cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ro 5-4864, like picrotoxin, enhances epsp-spike coupling in the freely behaving rat

Abstract To help determine its mechanism of action, the convulsant benzodiazepine Ro 5-4864 was administered (15–20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) and electrophysiological and behavioral effects were compared; parallel studies were conducted with picrotoxin (PTX; 1 mg/kg). Both PTX and Ro 5-4864 produced myoclonic seizures, primarily between 15–40 min after administration; myoclonus was followed by more severe seizures after PTX. Both Ro 5-4864 and PTX produced a maximal increase in amplitude and decrease in threshold of the population spike (PS) evoked in the dentate gyrus (DG) by stimulation of the dorsal perforant path prior to peak seizure activity; start latency of the PS and initial slope and amplitude of the population slow wave (SW) were not changed. Amplitude of the PS was already increased by 5 min after administration of Ro 5-4864 and was maximally increased 1.8- to 3-fold, depending on stimulus intensity, usually by 10 min. Similarly, by 20 min after administration, PTX had also increased PS amplitude in the absence of an effect on PS latency or the SW. The increase in PS amplitude without concomitant changes in the SW suggests that Ro 5-4864 enhanced coupling between the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and firing of the postsynaptic neurons i.e., it enhanced E-S coupling, as has also been suggested for PTX. The similarity in the effects of Ro 5-4864 and PTX suggests that antiGABAergic effects, perhaps along feedforward inhibitory pathways, are involved in both the seizures and enhanced E-S coupling.
Genotypic Variation in Color and Discoloration Potential of Barley-Based Food Products

ABSTRACT Barley has a variety of potential food uses. However, the dark gray color of the final products negatively affects consumer acceptability. We determined the discoloration potential of barley from different classes and genotypes, and evaluated the relationship of barley composition, total polyphenol content, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity with discoloration potential of barley. Barley grains were abraded, milled into flour, and analyzed for composition, total polyphenol content, and PPO activity. Total polyphenol content of abraded barley, expressed as gallic acid %, was lowest in hulled proanthocyanidin-free barley (0.02–0.04%), followed by hulled proanthocyanidin-containing barley (0.11–0.18%), and hull-less barley (0.19–0.26%). PPO activity of abraded kernels ranged from 62.1 units/g in hulled proanthocyanidin-containing Baronesse to 116.5 units/g in hulled proanthocyanidin-free CA803803. Dough sheet brightness (L* value) was the best indicator of discoloration potential of barley. Large...
Oculocardiac Reflex During Manipulation of Adjustable Sutures after Strabismus Surgery

We studied 44 patients who underwent stabismus surgery with the use of adjustable sutures to determine the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex during the postoperative adjustment process. We defined the reflex as at least a 10% decrease in the baseline heart rate. Only two patients (4.5%) displayed an oculocardiac reflex during the adjustment. We did not identify any preadjustment factors that would increase the susceptibility to develop the reflex.
In situ AFM and STM investigation of electrochemical hydride growth on Ge(110) and Ge(111) surfaces

In situ images of Ge(110) and Ge(111) surfaces under potential control have been obtained with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Atomic resolution images, using the AFM, of Ge(111) and Ge(110) revealed lattice structures close to that expected for bare Ge even in a potential region where the surface is hydroxylated. Long-range images of the Ge surface revealed the reversible, anisotropic formation and dendritic growth of spikes of a hydride species at the Ge surface upon cathodic polarization. These spikes were manifested as tip artifacts with both the AFM and the STM. The observed density of hydride features on the surface was about 1 × 109/cm2 which is an order of magnitude less than the number of surface states previously predicted from impedance measurements. This indicates that each hydride feature is composed of several surface states. The features appeared ca. 25 nm higher in the STM images relative to the AFM, indicating a high degree of electron density around or associated with each feature. The STM locally enhances the formation of the hydride features. Anodic polarization causes the hydride spikes to disappear and the surface to anneal. The hydride most likely forms at defects in the hydroxide overlayer after the hydroxide overlayer is formed on anodic polarization.
A Double-Imprinted Diffraction-Grating Sensor Based on a Virus-Responsive Super-Aptamer Hydrogel Derived from an Impure Extract†

