cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H+-ATPase activity in selective disruption of H+-K+-ATPase alpha 1 gene of mice under normal and K-depleted conditions

The outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) plays an important role in acid-base homeostasis by two luminal proton ATPases, H+-ATPase and H+–K+-ATPase (HKA), both of which are in the intercalated cells (ICs) of OMCD. We showed previously that HKAα1 (gastric H+-K+-ATPase) activity is the essential H+-K+-ATPase activity under normal conditions, and that HKAα2 (colonic H+-K+-ATPase) is induced and mediates increased proton-secretion under K-depleted conditions. 1 , 2 , 3 To better understand the role of H+-ATPase (potassium-independent) in acid secretion and the relationship between H+-ATPase and a specific HKA isoform, we examined H+-ATPase activity in the H+–K+-ATPaseα1 knockout (KO) mice under normal and K-depleted conditions. Mice were fed a potassium-free diet and studied after 7 days. Segments of the OMCD were perfused in vitro, and intracellular pH (pHi) was measured by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy using the pH-sensitive indicator BCECF-AM. The isolated OMCD tubules obtained from mice fed a potassium-free diet were examined by fluorescent immunocytochemistry with an antibody to the 31-kDa subunit of H+-ATPase (E-11) and were compared with those obtained from a normal diet. In the absence of Na+ and K+, the H+-ATPase-mediate pHi recovery rates were 6.7 ± 1.1 × 10−4 units/s (n = 7 ICs) in wild-type (WT) mice and increased to 8.7 ± 1.8 × 10−4 (P
Social Capital, Racial Diversity, and Equity: Evaluating the Determinants of Equity in the United States

Robert Putnam’s work suggests social capital is compatible with social equality, while Rodney Hero argues the two are inversely related. Hero and Putnam, however, are limited in their arguments because they have only cross-sectional data and their theoretical arguments imply dynamic relationships over time. We create a state-level social capital index and a measure of racial diversity that varies over time and across states. We use multivariate models to determine whether social capital or racial diversity better predicts levels of policy equity. We find that social capital detrimentally affects policy equity and racial diversity is positively associated with policy equity.
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells by organophosphate insecticides and their oxygen analogs.

Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEsj in cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells by 10 anticholinesterase organophosphate insecticides was investigated. The insecticides were two phosphates (dichlorvos and dicrotophos), four sulfur‐containing organophosphates (malathion, parathion, leptophos, and diazinon), and four oxygen analogs of the latter (malaoxon, paraoxon, leptophosoxon, and diazoxonj. All of the compounds except diazinon induced statistically significant increases in SCE frequencies at concentrations between 0.03 and 1.0 mM. These results suggest that SCE induction is a common property of organophosphate insecticides. Compared to the sulfur‐containing organophosphates, the oxygen analogs consistently produced higher SCE frequencies and had stronger antiproliferative activity. Compared to two known genotoxicants, doxorubicin and ethyl methanesulfonate, the ability of organophosphates to produce SCEs is much weaker.
Right ventricular papillary muscle approximation as a novel technique of valve repair for functional tricuspid regurgitation in an ex vivo porcine model.

Objectives Annuloplasty for functional tricuspid regurgitation may sometimes be ineffective because of chamber dilation and valve tethering. This study compared a novel technique, right ventricle (RV)–papillary muscle approximation, with annuloplasty in experimentally-produced tricuspid regurgitation. Methods RVs of isolated porcine hearts (n = 10) were statically pressurized, which led to RV dilation and central tricuspid regurgitation. Regurgitant flow was measured with a saline solution–filled column. The head of the anterior papillary muscle was approximated to 4 points on the ventricular septum. Next, a prosthetic ring was implanted, and then RV–papillary muscle approximation was combined. Tricuspid annular dimension, RV geometry, and tricuspid valve tethering were analyzed with 3-dimensional echocardiography. Results Tricuspid regurgitation (2270 ± 186 mL/min) was reduced by RV–papillary muscle approximation alone (214 ± 45 mL/min; P P P P P P Conclusions This ex vivo study suggests that RV–papillary muscle approximation potentially repairs tricuspid regurgitation better than annuloplasty by improving ventricular sphericity and valve tethering as well as annular dimension.
Relationship between concentration and anticoagulant effect of heparin in plasma of normal subjects: Magnitude and predictability of interindividual differences*

