cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocardial metabolic imaging: Viability and beyond

Because of the high metabolic cost of maintaining an adequate cardiac output, the heart possesses the ability to utilize a wide variety of metabolic substrates, including fatty acids, glucose, lactate, amino acids, and ketone bodies. The relative contribution of each of these substrates is regulated by multiple factors, including substrate concentration, presence of adequate blood flow and oxygen, the action of a variety of hormones, and the influences of disease states that can alter the metabolic machinery of the heart. This review summarizes the biochemical and cellular basis of myocardial substrate selection, as well as the changes in the metabolic phenotype of the heart in response to cardiac diseases. Based on this background, this review also illustrates the nuclear-based imaging techniques that can be used to assess myocardial metabolism and their current and future applications to patient care.
SERS investigation of the adsorption and electroreduction of 4-cyanopyridine on a silver electrode☆

Abstract Time-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (TR-SERS) has been used to study the adsorption and reduction of 4-cyanopyridine (4-CNPY) in non-buffered 0.1 M KCl aqueous solutions on an Ag electrode. At electrode potentials of −0.1 to −0,6 V vs. SCF, well before the reduction process occurs, the nature of the adsorbed species depends on both the solution concentration and the time following an oxidation-reduction process. At 20.0 mM 4-CNPY a dimer or aggregated surface species which forms dynamically on the surface is deduced from the SERS spectra, whereas at 1.0 mM and below a monomer species oriented vertically to the surface and attached end-on through the ring nitrogen is deduced. A pump-probe TR-SERS method with an applied potential pump and a CW 488 nm optical probe was used to investigate the electrode potential region where the reduction process occurred, ≥ −1.2 V vs. SCE. In the more dilute solutions, SERS spectra showed that pyridine and CN− are the products of the electrode reaction, whereas at concentrations of 10 mM and above the TR-SERS spectra indicated that a bimolecular reaction occurred with the most likely product being azo-4-methylpyridine. Rate constants for reaction steps in both the monomolecular and bimolecular processes are estimated.
Primary-Care Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a relatively common problem, affects 3 to 5% of school-age children. Physicians are often reluctant to treat children with ADHD, possibly because of the lack of a practical approach to the assessment. The medical model, with some modifications, is well suited for this purpose. Comprehensive treatment, including both medication and nonmedical intervention, should be coordinated by the primary-care provider. Logistic considerations are another barrier to effective treatment of ADHD. The physician must have a practical plan to provide high-quality care to children with ADHD. Primary-care physicians, who have detailed information about children and their families, are in an ideal position to treat patients with ADHD.
Electronic structure and electron-phonon coupling in layered copper oxide superconductors

Abstract Experimental data on the layered Cu-O superconductors seem more and more to reflect normal Fermi-liquid behavior and substantial correspondence with band structure predictions. Recent self-consistent, microscopic band theoretic calculations of the electronic structure, lattice instabilities, phonon frequencies, and electron-phonon coupling characteristics and strength for La 2 CuO 4 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 are reviewed. A dominant feature of the coupling is a novel Madelung-like contribution which would be screened out in high density of states superconductors but survives in cuprates because of weak screening. Local density functional theory correctly predicts the instability of (La, Ba) 2 CuO 4 to both the low-temperature orthorhombic phase (below room temperature) and the lower-temperature tetragonal phase (below 50 K).
Change IS Possible: Reducing High Risk Drinking Using a Collaborative Improvement Model

AbstractObjective: To describe the adoption of public health and improvement methodologies to address college students’ high-risk drinking behaviors and to aid in prevention efforts. Participants: Members of 32 colleges and universities, content experts, and staff members of the National College Health Improvement Program (NCHIP). Methods: A 2-year learning collaborative developed by NCHIP trained individuals from 32 different college and universities in using the Plan–Do–Study–Act cycle as a method to create and implement initiatives aimed at reducing students’ high-risk drinking behaviors and related harms. Results: Participants experienced success ranging from noteworthy increases in type and amount of interventions directed at reducing high-risk drinking, to creating collaboratives across campus, the local community, and stakeholders. Challenges related to data collection and creating lasting cultural change remain. Conclusions: The use of quality improvement methodologies and creation of a national c...
Resolution of intractability of seizure disorder following the presurgical workup

Sometimes the resolution of seizure disorder intractability can occur following the presurgical workup without actual definitive surgery, such as temporal lobectomy or focal cortical resection. Possible mechanisms include inadvertent partial lesionectomy caused by the depth electrode and “drug holidays” for the purpose of long-term monitoring.
Thermospheric nitric oxide from the ATLAS 1 and Spacelab 1 missions

