cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning from the Past to Forge a Future

Up Against the Sprawl Public Policy and the Making of Southern California. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor Jr., and Peter Dreier, Eds. . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2004. 423 pp. $74.95. ISBN 0-8166-4297-4. Paper, $24.95. ISBN 0-8166-4298-2. Examining the sprawling evolution of Los Angeles, the contributors argue that government agencies and public policies--on the local, state, and federal levels--dictated many aspects of the region's growth and can help shape future changes in the metropolis.
The Axr2-1 Mutation of Arabidopsis Thaliana Is a Gain-of-Function Mutation That Disrupts an Early Step in Auxin Response

The dominant axr2-1 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to the plant hormones auxin, ethylene, and abscisic acid. In addition, axr2-1 has pleiotropic effects on plant morphology which include gravitropic defects in roots, hypocotyls and inflorescences of axr2-1 plants. Two genetic screens were conducted to isolate new mutations at the AXR2 locus. First, axr2-1 pollen was gamma-irradiated, crossed onto wild-type plants, and the M1 progeny screened for loss of the axr2-1 phenotype. Large deletions of the axr2-1 region on chromosome 3 resulted; however, none of these deletions appeared to be heritable. In the second, M2 seed obtained from axr2-1 gl-1 plants was screened for reversion of the axr2-1 phenotype. One revertant line, axr2-r3, has a distinctive phenotype caused by a second mutation at the axr2 locus. To learn more about the nature of the axr2-1 mutation, the effects of varying the ratio of wild-type to mutant copies of the AXR2 gene were examined by comparing plants of the following genotypes: +/+, +/+/+, axr2-1/axr2-1, axr2-1/+ and axr2-1/+/+. Additionally, accumulation of transcripts from the auxin-inducible SAUR-AC1 gene was examined to determine the response of wild-type and mutant plants to auxin. Wild-type seedlings and mature plants accumulate transcripts with auxin treatment. In contrast, axr2-1 tissue does not accumulate SAUR-AC1 transcripts in response to auxin. Taken together, these results indicate that axr2-1 is a neomorphic or hypermorphic mutation that disrupts an early step in an auxin response pathway.
Health physics practices in laboratories using3H- and14C-labeled tracers

Tritium and14C are often considered relatively safe radionuclides to handle because their permissible body-burdens are orders of magnitude greater than those for most radionuclides. This is reflected in the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission regulations that do not require a license for the use of amounts up to 1000 μCi of3H and 100 μCi of14C. Although many tracer studies are performed with much smaller quantities, poor control of even these small amounts can result in contamination, causing an internal radiation hazard or the loss of valuable experimental data. This paper discusses the methods of handling radioactive materials that minimize the risks of contamination, and it emphasizes the needs for proper storage, secondary containers, monitoring air and surfaces, and analysis of bioassay samples for measuring body burdens. The user's responsibilities for licensing, waste disposal and transportation are also included. The authors' experience at a laboratory handling both tracer and curie amounts of14C and3H required for labeling and synthesizing compounds and methods of accident prevention and decontamination are described.
Decisional Capacity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The cognitive and behavioral changes that can be observed in the neurodegenerative terminal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), once characterized as purely a motor neuron disease, have become increasingly recognized over the past century. Detecting cognitive deficits earlier and identifying continued changes at regular intervals can lead to improved care, proactive treatments, and earlier discussions about end-of-life wishes. Although medical decisional capacity is required for every treatment decision made, its importance becomes paramount when making decisions on complex medical treatments that will invariably and significantly affect quality of life or life itself. In this review, we conducted a critical analysis of the evidence-based literature on the cognitive and behavioral impairments in ALS that can compromise medical decisional capacity. We review specific ALS-related clinical scenarios in which decisional capacity is of utmost importance and discuss a practical framework for cognitive and behavioral assessment that can be routinely and efficiently used, while being mindful of the confounding factors associated with ALS. Finally, we review models for preserving patient choices that can be used in patients with ALS to help safeguard autonomy and retain dignity toward the end of life.
Solubilization and reconsitution of renal brush border Na+−H+ exchanger

In order to permit future characterization and possible isolation of the Na+−H+ exchanger from the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells, studies were performed to solubilize and reconstitute this transporter. Rabbit brush border membranes were prepared by a magnesium aggregation method, solubilized with the detergent octyl glucoside, and reconstituted into artificial phospholipid vesicles. In the presence of a pH gradient (pHin 6.0, pHout 8.0), the uptake of 1mm 22Na+ into the proteoliposomes was five- to sevenfold higher than into liposomes. Amiloride (2mm) inhibited proton gradient-stimulated uptake of sodium by 50%. As compared to proton gradient conditions, the uptake of sodium was lower in the absence of a pH gradient but was significantly higher when the outside and inside pH was 6.0 than 8.0. TheK a for sodium in reconstituted proteoliposomes studied under pH gradient conditions was 4mm. The uptake of sodium in proteoliposomes prepared from heat-denatured membrane proteins was significantly decreased. These studies demonstrate that proteoliposomes prepared from octyl glucoside-solubilized brush border membrane proteins and asolectin exhibit proton gradient-stimulated, amiloride-inhibitable, electroneutral uptake of sodium. The ability to solubilize and reconstitute the Na+−H+ exchanger from the apical membrane of the proximal tubule will be of value in isolating and characterizing this transporter.
Is there a Relationship between Family Structure and Substance Use among Public Middle School Students

