cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's Empowerment in Agriculture and Household‐Level Health in Northern Ghana: A Capability Approach

The effect of women's empowerment on household's health status is examined for households in northern Ghana with a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes model by using a capability approach. Household's latent health is represented by the number of stunted children, number of wasted children and number of underweight women. Demographic and socioeconomic variables are used as covariates. Results confirmed the existence of underlying latent physical health. Results showed a positive effect of women's empowerment on household's health status, with implications on its intrahousehold effect. Covariates such as father's literacy, the proportion of dependents and health expenditures are significantly associated with the health of a household. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Human Amygdala: Electrophysiological Studies

This report will be restricted to electrophysiological studies of the amygdala and related structures in man and will not present material from parallel experiments in this laboratory on cats because of the extreme species differences found. In fact, this is one of the most striking results that has emerged from running similar studies in the two species. It will, however, be necessary to refer from time to time to the anatomical connections of the amygdala in lower animals, and especially in Macaque, for the sources for human material are more limited.
Cognitive Neuroethology: An Approach to Understanding Biological Neural Networks

What are the prospects for understanding mental events using the tools of experimental neurobiology? This essay considers the techniques currently available for determining neural state in an intact, behaving animal, progress in correlating neural and mental states, and prospects for predicting mental states from neural and behavioral state. The essay also outlines a research approach to this problem: cognitive neuroethology, that is, the study of the neural basis of cognitive behaviors performed by an animal in its natural environment. The essay suggests that this approach may prove fruitful for the study of the neural basis of mental states.
The Tunneling Frequencies of Ammonia Adsorbed on Mgo(100)

The tunneling frequencies of NH3 adsorbed on MgO are computed and compared to the experimental results. The crystal field potential is computed by using atom-atom potentials to represent the interactions between the atoms in NH3 and the magnesium and oxide ions. The strength of the crystal field depends primarily on the distance between the NH3 molecule and the MgO surface. To a lesser extent it depends on the charge on the hydrogen atoms of the NH3 molecule. Using the J=12 term in the molecular field potential function, there is reasonable agreement between observed and computed results.
Evaluation of Guided-Planning and Assisted-Coding with Task Relevant Dynamic Hinting

We describe a programming tutor framework that consists of two configurable components, a guided-planning component and an assisted-coding component that offers task relevant automatically-generated hints on demand to students. We evaluate the effectiveness of the new integrated planning and coding environment by comparing it to three other tutor conditions: planning-only, coding-only, and planning-only interleaved with planning-coding. We conclude that the integrated planning and coding tutor environment is more effective than tutored planning-only activities and that students make more efficient use of tutor feedback in the integrated environment than in the coding only environment.
Helminth Infections Induce Tissue Tolerance Mitigating Immunopathology but Enhancing Microbial Pathogen Susceptibility.

Helminths are ubiquitous and have chronically infected vertebrates throughout their evolution. As such helminths have likely exerted considerable selection pressure on our immune systems. The large size of multicellular helminths and their limited replicative capacity in the host necessarily elicits different host protective mechanisms than the immune response evoked by microbial pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and intracellular parasites. The cellular damage resulting from helminth migration through tissues is a major trigger of the type 2 and regulatory immune responses, which activates wound repair mechanisms that increases tissue tolerance to injury and resistance mechanisms that enhance resistance to further colonization with larval stages. While these wound healing and anti-inflammatory responses may be beneficial to the helminth infected host, they may also compromise the host’s ability to mount protective immune responses to microbial pathogens. In this review we will first describe helminth-induced tolerance mechanisms that develop in specific organs including the lung and the intestine, and how adaptive immunity may contribute to these responses through differential activation of T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. We will then integrate studies that have examined how the immune response is modulated in these specific tissues during coinfection of helminths with viruses, protozoa, and bacteria.
PowerStation: automatically detecting and fixing inefficiencies of database-backed web applications in IDE

Modern web applications are built using a myriad of software components, and each of them exposes different programming models (e.g., application logic expressed in an imperative language, database queries expressed using declarative SQL). To improve programmer productivity, Object Relational Mapping (ORM) frameworks have been developed to allow developers build web applications in an object-oriented manner. Despite such frameworks, prior work has found that developers still struggle in developing performant ORM-based web applications. This paper presents PowerStation, a RubyMine IDE plugin for optimizing web applications developed using the Ruby on Rails ORM. Using automated static analysis, PowerStation detects ORM-related inefficiency problems and suggests fixes to developers. Our evaluation using 12 real-world applications shows that PowerStation can automatically detects 1221 performance issues across them. A tutorial on using PowerStation can be found at https://youtu.be/rAV8CGuSj6k.
Error-Corrected Sequencing of Cord Bloods Identifies Pediatric AML-Associated Clonal Hematopoiesis

