cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasmid rolling-circle replication: highlights of two decades of research

This review provides a historical perspective of the major findings that contributed to our current understanding of plasmid rolling-circle (RC) replication. Rolling-circle-replicating (RCR) plasmids were discovered approximately 20 years ago. The first of the RCR plasmids to be identified were native to Gram-positive bacteria, but later such plasmids were also identified in Gram-negative bacteria and in archaea. Further studies revealed mechanistic similarities in the replication of RCR plasmids and the single-stranded DNA bacteriophages of Escherichia coli, although there were important differences as well. Three important elements, a gene encoding the initiator protein, the double strand origin, and the single strand origin, are contained in all RCR plasmids. The initiator proteins typically contain a domain involved in their sequence-specific binding to the double strand origin and a domain that nicks within the double strand origin and generates the primer for DNA replication. The double strand origins include the start-site of leading strand synthesis and contain sequences that are bound and nicked by the initiator proteins. The single strand origins are required for synthesis of the lagging strand of RCR plasmids. The single strand origins are non-coding regions that are strand-specific, and contain extensive secondary structures. This minireview will highlight the major findings in the study of plasmid RC replication over the past twenty years. Regulation of replication of RCR plasmids will not be included since it is the subject of another review.
Waveguide-integrated telecom-wavelength photodiode in deposited silicon.

We demonstrate photodiodes in deposited polycrystalline silicon at 1550nm wavelength with 0.15A/W responsivity, 40nA dark current, and gigahertz time response. Subband absorption is mediated by defects that are naturally present in the polycrystalline material structure. The material exhibits a moderate absorption coefficient of 6dB/cm, which allows the same microring resonator device to act as both a demultiplexing filter and a photodetector. We discuss the use of deposited silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor materials for nanophotonic interconnects.
Review of the US Preventive Services Task Force's Statement on Screening for Breast Cancer

An evidence-based review was made of the systematic review published in the Annals of Internal Medicine regarding the guidelines for screening asymptomatic women for breast cancer in the United States. The US Preventive Services Task Force’s publication does not provide enough detail in the methodology to support a rigorous systematic review as outlined by both the PRISMA statement and the AMSTAR measurement tools. Several points within the task force’s statement are questioned because of the lack of research that was needed to draw these conclusions. An addendum is requested to better determine the methods used to conduct the systematic review as well as renewed research using digital mammography and/or a multimodality approach to screening women for breast cancer.
Structural defects in cilia of the choroid plexus, subfornical organ and ventricular ependyma are associated with ventriculomegaly

Hydrocephalus is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple etiologies that are not yet fully understood. Animal models have implicated dysfunctional cilia of the ependyma and choroid plexus in the development of the disorder. In this report, we sought to determine the origin of the ventriculomegaly in four Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) mutant mouse strains as models of a ciliopathy. Evans Blue dye was injected into the lateral ventricle of wild- type and BBS mutant mice to determine whether obstruction of intra- or extra-ventricular CSF flow contributed to ventriculomegaly. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the ultrastructure of the choroid plexus, subfornical organ (SFO), subcommisural organ (SCO), and ventricular ependyma to evaluate their ultrastructure and the morphology of their primary and motile cilia. No obstruction of intra- or extra-ventricular CSF flow was observed, implying a communicating form of hydrocephalus in BBS mutant mice. TEM analyses of the mutants showed no evidence of choroidal papillomas or breakdown of the blood:CSF barrier. In contrast, structural defects were observed in a subpopulation of cilia lining the choroid plexus, SFO, and ventricular ependyma. These included disruptions of the microtubular structure of the axoneme and the presence of electron-dense vesicular-like material along the ciliary shaft and at the tips of cilia. Abnormalities in cilia structure and function have the potential to influence ciliary intraflagellar transport (IFT), cilia maintenance, protein trafficking, and regulation of CSF production. Ciliary structural defects are the only consistent pathological features associated with CSF-related structures in BBS mutant mice. These defects are observed from an early age, and may contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of ventriculomegaly.
Les sous-cultures politiques du savoir : La grève étudiante de 2012 dans le prisme des disciplines universitaires

L’ideal de la science repose sur sa neutralite axiologique. D’ordinaire, il ne vient pas a l’idee qu’une science puisse etre de droite ou de gauche. Pourtant, on sait que la repartition des options ideologiques des chercheurs ne se fait pas au hasard au sein des differentes disciplines universitaires. Il existe des clivages assez solides et persistants qui distinguent des champs plus conservateurs ou progressistes que d’autres. L’analyse de la participation a la greve etudiante quebecoise de 2012 par departement et faculte de premier cycle confirme cette observation. Notre analyse procede en trois temps. Dans un premier temps, nous definissons les departements ou les facultes comme sous-cultures politiques en les distinguant selon leur participation au mouvement de greve. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous cherchons a evaluer si des changements dans la puissance et la forme du militantisme ont affecte dans les dernieres decennies les domaines des humanites, des sciences sociales et des sciences pures et appliquees. Finalement, dans la troisieme partie, nous tentons de comprendre pourquoi certaines disciplines sont plus militantes et progressistes que d’autres. En conclusion, nous tentons de degager la possibilite de definir une culture epistemo-politique de la science.
Mesoplasmas and “second breakdown” in silicon junctions

