cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-file diffusion near channel boundaries.

Molecular transport under the conditions of single-file diffusion was investigated near the channel boundaries by using dynamic Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of tracer exchange between single-file channels and their surroundings. The boundary effect reported in our recent papers (Vasenkov S.; Karger, J. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, 052601. Schuring, A.; Vasenkov S.; Fritzsche, S. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 16711) was studied in detail. This boundary effect is characterized by deviations of the intrachannel concentration profiles of tracer molecules observed in the case of single-file diffusion near the channel boundaries from the corresponding profiles typical for normal diffusion. It has been shown in our previous studies that these deviations occur under the conditions when the potential-energy difference inside and outside of single-file channels was both comparable and much larger than the activation energy of intrachannel diffusion. Here, we report a quantitative model describing the boundary effect. According to this model, an occurrence of the boundary effect is related to a complex character of diffusion in finite single-file systems. Such diffusion can be described by the following two types of movements occurring in parallel: (i) correlated displacements of all molecules in any particular channel and (ii) fast displacements of single molecules, which are uncorrelated with the displacements of all other molecules in the same channel. The latter displacements are restricted to a certain length interval that depends on the channel length and the channel occupancy. This length interval is shown to determine the extensions of the channel margins where the boundary effect is observed.
Predictive validity of the extinction/reinstatement model of drug craving.

The effects of chronic desmethylimipramine (DMI) treatment on measures of incentive motivation for cocaine were assessed in order to investigate the predictive validity of the extinction/reinstatement model of drug craving. Rats were trained to respond for cocaine infusions (0.75 mg/kg per 0.1 ml i.v.) or received yoked-saline infusions during daily 3-h sessions. A light and tone were presented with the infusions. Following self-administration training, each group received daily injections of either saline or DMI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days of withdrawal from the self-administration regimen. On days 12-21 of withdrawal, rats were allowed to respond in the absence of cocaine reinforcement (extinction phase). After reaching an extinction criterion of no responses for 1 h, the cocaine-paired stimuli were repeatedly presented to reinstate responding (reinstatement phase). In the control group, DMI treatment did not alter responding during either test phase, but increased the response latency during the extinction phase. In contrast, DMI treatment in the cocaine group decreased responding and increased the response latency during both test phases, and decreased the extinction latency during the extinction phase. Overall, the effects of DMI were consistent with a reduction of incentive motivation for cocaine, lending support for the predictive validity of the extinction/reinstatement model of drug craving.
Dry Cleaning Of 10X Masks

A 10x reticle must meet quality criteria completely because one defect, if its size exceeds the resolution of the photorepeater lens, may degrade the performance of all the related IC chips, or even cause their complete failure. The mask surfaces, therefore, must be cleaned thoroughly. The usual method, air-cleaning with a hand-held pressure nozzle, does not remove all the small particles. Liquid cleaning is more effective, but is expensive and usually involves toxic materials. The results of dry cleaning have been improved substantially by a system in which suction is applied instead of blowing. The basic system consists of a hollow metal tube connected to a vacuum pump. A long slit in the tube is brought close to the contaminated surface, which is moved past it on a linear stage. Some particles are not relloved by the air flow alone; mechanical action applied by a slowly vibrating brush dramatically improves the particle removal rate. The cleaning system effectively removes particles of glass, plastic, dandruff, and unknown materials. A few remarks on adhesion forces are given in an appendix.
Utilitarianism: a psychophysical perspective

The psychological doctrines of empiricism, associationism, and hedonism served as intellectual sources for the development of utilitarianism in the 18th century and psychophysics in the 19th. Utilitarianism, first articulated by Bentham in 1781, makes four implicit but nevertheless important psychophysical assumptions: (1) that utilities, which reflect "benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness," are quintessentially psychological concepts; (2) that utilities are quantitative; (3) that utilities are commensurable across different objects; and (4) that utilities are commensurable across individuals. Although utilities sometimes reflect the satisfaction of biological needs, they commonly represent psychological valences or values, whose subjective strengths may themselves derive, dynamically, from processes of decision-making.
Surface equilibria of sparingly soluble crystals

