cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Memory: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background A variety of clinical syndromes can cause T-wave inversion (TWI), ranging from life-threatening events to benign conditions. One benign cause of TWI is cardiac memory, which is characterized by the transient inversion of T-waves following abnormal activation of the ventricles, commonly due to intermittent left bundle branch block (LBBB), tachydysrhythmias, electrical pacing, or ventricular pre-excitation. Case Report A 72-year-old man presented to the emergency department with chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Upon arrival, his electrocardiogram (ECG) showed new-onset LBBB with appropriate secondary ST-T wave changes. A subsequent ECG showed disappearance of LBBB and newly inverted T-waves in precordial leads V1–V5, followed by a repeat ECG that again showed LBBB. Serial troponin testing was unremarkable. During hospitalization, echocardiogram and nuclear perfusion stress test were normal. The transient TWIs in this patient were believed to be due to cardiac memory. We performed a literature review and identified 39 published cases of cardiac memory. The most common etiology for cardiac memory was after cardiac pacemaker placement, followed by intermittent LBBB (as was seen in our patient), and post-tachydysrhythmia. Patient ages ranged from 21 to 88 years, with an equal number of cases reported in men and women. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Cardiac memory is a poorly understood, rarely observed phenomenon that can occur in the setting of intermittent LBBB. Testing for acute cardiac ischemia and underlying coronary artery disease is still recommended, as the diagnosis of cardiac memory can only be made after negative workup.
O-007 An analysis of stroke thrombectomy interhospital transportation modality

Objective Expeditious interhospital transport of patients with potential large-vessel occlusions is key in the hub and spoke model, where patients are first taken to a local primary hospital to be evaluated for intravenous thrombolysis, and then subsequently transferred to an endovascular capable stroke center. The decision on transport modality—air versus ground transportation—may be multifactorial, dependent upon dispatch times, availability, and cost. This study aims to evaluate and quantify the presumed reduction in time to thrombectomy with air compared to ground transport. Methods Patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for carotid circulation occlusion within 6 hours at an urban, comprehensive stroke center were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariable linear regression evaluated the relationship between transport modality and the time from last known well to groin puncture after adjusting for distance from the comprehensive stroke center. Results From January 2015 to March 2018, 133 mechanical thrombectomy interhospital transfers were identified; transportation modality was air in 30.8% (n=41) and ground in 69.2% (n=92). The mean inter-hospital distance was 24.1 (standard deviation 16.4, range 0–62) miles. Among patients travelling greater than 10 miles, the use of air transport was associated with a significantly shorter time between last known well and groin puncture when compared to ground (by 26.3 minutes, 95% CI: 1.1–51.9 minutes, p=0.04). The benefit of air transport was greater with increasing distances, with a significantly shorter time to thrombectomy of 35.1 minutes (p=0.02) if an inter-hospital distance of greater than 20 miles, and of 42.2 minutes (p=0.03) if greater than 30 miles. Within 10 miles however, all patients were transported by ground. Conclusions In this single-center analysis, helicopter emergency medical service lead to a shorter time to thrombectomy compared with ground transport. Given the known benefit to earlier revascularization on stroke outcomes, these data support the use of emergency aeromedical services when logistically feasible for stroke thrombectomy interhospital transfers greater than 10 miles. Disclosures H. Dasenbrock: None. A. Beer-Furlan: None. A. Vargas: None. J. Connors: None. R. Crowley: None. M. Chen: 2; C; Genentech, Pneumbra, Stryker, Medtronic.
Monolayer GaN excitonic deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes

We report on the molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of monolayer GaN embedded in N-polar AlN nanowire structures. Deep ultraviolet emission from 4.85 to 5.25 eV is measured by varying the AlN barrier thickness. Detailed optical measurements and direct correlation with first-principles calculations based on density functional and many-body perturbation theory suggest that charge carrier recombination occurs predominantly via excitons in the extremely confined monolayer GaN/AlN heterostructures, with exciton binding energy exceeding 200 meV. We have further demonstrated deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with the incorporation of single and double monolayer GaN, which operate at 238 and 270 nm, respectively. These unique deep ultraviolet LEDs exhibit highly stable emission and a small turn-on voltage around 5 V.
Drink (socially) and be merry: Predicting enjoyment and self-perceptions from alcohol consumption among college students.

Although many college students view drinking as a means of gaining a community and being social, research has not established whether alcohol consumption influences students’ enjoyment and percepti...
A Small-Molecule Approach to Restore a Slow-Oxidative Phenotype and Defective CaMKIIβ Signaling in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy.

