cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antitrust Prosecutions by Foreign Governments

The Sherman Act was 110 years old in the year 2000. Although not quite the oldest national antitrust law in the world, the United States has the richest body of legal decisions of any jurisdiction in the world.1 One of the greatest movements in international law is the widespread adoption of competition laws outside of North America since the end of World War II. Some of these laws were instituted by countries that were under Allied occupation; Germany and Japan are examples. It was Germany that pressed hard to have competition laws included in the 1958 Treaty of Rome that established the then six-nation European Economic Community. The competition laws of the European Union (EU) are enforced for cross-national trade within the EU by Competition Directorate of the European Commission in Brussels. EU member states have also adopted national competition laws that apply to intra-national commerce. Indeed, all recent entrants and many aspiring entrants to the EU such as Poland and Hungary have been required to form effective national antitrust agencies as a condition of membership in the EU. Mexico formed its competition agency upon joining the North American Free Trade Agreement area. Many other countries (e.g., South Korea, Russia, Chile, and Argentina) adopted competition laws as part of a package of institutional innovations that replaced centralized economic planning or enhanced the development of democratic institutions to serve civil society.
Round Table Discussion of MIS Total Knee Arthroplasty

Giles R. Scuderi: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has become a popular surgical technique. Surgeons are performing the procedure through smaller skin incisions and limited arthrotomies. Yet this is not a technique for all patients and all surgeons. I have gathered a group of experts who will share their experiences. This panel includes Mark Pagnano, Steven Haas, Richard Berger, Alfred Tria, and Peter Bonutti. Let us start this discussion with patient selection. My own experience has shown that MIS total knee arthroplasty is more applicable to a thin female patient with minimal deformity and good preoperative range of motion. Mark, is there a way of determining who is an ideal candidate for a minimally invasive total knee?
Pursuit in the Presence of a Defender

A zero-sum pursuit-evasion differential game with three players, a Target, an Attacker, and a Defender, is considered. The Attacker pursues the Target aircraft, while the Defender strives to intercept the Attacker before he reaches the aircraft. In this paper, the game in the state space region where the Attacker prevails is analyzed. The state space region where the Target is vulnerable is characterized and the Attacker’s strategy for capturing the Target despite the presence of the Defender is derived. The players’ optimal strategies mesh with the previously obtained strategies in the state space region where the Active Target Defense Differential Game is played, and the Defender’s presence by virtue of him intercepting the Attacker allows the Target to escape.
Carbon nano-tube as water reducer in CDOT Class E 12 hr concrete mix

Abstract To address maintenance and durability issues for concrete pavement, the City and County of Denver explored the use of carbon nano-tube admixtures. This research documents the hardened and fresh properties of two mix designs that use carbon nano-tube admixture as a water reducer. The authors performed compressive strength, slump and air-entrainment tests. Results indicate that the 3 gallon-per-yard (GPY) (14.85 l/m3) mix provides both the highest slump and the highest compressive strength, while meeting the air-entrainment specifications for Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) Class E 12 h Concrete Mix. While additional testing is recommended to evaluate long-term maintenance impacts, initial results are promising and suggest that adoption of a 3 GPY (14.85 l/m3) mix may be a viable alternative for CDOT. The contribution of this research is to document preliminary laboratory and in-situ testing of carbon nano-tube admixtures in concrete pavement mix design.
Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors

We present HBSH, a simple construction for tweakable length-preserving encryption which supports the fastest options for hashing and stream encryption for processors without AES or other crypto instructions, with a provable quadratic advantage bound. Our composition Adiantum uses NH, Poly1305, XChaCha12, and a single AES invocation. On an ARM Cortex-A7 processor, Adiantum decrypts 4096-byte messages at 10.6 cycles per byte, over five times faster than AES-256-XTS, with a constant-time implementation. We also define HPolyC which is simpler and has excellent key agility at 13.6 cycles per byte.
Augmented Weighted Estimators Dealing with Practical Positivity Violation to Causal inferences in a Random Coefficient Model

The inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimator can be used to make causal inferences under two assumptions: (1) no unobserved confounders (ignorability) and (2) positive probability of treatment and of control at every level of the confounders (positivity), but is vulnerable to bias if by chance, the proportion of the sample assigned to treatment, or proportion of control, is zero at certain levels of the confounders. We propose to deal with this sampling zero problem, also known as practical violation of the positivity assumption, in a setting where the observed confounder is cluster identity, i.e., treatment assignment is ignorable within clusters. Specifically, based on a random coefficient model assumed for the potential outcome, we augment the IPTW estimating function with the estimated potential outcomes of treatment (or of control) for clusters that have no observation of treatment (or control). If the cluster-specific potential outcomes are estimated correctly, the augmented estimating function can be shown to converge in expectation to zero and therefore yield consistent causal estimates. The proposed method can be implemented in the existing software, and it performs well in simulated data as well as with real-world data from a teacher preparation evaluation study.
A Qualitative Investigation into Behavioral Health Providers Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Clinical Collaboration.