The detection of viruses is of interest for a number of fields including biomedicine, environmental science, and biosecurity. Of particular interest are methods that do not require expensive equipment or trained personnel, especially if the results can be read by the naked eye. A new “double imprinting” method was developed whereby a virus-bioimprinted hydrogel is further micromolded into a diffraction grating sensor by using imprint-lithography techniques to give a “Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Gel Laser Diffraction Sensor” (MIP-GLaDiS). A simple laser transmission apparatus was used to measure diffraction, and the system can read by the naked eye to detect the Apple Stem Pitting Virus (ASPV) at concentrations as low as 10 ng mL−1, thus setting the limit of detection of these hydrogels as low as other antigen-binding methods such as ELISA or fluorescence-tag systems.
Endothelin 1 Induces β1Pix Translocation and Cdc42 Activation via Protein Kinase A-dependent Pathway

p21-activated kinase (Pak)-interacting exchange factor (Pix), a Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), has been shown to co-localize with Pak and form activated Cdc42- and Rac1-driven focal complexes. In this study we have presented evidence that treatment of human mesangial cells (HMC) with endothelin 1 (ET-1) and stimulation of adenylate cyclase with either forskolin or with the cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP activated the GTP loading of Cdc42. Transient expression of constitutively active G alpha(s) also stimulated Cdc42. In addition, overexpression of beta(1)Pix enhanced ET-1-induced Cdc42 activation, whereas the expression of beta(1)Pix SH3m(W43K), which lacks the ability to bind Pak, and beta(1)PixDHm(L238R/L239S), which lacks GEF activity, decreased ET-1-induced Cdc42 activation. Furthermore, ET-1 stimulation induced beta(1)Pix translocation to focal complexes. Interestingly, pretreatment of HMC with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors blocked both Cdc42 activation and beta(1)Pix translocation induced by ET-1, indicating the involvement of the PKA pathway. Through site-directed mutagenesis studies of consensus PKA phosphorylation sites and in vitro PKA kinase assay, we have shown that beta(1)Pix is phosphorylated by PKA. Using purified recombinant beta(1)Pix(wt) and beta(1)Pix mutants, we have identified Ser-516 and Thr-526 as the major phosphorylation sites by PKA. beta(1)Pix(S516A/T526A), in which both phosphorylation sites are replaced by alanine, blocks beta(1)Pix translocation and Cdc42 activation. Our results have provided evidence that stimulation of PKA pathway by ET-1 or cAMP analog results in beta(1)Pix phosphorylation, which in turn controls beta(1)Pix translocation to focal complexes and Cdc42 activation.
The relationship among caregiving characteristics, caregiver strain, and health-related quality of life: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin.

In order to better understand how family caregiving may contribute to poor health outcomes, this study sought to determine (1) if and to what extent caregiving characteristics were associated with caregiver strain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and (2) whether caregiver strain mediated this association. Data were from the 2008–2010 Survey of the Health of Wisconsin, a representative sample of Wisconsin adults aged 21–74 years. Participants completed questionnaires about their caregiving, sociodemographics, and HRQoL; 264 caregivers were identified. Staged generalized additive models assessed the associations among caregiving characteristics, caregiver strain, and HRQoL; survey weights were applied to account for the complex sampling design. More hours per week of care and greater duration of caregiving were associated with higher levels of strain. Greater caregiver strain was in turn associated with worse mental HRQoL. However, most caregiving characteristics were not directly associated with mental or physical HRQoL. The findings suggest a chains-of-risk model in which caregiving may increase strain, which may in turn adversely influence mental HRQoL. Using this perspective to refine interventions may improve our ability to support caregivers on practice and policy levels.
Managing Competing Voices in the Second Language Classroom

Existing literature on classroom discourse has highlighted the relatively constrained nature of turn-taking in the classroom as compared with that in ordinary conversation. Less attention has been paid to understanding how problems intrinsic to the classroom turn-taking machinery are dealt with. Based on 30-hour videotaped data from nine adult classrooms teaching English as a second language, this conversation analytic study details how the “chaos” of competing voices in response to teacher elicitations is managed in situ. Findings of this study extend our current understanding of (classroom) turn-taking and constitute a potentially important resource for broadening and specifying language teacher education.
Effects of ibuprofen on a porcine model of acute respiratory failure.

Abstract Blockade of the arachidonic acid cascade has been shown to improve survival and hemodynamic alterations in animal models of sepsis and acute respiratory failure (ARF). The effects of intravenous ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, were observed in 20–30 kg pigs with ARF induced by a continuous LD100 infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 × 108/20 kg/min). Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored in animals intubated, paralyzed, and ventilated at a 250-ml tidal volume and 0.5 FiO2. Pigs were randomly assigned to three groups: Group I received 2 bolus infusions of ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg) at 20 and 210 min after baseline; Group II had Ps. aeruginosa (2 × 108 CFU/20 kg/min) only; Group III received Ps. aeruginosa and 12.5 mg/kg of ibuprofen at 20 and 210 min of ARF. Ibuprofen alone caused no significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters. With Ps. aeruginosa infusion, significant pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, increased intrapulmonary shunt fraction, and systemic hypotension occurred. In the septic animals treated with ibuprofen, oxygenation was improved by a significant decrease in shunt, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hypertension.
Compartmental models of the chest wall and the origin of Hoover's sign

