cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foliar Fungicides for Oat Production

Oats are a major spring-sown, small grain crop in Iowa. It can be used for grain and straw production, as a companion crop to establish hay and pastures, or for early-season forage such as hay or haylage. Because oats mature in late July to early August, it allows for cropping options for the remainder of the season including establishment of a perennial forage or cover crop and a timely window for a mid-season animal manure application. Careful management and proper choice of variety can make oats a profitable crop due to their low input requirements and favorable effects on succeeding crops in a rotation. Planting oats before April 15 is recommended for optimal yields in Iowa. This helps avoid exposure to warmer weather during grain fill. Test weight is the most commonly used indicator of grain quality. High test-weight varieties should be chosen by growers who intend to market oat grain. Oat growth is regularly affected by rust and barley yellow dwarf virus. Variety resistance to these diseases should be considered. Another option is the use of a foliar fungicide applied at Feekes 9 growth stage, defined as flag leaf emerged with ligule visible. This research evaluates the effects of foliar fungicide application on oat production.
Association between exposure to anaesthesia and surgery and long-term cognitive trajectories in older adults: report from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging

Background The link between exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery (exposure) and cognitive decline in older adults is debated. We hypothesised that it is associated with cognitive decline. Methods We analysed the longitudinal cognitive function trajectory in a cohort of older adults. Models assessed the rate of change in cognition over time, and its association with exposure to anaesthesia and surgery. Analyses assessed whether exposure in the 20 yr before enrolment is associated with cognitive decline when compared with those unexposed, and whether post-enrolment exposure is associated with a change in cognition in those unexposed before enrolment. Results We included 1819 subjects with median (25th and 75th percentiles) follow-up of 5.1 (2.7–7.6) yr and 4 (3–6) cognitive assessments. Exposure in the previous 20 yr was associated with a greater negative slope compared with not exposed (slope: –0.077 vs –0.059; difference: –0.018; 95% confidence interval: –0.032, –0.003; P=0.015). Post-enrolment exposure in those previously unexposed was associated with a change in slope after exposure (slope: –0.100 vs –0.059 for post-exposure vs pre-exposure, respectively; difference: –0.041; 95% confidence interval: –0.074, –0.008; P=0.016). Cognitive impairment could be attributed to declines in memory and attention/executive cognitive domains. Conclusions In older adults, exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery was associated with a subtle decline in cognitive z-scores. For an individual with no prior exposure and with exposure after enrolment, the decline in cognitive function over a 5 yr period after the exposure would be 0.2 standard deviations more than the expected decline as a result of ageing. This small cognitive decline could be meaningful for individuals with already low baseline cognition.
Diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and diarrhea in pregnancy.

SUMMARY Irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and diarrhea may complicate a pregnancy. Complaints of IBS and constipation may be managed by nonpharmaceutical methods. A careful history should be conducted to determine whether these complaints are of an acute or a long-standing nature. Conservative treatment of IBS is recommended and may include stool-bulking agents, a high-fiber diet, elimination of offensive foods, and the behavioral treatment of passive muscle relaxation, biofeedback or supportive psychotherapy. Constipation is generally self-limiting. It also may be treated conservatively with stool-bulking agents, increases in dietary fiber, and the addition of pelvic muscle exercises, preferably using electromyographic biofeedback. Laxatives should be used judiciously (Table 1). Diarrhea is caused most often by infectious agents in pregnancy but may also be from food poisoning or a viral disease. Infectious diarrhea may be treated by mild antidiarrheal agents and safe antibiotics. Fluid replacement is the mainstay of treatment, and care should be taken, remembering that the treatment involves two patients. These complaints can generally be managed conservatively, but persistent cases should be investigated as in a nonpregnant patient.
Theory-driven discovery of reaction pathways in the MECHEM system

One goal of machine discovery is to automate creative tasks from human scientific practice. This paper describes a project to automate in a general manner the theory-driven discovery of reaction pathways in chemistry and biology. We have designed a system - called MECHEM - that proposes credible pathway hypotheses from data ordinarily available to the chemist. MECHEM has been applied to reactions drawn from the history of biochemistry, from recent industrial chemistry as reported in journals, and from organic chemistry textbooks. The paper first explains the chemical problem and discusses previous AI treatments. Then are presented the architecture of the system, the key algorithmic ideas, and the heuristics used to explore the very large space of chemical pathways. The system's efficacy is demonstrated on a biochemical reaction studied earlier by Kulkarni and Simon in the KEKADA system, and on another reaction from industrial chemistry. Our project has also resulted in separate novel contributions to chemical knowledge, demonstrating that we have not simplified the task for our convenience, but have addressed its full complexity.
CO2 capture for PC-boilers using oxy-fuels—A transition strategy

