cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alemtuzumab induction and tacrolimus monotherapy in pancreas transplantation: One- and two-year outcomes.

BACKGROUND. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) induction with tacrolimus monotherapy has been shown to provide effective immunosuppression for kidney, liver, lung, and small bowel transplantation. This drug combination was evaluated in pancreas transplant recipients. METHODS. Sixty consecutive pancreas transplants (30 simultaneous pancreas-kidney, 20 pancreas after kidney, and 10 pancreas alone) were carried out under this protocol between July 2003 to January 2005. The mean follow-up was 22 months (range 17-33). RESULTS. One-year patient, pancreas, and kidney allograft survival were 95%, 93%, and 90%, respectively. With 22 months follow-up, patient, pancreas, and kidney survival were 94%, 89%, and 87%, respectively. The rejection rate was 30% (18/60), with four patients (7%) experiencing steroid-resistant rejection. Major infection occurred in three (5%) patients resulting in two (3.3%) deaths from disseminated histoplasmosis and a herpes virus infection. One patient with cryptococcal meningitis was successfully treated. Seven (11.7%) patients experienced cytomegalovirus infection, all of whom responded to treatment with ganciclovir. One (1.7%) case of polymorphic posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease was seen, which regressed with a temporary discontinuation of tacrolimus and high-dose ganciclovir. The mean serum creatinine of the 30 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants at one year posttransplant was 1.37±0.33 mg/ml. The preexisting creatinine in pancreas after kidney transplants was not adversely affected by this immunosuppressive protocol. CONCLUSION. A single dose of perioperative alemtuzumab followed by daily tacrolimus monotherapy provides effective immunosuppression for pancreas transplantation, but the optimal use of this drug combination is not yet clear. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
The role of signaled periods of nonreinforcement in responding on a random schedule in autoshaping.

Little responding develops to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is placed in a random relation to an unconditioned stimulus (US). However, if the USs not preceded by that CS are themselves signaled by another stimulus, then the CS does come to elicit responding. This result has been attributed (e.g., by Durlach, 1983) to the signal’s blocking of conditioning to background cues that otherwise would prevent conditioning of the CS. However, Goddard and Jenkins (1987) have suggested the alternative that signaling the USs promotes responding due to the adventitious creation of periods of signaled nonreinforcement. Two experiments were conducted to assess this alternative, involving an autoshaping preparation in pigeons. In Experiment 1, little responding to a keylight CS presented in a random relation to a food US occurred, despite the explicit presentation of a discrete noise signaling periods of no food in the intertrial interval (ITI). Experiment 2 was designed to replicate the procedure of Goddard and Jenkins, in which an auditory stimulus extended throughout the ITI of a random schedule, terminating only prior to extra USs and during the CS. Contrary to their findings, little responding developed to the target CS. However, responding did develop when the sound-free period occurred only prior to the extra USs. These results offer little support for the hypothesis that signaled periods of nonreinforcement promote responding on random schedules. However, they are consistent with the view that signaling of ITI USs acts by preventing conditioning of potentially competitive background cues.
Initiation and execution of locomotion elicited by diencephalic stimulation: regional differences in response to nembutal.

Abstract At moderate levels of Nembutal, within the anesthetic range, locomotor stepping can be elicited by brain stimulation. We determined if Nembutal (7, 14 and 28 mg/kg) had different effects on locomotion elicited by stimulation at different brain regions. Two regions were compared: the medial forebrain bundle (MFB, 13 sites) and the areas medial and dorsal to it (MED/DORSAL, 20 sites). Locomotion was produced by electrical stimulation (50 μA, 0.5 msec pulses, 10 to 160 Hz) of unrestrained rats in a rotary runway. The latency to initiate locomotion and the time to complete 1 revolution of the rotary were measured. With no drug, MFB locomotion was initiated sooner but took longer to complete than MED/DORSAL locomotion. Nembutal at 7 mg/kg did not affect initiation of MFB or MED/DORSAL locomotion. Nembutal at 14 mg/kg shortened MFB initiations, but this dose prolonged MED/DORSAL initiations. Initiations with both types of sites were blocked with 28 mg/kg. The 7 and 14 mg/kg doses prolonged the locomotor completion times of the MFB sites but not of the MED/DORSAL sites. The results indicate that the response to Nembutal differs qualitatively for locomotion elicited by stimulation of the MFB and locomotion elicited by stimulation of the medial and dorsal hypothalamus. The mechanisms underlying the difference remain to be elucidated; they may relate to nonlocomotor behaviors also elicited by stimulation or to the motivational states reflected in those behaviors.
Sharing the Language of Attention Deficits: Educational Programs about Attention for Parents, Their Children, and Professionals.

