cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening mammography for women in their forties.

Nonrandomized screening studies and some analyses of randomized data are subject to enormous biases. Many such analyses have the goal of showing that screening mammography is beneficial. They masquerade as science but are extreme examples of lying with statistics. Randomized trials have provided mixed results concerning whether screening reduces breast cancer mortality. Estimates from these trials are subject to a great deal more variability than traditional meta-analyses belie. A blanket recommendation for the screening of women in their forties is inappropriate, and it is a disservice to these women. Regular screening mammography of women in this age group is not an imperative health measure. If it is beneficial, its benefits are limited: taking the results of the randomized trials at face value, regular screening adds about five days in life expectancy per woman. In addition, screening has many significant risks. Those who are most concerned about their health will probably discount the risks and choose regular screening, and reasonably SO, Others will eschew screening, also reasonably SO.
Encoding of Discriminative Fear Memory by Input-Specific LTP in the Amygdala.

In auditory fear conditioning, experimental subjects learn to associate an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. With sufficient training, animals fear conditioned to an auditory CS show fear response to the CS, but not to irrelevant auditory stimuli. Although long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral amygdala (LA) plays an essential role in auditory fear conditioning, it is unknown whether LTP is induced selectively in the neural pathways conveying specific CS information to the LA in discriminative fear learning. Here, we show that postsynaptically expressed LTP is induced selectively in the CS-specific auditory pathways to the LA in a mouse model of auditory discriminative fear conditioning. Moreover, optogenetically induced depotentiation of the CS-specific auditory pathways to the LA suppressed conditioned fear responses to the CS. Our results suggest that input-specific LTP in the LA contributes to fear memory specificity, enabling adaptive fear responses only to the relevant sensory cue. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Diversity of molecularly defined spinal interneurons engaged in mammalian locomotor pattern generation.

Mapping the expression of transcription factors in the mouse spinal cord has identified ten progenitor domains, four of which are cardinal classes of molecularly defined, ventrally located interneu...
Troubleshooting iPads in the Classroom

In this chapter, I’ll show you how to troubleshoot the problems you’re most likely to experience with iPads in the classroom. We’ll start by looking at how to locate a missing iPad—and how to erase it remotely if necessary. We’ll then move on to resetting an iPad in different ways, which can clear up everything from minor ailments to lost passwords. After that, we’ll go over troubleshooting apps, network connections, Bluetooth issues, display issues, audio problems, and problems connecting to AirPort devices and Apple TVs.
The Hemoglobin-Deficit Mouse: Analysis of Phenotype and Hematopoiesis in the Transplant Model

The mouse mutant hemoglobin deficit (gene symbol hbd) is characterized by a severe microcytic anemia that is inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner. To assess the mutation's effect on hematopoiesis, unfractionated bone marrow (BM) from either a mutant C57BL6/J-hbd/hbd, Gpi1b/Gpi1b (phenotype symbol HBD), or normal C57BL6/J-+hbd/+hbd, Gpi1b/Gpi1b mouse was injected intravenously into irradiated congenic C57BL6/J-+hbd/+hbd, Gpi1a/Gpi1a, lgh(a)/lgh(a), Thy1a/Thy1a mice. The congenic recipients of mutant or normal marrow obtained complete red blood cell (RBC) and leukocyte reconstitution, with the exception of one recipient of HBD marrow. After 24 weeks posttransplantation, the normal recipients of HBD marrow obtained a microcytic anemia similar to the donor. These results suggest that the HBD phenotype is caused by a BM defect. We observed that the erythroid lineage derived from donor HBD marrow repopulated more slowly than the normal marrow at 4 weeks post-transplantation. To determine if this difference was a result of an erythropoietic defect, competitive repopulation was performed using either mutant or normal marrow competed against normal congenic marrow. For the erythroid lineage, no significant contribution from HBD marrow was observed. To assess if the RBC block was based on a deficiency of myeloid progenitors, both in vitro and in vivo assays were performed: absolute numbers of bone progenitors were increased, suggesting that the defect results in a late block to erythroid differentiation.
Conscience, values, and justice in Savulescu.

Julian Savulescu's writing on conscientious objection is guided by an emphasis on the principle of distributive justice that does not allow religion to have a special status as justification.
Slow Coherency and Aggregation

This chapter presents the theory and analysis of slow coherency and aggregation. The main idea is that slow coherency arises from interarea modes, that is, groups of machines swinging together against each other at oscillatory frequencies slower than the local modes of the machines in the same coherent group swinging against each other. We show analytically that this phenomenon can be attributed to the coherent areas being weakly coupled, either because of higher impedance transmission lines, heavily loaded transmission lines, or fewer connections between the coherent areas compared to the connections within a coherent area. These system properties allow the use of singular perturbations to display the time-scale separation of the interarea modes and local modes, resulting in eigenvector-based algorithms to identify coherent machines. In addition, the singular perturbations technique has the capability to provide correction terms for improving reduced-order models in capturing the slow coherent dynamics.
Consequences of the Completeness of ℝ