This chapter discusses the fundamental concept that involves replacing combustion air with oxygen diluted by recirculated CO 2 from the flue gas. This eliminates N 2 -CO 2 separation, permitting more economical CO 2 recovery than competing amine systems. A CO 2 /O 2 molar ratio of ∼3 is necessary to preserve the heat-transfer performance and gas-path temperatures. In a site specific study retrofitting a low-sulfur coal-fed boiler, CO 2 recycle shows competitive, operating, and environmental release advantages when compared to amine scrubbing systems. Anticipated breakthroughs in O 2 production will further improve the advantages. For oxy-fuels high-sulfur operation using flue gas desulfurization (FGD) should be practical, and in a related experimental study, it is found that high CO 2 partial pressures from oxy-fuels have a negligible impact on SO 2 -reagent use although FGD solids handling will require redesign. One of the special opportunities afforded by CO 2 /O 2 recycle is that it should prove very attractive at sites considering repowering and converting to an integrated-gasification-combined-cycle (IGCC) to produce H 2 and electricity.
CHAPTER 10 – DNA and Dendritic Cell-Based Genetic Immunization Against Cancer

Genetic immunization is a powerful technique in cancer gene therapy that utilizes DNA, usually in plasmid or virus form, to stimulate a tumor-specific immune response. The target of this immune response is a protein expressed in peptide epitope formed on the surface of the tumor cells and derived from an intracellular protein. The tumor protein can be a normal self-protein or a mutated tumor-specific protein. With the identification and cloning of several human tumor rejection antigens and a better understanding of the molecular requirements for induction of T-cell immune responses and the use of dendritic cells, genetic immunization has become a promising new treatment for cancer. A number of proteins, generally overexpressed by human cancer cells, have been identified, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colorectal cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer, HER2/ neu in breast cancer, antigen alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma, mutated Ras in many cancers, bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and p53 in many cancers. Both peptide-based and DNA-based genetic immunization clinical trials are in progress testing a number of these putative antigens.
Christianity as a Majority Religion of the Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar: Exploring Triple Dialogue in the Currents of World Christianity:

It is common to say that Christianity is a minority religion in Asia. Yet this article argues that Christianity is a majority religion of the ethnic minorities in Southeast Asia in general and Myan...
Histochemical and ultrastructural observations on normal and follicle stimulating hormone-injected prepuberal rat Sertoli cells.

Rat seminiferous tubules appear to be capable of limited steroid conversions. Christensen and Mason (1) and Hall, Irby and de Kretser (2) demonstrated the ability of isolated seminiferous tubules to convert labeled precursors to various C19-steroids. According to Bell, Vinson and Lacy (3), the seminiferous tubules have an equal or greater capacity than interstitial cells for converting progesterone to androgens. Of the intratubular cell types, both germinal cells (4) and Sertoli cells (5) have been hypothesized as participating in steroid anabolism. Of the gonadotropins, it appears that FSH stimulates the Sertoli cell (6,7) and that this cell is the primary target site of the hormone (8,9). By correlating ultrastructural observations of intratubular material with the results of histochemical demonstration of steroidogenic enzymes, this study offers evidence that during the period of prepuberal maturation the rat Sertoli cell (but not germinal cells) develops the potential to participate in steroid synthesis and that this potential is enhanced by FSH.
Geometric and Loading Effects on Strength of Composite Plates with Cutouts

Stress concentration and strength of uniaxially loaded composite plates containing central circular, elliptical, and square holes are presented. Both smooth and rough holes are considered, as are the effects of relative plate width and thickness. The plates are subjected to static, cyclic, and controlled strain-rate loading. Fracture strength associated with rough holes is slightly lower than with smooth holes, while broad variations in loading history have minimal influence on strength. The tensile stress concentration factor increases and strength decreases as the hole-diameter to plate-width ratio increases. Strength decreases with decreasing ratio of laminate thickness to hole diameter.
Can We Compare Attitude Scores among Diverse Populations? An Exploration of Measurement Invariance Testing to Support Valid Comparisons between Black Female Students and Their Peers in an Organic Chemistry Course

Chemistry education research has sought to understand why students struggle in organic chemistry courses. Beyond the volume and difficulty of the material taught in this course, there are also affe...
The Exchange of Matter and the Transformation of Energy

As Famintsyn’s apprentice, Vinogradskii’s perspectives on questions of fungal nutrition agreed in large part with the views Famintsyn expressed in The Exchange of Matter. Famintsyn’s 800 page monograph, which finally appeared in 1883, was a broad compendium of knowledge drawn from botany, physiology and chemistry. In concert with its sequel, a textbook entitled Plant Physiology (1887), it represented the founding of plant physiology as an independent discipline in Russia. Although a quick comparison leads one to conclude that Vinogradskii’s report mirrored the relevant sections of The Exchange of Matter, it was not, however, his investigation’s sole source of inspiration. Famintsyn’s moody, inquisitive apprentice had also engaged the ideas of the broader European community of physiologists, microbiologists, and chemists through an exploration of a wide variety of sources. The most pertinent of these were Pasteur’s publications on fermentation (which had made a deep impression on Vinogradskii) and Nageli’s work. It is most probable that Famintsyn, through his lectures and laboratory courses, had led Vinogradskii to study seriously Pasteur’s and Nageli’s researches. For this reason I present their work as Vinogradskii first encountered it, filtered through Famintsyn’s interpretation. The incongruities that remain, then, between Famintsyn’s portrayal of certain questions in The Exchange of Matter and Vinogradskii’s discussion of them in his presentation represent the latter’s own contributions to the research.
“Data is [G]od”: The influence of cumulative policy reforms on teachers’ knowledge in an urban middle school in the United States