Abstract Background: Recently, several studies have used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to characterize an age-specific increase in the variant allele frequencies (VAF) and number of somatic mutations in AML-associated genes in adults without hematological malignancies. Termed Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Significance (CHIP), this phenomenon is defined as being >2% VAF and associated with an increased risk of hematologic malignancy later in life. The threshold of 2% VAF is arbitrarily defined because mutations below the threshold could not be reliably called due to the inherent error rate of sequencing. In light of this, the lab has previously developed error-corrected sequencing (ECS) to identify point mutations and small indels from adult blood and marrow samples at VAF as low as 0.01%. Moving on to pediatric samples, the most commonly mutated genes in pediatric AML vary substantially from adult AML, and the prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis in pediatric AML-specific genes in early childhood is unknown. Using ECS, we investigated the prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis in 94 adult and pediatric AML-associated genes in 31 random human umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. We hypothesized clonal mutations in cord blood would be rare because of the age-related linear acquisition of mutations observed in older individuals, but the genes in question had not been previously assessed. Methods: Random cord blood samples were obtained from the St. Louis Cord Blood Bank (http://www.slcbb.org/). ECS libraries from extracted genomic DNA were prepared according to established protocol. A total of 1602 amplicons were targeted (total queried genome space ~270kb) using an Illumina panel designed to enrich 94 genes frequently mutated in both adult and pediatric AML. The libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform and raw sequence data was analyzed using a validated bioinformatic pipeline established in the lab. A subset of called mutations was secondarily validated using the QX200 droplet digital PCR platform (Bio-Rad) in the Druley lab. Results and Conclusions: We found that 18.2% of cord blood samples harbor validated somatic mutations with VAFs ranging from 0.002 - 0.006. With ECS, we showed that the prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis in younger population is much higher than previously expected. These results suggest that clonal hematopoiesis is likely a stochastic process that happens in everyone as early as fetal development, yet the incidence of pediatric leukemia is estimated to be 7.7 cases per million children. Future work: In order to rule out the possibility of maternal blood contamination of the UCB, we are flow sorting CD34+ cells from the cord blood samples and screening for the mutations. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Creating assessments as an active learning strategy: what are students’ perceptions? A mixed methods study

Background: Teaching students how to create assessments, such as those involving multiple-choice questions (MCQs), has the potential to be a useful active learning strategy. In order to optimize students' learning, it is essential to understand how they engage with such activities. Objective: To explore medical students' perceptions of how completing rigorous MCQ training and subsequently writing MCQs affects their learning. Design: In this mixed methods exploratory qualitative study, eighteen second-year medical students, trained in MCQ-writing best practices, collaboratively generated a question bank. Subsequently, the authors conducted focus groups with eight students to probe impressions of the process and the effect on learning. Responses partially informed a survey consisting of open-ended and Likert rating scale questions that the remaining ten students completed. Focus group and survey data from the eighteen participants were iteratively coded and categorized into themes related to perceptions of training and of collaborative MCQ writing. Results: Medical students felt that training in MCQ construction affected their appreciation for MCQ examinations and their test-taking strategy. They perceived that writing MCQs required more problem-solving and content-integration compared to their preferred study strategies. Specifically, generating plausible distractors required the most critical reasoning to make subtle distinctions between diagnoses and treatments. Additionally, collaborating with other students was beneficial in providing exposure to different learning and question-writing approaches. Conclusions: Completing MCQ-writing training increases appreciation for MCQ assessments. Writing MCQs requires medical students to make conceptual connections, distinguish between diagnostic and therapeutic options, and learn from colleagues, but requires extensive time and knowledge base.
Functional protein dynamics on uncharted time scales detected by nanoparticle-assisted NMR spin relaxation

Protein function depends critically on intrinsic internal dynamics, which is manifested in distinct ways, such as loop motions that regulate protein recognition and catalysis. Under physiological conditions, dynamic processes occur on a wide range of time scales from subpicoseconds to seconds. Commonly used NMR spin relaxation in solution provides valuable information on very fast and slow motions but is insensitive to the intermediate nanosecond to microsecond range that exceeds the protein tumbling correlation time. Presently, very little is known about the nature and functional role of these motions. It is demonstrated here how transverse spin relaxation becomes exquisitely sensitive to these motions at atomic resolution when studying proteins in the presence of nanoparticles. Application of this novel cross-disciplinary approach reveals large-scale dynamics of loops involved in functionally critical protein-protein interactions and protein-calcium ion recognition that were previously unobservable.
OUTCOMES OF INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY IN RECURRENT DRUG-ELUTING IN-STENT RESTENOSIS

