cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animating elastic rods with sound

Sound generation methods, such as linear modal synthesis, can sonify a wide range of physics-based animation of solid objects, resolving vibrations and sound radiation from various structures. However, elastic rods are an important computer animation primitive for which prior sound synthesis methods, such as modal synthesis, are ill-suited for several reasons: large displacements, nonlinear vibrations, dispersion effects, and the geometrically singular nature of rods. In this paper, we present physically based methods for simultaneous generation of animation and sound for deformable rods. We draw on Kirchhoff theory to simplify the representation of rod dynamics and introduce a generalized dipole model to calculate the spatially varying acoustic radiation. In doing so, we drastically decrease the amount of precomputation required (in some cases eliminating it completely), while being able to resolve sound radiation for arbitrary body deformations encountered in computer animation. We present several examples, including challenging scenes involving thousands of highly coupled frictional contacts.
Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine Leading to Fatal Vasculitis: A Case Report

Cocaine is often "cut" with various additives to increase the profitability of the drug. One of the most common additives on today's market is levamisole, an anthelmintic medication used to destroy and expel parasitic worms in animals. The use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine can result in agranulocytosis and vasculitis (inflammation and constriction of small blood vessels). The resulting clotting and decrease in peripheral blood flow lead to cutaneous lesions, particularly on the ears, face, hands, and feet, and in severe cases can cause generalized tissue necrosis throughout the entire body. Treatment is generally supportive, and symptoms typically abate with complete cessation of cocaine use. However, symptoms may recur with subsequent cocaine use and, as this case illustrates, severe neutropenia and extensive vasculitis may lead to overwhelming sepsis and death.
Comparison of boiling and chlorination on the quality of stored drinking water and childhood diarrhoea in Indonesian households

We compared the impact of a commercial chlorination product (brand name Air RahMat) in stored drinking water to traditional boiling practices in Indonesia. We conducted a baseline survey of all households with children 1000 MPN/100 ml (RR 1·86, 95% CI 1·09–3·19) in stored water than in households without detectable E. coli. Although results suggested that Air RahMat water treatment was associated with lower E. coli contamination and diarrhoeal rates among children <5 years than water treatment by boiling, Air RahMat use remained low.
What Can the Internet Do for Me

Throughout history, fads in technology have come and gone with little impact. Remember flash-in-the-pan technologies such as eight-track tape machines, Betamax video systems, and laser disc players? With this in mind, many people were reluctant to quickly and wholeheartedly embrace the Internet. First-generation personal computers were difficult to use and nearly impossible to update, had a high price tag, and came with little or no working software. A modem was an expensive piece of optional equipment that transferred data between computers at a snail’s pace. The initial resistance to the “Information Superhighway,” as the Internet was originally known, is therefore not unfounded.
Impact of Ambient Seasonal Temperature on Specimens Stored in Courier Lockboxes.

To the Editor: Storage lockboxes for patient specimens are commonly used by reference and referral laboratories. Blood samples collected at outpatient clinics are typically separated into plasma and serum by centrifugation, and then stored in lockboxes until couriers retrieve and transport the specimens to an analyzing laboratory. Most of these lockboxes are located outside of the clinic, exposed to environmental conditions, because couriers do not have keys to the physician offices for off-hour pickups. Temperature conditions in lockboxes can be factors for preanalytical variation in laboratory testing. Various specimen types, analytes, and associated stability have been studied under storage conditions commonly found in the clinical laboratory (ambient room temperature, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −70 °C) (1, 2 …
Management of Dysplasia in IBD

Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the colon are at increased risk of developing colorectal neoplasia (CRN), which is thought to develop along the inflammation-dysplasia-neoplasia sequence. Whereas in the past, a finding of any degree of dysplasia in the setting of IBD colitis was managed with surgery, our ability to manage dysplasia endoscopically with enrollment in an endoscopic surveillance program and/or endoscopic resection has been a major paradigm shift. Successful dysplasia surveillance programs are multidisciplinary and require not only close communication between the gastroenterologist, pathologist, and colorectal surgeon with experience in IBD, but more importantly with the patient to ensure close adherence to follow-up and therapy. Whether our enhanced endoscopic technologies and techniques, as well as improved medical therapies to control inflammation have altered the natural course of CRN in IBD remains to be determined. This chapter focuses on the multimodal management of dysplasia in IBD colitis.
Lessons from Hurricane Katrina: The Employment Effects of The Mass Dismissal of New Orleans Teachers.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the Orleans Parish school district fired over 4,000 public school teachers as the city underwent a transition to a market-based system of charter schools. Usi...
Reliability of Five Methods for Protein Determination in Barley and Malt1

Protein was determined in 44 barley and 49 malt samples by the Kjeldahl method. The data were used to establish a regression line of Kjeldahl protein and protein contents as estimated by biuret, dy...
The Promotion of Avoidable Ignorance in the British Journal of Social Work

