cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The retinal phenotype of Grk1-/- is compromised by a Crb1 rd8 mutation.

Well-established laboratory mouse lines are important in creating genetically engineered knockout mouse models; however, these routinely used inbred strains are prone to spontaneous and deleterious mutations. One of these strains, the commonly used C57BL/6N (B6N), was discovered to carry a point mutation in the Crumbs homolog 1 (Crb1(rd8) ) gene, which codes for a developmental protein involved in tight junction formation at the outer limiting membrane (OLM). This mutation disrupts photoreceptor polarity and leads to retinal degeneration. It was hypothesized that the G-protein receptor kinase 1 knockouts (Grk1(-/-) ), which were based on the B6N strain, would exhibit abnormal morphological phenotypes in their offspring not related to GRK1's major phosphorylation function. The hypothesis was tested by examining Grk1(-/-) with or without the Crb1(rd8) mutation.The mice strains tested were C57BL/6J (B6J), B6N, and Grk1(-/-) on either a B6J (Grk1(-/-) (;B6J)) or B6N background (Grk1(-/-) (;B6N)) and were verified with PCR genotype analysis for Grk1(-/-) and Crb (rd8) . The mice were bred and raised in complete darkness until 1 or 3 months of age and then exposed to 1,000 lux light for 24 h, followed by processing for immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis on the retinal structure to investigate the morphological effects of light exposure. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was performed to detect photoreceptor apoptosis.The microanatomy of the retinal sections revealed disorganization of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the B6N and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) mice and a significant decrease in the thickness of the ONL in the 3-month-old Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) mice. The adherens-junction-associated protein, Zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), formed a continuous line at the OLM in the 1- and 3-month-old control B6J and Grk1(-/-) (;B6J) mice. In contrast, the B6N and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retinas showed discontinuous and fragmented staining for ZO-1 at the OLM at both ages. After the mice were exposed to light, TUNEL analysis showed a significant increase in photoreceptor cell death in the Grk1(-/-) (;B6J) and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retinas versus either the B6J or B6N retinas at 1 and 3 months of age and a small significant difference between the Grk1(-/-) (;B6J) and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retinas at 1 month. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was enhanced in the Grk1(-/-) (;B6J) and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retinas at 1 and 3 months. Occasional sprouting processes of rod bipolar cells were detected in the B6N and Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retinas, but sprouting was not detected in the B6J or Grk1(-/-) (;B6J) retinas at either age.The B6N strain background exhibited abnormal phenotypes in the Grk1(-/-) (;B6N) retina. This study demonstrates that the B6N background can influence the phenotype of a genetic mouse knockout and introduces potential visual functional consequences of the Crb1 mutation.
Regular Presex Drinking: The Importance of Considering Sexual Orientation

Eaton et al. recently reported the prevalence and correlates of regularly drinking alcohol before sexual activity (presex drinking) among US adults. Although their study addressed an important gap in the literature, we were disappointed by the omission of sexual orientation from their analysis. Given established differences in alcohol use among gay, lesbian, and bisexual populations and indications that heavy drinking is associated with risky sexual behavior, we replicated their study to assess the role of sexual orientation. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 15, 2015: e1. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302880). Language: en
Arresting the phenomenon of heater flooding in a wickless heat pipe in microgravity

Abstract The Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) is a transparent, wickless heat pipe experiment carried out in the US Labs of the International Space Station (ISS). Experiments were carried out using the 40 mm CVB, 3 mm× 3 mm in cross-section, pentane as the working fluid, with the power inputs of up to 3 W. Due to the low Bond number (Bo) in microgravity and materials of construction, the CVB system was ideally suited to determine the contribution of the Marangoni forces toward the limiting heat pipe performance, and the transparent quartz shows exactly how that limitation occurs. Previous literature models and experimental temperature and pressure measurements suggested that at high enough temperature gradients, the working fluid should be subjected to enough Marangoni force to force it away from the heater and ultimately, dry out the hot end. The CVB experiment shows that high temperature gradients lead to a totally opposite behavior, i.e., ‘flooding’ of the heated end. Flooding of the heater end is attributed to a competition between Marangoni-induced flow due to high temperature gradients at the heater end and capillary return flow from the cooler. This creates a thick liquid layer in the corner of the cuvette at the heater end. At the point of flow balance, a thick layer of liquid is observed on the flat surface of the quartz cuvette. This is defined as the central drop. The region from the top of the heater end to the central drop is referred to as the interfacial flow region. The interfacial flow region develops at a power input of around 0.7 W, and increases in length to the power input of 2 W. At 2 W, the strength of the Marangoni forces saturate. As a result, the forces in the flooded interfacial region are not able to push the liquid further into the capillary region and a further penetration of liquid down the axis of the heat pipe is arrested. As the power input is increased to nearly 3 W, an increase in the vapor space is observed near the heater end at 3 W. This behavior suggests that the flooding might just be an intermediate stage in reaching the dry-out limitation. The flat quartz surface at the hot end is covered by a wavy thin liquid film due to the interfacial forces. The hot end region closest to the heater is a superheated vapor region that leads to the condensation. This additional observation is discussed in Appendix.
Novel Substrate Removed Mach-Zehnder GaAs/AlGaAs Electro-optic Modulators

Ultra-wide bandwidth, low voltage external modulators are essential for digital and analog fiber optic transmission.
Herpes simplex infection of the female genital tract. II. Association of cytopathic effect in cell culture with site of infection.