Interprofessional clinical collaboration (IPC) is an approach in which healthcare providers from different professions work to collaboratively improve health outcomes for patients. Limited research exists on behavioral health provider’s attitudes toward IPC. This qualitative study included 32 participants with results highlighting two major themes: (1) benefits (to the profession and client) and (2) collaboration (collaboration experience and consultation). Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was used to operationalize the findings and develop implications.
Inpatient Opioid Use After Pancreatectomy: Opportunities for Reducing Initial Opioid Exposure in Cancer Surgery Patients.

Despite advances in enhanced surgical recovery programs, strategies limiting postoperative inpatient opioid exposure have not been optimized for pancreatic surgery. The primary aims of this study were to analyze the magnitude and variations in post-pancreatectomy opioid administration and to characterize predictors of low and high inpatient use. Clinical characteristics and inpatient oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) were downloaded from electronic records for consecutive pancreatectomy patients at a high-volume institution between March 2016 and August 2017. Regression analyses identified predictors of total OMEs as well as highest and lowest quartiles. Pancreatectomy was performed for 158 patients (73% pancreaticoduodenectomy). Transversus abdominus plane (TAP) block was performed for 80% (n = 127) of these patients, almost always paired with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA), whereas 15% received epidural alone. All the patients received scheduled non-opioid analgesics (median, 2). The median total OME administered was 423 mg (range 0–4362 mg). Higher total OME was associated with preoperative opioid prescriptions (p < 0.001), longer hospital length of stay (LOS; p < 0.001), and no epidural (p = 0.006). The lowest and best quartile cutoff was 180 mg of OME or less, whereas the highest and worst quartile cutoff began at 892.5 mg. After adjustment for inpatient team, only epidural use [odds ratio (OR) 0.3; p = 0.04] predicted lowest-quartile OME. Preoperative opioid prescriptions (OR 8.1; p < 0.001), longer operative time (OR 3.4; p = 0.05), and longer LOS (OR 1.1; p = 0.007) predicted highest-quartile OME. Preoperative opioid prescriptions and longer LOS were associated with increased inpatient OME, whereas epidural use reduced inpatient OME. Understanding the predictors of inpatient opioid use and the variables predicting the lowest and highest quartiles can inform decision-making regarding preoperative counseling, regional anesthetic block choice, and novel inpatient opioid weaning strategies to reduce initial postoperative opioid exposure.
Intralesional Triamcinolone May Not Be Beneficial for Treating Acute Hidradenitis Suppurativa Lesions: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUNDHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent nodules, sinus tracts, comedones, and scarring. Hidradenitis suppurativa is often associated with pain and decreased quality of life. Limited clinical trial data exist regarding the management of
Unmet Respite Needs of Children With Medical Technology Dependence.

Children with medical technology dependency (MTD) require a medical device to compensate for a vital body function and substantial nursing care. As such, they require constant high-level supervisio...
A Model for an Engineering Education

College students have the impression that education stops at the door of the classroom. However, in today's technically based society it is difficult for a student to master all the skills required of their profession in the classroom. Valuable experience can be gained outside the classroom through various work study programs. These programs allow students to work on realistic projects rather than on simplified classroom problems. This paper looks at various naval architecture and marine engineering related work study programs and a case example.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Wernicke Encephalopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is seldom associated with Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) or thiamine deficiency. While thiamine deficiency and repletion are often considered prior to dextrose infusions in patients with chronic alcohol abuse to prevent WE, they are often overlooked in non-alcoholic patients who are also at risk for malnutrition. In this paper we describe a case of a non-alcoholic 28-year-old female status post-sleeve gastrectomy who developed SNHL in the setting of thiamine deficiency and WE, with ongoing hearing impairment requiring hearing aids despite thiamine repletion.
Sympathizing with Monsters: “Strange Things” in Luisa Valenzuela

Luisa Valenzuela’s second collection of stories, Aqui pasan cosas raras, is set in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and was published in 1975. Three stories–”Los mejor calzados,” “Los zombis,” and “Los Mas...
Fiber optic CO2-laser induced emphysema of the supraglottis.

