cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic Interactions and Flash-Induced Proton Uptake in Reaction Centers from RB. Sphaeroides

X-ray structural analysis of crystalline RCs from Rhodopseudomonas viridis [1,2] and Rhodobacter sphaeroides [3–5] has localized the cofactors and indicated the involvement of individual amino acid residues in cofactor binding. However the transient functional roles are still largely unclear. Following RC excitation by light, an electron is passed from the primary donor, a bacteriochlorophyll dimer (P), to the primary quinone (QA) and then to the secondary quinone (QB).
Does Cognitive Ability Impact Life Insurance Policy Lapsation

Life insurance is an important household risk management and financial tool. Policy lapsation has economic effects on life insurance companies, policyholders, and beneficiaries and the impact may be detrimental when these lapses are unexpected. Prior literature has examined several hypotheses of life insurance lapse focusing mainly on macroeconomic factors using aggregate data and household microeconomic factors using household-level data. We introduce and test individual cognitive ability variables in a model of the life insurance voluntary lapse decision by individual policyholders using household-level data from the Health and Retirement Study. We find that one measure of cognitive ability in particular, numeracy, is related to the voluntary lapse decision. While controlling for numeracy, we find evidence that those individuals with higher levels of net worth are less likely to voluntarily lapse a policy which is consistent with the emergency fund hypothesis. We introduce a new measure of liquidity shock, kids moving home, into the model and find it has a strong positive relationship with the decision to voluntarily lapse a policy. Consistent with life insurance demand theory, we find that those who have recently entered retirement are more likely to lapse their policy.
Structural Proteomics by NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful spectroscopic technique that permits the detailed study at atomic resolution of the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of macromolecules and their complexes in solution. In this brief chapter, I discuss various aspects of NMR that are pertinent to structural proteomics, that is, the high-throughput study of protein–protein complexes at the atomic level. Structural work on complexes has gained increasing importance since it is evident that the structure of a complex yields far greater functional insight than the structures of its individual component proteins. Macromolecular structure determination by NMR is intrinsically a highly specialized, labor-intensive, and time-consuming technique. In addition, for a system of any reasonable size (say, greater than about 70 residues), isotopic labeling with N and C is required. Numerous reviews have been written on the subject detailing the experimental and computational methodologies involved (Wuthrich, 1986; Clore and Gronenborn, 1989, 1991, 1998; Bax and Grzsiek, 1993; van de Ven, 1995; Cavanagh et al., 1996). Determining the structure of a single protein by NMR can be broken down into essentially four steps: (i) sequential resonance assignment making use of a number of experiments to identify through-bond connectivities along the backbone and side chains (usually 3D triple resonance experiments); (ii) assignment of cross-peaks in nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectra (usually 3D and 4D) to obtain short (≤5–6 A) interproton distance restraints, which provide
Four Unchartered Corners of Anti-Corruption Law: in Search of Remedies to the Sanctioning Effect

This Article is the third installment in a long-term research project that examines the effects of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in relation to its underlying policy goals. It first reiterates the various data points showing that enforcement now has the unintended effect of reducing investment in higher-corruption markets. Because this amounts to the withdrawal of capital from developing countries in protest of their political conditions, I call this the “sanctioning effect.” The paper then seeks to push the envelope of current anti-bribery debates by exploring connections to four fields of academic inquiry not typically associated with the FCPA. First, this Article argues that the FCPA deserves a prominent place in the broader securities law discussion of the “bonding thesis,” which examines why foreign companies enter U.S. capital markets despite higher costs and liability. The Article explains that because entering the U.S. capital markets triggers jurisdiction over foreign companies, securities laws that are designed to induce such listings can help remedy the sanctioning effect. Second, the Article explores the principle, recently adopted by the Obama Administration, that corruption is properly understood as a human rights issue. It argues that truly embracing this principle as the cornerstone of our anti-corruption agenda would transform FCPA enforcement. Third, the paper shows that the theories of criminal punishment that explain the current enforcement regime are general deterrence and incapacitation, and that these compound the sanctioning effect. It then draws on the contemporary restorative justice debate to begin sketching the contours of an alternative paradigm. Finally, the Article describes several examples of foreign policy concerns dramatically altering FCPA enforcement outcomes and suggests that a more coherent and transparent treatment of the FCPA's foreign policy implications may require establishing a new federal office. The paper provides a preliminary mapping of these uncharted corners in anticipation of future academic (ad)ventures.
Friendship Behaviors During Early Childhood and Beyond

