cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public spending on higher education in developing countries: Too much or too little?

Abstract This paper discusses problems with the prevalent view that public resources for education in developing countries should be reallocated from higher to lower levels of education. There may be a case for maintaining and even increasing spending on higher education, as long as public funds can be directed to research and other “public good” functions of institutions of higher education. Current measures of social returns to primary, secondary and higher education do not reflect unmeasured social benefits at each level; since we do not know the relative size of these benefits across levels, we do not know the true ranking of social returns across primary, secondary and higher education. The true social rate of return to certain components of higher education, such as research and postgraduate training in science and technology, and creation of other skills where social returns probably exceed private returns (such as public administration) is probably high, and in some settings, may now be as high or higher than the social rate of return to primary and secondary education. Moreover, achieving and sustaining adequate levels of quality to capture these social returns requires minimal stability in public financing, arguing against major reallocations away from higher education. But this does not argue for more public spending on all higher education programs. On the contrary; within the envelope of total public spending on higher education, reallocation away from public spending on undergraduate training makes sense, since such training probably has low social compared to private returns, and can be accomplished by greater reliance on private universities and by increasing tuition and other fees in public universities, while ensuring equitable access through loan and scholarship programs.
Stable isotopic and chemical indicators of volcanic eruptions in tree rings from Parícutin, Mexico

Annual growth rings obtained from well dated tree ring cores from Paricutin, Mexico are examined for unique chemical signatures that reflect a known local volcanic eruption and its subsequent atmospheric and terrestrial inputs. Stable carbon isotopic profiles are combined with elemental analyses to construct a chemical profile before, during, and after the known eruptive years (1943-1952) when a cinder cone formed near the town of Paricutin. Data from this well documented eruption are combined with controls obtained from outside the ash fall zone. Carbon isotopes exhibit an enriched spike (~3‰) during the eruptive period followed by a subsequent return to baseline values. This in combination with other stable isotopic indicators and increases in phosphorus, sulfur, and possibly other elements, suggest a unique set of chemical inputs from the eruption. The analytical approach developed here potentially can be used to date unknown eruptions which in the past have often relied on the common dendrochronologic technique of tree ring width determination, or on historic human records. The former method can be somewhat subjective as changes in ring width can be attributed to multiple causes in addition to volcanically induced environmental stresses; the latter method is restricted to eruptions occurring in the last few thousand years. The quantitative approach of chemical analyses presented in this preliminary study can potentially be combined with standard dendrochronological and/or 14C dating to accurately identify eruption events and place them in an anthropologic context.
Comment on "Critique of q-entropy for thermal statistics".

It was recently argued [M. Nauenberg, Phys. Rev. E 67, 036114 (2003)] that the theory sometimes referred to as nonextensive statistical mechanics has no physical basis, for a considerable variety of reasons, including the impossibility of measuring the temperature out of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. We comment here on virtually all the physically and mathematically relevant issues, and point out what we consider to be severe inadvertences contained in that paper. In particular, we factually argue, through computer simulations, the validity of the zeroth principle of thermodynamics, and of the basic rules of thermometry for nonextensive systems. This fact further supports the possible connection with the thermodynamics of nonextensive statistical mechanics, which is already known to be consistent with the first, second, and third principles. All the foundational steps (e.g., the uniqueness of the entropy and the stationary state distribution) have already been established for nonextensive thermostatistics on similar grounds than those long known for BG statistics, the former corresponding to power laws (expected for long-range interactions when size N diverges before time $t),$ and the latter correspond to the BG exponential law (expected for long-range interactions when N diverges after t, as well as for short-range interactions in any diverging order for N and $t).$ We conclude that the invalidating arguments made by Nauenberg by no means apply.
The magnetic phase diagram of the spin-chain system Ca2+xY2−xCu5O10−δ: Oxygen hole-doping corrections

Abstract Recently, the antiferromagnetic transition temperature in the coupled spin-chain system Ca 2+ x Y 2− x Cu 5 O 10− δ was found to decrease with increasing x and disappear around x = 1.4 [K. Kubo, S. Kurogi, Y. Koike, T. Nishizaki, N. Kobayashi, Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 104413]. We report the results of X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and iodometric titration measurements, and find that such behavior corresponds to oxygen-deficient specimens. We propose that the correct phase diagram is a function of both cation doping and oxygen content, with hole concentration p = ( x − 2 δ ) per formula unit. We find that the true phase transition occurs just below p = 1.0, corresponding to a hole concentration of 0.20 per copper. For example, for x = 1.00, the single crystals of Kubo et al. (2005) correspond to our polycrystalline specimens with δ = 0.37 ( p = 0.26), a very large oxygen-defect effect. Such a composition has only a slightly suppressed Neel temperature, while for our fully oxygenated x = 1.00 samples, the antiferromagnetic transition is completely suppressed.
Stochastic Phase Switching of a Parametrically Driven Electron in a Penning Trap