The purposes of this investigation were to determine the magnitude of inter- and intraindividual variations in the relationship between heparin concentration and anticoagulant effect in normal adults, and to determine whether these variations are associated with, and therefore predictable from, certain physiologic characteristics of individual subjects. Citrated plasma was obtained from 12 men and 5 women, 21 to 35 yr old. Heparin was added to the plasma to yield concentrations of 0.05 to 1.0 U/ml and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was determined. These studies were repeated once or twice over 65 days. Baseline APTT values (i.e., APTT without added heparin) ranged from 25.6 to 36.2 sec and the hematocrit ranged from 39% to 50%. Both measures showed little intrasubject variation on the same day or on different days. There was an excellent linear relationship between in APTT and heparin concentration in the 0.05- to 0.8-U/ml range (r2 > 0.987 in all cases). The slope value for this relationship ranged from 1.51 to 3.88 ml/U and these interindividual differences were well reproducible on repeated testing. Women had lower hematocrits (p < 0.05) and higher slope values (p < 0.01) than men. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a linear relationship between observed slope values and slope values calculated as a function of both hematocrit and baseline APTT. Age, weight, and the concentrations of various plasma proteins did not contribute significantly to the predictability of the slope. A multiple linear regression equation with hematocrit and baseline APTT as independent variables yielded a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.875 (p < 0.01). Thus, it may be possible to predict the APTT value produced by a given concentration of heparin in an individual subject from that subject's baseline APTT and hematocrit. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 509–516; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.195
Controlling the assembly of nanoparticles using surface grafted molecular and macromolecular gradients

We report on the generation of assemblies comprising number density gradients of nanoparticles in two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions. These structures are fabricated by creating a surface-bound organic template which directs the spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles. The 2D template is made of amine-terminated organosilane with a concentration gradient along the solid substrate. The 3D matrix comprises surface-anchored poly(acryl amide), whose molecular weight changes gradually on the specimen. In both cases, the composite is assembled at low pH, where the positively charged –NH3+ groups within the organic scaffold attract negatively charged gold nanoparticles. We use a battery of experimental tools to determine the number density of particles along the gradient substrate and in the case of 3D structures also their spatial distribution. For 2D gradient assemblies, we show that gold nanoparticle coverage on the surface decreases gradually as the concentration of substrate-bound aminosilane decreases. The number of particles in the polymer brush/particle hybrid is found to increase with increasing polymer molecular weight. We show that for a given grafting density of polymer brush, larger particles predominantly stay near the brush–air interface. In contrast, smaller nanoparticles penetrate deeper into the polymer brush, thus forming a 3D structure. Finally, we discuss possible applications of these nanoparticle gradient assemblies.
A Multivariate Analysis (MANOVA) of Where Adult Learners Are In Higher Education

Amercian institutions of higher education were originally established with the purpose of educating the advantaged youth. However, over time colleges and universities began to educate more adult students, those 25 years of age and older. Due to this increase in adults reentering the academy, it is appropriate and timely to ask where these students are attending school, what is known about their distribution in the higher education system, and whether they are asembled in one type of institution or evenly distributed among institutions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine where undergraduate adult students are located within the 4-year private, public, and for-profit universities offering undergraduate degrees in the United States. This study utilized descriptive and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) statistical analyses. Descriptive analysis proveded the number, means, and standard deviations for college and university enrollments obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to answer two research questions. Two MANOVAs and comparative designs were employed to examine electronic data accessed through IPEDS. Undergraduate students under the age of 25 are enrolling in 4-year public and private universities in the United States at about double the enrollment rate as that of for-profit universities.
Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer

The main issues related to thoracic imaging in evaluating patients with lung cancer are: detection, characterization, staging, treatment assessment, and monitoring for tumor recurrence after treatment. In this chapter we review the diagnosis and staging of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an emphasis on the seventh edition of the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system. The advantages and proper use of imaging techniques are stressed, especially in relation to the specifc situation of the patient and the needs of the clinician.
The Hulopoe Gravel, Lanai, Hawaii : New sedimentological data and their bearing on the giant wave (mega-tsunami) emplacement hypothesis

—Recognition that many oceanic islands are shaped by giant landslides has highlighted claims that the Hulopoe Gravel on south Lanai, Hawaii, was deposited by giant waves (mega-tsunami) generated by such a landslide. This interpretation is controversial. Resolution of the controversy has global implications because mass wasting of oceanic islands has been a common process for as long as hot spot volcanism has affected the ocean basins. Thus, if mega-tsunami are attendant upon the mass wasting process, their effect on earth surface processes should be discernible for much of geological time and may be comparable to that resulting from bolide impacts that form astroblemes.¶Detailed facies analysis of the pebble, cobble and boulder gravels that form the Hulopoe Gravel type section shows that the gravels are composed predominantly of basalt clasts with appreciable amounts of limestone clasts in 8 of the 14 beds present. Deposition was not continuous: eight disconformities are recognized in the 9.2 m type section, three of which are associated with truncated paleosols. The Hulopoe Gravel was not deposited by a single tsunami at 105 ka, as has been proposed. One bed is clearly an alluvial deposit. The origins of others are unclear but the facies data do not exclude tsunami as one of the processes that deposited individual beds within the Hulopoe Gravel, either above or below sea level.
Determination of the Time of Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus in Severely III Premature Infants