Most researchers agree that individuals with attention deficits benefit more from multimodal management plans incorporating counseling, pharmacological, and psychoeducational strategies than any of these strategies alone. A significant impediment to the successful implementation of multimodal management plans is a lack of a common language for clinicians, educators, parents/caregivers, and individuals with attention deficits to use when discussing attention deficits. The goal of the Controls of Attention Project is to provide all stakeholders with a shared language that both specifies the nature and severity of the problem beyond a global label of AD/HD and is explicitly linked to management strategies.
An in vitro model for analysis of oxidative death in primary mouse astrocytes

Astrocytes provide a vital protective function in the brain. These cells are also vulnerable to oxidative stress, thus their loss of function could contribute to neurodegeneration. The goal of this study is to develop a cell culture model to study oxidative stress in astrocytes. Enriched astrocytic cultures were generated from neonatal mice. tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (t-bOOH) was used as an exogenous peroxide and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a measure of loss of viability. Exposure to t-bOOH resulted in a linear increase in astrocytic death reaching 91.2% after 4 h exposure. That cell death was due to oxidative injury, was shown by the ability of the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) to protect the t-bOOH treated cells. The involvement of iron in cell toxicity was demonstrated by the ability of the iron specific chelator desferal (DF) to completely prevent t-bOOH induced LDH release. Cells treated with a lipid soluble iron compound 3,5, 5-trimethyl (hexanoyl) ferrocene (TMH-Ferrocene), were more vulnerable to t-bOOH whereas neither ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) nor ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) had an effect. The increased sensitivity of the cells exposed to TMHF was reversible with the iron chelator desferal. Addition of recombinant human heavy chain ferritin or human apo-transferrin (Tf) did not alter LDH release. Electron microscopic analysis indicated astrocytes exposed to t-bOOH exhibited mitochondrial swelling prior to cell death (lactate dehydrogenase release). Additional increases in mitochondrial swelling were seen when the astrocytes were exposed to the lipophilic iron compound TMH-ferrocene and t-bOOH. These studies show that astrocytes are exquisitely sensitive to oxidative stress and that their vulnerability is related to and enhanced by iron. Decreased mitochondrial function in response to oxidative stress may precede cell death.
Rebellion, Dacoity, and Equality: The Emergence of the Constitutional Field in Postcolonial India

Did the promulgation of the Indian constitution on 26 January 1950 make a difference to the lives of most Indians? This article argues that contrary to existing scholarly and popular belief, the adoption of a written constitution with a bill of rights and judicial review transformed the relationship between the citizen and the state and emerged as a new field of practice. It does so by mapping the growth of judicial review of executive action through a series of similar challenges under Articles 32 and 226. Examining the trial of rebels and malcontents in Bengal, Hyderabad, Bombay, and Saurashtra during the early years of the postcolonial republic, it teases out how colonial governmentality responds to the institution of a written constitution. The article demonstrates that the constitution came to be utilized as a resource and a venue to challenge the continuation of the colonial practice of special tribunals and exceptional procedures. Judicial remedies made constitutional governance a two-way process, where citizens could insert themselves into a conversation on state practice. Constitutional law became grounded in uncertainty as the results in very similar cases varied widely. However, it was this uncertainty about constitution law that gave it legitimacy and attracted widespread participation by the state and citizens.
Multiday Samples, Parameter Estimation Precision, and Data Collection Costs for Least Squares Regression Trip-Generation Models

In this paper it is shown that substantial benefits may be achieved by employing a multiday sample in least squares estimation of linear regression models of travel behaviour. Specifically, by using a multiday sample one can reduce data collection costs while maintaining a given level of precision in the parameter estimates, or one can obtain improved precision in the parameter estimates for a given data collection cost. Furthermore there is an optimal length of observation period that either minimizes the cost of data collection (for a given level of precision in the parameter estimates) or maximizes the precision of the parameter estimates (for a given data collection cost). The characteristics of the optimal multiday sample depend on the cost structure of data collection and the degree of intrapersonal variability in the aspect of travel behavior being modeled. The results also clearly show the superiority of two-day samples relative to traditional single-day samples, under a wide variety of circumstan...
Tankyrase-2 oligomerizes with tankyrase-1 and binds to both TRF1 (telomere-repeat-binding factor 1) and IRAP (insulin-responsive aminopeptidase)

