cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral evidence for the involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid in the actions of ethanol

Abstract Behavioral interactions between ethanol and GABA-mimetic and GABA antagonist drugs were evaluated by duration of narcosis and motor incoordination (inhibition of bar holding) in mice. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), baclofen, and tetrahydroisoxazolopyridineol (THIP) (GABA mimetics) lengthened ethanol narcosis, while picrotoxin shortened ethanol narcosis. AOAA and baclofen also enhanced the incoordinating effects of ethanol, while picrotoxin and bicuculline (GABA antagonists) had the opposite effect. In addition, the incoordinating effects of AOAA and baclofen were potentiated by low doses of ethanol, while incoordiation produced by bicuculline was antagonized by ethanol. Mice selected for genetic differences in neurosensitivity to ethanol (LS and SS strains) displayed corresponding differences in the incoordinating effects of baclofen and THIP. Furthermore, chronic ingestion of ethanol resulted in a decrease in the incoordinating effect of THIP. These results, together with electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral data from other laboratories, suggest that: (1) augmentation of GABA effects is involved in the incoordinating and soporific actions of ethanol; (2) one factor responsible for genetic differences in ethanol response is sensitivity to GABA; and (3) ethanol tolerance and dependence may be related to decreased sensitivity to GABA.
Local amenities, unobserved quality, and market clearing: Adjusting teacher compensation to provide equal education opportunities

Abstract Local school districts differ in their ability to pay for teacher quality, and in the amenities they offer as places to live and work. Market clearing with heterogeneous quality yields geographically varying teacher salary levels that confound scarcity with unobserved differences in quality. The paper discusses identification and estimation of a model of quality-adjusted teacher salaries in local markets with unobserved market-clearing prices. Exogenous variables in the model include community and district characteristics, job characteristics and working conditions, and individual characteristics. We apply the model to estimate the relative cost of providing comparably qualified teachers for urban and rural public schools in the state of Alaska, which has high geographic variation in amenities and local financial resources. The quality-adjusted geographic salary differentials implied by the results suggest much larger compensation differentials for isolated rural schools than most of these school districts can afford under current levels of state support.
Natural occurrence of S-alkyl glycerol ethers in Ehrlich ascites cells.

l. S-alkyl glycerol ethers were isolated by thin-layer chromatography from the total lipids of Ehrlich ascites cells following reduction with vitride. 2. Gas-liquid chromatography of the isopropylidene derivatives showed the principal component to be 16:O (83*,i) with lesser amounts of 1X:1 (14%) and 18:O (2":;). 3. Quanti~dtive analysis yielded values of about 2~moles~~~mg lipid for the isolated thioethers.
A greedy concurrent approach to incremental code generation

The PSEP System represents a novel approach to incremental compilation for block structured languages. PSEP implements a very fine grain, “greedy” approach as a highly concurrent system of two processes: an editor and a code generator. The design allows the two processes to execute without locking their shared data objects, utilizing semantic information about the concurrent system to guarantee the consistency of the shared objects. This design is compared with the more common “demand” approach to incremental compilation.
Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells is supported by a shortened G1 cell cycle phase

Competency for self-renewal of human embryonic stem (ES) cells is linked to pluripotency. However, there is a critical paucity of fundamental parameters of human ES cell division. In this study we show that human ES cells (H1 and H9; NIH-designated WA01 and WA09) rapidly proliferate due to a very short overall cell cycle (15–16 h) compared to somatic cells (e.g., normal diploid IMR90 fibroblasts and NT-2 teratocarcinoma cells). The human ES cell cycle maintains the four canonical cell cycle stages G1, S, G2, and M, but the duration of G1 is dramatically shortened. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and FACS analysis demonstrated that 65% of asynchronously growing human ES cells are in S phase. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies detecting BrdU labeled mitotic chromosomes, Ki67 domains, and p220NPAT containing Cajal bodies revealed that the durations of the S (∼8 h), G2 (∼4 h), and M phases (∼1 h) are similar in ES and somatic cells. We determined that human ES cells remain viable after synchronization with either nocodazole or the anti-tumor drug Paclitaxel (taxol) and have an abbreviated G1 phase of only 2.5–3 h that is significantly shorter than in somatic cells. Molecular analyses using quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that human ES cells and somatic cells express similar cell cycle markers. However, among cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), we observed high mRNA levels for the G1-related CDK4 and cyclin D2 genes. We conclude that human ES cells exhibit unique G1 cell cycle kinetics and use CDK4/cyclin D2 related mechanisms to attain competency for DNA replication. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 883–893, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxidative Stress Markers Are Associated with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with myocardial oxidative stress, and antioxidant agents have demonstrated antiarrhythmic benefit in humans. We compared serum markers of oxidation and associated inflammation in individuals with or without AF. Methods: Serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were compared in a cross-sectional, case-control design study of 40 male individuals, with or without persistent or permanent AF, who were matched for age, sex, diabetes, and smoking status, known confounding variables for the measurement of oxidative stress. We used derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites (DROMs) and ratios of oxidized to reduced glutathione (Eh GSH) and cysteine (Eh CySH) to quantify oxidative stress. We also measured inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukins 1β and 6, and tumor necrosis factor α. Results: Univariate, conditional logistical regression analysis showed that oxidative stress but not inflammatory markers were statistically associated with AF ( P <0.05). The increase in the odds ratios for AF for Eh GSH, Eh CySH, and DROMs were 6.1 (95% CI, 1.3–28.3; P = 0.02), 13.6 (95% CI, 2.5–74.1; P = 0.01), and 15.9 (95% CI, 1.7–153.9; P = 0.02), respectively. There was a stronger correlation between Eh GSH and Eh CySH ( r = 0.66) than between Eh GSH and DROMs ( r = 0.41). In multivariate analysis corrected for statins and other AF risk factors differing between the groups, the association of AF and oxidative stress remained significant. Conclusions: These data suggest that oxidative stress markers may have predictive value in AF management.
The Gift of Health

