cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antinociceptive and behavioral activation responses elicited by d-Pro2-Endomorphin-2 in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray are sensitive to sex and gonadectomy differences in rats☆☆

Abstract Sex differences have been observed in antinociception after morphine administered into either the lateral ventricles, rostral ventromedial medulla, or ventrolateral periaqueductal gray such that male rats exhibit significantly greater antinociception than female rats. Adult gonadectomy produced small, but significant changes in morphine antinociception relative to same-sex sham-operated controls. The present study examined whether sex and adult gonadectomy differences were observed in antinociceptive responses after d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 (1–50 μg) elicited from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) on the tail-flick and jump tests in rats, and compared these effects with morphine antinociception. d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 antinociception in the vlPAG was significantly greater in estrous-phase, sham-operated and ovariectomized female rats relative to sham-operated and castrated male rats on the tail-flick, but not jump test that differed markedly from the greater magnitude of morphine antinociception noted for male rats on both tests. In testing whether d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2’s antinociceptive sex differences were secondary to alterations in activity, similar decreases in the pattern of total activity were observed after d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 in the vlPAG in male and female rats. In evaluating whether male and female rats differed in their behavioral activation responses after d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 in the vlPAG, significantly more excessive grooming, seizures, barrel rolls and explosive running behaviors were observed after d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 in male, but not female rats during the precise periods of time when they were failing to display robust antinociceptive responses on the tail-flick test. Thus, the different patterns of sex differences after d -Pro 2 -Endomorphin-2 in the vlPAG appear to be attributable to sex-dependent alterations in behavioral activation rather than nociceptive processing per se.
Microinjection of TRH analogs into the raphe pallidus stimulates gastric acid secretion in the rat.

Abstract The effects of microinjection of the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, RX 77368, [pGlu-His-(3,3′-dimethyl)-Pro-NH2] into the raphe pallidus on gastric acid secretion were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats with gastric fistula. RX 77368 microinjected into the raphe pallidus at doses of 0.07, 0.7 and 7.7 pmol induced a dose-dependent net stimulation of gastric acid secretion (7 ± 4, 50 ± 7and61 ± 12 μmol/h respectively). The peak acid response was reached within 30 min and returned to basal level 90 min post-injection. The stimulatory effect was abolished by bilateral cervical vagotomy and pirenzepine pretreatment (1 mg/kg, i.v.). RX 77368 (7.7 pmol) microinjected into the inferior olive or pyramidal tract induced smaller or no gastric acid secretory response. These results demonstrate that chemical stimulation of the raphe pallidus increases gastric acid secretion through vagal pathways and peripheral muscarinic receptors. These data suggest that the nucleus raphe pallidus may be involved in vagal modulation of gastric acid secretion in the rat.
Augmented expression of glia maturation factor in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain-specific protein, isolated, sequenced, and cloned in our laboratory, is a prominent mediator of inflammation in the CNS leading to the death of neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate, for the first time, a significant upregulation of the GMF protein in various regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains compared with age-matched non-demented (ND) control brains. We analyzed AD and ND brain samples by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a combination of highly specific monoclonal and polyclonal anti-GMF antibodies developed and characterized in our laboratory. For the comparison between ND controls and AD cases, we examined brain tissue from 12 ad cases (ages ranging from 78–92 years) and eight age-matched ND controls (ages ranging from 76–88 years). We observed a significant increase in GMF concentration in entorhinal cortex, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, perirhinal cortex, and temporal cortex of AD patients. Our results clearly demonstrate that the GMF protein levels are significantly higher in all AD-affected brain regions than in ND controls. The immunohistochemistry analysis revealed co-localization of GMF with amyloid plaques (AP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD brains. Our results imply that under conditions of neurodegeneration the expression of GMF is significantly upregulated.
Rao-Blackwellized unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear systems with bandwidth constraints

We consider the state estimation problem in distributed nonlinear systems with bandwidth constraints. In particular, we focus on the sensor networks with limited communication between the sensor nodes and the fusion center. Two practical bandwidth-saving methods are considered: (1) recursive filtering with quantized innovations, and (2) compressive sampling of sparse signals. For both scenarios, Rao-Blackwellized unscented Kalman filter (RBUKF) based methods are developed. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms closely track the original signal.
Dual Role of Nanoparticles in the Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Nanoparticle Suspensions

