cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of scale on salmon habitat restoration priorities

Habitat loss and alteration is the leading cause of species' declines world-wide, therefore habitat restoration and protection is a prominent conservation strategy. Despite obvious connections between habitat and threatened or endangered species, conservationists have been hard pressed explicitly to link abundance or population health with habitat attributes. Given that habitat relationships with species are often characterized at a spatial scale that does not account for the functional relationships between habitat and populations, it is not surprising that the habitat-population conundrum persists. In order to explore the influence of spatial scale on the apparent relationship between habitat and populations, we examined the relationship between GIS-based habitat data and spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (spawning nests built by females) densities in the Salmon River basin, Idaho, at two very different spatial scales: stream reach and watershed. Redd density was strongly correlated with climate, geology, wetlands and terrain. However, our stream-reach scale models provided poor predictive power compared with the watershed scale models. Based on these results, we conclude that our perception of which habitat attributes were important was clearly a function of our scale of observation, and that restoration efforts should focus on conditions at the watershed or landscape scale when attempting to do local or reach scale restoration projects.
Prisoner Redress: Analysis of an Inmate Grievance Procedure

A procedure for the resolution of inmate grievances at the local level, developed and advocated by the Center for Community Justice, calls for inmate and officer participation in its design, implementation, and operation ; specified periods for review and written responses at each level of appeal; and input by persons outside the correctional structure. On-site observations, interviews with correctional administrators, officers, and in mates, and a review of institutional records during the first year of the procedure's operation in several institutions, together with analyses of preimplementation and postimplementation questionnaire responses by inmates and officers, are the basis for (1) recommendations for successful implementation of the procedure, (2) an assessment of the efficiency of the procedure's operation, and (3) an evaluation of the procedure's impact. Finally, the redress of inmate grievances is discussed in terms of social change and social control.
Technical Communication & the Needs of Small Nonprofit Organizations

This paper focuses on the intersection of two fields: technical communication and nonprofit management. Specifically, the focus is determining what needs in small 501(c)(3) organizations can be met by the specialized knowledge of technical communicators. To explore this issue, I conducted an exploratory study to answer the following questions: ldr What organizational needs do small 501(c)(3)s have that are relevant to technical communication ? ldr How are small 501(c)(3) organizations attempting to meet these needs? Which of these attempted solutions are ineffective?
Therapeutic restoration of spinal inhibition via druggable enhancement of potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2-mediated chloride extrusion in peripheral neuropathic pain.

Peripheral neuropathic pain, typified by the development of spontaneous pain or pain hypersensitivity following injury to the peripheral nervous system, is common, greatly impairs quality of life, and is inadequately treated with available drugs. Maladaptive changes in chloride homeostasis due to a decrease in the functional expression of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons are a major contributor to the central disinhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor– and glycine receptor–mediated signaling that characterizes neuropathic pain. A compelling novel analgesic strategy is to restore spinal ionotropic inhibition by enhancing KCC2-mediated chloride extrusion. We review the data on which this theory of alternative analgesia is based, discuss recent high-throughput screens that have searched for small-molecule activators of KCC2, and propose other strategies of KCC2 activation based on recent developments in the basic understanding of KCC2’s functional regulation. Exploiting the chloride-dependent functional plasticity of the γ-aminobutyric acid and glycinergic system by targeting KCC2 may be a tenable method of restoring ionotropic inhibition not only in neuropathic pain but also in other “hyperexcitable” diseases of the nervous system such as seizures and spasticity.
THE EVOLVING PARADIGM FOR CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATORY APPROVAL OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS IN THE UNITED STATES

The pharmaceutical industry and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have responded for over a decade to the considerable challenges of drug development and registration, as introduced by the HIV epidemic. FDA took a variety of regulatory steps over a period of 7 to 10 years which facilitated various aspects of the process of developing antiretroviral drugs. This manuscript will discuss the various major evolutionary milestones in the paradigm for development and approval of antiretroviral drugs in the United States. Maintenance of this effort over the last decade demonstrates the dedication of FDA and industry to this field. The initiatives of FDA and the pharmaceutical industry have facilitated drug development and early access to important multiple, new antiretroviral drugs. The sections provide detailed information to support these views and suggest that consideration be given to applying these lessons to the broader challenge of expediting development of other classes of drugs.
Dynamical Downscaling of Global Analysis and Simulation over the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract As an extreme demonstration of regional climate model capability, a dynamical downscaling of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis was successfully performed over the Northern Hemisphere. Its success is due to the use of the scale-selective bias-correction scheme, which maintains the large-scale analysis of the driving global reanalysis in the interior of the domain where lateral boundary forcing has very little control. The downscaled analysis was found to produce reasonable regional details by comparison against 0.5° gridded analysis from the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia. Comparisons with smaller-area regional downscaling runs in India, Europe, and Japan using the same downscaling system showed that there is no degradation of quality in downscaled climate analysis by expanding the domain from a regional scale to a hemispherical scale.
Making SharedPlans more concise and easier to reason about

