cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling misbehavior in cooperative diversity: a dynamic game approach

Cooperative diversity protocols are designed with the assumption that terminals always help each other in a socially efficient manner. This assumption may not be valid in commercial wireless networks where terminals may misbehave for selfish or malicious intentions. The presence of misbehaving terminals creates a social-dilemma where terminals exhibit uncertainty about the cooperative behavior of other terminals in the network. Cooperation in social-dilemma is characterized by a suboptimal Nash equilibrium where wireless terminals opt out of cooperation. Hence, without establishing a mechanism to detect and mitigate effects of misbehavior, it is difficult to maintain a socially optimal cooperation. In this paper, we first examine effects of misbehavior assuming static game model and show that cooperation under existing cooperative protocols is characterized by a noncooperative Nash equilibrium. Using evolutionary game dynamics we show that a small number of mutants can successfully invade a population of cooperators, which indicates that misbehavior is an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). Our main goal is to design a mechanism that would enable wireless terminals to select reliable partners in the presence of uncertainty. To this end, we formulate cooperative diversity as a dynamic game with incomplete information. We show that the proposed dynamic game formulation satisfied the conditions for the existence of perfect Bayesian equilibrium.
Lipids of membranes and of the cell envelope in heterocysts of a blue-green alga.

Heterocysts of Anabaena cylindrica, isolated rapidly in the cold, were found—in contrast to earlier reports—to contain all of the same lipids and lipophilic pigments, and in about the same proportions, as vegetative cells. In broken filaments and in heterocysts damaged during isolation, the membrane lipids and certain pigments (myxoxanthophyll and an unidentified red pigment) break down rapidly. The glycolipids specific to heterocyst-forming blue-green algae are localized in the laminated layer of the heterocyst envelope. A possible role of the laminated layer is discussed.
Synergistic effects of polymers and surfactants on depletion forces.

This work investigates the synergistic effects of a neutral polymer and an anionic surfactant on depletion forces as a function of bulk polymer and bulk surfactant concentration. In this work, we measure the force between a silica particle and a silica plate in aqueous solutions of the polymer and the surfactant using atomic force microscopy. The polymer is the triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide-block-propylene oxide-block-ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F108), and the surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In F108-only solutions, the force between the silica particle and the silica plate is primarily repulsive for polymer concentrations ranging from 200 to 10 000 ppm. In SDS-only solutions, the net force between the silica surfaces is repulsive at all separations for concentrations below 16 mM SDS and is attractive with a structural force character above 16 mM SDS. When both F108 and SDS are present in the solution, a net attractive force is observed at SDS concentrations as low as 4 mM, a factor of 2...
A NEW SPECIES OF CORONASTRUM

THE GENUS Coronastrum was erected on a single species, C. aestivale Thompson (1938). The characteristics of the genus are based on the kind of colony formation and on the kind of appendages borne by the cells. The fundamental colony is a fourcelled coenobium in which the cruciately disposed cells lie approximately in one plane, but remote from one another, and are connected by hyaline strands (fig. 6). Each cell bears a colorless appendage which is a remnant of the old mother cell-wall. There is no colonial matrix. C. aestivale was collected recently, and for the first time since the collections cited in the original description. It appeared in abundance in an intermittent pond in the vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas. A second species, C. ellipsoideum Fott (1946) (fig. 5), was described from Bohemia. This species was collected by the writer in June, 1948 from a small pond near Solomons, Maryland (fig. 4). This is a first record of it for the United States. The Maryland specimens agreed with Fott's statement that this species does not characteristically form compound coenobia. Fragmentation of reproducing coenobia occurs even prior to the formation of daughter coenobia, so one invariably finds only the fundamental four-celled coenobium. This material differed slightly from that of Fott's description in that the very slender connecting strands were longer, and in that the coenobia exhibited the same twisted appearance as do those of C. aestivale. During July, 1949, plankton samples were taken from permanent and temporary waters in the vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas. From one permanent and one temporary pond, C. aestivale was collected in abundance. From the same temporary pond, but in less abundance, a new species of Coronastrum was also collected. Both species occurred during a period of hot weather without rain. Both disappeared completely after a heavy rain and a subsequent change of temperature.
Selective Search: Efficient and Effective Search of Large Textual Collections

The traditional search solution for large collections divides the collection into subsets (shards), and processes the query against all shards in parallel (exhaustive search). The search cost and the computational requirements of this approach are often prohibitively high for organizations with few computational resources. This article investigates and extends an alternative: selective search, an approach that partitions the dataset based on document similarity to obtain topic-based shards, and searches only a few shards that are estimated to contain relevant documents for the query. We propose shard creation techniques that are scalable, efficient, self-reliant, and create topic-based shards with low variance in size, and high density of relevant documents. The experimental results demonstrate that the effectiveness of selective search is on par with that of exhaustive search, and the corresponding search costs are substantially lower with the former. Also, the majority of the queries perform as well or better with selective search. An oracle experiment that uses optimal shard ranking for a query indicates that selective search can outperform the effectiveness of exhaustive search. Comparison with a query optimization technique shows higher improvements in efficiency with selective search. The overall best efficiency is achieved when the two techniques are combined in an optimized selective search approach.
Apoptosis and Accidental Cell Death in Cultured Human Keratinocytes after Thermal Injury

