cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a dynamically accelerating dugdale-zone in elastic and viscoelastic material

Abstract A closed form solution and numerical simulation are presented for a dynamically accelerating, semi-infinite, anti-plane shear crack with a Dugdale-zone in an Achenbach-Chao linear viscoelastic solid in the limiting case of a vanishing equilibrium shear modulus. The solution is valid for arbitrary forward crack motion at speeds below the glassy shear wave speed. Motivated by previous experimental observations, special attention in the numerical simulation is given to the case of constant speed for the material crack-tip, which is defined to be the trailing edge of the Dugdale-zone. Even for this special case, the motion of the mathematical crack-tip, defined to be the leading edge of the Dugdale-zone at which the stress intensity factor cancellation condition is applied, is non-steady, necessitating the full generality of previously developed dynamically accelerating crack solutions. Comparison with results for elastic material is made and implications are drawn on the use of a critical crack opening displacement fracture criterion.
Creating Social Opportunities for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inclusive Settings

Increasing numbers of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are being included in general education settings. Learners with ASD can benefit from the general education curriculum, with some achieving at a high academic level. Yet, social communication and behavioral difficulties can present challenges to their successful inclusion. Instructional priorities for children with ASD include social communication interventions that teach children how to spontaneously initiate functional communication in academic and social contexts. This article describes evidence-based strategies that will help educators create opportunities for social interaction for students with ASD in the context of naturally occurring classroom activities and routines.
Theoretical analysis of lanchester-type combat between two homogeneous forces with supporting fires

This paper studies combat between two homogeneous forces modelled with variable-coefficient Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with supporting fires not subject to attrition. It shows that this linear differential-equation model for combat with supporting fires may be transformed into one without the supporting fires so that all the previous results for variable-coefficient Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare (without supporting fires) may be invoked. Consequently, new important results for representing the solution (i.e. force levels as functions of time) in terms of canonical Lanchester functions and also for predicting force annihilation are developed for this model with supporting fires. Important insights into the dynamics of combat between two homogeneous forces with such supporting fires are discussed.
Fictitious versus nonfictitious formulation of backward step flow

In this article we discuss the numerical results obtained by two methods to solve the incompressible viscous flow modelled by the Navier-Stokes equations for a backward step flow for Reynold's number Re=50. In the first method we have used a nonfictitious formulation of the problem and compared the result with the alternating direction method obtained by Glowinski. In the second method we have considered the fictitious formulation of the same problem based on the distributed Lagrange multiplier method. Our goal is to observe its behavior at the nonsmooth points, both with matching and nonmatching boundary points. In the fictitious formulation the step is treated as a nonmoving obstacle present in a channel by extending the flow region to a simplified rectangular domain. In this study, we find that our results compare very well for this stationary problem with nonsmooth boundary. Our solution method combines the finite element method and the operator splitting scheme of the Marchuk-Yanenko type.
Crystallisation of nepheline syenite in a subvolcanic magma system: Tenerife, canary islands

Abstract The late Quaternary phonolitic pumice deposits of Tenerife, Canary Islands, are the product of a periodically-tapped, periodically-replenished, zoned alkaline magma system. Nepheline syenite blocks occur as lithics in the deposits, and provide solidified representatives of the phonolite magmas. The blocks are considered to have crystallised in the roof zone of the active magma system at a depth of roughly 4 km beneath the Las Canadas caldera. Conversion of highly-differentiated phonolitic magma to solid nepheline syenite was achieved between 770° and 680°C. Quenched glass of extreme composition in one erupted block provides a sample of the last interstitial liquid; comparison of this sample with phonolitic pumice, and with fully crystallised syenites, allows reconstruction of the magmatic, interstitial and subsolidus crystallisation histories of nepheline syenite. Phases represented by the phenocryst assemblage of the most differentiated phonolitic pumices (sanidine, sodalite, nepheline, Na-poor pyroxene, biotite, sphene and magnetite) formed an initial crystal “mush”, containing abundant trapped liquid, on the walls of the magma chamber. Interstitial crystallisation, involving the conversion of pyroxene to Na-rich compositions, continued growth of felsic phases, and partial to complete consumption of biotite, sphene, magnetite and apatite, was accompanied by extreme sodium enrichment in the residual liquid. Stellate aegirine, lavenite, loparite and Mn-rich ilmenite are among the final products of magmatic crystallisation. Modification of feldspar primocrysts persisted into subsolidus conditions. It is suggested that complete solidification of an open-system alkaline magma chamber results in the formation of an alkaline alkaline ring complex.
Spatial learning induces predominant downregulation of cytosolic proteins in the rat hippocampus.

