cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SNPDelScore: combining multiple methods to score deleterious effects of noncoding mutations in the human genome

SUMMARY Addressing deleterious effects of noncoding mutations is an essential step towards the identification of disease-causal mutations of gene regulatory elements. Several methods for quantifying the deleteriousness of noncoding mutations using artificial intelligence, deep learning and other approaches have been recently proposed. Although the majority of the proposed methods have demonstrated excellent accuracy on different test sets, there is rarely a consensus. In addition, advanced statistical and artificial learning approaches used by these methods make it difficult porting these methods outside of the labs that have developed them. To address these challenges and to transform the methodological advances in predicting deleterious noncoding mutations into a practical resource available for the broader functional genomics and population genetics communities, we developed SNPDelScore, which uses a panel of proposed methods for quantifying deleterious effects of noncoding mutations to precompute and compare the deleteriousness scores of all common SNPs in the human genome in 44 cell lines. The panel of deleteriousness scores of a SNP computed using different methods is supplemented by functional information from the GWAS Catalog, libraries of transcription factor-binding sites, and genic characteristics of mutations. SNPDelScore comes with a genome browser capable of displaying and comparing large sets of SNPs in a genomic locus and rapidly identifying consensus SNPs with the highest deleteriousness scores making those prime candidates for phenotype-causal polymorphisms. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/snpdelscore/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Basics of Pathology

To appreciate the success achieved at surgery or the resumption of 20/20 vision in the patient, you must have a working knowledge of pathology. The ability to fix presumes that you have an idea of how it works and what has happened to “break” it. Most residents do not appreciate the pathology laboratory until they have left their residency and usually try to take a comprehensive review course at some point in their career.
Patients Treated with Psychodynamic Psychotherapy by Residents at Massachusetts General Hospital

Twenty-seven psychiatric residents training at a general hospital were interviewed to assess their experience and training in long-term psycho-dynamic psychotherapy. These residents had seen a total of 195 patients in psychodynamic psychotherapy for a median duration of 95 weeks. Most patients (52%) had both an Axis I and Axis II diagnosis; 29% an Axis I diagnosis only, and 18% had both an Axis I and Axis II diagnosis. Approximately half of the patients were also being treated with medication, particularly for major depression, panic disorder, and eating disorders. The residents found their supervisory experience to be more important in their learning of psychodynamic principles than any other factor. In terms of patient outcome, males seemed to do less well than females. These findings are discussed and future research questions are posed to investigate residency training in psychotherapy.
Assessment of Draxxin® (tulathromycin) as an inhibitor of in vitro growth of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Theileria equi.

Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Theileria equi are worldwide tick-borne hemoprotozoan that cause diseases characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and abortion. A common feature of these diseases are transition from acute to chronic phases, in which parasites may persist in the host for life, and becoming a reservoir for tick transmission. The live-attenuated vaccines for B. bovis and B. bigemina are not available for worldwide use due to legal restrictions and other concerns such as potential erythrocyte antigen and pathogen contamination, and a vaccine for T. equi is not available. The use of chemotherapeutics is essential to treat and control these diseases, but several studies have shown the development of drug-resistance by these parasites, and safe and effective alternative drugs are needed. Tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has proven to be effective against a vast range of bacteria and Plasmodium yoelli, a Babesia and Theileria related intra-erythrocytic apicomplexan. Draxxin® (tulathromycin) is currently licensed to treat infections that cause respiratory diseases in cattle in several countries. In this study, the activity of Draxxin® was tested in vitro on cultured B. bovis, B. bigemina and T. equi. Addition of the drug to in vitro cultures resulted in cessation of parasite replication of the three species tested, B. bovis, B. bigemina and T. equi, with estimated IC50 of 16.7 ± 0.6 nM; 6.2 ± 0.2 nM and 2.4 ± 0.1 nM, respectively, at 72 h. Furthermore, neither parasites nor parasite DNA were detectable in cultures treated with IC100, suggesting Draxxin® is a highly effective anti-Babesia/Theileria drug. Importantly, the IC50 calculated for Draxxin® for the Babesia/Theileria parasites tested is lower that the IC50 calculated for some drugs currently in use to control these parasites. Collectively, the data strongly support in vivo testing of Draxxin® for the treatment of bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis.
Correction to: Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases converge on microRNA-134 to control KRAS, STAT5B, and glioblastoma.

