cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus Infecting Tomatoes in Ohio

Virus-like symptoms including deformation, discoloration, and necrotic ringspots on green and red fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Big Dena) were observed in a 400 m2 commercial high tunnel in Wayne Co., Ohio, in July and August 2013. No symptoms were observed on leaves. Incidence of symptomatic fruits was approximately 15%. Tomato seedlings transplanted into the high tunnel were produced in a greenhouse containing ornamental plants. The grower observed high levels of thrips infestation in the tomato seedlings prior to transplanting. A tospovirus was suspected as a possible causal agent. Four symptomatic fruits were tested using immunostrip tests for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN), a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV)/Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN), and DAS-ELISA for TCSV (AC Diagnostics Inc., Fayetteville, AR). All of the...
Family and skin-type effects on storage losses in a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding population

Full-sib russet and smooth-skinned selections from each of thirty-two families were evaluated for storage losses due to shrink (weight loss and rot). Smooth-skinned selections showed slightly less weight loss during one of the two storage seasons but skin type did not influence losses due to rot. Family influence on storage losses due to both weight loss and rot was significant. Selection of skin type to improve storability may be marginally effective, but selection within families with good storability should provide rapid improvement.
Altered right ventricular papillary muscle position and orientation in patients with dilated left ventricles

Displacement of papillary muscle (PM) positions in the right ventricle (RV) may be an important factor in inducing tricuspid regurgitation (TR). We hypothesize that left ventricular (LV) dilation is one possible mechanism for RV PM displacement; given the adjacent and proximal relative positions of the two ventricles.
Phase shifting a circadian rhythm in the eye ofAplysia by high potassium pulses

1. The circadian rhythm of spontaneous optic nerve impulses from the isolated eye ofAplysia californcia was studied. A general hypothesis was investigated: light-dark cycles, which can entrainin vitro the rhythm from the eye, couple to the intracellular clock mechanism through membrane depolarization. This hypothesis was tested by exposing isolated eyes for fixed durations of time to a depolarizing stimulus, namely, elevation of K0+ (hi-K pulses). 2. Depending on the phase of the rhythm in at which the eyes were treated, hi-K pulses produced either advance or delay phase shifts in the rhythm. A phase response curve was thus generated for 107 mM k0+ pulses of 4 hr duration. 3. If the duration of the hi-K pulse was varied, keeping the phase at which the pulse started constant, the magnitude of the phase shift varied in a linear manner with the duration of the pulse. 4. To examine the involvement of transmitter and neurohormone release in the production of the phase shifts, eyes were exposed to hi-K pulses in the presence of a medium (high Mg++, low Ca++) which should inhibit such release. Since only slight differences were observed in the phase shifts produced by hi-K and by hi-K in the presence of high Mg++, low Ca++, transmitter and neurohormone release do not appear to be involved in phase shift production by hi-K. It is likely that membrane depolarization alone is responsible for the phase shifts.
The FETI-DPEM method for the parallel solution of 3D EM problems

This paper presented the parallel solution of general 3D EM problems using the FETI-DPEM (dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method). An excellent parallel efficiency has been achieved on a cluster system with an automatic decomposition of the computational domain into hundreds of subdomains. In this work, the parallel implementation of the FETI-DPEM method on a distributed-memory system using the message passing interface (MPI) is discussed in detail.
Parametrization of the reliable simultaneous stabilizing controllers based on the coprime factorization

Based on the coprime factorization, the parametrization of a reliable simultaneous stabilizing controllers is provided in terms of a parameter that is constrained to satisfy a finite number of equations which depend on the reliable and simultaneous structure constraint.
Homogeneously catalyzed oxidation for the destruction of aqueous organic wastes

Several organic species, specifically atrazine, 2,4-dichlorophenozyacetic acid, and biphenyl, were converted to CO{sub 2} and other non-harmful gases through oxidation catalyzed by inorganic acid. Nearly complete conversion was obtained through homogeneous liquid-phase oxidation with ammonium nitrate. The kinetics of reaction have been investigated and indicate parallel oxidation and thermal degradation of the oxidant. This results in a maximum conversion at an intermediate temperature. Increasing oxidant concentration accelerates the rate of conversion and shifts the location of the optimum temperature. Reaction at varying acid concentration revealed that conversion increased with an approximately linear relationship as the pH of the solution was increased. Conversion was increased to greater than 99% through the addition of small amounts of transition metal salts demonstrating the suitability of a treatment process based on this technology for wastestreams containing small quantities of heavy metals.
Mechanics and performance of a tied-back wall under seismic loads