Abstract The chemical interactions between an ionic solid, its interfacial compartments, and a saturated solution are of major interest in surface chemistry. We divide the chemical reactions into two types: (1) “stoichiometric” reactions involving crystal growth—dissolution occurring at kink sites, and (2) “electrochemical” reactions involving random impingement and ejection of ions at crystal faces. The stoichiometric reaction (a) is controlled by the composition and structure of the inner lattice, (b) is the genesis of the solubility product constant and the isotherm in the phase diagram, (c) provides the thermodynamic communication between the bulk solution and the inner lattice, and (d) is unaffected by Galvani potentials. The electrochemical model (a) is non-stoichiometric, (b) does not generate a solubility product nor a solubility isotherm, (c) provides the thermodynamic communication between the bulk solution and (1) the outer layer of the crystal and (2) points within the Gouy—Chapman layer, (d) responds to Galvani potential differences, (e) probably is not a true dissolution—precipitation reaction, but instead is a mechanism for adjusting the compositions of the crystal surfaces to satisfy equilibrium conditions imposed by the stoichiometric reactions, and (f) provides information about chemical potentials of surface ions. Transport of neutral “Gibbsian” components as such across the phase boundary appears not to represent an actual mechanism, but instead derives from the electrochemical equations. According to this model, equilibrium is not attained between inner lattice and outer layer via solid-state reactions, but only through the aqueous phase. This model has major implications regarding the mechanism by which specific ion electrodes function.
Systems principles: foundation for the SoSE methodology

The application of systems theory and systems thinking to the design and management of complex systems of systems and their associated life cycles can provide a valuable lens for the emerging methods in system of systems engineering (SoSE). This paper is organised to show how the valuable concepts of systems theory and systems thinking as related to SoSE, can provide the formalism and framework for the inclusion of systems concepts, fundamentals, and language as the foundation for a SoSE methodology.
Twin pregnancy complicated by severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to anti-g and anti-C.

Background Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn caused by anti-G antibodies is rare, and in most previously reported cases, leads to a mild anemia. The RhG antigen is usually found in association with both RhD and RhC. We report a case of a twin pregnancy affected by both anti-G and anti-C alloantibodies leading to severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn requiring multiple intrauterine transfusions and prolonged postnatal therapy. Case A patient with a prolonged history of previously affected pregnancies due to anti-D and anti-C was subsequently found to be affected with anti-G instead. She required aggressive therapy during her pregnancy, initially with intravenous immune globulin and plasmapheresis until umbilical blood sampling and intrauterine transfusions were feasible. Conclusion Although hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to anti-G antibodies is rare and usually mild, these pregnancies should be followed up closely and in utero therapy should be offered if necessary.
Suppression of mouse viraemia and retroviral disease by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.

The retroviruses human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-I (HTLV-I)1,2 and HTLV-III/LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus)3,4 are clearly linked to human diseases. Patients with HTLV-I-positive neoplasms may respond transiently to traditional chemotherapy, but are not cured5. For patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) there is no curative therapy6. In retroviruses of different species, viral propagation crucially depends on reverse transcriptase, an enzyme not present in normal mammalian cells and different from mammalian DNA polymerases, making it a target for specific inhibition. Reverse transcriptase has been well conserved through evolution: an LAV isolate contained a 250-amino-acid-long domain, presumably the reverse transcriptase core sequence, which has 21% homology to Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMLV)7. Because HTLV-IH infects only humans and chimpanzees8, we substituted murine retroviruses for in vivo evaluation of candidate anti-AIDS drugs after ascertaining similar inhibition in vitro of HTLV-III and MLVs, which were chosen for their short incubation time. The triphosphate of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)9–11 is incorporated into complementary DNA by retroviral reverse transcriptase, causing premature chain termination. Here we show that chronic AZT treatment of mice infected with Rauscher murine leukaemia virus complex (RLV) prevents infection of splenocytes and development of splenomegaly, and suppresses viraemia if started soon after inoculation. Starting AZT late in the course of disease still leads to significant prolongation of life; anaemia, however is a significant side-effect. By analogy, AZT may have a role in preventing retroviral disease in humans if started early after infection, and it may lead to significant survival gains even if started later in the course of disease.
Folex: An analysis of an herbal and counterfeit luxury goods affiliate program

The profitability of the underground criminal business of counterfeit or unauthorized products is a major funding source that drives the illegal online advertisement industry. While it is clear that underground online affiliate-based programs are profitable for their owners, the precise business operations of such organizations are unknown to a large extent. In this study, we present the results of our analysis of a replica and herbal supplements affiliate program based on leaked ground truth data. The dataset covers a period of over two years and includes more than $6 million in sale records for an affiliate program known as Tower of Power (TowPow) focusing on the herbal supplements and counterfeit luxury goods market. In this paper we provide a detailed empirical analysis of the participating affiliates, sales dynamics, revenue sharing, domain usage patterns and conversion rates.
Kinetic simulation of the thermal degradation of phenethyl phenyl ether, a model compound for the β-O-4 linkage in lignin

