cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing, Reconstructing, Preserving Paul E. Meehl's Legacy of Construct Validity.

The question of the status of cause-and-effect explanations of human behavior that posit physically existing causative factors and those that, on the other hand, posit hypothetical entities in the form of "useful fictions" has a long history. The influence of the works of Jeremy Bentham and Hans Vaihinger, as well as the later influence of Francis Galton, is described. Issues of the validity of hypothetical constructs and related problems of measurement and definition as found in psychoanalytic theory construction and in trait theory are examined. The significant and continuing interest generated by the landmark studies of K. MacCorquodale and P. E. Meehl (1948) and L. J. Cronbach and P. E. Meehl (1955) as well as the central importance of P. E. Meehl's thinking are described.
Effect of melt temperature and skin-core morphology on the mechanical performance of nylon 6

The crystalline texture and mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties of injection molded nylon 6 were evaluated to understand the influence of the melt temperature (T mlt ), one of the key-processing variables. The mechanical properties are found to be sensitive to T mlt only below ∼ 250°C. Rapid quenching of the surface produces a skin with lower crystallinity than the core, which cools more slowly; because of this difference in the rate of cooling, the crystalline component in the skin is rich in γ and that in the core is rich in a. The thickness of this skin decreases from about 1.25 mm to 0.75 mm as T mlt increases from 225°C to 310°C. Higher tensile strength at yield, lower elongation at break and higher flexural strength were observed in specimens molded at lower T mlt . These characteristics are associated with thicker and less ordered skin, and a lower crystallinity core. The role of the T mlt on microstructure and mechanical properties of injection molded nylon 6, the development of skin-core morphology, and the role of the residual stresses in the core are discussed.
Mechanisms of Perinatal Cerebral Injury in Fetus and Newborn

Cerebral hypoxia in the fetus and newborn results in neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as long-term sequelae such as mental retardation, seizure disorders, and cerebral palsy. In the developing brain, determinants of susceptibility to hypoxia should include the lipid composition of the brain cell membrane, the rate of lipid peroxidation, the presence of antioxidant defenses, and the development and modulation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the intracellular Ca2+, and the intranuclear Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms. In addition to the developmental status of these cellular components, the response of these potential mechanisms to hypoxia determines the fate of the hypoxic brain cell in the developing brain. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone spin adducts, studies from our laboratory demonstrated that tissue hypoxia results in increased free radical generation in the cortex of fetal guinea pigs and newborn piglets. Pretreatment with MgSO4 significantly decreased the hypoxia-induced increase in free radical generation in the term fetal brain. We also showed that brain tissue hypoxia modifies the NMDA receptor ion-channel recognition and modulatory sites. Furthermore, a higher increase in NMDA receptor agonist-dependent Ca2+ in synaptosomes was demonstrated. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ may activate several enzymatic pathways such as phospholipase A2 and metabolism of archidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase by proteases, and activation of nitric oxide synthase. Using inhibitors of each of these enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), lipoxygenase (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), and nitric oxide synthase (N-nitro-L-arginine), studies have shown that these enzyme reactions result in oxygen free radical generation, membrane peroxidation, and cell membrane dysfunction in the hypoxic brain. Specifically, generation of nitric oxide free radicals during hypoxia may lead to nitration and nitrosylation of specific membrane proteins and receptors, resulting in dysfunction of receptors and enzymes. We conclude that hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor leading to increased intracellular Ca2+ results in free radical generation and cell injury. We suggest that during hypoxia the increased intracellular Ca2+ may lead to increased intranuclear Ca2+ concentration and alter nuclear events including transcription of specific apoptotic genes and activation of endonucleases, resulting in programmed cell death.
On the location of zeros and a reduction in the number of adds in a digital ladder structure

A modification is proposed in the design of digital ladder structures, which have transmission zeros. This results in a reduction in the number of adds required in the structure. The location of the transmission zeros under coefficient rounding is then analyzed.
Conditioned taste aversion in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus )

The development of a conditioned taste aversion to a novel food was examined in the Mongolian gerbil. Ingestion of an orange-flavored sucrose solution was followed by intraperitoneal injections of 3 ml/100 g body weight.15 M LiCl, 4 ml/100 g body weight.15 M LiCl, or 3 ml/100 g body weight physiological saline. Two-bottle preference tests between the sucrose solution and water showed that LiCl-injected animals had developed an aversion to the sucrose solution, consuming a significantly smaller percentage of the solution than saline-injected animals. The aversion was maintained for at least 2 weeks following the injection of LiCl. The results extend the conditioned taste aversion phenomenon to another species and stress the importance of this type of learning in the survival of the animal in its natural habitat.
Isolation of Genomic DNA Sequences That Bind Vitamin D Receptor Complexes