Spectral and spatial images obtained with the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory on the ATLAS 1 and Spacelab 1 missions are used to study the ultraviolet emissions of nitric oxide in the thermosphere. By synthetically fitting the measured NO gamma bands, intensities are derived as a function of altitude and latitude. We find that the NO concentrations inferred from the ATLAS 1 measurements are higher than predicted by our thermospheric airglow model and tend to lie to the high side of a number of earlier measurements. By comparison with synthetic spectral fits, the shape of the NO gamma bands is used to derive temperature as a function of altitude. Using the simultaneous spectral and spatial imaging capability of the instrument, we present the first simultaneously acquired altitude images of NO gamma band temperature and intensity in the thermosphere. The lower thermospheric temperature images show structure as a function of altitude. The spatial imaging technique appears to be a viable means of obtaining temperatures in the middle and lower thermosphere, provided that good information is also obtained at the higher altitudes, as the contribution of the overlying, hotter NO is nonnegligible. By fitting both self-absorbed and nonabsorbed bands of the NO gamma system, we show that the self absorption effects are observable up to 200 km, although small above 150 km. The spectral resolution of the instrument (1.6 A) allows separation of the N(+)(S-5) doublet, and we show the contribution of this feature to the combination of the NO gamma (1, 0) band and the N(+)(S-5) doublet as a function of altitude (less than 10% below 200 km). Spectral images including the NO delta bands support previous findings that the fluorescence efficiency is much higher than that determined from laboratory measurements. The Spacelab 1 data indicate the presence of a significant population of hot NO in the vehicle environment of that early shuttle mission.
SU-E-T-455: Novel Planning Techniques for Lung SBRT.

Purpose: Two new planning techniques in lungSBRT are presented. The first technique involves a differential dosing strategy for patients with compromised pulmonary function. The second technique compares supine vs prone setup for extreme posterior lesions. CyberKnife™(CK) prone setup is complicated due to patient discomfort from longer treatment times and the inability to track without fiducials. Methods: CK(G.3) Multiplan™(V3.5). Synchrony™, XSight™ LungTracking Systems. Our lungSBRT patients are tracked using fiducials with Synchrony or without fiducials with XSight using a 60 Gy in three fractions scheme. If the ray‐tracing optimized plan results in V15Gy greater than 10% we employ the differential dosing technique. A new PTV is created to encompass the 54 Gy isodose surface. A more conformal plan with a dose constraint of 60Gy to CTV and 54Gy to PTV is created appreciably lowering the V15Gy. Alternatively a 54Gy PTV can be created from measured respiration excursions. For the prone/supine comparison, plans were generated for both positions then evaluated. Results: Patients planned with the differential dose technique have a good tumor response as evidenced by a follow‐up PET. Although prone setup is preferred for extremely posterior tumors, a dosimetrically comparable supine plan can be created to replicate the prone plan. The supine low dose spillage was only slightly greater than in the prone case. Conclusions: We conclude that the 54Gy/60Gy dosed patients have almost the same tumor response as the standard 60 Gy treatment. A dosimetrically similar supine plan obviates the need for a prone delivery.
Observation of quantum effects and Coulomb blockade in silicon quantum-dot transistors at temperatures over 100 K

We report the fabrication and characterization of lithographically defined nanoscale silicon quantum‐dot transistors that operate at temperatures over 100 K and a bias higher than 0.07 V. In the tunneling regime, these transistors show strong current oscillations due to quantum confinement and single‐electron charging effects. In the propagating regime, a different kind of current modulation has been observed, which is attributed to the interference between different modes of quantum waves in a cavity. Proper scaling of these transistors should lead to operation at room temperature and a bias of 0.3 V.
Research of an energy-aware MAC protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Because of the manner of wireless communication channel and limited communication resource, research of MAC protocol is one of challenging issues in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). S-MAC is a representative MAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Network, but its energy strategy is still not perfect. Focus on energy efficiency, a new S-MAC based protocol that is called Packets Decision MAC (PD-MAC) is proposed. In PD-MAC, data-based RTS/ CTS is designed to bring forth details of data packets to all neighbor nodes. Based on these details, packets decision scenario is proposed to help neighbor nodes selectively abandon the right of packets transmission. So the amount of transmitted packets and probability of collision can be reduced reasonably, and energy consumption on them will be saved. With the simulations, the proposed protocol is evaluated in comparison with S-MAC from energy efficiency to accuracy of packets received by sink The performance of PD-MAC is verified to be efficient and competent.
Emergency department radiation accident protocol

Every emergency department faces the potential problem of handling one or more victims of a radiation accident. While emergency departments near nuclear power plants or isotope production laboratories probably have a detailed protocol for such emergencies, a similar protocol is needed for the emergency department that may have to handle an isolated event, such as a vehicular accident that spills radioactive material and contaminates passengers or bystanders. This communication attempts to answer that need, presenting a step-by-step protocol for decontamination of a radiation victim, the rationale on which each step is based, a list of needed supplies, and a short summary of decorporation procedures that should be started in the emergency department.
An electrode for the coulometric generation of hydrogen ion

