cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced sediment export to the Pennsylvania Lake Erie littoral zone during an era of average lake levels

Abstract This paper analyzes high-resolution lidar data to estimate sediment export to the Pennsylvania Lake Erie littoral zone from lakefront bluff retreat under relatively unique lake-level conditions: approximately a decade of average lake level transitioning into a mild transgression. Analysis identifies bluff-failure patterns important to coastal hazard planning, possible feeder-bluff conservation areas to preserve sediment supply, and data pertinent to sand management in the western Erie County littoral cell (WECLC) and at Presque Isle State Park in the next-downdrift cell. Based on 2007–2015 bluff-face mapping, there were net losses of 318,250 m3 of total-sediment and 105,700 m3 of sand+ (sand-boulders) to the littoral zone. On an average annual basis, bluffs thus exported 39,800 m3 of total-sediment and 13,300 m3 of sand+ to the WECLC. Exports of sand+ by six HUC-12 watersheds ranged from ~0 to 4600 m3/yr, with ~ 30% supplied by Crooked Creek watershed bluffs that occupy only 18% of the coast. Sand+ export volumes reported here were ~65% lower than prior research covering different lake-level phases. Understanding sediment export during periods of average lake level is important because such lake-level phases occur in the record and will likely recur. Incorporating a decade-scale low sediment-supply scenario for sand management in the Presque Isle littoral cell would permit fine-tuning of estimates of sand nourishment needed to mitigate ongoing beach erosion. Uncertainty in bluff-face change can be minimized by expanding data-comparison windows; future tracking of sediment export from Pennsylvania bluffs may not need lidar surveys any more frequently than once every 10–15 years.
Abscisic Acid and Related Compounds

Regulation of the growth and development of plants is dependent upon the kinds and amounts of the various hormones and upon the changing sensitivity of the tissues to these substances throughout ontogeny. Yet the survival of plants as individual organisms and as populations and species over multiple generations depends also upon deceleration or cessation of growth and development of resistance to stress at critical stages in the life cycles. Coping with water stress and other environmentally imposed adverse conditions by relatively rapid physiological changes is a frequent and essential manifestation of the adaptation of terrestrial plants to their often highly changeable physical environments. Longer term and more gradually developing suspensions of growth, or deceleration to barely perceptible rates, called “dormancy,” also are common features of the ontogeny of seed plants. Dormancy is a phenomenon of profound biological significance, because it provides a means by which plants are enabled to survive periods of environmental conditions which would be adverse or lethal to plants in an active state of growth. In the case of annual plants, dormancy of seeds is commonplace. In biennials and perennials, dormancy of the buds of established plants and of their seeds and storage organs (e.g., bulbs, corms, and tubers) are typical events in the life cycles.
Structural Proteins: Genes

Structural proteins are proteins required for the building and support of body tissues. These include collagens, which provide the integrity and tensile strength of connective tissues, bone and cartilage, and myosins, which are important for the elasticity and contractility of muscles. Genes for structural proteins are usually present as a single copy per haploid genome. Keywords: collagen; exon; chromosomal location; gene size; triple-helical
Chinese hamster cell monolayer cultures. I. Changes in cell dynamics and modifications of the cell cycle with the period of growth.

Abstract An investigation was carried out to contrast cellular kinetics of Chinese hamster cells in exponential and in plateau periods of growth, because of the possibility that cells in the plateau period may constitute a better model of tumor cell populations than do logarithmically growing cultures. The rates of synthesis (per cell) of RNA and protein were independent of cell number. On the other hand, the rate of DNA synthesis was closely coupled to the growth period of the culture. DNA synthesis (per cell) was constant during exponential growth but dropped to 10 per cent of its former value just before the cell number reached its maximum, indicating that a large proportion of the plateau period cells were in a G1-like part of the cell cycle. Those cells in the plateau period which continued to synthesize DNA went on to divide. The newly born cells replaced dead cells that had lysed. Thus the cell number remained stationary. The cell cycle of the reproducing cells in the plateau period was found to be characterized by an extended G2 and an extended and highly variable S phase. M did not appear to be changed greatly and G1 could not be measured. The similarities between the plateau period cell renewal system and populations of tumor cells are pointed out.
Summarizing Multivariate Data: Association between Categorical Variables

Statistical data are often used to answer questions about relationships between variables. Chapters 2 through 4 of this book describe ways to summarize data on a single variable. In Chapters 5 and 6 methods are described for summarizing the. relationship or association between 2 or among 3 or more variables. Chapter 5 considers association among variables measured on numerical scales; Chapter 6 discusses two or more categorical variables.
PA-1, a Versatile Anaerobe Obtained in Pure Culture, Catabolizes Benzenoids and Other Compounds in Syntrophy with Hydrogenotrophs, and P-2 plus Wolinella sp. Degrades Benzenoids.

