cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular immune response to virus-specific antigen in hamsters bearing isografts of cytomegalovirus-transformed cells.

The immune response of hamsters to syngeneic transplants of hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF) transformed by cytomegalovirus (CMV) was investigated. Using the microcytotoxicity assay it was found that spleen cells from tumor-bearing hosts consistently killed both homologous tumor cells and CMV-infected human embryonic lung (HEL) cells. No significant cytotoxicity was observed when uninfected HEL, normal HEF, or HEF transformed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or PARA-(defective SV40)-adenovirus 7 (PARA-7) served as the target cells. Spleen cells from animals bearing isografts of HSV-1- and PARA-7-transformed cells were cytotoxic for their respective tumor cells but not for CMV-transformed cells. Further studies showed that spleen cells from CMV or CMV-infected HEL immunized hamsters were specifically cytotoxic for CMV-transformed hamster cells. No antibody cytotoxic for CMV-transformed cells was detected in the sera of CMV or CMV-infected HEL-immunized hosts, or in sera from tumor-bearing animals. The results corroborate previous serological data that hamster cells transformed by CMV express virus-related membrane antigen (s), and demonstrate that such antigen (s) can induce a cell-mediated immune response in the tumor-bearing host.
Last interglacial plant macrofossils and climates from Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA

Abstract Ninety plant macrofossil taxa from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site near Snowmass Village, Colorado, record environmental changes at high elevation (2705 m asl) in the Rocky Mountains during the Last Interglacial Period. Present-day vegetation is aspen forest (Populus tremuloides) intermixed with species of higher (Picea, Abies) and lower (Artemisia, Quercus) elevations. Stratigraphic units 4–13 contain montane forest taxa found near the site today and several species that today generally live at lower elevations within (Abies concolor, Lycopus americanus) and outside Colorado (Najas flexilis). These data suggest near-modern climatic conditions, with slightly warmer summer and winter temperatures. This montane forest period was succeeded by a shorter treeless interval (Unit 14) representing colder and/or drier conditions. In units 15–16, conifer trees reoccur but deciduous and herb taxa are lacking, suggesting a return to warmer conditions, although cooler than during the earlier forest period. Comparison of these inferred paleoclimatic changes with the site's geochronologic framework indicates that the lower interval of sustained warmth correlates with late MIS 6–early 5b (~ 138–94 ka), the cold interval with MIS 5b (~ 94–87 ka), and the uppermost cool assemblages with MIS 5a (~ 87–77 ka).
Optimal dealer pricing under transactions and return uncertainty

Abstract The paper examines the optimal behavior of a single dealer who is faced with a stochastic demand to trade (modeled by a continuous time Poisson jump process) and facing return risk on his stock and on the rest of his portfolio (modeled by diffusion processes). Using stochastic dynamic programming, we derive the optimal bid and ask prices that maximize the dealer's expected utility of terminal wealth as a function of the state in which he finds himself. The relationship of the bid and ask prices to inventory of the dealer, instantaneous variance of return, stochastic arrival of transactions and other variables is examined.
Preparing Educators to Partner with Families.

The present study focuses on current efforts underway in one western US state to prepare educators’ for meaningful participation with families. Directors and faculty from 43 accredited Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) preparing pre-service teachers, administrators, and student support personnel were asked to complete an online survey regarding current family–school partnering coursework, practice requirements, and resources. Responses were obtained from 63% of the identified programs. Similar to prior studies, our results indicate that current course offerings and field practice requirements may not match prevailing views regarding the need for and importance of family engagement in promoting student success. Specific recommendations include refocusing coursework, providing alternative field experiences, offering interdisciplinary coursework and projects, and developing ongoing avenues for continued professional development to improve the preparation of future educators to partner with families.
Abscisic acid increases membrane permeability by interacting with phosphatidylethanolamine

Abstract Abscisic acid is shown to enhance the permeability of crude egg lecithin and asolectin bilayers to water, urea and erythritol although it exhibits no effect on pure synthetic (phosphatidylethanolamine-free) dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Addition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine to dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers at 10 or 20 membrane mole percent makes the membrane permeability responsive to abscisic acid. An abscisic acid-phosphatidylethanolamine interaction is also described for liposome aggregation. Both abscisic acid-induced permeability and aggregation changes are pH dependent with the undissociated form of the hormone exhibiting a greater effect than the dissociated, charged form. Enhancement of erythritol permeability is greater with the physiologically active cis-trans ABA isomer than with the inactive trans-trans isomer.
Riemann and Edalat integration on domains

