cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multispectral Quantum Dots-in-a-Well Infrared Detectors Using Plasmon Assisted Cavities

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization, of multi-spectral quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) infrared detectors, by the integration of a surface plasmon assisted resonant cavity with the infrared detector. A square lattice and rectangular lattice cavity, formed by modifying the square lattice have been used in this design. By confining the resonant mode of the cavity to detector active region, the detector responsivity and detectivity have been improved by a factor of 5. A spectral tuning of 5.5 to 7.2 ?m has been observed in the peak response of the detectors, by tuning the lattice constant of the cavity. Simulations indicate the presence of two modes of absorption, which have been experimentally verified. The use of a rectangular lattice predicts highly polarization sensitive modes in x- and y-direction, which are observed in fabricated detectors. A peak detectivity of 3.1 x 109 cm·?{Hz} /W was measured at 77 K. This design offers a cost-effective and simple method of encoding spectral and polarization information, in infrared focal plane arrays.
New Trends in Democracy and Development: Democratic Capitalism in South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya

Abstract This article examines the complex relationship between capitalism and democracy in contemporary democratic regimes in Africa from the perspective of current trends in economic globalisation. It does so by underscoring the complexity of the prospects for democracy as is illustrated by some controversial trends in South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. These trends include the ‘fractured’ executives, as well as the dominant incumbent parties the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nigeria, and the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) in Kenya, that have all been embroiled in scandals recently. Using political economy theoretical themes and frameworks to illustrate the contentious effects that global regimes of capital are having on contemporary national democratic politics, the article shows how a democratic crisis in each country is associated with an economic crisis. It presents South Africa's French Connection Scandal, Nigeria's Globacom Affair, and Ke...
Urinary metabolic network analysis in trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and resuscitation

Hemorrhagic shock, often a result of traumatic injury, is a condition of reduced perfusion that results in diminished delivery of oxygen to tissues. The disruption in oxygen delivery induced by both ischemia (diminished oxygen delivery) and reperfusion (restoration of oxygen delivery) has profound consequences for cellular metabolism and the maintenance of homeostasis. The pathophysiologic state associated with traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock was studied with a scale-invariant metabolic network. Urinary metabolic profiles were constructed from NMR spectra of urine samples collected at set timepoints in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock that included a pulmonary contusion, a liver crush injury, and a 35 % controlled bleed. The network was constructed from these metabolic profiles. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model that discriminates by experimental timepoint was also constructed. Comparisons of the network (functional relationships among metabolites) and PLS-DA model (observable relationships to experimental time course) revealed complementary information. First, ischemia/reperfusion injury and evidence of cell death due to hemorrhage was associated with early resuscitation timepoints. Second, evidence of increased protein catabolism and traumatic injury was associated with late resuscitation timepoints. These results are concordant with generally accepted views of the metabolic progression of shock.
The Expression of Pathologic Reticulocyte Adhesion Proteins in Premature Infants and its Role in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. † 958

Prematurity is recognized as the primary risk factor which predisposes infants to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, the pathophysiology of NEC is poorly understood. Recent studies in sickle cell anemia suggest that the expression of adhesive proteins on reticulocytes may result in pathologic red cell binding to endothelial cells (EC). The resultant vascular occlusion may occur via an α4β1 integrin binding to the TNF induced EC ligand VCAM-1. To address whether this mechanism may play a role in NEC, we determined whether erythrocytes from premature infants express theα4β1 integrin complex. Blood specimens from premature infants (mean age 28 wks, range 23-32 wks) were examined for expression of α4β1 utilizing flow cytommetry. Bowel specimens from patients with NEC were examined for VCAM-1 by immunohistochemistry. Data are expressed as mean± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's unpaired t-test. Premature infants (n=40) had both increased circulating reticulocytes andα4β1 expression verses normal term control infants (n=20, p<.001). This expression was consistent with the integrin expression observed in patients with NEC (n=20). Table
Larval uptake and carryover of [4-14C]cholesterol and [4-14C]sitosterol for growth and reproduction by southwestern corn borer Diatraea grandiosella Dyar☆

Abstract 1. 1. Southwestern corn borer larvae, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, were reared on an artificial diet containing either [4-14]cholesterol or [4-14C]sitosterol mixed with purified carrier sterol as the only sterol source. The uptake and carryover of [14C]sterols were investigated during development and reproduction. 2. 2. Larvae accumulated and carried over larger quantities of sterols to pupae and adults when reared on the sitosterol than on the cholesterol diet. However, there was no difference in the sterol content of the eggs produced by the adults from both diets. 3. 3. Females had larger sterol stores than males and partially transported these into eggs. 4. 4. Sitosterol was metabolized during development to cholesterol, which was deposited in the eggs.
An active-rc biquadratic section with reduced sensitivity to operational amplifier imperfections