Following publication of the article, the author named as “B Dey”, wished to point out that his full name is “Bijan K. Dey”. This was not reflected in the typesetting of the article, and as a consequence the article is not visible on Pub Med when a search is conducted on his full name.
Role of IL-18 in inflammatory diseases

IL-18 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family. IL-1β and IL-18 are closely related, and both require the intracellular cysteine protease caspase-1 for biological activity. Several autoimmune diseases are thought to be mediated, in part, by IL-18. Many are those with associated elevated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, macrophage activation syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis and graft versus host disease. In addition, ischemia, including acute renal failure in humans, appears to involve IL-18. Animal studies also support the concept that IL-18 is a key player in models of lupus erythematosus, atherosclerosis, graft versus host disease and hepatitis. Unexpectedly, IL-18 plays a role in appetite control and the development of obesity. The IL-18-binding protein, a naturally occurring, specific inhibitor of IL-18, neutralizes IL-18 activities and has been shown to be safe in patients. Other options for reducing IL-18 activities are inhibitors of capsase-1, human monoclonal antibodies to IL-18, soluble IL-18 receptors and anti-IL-18 receptor monoclonal antibodies.
Environmental Impact of Pentachlorophenol and Its Products — a Round Table Discussion

A round table discussion concerning pentachlorophenol, its contaminants and its impact on the environment was moderated by Daniel Cirelli of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Discussants included Robert Johnson and Eugene Kenaga of Dow Chemical Company; George Fries of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Richard Hoos of the Canadian Environmental Protection Service and Eric Reiner of 3M Company. The general topic of discussion involved incidents in which pentachlorophenol or its possible contaminants caused health problems or were potentially hazardous. Details of the incidents were presented and the steps for control were proposed. Comments, questions and answers were directed to the discussants as well as the audience.
Vestibular Stimulation: Effects on Visual and Auditory Alertness in Children with Multiple Disabilities

Although vestibular stimulation has been related to increased alertness in both preterm infants and healthy full-term infants, empirical data indicating the effect of vestibular stimulation on alertness in children with multiple disabilities are lacking. In this study we investigated the effect of a brief period of rocking on visual and auditory alertness in children with severe multiple disabilities. The children's performance on one of the five tasks assessed (tracking a noise-making toy) was significantly better following a 3 min session of rocking in an adaptive swing. This finding is discussed relative to the need for additional research on the effects of vestibular stimulation.
Comparing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Terrestrial LiDAR, and Brunton Compass Methods for Discontinuity Data Collection

Traditionally, discontinuity measurements have been collected manually using a Brunton compass. Ground-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning has, in recent years, been included as a more efficient method of structural data collection. Emerging technology in the realm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) focuses on the use of aerial photogrammetry in order to collect data from regions that would be otherwise difficult or impossible to access, and has the added benefit of eliminating “shadow zones” (gaps in data) that are typically a limitation of terrestrial LiDAR methodology. This study compares discontinuity data acquisition via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to these established methods in order to determine if UAV technology can be used reliably to collect structural data. Two field sites in Virginia were scanned for this study—a cut slope in Deerfield along highway 629, and a shale pit in Cove Mountain. Approximately 300 Brunton compass measurements of orthogonal joint sets and bedding planes were taken at each site in order to provide a “control group” for orientation data. In addition, ground-based LiDAR scans and UAV photogrammetric data were collected at each location. Scans from the LiDAR unit and the UAV were converted into 3D point clouds for statistical comparison with manually collected data. Stereonets of each data set were also prepared for further comparison. Preliminary results indicate that discontinuity data collection from UAV closely matches the data collected using LiDAR or Brunton compass.
Representation: What is it Good For? Estimating Representation's Impact on Voters' Attitudes Using Regression Discontinuity Design

This study proposes the use of regression discontinuity design (RD) in electoral systems and cross-national public opinion research. As an illustrative example, we use data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems project in an attempt to identify a causal effect of representation on respondents’ attitudes toward the state of the economic and political system in their country. RD exploits a strict cutoff value of a variable — in this case the threshold for representation that is common in many parliamentary democracies —and employs it as a treatment assignment mechanism. Under certain assumptions, if a discontinuity in the estimation is observed at the cutoff value, then this discontinuity can be used to estimate a local average treatment effect. Though in the analysis of two dependent variables (satisfaction with democracy and subject assessment of economic performance) a discontinuity is observed, in neither case can this discontinuity be attributed causal significance due to the fact that the key identifying assumption for RD — that of conditional continuity — appears to have failed based on on an analysis of potential covariates. Despite this failure to identify the causal effect, we propose additional techniques that hold promise for identification of such effects in similar situations.
Utilization of a colony assay to assess the variables influencing elimination of leukemic cells from human bone marrow with monoclonal antibodies and complement.