In our continuing effort to elucidate the relationship between infection of the female genital tract with herpes simplex virus (Herpesvirus hominis) and cervical carcinoma, we have been studying and comparing the biologic characteristics of strains of herpesvirus isolated from genital and nongenital sites. This relationship has also been investigated by Naib [1] and Rawls et al. [2]. Both groups found a positive correlation between evidence of genital infection with herpesvirus and the development of cervical neoplasia. A previous report [3] indicated that a group of approximately 500 women with a relatively high risk of developing cervical carcinoma had a 1.6% rate of genital infection with herpesvirus compared with an infection rate of less than 0.1% in approximately 1,900 "normal" women. It has been established that there are at least 2 antigenic types of human herpesvirus [4, 5]. It appears that the antigenic group of viruses referred to as type 1 is the cause of nongenital infections, whereas antigenic type 2 strains are responsible for herpes genitalis [6]. Genital strains can be differentiated from nongenital strains by their cytopathic effect in cultures of HeLa cells [7], rabbit kidney cells, and human lung fibroblast cells [8]. Genital and nongenital isolates also can be differentiated by their growth and thermal stability curves [8], by the size of pocks produced on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs [9-11], and by their degree of neurovirulence in rabbits and mice [8]. This report describes a cytopathologic comparison of genital and nongenital strains of herpesvirus which were cultivated in human embryonic kidney cell cultures. Methods
Separation of Intrinsic Factor Antibodies from Parietal Cell Antibodies in Pernicious Anemia Serum by Gel Filtration

SummaryThe separation of IFA from PCA in PA serum was achieved by coupling the IFA with the partially purified human IF and eluting this relatively large complex in the void volume on a Sephadex G-200 column. The dissociation of the IF-IFA complex was achieved, thereafter, by treatment with 0.1 N HCl and elution of the IFA in the void volume of the G-150 Sephadex column, while IF was retarded on this column.
Electrochemical dissolved oxygen removal from microfluidic streams for LOC sample pretreatment

Current water quality monitoring for heavy metal contaminants largely results in analytical snapshots at a particular time and place. Therefore, we have been interested in miniaturized and inexpensive sensors suitable for long-term, real-time monitoring of the drinking water distribution grid, industrial wastewater effluents, and even rivers and lakes. Among the biggest challenges for such sensors are the issues of in-field device calibration and sample pretreatment. Previously, we have demonstrated use of coulometric stripping analysis for calibration-free determination of copper and mercury. For more negatively reduced metals, O2 reduction interferes with stripping analysis; hence, most electroanalysis techniques rely on pretreatments to remove dissolved oxygen (DO). Current strategies for portable DO removal offer limited practicality, because of their complexity, and often cause inadvertent sample alterations. Therefore, we have designed an indirect in-line electrochemical DO removal device (EDOR), utilizing a silver cathode to reduce DO in a chamber that is fluidically isolated from the sample stream by an O2-permeable membrane. The resulting concentration gradient supports passive DO diffusion from the sample stream into the deoxygenation chamber. The DO levels in the sample stream were determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry at a custom thin-layer cell (TLC) detector. Results show removal of 98% of the DO in a test sample at flow rates approaching 50 μL/min and power consumption as low as 165 mW h L(-1) at steady state. Besides our specific stripping application, this device is well-suited for LOC applications where miniaturized DO removal and/or regulation are desirable.
A further investigation of the development of mouse-killing in rats

Several previous investigations have suggested that competitive experience is an important factor in the development of the mouse-killing response in rats. However, the question of whether the competition involved or food deprivation associated with the competition is the critical factor has been raised. In the present study three groups of rats were used. In one group (N = 40) rats were food deprived and were placed daily, in pairs, in a situation where they could compete for food. A second group (N = 20) was food deprived but not exposed to the competitive situation, while a third group (N = 20) was not food deprived. Animals were tested daily for 15 consecutive days for the development of the killing response. Rats in the group receiving both food deprivation and competitive experience killed significantly more mice than rats in the other groups.
Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Costs and benefits of medical intervention.