Abstract A new active RC biquadratic section using three operational amplifiers (op. amps) and capable of realizing high Q at high frequencies is presented. The circuit has low-sensitivity to variations in both the passive components and the op. amp gain-bandwidth products (GB). Compared to some existing circuits which require well-matched op. amps to achieve low sensitivity to GB, the proposed circuit has the important advantage of being insensitive to GB variations even if the op. amps are non-identical. The influence of the finite open loop d.c. gain and finite GB of the op. amps on the proposed design is examined. The new realization is then compared to those available in the literature, such as the circuits due to Kerwin–Huelsman–Newcomb, Akerberg–Mossberg, Mikhael–Bhattacharyya, Tarmy–Ghausi, and Wilson–Bedri–Bowron. Finally, some experimental results are provided to verify the theory.
Generalized recurrence relations in the analysis of nonlinear systems

Involved in solving a certain class of nonlinear systems with nonlinear derivatives, among other things, are the general recurrence relations presented herewith. The theory is applied to systems involving circuits and feedback systems. Incidental to the paper, a relationship is developed between circuits and feedback systems.
A case report of an omphalopagus heteropagus (parasitic) twin

Abstract Heteropagus twin refers to a type of conjoined twin in which an incomplete smaller (parasitic) twin is attached to and dependent upon an otherwise normal host twin. The majority of cases have complete or partial duplication of the pelvis and/or lower extremities. The case depicted herein is unusual in that only isolated case reports have described an attached amorphous mass without identifiable limbs.
Factor analytic approaches to the investigation of common fears: A critical appraisal and reanalysis

A review of factor analytic investigations of common fears revealed serious challenges to their validity. Many of those investigations failed to employ an adequate ratio of subjects to variables, most failed to provide means of determining the number of interpretable factors or the replicability of results, and none reported adequate tests of the appropriateness of factor analysis. To surmount the limitations of past research, an additional factor analytic investigation was conducted.
Patient choice: Maternal-fetal conflict

W'ith the increasing development of medical technology in perinatal medicine, the fetus has become more accessible to diagnostic procedures and treatment. The maternal-fetal relationship remains a unique one, as the pregnant woman and the fetus are two patients with access to one through the other. The welfare of the fetus is of the utmost importance to the majority of women; thus only rarely will a conflict arise. Two situations in which maternal and fetal interests can be potentially divergent are 1) the pregnant woman may refuse a diagnostic procedure, medical therapy, or a surgical procedure that may enhance or preserve fetal well-being, and if denied may result in fetal morbidity or mortality; and 2) the pregnant woman's behavior with respect to her health or life-style may be deleterious to the fetus. The following discussion is intended to clarify these issues and provide guidance to the obstetrician. The obstetrician should be concerned with the health care of both the pregnant woman and the fetus within her, assessing the attendant risks and benefits to each during the course of care. The pregnant woman also has concerns for herself and her child and evaluates the risks and benefits presented to her from her own sense of values. The aim of medicine is always to foster the greatest benefit with the least risk. Risks and benefits, however, may be valued differently by the pregnant woman and the obstetrician, creating the potential for conflict. When a pregnant woman is healthy but the fetus may be in danger, the pregnant woman is often asked to consent to diagnostic procedures or therapy for the sole benefit of the fetus. Examples of this might be a cesarean delivery for fetal distress or intrauterine surgical correction of a congenital defect. The second area of potential conflict includes problems of the pregnant woman's behavior with regard to a complicating illness or her life-style, which may jeopardize the fetus. Examples of such behavior might be failure to take insulin in diabetes meUitus or failure to follow a diet in phenylketonuria. The pregnant woman's life-style may endanger the fetus, for example, by substance abuse. In summary, the pregnant woman may not cooperate in medical care designed for the benefit of the fetus, or she may create a potentially hazardous environment for the fetus. The mechanism of responding to the patient's failure to cooperate with medical advice in these situations should be for the obstetrician to convey the reasons for the current recommendations to the pregnant woman, encouraging responsible behavior through education and counseling. Medical knowledge and judgment have limitations and fallibility, which the obstetrician must recognize when assigning clinical risks and benefits in order to advise patients. Methods for detecting fetal distress or deterioration are not always reliable indicators of poor outcome; therefore, assigning a deCommittee Opinion from the Committee on Ethics
Derived-Band Auditory Brain-Stem Response Estimates of Traveling Wave Velocity in Humans: II. Subjects With Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Meniere’s Disease

Estimates of cochlear traveling wave velocity (TWV) were computed from derived-band auditory brain-stem response (ABR) latencies in subjects with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) or Meniere’s dise...
Further into the Right: The Ever-Expanding Historiography of the U.S. New Right

While scholars have chronicled the New Right since it first emerged as a po litical movement in the U.S., an interpretive shift signaled by Lisa McGirr's Suburban Warriors (2001) has seen social history methods steadily replacing tra ditional political history as the dominant framework for understanding the mod ern conservatism that supplanted postwar liberalism beginning in the 1960s.1 A steady proliferation of books and articles in the years since McGirr's work have clearly rendered the New Right a "hot" topic of inquiry, as a new cast of grassroots-activist characters has joined political icons such as Nixon and Gold water. Hand in hand with this shift has occurred a more concerted effort to meet
Phospholipid synthesis in mammary tissue. Choline and ethanolamine kinases: kinetic evidence for two discrete active sites.