Spatial learning is known to depend on protein synthesis in the hippocampus. Whereas the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory is established, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. To comprehend the complex pattern of protein expression induced by spatial learning, we analyzed alterations in the rat hippocampus proteome after 7 days of spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Forty Wistar rats were randomized into two groups. Animals of group A learned to localize a hidden platform in the water maze. Animals of group B served as controls and spent exactly the same time in the water maze as animals of group A. However, no platform was used in this test and the rats could not learn to localize the target. After the last trial, hydrophilic proteins from the hippocampus were isolated. A proteome-wide study was performed, based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Compared with non-learning animals, 53 (70%) proteins were downregulated and 23 (30%) proteins were upregulated after 7 days in rats with spatial learning. The overall changes in protein expression, as quantified by the induction factor, ranged from −1.62 (downregulation to 62%) to 2.10 (upregulation by 110%) compared with controls (100%). Most identified proteins exhibit known functions in vesicle transport, cytoskeletal architecture, and metabolism as well as neurogenesis. These findings indicate that learning in the Morris water maze has a morphological correlate on the proteome level in the hippocampus.
Chemisorption Pathways and Catalytic Olefin Polymerization Properties of Group 4 Mono- and Binuclear Constrained Geometry Complexes on Highly Acidic Sulfated Alumina

Mono- and binuclear “constrained-geometry catalyst” (CGC) group 4 hydrocarbyls Me2Si(Me5C5)(tBuN)ZrMe2 [CGCZrMe2, 1], 1-Me2Si(3-ethylindenyl)(tBuN)ZrMe2 [EICGCZrMe2; Zr1, 2], (μ-CH2CH2-3,3′){(η5-indenyl)[1-Me2Si-(tBuN)](ZrMe2)}2 [EBICGC(ZrMe2)2, Zr2, 3], and (μ-CH2CH2-3,3′){(η5-indenyl)[1-Me2Si-(tBuN)](TiMe2)}2 [EBICGC(TiMe2)2, Ti2, 4] undergo rapid chemisorption on highly Bronsted acidic sulfated alumina (AlS) surfaces. 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy of the chemisorbed 13CαH3-enriched complexes EICGCZr13Me2/AlS (2*/AlS) and EBICGC(Zr13Me2)2/AlS (3*/AlS) reveals that chemisorption involves two processes, M−C σ-bond protonolysis at the strong surface Bronsted acid sites and heterolytic M−C scission with methide transfer to strong surface Lewis acid sites, forming similar “cation-like” electrophilic organo-group 4 complexes such as EICGCM13Me+. Relative rates of ethylene homopolymerization mediated by the catalysts prepared via chemisorption on AlS are 4/AlS > 2/AlS > 3/AlS > 1/AlS, for ethylene polymerization ...
Function Oriented Synthesis: Preparation and Initial Biological Evaluation of New A-Ring-Modified Bryologs.

Abstract The synthesis and biological evaluation of the first members of a new series of designed bryostatin A-ring analogues (bryologs) are described. An advanced intermediate is produced that allows for step economical access to diverse analogs. The first of these analogues, bearing side chains of completely different polarities from alkyl to hydroxyl and carboxyl functionalities, were evaluated. All exhibit potent protein kinase C binding (54.7–2.4 nM) with affinities increasing with decreasing side chain polarity. This series of bryostatin analogues demonstrates that A-ring surrogates can indeed be used for tuning pharmacophore and ADME characteristics as needed to improve bryolog function.
Wittgenstein on the transcendence of ethics

(1997). Wittgenstein on the transcendence of ethics. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 304-324.
Controlled deaeration of polymerization mixtures in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The inhibition by oxygen of the polymerization reaction yielding cross-linked polyacrylamide makes it necessary to control the oxygen concentration in the polymerization reaction mixture. In addition, polymerization within a convenlently short time (e.g., 30 min) is frequently not possible at acid to neutral pH values, in the presence of reactants such as buffers containing phenyl groups, and at low temperatures, unless the oxygen tension over the polymerization mixture is reduced. A simple device was constructed which allows for deacration of polymerization mixtures by an oil pump at low, controlled air pressures at the desired preset levels, and for a set time, by activation of a single switch.
The Narrative Ethics of Leopold's Sand County Almanac

