cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eruption of a Multiple-Turn Helical Magnetic Flux Tube in a Large Flare: Evidence for External and Internal Reconnection that Fits the Breakout Model of Solar Magnetic Eruptions

We present observations and an interpretation of a unique multiple-turn spiral flux tube eruption from AR10030 on 2002 July 15. The TRACE CIV observations clearly show a flux tube that is helical and that is erupting from within a sheared magnetic field. These observations are interpreted in the context of the breakout model for magnetic field explosions. The initiation of the helix eruption starts 25 seconds after the peak of the flare s strongest impulsive spike of microwave gryosynchrotron radiation early in the flare s explosive phase, implying that the sheared core field is not the site of the initial reconnection. Within the quadrupolar configuration of the active region, the external and internal reconnection sites are identified in each of two consecutive eruptive flares that produce a double CME. The first external breakout reconnection apparently releases an underlying sheared core field and allows it to erupt, leading to internal reconnection in the wake of the erupting helix. This internal reconnection heats the two-ribbon flare and might or might not produce the helix. These events lead to the first CME and are followed by a second breakout that initiates a second and larger halo CME. The strong magnetic shear in the region is associated with rapid proper motion and evolution of the active region. The multiple-turn helix originates from above a sheared-field magnetic inversion line within a filament channel, and starts to erupt only after fast breakout reconnection has started. These observations are counter to the standard flare model and support the breakout model for eruptive flare initiation. However, the observations are compatible with internal reconnection in a sheared magnetic arcade in the formation and eruption of the helix.
A microprocessor-based multilingual terminal for a computerized information handling system

The technical feasibility of the proposed microprocessor-based multilingual terminal is apparent. The lower cost of the microprocessor family components makes the system economically viable. The addition and deletion of languages are very flexible. Including any new language requires only the following three steps: (1) assign a unique number to the language, (2) assign to the terminal keys the symbols necessary to generate the characters of the language and (3) develop software routines (preferably microcoded) to generate the characters of the language using the appropriate algorithm indicated and integrate these routines with the rest of the system. Similarly an existing language could be easily removed from the system.
Infrared internal reflection spectroscopy of human enamel surfaces.

Summary-Techniques previously utilized for chemical analysis of enamel surfaces are generally unsuitable for in-vivo testing. This study explored the utility of internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) as a non-destructive method for enamel-surface analysis. Powders (enamel plus reference inorganic materials) and solids (flattened and unaltered enamel slabs) were analysed by IRS. Most samples were mounted in a Wilks Model 45 Micro-ATR Accessory and scanned from 2 to 25 pm to obtain i.r. spectra. Comparability of IRS data with that of transmission methods was established. Typical apatitic ~a phosphorous-oxygen absorption was observed at 1090 cm-’ and 1040 cm-’ in spectra of natural fluorapatites and enamel powders. Spectral differences were demonstrated between powdered and intact enamel. The presence of carbonate was conhrmed in both powdered and solid enamel. Intact surface enamel and fluorapatites failed to absorb at 630 cm-‘. Weak absorption at 630 cm- r after disking of the enamel surface was interpreted as a relative loss of fluorapatite due to mechanical reduction to subsurface levels. Internal reflection spectroscopy enabled subtle chemical differences in enamel surface to be distinguished. This non-destructive method offers promise for in-vivu enamel surface analysis.
Motility enhancement through surface modification is sufficient for cyanobacterial community organization during phototaxis.

The emergent behaviors of communities of genotypically identical cells cannot be easily predicted from the behaviors of individual cells. In many cases, it is thought that direct cell-cell communication plays a critical role in the transition from individual to community behaviors. In the unicellular photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, individual cells exhibit light-directed motility (“phototaxis”) over surfaces, resulting in the emergence of dynamic spatial organization of multicellular communities. To probe this striking community behavior, we carried out time-lapse video microscopy coupled with quantitative analysis of single-cell dynamics under varying light conditions. These analyses suggest that cells secrete an extracellular substance that modifies the physical properties of the substrate, leading to enhanced motility and the ability for groups of cells to passively guide one another. We developed a biophysical model that demonstrates that this form of indirect, surface-based communication is sufficient to create distinct motile groups whose shape, velocity, and dynamics qualitatively match our experimental observations, even in the absence of direct cellular interactions or changes in single-cell behavior. Our computational analysis of the predicted community behavior, across a matrix of cellular concentrations and light biases, demonstrates that spatial patterning follows robust scaling laws and provides a useful resource for the generation of testable hypotheses regarding phototactic behavior. In addition, we predict that degradation of the surface modification may account for the secondary patterns occasionally observed after the initial formation of a community structure. Taken together, our modeling and experiments provide a framework to show that the emergent spatial organization of phototactic communities requires modification of the substrate, and this form of surface-based communication could provide insight into the behavior of a wide array of biological communities.
Recent collections of Bromeliaceae from Colombia

