cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in the United States in 1970

Abstract The Papanicolaou smear history of 6,752 ever-married women under 45 years old residing in the United States, was obtained by the 1970 National Fertility Study, conducted by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University. An epidemiologic analysis of these data is presented, and women who had never had a Papanicolaou smear, those who had had a smear more than 12 months before interview, and those who had had a smear during the previous 12 months are deseribed.
Dynamic switching in magnetic recording

In this paper, we discuss consequences for a variety of recording configurations such as CP recording, TP recording, longitudinal recording in case of dynamic switching in magnetic recording.
Tetraethylammonium block of water flux in Aquaporin-1 channels expressed in kidney thin limbs of Henle's loop and a kidney-derived cell line.

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) channels are constitutively active water channels that allow rapid transmembrane osmotic water flux, and also serve as cyclic-GMP-gated ion channels. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA; 0.05 to 10 mM) was shown previously to inhibit the osmotic water permeability of human AQP1 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The purpose of the present study was to determine if TEA blocks osmotic water flux of native AQP1 channels in kidney, and recombinant AQP1 channels expressed in a kidney derived MDCK cell line. We also demonstrate that TEA does not inhibit the cGMP-dependent ionic conductance of AQP1 expressed in oocytes, supporting the idea that water and ion fluxes involve pharmacologically distinct pathways in the AQP1 tetrameric complex. TEA blocked water permeability of AQP1 channels in kidney and kidney-derived cells, demonstrating this effect is not limited to the oocyte expression system. Equivalent inhibition is seen in MDCK cells with viral-mediated AQP1 expression, and in rat renal descending thin limbs of Henle's loops which abundantly express native AQP1, but not in ascending thin limbs which do not express AQP1. External TEA (10 mM) does not block the cGMP-dependent AQP1 ionic conductance, measured by two-electrode voltage clamp after pre-incubation of oocytes in 8Br-cGMP (10–50 mM) or during application of the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (2–4 mM). TEA selectively inhibits osmotic water permeability through native and heterologously expressed AQP1 channels. The pathways for water and ions in AQP1 differ in pharmacological sensitivity to TEA, and are consistent with the idea of independent solute pathways within the channel structure. The results confirm the usefulness of TEA as a pharmacological tool for the analysis of AQP1 function.
Cybersecurity: opportunities and challenges

The world is reliant on Information more than ever This reliance has resulted in a significant impact on our quality of life – more than two thirds of the productivity gains in the US economy are attributable to IT During the past decade the number of attacks on our infrastructure have grown at an exponential rate In this talk we will identify the sources of these attacks and offer a vision for the future We will describe the research agenda being pursued in Carnegie Mellon CyLab and how it contributes to the future vision.
Magnetic Properties of Hot-Pressed ${\rm FeSb}_{{2}}$

We report on the magnetic properties of a hot-pressed ${\rm FeSb}_{{2}}$ sample. We find a significant increase in the magnetic susceptibility in our sample when compared with the values previously reported for the polycrystalline sample. The pronounced Curie tail at low temperature corresponds to 0.2% of ${\rm Fe}^{{2+}}$ impurities per mole. In the intrinsic conductivity region, the susceptibility due to free carriers shows thermally activated behavior and is consistent with the data reported for single crystal ${\rm FeSb}_{{2}}$ . Based on our data and analysis, while the enhanced magnetic susceptibility in our sample comes mainly from a small amount of unreacted Fe, the contribution from the enhanced carrier density due to lattice and strain defects arising from the ball milling process is also significant. Existence of an unreacted Fe phase is evidenced by small coercivity values of ${\sim}{\rm 100}~{\rm Oe}$ observed at 50 and 300 K.
Evaluation of Emergency Evacuation Strategies for Downtown Event Traffic Using a Dynamic Network Model

This research studied the feasibility of applying a dynamic traffic assignment model, Dynasmart-P, to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative strategies for evacuating the traffic in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, under a hypothetical emergency situation that included the evacuation of a sellout crowd in the Metrodome. For this study, the southwest portion of the Twin Cities metro area was selected as the study network, and a set of different network configurations was evaluated for effectiveness in coping with a given emergency situation. The simulation results indicate that managing traffic conditions at the outbound freeway links in the given network during the evacuation period and the access capacity from the downtown area to those outbound freeway links are the critical factors affecting the effectiveness of evacuation operations. For example, the evacuation time under the contraflow operations with the freeways surrounding the downtown area was substantially reduced when the capacities of the key entrance ramps were also increased.
Redox-Dependent Structural Changes in the Nitrogenase P-Cluster

