cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear stability of an expanding spherical liquid film

As a simple model of processes relevant to generation of foams, we consider the stability of an expanding spherical liquid film. Primary influences on stability considered are destabilizing effects of intermolecular attractive forces in the liquid, competing with stabilizing effects of surface tension and its gradients resulting from perturbations to surfactant distribution. Linear stability and growth rates are determined for a film, such as a soap bubble, that is expanding by an increase in the volume of the interior gas. A bubble with fixed total interfacial surfactant is found to become increasingly unstable with expansion by virtue of film thinning and surfactant dilution; the expansion flow exerts a stabilizing influence, but this effect is negligible in practical situations.
POTENTIAL PERSISTENCE OF TRANSGENES: SEED PERFORMANCE OF TRANSGENIC CANOLA AND WILD × CANOLA HYBRIDS

Because wild, weedy-ephemeral species take advantage of periodic disturbance for growth and reproduction, many have considerable seed dormancy and longevity, coupled with germination cued on environmental changes correlated with disturbance. Brassica napus canola is derived from a weedy ephemeral and has sexually compatible wild relatives that are weedy ephemerals, most notably B. rapa. Hence, if transgenes introduced into B. napus canola alter its seed bank dynamics to be more similar to its wild relatives, the chance of transgene escape and persistence is increased. Further, if introgression of the transgene into a wild relative enhances or does not disrupt the seed bank dynamics of wild plants, the transgene could persist in wild populations. I conducted experiments with transgenic, oil-modified B. napus canola (high-stearate and high-laurate types) and wild B. rapa × B. napus canola hybrids (high-laurate type) to determine whether they possessed seed dormancy and germination cuing characteristics favo...
Cell surface negativity and the binding of positively charged particles.

The binding of positively charged, colloidal ferric oxide particles to the surfaces of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, before and after incubation with neuraminidase and/or ribonuclease, has been studied by electron microscopy. An attempt has been made to correlate the amount of binding observed, with the electrophoretic mobilities of the cells under similar conditions to those under which they were exposed to the ferric oxide. Although a progressive loss of staining was observed with progressive loss of cellular net surface negativity, neither property was predictable from knowledge of the other. Some of the difficulties inherent in quantitative staining techniques of this type are discussed.
On Energy Flux and Group Velocity of Waves in Baroclinic Flows.

Abstract A modified energy flux is defined by adding a nondivergent term that involves β to the traditional energy flux. The resultant flux, when normalized by the total eddy energy, is exactly equal to the group velocity of Rossby waves on a β plane with constant zonal flow. In this study, we computed the normalized energy flux for linear wave packets in baroclinic basic states with different vertical profiles. The results show that the normalized energy flux is a good approximation to the group velocity of all parts of the wave packet for the basic states examined. The extension to the nonlinear case is briefly discussed. The magnitude of the fluxes of a downstream developing wave group over the wintertime northern Pacific storm track defined by a regression analysis is computed, and the group velocity defined by the energy fluxes is found to be comparable to the group velocity of propagation of the observed wave packet. The results indicate a very strong component of downstream energy radiation, sugges...
Psychiatric observations on an adolescent inmate social system and culture.

(1969). Psychiatric Observations on an Adolescent Inmate Social System and Culture. Psychiatry: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 292-302.
What's Old is New Again

In this essay, Michael Gerhardt examines a number of recent proposals and arguments to augment federal power to retaliate against judicial decisions federal authorities deem wrongly decided. He suggests these schemes all lack support from conventional sources of constitutional meaning and violate the independence guaranteed to the federal judiciary individually and collectively by the Constitution. This is especially true of recent arguments made by some congressional leaders and conservative scholars to support impeaching and removing federal judges for bad judicial decisions. Gerhardt demonstrates that these arguments are far from new and are merely the expressions of minority viewpoints which were rejected at the time of the Founding and repeatedly since as violating the substantive conception of judicial independence that the Constitution protects.
Elaboration of the bis(pyrazolyl)hydroborato ligand [BpBut,Pri] into the NNO donor ligand, [(MeO)BpBut,Pri]: Structural characterization of a complex in which the [(MeO)BpBut,Pri] ligand models the binding of zinc to the peptide backbone in thermolysin

Abstract The bis(pyrazolyl)hydroborato ligand in (Bp Bu t ,Pr i )ZnMe is converted to the NNO donor ligand in [ η 3 -(MeO)Bp Bu t , Pr i ]ZnMe by insertion of [CH 2 O] into one of the BH bonds; structural characterization by X-ray diffraction confirms that the ligand binds to the zinc centre a in manner analogous to the binding of zinc to the peptide backbone in thermolysin.
Detection and Localization using Unmanned Aerial Systems for Firefighting Applications

