cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weyl gravity as general relativity

When the full connection of Weyl conformal gravity is varied instead of just the metric, the resulting vacuum field equations reduce to the vacuum Einstein equation, up to the choice of local units, if and only if the torsion vanishes. This result differs strongly from the usual fourth-order formulation of Weyl gravity.
Segregation Freezing as the Cause of Suction Force for Ice Lens Formation

ABSTRACT Takagi, S., 1979. Segregation freezing as a cause of suction force for ice lens formation. Eng. Geol., 13: 93–100. We propose a new freezing mechanism, called segregation freezing, to explain the generation of the suction force that draws pore water up to the freezing surface of a growing ice lens. We derive the segregation freezing temperature by applying thermodynamics to a soil mechanics concept that distinguishes the mechanically effective pressure from the mechanically neutral pressure. The frost-heaving pressure is formulated as part of the solution of the differential equations of the simultaneous flow of heat and water, of which the segregation freezing temperature is one of the boundary conditions.
Swept volumes and their use in viewpoint computation in robot work-cells

This paper discusses the automatic computation of viewpoints for monitoring objects and features in an active robot work-cell. An important step in the authors' algorithm for finding viewpoints is the computation of the volumes swept by polyhedral objects moving through space. A method for approximating these volumes for arbitrarily moving polyhedra is presented. Some swept volume results are presented and methods for integrating these results into the authors' automated machine vision planning (MVP) system are discussed.
A content analysis of the presentation of the mole concept in chemistry textbooks

The goal of this study was to examine the means used by textbook authors to introduce, define, and explain the mole concept in high school and introductory college chemistry textbooks. The analysis was framed by four questions: 1How is the mole defined? 2What concepts about the atom are introduced prior to the mole? 3Is Avogadro's constant presented as an experimentally determined value? 4What is the context for introducing the mole? Twenty-nine high school and introductory college level chemistry texts were examined. After independent reading of appropriate sections of each text, discussion of differences, second or third readings of texts, and subsequent discussions, both authors reach 100% agreement concerning the results. Major conclusions were 1Two ways of defining the mole dominate the texts. One way defines the mole as Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023) particles; the other method defines the mole in terms of carbon-12. 2All texts that present a definition in terms of C-12 introduce and define concepts about the atom prior to introducing the mole. 3Most texts at all levels point out that the value 6.02 × 1023 is an experimentally determined quantity. 4Nearly all texts discuss the mole in relation to die problem of finding a way to count particles that are too small to be directly weighed. Most texts also use a familiar counting unit, such as the dozen, to introduce the mole by analogy. Four issues were discussed: (a) the defining attributes of the mole concept itself and the cognitive requirements for comprehending the two most frequently used definitions; (b) the connection between the definition of the mole presented in the text and the concepts about atoms that are introduced before the mole concept is developed; (c) the experimental nature of Avogadro's number; and (d) the context or setting for developing the mole concept.
Robust location detection with sensor networks

We propose a novel framework for location detection with sensor networks, based on the theory of identifying codes. The key idea of this approach is to allow sensor coverage areas to overlap so that each resolvable position is covered by a unique set of sensors. In this setting, determining a sensor-placement with a minimum number of sensors is equivalent to constructing an optimal identifying code, an NP-complete problem in general. We, thus, propose and analyze new polynomial-time algorithms for generating irreducible (but not necessarily optimal) codes for arbitrary topologies. Our algorithms incorporate robustness properties that are critically needed in harsh environments. We further introduce distributed versions of these algorithms, allowing sensors to self-organize and determine a (robust) identifying code without any central coordination. Through analysis and simulation, we show that our algorithms produce nearly optimal solutions for a wide range of parameters. In addition, we demonstrate a tradeoff between system robustness and the number of active sensors (which is related to the expected lifetime of the system). Finally, we present experimental results, obtained on a small testbed, that demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
The Impact of Early Palatal Obturation on Consonant Development in Babies With Unrepaired Cleft Palate

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether palatal obturators enhance consonant development during babbling for babies with unrepaired cleft palate. Participants: Fourteen babies with cleft palate who had worn anterior palatal obturators prior to palatal surgery were matched to 14 unobturated babies according to cleft type, sex, and age at time of presurgical evaluation. Main Outcome Measures: Spontaneous vocalizations of the obturated and unobturated groups were compared to determine whether differences were evident in size of consonant inventory as well as place and manner of consonant production. Results: Paired t tests revealed no significant differences between the groups in size of consonant inventory or place and manner of consonant production. There was a trend for babies in the obturated group to produce more glottal consonants. Conclusions: In general, the findings of this study suggested that palatal obturators do not appear to facilitate production of anteri...
Crosstalk noise estimation for noise management