The respective roles of apoptosis and accidental cell death after thermal injury were evaluated in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. By coupling the LIVE/DEAD fluorescence viability assay with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method and ultrastructural morphology, these two processes could be distinguished. Cells were grown on glass coverslips with a microgrid pattern so that the results of several staining procedures performed sequentially could be visualized in the same cells after heating at temperatures of up to 72°C for 1 second. After exposure to temperatures of 58 to 59°C, cells died predominantly by apoptosis; viable cells became TUNEL positive, indicating degradation of DNA. After exposure to temperatures of 60 to 66°C, both TUNEL-positive viable cells and TUNEL-positive nonviable cells were observed, indicating that apoptosis and accidental cell death were occurring simultaneously. Cells died almost immediately after exposure to temperatures above 72°C, presumably from heat fixation. The fluorescent mitochondrial probe MitoTracker Orange indicated that cells undergoing apoptosis became TUNEL positive before loss of mitochondrial function. Nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gel electrophoresis occurred after exposure to temperatures of 58 to 59°C. The characteristic morphological findings of cells undergoing apoptosis, by transmission electron microscopy, included cellular shrinkage, cytoplasmic budding, and relatively intact mitochondria. Depending on temperature and time of exposure, normal human epidermal keratinocytes may die by apoptosis, accidental cell death, or heat fixation.
Neck and Low Back Pain: Neuroimaging

Spine imaging accounts for a major share of expenses related to neck and back pain. Improving image quality translates into better morphologic evaluation of the spine. Unfortunately, the morphologic abnormalities on spine imaging are common and nonspecific, obscuring the relevance to patient symptomatology. Furthermore, distinction between degenerative and age-related changes is not clear. The key is clinical correlation of imaging findings. This article presents a concise and illustrated discussion of spinal neuroimaging related to neck and back pain, with emphasis on degenerative disease.
Basic concepts in the study of diseases with complex genetics.

Abstract Most diseases run in families—this is also true of virtually all psychiatric disorders. Twin and adoption studies have shown that most psychiatric disorders have a genetic component, yet very few genetic factors are known, as is true for most disorders with a complex genetic origin. Here I review, for nongeneticists, some of the basic terminology and concepts used when studying complex genetic diseases, with examples from psychiatric genetics. This review is intended to help in the understanding and critical evaluation of reports on genetics of psychiatric illnesses in the literature.
Virtual patients to teach cultural competency

Cultural Competence has emerged as an important strategy in addressing issues of racial and ethnic disparities in a diversely populated country like the United States. The challenge for health care providers is to learn how cultural factors influence patients' responses to medial issues such as healing and suffering, as well as doctor-patient relationship. My research investigates a new approach for teaching cultural competency to health care providers -- using Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) that represents different cultures.Objective: The goal of this project is to develop and test pool of culturally diverse virtual patients (VPs), as a training tool to teach nursing students effective communication technique (display cultural sensitivity) while interacting with patients from different cultures.Methods: 1) To develop VPs -- belonging to diverse culture, age and gender. 2) Develop Agent Architecture for cultural adaptation of the virtual patients. 3) Implement VPs in a clinical setting, as a tool to teach cultural sensitivity and communication skills to medical/nursing students.
The normalization of deviance in healthcare delivery

Many serious medical errors result from violations of recognized standards of practice. Over time, even egregious violations of standards of practice may become “normalized” in healthcare delivery systems. This article describes what leads to this normalization and explains why flagrant practice deviations can persist for years, despite the importance of the standards at issue. This article also provides recommendations to aid healthcare organizations in identifying and managing unsafe practice deviations before they become normalized and pose genuine risks to patient safety, quality care, and employee morale.
Relatedness of Bulb Firmness to Other Attributes of New Mexico Onion Entries

Harvest of onions in New Mexico is becoming cost prohibitive due to labor shortages and increased labor costs. Mechanical harvest will need to be adopted in order for growers to remain competitive. Onion cultivars, currently grown in New Mexico, need to be evaluated for their suitability to be harvested by mechanical methods. Bulb firmness is one trait that may correlate to mechanical harvest ability of a cultivar. Observations of genetic variation for bulb firmness were taken with an objective to develop cultivars suitable for mechanical harvest. Sixteen short- and intermediate-day onion entries were grown for 2 years and evaluated for bulb firmness and other possible correlated variables. Seedstalks, maturity date, pink root, Fusarium basal rot, percentage marketable yield, average bulb weight, bulb firmness, and single-centeredness were recorded during 2003 and 2004. An instrument, called a durometer, was found to be a reliable tool to measure firmness based upon strong correlation between subjective a...
2-O-methyl-D-mannose in an extracellular polysaccharide from Hyphomicrobium sp..

