cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric geohelminth infections: Trichuriasis, ascariasis, and hookworm infections

Abstract The major soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes of humans, Trichuris, Ascaris, and the two major hookworms, Ancylostoma and Necator, often are referred to collectively as geohelminths. Geohelminth infections are a particular public health threat to children in whom high intensity infections frequently occur. For Ascaris and Trichuris, the heaviest and most severe infections occur in children of school-age. As a result, these children suffer unique geohelminth-associated deficits in physical and intellectual growth. In a few cases, the parasite-derived macromolecules partly associated with these processes have been identified and chemically characterized. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
TRACE AND NON-TRACE ELEMENTS IN BLOOD CELLS OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS): VARIATIONS WITH VALUES FROM LIVER FUNCTION INDICATORS

Alterations in trace and non-trace element homeostasis have been associated with both normal physiologic and pathologic processes of many species. Changes in copper and zinc, for instance, have been associated with liver disease in humans and dogs. While liver disease has been documented in marine mammals, associations of liver disease with trace and non-trace elements have not been determined. The goal of this study was to assess potential elemental associations with clinically relevant changes in liver enzymes of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and to compare observed associations to what has been reported in other species. Blood cell samples were collected from 37 healthy bottlenose dolphins, maintained by the Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP), between 1991 and 1992. Twenty-one trace and non-trace elements were assessed along with a standard liver enzyme function profile, and trace element associations to specific liver enzymes were determined. In this study, of the 21 blood cell elements assessed, 19 were measured within detectable limits in at least one of the blood samples, and 10 trace elements were found to be associated with at least one of the liver function indicators. Many of these same associations have been documented in various forms of liver disease in other species, including the associations of increases in copper and decreases in zinc with both elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The observed analogous associations between changes in blood trace and non-trace elements and liver function indicators of bottlenose dolphins and other species may indicate similar pathologic processes and functions of some elements. Given the results of this study, additional research is warranted to further elucidate associations of trace and non-trace elements to liver disease in bottlenose dolphins.
Modeling of reactive atomization and deposition processing of Ni3Al

Abstract A recently developed processing technique for the synthesis of dispersion strengthened materials, reactive atomization and deposition (RAD), is introduced in the present paper. The unsteady state momentum, heat and mass transfer phenomena, including chemical reaction and phase change during RAD processing of molten Ni 3 Al droplets with a N 2 O 2 gas mixture, are numerically investigated. The effects of oxygen concentration in the atomization gas on gas characteristics, such as the compressibility of gas and heat-transfer coefficient, and on droplet characteristics, such as velocity, temperature, undercooling, cooling rate, and solidification history are determined. The surface cooling of droplets is simulated using a modified Newton's law of cooling. This improvement results in a good agreement between the calculated results and experimental measurements.
14N Hyperfine structure of triphenylaminium radical ions

Unrestricted Hartree-Fock SCF LCAO MO calculations in the Pariser-Parr-Pople formalism with single annihilation were carried out on a series of p-substituted triphenylaminium cation radicals. The esr spectra were determined experimentally and spin densities calculated by use of the McConnell equation for the o and m hydrogens. Values of Q NN N and Q CC N were obtained by comparison of the “experimental” spin densities with those computed from the MO calculations. The results of several slightly different prescriptions for the spin density were compared. The degree of “twist” of the benzene rings out of the plane was also investigated.
NEGF Quantum Simulation of Field Emission Devices

Recent studies of wide band-gap diamond field emission devices have realized superior performance and lifetime. However, theoretical studies using standard Fowler-Nordheim (FN) theory do not fully capture the physics of diamond semiconductor emitters as a result of the fitting parameters inherent to the FN approximation. The following research computationally models wide band-gap field emission devices from a quantum point of view, using a novel non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach previously applied to modeling solid-state electronic devices. Findings from this research confirm non-linearities in the FN curve and provide alternative explanations to discrepancies between standard FN theory.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Benchmark parameters for CMB polarization experiments

The recently detected polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) holds the potential for revealing the physics of inflation and gravitationally mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, if so called B-mode signals below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7},$ or tenths of a $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K},$ can be reliably detected. We provide a language for describing systematic effects which distort the observed CMB temperature and polarization fields and so contaminate the B modes. We identify 7 types of effects, described by 11 distortion fields, and show their association with known instrumental systematics such as common mode and differential gain fluctuations, line cross-coupling, pointing errors, and differential polarized beam effects. Because of aliasing from the small-scale structure in the CMB, even uncorrelated fluctuations in these effects can affect the large-scale B modes relevant to gravitational waves. Many of these problems are greatly reduced by having an instrumental beam that resolves the primary anisotropies (full width at half maximum $\ensuremath{\ll}{10}^{\ensuremath{'}}).$ To reach the ultimate goal of an inflationary energy scale of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\mathrm{GeV},$ polarization distortion fluctuations must be controlled at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ level and temperature leakage to the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ level depending on the effect. For example, pointing errors must be controlled to ${1.5}^{\ensuremath{''}}\mathrm{rms}$ for arcminute scale beams or a percent of the Gaussian beam width for larger beams; low spatial frequency differential gain fluctuations or line cross-coupling must be eliminated at the level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\mathrm{rms}.$
Baffle effect on sloshing-modulated torques responsed to orbital accelerations in microgravity