Experimental evidence exists that the addition of a small quantity of nanoparticles to a base fluid, can have a significant impact on the effective thermal conductivity of the resulting suspension. The causes for this are currently thought to be due to a combination of two distinct mechanisms. The first is due to the change in the thermophysical properties of the suspension, resulting from the difference in the thermal conductivity of the fluid and the particles, and the second is thought to be due to the transport of thermal energy by the particles, due to the Brownian motion of the particles. In order to better understand these phenomena, a theoretical model has been developed that examines the effect of the Brownian motion. In this model, the well-known approach first presented by Maxwell, is combined with a new expression that incorporates the effect of the Brownian motion and describes the physical phenomena that occurs because of it. The results indicate that the enhanced thermal conductivity may not in fact be due to the transport of energy by the particles, but rather, due to the stirring motion caused by the movement of the nanoparticles which enhances the heat transfer within the fluid. The resulting model shows good agreement when compared with the existing experimental data and perhaps more importantly helps to explain the trends observed from a fundamental physical perspective. In addition, it provides a possible explanation for the differences that have been observed between the previously obtained experimental data, the predictions obtained from Maxwell’s equation and the theoretical models developed by other investigators.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effects of bicuculline on central inhibition.

Abstract The effects of the specific gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist bicuculline were investigated on direct, presynaptic and reticular inhibition and cerebellar disfacilitation of the segmental monosynaptic action potentials of decerebrate cats. Bicuculline markedly suppressed presynaptic inhibition of the quadriceps, posterior bicepssemitendinosus and gastrocnemius-soleus monosynaptic action potentials but had no effect on direct inhibition of these same potentials. Reticular inhibition of the quadriceps potentials was unaltered with bicuculline, but reticular inhibition of the posterior biceps-semitendinosus potentials was significantly suppressed. Cerebellar disfacilitation of both the quadriceps and posterior biceps-semitendinosus potentials was also blocked with bicuculline. The present study supports earlier propositions that GABA may be involved in presynaptic inhibition and cerebellar disfacilitation of the segmental potentials and suggests that reticular inhibition of the posterior biceps-semitendinosus monosynaptic action potentials may also be mediated by GABA.
High transgene expression levels in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) driven by the rice ubiquitin promoter RUBQ2

Abstract Discovery and evaluation of new regulatory elements are urgently needed for future improvements in transgene expression in sugarcane. The rice polyubiquitin promoter RUBQ2 was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and expression levels were monitored after particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. DNA constructs containing RUBQ2 promoter produced higher levels of transient GUS expression by particle bombardment in calli and leaves compared with control constructs containing the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter or the maize polyubiquitin Ubi-1 promoter. Similarly, the RUBQ2 promoter produced higher levels of transient GUS expression in calli than the Ubi-1 promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using strains LABA4404 and AGL1. Use of Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 resulted in a 7-fold increase in transient gene expression over strain AGL1. Stably transformed plants were produced via particle bombardment, and stable GUS expression levels by RUBQ2 were increased 1.6-fold over those by Ubi-1, while no GUS expression was detected in the transgenic plants with CaMV 35S promoter. Southern blotting analysis revealed stable, multi-copy GUS gene integration into the sugarcane genome via particle bombardment. Results from this study indicate that RUBQ2 can serve as a new regulatory element to provide high levels of transgene expression in sugarcane.
Development of a Virtual Technology Coach to Support Technology Integration for K-12 Educators.

In an effort to develop a virtual technology coach for K-12 educators, this article analyzed survey results from sixty teachers with regards to specific resources that a technology coach could provide within a virtual environment. A virtual technology coach was proposed as a possible solution to provide continual professional development for teachers to support their technology integration efforts. Results indicate that the Collaboration, Discussion, Learning, and Sharing resources of a virtual technology coach are considered valuable. This finding appears to corroborate the importance of developing a professional learning community to promote effective and sustained technology integration strategies among teachers. In addition, these virtual technology coaching attributes are identified in current education coaching (NETS*C) standards pointing to a potential support structure for schools and school districts implementing the NETS*C standards.
Collision Detection for Virtual Objects in a Haptic Assembly and Disassembly Simulation Environment

There exist a large body of work in the field of assembly, sometimes involving the use of a virtual environment to assist the user in assembly analysis. We have developed HIDRA (Haptic Integrated Dis/Re-assembly Analysis), a real-time haptic simulation for the analysis of assembly and disassembly operations. In this paper, we address the state of the art in collision detection and the implications it has on the effectiveness of our simulation. In particular, we focus on the usability of current collision detection libraries and discuss some of their limitations. Also, techniques to improve the robust ness of object interactions, in support of a collision detection algorithm, are presented. Although HIDRA is focused on assembly and disassembly simulations, the techniques described are relevant for the broader development of haptically enabled simulations.© 2002 ASME
Studies Directed Towards a Practical Synthesis of Brevicomin (III) Cyclization Routes to 6, 8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

Abstract Bicyclic ketals have been noted as an important structural unit in sugars1, an alkaloid2, a terpene3 and in pheromones. It is with regard to this last group that we have been recently directing our attention. Frontalin (1)4 and the brevicomins (2 and 3)5 are sex aggregating pheromones of Dendroctonus frontalisand D. brevicomis, respectively. Because of their potential utility in controlling populations of pine bark beetles, considerable activity has been directed towards their syntheses. 6–10 Particularly in syntheses of brevicomin, where the exo-isomer (2) is the biologically useful isomer for insect control, does the methodology become quite important.
Looking back . . . looking forward: addressing the lives of lesbians 55 and older.