Abstract Mesoplasma breakdown in silicon p-n junctions is analyzed on the basis of a stable microscopic molten sphere of semiconductor controlling the electrical properties of the breakdown region. The size of the melt ranges from a radius of a few μ upwards for a power input above 1 W. An explanation of transistor “second breakdown” is given.
Mefloquine, an Antimalaria Drug with Antiprion Activity In Vitro, Lacks Activity In Vivo

In view of the effectiveness of antimalaria drugs inhibiting abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-res) formation in scrapie agent-infected cells, we tested other antimalarial compounds for similar activity. Mefloquine (MF), a quinoline antimalaria drug, was the most active compound tested against RML and 22L mouse scrapie agent-infected cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of ∼0.5 and ∼1.2 μM, respectively. However, MF administered to mice did not delay the onset of intraperitoneally inoculated scrapie agent, the result previously observed with quinacrine. While most anti-scrapie agent compounds inhibit PrP-res formation in vitro, many PrP-res inhibitors have no activity in vivo. This underscores the importance of testing promising candidates in vivo.
Effects of the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly on Hospital Use

Purpose of the Study: This study evaluates the effects of the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) on hospital use. PACE’s capitated financing creates incentives to reduce the use of costly services. Furthermore, its emphasis on preventative care and regular monitoring by provides a mechanism for reducing unnecessary hospital use while maintaining quality of care. Design and Methods: This study builds on previous research by comparing hospital use by PACE enrollees with a comparison group of frail community-dwelling older adults selected through propensity score matching over a 2-year period. Outcomes are estimated using regression adjustment with the 2-part model. Results: The results suggest that PACE effectively controls hospital use among community-dwelling frail elderly persons. PACE enrollees spent an estimated average of 0.2 days in the hospital per month alive compared with an estimated average of 0.8 days in the hospital per month alive by comparison subjects or an estimated PACE effect of 0.6 days in the hospital per month alive per enrollee. Implications: These results have implications for long-term care policy and service delivery. PACE provides a model for reducing unnecessary hospitalizations and rehospitalization through effective care management. The benefits of reduced hospital use are savings that offset the cost of an expanded set of services while maintaining quality.
Reversible Tuning of the Electronic Properties of Graphene via Controlled Exposure to Electron Beam Irradiation and Annealing

Graphene reveals many extraordinary properties including extremely high room temperature carrier mobility and intrinsic thermal conductivity. Understanding how to controllably modify graphene’s properties is essential for its proposed applications. Here we report on a method for tuning the electrical properties of graphene via electron beam irradiation. It was observed that single-layer graphene is highly susceptible to the low-energy electron beams. We demonstrated that by controlling the irradiation dose one can change, by desired amount, the carrier mobility, shift the charge neutrality point, increase the resistance at the minimum conduction point, induce the “transport gap” and achieve current saturation in graphene. The change in graphene properties is due to defect formation on the graphene surface and in the graphene lattice. The changes are reversible by annealing until some critical irradiation dose is reached.
Metabolic Activation-related CD147-CD98 Complex

Cell surface CD147 protein promotes production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and hyaluronan, associates with monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and integrins, and is involved in reproductive, neural, inflammatory, and tumor functions. Here we combine covalent cross-linking, mass spectrometric protein identification and co-immunoprecipitation to show selective CD147 association with three major types of transporter (CD98hc-LAT1, ASCT2, and MCTs), as well as a regulator of cell proliferation (EpCAM). In the assembly of these multicomponent complexes, CD147 and CD98hc play a central organizing role. RNAi knockdown experiments establish a strong connection between CD147 and CD98hc expression and a strong positive association of CD147 (and CD98hc) with cell proliferation. As the CD147-CD98hc complex and proliferation diminished, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, a cellular ‘fuel gauge’), became activated, indicating a disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. Our data point to a CD147-CD98 cell surface super-complex that plays a critical role in energy metabolism, likely by coordinating transport of lactate and amino acids. Furthermore, we show how covalent crosslinking, together with mass spectrometry, can be used to identify closely associated transmembrane proteins. This approach should also be applicable to many other types of transmembrane proteins besides those associated with CD98hc and CD147.
Effect of NaBH4 concentration and reaction time on physical properties of glutaraldehyde-polymerized hemoglobin.