This paper presents a method for localizing and tracking a ground-based object when imaged from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Using the pixel location of the target in an image, with measurements of UAV position and attitude, and camera pose angles, the target is localized in world coordinates. The geolocation and tracking control methods have been implemented and simulation results are presented demonstrating the localization and tracking of a target as close to its actual location. Unmanned vehicles are prime candidates for tasks involving risk and repetition. The simplified goal of many of these tasks is to image and/or locate a target for tracking, reconnaissance, or delivery purposes. Therefore the ability to accurately determine the location of a ground-based object using aerial images would contribute to the success of these tasks. This paper presents a method of determining the location of an object in world/inertial coordinates using a gimbaled camera on-board a small, multirotor UAV. Due to low-altitude and low-velocity flight capabilities, these rotorcrafts allow significant advantage in solving the problem. It is therefore reasonable to explore localization methods involving more robust and less-expensive UAV platforms. In addition, this research will use the video stream as means of localizing objects found in its field of view. Vision-based object localization represents as effective use of on-board resources and provide information for many practical applications. The focus of this paper is on determining the location of targets using a UAV-mounted camera. The objective of this research is to accomplish the following: 1) use intelligent image processing tools to identify fire from the video feed obtained from the camera attached to the UAV in real time 2) developing a vision based technique to track objects.
Comparison of clinical features between rotavirus and norovirus infections in hospitalized infants with acute diarrhea

Objective To study the infection status and clinical features of human rotavirus(HRV) and norovirus(NoV) as well as NoV genotypes in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.Methods Fecal specimens and clinical data were collected from 198 hospitalized children under 5 years old diagnosed of acute diarrhea from April 2009 to May 2010.Fifty-three children without diarrhea were selected as control.Group A rotavirus antigen was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).NoV was detected by one-step real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).After detection of noroviruses,positive samples were reamplified using conventional RT-PCR and the PCR amplicons were sequenced.The severity of diarrhea in children was compared.Results Group A rotaviruses and norovirus were identified in 137(69.2%) and 40(20.2%) children with diarrhea,respectively.These two viruses were also detected in 7(13.2%) and 19(35.8%) control children,respectively.Co-infection with both rotavirus and norovirus was found in 6.1%(12/198) of children with diarrhea and also in 5.7%(3/53) of children without diarrhea.The average severity scores of diarrhea didn’t indicate a statistically significant difference between groups with rotavirus alone and with norovirus alone.Sequencing analysis of NoV in cases and controls showed that GⅡ.3 and GⅡ.4 were the predominant genotypes.Conclusions Rotavirus is the most common pathogen of childhood diarrhea.In addition,data showed that NoV was the second most common cause of acute diarrhea in children after rotavirus.Asymptomatic infection of NoV was found in young children.
Endocarditis caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa.

This report describes a case of endocarditis caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa . The patient was a butcher who probably contracted the infection via the cutaneous route. Cure of the erysipelothrix endocarditis was achieved by penicillin therapy, but the patient succumbed later to staphylococcal endocarditis following cardiac surgery. Although rare, the possibility of E. insidiosa infection should be considered when diphtheroid organisms are consistently isolated from a patient’s blood cultures.
Regulation of Appetite and Body Weight

Short-term variations in caloric intake and energy expenditure-including attempts by obese patients to lose weight-tend to be modified by the body's long-term weight regulatory system. Hormones such as leptin and insulin participate in this system, which links changes in body fat content to appropriate compensatory responses in the hypothalamus. Correction of defects in the system might permit sustained weight loss in obese patients.
Retinal pigment epithelial detachment