Abstract This narrative inquiry centers on teachers’ longitudinal experiences of policy-related reforms systematically introduced to T. P. Yaeger Middle School, a campus located in the fourth largest, second most diverse city in America. The embedded research study, with roots tracing back to 1997, uses five interpretive tools to capture six mandated changes in the form of a story serial. Special research attention is afforded pay-for-performance, the sixth reform in the series. The deeply lived consequence of receiving bonuses for his teaching performance prompted Daryl Wilson, Yaeger’s long-term literacy department chair, to proclaim “data is [G]od.” Wilson’s emergent, inventive metaphor aptly portrays the perplexing conditions under which his career ended, and how my long-term research project likewise concluded.
Les petits de Décembre: by Kaouther Adimi, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2019, 256 pp., €18 (softcover), ISBN 978-2-02-143080-6

Winner of the Prix Renaudot des Lyceens for her third novel, Nos richesses (Editions du Seuil, 2017), 1 Kaouther Adimi has drawn considerable attention as a prominent new voice in Algerian fiction....
Mood-Stabilizing Antiepileptic Treatment Response in Bipolar Disorder: A Genome-Wide Association Study.

Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder (BD), but not all BD patients respond to these AED mood stabilizers (AED-MSs). To identify genetic polymorphisms that contribute to the variability in AED-MS response, we performed a discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 199 BD patients from the Mayo Clinic Bipolar Disorder Biobank. Most of these patients had been treated with the AED-MS valproate/divalproex and/or lamotrigine. AED-MS response was assessed using the Alda scale, which quantifies clinical improvement while accounting for potential confounding factors. We identified two genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) signals that mapped to the THSD7A (rs78835388, P = 7.1E-09) and SLC35F3 (rs114872993, P = 3.2E-08) genes. We also identified two genes with statistically significant gene-level associations: ABCC1 (P = 6.7E-07; top SNP rs875740, P = 2.0E-6), and DISP1 (P = 8.9E-07; top SNP rs34701716, P = 8.9E-07). THSD7A SNPs were previously found to be associated with risk for several psychiatric disorders, including BD. Both THSD7A and SLC35F3 are expressed in excitatory/glutamatergic and inhibitory/γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons, which are targets of AED-MSs. ABCC1 is involved in the transport of valproate and lamotrigine metabolites, and the SNPs in ABCC1 and DISP1 with the strongest evidence of association in our GWAS are strong splicing quantitative trait loci in the human gut, suggesting a possible influence on drug absorption. In conclusion, our pharmacogenomic study identified novel genetic loci that appear to contribute to AED-MS treatment response, and may facilitate precision medicine in BD.
Evaluation and Development of Vancomycin Dosing Schemes to Meet New AUC/MIC Targets in Intermittent Hemodialysis Using Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques.

Published vancomycin dosing recommendations for patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis were not designed to meet newly recommended 24-hour area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24h /MIC) pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets. The aims of this study were to predict pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment rates with a commonly used vancomycin regimen and to design a new dosing scheme incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to maximize target attainment in patients receiving vancomycin and hemodialysis with high- or low-flux hemodialyzers. Vancomycin pharmacokinetic- and dialysis-specific parameters were incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). A commonly used vancomycin regimen was modeled to determine its likelihood of attaining AUC24h /MIC targets for 1 week of thrice-weekly hemodialysis treatments. MCS was then used to develop optimal initial vancomycin dosing for patients receiving intradialytic or postdialytic vancomycin administration with either high- or low-flux hemodialyzers. Finally, a new MCS model incorporating TDM was built to further optimize the probability of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment. Traditional vancomycin dosing methods are unlikely to meet AUC24h /MIC targets. Vancomycin doses necessary to attain AUC24h /MIC targets are significantly influenced by hemodialyzer permeability and whether vancomycin is administered intradialytically or after hemodialysis. Depending on dialyzer type and whether vancomycin is administered during or after hemodialysis, loading doses of 25 to 35 mg/kg followed by maintenance doses of 7.5 to 15 mg/kg are necessary to reach minimum AUC24h /MIC targets in 90% of virtual patients. For a 3-day interdialytic period, a 30% higher maintenance dose is required to maintain target attainment. Dosing based on a single vancomycin serum concentration obtained prior to the second dialysis session greatly enhances the probability of target attainment.
Deep Learning Based Landmark Matching For Aerial Geolocalization