Abstract Subcutaneous emphysema is a rare but well-defined surgical complication. However, emphysema of the supraglottic mucosa has not been described in the literature. We present a case of a 2-year-old male who suffered supraglottic emphysema secondary to fiber optic CO2-laser use during laryngeal cleft repair. The patient required preemptive postoperative intubation; however, there were no long-lasting adverse effects at 6 and 12 weeks follow up. This report illustrates a rare CO2-laser complication and describes its sequela.
Reduced Recovery Times with Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS There is currently no standard of care in terms of anesthesia modality for patients receiving upper airway surgery with comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although both total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and volatile gas anesthesia are commonly utilized in ambulatory otolaryngology surgery, it is currently unclear if there are any advantages with one modality over the other. We hypothesize that patients receiving upper airway surgery with comorbid OSA will have quicker recovery times with TIVA. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review from January 2019 to December 2019. METHODS All patients aged 18 and older receiving upper airway surgery (upper airway stimulation, nasal surgery, modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) were included. Patients were excluded when there was incomplete or missing data in the electronic medical record. RESULTS Eighty-six patients received gas anesthesia and 62 patients received TIVA. Phase I recovery times were significantly reduced by surgery and by severity of OSA: nasal surgery, upper airway stimulation, and modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty had a reduction of 35.5 minutes (P < .001), 42.5 minutes (P < .001), and 36 minutes (P = .022), respectively. In terms of severity, mild, moderate, and severe OSA had reductions of 23.5 minutes (P = .004), 52 minutes (P = .004), and 47 minutes (P < .001), respectively. The severity of OSA generally correlated with increased time spent in Phase I: as severity increased, Phase I time increased by 16.8 minutes for the gas cohort (P < .001), whereas in the TIVA cohort, it increased only 4.3 minutes (P = .489). CONCLUSION Patients having upper airway surgery with comorbid OSA that received TIVA (propofol and remifentanil) spent significantly less time in Phase I and the recovery room overall compared to those receiving volatile gas anesthesia in the form of sevoflurane, and this correlated with the severity of OSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3. Laryngoscope, 131:925-931, 2021.
Cytoneme delivery of Sonic Hedgehog from ligand-producing cells requires Myosin 10 and a Dispatched-BOC/CDON co-receptor complex

During development, cells must work together and talk to each other to build the organs and tissues of the growing embryo. To communicate precisely with long-distance targets, cells can project a series of thin finger-like structures known as cytonemes. Cells use these miniature highways to exchange cargo and signals, such as the protein sonic hedgehog (SHH for short). Alterations to the way SHH is exchanged during development predispose to cancer and lead to disorders of the nervous system. Yet, the mechanisms by which cytonemes work in mammals remain to be fully elucidated. In particular, it is still unclear how the structures start to form, and how the proteins are loaded and transported from one end to another. A ‘molecular motor’ called myosin 10, which can carry cargo along the internal skeleton of cells, may be involved in these processes. To find out, Hall et al. used fluorescent probes to track both myosin 10 and SHH in mouse cells, showing that myosin 10 carries SHH from the core of the signal-producing cell to the tips of cytonemes. There, the protein is passed to the target cell upon contact, triggering a quick response. SHH also appeared to be more than just passive cargo, interacting with another group of proteins in the signal-emitting cell before reaching its target. This mechanism then encourages the signalling cells to produce more cytonemes towards their neighbours. SHH is crucial during development, but also after birth: in fact, changes to SHH transport in adulthood can also disrupt tissue balance and hinder healing. Understanding how healthy tissues send this signal may reveal why and how disease emerges.
Volumetric growth tracking of patient-derived cancer organoids using optical coherence tomography

Patient-derived cancer organoids (PCOs) are in vitro organotypic models that reflect in vivo drug response, thus PCOs are an accessible model for cancer drug screening in a clinically relevant timeframe. However, current methods to assess the response of PCOs are limited. Here, a custom swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to rapidly evaluate volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs. This system was optimized for an inverted imaging geometry to enable high-throughput imaging of PCOs. An automated image analysis framework was developed to perform 3D single-organoid tracking of PCOs across multiple time points over 48 hours. Metabolic inhibitors and cancer therapies decreased PCOs volumetric growth rate compared to control PCOs. Single-organoid tracking improved sensitivity to drug treatment compared to a pooled analysis of changes in organoid volume. OCT provided a more accurate assessment of organoid volume compared to a volume estimation method based on 2D projections. Single-organoid tracking with OCT also identified heterogeneity in drug response between solid and hollow PCOs. This work demonstrates that OCT and 3D single-organoid tracking are attractive tools to monitor volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs, providing rapid, non-destructive methods to quantify heterogeneity in PCOs.
Evaluating the potential for Haloarchaea to serve as ice nucleating particles

Abstract. Aerosols play a crucial role in cloud formation. Biologically derived materials from bacteria, fungi, pollen, lichen, viruses, algae, and diatoms can serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs), some of which initiate glaciation in clouds at relatively warm freezing temperatures. However, determining the magnitude of the interactions between clouds and biologically derived INPs remains a significant challenge due to the diversity and complexity of bioaerosols and limited observations of such aerosols facilitating cloud ice formation. Additionally, microorganisms from the domain Archaea have, to date, not been evaluated as INPs. Here, we present the first results reporting the ice nucleation activity of four species in the class Haloarchaea. Intact cells of Halococcus morrhuae and Haloferax sulfurifontis demonstrated the ability to induce immersion freezing at temperatures up to −18 ∘C , while lysed cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi and Natronomonas pharaonis were unable to serve as immersion INPs. Exposure to heat and peroxide digestion indicated that the INPs of intact cells were driven by organic (H. morrhuae and H. sulfurifontis) and possibly also heat labile materials (H. sulfurifontis only). While halophiles are prominent in hypersaline environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea, other members of the Archaea, such as methanogens and thermophiles, are prevalent in anoxic systems in seawater, sea ice, marine sediments, glacial ice, permafrost, and other cold niches. Archaeal extremophiles are both diverse and highly abundant. Thus, it is important to assess their ability to serve as INPs as it may lead to an improved understanding of biological impacts on clouds.
Lumbar spine fusion outcomes using a cellular bone allograft with lineage-committed bone-forming cells in 96 patients.

