cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valuation of American Options by the Gradient Projection Method

We study an equivalent optimization problem with an inequality constraint and boundary conditions, whose necessary condition for optimality is the variational inequality presentation of American options. To solve the problem, we use the gradient projection method, with discretizations both in time and space. We tested the algorithm and compared with the projective successive over-relaxation method.
Origin of the texas gulf coast island populations of ambrosia psilostachya: a numerical study using terpenoid data

Abstract The volatile terpene and sesquiterpene lactone patterns for 20 populations of Ambrosia psilostachya from the Texas Mainland and Gulf Coast Islands and 7 populations of A. cumanensis from near Vera Cruz, Mexico, were determined and the resulting volatile terpene data were analysed by numerical classification methods. The terpene data indicated that the Texas Gulf Coast islands populations of A. psilostachya are genetically closer to the Vera Cruz, Mexico populations of A. cumanensis than they are to the Texas mainland populations of A. psilostachya .
Patterns of cementation along a Cenozoic normal fault: A record of paleoflow orientations

The Sand Hill fault is a steeply dipping normal fault that cuts poorly consolidated sediments of the Albuquerque basin, New Mexico. The fault zone, which varies in width from ∼1 to 6 m, is selectively cemented by calcite. The margins of cemented areas are characterized locally by striking patterns of elongate cementation that have a strong subvertical orientation. We have considered a variety of possible mechanisms for the formation of these elongate cements, including deformation, weathering, rotation of adjacent cemented beds, and precipitation from flowing ground water. All but the latter can be ruled out. In addition, the elongate cements closely resemble elongate concretions that form from flowing ground water in sedimentary rocks. We conclude that the cements precipitated from flowing ground water, and are elongate parallel to the flow direction at the time of precipitation. Thus, these elongate cements provide an important constraint on models of fluid flow along faults in poorly consolidated sediments; i.e., the orientation of outcrop-scale flow.
Semicarbazone-based inhibitors of cathepsin K, are they prodrugs for aldehyde inhibitors?

Starting from potent aldehyde inhibitors with poor drug properties, derivatization to semicarbazones led to the identification of a series of semicarbazone-based cathepsin K inhibitors with greater solubility and better pharmacokinetic profiles than their parent aldehydes. Furthermore, a representative semicarbazone inhibitor attenuated bone resorption in an ex vivo rat calvarial bone resorption model. However, based on enzyme inhibition comparisons at neutral pH, semicarbazone hydrolysis rates, and 13 C NMR experiments, these semicarbazones probably function as prodrugs of aldehydes.
Making waves in the stream of consciousness: Entraining oscillations in eeg alpha and fluctuations in visual awareness with rhythmic visual stimulation

Rhythmic events are common in our sensory world. Temporal regularities could be used to predict the timing of upcoming events, thus facilitating their processing. Indeed, cognitive theories have long posited the existence of internal oscillators whose timing can be entrained to ongoing periodic stimuli in the environment as a mechanism of temporal attention. Recently, recordings from primate brains have shown electrophysiological evidence for these hypothesized internal oscillations. We hypothesized that rhythmic visual stimuli can entrain ongoing neural oscillations in humans, locking the timing of the excitability cycles they represent and thus enhancing processing of subsequently predictable stimuli. Here we report evidence for entrainment of neural oscillations by predictable periodic stimuli in the alpha frequency band and show for the first time that the phase of existing brain oscillations cannot only be modified in response to rhythmic visual stimulation but that the resulting phase-locked fluctuations in excitability lead to concomitant fluctuations in visual awareness in humans. This entrainment effect was dependent on both the amount of spontaneous alpha power before the experiment and the level of 12-Hz oscillation before each trial and could not be explained by evoked activity. Rhythmic fluctuations in awareness elicited by entrainment of ongoing neural excitability cycles support a proposed role for alpha oscillations as a pulsed inhibition of cortical activity. Furthermore, these data provide evidence for the quantized nature of our conscious experience and reveal a powerful mechanism by which temporal attention as well as perceptual snapshots can be manipulated and controlled.
Widespread Exonization of Transposable Elements in Human Coding Sequences is Associated with Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription.