When a group of agents get together to collaborate on some complex group action, collaboration does not just happen. It requires the existence or formation of mutual beliefs about the capabilities and commitments of agents responsible for doing various actions, the adoption by individual agents of various intentions (not only intentions to do actions, but also intentions that various propositions hold), and a process of plan elaboration whereby a partial plan is expanded toward completion as a full plan. Grosz and Kraus' SharedPlans (1996; 1997) is a general theory of collaborative planning that accommodates multi-level action decomposition hierarchies, models the collaborative support provided by group members to those agents or subgroups responsible for doing constituent actions, specifies what it means for a group of agents to have a partial plan, and explicates the process whereby a partial plan may be elaborated into a full plan. This paper presents a reformulation of SharedPlans that: introduces SharedPlan Trees to make explicit the complex structure of SharedPlans; simplifies and reorganizes the SharedPlan meta-predicate definitions without sacrificing their expressiveness; and enables conditions to be specified under which a set of important theorems about agents and their SharedPlans may be proven.
Heteroclinic bifurcation and singularly perturbed boundary value problems

Abstract We study a singularly perturbed boundary value problem in R m + n : x = f(x, y, e), e y = g(x, y, e), B 1 (x(ω 0 ), y(ω 0 ), e) = 0, B 2 (x(ω 0 + ω), y(ω 0 + ω), e) = 0 . Given a candidate for the 0th order approximation which exhibits both boundary layers and interior layers, we present a complete procedure to compute higher order expansions and a procedure to compute the real solution near a truncated asymptotic expansion assuming the hyperbolicity of the regular layers and some generic assumptions. Similar results concerning the existence of periodic solutions (relaxation oscillations) are also presented. Several ideas from dynamical systems theory are employed, e.g., exponential dichotomies, Fredholm alternatives, and heteroclinic bifurcations.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Quinine, Hydroquinine, Saccharin, and Sodium Benzoate in Quinine Beverages

A liquid Chromatographic (LC) method is described for the determination of quinine, hydroquinine, sodium saccharin, and sodium benzoate in soft drinks. The method involves simple sample preparation, direct injection onto an octadecylsi-lane column, and elution with a methanol-acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (20 +10 + 70 + 1) mobile phase. Eluted constituents are measured spectrophotometri-cally at 254 nm. The relationship between peak height and concentration was linear between 20 and 120 ig/ml for quinine. A relative standard deviation of 0.82%was obtained for commercial samples spiked with quinine, and the average recovery was 100.3%. The proposed procedure is accurate and rapid and can also detected hydroquinine (natural contaminant of quinine), sodium saccharin, and sodium benzoate. Linear responses ranged from 0.45 to 20 μg/ml for hydro-quinine, from 54.8 to 219 μg/ml for sodium saccharin, and from 10.1 to 145.1 μg/ml for sodium benzoate. The reproducibility of the LC method was evaluated with standard solutions of hydroquinine, sodium saccharin, and sodium benzoate, which produced relative standard deviations of 0.42%, 0.46% and 1.13%,respectively. The average recoveries for sodium saccharin and sodium benzoate from spiked samples were 99.4% and 100.2%, respectively.
Beneficial role for supplemental vitamin D3 treatment in chronic urticaria: a randomized study

Abstract Background Observational reports have linked vitamin D with chronic urticaria, yet no randomized controlled trial has been conducted. Objective To determine whether high-dose vitamin D supplementation would decrease Urticaria Symptom Severity (USS) scores and medication burden in patients with chronic urticaria. Methods In a prospective, double-blinded, single-center study, 42 subjects with chronic urticaria were randomized to high (4,000 IU/d) or low (600 IU/d) vitamin D 3 supplementation for 12 weeks. All subjects were provided with a standardized triple-drug therapy (cetirizine, ranitidine, and montelukast) and a written action plan. Data on USS scores, medication use, blood for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and safety measurements were collected. Results Triple-drug therapy decreased total USS scores by 33% in the first week. There was a further significant decrease (40%) in total USS scores in the high, but not low, vitamin D 3 treatment group by week 12. Compared with low treatment, the high treatment group demonstrated a trend ( P = .052) toward lower total USS scores at week 12, which was driven by significant decreases in body distribution and number of days with hives. Beneficial trends for sleep quality and pruritus scores were observed with high vitamin D 3 . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels increased with high vitamin D 3 supplementation, but there was no correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and USS scores. There was no difference in allergy medication use between groups. No adverse events occurred. Conclusion Add-on therapy with high-dose vitamin D 3 (4,000 IU/d) could be considered a safe and potentially beneficial immunomodulator in patients with chronic urticaria. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01371877.
The control of potato aphids on long island

