cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Transitions in the Biofabrication of Abalone Shells and Flat Pearls

Analyses of biopolymer/calcium carbonate composites grown on inorganic abiotic substrates implanted between the shell and the shell-secreting epithelium of live red abalones (Haliotis rufescens) provide detailed spatial and temporal data on the in vivo assembly process that generates the shell. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses of the growth of these flat pearl composites reveal that biomineralization is initiated by the deposition of an organic sheet on the implanted substrate, followed by the growth of a calcite layer with preferred {10.4} orientation and, finally, by the growth of nacreous aragonite. The calcite layer is structurally similar to the green organic/calcite heterolayer of native shell nacre. It comprises 0.2−2.0-μm-diameter elongated crystallites of typical geological habits in various aggregate arrangements. The shell also contains an external layer of (00.1)-oriented prismatic calcite, which is deposited on one edge of a flat pearl and has a morphology similar t...
Atypical Femur Fractures: A Review

Bisphosphonates are one of the most commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of osteoporosis. Their use has greatly decreased the number of osteoporosis-related vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Recently, however, a relationship between long-term bisphosphonate use and subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures has been elucidated. These low-energy fractures, termed atypical femur fractures, exhibit unique characteristics in their pathophysiology, presentation, and radiographic appearance compared with more traditional high-energy femur fractures. Here we provide a review based on the most recent literature of the pathophysiology, presentation, evaluation, and management of these fractures. Despite an abundance of literature, atypical femur fractures remain difficult to treat, and surgeons must be aware of the tricks and complications associated with their management.
Methamphetamine-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of methamphetamine (METH)-induced toxicity on brain cortical and striatal antioxidant defense systems. Because METH-induced toxicity is attenuated in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic (Cu/Zn-SOD-Tg) mice, we sought to determine if METH had differential effect on antioxidant enzymes on these mice in comparison to non-Tg mice. METH (4 × 10 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the cortical region without altering striatal enzymatic activity in non-Tg mice; whereas homozygous SOD-Tg mice showed a significant increase in the striatum. In addition, METH caused decrease in catalase (CAT) activity in the striatum of non-Tg mice and significant increase in the cortex of homozygous SOD-Tg mice. METH also induced decreases in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in both cortical and striatal regions of non-Tg mice and in the striatum of heterozygous SOD-Tg mice. Lipid peroxidation was increased in both cortices and striata of non-Tg and heterozygous SOD-Tg mice, whereas the homozygous SOD-Tg mice were not affected. These results are discussed in terms of their substantiation of a role for oxygen-based radicals in METH-induced toxicity in rodents.
Role of the reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates with peroxy radicals in particle formation and growth in air

Ozonolysis of alkenes is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. However, the mechanisms by which stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) react to form and grow the particles, and in particular the contributions from oligomers, are not well understood. In this study, ozonolysis of trans-3-hexene (C6H12), as a proxy for small alkenes, was investigated with an emphasis on the mechanisms of particle formation and growth. Ozonolysis experiments were carried out both in static Teflon chambers (18-20 min reaction times) and in a glass flow reactor (24 s reaction time) in the absence and presence of OH or SCI scavengers, and under different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The chemical composition of polydisperse and size-selected SOA particles was probed using different mass spectrometric techniques and infrared spectroscopy. Oligomers having SCI as the chain unit are found to be the dominant components of such SOA particles. The formation mechanism for these oligomers suggested by our results follows the sequential addition of SCI to organic peroxy (RO2) radicals, in agreement with previous studies by Moortgat and coworkers. Smaller particles are shown to have a relatively greater contribution from longer oligomers. Higher O/C ratios are observed in smaller particles and are similar to those of oligomers resulting from RO2 + nSCI, supporting a significant role for longer oligomers in particle nucleation and early growth. Under atmospherically relevant RH of 30-80%, water vapor suppresses oligomer formation through scavenging SCI, but also enhances particle nucleation. Under humid conditions, or in the presence of formic or hydrochloric acid as SCI scavengers, peroxyhemiacetals are formed by the acid-catalyzed particle phase reaction between oligomers from RO2 + nSCI and a trans-3-hexene derived carbonyl product. In contrast to the ozonolysis of trans-3-hexene, oligomerization involving RO2 + nSCI does not appear to be prevalent in the ozonolysis of α-cedrene (C15H24), indicating different particle formation mechanisms for small and large complex alkenes that need to be taken into account in atmospheric models.
The effect of the initial dopant distribution in the melt on the axial compositional uniformity of a thin doped crystal grown in strictly zero-gravity environment by Bridgman–Stockbarger method