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recently chartered the Choosing Wisely Working Group to identify 5 recommendations for improving value and reducing waste in neurologic care. One of these recommendations was “Do not prescribe interferon-β or glatiramer acetate to patients with disability from progressive, nonrelapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.” Release of this recommendation precipitated an emotional, strongly negative response from many multiple sclerosis (MS) neurologists, and this discontent was enhanced when it was recognized that an administrative oversight prevented this recommendation from being vetted by the MS Section of the AAN before it was released. It has been argued that the evidence used to support this recommendation is fundamentally flawed and suggested that the resultant absence of evidence should not preclude treatment of the individual patient with MS.1
Tragedy and Metaphysics in Heidegger's ‘The Anaximander Fragment’

(2009). Tragedy and Metaphysics in Heidegger's ‘The Anaximander Fragment’. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 40, Tradition, Art & Sexuality, pp. 37-53.
Analysis and Research of the Synchronous Rectification BUCK Converter Power Loss

To have power loss analysis is very important for designing and optimizing the circuits.Analysis and calculation of power loss for every element and apparatus of synchronous rectification BUCK converter were made.And the power loss causes and calculation method for each element and apparatus were given.And calculation method was verified by BUCK circuit controlled by ADP1828 chip for the ef- ficiency.The efficiency curve measured actually is quite near with the one calculated.
Discrete-Time MIP Methods for Production Scheduling in Multistage Facilities

Abstract We propose four different discrete-time, mixed-integer programming (MIP) models for production scheduling problems in multistage facilities. Specifically, we discuss two models based on network representations and develop two models inspired by the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem. Furthermore, we propose different solution methods: tightening constraints, a reformulation, and priority-based branching. Through a comprehensive computational study, we show that up to four orders of magnitude improvements in computational time can be achieved compared to existing approaches.
Abstract 614: Cytotoxic activity of enantia chlorantha, nauclea latifolia, and citrus medica extracts on carcinoma cells

Over 562,340 Americans are expected to die of cancer, more than 1500 people a day. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the US, exceeded only by heart disease. In the US, cancer accounts for nearly 1 of every 4 deaths. Our study focuses primarily on three plants never before investigated for antitumor activity. They were chosen based upon native ethno medicinal usages. Indigenous primarily to the southwestern region of Nigeria; Enantia chlorantha, Nauclea latifolia, and Citrus medica have all been traditionally used and studies have proven their noteworthy antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti parasitical activities. These important characteristics provide the rationale behind studying these plants further for potential antitumor agents. Experimental: Methanolic leaf and bark extracts in a series of concentrations were taken from the previously stated plants and exposed to two breast and two colorectal cancer cells for 24 hours. Growth analysis is determined using a cell viability indicator alamar blue and a florescent plate reader. Results: Enantia chlorantha and Citrus medica demonstrated the most potential for containing novel antitumor compounds. However, E. chlorantha proved to be exceedingly toxic to the cellular proliferation of all four tumors cell lines at all concentrations. In addition to this, Nauclea latifolia extracts illustrated the least potential for antitumor activity. In most cases this extract showed little or no effect in reducing cellular proliferation. Conclusion: We conclude that leaf extracts from E. chlorantha and C. medica should be studied further to characterize their antitumor potential, investigate their main active compounds, and to better understand their mechanisms of action. Citation Format: Chenel M. Alford, Alexandra Onyejiaka, Elbert L. Myles. Cytotoxic activity of enantia chlorantha, nauclea latifolia, and citrus medica extracts on carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 614.
On the Rate of Growth of the Population of the United States since 1790 and its Mathematical Representation

Pearl and Reed begin their paper with a discussion of exponential and parabolic growth formulas for past U.S. population growth, which we have omitted.
Detroit Metropolitan Area and Warren

Metro Detroit is an illustration of dynamic urban condition. While Southeast Michigan has experienced steady growth in population during the last century, Detroit and communities surrounding the city has lost more than half of their population in the last six decades. Warren has been portrayed as one of the top 10 most miserable cities in the USA in the last decade. Residents in Warren have faced tremendous struggle to sustain quality of everyday life. The struggle is compounded by a strong geopolitical divide between the north and south side of the city, failure of traditional economic development model, and failure to address evolving social demographics. Warren is not just an isolated case. Warren embodies the challenges of many shrinking first suburbs.
The West Also Needs a Spiritual Renewal (in French)

The spirit of the Enlightenment dazzles so many intellectuals and opinion leaders in the West that they either ignore the phenomenon of the return of the religious on a world wide scale or perceive it as a threat and not as a vehicle for a re-moralization of society.
Coracles, Castanets, Cadaqués

This ReView of a series of therapy sessions that took place two years ago, over a period of seven months, takes the form of a theatrical text written for the stage. Coracles, Castanets, Cadaques is part monologue, part comedy, part detective story, and part history lesson and follows the story of theatre professor who makes an appointment with a therapist. What ensues is a sonic and surrealistic autobiographical tale of lost orientation, and of learning to turn an eye into an ear in order to hear the ways that our own darkness is looped with our grandest understanding of love. Oh, and there’s a tiger.
Bacterial Keratitis: Isolated Organisms and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in San Francisco.