Drawing on ethnographic data collected over 13 months of fieldwork in family doctor clinics in Havana from 2004 to 2005, I examine the shifting moral and material economies of Cuban socialist medical practice. In both official ideology and in daily practice, the moral economy of ideal socialist medicine is based on an ethos of reciprocal social exchange-that is, the gift-that informs not only doctors' relationships with the Cuban state and with individual patients but also the state's policies of international medical service to developing nations. The social and economic upheavals after the fall of t Soviet Union, however, have compelled both the state and individual doctors to operate in a new local and global economy. The gift remains the central metaphor of Cuban medical practice. Nonetheless, as ideologies and practices of gifting and reciprocity encounter an emerging market economy, gifts--whether on the level of the state policies of international humanism or in patient-doctor relations--are open to new significations that highlight the shifting material and moral economies of post-Soviet Cuba.
With what must the philosophy of world history begin? On the racial basis of Hegel's eurocentrism

(2000). With what must the philosophy of world history begin? On the racial basis of Hegel's eurocentrism. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 22, Race and social theory, pp. 171-201.
Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an adverse course of bipolar illness.

Abstract Background: There is growing awareness of the association between physical and sexual abuse and subsequent development of psychopathology, but little is known, however, about their relationship to the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder. Methods: We evaluated 631 outpatients with bipolar I or II disorder for general demographics, a history of physical or sexual abuse as a child or adolescent, course of illness variables, and prior suicide attempts, as well as SCID-derived Axis I and patient endorsed Axis II comorbidity. Results: Those who endorsed a history of child or adolescent physical or sexual abuse, compared with those who did not, had a history of an earlier onset of bipolar illness, an increased number of Axis I, II, and III comorbid disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse, faster cycling frequencies, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more psychosocial stressors occurring before the first and most recent affective episode. The retrospectively reported associations of early abuse with a more severe course of illness were validated prospectively. Conclusions: Greater appreciation of the association of early traumatic experiences and an adverse course of bipolar illness should lead to preventive and early intervention approaches that may lessen the associated risk of a poor outcome.
Acyl coenzyme A-binding protein (ACBP) is phosphorylated and secreted by retinal Müller astrocytes following protein kinase C activation.

Horizontal optokinetic stimulation of rabbit retina in vivo evokes increased expression of acyl coenzyme A-binding protein (ACBP), also known as 'diazepam binding inhibitor,' from retinal Muller cells. If the expressed ACBP were also secreted by Muller cells, then stimulus-evoked secretion of ACBP could influence the activity of GABAA receptor- expressing retinal neurons. In this study, we examine in vitro whether ACBP is secreted by Muller glial cells and Muller-like QNR/K2 cells following stimulation with elevated levels of KCl and phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). KCl and PMA stimulation evoked secretion of threonine-phosphorylated ACBP. A sequence analysis of ACBP shows that it has five potential phosphorylation sites: Two threonine sites fit a protein kinase C phosphorylation pattern. Two threonine sites fit a casein kinase II (CK2) pattern. One serine site fits a CK2 pattern. As CK2 is not expressed in QNR/K2 cells, it is probable that protein kinase C accounts for the phosphorylation of ACBP in these cells and for the PMA-evoked secretion of ACBP. Ser- ine phosphorylation was constitutive. Horizontal optokinetic stimulation increased threonine-phosphorylated ACBP in rabbit retina. Phosphorylation of ACBP may influence its tar- get affinity. We used a proteolytic fragment of ACBP, octa- decaneuropeptide (ODN), to investigate how threonine phosphorylation influences its affinity for GABAA receptors. Threonine-phosphorylated ODN had a stronger affinity for GABAA receptors than did unphosphorylated ODN or unphosphorylated ACBP. We conclude that stimulus-induced Muller cell secretion of phosphorylated ACBP could influence the GABAergic transmission in neighboring retinal neurons.
L-Ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants: the role of VTC2