The behavior of sloshing-dynamics-modulated fluid systems driven by orbital accelerations including gravity gradient and jitter accelerations has been studied. Partly liquid-filled rotating Dewars applicable to a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft container with and without baffle are considered. Results show that a slosh wave excited along the liquid-vapor interface induced by jitter-acceleration-dominated orbital accelerations provides a torsional moment with an up-and-down movement of bubble oscillations in the rotating Dewar. The fluctuations of fluid forces and fluid moment (torque) exerted on the Dewar wall of the container caused by slosh-wave excitation driven by orbital accelerations are also investigated. Since the viscous force across a liquid-solid interface and the surface-tension force across a liquid-vapor or liquid-solid interface can greatly contribute to the damping effect of slosh-wave excitation, a rotating Dewar with a baffle provides more areas of liquid-solid, and liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor interfaces than does a rotating Dewar without a baffle. Results show that the damping effect provided by the baffle reduces the amplitudes of force and moment feedback from the fluids to the container-in particular, the components of fluctuations transverse to the direction of the baffle boards.
Hypersensitivity in the ƒ-ƒ transitions of hexabromo- and hexachlorneodymium(III)

Abstract Oscillator strengths of the ƒ-ƒ transitions of hexabromoneodymium(III) are reported. These and the oscillator strengths of hexachloroneodymium(III) are analyzed to give the parameters of the Judd-Ofelt theory. The results are discussed with relation to the effects of symmetry, vibronic coupling, and covalency on the intensities of ƒ-ƒ transitions.
Thiol–maleimide “click” chemistry: evaluating the influence of solvent, initiator, and thiol on the reaction mechanism, kinetics, and selectivity

The mechanism and kinetics of thiol–maleimide “click” reactions carried out under a variety of conditions have been investigated computationally and using experimental competition reactions. The influence of three different solvents (chloroform, ethane thiol, and N,N-dimethylformamide), five different initiators (ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and dimethylphenyl-phosphine), and seven different thiols (methyl mercaptan, β-mercaptoethanol, thioacetic acid, methyl thioglycolate, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, cysteine methyl ester, and thiophenol) on the energetics and kinetics of thiol–maleimide reactions have been examined using density functional methods. Computational and kinetic modeling indicate that the choice of solvent, initiator, and thiol directly influences whether product formation follows a base-, nucleophile-, or ion pair-initiated mechanism (or some combination thereof). The type of mechanism followed determines the overall thiol–maleimide reaction kinetics. Insights from computational studies are then used to understand the selectivity of ternary thiol–maleimide reactions between N-methyl maleimide, thiophenol, and 1-hexanethiol in different combinations of solvents and initiators. The results provide considerable insight into the interplay between reaction conditions, kinetics, and selectivity in thiol–maleimide reactions in particular and thiol-Michael reactions in general, with implications ranging from small molecule synthesis to bioconjugation chemistry and multifunctional materials.
Transient state kinetics of enzyme IICBGlc, a glucose transporter of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli: equilibrium and second order rate constants for the glucose binding and phosphotransfer reactions.

Abstract During translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, glucose is phosphorylated by phospho-IIAGlc and Enzyme IICBGlc, the last two proteins in the phosphotransfer sequence of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system. Transient state (rapid quench) methods were used to determine the second order rate constants that describe the phosphotransfer reactions (phospho-IIAGlc to IICBGlc to Glc) and also the second order rate constants for the transfer from phospho-IIAGlc to molecularly cloned IIBGlc, the soluble, cytoplasmic domain of IICBGlc. The rate constants for the forward and reverse phosphotransfer reactions between IIAGlc and IICBGlc were 3.9 × 106 and 0.31 × 106 m–1 s–1, respectively, and the rate constant for the physiologically irreversible reaction between [P]IICBGlc and Glc was 3.2 × 106 m–1 s–1. From the rate constants, the equilibrium constants for the transfer of the phospho-group from His90 of [P]IIAGlc to the phosphorylation site Cys of IIBGlc or IICBGlc were found to be 3.5 and 12, respectively. These equilibrium constants signify that the thiophospho-group in these proteins has a high phosphotransfer potential, similar to that of the phosphohistidinyl phosphotransferase system proteins. In these studies, preparations of IICBGlc were invariably found to contain endogenous, firmly bound Glc (estimated K′D ∼10–7 m). The bound Glc was kinetically competent and was rapidly phosphorylated, indicating that IICBGlc has a random order, Bi Bi, substituted enzyme mechanism. The equilibrium constant for the binding of Glc was deduced from differences in the statistical goodness of fit of the phosphotransfer data to the kinetic model.
Children's Effortful Control and Academic Achievement: Mediation Through Social Functioning