Mutations in CAPN3 cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy R1 (LGMDR1, formerly LGMD2A) and lead to progressive and debilitating muscle wasting. Calpain 3 deficiency is associated with impaired CaMKIIβ signaling and blunted transcriptional programs that encode the slow-oxidative muscle phenotype. We conducted a high-throughput screen on a target of CaMKII (Myl2) to identify compounds to override this signaling defect; 4 were tested in vivo in the Capn3 knockout (C3KO) model of LGMDR1. The leading compound, AMBMP, showed good exposure and was able to reverse the LGMDR1 phenotype in vivo, including improved oxidative properties, increased slow fiber size, and enhanced exercise performance. AMBMP also activated CaMKIIβ signaling, but it did not alter other pathways known to be associated with muscle growth. Thus, AMBMP treatment activates CaMKII and metabolically reprograms skeletal muscle toward a slow muscle phenotype. These proof-of-concept studies lend support for an approach to the development of therapeutics for LGMDR1.
A Modular Robotic Arm Control Stack for Research: Franka-Interface and FrankaPy

We designed a modular robotic control stack that provides a customizable and accessible interface to the Franka Emika Panda Research robot. This framework abstracts high-level robot control commands as skills, which are decomposed into combinations of trajectory generators, feedback controllers, and termination handlers. Low-level control is implemented in C++ and runs at $1$kHz, and high-level commands are exposed in Python. In addition, external sensor feedback, like estimated object poses, can be streamed to the low-level controllers in real time. This modular approach allows us to quickly prototype new control methods, which is essential for research applications. We have applied this framework across a variety of real-world robot tasks in more than $5$ published research papers. The framework is currently shared internally with other robotics labs at Carnegie Mellon University, and we plan for a public release in the near future.
Origami-Inspired Approaches for Biomedical Applications

Modern day biomedical applications require progressions that combine advanced technology with the conformability of naturally occurring, complex biosystems. These advancements yield conformational interactions between the biomedical devices and the biological organisms' structures. Biomedical applications that adapt origami-inspired approaches have accrued aspired advances. Along with application-specific advantages, the most pertinent advances provided by origami-inspired strategies include voluminous structures with the ability to conform to biosystems, shape-shifting from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) structures, and biocompatibility. Throughout this paper, the exploration of new studies, primarily within the past decade, with origami-based applications of biomedical devices, including their theories, experimental results, and plans for future testing are reviewed. This mini-review contains examples that aid the advancement of biomedical applications and hold promising future discoveries. The origami-inspired applications discussed within this paper are tissue scaffolds, drug delivery approaches, stents and catheters, implants, microfluidic devices, biosensors, and origami usage in surgery.
Open questions on the transition between nanoscale and bulk properties of metals

Nanoscience has progressed tremendously in the exploration of new phenomena not seen in bulk materials, however, the transition between nanoscale and bulk properties is not yet fully understood. Here the authors identify and discuss remaining open questions that call for future efforts.
Nanoscale functionalized superconducting transport channels as photon detectors

Single-photon detectors have typically consisted of macroscopic materials where both the photon absorption and transduction to an electrical signal happen. Newly proposed designs suggest that large arrays of nanoscale detectors could provide improved performance in addition to decoupling the absorption and transduction processes. Here we study the properties of such a detector consisting of a nanoscale superconducting (SC) transport channel functionalized by a photon absorber. We explore two detection mechanisms based on photoinduced electrostatic gating and magnetic effects. To this end we model the narrow channel as a one-dimensional atomic chain and use a self-consistent Keldysh-Nambu Green's function formalism to describe nonequilibrium effects and SC phenomena. We consider cases where the photon creates electrostatic and magnetic changes in the absorber, as well as devices with strong and weak coupling to the metal leads. Our results indicate that the most promising case is when the SC channel is weakly coupled to the leads and in the presence of a background magnetic field, where photoexcitation of a magnetic molecule can trigger a SC-to-normal transition in the channel that leads to a change in the device current several times larger than in the case of a normal-phase channel device.
Efficacy of topical steroid treatment in children with severe phimosis in China: A long-term single centre prospective study.

AIM To evaluate the efficacy of topical steroid (0.1% mometasone furoate) therapy and factors affecting long-term outcome of paediatric severe phimosis in China. METHODS A total of 1550 patients with severe phimosis classified by Kikiros system were prospectively enrolled in the study from January 2016 to February 2020. They were prescribed with 0.1% mometasone furoate twice a day for 4 weeks. Patients were re-evaluated at the end of weeks 2, 4, 8 and 6 months follow-up. RESULTS A total of 1499 patients completed the treatment, 71.1% responded at the end of week 4. The long-term success rate was 66.0% over a mean follow-up of 26.9 months. The success rate of grade 4 phimosis was significantly higher than that of grade 5 at 4, 8 weeks and 6 months (P = 0.005, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Patients with balanoposthitis had a poorer outcome compared with patients without symptoms and patients symptoms by prepuce ballooning or urinary tract infections (P < 0.001). Initial grade of 5 phimosis and symptom with balanoposthitis were independent risk factors for recurrence. All patients had no systemic side effects, 23 cases developed local erythema or burning sensation. CONCLUSION Topical steroid (0.1% mometasone furoate) is an effective treatment for severe phimosis in children. The recurrence was related to the grade or symptoms of severe phimosis.
Mapping seasonal glacier melt across the Hindu Kush Himalaya with time series synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

