cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image querying by image professionals

This article reports the analysis of two samples of search logs from a commercial image provider over a 1-month period. The study analyzes image searches and queries, user query modification strategies, and user browsing and downloading of results. Unique term searches are less frequent than earlier research has shown; descriptive and thematic queries are more common. Boolean searching, although heavily employed, appears to be ineffective and leads to query modifications. Although there was a large amount of query modification (61.7% of queries across the two samples), the tactics overall do not appear to be carefully thought out and seem to be largely experimental. Given the willingness to modify queries but the inability to do so in an effective way, more support for query modification may be beneficial.
Synthesis of all 16 stereoisomers of pinesaw fly sex pheromones--tools and tactics for solving problems in fluorous mixture synthesis

[Reaction: see text]. The application of fluorous mixture synthesis (FMS) for accessing natural products and their stereoisomers was validated by the total synthesis of all 16 stereoisomers of the pine sawfly sex pheromone. Four fluorous p-methoxybenzyl groups were used as tags, and a "4-mix-4-split" approach was employed in a divergent synthesis. This paper presents the details of the FMS of pine sawfly sex pheromones with an emphasis on identification and solving of problems encountered when working with fluorous mixtures.
Audit judgment research

Abstract This paper identifies themes in the audit judgment literature and suggests implications of the research that supports them. Research on outcome behaviors and investigations of the process of audit decision making are stressed. Issues in both methodology and theory are considered. A brief assessment of the current state of knowledge in the field of audit judgment research is provided, and an argument is offered for a direction of future work based on the idea of context and the need to understand the meaning that tasks have for the subjects who perform them. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of data from studies currently in progress at the University of Minnesota.
Bringing financial literacy and education to low and middle income countries: The need to review, adjust, and extend current wisdom

This paper presents a World Bank led and Russia trust fund financed work program to measure financial capability and the effectiveness of financial education in low and middle income countries. The two activities and their staging have been motivated by the lessons of high income countries with financial literacy programs and the deviating characteristics of low and middle income countries. While progress has been made in high-income countries to measure financial capability, there is little robust empirical evidence that financial education can improve it. While applying the financial capability concept in low and middle-income countries looks promising it will need to be adjusted to their characteristic and supported by innovative interventions and rigorous impact evaluation to improve it.
Water/MAO Acceleration of the Zirconocene-Catalyzed Asymmetric Methylalumination of α-Olefins

The zirconocene-catalyzed enantioselective methylalumination of terminal alkenes is greatly accelerated in the presence of water. Terminal olefins that are inert under the standard conditions can be readily methylated in good yields and with good to high enantioselectivities. Furthermore, methylaluminoxane is also shown to accelerate the reaction, albeit at a lesser rate.
MULTIPLE SENSOR FUSION UNDER UNKNOWN DISTRIBUTIONS

Abstract The sensor S i , i=1, 2, T 20…, N , of a multiple sensor system outputs Y (i) ∈ R , according to an unknown probability distribution P Y ( i ) ∣ X , in response to input X∈ R . The problem is to design a fusion rule f : R N ↦ R , based on a training sample, such that the expected square error I( f )=E[(X−f (Y)) 2 ] is minimized over a family of functions F . In general, f ∗ ϵ F that minimizes I (.) cannot be computed since the underlying distributions are unknown. We consider sufficient conditions and algorithms to compute an estimator f such that I( f )−I( f ∗ ) with probability 1− δ , for any e >0 and 0 δ F . We then review three recent computational methods based on the feedforward sigmoidal networks, the Nadaraya–Watson estimator, and the finite-dimensional vector spaces.
NCS with thiourea as highly efficient catalysts for acetalization of aldehydes

NCS/thiourea-mediated acetalization of aldehydes and alcohols has rapidly provided acetals in almost quantitative yields.
Excited-state acid-base chemistry of coordination complexes

Abstract Photoactivation of Ru(bpy)2dpp2+ (dpp=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) in the presence of MCl6n− (M=Pt(IV), Rh(III), Pd(IV)) leads to quantitative formation of the corresponding bimetallic * Ru ( bpy ) 2 ( dpp ) 2+ + MCl 6 n − → [ Ru ( bpy ) 2 ( dpp ) MCl 4 ] 4 − n +2 Cl − Formation of the bimetallic does not occur by either electron- or energy-transfer processes. Instead, population of the MLCT state in Ru(bpy)2(dpp)2+, localized on the dpp ligand, increases the electron density on peripheral nitrogens as evidenced by an order of magnitude greater than six, increase in their Bronsted basicity relative to that of the ground state. The increased electron density promotes an excited-state coordination chemistry, where changes in coordination, rather than energy or electron transfer, leads to emission quenching and subsequent formation of the bimetallic. The enhanced basicity exists only in the excited state, and coordination of the second peripheral nitrogen, i.e. the chelate effect, competitive with relaxation of the excited state achieves the observed, thermodynamically stable product. This article summarizes the excited-state proton-transfer chemistry of Ru(II) diimine complexes, and discusses the application of this chemistry to excited-state coordination chemistry and the formation of bimetallic complexes.
Equivalence between indirect controllability and complete controllability for quantum systems