One of the main challenges in developing an effective crosstalk noise management strategy is to develop a crosstalk noise estimate which is both accurate and leads to a tractable optimization problem that can be used to optimally redistribute uncommitted routing resources to resolve crosstalk noise violations. Devgan's (1997) estimate comes very close to meeting these objectives, however, it is extremely pessimistic for nets with long couplings or aggressor nets with short rise times. The increased complexity of more sophisticated estimates, such as that proposed by Vittal et al. (1999), leads to a crosstalk management problem that is very hard to solve. In this paper we develop two estimates, similar in form to Devgan's estimate, that are based on local approximations of Vittal's estimate. Our estimates are substantially more accurate than Devgan's estimate while still allowing us to formulate the crosstalk management problem in a form that can be solved efficiently.
Allethrin Differentially Modulates Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Subtypes in Rat PC12 Cells

Pyrethroid insecticides are one of the most widely used classes of insecticides. Previous studies revealed that pyrethroids potently affect the insect voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel (VGSC), resulting in prolonged channel open time. However, recent findings have suggested that pyrethroids may affect targets other than the VGSC. In particular, several studies have shown that pyrethroids can modulate the activity of voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (VGCCs). However, these studies often reported conflicting results; some studies observed stimulatory effects, whereas others observed inhibitory effects of pyrethroids on VGCCs. This study investigated whether allethrin (AL), a well-characterized type I pyrethroid, altered VGCC characteristics measured by whole-cell recording in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF). AL (5μM) increased peak, end, and tail composite VGCC current independent of its effects on VGSCs. After blocking VGCC subtype–specific current with ω-conotoxin GVIA (GVIA, an N-type VGCC antagonist) or nimodipine (NIM, an L-type VGCC antagonist), our data further suggest that AL differentially affects VGCC subtypes. Thus, AL apparently stimulated GVIA-insensitive current while inhibiting NIM-insensitive current. AL also significantly altered the voltage dependency of activation and inactivation of L-type VGCCs. The differential modulation of VGCC subtypes by AL may explain some of the conflicting observations of other studies.
Mobile Communication Device Usage: Perceptions of Non-Supervisory Employees

The increased usage of mobile communication devices (MCDs) in the workplace has been controversial regarding whether they increase or decrease productivity, whether work-life balance is affected by use, and whether employers have the right to monitor usage. This paper includes research that addressed each of these three issues linked to employee use of MCDs. Past research provided conflicting results in three areas - work-life balance, productivity, and employee monitoring. A quantitative study of 60 non-supervisory employees in Arizona, Michigan, and Illinois, consisting of an online survey, was carried out to determine perceptions of whether use of MCDs for work purposes affects work-life balance or productivity and perceptions on employers monitoring usage of work-issued MCDs. Sixty-seven percent of respondents stated that their duties require the use of MCDs and, of those 62%, each stated that his or her MCD is a Smartphone. The majority stated that Smartphones were MCDs given to them by the employer. Other MCDs were cell phones and tablets which, combined, accounted for 35% of the responses. Fifty-three percent of the respondents stated that the use of the MCD did not impact work-life balance, eighty-eight percent stated that the use of the MCD increased productivity, and eighty-seven percent stated that their employer does not monitor usage of their MCD. Research findings may vary and depend on participants. Supervisors may have different viewpoints. However, the required use of these devices in the workplace keeps increasing, so it is appropriate for employers to clearly find a benefit for their use.
Interface Migration in Thermohaline Staircases

Abstract A theory for the vertical migration speed (e) of interfaces within thermohaline staircases is developed and illustrated with several oceanic examples. It expresses e in terms of layer-to-layer variations in the vertical buoyancy flux (J). We discuss three mechanisms which can induce migration: 1) the nonlinearity of the equation of state; 2) layer-merging (the coalescence of adjacent layers); and 3) interface-splitting (the creation of new layers at the interfaces between existing layers), The theory predicts that migration will be much slower for nonlinearity than for layer-merging and inteface-splitting, because layer-merging and interface-splitting should lead to large O(1) variations in J, while nonlinearity leads to much smaller O(10−2) variations. Even so, the net effect of migration associated with layer-merging and interface-splitting should be small, since the interfaces will not have time to migrate very far before the staircase readjusts to a new, migration-free, equilibrium state. The...
Flood Mapping and Damage Assessment – A Case Study in the State of Indiana