We have now reached the point at which we can give rigorous proofs of two facts you have known for some time. We mention the second first; that is, we will conclude this chapter by showing that there is a nonempty bounded subset of ℚ that does not have a supremum in ℚ. As an exercise, you will show that there is also a nonempty bounded subset of ℚ that does not have an infimum in ℚ. In this sense, ℚ is not complete. Since ℝ is complete, there must be numbers in ℝ that are not in ℚ. We know what these numbers are, of course; they are the irrational numbers. Thus far we haven’t proven that a particular real number is irrational. But now we can! This will be the first fact that we prove. Here’s a rough outline: We will show that if a is a positive real number, then a has a positive square root; that is, there exists \(x\, \in \mathbb{R}^ +\) such that \(x^2 \, = \,a.\) But Theorem 5.2 told us that \(\sqrt 2\) is not rational. Thus, we know \(\sqrt 2\) exists and we know it is not rational. Therefore, we have a rigorous proof that \(\sqrt 2\) is irrational.
PPARs and Drug Metabolism

Metabolic processes, crucial for detoxification and elimination of xenobiotics, are usually completed in three phases and require the action of numerous endogenous proteins, phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes, as well as phase III transporters. In phase I, enzymes catalyze the addition of reactive functional groups to xenobiotics which are subsequently conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. In phase III, conjugated molecules may be further processed before being recognized by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells.
Switch Fault Detection and Compensation Technique in a Boost DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Generation Systems

In this paper, a modified power conversion system which can detect and compensate a switch fault in a boost dc-dc converter is proposed. The power conversion system and the fault detection and compensation technique can be directly applied to alternative and renewable energy generation systems. A fault detection index has been developed to detect an open switch fault in a boost dc-dc converter in a modified power conversion system. A compensation control technique has been developed as well to make the system back to work under the switch fault. The proposed approach is verified both by simulations and experiments. The results will enable more timely and wide usage of alternative/renewable energy sources with improved reliability.
Principles for the Design of the Real Property Tax

This chapter first combs through the ongoing debate among policy experts (including some former high-ranking officials) and academic scholars about the design of the property tax; the chapter then deliberates on a set of six principles to consider when designing the tax. They are equity, efficiency, feasibility, transparency, adequacy, and stability. These principles compose an analytical framework for evaluating any design to see whether it fits the generic political economic theory as well as the practicality of public finance, in particular at the local level. A strong rebuttal of three current and widely circulated designs is based on their failure to meet most of these principles.
Data-Driven Classification of Dysarthria Profiles in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Purpose The objectives of this study were to examine different speech profiles among children with dysarthria secondary to cerebral palsy (CP) and to characterize the effect of different speech pro...
Commonwealth v. Carter and Legal Interpretations of Facilitated Suicide

In June 2017, a media frenzy ensued after Michelle Carter was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in the state of Massachusetts for facilitating the suicide of Conrad Roy. The verdict stirred controversy and cast a spotlight on facilitation of suicide, i.e., a person's act(s) done with the purpose of helping another to die by suicide. One form of facilitation, physician-assisted suicide, has been extensively debated in the existing literature. In this article, we set out to explore the legal and forensic ramifications of non-physician-assisted suicide, which we refer to as facilitated suicide. We first conducted a review of all fifty states' legislation regarding facilitated suicide: forty-four states prohibit it by statute, and three states prohibit it through common law. Thirteen states specifically outlaw verbal facilitation of suicide. We then surveyed the case law to identify legal precedent to the Commonwealth v. Carter verdict. Final Exit Network, Inc. v. State and State v. Melchert-Dinkel provide contrasting yet complementary perspectives on the interplay between speech and assisted suicide. Finally, we detailed the role of forensic psychiatry in investigating facilitated suicide, specifically among adolescents and youths.
Examination of the Rhodobacter Capsulatus Special Pair in Wild-Type and Heterodimer-Containing Reaction Centers by Time-Resolved Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance

One of the exciting new techniques available to photosynthetic researchers is the ability to perform site-directed mutagenesis on the photosynthetic apparatus. The X-ray crystal structures of reaction centers (RCs) can be used to identify important amino acid residues (Michel et al., 1986; Chang et al., 1986; Yeates et al., 1988). Genetic manipulations that alter such residues allow for unprecedented experimental possibilities. Rb. capsulatus possesses the best-developed genetic system for the study of the photosynthetic apparatus (Scolnick and Marrs, 1987). A system of deletion strains (Youvan et al., 1985) and complementing plasmids (Bylina et al., 1986, 1989) has been used to generate a diverse collection of reaction center mutations. When the histidine at M200 was replaced with either leucine or phenylalanine, the (Bch1)2 primary donor is replaced with a Bchl-Bphe heterodimer (Bylina and Youvan, 1988). The isolation of heterodimer-containing RCs is one of the first true tests of the importance of a special pair type structure for efficient photosynthetic charge separation.
Chemical Texturization Processes for Non-conventional Silicon Substrates for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Applications