Visual odometry has gained increasing attention due to the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles, self-driving cars, and other autonomous robotics systems. Landmark detection and matching are critical for visual localization. While current methods rely upon point-based image features or descriptor mappings we consider landmarks at the object level. In this paper, we propose LMNet a deep learning based landmark matching pipeline for city-scale, aerial images of urban scenes. LMNet consists of a Siamese network, extended with a multi-patch based matching scheme, to handle offcenter landmarks, varying landmark scales, and occlusions of surrounding structures. While there exist a number of landmark recognition benchmark datasets for ground-based and nadir aerial or satellite imagery, there is a lack of datasets and results for oblique aerial imagery. We use a unique unsupervised multi-view landmark image generation pipeline for training and testing the proposed matching pipeline using over 0.5 million real landmark patches. Results for aerial landmark matching across four cities show promising results.
An Alternative to the Causal Theory of Perception

Proponents of the causal theory of perception have applied the theory to questions about which particular objects or events are perceived, which parts are perceived, and which properties are percei...
A hybrid lagrangian/eulerian collocated velocity advection and projection method for fluid simulation

We present a hybrid particle/grid approach for simulating incompressible fluids on collocated velocity grids. Our approach supports both particle-based Lagrangian advection in very detailed regions of the flow and efficient Eulerian grid-based advection in other regions of the flow. A novel Backward Semi-Lagrangian method is derived to improve accuracy of grid based advection. Our approach utilizes the implicit formula associated with solutions of the inviscid Burgers' equation. We solve this equation using Newton's method enabled by C1 continuous grid interpolation. We enforce incompressibility over collocated, rather than staggered grids. Our projection technique is variational and designed for B-spline interpolation over regular grids where multiquadratic interpolation is used for velocity and multilinear interpolation for pressure. Despite our use of regular grids, we extend the variational technique to allow for cut-cell definition of irregular flow domains for both Dirichlet and free surface boundary conditions.
Endoskopische Resektion von prä- und frühmalignen Läsionen des Kolons

Kolorektale Karzinome entstehen uberwiegend aus benignen Kolonpolypen (Adenome, serratierte Lasionen). Durch die endoskopische Resektion (ER) benigner Polypen kann die Inzidenz des Kolonkarzinoms gesenkt werden. Zur ER stehen die Polypektomie, die endoskopische Mukosaresektion (EMR) und die endoskopische Submukosadissektion (ESD) zur Verfugung. Fur die Wahl des richtigen Resektionsverfahrens ist eine optimierte endoskopische, d. h. morphologische Diagnostik erforderlich. Besteht aufgrund der Polypenmorphologie ein Malignitatsrisiko, sollte eine En-bloc-Resektion erfolgen. Hier ist die ESD der EMR vorzuziehen. Fruhkarzinome konnen unter Beachtung onkologischer Kriterien endoskopisch in kurativer Intention reseziert werden.
Dynamic mode decomposition based predictive model performance on supersonic and transonic aero-optical wavefront measurements.

Air density variations around an airborne directed energy system distort a beam’s wavefront, resulting in degraded performance after propagation into the far field. Adaptive optics (AO) can be used to correct for these rapidly evolving aero-optical aberrations; however, in some conditions, the inherent latency between measurement and correction in state-of-the-art AO systems results in significantly reduced performance. Predictive AO control methods utilize future state predictions to compensate for rapidly evolving distortions and are promising techniques for mitigating this limitation. This paper demonstrates an application of the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method on turbulent boundary layer wavefront data from supersonic and transonic wind tunnel flow from the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Aero-Effects Laboratory. DMD is a lightweight algorithm used to isolate spatiotemporal patterns in a dataset into physically meaningful modes with associated dynamics, which were used to predict future states from a given wavefront. This method showed notable improvements in simulated wavefront correction, providing a reduction of residual wavefront distortion, measured as root mean square over the aperture, by up to 25.4% over a simulated latency model, which could accordingly result in higher laser system performance.
Simplified, interpretable graph convolutional neural networks for small molecule activity prediction.

We here present a streamlined, explainable graph convolutional neural network (gCNN) architecture for small molecule activity prediction. We first conduct a hyperparameter optimization across nearly 800 protein targets that produces a simplified gCNN QSAR architecture, and we observe that such a model can yield performance improvements over both standard gCNN and RF methods on difficult-to-classify test sets. Additionally, we discuss how reductions in convolutional layer dimensions potentially speak to the “anatomical” needs of gCNNs with respect to radial coarse graining of molecular substructure. We augment this simplified architecture with saliency map technology that highlights molecular substructures relevant to activity, and we perform saliency analysis on nearly 100 data-rich protein targets. We show that resultant substructural clusters are useful visualization tools for understanding substructure-activity relationships. We go on to highlight connections between our models’ saliency predictions and observations made in the medicinal chemistry literature, focusing on four case studies of past lead finding and lead optimization campaigns.
Age, Aging, and Mental Health