The main result of this paper is that the domain-theoretic approach to the generalized Riemann integral first introduced by Edalat extends to a large class of spaces that can be realized as the set of maximal points of domains.The approach is based on the theory of a Riemann?Stieltjes type integral on a topological space with respect to a finitely additive measure. We develop the theory of this integral for a bounded function f defined on the maximal points of a continuous domain and show that it gives an alternate approach to the Edalat integral.
Utilization of diverse Germplasm for Soybean yield improvement

Introgression of diverse germplasm into the current soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genetic base may increase genetic variability and lead to greater gains from selection. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic diversity and agronomic performance of experimental lines derived from plant introductions (PIs) maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. These PIs are known to be genetically distinct from the ancestors of the modern North American soybean cultivars. Experimental lines containing 25 to 100% PI germplasm (based on pedigrees), their parents, and recently released public cultivars were evaluated for yield in seven environments in 1994 and 1995. Data from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments were collected and genetic relationships among all genotypes were estimated using hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analyses. Experimental lines were identified that yielded significantly more than their domestic parent. Comparisons of pairwise distances revealed that many of the high-yielding experimental lines were more diverse than their domestic parents from the nonparental cultivars. The increased genetic diversity and yield provide evidence that exotic germplasm can contribute genes for high yield.
Toward an inclusive information network

In the next decade, an increasing proportion of computer power will be provided by information service networks, rather than by the tens of thousands of individual installations which now exist. This proposition is made attractive by many economies of scale, of which "Grosch's Law" is only one. Equally important are:• The reduced cost of the redundancy which is required for high reliability.• The drastically reduced cost of nationwide communications when provided in large quantities.• Lower operations costs.• Better capacity utilization due to more incremental growth.• Variable, rather than fixed, costs for the user.
Non-Parametric Inference for Ordered Alternatives in a Randomized Block Design.

This paper treats the problem of testing an ordered hypothesis based on the ranks of the data. The statistical procedures for the randomized block design with more than one observation per cell are derived. Multiple comparisons and estimation procedures are also included.
Changes in the Freshwater Mussel Community in the Kentucky Portion of Kentucky Lake, Tennessee River, since Impoundment by Kentucky Dam

ABSTRACT The unionid mussel fauna of Kentucky Lake has changed significantly over the past century. Prior to the completion of Kentucky Dam in 1944, 42 species had been reported from the mainstem Tennessee River now inundated by Kentucky Lake. After Kentucky Dam was completed, the tailwater fauna experienced minor change in species richness with 38 species being reported between 1978 and 1985. Currently, the Kentucky portion of Kentucky Lake supports 21 species. Four of these were not reported in the historical fauna prior to impoundment: Anodonta suborbiculata, Plectomerus dombeyanus, Potamilus ohiensis, and Toxolasma parvus; thus only 17 of the original species survived impoundment while four species invaded after Kentucky Dam was constructed. Amblema plicata is now the most abundant species. Plectomerus dombeyanus, first found in the Tennessee River in 1981, is the second most abundant mussel in the Kentucky portion of Kentucky Lake. Quadrula quadrula peaked in relative abundance at 51% in 1989 but sub...
Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer

Abstract The success of business incubators and technology parks in university settings is often determined by how well technology is transferred from the labs to their startup firms. University technology transfer offices (UTTOs) function as “technology intermediaries” in fulfilling this role. Yet, entrepreneurship theory and research on the role of the UTTO in business incubation and new venture formation is sparse. To move the research along, we use grounded theory to build a framework to address two questions: (a) Which UTTOs' structures and licensing strategies are most conducive to new venture formation; and (b) how are the various UTTOs' structures and licensing strategies correlated with each other. Our findings reveal a complex set of relationships between UTTO structure and strategies, new venture formation, and business incubation. Based on interviews with 128 UTTO directors, we show that whereas for-profit UTTO structures are positively related to new venture formation, traditional university and nonprofit UTTO structures are more likely to correlate with the presence of university-based business incubators. Licensing-for-equity strategy is positively related to new venture formation while sponsored research licensing strategy is negatively related. Interestingly, the licensing-for-cash strategy, the most prevalent transfer strategy, is least correlated to new venture formation. A content analysis of UTTO mission statements also revealed an overemphasis on royalty income and an underemphasis on entrepreneurship. The paper concludes with a discussion that outlines some of the implications and limitations of our model.
Audience orientations to local radio coverage of a natural disaster

This study explored audience orientations to local radio coverage of the April 1997 Red River Valley floods. Findings were consistent with the system maintenance view of mass communication in that respondents saw local officials, local radio, and citizens cooperating in an interdependent and mutually supportive relationship. Respondents expressed appreciation for the local mass medium that was the most active and visible during the crisis: an award‐winning AM radio station, KFGO‐AM, Fargo.
Cholecystokinin turnover in brain.