Abstract Employing kinetic Monte Carlo, we simulated the radical chain propagation of the pyrolysis of phenethyl phenyl ether (PPE), which serves as a model compound for the β-O-4 linkage in lignin. The input rate constants were obtained with transition state theory based on density functional calculations. Pre- and postcomplexes for hydrogen abstraction and β-scission reactions were included assuming thermal equilibrium. Individual rate constants compare well with experimental estimates. The calculated overall α/β-product selectivity is qualitatively in agreement with experiment. The simulation revealed that the carbon–carbon phenyl shift reaction for the β-PPE radical is part of the pyrolysis mechanism.
Influence of plant communities and soil properties on trace gas fluxes in riparian northern hardwood forests

Abstract Wetlands contribute significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, yet little is known about what variables control gas emissions from these ecosystems. There is particular uncertainty about forested riparian wetlands, which have high variation in plant and soil properties due to their location at the interface between land and water. We investigated the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and methane (CH 4 ) and associated understory vegetation and soil parameters at five northern hardwood riparian sites in the Adirondack Park, NY, USA. Gas fluxes were measured in field chambers 4 times throughout the summer of 2008. CO 2 flux rates ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 g C m −2 h −1 , N 2 O fluxes ranged from −0.27 to 0.65 ng N cm −2 h −1 and CH 4 flux rates ranged from −1.44 to 3.64 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 . Because we observed both production and consumption of N 2 O and CH 4 , it was difficult to discern relationships between flux and environmental parameters such as soil moisture and pH. However, there were strong relationships between ecosystem-scale variables and flux. For example, CO 2 and N 2 O flux rates were most strongly related to percent plant cover, i.e., the site with the lowest vegetation cover had the lowest CO 2 and highest N 2 O emissions. These ecosystem-scale predictive relationships suggest that there may be prospects for scaling information on trace gas fluxes up to landscape and regional scales using information on the distribution of ecosystem or soil types from remote sensing or geographic information system data.
Total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in different types of rat skeletal muscle: effects of sepsis and regulation by insulin.

Proteolysis is increased in sepsis, but it is not known whether myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar proteins are broken down in the same fashion, or respond to the same regulatory forces as in non-septic muscle. In this study, therefore, the effect of sepsis on total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in incubated rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles was determined, and the response in vitro to different concentrations of insulin (10 to 10(5) microU/mL) of protein degradation was studied in incubated EDL muscles from control and septic rats. Sepsis was induced in rats weighing 40 to 60 g by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Control animals were sham operated. Sixteen hours after CLP or sham operation, intact EDL and SOL muscles were incubated for two hours in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (10 mmol/L) and cycloheximide (0.5 mmol/L), and total and myofibrillar protein breakdown was assessed from release into incubation medium of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), respectively. Tyrosine and 3-MH were determined fluorometrically by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tissue levels of tyrosine and 3-MH remained stable both in control and septic muscles during incubation for two hours. The rate of tyrosine release was increased during sepsis by 58% (P less than .001) and 15% (NS) in EDL and SOL muscle, respectively. The corresponding figures for 3-MH were 103% (P less than .001) and 21% (NS). Tyrosine release was reduced by insulin at a concentration of 10(3) microU/mL in control muscle and at a concentration of 10(4) microU/mL in septic muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Application of Lime Soil Pile in Collapsible Loess Ground Treatment

When the bearing capacity of natural foundation cannot meet load requirements, generally the ground treatment usually can be taken to strengthen it. In this paper, from the practical engineering, the design, construction, and detection of the lime soil pile were introduced. The results show that the lime soil pile in collapsible loess area reinforcement technology foundation is feasible. The bearing capacity and stability of the treated foundation can meet the requirements.
Impulsivity, Sensation-Seeking, and Part-Time Job Status in Relation to Substance Use and Gambling in Adolescents

Abstract Purpose Although impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time employment have each been linked to risky behaviors in adolescents, their inter-relationships are less well-understood. We examined data from adolescents to assess the following predictions: (1) sensation-seeking would relate closely to substance use and gambling; (2) impulsivity would relate closely to alcohol, drug, and gambling problems; and (3) these relationships would be particularly strong among those holding part-time jobs. Method High-school students (N = 3,106) were surveyed to provide data on impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships with gambling, substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and related problems. Results Both impulsivity and sensation-seeking related significantly to substance use and impulsivity to gambling. Impulsivity had stronger associations with drug and gambling problems than sensation-seeking did. Students with paid part-time jobs were more likely to drink alcohol, binge drink, and use marijuana. Sensation-seeking had a particularly strong relationship to heavy cigarette smoking among students with part-time jobs. Conversely, there was little relationship between part-time job status and smoking among low sensation-seekers. Conclusions These findings further support the relevance of sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and part-time job status to risky behaviors among adolescents. Sensation-seeking and impulsivity had unique relationships to risky behaviors, in accordance with theory and prior evidence. Impulsive adolescents may be in particular need for interventions to reduce drug use and gambling. Although part-time jobs can be beneficial, parents and caregivers should be mindful of potential negative ramifications of paid work outside the home.
The role of condensation and heat conduction in the formation of prominences - An MHD simulation