Although philosophers often focus on the essays of Leopold's Sand County Almanac, especially "The Land Ethic," there is also a normative argument present in the stories that comprise most of the book. In fact the shack stories may be more persuasive, with a subtlety and complexity not available in his prose piece. This paper develops a narrative ethics methodology gleaned from rhetoric theory, and current interest in narrative ethics among literary theorists, in order to discern the normative underpinnings of the stories in Part 1. The narrative ethics approach sidesteps the need to ground the land ethic in ethical theory-which has been a reconstructive and problematic task for the philosophical interpreters of Leopold-and suggests, instead, that it emerges in Leopold's very effort to narrate his, professional, personal, and practical experience with nature. The involves examining the stories in terms of their emotional, logical and performative aspects. The result is an analysis that shows not only how these stories express normative claims, but also justify them. One conclusion of the analyses is that, in the narratives, there is less emphasis on the problematic notion of an over-arching "community" than in the prose pieces, and more emphasis on the metaphor of other living things as "fellow travelers" in the "odyssey of evolution." Second, the narratives take on an ironic attitude toward the ecological order, less discernable in the prose essays. The order itself may not be ethically admirable, but should be preserved since it makes possible any ethical relations within it. Thus, the narrative reading suggests some temperance to the usual holistic interpretation of his land ethic and its concomitant criticisms especially the charge of ecofacism. We should not take the land ethic imperative at its face value, in the sense that the good of the order itself is an intrinsic good. In the narratives, individuals are shown not merely to be means to the ecological whole, but the focus of sympathy and concern, in a manner that demands their good should also be an object of moral consideration.
Development of candidate HIV vaccines using VSV vectors to express membrane-anchored MPER immunogen

Background The HIV-neutralizing activity of monoclonal antibodies 2F5, 4E10, and Z13 have shown that the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV Env is an important vaccine target, but development of an immunogen that elicits similar virus-neutralizing antibody responses against the MPER from a wide range of subtypes has been difficult to achieve. It has been proposed that a MPER immunogen must be membrane-associated to adopt the conformation needed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, and accordingly, we have developed Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) Vectors that express membrane-anchored MPER epitopes.
Overview of the atmospheric visibility monitoring (AVM) program

The objective of the Atmospheric VIsibility Monitoring (AVM) program at the JPL is to obtain atmospheric transmission statistics data to support free-space optical communications experiments and missions. Atmospheric transmission data is collected through a set of three autonomous systems, all located in the south-western US, that observe the stars throughout the year. Data from the three sites are collected and processed on a regular basis to obtain cumulative distribution functions of atmospheric attenuation at different spectral regions. These data will be used to determine site diversity information. In addition, work is underway to build a database of atmospheric transmission data collected by the AVM program and to upgrade the AVM systems to obtain improved data at the important 1.06 micrometers wavelength.
Teaching leadership as a non‐positional phenomenon

Proposes that leadership is effective influence, is not authority‐position dependent, can be taught and learned in non‐positional settings and is vital to developing managerial potential. Proposes 11 criteria for implementing a non‐positional leadership instructional process. Provides a summary of an initial offering of such a course, emphasizing proactive self‐assessment, which argues for the validity and appropriateness of these concepts. Data are presented which suggest that the psychological make‐ups and predispositions of students should be considered in designing and implementing courses employing the concept of non‐positional leadership.
Survival Curves, Prevalence Rates, and Dark Matters Therein

Survival curves are a visual aid to help us think about interrelationships between chronic morbidity, disability, and mortality. Prevalence rates indicate a population's morbidity and disability st...
Mantle Plumes: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Mantle plumes are blobs of relatively hot, low-density mantle that because of their buoyancy, rise through the surrounding mantle. The existence of mantle plumes in the Earth was first suggested in 1963 by J. Tuzo Wilson at the University of Toronto as an explanation of oceanic island chains, such as the Hawaiian and Emperor volcanic chains, which change progressively in age along the chain. Wilson proposed that as lithospheric plates move over fixed hot spots (the mantle plumes), volcanism is recorded as a linear array of volcanic seamounts and islands parallel to the direction the plate is moving. In 1971, W. Jason Morgan at Princeton University suggested that flood basalts were formed by the melting of plume heads, whereas hot spot volcanic chains were derived from partial melting of plume tails. He also showed that closely spaced hot spots on the same plate had not moved significantly relative to each other, and he suggested this was evidence that the plumes had come from the core-mantle boundary.
Comparison of intubation modalities in a simulated cardiac arrest with uninterrupted chest compressions.

Background Interruptions in chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can negatively impact survival. Several new endotracheal intubation (ETI) techniques including video laryngoscopy may allow for ETI with minimal or no interruptions in chest compressions. We sought to determine the impact of three different ETI techniques upon time to intubation (TTI) in a simulated cardiac arrest during uninterrupted chest compression. Methods We performed a randomised crossover study with a convenience sample of emergency physicians using three different ETI techniques: direct laryngoscopy (DL), GlideScope video laryngoscopy (GVL) and GlideScope video laryngoscopy with bougie (GVL-B). Providers performed ETI on a manikin on a hospital bed with concurrent chest compressions. Our primary outcome, TTI, was defined as the time from insertion of the laryngoscope blade until first breath. Given the correlated nature of the data, we used the paired t test to assess the differences in mean TTIs between GVL minus DL and GVL-B minus DL. We also ran the analysis stratified by provider experience. Results We enrolled 20 providers with a median TTI (IQR) by device of: DL 27 s (20.3, 35.4), GVL 20.6 s
Effect of inorganic filler size on electrochemical performance of nanocomposite cation exchange membranes for salinity gradient power generation