The manifest purpose of professional journals is to share important knowledge. Increasing revelations of flaws in the peer-reviewed literature shows that this purpose is often not honored and that inflated claims of knowledge as well as other concerns such as misrepresentations of disliked or misunderstood views are rife. In this article, avoidable misunderstandings of science and evidence-based practice (EBP) in publications in the British Journal of Social Work 2005–2016 are described as well as strategies used to forward misinformation. Such discourse misinforms rather than informs readers and decreases opportunities to accurately inform social workers about possibilities to help clients and to avoid harming them and to involve clients as informed participants. Those writing about avoidable ignorance highlight how it is used strategically, perhaps to neutralize what is viewed as dangerous knowledge—the process of EBP and science generally, which may threaten the status quo.
Multiple Regression—Regression Diagnostics

In Chapter 9 we show how to set up and produce an initial analysis of a regression model with several predictors. In the present chapter we discuss ways to investigate whether the model assumptions are met and, when the assumptions are not met, ways to revise the model to better conform with the assumptions. We also examine ways to assess the effect on model performance of individual predictors or individual cases (observations).
Effect of surfactants on the instability of a liquid thread or annular layer

Abstract The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the capillary instability of an annular layer that lines the interior surface of a circular tube and surrounds another annular layer that lines the exterior surface of an inner circular tube is considered. As the radius of the inner cylinder tends to vanish or the radius of the outer cylinder tends to infinity, we obtain either an annular layer coated on the interior or exterior surface of a circular tube, or an infinite thread suspended in a quiescent infinite ambient fluid. In the first part of this paper, a linear stability analysis is carried out for axisymmetric perturbations in the absence or presence of fluid inertia, resulting in a nonlinear algebraic eigenvalue problem whose solution produces the complex phase velocity. When the fluid inertia is negligible, there are two normal modes; one is stable under any conditions, and the second is unstable when the wave length of the perturbation is longer than the circumferential length of the unperturbed interface. Stability graphs are presented to illustrate the properties of the normal modes and their dependence on the ratio of the viscosities of the outer and inner fluid, the surfactant diffusivity, the sensitivity of the surface tension to the surfactant concentration, and the ratio of the cylinder to the thread radius. In all cases, the presence of a surfactant reduces the growth rate of the unstable normal mode but is not able to stabilize the interface. As the surfactant diffusivity is raised, or the surface tension becomes insensitive to the surfactant concentration, the unconditionally stable mode becomes physically irrelevant by requiring an extremely large amplitude of the perturbation in the surfactant concentration, yielding well-known results for uniform surface tension. In the second part of this paper, the nonlinear growth of the instability of an infinite thread is studied under conditions of Stokes flow by dynamical simulation, assuming a linear relationship between the surface tension and the surfactant concentration. The numerical results reveal that the presence of a surfactant may have a significant effect on the shapes of developing interfacial structures, and that a similarity solution adequately describes the behavior of the thread close to the time of breakup. In the third part of this paper, the instability of an annular layer coated on the interior of a cylindrical tube is considered, with particular reference to bronchial airway collapse. Numerical simulations reveal that the qualitative features of evolution are insensitive to the presence of the surfactant and to the wave length of the perturbation, although both significantly affect the growth rate of the instability. A comparison of the predictions of a thin-layer flow model with the results of the full linear stability theory and with boundary-integral simulations illustrates the capabilities and limitations of the asymptotic approach.
Tutor training for service learning: impact on self-efficacy beliefs

The aim of my study was: (a) to measure the effectiveness of a supporting tutor-training curriculum and content knowledge gains for preservice teachers engaged in service learning and (b) to determ...
Simulating Discrete-Event Models in the Classic Worldviews: A New Approach to Simultaneous Events and Parallel Execution

Abstract This chapter describes a new approach to the activity scanning worldview of discrete-event simulation. With this new approach it becomes possible to realize activity scanning simulations with a parallel computer while resolving simultaneous events in a repeatable manner. The motivation for this approach is the two-phase simulation procedure intrinsic to cellular automata, coupled difference equations, and the discrete-event system specification. This new approach is introduced via an intuitively appealing construction of a new simulation procedure for activity scanning models, and this introduction is followed by an embedding of the new approach into the discrete-event system specification. In doing so, we illustrate a practical approach to distributed simulation and demonstrate how the proposed approach can be applied to the event scheduling and process-oriented worldviews.
Volume Interior Parameterization for Automated Unified Machining Process of Freeform Surfaces

Conventional machining process of freeform surfaces usually employs three-stage machining process of roughing, semi-finishing and finishing. This multi-stage machining process has some weaknesses such as the repetition of process planning activities or heavy cutting load changes. But they can be overcome by gradually machining a stock along morphing surfaces. The generation of the morphing surfaces transforming smoothly inside the to-be-cut volume is essential for the new machining process and it can be achieved by the volume interior parameterization. This paper introduces five volume interior parameterization methods: TFI method, Laplace method, Poisson method using exponential control functions, Poisson method using arc-length based control map and weighted parametric redistribution method. Algorithms for these methods are presented, and their respective computer simulations packages are generated. Numerical examples show that the algorithms can adequately generate intermediate machining surfaces inside any arbitrary shape volume.
Gain-of-Function Claims for Type-2-Diabetes-Associated Coding Variants in SLC16A11 Are Not Supported by the Experimental Data.

