cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Argument from Non-belief

Attempts have been made to prove God's non-existence. Often this takes the form of an appeal to the so-called Argument from Evil: if God were to exist, then he would not permit as much suffering in the world as there actually is. Hence the fact that there is so much suffering constitutes evidence for God's non-existence. In this essay I propose a variation which I shall call ‘The Argument from Non-belief’. Its basic idea is that if God were to exist, then he would not permit as much non-belief in the world as there actually is. Hence the fact that there is so much non-belief constitutes evidence for God's non-existence.
Calculation of soil-water and benthic sediment partition coefficients for mercury

To accurately model mercury transport to water bodies, an assessment of this pollutant's behavior in the watershed is critical. Partition coefficients, defined as an estimate of the ratio of the pollutant concentration sorbed onto soil/sediment particles to the pollutant concentration dissolved in pore water at equilibrium, is an important term in multimedia models. In this paper, partition coefficients are calculated for two broad species of mercury: inorganic mercuric mercury (Hg-II) and methylmercury (MHg). Although there is considerable variability in the calculated values, the approximate mean values for the soil-water partition coefficients range from 3.3 x 10(3) to 6.0 x 10(4) L/kg for Hg-II and 2.0 x 10(1) to 6.7 x 10(3) L/kg for MHg. For the benthic sediment partition coefficients, the values range from 5.7 x 10(3) to 9.9 x 10(5) L/kg for Hg-II, and 6.5 x 10(2) to 1.1 x 10(5) L/kg for MHg.
Optical properties of polypeptides in the β‐conformation

The rotational strengths and oscillator strengths of the nπ* band and ππ* exciton bands have been calculated for antiparallel and parallel β-structures of varying length and width. The results are compared with experiment and with previous theoretical treatments of β-structures. The generally good agreement of calculations on the antiparallel β-structure with experimental results on poly-L-lysine and poly-L-serine indicates that these systems are indeed in the antiparallel conformation. It is found that the exciton component strongest in absorption shifts to longer wavelengths as the width of an antiparallel structure increases, and it is suggested that the position of the ππ* absorption band may be a useful criterion of sheet width. The results also reconcile the linear dichroism measurements of Rosenheck and Sommer on poly-L-lysine films with an anti-parallel structure. Calculations on parallel β-structures indicate that the CD spectra of this form will be rather similar to that of the antiparallel form. However, the major absorption band in the antiparallel form is associated with a small positive CD band, while in the parallel form it coincides with a large negative CD band. Finally, it is pointed out that the large positive CD bands predicted for single-stranded parallel and antiparallel β-structures at about 200 mμ render unlikely the suggestion that random-coil polypeptides contain a substantial fraction of extended chain.
Predicting federal research funding at colleges and universities

The relationships between federal research funding and institutional commitments and characteristics are assumed to be at certain levels, but such assumptions appear to be founded mainly upon subjective observations. This study examined the relationships between federal research funding and the following institutional characteristics: institutional research funds; doctors, masters, first professional, and bachelor's degrees awarded; and graduate, first professional, and undergraduate student headcount. Data was gathered from 60 research performing universities for fiscal year 1975. Multiple regression, simple correlation and partial correlation analyses were used to ascertain the strength of the relationships. Results showed that doctor's degrees awarded and institutional research funds possessed the strongest correlations to federal research funding, with doctorates being the strongest relationship at private institutions and institutional research funds the strongest relationship at public institutions.
The secondary attachment site for bacteriophage λ in the proAB gene of Escherichia coli

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a secondary λ attachment site in pro A B , a site that accounts for 3% of lysogens isolated from Escherichia coli strains deleted for the primary site. Direct sequence analysis of the transducing bacteriophages carrying the left and right att junctions, as well as the recombinant pro+ phage reveals that the pro A B site shares an 11-nucleotide interrupted homology with the core sequence of the primary site. We have compared the pro A B att site with other secondary attachment sites to gain insights into the structural features important for λ integration.
J. S. Delmedigo and the liquid-in-glass thermometer

Summary An early description and illustration of the liquid-in-glass thermometer is found in J. S. Delmedigo's Hebrew work, Ma"yan Ganim (Amsterdam, 1629). This publication predates by over 20 years the usually accepted date for the invention of this instrument and may in fact constitute its first published description and illustration.
Coupling Sequence-specific Recognition to DNA Modification

Enzymes that modify DNA are faced with significant challenges in specificity for both substrate binding and catalysis. We describe how single hydrogen bonds between M.HhaI, a DNA cytosine methyltransferase, and its DNA substrate regulate the positioning of a peptide loop which is ∼28 A away. Stopped-flow fluorescence measurements of a tryptophan inserted into the loop provide real-time observations of conformational rearrangements. These long-range interactions that correlate with substrate binding and critically, enzyme turnover, will have broad application to enzyme specificity and drug design for this medically relevant class of enzymes.
Preparing Staff for Federated Searching: A Community of Practice Approach