Choline and ethanolamine kinases are located in the high speed supernatant of lactating bovine mammary gland. Maximum activities of choline and ethanolamine kinases were observed at pH 9.2 and 8.0, respectively, with the rate of ethanolamine phosphorylation being 1/15 that of choline phosphorylation. Activation energies of 29 joules (Q10-1.5) and 31 joules (Q10=1.5) were calculated between 3.4 and 31.3C for choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase, respectively. Above 31.3 C, the Arrhenius plot deviated from linearity for both enzymes, suggesting that denaturation was occurring. An apparent Km of 0.25 mM for choline was obtained for choline kinase activity. The apparent Km of ethanolamine kinase for ethanolamine was unusually high (17 mM), and activity was not linear with increasing protein concentration. Activity was tripled and the Km decreased to 2.5 mM when the enzyme preparation was washed with butanol: benzene mixture, suggesting the presence of an endogenous competitive inhibitor(s), with respect to ethanolamine. Choline kinase was not affected by the solvent wash. Substrate competition studies revealed that choline kinase was slightly inhibited competitively by ethanolamine (apparent Ki=19–21 mM), whereas choline was a potent competitive inhibitor of ethanolamine kinase (apparent Ki=0.33–0.50 mM). The results indicated that these two kinase activities were mediated by two distinct active sites, possibly on a single protein. The significance of choline in the regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis is discussed.
Impact of radical prostatectomy positive surgical margins on fear of cancer recurrence: Results from CaPSURE™

Abstract Purpose Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a significant source of distress in men with prostate cancer and could affect clinical decision-making, especially in those with positive margins following radical prostatectomy (RP). We examined the influence of positive surgical margin status on fear of cancer recurrence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Methods Five hundred eight-four men underwent RP from 1999 to 2002 in CaPSURE™, a prospective, longitudinal, national cohort. All men had both baseline and follow-up assessment of FCR using a validated Kornblith scale. Statistical analysis included χ 2 test, Wald test, and linear as well as repeated measures ANOVA mixed model. Results One hundred sixty (27%) men had positive surgical margins. Baseline FCR and clinical variables did not differ based on margin status. Men with positive margins experienced greater FCR after RP than negative margins (OR, 1.94, 95% CI, 1.22–3.07). Men who had received adjuvant therapy experienced greater FCR (OR, 2.78, 95% CI, 1.21–6.39). Repeated measures analysis showed greater FCR over time (14-month mean follow-up, range 2–31 months) for positive vs. negative margins ( P = 0.02). This difference in fear widened over time. There were no significant differences in health-related quality of life scores based on margin status. Conclusion Positive surgical margin status is associated with greater fear of cancer recurrence, a difference not alleviated by adjuvant therapy use. Men with positive margins remain more fearful over the course of several years compared with those with negative margins. Clinicians should be aware of the potential stressful impact of positive surgical margins.
Integrating Social Media Into the Classroom Curriculum

Interested in incorporating social media into your teaching but wary of the effort it might take? According to the research reviewed by Paige Abe and Nickolas A. Jordan, the challenge may be well worth it in terms of increased student engagement.
The Neurospora aab-1 gene encodes a CCAAT binding protein homologous to yeast HAP5.

The expression of the am (glutamate dehydrogenase) gene is dependent upon two upstream activating sequences, designated URS am α and URS am β. A heteromeric nuclear protein AmAlpha Binding protein (AAB) binds specifically to a CCAAT box within the URS am α element. AAB appears to be composed of three components. We used polyclonal antiserum raised against the highly purified AAB1 subunit to isolate a partial aab-1 cDNA clone, which was then used to isolate a full-length cDNA and a genomic clone. The full-length cDNA has the potential to encode a 272 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 30 kD. Amino acid sequence obtained by Edman analysis of the AAB1 protein confirmed that the aab-1 gene had been cloned. AAB-1 shows similarity to the HAP5 protein of yeast and the CBF-C protein of rat. Each of these proteins is an essential subunit of their respective heteromeric CCAAT binding proteins. The aab1 gene maps on linkage group III of Neurospora crassa near the trp-1 locus. Disruption of the aab-1 gene results in pleiotropic effects on growth and development as well as a 50% reduction in glutamate dehydrogenase levels. Transformation of the aab-1 disruption mutant strain with the cloned genomic copy of the aab-1 gene rescued all of the phenotypic alterations associated with the aab-1 mutation.
Lung cancer staging techniques and induction therapy: maybe timing is everything.