Summary Human genetic variants in SLC16A11 are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously identified two distinct mechanisms through which co-inherited T2D-risk coding and non-coding variants disrupt SLC16A11 expression and activity, thus implicating reduced SLC16A11 function as the disease-relevant direction of effect. In a recent publication, Zhao et al. (2019a) argue that human SLC16A11 coding variants confer gain of function, basing their conclusions on phenotypic changes observed following overexpression of mutant murine Slc16a11. However, data necessary to demonstrate gain-of-function activity are not reported. Furthermore, several fundamental flaws in their experimental system—including inaccurate modeling of the human variant haplotype and expression conditions that are not physiologically relevant—prevent conclusions about T2D-risk variant effects on human physiology. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Zhao et al. (2019a) , published in Cell Reports. See also the response by Zhao et al. (2019b) in this issue of Cell Reports.
Talking about sexual health during survivorship: understanding what shapes breast cancer survivors’ willingness to communicate with providers

Breast cancer survivor (BCS)–provider communication about sexual health (SH) is often absent or inadequate. Patients report wanting providers to broach the topic, but providers cite barriers to initiating discussions. While the health care community works to address barriers, it is unrealistic to rely solely on provider initiation of SH conversations. This research investigates willingness to communicate about sexual health (WTCSH) to better understand what may interfere with survivors’ ability to self-advocate and receive care for these concerns. (N = 305) BCSs completed online surveys. Hierarchical multiple regression determined the relationship between Sexual Quality of Life—Female (SQOL—F), which measures psychological and social dimensions of SH and WTCSH. Interviews were then conducted with forty BCSs. The constant comparative method was used to thematically analyze the transcripts. The mean SQOL score was 53.4 out of 100. No statistically significant differences in SQOL or WTCSH were found by age or survivorship length. The positive relationship between WTCSH and SQOL was significant, F (6,266) = 4.92, p < .000, adj. R2 = .080). Five themes illustrated factors that shape WTCSH: (1) comfort discussing SH; (2) perception of demographic similarity/discordance; (3) patient-centered communication; (4) belief that SH is (un)treatable, and (5) ability to access timely/coordinated care. Findings establish the significance of SH concerns and provide an in-depth understanding of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational issues informing WTCSH. Age and gender dynamics, perceptions of provider SQOL messaging, and futility influence survivor openness. Addressing these areas may encourage disclosure among women who would otherwise continue to suffer in silence.
Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study

Progressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a usually fatal complication of acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) in dogs but its risk factors are poorly understood. The objective of this retrospective case-control study was to identify risk factors for PMM by comparing dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following IVDE that did and did not develop the disease after surgery. We also investigated whether any risk factors for PMM influenced return of ambulation. Medical records of client-owned dogs with paraplegia and loss of pain perception that underwent surgery for IVDE from 1998 to 2016, were reviewed. Dogs were categorized as PMM yes or no based on clinical progression or histopathology. Walking outcome at 6 months was established. Signalment, onset and duration of signs (categorized), steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), site of IVDE (lumbar intumescence or thoracolumbar) and longitudinal extent of IVDE were retrieved and their associations with PMM and walking outcome were examined using logistic regression. One hundred and ninety seven dogs were included, 45 with and 152 without PMM. A 6-month-outcome was available in 178 dogs (all 45 PMM dogs and 133 control dogs); 86 recovered walking (all in the control group). Disc extrusions at the lumbar intumescence were associated with PMM (p = 0.01, OR: 3.02, CI: 1.3–7.2). Surgery performed more than 12 h after loss of ambulation was associated with PMM (OR = 3.4; CI = 1.1–10.5, p = 0.03 for 12-24 h and OR = 4.6; CI = 1.3–16.6, p = 0.02 for the > 24 h categories when compared with the ≤12 h category). Treatment with corticosteroids was negatively associated with PMM (OR: 3.1; CI: 1.3–7.6, p = 0.01). The only variable to affect walking outcome was longitudinal extent of IVDE (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.3–5.3, p = 0.006). Dogs with lumbar intumescence IVDE are at increased risk of PMM. Timing of surgery and corticosteroid use warrant further investigations. PMM and recovery of walking are influenced by different factors.
Discrimination, language brokering efficacy, and academic competence among adolescent language brokers.