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show (numerically in the framework of a mathematical model) that using a nonuniform initial dopant repartition, given by an explicit formula, the prescribed constant axial dopant concentration c cr =1 can be achieved on the solidified fraction 0–0.7 in a thin doped crystal, grown in strictly zero-gravity by Bridgman–Stockbarger method. It is also shown that the magnitude of the axial compositional nonuniformities of the crystal is small on the solidified raction 0–0.7.
Use of cholestyramine to control diarrhea associated with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia

Abstract A patient with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and watery diarrhea without steatorrhea is described. Increased concentrations of uncommon secondary bile acids, derived from bacterial conversion of primary bile acids, were present in bile and feces during diarrheal periods. Administration of cholestyramine, an anion exchange resin which binds bile acids, controlled the diarrhea on four occasions and was associated with disappearance of these unusual bile acids from bile. The diarrhea remitted spontaneously in one year, and biliary bile acid composition returned to normal. Treatment with IgG or fresh frozen plasma had no effect on the diarrhea.
RDH10 is the primary enzyme responsible for the first step of embryonic Vitamin A metabolism and retinoic acid synthesis.

Abstract Retinoic acid (atRA) signaling is essential for regulating embryonic development, and atRA levels must be tightly controlled in order to prevent congenital abnormalities and fetal death which can result from both excessive and insufficient atRA signaling. Cellular enzymes synthesize atRA from Vitamin A, which is obtained from dietary sources. Embryos express multiple enzymes that are biochemically capable of catalyzing the initial step of Vitamin A oxidation, but the precise contribution of these enzymes to embryonic atRA synthesis remains unknown. Using Rdh10trex-mutant embryos, dietary supplementation of retinaldehyde, and retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) activity assays, we demonstrate that RDH10 is the primary RDH responsible for the first step of embryonic Vitamin A oxidation. Moreover, we show that this initial step of atRA synthesis occurs predominantly in a membrane-bound cellular compartment, which prevents inhibition by the cytosolic cellular retinol-binding protein (RBP1). These studies reveal that widely expressed cytosolic enzymes with RDH activity play a very limited role in embryonic atRA synthesis under normal dietary conditions. This provides a breakthrough in understanding the precise cellular mechanisms that regulate Vitamin A metabolism and the synthesis of the essential embryonic regulatory molecule atRA.
Inverse splicing of a group II intron.

Abstract I describe the self-splicing of an RNA that consists of exon sequences flanked by group II intron sequences. I find that this RNA undergoes accurate splicing in vitro, yielding an excised exon circle. This splicing reaction involves the joining of the 5' splice site at the end of an exon to the 3' splice site at the beginning of the same exon; thus, I term it inverse splicing. Inverse splicing provides a potential mechanism for exon scrambling, for exon deletion in alternative splicing pathways, and for exon shuffling in gene evolution.
No more middlebox: integrate processing into network

Traditionally, in-network services like firewall, proxy, cache, and transcoders have been provided by dedicated hardware middleboxes. A recent trend has been to remove the middleboxes by deploying the network services into switch/router-integrated computing modules or separate server/blade machines. In this abstract, by using a web Ad-insertion application as an example, we demonstrate our in-network processing (INP) framework that orchestrates various computing resources and network devices and enables seamless and efficient deployments of network services.
Yangian Symmetries of Matrix Models and Spin Chains: The Dilatation Operator of N = 4 SYM

We present an analysis of the Yangian symmetries of various bosonic sectors of the dilatation operator of SYM. The analysis is presented from the point of view of Hamiltonian matrix models. In the various SU(n) sectors, we give a modified presentation of the Yangian generators, which are conserved on states of any size. A careful analysis of the Yangian invariance of the full SO(6) sector of the scalars is also presented in this paper. We also study the Yangian invariance beyond first order perturbation theory. Following this, we derive the continuum limits of the various matrix models and reproduce the sigma model actions for fast moving strings reported in some papers. We motivate the constructions of continuum sigma models (corresponding to both the SU(n) and SO(n) sectors) as variational approximations to the matrix model Hamiltonians. These sigma models retain the semiclassical counterparts of the original Yangian symmetries of the dilatation operator. The semiclassical Yangian symmetries of the sigma models are worked out in detail. The zero curvature representation of the equations of motion and the construction of the transfer matrix for the SO(n) sigma model obtained as the continuum limit of the one loop bosonic dilatation operator is carried out, and the similar constructions for the SU(n) case are also discussed.
Does circumcision influence sexually transmitted diseases?: A literature review

Despite the wide availability of condoms and the fear of HIV infection sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to be a serious public health concern. In the medical literature about preventative measures circumcision is rarely if ever mentioned as an effective preventive measure; however articles promoting the routine practice of neonatal circumcision invariably mention the surgerys benefits of reducing STDs. One author refers to over 100 medical articles supporting his thesis. In the present review the medical literature is examined to determine what influence if any circumcision has on STDs. (excerpt)
Overestimation of ulcerative colitis due to melanosis coli