Methanogenic enrichments catabolizing 13 mM phenylacetate or 4 mM phenol were established at 37°C, using a 10% inoculum from a municipal anaerobic digester. By using agar roll tubes of the basal medium plus 0.1% yeast extract-25 mM fumarate, a hydrogenotrophic lawn of Wolinella succinogenes and phenol or phenylacetate, strains P-2 and PA-1, respectively, were isolated in coculture with W. succinogenes. With the lawn deleted, PA-1 was isolated in pure culture. Strain P-2 is apparently a new species of anaerobic, motile, gram-negative, spindle-shaped, small rod that as yet has been grown only in coculture with W. succinogenes. It used phenol, hydrocinnamate, benzoate, and phenylacetate as energy sources. Product recovery by the coculture, per mole of phenol and 4.4 mol of fumarate used, included 2.03, 0.12, 0.08, and 3.23 mol, respectively, of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and succinate. Carbon recovery was 75% and H recovery was 80%, although CO2 and a few other possible products were not determined. That P-2 is an obligate proton-reducing acetogen and possible pathways for its degradation of phenol are discussed. Strain PA-1 is apparently a new species of anaerobic, motile, relatively small, gram-negative rod. It utilized compounds such as phenylacetate, hydrocinnamate, benzoate, phenol, resorcinol, gallate, 4-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, pyruvate, Casamino Acids, and aspartate as energy sources in coculture with W. succinogenes. Per mole of phenylacetate and 1.44 mol of fumarate used, 1.04, 0.53, and 0.78 mol of acetate, propionate, and succinate, respectively, were recovered from the coculture. Only about 50% of the carbon and H were recovered. In coculture with Methanospirillum hungatei, 0.96 mol of acetate and 0.25 mol of methane were recovered per mol of pyruvate used; 0.90 mol of acetate and 0.33 mol of methane, per mol of fumarate used; 0.93 mol of acetate and 0.54 mol of methane, per mol of aspartate used; and 1.71 mol of acetate and 0.57 mol of methane, per mol of glucose used. Carbon and H recoveries, assuming CO2 and ammonia were produced in stoichiometric amounts, were 97 and 98% for pyruvate, 72.5 and 82% for fumarate, 96.5 and 98% for aspartate, and 61.8 and 76% for glucose. No explanation such as contamination could be found for the fact that the coculture PA-1 plus Wolinella sp. did not use glucose; after growth with M. hungatei on pyruvate, however, the latter coculture used glucose. The PA-1 pure culture produced 0.86 mol of propionate per mol of succinate used during growth. PA-1 produced a small amount of H2. Strain PA-1 is the most versatile anaerobic bacterium yet known that catabolizes monobenzenoids in the absence of electron acceptors such as sulfate or nitrate.
Pragmatics of Self‐ and Other‐Reference in Young Children

During the first years of life, children come to understand and talk about a self separate from others. This study examined self- and other-reference and communicative intents expressed by children and parents in dyadic interaction at 14, 20 and 32 months. Research questions included whether children's early use of self- and other-reference pronouns occurred for expression of particular communicative intents, how use changed with age, and whether parent and child pragmatic expressions of self and other were similar. Results showed that children's early explicit reference to self tended to take the form of I rather than me/my/mine, and was used primarily in making statements about their intended actions, in making requests or proposals to their parents and in stating propositions about the world around them. Children during this developmental period were only beginning to refer to the present other with the pronoun you and these instances occurred primarily in making requests or proposals. Despite age-related increases in pronominal forms and intents, a small set of intents continued to provide the context for most self- and other-reference pronouns. In the communicative contexts in which they explicitly refer to self and other, children did not appear to exclusively mirror those which were observed in parental speech.
S.P.11 Development of a virtual upper extremity assessment tool for individuals with DMD across the lifespan

Abstract Clinical trials are being conducted for DMD using timed walking as a primary outcome measure due to the ease of administration, ability to quantify distance, and established validity. Unfortunately, participation in clinical trials is not equally accessible to all individuals due to the lack of a reliable, valid and sensitive upper extremity measure for the non-ambulatory population. It is essential that this gap in knowledge be filled, as upper body movement is required for many activities of daily living impacting quality of life across the lifespan and abilities in individuals with DMD. The purpose of this project was to develop a reliable and engaging upper extremity measure to quantify workspace volume, reaching velocity, and rate of arm fatigue using the Kinect system to capture data during a video virtual reality game across the spectrum of abilities. The Microsoft Kinect Windows 7 used for this project is a controller-free gaming device that projects an infrared reference matrix that is reflected off of the person and generates a high-resolution depth map of each pixel allowing for tracking of movement. Software is available to track 20 joints and provide positional data which can be used to calculate measurements such as workspace volume, reaching velocity, and rate of arm fatigue. Virtual gaming was developed as a motivational tool to be used during assessment. Work space volume gaming uses bubble popping game while velocity and fatigue use a disappearing image to encourage rapid movement. A prototype assessment system is being validated against a marker based motion capture system and traditional upper extremity assessments such as the Jebsen Hand Function Test, 9-hole peg test, and the Brooke Upper Extremity Rating Scale. Preliminary data suggests that this may be an engaging, reliable and valid upper extremity assessment measure for individuals with DMD across the lifespan.
Changes in Micronucleus Frequency Resulting from Preirradiation of Cell Culture Surfaces