Abstract Introduction Discrimination is detrimental for the development of ethnic minority adolescents' academic competence. To combat the negative effects of discrimination and promote academic success, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the association between discrimination and academic competence. Guided by the integrative model of ethnic minority children's development and the adapting cultural systems framework, this study examined whether a culture-specific factor, language brokering efficacy, mediated the relation between adolescents' perceived discrimination and their academic competence. Method Data were drawn form a two-wave longitudinal study of 604 Mexican American adolescent language brokers residing in and around a metropolitan city in central Texas, USA (54% female; Mage = 12.5; SD = 1.0; 75% born in the U.S.). Path analyses were conducted to answer the research questions. Results The study revealed that the link between discrimination and academic competence was mediated by language brokering efficacy when translating for fathers and mothers, although the path from language brokering efficacy to academic competence was stronger when brokering for mothers. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of incorporating ethnic minority children's adapting cultural experiences in linking the contextual influence with their developmental competence. Implications for interventions aiming to reduce the negative impacts of discrimination are also discussed.
Randomized phase II trial of radium-223 (RA) plus enzalutamide (EZ) versus EZ alone in metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer (mCRPC): Long-term follow up of secondary endpoints.

125Background: RA, a bone targeting alpha radiopharmaceutical, and EZ, are approved for mCRPC. Per phase 3 SWOG0421 trial, men with mCRPC and a significant decline in serum bone metabolism markers ...
A Co-Curricular Activity to Introduce Pharmacy Students to the Concepts of Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

Objective. To develop, implement, and evaluate a co-curricular activity in which second-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students developed an idea for a new clinical pharmacy service. Methods. A brief co-curricular activity based on the television series SharkTank was developed to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. Second-year pharmacy students worked in assigned teams and were allowed one hour to develop an innovative clinical service to solve a pharmacy-related problem. Students then “pitched” their idea to a panel of four faculty members who served as the “sharks” and graded the teams using a rubric. The rubric which was employed was mapped to the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes. A pre- and post-activity survey was administered to students to gather information about changes in their perceptions of innovation and entrepreneurship in pharmacy. Results. Student groups received higher scores on their ability to present background information and the need for their clinical service and lower scores in areas such as tracking outcomes and predicting challenges. On the post-activity survey, 96.7% of students agreed that the activity gave them a better understanding of pharmacists’ roles in establishing new clinical services, and 86.7% stated they intend to actively seek out new clinical pharmacy service opportunities in their future career. Conclusion. Results of the survey demonstrate that students understand the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in pharmacy practice, and almost all students felt that the activity gave them an even better understanding of the pharmacist’s role in clinical service development. This activity can serve as a blueprint for schools of pharmacy looking to incorporate creative and fun methods of exposing PharmD students to innovation and entrepreneurship activities.
Nonatomic Game with General Preferencees on Returns

We study nonatomic games in which players' choices are guided by general preferences. Rather than ones over actions while also under influences of player-action profiles, we let the preferences be over returns received by individual players and let the returns be then linked to all players' actions. Our modeling choice has rendered otherwise standard analysis quite fruitful. Not only can we establish equilibrium existence results, but we can also simultaneously derive the upper hemi-continuity of equilibrium sets with respect to the return function and players' preference profile. Advances concerning pure equilibria can also be made on a setting involving a rich set of players, cruder traits, and an externality between semi-anonymity and anonymity.
Assessing Disaggregated SMAP Soil Moisture Products in the United States

A soil moisture (SM) disaggregation algorithm based on thermal inertia (TI) theory was implemented to downscale the soil moisture active passive (SMAP) enhanced product (SPL2SMP $\_$ E) from 9 to 1 km over the continental United States. The algorithm applies land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) at higher spatial resolution to estimate relative soil wetness within a coarse SMAP grid—this MODIS-derived relative wetness is then used to produce the downscaled SMAP SM. Results from the algorithm were evaluated in terms of their spatio-temporal coverage and accuracy using in situ measurements from SMAP core validation sites (CVS), the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Reference Network (CRN). Results were also compared with the baseline SPL2SMP $\_$ E and the SMAP/Sentinel-1 (SPL2SMAP $\_$ S) 1 km product. Overall, the unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) of the disaggregated SM at the CVS using the TI approach is approximately 0.04 $\text{m}^3/\text{m}^3$ , which is the SMAP mission requirement for the baseline products. The TI approach outperforms the SMAP/Sentinel SL2SMAP $\_$ S 1 km product by approximately 0.02 $\text{m}^3/\text{m}^3$ . Over the agriculture/crop areas from SCAN and CRN sparse network stations, the TI approach exhibits better ubRMSE compared to SPL2SMP $\_$ E and SPL2SMAP $\_$ S by about 0.01 and 0.02 $\text{m}^3/\text{m}^3$ , indicating its advantage in these areas. However, a drawback of this approach is that there are data gaps due to cloud cover as optical sensors cannot have a clear view of the land surface.
Arctic insect emergence timing and composition differs across thaw ponds of varying morphology

