cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-inflammatory cytokines: expression and action in the brain.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression is equivocal in normal brain and upregulated in over a dozen central and peripheral diseases/disorders. The patterns of specific expression of cytokines differ in these diseases. Published data indicate that these cytokines are produced by and act on both neurons and glial cells. Although their actions are commonly viewed as ‘anti-inflammatory’, they protect neurons and downregulate the responses of glial cells to diseases/disorders in the absence of inflammation. Their actions counterbalance the actions of elevated IL-1 and/or tumor necrosis factor-α to maintain homeostasis. Their therapeutic potential will be realized by improving our understanding of their place in neural cytokine networks.
Shaping of Object Representations in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe Based on Temporal Regularities

Regularities are gradually represented in cortex after extensive experience, and yet they can influence behavior after minimal exposure. What kind of representations support such rapid statistical learning? The medial temporal lobe (MTL) can represent information from even a single experience, making it a good candidate system for assisting in initial learning about regularities. We combined anatomical segmentation of the MTL, high-resolution fMRI, and multivariate pattern analysis to identify representations of objects in cortical and hippocampal areas of human MTL, assessing how these representations were shaped by exposure to regularities. Subjects viewed a continuous visual stream containing hidden temporal relationships--pairs of objects that reliably appeared nearby in time. We compared the pattern of blood oxygen level-dependent activity evoked by each object before and after this exposure, and found that perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, subiculum, CA1, and CA2/CA3/dentate gyrus (CA2/3/DG) encoded regularities by increasing the representational similarity of their constituent objects. Most regions exhibited bidirectional associative shaping, whereas CA2/3/DG represented regularities in a forward-looking predictive manner. These findings suggest that object representations in MTL come to mirror the temporal structure of the environment, supporting rapid and incidental statistical learning.
Smeared-tip superposition method for nonlinear and time-dependent fracture

Abstract A crack with bridging stresses is treated as a superposition of many cracks whose tips are continuously distributed (smeared) along the crack line. The solution is reduced to an integral equation for the components of the applied load associated with crack tips at various locations. This equation, which is equivalent to that previously presented by Planas and Elices (1986), is then generalized to include: (1) time-dependent nonlinear stress-displacement relation for the bridging stresses (rate-effect), and (2) aging viscoelastic behavior of the material in the rest of the structure. The solution leads to an integro-differential equation, whose method of solution by finite differences in space and time is given. The paper presents only the mathematical formulation. Numerical studies applied to concrete, rock and ceramics are planned.
A simulation-based learning automata framework for solving semi-Markov decision problems under long-run average reward

Many problems of sequential decision making under uncertainty, whose underlying probabilistic structure has a Markov chain, can be set up as Markov Decision Problems (MDPs). However, when their underlying transition mechanism cannot be characterized by the Markov chain alone, the problems may be set up as Semi-Markov Decision Problems (SMDPs). The framework of dynamic programming has been used extensively in the literature to solve such problems. An alternative framework that exists in the literature is that of the Learning Automata (LA). This framework can be combined with simulation to develop convergent LA algorithms for solving MDPs under long-run cost (or reward). A very attractive feature of this framework is that it avoids a major stumbling block of dynamic programming; that of having to compute the one-step transition probability matrices of the Markov chain for every possible action of the decision-making process. In this paper, we extend this framework to the more general SMDP. We also present n...
Aroma: language support for distributed objects

Aroma simplifies the task of parallelizing large applications in multicomputers by providing applications with a shared object space. Aroma supports both traditional monolithic objects and aggregate objects that can be partitioned across multiple nodes. Aggregate objects support data parallelism efficiently. An Aroma program consists of tasks that operate on shared objects. Tasks typically execute on the node on which their input data is located, thus minimizing communication. Shared data objects have synchronization properties associated with them, making it possible to parallelize a large class of applications without using explicit, locks and condition variables. The authors present and justify the Aroma language features, and give examples of Aroma programs. Aroma has been implemented on the Nectar multicomputer. The authors give performance results for several applications. >
The Physiology of the Acute Pain Pathway

A look into the physiology and biomedical science is a crucial starting point when investigating a topic. It is essential for a physician to have a thorough understanding of the basic mechanisms of acute pain physiology to make diagnoses, guide treatments, and follow outcomes. This article reviews the physiology of acute pain with a clinical emphasis on "attack points" of the pathway where interventions may best be warranted. It also highlights differences in acute pain based on the anatomy and mechanism of the tissue injury. The multimodal pain management approach is also introduced to emphasis clinical treatment options.
Age-related changes in renal cyclic nucleotides and eicosanoids in response to sodium intake