Fluctuation-induced switching of driven bistable systems, far from equilibrium, has been the focus of theoretical analysis and analog circuit computations. A parametrically driven electron in a Penning trap is shown to be a nearly ideal experimental realization. Noise applied to this dynamic double well system produces random switching between two steady-state oscillations which differ in the oscillation phase by ${180}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$.
On “A note on the flow in a trailing vortex” by K. K. Tam

In a recent paper in this Journal (7, 1973, 1–6) Tam suggested that early work by Batchelor on the decay of a laminar trailing vortex was in error. Tam's claim was that the decay of axial velocity defect at the center of the vortex went asx−1 instead ofx−1 logx. The purpose of this note is to refute Tam's claim. A further term in the asymptotic expansion for the circulation in the vortex is also obtained.
The Status of Instrument Development in the Human–Animal Interaction Field

ABSTRACTAn overview of available instruments that assess characteristics of human–animal interactions is provided, followed by a matrix of 140 tools, what they measure, information on structure and properties, original published sources, and a citation, when available, to another study in which the tool was also used. Using Anderson's (2007) book Assessing the Human–Animal Bond: A Compendium of Actual Measures, as a baseline, we systematically searched seven electronic databases. Suggested steps for future instrument development and research include greater accessibility through manualizing, carefully naming, providing design and conceptual rationales, defining key terms, describing revisions along with use and scoring instructions, providing scores from several populations, including validity and reliability data, and taking long-term responsibility for further refinement of instruments.
Neuropeptides modulate compound postsynaptic potentials in basolateral amygdala

Previous behavioral studies have shown that neuropeptides intrinsic to the amygdala formation can alter fear and anxiety states. We have previously shown that the anxiogenic neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) increases inhibitory neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala. We have since observed that CCK induces synchronized rhythmic activity composed of compound postsynaptic potentials (cPSPs). We have now further characterized these cPSPs by inducing cPSPs routinely in 5 mM extracellular K(+). CCK facilitated cPSP occurrence in a dose dependent manner in brain slices from both young and mature rats. The cPSPs were attenuated by glutamate receptor antagonists (NBQX or DL-AP5) or low concentrations of GABA(A) receptor antagonists (bicuculline methiodide (BMI), SR95531, or picrotoxin), but not by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist, CGP52432. Low concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 nM) also attenuated the cPSPs. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter blocker, bumetanide (1 or 10 microM) also blocked the cPSPs. The anxiogenic neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) facilitated cPSPs while anxiolytic neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin) attenuated cPSPs. The benzodiazepine agonist diazepam dose-dependently modulated cPSPs. Mefloquine facilitated cPSPs within 10 min of application. We hypothesize that cPSPs are generated by positive feedback between a subset of interneurons and a subset of glutamatergic projection neurons.
Characteristics of I/O traffic in personal computer and server workloads

Understanding the characteristics of I/O traffic is increasingly important as the performance gap between the processor and disk-based storage continues to widen. Moreover, recent advances in technology, coupled with market demands, have led to new and exciting developments in storage systems, particularly network storage, storage utilities, and intelligent self-optimizing storage. In this paper, we empirically examine the physical I/O traffic of a wide range of server and personal computer (PC) workloads, focusing on how these workloads will be affected by the recent developments in storage systems. As part of our analysis, we compare our results with historical data and re-examine some rules of thumb (e.g., one bit of I/O per second for each instruction per second of processing power) that have been widely used for designing computer systems. We find that the I/O traffic is bursty and appears to exhibit self-similar characteristics. Our analysis also indicates that there is little cross-correlation between traffic volumes of server workloads, which suggests that aggregating these workloads will likely help to smooth out the traffic and enable more efficient utilization of resources. We discover that there is significant potential for harnessing "free" system resources to perform background tasks such as optimization of disk block layout. In general, we observe that the characteristics of the I/O traffic are relatively insensitive to the extent of upstream caching, and thus our results still apply, on a qualitative level, when the upstream cache is increased in size.
The Photo-Electric Threshold for Mercury