Freshwater ponds provide habitats for aquatic insects that emerge and subsidize consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. In the Arctic, insects provide an important seasonal source of energy to birds t...
Pasarelas exóticas entre Latinoamérica y EE.UU.: Braniff Airways y “El fin del aeroplano plano”

The mid-sized Texas-based airline Braniff Airways aspired in 1965 to catch up to its competition by purchasing a new fleet of jet airplanes and thereby improve its market share, including on its international routes that linked the US with various cities in Mexico and South America. This article examines how the economic pressure of this substantial purchase led to a bold marketing campaign that ultimately re-styled air travel in the Jet Age from staid-but-sophisticated to colorful and glamorously trendy. This stylistic transformation involved a collaboration between three creative giants of the 1960s: advertising executive Mary Wells, fashion designer Emilio Pucci, and interior designer Alexander Girard. Both Pucci and Girard were particularly vital in creating a colorful, yet stylish image for Braniff that rendered a uniquely up-to-date sense of what Jet Age “modernity” would look like. At the same time, these designers consciously attributed their aesthetics to an embrace of “primitivism,” especially to the bright, geometric inspirations they found in pre-modern art from Latin American civilizations and others across the Global South.
Albumin and Survival in Extremity Metastatic Bone Disease: An Analysis of Two Independent Datasets.

Introduction Numerous prognostication models have been developed to estimate survival in patients with extremity metastatic bone disease, but few include albumin despite albumin's role in malnutrition and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine two independent datasets to determine the value for albumin in prognosticating survival in this population. Materials and methods Extremity metastatic bone disease patients undergoing surgical management were identified from two independent populations. Population 1: Retrospective chart review at two tertiary care centers. Population 2: A large, national, North American multicenter surgical registry with 30-day follow-up. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine albumin's value for prognostication at 1-, 3-, and 12-month after surgery. Results In Population 1, 1,090 patients were identified with 1-, 3-, and 12-month mortality rates of 95 (8.8%), 305 (28.9%), and 639 (62.0%), respectively. In Population 2, 1,675 patients were identified with one-month postoperative mortality rates of 148 (8.8%). In both populations, hypoalbuminemia was an independent prognostic factor for mortality at 30 days. In the institutional set, hypoalbuminemia was additionally associated with 3- and 12-month mortality. Conclusions Hypoalbuminemia is a marker for mortality in extremity metastatic bone disease. Further consideration of this marker could improve existing prognostication models in this population. Level of evidence III.
National Marketing and Protectionism in the Post MTN Environment

The comparatively favorable reception calls for a New International Economic Order received during the seventies pointed to further export and industrialization opportunities for the developing countries. The conclusion of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations in 1979 may have ushered in a new era of international cooperation and continued the fifty year drive for free international trade expanding even more markets for the exports of developing nations. However, its emphasis on bilateral fair trade may have ushered in an era of protectionism. A correct reading of the emerging environment is critical to developing nations’ strategic planning for the 1980s.
Regulation of Cardiac Contraction by Calcium

The sections in this article are: 1 Contractile and Regulatory Proteins of the Cardiac Myofibril 1.1 Myosin 1.2 Actin 1.3 Troponin 1.4 Tropomyosin 1.5 C-Protein 2 Mechanical Properties of Myocardium 2.1 Isometric Tension 2.2 Shortening Velocity 2.3 Tension Transients 3 Regulation of Myocardial Contraction 3.1 Tension 3.2 Shortening Velocity 3.3 Kinetics of Tension Development and Relaxation 4 Conclusions
Recent studies on the chemistry and biological activities of the organosulfur compounds of garlic (allium sativum)

Abstract Garlic, Allium sativum , is known to contain a wide range of biologically active compounds. The organosulfur compounds are mainly the biologically active components of garlic. Many health benefits has been ascribed to them, possessing biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, lipid and cholesterol lowering effects, inhibition of carcinogenesis, enhancing the immune system and other biological activities. The chemistry of the organosulfur compounds in garlic varies with the method it has been processed. For example, the composition of the organosulfur compounds change when garlic is cooked, crushed, ingested, or powdered. This review summarizes the composition of these compounds in garlic's different forms and discusses the recent studies on the biological activities of the organosulfur compounds of garlic from 1996- January 1998, with special attention to the role of these compounds in preventing cancer. Garlic, in any of its forms, would be effective to the human body in spite of the differences in the chemical composition in each form. It is shown in this review that the water soluble S-alkyl cysteines, the thiosulfinates, ajoenes and vinyl dithiins, and the oil soluble allyl sulfides, which are found in the different forms of garlic, possess the biological activities known for garlic. It is therefore advisable to consider including garlic in our daily diets to benefit from its effects, especially in cancer prevention.
Modeling parallel communication

