cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural analysis of multilayer graphene via atomic moiré interferometry

Rotational misalignment of two stacked honeycomb lattices produces a moir\'e pattern that is observable in scanning tunneling microscopy as a small modulation of the apparent surface height. This is known from experiments on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Here, we observe the combined effect of three-layer moir\'e patterns in multilayer graphene grown on $\text{SiC}(000\overline{1})$. Small-angle rotations between the first and third layer are shown to produce a ``double-moir\'e'' pattern, resulting from the interference of moir\'e patterns from the first three layers. These patterns are strongly affected by relative lattice strain between the layers. We model the moir\'e patterns as a beat-period of the mismatched reciprocal lattice vectors and show how these patterns can be used to determine the relative strain between lattices, in analogy to strain measurement by optical moir\'e interferometry.
Suppression of Dendroctonus Brevicomis by Using a Mass-Trapping Tactic

Bark beetles (Scolytidae that feed on phloem and cambium) are a major pest of coniferous forests throughout the northern hemisphere (Rudinsky, 1962). Many bark beetle species use aggregative pheromones to colonize temporary habitats where they feed, mate, and reproduce (Wood, 1972; Borden, 1974). These pheromones offer exciting possibilities for pest suppression because they attract both sexes and because aggregation is essential for reproduction (Wood, 1972; Wood and Bedard, 1977).
BF3-Promoted, Carbene-like, C–H Insertion Reactions of Benzynes

Boron trifluoride is observed to promote a variety of C–H insertion reactions of benzynes bearing pendant alkyl groups. Computations and various mechanistic studies indicate that BF3 engages the strained π-bond to confer carbene-like character on the adjacent, noncoordinated benzyne carbon. This represents an unprecedented catalytic role for a non-transition metal such as BF3.
Radial Wrist Denervation

The anatomy of the innervation of the radial side of the wrist joint is described, and related, primarily to first carpometacarpal arthritic pain. Nerve blocks of the appropriate nerves are described. The technical approaches to partial and total denervation of this CMC joint are described and illustrated. The results of radial-sided wrist denervation are presented.
Communal Narcissists “Go Green” to Enhance their Social Status: An Abstract

Narcissism, formally defined as a persistent pattern of grandiosity, self-focus, and self-importance (American Psychiatric Association 1994), is on the rise, and individualistic, self-oriented motives and behaviors are norms, rather than exceptions. Simultaneously, the planet’s natural resources may be in greater danger than ever before. Is there a relationship between the two? Using the agency-communion model of narcissism (Gebauer et al. 2012), the present investigation aims to answer this question by systematically examining the role that communal narcissism plays in consumers’ pro-environmental decisions. According to this model, communal narcissism may be understood as an agency-communion characteristic; that is, communal narcissists’ agentic core motives (i.e., grandiosity, esteem, entitlement, and power) are expressed through communal means (e.g., helpfulness and trustworthiness).
Emerging COTS architecture support for real-time TSN ethernet

The IEEE family of standards referred to as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is gaining popularity in many real-time embedded applications, including industrial automation and automotive. Based on a synchronized clock at the network layer, the TSN standards aim at deterministic behavior of message communication over an Ethernet. However, the data access time between a CPU and its network interface may be affected by the contention for shared resources and buses at each node. Any jitter on this final segment of the communication path can have a negative impact on clock synchronization and network message transmission. In this paper, we investigate the potential performance impacts to real-time TSN Ethernet caused by the level of precision to which the network clock and the CPU clock is synchronized as well as the magnitude of transmission jitter under various load conditions. Specifically, we look into the emerging architecture features in x86 systems that are considered to be commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) platforms for embedded applications. We show that the latest generation of COTS hardware significantly reduces the jitters of clock synchronization between the software visible clock and the network, as well as reducing the jitter from when software attempts to transmit an Ethernet frame to when it actually appears on the wire. As a consequence, a significant performance improvement for software applications utilizing real-time TSN Ethernet can be attained in the emerging COTS systems.
Preoperative Clinical and Echocardiographic Factors Associated with Surgical Timing and Outcomes in Primary Repair of Common Atrioventricular Canal Defect

In complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC), there are limited data on preoperative clinical and echocardiographic predictors of operative timing and postoperative outcomes. A retrospective, single-center analysis of all patients who underwent primary biventricular repair of CAVC between 2006 and 2015 was performed. Associated cardiac anomalies (tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle) and arch operation were excluded. Echocardiographic findings on first postnatal echocardiogram were correlated with surgical timing and postoperative outcomes using bivariate descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. 153 subjects (40% male, 84% Down syndrome) underwent primary CAVC repair at a median age of 3.3 (IQR 2.5–4.2) months. Median postoperative length of stay (LOS) was 7 (IQR 5–15) days. Eight patients (5%) died postoperatively and 24 (16%) required reoperation within 1 year. On multivariable analysis, small aortic isthmus (z score < − 2) was associated with early primary repair at < 3 months (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.283–5.91) and need for early reoperation (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.27–11.34). Preoperative ventricular dysfunction was associated with higher postoperative mortality (OR 7.71, 95% CI 1.76–33.69). Other factors associated with mortality and longer postoperative LOS were prematurity (OR 5.30, 95% CI 1.24–22.47 and OR 5.50, 95% CI 2.07–14.59, respectively) and lower weight at surgery (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.75 and OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35–0.85, respectively). Notably, preoperative atrioventricular valve regurgitation and Down syndrome were not associated with surgical timing, postoperative outcomes or reoperation, and there were no echocardiographic characteristics associated with late reoperation beyond 1 year after repair. Key preoperative echocardiographic parameters helped predict operative timing and postoperative outcomes in infants undergoing primary CAVC repair. Aortic isthmus z score < − 2 was associated with early surgical repair and need for reoperation, while preoperative ventricular dysfunction was associated with increased mortality. These echocardiographic findings may help risk-stratified patients undergoing CAVC repair and improve preoperative counseling and surgical planning.
Blockchain Driven Platform for Energy Distribution in a Microgrid

Ever since the Digital Revolution, the World population has been growing at an ever-increasing rate, with the last billion being amassed in only 9 years. The increase in population only exacerbates the current challenge of meeting peak-energy demands while accommodating an increasing amount of distributed energy resources such as solar panels. Utilities must learn how to encourage energy-efficient practices to reduce demand, as well as how to effectively coordinate interaction between consumers, renewable-energy sources, and the grid. With earnings currently communicated on monthly billing cycles, existing solutions such as net-metering, feed-in-tariffs and demand response are neither transparent nor resolute enough. They are also not flexible enough to accommodate community shared energy resources. This paper aims to bridge this gap by developing a secure energy-distribution model for multi-family apartment buildings and neighborhoods that share a solar panel array. EOSIO smart contracts will be used to transparently and dynamically distribute energy using tokens. At each time-step, the residents are allocated tokens worth a fair portion of total energy production minus their unit’s consumption. Excess energy is sold to neighbors at just below the retail rate, instead of back to the grid at much lower cogeneration rates, thus constantly incentivizing efficiency and energy sharing. This will pave the way towards community scale solar and even communal food and water resources where residents can equitably share in both costs and profits. The model presented in the paper was validated through the award winning entries in the 2019 EOSIO Hackathon as well as the Virginia Tech’s grand prize winning entry in the 2019 Solar Decathlon Design Challenge.
Effect of Anesthesia on Intraocular Pressure Measured With Continuous Wireless Telemetry in Nonhuman Primates.

Purpose To compare the effects of both injectable anesthesia (ketamine/dexmedetomidine versus ketamine/xylazine) and inhalant anesthesia (isoflurane) on IOP using continuous, bilateral IOP telemetry in nonhuman primates (NHP). Methods Bilateral IOP was recorded continuously using a proven implantable telemetry system in five different sessions at least 2 weeks apart in four male rhesus macaques under two conditions: ketamine (3 mg/kg) with dexmedetomidine (50 μg/kg) or ketamine with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) for induction, both followed by isoflurane for maintenance. IOP transducers were calibrated via anterior chamber manometry. Bilateral IOP was averaged over 2 minutes after injectable anesthetic induction and again after isoflurane inhalant had stabilized the anesthetic plane, then compared to baseline IOP measurements acquired immediately prior to anesthesia (both before and after initial human contact). Results When compared to pre-contact baseline measurements, ketamine/dexmedetomidine injectable anesthesia lowers IOP by 1.5 mm Hg on average (P < 0.05), but IOP did not change with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. IOP returned to baseline levels shortly after isoflurane gas anesthesia was initiated. However, injectable anesthesia lowered IOP by an average of 5.4 mm Hg when compared to that measured after initial human contact (P < 0.01). Conclusions Anesthetic effects on IOP are generally small when compared to precontact baseline but much larger when compared to IOP measures taken after human contact, indicating that IOP is temporarily elevated due to acute stress (similar to a "white coat effect") and then decreased with anesthetic relaxation. Anesthetic induction with ketamine/xylazine and maintenance with isoflurane gas should be used when IOP is measured postanesthesia.
Acceptance and Benefits of Electro-Acoustic Stimulation for Conventional-Length Electrode Arrays.