PURPOSE Understanding the spectrum of pathogens in a given geographic region is important when deciding on empiric antibiotic therapy. In this study, we evaluate the spectrum of bacterial organisms cultured from corneal samples and their antibiotic sensitivities to guide initial treatment of keratitis. METHODS We performed a retrospective case review of cultures from suspected infectious keratitis cases at the Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, from 1996 through 2015. Logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of culturing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from ulcers over time and the association between the year cultured and moxifloxacin resistance. RESULTS A total of 522 of 2203 (23.7%) cultures grew bacterial organisms believed to be the etiology of infection, with available antibiotic sensitivity data. Of these, 338 (65.3%) grew gram-positive organisms with the most common being methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%, N = 105). One hundred eighty (34.7%) grew gram-negative species with Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the most prevalent organism (10.9%, N = 57). There was 1.13 increased odds of culturing MRSA for each 1-year increase in the culture date (P = 0.01) and 1.26 increased odds of culturing an organism resistant to moxifloxacin with each 1-year increase in the culture date after controlling for the infectious organism (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Gram-positive organisms are the most commonly identified etiology of microbial keratitis in this series. Approximately 35% of cultured organisms had variable susceptibility to moxifloxacin, and resistance seems to be increasing over time. The risk of culturing MRSA increased over time.
Citation practices of L2 university students in first-year writing: Form, function, and stance

Abstract: This study reports findings of an analysis of the citation practices of L2 undergraduate students in the context of first-year writing (FYW). Data consist of a corpus of 100 source-based research papers written by L2 students in a FYW course. Taking a multi-perspective analytical approach, we examine L2 undergraduate students' citation practices in terms of surface forms, rhetorical functions, and writer stance. Results indicate that L2 students use a restricted range of reporting structures, and they primarily use sources for attribution function to display their knowledge of the topics. Furthermore, as opposed to taking a strong positive or negative position, the findings show that L2 student writers mainly adopt a non-committal stance by merely acknowledging or distancing themselves from cited materials, suggesting that L2 students are inclined to show deference to the perceived authority of published sources. We conclude with pedagogical options for enhancing L2 university students' citation practices.
Historical Psychology and the Milgram Paradigm: Tests of an Experimentally Derived Model of Defiance Using Accounts of Massacres by Nazi Reserve Police Battalion 101.

In Milgram’s (1963, 1965a, 1965b, 1974/2004) experiments on destructive obedience, an authority figure repeatedly ordered a resistant participant to deliver what seemed to be increasingly painful shocks to a confederate victim who demanded to be released. A three-stage behavioral model (aversive conditioning of contextual stimuli, emergence of a decision point, and a choice between immediate and delayed reinforcers) proposes that participants withdraw to escape personal distress rather than to help the victim. The model explains significant details in accounts of the 1942 massacres of some 3,200 Jewish civilians at Jozefow and Lomazy, Poland, by Nazi Reserve Police Battalion 101. The use of historical analyses to test nomothetic psychological theories offers unique opportunities for advancing understanding of destructive obedience.
Curvilinear dependency of response accuracy on response time in cognitive tests

Abstract The relationship between response time and accuracy in cognitive tasks is an important topic in experimental cognitive psychology as well as in the domain of cognitive testing, but the relationship is much more difficult to capture for the latter. Using data involving five cognitive tests: three academic achievement tests (knowledge tests) and two reasoning tests (perceptual and quantitative reasoning), the relationship between response time and response accuracy is explored after controlling for possible confounds associated with individual and item differences. The tests are different in terms of contents and type of test (achievement or ability test), but it was nonetheless found for all tests that response accuracy shows the same kind of curvilinear dependency on response time. Accuracy rates first increase rather rapidly and then decrease more slowly as a function of response time. The turning point came earlier for the three knowledge tests than for the two ability tests. The results are not easily reconcilable with simple principles that may apply to tasks used in cognitive experimental psychology. Possible explanations refer to discontinuities in the cognitive processes such as switching strategies, or a decline of cognitive efficiency and increasing cognitive depletion with passing time while working on problems that take much more time than the common tasks in experimental psychology.
International Trade in Risky Foods: The Policies of the European Community and the World Trade Organization

The European Community (EC) has imposed stringent regulations on the use of hormones to fatten cows, on the exportation of beef from the United Kingdom, and on the genetic modification of foods. The governments of several countries, not all of them outside the EC, question the adequacy of the risk-assessments underlying the EC’s policies. In this chapter, I discuss not only the policies themselves but also the manners in which they were handled by the World Trade Organization or by the European Court of Justice.
Fundamentals of Infection Control and Strategies for the Intensive Care Unit