Flood mapping, damage assessment, and disaster remediation involve activities and efforts from a number of governmental agencies. Under the National Flood Insurance Act 1968, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for identifying flood hazards nationwide, publishing and updating flood hazard information in support of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Over a period of two decades, FEMA has produced over 90,000 flood hazard maps covering approximately 150,000 square miles of floodplain. Recently, about 75% of the flood hazard maps inventory became over 10 years old. In 2003, a program was initiated for flood hazard map modernization including the conversion of paper maps to digital format. Since flood hazard mapping is part of the NFIP, a variety of maps indicating various degrees of insurance risk and premium rating are produced. However, the basic hazard maps, indicating the 1 in 100 years (1%) floodplain and the 1 in 500 years flood (0.2%) outlines, are normally produced based on detailed hydraulic modeling of river reaches at the community scale. All flood maps are made available to the public through the FEMA Map Service Center. These maps can be purchased in paper or CD format and can be viewed online (http://msc.fema.gov/). Beginning on October 1, 2009, FEMA will provide only one paper flood map and the Flood Insurance Study (FIS) report to each mapped community. All other distribution of maps and Flood Insurance Study reports will be converted to digital delivery. FEMA will continue to provide free digital map products and data to federal, state, tribal, and local NFIP stakeholders. In addition to the FEMA mapping effort, which is specifically linked to the NFIP, some states have their own flood mapping programs. They produce flood “awareness” maps that simply show flood prone areas without specific depth or other flood hazard data for a particular flood event.
Signaling Pathways of Cbl-b and Its Role in Peripheral T Cell Tolerance

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b acts as a key regulator of T cell activation and peripheral tolerance. Cbl-b deficiency uncouples the requirement of CD28 costimulation for T cell activation and exhibits resistance to T cell anergy and tolerance. Cbl-b−/− mice are highly susceptible to autoimmune diseases. Conversely, they mount a robust antitumor response resulting in spontaneous tumor rejection. Therefore, modulation of Cbl-b might provide a unique opportunity for immunotherapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders, including autoimmunity and cancer.
Sensorimotor Transformations Underlying Variability in Song Intensity during Drosophila Courtship

Diverse animal species, from insects to humans, utilize acoustic signals for communication. Studies of the neural basis for song or speech production have focused almost exclusively on the generation of spectral and temporal patterns, but animals can also adjust acoustic signal intensity when communicating. For example, humans naturally regulate the loudness of speech in accord with a visual estimate of receiver distance. The underlying mechanisms for this ability remain uncharacterized in any system. Here, we show that Drosophila males modulate courtship song amplitude with female distance, and we investigate each stage of the sensorimotor transformation underlying this behavior, from the detection of particular visual stimulus features and the timescales of sensory processing to the modulation of neural and muscle activity that generates song. Our results demonstrate an unanticipated level of control in insect acoustic communication and uncover novel computations and mechanisms underlying the regulation of acoustic signal intensity.
Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research

Over the past decade, as pressures to control health care spending have escalated, the term “cost-effective” has become increasingly commonplace in environments as diverse as the Congress, the business community, managed care organizations, and the pharmaceutical industry. Various factions use this term to serve their own purpose:
Profiles in Resource Sharing: David Larsen

One of the best parts of resource sharing is the large-scale interconnectedness many libraries feel with other colleagues in the field. The nature of resource sharing is such that we come to know e...
Are written and spoken recall of text equivalent

Writing is less practiced than speaking, graphemic codes are activated only in writing, and the retrieved representations of the text must be maintained in working memory longer because handwritten output is slower than speech. These extra demands on working memory could result in less effort being given to retrieval during written compared with spoken text recall. To test this hypothesis, college students read or heard Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" and then recalled the text in writing or speech. Spoken recall produced more accurately recalled propositions and more major distortions (e.g., inferences) than written recall. The results suggest that writing reduces the retrieval effort given to reconstructing the propositions of a text.
Neurochemistry and neural circuitry in the dorsal horn.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the wealth of immunocytochemical data about the neurochemicals (the classical neurotransmitters and the neuropeptides) that are found in the mammalian spinal cord. The chapter focuses on those regions of the spinal cord that are likely to be concerned with somatosensation rather than movement or autonomic function. Relay nuclei in the central nervous system characteristically include three major functional components: the terminals of primary afferent neurons that relay signals from distant sites; intrinsic neurons, which include output neurons that transmit signals to distant sites, and local circuit neurons that modify sensory transmission in a restricted region; and the axon terminals of extrinsic neurons arising from distant sites. The spinal dorsal horn is no exception to this common organization. The progress which has been made toward integrating the immunocytochemical data with the emerging picture of the spinal circuitry derived from anatomical and electrophysiological work are also discussed.
Traditional Masculinity During the Middle School Transition: Associations with Depressive Symptoms and Academic Engagement