Guzmania cabrerae from Colombia is described and illustrated. Specimens of three other species which were rarely or never before collected in Colombia are cited.
pH changes in buffers and foods during freezing and subsequent storage

Summary Changes in pH and salt composition of the liquid phase of frozen buffer solutions (sodium and potassium phosphates, with added chlorides) and foods (milk, meats, fish, and vegetables) have been determined to obtain information on physicochemical changes induced by freezing. Results, obtained by using glass and calomel electrodes especially designed for operation at subfreezing temperatures as well as by chemical analysis, showed that the pH and salt composition of the liquid phase changed markedly during freezing and subsequent frozen storage because of the precipitation of salts which had become supersaturated by the formation of ice. These pH and composition changes depended on supersaturation, protein-salt interactions, and enzymatic activity. A comparison was made between the observed physicochemical changes and some of the quality changes known to occur in frozen foods.
Direct and Indirect Evidence that Free-living Ciliates Conjugate in Nature*

A brief summary of the literature exemplifying the indirect lines of evidence leading to the conclusion that -living ciliates conjugate in natural environments is followed by a description of the isolation of potential mates, conjugating pairs and recent exconjugants of Paramecium bur-saria from a pond in Westwood Village. Calif. The data suggest that natural populations of Paramecium pursaria pass through infrequent epidemics of conjugation.
A Monte Carlo study of GFAA signal dependence on furnace length

Abstract The dependence of the analytical signal on the furnace length is studied through Monte Carlo simulations for Cu and Ag. The impact of the dosing hole, heating rate, final temperature and readsorption of analyte on the furnace wall have been considered. The results are compared with available experimental and theoretical results from the literature and the disagreements are shown to be apparent and are related to differences in conditions and limitations in the assumptions employed by earlier studies. Two approaches approximate the signal behavior: a linear dependence (∫ Atdt = ml+b) and a proportionality to the length raised to a power Ω(∫ Atdt ∝ lΩ). The latter provides the more accurate fit to the data. The Ω values vary with changes in the dosing hole, heating program and readsorption barrier (i.e. sample/graphite interactions). This factor also seems to be altered by using a platform, but not by changes in the furnace diameter. Deviations between experimental and theoretical Ω values can arise from differences in the heating conditions between furnaces with different lengths. Otherwise, the apparent linear behavior is justified by changes in the loss function only when the tube length is modified, giving an additive behavior for the signal. The signal dependence on furnace length varies with changes in the atomization conditions or the analyte, and this behavior should be taken into account for theoretical considerations when a length dependency has to be assumed.
Infrared Laser Techniques to Study the Structure and Dynamics of Transient Species

Abstract Infrared multiple photon laser induced chemistry has moved over the past ten years between the extremes of heralding truly intramolecular selective chemistry and being merely a laboratory curiosity. The maturing of infrared multiple photon excitation (IRMPE) now finds IRMPE used routinely in a variety of experiments including spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics and laser driven synthesis. Continuously tunable infrared laser sources now allow a much wider range of molecules to be excited, and the photophysics of IRMPE to be probed in greater detail, than was possible with only limited line tunability. Examples of both the photophysics of IRMPE and applications to kinetics and spectroscopy are discussed, including vibrational photodissociation spectra of isolated metal clusters.
The scaling of complex craters

The empirical relation between the transient crater diameter (Dg) and final crater diameter (Dr) of complex craters and basins is estimated using cumulative terrace widths, central uplift diameters, continuous ejecta radii, and transient crater reconstructions determined from lunar and terrestrial impact structures. The ratio Dg/Dr is a power law function of Dr, decreasing uniformly from unity at the diameter of the simple-complex crater morphology transition to about 0.5 for large multiring basins like Imbrium on the moon. The empirical constants in the Dg/Dr relation are interpreted physically to mean that the position of the final rim relative to the transient crater, and hence the extent of collapse, is controlled or greatly influenced by the properties of the zone of dissociated material produced by the impact shock. The continuity of the Dg/Dr relation over the entire spectrum of morphologic types from complex craters to multiring basins implies that the rims of all these structures form in the same tectonic environment despite morphologic differences.
Epitaxial growth of the nickel disilicide phase