We have previously used a chromium-release assay to demonstrate that the cocktail of monoclonal antibodies BA-1, BA-2, BA-3, and complement can effectively lyse human leukemic cells in the presence of excess bone marrow. Using a leukemic cell colony assay, we have reinvestigated the variables influencing lysis of human leukemic cells (KM-3, HPB- NULL, NALM-6) in bone marrow using BA-1, BA-2, BA-3, and complement. Specific variables addressed included the concentration of excess bone marrow cells, the number of treatments, the presence or absence of DNase during the treatment, the combination of antibodies, and the sensitivity of different leukemic cell lines to lysis. Using the colony assay, the BA-1,2,3 cocktail was shown to be more effective than any single antibody or combination of two antibodies. We also determined that the concentration of excess bone marrow cells and number of treatments had a direct bearing on leukemic cell lysis. Although two cycles of treatment were significantly superior to one cycle, three cycles were not significantly superior to two cycles. Inclusion of DNase (10 micrograms/mL) was a critical adjunct that eliminated clumping and facilitated plating cells in the colony assay. Finally, we could show that striking differences existed in the sensitivity of the leukemic cell lines to lysis with the BA-1,2,3 cocktail and complement. NALM-6 cells were the most sensitive (approximately four logs of kill), and KM-3 cells were the most resistant (less than two logs of kill). Our results strongly support the utility of sensitive leukemic cell colony assays in the analysis of marrow treatment variables in autologous bone marrow transplantation.
Experimental Evaluation of Teleoperation Interfaces for Cutting of Satellite Insulation

On-orbit servicing of satellites is complicated by the fact that almost all existing satellites were not designed to be serviced. This creates a number of challenges, one of which is to cut and partially remove the protective thermal blanketing that encases a satellite prior to performing the servicing operation. A human operator on Earth can perform this task telerobotically, but must overcome difficulties presented by the multi-second round-trip telemetry delay between the satellite and the operator and the limited, or even obstructed, views from the available cameras.This paper reports the results of ground-based experiments with trained NASA robot teleoperators to compare our recently-reported augmented virtuality visualization to the conventional camera-based visualization. We also compare the master console of a da Vinci surgical robot to the conventional teleoperation interface. The results show that, for the cutting task, the augmented virtuality visualization can improve operator performance compared to the conventional visualization, but that operators are more proficient with the conventional control interface than with the da Vinci master console.
SAR by 1D NMR.

1D NMR spectroscopy is a standard technique in the characterization of organic molecules. 1D NMR data inherently provide information on the conformational preferences of molecules, but this informa...
Abortion Providers on Politically Engaging Patients.

Abstract Background For decades, abortion providers have lamented the lack of patients’ voices in the abortion rights movement. Given the millions of women who have received abortions, the absence of this large constituency, providers assert, has been politically costly. Underlying this disappointment is a parallel question that reflects a philosophical divide among abortion providers: are attempts to politically engage abortion patients a desired or appropriate element of care? Methods We interviewed providers from 14 abortion clinics, representing a range of approaches to care, patient volume, and geographic locations. We transcribed and analyzed the interviews to identify themes related to whether, why, and how providers worked to politically engage their patients. Results We found that many respondents limited or avoided political engagement with patients, believing that such efforts interfered with patient care or comfort, were not a priority given limited time, and were not something in which patients were interested. Many participants were unclear as to what political work they could pursue as nonprofit facilities. In contrast, other providers believe political outreach helped patients to more fully understand their care experiences, could influence future patients’ access to care, and was an important part of the way they cared for patients. Conclusions These varying approaches reflect divergent ways of and reasons for engaging abortion patients politically. Future research should consider if the act of obtaining an abortion could be understood as low-level engagement with the abortion rights movement, particularly as abortion access is increasingly limited and patients might be considered potential activists.
LIN28B Impairs the Transition of hESC-Derived β Cells from the Juvenile to Adult State.

Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic β cells holds great promise for the treatment of diabetes. Recent advances have led to the production of glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vitro, but resulting cells remain less mature than their adult primary β cell counterparts. The barrier(s) to in vitro β cell maturation are unclear. Here, we evaluated a potential role for microRNAs. MicroRNA profiling showed high expression of let-7 family microRNAs in vivo, but not in in vitro differentiated β cells. Reduced levels of let-7 in vitro were associated with increased levels of the RNA binding protein LIN28B, a negative regulator of let-7 biogenesis. Ablation of LIN28B during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation toward β cells led to a more mature glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile and the suppression of juvenile-specific genes. However, let-7 overexpression had little effect. These results uncover LIN28B as a modulator of β cell maturation in vitro.
Development of a Robotic Arm for Mini-Class ROV Dexterous Manipulation

Dexterous underwater manipulator arms in common use are bulky and expensive, requiring large vehicles to support them. Manipulators for Mini-Class ROVs (∼15 kg) are typically constrained to 1 or 2 degrees of freedom, limiting their use to simple tasks. Consequently, for underwater activities requiring complex manipulation, either large vehicles or human divers must be used, which can be resource-intensive or dangerous. This paper describes a prototype miniaturized manipulator arm that enables dexterous manipulation capability for small underwater vehicles. The current prototype underwater mini-arm is a 6 degree of freedom robotic arm constructed of three identical wireless dual actuator units. Each actuator is a self-contained system including motors, gearboxes, seals, a battery, and custom circuitry for motor control, wireless communication, and wireless charging. As there is no external wire harnessing, the actuators are continuously rotatable and can be connected by solely mechanical links. This underwater manipulator arm represents miniaturized sampling capabilities as a key technology development for both Ocean Worlds and the Mini-Class ROV market.
The social management of complex uncertainty: Central Bank similarity and crisis liquidity swaps at the Federal Reserve

During the global financial crisis, the Federal Reserve issued billions of dollars in liquidity swap agreements with foreign central banks, serving as a global lender of last resorts. Most studies of this event have analyzed the distribution of these swap lines using materially rational frameworks, which is logical under normal lending conditions. However, this approach does not account for the extensive evidence on social influences over decisions made under uncertainty. Meeting minutes from the Federal Reserve exhibit significant flexibility in recipient selection, and the content of these discussions suggest that social dynamics were important in members’ decision-making. This paper tests the effect of social similarity between foreign central banks and the Federal Reserve on the likelihood of receiving a swap line during the crisis. I introduce new measures of social similarity among central banks with data on employees’ professional ties and public speeches in the years preceding the global financial crisis. Statistical results show a positive, significant effect for social similarity on swap line receipt, even when tested alongside material predictors, and this social rationality appears to have been a deciding feature in some cases of swap distribution. I conclude with implications for future crises, and potential regulatory consequences.
Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy after head trauma in adolescent male mice is associated with behavioral visual impairment, neurodegeneration, and elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress markers at acute and subacute times.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a number of impairments, often including visual symptoms. In some cases, visual symptoms after head trauma are mediated by traumatic injury to the optic nerve, termed traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), which has few effective options for treatment. Using a murine closed-head weight-drop model of head trauma, we have previously reported in adult mice that there is relatively selective injury to the optic tract and thalamic/brainstem projections of the visual system. In the current study, we performed blunt head trauma on adolescent C57BL/6 mice, and investigated visual impairment in the primary visual system, now including the retina, using behavioral and histologic methods at multiple time points. After injury, mice displayed evidence of decreased optomotor responses illustrated by decreased optokinetic nystagmus. There did not appear to be a significant change in circadian locomotor behavior patterns, although there was an overall decrease in locomotor behavior in mice with head injury. There was evidence of axonal degeneration of optic nerve fibers with associated retinal ganglion cell death. There was also evidence of astrogliosis and microgliosis in major central targets of optic nerve projections. Further, there was elevated expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in retinas of injured mice. Visual impairment, histologic markers of gliosis and neurodegeneration, and elevated ER stress marker expression persisted for at least 30 days after injury. The current results extend our previous findings in adult mice into adolescent mice, provide direct evidence of retinal ganglion cell injury after head trauma, and suggest that axonal degeneration is associated with elevated ER stress in this model of TON.
Brief Case ReportsClostridium difficile colitis associated with treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach is being detected and treated more often now than ever before. This is likely to result in an increase in complications such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, there is no literature on the incidence of such diarrhea, particularly Clostridium difficile colitis, in patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. We report the case of a patient who developed Clostridium difficile colitis after treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection with metronidazole, amoxicillin, H2 blockers, and bismuth subsalicylate. This patient presented with severe diarrhea that responded to a course of metronidazole with rapid disappearance of symptoms. The incidence of Clostridium difficile colitis in patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection has not been studied. This unique association, although not unexpected, has not yet been reported in the literature. The increasing number of patients being diagnosed and treated for this infection requires a heightened awareness on the part of physicians, to assure early diagnosis and treatment of this treatable, yet potentially dangerous, complication.
Children’s Right to Participate: Insights from the Story of Malala