The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) tankyrase-1 contains an ankyrin-repeat domain that binds to various partners, including the telomeric protein TRF1 (telomere-repeat-binding factor 1) and the vesicular protein IRAP (insulin-responsive aminopeptidase). TRF1 binding recruits tankyrase-1 to telomeres and allows its PARP activity to regulate telomere homoeostasis. By contrast, IRAP binding and the Golgi co-localization of tankyrase-1 with IRAP might allow tankyrase-1 to affect the targeting of IRAP-containing vesicles. A closely related protein, tankyrase-2, has also been implicated in vesicular targeting. Unlike tankyrase-1, tankyrase-2 has not been shown to have PARP activity. In addition, it has not been implicated in telomere homoeostasis, because it did not interact with TRF1 in previous studies. Here we show that tankyrase-2 contains intrinsic PARP activity and, like tankryase-1, binds to both TRF1 and IRAP. Our analysis suggests that the ankyrin (ANK) domain of tankyrase-2 comprises five subdomains that provide redundant binding sites for IRAP. Moreover, tankyrase-2 associates and co-localizes with tankyrase-1, suggesting that both tankyrases might function as a complex. Taken together, our findings indicate that tankyrase-1 and tankyrase-2 interact with the same set of proteins and probably mediate overlapping functions, both at telomeres and in vesicular compartments.
A comparison of body and organ weights, physiologic parameters, and pathologic changes in target organs of rats given combinations of exercise, anabolic hormone, and protein supplementation

This study was engineered to closely mimic the training protocol of a competitive athlete using repetitive exer cise sessions, dietary protein supplementation, and anabolic steroids. The length of the study was 37 days. Thirty-four Sprague Dawley male rats Crl:CD(SD)BR in the weight range of 150 to 175 grams were used. These were randomly divided into four exercise groups, varying protein consumption and anabolic hormone administration. Eight nonexercised control rats were kept separate from the study to act as a comparison for organ weight, hematology, and serology. Exercise consisted of a 30 minute swim three times a week. Parameters recorded were total body weight and per cent gain, wet and dry muscle weight of the isolated anterior tibialis, weights of designated organs, hema tologic profiles, and serum chemistries including triglyc erides, high density and low density lipids. Histopathol ogy of known "target organs" was performed and bone marrow aspirates were taken.Body weights of rats given anaboli...
CSDP: a model for continuing education in data processing

The Center for the Study of Data Processing (CSDP) was formed in cooperation between Washington University and a group of St. Louis corporations to create a local source of programmers and a business-oriented data processing (DP) curriculum and to provide inexpensive professional training for corporate personnel.The Center oversees three academic programs. The B.S. provides continued academic training and a degree in systems and data processing. The 30-hour intensive degree specializes in retraining selected people for entry-level DP positions. The master's degree offers training in managerial issues.The Center also offers 25 seminars yearly in data processing. Their subjects range from basic training to advanced managerial issues.Much of the staff for seminars and evening classes comes from the cooperating corporations. This pooling of practical experience both in the academic and the professional programs has created an up-to-date curriculum and provided inexpensive, high-quality seminars for the region.
Computer Simulation Of Substrate Defect Propagation In Thin Films

A thin-film growth simulation of the type first introduced by Henderson et. al. 1 is applied to defect propagation in thin films. Film growth is simulated on substrates having sinusoidally varying surfaces. The surfaces of the simulated films are then characterized by their power spectrum and their correlation with the substrate surface. The effects of film thickness as well as substrate sinusoid variation period and amplitude are investigated.
Pricing of Online Advertising: Cost-Per-Click-Through Vs. Cost-Per-Action

Today's online advertising contracts tie online advertising payments directly to campaign measurement data such as click-throughs and purchases. This paper applies the economic theory of incentive contracts to the study of these pricing models and provides potential explanations as to when and how CPC (cost-per-click-through) and CPA (cost-per-action) pricing models should be used. We argue that using CPC and CPA models appropriately can give both the publisher and the advertiser proper incentives to make non-contractible efforts that may improve the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. It also allows the publisher and the advertiser to share the risk caused by uncertainty in the product market. Our research discovers various factors that can influence the usage of CPC and CPA models.
Lithium in hospitalized children at 4 and 8 weeks: mood, behavior and cognitive effects.

Eleven psychiatrically hospitalized children were treated with lithium carbonate for a minimum of 8 weeks. Based on literature review, their psychopathology, diagnoses and family history suggested they would be positive lithium responders. Weekly ratings in behavioral domains showed childrens' improvement in areas of self control, aggression and irritability, more obvious at 8 than 4 weeks. However, of seven children studied with double blind crossover, improvement behaviorally and cognitively was maintained on placebo. Only three of 11 children improved enough to be discharged on lithium. Implications of lithium's anti-aggressive and anti-manic effects in children are discussed.
A balanced design procedure for special concentrically braced frame connections

Abstract Concentrically braced frames (CBFs) are stiff, strong structures that are suitable for resisting large lateral loads. Special CBFs (SCBF) are used for seismic design and are designed and detailed to sustain relatively large inelastic deformations without significant deterioration in resistance. Current AISC Seismic Design Provisions aim to ensure the brace sustains the required inelastic action, but recent research showed that current SCBF design requirements lead to variable seismic performance, unintended failure modes, and limited deformation capacity. To improve the seismic response of SCBFs, a balanced design procedure was proposed. The premise of the design methodology is to balance the primary yield mechanism, brace buckling and yielding, with other, complementary ductile yielding mechanisms, such as gusset plate yielding. This balance process maximizes ductile yielding in the frame thereby maximizing the drift capacity of the frame. Further, the undesirable failure modes are balanced with the yield mechanisms and the preferred failure mode, brace fracture, to ensure that the frame fails in the desired manner. To achieve the objectives of the design methodology namely maximum drift capacity, and adherence to a desired yield and failure hierarchy, rational resistance checks and appropriate balance factors (β factors) are used to balance each yield mechanism and failure mode. These factors were developed, validated, and refined using the measured results from an extensive test program. An SCBF connection design example to illustrate the application of the balanced design method and to demonstrate differences from the current AISC design method is presented in an appendix.
Hybrid modelling for echo location and surface characterization