Abstract Medvedeva, N. G., Ford, J. R. and Braby, L. A. Changes in Micronucleus Frequency Resulting from Preirradiation of Cell Culture Surfaces. Radiat. Res. 162, 660–666 (2004). We have initiated a series of experiments to quantify the impact of environmental variables on the observed frequency of micronuclei in monolayer cultures. In this paper the influence of preirradiation of cell culture vessels on micronucleus formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells was examined. Dry cell culture vessels were preirradiated with 2 Gy of either α particles or X rays and immediately plated with nonirradiated cells. About 48 h later a group of randomly chosen containers was set aside, and the rest of the containers were exposed to a range of doses of X rays or α-particle radiation. Nonirradiated cells plated on previously irradiated cell culture surfaces manifested nearly as many micronuclei as the irradiated cells. In all experiments, preirradiation of the cell substrate (the culture dish) led to a significantly inc...
Material processing&#8212;An overview

Laser researchers in the early 1960's found that a ruby laser could easily melt and vaporize small amounts of metal. Many investigations have since been performed to determine the effects of high-power laser radiation on absorbing surfaces. By the late 1960's lasers had become practical production tools. In the early 1970's, advances in the power of CO 2 lasers led to deep penetration laser welding. This greatly increased the range of metal thickness amenable to laser processing. At present, lasers are used in a practical way for many applications in material processing. For some applications, like trimming of resistors and drilling of holes in ceramics, laser processing is the leading method. For other applications like heat treating, welding, and cutting, laser processing is an economically competitive alternative to conventional techniques. In addition, there are new research possibilities, especially for processing of semiconductors. Areas such as laser-assisted crystal regrowth and annealing of ion-implantation damage point toward new methods of generating semiconductor circuitry. This paper will review the physical phenomena which underlie laser processing applications. It will also give an overview of some of the leading uses for laser-based material processing.
Self-efficacy and depressive affect in college students

In an attempt to extend Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, we investigated the hypothesis that increases in self-efficacy, based on mastery experiences, would lead to improvements in mood and problem solving among dysphoric subjects. College students (N=79), classified as dysphoric or nondysphoric by the Beck Depression Inventory, were randomly assigned to anagram training groups that received bogus bar graphs suggesting either task ease or difficulty. Before and after training, subjects rated themselves on depressive affect (DACL) and self-efficacy. A difficult anagram task and a final DACL rating completed the procedure. Anagram training conditions did not lead to differential self-efficacy. However, multiple regression analyses showed that self-efficacy was related to depressive symptoms. Greater DACL decreases after training were seen in dysphoric subjects who reported higher posttraining self-efficacy. This improved mood is consistent with Bandura's theory. An unexpected finding among dysphoric subjects was that the higher their self-efficacy was, the lower was their final anagram performance. It appears that dysphoric/high self-efficacy subjects may have become more demoralized than dysphoric/low self-efficacy subjects when they encountered a need for much greater effort expenditure on the difficult anagram task. The findings suggest that skills training interventions which raise self-efficacy may be most effective in reducing depressive symptoms. The relevance of effort expenditure to the development of competine in depressed undiriduals appears to merit further investigation.
The concentration-dependent diffusion of chromium in nickel oxide

A theory has been developed to describe the diffusion of trivalent impurities in a divalent metal oxide and has been evaluated for the diffusion of trivalent chromium in NiO. The theoretical model developed by Lidiard to describe the diffusion of divalent impurities in alkali halides was revised to describe the migration of chromium-vacancy complexes in the divalent NiO crystal. A radioactive51Cr tracer and NiO single crystals were used and the concentration profiles were analyzed by sectioning and counting. The diffusion coefficient of chromium as a function of chromium concentration was determined at 1000°, 1100°, 1200°, and 1300°C and at oxygen pressures of 1.0, 10-2, and 10-5 atm using a modified Matano analysis of the concentration profiles. A reasonable fit of the theory to the experimental concentration dependence of chromium diffusion was obtained which indicates that, at 1000°C and above, chromium diffuses in NiO by a mechanism involving chromiumvacancy two-member complexes. The energy of association of a chromium-vacancy couple was found to increase from approximately -3000 cal at 1000°C to about -600 cal at 1300°C. The diffusivity of chromium (Dcr) in NiO saturated with chromium increases from approximately 2 x 10-12 cm2/s at 1000°C to 2 x 10-10 cm2/s at 1300°C.
Partitioning of lead in pristine and runoff-impacted waters from acidic wetlands in the New Jersey Pinelands