Vitamin D signaling is believed to be transduced by a heterodimeric receptor complex that binds to specific sequences of DNA termed vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the promoter regions of target genes. However, recent studies have suggested that considerable flexibility exists in the types of binding sites the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is capable of recognizing, including some that bind VDR homodimers. In this report, a screening method involving immunoselection and PCR amplification was utilized to examine genomic binding sites for the receptor. Four individual fragments ranging in size from ca. 250-320 bp were nominally isolated from the amplified pool of captured fragments for further analysis. Each of the four sequences was capable of forming specific, unique VDR complexes using recombinant human VDR (rhVDR) alone or rhVDR heteromers formed in conjunction with the addition of recombinant human retinoid X receptor alpha (rhRXRalpha). Two of these fragments exhibited significant hormone-dependent repression of luciferase activity when linked to a thymidine kinase driven reporter vector. DNaseI footprinting revealed specific binding over DR+3 or related half-site sequences found within both of these DNA fragments. The results from this study demonstrate that specific, functional binding sites for the VDR can be successfully isolated from genomic DNA and should aid in the discovery of genes regulated by the steroid hormone.
Rotation-vibration eigenvalues and vectors

Abstract We describe a method for obtaining the bound ro-vibrational states of polyatomic molecules through the expansion of the potential in terms of appropriate functions of internal coordinates. Using this method, the calculation of potential matrix elements in greatly simplified and the algorithm is ideally suited to the vector machine like Cray. Programs for potential matrix calculation and matrix diagonalization are given with the results of a test run.
Factors affecting the luminescence of cell-free extracts of the luminous bacterium, Achromobacter fischeri.

1. 1. It has been possible to obtain a continued luminescence from cell-and particle-free extracts of the luminous bacterium Achromobacter fischeri. The first factor that becomes rate-limiting in this extract luminescence is diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), and the addition of this component or its reduced analog to an undialyzed preparation of the bacterial extract results in the emission of light. 2. 2. Dialyzed extracts retain their ability to respond to reduced DPN but are unable to respond to oxidized DPN in the absence of added substrates such as malate. The enzyme is extremely sensitive to dilution, a tenfold dilution of a 2 % extract producing complete inactivation within a few minutes. The temperature response of the system and the color of the light emitted correspond to the properties of the intact bacterial system. 3. 3. The pH dependence of the reaction exhibits two maxima: one at approximately pH 6 and the other at approximately pH 8.5. 4. 4. Various salts increase the luminescence over a concentration range and then at higher concentrations inhibit the luminescence. A number of inhibitors have been tested on the system and results have been indicated. 5. 5. We have not been able to demonstrate unequivocally an absolute requirement of the reaction for a diffusible factor other than DPNH2, although appreciable increases in luminescence have been obtained by adding a heat-precipitable fraction from boiled bacterial extracts and by adding a soluble factor or combination of factors from a crude kidney cortex extract. Other factors such as CoA, FMN, and lipoic acid, have been shown under certain conditions to influence the amount of luminescence obtained. , 4,5
Quantitative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Aβ(17-42) treated synaptosomes

Abstract Oxidative stress is associated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as various neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, and cancer. The brain is susceptible to oxidative stress due to its high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased rate of oxygen consumption, and elevated levels of free radicals. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can react with biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, which leads to oxidative damage, cellular dysfunction, and ultimately cell death. Down syndrome (DS), a genetic abnormality, is the most common form of mild to moderate mental retardation in newborn infants. DS patients have extensive deposition of Aβ(17-42) peptide that could contribute to their increased rate of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is consistent with current research. Because AD cannot be properly diagnosed until autopsy, development of a novel Down syndrome model using Aβ(17-42) could be beneficial in determinin...
Dopamine Release at Individual Presynaptic Terminals Visualized with FFNs

The nervous system transmits signals between neurons via neurotransmitter release during synaptic vesicle fusion. To observe neurotransmitter uptake and release from individual presynaptic terminals directly, we designed fluorescent false neurotransmitters as substrates for the synaptic vesicle monoamine transporter. Using these probes to image dopamine release in the striatum, we made several observations pertinent to synaptic plasticity. We found that the fraction of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter per stimulus was dependent on the stimulus frequency. A kinetically distinct "reserve" synaptic vesicle population was not observed under these experimental conditions. A frequency-dependent heterogeneity of presynaptic terminals was revealed that was dependent in part on D2 dopamine receptors, indicating a mechanism for frequency-dependent coding of presynaptic selection.
Enantiomeric Selective Adsorption of Amino Acid by Polysaccharide Composite Materials