The present work addresses the exhaustive study of the surfaces of multicrystalline silicon wafers after being subjected to a texturization process for silicon heterojunction solar cell applications. The investigations described include the effect that the time of isotropic etching based on combinations of hydrofluoric and nitric acids has on the reflectance, the morphology of the surfaces and the surface recombination through the evolution of the implicit open-circuit voltage. The influence of previous treatments and the elimination of porous silicon or silicon oxide formed on wafer surfaces as a consequence of these texturization processes are also addressed. Textured multicrystalline silicon wafer surfaces with a good uniformity and low weighted hemispherical reflectances (23–24%) have been achieved with short etching times. These texturization processes have also been tested on upgraded metallurgical silicon wafers, resulting in weighted hemispherical reflectance values around 23%, but at the cost of the appearance of important surface defects.
Test first programming, design by contract, and intriguing coursework: ingredients for increasing student engagement

University professors are always looking for ways to get students more engaged - especially on programming assignments. Professors who teach programming courses are in a unique position since tools and technologies exist that enable the professor to give students immediate feedback in absentia. This paper describes the anatomy of an algorithms and data structures course that leverages Test First Programming, Design by Contract, and intriguing coursework to improve student engagement, performance, and satisfaction.
Denoising of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy images via deep learning (Conference Presentation)

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) images often suffer from low signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to absorption and scattering of light as well as limited optical power. We use deep learning to significantly improve the SNR of SRS images. Our algorithm, based on a U-Net convolutional neural network, significantly outperforms existing denoising algorithms. The trained denoising algorithm is applicable to images acquired at different imaging powers, depths, and experimental geometries not explicitly included in the training. Our results identify potential towards in vivo applications, where ground-truth images are not always available to create a paired training set for supervised learning.
Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus inaquosorum Strain T1 against pirABVp -Bearing Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Genetic and Physiological Characterization.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by PirAB toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and has devastated the global shrimp aquaculture industry. One approach for preventing the growth of AHPND-producing Vibrio spp. is through the application of beneficial bacteria capable of inhibiting these pathogens. In this study, we focused on the inhibitory activity of Bacillus inaquosorum strain T1, which hinders V. parahaemolyticus growth in coculture experiments in a density-dependent manner; inhibition was also observed using cell-free supernatants from T1 stationary-phase cultures. Using mariner-based transposon mutagenesis, 17 mutants having a complete or partial loss of inhibitory activity were identified. Of those displaying a total loss of activity, 13 had insertions within a 42.6-kb DNA region comprising 15 genes whose deduced products were homologous to nonribosomal polypeptide synthetases (NRPSs), polyketide synthases (PKSs), and related activities, which were mapped as one transcriptional unit. Mutants with partial activity contained insertions in spo0A and oppA, indicating stationary-phase control. The levels of expression of NRPS and PKS lacZ transcriptional fusions were negligible during growth and were the highest during early stationary phase. Inactivation of sigH resulted in a loss of inhibitor activity, indicating a role for σH in transcription. Disruption of abrB resulted in NRPS and PKS gene overexpression during growth as well as enhanced growth inhibition. Our characterization of the expression and control of an NRPS-PKS gene cluster in B. inaquosorum T1 provides an understanding of the factors involved in inhibitor production, enabling this strain's development for use as a tool against AHPND-causing Vibrio pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.IMPORTANCE The shrimp aquaculture industry has been significantly impacted by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), resulting in significant financial losses annually. AHPND is caused by strains of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and treatment of AHPND involves the use of antibiotics, which leads to a rise in the number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Alternative treatments include the application of beneficial microorganisms having inhibitory activities against pathogens causing AHPND. In this study, we examined the ability of Bacillus inaquosorum strain T1 to inhibit the growth of an AHPND-causing Vibrio strain, and we show that this activity involves a gene cluster associated with antibacterial compound production. We found that gene expression is under stationary-phase control and that enhanced activity occurs upon inactivation of a global transition state regulator. Our approach for understanding the factors involved in producing B. inaquosorum strain T1 inhibitory activity will allow for the development of this strain as a tool for AHPND prevention and treatment.
255 Efficacy of sequential immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in patients with genitourinary malignancies