La melanosis coli es un deposito benigno de pigmento en la mucosa del colon que puede ser vista durante una colonoscopia, especialmente en pacientes con historia de abuso de laxantes. En las condiciones en las que los hallazgos endoscopicos pueden influenciar las decisiones terapeuticas, la melanosis coli puede llevar a una sobreestimacion de la agresividad de la enfermedad y a una terapia innecesaria. Describimos un caso en el cual la presencia de melanosis coli afecto el tratamiento de un paciente con una exacerbacion leve de una colitis ulcerosa
Evaluation of the Purity of Boar Sperm Plasma Membranes Prepared by Nitrogen Cavitation

Quantitative electron microscopy is used to provide new information regarding the purity and the amounts of plasma membrane originating from various regions of the surface of the boar spermatozoon when such membranes are prepared by nitrogen cavitation and sucrose density centrifugation. These data show that the plasma membranes originate primarily from the head of the spermatozoon; they also show that contamination of these plasma membranes by acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes is negligible. Immunolocalization, using plasma membrane vesicles and divalent IgG directed against plasma membrane antigens, shows that plasma membrane vesicles bind extensively to intact sperm plasma membranes but rarely bind to the outer acrosomal membrane. These new data, taken together with that which has been previously reported, indicate that means for obtaining undamaged, highly purified
John Brown's Body: Elites, Heroic Embodiment, and the Legitimation of Political Violence

While violence against a legally constituted government is condemned when defined as such, some violent political acts are considered socially proper. I explore how political violence can be legitimated or even venerated by reference to John Brown's raid on the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October 1859. Such claims are particularly likely when the violent act has cultural resonance, the actor is supported by cultural and political elites who serve, in effect, as “fellow travelers” for the movement, and when opponents of the violence do not participate in the creation of meaning. Because of Brown's links to cultural elites in Boston and to political elites in the emerging Republican Party, many Americans came to see Brown as a hero or martyr, embodying in his personal actions a committed moral figure. Like most effective narratives, collective memory requires a hero with which audiences identify. By virtue of his physical embodiment of radical abolition, John Brown served as a mnemonic for his cause. The label “John Brown's Body” refers to more than a song title, but to the process of recalling a complex concern through the images of individual action and persona. Images of Brown the man were facilitated by the secession of Southern states, leaving the reputational field open for Brown's supporters to establish his reputation after his death without rival narratives.
The kinetics of polyolefin oxidation in aqueous media

The thermal oxidation, at 75–92°C, of antioxidant-free low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is faster in most aqueous environments than in air. The accelerative environments include water, solutions of sodium salts, and a basic buffer. However, an acidic buffer retards oxidation. Transition metal salts are not examined here since their catalytic effect is wellknown. The acceleration is predominantly a surface phenomenon, and so is most obvious in thin polymer films. For antioxidant-containing polyolefins, complications arise because of the possibility of extraction of stabilizers, but the trend in oxidative lifetime is similar to that of the antioxidant-free specimens, and the antioxidants are observed to react chemically during the aging process. For example, a commercial crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) shows a reduction in thermo-oxidative lifetime of at least a factor of two in aqueous environments compared to air. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) show similar behavior, but the magnitude of the effect of aqueous environments is less. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of nucleophilic attack by peroxy anions on hydroperoxides.
Attitude Stability of a Spherical Satellite

The in-orbit-plane angular motion of a spherical satellite with a mass eccentricity is studied, and both aerodynamic and gravitational torques along with large angle motions are considered. The equilibrium attitudes of the motion are investigated and the conditions for stability presented. The stability concepts on which the study is based are delineated in an Appendix.
Relationship between instantaneous trans-mitral blood flow velocity and instantaneous left ventricular volume in normal and hypertrophied hearts.

Abstract We examined the relationship between trans-mitral blood flow velocity and left ventricular volume in normal and hypertrophied hearts using cross-sectional Doppler echocardiography. We studied 10 normal subjects and 19 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, 9 with aortic stenosis and 10 with dilated cardiomyopathy. Trans-mitral Doppler flow velocity signals and cross-sectional echocardiograms of the left ventricular short and long axes were digitized in each patient to obtain instantaneous mitral flow velocity, instantaneous left ventricular volume, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular mass/volume ratio at end-diastole. Peak velocities during rapid filling (E wave) were similar in all three groups. Peak velocities during atrial systole (A wave) were significantly increased in aortic stenosis, (124 ± 28 cm/sec); but were not different from normal in dilated cardiomyopathy (43 ± 20 cm/sec versus 32 ± 9 cm/sec). The peak A/E velocity ratio was elevated in aortic stenosis 1.47 ± 0.30, but in dilated cardiomyopathy it was similar to normal hearts (0.47 ± 0.23 versus 0.54 ± 0.15). The percentages of left ventricular filling achieved at the time of the peak E wave, the end of rapid filling, and at the time of the peak A wave were similar in all three patient groups. There was no correlation between blood flow velocities at peak E wave, peak A wave or the A/E velocity ratio and left ventricular volume or mass. There was a significant correlation between peak A velocities and left ventricular muscle/cavity areas ( r = 0.81; P r = 0.80; P
Suggestive linkage at 9p22 in bipolar disorder weighted by alcohol abuse