A composite containing cellulose (CEL) and chitosan (CS) synthesized by a simple and recyclable method by using butylmethylimmidazo- lium chloride, an ionic liquid, was found to exhibit remarkable enantiomeric selectivity toward the adsorption of amino acids. The highest adsorption capacity and enantiomeric selectivity are exhibited by 100% CS. A racemic amino acid can be enantiomerically resolved by 100% CS in about 96−120 h. Interestingly, adsorption by 50:50 CEL/CS is more similar to that by 100% CS than to 100% CEL. Specifically, whereas 100% CEL has the lowest adsorption capacity and enantiomeric selectivity, 50:50 CEL/CS has sufficient enantiomeric selectivity to enable it to be used for chiral resolution. This is significant because in spite of its high enantiomeric selectivity 100% CS cannot practically be used because it has relatively poor mechanical properties and undergoes extensive swelling. Adding 50% CEL to CS substantially improves the mechanical properties and reduces its swelling while it retains sufficient enantiomeric selectivity to enable it to be used for routine chiral separations. The kinetic results indicate that the enantiomerically selective adsorption is due not to the initial surface adsorption but rather to the subsequent stage in which the adsorbate molecules diffuse into the pores within the particles of the composites and consequently are adsorbed by the interior of each particle. The strong intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bond network in CEL enables it to adopt a very dense structure that makes it difficult for adsorbate molecules to diffuse into its interior, thereby leading to low enantiomeric selectivity. Compared to hydroxy groups, amino groups cannot form strong hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bond network in CS is not as extensive as in CEL, and its inner structure is relatively less dense than that of CEL. Adsorbate molecules can, therefore, diffuse from the outer surface to its inner structure relatively more easily than in CEL, thereby leading to higher enantiomeric selectivity for 100% CS.
Love Matches Heteronormativity, Modernity, and AIDS Prevention in Malawi

This article identifies the dominant public narrative of AIDS in Malawi through an analysis of qualitative interview data and policy and intervention materials. The public narrative creates distinctions between “risky” and “healthy” sex that organize HIV prevention efforts around moral categories, rather than relative risk. These distinctions oppose images of backward, ignorant villagers to the protective power of “love matches” (loving heterosexual relationships between equals). The analysis demonstrates that the public narrative and corresponding prevention efforts only make sense in connection with the patently false assumption that love, heterosexuality, and modernity effectively protect individuals from HIV. This research brings to light the unspoken assumptions of modernity in the (Western) “charmed circle” of heteronormativity, as well as the need to consider the workings of heteronormativity in studies of modernization and globalization. Furthermore, it highlights individualistic and oversimplifie...
Non-Local Contrastive Objectives

Pseudo-likelihood and contrastive divergence are two well-known examples of contrastive methods. These algorithms trade off the probability of the correct label with the probabilities of other "nearby" instantiations. In this paper we explore more general types of contrastive objectives, which trade off the probability of the correct label against an arbitrary set of other instantiations. We prove that a large class of contrastive objectives are consistent with maximum likelihood, even for finite amounts of data. This result generalizes asymptotic consistency for pseudo-likelihood. The proof gives significant insight into contrastive objectives, suggesting that they enforce (soft) probability-ratio constraints between pairs of instantiations. Based on this insight, we propose Contrastive Constraint Generation (CCG), an iterative constraint-generation style algorithm that allows us to learn a log-linear model using only MAP inference. We evaluate CCG on a scene classification task, showing that it significantly outperforms pseudo-likelihood, contrastive divergence, and a well-known margin-based method.
Noninvasive acoustic-wave microfluidic driver

This paper describes a noninvasive acoustic-wave microfluidic driver built on a PZT sheet. The driver is based on the acoustic streaming effect and the self-focusing nature of the Fresnel Annular Sector Actuator (FASA). An array of FASAs is produced on a PZT sheet, and set adjacent to a silicon wafer to produce a fast liquid motion (up to 123 mm/s) in a 0.8 mm wide, 9 mm long and 0.2 mm deep channel in silicon. The self-focused waves from the FASA array propagate through the 200 /spl mu/m thick silicon, and act on the water contained in the channel. Three kinds of FASA arrays have been fabricated along with their associated channel structures in silicon, and shown to transport the liquids effectively. The experimental results obtained on the fabricated devices confirm the theory and simulation.
A Facile Removal of the Tetrahydropyranyl Protecting Group from Alcohol Derivatives

Abstract The tetrahydropyranyl (THP) moiety has been frequently used as a protecting group for alcohols1. There has been an occasional comment regarding difficulty in storing the derivatives, since any trace of acid will hydrolyze them2. Also, as with any protecting group, one must be concerned with methods for its later removal3. In this report we describe a simple method for removing the THP protecting group under mild conditions and a procedure to store these derivatives.
Comparative Morphology of Galactic Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen

We compare here overall galactic characteristics derived from observations of the λ2.6-mm J = l→0 rotational transition of 12C0 with those derived from observations of the λ21-cm hyperfine transition of atomic hydrogen. The CO observations show that the cold, compressed component of the interstellar medium is confined to larger extent than the more diffuse HI gas to the inner Galaxy, is confined to a thinner layer, and is more clumpily distributed. The two tracers share the same overall kinematics, and both are relatively depleted at R < 4 kpc except in the galactic nucleus itself. Quantitative measures of the relative distributions have been derived. Several assumptions underlying these derivations have been verified by numerical experiments.
Evaluation of Dyspnea During Physical and Speech Activities in Patients With Pulmonary Diseases

Study objectives Dyspnea is most commonly assessed by questioning patients about their subjective perception of shortness of breath during physical exertion. Although speech production is altered by pulmonary disease, it has not been included in current dyspnea assessment tools. A questionnaire was developed to address reports of dyspnea during (1) physical activity, (2) speech activity, and (3) simultaneous speech and physical activity. Design An equal number of self- and experimenter-administered 30-item questionnaires was given to 203 patients with restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases. Their responses were analyzed statistically. Results The questionnaire had high internal consistency for individual items within each of the three sections. The sections were highly correlated but provided separate and distinct information. Factors extracted from each section were related to severity of dyspnea. Pairwise t tests demonstrated highly significant differences in subject responses to the three sections. The least dyspnea was experienced during speech activities, more during physical activities, and the most when speech and physical activities were combined. Conclusions The questionnaire proved to be a quickly administered tool for providing information about the effect of dyspnea on activities of daily living. Because of the emphasis on dyspnea during speech production, it may be particularly useful for assessing patients who rely extensively on speaking ability for their livelihood.
Activity Patterns of Free-Ranging Cats in Brooklyn, New York

Activity patterns of free-ranging cats in Brooklyn, New York, varied with neighborhood, season, and hour of the night. Standardized partial-regression analysis identified temperature, humidity, precipitation, and hour as accounting for 32.6% of feral-cat activity. Cats in the area of private homes included free-ranging pets while those in the area of multiple dwellings were commonly feral. Regardless of neighborhood, nighttime activity was bimodal with peaks occurring at 0100 h and at sunrise. Activity levels declined throughout the autumn and increased in the spring.
Productive Life Evaluations: Calculation, Accuracy, and Economic Value

Abstract A preliminary national evaluation of productive life was computed from records of 11 million Holsteins. Data were a mixture of projected and completed months in milk by 7 yr of age. Data were analyzed with the animal model programs currently used for yield traits. Genetic trend for productive life was positive as a correlated response to past selection for yield and type traits. Phenotypic trend was slightly negative. Active AI bulls had PTA that ranged from −1.7 to +4.3 mo and mean reliability of 56%: 3-yr-old cows had mean reliability of 29%. Yield and type PTA were almost uncorrelated with productive life PTA for active AI bulls but had positive correlations (.25 to .36) for all bulls born since 1980. An index that combines yield and productive life PTA with relative weights 2.5:l can increase economic progress by up to 4%. Nearly identical progress can result from an index that combines yield and productive life adjusted for yield. Multitrait evaluations might produce higher reliabilities for productive life by inclusion of correlated traits measured earlier in life such as yield, type, and somatic cell score.
Fully monolithic CMOS nickel micromechanical resonator oscillator

A fully monolithic oscillator achieved via MEMS-last integration of low temperature nickel micromechanical resonator arrays over finished foundry CMOS circuitry has been demonstrated with a measured phase noise of -95 dBc/Hz at a 10-kHz offset from its 10.92-MHz carrier (i.e., output) frequency. The use of a side-supported flexural-mode disk resonator-array to boost the power handling of the resonant tank is instrumental to allowing adequate oscillator performance despite the use of low-temperature nickel structural material. Because the fabrication steps for the resonator-array never exceed 50degC, the process is amenable to not only MEMS-last monolithic integration with the 0.35 mum CMOS of this work, but also next generation CMOS with gate lengths 65 nm and smaller that use advanced low-k dielectric material to lower interconnect capacitance.
LPFC: An internet library of protein family core structures