Abstract. Current observational data on Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) glaciers are sparse, and characterizations of seasonal melt dynamics are limited. Time series synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery enables detection of reach-scale glacier melt characteristics across continents. We analyze C -band Sentinel-1 A/B SAR time series data, comprised of 32 741 Sentinel-1 A/B SAR images, and determine the duration of seasonal glacier melting for 105 432 mapped glaciers (83 102 km 2 glacierized area, defined using optical observations) in the HKH across the calendar years 2017–2019. Melt onset and duration are recorded at 90 m spatial resolution and 12 d temporal repeat. All glacier areas within the HKH exhibit some degree of melt. Melt signals persist for over two-thirds of the year at elevations below 4000 m a.s.l. and for nearly half of the calendar year at elevations exceeding 7000 m a.s.l. Retrievals of seasonal melting span all elevation ranges of glacierized area in the HKH region, extending greater than 1 km above the maximum elevation of an interpolated 0 ∘ C summer isotherm and at the top of Mount Everest, where in situ data and surface energy balance models indicate that the Khumbu Glacier is melting at surface air temperatures below − 10 ∘ C. Sentinel-1 melt retrievals reflect broad-scale trends in glacier mass balance across the region, where the duration of melt retrieved in the Karakoram is on average 16 d less than in the eastern Himalaya sub-region. Furthermore, percolation zones are apparent from meltwater retention indicated by delayed refreeze. Time series SAR datasets are suitable to support operational monitoring of glacier surface melt and the development and assessment of surface energy balance models of melt-driven ablation across the global cryosphere.
Impact of Delirium on Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: Delirium portends worse outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but it is unclear if symptom resolution or postacute care intensity may mitigate its impact. We aimed ...
Bifidobacteria as Water Quality Indicators

The potential value of bifidobacteria as indicators of fecal pollution in water has not been fully explored. Nevertheless, a number of workers have suggested that bifidobacteria may be useful as indicator organisms because (a) they do not multiply in nature. (h) they exhibit survival characteristics which compare favorably to Escherichia coli, and (c) they may be useful as specific indicator organisms to differentiate animal from human fecal pollution. An identification scheme for the most common species and which may be applicable in determining the type of pollution has been developed, and current techniques of speciation and quantitation are discussed.
Site of Histone Assembly

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the various site of histone assembly. DNA synthesis and histone synthesis are temporally coupled during the S phase of the cell cycle (1 -7). The doubling of the mass of DNA is matched by a doubling of histone protein. Since an obvious temporal deficiency in histone protein occurs at the replication fork, it is a reasonable assumption that newly synthesized histone protein is assembled into nucleosomes directly upon the vacancies on daughter-strand DNA. This seemingly straightforward problem has attracted the attention of numerous investigators. Although there is evidence that new histone protein is assembled on newly replicated DNA, other studies indicate that there is no preferential deposition on new DNA. The deposition (assembly) of newly synthesized histone protein into nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA versus nonreplicating DNA was investigated by methods employing the density-labeling of new DNA and by the nuclease sensitivity of new chromatin DNA relative to that of total chromatin. In all cases examined, no evidence was found favoring predominant deposition of new histones on new DNA. Rather, new histones appear to be assembled on both newly replicated DNA as well as on DNA that was not replicated during the experimental period.
Synthetic Implementations of Performance Data Collection in Massively Parallel Systems

Most performance tools that run on Massively Parallel (MP) systems do not scale up as the number of nodes increases. We studied the scalability problem of MP system performance tools and proposed a solution, replacing the two-level data collection structure by hierarchal one. To demonstrate that hierarchical data collection structure solves the scalability problem, we synthesized an implementation model to implement the performance data collection in MP systems. This paper presents our synthetic implementation results.
Recognition, Freedom, and the Self in Fichte's Foundations of Natural Right

In this paper I present an interpretation of J. G. Fichte's transcendental argument for the necessity of mutual recognition (Anerkennung) in Foundations of Natural Right. Fichte's argument purports to show that, as a condition of the possibility of self-consciousness, we must take ourselves to stand in relations of mutual recognition with other agents like ourselves. After reconstructing the steps of Fichte's argument, I present what I call the ‘modal dilemma’, which highlights a serious ambiguity in Fichte's deduction. According to the modal dilemma, the conclusion to Fichte's transcendental argument—that as a condition of the possibility of our self-consciousness, we must recognize and be recognized by others—expresses either metaphysical or normative necessity. However, no normative conclusion follows from Fichte's premises, and the metaphysical claim that does follow from his argument appears to be implausibly strong. Thus the argument looks like a failure on either interpretation of the conclusion's modality. In the penultimate section of the paper, I propose a new interpretation of the argument that avoids the modal dilemma and provides a normative grounding of Fichte's concept of right.
IRRIGATION WATERS FLOW DOWNHILL, EARS OF CORN ROLL UPHILL

(2006). Irrigation Waters Flow Downhill, Ears of Corn Roll Uphill. Geographical Review: Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 487-490.
Redesigning delivery of opioids to optimize pain management, improve outcomes, and contain costs.

