cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of genetic and climatic variability in giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum, reveals signatures of local adaptation along moisture-related gradients.

Uncovering the genetic basis of local adaptation is a major goal of evolutionary biology and conservation science alike. In an era of climate change, an understanding of how environmental factors shape adaptive diversity is crucial to predicting species response and directing management. Here, we investigate patterns of genomic variation in giant sequoia, an iconic and ecologically important tree species, using 1,364 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We use an FST outlier test and two genotype-environment association methods, latent factor mixed models (LFMMs) and redundancy analysis (RDA), to detect complex signatures of local adaptation. Results indicate 79 genomic regions of potential adaptive importance, with limited overlap between the detection methods. Of the 58 loci detected by LFMM, 51 showed strong correlations to a precipitation-driven composite variable and seven to a temperature-related variable. RDA revealed 24 outlier loci with association to climate variables, all of which showed strongest relationship to summer precipitation. Nine candidate loci were indicated by two methods. After correcting for geographic distance, RDA models using climate predictors accounted for 49% of the explained variance and showed significant correlations between SNPs and climatic factors. Here, we present evidence of local adaptation in giant sequoia along gradients of precipitation and provide a first step toward identifying genomic regions of adaptive significance. The results of this study will provide information to guide management strategies that seek to maximize adaptive potential in the face of climate change.
Immunotherapy for Metastatic Urothelial Cancer

This chapter explores immunotherapy use for the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer. Anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 agents such as atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are reviewed. These agents show great promise in the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer with manageable toxicity profiles when compared to chemotherapy. All of these agents are approved for treating metastatic urothelial cancer in the second-line setting, while atezolizumab and pembrolizumab are approved for treatment in the first-line setting. Trials in other disease states are ongoing.
Internet downturn: finding valuation factors in Spring 2000

Abstract During Spring 2000, the Internet Stock Index declined 45%. Using a sample of internet firms, this paper investigates whether this decline was associated with new disclosures, such as earnings, analyst forecast revisions, and web-traffic measures, or to a “reassessment” by investors of pre-existing information. We find only modest evidence that the decline was associated with new disclosures. However, returns and post-decline stock prices are significantly explained by 1999 annual report data. When earnings are decomposed into gross profit and various expenses, traditional financial information contributes significantly more in explaining the cross-sectional returns and price levels than non-financial information.
Applications of cosinor rhythmometry in pharmacology

Study design and data analysis are two important aspects relevant to chronopharmacometrics. Blunders can be avoided by recognizing that most physiological variables are circadian periodic. Both ill health and treatment can affect the amplitude, phase, and/or period of circadian (and other) rhythms, in addition to their mean. The involvement of clock genes in molecular pathways related to important physiological systems underlies the bidirectional relationship often seen between circadian rhythm disruption and disease risk. Circadian rhythm characteristics of marker rhythms interpreted in the light of chronobiologic reference values represent important diagnostic tools. A set of cosinor-related programs is presented. They include the least squares fit of multiple-frequency cosine functions to model the time structure of individual records; a cosinor-based spectral analysis to detect periodic signals; the population-mean cosinor to generalize inferences; the chronobiologic serial section to follow the time course of changing rhythm parameters over time; and parameter tests to assess differences among populations. Relative merits of other available cosinor and non-parametric algorithms are reviewed. Parameter tests to compare individual records and a self-starting cumulative sum (CUSUM) make personalized chronotherapy possible, where the treatment of each patient relies on an N-of-1 design. Methods are illustrated in a few examples relevant to endocrinology, cancer and cardiology. New sensing technology yielding large personal data sets is likely to change the healthcare system. Chronobiologic concepts and methods should become an integral part of these evolving systems.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

Our physical world is being projected into online cyberspace at an unprecedented rate. People nowadays visit different places and leave behind them million-scale digital traces such as tweets, check-ins, Yelp reviews, and Uber trajectories. Such digital data are a result of social sensing: namely people act as human sensors that probe different places in the physical world and share their activities online. The availability of massive social-sensing data provides a unique opportunity for understanding urban space in a data-driven manner and improving many urban computing applications, ranging from urban planning and traffic scheduling to disaster control and trip planning. In this chapter, we present recent developments in data-mining techniques for urban activity modeling, a fundamental task for extracting useful urban knowledge from social-sensing data. We first describe traditional approaches to urban activity modeling, including pattern discovery methods and statistical models. Then, we present the latest developments in multimodal embedding techniques for this task, which learns vector representations for different modalities to model people's spatiotemporal activities. We study the empirical performance of these methods and demonstrate how data-mining techniques can be successfully applied to social-sensing data to extract actionable knowledge and facilitate downstream applications.
Legacies of Nutrient Accumulation and Depletion in Residential Ecosystems