As the number of protein molecules with known, high-resolution structures increases, it becomes necessary to organize these structures for rapid retrieval, comparison, and analysis. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) currently contains nearly 5,000 entries and is growing exponentially. Most new structures are similar structurally to ones reported previously and can be grouped into families. As the number of members in each family increases, it becomes possible to summarize, statistically, the commonalities and differences within each family. We reported previously a method for finding the atoms in a family alignment that have low spatial variance and those that have higher spatial variance (i.e., the "core" atoms that have the same relative position in all family members and the "non-core" atoms that do not). The core structures we compute have biological significance and provide an excellent quantitative and visual summary of a multiple structural alignment. In order to extend their utility, we have constructed a library of protein family cores, accessible over the World Wide Web at http:/ /www-smi.stanford.edu/projects/helix/LPFC/. This library is generated automatically with publicly available computer programs requiring only a set of multiple alignments as input. It contains quantitative analysis of the spatial variation of atoms within each protein family, the coordinates of the average core structures derived from the families, and display files (in bitmap and VRML formats). Here, we describe the resource and illustrate its applicability by comparing three multiple alignments of the globin family. These three alignments are found to be similar, but with some significant differences related to the diversity of family members and the specific method used for alignment.
Design and Fabrication of FlexConnects: A Cost-Effective Implementation of Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Interconnects

Compliant free-standing structures can be used as chip-to-substrate interconnects. Such ldquocompliant interconnectsrdquo are a potential solution to the requirements that will be imposed on chip-to-substrate interconnects over the next decade. However, cost of implementation and electrical performance limit compliant interconnects. This paper presents two concepts to address this. First, an innovative, cost-effective fabrication process to realize compliant interconnects is proposed. Sequential lithography and electroplating processes with up to two masking steps are utilized. Such an approach potentially reduces the cost of fabricating compliant interconnects. Second, an innovative approach to designing compliant interconnects is proposed to improve electrical performance without compromising on mechanical reliability. The new approach uses parallel/multiple electrical paths as part of the compliant interconnect design. These concepts are integrated to realize a new compliant interconnect technology called FlexConnects. Utilizing the proposed fabrication process parallel-path FlexConnects are realized at a 100-mum pitch. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate that the electrical performance of parallel-path FlexConnects (self inductance of ~ 37 pH) is enhanced without compromising on mechanical performance, validating the use of parallel/multiple electrical paths in the interconnect design.
The stochastic finite element method in structural reliability

First-order reliability and finite element methods are used to develop a methodology for reliability analysis of structures with stochastically varying properties and subjected to random loads. Two methods for discretization of random fields are examined and the influence of the correlation length of random property or load fields on the reliability of example structures are investigated. It is found that the correlation length of load fields has significant influence on the reliability against displacement or stress limit-states. The correlation length of property fields is significant for displacement limit states, but may not be significant for stress limit states. Examples studied include a fixed ended beam with stochastic rigidity and a composite plate with stochastic elasticity.
Performance Analysis of Group Based Detection for Sparse Sensor Networks

In this paper, we analyze the performance of group based detection in sparse sensor networks, when the system level detection decision is made based on the detection reports generated from multiple sensing periods. Sparse deployment is essential for reducing cost of large scale sensor networks, which cover thousands of square miles. In a sparse deployment, the sensor field is only partially covered by sensorspsila sensing ranges, resulting in void sensing areas in the region, but all nodes are connected through multi-hop networking. Further, due to the unavoidable false alarms generated by a single sensor in a network, many deployed systems use group based detection to reduce system level false alarms. Despite the popularity of group based detection, few analysis works in the literature deal with group based detection. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called Markov chain based Spatial approach (MS-approach) to model group based detection in sensor networks. The M-S-approach successfully overcomes the complicated conditional detection probability of a target in each sensing period, and reduces the execution time of the analysis from many days to 1 minute. The analytical model is validated through extensive simulations. This analytical work is important because it provides an easy way to understand the performance of a system that uses group based detection without running countless simulations or deploying real systems.
The Design by Molecular Dynamics Modeling and Simulations of Porous Polymer Adsorbent Media Immobilized on the Throughpore Surfaces of Polymeric Monoliths

