cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of emitter-base reverse bias stress on high frequency parameters of bipolar transistors

Bipolar transistors fabricated using the stripe process with deep submicron emitters were used to study the effect. Variation in the h parameters was studied as a function of frequency after emitter-base (E-B) stress in the frequency range 100 MHz to 10 GHz. Variation of parameter h/sub 21/ (magnitude and phase), initially and after the final stress, is shown. The transistor parameters showing maximum sensitivity to E-B stress are the input impedance parameter h/sub 11/ and h/sub 21/. Analysis of h/sub 11/ data reveals that base resistance R/sub b/ increases after E-B stress. The effect of E-B stress upon h/sub 21/ leads to degradation of the peak cutoff frequency of the transistor. The peak f/sub t/ degradation was found to be more severe for the transistors with narrow emitters. A qualitative model to explain the results is proposed. >
The Greek Tradition in Republican Thought

Acknowledgements Note on conventions Introduction 1. Greek nonsense in More's Utopia 2. The Roman agrarian laws and Machiavelli's modi privati 3. James Harrington and the 'balance of justice' 4. 'Prolem cum matre creatam': the background to Montesquieu 5. Montesquieu's Greek republics 6. The Greek tradition and the American Founding Coda: Tocqueville and the Greeks Bibliography Index.
Agents as Empirical Macroeconomists: Thomas J. Sargent’s Contribution to Economics*

Thomas J. Sargent has fundamentally changed and, in the words of Art Rolnick, who interviewed him in 2010, “irrevocably transformed” the field of macroeconomics—whether as sole author, as co-author with collaborators, as an author influenced by others, or as a teacher of the profession, influencing others. This paper is about his contribution to our field. The Nobel Memorial prize to Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims has been awarded for the “empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy” or, more broadly, for macroeconometrics. One often likes to distinguish between theorists, on the one hand, and empiricists and econometricians, on the other. Thomas J. Sargent holds a unique position in between. A key theme in a large part of his work has been to put the agents in his model on equal footing with the econometrician who is observing data from the model (i.e., to assume that agents are themselves empirical macroeconomists or macroeconometricians). In this paper, I use this theme to examine his work and his contributions to the study of economics.
Effect of O2 + O ab initio and Morse additive pairwise potentials on dissociation and relaxation rates for nonequilibrium flow calculations

This work quantifies the sensitivity of O2 + O dissociation rates and relaxation to interatomic potential energy surfaces at high-enthalpy, nonequilibrium flow conditions. State-to-state cross sections are obtained by quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations with two potential surfaces. The first is a Morse additive pairwise potential for O3 that is constructed based on O2(3Σg−) spectroscopic measurements and the second is a double many-body expansion potential by Varandas and Pais [Mol. Phys. 65, 843–860 (1988)]. The QCT calculations of cross sections and rates with the two surfaces are compared to each other and shock tube measurements. It is found that, at temperatures between 2500 K and 20 000 K, the equilibrium dissociation rates predicted by the two potentials agree within 12%, and they are bound by experimental dissociation measurements. In contrast, above 10 000 K, ab initio based equilibrium dissociation rates are about a factor of two higher than the widely used Park’s model. The nonequilib...
Optimal control of a ship for collision avoidance maneuvers

We consider a ship subject to kinematic, dynamic, and moment equations and steered via rudder under the assumptions that the rudder angle and rudder angle time rate are subject to upper and lower bounds. We formulate and solve four Chebyshev problems of optimal control, the optimization criterion being the maximization with respect to the state and control history of the minimum value with respect to time of the distance between two identical ships, one maneuvering and one moving in a predetermined way.
Law and Development in the Twenty-First Century

The field of law and development has undergone several changes in its 50 year history. This essay reviews the main ideas that dominated the field in the 20th Century and suggests new themes that are emerging today. In the 21st Century development scholars are looking to the law both as a framework for experimentation and as a guarantor of basic rights. 21st Century law is increasingly shaped by global forces so the field must take a multi-level-evidence-based approach.
FtsA mutants impaired for self-interaction bypass ZipA suggesting a model in which FtsA's self-interaction competes with its ability to recruit downstream division proteins.

Z- ring assembly requires polymers of the tubulin homolog FtsZ to be tethered to the membrane. Although either ZipA or FtsA is sufficient to do this, both of these are required for recruitment of downstream proteins to form a functional cytokinetic ring. Gain of function mutations in ftsA, such as ftsA* (ftsA-R286W), bypass the requirement for ZipA suggesting that this atypical, well conserved, actin homolog, has a more critical role in Z-ring function. FtsA forms multimers both in vitro and in vivo, but little is known about the role of FtsA polymerization. In this study we identify FtsA mutants impaired for self-interaction. Such mutants are able to support Z-ring assembly and are also able to bypass the requirement for ZipA. These mutants, including FtsA*, have reduced ability to self-interact but interact normally with FtsZ and are less toxic if overexpressed. These results do not support a model in which FtsA monomers antagonize FtsZ polymers. Instead, we propose a new model in which FtsA self-interaction competes with its ability to recruit downstream proteins. In this model FtsA self-interaction at the Z ring is antagonized by ZipA, allowing unpolymerized FtsA to recruit downstream proteins such as FtsN.
PUF-HB: a tamper-resilient HB based authentication protocol