The US is about 1.5 days away from exhausting its entire blood supply. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of universal blood substitutes. One such blood substitute is glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobin. Despite the commercial development of glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobin-based blood substitutes, there has been little published work on the effect of reaction conditions on the physical properties of the polymerized hemoglobin dispersion. In this study, the effect of varying the concentration of the quenching agent NaBH 4 , glutaraldehyde concentration, and reaction time on the physical properties of PolyHb dispersions was studied by measuring the absolute molecular weight distribution, as well as oxygen-binding properties such as P 50 , Hill coefficient, and methemoglobin level (MetHb) of these dispersions. Bovine hemoglobin was polymerized with glutaraldehyde using a parallel synthetic approach. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFF) coupled with multi-angle static light scattering (MASLS) was used to measure the absolute molecular weight distribution of the PolyHb dispersions. In general, high glutaraldehyde concentrations (20-30 times the molar concentration of hemoglobin) adversely affected the oxygen-binding properties of PolyHb dispersions, while NaBH 4 concentrations (up to 300 times the molar concentration of hemoglobin) and reaction times (up to 24 h) did not appear to have any effect on the oxygen-binding properties of PolyHb dispersions.
Multi-channel optical interconnects for short-reach applications

As data rates have increased over time, fiber-optic lis have replaced those in copper media at successively shorter and shorter distances. In this paper we will examine the factors that have driven this trend, and investigate current and future short reach optical interconnect technologies. Finally, we will look at the issues, and potential solutions, that will determine how and when optics will continue its migration path down to the PC board and backplane level.
Impaired Release of Parathyroid Hormone in Magnesium Deficiency

Abstract Parathyroid hormone release and endorgan responsiveness to parathyroid extract (PTE) were evaluated in a 25-year-old woman with magnesium deficiency associated with hypocalcemia and inappropriately low levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH). End-organ responsiveness to PTE was demonstrated by increases in serum calcium and in urinary phosphorus, cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline. When the serum calcium was increased from a baseline of 6.9 mg/100 ml to levels of 8.0 mg/100 ml and higher by calcium infusion, the serum iPTH decreased from the low normal range to below the limits of detectability. The intravenous administration of 3 mg/kg of body weight of magnesium led to an abrupt and striking increase in circulating iPTH with a 2-fold increase in one minute, a 6-fold increase in two minutes, and an 8-fold increase in five minutes. The very rapid increase in serum iPTH produced by magnesium infusion in this study suggests an effect of magnesium on hormone secretion rather than an ef...
Theoretical Considerations for the Study of the Doctor-Patient Relationship: Implications of a Perinatal Study

Two analytical perspectives for studying the problematic doctor-patient relationship have emerged in anthropology: the “explanatory models” approach and the “critical medical anthropology” approach. Using a case study of interactions between resident-physicians and pregnant women in a public clinic, this article discusses some important limitations of both approaches. Alternative considerations for the development of theory and methodology appropriate and necessary for understanding the nature of the doctor-patient relationship are suggested. Notable among these considerations are the distribution of power and knowledge in health care and the inclusion in the analysis of the institutional level that links the dyadic relationship to the broader health system.
Polynomial Regression Analysis as an Alternative to ANOVA for Data Characterized by Lower-Order Trends

The use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for data characterized by lower order trends is inefficient and wasteful of statistical power. Significance of an effect may be diluted because ANOVA is resp...
A theory of complex adaptive inquiring organizations: application to continuous assurance of corporate financial information

Drawing upon the theories of complexity and complex adaptive systems and the Singerian inquiring system from C. West Churchman's seminal work The Design of Inquiring Systems, the study herein develops a systems design theory for continuous auditing systems. The discussion focuses on the two foundational theories, development of the theory of Complex Adaptive Inquiring Organizations (CAIO) and associated design principles for a continuous auditing system supporting a CAIO, and instantiation of the CAIO theory. The instantiation consists of an agent-based model depicting the marketplace for Frontier Airlines that generates an anticipated market share used as an integral component in a mock auditor going concern opinion for the airline. As a whole, the study addresses the lack of an underlying system design theory and comprehensive view needed to build upon and advance the continuous assurance movement and addresses the question of how continuous auditing systems should be designed to produce knowledge – knowledge that benefits auditors, clients, and society as a whole.
'Lawrence v. Texas' - A Case for Cautious Optimism Regarding Procreative Liberty