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become a standard of care for treatment of both metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Additional treatment with ICI following disease progression on first-line therapy has become increasingly common for patients with severe disease, but the clinical outcomes of sequential therapy have not been well studied. We report here the clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with mRCC and mUC who received two regimens of ICI-based therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 31 mRCC patients and 11 mUC with follow-up data available who received at least 1 dose of a 2nd ICI-based regimen at the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University from 2015–2020. Radiographic responses were determined using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors version 1.1 (RECISTv1.1). An objective response (OR) was defined as a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Clinical benefit (CB) was defined as an objective response or stable disease (SD) > 6 months. Results Most patients were white (81%) and male (69%). 31 had mRCC (table 1) and 11 had mUC (table 2). Overall most patients (58%) received anti-PD-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) monotherapy as first line, with anti-PD-L1 (Programmed death-ligand 1) monotherapy (33%) and anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) combination therapy (9%) being less prevalent. Patients spent an average of 27.1 weeks on first ICI therapy. Second ICI-based treatment was most commonly anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 (62%), followed by anti-PD-1 monotherapy (38%). A subset of patients (33%) had clinical benefit with combination anti-PD-1/CTLA-4-based second ICI therapy, with 4 (10%) having PR and one (2%) having CR of disease following second ICI-based treatment. Patients spent an average of 21.4 weeks on the second ICI regimen. The response rate for the entire cohort was 11.9% (16.7% for RCC and 0% for UC).The CB rate for the entire cohort was 40% (40% for RCC and 40% for UC). Immune-related adverse events were experienced in a subset of patients (28%). Conclusions Although we observed a low OR rate to a second ICI-based regimen, a select subset of patients did have CB from a second ICI-regimen. Current studies exploring the addition of CTLA4 inhibitors to anti-PD-1 therapy may provide insight into the greater efficacy of treatment within a subset of patients. Further analysis of a larger cohort receiving sequential immunotherapy is necessary to better identify patients who may be more likely to derive CB from sequential ICI. Ethics Approval This retrospective study was approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board. Consent Not applicable. Acknowledgements Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the Breen Foundation. Trial Registration Not applicable. References Not applicable
Miniature Coil Design for Through Metal Wireless Power Transfer

In this paper, we present the design and development of ultra-small coils for through metal power transfer applications. Our coil has a total size of 15xl5x2 mm. We determined the optimal wire gauge for the coil to be 24AWG and optimal frequency of 2 kHz. Our experimental results demonstrate that we can harvest 100 mW power through 1 mm thick aluminum using our proposed coils. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ultra-small coils for through metal power transfer.
Residual stress analysis of in situ surface layer heating effects on laser powder bed fusion of 316L stainless steel

Abstract Fabricating parts using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is of growing interest to many fields, ranging from medical to aerospace, but this process is often plagued with residual stresses that can reach magnitudes as high as the yield strength of the material. Previous work has demonstrated the ability to reduce residual stress during LPBF by over 90% using an in situ annealing method that makes use of large area, shaped light illumination from a set of laser diodes. In this work, an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of this in situ residual stress reduction technique is presented. A custom LPBF system was used to fabricate 316 L stainless steel parts, and the stresses of these parts were analyzed using the contour method and neutron diffraction on various planes within the samples. These spatial measurements revealed stress reductions near the edges and base of the samples in each of the three measured orthogonal stress directions, in addition to an overall reduction in stress owing to in situ application of laser diode heating. The experimental results were found to be in excellent agreement with numerical thermomechanical simulations that captured the effects of various processing parameters. Furthermore, in cases where the annealing was only performed once every 5 layers, the residual stress was similarly reduced, which indicates that further optimization might be achieved to limit additional processing time during the builds while still relieving equivalent amounts of stress.
Learning From Cervical Cancer Survivors: An Examination of Barriers and Facilitators to Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in the United States.

Background:Screening and timely follow-up have lowered cervical cancer incidence in the US; however, screening coverage, incidence, and death rates have remained fairly stable in recent years. Stud...
An Acoustic Model for Bathymetric Scattering with Low-Frequency Applications

We have developed a computer model to estimate the modification of the directional acoustic field caused by scattering from rough ocean bathymetry. The model is applied to a situation with a 30-Hz source, source, selected as the highest frequency commensurate with the available bathymetric statistics for a seamount. The model is then used to compute predictions of horizontal and vertical energy spreading. We discuss these redistribution effects of rough bathymetry, manifested by observed high side-lobe levels, and consider the possibility of estimating bottom statistics by way of the scattered component of the energy.
Addiction: Overlooked and Undertreated

An introduction to the January 2008 edition of Virtual Mentor, which explores the ethical aspects of diagnosing and treating addiction. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Quark Rotation Groups for the Atomic f Shell

It is standard practice for theoretical spectroscopists working with rare-earth elements to use the group-theoretical scheme that Racah1 devised in 1949 to cope with the Coulomb interaction between the f electrons. In addition to SO(7), the rotation group that transforms the seven orbital functions of an f electron among themselves, the exceptional Lie group G2 is used to classify operators and states. This scheme forms the basis for the computer programs that have been developed to calculate coefficients of fractional parentage2 and the matrix elements of various n-electron operators. In particular, it was used by Hannah Crosswhite to calculate the matrix elements of the six three-electron operators t i that are required to represent the effects of distant configurations of the type f N±1 l ±1 on the ground configuration f N of the tripositive rare-earth ions.3 This work has been used by Carnall and others in their analyses of rare-earth and actinide spectra.4 It also stimulated us to check Carnall’s computer output for unexpected simplifications. The many surprises led us to introduce a radically different basis in which to carry out shell-model calculations.5 Instead of the 15 configurations f N that form the 16384 states of the f shell, we take four quarks, each of dimension 8 and belonging to the irreducible representation (irrep) (1/2 1/2 1/2) of SO(7), together with two parity labels that characterize the number of electrons in the spin-up and spin-down spaces. This four-fold multiplicity, taken with the 84 quark states, provides an alternative source for the 16384 states of the f shell.
Experimental Status of J/ψ Decays