In order to insure a perfectly clean surface of mercury for test, the apparatus was arranged so that carefully purified mercury flowed intermittently into a shallow iron cup and out through an overflow opening at the surface back into an electrically heated still. Direct observation showed that with such a flow the surface cleans itself of any added contamination very quickly. Also, the results for the wave-length limit were found to be independent of the rate of flow, to a rate far below that normally used, and also unaffected by the presence of gases (air, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, He and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) and even of traces of water vapor in the photochamber. The photo-currents to a copper oxide receiver were measured by means of a quadrant electrometer to within about 1 percent for various Hg lines from a Cooper-Hewitt quartz mercury arc, correction being made for stray light by means of intermediate readings. This arc operated at 92-93 volts with 2.1 amp., was constant to 1 percent. Intensity measurements accurate to 1 percent were made by means of a vacuum thermopile connected to a d'Arsonval galvanometer (sensitivity ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ amp.) using a Hilger monochromator to disperse the light and making correction for stray light by taking readings between the lines. Plots of the ratio of corrected photo-current to corrected light intensity as a function of wave-length give the threshold at 2735A. The corresponding photo-electric work function is 4.52 volts. This result is free from the objections raised to those of previous observers and seems clearly to be the evaluation of an intrinsic property of mercury uncontaminated by surface impurities.
A feedback system for controlling arterial and venous pressure to intact dog lungs.

Abstract An electromechanical feedback system for controlling the perfusing pressure to the lower left lobe of dog lungs was developed. It functioned by regulating the size of a balloon located within the lobar artery or vein. The system successfully controlled lobar arterial pressure in 30 dogs and venous pressure in 15 dogs. This control system could be valuable in preparations in which it was previously necessary to use an external perfusion system to control pressure.
The Effects of Curved Foot Design Parameters on Planar Biped Walking

Although the nature of their gaits is similar, planar bipeds with curved feet have been shown experimentally to be more energetically efficient than those with point feet. Further, both healthy human feet and prosthetic feet can be modeled as a circular arc with the center of curvature in front of the shank. Thus, understanding the effects of a curved foot’s properties on the energetic cost of gait and on gait kinematics has the potential to improve both bipedal robots and prosthesis design. To date, there has not been a systematic study of the effects of changing the foot radius and center of curvature location on symmetric bipeds. This paper explores the effects of changing the curved foot’s geometric properties for both two- and five-link planar, underactuated bipeds with instantaneous transfer of support at impact. It is found that the foot radius has a substantial effect on the energetic efficiency of a gait regardless of the morphology of the biped. The effect of foot center of curvature location on energy efficiency is dependent on the morphology of the biped and is much less significant than the effect of foot radius. Both the foot radius and center of curvature location affect the knee kinematics of the five-link biped. The foot radius affects the hip kinematics of the two-link biped.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Do different facets of impulsivity predict different types of aggression

This study examined the relations between impulsivity-related traits (as assessed by the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale) and aggressive behaviors. Results indicated that UPPS-P Lack of Premeditation and Sensation Seeking were important in predicting general violence. In contrast, UPPS-P Urgency was most useful in predicting intimate partner violence. To further explore relations between intimate partner violence and Urgency, a measure of autonomic response to pleasant and aversive stimuli and facets of Neuroticism from the NEO PI-R were used as control variables. Autonomic responsivity was correlated with intimate partner violence at the zero-order level, and predicted significant variance in intimate partner violence in regression equations. However, UPPS-P Urgency was able to account for unique variance in intimate partner violence, above and beyond measures of Neuroticism and arousal. Implications regarding the use of a multifaceted conceptualization of impulsivity in the prediction of different types of violent behavior are discussed.
Southern green stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) damage to fresh market tomatoes

Damage by southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula (L.), to fresh market tomatoes, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., was studied during 1983 and 1984. The effect of tomato fruit size and SGSB density and feeding duration on tomato circumference, weight, and days to maturity, as well as SGSB feeding frequency as indicated by the deposition of stylet sheaths, was quantified. Density and feeding duration had a significant effect on all four damage indices. Feeding frequency was influenced by density and feeding duration in a complex, nonadditive manner, but was not affected by fruit size. Most of the other relationships between infestation levels and the growth of tomatoes were linear, indicating that tomatoes would sustain a significant linear reduction in growth with incremental increases in SGSB density and feeding duration. The interactive effect of density and feeding duration was nonsignificant across all fruit damage indices. Feeding damage induced an early maturity of fruit and thereby reduced fruit size and weight.
γ/δ T cell antigen receptors expressed on tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with solid tumors