Abstract We consider a control scheme where a quantum system S is put in contact with an auxiliary quantum system A and the control can affect A only, while S is the system of interest. The system S is then controlled indirectly through the interaction with A . Complete controllability of S + A means that every unitary state transformation for the system S + A can be achieved with this scheme. Indirect controllability means that every unitary transformation on the system S can be achieved. We prove in this paper, under appropriate conditions and definitions, that these two notions are equivalent in finite dimension. We use Lie algebraic methods to prove this result.
A profile of the world's young developing country migrants

The paper uses individual level census and household survey data to present a rich profile of the young developing migrants around the world. Youth are found to comprise a large share of all migrants, particularly in migration to other developing countries, with the probability of migration peaking in the late teens or early twenties. The paper examines in detail the age and gender composition of migrants, whether young migrants move alone or with a parent or spouse, their participation in schooling and work in the destination country, the types of jobs they do, and the age of return migration. The results suggest a high degree of commonality in the youth migrant experience across a number of destination countries. In particular, developing country youth tend to work in similar occupations all around the world, and are more concentrated in these occupations than older migrants or native youth. Nevertheless, there is also considerable heterogeneity among youth migrants: 29 percent of 18 to 24 year olds are attending school in their destination country, but another 29 percent are not working or in school. This illustrates both the potential of migration for building human capital, and the fear that lack of integration prevents it from being used.
Large non-planar graphs and an application to crossing-critical graphs

We prove that, for every positive integer k, there is an integer N such that every 4-connected non-planar graph with at least N vertices has a minor isomorphic to K"4","k, the graph obtained from a cycle of length 2k+1 by adding an edge joining every pair of vertices at distance exactly k, or the graph obtained from a cycle of length k by adding two vertices adjacent to each other and to every vertex on the cycle. We also prove a version of this for subdivisions rather than minors, and relax the connectivity to allow 3-cuts with one side planar and of bounded size. We deduce that for every integer k there are only finitely many 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs with no subdivision isomorphic to the graph obtained from a cycle of length 2k by joining all pairs of diagonally opposite vertices.
Constraints on the interpretation of S-to-P receiver functions

SUMMARY We present results from forward modelling to study the feasibility of using S-to-P converted phases to image the seismic discontinuity structure of the crust and upper mantle. We show that a significant level of P-wave energy arriving before the direct S-wave arrival can interfere with the S-to-P converted phases of interest and may result in Sp receiver function phases that do not represent true earth structure. The source of this P-wave energy is attributable to a number of phases, including those that have undergone multiple reflections off the Earth’s surface. For deep focus earthquakes (300‐600 km deep), a significant amount of P-wave energy is observed from pPPP, pPPPP and sPPPP phases, and arrives within the same time window as predicted for S-to-P converted phases from the direct S phase arrival. Furthermore, for earthquakes at all depths, interfering P-wave energy arrives within the same time window as predicted for S-to-P converted phases from the SKS phase arrival, limiting the usefulness of SKSp receiver functions for upper mantle imaging. To isolate true Sp receiver function phases from contamination due to other P-wave phases, we find it necessary to stack receiver functions from a range of epicentral distances and depths in order to aid the suppression of noise and other unwanted phases. We provide constraints on the noise levels to be expected as a function of epicentral distance and earthquake depth. We find that the lowest noise levels are achievable by restricting epicentral distance to less than 75 degrees and the depth of earthquakes used to less than 300 km.
Smooth and palindromic Schubert varieties in affine Grassmannians

We completely determine the smooth and palindromic Schubert varieties in affine Grassmannians, in all Lie types. We show that an affine Schubert variety is smooth if and only if it is a closed parabolic orbit. In particular, there are only finitely many smooth affine Schubert varieties in a given Lie type. An affine Schubert variety is palindromic if and only if it is a closed parabolic orbit, a chain, one of an infinite family of "spiral" varieties in type A, or a certain 9-dimensional singular variety in type B 3. In particular, except in type A there are only finitely many palindromic affine Schubert varieties in a fixed Lie type. Moreover, in types D and E an affine Schubert variety is smooth if and only if it is palindromic; in all other types there are singular palindromics. The proofs are for the most part combinatorial. The main tool is a variant of Mozes' numbers game, which we use to analyze the Bruhat order on the coroot lattice. In the proof of the smoothness theorem we also use Chevalley's cup product formula.
Questioning the Effect of Nuclear Weapons on Conflict