In residential ecosystems, land management can help regulate climate and improve water quality by promoting the accumulation of nutrients in the soil. We tested how varying intensity of residential land use and management altered nutrient (Ca, K, Mg, P, S) pools. We studied soils and vegetation across twelve land use-intensity gradients (yards-perennial old fields-forests) established 15–227 y. ago in the native ecosystems of temperate forests. We found that yard soils were enriched with nutrients relative to fields and forests, regardless of recent yard management intensity. Yard soils from 0- to 40-cm depth contained an average 72–93% more Ca, 11–22% more Mg and 18–50% more P than fields and forests. In the upper 20 cm of soil, where land-use effects were pronounced, 200-year-old yards contained 24% more soil P than one decade-old yards. Yards where managers exported grass clippings for forty years contained less soil K and Mg than yards managed similarly for ten years. Yard soil cation exchange capacity and C were not correlated, suggesting the importance of inorganic mechanisms of nutrient accumulation. With more intense land use, across yards-fields-forests and within yards, soil S and C tightly covaried indicating these nutrients may limit or stimulate organic nutrient cycling. Our research suggests residential land management can contribute to nutrient legacies that support resilient responses to global change.
Navigating the international dissemination of an evidence-based intervention: Scaling with fidelity and cultural-specificity

Abstract Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), an evidence-based parenting program, monitors intervention fidelity and provides fidelity-focused supervision to providers, or “parent coaches,“ across one year of training. Recently, ABC dissemination has grown internationally, providing the opportunity for the ABC developer team to consider how to support intervention fidelity in an international context. The current manuscript describes early international dissemination efforts with local supervisors in Russia, Germany, and Norway. As part of ABC implementation, supervisors were trained in the in-the-moment commenting and coding system, a microanalytic behavioral coding system that measures fidelity to ABC. Local supervisors were also trained to provide fidelity-focused supervision. The present study found that supervisors were able to achieve coding reliability after engaging in an intensive week-long training, with reliability scores similar to supervisors who had gone through coding training in the United States. Supervisors were then able to deliver fidelity-focused supervision in the parent coaches’ native language, without the need to include an ABC staff member during the supervision meetings or provide translation of their behavioral coding. At the end of their training year, on average, parent coaches in the Russian, German, and Norwegian cohorts all met the fidelity requirements to gain certification in ABC, with fidelity data similar to those of parent coaches delivering ABC in the United States. Results from this evaluation demonstrate that an evidence-based parenting program with rigorous fidelity monitoring can be successfully transported from the United States to international contexts, with ongoing communication and collaboration between the developer site and international partners around language, culture, and fidelity-focused consultation as a key component of this dissemination.
Are Parents Ready? A Factor Analysis Study for Inclusive Postsecondary Education

Inclusive postsecondary education (IPSE) programs can provide young adults with IDD opportunities for training and experiences in continuing academic instruction, transition goals, independent living as well as employment. Parent readiness is an important aspect of having young adults embrace their increasing independence. While the prospective student must be ready to attend the institution, understanding the âreadinessâ of parents will help to guide the development of additional parent related materials to help them with the transition process. It was with this intent that the Graff Parent Readiness Scales (GPRS) were developed. The purpose of this study is to conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the GPRS in order to establish construct validity of the instrument. Results showed the six factor solution. The implications for IPSE programs is clear that by addressing parental concerns and forging an alliance with the institution students with IDD will have greater success.
Interleukin-3 and bryostatin 1 mediate rapid nuclear envelope protein phosphorylation in growth factor-dependent FDC-P1 hematopoietic cells. A possible role for nuclear protein kinase C.

Abstract Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a lymphokine which stimulates the proliferation of normal and transformed multilineage hematopoietic cells. Recently we reported that bryostatin 1, a macrocyclic lactone and potent activator of protein kinase C, could stimulate normal multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro in the absence of added polypeptide growth factors. We have now used the murine IL-3-dependent cell line FDC-P1, derived from normal murine marrow cells, to examine the early biochemical events associated with stimulation of hematopoietic cells. We find that both IL-3 and bryostatin 1 are mitogenic and stimulate the growth of FDC-P1 cells. Cells grown for extended periods in the presence of bryostatin 1 (1 nM) alone retain IL-3 responsiveness, indicating that bryostatin 1 does not induce an IL-3-independent state. Protein phosphorylation studies in cells treated with either IL-3 or bryostatin 1 indicate that both stimulators can mediate the rapid (within 5 min) serine-specific phosphorylation of several nuclear envelope polypeptides, including lamin B. Both IL-3- and bryostatin 1-mediated nuclear envelope phosphorylation is dose-dependent, occurring at concentrations which are mitogenic to FDC-P1 cells. The extent of nuclear envelope phosphorylation mediated by IL-3 and bryostatin 1 correlates with the mitogenic response. Furthermore, both mitogens mediate the rapid immunologic translocation of protein kinase C to the nuclear envelope where phosphorylation occurs. These data indicate that the early mitogenic signal(s) generated by IL-3 and bryostatin 1 may converge at the level of the nuclear envelope, perhaps through a protein kinase C-like activity which mediates phosphorylation of specific nuclear envelope polypeptides such as lamin B.
Building probabilistic models for natural language