Generalizations regarding the epidemiology of aging and mental health are contingent on how one defines mental health. This chapter considers the relationship between age and both mental disorder and positive elements of mental health, positing that many older adults live with a low-grade concern or anxiety about the future coupled with fairly high levels of happiness. Using a life course perspective, mental health inequalities are summarized along several axes of stratification. Stress process, crisis, and cumulative inequality theories are profiled for advancing research on aging and mental health. The chapter concludes by identifying some of the frontiers for breakthrough discoveries regarding aging and mental health.
Scalable reactive vehicle-to-vehicle congestion avoidance mechanism

The increasing popularity and acceptance of VANETs will make the deployment of autonomous vehicles easier and faster since the VANET will reduce dependence on expensive sensors. Many useful applications will be possible with the usage of VANETs, which will improve the safety and quality of trips for the owners of these vehicles. One of these applications is the avoidance of traffic congestion by smart dynamic rerouting. For scalability, current cloud-based solutions, like Google Maps traffic, update congestion levels after a time interval rather than providing real-time measurements. In this paper, we introduce a vehicle-to-vehicle congestion avoidance mechanism, which detects real-time congestion levels and reroutes vehicles accordingly to minimize their trip times. Our system is highly distributed and is, therefore, not subjected to the limitations of centralized congestion avoidance mechanisms. We show via simulation that our system can significantly decrease the trip times of vehicles as well as the average car density on the map. Our proposed system, with its checkpoint and offline path generation approaches, is more responsive to local congestion level changes and computationally less complex for least congested route calculations than state-of-the-art congestion avoidance mechanisms.
Under the wheat

This anthology includes the title story about a dissolving marriage and an obsessive love affair that symbolizes the uneasiness and fear resulting from missile installations in North Dakota farmland.
MUTAGENIC RESPONSE OF HUMAN SOMATIC CELL LINES

Publisher Summary The science of microbial genetics supplies with a wealth of information on the process of somatic mutation as applied to viruses and unicellular organisms, including bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and other fungi. Especially productive were the studies on the process of mutagenesis in which large numbers of mutagenic compounds were discovered and classified as to the mode of their action, which was postulated to depend on small modifications of the DNA structure. These include base-pair deletion caused by temporary intercalation of proflavin-like compounds and base substitution (transitions and transversions) as a sequel to the incorporation of fraudulent base analogs or to a chemical reaction between bases and many mutagens, such as nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, ultraviolet light, nitrogen mustards, and other so-called alkylating agents.
High Efficiency Energy Conversion Systems for Liquid Nitrogen Automobiles

This investigation of the use of cryogens as energy storage media for zero emission vehicles has found that using liquid nitrogen to liquefy the working fluids of one or more closed Rankine power cycles can be an effective means for increasing motive power. System configurations are presented which can realize a specific energy greater than 400 kJ/kg-LN2 (110 W-hr/kg-LN2) without relying on isothermal expanders. A zero emission vehicle utilizing such a propulsion system would have an energy storage reservoir that can be refilled in a matter of minutes and a range comparable to that of a conventional automobile.
Constrainted Coherent States

Coherent states possess a regularized path integral and gives a natural relation between classical variables and quantum operators. Recent work by Klauder and Whiting has included extended variables, that can be thought of as gauge fields, into this formalism. In this paper, I consider the next step, and look at the roll of first class constraints.
Investigation of Modified Ni – Cr – Mn Base Alloys for SOFC Interconnect Applications

Two Ni-Cr-Mn base alloys based on Haynes 230 were developed and evaluated against criteria relevant to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnect applications, which included oxidation behavior under SOFC operating conditions, scale electrical conductivity, and thermal expansion. It was found that, when exposed to air at both sides, the Ni-Cr-Mn alloys formed a scale, containing M 3 O 4 (M = Mn, Cr, Ni, etc.) spinels and Cr 2 O 3 as well as some NiO. When exposed to air at one side and hydrogen at the other, however, the scales grown on these alloys at the air side were similar to the ferritic stainless steel Crofer22 APU, comprised of only a M 3 O 4 (M = Mn, Cr, Ni , etc.) spinel-rich top layer and Cr 2 O 3 -rich sublayer. The modified alloys demonstrated reasonable oxidation resistance under SOFC operating conditions, though the Mn additions increased the scale growth rate and thus sacrificed to some extent the oxidation resistance of the base alloy (Haynes 230). The formation of a spinel-rich top layer improved the scale conductivity, especially during the early stages of oxidation, but the higher scale growth rate resulted in a higher rate of increase in the area-specific electrical resistance. In addition, the Ni-Cr-Mn base alloys demonstrated a coefficient of thermal expansion higher than that of anode-supported cells and ferritic stainless steel candidates.
Comparison of Nucleic Acids and Other Phosphorus Compounds of Terramycin–Sensitive and -Resistant Strains of Streptococcus Lactis