Ion-exchange porous adsorbent media having intermediate and low surface densities of dextran polymer grafted on the surface of the throughpores of polymeric monoliths are constructed and characterized by a molecular dynamics modeling and simulation approach that has also been shown to be effective in the construction and characterization of porous ion-exchange adsorbent media whose number of immobilized dextran polymer chains per unit surface area is high. The activation step that prepares the surface of the pores of the dextran polymer layer for the immobilization of the charged ligands insignificantly affected the pore structure of the dextran polymer layer, while this was found to not be the case for previously studied systems that involved high dextran polymer surface densities. Compared to the high dextran polymer density system studied previously, the intermediate dextran polymer density system can generate significantly larger pores but still possesses relatively high interconnection and mutual steric support between dextran chains to exhibit similar structural characteristics and responses to charged ligand immobilization, including dextran layer thickness, stability, monomer distribution, ligand-induced compact chain structures, dextran layer shrinkage, distributions of ligands and counterions, and local nonelectroneutrality. The low dextran polymer density system having relatively isolated dextran chains and insufficient mutual steric support can result in even larger pores than those obtained in the intermediate dextran polymer density system, but a significantly thinner porous dextran polymer layer and different dextran monomer distributions are obtained in the low dextran polymer density system. More importantly, the gradient of the local nonelectroneutrality after the immobilization of the charged ligands is significantly smaller in magnitude in the low dextran polymer density system than that obtained in the system having intermediate dextran polymer density, and, despite a lack of porous layer depth to accommodate adsorbate biomolecules in large amounts, it could still be useful for the effective transport and adsorption of very large biomolecules. Compared with the polymeric monoliths without a porous dextran polymer layer grafted on the surface of their throughpores, the intermediate and low dextran polymer density systems explored and studied in this work provide pore structures with desirable characteristics for the effective transport of adsorbate biomolecules and substantially larger effective surface areas and throughput capacities for the adsorption of the adsorbate biomolecules.
The clinical features of severe community-acquired pneumonia presenting as septic shock

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article was to determine the outcome, clinical and prognostic features, and microbiology of a large group of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) presenting in septic shock. Materials and Methods: The placebo limb of the Norasept II database was examined. Data were collected on patients in septic shock with a diagnosis of CAP who presented to a participating site from home. Results: One hundred and forty-eight patients met the study criteria. The 28-day survival was 53%. One hundred and four pathogens were isolated from 77 (52%) patients with 24 (16%) patients having polymicrobial infections. The most common pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae (19%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18%), Haemophilus influenzae (14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%). Infection with P. aeruginosa or Acinetobacter species carried a very high mortality (82%). The only clinical variables recorded in the database that could identify patients with pseudomonas or acinetobacter infection was a history of alcohol abuse. Comorbidities were present in 74% of patients, involving predominantly the cardiorespiratory system. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated APACHE II score and serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration to be significant independent predictors of mortality. Patients with pseudomonas or acinetobacter infection had significantly higher IL-6 levels and significantly lower tumor necrosis factor alpha levels when compared with the rest of the cohort of patients. Conclusion: A diverse spectrum of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens were implicated in patients with CAP presenting in septic shock, necessitating broad spectrum empiric antimicrobial coverage. This coverage should include antipseudomonal activity, particularly in alcoholic patients. Severity of illness (APACHE II score) and IL-6 levels were important prognostic factors. Infection with P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species carried a very high mortality. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
A perspective on the state of the field: International business publications in the elite journals as a measure of institutional and faculty productivity

Abstract This study ranks academic institutions and scholars in international business based on publications in International Business Review, International Marketing Review, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of International Management, Journal of International Marketing, Management International Review, Journal of World Business, and 22 elite mainstream academic journals between 1996 and 2008. In contrast to earlier rankings that did not include international business scholarship from a wide range of elite mainstream publications across business disciplines, our analysis of international business research uses a comprehensive scoring procedure which demonstrates that IB research consistently emanates from many of the traditionally highest ranking universities throughout the world. Of the top 10 ranked universities, six are from North America, two are from Europe, and two are from Asia.
Collaborative Crossover Applications

Collaborative Crossover Applications (CCA) extends Crossover Applications to highly mobile environments. Crossover Applications were conceived in [1] as an area of research for developing new media applications for the visually impaired community with the goal that they be simultaneously interesting for the sighted population as well. The end result is to create a useful interaction between the sighted and the blind/visually impaired worlds. This was demonstrated in two Crossover Applications™ Symposiums at UCCS in 2009 and 2010. A Complex Systems working group (GMI Consortium) was established as a weekly brainstorming group to further our goals. Outgrowth of community partnership resulted in projects and thesis work by students in such diverse areas as recycled braille devices, musical-canvas, and android-phone based game applications.
Comparative Efficacy of Two Leading Candidate Ricin Toxin A Subunit Vaccines in Mice