Culturally prescribed social scripts for traditional masculinity that emphasize social dominance are frequently linked to diminished well-being for men across a variety of psychological domains. However, few studies have examined the role of traditional masculinity scripts in the lives of early adolescent boys and girls, despite their relevance during this period and their potential developmental implications. To address this need, we examined the development of early adolescents' conformity to traditional masculinity across the middle school transition, as well as its links with depressive symptoms and academic engagement. Using a diverse sample of 280 adolescents (M age = 11.13, SD = 0.51; 54.3 % Female; 44 % Latina/o) assessed at the beginning (fall 2014) and end (spring 2015) of their first year of middle school, we found an increase in conformity to traditional masculinity scripts among boys, but not among girls. For boys and girls alike, conformity to traditional masculinity predicted greater depressive symptoms and decreased academic engagement. Depressive symptoms also mediated the association between traditional masculinity and academic engagement for boys and girls. This study is among the first to study conformity to traditional masculinity from a developmental lens. The findings suggest that traditional masculinity scripts are relevant for early adolescents (particularly boys) transitioning to middle school. However, for both boys and girls, conformity to these scripts can compromise psychological and academic well-being.
Risks and Resiliency: Trans* Students in the Rural South

Shelton and Lester examine the risks that secondary (9–12) students in the American Southeast—a politically and religiously conservative region—and particularly in rural areas of the South, face, such as increased bullying and decreased school support. Through personal narratives and education research, this chapter explores the challenges faced and the incredible resiliency demonstrated by trans* students in the South, as well as possible means through which ally teachers might support trans* students in rural Southern communities.
An accurately preorganized IRES RNA structure enables eIF4G capture for initiation of viral translation

Many viruses bypass canonical cap-dependent translation in host cells by using internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) in their transcripts; IRESs hijack initiation factors for the assembly of initiation complexes. However, it is currently unknown how IRES RNAs recognize initiation factors that have no endogenous RNA binding partners; in a prominent example, the IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) interacts with the HEAT-1 domain of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). Here we report the solution structure of the J-K region of this IRES and show that its stems are precisely organized to position protein-recognition bulges. This multisite interaction mechanism operates on an all-or-nothing principle in which all domains are required. This preorganization is accomplished by an 'adjuster module': a pentaloop motif that acts as a dual-sided docking station for base-pair receptors. Because subtle changes in the orientation abrogate protein capture, our study highlights how a viral RNA acquires affinity for a target protein.
The intersection of intimate partner violence and traumatic brain injury: a call for interdisciplinary research

An emerging body of research suggests that survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) are at a high risk for sustaining traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, most scholars and practitioners working on the problem of IPV have not examined how TBI could be related to their familiar subject of study. Concomitantly, little work in the brain injury field has been done to examine TBI in the context of IPV. In this paper, we encourage cross-collaboration among these fields. To that end, we consider the relationship between IPV and TBI; the difficulty in detecting and measuring the IPV-related TBI and ethical concerns that may arise when addressing this issue. Our work emphasizes the need to recognize the complex interplay among psycho-physiological health and socio-cultural contexts. As such, we present a socio-ecological perspective of IPV-related TBI to provide a contextual framework to guide future interdisciplinary research. Finally, we outline directions for future research.
Aspirin/antiplatelet agent use improves disease-free survival and reduces the risk of distant metastases in Stage II and III triple-negative breast cancer patients

The objective is to define the therapeutic role of antiplatelet agents in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) population. We performed retrospective analysis using the UTSW TNBC registry containing data from 222 Stage II–III TNBC patients treated between 1998 and 2016. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS), distant metastases rate (DMR), and overall survival outcomes. Antiplatelet drug use was determined by review of electronic medical records. A total of 65 patients used antiplatelet (AP) agents, and 157 patients did not use AP agents. Median follow-up for AP and non-AP groups was 41.3 and 40.9 months, respectively. There was an improvement in the AP group compared with the control group in 5-year DFS (80.4% at 5 years compared with 62.3% in the control group, p = 0.04) and 5-year DMR (8.8 vs. 31.9%, p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, AP use was found to be significantly associated with improvements in DFS and DMR. We illustrate that antiplatelet agent use improves DMR and DFS among a stage II and III TNBC population despite our short follow-up evaluation. Longer follow-up evaluation will be required to determine additional outcome advantage for antiplatelet agent use. Our findings support consideration of investigation of antiplatelet therapy as an adjunctive therapy for TNBC at high risk for disease recurrence.
Microexons: discovery, regulation, and function

The importance of RNA splicing in numerous cellular processes is well established. However, an underappreciated aspect is the ability of the spliceosome to recognize a set of very small (3-30 nucleotide, 1-10 amino acid) exons named microexons. Despite their small size, microexons and their regulation through alternative splicing have now been shown to play critical roles in protein and system function. Here we review the discovery of microexons over time and the mechanisms by which their splicing is regulated, including recent progress made through deep RNA sequencing. We also discuss the functional role of microexons in biology and disease. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1418. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1418 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Effect of boron and carbon addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of the aged gamma-prime strengthened alumina-forming austenitic alloys