Background: Transposable Elements (TEs) have long been regarded as selfish or junk DNA having little or no role in the regulation or functioning of the human genome. However, over the past several years this view came to be challenged as several studies provided anecdotal as well as global evidence for the contribution of TEs to the regulatory and coding needs of human genes. In this study, we explored the incorporation and epigenetic regulation of coding sequences donated by TEs using gene expression and other ancillary genomics data from two human hematopoietic cell-lines: GM12878 (a lymphoblastoid cell line) and K562 (a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia cell line). In each cell line, we found several thousand instances of TEs donating coding sequences to human genes. We compared the transcriptome assembly of the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) reads with and without the aid of a reference transcriptome and found that the percentage of genes that incorporate TEs in their coding sequences is significantly greater than that obtained from the reference transcriptome assemblies using Refseq and Gencode gene models. We also used histone modifications chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data, Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) data and DNAseI Hypersensitivity Site (DHS) data to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of the TE derived coding sequences. Our results suggest that TEs form a significantly higher percentage of coding sequences than represented in gene annotation databases and these TE derived sequences are epigenetically regulated in accordance with their expression in the two cell types.
Longitudinal Examination of the Role of the Elderly in Advertising: Portrayal of their Interpersonal Relationships and Other Issues

This pilot study examines the changing role of the elderly in advertising. This is accomplished by longitudinally content analyzing magazine advertisements from two non-adjacent decades. The study’s most important contribution, however, may not involve the issue of longitudinal versus cross-sectional analysis; rather, the manner in which role in advertising is conceptualized is a departure from past research that provides important new insights.
Proteolysis in the lung

Pulmonary emphysema is a major component of the morbidity and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a condition that has become the fourth leading cause of death in the USA, and is becoming epidemic worldwide. Emphysema is defined as enlargement of peripheral airspaces of the lung including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the walls of these structures. The pathogenesis of emphysema can be dissected into three interrelated events: 1) chronic exposure to cigarette smoke may lead to inflammatory cell recruitment within the terminal airspaces of the lung; 2) these inflammatory cells release elastolytic proteinases that damage the extracellular matrix of the lung; and 3) ineffective repair of elastin and perhaps other extracellular matrix components result in pulmonary emphysema. Inherited deficiency of α1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT), the primary inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE), predisposes individuals to early onset emphysema, and intrapulmonary instillation of elastolytic enzymes in experimental animals causes emphysema. Together, these findings led to the elastase/antielastase hypothesis for the pathogenesis of emphysema, which was proposed ∼40 yrs ago and remains the prevailing concept today. While the capacity of NE to initiate emphysema in patients deficient in α1‐AT is clear, the proteinases involved in the pathogenesis of the common form of emphysema associated with cigarette smoking is more complicated. In addition to NE, neutrophil primary granules contain other elastolytic serine proteinases including, cathepsin G and proteinase 3, and secondary granules possess matrix metalloproteinases; MMP‐8, a collagenase and MMP‐9, a 92 kDa gelatinase. While, macrophages are prominent inflammatory cells in smokers' lungs, the capacity of macrophages to degrade elastin was controversial until cysteine proteinases including cathepsins S and L were identified (K the most potent elastase has not been identified in lung macrophages). The author's group identified several MMPs produced by alveolar and interstitial …
Variation and comparative effectiveness of patent ductus arteriosus pharmacotherapy in extremely low birth weight infants

BACKGROUND Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs in 70% of extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000 g) infants. Approximately 34% of ELBW infants with a PDA have spontaneous closure. Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close has been associated with multiple morbidities. OBJECTIVE To examine variability over time and across hospitals in early therapeutic (2-7 day) use of indomethacin (INDO) vs ibuprofen (IBU) for PDA treatment in outborn ELBW infants and examine the outcomes and side effects of both pharmacological agents in this population. METHODS Data were extracted from the Pediatric Health Information System. ELBW infants born between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2010 and admitted on day of life 0 were eligible for inclusion. 732 infants had a PDA diagnosis and met inclusion criteria. We explored the variability in PDA pharmacotherapy over time and across hospitals. We compared outcomes of both agents for in-hospital mortality, need for surgical ligation, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, renal failure, and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Statistical methods included chi square and multivariable regression analysis. Instrumental variable analysis was used to control for selection bias and omitted variables. RESULTS There was large variability in PDA pharmacotherapy over time and across hospitals. INDO use declined as IBU use grew from 12.8 to 38.9%. There was no difference in hospital or NICU characteristics between high and low IBU using NICUs. Renal failure was more common in infants receiving INDO compared to IBU. CONCLUSION We noted large variability in PDA pharmacotherapy. Renal failure was more common with INDO use. Until further studies to compare the long-term effects of both drugs, our data support IBU as the preferred medication for PDA pharmacotherapy in ELBW infants.
Some new algorithms for recursive estimation in constant linear systems

Recursive least-squares estimates for processes that can be generated from finite-dimensional linear systems are usually obtained via an n \times n matrix Riccati differential equation, where n is the dimension of the state space. In general, this requires the solution of n(n + 1)/2 simultaneous nonlinear differential equations. For constant parameter systems, we present some new algorithms that in several cases require only the solution of less than 2np or n(m + p) simultaneous nonlinear differential equations, where m and p are the dimensions of the input and observation processes, respectively. These differential equations are said to be of Chandrasekhar type, because they are similar to certain equations introduced in 1948 by the astrophysicist S. Chandrasekhar, to solve finite-interval Wiener-Hopf equations arising in radiative transfer. Our algorithms yield the gain matrix for the Kalman filter directly without having to solve separately for the error-covariance matrix and potentially have other computational benefits. The simple method used to derive them also suggests various extensions, for example, to the solution of nonsymmetric Riccati equations.
An Exact Discrete Analog to a Closed Linear First-Order Continuous-Time System with Mixed Sample