The expression of gamma/delta T cell antigen receptors (TcR) in T cell lines or clones derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from patients with solid tumors was investigated. gamma/delta TcR T cell lines were derived from TIL from patients with Wilms tumor, sarcoma or metastatic melanoma by stimulation with autologous tumor cells alone and recombinant interleukin 2 and they exhibited nonspecific cytotoxicity against autologous and allogeneic tumor cells, or cells of the K562 or the MEL21 tumor cell lines. Two T cell lines were derived from a patient with Wilms tumor. One of them expressed a non-disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR using the 60-kDa gamma chain, whereas, the other expressed a disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR. A T cell line was derived from a patient with sarcoma and expressed a disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR, whereas, a T cell line derived from a patient with melanoma expressed a non-disulfide-linked gamma chain of 62 kDa. Several T cell clones were developed from patients with metastatic melanoma or Wilms tumor and expressed either disulfide- or non-disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR. Northern analysis of RNA from certain of these clones revealed a full-length gamma chain transcript, whereas, the alpha or beta chain transcripts were either absent or truncated. These T cell clones exhibited nonspecific cytotoxicity. Both disulfide- and non-disulfide-linked TIL T cell lines and clones expressed the delta TCS1 determinant. gamma/delta TcR+ cells in freshly prepared TIL from these patients were present in low proportions (less than 5%) and their delta TCS1/delta 1 ratios were within the range observed in the peripheral blood of normal donors. These results demonstrate that both disulfide- and non-disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR are expressed on T cell lines and clones derived from TIL from solid tumors. Non-disulfide-linked gamma/delta TcR using the 56-66-kDa gamma chain are frequently found on TIL-derived T cell lines and clones. These 56-66-kDa gamma chains are rarely expressed on T cell lines or clones derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors.
Product line extensions and competitive market interactions: An empirical analysis

Line extensions (i.e., the introduction of a new product that is a variation of a firm's existing product) are an important competitive instrument in consumer non-durable products. Using the `new empirical industrial organization' methodology, we examine the impact of a line extension on price competition between two national yogurt manufacturers. We find that the extending firm gains price-setting power. Additionally, the positioning of the line extension grows the combined sales, and raises the average weekly contributions for both the extending firm and the rival firm. We also discuss additional insights into the nature of competition before and after the extension.
TRACKING RESPONDENTS IN LONGITUDINAL SURVEYS: SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

Over the last fifteen years, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of follow-up and panel studies being undertaken, despite sharply rising interview costs (especially for longitudinal surveys) and the heightened sophistication and wariness of potential respondents. Given this increased interest and these potential problems, it seems appropriate to suggest a possible research strategy for ensuring successful follow-up of respondents in diachronic surveys. Crider et al. have done this in a recent issue of this journal.1 However, like many other researchers, they neglected an important phase of any strategy for panel designs. This research note is intended to serve as an addendum to the article by Crider et al. There is a certain body of information that it is helpful to have before the trackdown begins. In fact, one of the most helpful guidelines that can be suggested to a researcher contemplating a longitudinal study is that the best time to begin the execution of a panel design is even before the first-wave interviews have been administered. Even if one does not intend at T1 to conduct a panel interview, it is wise to collect some limited follow-up information if there is any chance that one may decide post facto to reinterview. In other words, it is recommended that all surveys be designed as though they were to be
CHARGE STATE EVOLUTION IN THE SOLAR WIND. II. PLASMA CHARGE STATE COMPOSITION IN THE INNER CORONA AND ACCELERATING FAST SOLAR WIND

In the present work, we calculate the evolution of the charge state distribution within the fast solar wind. We use the temperature, density, and velocity profiles predicted by Cranmer et al. to calculate the ionization history of the most important heavy elements in the solar corona and solar wind: C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. The evolution of each charge state is calculated from the source region in the lower chromosphere to the final freeze-in point. We show that the solar wind velocity causes the plasma to experience significant departures from equilibrium at very low heights, well inside the field of view (within 0.6 R sun from the solar limb) of nearly all the available remote-sensing instrumentation, significantly affecting observed spectral line intensities. We also study the evolution of charge state ratios with distance from the source region, and the temperature they indicate if ionization equilibrium is assumed. We find that virtually every charge state from every element freezes in at a different height, so that the definition of freeze-in height is ambiguous. We also find that calculated freeze-in temperatures indicated by charge state ratios from in situ measurements have little relation to the local coronal temperature of the wind source region, and stop evolving much earlier than their correspondent charge state ratio. We discuss the implication of our results on plasma diagnostics of coronal holes from spectroscopic measurements as well as on theoretical solar wind models relying on coronal temperatures.
Status of Air Pollution Regulations Affecting Gas Turbines in 80 Nations

This paper summarizes regulations from 80 countries covering air pollution emissions from gas turbines. The paper includes emission and ground level concentration standards for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, visible emissions, and carbon monoxide.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
Pharmacokinetics of iothalamate in endstage renal disease