The effects of condensation and thermal conduction on the formation of Kippenhahn-Schlueter (K-S) type prominences in quiet regions (QP) due to symmetric mass injection are investigated. To implement this investigation a self-consistent, two-dimensional, nonplanar, time-dependent MHD simulation model is developed. In the model, various values of the injection velocity, density, and magnetic field strength are used to determine the most favorable conditions for the QP formation. Based on these simulation results, it is found that the formation of a K-S type field configuration should be considered as a dynamic process which needs both condensation amd mass injection to supply enough mass to maintain such a configuration to complete the quiescent prominence formation process.
The effects of althesin on arterial pressure, pulse rate preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in cats.

We have studied the effects of Althesin on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and bare-static reflexes in cats. Normal, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals were studied. On the basis of our finding it is concluded that Althesin severely depresses sympathetic nervous activity by action on the vasomotor centre. The depression of arterial pressure however was only moderate due to two compensatory mechanisms: a vagolytic action of Althesin and a peripheral vascular effect believed to be caused by an enhanced action of catecholamines caused by Althesin. Barostatic reflexes were found active under conditions where Althesin did not totally abolish sympathetic tone.
Electrostatic instability in the central lunar wake: A process for replenishing the plasma void?

We report on the WIND observations and subsequent analysis of electrostatic ion beam driven waves in the central lunar wake. Previous reports indicate that ion beams are present in the central lunar wake, these generated by an ambipolar electric field near the wake flanks. We demonstrate that these ion beams are inherently unstable, and thus they are capable of generating the observed broadband electrostatic noise. The beam disruption process may be a dominate mechanism to replace ions in the void trailing the moon. This picture of the wake, with an extended electrostatic tail in the central region is distinctly different from the MHD wake picture discussed previously.
Enhancement of a small bowel obstruction model using the gastrografin® challenge test.

Based on a previous published data on small bowel obstruction (SBO), a management model for predicting the need for exploration has been adopted in our institution. In our model, patients presenting with three criteria—the history of obstipation, the presence of mesenteric edema, and the lack of small bowel fecalization on computed tomography (CT)—undergo exploration. Patients with two or less features were managed nonoperatively. An alternative tool for predicting need for operative intervention is Gastrografin (GG) challenge test. We hypothesized that the GG challenge test, when used in combination with our prior model, will decrease the rate of explorations in patients not meeting the criteria for immediate operation. An approval from IRB was obtained to review patients admitted with a diagnosis of SBO from November 2010 to September 2011. All patients presenting with signs of ischemia, patients with all three model criteria defined previously, and those who had an abdominal operation within 6 weeks of diagnosis were excluded. All patients had an abdominal/pelvic CT and GG challenge at the time of diagnosis. Patients were compared to historic controls managed without the GG challenge (from July to December 2009). Successful GG challenge was defined as the presence of contrast in the colon after a follow-up film or a bowel movement. Data were presented as medians or percentages; significance was considered at p < 0.05. One hundred and twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of small bowel obstruction were identified wherein 47 % were males. Fifty-three received a GG challenge (study), and 72 did not have a GG challenge (historic). There was no difference in age (70 vs 65 years), history of prior SBO (51 vs 49 %), history of diabetes mellitus (21 vs 18 %), history of malignancy (32 vs 39 %), or cardiac disease (30 vs 39 %). Both groups had similar number of previous abdominal operations (two vs two). The presence of mesenteric edema (68 vs 75 %), the lack of small bowel fecalization (47 vs 46 %), and a history of obstipation (25 vs 24 %) were similar in both groups. Patients in the study group had a lesser rate of abdominal exploration (25 vs 42 %, p = 0.05) and fewer complications (13 vs 31 %, p = 0.02) compared to the historic control group. There was equivalent incidence of ischemic bowel (4 vs 7 %), duration of hospital stay (4 vs 7 days), duration from admission to operation (2 vs 3 days), and mortality (8 vs 6 %); 44 patients had a successful GG challenge with nine failures. There was a greater rate of exploration in patients with a failed challenge compared to those with a successful challenge (89 vs 11 %, p < 0.01). The use of the GG challenge enhanced the SBO prediction model by decreasing the need for exploration in patients not meeting the criteria for immediate operation. Patients who failed the GG challenge test were much more likely to undergo an exploration.
Reactions to the enclosure of the information commons: 2000‐2004

L'A. presente les differents efforts entrepris entre 2000 et 2004 pour garantir l'acces aux information commons et retablir l'equilibre entre detenteurs de droits d'auteur et utilisateurs dans l'environnement electronique, face aux recentes evolutions legislatives et technologiques. Les approches ont consiste a : legiferer, plaider, limiter, creer des systemes concurrents, reinterpreter legalement, philosopher et mobiliser.
Anterograde coil closure of patent ductus arteriosus using a modified bioptome delivery technique.