This study explored the life course experiences of older lesbians and their concerns and needs as they age. Interviews with sixty-two lesbians, age 55 and older, living in the three west coast states, revealed common themes related to coming out, family and partner relationships, sources of support, aging-related concerns, personal accomplishments, and hopes for the future. Implications for research with older lesbians and for appropriate social work practice and service delivery with this aging population are discussed.
Formalizing Semantic Spaces For Information Access

An exponentially growing volume of digital information makes extraction of relevant items increasingly difficult. This article documents the adoption of information visualization tools by researchers in the disciplines of geography, computer science, and information science to facilitate exploration of very large data archives. Graphic depiction of database content (or the database “semantics”) can be based on a spatial or even a geographic metaphor. Such depictions, often called information spaces or information worlds, provide one example of “spatialization.” Various forms of spatialized views are critiqued in this article. To date, systematic approaches to the creation of spatialized views have lacked solid theoretical foundations. Three spatial frames of reference are presented to formalize and visualize semantic spatialized views: geographic space, cognitive space, and Benediktine space. Application to an example of a very large online catalog (GEOREF) highlights the underlying assumptions of the space types and demonstrates what spatial properties are preserved for each proposed approach.
Sorghum cultivar variation in Ca2+ and aluminum influence on root curvature

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) and aluminum induced unilateral root growth inhibitions (i.e. root curvature) when applied in agar to one side of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] roots. PCMBS (p‐chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid) (10 mM) stopped the root growth inhibition (i.e. curvature) by aluminum in SC574 and SC283 (acid‐soil‐stress tolerant cultivars) but not in Funk G522DR (acid‐soil‐stress sensitive). PCMBS influenced Ca2+‐induced root growth inhibition (i.e. curvature) in Funk G522DR and SC283, but not in SC574.
The effect of dichloromethylene diphosphonate, a pyrophosphate analog, on bone and bone cell structure in the growing rat.

Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) is a synthetic compound related in structure to inorganic pyrophosphate but is resistant to enzymatic and chemical degradation and is known to be a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. The administration of 20 mg/kg/day of Cl2MDP for ten days to growing rats results in marked increases in metaphyseal mineralized tissue mass due to slowed bone resorption. There was an increase in resorption areas covering anorganic bone viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), however, the resorption pits, or Howship's lacunae, in these resorption areas were smaller and less defined than those encountered in controls. The appearance of these large areas of poorly delineated resorption pits is likely due to an inhibition of bone resorption coupled with slowed bone formation. Administration of Cl2MDP to growing rats also results in an increase in the numbers and size of osteoclasts. Because this would appear to be a histological paradox, in view of the ability of Cl2MDP to slow bone resorption, the osteoclasts were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffled borders and associated cytoplasmic vacuoles were generally less extensive in the Cl2MDP-treated osteoclasts than in controls, even though clear zones were frequently seen. Examination of undecalcified light microscope sections reveal that the area of bone being degraded by adjacent osteoclasts was generally much smaller in the Cl2MDP-treated animals than in controls. Thus the collaborating TEM observations of smaller ruffled borders, with the SEM observations of smaller, less-de-fined resorption pits, with the light microscope observations of smaller bone areas being degraded by individual osteoclasts provide a morphological basis for the observed decreases in bone resorption following Cl2MDP administration.
Crosstalk analysis using reconvergence correlation

In the UDSM era, crosstalk is an area of considerable concern for designers, as it can have a considerable impact on the yield, both in terms of functionality and operating frequency. Methods of crosstalk analysis are pessimistic in nature and the effort is ongoing to come up with techniques that make the analysis as realistic as possible. Using information from timing analysis is one such technique where we use data about overlap in switching among nets to identify those that can potentially switch together. Existing techniques tend to look at the set of a victim and associated aggressor nets in isolation, and select a subset of aggressors based on the absolute timing windows of these nets, thus ignoring the information associated with the fanin of these nets. In reality, however, some of these nets may never switch together because the reconvergence of those nets has not being factored in. Ignoring this correlation can cause false failures being flagged, leading to increased design cycles and conservatism in the design. We propose a technique where the correlation due to reconvergence can be captured in terms of relative switching windows. We apply this technique to real designs and show that this leads to more realistic analysis for crosstalk, and that we can see a reduction in the number of violations reported. We also analyze the effective of the method statistically.
On the fundamental fluid transport mechanisms through normal and pathological articular cartilage during function--I. The formulation.