Background Prior studies have shown an advantage for electro-acoustic stimulation (EAS) in cochlear implant (CI) patients with residual hearing, but the degree of benefit can vary. The objective was to explore which factors relate to performance with and acceptance of EAS for CI users with conventional-length electrodes. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for adults with an average threshold of 75 dB hearing loss or better across 250 and 500 Hz preoperatively (n = 83). All patients underwent cochlear implantation with a conventional-length electrode. Low-frequency audiometric thresholds were measured at initial activation as well as 3 and 12 months postoperatively to determine who met the criteria for EAS. Speech perception for CNC words and AzBio sentences in quiet and +10 dB SNR noise was evaluated 3 and 12 months after activation. Results Speech perception in quiet and noise was similar regardless of whether or not the patient was eligible for EAS. Less than half of the patients who met the EAS criteria chose to use it, citing reasons such as physical discomfort or lack of perceived benefit. EAS users performed better on CNC words but not sentence recognition than EAS nonusers. Conclusions EAS use is dependent on audiologic and nonaudiologic issues. Hearing preservation is possible with conventional electrodes, but hearing preservation alone does not guarantee superior speech perception.
Linking Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Interplay Between α-Synuclein and Pmel17 Amyloid Formation

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the brain. Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes, pigmented cells that give rise to skin tone, hair, and eye color. Although these two diseases fundamentally differ, with PD leading to cell degeneration and melanoma leading to cell proliferation, epidemiological evidence has revealed a reciprocal relationship where patients with PD are more susceptible to melanoma and patients with melanoma are more susceptible to PD. The hallmark pathology observed in PD brains is intracellular inclusions, of which the primary component is proteinaceous α-synuclein (α-syn) amyloid fibrils. α-Syn also has been detected in cultured melanoma cells and tissues derived from patients with melanoma, where an inverse correlation exists between α-syn expression and pigmentation. Although this has led to the prevailing hypothesis that α-syn inhibits enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis, we recently reported an alternative hypothesis in which α-syn interacts with and modulates the aggregation of Pmel17, a functional amyloid that serves as a scaffold for melanin biosynthesis. In this perspective, we review the literature describing the epidemiological and molecular connections between PD and melanoma, presenting both the prevailing hypothesis and our amyloid-centric hypothesis. We offer our views of the essential questions that remain unanswered to motivate future investigations. Understanding the behavior of α-syn in melanoma could not only provide novel approaches for treating melanoma but also could reveal insights into the role of α-syn in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Linked Places in World Historical Gazetteer

World Historical Gazetteer (WHG)1 is a novel web software platform providing services to historical researchers in social science and humanities disciplines who are concerned with places and the geographic dimensions of their research subjects. WHG was launched in July 2020 and is in continual development. Version 2 was released in August 2021. To enable the integration of place datasets from multiple sources, the WHG project has led the collaborative development of Linked Places format (LPF)2, which adds temporal extensions to the GeoJSON3 standard. It also adheres to the JSON-LD 1.1 specification4, making it compatible with current Linked Data practices5. This paper introduces the WHG platform and Linked Places format: their conceptual basis, their features, ongoing work-in-progress, and challenges being actively addressed.
Endocytosis and exocytosis in hyphal growth

Abstract Two ancient processes, endocytosis and exocytosis, are employed by eukaryotic cells to shape their plasma membrane and interact with their environment. Filamentous fungi have adapted them to roles compatible with their unique ecological niche and morphology. These organisms are optimal systems in which to address questions such as how endocytosis is localized, how endocytosis and exocytosis interact, and how large molecules traverse eukaryotic cell walls. In the tips of filamentous (hyphal) cells, a ring of endocytosis encircles an apical crescent of exocytosis, suggesting that this area is able to support an endocytic recycling route, although both processes can occur in subapical regions as well. Endocytosis and exocytosis underlie growth, but also facilitate disease progression and secretion of industrially relevant compounds in these organisms. Here we highlight recent work on endocytosis and exocytosis in filamentous fungi.
Evaluating impacts of CO2 intrusion into an unconsolidated aquifer: I. Experimental data