Abstract The nickel disilicide (NiSi 2 ) phase which forms epitaxially on silicon single-crystal substrates in many ways exhibits an interesting behavior. A regular network of the silicon-rich phase was observed to originate at or near the Si-silicide interface using the Berg-Barrett X-ray topographic technique. The regularity, the thickness and the density of the network increase as the epitaxial layer increases in thickness. For (100)-oriented silicon substrates the network runs along two perpendicular 〈110〉 directions; for (111)-oriented silicon substrates the network runs along 〈112〉 directions. Large voids on the surface of the epitaxial layer and fracturing of the layer along the edges of the network for thick epitaxial layers were also observed. The results are explained in terms of the corrugated morphology of the NiSi 2 -Si structure.
CD8+ T Cells Contribute to Macrophage Accumulation and Airspace Enlargement Following Repeated Irritant Exposure

Abstract Background Persistent macrophage accumulation and alveolar enlargement are hallmark features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A role for CD8+ lymphocytes in the development of COPD is suggested based on observations that this T cell subset is increased in the airways and parenchyma of smokers that develop COPD with airflow limitation. In this study, we utilize a mouse model of COPD to examine the contributions of CD8+ T cells in the persistent macrophage accumulation and airspace enlargement resulting from chronic irritant exposure. Methods We analyzed pulmonary inflammation and alveolar destruction in wild-type and Cd8-deficient mice chronically exposed to acrolein, a potent respiratory tract irritant. We further examined cytokine mRNA expression levels by RNase protection assay, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by gelatin zymography, and epithelial cell apoptosis by active caspase3 immunohistochemistry in wild-type and Cd8-deficient mice exposed chronically to acrolein. Results These studies demonstrate that CD8+ T cells are important mediators of macrophage accumulation in the lung and the progressive airspace enlargement in response to chronic acrolein exposures. The expression of several inflammatory cytokines (IP-10, IFN-γ, IL-12, RANTES, and MCP-1), MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase activity, and caspase3 immunoreactivity in pulmonary epithelial cells were attenuated in the Cd8-deficient mice compared to wild-type. Conclusions These results indicate that CD8+ T cells actively contribute to macrophage accumulation and the development of irritant-induced airspace enlargement.
The newborn transitional circulation: a two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic study

To characterize changes in circulation after birth, 11 normal full-term infants were examined with two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The initial examination was performed within 10 hours after delivery and serially for 3 days. Retrograde diastolic pulmonary artery velocities, which are evidence for a patent ductus arteriosus, were detected in 10 infants (91%) on day 1, in 2 (18%) on day 2 and in none on day 3. Retrograde systolic descending aortic velocities, which are evidence of flow from the aorta into the ductus arteriosus, were observed in 10 infants (91%) on day 1, 9 (81 %) on day 2 and 7 (64 %) on day 3. Persistence of the retrograde systolic velocity in the descending aorta in the absence of retrograde diastolic velocity in the pulmonary artery is consistent with physiologic ductal closure beginning near the pulmonary artery end of the ductus arteriosus. Localized turbulent retrograde systolic flow, proximal to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve and consistent with tricuspid insufficiency, was detected in six patients (55%) on day 1, in eight (73%) on day 2 and in seven (64%) on day 3. Thus, tricuspid insufficiency appears to be a frequent observation in healthy newborns. Normal Doppler velocities in the great arteries and across the tricuspid and mitral valves of newborns up to 3 days of age are presented. These normal measures of intracardiac flow velocities may be used for comparison to identify abnormal flow profiles in newborns with congenital heart defects.
Instrumental variable methods for effectiveness research

Many research questions, such as quality of specific providers or guideline-concordant care in typical practices, are commonly studied in an observational setting. These analyses face the risk that covariates related to both an outcome of interest and the probability of treatment are unobserved or uncontrolled. The resulting biases can easily overwhelm true effects or create apparent effects, and small changes in the analytic approach can yield contradictory results, which is demonstrated for antidepressant medication and counselling. An econometric method, instrumental variable estimation (IV), provides a possible solution and permits causal inferences under certain conditions. The central element of IV is the observation that some variables are related to outcomes only through their effect on treatment and have no independent direct effect. The main difficulty of using IV is to identify appropriate instrumental variables and to assure that the sample size is sufficiently large to provide acceptable statistical power, which is substantially lower in IV than in standard regression models. These issues are discussed in the context of determining the effectiveness of depression treatment and illustrated using data from the depression panel of the medical outcomes study. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of histamine release during constant rate infusion of morphine in dogs.