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technique that can capture electrical potential from mixing two water streams of different salt concentrations through permselective ion exchange membranes. Effective design of ion exchange membranes through structure optimization is critical to increase the feasibility of salinity gradient power production by RED. In this work, we present the preparation of organic–inorganic nanocomposite cation exchange membranes (CEMs) containing sulfonated polymer, poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), and sulfonated silica (SiO2–SO3H). The effect of silica filler size at various loading concentrations on membrane structures, electrochemical properties, and the RED power performance is investigated. The membranes containing larger fillers (70 nm) at 0.5 wt% SiO2–SO3H exhibited a relatively favorable electrochemical characteristic for power performance: an area resistance of 0.85 Ω cm2, which is around 9.3% lower than the resistance of the membranes with smaller particle fillers (15 nm). The power performance of this nanocomposite CEM in a RED stack showed the highest gross power density of 1.3 W m−2: 10% higher power output compared with the membranes containing small particle size and 21% higher than that of commercially available FKS membrane. The goal of the present work is to develop an effective design for tailor-made CEMs for RED applications. Thus, a further optimized combination of material properties and membrane structure appears to be a viable option for the development of nanocomposite ion exchange materials that could provide greater power production by RED.
THE AMERICAN MORPHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In the abstract (p. 312 above) of Professor Wm. A. Locy9s paper before the American Morphological Society, ‘New Facts Regarding the Development of the Olfactory Nerve,’ the first sentence should read: ‘The early embryonic history of the olfactory nerve is very imperfectly known,’ instead of ‘is known,’ and the closing sentence should read: ‘It was also shown to persist in the adult,’ instead of ‘to perish in the adult.’ Credit should also be given to the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund for providing the material upon which the research was conducted.
Sedimentation Properties of RNA Species homologous to Mitochondrial DMA in HeLa Cells

Most of the RNA homologous to mitochondrial DNA in HeLa cells is represented by species with sedimentation coefficients between 9S and 15S—with a prominent 12S component—and by 4S RNA. No ribosomal RNA species hybridizable with mitochondrial DNA were detected: similarly, the 21S RNA present in crude mitochondrial preparations had no appreciable sequence homology to mitochondrial DNA.
Simulation of three-dimensional transient performance in micro-pump

Increasing efforts are being directed towards applying the technologies of micro-fluidic, to the development of micro-devices for a wide range of applications such as medical, biological and related technologies. In the present study, the transient performance of the micro-pump will be investigated numerically. The micro-screw pump operation depends on the surface sweep forces. It consists of a screw placed inside a micro-channel. When the screw rotates, a net force is transferred to the fluid due to the differential pressure on the depth of the thread and pressure gradient along the screw axis, thus causing the fluid to displace. The present numerical investigation is a comparative study of transient flow behavior in a micro-channel with rotating screw with different cross-sectional geometries. The effect of screw thread, pitch, Reynolds number and pump load were studied. The thread was determined to be the geometrical parameter that affected the transient performance of the micro-pump the most significantly. The development of the drag, lift and moment coefficients was studied for different geometrical and flow conditions. This work provides crucial fundamentals for different applications.
Band theory of K-edge transitions in Li

Abstract APW band calculations of the soft X-ray K absorption and emission spectra of Li are used to discuss the extent to which various conflicting theories and measurements of absorption, emission, electron-energy-loss, and photoemission can be reconciled.
Impact of taking antiepileptic drugs at school in a group of children and adolescents.

The impact of epilepsy on the quality of life can be significant. Peer acceptance is important for the social adjustment of children. Even children with controlled seizures may appear different from their peers if they are required to leave the classroom to take antiepileptic drugs. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if there is a measurable effect on peer relationships in children having to leave the classroom or recess time to take antiepileptic medications in a school setting. Results of surveys mailed or distributed by a pharmacist were obtained from 47 children, aged 6 to 18 years. Children who reported poor seizure control were significantly more likely to have trouble making friends compared with those with seizures controlled (70% vs 27%, P = 0.02). Even though the majority reported good seizure control (7/8), the children who left the classroom to take medications reported that they had significantly more trouble making friends than those who did not leave the classroom (63% vs 21%, P = 0.03). Therefore, the effect of taking medication at school may be associated with a significant decrease in social and peer relationships, even in children with self-reported good seizure control.
The use of a discriminant function in the treatment of psychological group differences

A technique for determining a set of weights for the linear combination of a number of measures is applied to a concrete problem. The set of weights meets the criterion of maximum separation of the total scores of two different occupational groups.
Turbulence spectra in smooth- and rough-wall pipe flow at extreme Reynolds numbers