We investigated the relationship between family structure and substance use in a sample of 2,138 public middle school students in a southern state. The CDC Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey was utilized and adjusted logistic regression models were created separately for four race/gender categories (African American females/males, and Caucasian females/males) to examine associations among selected drug use variables (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and inhalants). Analyses were adjusted for social economic status. Results suggested differences (p ≤ .05) among race/gender groups for the protective effect of living in an intact family (both mother and father, real or adoptive) regarding substance use among middle school students. In addition, family structure appeared to have a stronger relationship with substance use for Caucasians as opposed to African American adolescents. Caucasian adolescents living in cohabitated family households were more likely to report substance use, when compared to those living in intact two-parent households. Adolescents who are undergoing parental divorce may need special attention as they transition into new family structures.
Patient education for behavior change: Help from the transtheoretical and Harm Reduction Models

Promoting healthy behaviors at all levels of prevention is an important component of nursing care in the HIV epidemic. This paper explores two models that can be used to support behavior change efforts: the Transtheoretical Model, which describes stages in the change process, and the Harm Reduction Model, which offers an incremental approach to helping clients move toward safer and healthier habits. A review of the literature shows that these holistic and caring models can be combined effectively to assist clients who are dealing with HIV-related issues. The resulting theory-based approach can help nurses maintain consistency and direction in educational interventions for behavior change.
Race and Gender as Peripheral Cues on Political Campaign Web Sites

This study examines the roles candidate race and gender may play in the evaluation of candidates presented via campaign Web sites. Apparent race and gender of a candidate were manipulated while issue information was held constant on a campaign Web site. The candidate's gender was shown to affect evaluations of the candidate (positively for female candidates) after controlling for participant political ideology, political knowledge, and political self-efficacy. The candidate's race did not affect evaluations of the candidate. Findings are discussed in the context of peripheral bias of central processing.
Experimental demonstration of a stripmap holographic aperture ladar system

By synthesizing large effective apertures through the translation of a smaller imaging sensor and the subsequent proper phasing and correlation of detected signals in postprocessing, holographic aperture ladar (HAL) systems seek to increase the resolution of remotely imaged targets. The stripmap HAL process was demonstrated in the laboratory, for the first time to our knowledge. Our results show that the stripmap HAL transformation can precisely account for off-axis transmitter induced phase migrations. This in turn allows multiple pupil plane field segments, sequentially collected across a synthetic aperture, to be coherently mosaiced together. As a direct consequence, we have been able to confirm the capability of the HAL method to potentially provide substantial increases in longitudinal cross-range resolution. The measurement and sampling of complex pupil plane field segments, as well as target related issues arising from short laboratory ranges, have also been addressed.
Six-month-olds recognize clauses embedded in different passages of fluent speech

Abstract Infants were familiarized with fluent speech containing target word sequences coincident with or straddling clauses. Infants later preferred new passages containing the target sequences heard as clause-coincident during familiarization and test, suggesting that prosodic cohesiveness influences infants’ encoding and recognition of speech.
REVEALED PREFERENCES AND NEIGHBORHOOD TRANSITIONS IN A MULTI-ETHNIC SETTING

There is a continuing debate over the roles of the various factors that influence the patterns of residential separation in metropolitan areas. Among these factors the role of preferences has received less attention, but both the Schelling model and the analysis of revealed choices suggest that the role of preferences continues to be a major force in residential transition. This paper contributes to the understanding of the way in which preferences are worked out in residential mobility. Data on the revealed preferences (the actual residential selections) of black and white households in two contexts, and of blacks, whites, and Hispanics in another context, are examined. Findings confirm the dominance of the preference for own-race neighborhoods in residential mobility, especially among whites.
Putative Seedling Ferulate Ester (sfe) Maize Mutant: Morphology, Biomass Yield, and Stover Cell Wall Composition and Rumen Degradability

