cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion and Policymaking in the States: The Case of Post-Roe Abortion Policy

Whether public opinion should be expected to play a role in the shaping of abortion legislation in the states is a debatable question. Representation is a difficult task, especially if legislators receive mixed cues from the public, activists, and the political parties. In this study, we find that grass-roots activism and public opinion tend to match, and both are reflected in state abortion policy. In addition, more Pro-Life policies are found in states with a tradition of conservative policies in other areas, Republican majorities in the state legislature, more Catholic residents, and fewer women legislators. These patterns hold true for a composite index of abortion policies and for the specific policy area of government funding of abortions. Slightly different patterns occur for parental consent laws, though these statutes also tend to reflect general preferences on abortion and interest group activity in a state.
Prospective evaluation of early follow-up chest radiography after penetrating thoracic injury.

In asymptomatic patients with penetrating thoracic trauma and a normal initial chest x-ray, successive prospective trials have decreased the minimum observation period required for exclusion of significant injury from 6 to 3 h. Despite the quality of these studies, this interval remains arbitrary and the true requisite observation time for safe discharge remains unknown. The current study evaluates the ability of “early” repeat chest x-ray, at intervals approaching 1 h, to exclude clinically significant injury. Eighty-eight, asymptomatic patients with penetrating chest trauma and normal initial chest radiographs were prospectively enrolled in this study. All patients received an “early” follow-up chest x-ray, at a median interval of 1 h and 34 min (interquartile range: 1 h 35 min to 2 h 22 min), and a second repeat x-ray at a “delayed” interval no earlier than 3 h postadmission. Radiographic abnormalities in clinically stable patients were followed with serial examination and repeat imaging for a minimum of 6 h. All patients received both “early” and “delayed” repeat CXRs with no patient discharged before full assessment. One of the 88 patients with initially normal chest x-ray underwent tube thoracostomy at the discretion of the attending surgeon before any repeat imaging. Of the remaining patients, 4 of 87 (4.6 %) demonstrated radiographic abnormalities on “early” repeat imaging. Two patients had pneumothoraces, successfully managed without intervention; the remaining two demonstrated evidence of hemothorax, subsequently undergoing tube thoracostomy. Two more patients (2.3 %) developed pneumothoraces on “delayed” imaging, both successfully observed without intervention. In asymptomatic patients with penetrating thoracic trauma and normal initial chest radiographs, “early” repeat chest x-ray, at intervals approaching 1 h, appears sufficient to exclude clinically significant pathology and to allow safe patient discharge.
An assessment of ozone concentrations within and near the Lake Tahoe Air Basin

Abstract The Lake Tahoe Atmospheric Deposition Study (LTADS) was conducted by the Air Resources Board of the State of California (CARB) primarily to generate refined estimates of the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorous, and particulate matter directly to Lake Tahoe, which straddles the border between the states of California and Nevada near Reno, Nevada. The enhanced air quality monitoring during LTADS also included ozone measurements, which yielded additional insights into atmospheric processes and the role of transport in determining ozone concentrations within the Lake Tahoe Air Basin. The Lake Tahoe Air Basin is located generally downwind of air basins with major emissions of ozone precursors (e.g., VOCs, NOx), capable of generating significant ozone concentrations. Furthermore, vegetation on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada contribute biogenic organic compounds to the air mass. Ozone concentrations within the Tahoe Basin infrequently exceed the local 1-h threshold set to protect forest health (0.08 ppm) and the California 8-h ambient air quality standard (0.070 ppm). A concern then is the potential contribution of regional emission sources to the ozone concentrations observed in the Tahoe Basin. The ozone data collected during LTADS helped to better characterize the relative contribution of local and regional pollution sources to ozone air quality within the Tahoe Basin. The data indicate potential 1- or 2-day intact transport on rare occasions but generally the mixing of the atmosphere over the Sierra Nevada disperses the anthropogenic ozone throughout the boundary layer, which is generally more than a kilometer or two deep during the day. The data analysis indicates that emissions from upwind air basins add to the atmospheric burden of ozone concentrations, raising the regional concentrations in the Sierra Nevada. Given the large background and upwind enhancements relative to the ambient air quality standards, the local contribution does not need to be large to contribute to exceedances of an ozone air quality standard. This information can be used to refine hypotheses about the relative role of local and regional sources of air pollution impacting the Tahoe Basin. Ultimately, the improved understanding of air quality within the Tahoe Basin will guide actions in pollution control plans designed to protect public health and welfare (e.g., visibility, forest health) within this unique alpine setting.
Diagnosing Seasonal Vegetation Impacts on Evapotranspiration and Its Partitioning at the Catchment Scale during SMEX04–NAME