While the Supreme Court has set forth that there is a right to non-reproductive sex, there has never been a clear proclamation setting forth a right to non-sexual procreation through assisted reproductive technologies (ARTS). However, an exploration of the rights carved out by Lawrence v. Texas decision delivers reasons for optimism that such rights do exist. The article focuses on the Court’s acceptance of four concepts: the Court’s revitalization of substantive due process rights as a source of productive rights; Court’s acceptance of the principle that moral objections cannot serve as the basis of secular laws, in certain cases; the Court suggested that international human rights norms are a source of persuasive authority in interpreting American laws; the Court’s implication as to the value of same-sex relationships.
Calcium Is Not Only Safe but Important for Health

Concern about calcium supplementation causing cardiovascular events can widen the gap between calcium intakes and calcium recommendations. At this time, the association between calcium intake and cardiovascular disease is inconsistent, lacks a plausible mechanism, has no dose–response effect, and is not associated with cardiovascular mortality. In fact, calcium and vitamin D supplementation is systematically associated with decreased all-cause mortality. It is prudent to obtain recommended intakes of three servings of dairy products each day or to include fortified foods or supplements containing 300 mg calcium for every serving of dairy missed in order to meet calcium requirements without exceeding upper levels.
Case Report: Potentiation of Warfarin by Fluconazole

Described is an elderly woman who developed gastrointestinal bleeding probably potentiated by the interaction of fluconazole with warfarin. Because varied clinical uses are being found for fluconazole, clinicians should be aware of this potential interaction.
In vitro measurements of oxygen consumption rates in hTERT-RPE cells exposed to low levels of red light

Exposure to 2.88 J/cm 2 of red light induces an adaptive response against a lethal pulse of 2.0 μm laser radiation in hTERT-RPE cells in vitro, but not in a knockdown mutant for vascular endothelial growth factor c (VEGF-C). The generally accepted initiation sequence for photobiomodulation is that absorption of red light by cytochome c oxidase (CCOX) of the electron transport chain increases the binding affinity of CCOX for O 2 vs. nitric oxide (NO). This results in displacement of NO by O 2 in the active site of CCOX, thereby increasing cellular respiration and intracellular ATP. We've previously reported that red-light exposure induces a small, but consistently reproducible, increase in NO levels in these cells. But the relative importance of NO and oxidative phosphorylation is unclear because little is known about the relative contributions of NO and ATP to the response. However, if NO dissociation from CCOX actually increases oxidative phosphorylation, one should see a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption. A Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to measure oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in normal and mutant cells as a proxy for oxidative phosphorylation. Both basal respiration and maximum respiration rates in normal cells are significantly higher than in the mutant. The normal cells have a significant amount of “excess capacity,” whereas the VEGF-C(KD) have little or none. The OCR in exposed normal cells is lower than in unexposed cells when measured immediately after exposure. The exposures used for these experiments had no effect on the OCR in mutant cells.
Coarse-Grained Model DNA: Structure, Sequences, Stems, Circles, Hairpins

A coarse-grained model for DNA that is intended to function realistically at the level of individual bases is reported. The model is composed of residues with up to eight coarse-grained beads each,...
The Giant Magellan Telescope: Imaging New Worlds

The next generation of adaptive optics systems utilizing adaptive secondary mirrors on today’s and tomorrow’s giant telescopes will be reviewed. In particular, the promise of directly imaging Earth-like worlds around other stars with the future 24m Giant Magellan Telescope will be highlighted.
In Utero Assessment of Cardiovascular Function in the Embryonic Mouse Heart Using High-Resolution Ultrasound Biomicroscopy

Murine models are currently the preferred approach for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene-targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function, and as a result, in vivo techniques are indispensible in evaluating cardiac phenotype. Traditionally, the pathologic assessment of sacrificed hearts was used to study cardiac pathophysiology in small animals. Below we describe the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy-Doppler analysis to temporally assess cardiac function in mouse embryos. Methods are described for obtaining 2D, pulsed-wave Doppler, and M-mode imaging using standard clinical cardiac ultrasound imaging planes.
Entrapment of Bioactive Compounds Within Native Albumin Beads: III. Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Drug Release

A simple and easily controlled method for preparing microbeads has been developed using a w/o emulsion technique. Under constant process variables (temperature, stirring, etc.), the formulation variables associated with the oil phase that can be altered that affect the size of beads produced are density, viscosity, and interfacial tension. Viscosity and interfacial tension were found to be important factors. Increasing the viscosity of the oil phase decreases the mean size and size distribution of the microbeads produced and results in an increase in the release rate of 1-norgestrel. Decreasing the interfacial tension results in an increase in release rate. Since simple mixtures of oleic acid and light mineral oil offer a series of oil phases with different interfacial tensions but similiar viscosity, it should be possible to prepare microbeads having a desired release rate by simply varying the mixture of oils. Decreasing temperature translates into an increase in release rate of drug through a viscosity effect. Increasing the amount of drug added decreases release rate.
"America! America!": Vanishing Time and Space in Clarence Jordan's "Things Needed for Our Peace," Furman University, 1969