Abstract The fundamental fluid transport mechanisms associated with articular cartilage are important toward the understanding of the biomechanical processes involved in the physiology of normal and pathological synovial joints. Phenomenologically, articular cartilage is viewed as a mixture of two mechanically interacting continua, i.e. a solid matrix phase and a liquid phase composed of water. In synovial joints the liquid phase may be transported through the solid matrix by a direct pressure gradient as a result of the squeeze film action of synovial fluid during articulation and as a result of the consolidation of the solid matrix. The mechanically interacting mixture is composed of a solid. defined by an elastic internal energy function, and an incompressible liquid. The accompanying frictional resistance of relative motion is considered by a linear diffusive dissipation term. The equations of motion for each phase and the total mixture were derived from the extended Hamilton's Principle, where the Rayleigh dissipative resistance is considered as a generalized body force field. This procedure yields, as special cases, the classical Darcy's Law for the liquid transport due to direct pressure gradients, as well as Biot's consolidation equations for the liquid transport due to the dilatation of the solid phase.
Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of pulmonary nodules among patients living in a coccidioidal endemic region.

Background Within a coccidioidal endemic region, pulmonary nodules due to coccidioidomycosis are common. Uptake of 18fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) by positron emission tomography with computed axial tomography (PET/CT) has been used to assess whether pulmonary nodules are malignant but inflammatory lesions can be positive. The purpose of this study was to compare by PET/CT the 18FDG uptake in pulmonary nodules likely due to coccidioidomycosis to that of nodules shown to be malignant among patients living in a coccidioidal endemic region.
Hierarchical delays as a source of nominal price rigidities: evidence from the microcomputer industry

The non-market clearing models of New Keynesian macroeconomic theory rely heavily upon sticky prices to generate business cycle activity following monetary shocks. The dominant theoretical explanations for sticky prices assume a degree of market power in the representative firm (e.g. Mankiw, 1985. Quarterly J. Econ. 100(2): 529–538). Thus, an important element of empirical research is the exploration of sticky prices within more competitive industries. The importance of this analysis is in establishing the potential degree of price stickiness in a representative firm employed in a macroeconomic model. Among the many theoretical explanations of nominal rigidities are the existence of hierarchical delays (Blinder, 1991. Amer. Econ. Rev. 72: 334–348) and decision costs (Tommasi, 1992. Optimal Pricing, Inflation, And The Cost of Price Adjustment, 485–511). Both theories rely on the simple notion that managerial inefficiency, high costs of making decisions and sluggish transmission of information lead to price stickiness. This paper investigates the market for microcomputers in the United States from 1993 to 1995 finding strong evidence of nominal price rigidities attributable to hierarchical delays. Alternate explanations for these rigidities are explored and rejected. These prices are sticky in a monopolistically or workably competitive industry, which provides important additional support for the New Keynesian interpretation. Ordinary least squares, a Poisson count and negative binomial count models are employed in establishing the existence of hierarchical delays. Conclusions are offered regarding the appropriate selection of the characteristics of the representative firm in macroeconomic models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Federalism and Social Justice: Implications for Social Work

Federalism is a system of government that divides power between two or more levels of government. During the current conservative political climate in the United States, power has shifted increasingly from the federal government to states, a move that has implications for the achievement of social justice. Consequently, it is now necessary for social workers to engage in political activity at the state and local levels, in addition to the federal level, to promote social justice. Implications for social work policy practice, research, and education for advancing social justice within the federal system of government are explored.
From scrapbook to Facebook: A history of personal media assemblage and archives

This study surveys recent research on print-era scrapbooks and contemporary social media to highlight commonalities between the two formats, both in terms of the practices they have historically promoted for users, and the methodological challenges they produce for researchers. It argues that scrapbooks and social media can be conceptualized as sites of personal media assemblage and personal media archives, a designation that highlights the simultaneously social and archival dimensions of each form. After discussing these formal similarities, the author identifies three shared functions: (1) documenting friendship, (2) navigating new media abundance, and (3) communicating taste and building cultural capital. By drawing functional and formal parallels between the two media, the goal is to observe how these ‘old’ and ‘new’ technologies might mutually shed light on each other’s neglected social and archival dimensions, offering scholars a wider range of angles from which to approach them as cultural and biog...
Baseline cognition, behavior, and motor skills in children with new-onset, idiopathic epilepsy.