The vast majority of cases of AMD involve widespread disease with visible neovascularization, "occult" neovascularization, and serous as well as hemorrhagic detachments of the RPE. Accurate interpretation of the clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings in PEDs is difficult. The most noteworthy problem is the recognition of the presence and extent of associated neovascularization. Definitive guidelines for laser photocoagulation treatment of these PEDs have not yet been established. Large-scale, sophisticated clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of laser treatment for this important manifestation of exudative AMD. Until these investigations are completed, certain cases of PEDs may be selected for laser treatment by one of three treatment techniques. A grid pattern photocoagulation to a serous PED may be carried out when there is no demonstrable or suspected underlying SRN and there is persistence and progression of the detachment with associated visual decline. Total photocoagulation of the PED which is suspected of having neovascularization can also be carried out if the fovea can be spared. Finally, photocoagulation of extrafoveal neovascularization beneath or at the margin of a PED can be performed in an attempt to obliterate the neovascularization, resolve the exudative manifestations, and stabilize or improve the vision. Only experienced retinal specialists who are well trained in the recognition of the complex clinical and fluorescein angiographic features of PEDs should attempt to treat these unusual and complicated cases.
Tracheal and laryngeal resections for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Extensive local invasion of the trachea or larynx by differentiated thyroid cancer has usually resulted in a conservative therapeutic approach, including at least a thyroid biopsy and external beam irradiation. Thyroidectomy, if performed, has also allowed radioactive iodine administration with variable uptake. Survival rates are rarely reported, but generally considered dismal. In light of this, an aggressive surgical approach was initiated with attempted resection of all local tumor tissue. Seven patients (five females and two males), 38 to 82 years of age (mean, 64), underwent tracheal sleeve resection for obstructing lesions (four patients) or partial laryngectomy (three patients) for locally invasive tumors. Esophageal resections were included in two patients. Follicular cancer was seen in two patients; Hurthle cell cancer was seen in three patients; and papillary cancer was seen in two patients. Patients were also treated with radioactive iodine and external beam irradiation. Patients were followed regularly postoperatively to establish survival. No operative deaths were seen. Two patients died of disease at 57 and 47 months postoperatively. One died of natural causes 24 months after surgery. Four patients are alive at 10, 29, 114, and 118 months after resection. Mean survival, to date, is 51.3 months. Aggressive attempts at surgical resection of differentiated thyroid cancers seems warranted for tumors obstructing the trachea or involving the larynx. It has been well tolerated and is associated with a >4-year average survival. A nihilistic approach no longer can be justified in these patients.
Fluorescent taggants with temporally coded signatures

In this paper, resonance energy transfer (RET) networks between chromophores are used to implement fluorescent taggants with temporally coded signatures. Because the temporal signature of such a fluorescent taggant is a phase-type distribution defined by the geometry of its RET network, the taggant design is not constrained by resolvable dyes and has a significantly larger coding capacity than spectrally or lifetime coded fluorescent taggants. Meanwhile, the detection process becomes highly efficient when the signatures are coded in the time domain. The taggant identification method is based on the multinomial distribution of detected photons and Maximum Likelihood Estimation, which guarantees high accuracy even with only a few hundred photons and also applies to a mixture of taggants in multiplex detection. Therefore, these temporally coded fluorescent taggants have great potential for both in situ and Lidar applications.
Complications in pediatric enteral and vascular access

Obtaining reliable enteral and vascular access constitutes a significant fraction of a pediatric surgeon׳s job. Multiple approaches are available. Given the complicated nature of this patient population multiple complications can also occur. This article discusses the various techniques and potential complications associated with short- and long-term enteral and vascular access.
Workforce needs for smart grid technologies

The electrical power grids are going through some major changes and investments to secure reliable grid operation and more efficient and sustainable energy use. Smart grid technologies are key enablers to develop future grids. Securing a qualified workforce to adapt to the game changers in our industry, deploying smart grid technologies and managing the grid is essential to achieving industry goals and satisfying society needs. This presentation addresses the following topics: • Industry workforce needs and trends • Challenges and opportunities to train and educate a workforce • Key success factors to develop the required workforce
Beam spread functions calculated using Feynman path integrals

Abstract A method of solving the radiative transfer equation using Feynman path integrals (FPIs) is discussed. The FPI approach is a mathematical framework for computing multiple scattering in participating media. Its numerical behavior is not well known, and techniques are being developed to solve the FPI approach numerically. A missing numerical technique is detailed and used to calculate beam spread functions (BSFs), a commonly studied experimental property of many types of media. The calculations are compared against measured BSFs of sea ice. Analysis shows differently-shaped BSFs, and suggests the width parameter of the calculated BSF's Gaussian fit approaches a value in the limit of the number of path segments. A projection is attempted, but suggests a larger number of path segments would not increase the width of the calculated BSF. The trial suggests the approach is numerically stable, but requires further testing to ensure scientific accuracy.
Reseña de Tirso de Molina, «La fingida Arcadia», ed. Victoriano Roncero, New York/Madrid, IDEA/Instituto de Estudios Tirsianos, 2016, 222 pp. ISBN 978-1-938795-19-0

Review of Tirso de Molina, La fingida Arcadia , ed. Victoriano Roncero, New York/Madrid, IDEA/Instituto de Estudios Tirsianos, 2016, 222 pp. ISBN 978-1-938795-19-0
Synthesis and Characterization of Nitro‐, Trinitromethyl‐, and Fluorodinitromethyl‐Substituted Triazolyl‐ and Tetrazolyl‐trihydridoborate Anions

The problem of preparing energetic, exclusively mono-azolyl substituted hydridoborate anions in high yield and purity from [BH4]− and nitroazoles by hydrogen elimination was overcome by reacting the corresponding nitroazolate anions with the BH3 adducts BH3⋅S(CH3)2 or BH3⋅THF. The highly-energetic, nitro-, trinitromethyl-, and fluorodinitromethyl- substituted triazolyl- and tetrazolyl-trihydridoborate anions were synthesized in this manner and characterized by vibrational and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and their crystal structures. The use of excess BH3 resulted in some cases in the addition of a second BH3 molecule bound more-weakly to one of the nitrogen atoms of the azole ring. All monoazolyl-trihydridoborates were thermally less stable than the parent azolate anions. A decomposition product of tetraphenylphosphonium (5-(trinitromethyl)-5H-2λ4-tetrazol-2-yl)trihydridoborate, the tetraphenyl-phosphonium (dinitro-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methanide monohydrate, was also structurally characterized, providing some insight into the decomposition pathways of the nitromethyl-substituted azolyltrihydridoborate anions.
The role of prevention.