Abstract Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) occurs in relatively large amounts in some neurons of the cerebral cortex. Unlike most other mammalian neuropeptides, this compound contains a sulfate ester. We injected radiolabelled inorganic sulfate ([35S]sulfate) into rat cerebral cortex and measured the formation and elimination of radiolabelled CCK-8 using HPLC. The data allow the first calculation of the turnover rate of a putative transmitter neuropeptide in brain. The turnover of CCK-8 (half-life = 16 h) is considerably slower than that of the biogenic amines and amino acid neurotransmitters (half-lives less than 4 h).
The VMP network adapter board (NAB): high-performance network communication for multiprocessors

High performance computer communication between multiprocessor nodes requires significant improvements over conventional host-to-network adapters. Current host-to-network adapter interfaces impose excessive processing, system bus and interrupt overhead on a multiprocessor host. Current network adapters are either limited in function, wasting key host resources such as the system bus and the processors, or else intelligent but too slow, because of complex transport protocols and because of an inadequate internal memory architecture. Conventional transport protocols are too complex for hardware implementation and too slow without it.In this paper, we describe the design of a network adapter board for the VMP multiprocessor machine that addresses these issues. The adapter uses a host interface that is designed for minimal latency, minimal interrupt processing overhead and minimal system bus and memory access overhead. The network adapter itself has a novel internal memory and processing architecture that implements some of the key performance-critical transport layer functions in hardware. This design is integrated with VMTP, a new transport protocol specifically designed for efficient implementation on an intelligent high-performance network adapter. Although targeted for the VMP system, the design is applicable to other multiprocessors as well as uni-processors.
Plasma membrane events associated with the meiotic divisions in the amphibian oocyte: insights into the evolution of insulin transduction systems and cell signaling

Background Insulin and its plasma membrane receptor constitute an ancient response system critical to cell growth and differentiation. Studies using intact Rana pipiens oocytes have shown that insulin can act at receptors on the oocyte surface to initiate resumption of the first meiotic division. We have reexamined the insulin-induced cascade of electrical and ion transport-related plasma membrane events using both oocytes and intact plasma membranes in order to characterize the insulin receptor-steroid response system associated with the meiotic divisions.
The law of radioactive decay

The law of radioactive decay is derived along the lines originally proposed by Wigner and Weisskopf. It is found that the use of the Laplace transform permits a more exact evaluation of the probability amplitude of the decaying state than the original derivation. Nonexponential behaviour is obtained for very short and very long times. The uncertainty principle precludes observation of the short-time deviation from the exponential (as we demonstrate); this is the resolution of a proposed paradox. The long-time deviation becomes substantial only after an enormous number of lifetimes and is thus not observable in practice.
In vitro binding of bile acids by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten

The in vitro bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing substrates on an equal protein basis. Considering cholestyramine as 100 bound, the relative in vitro bile acid bindings for the soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten, on equal protein basis, were 17, 23, 30 and 12%, respectively. Bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans and black beans may influence cholesterol lowering, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduction of plaque formation in the aortic arch. Higher bile acid binding by black beans and pinto beans than soy protein is encouraging; it suggests that there may be components, other than the bean protein, with the desired health-promoting properties. As for wheat gluten, bile acid binding may relate to its potential for improving gastrointestinal health and reduction of the risk of cancer. These results point to bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten as indicative of their health-promoting potential.
Normal High-Resolution Cerebral 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT Scans in Symptomatic Neonates Exposed to Cocaine

Vascular constriction is said to account for a variety of clinical effects of cocaine. High-resolution 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) scans, which measure cerebral blood flow, were used to determine whether neonatal brain perfusion deficits are present in newborns with confirmed cocaine exposure. Normal, age-appropriate SPECT scans were found in 21 babies. Conventional neuroimaging was also performed when possible. All but one of the 14 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and one computed tomographic scan were normal. One MRI showed a mild delay in myelination. All but four neonates had behavioral or electroencephalographic abnormalities, and microcephaly was found in five of 21. The normal neonatal SPECT scans contrast with findings in adult cocaine users, which typically report abnormal findings of cerebral hypoperfusion. This study identifies a unique lack of corresponding cerebral vascular pathology in symptomatic neonates. It raises the p...
Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: Lisfranc fracture-dislocation