The LogP model provides a framework for analyzing the performance of algorithms on distributed-memory multiprocessors. The model takes into account both the cost of computation and the cost of communication. It describes a multiprocessor in terms of four parameters, representing computation power, communication bandwidth, communication latency and the degree of overlap between computation and communication. In this paper we discuss the rationale for the different features of the LogP model. We then compare the model with other models having similar aims, such as network-based models, Valiant's BSP model, and the PRAM(m) model. Finally, we call upon the work of a number of students at Berkeley to illustrate the application of the model to problems of broadcasting, sorting, FFT computation, summing, prefix summing and solution of triangular and tridiagonal systems. >
Posttranslational regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and synaptic plasticity.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the molecular properties and the subcellular localization of the two classes of glutamate ionotropic receptors, the AMPA (2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The results of studies concerning the phosphorylation of both AMPA and NMDA receptors are reviewed. This is followed by a summary of the work on the characterization of calpain-mediated truncation of glutamate ionotropic receptor subunits and the roles of the phospholipid environment in the characteristics of the AMPA receptors. Then information related to the targeting and anchoring of glutamate receptors are reviewed before summarizing available data on the turnover of these receptors. The chapter also discusses the possible functions of posttranslational modifications of glutamate receptors in various physiological as well as pathological forms of synaptic plasticity. The posttranslational modifications of glutamate ionotropic receptors are well-suited to participate in the phenomena of long-term potentiation and long-term depression and that similar mechanisms might be responsible for changes in synaptic excitability observed following seizure activity or various forms of brain injury.
Recent high energy electron investigations at Stanford University

Abstract : The purpose of the paper is to present a summary of recent developments in high energy electron physics at Stanford. The material is divided into the following topics: nucleon form factors; deuteron form factors; (coincidence studies of elastic scattering, inelastic continuum studies); nuclear physics; (Ca40, Ca44 Investigations, study of the inelastic continuum in He3, magnetic octupole moments in light nuclei); shower studies at 900 MeV.
The Development of Asian Bond Markets: The Offshore Option

One of the factors widely believed to have contributed to the Asian financial crisis was the dependence of the region on external short-term dollar-based financing from banks. The Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI) which was launched in Manila in 2003, aims to solve this problem by developing efficient and liquid government and corporate bond markets in Asia. There are two fundamental ways for a group of countries to create an integrated bond market - onshore and offshore. Onshore integration requires that each participating country permit its issuers to raise capital by issuing bonds in foreign countries to foreign investors and to permit its investors to invest in foreign securities in their own countries. In addition, for regional issuance to be efficient, so that issuance in all countries could take place under the same rules, all countries participating in the arrangement would have to have similar securities laws and regulations, or allow a foreign issuer to issue in their markets under its home-country rules. This paper argues that offshore integration provides a better model. Countries must permit their issuers (government or corporate) to raise funds offshore from domestic and foreign investors in participating countries. In addition, participating countries must permit its investors to invest in offshore securities. The offshore model does not require harmonization or deference to the use of home country rules in host countries. Harmonization, and the resulting efficiency, is achieved by issuers and investors operating under the rules of the offshore center.
Understanding the Raman spectral features of phyllosilicates

Phyllosilicates, one of the five major structural types of silicates, have highly variable structures and very complex chemistry. This manuscript reports the first comprehensive Raman spectroscopic study of the five major groups of phyllosilicates. We first demonstrate that phyllosilicates have a unique Raman spectral pattern that can be used to distinguish them from orthosilicate, chain silicate, ring silicate, and framework silicate with different degrees of silicate polymerization. Second, we distinguish characteristics of Raman spectral features associated with phyllosilicates of the different stacking sequences and show how minor changes in chemical compositions and structural details in some phyllosilicates can affect their Raman spectral patterns, peak positions, and peak widths. From this study, we extract several empirical rules that can help to identify and characterize phyllosilicates based on in situ Raman spectroscopic measurements. These results are significant for planetary surface exploration, especially Mars, where the existence of phyllosilicates as a result of alteration of primary minerals has been indicated by Vis-Near IR spectroscopy used in orbital remote sensing and recently by X-ray diffraction in surface exploration. The spectral data collected from this study are also useful for laboratory study of terrestrial phyllosilicate samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the mode of action of vitamin D XXXVII 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3: a long-acting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog.