AbstractA fundamental problem in ecohydrology is diagnosing impacts of vegetation dynamics on the catchment response. This study uses a distributed hydrologic model and remote sensing data to evaluate the effects of seasonal vegetation greening on the basin water balance and the partitioning of evapotranspiration ET into soil evaporation, transpiration, and evaporation of intercepted water. Using remotely sensed data, updates are made to model vegetation parameters related to radiation, interception, and transpiration as ecosystems respond to precipitation during the North American monsoon (NAM). Comparisons of simulations with static and seasonally varying vegetation parameters reveal lower ET but higher vegetation-mediated ET losses because of the greening. Sensitivity analyses indicate that vegetation fraction is the primary control on ET and its partitioning, while interception parameters play a secondary role. As a result, spatial patterns in ET partitioning in the catchment exhibit a strong signatur...
Ranitidine prevents duodenal ulcers associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy

SUMMARY The results of four similarly designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies conducted to evaluate ranitidine as prophylaxis for NSAID-associated damage are reviewed. A total of 673 patients receiving therapeutic dosages of NSAIDs for arthritic or musculoskeletal conditions also received either ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (n= 343) or placebo (n= 330) for four weeks (two studies) or eight weeks (two studies). Endoscopic grading of mucosal lesions was based on a modified Lanza scoring system. All patients had normal baseline endoscopies. After four weeks of treatment a significant protective effect against duodenal mucosal lesions including duodenal ulcers (three studies) and gastric mucosal lesions including gastric ulcers (one study) was observed in patients who received ranitidine compared with those who received placebo. A meta-analysis of the four studies confirmed that significantly fewer patients receiving ranitidine than placebo developed duodenal ulcers (1%vs. 6%, P= 0.01). Endoscopic data at eight weeks from the two longer-term studies showed that duodenal ulcers occurred in ranitidine- and placebo-treated patients at a rate of 1% (2/137) vs. 8% (10/126) (P= 0.02), respectively, in one trial, and 0% (0/57) vs. 8% (4/49) (P= 0.02), respectively, in the other trial. No protective effect in the stomach was evident at eight weeks. We conclude that ranitidine is effective in preventing NSAID-associated duodenal ulcers and may be appropriate prophylaxis for certain high-risk patients.
Chromium complexes with proteins and mucopolysaccharides and their relationship to chromium allergy in sensitized guinea pigs

Abstract Theoretical considerations and equilibrium dialysis are utilized to refute previous reports on the amounts of chromium that can be complexed to proteins and mucopolysaccharides. Purified chromium complexes containing no free chromium were then used to test chromium-sensitized guinea pigs. The chromium-albumin complex is the only one of those studied found to reproducibly elicit.
Crossroads of High Asia: A review article—books on Ladakh

Eva K. Dargyay and Ulrich Gruber, Ladakh, Innenansicht eines Landes. Dusseldorf/Cologne: Diederichs, 1980. 300 pp, colour photographs, bibliography, glossary, chronological table, index. Heinrich H...
ULK1, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin, and Mitochondria: Linking Nutrient Availability and Autophagy

A fundamental function of autophagy conserved from yeast to mammals is mobilization of macromolecules during times of limited nutrient availability, permitting organisms to survive under starvation conditions. In yeast, autophagy is initiated following nitrogen or carbon deprivation, and autophagy mutants die rapidly under these conditions. Similarly, in mammals, autophagy is upregulated in most organs following initiation of starvation, and is critical for survival in the perinatal period following abrupt termination of the placental nutrient supply. The nutrient-sensing kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, coordinates cellular proliferation and growth with nutrient availability, at least in part by regulating protein synthesis and autophagy-mediated degradation. This review focusses on the regulation of autophagy by Tor, a mammalian target of rapamycin, and Ulk1, a mammalian homolog of Atg1, in response to changes in nutrient availability. Given the importance of mitochondria in maintaining bioenergetic homestasis, and potentially as a source of membrane for autophagosomes during starvation, possible roles for mitochondria in this process are also discussed.
Inherited hypophosphatemic disorders in children and the evolving mechanisms of phosphate regulation

Phosphorous is essential for multiple cellular functions and constitutes an important mineral in bone. Hypophosphatemia in children leads to rickets resulting in abnormal growth and often skeletal deformities. Among various causes of low serum phosphorous are inherited disorders associated with increased urinary excretion of phosphate, including autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia (ARHP), and hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Recent genetic analyses and subsequent biochemical and animal studies have revealed several novel molecules that appear to play key roles in the regulation of renal phosphate handling. These include a protein with abundant expression in bone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which has proven to be a circulating hormone that inhibits tubular reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney. Two other bone-specific proteins, PHEX and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), appear to be necessary for limiting the expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, thereby allowing sufficient renal conservation of phosphate. This review focuses on the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of inherited hypophosphatemic disorders, and presents the current understanding of hormonal and molecular mechanisms that govern phosphorous homeostasis.
Elastoplastically accommodated hydride formation and embrittlement