An extracellular acidic polysaccharide, hyphomicran, produced by Hyphomicrobium sp. JTS-811 from methanol contained a new monomethyl sugar in nature, which was identified as 2-O-methyl-d-mannose by spectrometry and synthesis. Hyphomicran was found to consist of d-glucose, d-mannose, 2-O-methyl-d-mannose and pyruvic acid residues in the relative proportions of 2:1:1:1. By methylation analysis, pyruvic acid was proved to be linked as a ketal to O-4 and O-6 of a terminal 2-O-methyl-d-mannopyranosyl residue.
Cytogenetic localization by variation in electrophoretic allozyme phenotype: Drosophila Odh.

A gene-dosage effect is characteristic of eukaryotic structural genes and is therefore useful in gene mapping. However, attributing quantitative variations in enzyme activity to a gene-dosage effect or other putative regulatory loci can be suspect when the locus in question may be inducible by variations in culture conditions. The problem of controlling for allele-specific variations in activity and regulation can be circumvented in Drosophila melanogaster by the use of synthetic duplications and deficiencies in conjunction with enzyme polymorphism. A method for constructing segmental aneupliods heterozygous for electrophoretic variants of octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) is presented which permitted variations in allozyme phenotype and enzyme activity—which show a strict dosage dependency—to be produced simultaneously. The structural gene region for Odh was identified using T(Y;A) stocks and the deficiency M(3)S31 was used to assign the locus to polytene band region 86D1–4. With this method a segmental aneuploid survey of Drosophila for purposes of gene localization can be accomplished in one generation with appropriate stocks.
Behavior analysis and socio-economics: Some similarities and differences

Abstract The discipline of behavior analysis is often misunderstood. This article attempts to identify the major sources of misunderstanding in order to point out the similarities and differences between behavior analysis and socio-economics.
The Relationship of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion to Sleep in Women During the Early Follicular Phase: Effects of Sleep Reversal and a Prolonged Three-Hour Sleep-Wake Schedule

The relationship of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion to sleep in adult women was investigated in two ways: an acute 180 degrees sleep-wake cycle reversal in a group of six women and a schedule in which a young woman engaged in a three hour sleep-wake cycle (two hours awake, one hour allowed for sleep continuously for ten days--the study was carried out on the eighth day). Each subject in the reversal study had a baseline period during which plasma samples were collected every twenty minutes for twenty-four hours and nocturnal sleep was monitored electrophysiologically during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. During a succeeding cycle, the study was repeated after sleep-wake reversal. LH secretory patterns were analyzed by comparing the 24-hour mean plasma LH concentration with the hourly averages in percentage terms, using Stage 2 sleep onset as the zero point. LH secretion was depressed to approximately the same degree in both the baseline and reversal studies. The average hourly percentage difference from the 24-hour mean for the four-hour period following sleep onset was -13.4% and -13.1% for the baseline and reversal, respectively. These percentage deviations represented practically the entire negative deviation for the 24-hour period in both studies. The difference between the first four-hour period after sleep onset and the second was significant. The subject on a three-hour cycle had a baseline in which a large decrease in LH secretion occurred after sleep onset (-52.2% during the third hour). Her LH secretory pattern during the three-hour sleep-wake schedule was characterized by a fall during sleep periods, particularly when slow wave sleep (SWS) predominated. However, no correlation was found between specific sleep stages and LH secretion in the six women of the reversal study. These results confirm a relationship of LH secretion to sleep in adult women, one which is different from that described during puberty.
Review of "A Guide for Software Documentation, by Dorothy Walsh" Published by Advanced Computer Techniques Corp., 1969

I will begin this critique with an evaluation and description of the book's concepts and contents. Its approach and use will be discussed at the end.
Nanolasers grown on silicon

Based on a CMOS-compatible growth process, researchers successfully demonstrate the bottom-up integration of InGaAs nanopillar lasers onto silicon chips. The resulting nanolaser offers tiny footprints and scalability, making it particularly suited to high-density optoelectronics.
Can money matter

Abstract Do increases in the real money supply increase appreciably the productive capacity of the economy? Previous studies have estimated the output elasticity of real money to be between 0.02 and 1.0. Applying these estimates to the typical annual growth of real money balances suggests that fluctuations in money account for somewhere between none and all of the fluctuation in GNP. This paper develops a new estimate of the output elasticity of real balances by examining the factor share of money in national income and concludes that the output elasticity is in fact extremely small.
Assessing the Mobility and Environmental Benefits of Reservation-Based Intelligent Intersections Using an Integrated Simulator