This article deals with the derivation of the exact discrete model that corresponds to a closed linear first-order continuous-time system with mixed stock and flow data. This exact discrete model is (under appropriate additional conditions) a stationary autoregressive moving average time series model and may allow one to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters describing the continuous-time system.
Differentiating high and low grade pediatric brain tumors using diffusional kurtosis imaging

The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy with which a non-Gaussian measure of diffusion, mean kurtosis (MK), predicts the histologic grade of pediatric brain tumors. After institutional review board approval, 21 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 7 WHO grade II, and 7 WHO grade IV pathologically-proven intracranial pediatric malignancies were retrospectively reviewed for preoperative diffusional kurtosis imaging. Multiple diffusion metrics of the tumors including MK, mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were determined. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney test (p < .05). Receiver operating characteristics analysis was done to assess accuracy of each metric in predicting histologic grade. MK was significantly higher for grade IV neoplasms (0.97, p < 0.0004) than grade I (0.62) or grade II (0.67) tumors. MD was significantly higher for grade I (1.43) compared with grade IV neoplasms (1.07, p < 0.018), however not for grade II (1.43) compared with grade IV (p < 0.08) tumors. FA did not differ significantly between grades. Area under the recei- ver operating characteristic curve was highest for MK (0.94) and lower for MD (0.89). FA performed only slightly better than chance (0.54). MK is an accurate diffusion metric for predicting histologic grade of pediatric brain tumors, consistent with conclusions from prior studies demonstrating similar results in adult populations.
The Modest Proposal Nursing Home: Dehumanizing Characteristics of Nursing Homes in of Nursing Home Residents

Humanistic care is care that leads to quality of life. The viewpoint of nursing home residents is uniquely indicative of humanistic and dehumanizing care in nursing homes. Therefore, three books by nursing home residents about their experiences in nursing homes are examined in the context of three themes of humanization: control, privacy, and relationships. These insights are then translated into the model "Modest Proposal" Nursing Home, less infeasible than its Swiftian namesake and equally thought-provoking.Some persons of desponding Spirit are in great Concern about that vast Number of poor People, who are Aged, Diseased, or Maimed; and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the Nation of so grievous an Incumbrance. But I am not in the least Pain upon that Matter; because it is very well known, that they are every Day dying, and rotting, by Cold and Famine, and Filth, and Vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal)
Self Passivating Hybrid (Organic/Inorganic) Tandem Solar Cell

An all solution processed tandem photovoltaic structure, consisting of a hydrazine treated PbSe nanocrystal photoconducting film and a P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cell, was fabricated. The PbSe nanocrystal cell was use as the top (light incident from top) cell, and optimized in thickness, to absorb predominantly UV and short wavelength visible light. The lower P3HT/PCBM cell absorbed the remaining solar energy and supplied photocurrent as well as the necessary field to extract the photogenerated carriers from the PbSe device. Carrier multiplication resulting from multiple exciton generation in the PbSe film at UV wavelengths was quantified by using separate activation for the top cell and bottom cell with selective light biasing. Lifetime measurements of a standard P3HT/PCBM solar cell and the tandem structure wereperformed under AM 1.5 and UV enhanced illumination. The durability of the tandem cell under UV illumination was significantly better than the single layer bulk heterojunction cell.
Efficient Unknown Blocking Using LFSR Reseeding

This paper presents an efficient method to block unknown values from entering temporal compactors. The control signals for the blocking logic are generated by an LFSR. The proposed technique minimizes the size of the LFSR by propagating only one fault effect for each fault and balancing the number of specified bits in each control pattern. The linear solver to find seeds of the LFSR intelligently chooses a solution such that the impact on test quality is minimal. Experimental results show that sizes of control data for the proposed method are smaller than prior work and run time of the proposed method is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of prior work. Hardware overhead is very low.
Mechanisms of Pharmacologic Immune Suppression

As our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate allograft rejection has advanced, so has the development of immunosuppressive agents. Each phase in the historical development of immunosuppressive therapies for organ transplantation reviewed herein shows distinctive molecular mechanisms, clinical effects, and toxicities. The matrix of actions of available immunosuppressive agents used in maintenance therapy is shown in Figure 1.
Deformable image registration between cardiac pet images encompassing a range of physical heart sizes

Cardiac mechanical performance depends upon myocardial tissue elongation and contraction. Deformation, stress and strain within the myofibers provide valuable information about potential tissue adaptation [1]. Specifically, the stress state of the tissue is believed to drive remodeling of the myocardium. Because it is not possible to measure in-vivo stress in the human heart, considerable research has gone into developing patient specific, mathematical models of the heart based on finite element (FE) analysis and cardiac imaging [2, 3]. Stress estimates from these models could yield valuable information about of the material behavior of the myocardium that would provide valuable information for research into cardiac pathologies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Decay accelerating factor (CD55).