We examine the effect of nuclear weapons on interstate conflict. Using more appropriate methodologies than have previously been used, we find that dyads in which both states possess nuclear weapons are not significantly less likely to fight wars, nor are they significantly more or less belligerent at low levels of conflict. This stands in contrast to previous work, which suggests nuclear dyads are some 2.7 million times less likely to fight wars. We additionally find that dyads in which one state possesses nuclear weapons are more prone to low-level conflict (but not more prone to war). This appears to be because nuclear-armed states expand their interests after nuclear acquisition rather than because nuclear weapons provide a shield behind which states can aggress against more powerful conventional-armed states. This calls into question conventional wisdom on the impact of nuclear weapons and has policy implications for the impact of nuclear proliferation.
Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strengths for Fe X

Electron collision excitation strengths for transitions between fine-structure levels of the 3s23p5, 3s3p6, 3s23p43d, 3s3p53d, and 3s23p44s configurations in Fe X are calculated using semirelativistic R-matrix approach which takes into account parts of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. We included 49 fine-structure levels in our scattering calculation. These levels are represented by configuration-interaction wave functions. Rydberg series of resonances converging to the excited state thresholds are explicitly included in the calculation. Present results of collision strength are compared with available distorted wave calculations. Some differences are noted. Effective collision strengths are evaluated by averaging the electron collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies. Results are listed over a wide temperature range (3 × 104- 6 × 106 K) applicable to many astrophysical plasmas.
Localized induction hierarchy and Weingarten systems

Abstract We describe a method of constructing Weingarten systems of triply orthogonal coordinates, related to the localized induction equation hierarchy of integrable geometric evolution equations.
Continuous-time adaptive delay system

We have developed a direction-selective system that has a row of pixels with photodiodes as the front-end. The output of each photodiode is converted to a digital signal, which is then fed to an adaptive-delay block within each pixel. The adaptive block adjusts an internal delay such that the delay matches the phase offset between the rising edges of this digital signal and the corresponding digital signal from the neighboring pixel. The system does this delay matching by using a dynamic current source to adapt the bias voltage that controls the delay. The adaptive-delay block is similar to a digital charge-pump phase-lock loop (PLL). It differs from conventional PLL's however, both in its compact size and its lack of a system clock. It also has a fast pull-in time during the locking of the signal. Since our application does not require low jitter, we have not introduced a phase offset in the comparator as is typically done in PLLs. The transistors here are operated In subthreshold. A stability analysis of the feedback system leads to simple stability and convergence constraints. Experimental results from circuits fabricated in 2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology show that the circuit can lock over 5 decades of frequency.
A high-speed hardware unit for a subset of logic resolution

High-speed engines for logic programming have been the target of much recent research. Here, we present a high-level hardware design and its custom data formats for directly performing a subset of logic resolution. This design uses parallelism in unifying arguments and substituting variable bindings which is distinct from the widely discussed OR and AND parallelism.
Edge energies: Atomistic calculations of a continuum quantity

Controlling the properties of self-assembled nanostructures requires controlling their shape. Size-dependent shape transitions, frequently observed at nanolength scales, are commonly attributed to edge energy effects. To rigorously test such theories against experiment, quantitative atomistic calculations of edge energies are essential, yet none exist. I describe a fundamental ambiguity in the atomistic definition of edge energies, propose a definition based on equimolar dividing surfaces, and present an atomistic calculation of edge energies for Pd clusters.
Cumulative and Career-Stage Citation Impact of Social-Personality Psychology Programs and Their Members

Number of citations and the h-index are popular metrics for indexing scientific impact. These, and other existing metrics, are strongly related to scientists’ seniority. This article introduces complementary indicators that are unrelated to the number of years since PhD. To illustrate cumulative and career-stage approaches for assessing the scientific impact across a discipline, citations for 611 scientists from 97 U.S. and Canadian social psychology programs are amassed and analyzed. Results provide benchmarks for evaluating impact across the career span in psychology and other disciplines with similar citation patterns. Career-stage indicators provide a very different perspective on individual and program impact than cumulative impact, and may predict emerging scientists and programs. Comparing social groups, Whites and men had higher impact than non-Whites and women, respectively. However, average differences in career stage accounted for most of the difference for both groups.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION ESTIMATION IN A SEARCH MODEL WITH MATCHING AND BARGAINING