Building models of language is a central task in natural language processing. Traditionally, language has been modeled with manually-constructed grammars that describe which strings are grammatical and which are not; however, with the recent availability of massive amounts of on-line text, statistically-trained models are an attractive alternative. These models are generally probabilistic, yielding a score reflecting sentence frequency instead of a binary grammaticality judgement. Probabilistic models of language are a fundamental tool in speech recognition for resolving acoustically ambiguous utterances. For example, we prefer the transcription forbear to four bear as the former string is far more frequent in English text. Probabilistic models also have application in optical character recognition, handwriting recognition, spelling correction, part-of-speech tagging, and machine translation. In this thesis, we investigate three problems involving the probabilistic modeling of language: smoothing n-gram models, statistical grammar induction, and bilingual sentence alignment. These three problems employ models at three different levels of language; they involve word-based, constituent-based, and sentence-based models, respectively. We describe techniques for improving the modeling of language at each of these levels, and surpass the performance of existing algorithms for each problem. We approach the three problems using three different frameworks. We relate each of these frameworks to the Bayesian paradigm, and show why each framework used was appropriate for the given problem. Finally, we show how our research addresses two central issues in probabilistic modeling: the sparse data problem and the problem of inducing hidden structure.
Chapter 13. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary Research on antiviral drug have confirmed and extended the clinical observations of the activity of n-methyl-isatin-B-thiosemicarbazone (Marboran) against smallpox, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IDU) against herpes simplex keratitis, and 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (amantadine) against influenza A virus infection. Many newer antiviral substances, both natural and synthetic, have been found to be active in tissue culture systems and animals, but as yet have not been studied in human viral infections. This chapter summarizes the continuing activity induced by only those drugs that have shown to have an antiviral effect in man. There appears to be a greater effort in searching for other viral inhibitors as reflected in the increased number of reports of such agents from antibiotic filtrates, plant extracts, and organic chemicals. The present chapter briefly reviews these reports, none of which contain any clear implications in clinical medicine. Two of such newer antiviral antibiotics are borrelidin and vivomycin from Streptomyces. Vivomycin is so named because it is active only in vivo against encephalomyocarditis (EMC) and influenza viruses. Borrelidin is a macrolide antibiotic that seems to act synergistically with vivonycin in mice infected with EMC virus. Both vivomycin and statolon, a product of a penicillium mold, seem to enhance host defense mechanisms and perhaps induce interferon formation.
Winter Carnival in a Western Town: Identity, Change, and the Good of the Community

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Lisa Gabbert Year: 2011 Pages: 232 Publisher: Utah State University Press ISBN: 978-0-87421-829-9 (hard cover).
The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns in Sri Lanka

This study investigates the ability of market beta, book-to-market equity, leverage, and earnings-price ratio to explain the cross-sectional variation in expected returns in the small stock market of Sri Lanka. The results show that, inconsistent with the central prediction of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the relation between average returns and beta is strongly negative. Earnings-price ratio shows a reliable positive relation with average returns. Market beta and earnings-price are strongly related to returns jointly as well. Firm size, the ratio of a firm’s book value of equity (BE) to its market value (/ME), and leverage are not related to average returns in any significant manner.
The S-Curve of Technological Evolution: Marketing Law or Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

Conventional wisdom is that the performance of a new technology starts below that of an exiting technology, crosses the performance of an older technology once and ends up at a higher plateau, so tracing a single S-shaped curve. As such, to stay competitive, managers need to switch from an old technology to a new one before the former matures. We test this premise in 23 technologies across six markets. The results strongly refute the existence of a single S-shaped curve of technological evolution. We find that technologies evolve through a series of jumps, whose pattern and frequency is intrinsic to a technology but increasing over time. Most importantly, jumps occur even after a long plateau of no improvement or apparent maturity. The results suggest that managers vigilantly study the internal dynamics of their technology rather than use simplistic rules of thumb for investing in technologies.
Proteoglycans from Bovine Proximal Humeral Articular Cartilage