Complement is a mediator system comprised of 12 activation proteins and at least 11 inhibitors. The activation proteins interact sequentially to generate cleavage fragments and condensation products with specific and potent biologic activity. Activated complement proteins can function as anaphylatoxins, adherence factors, chemotaxins, opsonins, and a transmembrane pore, which can be lytic (reviewed in Fries and Frank 1987). Regulated complement activation is essential for the survival of the host, while unregulated complement activation contributes to inflammation and is detrimental to the host. Complement is regulated by the specificity of its activation, by the lability of its activation products, and by the potent inhibitors found in the fluid phase and within the membranes of host cells. The structure, function, and expression of one important membrane regulator of complement, namely, the decay accelerating factor (DAF), will be reviewed here.
Prostate Cancer Prevention with 5 Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors

Testosterone gets converted into the more potent 5-[alpha]-dihydrotestosterone by 5-[alpha]- reductase. dihydrotestosterone (DHT) controls prostate mitotic activity and potentially prostate carcinogenesis. Interventions that inhibit 5-[alpha]-reductase have potential as preventive agents for prostate cancer.
A radical theology for the future: five theses

This article sketches out five theses of radical theology to contribute to a vision of the future of theology. Radical theology emerged out of the Death-of-God theology of the 1960s, as well as some forms of liberation theology. These theologies challenge the orthodoxy of most traditional forms of theological and religious reflection. Here the authors, who are part of the conversation of radical theology in the United States and elsewhere, sketch out five theses: that radical theology should be postsecular, postliberal, a version of political or liberation theology, an onto-theology and an eco-theology. Each of these terms, however, needs to be qualified with a difference that distinguishes them from more common understandings of these terms. Finally, we argue that radical theology should be materialist in a non-reductionist way that reconfigures but does not simply dismiss our ideas about God, humanity, religion and the world. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to radical theologies.
LISTENING TO PICTURES

This article revisits the early twentieth century as an overlooked period of media mixing and technological convergence in newspapers. Comparing a short-lived audiovisual form of journalism—the Radio Photologues of the Chicago Daily News—with contemporary audio slideshows produced by online newspapers, it argues that newspapers have long been meeting grounds for experimental combinations of existing and emerging media. It calls for a broader historical perspective in discussions of convergence in digital journalism by drawing attention to the complex intermingling of media forms, sensory engagements, and storytelling conventions that have appeared in newspapers in times of technological transition. Additionally, it highlights the utility of textual analysis in analyzing these ephemeral and hybrid media artifacts in journalism.
Bridging Dispute System Design Theory and Practice: The Case of Unity Hospital

This paper bridges theory and practice of dispute system design through the close examination of the design and implementation of an innovative ADR system at Unity Hospital. Unity Hospital provides an interesting case in that the employee relations department had to overcome management's perception of their employee advocacy and employees' accusations of behind-the-scenes managerial bias. Under new management, the employee relations department set out to design a new ADR system and change their reputation to that of a neutral, "pro-rules" department. This case study compares Unity Hospital practice with key features of common dispute system design models and presents a preliminary evaluation of their effectiveness to date.
Taxonomic and Thematic Relatedness Ratings for 659 Word Pairs

These data are comprised of taxonomic and thematic relatedness ratings for 300 target words paired with taxonomically related and/or thematically related words for a total of 659 word pairs. The pairs come from 4 prior studies and were normed through surveys provided online using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Pairs were rated in terms of both their taxonomic similarity and their thematic relationship. The data are provided as comma-separated (.csv) and R data (.rdata) files and can be used to create new studiesinvestigating taxonomic and thematic semantic processing.
Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics: A Design of Experiment

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) have a wide-spread engineering applications due to their superior properties however, their machining cost is high. Cost effective machining processes are needed for CFRP. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a nontraditional machining process for CFRP. RUM utilizes a rotating tool with ultrasonic vibration along the axial direction. Drilling is the most commonly needed machining practice for CFRP. In this study, a drilling test was conducted to investigate input variables, i.e. ultrasonic power, tool rotation speed, and feedrate for RUM of CFRP. A two-level three-factor full factorial design was used for experiment. The design of experiment approach was used to obtain main effects, two-factor interactions, and three-factor interactions on cutting force, torque, and surface roughness.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
National Needs of Family Planning Among US Men Aged 15 to 44 Years