ABSTRACT The two leading ricin toxin vaccine candidates, RVEc and RiVax, are recombinant derivatives of the toxin9s 267-amino-acid enzymatic A chain (RTA). RVEc is truncated at the C terminus (residues 199 to 267) to improve protein thermostability, while RiVax has two point mutations (V76M and Y80A) that eliminate the RNA N-glycosidase activity of RTA, as well as its ability to induce vascular leak syndrome. The two vaccines have never been directly compared in terms of their ability to stimulate RTA-specific antibodies (Abs), toxin-neutralizing activity (TNA), or protective immunity. To address this issue, groups of female BALB/c mice were immunized two or three times with Alhydrogel-adsorbed RiVax or RVEc at a range of doses (0.3 to 20 μg) and then challenged with 10 50% lethal doses (LD50s) of ricin. We found that the vaccines were equally effective at eliciting protective immunity at the doses tested. There were, however, quantitative differences in the antibody responses. RVEc tended to elicit higher levels of ricin-specific RTA IgG and TNA than did RiVax. Pepscan analysis revealed that serum Abs elicited by RVEc were skewed toward a solvent-exposed immunodominant α-helix known to be the target of potent toxin-neutralizing Abs. Finally, immunodepletion experiments suggest that the majority of toxin-neutralizing Abs elicited by RiVax were confined to residues 1 to 198, possibly explaining the equal effectiveness of RVEc as a vaccine.
The Imposter Phenomenon Among Emerging Adults Transitioning Into Professional Life: Developing a Grounded Theory

This study qualitatively explored the imposter phenomenon (IP) among 29 emerging adults who were transitioning into professional life. A grounded theory was developed that described IP, internal and external contributing factors, and IP's effect in terms of performance and affective reactions. Implications for counselors of emerging adults are discussed.
Climate change and trophic response of the Antarctic bottom fauna.

BACKGROUND As Earth warms, temperate and subpolar marine species will increasingly shift their geographic ranges poleward. The endemic shelf fauna of Antarctica is especially vulnerable to climate-mediated biological invasions because cold temperatures currently exclude the durophagous (shell-breaking) predators that structure shallow-benthic communities elsewhere. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used the Eocene fossil record from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, to project specifically how global warming will reorganize the nearshore benthos of Antarctica. A long-term cooling trend, which began with a sharp temperature drop approximately 41 Ma (million years ago), eliminated durophagous predators-teleosts (modern bony fish), decapod crustaceans (crabs and lobsters) and almost all neoselachian elasmobranchs (modern sharks and rays)-from Antarctic nearshore waters after the Eocene. Even prior to those extinctions, durophagous predators became less active as coastal sea temperatures declined from 41 Ma to the end of the Eocene, approximately 33.5 Ma. In response, dense populations of suspension-feeding ophiuroids and crinoids abruptly appeared. Dense aggregations of brachiopods transcended the cooling event with no apparent change in predation pressure, nor were there changes in the frequency of shell-drilling predation on venerid bivalves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Rapid warming in the Southern Ocean is now removing the physiological barriers to shell-breaking predators, and crabs are returning to the Antarctic Peninsula. Over the coming decades to centuries, we predict a rapid reversal of the Eocene trends. Increasing predation will reduce or eliminate extant dense populations of suspension-feeding echinoderms from nearshore habitats along the Peninsula while brachiopods will continue to form large populations, and the intensity of shell-drilling predation on infaunal bivalves will not change appreciably. In time the ecological effects of global warming could spread to other portions of the Antarctic coast. The differential responses of faunal components will reduce the endemic character of Antarctic subtidal communities, homogenizing them with nearshore communities at lower latitudes.
The potential role of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Transfer of disease by bone marrow cells has been described in experimental models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In one experiment, marrow ablation followed by transfer of T depleted allogeneic marrow resulted in prolonged survival of animals with SLE. Some experimental studies suggest a rationale for autologous stem cell transplantation indicating this intervention might "reset the thermostat" so that normal immunoregulation can control disease, while others indicate it might not be beneficial. The pros and cons of offering patients with SLE autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are considered. A profile of the patient with SLE who might be considered as a candidate for autologous stem cell transplantation can be constructed by evaluating causes of death and factors that increase mortality. This profile includes life threatening disease, inadequate response to aggressive immunosuppressive therapy, and adequate function of all major organs so that risks associated with stem cell transplantation can be minimized.
Simple elbow dislocation

Abstract This chapter begins by defining simple elbow dislocation and describes the incidence of this injury within the population. Key components of the evaluation will be reviewed, including history and physical exam, manipulative reduction maneuvers, and imaging to aid in the diagnosis and the initial management of elbow dislocations. Nonoperative management will be addressed in the form of splinting, cast bracing, and orthoses as well as operative management for recurrent instability. The chapter concludes with commonly associated complications of simple elbow dislocations and subsequent treatment.
CB-POCL: A Choice-Based Algorithm for Character Personality in Planning-based Narrative Generation