Abstract To provide methods applicable to the study of human articular cartilage, we have studied the extraction, fractionation, and physical characterization of proteoglycans from bovine articular cartilage. Two dissociative solvents, MgCl2 and GuHCl, differ sharply in the amount of the proteoglycan extracted from articular cartilage and the macromolecular species present in the initially extracted crude proteoglycan. PG(MgCl2), the crude proteoglycan extracted with 3 m MgCl2, is obtained in a yield of 0.16 g per g of dry cartilage, and accounts for 50% of the uronate and 23% of the hexose of the whole cartilage. PG(GuHCl), the crude proteoglycan extracted with 4 m GuHCl, is obtained in a yield of 0.26 g per g of dry cartilage, and accounts for 81% of the uronate and 61% of the hexose of the whole cartilage. On analytical ultracentrifugation in associative solvents, PG(MgCl2) shows three components: a 4 S protein, a 16 S proteoglycan species, and a 60 to 70 S proteoglycan aggregate. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of PG(MgCl2) under associative conditions in 4 m CsCl results in a sharp separation of the 4 S protein into the top sixth of the gradient, and of the 16 S species and 70 S aggregate into the bottom sixth of the gradient. On analytical ultracentrifugation in associative solvents, PG(GuHCl) shows a 4 S protein, a 16 S proteoglycan species, and a 56 S proteoglycan aggregate. The proteoglycan aggregate in either PG(MgCl2) or PG(GuHCl) is completely and reversibly dissociable in either 3 m MgCl2 or 3 m GuHCl. However, while dissociation in 3 m MgCl2 yields the 16 S species, dissociation in 3 m GuHCl yields a 10.5 S proteoglycan subunit. The isolated 16 S proteoglycan species has an intrinsic viscosity of 184 ml per g, a partial specific volume of 0.594 ml per g, and a molecular weight of 1.6 x 106. PG(GuHCl) contains a high molecular weight complex, not present in PG(MgCl2). The complex differs from the 70 S proteoglycan aggregate in size, as indicated by its sedimentation properties; in composition, as indicated by its lower proteoglycan and higher protein and collagen contents; and, in the noncovalent bonds involved in its formation, as indicated by its dissociation in 3 m GuHCl but not in 3 m MgCl2. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the dissociated complex in 3 m GuHCl shows that a 2.7 S protein is a major component of the complex. None of the 2.7 S protein is detectable in preparations of PG(MgCl2) or of the 70 S aggregate. Two states of macromolecular organization of proteoglycans appear to exist in articular cartilage. The first, and lower level of organization is that of the 70 S proteoglycan aggregate. The second and higher level of organization is that of the complex formed by the noncovalent association of proteoglycans and collagen in the presence of the 2.7 S protein.
Studies of the human trophoblast in tissue culture. 1. Cultural methods and histochemical staining.

Abstract There is disagreement in the findings of investigators working with explants of the placenta in tissue culture. A method of in vitro growth of cells from the immature chorionic villus in monolayer on glass cover slips is outlined. Three arbitrarily defined cell types are described. The problem of matching these cell types with those cells in tissue sections is discussed. The recovery of chorionic gonadotrophin from the nutrient media is recorded. The results of the initial application of a battery of histochemical stains to these cells are presented.
Principal angles and principal azimuths of in-line symmetric three-reflection mirror system: application to circular polarization of vacuum ultraviolet radiation

Contours of constant principal angle Φ and constant principal azimuth Ψ for an in-line, symmetric, three-reflection mirror system are presented. The three mirrors are assumed to be uncoated substrates of the same homogeneous isotropic material with complex relative dielectric function e. By assigning values to Φ from 45 to 85 deg in 5-deg steps, the constraint on complex e is determined numerically and represented graphically. The special case of Φ = 45 deg, which applies to a right-angle parallel-mirror beam displacer, enables an analytical solution. These results have important applications for the production of circular polarization over the entire spectrum, and especially in the VUV, where transmission-type devices are not possible. The performance of the three-mirror system as a VUV quarter-wave retarder/circular polarizer using different metals is also considered.
Fully elliptic incompressible flow calculations on regular grid

References *Mack, L. M., "Linear Stability Theory and the Problem of Supersonic Boundary-Layer Transition," AIAA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1975, pp. 278-298. Mack, L. M., "Boundary Layer Linear Stability Theory," AGARD Kept. 709, June 1984. Potter, J. L., "Review of the Influence of Cooled Walls on Boundary Layer Transition," AIAA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 8, 1980, pp. 1010-1012. Sanator, R. J., DeCarlo, J. P., and Torrillo, D. T., "Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition Data for a Cold-Wall Slender Cone," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1965, pp. 758-760. Stetson, K. F., and Rushton, G. H., "Shock Tunnel Investigation of Boundary Layer Transition at M = 5.5," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1967, pp. 899-906. Mateer, G. G., "Effects of Wall Cooling and Angle of Attack on Boundary-Layer Transition on Sharp Cones at Moo = 7.4," NASA TD D-6908, Aug. 1972. Stetson, K. F., Kimmel, R. L., Thompson, E. R., Donaldson, J. C., and Siler, L. G., "A Comparison of Planar and Conical Boundary Layer Stability and Transition at a Mach Number of 8," AIAA Paper 91-1639, June 1991. Kendall, J. M., "Wind Tunnel Experiments Relating to Supersonic and Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition," AIAA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1975, pp. 290-299. Demetriades, A., "New Experiments on Hypersonic Boundary Layer Stability Including Wall Temperature Effects," Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, edited by C. T. Crowe and W. L. Grosshandler, Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1978, pp. 39-54.
Young children's interest in live animals.