Introduction Chronic pain is a public health concern, and in the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the use and abuse of prescription opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Methods We present an overview of a five-component model of pain management implemented at the University of Washington Division of Pain Medicine designed to facilitate recent state guidelines to reduce the risks associated with long-term use of prescription opioids. Results Central to the model described are guidelines for best clinical practice, a collaborative care approach, telehealth solutions, comprehensive prescription-monitoring, and measurement-based care. Discussion The model presented is a patient-centered, efficient, and cost-effective approach to the management of chronic pain.
FEM analysis of frozen mode regime inside chirped MPCs

Magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) with interesting spectral properties can be fabricated using repeated unit cells composed of two layers of anisotropic dielectrics and a layer of gyrotropic ferrite. The frozen mode regime of a layered MPC is analytically predicted to be a narrow bandwidth phenomenon. The frequency domain finite element method (FDFEM) is used to demonstrate the effect of unit cell chirping on the /spl omega/-/spl beta/ relationship, demonstrating a constant, small group velocity over a nonzero bandwidth. The finite element time domain (FETD) method is used to demonstrate pulses which are unable to propagate cohesively in unchirped MPCs. In contrast, these pulses are able to propagate cohesively in chirped MPCs which are less dispersive. The cost of the increased bandwidth is a reduction in pulse amplitude inside the MPC and a nonzero frozen mode velocity.
Tamoxifen up-regulates catalase production, inhibits vessel wall neutrophil infiltration, and attenuates development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), similar to estrogens, possess vasoprotective effects by reducing release of reactive oxygen species. Little is known about the potential effects of SERMs on the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). This study's objective was to investigate the growth of experimental AAAs in the setting of the SERM tamoxifen. Methods In the first set of experiments, adult male rats underwent subcutaneous tamoxifen pellet (delivering 10 mg/kg/day) implantation (n = 14) or sham operation (n = 16). Seven days later, all animals underwent pancreatic elastase perfusion of the abdominal aorta. Aortic diameters were determined at that time, and aortas were harvested 7 and 14 days after elastase perfusion for immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and zymography. In the second set of experiments, a direct irreversible catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), was administered intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) daily to tamoxifen-treated (n = 6) and control rats (n = 6), starting on day 7 after elastase perfusion. Aortic diameters were measured on day 14. In a third set of experiments, rats were perfused with catalase (150 mg/kg) after the elastase (n = 5), followed by daily intravenous injections of catalase (150 mg/kg/day) administered for 10 days. A control group of rats (n = 7) received 0.9% NaCl instead of catalase. Results Mean AAA diameters were approximately 50% smaller in tamoxifen-treated rats compared with sham rats 14 days after elastase perfusion (P = .002). The tamoxifen-treated group's aortas had a five-fold increase in catalase mRNA expression (P = .02) on day 7 and an eight-fold increase in catalase protein on day 14 (P = .04). Matrix metalloprotroteinase-9 activity was 2.4-fold higher (P = .01) on day 7 in the aortas of the controls compared to the tamoxifen-treated group's aortas. Tamoxifen-treated rats had approximately 40% fewer aortic polymorphonuclear neutrophils compared to controls on day 7 (P = .05). Administration of the direct catalase inhibitor AT to tamoxifen-treated rats partially reversed the aneurysm inhibitory effect of tamoxifen by nearly 30% (P = .02). In contrast, catalase administration inhibited AAA formation by 44% (P = .002). Conclusions The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen inhibits the development of AAAs in male rats in association with an up-regulation of catalase and inhibition of aortic wall neutrophil infiltration.
Female aggression as a function of attitudes toward women

The aggressive behavior of female subjects who held either liberal or traditional beliefs concerning the role of women in modern society was investigated as a function of provocation by traditional or liberal male opponents. Traditional female subjects responded more aggressively than liberal females. The male opponent's attitude had no effect on female aggression.
The value of sharing treatment decision making with patients: expecting too much?