Surgeons would argue that this is exactly the group for which the greatest benefit will be seen by using surgery as a local modality, whereas medical oncologists will extol the benefits of chemotherapy and argue that maybe this subgroup of patients with such a fabulous response don’t need surgery at all. The bottom line is, How do we convince ourselves that we can query the mediastinum with the greatest fidelity at some reasonable time point after treating the patient, with the least cost to our patients and to us? What we, as clinicians, do with this mediastinal information (which, up to this point, has been difficult to procure without a surgeon invading some cavity) is the subject of other editorials. When all else fails, it is time to invoke new technology. Specifically for this question of mediastinal response, the first new technology invoked was positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT). In a frenzy of articles, culminating in De Leyn’s 4 comparison of repeat mediastinoscopy to PET-CT study, it was determined that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET-CT were 77%, 92%, and 83%, respectively, whereas those for repeat mediastinoscopy were 29%, 100%, and 60%, respectively. Moreover, sensitivity (P .0001) and accuracy (P .012) were significantly better for PET-CT compared with repeat mediastinoscopy. No matter which is better, it is apparent that PET-CT and histologic confirmation are, for the time being, immutably linked at the hip to classify these patients because the vagaries of PET-CT including the timing of when to do it, the influence of background inflammatory reaction, and the added influence of radiotherapy in combined modality inductions keeping it from achieving 100% accuracy. Proponents of repeat mediastinoscopy rightfully argue that the sensitivity in the De Leyn study was unusually low, and that present sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for repeat mediastinoscopy are 70%, 100%, and 80% in the hands of the few surgeons who routinely perform mediastinoscopy. 5 Repeat
Facilitators and inhibitors for the strategic use of information technology

An empirical study was conducted to determine key factors that facilitate and inhibit the development of strategic applications of information technology (IT) in business firms. A comparison was made between companies that have used IT applications for strategic purposes and companies that have not. The “relative strength” of the factors is also assessed. Differences in perceptions exist between the two groups of firms. Generally, factors internal to the organization and those that reflect perceived needs play a stronger facilitating role than external factors for both groups of firms. However, “Perceived Needs” play a stronger facilitating role for those that have utilized strategic applications. “Internal Factors” play the strongest inhibiting role for both groups. Firms that utilized strategic applications place more emphasis on IT-related issues as important facilitators. Firms that have not done so place more emphasis on management issues.
Do automated text messages increase adherence to acne therapy? Results of a randomized, controlled trial.

Background Acne is a common skin condition often requiring complex therapeutic regimens. Patient nonadherence to prescribed medication regimens is a factor in treatment failure. Objective The goal of this study was to determine if daily automated text messages would result in increased adherence to recommended use of topical acne medication and consequently greater improvement in acne. Methods Forty patients with mild to moderate acne were prescribed clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide 1%/5% gel in the mornings and adapalene 0.3% gel in the evenings for 12 weeks. Each medication tube was fitted with an electronic Medication Event Monitoring System cap (MEMS, Aardex Group, Sion, Switzerland) (to record the date and time of every opening/closing of the tube). Twenty patients were randomly assigned to receive customized twice-daily text messages instructing them to apply their morning and evening medication. The remainder of patients (N = 20), who did not receive text messages, served as control subjects. Results Mean adherence rates for the correct application of both medications on a daily basis over 12 weeks was 33.9% for patients in the reminder group and 36.5% for patients in the control group ( P = .75). Patients in both groups had similar clinical improvement of their acne. Limitations The small sample size may limit the ability to detect differences between the study groups. Conclusions Electronic reminders in the form of daily, customized text messages were not associated with significant differences in adherence to topical medications in patients with mild to moderate acne and had no significant effect on therapeutic response.
A system for searching uterine cervix images by visual attributes

Content-based indexing and retrieval is gaining increasing interest in the medical domain with the growing size of medical image databases. We present here a Web-accessible retrieval system for searching for similar uterine cervix images based on their visual characteristics. The system operates on a subset of a large database created for archiving patient records collected by two key projects in cervical cancer research. It was developed to bridge the “gaps” that hold back the practical adoption of most CBIR systems. This collaboration between engineers and gynecological experts promises to provide a new biomedical resource beyond current text-based searching tools.
Scale for the Measurement of Attitude Toward Chicanos: A Research Note

This article describes the construction of a scale for the measurement of attitude toward Chicanos using the method of equal-appearing intervals as outlined by Thurstone and Chave. The description includes the methods and procedures used for the collection of statements. The procedures used to calculate the median, that is, the scale value (S value) and the interquartile range (Q value) for each of the items are delineated. Both the S values and the Q values constitute the criteria for the final selection of the items for two forms of the scale. The results are set forth together with the methods for scoring the scale. Finally, the result of equivalent-forms method used to estimate the reliability of the scale is reported.
Correlates of Disability Among Elderly Retirees With “Subclinical” Cognitive Impairment