Summary Terramycin-sensitive and terramycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus lactis 10A were inoculated in an enriched broth and incubated at 30° C. After 6, 12, and 24 hr. of incubation, determinations were made for total cellular matter, acid-soluble phosphorus, lipid phosphorus, nucleic acid phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. The sensitive strain consistently produced more cellular matter than did the resistant strain. The concentrations of the various phosphorus fractions fluctuated during incubation. In general, acid-soluble phosphorus was present in the highest concentrations in cells of both the strains, followed by protein phosphorus, lipid phosphorus, and nucleic acid phosphorus, in that order. At all times, cells of the sensitive strain contained higher concentrations of various phosphorus fractions, except for the acid-soluble fraction, which was present in higher concentration in the resistant cells after 6 and 12 hr. of incubation, and except for the lipid phosphorus content, which was higher in the resistant cells after a 12-hr. incubation period. The ribonucleic acid contents of both cultures were three to four times higher than their deoxyribonucleic acid contents. The total nucleic acid content of the sensitive cells during the earlier stages of incubation was appreciably greater than that of the resistant cells, indicating that the sensitive culture synthesized the nucleic acids more rapidly. However, the total nucleic acid content of the sensitive cells varied widely in different trials. The total nucleic acid content in both the strains decreased after 12 and 24 hr. of incubation, but the extent of decrease in the sensitive strain was more rapid than in the resistant strain, with the result that after 24 hr. of incubation, the total nucleic acid content of both the strains was approximately the same.
Recognition, prevention, and treatment of home total parenteral nutrition central venous access complications.

Placement of central venous catheters for long-term administration of IV solutions in the home is associated with potential immediate and long-term complications. These complications can seriously threaten a patient's well-being and greatly increase costs. An understanding of anatomy and careful attention to detail can minimize the immediate complications, whereas thorough patient education and strict aseptic care techniques can reduce long-term complications. Early recognition and treatment of complications when they do occur can reduce patient injury and costs. In this document, the incidence, recognition, prevention, and treatment of various immediate and long-term complications will be discussed. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition26:S21—S28, 2002)
Crisis resource management training for an anaesthesia faculty: a new approach to continuing education.

Background Human error and system failures continue to play a substantial role in adverse outcomes in health care. Anaesthesia crisis resource management addresses many patient safety issues by teaching behavioural skills for critical events but it has not been systematically utilized to teach experienced faculty. Methods An anaesthesia crisis resource management course was created for the faculty of our medical school's anaesthesia teaching programmes. The course objectives were to understand and improve participants' proficiency in crisis resource management (CRM) skills and to learn skills for debriefing residents after critical events. Through surveys, measurement objectives assessed acceptance, utility and need for recurrent training immediately post-course. These were measured again approximately 1 year later along with self-perceived changes in the management of difficult or critical events. Results The highly rated course was well received in terms of overall course quality, realism, debriefings and didactic presentation. Course usefulness, CRM principles, debriefing skills and communication were highly rated immediately post-course and 1 year later. Approximately half of the faculty staff reported a difficult or critical event following the course; of nine self-reported CRM performance criteria surveyed all claimed improvement in their CRM non-technical skills. Conclusions A unique and highly rated anaesthesia faculty course was created; participation made the faculty staff eligible for malpractice premium reductions. Self-reported CRM behaviours in participants' most significant difficult or critical events indicated an improvement in performance. These data provide indirect evidence supporting the contention that this type of training should be more widely promoted, although more definitive measures of improved outcomes are needed.
Elderly recipients of hepatitis C positive renal allografts can quickly develop liver disease.

Our institution explored using allografts from donors with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) for elderly renal transplantation (RT). Thirteen HCV– elderly recipients were transplanted with HCV+ allografts (eD+/R–) between January 2003 and April 2009. Ninety HCV– elderly recipients of HCV– allografts (eD–/R–), eight HCV+ recipients of HCV+ allografts (D+/R+) and thirteen HCV+ recipients of HCV– allografts (D–/R+) were also transplanted. Median follow-up was 1.5 (range 0.8–5) years. Seven eD+/R– developed a positive HCV viral load and six had elevated liver transaminases with evidence of hepatitis on biopsy. Overall, eD+/R– survival was 46% while the eD–/R– survival was 85% (P = 0.003). Seven eD+/R– died during follow-up. Causes included multi-organ failure and sepsis (n = 4), cancer (n = 1), failure-to-thrive (n = 1) and surgical complications (n = 1). One eD+/R– died from causes directly related to HCV infection. In conclusion, multiple eD+/R– quickly developed HCV-related liver disease and infections were a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality.
An in vivo method for testing GABAergic compounds

Abstract This report describes an intracerebroventricular technique of drug injection which enables compounds with GABAergic properties to be rapidly identified in vivo . In addition, this method allows for the testing of compounds that poorly penetrate the blood brain barrier for GABAergic activities. Subcutaneous administration of apomorphine (1.5 mg/kg, SC) elicits climbing behavior in mice. The apomorphine-induced climbing behavior is inhibited by the intracerebroventricular or intraperitoneal administration of known GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) agonists including muscimol (10–50 ng) and GABA (2–10 μg). This inhibitory effect of GABA or muscimol on apomorphine-induced climbing behavior can be reversed by picrotoxin (2 mg/kg, IP), a known GABA-receptor antagonist.
Cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention with proton pump inhibitors in Barrett's esophagus.