Bipolar disorder (BP) is a highly heritable disorder, however attempts to map genetic risk factors are challenging. One possible reason for these difficulties is the genetic heterogeneity of BP. Hence, focusing on clinically homogeneous families to create a genetically more homogeneous sample may increase the power of finding a specific variant. Alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) are familial in BP families, and these families may carry a specific risk variant for BP. We tested this hypothesis by performing a genome-wide linkage scan in 638 pedigrees (1,835 individuals) from the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative for BP, weighting the evidence for linkage according to the family's frequency of AA or AD. Using AA weighting, we identified a linkage region on 9p22.2 with an NPL score of 3.23. The region had previously been identified in a meta-analysis of linkage in bipolar disorder. We used permutation analysis to assess if weighting by AA increased the linkage signal more than expected by chance and observed a significant P-value (P = 0.048). Therefore, the genetic risk factor for BP on 9p22.2 has an increased effect in families with high levels of AA. In summary, we present an example of using covariates such as AA and AD to define subtypes of BP, demonstrate how using such subtypes can improve the power of a linkage scan, and demonstrate statistical approaches to validate the suggested interaction. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary Function in Long-term Survivors of Hyaline Membrane Disease

In order to determine the long-term pulmonary consequences of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), we measured pulmonary function and airway responsiveness to methacholine in 22 survivors of HMD aged 18 to 22 years. Nineteen age-matched control subjects without a history of lung disease or asthma were also studied. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean pulmonary function test results of the control vs the HMD group. The mean N 2 δ of the five HMD patients who required assisted ventilation was significantly different from that of the control group. Airway responsiveness to methacholine, as estimated by the dose of methacholine aerosol necessary to provoke a 35 percent fall in SGaw did not differ between the control and HMD groups. In the absence of prematurity, low birth weight (
Rough Corporate Justice

In the succession of a family business from one generation to the next, the corporation's ability to pay must be balanced with the needs of the individuals who own and operate it. Described here is an economic model and consulting tool for promoting a business-driven dialog that can result in the transferring of the business in a tax-advantageous manner while preserving the corporation's capital base.
A visual study of pulp floc dispersion mechanisms

The dispersion of artificially produced softwood pulp flocs in controlled, plane, turbulent Couette flow was studied by using both monocular and stereoscopic film techniques. The mechanisms of controlled floc formation and of dispersion are proposed. For the latter, two mechanisms were observed, one global that involves deformation, breaking, and fragmentation, and one local that involves surfac erosion. The effect of the flow field stress level on the time and rate of dispersion is presented.
Ghrelin and ghrelin receptor modulation of psychostimulant action

Ghrelin (GHR) is an orexigenic gut peptide that modulates multiple homeostatic functions including gastric emptying, anxiety, stress, memory, feeding, and reinforcement. GHR is known to bind and activate growth-hormone secretagogue receptors (termed GHR-Rs). Of interest to our laboratory has been the assessment of the impact of GHR modulation of the locomotor activation and reward/reinforcement properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine and nicotine. Systemic GHR infusions augment cocaine stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, as does food restriction (FR) which elevates plasma ghrelin levels. Ghrelin enhancement of psychostimulant function may occur owing to a direct action on mesolimbic dopamine function or may reflect an indirect action of ghrelin on glucocorticoid pathways. Genomic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs attenuates the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and blunts the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice. The stimulant nicotine can induce CPP and like amphetamine and cocaine, repeated administration of nicotine induces locomotor sensitization in rats. Inactivation of ghrelin circuit function in rats by injection of a ghrelin receptor antagonist (e.g., JMV 2959) diminishes the development of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. These results suggest a key permissive role for GHR-R activity for the induction of locomotor sensitization to nicotine. Our finding that GHR-R null rats exhibit diminished patterns of responding for intracranial self-stimulation complements an emerging literature implicating central GHR circuits in drug reward/reinforcement. Finally, antagonism of GHR-Rs may represent a smoking cessation modality that not only blocks nicotine-induced reward but that also may limit weight gain after smoking cessation.
Sedimentation in a Meandering ESTUARY1