Objectives. To estimate national need for family planning services among men in the United States according to background characteristics, access to care, receipt of services, and contraception use.Methods. We used weighted data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth to estimate the percentage of men aged 15 to 44 years (n = 10 395) in need of family planning, based on sexual behavior, fecundity, and not trying to get pregnant with his partner.Results. Overall, 60% of men were in need of family planning, defined as those who ever had vaginal sex, were fecund, and had fecund partner(s) who were not trying to get pregnant with partner or partner(s) were not currently pregnant. The greatest need was among young and unmarried men. Most men in need of family planning had access to care, but few reported receiving family planning services (< 19%), consistently using condoms (26%), or having partners consistently using contraception (41%).Conclusions. The need for engaging men aged 15 to 44 years in...
Barcelona, caminando hacia la resiliencia urbana en el barrio de Vallcarca

Multitud de barrios y ciudades estan sucumbiendo a multiples y sucesivos cambios provocados por colapsos internos y crisis sistemicas externas. El barrio de Vallcarca del distrito de Gracia se ha convertido en un referenteurbano de la ciudad de Barcelona. Se caracteriza por pertenecer a uno de los distritos de la ciudad de Barcelona mas precursores en la aplicacion de politicas de sostenibilidad urbana, y a la par sucumbir en un proceso de crisis, devastacion y conflicto inducido por un plan urbanistico basado en el precepto demolicion/ nueva construccion desde hace mas de una decada. Esta investigacion utiliza la heuristica del ciclo adaptativo y la teoria de la panarquia (Holling y Gunderson, 2002) para identificar la evolucion de la resiliencia en las dinamicas de las practicas urbanisticas del barrio a partir de una novedosa vision sistemica, evolutiva y multiescalar utilizada para el estudio de los sistemas socioecologicos en el campo de la ecologia, y de las politicas de gobernanza, pero minimamente aplicada en los entornos urbanos hasta ahora. Ademas, se da el hecho de que se ha podido realizar la investigacion a traves de la metodologia de la observacion participante a lo largo del proceso urbanistico en los ultimos 12 anos. El proceso de construccion de la resiliencia del barrio de Vallcarca se inicia a partir de una primera, previsible, larga e institucionalizada etapa de empobrecimiento con un planeamiento urbanistico rigido, dedesarrollo urbanizador e inflexible. El barrio aprovecha una ventana de oportunidad para el cambio e inicia una segunda etapa de relanzamiento y reorganizacion innovadora para construir la resiliencia. Este proceso sematerializa gracias a las relaciones de memoria y revuelta de la panarquia (Gunderson, 2010) y a las relaciones interescalares y extraescalares de los agentes e instituciones transformacionales (Westley et al., 2013). En laparte final, se resalta como los atributos de la auto-organizacion, la adaptabilidad, la diversidad, el aprendizaje y la innovacion son estrategias claves para la gestion adaptativa y resiliente del habitat.
Measure Tax Expenditures by Internal Rate of Return

Johnson argues that budgets prepared by the Office of Management and Budget and the Joint Committee on Taxation should use tax on internal rate of return (IRR) as the baseline for measuring tax expenditures and that departure from level-playing-field taxation of capital should be justified or repealed.
Metallic Corner Atoms in Gold Clusters Supported on Rutile Are the Dominant Active Site during Water−Gas Shift Catalysis

Au/TiO2 catalysts used in the water−gas shift (WGS) reaction at 120 °C, 7% CO, 22% H2O, 9% CO2, and 37% H2 had rates up to 0.1 moles of CO converted per mole of Au per second. However, the rate per mole of Au depends strongly on the Au particle size. The use of a nonporous, model support allowed for imaging of the active catalyst and a precise determination of the gold size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) because all the gold is exposed on the surface. A physical model of Au/TiO2 is used to show that corner atoms with fewer than seven neighboring gold atoms are the dominant active sites. The number of corner sites does not vary as particle size increases above 1 nm, giving the surprising result that the rate per gold cluster is independent of size.
Business & human rights: a commentary from the inside

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to first, provide an overview of the genesis of the business and human rights agenda; second, to identify key areas of focus in the emerging business and human rights agenda; and, finally, to argue for an approach to engaging business in the human rights agenda that is both challenging and practically orientated. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the author’s ethnographic experiences both as a human rights advocate with Human Rights First (1978-2009) and as Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor at the US State Department (2009-2013). Findings – The paper links the business and human rights agenda to the growth in size and power of corporations. It identifies six key areas of focus in this emerging agenda, specifically, supply chains and labor rights, the extractive industries especially relating to security, information technology and issues of freedom of expression, agriculture and issues of child and forced labor, and investment and socially responsible investors. The paper contends that business schools have a crucial role to play in engaging businesses in a challenging and practical way to provide them with workable solutions to these challenges. Research limitations/implications – The paper contends that we have come to the end of the beginning of the discussion of business and human rights and are now in the phase of defining what the rules are in this twenty-first century global economy. The paper provides important considerations for taking this phase forward. Originality/value – This paper provides original insights into the emergence of the business and human rights agenda. It identifies key areas of focus along with a valuable approach to making progress in these areas.
Restoration of Pulp-Treated Teeth