This article outlines one library's staff-training program for a newly implemented federated search product and lessons learned from the process. The discussion examines federated searching from the patron's point of view and introduces a community of practice approach to training staff. The approach aims to help staff learn how to embrace federated searching as an additional research tool to complement search features already in place.
Early Archaic Subsistence in the Central Plains: The Spring Creek (25FT31) Fauna

The Spring Creek site (25FT31) in southwestern Nebraska has been an important part of understanding Early Archaic adaptations to the central Plains since its excavation in 1961. A reanalysis of faunal remains from these excavations suggests that the Spring Creek site is a task-oriented bison processing site occupied for a limited duration in the late summer or early fall. Traditional zooarchaeological methods combined with stable isotope data indicate an archaeofauna dominated by bison from a single herd suggesting a subsistence system where bison hunting is not an unfamiliar activity. These ideas contradict many extant models of Early Archaic subsistence in the central Plains which de-emphasize bison resources in favor of a broad-spectrum foraging strategy. Finally, it is suggested that subsistence models developed for Middle Holocene hunter-gatherers in other areas of North America are not necessarily appropriate for coeval groups on the central Plains.
The hematopoietic microenvironment of the bone marrow: An ultrastructural study of the stroma in rats

The bone marrow contains branching vascular sinuses lying in a fibroblastic stroma which supports hematopoiesis. This paper describes the stroma and vascular sinuses by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and in freeze-fracture etch replicas in normal fat femoral marrow and in rats made eosinophilic by larvae of trichinella spiralis. The stroma consists primarily of reticular cells which ensheath sinuses as adventitial cells and branch into the surrounding hematopoietic space. They form a spongework on which hematopoietic cells are arranged. Erythroblasts, clustered into islets, and megakaryocytes lie just outside sinuses. Granulocytes, until the metamyelocyte stage, lie in the midst of the hematopoietic cords. Lymphocytes, monocytes and likely stem cells, are clustered about arterial vessels. Macrophages occur throughout the marrow. Fat cells occur adventitial to vascular sinuses and appear to be reticular cells which accumulate fat. Processes of reticular cells closely envelope hematopoietic cells or protrude into them. Reticular cells contain rough ER and are likely fibroblastic. The argyrophilic reticular fibers of the marrow are, however, slender and scanty. Reticular cells are rich in filaments and they may contain many microtubules. They are not phagocytic and possess few lysosomes. The reticular cell cover of a vascular sinus is lifted away as maturing hematopoietic cells approach the sinus, preparatory to crossing the endothelium and entering the circulation. Maturing granulocytes often show microvilli on reaching the basal endothelial surface. The level of eosinophils in the marrow may increase from approximately four to more than 20% after injection of trichinella larvae. Close distinctive association of reticular cells and eosinophils are marked. Reticular cells provide a physical spongwork on which hematopoietic cells are supported. But I postulate that they also trap and induce differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, and sort the differentiating hematopoietic cells into characteristic locations in their spongework.
Ames dwarf mice exhibit somatotrope commitment but lack growth hormone-releasing factor response.

Ames dwarf mice have a recessive defect that results in affected mice (df/df) with extremely hypocellular anterior pituitaries that generally lack somatotropes, lactotropes, and thyrotropes. We report detection of rare foci of GH+ cells by immunocytochemistry, suggesting that some commitment to a somatotrope cell fate can occur in the pituitaries of df/df mice. A role for GHRF in regulating somatotrope proliferation is well documented. It has been shown that expression of human GHRF (hGHRF) in transgenic mice resulted in increased somatic growth and somatotrope hyperplasia over nontransgenic littermates. To assess whether overexpression of GHRF during ontogeny might elicit a physiological response in df/df mice, we generated df/df mice expressing the hGhrf transgene. Although the somatic growth of transgenic df heterozygotes was dramatically increased over that of nontransgenic littermates, df/df mice were refractory to excess GHRF. No GHRF receptor (Grfr) transcripts were detectable in df/df fetuses or a...
Femtosecond-laser arcuate wedge-shaped resection to correct high residual astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty

We describe a standardized technique of femtosecond (FS) laser arcuate resection (LAR) in which intersecting arcuate cuts are used to perform a wedge resection for the correction of high astigmatism. A simple formula was used to calculate the relative decentration of the arcuate cuts based on the radii of curvature and desired wedge width to be resected. Feasibility of the procedure was established in porcine corneas before treatment of a patient with 20 diopters (D) of post-keratoplasty astigmatism. The astigmatism was reversed. Suture removal resulted in reduction of 14.5 D of astigmatism. Laser arcuate resection can be an effective alternative to manual wedge resection, allowing easier, more controlled, and more precise excision of tissue in width, length, and depth.
Structure and Dynamics of Religious Insurgency: Students and the Spread of the Reformation