We propose a light-weight protocol for authentication of low-power devices. Our construction PUF-HB merges the positive qualities of two families of authentication functions. PUF represents physically unclonable functions and fulfills the purpose of providing low-cost tamperresilient challenge-response authentication. On the other hand, the Hopper Blum (HB) function provides provable cryptographic strength against passive adversaries. By building on an earlier proof of the security of HB+ by Katz et al. [1], we rigorously prove the security of the proposed scheme against active adversaries. While the active adversary model does not include man-in-the-middle attacks, we show that a previously successful man-in-the-middle attack proposed for HB+, does not carry to PUF-HB.
Storm surge simulation and load balancing in Azure cloud

Cloud computing platforms are drawing increasing attention of the scientific research communities. By providing a framework to lease computation resources, cloud computing enables the scientists to carry out large-scale experiments in a cost-effective fashion without incurring high setup and maintenance costs of a large compute system. In this paper, we study the implementation and scalability issues in deploying a particular class of computational science applications. Using Platform-as-a-Service (PAAS) of Windows Azure cloud, we implement a high-throughput Storm-Surge Simulation in both a middleware framework for deploying jobs (in cloud and grid environment) and a MapReduce framework---a data parallel programming model for processing large data sets. We present the detailed techniques to balance the simulation loads while parallelizing the application across a large number of nodes.
Addiction Treatment and the Historian Who Told the Story: William L. White

White, W. L. (2014). Slaying the dragon: The history of addiction treatment and recovery in America (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems/Lighthouse Institute. 558 pp., $24.95 (paper)...
Differential modulation of NMDA-stimulated [3H]dopamine release from rat striatum by neuropeptide Y and σ receptor ligands

Abstract Although the identity of the endogenous ligands for sigma (σ) receptors is unknown, neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been named as a possible candidate for a natural transmitter at these receptors. Using a superfusion system, we compared the effect of NPY on NMDA-stimulated [3H]dopamine release in rat striatum to that of the σ agonists (+)-pentazocine and BD737. In contrast to (+)-pentazocine- or BD737-mediated inhibition of release, NPY enhanced release. However, the same σ antagonists (BD1008, DuP734, haloperidol and DTG) that reverse (+)-pentazocine- or BD737-mediated inhibition, as well as a Y receptor antagonist, PYX-1, all reversed the enhancement. PYX-1 also reversed the (+)-pentazocine- and BD737-mediated inhibition of release. Peptide YY (PYY) and [Leu31,Pro34]NPY did not mimic the effect of NPY. NPY13–36 enhanced release to the same extent as NPY but the effect was not reversed by σ antagonists. Our findings are consistent with the potential role of NPY as an endogenous ligand for a subtype of σ receptor with characteristics different from Y1, Y2 and Y3 receptors but sensitive to PYX-1.
Asymptotically flat manifolds of nonnegative curvature

Abstract We consider the relations between the Busemann function and the distance function of an open nonnegatively curved manifold. By the fact that these functions are asymptotic at infinity, we can use simultaneously the convexity of the Busemann levels and the upper bound of the second fundamental form of the distance levels. This solves Gromov's problem on strongly asymptotically flat manifolds under a certain topological condition.
Microwave spectrum and electric dipole moment of trifluoroethylene oxide

Abstract The rotational spectrum of the normal isotopic species of trifluoroethylene oxide, CHFCF 2 O , was fit to a centrifugal distortion model giving rotational constants (MHz) of A = 6669.565(2), B = 3126.567(1), and C = 2652.440(1). The electric dipole moment (debyes) was determined from Stark effect measurements to be μa = 0.402(1), μb = 1.046(38), and μc = 1.349(9). The experimental rotational constants are consistent with a proposed molecular structure derived from an additivity principle based upon ab initio calculations and experimental structures of related fluorinated oxiranes. Electric dipole components of trifluoroethylene oxide calculated from the proposed molecular structure and previously determined CO, CF, and HC bond moments are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values.
How Herbivores Track Variable Environments: Response to Variability of Phytotoxins