The scattering of sound from surfaces by rotating sources such as the tips of helicopter rotor blades can be used as a method of locating and ranging obstructions which may represent a physical danger to the craft. Modelling such systems presents some difficulties but these can be overcome using a combination of TLM and phase-coherent ray-tracing. This paper describes the hybrid approach, particularly, the techniques for interfacing. The application to the specific problem of the scattering of rotor-tip noise from realistic targets involved the use of a simple PML and surface-conforming boundaries.
A Research Synthesis Overview

The volume of research literature is enormous, so keeping up with the latest studies is difficult. Systematic reviews are a form of research that pools the results of multiple studies. Quantitative reviews statistically pool results, and qualitative reviews narratively pool results. Reviews are becoming common, but some nurses may be unaware of what a systematic review is and how to conduct one. The aim of this overview is to acquaint nurses with qualitative systematic reviews (research syntheses) by providing information about where to begin a synthesis, the stages of the synthesis process, and how to write a manuscript to report synthesis results.
Self-Reported Health Among Recently Incarcerated Mothers.

Objectives. We examined self-reported health among formerly incarcerated mothers.Methods. We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 4096), a longitudinal survey of mostly unmarried parents in urban areas, to estimate the association between recent incarceration (measured as any incarceration in the past 4 years) and 5 self-reported health conditions (depression, illicit drug use, heavy drinking, fair or poor health, and health limitations), net of covariates including health before incarceration.Results. In adjusted logistic regression models, recently incarcerated mothers, compared with their counterparts, have an increased likelihood of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 2.17), heavy drinking (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.19, 2.68), fair or poor health (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.06), and health limitations (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.50). This association is similar across racial/ethnic subgroups and is larger among mothers who share children...
ACQUISITION OF INTRAVERBAL BEHAVIOR: TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO MAND FOR ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

Four boys with autism were taught via echoic prompting and constant prompt delay to mand for answers to questions by saying “I don't know please tell me” (IDKPTM). This intervention resulted in acquisition of the IDKPTM response for all 4 participants and in acquisition of correct answers to most of the previously unknown questions for 2 participants. For 1 participant, tangible reinforcement resulted in increased frequency of correct answers, and direct prompting of correct answers was eventually conducted for the final participant. The IDKPTM response generalized to untargeted unknown questions with 3 participants. Results of person and setting generalization probes varied, but some generalization eventually occurred for all participants following additional training or interspersal of probe trials with training trials.
Cumulation in Qip: Twenty-Five Years After Ojai

The article addresses the state of quantitative international politics research, with particular attention to the extent to which peace scientists have been able to obtain cumulative findings with regard to issues of war and peace. When accumulation is viewed from the broader perspective of the emergence of new propositions, methodologies, and the refinement of research strategies, there has been considerable progress, but when accumulation is viewed from the narrower perspective of verified substantive findings the record is less impressive. Too much of peace science has focused on single variables in attempting to explain complex and dynamic processes. Nevertheless, when the gains of the last 25 years are compared to those in more highly funded and publicized fields they are impressive. A comparison with research on coronary artery disease is presented to illustrate the point. The comparison demonstrates the limits of correlational research, the danger of reaching premature conclusions, the critical rol...
Declaration: The Nine Tumultuous Weeks When America Became Independent, May 1–July 4, 1776 – By William Hogeland

In 1776 the fate of an independent American nation hinged on Pennsylvania's commitment to reconciliation with Great Britain or revolution. If Pennsylvania remained within the empire, the other mid‐...
Molecular MR imaging of liver fibrosis: A feasibility study using rat and mouse models