Abstract The anodic generation of hydrogen ion on bright platinum in 1·0M sodium perchlorate is not quantitative owing to the formation of a chemical species With oxidizing properties, presumably a peroxydiperchlorate, but 100% current efficiency can be obtained in the anodic generation of hydrogen in 0·25M sodium hydrazinium sulphate, Na(N2H5)SO4. Five hydrogen ions are formed for each four electrons passed. The efficiency of this “hydrazine-platinum anode” has been demonstrated by the high-precision coulometric titration of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
Effects of ethylene and inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and action on nodulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The ethylene releasing compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) inhibited nodule development in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. In contrast, inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or its physiological activity enhanced nodulation. In a co-culture of bean seeds and rhizobia, ethephon inhibited rhizobial growth while inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or action did not influence the growth and proliferation of rhizobia. These data emphasize the role of ethylene as a regulator of nodulation in determinate nodulators and indicate that the ethylene signaling pathway involved in the nodulation process is not limited to the plant host but also involves the bacterial symbiont.
Comparison of rest thallium-201 imaging and rest technetium-99m sestamibi imaging for assessment of myocardial viability in patients with coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction☆

Objectives. We prospectively compared myocardial uptake of thallium-201 (201Tl) at rest with rest technetium-99m (99mTc) sestamibi uptake in the same patients, using quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Background. Because of only slightly delayed redistribution, 99mTc-sestamibi uptake at rest may be less than 201Tl uptake, thereby underestimating the extent of viability. Methods. Twenty patients (2.25 stenoses per patient) with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 33 ± 2% underwent early and 3-h delayed rest 201Tl SPECT, rest 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT and two-dimensional echocardiography. Results. The 280 scan segments were classified as either a normal, mild reduction in viability, defined as delayed 201Tl uptake ≤75% and ≥5%, or a severe reduction in viability, defined as delayed 201Tl uptake <50%. Mild and severe defects were further classified as fixed or having rest 201Tl redistribution. Comparisons by patients were made using repeated measures analysis of variance and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test to compare 99mTc-sestamibi with initial rest 201Tl and delayed 201Tl uptake. Twenty patients had at least one mild fixed defect (95 total segments). The average percent uptake in these defects for initial 201Tl, delayed 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi was 62.5 ± 2.7%, 63.1 ± 7.1% and 67.3 ± 9.7%, respectively (p = NS). Twelve patients (27 segments) had mild redistribution defects on serial rest 201Tl imaging. The average percent uptake was 61.6 ± 5.2% for initial 201Tl, 67.0 ± 9.1% for delayed 201Tl and 67.7 ± 12.4% for 99mTc-sestamibi defects. Technetium-99m sestamibi uptake was not significantly different than that for delayed 201Tl but was significantly greater than initial 201Tl uptake. Seventeen patients (52 segments) had severe fixed 201Tl defects. The average percent uptake was 38.9 ± 7.3% for initial 201Tl, 38.3 ± 12.2% for delayed 201Tl and 42.7 ± 14.2% for 99mTc-sestamibi defects in these patients (p = NS). Ten patients (19 segments) had severe redistribution defects on rest 201Tl imaging. The average percent uptake was 37.0 ± 8.5% for initial 201Tl, 42.9 ± 8.6% for delayed 201Tl and 44.5 ± 11.3% for 99mTc-sestamibi defects. As was seen for mild 201Tl redistribution defects, 99mTc-sestamibi uptake was significantly higher than initial 201Tl uptake, but not significantly different than delayed 201Tl uptake in these severe defects. Conclusions. Technetium-99m sestamibi uptake after injection at rest is comparable to 201Tl uptake after injection at rest in patients with severe coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting comparable worth for viability assessment.
Similarities and differences between women and men on eating disorder risk factors and symptom measures

Researchers studying eating disorders in men often use eating disorder risk and symptom measures that have been validated only on women. Using a sample of 215 college women and 214 college men, we report on the validity of doing so with a set of measures chosen to reflect a wide range of risk factors and symptoms. The Bulimia Test-revised (BULIT-R), the restraint scale (RS), the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), the Eating Expectancy Inventory, and the eating attitudes test (EAT) all had the same factor structures for both genders, and tests of invariance showed that factor loadings, factor variances, and intercorrelations among factors were equivalent across gender. A modified Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV anorexic symptoms questionnaire did not perform adequately for either gender. Men produced slightly less reliable scores on virtually all measures, with the result that Pearson-based estimates of correlations among the measures were slightly lower for men. Men had lower scores on symptom and risk measures, but not on other eating measures.
Building effective organizations: transformational leadership, collectivist orientation, work-related attitudes and withdrawal behaviours in three emerging economies

