Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Tamarixia radiata (Waterson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a specialist parasitoid of late-instar nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae), a vector of the causal agent of huanglongbing disease of citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae). Tamarixia radiata is mass reared; however, parasitism levels following inundative releases have remained relatively low. One possible explanation for the low parasitism levels is the lack of sugar resources available for adult wasps in targeted release landscapes, such as abandoned commercial citrus groves and residential areas. Establishing nectar plants can be an effective means of increasing nutritional resources in targeted sites for biocontrol agents. Some eulophids forage effectively only on fully exposed nectaries, i.e., those unobstructed by other floral parts. Therefore, care must be taken to select plants that possess nectary architecture compatible with parasitoid morphology and foraging ability. A series of laboratory studies were undertaken as a first step to determine the potential for T. radiata to obtain sugar from natural sources in target landscapes. Following contact with a sugar spot on filter paper, the wasps engaged in stereotypical zigzagging movements, demonstrating that contact with sugar induced arrestment and induction of localized searching behavior. Tamarixia radiata fed on sugars found in nectar (sucrose, glucose, fructose) and honeydew (melizitose, raffinose), indicating that it should feed well on both nectar and honeydew resources. At the highest concentration tested (1 M), it preferred sucrose and melizitose, whereas at the lowest concentration tested (0.1 M), it preferred sucrose and glucose. There was no preference among sugars when tested at the 0.5 M concentration. Choice tests with wasps previously exposed to scented sucrose solution showed that the wasps were stimulated and attracted by nectar odor and could learn to associate a particular odor with the presence of nectar. Observations conducted with starved wasps on freshly cut sprigs of nectar plants showed that foraging success was highest on extrafloral nectaries and flowers with exposed nectaries. The wasps readily located the extrafloral nectaries on snap bean and cowpea, and fed on them for the majority of the observation periods. Likewise, they quickly located the fully exposed nectaries in the inflorescences of euphorbiaceous plants, such as Euphorbia heterophylla L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae). Foraging success declined in flowers with nectaries that were only partially exposed; the wasps' movements were deterred by floral parts or trichomes that obstructed the nectary. The wasps were unable to obtain nectar from composites and other plants with hidden nectaries. Overall, the results of these laboratory evaluations showed that T. radiata responds to sugars and chemical cues associated with nectaries and is capable of foraging on extrafloral nectaries and flowers with exposed nectaries.