Ferulate cross-linking of lignin to arabinoxylan contributes to poor cell wall degradability of grass forages. We hypothesized that reduced ferulate ester deposition will result in formation of fewer ferulate cross links and improved degradability. Objectives were to determine if the putative seedling ferulate ester (sfe) maize (Zea mays L.) mutant, selected for reduced ferulate esters in seedling leaves, (i) exhibits reduced ferulate ethers; (ii) alters morphology, yield, and cell wall concentration and composition; and (iii) changes degradability. Four near-isogenic sfe lines and backcrosses to W23 were compared with the inbred W23 in replicated fi eld trials. Leaf blade, sheath, and stem of immature (1-m plant height) and mature (silage) growth stages were analyzed for ferulate esters and ethers, cell wall concentration and composition, and in vitro rumen degradability. The sfe lines were taller and had greater internode cross-sectional area than W23. Plant yield was greater at silage maturity for sfe lines and backcross lines yielded more than sfe. Mature plant parts of sfe lines had lower ferulate ester concentrations than W23. At silage stage sfe lines had less ferulate ethers, small reductions in cell wall concentration, and shifts in composition. Immature samples were inconsistent for cell wall traits and backcross lines were generally intermediate, regardless of maturity. Cell wall degradability was higher for the sfe mutant as hypothesized. Reducing ferulate-mediated cross-linking of lignin to arabinoxylan in the cell walls of maize stover appears to be an effective strategy for improving cell wall degradability, and the sfe mutant may offer an opportunity to identify a gene controlling ferulate deposition in grasses.
Estrogen and antiestrogen binding sites in desmoid tumors

Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a role for estrogen in the natural history of desmoid tumors (DT). Antiestrogen (tamoxifen) has been used empirically in some patients with significant tumor regression. To further investigate the mechanism of hormonal influence on desmoid tumors we initially characterized the cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) and antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS) in microsomal fractions of 15 cases of DT. Biopsy specimens were obtained from nine female and six male patients. ER assay was determined in cytosol (105,000 g) and the AEBS was detected in the microsomal fraction (7000 g for 20 min) by a DCC assay technique. ER was present in 33% of DT assayed (5/15), with equal incidence in males and females. Receptor content in female patients was higher than in male patients (26.52 +/- 16 vs 10.82 +/- 8.32 fmol/mg protein). Dissociation constant (Kd) range (0.44-3.97 nM) was well within the values seen in other estrogen target tissues. The AEBS were detected in 79% of the cases. The mean binding value was 236.7 +/- 170.2 fmol/mg protein. Kd values were between 0.39 and 5.97 nM. ER settled predominantly in the 4S region and AEBS settled in the 5-5.5S region in a 5-20% sucrose gradient. AEBS was detected in seven patients with negative ER. No correlation between ER and AEBS contents was observed. Competition studies revealed minimal binding with either DEX, DHT, R5020, and R1881, but partial binding with tamoxifen in cytosol and estradiol in microsomal fractions. ER and AEBS assays may be of prognostic significance in the natural history of these tumors.
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Dietary Fat on Feed Preference of Broilers

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to test the preference of broiler chicks for a high fat as opposed to a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet, and to determine whether environmental temperature would influence the choice. In one experiment conducted in controlled environment chambers in finishing batteries, chicks maintained in a comfortable environment (20.5 C) as well as those exposed to heat stress (32.5 C) demonstrated a highly significant (P≤.01) preference for the high fat diet. In two experiments conducted in floor pens in uninsulated broiler houses in midsummer, a clear-cut preference for the high fat diet was also demonstrated. Preference for the high fat diet was less pronounced when feeder space was reduced. The effect of feeder location was tested in control pens receiving a single diet and was found not to be a factor in determining preference. When chicks were offered only the high fat or the high CHO diet, body weight gains were greatest in pens receiving the high fat diet (P≤.05) in three of four comparisons.
By design or by chance: cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis

Cell death plays an essential role during Drosophila embryogenesis. However, it remains an enigma as to what mechanisms determine (or select) the specific cells to be eliminated at a particular developmental stage. Is it mostly dependent on the lineage of the cell, signifying genetic predetermination, or is it due to the failure of a cell to compete for growth factors, which is more or less by chance? Recent developments in studying the molecular mechanism of cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis has provided much insight into our understanding of the relative importance of, and the interaction between, these two mechanisms in shaping the embryo.
GRADUATE EDUCATION GROUNDED IN COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH

Research projects at the University of Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA) have provided graduate students an opportunity to engage in anthropological inquiry and application, often in teams, and with guidance from experienced researchers. In this paper, we focus on our experiences as graduate students working on two community-based environmental anthropology research projects in the sister cities of Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona (known collectively as Ambos Nogales). In choosing to participate in these projects, we hoped to develop our skills with specific anthropological research methods (interviews, participant-observation, surveys, focus groups, and the writing of field notes), gain experience with a community-based participatory research (CBPR) model (including strategies for prioritizing community decision-making and incorporating local knowledge and interests throughout the research process), improve our Spanish skills, and learn to integrate research and action in a...
Induction of paternal genome loss by the paternal-sex-ratio chromosome and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria (Wolbachia): A comparative study of early embryonic events