First, one- and two-compartment models of the chest wall are reviewed. Then, a three-compartment model is described, and the predictions of the model are compared with data on pressure and volume relationships for different breathing maneuvers in dogs. Finally, the three-compartment model is scaled to apply to humans, and dynamic solutions for periodic breathing are obtained. To model COPD, the area of the zone of apposition is decreased, and to model COPD patients who show Hoover's sign, pulmonary resistance and abdominal compliance are increased. The resulting traces match those reported by Binazzi et al. (2008. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 160: 325-333) for controls and patients with COPD, both without and with Hoover's sign. We conclude that Hoover's sign is a dynamic phenomenon that results from the decrease in the area of the zone of apposition that occurs in COPD and a larger pulmonary resistance and abdominal compliance in those patients who show Hoover's sign.
Cognitive neuroscience and the English past tense: comments on the paper by Ullman et al.

features like [past] are provided with phonological material is called Vocabulary Insertion. In the case of Irregular verbs, the choice of affix, either -O or -t, is determined by the identity of the verb. That is, the affixes -O and -t, for e.g. hit hit-O and bend ben-t, are each specified for a list of the verbs on which they will appear. The insertion of the particular affixes -ed, -t, -O follows the Pān. inian principle, such that affixes with more specific conditions on insertion take precedence over less-specified affixes. Thus if the -O or -t affixes, which require specific lists for insertion, appear, the default past tense -ed will be blocked. From one point of view, the morphologist’s job is over when the list of stems to which restricted affixes apply have been identified. If these stems do not belong to a conjugational class, i.e., if this list is not relevant for the choice of other affixes, then the list is morphologically uninteresting. However, to say that the list is arbitrary is not to say that it does not have a structure that is important for both language acquisition and language use. Apparently, these lists are organized at least The status of Tense as a syntactic component separate from the Verb in English stems from Chomsky (1957). For discussion of the former issue, and clarification of a number of questions concerning the acquisition of such lists,
The Problem of the “Early Modern” World

Was there an "early modern" world? From a glance at book titles, one would think there is a well-defined period in global history that cuts across nations and is recognized as "early modern." According to literally hundreds of volumes covering Europe, North Africa, the Ottoman Empire, China, India, Japan, and the New World,') these societies either had their own "early modern" periods, or were part of an "early modern" world. Moreover, a number of major universities have established centers or programs for the study of "Early Modern History." However, I would now argue that we (for I include the title of one of my own books) have fallen into a terrible error when we use the term "early modern." In a word, the "early modern" world wasn't. That is, it was not in any way "modern," and certainly not an "early" form of modernity. Somewhat as the Holy Roman Empire, in a famous aphorism, was neither Holy, Roman, nor an Empire, so I would now say a rigorous review of evidence would show that the "early modern" world was neither "early," nor "modern," although it was arguably, in its trade relations, a single "world."
CalDAG-GEFI deficiency protects mice in a novel model of FcγRIIA-mediated thrombosis and thrombocytopenia

Platelet activation via Fcγ receptor IIA (FcγRIIA) is a critical event in immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndromes (ITT). We recently identified signaling by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor CalDAG-GEFI and the adenosine diphosphate receptor P2Y12 as independent pathways leading to Rap1 small GTPase activation and platelet aggregation. Here, we evaluated the contribution of CalDAG-GEFI and P2Y12 signaling to platelet activation in ITT. Mice transgenic for the human FcγRIIA (hFcR) and deficient in CalDAG-GEFI−/− (hFcR/CDGI−/−) were generated. Compared with controls, aggregation of hFcR/CDGI−/− platelets or P2Y12 inhibitor-treated hFcR platelets required more than 5-fold and approximately 2-fold higher concentrations of a FcγRIIA stimulating antibody against CD9, respectively. Aggregation and Rap1 activation were abolished in P2Y12 inhibitor-treated hFcR/CDGI−/− platelets. For in vivo studies, a novel model for antibody-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis was established. FcγRIIA-dependent platelet thrombosis was induced by infusion of Alexa750-labeled antibodies to glycoprotein IX (CD42a), and pulmonary thrombi were detected by near-infrared imaging technology. Anti-GPIX antibodies dose-dependently caused thrombocytopenia and pulmonary thrombosis in hFcR-transgenic but not wild-type mice. CalDAG-GEFI-deficient but not clopidogrel-treated hFcR-transgenic mice were completely protected from ITT. In summary, we established a novel mouse model for ITT, which was used to identify CalDAG-GEFI as a potential new target in the treatment of ITT.
Modelling and Verification of Vending Machine Systems by Using Timed Petri Nets

This paper focuses on the use of Deterministic timed Petri net (DTPNs) to model a coffee vending machine system. The advantage of the proposed approach is that the clear presentation of the behaviors of the coffee vending machine in terms of conditions and transitions that cause the state alternations. The analysis of the control models is performed by a state transition diagram. Then the dynamic properties of the control method will be obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first work that employs DTPNs to obtain the model of the vending machine control system.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY IN HEALTH CARE REFORM: A RESPONSE TO PATTERSON AND SCHERGER