Three consecutive patients are presented who underwent successful anterograde catheter coil occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus using a modified bioptome-assisted technique. Two of the three patients were infants and the procedures were performed without the need for arterial access. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 50:191–194, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monthly hydrogen ion deposition maps for the northeastern U.S. from July 1982 to September 1984

Abstract Data collected in the northeastern U.S. from July 1982 to August 1984 by the National Coal Association Precipitation Quality Network and analyzed by BCR National Laboratory was used to construct comprehensive maps of H + deposition. Indicator kriging was used to produce these maps, which are stochastic in nature and provide local monthly estimates of the probability distribution of H + deposition at each point on a 50-km-square grid. Various point estimates of H + deposition can be derived from these probability distributions. Indicator kriging requires an estimate of the global probability distribution of H + deposition. The data had to be appropriately weighted to provide estimates of (1) the global mean deposition (on a weekly, quarterly and yearly basis), and (2) the global probability distribution function of deposition eliminating the effect of clustered stations. The ‘declustered’ estimates of the global average and the global median of H + deposition for the period October 1982-September 1984 were about 51 and 41 g ha −1 month −1 , respectively. Average quarterly deposition was seasonal, peaking in the third quarter each year at about 78, 63, and 75 gha −1 month −1 for 1982,1983 and 1984, respectively. In contrast, first quarter deposition was about 20 and 34 gha −1 month −1 for 1983 and 1984, respectively. Without declustering, estimates of central tendency and dispersion tended to be at least 15% too high. Comprehensive space-time indicator semi-variogram analysis showed that the correlation between observations decreases as the level of deposition increases. Indicator kriging produced an estimate of the local probability distribution function of H + deposition at each grid point for each month from July 1982–September 1984. As a summary, median maps which are optimal when the cost of overestimation and underestimation is linear and equal were constructed. In addition, probability intervals derived from the estimated local probability distribution functions for various points in the northeastern U.S. and at various times show the likely change in H + deposition over time and location. These intervals were used to characterize the reliability of point estimates of deposition and reflected network configuration (geometry and density of stations in time and space) and the local variability of the data spatially and temporally near the point to be estimated. Because of this, for example, estimates made for winter months tended to be much more reliable than estimates for summer months. Indicator kriging also showed that the reliability was actually poorer over the more heavily sampled southwestern Pennsylvania due to the relatively higher level and variability of deposition in this region.
Extensions and corrections for the CODASYL approach to data base management

Abstract In view of the potential contribution of data base management systems as an aid to planning activities, there are certain criteria which such systems must satisfy if the potential is to be realized. This paper suggests several extensions and improvements for the CODASYL approach to data base management. Special attention is devoted to the ease and efficacy of data retrieval and application execution, and to the facility and flexibility allowed with regard to data base creation and maintenance.
Cyclic AMP levels in ventricular myocytes from noradrenaline-treated guinea-pigs

Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system in human heart failure is believed to cause cardiac beta-adrenoceptor desensitisation. We have investigated the relationship between beta-adrenoceptor desensitisation and cyclic AMP levels in cardiac myocytes isolated from the ventricle of guinea-pigs chronically infused with noradrenaline hydrochloride for 7 days. Functional beta-adrenoceptor desensitisation was confirmed by a significant decrease in the maximum isoprenaline-stimulated contraction amplitude and an increased EC50 for isoprenaline. In the absence of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, basal cyclic AMP levels were significantly depressed in populations of myocytes from noradrenaline-treated animals compared to sham-operated controls, and this was not accounted for by myocyte hypertrophy or necrosis. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in cyclic AMP levels at maximally inotropic isoprenaline concentrations. Threshold and maximum inotropic concentrations of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX), restored isoprenaline-stimulated cyclic AMP levels in noradrenaline-treated guinea-pig cardiac myocytes, although we have previously reported no increase in maximum inotropic effect of isoprenaline with these compounds.
A Silurian porpitoid hydrozoan from Cumbria, England, and a note on porpitoid relationships