The restoration of pulpally treated teeth is critical for the longitudinal success of maintaining the teeth within the oral cavity. There are a number of factors when choosing a restoration following pulp therapy such as the position of the tooth within the dental arch, which dictates the masticatory forces expected, as well as esthetics desired upon final restoration. The amount of tooth structure remaining after caries removal is important, and the clinician must remember that the clinical crown of the tooth becomes much more brittle after pulp therapy.
Questionaire Investigation on Knowledge,Attitude and Behavior About AIDS in Some Villagers in Frontier Area of Ruili City,Yunnan Province

ObjectiveTo observe the knowledge,attitude and behavior about AIDS of villagers in Jiele Country and frontier economic cooperation area to provide reference for propaganda,health education and intervention activities in the villagers.MethodsDuring December of 2003,10 natural villages within the zone of Jiele Country and frontier economic cooperation area were selected to conduct surveys in villagers aged from 15 to 50 years,by using enquiries forms,collecting intelligence with regard to the villager's knowledge,attitude and behavior of AIDS.ResultsTotally 400 villagers were investigated.Out of the 400 villagers,277 interviewees had heard of AIDS previously,accounting for 69.3%;and among these villagers,42.6% considered AIDS as horrible disease,76.4% thought they would not infect AIDS.To the question of what are the three ways of infecting AIDS,51.4%-65.3% could give correct answers.60.8% of the unmarried had sex behavior before marriage.As to the attitude towards AIDS infectors and patients,35.5%-70.5% took positive stands.ConclusionsThe villagers' knowledge about AIDS is shallow.Therefore,propaganda,health education and intervention activities should be carried out as soon as possible,so as to prevent AIDS from spreading from high-risk population to general public.
A Feature-Based Modeling Approach to Configuring Privacy and Temporality in RBAC.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) has been increasingly popular due to its efficiency, flexibility, and scalability. Traditionally, RBAC is concerned with Separation of Duty (SoD) among roles and role hierarchies. However, there have been demands for extensions of RBAC as environments of RBAC systems have changed. As part of response to the demands, privacy RBAC and temporal RBAC have been proposed. While the two extensions address different aspects, they are often needed together in many systems such as hospital systems. In this paper, we present a feature-based approach that enables systematic enforcement of combined privacy and temporal RBAC in development. The approach models the two extensions as features based on partial inheritance which supports verifiable feature composition. We demonstrate the approach using a hospital example.
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in children: diagnostic use of multidetector computed tomography.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare congenital anomaly. It is important to demonstrate the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery and its course before surgery. To explore the clinical diagnostic use of multidetector CT coronary angiography in detecting anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in children. Nine children (2 boys, 7 girls) ages 2 months to 9 years with surgically confirmed anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery were studied. Clinical data, transthoracic echocardiography and CT coronary angiography images were retrospectively analyzed. Transthoracic echocardiography correctly diagnosed anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in 7 of 9 patients (95% CI: 40–97%). CT coronary angiography revealed the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in all children (95% CI: 66–100%). In a 4-year-old girl and a 9-year-old girl, CT coronary angiography showed dilation of the right coronary artery and collateral circulation between the right and the left coronary arteries. CT coronary angiography is a useful method to show the anomalous origin of the coronary artery in children with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, especially for patients in whom origin of the left coronary artery cannot be detected by transthoracic echocardiography.
Power electronics, microelectronics and propulsion systems for solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles

We examine power and energy systems for propulsion, guidance, navigation, control, communication and other primary, secondary and auxiliary systems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The major objective is to develop a scalable and modular design concept in energy harvesting, energy storage and energy management. Different energy sources, including solar energy, are used to power light-weight long-endurance low-, medium- and high-altitude UAVs, satellites and other platforms. Fixed wing UAVs must ensure flight specifications, mission effectiveness, speed, altitude, endurance, etc. Agile and maneuverable rotary wing UAVs are also enabled by alternative energy sources. We study high-efficiency energy systems, low-power electronics and energy management for propulsion systems, control surfaces actuators, sensors and other key components.
Teleology and Darwin’s the Origin of Species: Beyond Chance and Necessity?