Lisfranc fracture-dislocation of the foot is an injury that carries a high incidence of chronic pain and disability. Its emergency department presentation can be subtle, and more frequent than previously believed. This review article examines the clinical presentation, historical factors, diagnostic techniques, and management options applicable to the emergency practitioner.
Impact of a Protocol for Acute Antifibrinolytic Therapy on Aneurysm Rebleeding After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— e-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is an antifibrinolytic agent used to prevent rebleeding in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although studies have found that a decrease in rebleeding with long-term antifibrinolytic therapy is offset by an increase in ischemic deficits, more recent studies have indicated that early, short-term therapy may be beneficial. Methods— We instituted a protocol for acute EACA administration starting at diagnosis and continued for a maximum duration of 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage onset. We compared 73 patients treated with EACA with 175 non–EACA-treated patients. We sought to identify differences in the occurrence of rebleeding, side effects, and outcome. Results— Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. There was a significant decrease in rebleeding in EACA-treated patients (2.7%) versus non-EACA patients (11.4%). There was no difference in ischemic complications between cohorts. There was a significant 8-fold increase in deep venous t...
Role of Fe(III) in metal complex adsorption by hydrous solids

Abstract The effect of Fe(III) on the adsorptive behavior of complexed Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) by hydrous solids (γ-Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and mordenite) has been examined in the laboratory. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 1, 2-dihydroxybenzene-3, 5 disulfonic acid (Tiron) were used as strong organic complex formers. Iron(III) was found to have stronger complex formation constants than the divalent metals; however, the pH-dependent conditional constants indicated that the organic ligands would favor Fe(III) in the low pH range (∼ 6). The partitioning of organic ligands between Fe(III) and the divalent metals as a function of pH was shown to play a significant role in the adsorptive behavior of the complexed divalent metals. When present at low concentration ( −6 M), the divalent metals adsorbed in a “metal-like” manner when Fe(III) was present, compared to a “ligand-like” behavior when Fe(III) was not available to compete for the organic ligand. At high concentrations (10 −4 M), Ni(II) behaved in a “ligand-like” manner due to the comparatively low solubility of the Fe 3+ species, while Pb(II) and Zn(II) exhibited a transitory behavior, somewhere between the “free” and the complexed metal species.
Rapid Diagnosis of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections by Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis

A simple, accurate, and rapid method for laboratory diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections using countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is described. CIE uses zoster convalescent-phase serum to detect VZV antigen in vesicular fluid. Eighty-six patients were studied, 58 with VZV infections and 28 with vesicular or bullous rashes due to causes other than VZV infection. All patients with documented VZV infection had positive CIE tests for VZV, and the controls were uniformly negative. VZV antigen could be detected up to 15 (varicella) or 16 (zoster) days after the onset of rash. The sensitivity of CIE for detection of VZV antigen was compared with results of viral isolation, immune adherence hemagglutination, and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The clinical diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections usually poses little difficulty. However, when a vesicular eruption occurs in an immunocompromised host or in a patient with an underlying skin disorder, or when the rash is atypical, reliance on the laboratory for diagnosis may be crucial. Vesicular eruptions clinically identified as being due to VZV have subsequently been shown to be caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) [1-3], echoviruses [4, 5], mycoplasma [6], or
Microscale Imaging and Identification of Fe Speciation and Distribution during Fluid–Mineral Reactions under Highly Reducing Conditions

The oxidation state, speciation, and distribution of Fe are critical determinants of Fe reactivity in natural and engineered environments. However, it is challenging to follow dynamic changes in Fe speciation in environmental systems during progressive fluid–mineral interactions. Two common geological and aquifer materials—basalt and Fe(III) oxides—were incubated with saline fluids at 55 °C under highly reducing conditions maintained by the presence of Fe0. We tracked changes in Fe speciation after 48 h (incipient water–rock reaction) and 10 months (extensive water–rock interaction) using synchrotron-radiation μXRF maps collected at multiple energies (ME) within the Fe K-edge. Immediate PCA analysis of the ME maps was used to optimize μXANES analyses; in turn, refitting the ME maps with end-member XANES spectra enabled us to detect and spatially resolve the entire variety of Fe-phases present in the system. After 48 h, we successfully identified and mapped the major Fe-bearing components of our samples (F...
Bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical determination of the lengths of the cell cycle and the DNA-synthetic phase for an anatomically defined population