The growing emphasis on patient-centered care is increasing the demand on physicians� time and effort to more fully engage patients and their families in treatment decision making. Thus, it is important to understand the potential effects of shared decision making (SDM) with patients on the outcomes of clinical encounters. Shared decision making is being strongly promoted for several reasons. First, it is the ethical responsibility of clinicians to facilitate patient involvement in treatment decision making because patients and their families are ultimately subjected to the outcomes of these decisions. Second, there is evidence that more engaged patients are more informed, more likely to fully deliberate about the risks and benefits between different treatment options, and ultimately more satisfied with the clinical encounter.1 The objectives of SDM are to fully inform patients and their families about treatment options, including the trade-offs between risk and benefits, and to incorporate patient values and preferences into treatment decisions.
Neural xenotransplantation: reconstruction of neuronal circuitry across species barriers.

Abstract Selective replacement of degenerated neurons in the adult brain with allogeneic fetal neuroblasts is a promising therapeutic modality for human neurodegenerative diseases, but is confounded with practical and potential ethical problems. To evaluate the potential of xenogeneic donors as a cell source for neural transplantation, we have critically examined the available experimental evidence in animal models pertaining to the survival, integration and function of xenogeneic fetal neuroblasts in the host brain. A statistical meta-analysis across multiple studies revealed that immunologically-related transplantation parameters (immunosuppression and donor-host phylogenetic distance) were the main determinants of neural xenograft survival. The immunological basis for xenograft rejection is reviewed in the context of novel immunoprotection strategies designed to enhance xenograft survival. Furthermore, the evidence for behavioral recovery based on anatomical and functional integration of neural xenografts in the host brain is examined with an awareness of developmental considerations. It is concluded that neural xenotransplantation offers a unique opportunity for effective neuronal replacement with significant potential for clinical use.
Fiber-Optic System for 77 K Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurements of Polycylic Aromatic Compounds in Shpol'skii Matrices

A fiber-optic system is reported for rapid, accurate, and precise 77 K measurements of relatively long phosphorescence lifetimes (τp = 200 ms). The instrument employs stimulated Raman scattering in connection with a pulsed laser source for sample excitation. Phosphorescence decay waveforms are collected at maximum emission wavelengths with a single channel detection system and the aid of a LabVIEW based in-house program acting as a data acquisition instrument, data storage device, and data interpreter. By means of program looping, up to 20 decays are recorded from a frozen sample in less than 5 min. A cryogenic fiber-optic probe directly frozen into the sample matrix removes the random errors associated with the classic sample freezing procedure and provides excellent reproducibility of measurements. The relative standard deviations of τp measured from several polycyclic aromatic compounds varied between 0 and 4.30%. The simplicity of the experimental procedure, the rather large τp differences observed from compounds within the same pollutant class, and the analytical figures of merit provide a solid foundation for pursuing low-temperature phosphorescence, time-resolved low-temperature phosphorescence, and low-temperature multidimensional luminescence analysis.
The relationship between body mass and breast cancer among women enrolled in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study.

We examined the relationship between body mass [weight (kg)/height (m)2] and breast cancer using data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. The study compared 4323 women aged 20–54 years with newly diagnosed breast cancer identified through population-based tumor registries with 4358 women randomly selected from the general population of the same geographic areas. Among naturally menopausal women, risk of breast cancer increased with increasing body mass index (BMI); those severely overweight (BMI ⩾ 32.30) had nearly 3-fold higher risk of breast cancer compared with women in the leanest category (BMI < 20.00). This positive association appeared stronger with increasing years since menopause and in women who had ever used estrogen replacement therapy. A positive association between body mass and breast cancer risk also was observed among premenopausal women; however, risk estimates were substantially lower. Substantial weight gain from adolescence to adulthood was a more important risk factor than lifelong obesity. Prevalence of obesity increases with age; our results suggest that interventions that prevent this trend could have an important effect on breast cancer risk, especially during the menopausal years.
An injector device for producing clean-surface liquid metal samples of Li, Ga and Sn–Li in vacuum

Abstract A vacuum-compatible-injector device, that allows the extrusion of clean-surface samples of low-melting-point liquid metal into a holder kept in vacuum, is reported. Clean-surface samples of liquid lithium, gallium and 80 at.% tin–20 at.% lithium alloy have been demonstrated for the purpose of their use in plasma/liquid metal interaction experiments. As a result of the use of the injector, subsequent experiments are free of the influences of surface-oxide material. The elimination of surface oxide facilitates wetting and spreading of clean-liquid lithium on a stainless steel substrate holder (AISI 304). Further, the spreading of the liquid is more rapid with increasing holder temperature. At temperatures above 500 °C, evaporative loss of the lithium is substantial under vacuum conditions. However, pressurizing the vacuum system with argon gas to ∼1 atm significantly suppresses evaporation while maintaining chemically-inert conditions that keep the lithium clean, and facilitate a reasonable wetting rate.
Populism, Paranoia, and the Politics of Free Silver