Few books have turned men’s minds more than Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle For Life. Yet where the turning will or should come to rest is still uncertain, for the full significance of Darwin’s ideas remain a subject of inquiry and controversy. Granting that Darwin was right about the fact of evolution — granting, that is, that all of nature flows, that nature is subject to “history” — it is by no means yet settled what difference this insight should make for our thinking about nature, about man’s nature and his place in nature, about the good life for man, or about God. In this essay, I will consider one of the disputed questions, one which may also be central for several of the others: the question of teleology, of the presence of ends or purposes in nature.
Needed: Critical Foxes

Beyond issues of the research we need are issues arising from the research we already have. Research in mathematics education lacks critical friends, but that phrase implies someone who is on the outside. We in the community especially need insiders who can help us see our work whole. These insiders should have a synoptic view. Isaiah Berlin once drew an important distinction between the hedgehog (who knows one big thing) and the fox (who knows many things). Drawing primarily on my own experience in the field, I argue that more of us in mathematics education ought to become critical foxes.
Imaging of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders.

ABSTRACTPurpose of Review: This article focuses on neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorder encountered by practicing neurologists. Less common adult demyelinating disorders and incidental subclinical white matter abnormalities that
Multi-Scale Modeling of Chromosomal DNA in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The organization and dynamics of chromosomal DNA play a pivotal role in a range of biological processes, including gene regulation, homologous recombination, replication, and segregation. Establishing a quantitative theoretical model of DNA organization and dynamics would be valuable in bridging the gap between the molecular-level packaging of DNA and genome-scale chromosomal processes. Our research group utilizes analytical theory and computational modeling to establish a predictive theoretical model of chromosomal organization and dynamics. In this talk, I will discuss our efforts to develop multi-scale polymer models of chromosomal DNA that are both sufficiently detailed to address specific protein-DNA interactions while capturing experimentally relevant time and length scales. I will demonstrate how these modeling efforts are capable of quantitatively capturing aspects of behavior of chromosomal DNA in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This talk will illustrate that capturing dynamical behavior of chromosomal DNA at various length scales necessitates a range of theoretical treatments that accommodate the critical physical contributions that are relevant to in vivo behavior at these disparate length and time scales.
Tratamiento de las neoplasias intraepiteliales de la vagina con 5-Fluorouracil tópico

La historia natural de la neoplasia intraepitelial en la vagina es pobremente interpretada. Los factores y el tiempo requerido para que una displasia progrese a carcinoma invasivo no son conocidos. La asociacion frecuente de carcinoma de la vagina con cancer de la vulva y del cervix sugieren un factor carcinogenico comun. La displasia intraepitelial vaginal a menudo es multicentrica.
A Class of Intrinsic Trigonometric Mode Polynomials

In this paper, we study a class of trigonometric polynomials that exhibit properties expected from intrinsic mode functions. In a series of lemmas, we provide sufficient conditions for a positiveness of the instantaneous frequency, number of zeros and extrema, and the proximity of upper and lower envelopes. The question of necessity of each of the conditions is discussed in numerical examples. We also introduce an orthonormal basis in \(L_2\) of weak intrinsic mode functions.
Predaceous insects may limit algal grazers in high-nutrient environments: implications for wastewater remediation in open bioreactors

Algal biofuel has potential as a source of renewable fuel and a tool for wastewater remediation. Open algal bioreactors fertilized with wastewater can have net energy gain but are vulnerable to colonization by algal grazers. However, colonizing predaceous insects may limit grazer impacts on algae. Here, we investigate the effects of grazers, predators, and invading algae species on algal production and community structure in high-nutrient environments. First, we grew diverse algal assemblages in treated municipal wastewater in a greenhouse with Daphnia grazers and different insect predators that were added experimentally. When Daphnia were present without predators, they eliminated suspended algae. But, dragonfly larvae [Odonata: Libellulidae] and backswimmers [Hemiptera: Notonectidae], but not larval diving beetles [Coloeoptera: Dytiscidae], suppressed Daphnia allowing suspended algae to persist. Second, we grew Chlorella algae in field tanks that were open or protected from natural invertebrate colonization and half the tanks received wild-collected plankton in a factorial design. Mosquito larvae [Culex sp.] readily colonized open tanks and reduced algal mass and dissolved phosphorus concentrations. Colonist addition to open tanks shifted algal functional and taxonomic composition but did not impact suspended algal production. Our study indicates that large numbers of grazer individuals can rapidly colonize open bioreactors. Experimentally added and naturally colonizing grazers altered algal community structure and reduced algal standing crops but may also aid in nutrient removal from wastewater-fed bioreactors. Effective operation of open algal bioreactors must consider cultivated algae species’ vulnerability to competition and local grazers as well as the ability of potential predators to both naturally disperse into bioreactors and to control grazers.
On the number of normal measures $\aleph_1$ and $\aleph_2$ can carry