Abstract The goal of this work was to understand the effects of aging at 800 °C on the microstructures and mechanical properties of two recently-developed AFA stainless steels based on Fe-14Cr-32Ni-3Nb-3Al-2Ti (wt.%), one of which contained small additions of boron and carbon. To that end both the size distributions and growth kinetics of the B2, Laves phase, L12 precipitates present were quantified. While the lattice parameter, morphology, size and coarsening behavior of the L12 precipitates was the same in both AFA alloys, the B and C enhanced the grain boundary coverage by both Laves phase and B2-NiAl precipitates, but suppressed their coarsening. These interstitial additions also suppressed the formation of twins and discontinuous precipitation, which were observed in the B and C-free material. It is shown that the yield strength at 700 °C is largely controlled by the size of the L12 precipitates, with the largest strengthening effect obtained after aging for 2.4 h for both AFA alloys. Longer aging time led to a loss of strength mainly due to the coarsening of the L12 precipitates.
Caseinate-Induced Competitive Displacement of Whey Protein from Interfaces

The caseinate-induced competitive displacement of whey protein from planar air-water interfaces was investigated based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and that from the surfaces of oil droplets immersed in aqueous solution based on AFM force spectroscopy. After the addition of sodium caseinate to the sub-phase, the surface pressure of planar interfacial films of pre-adsorbed whey protein increased from 8 mN/m to up to 21 mN/m. The thicknesses of interfacial films were uniform and remained to be approximately 2 nm at relatively low surface pressures up to 18 mN/m, while they became uneven at higher surface pressures and increased to up to 7.1 nm, presumably due to the compression of interfacial whey protein networks by adsorbed caseinate. The rigidity of oil droplets coated with protein adsorbed to their surfaces was then evaluated based on the slope of approximately linear force-distance curves obtained by pressing an oil droplet against another. The adsorption of whey protein to oil droplet surfaces increased droplets’ rigidity. The subsequent addition of caseinate to the bulk solution surrounding oil droplets coated with pre-adsorbed whey protein further increased droplets’ rigidity. The present results suggest that caseinate adsorbed to an interface to which whey protein had adsorbed in advance did not completely expel pre-adsorbed whey protein molecules into the aqueous phase but caused a compaction of interfacial whey protein networks and thereby strengthened the interfacial film.
WHAT IS A “GOOD” DATA STRUCTURE FOR 2-D POINTS?

This note poses the problem of finding the nearest neighbor of a search point among a given set of points in the plane under the condition that the set must be updated from time to time. Sundry unsuccessful encounters with various aspects of this problem in a geographic data processing environment are traced, and some relevant results from the area of computational geometry and from other sources are summarized.
Deep Neural Network Based Dynamic Resource Reallocation of BBU Pools in 5G C-RAN ROADM Networks

An LSTM network is developed to predict BBU pool traffic in 5G C-RAN ROADM networks. 5G throughput improvement and resource savings are observed with resource reallocation by reconfiguring the optical network 30 minutes in advance.
A glance at imaging bladder cancer.

Early and accurate diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa) will contribute extensively to the management of the disease. The purpose of this review was to briefly describe the conventional imaging methods and other novel imaging modalities used for early detection of BCa and outline their pros and cons. Literature search was performed on Pubmed, PMC, and Google scholar for the period of January 2014 to February 2018 and using such words as “bladder cancer, bladder tumor, bladder cancer detection, diagnosis and imaging”. A total of 81 published papers were retrieved and are included in the review. For patients with hematuria and suspected of BCa, cystoscopy, and CT are most commonly recommended. Ultrasonography, MRI, PET/CT using 18F-FDG, or 11C-choline and recently PET/MRI using 18F-FDG also play a prominent role in detection of BCa. For initial diagnosis of BCa, cystoscopy is generally performed. However, cystoscopy cannot accurately detect carcinoma in situ and cannot distinguish benign masses from malignant lesions. CT is used in two modes, CT and computed tomographic urography, both for diagnosis and for staging of BCa. However, they cannot differentiate T1 and T2 BCa. MRI is performed to diagnose invasive BCa and can differentiate muscle invasive bladder carcinoma from non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. However, CT and MRI have low sensitivity for nodal staging. For nodal staging, PET/CT is preferred. PET/MRI provides a better differentiation of normal and pathologic structures as compared with PET/CT. Nonetheless none of the approaches can address all issues related for the management of BCa. Novel imaging methods that target specific biomarkers, image BCa early and accurately, and stage the disease are warranted.
NEW CONCEPTS IN BLADDER SENSATION AND URINARY URGENCY.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the evaluation and measurement of urinary urgency and bladder sensation. New technologies have been developed to improve our diagnostic capabilities in urinary urgency and bladder sensation. Recent developments include MRI-based neuroimaging and novel tablet-based sensation meters that can be used during urodynamics as well as during oral hydration. Commonly used metrics for urinary urgency and bladder sensation include the use of validated surveys/void diaries and standardized verbal sensory thresholds during urodynamics. However, these metrics are highly subjective and prone to significant bias. There has been an evolution in evaluation metrics ranging from the use of reflex testing to electrical perception testing to the use of neuroimaging and the development of sensation meters. Neuroimaging allows for mapping of specific brain areas involved in the different phases of voiding and provides an anatomic basis for different forms of overactive bladder. The sensation meter allows for generation of real-time sensation-capacity curves which enables easy and objective comparison between patients as well as potential subtyping of different forms of overactive bladder. In addition, new research supports the concept of differing forms of urgency and the use of novel patient-derived terminologies for urinary urgency and bladder sensation.
Erosion of Surfaces by Fast Heavy Ions