In this paper the stability of a tied-back wall subjected to seismic loads is analysed for a predetermined mode of failure (rotation about the top of the wall) and the analysis is compared with data from tests on this type of wall using the seismic simulator at the State University of New York at Buffalo. We carried out a pseudo-static analysis of the problem using the Mononobe-Okabe earth pressure coefficients, wherein the dynamic effects due to the seismic loading are converted into equivalent static loads. The acceleration ratio at which the wall fails by rotation about the top was obtained by considering the moments due to the various lateral earth pressure resultants and the inertial forces induced in the soil due to the seismic loading. We found that the presence of wall friction on the passive side significantly enhances the stability of the flexible retaining wall under seismic loads. Thus, flexible retaining walls supporting dry cohesionless soil can be very efficient during earthquakes. Under moderate earthquakes, an increase in the depth of embedment increases the dynamic factor of safety significantly. However, beyond a certain acceleration ratio for a soil with a particular value of o, any increase in the depth of emdedment has no effect in impeding failure, irrespective of any change in the geometry of the system. Seismic design charts are presented to evaluate the stability of, and to design, flexible retaining walls embedded in dry cohesionless soils under seismic loading.
A ROS-Activatable Agent Elicits Homologous Recombination DNA Repair and Synergizes with Pathway Compounds.

We designed ROS-activated cytotoxic agents (RACs) that are active against AML cancer cells. In this study, the mechanism of action and synergistic effects against cells coexpressing the AML oncogenes MLL-AF9 fusion and FLT3-ITD were investigated. One RAC (RAC1) had an IC50 value of 1.8±0.3 μm, with ninefold greater selectivity for transformed cells compared to untransformed cells. Treatment induced DNA strand breaks, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Proteomics and transcriptomics revealed enhanced expression of the pentose phosphate pathway, DNA repair, and pathways common to cell stress. Western blotting confirmed repair by homologous recombination. Importantly, RAC1 treatment was synergistic in combination with multiple pathway-targeting therapies in AML cells but less so in untransformed cells. Together, these results demonstrate that RAC1 can selectively target poor prognosis AML and that it does so by creating DNA double-strand breaks that require homologous recombination.
On the Microwave Spectrum of Methane in the Atmospheres of the Outer Planets

The existence of a small dipole moment in the vibronic ground state of methane leads to transitions in the microwave spectral range. Frequencies and line strengths appropriate to the atmospheres of the outer planets are presented.
The Pennsylvanian Pewamo Formation and Associated Haybridge Strata: Toward the Resolution of the Jurassic Ionia Red Bed Problem in the Michigan Basin, U.S.A.

Abstract Two distinct and newly recognized, formation-scale stratigraphic units, predominantly red-bed sandstones and shales, are found on the surface and in the shallow subsurface of the central Michigan region. Here, we use core, field, and laboratory observations to document these strata, which we propose as one new formation, the Pewamo Formation. The Pewamo Formation consists of eolian quartz sandstones with red coloration due to iron-oxide diagenesis, and interbedded interdune lacustrine siliciclastic mudstones. We also describe for the first time the Haybridge strata, which contains red sandstones, red and gray shales, and coal, and has plant fossils and paleosol features. Macroscopic plant fossils and palynomorphs suggest a Pennsylvanian age for both units. These newly described continental deposits provide data about past environments, life, and climate for the late Carboniferous of Michigan. In addition, this study is an evaluation of Michigan's controversial “Jurassic red beds” and “Ionia sandstone.”
RNA trafficking in parasitic plant systems

RNA trafficking in plants contributes to local and long-distance coordination of plant development and response to the environment. However, investigations of mobile RNA identity and function are hindered by the inherent difficulty of tracing a given molecule of RNA from its cell of origin to its destination. Several methods have been used to address this problem, but all are limited to some extent by constraints associated with accurately sampling phloem sap or detecting trafficked RNA. Certain parasitic plant species form symplastic connections to their hosts and thereby provide an additional system for studying RNA trafficking. The haustorial connections of Cuscuta and Phelipanche species are similar to graft junctions in that they are able to transmit mRNAs, viral RNAs, siRNAs and proteins from the host plants to the parasite. In contrast to other graft systems, these parasites form connections with host species that span a wide phylogenetic range, such that a high degree of nucleotide sequence divergence may exist between host and parasites and allow confident identification of most host RNAs in the parasite system. The ability to identify host RNAs in parasites, and vice versa, will facilitate genomics approaches to understanding RNA trafficking. This review discusses the nature of host parasite connections and the potential significance of host RNAs for the parasite. Additional research on host-parasite interactions is needed to interpret results of RNA trafficking studies, but parasitic plants may provide a fascinating new perspective on RNA trafficking.
Generalized reliability-oriented energy management for real-time embedded applications

DVFS remains an important energy management technique for embedded systems. However, its negative impact on transient fault rates has been recently shown. In this paper, we propose the Generalized Shared Recovery (GSHR) technique to optimally use the DVFS technique in order to achieve a given reliability goal for real-time embedded applications. Our technique determines the optimal number of recoveries to deploy as well as task-level processing frequencies to minimize the energy consumption while achieving the reliability goal and meeting the timing constraints. The recoveries may be shared among tasks, improving the prospects of DVFS compared to existing reliability-aware power management frameworks. The experimental evaluation points to the close-to-optimal energy savings of our proposed technique.
Standard Model Higgs Boson Combination at the Tevatron