Animals are important stimuli for humans, and for children in particular. In three experiments, we explored children's affinity for animals. In Experiment 1, 11- to 40-month-old children were presented with a free-play session in which they were encouraged to interact with several interesting toys and two live animals – a fish and a hamster. Experiment 2 used the same methodology with 18- to 36-month-old children and two additional animals – a snake and a spider – to examine whether children's behaviours would differ for benign and potentially threatening animals. Finally, in Experiment 3, a more controlled paired-preference paradigm was employed to assess 18- to 33-month-old children's interactions with three live animals – a fish, hamster, and gecko – versus three physically similar toy animals. Across all three experiments, children interacted with the animals more often than with the toys. Further, they behaved differently towards the animals than the toys, talking about the animals more than the toys and asking more questions about them. The parents of the children also spent more time interacting with the animals, directing their children's attention more towards the animals than the toys. This research supports the idea that humans have an affinity for animals that draws their attention to animals, even when attractive toys are present.
Dueling Revenue Caps and Municipal Bond Yields: The Case of Houston, Texas

Two competing revenue cap proposals, one from a citizen's group and the other proposed by the mayor, were on the November 2004, election ballot of the City of Houston, Texas. Both propositions passed, yet the citizen's group had to sue to have their initiative enforced. This study examines the effect on Houston bond yields of the series of events (from June 2004 through March 2006) surrounding these dueling revenue cap propositions. The empirical findings suggest that the budget-related events can have a significant effect on yields demanded by investors in the secondary market for outstanding uninsured tax-exempt general obligation debt.
Depletion of tissue glycogen during fasting and fatigue and partial recovery without food.

time also was spent in evaluation of the analytical methods for determination both of glucose and glycogen which, from the literature, appeared to be most appropriate to the purpose. Results of the methodological work will be described briefly first. In control experiments with dry C. P. glucose the average recovery was 99.67% by the copper-iodometric method of Shaffer and Somogyi ('33); 100.54% by direct iodometric oxidation as described by Bierry, Gouzon and Magnan ( '36) ; and 104.57% by Bierry and Goiran's ('28) micro modification of Bertrand's ('06) cupric procedure. With the last-named
Manhood, Scholarship, Perseverance, Uplift, and Elementary Students: An Example of School and Community Collaboration

Dr. Larry D. Fields, the former principal of Rowland H. Latham Elementary, led the development of a complementary learning model that became known as the Latham Way. The Latham Way produced remarkable academic success among poor minority students. The chi-square of the expected and the actual scores in reading and mathematics were significant at p < .001. There are important lessons in that success for those who understand the significance of educating all our children to the future well-being of the nation.
Role of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies in glomerular immune complex formation

Role of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies in glomerular immune complex formation. The present study compared directly the ability of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies to form and sustain glomerular immune deposits. The antigen phenylated gelatin (DNP-GL) was injected i.v. into rats. DNP-GL is cleared from the circulation rapidly and becomes localized in glomeruli. Two hours later, rats received either precipitating or nonprecipitating mouse monoclonal anti-DNP antibodies. These antibodies were comparable with respect to size, affinity, number of antigen combining sites and isoelectric point. However, in vitro, nonprecipitating antibodies demonstrated a faster dissociation rate from antigen than precipitating antibodies. Control rats received DNP-GL alone or antibody alone. Antibody deposition in glomeruli was quantitated by Computerized Image Analysis (CIA) of imimmoperoxidase stained tissue sections and by glomerular radioactive counts in experiments using 125 I labelled antibodies. We demonstrated that glomerular uptake of anti-DNP antibody was similar two hours after injection of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies. However, six or more hours after injection, significantly less antibody was present in the glomeruli of rats injected with nonprecipitating antibodies. These differences could not be explained by a greater rate of antigen removal from kidney in rats injected with nonprecipitating antibodies. To assess whether nonprecipitating antibodies modify the glomerular binding and retention of precipitating antibody, in a separate series of experiments rats were injected with equal amounts of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies. Both types of antibody bound to glomeruli. However, with time glomerular antibody levels paralleled those found in rats injected with nonprecipitating antibody alone. We conclude that the precipitating characteristics of antibodies do not affect their ability to deposit in kidney. However, precipitating antibodies are retained longer in glomerular immune deposits. The coadministration of precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies results in removal of antibodies from glomeruli at a rate similar to that demonstrated with nonprecipitating antibodies. This study suggest that immune responses that foster the development of a nonprecipitating antibody response are less likely to be nephritogenic.
Interactive Pushdown Automata Animation