A cumulative labelling protocol using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was followed to determine: (1) the growth fraction (i.e., the proportion of cells that comprise the proliferating population), (2) the length of the cell cycle, and (3) the length of the DNA-synthetic phase (S-phase) for proliferative cells in the dentate gyrus of the mouse. On postnatal day 20 (P20), C57BL/6J mice were injected with BUdR at two hour intervals for a total period of 12 hours. Animals were sacrificed at selected intervals, and the brains were processed for immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody directed against single-stranded DNA containing BUdR. The numbers of BUdR-labelled and unlabelled cells in sections through the hilus of the dentate gyrus were counted. The number of BUdR-labelled cells increased linearly from an initial value of about 12% of the total number of cells to a maximum value of just over 24% of the total. These findings indicate that, at P20, a maximum of 24.2 ± 1.2% of the cells in the dentate hilus are part of the proliferating population. The calculated length of the cell cycle of the cells comprising the intrahilar proliferative zone was estimated to be 16.1 ± 0.8h. The length of the S-phase was estimated at 8.0 ± 0.4 h. In addition, mathematical analysis, using one and two population models, indicates that over 90% of the proliferating cells in the dentate hilus at this age comprise a single population at least in terms of the lengths of the cell cycle and the S-phase. This protocol provides a convenient method for thein situ analysis of the cell cycle for anatomically defined proliferative populations.
Philippine Migrant Workers' Transnationalism in the Middle East

How do migrants assert their rights as workers when they do not enjoy the rights of citizenship in their countries of employment and are unable to assert their human rights through international conventions? This article focuses on the work of Migrante-International's Middle East chapter in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examines the ways Philippine migrants strategically assert their rights as Philippine citizens transnationally in local labor struggles. This case study of transnational labor activism in a region where migrant workers enjoy limited rights not only highlights how migrants exercise their agency in spite of major obstacles, but it also offers up novel ways to think about worker organizing within the context of contemporary neoliberal globalization for labor activists and scholars concerned with the labor rights of migrants.
High temperature oxidation characteristics of Nb–10W–XCr alloys

Abstract The effect of Cr content on the microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of Nb–10W–XCr alloys with four different compositions has been investigated. Experiments were conducted in air at 900 °C and 1300 °C; the oxidation kinetics have been evaluated in terms of weight change per unit area with respect to exposure time. Alloy's microstructure consists of Nb solid solution phase regions surrounded by a network of NbCr2 Laves phase. A trend of improvement in oxidation resistance with increase of the intermetallic phase is observed at 1300 °C and oxidation kinetics follow a parabolic behavior. At 900 °C, alloys with higher Cr content exhibit higher oxidation rates than alloys with lower Cr content. The oxidation products are a mixture of CrNbO4, and Nb2O5 and the amount of each oxide present in the mixture is related to the intermetallic phase content. Results delineate the influence of microstructure and composition on the oxidation mechanisms of these alloys that represent a promising base for high-temperature intermetallic alloy development.
The Effect of Complex Solvents on the Structure and Dynamics of Protein Solutions

Trehalose-water binary mixtures have been implicated in the anhydrobiosys of tradigrades. Although, there exists extensive experimental data to explain the mechanism of protection offered by trehalose, a study elucidating the microscopic details is missing. We have employed molecular dynamics simulations for this purpose. Studies were conducted with a protein in 0, 10, 20, 30 and 100% trehalose by weight solutions. We observe no appreciable change in the protein structure in water-containing solutions but a shrinkage is seen in pure trehalose. This has been correlated to bending of angles and dihedral angles in the protein in a way that compresses the protein evenly. This manifests in the different dynamics of protein observed in water-containing and pure trehalose solutions. The reason behind similar dynamics in water-containing solutions is preferential hydration of protein. The dynamics have further been found to be coupled to the behavior of hydrogen bonds.
In vitro evidence for matrix regulation of intestinal epithelial biology during mucosal healing.

Abstract We now know that restitution is more than a process of dedifferentiation and random cell movement across a wound defect. In fact, it is an orderly and regulated process in which gut mucosal epithelial cells adopt a migratory phenotype involving alterations in the cytoskeleton and intracellular motors likely to be tightly regulated by integrin-associated signal proteins and downstream second messengers. The extracellular matrix influences restitution not only as a physical substrate but also by modulating the expression, organization, and activation of the relevant intracellular proteins, as well as by modulating the expression and organization of receptors for soluble factors in the extracellular environment which also influence cell motility. The additional potential avenue of mechanicochemical signaling initiated by cytoskeletal rearrangement awaits further investigation. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Staggerer chimeras: intrinsic nature of purkinje cell defects and implications for normal cerebellar development.

