cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self‐consistent Dirac–Slater calculations for molecules and embedded clusters

The basis of self-consistent local density theory used in the fully relativistic Dirac–Slater model is briefly reviewed. Moment-polarized extensions of theory are developed to treat open-shell systems by lifting the pair-wise Kramers degeneracy. The discrete variational method is used to calculate one-electron energies and charge and magnetization densities of a series of rare-earth trihalides. The theoretical binding energies compare very well with recent gas-phase photoelectron spectra of Berkowitz et al. The von Barth–Hedin exchange and correlation potential produces energies which are significantly better, compared to simpler exchange-only models. Embedded molecular cluster studies on actinide compounds are reported, with particular emphasis on the AcO2 dioxides. Single-particle energy densities of states (DOS) and magnetization DOS are presented, along with an analysis of effective atomic configurations in the solid. Trends in these quantities with actinide atomic number are noted. In contrast to the semicore nature of rare-earth 4f electrons, the actinide 5f levels are seen to be active participants in bonding interactions.
Bob Meyer's Research on Circuits

The article presents the work of Bob Meyer in circuit research. Bob Meyer is a post-1960's academics who maintained vigorous ties with industry, through regular consulting work over his entire career.
Conditions for learning in generalized tandem networks

We consider an infinite collection of agents who make decisions, sequentially, about an unknown underlying binary state of the world. Each agent, prior to making a decision, receives an independent private signal whose distribution depends on the state of the world. Moreover, each agent also observes the decisions of its last K immediate predecessors. We study conditions under which the agent decisions converge to the correct value of the underlying state. We focus on the case where the private signals have bounded information content and investigate whether learning is possible, that is, whether there exist decision rules for the different agents that result in the convergence of their sequence of individual decisions to the correct state of the world. We first consider learning in the almost sure sense and show that it is impossible, for any value of K. We then explore the possibility of convergence in probability of the decisions to the correct state. Here, a distinction arises: if K = 1, learning in probability is impossible under any decision rule, while for K ≥ 2, we design a decision rule that achieves it.
Large-scale molecular dynamics study of entangled hard-chain fluids.

Equilibrium molecular dynamics is used to simulate fluids comprised of chains of tangent hard spheres. Reptation theory predictions of segmental motion are compared with simulation results. In addition to the usual tube confinement, a second entanglement effect is observed. As the chain disengages from the tube, persistent interchain contacts cause a plateau in the segment mean-square displacement and subsequent accelerated diffusion. Associated with the plateau in the mean-square displacement is a corresponding delay in relaxation of the end-to-end vector as interior chain segments are extended during disentanglement.
Red Blood Cells Initiate Leukocyte Rolling in Postcapillary Expansions: A Lattice Boltzmann Analysis

Leukocyte rolling on the vascular endothelium requires initial contact between leukocytes circulating in the blood and the vessel wall. Although specific adhesion mechanisms are involved in leukocyte-endothelium interactions, adhesion patterns in vivo suggest other rheological mechanisms also play a role. Previous studies have proposed that the abundance of leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is due to interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and leukocytes as they enter postcapillary expansions, but the details of the fluid dynamics have not been elucidated. We have analyzed the interactions of red and white blood cells as they flow from a capillary into a postcapillary venule using a lattice Boltzmann approach. This technique provides the complete solution of the flow field and quantification of the particle-particle forces in a relevant geometry. Our results show that capillary-postcapillary venule diameter ratio, RBC configuration, and RBC shape are critical determinants of the initiation of cell rolling in postcapillary venules. The model predicts that an optimal configuration of the trailing red blood cells is required to drive the white blood cell to the wall.
Finite-element analysis of magnetotransistor action

Most of the semiconductor device geometries that are being experimented with for improved magnetic field sensing do not lend themselves to accurate analytical modeling. The vectorial interaction taking place between the electrical current and the magnetic field complicates the problem of solving nonlinearly coupled carried density and electrostatic potential equations. In this work, solutions to the carrier density and electrostatic potential distributions are obtained by using a finite-element technique for a structure representing lateral and vertical bipolar transistors with multiple collectors. The results presented show the effect of the magnetic field to be very nonuniformly distributed around the emitter with a heavy-concentration near the emitter edges where the Lorentz-force-driven carriers are stopped at the insulating boundaries and give rise to a magnetoconcentration in the carrier densities. Distribution of currents collected by a multitude of collectors surrounding the emitter and their sensitivity to the magnetic field are given. The vertical magnetosensitivities are found to be an order of magnitude smaller than the lateral magnetosensitivity because of the lack of such a magnetoconcentration of carriers under the emitter. The computer program developed can simulate unipolar as well as bipolar magneto-sensitive devices with any boundary geometry. >
Mass spectrometry of DNA mixtures by laser ablation from frozen aqueous solution