Abstract Capture and deep subsurface sequestration of CO2 has been identified as a potential mitigation technique for rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Sequestered CO2 represents a potential risk to overlying aquifers if the CO2 leaks from the deep storage complex. Batch and column experiments combined with wet chemical extractions were conducted to evaluate these risks to groundwater quality and to understand effects of unintentional release of CO2 on groundwater chemistry and aquifer mineralogy. Sediments from the High Plains aquifer in Kansas, a largely unconsolidated aquifer, were used to study time-dependent release of major, minor and trace elements when exposed to CO2 gas. Results showed that Ca, Ba, Si, Mg, Sr, Na, and K increased either within the first 4 h or followed nonlinear increasing trends with time, indicating that dissolution and/or desorption reactions controlled their release. In addition, other elements (e.g., Fe and Mn) and trace elements (e.g., As, Cu, Cr, Pb) were released during batch and column experiments, demonstrating the possibility for changes in mineralogy and groundwater quality degradation due to exposure to seepage of sequestered CO2. National drinking water regulations were exceeded for As and Mn in the batch experiments, and As, Se, Mn, Pb and Hg in the column experiments, despite low levels of these contaminants found in the sediments. In addition, the concentration of another potential contaminant, i.e., Mo, was consistently higher in the control batch experiments (i.e., absence of CO2) but was below detection in the presence of CO2 indicating a potential for removal of elements by CO2 gas exposure. Although results will be site specific for the High Plains aquifer and other mostly unconsolidated aquifers, these investigations will provide useful information to support site selection, risk assessment, and public education efforts associated with geological CO2 storage and sequestration.
Histologic and systemic prognosticators for local control and survival in margin-negative transoral laser microsurgery treated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Background Appreciable local recurrence rates observed in patients with margin-negative, transoral laser microsurgery (TLM)-treated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) necessitate identification of new prognosticators for local control and survival. A histopathologic index (Brandwein–Gensler score [BGS]) and intrinsic/iatrogenic/chronic conditions causing immune compromise are investigated. Methods From a prospectively assembled database of TLM-treated oral cavity SCC, specimens for 60 patients with a minimum of 2-years follow-up could undergo BGS assignment. Local control, disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were study endpoints. Results “Low-BGS” was recorded in 28 patients (47%) and “high-BGS” in 32 patients (53%), whereas immune compromise was observed in 18%. In multivariate analyses, immune compromise was the only predictor for local control. T classification and immune compromise were prognostic for DSS and OS. “High-BGS” was prognostic only for OS. Conclusion “High-BGS” was associated with recurrences but immune compromise was the most significant predictor of local control and survival in margin-negative, TLM-treated oral cavity SCC. Strategies that maintain/restore tumor-specific immune responses in immune compromised oral cavity SCC hosts need to be developed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 52–63, 2015
Inhibition of Phospholipase Dα by N-Acylethanolamines

N -Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are endogenous lipids in plants produced from the phospholipid precursor, N -acylphosphatidylethanolamine, by phospholipase D (PLD). Here, we show that seven types of plant NAEs differing in acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation were potent inhibitors of the well-characterized, plant-specific isoform of PLD—PLDα. It is notable that PLDα, unlike other PLD isoforms, has been shown not to catalyze the formation of NAEs from N -acylphosphatidylethanolamine. In general, inhibition of PLDα activity by NAEs increased with decreasing acyl chain length and decreasing degree of unsaturation, such that N -lauroylethanolamine and N -myristoylethanolamine were most potent with IC 50 s at submicromolar concentrations for the recombinant castor bean ( Ricinus communis ) PLDα expressed in Escherichia coli and for partially purified cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ) PLDα. NAEs did not inhibit PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus , and exhibited only moderate, mixed effects for two other recombinant plant PLD isoforms. Consistent with the inhibitory biochemical effects on PLDα in vitro, N -lauroylethanolamine, but not lauric acid, selectively inhibited abscisic acid-induced closure of stomata in epidermal peels of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) and Commelina communis at low micromolar concentrations. Together, these results provide a new class of biochemical inhibitors to assist in the evaluation of PLDα physiological function(s), and they suggest a novel, lipid mediator role for endogenously produced NAEs in plant cells.
A Separation Principle for Assemble-to-Order Systems with Expediting

Erica L. PlambeckGraduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305elp@stanford.eduAmy R. WardIndustrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332amy@isye.gatech.eduAbstractIn an assemble-to-order system, a wide variety of products are rapidly assembled fromcomponent inventories, in response to customer orders. Orders must be ﬁlled within a product-speciﬁc target leadtime. In the event that some of the components required to ﬁll an order areout-of-stock, these components are expedited at a high cost per unit. The objective is to minimizethe expected inﬁnite horizon discounted cost of nominal component production and expediting.This discounted formulation captures ﬁnancial inventory holding costs. The levers for control are(1) sequencing orders for assembly (2) component production (3) component expediting. Under theassumption thatexpedited components havezero leadtime, themulti-dimensionalassemble-to-ordercontrol problem separates into single-item inventory control problems. The optimal production andexpediting policy for each component is independent of all other components. Hence the literatureon single-item inventory management with expediting or lost sales is directly relevant to the controlof assemble-to-order systems.Subject classiﬁcations: inventory/production: assemble-to-order with delay constraints and expe-diting; stochastic optimal controlJune 2003
The Autosomal FLP-DFS Technique for Generating Germline Mosaics in Drosophila melanogaster

The production of female germline chimeras is invaluable for analyzing the tissue specificity of recessive female sterile mutations as well as detecting the maternal effect of recessive zygotic lethal mutations. Previously, we developed the "FLP-DFS" technique to efficiently generate germline clones. This technique uses the X-linked germline-dependent dominant female sterile mutation ovoD1 as a selection for the detection of germline recombination events, and the FLP-FRT recombination system to promote site-specific chromosomal exchange. This method allows the efficient production of germline mosaics only on the X chromosome. In this paper we have built chromosomes that allow the use of this technique to the autosomes. We describe the various steps involved in the development of this technique as well as the properties of the chromosomes utilized.
Facilitating rapid first silicon debug

