cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental examination of the scrapie agent in cell membrane mixtures: III. Studies of the operational size

Abstract Membrane preparations from scrapie-affected mouse brain were ultrasonicated, passed through filters of 50 nm and 20 to 35 nm pore size and the filtrates analysed using exclusion chromatography, isopycnic sedimentation and electron microscopy. A high recovery of scrapie activity was found in the 50 nm filtrates and all evidence indicated association of this activity with membrane fragments. Although a significant amount of lipoprotein material was recovered in 20 to 35 nm filtrates, membrane fragments were absent and no scrapie activity was found. These observations are consistent with the membrane hypothesis of scrapie: it is suggested that the operational size of the agent is much larger than the radiation target size.
The Negation and Reassertion of Black Geographies in Brazil

Under the project of modernity the figure of the Black has been continually denied a geography of its own. This assumed inability for Black space to exist establishes the Black as the anti-human par excellence in the West. Indeed, the supposed non-being of the Black comprises the foundation of the Western project, as this a-spatial figure is the referent for all other forms of potential being. Despite the perpetual insistence of this Black a-spatiality and non-being by the West, Blacks have recurrently sought to create geographies and ways of existing unique to the Western, modern project. This paper takes the case of Brazil and demonstrates how Brazil, in its endeavor to establish itself as a modern nation, sought to erase Black spaces through various practices and discourses. Blacks, on the other hand, sought to break with this Slave existence and create various spaces of their own, a practice which continues into the present day. By interrogating the dehumanization of the Black and examining Black articulations of space and notions of spatiality, this paper demonstrates how Black geographies seek to create new ways of being in the world.
The Revolution, the State, and Economic Development in Mexico

The legacy of the Mexican Revolution is still controversial today. This article reviews some of the transformations historians attribute to the Revolution: economic development, nationalism, an interventionist state, and a broader social policy and challenges the extent to which they can be attributed to the Revolution. It concludes that the state under Porfirio Diaz (1876–1911) was already making substantial advances in these areas. Far from being an ancien regime, backward, neo-feudal regime as is often asserted, the Porfiriato underwent great changes in spreading and monetarizing the market, building transportation and communications infrastructure, modernizing the banking and currency systems, and protecting industry. Far from being a laissez-faire regime, the state under Diaz followed policies of interventionist corporate liberalism. Despite great success at attracting foreign investment, the pre-revolutionary state also undertook nationalist policies by regulating and nationalizing foreign companies and asserting an independent foreign policy. Injustice was rampant, but rather than reflecting backwardness, it was the product of a primitive accumulation phase of modernization. The post-Revolution Mexican state is also compared with another regime that underwent no revolution, Brazil, to ascertain how much of the changes in Mexican policies were the responsibility of Mexico's revolution. It turns out that Brazil also came to follow nationalist and interventionist policies without the need of a social revolution. Changes in the world economy, particularly the Depression, and the new corportist ideologies it inspired were most important for explaining the change in state policy. The Mexican Revolution's main legacy was land reform, not economic modernization or nationalism.
Effect of Multiple Courses of Antenatal Steroids as Compared to Single Course on Neonatal Lung Mechanics

Effect of Multiple Courses of Antenatal Steroids as Compared to Single Course on Neonatal Lung Mechanics
Weighted means statistics in interlaboratory studies

The usefulness of weighted means statistics as a consensus mean estimator in collaborative studies is discussed. A random effects model designed to combine information from several sources is employed to justify their appeal to metrologists. Some methods of estimating the uncertainties and of constructing confidence intervals are reviewed.
Divided attention and prerecognition processing of spoken words and nonwords.

Three recognition memory experiments examined phonemic similarity and false recognition under conditions of divided attention. The manipulation was presumed to have little effect on automatic, perceptual influences of memory. Prior research demonstrated that false recognition of a test word (e.g.,discrepancy) was higher if the study list included a nonword derived from the future test word by changing a phoneme near the end of the item (e.g.,discrepan/l/y) relative to an early phoneme change (e.g.,/l/iscrepancy). The difference has been attributed to automatic, implicit activation of test words during prerecognition processing of related nonwords. Three experiments demonstrated that the latechange condition also contributed to higher false recognition rates with divided attention at encoding. Dividing attention disrupted recognition memory of studied words in Experiments 1 and 3. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for an interpretation emphasizing the automatic, implicit activation of candidate words that occurs in the course of identifying spoken words and nonwords.
Approximation and interpolation on complex algebraic varieties in pseudoconvex domains