Background Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may reduce the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. PPIs are prescribed for virtually all patients with Barrett’s esophagus, irrespective of the presence of reflux symptoms, and represent a de facto chemopreventive agent in this population. However, long-term PPI use has been associated with several adverse effects, and the cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention with PPIs has not been evaluated.
Prostaglandins in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Low levels of prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds were detected by radioimmunoassay in reproductive tissues of Trichoplusia ni adults. A 3-fold increase in PGE 2 -equivalents was found in mated female reproductive tissues. A PGF 2 x -like compound was found in reproductive tissue of mated females with a 2-fold increase over that in virgin females. Injected PGE 1 , PGE 2 and PGF 2 x had no effect on levels of Z -7 dodecenyl acetate ( Z -7-12: Ac) in pheromone-producing glands or oviposition of virgin female T. ni . No significant in calling behaviour were observed in virgin females injected with prostaglandin when compared with control virgin females. N -acetyl- p -aminophenol (NAPAP), a prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor, in the diet of adult females did not alter calling behaviour of virgin or mated females. NAPAP in the larval diet lengthened larval stadia and slightly increased calling by mated females, but did not reduce oviposition after mating. Levels of Z -7-12:Ac in pheromone-producing glands of virgin and mated females were not affected by NAPAP in diets of larvae or adults.
Spectroscopic analysis of electronically excited species in XeCl excimer laser‐induced plasmas from the ablated high‐temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7

Optical spectroscopic analyses have been performed to study luminescence from plasmas produced by ablation of YBa2Cu3O7 single‐phase high Tc bulk superconductors exposed to XeCl excimer laser (308 nm) pulses. Only excited atomic neutral and single ionized species (Cu/Cu+, Ba/Ba+, Y/Y+) were observed within the experimental resolution of an optical multichannel analyzer detection system, when irradiating the targets in vacuum (∼10−5–10−4 Torr). Conspicuously absent in the spectra (300–800 nm range) are molecular emission bands that would appear if large excited molecules or fragments were present. Implications of the present results are discussed which relate to an early hypothesis about the laser ablation mechanism and their influence on high Tc film characteristics.
Privacy and Environment

Orientations toward privacy were identified and individual differences in orientation assessed by means of the newly developed Privacy Preference Scale. Principal components analysis of the PPS revealed six major factors from which subscales were constructed, their content centering on orientations toward noninvolvement with neighbors, seclusion of the home, solitude, privacy with intimates, anonymity, and reserve. In a suburban adult sample (n = 101), these orientations toward privacy were related by means of correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and canonical correlation to density of past and present environments and to features of the physical environment affecting potential privacy.
Damped transient power clamps for improved ESD protection of CMOS

Small transient power clamps that include inverters may oscillate and disengage during an HBM ESD event. A transient power clamp created in a 0.25 μm process revealed an interesting solution to the problem. Adding a resistance to the final inverter may improve ESD performance.
“The Price of Being Mexican”: Sentencing Disparities Between Noncitizen Mexican and Non-Mexican Latinos in the Federal Courts

With the increasing discourse about a crime-immigration nexus and Latinos, it is critical to ascertain how the criminal justice system responds to noncitizen Latino defendants. Using federal sentencing data to investigate the role of national origin and immigration status on noncitizen Latinos’ sentencing outcomes, several findings emerge. First, national origin conditions the sentences received for Mexicans and non-Mexican Latinos. Second, immigration status perpetuates disparities among defendants within each Latino subgroup. Third, examining the aggravating factors within each immigration status category shows that national origin poses greater sentencing penalties for Mexican defendants.
Abstract C10: High-throughput functional annotation of somatic driver aberrations in cancer