(a) health care reform is inevitable, (b) con- sumers will have multiple choices in the health care market place. (c) marriage and family therapists (MFTs) need business and team management training. (d) training in cost effective forms of therapy is imponant, (e) therapists need to be well trained in diagnostic skills, and
Time-varying linear systems and the theory of non-linear waves

The now classical isospectral deformation of a Sturm-Liouville equation is extended to general linear-time varying systems. A method is described for determining the resulting non-linear partial differential equations.
Food Preservation Process Design

Preservation processes for food products have evolved over time as more fundamental information about the factors influencing the processes has become available. Traditionally, thermal processes have been used for the preservation of shelf-stable and refrigerated foods. Recently, ultra-high-pressure and pulsed-electric-field technologies have evolved as alternative preservation processes. The overall objective of this chapter is to assemble information on the design of preservation processes, with specific attention to the kinetics of microbial inactivation, the transport phenomenon within the product structure, and the impacts of the processes on microbial populations and product quality attributes.
Conditions for the additivity of conductance for parallel mesoscopic constrictions.

We have studied the conductance of mesoscopic structures in which two parallel constrictions are present and have derived criteria that determine when conductance addition rules of classical type hold. A large number of computer experiments has been performed and has shown that conductance addition rules give an extremely good approximation to the total conductance for a wide variety of structures. In all of those cases interference effects, which can lead to a breakdown of the addition rule, are weak because of the lack of coupling between the different constrictions. This lack of coupling makes the probability flux in one of the constrictions independent of the existence of the other and conductance additivity becomes a direct consequence of the conservation of flux probability along the structure. The properties of a single interface joining two semi-infinite constrictions to a single lead are studied in particular detail. From them we draw general criteria for conductance additivity. We have investigated parallel constrictions of different width and shape with the result that conductances are additive as long as there are no scattering centers outside the region between the two interfaces where the two main leads bifurcate. If coupling is mediated by evanescent modes, classical additivity also breaks down.
Natural Resources in Economic Growth: The Role of Institutions and Policies

D URING the last ten years, it has become the fashion among econDJ) omists to emphasize the decreasing importance of natural resources in economic growth. This applies especially to the renewable resources used by agriculture [21, 23]. Use of these resources is strongly influenced by economic institutions, both in developed and undeveloped economies. It is not surprising, therefore, that there has been, in recent literature, a de-emphasis of the role of institutions paralleling that of natural resources. In the current mathematical models of economic growth, the role of institutions is not explicitly considered [11, 14, 10]. In a wellknown book on transforming traditional agriculture [24], the author devotes the only two pages on the influence of economic institutions to land tenancy.' Emphasis has shifted from natural resources and economic institutions to technological change or, in production function terminology, to "new" or "modern" factors of production. If institutions are considered at all, they are treated as factors furnishing services like other factors of production. Changes in the kind and quantity of institutional services are regarded as determined by an economic demand-supply scheme [22]. In accordance with my assignment, I should like to focus on this doctrine of the decreasing importance of natural resources and the relatively insignificant and passive role of institutions in economic growth. I should like to analyze its validity, inquire into its relevancy, and show its implications for policy in developing countries.
Myelin embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea.

Glutaraldehyde-fixed myelin, embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea, maintains the periodicity seen in X-ray diffraction studies of fresh wet nerve. An aspect of this is the preservation of relatively thick (35–40 A) layers thought still to be occupied even in sections by the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipids. The retention of lipids is attributed to the highly polar character of the embedding mixture. That lipids are indeed unextracted is demonstrated by the brilliant birefringence seen in thick sections, by the “staining” of the lipid bilayers of ultrathin sections following exposure to osmium tetroxide vapors, and by the nearly identical X-ray diffraction patterns of embedded myelin when compared with unembedded myelin exposed to no more than a conventional glutaraldehyde fixation. (The latter experiments constitute a joint study with A. K. Akers and D. F. Parsons.) The “intraperiod gap” (the extracellular extension of the mesaxon) is also seen as a relatively thick layer (≅ 25 A exclusive of the “outer leaflets”). In life this gap is thought probably to be maintained by a highly hydrated carbohydrate gel (the “glycocalyx”). Its maintenance in the present material is attributed to the fact that the glutaraldehyde—urea embedment is polymerized while there is still substantial water in the system. Otherwise, with conventional procedures, collapse is thought usually to occur as dehydration nears completion, thus leading to a very common, but largely unrecognized artifact. After aqueous staining a sharp discontinuity is apparent between the outer leaflets and the underlying hydrophobic zone occupied by the bilayer of hydrocarbon chains. The inner leaflets cannot be as well differentiated, emphasizing the fundamental asymmetry of the membrane. Macromolecular intrusions into the hydrophobic layers (if they occur) are not recognized. Measurements of the thickness of the five fundamentally distinct layers that constitute the repeating structures of myelin have been made, and are correlated with some models that have been derived from a combination of X-ray diffraction and biochemical information.
Effectiveness as Paradox: Consensus and Conflict in Conceptions of Organizational Effectiveness