SUMMARY Sand is being deposited in a meandering estuary separating Sapelo and Blackbeard Islands, Georgia, in the channel of the estuary and on two point bars associated with meanders. Sand is being eroded by the meandering channel from slightly lithified Pleistocene and unconsolidated Holocene strandline deposits, and is being redeposited by the ebb tidal currents. The estuary-channel deposits are coarse grained and their grain-size decreases down ebb current from the source outcrops. The point bars are elongated in the direction of the ebb current, and increase in grain-size from their crests downward as they grade into the channel deposits. Festoon cross-bedding and ripple marks on the point bars record the ebb direction, while elongate plant fragments are preferentially oriented normal to the bar elongation (current). Horizontally stratified muds and muddy sands are being deposited behind the bars, and contain a rich fauna (primarily annelids, arthropods, and molluscs). However, the fauna is represented in the deposits more by burrows and disturbed stratification than by preserved organisms. The sands of the bars and channel are biologically less productive, but the bioclastic content of the sediment is high.
Navy-Supported Research---Why Not?

An essay about oceanographic and other discoveries that were performed as research backed by the Navy.
Does Møller–Plesset perturbation theory converge? A look at two‐electron systems

We study the convergence or divergence of the Moller–Plesset Perturbation series for systems with two electrons and a single nucleus of charge Z > 0. This question is essentially to determine if the radius of convergence of a power series in the complex perturbation parameter λ is greater than 1. The power series is centered at λ = 0, so we try to find whether or not the singularity closest to λ = 0 is inside the closed unit disk in the complex plane. We give a description of possible causes for divergence in the general problem and then examine two Helium-like models. The first model is a simple one-dimensional model with delta functions in place of Coulomb potentials. The second is the realistic three-dimensional model. For each model, we show rigorously that if the nuclear charge Z is sufficiently large, there are no singularities for real values of λ between −1 and 1. Using a finite difference scheme, we present numerical results for the delta function model. The numerics are consistent with proven results and also suggest that the closest singularity occurs where λ is real and negative. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Simulation and optimization of enhanced geothermal systems using CO2 as a working fluid

Abstract Because of rising concerns about CO2 emissions from fossil fueled power plants, in recent years there has been strong emphasis on the development of safe and economical CCUS (Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage) technology. One such technology that shows some promise is EGS (Enhanced Geothermal System), where CO2 is used as a working fluid to extract heat from a geothermal reservoir. Permanent carbon sequestration is also achieved as a byproduct due to subsurface fluid losses throughout the life of the system. In this paper, numerical simulations of subsurface flow in EGS are conducted using the multi-phase flow solver TOUGH2 (Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat). An optimization code based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm is combined with TOUGH2 (designated as GA-TOUGH2) and modified for EGS application. Using GA-TOUGH2, the CO2 injection rate is optimized for both constant mass and constant pressure injection scenarios to manage the production temperature profile and to ensure that the heat extraction occurs for the entire life of the system thus allowing more efficient use of CO2. The results of this study show promise of EGS technology for consideration of deployment on a commercial scale.
Crystallization and Glass Foriation in Electron and Laser Beam Irradiated Cu-Zr Alloys

Four Cu-Zr alloys, Cu/sub 56/Zr/sub 44/, Cu/sub 50/Zr/sub 50/, Cu/sub 47/Zr/sub 53/, and Cu/sub 33/Zr/sub 67/, were surface melted with electron and pulsed laser beams to compare their kinetics of nucleation, growth and glass formation. It was observed that the ease of glass formation increased in the order: Cu/sub 33/Zr/sub 67/, Cu/sub 47/Zr/sub 53/, Cu/sub 56/Zr/sub 44/, and Cu/sub 50/Zr/sub 50/. The nucleation and regrowth produced different metastable phases. At the equiatomic composition, the preferred phase is a CsCl-type (B2) BCC structure. As the composition deviates from this, the preferred phase is either orthorhombic or tetragonal with a much larger unit cell not previously reported in the literature. The maximum growth velocity of these metastable phases was found to be about 0.025 m/s. The slow kinetics are responsible for the ease of glass formation in these systems. 4 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
On Universal Transfer Learning

In transfer learning the aim is to solve new learning tasks using fewer examples by using information gained from solving related tasks. Existing transfer learning methods have been used successfully in practice and PAC analysis of these methods have been developed. But the key notion of relatedness between tasks has not yet been defined clearly, which makes it difficult to understand, let alone answer, questions that naturally arise in the context of transfer, such as, how much information to transfer, whether to transfer information, and how to transfer information across tasks. In this paper we look at transfer learning from the perspective of Algorithmic Information Theory, and formally solve these problems in the same sense Solomonoff Induction solves the problem of inductive inference. We define universal measures of relatedness between tasks, and use these measures to develop universally optimal Bayesian transfer learning methods.
No Simple Compromise: Reconciling Duty and Discretion Under Colorado River Abstention in Claims for Mixed Relief