In order to investigate the time of ductal closure in the premature infant, we performed multiple echocardiographic examination in each of 42 premature infants. Twenty eight of these infants had spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus (median date of closure--3 days). Twelve required medical or surgical closure of the ductus arteriosus and two died of severe lung disease. There was a significant relationship of decreasing birth weight to prolonged patency of the ductus arteriosus.
Two abundant intramolecular transposition products, resulting from reactions initiated at a single end, suggest that IS2 transposes by an unconventional pathway

The Escherichia coli insertion sequence, IS2, is a member of the IS3 family of bacterial transposable elements. Its transposase is a fusion protein, OrfAB, made by a programmed −1 translational frameshift near to the end of orfA and just after the start of orfB. We have characterized two major products of IS2 intramolecular transposition, which accumulate in cells that express the IS2 OrfAB fusion protein at elevated levels. The more abundant product is a minicircle composed of the complete IS2 with just a single basepair (occasionally 2 bp) separating the two IS ends. In all cases, this basepair is derived from the vector sequence immediately adjacent to the left IS2 end (IRL). The second product is a figure-eight molecule that contains all the IS2 and vector sequences present in the parental plasmid. One DNA strand contains the parental sequences unrearranged. The other contains a single-stranded version of the minicircle junction — the precise 3′ end of IRR has been cleaved and joined to a target just outside the 5′ end of IRL; the remaining vector sequences have a free 5′ end, derived from cleavage at the 3′ end of IRR, and a free 3′ end, released upon cleavage of the target site adjacent to IRL. We propose that figure-eight molecules are the precursor to IS2 minicircles and that the formation of these two products is the initial step in IS2 intermolecular transposition. This proposed transposition pathway provides a means for a transposase that can cleave only one strand at each IS end to produce simple insertions and avoid forming co-integrates.
Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax after inhaling alkaloidal cocaine

Barotrauma related to drug ingestion is an uncommon entity. We present the cases of two young women who sustained barotrauma associated with the use of alkaloidal cocaine.
Occurrence probability analysis of a path at the architectural level

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to compute the occurrence probability for a given path precisely in an acyclic synthesizable VHDL or software code. This can be useful for the ranking of critical paths and in a variety of problems that include compiler-level architectural optimization and static timing analysis for improved performance. Functions that represent condition statements at the basic blocks are manipulated using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional Monte Carlo simulation approach. The later is shown to be non-scalable as the number of inputs increases.
Further Studies on Regulation of Betacyanin efflux from Beetroot Tissue Ca‐Ion‐Reversible Effects of Hydrochloric Acid and Ammonia Water

The Ca-ion-reversible effects of aqucous NH3 and HCL on betacyanin leakage from beetroot sections were studied as simple models for complex polycations such as polylysines.— From kinetic evidence, the competitive character of Ca-ion antagonism in all these cases, and general chemical arguments, it is suggested that ammonia, hydrogen chloride and polylysine all act as osurees of [H H2O]+ which can compete with Ca-ion for electronegative sites on the membrane. The Ca-reversibility of alcohol-induced leakage is then explained as a lowering of diclectric constant at the membrane resulting in reduced charge at electronegative sites with concomitant loss of ion binding capacity. Biological illustration of the antagonism between Ca-ion and ammonia, and of H-ion dependent NaCl sensitivity are presented.
Simulation based study of on-chip antennas for a reconfigurable hybrid 2D wireless network-on-chip

The feasibility of the dynamic reconfigurability of the network layer of a network-on-chip (NoC) is shown. A hybrid wireless 2D planar IC NoC that uses on-chip antennas for the wireless network layer and metal interconnects for the wired network layer is considered. The reconfigurability is provided in the wireless network layer through frequency selectivity. The NoC is analyzed using a 3-D finite element method (FEM) based full-wave electro-magnetic analysis, where the die is modeled according to a typical 90 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Similar to its implementation in 3D ICs, it is shown that, it is possible to have 1) at least two different frequency domains for the signal sources and 2) the dynamic switching of the signal sinks between the two frequency domains, with minimal design and area overhead. When implemented, the proposed hybrid network architecture with two frequency channels can reduce the latency and increase the network throughput.
What Clients of Couple Therapy Model Developers and Their Former Students Say about Change, Part II: Model-Independent Common Factors and an Integrative Framework.