In the past year, the last missing enzyme of the l-galactose pathway, the linear form of which appears to represent the major biosynthetic route to l-ascorbate (vitamin C) in higher plants, has been identified as a GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase. This enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of that vital antioxidant and enzyme cofactor. Here, we discuss how GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase enzymes, encoded in Arabidopsis by the paralogous VTC2 and VTC5 genes, function in concert with the other enzymes of the l-galactose pathway to provide plants with the appropriate levels of l-ascorbate. We hypothesize that regulation of l-ascorbate biosynthesis might occur at more than one step and warrants further investigation to allow for the manipulation of vitamin C levels in plants.
Neighborhood disadvantage and mental health: The role of neighborhood disorder and social relationships

Previous studies have shown that residents of neighborhoods with the concentration of poverty and female-headed households are at higher risk for depression. This study examines the effect of socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood on individual mental health by considering two possible mediating mechanisms: perceived neighborhood disorder and social relationships (social support and neighborhood social ties). The data were obtained from the 1995 Community, Crime, and Health survey sample consisting of 2482 adults and from a 1998 follow-up survey. Findings indicate that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods have significantly higher levels of psychological distress than do residents of more advantaged neighborhoods with the introduction of social relationships and neighborhood disorder as mediators. Neighborhood disadvantage is associated with depression in three ways: (1) neighborhood disadvantage increased depression directly, (2) neighborhood disadvantage increased depression by way of neighborhood disorder, and (3) neighborhood disadvantage decreased depression through enhanced social relationships.
Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging: Theory, Instrumentation and Applications

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a wide field of view, non scanning optical technique for observing blood flow. Speckles are produced when coherent light scattered back from biological tissue is diffracted through the limiting aperture of focusing optics. Mobile scatterers cause the speckle pattern to blur; a model can be constructed by inversely relating the degree of blur, termed speckle contrast to the scatterer speed. In tissue, red blood cells are the main source of moving scatterers. Therefore, blood flow acts as a virtual contrast agent, outlining blood vessels. The spatial resolution ( ~ 10 μm) and temporal resolution (10 ms to 10 s) of LSCI can be tailored to the application. Restricted by the penetration depth of light, LSCI can only visualize superficial blood flow. Additionally, due to its non scanning nature, LSCI is unable to provide depth resolved images. The simple setup and non-dependence on exogenous contrast agents have made LSCI a popular tool for studying vascular structure and blood flow dynamics. We discuss the theory and practice of LSCI and critically analyze its merit in major areas of application such as retinal imaging, imaging of skin perfusion as well as imaging of neurophysiology.
Long-lasting facilitation of a monosynaptic pathway as a result of “partial” axotomy of its presynaptic elements

We investigated the long-lasting effects of severing an axonal branch on the function of the synapses made by the remaining branches of the "partially" transected axon. The experimental model used was the monosynaptic reflex pathway of the cat lumbar cord. Preliminary surgical procedures consisted of a dorsal column (DC) hemisection at the L3--L4 level on the left side under aseptic conditions. During the final recording experiments, the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) of the operated and normal (control) side was studied in motorpools in the L7 and S1 segments. The results indicate that the DC operation produced on the operated side (a) an enhancement of the MSR and (b) a more powerful postetanic potentiation, both of the "early" and "late" varieties. These effects were seen as early as 34 days and as late as 121 days after the original DC hemisection. Control experiments were carried out to exclude denervation supersensitivity, supraspinal effects, and normal asymmetries between sides as the mechanism underlying these effects. A presynaptic change in the operated axons, resulting in an increased synaptic efficiency, is proposed as the possible mechanism.
Applications of coronary flow velocity during angioplasty and other coronary interventional procedures

Previous studies utilizing Doppler catheters to assess blood flow immediately following coronary artery interventions have failed to demonstrate significant improvement in proximal coronary artery velocities or vasodilator reserve. Measurement of blood flow velocity, flow reserve, and the phasic diastolic/systolic velocity ratio in the distal coronary artery has been performed following various interventional procedures utilizing a low profile (.018 in) Doppler angioplasty guidewire. Following balloon angioplasty in 38 patients, average peak velocity increased significantly from 19 +/- 12 to 35 +/- 16 cm/sec in the distal coronary artery. The diastolic/systolic flow ratio improved from 1.3 +/- 0.5 to 1.8 +/- 0.5 and coronary flow reserve remained unchanged. Similar improvement in distal mean velocities (200%) versus proximal mean velocities (90% increase), and improvement in phasic velocity patterns, total velocity integral, and peak diastolic velocity were also noted in a separate study of 29 patients, before and after balloon angioplasty. Following excimer laser angioplasty in 10 patients, average peak velocity in the distal coronary artery was noted to increase from 6.3 to 13.0 cm/sec following laser alone, with a further increase to 20.6 cm/sec following adjunctive balloon angioplasty. The diastolic/systolic flow ratio increased from a mean value of 1.1 to 2.0 following laser recanalization, with a further increase to 2.9 following adjunctive balloon angioplasty. Following directional coronary atherectomy only modest improvement in distal average peak velocity was noted (24.7 to 31.2 cm/sec), with no significant change in diastolic/systolic velocity ratio (1.78 vs 2.04) immediately following the procedure. Measurement of distal flow velocity parameters performed immediately following coronary interventions may prove useful in assessing the hemodynamic result of these interventions and may prove useful in clinical decision making.
Rock Paper Scissors