Previous cross-cultural research on transformational leadership has focused mainly on replicating the augmentation effects of transformational leadership over transactional leadership on followers' attitudes and behaviours. Relatively few studies have systematically examined cultural impacts in moderating the influence of transformational leadership on work-related outcomes taking a cross-cultural perspective. Using a field survey of 577 employees from banking and financial sectors in three emerging economies, namely: China, India and Kenya, we examined the moderating effect of collectivism on the relationships between transformational leadership, work-related attitudes and perceptions of withdrawal behaviours. Our results found support for the moderating effect of collectivism on the relationship between transformational leadership and work-related outcomes, such as facets of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and perceptions of organizational withdrawal behaviours. In addition, our results lend...
Distribution of actin-binding protein and myosin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during locomotion and phagocytosis

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, highly motile ameboid cells vital for mammalian defense against infection, acquire a distinct polarized morphology during locomotion and phagocytosis. An organelle-excluding pseudopod extends in the direction of movement and surrounds objects during phagocytosis. The anterior pseudopod contains a three-dimensional network of actin filaments. Actin-binding protein (ABP) and myosin cause the crosslinking and contraction, respectively, of actin filaments in vitro. We used indirect immunofluorescence to study the redistribution of myosin and ABP molecules in rabbit PMN leukocytes during locomotion and phagocytosis. In unpolarized PMN leukocytes, ABP and myosin had a diffuse distribution with some predilection for the cortex. In polarized PMN leukocytes crawling toward yeast particles, myosin and ABP staining concentrated in the anterior pseudopod. In PMN leukocytes fixed during phagocytosis of the yeast particles, antimyosin and anti-ABP staining concentrated strikingly in the distal portions of the pseudopod embracing the yeasts. Staining for catalase, a cytoplasmic protein in PMN leukocytes, for lactoferrin, a protein of specific granules, and for myeloperoxidase, a protein of azurophilic granules, was not concentrated in pseudopods. Taken together with available morphologic and biochemical information, these findings are consistent with a mechanism wherein interactions of actin, ABP and myosin redistribute cortical cytoplasm into pseudopods involved in locomotion and phagocytosis.
Computational experience with an effective heuristic for some capacity expansion problems in local access networks

We present a heuristic for multiplexer location problems in local access networks. The effectiveness of the heuristic is demonstrated on several "real-life" problem instances.
Natural defense mechanisms in clinical sepsis.

Abstract Although the importance of both cellular and humoral mechanisms of defense against infection have been known since the turn of the century, they did not receive their deserved attention for many years because of inadequate techniques for studying these important and complex processes. Interest in basic host mechanisms was rekindled by the description of a case of agammaglobulinemia by Colonel Ogden Bruton in 1952, and much has been learned about the basic concepts of immune defense since that time. An attempt has been made in this discussion to summarize the more important of these discoveries. By no means have all of the questions been answered, but the relatively new tools for investigation of subcellular and biochemical events promise to unfold a new era in the study and treatment of clinical sepsis in the near future. Current knowledge allows the surgeon to view the infective process as a continuum from the initial inflammatory response to generalized sepsis. The basic mechanisms of host defense are essentially similar for all types of infection. These include the closely interrelated and interdependent processes in the development of an inflammatory lesion with the delivery of opsonic substances and competent phagocytic cells from the circulation. Specific antibody in concert with complement alters the surface membranes of bacteria, rendering them more attractive to the phagocytic cell. Once phagocytosis has occurred, the bacteria are usually killed by a process of intracellular digestion. This basic sequence of events may be interrupted at any level as a result of a relative or absolute malfunctioning of the system. Of greatest importance in the development of clinical sepsis are those conditions which inhibit the delivery of phagocytic cells to an infective focus, the lack of specific antibody, and abnormalities of the phagocytic cells. Therapeutic manipulations of a patient may adversely affect any or all of the basic host defense mechanisms. A clear understanding of the relationship between the critical inoculum of bacteria and the various components of host defense will aid the surgeon in the prevention and treatment of these all too frequent complications.
Effects of simulated, acidified rain on nodulation of leguminous plants by Rhizobium spp.