Recurrent drug-eluting stent restenosis (DES ISR) can be challenging to treat. Vascular brachytherapy (VBT) has been used with encouraging results. We report the long-term outcomes of patients with recurrent DES ISR treated with VBT from January 2014 to September 2018 [target lesion failure (TLF),
Visible Hands: Governance of Value Creation—Within Firms and Beyond

Economic transactions can be divided into (1) those that are priced versus (2) those that are governed by visible hands, and within the latter (2a) those within a single organization versus (2b) those in nonintegrated settings. Nonintegration is not always "the market" [i.e., (1)]. The conventional distinction between markets versus firms, (1) versus (2a), is misleading. The fundamental distinction is between transactions that are priced versus those that are governed, (1) versus (2). Unifying (2a) with (2b) highlights their commonalities and suggests directions for future research, especially the problem of building (not selecting) an equilibrium.
Availability of Emergency Medicine Away Rotations

Objectives Residency directors in emergency medicine (EM) have been placing increased value on the Standardized Letter of Evaluation to evaluate the escalating numbers of residency applications received each year. This has placed added significance on EM away rotations (ARs). We sought to determine the overall availability of ARs in EM. Methods We surveyed clerkships sites at the end of 2018-2019 application season. The survey requested data about maximum rotation spots available, actual number of students that rotated, and data about application processing and rotation offer decision making. Results We received 190 responses, of which 129 (49% of 262 clerkship sites surveyed) provided data regarding available positions and student rotators. A total of 3,472 ARs were completed at the responding sites. The average capacity ratio (CR; maximum available AR spots divided by AR completed by students) for responding sites was 1.57. AR availability varied by time and geography. Most AR positions were filled during peak season (CR = 1.22); however, many went unfilled outside of this time frame (CR = 2.41). Geographic data showed some locations had significant unfilled AR availability. Conclusions Our survey data show that there are at least 1.5 AR positions per applicant. Students can be reasonably expected to complete one AR and, in select cases, a second. CR during peak season indicates nearly saturated AR positions. Flexibility of rotation timing and tools to link open AR positions with students needing to complete a rotation will help optimize filling available AR positions. Continued effort in application advising from home clerkships and processes to ensure equitable distribution of AR positions among students will help ensure interested students obtain a position.
Arthropod exosomes as bubbles with message(s) to transmit vector-borne diseases

Ticks and mosquitoes are medically important vectors that transmit several pathogens, including arboviruses, to humans. Understanding how these blood-feeding arthropods transmit pathogens to humans requires knowledge on the molecular and cellular interplay at vector-host interface. Recent studies have highlighted the role of tick and mosquito small extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, facilitating arbovirus transmission within arthropod cells and from arthropod to mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize this emerging line of investigation in understanding the role of tick and mosquito exosomes in vector-pathogen-host tripartite interactions. Understanding the role of arthropod exosomes in pathogen interactions could lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to interfere with the life cycle of several pathogens transmitted by vectors.
Osmium isotope geochemistry of steel plant emissions using tree bark biomonitoring.

Abstract We report for the first time the Os isotopic composition of tree bark samples from a steel town. Osmium concentrations and 187Os/188Os isotopic ratios of ashed bark samples range from 1.40 to 24 ppt and 0.70 to 1.54, respectively, with the lowest 187Os/188Os recorded in samples close to the steel plant. Compositional variations in the bark samples can be explained by mixing between at least two sources with different Os isotopic signatures: a radiogenic source consistent with crust-derived materials and a relatively less radiogenic source consistent with mantle-derived chromite. The exact origin of the radiogenic Os component cannot be constrained, as background signatures and crustal materials used in the steel industry (e.g., coal and iron ore) likely have overlapping radiogenic signatures. Cr shows a similar distribution pattern to Os, indicating that both metals have a common origin, which provides further evidence that the Os budget in the bark samples is controlled primarily by the chromite used in the steel manufacturing. This study shows that Os isotopes are an effective tool for tracing steel production-related emissions.
Invited Commentary: When a Conservation Conflict Comes Full Circle—The Spotted Owl Conflict is a Wicked Problem

The conservation of the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) has been the center of a 40-yr conflict between those who wish to conserve owls and old growth forests and those who wish to log trees as commodities. Although the Spotted Owl conflict seems unique because it has lasted so long, it is no different than many other conservation conflicts in which many scientists—and raptor biologists specifically—might find themselves engaged. Therefore, I explore the commonality among conflicts, including specific details of the Spotted Owl case, to illustrate the problems inherent in conservation conflicts and why these disputes last so long. I suggest two general motivations that I believe capture the reasons behind people's willingness to engage in conflict: money and passion. Yet the specific motivations (e.g., economic well-being and ideology) nested within these general motivations are complex and interconnected. This complexity can lead to intractable situations, such as Spotted Owl conservation, which have been defined as “wicked problems” that cannot be resolved to the satisfaction of most. But understanding these broad motivations and identifying the wide variety of specific motivations nested within them may yield opportunities to manage—rather than resolve—a conservation conflict. Accordingly, I present a conceptual overview of the owl situation as a case study, along with some guidelines for raptor biologists working in conflict environments.
Lower Bounds on the Low-Distortion Embedding Dimension of Submanifolds of R n .

Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a smooth submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^n$ equipped with the Euclidean (chordal) metric. This note considers the smallest dimension $m$ for which there exists a bi-Lipschitz function $f: \mathcal{M} \mapsto \mathbb{R}^m$ with bi-Lipschitz constants close to one. The main result bounds the embedding dimension $m$ below in terms of the bi-Lipschitz constants of $f$ and the reach, volume, diameter, and dimension of $\mathcal{M}$. This new lower bound is applied to show that prior upper bounds by Eftekhari and Wakin (arXiv:1306.4748) on the minimal low-distortion embedding dimension of such manifolds using random matrices achieve near-optimal dependence on both reach and volume. This supports random linear maps as being nearly as efficient as the best possible nonlinear maps at reducing the ambient dimension for manifold data. In the process of proving our main result, we also prove similar results concerning the impossibility of achieving better nonlinear measurement maps with the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) in compressive sensing applications.
Improving the Accuracy of Ballot Scanners Using Supervised Learning.

Most U.S. voters cast hand-marked paper ballots that are counted by optical scanners. Deployed ballot scanners typically utilize simplistic mark-detection methods, based on comparing the measured intensity of target areas to preset thresholds, but this technique is known to sometimes misread “marginal” marks that deviate from ballot instructions. We investigate the feasibility of improving scanner accuracy using supervised learning. We train a convolutional neural network to classify various styles of marks extracted from a large corpus of voted ballots. This approach achieves higher accuracy than a naive intensity threshold while requiring far fewer ballots to undergo manual adjudication. It is robust to imperfect feature extraction, as may be experienced in ballots that lack timing marks, and efficient enough to be performed in real time using contemporary central-count scanner hardware.
Generation of a Novel Exactly Solvable Potential

Abstract We report a new shape-invariant (SI) isospectral extension of the Morse potential. Previous investigations have shown that the list of “conventional” SI superpotentials that do not depend explicitly on Planck's constant ħ is complete. Additionally, a set of “extended” superpotentials has been identified, each containing a conventional superpotential as a kernel and additional ħ -dependent terms. We use the partial differential equations satisfied by all SI superpotentials to find a SI extension of Morse with novel properties. It has the same eigenenergies as Morse but different asymptotic limits, and does not conform to the standard generating structure for isospectral deformations.
A clinical approach to solving discrepancies in therapeutic drug monitoring results for patients on sirolimus or tacrolimus: Towards personalized medicine, immunosuppression and pharmacogenomics

Abstract Background Unexpected clinical laboratory concentrations often need to be investigated before they are acted upon in a clinical setting. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) frequently involves drugs with narrow therapeutic windows and can be harmful to the patient if changes are made based on erroneous serum drug concentrations. Too little of the drug will result in ineffective therapy and too much of the drug can cause life threatening toxicities. There are many factors that can result in unexpected serum drug concentrations including differences in analytical methods being used, diet, timing of blood draw, genotype and compliance. All these factors should all be considered before deciding if changes should be made in a patient's therapeutic course. Case report We determined the cause of 2 patient's unexpected TDM concentrations for sirolimus and tacrolimus. Using this approach in 2 patient cases, we describe how co-treatment and uncommon genotypes result in unexpected drug concentrations. Conclusions Both cases involved unexpected drug values. In the first case, the cause was revealed to be a drug that was added to the patient's treatment regimen (posaconazole) that inhibits CYP3A4 which is responsible for sirolimus metabolism. In the second case, the patient was revealed to have an uncommon genotype for CYP3A5, causing higher metabolism and lower serum tacrolimus concentrations than the general population.
Inversion of basal friction in Antarctica using exact and incomplete adjoints of a higher‐order model

Basal friction beneath ice sheets remains poorly characterized and yet is a fundamental control on ice mechanics. Here we use a complete map of surface velocity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to infer the basal friction over the entire continent by combining these observations with a three-dimensional, thermomechanical, higher-order ice sheet numerical model from the Ice Sheet System Model open source software. We demonstrate that inverse methods can be readily applied at the continental scale with appropriate selections of cost function and of scheme of regularization, at a spatial resolution as high as 3 km along the coastline. We compare the convergence of two descent algorithms with the exact and incomplete adjoints to show that the incomplete adjoint is an excellent approximation. The results reveal that the driving stress is almost entirely balanced by the basal shear stress over 80% of the ice sheet. The basal friction coefficient, which relates basal friction to basal velocity, is, however, significantly heterogeneous: it is low on fast moving ice and high near topographic divides. Areas with low values extend far out into the interior, along glacier and ice stream tributaries, almost to the flanks of topographic divides, suggesting that basal sliding is widespread beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Human chromosomes. Evidence for autosomal sexual dimorphism.