We show that assuming the consistency of certain large cardinals (namely a supercompact cardinal with a measurable cardinal above it), it is possible to force and construct choiceless universes of $\mathsf{ZF}$ in which the first two uncountable cardinals $\aleph_1$ and $\aleph_2$ are both measurable and carry certain fixed numbers of normal measures. Specifically, in the models constructed, $\aleph_1$ will carry exactly one normal measure, namely $\mu_w = \{x \subseteq \aleph_1 \mid x$ contains a club set$\}$, and $\aleph_2$ will carry exactly $\tau$ normal measures, where $\tau \ge \aleph_3$ is any regular cardinal. This contrasts with the well-known facts that assuming $\mathsf{AD} + \mathsf{AC}$, $\aleph_1$ is measurable and carries exactly one normal measure, and $\aleph_2$ is measurable and carries exactly two normal measures.
The Role of Higher Levels of Care for Eating Disorders in Youth

Many eating disorder patients are successfully treated in outpatient settings. Family-based treatment allows youth to recover at home. Higher levels of care may be necessary for medical or psychiatric stabilization, or to provide added structure. Historically, hospital lengths of stay were long. Currently, insurance limitations encourage intermediate care levels to support patients not requiring inpatient treatment but not ready for outpatient care. Options include inpatient medical stabilization, locked units for individuals with suicidal ideation, and outpatient programs offering daily meal support and group therapy. Outpatient teams and families collaborate to determine the appropriate level of care.
Using Creativity to Explore Intersectionality in Counseling

ABSTRACTA counselor’s understanding of a client’s identity is crucial in culturally competent counseling.When counselors conceptualize clients from a singular lens, they may develop clinical blind ...
Association of Receiving Multiple, Concurrent Fracture-Associated Drugs With Hip Fracture Risk.

Importance Many prescription drugs increase fracture risk, which raises concern for patients receiving 2 or more such drugs concurrently. Logic suggests that risk will increase with each additional drug, but the risk of taking multiple fracture-associated drugs (FADs) is unknown. Objective To estimate hip fracture risk associated with concurrent exposure to multiple FADs. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used a 20% random sample of Medicare fee-for-service administrative data for age-eligible Medicare beneficiaries from 2004 to 2014. Sex-stratified Cox regression models estimated hip fracture risk associated with current receipt of 1, 2, or 3 or more of 21 FADs and, separately, risk associated with each FAD and 2-way FAD combination vs no FADs. Models included sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and use of non-FAD medications. Analyses began in November 2018 and were completed April 2019. Exposure Receipt of prescription FADs. Main Outcomes and Measures Hip fracture hospitalization. Results A total of 11.3 million person-years were observed, reflecting 2 646 255 individuals (mean [SD] age, 77.2 [7.3] years, 1 615 613 [61.1%] women, 2 136 585 [80.7%] white, and 219 579 [8.3%] black). Overall, 2 827 284 person-years (25.1%) involved receipt of 1 FAD; 1 322 296 (11.7%), 2 FADs; and 954 506 (8.5%), 3 or more FADs. In fully adjusted, sex-stratified models, an increase in hip fracture risk among women was associated with the receipt of 1, 2, or 3 or more FADs (1 FAD: hazard ratio [HR], 2.04; 95% CI, 1.99-2.11;P Conclusions and Relevance Among older adults, FADs are commonly used and commonly combined. In this cohort study, the addition of a second and third FAD was associated with a steep increase in fracture risk. Many risky pairs of FADs included potentially avoidable drugs (eg, sedatives and opioids). If confirmed, these findings suggest that fracture risk could be reduced through tighter adherence to long-established prescribing guidelines and recommendations.
Rotational and hyperfine analysis of the A2∑+ - X12π3/2 and B2∑- - X12π3/2 transitions of AuS

We have recorded the A2Σ+−X12Π3/2 (0,0) and B2Σ−−X12Π3/2 (0,0) bands of gold monosulphide (AuS) at sub-Doppler resolution by intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy. These two red-degraded bands l...
Making sense of instruction within the changed kindergarten: perspectives from preservice early childhood educators and teacher educators

Many within early childhood and early childhood teacher education are concerned about the changed kindergarten. At the same time, students entering early childhood teacher education programs were e...
Chapter 7 – General conclusions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several methodologies, such as ad hoc middle-range theory in the understanding of bone modifications. The methodology outlined has led to certain conclusions about the character of the past, importantly about the behavior of our early hominid ancestors. The picture one gains from the analysis of the Olduvai materials is a far cry from many of the romantic pictures that have been advanced. The analysis seems to justify several statements about early hominid ancestors: (1) they were scavenging the consumed kills and scavenging death sites of animals after most of the other predator–scavengers had abandoned the carcass and scattered some of its parts. (2) The parts scavenged were primarily leg bones that appear to have already had the meat removed, or they were lower leg bones that had little meat present to begin with. (3) The major, or in many cases the only, usable or edible parts consisted of bone marrow. (4) Hominids were using hammer tools to break open the leg bones and thereby expose the usable marrow. The analysis of the materials remaining from ancestral adaptations suggests no such confrontations or need for postulating lazy carnivores.