Background. We assessed the effects of impaired Executive Control Function (ECF) on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and level of care among noninstitutionalized elderly retirees with “subclinical” cognitive impairment. Methods. Subjects ( N 5 561; age 78.2 6 5.0 years) were residents of a single, 1500 bed, continuing care retirement community. Subjects were examined for cognitive impairment using the Executive Interview (EXIT25), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and an executive clock-drawing task (CLOX). The CLOX is divided into executively sensitive (CLOX1) and simple constructional (CLOX2) subtests. Results. Residents in congregate high-rises ( n 5 301) differed significantly from those in independent-living apartments ( n 5 260) with respect to age, gender, percent living alone, EXIT25, CLOX1, MMSE, and CLOX2 scores (all p , .03). Only differences in ECF measures persisted after adjusting for age and living alone ( p , .004). The EXIT25 ( p , .006) and CLOX2 ( p 5 .02) were associated with the use of prostheses. The differences in EXIT25 scores persisted after adjusting for level and living alone ( p 5 .01). All instruments distinguished residents with impairment in IADLs. However, only CLOX2 ( p , .001), EXIT25 ( p , .001), and age ( p , .001) made significant independent contributions. Conclusions. ECF has statistically significant effects on level of care and IADL impairment, even among noninstitutionalized retirees. This emergent disability is not well detected by traditional global cognitive measures. Evaluation and treatment may be delayed unless ECF measures are employed.
Is There a Role for Antioxidant Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease first described in 1967 as a complication of therapy for premature infants with hyaline membrane disease, and treatment with high concentrations of oxygen was thought to be a major contributor to its development. Thus, interventions to enhance lung antioxidants to prevent the development of BPD were considered appropriate therapeutic strategies. In the last decades, advances in the acute care of premature infants has reduced the reliance on therapy with high concentrations of supplemental oxygen. However, the incidence of BPD has not changed significantly. The changing clinical context in which BPD develops begs the question of whether oxidation is important in the development of BPD and, therefore, whether designing interventions enhancing lung antioxidants is still warranted. This review presents evidence that premature infants that will develop BPD have qualitative and quantitative differences in oxidation of lipids and proteins when compared to infants that do not develop BPD. Such differences in oxidation patterns are the most obvious in the first few days of life. The emerging evidence thus supports the concept that the lung injury process leading to the development of BPD occurs within hours to days of delivery and that oxidation is a major contributor to this pathological process. Unfortunately, early attempts at delivery of antioxidants to the lung have not been successful, perhaps because of an inability to deliver antioxidants in a timely manner to the areas in the lung in which deleterious oxidations are occurring. Further research is necessary to determine both the nature and the location of the oxidative events that lead to the development of early lung injury, so that more appropriate and specific antioxidant interventions can be designed.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by local anesthetics.

Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors can be regulated by the presence of specific amino acids in the subunit second transmembrane domain (TM2) domain. We show that the incorporation of a mutant 4 subunit, which contains sequence from the muscle subunit at the TM2 6 and 10 positions of the neuronal 4 subunit, greatly reduces the sensitivity of receptors to the local anesthetic [2-(triethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide] (QX-314). Although differing in potency, the inhibition of both wild-type 34 receptors and 34(6F10T) receptors by QX-314 is voltage-dependent and noncompetitive. Interestingly, the potency of the local anesthetic tetracaine for the inhibition of 34 and 34(6F10T) receptors seems unchanged when measured at 50 mV. However, whereas the onset of inhibition of wild-type 34 receptors is voltage-dependent and noncompetitive, the onset of inhibition of 34(6F10T) receptors by tetracaine is unaffected by membrane voltage, and at concentrations 30 M seems to be competitive with acetylcholine. This may be due to either direct effects of tetracaine at the acetylcholine binding site or preferential block of closed rather than open channels in the mutant receptors. Further analysis of receptors containing the 6 mutation alone suggests that although the 6 mutation is adequate to alter the voltage dependence of tetracaine inhibition, both point mutations are required to produce the apparent competitive effects. The members of the neuronal nicotinic gene family have unique patterns of expression in the nervous system and are related to the nicotinic receptor genes that code for subunits of the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor. In total, 12 different genes have been cloned so far that demonstrably code for neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit proteins, based on their ability to form functional receptors when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Functional combinations of mammalian neuronal-type receptor subunits identified so far contain an 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 10 subunit, and those containing 2, 3, or 4 must also contain a subunit ( 2o r4). Although functional neuronal-type receptors require only one or two different types of subunits, they are believed to have a pentameric configuration similar to that of muscle-type receptors (Cooper et al., 1991). It has been proposed that all of the nicotinic subunits have a similar topology, with the relatively hydrophilic amino-terminal half constituting a major extracellular domain of the protein, followed by three hydrophobic transmembrane domains, a large intracellular loop, and then a fourth hydrophobic transmembrane span. The binding sites for agonist activation of the receptors are in the extracellular domain, and it is generally accepted that channel gating and ion conduction are associated with the second transmembrane domain (TM2).
Structure‐function relationships in immobilized chymotrypsin catalysis