The concentration of toxins in plants can vary with plant phenology and environmental factors. Changes in toxicity may or may not be associated with changes in plant flavor. These factors may make it difficult for herbivores to avoid toxic plants. We conducted three experiments concerning animals' ability to detect toxins. In experiment 1, we examined whether animals familiar with a tastable toxin on food would adjust intake when toxin concentrations changed. Lambs were initially offered oats with either a low, medium, or high concentration of lithium chloride (LiCl; a salty-tasting toxin). Later, when all lambs were offered oats with the medium concentration of LiCl, lambs that were conditioned with the low LiCl concentration decreased intake while lambs conditioned with the high LiCl concentration increased intake. In experiment 2, we examined flavor aversions formed when animals sampled food with two flavor levels prior to illness. Lambs initially ate the same amount of barley with a low and with a high concentration of either sodium saccharin (a sweet flavor) or aluminum sulfate (a bitter flavor). Lambs then received a mild dose of LiCl. Later, when lambs were offered a choice between barley with either a low or high flavor concentration, lambs preferred the barley with the low flavor concentration. Experiment 3 examined how variable toxicity affected intake when the flavor remained constant. Lambs were initially offered oregano-flavored barley and then received a dose of LiCl. Lambs received either a medium dose, a high dose, or a dose that varied randomly among low, medium, or high amounts of LiCl. Lambs in the medium dose group ate more oregano-flavored barley at the end of the trial than did lambs in either of the other groups.
Intercalation of molecular species into the interstitial sites of fullerene

Molecular species were found to diffuse readily into the octahedral interstitial sites of the fcc lattice of C{sub 60}. The {sup 13}C NMR spectrum of C{sub 60} under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions consisted of a primary resonance at 143.7 ppm and a minor peak shifted 0.7 ppm downfield. The downfield shift obeys Curie's law and is attributed to the Fermi-contact interaction between paramagnetic oxygen molecules and all 60 carbon atoms of rapidly rotating adjacent C{sub 60} molecules. Exposure of C{sub 60} to 1 kbar oxygen for 1.75 h at room temperature resulted in a spectrum of seven evenly spaced resonances corresponding to the filling of 0 to 6 of the adjacent octahedral interstitial sites with oxygen molecules. The distribution of site occupancies about a C{sub 60} molecule provided evidence that the intercalation process is controlled by diffusion kinetics. Exposure to 0.14 kbar hydrogen gas at room temperature for 16 h filled a substantial fraction of the interstitial sites of C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} with hydrogen molecules.
Adequate irradiation of the internal jugular lymph node chain : Technical considerations

Abstract Purpose : This research aimd to study the anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein with the surrounding internal jugular lymph node chain and the underlying bony anatomical structures which are commonly used as landmarks for radiation therapy planning. barMethods and Materials : Twelve patients with carcinoma of the head and neck region were studied prospectively. Using our three-dimensional planning system, a beam's-eye view of the internal jugular vein was projected onto a lateral and anterior simulation film. Quantitative measurements were made in every case of the anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the posterior border of the cervical vertebrae and sagittal midline. Results : The distance between the posterior border of the internal jugular vein and the posterior border of the cervical vertebrae ranged between 0 and 2.5 cm. The distances between the sagittal midline and the medial border of the internal jugular veins ranged between 2 and 4 cm. Conclusion : To ensure adequate irradiation of the internal jugular lymph nodes, the posterior border of the lateral radiation therapy upper-neck fields should be placed at least 1 cm posterior to the posterior aspect of the cervical vertebrae. The midline block used in the lower neck anterior field should not exceed 2 cm in width.
Ultrastructure of the Fusion Area during Conjugation in the Suctorian Heliphrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes

SYNOPSIS. The suctorian Heliophrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes is attached to the substrate by the flattened ventral side of the cell body. The dorsal is covered by a pellicle composed of 3 unit membranes. Below the pellicle is a 0.4–0.8-μm thick epiplasm composed of 6–8-nm thick fibrils. Microtubules form a network beneath the epiplasm. The epipalsm is penetrated by tube-like pellicular pits, which are lined by the cell membrane and end beneath the epiplasm in a saccule-like enlargement. During conjugation, 2 neighboring organisms form cytoplasmic processes which come into contact and fuse, thus forming a cytoplasmic bridge between the 2 cells. Around the bridge the pellicles of both organisms fuse, and the partners become united by a continuous common membrane system. Across the entire conjugation bridge the 2 fused epiplasms form a septum. Tube-like structures can be seen lying partly in the epiplasmic septum and partly in the adjacent cytoplasm. These structures are open at both ends and represent remnants of the pellicular pits. No trace of the original pellicular membranes can be found at the fusion area within the epiplasmic septum. The cytoplasm of the conjugation partners is separated only by the fused epiplasms forming the epiplasmic septum.
Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Clusters by Photoaddition Reactions

The syntheses of homogeneous cyclodextrin-based carbohydrate clusters, persubstituted with beta-D-thioglucosyl or D-thiolactosyl residues on either (a) the primary face, (b) the secondary face, or (c) both the primary and the secondary faces of their cyclodextrin tori, are described. The key step in the synthetic methodology, namely the attachment of the carbohydrate residues to the cyclodextrin torus, proceeds in moderate-good yields (42-70%) by the photoaddition of thiol groups, positioned at the anomeric centers of the carbohydrate residues, to allyl ether functions on the cyclodextrins. Facile removal of protecting groups then affords the free cluster compounds. Extensive 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopic investigations were performed on these compounds to determine their structures and establish their homogeneities, and a brief computer molecular modeling study allowed estimates of the dimensions of the clusters to be determined.
Transient pre-ischemic acidosis protects the isolated rabbit heart subjected to 30 minutes, but not 60 minutes, of global ischemia