This article develops a search model of the labor market with matching, bargaining, and employers’ taste discrimination in which—under necessary but standard distributional assumption—it is possible to separately identify gender discrimination and unobserved productivity differences. The equilibrium shows that both prejudiced and unprejudiced employers wage discriminate. Maximum likelihood estimates on CPS data indicate that half of the employers are prejudiced, average female productivity is 6.5% lower, and two-third of the gender earning differential may be explained by prejudice. An affirmative action policy is implemented resulting in a redistribution of welfare from men to women at no cost for employers’ welfare.
Social Work and Law Interdisciplinary Service Learning: Increasing Future Lawyers’ Interpersonal Skills

Social workers and attorneys both interact with persons from diverse backgrounds every day, yet although interpersonal skills are an essential focus of social work education, these skills are not addressed in legal education. Interdisciplinary courses in which social workers and lawyers learn interpersonal skills together and have an opportunity to practice them through service learning opportunities are a way to remedy a gap in legal education. The authors describe a project recently piloted at a large midwestern university in which law and graduate social work students participated in an interdisciplinary course with a service learning component requiring students to work together on cases. As one component of the clinic’s assessment, all students were pre- and posttested via an interpersonal skills survey. The law students showed statistically significant improvement in interpersonal skills at the end of the course. The results indicate a need for increased support for interdisciplinary education, spec...
Bayesian nonparametric hidden semi-Markov models

There is much interest in the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden Markov Model (HDP-HMM) as a natural Bayesian nonparametric extension of the ubiquitous Hidden Markov Model for learning from sequential and time-series data. However, in many settings the HDP-HMM's strict Markovian constraints are undesirable, particularly if we wish to learn or encode non-geometric state durations. We can extend the HDP-HMM to capture such structure by drawing upon explicit-duration semi-Markov modeling, which has been developed mainly in the parametric non-Bayesian setting, to allow construction of highly interpretable models that admit natural prior information on state durations. In this paper we introduce the explicit-duration Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden semi-Markov Model (HDP-HSMM) and develop sampling algorithms for efficient posterior inference. The methods we introduce also provide new methods for sampling inference in the finite Bayesian HSMM. Our modular Gibbs sampling methods can be embedded in samplers for larger hierarchical Bayesian models, adding semi-Markov chain modeling as another tool in the Bayesian inference toolbox. We demonstrate the utility of the HDP-HSMM and our inference methods on both synthetic and real experiments.
Acceleration and filtering in the generalized Landweber iteration using a variable shaping matrix

The generalized Landweber iteration with a variable shaping matrix is used to solve the large linear system of equations arising in the image reconstruction problem of emission tomography. The method is based on the property that once a spatial frequency image component is almost recovered within in in the generalized Landweber iteration, this component will still stay within in during subsequent iterations with a different shaping matrix, as long as this shaping matrix satisfies the convergence criterion for the component. Two different shaping matrices are used: the first recovers low-frequency image components; and the second may be used either to accelerate the reconstruction of high-frequency image components, or to attenuate these components to filter the image. The variable shaping matrix gives results similar to truncated inverse filtering, but requires much less computation and memory, since it does not rely on the singular value decomposition. >
Crop failure in Dalocha, Ethiopia: a participatory emergency response.

This case study of an NGO’s response to a food crisis due to crop failure focuses on the extent of active community participation at each stage of the project. With the current debate on the relationship between relief and development, and in particular the focus on encouraging more active community participation in relief responses, this study has relevance both in the Ethiopian context and beyond. In this example the participation process was greatly facilitated by the prior relationship between the international NGO and the communities, and also by the high level of staff input into the project. Where resources or conditions are less favourable, as might be the case in similar responses by local NGOs or government agencies, the paper suggests that the participatory approach can be adapted or partially implemented and still result in a more effective and locally relevant operation.
BCS: THE SCIENTIFIC "LOVE OF MY LIFE"

After short comments on my early addenda to BCS — gauge invariance and the Anderson–Higgs mechanism, the dirty superconductor "theorem," and the spinor representation — I focus on the interaction mechanisms which cause electron–electron pairing. These bifurcate into two almost non-overlapping classes. In order to cause electrons to pair in spite of the strong, repulsive, instantaneous Coulomb vertex, the electrons can evade each others' propinquity on the same site at the same time either dynamically, by retaining Γ0 (s-wave) relative symmetry, but avoiding each other in time — called "dynamic screening" — or by assuming a non-symmetric relative wave function, avoiding each other in space. All simple metals and alloys, including all the (so far) technically useful superconductors, follow the former scheme. But starting with the first discovery of "heavy-electron" superconductors in 1979, and continuing with the "organics" and the magnetic transition metal compounds such as the cuprates and the iron pnictides, it appears that the second class may turn out to be numerically superior and theoretically more fascinating. The basic interaction in many of these cases appears to be the "kinetic exchange" or superexchange characteristic of magnetic insulators.
A Fitness-Utility Model for Design Science Research