When an ion beam strikes a surface, the beam—target interaction can lead to the ejection of target atoms from the surface. This phenomenon of target erosion on an atomic scale is known under the general rubric of “sputtering.” The word “sputtering” has been applied to a variety of circumstances where particulate objects strike a surface with the subsequent emission of target atoms, although the ejection mechanism may differ from case to case. Thus photons, electrons, and light and heavy ions at both high and low energy, have all been shown under appropriate circumstances to lead to ejection of target atoms. In the general sense of target erosion, sputtering has been known for more than one hundred years; A. W. Wright, to whom the first Ph.D. degree in science in the United States was awarded in 1861, performed early experiments on surface erosion using discharge tubes (Wr 77).
Young Stars and Dense Cores in Nearby Dark Clouds

We review recent progress in the study of young stars and dense cores in dark clouds, as revealed by gas emission line observations from NH3(1.3 cm), CO (2.6 mm); by dust and stellar continuum observations with the IRAS satellite (12–100 μm), and with ground-based telescopes (1–20 μm). The main results are: (1) Dense cores are actively forming low-mass stars, typically on time scales ~ 105yr. (2) Stars in cores frequently have CO outflow, and are then more luminous than their T Tauri neighbors. They have enhanced NH3line broadening, of order 0.2 km and very cold infrared spectra, peaking at λ ≳100 μm. They have at least ~ 30 mag of visual extinction between ~ 1014and ~ 1017cm from the star. (3) Cores without stars have velocity dispersions that are nearly thermal, suggesting that their nonthermal support has largely dissipated.
Redemptive Narratives in the Life and the Presidency of George W. Bush

In Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership, Howard Gardner writes: “Leaders achieve their effectiveness chiefly through the stories they relate.” Leaders express stories in the way they live their own lives, and they aim to evoke stories in the lives of those they lead. “The artful creation and articulation of stories constitutes a fundamental part of the leadership vocation,” Gardner claims. Further, “it is stories of identity—narratives that help individuals think about and feel who they are, where they come from, and where they are headed—that constitute the single most powerful weapon in the leader’s literary arsenal.”
Number of nodal metastases associated with overall survival in HPV-negative head and neck cancer.

6062Background: The 8th edition AJCC staging guidelines for HNSCC incorporated the number of positive nodal metastases into the pathologic staging criteria for HPV-positive oropharyngeal HNSCC. How...
Hybrid metasurface-refractive lenses

Metasurfaces comprise sub-wavelength nanostructures. We report dispersion-engineered metasurfaces with wavelength-dependent phase profiles to correct optical aberrations in refractive lenses from a simple singlet spherical lens to a complicated oil-immersion objective.
617. “Plantando Condominios”. Aproximación general al proceso de gentrificación en La Cruz (Chile), 2002-2014

The population densification of the Commune of La Cruz (V Region) is analyzed as a gentrification process in a rural context. This process is detonated by the establishment of urban and legal conditions that increase the potential ground rent. A database was constructed of the building permit records, which allowed comparing the capitalized ground rent, and the potential rent; and we investigated the displacement of the population through in-depth interviews. It is concluded that the gentrification process has been caused mainly due to the location conditions acquired by the commune in recent decades, affecting, for one hand, the urbanistic and social morphology, but above all, the value of land use.
Prediction of hydrogen adsorption in nanoporous materials from the energy distribution of adsorption sites

We present a fast and accurate, semi-analytical method for predicting hydrogen adsorption in nanoporous materials. For any temperature and pressure, the adsorbed amount is calculated as an integral...
Advances in 3D angiography for spinal vascular malformations.