Semiconductor manufacturers aim to deliver products to market within a short span of time in order to gain market share. There are several facets of introducing a product to market - design, manufacturing, first silicon debug, and ramp to volume. Of these, first silicon debug time contributes significantly towards reduced product cycle time if it can be kept short. In this paper, we discuss the infrastructure, design tools, test tools and debug tools required to achieve successful first silicon debug. We describe a production device that employs these infrastructure requirements, thereby demonstrating the advantages of following the guidelines. The paper also highlight the ill effects of not adhering to the guidelines.
Design and Preliminary Experimental Investigation of a Capsule for Measuring the Small Intestine Contraction Pressure

A tethered pressure measurement capsule was developed for measuring the small intestine contraction pressure to assist in locating capsules within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and quantifying the contact force between the capsule and the small intestine lumen. The capsule was calibrated statically and dynamically in depth-controlled water at body temperature (37–38 °C). In vitro tests were performed on an intestinal simulator to verify the measurement function of the capsule. To perform a preliminary evaluation of its pressure measuring capabilities, the capsule was tested at a single location in a live pig model. The pressure signal from the live animal test was analyzed in the time domain, and then, the empirical mode decomposition and fast Fourier transformation were applied to analyze the contraction pressure and ambient pressure in the frequency domain. The contraction rate was 9.4 to 11.0 times per minute. The peak value of the contraction pressure was 0.24 ± 0.05 kPa. The successful test of this prototype lays the groundwork for a future untethered, swallowable version of the capsule, which will be capable of measuring dynamic pressures while in transit.
Generalized monotone iterative methodfor initial value problems

The method of upper, lower solutions, and coupled upper, lower solutions together with the monotone iterative technique yields the monotone sequences or alternating sequences when the forcing function is the sum of two monotone functions.
Latent image fading in screen-film mammography: lack of clinical relevance for batch-processed films.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical relevance of latent image fading due to time delays in batch-processed screening mammograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of all 66,667 mammographic examinations performed in a mobile van since April 1985 were retrospectively analyzed. Film was routinely batch processed at the end of the workday. The rate of repeat examination due to poor image quality, rate of abnormal interpretation, and rate of cancer detection were studied. RESULTS: Essentially no differences were found in the rates at which repeat examination was necessary, abnormal interpretations were made, or breast cancers were detected when examinations performed at the beginning, middle, and end of the workday were compared (time delays in film processing ranged from 15 minutes to 8 hours). CONCLUSION: Latent image fading is not accompanied by clinically relevant impairment of results if films are processed at the end of the workday. Latent image fading should not deter the use of batch-film processing.
Assessment of the Self Consistent Scheme Approximation: Conductivity of Particulate Composites:

The "self consistent scheme" method of approximation for analysis of effective properties of particulate composites is gen eralized. Thereby is removed an arbitrary assumption underlying current versions of this method. Specific results are given for effec tive conductivity of particulate composites. It is shown that within the present generalized frame the "self consistent scheme" does not yield more information than existing rigorous best possible bounds for effective conductivity of two phase materials of arbitrary phase geometry, derived by Hashin and Shtrikman.
African-American children's representation of personal and social responsibility

This study examines 12 grade five elementary school students' attitudes and beliefs concerning personal and social responsibility in physical education. Factors used to identify students' attitudes and beliefs were initially divided into the six levels of Hellison's Taking Personal and Social Responsibility Model (TPSR), namely: irresponsibility, respect for the rights and feelings of others, participation and effort, self-direction, helping and caring for others and transfer into real-life situations. Through a variety of data collection techniques such as drawings, narrations, interviews and observations, a representation of the students' attitudes and beliefs regarding personal and social responsibility was identified. Results from the study showed the emergence of the following themes: (1) an emphasis on one on one interactions; (2) a focus on negative actions; (3) responsibility is complying with teachers to avoid punishment; (4) responsibility is determined by the family and not the school; and (5) ...
The Historical Geography of the Christian Church

Fruitful historical research to-day is, first and last, a study of original documents and other contemporary monuments. The successful historian must abandon the time-beaten track of artistic development and take the sterner path of exact science—inductive science. If he have any genius, it must hereafter be a genius for labor. He must leave behind him the allurements of the sunny plains, and must plunge into the great forest belt with its confusing paths, its almost insurmountable barriers, patiently struggling on, happy if some pioneer going before has blazed a road, and led on by the hope that although he himself may leave his bones in the wilderness some other toiler will break through at last to the bright uplands beyond.
Molecular resolution of zeolite surfaces as imaged by atomic force microscopy