Abstract The site of gene action of the Staggerer mutation of mice was investigated with Staggerer↔wild-type chimeras. Homozygous Staggerer mice show severe locomotor difficulties due to cerebellar abnormalities which include degeneration of virtually all granule cells and cytological defects in Purkinje cells. Although the locomotor deficits of the mutant were not present in the chimeras, the presence of Staggerer cells affected cerebellar structure. The size and the extent of foliation of the chimeric cerebella were intermediate between wild-type and homozygous Staggerer. A normally proportioned granule cell layer was present. Using β-glucuronidase as an independent determinant of a cell's genotype, it was found that the genotypically Staggerer medium-to-large neurons expressed all of the light microscopic defects observable in these cells in the homozygous mutant. These defects include: (1) smaller size; (2) usually ectopic location; and (3) regional variation in the cytological appearance of the perikaryon. By contrast, all Purkinje cells which were genotypically wild-type appeared normal in size, in location and in their cytological appearance. Their density, however, was much reduced from wild-type. The effects of the Staggerer mutation on the granule, stellate and basket cells could not be directly assessed as the glucuronidase marker is not suitable for use with these cells. The Staggerer gene thus acts directly on Purkinje cells rather than via extracellular environmental changes. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for normal cerebellar development.
The effects of cysteamine on the upper gastrointestinal tract of children with cystinosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cysteamine on gastric acid output and serum gastrin levels in children with nephropathic cystinosis. We studied four children with nephropathic cystinosis receiving a dose of free base cysteamine of 14.35 mg/kg four times a day (range 12.30 – 18.80 mg/kg). Gastric acid was measured for the hour before and after administration of the medication. Serum gastrin levels were obtained at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min following the medication. Gastrointestinal anatomy was evaluated by endoscopy and biopsy. Following administration of the medication, all subjects showed an increase in gastric acid output. Mean acid output increased from 0.79 to 2.22 mEq/h. Mean gastric acid output adjusted for body weight increased from 0.03 to 0.09 mEq/kg per hour. Following administration of the medication, all subjects showed an increase in serum gastrin. The mean increase above the base value was 38.3 pg/dl. Two of the four subjects demonstrated visual and histological evidence of inflammation. Cysteamine has a marked effect on gastric acid production and serum gastrin, even at the dose used in children with nephropathic cystinosis. The clinical effect of this acid production is unknown but may be significant.
Levels of 44Sc by the (3He, α) reaction on 45Sc

Abstract The 45Sc(3He, α)44Sc reaction has been studied at an incident 3He energy of 13.0 MeV. A ground state Q-value of 9.249 ± 0.015 MeV was measured for this reaction. Alpha-particle spectra were obtained at lab angles between 7.5° and 172.5° for transitions to levels below 3.0 MeV excitation energy. A distorted-wave analysis was carried out to obtain ln values and spectroscopic strengths. The isobaric analog of 44Ca(0) was observed at an excitation energy of 2.763 ± 0.020 MeV. The results are compared with other experimental data and with theoretical predictions.
Organic matter diagenesis in the anoxic sediments of saanich inlet, British Columbia, Canada: a case for highly evolved community interactions☆

Abstract Cytochrome c and ferricyanide reducing activities are measured in a Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (strain ATCC No. 17990) that indicate that the APS reductase activity is constitutive. This enzymatic activity is also measured in a Saanich Inlet isolate identified as Desulfovibrio salexigens (Saanich). Successful measurement of the Cytochrome c reducing activity was also made in the sediment extracts from Saanich Inlet, and this activity was found to be present in sediments as deep as 50 cm. Bacterial biomass distributions were estimated using measurements of ATP in the Saanich Inlet sediments. ETS activity measurements correlated well with the in situ [ 35 S]-SO 4 2− reduction rate measurements; both of the methods showing a subsurface maximum in activity at a depth of about 10 cm. However, some differences between the results obtained from these two procedures were also found, e.g., the in situ [ 35 S]-SO 4 2− reduction activity approximated zero values at or near 25 cm depth, while 5–10% of the surface ETS activity was present at a depth of as much as 50 cm. The hypothesis presented is that the subsurface maximum may be due to the anaerobic oxidation of methane by [ 35 S]-SO 4 2− ions as mediated by the sulfate-reducing bacteria. A discussion of the strong interactive relationships between a variety of organisms in an ecosystems context, so necessary in bringing about organic matter diagenesis in anoxic marine environments, is also presented.
TISSUE RESTRICTED GENE EXPRESSION ASSAYED BY DIRECT DNA INJECTION INTO CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