Best known for his Cotton Patch version of the gospels and radical Christian community at Koinonia Farms, Clarence Jordan, a white Southern evangelical minister, translocated the events of scripture, physically mapping the life and times of Christ’s Jerusalem onto those of the 1960s American South. In so doing, Jordan aimed to implicate Southerners in the biblical narrative in a way that would not allow them to back away from the issues of racial and economic inequality plaguing the region at that time. In this paper, I track Jordan’s interweaving of past and present, analyzing the way in which he uses progressive form, metaphor, and dialogue to claim the sacred space and time of the gospel for the Civil Rights-era American South, thereby endeavoring to evoke a sense of divine responsibility to address the racial and economic inequality facing Southern communities.
Antenatal corticosteroids beyond 34 weeks gestation: What do we do now?

The practice of antenatal corticosteroid administration in pregnancies of 24-34 weeks of gestation that are at risk of preterm delivery was adopted over 20 years after the first randomized clinical trial in humans. It is biologically plausible that antenatal corticosteroid in pregnancies beyond 34 weeks of gestation would reduce rates of respiratory morbidity and neonatal intensive care admission. Mostly guided by the results of a large multicenter randomized trial of antenatal corticosteroid in late preterm infants, the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids Trial, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has released a practice advisory that the "administration of betamethasone may be considered in women with a singleton pregnancy between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation at imminent risk of preterm birth within 7 days." However, many unanswered questions about the risks and benefits of antenatal corticosteroids in this population remain and should be considered with the adoption of this treatment recommendation. This review of the literature indicates that the greatest effect is in the reduction of transient tachypnea of the newborn infant, which is a mostly self-limited condition. This benefit must be weighed against unanticipated outcomes, such as neonatal hypoglycemia, and unknowns about long-term neurodevelopmental follow up and metabolic risks. Amelioration of respiratory morbidity in late preterm infants does not preclude these infants from having other complications that are related to prematurity that require intensive care. Other possible morbidities of prematurity may be magnified if these babies no longer have respiratory symptoms. Conversely, if these late preterm babies no longer exhibit respiratory symptoms and "look good," they may be discharged before other morbidities of prematurity have resolved and be at risk for readmission. Furthermore, it is also important to ensure that unintended consequences are avoided to achieve a minor benefit. Some of these consequences may include treatment with multiple steroid courses or "treatment creep" in women at 34 to 34 weeks of gestation, we urge for ongoing research into the risks and benefits of antenatal corticosteroid use in preterm infants overall, for better prediction of preterm birth so that antenatal corticosteroid can be administered within the ideal time frame, and for long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up of the participants in the large randomized Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids Trial.
Media Usage and Acculturation: Asian Indian Professionals in Silicon Valley*

AbstractWe examine connections between media use, intergroup contact, and acculturation in 237 Asian Indian professionals in Silicon Valley, drawing on theories of immigrant acculturation, intergroup contact, and media effects. Quality of host contact positively predicted acculturation. Indian (ethnic) media consumption negatively predicted acculturation, and American (host) media consumption was positively related to acculturation. Ethnic television viewing exacerbated the effects of negative intergroup contact on acculturation. Respondents used social networking websites to maintain both host and ethnic ties. Host cultural/informational capital was positively related to acculturation. Host media consumption was positively related to political engagement and loneliness.
A 40nm CMOS single-ended switch-capacitor harmonic-rejection power amplifier for ZigBee applications

This paper describes a single-ended switch-capacitor harmonic-rejection power amplifier to operate in the 915 MHz ISM band for ZigBee applications. A multipath feed-forward harmonic-rejection technique is employed to suppress the 2nd/3rd/4th harmonics of the switch-capacitor power amplifier (PA) by 48/17/24 dB, respectively. The measured PA peak drain efficiency is 43% at a peak output power of 8.9dBm with the harmonic-rejection enabled. This PA was implemented in a 40nm TSMC CMOS process with an active area of 180µm×700µm.
DGK-θ: Structure, enzymology, and physiological roles

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). The recognition of the importance of these enzymes has been increasing ever since it was determined that they played a role in the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) cycle and a number of excellent reviews have already been written (see (1-7) among others). We now know there are ten mammalian DGKs that are organized into five classes. DGK-θ is the lone member of the Type V class of DGKs and remains as one of the least studied. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure, enzymology, regulation, and physiological roles of this DGK and suggests some future areas of research to understand this DGK isoform.
Friction, Wear, and Self-Lubrication