Potato aphids,Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashm. andMyzus persicae Sulz. have frequently infested Long Island potato plantings. The use of nicotine spray and nicotine vapor has given excellent control of potato aphids which has been reflected in increased yields of tubers. For a number of years observations have shown that the potato aphid populations at the peak of infestation are larger on bordeauxsprayed plants than on unsprayed plants. Furthermore bordeaux spraying has in many instances, decreased yields during non-blight years. The increased aphid populations on bordeaux-sprayed plants may account for these decreases in yield.
The Power Rule and the Binomial Formula

(1989). The Power Rule and the Binomial Formula. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 322-322.
Sex Workers/Sex Offenders: Exclusionary Criminal Justice Practices in New Orleans

Until 2012, the New Orleans criminal justice system forced persons convicted of certain prostitution offenses to register as sex offenders under an antiquated (1805) statute that criminalizes oral or anal sex in exchange for compensation. This article explores attitudes and beliefs that enabled Louisiana’s misuse of the sex offender registry against primarily indigent African American street-based sex worker women and transgender individuals. Findings presented here derive from a feminist interdisciplinary (cultural anthropology and law) methodological strategy that included qualitative ethnography, quantitative examination of Louisiana’s 64 parish-specific sex offender registries, and legal/policy analysis. Language: en
Controversies in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases. Session V: Fungal Infections. Summary and Discussion

The panel on fungal infections addressed four areas of major clinical relevance: in vitro susceptibility testing and the measurement of levels of antifungal agents in body fluids (Dr. Drutz); serodiagnosis of candidiasis and aspergillosis (Dr. Bennett); permutations of amphotericin B therapy, including shortcourse, low-dose regimens, and combinations of antifungal drugs (Dr. Medoff); and prevention of opportunistic mycoses (Dr. Meunier). There exist no accepted standards for in vitro susceptibility testing of fungi. However, a subcommittee of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has taken on the task of developing such standards, and a preliminary report outlining the nature of the problem is available from NCCLS. It is apparent that susceptibility testing of yeasts (principally Candida species) is frequently carried out, particularly in university-affiliated hospitals. Not only are results of similar methods not comparable from one laboratory to another, but there is no clear correlation between susceptibility data and clinical outcome either in patients or in experimentally infected animals. The situation with filamentous fungi is even less defined since there are no generally reliable and/or accepted methods for quantifying drug susceptibilities of microorganisms that grow as poorly separable multicellular units. Measurements of serum levels of flucytosine and ketoconazole have merit. Flucytosine is retained under circumstances of impaired renal function (e.g., concomitant therapy with amphotericin B), and elevated flucytosine serum levels may correlate directly with bone marrow suppression. Measurement of ketoconazole serum levels provides assur-
Exploring Limits to Prediction in Complex Social Systems: Predicting Cascade Size on Twitter

How predictable is success in complex social systems? In spite of a recent profusion of prediction studies that exploit online social and information network data, this question remains unanswered, in part because it has not been adequately specified. In this paper we attempt to clarify the question by presenting a simple stylized model of success that attributes prediction error to one of two generic sources: insufficiency of available data and/or models on the one hand; and inherent unpredictability of complex social systems on the other. We then use this model to motivate an illustrative empirical study of information cascade size prediction on Twitter. Despite an unprecedented volume of information about users, content, and past performance, our best performing models can explain less than half of the variance in cascade sizes. In turn, this result suggests that even with unlimited data predictive performance would be bounded well below deterministic accuracy. Finally, we explore this potential bound theoretically using simulations of a diffusion process on a random scale free network similar to Twitter. We show that although higher predictive power is possible in theory, such performance requires a homogeneous system and perfect ex-ante knowledge of it: even a small degree of uncertainty in estimating product quality or slight variation in quality across products leads to substantially more restrictive bounds on predictability. We conclude that realistic bounds on predictive accuracy are not dissimilar from those we have obtained empirically, and that such bounds for other complex social systems for which data is more difficult to obtain are likely even lower.
Gastrocnemius Contracture in Patients With and Without Foot Pathology.

Background:Several studies report performing a recession of the gastrocnemius tendon as surgical treatment of foot and ankle pain related to an isolated gastrocnemius contracture. Few report ankle range of motion using a validated measurement device or report a control group. All previous studies reporting measurements using a validated device have been small in number.Methods:Using a previously validated device, 66 patients presenting with foot or ankle pain and 66 controls were measured for ankle range of motion and isolated gastrocnemius contractures. Clinical and goniometer measurement of ankle range of motion was also performed.Results:The foot and ankle pain group had a mean dorsiflexion of 11.6 degrees compared with a mean of 17.2 degrees in the control group (P < .0001). No patients in either group had less than 15 degrees of motion with the knee flexed. The difference in dorsiflexion was less using a goniometer than using the validated device, which may be due to measurement technique and externa...
Catalytic Light-Driven Generation of Hydrogen from Water by Iron Dithiolene Complexes.