This study was undertaken to determine whether 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1α(OH)D3] administration to chicks in vivo results in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] intestinal receptor occupancy and to compare the temporal characteristics of the physiological effects of 1α(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 for several days after a single dose of either steroid. Occupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors of the chick duodenal mucosa were measured by the recently developed exchange assay procedure [J Biol Chem (1980) 255:9534–9537]. Within 2 h after 1α(OH)D3 injection in rachitic chicks, there was a significant elevation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor occupancy in the intestinal mucosa. This observation represents the first direct confirmation that this synthetic analog exerts biological effects through occupancy of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors. Serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels reached a 3-fold higher peak after 1,25(OH)2D3 injection (3.25 nmol) than after 1α(OH)D3 injection (6.5 nmol); further, after 1α(OH)D3 injection the peak was delayed by 2–4 h. However, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels remained elevated for only 3–6 h after 1,25(OH)2D3, compared to 48 h after 1α(OH)D3 injection. Occupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor levels paralleled serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels at all times after administration of either steroid. At 24 h, duodenal vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) levels were similarly elevated in both treatment groups, but by 48 and 72 h after 1α(OH)D3 administration CaBP and serum Ca2+, respectively, were more significantly elevated. These data confirm that 1α(OH)D3 induces its major biological effects via intracellular 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors and reinforce the concept that 25-hydroxylation is a prerequisite for these effects. These results also suggest that 1α(OH)D3 may become useful in the therapy for sustained treatment of vitamin D deficiency diseases.
An Interferometric Method for Accurate Thickness Measurements of Thin Evaporated Films

A method is described in which a Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to measure the thickness of uniform thin films to an accuracy of ±15A. The separation of the D-lines of sodium light is used as a standard of length. The method is evaluated by comparison with other methods and in terms of its applications and limitations.
The structure and function of T cell receptor complexes.

L'utilisation d'anticorps monoclonal anti-recepteur dans des etudes fonctionnelles a permis de montrer que la reticulation du recepteur est necessaire pour l'activation des cellules T helper. Le meme complexe moleculaire est implique dans la reconnaissance a la fois des complexes antigene: Ia-self et des molecules Ia non self. L'activation du clone de cellules T implique les etapes suivantes: reticulation du recepteur, stimulation probable de liberation d'Il-1; expression des recepteurs pour l'IL-2 induite par IL-1, synthese d'IL-2 stimulee par reticulation du recepteur, reception de l'Il-2 endogene produite et multiplication cellulaire
Effects of non-uniform velocity profiles on dual jets in a crossflow

The interaction between engine exhaust jets and the freestream affects the aerodynamic and stability characteristics of VTOL aircraft during the transition from hover to forward flight. This interaction is often modeled as a simple uniform jet issuing from a flat plate into a subsonic crossflow. The distribution of pressures induced by the jet on the surface of the plate can be used to predict the lift loss and pitching moment for a full-scale aircraft. The uniform jet model has limitations because an actual turbofan engine generates a rather nonuniform exit velocity profile. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of a nonuniform velocity profile on the surface pressure distribution. The mutual interaction of dual jets also is investigated in side-by-side and tandem configurations. Detailed pressure distributions are presented for two jet-to-freestream velocity ratios of 2.2 and 4.0. One important finding is that a nonuniform jet with a high velocity periphery and a low velocity core has a higher effective velocity ratio than a uniform jet with the same mass flow.
Toddlers benefit from labeling on an executive function search task.

Although labeling improves executive function (EF) performance in children older than 3 (e.g., Kirkham, Cruess, & Diamond, 2003), the results from studies with younger children have been equivocal (e.g., Sophian & Wellman, 1983). In the present study, we assessed performance in a computerized multistep multilocation search task with older 2-year-old children. The correct search location was either: (a) not marked by a familiar picture nor given a distinct label, (b) marked by a familiar picture but not given a distinct label (c) marked by a familiar picture and labeled by the experimenter, or (d) marked by a familiar picture and labeled by the participant. The results revealed that accuracy improved across conditions such that children made fewest errors when they generated the label for the hiding location. These findings support the hierarchical competing systems model (Marcovitch & Zelazo, 2006, 2009) that postulates that improved performance can be explained by more powerful representations that guide search behavior.
An Omics Perspective on Cancer Research

Editor William CS Cho, based at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, has crafted a very useful volume about omics approaches to molecular profiling in cancer research....
Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards.