We have examined the roles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH in determining patterns of Pb fractionation in surface water from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in undisturbed and urbanized watersheds of the Pinelands of New Jersey. In undisturbed wetlands, the water is highly acidic (pH 3.5) and has high concentrations of DOC; wetlands receiving urban runoff are less acidic and have lower concentrations of DOC. The effects of PH were separated from the effects of DOC by experimentally raising the pH of water from the undisturbed site to 6.0. A separation procedure was compiled from the literature to separate the soluble Pb fraction into labile (exchangeable on ion-exchange resin) and non-labile fractions, and the latter fraction was further separated into photo-oxidation-sensitive and insensitive fractions. In low pH, high DOC waters, 95% of added PbCl2 remained soluble, and 56 to 80% of this Pb was labile (varying with contact time with the resin). In high-pH swamp waters, a smaller fraction (64 to 71%) remained soluble; the distribution of the soluble Pb among non-labile forms varied with the source of the water. Pb fractionation in runoff was quite different from that in runoff-impacted swamp water at the same pH, and may reflect differences in DOC and/or higher levels of Fe in the runoff.
Discovering the Privilege of Whiteness: White Women's Reflections on Anti-racist Identity and Ally Behavior

In the discussion group White Women Against Racism (WWAR), participants engaged in dialogue promoting self-examination of white privilege and anti-racist social action. Through qualitative analyses of field observations of group meetings and interviews, this study explores their engagement in the deconstruction of white privilege, white identity, and the challenges of anti-racist action for social change. The women examined whiteness through a lens of white privilege that opened new avenues to anti-racist white identity and activism. Participants also explored the influence of multiple identities and intersections with whiteness as sources of influence on their own anti-racism. The women conceptualized struggles with everyday anti-racist action as intertwined with privilege and social norms of silence. Although white privilege research typically focuses on classroom instruction or gaps in awareness, this study emphasizes the voices and experiences of White women to analyze white privilege awareness in relation to white anti-racist identity development and ally behavior.
Transport Gradient of Indoleacetic Acid in Pine Seedlings

Movement of indoleacetic acid (IAA-1-14C) through 5-min segments from stems and roots of Pinus taeda L., P. jeffreyi Gtrev. and Balf., and P. ponderosa Laws, seedlings was measured. All three species showed the same general pattern of IAA-1-14C transport. Predominantly downward movement occurred at all points along the stem and root; least IAA-1-14C transport occurred in segments obtained near the shoot apex; and most occurred in segments obtained near or just below the cotyledons. This pattern of transport gradient is different from that reported in other plants. These results could be interpreted in either of two ways: (1) that transport limitations may control movement of the growth-regulator, or (2) that the transport gradient may be an indication of endogenous growth-regulator levels.
Exploring Easter Island economics with Excel

Abstract Students learn more from doing than from viewing. By seeing and diagramming the relationships they have developed themselves, students learn more than by merely reading over what someone else has done. For the dynamic problems encountered in environmental and resource economics, Excel has a comparative advantage as a learning aid. We develop a simple, flexible Excel assignment to illustrate the Brander and Taylor (1998) model of the Easter Island economy. On Easter Island a crucial natural resource, the island's palm forest, was an open-access resource, leading to over harvesting and eventual societal collapse much like ordinary predator–prey models in biology. This paper guides instructors through an assignment using Excel to illustrate this dynamic. We also provide suggested extensions from the literature on Easter Island economics.
Exploring the Mechanism of Neighboring Group Assisted Glycosylation Reactions

Glycosyl donors based on the 2,6-di-O-acyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-galactopyranosyl-(leaving group) structure have been shown experimentally to have a high propensity for giving acyl transfer to the alcohol nucleophile as major side products in the glycosylation reaction. The corresponding cations of these relatively rigid glycosyl donors were investigated by density functional methods. The precursor cations resulting from neighboring group assistance from the 2-O-acyl group were found to be the most stable. The nucleophile methanol most favorably approaches the LUMO of such cations on the former carbonyl carbon. The resulting stable intermediate has a long C−O bond of 2.79 A. It is suggested that such intermediates can lead to both acyl transfer and β-glycoside after passing through at least one further transition state.
The structure of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase provides insights into the mechanism of allostery.