Rock Paper Scissors is used to resolve conflict when a compromise is not possible. Individuals playing ``games'' tend to have biases they prefer to play. I show that Rock Paper Scissors with biased players results in a player with a high valuation for winning being victorious with a probability greater than a player with a low valuation. Thus, it frequently achieves the efficient outcome. Furthermore, as the benefit to victory increases for all players, victory for each player becomes equally likely. Therefore, it is often efficient for minor conflicts while it performs no better than a coin-flip for major conflicts.
Sprouting, plant growth, and tuber production as affected by chemical treatment of seed pieces. V. Respiration and sprouting of Gibberellin A3-treated white potatoes held at several storage temperatures

Resting tubers were dipped in solutions containing 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 ppm of GA3 and stored at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 C. In general, increasing the concentration of GA3 and increasing the storage temperature caused a decrease in the number of days required for 50% sprouting, compared with the controls. GA3 treatment induced earlier sprouting at 5 C, but it did not induce greater sprout elongation than in untreated controls. At 10 and 15 C both the rate of depletion of rest and sprout elongation after exit from rest were increased by treatment with GA3. An interaction between temperature and gibberellin on sprout elongation after rest has terminated is suggested.
Inverted Substrate Preferences for Photochemical Heterolysis Arise from Conical Intersection Control

Heterolytic bond scission is a staple of chemical reactions. While qualitative and quantitative models exist for understanding the thermal heterolysis of carbon–leaving group (C–LG) bonds, no general models connect structure to reactivity for heterolysis in the excited state. CASSCF conical intersection searches were performed to investigate representative systems that undergo photoheterolysis to generate carbocations. Certain classes of unstabilized cations are found to have structurally nearby, low-energy conical intersections, whereas stabilized cations are found to have high-energy, unfavorable conical intersections. The former systems are often favored from photochemical heterolysis, whereas the latter are favored from thermal heterolysis. These results suggest that the frequent inversion of the substrate preferences for nonadiabatic photoheterolysis reactions arises from switching from transition-state control in thermal heterolysis reactions to conical intersection control for photochemical heterol...
Sweep, Step, Pulse, and Frequency-Based Techniques Applied to Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry at Nanoparticle Interfaces

Abstract Protein monolayer electrochemistry (PME), a strategy using synthetic platforms to study the electron transfer (ET) properties of adsorbed proteins, has been successfully applied to proteins adsorbed at monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPCs) assembled films, an adsorption interface shown to be an effective alternative, compared to traditional self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films, for the immobilization and study of ET proteins. Within PME studies, cyclic voltammetry (CV) remains the most commonly applied electrochemical technique in spite of several limitations that occur when the sweep technique is used at either platform. In particular, CV for PME at MPC films results in analysis complications stemming from the increased charging current inherent to electrochemical interfaces incorporating MPCs with capacitive properties. In this study, multiple electroanalytical techniques, involving step (chronocoulometry, CC), pulse (square wave voltammetry, SWV), and frequency-based impedance (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) measurements, are applied to monolayers of adsorbed Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin and horse heart cytochrome c at both MPC film assemblies as well as traditional SAMs. Electrochemical parameters (formal potential, electroactive surface coverage, double-layer capacitance, and ET rate constant) measured from these various techniques are directly compared and offer insight into the performance and reliability of each technique’s effectiveness in PME. While certain techniques result in measurements indistinguishable from CV, others offer distinct differences. Moreover, the application of alternative techniques reveals systemic limitations and complications within the electrochemical analysis that we further explore, including strategies for applying fast scanning techniques like SWV as well as the construction of MPC platforms with controlled levels of charging current that enable successful impedance analysis. The application of more advanced electrochemical techniques to developing electrochemical interfaces such as MPC film assemblies allows for a greater understanding of not only PME but also the applicability and effectiveness of these techniques to optimize the measurement of specific electrochemical parameters.
Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones

The molecular structures of several polypeptides isolated from hypothalamic tissue have been established and the synthesis of these compounds has been achieved. These polypeptides selectively stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Various studies indicate their important physiological role and support the concept that some of these polypeptides are hormones. Some synthetic hypothalamic hormones and their derivatives may find important clinical and veterinary applications.
The World Wide Web: An Effective Adjunct in Clinical Pharmacy Skills Education