Abstract The karyotypes of 100 males and 100 females, each assembled by the trypsin banding method, are examined in a study designed to investigate sex differences among autosomes. It is shown that female autosomes are consistently longer than those of the males, with respect to both the short and long arm measurements. In addition, discriminant analysis is used to distinguish between the male and female karyotypes. We find that, using autosomal measurements alone, this can be done with a high probability of success.
Technology forecasting utilizing national study: Committee findings for electrochemical materials technologies such as fuel cells and power electronics

etats unis Balanced national study - committees represent a powerful approach to state-of-the-art assessments of pacing materials problems, especially fuel cells. Previous electrochemical studies have been performed by an ad hoc committee on Electrochemical Aspects of Energy Conservation and Production of the National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) of the National Research Council (NRC) at the National Academies. One principal study (New Horizons in Electrochemical Sciences and Technology, NMAB 438-1, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1986, 147pp.) reviewed the then current knowledge of electrochemical science and technology and made recommendations for future research. It also identified new technological opportunities in widely diverse applications, including batteries and fuel cells, among many others. Further, opportunities for cross-cutting research in several key areas of the needed technology base were delineated. Even earlier NRC studies were devoted specifically to batteries (NMAB 390, Assessment of Research Needs for Advanced Battery Systems) and fuel cells (NMAB 416, Fuel Cells Materials Technology in Vehicular Propulsion). Building on these previous studies, it is suggested that a contemporary materials study be conducted to assess the current state-of-the-art of electrochemical science and technology, especially as it relates to fuel cells and power electronics, as well as advanced hybrid electric vehicles. Such a study would greatly facilitate technology forecasts for producers and users.
Geologic Sequestration: An Integrated Framework for Assessing Technical, Economic, Public Acceptance, and Policy Issues

Publisher Summary The United Nations Framework on climate change calls for stabilization of greenhouse gases at levels that would prevent harmful anthropogenic effects on the climate system. Achieving that goal will require significant reductions in the quantity of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. Stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations would eventually require zero net emissions. Ensuring zero net emissions from all human activity will necessarily require the ability to capture and dispose emissions, at least in the near future. In addition, significant cost savings could be achieved in stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 with the widespread use of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies over the next century Successful widespread deployment of CC&S technologies will require public and stakeholder acceptance, in addition to the fulfillment of technical and performance requirements. There are a variety of approaches for evaluating the technical and economic performance of carbon capture and disposal technologies, such as geologic sequestration, but relatively few that also effectively incorporate the social and policy factors that will affect the deployment of these technologies. A framework that integrates knowledge about the technical performance of geological sequestration with economic considerations and public acceptability and policy formulation issues has been presented. The utility of an integrated framework is in developing a holistic understanding of the potential impacts and challenges associated with such projects, as well as in identifying opportunities for further investments.
Growth and properties of GaN films

A comprehensive study on the growth and properties of GaN films is presented. The films were grown by the electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma assisted MBE method. The heteroepitaxial growth was carried out on a variety of substrates in two temperature steps in order to separate the nucleation and growth phases. The transport, optical and photoluminescence properties of GaN are discussed.
Fasting and postabsorptive hepatic glucose and insulin metabolism in hyperthyroidism

The effect of thyroid hormone excess on hepatic glucose balances and fractional hepatic extraction of insulin and glucagon was examined in six conscious dogs with catheters in the portal vein, hepa...
Government Mapping of the Third Sector: A Government Innovation for Regulation and Coordination? Perspectives From the Third Sector

This article examines the policy tool of a registry of civil society organizations in a regulatory transparency framework. A registry serves as a government ‘mapping’ tool by collecting data on civil society and nonprofit organizations. Do government efforts to map the third sector hinder or foster nonprofit organizations’ capacity and their coordination? The balance between regulation and the strengthening of nonprofit organizations’ capacity and the coordination of goods and services through government innovations like the registries—i.e., third sector mappings—might indeed have the potential to foster a more effective and efficient third sector.
Subdivision surfaces for electromagnetic integral equations

Subdivision surfaces are a powerful geometrical modeling tool that has been used extensively in computer graphics. In this paper we develop a general subdivision-based basis scheme that can be applied to a wide range of electromagnetic integral equations, and demonstrate several features and advantages.
A consistent theory for elastic deformations with small strains

On developpe une theorie coherente pour un comportement elastique lineaire avec des deformations petites mais pas de restrictions sur les magnitudes des deplacements ou des rotations des elements du corps. Application a la torsion pure d'un long cylindre et a la flexion d'une poutre par une charge terminale
A 130K protein from chicken gizzard: its localization at the termini of microfilament bundles in cultured chicken cells.