We report time-of-flight mass spectra of test mixtures of six single-stranded DNA segments. The segments range in size from 8 to 60 nucleotides (molecular weight range 2413 to 18,602 Da). The best mass spectra were obtained by pulsed laser ablation of thin frozen films of an aqueous solution of the mixture from an oxidized copper substrate. These mass spectra are dominated by the molecular-ion peak for each DNA segment, and show little evidence of fragmentation, peak broadening or cluster formation. In contrast, mass spectra obtained using UV laser ablation from an anthranilic acid matrix yield broad peaks with evidence of fragmentation, and DNA segments longer than 26 nucleotides are difficult to detect.
Effect of humic acids on the mineralization of low concentrations of organic compounds

Abstract The mineralization of low concentrations of [7- 14 C]benzylamine, [U-ring- 14 benzoic acid and [7- 14 C]phenylacetic acid was measured in the presence of 0, 5, 100 and 200 μg of humic acid ml − Humic acid increased or decreased the acclimation period and the subsequent rate of benzylamme mineralization, the effect varying with cell density and the concentrations of substrate and humic acid. Radiation-sterilized humic acid (100 μg ml − ) did not affect growth of a benzylamine-degrading bacterium. Equilibrium adsorption of benzylamine by humic acid increased with increasing concentration of amine in solution. After an 8-day equilibration period, 4–16% of the amine remained bound to the humic acid following extensive dialysis. As the percentage of binding increased, the extent of microbial mineralization of benzylamine was reduced. Benzoic and phenylacetic acids were not adsorbed by humic acid. The influence of humic acid on the acclimation period and the rate and extent of the subsequent mineralization of benzoic and phenylacetic acids varied with cell density and substrate concentration. These findings indicate that humic acid can influence mineralization of low concentrations of organic compounds by adsorbing or binding the organic substrates. The effects of humic acid on mineralization depend on the substrate.
System of Systems Requirements Capacity Allocation

Abstract Traditional systems engineering requirements allocation follow a serial process to assign individual systems to execute objectives. When a System of Systems (SoS) is being developed, serial allocation of system requirements may be less suitable, and ensuring requirements loading is properly balanced between systems and that SoS requirements are covered (and not overly covered) by available systems may be less clear. This paper explores a methodology to quantitatively measure the requirements loading of each system to achieve SoS objectives. The approach seeks to maximize the coverage of functional requirements with a minimal number of systems, but also seeks to explore the balance of system responsibilities within the entire SoS to prevent over tasking of a particular piece of the SoS, and thus prevent the SoS objectives from being achieved. The paper seeks to identify a methodology of SoS requirements allocation to explore the contributions and redundancies of how the SoS requirements are assigned to individual systems. SoS requirements may also impose additional interoperability requirements in order to execute the objectives, but may be traded off with a lower and less demanding number of system requirements.
Studies on the pathogenesis of colloid goiter.

Hyperplastic goiters were produced in rats by feeding a low-iodine diet (LID) or LID combined with 0.15% propylthiouracil (PTU). The animals were fed LID either continuously, or cyclically with alternate feeding of a high-iodine diet of Purina Lab Chow for varying periods of time. Refeeding a high-iodine diet after a hyperplastic goiter had been present for only a short time resulted in return of the thyroid gland to normal or near-normal size within 2 weeks. Thyroid histology also reverted to a normal appearance, the follicles becoming refilled with colloid and the epithelial cells changing from high cuboidal or columnar to flat or low cuboidal. If the hyperplastic goiters had been present for several weeks or months, the same changes in thyroid histology were produced, but the thyroid always remained at least 2–3 times normal size even up to 12 weeks after refeeding a Purina diet. Large iodine supplements did not reduce thyroid size or alter the hyperplastic appearance of the thyroid of animals maintain...
Extensive somatic mutation in the Ig heavy chain V genes in a late primary anti-hapten immune response

Abstract Somatic mutations and cell lineage relationships were examined in a large panel of hybridomas derived from a single mouse 21 days after a primary immunization with NP-CGG. Among 21 λ-bearing anti-NP hybridomas 18 distinct cell lineages were observed. Ten of the hybridomas used the V186-2 gene which is the most frequently utilized VH gene in the anti-NP response. Analysis of DNA sequence of the entire VH region of these antibodies revealed extensive somatic mutations. The selection for certain codon changes and the level of mutation observed is comparable to that observed in an early secondary anti-NP response. An unexpected observation was that one-third of the hybridomas produced IgM antibodies. Two IgM antibodies expressing the V186-2 gene contained extensive mutations in the VH region. These results indicate that once the somatic mutation process is initiated, it progresses rapidly and continues for at least two weeks during the development of the response. A highly mutated repertoire of memory B cells is formed by three weeks post-immunization that can be rapidly utilized to generate the secondary immune response.
Durability of hygrothermally aged graphite/epoxy woven composite under combined hygrothermal conditions