Paternal genome loss (PGL) during early embryogenesis is caused by two different genetic elements in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. Paternal sex ratio (PSR) is a paternally inherited supernumerary chromosome that disrupts condensation of the paternal chromosomes by the first mitotic division of fertilized eggs. Bacteria belonging to the genus Wolbachia are present in Nasonia eggs and also disrupt paternal chromosome condensation in crosses between cytoplasmically incompatible strains. Cytoplasmic incompatibility Wolbachia are widespread in insects, whereas PSR is specific to this wasp. PGL results in production of male progeny in Nasonia due to haplodiploid sex determination. The cytological events associated with PGL induced by the PSR chromosome and by Wolbachia were compared by fluorescent light microscopy using the fluorochrome Hoescht 33258. Cytological examination of eggs fertilized with PSR-bearing sperm revealed that a dense paternal chromatin mass forms prior to the first metaphase. Quantification of chromatin by epifluorescence indicates that this mass does undergo replication along with the maternal chromatin prior to the first mitotic division but does not replicate during later mitotic cycles. Contrary to previous reports using other staining methods, the paternal chromatin mass remains condensed during interphase and persists over subsequent mitotic cycles, at least until formation of the syncytial blastoderm and cellularization, at which time it remains near the center of the egg with the yolk nuclei. Wolbachia-induced PGL shows several marked differences. Most notable is that the paternal chromatin mass is more diffuse and tends to be fragmented during the first mitotic division, with portions becoming associated with the daughter nuclei. Nuclei containing portions of the paternal chromatin mass appear to be delayed in subsequent mitotic divisions relative to nuclei free of paternal chromatin. Crosses combining incompatibility with PSR were cytologically similar to Wolbachia-induced PGL, although shearing of the paternal chromatin mass was reduced. Wolbachia may, therefore, block an earlier stage of paternal chromatin processing in the fertilized eggs than does PSR. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A survey of database management in engineering

Abstract Database management in engineering fields is becoming extremely important. A number of reports and papers have been published on this subject and computer-aided design applications. It is important to know state-of-the-art to fully utilize the benefits of this new field. The paper contains a survey of literature on database management for engineering applications. The survey is broadly classified into database management concepts and systems. Research work of various authors in related areas such as database design methodology, data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database integrity and consistency are reviewed. Various database management systems (15 in all) currently in use are reviewed and their features tabulated. Capabilities and usefulness of these systems are provide important developments in data management field to the engineering community. Also, it should be useful to those currently engaged in research on the subject.
Renal cell carcinoma with angioleiomyoma-like stroma: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features supporting classification as a distinct entity

Rare renal epithelial neoplasms have been recognized to have an angioleiomyoma or leiomyoma-like proliferation of stromal smooth muscle; however, the nature of these tumors and their relationships to other renal cell carcinomas are poorly understood. We analyzed 23 such tumors for their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic features using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Twelve showed a homogeneous combination of features and were reclassified as renal cell carcinoma with angioleiomyoma-like stroma. These were composed of neoplastic glandular structures lined by cells with mixed clear, pale, and eosinophilic cytoplasm forming occasional papillary tufts. The stroma resembled smooth muscle and often extended away from the epithelial component, entrapping perinephric fat or non-neoplastic renal elements. Immunohistochemistry showed the epithelium to have reactivity for: carbonic anhydrase IX, CD10, vimentin, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 34βE12, and PAX8 but not α-methylacyl-coA-racemase. The stroma labeled for smooth muscle (smooth muscle actin 3+, desmin 1+, caldesmon 3+) but not epithelial antigens. Neither component showed substantial reactivity for HMB45, melan-A, cathepsin K, or TFE3 protein. An interrupted, conspicuous layer of CD34-positive endothelial cells rimmed the epithelium, imparting a two-cell layer pattern resembling myoepithelial or basal cells. Chromosome 3p deletion and trisomy 7 and 17 were uniformly absent. Follow-up was available for three patients, none of whom experienced malignant behavior. Eleven tumors were excluded from this category and considered to be clear cell renal cell carcinoma with a reactive proliferation of smooth muscle (n=4) or tangential sectioning of the pseudocapsule (n=2), renal cell carcinoma unclassified (n=4), or clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (n=1). In summary, renal cell carcinoma with angioleiomyoma-like stroma is a distinct neoplasm with characteristic morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features, unrelated to clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The immunoprofile overlaps partly with that of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, though morphology and reactivity for CD10 are points of contrast.
Filling in the Picture: Contexts and Contacts of Jane Cavendish

This paper introduces a Literature Compass cluster on Margaret Cavendish. The full cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘Recent Developments in the Study of Seventeenth-Century Literature and Three Papers from the 2007 Margaret Cavendish Conference’, James Fitzmaurice, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00523.x. ‘Filling in the Picture: Contexts and Contacts of Jane Cavendish’, Alexandra G. Bennett, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00524.x. ‘Mrs. Dalloway and the Duchess: Virginia Woolf Reads and Writes Margaret Cavendish’, Lise Mae Schlosser, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00525.x. ‘From Drama to Science: Margaret Cavendish as Vanishing Mediator’, John Shanahan, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00526.x.
EFFECT of OXYRASE ON GROWTH of SALMONELLA spp. and LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN the “UNIVERSAL PREENRICHMENT MEDIUM”