The second part of this book covers self-lubrication and various issues related to the reduction of friction. Friction and wear during sliding or rolling of solid surfaces are universal phenomena and they reflect the tendencies of energy to dissipate and material to deteriorate, which are consequences of the Second law of thermodynamics. In general, solid surfaces in relative motion require lubrication, which dramatically reduces the extent of friction and wear. The situation when no external lubrication is required is called self-lubrication. There are many mechanisms of self-lubrication ranging from coatings to embedding lubricant into the matrix of a composite material, to self-organized in situ tribofilms, and to biological surfaces.
A New Approach to Cost-Reference Particle Filtering

In this paper we propose a new cost-reference particle filter that exploits the concept of correlative learning. The objective of applying correlative learning is to obtain the centers of probability distributions that are used for particle generation. Such distributions should provide particles in regions of the state space that have low costs. The new cost-reference particle filter is compared to the original one through computer simulations of a target tracking system that uses range and bearings-only sensors, which are colocated.
The DC Universe

As the millennium dawned, the two major comic book publishers, DC and Marvel, were moving aggressively toward television and film projects featuring their most iconic characters, but this time designed as major studio films, rather than Saturday morning serials or children’s entertainment. Correctly judging that the time was right for digitally enhanced escapism, made ever easier with each passing year by increasingly sophisticated imaging technology (computer-generated imagery), both companies dived in to the mainstream theatrical marketplace. Such films as Superman (1978), Batman (1989), The Dark Knight (2008), Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Suicide Squad (2016) are some of the key films discussed in this chapter.
Relaxation and Activity

(1937). Relaxation and Activity. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 469-515.
Introduction to Telepsychiatry

Technological advances have been applied to the practice of medicine including psychiatry. One such application is the growth of telepsychiatry. Telepsychiatry can be defined as the use of two-way interactive videoconferencing technology to provide mental health and substance abuse services remotely. Telepsychiatry falls under the umbrella terms such as telemedicine and telehealth. Telepsychiatric implementations date back to the 1950s when closed circuit television was utilized as a teaching tool. This technology was subsequently applied to the provision of group psychotherapy. In 1973, the term telepsychiatry was coined. While it improved access to care, it was costly to implement. With continued technological advancements in the 1980s and on, not only did cost begin to decrease but also the quality of the audiovisual technology improved. Since then, this treatment modality has been applied to a variety of populations from children to geriatric patients. It has been applied in various settings including hospitals, outpatient clinics, long term care facilities, and correctional settings. Lastly, it can be utilized for education of staff and trainees, coordination of the treatment team, and direct patient care.
Characteristics of Particle Deposition on Disks in Disk Drives

The characteristics of particle deposition on disk surfaces in hard disk drives (HDDs) was studied. The density of tracer particles deposited on the disks was measured to determine the deposition profile. The circumferentially averaged deposition density increases monotonically with radius. The number of deposited particles on the two outermost disk surfaces is more than twice that on other disk surfaces in the HDD. An obstruction to the flow unequally enhances the particle deposition on the disk: 15 percent to the two outermost surfaces, and 55 percent to the other surfaces. These features can be explained satisfactorily by the airflow characteristics in the HDD.
100 Years of Solitude: A Century of Newspapers in the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library

In 1898, the Trinity College Historical Society began collecting the first newspapers that would become the foundation of the Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library's historical print newspape...
Relaxations of AC Minimal Load-Shedding for Severe Contingency Analysis

This work considers the task of finding an AC-Feasible operating point of a severely damaged transmission network while ensuring a minimal amount of active power loads are removed. This AC Minimal Load-Shedding (AC-MLS) task is a non-convex nonlinear optimization problem, which can be incredibly challenging to solve on large-scale transmission system data sets. This work demonstrates that convex relaxations of the AC-MLS problem provide a reliable and scalable method for finding high-quality bounds on the amount of active power load shedding required in the AC-MLS problem. To demonstrate their effectiveness, the solution methods proposed in this work are rigorously evaluated on 1000 $N$-$k$ scenarios on seven power networks ranging in size from 70 to 6000 buses. The most effective relaxation of the AC-MLS problem converges in less than 20 seconds on commodity computing hardware for all 7000 of the scenarios considered.
Dynamic Optimization of Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals

Abstract In this work the optimal dynamic operation of a continuous process for the production of a pharmaceutical product is investigated. The process includes reaction and several separations steps to produce an intermediate, based on a pilot plant previously tested at MIT. The mathematical formulation results in a hybrid, discrete-continuous, dynamical system, where the over whole on-specification production is explicitly optimized. This is done by enforcing the quality constraints only on an interior time interval (epoch) and optimizing its duration. This formulation, inspired by the turnpike property of optimal control, is guaranteed to be differentiable, thus we are able to use sensitivity analysis and local gradient-based optimization schemes to solve it. We solve for both the maximal yield and maximal productivity under a constant (short) time horizon. The solutions to these problems comprise the two extremes of a Pareto curve, which is constructed by adding a productivity constraint and solving for the maximal yield. It is demonstrated how changing the time horizon of the campaign affects these curves. This methodology should be used to produce valuable information to the decision makers responsible for the economics of the plant, in both the design stage and the operation stage of existing configurations.
Next-Generation Water-Soluble Homogeneous Catalysts for Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid

An attractive method for valorization of glycerol is the catalytic transformation to lactic acid. By overcoming the solubility challenge associated with known homogeneous catalysts for this reaction, we show that thermally robust Ir(I), Ir(III), and Ru(II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes with sulfonate-functionalized wingtips are highly prolific for this process, requiring no cosolvents other than aqueous base. The activity of the catalysts is compared under both conventional heating and microwave conditions. The most active catalyst reaches a TOF of 45 592 h–1 (microwave) and 3477 h–1 (conventional) with 1 equiv of KOH, and proceeds at a constant rate for at least 8 h. Although higher activity is observed with KOH, the catalysts are also highly active with the weaker base, K2CO3 (13 000 h–1 and concurrent formation of formate). The protocol can be modified to achieve quantitative conversion of glycerol in only 3 h. The high activity of these catalysts compared to nonsulfonated analogs is attribute...
Feature-based approach toward computer aided detection and diagnosis

We present a framework for computer aided detection and diagnosis based on segmented tissue mixtures in each voxel of the image. Detection is based on both the geometry and texture. Diagnosis is based on both the texture and feature extracted from the mixture segmentation.
Coronary Angiographic Findings in the Acute Coronary Syndromes

Over the past few years research in several related cardiac disciplines has shed new light concerning the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Data obtained by careful pathologic analysis of the coronary arteries at postmortem examination along with analysis of coronary morphology at angiography, serial angiographic evaluations in patients before and after the development of an acute syndrome, coronary angioscopy, and biochemical studies of platelet activation and fibrin formation from peripheral and coronary sinus blood have provided new and interesting information concerning these syndromes. A unifying theory can now be proposed in which plaque disruption with thrombus formation is the common substrate in the majority of patients presenting with either unstable angina, non-Q-wave infarction, Q-wave infarction, or sudden cardiac death [1, 2]. In this paper we review the coronary angiographic findings in these conditions and speculate as to the pathogenetic differences between syndromes. In particular, we try to answer the question of why a patient develops a particular syndrome following disruption of a plaque.
The Square and the Roman House: Architecture and Decoration at Pompeii and Herculaneum

The domus is the ancient Roman single-family urban house type, best known from the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Analysis of a number of houses at these sites suggests that two simple geometric systems, both based on the square, underlie the design of the Roman house at all scales. One of these is the ad quadratum, or square root of 2 progression. A related system is known as the “sacred cut.” These geometric systems explain the proportional relationships that are found in the overall shape of the house site and its organization and subdivision. The geometry and dimensions based on the “regulating square” of the house as a whole appears to determine the proportions of volumes of space throughout the house. These systems apply to the composition of the wall painting and pavement patterns within the rooms as well.
Long-term survival of patients with therapy-related MDS (tMDS) compared with de novo MDS following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT).

7059Background: tMDS is a well-known complication of prior chemoradiotherapy with poor response to conventional treatments and dismal prognosis. AlloHCT is considered potentially curative, but the ...
Dissociable Prefrontal-Cerebellar Networks Underlying Executive Function: Evidence from Resting State Functional Connectivity in the Human Connectome Project

To date, investigations of executive function (EF) have focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and prominent theories of EF are framed with respect to this brain region. Multiple theories describe a hierarchical functional organization for the lateral PFC, with anterior aspects controlling more abstract, higher-order behaviors (e.g., goal updating) and more posterior portions controlling more concrete, lower-order behaviors (e.g., response updating). However, recent evidence has indicated that the cerebellum (CB) also plays a role in EF. Posterior CB regions (Crus I & II) show structural and functional connections with the PFC, and further, resting networks including these CB regions are associated with individual differences in EF in healthy adults. However, it is unclear whether the cerebellum shows a similar functional gradient as does the PFC. To shed light on this issue we investigated high-resolution resting-state data from 225 participants in the Human Connectome Project. We compared the networks of Crus I, Crus II, and Lobule VI using standard GLM statistics. Demonstrating preliminary evidence for parallel PFC and cerebellar gradients, Crus I was functionally connected with anterior PFC, Crus II with middle PFC, and Lobule VI with posterior PFC. While no behavior was examined in the current study, the patterns of connectivity support the need for future functional neuroimaging investigations into functional gradients within the cerebellum. Moreover, the current results suggest that the cerebellum plays an important role in EF.
Targeted surgical therapy for lung cancer