Abstract In a previous work ( Lufrano et al., 1996 ), the authors investigated stress driven diffusion of hydrogen in a hydride forming system whose constitutive response was modeled as linearly elastic. In the present work the more realistic constitutive assumption of a purely elastic hydride that is accommodated elastoplastically by the surrounding matrix is used. Due to the nonlinearity in the material deformation, the classical description and calculation of the accommodation energy of formation and the interaction energy associated with an external stress using Eshelbys methodology are no longer valid. The elastoplastic deformation of the matrix due to the volume dilatation induced by the hydride, and the interaction of this deformation with externally applied stresses, are studied. The energetics of the hydride formation is revisited and the terminal solid solubility of hydrogen in solution is defined on the basis of the total elastoplastic work done on the system by the forming hydride and the external loads. Hydrogen diffusion and hydride formation coupled with the elastoplastic deformation of the material are modeled at a blunting crack tip in the case of the niobium–hydrogen system. Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to monitor the local distribution and time evolution of hydrogen concentration, hydride volume fraction, stress, and strain as the externally applied loads increase. A Griffith fracture criterion allows the calculation of a critical hydride size, in the neighborhood of the crack tip, at which cracking of the hydride particle by the local stresses is energetically favorable. Using this criterion for fracture initiation, one can predict the reduced fracture resistance of hydride forming systems quantitatively and investigate the fracture toughness dependence of the material on initial concentration and loading rate.
Immersion survival differs among three Diabrotica species

Soil dwelling invertebrates including insects and their larvae are subjected to severe oxygen limitations when the soil becomes saturated or covered by water. Differential survival of this stress may in part explain ecological range of a species and could lead to cultural control methods for economically important species. We tested immersion survival for larvae of three species of Diabrotica (viz., D. balteata LeConte, D. undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim, and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte). Groups of larvae were submersed in conditioned, hypoxic (dissolved oxygen <0.3 ppm) tap water, held at 10, 15, 20, or 25 °C, and periodically removed and assayed for survivorship. We found that time to 50% mortality (LT50) differed significantly between species. Third instar D. u. undecimpunctata were most sensitive to immersion at 25 °C (LT50= 9 h), D. balteata were intermediate (LT50= 15 h) and D. v. virgifera larvae were least sensitive (LT50= 23 h). Second instar D. v. virgifera were significantly more tolerant of immersion than the other species (LT50= 56 hversus 15 h for D. u. undecimpunctata and 11 h for D. balteata). Mortality during immersion corresponds with the build up of lactic acid. Survivorship for all species increased with decreasing temperature. The use of flooding in rootworm management is briefly discussed.
Levels of allozymic diversity in diploid and tetraploid Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus (blueberries)

Levels of allozymic diversity were examined in native Michigan populations of diploid Vaccinium myrtilloides, and the tetraploids, V. angustifolium and V. corymbosum. Plants from three populations of each species were included in the analysis. Levels of heterozygosity and the number of alleles were averaged over seven polymorphic isozyme loci within both populations and species. As has been found in other studies that compared closely related diploid and tetraploid species, the level of heterozygosity and number of alleles per locus were noticeably lower in the diploid V. myrtilloides (21.7%; 2.9) than in the tetraploids, V. angustifolium (57.1%; 3.4) and V. corymbosum (75.6%; 3.6). The average level of heterozygosity was almost 20% higher in V. corymbosum than V. angustifolium. These two tetraploid species may face distinct selective pressures or have differences in outcrossing rates. Key words: Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium angustifolium, autotetraploidy
Novel approach for the refractive index gradient measurement in microliter volumes using fiber-optic technology

The refractive index gradient (RIG) of hydrodynamically controlled profiles can be universally, yet sensitively, measured by carefully probing the radial RIG passing through a z-configuration flow cell. Fiber optic technology is applied in order to provide a narrow, collimated probe beam (100 micrometers diameter) that is deflected by a RIG and measured by a position sensitive detector. The fiber optic construction allows one to probe very small volumes (1 (mu) L to 3 (mu) L) amenable to microbore liquid chromatography ((mu) LC). The combination of (mu) LC and RIG detection is very useful for the analysis of trace quantities (ng injected amounts) of chemical species that are generally difficult to measure, i.e., species that are not amenable to absorbance detection or related techniques. Furthermore, the RIG detector is compatible with conventional mobile phase gradient and thermal gradient (mu) LC, unlike traditional RI detectors. A description of the RIG detector coupled with (mu) LC for the analysis of complex polymer samples is reported. Also, exploration into using the RIG detector for supercritical fluid chromatography is addressed.
Development of a comprehensive set of drift-flux constitutive models for pipes of various hydraulic diameters

The drift-flux model is one of the most significant models for the prediction of two-phase flows being used today, with applications in many fields of engineering. Even more advanced models such as the two-fluid model require the use of drift-flux based models as constitutive relations. For this reason, it is necessary that accurate models for the drift-flux parameters exist for various geometries and fluid systems. One of the main weaknesses in a comprehensive set of drift-flux models is a lack of well-developed models for large diameter pipes, especially at higher void fractions. Thus one major step towards defining a comprehensive set of drift-flux models is to verify models in large pipes. To this end, a review of previous experiments has yielded a database of void fraction information in large pipes. Additionally, experiments have been performed in tests sections with diameters of 0.15 m and 0.20 m with liquid velocities up to 1 m/s and void fractions up to 0.85 under two pressure conditions. A comprehensive set of drift-flux models has been recommended based on the new data and the previously existing data.
Base sequence differences among the ribonucleic acids of influenza virus.