This essay defends the Populists against charges that they espoused an irrationally conspiratorial view of American history. Focusing on monetary policy, and the free silver issue in particular, I argue that the Populists correctly suspected that bankers conspired to demonetize silver and demonstrate that William Ralston, president of The Bank of California, secretly bribed Treasury Department bureaucrats and used Western congressmen to pass the Coinage Act of 1873. Ralston's involvement in silver's demonetization has important ramifications for our understanding of the free silver movement. Some of the congressmen who helped Ralston demonetize silver paradoxically went on to lead the free silver movement, blaming Eastern financiers for the measure they helped pass, and created organizations such as the American Bimetallic League and the American Bimetallic Party, organizations that popularized the ideas subsequently adopted by the Populists and William Jennings Bryan. As some leaders of the free silver movement were deeply involved in silver's demonetization, this period exhibited levels of duplicity that have been unrecognized until now.
Improvements in the Conductivity of n-type ZnO Through Codoping with Al and In

ZnO has been identified as a viable candidate to replace expensive Sn doped In2O3 due to its high transparency and good conductivity. ZnO has been doped with many elements including Al and In to achieve conductivities near 104 Ω−1cm−1. One of the limiting factors in improving the conductivity beyond this is the limited solubility of these dopants in ZnO. The effect of codoping ZnO with both Al and In has been studied using a combinatorial technique. Cosputtering from three elemental targets in the presence of oxygen allowed for a range of ZnO(Al, In) compositions to be deposited on a single substrate. A deposition temperature of 250°XC was used. The films were analyzed using x-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, four-point resistivity measurements, Hall measurements, and reflection and transmission spectroscopy at optical wavelengths. Films that were codoped with both Al and In were found to have a significantly improved conductivity compared to singly doped samples, resulting mainly from an increase in mobility. This has been attributed to improved atomic structure of the codoped film. Al3+ has an ionic radius smaller than that of Zn2+ while In3+ has a larger radius; it is speculated that codoping compensates for these differences, reducing stress fields. The lattice parameter of the codoped film reflects this compensation effect.
Enhanced learning of new discriminations after stimulus fading

Humans learned to name three sets of braille patterns presented visually. After learning a practice set by traditional discrimination training, half the subjects learned a new set by fading, and the remaining subjects learned them by traditional discrimination training. Finally, all subjects learned a third set of new patterns by traditional discrimination training. Subjects who learned the second set by fading learned the third set faster than did subjects who learned the second set by traditional means. This effect was explained in terms of the differential strengthening of observing behavior by fading and by traditional discrimination training.
Inefficient cleavage of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) substrates by aminothiols: implications for treatment of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL, also known as infantile Batten disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT, or CLN1), which functions to remove long-chain fatty acids from cysteine residues in proteins. A previous study suggested that the drug cysteamine, a simple aminothiol used in the treatment of cystinosis, may have utility in the treatment of INCL. In the current study, we compared the catalytic rate constants for the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA (a PPT substrate) and cystine (which accumulates in cystinosis) by cysteamine. We found that while cysteamine can react with palmitoyl-CoA, the rate constant is 103-fold less than the reaction with cystine. Structure–activity studies suggested that it is the thiolate ion that is reactive in the cleavage reaction and that the amino group probably facilitates lysosomal entry. A modest effect of cysteamine (and two related aminothiols, WR 1065 and dimethylaminoethanethiol, DMAET) on PPT substrate accumulation in INCL lymphoblasts was observed. However, at optimum concentration a paradoxical increase in saposin immunoreactivity was seen, indicating possible lysosomal dysfunction. Improvements are needed in the design of small molecules for the treatment of INCL disease.
Probing the Structure of Membrane Proteins with ESEEM and DEER Pulsed EPR Techniques

Limited structural and dynamic information on membrane proteins and peptides exist. New biophysical/structural biology methods are needed to probe these systems in a lipid bilayer. The Lorigan lab is applying unique hybrid NMR and spin-label EPR spectroscopic techniques to study membrane proteins. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic data of 15N-, 2H-labeled and/or spin-labeled membrane proteins incorporated into vesicles and bicelles will be presented. State-of-the-art pulsed EPR techniques such as Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy, and Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy will be used. The ESEEM technique can determine short to medium range distances (out to about 8 A) between a site-specific nitroxide spin label and a nearby NMR-active isotopic labeled residue for a variety of different peptides and proteins which ultimately can be used to determine the difference between an α-helical and β-sheet secondary structure. DEER can be used to measure distances between 2 spin labels out to about 70 A. We have shown a huge improvement is sensitivity with DEER measurements at Q-band when compared to X-band.
Systems and algorithms for autonomous and scalable crowd surveillance using robotic PTZ cameras assisted by a wide-angle camera