This paper investigates the twin problems of approximation and interpolation employing weighted integral representation formulas of Berndtsson-Andersson. These interpolation techniques are applied to extend local rational approximation estimates from complex algebraic complete intersection varietyX, of pure dimensionn, into a strictly pseudoconvex semi-local domainD in the ambient space ℂN withN=n+p, p>0. We also use weighted intergral representation formulas to provide criteria for both Montessus-type convergence and convergence in logarithmic capacity of diagnonal rational sequences. The logarithmic capacity we use is carefully defined via Siciak’sL-family of extremal plurisubharmonic functions.
Intercultural global health assessment and reflection framework for teaching study abroad courses

Objective: In this paper we describe the development and use of the Intercultural Global Health Assessment and Reflection (IGHAR) Framework. The framework is based on dimensions of Leininger's Sunrise Model and a structured reflection process to guide student journaling. Methods: The framework was tested in a cross-cultural comparison course in China that included didcatic and experiential learning components about Chinese healthcare practcies and the healthcare system. The course included nurisng, social work and public helath students and included a three week immersion component in Beijing. Healthcare issues studies were cancer, mental health and migrant health. Student reflection journals were analyzed using NVivo software. Results: Students demonstrated an increased understanding of similarities and differences in each of the dimensions. In addition, key global perspective taking outcomes were evident. Conclusions: We found that a systematic approach to using the dimensions of the Sunrise Model helped students demonstrate understanding of contextual factors related to healthcare. Interprofessional students learned to use a conceptual intercultural model and reflective learning process for exploring a new culture and healthcare system they can use in the future in both local and global settings. At the school level, the IGHAR framework can be used across disciplines to demonstrate changes in student global perspectives.
Analysis of histiocytosis X infiltrates with monoclonal antibodies directed against cells of histiocytic, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage

Surface markers expressed on histiocytosis X (HX) cells were studied using 18 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) and an in situ indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Specimens of skin (five biopsies from three cases) and lymph node (one case) were studied. Our study confirmed previous findings of an OKT6+ HLA DR+ Leu 3a+ phenotype of HX cells in skin and indicated that lymph node HX cells can also have this phenotype. A mixture of cells expressing T markers/T subset, monocyte/macrophage, and killer/natural killer (K/NK) markers was also present in two cases. However, one case with an aggressive course showed no detectable HNK 1+ (K/NK) or Leu 2A (suppressor) cells in the cutaneous infiltrates and no detectable HNK 1+ lymphocytes in an affected lymph node. The significance of these findings in relation to prognosis and therapy is discussed.
Genetic studies of mutations at two loci of Drosophila melanogaster which cause a wide variety of homeotic transformations.

The ash-1 locus is in the proximal region of the left arm of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and the ash-2 locus is in the distal region of the right arm of the third chromosome. Mutations at either locus can cause homeotic transformations of the antenna to leg, proboscis to leg and/or antenna, dorsal prothorax to wing, first and third leg to second leg, haltere to wing, and genitalia to leg and/or antenna. Mutations at the ash-1 locus cause, in addition, transformations of the posterior wing and second leg to anterior wing and second leg, respectively. A similar spectrum of transformations is caused by mutations at yet another third chromosome locus, trithorax. One extraordinary aspect of mutations at all three of these loci is that they cause such a wide variety of transformations. For mutations at both of the loci that we have studied the expression of the homeotic phenotype is both disc-autonomous (as shown by injecting mutant discs into metamorphosing larvae) and cell autonomous (as shown by somatic recombination analysis). The original mutations which identified these two loci, although lethal, manifest variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance of the homeotic phenotype suggesting that they are hypomorphic. The phenotype of double mutants which were synthesized by combining different pairs of those original mutations manifest for two of the four pairs a greater degree of expressivity and slightly more penetrance of the homeotic transformations. This mutual enhancement suggests that the products of both loci interact in the same process. A third double mutant expresses a discless phenotype.
Electroluminescence spikes, turn-off dynamics, and charge traps in organic light-emitting devices