The development of active, robust systems for light-driven hydrogen production from aqueous protons based on catalysts and light absorbers composed solely of earth abundant elements remains a challenge in the development of an artificial photosynthetic system for water splitting. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of four closely related Fe bis(benzenedithiolate) complexes that exhibit catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution when employed in systems with water-soluble CdSe QDs as photosensitizer and ascorbic acid as a sacrificial electron source under visible light irradiation (520 nm). The complex with the most electron-donating dithiolene ligand exhibits the highest activity, the overall order of activity correlating with the reduction potential of the formally Fe(III) dimeric dianions. Detailed studies of the effect of different capping agents and the extent of surface coverage of these capping agents on the CdSe QD surfaces reveal that they affect system activity and provide insigh...
Genetic analysis of atherosclerosis identifies a major susceptibility locus in the major histocompatibility complex of mice

Abstract Background and aims Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 50 significant loci containing common variants associated with coronary artery disease. However, these variants explain only 26% of the genetic heritability of the disease, suggesting that many more variants remain to be discovered. Here, we examined the genetic basis underlying the marked difference between SM/J- Apoe −/− and BALB/cJ- Apoe −/− mice in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Methods 206 female F 2 mice generated from an intercross between the two Apoe −/- strains were fed 12 weeks of western diet. Atherosclerotic lesion sizes in the aortic root were measured and 149 genetic markers genotyped across the entire genome. Results A significant locus, named Ath49 (LOD score: 4.18), for atherosclerosis was mapped to the H2 complex [mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC)] on chromosome 17. Bioinformatic analysis identified 12 probable candidate genes, including Tnfrsf21, Adgrf1, Adgrf5, Mep1a , and Pla2g7 . Corresponding human genomic regions of Ath49 showed significant association with coronary heart disease. Five suggestive loci on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, and 8 for atherosclerosis were also identified. Atherosclerotic lesion sizes were significantly correlated with HDL but not with non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride or glucose levels in the F 2 cohort. Conclusions We have identified the MHC as a major genetic determinant of atherosclerosis, highlighting the importance of inflammation in atherogenesis.
Evaluation of an acoustic remote sensing method for frontal-zone studies using double-diffusive instability microstructure data and density interface data from intrusions

Abstract Understanding intrusive exchange at oceanic water mass fronts may depend on building data-constrained models of the processes, but obtaining the needed representative and comprehensive data is challenging. Acoustic imaging (remote sensing) is an attractive method for mapping the three-dimensional intrusion geometry to enable the required focused in situ sampling of the mixing processes in intrusions. The method depends on backscatter of sound from sharp interfaces and from microstructure resulting from double-diffusive instability (DDI), a probable occurrence at intrusions. The potential of the method is evaluated using data collected using established methods in a field of intrusions south of New England. Above and beneath warm and salty intrusions may lie diffusive–convective DDI microstructure and salt-fingering microstructure, respectively, marking the intrusion boundaries, providing the backscattering features. The data show that both types of microstructure can occur in close proximity within intrusions, but the question of whether this is common or not is unanswered by the modest amount of data, as are questions about continuity of DDI-microstructure in intrusions (to facilitate intrusion acoustic imaging) and variability of DDI-driven heat, salt and buoyancy fluxes. Analysis here shows that detectable backscatter from DDI-microstructure will occur, and can be easily measured when plankton scattering is low enough. Interface scattering is also likely to be detectable. The DDI-linked microstructure data used here are inherently interesting in their own right and are presented in some detail.
Sino-nasal haemangiopericytoma

Hemangiopericytomas are very rare soft tissue tumors of vascular origin featurding pericyts distributed around vascular spaces. They have unpredictable biological behavior and a high local recurrence rate. Silver reticulin stain is essential for their histologic diagnosis. Approximately one third occur in the head and neck. Metastases occurs in nearly one half of all cases. They are relatively radioresistant despite their great vascular component. Wide local excision of the lesion, whenever feasible and lifelong follow-up should be the treatment of choice.
Apolipoprotein E3-mediated cellular uptake of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein bearing core 3, 10, or 17 nm hydrophobic gold nanoparticles