The Protestant Reformation swept across Central Europe in the early-sixteenth century, leaving cities divided into Evangelical and Catholic camps as some instituted reforms and others remained loyal to the Roman Church. In offering a new explanation of the Reformation, we develop a theory that identifies ideologically mobilized students as bridge actors—that is, agents of religious contention who helped concatenate incidents of local insurgency into a loosely organized Evangelical movement by bridging structural holes. Building on existing literature, we offer a novel way to measure the influence of contending religious movements through university enrollments; we propose that the institution of reform can be partially explained by the varying degree of exposure that cities had to Evangelical activist and Catholic loyalist university students. Based on statistical analysis of a novel dataset comprising cities in the Holy Roman Empire with a population of 2,000 or more from 1523 to 1545, we find support fo...
Dielectric study of the relaxor ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer system

The high-energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE), copolymer exhibits many features resembling the relaxor ferroelectric behavior. In polymer systems, there are local dipolar motions at the monomer or unit cell scale, which manifest themselves as various relaxation processes. In this paper we investigate the relationship between the relaxor ferroelectric behavior, especially, Vogel-Fulcher (V-F) behavior and these local dipolar relaxation processes in irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) 65/35-mol % copolymer. In order to cover the change in polarization dynamics of the copolymer system, the dielectric behavior of copolymer is measured over a broad frequency (0.01 Hz--10 MHz) and temperature (-40 to 80 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) range. The results indicate that there is an increased coupling among the local dipolar motions with reduced temperature in the crystalline region. On the other hand, the randomness introduced in the irradiation prevents the formation of a polar phase, on both the macroscale and the microscale, in the polymer. The observed relaxor behavior is a consequence of the competition of these two effects. The results further show that the V-F process of the irradiated copolymer system is different from the glass transition, which occurs in the amorphous phase of the copolymer.
Photoelectric photometry of OH471 and OQ172, and other optical objects near radio sources

IDENTIFICATION of the optical objects associated with radio sources is usually made by using the blue and red photographs of the National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (PSS). Objects lying near the radio positions are generally counted as possible identifications if they appear diffuse and are therefore galaxies, or appear stellar and blue, and are therefore quasi-stellar object (QSO) candidates. Only if radio positions of ≲ 1″ accuracy are available can identifications be made with red or neutral stellar objects without gross contamination of the true identifications by foreground galactic stars, most of which appear neutral or red on the PSS prints.
Timing Control of Switched Systems with Applications to Robotic Marionettes

We present an optimal timing control formulation for the problem of controlling autonomous puppets. In particular, by appropriately timing the different movements, entire plays can be performed. Such plays are produced by concatenating sequences of motion primitives and a compiler optimizes these sequences, using recent results in optimal switch-time control. Additionally, we apply saddle-point techniques to approach the problem of timing constraints among interconnected puppets. Experimental results illustrate the operation of the proposed methods.
Introduction to Microchannel Plate Photomultipliers

A microchannel plate has about half a million channels per square centimeter, each of which functions as an independent electron multiplier. An MCP photomultiplier containing a photocathode, MCP and an anode can be constructed in a sealed envelope. The advantages of the MCP photomultiplier over a conventional photomultiplier are better time resolutions, ability to run in magnetic fields, and imaging possibilities. In principle, the three advantages can be incorporated in a single unit. With the current state of the technology, it is best to realize any two advantages in a tube.
Flux Pinning and Defects in As-Grown and Neutron Irradiated Y-123 Crystals

A model of cooperative pinning where the pinning potential U(j) is inversely proportional to j accurately describes flux creep in high quality single crystals of Y-123 in the single fluxoid creep regime. In contrast, for strong pinning the pinning potential varies as (1-j/jmax)3/2. Plots of the function S(j)=dln(U)/dln(j) provide a sensitive test for distinguishing between these two pinning mechanisms. Several crystals grown and annealed under different conditions have been analyzed. We find that we can prepare single crystals in either pinning class, depending on the growth and annealing process. It is suggested that strong pinning occurs when the growth and annealing processing lead to the formation of precipitates with nearly optimum size distribution. Strong pinning effects are also observed in fast neutron irradiated samples.
The polynomial time hierarchy collapses if the Boolean hierarchy collapses