Abstract Objective To evaluate histamine release and selected physiologic variables during constant rate infusion (CRI) of morphine in dogs. Animals Five healthy, conscious, intact female dogs. Material and methods Using a Latin square, repeated-measures design, dogs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups to receive a 4-hour CRI of saline (SAL), or a loading dose of morphine at 0.3 mg kg−1 (LM), or 0.6 mg kg−1 (HM), followed by an infusion of 0.17 mg kg−1 hour−1 (LM) and 0.34 mg kg−1 hour−1 (HM) respectively. Dogs received each of the three treatments at intervals of at least 7 days. Plasma histamine concentration, skin flushing, edema and wheals, heart rate and rhythm and non-invasive arterial blood pressure were measured before the loading dose and at 1, 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes during the CRI, or at the time of occurrence. Results The loading dose induced the highest histamine release in the HM group being statistically higher than the SAL group. The histamine release obtained in the LM group after the loading dose did not differ from SAL. During the infusion, plasma histamine levels were numerically higher in the LM group. Besides one dog that developed hypotension for 2 minutes after the loading dose in the HM group and one dog that showed occasional ventricular premature contractions during both morphine infusions, cardiovascular variables were similar among the three treatment groups. Conclusions and Clinical relevance Both doses of morphine induced variable histamine release with minimal adverse cardiovascular effects in these concious, healthy dogs. The plasma histamine levels obtained may be associated with significant hemodynamic changes in patients with limited cardiovascular reserve and sympathetic nervous tone.
Towards a Flexible Fine-Grained Access Control System for Modern Cloud Applications

The fast growth of cloud applications highlights the requirement of appropriate security controls to restrict access to shared resources limited to authorized users. Existing authorization systems are not primarily designed for cloud environments and do not provide the required flexibility, adaptability, elasticity, scalability, or fine-grainedness of cloud applications. This paper outlines an ongoing effort in development of a flexible fine-grained access control system for modern cloud-based applications. Modern cloud applications are distinctive in that the required authorization rules are defined by the organizations owning data and resources, before the application logic can be developed by their programmers. Although this simplifies cloud application development and provides flexibility and adaptability to potential future policy changes, it highlights the need for an adaptive flexible authorization system.
Keywords in the mental lexicon.

Network science draws from a number of fields to examine complex systems using nodes to represent individuals and connections to represent relationships between individuals to form a network. This approach has been used in several areas of Psychology to illustrate the influence that the structure of a network has on processing in that system. In the present study the concept of keyplayers in a network (Borgatti, 2006) was examined in the domain of Psycholinguistics. Keyplayers are nodes in a network that, when removed, result in the network fracturing into several smaller components. A set of such nodes was found in a network of phonological word-forms as was another set of foil words, comparable to the “keywords” on a number of lexical and network characteristics. In three conventional psycholinguistic tasks keywords were responded to more quickly and accurately than the foils. A similar trend was observed in an analysis of the keywords and foils (and another set of foils) in the English Lexicon Project. These results open avenues for further exploration of keywords in various areas of language processing, and demonstrate the utility of the network science approach to psycholinguistics and psychology more generally.
Reducing false recognition with criterial recollection tests: Distinctiveness heuristic versus criterion shifts

Abstract We devised criterial recollection tests to investigate why testing memory for pictures elicits lower false recognition than testing memory for words. Subjects studied unrelated black words paired either with the same word in red font, a corresponding picture, or both. They then took three memory tests, always using black words: a recognition test (say “yes” to all studied items), a red word-test, and a picture-test (say “yes” only if you recollect a red word or a picture, respectively). Regardless of whether pictures were more or less familiar than red words, false recognition was lowest on the picture test. These results cannot be explained easily by familiarity or strength-based criterion shifts. Instead, they suggest that subjects expected more detailed recollections for pictures, thereby facilitating a diagnostic monitoring process (the “distinctiveness heuristic”). This recollective difference also influenced source monitoring errors (an “it-had-to-be-a-word” effect), again suggesting that detailed recollective expectations influence monitoring processes.
What GPU Computing Means for High-End Systems

This column examines how GPU computing might affect the architecture of future exascale supercomputers. Specifically, the authors argue that a system with slower but better-balanced processors might yield higher performance and consume less energy than a system with very fast but imbalanced processors.
Locality of Reference in Hierarchical Database Systems

Localized information referencing is a long-known and much-exploited facet of program behavior. The existence of such behavior in the data accessing patterns produced by database management systems is not currently supported by empirical results. We present experimental results which demonstrate that in certain environments and under certain important applications, locality of reference is an undeniable characteristic of the information accessing behavior of a hierarchical database management system. Furthermore, database locality of reference is in a sense more regular, predictable, and hence, more exploitable than the localized reference activity found in programs in general. The implications of these results for the performance enhancement and workload characterization of database management systems are discussed.
The Inventory-Sales Ratio and Homebuilder Return Predictability

The firm’s inventory-sales ratio prices exposure to the housing cycle with a predictable sign. The buyer of a new home holds a pre-construction contract at a guaranteed price with the right to cancel at any date up to delivery. The demand for contracts rises with falling user costs while lot supply is inelastic, leading to land bidding in booms. During busts sales decline and land bidding largely disappears. Delivery is from inventory at a cost of carry below that of construction. The firm’s inventory-sales ratio leads and is negatively correlated with its subsequent returns. For U.S. homebuilders over 1975 to 2009, a 1% increase in the inventory-sales ratio lowers next-quarter returns by five basis points.
Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience

The regulation of emotions is essential in everyday life. In this paper, we discuss the regulation of positive emotional experiences. Our discussion focuses on strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing experiences of positive emotions. We discuss the importance of these strategies for well-being, and suggest that cultivating positive emotions may be particularly useful for building resilience to stressful events. Then, we explore possible mechanisms that link positive emotions to coping for resilient people, with a focus on the automatic activation of positive emotions while coping. We conclude by discussing alternative models and proposing future directions in the work on positive emotion regulation and resilience.
Observation of interference between bright- and dark-polariton peaks

We experimentally investigate atom-cavity transmission spectra with three-level atoms inside an optical cavity. At large cavity frequency detuning, the bright- and dark-polariton three-peak structure becomes asymmetric and the peaks can merge together to create interference.
Vibration response of constrained viscoelastically damped plates: Analysis and experiments

Abstract Direct frequency response analyses of the constrained viscoelastically damped flat plates were performed with modifications to account for the frequency-dependent properties of viscoelastic materials (i.e., loss factors and shear modulus). The modal strain energy method was also applied to each plate to compute the same type of responses. Comparisons of the results based on the direct frequency response analysis to the modal strain energy method were made for each plate. Experiments were also performed on the plates to establish the reference data for the comparisons.
A half century of human rights

(1998). A half century of human rights. Australian Journal of International Affairs: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 255-272.
Embryology and Evolution

M. K. Richardson et al. , the authors of a study ([1][1]) demonstrating fraud (E. Pennisi, Research News, 5 Sept. 1997, p. 1435) by 19th-century embryologist Ernst Haeckel have objected (Letters, 15 May, p. 983) that their work was “used in a nationally televised debate to attack evolutionary
Dispersive propagation skew effects in iterative neural networks

During communication between neurons in a continuous-time analog neural network, propagation skew typically varies from neuron pair to neuron pair. For no dispersion, S. Oh et al. (Opt. Eng., vol.28, p.526-32, 1989) previously demonstrated that the steady-state performance of an iterative neural network is not affected if the combination of the neural network's weights and neural nonlinearity is contractive. This result is extended to the case of dispersive skew. It is shown that, under nearly the same conditions, the same steady-state result will occur in the neural network in the presence of dispersive skew. >
Wear behavior and in vitro cytotoxicity of wear debris generated from hydroxyapatite–carbon nanotube composite coating

This work evaluates the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) addition to plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on its tribological behavior, biocompatibility of the coating, and cytotoxicity of CNT-containing wear debris. Biological response of the CNT-containing wear debris is critical for osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, and macrophages, the cells that clear up wear debris from blood stream. The addition of 4 wt % CNTs to HA coating reduces the volume of wear debris generation by 80% because of the improved elastic modulus and fracture toughness. CNT reinforcement has a pronounced effect on the particle size in the wear debris and subsequent biological response. There was a slight increase in the numbers and viability of osteoblasts grown on HA-CNT compared with HA alone. The cytotoxic effect of HA and HA-CNT debris to macrophages and osteoblasts was similar, demonstrating that loose CNT does not pose a problem to these cells.
Predicting the Frequency of Senior Center Attendance

The frequency of senior center attendance was studied using the 1984 Supplement on Aging of the National Health Interview Survey. Unlike previous research, which focused on whether people ever attend a senior center, this study estimates a multinomial logistic regression model to distinguish between persons who rarely, sometimes, and frequently attend. There is evidence that the more frequent users are older, which may indicate difficulty in recruiting new active members. Greater frequency is associated with lower income and lower education but is unrelated to functional disability. The most frequent users are persons who are more socially involved. Finally, those who live in rural areas are more likely to be only occasional users, which may reflect a lack of accessibility or less frequent program availability in those areas.
The influence of plant water deficit on photosynthesis and translocation of 14C‐labeled assimilates in cacao seedlings

The effect of plant status on net assimilation and translocation of “C-labeled assimilates in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was evaluated. As plant water potential (ψ) decreased from −0.5 to −1.0 MPa, neither net assimilation nor the rate of label translocation out of the l4CO,-fed leaf were affected, but as iji fell between −1.0 and −1.5 MPa, net assimilation decreased sharply and label retention increased greatly. Translocation out of source leaves was strongly correlated with net assimilation (r =−0.93). Translocation velocity, assessed by detection of labeled assimilates in sink leaves, was sensitive to plant water deficit, and it declined linearly (r = 0.97) throughout the range of leaf water potentials observed. The results may be explained by reduction in the velocity of assimilate movement within the sieve elements, reduction in supply of labeled assimilates from source leaves, reduction in sink strength or diversion of assimilates to sites of storage or utilization.
Modeling of Equilibrium Adsorption and Surface Tension of Cationic Gemini Surfactants