This project examines friendship development by identifying behaviors that young children associate with friendship and comparing whether those behaviors match what adults in an enduring friendship recall about the beginnings of their friendships. To examine these questions, young children at a child care facility were interviewed about friendship and 95 adults in enduring friendships identified critical incidents from the beginnings of their friendships. The results not only support past research about what friends mean to young children; but also identifies the ability children have to make distinctions among the many individuals who play with them to be able to label a special person as a “best friend.” The project proposes that whether childhood friendships become enduring friendships is based on the opportunities the children have to remain friends. It is suggested the opportunity to remain friends is one that can be enhanced by parents and early childhood programs.
The Median Hypothesis

The classification task uses observations and prior knowledge to select a hypothesis that will predict class assignments well. In this work we ask the question: what is the best hypothesis to select from a given hypothesis class? To address this question we adopt a PAC-Bayesian approach. According to this viewpoint, the observations and prior knowledge are combined to form a belief probability over the hypothesis class. Therefore, we focus on the next part of the learning process, in which one has to choose the hypothesis to be used given the belief. We call this problem the hypothesis selection problem. Based on recent findings in PAC-Bayesian analysis, we suggest that a good hypothesis has to be close to the Bayesian optimal hypothesis. We define a measure of “depth” for hypotheses to measure their proximity to the Bayesian optimal hypothesis and we show that deeper hypotheses have stronger generalization bounds. Therefore, we propose algorithms to find the deepest hypothesis. Following the definitions of depth in multivariate statistics, we refer to the deepest hypothesis as the median hypothesis. We show that similarly to the univariate and multivariate medians, the median hypothesis has good stability properties in terms of the breakdown point. Moreover, we show that the Tukey median is a special case of the median hypothesis. Therefore, the algorithms proposed here also provide a polynomial time approximation for the Tukey median . This algorithm makes the mildest assumptions compared to other efficient approximation algorithms for the Tukey median .
Quantitative comparison of topical aluminum salt solution efficacy for management of sweating: a randomized, controlled trial.

SummaryBackground There is a lack of studies objectively comparing the efficacy of topical antiperspirants in reducing sweat. Objective To objectively and quantitatively compare the efficacy of two aluminum salt solutions for the reduction of induced sweating. Methods A subject, rater, and statistician-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Nineteen subjects were exposed to a standardized heat challenge for 3 h. Topical agent A (20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate) was randomized to either axilla, and topical agent B (1% aluminum acetate) assigned to the contralateral side. A sauna suit induced sweating during three 30-min heat intervals: (1) with no study agents (pre); (2) with both study agents, one on each side; and (3) after the agents were washed off (post). Sweat levels were measured by securing Whatman® filter paper to each axilla and measuring the paper weight after each heat interval. The difference in paper weight following each heat interval between Study Agent A and Study Agent B was measured by a gravimetric scale. Results Topical agent A had a significantly greater effect at reducing axillary sweating than B (P = 0.0002). Conclusion In a sweating simulation, 20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate quantitatively and objectively appeared to reduce sweat more effectively than 1% aluminum acetate.
Adding Life and Interest to a Presentation

In the previous two chapters, you learned how to create a presentation and how to fill it with good-looking slides that convey the message you want. In this chapter, you’ll look at how to inject life and interest into a presentation by adding graphics, movies and sounds, animations, and transitions. You’ll also learn to hide slides so that they don’t appear during a slide show, allowing you to keep them in reserve, and how to create custom slide shows within a presentation so that you can show only specific parts of it.
Use of restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping to study epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida in closed swine herds.

One hundred and sixty-four clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida recovered from two swine herds in Minnesota were characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and rRNA gene restriction fragment length patterns. Bacterial DNA was digested with HpaII and electrophoresed in 0.55% agarose. Restriction fragments were transferred by Southern blot to nylon membranes and then hybridized with digoxigenin-dUTP-labeled Escherichia coli rRNA. Four different REA patterns were observed among the 156 serotype A strains isolated from herds A and B. The two most common REA types (1 and 2) represented 92% of the strains analyzed, while REA types 3 and 4 were observed only in lung samples and accounted for 8% of the isolates. Two different ribotypes were observed for these serotype A isolates. Ribotype I consisted of the most common types, 1 and 2, found by DNA fingerprinting. Ribotype II included REA types 3 and 4. Results from both herds suggest that in closed swine populations, a single strain of P. multocida predominates and causes disease. It is concluded that these genomic fingerprinting techniques were highly discriminatory and that capsular serotyping in combination with REA or ribotyping is an appropriate technique for epidemiological studies of P. multocida of swine origin. Images
Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: A Decade in Review.