We report an autonomous surveillance system with multiple pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras assisted by a fixed wide-angle camera. The wide-angle camera provides large but low resolution coverage and detects and tracks all moving objects in the scene. Based on the output of the wide-angle camera, the system generates spatiotemporal observation requests for each moving object, which are candidates for close-up views using PTZ cameras. Due to the fact that there are usually much more objects than the number of PTZ cameras, the system first assigns a subset of the requests/objects to each PTZ camera. The PTZ cameras then select the parameter settings that best satisfy the assigned competing requests to provide high resolution views of the moving objects. We propose an approximation algorithm to solve the request assignment and the camera parameter selection problems in real time. The effectiveness of the proposed system is validated in both simulation and physical experiment. In comparison with an existing work using simulation, it shows that in heavy traffic scenarios, our algorithm increases the number of observed objects by over 210%.
Stress, Attachment Style, and Partner Violence Among Same-Sex Couples

Attachment theory has been utilized in studies of relationship violence with heterosexual samples but not with same-sex samples. The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare two nested models of perpetration of violence derived from literature using structural equation modeling procedures. The sample for this study (N = 87) consisted of 46 gay men and 41 lesbians who had recently been in a same-sex intimate relationship, who had perpetrated at least one act of violence within the past year, and who reported experiencing relationship distress. Participants completed measures of stress, attachment, and violence. Results suggested that the relationships among stress, attachment, and violence are best explained by a mediation model, i.e., the relationship between perceived stress and the perpetration of violence was mediated by an insecure attachment style. A brief discussion and implications for future researchers are included.
Inelastic electron scattering from the three-nucleon bound states with polarization.

Spin-dependent inelastic electron scattering from polarized $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is studied. The theoretical description uses the plane-wave impulse approximation. A spin-dependent spectral function, which summarizes all of the nuclear structure information on the process, is introduced. The formalism is developed for inclusive processes in all kinematic regimes of inelastic electron scattering. A comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data is carried out in the region of quasifree scattering. The use of a polarized $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ target as a neutron spin target is discussed.
Are We Overlooking Landscape-Scale Threats to Common Freshwater Fishes?

Assigning a legal conservation status to an imperiled species represents perhaps the most powerful means of halting and reversing the extinction trajectory. Success stories such as the recovery of ...
Altitude‐time development of sprites

[1] Data from sprites using a 16-channel, multi-anode photometer (MAP) have been recorded at 0.1 ms resolution. The majority of the sprites have onsets at an altitude of 70–75 km and subsequently propagate both upward and downward from this initial altitude. The statistical lifetime of the emissions measured by the blue-sensitive MAP is approximately 1.3 ms. The velocities of propagation are between 107 and 108m s−1, with larger velocities being measured at higher altitudes. The larger propagation velocities of the upward and downward sprite luminosity channels are consistent with the characteristics of highly over-voltage streamers in the mesosphere.
Major species production by diffusion flames in a two-layer compartment fire environment

Abstract Major species production rates were measured in a small-scale two-layer environment (one meter diameter hood, 13 cm and 19 cm burners) using propane as a fuel. The species production rates were well correlated by the equivalence ratio and were insensitive to the detailed structure of the buoyant diffusion flame. Further experiments were performed using propene, toluene, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone. For all fuels tested the carbon monoxide production was a sigmoidal function of the equivalence ratio, with the maximum carbon monoxide produced under fuel-rich conditions. While the amount of carbon monoxide produced is a function of the fuel chemical structure, under fuel-rich conditions the carbon monoxide production ranks according to: oxygenated hydrocarbons > hydrocarbons > aromatics. This ranking is reversed under fuel-lean conditions.
Preparation, Use, and Safety of O-Mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine

The aminating reagent O-mesitylsulfonylhydroxylamine (MSH) has a known potential hazard since it contains high-energy functional groups in its structure. There are references in the literature that report several incidents involving the use of pure and crystalline MSH. The preparation and safe use of this reagent at kilo scale are described herein.
Why can't cytotoxic T cells handle HIV?

11) give us a glimpse of the battle. In symptomatic AIDS patients with CD4+ T-cell counts less than 500/mm3 of blood it appears that around 109 HIV virions, about one-third of the total viral load, are being produced and cleared daily. In addition, about the same number of CD4+ T cells, representing about 1% of total, are produced and destroyed daily. Decreasing the viral load to about 1% of the starting steady-state levels with drugs directed against the viral reverse transcriptase or the protease was used to reveal these dynamic figures. The antiviral treatments also revealed that drug-resistant variants emerge and reestablish the levels of viremia and the gradual CD4+ T-cell loss within a 2-week interval. This has refocused attention on the importance of the genetic variability of the pathogen, which is due to the error-prone reverse transcriptase coupled with the rate of virus replication (12). Although similar kinetic data are not available for asymptomatic HIV-infected persons, such individuals do maintain a plasma viremia, albeit 10- to 100-fold lower than that in AIDS patients, and it is likely that a similar rate of virus production from newly infected cells is occurring at this stage of HIV infection. So why can't the specific immune effectors, including CTLs, eliminate all productively infected cells? Suggestions for this have centered on the escape of the virus by epitope mutation-i.e., antigenic drift (13). This would clearly seem to be a feasible option for HIV, based on what was seen in the drug treatment studies. Another possible answer comes from studies on persistent infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which have led to the idea that prolonged, high-level antigen exposure may exhaust the CTL response (14). The paper in this issue of the Proceedings by Moss et al. (15) reconfirms that HIVinfected individuals do maintain a high number of circulating CTLs specific for HIV epitopes. Up to 1% of the circulating CD8+ T cells score as HIV specific. In this study, sequence analysis of the T-cell receptor genes showed that some CTL
Comparative efficacy of fibrinogen and platelet supplementation on the in vitro reversibility of competitive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (αIIb/β3) receptor-directed platelet inhibition