A porpitoid hydrozoan, Pseudodiscophyllum windermerensis gen. et sp. nov., from Cumbria, represented by a well-preserved internal float (pneumatophore), is only the fourth porpitoid reported from Silurian rocks world-wide and the first to be found in any geological formation in England. Its circular pneumatophore is more than 110 mm in diameter. Because of the paucity of hard parts, these animals are not common as fossils but may have been important elements of the Palaeozoic oceanic plankton. Although the new species is superficially similar to the Ordovician Discophyllum, there are what appear to be fundamental differences. Similarities to species of Paropsonema, from the Devonian and Silurian, are also probably superficial. The wider relationships of these animals have long been misinterpreted in the palaeontological literature. They are not siphonophores. Correct understanding involves a complete re-interpretation of various homologies and of the evolutionary history of the group.
A CEO looks at ethics

Abstract Ethics isn't a matter of law or public relations or religion. It's a matter of trust. Baxter Travenol's chief executive officer gives his thoughts on managing ethics and recommends four principles for managers.
Fluorescence of squid axon membrane labelled with hydrophobic probes

Extrinsic fluorescence changes in squid giant axons were examined under a variety of experimental conditions using 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and other fluorescent probes. Measurements of the degree of polarization of the fluorescent light (with the axis of the polarizer parallel to the longitudinal axis of the axon) indicated that the class of the TNS molecules in the axon membrane which participate in production of fluorescence signals have a definite orientation with their absorption and emission oscillators directed parallel to the long axis of the axon. Rectangular depolarizing voltage pulses produced a transient decrease in the fluorescent intensity, of which the early component is correlated tentatively with the rise in the membrane conductance. In response to hyperpolarizing pulses, there was an increase in fluorescence intensity which may be explained in terms of increased incorporation of TNS into the ordered structure in the membrane. Hyperpolarizing responses in KCl depolarized axons were accompanied by a change in fluorescent intensity. Tetrodotoxin appeared to suppress the initial component of the fluorescence signal produced by depolarizing clamping pulses. The technique for detecting these fluorescence changes and the physico-chemical properties of TNS are described in some detail.
A critical review of culturally sensitive treatments for depression: Recommendations for intervention and research.

Recent meta-analyses and reviews have showed that culturally adapted mental health interventions are more effective for racial and ethnic minorities than traditional unadapted psychotherapy. Despite the advances in providing culturally sensitive mental health services, disparities among racial and ethnic minorities still exist. As a body of literature on culturally sensitive treatments accumulates, there is a need to examine what makes a treatment for specific presenting problems culturally sensitive. This article presents a critical review of existing culturally sensitive treatments for depression because it is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. In particular, we examined what treatment modalities were used, what types of adaptations were implemented, and what populations were targeted. The conceptual framework this review uses to categorize existing culturally sensitive treatments includes a top-down, a bottom-up, or an integrative approach. The review reveals that the majority of culturally sensitive treatments for depression employed an evidence-based bottom-up approach, which involved general and practical adaptations, such as translating materials or infusing specific cultural values. Most studies used cognitive-behavioral strategies and included Latinos and African Americans. Recommendations and future directions in interventions and research are discussed to decrease mental health care disparities among ethnic minorities.
Can EMF Exposure Emulate a Tumor Promoter? Designing Endpoints

Many studies have been done to determine the effects of EMF exposure on health. In spite of reports of beneficial effects of EMF on human health1, public attention has focused on potential hazardous effects. The possibility of a negative health effect was initially based on epidemiological studies that linked EMF to increased cancer incidence. The presence of other extenuating factors, however, often makes such studies difficult to interpret, and the evidence for EMF association with cancer has been inconsistent. For virtually every study that shows a positive correlation, there is a report of no association. The conclusion is that other avenues must be sought to confirm or negate the proposed correlation between EMF exposure and cancer or any other outcome.
Pre-Messenger RNA Cleavage Factor I (CFIm): Potential Role in Alternative Polyadenylation During Spermatogenesis