Adenosine released during brief episodes of ischemia, due to the breakdown of ATP, is thought to be an endogenous mediator of ischemic preconditioning. In this study we sought to determine whether protons, also released from ATP during ischemia, may protect the heart from sustained ischemic insult. Experiments were performed in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Proton release was simulated by a brief transient episode of preischemic acidosis. Before ischemia all hearts underwent 15 min of preischemic perfusion. Control hearts received 15 min perfusion with normal Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB; pH 7.39) while the short-term acidosis (STA) group received 5 min of perfusion with normal KHB followed by 5 min of perfusion with acidic buffer (pH 5.97), and then 5 min of perfusion with normal KHB. Both control and STA groups then underwent 30 min of global ischemia. A second pair of control and STA groups were subjected to 60 min of global ischemia. After global ischemia all hearts received 60 min of reperfusion. The time course of functional recovery after 30 min of ischemia was accelerated in the STA group (i.e., developed pressure in the control and STA groups at 15 min into reperfusion averaged 57±9 and 74±3 mmHg, respectively;p<0.05), and a strong trend towards lower release of creatine kinase after 30 min of global ischemia was observed in the STA group (43±7 U/g dry tissue in the STA group vs. 76±15 U/g dry tissue in the control group). However, after 60 min of global ischemia no differences in cardiac function at reperfusion were observed between control and STA groups. Our results indicate that in the isolated rabbit heart, brief acidosis affords protection against 30 min but not against 60 min of global ischemia.
An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with virus-inducible phenotype.

The role of host factors in plant viral diseases is not well understood. To study this important aspect of plant-pathogen interaction, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, designated vid1 (virus-inducible dwarf), with altered responses to viral infection. Specifically, vid1 resembled the wild-type plants when healthy but developed a severely dwarfed phenotype with a loss of apical dominance following infection by a tobamovirus. Genetic segregation showed that the vid1 phenotype is caused by a recessive mutation in a single gene. Since systemic viral infection is thought to interfere with the host plant intercellular transport, we propose that the vid1 mutation affects this transport process. Combination of the mutation and viral infection may disrupt transport of developmental regulators, such as hormones, causing formation of the vid1 phenotype. Indeed, the effect of vid1 mutation was repressed by exogenous application of a plant hormone auxin. Potentially, the vid1 mutant will help characterize the mechanism of virus-plant interaction and formation of plant viral disease symptoms.
Architectural advantages of vertical integration in the event of a competitor IPO

The vertical scope of a firm has been one of the central issues in strategy research. However, less is known about the effects of vertical integration within the competitive context. We explore the...
Solution structure of a novel T-cell adhesion inhibitor derived from the fragment of ICAM-1 receptor: Cyclo(1,8)-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-Gly-Ser-Val-Cys

This study is aimed at elucidating the structure of a novel T-cell adhesion inhibitor, cyclo(1,8)-CPRGGSVC using one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The peptide is derived from the sequence of its parent peptide cIBR (cyclo(1,12)-PenPRGGSVLVTGC), which is a fragment of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Our previous results show that the cyclo(1,8)-CPRGGSVC peptide binds to the LFA-1 I-domain and inhibits heterotypic T-cell adhesion, presumably by blocking the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. The structure of the peptide was determined using NMR and MD simulation in aqueous solution. Our results indicate that the peptide adopts type-I β-turn conformation at the Pro2-Arg3-Gly4-Gly5 (PRGG) sequence. The β-turn structure at the PRGG motif is well conserved in cIBR peptide and ICAM-1 receptor, which suggests the importance of the PRGG motif for the biological activity of cyclo(1,8)-CPRGGSVC peptide. Meanwhile, the Gly5-Ser6-Val7-Cys8-Cys1 (GSVCC) sequence forms a “turn-like” random coil structure that does not belong to any structured motif. Therefore, cyclo(1,8)-CPRGGSVC peptide has only one structured region at the PRGG sequence, which may play an important role in the binding of the peptide to the LFA-1 I-domain. The conserved β-turn conformation of the PRGG motif in ICAM-1, cIBR, and cyclo(1,8)-CPRGGSVC peptides can potentially be used to design peptidomimetics.
Psychiatric disorders in rape victims: past history and current symptomatology.

Abstract The present study compares systematic psychiatric assessments of recent rape victims with assessments of nonvictimized controls. Rape victims and controls did not differ in the number or kind of past diagnoses; however, victims were significantly more likely to meet criteria for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and drug abuse during the month preceding assessment.
Correlations among Nonverbal Expressions of Anxiety

40 female college students were videotaped in an interview during which they were questioned about sexual attitudes. Independent pairs of judges rated Ss using these videotapes. Pearson product-mom...
Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression in organelle biogenesis.