Abstract Spinal vascular malformations are difficult to diagnose lesions that can be associated with significant permanent morbidity. The angioarchitecture of spinal vascular anatomy and the associated pathologies have only recently been illuminated by the advent of spinal angiography. However, conventional spinal digital subtraction angiography is often limited by significant variability, overlapping vessels, as well as an inability to understand the precise location of the nidus or fistula in relation to the spinal cord and spine. In this study, we present 4 unique cases wherein 3-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) with dual volume acquisition was useful in defining the anatomy of spinal fistulas as well as planning treatment.
Adaptive Critical Care Intervention in the Internet of Medical Things

The possibility of continuous monitoring of health conditions represents a crucial aspect for the improvement of living conditions, the prevention of potential pathologies and prompt response in critical situations. In particular, in intensive care or emergency situations, the evaluation of illness degree of a clinical risk level can be considered a predictive task in situations where streams of vital signs data are gathered by medical devices and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) sensors. In this framework, Early Warning Score (EWS) systems generating an aggregate score based on the measurement of a set of vital signs, such as National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), may provide a helpful decision support for the estimation of health state and triggers for critical care intervention. In the present work, we address a preliminary analysis in order to investigate the most suitable Machine Learning (ML) technique for the prediction of clinical risk classes of a continuously monitored patient in a particular condition where a limited number of vital parameters is available. This analysis is then intended to be preparatory for the final goal of designing an edge device connected to one or more wearable medical devices via IoMT, which adaptively exploits the best ML model to predict a reliable EWS.
Spheroid Trapping and Calcium Spike Estimation Techniques toward Automation of 3D Culture.

We present a spheroid trapping device, compatible with traditional tissue culture plates, to confine microtissues in a small area and allow suspension cultures to be treated like adherent cultures ...
A Flap-Type Seabed-Mounted Wave Energy Converter With Hydraulic PTO: Analytical Investigation & Experimental Analysis

This paper provides a study of a flap-type wave energy converter with a hydraulic power-take-off (PTO) system. This study includes the derivation of its equation of motion along with an analysis of natural frequencies of the device. A prototype was built using fillable cylinders and a series of experiments were performed in a wave flume. In these experiments, the pressure values of the hydraulic circuit were changed to investigate the optimal value for the system's pressure for a range of wave periods. The average wave-to-fluid efficiency (of about 15%) was achieved for a broad range of wave periods. It was also found that a 26% wave-to-fluid efficiency can be reached for waves with a period of 6.71 s. Based on the results of this analytical study, this device can be further optimized by filling its compartments with seawater.
Introduction to Design Case Chapters

This section of the handbook presents detailed descriptions of 13 instructional designs, the contexts in which they were created, and how they came to be what they are. Proposals for the chapters in this section were solicited and reviewed similarly to those appearing in the previous section, but the intent of the chapters themselves is entirely different. Rather than presenting research, or overviews of research, they present design and the results of designing.
Bladder cancer-associated transcript 2 contributes to nephroblastoma progression.

Background Nephroblastoma is a common pediatric kidney tumor. Existing evidence has indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be associated with tumorigenesis such as nephroblastoma. However, the contribution of lncRNA bladder cancer-associated transcript 2 (BLACAT2) to tumorigenesis and postoperative nephroblastoma prognosis remains unknown. Methods A total of 50 pairs of patient nephroblastoma and corresponding adjacent non-tumorous tissues were analyzed for BLACAT2 expression. The underlying roles of BLACAT2 in nephroblastoma cells were also investigated. BLACAT2 level was detected in four nephroblastoma cell lines and normal cell line NGC-407 using quantitative real-time PCR. The potential influence of BLACAT2 on nephroblastoma cells was explored based on RNA interference technology in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the miRNA targeted by BLACAT2 and its target gene were predicted and verified. Results BLACAT2 silencing suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor growth in vivo and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, BLACAT2 could directly bind to miR-504-3p, thereby decreasing miR-504-3p expression. In addition, the impact of miR-504-3p on proliferation, colony formation, and nephroblastoma cell apoptosis was reversed by BLACAT2. Wnt11 was identified as a target of miR-504-3p. Conclusions Our study revealed that a novel BLACAT2/miR-504-3p/Wnt11 axis is associated with nephroblastoma, where BLACAT2 is able to sponge miR-504-3p to down-regulate Wnt11.
Interactions between luminance steps and luminance textures for boundary segmentation