Although the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history, children’s rights still meet resistance in some circles, from policymakers to certain parents. Yet the fulfillment of children’s rights is vital not only during childhood but also for the rest of an individual’s life. One of the most progressive aspects of the U.N. Convention was its recognition of the child’s right to be heard in decisions that affect his or her life. Respecting children’s right to participate and giving them a voice—though not necessarily the final say—in decisions that affect their lives reflects the core principle of the child rights idea: that children are rights holders and count as individuals in their own right. A central issue for children’s rights then is how children learn about and understand their rights and the rights of others and from where. Children’s literature is the site of a rich discourse on children’s rights, including the right to participate. Focusing on the story of Malala Yousafzai, the first child to win the Nobel Peace Prize, this chapter explores twenty-first-century literary expressions of children’s participation rights. Children’s books on activism demonstrate the benefits of children’s participation and convey to both children and adults the value in the voice of the child. These early twenty-first-century narratives on children’s participation offer key insights on children’s rights.
New insight on studying the effect of both chemical sensitivity and rock mechanical properties in shale formation to minimize wellbore instability problems

Historically, many of the wells drilled in in shale formations have experienced a significant rig downtime due to wellbore instabilities. Most of the instability problems originated from the encountered shale formations. The objectives of this study include (1) to measure the properties governing shale strength and drilling fluid/shale interaction, and (2) to establish a reliable and efficient rock mechanical testing procedures related to wellbore stability. Preserved shale core has been recovered from shale formation and special core handling procedure was implemented. Mineral oil was used for plugging and core preservation. Rock mechanical characterization was conducted on core samples using both XRD/SEM techniques to study the core mineralogy. In addition, shale permeability was determined by two methods: flow testing and pressure transition methods. The results indicated that shale has high percentage of quartz (30-40%) which causes the shale to have high porosity and high permeability. The unconfined compressive strength of shale is very low which any drilling fluid that contains water phase further reduces. The Young’s modulus is very low which makes near wellbore deformation high. Based on the shale swelling testing, the all-oil fluid show no volume change occurred to the shale. When the same shale was exposed to the 7% KCl, about 16% increase in core volume occurred in 48 hours. This means that all samples allowed the water to flow into the shale formation.
The dynamics of a MOOC's learner-learner interaction over time: A longitudinal network analysis

Abstract Interaction is a principle of high-quality course design in online learning. Previous research shows that interaction in Massive Open Online Courses is crucial for learner retention and course completion. Using panel network data of 386 MOOC learners, this study explored the mechanisms that drive learner-learner interaction over time, specifically, the patterns and evolution of learner-learner interaction in a MOOC through a stochastic-actor-oriented model. The results contradicted previous evidence that learners reciprocate open communication (i.e., replies) in discussion forums and tend to interact with those to whom their direct connections reply. The extent to which learners interact with others similar to themselves (i.e., homophily) was not a statistically significant predictor of learner-learner interaction over time. Popularity, as measured by open communication, suggested preferential attachment in MOOC learners. High levels of affective communication received (i.e., likes) reduced open communication over time. Implications for practice are discussed, and future research that analyzes the quality of open communication over time is recommended.
The Comparative Performance of Online Referral Channels in E-Commerce

The means by which e-commerce websites can reach and track online customers have expanded enormously through the use of various digital marketing referral channels. However, evaluating comparative effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) across different referral channels remain difficult undertakings for many companies. This study aims to contribute to this line of investigation by quantifying the relative effectiveness, the dynamics, and the interdependencies among three types of major online referral channels: search engines, social media, and third-party websites. To this end, we employ the vector autoregressive (VARX) model on a large-scale clickstream dataset and have the following findings. Though search engine referrals demonstrate strong impact on sales, our results show that social media referrals have the strongest immediate and cumulative effects on e-commerce websites’ conversion rates. Our results also demonstrate the synergies and interdependencies across these channels. This study contributes to the multi-channel analytics literature and sheds new light to digital marketing managers on assessing the cumulative impact and the economic value of online referral channels.
WORK AGREEMENT BETWEEN MEDAN HAJI HOSPITAL AND TENDER WINNING CONTRACTORS (According To The Regulation Of The Governor Of North Sumatera No 52 Of 2015 Concerning Procurement Of Goods And Services Of Regional Public Services In Medan Haji Hospitals, North