The strong electroluminescence (EL) spikes and long tails occurring at the turn-off of a bias pulse in high-quality guest-host small molecular organic light-emitting devices are described and analyzed. The observed behavior of the spikes is found to be in excellent agreement with a model based on correlated charge pairs, with average charge pair separation of 20\char21{}50 \AA{}. Immediately following the spike is a long EL tail which decays as $1/t.$ This tail is due to the recombination of initially independent charges. Hence the EL decay is determined by the dynamics of trapped charges in the recombination zone.
Relationship between plasma leptin levels and clinical outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Abstract High plasma leptin level has been associated with mortality after adult intracerebral hemorrhage. The present study was undertaken to investigate the plasma leptin concentrations in children with traumatic brain injury and to analyze the correlation of leptin with pediatric traumatic brain injury outcome. Plasma leptin concentration of eighty-nine healthy children and 142 children with acute severe traumatic brain injury was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty-six patients (18.3%) died and 42 patients (29.6%) had an unfavorable outcome (Glasgow outcome scale score of 1–3) at 6 months after traumatic brain injury. Upon admission, plasma leptin level in patients was substantially higher than that in healthy controls. A forward stepwise logistic regression selected plasma leptin level as an independent predictor for 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome of patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed plasma leptin level better predicted 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome. The prognostic value of leptin was similar to that of Glasgow Coma scale score for 6-month clinical outcomes. Thus, plasma leptin level represents a novel biomarker for predicting 6-month clinical outcome in children with traumatic brain injury.
Longitude perception and bicoordinate magnetic maps in sea turtles.

Summary Long-distance animal migrants often navigate in ways that imply an awareness of both latitude and longitude [1–3]. Although several species are known to use magnetic cues as a surrogate for latitude [4–8], it is not known how any animal perceives longitude [1, 9–11]. Magnetic parameters appear to be unpromising as longitudinal markers because they typically vary more in a north-south rather than an east–west direction [1, 2, 9, 10]. Here we report, however, that hatchling loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from Florida, USA, when exposed to magnetic fields that exist at two locations with the same latitude but on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean, responded by swimming in different directions that would, in each case, help them advance along their circular migratory route. The results demonstrate for the first time that longitude can be encoded into the magnetic positioning system of a migratory animal. Because turtles also assess north-south position magnetically [4, 8, 12], the findings imply that loggerheads have a navigational system that exploits the Earth's magnetic field as a kind of bicoordinate magnetic map from which both longitudinal and latitudinal information can be extracted.
The elephant in the room: Absentee landowner issues in conservation and land management

Abstract In this article, we provide a synthesis of the peer-reviewed literature and state and federal policies focused on absentee landowners of forestland, rangeland, or farmland in the U.S. The synthesis indicates absentee owners, as compared to those living on the land, appear to be much more likely to live in urban areas, are less dependent financially upon the land and much more likely to own land for amenity reasons than production purposes. Absentee owners are also less likely to be engaged in active management practices, decision making regarding these practices, and less likely to have contact with extension and local natural resource agency program staff. In addition, little formal policy was identified as having any direct or explicit emphasis on absentee landownership issues involving private forest, range, or farmland. Based on our review we conclude there is a need for: (1) Improved research to understand conservation management and absentee landownership, (2) Improved research and policy that considers the role of the tenant operator in farmland conservation, (3) Improved research and policy that considers the role of the ranch manager in conservation, (4) Creating, implementing and evaluating outreach models and (5) Coordinated efforts on research and outreach.
AN EVOLUTION-BASED APPROACH TO PROGRAM UNDERSTANDING USING CULTURAL ALGORITHMS

Program understanding plays a very important role in the software engineering field as an essential part of the widely accepted reuse process. Unfortunately, the lack of general tools for this purpose often prevents users from effectively retrieving software modules for reuse. The primary difficulty is in determining which of the already-available modules performs the desired function. This paper explores the task of extracting functional knowledge from a program object (i.e., coded module) using an evolutionary-learning technique, cultural algorithms, to automatically learn classification rules for a reuse library. The modules are stored in a reuse library in the PM system using a faceted classification scheme. Therefore, the goal is to learn a set of rules to characterize the semantics of code modules based on their syntactic structure. The most difficult part of the process is to identify those parts of the program that provide specific evidence of the presence of a concept. Here, evolutionary-learning techniques are employed to interactively identify lines in a module that are "believed" to provide evidence for the presence of a facet value (concept) in the code by a user. A prototype is used to learn concepts relating to the "list" and "stack" programming concepts.
A parameterizable methodology for Internet traffic flow profiling

We present a parameterizable methodology for profiling Internet traffic flows at a variety of granularities. Our methodology differs from many previous studies that have concentrated on end-point definitions of flows in terms of state derived from observing the explicit opening and closing of TCP connections. Instead, our model defines flows based on traffic satisfying various temporal and spatial locality conditions, as observed at internal points of the network. This approach to flow characterization helps address some central problems in networking based on the Internet model. Among them are route caching, resource reservation at multiple service levels, usage based accounting, and the integration of IP traffic over an ATM fabric. We first define the parameter space and then concentrate on metrics characterizing both individual flows as well as the aggregate flow profile. We consider various granularities of the definition of a flow, such as by destination network, host-pair, or host and port quadruple. We include some measurements based on case studies we undertook, which yield significant insights into some aspects of Internet traffic, including demonstrating (i) the brevity of a significant fraction of IP flows at a variety of traffic aggregation granularities, (ii) that the number of host-pair IP flows is not significantly larger than the number of destination network flows, and (iii) that schemes for caching traffic information could significantly benefit from using application information. >
Optimizing the industrial flotation performance of sulfide minerals having some natural floatability