Proponents of the common factors movement in marriage and family therapy (MFT) suggest that, rather than specific models of therapy, elements common across models of therapy and common to the process of therapy itself are responsible for therapeutic change. This article—the second of two companion articles—reports on a study designed to further investigate common factors in couple therapy. We used grounded theory techniques to analyze data from interviews with MFT model developers Dr. Susan M. Johnson, Dr. Frank M. Dattilio, Dr. Richard C. Schwartz, former students of Dr. Johnson and Dr. Schwartz, and each of their clients who had been successful in couple therapy. This article reports model-independent variables, that is, general aspects of therapy that are not directly related to the therapist’s model. Model-independent categories include client variables, therapist variables, the therapeutic alliance, therapeutic process, and expectancy and motivational factors, each with several subcategories. We also present a conceptual framework that outlines how model-dependent and model-independent common factors may interact to produce change. We discuss our findings and proposed framework in relation to the current common factors literature in psychology and MFT. We also discuss clinical, training, and research implications.
Algebraic Jf-theory and Trace Invariants

The cyclotomic trace of Bokstedt-Hsiang-Madsen, the subject of Bokstedt's lecture at the congress in Kyoto, is a map of pro-abelian groups K-fiA) ^.TR;(A;p) from Quillen's algebraic A"-theory to a topological refinement of Connes' cyclic homology. Over the last decade, our understanding of the target and its relation to A"-theory has been significantly advanced. This and possible future development is the topic of my lecture. The cyclotomic trace takes values in the subset fixed by an operator F called the Frobenius. It is known that the induced map K*(A,Z/pv) -^ TR;(A;P,Z/PV)F=1 is an isomorphism, for instance, if A is a regular local Fp-algebra, or if A is a henselian discrete valuation ring of mixed characteristic (0,p) with a separably closed residue field. It is possible to evaluate A"-theory by means of the cyclotomic trace for a wider class of rings, but the precise connection becomes slightly more complicated to spell out. The pro-abelian groups TR*(A;p) are typically very large. But they come equipped with a number of operators, and the combined algebraic structure is quite rigid. There is a universal example of this structure — the de Rham-Witt complex — which was first considered by Bloch-Deligne -Illusie in connection with Grothendieck's crystalline cohomology. In general, the canonical map W.QqA^TR-q(A-p) is an isomorphism, if q < 1, and the higher groups, too, can often be expressed in terms of the de Rham-Witt groups. This is true, for example, if A is a regular Fp-algebra, or if A is a smooth algebra over the ring of integers in a local number field. The calculation in the latter case verifies the LichtenbaumQuillen conjecture for focal number fields, or more generally, for henselian discrete valuation fields of geometric type.
Sensitivity of soil water availability to changing snowmelt timing in the western U.S.

The ecohydrological effects of changing snowmelt are strongly mediated by soil moisture. We utilize 259 Snow Telemetry stations across the western U.S. to address two questions: (1) how do relationships between peak soil moisture (PSM) timing and the day of snow disappearance (DSD) vary across ecoregions and (2) what is the regional sensitivity of PSM timing to earlier DSD associated with warming and drying scenarios? All western U.S. ecoregions showed significant relationships between the timing of PSM and DSD. Changes in the timing of PSM based on warming predicted for the middle and end of the 21st century ranged from 1 to 9 days and from 6 to 17 days among ecoregions, respectively. The maritime ecoregions PSM timing were 2–3 times more sensitive to warming and drying versus the interior mountain ecoregions. This work suggests that soil hydrology modifies the effects of earlier snowmelt on regional streamflow response and vegetation water stress.
Effects of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids on fatty acid esterification in phospholipids and insulin secretion in pancreatic islets.

The ability of lipoxygenase products to become incorporated into islet cell phospholipids and to affect fatty acid mobilization was investigated. Isolated intact islets or homogenized islets were incubated with tritiated 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12-HETE, 15-HETE, the leukotrienes C4 and D4, or prostaglandin E2. Tritiated 5-HETE and 12-HETE were largely esterified into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of intact islet membranes. Glucose stimulation increased [3H]5-HETE esterification to islet PC and PE. In islet homogenates, tritiated 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE and arachidonic acid (AA) were also esterified into endogenous PC and PE, with less incorporation in phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylserine. Addition of exogenous lysophospholipid acceptors potentiated the esterification of [3H]5-HETE to PC especially; [3H]AA was uniformly esterified to exogenous lysophospholipids. In addition, unlabeled 5-HETE (40 nm to 8 μM) affected the incorporation of [3H]AA into PC...
Design and utilization of macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell co-culture systems in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease investigation