Procurement of Goods and Services is expected to be carried out effectively and efficiently with the principles of fair competition, transparency, openness, and fair treatment for all parties, according to Presidential Regulation No. 54 of 2010 concerning Procurement of Government Goods and Services is an activity to obtain goods and services by the Ministry / Institutions / Work Units of Regional / Institutional Devices and Regulations of North Sumatra Governor No 52 of 2015 concerning Procurement of Goods and Services for Regional Public Service Agencies at other Medan Hajj Hospital in North Sumatra Province, the process of which starts from needs planning to all activities to obtain goods and services. The method used is a research method with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of this study explain first, that the implementation of the agreement carried out by field hajj hospital with the tender winner in the contract of procurement of goods and services carried out by the Hajj field hospital as stipulated in the North Sumatra Governor Regulation No. 52 of 2015 concerning Procurement of Public Service Goods and Services Region at Medan Haji Hospital North Sumatra Province As a responsibility when the default service provider means that it must be responsible for the service provider. Keywords: Implementation, Procurement, Legal Responsibilities.
Hilbert space model for functional data

In this Chapter we introduce some fundamental concepts of the theory of operators in a Hilbert space, and then focus of the properties of random samples in the space L 2 of square integrable functions. The space L 2 is sufficient to handle most procedures considered in this book. We also present a few technical results that fit into the framework considered in this chapter, and are used in subsequent chapters.
Income Imputation and the Analysis of Expenditure Data in the Consumer Expenditure Survey

The Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey began imputing income in its 2004 data. Imputation predicts income for households that reported receiving income but failed to report a specific value. In this study, I examine how income imputation affects analysis of the CE expenditure data. Most importantly, research that uses both income and expenditures from 2004 on will not have to restrict the sample to households that reported income. The expenditure results most sensitive to the introduction of income imputation are statistics that focus on households with low levels of expenditures.
El Sistema de Finito en la cláusula del bribri de Coroma según la gramática sistémico-funcional

Este articulo analiza los subsistemas que componen el sistema de FINITO en bribri en el marco de la gramatica sistemico-funcional de M.A.K. Halliday. A partir de la descripcion de cada uno de los subsistemas se intenta, al final, construir un posible sistema de FINITO para esta lengua. Tambien se aborda la cuestion de la transitividad disminuida en clausulas perfectivas negativas desde un punto de vista sistemico-funcional.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia: A review of the literature and report of two additional cases

Abstract Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a nonneoplastic, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of human salivary glands which is often confused clinically and histologically with squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. On the basis of thirty-three documented cases, the lesion occurs primarily in the minor salivary glands of the palate (87.9 percent), with 63.6 percent arising in the fifth and sixth decades (average 46.0 years, range 22 to 68 years). There is a marked predilection for males (ratio of males to females, 2.7 : 1) and a questionable predominance in Caucasians (60.6 percent). Numerous etiologic factors have been proposed; however, on the basis of previous animal experimentation, the lesion appears to be infarctive in nature.
The political economy of AIDS among drug users in the United States : Beyond blaming the victim or powerful others

It came and went in the blink of an eye and what seemed like a brilliant future for Marxist Anthropology in the mid-1970s now lies in a grave of dead-ended approaches bearing the epitaph ‘Political Economy’—the sign which for Marx summed up all that was critically in error in capitalist and capitalizing analysis, hence his sub-title to Capital, “A Critique of Political Economy.”
THE RELEVANCE OF NON-COLORBLIND TALK BETWEEN WHITE WOMEN AND NON-WHITE CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES: A DISCUSSION

The social construction of race in Western, and particularly American, contexts has contributed to white people not having to think about the personal meaning of being white and not needing to understand the relevance of race in the lives of people of color. The implications of this racial dynamic are considered in light of American demographic data documenting that the majority of mothers of black and white biracial children are white women. A number of American national and international research studies and literature reviews from Britain, Canada, and New Zealand that investigate white women’s experiences mothering non-white children are reviewed. The majority of the research on interracial families emphasizes black and white families as they represent the largest racial groups. This demographic trend will frame the current discussion. Historical dimensions of race in America are discussed, including the social construction of race, which has implications for the content of racial socialization messages transmitted by white mothers to their non-white children. An overview of cultural forces that contribute to colorblind talk between white mothers and their non-white children is provided.
The IS-LM Model: Is There a Connection Between Slopes and the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policy?