Abstract The RNA of influenza virus was resolved into six electrophoretic zones. Three fractions were prepared of these zones, SS 1 (molecular weight about 8 to 10 × 10 5 daltons), SS 2 (molecular weight about 6 to 7 × 10 5 daltons) and SS 3 (molecular weight about 3 to 4 × 10 5 daltons). Likewise the virus-specific double-stranded RNA isolated from infected cells was resolved into six zones and three electrophoretic fractions DS 1 , DS 2 and DS 3 were prepared. Separate fractions of single-stranded RNA differed little (8%) when hybridized at saturating concentrations with unfractionated double-stranded RNA. But distinct fractions of single-stranded RNA showed significant (70%) differences when hybridized at saturating concentrations with distinct fractions of double-stranded RNA. The single-stranded RNA with the highest molecular weight, SS 1 , contained the base sequences of the largest double-stranded RNA fraction, DS 1 , most of the base sequences of the intermediate double-stranded RNA fraction DS 2 , but it lacked the base sequences of the double-stranded RNA fraction with lowest molecular weight, DS 3 . The single-stranded RNA fraction with the lowest molecular weight, SS 3 , however, contained all base sequences of all three fractions of double-stranded RNA. It was concluded that the low molecular weight RNA species of influenza virus contain base sequences which are not present in the high molecular weight RNA species. In addition, the low molecular weight RNA species contain—perhaps as breakdown products—the base sequences of the high molecular weight RNA's of influenza virus. The results provide direct evidence that some of the RNA's of influenza virus have distinct base sequences and are compatible with the hypothesis that the RNA of the virus exists in subgenomic fragments.
Aiding Intrusion Analysis Using Machine Learning

Intrusion analysis, i.e., the process of combing through IDS alerts and audit logs to identify real successful and attempted attacks, remains a difficult problem in practical network security defense. The major contributing cause to this problem is the high false-positive rate in the sensors used by IDS systems to detect malicious activities. The goal of our work is to examine whether a machine-learned classifier can help a human analyst filter out non-interesting scenarios reported by an IDS alert correlator, so that analysts' time can be saved. This research is conducted in the open-source SnIPS intrusion analysis framework. Throughout observing the output of SnIPS running on our departmental network, we found that an analyst would need to perform repetitive tasks in pruning out the false positives in the correlation graphs produced by it. We hypothesized that such repetitive tasks can yield (limited) labeled data that can enable the use of a machine learning-based approach to prune SnIPS' output based on the human analysts' feedback, much similar to spam filters that can learn from users' past judgment to prune emails. Our goal is to classify the correlation graphs produced from SnIPS into "interesting" and "non-interesting", where "interesting" means that a human analyst would want to conduct further analysis on the events. We spent significant amount of time manually labeling SnIPS' output correlations based on this criterion, and built prediction models using both supervised and semi-supervised learning approaches. Our experiments revealed a number of interesting observations that give insights into the pitfalls and challenges of applying machine learning in intrusion analysis. The experimentation results also indicate that semi-supervised learning is a promising approach towards practical machine learning-based tools that can aid human analysts, when a limited amount of labeled data is available.
Field-modulated diffusivity of excitons in coupled asymmetric quantum wells

Using time- and space-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, we have measured the lateral in-plane transport of spatially direct and indirect excitons in coupled asymmetric GaAs quantum wells. The quantum wells were grown in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n structure to allow the application of an electric field normal to the growth plane. At 4.2 K, spatial transport measurements at zero electrical bias show that the direct excitons become localized (immobile) and display a 0.8-meV spectral shift to lower energies. With increasing bias, the localization is reduced and eventually disappears as the excitons increasingly become spatially indirect. At higher bath temperatures (20\char21{}60 K), we find no spatial localization, nor does the exciton peak shift to lower energies. Furthermore, the spatial transport properties are not affected by the changes in the field bias. We discuss our results in terms of interface-roughness scattering arising from the different interfacial qualities on either side of the GaAs quantum well.
Nuclear RNA precursors in the processing pathway to MOPC 21 κ light chain messenger RNA