Some nephrologists make alterations in routine peritoneal and hemodialysis schedules after diagnostic studies that use radiographic contrast agents. A study to determine the pharmacokinetics of one contrast agent, iothalamate, is reported. The plasma (total body) clearance of iothalamate was measured in seven patients who had endstage renal disease (ESRD) and who received maintenance hemodialysis. During an interdialytic period, plasma clearance of iothalamate varied from 0.7 to 5.2 mL/min (3.1 +/- 1.8 mL/min, mean +/- SD) with an elimination rate constant (beta) of 0.0164 +/- 0.01 hr-1, a terminal half-life of 61 +/- 42 hours, and an estimated distribution volume of 11 +/- 3.9 L. Hemodialysis clearance of iothalamate was 104 +/- 54 mL/min. With the assumption that iothalamate is mainly distributed in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment, the theoretical fluid shift from the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment to the ECF compartment was 323 mL after administration of the largest dose (2.1 mL/kg or 1.6 mmol/kg of body weight) of 60% meglumine iothalamate solution. The average maximum serum osmolarity change was less than expected, suggesting some type of internal buffering of meglumine iothalamate. In the first few hours after radiocontrast administration in four patients, the average change in serum osmolarity wasmore » 5 mmol/L; the average change in serum sodium concentration during this same time was a decrease of 0.5 mmol/L. The minor increase in ECF volume induced by hyperosmolar contrast agents does not require immediate dialysis in most patients. When needed, however, for contrast-related adverse effects, hemodialysis is efficient in rapidly removing iothalamate.« less
Cultured postnatal rat septohippocampal neurons change intracellular calcium in response to ethanol and nerve growth factor

Abstract Ethanol exposure affects cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), stabilize intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) during a variety of neurotoxic insults. In this study, changes in [Ca2+]i during treatment with ethanol and NGF were measured at the cell body of neurons using the Ca2+ indicator indo-1. Cultured postnatal day-of-birth (P0) septohippocampal (SH) neurons that were labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), increased [Ca2+]i in response to ethanol. This response was dose-related. P0 SH neurons treated with NGF had lower [Ca2+]i than neurons withdrawn from NGF, implying that NGF may modulate Ca2+ homeostasis in these neurons. NGF also prevented the dose-related increase in [Ca2+]i in ethanol-treated SH neurons. The SH neurons increased [Ca2+]i when they were stimulated with 30 mM potassium chloride (KCl). Ethanol inhibited the potassium-stimulated change in [Ca2+]i but the combination of ethanol and NGF caused [Ca2+]i to increase with 100 mg% and 400 mg% ethanol and to decrease to a lower level with 200 mg% ethanol. These data were compared to data from previously published similar aged medial septal (MS) neurons (B. Webb, S.S. Suarez, M.B. Heaton, D.W. Walker, Clin. Exp. Res. 20 (1996) 1385–1394) and with embryonic gestational day 21 (E21) SH neurons (B. Webb, S.S. Suarez, M.B. Heaton, D.W. Walker, Brain Res. 729 (1996) 176–189). Differences in [Ca2+]i responses were observed in ethanol and NGF-treated postnatal SH neurons compared with P0 MS neurons and E21 SH neurons. Of these differences, most occurred during the combined treatment with ethanol and NGF compared with either treatment alone.
The Center of Excellence on Elder Abuse and Neglect at the University of California, Irvine

The Center of Excellence on Elder Abuse and Neglect at the University of California, Irvine, integrates the work of five discrete but interacting domains related to elder mistreatment. These domains are local projects, research, training and education, technical assistance, and policy and advocacy. The Center is structured in such a way as to maximize information sharing and cross-pollination between the domains, build on lessons learned, and explore new ideas. This article describes the history of the Center, offers examples that highlight how the Center works, and considers the future of this model for the field of elder mistreatment.
X-ray study of4He close-packed structures at high pressure

We determined the transition line between hcp and fcc helium up to 4.5 kbar using x-ray diffraction. The slopedPtr/dTtr increases rapidly with pressure as predicted recently. Unit cell dimensions are given for both structures at 3.33 kbar and 18.5 K.
Adsorption of Thermomonospora fusca E5 cellulase on silanized silica

The adsorption kinetics and dodeceyltrimethylammonium-bromide-mediated elution of Thermomonospora fusca E 5 cellulase were recorded in situ, at hydrophobic, silanized silica. Experiments were performed at different solution concentrations, ranging from 0.001 to 0.70 mg/mL. Plateau values of adsorbed mass generally increased with increasing solution concentration, with the adsorbed layer being only partially eluted by buffer. Treatment with surfactant removed more of the adsorbed enzyme in each case, with the remaining adsorbed mass varying little among experiments. Adsorption of E 5 into this nonremovable state was suggested to occur early in the adsorption process and continue until some critical surface concentration was reached. Beyond this critical value of adsorbed mass, adsorption progressed with the protein adopting more loosely bound states. Adsorption kinetic data were interpreted with reference to an adsorption mechanism allowing for irreversible adsorption into two dissimilar states. These states were distinguished by differences in occupied interfacial area, and binding strength, presumably a result of differences in structure. Comparison of the data to the kinetic model based on this mechanism showed that the fraction of adsorbed molecules present in the more tightly bound state decreased as adsorption occurred from solutions of increasing concentration. However, the absolute values of more tightly bound molecules were less dependent on adsorption conditions.
Comparison of lattice-Boltzmann and brownian-dynamics simulations of polymer migration in confined flows.