Abstract —The signaling molecules cGMP, cAMP, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) play important roles in mediating the response of the kidney to changes in dietary sodium intake. We used a renal microdialysis technique in conscious rats to address the hypothesis that the renal ability to produce these mediators in response to dietary sodium intake is altered during maturation. Young (4-week-old) or adult (6-month-old) rats were studied after the consumption for 5 days of diets containing low (0.04% NaCl), normal (0.28% NaCl), or high (4.0% NaCl) levels of sodium. Plasma renin activity was significantly increased by low-sodium diet and significantly decreased by high-sodium diet, with no significant difference between the responses of the 2 age groups. Renal interstitial fluid (RIF) levels of cGMP, cAMP, PGE 2 , and PGF 2α on normal-sodium diet were similar in the 2 age groups. Low-sodium diet caused a significant increase in RIF levels of all 4 mediators, with no significant differences between the responses of the 2 age groups. High-sodium diet also caused a significant increase in RIF levels of all 4 mediators. However, RIF production of cGMP, cAMP, and PGE 2 was significantly greater, and RIF PGF 2α production was significantly lower, in young rats compared with adult rats. These data demonstrate that the kidneys of young and adult rats respond to dietary sodium restriction in a similar manner but that there are age-related changes in the renal response to sodium loading.
Tumor-suppressive activity of retinoic acid receptor-β in cancer

Retinoids, a group of structural and functional analogs of vitamin A, are known to regulate a large number of essential biological processes and to suppress carcinogenesis. The effects of retinoids are mainly mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors, which include retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Each receptor has three subtypes (alpha, beta, and gamma) and each subtype has different isoforms. Retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) has four isoforms that have different affinities to retinoids and different biological functions. Loss of expression of RAR-beta(2) during cancer development is associated with tumorigenesis and retinoid resistance; induction of its expression, on the other hand, can suppress carcinogenesis. Expression of another isoform, RAR-beta(4), is increased in various types of cancer. RAR-beta(4) transgenic mice develop hyperplasia and neoplasia in various tissues, and induction of RAR-beta(4) expression increases the growth of tumor cells that do not express RAR-beta(2). Future studies will focus on molecular pathways involving RAR-beta(2) and the role of RAR-beta(4) in cancer development.
‘Anyone Can Be an Illegal’: Color-Blind Ideology and Maintaining Latino/Citizen Borders

Previous research has shown that nativist ideology racializes nonwhite immigrants, but little research has looked at how color-blind racist discourse shapes how people accomplish this while maintaining a race-neutral identity. This study examines how online discussion forum participants of an anti-immigrant organization in the United States use color-blind racist discourse. The qualitative analysis of 200 threads (2,168 posts) shows that forum participants use the color-blind discursive tactic of diminishing the importance of race through rhetoric of legality, cultural racism, and reverse racism. This rhetoric frees forum participants to conflate illegal, criminal, and Hispanic. This neutralizes contradictions in their claims of a race-neutral stance, which is most evident in their discussions of Puerto Rico whereby participants reinforce a dichotomy between citizen and Latino. While color-blind racism has been used to explain race relations between white and nonwhite citizens, this research shows how the...
MYB36 regulates the transition from proliferation to differentiation in the Arabidopsis root

Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew and produce daughter cells that proliferate and mature. These maturing cells transition from a proliferative state to a terminal state through the process of differentiation. In the Arabidopsis thaliana root the transcription factors SCARECROW and SHORTROOT regulate specification of the bipotent stem cell that gives rise to cortical and endodermal progenitors. Subsequent progenitor proliferation and differentiation generate mature endodermis, marked by the Casparian strip, a cell-wall modification that prevents ion diffusion into and out of the vasculature. We identified a transcription factor, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 36 (MYB36), that regulates the transition from proliferation to differentiation in the endodermis. We show that SCARECROW directly activates MYB36 expression, and that MYB36 likely acts in a feed-forward loop to regulate essential Casparian strip formation genes. We show that myb36 mutants have delayed and defective barrier formation as well as extra divisions in the meristem. Our results demonstrate that MYB36 is a critical positive regulator of differentiation and negative regulator of cell proliferation.
Active tectonics of the Seattle fault and central Puget Sound, Washington—Implications for earthquake hazards