The connected vehicle research program is a multimodal research initiative in the U.S. that envisions a fully connected transportation system with wireless communications linking vehicles, the infrastructure, and handheld smart devices. This paper designs and evaluates a reservation-based approach to intersection control that is designed to take full advantage of the unprecedented connectivity that the connected vehicle initiative promises to provide. The control approach, which is referred to herein as the “intelligent intersection” approach, builds on the previous work by Dresner and Stone by introducing new features to better account for several aspects of the real-world driving environment. To design and evaluate the “intelligent intersection,” a novel simulation test bed for connected vehicle applications is developed. The test bed integrates a microscopic traffic simulator with a network simulator and an emission analyzer. Using the integrated simulator, the mobility and environmental benefits of the intelligent intersection approach, compared with those of traditional control methods, are evaluated on two case studies: 1) an isolated intersection and 2) a real-world transportation network with multiple intersections. Results show that the proposed control approach offers significant mobility and environmental benefits. For example, for the second test case and using observed traffic volumes, the intelligent intersection reduced the average vehicle delay by 85%, fuel consumption by 50%, and emissions by 39%-50%. The study also demonstrates the utility of using the simulator test bed in the design and evaluation of connected vehicle applications.
Novel immobilized cell reactor for microbial oxidation of H2S

Abstract In a continuous fermentation, significant advantages may be gained by immobilization of microbial cells. Immobilization allows cells to be retained in the fermenter or to be readily recovered and recycled. A novel cell immobilization has been developed for the immobilization of autotrophic bacteria by coculture with floc-forming heterotrophic bacteria with growth of the latter limited by the availability of organic carbon. The result is an immobilization matrix which grows along with the immobilized autotroph. The chemoautotroph Thiobacillus denitrificans has been immobilized in macroscopic floc by coculture with floc-forming heterotrophs from an activated sludge treatment facility. Floc produced were subsequently used to remove H 2 S from a gas stream bubbled through a continuous culture with total biomass recycle. The ultimate biomass concentration was dependent upon the H 2 S feed rate and the H 2 S removal efficiency was influenced by the biomass concentration.
Effect of Sodium and Calcium Carbonates on Milk Production and Composition of Milk, Blood, and Rumen Contents of Cows Fed Grain Ad Libitum with Restricted Roughage

Abstract Six cows were used in a Latin square design consisting of three periods of 28 days each and three treatments, grain plus sodium bicarbonate (1 lb/day), grain plus calcium carbonate (0.6 lb/day), and grain alone. Roughage was restricted to 2lb hay/day and grain was fed ad libitum. Similarly, two groups of five cows each were used in a double-reversal trial consisting of three 28-day periods. Sodium bicarbonate plus grain and grain alone were the treatments. Sodium bicarbonate feeding increased milk fat concentration 0.81 and 0.86 percentage units in the two trials, whereas calcium carbonate feeding had no such effect. Treatments did not affect milk production or its content of solids-not-fat and protein. Grain intake was depressed 10 to 20% by sodium bicarbonate feeding. From 40 to 69% of the treatment effects on milk fat concentration could be explained by the proportions of rumen acetate and propionate. The concentrations of ketones, glucose, hydrogen ion, sodium ion, lipids, and lactic acid in blood were not closely related to sodium bicarbonate effects on milk fat concentration.
AB INITIO CLUSTER CALCULATIONS FOR VACANCIES IN BULK SI

Atomic and electronic structures of neutral and positively charged monovacancies in bulk Si are investigated from first principles using a cluster method. The calculations are performed in real space on bulk-terminated clusters containing up to 13 shells around the vacancy $(\ensuremath{\approx}$ 200 Si atoms). Vacancy-induced atomic relaxations, Jahn-Teller distortions, vacancy wave-function characters, and relaxation and reorientation energies are calculated as a function of the cluster size and compared with available experimental data. Potential-energy surfaces in the two-dimensional space of the relaxation normal modes are presented for neutral and positive charge states of the vacancy.
Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight among young-adults during the transition from high school to college.