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to test the premise that children's effortful control (EC) is prospectively related to their academic achievement and to specify mechanisms through which EC is related to academic success. We used data from 214 children (M age at Time 1 [T1] = 73 months) to test whether social functioning (e.g., social competence and externalizing problems) mediated the relations between EC and academic achievement. Children's adult-reported and observed EC were assessed at T1. Parents' and teachers' reports of social functioning were obtained 2 years later (T2), whereas teachers' and children's reports of academic achievement were obtained 4 years after T2 (T3). Children's T2 social functioning fully mediated the relation between T1 EC and T3 academic achievement in a structural equation model. Practice or Policy: Findings highlight the importance of considering social and emotional processes when attempting to improve academic achievement and have implications for curricu...
Learning the hard way

I have been a keen motorcyclist for as long as I can remember. I passed my motorcycle test at the first attempt at the age of 17. I believe I am a very safe rider (don't we all?), and I ride defensively. Until this event I had never been in a situation that caused me alarm, nor had I been even close to an accident. I was negotiating a roundabout close to a United States air base and saw a huge American left hand drive four wheel vehicle with Mafia-style tinted windows waiting to enter the traffic. I had almost made it to my exit, when the driver pulled out sharply. Everything went into slow motion as the inevitable collision occurred. I saw the kerb and the road coming to meet me, and struck my helmet as I landed. I felt the left side of my chest hit the road and the kerb as I slid along, still astride the machine. I felt so helpless, but can clearly remember thinking as I came to a halt that I could still …
The sanguine concept

The technical basis of Project Sanguine is outlined. This U. S. Navy-sponsored project has a stated objective to develop a world-wide communication system that can be used to send messages to submarines at operation depth. Until recently, the work has been shrouded in a cloak of secrecy. Attention is called to the fundamental electromagnetic propagation studief that preceded the 10-year engineering development of the system that has not yet been "validated''. Some of the recent widely publicized criticisms are put in perspective and various conclusions are drawn.
Cone-beam CT with a flat-panel detector: From image science to image-guided surgery

The development of large-area flat-panel x-ray detectors (FPDs) has spurred investigation in a spectrum of advanced medical imaging applications, including tomosynthesis and cone-beam CT (CBCT). Recent research has extended image quality metrics and theoretical models to such applications, providing a quantitative foundation for the assessment of imaging performance as well as a general framework for the design, optimization, and translation of such technologies to new applications. For example, cascaded systems models of Fourier domain metrics, such as noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ), have been extended to these modalities to describe the propagation of signal and noise through the image acquisition and reconstruction chain and to quantify the factors that govern spatial resolution, image noise, and detectability. Moreover, such models have demonstrated basic agreement with human observer performance for a broad range of imaging conditions and imaging tasks. These developments in image science have formed a foundation for the knowledgeable development and translation of CBCT to new applications in image-guided interventions - for example, CBCT implemented on a mobile surgical C-arm for intraoperative 3D imaging. The ability to acquire high-quality 3D images on demand during surgical intervention overcomes conventional limitations of surgical guidance in the context of preoperative images alone. A prototype mobile C-arm developed in academic-industry partnership demonstrates CBCT with low radiation dose, sub-mm spatial resolution, and soft-tissue visibility potentially approaching that of diagnostic CT. Integration of the 3D imaging system with real-time tracking, deformable registration, endoscopic video, and 3D visualization offers a promising addition to the surgical arsenal in interventions ranging from head-and-neck / skull base surgery to spine, orthopaedic, thoracic, and abdominal surgeries. Cadaver studies show the potential for significant boosts in surgical performance under CBCT guidance, and early clinical trials demonstrate feasibility, workflow, and image quality within the surgical theatre.
Subcellular sites of processing of precursors to neurosecretory peptides in the bag cells of Aplysia: Inferences from the effects of monensin, FCCP, and chloroquine

The effects of the sodium ionophore monensin were examined in the bag cells of Aplysia californica in order to identify the subcellular sites of processing of precursors to their neurosecretory products. Incubation of bag cells in media containing 10 microM monensin led to a marked disruption of the morphology of the Golgi apparatus without affecting that of other organelles. Exposure of bag cells to monensin led to a significant impairment of processing of the largest precursor and of an intermediate protein which gives rise to the immediate precursors to the final secreted products, the egg-laying hormone (ELH) and the acidic peptide (AP). Furthermore, ELH and AP were never produced in the presence of monensin during the time course of these experiments. When axonal transport was allowed to proceed, the contents of bag-cell terminals indicated that the intermediate protein is the first to be packaged in Golgi-derived vesicles, and in monensin-treated cells may be transported without being processed further. In contrast to these results, the protonophore FCCP-impaired precursor and intermediate cleavage equally, indicating that monensin and FCCP have different effects on intracellular transport and precursor processing. These data are interpreted to indicate that the largest ELH-AP precursor is normally processed within the Golgi apparatus, and that the disruption of this organelle induced by monensin produces the impairment seen in its processing. The impairment of cleavage of the intermediate species, and the blockade of production of AP and ELH, are probably the result of monensin-induced impairment of production of proteolytically competent secretory granules by the Golgi apparatus.
Towards a comprehensive framework for simulation-based design validation of vehicle systems