Well-resolved streamwise velocity spectra are reported for smooth- and rough-wall turbulent pipe flow over a large range of Reynolds numbers. The turbulence structure far from the wall is seen to be unaffected by the roughness, in accordance with Townsend’s Reynolds number similarity hypothesis. Moreover, the energy spectra within the turbulent wall region follow the classical inner and outer scaling behaviour. While an overlap region between the two scalings and the associated law are observed near , the behaviour is obfuscated at higher Reynolds numbers due to the evolving energy content of the large scales (the very-large-scale motions, or VLSMs). We apply a semi-empirical correction (del Alamo & Jimenez, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 640, 2009, pp. 5–26) to the experimental data to estimate how Taylor’s frozen field hypothesis distorts the pseudo-spatial spectra inferred from time-resolved measurements. While the correction tends to suppress the long wavelength peak in the logarithmic layer spectrum, the peak nonetheless appears to be a robust feature of pipe flow at high Reynolds number. The inertial subrange develops around where the characteristic region is evident, which, for high Reynolds numbers, persists in the wake and logarithmic regions. In the logarithmic region, the streamwise wavelength of the VLSM peak scales with distance from the wall, which is in contrast to boundary layers, where the superstructures have been shown to scale with boundary layer thickness throughout the entire shear layer. Moreover, the similarity in the streamwise wavelength scaling of the large- and very-large-scale motions supports the notion that the two are physically interdependent.
Financial crisis containment and its governance implications

This article analyzes financial crisis containment from a governance perspective. It depicts crisis containment decision-making as a technically highly challenging process that should be largely depoliticized. Deviating from the existing well-worn paradigms, the article argues that efficient financial crisis containment requires a clear institutional and legal framework with an explicit allocation of responsibilities and proper channels of accountability. It models a governance framework, the core of which is a crisis containment council. Shared responsibility and accountability on the part of the council members as they seek crisis containment would incentivize them to collaboratively decide on containment policies that correspond with the interests of social welfare.
What determines choice of limb for unimanual reaching movements

Currently, relatively little is known about what drives the choice of limb for goal-oriented reaching. Traditionally, the explanation has been tied predominately to motor dominance as manifested in handedness. This article offers data and an argument suggesting that handedness can be modified by attentional (spatial) information. Although motor dominance may be the controlling factor in the programming and execution of reaching movements at the midline and hemispace ipsilateral (same side) to the dominant limb, attentional information alters the programming of movements in what would be contralateral space. The general trend of behavior is characterized by reaching on the same side as the stimulus, in ipsilateral fashion, a phenomenon explained by kinesthetic efficiency and hemispheric bias.
Incorporating Concept Mapping in Project-Based Learning: Lessons from Watershed Investigations

The concept map tool set forth by Novak and colleagues is underutilized in education. A meta-analysis has encouraged teachers to make extensive use of concept mapping, and researchers have advocated computer-based concept mapping applications that exploit hyperlink technology. Through an NSF sponsored geosciences education grant, middle and secondary science teachers participated in professional development to apply computer-based concept mapping in project-based learning (PBL) units that investigated local watersheds. Participants attended a summer institute, engaged in a summer through spring online learning academy, and presented PBL units at a subsequent fall science teachers’ convention. The majority of 17 teachers who attended the summer institute had previously used the concept mapping strategy with students and rated it highly. Of the 12 teachers who continued beyond summer, applications of concept mapping ranged from collaborative planning of PBL projects to building students’ vocabulary to students producing maps related to the PBL driving question. Barriers to the adoption and use of concept mapping included technology access at the schools, lack of time for teachers to advance their technology skills, lack of student motivation to choose to learn, and student difficulty with linking terms. In addition to mitigating the aforementioned barriers, projects targeting teachers’ use of technology tools may enhance adoption by recruiting teachers as partners from schools as well as a small number that already are proficient in the targeted technology and emphasizing the utility of the concept map as a planning tool.
Design and Operational Aspects of All-Electric Thruster Control Systems for Geostationary Satellites

Results of an all-electric thruster control concept study for geostationary satellites are presented. Early work on this type of system emphasized feasibility rather than design and operational aspects. Conservative estimates of 1975 technology were used as guides in selecting possible thruster combinations and component sites to satisfy basic mission requirements and constraints. The present work goes beyond 1975 technology to that of the late 1970's and considers innovations in hardware and operational techniques which may permit significant reductions in control system weight and components. Finally, recommendations regarding thruster development and satellite design compatible with optimum all-electric control systems are offered. It is concluded that, for systems without momentum wheels or gyros, three orthogonal components of control torque and continuous yaw sensing are required to ensure a stable automatic control system. Furthermore, alternating use of different inclination control thrusters will be highly desirable if these thrusters are canted away from the orbit normal direction due to plume impingement problems.
High‐definition displays and technology trends in TFT‐LCDs