Tumor sequencing projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have revealed the high complexity of cancer genomes that are comprised of both pathogenic “driver” aberrations and many neutral “passenger” events. The cancer research community is faced with the daunting challenge of discriminating between drivers and passengers to inform the most promising therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers. Much of these efforts are focused on identifying new oncogenes given that such factors have served as successful therapeutic targets to date. To expedite oncogene discovery based on large-scale sequencing datasets, we established a target discovery pipeline involving a high-throughput mutagenesis and molecular barcoding (HiTMMoB) platform permitting (1) efficient site-directed DNA mutagenesis to model tumor somatic mutations into our collection of >32,000 human open reading frames (ORFs or genes), (2) integration of a 24 nucleotide DNA barcode sequence into ORF clones to facilitate pooled genetic screens and (3) their simultaneous recombination into lentiviral expression backbones enabling their expression in cancer cell models. Cells infected with barcoded ORF libraries can be entered into a variety of individual or pooled in vitro and in vivo genetic screens to identify ORF drivers of cancer-related activities (e.g., proliferation, tumor growth, invasion, metastasis among others). We have successfully used HiTMMoB to generate numerous wild-type and mutant ORF clones currently being used in multiple screening projects in our laboratory. One such project involves a gene focused screen designed to functionally characterize numerous lower frequency somatic tail mutations within the PIK3CA oncogene found mutated in breast and other cancers. Here, we have generated 36 mutated clones for PIK3CA that have been entered into in vitro and in vivo screens for drivers of (1) anchorage-independent growth (2) growth factor-independent growth (3) drug sensitivity/resistance and (4) orthotopic tumor formation in a pooled fashion. The goal of these screens is to functionally annotate these low frequency PIK3CA mutations, which may ultimately lead to tailored patient therapies based on the PIK3CA mutation status of an individual's tumor. In summary, we have developed a prioritization pipeline being used in a variety of target screens across diverse cancer types, and this platform promises to provide the cancer research community functional annotation on the most promising cancer aberrations for downstream biomarker and drug development. Citation Format: Turgut Dogruluk, Armel Dogruluk, Yiu-Huen Tsang, Nikitha Nair, Rosalba Minelli, Ping Wu, Kenneth L. Scott. High-throughput functional annotation of somatic driver aberrations in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C10.
Is colic a gastrointestinal disorder

Infantile colic is a distinct, although poorly defined, clinical entity. Whereas a general consensus regarding its cause is lacking, it is most likely multifactorial in genesis. Possible causative factors can be divided into two main groups: gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal. Food protein hypersensitivity or allergy is the leading contender in the former group, and disturbances in parental or maternal-child interactions in the latter. In all likelihood, the various factors act in tandem, leading to disturbances in infant gastrointestinal motility that manifests clinically as colic.
Emerging VCSEL technologies at Finisar

In this paper we will discuss recent results on high speed VCSELs targeted for the emerging 16GFC (Fibre Channel) standard as well as the now forming 25Gbps PCI express standard. Significant challenges in designing for reliability and speed have been overcome to demonstrate VCSELs with bandwidth in excess of 20Gbps.
HIV type 1 envelope subtype C sequences from recent seroconverters in Zimbabwe

HIV-1 envelope sequence patterns have implications for virus cell tropism and for the development of an effective vaccine. To identify the sequence characteristics of recently transmitted HIV-1 isolates in southern Africa, we sequenced the V3-V5 envelope regions of 24 male seroconverters in Harare, Zimbabwe. Each of the sequences clustered with previously reported subtype C isolates and there was a mean 17% intersequence pairwise genetic distance between the Zimbabwean isolates. Three isolates were syncytium inducing (SI). One of the SI isolates had an unusual GIGK crown and a deletion at codon 23; one had the codon 23 deletion alone; and one had a high net positive charge in the V3 loop. The extensive genetic diversity within the envelope of subtype C HIV-1 isolates must be considered in vaccine development. Further analysis of subtype C SI isolates and site-directed mutagenesis experiments are required to determine the molecular basis of SI activity in global HIV-1 isolates.
K+-sparing diuretic actions of trimethoprim: Inhibition of Na+ channels in A6 distal nephron cells

Hyperkalemia complicates trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy in over 20% of HIV-infected patients. TMP is a heterocyclic weak base, similar to amiloride, a "K(+)-sparing" diuretic and Na+ channel blocker. Apical TMP is known to inhibit amiloride-sensitive short circuit current in A6 cells, a tissue culture model for mammalian cortical collecting tubule principal cells [1]. We used cell-attached patch clamp techniques to investigate the effect of TMP on the 4 pS, highly selective Na+ channel in the apical membrane of A6 cells grown on permeable supports in the presence of 1.5 microM aldosterone. Baseline channel activity at resting membrane potential, measured as NPo (N of channels x open probability), was 1.09 +/- 0.50 (N = 18). NPo (0.92 +/- 0.38; N = 9) was unchanged when 10(-3) M TMP was added to the basolateral bath for 30 minutes. However, apical exposure with pipettes containing 10(-3) or 10(-5) M TMP reduced NPo approximately tenfold (0.12 +/- 0.08; N = 7 and 0.18 +/- 0.14; N = 12, respectively). Kinetic analysis revealed the appearance of a new closed state after apical TMP treatment. Another group of A6 cells were pretreated with 10(-3) M apical TMP for 30 minutes prior to patching with pipettes filled with TMP-free saline. NPo progressively rose from 0.07 +/- 0.09 to 0.87 +/- 0.23 (N = 5) as the residual TMP was diluted within the pipette. Apical or basolateral pretreatment (30 min) with 10(-3) M SMX did not change Na+ channel activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Why topological charges imply extended supersymmetry

We present a proof that theories with N = 1 supersymmetry and a conserved topological charge must in fact be invariant under an N = 2 supersymmetry in which the topological charge appears as the central charge. The proof is valid in 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 dimensions. We discuss the more limited results that hold in 1 + 1 dimensions. Additionally, we consider situations in which the existence of instantons signals the presence of N = 2 supersymmetry.