We have developed a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-based platform for transport and delivery of hydrophobic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The ability of apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) to act as a high-affinity ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) was exploited to gain entry of HDL with AuNPs into glioblastoma cells. AuNPs of 3, 10, and 17 nm diameter, the latter two synthesized by phase transfer process, were solubilized by integration with phospholipids and apoE3, yielding reconstituted HDL (rHDL) bearing AuNPs. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of rHDL-AuNP indicated the presence of stable particles with surface plasmon band at ~530 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of rHDL-AuNP revealed roughly spherical particles with AuNPs embedded in the core. The rHDL-AuNP particles displayed robust binding to the LDLr and were internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis in glioblastoma cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed cellular uptake of AuNPs in the endosomal-lysosomal compartments, while TEM revealed intracellular aggregated AuNPs. Cell viability assay demonstrated that >85% of cells were viable with rHDL-AuNP treatment of 0.1-100 μg/mL for 24 hours. These findings are significant since they offer an effective means of delivering AuNPs across the cell membrane, which is particularly relevant in tumor cells that overexpress LDLr.
Diffuse optical tomography using semiautomated coregistered ultrasound measurements.

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has demonstrated huge potential in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. DOT image reconstruction guided by ultrasound (US) improves the diffused light localization and lesion reconstruction accuracy. However, DOT reconstruction depends on tumor geometry provided by coregistered US. Experienced operators can manually measure these lesion parameters; however, training and measurement time are needed. The wide clinical use of this technique depends on its robustness and faster imaging reconstruction capability. This article introduces a semiautomated procedure that automatically extracts lesion information from US images and incorporates it into the optical reconstruction. An adaptive threshold-based image segmentation is used to obtain tumor boundaries. For some US images, posterior shadow can extend to the chest wall and make the detection of deeper lesion boundary difficult. This problem can be solved using a Hough transform. The proposed procedure was validated from data of 20 patients. Optical reconstruction results using the proposed procedure were compared with those reconstructed using extracted tumor information from an experienced user. Mean optical absorption obtained from manual measurement was 0.21±0.06 cm−1 for malignant and 0.12±0.06 cm−1 for benign cases, whereas for the proposed method it was 0.24±0.08 cm−1 and 0.12±0.05 cm−1, respectively.
Editorial: Vestibular Contributions to Health and Disease.

The inter-related functions of several systems that evolved hundreds of millions of years ago, the vestibular, sympathetic, and cardiovascular systems, have important clinical implications in modern neurology and neuro-otology. Operating largely out of consciousness, the vestibular system responds to head and body movement in any direction, stabilizes the head and body with regard to gravity in three-dimensional space, and maintains vital bodily functions through an interaction of vestibular-related components of the brainstem and cerebellum with the cardiovascular and sympathetic systems. We conceived this volume as an opportunity to highlight some of the basic science and clinical findings that have arisen over the first years of the twenty-first century with regard to these systems. Our concept was to have several broad topics: 1. fundamental vestibular, brainstem, and cerebellar science; 2. new approaches to vestibular diagnosis, pathology, and treatment; and 3. investigations of the vestibular impact on the cardiovascular and sympathetic systems. Topics include the function of the otolith organs, evaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in pathologic conditions, and the vestibular input to sympathetic functions such as the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR). Motion sickness, a vestibulo-sympathetic interaction, is considered both historically and in terms of its typical clinical presentation. Also included are summaries of a little known receptor system, the skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA), which forms an important part of the sympathetic “fight or flight” response, and a new hypothesis about the neural basis for the Mal de Debarquement syndrome (MdDS).
Learning with cases.

Background The use of case studies as a teaching and learning method has been traced back to the Medical Society of New Haven in 1788. The use of case studies was introduced into Harvard Law School in 1871, and this method was used with the first class to graduate from Teachers College in 1930. Case studies are now widely used by other disciplines and are gaining popularity in nursing. Method A review of the literature on the use of case studies for learning was performed. Findings Education is being transformed from a teaching to a learning focus. Conclusion Case methods or studies provide a process of participatory learning that facilitates active and reflective learning and results in the development of critical thinking and effective problem-solving skills. This develops self-directed lifelong learners.
Correlation of altered penile ultrastructure with clinical arterial evaluation

AbstractWe investigated the ultrastructural changes in the penile erectile tissue from 32 consecutive patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation. Because most of the patients had undergone papaverine injection with or without duplex ultrasonography, we compared these results with the electron microscopic findings. In patients with a good arterial response and full erection after papaverine injection the ultrastructural findings were similar to those reported in normal men. In patients with moderate arterial disease a distinct increase in mitochondria with aggregation and cytoplasmic vacuolization in smooth muscle cells was noted. These findings could be interpreted as an active cellular attempt to respond to the altered environmental and nutritive situation. In patients with severe arterial insufficiency the cellular structure was markedly altered, the number of intracavernous smooth muscle cells was reduced and the density of the connective tissue separating individual cells was increased. The...
A PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING LEAD EXPOSURES AT A MINING SITE