We present the recent results from combinations of searches for a standard model (SM) Higgs boson (H) by the CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron p ¯ p collider at √ s = 1.96 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated total luminosity of 8.2 (CDF) and 8.6 (D0) fb −1 . Compared to the previous Tevatron Higgs boson search combination more data have been added, additional channels have been added, and some previously used channels have been reanalyzed to gain sensitivity. No excess is observed above background expectation, and set 95% C.L. upper limits (median expected) on Higgs boson production at factors of 1.17 (1.16), 1.71 (1.16), and 0.48(0.57) times the SM predictions for Higgs bosons of mass mH=115, 140, and 165 GeV/c 2 , respectively. We exclude a standard-model Higgs boson in the mass range 156-177 GeV/c 2 at the 95% C.L, with an expected exclusion region 148-180 GeV/c 2 . The absence of a Higgs boson signal also constrains some new physics such as 4 th generation models and other exotic models.
The Maturing of Facilitated Communication: A Means Toward Independent Communication

Facilitated communication (FC) can be a successful means for people to learn to communicate effectively and independently. The preponderance of peer-reviewed articles supports FC as a useful tool for developing communication skills. While there has been a chasm of difference in qualitative versus quantitative studies on FC, researchers have produced a body of current literature confirming the method. Many people with significant intellectual disabilities, through the use of FC, have been able to demonstrate their ability to successfully communicate. We, as a profession, now need to respond with collaborative scholarship. In addition, revised position statements must be developed reflecting the past research findings and encouraging future research.
Basis set and correlation effects on computed negative ion hydrogen bond energies of the complexes AHn · AHn−1−1: AHn NH3, OH2, and FH

Basis set and correlation effects on computed hydrogen bond energies of the negative ion complexes AHn · AHn−1−1, for AHn NH3, OH2, and FH, have been evaluated. The addition of diffuse functions on nonhydrogen atoms to valence double- and triple-split plus polarization basis sets [6-31G(d, p) and 6-311G(d, p)] significantly decreases binding energies by 9–19 kcal/mol, depending on the particular complex and the level of theory. Adding diffuse functions to hydrogens has a negligible effect, while replacing the single set of polarization functions on each atom by two sets alters energies by 1 kcal/mol or less. Electron correlation increases the hydrogen bond energies of these complexes and has a greater effect for basis sets without diffuse functions. Since the Hartee-Fock energies computed with these basis sets are already too large, correlation energy calculations should not be performed in these cases. For basis sets including diffuse functions, the correlation energy contribution to the binding energies of these complexes is significant, with the Moller-Plesset second-order term being the largest term and having a stabilizing effect of from 3–6 kcal/mol. The third and fourth order terms are smaller, and may be of opposite sign. As a result, the MP2 and MP4 energies differ by no more than 1 kcal/mol, with the MP2 stabilization energy being greater except for N2H5−1. The computed standard solvation enthalpy of OH−1 by H2O based on either MP4/6–311 + G(2d, 2p) or MP2/6–31 + G(d, p) electronic energies is –26.8 kcal/mol, in excellent agreement with a recent gas-phase experimental measurement.
Bone disease in long-term dialysis☆☆☆

We reviewed the clinical features, laboratory findings, and skeletal abnormalities of six patients who have been on dialysis therapy for 12 to 20 years (average, 16.7 years). Hemodialysis has been the major therapeutic modality in five of the six individuals. Ages of the patients ranged from 28 to 67 years (mean, 44.5). Bone biopsy specimens were available for five of the patients. In three of these, the predominant changes in bone were those of osteitis fibrosa. In two patients with severe osteitis fibrosa, there was a decrease in height. Two patients had predominantly osteomalacia, but in one of these, the condition was noted before the initiation of 13 years of chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, supplanted 2 years ago by hemodialysis. Total parathyroidectomies with implants of parathyroid tissue in the forearm were performed in four of the six patients. All four had, and continue to have, markedly elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Symptoms and signs of amyloidosis of bone have occurred in all six patients, including carpal tunnel syndrome in two, bone cysts in three, and presumptive tendon involvement of the shoulder in one patient. The pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism is described briefly, and appropriate treatment is summarized.
Positive perturbations of self-adjoint Schrödinger operators

In this paper, we prove that a positive perturbation T = T 0 + q (q ≧ 0 and in ) of an essentially self-adjoint Schrodinger operator T 0 = −Δ + q 0 on is again essentially self-adjoint if T is relatively bounded with respect to T 0 . An application of the method of the proof to positive approximations of elements u ≧ 0 in D ( T ) by a positive sequence in is given.
Erosion and Corrosion Considerations for PFBC Gas Turbine Expanders