Abstract Background: Bovine glutamate dehydrogenase (boGDH) is a homohexameric, mitochondrial enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidative deamination ofL-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate using either NADP(H) or NAD(H) with comparable efficacy. GDH represents a key enzymatic link between catabolic and biosynthetic pathways, and is therefore ubiquitous in both higher and lower organisms. Only mammalian GDH exhibits strong negative cooperativity with respect to the coenzyme, however, and is regulated by a large number of allosteric effectors. Results: The atomic structure of boGDH in complex with NADH, glutamate, and the allosteric inhibitor GTP has been determined to 2.8A resolution. The major difference between the bacterial and bovine GDH structures is the presence of an additional ‘antenna' in boGDH that protrudes from each trimer, twisting counterclockwise along the threefold axis. NADH and glutamate are clearly observed in the active site, but the contacts differ slightly from those observed in Clostridium symbiosum GDH. A second, inhibitory NADH molecule lies buried in the core of the hexamer. Finally, two GTP molecules bind near the hinge region connecting the NAD + - and glutamate-binding domains. Conclusions: We propose that the antenna serves as an intersubunit communication conduit during negative cooperativity and allosteric regulation. GTP and NADH inhibit GDH by keeping the catalytic cleft in a closed conformation. In contrast, ADP probably binds to the back of the NAD + -binding domain and activates the enzyme by keeping the catalytic cleft open. Extensive contacts between antennae within the crystal lattice may represent hexamer interactions in solution and, perhaps, with other enzymes within the mitochondrial matrix.
Kinematics of the Higgs boson at hadron colliders: NLO QCD gluon resummation

We study the kinematics of the Higgs boson produced via gluon fusion at hadron colliders. The multiple soft- and collinear-gluon effects are resummed to obtain the kinematics of the Higgs boson by incorporating a two-loop calculation of the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD radiative corrections.
Test generation for clock-domain crossing faults in integrated circuits

Clock-domain crossing (CDC) faults are a serious concern for high-speed, multi-core integrated circuits. Even when robust design methods based on synchronizers and design verification techniques are used, process variations can introduce subtle timing problems that affect data transfer across clock-domain boundaries for fabricated chips. We present a test generation technique that leverages commercial ATPG tools, but introduces additional constraints, to detect CDC faults. We also present HSpice simulation data using a 45 nm technology to quantify the occurrence of CDC faults at clock-domain boundaries. Results are presented for synthesized IWLS05 benchmarks that include multiple clock domains. The results highlight the ineffectiveness of commercial transition-delay fault ATPG and the "coverage gap" resulting from the use of ATPG methods employed in industry today. While the proposed method can detect nearly all CDC faults, TDF ATPG is found to be severely deficient for screening CDC faults.
Rheological effects of soy protein addition to tomato juice

The rheological properties of tomato juice containing 1% soy protein were compared to standard tomato juice. Shear thinning behavior was observed by steady-shear flow experiments for both tomato juices with and without soy. Addition of soy protein significantly affected the rheological time-dependent behavior of tomato juice. In the case of plain juice, a slight thixotropic behavior was observed. The tomato juice with added soy exhibited a thixotropic behavior at low shear rates followed by a transition to rheopectic behavior at higher shear rates. Dynamic tests indicated a physical gel behavior for both samples. The addition of soy protein increased the dynamic modulus values, suggesting an enhanced aggregation between pectins and soy protein leading to increased stability of the suspension, without major qualitative effects on the gel-like behavior. The application of a modified Cox and Merz rule indicated the complexity of the colloidal products. Rheological measurements suggest that rearrangements of the soy protein, when subjected to different shear rates, influenced the colloidal interactions with tomato particles and reinforced the network structure and the stability of the overall tomato system.
Predicting Outcome of Community-Based Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism

We examined predictors of outcome (IQ, adaptive behavior, and ASD severity) after 12 and 24 months of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) in 71, 20–59 months old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who were enrolled in publicly-funded, community-based agencies. Predictors included social engagement (combining variables loading onto a single factor: social approach, joint attention, and imitation) and sensorimotor rituals. Younger age and higher IQ at intake predicted favorable outcomes at both 12 and 24 months. Adjusting for age, IQ, baseline predictor scores, EIBI hours, treatment site, and sensorimotor rituals, social engagement predicted superior later IQ and adaptive behavior. In contrast, sensorimotor rituals did not predict outcome. Although limited by the absence of a control group, the study indicates social engagement predicts some EIBI outcomes.
Pathways of the brain

The brain is the organ of knowledge and organizer of our abilities, our means of recognizing a face in a crowd, of conversing about anything we experience or imagine, of forming thoughts and developing ideas, of instantly understanding words coming rapidly in conversation. How does it manage all this? Does it represent information in symbols or in the connectivity of a vast network? Pathways of the Brain builds a theory to answer such questions. Using a top-down modeling strategy, it charts relationships among words and other products of the brain’s linguistic system to reveal properties of that system. Going beyond earlier linguistics, it sets three plausibility requirements for a valid neurocognitive theory: operational, developmental, and neurological: It must show how the linguistic system can operate for speaking and understanding, how it can be learned by children, and how it is implemented in neural structures. Unlike theories that leave linguistics isolated from science, it builds a bridge to biology. Of interest to anthropologists, linguists, neurologists, neuroscientists, philosophers, psychologists, and any thoughtful person interested in language or the brain. The author is Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Cognitive Sciences .
Protecting the economic patrimony of indigenous nations: the case of the Shuar