We use an extensive network of marine high-resolution and conventional industry seismic-reflection data to constrain the location, shallow structure, and displacement rates of the Seattle fault zone and crosscutting high-angle faults in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. Analysis of seismic profiles extending 50 km across the Puget Lowland from Lake Washington to Hood Canal indicates that the west-trending Seattle fault comprises a broad (4–6 km) zone of three or more south-dipping reverse faults. Quaternary sediment has been folded and faulted along all faults in the zone but is clearly most pronounced along fault A, the northernmost fault, which forms the boundary between the Seattle uplift and Seattle basin. Analysis of growth strata deposited across fault A indicate minimum Quaternary slip rates of about 0.6 mm/yr. Slip rates across the entire zone are estimated to be 0.7–1.1 mm/yr. The Seattle fault is cut into two main segments by an active, north-trending, high-angle, strike-slip fault zone with cumulative dextral displacement of about 2.4 km. Faults in this zone truncate and warp reflections in Tertiary and Quaternary strata and locally coincide with bathymetric lineaments. Cumulative slip rates on these faults may exceed 0.2 mm/yr. Assuming no other crosscutting faults, this north-trending fault zone divides the Seattle fault into 30–40-km-long western and eastern segments. Although this geometry could limit the area ruptured in some Seattle fault earthquakes, a large event ca. A.D. 900 appears to have involved both segments. Regional seismic-hazard assessments must (1) incorporate new information on fault length, geometry, and displacement rates on the Seattle fault, and (2) consider the hazard presented by the previously unrecognized, north-trending fault zone.
Evidence that Estradiol Induces the Preovulatory LH Surge in Cattle by Increasing Pituitary Sensitivity to LHRH and then Increasing LHRH Release

The objectives of these studies were to determine 1) the influence of estradiol on the ability of the pituitary gland to release LH in response to LHRH in vivo, and 2) whether LHRH is required to cause the preovulatory LH surge in cattle. To minimize the confounding effect of endogenous LHRH or LHRH-induced LH release, we used the estradiol-treated steer as a model for the cow. The rationale for this choice is that estradiol does not normally cause an LH surge in steers, but it does exert a negative feedback effect inhibiting LHRH secretion. In the first experiment, an LH surge was induced in steers by injecting 1 μg LHRH at 20-min intervals between 12 and 20 h after estradiol. This surge resembled the preovulatory LH surge in cows with respect to both duration (10 h) and amplitude (49 ng/ml). After the peak, LH concentrations returned to baseline despite continued LHRH injections. In control steers given oil, repetitive injections of LHRH increased serum LH to only 13 ng/ml. In a second experiment, steer...
Motivation and Practical Reasons

L'A. defend la these de la raison-motivation (Nathanson) selon laquelle les raisons pratiques impliquent l'action de l'agent en un sens non-psychologique. Repondant aux objections d'ordre theorique et pratique, aux objections de la persuasion morale, de l'interet personnel et du motif, l'A. propose une lecture de la raison-motivation qui s'avere plausible avec les standards ordinaires de la charite et qui permet de repondre aux principales critiques concernant les raisons morales, la trivialite et la formulation imparfaite
Turbo Equalization and Iterative Decoding for the Storage Channel

This digest summarizes the talk presented at the Coding for Data Storage Workshop at the 2007 IEEE GlobeCom Conference in Washington D.C.
Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Marital Status in Men With Erectile Dysfunction

Little scientific information is available about relationship between erectile dysfunction and marital status. The repetitive cycle of penile erections during sleep provides an opportunity to objectively measure erectile function. In this study, we analyzed sleep-related erections in 787 men with erectile complaints. Penile rigidity was measured during nocturnal tumescence and compared between groups of men differing in marital status. Mean rigidity was lower for widowers than other groups, mainly because they were older. Age-adjusted covariance analysis revealed lower mean rigidity for single men than for married, separated, and divorced men. Finally, within-group rigidity distributions suggested a psychogenic profile occurring more frequently in divorced men than in other groups. These descriptive data provide the foundation for further study of the relationship between erectile failure and marital status.
Management Implications Of A Czech National Identity In The European Union

The unique Czech identity played a role in the country’s joining the European Union. There are a number of distinct characteristics of the Czech identity that are actually quite compatible to membership in the Union. The history of the Czech nation which has a significant impact on the national identity of the country is discussed along with an explanation or definition of national identity. The Czech identity and the European identity are compared and contrasted. Finally, management implications of the Czech identity are discussed. COUNTRY DESCRIPTION ocated southeast of Germany, the Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The Czech Republic is bordered by Germany, Austria, Poland, and Slovakia. The country has over ten million inhabitants boasting a 99 percent literacy rate. The Czech Republic is considered one of the more successful former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe with an estimated GDP per capita of over $20,000 dollars per year, slightly lower than the EU average. The country has a stable, parliamentary democracy. The capital is Prague and the country celebrates its national holiday, Czech Founding Day, on the 28 th of October; the holiday commemorates the founding of the Czechoslovak state (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/index.html).
Invasion dynamics on a temperate rocky shore: from early invasion to establishment of a marine invader