Abstract Daily migraine medication prevention is indicated when migraine frequency and disability are high. Drug selection is predicated on comorbidity in order to treat multiple disorders at the same time, and using the highest level of evidence possible. Treatment is initiated at a low dose, working up to an effective dose, and maintained for at least 2–3 months, with headache diary monitoring for outcome. Poor outcome is associated with picking the wrong drug, an excessive initial dose, an inadequate final dose, too short a duration of treatment, or unrealistic expectations. The best evidence for preventive medications exists for amitriptyline, propranolol, timolol, valproate, and topiramate.
A Career Guide From Little League To Retirement: Age And Success In Baseball

On July 2, 2006, Washington Nationals manager Frank Robinson grinned as he stood beside Carlos Lugo at a press conference to announce the signing of a 16-year-old shortstop prospect. Team president Stan Kasten could not hide his enthusiasm for his young acquisition, “This is an important signing. We can now compete for the best talent in Latin America. We will have a presence there.” General Manager Jim Bowden could already see success in young Lugo’s future, “He’s a definite starter in the big leagues. He’s an incredible shortstop.” Nationals officials described him as possibly being capable of fielding like Ozzie Smith and hitting like Miguel Tejada.20
2 – Constitutive Modeling for Rocks and Joints with Comments on Numerical Implementation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents constitutive modeling for rocks and joints with comments on numerical implementation. The mechanical behavior of rocks and discontinuities or joints in rocks, under static and dynamic loads, plays a vital role in stress-deformation, stability analyzes, and design of rock foundations and structures founded in or on rocks. Factors such as nonlinearity because of material response, joints and fractures, in situ stresses, stress history and paths, time and environmental effects influence constitutive modeling of rocks and joints. Realistic laboratory and/or field testing on material are highly important for characterization of the behavior of these materials. A solution procedure—analytical or computational—requires a realistic constitutive model to define the behavior of materials composing the engineering systems. With the modern numerical or computational methods, it is possible to incorporate the complex nonlinear models toward improved solutions of boundary value problems. The disturbed state concept is based on the idea that the observed or measured response of a material can be expressed in terms of its responses with respect to basic reference states such as the intact response and the critical state response.
The Origins of the Soviet Oil Crisis, 1970–1985

Soviet oil production peaked in 1983 and declined in 1984, chiefly because the growth of West Siberian output has nearly stopped. The root of the problem is two decades of unbalanced policy favoring near-term payoff over long-term preparation. Exploration has been systematically neglected in favor of development, and the West Siberian oil industry has been built on too narrow a base. Despite warnings from local officials as early as 1970, this led to a first crisis in 1976-1977. Moscow responded with an emergency increase in development drilling. This approach prevented output from dropping between 1978 and 1983 but only aggravated the deep-seated imbalance, preparing the way for a new crisis in 1983-1985. The underlying causes of this near-sighted approach are analyzed and the implications for a deeper understanding of Soviet decision-making spelled out. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 052, 124, 721.
Role of Metallothionein in Induced Resistance to Cadmium Toxicity in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

In order to investigate the fundamental role of metallothionein in the cellular response to cadmium exposure, a model system based on the primary suspension culture of isolated rat hepatocytes was developed. Inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis was utilized as an index of the effect of cadmium on intracellular metabolism. Comparative studies between hepatocytes prepared from control rats (naive hepatocytes) and from rats injected with 20 mg Zn2+/kg (s.c.) 24 hr prior to experimentation (Zn-preinduced hepatocytes) indicate that the presence of intracellular Zn-MT significantly reduces cadmium toxicity in the model system. Furthermore, this effect can be fully explained by the ability of the preinduced Zn-MT to sequester intracellular cadmium taken up during the subsequent exposure. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the resistance to cadmium toxicity conferred by pre-exposure to zinc is solely due to the cadmium binding capacity of preinduced Zn-MT.
A mid-air collision warning system: Performance comparison using simulated ADS-B, Radar and Vision sensor inputs