Specific activities and the amounts of active immobilized enzyme were determined for several different preparations of α-chymotrypsin immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free and immobilized enzyme with a spin label coupled to the active site was used to probe the effects of different immobilization conditions on the immobilized enzyme active site configuration. Specific activity of active enzyme decreased and rotational correlation time of the spin label increased with increasing immobilized enzyme loading. Enzyme immobilized using an intermediate six-carbon spacer arm exhibited greater specific activity and spin label mobility than directly coupled enzyme. The observed activity changes due to immobilization were completely consistent with corresponding active site structure alterations revealed by EPR spectroscopy.
Stereological Estimation of the Number of Neurons in the Human Amygdaloid Complex

Change in neuronal density or neuron number in the human amygdaloid complex has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. For example, an increase in the density of neurons in portions of the amygdaloid complex has been reported in postmortem studies of autism (Bauman and Kemper, 1985; 1994). In contrast, the number of neurons may be decreased in disorders such as epilepsy (Hudson et al., 1993; Wolf et al., 1997; Thom et al., 1999), dementia (Herzog and Kemper, 1980; Scott et al., 1992), and Parkinson's disease (Harding et al., 2002). Although these studies are often portrayed as indicating an increase in, or loss of, neurons, the observations from all of these studies are either qualitative or present estimates of neuronal density (neurons per unit volume) rather than absolute neuron number. Several studies, however, have pointed out the flaws in declaring that a brain region is pathological based solely on density measures. Haug (1994) found that the process of fixation, which removes water to preserve the tissue, results in differential shrinkage of brains at different ages; shrinkage was inversely proportional to age. Moreover, the effects of disease processes on tissue shrinkage are unknown. Stereological techniques have been applied to other areas of the human brain to accurately measure absolute neuron numbers (Pakkenberg and Gundersen, 1988; West and Gundersen, 1990; Pakkenberg and Gundersen, 1997; West and Slomianka, 1998; Andersen et al., 2003; Andersen et al., 2004; Korbo et al., 2004; West et al., 2004). Although there is now a general consensus that the only way to get an accurate measurement of neurons is to use stereological methods (Saper, 1996) and the only way to unambiguously determine pathology-related changes in the number of neurons is to estimate absolute neuron number, recent studies of the amygdaloid complex continue to assess the density of neurons rather than absolute neuron number (Bowley et al., 2002; Harding et al., 2002). Little is known about how dysfunction of the amygdaloid complex may be related to the pathogenesis of human disorders or accompanying behavioral impairments. This is due, in part, to our incomplete understanding of the normal anatomy of the human amygdaloid complex. This study sought to measure the total number of neurons in five well-defined subdivisions of the human amygdaloid complex using systematic stereological sampling techniques. In order to facilitate the use of these techniques in future studies, this paper provides a detailed description of the guidelines used to define the subdivisions of the human amygdaloid complex.
The Cyclin E/Cdk2 Substrate and Cajal Body Component p220NPAT Activates Histone Transcription through a Novel LisH-Like Domain

p220NPAT is a substrate of cyclin E/Cdk2 that localizes in nuclear organelles called Cajal bodies in a cell cycle-regulated manner. In normal diploid fibroblasts, p220 is concentrated in two Cajal bodies tethered to histone gene clusters at chromosome 6p21 during G1, S, and G2 phases and two additional Cajal bodies tethered to histone genes at 1q21 during S, and G2 phases. Overexpression of p220 in U2OS cells can promote the G1/S transition and can also promote transcription from histone H2B and H4 luciferase reporter constructs. How p220 expression induces these activities and whether the two activities are related are unknown. In this study, we developed a “lox-scanning” mutagenesis approach to identify functional domains in p220. We identified two distinct functional regions of p220. The C-terminal half of the protein contains multiple elements that are required for its ability to induce S phase in transfected cells. In contrast, sequences at the N terminus appear to be critical for activation of histone H4 and H2B reporter constructs. We identified an ∼30-amino-acid motif at the N terminus of p220 that has the characteristics of a LisH motif. LisH motifs are found in a large number of proteins in the database but are of unknown function. Point mutations in conserved residues in the LisH motif of p220 block histone H4 transcriptional activity without affecting localization in Cajal bodies or phosphorylation on Cdk2 phosphorylation sites. These studies indicate that the ability of p220 to promote S phase is independent of its ability to promote histone H4 transcription and suggests that p220 may link cyclin E/Cdk2 to multiple independent downstream functions.
Acceleration of market value-at-risk estimation