Considerable interest has been developed over the past few years in the application of gas turbines to expand the hot, dirty flue gases from pressurized fluidized-bed combustors (PFBCs) burning coal. Although no full-size gas turbine has yet operated on a PFBC, firm commitments have been made to build commercial PFBC-GT power plants. In addition, there are a number of projects at various stages of development aimed at operating gas turbines on dirty fuels ranging from the expansion of flue gas from the combustion of pulverized coal, to the direct firing of coal-water mixtures. Common concerns of all these applications include erosion and corrosion of the gas turbine hot gas path components. This paper attempts to provide an overview of results of research and testing so far reported in these areas, and to make an assessment of the engineering trade-offs required for the successful operation of PFBC gas turbine expanders.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
A Forward Simplex Method for Staircase Linear Programs

Modelling planning problems that extend over many time periods as linear programs leads to a special structure called a "staircase" or "dynamic" linear program. In this special structure, the nonzero coefficients of the linear program appear in blocks along the "main diagonal" of the coefficient matrix. Such problems are commonly found in economic planning, structural design, agricultural planning, dynamic traffic assignment, production planning, and scheduling models. Forward algorithms provide an approach to solving these dynamic problems by solving successively longer finite horizon subproblems, terminating when a stopping rule can be invoked or a decision horizon found. Such algorithms are available for a large number of specific models. Here we discuss the implementation and testing of a forward algorithm for solving general dynamic staircase linear programs. Tests reported indicate that the solution time is linear in the number of periods of the staircase problem, as compared to a quadratic or cubic relationship for standard linear programming codes. Computational decision horizons are often found, and are responsible for the good performance of the algorithm.
A 2×2 array of EMCCD-based solid state x-ray detectors

We have designed and developed a new solid-state x-ray imaging system that consists of a 2×2 array of electron multiplying charge coupled devices (EMCCDs). This system is intended for fluoroscopic and angiographic medical imaging. The key components are the four 1024 × 1024 pixel EMCCDs with a pixel size of 13 × 13 µm2. Each EMCCD is bonded to a fiber optic plate (FOP), and optically coupled to a 350 µm thick micro-columnar CsI(TI) scintillator via a 3.22∶1 fiber optic taper (FOT). The detector provides x-ray images of 9 line pairs/mm resolution at 15 frames/sec and real-time live video at 30 frames/sec with binning at a lower resolution, independent of the electronic gain applied to the EMCCD. The total field of view (FOV) of the array is 8.45 cm × 8.45 cm. The system is designed to also provide the ability to do region-of- interest imaging (ROI) by selectively enabling individual modules of the array.
Extremal Problems in Polynomials and Entire Functions

The subject of extremal problems for polynomials and related classes of functions plays an important and crucial role in obtaining inverse theorems in approximation theory. Frequently, the further progress in inverse theorems has depended upon first obtaining the corresponding analogue or generalization of Markov’s and Bernstein’s inequalities, and these inequalities have been the starting point of a considerable literature in Mathematics.
Academic Characteristics of Behaviorally Disordered and Learning Disabled Students.

The academic performance of 1.480 behaviorally disordered and learning disabled children attending grades 1-3 was compared. Results indicated that differences in academic performance between behavi...
QoS Requirements of Network Applications on the Internet

In this paper, we present quality of service (QoS) metrics for various network applications based on human factors and technology attributes. The first term, human factors, addresses human perception of different kinds of media, such as conventional text, audio and video. The second term, technology attributes, represents the different technological aspects of these network applications, such as time-dependence and symmetry. Both of these terms are key factors that lead to variations of requirements for QoS. Establishing these requirements is paramount to providing QoS on computer networks and the Internet. With the metrics presented in this paper we can provide the criteria necessary for such QoS assurance.
Protein kinase C-α-induced hypertrophy of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes play a critical role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. At least three different phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isoenzymes are expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocyt...
Development of Teratomas From Embryos Transplanted Into Outbred and Inbred Adult Hamsters

Six- to 8 1/2-day inbred MHA/SsLak and outbred Syrian golden hamster embryos and 14-day fetal lungs, testes, and portions of small intestine were transplanted into cheek pouches or under kidney capsules of adult recipients. Embryonic grafts gave rise to benign teratomas, irrespective of the age of the embryo, transplantation site, and the strain or stock of recipient. Fetal lung and testis grew little in extrauterine sites, whereas fetal intestine formed large mucus-filled cysts lined with proliferating and apparently functionally active epithelium.
Low-Dimensional Electrically Conductive Systems Intercalated Polymers in V2O5 Xerogels