We compare the performance of a collision warning system when it is deployed with three different types of sensors. The paper demonstrates the use of an Unscented Kalman filter to robustly estimate the Time to Minimum Separation (TMS) and Absolute Minimum Separation (AMS) between two aircraft. This improves the Time For Evasion by approximately a factor of 2 when compared to the previous study. Three popular sensors (ADS-B, Radar, and Vision) in the context of sense-and-avoid for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are simulated using known error metrics in a MATLAB environment to examine the reliability of our Collision Warning System. The results reveal the advantages and disadvantages of integrating each sensor to the current system, including a comparison of the errors in the computed TMS and AMS. Finally, we demonstrate that our collision warning system is sensor agnostic, and capable of operation with sensor inputs of various qualities.
Impact of Patient Attrition from Bariatric Surgery Practice on Clinical Outcomes.

Obesity has become a global epidemic. Bariatric surgery remains the most successful modality for producing sustained weight loss. Attrition rates after bariatric surgery are currently reported between 3 and 63% depending on the type of bariatric operation and the length of follow-up provided by the bariatric surgery team. It is currently unknown if patient attrition from bariatric surgery programs impact clinical outcomes. The availability of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) and the Mayo Clinic Midwest unified electronic medical record (EMR) provide a unique opportunity to explore this topic. Raw data was downloaded from MBSAQIP database for all laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) cases between May 1, 2008 and January 8, 2015 (N = 1242). Baseline weight and preexisting comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) were recorded using the MBSAQIP database and the EMR. Current weight and comorbidity data (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) were subsequently collected at the time closest to the patient’s surgical anniversary dates during the following assessment periods: years 1, 2, and 3 after surgery. Mean percentage total weight loss (TWL) was calculated at each time frame for each patient. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics, including counts and percentages for categorical variables by either year or year and location. The number of patients seen by the bariatric surgery practice (BSP) compared to those seen by other providers within our practice (attrition to bariatric surgery practice (ABSP)) was highest in year 1 and reduced each subsequent year (year 1: BSP N = 740, ABSP N = 166, year 2: BSP N = 425, ABSP N = 309, and year 3: BSP N = 235, ABSP N = 325). The mean TWL in the BSP and ABSP groups at year 1 was 31.84% versus 30.19%, at year 2 was 31.34% versus 29.67%, and at year 3 was 29.01% versus 27.71% respectively. Differences were statistically significant between groups at years 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was not found in year 3 despite a trend towards higher TWL in the BSP group. Among all patients, statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) were observed between baseline and years 1, 2, and 3 for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Our study confirms the problem of patient attrition to follow up at our BSP. It is also the first to suggest a difference in weight loss outcomes among patients seen in BSP compared to those seen by other providers (ABSP) at 1 and 2 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The potential implications of this observation on long-term weight maintenance after LRYGB and the impact on metabolic comorbidities remain unknown but warrant further investigation. It also warrants the development of strategies to improve patient retention in BSP and/or engagement of medical providers to achieve that end.
Design, optimization, and fabrication of mechanical metamaterials for elastic wave control

Harsh shock and vibration environments are commonly encountered in engineering applications involving dynamic loading. Acoustic/elastic metamaterials are showing significant potential as candidates for controlling wave propagation and isolating sensitive structural components. However, these materials have complex microstructures that must be properly designed to achieve their desired properties. In this talk we will present strategies for PDE-constrained design optimization of locally resonant elastic/acoustic metamaterials. We will present a variety of resonator geometries that can be easily optimized for wave control applications, along with fabrication details involving multi-material additive manufacturing. A variety of objective functions will be compared for their effectiveness in designing mechanical filters. Numerical examples will be presented for vibration isolation and acoustic cloaking applications. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Departmentof Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration. With main facilities in Albuquerque, NM, and Livermore, CA, Sandia has major R&D responsibilities in national security, energy and environmental technologies, and economic competitiveness.
Efficacy and histologic accuracy of underwater versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for large (>20 mm) colorectal polyps: a comparative review and meta-analysis.

Background and Aims Major limitations with conventional EMR (C-EMR) include high rates of polyp recurrence and low en-bloc resection rates, especially for lesions >20 mm in size. Underwater EMR (U-EMR) has emerged as an alternate technique for en-bloc resection of larger lesions. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of the 2 techniques. Methods Multiple databases were searched through June 2020 for studies that compared outcomes of U-EMR and C-EMR for colorectal lesions. Meta-analysis was performed to determine pooled odds ratios (ORs) of successful R0, en-bloc, and piecemeal resection of colorectal lesions. We compared the rates of polyp recurrence at follow-up, diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer, and adverse events with the 2 techniques. Results Eleven studies, including 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1851 patients were included in the final analysis. A total of 1071 lesions were removed using U-EMR, and 1049 lesions were removed using C-EMR. Although U-EMR had an overall superior en-bloc resection rate compared with C-EMR (OR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1-3.5; P = .04), both techniques were comparable in terms of polyps >20 mm in size (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.1; P = .75), R0 resection (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.74-12.6; P = .14), piecemeal resection (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.74-12.6; P = .13), and diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6-1.8; P = .82). There were lower rates of polyp recurrence (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P = .01) and incomplete resection (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5; P = .001) with U-EMR. Both techniques have comparable resection times and safety profiles. Conclusions Our results support the use of U-EMR over C-EMR for successful resection of colorectal lesions. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of U-EMR for resecting polyps >20 mm in size.
Two-stage and dual-decoder convolutional U-Net ensembles for reliable vessel and plaque segmentation in carotid ultrasound images