Childhood obesity has become an epidemic on a worldwide scale. This article gives an overview of the progress made in childhood and adolescent obesity research in the last decade, with a particular emphasis on the transdisciplinary and complex nature of the problem. The following topics are addressed: 1) current definitions of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity; 2) demography of childhood and adolescent obesity both in the US and globally; 3) current topics in the physiology of fat and obesity; 4) psychosocial correlates of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity; 5) the three major obesity-related behaviors, i.e. dietary intake, physical activity and sleep; 6) genes components of childhood and adolescent obesity; 7) environment and childhood and adolescent obesity; and 8) progress in interventions to prevent and treat childhood obesity. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, including the need for large-scale, high dose and long-term interventions that take into account the complex nature of the problem.
Bite force production capability and efficiency in Neandertals and modern humans

Although there is consensus that Neandertal craniofacial morphology is unique in the genus Homo, debate continues regarding the precise anatomical basis for this uniqueness and the evolutionary mechanism that produced it. In recent years, biomechanical explanations have received the most attention. Some proponents of the “anterior dental loading hypothesis” (ADLH) maintain that Neandertal facial anatomy was an adaptive response to high-magnitude forces resulting from both masticatory and paramasticatory activity. However, while many have argued that Neandertal facial structure was well-adapted to dissipate heavy occlusal loads, few have considered, much less demonstrated, the ability of the Neandertal masticatory system to generate these presumably heavy loads. In fact, the Neandertal masticatory configuration has often been simultaneously interpreted as being disadvantageous for producing large bite forces. With rare exception, analyses that attempted to resolve this conflict were qualitative rather than quantitative. Using a three-dimensional digitizer, we recorded a sequence of points on the cranium and associated mandible of the Amud 1, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and La Ferrassie 1 Neandertals, and a sample of early and recent modern humans (n = 29), including a subsample with heavy dental wear and documented paramasticatory behavior. From these points, we calculated measures of force-production capability (i.e., magnitudes of muscle force, bite force, and condylar reaction force), measures of force production efficiency (i.e., ratios of force magnitudes and muscle mechanical advantages), and a measure of overall size (i.e., the geometric mean of all linear craniofacial measurements taken). In contrast to the expectations set forth by the ADLH, the primary dichotomy in force-production capability was not between Neandertal and modern specimens, but rather between large (robust) and small (gracile) specimens overall. Our results further suggest that the masticatory system in the genus Homo scales such that a certain level of force-production efficiency is maintained across a considerable range of size and robusticity. Natural selection was probably not acting on Neandertal facial architecture in terms of peak bite force dissipation, but rather on large tooth size to better resist wear and abrasion from submaximal (but more frequent) biting and grinding forces. We conclude that masticatory biomechanical adaptation does not underlie variation in the facial skeleton of later Pleistocene Homo in general, and that continued exploration of alternative explanations for Neandertal facial architecture (e.g., climatic, respiratory, developmental, and/or stochastic mechanisms) seems warranted. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Use by Gender and Early Initiation Status

Within the adolescent risk behavior literature, questions remain about relationships among behaviors in early adolescence, gender, context, and negative social and health outcomes. Additionally, little attention has focused on trajectories of adolescent risk behavior among impoverished African American youth. Using data from the Mobile Youth Survey, a multiple cohort longitudinal study of adolescents living in impoverished neighborhoods, we have reduced gaps in the literature by identifying trajectories of alcohol use for males and females separately as a function of early initiation of alcohol use. Our findings indicate that early initiation of alcohol use predicts escalating use at least through age 17. Results are especially notable for females who begin drinking before age 12: They drink significantly more than any other group at age 12 and their trajectory remains the highest through age 17. Our findings about the escalation of drinking have implications for efforts to improve the lives of impoverish...
Measurement of Bone Blood Flow Using the Hydrogen Washout Technique-Part II. Validation by Comparison to Microsphere Entrapment