We present an overview of our most recent and ongoing research eorts to develop a comprehensive framework for
Radiation exposure in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

Purpose of review Radiation exposure due to medical imaging has grown exponentially over the past two decades and the awareness has increased in the last few years with a number of articles in scientific publications and lay press. Radiation increases the risk of cancer and is particularly a concern in children. Limiting radiation exposure is most important in children, who are more sensitive to radiation, and specifically in children with a chronic lifelong disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent findings Children with IBD and specifically Crohn's disease demonstrate high exposure to ionizing radiation due to medical imaging. The yearly rate of medical imaging radiation exposure may seem small at approximately 3-5 mSv/year, which is only slightly higher than typical background radiation (3 mSv/year). However, this extra yearly radiation exposure to children with a lifelong chronic disease may increase the risk of cancer. Additionally, recent literature suggests that some children with more severe disease are exposed to high radiation doses within the first few years of diagnosis. Imaging modalities that do not utilize radiation, such as MRI and ultrasonography, have demonstrated utility in diagnosing and managing IBD and are particularly important for children. Summary Pediatricians caring for children with chronic diseases should consider radiation exposure and limit exposure when possible. Future quality outcome benchmarks should include limiting exposure to radiation in children with chronic diseases.
Copyediting versus grading-a student perspective

Copyedit-style grading is described and contrasted to the less thorough end-comment-only grading often provided in writing courses. A student perspective is provided, using examples from courses using both styles of grading to illustrate the purpose of copyedit grading, which is to help the student learn to write clearly and concisely. >
The Relative Efficiency of Soft-Error Induction in 4K Static RAMS by Muons and Pions

Soft-error rates in a 4K static RAM have been obtained for 164 MeV/c pions and 109 MeV/c muons. The pion beams were found to be at least 10000 times more effective than were the muon beams, with the implication that effects of pions in cosmic rays at sea level may not be negligible.
Interfacial characteristics of Biodentine and MTA with dentine in simulated body fluid.

Abstract Objectives Newer tricalcium silicate cements (TSC) may offer biocompatibility with improved working properties. This study aimed to evaluate: (1) the occurrence of mineral deposition at the interface between dentine and two TSC (ProRoot ® MTA and Biodentine ® ) in simulated body fluid, and (2) to investigate the nature of interfacial layer. Methods Six root dentine segments of 1.5 mm thickness were obtained from extracted human teeth and were instrumented with Gates-Glidden drills. The specimens were then randomly filled with either MTA or Biodentine. The specimens were placed in the simulated body fluid containing the same phosphate concentration as blood plasma. After 4 weeks, the specimens were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Disperse X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to measure the thickness of the interfacial layer and Ca/P ratio. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Selective Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) were conducted to examine the interface ultramicroscopically and to determine the nature of the crystalline structure within interfacial layer. Results The thickness of interfacial layer was significantly higher in the MTA group (14.5 μm vs 4.8 μm) ( p p > 0.05). From TEM examination, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was observed in the interface along with the surface of dentine. Conclusions As an alternative to MTA, Biodentine displayed bioactivity by producing an interfacial layer on the root canal dentine even though its thickness was significantly lower than MTA. ACP was observed in the interfacial layer of both biomaterials. Clinical significance Biodentine could be considered as an alternative to MTA due to comparable bioactivity which creates interfacial layer between root canal dentin and Biodentine.
Introducing the Journal of Melittology : An outlet for disseminating bee research and raising melittological awareness

A new journal is introduced, the focus of which is to disseminate the results of research on wild and managed bees, to raise public awareness of bees, and to promote and facilitate international communication and collaboration.
Association attacks: Identifying association protocols

In this paper, we examine the problem of identifying different association protocols based on client probing patterns. We take the view point of an attacker, who aims to trick certain clients to switch their association to a compromised AP, so that the attacker can easily perform various attacks, such as passing false management frames and stealing client information. In order to do that, the attacker must know what association protocol the client is using since it determines the clients switching criteria. Therefore, the attacker must be able to identify the association protocol by monitoring the network traffic. We investigated methods to identify four association protocols and propose an approach which combines k-means clustering and Gaussian fitting to classify the association protocols based on probing patterns. We tested the designed scheme on traffic traces for a variety of network scenarios. We also designed a method to quantify the likelihood of the identification using confidence intervals. Results show that the proposed method can correctly identify association protocols. Further interpretation of the results also reveals information regarding important metrics of the clients chosen association protocol.
Adaptive processor convergence improvement using reiterative projection statistics