— The current status of flat-panel-display (FPD) technologies is outlined, with emphasis on liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). Recently announced high-density LCDs, their structures, and their underlying technologies are summarized and compared. Technology trends in thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCDs are discussed. Advancements in a-Si TFT technology are reviewed; in particular, the geometry, structure, and materials of TFTs, gate bus-line metallization, storage capacitors, self-aligned doping methods, viewing angle, aperture ratio, and power consumption are discussed. Emerging poly-Si TFT-LCD technology is presented. Its advantages in integrating peripheral driver circuits, improving pixel density, and image quality as compared to the a-Si TFT counterparts are reported. Projection high-definition liquid-crystal modules fabricated by using a-Si and poly-Si TFTs are compared. Scaling up of the substrate size and scaling down TFT geometry are the two main directions for the poly-Si TFT; this should enable large-size high-definition direct-view panel fabrication and will enhance the image quality of these displays.
Reaction Progress Analysis: Powerful Tool for Understanding Suzuki―Miyaura Reaction and Control of Polychlorobiphenyl Impurity

Cross coupling of unsaturated aryl or vinyl triflates/halides with aryl boronic acids using Pd as catalyst (Suzuki coupling) have become increasingly attractive for making the heterocoupled product (Ar−Ar′). However, most Pd cycle reactions produce some homocoupled impurity. This is a major concern when the impurities are polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). To understand and control the impurity formation was the most important challenge. This contribution demonstrates how reaction progress analysis along with mathematical modeling can be used to gain fundamental understanding and postulate reaction mechanism, providing an insight on how to reduce the amount of byproduct generated in the catalytic cycle with a limited number of experiments (typically three). Fundamentals, such as stability of catalyst, catalyst poisoning, inhibition, and reaction mechanism, can also be answered with these limited number of experiments. Characterization of the catalytic cycle led to a semi-batch addition regime of boronic acid, wh...
Complex Motions in Horizontal Impact Pairs With a Periodic Excitation

In this paper, the horizontal impact pair with a periodic excitation is studied from the theory of discontinuous dynamical system. Analytical conditions for motion switching are obtained. From generic mappings, analytical prediction of periodic motion is presented, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation analysis are carried out. Periodic and chaotic motions are illustrated numerically.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Induced Transcriptional Expression of Bacillus subtilis Amino Acid Permease yvbW in Response to Leucine Limitation

T box sequences have been identified upstream of a large number of uncharacterized genes such as transporters in bacterial genomes. Expression of each T box family gene is induced by limitation for a specific amino acid. T box family genes contain an untranslated leader region containing a factor-independent transcriptional terminator upstream of the structural genes. The anticodon of uncharged tRNA base-pairs with the leader mRNA at a codon referred to as the specifier sequence, inducing formation of an alternative antiterminator structure, allowing expression of the structural genes. There are several additional conserved primary sequence and secondary structural elements. Analysis of these elements can be used to predict the identity of the specifier codon and the amino acid signal. Bacillus subtilis hypothetical amino acid permease, yvbW, was analyzed as an example of this type of transcriptional regulatory prediction suggesting expression in response to leucine limitation. Expression was induced up to 130-fold in response to leucine limitation, utilizing a yvbW-lacZ transcriptional fusion. These data suggest that hypothetical amino acid permease YvbW may participate in leucine metabolism. A yvbW knockout strain was generated, although the substrate specificity for the putative amino acid permease was not identified.
Linear and nonlinear algorithms for identification in H/sub infinity / with error bounds

A linear algorithm and a nonlinear algorithm for the problem of system identification in H/sub infinity / posed by Helmicki et al. (1990) for discrete-time systems are presented. The authors derive some error bounds for the linear algorithm which indicate that it is not robustly convergent. However, the worst-case identification error is shown to grow as log(n), where n is the model order. A robustly convergent nonlinear algorithm is derived, and bounds on the worst-case identification error (in the H/sub infinity / norm) are obtained. >
Comparative toxicity of some naturally occurring and synthetic non-protein amino acids

Abstract Evaluation of the comparative toxicity of 55 non-protein amino acids, in terms of their effect on growth of Lemna minor, revealed that these compounds possess a wide diversity in their growth-inhibiting ability. Replacement of the sulphur atom by selenium in protein amino acids and certain fluoro-substitution was toxic. Addition of a methyl or phenyl group to the carbon skeleton of an individual protein amino acid did not affect Lemna growth. The tested amino acids were arranged in order of their decreasing toxicity and, for convenience, were divided into five groups based on their relative toxicity. Group I included the most disruptive secondary amino acids and members of Group II and III exhibited an intermediate growth inhibiting capacity. Slightly toxic secondary amino acids and compounds which had no discernible effect on Lemna growth were placed in Group IV and V, respectively.
CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE: POSSIBLY NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTRIBUTES TO PENILE ERECTION IN MONKEYS