Abstract We have carried out pulse-chase and u.v. transcription mapping experiments which establish that immunoglobulin κ light chain messenger RNA in MOPC 21 myeloma cells is derived from a 10.6 × 10 3 base nuclear RNA precursor. This large nuclear RNA precursor is polyadenylated and appears to be processed into other polyadenylated κ-specific nuclear RNA species at 7.8, 5.6 and 4.8 × 10 3 bases. These are shown to be obligatory precursors to κ mRNA by glucosamine-mediated pulse-chase experiments in which virtually all of the κ sequences in these large nuclear RNAs are converted into κ mRNA. This kinetic evidence constitutes formal proof of the precursor-product relationship between these nuclear RNAs and cytoplasmic κ mRNA. In addition, the κ nuclear RNAs all show identical u.v. target sizes as expected for processing intermediates derived from the 10 × 10 3 base κ transcription unit. The major κ nuclear RNA intermediate at 4.8 × 10 3 bases appears to contain the intervening sequence separating the variable (V) and constant (C) regions in the active MOPC 21 κ gene. This 4.8 × 10 3 base species is shown directly to give rise to κ mRNA. Accordingly, we propose that V → C joining is the final splicing step in the nuclear RNA processing pathway for κ light chain mRNA.
Raman spectroscopic and laser scanning confocal microscopic analysis of sulfur in living sulfur-precipitating marine bacteria

Abstract Laser Raman microprobe spectroscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to determine the presence and speciation of sulfur in sulfur-oxidizing, marine bacteria from Monterey Bay, CA. The bacteria studied include: large, filamentous Thioploca and Beggiatoa , endosymbionts in the vesicomyid clam Calyptogena kilmeri , and a filamentous bacterium of undetermined species. All of these bacteria were shown spectroscopically to store elemental sulfur in submicrometer to several micrometer diameter vesicles. More detailed Raman spectroscopic study of the vesicles in Thioploca and Beggiatoa provided further chemical and structural characterization of the elemental sulfur. The sulfur is bonded in the common, stable S 8 ring configuration and is of an extremely fine-grained microcrystalline form. No additional (organo) sulfur compounds were detected spectroscopically in the vesicles under the low laser powers required to preserve the molecular structure of the sulfur. The present spectroscopic and optical data stand in contrast to reports and inferences of liquid-like elemental sulfur or homogeneous, complex sulfur compounds in other sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The findings of this study are compatible with a model of sulfur vesicles as dominated by microcrystalline solid elemental sulfur, perhaps embedded in a matrix and/or confining membrane of organic material. The high reactivity and solubility observed in these vesicles is attributed to the extremely fine grain size of the solid elemental sulfur.
Epigenetics: How Genes and Environment Interact

Two epigenetically regulated targets involved in the developmental origins of disease susceptibility are genes that are imprinted and those with metastable epialleles. Genes with metastable epialleles have highly variable expressions that result from random allelic changes in the epigenome. The isogenic agouti viable yellow (Avy) mouse harbors a metastable Agouti gene. Maternal exposure of the Avy mouse during pregnancy with nutritional supplements (e.g., methyl donors and genistein), toxicological agents (e.g., bisphenol A), and physical agents (e.g., ionizing radiation) changes the coat color and adult disease incidence in the offspring by altering DNA methylation at the A vy locus. These studies clearly demonstrate that the developmental origins of disease risk can result from alterations in the epigenome. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic form of gene silencing that results in monoallelic, parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression. It evolved in mammals with the advent of placentation and viviparity approximately 150 million years ago. Since only a single mutation or epigenetic event is required to alter imprinted gene function, these genes are implicated in a number of complex diseases and neurological conditions. Imprinting is controlled by parental-specific epigenetic marks that are established during gametogenesis and in early embryonic development. We refer to the complete set of these cis-acting epigenetic regulatory elements as the imprintome, a distinct and specially tasked subset of the epigenome. Significant species variation in the repertoire of imprinted genes and their epigenetic regulation mean that only humans can be used to define our imprintome.
Erratum to "Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis"

g00 7.414577 0.057320 0.01 8.009957 0.065247 0.01 6.820096 0.069899 0.01 g01 0.019288 0.013011 0.14 0.021212 0.016159 0.20 0.017111 0.013997 0.23 g02 0.912684 0.343139 0.01 0.500856 0.422656 0.24 1.325127 0.381975 0.01 on-Hispanic g03 1.266653 0.288586 0.01 1.486865 0.359444 0.01 1.038102 0.334216 0.01 tion g05 0.211625 0.218113 0.34 0.210756 0.261015 0.42 0.213729 0.242191 0.38 g04 1.437488 0.270543 0.01 1.089508 0.409086 0.01 1.787922 0.289807 0.01 g06 1.003648 0.196603 0.01 1.091325 0.245298 0.01 0.915044 0.221463 0.01 s g07 1.115895 0.336768 0.01 1.322098 0.424509 0.01 0.913247 0.394429 0.03 g08 0.477652 0.276884 0.09 0.093842 0.317943 0.77 1.049555 0.327841 0.01
Wage determination in late socialism: The case of Poland

Does economic transition necessitate a profound change in the inter-industry wage structure? This paper argues that principles of wage determination in centrally planned economies were not basically different from those prevailing in market economies. Even if the center became involved in wage setting, reward for human capital and the compensating differential had to be taken into consideration. Moreover, market power led to rent-sharing via wage bargaining and efficiency wages. Hence, this paper claims that wages in socialist economies were determined by similar factors to those in market economies. This is supported by comparison of inter-industry wage structures between socialist and capitalist countries and by results of the estimation of the wage equation for Poland. There is a noticeable degree of similarity in wage structures generated by both systems.
Models for protocellular photophosphorylation.