This paper summarizes the various industrial flotation practices that have been shown to improve the recovery of sulfide minerals having some inherent natural floatability. In particular, the various operating advantages of using low dosages of uncharged water insoluble collectors on natural or near-natural pH slurries of these ores are demonstrated. Some data are presented on the effect of the hydrocarbon chain length upon the performance of various sulfur-hydrocarbon collectors. As compared to classical collector practice of using higher dosages of water-soluble collectors at elevated pH, it is possible to lower reagent costs, achieve faster flotation kinetics, and improve selectivity over iron sulfides.
Effects of activin and TGFβ on p21 in colon cancer.

Activin and TGFβ share SMAD signaling and colon cancers can inactivate either pathway alone or simultaneously. The differential effects of activin and TGFβ signaling in colon cancer have not been previously dissected. A key downstream target of TGFβ signaling is the cdk2 inhibitor p21 (p21cip1/waf1). Here, we evaluate activin-specific effects on p21 regulation and resulting functions. We find that TGFβ is a more potent inducer of growth suppression, while activin is a more potent inducer of apoptosis. Further, growth suppression and apoptosis by both ligands are dependent on SMAD4. However, activin downregulates p21 protein in a SMAD4-independent fashion in conjunction with increased ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation to enhance migration, while TGFβ upregulates p21 in a SMAD4-dependent fashion to affect growth arrest. Activin-induced growth suppression and cell death are dependent on p21, while activin-induced migration is counteracted by p21. Further, primary colon cancers show differential p21 expression consistent with their ACVR2/TGFBR2 receptor status. In summary, we report p21 as a differentially affected activin/TGFβ target and mediator of ligand-specific functions in colon cancer, which may be exploited for future risk stratification and therapeutic intervention.
CMV chemotherapy for extensive urothelial carcinoma

Cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV) were used to treat 63 patients with locally extensive (T2–4N1–4M0) or metastatic (T2–4N+M+) urothelial cancer. Evaluable patients (53) were divided into neoadjuvant (18), adjuvant (6), metastatic (23), and nontransitional (6) categories. In the neoadjuvant group, tumor was downstaged in 67%, and 28% had no tumor (P0) at cystectomy. Of the 18 patients, 13 are clinically tumor-free at a mean follow-up of 13.8 months. Adjuvant patients have not shown recurrence at a mean follow-up of 15.2 months. Patients with metastatic disease had a combined complete and partial remission rate of 61% with 30% clinically tumor-free at a mean follow-up of 12.4 months. None of the nontransitional patients responded. Four patients (6%) died of septic complications. CMV is effective for transitional cancers, although randomized studies are required to establish: (1) superiority to cisplatin alone for metastatic disease, and (2) survival advantage for neoadjuvant therapy.
Large-scale synthesis of CexLa1−xF3 nanocomposite scintillator materials

Transparent nanocomposites have been developed which consist of nanocrystals embedded in an organic matrix. The materials are comprised of up to 60% by volume of 7–13 nm crystals of the phosphor CexLa1−xF3, and are greater than 70% transparent in the visible region at a thickness of 1 cm. Consistencies of the nanocomposites range from a solid polymer to a wax to a liquid, depending on the workup conditions of the nanoparticle synthesis. These transparent nanophosphor composite materials have potential applications in radiation detection as scintillators, as well as in other areas such as imaging and lighting, and can be produced on large scales up to near-kilogram quantities at near ambient conditions, much lower in temperature than typical nanoparticle syntheses.
Avoid Losing a Daubert Challenge: Some Best Practices for Expert Witnesses

ABSTRACT: Accounting experts, like other experts hired for litigation cases, are subject to Daubert challenges. While the use of Daubert challenges was primarily in jury trials, a recent U.S. Tax Court case, Boltar LLC v. Commissioner, used the Daubert standards to discredit an “absurd” appraisal. To avoid the potential detrimental reputational and potential financial consequences and adverse effects on the clients, accounting experts must be aware of Daubert challenges and the standards by which their testimony will be judged. In this article, we discuss the Daubert challenge and the standards by which a judge will evaluate an expert's testimony in considering the admissibility of, or weight placed on, the expert's testimony. We also discuss some best practices and discuss the potential growing application of Daubert challenges in bench trials, as well as the potential that similar challenges may exist outside of the U.S. jurisdictions.
Quantitative cell-based protein degradation assays to identify and classify drugs that target the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