The proliferation of algorithmic trading, derivative usage and highly leveraged hedge funds necessitates the acceleration of market Value-at-Risk (VaR) estimation to measure the severity of portfolios losses. This paper demonstrates how solely relying on advances in computer hardware to accelerate market VaR estimation overlooks significant opportunities for acceleration.We use a simulation based delta-gamma Value-at-Risk (VaR) estimate and compute the loss function using basic linear algebra subroutines (BLAS). Our NVIDIA GeForce GTX280 graphics processing unit (GPU) based baseline implementation is a straight-forward port from the CPU implementation and only had a 8.21x speed advantage over a quadcore Intel Core2 Q9300 central processing unit (CPU) based implementation.We demonstrate three approaches to gain additional speedup over the baseline GPU implemention. Firstly, we reformulate the loss function to reduce the amount of necessary computation and achieved a 60.3x speedup. Secondly, we selected functionally equivalent distribution conversion modules to give the best convergence rate - providing an additional 2x speedup. Thirdly, we merged data-parallel computational kernels to remove redundant load store operations leading to an additional 1.85x speedup. Overall, we have achieved a speedup of 148x against the baseline GPU implementation, reducing the time of a VaR estimation with a standard error of 0.1% from minutes to less than one second.
Hamiltonian Mechanics on Manifolds

In this chapter, we generalize the Hamiltonian approach to mechanics (introduced already in the Euclidean case in Sect. 2.5) to general manifolds. The chapter assumes familiarity with the basic notions of smooth manifolds, including tangent and cotangent spaces, vector fields, and differential forms. These notions are reviewed very briefly in Sect. 21.1, mainly in the interest of fixing the notation. See, for example, Chap. 2 of [40] for a concise treatment of manifolds and [29] for a detailed account. Throughout the chapter, we will use the summation convention, that repeated indices are always summed on.
Dissolved phosphorus export from an animal waste impacted in-stream wetland: response to tropical storm and hurricane disturbance.

The ability of wetlands to retain P makes them an important landscape feature that buffers P movement. However, their P retention ability can be compromised through hydrologic disturbances caused by hurricanes and tropical storms (TS). This study had three objectives: (i) to determine the effects of hurricanes and TS on dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations and loads discharged from a Coastal Plain in-stream wetland (ISW); (ii) to evaluate shifts in P storage pools that would reflect P accretion/removal patterns; and (iii) to determine if relationships exist between storm characteristics with releases of DP and water volume. From January 1996 to October 1999, the ISW’s outflow DP concentrations and flow volumes (Q) were measured and they were used to calculate DP mass export loads. In addition, the sediment total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were measured, and both the water column and sediment pore water DP concentrations were examined using passive samplers. In several instances, TS facilitated greater DP releases than a single hurricane event. The largest release of DP occurred in 1999 after Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene. The large differences in DP exports among the storms were explained by Q variations. Storm activity also caused changes in sediment pore water DP and sediment TP concentrations. This study revealed that some TS events caused higher DP releases than a single hurricane; however, multiple hurricanes delivering heavy precipitation totals significantly increased DP export.
The time course of metabolic changes induced by dietary cholesterol in guinea pigs

The time course of the effects of dietary cholesterol on the lipid composition of liver, plasma and red cells of guinea pigs, of the pathological changes of tissues and of hematological parameters was studied. The purpose was to identify the primary injury and so to contribute to the eludication of the mechanism(s) for the development of the hemolytic anemia observed in this species after long-term cholesterol supplementation. The results showed that the initial effects observed within 1 week occur in the liver lipids and histology accompanied by changes in plasma and RBC lipids. These events were followed by further, slower increases of tissue lipids without major qualitative changes. The earliest signs of an anemia were observed between weeks 5 and 7. We conclude that the primary insult of cholesterol is liver damage leading to the production of abnormal plasma lipoproteins which in turn cause a net increase of RBC-cholesterol that is accompanied by their morphological abnormalities. The hemolytic anemia does not seem to be caused directly by either the altered composition of RBC nor their altered morphology.
Moral Intuitions and Smart Growth: The Political Psychology of Attitudes Toward Compact Development

Why is it that, as prior research shows, political liberals are significantly more supportive than conservatives toward mixed-use neighborhoods, transit-oriented development, and other aspects of the “compact city”? I argue that these preferences are not primarily deduced from different policy views about government’s role in the economy or in environmental protection. Instead I draw upon social psychologists’ theory of moral intuitionism to help understand why the political left and right differ, not just in their policy attitudes but in their consumption preferences toward different types of neighborhoods. In this view, different individuals are predisposed for or against compact development because liberals and conservatives are “pre-wired” to emphasize different sets of affective, emotion-laden moral impulses (such as those involving fairness, purity, or ingroup loyalty). Affiliation with the political left or right is also associated with different personality traits that are relevant to opinions on the built environment. For empirical support, I first review qualitative accounts that suggest an association between certain moral worldviews and attitudes toward compact development. I then conduct multivariate analysis of a public opinion survey that contained questions relevant to moral foundations and to views on compact development.
Deep burial of the footwall of the northern Snake Range decollement, Nevada