Current thinking in design science research (DSR) defines the usefulness of the design artifact in a relevant problem environment as the primary research goal. Here we propose a complementary evaluation model for DSR. Drawing from evolutionary economics, we define a fitness-utility model that better captures the evolutionary nature of design improvements and the essential DSR nature of searching for a satisfactory design across a fitness landscape. Our goal is to move DSR to more meaningful evaluations of design artifacts for sustainable impacts. A key premise of this new thinking is that the evolutionary fitness of a design artifact is more valuable than its immediate usefulness. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and challenges of the fitness-utility model for the performance of rigorous and relevant DSR.
On the average of the Airy process and its time reversal

We show that the supremum of the average of the Airy process and its time reversal minus a parabola is distributed as the maximum of two independent GUE Tracy-Widom random variables. The proof is obtained by considering a directed last passage percolation model with a rotational symmetry in two different ways. We also review other known identities between the Airy process and the Tracy-Widom distributions.
Industrial R&D as a national policy: Horizontal technology policies and industry-state co-evolution in the growth of the Israeli software industry

The Israeli software industry has been an indisputable success since the 1990s. This paper utilizes the development of the Israeli industry to empirically explore the argument of the horizontal technology policies (HTP) framework on the impact of neutral science and technology policies on industrial development. The paper micro-analyzes the Israeli software industry and compares its unique historical development pattern with other emerging countries. It describes (1) the rise of this industry as one outcome of the development of the entire IT industry in Israel; (2) the reasons behind the industry’s ability to conduct and focus on intensive RD (3) the industry’s success in becoming an integral part of the American financial and IT industrial sector. It argues that only by understanding the intricate co-evolution of state-industry relations and the specific HTP regime employed in Israel can we understand the current behavior, conditions, business models, and capability of the industry. Therefore, the argument is that Israel’s industrial science and technology developmental agencies did not aim at creating a software industry, but rather at the development of novel products R&D-based industry. However, the software industry has been significantly influenced throughout its development by the specific system of innovation which these policies fostered. Thus, the paper argues that public policy is one of the main reasons why the industry has focused almost entirely on product R&D activities. In addition, the paper suggests that the state’s science and technology industrial policy has propelled the industry into its intimate relationship with the American financial sector. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Earthquake spatial distribution: the correlation dimension

SUMMARY We review methods for determining the fractal dimensions of earthquake epicentres and hypocentres, paying special attention to the problem of errors, biases and systematic effects. Among effects considered are earthquake location errors, boundary effects, inhomogeneity of depth distribution and temporal dependence. In particular, the correlation dimension of earthquake spatial distribution is discussed, techniques for its evaluation presented, and results for several earthquake catalogues are analysed. We show that practically any value for the correlation dimension can be obtained if many errors and inhomogeneities in observational data as well as deficiencies in data processing are not properly considered. It is likely that such technical difficulties are intensified when one attempts to evaluate multifractal measures of dimension. Taking into account possible errors and biases, we conclude that the fractal dimension for shallow seismicity asymptotically approaches 2.20 ± 0.05 for a catalogue time span of decades and perhaps centuries. The value of the correlation dimension declines to 1.8‐1.9 for intermediate events (depth interval 71‐280 km) and to 1.5‐1.6 for deeper ones.
MASS-RADIUS RELATIONSHIPS FOR VERY LOW MASS GASEOUS PLANETS

Recently, the Kepler spacecraft has detected a sizable aggregate of objects, characterized by giant-planet-like radii and modest levels of stellar irradiation. With the exception of a handful of objects, the physical nature, and specifically the average densities, of these bodies remain unknown. Here, we propose that the detected giant planet radii may partially belong to planets somewhat less massive than Uranus and Neptune. Accordingly, in this work, we seek to identify a physically sound upper limit to planetary radii at low masses and moderate equilibrium temperatures. As a guiding example, we analyze the interior structure of the Neptune-mass planet Kepler-30d and show that it is acutely deficient in heavy elements, especially compared with its solar system counterparts. Subsequently, we perform numerical simulations of planetary thermal evolution and in agreement with previous studies, show that generally, 10-20 M_⊕, multi-billion year old planets, composed of high density cores and extended H/He envelopes can have radii that firmly reside in the giant planet range. We subject our results to stability criteria based on extreme ultraviolet radiation, as well as Roche-lobe overflow driven mass-loss and construct mass-radius relationships for the considered objects. We conclude by discussing observational avenues that may be used to confirm or repudiate the existence of putative low mass, gas-dominated planets.
Tuffy: scaling up statistical inference in Markov logic networks using an RDBMS

Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) have emerged as a powerful framework that combines statistical and logical reasoning; they have been applied to many data intensive problems including information extraction, entity resolution, and text mining. Current implementations of MLNs do not scale to large real-world data sets, which is preventing their widespread adoption. We present Tuffy that achieves scalability via three novel contributions: (1) a bottom-up approach to grounding that allows us to leverage the full power of the relational optimizer, (2) a novel hybrid architecture that allows us to perform AI-style local search efficiently using an RDBMS, and (3) a theoretical insight that shows when one can (exponentially) improve the efficiency of stochastic local search. We leverage (3) to build novel partitioning, loading, and parallel algorithms. We show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art implementations in both quality and speed on several publicly available datasets.
The non‐linear response of the magnetosphere: 30 October 1978

Previous efforts to find evidence of deterministic nonlinear dynamics in the global geomagnetic system have treated the geomagnetic system as autonomous. However, the geomagnetic system is strongly driven by the stochastic so- lar wind. We consider the response of the magnetosphere, as given by the AE index, for one day when the IMF had a nearly constant southward value. Using both a series of non-linear statistics and non-linear prediction of the response to the input signal , we find that there is some evidence for determin- istic non-linear response of the Earth's magnetosphere on t hat day.
Design optimization of one-turn helix: a novel compliant off-chip interconnect

As the rapid advances in integrated circuit (IC) design and fabrication continue to challenge and push the electronic packaging technology, in terms of fine pitch, high performance, low cost, and good reliability, compliant interconnects show great potential for next-generation packaging. One-turn helix (OTH) interconnect, a compliant chip-to-next level substrate or off-chip interconnect, is proposed in this work, and this interconnect can facilitate wafer-level probing as well as wafer-level packaging without the need for an underfill. The interconnect has high mechanical compliance in the three orthogonal directions, and can accommodate the differential displacement induced by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon die and an organic substrate. The fabrication of the helix interconnect is similar to the standard IC fabrication, and the wafer-level packaging makes it cost effective. In this paper, we report the fabrication of an area array of helix interconnects on a silicon wafer. Also, we have studied the effect of interconnect geometry parameters on its mechanical compliance and electrical parasitics. Thinner and narrower arcuate beams with larger radius and taller post are found to have better mechanical compliance. However, it is found that structures with excellent mechanical compliance cannot have good electrical performance. Therefore, a trade off is needed for the design of OTH interconnect. An optimization technique using response surface methodology has been applied to select the optimal structure parameters. The optimal compliant OTH interconnect will have a total standoff height of about 100 /spl mu/m, a radius of about 35 /spl mu/m and a cross section area of about 430 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.
Fiber-optic spanner

Methods of controllable, noncontact rotation of optically trapped microscopic objects have garnered significant attention for tomographic imaging and microfluidic actuation. Here, we report development of a fiber-optic spanner and demonstrate controlled rotation of smooth muscle cells. The rotation is realized by introducing a transverse offset between two counterpropagating beams emanating from single-mode optical fibers. The rotation speed and surrounding microfluidic flow could be controlled by varying balanced laser beam powers. Further, we demonstrate simultaneous translation and rotation of the fiber-optically trapped cell by varying the laser power of one fiber-optic arm.
The price of anarchy in games of incomplete information

We define smooth games of incomplete information. We prove an "extension theorem" for such games: price of anarchy bounds for pure Nash equilibria for all induced full-information games extend automatically, without quantitative degradation, to all mixed-strategy Bayes-Nash equilibria with respect to a product prior distribution over players' preferences. We also note that, for Bayes-Nash equilibria in games with correlated player preferences, there is no general extension theorem for smooth games.We give several applications of our definition and extension theorem. First, we show that many games of incomplete information for which the price of anarchy has been studied are smooth in our sense. Thus our extension theorem unifies much of the known work on the price of anarchy in games of incomplete information. Second, we use our extension theorem to prove new bounds on the price of anarchy of Bayes-Nash equilibria in congestion games with incomplete information.
How female professionals successfully process and negotiate involuntary job loss at faith-based colleges and universities: A grounded theory study

Using a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006), this qualitative study examined how eight female senior-level professionals employed at faith-based colleges and universities processed and navigated the experience of involuntary job loss and successfully transitioned to another position. The theoretical framework of psychological capital (PsyCap; Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007) was foundational in creating the interview protocol; thus, the research represents a contribution to both Christian higher education and to the field of positive psychology. Questions were designed by the researcher to reveal if indicators of the four PsyCap capacities of hope, self-efficacy, resiliency, or optimism were evident in women's responses. Analysis of these findings revealed that PsyCap capacities were present yet supported and propelled by two central tenets—the participants’ expression of faith (Pargament & Mahoney, 2009) and the ethic of care, based on the ethic of care theory introduced and develope...
Maxwell, Hertz, the Maxwellians, and the early history of electromagnetic waves