Attention to the subject of organizational effectiveness has been increasing in the last several years as popular management books have extolled management excellence, almost two million jobs have been lost due to poor U.S. competitiveness, and economic conditions have put pressure on organizations to become more accountable with their resources. However, despite its popularity, much confusion continues in the organizational literature regarding the definition, circumscription, and appropriate criteria for assessing effectiveness. In this paper, I summarize what areas are becoming consensual among most writers on effectiveness, and I point out continuing areas of disagreement and conflict. The five statements summarizing consensual characteristics of effectiveness and the three statements summarizing areas of continuing conflict point out that agreement about effectiveness is mainly an agreement to disagree. Conflicts center mainly on the incompatibility and inappropriateness of commonly selected criteria. The main theme of the paper, however, is a discussion of an inherent, but largely ignored, characteristic of effectiveness in organizations-the paradoxical nature of effectiveness criteria. This discussion illustrates that the most effective organizations are also those characterized by paradoxes-i.e., contradictions, simultaneous opposites, and incompatibilities. Taking account of this characteristic helps explain one reason why so much confusion and disagreement continues to surround effectiveness, and it uncovers a new set of research questions that can guide future investigations. Some suggestions are provided for how research on paradoxes in effectiveness might be pursued in the future.
Indoor experimental facility for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) configurations – rail-SAR

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing an indoor experimental facility to evaluate and assess airborne synthetic-aperture-radar-(SAR)-based detection capabilities. The rail-SAR is located in a multi-use facility that also provides a base for research and development in the area of autonomous robotic navigation. Radar explosive hazard detection is one key sensordevelopment area to be investigated at this indoor facility. In particular, the mostly wooden, multi-story building houses a two (2) story housing structure and an open area built over a large sandbox. The housing structure includes reconfigurable indoor walls which enable the realization of multiple See-Through-The-Wall (STTW) scenarios. The open sandbox, on the other hand, allows for surface and buried explosive hazard scenarios. The indoor facility is not rated for true explosive hazard materials so all targets will need to be inert and contain surrogate explosive fills. In this paper we discuss the current system status and describe data collection exercises conducted using canonical targets and frequencies that may be of interest to designers of ultra-wideband (UWB) airborne, ground penetrating SAR systems. A bi-static antenna configuration will be used to investigate the effects of varying airborne SAR parameters such as depression angle, bandwidth, and integration angle, for various target types and deployment scenarios. Canonical targets data were used to evaluate overall facility capabilities and limitations. These data is analyzed and summarized for future evaluations. Finally, processing techniques for dealing with RF multi-path and RFI due to operating inside the indoor facility are described in detail. Discussion of this facility and its capabilities and limitations will provide the explosive hazard community with a great airborne platform asset for sensor to target assessment.
Leading an academic health center in the 21st century : a pediatric surgeon's perspective

Abstract Purpose At present, there is a gathering storm that is threatening the very practice of the art of medicine for future generations as never before. This article gives successful examples and calls for approaches that support improvements in education and health care for low-income and minority populations. Methods To address this problem, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio established the Regional Academic Health Center (RAHC) along the Texas/Mexico border, which provides educational opportunities, clinical partnerships, and facilities to attract faculty to research and examine the health problems that are common in the Hispanic population. Results In less than 4 years at the RAHC, nearly 100 medical students have been educated and 60% of residents are staying in the border area to practice. The creation of the RAHC has also has stimulated interest in students who are largely Hispanic to pursue health professional education. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio is now the number one public medical school graduating the most Hispanics in the nation. Conclusions The concept of the RAHC is an important means of addressing access to health care while serving as a catalyst to increase opportunities for students of all backgrounds to pursue health professional education.
Constituents of a remote pacific marine aerosol: A tem study

Abstract Marine aerosol particles from the Equatorial Pacific were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Sea-salt aggregates consist largely of NaCl and Na-Ca sulfate crystals. Variations in the composition of sea-salt aggregates occur, and these may reflect the effects of relative humidity. There are several species of submicron, S-bearing particles, presumably including ammonium sulfate and strong acids. Diatom fragments are common, and sparse kaolinite and rutile crystals are the mineral component of this marine aerosol. The samples we studied appeared to be free of obvious anthropogenic effects.
The Inventory of Teacher-Student Relationships: Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity Among African American Youth in Low-Income Urban Schools

This study investigates the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Inventory of Teacher-Student Relationships (IT-SR), a measure that was developed by adapting the widely used Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachments (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) for use in the context of teacher-student relationships. The instrument was field tested with a sample of African American students from low-income backgrounds (N = 171). An exploratory factor analysis was estimated with a randomly selected half of the sample. Three factors pertaining to Communication, Trust, and Alienation in relationships emerged. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the remainder of the sample. Goodness-of-fit indices indicated that the three factor structure fit the data reasonably well. Scores on each of the three factors correlated with scores on other, existing measures of teacher-student relationship quality as well as with indicators of emotional, behavioral, and school-related adjustment. Implications for research on teac...
Modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics−Population Balance Equation−Micromixing Simulation of Impinging Jet Crystallizers