This article concerns contemporary problems of indigenous peoples and human rights. In general, the human rights of indigenous people occupy marginal space in the global discourse. Overcoming cultural hurdles, and recognizing that indigenous peoples are not objects of juridical concern, not abstractions of analytically precise units of analysis, but in fact are subjects who come with perspectives of identity, demand and expectations, is a necessary starting point for both the scholar and the advocate. This article deals with a particular indigenous nation in the Amazon: the Shuar. The Shuar hold important perspectives of identity, demand and expectation encompassing the critical values that sustain their lives in the community.
Outcome for adolescent and young adult patients with osteosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data regarding age as a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma. The authors conducted a study evaluating the impact of age on prognosis in children and young adults with osteosarcoma enrolled on North American cooperative group trials. METHODS: Patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of any site enrolled on North American cooperative group trials CCG-7943, POG-9754, INT-0133, and AOST0121 were included in this study. Primary tumor site, age, sex, ethnicity, histologic response, and presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis were evaluated for their impact on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). RESULTS: A total of 1054 patients were eligible and had complete data available for the study. Age was not significantly associated with any other presenting covariate analyzed except sex. Age 18 or older was associated with a statistically significant poorer EFS (P = .019) and OS (P = .043). The 10-year EFS and OS in patients <10, 10 to 17, and ≥18 years old were 55%, 55%, 37% and 68%, 60%, 41%, respectively. The poorer EFS in patients ≥18 years old was because of an increased rate of relapse. Presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis, poor histologic response, and pelvic tumor site were also associated with a poorer prognosis. In multivariate analysis, age continued to be associated with poorer EFS (P = .019) and OS (P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: In osteosarcoma, age 18 to 30 years is associated with a statistically significant poorer outcome because of an increased rate of relapse. Poorer outcome in adolescent and young adult patients is not explained by tumor location, histologic response, or metastatic disease at presentation. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Reconsidering Rapid Early Response in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression

Ilardi and Craighead (1994) observed that 60–70% of symptom improvement in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) occurs in the first 4 weeks, and they assumed that cognitive modification techniques are not extensively applied in these weeks. They thus concluded that Beck's cognitive hypothesis of CBT cannot explain this early improvement. However, studies have shown that cognitive modification techniques are applied extensively in early sessions. Also, in most CBT studies there have been two sessions per week for the first 4 weeks and 1 session per week thereafter. Thus, 40–60% of CBT sessions in studies occur in the first 4 weeks, which arguably is enough therapeutic time for cognitive techniques to have a substantial effect on symptoms. Finally, llardi and Craighead's method assumes homogeneity among the patients' time courses, which is inconsistent with empirical data. We conclude that symptom change time course data do not contradict Beck's cognitive hypothesis.
A novel non-destructible readout molecular memory

Abstract We describe briefly, the mechanism and characteristics of a versatile new photochromic molecule that is capable of performing as a medium for non-destructible high capacity readout molecular storage devices. This molecular memory consists of two different molecular components, chemically bonded together. It retains the photochromic and spectroscopic properties of each individual molecular component and the changes in the property of one component influence the fluorescence quantum yield of the other. The write form is a polar closed structure molecule that does not fluoresce. When transformed into the read form it exhibits an open structure, is non-polar and allows for intense fluorescence. The read form excited state is located at 660 nm, which is at lower energy than the excited state of the write form, therefore no erasing occurs while reading. Erasing is achieved by excitation at 400 nm, which is higher than 530 nm write energy. The write/read/erase spectra and mechanism have been measured in solution and in solid polymer, including PMMA matrices.
A continuous process for casein production using high-pressure carbon dioxide☆

A continuous process for protein production that uses high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of organic acids as precipitant has been used to isolate casein from milk. Central to the process is a pressure reduction stage that follows a reaction/precipitation stage, in which protein produced in the reactor may be removed without depressurizing the reactor and subjecting the products to excessive shear. Two reactor/precipitators were designed and tested. One was a spray reactor in which milk and CO2 were contacted by spraying milk into CO2. The other was a tubular reactor fed a mixture of liquid CO2 and milk. Both reactors gave casein products of good quality, but casein yield from the tubular reactor was greater than that from the spray reactor. The methods presented here may be extended to other processes that currently use organic acids for precipitation or supercritical extraction systems at pressures less than 15000 kPa for continuous transport of solid-liquid mixtures from high-pressure units to atmospheric pressure.
Quantitative analysis of slurry sample by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been employed for the analysis of slurry samples. Quantitative analysis of slurry samples is crucial and challenging. The problems associated with slurry samples include splashing, surface turbulence, and the difficulties of obtaining reproducible samples due to sedimentation. The LIBS analysis has achieved limited success due to inherent disadvantages when applied to slurry samples. In order to achieve improved measurement precision and accuracy, a spin-on-glass sampling method was evaluated. Five elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Ni, and Si) were examined in five slurry simulants containing varying amounts of each ion. Three calibration models were developed by using univariate calibration, multiple linear regression, and partial least square regression. LIBS analysis results obtained from the partial least square regression model were determined to be the best fit to results obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis.
Analysis of longitudinal data with irregular, outcome-dependent follow-up