During the last decade, sol-gel derived materials have attracted increasing attention from the chemical, materials science and physics communities, due to their demonstrated, as well as potential, value for the development of advanced structural and electronic ceramics1. Vanadium oxide xerogels, in particular, are unique among sol-gel generated materials, because they are electron semiconductors2, they possess low-dimensional layered structure, and they are capable of host-guest intercalation chemistry with a variety of species3 (i.e. alkylamines, alcohols, sulfoxides, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), benzidine, alkali ions etc). The interlayer spacing is 11.55A4. The driving force for this intercalation chemistry depends on the substrate and involves cation exchange, acid-base or redox chemistry. V2O5-nH2O (I) xerogels (n∼ 1.5–2.0) are good oxidizing species, and participate in redox chemistry with a variety of substrates. It is well known that organic molecules, such as aniline, pyrrole and thiophene yield, upon chemical or electrochemical oxidation, technologically promising, robust, electrically conductive polymers.5 Progress in elucidating the real structure of these materials, thus far, has been hampered by their invariably amorphous nature. The lack of structural data inhibits, to a certain degree, the development of theoretical models aimed at understanding charge transport in these materials. Furthermore, owing to their limited processability, oriented specimens for important anisotropic studies are lacking. An exciting development in the chemistry of these materials was the intercalation of conductive polymers into layered inorganic host structures such as FeOCl6,7 and V2O5 8. This can be accomplished by the in-situ intercalation/polymerization of the monomers, to yield layered materials containing monolayers of conductive polymers inserted in the intralamellar space of the host. When intercalated, the polymers can be thought of as being ordered, at least perpendicular to the stacking direction. These materials are interesting, because they are molecular composites of two electrically active, but chemically diverse, components: organic conductive polymers and inorganic metal-oxide bronzes.9 In principle, such systems may exhibit unique electrical properties, which may not be possible with either component separately.10 Recently, we reported preliminary results on the intercalative polymerization of aniline in V2O5 xerogels.4 Here we report preliminary chemical, physical and electrical data on the intercalative polymerization products of pyrrole and 2,2′-bithiophene with V2O5 xerogels, as well as new information on the polyaniline/V2O5 system.
Comparison of gadoxetic acid to gadobenate dimeglumine for assessment of biliary anatomy of potential liver donors.

To compare MRI using gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) vs. gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) for the assessment of biliary anatomy of potential liver donors. 76 potential liver donors (39 M/37 F, mean 38 years) who underwent 1.5T MRI using Gd-BOPTA (n = 37) or Gd-EOB-DTPA (n = 39) were retrospectively evaluated. T2 cholangiogram (T2 MRC) and delayed hepatobiliary phase (HBP) T1 cholangiogram (T1 MRC) (performed during HBP 20 min after injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA and 1–2 h after Gd-BOPTA injection) were obtained in addition to MR angiogram/venogram. Two independent observers evaluated image quality (IQ) and conspicuity scores (CS) of the biliary system. Biliary anatomy was assessed in 3 reading sessions (T2 MRC, T1 MRC, and combined T2/T1 MRC). Reference standard consisted of consensus reading of two separate observers of all image sets, clinical/surgical information and intraoperative cholangiogram when available. Datasets were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test or Chi-squared test. There was no difference in IQ for T1 MRC using either contrast agent or T2 MRC vs. T1 MRC for both observers (all p values >0.07). There was superior CS for T2 MRC vs. Gd-BOPTA T1 MRC for both observers and T2 MRC vs. Gd-EOB for one observer (p < 0.001). No difference was found for biliary variant detection for T1 MRC (with either contrast agent) vs. T2 MRC. Combined T2/T1 MRC demonstrated improved sensitivity for biliary variant detection using Gd-BOPTA for both observers (p < 0.004) and Gd-EOB-DTPA for one observer (p < 0.001). Equivalent image quality was found for T1 MRC obtained with Gd-BOPTA or Gd-EOB-DTPA and T2 MRC. T1 MRC is equivalent to T2 MRC for detection of variant biliary anatomy, and the combination of sequences may have added value.
Iron in a trigonal tris(alkoxide) ligand environment.

Mononuclear Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes residing in a trigonal tris(ditox) (ditox = tBu2(Me)CO–) ligand environment have been synthesized and characterized. The Fe(III) ditox complex does not react with oxidants such as PhIO, whereas NMe3O substitutes a coordinated tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the apical position without undergoing oxo transfer. In contrast, the Fe(II) ditox complex reacts rapidly with PhIO or Me3NO in THF or cyclohexadiene to furnish a highly reactive intermediate, which cleaves C–H bonds to afford the Fe(III)–hydroxide complex. When generated in 1,2-difluorobenze, this intermediate can be intercepted to oxidize phosphines to phosphine oxide. The fast rates at which these reactions occur is attributed to a particularly weak ligand field imparted by the tris(alkoxide) ancillary ligand environment.
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence: a meta-analysis of longitudinal associations with child adjustment problems

This meta-analysis reviewed 74 studies that examined longitudinal associations between children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and their adjustment problems. Results indicated that children's exposure to IPV is linked prospectively with child externalizing, internalizing, and total adjustment problems. Moreover, the magnitude of the association between IPV exposure and child externalizing and internalizing problems strengthens over time. In addition, associations are stronger between IPV exposure and child externalizing and internalizing problems when IPV is conceptualized broadly rather than narrowly (physical IPV+psychological and/or sexual IPV versus physical IPV only), and when information on IPV and child adjustment problems is obtained from the same source, rather than independent sources. When IPV exposure is measured at younger ages, compared to older ages, the association between IPV and child externalizing problems is greater. However, when child adjustment problems are measured at older ages, compared to younger ages, the association between IPV and child internalizing problems is greater. Child sex, sample type, and whether only the male partner's violence or both partners' violence was measured did not predict the association between children's exposure to IPV and later adjustment problems. The findings have both research and clinical implications regarding the long-term adjustment of children exposed to IPV and the conceptualization and measurement of resilience subsequent to IPV.
Sanctions and Preventive War