This paper will present the Interactive Pushdown Automata Animation for use in an Automata Theory class. It will present the features of the IPAA as well as the algorithm and data model used. Finally, this article will outline the necessary pieces of a good visual tool and show how they are implemented in the IPAA.
A coupling methodology for mesoscale-informed nuclear fuel performance codes

This study proposes an approach for capturing the effect of microstructural evolution on reactor fuel performance by coupling a mesoscale irradiated microstructure model with a finite element fuel performance code. To achieve this, the macroscale system is solved in a parallel, fully coupled, fully-implicit manner using the preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton Krylov (JFNK) method. Within the JFNK solution algorithm, microstructure-influenced material parameters are calculated by the mesoscale model and passed back to the macroscale calculation. Due to the stochastic nature of the mesoscale model, a dynamic fitting technique is implemented to smooth roughness in the calculated material parameters. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on a simple model of a reactor fuel pellet. In the model, INL’s BISON fuel performance code calculates the steady-state temperature profile in a fuel pellet and the microstructure-influenced thermal conductivity is determined with a phase field model of irradiated microstructures. This simple multiscale model demonstrates good nonlinear convergence and near ideal parallel scalability. By capturing the formation of large mesoscale voids in the pellet interior, the multiscale model predicted the irradiation-induced reduction in the thermal conductivity commonly observed in reactors.
A randomized controlled trial of laminaria, oral misoprostol, and vaginal misoprostol before abortion ☆

Abstract Objective: To compare the efficacy and acceptability of oral misoprostol, vaginal misoprostol, and laminaria tents for cervical dilation before surgical abortion. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing oral misoprostol 400 μg, vaginal misoprostol 400 μg, and one medium laminaria for dilating the cervix over 4 hours before surgical abortion. The study sample consisted of 106 women at 7–14 weeks’ gestation who presented to San Francisco General Hospital requesting abortion. The primary outcome was the amount of cervical dilation measured by Pratt dilators. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of subjects needing further manual dilation, difficulty of dilation, duration of the procedure, blood loss, and side effects. Results: The vaginal-misoprostol group had a significantly greater mean dilation (28.0 mm) than the oral misoprostol group (24.2 mm; P Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol is superior to oral misoprostol and is an acceptable alternative to laminaria tents for cervical dilation before surgical abortion in pregnancies of 7–14 weeks’ gestation. It is inexpensive and easy to administer, and achieves equal or greater dilation with less pain on insertion and no increase in side effects compared with laminaria.
The Cause of Continued Hypolimnetic Anoxia in Long Lake, WA, Following Advanced Wastewater Treatment by the City of Spokane

ABSTRACT Long Lake, an impoundment of the Spokane River, was eutrophic prior to 1978. Extensive hypolimnetic anoxia, excessive summer algal growth and limited water clarity existed as a result of nutrient loading from the City of Spokane's primary sewage treatment plant. Advanced wastewater treatment (Am) began in the fall of 1977 with a process for 85 percent phosphorus removal. Investigations during post-AWT years (1978–1981) have shown significant reductions in phosphorus loading with corresponding declines in chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biovolume, primary productivity and increased water clarity to levels characteristic of mesotrophy. Hokever, anoxia has continued to exist, although the degree of anoxia has been considerably less. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between various measures of oxygen demand and the phytoplankton community in Long Lake with AWT “on-line”. Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and sediment oxygen demand were determined. Sediment ox...
Infrared Spectroscopy at Sub-Ambient Temperatures: II. Pure Molecules:

A great deal of research has been conducted on the infrared spectra of pure molecules at low temperatures. Only a limited amount of information can be acquired on molecules in the liquid, amorphous, and crystalline states. The theories describing the liquid and amorphous states are not yet completely adequate, whereas the theories describing the gaseous and crystalline states appear to be well established. The value of lowering the temperature of molecules appears to be that of simplifying their spectra by increasing the order of the system.
Applications of the Modified Triangle Test in Sensory Difference Trialsa

SUMMARY Experimenters involved with sensory difference tests have long used the triangle test as a basic procedure. In some circumstances, they have augmented the basic triangle test through obtaining “degree-of-difference” scores between the supposed odd sample and the pair of like samples. A companion paper gives a method of formally utilizing these scores in the analysis of these modified triangle tests when a computer is available. This paper summarizes the method and gives the results of applications of the modified triangle test to experimental data.
Experimental Keratitis Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Model for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Drugs