Background & Aims Liver biopsy, the current clinical gold standard for fibrosis assessment, is invasive and has sampling errors, and is not optimal for screening, monitoring, or clinical decision-making. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including type I collagen. We hypothesize that molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a probe targeted to type I collagen could provide a direct and non-invasive method of fibrosis assessment. Methods Liver fibrosis was induced in rats with diethylnitrosamine and in mice with carbon tetrachloride. Animals were imaged prior to and immediately following i.v. administration of either collagen-targeted probe EP-3533 or non-targeted control Gd-DTPA. Magnetic resonance (MR) signal washout characteristics were evaluated from T1 maps and T1-weighted images. Liver tissue was subjected to pathologic scoring of fibrosis and analyzed for gadolinium and hydroxyproline. Results EP-3533-enhanced MR showed greater signal intensity on delayed imaging (normalized signal enhancement mice: control=0.39±0.04, fibrotic=0.55±0.03, p t 1/2 = 51.3±3.6 vs. 42.0±2.5min, p vs. 44.1±2.9min, p vs. controls in rat and mouse models, respectively). Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR could not distinguish fibrotic from control animals. EP-3533 gadolinium concentration in the liver showed strong positive correlations with hydroxyproline levels (r=0.74 (rats), r=0.77 (mice)) and with Ishak scoring (r=0.84 (rats), r=0.79 (mice)). Conclusions Molecular MRI of liver fibrosis with a collagen-specific probe identifies fibrotic tissue in two rodent models of disease.
An active service framework and its application to real-time multimedia transcoding

Several recent proposals for an "active networks" architecture advocate the placement of user-defined computation within the network as a key mechanism to enable a wide range of new applications and protocols, including reliable multicast transports, mechanisms to foil denial of service attacks, intra-network real-time signal transcoding, and so forth. This laudable goal, however, creates a number of very difficult research problems, and although a number of pioneering research efforts in active networks have solved some of the preliminary small-scale problems, a large number of wide open problems remain. In this paper, we propose an alternative to active networks that addresses a restricted and more tractable subset of the active-networks design space. Our approach, which we (and others) call "active services", advocates the placement of user-defined computation within the network as with active networks, but unlike active networks preserves all of the routing and forwarding semantics of current Internet architecture by restricting the computation environment to the application layer. Because active services do not require changes to the Internet architecture, they can be deployed incrementally in today's Internet.We believe that many of the applications and protocols targeted by the active networks initiative can be solved with active services and, toward this end, we propose herein a specific architecture for an active service and develop one such service in detail --- the Media Gateway (MeGa) service --- that exploits this architecture. In defining our active service, we encountered six key problems --- service location, service control, service management, service attachment, service composition, and the definition of the service environment --- and have crafted solutions for these problems in the context of the MeGa service. To verify our design, we implemented and fielded MeGa on the UC Berkeley campus, where it has been used regularly for several months by real users who connect via ISDN to an "on-line classroom". Our initial experience indicates that our active services prototype provides a very flexible and programmable platform for intra-network computation that strikes a good balance between the flexibility of the active networks architecture and the practical constraints of incremental deployment in the current Internet.
Pavement texture measurement and evaluation

Two methods of texture measurement are described: the outflow meter and profile analysis. The outflow meter measures the time for a fixed quantity of water to escape between a rubber seal and the pavement. Its development from a simple gravity flow instrument to a high-pressure device is described. The single number outflow parameter is not sufficient to provide adequate prediction of the pavement friction-speed relationship, but it is a parameter sensitive to pavement porosity in addition to surface texture. The profile tracer produces an electrical signal analogous to profile height as a stylus traverses the pavement. This signal is recorded and reduced to a meaningful set of parameters describing the root mean square values of the surface height and its derivatives. The profile spectral density is also obtained. Results for five test pavements are presented and compared with locked wheel skid data.
Attenuation by Statins of Membrane Raft-Redox Signaling in Coronary Arterial Endothelium

Membrane raft (MR)–redox signaling platforms associated with NADPH oxidase are involved in coronary endothelial dysfunction. Here, we studied whether statins interfere with the formation of MR-redox signaling platforms to protect the coronary arterial endothelium from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)–induced injury and from acute hypercholesterolemia. In cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells, confocal microscopy detected the formation of an MRs clustering when they were exposed to OxLDL, and such MR platform formation was inhibited markedly by statins, including pravastatin and simvastatin. In these MR clusters, NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox were aggregated and were markedly blocked by both statins. In addition, colocalization of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and ceramide was induced by OxLDL, which was blocked by statins. Electron spin resonance spectrometry showed that OxLDL-induced superoxide (O2.−) production in the MR fractions was substantially reduced by statins. In coronary artery intima of mice with acute hypercholesterolemia, confocal microscopy revealed a colocalization of gp91phox, p47phox, ASM, or ceramide in MR clusters. Such colocalization was rarely observed in the arteries of normal mice or significantly reduced by pretreatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with statins. Furthermore, O2.− production in situ was 3-fold higher in the coronary arteries from hypercholesterolemic mice than in those from normal mice, and such increase was inhibited by statins. Our results indicate that blockade of MR-redox signaling platform formation in endothelial cell membrane may be another important therapeutic mechanism of statins in preventing endothelial injury and atherosclerosis and may be associated with their direct action on membrane cholesterol structure and function.
Photo-Polymer Wafer Bonding for Double Layer Transfer