Instrumented posterior lumbar fusion (IPLF) with and without transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) is a common treatment for low back pain when conservative interventions have failed. Certain patient comorbidities and lifestyle risk factors, such as obesity and smoking, are known to negatively affect these procedures. An advanced cellular bone allograft (CBA) with viable osteogenic cells (V-CBA) has demonstrated high fusion rates, but the rates for patients with severe and/or multiple comorbidities remain understudied. The purpose of this study was to assess fusion outcomes in patients undergoing IPLF/TLIF using V-CBA with baseline comorbidities and lifestyle risk factors known to negatively affect bone fusion. This was a retrospective study of de-identified data from consecutive patients at an academic medical center who underwent IPLF procedures with or without TLIF, and with V-CBA. Baseline patient and procedure characteristics were assessed. Radiological outcomes included fusion rates per the Lenke scale. Patient-reported clinical outcomes were evaluated via the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain. Operating room (OR) times and intraoperative blood loss rates were also assessed. Data from 96 patients were assessed with a total of 222 levels treated overall (mean: 2.3 levels) and a median follow-up time of 16 months (range: 6 to 45 months). Successful fusion (Lenke A or B) was reported for 88 of 96 patients (91.7%) overall, including in all IPLF-only patients. Of 22 patients with diabetes in the IPLF+TLIF group, fusion was reported in 20 patients (90.9%). In IPLF+TLIF patients currently using tobacco (n = 19), fusion was reported in 16 patients (84.3%), while in those with a history of tobacco use (n = 53), fusion was observed in 48 patients (90.6%). Successful fusion was reported in all 6 patients overall with previous pseudarthrosis at the same level. Mean postoperative ODI and VAS scores were significantly reduced versus preoperative ratings. The results of this study suggest that V-CBA consistently yields successful fusion and significant decreases in patient-reported ODI and VAS, despite patient comorbidities and lifestyle risk factors that are known to negatively affect such bony healing.
Sentiment Mining Using Ensemble Classification Models

We live in the information age, where the amount of data readily available already overwhelms our capacity to analyze and absorb it without help from our machines. In particular, there is a wealth of text written in natural language available online that would become much more useful to us were we able to effectively aggregate and process it automatically. In this paper, we consider the problem of automatically classifying human sentiment from natural language written text. In this sentiment mining domain, we compare the accuracy of ensemble models, which take advantage of groups of learners to yield greater performance. We show that these ensemble machine learning models can significantly improve sentiment classification for free-form text.
Pocket salvage in patients with infected device pocket and limited vascular access: A viable last resort?

This case study describes a pocket salvage procedure in a patient with a device pocket infection and limited vascular access. This case report also provides a literature review of recent studies addressing the success of pocket salvage procedures in patients not showing any signs of systemic infection.
A low-voltage low-power CMOS 5-GHz oscillator based on active inductors

A high-frequency, low-voltage, low-power tunable oscillator using active inductors as resonators is designed and simulated in TSMC 0.20-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The oscillation frequency of the small and compact transistor-only circuit is 4.95 GHz with THD/spl ap/-80 dB. Phase noise is approximately -81 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. For a 1.8-V supply voltage, the power consumption is less than 1.16 mW.
Reverse Transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Based Detection of Plant Viruses

A one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to detect two cherry flexiviruses, Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), in Prunus species. This unit presents procedures for collection of plant samples, preparation of total nucleic acids, viral RNA-rich or total RNA extracts from plant tissues, and subsequent amplification of the viral targets by one-step RT-PCR using a pair of consensus primers. The PCR amplicons are visualized by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide in TAE buffer and viewed under ultraviolet light. This procedure is rapid, sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective and is generally useful on a wide variety of plant/virus systems. The use of a semi-automatic homogenizer for sample preparation and one-tube RT-PCR for virus detection makes this approach ideal for screening large numbers of samples.
Isolation and characterization of a moderate thermophile, Mycobacterium phlei GTIS10, capable of dibenzothiophene desulfurization