In this article, we demonstrate that through their use as tools of military containment, sanctions play an unappreciated role in international politics. We show that sanctions can be used to smooth shifts in relative power that would otherwise lead to preventive war. After presenting a model of shifting relative power and sanctions, we discuss two cases in which sanctions were imposed to destroy an adversary’s military capability. We also explore the implications of this argument for the evaluation of sanctions’ effectiveness. Because sanctions may be deployed as a mechanism to lock in the status quo rather than revise it, the outcome of a sanctions episode must be compared to its counterfactual rather than the status quo ante. Our argument suggests that sanctions may be effectively deployed in response to expected adverse shifts in relative power; therefore observed outcomes disadvantageous to the sanctioning state are insufficient proof that sanctions have failed.
The distribution of DNA within the nucleoli of the amphibian oocyte as demonstrated by tritiated actinomycin D radioautography.

The distribution of DNA within the nucleoli of the newt oocyte has been studied using tritiated actinomycin D ( 3 H-AD) radioautography. In the course of the study further evidence was found for the specificity of this technique. In many of the cytological preparations the specificity of binding was enhanced by extraction with ethanol after exposure to 3 H-AD. The actinomycin D-DNA complex is somewhat unstable in cytological preparations. Incubation in buffers causes some dissociation of the complex; divalent cations accentuate the effect. The technique of 3 H-AD radioautography was again shown to be more sensitive than Feulgen staining by the detection of 3 H-AD binding in the Feulgen-negative forms of the nucleoli of the amphibian oocyte. The binding of 3 H-AD to all of the nucleolar forms confirms the presence of DNA in these organelles. Results from this study and from others using [ 3 H]uridine in the same system provide evidence that the nucleolar DNA is a detached loop-chromomere complex.
Primary MALT Lymphoma of the Breast Treated with Definitive Radiation

We are reporting a case of a 59-year-old woman, with a family history of breast cancer, who presented with extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT) of the left breast. She received definitive radiation therapy and remains without evidence of disease. Here, we present a case and review the current literature to determine the optimal treatment of this rare presentation of MALT.
Helping young children with special developmental needs.

BACKGROUND Many parents worry about their children's abilities and whether their behaviour is normal. The range and complexity of behaviour and skills change rapidly in young children with individual patterns of development varying widely. Normal stages of development may be delayed or the expected sequence varied. This can be associated with neurological or genetic disorders or chronic illness but may sometimes reflect a family pattern. Recognition of vulnerability enables the child's special needs to be supported before a disorder becomes entrenched. Intervention is aimed at understanding and supporting the child, promoting success and approval and encouraging appropriate neurobiological development. OBJECTIVE This article aims to: clarify the general practitioner role in coordinating appropriate support in collaborative management; describe the relative frequency of various developmental problems; describe the range of assisting services available; emphasise the importance of early recognition and referral; and highlight the interaction between communication disorders and behavioural problems. DISCUSSION The family doctor may be able to identify problems early and assist parents in coordinating optimum help for their children. Often the GP is the one professional who has known the child from infancy and may know other family members with similar problems as well as understanding the cultural context. This gives the GP a central role in early recognition of developmental vulnerability and in maintaining long term review and modification of supports for the child and family.
Index of SuspicionCase 1: Global Developmental Delay and Seizures in a 34-Month-Old BoyCase 2: Ecchymoses on Legs and Refusal to Walk in a 16-Year-Old Autistic BoyCase 3: Progressive Breathing Difficulty in a 5-Year-Old Girl

The reader is encouraged to write possible diagnoses for each case before turning to the discussion. We invite readers to contribute case presentations and discussions. Please use the Submit and Track My Manuscript link on the Pediatrics in Review homepage: http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org . A 34-month-old boy with known global developmental delays from Saudi Arabia is being evaluated after a first afebrile seizure. The seizure is described as full body shaking for 30 seconds with full recovery after a brief postictal period. There is no family history of neurologic disease and no known consanguinity. At birth there was a transient neonatal encephalopathy. At 6 months of age, persistent hypotonia prompted an evaluation for genetic and metabolic disorders and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the results of which were reportedly normal. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury had been suggested as the likely cause of his neonatal encephalopathy and developmental delays. Currently, these delays include absent expressive language with only simple comprehension. He sat and crawled at approximately 2 years of age and only recently started cruising. His family is especially distressed by the fact that he sleeps very little and awakens several times at night. Physical examination reveals no obvious dysmorphic features except for mild prognathism. There are no cutaneous lesions suggestive of a neurocutaneous disorder. His head circumference is 47.4 cm (10th percentile), whereas height and weight are in the 50th percentile. He is alert and attentive to his environment and responsively smiles and laughs frequently. Axial hypotonia is noted in the presence of normal strength. Deep tendon reflexes are normal. Gait is wide and consists of a couple independent steps. The result of subsequent brain MRI is normal. Electroencephalography (EEG) reveals runs of posterior high-voltage slowing with admixed sharp waves. Additional genetic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis. A small head circumference relative to the …
Electron-impact excitation of Fe IX