Populations of invading Asian shore crabs (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) and resident crabs (European green crab Carcinus maenas or species in the family Panopeidae) were monitored for up to 12 years along a south to north orientation on the open coast of Massachusetts and within the Narragansett Bay estuary, Rhode Island. At all sites, densities of resident crabs declined as H. sanguineus increased in abundance. Population dynamics were divided into 3 stages of the invasion (early, mid, late) based on statistically different densities of invading and resident crabs. Early in the invasion on the open coast, the relatively few H. sanguineus present had a wide range of individual sizes. By late in the invasion, relatively small crabs [ 10 mm CW were present late in the invasion. In Narragansett Bay, a recruitment peak of H. sanguineus occurred shortly before it surged in population size, and large crabs were abundant late in the invasion. Geographic comparisons of H. sanguineus populations in southern New England showed similar growth trajectories. Monitoring populations of resident and invading species at multiple locations from early invasion through clear establishment of the invader allows a more complete understanding of the population dynamics of marine species invasions.
A paradigm shift toward evidence-based clinical practice: Developing a performance assessment

Abstract The Clinical Practice Assessment System (CPAS), developed in response to teacher preparation program accreditation requirements, represents a paradigm shift of one university toward data-based decision-making in teacher education programs. The new assessment system is a scale aligned with INTASC Standards, which allows for observation and evaluation of teacher candidate performance over time to show growth from novice to high level proficiency. This article describes the creation of the CPAS and examines results from its implementation in early childhood, elementary, and secondary programs in both early and capstone clinical experiences. Three years of implementation experiences have informed decisions on supervisory practices, program offerings and requirements, alignment of course outcomes, and understanding of strengths and weaknesses of individual licensure programs.
ELASTIC‐WAVE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN ROCKS AND OTHER MATERIALS BY PHASE‐DELAY METHODS

The phase delay of a continuous sinusoidal elastic wave after transmission through a medium may be used to determine the velocity of propagation of the wave in the medium. The change in path length for a given frequency, or the change in frequency for a given path length, required to change the phase delay by integral multiples of 360 degrees is measured in the laboratory by the use of source and receiver piezoelectric transducers whose signals are applied to the horizontal and vertical deflection circuits of an oscilloscope. The accuracy of the method depends upon the accuracy with which the frequency of the transmitted wave and its path length through the medium (or change in path length) can be determined, provided the effect of extraneous signals (e.g., boundary reflections, multiple reflections, alternate modes of propagation, etc.) is negligible. The phase‐delay methods are illustrated and compared with conventional pulse methods by using both to make compressional‐velocity measurements in water and...
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Evaluating the Risks and Benefits

Objective : To review the literature related to the benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Data sources : Computerized searches on MEDLINE and CINAHL. Study selection : Articles from indexed journals in the English language related to the topics in this review and published after 1986 (except for earlier classic pieces) were evaluated. Data extraction : Data were extracted and information was organized about HRT under the following headings: indications, risks, contraindications, management of therapy, and evaluation of risks and benefits. Data synthesis : Hormone replacement therapy is used to treat symptoms of estrogen deficiency and to prevent disease. The small risk of breast cancer associated with HRT is outweighed by the beneficial effects of such therapy in preventing cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Conclusions : Evidence suggests that HRT should be offered to all postmenopausal women in whom it is not contraindicated. Ideally, each woman should decide whether to receive HRT after weighing the risks and benefits. Additional research is needed on the effects of different doses, types of estrogen and progestin, and treatment duration, and on which HRT regimen offers the best risk‐benefit profile.
Teach With Me: The Promise of a Raced Politic for Social Justice in College Classrooms

This article considers the importance of a “raced politic” and students of color when teaching in predominantly White college classrooms. It highlights the ways unchallenged White supremacy limits socially-just practice. The author also discusses the ways student of color voices can serve as a pedagogical tool. Finally, drawing on the work of Freire (1970), the article offers a conceptual framework for understanding and promoting student of color voices in the work of social justice.
An automated method for the analysis of T-cell receptor repertoires : Rapid RT-PCR fragment length analysis of the T-cell receptor β chain complementarity-determining region 3

The examination of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires has an important role in the study of lymphoproliferative disorders and autoimmune diseases. Analysis of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCR beta chain is used to assess the clonality of T-cell populations. We developed a rapid fluorescence-based method for CDR3 length analysis of expressed TCR gene families. TCR beta chain complementary DNA is amplified by a nested polymerase chain reaction with V beta family-specific oligonucleotide primers and a fluorochrome-labeled C beta primer. The polymerase chain reaction products were analyzed on a compact automated DNA sequencing system (OpenGene system, Visible Genetics, Toronto, Ontario). To demonstrate the usefulness of our technique, we examined the CDR3 length distribution of peripheral blood T cells from a healthy subject, intestinal T cells from a patient with ulcerative colitis, and the T-cell leukemia cell line Jurkat. The analysis revealed polyclonal, oligoclonal, and monoclonal CDR3 distributions, respectively, for the 3 T-cell populations. Our new method shows virtually identical CDR3 length patterns compared with the traditional radioisotope-based method. The new technique offers the convenience of rapid throughput, nonradioactive labeling, and quality data analysis.
Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of hydroxy fatty acids, as their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives

A quantitative method is described for the rapid gas liquid chromatographic analysis of mono- and polyhydroxystearates as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. The TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters are formed rapidly and quantitatively at room temp. The retention times of ricinoleic acid as the methyl ester, acetylated derivative and the TMS derivative are compared. Purified diastereoisomers of di-, triand tetrahydroxystearates and their mixtures were analyzed on three different columns. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydroxysteartes were shown to give quantitative results as TMS derivatives. Analyses were carried out on a diethylene glycol succinate polyester (DEGS) packed column and on large-bore capillary columns of DEGS and Apiezon L. The elution order of the TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters from the DEGS largebore capillary column was not the same as that obtained from the DEGS packed column. The unusual elution pattern of the large-bore capillary column is discussed.
Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships

Transaction cost analysis is rapidly becoming an important theoretical paradigm in marketing. However, the accumulation of transaction cost studies has been accompanied by a growing body of critici...
What Housewives Think of the Super-Market:

BOTH FOOD distributors and students of marketing are greatly interested in consumer opinion of the super-markets, since the attitude of the consumer will determine the future of this type of institution. Just what, then, do the consumers think of the advantages and disadvantages of trading in super-markets? This study undertakes to make a start toward answering the question. It is based on a survey in which a number of housewives were asked for their opinions of super-markets and information concerning their methods of buying groceries, the amounts spent for groceries. The particular store selected for this investigation is a large super-market in Champaign, Illinois, located close to the down-town shopping district and also near a residential area occupied by both white and colored families in the lowincome group. The first stores in this city which could properly be classed as super-markets were opened by independents; but it is doubtful whether any independent store now operating there deserves to be classed as a "super." Super-markets are now operated by two chains. Approximately 2.5 per cent of the families in the city were interviewed for this study. This sample is relatively small, but because of the care taken in its selection, it is believed to present a fairly adequate cross section of consumer opinion in the city. The number of questionnaires used was 134, of which 69 were secured in homes and 65 in the supermarket. For the home interviews, three residential areas were selected and every sixth house was covered in each area. Both patrons and non-patrons of the super-market were included. The families interviewed were classified into three income groups: those with yearly incomes below $i,Soo, those with incomes of $I,5oo to $4,000, and those with incomes above $4,000. The interviews were ra her evenly divided among families in the three income groups. This overweighs the upper income groups; but this seemed necessary to secure adequate umbers of upper income famrilies for further analysis. It is believed that the interviews in the market itself fairly represent a random sample of the customers of this store. The interviewer usually found the customers willing to answer his questions, regardless of race or apparent financial position. No attempt was made to classify the store customers by income groups. One finding in this and former studies is that many of the low-income families buy a large proportion of their groceries daily from independent neighborhood stores located conveniently near their homes. This habit may be thought by some to indicate improvidence, since such stores are generally believed to have somewhat higher prices than the supermarkets and the cash-carry chain grocery stores. It was observed, however, that many of these families cook their food as soon as purchased. If large
QL-05SELF-REPORTED COGNITIVE DIFFICULTIES AND ASSOCIATED MEDICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH ADULT-ONSET GLIOMA

INTRODUCTION: Neurocognitive functioning and other aspects of quality of life have become increasingly important in the clinical care of patients with glioma. While regular monitoring of neurocognitive functioning with thorough evaluations would be ideal for patients, this is often impractical due to time, cost, and resource considerations. Instead, a measure of self-reported cognitive symptoms can be administered to identify the patients who perceive themselves to be experiencing cognitive difficulties, allowing for rapid detection of patients in need. Recently, a self-report measure of neurocognitive functioning was developed to target the cognitive domains affected by cancer treatments. However, to our knowledge, studies of this questionnaire in adults have only included adult survivors of childhood cancers. METHODS: In the present study, 299 patients with adult-onset WHO Grade II-IV glioma completed the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Neurocognitive Questionnaire. This 25-item measure has four subscales representing different cognitive functions: Task Efficiency, Emotional Tolerance, Organization, and Memory. RESULTS: Overall scores, primary areas of concern, and relationships with medical characteristics were identified. Subtest scores were: Task Efficiency T score (M = 42.8, SD = 15.9), Emotional Tolerance T score (M = 51.6, SD = 11.7), Organization T score (M = 48.6, SD = 11.7), and Memory T score (M = 44.0, SD = 15.3), demonstrating task efficiency to be the cognitive function of greatest concern. Individual item responses were then analyzed, with 188 patients (61.6%) endorsing the highest ranked item: "I have difficulty recalling things I had previously learned" (M = 0.81, SD = 0.74). Chi-square tests, t-tests, and regression were also performed, and these analyses identified statistically significant effects of tumor laterality, radiochemotherapy, recurrence, and KPS score (p < .05), but not tumor grade, on each of the four subscale scores. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that difficulties with memory and task efficiency are frequently endorsed by adult-onset glioma patients, and that several medical characteristics play a role in the level of cognitive dysfunction that patients experience.
Introduction: Consider the Archive