Abstract Simulated rain acidified with sulfuric acid to pH 3.2 inhibited Rhizobium nodulation of greenhouse- and field-grown kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgarius “Red Kidney”) and greenhouse-grown soybeans (Glycine max “Lee”). Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium and exposed at regular intervals to simulated rain of pH 3.2 ± 0.1 or pH 6.0 ± 0.2 at a rate of 1.9–5.7 cm/week for 1–9 weeks. Nodulation of kidney beans and soybeans exposed to acid “rain” (pH 3.2) was inhibited by 73%. Neither nitrogenase activity per plant nor nitrogenase activity per nodule formed was consistently inhibited, however. Nodulation of kidney beans was inhibited when “rain” of pH 3.2 was applied only to the foliage as well as when applied only to the soil or to the soil and foliage together. Inhibition of nodulation was partially or completely reversed in three of four soil types tested by addition of dolomitic lime (0.75 g/kg soil ≈ 1500 kg/ha). These results suggest that acidic precipitation is a potentially important environmental stress factor under marginal site conditions where bacterial symbiosis may be critical to the fitness of temperate leguminous plants.
Prospective evaluation of unidirectional barbed suture for various indications in surgeon-controlled robotic reconstructive urologic surgery: Wake Forest University experience

Purpose To evaluate the usage of unidirectional barbed suture and its related implications in various surgeon-controlled robotic reconstructive urologic surgeries.
The eutrophication implications of interactions between naturally occurring particulates and methane oxidizing bacteria

Abstract The oxidation of methane by bacteria is shown to be markedly affected by various particulate materials. Several clay minerals enhanced methane oxidation while some non-clay inorganic particulates nearly completely inhibited it. Insoluble organic compounds tested were degraded in the cultures and did not function as particles. Algal cells observed as living organic particulates inhibited methane oxidation with various degrees of intensity. Suggestions are given for several “particulate management” practices to partially control eutrophication.
Relating normal vibrational modes to local vibrational modes: benzene and naphthalene

Local vibrational modes can be directly derived from normal vibrational modes using the method of Konkoli and Cremer (Int J Quant Chem 67:29, 1998). This implies the calculation of the harmonic force constant matrix F (q) (expressed in internal coordinates q) from the corresponding Cartesian force constant matrix f (x) with the help of the transformation matrix U = WB (†)(BWB (†))(-1) (B: Wilson's B-matrix). It is proven that the local vibrational modes are independent of the choice of the matrix W. However, the choice W = M (-1) (M: mass matrix) has numerical advantages with regard to the choice W = I (I: identity matrix), where the latter is frequently used in spectroscopy. The local vibrational modes can be related to the normal vibrational modes in the form of an adiabatic connection scheme (ACS) after rewriting the Wilson equation with the help of the compliance matrix. The ACSs of benzene and naphthalene based on experimental vibrational frequencies are discussed as nontrivial examples. It is demonstrated that the local-mode stretching force constants provide a quantitative measure for the C-H and C-C bond strength.
A particle limit for the wave equation with a variable wave speed

On etudie les solutions courte longueur d'onde de l'equation d'onde a n dimensions U tt =(C(x)) 2 Δu
Who benefits from a psychosocial counselling versus educational intervention to improve psychological quality of life in prostate cancer survivors

Objective: We examined selected survivor characteristics to determine what factors might moderate the response to two psychosocial interventions. Design: Seventy-one prostate cancer survivors (PCSs) were randomly assigned to either a telephone-delivered health education (THE) intervention or a telephone-delivered interpersonal counselling (TIP-C) intervention. Measures: Psychological quality of life (QOL) outcomes included depression, negative and positive affect, and perceived stress. Results: For three of the psychological outcomes (depression, negative affect and stress), there were distinct advantages from participating in THE. For example, more favourable depression outcomes occurred when men were older, had lower prostate specific functioning, were in active chemotherapy, had lower social support from friends and lower cancer knowledge. Participating in the TIP-C provided a more favourable outcome for positive affect when men had higher education, prostate specific functioning, social support from f...
Circulating Current Suppression of the Modular Multilevel Converter in a Double-Frequency Rotating Reference Frame

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has attracted significant interest for medium-/high-power energy conversion applications due to its modularity, scalability, and excellent harmonic performance. One of the technical challenges associated with the operation of the MMC is the circulation of double-frequency harmonic currents within its phase legs. This paper proposes a circulating current control strategy in a double-frequency rotating reference frame, which, contrary to the existing solutions that are based on approximate/inaccurate models, relies on an experimentally identified nonparametric model of circulating currents to determine the coefficients of the controller. Minimizing the squared second norm of the error between the open-loop transfer function of the system and a desired one, the coefficients of the controller are determined. To guarantee the stability of the closed-loop system, the minimization problem is subjected to a few constraints. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is confirmed, and its dynamic performance is compared with that of an existing solution by experimental results.
Geometric axis compactness criteria for equal leg angles: horizontal leg compression