Adaptive radar processors form estimates of the statistics of the received interference (such as clutter and/or jamming) and receiver noise processes using measured samples (i.e., snapshots) of the signal environment. Snapshots that contain the signal of interest (i.e., targets) and/or other outliers are, in practice, frequently interspersed within a set of more homogeneous interference snapshots. This condition often results in poor convergence in terms of signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and ultimately, probability of detection. In this paper, a previously developed projection statistics (PS)-based outlier detection technique is extended to a reiterative and prewhitened form, similar to a recent reiterative generalized inner product (GIP) technique. We compare SINR convergence performance of reiterative GIP and reiterative prewhitened PS, among other methods, in the presence of multiple outliers. The results show that reiterative prewhitened PS is superior to reiterative GIP and to the other methods in terms of SINR convergence criteria.
Force and motion management in legged locomotion

The control of a legged locomotion system over uneven terrain requires a new approach to coordination. The system has a high degree of static indeterminacy and, because of the stiffness of the structural and actuation systems, has stability problems if position-velocity control is used. The problem has many similarities to that of grasping and manipulating an object in a multi-fingered hand. The stability problem is removed by controlling actuator force directly, but the necessary computations can be prohibitive. A solution is presented which is moderate in its computational requirements. It is based on an assumption of zero foot interaction forces in the horizontal plane.
SLAMF4 Is a Negative Regulator of Expansion of Cytotoxic Intraepithelial CD8+ T Cells That Maintains Homeostasis in the Small Intestine.

Background & Aims Intraepithelial T lymphocyte cells (IEL) are the first immune cells to respond to pathogens; they help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. We studied the function of the mouse glycoprotein Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family receptor (SLAMF) 4 (encoded by Slamf4 ) on the surface of CD8αβ αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) + IELs, and the roles of these cells in homeostasis of the small intestine in mice. Methods SLAMF4 − CD8 + αβTCR + cells isolated from spleens of OT-I Rag1 −/− mice were induced to express gut-homing receptors and transferred to C57BL/6J mice; levels of SLAMF4 + cells were measured in small intestine tissues. After administration of anti-CD3 or antigen, with or without anti-SLAM4, to C57BL/6J and Slamf4 −/− mice, CD8αβ αβTCR + IELs were collected; cytokine production and cytotoxicity were measured. Depletion of CX3CR1 + phagocytes was assessed in mice by live-cell confocal imaging or by cytofluorometry; small intestine tissues were analyzed by histology and inflammation was quantified. Results Splenic CD8 + αβTCR + cells began to express SLAMF4 only after migrating to the small intestine. Injection of C57BL/6J mice with anti-SLAMF4 and anti-CD3 increased levels of interleukin 10 and interferon gamma secretion by IEL, compared with injection of anti-CD3 only. Similarly, the number of granzyme B + cytotoxic CD8 + αβTCR + IELs increased in Slamf4 −/− mice after injection of anti-CD3 and anti-SLAMF4, administration of antigen, or injection of anti-CD3. Surprisingly, in vivo activation of CD8αβ + IELs with anti-CD3 or antigen caused transient depletion of CX3CR1 + phagocytes, which was prolonged by co-injection with anti-SLAMF4 or in Slamf4 −/− mice. Anti-CD3 aggravated inflammation in the small intestines of Slamf4 −/− mice and Eat2a −/− Eat2b −/− mice, indicated by flattened villi and crypt hyperplasia. Conclusions In mice, the intestinal environment induces SLAMF4 expression and localization to the surface of CD8 + αβTCR + IELs. Signaling via SLAMF4 controls expansion of cytotoxic CD8αβ + IELs, which regulate the reversible depletion of lamina propria phagocytes and inflammation in the small intestine.
FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THE ADENOVIRUS E3 PROTEINS

In the evolutionary battle between viruses and their hosts, viruses have armed themselves with weapons to defeat the host's attacks on infected cells. Various proteins encoded in the adenovirus (Ad) E3 transcription unit protect cells from killing mediated by cytotoxic T cells and death-inducing cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The viral protein E3-gp19 K blocks MHC class-I-restricted antigen presentation, which diminishes killing by cytotoxic T cells. The receptor internalization and degradation (RID) complex (formerly E3-10.4 K/14.5 K) stimulates the clearance from the cell surface and subsequent degradation of the receptors for Fas ligand and TRAIL, thereby preventing the action of these important immune mediators. RID also downmodulates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), although what role, if any, this function has in immune regulation is uncertain. In addition, RID antagonizes TNF-mediated apoptosis and inflammation through a mechanism that does not primarily involve receptor downregulation. E3-6.7 K functions together with RID in downregulating some TRAIL receptors and may block apoptosis independently of other E3 proteins. Furthermore, E3-14.7 K functions as a general inhibitor of TNF-mediated apoptosis and blocks TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, after expending great effort to maintain cell viability during the early part of the virus replication cycle, Ads lyse the cell to allow efficient virus release and dissemination. To perform this task subgroup C Ads synthesize a protein late in infection named ADP (formerly E3-11.6 K) that is required for efficient virus release. This review focuses on recent experiments aimed at discovering the mechanism of action of these critically important viral proteins.
High quality alias free image rotation