It is shown that if the Boolean hierarchy (BH) collapses, then there exists a sparse set S such that co-NP contained in NP/sup S/, and therefore the polynomial-time hierarchy (PH) collapses to a subclass of Delta P/3. Since the BH is contained in P/sup NP/, these results relate the internal structure of P/sup NP/ to the structure of the PH as a whole. Other conditions that imply the collapse of the BH (and the collapse of the PH in turn) are examined. >
Child Death in the United States: Productivity and the Economic Burden of Parental Grief

This article examines the economic consequences associated with the death of a child. The economic costs (funeral and medical expenses and productivity losses) of child death 6 months following the death were estimated based on 213 parents who had experienced the death of a child (usually unexpectedly and predominantly mothers). Findings suggest that productivity losses associated with child death comprise most of the costs and that the economic effects are substantial. Costs associated with on-the-job productivity losses ("presenteeism") outweigh the costs associated with absenteeism. To date, no research has empirically measured both absenteeism and presenteeism following bereavement.
Video lens: rapid playback and exploration of large video collections and associated metadata

We present Video Lens, a framework which allows users to visualize and interactively explore large collections of videos and associated metadata. The primary goal of the framework is to let users quickly find relevant sections within the videos and play them back in rapid succession. The individual UI elements are linked and highly interactive, supporting a faceted search paradigm and encouraging exploration of the data set. We demonstrate the capabilities and specific scenarios of Video Lens within the domain of professional baseball videos. A user study with 12 participants indicates that Video Lens efficiently supports a diverse range of powerful yet desirable video query tasks, while a series of interviews with professionals in the field demonstrates the framework's benefits and future potential.
Human single-chain Fv immunoconjugates targeted to a melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan mediate specific lysis of human melanoma cells by natural killer cells and complement

Two antimelanoma immunoconjugates containing a human single-chain Fv (scFv) targeting domain conjugated to the Fc effector domain of human IgG1 were synthesized as secreted two-chain molecules in Chinese hamster ovary and Drosophila S2 cells, and purified by affinity chromatography on protein A. The scFv targeting domains originally were isolated as melanoma-specific clones from a scFv fusion-phage library, derived from the antibody repertoire of a vaccinated melanoma patient. The purified immunoconjugates showed similar binding specificity as did the fusion-phage clones. Binding occurred to human melanoma cells but not to human melanocytes or to several other types of normal cells and tumor cells. A 250-kDa melanoma protein was immunoprecipitated by the immunoconjugates and analyzed by mass spectrometry, using two independent procedures. A screen of protein sequence databases showed an exact match of several peptide masses between the immunoprecipitated protein and the core protein of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, which is expressed on the surface of most human melanoma cells. The Fc effector domain of the immunoconjugates binds natural killer (NK) cells and also the C1q protein that initiates the complement cascade; both NK cells and complement can activate powerful cytolytic responses against the targeted tumor cells. An in vitro cytolysis assay was used to test for an immunoconjugate-dependent specific cytolytic response against cultured human melanoma cells by NK cells and complement. The melanoma cells, but not the human fibroblast cells used as the control, were efficiently lysed by both NK cells and complement in the presence of the immunoconjugates. The in vitro results suggest that the immunoconjugates also could activate a specific cytolytic immune response against melanoma tumors in vivo.
ITER ion cyclotron system : Overview and plans

Abstract The ITER ion cyclotron (IC) system is required to deliver 20 MW of rf power to the plasma for a pulse length of up to 1000 s. The system must operate over the 40–55-MHz frequency range, and deliver the power to the plasma over a range of plasma conditions, including ELMy H-mode operation that will cause significant transient changes in the loading of the antenna by the plasma. In addition, it must be reliable and survive in the ITER environment. This paper is an overview of the status of the design, the R&D effort, and the schedule to deliver the IC system components to ITER. Details of the design are in accompanying papers by members of the Participant Teams working on the subsystems.
Simple passive micromixer using recombinant multiple flow streams

A passive microfluidic mixer with high performance is designed and fabricated in this work. Diamond-shaped obstacles were chosen to split the flow into several streams, which are then guided back together after the obstacle. To keep pressure drop low, the channel cross-sectional area was maintained equal to the input cross-sectional area, and this was held constant throughout the device. The proposed design was modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The effects of channel width, channel length, location of obstructions, and Reynolds Number (Re) were investigated. The simulated results were verified experimentally. Simulation data showed that the designed micromixer achieved 90% mixing at a channel length of 4.35 mm with pressure drop of 584 Pa at Re = 1, while experimental data for Re = 0.1 showed 90% mixing at 7 mm. The mixer functions well especially at the low Re (Re = 0.1).
Alkaloids as self-inhibitors of fungi.