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), micromixing modeling, and the population balance equation (PBE) are coupled to simulate the crystal size distribution in a confined impinging jet crystallizer. For the antisolvent crystallization of lovastatin in confined impinging jets, the simulation results show varying degrees of inhomogeneity in the supersaturation and the nucleation and growth rates in the impinging jet crystallizer for different jet Reynolds numbers. The shape of the crystal size distribution and its variation with jet Reynolds number are consistent with experimental observations of unconfined impinging jets. The crystallization of l-histidine was also modeled to predict the crystal size distribution of stable and metastable polymorphs obtained from a confined impinging jet crystallizer. It is predicted how to adjust the inlet velocity to tailor the crystal size distribution, while the polymorph ratio remained relatively constant. The simulation results presented in this manuscript demonstrate th...
Endoscopic gastrostomy placement in the child with gastroesophageal reflux : is concomitant antireflux surgery indicated?

Background/Purpose: Previously, we performed concomitant antireflux surgery in patients with abnormal pH study undergoing gastrostomy. This increased complications without always alleviating the troublesome symptom of vomiting. In contrast, vomiting with normal preoperative pH study generally disappeared after gastrostomy placement. Therefore, we changed policy to perform only gastrostomy, regardless of pH study results. Subsequent antireflux surgery is performed only as necessary. We report here our results. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing gastrostomy from April 1997 to January 2004. For patients with abnormal preoperative pH studies, detailed data were recorded including medical history, indication for gastrostomy, operative technique, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and use of antireflux medication. Symptomatic GER postgastrostomy was managed pharmacotherapeutically. If this proved inadequate, patients underwent antireflux surgery. Results: Twenty-eight patients with abnormal pregastrostomy pH study entered the study. Median age was 3 years and 2 months. Seventy-five percent were neurologically impaired. Indication for gastrostomy was inadequate oral nutrition in 26 of 28 patients. Only 3 of 28 patients were asymptomatic for GER. Of the 25 symptomatic patients 19 improved postgastrostomy (6 did not). Antireflux surgery ultimately proved indicated in 2 patients (7% [2/28]). The asymptomatic patients remained asymptomatic. Conclusions: For patients with abnormal pH study presenting primarily for gastrostomy placement, concomitant antireflux surgery is not indicated.
Recognition of DNA sequences by the repressor of bacteriophage 434

Abstract The structure of a complex between the DNA-binding domain of phase 434 repressor and a 14 base-pair synthetic DNA operator reveals the molecular interactions important far sequence-specific recognition A set of contacts with DNA backbone, notably involving hydrogen bonds between peptide -NH groups and DNA phosphates, position the repressor and fix the DNA configurations. Direct interactions between amino acid side chains and DNA bases involve nonpolar van der Waals contacts as well as hydrogen bonds. The structures of the repressor domain and of the 434 cro protein are extremely similar. There appear to be no major conformational changes in the proteins when they bind to DNA.
Courting Christians: How Political Candidates Prime Religious Considerations in Campaign Ads

Religion occupies a central role in American politics. From being an impetus behind numerous political movements, to shaping how political candidates are considered, scholars and pundits alike have emphasized the role of religion for political behavior and attitudes. Yet, there has been a scarcity of empirical work examining the consequences of religious appeals in campaigns. Drawing on recent work that contends views about religious traditionalism have replaced many interdenominational differences in vote choice and issue attitudes, we argue that religious cues activate religious traditionalism, which subsequently influences how political candidates are considered. In a priming experiment administered to a representative cross-section of adults, we examine whether religious priming occurs. By manipulating the participant’s information environment, we also examine whether there are limits to priming. We find strong evidence religious traditionalism is activated when religious cues are embedded in campaign...
Photovoltaics I: Solar-cell arrays: Clean and silent, solar-cell arrays are targeted to be competitive by 1986

A general view of the solar power industry briefly mentioning the history and indicating the vast advances made up to the present state-of-the-art in terms of technology and economics. Also indicates the possible contribution of solar-cell produced energy to the overall world demand and consumption provided further economic and technological barriers can be overcome. The research and development at present in the fields of solar cell materials, materials growth and the design of solar-cell arrays at present is indicated and the direction and goals are pointed out.
Optimal System Allocations with Penalty Costs

We have N stages to sequentially construct I successful components. At each stage, we allocate a certain amount of money for the construction of a component. If y is the amount allocated, then the component constructed will be a success with probability Py, where P is a continuous nondecreasing function satisfying P0 = 0. After each component is constructed, we are informed as to whether or not it is successful. If, at the end of the N stages, we are i components short, then a final penalty cost Ci is incurred. The problem is to determine at each stage how much money to allocate so as to minimize the total expected cost construction cost plus penalty cost incurred. The major result is that if Ci + 1-Ci ≤ Ci + 2-Ci + 1, and if yni denotes the optimal value to allocate when i components are needed with n stages remaining, then yni is nondecreasing in i and nonincreasing in n.
Perspectives on the Hallucinatory Process