AIM Epilepsy is associated with difficulties in cognition and behavior in children. These problems have been attributed to genetics, ongoing seizures, psychosocial issues, underlying abnormality of the brain, and/or antiepileptic drugs. In a previous study, we found baseline cognitive differences between children with partial versus generalized and convulsive versus non-convulsive seizures. Measures in that study focused primarily on IQ scores. In the present study, we assessed baseline function with respect to new learning, attention, and memory, thus providing a more comprehensive profile than our previous study. METHOD We examined 57 children (42 females, 15 males), aged 6 to 17 years (mean 10y 1mo, SD 2y 9mo), with new-onset, idiopathic epilepsy, using tests of cognitive function reflective of new learning, memory, and attention. Seizures were classified as generalized convulsive (n=5), generalized non-convulsive (n=18), or focal (n=34). Focal seizures were divided into unilateral versus bilateral independent foci, and presence versus absence of secondary generalization. RESULTS Attention was a particular area of weakness across all groups. The Vocabulary score of an intelligence screen was higher for the focal seizure groups (p=0.012), primarily because of a difference between the unilateral focal and the primary generalized groups (p<0.047). Children with generalized, non-convulsive seizures performed significantly worse than the focal group on a measure of short-term auditory memory (p=0.019). All groups performed poorly on a test of visual-motor speed. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest intrinsic abnormalities in children with new-onset, idiopathic epilepsy at baseline.
Change in Electronic Structure of Polyenes Due to Interaction with Polyacenes and with Graphitic Strips

Hartree−Fock calculations are first presented when a polyene is brought down parallel to the plane of some polyacenes and also, for one case, in a perpendicular orientation. Attention is given to the variation of (a) bond lengths and (b) the HOMO−LUMO energy gap. Following these numerical investigations on finite systems, some tight-binding models (Huckel-like) are worked out to illustrate the effects of different environments on the π-electron assembly in polyenes. Again the focal points are whether bond alternation is enhanced, or suppressed, and the consequences for the HOMO−LUMO energy gap. Some analytic progress proves possible for an infinite polyene chain interacting with (a) an infinite polyacene and (b) an infinite polyphenacene, when a “hopping” energy is used to couple the polyene with its “environment”. In the former model (a), with no HOMO−LUMO gap in the isolated infinite polyacene, a π−electron polyene gap is opened up. In model (b), a similar variation of the energy gap is found. For futur...
The effect of oncoprotein v-erbA on thyroid hormone-regulated genes in hepatocytes and their potential role in hepatocellular carcinoma

Mutant forms of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) with dominant negative activity are frequently found in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interestingly, the v-erbA oncogene, known to exert a dominant-negative effect on the expression of thyroid hormone (T3)-responsive genes, led to the development of HCC in a transgenic mouse model. Thus it is possible that the oncogenic activity of v-erbA in hepatocytes may be mediated by its dominant negative activity on T3-responsive genes. Microarray analysis was used to identify genes differentially expressed in murine hepatocytes in culture (AML12 cells) stably transfected with v-erbA and exposed to T3. The Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 array consisted of over 39,000 transcripts representing well-known genes. We have identified twenty T3-responsive genes that are negatively regulated by v-erbA at 3 h, and eighteen genes at 24 h, such as follistatin, activin βC, thrombomodulin, Six1, Rasgrp3 and Ndrg2, as well as genes that are regulated by v-erbA only, such as angiopoietin 1 and Igfr2. We have identified T3 responsive genes that are dysregulated by v-erbA. These genes are known to be involved in carcinogenesis. Our studies may provide insight into the potential role of mutant forms of TR in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Disinvesting in America? the legacy of consumption policy in the 1980s

This article traces patterns of consumption, low productivity, debt accumulation and slow economic growth. Rather than calling for an increased emphasis on market and corporate incentives, the author calls for increased public investment. He favors particularly increases in scientific research and development and technology, in public works to rebuild the infrastructure, and calls for a public administration associated with increased investment in government. The New Deal and the Great Society established the foundations of the public policy and administration of consumption—income transfer, entitlement, loan, loan guarantee, credit, subsidy, tax expenditure, and related programs designed to maintain or improve the income levels and social and economic well being of many elements of the United States population. Such programs now constitute approximately 50 percent of the federal budget. In the late 1980s, the United States entered into a new international economic, technological, and demographic order in...
Adrenolytic Activity of Atropine, (+)-Hyoscyamine, Atroscine, Homatropine, and Related Compounds

The adrenolytic activity of atropine, (+) and (−) hyoscyamine, (−)-hyoscine, atroscine, and related compounds was determined by their ability to antagonize the lethal effect of epinephrine in rats. (+)-Hyoscyamine was found to be more active than atropine, and atropine was slightly more active than atroscine (racemic hyos-cine). The levo-isomers, (−)-hyoscyamine and (−)-hyoscine, were inactive. These results indicate that (+)-hyoscyamine and (+)-hyoscine are responsible for the effect of atropine and atroscine, respectively. Hornatropine and benztropine, but not tropine itself, were active. Benztropine was approximately one-fiftieth as active as phentolamine. A pair of esters of tropine had weak adrenoiytic activity, but their pseudotropine isomers were inactive. Atropine aminoxide (genatropin) and atropine methyl nitrate had no adrenolytic activity.
Characterization of growth and enzymes produced by prt+lac+ and prt-lac- Lactococcus lactis cells

Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris strains KH (prt+lac+) and KHA (prt−lac−) are used as starter cultures in manufacture of ripened cheeses. The growth characteristics and the dipeptidases produced by these cells have been investigated in this study. A new semisynthetic medium was developed for growth of the cells. Growth on this medium was as good as or better than that on milk, the natural medium for cheese starters. Production of proteinases and dipeptidases by these cells was monitored. The effect of temperature on the activity and on the half-lives of dipeptidases was determined.
The avian embryo as a model for early developmental endocrinology

Studies utilizing the developing chicken embryo have significantly augmented our understanding of the ontogeny of endocrine regulation during major critical periods of embryonic development. These embryos currently provide the only available models for elucidating the onset of endocrine function during all stages of in situ amniote development, for examining chronic calcium deficiency during embryogenesis, and for experiments in basic renal function during periods when only the mesonephros is normally functioning, as well as mixed meso/metanephric function and solely metanephric kidney function.
The 2007 Benjamin Franklin medal in materials engineering, Presented to Merton C. Flemings, Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

The second half of the twentieth century marked the emergence of metal casting, also known as solidification processing, as a field for scientific and engineering inquiry. Merton C. Flemings is recognized internationally for his pioneering work in this field resulting in the development of fundamental understanding and novel processes of commercial importance. Amongst his work is semi-solid metalworking (SSM), an environmentally friendly process, which has led to the development of a new world-wide industry providing lightweight, affordable metallic castings for applications ranging from aerospace, to sporting goods, to consumer electronics.
Screening for Depression in Hospitalized Elderly Medical Patients: Taking a Closer Look

Objective: To re-examine the test characteristics of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Brief Carroll Depression Rating Scale (BCDRS) in elderly medical inpatients, simulating the procedure followed by clinicians when using screening instruments. Design: Masked comparison of GDS and BCDRS with psychiatric interview. Setting: Durham VA Medical Center. Participants: 109 consecutively admitted persons aged 70 or over. Measurements: Screening by a social worker using GDS and BCDRS on day one, followed the next day by an investigator's structured psychiatric interview to determine the presence of major depressive disorder (MDD). Results: By this method, the sensitivity and specificity of the GDS (cutoff 11) were 82% and 76%, respectively; for the BCDRS (cutoff 6), they were 73% and 79%. Among those with a negative test, the likelihood of MDD dropped from an a priori probability of 10% to an a posteriori probability of 3% with the GDS and 4% with the BCDRS. Among those with a positive test, the likelihood of MDD was 27% for the GDS and 28% for the BCDRS. Excluding patients with cognitive impairment (MMSE ≤ 25) only slightly improved test characteristics. Conclusion: These estimates are considerably below those reported in earlier studies where concordant screening, two-stage screening, or other methods have been utilized and may impact the decision whether or not to screen for depression using these instruments. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:1013–1017, 1992
The evolution and problems of model management research

Abstract Models are a key resource for organizational decision making. The diversity, complexity, and reusability of this resource result in the need for model management systems. The construction of a model management system involves a modeling task dimension and a design level dimension. The modeling task dimension consists of model formulation, model representation, and model processing. The design level dimension addresses the architectural requirements of a system from a user's standpoint and a computer system's standpoint. The numerous architectures suggested in the model management systems literature address isolated areas identified by these dimensions. The research surveyed in this paper indicates that the primary focus has been on the system view of model representation. Before model management systems can be widely used in organizations, model management researchers must explore systems that address all areas of the task and design level dimensions. In this paper, we identify and justify the necessary dimensions of model management research. Next, the existing model management research is critically reviewed. Finally, neglected research areas are discussed, and investigations necessary for the development of integrated model management systems are suggested.
The Mold and Yeast Count as an Index of the Keeping Quality of Butter

Summary 1.Data are presented upon the mold and yeast counts and the keeping quality of 597 samples of butter. Among these 297 were in tubs and 300 in one-pound cartons. 2.The mold counts ranged from 0 to 4800 per cubic centimeter; the yeast counts from 0 to 90,000 per cubic centimeter; and the total counts from 0 to 90,400 per cubic centimeter. 3.No consistent relationship was apparent between the mold or yeast counts and the quality of the fresh butter. 4.In general, high yeast counts accompanied high mold counts. 5.Considered as a group, the samples of butter with the lower mold, yeast and total counts showed a tendency toward slightly better keeping quality than those with higher counts. 6.The mold, yeast or total count of individual samples did not serve as a reliable index of the keeping quality of the butter.
Lutein Sequestration and Furanocoumarin Metabolism in Parsnip Webworms Under Different Ultraviolet Light Regimes in the Montane West