Accurate and reproducible measurement of bone blood flow has important clinical and experimental applications. Hydrogen washout is simple, safe, and widely used, but its use in bone tissue has not been validated. To this end, we have compared cortical bone blood flow measurements obtained by radioactive-labeled microsphere entrapment with those from hydrogen washout. Blood flow was measured in tibial cortical bone of 12 New Zealand White rabbits by radioactive microsphere entrapment and by hydrogen washout. Besides a control group (n = 6), four animals were treated with systemic epinephrine (0.8 microg/kg/min) (group 2) and two with nitroprusside (100 microg/kg/min) (group 3). Furthermore, nine femora from seven rats were isolated on their vascular pedicles and repeated bone blood flow measurements were made at each location with the hydrogen washout method to confirm reproducibility of blood flow determinations by hydrogen washout. An average flow of 2.3 +/- 2.0 mL/min/100 g was obtained with the microsphere method and 2.0 +/- 0.5 mL/min/100 g with the hydrogen washout method. There was a significant correlation and agreement: R(2) = 0.97 (p < 0.01). No consistent flow variations were found with systemic vasoactive drug administration. Hydrogen washout provided reproducible results and showed high sensitivity to flow changes. Hydrogen washout is both sensitive and reproducible in measuring bone blood flow. Results agree well with flow values obtained by labeled microsphere entrapment.
Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence on possible drug interactions between antibiotics and oral contraceptives (OCs) that may lead to OC failure. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and Lexis/Nexis Medical Library searches for 1966–1999 using the key word “oral contraceptives,” cross-indexed with the terms “antibiotics,” “adverse effects,” and “pregnancy,” and MEDLINE search using the additional MeSH term “drug interactions.” No language restrictions were used. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: A total of 167 articles were retrieved for analysis. Another 32 articles were identified by review of the references cited in these publications. Articles were selected based on their ability to provide information on the relationship between antibiotic therapy and OC efficacy in otherwise compliant users (defined as women with unplanned pregnancies who reported compliance with their OC regimen). Additionally, studies that either directly measured the effects of antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of OC components, or that analyzed the effects of antibiotics on measures of ovulation in OC users were accepted. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: At least 30 cases have been reported of pregnancies occurring in women taking OCs and antibiotics, particularly rifampin. Approximately 20% of pregnant women reporting to family planning or abortion clinics reported concomitant OC and antibiotic use. Information from adverse event reporting databases generally mirrors the types of information gleaned from these case reports and clinical surveys and accounts for approximately one-third of reported cases. Retrospective surveys, primarily from dermatology-based practices, also have reported 24 pregnancies in OC users who concomitantly received therapy with antibiotics, most commonly tetracyclines and penicillins. Apparent OC failure rates in clinical surveys were within the usual range expected for patterns of typical use. In pooled results obtained from relatively small populations, oral antibiotics, with the exception of rifampin, have not significantly affected the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, and norethindrone or reduced the serum concentrations of gonadotropins. However, individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in the plasma concentration of these components of OCs and who appeared to ovulate. CONCLUSION: Rifampin impairs the effectiveness of OCs. Pharmacokinetic studies of other antibiotics have not shown any systematic interaction between antibiotics and OC steroids. However, individual patients do show large decreases in the plasma concentrations of ethinyl estradiol when they take certain other antibiotics, notably tetracycline and penicillin derivatives. Because it is not possible to identify these women in advance, a cautious approach is advised.
Visualizing Human Body Motion Simulations

The simulation of uncontrolled human motion often requires realistic graphics displays. But what can you do if your simulation program has no graphics capabilities?
Evaluation of mixed integer programming formulations for non-preemptive parallel machine scheduling problems

Mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations for scheduling problems can be classified based on the decision variables upon which they rely. In this paper, four different MIP formulations based on four different types of decision variables are presented for various parallel machine scheduling problems. The goal of this research is to identify promising optimization formulation paradigms that can subsequently be used to either (1) solve larger practical scheduling problems of interest to optimality and/or (2) be used to establish tighter lower solution bounds for those under study. We present the computational results and discuss formulation efficacy for total weighted completion time and maximum completion time problems for the identical parallel machine case.
Use of Intranasal Cromolyn Sodium for Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis affects 10% to 20% of Americans. It frequently coexists with other conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and asthma, and is associated with impaired occupational function and performance in school, decreased quality of life, and increased health care costs. An efficacious agent with minimal adverse effects and a lack of drug interactions is needed to help simplify treatment of allergic rhinitis, especially in patients with comorbidities. Controlled studies of intranasal cromolyn sodium therapy for patients with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis are reviewed, and appropriate candidates for treatment with this agent are discussed. Cromolyn inhibits the degranulation of sensitized mast cells, thereby blocking the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators. It reduces symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and, when used prophylactically, cromolyn can prevent symptoms from occurring. Controlled studies comparing cromolyn with placebo, intranasal corticosteroids, and antihistamines have shown the efficacy of cromolyn in relieving rhinitis symptoms. In addition, because cromolyn is poorly absorbed systemically, it is well tolerated and not associated with drug interactions. Intranasal cromolyn has an excellent safety record, is available as an over-the-counter medication, and has been proved to be efficacious in patients with allergic rhinitis.
Embedding Ag Nanoparticles into MgF2 Nanorod Arrays

Using a unique glancing angle co-deposition technique, face-centered cubic Ag nanoparticles have been embedded into aligned polycrystalline MgF 2 nanorods with different topological shapes, such as tilted, zigzag, vertical, and helical nanorods. The optical properties of the artificial nanocomposite materials, such as surface plasmon resonance and polarization absorbance, are determined by the size of the Ag nanoparticles as well as the alignment and shape of the MgF 2 nanorod arrays. The combination of co-deposition and glancing angle deposition provides a unique way to design novel nanocomposite materials and doped nanorod arrays.
Decoding augmented cutset codes (Corresp.)