The J/ψ was discovered simultaneously at Brookhaven and at SLAC in November 1974. At BNL, the MIT-BNL collaboration studied the process p + Be → e + e − + X using a high intensity beam of ~ 2 x 1012 protons/pulse from the BNL 30 GeV synchrotron.1) The e + e − pairs were measured with a high resolution double arm spectrometer. The observed e + e − invariant mass spectrum displayed in Fig. 1 shows a narrow resonance at 3.1 GeV which was called the J particle. At the e + e − storage ring, SPEAR, the SLAC-LBL group scanned the energy region around 3.1 GeV with the SPEAR Magnetic Detector, the first 4π multipurpose detector.2) A huge increase in the cross section for multihadronic events was observed at a mass m = 3105±3 MeV, as shown in Fig. 2. The error resulted from a 0.1% uncertainty in the absolute energy calibration of the ring. This resonance, named the ψ also appeared in the mass spectra of e + e − and μ + μ − events. Its width was determined to be Г < 1.3 MeV, less than the machine resolution. These results were immediately confirmed by groups at the ADONE and DORIS storage rings.3) Shortly thereafter, another narrow state, the ψ(3685), was found at SLAC.4) The discovery of narrow heavy states with a huge production cross section in e + e − collisions indicated new physics.
Cardiac Function Tests as Indexes of Fitness

Abstract Ventricular function measurements such as the Tension Period (TP) and the Q to First Heart Sound Interval (Q-1HSI) have received increasing attention as possible simple indexes of a person's cardiovascular fitness. In order to evaluate the usefulness of these tests for measuring fitness, they were compared with fitness scores obtained using a standard fitness test. The fitness score (Physical Work Capacity-150) of 31 male subjects was determined and correlated with their TP and Q-1HSI measurements taken at rest. The results showed little correlation between the PWC-150 and the TP (r = .21) or between the PWC-150 and the Q-1HSI (R = .13). The resting heart rate actually showed a closer correlation with Physical Work Capacity (r = –.53) than did either of the ventricular function measurements. Thus, from the results obtained in this study, cardiac function tests do not appear to offer a good substitute for the more strenuous tests of cardiovascular fitness.
The structures of ubiquitin conjugates of yeast Iso-2-cytochrome c.

Abstract Ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates to Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-2-cytochrome c were formed in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte extract (Fraction II). In the presence of ubiquitin-aldehyde, used to inhibit ubiquitin-protein isopeptidases in Fraction II, mono-, di-, and triubiquitinated cytochrome c conjugates accumulated in a 1.2:1.0:0.2 molar ratio. CNBr digestions showed that, in all three conjugates, Ub attachment was within the first 73 amino acids of the cytochrome c. For the two most abundant conjugates, this region was further narrowed to the first 30 residues by peptide mapping with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. N-terminal protein sequencing identified Lys-13 as the major ubiquitination site in each conjugate. For di- and triubiquitinated iso-2-cytochrome c, this suggested that Ub2 and Ub3 multiubiquitin chains extend from Lys-13. This conclusion was supported by a variation of protein sequencing in which polypeptides recovered after Edman degradation were analyzed to determine at which cycle(s) radiolabeled Ub or Ubn was cleaved from the conjugate. Because of the sensitivity afforded by the use of 125I-Ub in this "stutter-step" sequencing method, minor ubiquitination at Lys-8 also was detected. Thus, Ub2-iso-2-cytochrome c conjugates contain mostly Ub2 at Lys-13 with a small fraction of conjugates having single Ubs on 2 residues, Lys-8 and Lys-13. Similarly, Ub3-iso-2-cytochrome c predominantly has a Ub3 chain on Lys-13, although minor species with combinations of Ub1 and Ub2 distributed on Lys-8 and Lys-13 also may be present. This specificity is discussed in the context of iso-2-cytochrome c structure.
Techniques for improving in-building radio coverage using fiber-fed distributed antenna networks

The characteristics of an in-building fiber-fed distributed antenna network are addressed by simulation of an indoor non-shadowed radio environment at 900 MHz, 1.8 and 1.9 GHz. The performance of the network is discussed in terms of the number and placement of antennas, and the method of diversity combination used. Statistical analysis of the radio environment shows that the arbitrary placement of two fiber-fed antennas in the room is as good as conventional half-wave diversity. Furthermore, the performance of multiple distributed antennas (>3) is typically superior to non-distributed architectures.
6.11 – Sediment Diagenesis and Benthic Flux