Abstract Single angle members are often used in applications requiring significant amounts of flexural ductility when subjected to bending in the plane of one of the angle legs. Such applications arise in the nuclear power and defense industries where angle members may serve as hangers for vital duct work and piping systems in reactor facilities. Lateral accelerations due to seismic loading of the hanger assemblies may result in the formation of a plastic hinge in individual angle members. If sufficient local flexural ductility, in the plane of the angle leg, is available in each individual angle then a global collapse mechanism may be allowed to develop in the hanger assemblies through the evolution of multiple hinges. Currently, designers experience difficulty when trying to gauge the flexural ductility of a given single angle member due to the lack of single angle flexural compactness criteria in the American steel building specification. In fact, many designers may believe that single angle beams are incapable of developing their full cross-sectional plastic capacity due to this omission in the specification. The research reported herein applies experimentally verified nonlinear finite element modeling techniques to the study of geometric axis flexural ductility for the flexural sense that results in the horizontal leg of the angle cross-section being subjected to compression. It is found that in the interest of controlling member deflections prior to the attainment of the full plastic cross-sectional capacity, compactness criteria must be given in terms of both cross-sectional plate slenderness as well as beam slenderness. It is further observed that the grade of steel plays an important role in affecting compactness. Based on the results presented herein, two different compactness criteria are proposed as a means for ensuring adequate equal leg single angle ductility for this flexural orientation. The equations have been developed and simplified so as to lend themselves to everyday use by the designer.
A closed-loop cadaveric foot and ankle loading model.

Abstract Investigations of human foot and ankle biomechanics rely chiefly on cadaver experiments. The application of proper force magnitudes to the cadaver foot and ankle is essential to obtain valid biomechanical data. Data for external ground reaction forces are readily available from human motion analysis. However, determining appropriate forces for extrinsic foot and ankle muscles is more problematic. A common approach is the estimation of forces from muscle physiological cross-sectional areas and electromyographic data. We have developed a novel approach for loading the Achilles and posterior tibialis tendons that does not prescribe predetermined muscle forces. For our loading model, these muscle forces are determined experimentally using independent plantarflexion and inversion angle feedback control. The independent (input) parameters — calcaneus plantarflexion, calcaneus inversion, ground reaction forces, and peroneus forces — are specified. The dependent (output) parameters — Achilles force, posterior tibialis force, joint motion, and spring ligament strain — are functions of the independent parameters and the kinematics of the foot and ankle. We have investigated the performance of our model for a single, clinically relevant event during the gait cycle. The instantaneous external forces and foot orientation determined from human subjects in a motion analysis laboratory were simulated in vitro using closed-loop feedback control. Compared to muscle force estimates based on physiological cross-sectional area data and EMG activity at 40% of the gait cycle, the posterior tibialis force and Achilles force required when using position feedback control were greater.
INFLUENCE OF THE NUCLEAR ZEEMAN TERM ON ANISOTROPIC HYPERFINE PATTERNS IN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE.

Abstract The spin Hamiltonian for the two spin system S = 1 2 , I = 1 2 was solved taking into account the electronic Zeeman, nuclear Zeeman and hyperfine interactions. The two Zeeman terms were assumed to be isotropic and the hyperfine interaction was completely anisotropic. The spectrum is a symmetric quartet with the splitting of the outer pair T 0 related to that of the inner pair T i through the relations T 0 2 +T i 2 =T 2 +(2g n β n H) 2 , T 0 T i =|2g n β n HT 22 | , where T is the true hyperfine coupling constant and T zz is its zz component. The two doublets have the respective intensities. I 0 = T 0 2 −(2g n β n H) 2 T 0 2 −T t 2 , I t = (2g n β n H)−T i 2 T 0 2 −T t 2 At X-band twice the nuclear Zeeman term 2 g n β n H amounts to eleven gauss, so for typical irradiated organic single crystals the outside doublet is strongest. In such samples the weak doublet is ordinarily only observed at particular orientations. An analysis was made of the errors that arise when the nuclear Zeeman term is neglected. For typical irradiated organic single crystals at X-band the errors in many hitherto reported coupling constants amount to several percent.
Mitochondrial poly(A) RNA synthesis during early sea urchin development.

The synthesis of mitochondrial messenger RNA during early sea urchin development was examined. Oligo(dT) chromatography and electrophoresis on aqueous or formamide gels of mitochondrial RNA from pulse-labeled embryos showed the presence of eight distinct poly(A)-containing RNA species, ranging in size from 9 to 22 S. Nuclease digestion of these RNAs revealed poly(A) sequences of 4 S size. Using sea urchin anucleate fragments, we were able to demonstrate that all eight messenger RNAs are transcribed from mitochondrial DNA, rather than being transcribed from nuclear DNA and imported into the mitochondria. There was no change in the electrophoretic profile of the eight poly(A) RNAs when embryos were pulsed with [3H]uridine at various times after fertilization. Neither was there any change in the incorporation of [3H]uridine into these species or in the percentage of total newly synthesized mitochondrial RNA that contains poly(A) sequences as development progresses. Even though these RNAs appear to be transcribed at a constant rate throughout early development, they were not detected in mitochondrial polysomes until 18 hr after fertilization.
Hydrophobic-interaction-Induced Alignment of polymers at the solid/liquid interface studied by infrared-visible sum frequency generation