The importance of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in food safety is well-known. Recovery of these organisms is usually done in different types of enrichment broths. Recently Bailey and Cox (1992) reported the development of a “Universal Preenrichment Medium” capable of recovering both Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, thus eliminating the need of using two broths to enrich these important foodborne pathogens. In our laboratory we have ascertained that Oxyrase, an oxygen scavenger, is able to allow the rapid growth of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. (Yu and Fung 1991a) as well as other facultative anaerobic foodborne pathogens (Yu and Fung 1991b). It seems reasonable that Oxyrase will be able to stimulate growth of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the “Universal Preenrichment Medium.” the purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the stimulatory capability of Oxyrase on Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the “Universal Preenrichment Medium.”
Analysis of clinical and biochemical spectrum of Wilson Disease patients

Background and Aims: Wilson disease (WD) is autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Wilson disease patients usually suffer from hepatic or neuropsychiatric complications. The symptoms appear between ages five to 35 but it can vary from two years to 72 years. Materials and Methods : Study was carried out from June 2008 to November 2010. This study included nine families with eleven cases of WD to determine clinical presentation, diagnostic findings (including laboratory results) and liver histology. It included 11 patients who presented with hepatic manifestations and/or Neuropsychiatric manifestations and/or family history suggesting features of WD. Patients with hepatitis B and C and those with history of taking antipsychotic drugs were excluded from the study. Patient's data was included in a well designed performa. Liver function test, serum ceruloplasmin, serum copper, 24 hour urinary copper, blood complete picture were analyzed. Quantitative data such as age, hemoglobin etc were expressed as mean with ± SD and quantitative variables such as sex, movement disorders, hepatic involvement etc were expressed as frequency and percentage. Results: There were five male and six female patients with evidence of various manifestations here (i) hepatic in which they had only liver dysfunction (ii) hepatic and neurological (iii) neurological. The mean age of presentation was 8.7±3.92 years (range 4-19 years) and 45% were male patients. Decreased serum ceruloplasmin, enhanced 24-h urinary copper excretion and signs of chronic liver damage were confirmed in all patients and Kayser-Fleischer rings (KF rings) in 72% of patients. In severe WD patients, serum prothrombin activity was less than 50%, serum ceruloplasmin were low and serum copper levels were high than those in non-severe WD patients. High degree of suspicion leads to early treatment with good outcome. Conclusions: The WD is rare but important cause of chronic liver disease. Clinical and biochemical analysis in cases of patients with unexplained liver disease with high degree of suspicion can lead to early treatment with good outcome.
Integrating Non-MARC Metadata Duties into the Workflow of Traditional Catalogers: A Survey of Trends and Perceptions among Catalogers in Four Discussion Lists

While a growing body of literature addresses the integration of non-MARC metadata duties into the workflow of traditional catalogers, most of it consists of isolated case studies that describe the integration experience at the local level. No study yet has covered the trends of non-MARC metadata integration in catalogers' workflows on a large scale, much less the impact this integration has had on catalogers. To address this gap in the literature, the authors performed a survey in four cataloging discussion lists to determine trends in the integration of non-MARC metadata duties into the workflow of traditional catalogers in U.S. academic libraries, the impact this implementation has had on them, plus catalogers' perceptions towards non-MARC metadata. The survey, which was administered in August 2008, addresses aspects of non-MARC metadata production such as local procedures, workflows, schemas, tools, training, preconceptions, and the impact new responsibilities have had on the job performance and worklo...
Protein-protein interactions among the components of the biosynthetic machinery responsible for exopolysaccharide production in Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C.

Aim: This study identified protein–protein interactions among the biosynthetic machinery responsible for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C. Methods and Results: Protein–protein interactions were investigated using the yeast two-hybrid system. A strong protein–protein interaction was detected between the transmembrane activation protein Wzd and the protein tyrosine kinase Wze. Weaker protein–protein interactions were detected between two duplicate Wze proteins and between Wze and the phosphotyrosine phosphatase Wzh. Protein–protein interactions involving a Wzd/Wze fusion protein and Wzd and Wze may indicate that these proteins form multi-protein complexes. All combinations of the Wzh, Wzd, Wze, Wzg (regulation), CpsE (glycosyl-1-phosphate transferase), CpsS (polymerization), CpsL (unknown), CpsW (regulation) and CpsU (membrane translocation) were analysed for protein–protein interactions but no additional interactions were discovered using the yeast two-hybrid system. Conclusions: Interactions among the phosphotyrosine phosphatase, tyrosine kinase, and transmembrane activation protein are important in the regulation of capsule biosynthesis in Strep. thermophilus MR-1C. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides some valuable insight into the organization and interactions between the many proteins involved in EPS production. A better understanding of this process may facilitate the genetic manipulation of capsule production to impart desirable properties to dairy starter cultures.
Paleohydrology of Eberswalde Crater, Mars