Several photoreactions for transducing light energy have been analyzed for their relevance as models for protocellular photophosphorylation. Inorganic ions and compounds could have played a role in protocellular photophosphorylation. Organic catalysts may have been the next significant agents used by protocells for photophosphorylation. Membranous photophosphorylation probably became the most recent type of photoenergy transduction to be acquired by protocells; it is still used by modern cells although components of the other types of phosphorylation are found in present day cells. Recorded yields of energy-rich phosphates from the model reactions discussed are small. Arguments are advanced that such yields could have been sufficient to have fueled protocellular metabolism, which was probably very slow compared to modern cellular metabolism. Future prospects for research in this area are discussed.
Robotic Handling of Surgical Instruments in a Cluttered Tray

We developed a unique robotic manipulation system that accurately singulates surgical instruments in a cluttered environment. A novel single-view computer vision algorithm identifies the next instrument to grip from a cluttered pile and a compliant electromagnetic gripper picks up the identified instrument. System is validated through extensive experiments.
Nanotubes from methane flames

Abstract Entangled multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a diameter range of 20–60 nm were found to grow on a Ni–Cr wire in laminar co-flow methane-air diffusion flames. Nickel oxide particles were inside some of the nanotubes, suggesting that their particles, formed on the wire at the early stage of the synthesis, acted as catalyst. The carbon nanotubes can grow by a root-growth mechanism in a limited region inside the flame where oxygen plays an important role in the formation of nanotubes.
Early Student-Teacher Relationships of Children with and without Intellectual Disability: Contributions of Behavioral, Social, and Self-Regulatory Competence.

We investigated the student-teacher relationships (STRs) of 6-year-old children with (n=58) and without (n=82) intellectual disability (ID). We also examined early (age 3) and concurrent (age 6) child behavioral, self-regulatory, and social characteristics as predictors of age 6 STR quality. Children with ID experienced significantly poorer relationships with their teachers, marked by less closeness and more conflict and dependency, compared to typically-developing children. This group difference was not accounted for entirely by IQ differences. The relation between ID status and STR quality was fully mediated by four age 6 child variables: mother- and teacher-reported behavior problems and mother- and teacher-reported social skills. The quality of children’s relationships with teachers was also predicted by child characteristics as early as age 3, including early behavior problems, self-regulation, and behavior during parent-child interactions. The relation of ID status to STR quality at age 6 was fully mediated by children’s self-regulatory abilities at age 3. Our findings demonstrate the importance of child behavioral and social characteristics in predicting relationships with teachers for children with and without ID.
NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequence of the Fc fragment of IgD resembles IgE and IgG sequences

THE function of IgD, a rare immunoglobulin (Ig) class, is unknown1. It has been shown that most B lymphocytes in cord blood2 and lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia3 carry IgD on their surfaces, whereas only a small portion of lymphocytes from healthy human adults is IgD-positive4. Almost all lymphocytes having IgD on the surface also carry IgM and both seem to function as receptors5. To learn more about the relationship of IgD to other Ig classes, we are investigating the amino acid sequence of the IgD Fc fragment. This report describes our first sequence analysis which suggests that IgD is more closely related to IgE and IgG than to IgM.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE REGULATION AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SALES DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENT OF THE 1934 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT

This study analyzes an indirect economic consequence of accounting regdations - that of inducing inter-firm wealth transfers. This analysis is applied to the sales disclosure requirement of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act. Using daily returns to the New York Stock Exchange and over-the-counter stocks, it was found that when Congressional deliberations favored passage of the 1934 Act, mturns to h s which had previously disclosed sales significantly exceeded those of non-sales-disclosing firms. This result is consistent with a wealth transfer having occurred from the latter to the former through an unexpected shift in competitive advantage.
Normal results of post-race thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in marathon runners with elevated serum MB creatine kinase levels

Elevated cardiac enzyme values in asymptomatic marathon runners after competition can arise from skeletal muscle through exertional rhabdomyolysis, silent injury to the myocardium, or a combined tissue source. Peak post-race levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase are similar to values in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Previously reported normal results of infarct-avid myocardial scintigraphy with technetium 99m pyrophosphate in runners after competition suggest a non-cardiac source but cannot exclude silent injury to the myocardium. Therefore, thallium 201 myocardial perfusion imaging was performed in runners immediately after competition together with determination of sequential cardiac enzyme levels. Among 15 runners tested, the average peak in serum MB creatine kinase 24 hours after the race was 128 IU/liter with a cumulative MB creatine kinase release of 117 IU/liter; these values are comparable to those in patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction. Thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphic results were normal in five runners randomly selected from those who volunteered for determination of sequential blood levels. Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes showed only a peripheral pattern of release. It is concluded that elevations of serum MB creatine kinase in marathon runners arise from a skeletal muscle source and that thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy is useful to assess runners for myocardial injury when clinical questions arise.
Fatty Acid and Hydrocarbon Content of Settling Sediments in Lake Michigan