This paper presents new algorithms for the rotation of images. The primary design criteria for these algorithms is very high quality. Common methods for image rotation, including convolutional and separable approaches, are examined and shown to exhibit significant high frequency aliasing problems. A new resampling filter design methodology is presented which minimizes the problem for conventional convolution-based image rotation. The paper also presents a new separable image rotation algorithm which exhibits improved performance in term of reduction in artifacts and an efficient O(N/sup 2/logN) running time.
Capacity Lower Bounds for Two-Dimensional M-ary (0, k) and (d, ∞) Runlength-limited Channels

We present lower bounds on the two-dimensional capacity for two sets of symmetric and asymmetric M-ary runlength-limited constraints. The bounds extend and generalize our previous work on binary constraints. We also give sequential coding algorithms achieving the derived capacity lower bounds.
Toledo, Rome and the legacy of Gaul

Between the late sixth and mid-ninth centuries the lengthy process unfolded that brought substantial unity to the liturgical-musical practice of the Western Church. The Roman-Benedictine liturgy of Gregory the Great was taken to England in 596–7 by the Italianborn Augustine, prior of the Monastery of St Andrew on the Caelian hill. His purpose was to substitute Roman observance for entrenched Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and Gallican rites as well as pagan customs. Yet when Augustine questioned Gregory about the variety of Christian usages he found, the pope was unwilling to offend local sensibilities and impede the Anglo-Saxons' conversion. Augustine was told to leave in place whatever of the local rites seemed desirable. During the seventh and early eighth centuries an accelerating missionary activity spread the Roman liturgy through France, Germany and northern Italy. Yet wherever it arrived it became similarly intermixed with local material, and it was not until the mid-eighth century that vigorous measures were taken to impose a purer Roman usage. The change came about not through ecclesiastical initiative but through the practical politics of a pious Frankish monarch. Pepin the Short (714–68) sought to increase unity throughout his domain by imposing the Roman rite. He asked Stephen iii (752–7) for clerics to teach the musical rite, and Stephen's successor Paul i (757–67) sent Roman chant books, an ‘antiphonale et responsale’, presumably without notation.
Enhanced precipitation variability effects on water losses and ecosystem functioning: differential response of arid and mesic regions

Climate change will result in increased precipitation variability with more extreme events reflected in more frequent droughts as well as more frequent extremely wet conditions. The increase in precipitation variability will occur at different temporal scales from intra to inter-annual and even longer scales. At the intra-annual scale, extreme precipitation events will be interspersed with prolonged periods in between events. At the inter-annual scale, dry years or multi-year droughts will be combined with wet years or multi-year wet conditions. Consequences of this aspect of climate change for the functioning ecosystems and their ability to provide ecosystem services have been underexplored. We used a process-based ecosystem model to simulate water losses and soil-water availability at 35 grassland locations in the central US under 4 levels of precipitation variability (control, +25, +50+75 %) and six temporal scales ranging from intra- to multi-annual variability. We show that the scale of temporal variability had a larger effect on soil-water availability than the magnitude of variability, and that inter- and multi-annual variability had much larger effects than intra- annual variability. Further, the effect of precipitation variability was modulated by mean annual precipitation. Arid-semiarid locations receiving less than about 380 mm yr �1 mean annual precipitation showed increases in water availability as a result of enhanced precipitation variability while more mesic locations (>380 mm yr �1 ) showed a decrease in soil water
Studies on cellular adhesion in tissue culture. XIIA. Some effects of prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides.