Cutset codes augmented by Hakimi and Frank's technique are shown to be two-step orthogonalizable and, hence, two-step majority decodable. It is seen that these codes can also be decoded by decoders that have virtually the same amount of hardware as completely orthogonalizable codes with the same dimension.
Quadrennial review of the magnetotail.

The findings of research conducted on the magnetotail in the years 1983-1986 are presented. The topics discussed include observations of the distant (between 60 and 220 earth radii) and the near-earth (earthward of 35 earth radii) magnetotail regions by the ISEE l, 2, and 3 and IMP 8 spacecraft, and magnetotail theory and modeling. These studies established the association between substorms and plasmoids in the deep tail and the linkage between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere via field-aligned currents and electric fields.
Characterization of population-based variation and putative functional elements for the multiple-cancer susceptibility loci at 5p15.33.

Background: TERT encodes the telomerase reverse transcriptase, which is responsible for maintaining telomere ends by addition of (TTAGGG) n nucleotide repeats at the telomere. Recent genome-wide association studies have found common genetic variants at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus (5p15.33) associated with an increased risk of several cancers. Results: Data were acquired for 1627 variants in 1092 unrelated individuals from 14 populations within the 1000 Genomes Project. We assessed the population genetics of the 5p15.33 region, including recombination hotspots, diversity, heterozygosity, differentiation among populations, and potential functional impacts. There were significantly lower polymorphism rates, divergence, and heterozygosity for the coding variants, particularly for non-synonymous sites, compared with non-coding and silent changes. Many of the cancer-associated SNPs had differing genotype frequencies among ancestral groups and were associated with potential regulatory changes. Conclusions: Surrogate SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with the majority of cancer-associated SNPs were functional variants with a likely role in regulation of TERT and/or CLPTM1L. Our findings highlight several SNPs that future studies should prioritize for evaluation of functional consequences.
Novel BST:MgTiO3 composites for frequency agile applications

The (Ba 1 m x Sr x )TiO 3 (BST) system is well known for its high response of the dielectric constant to an applied electric field. However, the large dielectric constants found in this system limit its usefulness at microwave frequencies. A number of groups have used composite structures to dilute the dielectric constant and suppress the dielectric loss of BST for microwave applications. Typically, the low dielectric constant material MgO has been used as the secondary phase in the composites. In this work, we report on the dielectric properties of BST composites using the microwave dielectric MgTiO 3 . Room temperature dielectric constants of <400 (measured at 1 kHz), and dielectric tunabilities of ∼36% (at 20 kV/cm) have been achieved for the BST:MT composites. Due to the superior quality of these composite ceramics, large electrical breakdown fields in excess of 100 kV/cm are possible. High-field measurements indicate that the dielectric tunability of BST:MgTiO 3 composites can be as high as 70% at 80...
Psychophysiology of language processes in psychopathology: an overview of the special issue.

Aberrations in linguistic communication are informative in elucidating the mechanisms that underlie neuropsychiatric disorder. Perhaps foremost among such language dysfunctions are the speech disturbances associated with states of psychopathology, especially the psychotic disorders. As noted by Maher (1991), Bleuler (1911/1950) employed the language utterances of schizophrenia patients to gauge the loss of connectivity among inner associational processes that, at the time, could not be assessed more directly. Modern psychophysiological approaches provide windows into the psychological and neurophysiological systems that serve to encode and access language representations, and thereby provide objective assessments of functional activity. In this special issue, researchers who have probed aspects of linguistic and semantic function in psychopathological disorders present a compendium of recent research findings and reviews of prior work that provide working models for understanding and tracking aspects of language disorder associated with psychiatric illness.
Trypanosoma brucei brucei: A systematic screening for alternatives to the salicylhydroxamic acid-glycerol combination

Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and glycerol, when administered together, cause destruction of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, both in vitro and in vivo, but the dose required is exceedingly high. In an attempt to improve the efficacy of this drug combination, we examined the ability of various polyols and hydroxamic acids to substitute for glycerol and SHAM, respectively. No satisfactory substitute for glycerol was found. The inhibition of the trypanosomal alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase system (GPO) by SHAM (Ki 21 microM) was uncompetitive. Only primary and secondary aromatic hydroxamates were inhibitory. Among a series of 19 benzhydroxamates, no correlation existed between their acidity or their affinity for iron and their inhibition of the GPO in a cell free preparation. The Ki's of most of the primary hydroxamates ranged from 10 to 24 microM, with the more lipophilic derivatives being slightly more active. The Ki's of secondary hydroxamates were more variable, the best having Ki's of about 10 microM. Several other classes of iron chelators were also evaluated. Tropolones were active with 3-bromo-4,5-benzotropolone being as active as SHAM. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (Ki 15 microM) also inhibited the GPO. On the other hand, diphenylamine and 8-hydroxyquinoline, known inhibitors of the GPO, were 30 to 50 times less active. The results suggest that a lipophilic aromatic iron-chelating agent may be useful as a substitute for SHAM in combination therapy.
5-Year Survival After Multiple Repeat Metastasectomy for Pulmonary Artery Angiosarcoma