6.11.2 DIAGENESIS AND PRESERVATION OF ORGANIC MATTER 294 6.11.2.1 The Pillars of Organic Matter Diagenesis 294 6.11.2.1.1 Thermodynamics and sequential use of electron acceptors 294 6.11.2.1.2 Kinetics of organic matter degradation 296 6.11.2.2 Organic Matter Diagenesis Down the Redox Progression 297 6.11.2.2.1 O2, NO3 , and Mn(IV) diagenesis 297 6.11.2.2.2 Fe, SO4 22 reduction, and CH4 production 299 6.11.2.3 Benthic Respiration 301 6.11.2.4 Factors Controlling Organic Matter Degradation 301 6.11.2.4.1 Mineral association 301 6.11.2.4.2 The importance of oxygen 302
Global Village Perspective: Lessons from the Transnational Dispute Over Tax Flight

Ours is an interconnected world, one which faces any number of challenges that can be effectively addressed only through the cooperation of the full community of nations. This paper uses the transnational dispute surrounding the phenomenon of tax flight as a case study to evaluate transnational problem resolution in the new millennium. Tax flight occurs when nationals of high tax countries move financial assets to entities and accounts established in low tax countries so as to escape detection, and thereby taxation, in their home countries. It is estimated that for the United States the resulting tax loss may be as much as $50 billion annually. Internationally, this issue came to public attention in the late 1990’s when the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) published a report entitled “Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue.” At that point, the OECD embarked on a process intended to compel low tax countries (identified by the OECD as “tax havens”) from engaging in “harmful tax competition.” More than a decade later, from the viewpoint of materially closing the tax flight tax gap, no change has occurred. This paper deconstructs the dispute between the OECD and tax haven countries, referred to in this paper as tax flight jurisdictions, for the purpose of identifying the reasons success has thus far eluded the OECD. It begins by describing the problem of tax flight and the history of actions taken by the OECD. Part II then identifies and classifies the issues as they have been framed by the OECD, while Part III looks at the history and issues from the perspective of tax flight jurisdictions. Part IV provides a description of the parties involved, comparing various characteristics of OECD member countries with those of the identified tax flight jurisdictions. Part V evaluates each of the OECD arguments in turn, identifying the general principles represented by those arguments and assessing their validity and strength in this context. Part VI briefly discusses a sampling of proposed solutions and demonstrates that the failure to resolve the issue of tax flight is not for lack of effective substantive solutions. The paper concludes, in Part VII, that the fundamental failure has been a failure of process legitimacy, a failure tied to disregard of the principle of the right to be heard. More colloquially, the process pursued did not systemically incorporate the sharing of differing perspectives in a search for a cooperative solution.
Patterns for monitoring scenarios to handle state based crosscutting concerns

This paper describes two patterns, Scenario Monitor and Bind Completed Scenario to Event. The first allows scenarios to be monitored. The second uses scenario monitoring to address state based crosscutting concerns in traditional data transformational systems. Crosscutting concerns are tangled with core application concerns and scattered throughout a system. Core concerns are monitored for scenarios that represent events of interest to a crosscutting concern. When the monitored scenarios complete an event is injected into a crosscutting state machine that may react by introducing additional behavior. These patterns permit the monitoring and subsequent behavioral reaction in a minimally invasive way with loose coupling. No special tools or languages are required. An example using the approach is presented.
Issues in the reorganization of work: Implications for education

(1991). Issues in the reorganization of work: Implications for education. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Science-Technology-Society/Challenges, pp. 280-287.
X‐ray topographic observations of dislocation–ferromagnetic domain interaction in Fe−3% Si crystals

Ferromagnetic domains as well as dislocations in cube-oriented Fe-3% Si crystals grown by secondary recrystallization are observed in X-ray anomalous transmission topographs. The arrangement of surface closure domains is influenced by the presence of dislocations. Nodes in the dislocation network frequently coincide with the topographic images of 90° walls which bound the closure domains. A determination of the Burgers vectors of the dislocations suggests that the strain fields of the dislocations influence the domain arrangement through magnetostrictive interaction. Ferromagnetische Domanen sowie Versetzungen in kubisch orientierten Fe-3% SiEinkristallen, die durch sekundare Rekristallisation gezuchtet wurden, werden in den Topogrammen anomaler Rontgenstrahlentransmission beobachtet. Die Anordnung der Oberflachenabschlusdomanen wird von der Anwesenheit der Versetzungen beeinflusit. Haufig treffen Knoten des Versetzungsnetzwerkes mit den topographischen Bildern von 90°-Wanden zusammen, die die Abschlusdomanen begrenzen. Aus der Bestimmung der Burgersvektoren der Versetzungen wird geschlossen, das die Spannungsfelder der Versetzungen die Domanenanordnung durch magnetostriktive Wechselwirkungen beeinflussen.
Accelerating Product Development by the Exchange of Preliminary Product Design Information