This paper compares results from lattice-Boltzmann and Brownian-dynamics simulations of polymer migration in confined flows bounded by planar walls. We have considered both a uniform shear rate and a constant pressure gradient. Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of the center-of-mass distribution agree quantitatively with Brownian-dynamics results, contradicting previously published results. The mean end-to-end distance of the extended polymer is more sensitive to grid resolution $\ensuremath{\Delta}x$ and time-step $\ensuremath{\Delta}t$. Nevertheless, for sufficiently small $\ensuremath{\Delta}x$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}t$, convergent results for the polymer stretch are obtained which agree with Brownian dynamics within statistical uncertainties. The Brownian-dynamics simulations incorporate a mobility matrix for a confined polymer that is both symmetric and positive definite for all physically accessible configurations.
Approximate poisson confidence limits

This paper examines the accuracy of various normal approximations for the confidence limits for the Poisson parameter λ. While exact limits can be obtained from the Chi-square distribution, for large numbers of total counts, Chi-square values for large degrees of freedom are required and may not be readily available. Approximations provided by Pratt(1968)and Molenaar(1973)provide very accurate confidence limits while the two usual approximations, both with and without the continuity correction, are relatively inaccurate.
Topological characteristics of plane sections of polycrystals

Homology metrics have been used to assess the connectivity of grain boundary networks in plane sections of polycrystals. The analysis is based on orientation maps, and four characteristic microstructure types were examined: SrTiO3 microstructures with normal and bimodal grain size distributions and two Ni microstructures with di!erent concentrations of R3 grain boundaries. The inverse connectivity, defined as the ratio of the number of independent pieces of the network to the number of closed loops, is proposed as a metric for the extent to which certain types of grain boundaries are connected. The variation in inverse connectivity with disorientation threshold, below which boundaries are excluded from the network, produces distinct signatures for the di!erent microstructures.
Prediction of water-soluble metal concentrations in fluvially deposited tailings sediments, upper Clark Fork Valley, Montana, U.S.A.

Abstract Mine tailings deposited by historic floods contaminate large areas of the upper Clark Fork floodplain. Metal sulfates precipitate on the floodplain surface as byproducts of sulfide weathering and are concentrated by evaporation of soil moisture. These salts dissolve readily releasing high concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and H + to rainwater and cause periodic fish kills when contaminated runoff reaches the river. A pollution index is proposed to quantify the average enrichment of water-soluble metals over aquatic hazard levels which occur in floodplain surface sediments. A strong correlation between pH and the pollution index was observed. Because the pollution index can be predicted from pH, reconnaissance mapping of metal contamination in surface sediments on the Clark Fork floodplain and in other contaminated river systems can be conducted simply with a pH meter.
The covariance matrix of vocoder speech

W. R. Crowther and C. Rader have found an efficient linear encoding for vocoder chanels which uses the Hadamard matrix. Minimization of expected mean square error leads to the conjecture that the Hadamard matrix diagonalizes the covariance matrix of the logarithm of 16 vocoder channels. The resulting covariance matrix has been computed for different choices of characteristic values.
Single-mode collapse in 6328-A He--Ne lasers

Internal-mirror 6328-A He-Ne lasers have an intramode frequency difference when placed in a transverse magnetic field. When the magnetic field strength is increased until the Zeeman frequency shift approaches the mode spacing, mode coupling is nduced. In some multimode lasers, this mode coupling results in a collapse into single-mode operation with no loss of over-all laser power in the output. The intramode frequency difference can be exploited to produce a simple frequency stabilization system whose frequency variation is less than 1 part in 10(10). Plots of beat frequency variation and single-mode tuning range are included.
The use of text messaging for smoking cessation and relapse prevention: A systematic review of evidence

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1-Anilino-8-Naphthalene Sulfonate Anion-Protein Binding Depends Primarily on Ion Pair Formation