The freshmen year of college is likely a critical period for risk of weight gain among young-adults. A longitudinal observational study was conducted to examine changes in weight, dietary intake, and other health-related behaviors among first-year college students (n = 186) attending a public University in the western United States. Weight was measured at the beginning and end of fall semester (August – December 2005). Participants completed surveys about dietary intake, physical activity and other health-related behaviors during the last six months of high school (January – June 2005) in August 2005 and during their first semester of college (August – December 2005) in December 2005. 159 students (n = 102 women, 57 men) completed both assessments. The average BMI at the baseline assessment was 23.0 (standard deviation (SD) 3.8). Although the average amount of weight gained during the 15-week study was modest (1.5 kg), 23% of participants gained ≥ 5% of their baseline body weight. Average weight gain among those who gained ≥ 5% of baseline body weight was 4.5 kg. Those who gained ≥ 5% of body weight reported less physical activity during college than high school, were more likely to eat breakfast, and slept more than were those who did not gain ≥ 5% of body weight. Almost one quarter of students gained a significant amount of weight during their first semester of college. This research provides further support for the implementation of education or other strategies aimed at helping young-adults entering college to achieve or maintain a healthy body weight.
MEDIASTINOSCOPY, THORACOSCOPY, AND VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF LUNG CANCER

The surgical approach to the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer requires the assessment of the lung parenchyma, hilum, pleura, chest wall, and intrathoracic lymph nodes. Chest computerized tomography is sensitive in defining the location of the primary tumor, but is relatively insensitive to invasion. Similarly, radiographic imaging can identify lymph node enlargement, but lymph node enlargement alone is insufficient for accurate staging. To facilitate the tissue biopsies of both the primary tumor and potential sites of metastatic disease, video thoracoscopy has provided a useful complement to traditional bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy. These instruments provide minimally invasive access to the lung, pleura, and ipsilateral lymph nodes. The combined application of thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy, and mediastinoscopy can provide intrathoracic staging information while minimizing surgical morbidity.
A Portable Freshwater Closed-System Fish Egg Incubation System

AbstractTo identify fish eggs collected in the field to species, a portable closed-system fish egg incubation system was designed and used to incubate and hatch the eggs in the laboratory. The system is portable, small in scale (2.54 × 1.52 × 2.03 m), and affordable, with the approximate cost of the system being US$8,300 (2012). The main tank is 678 L and holds a battery of up to 21 (egg) incubation jars. The system includes three independent water pumping systems to (1) provide aerated water to hatching jars, (2) filter and sterilize incubation water, and (3) provide temperature-controlled water in the main tank bath and the incubation jars. The system was successfully used to incubate freshwater fish eggs to raise resulting larvae to the post-yolk-sac stage for three seasons (spring 2012, spring 2013, and fall 2013) over two consecutive years, at two different locations, enabling us to identify fish eggs to species by providing identifiable fish larvae from incubated fish eggs.Received March 19, 2014; a...
AN ANALYSIS OF FLUNKED‐OUT AND READMITTED STUDENTS1

This study utilized multiple regression analysis to develop equations to predict a committee's decision on whether to readmit flunked-out college students and to develop a second equation to predict grade point average the first quarter after readmitting such students. Data for similar students for a second academic year provided a hold-out group to cross-validate the regression equations. The committee's decision to readmit students could be predicted fairly well (cross-validity = .61) from the variables of setting realistic goals, math test score, number of quality points short of a passing average, and a self-analysis of failure. The attempt to predict the grade point average the first quarter after readmission was much less successful (cross-validity = .32). A different set of student factors seemed to be influential in accounting for a committee's decision to readmit a student and for the student's subsequent grade performance if admitted
Elevated plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase activity in rats with neurogenic hypertension.

Abstract Increased plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase, DBH, activity has been cited as evidence of increased sympathetic function in essential hypertension. Here-to-fore, experimental hypertension in animals has been associated with normal plasma DBH activity. This study shows that rats with neurogenic hypertension, induced by sinoaortic denervation, SAD, have elevated DBH activity; the mean increase in plasma DBH measured 3 days to 11 weeks after operation was 74% higher in the SAD group than in the sham-operated, control group. DBH activity showed a positive correlation with arterial pressure. Mesentery DBH activity was inversely related to plasma enzyme activity in SAD rats, indicating sympathetic nerve terminals in mesentery are a source of plasma DBH. We conclude that plasma DBH activity is an index of increased sympathetic function since it is consistently elevated in rats with neurogenic hypertension resulting from sustained central activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Microalgae on the arctic ocean section, 1994: species abundance and biomass

Algal species from the ice, the water directly below the ice (the sub-ice area), and the water column from 21 stations in the Arctic Ocean were examined using epifluorescence and inverted light microscopy. Biomass of autotrophic dinoflagellates and other miscellaneous autotrophic flagellates was determined for the first time in the central Arctic basins. Together these two groups dominated phytoplankton biomass in 74% of samples from the central Arctic, with diatom biomass predominant in the remainder. Picophytoplankton at selected stations in the Canada and Makarov Basins contributed 93% to autotroph cell numbers and 36% to autotroph biomass. Diatom species achieved high biomass in ice and sub-ice samples. The centric diatom Melosira arctica dominated the sub-ice area, while pennate diatoms were major contributors to the ice samples. Despite ample silicate concentrations in the water, diatom frustules were often lightly silicified.
The Associations of Intergroup Interactions and School Racial Socialization with Academic Motivation