AbstractOne of primary purposes of a pharmacy education is to educate students on clinical skills and to train them to use current clinical devices. Another aim is to provide a strong clinical science background so that today's graduates will be able to learn new technologies as they are introduced onto the market. Schools of Pharmacy use a variety of methods to prepare their students to instruct patients on the use of these devices and to interact with them in clinical settings. This paper describes one approach used to prepare students for this important mission.
Development of Glucose-induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle Requires Protein Synthesis

Abstract Muscles and fat cells develop insulin resistance when exposed to high concentrations of glucose and insulin. We used an isolated muscle preparation incubated with high levels of glucose and insulin to further evaluate how glucose-induced insulin resistance (GIIR) is mediated. Incubation with 2 milliunits/ml insulin and 36 mm glucose for 5 h resulted in an ∼50% decrease in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport. The decrease in insulin responsiveness of glucose transport induced by glucose was not due to impaired insulin signaling, as insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and protein kinase B phosphorylation were not reduced. It has been hypothesized that entry of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway with accumulation of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines (UDP-HexNAcs) mediates GIIR. However, inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) did not protect against GIIR despite a marked reduction of UDP-HexNAcs. The mRNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide both completely protected against GIIR despite the massive increases in UDP-HexNAcs and glycogen that resulted from increased glucose entry. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase also protected against GIIR. These results provide evidence that GIIR can occur in muscle without increased accumulation of hexosamine pathway end products, that neither high glycogen concentration nor impaired insulin signaling is responsible for GIIR, and that synthesis of a protein with a short half-life mediates GIIR. They also suggest that dephosphorylation of a transcription factor may be involved in the induction of GIIR.
Interpreting stable isotopes from macroinvertebrate foodwebs in saline wetlands

We compared stable-isotope (δ13C and δ15N) and gut-content analyses of macroinvertebrate foodwebs in saline wetlands of the Laramie Basin, Wyoming, USA. Standard assumptions of stable-isotope fractionation between trophic levels (<1‰ for δ13C, mean of 3.4‰ for δ15N) suggested that zygopteran (damselfly) larvae consumed mainly amphipods. However, the guts of zygopterans contained no amphipods but rather a mix of chironomid larvae and zooplankton. In all wetlands the gut contents of zygopterans indicated that they were secondary consumers (trophic level 3), but enrichment of δ15N between zygopterans and their prey (Δδ15N) varied from 1 to 3.4‰ between wetlands. In other studies, such variation in Δδ15N has been interpreted to mean that food-chain length differed between aquatic systems. We review alternative interpretations of variable 15N enrichment, namely, varying C:N ratios in food, differential enrichment between consumer species, and habitat-specific variation of δ15N at the base of foodwebs. We also suggest that variation in the timing and rates of nitrogen cycling can affect measured Δδ15N both within and between foodwebs. For aquatic macroinvertebrates, we urge that stable isotopes be supplemented with independent observations to avoid incorrect conclusions about trophic pathways, trophic levels, and food-chain lengths in different ecosystems.
Induction of MHC class II antigen in cultured bovine ciliary epithelial cells.

The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens in cultured bovine ciliary epithelial cells was investigated by means of indirect immunohistochemistry and immunocytofluorometry. Ciliary epithelial cells grown in control tissue-culture medium did not express MHC class II. However, after incubation with bovine gamma-interferon (IFN-G) in concentrations as low as 0.3 units/ml, nearly all cells stained for MHC class II. Tumor necrosis factor increased IFN-G-induced MHC class II expression. A reduction in IFN-G-induced MHC class II expression was observed with dexamethasone, prostaglandin EZ and alpha-interferon. To test whether MHC class II expression in response to IFN-G was specific for the ciliary epithelium, several intraocular tissues were grown in culture and incubated with IFN-G. MHC class II expression was observed in all tissues tested for response to IFN-G, but at different sensitivities. Retinal pigment epithelium and ciliary epithelium exhibited the highest sensitivity, followed by corneal endothelium and lens epithelium; the lowest sensitivity was observed for retinal vascular pericytes. The results are discussed in the context of MHC class II expression on the ciliary epithelium in anterior uveitis.
Jatobal virus is a reassortant containing the small RNA of Oropouche virus

Jatobal (JAT) virus was isolated in 1985 from a carnivore (Nasua nasua) in Tucurui, Para state, Brazil and was classified as a distinct member of the Simbu serogroup of the Bunyavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae on the basis of neutralization tests. On the basis of nucleotide sequencing, we have found that the small (S) RNA of JAT virus is very similar (>95% identity) to that of Oropouche (ORO) virus, in particular, the Peruvian genotype of ORO virus. In comparison, limited nucleotide sequencing of the G2 protein gene, encoded by the middle (M) RNA, of JAT and ORO viruses, revealed relatively little identity (<66%) between these two viruses. Neutralization tests confirmed the lack of cross-reactivity between the viruses. These results suggest that JAT virus is a reassortant containing the S RNA of ORO virus. JAT virus was attenuated in hamsters compared to ORO virus suggesting that the S RNA of ORO virus is not directly involved in hamster virulence.
An uncommon case of brainstem tumor with selective involvement of the respiratory centers.