Abstract We have used direct injection of plasmid DNA into heart and tongue in vivo and transfection into cells in culture to determine (1) whether the pattern of reporter gene expression parallels the cell-type specific expression of endogenous genes. (2) whether the pattern of reporter gene expression approximates that of the same constructs transfected into myocardiocytes and myogenic cells in culture, (3) whether the expression patterns of promoters and enhancers that had been subtly altered by mutations are similar following transfection and direct DNA injection. We utilized gene constructs derived from the two fiber-type specific human troponin C genes: the fast twitch gene (TnCf) and the slow twitch or cardiac gene (cTnC). The endogenous TnCf gene does not express in the heart and the plasmid DNA expresses neither in myocardium after injection nor in transfected cardiomyocytes. However injected TnCf does express vigorously in tongue muscle. Conversely, the endogenous cTnC gene does not express in fast twitch skeletal muscle tongue and the plasmid DNA does not express in tongue after injection. However, injected cTnC does express in both injected myocardium and in transfected cardiomyocytes. With few discrepancies, various deletions and alterations of the promoters and enhances of these genes that have previously been defined by transfection into permissive myogenic cells in culture gave parallel expression patterns after injection in myocardium and tongue. Thus we conclude that direct DNA injection appears to provide a method to verify the identities of important cis -acting regulatory regions that have been mapped in cells in culture.
Differential diagnosis of depressive illness versus intense normal sadness: how significant is the 'clinical significance criterion' for major depression?

As psychiatry has moved from the asylum to the community over the last century, and embraced operationalized descriptive diagnostic criteria, the distinction between nonpsychotic unipolar depressiv...
The time-less urologic question, “Now why would you do that?” A case series and literature review of self-inserted urethral foreign bodies:

Objective:Self-inserted urethral foreign bodies are relatively uncommon with few cases reported in the literature. Urethral sounding may result in a retained urethral foreign body commonly occurrin...
Digital Archiving and Data Mining of Historic Document

The development of research methodologies innovative technologies as described in this paper allows real time archival data extraction and assessment while ensuring preservation. The system establishes a new standard for electronic preservation, retrieval and research of manuscript and other materials. It uses computer-assisted technology for initial handwriting recognition of manuscript sources. This enables a search by word throughout an entire database. The data mining component of the system has been designed using lexicon, features extraction, and neural networks methods.
Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls

All eukaryotic cells have an extensive membranous labyrinth network of branching tubules and flattened sacs called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Approximately one-third of all cellular proteins are translocated into the lumen of the ER where post-translational modification, folding, and oligomerization occurs. The ER provides a unique oxidizing compartment for the folding of membrane and secretory proteins that are destined to the cell surface, as well as for proteins destined to other intracellular organelles, such as lysosomes and the Golgi compartment. Numerous cellular proteins reside within the ER through a mechanism that requires their continuous vesicle-mediated retrieval from post-ER compartments within the early secretory pathway. These ERresident proteins are chaperones and catalysts of protein folding that form a matrix on which newly synthesized proteins attain their final conformation. The ER is also the site of synthesis of cellular lipids and sterols. In addition, the ER is the major signal-transducing organelle within the cell that continuously responds to environmental cues to release calcium. The ER is exquisitely sensitive to alterations in homeostasis, where, upon a variety of different stimuli, signals are transduced from the ER to the cytoplasm and the nucleus to eventually result in adaptation for survival or induction of apoptosis. The immediate response occurs at the translational apparatus, whereas changes in gene expression promote long-term adaptation or apoptotic cell death. Recent evidence supports findings that these signaling pathways influence pathogenesis associated with viral infection and genetic disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is presently known about the diversity of molecular signaling mechanisms that coordinate the complex ER stress response at the translational and transcriptional level in yeast and in higher eukaryotic cells.
Stabilization of linear and nonlinear systems with time delay

This paper considers the problem of stabilizing linear and nonlinear continuous-time systems with state and measurement delay. For linear systems we address stabilization via fixed-order dynamic output feedback compensators and present sufficient conditions for stabilization involving a system of modified Riccati equations. For nonlinear systems we provide sufficient conditions for the design of static full-state feedback stabilizing controllers. The controllers obtained are delay-independent and hence apply to systems with infinite delay.
Risk-Reducing Effectiveness of Revenue versus Yield Insurance in the Presence of Government Payments

Government farm support programs such as Loan Deficiency Payments (LDP) and Counter-Cyclical Payments (CCP) have payoff structures that effectively make them costless price insurance instruments. A combination of these payments with yield insurance may provide a viable alternative to revenue insurance. This paper finds that, contrary to expectations, the revenue product analyzed is uniformly superior to yield insurance under both current (2002) and proposed (2008) Farm Bill structures of government payments. Given minor adjustments, however, yield insurance combined with government payments can provide more effective risk management than revenue insurance in production areas with low yield–price correlation.
Interest Group Structure and Organization in Kenya's Informal Sector Cultural Despair or a Politics of Multiple Allegiances?