The ANS- (1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate) anion is strongly, dominantly bound to cationic groups of water-soluble proteins and polyamino acids through ion pair formation. This mode of ANS- binding, broad and pH dependent, is expressed by the quite rigorous stoichiometry of ANS- bound with respect to the available summed number of H+ titrated lysine, histidine, and arginine groups. By titration calorimetry, the integral or overall enthalpies of ANS- binding to four proteins, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, papain, and protease omega, were arithmetic sums of individual ANS(-)-polyamino acid sidechain binding enthalpies (polyhistidine, polyarginine, polylysine), weighted by numbers of such cationic groups of each protein (additivity of binding enthalpies). ANS- binding energetics to both classes of macromolecules, cationic proteins and synthetic cationic polyamino acids, is reinforced by the organic moiety (anilinonaphthalene) of ANS-. In a much narrower range of binding, where ANS- is sometimes assumed to act as a hydrophobic probe, ANS- may become fluorescent. However, the broad overall range is sharply dependent on electrostatic, ion pair formation, where the organic sulfonate group is the major determinant of binding.
The reflection for dense plant canopies from the one-angle radiative transfer equation

With the main challenges in the numerical solution of the neutral particle transport equation having largely been met, numerical transport specialists have sought new applications with new transport equations. One such application is radiative transfer associated with satellite remote sensing for environmental monitoring. To reliably apply remote sensing techniques to obtain information about plant canopies, an understanding of how radiant energy interacts with the elements of the plant canopy is essential. The amount of radiant energy input and the amount and wavelength spectrum of the reflected radiant energy are required. Currently, there are several approaches leading to estimates of the canopy reflectance (the angular response at the canopy surface) with one common formulation being the solution to the appropriate radiative transfer equation. The solution to the radiative transfer equation is complicated by the complexity of the photon scattering interaction. In this article the solution to the one-angle radiative transfer equation for a dense canopy, with leaves assumed to scatter as Lambertian surfaces, is solved using a technique originally applied to the conventional radiative transfer equation. >
Middle-school children's understanding of physical activity: "if you're moving, you're doing physical activity".

This qualitative descriptive study explored the understanding of physical activity from the perspectives of middle-school children ( n = 12; ages 11–15 years) who participated in 15 collaborative exploratory meetings (∼1.5 hours/meeting) that were audiorecorded. Content analysis was completed; a pediatric nurse specialist and the participating children validated the findings. The children understood physical activity concretely, considering everything they did as physical activity based on their primary criterion of body movement. The children adeptly recalled activities and activity time duration, but struggled with categorizing the intensity of their activities. Domains of activity included home and school; social activities crossed both arenas. The study contributes to our knowledge of children's understanding of physical activity, highlighting the concreteness of the children's thinking, including their perspectives on evidence and conclusions based on their notions of evidence. Implications for nursing are discussed
Near-critical phenomena and resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography

The analysis in this paper shows the relationship between molecular resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and certain divergent thermodynamic properties of solutes dissolved in near-critical fluids. This divergence is most pronounced in the near-critical regime, leading to the hypothesis that this region provides most promise for heightened molecular resolution, which lies at the heart of analytical and separation technologies. A thermodynamic model for representing capacity factor data in SFC is proposed, spanning a wide density range. The model uses a perturbed hard sphere equation for the fluid phase and lattice concepts for the stationary phase. In addition, data are presented for a number of systems and discussed in terms of the analysis provided. For an isomeric system, the data shows that resolution between species increases with the onset of retrograde behavior, resulting in a distinct maximum point.
Paleomagnetic results from Tertiary volcanic strata and intrusions, Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, Yellowstone National Park and vicinity: Contributions to the North American apparent polar wander path

Abstract We report paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data from volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive rocks of the 55–44 Ma Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup (AVS) exposed along the northeastern margin of Yellowstone National Park and adjacent areas. Demagnetization behavior and rock magnetic experiments indicate that the remanence in most samples is carried by low-Ti titanomagnetite, although high-coercivity phases are present in oxidized basalt flows. Paleomagnetic demagnetization and rock magnetic characteristics, the presence of normal and reverse polarity sites, consistency with previous results, and positive conglomerate tests suggest that the observed remanences are primary thermoremanent magnetizations of Eocene age (c. 50 Ma). An in situ grand-mean for 22 individual site- or cooling-unit means from this study that yield acceptable data combined with published data from Independence volcano yields a declination of 347.6° and inclination of 59.2° (k = 21.8, α95 = 6.8°) and a positive reversal test. Averaging 21 virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) that are well-grouped yields a mean at 137.1°E, 82.5°N (K = 17.6, A95 = 7.8°), similar to results previously obtained from published studies from the AVS. Combining the VGPs from our study with published data yields a combined AVS pole at 146.3°E, 83.1°N (K = 13.5, A95 = 6.2°, N = 42 VGPs). Both poles are indistinguishable from c. 50 Ma cratonic and synthetic reference poles for North America, and demonstrate the relative stability of this part of the Cordillera with respect to the craton.
A New Methodology for Processing Time Varying Traffic Data in Multiple States