A series of equilibrium tension models are used to evaluate the adsorption behavior of a novel class of lipoaminoacid gemini cationic surfactants, Nα,Nω-bis(long-chain Nα-acylarginine)α,ω-dialkylamides or bis(Args). For purposes of comparison, the monomer LAM (the methyl ester of Nα-lauroyl arginine) was also examined. These surfactants are of particular interest for both their low toxicity and biocompatibility. The tension models are based on the Gibbs adsorption isotherm and classified as “ionic” when the surface charge and the electric double layer are accounted for or as “pseudo-nonionic” when the surface charge is ignored. Both model predictions and fitted parameter values are evaluated with respect to physical plausibility and overall goodness of fit to the available tension and density data. In particular, the inferred values for the standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption ΔG°, determined from an equilibrium constant defined on a nondimensional basis, without including artifacts due to an electrostatic contribution, are analyzed. The most reliable values of ΔG° are found with the combined model to range from −110 to −120 kJ mol−1 for the three dimers examined and −80 kJ mol−1 for the monomer. For spacer chain lengths n=3, 6, or 9, the maximum surface area of surfactant adsorption and the maximum free energy of adsorption are observed for the surfactant with the spacer chain length of 6.
A thermal module design for advanced packaging

A hybrid silicon wafer-scale multi-chip packaging design was chosen as the basis for a high performance, high power dissipation vehicle suitable for VLSI/ULSI applications. The package supports 25 chips (l x l cm), each capable of dissipating as much as 40 W. The heat generated by the chips is removed by water channels in the underlying structure. Deep- (about 1000 μm), and shallow- (about 100 μm. deep), channel designs, with a water flow rate of 499 cc/sec, and 39 cc/sec, respectively, have been analyzed. Both designs are capable of keeping circuit temperature rise small, while maintaining a uniform chip temperature. The temperature distribution of the thermal module was obtained by solving the 2-D heat conduction equation for isolated heat sources (the chips), and heat sinks (the water channels). Assuming that each of the 25 chips dissipates 40 W/cm2, and heat is removed only via water flow, the maximum chip tempertaure(t cc which occurs at the center of a chip) rise relative to inlet water temperature is 11.4° C, and 19.0° C for the deep, and shallow designs, respectively. The maximumt cc variation between chips on the module (the same as the water temperature rise), for the cases analyzed, is 0.5° C for the deep-channel design, and 6° C for the shallow-channel design (calculated at 25° C inlet water temperature, and an optimum flow rate). For the extremely-uneven powered case (all chips except one at the inlet end are powered at 40 W/chip), the maximum temperature increases between inlet water temperature and chip temperature,t cc , remain relatively the same, but the maximumt cc variations between chips on the module increase to 11.4° C, and 19° C for the deep, and shallow designs, respectively, as might be expected. The temperature variation on a powered chip is less than 3° C for both the deep- and shallow-channel designs.
The 8th international workshop on economics-driven software engineering research

This paper presents the 8th International Workshop on Economics-Driven Software Engineering Research (EDSER-8).
Process Life Cycle Engineering: A Knowledge-Based Approach and Environment

We describe our approach and mechanisms to support the engineering of organizational processes throughout their life cycle, and our current understanding of what activities are included in the process life cycle. We then go on to discuss our approach, computational mechanisms, and experiences in supporting many of these life cycle activities, as well as compare it to other related efforts. Along the way, we present examples drawn from a recent study that uses the approach and the mechanisms of our knowledge-based process engineering environment to support the (re)engineering of corporate financial operations in a mid-size consumer products organization.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human genome organization: Alu, LINES, and the molecular structure of metaphase chromosome bands

Combining high resolution in situ hybridization with quantitative solid state imaging, we show that human metaphase chromosome Giemsa/Quinacrine and Reverse bands are each characterized by distinct families of interspersed repeated sequences: the SINES, Alu family dominates in Reverse bands, and the LINES, L1 family dominates in Giemsa/Quinacrine positive bands. Alu is 56% guanine plus cytosine, and L1 is 58% adenine plus thymine, and each may comprise 13%-18% of the total DNA in a chromosome band. Therefore, the distribution of these sequences alone may account for a large part of human chromosome banding seen with fluorescent dyes. With the exception of some telomeric regions, and the chromosomal regions of simple sequence DNA, Alu and L1 are precisely inversely distributed, suggesting an inverse functional relationship. This finding links genome organization with chromosome structure and function.
ATS-6 Television Relay Using Small Terminals Experiment

The Television Relay Using Small Terminals (TRUST) Experiment was designed to advance and prornote the technology of broadcasting satellites. A constant envelope television FM signal was transmitted at C band to the ATS-6 Earth coverage hom and retransmitted at 860 MHz through the 9-m antenna to a low-cost direct-readout ground station. The experiment demonstrated that high-quality television and audio can be received by lowcost direct-receive ground stations. Predetection bandwidths significantly less than predicted by Carson's rule can be utilized with minimal degradation of either monochrome or color pictures. Two separate techniques of dual audio channel transmission have been demonstrated to be suitable for low-cost applications.
Ventral polyradiculopathy with pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia.