Abstract Eberswalde crater, Mars, contains a well-preserved fluvial distributary network in a likely deltaic setting. The meandering inverted paleochannels and closed drainage basin of this deposit support relatively well constrained estimates of channel-forming discharge (over an individual event flood timescale), runoff production (event and annual timescales), and longevity of deposition (geologic timescale) during the Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian Epochs. The width and meander dimensions of two inverted paleochannels reflect the channel-forming discharge from event floods (~ 200 to 400 m 3 /s), the deposit surface indicates the level (− 1400 to − 1350 m) and surface area (410 to 810 km 2 ) of the likely paleolake, and the topography and mapped extent of tributaries constrain the watershed area (5000 to 17,000 km 2 ). Based on these results and terrestrial empirical constraints on evaporation and sediment concentration, we evaluated three hypothetical water sources: meltwater liberated by the nearby Holden crater impact (continuous deposition over ~ 10 1 –10 2 years), intermittent rainfall or snowmelt during finite periods controlled by orbital evolution (deposition over ~ 10 4 –10 6 years), and highly infrequent runoff or melting of accumulated snowpacks following distant impacts or secular changes in orbital parameters. Local impact-generated runoff and highly infrequent rainfall or snowmelt require unreasonably high and low rates of evaporation, respectively, to maintain the paleolake level. The local impact hypothesis alternatively depends on one flooding episode with very high concentrations of fluvial sediment that are inconsistent with morphologic considerations. Multiple primary impact craters in the area postdate Holden ejecta but were later dissected, indicating fluvial erosion long after the Holden impact. Intermittent rainfall of ~ 1 cm/day and seasonal snowmelt are both consistent with our results over a deposition timescale totaling ~ 10 4 –10 6 years.
Vertical (Z-axis) acceleration alters the ocular response to linear acceleration in the rabbit

Whether ocular orientation to gravity is produced solely by linear acceleration in the horizontal plane of the head or depends on both horizontal and vertical components of the acceleration of gravity is controversial. Here, we compared orienting eye movements of rabbits during head tilt to those produced by centrifugation that generated centripetal acceleration along the naso-occipital (X-), bitemporal (Y-) and vertical (Z-) axes in a constant gravitational field. Sensitivities of ocular counter-pitch and vergence during pitch tilts were ≈25°/g and ≈26°/g, respectively, and of ocular counter-roll during roll tilts was ≈20°/g. During X-axis centripetal acceleration with 1 g of gravity along the Z-axis, pitch and vergence sensitivities were reduced to ≈13°/g and ≈16°/g. Similarly, Y-axis acceleration with 1g along the Z-axis reduced the roll sensitivity to ≈16°/g. Modulation of Z-axis centripetal acceleration caused sensitivities to drop by ≈6°/g in pitch, ≈2°/g in vergence, and ≈5°/g in roll. Thus, the constant 1g acceleration along the Z-axis reduced the sensitivity of ocular orientation to linear accelerations in the horizontal plane. Orienting responses were also modulated by varying the head Z-axis acceleration; the sensitivity of response to Z-axis acceleration was linearly related to the response to static tilt. Although the sign of the Z-axis modulation is opposite in the lateral-eyed rabbit from that in frontal-eyed species, these data provide evidence that the brain uses both the horizontal and the vertical components of acceleration from the otolith organs to determine the magnitude of ocular orientation in response to linear acceleration.
Antimicrobial therapy for surgical prophylaxis and for intra-abdominal and gynecologic infections.

Antimicrobial therapy is necessary in many surgical illnesses. Although physicians and surgeons learn how to use antibiotics in the course of their training, the proliferation of such drugs makes it difficult to keep knowledge current. Sometimes the proliferation provides very little real benefit, whereas at other times true advances in patient care occur. More effective broad-spectrum antibiotics and oral formulations are two such advances. This supplement introduces another potentially valuable option for surgical patients—fourth-generation fluoroquinolones. Two areas of antibiotic use specific to surgery are prophylaxis and therapy for polymicrobial intra-abdominal infections. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is generally recommended in both clean and clean-contaminated procedures. The principles of prophylaxis are clear: the antibiotics should be given before, rather than after, surgery for maximal effect in reducing wound infection. In gynecologic procedures, antibiotics administered perioperatively can also achieve this result. Most prophylaxis is aimed at controlling infection from staphylococci and streptococci. In gastrointestinal (particularly colorectal) or gynecologic procedures, coverage must often extend to include both aerobes and anaerobes. Cephalosporins are commonly used for surgical prophylaxis, but the increasing prevalence of resistant organisms, including methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), may soon limit their effectiveness. Intra-abdominal and gynecologic infections also require antimicrobial therapy. Generally polymicrobial, these infections are caused by aerobes, anaerobes, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Coverage for these infections is often empiric and must encompass all common pathogens. Current treatment options usually involve 1–2 drugs. If a fluoroquinolone is chosen, a second drug is necessary because older members of this class lack anaerobic and the necessary high-level gram-positive coverage.
Localizing and Designing Computer-Based Safety Training Solutions for Hispanic Construction Workers