The mission of a hospital infection control program is to ensure continuous improvement in the delivery of patient care. This is done through a structured surveillance, which reviews, analyzes, and reports healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rates. It is the overall intent of the program to identify and reduce the risk of acquiring and transmitting infections among patients, staff, physicians, other healthcare professionals and visitors to the institution. There are in essence three specific goals of a hospital infection control program. The first goal involves the protection of the patient, which is accomplished through ensuring that a low risk exists for the acquisition of a HAI. This has become a daunting exercise in the presence of a high-risk patient population coupled with an environment that fosters the development of widespread antibiotic resistance. However, there is substantial published data demonstrating that an effective infection control program results in a reduced infection rate, increased case-specific patient survival, fewer complications and a reduction in hospitalized days [1].
Toward an Improved Understanding of the Role of Dielectrics in Capacitors

A new fundamental principle of the theory of dielectrics in capacitors is demonstrated. That is, dielectric material in any geometry that reduces the field generated by charges on capacitor electrodes is effective in increasing capacitance. Specifically, it is shown that super dielectric material on the outer surfaces of the electrodes of a parallel plate capacitor increases dielectric constant, as well as energy and power densities, by orders of magnitude. The implicit assumption in all current capacitor theory, that the "capacitor" is only that region occupied by the electrodes and the space between them, is shown to be incorrect.
Distributed Solution of Large-Scale Linear Systems via Accelerated Projection-Based Consensus

Solving a large-scale system of linear equations is a key step at the heart of many algorithms in scientific computing, machine learning, and beyond. When the problem dimension is large, computational and/or memory constraints make it desirable, or even necessary, to perform the task in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we consider a common scenario in which a taskmaster intends to solve a large-scale system of linear equations by distributing subsets of the equations among a number of computing machines/cores. We propose a new algorithm called Accelerated Projection-based Consensus , in which at each iteration every machine updates its solution by adding a scaled version of the projection of an error signal onto the nullspace of its system of equations, and the taskmaster conducts an averaging over the solutions with momentum. The convergence behavior of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in detail and analytically shown to compare favorably with the convergence rate of alternative distributed methods, namely distributed gradient descent, distributed versions of Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent and heavy-ball method, the block Cimmino method, and Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers. On randomly chosen linear systems, as well as on real-world data sets, the proposed method offers significant speed-up relative to all the aforementioned methods. Finally, our analysis suggests a novel variation of the distributed heavy-ball method, which employs a particular distributed preconditioning and achieves the same theoretical convergence rate as that in the proposed consensus-based method.
“Straight Outta Nashville”: Allusions to Hip Hop in Contemporary Country Music

In the past decade, it has become commonplace to hear songs on country radio with clear stylistic debts to hip hop. This article provides a brief history of this trend, as well as an analysis of th...
The genetic algorithm and the Prisoner's Dilemma

The Prisoner's Dilemma is a game theory simulation used by sociologists to study human interactions. This game places two "players" in a situation wherein both of them, as a pair, would be better off if they cooperated with each other, but each of them, individually, is better off if he or she works towards his or her own selfish interests. However, when two players play this game repeatedly, cooperation becomes possible among rational players. In this paper, we will examine a method called the genetic algorithm for using a computer to derive strategies for the IPD. The genetic algorithm is applicable to many problems, but it does have many limitations, and this paper will demonstrate one of them in particular: the genetic algorithm cannot effectively operate on its own crossover and mutation rates.
The Effects of Antibiotic Alternatives on Feed Efficiency, Growth Performance, and Carcass Traits in Swine

ObjectivesThe U.S. swine producers have been challenged to find antibiotic alternatives to use in their swine heard. With feed expenses accounting for the majority of their costs, the lack of an antibiotic could lead to increased expenses. Scours is a common occurrence that will cause problems with not only the animals, but producers as well; therefore, the need to investigate alternative sources is a necessity. The objectives of this study were to: 1. Determine the effects of antibiotic alternatives (lysozyme and show feed additive) on feed efficiency in market swine and 2. Determine effects on carcass characteristics.Materials and MethodsThirty pigs (15 barrows/15 gilts) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (TRT). Treatments included: TRT C: control (commercial diet with no additives, n = 10), TRT L: lysozyme alternative (commercial diet with lysozyme additive, n = 10), TRT S: Ohio show feed alternative (commercial diet with show-feed additive, n = 10). Animals used in the current study were approved by IACUC (2017A00000075). On a weekly basis, pig weights and feed consumption were recorded. Carcass characteristics were measured on a 48 h. chill where carcass traits (back fat, LEA, carcass weight, subjective and objective color scores, and marbling, firmness, and wetness scores) were recorded, at the 10th/11th rib interface (left side of carcasses).ResultsWith little to no variation between treatments, results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) differences in feed efficiency or carcass characteristics. Treatments L and S revealed higher feed efficiency levels than control between d 42 and 77; however, by the end of the trial no differences (P > 0.05) were noted.ConclusionOverall, Trt S resulted in less mortalities when compared to other treatments. Additionally, TRT S was the most cost effective overall when viewed on an economic basis; which will be beneficial to the producer. However, with the combination of number of observations and the significant reduction in numbers due to a Scours outbreak (E. coli), authors recognize the need to repeat the study with an increase number of animals per treatment. On a side note, Trt L proved to not be suitable for E. coli.
CMOS-on-SOI ESD protection networks