Abstract The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the cavernous tissue and the erectile response to intracavernous injection of CGRP was investigated in 7 monkeys. Intracavernous CGRP increased cavernous arterial flow and induced cavernous smooth muscle relaxation and venous outflow occlusion. Intracavernous injection of CGRP antibody did not significantly change the erectile response to cavernous nerve stimulation. Histologic staining for CGRP immunoreactivity showed nerve fiber-like staining within the cavernous arterial wall and the cavernous smooth muscles. These data suggest that CGRP may contribute to penile erection monkeys.
Characterization of GaAs MESFET gate capacitances

An accurate and simple technique to characterize gate capacitances of small-geometry gallium-arsenide (GaAs) MESFETs is presented. The gate capacitive current is converted into voltage and detected by a lock-in amplifier. Subfemtofarad accuracy is achieved. A set of MESFETs with minimum channel length of 0.8 mu m and various channel widths has been accurately characterized. The gate-to-drain and gate-to-source capacitances show strong bias dependences. >
First‐order corrections to infinite dilution fugacity coefficients using computer simulation

The relative merits of various approaches using computer simulation methods for estimating first-order correction terms to Henry's law in dilute supercritical mixtures are investigated. Three thermodynamic formulations are provided for the calculation of these properties. One method, termed the fluctuation integral approach, requires the explicit calculation of solute-solvent pair correlation functions at the infinite dilution limit, which is a difficult task for simulations given the conflicting demands of both small numbers of solute species (for approximating the infinite dilution limit) as well as the need for large numbers of solute species to improve simulation statistics. A second approach, called the pressure gradient method, does not require the explicit, determination of these solute-solute functions and, as a result, is not as sensitive to the choice of system size and other difficulties associated with establishing an adequate ensemble size and/or number of solute species to be used in the simulations. The third approach uses the exact formulation for the property of interest using Kirkwood-Buff theory. This approach, however, requires all the solute pair correlation functions to be established, making it the most sensitive to issues concerning number of solute species used in the simulations, and so on. An examples is given showing simulation results for these approaches, illustrating their respective strengths and drawbacks.
Active sensing using impedance-based ARX models and extreme value statistics for damage detection

In this paper, the applicability of an auto-regressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX) in the frequency domain to structural health monitoring (SHM) is established. Damage sensitive features that explicitly consider non-linear system input/output relationships are extracted from the ARX model. Furthermore, because of the non-Gaussian nature of the extracted features, Extreme Value Statistics (EVS) is employed to develop a robust damage classifier. EVS provides superior performance to standard statistical methods because the data of interest are in the tails (extremes) of the damage sensitive feature distribution. The suitability of the ARX model, combined with EVS, to non-linear damage detection is demonstrated using vibration data obtained from a laboratory experiment of a three-story building model. It is found that the vibration-based method, while able to discern when damage is present in the structure, is unable to localize the damage to a particular joint. An impedance-based active sensing method using piezoelectric (PZT) material as both an actuator and a sensor is then investigated as an alternative solution to the problem of damage localization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHASE CONJUGATE DEGENERATE FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN MOLECULAR AGGREGATES

Abstract We investigate phase conjugate degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in molecular aggregates consisting of N interacting, homogeneously broadened two-level systems in a cyclic configuration with a dimension much smaller than an optical wavelength. The interaction includes both the static dipole-dipole coupling and superradiant coupling. We show that, in general the size dependence of χ(3) is determined by the relative magnitudes of the homogeneous dephasing rate and the superradiant decay rate. We predict the existence of a narrow dephasing-induced resonance superposed on the broader superradiant exciton lineshape.
Incorporation of Thymidine and its Analogue, Bromodeoxyuridine, into Embryos and Maternal Tissues of the Mouse

Following the injection of pregnant mice on the tenth day of gestation with either 200 μCi/kg 3H-thymidine or 200 μCi/kg 3H-bromodeoxyuridine, the half-life of labelled nucleotides in the acid-soluble fraction was found to be of the order of 30 min in various maternal tissues and placentas, and approximately 60–80 min in the embryos. There appears to be no discrimination in turnover rate between thymidine (TdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The administration of a single injection containing 200 μCi/kg 3H-BrdU plus 500 mg/kg BrdU (a known teratogenic dose) resulted in increased labelled nucleotide half-lives in all of the tissues except the embryos. These increased half-lives ranged from 149 min in the maternal liver to 75 min in the kidneys. The turnover rate of labelled nucleotides in the embryos did not change significantly from those observed following a trace dose of 3H-BrdU. The time course of incorporation of label into the DNA of the various tissues was determined following the injection of the trace doses of 3H-TdR or 3H-BrdU. Significant amounts of DNA label were found in all tissues studied except maternal liver and kidneys, the bulk of the incorporation occurring within one hour of administration. The DNA specific radioactivity had begun to decline by 8 h after injection but was still demonstrable at 48 h. When the teratogenic dose of BrdU was administered along with the 3H-BrdU, the time course of incorporation of label was very similar in all tissues, with the exception of the embryo and maternal intestine, to that observed following injection of the trace dose of 3H-BrdU. The fact that radioactivity found in the DNA fractions after the injection of 3H-BrdU was due to labelled bromouracil, was established by thin-layer chromatography of DNA bases. At a time in mouse development when BrdU is capable of producing congenital defects in vivo, it is present at its presumed intracellular site of action, the DNA molecule. It is suggested that this demonstration supports the contention that, to study the role of teratogens in the interference with normal differentiation, it is essential to show their presence at their suspected site of action during morphogenesis.
RU 486 in France and England: Corporate Ethics and Compulsory Licensing