An organism, identified as Mycobacterium phlei GTIS10, was isolated based on its ability to use dibenzothiophene (DBT) as a sole source of sulfur for growth at 30–52°C. Similar to other biodesulfurization-competent organisms, M. phlei GTIS10 converts DBT to 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), as detected by HPLC. The specific desulfurization activity of the 50°C M. phlei GTIS10 culture was determined to be 1.1±0.07 µmol 2-HBP min–1 (g dry cell)–1. M. phlei GTIS10 can also utilize benzothiophene and thiophene as sulfur sources for growth. The dszABC operon of M. phlei GTIS10 was cloned and sequenced and was found to be identical to that of Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8. The presence of the R. erythropolis IGTS8 120-kb plasmid pSOX, which encodes the dszABC operon, has been demonstrated in M. phlei GTIS10. Even though identical dsz genes are contained in both cultures, the temperature at which resting cells of R. erythropolis IGTS8 reach the highest rate of DBT metabolism is near 30°C whereas the temperature that shows the highest activity in resting cell cultures of M. phlei GTIS10 is near 50°C, and activity is detectable at temperatures as high as 57°C. In M. phlei GTIS10, the rate-limiting step in vivo appears to be the conversion of DBT to dibenzothiophene sulfone catalyzed by the product of the dszC gene, DBT monooxygenase. The thermostability of individual desulfurization enzymes was determined and 2-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate sulfinolyase, encoded by dszB, was found to be the most thermolabile. These results demonstrate that the thermostability of individual enzymes determined in vitro is not necessarily a good predictor of the functional temperature range of enzymes in vivo.
Tradition, authority and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Abstract The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed into law in 1990 and since that time has been implemented in ways that merit attention from scholars of religion. This article explores the legislative history of the law, analysing Native American appeals to ‘tradition’ in their quest to establish authority over disputed human and cultural remains. After a preliminary theoretical section that sets out relevant issues and questions, the essay engages a close reading of pivotal legislative hearings and reports, with attention to uses of religious and moral language. Building upon this reading, a dual analysis of Native American ‘traditional’ rhetoric is developed that examines the persuasive features of minority-specific claims, majority-inclusive claims and the combined force of these. Next, this line of analysis is framed in comparative and historical terms through a consideration of ‘revitalisation movements’. In light of this comparison, a case is made for interpreting NAGPRA and related movements as a primary means by which Native Americans manage their relationship to modernity, acting as critical citizens who demand their rights as Indians, Americans and human beings. The essay concludes by arguing for an understanding of social and discursive boundaries that neither limits nor is limited by ‘tradition’.
Temporal Stability and Individual Differences in the Human EEG: An Analysis of Variance of Spectral Values

Normalized power spectra were determined for each of a series of 30 five-and ten-second epochs of eight-channel EEG recordings, taken from 47 subjects under conditions of rest and perceptual task stress.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Iridium Atoms with O2. Infrared Spectra and DFT Calculations for Iridium Dioxide and Peroxo Iridium(VI) Dioxide in Solid Argon

Laser-ablated iridium atoms react with O2 to give the linear dioxide OIrO and the side-bound dioxygen adduct (O2)IrO2 as primary reaction products, with ν3 absorptions at 930.0 and 875.0 cm-1, respectively. The (ν1 + ν3) combination bands for these species were observed, confirming the assignments of the ν1 and ν3 modes for (O2)IrO2 and providing an estimate for the ν1 mode in OIrO. The symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes of the Ir(O2) ring in (O2)IrO2 were also observed. Density functional calculations support these assignments and show that the (O2)IrO2 species is best formulated as a peroxide with iridium in the +6 oxidation state, providing the first example of an iridium(VI) oxo complex.
Computer-assisted tomography for the observation of oil displacement in porous media

Computer assisted tomography (CAT) uses computerized mathematical algorithms to reconstruct tomographic images of an object. The image reconstruction is based on multiple X-ray measurements made around the object's periphery. This technique has been used to obtain oil saturation distribution information during immiscible oil displacement in Berea Sandstone cores. This technique is directed toward investigating the various problems involved in oil recovery processes: (1) heterogeneity of the porous structure; (2) surface interactions between oil, the displacing fluid, and the reservoir rock formation; and (3) the viscosity ratio between the 2 fluids. The flow phenomenon is complex. Previous experimental methods have offered insufficient information for the understanding of oil recovery processes. The CAT scan image acquisition is rapid, thus it yields directly the local oil compositions over a cross section as a function of spatial position and time. Dynamic fluid distribution profiles then can be used to analyze the effectiveness of various oil recovery strategies. 10 references.
Embeddings of finite-dimensional operator spaces into the second dual

We show that, if a a finite-dimensional operator space E is such that X contains E C-completely isomorphically whenever X ∗∗ contains E completely isometri- cally, then E is 2 15 C 11 -completely isomorphic to RmCn for some n,m 2 N ( {0}. The converse is also true: if X ∗∗ contains RmCn �-completely isomorphically, then X contains RmCn (2� + ")-completely isomorphically for any " > 0.
Modification of Conducting Polymer Thin Film Interfaces Using Self-Assembled Monolayers Containing Transition Metal Complexes