ABSTRACTSchool racial climate is an important aspect of the school environment that can have significant implications for youths’ development. However, existing research is limited by conceptual and methodological concerns that restrict the ability of researchers and educators to identify what about and how the racial climate is important. The author addresses existing limitations by articulating school racial climate as a multidimensional construct composed of interpersonal interactions and school racial socialization. The sample consists of 99 Black middle and high school students who completed surveys on their perceptions of the school racial climate and their belonging, competence, and intrinsic motivation. The results showed, for example, that perceptions of more positive cross-race interactions were associated with greater belonging, and perceptions of colorblind messages were associated with lower competence. Overall, the study demonstrated the utility of a multidimensional approach to school racia...
Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity in xenogeneic animals☆

Abstract Cell-mediated immunity (delayed hypersensitivity) to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) was passively transferred from sensitized guinea pigs to mice. Transfer was accomplished by subcutaneous injection of peritoneal exudate cells of sensitized guinea pigs.
Clinical Guide to the Use of Antithrombotic Drugs in Coronary Artery Disease

Dominick J. Angiolillo, Adnan Kastrati, Daniel I. Simon, eds 304 pages. London, UK: Informa UK Ltd; 2008. $189.95. ISBN 1–84184–639–2 Clinical Guide to the Use of Antithrombotic Drugs in Coronary Artery Disease , edited by Angiolillo, Kastrati, and Simon, is a well written, carefully planned, timely, and contemporary review of the use of antithrombotic drugs in the context of coronary artery disease. The book is very logically divided into 3 major sections: 1) Basic Concepts of Atherothrombosis; 2) Antithrombotic Drugs, which is itself divided into subsections on oral antiplatelet drugs, intravenous antiplatelet drugs, thrombin inhibitors, and thrombin generation inhibitors and fibrinolytic therapy; and 3) Special …
New activating groups for poly(aryl ether) synthesis

We have investigated new activating groups for poly(aryl ether) synthesis and have demonstrated that quinoxaline, benzazole, amide, and perfluoroalkyl groups activate fluoro- and, in some cases, nitro-displacements from aromatic rings. The quinoxaline-activated aryl ether synthesis involved activation by the electron deficient pyrazine ring of the 6-position on the fused benzo ring. Thiophenoxides displaced 6-chloro and 6-nitro groups from quinoxalines under milder conditions than required for the ether synthesis. Pendent benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and amide groups activated displacement of a para fluoro group in high yield and selectivity. Perfluoroalkyl groups activated 2- and 4-fluoro or nitro groups towards displacement, presumably by stabilization of the transition state through hyperconjugation. The new transformations were utilized for the synthesis of high molecular weight heterocyclic, amide and perfluoroalkyl-based poly(aryl ethers). The resulting polymers were amorphous and displayed distinct glass transition temperatures, as well as improved solution and melt processability.
Transatlantic Dialogue on Integration of Immigrant Children and Adolescents

Young immigrants will significantly influence the course of European and North American societies in coming decades. Demographic studies on either side of the Atlantic reveal growing populations of foreign-born children and young second-generation immigrants. In the United States children of immigrants make up 20 per cent of all youth. In Europe the second generation of Turkish immigrants alone totals 4 million. The integration of these young newcomers merits the attention of national governments not only because they number so many and will represent a large sector of society for such a long period but also because they are highly impressionable. Just as a positive experience early in life can increase the likelihood that they will become effective citizens in adulthood exclusion can lead to feelings of resentment and anger. International migration scholars and professionals gathered for two days in May 2004 to discuss the most promising policies to help young immigrants make the complicated transition to their new homelands. Experts from England Germany Italy France the Netherlands Poland Sweden Slovenia Canada and the United States explored the nature of some of the greatest challenges the responsibilities of national governments to help young immigrants overcome them and the best policies for doing so. (excerpt)
A Population Genetics-Phylogenetics Approach to Inferring Natural Selection in Coding Sequences

Through an analysis of polymorphism within and divergence between species, we can hope to learn about the distribution of selective effects of mutations in the genome, changes in the fitness landscape that occur over time, and the location of sites involved in key adaptations that distinguish modern-day species. We introduce a novel method for the analysis of variation in selection pressures within and between species, spatially along the genome and temporally between lineages. We model codon evolution explicitly using a joint population genetics-phylogenetics approach that we developed for the construction of multiallelic models with mutation, selection, and drift. Our approach has the advantage of performing direct inference on coding sequences, inferring ancestral states probabilistically, utilizing allele frequency information, and generalizing to multiple species. We use a Bayesian sliding window model for intragenic variation in selection coefficients that efficiently combines information across sites and captures spatial clustering within the genome. To demonstrate the utility of the method, we infer selective pressures acting in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans from polymorphism and divergence data for 100 X-linked coding regions.
3D Neuron Tip Detection in Volumetric Microscopy Images