WE found that the washed conidia of Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding and Schrenk readily germinated in redistilled water, but only when present in low concentrations1. Reduced germination of spores as a result of crowding is known in several fungi as “self-inhibition”. We showed that diffusible inhibitors were present in the conidia; a basic fraction was more toxic to the conidia of G. cingulata than to the endospores of Bacillus subtilis by a Petri plate assay method2.
Mobility and Composition: The Architecture of Coherence in Non-places

This paper considers how veterinary students compose narratives of patient care. The author discusses the labor required to uncover narrative agents and actions, arrange them in time, posit causal connections, and assemble the elements into a coherent narrative. Students quickly learn how much of this effort can be effectively offloaded to a dedicated infrastructure of cognitive resources and how much must be offloaded to less suitable resources, the latter of which incurs important cognitive costs.
Cardiovascular effects of a quinidine-related compound, 4 hydroxymethyl 6 methoxy quinoline☆

Abstract The cardiovascular effects of a quinidinerelated compound, 4 hydroxymethyl 6 methoxy quinoline HCl, have been presented. When injected intravenously in intact anesthetized dogs, this drug, like quinidine, produces a hypotension by a direct action on peripheral vessels. Unlike quinidine, however, there is no evidence of cardiac depression, abnormalities in the electrocardiogram or significant anti-fibrillatory action during maximal drug-induced hypotension. These results are discussed in terms of a hypothesis concerning the cardiovascular actions of quinidine on a molecular level.
A self-stabilizing algorithm for coloring bipartite graphs

Abstract We propose a new simple self-stabilizing distributed algorithm for coloring a bipartite graph. The algorithm has been proved to be correct, and the simple reasoning-based proof technique seems to have potential to be useful in proving correctness of other self-stabilizing algorithms for graph theoretical problems.
Hexamitiasis in cadmium-exposed mice.

• Mortality was observed in 4- to 5-week-old Swiss Webster mice exposed to 300 or 3 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride in the drinking water. Mice receiving 300 ppm cadium suffered 26% mortality as compared with 7% of those on the low cadmium dose. Death did not occur in control mice. Clinical signs and histopathology established Hexamita muris as the causative agent. Cadmium lesions were not observed. It is suggested that mortality due to hexamitiasis resulted from synergism between cadmium and H muris.
The cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa encodes ribosomal proteins not encoded by the chloroplast genomes of higher plants

The rpl35, rpl20, rpl5, rps8, and a portion of the rpl6 genes of the cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa have been cloned, mapped and sequenced. Homologs of the rpl35, rpl5, and rpl6 genes are not found in the chloroplasts of higher plants. The rpl35 and rpl20 genes most likely form a dicistronic operon which is located upstream from the apcE-apcA-apcB locus of the cyanelle and which is divergently transcribed from this locus. The rpl5, rpl8, and rpl6 genes probably form a part of a larger cluster of genes encoding components of the cyanellar ribosomes. These genes are organized in a fashion similar to that observed in all procaryotes examined to date, with the exception that the rpsl4 gene is not found between the rpl5 and rps8 coding sequences. Hypotheses concerning the origins of cyanelles and chloroplasts are discussed.
Maternal Drinking and Pregnancy Outcome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a distinct pattern of malformation and mental impairment, to date associated only with advanced stages of maternal alcoholism. Children born to alcoholics are at risk for a wide range of problems, including one or a few of the characteristics of FAS. However, moderate to heavy drinking women, as a group, have a significantly increased probability of delivering smaller babies and having children who show some mild behavioral differences compared to controls whose mothers drink much less or not at all. The present review focuses primarily on recent scientific and medical findings and their implications for future research and prevention efforts.
Free Radical Polymers with Tunable and Selective Bio- and Chemical Degradability

A versatile synthetic strategy has been developed which enables the facile incorporation of cleavable functional groups, i.e., esters, thioesters, and disulfides, into the carbon−carbon backbone of vinyl-based polymers. Through the synthesis of novel cyclic monomers, RAFT-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerizations with traditional vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate lead to the introduction of controlled degradability into these widely used vinyl copolymer systems. An additional benefit of this strategy is the inherent versatility available through the incorporation of cyclic monomers containing diverse functional groups such as esters, thioesters, disulfides, and silyl ether units that allow degradation under basic/acidic, reductive, or enzymatic conditions. By integrating multiple, orthogonal cyclic monomers into linear copolymer backbones, well-defined systems with programmable degradation profiles are obtained which allows for tunable, selective, and stepwise degradation of the vinyl polymer backbones.
β2 -Microglobulin and Its Relationship to the Immune System

beta 2-Microglobulin has been isolated from several species, but only bovine beta 2-microglobulin, previously known as lactollin, has been crystallized. An improved method for its isolation from colostrum is described. The bovine homologue exhibits a concentration-dependent aggregation behavior. beta 2-Microglobulin is related to both immune and histocompatibility antigen systems. It exhibits homology with the constant domains of the immunoglobulin-G light and heavy chains and is an integral part of histocompatibility antigens bound to cell surface. beta 2-Microglobulin also occurs in the free state in various body fluids including milk and colostrum. The possible relationship of elevated free beta 2-microglobulin of pathological conditions is suggested for future research.
Low molecular weight specific proteins in identified molluscan neurons. I. Synthesis and storage