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of hygrothermal aging on the durability of a graphite/epoxy woven composite material system. The study was part of a larger project in which the objective was to evaluate and model the effects of moisture, temperature, and combined hygrothermal conditions on the strength and life of a graphite/epoxy woven composite material system. The results presented here represent an extension of the work by Patel and Case (Int. J. Fatigue 22 (2000) 809). The hygrothermal aging consisted of cyclical temperature and moisture variations which were meant to simulate mission conditions for an advanced subsonic aircraft. Durability studies were carried out on the aged material system in the form of fatigue and residual strength testing under humid and elevated temperature environments. Damage mechanisms and failure modes were determined through fatigue testing, residual strength testing, and nondestructive evaluation. Changes in physical appearance, thermal analysis results, fracture surfaces, and moisture diffusion behavior all supported the idea that the material was affected by the aging process. However, experimental testing also showed that the initial and residual tensile properties of the aged material were virtually unaffected by the imposed environmental aging (as compared to unaged material testing results), except when tested at elevated temperature. At elevated temperature, both the dynamic stiffness and residual strength were noticeably reduced from that at room temperature.
Postsurgical physical activity and fatigue-related daily interference in women with non-metastatic breast cancer

Purpose: Women undergoing surgery for breast cancer experience side effects, such as fatigue, reduced quality of life (QOL) and depression. Physical activity (PA) is associated with improved psychological adjustment during treatment and survivorship, yet little is known about how PA relates to fatigue, depression and QOL in the period following surgery for breast cancer. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between these constructs in women who recently underwent surgery for breast cancer.Methods: At 2–10 weeks post-surgery, 240 women with non-metastatic breast cancer reported intensity and duration of moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA), fatigue (intensity and interference), depressed mood, clinician-rated depression and functional QOL.Results: In the path analysis models tested, women that reported greater weekly MVPA reported less fatigue interference, greater functional QOL, less depressed mood, and lower clinician-rated depression. Tests of indirect effects suggested that fatigue int...
The syntaxin 31-induced gene, LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1), functions in Glycine max defense to the root parasite Heterodera glycines

Experiments show the membrane fusion genes α soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP) and syntaxin 31 (Gm-SYP38) contribute to the ability of Glycine max to defend itself from infection by the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Accompanying their expression is the transcriptional activation of the defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) that function in salicylic acid (SA) signaling. These results implicate the added involvement of the antiapoptotic, environmental response gene LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) in defense. Roots engineered to overexpress the G. max defense genes Gm-α-SNAP, SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] have induced Gm-LSD1 (Gm-LSD1-2) transcriptional activity. In reciprocal experiments, roots engineered to overexpress Gm-LSD1-2 in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] have induced levels of SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BIK1 and XTH, but not α-SNAP prior to infection. In tests examining the role of Gm-LSD1-2 in defense, its overexpression results in ∼52 to 68% reduction in nematode parasitism. In contrast, RNA interference (RNAi) of Gm-LSD1-2 in the resistant genotype G. max[Peking/PI 548402] results in an 3.24-10.42 fold increased ability of H. glycines to parasitize. The results identify that Gm-LSD1-2 functions in the defense response of G. max to H. glycines parasitism. It is proposed that LSD1, as an antiapoptotic protein, may establish an environment whereby the protected, living plant cell could secrete materials in the vicinity of the parasitizing nematode to disarm it. After the targeted incapacitation of the nematode the parasitized cell succumbs to its targeted demise as the infected root region is becoming fortified.
Basalt Weathering in an Arctic Mars-Analog Site

Abstract The martian surface has undergone chemical and physical weathering in the past, and these processes may continue intermittently today. To explore whether martian rocks are likely to retain features indicative of weathering, we investigated how basaltic material weathers on Earth. Specifically, we investigated weathering of a Quaternary-aged basaltic flow at the Sverrefjell volcano in Svalbard, above the Arctic Circle. This flow weathered since deglaciation under cold, dry (
Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Containing Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) amphiphilic rod-coil diblock copolymers have been synthesized by a combination of Grignard metathesis (GRIM) and ring-opening cationic polymerization. Diblock copolymers containing 5, 15, and 30 mol-% poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) have been synthesized and characterized. The synthesized rod-coil block copolymers display nanofibrillar morphology where the density of the nanofibrills is dependent on the concentration of the poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) coil segment. The conductivity of the diblock copolymers was lowered from 200 to 35 S · cm -1 with an increase in the content of the insulating poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) block. By contrast, the field-effect mobility decreased by 2-3 orders of magnitude upon the incorporation of the poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) insulating segment.
Premalignant alterations in rat colonic N1-acetylspermidine levels induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine: effects of a high corn oil dietary regimen.

Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that elevations in the levels of N1-acetylspermidine could be detected in the colonic mucosa of rats after administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for 15 weeks, i.e., before the development of colon tumors. Since prior studies have indicated that diets high in fat, particularly unsaturated fat, promote the development of dimethylhydrazine-induced tumors, it was of interest to examine the effect of a corn oil dietary regimen (20% by weight) on colonic N1-acetylspermidine levels in this model of colonic adenocarcinoma. Four groups of rats were used in these studies: chow, chow + carcinogen, corn oil and corn oil + carcinogen. The carcinogen groups received weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg body wt) for 15 weeks, while the control groups received diluent. 1 week after the last injection, animals from each group were killed, and their proximal and distal colons were resected, examined and compared with respect to polyamine levels, including N1-acetylspermidine, as well as the activities of ornithine decarboxylase, spermidine N1-acetyltransferase, and polyamine oxidase. In view of previous studies which suggested that N1-acetylspermidine levels may be elevated in the urine of patients with various malignancies, it was also of interest to examine and compare the urinary levels of this acetylated polyamine in animals from each group. The results of these experiments demonstrated that: (1) the levels of N1-acetylspermidine in the distal colonic segment were found to be increased approx. 25 and 80% in the chow + carcinogen and corn oil + carcinogen groups, respectively, compared to their control counterparts; (2) the activities of spermidine N1-acetyltransferase in the distal colonic segments of chow + carcinogen and corn oil + carcinogen animals were increased 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively, compared to control values; (3) dimethylhydrazine administration did not affect the levels of this acetylated polyamine or spermidine N1-acetyltransferase activities in the proximal colon, but, in general, did increase the levels of putrescine and spermidine as well as ornithine decarboxylase activities in both colonic segments of animals fed chow or corn oil diets; and (4) elevated urinary levels of N1-acetylspermidine did not appear to be a reliable 'premalignant' marker in this experimental model of colonic adenocarcinoma.
The Strain Energy Release Rate of Composite Microcracking: A Variational Approach

A variational analysis approach has been used to determine the two- dimensional thermoelastic stress state in cross-ply laminates of type [0m/90n] s and [90m/ 0n]s. The stress analysis was used to calculate the energy release rate due to formation of a new microcrack. The analysis accurately includes the effect of residual thermal stresses. When compared with experiments, the new energy release rate expressions are found to predict typical data using a single value for the critical energy release rate for microcrack ing. This critical energy release rate has a physical interpretation as a microcracking fracture toughness or as an intralaminar fracture toughness. We also used the variational solution to get an analytical expression for the longitudinal expansion coefficient of the microcracked cross-ply laminate as a function of microcrack density. Finally, variational theorems are used to show that this new microcracking fracture analysis is rigorously more accurate than previous attempts at the same problem.
Intersubunit circular permutation of human hemoglobin.

For many years, human hemoglobin (Hb) isolated from erythrocytes has been investigated as a potential oxygen delivery therapeutic. Advantages with respect to the need for blood typing were balanced with various undesirable properties of cell-free Hb, including cost, overall oxygen affinity, alterations in cooperativity, and ready dissociation into toxic dimeric species. The use of total gene synthesis has resulted in very high levels of functional human Hb expression in Escherichia coli , but there remains a desire for effecting the crosslinking of the hemoglobin tetramer and providing for ready means for increasing the globular molecular weight. In this communication, we report a novel method for linking alpha chains. By circularly permuting one alpha sequence, the second alpha chain in the Hb tetramer can be linked with glycine residues to form 2 bridges across the central cavity. The second alpha chain thus presents its amino and carboxyl termini on a solvent exposed surface, providing for additional polymerization of oxygen-carrying subunits or attachment of any other peptide-based therapeutic.
Elastic Properties of Heavy-oil Saturated Rocks: Comparison of Modeled And Measured Results

Some instances of modeling the viscoelastic properties of heavy-oil saturated rocks exist in the literature (Leurer and Dvorkin, 2006; Gurevich et. al., 2007). However, significant work needs to be done to test the applicability of such models by comparing with measured data. In this paper we estimate the properties of a carbonate rock saturated with heavy-oil from Uvalde, Texas using (1) the Hasin-Shtrikman (HS) bounds; (2) generalized Gassmann’s equation (Ciz and Shapiro, 2007) and compared all modeled results with data measured as a function of frequency. The Uvalde rock is composed of fractured carbonate grains so we have used both the HS bounds and the Differential Effective Medium (DEM) theory to estimate the effective grain properties. The results show a fairly good match between our modeled parameters and lab measured low frequency data.
Spatial Investment Strategies of Federal Assistance to Appalachia