The structure of the nitrogenase MoFe-protein from Azotobacter vinelandii has been refined to 2.0 A resolution in two oxidation states. EPR studies on the crystals indicate that the structures correspond to the spectroscopically assigned oxidized (POX/MOX) and the native or dithionite-reduced (PN/MN) forms of the enzyme. Both MoFe-protein structures are essentially identical, with the exception of the P-cluster. The MoFe-protein P-cluster in each state is found to contain eight Fe and seven S atoms. Interconversion between the two redox states involves movement of two Fe atoms and an exchange of protein coordination for ligands supplied by a central S atom. In the oxidized POX state, the cluster is coordinated by the protein through six cysteine ligands, Ser-β188 Oγ, and the backbone amide of Cys-α88. In the native PN state, Ser-β188 Oγ and the amide N of Cys-α88 no longer coordinate the cluster due to movement of their coordinated Fe atoms toward the central sulfur. Consequently, this central sulfur adop...
Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, (Sir) Paul, and the human element in the progress of soft psychology

Abstract Meehl’s article related to theoretical risks and tabular asterisks reminds us of the importance of thinking and theorizing as well as hypothesizing and testing, a point that is as relevant today in soft psychology as it was in 1978. Although progress is impeded by the profusion of tabular asterisks, we should recognize as well that the course of events is shaped by the actors involved—theories not only fade away, they are excluded by these actors.
External morphology of the egg of Drosophila melanogaster meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Abstract The entire external surface of the mature egg of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied by the comparative techniques of Nomarski interference optics and scanning electron microscopy. The basal attachment of the anterior dorsal appendages and micropylar cone are associated with an exochorionic surface distinct from the rest of the egg and surrounded by a specialized collar. The appendages contain a plastron system only on their inner sides. The structure of the micropylar canal has been resolved, and on the posterior end of the egg a structure consisting of aeropyle-like openings has been detected. This information expands previous accounts of the Drosophila egg surface and is discussed in relation to descriptions already available from sectioned material at the level of the light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The general agreement between comparative photographs using Nomarski optics and the scanning electron microscope suggests that both methods provide relatively accurate, artifact-free information.
Regulatory options for the development of health and environmental testing of diesel fuels and fuel additives

Abstract This paper discusses various options for regulations of fuels and fuel additives. Four options of evaluation of combustion products are described. These are disregarding combustion products, complete analysis, testing of exhaust mixtures, and partial analysis. Tests are adapted from regulations of EPA for evaluation of combustion products.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM): simulation and error analysis

Real-time monitoring of reorganization and molecular interactions of live cellular components on a precise spatial and temporal scale, requires a high-speed and high- sensitivity imaging system. Theoretically, excited state fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques provide high temporal resolution for dynamics studies of biological samples. In order to provide a comprehensive foundation for the development of the technique, we simulated images using the decay and normal equations for a single component with different windowing schemes. In this model we varied several parameters involved in the simulation to produce images under different theoretical conditions. To obtain a realistic result, we considered equations for noise due to readout, dark current, photon shot noises, and other factors. In addition, the simulant was validated using sample decay images with known lifetimes, which were obtained with current fluorescent decay systems. The software developed through this research is intended to create a compete tutorial describing the theory and procedures of lifetime image acquisition. This theoretical simulation is verified with experiments using known fluorophore lifetimes.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydrogen storage in wind turbine towers

Abstract Modern utility-scale wind turbine towers are typically conical steel structures that could also be used to store gaseous hydrogen in what we have termed a hydrogen tower. This paper examines potential technical barriers to this technology and identifies a minimum cost design. We discovered that hydrogen towers have a “crossover pressure” at which the critical mode of failure crosses over from fatigue to bursting. The crossover pressure for many turbine towers is between 1.0 and 1.5 MPa (approximately 10– 15 atm ). The hydrogen tower design resulting in the least expensive hydrogen storage uses all of the available volume for storage and is designed at its crossover pressure. An 84-m tall hydrogen tower for a 1.5-MW turbine would cost an additional $83,000 (beyond the cost of the conventional tower) and would store 940 kg of hydrogen at 1.1 MPa of pressure. The resulting incremental storage cost of $88/kg is approximately 30% of that for conventional pressure vessels.
The Fisons shareholder survey

Abstract This article is about the ordinary, normal, year-by-year relationship between managers and shareholders; a relationship that is not often discussed, either because it is not news or because it does not exist, or is believed not to exist. In the 1970 's, there may well have to be a more active relationship between management and shareholders than there has been for many years. Management will no doubt adapt itself and form new ties with shareholders just as it has seen the need for doing so with government and with employees: gradually, sometimes reluctantly, but in the end quite positively and often very successfully.
Autophagy: a multifaceted intracellular system for bulk and selective recycling

Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to recycle intracellular constituents. One gaining in appreciation is autophagy, which involves specialized vesicles engulfing and delivering unwanted cytoplasmic material to the vacuole for breakdown. Central to this process is the ubiquitin-fold protein autophagy (ATG)-8, which becomes tethered to the developing autophagic membranes by lipidation. Here, we review data showing that the ATG8 moiety provides a docking site not only for proteins that help shape the enclosing vesicles and promote their fusion with the tonoplast, but also for a host of receptors that recruit appropriate autophagic cargo. The identity of these receptors has dramatically altered the view of autophagy as being a relatively nonspecific mechanism to one that may selectively sequester aggregated proteins, protein complexes, organelles, and even invading pathogens.
Improved finite element method for stochastic problems

Abstract The conventional finite element method dealing with stochastic problems is based on series expansion of stochastic quantities with respect to basic stochastic deviations, by means of either Taylor expansion, perturbation technique or Neumann expansion. The first-order approximation of the mean response, which is utilized to calculate the required probabilistic characteristics of the response, is just the deterministic solution obtained by fixing stochastic parameters at their mean value. However, such a mean response differs from the exact mean value and its use may cause significant error when the coefficients of variation of stochastic parameters are relatively large. In this paper, we propose an improved finite element method for stochastic problems. The method takes into account the first-order and second-order probabilistic information of stochastic parameters for computing the mean solution. The variance and covariance of the solution are calculated by utilizing the improved mean solution instead of ‘deterministic’ mean solution. The present improved method requires only means, variances and covariances of stochastic parameters. However, it has been found that the proposed improved method is much more accurate than the conventional first-order approximate method. Moreover, the present method is more accurate than the conventional second-order approximation method, which requires third and fourth-order probabilistic characteristics of stochastic parameters.
A fluid model with upward jumps at the boundary

We consider a single buffer fluid system in which the instantaneous rate of change of the fluid is determined by the current state of a background stochastic process called "environment". When the fluid level hits zero, it instantaneously jumps to a predetermined positive level q. At the jump epoch the environment state can undergo an instantaneous transition. Between two consecutive jumps of the fluid level the environment process behaves like a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) with finite state space. We develop methods to compute the limiting distribution of the bivariate process (buffer level, environment state). We also study a special case where the environment state does not change when the fluid level jumps. In this case we present a stochastic decomposition property which says that in steady state the buffer content is the sum of two independent random variables: one is uniform over [0,q], and the other is the steady-state buffer content in a standard fluid model without jumps.
FE analysis of 6063 aluminium profiles with complex cross-section during online quenching processes

Thermal-elastic-plastic finite element (FE) theory and solution of thermal-structural coupled field were investigated on the basis of commercial software ANSYS. The FE model used to solve the transient air and water cooling processes of extrusion profiles was built through developed programs on the basis of ANSYS. The calculated temperature and displacement of a plate during water cooling are in good agreement with the measured value and the FE model is reliable. Consequently, the temperature, displacement and equivalent stress of a complex cross-section profile from a plant during online quenching process were investigated. Thickness and boundary conditions difference leads to the temperature difference across the section increases up to about 120C firstly and then decrease to less than 40C. For the complex cross-section profile, the non-uniform deformation is more obviously and the larger thermal stress is the main reason of plastic deformation, fracture generation and occurrence of higher residual stress. A method used external stretching force to improve the distortion was also proposed in quenching processes and the displacement and equivalent stress is reduced sig-nificantly through external stretching force. However, larger external stretching force perhaps results in more serious distortion and fracture.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.21.2.11733
Simulation modeling of material and energy flow through an ecosystem: Methods and documentation

Abstract This paper discusses the process of development of large-scale ecological simulation models as it proceeds through steps divided between two major phases — conceptualization and implementation. The activities in these phases are strongly influenced by model objectives. Activities transpiring in each step are discussed and documentation methods both for the modelling process and its product are introduced for each of the steps. Examples are given from CONIFER, a large-scale coniferous forest model developed by the author in cooperation with another investigator. The role of the model documentation, both in aiding model development and in clearly communicating and allowing criticism of the model, is emphasized. Model evaluation, checking that the model satisfies its objectives, is seen as an area of model development which indicates which parts of the model need reworking.
Explaining Variation in State-Level Homicide Rates: Does Crime Policy Pay?