(1999). The IS-LM Model: Is There a Connection Between Slopes and the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policy? The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 373-382.
Actuarially Unfair Insurance and Downward‐Sloping Demand Curves for Giffen Goods

Barzel and Suen (Economic Journal, Vol. 102 (1992), No. 413, pp. 896–905) have shown that, if households can purchase actuarially fair insurance against higher prices, then goods which would have upward-sloping demand curves in the absence of the price insurance will have downward-sloping demand curves when the insurance is available. This note builds on their analysis by showing that, if the utility function is additively separable, then goods which would be Giffen in the absence of the insurance still have downward-sloping demand curves even when the price insurance exhibits certain types of actuarial unfairness.
Gene inactivation by multiphoton- targeted photochemistry

Multiphoton-targeted photochemistry was used to selectively inactivate the expression of genes in vertebrate cells. A membrane permeable DNA-associating vital dye, ethidium bromide monoacetate (visible wavelength single photon absorption peak at 530 nm) was used to photosensitize chromosomes in dividing cells. A 100-ps infrared laser beam operating at 1.06 microns was focused onto a selected region of a mitotic chromosome corresponding to the sites of the nucleolar (ribosomal) genes. Individual cells followed through mitosis demonstrated a reduction in the number of nucleoli formed in daughter cells that corresponded to the number of nucleolar genes sites irradiated. These results demonstrate the ability to selectively manipulate genes by using the focal point specificity characteristic of multiphoton microscopy. This technique should have wide biotechnology applications both in vitro and in vivo.
Variable feedback configuration control of a robotic finger to produce anthropomorphic motions

A robustly stable index finger control algorithm is presented which allows a robotic hand to learn from experience. The proposed algorithm considers a specific case of environment interaction that requires simultaneous motion and posture control of the manipulator. In preliminary experiments, hand motion profiles of ten human test subjects were recorded while running their hands over a contoured surface. It was observed that participants simultaneously adapted to the contour of the surface while maintaining consistent hand posture. Results from these experiments were used to create a human response model that the manipulator learned to mimic by varying the feedback configurations to the motor controllers of the index finger. Results verify that the variable feedback configuration (VFC) control algorithm produces more biomimetic motion by reducing the difference between the response of the robotic hand and the human model. Three trials were conducted with the VFC controller, with sequential improvements in human model error reduction and robotic hand posture seen in each trial.
Stimulation of novel phenolic metabolite, epoxy-pseudoisoeugenol-(2-methylbutyrate) (EPB), in transformed anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) root cultures by fish protein hydrolysates.

Abstract Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) were investigated for stimulating valuable phenolics production in transformed anise root cultures (Pimpinella anisum L.) for food and nutraceutical applications. Anise root cultures were grown in Murashige‐Skoog (MS) hormone free medium. Total phenolics in anise root cultures decreased with ASA and ASA/FPH treatments and may possibly be diverted to lignification as indicated by increase in guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity. Epoxy‐pseudoisoeugenol‐(2‐methylbutyrate) (EPB) production in root cultures in response to FPH treatment increased 3 fold compared to control and 6 fold higher compared to ASA treatment on day 60. The optimum concentration of FPH for EPB stimulation was 2 ml/L of standardized mackerel hydrolysates and if the concentration was higher than 2 ml/L, FPH was inhibitory to growth of root cultures. Antioxidant activity in all treatments was high on day 60 compared to day 30. On either day, there was no difference in ant...
A STUDY OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN THE MATHEMATICS CLASSROOM: A PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS APPROACH

This article examines the relationship between teachers' and students' personal constructs with regard to intrinsic motivation in the mathematics classroom. The research focused on (a) the ways in which teachers attempted to build student motivation into their lessons and (b) the belief systems of teachers as compared to those of their students. In a repertory grid task, students and teachers were asked to distinguish what they believed makes mathematics motivating. Results revealed that the individuals studied,whether teachers or students, were similar in their constructs systems. Both students and teachers tended to stress the interrelationship between arousal and control levels in determining the intrinsic motivation of mathematics activities. Despite these similarities, the extent to which teachers can anticipate the motivation of their students may depend more on teachers' personal conceptions of intrinsic motivation than their beliefs about their students. Most of the teachers studied had little notion of the motivational beliefs of their students. Results are examined in relation to the need to inform teachers regarding the dynamics of student motivation and to pay particular attention to the individual differences in students' motivational beliefs. In general, results indicate that when teachers are able to predict their students' beliefs, they are better able to fine-tune their instruction to turn kids on to mathematics. Research has shown that when children are motivated intrinsically' to perform an academic activity, they spend more time engaged in the activity, learn better, and enjoy the activity more than when they are motivated extrinsically (Lepper, 1988). Clearly, getting children to engage in learning "for its own sake" is a primary goal of educators: not only will children learn better at the immediate task, they will also tend to seek out similar activities in the future. Thus, designing intrinsically motivating activities is of paramount importance in developing lifelong learners. Why do children prefer intrinsically motivating activities? Is it because there is something "intrinsic" to the activity that induces them to engage, or could it be that there are certain characteristics of the activity that fit the individual's notion of motivation? The distinction between these two cases may seem trivial at first. Does it really matter to the educator if the motivation stems from the activity or from the child? In the case of mathematics, it seems that it does matter.
Calamity Peak layered granite-pegmatite complex, Black Hills, South Dakota: Part I. Structure and emplacement