Temporary bonding is necessary for the two-stage transfer of thin films from one substrate to another while preserving the original orientation of the film. The process developed in this study uses an SU-8 photo-polymer both as a bonding material and as a delamination material for layer transfer. SU-8 was spun onto an optically transparent handle wafer (e.g., quartz or glass) and then bonded to the layer to be transferred. The processing parameters such as pre-baking temperature and UV exposure dose affect the bonding strength. UV curing of the SU-8 through the backside of the handle wafer could be performed to obtain the ultimate bond strength at low temperatures. A laser pulse from a KrF excimer laser (λ = 248 nm and λ = 38 ns) at a fluence of 50-150 mJ/cm2 was used to delaminate the SU-8 bonding layer to complete the layer transfer.
The discriminability of temporal patterns used in the Whitehead discrimination procedure.

Katkin, Reed, and DeRoo (1983) reported that subjects were unable to make discriminations between two exteroceptively presented tones at delays commonly used in the Whitehead heartbeat detection procedure. To further evaluate this report, 72 men and women were equally divided into five experimental and one control group and presented with two tactile, auditory, visual, or two mixed-mode exteroceptive stimulus pairs (tactile/visual and tactile/auditory). Also, external stimuli were presented so that SI occurred either concomitantly with each R-wave (coincident) or delayed 100 ms after each R-wave (noncoincident). This procedure occurred during the first two phases of the data collection process. Phase 3 consisted of 40 standard Whitehead heartbeat discrimination trials. All five experimental groups were shown to have high levels of performance with the exteroceptive stimuli and high proportions of good discriminators. Analyses within groups showed that performance did not differ significantly across the coincident and noncoincident exteroceptive discrimination conditions, but both of these phases showed significantly higher performance than during the Whitehead task. Therefore, the data clearly show that subjects are able to make the temporal discriminations required in the Whitehead paradigm when stimuli are presented exteroceptively, but that the ability to make exteroceptive temporal discriminations has little to do with the ability to make similar interoceptive discriminations.
Finding regional co-location patterns for sets of continuous variables in spatial datasets

This paper proposes a novel framework for mining regional co-location patterns with respect to sets of continuous variables in spatial datasets. The goal is to identify regions in which multiple continuous variables with values from the wings of their statistical distribution are co-located. A co-location mining framework is introduced that operates in the continuous domain and which views regional co-location mining as a clustering problem in which an externally given fitness function has to be maximized. Interestingness of co-location patterns is assessed using products of z-scores of the relevant continuous variables. The proposed framework is evaluated by a domain expert in a case study that analyzes Arsenic contamination in Texas water wells centering on regional co-location patterns. Our approach is able to identify known and unknown regional co-location patterns, and different sets of algorithm parameters lead to the characterization of Arsenic distribution at different scales. Moreover, inconsistent colocation sets are found for regions in South Texas and West Texas that can be clearly attributed to geological differences in the two regions, emphasizing the need for regional co-location mining techniques. Moreover, a novel, prototype-based region discovery algorithm named CLEVER is introduced that uses randomized hill climbing, and searches a variable number of clusters and larger neighborhood sizes.
Evolution of Single-Particle Energies for N=9 Nuclei at Large N/Z

We have studied the nucleus 14 B using the 13 B(d,p) 14 B and 15 C(d, 3 He) 14 B reactions. The two reactions provide complementary information about the negative- parity 1s1/2 and 0d5/2 neutron single-particle states in 14 B. The data from the (d,p) reaction give neutron-spectroscopic strengths for these levels, and the (d, 3 He) results confirm the existence of a broad 2 - excited state suggested in the literature. Together these results provide estimates of the sd-shell neutron effective single-particle energies in 14 B.
Developing Infrastructure Through the Use of Tax Increment Financing The Case of the Virginia Beach Town Center Project

The use of tax increment finance (TIF) arrangements to finance capital-intensive infrastructure needs is not a new concept, but it is gaining traction in many states and municipalities. This article presents the case of the Town Center project in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and the use of a TIF to provide infrastructure for the project. The authors find that the success of the TIF is because of a combination of a reduction in public risk, careful planning, and close attention paid to the capabilities of the private sector partners. The authors conclude that the TIF mechanism is an appropriate and attractive means to fund infrastructure needs, provided the trade-offs and pitfalls are carefully considered and understood.
Triangulation of Proteins in the 30 S Ribosomal Subunit of Escherichia coli

Thermal neutron radiation has been used for solution scattering experiments on 30 S ribosomal subunits in which specific proteins have been inserted in deuterated form by reconstitution. The data enable us to estimate the distances separating the centers of mass of six protein pairs S3–S4 (61 A), S3–S5 (55 A), S3–S8 (77 A), S4–S7 (86 A), S4–S8 (62 A) and S5–S6 (96 A). Three triangular relationships involving S3, S4, S5, S7 and S8 have been established. Transformation of the data by Patterson inversion gives, for each protein pair, the distribution of lengths of all possible vectors between the two proteins. Model calculations show that the form of the distribution is a function of the shape and orientation of the proteins. The data support the view that many of these proteins are elongated.
Combined Use of the Radar and Radiometer of TRMM to Estimate the Influence of Drop Size Distribution on Rain Retrievals