Hallucinations are common psychiatric symptoms and the hallucinating patient presents a number of nursing problems. Although psychiatric nurses have written fairly extensively about hallucinations as a clinical problem, little nursing research has tested commonly recommended nursing interventions. This paper presents a review of interdisciplinary research on hallucinations and synthesizes findings with clinical observations to suggest a number of areas needing greater stress in nursing practice and research. Aspects of a model proposed by Peplau (1963), Rector (1982), and Field (1985) are questioned. Improved assessments of hallucinating patients are recommended, with exploration of subtleties in the hallucinatory experience; and factors needing assessment are identified. Major emphasis is placed on the need to explore patient efforts at controlling hallucinations as a foundation for promoting patient self-monitoring and self-regulation of hallucinatory experience.
Rapid fluorometric micromethod for in situ quantitation of lipids on thin-layer chromatograms.

Abstract A simple, rapid method is described that is capable of measuring directly and reliably nanomole amounts of triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters, free cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. The technique involves (a) chromatography of as little as 120 μg of total extracted lipid on silica gel thin-layer plates incorporating rhodamine 6G, (b) development of the chromatogram in 2 solvent systems in sequence and (c) monitoring the intensity of emitted fluorescence by fluorometry. Standard curves for each of the 5 neutral lipid classes are reproducible over a large range of concentrations. Phospholipid values can be obtained as differences from the total lipid extracted. This microtechnique reduces sample size by 95% from that needed for chemical tests and compares favorably with densitometric methods. The method does not destroy the sample and lends itself easily to other kinds of measurement, such as radioisotope counting and autoradiography, on the same samples which have been quantitated.
The Application of Punched-Card Techniques to Data on the Physical Properties of Single Fibers

The punched-card method is illustrated, with a description of the procedures used in analyzing the data on single cotton fibers. The samples were tested for 7 properties, from which 5 more were derived by computation. For each of these 12 properties there were prepared a histogram showing the distribution of the property values within variety groups, means and standard devi ations for 6 subgroups within each variety, and a three-factor analysis of variance of the means for all varieties and subgroups. The steps in obtaining these results from the punched cards are outlined. Some advantages of this method over the desk-calculator approach are discussed.
Science to Practice: Can a Targeted Nanoparticle Be Used to Image Autoimmune Nephritis?

Serkova et al have developed a targeted MR imaging agent that depicts activated complement deposition in an animal model of nephritis.
Dihydropyridines as inhibitors of capacitative calcium entry in leukemic HL-60 cells

Abstract A series of 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) were investigated as inhibitors of capacitative calcium influx through store-operated calcium (SOC) channels. Such channels activate after ATP-elicited release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive calcium stores in leukemia HL-60 cells. The most potent DHPs were those containing a 4-phenyl group with an electron-withdrawing substituent, such as m- or p-nitro- or m-trifluoromethyl ( ic 50 values: 3–6 μM). Benzyl esters, corresponding to the usual ethyl/methyl esters of the DHPs developed as L-type calcium channel blockers, retained potency at SOC channels, as did N-substituted DHPs. N-Methylation reduced by orders of magnitude the potency at L-type channels resulting in DHPs nearly equipotent at SOC and L-type channels. DHPs with N-ethyl, N-allyl, and N-propargyl groups also had similar potencies at SOC and L-type channels. Replacement of the usual 6-methyl group of DHPs with larger groups, such as cyclobutyl or phenyl, eliminated activity at the SOC channels; such DHPs instead elicited formation of inositol phosphates and release of IP3-sensitive calcium stores. Other DHPs also caused a release of calcium stores, but usually at significantly higher concentrations than those required for the inhibition of capacitative calcium influx. Certain DHPs appeared to cause an incomplete blockade of SOC channel-dependent elevations of calcium, suggesting the presence of more than one class of such channels in HL-60 cells. N-Methylnitrendipine ( ic 50 2.6 μM, MRS 1844) and N-propargylnifrendipine ( ic 50 1.7 μM, MRS 1845) represent possible lead compounds for the development of selective SOC channel inhibitors.
Deriving implicit indoor scene structure with path analysis

Indoor video surveillance is now widely used in government, public, and private facilities. While the capacity to generate such video data is increasing, our ability to derive a coherent scene understanding of the structure of the scene and how it is being utilized, using only motion data, is still lagging behind. This paper proposes a framework for deriving indoor scene structure identifying abnormal motion behavior using only video tracking data, and without requiring a floor plan. The proposed framework, which is data-driven, is based on four sequential processing steps, namely detection of entrance and exit points, the analysis of the connectivity between entrance and exit points, the extraction of mean paths and motion corridors, and the statistical analysis of the length and velocity parameters of motion for the detection of abnormal motion behavior. The paper outlines the proposed framework and demonstrates its implementation using a real-world data set comprising 1138 trajectories.
Nominally forbidden transitions in the interband optical spectrum of quantum dots