This study presents a systematic examination of the impact of competing crime policies on homicide rates in the 50 states from 1975 to 1990. The findings indicate that politically popular options for addressing violent crime, especially those that increase prison populations, are not achieving their policy objectives While there is some weak evidence for deterrence policies, the most promising policy approach appears to be long-term commitments to disadvantaged children Although such so-called nurturant policy approaches are rarely considered as comprehensive crime control packages, they seem to be effective in this role. Language: en
Three-dimensional model for twinning in polymer single crystals with inclined chains

Abstract A model describing the three-dimensional structure of twinned crystals of poly(paraxylylene) (PPX) in the aL form is proposed. PPX crystals were grown at 218°C in 1-methylnaphthalene at a concentration of 0.005% using the self-seeding technique. A large number of twinned crystals are obtained, corresponding to two basic modes: aLta and aLtb, involving respectively {110} and {130} twinning planes. Lattice images of the boundary in αta crystals occasionally show 110 lines. Since chains are inclined to the surface normal in untwinned crystals, the presence of 110 lattice fringes at the boundary is explained by the collapse onto the carbon substrate of a three-dimensional roof-like structure consisting of two lamellar twin components. This ‘nonplanar twin’ model, in a sense that the two lamellar components do not lie in the same plane, is extended to the crystals with aLtb twins and further demonstrated by electron diffraction tilt experiments. Multiple twins as well as coalesced α–β crystals are als...
Geometry of spacetime propagation of spinning particles

Abstract We develop a unified geometrical description of spacetime propagation of particles of arbitrary spin. We systematize, from the point of view of the theory of induced representations, the various forms of relativistic wave equations. Utilizing Fronsdal's construction of a class of unconstrained wave equations, we obtain closed and explicit forms of the particles' propagators, discuss their analytic properties in the momentum and mass, and express them through subtracted dispersion relations. By requiring unitarity, we then establish the spin-statistics relation. We discuss a class of associative algebras arising in the construction of the propagators and wave functions. These (momentum-space) wave functions are sections of bundles over (complexified) spheres, constructed in analogy to the Yang-Mills instanton bundles. We then derive proper-time and ramdom-walk representations of the propagators. The latter are conveniently expressed in terms of matrix-valued complex “measures” on the spaces of particle's paths. We develop a general method for analyzing fractal properties of sample paths, based on the calculation of ball hitting probabilities (or amplitudes), and find Hausdorff dimensions of paths for half-integer and integer spins.
Spatial orientation of a limb using egocentric reference points.

Testing the hypothesis that spatial localization can be based on an abstracted spatial location code, rather than on stored proprioceptive information, orientation of an unseen limb was contrasted under intra- and interlimb-movement conditions. In Experiment 1, movements were executed in the midline either vertically upward or horizontally forward in the sagittal plane. These results revealed that intralimb errors were smaller than interlimb errors only at the most distant criterion spatial targets, and it was hypothesized that positioning of a limb could be mediated by a spatial location code if spatial targets were coded in association with body reference points. Experiment 2 tested the egocentric referent hypothesis further by manipulating the availability of body-based spatial reference points under intra- and interlimb conditions. At spatial targets that could be coded in conjunction with body reference points, no difference was found between intra- and interlimb accuracy. In contrast, at spatial targets where body reference points were absent, or at least made difficult to rely on, accuracy was greater in the intralimb condition. It was concluded that spatial reference points, in this instance body-based, are necessary if the spatial positioning of a limb is to be based on the spatial location code. The data were also discussed within a more comprehensive framework of spatial frames of reference.
Comparison of bougie-assisted intubation with traditional endotracheal intubation in a simulated difficult airway.

Objective. To compare the success and ease of bougie-assisted intubation (BAI) with those of traditional endotracheal intubation (ETI) in a simulated difficult airway (20.4 seconds for BAI vs. 16.7...
Interpersonal Mattering in Friendship as a Predictor of Happiness in Japan: The Case of Tokyoites

Drawing on data from the Survey of Midlife Development in Japan (MIDJA), this study examines the roles of friendship in happiness among Tokyoites, primarily inspired by a study linking interpersonal mattering and happiness in the US by Demir et al. (J Happiness Stud 12(6):983–1005, 2011). Consistent with their study and related studies by others (e.g., Tiefenbach and Kohlbacher in Happiness from the viewpoint of economics: findings from recent survey data in Japan. Working paper 13/1. Deutsches Institut Fur Japan Studien/German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo, 2013; Tokuda and Inoguchi in Soc Indic Res 89(2):349–360, 2008), this study finds that interpersonal mattering is a significant and influential predictor of happiness. Furthermore, for residents in Tokyo, the perception of positive relations with others completely mediates the relationship between friendship and happiness. The study also finds that self-acceptance partially mediates the friendship-happiness relationship. It remains to be seen whether the mediated pathway between interpersonal mattering and happiness can be generalized to broader social contexts such as the country as a whole or to societies in the West.
Two distinct blue-light responses regulate the levels of transcripts of specific nuclear-coded genes in pea.