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been acknowledged as a chronic inflammatory condition. Monocytes and macrophages lead the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis whereas changes in atheromatous plaque thickness and matrix composition are attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells. Because these cell types are key players in atherosclerosis progression, it is crucial to utilize a reliable system to investigate their interaction. In vitro co-culture systems are useful platforms to study specific molecular mechanisms between cells. This review aims to summarize the various co-culture models that have been developed to investigate vascular smooth muscle cell and monocyte/macrophage interactions, focusing on the monocyte/macrophage effects on vascular smooth muscle cell function.
THE DIRECT CULTIVATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM PATHOGENIC FOR THE MONKEY

A method for the direct cultivation of Treponema pallidum from human syphilitic lesions, by the employment of a solid medium, has been described. By means of it, three of the four strains worked with were successfully cultivated. The several pure cultures agree in morphological and cultural characters, grow only in the presence of sterile tissue under anaerobic conditions, and do not produce putrefactive odors. The morphology is typical under optimum cultural conditions; it becomes atypical when the conditions are unfavorable. In cultures, Treponema pallidum multiplies by longitudinal division. The process is usually symmetrical but occasionally appears to be asymmetrical. Inoculation of the pure cultures into the skin of two species of lower monkeys was followed by the production of lesions resembling the primary syphilitic lesion occurring in man and those caused in the monkey by inoculation of spirochaetae-containing serum from human sources. During the course of the positive inoculation in the monkey, the blood develops the property of giving a positive Wassermann reaction. Thus the relation of Treponema pallidum to this reaction is supported, and the identity of the cultivated strains with the species found in human syphilitic lesions established.
Novel approaches for targeting the adenosine A2A receptor.

Introduction: The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) represents a drug target for a wide spectrum of diseases. Approaches for targeting this membrane-bound protein have been greatly advanced by new stabilization techniques. The resulting X-ray crystal structures and subsequent analyses provide deep insight to the A2AR from both static and dynamic perspectives. Application of this, along with other biophysical methods combined with fragment-based drug design (FBDD), has become a standard approach in targeting A2AR. Complementarities of in silico screening based- and biophysical screening assisted- FBDD are likely to feature in future approaches in identifying novel ligands against this key receptor.Areas covered: This review describes evolution of the above approaches for targeting A2AR and highlights key modulators identified. It includes a review of: adenosine receptor structures, homology modeling, X-ray structural analysis, rational drug design, biophysical methods, FBDD and in silico screening.Expert opini...
Infographics as Eye Candy: Review of World War II in Numbers: An Infographic Guide to the Conflict, Its Conduct, and Its Casualties by Peter Doyle (2013)

Peter Doyle. World War II in Numbers: An Infographic Guide to the Conflict, Its Conduct, and Its Casualties, illustrated by Lindsey Johns (Buffalo NY: Firefly Books, 2013). 224 pp. ISBN: 177085195X. Doyle’s book contains dozens of graphs of statistical data dealing with World War II. Many of these graphs are visually striking. However, they often violate fundamental graphing principles, in that they distort quantitative relationships, use unidentified scales, and often make it difficult to compare quantities. Graphic software makes it easy to create imaginative images, but these can fail to communicate the very information that is the
Localization of Kidneys for Biopsy and Radiotherapy Portals

A simple, quick, and accurate radionuclide method for the localization of the kidneys is described. The technique involves the use of two radio-opaque templates to create a cold outline around the imaged organ on the persistence oscilloscope of a scintillation camera.
PIV Study of Flow Fields in the Near-wake Region of a Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle

The instantaneous velocity fields are measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the near-wake region of a pair of the side wings of a flapping wing Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) designed at Wright State University. A high speed camera is used to identify the phases of the flapping motion of the wings. Three dimensional topologies and the time evolution of both velocity fields and vortical structures are studied. The results also indicates that in order for the ongoing CFD efforts to be successful for providing insights to improve future MAV designs, the flow fields and wing structures need to be coupled.
Chromium Underlayer Effects in Longitudinal Magnetic Recording

For media used in longitudinal recording, an epitaxial relationship is observed between the Cr and Co-alloy layers, and generally a strong Cr texture is desirable for c-axis in-plane orientation of the Co alloy. In this study, Cr underlayer thickness, temperature and Cr deposition pressure were varied while keeping the magnetic layer (CoPtCr) deposition process constant. Films were deposited on circumferentially textured NiP, polished NiP and chemically elched NiP substrates as well as Si wafers in order to study the effects of surface finish on the crystallographic orientation of the Cr underlayer. The uniformity of the magnetic properties and in-plane anisotropy (orientation ratio) of the disks were measured using Kerr magnetrometry. The in-plane anisotropy was found to be related to the Cr deposition conditions and the surface texture of the NiP. Signal to noise ratio results and a possible mechanism for the origin of the in-plane anisotropy are discussed.
Residents' Perception and Behavior on Urban Riverfront along the Upper and Lower Reaches of the Arakawa, Central Japan