We calculate the excitonic optical absorption spectra of $(\mathrm{In},\mathrm{Ga})\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ self-assembled quantum dots by adopting an atomistic pseudopotential approach to the single-particle problem followed by a configuration-interaction approach to the many-body problem. We find three types of allowed transitions that would be naively expected to be forbidden: (i) transitions that are parity forbidden in simple effective mass models with infinite confining wells (e.g., $1S\text{\ensuremath{-}}2S$, $1P\text{\ensuremath{-}}2P$) but are possible because of finite band offsets and orbital-mixing effects; (ii) light-hole-to-conduction-band transitions, enabled by the confinement of light-hole states; and (iii) transitions that show an enhanced intensity due to electron-hole configuration mixing with allowed transitions. We compare these predictions with results of eight-band $\mathbf{k}∙\mathbf{p}$ calculations as well as recent spectroscopic data. Transitions of types (i) and (ii) explain recently observed satellites of the allowed $P\text{\ensuremath{-}}P$ transitions.
SU‐FF‐T‐367: Radiochromic Film and Ion Chamber Dosimetry for Monochromatic X‐Rays in PMMA

Purpose: K‐edge capture radiotherapy using monochromatic, keV x‐ray beams necessitates accompanying dosimetry methods. This work compares radiochromic film and ion chamberdosimetry methods potentially suitable for use with monochromatic x‐ray beams. Method and Materials: X‐rays were produced at the LSU CAMD synchrotron by passing a 1.3‐GeV electron beam (≈200‐mA) through a 7‐T superconductingwiggler. The resulting polychromatic beam was passed through a double multilayermonochromator to generate an approximately 0.1×2.8‐cm2, 35‐keV x‐ray beam. A 2.5×2.8‐cm2 broad beam was produced via oscillation of phantom and dosimeters by a triangular waveform. Central‐axis depth dose was measured in a 10×10×12.5‐cm3 PMMA slab phantom using 5.12×5.12‐cm2 GAFChromic® EBT films and an air‐equivalent, cylindrical ion chamber (0.23‐cm3). Films were digitized using the red channel of a flatbed scanner, and pixel values were converted to dose using both 6‐MV x‐ray and 125 I brachytherapy seed calibration curves. 125 I doses were calculated using AAPM TG‐43 formalism. Ion chamber charge readings were converted to dose using the AAPM TG‐61 protocol for kilovoltage x‐ray beam dosimetry.Results: Measurements in a PMMA phantom yielded film depth‐dose curves from film that were 2.5–4.4% higher than those from the ion chamber for depths of 0 to 9 cm when using the 125 I seed calibration. Using the 6‐MV x‐ray dosecalibration for film resulted in doses approximately 35% lower due to a significantly different film calibration curve compared to that using 125 I seeds. Conclusion: These methods should be suitable for future dose measurements required for cell and small animal irradiations. The discrepancy between 6‐MV x‐rays and 125 I seeds is contrary to previously reported results and currently under investigation.
Psychological needs satisfaction, motivational regulations and physical activity intention among elementary school students

This study examined the relationship between psychological needs satisfaction, motivational regulations in physical education and physical activity intention among elementary school students. A total of 291 elementary school students in grades 3–6 voluntarily completed the three measures. This study indicated that satisfaction of three basic psychological needs powerfully enhanced self-determined motivation, moderately contributed to introjected regulation and negatively impacted external regulation and amotivation among elementary school students. Having fun, gaining specific benefits and making social connections with their friends all positively influenced elementary school students’ physical activity intentions outside of school.
The effect of pituitary adrenotrophic hormone on the cholesterol and ascorbic acid content of the adrenal of the rat and the guinea pig.

IT HAS ALREADY been reported that in the rat the adrenal cholesterol, a possible precursor of the adrenal cortical steroids, is lowered following administration of pituitary adrenotrophic hormone (Sayers, Sayers, Fry, White and Long, 1944). Preliminary studies (Sayers, Sayers, Lewis and Long, 1944) have indicated that the ascorbic acid content of this gland is also depleted by adrenotrophic hormone. This paper is a more complete report of these effects in the rat and extends the observations to the guinea pig, an animal which cannot synthesize ascorbic acid.
Amino acid composition of proteins eluted from polyacrylamide gels: background considerations.

Abstract It is shown that the contribution of the gel itself to amino acid compositions of proteins eluted from polyacrylamide gels is significant (especially at low protein-to-gel ratios), linearly related to the volume of the gel slices eluted, and, when applied as a correction to amino acid composition data, results in an enhancement of the composition determination.