Abstract ESD robustness of 4 kV HBM is achieved in CMOS-on-SOI ESD protection networks in an advanced sub-0.25 μm mainstream CMOS-on-SOI technology. Design layout, body contact, floating-gate effects and novel ESD protection implementations are discussed.
Extremes become routine in an emerging new Arctic

The Arctic is rapidly warming and experiencing tremendous changes in sea ice, ocean and terrestrial regions. Lack of long-term scientific observations makes it difficult to assess whether Arctic changes statistically represent a ‘new Arctic’ climate. Here we use five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 class Earth system model large ensembles to show how the Arctic is transitioning from a dominantly frozen state and to quantify the nature and timing of an emerging new Arctic climate in sea ice, air temperatures and precipitation phase (rain versus snow). Our results suggest that Arctic climate has already emerged in sea ice. Air temperatures will emerge under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 scenario in the early- to mid-twenty-first century, followed by precipitation-phase changes. Despite differences in mean state and forced response, these models show striking similarities in their anthropogenically forced emergence from internal variability in Arctic sea ice, surface temperatures and precipitation-phase changes. The short observational record makes it difficult to gauge how unprecedented recent Arctic warming is. A multi-model large ensemble estimates a new Arctic climate has emerged for sea-ice extent. As the Arctic shifts from a primarily frozen state, temperature and precipitation follow within decades.
Piloting a network of small telescopes

The Pilot Small Telescope Network (PSTN) is a state-of the art system of easily replicable and scalable hardware, software, servers, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) protocols, and network middleware connecting and developing a pilot array of robotic telescopes to one another and the user community. The PSTN is a developmental project that will allow growing access to these telescopes, and make available data to faculty, students and others in an environment of collaboration. The underlying goal of the PSTN is to broaden the quantity and quality of astronomical education and research, particularly with a focus on traditionally underserved populations.
Considering individual needs when transitioning from an alternative education setting to the home school: a case study example

For many students, placement in an alternative education setting is temporary, and once they make progress, they will be expected to return to their home school setting. An effective transition bet...
Tobacco cigarette and cannabis use among new mothers.

Background and aims In the United States, the prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy has increased whereas tobacco smoking has decreased. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco cigarette smoking and cannabis use among new mothers, stratified by breastfeeding status. Additionally, trend analysis was used to examine changes in tobacco and cannabis use over time. Design Cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-18). Setting United States. Participants Population-based sample of new mothers (within 2 years of childbirth) aged 20-44 years (n = 1332). Measurements For each NHANES data cycle, the prevalence of tobacco smoking measured by self-report or serum cotinine was estimated. Additionally, we estimated the prevalence of cannabis use measured by self-report. Using Joinpoint Regression, we tested for significant changes in trends and produced the average 'data-cycle' percentage change (APC). Findings From 2001 to 2018, more than one in five new mothers were tobacco cigarette smokers. New mothers who were breastfeeding were less likely to smoke cigarettes [7.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.9%, 10.9% compared with mothers who were not breastfeeding (25.7%, 95% CI = 22.3%, 29.3%]. Results from Joinpoint regression indicated no robust temporal trends for self-reported tobacco smoking (APC = -1.3, 95% CI = -8.6, 6.7; P = 0.7) or for cotinine levels ≥ 4.47 ng/ml (APC = 0.3, 95% CI = -5.0, 5.9; P = 0.9), whereas cannabis use had increased among new mothers (APC = 23.7, 95% CI = 4.8, 46.0; P = 0.02). Conclusions Consistent with the increase seen among other subgroups, cannabis use has approximately doubled among US new mothers since 2005. There is no significant evidence of a change in tobacco smoking among US new mothers since 2001.
A Nationwide Survey Study on Medical Student Experience in Acute Care Surgery.