We have generated a set of dual-reporter human cell lines and devised a chase protocol to quantify proteasomal degradation of a ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) substrate, a ubiquitin ligase CRL2VHL substrate, and a ubiquitin-independent substrate. Well characterized inhibitors that target different aspects of the ubiquitin-proteasome system can be distinguished by their distinctive patterns of substrate stabilization, enabling assignment of test compounds as inhibitors of the proteasome, ubiquitin chain formation or perception, CRL activity, or the UFD-p97 pathway. We confirmed that degradation of the UFD but not the CRL2VHL or ubiquitin-independent substrates depends on p97 activity. We optimized our suite of assays to establish conditions suitable for high-throughput screening and then validated their performance by screening against 160 cell-permeable protein kinase inhibitors. This screen identified Syk inhibitor III as an irreversible p97/vasolin containing protein inhibitor (IC50 = 1.7 μm) that acts through Cys-522 within the D2 ATPase domain. Our work establishes a high-throughput screening-compatible pipeline for identification and classification of small molecules, cDNAs, or siRNAs that target components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Some Comments on Non-Euclidean Mental Maps

The Euclidean metric is perhaps the most commonly used and most convenient one for representing mapped phenomena. In this paper we examine the suitability of representing cognitive phenomena via the Euclidean metric. Some general properties of spaces are examined with particular emphasis on the properties of isotropy, incompleteness, and curvature, and a more detailed discussion is undertaken of the suitability of using curved spaces (particularly Reimannian spaces) for the representation of cognitive information. A final discussion is presented on the problems of handling manifolds with folds, warps, and tears; and speculations are made concerning the appropriateness of non-Euclidean metrics for the spatial representation of mental maps.
The Psychology Graduate Applicant's Portal (www.psychgrad.org).

Applying to graduate school in psychology can be an intimidating process. Many obstacles must be overcome, such as applying to a program appropriate to the specific applicant, getting good GRE scores, submitting a clear and well-written statement of purpose, and obtaining letters of recommendation, to name just a few. Much information is available to assist applicants in these tasks, but finding this information can cause problems even for experienced Internet users. The goal of this project is to create an easily accessible Web clearing house of information on applying to graduate school in psychology. This Web site, called the Psychology Graduate Applicant’s Portal (or PsychGrad.org), contains targeted links to other Web pages with valuable information, book recommendations on the application process, polls to measure issues important to the graduate applicants, site-unique advice on graduate programs, a message board to exchange information and experiences, and other information relevant to the application process.
Using EOF analysis to qualitatively analyze, and identify inhomogeneities in, data from ground-based aerosol monitoring instruments

[1] Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is performed on ground-based shadowband radiometer and Sun photometer data. The data come from Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) instruments located at the central and extended facilities of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) research site of the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, as well as the Rotating Shadowband Spectroradiometer (RSS) 102 and 105 and the CIMEL Sun photometer CSPHOT located at the central facility at SGP. The EOFs show the variability in total aerosol optical depth and provide some qualitative information on the separation of the coarse and fine aerosol modes. In addition, as has been demonstrated previously with satellite data, EOF analysis also exposes several flaws and inconsistencies within the ground-based data sets. These inhomogeneities include optical depth anomalies in some MFRSR filters, wavelength shifts in the RSS, and problems with the data transmitter of the CIMEL instrument. Therefore EOF analysis is shown to be a quick and effective means not only of assessing the general aerosol behavior in the air above a particular monitoring instrument, but also of identifying both known and unanticipated influences on the data coming from within the instrument itself.
Simulation of a textile sleeve on a manikin arm undergoing elbow flexion: effect of arm-sleeve friction

The effect of friction on the interaction between a protective fabric sleeve and a manikin arm undergoing elbow flexion has been investigated both numerically and experimentally. The experimental studies used a cylindrical Kevlar sleeve on the right arm of a Hybrid III crash-test dummy. A load frame was used to produce elbow flexion and to measure the force required to produce that motion. Friction was varied by performing the elbow flexion task with and without a tight-fitting white knit polyester undergarment, and friction coefficients were determined experimentally. Corresponding numerical simulations using LS-DYNA were also performed, with the textile sleeve represented by orthotropic shell elements with geometric non-linearity based on experimental literature data. The results show that the presence of the Kevlar sleeve significantly increases the force required to execute elbow flexion, but that the addition of the friction-reducing undergarment reduces the flexion force generated by the Kevlar slee...
Antibias in Clusters: The Dependence of the Mass-to-Light Ratio on Cluster Temperature