We report a clinical case of a young man with a brainstem tumor with a stable alveolar hypoventilation syndrome as the only symptom of the disease. The ventilatory response to CO 2 was almost absent and the ventilatory pattern during tidal breathing was very irregular. The diagnosis was made by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and confirmed by a stereotactic brain biopsy specimen. (Chest 1993; 103:1909-10)
Some existence theorems for nonlinear eigenvalue problems associated with elliptic equations

The existence of harmonic functions in a region D of the plane satisfying nonlinear Neumann boundary conditions of the form Ou]On=f(u) where n is the outwardly directed unit normal to the boundary OD of D has been studied by T. CAgLrMAN ([4]), NAKAMORI & SOYAMA ([16]), K. KLINGELH/~FER ([9], [10], [11]), and, in the case when D is the unit disk andf i s of a highly specialized form which also depends on the harmonic conjugate of u, by LEVI-CIVITA ([13]) in his study of periodic progressing water waves. CARLEMAN and NAKAMOm & SUYAMA considered the ease when f ' (u)<0 and found existence results for singular solutions. KLINGELIq61~Im, using the contraction mapping principle, developed existence and uniqueness theorems for regular solutions under assumptions on f (u) which, roughly speaking, require that i f (u) stay away from the (necessarily positive) eigenvalues of the linear problem (the Steklov problem [2], [19]) Ou]On=2u; that is, ;tk < f ' (u) < 2k+ 1 where 2k, 2k+ 1 are consecutive Steldov eigenvalues. These results, however, never yield nontrivial solutions to the problem in the case that f(0) = 0; LEvI-CIVlTA, on the other hand, found (in his special problem) nontrivial solutions even though the problem had the trivial solution u= 0. The problem of finding nontrivial solutions to elliptic equations under such nonlinear boundary conditions (actually a problem in bifurcation theory) is the subject of this paper. Various criteria for uniqueness have been found by many authors including MARTIN, LEVlN, DUNNINGER, and CUSHING (see [5] for bibliography). The problem is the following: to satisfy the equation
Social and Cosmopolitan Liberalism

A central divide in philosophical thought about international distributive justice separates ‘social’ from ‘cosmopolitan’ liberalism. These views differ about the nature of the problem of international justice: social liberals are primarily concerned about fairness to states or societies, whereas cosmopolitan liberals are concerned about fairness to individuals. This article explores three reasons why philosophers interested in international distributive justice often regard social liberalism as the more plausible view. These reasons have to do with alleged differences between domestic and international society: empirical beliefs about the sources of backwardness; and moral preconceptions about the fairest allocation of the costs of irresponsible economic and population policies. The article argues that none of these reasons is persuasive, and that the deep ethical distinction between the domestic and the international realms, on which social liberalism depends, is more difficult to defend that many philosophers have thought.
Deriving the Trace of Optimal Output for a Noncompetitive Firm

A Monopolist or monopolistic competitive firm has no supply curve independent of the demand curve for its product. The intention of this paper is to utilize this dependency and show that under a generally accepted and practiced assumption about changes in the market demand curve facing a noncompetitive firm, it is possible to derive its locus of supply points or its trace of optimal output.
Oxo and peroxo ligand transfer reactions involving methylrhenium trioxide

13 Introduction 14 Experimental Section 16 Materials 16 Kinetic studies 16 Product analysis 18 Results 18 Reaction of MTO and H3PO2 18 Oligomerization 20 The reduction of aiuons by MDO 23 Kinetic plateaus 27 Reactions with 0x0 metal complexes 31 Organic 0x0 substrates 32
TYPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHRONIC LOW BACK-PAIN SYNDROME USING THE MILLON BEHAVIORAL HEALTH INVENTORY '

The Million Behavioral Health Inventory was administered to 67 individuals with chronic low back pain who participated in a rehabilitation program on pain and stress. Base-rate scores from the 20 scales, submitted to cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance method, gave four subtypes. Discriminant analysis accurately classified 98.51% of the sample. The discriminant functions were interpreted and labeled as I: somatic distress and II: inhibition-dependency. The groups were then examined for differences and similarities with respect to those dimensions, and the groups were labeled I-introversive, II-denial/minimizers, III-conformers, and IV-severe psychophysiological reaction. The types were next compared across medical, vocational, and demographic data. With the exception of sex of subject, no other data were significant by type. The results were discussed, and recommendations for research were made.
Public subsidies and charitable giving: Crowding out, crowding in, or both?