The federal government has been involved in Appalachia's development since 1965, when President Johnson signed the Appalachian Regional Development Act creating the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). The ARC is a unique federal-state program aimed at stimulating economic development and ameliorating the social and economic malaise in Appalachia. ARC programs comprise two broad initiatives—highway and area development. The purpose of this paper is to identify the spatial strategies used in carrying out ARC's area development programs—particularly health, education, and community development—and, through cartographic analysis, to examine the resultant investment patterns. This research relied primarily on ARC policy documents and a database of funded projects, provided by the agency. Most ARC spatial investment strategies made certain that all areas were eligible for funds. Two exceptions to this strategy were early health care expenditures and funds for health, education, and community development after 1982. Spatial patterns of expenditures reflect these different strategies. Today's leading strategy sets aside additional funding for the most economically depressed counties and makes economically strong counties ineligible for funding.
Teaching and learning methods for new generalist physicians

This paper describes teaching and learning methods that can be used to build the competencies needed by the generalist physician. Supervised patient care, problem-based learning, and ongoing feedback through standardized patients all have proven efficacy in several domains. Computer-based learning has much to offer as a supplement to clinical teaching. New learning experiences in continuous improvement promise to cover areas that are not often reached by traditional methods, especially those of cost—effectiveness and quality of care. The authors review each method’s principles, relationship to generalist
Molecular association in trialkylaluminum and alkylaluminum chloride compounds determined from solubility parameters and related thermodynamic quantities

Abstract Available vapor pressure data for trialkylaluminum and alkylaluminum chloride compounds have been used to determine the constants for the Antoine equation relating vapor pressure and temperature for each compound. These constants and other available data have been used to calculate cohesion energies, solubility parameters. Van der Waals constants, and effective molecular radii for these compounds. From these and related thermodynamic parameters, information is presented on the extent of molecular association in the liquid and vapor phases.
Product Line Design and Production Technology

In this paper we characterize the impact of production technology on the optimal product line design. We analyze a problem in which a manufacturer segments the market on quality attributes and offers products that are partial substitutes. Because consumers self-select from the product line, product cannibalization is an issue. In addition, the manufacturer sets a production schedule in order to balance production setups with accumulation of inventories in the presence of economies of scale. We show that simultaneous optimization of the product line design and production schedule leads to insights that differ significantly from the common intuition and assertions in the literature, which omits either the demand side or the supply side of the equation. In particular, we demonstrate that more expensive production technology always leads to lower product prices and may at the same time lead to higher quality products. Further, a less efficient production technology does not necessarily increase total production costs or reduce consumer welfare. We also demonstrate that in the presence of production technology, the demand cannibalization problem may distort product quality upward or the number of products upward, which is contrary to the standard result.
Sudden death in infants due to pneumonia

Summary 1. The clinical and post-mortem findings in three infants dying suddenly without previous evidence of illness are presented. 2. The only significant pathologic change found was a marked interstitialmononuclear pneumonia associated with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhages and edema. 3. It was pointed out that pneumonia is probably the most importantsingle cause of sudden death in infancy.
Inhibition of gap junction hemichannels by chloride channel blockers.

Electrophysiological methods were used to assess the effect of chloride-channel blockers on the macroscopic and microscopic currents of mouse connexin50 (Cx50) and rat connexin46 (Cx46) hemichannels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocytes were voltage-clamped at -50 mV and hemichannel currents (ICx50 or ICx46) were activated by lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 5 mM to 10 microM. Ion-replacement experiments suggested that ICx50 is carried primarily (>95%) by monovalent cations (PK : PNa : PCl = 1.0 : 0.74 : 0.05). ICx50 was inhibited by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (apparent Ki, 2 microM), gadolinium (3 microM), flufenamic acid (3 microM), niflumic acid (11 microM), NPPB (15 microM), diphenyl-2-carboxylate (26 microM), and octanol (177 microM). With the exception of octanol, niflumic acid, and diphenyl-2-carboxylate, the above agents also inhibited ICx46. Anthracene-9-carboxylate, furosemide, DIDS, SITS, IAA-94, and tamoxifen had no inhibitory effect on either ICx50 or ICx46. The kinetics of ICx50 inhibition were not altered at widely different [Ca2+]o (10-500 microM), suggesting that drug-hemichannel interaction does not involve the Ca2+ binding site. In excised membrane patches, application of flufenamic acid or octanol to the extracellular surface of Cx50 hemichannels reduced single channel-open probability without altering the single-channel conductance, but application to the cytoplasmic surface had no effect on the channels. We conclude that some chloride-channel blockers inhibit lens-connexin hemichannels by acting on a site accessible only from the extracellular space, and that drug-hemichannel interaction involves a high-affinity site other than the Ca2+ binding site.
Suspended particle destabilization in retained urban stormwater as a function of coagulant dosage and redox conditions