An atomic-force microscope (AFM) has been used to probe the surfaces of several natural zeolite crystals with know crystal structures. Scolecite, stilbite, and faujasite have been studied, and their AFM images have been compared with models based on their crystal structure data. In all cases, a particular Miller plane of the crystal was imaged with the AFM. Scolecite crystal was imaged in air along the (001) surface, and twinning, which had been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, was observed on a molecular scale. Stilbite (010) was imaged in 0.1 m NaOH aqueous solution; both large and molecular-scale images of the surface were obtained. The AFM image agreed well with the model of the (010) surface. Faujasite was imaged along the (111) surface and showed a rough surface consistent with cleavage through the four rings joining the sodalite unit. These observations demonstrate the utility of AFM for the characterization of zeolite surface structure and that it may lend itself to observing processes at the surfaces, such as surface reconstruction (manuscript in preparation) and ion exchange.
ABRUPT VEGETATION AND CLIMATE CHANGES DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND LAST TERMINATION IN THE CHILEAN LAKE DISTRICT: A CASE STUDY FROM CANAL DE LA PUNTILLA (41¡S)

Multiple overlapping and replicate pollen stratigraphies from Canal de la Puntilla (40°57'09S, 72°54'18W, 120 m elevation) reveal that a Nothofagus dombeyi-type parkland occupied the Valle Central of the Chilean Lake District during the portion of the Last Glacial Maximum between 20,200 and about 14,600 14 C yr BP. Dominating this landscape was Nothofagus dombeyi-type and Gramineae, accompanied by taxa commonly found today in Subantarctic environments and above the Andean tree-line in the Lake District (Perezia-type, Valeriana, and Huperzia selago), along with cushion bog taxa characteristic of Magellanic Moorlands (Donatia fascicularis and Astelia pumila). Within this open landscape Nothofagus dombeyi-type expanded between 20,200 and 15,800 14 C yr BP, interrupted by a brief reversal between 19,200 and 18,800 14 C yr BP and followed by a prominent increase in Gramineae pollen between 15.800 and about 14,600 14 C yr BP. A major rise of Nothofagus dombeyi-type began at about 14,600 14 C yr BP, followed by decline in non-arboreal taxa and a remarkable expansion of North Patagonian Rain Forest taxa in pulses centered at 14,200 and 13,000 14 C yr BP. Podocarpus nubigena expanded between 12,200 and 9800 14 C yr BP, along with increases in Misodendrum and Maytenus disticha-type between 11,000 and 9800 14 C yr BP. Paleovegetation records suggest that mean annual temperature was 6-7°C colder than at present during the coldest episodes between 20,200 and about 14,600 14 C yr BP, with twice the modem annual precipitation between 20,200 and 13,000 14 C yr BP, suggesting a northward shift and intensification of westerly stormtracks. Slight climate warming occurred between 20,200 and 15,800 14 C yr BP, interrupted by cooling events at 19,200 and 15,800 14 C yr BP. The initial warming of the last termination started at 14,600 14 C yr BP, followed by wanning pulses at 14,200 and 13,000 14 C yr BP. These events brought glacial conditions to a cool-temperate climate, slightly cooler and welter than modern climate, accounting for a total temperature recovery of ≥5°C by about 13,000 14 C yr BP. A general reversal in trend is inferred with cooling events at 12,200 and 11,000 14 C yr BP.
Preserving Agricultural Land via Property Assessment Policy and the Willingness to Pay for Land Preservation

In 1995, Wisconsin changed its agricultural land assessment policy from market valuation to use-valuation. The result is a significant reduction in property tax burdens for agricultural landowners. The goal of this legislation is to protect Wisconsin’s farm economy and curb urban sprawl by reducing the costs of retaining fringe land for agricultural purposes. However, agricultural property tax reductions must be compensated for by increases in property tax burdens of the rest of the community. The authors examine the effects of the new assessment policy on households in Muskego, Wisconsin. Specifically, the authors calculate property tax reductions for agricultural land-owners and property tax increases for nonagricultural landowners. The authors then compare actual household benefits (or costs) of this policy with household willingness to pay for land preservation. From this analysis, the authors determine which households receive a net benefit and whether the community as a whole enjoys a net benefit.
Shape of Asteroid 433 Eros from Inversion of Goldstone Radar Doppler Spectra

Abstract We use new analysis techniques to constrain the shape of 433 Eros with Goldstone radar data obtained during the asteroid's close approach in 1975. A previous analysis of these data (Ostro, Rosema, and Jurgens, 1990, Icarus 84, 334–351) used estimates of the echo's spectral edge frequencies as a function of asteroid rotation phase to constrain the convex envelope of Eros' pole-on silhouette. Our approach makes use of the echo's full Doppler-frequency distribution (effectively ∼15 times more echo data points) and is thus capable of constraining shape characteristics, such as concavities, within this convex envelope. The radar echoes are weak and north-south ambiguous, which limits the accuracy of our models. We present two different approaches, perturbations to an ellipsoid and successive approximations, that help to quantify the model uncertainties and identify features that are likely to be real. Both approaches yield models that are tapered along their lengths, with one or more prominent concavities on one side but not the other. We do not have sufficient information to determine the exact nature of the concavities, and in particular, whether they are craters, troughs, or bends in Eros' overall shape. The pole-on silhouette of the successive approximation model is shaped like a kidney bean, which resembles a nearly pole-on optical image derived from speckle interferometry (Drummond and Hege, 1989, in Asteroids II (R. P. Binzell, T. Gehrels, and M. S. Matthews, Eds.), pp. 171–191, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson); however, we cannot exclude shapes, such as the perturbation model, with more than one large concavity. Variations in the pyroxene/olivine ratio over Eros' surface have been inferred from visual and infrared observations (Murchie and Pieters, 1996, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 2201–2214). Correlating these variations with our shape information, we find that the side with concavities is relatively px-rich compared with the more rounded opposing side.
Dorothy day as autobiographer