This paper discusses the trend of urban residents' behavior and perception on riverfront. Special attention is given to the differences in behavior and perception corresponding to a river's physical condition which differs systematically from upper to lower reach. Field observation, questionnairing and environmental data collection were made in four areas along the Arakawa which shows a typical arrangement of gorges, alluvial fan, floodplain with natural levees, and delta, from upper to lower reach in Tokyo Metropolitan zone.In Chichibu City where the river flows in a gorge entrenched in high and low terraces, residents use the river as natural environment and wish it to be conserved without significant artificial modification. In Kumagaya City located on alluvial fan, most popular activity is made on playgrounds constructed on a wide dry riverbed and further preparation of parks is desired. On the other hand, occupation of almost whole dry riverbed by numerous golf cources is disliked by residents of Kawaguchi City located in a big floodplain. In Sumida-ward of Tokyo, situated in a fully urbanized delta, recent remodeling of dikes to a riverfront-accesible type is favored by residents who feel strong affinities with traditional events such as a fire works display held every summer on River Sumida, the old main stream of Arakawa.The areally differentiated human behavior and perception of riverfront in correspondence with systematic difference in a river's physical setting should be taken into consideration of urban river environmental management, in which construction of uniform facilities never provides proper measures.
X-ray scattering techniques for the measurement of InP substrates

The application of X-ray scattering techniques to InP and InAs substrates is presented. Applications focus on double crystal X-ray topography (imaging) and reciprocal space scans. Both types of substrates have shown dramatic improvements in crystalline quality and wafer size over the past few years. The topographic measurements display large area images of variations in both lattice dilations (strain) and lattice tilts. Low angle boundaries, precipitates, and dislocations are readily imaged over the entire wafer. Images taken at different rocking curve positions provide information about crystallographic defects and "rocking topographs" provide quantitative information about long range deformation in the substrates. The reciprocal space scans presented here demonstrate the sensitivity of triple axis rocking curves to subsurface damage in both InP and InAs.
Publications by family medicine faculty in the biomedical literature: 1989-1999.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Concern has been expressed about a possible decrease in publication productivity of family medicine faculty. This study measured trends in publication productivity by family medicine faculty from 1989 to 1999 and determined the journals in which these individuals published their work. METHODS A sample of Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) members was identified from the STFM membership roster The sample included 900 members from 1980, 1,801 members from 1994, and 1,524 members from 1999. A MEDLINE search was performed to determine how many articles each individual published during those years and in what journals the articles were published. An estimate was made of the total publication productivity of all STFM members. RESULTS The percentage of STFM members publishing at least one article in 1989, 1994, and 1999 was 16%, 16.3%, and 8.5%, respectively. The estimated total number of publications by all STFM members in all journals was 729 in 1989,1,040 in 1994, and 669 in 1999. The journals in which STFM members most frequently published were the Journal of Family Practice, Family Medicine, and Academic Medicine; 32% of all publications appeared in those three journals. The number of publications in high-profile interdisciplinary journals was very small. CONCLUSIONS Based on a MEDLINE search of a large sample of STFM members' publication records, it appears that the publication productivity of the STFM membership is decreasing.
A Comparative Study of the Southern Ch'iang 蒐 Dialects

(1967). A Comparative Study of the Southern Ch'iang 蒐 Dialects. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 422-444.
Influence of age on mechanisms and prognosis of heart failure

Background. Advanced age is commonly thought to carry a poor prognosis in congestive heart failure, but the case has not been established. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trials (V-HeFT I and II) provided a large data base to assess the effect of age on hemodynamic profiles and survival in the failing heart. Methods and Results. Patients were stratified into four categories according to age: ≤55, 56-60, 61-65, and >65 years. The distributions of treatments and baseline characteristics from history, physical findings, and laboratory data were analyzed for differences across age categories. Survival curves were calculated for age strata according to treatment, presence or absence of coronary artery disease, ejection fraction, and peak oxygen consumption
Surface Properties of Molten Fluoride-Based Salts

Two techniques were used to determine the surface characteristics of a molten fluoride-based salt. The maximum bubble pressure method was used to measure the surface tension of the molten salt. Regulated Ar-2%H2(g) was passed through a steel tube into a molten salt at high temperature. The surface tension of the gas-liquid interface was calculated by measuring the maximum pressure within the tube using a pressure transducer. Contact angles between the flux and solid interfaces were measured by imaging droplets of the molten flux on various surfaces using a camera with a high shutter speed. The camera took images of the high temperature sessile droplet on a solid surface through an optically clear pane. This image was processed through multiple software packages to determine the contact angle and surface tension between the solid-liquid interfaces. The surface properties measured were used to optimize the salt for electrolytic metals production processes.
Management of Oral Anticoagulation Therapy After Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Whether to, When to, and How to Restart an Anticoagulation Therapy.