Freeway management systems are becoming increasingly important, serving as a core of many intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. Advancement in various areas of traffic monitoring system technology has provided planners and engineers with rich sets of traffic data, both macroscopically and microscopically, that can be used to achieve even better freeway management. In this paper, we propose a new methodology specifically designed to process traffic data that vary in time according to their state. This methodology consists of two algorithms, i.e. a scale space smoothing algorithm and a time segmentation algorithm, which can be used either separately or sequentially to process the data. The scale space algorithm smoothes time series traffic data to eliminate the embedded random effect while preserving the sharp transition state of the data. The time series segmentation algorithm divides the time series data into different "semantically" meaningful segments belonging to different states. This paper also discusses potential applications of this methodology to a variety of ITS implementations. Several experiments have been conducted on selected applications and their results verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Analysis, design, and optimization of spiral inductors and transformers for Si RF ICs

Silicon integrated circuit spiral inductors and transformers are analyzed using electromagnetic analysis. With appropriate approximations, the calculations are reduced to electrostatic and magnetostatic calculations. The important effects of substrate loss are included in the analysis. Classic circuit analysis and network analysis techniques are used to derive two-port parameters from the circuits. From two-port measurements, low-order, frequency-independent lumped circuits are used to model the physical behavior over a broad-frequency range. The analysis is applied to traditional square and polygon inductors and transformer structures as well as to multilayer metal structures and coupled inductors. A custom computer-aided-design tool called ASITIC is described, which is used for the analysis, design, and optimization of these structures. Measurements taken over a frequency range from 100 MHz to 5 GHz show good agreement with theory.
Terminal spacings for high-altitude and ultrahigh-temperature electronic transformer applications

Future electronic equipment mounted aboard high-speed military aircraft and guided missiles will have to withstand high altitudes, ultrahigh temperatures, and radiation. Present goals as established by the U. S. Air Force for electronic power transformers are 100,000 feet altitude, 500 C (degrees centigrade) ambient temperature, and intense nuclear radiation. With terminal spacings normally designed for air dielectric strengths at altitudes up to approximately 50,000 feet and temperatures up to 125 C, additional information is needed on breakdown voltages under these new conditions.
beta decay of hyperons in a relativistic quark model.

A relativistic constituent quark model is used to calculate the semileptonic \ensuremath{\beta} decay of nucleons and hyperons. The parameters of the model, namely, the constituent quark mass and the confinement scale, are fixed by a previous calculation of the magnetic moments of the baryon octet within the same model. We discuss the momentum dependence of the form factors, possible configuration mixing, and SU(3) symmetry breaking. We conclude that the relativistic constituent quark model is a good framework to analyze electroweak properties of the baryons.
Spindle cell metaplasia of the thyroid arising in association with papillary carcinoma and follicular adenoma.

Spindle cell proliferations of the thyroid have been described in association with reactive processes and aggressive malignant neoplasms. We describe spindle cell proliferations in 10 patients arising in association with papillary carcinoma and follicular adenoma. The spindle proliferations were 0.3 to 3.0 cm in size, constituted from 1% to 95% of the primary neoplasm, and were either admixed with the neoplastic elements or peripherally located within the primary tumor. Cytologically, these proliferations showed blandappearing spindle cells with fine chromatin and subtle nucleoli. Mitoses were rare, and inflammation was minimal. Immunostains showed reactivity with thyroglobulin, indicating their follicular origin. We believe it is important to recognize these metaplastic proliferations and distinguish them from aggressive malignant neoplasms. Spindle cell lesions of the thyroid are rare. They can be of primary thyroid origin or arise secondary to metastatic disease. Lesions of primary thyroid origin can be derived from follicular, C-cell (parafollicular), or mesenchymal components. They can manifest either as reactive proliferations, as in the case of post–fine-needle aspiration spindle cell nodules of the thyroid, 1 or as neoplastic processes such as anaplastic carcinoma, 2-4 medullary carcinoma, 5,6 solitary fibrous tumor, 7 and sarcoma. Distinction among these processes is critical, as it dictates therapy and defines patient prognosis. Interpretation of specimens can be difficult and requires immunohistochemical staining to determine the cellular origin of these lesions. We describe 10 cases of spindle cell proliferations in the thyroid arising in association with papillary carcinoma and follicular adenoma, and we discuss the pathologic features and immunohistochemical reactivity patterns that suggest these may result from metaplastic transformation of follicular epithelium.