The purpose of this comment is to provide the reader with sufficient background regarding abstention and present an effective, realistic approach for reconciling the concurrent use of the Colorado River and Brillhart/Wilton doctrines. The following analysis considers current formulas and the rationale behind each, including criticisms both logical and pragmatic. The proposed solution is a dimensional approach: rather than adopting a single formula for all cases, a court can choose one of the existing approaches based on the type of case before it. In order to demonstrate the shortcomings of a monolithic approach, several cases are used to demonstrate how different areas of law present unique concerns. Due to the interface between existing formulas and the cases to which they are applied, it is apparent that one approach will be effective in a certain case where another will not. A dimensional approach does not entail case-by-case application, but merely sets categorical precedent in order to utilize all available tools instead of just one. Apparent progress toward this end is also addressed herein, along with the possibility of authoritative direction from the Supreme Court.
Investigating the Performance of Two Interval Management Algorithms in a Fast-Time Simulation Environment

Interval Management (IM) is a future air traffic management concept that enables aircraft to achieve and maintain precise spacing intervals relative to other aircraft. Air traffic controllers (ATC) will initiate an IM operation by identifying candidate aircraft pairs and providing an IM Aircraft with a clearance to space relative to a Target Aircraft with a desired spacing interval. Flight-deck Interval Management (FIM) avionics, onboard the IM Aircraft, will calculate speeds to achieve and maintain the desired spacing interval. IM operations are envisioned in a range of environments, where more precise spacing will help ATC to achieve air traffic objectives. In an arrival and approach operation, a string of aircraft may be formed with each aircraft spacing relative to its preceding aircraft. This paper investigates the performance of two different IM speed control algorithms, which are candidate algorithms for the FIM avionics, and the interoperability of those algorithms. The speed control algorithms are described, and a fast-time simulation environment is presented. Simulation results for an aircraft string that is comprised of aircraft using different algorithms in their FIM avionics are presented to reveal the achieved inter-aircraft spacing and the growth or decay of spacing errors along the string. The effects of a mix of aircraft types, different wind conditions, and surveillance errors are investigated, and recommendations to improve algorithm performance are made.
Imipenem/cilastatin-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia

Drugs, toxins, and infections are known to cause acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Daptomycin and minocycline are the commonly reported antibiotics associated with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. In this study, we present a case of imipenem/cilastatin-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia. The patient presented with fever, acute hypoxic respiratory distress, and diffuse ground-glass opacities on the chest CT a day after the initiation of imipenem/cilastatin. Patient also developed peripheral eosinophilia. A reinstitution of imipenem/cilastatin resulted in recurrence of the signs and symptoms. A bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage showed 780 nucleated cells/mm(3) with 15% eosinophil. The patient's clinical condition improved significantly after the discontinuation of imipenem/cilastatin therapy and the treatment with corticosteroid.
Lateral Talocalcaneal Angle in Assessment of Subtalar Valgus: Follow-up of Seventy Grice-Green Arthrodeses

To determine whether definitive radiographic criteria could be elucidated for the Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, all 70 cases performed at the Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, Erie, Pennsylvania, from 1972 to 1980 were reviewed. Patients were followed both clinically and radiographically an average of 4 years and 11 months. Major conclusions were as follows: 1) the standing lateral talocalcaneal angle is the most reliable measurement for operative selection and assessment of postoperative success; and 2) by using strict operative techniques and proper patient selection, a 90% success rate can be expected.
Treatment of Intervertebral Disc With Chondroitinase-ABC Results in Reversible Degeneration in Rat Tail Model

Injury models of intervertebral disc provide a strong tool for studying the etiology of degenerative disc disease. Enzymatic degradation of the IVD with injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has been used in models of disc injury in rats, rabbits and goats [1–3], as well as used to induce repair of herniated discs in rabbits via chemonucleolysis [4, 7]. In a recent study, we investigated the dose effect of ChABC dosage on inducing disc degeneration [5]. Consistent with previous studies, our results found that a low dosage of ChABC (0.1 U/ml) resulted in decreased mechanical properties and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by 4 weeks post injections. Interestingly, when the dosage was increased to 10 U/ml, results indicated no measurable difference in GAG content or compressive mechanical properties after 4 weeks compared to sham saline injection or intact controls. These findings suggested that rat IVD was either unaffected by the enzymatic injection, or that it was capable of mounting a repair process after degradation with ChABC.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Mandatory Educational Requirements for NMTCB in 2006

The mandatory continuing education policy for Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board (NMTCB) certificate renewal begins on January 1, 2006. Here are the most frequently asked questions and answers about the new policy. Q: How is the reporting cycle determined? A: The reporting cycle is
Real-time switched tactic of distribution network capacitor based on improved Evolutionary Programming