Abstract The effects of cyclic nucleotides, and physiologically related substances, on the initial adhesion of three groups of cells to protein covered plastic surfaces in vitro, was studied over periods of up to 2 h. The rate of adhesion of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells was decreased in the presence of prostaglandin F 2α and dibutyryl cyclic AMP; possibly decreased by PGE 1 ; increased in the presence of sodium fluoride, and unaffected by PGF 2β . Trypsinized EAT cells showed no adhesion-response to PGE 1 or PGF 2β , and generally a lesser degree of response to the other reagents than non-trypsinized EAT cells. L929 cells, following trypsin-treatment, showed a significant decrease in adhesion rate, only on culture in the presence of PGF 2α . The inhibition of initial adhesion in the responding cells, may be correlated with the assays of others and interpreted to indicate that increase in intracellular cyclic nucleotides is associated with decreased initial cell adhesion. The failure of the L929 to respond to at least some of the reagents is possibly partly due to their prior incubation with trypsin.
Non-invasive timing analysis of IBM G6 microprocessor L1 cache using picosecond imaging circuit analysis

The new non-invasive backside timing characterization technique, Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA), was applied to the identification and analysis of a race condition which occurred in an early design of the L1 cache of the S/390 microprocessor. The circuit switching activity was visualized in reconstructed slow motion videos of passing and failing conditions. An automated emission waveform extraction and analysis tool was used to perform a quantitative study of the failing condition.
Inertially confined plasma in an imploding bubble

Theory predicts that the conditions generated by acoustic cavitation of a liquid could be enough to drive thermonuclear fusion. But convincing experimental evidence of this is lacking. New results now suggest that the conditions achieved are comparable to those produced in laser-driven fusion experiments.
Polarisation independent refractive index change in InGaAs/InGaAsP Tensile strained quantum well

The polarisation independent refractive index change in the tensile strained InGaAs/InGaAsP quantum well (QW) structure has been measured over the whole spectral range, i.e. near and below the bandgap energy. By inducing a 0.3% tensile strain in the InGaAs QW, the spectral profiles for the TE and TM modes are brought closer to each other, with the same refractive index change occurring at around 1.565 μm.
COBRA: An Adaptive Runtime Binary Optimization Framework for Multithreaded Applications

This paper presents COBRA (continuous binary re-adaptation), a runtime binary optimization framework, for multithreaded applications. It is currently implemented on Itanium 2 based SMP and cc-NUMA systems. Using OpenMP NAS parallel benchmark, we show how COBRA can adoptively choose appropriate optimizations according to observed changing runtime program behavior. Coherent cache misses caused by true/false data sharing often limit the scalability of multithreaded applications. This paper shows that COBRA can significantly improve the performance of some applications parallelized with OpenMP, by reducing the aggressiveness of data prefetching and by using exclusive hints for prefetch instructions. For example, we show that COBRA can improve the performance of OpenMP NAS parallel benchmarks up to 68%, with an average of 17.5% on the SGI Altix cc-NUMA system.
Distribution power flow for multiphase meshed or radial systems

Power flow is a useful tool for operation, planning and optimization of a system. Distribution systems, generally, refers to the power system network connected to loads at lower operating voltage. With increased distributed generation, recently, distribution power flow needs further investigation. Backward forward sweep method has been used for distribution system power flow analysis. This paper proposes the Newton Raphson power flow solution for three phase unbalanced and multiphase system for both radial and meshed topology. Different test cases have been simulated using the developed program to get satisfactory results. Developed program will be further used to investigate the voltage stability of distribution system.
Evaluation and Management of Failed Bladder Augment

Augmentation cystoplasty has been studied and performed by urologists for over 100 years. Although specific indications, techniques, and materials used have undergone major change and revisions during this period, the general concepts have remained unchanged. Bladder augmentation is used to “augment” the bladder’s ability to store. Specific indications include structurally diminished bladder capacity, neurogenically incapacitated bladder, special circumstances of overactive bladder and terminal cases of interstitial cystitis. As augmentation is mostly performed to improve capacity and to eliminate urinary incontinence, most failures relate to the inability to achieve this. Failure to achieve continence, improve bladder capacity or reduce bladder pressures with subsequent upper tract deterioration are results of failed augmentation cystoplasty. Underlying causes of these failures are described in this manuscript.
Polyrotaxanes: Past, present and future

The threading process in polysebacate-crown ether rotaxanes prepared by the acid chloride method was examined by systematic study of the effects of 1) the size of the macrocycle, 2) the equilibration time between the diol and the macrocycle before addition of sebacoyl chloride, 3) the molar ratio of crown ether to diol, 4) the length of the α,ω-diol and 5) the temperature of equilibration and reaction. It was concluded that the threading process is based on hydrogen bonding interactions of the diol with the crown ether, predisposing the latter to threading as the ester bond is formed. The lack of “stoppers” or “knots” at the chain ends is believed to allow loss of macrocycles in the initial precipitation, after which loss of macrocycles is very slow due to chain folding. All of these polyester rotaxanes, except the 30-crown-10 case, display crystalline phases for both the backbone and the cyclic components. All of the polyrotaxanes complex alkali metal ions.
Folk Fears about Freedom and Responsibility: Determinism vs. Reductionism