In 1864, Maxwell conjectured from his famous equations that light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's conjecture does not imply that he believed that light could be generated electromagnetically. In fact, he was silent about electromagnetic waves, and their generation and detection. It took almost a quarter of a century before Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves and his brilliant experiments confirmed Maxwell's theory. Maxwell's ideas and equations were expanded, modified, and made understandable by the efforts of Hertz, FitzGerald, Lodge, and Heaviside, the last three being referred to as the "Maxwellians." The early history of electromagnetic waves, up to the death of Hertz in 1894, is briefly discussed. The work of Hertz and the Maxwellians is briefly reviewed in the context of electromagnetic waves. It is found that historical facts do not support the views proposed by some, in the past, that Hertz's epoch-making findings and contributions were "significantly influenced by the Maxwellians.".
On the sign representations for the complex reflection groups G ( r , p , n )

We present a formula for the values of the sign representations of a complex reflection group G(r, p, n) in terms of its image under a generalized Robinson–Schensted algorithm.
First-Principles Calculation of Electronic, Optical, and Structural Properties of α-Al2O3

The electronic structure, the linear optical properties, and the structural properties of α-Al 2 O 3 in the corundum structure are studied by means of first-principles local density calculations. An indirect band gap of 6.29 eV is obtained, which is almost the same as the direct band gap of 6.31 eV at Γ. The calculated density of states are compared with X-ray photoemission and photoabsorption measurements. Real space charge density analysis shows Al 2 O 3 to be highly ionic with an effective charge formula of Al 2 +2.75 O 3 -1.83 . The calculated dielectric function is in general agreement with the experimental vacuum ultraviolet data
Parallel Sequence Mining on Shared-Memory Machines

We present pSPADE, a parallel algorithm for fast discovery of frequent sequences in large databases. pSPADE decomposes the original search space into smaller suffix-based classes. Each class can be solved in main-memory using efficient search techniques and simple join operations. Furthermore, each class can be solved independently on each processor requiring no synchronization. However, dynamic interclass and intraclass load balancing must be exploited to ensure that each processor gets an equal amount of work. Experiments on a 12 processor SGI Origin 2000 shared memory system show good speedup and excellent scaleup results.
Generalized monotonicity analysis

Complex economic models often lack the structure for the application of standard techniques in monotone comparative statics. Generalized monotonicity analysis (GMA) extends the available methods in several directions. First, it provides a way of finding parameter moves that yield monotonicity of model solutions. Second, it allows studying the monotonicity of functions or subsets of variables. Third, GMA naturally provides bounds on the sensitivity of variables to parameter changes. Fourth, GMA may be used to derive conditions under which monotonicity obtains with respect to functions of parameters, corresponding to imposed parameter moves. Fifth, GMA contributes insights into the theory of comparative statics, for example, with respect to dealing with constraints or exploiting additional information about the model structure. Several applications of GMA are presented, including constrained optimization, nonsupermodular games, aggregation, robust inference, and monotone comparative dynamics.
Variation of entrainment in annular jets

Mesure des distributions de vitesse moyenne pour des jets axisymetriques circulaires et annulaires entrant dans un environnement stagnant. On en deduit des donnees sur la decroissance de la vitesse de ligne des centres et sur la croissance de la largeur du jet
Vanadium-catalyzed selenide oxidation with in situ[2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement (SOS reaction): scope and asymmetric applications.

A vanadium-catalyzed method for the oxidation of prochiral aryl, allylic selenides with tandem [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement has been developed. This protocol has been screened on a series of substrates to test for its generality and effectiveness. The applicability of this methodology to the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohols has been studied on a series of chiral oxazole-containing systems with a diastereomeric ratio (d.r.) of up to 85 : 15. The chiral transfer observed in the allyl alcohol products is the result of a net 1,9- and/or 1,10-induction. Finally, the first example of a selenium–oxygen nonbonding interaction in oxazole-containing selenide appears to have been observed via X-ray crystal analysis.
Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3‐Dipolar and Diels–Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis

The application and performance of conceptual and qualitative theories and quantitative quantum mechanical methods to the study of mechanism, reactivity, and selectivity of 1,3-dipolar and Diels-Alder cycloadditions are reviewed. This review emphasizes the application of conceptual density functional theory (DFT) for predicting reactivity and regioselectivity, and highly accurate quantum mechanical methods for predicting barrier heights and reaction energetics. Applications of computations to solvation effects, metal and organocatalysis, are also described.
Dual Adsorber-Capillary Column System for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Air Samples