A combination of passive microwave and radar observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is used to investigate the consistency between the two sensors. Rather than relying on some absolute ‘‘truth’’ to verify retrievals, this paper focuses on one assumption—namely, the drop size distribution (DSD)—and how different DSDs lead to improved or reduced consistency. Results from a case in the central Pacific suggest that a crude consistency may be achieved if a different drop size is used for the radiometer and the radar. In this particular case, a Marshall‐Palmer or a gamma distribution with the shape parameters properly set leads to similar results. Although this study offers no independent validation of its conclusions, it does demonstrate that rainfall validation need not be confined to surface rainfall measurements, which are only loosely related to the volumetric observations made by most sensors. As mean size distributions of raindrops are measured in the TRMM field experiments by disdrometers, profilers, multiparameter radars, and direct aircraft observations, the technique presented in this paper can be applied on a storm-by-storm basis, and conclusions can be verified directly.
Intranasal Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 as Neuroprotectants in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Treatment options for stroke remain limited. Neuroprotective therapies, in particular, have invariably failed to yield the expected benefit in stroke patients, despite robust theoretical and mechanistic background and promising animal data. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) play a pivotal role in critical brain functions, such as energy homeostasis, neuronal growth, and differentiation. They may exhibit neuroprotective properties in acute ischemic stroke based upon their vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects, as well as improvements of functional connectivity, neuronal metabolism, neurotransmitter regulation, and remyelination. Intranasally administered insulin has demonstrated a benefit for prevention of cognitive decline in older people, and IGF-1 has shown potential benefit to improve functional outcomes in animal models of acute ischemic stroke. The intranasal route presents a feasible, tolerable, safe, and particularly effective administration route, bypassing the blood–brain barrier and maximizing distribution to the central nervous system (CNS), without the disadvantages of systemic side effects and first-pass metabolism. This review summarizes the neuroprotective potential of intranasally administered insulin and IGF-1 in stroke patients. We present the theoretical background and pathophysiologic mechanisms, animal and human studies of intranasal insulin and IGF-1, and the safety and feasibility of intranasal route for medication administration to the CNS.
The Burden of Protecting Live Sports Telecasts: The Real Time Problem of Live Streaming and App-Based Technology

This article examines the burdens faced by sports leagues and organizations in protecting their rights to live sports broadcasts from online piracy of live streaming. Part I of this article introduces the recent rise of live streaming sports — both legal and illegal — and the unique problem sports face as compared to other types of content owners such as movie studios and record companies. Part II of this article discusses the copyrightability of sports telecasts and the rights afforded to owners of the copyright. Part III analyzes the various ways of protecting those rights. Specifically, this section will address three things: First, direct copyright infringement liability for live streaming; second, the potential liability for websites and manufacturers under secondary infringement theories; and third, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) takedown notices and safe harbor provisions. Finally, Part IV looks at potential solutions and how the problem of online piracy of live sports is being addressed.
Abstract 763: Hyperthermia promotes c-myc turnover and reduces ODC expression in colorectal cancer cells.

Hyperthermia therapy is an FDA-approved procedure that is used to improve the clinical response to radiation and chemotherapy in a variety of solid malignancies. This method involves raising the temperature of tumor-bearing tissues to 41-43°C, which is commonly achieved by using microwave or radiofrequency (RF)-emitting devices. Despite a multitude of treatment centers that are now providing this type of therapy, the cellular and molecular processes are not fully understood. Here, we report that that the oncogenic transcription factor, c-myc has a potentially important role in the anti-cancer mechanism of hyperthermia. By treating colorectal cancer cells (RKO cell line) with heat (incubation at 42°C), we observe a rapid decrease in c-myc levels that is not seen with other transcription factors. We have also observed a similar effect in other cell types, including lung (A549) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y). It is already known that the turnover of c-myc protein is enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr58. Our Western blot data reveal that hyperthermia causes a significant increase in Thr58 phosphorylation, which is accompanied by a reduction in total c-myc levels. c-Myc is frequently deregulated in human cancers, where it promotes the expression of genes that drive tumor cell proliferation. To assess the role of c-myc target genes in the response to hyperthermia, we looked at one such target gene, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in polyamine biosynthesis. We see that the hyperthermia-induced degradation of c-myc is accompanied by a drastic reduction in ODC mRNA and protein levels. Using actinomycin D, we observe that heat has no effect on ODC mRNA stability, suggesting that the decrease in ODC is due to a reduction in gene transcription. In support of this, we find that silencing c-myc expression with siRNA inhibits ODC mRNA and protein levels by a similar amount as hyperthermia. We propose that the down-regulation of ODC caused by c-myc degradation may be an important part of the clinical response to hyperthermia, and future work will evaluate the effect of heat on cellular polyamine levels. Citation Format: Christina T.K. Wales, Aaron T. Jacobs. Hyperthermia promotes c-myc turnover and reduces ODC expression in colorectal cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 763. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-763
Perception and Problems of Retail Business – A Study with Reference to Tuticorin District