Abstract Low molecular weight specific proteins in phenotypically distinct, identified neurons of Aplysia californica , have been detected using a high resolution acid-urea polyacrylamide gel system, and the molecular weight of these proteins labeled by in vitro incubation in [ 3 H]leucine were determined by two different methods. The relative mobilities of these proteins on the acid-urea gel differed significantly, even though they appeared to co-electrophorese on SDS gels. These identified neurons, and the specific proteins that they synthesize and store represent excellent model systems for the study of specific protein regulation in neurons.
Coronary risk factors and the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease in members of high-risk pedigrees.

Abstract Affected members of early coronary pedigrees in Utah are at markedly increased risk for the development of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD). The relationship between the presence of coronary risk factors and the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) in 53 members of high-risk Utah pedigrees was examined. Mean angiographic severity scores were higher in familial hypercholesterolemia or familial low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) pedigrees than in type III hyperlipidemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia pedigrees. One sibling pair with hyperhomocyst(e)inemia had the highest mean angiographic severity scores. Clinical CHD ( p p = 0.0107), and decreasing HDL-C ( p = 0.0068) were significant predictors of angiographic CAD severity. There appeared to be an interaction between gender and body mass index but not between gender and serum lipids in the prediction of angiographic CAD severity. Results of the present study in members of high-risk Utah pedigrees are consistent with results from other angiographic studies in non-high-risk persons. Of particular interest is the suggested independent predictive value of low HDL-C for angiographic CAD severity in members of high-risk pedigrees.
Traps in AlGaN/GaN/SiC heterostructures studied by deep level transient spectroscopy

AlGaN∕GaN∕SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), with and without Si3N4 passivation, have been characterized by temperature-dependent current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements, and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). A dominant trap A1, with activation energy of 1.0 eV and apparent capture cross section of 2×10−12cm2, has been observed in both unpassivated and passivated SBDs. Based on the well-known logarithmic dependence of DLTS peak height with filling pulse width for a line-defect related trap, A1, which is commonly observed in thin GaN layers grown by various techniques, is believed to be associated with threading dislocations. At high temperatures, the DLTS signal sometimes becomes negative, likely due to an artificial surface-state effect.
Phase II trial of ICRF-187 in patients with acquired immune deficiency related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS).

Thirteen patients with AIDS related Kaposi's Sarcoma were entered on a phase II trial of ICRF-187, 1000 mg/m2 IV daily for 3 days every 3 weeks. Eight patients had received prior chemotherapy for AIDS-KS. Six patients had prior opportunistic infection. There were no complete responses; one partial response lasting six months was seen. Toxicity was significant, and of the first 5 patients treated, 3 out of 5 had grade III or IV neutropenia. Because of this, subsequent patients received 800 mg/m2 IV days 1–3 if previously untreated or 600 mg/m2 if previously treated. Overall 4 of 13 patients had Grade IV neutropenia and 5 of 13 had Grade III neutropenia. One patient had Grade IV thrombocytopenia. ICRF-187 at a daily × 3 schedule has some efficacy in the treatment of AIDS related KS, future trials should evaluate lower doses or alternate schedules of administration.
Chromosomal alterations in cell lines derived from mouse rhabdomyosarcomas induced by crystalline nickel sulfide.

Prior studies have shown a preferential decondensation (or fragmentation) of the heterochromatic long arm of the X chromosome of Chinese hamster ovary cells when treated with carcinogenic crystalline NiS particles (crNiS). In this report, we show that the heterochromatic regions of mouse chromosomes are also more frequently involved in aberrations than euchromatic regions, although the heterochromatin in mouse cells is restricted to centromeric regions. We also present the karyotypic analyses of four cell lines derived from tumors induced by leg muscle injections of crystalline nickel sulfide which have been analyzed to determine whether heterochromatic chromosomal regions are preferentially altered in the transformed genotypes. Common to all cell lines was the presence of minichromosomes, which are acrocentric chromosomes smaller than chromosome 19, normally the smallest chromosome of the mouse karyotype. The minichromosomes were present in a majority of cells of each line although the morphology of this extra chromosome varied significantly among the cell lines. C-banding revealed the presence of centromeric DNA and thus these minichromosomes may be the result of chromosome breaks at or near the centromere. In three of the four lines a marker chromosome could be identified as a rearrangement between two chromosomes. In the fourth cell line a rearranged chromosome was present in only 15% of the cells and was not studied in detail. One of the three major marker chromosomes resulted from a centromeric fusion of chromosome 4 while another appeared to be an interchange involving the centromere of chromosome 2 and possibly the telomeric region of chromosome 17. The third marker chromosome involves a rearrangement between chromosome 4 near the telomeric region and what appears to be the centromeric region of chromosome 19. Thus, in these three major marker chromosomes centromeric heterochromatic DNA is clearly implicated in two of the rearrangements and less clearly in the third. The involvement of centromeric DNA in the formation of even two of four markers is consistent with the previously observed preference in the site of action of crNiS for heterochromatic DNA during the early stages of carcinogenesis.
Concentrations of steroids in the utero-ovarian vein blood, serially collected from the two sides of individual baboons, during the follicullar phase