Carotid ultrasound is a screening modality used by physicians to direct treatment in the prevention of ischemic stroke in high-risk patients. It is a time intensive process that requires highly trained technicians and physicians. Evaluation of a carotid ultrasound requires segmentation of the vessel wall, lumen, and plaque of the carotid artery. Convolutional neural networks are state of the art in image segmentation yet there are no previous methods to solve this problem on carotid ultrasounds. We introduce two novel convolutional U-net models for both vessel and plaque from ultrasound images of the entire carotid system. We obtained de-identified images under IRB approval from 226 patients. We isolated a total of 500 ultrasound images spanning the internal, external, and common carotid arteries. We manually segmented the vessel lumen and plaque in each image that we then use as ground truth. In 10-fold cross-validation all models attain over 90% accuracy for vessel segmentation. With a basic convolutional U-Net we obtained an accuracy of 66.8% for plaque segmentation. With our dual-decoder model we see an improvement to 68.8% whereas our two-stage model falls behind at 65.1% accuracy. However, if we gave our two-stage model the true correct vessel as input its plaque accuracy rises to 81.7% suggesting that the method has potential and needs more work. We ensemble our U-Net and dual decoder U-Net models to obtain confidence scores for segmentations. By considering high confidence outputs above the 60% and 80% thresholds the accuracy of our dual decoder U-Net rises to 75.2% and 87.3% respectively. Our work here shows the potential of dual and two-stage methods for vessel and plaque segmentation in carotid artery ultrasound images and is an important first step in creating a system that can independently evaluate carotid ultrasounds.
To Teach the University is to Teach Reparations: A Class Project

If scholars and activists have long noticed that discussions about reparations re-emerge during periods of intense racial strife, then perhaps it is not surprising that reparations have again become an increasingly mainstream conversation in the US. Significantly, the university has not been insulated from these discussions, but in fact has become an important site of this struggle. As of now, most critical attention both on the page and in the streets has been pointed at private, elite universities in which the fact of the university’s founding during the antebellum US becomes a flash point for the discussions of the legacy of slavery. However, using my own university teaching context as an example, I show that the discussion of reparations in the context of the American University need not – and indeed, as many scholars and activists argue, should not – be limited to those institutions that were funded from slavery’s profits or were literally built with slave labor. By discussing a course project that looks into my own university’s history, I model one strategy for educators to normalize the discussion of reparations as well as expand its reach to encompass more recent and ongoing injuries to African-American communities.
Concerning the preparation of geminal digrignard reagents.: The mechanism of reaction of geminal dihalides with magnesium and sodium.

Abstract Mechanistic studies of the reactions of geminal dihalides with magnesium and sodium have been carried out and the possibility of preparing geminal DiGrignard Reagents for use in situ has been explored.
An Analytical Solution Evaluating Steady-State Plumes of Sequentially Reactive Contaminants

A steady state version of an analytical solution of the reactive flow and transport problem is derived. This solution allows a better understanding of the steady-state plume characteristics, and allows the prediction of the effectiveness of natural attenuation of sequentially reactive contaminants. The sequential reactions are assumed to be first order. Using spatial moments as compact information of plume characteristics, the total mass, plume centroids, and extents of each contaminant plume are derived as functions of dispersivity, velocity, and reaction rates. The steady-state plume centroids and extents are independent of stoichiometric coefficients. The solution is demonstrated for a four-species sequentially reactive transport in a one-dimensional column. The extension to three dimensions is easily made and does not change the basic functions.
Control of Phase Structure in Polymer Blends

Development of new molecules and chemical modifications of existing ones have been the most common ways new challenges for polymeric materials have been approached in the past. These routes have become increasingly complex and expensive over the years, and, thus, alternate ones have become more interesting and attractive. Polymer blending is one such approach that is presently in a state of rapid scientific and commercial development, as attested by recent books, reviews and symposia1–28. Another related physical approach is polymer-polymer composites in the form of fibers, film, and sheet materials often made via coextrusion technology15, 29
City of Rhetoric: Revitalizing the Public Sphere in Metropolitan America, David Fleming