Abstract Source area runoff entrains a hetero-disperse particle size distribution (PSD). When retained for clarification, larger sediment and settleable particles are mainly influenced by gravitational forces, while the suspended particles, in particular the clay-size particles, are subject to coagulation phenomena. Such phenomena occur in untreated runoff as well as runoff treated with a coagulant, albeit to differing rates and extents. Runoff PSDs and water chemistry indices including zeta potential ( ξ ) are potentially modified during inter-event stormwater retention in best management practices (BMPs). This study examined ξ of clay-size particles ( ξ in the range of −15 to about −10 mV. Alum addition produced a charge reversal at dosing above 60 mg/L (18×10 −5 M) while ferric chloride did not reverse charge. With respect to turbidity and TSS reductions, alum outperformed ferric chloride, without the need for pH control. While ξ illustrated no clear trend during aerobic retention, anoxic retention resulted in a trend for ξ approaching the isoelectric point. The decrease in negative ξ towards the isoelectric point appears to be a result of the coupled pH depression under reductive conditions and an increase in conductivity. Results have significant implications for BMPs that retain runoff between events.
Adhesion of Atmospheric Dustfall Particles to a Glass Slide

PARTICLES of atmospheric dust adhere strongly to solid surfaces, as can be judged by the persistence of their presence on automobiles, window ledges and other familiar surfaces. In our laboratory we have for several years been investigating the adhesion of solid particles to various surfaces with the view of clarifying the pertinent influential physical and chemical characteristics of the particle, substrate and ambient air1–3. In recent years, several different groups have reported results of measurement of small particle adhesion4–6. We were unaware of any previous efforts to measure the forces of adhesion between atmospheric dustfall particles and solid surfaces, or of any investigation that compared the adhesion forces of these particles to other common particle systems of comparable size.
THE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH AND THE CBC RISK SCORE MEASURED PRIOR TO LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION PREDICT POST-IMPLANT SURVIVAL

The red cell distribution width (RDW) predicts mortality in many cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The sex-specific complete blood count (CBC) risk score uses the RDW and other CBC components to predict mortality. Very few risk models are known for predicting survival in patients undergoing left
Asia pacific regional cooperation in information technology

Abstract This note reports the first meeting, in August 1985 and attended by representatives from 13 countries, of the Asia Pacific Area of the IEEE Computer Society.
Facets of the knapsack polytope derived from disjoint and overlapping index configurations

Necessary and sufficient conditions for a class of facets of the knapsack polytope which contain fractional coefficients are derived. These inequalities are based upon disjoint and overlapping minimal covers and (1, k)-configurations.
Increased membrane-associated transglutaminase activity in psoriasis

Terminal differentiation of human skin involves the formation of an insoluble cross-linked protein envelope (CLE), which functions as an external barrier. To characterize terminal differentiation in the skin disease psoriasis, we have measured 1) membrane-associated transglutaminase (mTGase) activity, the rate limiting enzyme in the formation of CLE, and 2) the number of CLE in biopsies from normal and psoriatic skin. mTGase activity was increased 5-fold (p less than 0.0001) in psoriatic versus normal skin. Kinetic analysis revealed that the increased activity was due to an elevation in the Vmax of the enzyme. In addition, the number of CLE was 10-fold greater in psoriatic compared to normal skin. The increase in mTGase and CLE in psoriasis is in contrast to the decrease in other markers of terminal differentiation in skin, such as synthesis of specific intermediate filaments, observed in this disease.
Race and survival of men treated for prostate cancer on radiation therapy oncology group phase III randomized trials.

Purpose: We assessed the impact of race on survival in men treated with external beam radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy for localized prostate cancer in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials.Materials and Methods: Between 1975 and 1992, 2,048 men were treated for clinically localized prostate cancer in 1 of 4 consecutive prospective phase III randomized trials. After excluding nonblack and nonwhite men 2,012 remained for analysis. Patients were included in this analysis if they were deemed evaluable and eligible for the trial, and followup information and centrally reviewed pathological results were available. Short-term hormonal therapy consisted of goserelin acetate and flutamide administered 2 months before and during radiotherapy. Long-term hormonal therapy consisted of adjuvant goserelin acetate, which was generally given for 2 years or more. Pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) findings were available in 430 cases (21%), including 213 treated with radiotherapy alone,...
Gamma radiation-polymerized Zn(II) methacrylate as a sorbent for removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewater

In this work, Zn(II) polymethacrylate (Zn(II)PMA) is synthesized by γ irradiation of the corresponding monomer and evaluated for use as a lead ion absorbent. The polymer powder was mixed with Pb(II) aqueous solutions to determine its capacity at removing the heavy metal ion from water. The Pb(II) removal occurs via a Langmuir-type adsorption mechanism; the Pb(II) removal was found to be a function of the contact time between the polymer and the solution. A decrease of 94% of Pb(II) concentration in the liquid phase was achieved when an initial Pb(II) concentration was 25 mg L-1. The polymer was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The use of Zn(II)PMA for the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals is an innovative method that constitutes a simple, effective, and economical mean for wastewater treatment.
Kallikrein Expression and Cathelicidin Processing Are Independently Controlled in Keratinocytes by Calcium, Vitamin D 3 , and Retinoic Acid

Cathelicidin has dual functions in the skin, acting as an innate antibiotic and as an immunomodulator in diseases such as rosacea and psoriasis. The serine proteases kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and kallikrein 7 (KLK7) control enzymatic processing of cathelicidin precursor in the skin and regulate the eventual function of the final forms of these peptides. We analyzed factors that control expression of KLK5 and KLK7 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes to better understand how these may influence cathelicidin processing and function. Increased extracellular calcium-induced KLK5 and KLK7 mRNA expression and protein release in a time-dependent manner that is similar to induction of differentiation markers such as keratin 10 and involucrin. However, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, 9-cis retinoic acid (RA), and 13-cis RA also induced the KLKs, but the timing and pattern of KLK induction for each were different and distinct from changes in differentiation markers. Increased protease activity and differential processing of cathelicidin accompanied increased KLK expression. These findings show that the expression and activity of KLK are under fine control and can be distinctly influenced by variables such as differentiation, calcium, vitamin D, and RA. Thus, these variables may further control the functions of antimicrobial peptides in the skin.
In vivo versus in vitro polymerization of acrylic bone cement: Effect on material properties

Flexural strength and molecular weight of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement were determined for cement polymerized in vivo in a canine total hip replacement and cement from the same batch polymerized in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro samples showed a slight increase in flexural strength and modulus at 2 weeks, followed by a nearly equivalent decline at 8 weeks. In vitro and in vivo samples exhibit a comparable stress to failure, but the in vivo samples show a significantly increased strain and decreased modulus. Cement from the proximal region of the prosthesis has significantly decreased flexural strength, lower modulus, and lower molecular weight than cement from the distal region and plug, suggesting that failures in the proximal region of a prosthesis may be due to inferior physical and mechanical properties of the bone cement in that region.
zSeries features for optimized sockets-based messaging: HiperSockets and OSA-express

In recent years the capacity of mainframe-class servers has grown, and the quantity of data they are required to handle has grown with them. As a result, the existing S/390® I/O architecture required modifications to support an order of magnitude increase in the bandwidth. In addition, new Internet applications increased the demand for improved latency. Adapters were needed to support more users and a larger number of connections to consolidate the external network interfaces. The combination of all of the above requirements presented a unique challenge to server I/O subsystems. With the introduction of the zSeries™ comes an enhanced version of a new I/O architecture for the mainframe called queued direct I/O (QDIO). The architecture was initially exploited for Gigabit and Fast Ethernet adapters. More recently the architecture was exploited by the OSA-Express network adapter for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and high-speed Token Ring connections, and it was exploited by HiperSockets for internal LPAR-to-LPAR connections. In each of these features, the TCP/IP stack is changed to tightly integrate the new I/O interface and to offload key TCP/IP functions to hardware facilities. For external communications, the offloaded functions are performed by the OSA-Express hardware microcode; for internal communications, the offloaded functions are performed in the zSeries Licensed Internal Code (LIC). The result is a significant improvement in both latency and bandwidth for sockets-based messaging which is transparent to the exploiting applications.
A Statewide Hospital-Based Program to Improve Child Passenger Safety

A statewide network of hospital-based low-cost car seat rental and educational programs, operated by volunteers, was begun in Vermont in 1979. In four years the rate of correct car seat usage by newborns at hospital discharge increased from less than 16% to 71%. High usage rates appear to continue in the first two years of life. It is hypothesized that availability of car seats, direct educational intervention in the hospitals, high visibility, and indirect educational processes in the community contributed to these changes. It is concluded that hospital-based programs should be included in comprehensive strategies to improve child passenger safety.
Extended proximal femoral osteotomy: A new technique for femoral revision arthroplasty

An osteotomy technique for removal of distally fixed cemented and cementless femoral components is described. The anterolateral proximal femur is cut for one third of its circumference, extended distally, and levered open on an anterolateral hinge of periosteum and muscle. This creates an intact muscle-osseous sleeve composed of the gluteus medius, greater trochanter, anterolateral femoral diaphysis, and vastus lateralis, and exposes the fixation surface as well as distal cement. This technique combines the advantages of an extremely wide exposure of component fixation surfaces and preservation of soft tissue attachments to cut bone. In addition, it allows alteration of the proximal femur to facilitate accurate and safe distal cement removal and canal machining under direct vision. The possibility of placing the component in varus is eliminated. The proximal femur is allowed to conform more accurately to the revision prosthesis, a weakened or damaged trochanter is protected from iatrogenic injury, and soft tissue tension can be adjusted. The osteotomy is then repaired with cerclage wires or cables. The first 20 patients treated with this technique are reviewed. Excellent cement and component removal and optimal revision component implantation were obtained with no change in postoperative regimen and reliable healing.
The Role of Small Enterprises in the Household and National Economy in Kenya: A Significant Contribution or a Last Resort?

Abstract Based on a nationwide survey, this article addresses the contribution of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) to employment, national income, and household income in Kenya. One-third of all working persons are employed in MSEs and the sector contributes 13% to national income. Despite their large contribution as a whole, returns to individual MSEs vary tremendously. Among those MSEs that represent the sole source of income for the household, 72% make less than the absolute poverty line in urban areas and none of the MSEs in rural areas make above the absolute poverty line. Comparing hourly MSE returns to average earnings in the private sector, the majority make below the average earnings while a minority make significantly higher earnings.
Matchup Scheduling with Multiple Resources, Release Dates and Disruptions

This paper considers the rescheduling of operations with release dates and multiple resources when disruptions prevent the use of a preplanned schedule. The overall strategy is to follow the preschedule until a disruption occurs. After a disruption, part of the schedule is reconstructed to match up with the preschedule at some future time. Conditions are given for the optimality of this approach. A practical implementation is compared with the alternatives of preplanned static scheduling and myopic dynamic scheduling. A set of practical test problems demonstrates the advantages of the matchup approach. We also explore the solution of the matchup scheduling problem and show the advantages of an integer programming approach for allocating resources to jobs.
Lake Michigan Record Levels of 1838, a Present Perspective

Abstract Record high lake levels for this century, set for all lakes but Ontario in 1985 and 1986, caused extensive economic losses and were a major concern of riparian interests. An analysis of early Lake Michigan-Huron water levels recorded at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, beginning in 1819 revealed an extremely high lake level regime peaking in 1838. To provide a valid comparison with recent data, the 19th century data were first adjusted to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1955 and corrected for differential isostatic rebound between Milwaukee and the outlet water level gage for Lake Michigan-Huron at Harbor Beach, Michigan. A comparison of the 1838 lake levels with the recent records indicates the former to be approximately 50 cm higher than the record set in 1986. A future recurrence of the climatic conditions causing the 1838 high lake levels would have a severe outcome for riparian interests throughout the Great Lakes region.
Chromium in Stainless Steel Welding Fume Suppresses Lung Defense Responses Against Bacterial Infection in Rats

Pulmonary infections have been reported to be increased in welders. Previous animal studies have indicated that manual metal arc, stainless steel welding fume (MMA-SS) increased susceptibility to lung infections. MMA-SS is composed of a complex of metals (e.g., iron, chromium, nickel). The objective was to determine which metal component of MMA-SS welding fume alters lung defense responses. At Day 0, rats were intratracheally instilled one time with saline or MMA-SS at a concentration of 2 mg/rat. Additional rats were treated with the metal constituents, Fe2O3, NiO, or Cr2Na2O7 alone or in combination, at concentrations that are present in the dose used for MMA-SS treatment. At Day 3, rats were intratracheally inoculated with 5 × 103 Listeria monocytogenes. At Days 6, 8 and 10, homogenized left lungs were cultured, and colony-forming units were counted after an overnight incubation to assess pulmonary bacterial clearance. At Day 3 (prior to infection) and at Days 6, 8 and 10, right lungs were lavaged to r...
Evaluation of electrofulguration in control of bleeding of experimental gastric ulcers

The safety and efficacy of electrofulguration for control of bleeding from standard canine experimental gastric ulcers was studied. At settings of 2, 5, and 8 on a Valleylab SSE-3 generator, 0.5-sec applications provided effective hemostasis. However, a setting of 2 required an excessive number of applications. Settings of 5 and 8 showed deep injury to the muscularis externa when examined histologically. In an attempt to reduce the depth of injury, a more easily ionizable gas mixture of 50% argon gas and 50% CO2 was compared to CO2 alone. At a generator setting of 5 with 0.5-sec applications the argon-CO2 mixture produced slightly less deep injury than CO2 alone, but the difference was not significant. Although electrofulguration was effective in stopping bleeding in these experiments, the tissue injury was unpredictable and deep.