An improved method for experimental keratitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. Essential features of the method are use of inbred guinea pigs, intracorneal injection of bacteria, subconjunctival injection of antibiotics, "blind" evaluation of results, and statistical analysis of data. Untreated ocular infections were most severe 5 to 7 days after infection. Sterilized bacterial suspensions caused no abnormalities on day 5. Tobramycin and polymyxin B were more active than gentamicin against two strains of Pseudomonas. This model is suitable for many types of quantitative studies on experimental keratitis.
Dietary patterns of Akwesasne Mohawk adolescents

AbstractBackground: Native American youth have greater rates of overweight/obesity than same-aged youth from the general population. Even though dietary shifts are suspected, surprisingly little information exists concerning the dietary patterns of contemporary Native American adolescents.Aim: This study examines the dietary composition of Native American adolescents residing in upstate New York at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. The goal of this investigation is to assess the food patterns of Akwesasne adolescents via a total diet approach.Participants/setting and methods: The sample is comprised of 246 Mohawk adolescents between the ages of 10–16.9 years of age residing at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. Food frequency data was collected from adolescents via interview during a cross-sectional study investigating their exposure to environmental pollutants.Results and conclusion: Nutrient-dilute but energy-dense foods characterize most of the top 10 dietary sources of energy, carbohydrates, and fat. Although mi...
Probing the Interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 Receptor

SR141716A binds selectively to the brain cannabinoid (CB1) receptor and exhibits a potent inverse agonist/antagonist activity. Although SR141716A, also known as rimonabant, has been withdrawn from the market due to severe side effects, there remains interest in some of its many potential medical applications. Consequently, it is imperative to understand the mechanism by which SR141716A exerts its inverse agonist activity. As a result of using an approach combining mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we determined the binding mode of SR141716A. We found from the simulation of the CB1-SR141716A complex that SR141716A projects toward TM5 to interact tightly with the major binding pocket, replacing the coordinated water molecules, and secures the Trp-3566.48 rotameric switch in the inactive state to promote the formation of an extensive water-mediated H-bonding network to the highly conserved SLAXAD and NPXXY motifs in TM2/TM7. We identify for the first time the involvement of the minor binding pocket formed by TM2/TM3/TM7 for SR141716A binding, which complements the major binding pocket formed by TM3/TM5/TM6. Simulation of the F1742.61A mutant CB1-SR141716A complex demonstrates the perturbation of TM2 that attenuates SR141716A binding indirectly. These results suggest SR141716A exerts inverse agonist activity through the stabilization of both TM2 and TM5, securing the Trp-3566.48 rotameric switch and restraining it from activation.
Aspects of Group Relations in a Complex Society: Mexico'

S TARTING from simple beginnings in the twenties, anthropologists have grown increasingly sophisticated about the relationship of nation and community. First, they studied the community in its own terms, taking but little account of its larger matrix. Later, they began to describe "outside factors" which affected the life of the local group under study. Recently they have come to recognize that nations or 'systems of the higher level do not consist merely of more numerous and diversified parts," and that it is therefore "methodologically incorrect to treat each part as though it were an independent whole in itself" (Steward 1950:107). Communities are "modified and acquire new characteristics because of their functional dependence upon a new and larger system" (ibid: 111). The present paper is concerned with a continuation of this anthropological discussion in terms of Mexican material. The dependence of communities on a larger system has affected them in two ways. On the one hand, whole communities have come to play specialized parts within the larger whole. On the other, special functions pertaining to the whole have become the tasks of special groups within communities. These groups Steward calls horizontal socio-cultural segments. I shall simply call them nation-oriented groups. They are usually found in more than one community and follow ways of life different from those of their community-oriented fellow-villagers. They are often the agents of the great national institutions which reach down into the community, and form "the bones, nerves and sinews running through the total society, binding it together, and affecting it at every point" (ibid: 115). Communities which form parts of a complex society can thus be viewed no longer as self-contained and integrated systems in their own right. It is more appropriate to view them as the local termini of a web of group relations which extend through intermediate levels from the level of the community to that of the nation. In the community itself, these relationships may be wholly tangential to each other. Forced to understand the community in terms of forces impinging on it from the outside, we have also found it necessary to gain a better understanding of national-level institutions. Yet to date most anthropologists have hesitated to commit themselves to such a study, even when they have become half-convinced that such a step would be desirable. National institutions seem so complex that even a small measure of competence in their operations seems to require full-time specialization. We have therefore left their description and analysis to specialists in other disciplines. Yet the specialists in law, politics, or economics have themselves discovered that anthropologists can be of almost as much use to them as they can be to the anthropologist. For they have become increasingly aware that the legal, political or other systems to
The Failure of the Gyrification Index (GI) to Account for Volumetric Reorganization in the Evolution of the Human Brain