In this paper, we discuss the problem of reducing product development lead time by overlapping coupled development activities through the exchange of preliminary design information. We present an approach, called iterative overlapping in which downstream development activities begin with unfinalized upstream design information and accommodate design changes in subsequent iterations. In the absence of careful control, iterative overlapping could involve excessive downstream rework leading to an increase in lead time. We formulate the iterative overlapping problem and model iterations and design changes to determine how to overlap the activities for lead time reduction. The model is illustrated with application to an automobile door panel development process.
Liquid spray cooling of a heated surface

The lowest surface temperature possible for the existance of spray evaporative cooling is determined experimentally to be a linear function of the impinging spray mass flux. A conduction-controlled analytical model of droplet evaporation gives fairly good agreement with experimental measurements at atmospheric pressure. At reduced pressures droplet evaporation rates are decreased significantly such that an optimum operating pressure exists for each desired surface heat flux. The initiation of the 'Leidenfrost state' provides the upper surface temperature bound for spray evaporative cooling.
Rainfall effects on marsh sediment redistribution, North Inlet, South Carolina, USA

Abstract Studies in terrestrial landscapes show that raindrop impacts and sheetflow entrain and transport sediment. There is a paucity of data, however, showing the effects of rainfall-induced sediment transport in marsh landscapes. We conducted sprinkler irrigation experiments during low tide to examine the sediment transport processes and sediment fluxes resulting from low tide rainstorms. We isolated 1×2-m plots in high marsh, low marsh, and tidal channel bank areas and irrigated them with freshwater to simulate low tide rainfall events, and with filtered saltwater to distinguish the effects of salinity on sediment yield. Also, for comparison, flood irrigation experiments with filtered saltwater were conducted on 1×3-m plots to simulate tidal flows. Sediment concentrations were 10–1000 times greater in runoff from sprinkler plots. Sprinkler plot concentrations peaked between 1000–36 000 mg/l within 5 min of irrigation, and most settled to near steady values between 100–10 000 mg/l within 15 min. These observations indicate that >67 t/km2 of marsh sediment can be mobilized within 5 min of a single low tide storm event. The chief mechanisms for sediment transport were detachment by raindrop impact and transfer by sheetflow. Although freshwater flux over salt marshes is negligible relative to the tidal prism, rainfall effects may facilitate the redistribution of disproportionately large volumes of marsh sediment.
Induction of PLSCR1 in a STING/IRF3-Dependent Manner upon Vector Transfection in Ovarian Epithelial Cells

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the primary sensors of the innate immune system that recognize pathogenic nucleic acids including double-stranded plasmid DNA (dsDNA). TLR signaling activates multiple pathways including IRF3 which is involved in transcriptional induction of inflammatory cytokines (i.e. interferons (IFNs)). Phospholipid scramblase 1, PLSCR1, is a highly inducible IFN-regulated gene mediating anti-viral properties of IFNs. Herein, we report a novel finding that dsDNA transfection in T80 immortalized normal ovarian surface epithelial cell line leads to a marked increase in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein. We also noted a comparable response in primary mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Similar to IFN-2α treated cells, de novo synthesized PLSCR1 was localized predominantly to the plasma membrane. dsDNA transfection, in T80 and HMEC cells, led to activation of MAPK and IRF3. Although inhibition of MAPK (using U0126) did not modulate PLSCR1 mRNA and protein, IRF3 knockdown (using siRNA) significantly ablated the PLSCR1 induction. In prior studies, the activation of IRF3 was shown to be mediated by cGAS-STING pathway. To investigate the contribution of STING to PLSCR1 induction, we utilized siRNA to reduce STING expression and observed that PLSCR1 protein was markedly reduced. In contrast to normal T80/HMECs, the phosphorylation of IRF3 as well as induction of STING and PLSCR1 were absent in ovarian cancer cells (serous, clear cell, and endometrioid) suggesting that the STING/IRF3 pathway may be dysregulated in these cancer cells. However, we also noted induction of different TLR and IFN mRNAs between the T80 and HEY (serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma) cell lines upon dsDNA transfection. Collectively, these results indicate that the STING/IRF3 pathway, activated following dsDNA transfection, contributes to upregulation of PLSCR1 in ovarian epithelial cells.
Estimations of the uncertainty in timing the relationship between magnetospheric and solar wind processes

Abstract We present here a statistical study quantifying the errors associated with the most commonly used methods for propagating discontinuities in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from an upstream monitor to the magnetosphere by the magnetospheric and ionospheric communities. The purpose of this paper is to show the quantified errors in the different techniques. Step changes in the IMF orientation were first identified at the WIND satellite. A total of 363 events were identified. Ninety percent of the events measured at WIND (330) were clearly observed in the IMP 8 data. Of those events, the time delay between the satellites could be determined to within 2 min in 288 events. Four propagation methods were used to estimate the time delay between WIND and IMP 8: (1) using only the X distance between the satellites; (2) assuming that the propagation front plane is in the plane of the Parker spiral; (3) using the IMF in the X–Y plane to estimate the propagation front plane; and (4) using the total IMF to determine the Z component of the propagation front plane. The average (Ē) and maximum (Emax) propagation error (in minutes) as a function of Y–Z distance (in Re) were determined for each method. It is concluded that the average uncertainty in propagation is 7.5–8.5 min for off-axis distances of 30 Re (which is the average WIND off-axis distance, and approximately the largest off-axis distance of IMP 8). For off-axis distances of 100 Re (the largest off-axis distance of WIND), the uncertainties are 17.5–25 min, depending on the propagation method.
Supporting multidisciplinary collaboration: requirements from novel HCI education