AbstractIn recent years, historians of archives have paid increasingly careful attention to the development of state, colonial, religious, and corporate archives in the early modern period, arguing that power (of various kinds) was mediated and extended through material writing practices in and around archives. The history of early modern science, likewise, has tracked the production of scientific knowledge through the inscription and circulation of written records within and between laboratories, libraries, homes, and public spaces, such as coffeehouses and bookshops. This Focus section interrogates these two bodies of scholarship against each other. The contributors ask how archival digitization is transforming historical practice; how awareness of archival histories can help us to reconceptualize our work as historians of science; how an archive's layered purposes, built up over centuries of record keeping, can shape the historical narratives we write; and how scientific knowledge emerging from archive...
Availability of Glucose for Human Brain Oxidations.

Summary and ConclusionsThe availability of glucose for brain oxidations in hypoglycemic insulin coma was studied in human patients. The intravenous administration of 4 g (in 50% solution) invariably aroused the patients and approximately doubled the oxygen uptake of the brain.
Effects of Cardiac Troponin I Mutation P83S on Contractile Properties and the Modulation by PKA-Mediated Phosphorylation.

cTnIP82S (cTnIP83S in rodents) resides at the I-T arm of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and was initially identified as a disease-causing mutation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, later studies suggested this may not be true. We recently reported that introduction of an HCM-associated mutation in either inhibitory-peptide (cTnIR146G) or cardiac-specific N-terminus (cTnIR21C) of cTnI blunts the PKA-mediated modulation on myofibril activation/relaxation kinetics by prohibiting formation of intrasubunit contacts between these regions. Here, we tested whether this also occurs for cTnIP83S. cTnIP83S increased both Ca2+ binding affinity to cTn (KCa) and affinity of cTnC for cTnI (KC–I), and eliminated the reduction of KCa and KC–I observed for phosphorylated-cTnIWT. In isolated myofibrils, cTnIP83S maintained maximal tension (TMAX) and Ca2+ sensitivity of tension (pCa50). For cTnIWT myofibrils, PKA-mediated phosphorylation decreased pCa50 and sped up the slow-phase relaxation (especially for those Ca2+...
268 INFLUENZA SEASON TRIGGERS PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION.

Purpose The CDC recommends that clinicians administer influenza and pneumococcal vaccines at the same time as one approach to increase the frequency of pneumococcal vaccination. We investigated the rates with which these vaccines are administered in our practice and the frequency with which they are administered together to vaccine-eligible seniors. Methods We reviewed the billing records of patients 65 years and older from 1999 through 2005 for administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines in our university internal medicine ambulatory care practice. We calculated rates of administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines given alone and together. Results Nine hundred sixty-nine doses of pneumococcal vaccine were administered, and of these, 796 (82%) were administered during the fall and winter months. Three hundred fifty-seven (38%) pneumococcal vaccinees received it together with influenza vaccine. During 2001 and 2005, when influenza vaccine supply was limited, the rate of pneumococcal vaccine administered together with influenza vaccine declined sharply (from 2.3 in 2000 to 1.4 in 2001 and from 1.3 in 2004 to 0.4 in 2005). Nonetheless, the rate of pneumococcal vaccination remained relatively stable due to an increase in the rate of pneumococcal vaccine administered alone (from 2.1 in 2000 to 3.2 in 2001 and from 1.9 in 2004 to 3.1 in 2005). Conclusions Although pneumococcal vaccine can be administered at any time of year, in our practice most pneumococcal vaccines were administered in the fall and winter months and about one-third of these were given together with influenza vaccine. In years when the influenza vaccine supply was limited, physicians in our practice continued to vaccinate with pneumococcal vaccine alone so that the total rate of administration of pneumococcal vaccine remained stable. These findings suggest that the imminent influenza season, rather than the availability of influenza vaccine, provides the trigger for physicians to prescribe pneumococcal vaccine. Physicians should be reminded that pneumococcal vaccine can be administered at any time of year.
Preparation of Mulberry Leaves Vermicelli