We show that the observed mass-to-light (M/L) ratio of galaxy clusters increases with cluster temperature as expected from cosmological simulations. Contrary to previous observational suggestions, we find a mild but robust increase of M/L from poor (T ~ 1-2 keV) to rich (T ~ 12 keV) clusters; over this range, the mean M/LV increases by a factor of about 2. The best-fit relation satisfies M/LV = (170 ± 30)T h at z = 0, with a large scatter. This trend confirms predictions from cosmological simulations that show that the richest clusters are antibiased, with a higher ratio of mass per unit light than average. The antibias increases with cluster temperature. The effect is caused by the relatively older age of the high-density clusters, where light has declined more significantly than average since their earlier formation time. Combining the current observations with simulations, we find a global value of M/LV = 240 ± 50 h and a corresponding mass density of the universe of Ωm = 0.17 ± 0.05.
Structural features of the mitochondrial electron-transfer chain

The mitochondrial electron-transfer chain is composed of four complexes and more than 60 different polypeptides in mammals. Recent progress in determining the arrangement of these components in the mitochondrial inner membrane, as well as their biogenesis from genes in two genomes, is reviewed.
An assistive robotic table for older and post-stroke adults: results from participatory design and evaluation activities with clinical staff

An inevitable new frontier for the CHI community is the development of complex, larger-scale, cyber-physical artifacts where advancements in design, computing and robotics converge. Presented here is a design exemplar: the Assistive, Robotic Table (ART), the key component of our envisioned home suite of networked, robotic furnishings for hospitals and homes, promoting wellbeing and independent living. We begin with the motivations for ART, and present our iterative, five-phase, participatory design-and-evaluation process involving clinicians at a rehabilitation hospital, focusing here on the final usability study. From our wide-ranging design-research activities, which may be characterized as research through design, we found ART to be promising but also challenging. As a design exemplar, ART offers invaluable lessons to the CHI community as it comes to design larger-scale, cyber-physical artifacts cultivating interactions across people and their surroundings that define places of social, cultural and psychological significance.
Examining District Variation in Sentencing in the Post-Booker Period

318 Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 318–325, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363. ©2011 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2011.23.5.318. Examining District Variation in Sentencing in the Post-Booker Period
Affective and Career Education for the Learning Disabled Adolescent

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent to which three groups of learning disabled adolescents differed on social maturity and career attitudes. The subjects included: (a) 20...
Cyclohexanethiol adsorption and reaction on the Ni(100) surface

Abstract The adsorption and reactions of cyclohexanethiol (CHT) have been characterized on the Ni(100) surface in the presence and absence of coadsorbed hydrogen. Cyclohexanethiol adsorbs at 120 K on the Ni(100) surface primarily as cyclohexylthiolate and surface hydrogen. Saturation coverage of CHT on the Ni(100) surface (0.25 ML) is very similar to other thiols on this surface, and indicates that an upright orientation is dominant. CS bond scission was observed at 240 K, as evidenced by sulfur X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). However, no desorbing products are observed at this temperature due to strong interactions with the surface. The CHT CS bond scission temperature is 30 K lower than the CS bond breaking temperature for benzenethiol. Therefore, the energetics for CS bond activation correlate with bond strength, suggesting a radical mechanism. The reaction limited cyclohexane peak at 320 K is the first desulfurized hydrocarbon product which desorbs. Increasing dehydrogenation with increasing temperature results in benzene desorption at 360 K. The complex hydrogen desorption profile over the 320 to 360 K temperature range indicates significant stepwise dehydrogenation of surface intermediates. No carbon containing compounds desorb after the 360 K benzene peak. The amount of hydrogen desorbed indicates that approximately 60% of the CHT undergoes complete dehydrogenation for a saturated monolayer. Preadsorbed hydrogen does not influence CS bond activation, since free hydrogen desorbs below the CS bond scission temperature. However, additional coadsorbed hydrogen decreases the total product yield by blocking adsorption of the thiol. For small CHT coverages, complete decomposition dominates on the Ni(100) surface, yielding only gas phase hydrogen and surface bound sulfur and carbon. It is interesting to note that a small fraction of the CHT remains molecular and interacts primarily through the cyclohexyl ring, producing a molecular CHT peak at 180 K even at low coverages. The CS bond activation temperature is independent of surface hydrogen concentration, indicating that CS bond activation involves direct interaction of the metal with the CS bond, as observed previously for benzenethiol on this surface.
Effect of Four Antimicrobial Lavage Solutions on the Tarsocrural Joint of Horses