This paper addresses the problem of 3D neuron tips detection in volumetric microscopy image stacks. We focus particularly on neuron tracing applications, where the detected 3D tips could be used as the seeding points. Most of the existing neuron tracing methods require a good choice of seeding points. In this paper, we propose an automated neuron tips detection method for volumetric microscopy image stacks. Our method is based on first detecting 2D tips using curvature information and a ray-shooting intensity distribution model, and then extending it to the 3D stack by rejecting false positives. We tested this method based on the V3D platform, which can reconstruct a neuron based on automated searching of the optimal i®paths' connecting those detected 3D tips. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in building a fully automatic neuron tracing system.
ON BALANCED INFLATION

A quais-equilibrium is a set of prices that results in a balanced inflation. This paper sets forth a simpale general equilibrium model with money and proves the existence of a quasi-equibrium.
Species, sex, and seasonal differences in VNO size.

Differences in the sizes of sensory and neural structures are used as an indication of differences in the function of those structures. Large VNOs often are interpreted to mean that this sense is particularly important in the life history of the animal. They also are assumed to be associated with more primitive animals. I examined VNO sizes across mammalian, reptilian, and amphibian lineages while attempting to account for total body size, because VNO and total body sizes are related. Most descriptions of VNO size and development are not quantified and often ambiguous. Large VNOs in a lineage should not be interpreted necessarily as primitive. Comparisons across smaller taxonomic ranges are easier to interpret. Plethodontid salamanders are a diverse set of species for which VNO descriptions show trends in size associated with habitat, sex, and season. Semiaquatic species tend to have proportionately larger VNOs than terrestrial species, males have larger organs than females, and VNOs can show increases and decreases in size that may be associated with seasonal activities. Salamanders may use their VNOs to locate and identify mates, as part of the courtship sequences, or to identify and assess neighboring territory holders. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:506–518, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-term impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma:

Using objective and subjective criteria, we performed a study to assess the long-term impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma at an average follow-up of 6.5 years. One hundred twenty patients who underwent FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis were followed up for an average of 6.5 years (range 6.0 to 10.6 years). Seventy-two (60%) patients responded to a follow-up questionnaire, and 30 (42%) of them reported a history of asthma. Subjective levels of improvement and assessments of medication need were evaluated and statistically assessed with parametric and nonparametric methods. Of these 30 patients, 27 (90%) reported that their asthma was better than it had been before FESS, 6.5 years ago. Average reported improvement increased from 49% at 1.1 years after surgery to 65% at 6.5 years after surgery. Asthma attacks declined in 20 of 27 (74.1%). Medication use for asthma showed similar improvement, with approximately half reporting less inhaler usage and nearly two thirds reporting less oral steroid use. This study demonstrates that a combination of FESS, careful postoperative care, and appropriate medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis has a favorable long-term effect on asthma in patients with symptomatic chronic sinusitis. In this study asthma severity, frequency of attacks, and medication need were all improved.
Rethinking the “course” in an online world

The emergence of online education creates opportunities for positive education changes centering on improved learning rather than on reaping economies of scale. We can develop online strategies for using class time more productively; courses can be arranged to correspond to the varying learning curves of different students; and degrees can be tailored to the actual competencies students achieve. Further, the online world based in hypertext and virtuality creates the possibility of providing entirely new educational materials and environments. These improvements depend on faculty seizing control of the way technology is used in education.
Hormone dependence in breast cancer

Abstract Both prolactin and estrogen are involved in regulating the growth and functions of the mammary gland, and many mammary tumors retain their dependence on these hormones. Specific binding of prolactin to mammary gland can be shown in vivo. Binding of estrogen in vivo and in vitro depends on the presence of a cytoplasmic receptor protein that acts in the nucleus after binding estrogen molecules. This estrogen receptor is present in both rat and human hormone-dependent mammary tumors, but is usually missing in autonomous mammary tumors. The presence or absence of estrogen receptor may thus be an indicator of the retention or partial loss of the complete endocrine regulatory unit, which mediates the interacting effects of many hormones including prolactin and estrogen on the normal mammary gland. In agreement with preliminary case series, presence of the estrogen receptor in breast tumors would therefore be expected to correlate with hormone dependence and a favorable response to hormone manipulation.
Spiritual Well-Being, Spiritual Growth, and Spiritual Care for the Aged: A Cross-Faith and Interdisciplinary Effort