Retail industry is the largest industry in India, with an employment of around 8 percent to over 10 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product. Retail industry in India is expected to rise 25 percent yearly being driven by strong income growth, changing lifestyles, and favourable demographic patterns. It is expected that by 2016 modern retail industry in India will be worth US $175- 200 billion. So the researcher made sincere attempt to analyse the perception and prospects faced by retailer in the study area, during the course of starting and managing their enterprise.The main objectives of the study are:1. To study the socio-economic conditions of the retailer in Tuticorin district.2. To analyse the reasons for selecting retail business. 3. To known the nature of business of the retailers. 4. To analyse the problems faced by the retailers.5. To offer suggestions on the basis of the findings of the study. Today retailers must differentiate themselves by meeting the needs of their customers better than the competitors. Retailers should prepare marketing plans that include decision on target market, product assortment and procurement, services and stores atmosphere, price promotion and proper placement of products inside the retail shops. There is a general agreement that a basic retailing strategy for creating competitive advantage is the delivery of high service quality. Therefore, by giving better service and product, definitely the retailers can taste the success.
Risk Analysis on Chloroethylene Polymerization Reactor Explosion

Fundamental events resulting in explosion on the chloroethylene polymerization reactor was found out.Further,dangerous runaway of reaction condition and its causes and effects were analysed and the key factors for the risk of reaction process were identified.Finally,some suggestions were proposed to reduce the risk of the reaction process.
Optimization of bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum B_(28)

Lactobacillus plantarum B28,which is a strain isolated from traditional Bulgarian oat beverage,produces a bacteriocin which is inhibitory to Baeillus cereus.The growth characteristic of Lactobacillus plantarum B28 and the optimal stage of producing bacteriocin were studied.The different cultures and different concentrations of ammonium sulphate effect on bacteriocin activity was observed.The growth cycle of B28 was studied at 37 ℃ which indicated its stationary phase starting from the 14 th hour to the 16th hour.The bacteriostatic activity of plantaricin,produced by the strain has been improving constantly.It reached the peak value at 24 h.L.Plantarum grew better in media in presence of yeast extract,soybean protein,lactose,D-fructose,sucrose,or D-maltose.D-xylos was not suitalbe for L.Plantarum.There was no considerable effect when it grew in KH2PO4 and NaH2PO4.The optimized medium was achieved.
Our Intuition of Freewill

It is probably the case that all of our feeble reasonings on the subject of freewill, whether pro or con, are in fact overwhelmed and swept quite away by our feelings. We could very well argue that it is a plain and irresistable fact that when faced with a decision, we know we really can take any of the two or more alternatives before us. This is particularly true when faced with a decision where we have no clear-cut policy to follow or where the alternatives seem equally balanced. We find ourselves disturbed, perplexed, tempted to toss a coin, wishing for more information and in short showing every possible symptom of believing that we may indeed take any of the alternatives before us.
Cognitive performance of older adults in a specialized diabetes clinic.

Background Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for cognitive changes, but assessment for cognitive disorders in this population is performed infrequently. This study examines the frequency of cognitive disorders and patterns of deficit in patients enrolled in a specialized clinic for diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess cognition in Mount Sinai Diabetes Center patients. Thirty eligible subjects age 50 or older were assessed and compared with non-diabetic cognitively normal control subjects, as well as non-diabetic subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The main outcome(s) and measure(s) were obtained through cognitive assessment and diagnosis using the Alzheimer's Disease Centers’ Uniform Data Set. Results 40% of subjects were newly diagnosed with a cognitive disorder. 10% were diagnosed with dementia and 30% with MCI. Diabetic subjects performed worse on Mini-Mental State Examination (27.2 vs. 28.4, p = 0.0132), list generation (9.5 vs. 12.2, p = 0.0190), Trail Making Test, Part A (70.1 vs. 43.0, p < 0.0001), Trail Making Test, Part B (197.2 vs. 123.6, p < 0.0001), and the Digit Symbol test (12.7 vs. 40.1, p < 0.0001) compared to cognitively normal individuals. When compared to subjects with MCI (amnestic type), diabetic subjects performed better on tasks of immediate and delayed recall (11.2 vs. 7.3, p = 0.0048 and 8.4 vs. 4.1, p = 0.0003, respectively). Conclusions Undiagnosed cognitive disorders are common and underappreciated in patients being treated in a specialized diabetes clinic. It may be important to make cognitive assessment a standard part of patient assessments.