Abstract Background There is little known about medical student education in acute care surgery (ACS)—how much and what type of exposure students receive in the specialty. The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of ACS education provided to students in U.S. medical schools. Materials and methods We created an online survey tool covering the surgical clerkship and ACS curriculum and distributed this survey to the official email list of the Association for Surgical Education Committee on Clerkship Directors. Results A total of 57 of 294 (19.4%) responses were received. All respondents reported that at least some of their major teaching hospitals are affiliated with an ACS service and have a level 1 or 2 trauma center. Although almost two-thirds (61.8%) of respondents believe that medical students should have formal ACS education in the form of a clinical rotation, an ACS rotation is mandatory at only 16.4% of programs and is optional at 69.1% of programs as part of the surgical clerkship curriculum. The duration of ACS rotations ranges from 1 to 6 wk, and half of programs require students to take overnight call (most often 1-2 nights/wk). The most common pathologies that students see on ACS include appendicitis, biliary disease and cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, and trauma. Conclusions Medical students across the nation have varying exposure to ACS during their clinical training. With the continued growth of the ACS specialty, further study is warranted to examine the impact of undergraduate ACS education on student career planning.
The Non-Monetary Nature of Gifts

This paper addresses the prevalence of non-monetary gifts over more highly valued and efficient monetary transfers in social relationships. We demonstrate that under a wide variety of circumstances, inefficient non-monetary gifts will be offered by a donor in lieu of cash in order to signal the donor's quality of information about the recipient's preferences. This result emerges because gift giving is inefficient relative to cash, and not because of any arbitrary assumptions regarding communication. In particular, the donor has available the strategy of offering cash and saying what he would have purchased. Nonetheless, there is still an important equilibrium role for buying gifts.
Resolving Predicament Related to the Hysteresis and Temperature Effect in FBG-Based Current Sensors by Utilizing Machine Learning

This paper presents machine learning application to compensate for hysteresis and temperature effects in magnetostrictive-Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based current sensors. The proposed technique will reduce complexity and cost of FBG-based current sensors.
Surface chemistry of hydroxyapatite for sustainable n-butanol production from bio-ethanol

Summary Calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) has emerged as a green, bifunctional catalyst for the heterogeneous coupling of various biomass-derived molecules, including ethanol to n-butanol via the Guerbet reaction. This review critically analyzes the surface chemistry of HAp catalysts based on the available temporally- and spatially-resolved in situ and operando spectroscopic studies. Specifically, the nature of the isolated acidic and basic surface sites, as well as the acid-base pairs, is elucidated based on chemical probe spectroscopy results. Surface structure-reactivity relationships are also rationalized based on the nature and identity of the surface sites involved in various steps of the Guerbet reaction to produce n-butanol over the HAp catalysts. Finally, future directions in experimental investigations are suggested to guide the rational design of improved HAp-based catalysts for the Guerbet reaction and other similar chemistries.
Industrial Hygiene Evaluation Methods

Evaluation of Hazardous Environmental Agents and Factors Hazardous Environmental Agents and Factors Monitoring and Analytical Instruments Used to Evaluate the Occupational Environment: Generic Descriptions and Related Calibration Aspects Evaluation of Airborne Total Particulate: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Polyvinyl Chloride Filter Medium Evaluation of Airborne Respirable Particulate: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Polyvinyl Chloride Filter Medium and Dorr-Oliver Cyclone Evaluation of Airborne Fibers as Asbestos: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Cellulose Ester Fiber Filter Medium Evaluation of Airborne Metal Dusts and Fumes: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Cellulose Ester Fiber Filter Medium Evaluation of Airborne Particulate: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Direct-Reading Aerosol Meter Evaluati on of Airborne Organic Gases and Vapors: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Solid Adsorbent Medium Evaluation of Airborne Inorganic and Organic Gases, Vapors, and Mists: Integrated Personal and Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with a Liquid Absorbent Medium Evaluation of Airborne Combustible and Oxygen Gases: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Combined Combustible and Oxygen Gas Meter Evaluation of Airborne Inorganic and Organic Gases and Vapors: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Piston or Bellows Air Sampling Pump with a Solid Sorbent Detector Tube Medium Evaluation of Airborne Toxic Gases and Vapors: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using Organic Gas and Vapor Meters Evaluation of Surface and Source Contaminants: Monitoring Using Wipe and Bulk Sample Techniques Evaluation of Airborne Bioaerosols: Integrated Area Monitoring Using an Air Sampling Pump with an Impactor and Nutrient Agar Medium Evaluation of Airborne Soun d Levels: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Sound Level Meter with Octave Band Analyzer Evaluation of Airborne Sound Levels: Integrated Personal Monitoring Using an Audio Dosimeter Evaluation of Personal Hearing Thresholds: Instantaneous Personal Monitoring Using an Audiometer Evaluation of Heat Stress: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Assembly and Meter Evaluation of Illumination: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using an Illumination Meter Evaluation of Airborne Nonionizing Microwave Radiation: Instantaneous Monitoring Using a Microwave Meter Evaluation of Airborne Nonionizing Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using a Combined Electric and Magnetic Field Meter Evaluation of Airborne Ionizing Radiaion: Instantaneous Area Monitoring Using an Ionizing Radiation Meter Evaluation of Ergonomic Factors: Conducting Anthropometric and Workstation Measurements Evaluation of Air Pr
Combination Treatment with Histone Deacetylase 3 and 6 Selective Inhibitors Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) in Mice.