A hallmark of male germ cell gene expression is the generation by alternative polyadenylation of cell-specific mRNAs, many of which utilize noncanonical A(A/U)UAAA-independent polyadenylation signals. Cleavage factor I (CFIm), a component of the pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation protein complex, can direct A(A/U)UAAA-independent polyadenylation site selection of somatic cell mRNAs. Here we report that the CFIm subunits NUDT21/CPSF5 and CPSF6 are highly enriched in mouse male germ cells relative to somatic cells. Both subunits are expressed from spermatogenic cell mRNAs that are shorter than the corresponding somatic transcripts. Complementary DNA sequencing and Northern blotting revealed that the shorter Nudt21 and Cpsf6 mRNAs are generated by alternative polyadenylation in male germ cells using proximal poly(A) signals. Both sets of transcripts contain CFIm binding sites within their 3'-untranslated regions, suggesting autoregulation of CFIm subunit formation in male germ cells. CFIm subunit mRNA and protein levels exhibit distinct developmental variation during spermatogenesis, indicating stage-dependent translational and/or posttranslational regulation. CFIm binding sites were identified near the 3' ends of numerous male germ cell transcripts utilizing A(A/U)UAAA-independent sites. Together these findings suggest that CFIm complexes participate in alternative polyadenylation directed by noncanonical poly(A) signals during spermatogenesis.
GATE OXIDES GROWN ON DEUTERIUM-IMPLANTED SILICON SUBSTRATE

Thin oxides (4 nm) grown on deuterium-implanted silicon substrates were investigated for the first time. It was observed that deuterium implantation at a light dose of 1 x 1014/cm2 at 25 keV significantly reduced the leakage current through the oxide. A reduction in electron trap density has also been observed for this oxide. An increase in leakage current, observed for both higher and lower energy deuterium implants, was possibly because of enhanced substrate damage and out-diffusion of deuterium, respectively. Deuterium-implanted oxide, subjected to N2O annealing, showed further improvement in electrical characteristics. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. S1099-0062(99)07-091-1. All rights reserved.
Review: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blockade and diabetic nephropathy.

-receptorantagonists,intrarenal renin,hyperglycaemia, renin stateDepartments ofMedicine andRadiology, Brigham and Women'sHospital,75 Francis Street,Boston, MA 02115, USACorrespondence to:Professor Norman KHollenbergBrigham and Women'sHospital,75 Francis Street,Boston, MA 02115, USATel: +1 617 732 6682Fax: +1 617 232 2869 E-mail: dpagecapone@partners.org
Changes in Soil Chemical Properties Resulting from Organic and Low-Input Farming Practices

levels in the organic system indicate that animal manures did not increase salinity. Overall, our findings indicate that organic and lowSoil chemical properties during the transition from conventional input farming in the Sacramento Valley result in small but important to organic and low-input farming practices were studied over 8 yr in increases in soil organic C and larger pools of stored nutrients, which California’s Sacramento Valley to document changes in soil fertility are critical for long-term fertility maintenance. status and nutrient storage. Four farming systems differing in crop rotation and external inputs were established on land previously managed conventionally. Fertility in the organic system depended on animal manure applications and winter cover crops; the two conventional
Colleague Crowdsourcing: A Method for Incentivizing National Student Engagement and Large-N Data Collection

This paper details our participant recruitment efforts as part of a research project studying individual-level, real-time reactions to the 2012 presidential debates. As researchers interested in examining debate effects as conditioned by key variables such as party identification and race, we wanted a large and diverse sample of respondent data, well beyond what we would be able to achieve by drawing on student participants from any single campus. As educators, we wanted to take the opportunity of this study to engage students in the electoral process. Our solution: crowdsourcing the political science community. Using an incentive package including teaching materials and promised next-day preliminary results from our study, we encouraged colleagues across the country to register their classes, offering incentives in turn to their students for participating. Our crowdsourcing approach yielded a dataset large enough and diverse enough to support hypothesis testing across even rare combinations of variables, such as African American Republicans. What is more, of the nearly 5,000 students across the country who viewed the presidential debates as part of our study, there were surely many who otherwise would not have watched.
Geographic Information Systems for Estimating Coastal Maritime Risk

The U.S. Maritime Administration made a strong commitment to shortsea shipping in 2010 in America's Marine Highway Program. There are few statistics about coastal vessel traffic, however, and even less is known about casualty rates in those waters because of the absence of trip data and the relatively poor quality of casualty data. Geographic information systems (GIS) are unique tools that enable greater visualization and understanding of complex problems. A methodology was used to adapt a GIS-based highway planning traffic assignment model for use in maritime risk assessment. The planning model routed 12 years of vessel entrance and clearance data through an international waterway network to estimate the number of trips traversing network links by any number of metrics, including year, ship type, flag of registry, and draft. The risk methodology deployed a 100-mi2 mesh (10 mi X 10 mi) over the entire United States and coastal waters to estimate the highest casualty rate (casualties per million vessel tri...
Accuracy of molecular dating with the rho statistic: deviations from coalescent expectations under a range of demographic models.