The article chief introduces the basic chemical component and value of mulberry leaves,on the basis of that,the processing technology of the mulberry leaves vermicelli was studied.
Analysis of the sanitary conditions of drinking water in rural areas of Changzhou City between 2010 and 2011

OBJECTIVE Quality and hygienic conditions of drinking water in rural Changzhou were assessed to ensure drinking water safety for the public in the area and to provide a scientific reference for the supervision of drinking water safety in rural areas.METHODS Surveillance results on the quality of drinking water in rural areas of two cities in Changzhou between 2010 and 2011 were analyzed.RESULTS Compliance rate of 304 water samples was 82.24%,with 88.82% for the year of 2010 and 75.66% for the year of 2011;the differences were statistically significant(χ2= 9.01,P ﹤ 0.01).Compliance rates of water samples from rainy seasons and dry seasons were 94.08% and 70.39%,respectively;the differences were statistically significant as well(χ2= 29.18,P ﹤ 0.01).Compliance rates of samples of treated water and tap water were 82.89% and 81.58%,respectively;no statistically significant difference was observed(χ2= 0.09,P ﹥ 0.05).CONCLUSION Overall quality of drinking water in rural areas of Changzhou City is satisfactory but has room for improvement.
The Remarkable Women of the Talmud

The Talmud uses many techniques to teach valuable lessons about life; storytelling is one of them. This paper focuses on several of the important women mentioned in the Talmud. Beruriah, wife of Rabbi Meir, may be one the most famous of these women, known for her scholarship. There were others such as Yalta and Rebbi’s maidservant, who are also unforgettable. Yalta was brilliant and arguably one of the great feminists of the Talmud. Ima Shalom was a wise person who kept the peace between her husband, a Hillelite and brother, a Shammaite. Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva, made huge sacrifices for her husband as did the wives of Resh Lakish and Chanina ben Dosa. Several of the women of the Talmud were also miracle workers; these include the wife of Mar Ukva and the wife of Abba Chikiyah. Many were known for being charitable. The death of Rabbi Rechumi for neglecting his wife is a reminder of the importance of providing the proper respect for wives. What is clear from examining these stories is that they are as relevant today as they were almost 2,000 years ago.
Assessing Hemodynamically Significant CAD by Difference in Contrast Opacification of CT Angiograms: An Exercise in Seeing and Believing.

Just 4 years ago, Choi et al. [(1)][1] reported a novel metric for discrimination of the hemodynamic significance of coronary artery lesions, a measure termed transluminal attenuation gradient (TAG). This gauge of functionally important coronary artery disease (CAD) is based upon typically acquired
Hydraulic Analysis of Surge Tanks by Digital Computer

Study of mass oscillation phenomena in surge system, which includes pressure conduit and two restricted orifice type surge tanks in tandem independently connected to main conduit; system supplies water to reaction type turbine; comprehensive study by digital computer of total problem of transients is feasible, but machine programming job of great scope will be required before fruitful results are available.
Chapter 6 – Overview of Cardiac Muscle Physiology

The heart is an extremely organized and complex organ that serves as the driving force of the circulatory system. As such, the anatomical structure, cellular composition, and conduction pathways of the heart all work together to form an efficient system for repetitive, organized contractions. This chapter will provide an overview of the physiology of cardiac muscle by first providing an overview of how the anatomical features of the heart work together to ensure the unidirectional flow of blood through its chambers and how the heart handles the pressure and volume changes that occur during the different phases of the cardiac cycle. This chapter will then introduce some of the basic mechanisms that regulate cardiac output, including a discussion on how the heart adapts to changes in the volume of blood returning to the heart and how the autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate and strength of contraction.
Nanoscale Processes in the Environment

Nanotechnologies have the potential to significantly impact the generation and remediation of environmental problems through understanding and control of emissions from a wide range of sources, development of new “green” technologies that minimize production of undesirable by-products, and remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources. Removal of the finest contaminants from water supplies (less than 300 nm) and air (under 20 nm), and continuous measurement and mitigation in large areas of the environment, are envisaged.
Artifacts of the Craniocervical Arterial System on MRI

Three-dimensional time-of-flight (3DTOF) MRA utilizes the concept of flow-related enhancement (FRE) to produce bright signal on a gradient echo acquisition, where fresh spins in blood flowing into (and preferentially perpendicular to) the slice are unsaturated and exhibit strong signal prior to being saturated. Arteries do not always follow a perpendicular orientation, however. Particular examples include tortuous internal carotid arteries (ICAs) in the cervical region, vertebral arteries (VAs) near their origin, or the normal horizontal course of the petrous ICAs. When travelling horizontally within a slice, the phenomenon of in-plane saturation may reduce FRE and thus decrease the visualized flow of vasculature. This phenomenon is overcome on contrast-enhanced MRA (CEMRA), as the T1-bright gadolinium usually overpowers the saturation effect. Note that the FRE effect is also useful with 2D or 3DTOF MR venography, most commonly in the transverse sinuses with an axial acquisition, or within the superior sagittal sinus with a sagittal acquisition. It is also important to point out that 3D acquisitions can be susceptible to saturation if a larger volume is obtained, or if the technique of multiple overlapping thin slab acquisition (MOTSA) is not used properly. Hence, most facilities utilize overlapping slabs to decrease in-plane saturation for noncontrast cranial MRA, but saturation may still occur if flow occurs within the same plane as the plane of acquisition.
Aggregating Local Context for Accurate Scene Text Detection