Much of the academic and policy discourse on the African informal sector assumes that the people who populate the informal economy have a distinct set of economic and political interests. The sector's participants are supposed to support policies different from those advocated by governments that seek to tax informal enterprises, by smallholders who seek higher prices for the crops they grow and thereby contribute to rising food prices, and by modern sector manufacturing that sells inputs used by informal enterprises for high prices and buys goods and services at low prices. This research suggests that patterns of interest group formation vary according to the extent to which entrepreneurs diversify their income portfolios and according to the perception of mobility within and between sectors. It uses this understanding to explain differences in patterns of interest formation between entrepreneurs in capital cities and in secondary towns. It offers data from a survey administered in three Kenyan secondary...
A New Subspecies of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Mexico

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae barragani is described as new to science from the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains in Chihuahua, Mexico. It differs from the nominate subspecies in 10 anatomical features involving the head, pronotum, and elytral declivity and in the manner in which groups of eggs are laid. Cross-mated male and female beetles from Chihuahua and Idaho produced 67% fewer progeny than did pairs of beetles from either locality. Further evidence of isolation of the Mexican population is shown by differences in the species of entomophagous and scolytid insects associated with the two subspecies of D. pseudotsugae.
Nerve Outgrowth by Dorsal Root Ganglia in vitro: Stimulation by Inhibitors of DNA Metabolism in the Absence of Exogenous Nerve Growth Factor

Dorsal root ganglia from 8-day chick embryos can be stimulated to extend nerve processes in culture by inclusion of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in the culture medium, in the absence of exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF). The degree of stimulation is dose dependent, and is not mimicked by either free cytosine or free arabinose. Since Ara-C is known to inhibit DNA synthesis, other inhibitors of DNA synthesis were tested. Hydroxyurea, fluorodeoxyuridine, and 3 mM thymidine all stimulated nerve outgrowth in the absence of exogenous NGF. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine also stimulated nerve outgrowth. In all cases, stimulation was observable after 24 h of culture, with maximal outgrowth achieved by 72 h of culture. The experimental response was never as large as the response to NGF, but was up to seven times greater than control outgrowth. In all cultures, nerve processes were characterized by growth cones at their distal tips, colchicine-sensitivity, and a high tubulin content visualized by immunofluorescence with anti-tubulin antibody.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DEVELOPING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

A formal, generic description of decision support systems is introduced. This description views a decision support system as having three principal components: a language system, a knowledge system, and a problem processing system. Several systems that fit the generic decision support system idea, but are (for the most part) not the customary kinds of systems encountered in business applications, are described. The concepts and techniques employed in these systems can make important contributions to the emergence of more powerful business-oriented decision support systems.
Accommodative disfacility presenting as intermittent exotropia.

Accommodative disfacility and intermittent exotropia are two common clinically-observed ocular abnormalities. However, records of individual system dynamics arc rare and mechanisms for possible interactive effects between the accommodation and the vergence system remain obscure in cases of system dysfunction. We present objective, quantitative, static and dynamic records of accommodation, vergence and related system responses in a symptomatic patient having accommodation disfacility and intermittent exotropia and propose that these two conditions worked in a pathogenic symbiotic manner.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF FLOW CONSTRUCT IN A COMPUTER-MEDIATED ENVIRONMENT

As the Web becomes a part of peoples’ everyday lives, there is a growing need to understand user behaviour on the Web. Recently, the flow construct has been proposed as important for understanding the nature of user online experience. Researchers assert that the benefits of flow online include increased learning, exploratory and positive behavior, positive subjective experience, and perceived sense of control over their interaction. Overall, flow could affect outcomes such as navigation patterns and repeat visits on commercial Web sites. Although widely studied over the past years, a review of the literature indicates discrepancies among various flow models and some unclear conceptualization and operationalization of the construct. This paper examined flow according to two specific conceptualizations with respect to its measurement, and tests each conceptualization in an identical nomological network. The results indicate that there is better fit of a reflective flow model compared with a formative flow model to the study data. The results of the study may aid in the understanding of the relationships between the higher order flow construct and its first order dimensions, which may help inform system designers to better assess flow and, thus, be more conducive to flow.
Character: The Framework for a Successful Life

L'A. donne les ingredients d'une vie heureuse digne d'un etre humain. Sans separer le caractere intellectuel qui concerne la comprehension du monde, du caractere moral qui concerne la vie en societe, il s'agit de se parer d'une idee juste de soi, d'un plan de vie approprie a son humanite et a son individualite, de comprendre le contexte de son existence (societe, monde) qui est commensurable a ses propres forces