New extensive calculations are reported for electron collision strengths, rate coefficients and transitions probabilities for a wide range of transitions between the first 370 fine-structure levels of Fe IX in energy region up to 3p55s states. It includes levels of the 3p6, 3p53d, 3p54l (l=0-3), 3p55s, 3s3p63d, 3s3p64s, 3s3p64p, 3p43d2, 3s3p53d2 configurations and some low-lying levels of the 3p33d3 configuration.
Thrombolytic treatment for acute dural sinus thrombosis

We have treated 29 patients with acute dural sinus and/or deep venous thrombosis, While 18 of 20 survivors received intravascular thrombolysis, all 9 of the patients in whom urokinase was not administered died.
Bismuth-induced Raman modes in GaP1-xBix

Dilute bismide semiconductor alloys are a promising material platform for optoelectronic devices due to drastic impacts of bismuth on the electronic structure of the alloy. At the same time, the details of bismuth incorporation in the lattice are not fully understood. In this work, we conduct Raman scattering spectroscopy on GaP1− x Bi x epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and identify several bismuth-related Raman features including gap vibration modes at 296, 303, and 314 cm−1. This study paves the way for more detailed analysis of the local symmetry at bismuth incorporation sites in the dilute bismide alloy regime.
A Review of Disease Risk Scores and Their Application in Pharmacoepidemiology

Summary scores that reduce baseline covariate information to a single value have become standard tools for confounding control in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. The propensity score (PS) summarizes covariate associations with treatment assignment and has been the most widely used summary score for confounding control. An alternative to the PS is the prognostic score, often referred to as the disease risk score (DRS). Instead of summarizing covariate associations with treatment, the DRS summarizes covariate associations with potential outcomes. Adjustment based on the DRS has unique challenges and limitations compared to PS adjustment, but the DRS also has advantages over the PS in certain settings. In this paper, we review the recent developments and applications of DRSs. We discuss differences between the PS and the DRS as well as the benefits and challenges of using the DRS for confounding control. Finally, we discuss areas for future research and development for the application of risk scores in pharmacoepidemiology and nonexperimental medical studies.
The NOAA FM-CW Snow-Level Radar

AbstractA vertically pointing radar for monitoring radar brightband height (BBH) has been developed. This new radar utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) techniques to provide high-resolution data at a fraction of the cost of comparable pulsed radars. This S-band radar provides details of the vertical structure of precipitating clouds, with full Doppler information. Details of the radar design are presented along with observations from one storm. Results from a calibration using these storm data show the radar meets the design goals. Eleven of these radars have been deployed and provide BBH data in near–real time.
Concomitant Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Agenesis of Right Superior Vena Cava A Rare Congenital Anomaly

A 21-year-old white male athlete was admitted for syncope. ECG and telemetry showed sinus arrhythmia and sinus bradycardia; at this time, he was asymptomatic. A chest radiograph showed unremarkable findings (Figure 1). During his transthoracic echocardiogram, a massive coronary sinus (area, 3.9 cm2) was identified (Figure 2). Because of suspicion of a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), an agitated saline (“bubble”) study was immediately performed. After injection of agitated saline through his left antecubital vein, the dilated coronary sinus was opacified before the right atrium and ventricle, consistent with PLSVC (Figure 3 and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). Figure 1. Anteroposterior projection of the plain chest radiograph showing normal cardiac size. Figure 2. Parasternal …
Alpha-D-glucan nanoparticulate adjuvant induces a transient inflammatory response at the injection site and targets antigen to migratory dendritic cells.