Fluence-response characteristics for bluelight(BL)-mediated changes in the steady-state levels ofCab-, pEA215 and pEA207-RNA in red-light(RL) grown pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings indicate the existence of two BL responses: a blue-lowfluence (BLF) response, causing an increase inCab- and pEA215-RNA, and a blue-high-fluence (BHF) response, causing a return to control levels forCab- and pEA215-RNA and a decrease in pEA207-RNA levels (Warpeha and Kaufman, 1989, Plant Physiol.,91, 1030–1035). We now show that under dark growth conditions, only the BLF response is apparent;Cab- and pEA215-RNA increase at all fluences tested, whereas pEA207-RNA levels are unaltered over the range of BL fluence tested. The treatment of dark-grown seedlings with RL immediately prior to BHF irradiation does not elicit the BHF response forCab-, pEA215 and pEA207-RNA, indicating that the role of growth in RL is to enable the seedling to reach a particular developmental state, rather than ensuring the presence of active phytochrome at the time of BL-irradiation. The apical bud of RL-grown seedlings has only the BLF response;Cab-RNA levels increase while pEA207-RNA exhibits no change at any of the fluences tested. The developing leaves of the fourth node show the BHF response; bothCab- and pEA207-RNA decrease following treatment with high-fluence BL. These data also indicate the necessity for reaching a specific developmental state before the BHF response can be activated.
Excitable waves in a fixed bed reactor: Observations and analysis

Abstract An excitable system admits a stable state but may be destabilized by small perturbations. In an extended uniform media the perturbation will take the form of a travelling pulse. The motion is different in a fixed bed due to its finite length and the direction imposed by the flow. Such a motion has been recently observed in an adiabatic Pt/Al 2 O 3 bed catalyzing ethylene oxidation: fronts produced by an extinction at the inlet always travel downstream and exit and the reactor while a hot spot develops at the inlet and spreads downstream by increasing the temperature to the ignition point. A simple mathematical model of an excitable fixed bed is constructed and its rich dynamics is analyzed in order to develop a methodology for motion identification and classification. Transients are composed of four basic elementary motions: these are classified according to the expanding domain, ignition or extinction, and the front direction, upstream or downstream. Imposing ignition at the outlet, for example, yields a constant-velocity front that travels upstream. The subsequent extinction may occur at the inlet, outlet or in between. Imposing an extinction at the inlet produces the scenario observed experimentally. Under certain conditions a train of fronts, moving up- or downstream, may be realized.
DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES AND IONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LAKES OF THE NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS, NORTH-AMERICA - A TOOL FOR RECONSTRUCTING PAST SALINITY AND CLIMATE FLUCTUATIONS

The distribution of diatoms with respect to salinity and ionic gradients was studied in lakes of the northern Great Plains of North America. The lakes range from freshwater to hypersaline (0.65–270 g∙L−1) and include a variety of brine types, although the majority are dominated by sulfate salts. Canonical correspondence analysis of diatoms in the surface sediments of 66 lakes and associated water chemistry data indicates that diatom distributions are highly correlated with salinity. The ordination also suggests that brine type forms a significant environmental gradient and separates taxa characteristic of bicarbonate/carbonate lakes from those of sulfate-dominated systems. The salinityoptima and tolerances of diatom species are calculated by weighted averaging regression, and these data provide a tool for the reconstruction of past salinity and the inferance of climatic change in arid and semiarid regions.
Use of a morphologic classification to predict clinical outcome after dissection from coronary angioplasty.

Abstract To determine if morphology of procedure-associated dissections could help predict clinical outcome, angiograms of 691 coronary artery dissections resulting from percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were categorized according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification system. Classes of dissection were then correlated with clinical outcome: 543 patients with type B dissections had no increase in morbidity and mortality when compared with patients without dissection, with a similar success rate of 93.7%. Complications in this group were tow and compared favorably with complication rates in procedures not associated with dissection. One hundred forty-eight procedures associated with dissections of types C to F had a significant increase in in-hospital complications, including acute closure (31%), need for emergency coronary bypass surgery (37%), myocardial infarction (13%) and repeat angioplasty (24%). The overall clinical success rate for those with types C to F dissection was 38%. The differences in clinical success and acute complications between type B and types C to F dissections were statistically significant at p
Influence of Fly Ash on Soil Microbial Activity and Populations