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the follicular phase steroid hormone secretion into the utero-ovarian vein by the ovary with a dominant follicle and the contralateral ovary in the same baboon. Serial utero-ovarian vein blood from both sides was collected in 25 baboons by the use of a laparoscope on alternate days, starting on day 1 or 3 of the cycle and continuing through 2 to 3 days post-ovulation. Approximately 3–4 days before the day of expected ovulation, samples were collected at 8-hr intervals. Steroids estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in all utero-ovarian vein plasma by radioimmunoassay. In the peripheral plasma, E2, P, LH, and FSH measurements were carried out. Concentrations of steroids were significantly higher on the side of the ovulating ovary by day 5 before ovulation. Individual plots however, indicated that some baboons may establish the dominant side as early as day 11 before ovulation. The preovulatory gonadotropins had a differential effect on the two ovaries. For example, E2 values on the ovulatory side ovary declined after increases in LH/FSH, whereas on the contralateral side these values had increased. Both sides showed increases in the level of P with the increases in LH. The mean interval from E2 peak to LH peak was 24 hrs and LH peak to ovulation was 24 hrs.
Tumors of the adrenal cortex.

Abstract Three cases of adrenal cortical disease have been presented. These three demonstrate every variety of symptom complex which has sometimes been called the adreno-syndrome with the last case falling into the category of Cushing's syndrome.
Analysis of business process and capability hypergraphs

Business process modelling is receiving renewed attention as businesses restructure their business partnerships, sourcing agreements, and production arrangements. However, although processes may be connected to the strategic elements of a business, the process graphs are not themselves business models. When a business is restructured, either in terms of organization or in terms of strategic direction, process graphs may be completely changed. We discuss in this paper the linking of process and capability models with hypergraphs, facilitating richer modelling and analysis of the business.
Provider stress and children's active engagement

This study explored provider stress and provider-accumulated training as predictors of child active engagement in child care programs. Providers from 19 child care programs participated in a self-report of stress levels, using an adaptation of the Parent Stress Index-Short Form. Child psychosocial factors were assessed using the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment. Classroom observations of child engagement were assessed through direct observation using a modification of the Engagement Check II and E-Qual III. Results indicated that high provider stress and accumulated provider training hours are predictors of child engagement during free play in child care programs. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between provider training and provider stress, with accumulated training hours predicting high child engagement for those providers with high levels of stress. Thus, high training hours tended to assuage provider stress to a degree. Our results suggest the potentially mitigating effects of sta...
Impact of Noise and Data Sampling on Stability of Feature Selection

High dimensionality is one of the major problems in data mining, occurring when there is a large abundance of attributes. One common technique used to alleviate high dimensionality is feature selection, the process of selecting the most relevant attributes and removing irrelevant and redundant ones. Much research has been done towards evaluating the performance of classifiers before and after feature selection, but little work has been done examining how sensitive the selected feature subsets are to changes (additions/deletions) in the dataset. In this study we evaluate the robustness of six commonly used feature selection techniques, investigating the impact of data sampling and class noise on the stability of feature selection. All experiments are carried out with six commonly used feature rankers on four groups of datasets from the biology domain. We employ three sampling techniques, and generate artificial class noise to better simulate real-world datasets. The results demonstrate that although no ranker consistently outperforms the others, Gain Ratio shows the least stability on average. Additional tests using our feature rankers for building classification models also show that a feature ranker's stability is not an indicator of its performance in classification.
Kinetics of Mast Cell, Fibroblast, and Epidermal Cell Proliferation During Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in the Neonatal Rat