Abstract Mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), the product of a nuclear gene, stimulates transcription from the two divergent mitochondrial promoters and is likely the principal activator of mitochondrial gene expression in vertebrates. Here we establish that the proximal promoter of the human mtTFA gene is highly dependent upon recognition sites for the nuclear respiratory factors, NRF-1 and NRF-2, for activity. These factors have been previously implicated in the activation of numerous nuclear genes that contribute to mitochondrial respiratory function. The affinity-purified factors from HeLa cells specifically bind to the mtTFA NRF-1 and NRF-2 sites through guanine nucleotide contacts that are characteristic for each site. Mutations in these contacts eliminate NRF-1 and NRF-2 binding and also dramatically reduce promoter activity in transfected cells. Although both factors contribute, NRF-1 binding appears to be the major determinant of promoter function. This dependence on NRF-1 activation is confirmed by in vitro transcription using highly purified recombinant proteins that display the same binding specificities as the HeLa cell factors. The activation of the mtTFA promoter by both NRF-1 and NRF-2 therefore provides a link between the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes and suggests a mechanism for their coordinate regulation during organelle biogenesis.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE ETHICAL CLIMATE QUESTIONNAIRE

The purpose of this study was to provide additional empirical evidence concerning the factor structure of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire. A random sample of 1,000 members of the American Marketing Association were selected and mailed a copy of the survey. Usable responses were received from 207 marketers, representing 207 organizations from various industries across the United States. The results provide relatively strong support for the dimensions of ethical work climate conceptualized by Victor and Cullen (1988). Factor analysis yielded six dimensions of ethical work climate, namely, (1) Team Spirit, (2) Rules and Codes, (3) Social Responsibility, (4) Self-interest, (5) Efficiency, and (6) Personal Morality.
Observation of spectral anisotropy of gold nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles synthesized by solution-phase chemistry usually exhibit various polygonal morphologies. The shape is known to have a great impact on a nanoparticle’s optical properties, for instance, the surface plasmon resonance frequency. It remains unclear, however, whether the scattering spectrum of nanoparticles is generally anisotropic in the far field as a result. This simple question turns out to be extremely challenging to address because of the particle-to-particle shape inhomogeneity in a bulk sample, and the high sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance to local environments. We report the observation of scattering angle-dependent spectra using a newly developed single-particle tracking spectroscopy (SPS). Furthermore, we show that SPS has provided a way to directly visualize the rotational random walk of individual gold nanoparticles in water for the first time.
Preparation and characterization of monomeric and dimeric group IV metallocene dihydrides having alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands

A series of zirconocene dihydride complexes of the general form [(RnCp)2ZrH2]x having substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands has been prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding dimethyl complexes...
Isopotential points as a function of an allowed cross reaction

Abstract Isopotential points can be observed in cyclic voltammetry when following a relaxation experiment in which two distinguishable electroactive species interconvert. An example is the uptake of an electroactive compound into an ion exchange membrane. The effect of a cross reaction on the development of the isopotential point is investigated by simulation. Three types of isopotential points were observed: unperturbed, perturbed, and quasi-isopotential points. The occurrence of unperturbed vs. perturbed or quasi-isopotential points can be diagnostic for the presence of the homogeneous reaction. Only in the complete absence of homogeneous cross reactions are both the cathodic and anodic true isopotential points observed.
Vaginal cancer: the role of infectious and environmental factors.

Primary cancers of the vagina are rare. They comprise 1 % to 2% of all gynecologic malignancies and occur predominantly in older women. The diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the vagina requires that the cervix and vulva be intact and that no clinical evidence of other primary tumors exist. Approximately 90% of all vaginal tumors are squamous cell in type on histologic examination. Adenocarcinoma, which is much less common (2% to 4%), is seen primarily in younger women with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. In addition to exposure to diethylstilbestrol, other environmental factors have been associated with the development of vaginal tumors, including chronic irritation from pessaries, previous hysterectomy for benign disease, immunosuppression therapy, cervical irradiation, and endometriosis. Infectious causes seem to play an even more pernicious role in vaginal cancer. The two agents most often implicated are herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus. These viruses appear to serve as cofactors in the inducement of various genital cancers, working together or with environmental agents such as diethylstilbestrol and host-related genetic abnormalities. The prognosis of vaginal cancer depends on the stage of the disease, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 80% to 90% for early stages.
Genes that regulate interleukin-4 expression in T cells

Interleukin-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine which plays a central role in the regulation of allergic and atopic immune responses. Significant progress has been made in gaining a detailed understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the interleukin-4 gene. The recent identification and characterization of several key transcription factors has helped to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of T helper cell cytokine gene expression.
Hierarchical search support for hypertext on-line documentation