Oncologists and precision medicine teams have become the stars of lung cancer treatment. As our understanding of the heterogeneity of the molecular drivers and of the immune landscape of individual patient’s tumors becomes more nuanced, it is now clearer that a one-size-fits-all approach for the treatment of advanced lung cancer makes little sense. Instead, treatment is based upon histology, driver mutations, and immune markers. With that foundation, practice-changing trials of targeted therapies are being reported at a dizzying pace.
Illuminating the Neural Circuits Underlying Orienting of Attention

Human neuroimaging has revealed brain networks involving frontal and parietal cortical areas as well as subcortical areas, including the superior colliculus and pulvinar, which are involved in orienting to sensory stimuli. Because accumulating evidence points to similarities between both overt and covert orienting in humans and other animals, we propose that it is now feasible, using animal models, to move beyond these large-scale networks to address the local networks and cell types that mediate orienting of attention. In this opinion piece, we discuss optogenetic and related methods for testing the pathways involved, and obstacles to carrying out such tests in rodent and monkey populations.
Global Optimization of Dielectric Metasurfaces Using a Physics-Driven Neural Network

We present a global optimizer, based on a conditional generative neural network, which can output ensembles of highly efficient topology-optimized metasurfaces operating across a range of parameters. A key feature of the network is that it initially generates a distribution of devices that broadly samples the design space and then shifts and refines this distribution toward favorable design space regions over the course of optimization. Training is performed by calculating the forward and adjoint electromagnetic simulations of outputted devices and using the subsequent efficiency gradients for backpropagation. With metagratings operating across a range of wavelengths and angles as a model system, we show that devices produced from the trained generative network have efficiencies comparable to or better than the best devices produced by adjoint-based topology optimization, while requiring less computational cost. Our reframing of adjoint-based optimization to the training of a generative neural network applies generally to physical systems that can utilize gradients to improve performance.
Gaskell, Thackeray, and Joyce

This study notes that Elizabeth Gaskell’s novel Wives and Daughters presents an ambiguous assessment of the involuntary charm of Cynthia (the daughter): it is natural to her and not subject to judgment since she cannot help having it, yet the effects that it has and the mischief it causes are shown to be morally reprehensible—effects that Thackeray might have found comical. James Joyce has nothing good to say about charm; it’s actually factitious and rather annoying. In a sense, it does not really exist since it is always transparently vulgar or commercial. Joyce has his Bloom reducing the charm of music to a numbers game, enjoyable up to a point, but at the same time foolish. Where Gaskell is ambiguous, Joyce is ambivalent.
Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Evaluation of Surgical Margins during Breast Cancer Lumpectomy

Failure to precisely distinguish malignant from healthy tissue has severe implications for breast cancer surgical outcomes. Clinical prognoses depend on precisely distinguishing healthy from malignant tissue during surgery. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) has been previously shown to differentiate benign from malignant tissue in real time. However, the cost, assembly effort, and technical expertise needed for construction and implementation of the technique have prohibited widespread adoption. Recently, Raman spectrometers have been developed for non-medical uses and have become commercially available and affordable. Here we demonstrate that this current generation of Raman spectrometers can readily identify cancer in breast surgical specimens. We evaluated two commercially available, portable, near-infrared Raman systems operating at excitation wavelengths of either 785 nm or 1064 nm, collecting a total of 164 Raman spectra from cancerous, benign, and transitional regions of resected breast tissue from six patients undergoing mastectomy. The spectra were classified using standard multivariate statistical techniques. We identified a minimal set of spectral bands sufficient to reliably distinguish between healthy and malignant tissue using either the 1064 nm or 785 nm system. Our results indicate that current generation Raman spectrometers can be used as a rapid diagnostic technique distinguishing benign from malignant tissue during surgery.
The Interdisciplinary Executive Scientist: Connecting Scientific Ideas, Resources and People

This chapter introduces the role of the Interdisciplinary Executive Scientist (IES). These professionals combine translational science skills and boundary spanning expertise with both research and administrative/managerial tasks to drive integration and success within interdisciplinary science teams. The role shares many similarities with the roles of Integration and Implementation Science (I2S) specialist defined elsewhere (Bammer, Disciplining interdisciplinarity: integration and implementation sciences for researching complex real-world problems, 2012) and Research Development Professional (RDP) discussed in Chap. 28 but is distinct in ways that warrant separate consideration of requisite skills, organizational support needs, training, and metrics of success. This chapter provides the context for defining the IES role and discusses, in particular, the epistemic, managerial, and emotional/interpersonal functions involved in the work.
Generalization with Precision: The Role of Negative Teaching Examples in the Instruction of Generalized Grocery Item Selection:

For generalization to be functional, it must occur with a precision that results in acquired responses occurring under appropriate, nontrained conditions, and acquired responses not occurring under...