Abstract Whether government subsidies to nonprofit organizations leverage (crowd in) private donations, or rather crowd them out has been actively debated for some time. A third hypothesis, explored theoretically and tested empirically in this paper, is that the two phenomena are actually not inconsistent with one another: At low levels of subsidies, government support may stimulate private giving, whereas at high levels it could have just the opposite effect. The model presented is based on this idea, which yields implications relevant to nonprofit management and public policy, and tests it with data on symphony orchestras. The conclusion is that the maximization of private donations and total “unearned” revenues are not compatible goals. Further, nonprofits that suffer from short-term liquidity problems or managerial shortsightedness may face a “subsidy trap,” in which they are forced to rely on suboptimal levels of subsidies in terms of maximizing the firm's revenues. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Understanding speech recognition using correlation-generated neural network targets

Training neural networks with variable targets for speech recognition systems has been shown to be effective in improving word accuracy. In this correspondence, a new and simple method for estimating variable targets for a given training pattern is presented. It uses estimated correlations between different output nodes of a neural network to create a set of variable targets for each training pattern. Experimental results show that the word error is reduced by more than 20% when these new correlation-based targets are compared to more conventional zero/one targets with a squared-error cost function. Performance with these new targets approaches that of high-performance hidden Markov model (HMM) recognizers but requires far fewer parameters.
Point compression for certificates of authenticity

This paper describes the point compression for certificates of authenticity (COA), which are digitally signed physical objects that have a random unique structure. The certificates of authenticity satisfies three requirements: (i) the cost of creating and signing original COAs is small (ii) the cost of exact of near-exact replication of COA's physical structure is several orders of magnitude larger than creating an original, and (iii) the cost of verifying the authenticity of a signed COA is small. The straightforward point compression algorithm is developed to address information about the random structure of the physical object.
Brand Value in Social Interaction

This paper explores the consumer value of publicly associating oneself with a brand image. The economic value of such association to the consumer of a brand is coming from its affect on the information exchange between consumers engaged in a search for partnerships with each other. It turns out that the brand use can be valuable to consumers for communication even when they do not have the proper incentives to make simple conversations valuable or informative. In particular, when the correlation of the interests of agents in a partnership is low, conversations are not very informative, while brand use remains informative and valuable. Furthermore, the more widespread the brand use is, the less truthful (and informative) one can expect conversations to be. In addition, the consumer value of a brand image is shown to have an inverse-U shape in the difficulty of searching, as consumers look for conformity when a search is difficult, and conversations become more and more truthful when a search becomes very easy.
Design of two‐stage extractor screws

A basis for design of two-stage extractor screws is developed with special focus on determining optimum design of the final pumping section in order to maximize pressure-generating capability. Departure from the conventional square-pitch helix angle of 17.7° appears justified in this section of the screw where pressure-development capability is critical to successful performance. Optimization can produce gains of 5 to 30 percent in pressure (or in corresponding length reductions), the exact benefits depending on the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt and on the optimization strategy selected.
Equating Perceived Urgency Across Auditory, Visual, and Tactile Signals

Determining the most effective modality to use to draw an operator’s attention to a specific situation has been a topic of recent interest. Making this determination requires ensuring that the sign...
Clinical review 18: Are patients with acromegaly at increased risk for neoplasia?

This review, will evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence that benign and malignant nonendocrine tumors occur as complications of acromegaly
Protein denaturation by urea: Slash and bond

The stability of the native folds of globular proteins is rather remarkable, in that this stability is marginal and restricted to a relatively narrow window of thermodynamic and solution composition conditions (1). The development of a deep understanding of the balance of forces that tip the scales between native and denatured states in terms of the individual roles of electrostatics, hydrophobic interactions, polymer entropy, temperature, and pressure would have a profound impact on our ability to understand native structures and abnormal aggregated states and aid in development of bio-mimetic systems. Determining how unfolding occurs, i.e., the dynamic pathway by which the denatured state is established, is even more demanding but may provide insight into the landscape governing protein folding (2). Earlier simulations combining stress from increased temperature and denaturant cosolvent, urea, have followed this pathway for short times (3).
Effects of strong anchoring on the dynamic moduli of heterogeneous nematic polymers

We focus on the linear viscoelastic response of heterogeneous nematic polymers to small amplitude oscillatory shear, paying special attention to the macroscopic influence of strong plate anchoring conditions. The model consists of the Stokes hydrodynamic equations with viscous and nematic stresses, coupled to orientational dynamics and structure driven by the flow gradient, an excluded-volume potential, and a two-constant distortional elasticity potential. We show that the dynamical response simplifies when plate anchoring is either tangential or homeotropic, recovering explicitly solvable Leslie–Ericksen–Frank behavior together with weakly varying order parameters across the plate gap. With these plate conditions, we establish “model consistency” so that all experimental driving conditions (plate-controlled velocity [strain] or shear stress, imposed oscillatory pressure) yield identical dynamic moduli for the same material parameters and anchoring conditions, eliminating the culpability of device influence in scaling behavior. Two physical predictions emerge that imply significant macroscopic elastic and viscous effects controlled by plate anchoring relative to flow geometry: (1) The storage modulus is enhanced by two to three orders of magnitude for homeotropic relative to parallel anchoring, across all frequencies. (2) The loss modulus exhibits enhancement of a factor of two to three for homeotropic over tangential anchoring, restricted to low frequencies. We further deduce a scaling law for the dynamic moduli versus anisotropy of the distortional elasticity potential.
Attempt to generate the angle between the strong and weak interactions