Incubation studies were conducted to assess the influence of various combination levels of alkaline (pH 12.2) powerplant fly ash and sewage sludge on soil microbial activity and numbers. A Glynwood (fine, illitic, mesic. Aquic Hapludalf) silt loam soil was mixed with 0, 5, 10, or 20% (w/w) ash and 0 or 5% composted sewage sludge. Respiration was strongly depressed in the 10 and 20% ash treatments over 28 d. Sludge addition improved respiration in all ash treatments except the 20% treatment. Total bacterial, actinomycete, and fungal counts in the soil typically decreased with increasing ash content. Counts were depressed by 57, 80, and 86%, respectively, at the 20% ash application rate. Sludge application increased microbial numbers but all populations were lower at the highest ash rates compared to the untreated control. Soil phosphatase, sulfatase, dehydrogenase, and invertase were inhibited as ash treatment levels increased. Catalase activity was not significantly affected by ash concentration. Addition of the sludge to the ash-soil mixtures generally enhanced enzyme activity. The results indicate that high rates of fly ash to soils may hinder normal decomposition and nutrient cycling processes. This may be partially alleviated, however, by coapplication of a readily oxidizable organic substrate such as sewage sludge.
Syllable weight: convergence of phonology and phonetics

In some languages, syllable weight depends exclusively on vowel length, while in others, coda consonants add weight to syllables. In this paper we assume that syllable weight is reflected in moraic structure, and that weight-bearing coda consonants are the exclusive dependents of a mora, while weightless consonants share a mora with the preceding vowel. We consider whether the durations of vowels and coda consonants reflect the distinction between a segment which occupies its own mora and a segment that shares a mora. We examine three patterns of coda weight, reflected in stress assignment: in Hindi, codas always contribute to syllable weight; in Malayalam, coda consonants are always weightless; and in Levantine Arabic, coda weight is contextually determined, with word-internal codas contributing to syllable weight following a short vowel, but weightless following a long vowel. These phonological patterns translate into different moraic representations of CVC and CVVC syllables across the different languages. We examine the durations of vowels and coda consonants in CV, CVC, CVV and CVVC syllables in Hindi, Malayalam and Levantine Arabic, and find that in all three languages, segments that we represent as mora-sharing are significantly shorter than segments that we represent as occupying an independent mora. The striking differences in durational patterns across the three languages correlate with the different moraic representations proposed on the basis of phonological patterning.
Evidence for Protein Radical-Mediated Nuclear Tunneling in Fatty Acid α-Oxygenase

Rice α-oxygenase (RαO) catalyzes the insertion of O2 into the Cα−H bond of various fatty acids. The mechanism is thought to involve a tyrosyl radical as the oxidant on the basis of comparisons to the structurally homologous cyclooxygenase enzymes. Kinetic and spectroscopic results presented here for the wild-type RαO and the Tyr379Phe mutant indicate an irreversible H• abstraction mechanism and support the involvement of the proposed catalytic Tyr•. In addition, very large, weakly temperature dependent deuterium kinetic isotope effects (∼50) are observed, consistent with extensive nuclear tunneling. RαO, thus, presents a novel example where such quantum effects are associated with an amino acid radical-utilizing enzyme.
Plant-derived 3,3′-Diindolylmethane Is a Strong Androgen Antagonist in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a major digestive product of indole-3-carbinol, a potential anticancer component of cruciferous vegetables. Our results indicate that DIM exhibits potent antiproliferative and antiandrogenic properties in androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cells. DIM suppresses cell proliferation of LNCaP cells and inhibits dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulation of DNA synthesis. These activities were not produced in androgen-independent PC-3 cells. Moreover, DIM inhibited endogenous PSA transcription and reduced intracellular and secreted PSA protein levels induced by DHT in LNCaP cells. Also, DIM inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the DHT-induced expression of a prostate-specific antigen promoter-regulated reporter gene construct in transiently transfected LNCaP cells. Similar effects of DIM were observed in PC-3 cells only when these cells were co-transfected with a wild-type androgen receptor expression plasmid. Using fluorescence imaging with green fluorescent protein androgen receptor and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that DIM inhibited androgen-induced androgen receptor (AR) translocation into the nucleus. Results of receptor binding assays indicated further that DIM is a strong competitive inhibitor of DHT binding to the AR. Results of structural modeling studies showed that DIM is remarkably similar in conformational geometry and surface charge distribution to an established synthetic AR antagonist, although the atomic compositions of the two substances are quite different. Taken together with our published reports of the estrogen agonist activities of DIM, the present results establish DIM as a unique bifunctional hormone disrupter. To our knowledge, DIM is the first example of a pure androgen receptor antagonist from plants.
Immune Responses to Ro60 and Its Peptides in Mice. I. The Nature of the Immunogen and Endogenous Autoantigen Determine the Specificities of the Induced Autoantibodies