Both biotic and abiotic selection pressures can contribute to geographic variation in allelochemical production in plants. We examined furanocoumarin production in western North American populations of Heracleum lanatum and Pastinaca sativa that, at different latitudes and altitudes, experience different ultraviolet (UV) light regimes. Total furanocoumarins and linear furanocoumarins of fruits were negatively correlated with UV irradiance, whereas amounts of angular furanocoumarins, which are generally less phototoxic, were not. Another factor potentially influencing furanocoumarin production is the presence of the parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella, (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), an herbivore that feeds on reproductive structures of both plant species. These insects sequester lutein from their host plants; this carotenoid acts to ameliorate furanocoumarin toxicity. Although the concentration of lutein in fruits did not vary with UV irradiance, lutein sequestration by sixth instars was positively correlated with UV irradiance. Webworm populations are variably infested with the polyembryonic webworm parasitoid Copidosoma sosares Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). H. lanatum fruits from populations with webworms parasitized by C. sosares had lower concentrations of furanocoumarins, with the exception of sphondin, than fruits from plants infested with webworms free from parasitism. Lower levels of these furanocoumarins may reduce negative effects on the fitness of this parasitoid. In contrast with the variation in furanocoumarin content, the ability of webworms to metabolize furanocoumarins by cytochrome P450 did not differ significantly among populations from New Mexico to Alberta.
Characterization of a stromal cell model of the human benign and malignant prostate from explant culture.

AbstractPurpose: There is a lack of suitable in vitro models for the human prostate. To study stromal-epithelial interactions, we established stromal cells in cultures from benign and malignant prostate tissue that resemble more closely the in vivo conditions of the human prostate.Materials and Methods: Stromal cells were obtained from explant primary culture, established in DU145 cell conditioned medium and maintained in RPMI-fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS). Proliferation studies to compare different media were performed using a3 [H]thymidine assay. Stromal cells were characterized by immunocytochemistry using epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Morphology was evaluated by electron microscopy, light and phase-contrast microscopy. Androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression was measured by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR). The response to different concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the antihormones flutamide and hydroxyflutamide was tested by3 [H]...
Anatomical and physiological characterization of avian sympathetic cardiac afferents

In the preceding paper6 describing the right sympathetic cardiac nerve of the pigeon we reported a fast compound action potential component with no chronotropic effect, and single unit recordings from sympathetic postganglionic neurons demonstrated that this action potential component was not reflected in the antidromic postganglionic latencies. Electron microscopy then indicated the presence of numerous myelinated fibers in the nerve, and together these findings suggested the existence of a substantial number of sympathetic cardiac afferents in the right cardiac nerve. The present paper confirms this by demonstrating with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase that some fibers of the right sympathetic cardiac nerve have their cells of origin in dorsal root ganglia. This was also shown to be the case for the left sympathetic cardiac nerve. Selective activation of the myelinated fiber contingent was then shown to elicit a short latency decrease in arterial blood pressure that could be further augmented by the activation of the smaller unmyelinated fibers. This reflex depressor response to activation of sympathetic cardiac afferents survived bilateral vagotomy but was blocked by atropine. It is therefore concluded that both the left and right sympathetic cardiac nerves of the pigeon contain afferent fibers, both myelinated and unmyelinated, and that the reflex effect of activating these fibers is a sympathetically mediated vasodilation that is atropine-sensitive.
Magnetic Relaxation Studies of Protein Solvation

I RECENTLY reported magnetic relaxation studies on 17O in 17H2O-protein solutions1, and I have now extended the work to a large number of proteins in D2O solutions.
High-Frequency Combustion Instability in Solid Propellant Rockets. Part 1

A theory of u n s t a b l e h ighf requency osci l la t ions i n solid p rope l l an t rocke t s is advanced w i t h t h e m e c h a n i s m of self-excitat ion based o n t h e fol lowing simplified m o d e l . Bo th t h e r a t e of p r i m a r y decompos i t i on of solid p r o p e l l a n t e lement a n d t h e r a t e of ac t iva t ion of t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p roducts d u r i n g t h e t i m e lag a r e a s s u m e d to depend u p o n t h e gas osc i l la t ions . B o t h i n t e r a c t i o n s a re expressed i n t e rms of t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s p ressu re accord ing to power law wi th exponent n a n d m respect ively. T h e dependence of t h e r a t e of decompos i t i on o n d r i f t ing velocity is s h o w n to be no t of f u n d a m e n t a l i m p o r t a n c e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t a bili ty of osc i l la t ions i n t h e c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r . Analysis shows t h a t a simplified over-al l p re s su re index of i n t e r ac t ion S = m — (n/2) m u s t b e bigger t h a n c e r t a i n m i n i m u m value if u n s t a b l e osc i l l a t ion is t o be possible . U n stable osc i l la t ion f u r t h e r r equ i re s t h e t i m e lag to be in proper r ange . T h e m o s t u n s t a b l e m o d e is s h o w n to be t h e f u n d a m e n t a l sp i ra l m o d e , a n d i t s t a n g e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t w i th exactly t h e acous t i ca l f requency is t h e o n e which is m o s t easily observed a t finite m a g n i t u d e s because of i ts rap id ampl i f ica t ion . Several conf igura t ions of t h e p rope l lan t g ra in w i t h r ad ia l b u r n i n g surfaces have been invest igated. Rod g ra in becomes m o r e s t ab le whi le o t h e r grain shapes b e c o m e less s t ab le in t h e course of firing. Rod gra in is t h e m o s t s t ab le whi le t u b u l a r g r a in is t h e mos t u n s t a b l e conf igura t ion . T h e s tab i l i z ing effect of inse r t ing a n o n b u r n i n g solid rod i n t o t u b u l a r g ra in is verified by t h e t h e o r y . Several o t h e r aspec ts have also been t r e a t ed . Solid rocke t w i t h end b u r n i n g g ra in also becomes less s t ab le i n t h e course of o p e r a t i o n . B o t h t h e spiral a n d t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l m o d e s in rocke t wi th e n d b u r n i n g g ra in a re briefly inves t iga ted .
John Milne: Father of Modern Seismology