My initial work, with collaborators Stephen Morris, Thomas Nadelhoffer, and Jason Turner (2005, 2006), on surveying folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility was designed primarily to test a common claim in the philosophical debates: that ordinary people see an obvious conflict between determinism and both free will and moral responsibility, and hence, the burden is on compatibilists to motivate their theory in a way that explains away or overcomes this intuitive support for incompatibilism. The evidence, if any, offered by philosophers to support the claim that incompatibilism is intuitive has consisted of reports of their own intuitions or informal polls of their students. We were skeptical about the reliability of such evidence, so we used the methodology – now associated with the label ‘experimental philosophy’ – of conducting formal surveys on non-philosophers. Our participants read a scenario that describes a deterministic universe and were then asked to judge whether agents in those scenarios act of their own free will and are morally responsible for their actions. Using three different scenarios with hundreds of participants, we consistently found that the majority (2/3 to 4/5) responded that agents in deterministic universes do act of their own free will and are morally responsible. That is, we found that
The visual display of parallel performance data

Several performance visualization tools have demonstrated that helpful insights into parallel performance can be gained through graphical displays. However, much of this work has been experimental, specialized, and ad hoc. Evolving performance visualization into an integral, productive tool for evaluating parallel performance requires a more systematic, formal methodology that relates behavior abstractions to visual representations in a more structured way. We propose a high-level abstract model for the performance visualization process, explain its relationship to the most important concepts and principles of effective visualization practice, and illustrate the relationship between these concepts and our abstract model through specific case studies. We also discuss the relationship of performance visualization to general scientific visualization. >
Evolution of near-inertial waves

The three-dimensional evolution of near-inertial internal gravity waves is investigated for the case of a laterally unbounded fluid layer of constant finite depth. A general Green's function formulation is derived which can be used to solve initial value problems or study the effect of forcing. The Green's function is expanded in vertical normal modes, and is very singular. Convolutions with finite-sized initial conditions lead however to well-behaved solutions. Expansions in similarity solutions of the diffusion equation are shown to be an alternative for finding exact solutions to initial value problems, with respect to one normal mode. For the case of constant buoyancy frequency normal modes expansions are shown to be equivalent to expansions in an alternative series of which the first term is the response on the infinite domain, all the others being corrections to account for the no-flux boundary condition on the upper and lower boundaries.
Arthroscopic Treatment of the Osteoarthritic Knee

is intended to be a clinical text for the arthroscopic management of kneedisorders and to be used as a practical reference for all health care professionals engaged inthe treatment of the knee. Each chapter includes a discussion of relevant anatomy, indications,step-by-step descriptions of surgical techniques, rehabilitation, complications, clinical pearls,as well as case reports.
Variability of carbon monoxide in the mars atmosphere

Recent measurements and reanalyses of past measurements are used to derive estimates of the variability of CO concentrations in the Martian atmosphere. The J = 1 - 2 rotational transition of CO in the microwave spectrum of Mars was observed in January, 1982, and abundances were calculated through surface and atmospheric temperature modeling. A column density of 4.6 + or - 2.0 x 10 to the 20th/sq cm is obtained, which is contrasted with values of 3.0 + or - 1.0 x 10 to the 20th/sq cm in 1980 and 1.7 x + or - 0.9 x 10 to the 20th/sq cm in 1975 obtained by reanalysis of the J = 0 - 1 transition observed by Good and Schloerb (1981) and Kakar et al. (1977), respectively. It is noted that due to the uncertainties in global atmospheric average temperatures, results are consistent with a CO variability of from 0 to 100 percent over a time scale of several years. It is suggested that simultaneous measurements of the J = 0 - 1 and J = 1 - 2 transitions may provide stronger constraints on the CO abundance and atmospheric temperature of Mars.
Influence of Various Factors on the Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Action of Streptomycin on Salmonella pullorum

Abstract ROBINSON, Graessle and Smith (1945) found streptomycin (Waksman and coworkers 1944) to be active in vitro against a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. West, Doll and Edwards (1945) studied in vitro inhibition of 412 Salmonella cultures. Seligmann and Wassermann (1947) showed that 266 Salmonella strains were sensitive to streptomycin in concentrations of 4 to 8 units. It was found to be relatively inactive against Salmonella pullorum by Santivanez (1946) and against the Salmonella by Coles (1948). Keefer et al. (1946) reported on effects of streptomycin in 1,000 cases of infections. Benson (1947) found that it reduced mortality due to pullorum disease in baby chicks. The mode of action of streptomycin is not fully understood. The possibility that streptomycin might affect the oxidation-reduction system in the bacterial cell has been reported by Denkelwater, Cook and Tishler (1945), Bondi, Dietz and Spaulding (1946), Geiger, Green and Waksman (1946), Fitzgerald and Bernheim . . .
Revisiting Savage in a conditional world

I present an axiomatization of subjective expected utility and Bayesian updating in a conditional decision problem. This result improves our understanding of the Bayesian standard from two perspectives: 1) it uses a set of axioms which are weak and intuitive; 2) it provides a formal proof to results on the relation between dynamic consistency, expected utility and Bayesian updating which have never been explicitly proved in a fully subjective framework.