Metapelitic Eocambrian strata from eastern exposures of the footwall of the northern Snake Range decollement experienced Mesozoic amphibolite facies metamorphism and greenschist facies overprint accompanying extreme ductile thinning. Samples from the Hampton Creek area where the overprint is weakest contain the assemblage quartz + muscovite + biotite + garnet + plagioclase + opaque oxides + staurolite ± kyanite ± tourmaline ± apatite. Textural relations and consistency of rim analyses among multiple domains in each sample indicate equilibrium. Rim pressure-temperature estimates were obtained using the garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometer and the garnet-muscovite-plagioclase-biotite and garnet-aluminosilicate-plagioclase barometers. The results suggest final equilibration at 610 ± 50 °C and 810 ± 70 MPa, or a depth of 30 ± 3 km, about a factor of 3 greater than the stratigraphic depth. To the west, in the Schell Creek Range, correlative strata are contiguous with unmetamorphosed upper Paleozoic and Tertiary strata. From west to east, exposures of Eocambrian rocks in the two ranges collectively show increasing intensity of crystal-plastic deformation, metamorphic recrystallization, and metamorphic grade from subgreenschist to amphibolite facies, and a monotonic decrease in ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar muscovite ages from Mesozoic age to about 23 Ma. In light of these relations, the pressure-temperature data suggest that Eocambrian strata were inclined eastward during Mesozoic metamorphism with ∼15–20 km of structural relief. We interpret the eastward tilting and burial to be the result of west-directed thrusting, as expressed by folding to the north in the Deep Creek Range. Unroofing of the deeply buried strata may have occurred partly in Cretaceous or early Cenozoic time, with final unroofing in Oligocene and Miocene time along the northern Snake Range decollement. These results exclude the hypothesis that the northern Snake Range decollement initiated as a brittle-ductile transition zone within Cambrian strata of a little-deformed miogeoclinal section, and support the hypothesis that it is a major low-angle extensional shear zone.
Economics of Habitat Fragmentation and Fragmentation Policy: A Literature Review

Despite a large economics literature discussing issues of habitat conservation and deforestation, and a growing recognition of the importance of spatial aspects of resource management, economists have only recently developed research that considers the drivers of fragmentation and evaluates fragmentation policy. This literature review categorizes the papers and articles that examine fragmentation using the lens of economic analysis.
Copyright in Exile: Restoring the Original Parameters of Exclusive Reproduction

What does it mean to copy? Modern case law too often bypasses this question, summarily deeming copies to exist wherever creative content is reused in any way, thereby imparting a broad content-activity right devoid of statutory support. While considerable debate surrounds the various defenses and exceptions to copyright protection, less attention has been paid to assessing what copyright actually covers in the first place. The affirmative scope of the reproduction right warrants careful scrutiny; it hinges upon the construction of the language Congress has employed over the years to ordain, perpetuate, and qualify it. Almost a century ago, the U.S. Supreme Court crystallized a highly constrained definition of "copying." Early senses of the term (in copyright contexts) referred only to reconstructing an author's physical creation so as to serve a similar purpose. Although this understanding informed each subsequent codification - as Congress opted to work around this construed meaning rather than tinker with it - courts proceeded to depart dramatically from this conception. No legislation has actually redefined it, and no legislative record even indicates any intent to that effect, yet precedent increasingly finds any activity involving protected expression to presumptively implicate the reproduction right. Contemporary case law neglects the traditional, exacting standard - whether through faulty historical analyses, efforts to modernize arguably dated policies, or both. In this Article, I analyze the history and codifications of the exclusive reproduction right, urging a more narrow and concrete definition predicated on the original understanding of "copy." Applying statutory originalism to Congressional grants of intellectual property, I submit that any legitimate modification to the copyright bargain must come affirmatively from the legislative branch.
Distribution and Abundance of the Lesser Peachtree Borer on Washington Island, Wisconsin

The seasonal distribution of Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson) in 1969 on Washington Island was determined by (1) studying adult emergence from larvae on borer-infested cherry trees and (2) recording the number of male moths captured in field traps baited with caged virgin females. The estimates of population by the 2 methods were similar: a population of 16,008 borers was obtained from a larval survey and a population of 21,646 borers was obtained by using the percentage of native moths captured vs. the number of marked released males recaptured. These studies showed that 1 generation of moths emerged in 1969 from June to early September.