Primary pulmonary artery angiosarcomas are rare malignant tumors with few reported survivors. We report a case of a 39-year-old woman without evidence of disease 5 years after initial diagnosis and after multiple metastasectomies and pulmonary artery tumor endarterectomy.
Anomaly detection in multiple scale for insider threat analysis

Insiders now pose the greatest risk to organizations' information infrastructure when they have the incentive, opportunity, rationalization and the capability to circumvent rules. Cost estimates approach $1000 B/year from modification of data, security mechanisms, unauthorized network connections, covert channels, and physical damage and destruction including information extrusion/exfiltration.We propose a method to quantify malicious insider activity with statistical and graph-based analysis aided with semantic scoring rules. Different types of personal activities or interactions are monitored to form a set of directed weighted graphs. The semantic scoring rules assign higher scores for events more significant or suspicious. Then we build personal activity profiles in the form of score tables. Profiles are created in multiple scales where the low level profiles are aggregated toward more stable higher-level profiles within the subject or object hierarchy.Further, the profiles are created in different time scales such as day, week, or month. During operation, the insider's current activity profile is compared to the historical profiles to produce an anomaly score. For each subject with a high anomaly score, a subgraph of connected subjects is extracted to look for any related score movement. Finally the subjects are ranked by their anomaly scores to help the analysts focus on high-scored subjectsln this research, we show the framework of the proposed system and the operational algorithms.
The Role of Allergy Therapy in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review

The role of allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. The objectives of the review were to determine if atopy plays a role in CRS, and to determine if allergy treatment impacts patient outcome. We screened 1,755 articles, resulting in 37 studies, of which 7 were prospective. No randomized controlled trials examining the benefit of immunotherapy in CRS were found in the literature. The study populations for the majority of the studies available were highly selected, evaluating patients failing medical therapy and often requiring endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Evidence from these studies suggests a high prevalence of atopy in CRS patients with a possible role of food allergy in CRS pathophysiology. Five of the 7 cohort studies in this review did not show a correlation between atopy and post-surgical outcome in CRS patients requiring ESS.
Porcelain fused to gold inlays for restoration of incisal angles.

In the technic described, porcelain inlay investment is used as a die material; the inlay has three gold margins and a porcelain margin on the labial surface.
PASSIVE COMPLIANCE IS A MORE ACCURATE PREDICTOR OF POOR OUTCOME THAN VENTILATOR REQUIREMENTS IN VENTILATED INFANTS

PASSIVE COMPLIANCE IS A MORE ACCURATE PREDICTOR OF POOR OUTCOME THAN VENTILATOR REQUIREMENTS IN VENTILATED INFANTS
Right ventricular volumes vs. right ventricular ejection fraction are more powerful independent predictors of survival in patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction. However, the predictive value of right ventricluar (RV) assessment in patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is unknown. Purpose In patients with severe ICM, we sought to assess the association of RVEF, RV end systolic and diastolic volumes (RV ESVi/RV ESDVi), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) with outcomes in severe ICM. Methods
Phosphorylation of tropomyosin in live frog muscle

Abstract Phosphate incorporation into tropomyosin was found in muscles of live frogs injected with [ 32 P]orthophosphate and left at room temperature for from 1 to 4 days. The labeled tropomyosin was purified to homogeneity as evidenced by amino acid analysis and analytical gel electrophoresis. Partial hydrolysis indicated that the incorporated 32 P was in the form of serine phosphate.
Elites: Choice, Leadership and Succession

Elites: Choice, Leadership and Succession. Joao de Pina-Cabral and Antonia Pedroso de Lima. Oxford: Berg, 2000. vii. 253 pp., tables, bibliography, index.
Behavior of a large nonequilibrium MHD generator

A large nonequilibrium MHD generator of the linear, segmented-electrode, Faraday type has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments have been run at the following nominal operating conditions: generator Mach number of 2.2 with a mass flow of 0.4 kg/sec"1 of helium seeded with about 0.3% cesium; stagnation conditions were 2000°K and about 5-atm pressure. The loaded generator exhibited several unusual features, including a very slow increase in the load currents axially and very large anode drops. The Hall voltage was a small fraction of its ideal value. At short circuit, load currents at least five times those possible with frozen ionization were drawn; but these currents were still far below those predicted by one-dimensional theory. At open circuit the transverse voltages were usually very low near the inlet and exit but as large as 0.6 of the ideal value near the channel center; negative electrode drops were measured on both cathodes and anodes. A theoretical model is proposed to explain this behavior. It is hypothesized that highly conducting layers exist along the electrode walls which short the generator through the end regions at open circuit. These layers exist because the transverse current is impeded at the insulator segments of the electrode wall, leading to a larger conductivity there than in the main flow. Under load these layers interact with a two-dimensional inlet relaxation front to couple the generator end-toend, producing the very slow axial build-up of the load current. The proposed model is shown to explain the major features of the experimental results.
Chemical Speciation of Dissolved Copper in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, with Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