In natural scenes, two adjacent surfaces may differ in mean luminance without any sharp change in luminance at their boundary, but rather due to different relative proportions of light and dark regions within each surface. We refer to such boundaries as luminance texture boundaries (LTBs), and in this study we investigate interactions between luminance texture boundaries and luminance step boundaries (LSBs) in a segmentation task. Using a simple masking paradigm, we find very little influence of LSB maskers on LTB segmentation thresholds. Similarly, we find only modest effects of LTB maskers on LSB thresholds. By contrast, each kind of boundary strongly masks targets of the same kind. Our data is consistent with the possibility that luminance texture boundaries may be segmented using different mechanisms than those used to segment luminance step boundaries. At the same time, our work also suggests that LTB segmentation is subject to influences from LSBs. We suggest that the relative robustness of LTB segmentation to interference from LSBs may serve the ecologically important role of providing robustness to changes in luminance caused by cast shadows, and we propose future experimental work to investigate this hypothesis.
ETMM-09 TARGETING GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME METABOLISM AT THE INVASIVE TUMOR FRONT

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary malignant brain tumor with a median survival under two years. The poor prognosis GBM caries is largely due to cellular invasion, which enables escape from resection and drives inevitable recurrence. Numerous factors have been proposed as the primary driving forces behind GBM’s ability to invade adjacent tissues rapidly, including alterations in its cellular metabolism. Though studies have investigated links between GBM’s metabolic profile and its invasive capabilities, these studies have had two notable limitations. First, while infiltrating GBM cells utilize adaptive cellular machinery to overcome stressors in their microenvironment, the cells at the invasive tumor front have rarely been sampled in previous studies, which have primarily used banked tissue taken from the readily accessible tumor core. Second, studies of invasion have primarily used two-dimensional (2D) culture systems, which fail to capture the dimensionality, mechanics, and heterogeneity of GBM invasion. To address these limitations, our team developed two complementary approaches: acquisition of site-directed biopsies from patient GBMs to define regional heterogeneity in invasiveness, and engineering of three dimensional (3D) platforms to study invasion in culture. Through utilization of these platforms, and by taking advantage of the system-wide, unbiased screens of metabolite profile and gene expression available, our team looked to accomplish the goal of identifying targetable metabolic factors which drive cellular invasion in GBM. Pilot RNA-Sequencing data revealed 87 of the top 250 (35%) genes preferentially expressed in the tumor invasive edge, and 30 of the top 250 (12%) genes preferentially expressed in the tumor core were involved in cellular metabolism. KEGG pathways analysis demonstrated enrichment of glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and response to amino acid starvation pathways at the tumor invasive edge. These preliminary studies demonstrate a distinct metabolic phenotype in invasive GBM cells which will be further explored with system wide screens.
Present as a partner and a parent: Mothers' and fathers' perspectives on father participation in prenatal care.

Supportive father involvement during pregnancy can positively impact maternal and child outcomes. Father participation in prenatal care is increasing, yet little research exists to understand how mothers and fathers experience father participation in prenatal care and their preferences for father participation. We interviewed expectant first-time mothers (N = 22) and fathers (N = 20) to learn about fathers' participation in prenatal care, perceptions of providers' treatment of fathers, and preferences for father participation. Interviews were coded using principles of grounded theory. Father participation ranged from attendance at visits considered "important" (e.g., ultrasounds) to attendance at every appointment. Experiences of father participation varied, with many describing it as both an important act of support for the mother and part of assuming the role of father. Most participants saw great value in father participation in prenatal care as an opportunity for fathers to learn how to support a healthy pregnancy, bond with their developing baby, and share joy and/or worries with mothers. Participants generally felt that fathers were made to feel welcome and wanted providers to be inclusive of fathers during appointments. Results of this study suggest that father participation presents an opportunity for prenatal care providers to foster fathers' positive involvement in pregnancy, support for mothers, and preparation to parent.
The antagonistic pleiotropy of insulin-like growth factor 1

While insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a well-established modulator of aging and longevity in model organisms, its role in humans has been controversial. In this study, we used the UK Biobank (n = 440,185) to resolve previous ambiguities in the relationship between serum IGF-1 levels and clinical disease. We examined prospective associations of serum IGF-1 with mortality, dementia, vascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer, finding two generalized patterns: First, IGF-1 interacts with age to modify risk in a manner consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy; younger individuals with high IGF-1 are protected from disease, while older individuals with high IGF-1 are at increased risk for incident disease or death. Second, the association between IGF-1 and risk is generally U-shaped, indicating that both high and low levels of IGF-1 may be detrimental. With the exception of a more uniformly positive relationship between IGF-1 and cancer, these effects were remarkably consistent across a wide range of conditions, providing evidence for a unifying pathway that determines risk for most age-associated diseases. These data suggest that IGF-1 signaling could be harmful in older adults, who may actually benefit from the attenuation of biological growth pathways.