Abstract Effectively finding relevant passages in a full-text database of software documentation calls for a user interface that does more than mimic a printed book. A hypertext approach, with a network of links among passages, offers great flexibility but often at the cost of high cognitive overhead and a disorienting lack of contextual cues. A tree-based approach guides users along branching paths through a hierarchy of text nodes. The “natural”, sequential implementation of such hierarchical access, however, is psychologically inept in large databases because it is order-dependent, discriminates awkwardly among key terms, clarifies each node's context incompletely, and often involves much semantic redundancy. An alternative, mixed approach, recently implemented in the on-line documentation system at the National Energy Research Supercomputer Center (NERSC), overcomes three of these four problems. It displays only local tree structure in response to “zoomin” or “zoomout” commands issued to focus a search begun with typical hypertext moves. This combination approach enjoys the benefits of cued, spatially interpreted hierarchical search while avoiding most of its known pitfalls. Usage monitoring at NERSC shows the ready acceptance of both zoom commands by documentation readers.
The 30–70 day oscillations in the tropical Atlantic

[1] Evidence is presented for intraseasonal oscillations in the trade winds of the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. The pattern of intraseasonal oscillations in surface pressure and wind speed in the Northern Hemisphere resembles that of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Like the NAO, these oscillations have a strong seasonal cycle, with a maximum amplitude in boreal winter/spring. Winds in the southern tropical Atlantic are related to the Southern Hemisphere equivalent of the NAO, exhibiting a weaker seasonality with peak amplitudes in austral winter. The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), which originates over the Indian Ocean, also exerts an influence on tropical Atlantic surface winds, particularly between about 10°N and 10°S. Where intraseasonal wind speed oscillations in the Atlantic are strong, they force changes in sea surface temperature (SST) through latent heat loss from the ocean, potentially affecting lower frequency climate variations.
Introducing RefSeq and LocusLink: curated human genome resources at the NCBI

RefSeq records are included in the Entrez retrieval system (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/). This allows a third query pathway, namely directly by Entrez nucleotide or protein text queries or indirectly by neighboring strategies. LocusLink and RefSeq data are also provided without restriction for ftp transfer (ftp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq). Therefore, the combination of LocusLink and RefSeq resources provides a powerful approach to answering such questions as: •Is my sequence from a known gene? (Try blast and look for a RefSeq result.)•What sequence can I use as a standard for gene A? (Try blast or LocusLink.)•Where can I get more information about gene B? (Start at LocusLink.)•What genes are related to disorder Z? (Start at OMIM or LocusLink.)The goal of LocusLink and RefSeq is to include all known genes and their major products. As of the end of August 1999, ∼10 690 loci have been included, 7500 with at least some sequence data and 5985 reference mRNAs. Expanding the LocusLink and RefSeq datasets is an ongoing effort – LocusIDs are established as additional genes are identified, and RefSeq records are added as new links between genes and sequences with complete coding regions are made. The public sites are refreshed weekly. We welcome collaborations with the scientific community to ensure that these resources are as comprehensive and accurate as possible.
The concept of indirect pathogenicity by β -lactamase production, especially in ear, nose and throat infection

A recent increase in numbers of beta-lactamase-producing strains of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria in upper respiratory tract infections has been associated with increased failure rates of penicillins in eradication of these infections. These organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis and Bacteroides spp. These infections include chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis and mastoiditis, and chronic recurrent tonsillitis. The indirect pathogenicity of these organisms is apparent through their ability not only to survive penicillin therapy but also to protect penicillin-susceptible pathogens from these drugs. The direct and indirect virulence characteristics of these bacteria require the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy directed against all pathogens in mixed infections.
Energy Consumption and Optimal Reactor Configuration for Nonthermal Plasma Conversion of N2O in Nitrogen and N2O in Argon

The analysis of experimental data, chemical reaction mechanisms, and kinetic modeling data is used to determine the power input and pulsed-corona-discharge reactor configuration that minimizes energy consumption for converting N2O in nitrogen and N2O in argon, which are model binaries reminiscent of more complex NOx in flue gas systems. Specifically, it is found that in-series reactors are much more energy efficient than a single reactor and more energy efficient than parallel reactors. For example, 12 reactors in series are needed to remove 90% of N2O if its initial concentration in nitrogen is about 200 ppm.
Testosterone improves maze performance and induces development of a male hippocampus in females

In a combined behavioral and morphometric study, we observed a testosterone-related sexual dimorphism in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats that appears to be related to sex differences in spatial performance. This cell layer was larger and laterally asymmetrical in males. Neonatal testosterone treatment of females resulted in a more male-like hippocampus. These treated females also performed better than controls, and as well as males, on a spatial navigation task. In addition, a strong correlation between the size of granule cell layers and maze performance was detected.
Transformational Leadership in Work Groups The Role of Empowerment, Cohesiveness, and Collective-Efficacy on Perceived Group Performance

It has been argued that transformational leaders increase group effectiveness by empowering followers to perform their job independently from the leader, highlight the importance of cooperation in ...
From the thymus to longevity in the periphery