Thin films of polyaniline (PANi) have been in-situ deposited onto fused silica plates modified with ruthenium porphyrin and polypyridyl complexes coordinated to self-assembled monolayers of pyridyl-terminated alkylsilanes. Based on UV-vis and AFM studies, PANi exhibits a slower deposition rate and an earlier onset of secondary nucleation on the metal complex-modified interfaces. Electrical conductivity of the HCl-doped emeraldine salt form of PANi is increased to as high as 40 S/cm, relative to <1 S/cm on bare silica, measured under the same conditions and in the absence of any external modification to the polymer films. These changes are attributed to favorable π interactions between the aromatic surface species and the conjugated polymer that lead to a more expanded coil conformation for PANi.
Six Dimensions of Parenting: A Motivational Model

Objective. A motivational conceptualization provided the basis for identifying 6 core features of parenting style (warmth, rejection, structure, chaos, autonomy support, and coercion) and constructing 2 measures to assess them (1 for parents and 1 for children). Design. Self-report data were collected from independent samples of parents (N = 1212, 645 mothers and 567 fathers) and adolescent children (N = 3,752). Results. Models of multiple (unipolar) dimensions provided a significantly better fit than traditional models of bipolar dimensions. Moreover, correlations among dimensions suggested that dimensions can be aggregated in several ways. Conclusion. The conceptual framework and measures can contribute to future work on parenting, including research designed to map the many constructs that describe parenting, and studies that explore how parenting style shapes child and adolescent outcomes.
Caffeine as a comutagen for ethylmethanesulfonate in strains of phage T4.

The mutation frequency of DNA polymerase mutants of phage T4 treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) then incubated in the presence and absence of caffeine was studied using an rII reversion system. The DNA polymerase mutation is shown to be antimutagenic for EMS induction of reversions which occur by a GC to AT transition. Caffeine acts as a comutagen for the induction by EMS of mutant phages and produces a significant increase in the frequency of reversions from rII to r+. Caffeine is slightly mutagenic for the phage strain carrying the wild type polymerase and inhibits the action of the 3′→5′ exonuclease function of T4 DNA polymerase as measured in vitro. These findings suggest that caffeine acts by directly influencing nucleotide selection or the editing function of the DNA polymerase.
Approximations for a conditional two-dimensional scan statistic

Abstract Let Xi,j,1⩽i⩽n1,1⩽j⩽n2, be a sequence of independent and identically distributed nonnegative integer valued random variables. The observation Xi,j denotes the number of events that have occurred in the i,jth location in a two dimensional rectangular region R. For 2⩽m i ⩽n i −1, i=1,2 , the two dimensional discrete scan statistic is defined as the maximum number of events in any of the m1 by m2 consecutive rectangular windows in that region. Conditional on the total number of events that have occurred in R, we refer to this scan statistic as the conditional two-dimensional scan statistic. Two-dimensional scan statistics have been extensively used in many areas of science to analyze the occurrence of observed clusters of events in space. Since this scan statistic is based on highly dependent consecutive subsequences of observed data, accurate approximations for its distributions are of great value. In this article, based on the scanning window representation of the scan statistic, accurate product-type, Poisson and a compound Poisson approximations are investigated. Moreover, accurate approximations for the expected size of the scan statistic are derived. Numerical results are presented to evaluate the performance of the approximations discussed in this article.
Sugar-food intake of obese and lean adolescents.

Dietary intake data on 4907 adolescent participants in the Ten‐State Nutrition Survey of the U.S.A. show no higher intake of sugar‐foods for obese participants than for lean participants of the same age, sex and race. These findings are consistent with other evidence that obesity is not associated with an increased preference for sucrose‐containing foods and suggest that taste is not a factor in adolescent obesity.
SU‐FF‐T‐319: Measurement of Neutron Background in Electron Beams From a Dedicated IORT Linear Accelerator and a Conventional Linear Accelerator

Purpose: To measure the neutron background for an electron‐only (IORT) and a conventional linear accelerator.Methods & Materials: A Siemens Mevatron ME [6 (not used), 9, 12, 15 and 18 MeV] and several Varian Clinacs [6 (not used), 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV] were used in this study. Bubble (Type BD‐PND; BTI Bubble Technology Industries) and track‐etch detectors (TE) (Luxel+, Ja; Landauer) were used in these experiments. The detectors were placed at 1m from the target at azimuthal angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°. Results: For conventional electrons at 0° the neutron leakages (Sv/Gy) are: 2×10−5 at 12 MeV, 1.0×10−4 at 16 MeV and 4×10−4 at 20 MeV. For angles >0°, the leakage is almost angle independent [2×10−6 at 12 MeV; (0.5–2)×10−5 at 16 MeV and (2–4)×10−5 at 20 MeV]. For the ME, the neutron leakage was lower than for the conventional linac and also independent of angle for angles >0° {[0°: 6×10−6 at 12 MeV; 2×10−5 at 15 MeV; 5×10−5 at 18 MeV]; [other angles: (2–5×10−7 at 12 MeV; (0.7–1.0)×10−6 at 15 MeV; (2–4)×10−6 at 18 MeV]}. Using the upper limit of 5×10−7 Sv/Gy at 12 MeV for angles >0° and assuming a workload of 200Gy/wk and an inverse square factor of 10, the neutron dose is 0.01 mSv/wk. For the primary beam at 12 MeV, the 10x higher dose is compensated by the attenuation in the primary beamstopper†. Conclusions: Measurements have been made of the neutron leakage from an IORT machine and a conventional linear accelerator. The results show that the IORT has a leakage well below that of the conventional machine and that at 12 MeV for the IORT machine, the leakage is sufficiently low at all angles as not to be a regulatory problem.
Electrostatic interaction between RNA and protein capsid in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus simulated by a coarse-grain RNA model and a Monte Carlo approach.