Biodegradable nanoparticles with functionalized surfaces are attractive candidates as vaccine adjuvants. Nano-11 are cationic dendrimer-like α-D-glucan nanoparticles with a diameter of 70–80 nm. Mice injected with antigen formulated with Nano-11 developed antibody titers that were similar or greater than antigen with aluminum adjuvant. Utilizing an in vivo imaging system, Nano-11 was shown to remain at the injection site after administration and cleared gradually over the course of 3 weeks. Injection of Nano-11 induced a transient inflammatory response characterized by recruitment of a mixed population of inflammatory cells, predominantly monocytes and macrophages with relatively few neutrophils. Recruited Mac-2+macrophages efficiently phagocytized the majority of Nano-11 at the injection site. Fluorescently labeled Nano-11 was present in cells in the draining lymph nodes 1 day after injection, with the majority contained in migratory dendritic cells. Injection of ovalbumin adsorbed to Nano-11 resulted in an increase of ovalbumin-containing cells in draining lymph nodes. Nano-11 delivered more antigen to antigen-presenting cells on a per cell basis and demonstrated more specific targeting to highly immunopotentiating migratory dendritic cells compared with soluble or aluminum hydroxide adsorbed ovalbumin. These results support the efficacy of Nano-11 and its potential use as a next generation vaccine adjuvant. A plant-derived nanoparticle boosts the immune system’s response to foreign stimuli, such as vaccines, through newly discovered mechanisms. Harm HogenEsch and his team from Purdue University, USA, previously discovered that their formulated nanoparticle adjuvant, Nano-11, increased immune responses to stimuli in mice. Adjuvants are formulations often co-administered with vaccines to promote interaction with the host’s immune system, conferring greater protection. In this study, the scientists found that Nano-11 functions by inducing a temporary inflammation, attracting immune cells to the injection site. The nanoparticles also facilitate the transport of the stimuli to the lymph nodes. Nano-11 is metabolized without deposition in any major internal organs, suggesting a positive safety profile. As current aluminum-based adjuvants are sometimes poorly effective and can cause local adverse reactions, nanoparticle-based potentiators such as Nano-11 may form the next generation of adjuvants.
Double field theory at order α

We investigate α ′ corrections of bosonic strings in the framework of double field theory. The previously introduced “doubled α ′ -geometry” gives α ′ -deformed gauge transformations arising in the Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation mechanism but does not apply to bosonic strings. These require a different deformation of the duality-covariantized Courant bracket which governs the gauge structure. This is revealed by examining the α ′ corrections in the gauge algebra of closed string field theory. We construct a four-derivative cubic double field theory action invariant under the deformed gauge transformations, giving a first glimpse of the gauge principle underlying bosonic string α ′ corrections. The usual metric and b-field are related to the duality covariant fields by non-covariant field redefinitions.
Effect of notch depth of modified current collector on internal-short-circuit mitigation for lithium-ion battery

Formation of internal short circuit (ISC) may result in catastrophic thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery (LIB). Among LIB cell components, direct contact between cathode and anode current collectors is most critical to the ISC behavior, yet is still relatively uninvestigated. In the current study, we analyze the effect of heterogeneity of current collector on the temperature increase of LIB cells subjected to mechanical abuse. The cathode current collector is modified by surface notches, so that it becomes effectively brittle and the ISC site can be isolated. Results from impact tests on LIB cells with modified current collectors suggest that their temperature increase can be negligible. The critical parameters include the failure strain and the failure work of modified current collector, both of which are related to the notch depth.
Some important properties of pesticide deposits on various surfaces

Interest in the details of insecticide application has gone through an interesting cycle within the past thirty years. It was in the 1930’s that certain problems in insect control with the materials then available became acute. Scale insects on citrus had developed resistance to hydrogen cyanide in various areas and oil sprays were employed in its place. But the margin was narrow between the amount needed for insect control and that which injured the trees. Hence much attention was paid to formulations and dosages and deposits upon various parts of a sprayed tree. To a somewhat lesser degree, the same situation had come about in the use of lime-sulfur solution for control of other scale insects on deciduous trees.
The Great Lakes Wetlands Policy Consortium – Bilateral NGO Action Aimed at the Great Lakes

This case study concerns the formation of the Great Lakes Wetlands Policy Consortium which was a bilateral action group formed in 1989–1990 to negotiate and coordinate environmental NGO policy positions on protection management and restoration of wetlands in the Great Lakes drainage basin. This includes the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and New York plus the province of Ontario in Canada. The major player in this case study is the Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council located in Michigan. They organized the policy consortium and obtained the grant for to do the activity and are most active with follow-up. Other actors are individual environmental advocate groups in the United States and Canada as well as regulatory agencies in both countries.
Empirical Estimation and Quantitative Analysis

The translog variable cost function (equation 6.2) in our study is specified with one output (Y) revenue passenger miles, one quasi-fixed factor, the capital stock (K) of flight equipment that has been quality adjusted with technological parameters — payload, SFC, range, thrust and passenger capacity — and five variable inputs, labor (L), energy (E), materials (M), business services (S) and other expenses (O). A full description of the model can be found in Chapter 6. Efficient estimates of The Restricted Variable Cost Function (RVCF) over the period 1970-1992 (161 observations) for the seven major carriers were obtained using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)1 estimation algorithm in the TSP (Time Series Processor) econometric software program.2 All of the parameters in the RVCF model are identified by estimating a pooled time series cross-sectional translog variable cost function jointly with a revenue equation, and five input demand equations, instead of the value shares of inputs. The input demand equations are subject to the same linear homogeneity and symmetry restrictions as the share equations. Our regression coefficients are therefore in quantity terms rather than input value shares. The techniques of estimating translog cost functions with input demand quantities are described by McElroy (1987)3 and Norsworthy and Jang (1992)4. The fitted variable cost function satisfies at every sample point the regularity conditions that it be non-decreasing and concave in input prices.