PIP: Prospects for the introduction of RU-486 into the US in the foreseeable future are not good. The governments of France and England moved forward expeditiously with testing and approval of the drug. The legal developments surrounding the introduction of RU-486 in France and England as well as American, French, and English legal issues of corporate responsibility for licensing valuable drugs and compulsory licensing are outlined. The French government on October 28, 1988, ordered the company Roussel-Uclaf to resume plans to distribute RU-486 out of concern for public health and stated that RU-486 was the moral property of women. Roussel-Uclaf agreed to resume plans for distribution. RU-486 suits were finally decided in late 1990 and early 1991 by the State Council, France's highest administrative court, which issued a series of significant rulings. The French government issued new rules prohibiting the use of RU-486 by women who are heavy smokers or over 35 years old and modifying the dose of prostaglandin to be administered because of an RU-486-related death of an overweight 31-year old woman. In England, RU-486 was initially approved in July 1991. The conditions set were similar to those in France: the drug would have be used within 9 weeks of amenorrhea, as opposed to 7 in France; women over 35 or moderate to heavy smokers would be ineligible; and visits 36-48 hours later would be necessary to have a prostaglandin administered with check ups 7-10 days later. The hostility of the current US administration to the introduction of RU-486 blocks access to the drug. In 1989, the Food and Drug Administration placed reluctant to enter the American market. Under the Bush administration there is little possibility that the American government will act and take an active role in facilitating access to RU-486.
Circadian periodicity of the urine 17-hydroxycorticosteroid level in atherosclerosis and hypertension

A circadian rhythm of the urine 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) in normal state and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and hypertension is presented. Some abnormalities of the circadian periodicity of the 17-OHCS in these groups are discussed.
HD 199143 and HD 358623: Two recently identified members of the β Pictoris moving group

HD 199143 and HD 358623 (BD-17 ◦ 6128) are two sets of binary stars which are physically associated and 48 pc from Earth. We present heliocentric radial velocities and high lithium abundances which establish these stars as members of the ∼12 Myr-old β Pictoris Moving Group. We also present mid-IR photometric measurements which show no firm evidence for warm dust around all four stars.
Inhibition of DNA Methylation and Reactivation of Silenced Genes by Zebularine

Background: Gene silencing by abnormal methylation of promoter regions of regulatory genes is commonly associated with cancer. Silenced tumor suppressor genes are obvious targets for reactivation by methylation inhibitors such as 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-CR) and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5Aza-CdR). However, both compounds are chemically unstable and toxic and neither can be given orally. We characterized a new demethylating agent, zebularine [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one], which is a chemically stable cytidine analog. Methods: We tested the ability of zebularine to reactivate a silenced Neurospora crassa gene using a hygromycin gene reactivation assay. We then analyzed the ability of zebularine to inhibit DNA methylation in C3H 10T1/2 Cl8 (10T1/2) mouse embryo cells as assayed by induction of a myogenic phenotype and in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells, using the methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE) assay. We also evaluated the effects of zebularine (administered orally or intraperitoneally) on growth of EJ6 human bladder carcinoma cells grown in BALB/c nu/nu mice (five mice per group) and the in vivo reactivation of a methylated p16 gene in these cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: In N. crassa, zebularine inhibited DNA methylation and reactivated a gene previously silenced by methylation. Zebularine induced the myogenic phenotype in 10T1/2 cells, which is a phenomenon unique to DNA methylation inhibitors. Zebularine reactivated a silenced p16 gene and demethylated its promoter region in T24 bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in tumors grown in mice. Zebularine was only slightly cytotoxic to T24 cells in vitro (1 mM zebularine for 48 hours decreased plating efficiency by 17% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.8% to 21.2%]) and to tumor-bearing mice (average maximal weight change in mice treated with 1000 mg/kg zebularine = 11% [95% CI = 4% to 19%]). Compared with those in control mice, tumor volumes were statistically significantly reduced in mice treated with high-dose zebularine administered by intraperitoneal injection (P<.001) or by oral gavage (P<.001). Conclusions: Zebularine is a stable DNA demethylating agent and the first drug in its class able to reactivate an epigenetically silenced gene by oral administration. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:399–409]