A 3-year-old girl with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in remission developed lower extremity paraparesis and areflexia 15 days after receiving intrathecal methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone. Cerebrospinal fluid protein was 107 mg/dl. Compound muscle action potential amplitudes were reduced, F waves were absent, and sensory conduction studies were normal. Needle electromyography (EMG) revealed reduced motor unit potential recruitment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed lumbosacral ventral root enhancement. She was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and slowly recovered. Nerve conduction and EMG abnormalities correlated with MRI root enhancement, facilitated early diagnosis, and distinguished this from a myelopathy or distal polyneuropathy. These findings could represent selective ventral nerve root vulnerability to intrathecal chemotherapy. A selective autoimmune process cannot be excluded.
The influence of a low environmental temperature on the stem cell population of the bone marrow and intestinal mucosa.

Protracted exposure of rats to a low environmental temperature (2° C) resulted in almost a two-fold increase in the number of colony forming units per femur. Following a dose of Vinblastine, return of CFUs in the bone marrow to the pretreatment level was more rapid in the cold exposed rats than in rats at a 25° C environment. the cell cycle time of the cells in the intestinal crypt was reduced for the cold exposed rats. These observations are thought to be the basis for the increased radioresistance and/or more rapid recovery from whole body irradiation previously reported.
Social Anthropology and the Method of Controlled Comparison

IT HE contemporary student of anthropology is in a difficult position in attempting to achieve a sound orientation in our rapidly changing and developing discipline. Nowhere is this more true than in the general field of cultural anthropology, where there is an apparent schism between those who call themselves ethnologists and the newer group of social anthropologists. Ethnology, which has had its major development in the United States, has been concerned primarily with culture history and culture process; social anthropology, on the other hand, is primarily a product of British anthropology and has emphasized social structure and function as its major concepts. These differences in emphasis and interest have led to considerable misunderstanding on both sides. As one who has had a foot in both camps for some two decades I may perhaps be permitted some observations on this situation, along. with some suggestions as to a common meeting-ground.' Since World War II rapid changes have taken place in all branches of anthropology. Genetics and the experimental method, plus a host of new fossil finds from Africa, are revolutionizing physical anthropology; archeology, with the aid of radiocarbon dating and other new techniques, is beginning to achieve a world-wide chronology and is turning to cultural anthropology for further insight into cultural development; linguistics, with structural methods well established, is returning anew to historical problems and re-examining the relations of language and culture. But ethnology, one of whose tasks it is to synthesize and interpret the conclusions reached by its sister disciplines, is lagging behind. It is not clear how long anthropology can remain partly a biological science, partly a humanity, and partly a social science. As we shift from the descriptive, data-gathering phases of anthropology to analysis, interpretation and theory, it is inevitable that realignments will come about. My predecessors in the presidency during the postwar period have sketched some of these new developments and realignments as they have seen them.2 It is highly probable that the forces for fusion will prevail over the tendencies to fission in the near future, so far as the United States is concerned; in England the forces are more nearly balanced, and the outcome is more uncertain.3 In the long run we
Comments on “A critical investigation on detrending procedures for nonlinear processes”

Abstract We agree that either mistaking a stochastic trend for a deterministic trend (or vice-versa) is consequential for unit root tests and for tests of nonlinear serial dependence. In addition, we comment that similar results obtain for ordinary parameter inference in simple linear models. In particular, we note that detrending stochastically trended data with a deterministic polynomial or by applying the Hodrick–Prescott filter yields notably mis-sized hypothesis tests, even with a sample length of 200 observations. Interestingly, we further find that these size distortions persist even with stationary—albeit highly persistent—data.
No detectable DNA excision repair in UV-exposed hepatocytes from two catfish species.