Abstract The ρ statistic is commonly used to infer chronological dates for molecular lineages, especially from mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained in anthropological contexts. Since this approach was described 12 years ago, it has been applied to estimate molecular dates in more than 200 studies, including some published in top-tier journals. However, this method has not been well evaluated, and the accuracy of dates obtained from the ρ statistic remains unknown, especially for genetic data collected from populations with complex demographic histories. Here, molecular dates inferred from ρ are compared against coalescent expectations from a range of demographic models. This exercise reveals considerable inaccuracy. Molecular dates based on ρ have a slight downward bias with large asymmetric variance and commonly exhibit substantial type I error rates, where the true age of a lineage falls outside the 95% confidence bounds derived from the variance of ρ. Furthermore, demography proves to be a strong confo...
Chlamydia pneumoniae Inhibits Activated Human T Lymphocyte Proliferation by the Induction of Apoptotic and Pyroptotic Pathways

Chlamydia pneumoniae is an omnipresent obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that infects numerous host species. C. pneumoniae infections of humans are a common cause of community acquired pneumonia but have also been linked to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and asthma. Persistent infection and immune avoidance are believed to play important roles in the pathophysiology of C. pneumoniae disease. We found that C. pneumoniae organisms inhibited activated but not nonactivated human T cell proliferation. Inhibition of proliferation was pathogen specific, heat sensitive, and multiplicity of infection dependent and required chlamydial entry but not de novo protein synthesis. Activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were equally sensitive to C. pneumoniae antiproliferative effectors. The C. pneumoniae antiproliferative effect was linked to T cell death associated with caspase 1, 8, 9, and IL-1β production, indicating that both apoptotic and pyroptotic cellular death pathways were activated after pathogen-T cell interactions. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the conclusion that C. pneumoniae could induce a local T cell immunosuppression and inflammatory response revealing a possible host-pathogen scenario that would support both persistence and inflammation.
Intergeneric complementation of a circadian rhythmicity defect: phylogenetic conservation of structure and function of the clock gene frequency.

The Neurospora crassa frequency locus encodes a 989 amino acid protein that is a central component, a state variable, of the circadian biological clock. We have determined the sequence of all or part of this protein and surrounding regulatory regions from additional fungi representing three genera and report that there is distinct, preferential conservation of the frequency open reading frame (ORF) as compared with non-coding sequences. Within the coding region, many of the domain hallmarks of the N. crassa protein are highly conserved, especially an internal region bearing the causative mutations in frq1 and frq7, the most extreme alleles in the frequency allelic series. Despite considerable diversity among the strains analyzed in terms of morphology, growth, circadian clock output and frq sequence, the ORF from the most distantly related fungus included in this study (Sordaria fimicola) rescues rhythmicity in a N.crassa frequency null strain. Both sequence conservation, and the ability of frequency from a genus displaying one developmental program to complement circadian defects in a separate genus with a distinct, clock-regulated developmental program, are consistent with a central role of the frequency gene product in a general circadian oscillator capable of controlling diverse outputs in a variety of systems.
Throttle actuator swapping modularity design for idle speed control

Swapping modularity refers to the use of common units to create product variants. As companies strive to rationalize engineering design, manufacturing and maintain processes, modularity is becoming a priority. Component swapping modularity in control systems can be achieved by utilizing “smart” components which can perform control actions within the module, and bidirectional network communication. In this paper we analyze an engine speed control system from the perspective of achieving swapping modularity of the throttle actuator. Specifically, we analyze approaches to distribute the optimal controller transfer function between a throttle actuator time constant dependent portion (which is swappable with the actuator) and throttle actuator time constant independent portion (which does not need to be changed when the actuator is swapped). Two distributed controller architectures, with unidirectional and bidirectional communications, are considered.
DNA quantification in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia thick tissue sections by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Image analysis of tissue biopsies for determination of DNA content as an early marker of neoplasia is hampered by the complexity of corrections necessary to deal with nuclear truncation and overlap in thin sections. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for measurement of cellular DNA content on whole cells within thick tissue sections offers the advantage of preservation of cellular architecture, capacity for 3-dimensional analysis, and absence of sectioning artifacts. We have applied this technique to pararosaniline-Feulgen stained human cervical tissues graded from normal to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III. For the purpose of comparison, 15 μm sections were stained and mapped so that the same cell population could be analyzed by both integrated optical density and fluorescence intensity. Distribution of DNA content from normal cervical epithelial cells 2–3 layers out from the basal cell layer measured by both methodologies showed a stable G0/G1 population with no observable S-phase or G2 cells. Cells measured from areas of increasing CIN grade showed progressively higher DNA content values that were not observable in normal tissue. Although these data are preliminary they suggest that CLSM can be used to identify aneuploid states within defined structural areas of pre-invasive neoplasia. J. Cell. Biochem. 25S:49–56. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.