Endothelial barrier dysfunction plays a pivotal role in ALI. We have previously shown that inhibitors of the 90KDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) reduce the magnitude of LPS-induced ALI in mice. Inhibi...
Neuroimaging Findings in Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis

This male neonate was born at 40 weeks of gestation by vaginaldelivery after an uneventful pregnancy. At day of life 3, he presentedwith seizures characterized by episodes of apnea and cyanosis. Cranio-facial dysmorphic features including a left facial nevus psiloliparus, a leftchoristoma and cleft eyelid, and scalp lipomas prompted the diagnosisof encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. Phenobarbital and levetir-acetam controlled the seizures well. At age 5 months, he developedinfantile spasms. Adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy controlledinfantile spasms for about a month before they recurred. The seizuresremained refractory to multiple antiepileptic drugs, and thechild developed Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Atage 2 years, avagus nervestimulator was implanted with remarkable seizure improvement. Aspine magnetic resonance imaging at age 2 years showed a T1- andT2-hyperintense, lobular lipoma in the posterior extra-axial spaceextending from the cervical to the thoracic spine with thinning of theadjacent spinal cord (Figure A,B). In addition, an intradural lipomacausing a spinal cord tethering was noted (Figure C,D). Brain magneticresonance imaging showed a lipoma in the left Meckel cave withextension into the pterygopalatine fossa, a large posterior fossa arach-noid cyst wrapping around the left cerebellar hemisphere, and ahypervascular lipoma of the left scalp (Figure E,F).
Affinity and distribution of surface and intracellular hyaluronic acid receptors in isolated rat liver endothelial cells.

125I-Hyaluronic acid (HA) uniquely modified only at the reducing end (Raja, R.H., LeBoeuf, R. D., Stone, G.W., and Weigel, P.H. (1984) Anal. Biochem. 139, 168-177) binds specifically to rat liver endothelial cells in suspension or in culture. About 67-85% of the HA binding sites in isolated cells in suspension and 50% in cultured cells were intracellular, since they were exposed after permeabilizing cells with digitonin. Specific 125I-HA binding at 4 degrees C varied from 60 to 80% for intact cells and from 70 to 90% for permeabilized cells. Freshly isolated permeabilized cells bound about 500,000 HA molecules/cell at saturation. Within 5 h of culture, however, total HA binding decreased to 250,000 molecules/cells and then remained constant for at least 36 h. Surface HA receptor activity was essentially the same on cultured cells or cells in suspension (approximately 10(5)/cell). Cultured cells had 1.8 x 10(5) fewer intracellular receptors/cell. The affinities of surface and intracellular receptors of cells in culture and in suspension were essentially the same. The average Kd, determined by equilibrium binding studies, was 5.8 +/- 2.8 x 10(-8) M (n = 12). Dissociation of bound 125I-HA from permeable cultured cells was rapid (t1/2 = 30.9 min;kappa off = 3.7 x 10(-4) s-1). A variety of carbohydrates had essentially identical effects on 125I-HA binding to surface or total cellular receptors in cells in culture or in suspension. Chondroitin sulfate and heparin competed almost as effectively as unlabeled HA for 125I-HA binding at 4 degrees C. Other saccharides including polygalacturonic acid, dextran, glucuronic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine competed poorly or not at all. We conclude that (i) the 125I-HA binding sites within liver endothelial cells are HA receptors, identical in affinity and specificity to those on the cell surface; (ii) the distribution of cellular HA receptors is similar to other receptor systems with about 50-80% being intracellular; (iii) the liver endothelial cell HA receptor recognizes several glycosaminoglycans; and (iv) the liver endothelial receptor is different in function and characteristics than the fibroblast HA receptor.
A Review of “Slavery's Borderland: Freedom and Bondage Along the Ohio River”

In Slavery's Borderland: Freedom and Bondage along the Ohio River, Matthew Salafia features an updated portrayal of the condition of African Americans in the border region of Ohio, Indiana, and Ken...
Spin-polarized transport in hybrid (Zn,Cr)Te∕Al2O3∕Co magnetic tunnel junctions

Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of 21% is observed at low temperature in hybrid magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) composed of a magnetic semiconductor (Zn,Cr)Te and Co electrodes separated by an alumina barrier. The TMR is observed up to 250K, which is a considerable improvement over previous work on MTJs with semiconductor electrodes. The temperature and bias dependence of the TMR are consistent with a transport model involving spin-polarized tunneling and spin-independent hopping through impurity states.