Many collaborative design tools may suffer from being too generic to address the specific complexities inherent in multidisciplinary collaboration. We provide accounts of several multidisciplinary HCI courses at our institution, elaborating on the challenges student teams face when integrating design practice from a wide variety of disciplines. Of particular interest are the distinct approaches that these multidisciplinary teams adopt that differ from more common forms of collaborative design. We suggest reasons for the poor rate of adoption of existing collaborative support tools and outline specific suggestions for directions in both ethnographic studies of multidisciplinary collaboration and collaborative systems design.
Compost for Management of Weed Seeds, Pathogen, and Early Blight on Brassicas in Organic Farmer Fields

Low-input methods for addressing economic and management challenges of plant pathogens and weed seeds will advance sustainable farming practices. Objective 1 was to demonstrate that U.S. National Organic Standards (NOS) for compost are sufficient to kill plant pathogens and weed seed. Known quantities of early blight inoculum (Alternaria brassicinae) and giant crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) seed were enclosed in bags and inserted into manure-based compost containing different sources of C: 1) manure‐silage, 2) hay, 3) softwood, and 4) hardwood. Except for the manure‐silage control, treatments represented C:N ratios prescribed by NOS. Bags were removed at five times during the compost process. Both pathogenicity and seed germination were reduced to zero by following NOS guidelines. Patterns of microbial enzyme activity illustrated that labile substrates were abundant in manure‐silage and hay, but limited in softwood and hardwood treatments. For Objective 2, field trials were conducted at two farms. Compost treatments were applied after the first cultivation as mulch as follows: 1) manure‐silage, 2) hay, and 3) hardwood. Non-mulched plots were used as bare controls. When compost was applied at a rate of 54.8 ton/ha (20 ton/acre), compost made with hardwood bark suppressed severity of early blight disease more than compost made with softwood, hay or manure‐silage.
Injury, sepsis, and the regulation of Toll-like receptor responses

Although we tend to think that the immune system has evolved to protect the host from invading pathogens and to discriminate between self and nonself, there must also be an element of the immune system that has evolved to control the response to tissue injury. Moreover, these potential immune-regulatory pathways controlling the injury response have likely coevolved in concert with self and nonself discriminatory immune-regulatory networks with a similar level of complexity. From a clinical perspective, severe injury upsets normal immune function and can predispose the injured patient to developing life-threatening infectious complications. This remains a significant health care problem that has driven decades of basic and clinical research aimed at defining the functional effects of injury on the immune system. This review and update on our ongoing research efforts addressing the immunological response to injury will highlight some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the impact that severe injury has on the innate and adaptive immune system focusing on phenotypic changes in innate immune cell responses to Toll-like receptor stimulation.
The role of a firm's strategic orientation dimensions in determining market orientation

article i nfo Little is known about how various strategic orientation dimensions determine market orientation. The authors identify four key dimensions of a firm's strategic orientation as critical antecedents to market orien- tation: the firm's aggressiveness, its future orientation, the extent of marketing formalization, and risk pro- clivity. Moderating effects of two environmental forces, competitive intensity and technology turbulence, are also considered in light of their relationship with various dimensions of strategic orientation and market orientation. Using a survey with firms spanning multiple industries, the proposed effects are tested with latent class analysis with multiple regimes. The results, based on an optimal two-regime solution, show that that although market orientation is significantly impacted by these strategic orientation dimensions, the pattern of influence differs based on a firm's membership in one of two regimes.
Titanium-Catalyzed Hydrohydrazination with Monosubstituted Hydrazines: Catalyst Design, Synthesis, and Reactivity

A new titanium catalyst using an ethylene diamine backbone with pyrrolyl-α-methyl groups on the diamine nitrogens has been developed for the hydrohydrazination of alkynes with monosubstituted hydrazines. The catalyst cleanly hydrohydrazinates terminal and internal alkynes with monosubstituted hydrazines bearing both alkyl and aryl substituents. One-pot Fischer indole cyclization led to NH-indoles in moderate to good yield. For example, 2-methyltryptamine was synthesized directly from 5-chloropent-1-yne with phenylhydrazine by hydrohydrazination and Fischer indole cyclization in a one-pot procedure. A variety of heterocycles, including pyrazoles and various hydropyridazines, can be generated using titanium-catalyzed hydrohydrazination. One of the products, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-3-indolyl)ethane, was structurally characterized.