Scene text reading continues to be of interest for many reasons including applications for the visually impaired and automatic image indexing systems. Here we propose a novel end-to-end scene text detection algorithm. First, for identifying text regions we design a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that aggregates local surrounding information for cascaded, fast and accurate detection. The local information serves as context and provides rich cues to distinguish text from background noises. In addition, we designed a novel grouping algorithm on top of detected character graph as well as a text line refinement step. Text line refinement consists of a text line extension module, together with a text line filtering and regression module. Jointly they produce accurate oriented text line bounding box. Experiments show that our method achieved state-of-the-art performance in several benchmark data sets: ICDAR 2003 (IC03), ICDAR 2013 (IC13) and Street View Text (SVT).
Using a neuroscience approach to uncover and quantify patterns of collective pulsing behavior in xeniid corals

Corals are mostly stationary organisms. A family of soft corals called xeniids, however, displays a unique behaviour: individual polyps within a colony actively pulse, increasing the local water flux and thus mass transfer (i.e. nutrient and gas exchange). From observations in the lab and in the field, it seems that this individual pulsing behavior generates collective pulsing patterns on the colony scale. Since cnidarians (corals, jellyfish, anemones, and their relatives) lack a centralized nervous system or integration centre, it is unclear how collective behaviour emerges within a colony. In this study, we examined whether recurring pulsing patterns could be observed and quantified within a small colony (i.e. whether the colony functions as a predictable network of polyps). Using a neuroscience approach to analyze our video data, we found repeated pulsing patterns when looking at four neighboring polyps within a colony. We then built models (random walk, Markov chain, coupled oscillators) that we compared to the collected data to find the best way of describing and modeling this collective pulsing behavior mathematically. Coupled oscillator models gave the best results for our small coral colonies but it is still unclear what the coupling consists of (neural, chemical, external, etc.). Future research will delve further into this coupling mode. Additionally, We are investigating the potential benefits of this collective pulsing behavior on nutrient and gas exchange rates using computational fluid dynamic models.
Magnetic tunnel junction enabled all-spin stochastic spiking neural network

Biologically-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) have attracted significant research interest due to their inherent computational efficiency in performing classification and recognition tasks. The conventional CMOS-based implementations of large-scale SNNs are power intensive. This is a consequence of the fundamental mismatch between the technology used to realize the neurons and synapses, and the neuroscience mechanisms governing their operation, leading to area-expensive circuit designs. In this work, we present a three-terminal spintronic device, namely, the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-heavy metal (HM) heterostructure that is inherently capable of emulating the neuronal and synaptic dynamics. We exploit the stochastic switching behavior of the MTJ in the presence of thermal noise to mimic the probabilistic spiking of cortical neurons, and the conditional change in the state of a binary synapse based on the pre- and post-synaptic spiking activity required for plasticity. We demonstrate the efficacy of a crossbar organization of our MTJ-HM based stochastic SNN in digit recognition using a comprehensive device-circuit-system simulation framework. The energy efficiency of the proposed system stems from the ultra-low switching energy of the MTJ-HM device, and the in-memory computation rendered possible by the localized arrangement of the computational units (neurons) and non-volatile synaptic memory in such crossbar architectures.
Hydro-climatological changes in the Colorado River Basin over a century

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates changes in streamflow, temperature and precipitation over a time span of 105 years (1906–2010) in the Colorado River Basin (CRB). Monthly precipitation and temperature data for 29 climate divisions, and streamflow data for 29 naturalized gauges were analyzed. Two variations of the Mann-Kendall test, considering lag-1 auto correlation and long-term persistence, and the Pettitt test were employed to assess trends and shifts, respectively. Results indicated that streamflow increased during the winter–spring months and decreased during the summer– autumn period. Decreasing trends in winter precipitation were identified over snow-dominated regions in the upper basin. Significant increases in temperature were detected over several months. Major shifts were noticed in 1964, 1968 and in the late 1920s. Increasing temperature while decreasing streamflow and precipitation were noticed after major shifts in the 1930s, and these shifts coincided with coupled phases of El Nino Southern Osc...