Anti-Ro60 autoantibodies are found in a variety of autoimmune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, and active hepatitis. They are the most prevalent autoantibodies in normal individuals and in asymptomatic mothers of infants afflicted with neonatal lupus. In the present study, immune responses to recombinant human Ro60 (rhRo60) and recombinant mouse Ro60 (rmRo60) and selected Ro60 peptides in non–SLE-prone mice were investigated. Multiple T and B cell epitopes were identified in Ro60. Immunizations with either xenogeneic or autologous Ro60 induced autoantibodies to a diverse group of autoantigens. In addition to La and Ro52, proteins in the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles such as SmA, SmB, SmD, and 70-kD U1-RNP were unexpectedly identified as targeted antigens. In the studies involving synthetic Ro60 peptides, both human and mouse Ro60316–335 peptides, which differ in three amino acids, were found to contain dominant cross-reactive T cell determinants. Immunizations with these peptides induced autoantibodies to Ro60, La, SmD, and 70-kD U1-RNP without autoantibodies to Ro52, SmA, or SmB. With human Ro60316–335 as the immunogen, additional autoantibodies reactive with the Golgi complex were found. In contrast to the immunodominance of both human and mouse Ro60316–335 peptides, the T cell determinant in human Ro60441–465 was dominant, whereas that in the mouse peptide was cryptic. Immunization with human Ro60441–465 induced primarily anti-peptide Abs. Mouse Ro60441–465 failed to induce an antibody response. These results show that both the nature of the immunogen and the immunogenicity of the related endogenous antigen are important in determining the specificities of the autoantibodies generated. They have significant implications for proposed mechanisms on the generation of complex patterns of autoantibodies to a diverse group of autoantigens in SLE patients.
Direct measurement of line intensities and widths in the first overtone band of CO

Abstract The absolute intensities and widths of self-broadened lines in the first overtone band of carbon monoxide were measured directly with a small grating monochromator to an estimated accuracy of 5 per cent. The intensities were obtained at CO pressures below one atmosphere and the widths at pressures from 2 1 2 to 20 atm. Slit function corrections were made using the results of a paper(1) previously published by the authors. The intensities were found to fit the results of the rotation-vibration interaction calculation of Herman and Wallis .(2) Spectral transmission calculations assuming a Lorentz shape for all the lines fit the observed data up to 20 atm. pressure.
Surgical management of accessory parotid tumors

Accessory parotid gland tumors are defined as masses within salivary gland tissue located adjacent to Stensen's duct, but separate from the main body of the parotid gland. These tumors usually present as asymptomatic cheek masses. There is a temptation to excise these masses locally; however, the likelihood of injury to branches of the facial nerve is high. The best surgical approach to tumors in the accessory parotid region is via a standard parotid incision and concomitant superficial parotidectomy. Eight patients have been surgically treated with accessory parotid gland masses. Six patients had mixed tumors, one had a low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and one had a localized parotitis. Our approach included a standard parotid incision, raising an anterior flap beyond the mass, and exposing the main trunk of the facial nerve, with careful tracing of all its branches. This approach to accessory parotid gland tumors is superior in that it provides a better margin of resection and minimizes functional and cosmetic deformities. Most importantly, there is less danger of injury to branches of the facial nerve.
Inventorying Stressful Life Events as Risk Factors for Psychopathology: Toward Resolution of the Problem of Intracategory Variability

An explosion of research on life events has occurred since the publication of the Holmes and Rahe checklist in 1967. Despite criticism, especially of their use in research on psychopathology, such economical inventories have remained dominant. Most of the problems of reliability and validity with traditional inventories can be traced to the intracategory variability of actual events reported in their broad checklist categories. The purposes of this review are, first, to examine how this problem has been addressed within the tradition of economical checklist approaches; second, to determine how it has been dealt with by far less widely used and far less economical labor-intensive interview and narrative-rating approaches; and, third, to assess the prospects for relatively economical, as well as reliable and valid, solutions.
Beauty as a design prize

(2004). Beauty as a Design Prize. Human–Computer Interaction: Vol. 19, Beauty, Goodness, and Usability/Change Blindness, pp. 359-366.
Pigmented ocular fundus lesions and APC mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis.

Background Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) results from a germline mutation in the adenomatous polypsis coli (APC) gene on chromosome 5q21. The extracolonic manifestations of FAP include pigmented ocular fundus lesions (POFLS), cutaneous cysts, osteomas, occult radio-opaque jaw lesions, odontomas, desmoids, and extracolonic cancers. POFLS are present at birth in about 80% of patients with FAP and are excellent clinical congenital markers for the disease. We studied the distribution of POFLS by number and APC mutation in families of the Johns Hopkins Polyposis Registry. Materials and methods Of the 51 families with FAP, 42 (82%) had an identifiable APC mutation. We correlated the presence/absence and distribution by number of POFLS with the type and location of the mutation in the APC gene in 21 families where an ocular examination had been performed in at least one affected member, and where a systematic search for mutations in the APC gene had been undertaken. Families were considered POFL-positive ...
Ontogeny of the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by reserpine in the superior cervical ganglion, nucleus locus coeruleus and adrenal gland.