Abstract A protein with a molecular weight of 130,000 (130K protein) was extracted from chicken gizzard and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. Antibodies prepared against the pure protein were used for its immunochemical characterization and immunofluorescent visualization in cultured chicken cells. Both peptide mapping and immunochemical analysis indicated that the 130K protein is not related either structurally or antigenically to other mechanochemical proteins, including α-actinin, actin, myosin, tropomyosin, filamin and tubulin. Immunofluorescent labeling of different cultured embryonic chicken cells (from skin, heart and gizzard) indicated that the label was predominantly organized in intracellular plaques at the bottom of the cells and in some areas of cell-cell contact. Immunoprecipitation of the 130K protein from biosynthetically 35 S-methionine-labeled cultured cells, using the pure antibodies and Staphylococcus aureus, resulted in the specific isolation of a single labeled electrophoretic band indistinguishable from the chicken gizzard 130K protein. The 130K protein-rich plaques were found, by interference-reflection microscopy, to coincide with cell substrate adhesion plaques. Double immunofluorescent labeling for the 130K protein and other cytoskeletal proteins (actin, α-actinin and tropomyosin) indicated that the 130K protein-rich areas are localized at the termini of stress fibers. α-Actinin was found in close association with the 130K protein, while tropomyosin was usually excluded from those areas.
Urine sodium composition in ambulatory healthy children: hypotonic or isotonic?

A controversy exists in the literature as to the most appropriate sodium concentration for maintenance parenteral fluids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate urinary sodium composition in otherwise healthy children in order to help determine if 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) would be an appropriate parenteral fluid. The composition of urinary sodium was evaluated over 24 h in 100 otherwise healthy children aged 3–18 years referred to a pediatric nephrology outpatient clinic for hematuria or proteinuria. The average urine sodium concentration was 158 ± 59 mEq/l, similar to that of 0.9% NaCl (154 mEq/l). Urine sodium excretion was 2.9 ± 1.3 mEq/kg per 24 hours, and urine flow rate was 0.9 ± 0.4 ml/kg per hour. It was concluded that healthy children generate free water via the excretion of a hypertonic urine. It is unlikely that 0.9% NaCl would result in hypernatremia when administered in parenteral fluids.
Field Independence and Hypothesis Testing

The results of several studies designed to examine the relationship berween cognitive style and concept learning have demonstrated that field-independent Ss are more efficienc learners than field-dependent Ss (Ohnrnacht, 1966; Dickstein, 1968; Davis & Klausmeier, 1970; Grippin & Ohnmacht, 1972). While these studies have consistently reported differences between field-independent and field-dependent Ss, little attention has been directed toward the cognitive processes which mediate these performance differences. Davis ( 1975 ) reported that field-independent Ss solved a conditional concept-learning task significantly better than field-dependent Ss. Post hoc analysis of Ss' verbal reports suggested that hypothesis testing might be an important variable underlying these differences. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to determine whether cognitive style influenced hypothesizing behavior within a simple information-processing task. METHOD Sabjects
Development of basis sets for molecular calculations. Comparison of tetrahedral gaussian lobe functions and cartesian gaussian basis sets

In order to allow development of a range of basis sets for use of floating spherical Gaussian orbitals in molecular calculations, an analysis of numerical errors that result from using off-center functions was carried out. This analysis included both rotational variance and numerical differencing problems that can arise when lobe functions are employed. The analysis and numerical studies indicated that satisfactory accuracy in integral evaluation can be maintained if the ratio of distance from the origin to orbital radius is taken to be in the range 0.002 to 0.005 for computers having 72-bit words. 2 figures, 1 table.
Intermediates Of Photosynthesis in Acetabularia mediterranie Chloroplasts

The chloroplast fraction isolated from Acetabularia mediterranie was exposed to 14CO2 as NaH14CO3 in light and darkness, and soluble radioactive compounds were analyzed at frequent intervals. The behavior of Calvin cycle intermediates indicates that this cycle was responsible for much of the carbon fixation in the chloroplasts. However, a substantial part of recently fixed carbon was metabolized via glycolic and glyceric acids. Possible pathways for their metabolism are discussed. Some carboxylation of C3 acids was suggested by the behavior of phosphoenolpyruvate and malate. A number of amino acids were formed. Small amounts of such compounds as citrate, succinate, and fumarate not usually associated with photosynthesis might have been derived from a low level of mitochondrial contamination. About one-third of the carbon fixed in light was present in acid-labile insoluble compounds other than polysaccharides or proteins. Dark fixation of CO2 was very small compared with photosynthesis.
Domain requirements for DNA unwinding by mycobacterial UvrD2, an essential DNA helicase.