Abstract Eighteenweek-old mallard hens received 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 ppm technical grade EPN (phenylphosphonothioic acid O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl ester) in the diet for 90 days. Ataxia was first observed in the 270-ppm group after 16 days, in the 90-ppm group after 20 days, in the 30-ppm group after 38 days; 10 ppm failed to produce ataxia. By the end of 90 days all 6 birds in the 270-ppm group exhibited ataxia or paralysis whereas 5 of 6 birds in the 90-ppm group and 2 of 6 birds in the 30-ppm group were visibly affected. Treatment with 30 ppm or more resulted in a significant reduction in body weight. Brain neurotoxic esterase activity was inhibited by averages of 16, 69, 73, and 74% in the 10-, 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups, respectively. Brain acetylcholinesterase, plasma cholinesterase, and plasma alkaline phosphatase were significantly inhibited as well. Distinct histopathological effects were seen in the 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups which included demyelination and degeneration of axons of the spinal cord. Additional ducks were exposed in a similar manner to 60-, 270-, or 540-ppm leptophos (phosphonothioic acid O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl-O-methylphenyl ester) which resulted in similar behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. these findings indicate that adult mallards are probably somewhat less sensitive than chickens to subchronic dietary exposure to organophosphorus insecticides that induce delayed neurotoxicity.
Ovarian cancer: Age contrasts in incidence, histology, disease stage at diagnosis, and mortality

Background. Age comparisons for incidence, histology, disease stage at initial diagnosis, and mortality of more than 20,000 ovarian cancer patients diagnosed between 1973-1987 are the focus of this descriptive epidemiologic study. This paper highlights key issues and concerns regarding ovarian cancer in women 65 years and older as a frame of reference for the proceedings of the working conference, «Perspectives on Ovarian Cancer in Older-Aged Women,» co-sponsored by the National Institute on Aging, National Cancer Institute, and American Cancer Society held at the National Institutes of Health, November, 1991
Deregulated Cdk5 triggers aberrant activation of cell cycle kinases and phosphatases inducing neuronal death

Aberrant activation of cell cycle proteins is believed to play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis; although, the molecular mechanisms leading to their activation in diseased neurons remain elusive. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanistic link between Cdk5 deregulation and cell cycle re-activation in β-amyloid(1-42) (Aβ(1-42))-induced neurotoxicity. Using a chemical genetic approach, we identified Cdc25A, Cdc25B and Cdc25C as direct Cdk5 substrates in mouse brain lysates. We show that deregulated Cdk5 directly phosphorylates Cdc25A, Cdc25B and Cdc25C at multiple sites, which not only increases their phosphatase activities but also facilitates their release from 14-3-3 inhibitory binding. Cdc25A, Cdc25B and Cdc25C in turn activate Cdk1, Cdk2 and Cdk4 kinases causing neuronal death. Selective inhibition of Cdk5 abrogates Cdc25 and Cdk activations in Aβ(1-42)-treated neurons. Similarly, phosphorylation-resistant mutants of Cdc25 isoforms at Cdk5 sites are defective in activating Cdk1, Cdk2 and Cdk4 in Aβ(1-42)-treated primary cortical neurons, emphasizing a major role of Cdk5 in the activation of Cdc25 isoforms and Cdks in AD pathogenesis. These results were further confirmed in human AD clinical samples, which had higher Cdc25A, Cdc25B and Cdc25C activities that were coincident with increased Cdk5 activity, as compared to age-matched controls. Inhibition of Cdk5 confers the highest neuroprotection against Aβ(1-42) toxicity, whereas inhibition of Cdc25 isoforms was partially neuroprotective, further emphasizing a decisive role of Cdk5 deregulation in cell-cycle-driven AD neuronal death.
SOURCES OF MATERIAL.

nution of the number of B. typhosus on or in oysters, the diminution reaching about 99 per cent after 3 changes of water. B. typhosuis was isolated up to 21 days, during which time the water was changed 16 times, after which the remaining oysters died. The degree of purification following 3 changes of fresh sea water approximated that observed with a similar number of treatments of chlorinated sea water. There is a difference, however; in most instances the B. typhosus in the chlorinated water was apparently killed. Contaminated oysters were placed in natural waters the temperature of which was low enough to largely inhibit drinking. The oysters contained B. typhosus after 51 days in these waters, the last observation made. In some of these experiments as well as in some of those described in our previous report, note should be made of the prolonged persistence of minimal numbers of B. typhosus under different conditions. This prolonged persistence emphasizes the fact that apparently the only safe oyster is one which has been protected from any contamination with fecal pathogens for at least some months prior to harvesting. The actual time can only be determined by further careful experiments.
Plane strain buckling and wrinkling of neo-hookean laminates

Abstract The buckling of layered plates is examined in the context of finite deformation incompressible nonlinear elasticity. Previous work has shown how buckled configurations are modified, and buckling loads reordered, for those buckled states that are natural extensions of previously known solutions corresponding to an isolated single neo-Hookean layer. Here we examine the possibility of new solutions that have no such isolated layer counterparts. In addition to two families that are extensions of isolated layer solutions, we find two additional families of buckled configurations for the case of a symmetric three-ply laminate and we find one additional family of buckled configurations for the case of a two-ply laminate. All of these new families of solutions have an associated wrinkling load which is a function of the stiffness ratio of the two neo-Hookean materials which form the individual layers. This new wrinkling load is higher than that of the wrinkling load associated with the previously known buckled solutions.