Eureka City, Utah, was the site of mining, milling, and smelting activities that resulted in contamination of soil with lead. The lead is mainly in the form of lead carbonate, which is readily bioavailable. Children in Eureka had elevated blood lead levels (24% above 10 µg/dL). Recreational exposures on waste piles were also associated with increased risk of elevated blood lead. To reduce lead exposures, contaminated residential soils were removed or capped, and homes with contaminated dust were provided HEPA vacuums. Education programs, home visits by the community nurse, and regular blood lead testing programs were developed. Blood lead levels in younger children have decreased in recent years.
Primary chemotherapy in malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone — Updated UTMD Anderson Cancer Center Experience

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) of bone is a relatively recently recog­ nized entity. After the initial reports in the early 70 s [1], this entity became well established in the pathology and clinical literature by the late 70 s [2-4]. The age distribution is variable, patients are generally older than those with osteosarcoma, and there seems to be a slight predilection for males [5]. The skeletal distribution is also variable, with a predilection for the metaphyses of long bones [6]. Radiologically, it manifests as an aggressive radiolucent defect with ill-defined margins and often, an associated soft-tissue mass. Histologi­ cally, it shows striking resemblance to MFH arising in soft tissues. Not infre­ quently, it constitutes the high grade component of a de-differentiated chon­ drosarcoma, which has a relatively poorer prognosis. It often is a component of osteosarcomas, and histologically, the only major difference between a fibroblastic osteosarcoma and an MFH is the presence or absence of osteoid. In our experience at the UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, we have seen 2 patients, 1 of them reported in this series, where the initial biopsy and the final surgical specimen diagnosis was felt to be an MFH, but the metastatic disease that developed at a later date unequivocally demonstrated osteoid, mak­ ing us hypothesise, that MFH of bone may indeed be a variant of fibroblastic osteosarcoma with no demonstrable osteoid initially, however it can manifest at a later date. The biologic behavior of this tumor tends to be extremely ag­ gressive as is the case with osteosarcoma and the preferred therapeutic strate­ gy is therefore a combined approach with chemotherapy and surgery. Investi­ gators from our institution have previously reported a statistically significant advantage in continuous disease free survival (CDFS) and overall survival (OS) with surgery plus Adjuvant chemotherapy compared to surgery alone [6]. This current report is an update on the subset of patients who received chemother­ apy preoperatively.
Aberrant accrual of BIN1 near Alzheimer’s disease amyloid deposits in transgenic models

Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is the most significant late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility locus identified via genome-wide association studies. BIN1 is an adaptor protein that regulates membrane dynamics in the context of endocytosis and membrane remodeling. An increase in BIN1 expression and changes in the relative levels of alternatively spliced BIN1 isoforms have been reported in the brains of patients with AD. BIN1 can bind to Tau, and an increase in BIN1 expression correlates with Tau pathology. In contrast, the loss of BIN1 expression in cultured cells elevates Aβ production and Tau propagation by insfluencing endocytosis and recycling. Here, we show that BIN1 accumulates adjacent to amyloid deposits in vivo. We found an increase in insoluble BIN1 and a striking accrual of BIN1 within and near amyloid deposits in the brains of multiple transgenic models of AD. The peri-deposit aberrant BIN1 localization was conspicuously different from the accumulation of APP and BACE1 within dystrophic neurites. Although BIN1 is highly expressed in mature oligodendrocytes, BIN1 association with amyloid deposits occurred in the absence of the accretion of other oligodendrocyte or myelin proteins. Finally, super-resolution microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy analyses highlight the presence of BIN1 in proximity to amyloid fibrils at the edges of amyloid deposits. These results reveal the aberrant accumulation of BIN1 is a feature associated with AD amyloid pathology. Our findings suggest a potential role for BIN1 in extracellular Aβ deposition in vivo that is distinct from its well-characterized function as an adaptor protein in endocytosis and membrane remodeling.
Making Black History: The Color Line, Culture, and Race in the Age of Jim Crow. By Jeffrey Aaron Snyder. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2018. Pp. ix, 243. $26.95.)

The author of this concise book ambitiously describes his study as constituting the “first extended account” of how the early black history movement, trailblazed by Carter G. Woodson, “reflected, r...
Humans in the Scientific State of Nature

The key species characteristic of homo sapiens is consciousness – conscious awareness of self, others, nature, and the universe. Consciousness and language allowed homo sapiens to create a uniquely human political institution: Democracy. “Campfire democracy” emerged alongside our animal heritage of aggression, domination, and submission.
Robust and Optimal Opportunistic Scheduling for Downlink Two-Flow Network Coding With Varying Channel Quality and Rate Adaptation