Objective: To evaluate current clinical evidence for management of oral anticoagulation therapy after gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) with an emphasis on whether to, when to, and how to resume an a...
Efficiency and Mechanism of Capping with Purple Parent Rocks to Control Phosphorus Release from Sediments

In order to study the efficiency and mechanism of capping with purple parent rocks to control phosphorus release from sediments, three kinds of purple parent rocks (Fei-xian-guan Formation, Peng-lai-zhen Formation and Sui-ning Formation) which distribute widely in Chongqing, and two types of rock (limestone and calcite) which have been found to effectively control the release of phosphorus from sediments, were selected as active covering materials to cap the sediments to conduct simulation experiment. The results indicated that: all three kinds of purple parent rocks showed strong inhibition of total phosphorus release from sediments to the overlying water, far better than limestone and calcite (P<0.05), and the highest removal rate of total phosphorus was 94.4% in the disposal of Fei-xian-guan Formation. Those five kinds of covering materials could promote the release and transformation of total phosphorus in sediments, which could significantly promote the in situ conversion of OP to Ca-P, while the three kinds of purple parent rocks were more conducive to convert the released phosphorus into inorganic phosphorus and organic phosphorus. At the same time, those five kinds of covering materials could also change the microbial community structure in sediments and overlying water, and the numbers of bacteria (labeled as PLFA16:0) were significantly negatively correlated with the content of total phosphorus in the overlying water.
The emergence of comprehensive urban design planning in the United States: the case of the San Francisco Urban Design Plan

The research question addressed in this paper is as follows: how can planners create municipal-scale urban design plans? The authors analyze the San Francisco Urban Design Plan, the first comprehensive urban design plan for a major American city, as a case study to answer this question. Adopted in 1971, the plan focused on design objectives for the city and the social roles of urban design in people’s lives. It was a policy document, and included implementation techniques, but no guidance on architectural design. It was a departure from urban design planning practice at the time, which focused more on guidance for architecture and large-scale master plan models.
Size congruity influences visual search via the target template.

Abstract In numerical comparison experiments, participants are presented with two digits that vary in numerical and physical size, and they select the numerically (or physically) larger (or smaller) of the two digits. Response times are typically faster when numerical and physical size are congruent than when they are incongruent, which is called the size congruity effect (SCE). Although numerical size is unlikely to be a guiding feature in visual search, recent studies have nevertheless observed the SCE in the visual search paradigm. To explain this puzzling fact, we hypothesized that the incongruity between a target's numerical and physical size affects visual search primarily when an attended item is compared to the target template in visual short-term memory. In three experiments, participants searched for a target whose numerical and physical size were distinct from non-target distractors. The SCE and shallow search slopes in Experiment 1 suggest that the target's physical size captured attention, and only then did incongruent numerical size interfere with the response. Instructing participants to attend to physical size in Experiment 2 abolished the SCE, suggesting that participants did not analyze the target's numerical size when they could be confident that physical size was a reliable target cue. Presenting each of two possible target digits in blocks as in Experiment 3 enabled participants to load the visual features of shape and physical size into their target template, and once again the SCE was abolished. The three experiments show that the SCE in visual search can be reduced or eliminated by restricting the target template based on specific physical features and thus discouraging participants from analyzing the target's numerical size.
Increases in Emotional Intelligence After an Online Training Program Are Associated With Better Decision-Making on the Iowa Gambling Task

Higher levels of emotional intelligence have been associated with better inter and intrapersonal functioning. In the present study, 59 healthy men and women were randomized into either a three-week online training program targeted to improve emotional intelligence (n = 29), or a placebo control training program targeted to improve awareness of nonemotional aspects of the environment (n = 30). Compared to placebo, participants in the emotional intelligence training group showed increased performance on the total emotional intelligence score of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, a performance measure of emotional intelligence, as well as subscales of perceiving emotions and facilitating thought. Moreover, after emotional intelligence training, but not after placebo training, individuals displayed the ability to arrive at optimal performance faster (i.e., they showed a faster learning rate) during an emotion-guided decision-making task (i.e., the Iowa Gambling Task). More specifically, although both groups showed similar performance at the start of the Iowa Gambling Task from pre- to posttraining, the participants in the emotional intelligence training group learned to choose more advantageous than disadvantageous decks than those in the placebo training group by the time they reached the "hunch" period of the task (i.e., the point in the task when implicit task learning is thought to have occurred). Greater total improvements in performance on the Iowa Gambling Task from pre- to posttraining in the emotional intelligence training group were also positively correlated with pre- to posttraining changes in Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test scores, in particular with changes in the ability to perceive emotions. The present study provides preliminary evidence that emotional intelligence can be trained with the help of an online training program targeted at adults; it also suggests that changes in emotional intelligence, as a result of such a program, can lead to improved emotion-guided decision-making.
3D cancer tumor models for evaluating chemotherapeutic efficacy