The Calamity Peak pluton is a satellitic granite-pegmatite intrusion located 2 km southwest of the main Harney Peak Granite dome in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Many aspects of the structural development of the Calamity Peak pluton (∼1 km 2 ) mimic those of the larger Harney Peak dome (∼100 km 2 ); thus the model described here for the Calamity Peak pluton provides a general basis for evaluating the evolution of Proterozoic granite-pegmatite intrusives of the Harney Peak Granite system. The overall structure of the intrusive rocks at Calamity Peak is that of a dome, as shown by the general geometry of the pluton contacts and by a domical pattern of internal textural layering. Textural layering is defined by alternating bands of pegmatite and fine-grained granite 0.1-2.0 m thick. Fine-grained layers are in turn banded on a scale of 2-20 mm owing to modal variations of tourmaline, quartz, and feldspars. Textural differentiation of at least some of these layers resulted from segregation of initially homogeneous magmas into pegmatitic (upper) and aplitic (lower) components during crystallization. Relationships between the pluton and regionally dipping schistose country rocks, however, do not support a simple domal structure. Schistosity conforms to the contact only along the southern margin of the pluton, the side facing with the regional dip. Country-rock schistosity is at a high angle to the contact at the apparent floor of the pluton, which is exposed in the core of the "dome," and along the northern margin, the side that opposes the regional dip. In order to explain the structural observations, it is inferred that the initial intrusive body at Calamity Peak consisted of a flat-lying discordant sheet intruded into steeply dipping quartz-mica schist country rock; however, an arcuate sheet, concave downward, cannot be ruled out. New magma pulses (possibly several thousands) were successively emplaced along the hanging-wall contact of earlier pulses, as indicated by the upward truncation of early layers, creating a composite layered pluton. Intrusions of individual magma pulses were localized in three major composite sheets which form structurally and chemically discrete portions of the pluton. Growth of the pluton proceeded by forcible distension and plastic deformation of overlying country rocks; schistosity was molded into a conformable attitude in portions of the hanging wall, and pre-intrusive country-rock lineations were deflected around the pluton. The layered granite-pegmatite series is crosscut by four successive stages of fracture-filling bodies. The orientations and compositions of these bodies record the late stages in the structural and fluid evolution of the plutonic system.
Control mechanisms for transport and nonlinear optical response in organic materials: a tale of twists and barriers

Abstract Simple electronic structure models are used to address two significant challenges in organic materials chemistry, the design of chromophores for strong electro-optic response (and low-energy optical absorption), and the prediction of relative mobilities and charge injection barriers for conductive oligomers. For electro-optic response, we examine two chromophore classes where twisting around an inter-ring bond can tune the electronic structure from aromatic (zwitterionic) to quinoid (neutral). The calculated nonlinear response develops a very strong maximum ( β μ ∼ 1500 ×10 −30 esu) at twist angles near 80°. For the transport behavior, structure/function correlations are presented for three series of oligomers, based on calculations of bandwidths (as functions of geometry) and of reorganization energies. Transport type appears to be fixed less by these mobility factors than by the injection barriers. The simplest estimates for these Schottky-type barriers, using frontier orbital energies from density functional calculations, predict carrier n-type or p-type behavior remarkably well.
Eliminating canine rabies: the role of public-private partnerships.

Abstract Canine rabies has been eliminated from industrialized countries, but infected dogs remain the principal source of human infections in the developing world. Despite the availability of effective tools for prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis, canine rabies inflicts a heavy burden on the poorest people of Africa, Asia and Latin America, resulting in more than 60,000 deaths each year. Public–private partnerships offer a new approach to the challenge of eliminating canine rabies in the developing world, by bringing together stakeholders to share responsibilities and reduce costs. The leading partnership for rabies control, the Partners for Rabies Prevention, is an informal international group that includes representatives of major health organizations (WHO, PAHO, FAO, OIE), the European Commission, universities, nongovernmental organizations, the human and animal health industries, and private global health institutions. This article describes how the Partners for Rabies Prevention is working toward the global elimination of canine rabies. It forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on the elimination of canine rabies.