Fatty acid and aliphatic hydrocarbon contents have been examined in sediment collected in traps suspended at three depths at a location in Lake Michigan. Fatty acid distributions are similar at all depths and suggest an authochtonous origin of these materials. Concentrations of acids decrease with greater depths of traps and indicate a combination of active microbial reworking and of dilution by resuspended sedimentary materials. Hydrocarbons in the metalimnion trap contain mostly algal and bacterial components, whereas near-bottom hydrocarbons contain a large land plant contribution, presumably from resuspension of bottom sediments. Comparison of trap contents with fatty acid and hydrocarbons obtained from faunal debris and with published diatom compositions indicates that a mixture of such sources is combined in the organic matter settling in Lake Michigan. Estimated fluxes to the bottom of this part of the lake are 6.5 g/m2/yr for organic carbon, 1.8 g/m2/yr for fatty acids, and 27 mg/m2/yr for aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Phytohemagglutinin effects on cultured human neural crest tumors.

Two human melanoma lines, RPMI-7931 and HS-294, respond to mitogenic stimulation by PHA. A dose-response curve for these lines can be demonstrated with maximal stimulation at 16 and 32 μg per ml and inhibition at 75 to 250 μg per ml PHA. The mitogenic effects of PHA were inhibited byn-acetyl-d-galactosamine. Neuroblastoma cells also exhibit a similar but less important dose-response to PHA. These data indicate that human melanomas and neuroblastomas may have PHA receptors or mechanisms for mitogenic stimulation which are analogous to those observed with normal lymphocytes.
Squeezed states with a thermal photon distribution

Abstract A single mode of the electromagnetic field in pure state with photon distribution of the same form as blackbody radiation, i.e. p(n) = (1 - A)An, and real photo-number expansion coefficients, is shown to have a large amount of phase squeezing with a low uncertainty product when the mean field passes through zero.
Electromigration extrusion kinetics of Cu interconnects

Electromigration lifetime and failure mechanism have been investigated for Cu/low-k interconnects at intermediate interconnect levels. It was observed that extrusion fails occurred mostly before resistance shift fails were detected. The activation energy for extrusion fails was determined to be 1.13 eV, comparable to the value of 0.99 eV for the resistance shift fails. This suggests the same failure mechanism for two failure modes: Cu mass transport primarily along the Cu/cap interface. The current exponent was extracted as 1.48 and 1.36 for extrusion fails and resistance shift fails, respectively. Physical failure analysis confirmed Cu extrusion near the anode and void formation at the cathode. Samples with improved pre-clean process before the cap deposition significantly suppressed EM induced extrusions, indicating a mechanically stronger Cu/cap interface. Furthermore, effective atomic sink at the anode end appeared to reduce the compressive stress buildup during EM, as it also significantly mitigated EM induced extrusion.
Alzheimer Aβ neurotoxicity: Promotion by antichymotrypsin, ApoE4; inhibition by Aβ-related peptides

Two inflammation-associated proteins found in the Alzheimer amyloid deposits—α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4)—have been shown to be genetic risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease and to promote the polymerization of the Aβ peptide into amyloid filaments in vitro. In the present study, we show that ACT and apoE4 increase the neurotoxicity of the Aβ peptide in parallel with their promotion of filament formation. Preincubation of ACT or apoE4 with small Aβ-related peptides, or of apoE4 with apoE2, abrogated their subsequent ability to promote both the formation and the neurotoxicity of Aβ filaments. These results indicate that ACT and apoE4 may play a stimulatory role in the formation of neurotoxic amyloid in Alzheimer's disease, and that their amyloid promoting activity can be blocked by inhibitory peptides.
Long-term survival in stage III and IV ovarian cancer

A total of 104 unselected, previously untreated patients with invasive stage III or IV ovarian cancer were operated on between 1977 and 1984. Nine patients were lost in follow-up, three died from non-malignant disease. Thirteen of the 92 eligible patients (15%) were observed to survive 5 years or longer. In the 13 long-term survivors, 4 had stage IV disease, 7 positive peritoneal cytology, 3 bowel resection, and 12 residual disease <2 cm after primary surgery. Retroperitoneal lymph nodes were involved in 6/9 cases. The majority of 5-year survivors (69%) received cis-platin-containing combination chemotherapy. 5/7 long-term survivors had positive second-look. At 5 years, life-quality in 9/13 patients who were free of disease, was high. It can be concluded that only patients with optimally resected stage III or IV ovarian cancer have a realistic chance of long-term survival. It is expected that increasing radicality in surgery for ovarian cancer together with platinum-based chemotherapy regimens may improve long-term survival in the future. In addition, further studies of new chemotherapeutic approaches are needed.
COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE CANINE THORACIC DUCT