Abstract: The in vitro evaluation of chemotherapeutic delivery systems is essential as a prediction of in vivo chemotherapeutic efficacy. Generally, the in vitro therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents is evaluated by using cellular monolayers cultured in a flat-bottomed plastic culture dish prior to expensive and arduous in vivo studies. Despite its ease of handling, cellular monolayers have provided poorly correlated outcomes of in vivo chemotherapeutic efficacy. Morphological differences among the tumor cells and lack of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) culture environment contribute to the discrepancies in cellular drug responses; in vivo cells are exposed to a 3D microenvironment that is regulated with respect to interactions with the surrounding cells, growth factors, and other biomolecules. Hence, there is a strong need for the development of in vitro 3D tumor models that closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment. A successfully developed in vitro tumor model will provide predictable outcomes of efficiencies of new drug delivery systems. It will also improve the understanding of drug delivery mechanisms to develop more efficient drug delivery systems.
Factors associated with emergency cesarean delivery during induction of labor in nulliparous women aged 35 years or older at term

Aim To examine the intrapartum cesarean delivery rate following failure of induction of labor (IOL) as well as risk factors associated with failed IOL among nulliparous women of advanced maternal age (AMA). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single perinatal care center. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of nulliparous AMA women (aged 35 years or older) with singleton vertex pregnancy who underwent IOL at term. Data regarding maternal baseline characteristics and pregnancy course, including complications during pregnancy and maternal status at time of IOL, were collected. Rate of emergency cesarean section (eCS) as well as risk factors associated with failed IOL were investigated by means of logistic regression analysis. Results Among 234 women included in this study, 103 (44%) had failed IOL and delivered by eCS. Hypertensive disorder during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.12; P = 0.025) and unfavorable cervical status (aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.08-3.41; P = 0.038) were identified as independent risk factors for failed IOL. Conclusion IOL failed in 44% of nulliparous AMA women. Hypertensive disorder and immature cervical status should be considered as independent risk factors for eCS among such women.
Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces

Four hardwoods, red oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, and sweetgum, were exposed to outdoor weathering and to artificial ultraviolet (UV) light with wavelengths of λ>220 and >254 nm. Discoloration and loss of brightness were observed from all specimens regardless of their exposure conditions. White oak and sweetgum changed color at a slower rate than did red oak and yellow-poplar. SEM micrographs showed that all wood species exhibited surface deterioration after 30 days exposure to sunlight or 500 hrs to UV light. Loss of middle lamella, separation of procumbent cells, and damage of pit structures were observed on transverse sections for all species. ESCA studies revealed a high oxygen content at the wood surfaces indicating severe oxidation of wood exposed either outdoors or to artificial UV light. The generation of new chromophoric groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids and quinones, and the loss of lignin at the oxidized surface were demonstrated experimentally by infrared studies.
ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN DEVELOPING BRAIN

Summary Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate appears to be one of the important factors in the induction of neural tissue as well as in the regulation of several differentiated functions. However, the expression of many of the differentiated functions can be increased by agents which do not change the intracellular level of cyclic AMP, indicating that the regulation of some of the neuronal properties involves more than one mode, one of which is the change in level of cyclic AMP. The expression of morphological and some biochemical differentiation appears to be independently regulated, since one can express in the absence of others. The increase in the level of cyclic AMP binding proteins may be one of the important intracellular mechanisms of maintaining high cyclic AMP level during differentiation, since the protein bound cyclic AMP is resistant to the enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase in the level of binding protein is also associated with the specific changes (increase and decrease) in cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent phosphorylation activity. Cyclic AMP in some way inhibits the expression of certain genes, whereas it increases the expression of others. We have identified those gene products which are increased, those which are decreased, and those which remain unaltered during cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in culture. Cyclic AMP in some way must turn off cell division at a precise time during development. Indeed, the synthesis and phosphorylation of H1-histone which are linked with cell proliferation are markedly decreased in cyclic AMP-induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells which have stopped cell division. Nerve growth factor (NGF) also induces certain differentiated functions in developing nervous tissue similar to that produced by cyclic AMP. NGF has shown to increase the cyclic AMP level in certain systems. However, the relationship between cyclic AMP and NGF remains to be defined. The exact mechanisms of cyclic AMP-effect during differentiation are still unknown. Cyclic GMP does not appear to be involved in the mechanism of neural induction or in further differentiation. One fundamental question remains obscure. After neural induction what factor(s) initiate the separation of glial and nerve cells, and various types of nerve cell?