Three concentrations of povidone-iodine (0.1% w/v, 0.2% w/v, 0.5% w/v) and one concentration of chlorhexidine (0.5% w/v) were selected as antimicrobial joint lavage solutions. Through-and-through joint lavage was performed with one of these antimicrobial solutions on a tarsocrural joint of 12 horses. The contralateral tarsocrural joints (control limbs) were lavaged with a balanced electrolyte solution (BES). The effect of the lavage solution on the joints was evaluated with respect to lameness, foot flight pattern, soreness to joint palpation, articular and periarticular enlargement, and synovial fluid composition on Day 1,4, and 8 postlavage. On Day 8 postlavage, all horses were euthanized and the tarsocrural joints were examined. All solutions induced a synovitis. Based on clinical assessment, synovial fluid protein levels, color, clarity, mucin clot forming ability, gross appearance of the joint at necropsy, and synovial membrane histologic evaluation, a similar, mild, transient, synovitis was induced by the BES and 0.1% povidone-iodine (PI) solution. The 0.2% PI solution induced a more prolonged neutrophilic response and poorer mucin clot forming ability in the synovial fluid as compared to the BES. The 0.5% PI and 0.5% chlorhexidine solutions produced severe lameness, soreness to joint palpation, and limb enlargement. The elevated synovial fluid total protein content persisted significantly longer (p < 0.05) than the corresponding control (BES) solution. Histologic evaluation of the synovial membrane confirmed the presence of a moderate to severe neutrophilic synovitis in these treatment groups.
Accelerating color space transformations using numerical approximations

Color space transformations are frequently used in image processing, graphics, and visualization applications. In many cases, these transformations are complex nonlinear functions, which prohibits their use in time-critical applications. In this paper, we present a new approach called Minimax Approximations for Color-space Transformations (MACT). We demonstrateMACT on two commonly used color space transformations. Extensive experiments on a large and diverse image set and comparisons with well-known multidimensional lookup table interpolation methods show that MACT achieves an excellent balance among four criteria: ease of implementation, memory usage, accuracy, and computational speed.
Direct Drive Precision Linear Actuator for Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) Siderostat Pointing

"SIM PlanetQuest will exploit the classical measuring tool of astrometry (interferometry) with unprecedented precision to make dramatic advances in many areas of astronomy and astrophysics." (1) In order to achieve the required pointing precision of SIM, a gimbaled Siderostat (SID) pointing mechanism with coarse and fine stage actuators is being employed. In order to better understand the coarse pointing accuracy, a team of engineers set out to design, build, and test a linear ballscrew actuator that can perform submicron incremental steps for 10 years of continuous operation. Point tracking and low disturbance requirements lead the team to implement a ballscrew actuator with a direct drive DC motor and a piezo brake. By using an off the shelf motor, Hall effect sensor, ballscrew, and glass scale encoder, repeatable 20 nm incremental steps (actuator resolution) over a 120 mm range was achieved. The results exceed expectations by a factor of 50 times and prove linear nanometer positioning requires no gears, levers, or hydraulic converters.
A nonparametric Bayes approach to decide system burn‐in time

Burn-in is the preconditioning of assemblies and the accelerated power-on tests performed on equipment subject to temperature, vibration, voltage, radiation, load, corrosion, and humidity. Burn-in techniques are widely applied to integrated circuits (IC) to enhance the component and system reliability. However, reliability prediction by burn-in at the component level, such as the one using the military (e.g., MIL-STD-280A, 756B, 217E [23–25]) and the industrial standards (e.g., the JEDEC standards), is usually not consistent with the field observations. Here, we propose system burn-in, which can remove many of the residual defects left from component and subsystem burn-in (Chien and Kuo [6]). A nonparametric model is considered because 1) the system configuration is usually very complicated, 2) the components in the system have different failure mechanisms, and 3) there is no good model for modeling incompatibility among components and subsystems (Chien and Kuo [5]; Kuo [16]). Since the cost of testing a system is high and, thus, only small samples are available, a Bayesian nonparametric approach is proposed to determine the system burn-in time. A case study using the proposed approach on MCM ASIC's shows that our model can be applied in the cases where 1) the tests and the samples are expensive, and 2) the records of previous generation of the products can provide information on the failure rate of the system under investigation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 44: 655–671, 1997
Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes with pyrazine-containing pyridylalkylamide ligands N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide and N-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide

Four copper(II) complexes and one copper(I) complex with pyridine-containing pyridylalkylamide ligands N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (HLpz) and N-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (HLpzʹ) were synthesized and characterized. The X-ray crystal structures of [Cu2(Lpz)2(4,4ʹ-bipy)(OTf)2] (1, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate, 4,4ʹ-bipy = 4,4ʹ-bipyridine) and [Cu(Lpz)(py)2]OTf·H2O (2, py = pyridine) revealed binuclear and mononuclear molecular species, respectively, while [Cu(Lpz)(μ2-1,1-N3)]n (3), [Cu(Lpzʹ)(μ2-1,3-N3)]n (4), and [Cu(HLpz)Cl]n (5) are coordination polymer 1-D chains in the solid state.
Catechol O-methyltransferases in pampas grass: differentiation of m- and p-methylating activities☆

Abstract Partially purified catechol O -methyltransferase from pampas grass ( Cortaderia selloana ) catalyses the methylations of substrates at both their meta and para positions. This capability was shown, by heat treatments, to arise from a less stable m - O -methyl-transferring activity and a more stable p - O -methyltransferring activity, tested against protocatechuic acid. When acting upon caffeic acid, the preparation catalyses a reaction of solely m - O -methyltransfer (in contrast to the mixed methylation of this substrate exhibited by rat liver catechol O -methyltransferase). A small degree of m - O -methylation of monophenolic substrates also occurs.
Waking up to ourselves: The use of mindfulness meditation and emotional intelligence in the teaching of communications

Communication concepts can be viewed as internal and external influences on our behavior that typically have an unconscious impact on us. Mindfulness meditation can help us become more aware of these influences as they occur moment to moment, allowing us to observe our emotional reactions to them and enabling us to break free of habitual patterns of behavior, thus broadening our communicative options in each moment of our lives.
Relational Positioning Strategies in Police Calls: A Dilemma:

When citizens call the police to report a problem with (or caused by) another, they need to not only characterize the problematic action/event, but they must position themselves in relation to the complained-about person. This conversational work of positioning self, and describing the other's actions, is delicate business when the complained-about person is connected to the caller. Different constructions of the other and the problem affect whether callers get the help they are seeking. At the same time, alternate constructions offer different pictures of the other's blameworthiness and self's contribution to the problem. In this study we analyze citizen calls to the police in which callers have a dilemma: they have a problem with another that they want remedied but the problem occurs in a situation where involving the police is regarded as unreasonable. Past research on calls to the police, and studies about how people position their own and others' actions in sensitive situations are described. Then th...
On risk measures, market making, and exponential families

In this note we elaborate on an emerging connection between three areas of research: (a) the concept of a risk measure developed within financial mathematics for reasoning about risk attitudes of agents under uncertainty, (b) the design of automated market makers for prediction markets, and (c) the family of probability distributions known as exponential families.
Black box warnings-implications in practice.

Medication safety concerns continue to escalate and have led to revitalization of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) efforts around boxed warnings and utilization of large relational databases for early identification of drug safety concerns. Box warnings, commonly referred to as Black Boxed Warnings, are developed by the FDA to communicate critical information to providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, and other prescribers). The warnings are separated and thus highlighted from other text in the product information (package insert) by a prominent black box border. A boxed warning on the label of a prescription drug is the strongest warning that the FDA requires. Boxed warnings signify that the medication carries a significant risk of serious or even life-threatening adverse effects. A boxed warning provides a brief, concise summary of the information that is critical for a prescriber to be aware of, including any restriction on distribution or use of the medication. Boxed warnings can focus on adverse effects, monitoring requirements, drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, and drug-laboratory interactions. In a clinical effectiveness research trial sponsored by the Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ), Harvard investigators analyzed the health records of approximately 930,000 patients in 10 health care plans (integrated delivery systems) and found that approximately 40% of these patients took medications with boxed warnings. Prescriber compliance to black box warnings varied, ranging from 0.3 to 49.6%, depending on the medication. The study revealed that prescribers were most lax about monitoring, failing to order laboratory tests in nearly 50% of patients receiving a boxed warning medication that recommends baseline laboratory evaluation before the medication should be started. The conclusions of the authors were that current use (2004–2005) of black box warnings was not
Elaborative Talk During and After an Event: Conversational Style Influences Children's Memory Reports.

An experimental design was utilized to examine the effects of elaborative talk during and/or after an event on children's event memory reports. Sixty preschoolers were assigned randomly to one of four conditions that varied according to a researcher's use of high- or low- elaborative during- and/or post-event talk about a camping event. In a memory conversation 1 day after the event, children who were engaged in high-elaborative during-event talk and those whose memory conversation featured high-elaborative post-event talk reported more information than children in low-elaborative during- or post-event talk groups. Moreover, 3 weeks later, when a standard memory interview was conducted with all children, high-elaborative during-event talk influenced the children's memory reports.