Mycobacterial UvrD2 is a DNA-dependent ATPase with 3′ to 5′ helicase activity. UvrD2 is an atypical helicase, insofar as its N-terminal ATPase domain resembles the superfamily I helicases UvrD/PcrA...
Intracellular binding of [3H]cortisol and its effect on RNA polymerase activity in hypothalamus of the pig

Abstract Intracellular binding of [3H]cortisol in the hypothalamus of pigs and the effects of this binding on RNA polymerase activity were studied. Molecular-sieve chromatography of both the cytosol and the nuclear extract on Sephadex G-100 resulted in a peak of radioactivity eluted with the protein fraction. The very low elution volume of the nuclear steroid-protein complex indicated that the macromolecular receptor of the nuclear extract is larger than that of the cytoplasm. Results from the utilization of two different concentrations of cortisol rerevealed that the binding sites of the cytoplasm and nuclear extract became saturated at a cortisol concentration between 10−7 M and 10−4 M. Most of the radioactivity bound in the cytosol and nuclear extract possesed the solubility of cortisol. The nuclear extract possesed a greater percentage of bound radioactivity as cortisol than the cytoplasm. Chromatography of proteins of known molecular weights allowed approximation of molecular weights of the steroid-protein complexes. Most of the [3H]cortisol associated with protein in the hypothalamus cytosol was bound to protein with an elution volume which corresponded to a molecular weight of approximately 100,000. The peak of radioactivity in the nuclear extract was associated with protein which was eluted in a volume corresponding to a molecular weight slightly less than 150,000. The influence of the cytosol steroid-protein complexes on RNA polymerase activity in the nucleus was studied. RNA polymerase was significantly increased (P
Screening GC-MS data for carbamate pesticides with temperature-constrained–cascade correlation neural networks

Abstract Aromatic carbamate pesticides are important agrochemicals. Mass spectral classification models were built for carbamates and their substructures using temperature-constrained–cascade correlation networks (TC–CCNs). The carbamate classifier was applied to the mass spectral scans of a GC-MS run. The classification models were built from reference and experimental mass spectra. Different network configurations were compared that used multiple network models with single outputs and single networks with multiple outputs. A major source of variation caused by randomly partitioning the training and prediction sets was reduced by an order of magnitude by using a method of Latin-partitions. This method also furnished a precision measure for comparing classification methods. Multiple networks with single outputs generally predicted better than single networks with multiple outputs. Hierarchical single output networks achieved better than 98% classification accuracy in one study. The TC–CCN models compared favorably to the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) reference methods.
Effects of chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital on neuronal excitability in the medial forebrain bundle during self-stimulation behavior

Abstract The effects of chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine and pentobarbital were studied on self-stimulation behavior and simultaneously on neuronal responses driven by the rewarding stimuli. The tests were carried out on rats implanted with microelectrodes in the medial forebrain bundle for recording extracellular potentials and with macroelectrodes in the posterior lateral hypothalamus for producing self-stimulation behavior. The neuronal responses were (1) an excitatory response in the anterior hypothalamus, and (2) an inhibitory response in the middle hypothalamus. Chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) or pentobarbital 10 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneally to suppress self-stimulation. (+)-Amphetamine (2 mg/kg) was given 30 min after the first compound to restore self-stimulation. The results showed that chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital acted nonspecifically on the excitatory response by reducing the spontaneous rate of firing at the time when self-stimulation was suppressed. Chlorpromazine abolished the driven excitatory responses in the anterior hypothalamus which were correlated in a 100% fashion with self-stimulation behavior. All three compounds had insignificant effects on the inhibitory responses. The results give some basis for supposing that the effects of chlorpromazine were indices of effects on neuronal activity mediating positive reinforcement.
Crystal Structure of the λ Repressor C-Terminal Domain Provides a Model for Cooperative Operator Binding

Abstract Interactions between transcription factors bound to separate operator sites commonly play an important role in gene regulation by mediating cooperative binding to the DNA. However, few detailed structural models for understanding the molecular basis of such cooperativity are available. The c I repressor of bacteriophage λ is a classic example of a protein that binds to its operator sites cooperatively. The C-terminal domain of the repressor mediates dimerization as well as a dimer–dimer interaction that results in the cooperative binding of two repressor dimers to adjacent operator sites. Here, we present the x-ray crystal structure of the λ repressor C-terminal domain determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction. Remarkably, the interactions that mediate cooperativity are captured in the crystal, where two dimers associate about a 2-fold axis of symmetry. Based on the structure and previous genetic and biochemical data, we present a model for the cooperative binding of two λ repressor dimers at adjacent operator sites.
Synchronization in Dual Delay Line SAW Sensors