The purpose of this book “is to present a picture of the interesting life of this almost forgotten man.” It succeeds. The emphasis is on John Milne as a person rather than on his accomplishments as a scientist. The authors have drawn on a wide variety of sources to round out a revealing biography of the man. From their treatment the reader will see something of the drives that impel a man to the frontiers of science and to leadership in his specialty. The treatment is sympathetic, written with an uncommon understanding by two men who themselves are science teachers. The coverage of the scientific achievements of Milne, on the other hand, is brief. Details of his seismological work can be better learned from more technical sources.
A Study of Fourth Grade Children’s Comprehension of Certain Verbal Abstractions

ions Used in this Study. ?Three sets of primary basic readers and a set of science books were analyzed for 246 verbal abstractions: (1) Easy Growth in Reading Series,2 (2) Curric ulum Foundation Series, 3 (3) Betts Basic Read ers, 4 and (4) The Wonderworld of Science.^ Tests Used in this Study. ?One standardized test and three instruments that were construct ed for this study were used. The Stanford-Binet Test of Intelligence, Form L, 1937 Revision, was the standardized test used to determine the verbal intelligence of the population. The other three instruments were: (1) an inventory on background of information, (2) a test on class ifying ideas, and (3) a test on indexing ideas. Statistical Procedures. ?The subjects were given a series of tests to measure various abil ities. To determine whether the instruments used to measure certain abilities were signifi cant, two statistical techniques were employed: 1. The standard error of the difference be tween proportions was used to determine significance of items. 2. The reliability of the tests was establish ed by using the split-half method and the Spearman-Brown "Prophecy-Formula. " The results obtained from the tests were compared by employing the Pearson Product Moment Formula. This technique was used be cause it provided a way of determining the re lationship existing among various abilities.
Vascular balancing act: EGFL7 and Notch

In this issue of Blood , Nichol and colleagues make the interesting and important observation that EGFL7 negatively regulates Notch activity in endothelial cells (ECs) to control blood vessel development.[1][1] Previous work demonstrates that EGFL7 is expressed in a highly restricted manner in
Identifying Routine and Telltale Activity Patterns in Knowledge Work

Our research addresses the question as to whether automatically collected quantitative data about people's behavior online can be analyzed to spot patterns that indicate behaviors of interest. Based on ethnographic studies, we find that people, going about their routine work, exhibit patterns in terms of their routine online activities and work rhythms. Such patterns can be comprised of many diverse types of events occurring over arbitrary durations. For example, they might include timing, duration and frequency of particular uses of hardware and software resources, manipulations of content, communication acts and so on. We use ethnography to identify and target significant patterns and computer logging to collect data on computer events that can be analyzed to find reliable correlates of those patterns. In this paper we discuss our methods and their potential for the development of novel types of applications that can identify normal activities and also spot telltale or deviant patterns. Such applications could be useful to users directly by providing helpful resources and content automatically or to the enterprise in general by automatically detecting performance problems, deleterious behaviors, or malicious activities.
Spectrum utilization for mobile radio in metropolitan areas

As the proposed LMAC recommendations are inadequate for long range utilization of the spectrum for mobile radio purposes, the paper proposes a common user approach for private mobile systems in metropolitan areas. It is indicated that spectrum utilization could be many thousand times more efficient than with the current practice where each private system is assigned a specific channel. Estimated costs are given.
On the response of thin elastic plates by means of green's functions

By means of Green's functions, an exact solution has been found for the thin elastic rectangular plate, built-in along one edge and simply supported along the other edges, for various static loading conditions. The results for deflections and moments have been compared with an approximate method by Timoshenko and the finite element method for different loading cases. It has been shown that results given by Timoshenko and finite element methods agree well with the exact solution, presented in this work.