Although chemical speciation studies of copper in sea and estuarine waters have received extensive attention, few investigations have been reported dealing with freshwater eco-systems. This work represents the first set of accurate and comprehensive data on chemical speciation of dissolved copper in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, obtained with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The average dissolved copper concentration in the bay was 10.1 nM (0.642 μg/L), and the complexing capacity and logK’ values ranged from 192 to 417 nM and 7.52 to 9.63, respectively, implying extensive chelation by natural organic ligands. Both parameters display seasonal and site location variations. This study shows that the total dissolved copper exists predominantly (> 98%) as strong organic complexes with the remainder (< 2%) as labile copper.
Decreased Bile-Acid Synthesis in Livers of Hepatocyte-Conditional NADPH–Cytochrome P450 Reductase–Null Mice Results in Increased Bile Acids in Serum

NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase (Cpr) is essential for the function of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450), including those P450s involved in bile acid (BA) synthesis. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase (H-Cpr-null) have been engineered to understand the in vivo function of hepatic P450s in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. However, the impact of hepatic Cpr on BA homeostasis is not clear. The present study revealed that H-Cpr-null mice had a 60% decrease in total BA concentration in liver, whereas the total BA concentration in serum was almost doubled. The decreased level of cholic acid (CA) in both serum and livers of H-Cpr-null mice is likely due to diminished enzyme activity of Cyp8b1 that is essential for CA biosynthesis. Feedback mechanisms responsible for the reduced liver BA concentrations and/or increased serum BA concentrations in H-Cpr-null mice included the following: 1) enhanced alternative BA synthesis pathway, as evidenced by the fact that classic BA synthesis is diminished but chenodeoxycholic acid still increases in both serum and livers of H-Cpr-null mice; 2) inhibition of farnesoid X receptor activation, which increased the mRNA of Cyp7a1 and 8b1; 3) induction of intestinal BA transporters to facilitate BA absorption from the intestine to the circulation; 4) induction of hepatic multidrug resistance–associated protein transporters to increase BA efflux from the liver to blood; and 5) increased generation of secondary BAs. In summary, the present study reveals an important contribution of the alternative BA synthesis pathway and BA transporters in regulating BA concentrations in H-Cpr-null mice.
A Conditional Mutation Affecting Localization of the Menkes Disease Copper ATPase SUPPRESSION BY COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION

Copper is an essential co-factor for several key metabolic processes. This requirement in humans is underscored by Menkes disease, an X-linked copper deficiency disorder caused by mutations in the copper transporting P-type ATPase, MNK. MNK is located in the trans-Golgi network where it transports copper to secreted cuproenzymes. Increases in copper concentration stimulate the trafficking of MNK to the plasma membrane where it effluxes copper. In this study, a Menkes disease mutation, G1019D, located in the large cytoplasmic loop of MNK, was characterized in transfected cultured cells. In copper-limiting conditions the G1019D mutant protein was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, this mislocalization was corrected by the addition of copper to cells via a process that was dependent upon the copper binding sites at the N-terminal region of MNK. Reduced growth temperature and the chemical chaperone, glycerol, were found to correct the mislocalization of the G1019D mutant, suggesting this mutation interferes with protein folding in the secretory pathway. These findings identify G1019D as the first conditional mutation associated with Menkes disease and demonstrate correction of the mislocalized protein by copper supplementation. Our findings provide a molecular framework for understanding how mutations that affect the proper folding of the MNK transporter in Menkes patients may be responsive to parenteral copper therapy.
Prophylactic Phenylephrine for Iatrogenic Priapism: A Pilot Study With Peyronie's Patients

PURPOSE Although penile duplex Doppler ultrasonography (PDDU) is a common and integral procedure in a Peyronie's disease workup, the intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents can carry a serious risk of priapism. Risk factors include young age, good baseline erectile function, and no coronary artery disease. In addition, patients with Peyronie's disease undergoing PDDU in an outpatient setting are at increased risk given the inability to predict optimal dosing. The present study was conducted to provide support for a standard protocol of early administration of phenylephrine in patients with a sustained erection after diagnostic intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents to prevent the deleterious effects of iatrogenic priapism. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective review of Peyronie's disease patients who received phenylephrine reversal after intracavernosal alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) administration to look at the priapism rate. Safety was determined on the basis of adverse events reported by subjects and efficacy was determined on the basis of the rate of priapism following intervention. RESULTS Patients with Peyronie's disease only had better hemodynamic values on PDDU than did patients with Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction. All of the patients receiving prophylactic phenylephrine had complete detumescence of erections without adverse events, including no priapism cases. CONCLUSIONS The reversal of erections with phenylephrine after intracavernosal injections of alprostadil to prevent iatrogenic priapism can be effective without increased adverse effects.
The Professor is Excused