Abstract An interface which allows thermal desorption and subsequent capillary gas chromatographic analysis of air samples is described. A small solid-sorbent trap is positioned between the sampling tube and capillary column. A sample thermally released from the sampling tube is transferred by a carrier gas at high flow rate to the trap and retained. From there it is again thermally released and transferred to the capillary column by carrier gas at a low flow rate, as required by capillary GC. The transfer and injection steps are effected by means of externally placed solenoid valves. The performance of the system depends on the desorption temperature and time allowed for transfer of the sample between the two adsorbers and the column. These parameters are programmable and can be changed to suit the requirements of a particular analysis. The system allows the analysis of sub-parts-per-billion concentrations of organic compounds in a comparatively simple and reproducible manner. Operation of the system doe...
Spectroscopic evidence for spin-polarized edge states in graphitic Si nanowires

The step edges on the Si(553)–Au surface undergo a 1 × 3 reconstruction at low temperature which has recently been interpreted theoretically as the ×3 ordering of spin-polarized silicon atoms at the edges of the graphitic Si nanowires on this vicinal surface. This predicted magnetic ground state has a clear spectroscopic signature—a silicon step-edge state at 0.5 eV above the Fermi level—that arises from strong exchange splitting and hence would not occur without spin polarization. Here we report spatially resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy data for these nanowires. At low temperature we find an unoccupied state at 0.5 eV above every third step-edge silicon atom, in excellent agreement with the spin-polarized ground state predicted theoretically. This spin-polarized state survives up to room temperature where the position of the spins rapidly fluctuates among all Si step-edge sites.
On a new notion of the solution to an ill-posed problem

A new understanding of the notion of the stable solution to ill-posed problems is proposed. The new notion is more realistic than the old one and better fits the practical computational needs. A method for constructing stable solutions in the new sense is proposed and justified. The basic point is: in the traditional definition of the stable solution to an ill-posed problem Au=f, where A is a linear or nonlinear operator in a Hilbert space H, it is assumed that the noisy data {f"@d,@d} are given, @?f-f"@[email protected][email protected][email protected], and a stable solution u"@d:=R"@df"@d is defined by the relation lim"@d"->"[email protected]?R"@df"@[email protected]?=0, where y solves the equation Au=f, i.e., Ay=f. In this definition y and f are unknown. Any [email protected]?B(f"@d,@d) can be the exact data, where B(f"@d,@d):={f:@?f-f"@[email protected][email protected][email protected]}. The new notion of the stable solution excludes the unknown y and f from the definition of the solution. The solution is defined only in terms of the noisy data, noise level, and an a priori information about a compactum to which the solution belongs.
Paradox of Writing Clear Rules: Interplay of Financial Reporting Standards and Engineering

Attempts to improve financial reporting by adding clarity to its rules and standards through issuance of interpretations and guidance also serve to furnish a better roadmap for evasion through financial engineering. Thus, paradoxically, regulation of financial reporting becomes a victim of its own pursuit of clarity. The interplay between rules written to govern preparation and auditing of financial reports on one hand, and financial engineering of securities to manage the appearance of financial reports on the other, played a significant role in the financial crisis of the recent years. Fundamental rethinking about excessive dependence of financial reporting on written rules (to the exclusion of general acceptance and social norms) may be necessary to preserve the integrity of financial reporting in its losing struggle with
Compassionate use of experimental therapies: who should decide?

In addition to being an example of unsubstantiated hype about regenerative medicine, the controversy around the Italy-based Stamina Foundation's unproven stem cell therapy represents another chapter in a continuing debate about how to balance patients' requests for early access to experimental medicines with requirements for demonstrating safety and effectiveness. Compassionate use of the Stamina therapy arguably should not have been permitted under Italy's laws, but public pressure was intense and judges ultimately granted access. One lesson from these events is that expert regulatory agencies may be the institutions most competent to make compassionate use decisions and that policies should include more specific criteria for authorizing compassionate use. But even where regulatory agencies make decisions based on clear rules, difficult questions will arise.
N-ALKYLATION OF HINDERED SECONDARY AROMATIC AMINES WITH 2-IODOBUTANE

(1991). N-ALKYLATION OF HINDERED SECONDARY AROMATIC AMINES WITH 2-IODOBUTANE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 399-402.
Algebraic series and valuation rings over nonclosed fields

Abstract Suppose that k is an arbitrary field. Let k [ [ x 1 , … , x n ] ] be the ring of formal power series in n variables with coefficients in k . Let k ¯ be the algebraic closure of k and σ ∈ k ¯ [ [ x 1 , … , x n ] ] . We give a simple necessary and sufficient condition for σ to be algebraic over the quotient field of k [ [ x 1 , … , x n ] ] . We also characterize valuation rings V dominating an excellent Noetherian local domain R of dimension 2, and such that the rank increases after passing to the completion of a birational extension of R . This is a generalization of the characterization given by M. Spivakovsky [Valuations in function fields of surfaces, Amer. J. Math. 112 (1990) 107–156] in the case when the residue field of R is algebraically closed.