The gyrification indices (GI) recently compared for chimpanzee and human brains by Armstrong et al. (1991) ignores important volumetric differences in primary visual striate cortex (area 17 of Brodmann) and the lateral geniculate body which provides the optic radiation to the visual cortex. Allometric relationships for these structures are very strong in non-human primate brains based on the data of Stephan et al. (1981). In human brains, however, their observed empirical values are over 121 % less than expected for a primate of such a brain size. The regions that show the same overlap of values between chimpanzee and human cortex of the GI are not homologous given the sharp reduction in lateral extent of primary visual striate cortex in the human brain. The GI as used by these authors ignores important reorganizational changes between chimpanzee and human despite volume differences in brain size. Thus, it is doubtful that the GI can be used to assess the position of primary visual striate cortex in the Taung hominid endocast, or to argue for the primacy of brain enlargement before brain reorganization. To assess the simultaneity of volume and reorganizational changes in early hominid evolution, it will be essential to have a better understanding of the paleoneurological evidence. Although controversial, the Hadar AL 162-28 endocast of the 3 + MY Australopithecus afarensis provides evidence for morphometric reorganization of the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain prior to any dramatic increase in overall brain volume.
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profile of a new cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor in healthy human subjects.

A new cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor (CP-800,569) was evaluated. Doses of 30–1,800 mg were administered once daily to healthy subjects for 14 days. Serum CP-800,569 levels increased, and CETP activity decreased, in a dose-related manner. Serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased (by a maximum of 156%), and those of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased (by a maximum of 47%). CP-800,569 also had the effect of lowering postprandial triglyceride levels. Trough concentrations of apolipoprotein E (apoE) increased: the maximum increases were 89% for total plasma apoE and 280% for HDL apoE. By contrast, the postprandial increases in total plasma levels of apoE and non HDL apoE were either diminished by CP-800,569 or reversed to decreases. CP-800,569 was very well tolerated, with some nonserious gastrointestinal adverse events seen only with the 1,800-mg dose. No changes in blood pressure (BP) were observed. The possible effects of higher CP-800,569 doses on aldosterone and cortisol levels could not be excluded. The results of this study may be useful in CP-800,569 dose selection. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009) 86 4, 430–437. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.120
Demand Theory Reconsidered

Introduction: scope of the paper, 165. — I. Individual demand schedules: fundamental properties, 166; alternative maximum bids, 168; reconstitution of the demand curve, 170; the reaction function, 172. — II. Collective demand schedules: additivity in closed markets, 175; more complex cases and the theory of games, 179; successive adaptation and time intervals, 182; recontracting, 185; successive adaptation in open markets, 186; further properties, non-additivity, 189. — III. Applications: elasticity of demand, 191; monopolistic discrimination and monopolistic competition, 195; the cobweb theorem, 198; the supply curve, non-additivity, 199. — Conclusions, 200.
Weitere Untersuchungen zur kritischen Belastungsschwelle des Meerschweinchens für kontinuierliche Töne und Geräusche

Auf fruheren Untersuchungen aufbauend, wurden fur die Frequenzen 300 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2, 4, 7 und 10 kHz die Reinton-Intensitaten ermittelt, die auf Grund von funf Kriterien als die kritischen Belastungsschwellenwerte fur das binnenohrreflexlose Meerschweinchenohr definiert werden. Die Verbindung der Meswerte durch einen Kurvenzug ergibt den Frequenzgang fur die kritische Belastungsschwelle des narkotisierten und fur den Versuch praparierten Tieres.
Price based routing for event driven prioritized traffic in wireless sensor networks

We present a dynamic price based routing protocol in which packets from different applications dynamically choose their paths by evaluating the price to be paid for taking each path and their ability to pay. We propose a mechanism in which the prices reflect congestion on routers and thus the waiting time for packet to pass through the router. These prices increase as usage of the usually preferred shorter routes increases. The packet's ability to pay price on a router is defined by the product of application's priority and the delay experienced at the router. As a result, the low priority applications intelligently avoid paths with high prices and go via low price routes. The low price routes may possibly be longer but require shorter waiting for passage at congested routers making them faster for low priority packets. This enables high priority traffic to get through quickly via shorter paths as they are able to pay high prices after little wait. Thus, our approach distributes traffic flows of different applications in the network and lowers congestion and delays for all applications. We further show that our dynamic path allocation technique ensures robust communication in fully functional as well as partially damaged networks. Our dynamic pricing mechanism quickly adapts routing to the damaged network, increases utilization of the partial network to lower the impact on critical infrastructure and key resources. Moreover, our proposed mechanism is equally applicable to both communication networks and physical infrastructure networks.
The Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory, recent data

In this paper recent in-flight aero-optical measurements on the Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory (AAOL) will be given. Instrumentation and experimental set-up will be presented. Results of an extensive survey of the aero-optical environment at different viewing angles for both flat-window and conformal-window turrets at different subsonic and low transonic speeds, below M = 0.65, will be presented, compared and extensively discussed. The statistical analysis of wavefronts at different viewing angles will is also presented and discussed.