Standard radiographic lymphangiograms and computed tomography (CT) lymphangiograms were performed on 10 female dogs without intrathoracic disease. Positive contrast lymphagiography was performed by injection into a catheterized mesenteric lymphatic vessel, and lateral thoracic radiographs, ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs, and thoracic CTs were obtained. The number of visible ducts was recorded for each image at the midbody of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9) through the first lumbar vertebra (L1). Data were combined for all dogs at each data acquisition point. Data were analyzed by comparing data from all three images independently, and then by combining data for the radiographs and comparing the study with the highest number of visible duct branches to the CT. Significant differences in numbers of branches were found at T11 and L1. This study suggests that CT may be able to quantify branches of the thoracic duct more accurately than standard radiographic lymphangiography.
A Theoretical and Empirical Review of the Contextual Interference Effect and the Learning of Motor Skills

This paper addresses the contextual interference hypothesis, which was originally formulated by Battig (1966) and later adapted to motor learning by Shea and Morgan (1979). The hypothesis has generated much research, and its application has been readily suggested to practitioners. According to the hypothesis, high contextual interference (random practice) impairs acquisition but enhances retention and transfer, whereas low contextual interference (blocked practice) has the opposite effects. The empirical basis for the hypothesis—from laboratory-oriented and field-based settings—is examined. The generalizability of the hypothesis is also assessed. Recommendations are made for practitioners for optimal use of the contextual interference effect.
Computer Processing of Biomedical Images

The 1970's have witnessed two dramatic innovations in the application of computers to image processing in medicine: computerized tomography (CT), a system where data gathered from an x-ray scanner are fed into a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the human body, and white blood cell differentiation (WBCD), a system that uses a television camera and a computer to replace the human eye and brain in the sophisticated task of visually observing and classifying human white blood cells through the microscope.
Assessing the reproductive health of men with occupational exposures

The earliest report linking environmental (occupational) exposure to adverse human male reproductive effects dates back to1775 when an English physician, Percival Pott, reported a high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. This observation led to safety regulations in the form of bathing requirements for these workers. The fact that male-mediated reproductive harm in humans may be a result of toxicant exposures did not become firmly established until relatively recently, when Lancranjan studied lead-exposed workers in Romania in 1975, and later in 1977, when Whorton examined the effects of dibromochloropropane (DBCP) on male workers in California. Since these discoveries, several additional human reproductive toxicants have been identified through the convergence of laboratory and observational findings. Many research gaps remain, as the pool of potential human exposures with undetermined effects on male reproduction is vast. This review provides an overview of methods used to study the effects of exposures on male reproduction and their reproductive health, with a primary emphasis on the implementation and interpretation of human studies. Emphasis will be on occupational exposures, although much of the information is also useful in assessing environmental studies, occupational exposures are usually much higher and better defined.
Simulation input modeling: a kernel approach to estimating the density of a conditional expectation

Given uncertainty in the input model and parameters of a simulation study, the goal of the simulation study often becomes the estimation of a conditional expectation. The conditional expectation is expected performance conditional on the selected model and parameters. The distribution of this conditional expectation describes precisely, and concisely, the impact of input uncertainty on performance prediction. In this paper we estimate the density of a conditional expectation using ideas from the field of kernel density estimation. We present a result on asymptotically optimal rates of convergence and examine a number of numerical examples.
Recoil corrections in the bag model applied to the photoproduction of the D13(1520) resonance

Abstract Proper treatment of recoil and c.m. motion in the bag eliminates large parts of the frame dependence of the electroproduction amplitude for the D 13 (1520) resonance. Experimentally this amplitude vanishes in collinear p γ → π N reactions requiring a bag radius of 0.6 fm to fit the data.
Magnetic auditory evoked fields: Interhemispheric asymmetry

Abstract Magnetic auditory evoked fields (MAEFs) were recorded from the right (11 subjects) and the left (7 subjects) hemisphere following 128 click stimuli delivered to contralateral, ipsilateral and both (bilateral) ears. Right hemisphere MAEFs were of higher amplitude following contralateral, compared to ipsilateral, stimulation in 9 of 11 subjects; mean contralateral response amplitude was 135 ± 33% (S.D.) of ipsilateral response amplitude. Left hemisphere MAEFs were of higher amplitude following contralateral stimulation in 7 of 7 subjects; mean contralateral response amplitude was 145 ± 44% of ipsilateral response amplitude. These observations are compatible with evidence that a majority of centripetal auditory input is crossed, and/or that contralateral auditory stimulation activates a larger area of cortex than does ipsilateral stimulation.
Substance and Methods in APD Research

John Gerring's call for greater methodological self-consciousness and rigor in APD scholarship is valuable in several ways. Although some APD scholars deploy formal models and statistical analyses of large n data sets, many do not. Today, those choices inevitably raise questions of the rigor of such work. Gerring's essay usefully pushes us to provide answers. I also generally agree with his sense of what appropriate methods involve. The fact that his recommendations are fairly standard and noncontroversial then poses the further issue Steve Skowronek stresses: whether there is any distinctive method or substance that defines APD scholarship as a field.