Abstract The ontogeny of the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by reserpine has been studied in the superior cervical ganglion, adrenal gland and nucleus locus coeruleus of the rat. The inductive response developed gradually over a period of days in all 3 areas. However, the onset of induction occurred at markedly different times in these regions, being present from day 2 of life, the earliest time tested, in the adrenal, day 6 in the locus coeruleus and day 24 in the ganglion. In the ganglion even extremely high, toxic doses of reserpine failed to induce the enzyme during the first 3 weeks of life. Decentralization studies indicated that the ganglion was functionally innervated at this time. Moreover, the onset of induction was not time-locked to a specific phase of the postnatal development of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the areas examined. It is probable that the development of inducibility reflects maturation of mechanisms intrinsic to the adrenergic cell, and this timetable is different for cells in different areas.
Neomycin and Spermine Have Similar Effects on Secretion and Phosphoinositide Metabolism in ATP-Depleted Permeabilized Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

Abstract To evaluate the requirement of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells for inositol phospholipids in secretion, the effects of neomycin and spermine on secretion and phosphoinositide metabolism were compared. Spermine and neomycin had virtually identical effects on secretion and phosphoinositide levels. Both polyamines 1) partially maintained secretion when added to permeabilized cells in the absence of ATP, 2) had no effect when added to cells in the presence of ATP and 3) inhibited secretion when present with the Ca2+ stimulus. In the absence of ATP the enhancements to secretion due to incubation with either polyamine were associated with sustained levels of the polyphosphoinositides. The ability of spermine and neomycin to maintain secretion and the polyphosphoinositides in the absence of ATP supports the hypothesis that the maintenance of the polyphosphoinositides is necessary for secretion. Neomycin was found to inhibit Ca2+ stimulated production of both inositol bis- and tris-phosphates while spermine was found to selectively inhibit inositol bis-phosphate production and had no effect on Ca2+-stimulated inositol tris-phosphate production in permeabilized cells.
Focus on the clinical ramifications of antipsychotic choice for the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common disease, with a prevalence rate that is increasing globally (King et al., 1998; Wild et al., 2004). It can remain undetected for many years. Among patients hospitalized within New York State Office of Mental Health psychiatric centres, prevalence of persons receiving both antipsychotic and anti-diabetic medication is 9.5% for men and 14.7% for women (Citrome et al., 2004a). This is substantially higher than the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among New York State adults, which averages ∼6% (Hosler et al., 2002). Among the New York State in-patients, new cases occurred at a rate of 1.3% per year (Citrome et al., 2004a), compared with estimates of ∼1% among persons in a European white cohort (Bonora et al., 2004). Many explanations have been proffered to explain the higher risk of association with type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population, including a biological linkage between these two disorders (Ryan et al., 2003), and the unhealthy lifestyles practised by patients, such as a high fat diet, smoking, and lack of exercise (McCreadie et al., 2003). Within the past 3 years, much attention has been placed on the metabolic consequences of using second-generation antipsychotics (Citrome, 2004). An influential report by a multidisciplinary consensus panel consisting of members of the American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2004) noted that so far data has consistently showed an increased risk for diabetes in patients treated with clozapine or olanzapine compared to patients receiving treatment with first-generation antipsychotics, but that the risk in patients taking risperidone and quetiapine is less clear. Since the time of that report, additional information has become available suggesting that clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine cannot be easily differentiated in terms of risk of association with new onset diabetes mellitus (Citrome, 2004). The consensus panel made specific recommendations regarding what future research is needed, including prospective studies. These studies are desperately needed in order to better characterize the clinical ramifications of choosing one antipsychotic vs. another. Common questions that clinicians ask are: Is there a real difference in risk for developing diabetes mellitus among the second-generation antipsychotics? Are these differences clinically significant and predictable? Should these differences dictate antipsychotic choice?
The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood

Abstract Studies of modern and ancient buried wood show that there is a linear correlation between carbohydrate content and the stable carbon isotope composition as carbohydrates are preferentially degraded during early diagenesis. As the carbohydrate content decreases, the δ 13 C value of the degraded wood decreases 1 to 2 per mil, approaching the value of the residual lignin. These results indicate that carbohydrate degradation products are lost and not incorporated into the aromatic structure as lignin is selectively preserved during early diagenesis of wood. These results also indicate that attempts to quantify terrestrial inputs to modern sedimentary organic matter based on δ 13 C values should consider the possibility of a 1 to 2 per mil decrease in the δ 13 C value of degraded wood.