Abstract DNA repair is a critical process in protecting cellular genetic information from mutation. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a mechanism by which cells correct DNA damage caused by agents that form bulky covalent adducts and UV photoproducts such as thymine dimers and 6-4 photoproduct. NER, sometimes called dark repair, is generally accepted as being low in fish compared to mammals. This study was designed to quantitate NER in two related catfish species that have known differential sensitivities to liver carcinomas. The original hypothesis was that the more cancer resistant species, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), would have more efficient DNA repair compared to the more sensitive brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus). In order to measure NER, primary cultured hepatocytes of both species were exposed to UV light (10–40 J/m2) and collected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. Total DNA was extracted from the cells and incubated with T4 endonuclease V. Using alkaline gel electrophoresis, endonuclease sensitive sites (ESS) were quantified. Results from the ESS assay indicated there was a UV dose–response increase in thymine dimers from 0 to 40 J/m2. However, no repair (decrease in number of ESS) occurred in either fish species over a 72-h time period. When cells were exposed to photoreactivating fluorescent light, repair was detected. These studies highlight the difficulty of measuring NER in fish and are consistent with the low levels of NER reported by other researchers in fish.
Does every US smoker bear the same cigarette tax

Aims To evaluate state cigarette excise tax pass-through rates for selected price-minimizing strategies. Design Multivariate regression analysis of current smokers from a stratified, national, dual-frame telephone survey. Setting United States. Participants A total of 16 542 adult current smokers aged 18 years or older. Measurements Cigarette per pack prices paid with and without coupons were obtained for pack versus carton purchase, use of generic brands versus premium brands, and purchase from Indian reservations versus outside Indian reservations. Findings The average per pack prices paid differed substantially by price-minimizing strategy. Smokers who used any type of price-minimizing strategies paid substantially less than those who did not use these strategies (P < 0.05). Premium brand users who purchased by pack in places outside Indian reservations paid the entire amount of the excise tax, together with an additional premium of 7–10 cents per pack for every $1 increase in excise tax (pass-through rate of 1.07–1.10, P < 0.05). In contrast, carton purchasers, generic brand users or those who were likely to make their purchases on Indian reservations paid only 30–83 cents per pack for every $1 tax increase (pass-through rate of 0.30–0.83, P < 0.05). Conclusions Many smokers in the United States are able to avoid the full impact of state excise tax on cost of smoking by buying cartons, using generic brands and buying from Indian reservations.
Characterization of a novicida-like subspecies of Francisella tularensis isolated in Australia

Francisella tularensis is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, where it is associated with the disease of tularaemia in animals and humans. The isolation and identification is reported of a novicida-like subspecies of F. tularensis from a foot wound sustained in brackish water in the Northern Territory of Australia.
Scholarly Skywriting and the Prepublication Continuum of Scientific Inquiry

ABSTRACT: Scientific publication is a continuum, from unrefereed preprints to refereed reprints, to revisions, commentaries, and replies. All this is optimally done electronically, as "Scholarly Skywriting."
Image content annotation using Bayesian framework and complement components analysis

In this paper, we consider image annotation as a problem of image classification, in which each keyword is treated as a distinct class label. We then build a Bayesian model to solve the classification problem. To preserve the in-variation in the training data and reduce the noises, we also propose to estimate the class conditional probabilities in the feature subspace constructed by complement components analysis (CCA). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments in terms of annotation precision and recall.
Space-charge region recombination in heterojunction bipolar transistors

A new comprehensive model for space-charge region (SCR) recombination current in abrupt and graded energy gap heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) is derived. It is shown that if a spike is present in one of the bands at the heterojunction interface, the SCR recombination current becomes interrelated with the collector current. A previously proposed charge control model for the HBT is modified to include the SCR recombination current. The model is used to study SCR recombination characteristics in HBTs. >
On the anatomy of a chain shift

Phonological chain shifts have been the focus of many theoretical, developmental, and clinical concerns. This paper considers an overlooked property of the problem by focusing on the typological properties of the widely attested 's > θ > f' chain shift involving the processes of Labialization and Dentalization in early phonological development. Findings are reported from a cross-sectional study of 234 children (ages 3 years; 0 months-7;9) with functional (nonorganic) phonological delays. The results reveal some unexpected gaps in the predicted interactions of these processes and are brought to bear on the evaluation of recent optimality theoretic proposals for the characterization of phonological interactions. A developmental modification to the theory is proposed that has the desired effect of precluding certain early-stage grammars. The proposal is further evaluated against the facts of another widely cited developmental chain shift known as the 'puzzle > puddle > pickle' problem (Smith 1973).
Direct Powering of the 200-GeV Synchrotron Magnets from the Utility System

The main magnet system of the 200-GeV synchrotron of the National Accelerator Laboratory will be directly powered from the utilities without the use of local energy storage. The utility connections, power supply arrangement, and control philosophy have been adjusted to accommodate the difficulties generated by the direct connection. A system analysis was performed to ascertain if any stability or utility-line disturbance would be generated by the connection. Sophisticated controls will be utilized to minimize the effect of utility-line variations on the accelerator regulation. The result is a total system with no apparent degradation in the performance of the accelerator or the utility system.