Real-time switched operation of distribution network capacitor has higher requirements for reactive power optimization algorithm on the basis of ultra short-term load forecast and daily power generation plan.The paper proposed an improved EP used for optimizing capacitor switching in the restriction condition of operational experience in the light of bad optimized effect,lower efficiency,bad convergence of real-time switched algorithm,in which the ultra short-term load forecast is used to replace the original 24 h daily load curve as real-time load data of capacitor real-time optimized switching,and it is best near to the actual operation loads and has better effects of loss-decreasing and adjusting voltage.Optimized calculation to IEEE69 node system was carried out by using the algorithm discussed above,the results showed that the scheme of real-time switching has advantages of less network loss,higher efficiency and can meet the applying requirements on line.
Validation for One Step Reaction of Pyrolysis in Coal Combustion

Effects of the pyrolysis temperature(1 000℃,1 100℃ and 1 200℃) and the residence time on the rapid pyrolysis of four lignites were performed in a drop tube furnace.The kinetic parameters of pyrolysis for four lignite were calculated,and one step reaction model of pyrolysis was established.Combustion of four lignites in an entrained flow combuster with multiple reaction segment(EFCM) was simulated by FLUENT using the one step reaction model obtained by experiment.The pyrolysis models were validated by comparison between simulation results and experimental datas.
Physician leadership development at Cleveland Clinic: a brief review.

Objective:We aim to describe the rationale for and spectrum of leadership development programs, highlighting experience at a large healthcare institution (Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).Conclusions:Developing leaders is a universal priority to sustain organizational success. In health care, significant challenges of ensuring quality and access and making care affordable are widely shared internationally and demand effective physician leadership. Yet, leadership competencies differ from clinical and scientific competencies and features of selecting and training physicians—who have been called “heroic lone healers” —often conspire against physicians being effective leaders or followers. Thus, developing leadership competencies in physicians is critical.Leadership development programs have been signature features of successful organizations and various Australian organizations offer such training (e.g. The Australian Leadership Foundation and the University of South Australia), but relatively few he...
Effects of membrane potential on electrical slow waves of canine proximal colon.

The effects of membrane potential on the waveforms and propagation of slow waves were tested using circular muscles of the canine colon. Studies were conducted with intracellular recording techniqu...
Computer/Mathematical Modelling in Materials Processing Operations

Abstract Many materials processing operations involve flow of gases and/or melt under varying thermal conditions. The fluid flow and associated thermal conditions invariably have a pronounced effect on the reactor performance. Computer/mathematical modeling of fluid flow, and associated heat and mass transfer in such operations has provided useful insight in these processes and has been utilized in process optimization and design of such reactors. The modeling involves solution of the governing equations of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer with appropriate boundary conditions. which is generally obtained numerically. The system conditions can be treated as steady or unsteady state, and the flow can be laminar or turbulent. In this paper, examples involving flow of molten steel in processing vessels such as ladles and tundishes. and the gas flow and associated deposition in a Chemical Vapor Deposition system are presented. The role of such modeling in reactor design and optimization has also been discussed.
Anisotropic high-harmonic generation in bulk crystals

High-harmonic generation in a solid turns out to be sensitive to the interatomic bonding — a very useful feature that could enable the all-optical imaging of the interatomic potential. The microscopic valence electron density determines the optical, electronic, structural and thermal properties of materials. However, current techniques for measuring this electron charge density are limited: for example, scanning tunnelling microscopy is confined to investigations at the surface, and electron diffraction requires very thin samples to avoid multiple scattering1. Therefore, an optical method is desirable for measuring the valence charge density of bulk materials. Since the discovery of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids2, there has been growing interest in using HHG to probe the electronic structure of solids3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Here, using single-crystal MgO, we demonstrate that high-harmonic generation in solids is sensitive to interatomic bonding. We find that harmonic efficiency is enhanced (diminished) for semi-classical electron trajectories that connect (avoid) neighbouring atomic sites in the crystal. These results indicate the possibility of using materials’ own electrons for retrieving the interatomic potential and thus the valence electron density, and perhaps even wavefunctions, in an all-optical setting.
SET IN STONE: HIATUSES AND DYNASTIC POLITICS AT TIKAL, GUATEMALA

Stone stelae and altars inscribed with dates and bearing a portrait of the ruler they commemorate define the Classic period in the Maya lowlands. They attest to the ruling elite's awareness of history and its uses to assert their authority and legitimacy. The power of Maya history remains evident when text decipherments override archaeological evidence. Privileging of texts is especially problematic in interpretations of gaps or hiatuses in the sequence of dates on carved monuments as indicators of site-wide decline. Archaeological evidence from the Lowland Maya city of Tikal contradicts the assumption of general decline during its longest hiatus, as well as a widely accepted historical explanation of its cause. Placing stone monuments and their texts in past cultural context indicates gaps were more likely due to a venerable Mesoamerican tradition of monument desecration carried out by rival elite factions than to specific historical events.
Future Research and Summary