The effects of surface hydrophobicity and solvent on the orientation and ordering of amphiphilic neutral polymers adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface have been studied by infrared−visible sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. SFG spectra have shown that poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) adsorb with their hydrophobic moieties preferentially oriented toward hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. However, the hydrophobic moieties in PPG and PEG do not show anisotropic orientation when these polymers adsorb at the hydrophilic silica/water interface. Water is a critical factor for mediating the orientation and ordering of hydrophobic moieties in polymers adsorbed at hydrophobic interfaces. When methanol is substituted in place of water as the solvent, neither PPG nor PEG displays structural ordering when adsorbed on polystyrene substrates. This work demonstrates that hydrophobic surfaces and water as the solvent are required to induce the anisotropic orientation of a...
Capitation for Dermatologists

A S MORE and more patients are covered by managed care plans, dermatologists are being faced with alternative systems of reimbursement as a method of cutting health care costs. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of capitation for dermatologists, reviews important points of capitation contracting, and discusses the ethical dilemmas of practicing under this form of reimbursement. DEFINITION AND SCOPE Capitation is a method of payment to providers of medical services (such as physicians) based on a fixed payment for a population of persons covered by a health care plan ("covered lives") rather than based on services provided to particular individuals (patients). Capitation rates are usually expressed in a per member per month (PMPM) payment. The essence of the difference between capitation and fee-for-service reimbursement is that under capitation the provider rather than the insurance company assumes the risk for the health of the covered population. Capitation must be
Ureteral injury Complication of laparoscopic sterilization

Abstract A case report of ureteral injury as a complication of laparoscopic sterilization is presented. Recommendations to prevent similar injury as well as other complications are discussed.
Calculation of magnetic error fields in hybrid insertion devices

Abstract The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory requires insertion devices with fields sufficiently accurate to take advantage of the small emittance of the ALS electron beam. To maintain the spectral performance of the synchrotron radiation and to limit steering effects on the electron beam these errors must be smaller than 0.25%. This paper develops a procedure for calculating the steering error due to misalignment of the easy axis of the permanent-magnet material. The procedure is based on a three-dimensional theory of the design of hybrid insertion devices developed by one of us. The acceptable tolerance for easy axis misalignment is found for a 5-cm-period undulator proposed for the ALS.
A VIP-like peptide co-occurs with substance P and enkephalin in cholinergic preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion

Using single-label and double-label immunohistochemical techniques, many of the substance P-enkephalin containing preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion were found to also contain a VIP-like peptide. Since these terminals are also known to be cholinergic, these results suggest that neurotransmission at many synapses of the avian ciliary ganglion involves 3 different neuropeptides and a conventional neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
The lysis mechanism of phage T4: Mutants affecting lysis☆

Abstract A selection technique is used to isolate a new class of lysis-defective mutants of phage T4, the T4 amber t mutants. Under normal conditions, T4-infected bacteria lyse at a characteristic time after infection, each infected cell releasing a few hundred progeny phage. However, Su − bacteria infected with amber t mutant phage fail to lyse and continue to manufacture phage beyond the normal latent period even though phage lysozyme is present. Genetic crosses and complementation tests show that t mutant phage define a new T4 gene, gene t. Functional t gene product is required for the cessation of phage-infected cell metabolism at the characteristic lysis time. The T4 lysis mechanism is shown to be a sequential process of at least two steps: function of phage t gene product followed by function of phage e gene product. The e gene product, phage lysozyme, is known to degrade the host cell wall. It is proposed that the t gene product may be involved in degradation of the host cytoplasmic membrane.
Biosynthesis of Cellular and Secreted Proteins during Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Granulosa Cell Differentiation

The synthesis of cellular and secreted proteins by differentiating granulosa cells from diethylstilbestrol-treated immature rats was studied by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In cultured granulosa cells, FSH altered the relative biosynthesis of specific cellular and secreted proteins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The incorporation of [35S]methionine into cellular proteins of Mr 42,000, 48,000, and 58,000 was enhanced by increasing amounts of the gonadotropin, whereas the labeling of a 44,000 Mr protein was reduced. Similarly, FSH increased the labeling of secreted proteins with relative Mr of 16,000, 17,000, 20,000, 25,000, 36,000, 41,000, 46,000, 111,000, and 153,000, and decreased that of proteins with Mr of 38,000, 48,000, 191,000, and 250,000. The expression of specific proteins was related to the degree of cellular maturation, since some proteins were newly synthesized during the early stages of granulosa cell development (<6 h), whereas others were more...
Steroidogenic enzyme AKR1C3 is a novel androgen receptor-selective coactivator that promotes prostate cancer growth.