The multiple public identities of Dorothy Day (1897–1980) as social critic, protestor, dissenter, anarchist, pacifist, communist become Catholic, journalist, editor, founder of the Catholic Worker movement, and mother invite exploration of the ways in which Dorothy Day viewed herself, as distinct from the ways others name and describe her. Focusing this study on four key books which include an autobiographical novel as well as personal and historical narratives widens the autobiographical lens through which we are able to discover Day's self-perceptions and self-presentations. Literature on autobiography and the women's autobiographical tradition provide further resources for understanding Day's own personal sense of identity.
Does the WISC‐R measure verbal intelligence for nonenglish‐speaking children?

Zarske, Moore, and Petersen's (1981) article that examined the factor structure of the WISC-R for “diagnosed learning disabled” children was critiqued. These authors concluded that the WISC-R “is an appropriate measure of general intellectual abilities” (p.407), but the present author suggests that this conclusion does not follow from their factor analytic data. The makeup of the sample also is questioned, and implications of their findings for the practitioner are discussed.
Relationships between dietary fat, body fat, and serum lipid profile in prepubertal children.

KU, CHING YI, BARBARA A. GOWER, TIM R. NAGY, MICHAEL I. GORAN. Relationships between dietary fat, body fat, and serum lipid profile in prepubertal children. Obes Res. 1998;6:400–407. Objective: The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that dietary fat components were associated with the serum lipid profile independent of ethnicity, body fat, and fat distribution in prepubertal children. Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty-six children (45 African American and 21 Caucasian), aged from 4 to 10 years, were recruited into the study. Dietary total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat were estimated by averaging two 24-hour diet recalls. Fasting serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were analyzed, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by the method of Friedewald. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Results: Children in both ethnic groups tended to overreport their dietary intake relative to total energy expenditure by 18%. African American children consumed more energy from total fat (35.3% vs. 31.5%, p<0.05), saturated fat (13.7% vs 12.2%, p<0.05), protein (16.4% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.02), and less from carbohydrate (48% vs. 57.1%, p<0.01) than Caucasian children. There was no significant correlation between dietary fat and either serum lipids or body fat indices after adjusting for nonfat energy intake and total lean tissue mass. Total body fat (r = 0.32), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (r = 0.39), and intraabdominal adipose tissue (r = 0.42) were positively related to serum triacylglycerol; these associations remained significant in a multiple linear regression model in which body fat indices were adjusted for ethnicity, total lean tissue, dietary total fat, and nonfat intake. Discussion: Our results do not support a link between dietary fat and serum lipids; instead, our data suggest that body fat may play a more important role than dietary fat in the course of cardiovascular disease development in prepubertal children.
Cell-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase Expression by Phytoplankton from Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA

Alkaline phosphatase expression by phytoplankton from two sites in Winyah Bay, SC, USA was investigated using nutrient-addition bioassays and cell-specific enzyme-labeled fluorescence (ELF) measurements. Our aim was to determine whether expression was group- or species-specific within the phytoplankton community. Diatoms dominated the riverine site in May, the coastal site in July, and both sites in August. Phytoplankton growth was limited by nitrogen (N) availability at the coastal site in May and the riverine site in August, but phosphate limitation was not observed. Alkaline phosphatase expression ranged from ∼30% of cells enumerated to less than 1% and was significantly reduced by inorganic phosphorus (P; 10 μM P) additions. Expression was restricted to species with low abundance, and there were no shifts in community composition consistent with alkaline phosphatase expression. Lack of phosphate limitation at higher-than-Redfield N/P ratios (up to 40:1), however, points to a potentially wider role of dissolved organic phosphorus in nutrition of Winyah Bay phytoplankton than indicated by the ELF assay.
Centromere Clustering: Where Synapsis Begins

Centromeres congregate into a large cluster called the chromocenter during Drosophila oogenesis. Two recent studies now define a function and a genetic basis for this remarkable structure.
A Distal Modular Enhancer Complex Acts to Control Pituitary- and Nervous System-Specific Expression of the LHX3 Regulatory Gene

Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 (LIM)-homeodomain (HD)-class transcription factors are critical for many aspects of mammalian organogenesis. Of these, LHX3 is essential for pituitary gland and nervous system development. Pediatric patients with mutations in coding regions of the LHX3 gene have complex syndromes, including combined pituitary hormone deficiency and nervous system defects resulting in symptoms such as dwarfism, thyroid insufficiency, infertility, and developmental delay. The pathways underlying early pituitary development are poorly understood, and the mechanisms by which the LHX3 gene is regulated in vivo are not known. Using bioinformatic and transgenic mouse approaches, we show that multiple conserved enhancers downstream of the human LHX3 gene direct expression to the developing pituitary and spinal cord in a pattern consistent with endogenous LHX3 expression. Several transferable cis elements can individually guide nervous system expression. However, a single 180-bp minimal enhancer is sufficient to confer specific expression in the developing pituitary. Within this sequence, tandem binding sites recognized by the islet-1 (ISL1) LIM-HD protein are essential for enhancer activity in the pituitary and spine, and a pituitary homeobox 1 (PITX1) bicoid class HD element is required for spatial patterning in the developing pituitary. This study establishes ISL1 as a novel transcriptional regulator of LHX3 and describes a potential mechanism for regulation by PITX1. Moreover, these studies suggest models for analyses of the transcriptional pathways coordinating the expression of other LIM-HD genes and provide tools for the molecular analysis and genetic counseling of pediatric patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.
Partial purification and characterization of neutral proteases in lymph nodes of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Two kinds of neutral protease activities in lymph nodes from Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) have been separated and partially purified and characterized. A soluble enzyme preparation enriched by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography hydrolyzes myelin basic protein, polylysine, and other basic proteins with an optimum pH at 6.0–6.5. It is inhibited byp-chloromercuribenzoate, and thus appears to be a mixture of thiol proteases. Another fraction containing proteolytic enzyme activity is strongly bound to the insoluble lymph node residue, and it also hydrolyzes myelin basic protein and histone, but not polylysine. It has a pH optimum above 7.5, is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, thus resembling elastase, but does not hydrolyze elastin-Congo red. The insoluble enzyme preparation hydrolyzes basic protein to 4–5 peptides in a pattern on polyacrylamide gels resembling that of the hydrolysis of basic protein by whole lymphocytes; the soluble enzyme mixture produces small fragments not retained on gels. Lymphocytes are a major component of the cells inflitrating the nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and neutral proteases contained in these cells may contribute to the degradation of myelin, especially of the basic protein.
A Linear Tetrapyrrole as a Binucleating Ligand with Copper(II). Coordination beyond the Usual M−N4 Bonding

The linear tetrapyrrole ligand, H2TPKB, undergoes chemical modification through hydroxide addition to produce a binuclear copper(II) complex with an interesting structure that involves coordination of the three pyrrole nitrogen atoms to one copper(II) center, a bridging alkoxide, and the terminal keto group which is bound to the second copper(II) center.
Depression sudden gains and transient depression spikes during treatment for PTSD.

OBJECTIVE We know little about how change unfolds in depression symptoms during posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment or how patient characteristics predict depression symptom change. This study examined critical transition points in depression symptoms during PTSD treatment, namely, depression sudden gains, which are rapid symptom improvements and transient depression spikes, which are transient depression worsenings. Social support, one of the strongest predictors of PTSD development, was examined as a predictor of depression symptom discontinuities. METHOD At pretreatment, 200 participants (76.6% female; 64.9% Caucasian; age M = 37.1, SD = 11.3 years) completed measures of PTSD severity (PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report), depression severity (Beck Depression Inventory), general social support (Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors; Social Support Questionnaire), and trauma-related social support (Social Reactions Questionnaire). During 10 weeks of prolonged exposure (PE) or sertraline, depression was assessed weekly. RESULTS Overall, 18.0% of participants experienced a depression sudden gain, and 22.5% experienced a transient depression spike. The presence of a depression sudden gain predicted better treatment outcome, β = -4.82, SE = 1.17, p = .001, 95% CI [-6.79, -2.90]. Higher perceptions of negative trauma-related reactions, albeit modestly, were associated with experiencing a transient depression spike (r = .18, p = .01). There were no differences in rates of depression sudden gains or transient depression spikes between treatments. CONCLUSIONS Encouragingly, rapid improvements in depression symptoms are beneficial for PTSD treatment outcome, but transient spikes in depressive symptoms do not strongly influence outcome. Understanding symptom discontinuities may help us to personalize current PTSD treatment options.
Sprengel's deformity associated with a de novo balanced translocation involving chromosome 3 and 17

This is the first case of a de novo balanced translocation 46, XY, t(3;17)(p12.2;q25) associated with multiple musculoskeletal abnormalities, including Sprengel's deformity (congenital undescended scapula to be reported). This translocation has not been described previously with this congenital anomaly in Korea.