through the cyclic GAGD process from 4.535 to 4.62547 billion barrels. However, the nominal optimization case increased oil production to 5.9726 billion barrels. The presented robust optimization workflow under geological uncertainties resulted in higher oil recovery and net present value than nominal realization optimization, with providing degrees of freedom for the decision-maker to significantly reduce the project risk. It was specifically concluded that the robust optimal solution represents the most economically feasible solution to obtain the highest NPV through the GAGD process for a range $(30–80) per barrel oil prices. However, the base case and nominal solution (no geological uncertainties) were not economical when the oil price declines to be less than 36 and 32, respectively.