An important attribute of the adaptive immune system is the ability to remember a prior encounter with a pathogen; an ability termed immunological memory. Bigger, better, and stronger responses are mounted upon a secondary encounter with the pathogen potentially resulting in clearance of the infection before the development of disease. We will review recent advances in the field of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation focusing on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that govern the development of T cell memory.
Limit distribution for the maximum degree of a random recursive tree

If a recursive tree is selected uniformly at random from among all recursive trees on n vertices, then the distribution of the maximum in-degree Δ is given asymptotically by the following theorem: for any fixed integer d, Pn(Δ ≤ [µn] + d) = exp(-2{µn}-d-1) + o(1) as n → ∞ , where µn = log2n. (As usual, [µn] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to µn, and {µn} = µn- [µn].) The proof makes extensive use of asymptotic approximations for the partial sums of the exponential series.
Born-again seeking: explaining the gentile majority in messianic Judaism

AbstractMessianic Judaism is an American-born movement of congregations that hold evangelical beliefs and follow Jewish practices. Scholars have viewed it chiefly as a new religious movement (NRM) or a controversial branch of Judaism. As a result, they have downplayed or ignored its largely evangelical Christian base. The first study of ‘gentile believers,’ this article argues that Messianic Judaism is best understood through the lens of religious seeking, a trend usually associated with alternative spiritualities and still under-theorized vis-a-vis conservative Christians, like evangelicals. First, it traces why Messianic Judaism appeals to growing numbers of North American Christians. Second, and more broadly, it argues that seeking is a spiritually satisfying religious practice that, for evangelicals, reiterates central themes of born-again life. Their experiences also clarify the limits that may constrain religious seeking; they seek to deepen and actualize a biblical worldview in religious sites view...
Permutations with forbidden subsequences and a generalized Schröder number

Abstract Using the technique of generating trees, we prove that there are exactly 10 classes of pattern avoiding permutations enumerated by the large Schroder numbers. For each integer, m ⩾1, a sequence which generalizes the Schroder and Catalan numbers is shown to enumerate m+2 2 classes of pattern avoiding permutations. Combinatorial interpretations in terms of binary trees and polyominoes and a generating function for these sequences are given.
Recurrent perineal hernia repair: a novel approach.

Purpose Postoperative perineal hernias are rare complications from procedures, which compromise the pelvic Xoor, mainly abdominoperineal resection, proctocolectomy, and partial or total pelvic exenteration. Surgical repair can be accomplished through abdominal, laparoscopic, or transperineal approaches. Methods We present a case report of a 70-year-old man who underwent two prior operations for recurrent perineal hernia and was ultimately successfully treated with a third operation, a synthetic mesh redo procedure that utilized a synthetic mesh system marketed for women with pelvic organ prolapse.
The Guiding Light: Holographic Manipulation of Mesoscopic Systems

Optical trapping offers exceptional control over matter ranging in scale from nanometers to millimeters. This talk describes new applications for extensive three-dimensional optical trapping arrays created with computer-generated holography.
Epitaxial superlattice of Ag/NiO prepared on MgO(001)

Abstract Films composed of alternating ultrathin layers of metal Ag and oxide NiO have been prepared by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. The films were grown on a MgO(001) substrate at 273 K and at a growth rate below 0.1 nm/s. The films were epitaxially grown, as determined by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns. The artificial periodicity in the films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The films were concluded to be a new epitaxial superlattice composed of metal and oxide.
Momentum and behavioral finance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the sources of momentum profits by focusing on momentum in monthly returns.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes a decomposition method proposed by Du and Watkins.Findings – Different from previous studies, it is found that momentum may have multiple sources, and that risk or behavioral biases in isolation may not be sufficient to explain momentum.Practical implications – The paper's finding that momentum may be at least partly due to risk is important for investors to understand the risk of momentum investing.Originality/value – This paper focuses on the sources of momentum profits in monthly returns. The findings that momentum has multiple sources call for new explanations for momentum because all existing theories of momentum are either rational or behavioral. Furthermore, the finding that lead‐lag relationship plays an important role in momentum suggests that researchers should focus on mis‐reaction to common (market‐wide) information to ...
Comparison of perioral reflex modulation in the upper and lower lip

The spatiotemporal organization and specificity of the mechanically evoked, short latency penoral response (R1) was sampled from a group of normal adult humans. Perioral reflex activity was sampled...
Underlying Disease Severity as a Major Risk Factor for Nosocomial Clostridium difficile Diarrhea