Despite the construction industry's generally positive reaction to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in many of its functions, some of the profession's key players reside in a digital divide and do not benefit from advances in technology. Hispanic construction workers, an at-risk population with high rates of workplace accidents, are affected by that divide because they rarely take advantage of available ICTs at work. One application of ICTs that can help Hispanic/Latino workers is computer-based training (CBT) for occupational safety. However, the design of CBT materials for Spanish-speaking workers needs to go beyond basic localization of existing products in English. A radical localization approach that uses participatory design sessions with construction workers and their supervisors is proposed in this paper. This case study reports that Latino workers reacted positively and retained knowledge from CBT materials, including videos with elements of humor and without graphic representations of accidents, modeled after the genre of a television situation comedy.
Asymmetric photo-induced electric effects in bimolecular lipid membrane.

Abstract Asymmetric photo-effect in bimolecular lipid membranes of oxidized cholesterol separating ferric-chloride and iodide, potassium ferricyanide and iodide has been detected. The bilayer shows two different types of light-induced behavior in these systems. It is proposed that in the first type, in the ferric-chloride iodide system, the large asymmetric photo-effect is primarily due to the coupled photo-oxidation and reduction taking place at the interfaces in presence of redox system, while in the second type, potassium ferricyanide-iodine system, the photo aquation reaction is the primary step leading to photo response on photo excitation.
On the structure of linear, first-order nonholonomic constraints, and the associated reaction forces

Abstract This paper reexamines: (i) the analytical and physical structure of (linear, first-order) nonholonomic constraints and their associated reaction forces, and (ii) the effect of the motion of the frame of reference on the forms of these constraints and forces, in parallel with the constitutive equation theory of continuum mechanics; all the results are expressed in both particle (vectorial) and system forms. The theory clearly shows the precise way in which the acatastatic terms (in the system form of the nonholonomic constraints and in inertial system coordinates) are generated by the motion of the frame of reference relative to inertial space. The general theory is finally applied to the well-known knife-edge/sled problem in a uniformly rotating frame of reference.
Preliminary quantitative investigation of predictors of treatment non-adherence in pediatric transplantation: A brief report

The examination of predictors of non-adherence in transplantation populations offers the potential to identify high-risk individuals and concomitantly generate effective adherence-promoting interventions. The present paper aggregated quantitative estimates of various correlates of treatment adherence in studies of pediatric transplantation. Seventeen studies and three classes of predictors of non-adherence, including demographic, psychosocial, and treatment-related predictors, were included in the current analyses. The weighted means effect sizes for the demographic factors were in the small to medium range (female gender mean d = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.32-0.38, n = 8; mean age d = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52-0.58, n = 7), suggesting that older youth and males tended to display more non-adherence behaviors than younger youth and females, respectively. Several psychosocial factors exhibited large to very large relationships with non-adherence, in particular comorbid psychiatric conditions (mean d = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.66-1.42, n = 3) and child self-responsibility for medication (mean d = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.53-1.23, n = 3). Finally, prior treatment/grafts (mean d = 0.17, 95% CI = -0.15-0.49, n = 3) and donor source (mean d = 0.33, 95% CI = -0.10-0.76, n = 4) exhibited small, non-significant relationships with non-adherence. Limitations of the study are discussed as are future directions for research.
HUMID AIR EFFECTS ON CRACK TIP PLASTIC WORK IN 1008 STEEL

The cyclic plastic work of fatigue crack propagation, Qpw, and the effective surface energy, U, were measured for an annealed 1008 steel in humid air and dry nitrogen using calorimetry Qpw was not significantly affected by the humid air environment suggesting that the hydrogen generated by the oxidation of iron at the crack tip does not strongly affect the cyclic properties for this material U was identical and constant for the two environments for crack growth rates greater than ∼ 100 A/cycle. Below da/dN∼ 100 A/cycle U decreased rapidly with decreasing δK in the humid air environment It was concluded from these two observations that the main effect of hydrogen on crack growth in this alloy was to lower the atomic surface energy, γ, thereby lowering the local fracture stress.
Cultivating creativity (and majors) with computational craft

According to the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics the job outlook for computer scientists and engineers is stellar for the long term-President Obama and industry leaders encouraged colleges to graduate 10,000 more engineers a year. Computer science and engineering salaries are high, but yet it is unlikely that the number of technology majors will meet the projected demand. Sadly, for many students their first college computer science or engineering course is their last. This is particularly true for women and other under-represented groups. Over the last 20 years, we have tried to increase enrollment and retention by embedding embedded systems throughout our computer science curriculum. This year, we have extended that effort to a general education course that satisfies our campus' art and diversity requirements. Creative Fabrication demonstrates the creativity inherent in computer science and engineering through the implementation of three art projects: 1) an LED enabled sculpture representing disability, 2) a moving sculpture representing disability, and 3) a sculptural assistive technology solution designed for a specific disability. All projects connect technology to differently abled human beings via computational crafting - fabricating aesthetically pleasing and functional works.
Evolution of Landau levels into edge states in graphene.