ABSTRACT This article highlights the significance of spiritual well-being (SWB) and spiritual growth for the care and the study of aged populations. From a cross-faith and interdisciplinary perspective, a working definition of SWB is elaborated based on the history of efforts to define SWB and on the recognition of some socio-demographic changes. The relationships among adverse conditions, spiritual growth, and SWB are discussed. Finally, professional care for the spiritual needs of the aged is advocated as they try to cope with negative life events. Related psychological theories are introduced to assist health professionals in caring for the SWB of aged persons.
Plan 9 authentication in Linux

In Linux, applications like su and login currently run as root in order to access authentication information and set or alter the identity of the process. In such cases, if the application is compromised while running as a privileged user, the entire system can become vulnerable. An alternative approach is taken by the Plan 9 operating system from Bell Labs, which runs such applications as a non-privileged user and relies on a kernel-based capability device working in coordination with an authentication server to provide the same services. This avoids the risk of an application vulnerability becoming a system vulnerability.This paper discusses the extension of Linux authentication mechanisms to allow the use of the Plan 9 approach with existing Linux applications in order to reduce the security risks mentioned earlier. It describes the port of the Plan 9 capability device as a character device driver for the Linux kernel. It also describes the port of the Plan 9 authentication server and the implementation of a PAM module which allows the use of these new facilities. It is now possible to restrain processes like login and su from the uncontrolled setuid bit and make them run on behalf of an unprivileged user in Linux.
Delayed treatment with a t-PA analogue and streptokinase in a rabbit embolic stroke model

Fibrinolytic therapy may be effective in the treatment of ischemic stroke, and clinical trials are under way. We evaluated two fibrinolytic agents, an analogue of tissue plasminogen activator (Fb-Fb-CF, the catalytic fragment of the tissue plasminogen activator molecule with a prolonged serum half-life, n = 10) and streptokinase (n = 7), in a rabbit model of embolic stroke. Both agents were given 3 hours after stroke onset, a time relevant to the clinical setting. Fb-Fb-CF was significantly better (p less than 0.04) than saline (n = 7) in restoring blood flow to previously occluded intracranial arteries, but streptokinase was ineffective. Neither fibrinolytic agent was associated with a substantial risk for intracerebral hemorrhagic side effects. Our study demonstrates that Fb-Fb-CF can safely and effectively reperfuse rabbit intracranial arteries 3 hours after occlusion, while streptokinase does not.
Dual curing of carbon fiber reinforced photoresins for rapid prototyping

Photo-thermal dual-curing of a carbon fiber reinforced photoresin is reported in this study. The primary limitation of carbon fibers is that they are opaque to ultraviolet (UV) light, and the resin present inside the carbon fiber tow remains uncured if only a photolytic mechanism is used. Therefore, a dual-curing resin formulation was developed that consisted of acrylate ester of bisphenol A-epoxy (primary resin), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (a photoinitiator), and lauroyl peroxide (thermal initiator). The fibers were dispersed in the resin and photocured by UV radiation. Subsequently, the composites were thermally cured to solidify the resin present inside the fiber tow. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the thermal initiator activates at approximately 70°C. The dual-cured composites, processed by a dip-coating technique and also in a desktop photolithography unit, were tack-free and fully solidified in the interior. Thus, it was established that by using a dual-curing resin formulation, the resin present outside and inside the carbon fiber tow could be cured to produce a carbon fiber reinforced photoresin. Such a reaction scheme has application in composite photolithography where incorporation of carbon fibers into photopolymers can enhance electrical and thermal conductivities of rapid tooling materials.
Molecular screening of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B genetic determinants and identification of mutant strains.

Three separate sets of polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to specifically detect the presence of a toxin A gene fragment, a toxin B gene fragment, and the entire toxin B gene. In addition toxin gene fragments that were amplified from well characterized toxic strains were tagged fluorescently and used as hybridization probes to screen C. difficile strains. A survey of 37 toxic strains and 10 non-toxic strains demonstrated that toxic strains normally contain the genetic composition for toxin A and toxin B simultaneously; whereas, non-toxin strains typically did not contain detectable toxin determinants. The only exception found was strain 39, which had the genetic composition for toxins A and B, but was not cytotoxic under the conditions tested.
Development of a Graduate Education Program for U.S. Army Interns and Careerists

This chapter describes the development of a university/military partnership for a graduate-level education program. Details of the development of this program are being presented, along with success stories and lessons learned.
PHASES OF WORD LEARNING: IMPLICATIONS FOR INSTRUCTION WITH DELAYED AND DISABLED READERS

When students attain reading skill, they learn to read words in several ways. Familiar words are read by sight. Unfamiliar words are read by decoding, by analogy to known words, or by prediction from graphophonic and contextual cues. Five phases of development are identified to distinguish the course of word reading; each phase is characterized by students’ working knowledge of the alphabetic system, which is central for acquiring word reading skill. The phases are: pre‐alphabetic, partial alphabic, full alphabetic, consolidated alphabetic, and automatic alphabetic. The usefulness of this information for teachers of problem readers is explained.