Future research will have to address measure of qualities of musical emotions, e.g., measure of emotional difference between two musical phrases. Similarly, future research will have to measure emotional difference between two cognitive dissonances, as well as emotional differences expressed in prosody. This will create a possibility to measure the number of aesthetic emotions. This chapter discusses possible approaches and expected difficulties.
Wedding Bhānd s: ‘From the Donkey Cart to the Aeroplane’

In the legacy of colonial modernity and capitalism, bhānds are often marginalised in contemporary urban weddings. The author explores how bhānds, by using genealogical expertise and status interactions, penetrate contemporary capitalist structures, offering a stinging critique to General Musharraf’s liberal and military agendas that marked the 2007 period of field research. In the absence of feudal rulers, many bhānds apparently identify with lower income groups and their alienation from the urban capitalist structures, scoffing at its power from its margins, and asserting older feudal ways. Other bhānds have adapted to contemporary challenges by using their residuality to locate the persistence of feudal value systems within the urban political elite and upwardly mobile, from where they play more of a balancing act with the social structures, reaching diverse audiences, as the bhānd Munir Hussain puts it, from ‘the donkey cart to the aeroplane’.
Self-tuned single-phase AC-AC converter for bidirectional inductive power transfer systems

A direct single-phase ac-ac matrix converter with self-tuning capability and soft-switching operations for bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) systems is introduced. The self-tuning capability of the converter makes it suitable for inductive electric vehicle charging applications where the system has variable operating conditions. The soft-switching operations of the converter significantly improve the efficiency and reduce the switching stress which in turn reduces the complexity of the switching commutation. Also, due to the elimination of DC conversion stage and short life electrolytic capacitors, it is expected to be more reliable and durable. A discrete-time sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed to regulate the power transfer level and its direction in the IPT system. Theoretical analysis and design methodology of the proposed SMC are presented in detail. The simulation analysis on a case study IPT system is carried out and the results show that the proposed converter with its SMC can fully regulate the output resonant current around a user-defined reference value. The proposed converter is specifically suitable for grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connections through inductive electric vehicle (EV) charging systems in residential sectors.
A novel RPE65 inhibitor CU239 suppresses visual cycle and prevents retinal degeneration.

Abstract The retinoid visual cycle is an ocular retinoid metabolism specifically dedicated to support vertebrate vision. The visual cycle serves not only to generate light-sensitive visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal, but also to clear toxic byproducts of normal visual cycle (i.e. all-trans-retinal and its condensation products) from the retina, ensuring both the visual function and the retinal health. Unfortunately, various conditions including genetic predisposition, environment and aging may attribute to a functional decline of the all-trans-retinal clearance. To combat all-trans-retinal mediated retinal degeneration, we sought to slow down the retinoid influx from the RPE by inhibiting the visual cycle with a small molecule. The present study describes identification of CU239, a novel non-retinoid inhibitor of RPE65, a key enzyme in the visual cycle. Our data demonstrated that CU239 selectively inhibited isomerase activity of RPE65, with IC50 of 6 μM. Further, our results indicated that CU239 inhibited RPE65 via competition with its substrate all-trans-retinyl ester. Mice with systemic injection of CU239 exhibited delayed chromophore regeneration after light bleach, and conferred a partial protection of the retina against injury from high intensity light. Taken together, CU239 is a potent visual cycle modulator and may have a therapeutic potential for retinal degeneration.
Stressful Life Events, ADHD Symptoms, and Brain Structure in Early Adolescence

Despite a growing understanding that early adversity in childhood broadly affects risk for psychopathology, the contribution of stressful life events to the development of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not clear. In the present study, we examined the association between number of stressful life events experienced and ADHD symptoms, assessed using the Attention Problems subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist, in a sample of 214 children (43% male) ages 9.11–13.98 years (M = 11.38, SD = 1.05). In addition, we examined whether the timing of the events (i.e., onset through age 5 years or after age 6 years) was associated with ADHD symptoms. Finally, we examined variation in brain structure to determine whether stressful life events were associated with volume in brain regions that were found to vary as a function of symptoms of ADHD. We found a small to moderate association between number of stressful life events and ADHD symptoms. Although the strength of the associations between number of events and ADHD symptoms did not differ as a function of the age of occurrence of stressful experiences, different brain regions were implicated in the association between stressors and ADHD symptoms in the two age periods during which stressful life events occurred. These findings support the hypothesis that early adversity is associated with ADHD symptoms, and provide insight into possible brain-based mediators of this association.