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors are self-excited oscillators. Self-excitation is a consequence of the finite amount of delay in the circuit. The oscillation frequency is affected by the wave propagation speed which further depends on surface adsorption. Therefore, measurement on the surface adsorption is done by measuring the frequency change of the self-excited oscillation. In dual delay line oscillators the difference between the surface physical conditions is reflected through the difference in oscillation frequencies. Delay differential equations are used to model the sensor. Bifurcation analysis of the averaged equations indicates the presence of synchronization. The occurrence of synchronization is further demonstrated through numerical simulations. Synchronization makes the frequency measurement irrelevant. We propose phase measurement as an alternative in the presence of strong coupling between the two oscillators.© 2004 ASME
The mt. tyndall incident

The authors describe the 53-hour rescue of a 6-foot, 1-inch tall, 250-pound hiker in the face of harsh environmental conditions in Sequoia National Park. This 43-year-old man fell 25 feet, injured his leg, and was noted to be hypothermic and hypovolemic. Weather, altitude, and the patient's size delayed and complicated his evacuation. After being carried down 1,500 vertical feet, he was hoisted into a hovering helicopter and flown to University Medical Center in Fresno, California. On arrival, the patient was determined to have a comminuted subtrochanteric right femur fracture, which was ultimately repaired surgically. The authors also discuss some of the unique aspects of wilderness and National Park Service EMS.
Familial secondary erythrocytosis due to increased oxygen affinity is caused by destabilization of the T state of hemoglobin Brigham (α2β2Pro100Leu)

Hemoglobin Brigham (β Pro100 to Leu) was first reported in a patient with familial erythrocytosis. Erythrocytes of an affected individual from the same family contain both HbA and Hb Brigham and exhibit elevated O2 affinity compared with normal cells (P50 = 23 mm Hg vs. 31 mmHg at pH 7.4 at 37°C). O2 affinities measured for hemolysates were sensitive to changes in pH or chloride concentrations, indicating little change in the Bohr and Chloride effects. Hb Brigham was separated from normal HbA by nondenaturing cation exchange liquid chromatography, and the amino acid substitution was verified by mass spectrometry. The properties of Hb Brigham isolated from the patient's blood were then compared with those of recombinant Hb Brigham expressed in Escherichia coli. Kinetic experiments suggest that the rate constants for ligand binding and release in the high (R) and low (T) affinity quaternary states of Hb Brigham are similar to those of native hemoglobin. However, the Brigham mutation decreases the T to R equilibrium constant (L) which accelerates the switch to the R state during ligand binding to deoxy-Hb, increasing the rate of association by approximately twofold, and decelerates the switch during ligand dissociation from HbO2, decreasing the rate approximately twofold. These kinetic data help explain the high O2 affinity characteristics of Hb Brigham and provide further evidence for the importance of the contribution of Pro100 to intersubunit contacts and stabilization of the T quaternary structure.
The role of the lung in postinjury multiple organ failure.

Background Postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) is a result of a dysfunctional inflammatory response to severe injury and shock. Acute lung injury is thought to promote further organ dysfunction by the systemic release of inflammatory mediators from injured lung tissue. Although clinical evidence supports this model, a clear understanding of the relationship between lung dysfunction and multiple organ failure has yet to be defined. We hypothesized that respiratory dysfunction is an early obligate event in the progression of postinjury MOF. Methods Data were collected prospectively on 1,344 trauma patients at risk for postinjury MOF. Inclusion criteria were age greater than 16 years, trauma intensive care unit admission, Injury Severity Score greater than 15, and survival longer than 48 hours. Isolated head injuries and head injuries with an extracranial abbreviated injury score of less than 2 were excluded. Daily physiologic and laboratory data were collected through surgical intensive care unit day 28 and clinical events were recorded thereafter until death or hospital discharge. Organ failure was characterized using the Denver MOF scale. Results Organ dysfunction was observed in 1,011 (75%) of 1,344 patients. Lung dysfunction was observed in 951 (94%) patients with 1 or more organ dysfunctions and 598 (99%) of 605 patients with 2 or more organ dysfunctions. Lung dysfunction preceded heart, liver, and kidney dysfunction by an average of 0.6 ± 0.2 days, 4.8 ± 0.2 days, and 5.5 ± 0.5 days, respectively. The severity of lung dysfunction correlated with the severity of heart, liver, and kidney dysfunction, and the number of other dysfunctional organ systems. Conclusions Postinjury respiratory dysfunction is an obligate event that precedes heart, liver, and kidney failure. The severity of other organ dysfunction is related directly to the severity of respiratory dysfunction. These data implicate lung dysfunction as central to the promotion of pathogenic inflammation and the development of postinjury MOF.