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of an index of underlying disease severity (Horn’s index) in identifying patients with a high probability of having nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea as a complication of antimicrobial therapy. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of 252 adult patients admitted to the hospital and receiving antibiotics. Risk factors for C. difficile diarrhea were first determined retrospectively in a different cohort of 300 hospitalized patients (primary cohort) and then prospectively in this cohort of 252 hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics (secondary cohort). At the time of hospital admission, disease was rated by clinicians as mild (1), moderate (2), severe (3), or extremely severe (4) using a modified Horn’s index. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) for C. difficile diarrhea associated with increasing levels of disease severity. SETTING: An urban teaching hospital affiliated with a medical school in Boston, Massachusetts. RESULTS: The incidence of nosocomial C. difficile diarrhea was 8.7% in the primary cohort and 11% in the secondary cohort. In the prospective cohort study (secondary cohort), the OR for C. difficile diarrhea associated with extremely severe disease was 17.6 (95% confidence interval, 5.8 to 53.5). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of a Horn’s index score of 3 or more (severe to extremely severe disease) as a predictor of nosocomial C. difficile diarrhea were 79%, 73%, 27%, and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a means of early stratification of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics according to their risk for nosocomial C. difficile diarrhea. Patients with severe to extremely severe disease at the time of admission may benefit from careful monitoring of antibiotic prescribing and early attention to infection control issues. In the future, these “high-risk” patients may benefit from prophylaxis studies of novel agents being developed to prevent C. difficile diarrhea (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:653-659).
Single-cell analysis of cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone in osteoblastic cells

We previously demonstrated that the [Ca2+]i response to PTH is heterogeneous in single UMR-106-01 osteogenic sarcoma cells. To verify whether response heterogeneity is a universal feature of PTH signal transduction, cAMP production was monitored in monolayer cultures of UMR-106-01 cells and human trabecular bone osteoblasts (HOB) using the cAMP-sensitive fluorescent indicator FlCRhR. FlCRhR was microinjected into single cells, and the 500-530/> 560 nm fluorescence ratio was monitored by confocal laserscanning video imaging as a measure of cAMP concentration ([cAMP]). Virtually all UMR-106-01 cells exposed to bovine PTH(1-34) (10(-7) M) exhibited an increase in intracellular [cAMP], with an average fluorescence ratio change of 145 +/- 17% of baseline (n = 15), corresponding to nearly maximal dissociation of protein kinase A. In the continued presence of the hormone (10(-7) M), [cAMP] remained elevated for at least 30 minutes. This effect was accompanied by a slow translocation of the fluorescein-labeled catalytic subunit of protein kinase A from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In contrast, PTH(1-34) caused no detectable increase in [cAMP] in HOB cells, although PGE2 (3 x 10(-6) M) stimulation was able to increase the FlCRhR ratio (154 +/- 27%, n = 10). The truncated fragment PTH(2-34) was only 67% as potent at PTH(1-34), but deletion of the first two amino acids at the N terminus abolished the hormone's ability to stimulate cAMP production in UMR-106-01 cells. Brief exposure to 10(-7) M of either PTH(3-34) or PTH(7-34) did not affect the amplitude of the fluorescence ratio change induced by equimolar doses of PTH(1-34). Thus, in osteoblast-like cells stimulated with PTH, the [cAMP] response is much more homogeneous from cell to cell than the [Ca2+]i response.
Formation and characterization of the inclusion complexes between poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylonitrile with γ-cyclodextrin

Abstract Poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylonitrile have been observed to form inclusion complexes (ICs) with γ-cyclodextrin. These complexes were prepared by a solution-heating technique. Their structural features were observed with the use of: FTIR, TGA, WAXS, and 13C-NMR. FTIR identifies absorption peaks of the guest polymer molecules in the cyclodextrin. Thermal decomposition shows that the ICs have a higher thermal stability than the pure γ-cyclodextrin. The wide angle X-ray diffraction of the complexes indicates that the ICs form channel structures. CP-MAS 13C-NMR spectra of the ICs show that γ-cyclodextrin, in the presence of a polymer guest, adopts a more symmetric conformation when compared to its pure state.
Characterisation of the unsteady transport of labelled species in permeable capillaries: role of convective dispersion.

A mathematical model of transcapillary exchange has been developed which considers in detail the contribution of Taylor dispersion (i.e., non-uniform velocity and inequalities in radial concentration) to the uptake and wash-out of multiple tracers from single capillaries. A numerical solution to the two-dimensional unsteady-state species continuity equation for a single capillary is obtained (by the use of an array processor) which simulates the convective dispersion of labelled indicators in permeable capillaries. Particular attention is directed toward an analysis of the roles of capillary permeability, transport regime as characterised by the Peclet number, velocity profile and the length of the exchange region on the development of time-concentration profiles and on the importance of convective dispersion. For the physiologic range of parameters consistent with pulmonary capillary transport of multiple indicators (e.g., labelled urea, albumin, etc.), we find that the magnitude of convective dispersion is insufficient to markedly affect the shapes of simulated tracer concentration profiles. The implication in these circumstances is that the use of one-dimensional models, which do not account for Taylor dispersion, does not lead to significant errors in parameter estimates derived from data of multiple indicator dilution.
Convergence of electromagnetic field components across discontinuous permittivity profiles: reply to comment

We describe more clearly our interpretation of the inverse rule, show the connection between our approach and Li’s, and describe at least one situation where our technique could be more useful.