Summary. A frequent problem in longitudinal studies is that subjects may miss scheduled visits or be assessed at self-selected points in time. As a result, observed outcome data may be highly unbalanced and the availability of the data may be directly related to the outcome measure and/or some auxiliary factors that are associated with the outcome. If the follow-up visit and outcome processes are correlated, then marginal regression analyses will produce biased estimates. Building on the work of Robins, Rotnitzky and Zhao, we propose a class of inverse intensity-of-visit process-weighted estimators in marginal regression models for longitudinal responses that may be observed in continuous time. This allows us to handle arbitrary patterns of missing data as embedded in a subject's visit process. We derive the large sample distribution for our inverse visit-intensity-weighted estimators and investigate their finite sample behaviour by simulation. Our approach is illustrated with a data set from a health services research study in which homeless people with mental illness were randomized to three different treatments and measures of homelessness (as percentage days homeless in the past 3 months) and other auxiliary factors were recorded at follow-up times that are not fixed by design.
Relativistic effects in the electron density of states, specific heat, and the electron spectrum of normal metals.

The correction to the electron density of states due to the interaction between electrons and vector photons in normal metals is investigated. The correction \ensuremath{\delta}${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ has a nonanalytic energy dependence near the Fermi surface. For small energy \ensuremath{\delta}${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$\ensuremath{\sim}-${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{3/2}$ and with increasing energy \ensuremath{\delta}${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$\ensuremath{\sim}-${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{2/3}$. The related tunneling conductivity is also considered. It is shown that the correction to the electron specific heat from the electron--vector-photon interaction \ensuremath{\Delta}${C}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$\ensuremath{\sim}-T lnT dominates at low temperatures over the correction from the electron-phonon interaction \ensuremath{\Delta}${C}_{e\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ph}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}{T}^{3}\mathrm{ln}\mathit{T}}$. It is also shown that the electron--vector-photon interaction produces resonant states in the electron spectrum near the Fermi surface.
A Comment on the General Theorem of the Second Best

The theorem has been the subject of much attention since its formulation in 1956 [1], [2], [3], [6], [7], [8]. Even so, the authors who have engaged in this discussion have failed to note a mathematical flaw which changes the interpretation of the resulting second best conditions. This comment will demonstrate that the correction of this error, though it has no effect on the statement of the theorem, has a significant impact on the conditions necessary for the attainment of the second best position. In formulating the proof, we will employ the same notation as that employed by Professors Lipsey and Lancaster. Let there be some function F(x1 ... xn) which is to be maximized (minimized) subject to a constraint on the variables b(xl.. .xn) = 0. In the absence of an additional constraint the solution to the above maximum (minimum) problem is as follows:
Fractional step method for stochastic evolution equations

Abstract This paper deals with the fractional step method in the analysis of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) and their generalizations. Three types of problems are investigated. The first one is the study of invariant sets for the solution of the stochastic equations. The second one is existence of solutions for certain stochastic partial differential equations describing the mass distribution of a system of diffusing and reacting particles; the assumptions in the traditional approaches to SPDEs are not satisfied for this SPDE. The third type of problems is the numerical one: we construct solutions of a class of quasilinear stochastic differential equations of parabolic type using the fractional step method with the decomposition into linearized “drift” and pure “diffusion” equations.
Reactions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ with Calcite1

Ferrous or ferric Perchlorate, 0.01 M, was reacted with calcite in stirred aqueous suspensions which were bubbled vigorously with an oxidizing purge gas. Two and three equivalents of CaCO3 were dissolved per mole of Fe2+ and Fe3+ neutralized, respectively. With Fe(ClO4)2, the crystalline Fe oxide products partially coated the calcite surface. The dominant products were lepidocrocite and goethite when the purge gas was air or 20% CO2 (balance air), respectively. After reaction with Fe2+ the edges and corners of the calcite crystals were generally rounded and the faces were non-uniformly pitted; however, after reaction with Fe3+, a mosaic pattern with distinct ridges and channels was evident on the calcite. These ridges were somewhat pitted, but distinct stepped dislocations were present leading to a featureless and generally flat channel floor. When the calcite was separated from the Fe solution by a semi-permeable membrane, precipitation occurred predominantly on the calcite side and on the Fe side of the membrane in the Fe2+ and Fe3+ systems, respectively.
An Unseen Hand: The Role of Sociology Professor Ernst Borinski in Mississippi's Struggle for Racial Integration in the 1950s and 1960s:

Based on archival and interview research, the current article examines the leadership roles of Tougaloo College's Sociology Professor Ernst Borinski, a German-Jewish Holocaust refugee, in Mississip...
Carbon dioxide-induced liberation of methane from laboratory-formed methane hydrates

This paper reports a laboratory mimic study that focused on the extraction of methane (CH4) from hydrates coupled with sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) as hydrates, by taking advantage of preferential thermodynamic stability of hydrates of CO2 over CH4. Five hydrate formation-decomposition runs focused on CH4–CO2 exchange, two baselines and three with host sediments, were performed in a 200 mL high-pressure Jerguson cell fitted with two glass windows that allowed visualization of the time-resolved hydrate phenomenon. The baseline pure hydrates formed from artificial seawater (75 mL) under 6400–6600 kPa CH4 or 2800–3200 kPa CO2 (hydrate forming regime), when the bath temperature was maintained within 4–6 °C and the gas/liquid volumetric ratio was ∼1.7:1 in the water-excess systems. The data show that the induction time for hydrate appearance was largest at 96 h with CH4, while with CO2 the time shortened by a factor of four. However, when the secondary gas (CO2 or CH4) was injected into the system con...
In Defense of Utopia

Even though utopias are potentially dangerous, we nonetheless need utopian visions. Loss of hope and utopia means loss of humanity. But how can we stop utopia turning into dystopia? Utopia thought of in terms of perfection, purity and exclusivity imposes its version of a better life as the only possible one. On the other hand the utopianism of opposition does not seek perfection, or removal of opportunities for evolution. Its goal is progress and not repression of human beings. It is not utopianism that is at fault, the problem arises rather from the conviction that a particular utopia can bring about the only correct way to live.
Role of Semen in Modulating the Female Genital Tract Microenvironment – Implications for HIV Transmission

Semen deposition results in modulated immunity and an inflammatory response of the genital mucosa, which promotes conditions facilitating conception and pregnancy. These semen-induced alterations in the female reproductive tract can also have implications for the sexual transmission of viral infections such as HIV-1. Semen is not only a vector for HIV-1 but also a carrier for pro- and antiviral factors. Semen induces significant mucosal changes upregulating gene, and transcription factors leading to recruitment and activation of HIV target cells, stimulation of HIV replication and potentiation of Toll-like receptor responses. Although more research is needed to clearly elucidate the resulting collective effects of all these factors, semen modulation of the cervicovaginal microenvironment and immune system appears to lead, through multiple mechanisms, to mucosal changes facilitating viral entry and replication, likely resulting in enhanced susceptibility to acquire HIV-1 infection.
Wecos: A direct, noniterative, oblique rotation procedure

A procedure is defined which transforms a previously orthogonally rotated factor matrix into an oblique solution without the use of a dual reference system or iterative methods. The process is then applied to a simple problem of eight physical variables given by Harman (1967) and to the Holzinger and Harman (Harman, 1960) 24 psychological test problem. The results were highly similar to those produced by oblimax, promax, oblimin and graphical methods while direct oblimin with δ = 0 produced factors that were less correlated.
Memory management and response time

This paper presents a computationally tractable methodology for including accurately the effects of finite memory size and workload memory requirements in queueing network models of computer systems. Empirical analyses and analytic studies based on applying this methodology to an actual multiaccess interactive system are reported. Relations between workload variables such as memory requirement distribution and job swap time, and performance measures such as response time and memory utilization are graphically displayed. A multiphase, analytically soluble model is proposed as being broadly applicable to the analysis of interactive computer systems which use nonpaged memories.
Why so many wings? A re-examination of avian skeletal part representation in the south-central Northwest Coast, USA

Abstract Ten years ago, I summarized hypotheses for the abundance of bird wing elements in archaeological sites and rejected the hypothesis that differential preservation caused this pattern in the Pacific Northwest Coast ( Bovy, 2002 ). I also noted that distal wing elements (relative to proximal wings) dominated several assemblages in the Gulf of Georgia sub-region. I re-examine this issue, focusing on behavioral hypotheses for the abundance of distal wings. Ethnographic evidence is used to formulate predictions for the cultural explanations, which are tested using data from the late Holocene Watmough Bay (45SJ280) site, where distal wings comprise 98% of the large duck assemblage ( n = 4195). Diving ducks, dabbling ducks, geese, loons and grebes all have more distal wing bones than expected, and were likely caught using submerged nets. The most plausible explanation for the prevalence of distal wing bones is either that only the distal wings were transported back to the sites (perhaps attached to skins) and/or the distal wings were discarded separately during cooking.