We construct a toy gauge model in which the Cabibbo angle is generated by the effects of weak interactions. The model is so arranged that in the absence of the weak and electromagnetic interactions the $\mathfrak{N}$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ quarks are both massless and degenerate with each other. The weak interaction splits this degeneracy and thus generates an angle between the strong and weak interactions. The value of the angle is determined in terms of certain parameters (experimentally measurable but unknown) that appear in the model. More interestingly, we abstract from this model the following statement: In the limit of vanishing Cabibbo angle, chiral symmetry becomes exact. It is argued that this statement holds for a large class of models. We suggest that in the real world this relation is also valid. A certain phenomenon involving $\mathrm{CP}$ violation and various options one may have in constructing a gauge theory including $\mathrm{CP}$ violation are discussed.
Radial Growth Model for Conical Nanobridge in Resistive Switching Memory Devices

A phenomenological model has been proposed for the radial growth of the copper or silver nanobridge in the conductive bridge random access memory devices. In this model, the growth rate of the bridge is proportional to the local ion flux based on the hopping mechanism. Due to the differences of the local electric field, the growth rate is different along a conical shape nanobridge. The model accounts for the growth rate difference by introducing a geometrical form factor. Based on the model, the top and bottom radii are predicted for truncated conical copper nanobridge. The model is validated with data obtained on Cu/TaOx/Pt resistive devices.
Detection of a reflective layer in a random layered medium using time reversal [acoustic measurement method]

We propose a method of detecting a reflective layer in a layered random medium using the time reversal of an acoustic wave. Comparing the refocused signal with the original probing pulse enables us to detect a change it the medium's acoustic properties. The depth of the reflector is pinpointed even in the absence of a direct coherent reflection. We present experimental results validating the proposed algorithm.
Visual judgment of similarity across shape transformations: evidence for a compositional model of articulated objects.

A single biological object, such as a hand, can assume multiple, very different shapes, due to the articulation of its parts. Yet we are able to recognize all of these shapes as examples of the same object. How is this invariance to pose achieved? Here, we present evidence that the visual system maintains a model of object transformation that is based on rigid, convex parts articulating at extrema of negative curvature, i.e., part boundaries. We compared similarity judgments in a task in which subjects had to decide which of the two transformed versions of a ‘base’ shape—one a ‘biologically valid’ articulation and one a geometrically similar but ‘biologically invalid’ articulation—was more similar to the base shape. Two types of comparisons were made: in the figure/ground-reversal, the invalid articulation consisted of exactly the same contour transformation as the valid one with reversed figural polarity. In the axis-of-rotation reversal, the valid articulation consisted of a part rotated around its concave part boundaries, while the invalid articulation consisted of the same part rotated around the endpoints on the opposite side of the part. In two separate 2AFC similarity experiments—one in which the base and transformed shapes were presented simultaneously and one in which they were presented sequentially—subjects were more likely to match the base shape to a transform when it corresponded to a legitimate articulation. These results suggest that the visual system maintains expectations about the way objects will transform, based on their static geometry.
Minor Serous and Clear Cell Components Adversely Affect Prognosis in ‘‘Mixed-Type’’ Endometrial Carcinomas: A Clinicopathologic Study of 36 Stage-I Cases

Most endometrial carcinomas contain only 1 Mullerian cell type although the presence of 2 or more cell types within 1 tumor, for example a predominantly low-grade endometrioid carcinoma with a minor component (arbitrarily defined as 30% or less) of high-grade serous and/or clear cell carcinoma, is not uncommon. The current study attempts to evaluate whether the presence of minor serous or clear cell components exerts an adverse effect on the prognosis in stage-I endometrial carcinomas of ''mixed-type.'' The study cases include 22 cases of stage-I endometrioid carcinoma with a minor component of serous carcinoma and 14 cases of endometrioid carcinoma with a minor component of clear cell carcinoma. Minor components were arbitrarily defined as representing anywhere between 5% and 30% of the total tumor. The study cases were compared with 56 cases of histologically pure age-matched and stage-matched endometrioid carcinomas, 6 pure serous carcinomas, and 13 pure clear cell carcinomas. All study and control cases were fully staged. Treatment history and outcome status were obtained and follow-up ranged from 56 to 140 months. Our study suggests that the presence of minor components of serous and clear cell carcinoma, defined as between 5% and 30%, within a mixed-type endometrial carcinoma appears to adversely influence the long-term survival of stage-I tumors, although a larger study is needed to corroborate our findings.