(2002). The Professor is Excused. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 59-60.
Manufactured Configurations of Piezoceramic Disk-Style Actuators

The thermally-induced deformations of disk-style actuators that are manufactured flat at an elevated temperature to cure the adhesives and are then cooled to room temperature for use are studied. These particular actuators are designed to deform out of plane as they are cooled. Though the intended deformed shape is dome-like, they sometimes cool to a near-cylindrical configuration. This issue is studied by developing an analysis and then using it to explore the influence of geometry, material properties, and fabrication temperature on whether the cooled configuration is dome-like or near-cylindrical. The analysis is based on using the total potential energy in combination with the Rayleigh-Ritz approach. Geometric nonlinearities are included, and as a result, stability of the cooled configurations is studied.
In vitro serum cholesterol esterification in coronary artery disease.

The mean serum in vitro cholesterol esterification as determined by the decrease in the concentration of free cholesterol after incubation of serum for 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours has been compared in four groups: subjects with acute myocardial infarction, subjects with chronic coronary artery disease, age-matched healthy controls, and young healthy controls. The original data revealed a significantly decreased esterification in subjects with chronic coronary artery disease compared to the group of age-matched controls (p < 0.05), and a significantly increased free cholesterol in subjects with acute myocardial infarction compared to the age-matched healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Comparisons of these four groups were then made by removal of those subjects with total cholesterol > 300 mg. per 100 ml. and 300 mg. per 100 ml. When the statistical analysis was performed, the mean in vitro cholesterol esterification was significantly decreased at 6 hours (p < 0.02), 24 hours, and 48 hours (p < 0.01 in) subjects with chronic coronary artery disease compared to age-matched controls and was significantly decreased at 6 hours (p < 0.05) and 48 hours (p < 0.01) in subjects with acute myocardial infarction compared to the age-matched controls. The average slope describing cholesterol esterification over time was significantly decreased in acute myocardial infarction and chronic coronary artery disease (p < 0.01). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the young healthy group and the older age-matched healthy subjects. Although these findings suggest the possibility that subjects with coronary artery disease have a deficiency of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, the limitations of this study are stressed. It is unlikely that a firm conclusion will be available until an accurate method of determining the initial rate of plasma cholesterol esterification is available and until the enzyme is purified.
Succession: Similarities of Species Turnover Rates

The rate coefficients for species turnover (the proportion of species lost per unit time) for successional communities decrease as the communities approach some equilibrium state. This observation makes it possible to determine the parameters of a two-parameter model which quantifies the time variation of successional changes in the second derivative.
Cross Tolerance to Environmental Stressors: Effects of Hypoxic Acclimation on Cardiovascular Responses of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to a Thermal Challenge

Abstract Hypoxia and temperature are two major, interactive environmental variables that affect cardiovascular function in fishes. The purpose of this study was to determine if acclimation to hypoxia increases thermal tolerance by measuring cardiovascular responses to increasing temperature in two groups of channel catfish. The hypoxic group was acclimatized to moderate hypoxia (50% air saturation, a P O2 of approximately 75 Torr) at a temperature of 22 °C for 7 days. The normoxic (i.e. control) group was maintained the same, but under normoxic conditions (a P O2 of approximately 150 Torr). After acclimation, fish were decerebrated, fitted with dorsal aorta cannulae, and then exposed to increasing temperature while cardiovascular variables were recorded. The endpoint (critical thermal maximum, CTMax) was defined as a temperature at which heart rate and blood pressure sharply decreased, indicating cardiovascular collapse. Fish acclimatized to moderate hypoxia had higher resting heart rate than controls. Hypoxic acclimatized fish had a significantly higher CTMax. Acclimation to hypoxia increases the cardiovascular ability of channel catfish to withstand an acute temperature increase.
Aspects of high energy ballistics

Abstract A systematic development of the dynamics of motion appropriate in the supersonic velocity region where satellite orbits can exist, or escape from a gravitational field may arise, is presented.A more realistic treatment of the falling body problem is offered which leads to vertical flight relations that clearly indicate transition from bound to free states of motion.The results of celestial mechanics are adapted and extended toward a broader appreciation of high energy ballistics.In particular, an idealized gunnery table is constructed giving the optimal firing angle and range as well as the time of flight for firing velocities approaching the satellite region.Some elementary features of the satellite orbit are delineated.