This paper considers the downlink traffic from a base station to two different clients. When assuming infinite backlog, it is known that inter-session network coding (INC) can significantly increase the throughput. However, the corresponding scheduling solution (when assuming dynamic arrivals instead and requiring bounded delay) is still nascent. For the two-flow downlink scenario, we propose the first opportunistic INC + scheduling solution that is provably optimal for time-varying channels, i.e., the corresponding stability region matches the optimal Shannon capacity. In particular, we first introduce a new binary INC operation, which is distinctly different from the traditional wisdom of XORing two overheard packets. We then develop a queue-length-based scheduling scheme and prove that it, with the help of the new INC operation, achieves the optimal stability region with time-varying channel quality. The proposed algorithm is later generalized to include the capability of rate adaptation. Simulation results show that it again achieves the optimal throughput with rate adaptation. A byproduct of our results is a scheduling scheme for stochastic processing networks with random departure, which relaxes the assumption of deterministic departure in the existing results.
Predictors of Long-term Exercise Maintenance among College Aged Adults: Role of Body Image Anxiety

Background and Purpose: Participation in regular exercise is low among young adults and is contributing to a rapid increase in obesity and chronic health conditions. Enhancing motivation is a key element in exercise initiation and maintenance. The current investigation considers factors relevant to the transtheoretical model (TTM), self-determination theory (SDT), self-efficacy (SE), and body image anxiety (BIA) in relation to college students’ motivation to exercise. Design and Main Outcome Measures: In this cross sectional study, lower division college students (N=614, 64% female, 36% male) completed an online survey of exercise behavior, motivation, SE and BIA. Results: BIA was related to both controlled extrinsic (external and introjected regulations) and autonomous extrinsic (integrated regulation) SDT motivational variables, as well as intrinsic motivation. Exercise maintenance was most strongly associated with integrated regulation, a “selfdetermined” motivational state, and SE. Conclusion: The current study provides support for the central tenet of SDT indicating that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not mutually exclusive constructs. Helping individuals with BIA develop a more intrinsic approach to exercise is integral for fostering long-term exercise maintenance. Thus, future research should focus on developing interventions that enhance integrated regulation and SE in order to promote exercise maintenance and reduce associated BIA.
95. IMPROVING RESIDENT NOTE COMPLETION IN A GENERAL PEDIATRICS CLINIC

Background Timely note completion is an important part of patient care. Our hospital has standard expectations for note completion; however, pediatric residents in our program were often delinquent in their documentation, resulting in incomplete patient data in the electronic health record during return visits, elevated resident stress, and threat of suspension of clinical duties from the professional board. The vast majority of these delinquencies were from our general pediatric clinic, where residents see patients for both acute and well child care. Aim Statement Decrease number of delinquent resident notes by 80% over a 9 month period. Interventions We used problem solving methodology and serial tests of change to improve note timeliness. The primary outcome measure was the number of overall delinquent charts according to a weekly graduate medical education deficiency notification system. Tests of change included: 1-Program Director emails and pages to residents with delinquent notes (defined by the institution as >14 days for ambulatory charts) 2-General Pediatric attending consensus on note completion timeliness (same day for acute care visits, next day for well child visits) 3-Intermittent auditing and real time alerts by administrative staff for residents who failed to comply with the same day/next day clinic note completion timeline. Measures Number of delinquent charts by pediatric residents according to the weekly graduate medical education deficiency notification system. Results Timely note completion improved significantly over the 13 months of the project. Program Director emails/pages to residents with deficient charts resulted in a reduction of a median 26 deficient charts/week to 12 deficient charts/week. Intermittent real time alerts to residents who failed to close charts within 24 hours of an acute care visit or 48 hours of a well child visit further reduced the median from 12 charts per week to 2 charts per week. Conclusions and Next Steps Standard expectations for resident note completion in a general pediatric clinic coupled with real time feedback improved resident adherence to institutional expectations around timely note completion. While program director contact with residents who have delinquent charts demonstrated some improvement, this intervention alone was insufficient.
Space- and time-crystallization effects in multicomponent superfluids

We observe that space- and time-crystallization effects in multicomponent superfluids---while having the same physical origin and mathematical description as in the single-component case---are conceptually much more straightforward. Specifically, the values of the temporal and spatial periods are absolute rather than relative, and the broken translation symmetry in space and/or time can be revealed with experiments involving only one equilibrium sample. We discuss two realistic setups---one with cold atoms and another one with bilayer superconductors---for the observation of space and time crystallization in two-component counterflow superfluids.
CP decomposition and weighted clique problem

Abstract The determination of the optimal subdecomposition based on CP decomposition for high-order tensors is not straightforward because the rank-one tensors are not orthogonal. We show that this is equivalent to the weighted clique problem. Thus, it is NP-hard.
Stem-cell niche self-restricts the signaling range via receptor-ligand degradation