Abstract Background Platelet surface glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa (αIIb/β 3 ) receptor inhibition, by preventing fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation, concomitantly attenuates arterial thrombotic capacity and impairs protective hemostasis, 2 divergent platelet-dependent processes. Because the currently available Food and Drug Administration–approved small molecule GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists are considered "competitive" inhibitors and because there is limited information on the reversibility of platelet inhibition by fibrinogen or platelet supplementation, the following series of in vitro experiments were performed. Methods and Results Washed platelets from 24 healthy volunteers were suspended in Tyrodes buffer and incubated with achievable (in vivo) steady-state concentrations of either tirofiban or eptifibatide before activation with TRAP (thrombin receptor agonist peptide) (15 μmol/L). Platelet aggregation was inhibited by 40% to 50%, but reversal was achieved by fibrinogen supplementation in a concentration-dependent manner. In a separate series of in vitro experiments, platelet inhibition exceeding 90% was established with tirofiban (average concentration 9.28 μg/L) and eptifibatide (average concentration 95.4 μg/L). Recovery of platelet aggregation to at least 50% was achieved after the addition of fibrinogen (0.76-0.80 g/L), platelets (2.4 × 10 11 /L), or their combination. There was an inverse relationship between plasma baseline fibrinogen and the amount of supplemental fibrinogen required to restore platelet aggregability ( r = –0.60, P Conclusions The reversibility of GP IIb/IIIa–directed platelet inhibition is influenced by cell surface receptor availability and the intrinsic pharmacodynamic mechanism of action. Fibrinogen supplementation with fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate either alone or in combination with platelet transfusion, represents an important and readily available treatment consideration for restoring hemostatic potential and managing major hemorrhagic complications associated with the administration of small molecule competitive GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. (Am Heart J 2001;142:204-10.)
Photodegradation of BiNbO4 Powder during Photocatalytic Reactions

BiNbO4 powders prepared by solid state reaction were tested for photocatalytic activity in methanol solutions under UV irradiation. When the material is tested without the presence of a Pt cocatalyst, photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution is superior to that of TiO2. It was also found that BiNbO4 photodegrades into metallic Bi and reduced Nb oxides after use; materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS. Adding Pt to the surface of the photocatalyst increases photocatalytic activity and importantly, helps to prevent photodegradation of the oxide material. With 1 wt % Pt loading, photodegradation is essentially absent.
Classification of exchange currents

After expansion of the vector and axial vector currents in powers of (v/c), a heretofore unremarked regularity results. Meson exchange currents can be classified into types I and II, according to the way they satisfy the constraints of special relativity. The archetypes of these two categories are the impulse approximation to the vector and axial vector currents. After a brief discussion of these constraints, the (rho..pi gamma..) and (..omega..sigma..gamma..) exchange currents are constructed and classified, and used to illustrate a number of important points which are often overlooked.
Generation–Recombination and Diffusion Noise in Cadmium Sulphide Photoconductors

Noise in CdS stemming from generation–recombination, trapping, diffusion, and drift is investigated. In the treatment, the transport equations corresponding to a four-level model are considered. Closed form expressions for the various parts of the spectrum and for the pertinent relaxation times are given. Experimental results demonstrated many features of the computed spectra, particularly for absorption in the long-wavelength tail. Some quantitative values for the rate constants and effective diffusion constants are derived. The relative variance of the spectra, /N0 is found to be close to unity.
Clicks Secondary to Pneumothorax Confounding the Diagnosis of Mitral Valve Prolapse

he association of nonejection systolic clicks and Trnitral or tricuspid valve prolapse has been clearly established. Unusual sounding clicks or whoops have also been described in subjects with left-sided pneumothora~.~ These extracardiac transients are &ally multiple, occur throughout the entire cardiac cycle,3 and vary with the respiratory phase and poiition. Other features of pneu&othorax are clinically apparent, thereby aiding in proper