Although many viruses have been crystallized and the protein capsid structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography, the nucleic acids often can not be resolved. This is especially true for RNA viruses. The lack of information about the conformation of DNA/RNA greatly hinders our understanding of the assembly mechanism of various viruses. Here we combine a coarse-grain model and a Monte Carlo method to simulate the distribution of viral RNA inside the capsid of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV). Our results show that there is very strong interaction between the N-terminal residues of the capsid proteins, which are highly positive-charged, and the viral RNA. Without these residues, the binding energy disfavors the binding of RNA by the capsid. The RNA forms a shell close to the capsid with the highest densities associated with the capsid dimers. These high-density regions are connected to each other in the shape of a continuous net of triangles. The overall icosahedral shape of the net overlaps with the capsid subunit icosahedral organization. Medium density of RNA is found under the pentamers of the capsid. These findings are consistent with experimental observations.
System-level evaluation of LADAR ATR using correlation filters

This paper describes a conceptual real-time systems approach to LADAR automatic target recognition (ATR). Previous work has demonstrated the viability of utilizing correlation filters derived from synthetic models for detection and recognition of mobile targets in Laser Radar (LADAR) sensor images. The distance correlation classifier filter (DCCF) provides a unique potential for reducing throughput while preserving performance. The application of this concept to a real-time system, however, involves refinement, trade studies, and optimization. Refinements in the correlation filter are discussed and evaluated in terms of performance, throughput, and memory. Preliminary performance results for several mobile targets are presented.
Steroselectivity of the glutathione S-transferase catalyzed conjugation of aralkyl halides

Abstract Rat cytosolic glutathione S-transferases catalyzed the conjugation of phenethyl chloride and phenethyl bromide with glutathione. The reaction proceeded with a high degree of stereoselectivity. The glutathione conjugate possessing the (R,S,S)- absolute configuration was formed in major quantities from the racemic substrates. The use of the enantiomers of the phenethyl chloride substrates indicated that the (S)-phenethyl chloride was conjugated in preference to the (R)-enantiomer. The conjugation proceeded with inversion of configuration at the benzylic carbon consistent with an SN2-type mechanism. The stereoselectivity was greater for phenethyl chloride than for phenethyl bromide. Varying the substrate or enzyme concentration had no effect upon the observed stereoselectivity. The diastereomeric glutathione conjugates were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. These findings represent the first demonstration of the substrate stereoselectivity of the glutathione S-transferases.
Effects of sleep hours and fatigue on performance in laparoscopic surgery simulators.

Background Studies on a virtual reality simulator have demonstrated that sleep-deprived residents make more errors. Work-hour restrictions were implemented, among other reasons, to ensure enough sleep time for residents. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of sleep time, perceived fatigue, and experience on surgical performance. We hypothesized that performance would decrease with less sleep and fatigue, and that experienced surgeons would perform better than less experienced surgeons despite sleep deprivation and fatigue.
Multiphoton ionization and high-order harmonic generation of He, Ne, and Ar atoms in intense pulsed laser fields: Self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional theoretical approach

We present a detailed study of the multiphoton ionization and high-order harmonic generation (HHG) processes of rare-gas atoms (He, Ne, and Ar) in intense pulsed laser fields by means of a self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) recently developed. The time-dependent exchange-correlation potential with proper short- and long- range potential is constructed by means of the time-dependent optimized effective potential (TDOEP) method and the incorporation of an explicit self-interaction-correction (SIC) term. The TDOEP-SIC equations are solved accurately and efficiently by the time-dependent generalized pseudospectral technique. In this study, all the valence electrons are treated explicitly and nonperturbatively and their partial contributions to the ionization and HHG are analyzed. The results reveal instructive and qualitatively different behavior from each subshell orbital. Moreover, we found that the HHG yields from Ne and Ar atoms are considerably larger than that of the He atom in strong fields. Three main factors are identified for accounting the observed phenomena: (a) the binding energy of the subshell valence electron, (b) the orientation of the valence electron orbital (with respect to the electric-field polarization), and (c) the effect of multiphoton resonant excitation. In particular, we found that the ${\mathrm{np}}_{0}$ valence electrons (in Ne and Ar) with lowest binding energies and electron orbital orientation parallel to the electric-field direction, make the dominant contributions to both ionization and HHG processes in sufficiently strong fields.
Radionuclide Composition of the Allende Meteorite from Nondestructive Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis

The concentrations of beryllium-7, sodium-22, aluminum-26, potassium-40, scandium-46, vanadium-48, chromium-51, manganese-54, cobalt-57, cobalt-60, and thorium-232 (thallium-208) have been measured in the Allende meteorite by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry. The high cobalt-60 content of the meteorite is indicative of a preatmospheric body with a minimum effective radius of 50 centimeters and a weight of 1650 kilograms; the aluminum-26 activity indicates a minimum exposure age of 3 million years.
Effects of inversion asymmetry on electron energy band structures in GaSb/InAs/GaSb quantum wells

We report experimental evidence that indicated the lifting of the spin degeneracy of the two-dimensional (2D) electron ground subband due to the lack of inversion symmetry in narrow InAs/GaSb quantum wells. Through detailed analysis of the beating patterns in 2D electron Shubnikov--de Haas (SdH) oscillations, we conclude that the finite spin splitting at B=0 is dominated by the lack of inversion symmetry in the confining potential well. The effects of the inversion asymmetry connected with the InAs bulk structure, although they exist, are of minor importance in the samples studied. The 2D energy band structure in such asymmetric wells can be described by including the Rashba term, ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{o}.}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$(\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}k)\ensuremath{\cdot}z, into the electron Hamiltonian; the spin-orbit coupling constant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$=0.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$ eV cm is determined for a 75-\AA{} well by simulating the measured SdH oscillations. We also studied the magnetic field dependence of the spin splitting by rotating the sample in constant magnetic fields as high as 15 teslas. The results indicate that the spin splitting increases nonlinearly with the external magnetic field. Finally, the electron scattering times of the two spin states of the ground electron subband are not always the same; their difference is found to increase with the spin splitting. The possibility of spin-dependent scattering mechanisms is also discussed.
Biofuel production from catalytic microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellets over ferrum-modified activated carbon catalyst

Abstract The presented study aims to improve the quality of bio-oils by catalytic upgrading of bio-oil from microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellet using transition metal modified activated carbon (AC) catalyst. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimize the reaction conditions for high quality bio-oil production. The effects of reaction temperature and reaction time on product yields were investigated. GC/MS analysis indicated that the main chemical compounds (including furans, phenols, guaiacols, and ketones/ethers) of bio-oils were in the range of 80–87% of bio-oils for most of the samples. The ketones/ethers were mainly composed of 2-cyclopen-1-one; straight chain ethers were increased up to about 38% of bio-oil; and the phenols increased from 2.5% to about 10% of the bio-oils after upgrading accompanying with the decrease of guaiacols in comparison with raw biomass pyrolysis. The reaction mechanism of this process was analyzed.
Quantitative Elemental Analyses by Plasma Emission Spectroscopy

Argon-supported inductively coupled plasmas operated at atmospheric pressures are excellent vaporization-atomization-excitation-ionization sources for analytical atomic emission spectroscopy. When a polychromator is used for observing the emitted spectra, the metals and metalloids can be determined simultaneously at the ultratrace, trace, minor, and major concentration levels under one set of experimental parameters. Alternatively, programmable scanning spectrometers may be utilized for sequential determinations. The atomization-excitation process is remarkably free of interelement interactions, the powers of detection are in the part per billion range for most elements, and sample manipulation requirements prior to analyses are often minimal. The technique meets the requirements of an analytical system for the simultaneous or sequential determination of the elements at all concentration levels to an unusual high degree.
The United States and Asia in 2004: Unfinished Business

U.S.-Asian relations in 2004 were largely a waiting game. There were continued challenges to the regional status quo, but the United States was intent on deflecting and deferring the possibility of major change. The Bush administration, preoccupied by the president's reelection campaign and increased violence and instability in Iraq, sought principally to avoid potential crises, while hoping to garner increased regional support for U.S. policy goals, including in Iraq. As a second Bush presidential term approached, the agenda confronting U.S. policy makers seemed uncomfortably full, reflecting equal measures of unfinished business, pressures for change on both sides of the Pacific, and the ever-present potential for a major regional crisis.
Thermal Analysis of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A thermal analysis of lithium-ion batteries during charge/discharge and thermal runaway has been carried out with a mathematical model. The main concern with the thermal behavior of the room temperature batteries is the possible significant temperature increase which may cause thermal runaway. The emphases of this work include the examination of the effects of battery design parameters and operating conditions on temperature rise/profile during normal battery operation and the evaluation of the possibility of the occurrence of thermal runaway due to battery abuse.