I have been looking forward to the publication of City of Rhetoric since I first heard David Fleming present his research on the rhetoric of gentrification several years ago. My anticipation was a ...
Some recent results in quiescent prominence spectrometry

This paper describes some recent results of a quiescent-prominence spectrometry program. The observations were made with a 25-cm coronagraph/coude spectrograph system using a silicon vidicon detector. This detector consists of 500 contiguous channels covering approximately 6 or 80 A, depending on the grating used. The instrument is interfaced to a computer system and has the important advantages of wide spectral response, linearity, and signal averaging with real-time display. Its principal drawback is the relatively small target size. For the present work, the aperture was about 3 x 5 arcsec. Absolute intensity calibrations were made by measuring quiet regions near the center of the sun.
Creating Residential and Tenure Histories from Multi-Year White Pages

In epidemiology research, a list of residences a person has occupied as well as a history of tenants for a residence are useful pieces of information for investigating geographically localized risk factors, environmental exposures, and for analyzing disease clusters. This article reports on a methodology for constructing residential and tenure histories using multi-year white page phone listings. Residential histories associate a person with a list of addresses of residence and the length of occupancy at each address. Tenure histories document the list of persons occupying a residence along with length of occupancy. These histories were created using fuzzy matching on name address pairs between sequential years. Simulated annual phone listing data were used to develop and test the methodology which was then applied to an actual white page phone listing for a study town in Maine. The approach is applied locally and generates partial local residential and tenure histories that capture local migrations. We see these local history sets as building blocks for constructing more geographically extensive histories over time. Geocoded results were compared against numbers of housing units reported in the 2000 and 2010 US Census to assess the proportion of local residences captured by phone listings.
How do APIs evolveq A story of refactoring: Research Articles

Frameworks and libraries change their APIs. Migrating an application to the new API is tedious and disrupts the development process. Although some tools and ideas have been proposed to solve the evolution of APIs, most updates are done manually. To better understand the requirements for migration tools, we studied the API changes of four frameworks and one library. We discovered that the changes that break existing applications are not random, but tend to fall into particular categories. Over 80p of these changes are refactorings. This suggests that refactoring-based migration tools should be used to update applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Theory, East Asia, Science Studies

When I tried to buy a bottle of white flower oil (baihuayou) recently at a Taipei pharmacy, I was given a box of Viagra instead. Noticing my grimace, the old man behind the counter thrust a pencil ...
EFFECT OF GRID ORTHOGONALITY ON THE SOLUTION ACCURACY OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATION

Abstract The effects of grid orthogonality and smoothness on the accuracy of finite-difference solutions of the two-dimensional Laplace, convection-diffusion, and Navier-Stokes equations are studied analytically and numerically. The examples include flow past an airfoil and in a branching channel. It is concluded that orthogonality has little impact on accuracy in general, provided the angle between grid lines is not too small. Rather, accuracy is very sensitive to the clustering of points in the regions of rapid variation of the solution, and orthogonality may in fact have an adverse effect on the quality of the solution when it leads to a coarser resolution of these regions. These conclusions also extend to orthogonality at boundaries (either physical or computational), where Neumann conditions are implemented by one-sided derivatives.
Recombinational error and deletion formation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a role for RecJ in the production of pilE (L) deletions.

Genetic linkage within Neisseria gonorrhoeae populations is in equilibrium, yet the physical linkage map indicates a relatively stable chromosome structure, despite an apparently vast potential for mispairing between repeated sequences (e.g. between the multiple pil or opa alleles, or through mispairing of any of the numerous small repeated sequences that are liberally scattered throughout the chromosome). Therefore, the stability of the physical linkage map suggests that aberrant recombination between repeated sequences is a rare event. This study was undertaken to explore some of the parameters that may govern deletion events between short direct oligonucleotide repeats, using a chromosomal locus that appears to be especially prone to deletions (the pilin expression locus; pilE). In this report, we demonstrate that deletion formation at pilE occurs primarily through recombinational error following a pilE/pilS interaction; illegitimate (i.e. RecA-independent) events can occur, but they are infrequent. In contrast, when genetically engineered opa deletion substrates were constructed and placed in the chromosome, deletions at the opa loci were infrequent even under rec+ conditions. A model is presented in which the gonococcal RecA and RecJ proteins promote pilE deletions through a recombination event that is templated or stabilised by a pilE/pilS interaction.
Analysis of Sabine river flow data using semiparametric spline modeling

In this article, a modeling approach for the mean annual flow in different segments of Sabine river, as released in the NHDPlus data in 2007, as a function of five predictor variables is described. Modeling flow is extremely complex and the deterministic flow models are widely used for that purpose. The justification for using these deterministic models comes from the fact that the flow is governed by some explicitly stated physical laws. In contrast, in this article, this complex issue is addressed from a completely statistical point of view. A semiparametric model is proposed to analyze the spatial distribution of the mean annual flow of Sabine river. Semiparametric additive models allow explicit consideration of the linear and nonlinear relations with relevant explanatory variables. We use a conditionally specified Gaussian model for the estimation of the univariate conditional distributions of flow to incorporate auxiliary information and this formulation does not require the target variable to be independent.
Radiation oncology information systems and clinical practice compatibility: Workflow evaluation and comprehensive assessment.

Abstract Purpose To map the level of clinical practice compatibility with a radiation oncology information system (ROIS) through a workflow- and clinical process-based method aimed at optimizing the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of patient care; to improve the understanding of the critical relationship between the clinical practice and ROIS. Methods and materials Clinic-specific workflow and infrastructure were classified into clinical processes, information management, and technological innovation integration. Clinical information systems-information technology infrastructure and process maps were generated by a team of experts, representing clinical constituents. These maps served as the basis for evaluating connectivity and process flow and to guide the development of a quantitative survey where all clinical tasks and subprocesses were ranked according to importance in patient care and scored by the team of experts for performance. Process maps and survey output were used to measure ROIS compatibility with the practice and to guide practice improvement. Results Practice-specific process and infrastructure maps were generated. The developed survey was applied and results indicate a range of ROIS compatibility with clinical workflow and infrastructure. Survey results combined with experiential feedback provided specific prioritized guidance to improve both ROIS performance and clinic-specific processes and infrastructure. Conclusions This work provides a systematic and customizable tool to understand and evaluate clinical information and workflow and its compatibility with a given ROIS. The analysis provides insight into workflow improvements and information systems and information technology infrastructure limitations. Participating in such a process provides the entire team with a deeper understanding of the critical relationship between the clinical practice and the ROIS.
Categorical abstract algebraic logic: The criterion for deductive equivalence

Equivalent deductive systems were introduced in [4] with the goal of treating 1-deductive systems and algebraic 2-deductive systems in a uniform way. Results of [3], appropriately translated and strengthened, show that two deductive systems over the same language type are equivalent if and only if their lattices of theories are isomorphic via an isomorphism that commutes with substitutions. Deductive equivalence of π-institutions [14, 15] generalizes the notion of equivalence of deductive systems. In [15, Theorem 10.26] this criterion for the equivalence of deductive systems was generalized to a criterion for the deductive equivalence of term π-institutions, forming a subclass of all π-institutions that contains those π-institutions directly corresponding to deductive systems. This criterion is generalized here to cover the case of arbitrary π-institutions.
OSTEOCYTE APOPTOSIS AND CONTROL OF BONE RESORPTION FOLLOWING OVARIECTOMY IN MICE

Abstract Introduction Osteocyte apoptosis has been linked to bone resorption resulting from estrogen depletion and other resorptive stimuli; however, precise spatial and temporal relationships between the two events have not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of osteocyte apoptosis in relation to bone resorption following ovariectomy to test whether osteocyte apoptosis occurs preferentially in areas known to activate resorption. Moreover, we report that osteocyte apoptosis is necessary to initiate endocortical remodeling in response to estrogen withdrawal. Materials and methods Adult female C57BL/6J mice (17 weeks old) underwent either bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), or sham surgery (SHAM) and were euthanized on days 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after OVX. Diaphyseal cross-sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis. The percentages of caspase-positive stained osteocytes (Casp + Ot.) were measured along major and minor anatomical axes around the femoral diaphysis to evaluate the distribution of osteocyte apoptosis after estrogen loss; resorption surface was measured at the adjacent endocortical regions. In a second study to test whether osteocyte apoptosis plays a regulatory role in the initiation of bone resorption, a group of OVX mice received the pan-caspase inhibitor, QVDOPh, to inhibit osteocyte apoptosis. Remaining experimental and sham groups received either QVD or Vehicle. Results OVX increased osteocyte apoptosis in a non-uniform distribution throughout the femoral diaphyses. Increases in Casp + osteocytes were predominately located in the posterior diaphyseal cortex. Here, the number of apoptotic osteocytes 4- to 7-fold higher than sham controls ( p p Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that osteocyte apoptosis following estrogen loss occur regionally, rather than uniformly throughout the cortex. We also showed that estrogen loss increased osteocyte apoptosis. Apoptotic osteocytes were overwhelmingly localized within the posterior cortical region, the location where endocortical resorption was subsequently activated in ovariectomized mice. Finally, the increases in osteoclastic resorption normally observed after estrogen withdrawal did not occur in the absence of osteocyte apoptosis indicating that this apoptosis is necessary to activate endocortical remodeling following estrogen loss.