The quality and believability of a story can be significantly enhanced by the presence of compelling characters. Characters can be made more compelling by the portrayal of a distinguishable personality. This paper presents an algorithm that formalizes an approach previously described for the incorporation of character personality in narrative that is automatically generated. The approach is based on a computational model that operationalizes personality as behavior that results from the choices made by characters in the course of a story. This operationalization is based on the Big Five personality structure and results from behavioral psychology studies that link behavior to personality traits.
Review of research about parish nursing

Parish nursing is a unique type of community health nursing. Parish nurses do not perform hands-on nursing. Parish nursing care complements other health care delivery systems in the United States. Empirical literature about parish nursing is categorized into health needs assessment, parish nursing practice, and perceptions of parish nursing. Parish nursing can be seen as a means to reduce health care costs and improve the health of a community.
Prosodic Disambiguation of Noun/Verb Homophones in Child-Directed Speech.

One strategy that children might use to sort words into grammatical categories such as noun and verb is distributional bootstrapping, in which local co-occurrence information is used to distinguish between categories. Words that can be used in more than one grammatical category could be problematic for this approach. Using naturalistic corpus data, this study asks whether noun and verb uses of ambiguous words might differ prosodically as a function of their grammatical category in child-directed speech. The results show that noun and verb uses of ambiguous words in sentence-medial positions do differ from one another in terms of duration, vowel duration, pitch change, and vowel quality measures. However, sentence-final tokens are not different as a function of the category in which they were used. The availability of prosodic cues to category in natural child-directed speech could allow learners using a distributional bootstrapping approach to avoid conflating grammatical categories.
Possible mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis.

Paclitaxel, a naturally occurring antimicrotubule agent, has been demonstrated to possess significant cell-killing activity in a variety of tumor cells through induction of apoptosis. It is currently unclear whether this finding suggests a novel mechanism of action for paclitaxel against tumor cells or just represents an end product of the well-known action of paclitaxel on microtubules and cell cycle arrest. Morphologically, a sustained block of mitosis seems to be required for paclitaxel-induced apoptosis because most apoptotic events are observed to occur in cells showing a prior mitotic arrest. However, this morphological correlation alone does not prove that paclitaxel-induced apoptosis is indeed a secondary event resulting from mitotic arrest. Instead, several lines of evidence obtained from recent studies have suggested that apoptotic cell death induced by paclitaxel may occur via a signaling pathway independent of microtubules and G 2 /M arrest.
The "Bastard" in the Conflict of Laws: A National Disgrace

A UNWED mother brings suit in New York, the state of her domicile, to establish the defendant's paternity and to obtain support for her child.1 The defendant, a Chicago attorney, claims that he is "forever" protected against such a suit by an agreement which he concluded with the mother after the child's birth. Having given her $2,000, he undertook to pay $275 a month for the support of the child for 16 years on the understanding that such payments would not "constitute an admission" of paternity, and that he would henceforth be released "from all manner of actions. .."2 Under New York law such an agreement would, in the absence of court approval, have been ineffective regarding the child's support and, probably, even with such approval as to a subsequent suit to establish paternity.3 Nevertheless, the New York Court of Appeals upheld the agreement under the law of Illinois and dismissed the suit. That law, which then did not require court approval for settlements exceeding $800,4 was held applicable as agreed upon by the parties and under the "more modern view" of conflicts law which lays emphasis on "'the most significant contacts with the matter in dispute.' "5 Such contacts were found concentrated in Illinois because the agreement had (incorrectly) designated that state as that of the parties' residence,
The biopsychology of motivation: Using evidence from neurology and endocrinology to understand motivated behavior

This chapter describes the relationship between human neuroanatomy and selected motivations that underlie learning and performance. Although specific biopsychological correlates of motivation are debated, strong multi-disciplinary evidence reveals that incremental changes within the human nervous and endocrine systems are correlated with organized behavior. First, a myriad of interpretive issues regarding physiological data are presented, along with practical applications for the use of biopsychological findings. Next, key findings relating to variables commonly believed to subsume performance motivation are discussed, including biological correlates of power, affiliation, achievement, pleasure, and pain. Finally, the heritable and evolutionary nature of motivated behavior is reviewed.
Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Insights From 25 Years of Research:

Presented at a conference titled “Psychedelic Science 2013,” highlighting the resumption of investigations with psychedelic substances (i.e., psilocybin, DMT, LSD, MMDA, etc.) in the United States and Europe after a dormant period of more than two decades, the author presents insights and perspectives gleaned from his 25 years of clinical research experience. After acknowledging the vastness and potential significance of this research frontier, the article focuses on the “cartography of inner space”; the unique therapeutic potential of transcendental states of consciousness; the entelechy of the interpersonally grounded psyche; the importance of integration in drug-free therapy sessions; the roles of expectation, religious education and faith; the role of music; and future research directions.