Abstract Stem-cell niche signaling is short-range in nature, such that only stem cells but not their differentiating progeny experience self-renewing signals. At the apical tip of the Drosophila testes, 8 to 10 germline stem cells (GSCs) surround the hub, a cluster of somatic cells that function as the major component of the stem cell niche. We have shown that GSCs form microtubule-based nanotubes (MT-nanotubes), which project into the hub cells, serving as the platform for niche signal reception: the receptor Tkv expressed by GSCs localizes to the surface of MT-nanotubes, where it receives the hub-derived ligand Decapentaplegic (Dpp), ensuring the reception of the ligand specifically by stem cells but not by differentiating cells. Here we show that receptor (Tkv)-ligand (Dpp) interaction at the surface of MT-nanotubes serves a second purpose of dampening the niche signaling: we found that the receptor Tkv and the ligand Dpp are internalized into hub cells and are degraded in the hub cell lysosomes. Perturbation of hub lysosomal function or MT-nanotube formation leads to excess receptor retention within germ cells as well as excess Dpp that diffuses out of the hub, leading to ectopic activation of niche signal in differentiating germ cells. Our results demonstrate that MT-nanotubes plays dual roles in ensuring the short-range nature of the niche signaling by 1) providing exclusive interphase of the niche ligand-receptor interaction and 2) limiting the amount of available ligand-receptor via their degradation.
Significant Relaxation of SARS-CoV-2-Targeted Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Will Result in Profound Mortality: A New York State Modelling Study

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) is the most significant global health crisis of the 21st century. The aim of this study was to develop a model to estimate the effect of undocumented infections, seasonal infectivity, immunity, and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing, on the transmission, morbidity, and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in New York State (NYS). Simulations revealed dramatic infectivity driven by undocumented infections, and a peak basic reproductive number in NYS of 5.7. NPIs have been effective, and relaxation >50% will result in tens-of-thousands more deaths. Endemic infection is likely to occur in the absence of profound sustained immunity. As a result, until an effective vaccine or other effective pharmaceutical intervention is developed, it will be critical to not reduce NPIs >50% below current levels. This study establishes fundamental characteristics of SARS CoV 2 transmission, which can help policymakers navigate combating this virus in the coming years.
Abul Kalam Azad and the Right to an Islamic Justification of the Indian Constitution

While the examination of the ‘background conditions’ to ideas that emerged in the Constituent Assembly has become a necessary paradigm for studies on Indian constitutionalism, little attention has been paid to religious justification as an important background condition to the formation of constitutional essentials in India. This chapter questions this secular bias in scholarship on Indian constitutionalism and argues that religious justifications played an important role in shaping the plural political conception contained in the Indian constitution. In particular, it studies the construction and endorsement of constitutional principles by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. It argues that Azad developed a framework laying out the form and concepts of a justificatory discourse that adherents of Islam could endorse and employ in shaping a political conception for the future Constitution of India. By exploring his formulation of concepts of tawhīd, jihād and democratic equality, this paper elaborates the discursive strategies that Azad used to align political pluralism with Islamic ideals as they historically developed in South Asia. The paper concludes with a short reflection on why Azad’s justification of constitutionalism in India has not retained its discursive power over time.
Wer schrieb die Federalist-Artikel?

1948 wurde Alfred C. Kinseys brisanter Bestseller Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male (Kinsey Report: Das sexuelle Verhalten des Mannes) veroffentlicht, im gleichen Jahr versagten die Meinungsforscher bei der Prasidentenwahl und prognostizierten den Sieg Thomas Deweys, doch Harry S. Truman gewann. Wahrend die Offentlichkeit wegen Schmutz, Betrug und sittlicher Verkommenheit aufschrie, furchteten die Sozialwissenschaftler um die Zukunft ihres Berufs, denn schlieslich zahlte die Meinungsforschung zu ihren grundlegenden Werkzeugen. Deshalb beauftragte das Social Science Research Council, das sieben Berufsverbande vertrat, den Statistiker Frederick Mosteller von Harvard, die Skandale zu untersuchen.
Predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures

Recent advances in deep learning enable using chemical structures and phenotypic profiles to accurately predict assay results for compounds virtually, reducing the time and cost of screens in the drug discovery process. The relative strength of high-throughput data sources - chemical structures, images (Cell Painting), and gene expression profiles (L1000) - has been unknown. Here we compare their ability to predict the activity of compounds structurally different from those used in training, using a sparse dataset of 16,979 chemicals tested in 376 assays for a total of 542,648 readouts. Deep learning-based feature extraction from chemical structures provided a remarkable ability to predict assay activity for structures dissimilar to those used for training. Image-based profiling performed even better, but requires wet lab experimentation. It outperformed gene expression profiling, and at lower cost. Furthermore, the three profiling modalities are complementary, and together can predict a wide range of diverse bioactivity, including cell-based and biochemical assays. Our study shows that, for many assays, predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures is an accurate and efficient way to identify potential treatments in the early stages of the drug discovery process.