cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobilities and Reaction Rates of Ions in Helium

The mobility of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions in helium gas was measured, the result being 10.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 (${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V-sec). The ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions were observed to react with the helium gas, the attachment frequency being [1.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}31}$ ${n}^{2}(invsec)$, where $n$ is the gas density in atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. This value of the attachment frequency is roughly compatible with the theoretical estimate of Bates and with the mass-spectrometric measurement of Phelps and Brown for the rate of the three-body attachment reaction producing ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{+}$. The mobility of the production, ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{+}$, was found to be 16.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17. This mobility is compatible with recent ambipolar diffusion coefficient measurements on cold afterglows, where the identification of the ion is confirmed by the spectroscopic observations of Kerr. This mobility is inconsistent with the widely quoted value of Biondi and Chanin and with the theoretical analyses of Geltman and Dalgarno. Mobility determinations were also made on another ion, which is possibly what Biondi and Chanin called ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{+}$. The actual identity is unknown, the ion possibly being ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$, possibly a contaminant.
Surface solitary waves and solitons

The solar atmosphere and solar wind are magnetically structured. The structuring can include tangential discontinuities, which can support surface waves. Such waves can be dispersive. This means that dispersion and nonlinearity can balance in such a way that solitary waves (or solitons) can result. This general point is illustrated by a two-dimensional nonlinear analysis which explicitly demonstrates the presence of long-wavelength solitary waves propagating on tangential discontinuities. If the waves are only weakly nonlinear, then they obey the Korteweg-de Vries equation and are true solitons.
Synthesis of the 4-methyl-1,2-oxazetidine-4-carboxylic acid moiety of the originally proposed halipeptin A and B structures

Abstract O -Alkylation of N -hydroxycarbamate 6 with iodo ester 5 affords 15 , which was elaborated to mesylate 4 . Intramolecular N -alkylation affords methyl N -Boc-4-methyl-1,2-oxazetidine-4-carboxylate ( 3 ). The geminal coupling constant of the methylene protons is 8.5 Hz, which is much smaller than the 12.0 Hz reported for halipeptins A and B. This confirms that the halipeptins do not contain an oxazetidinecarboxylic acid as originally proposed in structure 1 , but a thiazoline as in the revised structure 2 . The unusual O -alkylation of 5 probably proceeds by an electron transfer mechanism.
Developing cognitive prerequisites to support inquiry learning in a computer environment

Present work describes an intervention, which improves students' inquiry learning skills by facilitating their understanding of multivaraible causality.
S-operator (matrix) formalism for the Liouville and von Neumann equations and the approach to equilibrium

Abstract A formalism is obtained for classical systems which is the counterpart of the S -operator formalism of quantum theory. It is an extension of the formalism of N -particle kinetic equations (generalized master equations) in statistical mechanics, and depends on the application of orthogonal projection operators to the Liouville equation in interaction picture. It is applied to systems of particles with finite-range, central-force interactions in the absence of external forces. A pair of coupled integral equations for the projected parts of the density operator is obtained, which can be iterated to produce series expansions in which propagation alternates between complementary parts of a dyadic Hilbert space. In first order the N -particle kinetic equation is recovered. A Moller wave operator and an S -operator are defined, in which the Liouville operator replaces the hamiltonian of quantum scattering theory. Lippmann-Schwinger equations and Born iterative series are also obtained for the eigenfunctions and propagators of the Liouville operator. The alternation of propagation in these series is analogous to that of the Faddeev equations. The approach to equilibrium is described in Schrodinger picture. The density operator is written as the sum of a time-independent equilibrium component of unit norm, and a time-dependent component whose norm is zero at all times; conservation of probability is maintained by the equilibrium component. Correspondingly, the expectation of an observable is the sum of its equilibrium expectation value and a time-dependent term which approaches zero as time becomes infinite. The initial ensemble can be regarded as regressing, after infinite time, to the same equilibrium state as the one, at an infinitely earlier time, from which it evolved. The formalism is extended to the von Neumann equation for quantum systems in the dyadic (super-operator) space.
Corneal thickness in glaucoma screening, diagnosis, and management.

Purpose of reviewVariability in central corneal thickness (CCT) is a potent confounder of most tonometry techniques, especially Goldmann applanation tonometry. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) provided important information regarding predictive factors for the eventual development of g
Conversion limit and characteristic time of SO2 oxidation in plumes

Abstract The oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in expanding plumes is modeled for three oxidation reactions: a first order direct homogeneous oxidation, a heterogeneous catalytic oxidation and a second order homogeneous oxidation. The model is general enough to include the commonly used pseudo-first order oxidation as a particular case, but simple enough to yield analytical solutions for the sulfate yield and the characteristic reaction time. The model predicts that, for all oxidation reactions except the first order direct homogeneous, the conversion proceeds to a fractional asymptotic limit, a fact observed in many field investigations. The values of the fractional asymptotic limit as well as the values of the half lives of reaction depend on the ratios of the ‘chemical’ parameters to the ‘dispersion’ parameters. The model shows that the values of the half life of reaction are bounded above and below by limits which are constant for any dispersion pattern rather than dependent on rate constants and other chemical parameters. It also shows that most of the oxidation will occur early in the plume's life, a conclusion which is consistent with the findings of a number of field investigations. In addition the model suggests that the heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in plumes is better characterized as a quasi-second order process than as a pseudo-first order process. The applicability of the model as it is affected by the concentration of ammonia gradient in the plume is discussed.
Factors Influencing Curing Behavior in Phase-Separated Structures

Using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the reaction kinetics of ternary blends consisting of crystallizable polyester [poly(hexamethylene adipate) (PHMA)], polyether [poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)], and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl methacrylate) [P(MMA-co-nBMA)] has been characterized. As the polyester and polyether have reactive isocyanate (NCO) units, they are able to react with water vapor in the environment. A specially designed cell was constructed to obtain reaction kinetics for samples of varying thickness at different relative humidity and temperature. Without catalysts, the reaction kinetics obtained is significantly slower than expected for the diffusion-limited mechanism of a homogeneous medium, indicating that the reaction-limited mechanism controls primarily curing in these thin films. As shown previously, the miscibility behavior of these blends at various temperatures is complex. The morphological features, which have been characterized by vibrational spectroscop...
Characterization of Sea Urchin Sperm Adenylate Cyclase

Characteristics of sea urchin sperm adenylate cyclase were investigated. The methylxanthines 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) caffeine and theophylline inhibited sperm adenylate cyclase with MIX being the most potent inhibitor and caffeine and theophylline being approximately equal in potency. Temperatures as low as 30 degrees inactivated sperm adneylate cyclase. This process was accelerated by Mn (2+) but not MG (2+) or Ca (2+). Analysis of either free Mn(2+) or MnATP indicated that sperm adenylate cyclase activity fits an enzyme model in which both a MnATP substrate site and a Mn (2+) regulatory site exist. Ca (2+) and Mg (2+) activated adenylate cycalse when the concentration of total Mn (2+) was less than the concentration of total ATP but acted as an inhibiotr when total Mn (2+) exceeded that of MnATP. Adenylate cyclase was inhibited by various phosphorylated nucleosides (GDP ADP GTP GTP0 but not by adenosine and guanosine. Several carbohydrates fatty acids and fluoride were also virtually without effect. Cadaverine and putrescine slightly stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Under various conditions sperm adenylate cyclase activity was either in affected or inhibited by solutions containing factors released from sea urchin eggs.
One-dimensional modeling of secondary clarifiers using a concentration and feed velocity-dependent dispersion coefficient

A one-dimensional model of activated sludge secondary clarifiers with a dispersion term dependent on concentration and feed velocity was developed. Motivation for this model was derived from an analysis of a model employing a constraint on the gravity flux which has been shown to give excellent fits to a previously published data set. It was noted that the gravity flux constraint disappears as the level of discretization is increased, a difficulty which our model overcomes. Data collected from a full-scale clarifier at the Kanapaha Water Reclamation Facility were used to evaluate our model. Better matches to observed concentration profiles were achieved with our model than with the gravity-flux-constraining model. In addition, our model, when calibrated using data from experiments in which the sludge blanket reached steady levels, successfully predicted the outcomes of five experiments which exhibited continuously rising blankets. These failures to reach steady blanket levels were not predicted by either limiting total solids flux theory or the gravity-flux-constraining model.
On allocating subcubes in a hypercube multiprocessor

In hypercube computers that support a multiuser environment, it is important for the operating system to be able to allocate subcubes of different dimensions. Previously proposed subcube allocation schemes, such as the buddy strategy, may fragment the hypercube excessively. We present a precise characterization of the subcube allocation problem and develop a general methodology to solve it. New subcube allocation and coalescing algorithms are described that have the goal of minimizing fragmentation. The concept of a maximal set of subcubes (MSS), which is useful in making allocations that result in a tightly packed hypercube, is introduced. The problems of allocating subcubes and of forming an MSS are formulated as decision problems, and shown to be NP-hard. Optimal algorithms for allocating subcubes and for forming an MSS are given. We suggest a heuristic procedure for efficiently coalescing a released cube with the existing free cubes. Finally, we present simulation results comparing several different allocation and coalescing strategies, which show that our methods provide a marked performance improvement over previous techniques.
Single-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopy in shock-compressed benzene

Single-pulse backwards stimulated Raman and reflected broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (BSRC and RBBCARS) have been used to measure the vibrational frequency shifts of the 992 cm/sup -1/ ring-stretching mode of liquid benzene shock-compressed to pressures up to 1.2 GPa. The resulting shifts of approx. 7.5 cm/sup -1//GPa in the dynamic experiments are compared to spontaneous Raman-scattering measurements of heated samples compressed in a diamond-anvil cell. RBBCARS was used to simultaneously measure the ring-stretching mode vibrational frequencies of liquid benzene/liquid perdeuterobenzene mixtures shock-compressed to pressures up to 1.53 GPa. Additional experiments that demonstrate the difficulty of using polarization-sensitive coherent Raman techniques, such as Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (RIKES), in shock-compressed samples are described.
Large magnetoelectric effect in ferroelectric/piezomagnetic heterostructures

We present results of the first-principles calculations on the large magnetoelectric effect in ferroelectric/piezomagnetic multilayers. We consider thin-film layered heterostructures of typical ferroelectrics, such as PbTiO${}_{3}$, with piezomagnetic (PzM) Mn-based antiperovskites, such as Mn${}_{3}$GaN. The atomic displacements induced by the FE polarization as well as mechanical stress at the interface break the triangular magnetic symmetry of the PzM phase producing net magnetization in the system. The induced magnetization can be controlled by changing the direction of polarization in the ferroelectric phase. Our calculations show that reversal of the polarization results in change of the net magnetization in the system by more than 50%.
N-methylation and N-oxidation of the less reactive nitrogen atom of a 2,3′-bipyridine. Two general methods for polyazines

Abstract 5-Carbamoyl-2, 3′-bipyridine model compound was N-methylated or N-oxidized at the less reactive 2-pyridyl ring for the first time. Two different schemes were developed.
Understanding How Product Attributes Influence Product Categorization: Development and Validation of Fuzzy Set-Based Measures of Gradedness in Product Categories

Products vary in the degree to which they are members of product categories. Understanding how product attributes influence product categorization is important for marketing decisions about product...
Surgical Management of 56 Patients with Congenital Coronary Artery Fistulas

Over a 25-year period, 58 patients underwent evaluation or surgical treatment of coronary artery fistulas, or both, at our institution. Twenty-one patients had major associated cardiac defects, either congenital or acquired, and 9 had multiple fistulas. Fistulas to the left heart were unusual. Exertional angina and dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms, but most young patients were asymptomatic. Seventy percent had audible heart murmurs. No operative deaths occurred in patients with isolated fistulas. Coronary artery fistulas cause symptoms due to "coronary steal" with resulting myocardial ischemia and, more rarely, marked left-to-right or left-to-left shunting. Definitive surgical correction is safe and effective, with good long-term results.
Sustained Long-Period Seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska

Abstract From September 1999 through April 2004, Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, exhibited a continuous and extremely high level of background seismicity. This activity consisted of many hundreds to thousands of long-period (LP; 1–2 Hz) earthquakes per day, recorded by a 6-station monitoring network around Shishaldin. The LP events originate beneath the summit at shallow depths (0–3 km). Volcano tectonic events and tremor have rarely been observed in the summit region. Such a high rate of LP events with no eruption suggests that a steady state process has been occurring ever since Shishaldin last erupted in April–May 1999. Following the eruption, the only other signs of volcanic unrest have been occasional weak thermal anomalies and an omnipresent puffing volcanic plume. The LP waveforms are nearly identical for time spans of days to months, but vary over longer time scales. The observations imply that the spatially close source processes are repeating, stable and non-destructive. Event sizes vary, but the rate of occurrence remains roughly constant. The events range from magnitude ∼ 0.1 to 1.8, with most events having magnitudes
COMPARATIVE STUDY TO IDENTIFY HIGH-FREQUENCY WORDS IN PRINTED MATERIALS

This study examined (1) the percentage of agreement between high-frequency word lists used for developing sight reading vocabularies and (2) whether a list of words common to a majority of six high...
Reducing Secondary Conditions for Spinal-Cord-Injured Patients: Pilot Testing a Risk Assessment and Feedback Instrument

Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) encounter many problems, such as secondary conditions, after their injury. Secondary conditions can amplify the effects of the disability and cause decreased function and further limitations. This study investigated a computerized risk assessment feedback tool and consultation package with two SCI participants to assess whether these intervention tools could increase specific behaviors associated with the reduction of pressure sores and urinary tract infections. This study evaluated the effects of this package on weight shifting and fluid intake. The findings suggest that an individualized risk assessment feedback tool and consultation package can have moderate effects in increasing preventive behaviors that may reduce the incidence of related secondary conditions.
Suppression of complex ventricular arrhythmias by oral flecainide.

The effectiveness and safety of oral flecainide for suppression of complex ventricular arrhythmias was tested in nine patients in a short-term (4 wk), single-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. The prevalence of multiform premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), couplets and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (less than 3 PVCs at rate less than 100/min) was determined by 48-hr Holter monitoring on placebo and flecainide (200 to 300 mg b.i.d.) therapy. Multiform PVCs/hr were reduced by 96% in eight of nine patients (P less than 0.001). Couplets per 24-hr period were suppressed entirely in six patients (P less than 0.001). Couplets per 24-hr period were suppressed entirely in six patients (P less than 0.001) and reduced by 92% in the remaining two patients. VT runs per 24 hr were abolished in six patients (P less than 0.02) and reduced by 91% in one. As a group the frequency of PVCs per hour, couplets per 24 hr and VT per 24 hr was reduced by 96% (P less than 0.01) over than in the preceding placebo period. Flecainide (P less than 0.02) slowed heart rate by 10% and prolonged PR, QRS, and QTc intervals by 31%, 47% and 6%. No hematologic, hepatic, or renal abnormalities were found. Side effects were mild, transient, and central nervous system related; blurring of vision was the most frequent effect and was reported in four patients.
On the Challenges That Handwritten Text Images Pose To Computers and New Practical Applications

Most of the handwritten text challenges are usually either more severe or not encountered in machine-printed text. In contrast to the traditional role of handwriting recognition in various applications, we explore a different perspective inspired by these challenges and introduce new applications based on security systems and HIP. Human Interactive Proofs (HIP) emerged as a very active research area that has focused on defending online services against abusive attacks. The approach uses a set of security protocols based on automatic reverse Turing tests, which virtually all humans can pass but current computer programs don't. In our paper we explore the fact that some recognition tasks are significantly harder for machines than for humans and describe a HIP algorithm that exploits the gap in ability between humans and computers in reading handwritten text images. We also present several promising applications of HIP for Cyber security.
Stationary Markov Equilibria in an OLG Model with Correlated Production Shocks

In this paper, the author examines the existence of stationary equilibria in an overlapping generations model where production shocks are correlated over time. In general, the system is complicated by dynamic indeterminacy and possibility of sunspot equilibria. However, there exists a time-homogeneous Markov process of the state variable that represents a nonsunspot dynamic equilibrium. The long-run analysis establishes a sufficient condition for the existence of a nontrivial stationary equilibrium. Moreover, it is shown that the conventional restrictions on the production function are not sufficient to prevent the economy from converging to zero production and consumption. Copyright 1994 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Equilibrium Statistical Predictions for Baroclinic Vortices: The Role of Angular Momentum

We develop a point-vortex equilibrium statistical model for baroclinic quasigeostrophic vortices within the context of a two-layer quasigeostrophic fluid that evolves in all of space. Angular momentum, which follows from the rotational symmetry of the unbounded domain, is the key conserved quantity, introducing a length scale that confines the most probable states of the statistical theory. We apply the theory as a model of localized convection in a preconditioned gyre. To illustrate this application, the preconditioned cyclonic, largely barotropic gyres are modeled as „zero inverse temperature” states, which are explicit solutions to the mean-field equations with a Gaussian probability distribution of vortices. Convection is modeled by a cloud of point-vortex hetons – purely baroclinic arrangements of point vortices, cyclonic above and anticyclonic below – which capture the short-term, geostrophically balanced response to strong surface cooling. Numerical heton studies (Legg and Marshall, 1993, 1998) have shown that a preexisting barotropic rim current can suppress baroclinic instability and confine anomalies of potential vorticity and temperature introduced by the cold-air outbreak. Here, we demonstrate that the lateral extent of the most probable states of the statistical theory are constrained by the angular momentum. Without resolution of the detailed dynamics, the equilibrium statistical theory predicts that baroclinic instability is suppressed for preconditioned flows with potential vorticity of the same sign in each layer provided that the strength of convective overturning does not change the sign of potential vorticity in one of the layers. This result agrees with detailed simulations (Legg and Marshall, 1998) and supports the potential use of these statistical theories as parametrizations for crude closure.
The effect of colored crowding bars on the HOTV visual acuity test in amblyopic patients

Background Colored versus black crowding bars surrounding a black optotype may induce a greater level of interest in visual acuity testing in young children. To evaluate the adequacy of colored bars for a satisfactory crowding effect in children with amblyopia, we compared visual acuity measurements using black versus red, green, or yellow bars. Methods To choose the best color to compare with black, 53 patients with amblyopia were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 crowding bar colors. Subjects had the visual acuity of each eye measured with black HOTV optotypes and bars and then with black optotypes and either red, green, or yellow bars. In a second phase of the study red crowding bars were compared with black in a group of 48 different patients with amblyopia. Results The difference in logMAR visual acuity between amblyopic eyes tested with red versus black crowding bars was not statistically significant (mean visual acuities of −0.24 and −0.26, respectively; p = 0.315), but the difference was significant with either green (−0.30 and −0.34; p = 0.047) or yellow (−0.14 and −0.24; p = 0.0003). In the nonamblyopic eyes none of the colored crowding bars yielded significantly different visual acuity measurements compared with black. In the second phase of the study red crowding bars yielded an average of one letter worse visual acuity than black bars, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Red crowding bars surrounding black optotypes are an acceptable alternative to black crowding bars for the measurement of visual acuity in amblyopic eyes.
Outcomes after adenotonsillectomy using a fixed anesthesia protocol in children with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Objective To document the effects of a fixed anesthesia protocol on peri-operative events in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods A non-randomized prospective study was conducted during the years 2011–2013 within a setting of a tertiary-level university hospital. Sixty five children with polysomnographically proven OSA undergoing adenotonsillectomy were enrolled in the study and stratified into three groups based on severity. The relationship between severity of OSA as determined by apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) nadir were compared with time taken to (i) extubation following emergence and (ii) discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit. Adjustments were made in the dosages of premedication (midazolam) and opioid analgesic administered following induction (hydromorphone) depending on the severity of OSA. A non-validated but fixed anesthesia protocol tailored to the severity of OSA was used in all patients. In addition, all adverse events were also monitored. Results A paradoxical, yet significant reduction in emergence time was observed among patients with severe OSA following surgery (ANOVA, Tukey–Kramer post hoc tests, P Conclusions Emergence from anesthesia after adenotonsillectomy may be positively influenced by an anesthetic technique titrated according to the severity of OSA. Adverse respiratory events due to the severity of sleep apnea and attendant hypoxemia may be minimized and outcomes improved with similarly tailored protocols.
Toward more efficient computer organizations

Two significant trends have evolved which will substantially effect the nature of computer organizations over the next ten years:1. The almost universal use of higher level programming languages and corresponding decrease in the use of machine level programming.2. The continued improvement in cost and performance of both logic and memory technologies.
RNA extraction from different apple tissues rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides for cDNA library construction

Recovering RNA of high quality and quantity is a prerequisite for ensuring representation of all expressed genes in a cDNA library. An efficient procedure for isolating RNA from bud, internodal shoot, flower, and fruit tissues of apple has been developed. This protocol does not involve the use of phenol, lyophilization, or ultracentrifugation. In addition, this protocol overcomes problems of both RNA degradation and low yield attributed to oxidation by polyphenolic compounds and coprecipitation with polysaccharides, both abundant components in apple fruit and flower tissues. Isolated RNA is of high quality and is undegraded as assessed by spectrophotometric readings and electrophoresis in denaturing agarose gels. RNA quality is further assessed following its use in reverse transcription and cDNA library construction, and it can be used for a number of downstream analyses, including Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). With this modified protocol, 25–900 μg of total RNA is routinely obtained from 1 g of fresh material. This method is of low cost and easy to perform.
Resolution of catatonia after treatment with stimulant medication in a patient with bipolar disorder.

Catatonia is a syndrome of psychological and motor disturbances commonly associated with mood disorders and psychiatric conditions, first described in 1874: Die Katatonie oder das Spannungirresen, (Catatonia or Tension Insanity). Patients with catatonia may experience loss of motor skills or constant hyperactive motor activity. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 edition (DSMIV) criteria, the “with catatonic features” specifier can be applied if the clinical picture is dominated by at least two of the following: motor immobility as evidenced by catalepsy (including waxy flexibility) or stupor, excessive motor activity (purposeless, not influenced by external stimuli), extreme negativism (motiveless resistance to all instructions or maintenance of a rigid posture against attempts to be moved) or mutism, peculiarities of voluntary movement as evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing, echolalia, or echopraxia. Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are currently the recommended forms of treatment for symptoms of catatonia. There is some data on the use of stimulant medication in the treatment of depressive symptoms, but there is limited data supporting treatment of catatonia with stimulant medication (regardless of whether the catatonia is depression related). A recent case report by Prowler et al. described the acute resolution of catatonia after treatment with methylphenidate in an elderly patient with depression who did not respond to benzodiazepine treatment. We also present a case of catatonia in a patient with bipolar depression who did not improve with benzodiazepine treatment and then rapidly responded to treatment with methylphenidate.
A novel immobilized hybridoma reactor for the production of monoclonal antibodies

Mouse hybridoma cells were succesfully cultivated for more than 640 hours in the interparticle spaces of a tubular reactor packed with spherical glass beads. The maximum monoclonal antibody (MAb) concentration attained was 110 mg/l and a viable cell density in the order of 1 × 107 cells/ml was achieved. A productivity per reactor void volume of 5.2 mg MAb/hr/l was obtained, which is comparable to the best systems currently in use.
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 activates lytic cycle replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus through induction of KSHV Rta

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection dramatically increases the risk of development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in individuals infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In a primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) tissue culture model system, HIV-1 replication potently induced the lytic replication of KSHV and led to the secretion of soluble factors capable of inducing lytic KSHV replication in bystander cells. Here we demonstrate that HIV induces KSHV lytic replication through activation of the KSHV Rta. HIV gene expression activated the KSHV Rta promoter following viral infection or after transfection of proviral DNA. Although HIV-1 Tat has previously been implicated as an activator of KSHV lytic replication, Tat alone was unable to activate lytic replication and failed to activate the Rta promoter. We conclude that HIV activates KSHV lytic replication by inducing the KSHV Rta promoter and that factors other than HIV-1 Tat are required to mediate this effect.
A Population Subgroup Multiple Comparison Computer Program Based upon Categorical Data.

Much of the information obtained on a particular population within psychological and educational research involves categorical data, usually in the form of nominal responses to items on a questionnaire. It is often of interest to compare various sets of subgroups of the population with respect to their response distributions to the items on the questionnaire. Procedures for performing multiple subgroup comparisons have been presented by Snee (1974) and Gabriel (1966). The question considered is whether or not a set of subgroups is homogeneous over the item response categories. Furthermore, if a set of subgroups is declared heterogeneous for an item, which subsets of that set may also be declared heterogeneous? It could be necessary to perform subgroup comparisons based upon a combination of some categories of the item. The computer program presented in this paper allows a researcher to determine which subgroups of the population are heterogeneous for some combination of categories of a questionnaire item.
Role of Immunotherapy in Stem Cell Transplantation

Relapse of the underlying malignancy continues to be a major problem after both autologous and allogeneic stem cell tranplantation. Over the years, it has been recognized that immune-mediated graft-versus-tumor effects are crucially involved in eliminating minimal disease and controlling its recurrence after stem cell transplantation. This recognition has led to a number of studies that have attempted to stimulate a cellular immune response in the recipient, especially after allogeneic transplantation. Immunotherapy after autologous transplantation has to take into consideration the fact that patients’ immune cells frequently are compromised and tolerance to the host tumor may have developed. Hence, trials involving the administration of cytokines (such as with interleukin and interferon) have shown limited benefits. This situation is different for allogeneic transplantation for which the infusion of donor lymphocytes has shown disease regression, especially in patients with chronic leukemias. However, such treatment is effective only if the patient has limited disease, and severe graft-versus-host disease frequently has to be accepted as a complication. This fact has led investigators to pursue the generation of specific lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens but not necessarily induce graft-versus-host disease. Such studies are in the early stages, and although some promising results have been observed, it is unclear at this point if the antitumor effect can be separated sufficiently from the graft-versus-host disease mediated by allogeneic lymphocytes. More recently, it has been shown that natural killer (NK) cells can have an antitumor effect in myeloid malignancies, particularly if the cells are allogeneic and do not recognize self-HLA antigens. At this point, it appears that engineered T-lymphocytes and allogeneic NK cells may be useful in preventing or treating relapse after allogeneic transplantation. It remains to be seen if such novel cellular therapies can also be implemented after autologous transplantation via the use of engineered allogeneic immune cells.
Solitary-wave families of the Ostrovsky equation: An approach via reversible systems theory and normal forms

Abstract The Ostrovsky equation is an important canonical model for the unidirectional propagation of weakly nonlinear long surface and internal waves in a rotating, inviscid and incompressible fluid. Limited functional analytic results exist for the occurrence of one family of solitary-wave solutions of this equation, as well as their approach to the well-known solitons of the famous Korteweg–de Vries equation in the limit as the rotation becomes vanishingly small. Since solitary-wave solutions often play a central role in the long-time evolution of an initial disturbance, we consider such solutions here (via the normal form approach) within the framework of reversible systems theory. Besides confirming the existence of the known family of solitary waves and its reduction to the KdV limit, we find a second family of multihumped (or N-pulse) solutions, as well as a continuum of delocalized solitary waves (or homoclinics to small-amplitude periodic orbits). On isolated curves in the relevant parameter region, the delocalized waves reduce to genuine embedded solitons. The second and third families of solutions occur in regions of parameter space distinct from the known solitary-wave solutions and are thus entirely new. Directions for future work are also mentioned.
Cues for the Discrimination of American English Fricatives in Spoken Syllables

It has sometimes been assumed that the identification of the fricatives of American English in CV syllables depends primarily on the characteristics of the noise (i.e., nonvocalic) portion of the speech sound. A second possibility is that characteristics of the vocalic portion—previously shown to be cues for the perception of other consonants—are important for the fricatives. These alternatives were tested by combining the noise from one spoken fricative-vowel syllable with the voiced portion of another. Results indicate that the important cues for the fricatives /s/ and /∫/ are given by the noise but that the differentiation of /f/ and /θ/ is accomplished primarily on the basis of cues contained in the vocalic part of the syllable. Similar results were obtained for the voiced counterparts of these sounds.
The scheduling algorithms in software architecture modeling

A critical issue for complex component-based systems design is the modeling and analysis of architecture. Architectural specifications of software systems show them as a collection of interrelated components, and constitute what has been called the software architecture level of software design. It is at this level where the description and verification of structural properties of the system are naturally addressed. The scheduling algorithms play important roles in the software architecture modeling. These algorithms can be used to model the performance aspects of the software architecture. We have developed a tool - the Web-based software architecture prototyping system (SAPS) - in a distributed environment to meet the requirements of integrating software components into heterogeneous networks. This paper discusses the scheduling algorithms used in the software architecture modeling.
Dynamical diffraction simulations in FePt--I.

A series of multislice simulations to quantify the effect of various degrees of order, composition, and thickness on the electron diffracted intensities were performed using the L10 FePt system as the case study. The dynamical diffraction studies were done in both a convergent electron beam diffraction and selected area electron diffraction condition. The L10 symmetry demonstrated some peculiar challenges in the simulation, in particular between the {111} plane normal and the ⟨111⟩ direction, which are not equivalent because of tetragonality. A hybrid weighting function atom of Fe-Pt was constructed to account for S < 1 or nonequiatomic compositions. This statistical approach reduced the complexity of constructing a crystal with the probability that a particular atom was at a particular lattice site for a given order parameter and composition. Considerations of accelerating voltage, convergent angle, and thermal effects are discussed. The simulations revealed significant differences in intensity ratios between films of various compositions but equivalent unit cell numbers and degree of order.
Statistical predicate invention

We propose statistical predicate invention as a key problem for statistical relational learning. SPI is the problem of discovering new concepts, properties and relations in structured data, and generalizes hidden variable discovery in statistical models and predicate invention in ILP. We propose an initial model for SPI based on second-order Markov logic, in which predicates as well as arguments can be variables, and the domain of discourse is not fully known in advance. Our approach iteratively refines clusters of symbols based on the clusters of symbols they appear in atoms with (e.g., it clusters relations by the clusters of the objects they relate). Since different clusterings are better for predicting different subsets of the atoms, we allow multiple cross-cutting clusterings. We show that this approach outperforms Markov logic structure learning and the recently introduced infinite relational model on a number of relational datasets.
The product label: How pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics reach the prescriber

The product label, or package insert, is the ‘manual’ for the safe and effective use of a drug. Important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug product should appear in the label under specific sections, as required in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), using a format and language recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in various guidances to the industry. The relevant regulations and guidance documents impacting on how this information is conveyed to the healthcare professional are discussed, with special emphasis on how the new proposed rule will impact upon how information is to be conveyed. With the availability of new clinical pharmacology information not available at the time of approval, package inserts for older drugs should be updated to reflect the new data and recommend the proper dosage regimen, enabling prescribers to optimise drug therapy and minimise possible adverse events.
Radiation dose ≥54 Gy and CA 19–9 response are associated with improved survival for unresectable, non-metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with chemoradiation

Unresectable pancreatic cancer (UPC) has low survival. With improving staging techniques and systemic therapy, local control in patients without metastatic disease may have increasing importance. We investigated whether the radiation dose used in chemoradiation (CRT) as definitive treatment for UPC and the CA 19–9 response to therapy have an impact on overall survival (OS). From 1997–2009 46 patients were treated with CRT for non-metastatic UPC. Median prescribed RT dose was 54 Gy (range 50.4-59.4 Gy). All patients received concurrent chemotherapy (41: 5-fluorouracil, 5: other) and 24 received adjuvant chemotherapy. 41 patients were inoperable due to T4 disease and 5 patients with T3 disease were medically inoperable. Five patients did not complete CRT due to progressive disease or treatment-related toxicity (median RT dose 43.2 Gy). Overall, 42 patients were dead of disease at the time of last follow-up. The median and 12 month OS were 8.8 months and 35%, respectively. By univariate analysis, minimum CA 19–9 post-CRT <90 U/mL was favorably associated with OS (12.3 versus 8.8 months, p = 0.012). Radiotherapy dose ≥54 Gy trended towards improved OS (11.3 versus 6.8 months, p = 0.089). By multivariable analysis, a delivered RT dose of ≥54 Gy (HR 0.47, p = 0.028) and minimum CA 19–9 post-CRT of <90 U/mL (HR 0.35, p = 0.008) were associated with OS. CRT as definitive treatment for UPC had low survival. However, our retrospective data suggest that patients treated to ≥54 Gy or observed to have a minimum post-CRT CA 19–9 <90 U/mL had improved likelihood of long-term survival.
Characterization of the Aminoacylation of Cytoplasmic Transfer Ribonucleic Acids from Germinating Soybeans

Extracts from germinating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cotyledons were assayed for aminoacyl-tRNA formation. This esterification reaction depends on several factors, which must be determined and controlled for each system investigated. The reaction was maximum when the Mg: ATP ratio was 12.5 and concentrations were 9 and 0.72 mM, respectively. The optimum temperature for the in vitro reaction was 25°C. In addition, the reaction was inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate and magnesium could be replaced by spermidine.
Attack Detection and Identification in Cyber-Physical Systems -- Part II: Centralized and Distributed Monitor Design

Cyber-physical systems integrate computation, communication, and physical capabilities to interact with the physical world and humans. Besides failures of components, cyber-physical systems are prone to malicious attacks so that specific analysis tools and monitoring mechanisms need to be developed to enforce system security and reliability. This paper builds upon the results presented in our companion paper [1] and proposes centralized and distributed monitors for attack detection and identification. First, we design optimal centralized attack detection and identification monitors. Optimality refers to the ability of detecting (respectively identifying) every detectable (respectively identifiable) attack. Second, we design an optimal distributed attack detection filter based upon a waveform relaxation technique. Third, we show that the attack identification problem is computationally hard, and we design a sub-optimal distributed attack identification procedure with performance guarantees. Finally, we illustrate the robustness of our monitors to system noise and unmodeled dynamics through a simulation study.
Effects of Teacher Induction on Beginning Teachers' Teaching: A Critical Review of the Literature

Drawing on literature since 1997, this review explores the effects of teacher induction on beginning teachers' conceptions and practice of teaching, and it identifies three approaches to understand...
Triplet Excited State in Platinum−Acetylide Oligomers: Triplet Localization and Effects of Conformation

An experimental and theoretical investigation was carried out on a series of platinum-acetylide oligomers of the general structure Ph-CC-[PtL2-CC-(1,4-Ph)-CC-]n-PtL2-CC-Ph (where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; Ph = phenyl, 1,4-Ph = 1,4-phenylene; L = P(n-Bu)3, and the geometry at Pt = trans). The objective of this work is to understand the geometry and electronic structure of the ground and triplet excited states of Pt-acetylide oligomers. The experiments carried out include temperature-dependent absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy (80-298 K range) and ambient temperature transient absorption spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were carried out on several of the oligomers using the hybrid Becke's three-parameter functional with the B3LYP correlation functional and the SDD basis set. The combined experimental and theoretical results provide very clear evidence that the triplet excited state is localized on a chromophore consisting approximately of a single -[PtL2-CC-(1,4-Ph)-CC-PtL2]- repeat unit. DFT calculations indicate that in the ground state conformers that differ in the (rotational) orientation of the 1,4-phenylenes with respect to the plane defined by the PtL2(C)2 units (twisted = t and planar = p) are very close in energy (difference of <1 kcal.mol-1). By contrast, in the triplet excited state, the p conformer is 3 kcal.mol-1 lower in energy than the t conformer. The torsional geometry change in the triplet state is reflected in the low-temperature phosphorescence spectra of the short oligomers, where separate emission bands are seen from the t and p conformers.
Hypothiocyanite Ion: Detection of the Antimicrobial Agent in Human Saliva

The median concentration of hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in freshly collected whole saliva was 10 microM. The OSCN- concentration increased to a median value of 36 microM during incubation for one h at 37 degrees in vitro. This increase was partially inhibited by adding certain sugars (especially sucrose). The results suggest that OSCN- is a naturally occurring component of human saliva. Also, dietary carbohydrate may inhibit OSCN- accumulation and antimicrobial action in saliva.
Dynamic Neurovascular Coupling and Uncoupling during Ictal Onset, Propagation, and Termination Revealed by Simultaneous In Vivo Optical Imaging of Neural Activity and Local Blood Volume

Traditional models of ictal propagation involve the concept of an initiation site and a progressive outward march of activation. The process of neurovascular coupling, whereby the brain supplies oxygenated blood to metabolically active neurons presumably results in a similar outward cascade of hyperemia. However, ictal neurovascular coupling has never been assessed in vivo using simultaneous measurements of membrane potential change and hyperemia with wide spatial sampling. In an acute rat ictal model, using simultaneous intrinsic optical signal (IOS) and voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of cerebral blood volume and membrane potential changes, we demonstrate that seizures consist of multiple dynamic multidirectional waves of membrane potential change with variable onset sites that spread through a widespread network. Local blood volume evolves on a much slower spatiotemporal scale. At seizure onset, the VSD waves extend beyond the IOS signal. During evolution, spatial correlation with hemodynamic signal only exists briefly at the maximal spread of the VSD signal. At termination, the IOS signal extends spatially and temporally beyond the VSD waves. Hence, vascular reactivity evolves in a separate but parallel fashion to membrane potential changes resulting in a mechanism of neurovascular coupling and uncoupling, which is as dynamic as the seizure itself.