Purpose: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) may occur by several mechanisms including the upregulation of androgen receptor (AR), coactivators, and steroidogenic enzymes, including aldo keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). AKR1C3 converts weaker 17-keto androgenic precursors to more potent 17-hydroxy androgens and is consistently the major upregulated gene in CRPC. The studies in the manuscript were undertaken to examine the role of AKR1C3 in AR function and CRPC. Experimental Design: LNCaP cells stably transfected with AKR1C3 and VCaP cells endogenously expressing AKR1C3 were used to understand the effect of AKR1C3 on prostate cancer cell and tumor growth in nude mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation studies were used to understand the recruitment of AKR1C3, intracellular localization of AKR1C3 and its interaction with AR in cells, tumor xenograft, and in Gleason sum 7 CRPC tissues. Cells were transiently transfected for AR transactivation. Novel small-molecule AKR1C3-selective inhibitors were synthesized and characterized in androgen-dependent prostate cancer and CRPC models. Results: We identified unique AR-selective coactivator- and prostate cancer growth-promoting roles for AKR1C3. AKR1C3 overexpression promotes the growth of both androgen-dependent prostate cancer and CRPC xenografts, with concomitant reactivation of androgen signaling. AKR1C3 interacted with AR in prostate cancer cells, xenografts, and in human CRPC samples and was recruited to the promoter of an androgen-responsive gene. The coactivator and growth-promoting functions of AKR1C3 were inhibited by an AKR1C3-selective competitive inhibitor. Conclusions: AKR1C3 is a novel AR-selective enzymatic coactivator and may represent the first of more than 200 known nuclear hormone receptor coactivators that can be pharmacologically targeted. Clin Cancer Res; 19(20); 5613–25. ©2013 AACR .
Extracting core components of cognitive control

The facility with which humans perform and shift among a wide variety of cognitive tasks seems to indicate a mechanism for entering into a task-dependent mode or set. However, little is known about the neural systems that subserve task control. A recent neuroimaging study by Dosenbach et al. offers a set of novel methodological tools to examine this issue and uncovers new candidate brain regions for a core system that might implement task sets.
New insights into the mechanics of fluvial bedrock erosion through flume experiments and theory

River incision into bedrock drives the topographic evolution of mountainous terrain and may link climate, tectonics, and topography over geologic time scales. Despite its importance, the mechanics of bedrock erosion are not well understood because channel form, river hydraulics, sediment transport, and erosion mechanics coevolve over relatively long time scales that prevent direct observations, and because erosive events occur intermittently and are difficult and dangerous to measure. Herein we synthesize how flume experiments using erodible bedrock simulants are filling these knowledge gaps by effectively accelerating the pace of landscape evolution under reduced scale in the laboratory. We also build on this work by providing new theory for rock resistance to abrasion, thresholds for plucking by vertical entrainment, sliding and toppling, and by assessing bedrock-analog materials. Bedrock erosion experiments in the last 15 years reveal that the efficiency of rock abrasion scales inversely with the square of rock tensile strength, sediment supply has a dominant control over bed roughness and abrasion rates, suspended sediment is an efficient agent of erosion, and feedbacks with channel form and roughness strongly influence erosion rates. Erodibility comparisons across rock, concrete, ice, and foam indicate that, for a given tensile strength, abrasion rates are insensitive to elasticity. The few experiments that have been conducted on erosion by plucking highlight the importance of block protrusion height above the river bed, and the dominance of block sliding and toppling at knickpoints. These observations are consistent with new theory for the threshold Shields stress to initiate plucking, which also suggests that erosion rates in sliding- and toppling-dominated rivers are likely transport limited. Major knowledge gaps remain in the processes of erosion via plucking of bedrock blocks where joints are not river-bed parallel; waterfall erosion by toppling and plunge-pool erosion; feedbacks between weathering and physical erosion; erosional bedforms; and morphodynamic feedbacks between channel form and erosion rates. Despite scaling challenges, flume experiments continue to provide much needed tests of existing bedrock-erosion theory, force development of new theory, and yield insight into the mechanics of landscapes.
A TEST OF SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS USING AN ISOLATION-BY-DISTANCE MODEL

Using the isolation-by-distance model as an example, we have examined several assumptions of spatial autocorrelation analysis applied to gene frequency surfaces. Gene frequency surfaces generated by a simulation of Wright's isolation-by-distance model were shown to exhibit spatial autocorrelation, except in the panmictic case. Identical stochastic generating processes result in surfaces with characteristics that are functions of the process parameters, such as parental vagility and neighborhood size. Differences in these parameters are detectable as differences in spatial autocorrelations after only a few generations of the simulations. Separate realizations of processes with identical parameters yield similar spatial correlograms. We have examined the inferences about population structure that could have been made from these observations if they had been real, rather than simulated, populations. From such inferences, we could have drawn conclusions about the presence of selection, migration and drift in given natural systems.