It is difficult to observe the edge-bulk correspondence in two-dimensional electron systems, which display the quantum Hall effect. Here Li et al. follow the spatial evolution of Landau levels towards an edge of graphene by scanning tunnelling studies, revealing that the edge-bulk correspondence can be preserved.
THE RIBOSOMAL RNA OF HAMSTER-MOUSE HYBRID CELLS

The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of a series of hamster-mouse somatic cell hybrids was studied. Mouse 28S rRNA was separated from its hamster counterpart by a two-step procedure involving sucrose gradient centrifugation of ribosomes and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rRNA. Both hamster and mouse types of rRNA were synthesized in the 11 hybrids tested, including hybrids containing only about one-half the haploid number of either mouse or hamster chromosomes. It appears that, for both hamster and mouse rRNA, when the chromosomes of one species constituted the majority of the chromosomes of a hybrid, a disproportionately higher percentage of rRNA of that species was present in the hybrid. Some hybrid clones, having a majority of mouse chromosomes, had a mouse rRNA cell concentration approximately four to five times higher than the concentration expected from linear extrapolation of the value found for the mouse parental cell line.
When good theories make bad predictions

Chaos-related obstructions to predictability have been used to challenge accounts of theory validation based on the agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data (Rueger & Sharp, 1996. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, 93–112; Koperski, 1998. Philosophy of Science, 40, 194–212). These challenges are incomplete in two respects: (a) they do not show that chaotic regimes are unpredictable in principle (i.e., with unbounded resources) and, as a result, that there is something conceptually wrong with idealized expectations of correct predictions from acceptable theories, and (b) they do not explore whether chaos-induced predictive failures of deterministic models can be remedied by stochastic modeling. In this paper we appeal to an asymptotic analysis of state space trajectories and their numerical approximations to show that chaotic regimes are deterministically unpredictable even with unbounded resources. Additionally, we explain why stochastic models of chaotic systems, while predictively successful in some cases, are in general predictively as limited as deterministic ones. We conclude by suggesting that the way in which scientists deal with such principled obstructions to predictability calls for a more comprehensive approach to theory validation, on which experimental testing is augmented by a multifaceted mathematical analysis of theoretical models, capable of identifying chaos-related predictive failures as due to principled limitations which the world itself imposes on any less-than-omniscient epistemic access to some natural systems.
Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy

Foreword to The Routledge Classics Edition Preface 1. Socrates' Question 2.The Archimedian Point 3. Foundations: Well-Being 4. Foundations: Practical Reason 5. Styles of Ethical Theory 6. Theory and Prejudice 7. The Linguistic Turn 8. Knowledge, Science, Convergence 9. Relativism and Reflection 10. Morality. The Peculiar Institution Postcript Commentary on the Text by A. W. Moore Notes Index
Does elevated cardiac troponin I in patients with unstable angina predict ischemia on stress testing

To help guide physicians in their evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndromes, we investigated whether elevated cardiac troponin I in patients presenting with unstable angina predicts ischemia on stress testing. Elevated cardiac troponin I in patients who present with chest pain and normal creatine kinase levels is associated with ischemia on stress testing, as well as with future cardiac events.
Don Lawrence and the "k-capture" revolution

Abstract Purpose The practice of brachytherapy was in steep decline in the mid-20th century, largely because of safety issues. This article explores the innovations that revitalized brachytherapy with special attention to the introduction of low-energy seeds for permanent implantation. Methods and Materials Literature review; interviews; and the memos, records, and correspondence of Donald C. Lawrence. Results Paul Harper first proposed the use of radionuclides that decay by k-capture in the 1950s. But it was the vision and tenacity of health physicist Donald Lawrence that led to the successful implementation of I-125 (in the 1960s) and Cs-131 (40 years later).
A Paradigm in Conservation Biology

Metapopulation Biology. Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. ILKKA HANSKI and MICHAEL R. GILPIN, Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1996. xvi, 512 pp., illus. $89.95 or £65. ISBN 0-12-323445-x. Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. DALE R. McCULLOUGH, Ed. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1996. xii, 429 pp., illus. $55, ISBN 1-55963-457-x; paper, $28, ISBN 1-55963-458-8. Based on a symposium, Albuquerque, NM, Sept. 1994.