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was induced in newborn Brown-Norway (BN) and DA rats by i.v. injection of 3 × 10 7 Lewis (L) lymph node cells. Control BN and DA rats received syngeneic cells. Rats were injected i.v. with [methyl- 3 H]thymidine for 1 h before being killed at 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 days after the cellular inoculum. A piece of ventral abdominal skin was removed. Autoradiography was used to determine cell proliferative activity (labeling index, LI) in mast cells and fibroblasts of the dermis and basal cells of the epidermis. In addition, the number of mast cells per high-power field was determined for all 4 groups of rats: control DA, GVHD-DA, control BN, and GVHD-BN. Only GVHD-BN rats demonstrated extensive dermatitis. The LI of mast cells, fibroblasts, and basal cells decreased in control rats with increasing age. Although there were differences between DA and BN rats, there was a general pattern of increased proliferation of mast cells at early time points of GVHD followed by a decrease to or below control levels. The number of mast cells per high-power field also increased at early time intervals in both the DA and BN GVHD rats, but decreased significantly at later time points. These data confirm previous studies on chronic GVHD which demonstrated a decrease in the number of mast cells in the skin. Fibroblast LI was decreased at day 1 in both DA and BN GVHD rats. In GVHD-DA, fibroblast LI remained depressed while GVHD-BN demonstrated a second peak in LI at day 10 before declining below control levels. The most prominent basal cell response occurred in GVHD-BN between days 6–14 and is probably indicative of an attempted reparative response associated with GVHD dermatitis in this species. These data demonstrate that the activation of mast cells (proliferation and subsequent degranulation) correlates temporally with cell kinetic alterations occurring in the dermis and epidermis during acute GVHD.
On an optimal solution for maximizing the probability of retention in PPS sampling

Abstract A direct alternative proof of Keyfitz's optimal solution to the problem of maximizing the probability of retention in sampling on a second occasion is given, using techniques of elementary linear algebra. The proof and comments help one to better understand Keyfitz's solution, and they clearly demonstrate that the closed form solution of Keyfitz is one of a possible infinity of solutions offered by a linear programming approach. We also give one of those other solutions offered by linear programming, which is easy to obtain by hand calculations using only the operation of subtraction.
The effect of body temperature on the locomotory energetics of lizards

1. Oxygen consumption (\(\dot V_{O_2 } \)), carbon dioxide production (\(\dot V_{CO_2 } \)), and stamina were measured in the lizardTupinambis nigropunctatus running at sustainable and non-sustainable velocities (v) on a motor-driven treadmill. Three experimental groups were measured: field-fresh animals at body temperature (Tb)=35°C and laboratorymaintained animals atTb=35 and 25 °C. 2. Mean preferredTb was determined to be 35.2 °C. 3. At 35 °C, field-fresh animals had a greater maximal oxygen consumption (\(\dot V_{O_{2 } max corr} \)) (4.22 vs 3.60 ml O2 g−0.76 h−1) and a greater endurance. The net cost of transport (slope of\(\dot V_{O_2 } v^{ - 1} \) onv) did not differ between the groups (=2.60 ml O2 g−0.76 km−1). Velocity at which\(\dot V_{O_{2\max } } \) is attained (MAS) is 0.84 km h−1. The respiratory exchange ratio (R) exceeded 1.0 atv above MAS, indicating supplementary anaerobic metabolism. 4. At 25 °C,\(\dot V_{O_{2 } max corr} \) was lower (2.34 ml O2 g−0.76 h−1) as was endurance, MAS occurring at 0.5 km h−1. Net cost of transport was not significantly different than at 35 °C. 5. The effect ofTb on locomotory costs was analyzed for this lizard and other species. It was concluded that the net cost of transport is temperature independent in all species examined and the total cost of locomotion\(\dot V_{O_2 } v^{ - 1} \) is temperature dependent inTupinambis (Q10=1.4–2.0) and all other species examined except one. The energetic cost of locomotion [(\(\dot V_{O_2 active} - \dot V_{O_2 rest} \))v−1], previously reported to be temperature independent in lizards, is temperature dependent inTupinambis (Q10=1.3–1.6) and in two other species. 6. Previous work has interpreted the energetic cost of locomotion as reflecting thermally independent costs of muscle force generation in vivo. These conclusions are questioned on both their generality and their practical and theoretical bases.
Intergenerational Relationships and Partnerships in Community Programs: Purpose, Practice, and Directions for Research.

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue and to the emerging topic of intergenerational relationships and partnerships in community programs. Our aim is to offer a frame in which to consider theory and practice on the topic. Toward that end, we focus on the multiple purposes of intergenerational relationships, adult strategies for creating strong relationships, and the organizational supports necessary to support relationships and partnerships. This analysis highlights program examples from the 10 articles included in this volume. We conclude by identifying key issues that researchers may explore to further enhance our understainging of youth–adult relationships and partnerships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 1–10, 2005.
Environmental bonds and the challenge of long-term carbon sequestration

The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue—how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal.