cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative changes of amino acid distributions in the rat vestibular nuclear complex after unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy

: Changes of amino acid concentrations in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) during lesion-induced vestibular compensation were studied in rats after unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy. Distributions of 12 amino acids within the VNC were measured at 2, 4, 7, and 30 days after surgery, using microdissection of freeze-dried brain sections and HPLC. Glutamate decreased on the lesioned side in nearly all VNC regions. Changes were fully developed 2 days after lesion and persisted through 30 days. In some regions, glutamate decreased also on the unlesioned side, especially at longer survival times, so that bilateral asymmetries became reduced. Aspartate changes were similar to those of glutamate on either side. Lesion-induced glutamine asymmetry was usually opposite to that of glutamate. Although GABA concentration decreased at early survival times, it recovered at later times and sometimes increased in dorsal parts of lateral and medial nuclei. Taurine changes were similar to those of GABA in most regions. Glycine change was primarily limited to a bilateral decrease in the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus. Concentrations of other amino acids were much lower, but some showed postlesion changes.
Detection-based tracking for crowded targets in distributed visual sensor networks

Visual sensor networks (VSNs) have generated a new emerging interdisciplinary research field and got attentions from many diverse research disciplines due to their potentials to solve problems in multi-camera applications. Since each camera node has limited processing, sensing, energy, and bandwidth capabilities, collaboration in sensor networks is required not only to compensate the limitations of nodes but also to improve the accuracy and robustness of the network. In this paper, we present collaborative target detection and tracking algorithm for crowded targets in VSNs, a challenging problem because of the extremely higher data rate and the directional sensing characteristics of cameras. In traditional detection-based tracking algorithms, targets are detected at the intersections of the back-projected 2D cones of each target generated at different sensor nodes. However, the existence of visual occlusions would generate many false alarms. In our approach, instead of resolving the uncertainty about target existence at the intersections, we identify and study the non-occupied areas in 2D cones and generate the so-called certainty map of non-existence of targets. Additionally, we propose a dynamic itinerary for progressive certainty map integration where a limited amount of data is transmitted among only a limited number of nodes. When the confidence of the certainty map is satisfied, targets are detected at the unresolved regions on the certainty map and a Gaussian-based motion model is applied to track targets. Based on the results from real experiments, the proposed distributed method shows effectiveness in tracking accuracy.
403 CEREBRAL RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEONATAL SHEEP BRAIN: EFFECTS OF FETAL THYROIDECTOMY

Cerebral structural and metabolic changes have been associated with reduced fetal and perinatal thyroid function in several species. In the present study several indices of neuronal function were assessed in lambs who were thyroidectomized at 64-67 days of gestational age. RNA synthesis measured by the rate of C14 orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA from six samples each of several brain regions did not differ for the cerebral cortex of hypothyroid (T4=4.1 ± 1.2 μg/ml TSH=37.5 ± 10.1 ng/ml) as compared with euthyroid (T4=9.2 ± 1.4; TSH=3.1 ± 1.2) lambs; mitochrondrial RNA synthesis was significantly reduced in the thalamus and hypothalamus (12%; p <.02) and in the cerebellar cortex (18%; p <.02) of hypothyroid animals. Protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of C14 leucine into synaptosomal protein, was significantly reduced in the hypothyroid lambs; in presynaptic nerve endings from the cerebral cortex (32%; p<.01), thalamus and hypothalamus (17%, p<.02) and cerebellar cortex (53%; p<.01). The cellular and synaptic changes attending perinatal hypothyroidism are reflected in regional changes in the synthesis of macromolecules relevant to effective cerebral functions.
A system for accurate on-line calibration of multiple unit potential recording

Abstract A tested circuit diagram is provided for on-line calibrations of integrated multiple nerve cell unit potential recordings. The calibration device meets requirements of validity and reliability necessary for accurate calibration and quantification.
Prevention of sudden death in survivors of myocardial infarction: A decision analysis approach

Abstract During the first year after myocardial infarction, 5% to 15% of patients die, and the majority of deaths occur suddenly. Highly efficacious therapy, such as the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, may reduce the chance of sudden death, but broad application is limited by associated risks. Hence, attempts to identify patients at high risk so they can receive therapy are desirable. Subgroups with high or low sudden death risks can be identified based on left ventricular function. Further risk stratification using programmed electrical stimulation and the signal-averaged ECG has been advocated, but the best strategy is unknown. Using a decision analysis model, we compared the 1-year survival rates in survivors of myocardial infarction treated with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator either empirically or based on screening with the signal-averaged ECG and programmed electrical stimulation. The best strategy for selecting patients for therapy depended on the pre-therapy sudden death risk. For patients at low risk, such as those with well-preserved ventricular function, antiarrhythmic therapy selected with screening tests or given empirically increased both the mortality rate resulting from the adverse effects of therapy and the excellent survival rate without therapy. In the moderate-risk population, both empiric and stratified approaches reduced mortality, but stratification substantially limited the number of patients receiving unnecessary therapy. In the high-risk population, empiric treatment achieved the best survival rate, and screening resulted in only a small reduction in the number of patients treated unnecessarily. Thus, to optimize cardioverter-defibrillator benefits, screening tests should be reserved for patients at moderate risk, such as those with moderately depressed ventricular function, while empiric treatment will achieve the lowest mortality rate in the high-risk group.
Modern Medicine and Folk Cognition in Rural India

In an earlier paper dealing with the impact of technological change on the medical practices of some villagers in North India, I conceptualized a distinction between chronic nonincapacitating dysfunctions and critical incapacitating dysfunctions. By chronic nonincapacitating dysfunction were meant, conditions manifesting drawn-out periods of suffering, sometimes cyclical in character, usually not fatal (or fatal by slow degrees), and only partially debilitating (enabling the sufferer to maintain a semblance of his daily routine).1
Orienting molecules via an ir and uv pulse pair: Implications for coherent Raman spectroscopy

Spatial orientation of molecules is a pervasive issue in chemical physics and, by breaking inversion symmetry, has major consequences in nonlinear optics. In this paper, we propose and analyze an approach to molecular orientation. This extracts from an ensemble of aligned diatomic molecules equally AB and BA, relative to the E vector a subensemble that is oriented mostly AB or BA. Subjecting an aligned molecule to a tailored infrared ir laser pulse creates a pair of coherent wave packets that correlate vibrational phase with the AB or BA orientation. Subsequent, suitably phased ultraviolet uv or visible pulses dissociate one of these vibrational wave packets, thereby “weeding out” either AB or BA but leaving intact the other orientation. Molecular orientation has significant implications for coherent Raman spectroscopy. In the absence of orientation, coherence between vibrational levels is generated by a pair of laser pulses off which a probe pulse is scattered to produce a signal. Orientation allows direct one-photon ir excitation to achieve in principle maximal Raman coherence.
Analgesic activity of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse.

An analysis of the analgesic activity of δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) was carried out in rats and mice using both the hot plate and tail flick tests. In the rat, the dose-effect curve of δ 9-THC was comparable to that of morphine in both tests. In the mouse, however, the THC dose-effect curves were more variable and less steep than the morphine dose-effect curves. THC was less potent than morphine in both tests in mice. THC analgesia reached its peak at one hour and had a longer duration of action than morphine.
Effectiveness and Hepatotoxicity of Statins in Men Seropositive for Hepatitis C Virus

Study Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and hepatotoxicity of statins in patients who are seropositive for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Design. Retrospective review of a registry of patients with HCV Setting. Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients. One hundred forty-six male patients who were seropositive for HCV and had received statin therapy between January 1, 1995, and September 9, 2003. Measurements and Main Results. Demographic and clinical data were collected for each patient; lipid and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels at baseline (within 6 mo of starting a statin), at 3 and 6 months after starting a statin, and at long-term follow-up (mean 22 mo) were also recorded. The primary efficacy end point was a significant decrease from baseline to long-term follow-up low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level; the primary safety end point was a significant increase from baseline in ALT level. The mean change in LDL level was a reduction of 22% (p<0.01). No significant increases in ALT levels were observed; only one patient discontinued therapy due to ALT level elevations greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal. Conclusion. In men seropositive for HCV, statins were effective in reducing LDL levels and did not result in significant increases in ALT levels from baseline. Thus, statin therapy should be considered for patients with HCV who are at risk for coronary heart disease and do not have significantly elevated serum transaminase levels at baseline.
Monitoring equilibrium reaction dynamics of a nearly barrierless molecular rotor using ultrafast vibrational echoes

Using rapidly acquired spectral diffusion, a recently developed variation of heterodyne detected infrared photon echo spectroscopy, we observe ∼3 ps solvent independent spectral diffusion of benzene chromium tricarbonyl (C6H6Cr(CO)3, BCT) in a series of nonpolar linear alkane solvents. The spectral dynamics is attributed to low-barrier internal torsional motion. This tripod complex has two stable minima corresponding to staggered and eclipsed conformations, which differ in energy by roughly half of kBT. The solvent independence is due to the relative size of the rotor compared with the solvent molecules, which create a solvent cage in which torsional motion occurs largely free from solvent damping. Since the one-dimensional transition state is computed to be only 0.03 kBT above the higher energy eclipsed conformation, this model system offers an unusual, nearly barrierless reaction, which nevertheless is characterized by torsional coordinate dependent vibrational frequencies. Hence, by studying the spectral diffusion of the tripod carbonyls, it is possible to gain insight into the fundamental dynamics of internal rotational motion, and we find some evidence for the importance of non-diffusive ballistic motion even in the room-temperature liquid environment. Using several different approaches to describe equilibrium kinetics, as well as the influence of reactive dynamics on spectroscopic observables, we provide evidence that the low-barrier torsional motion of BCT provides an excellent test case for detailed studies of the links between chemical exchange and linear and nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy.
NMDA Receptor Activation Increases Cyclic AMP in Area CA1 of the Hippocampus via Calcium/Calmodulin Stimulation of Adenylyl Cyclase

We observed previously that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in area CA1 of the hippocampus, through either NMDA application or long-term potentiation (LTP)-inducing high-frequency stimulation (HFS), results in an increase in cyclic AMP. In the present study, we performed experiments to determine the mechanism by which NMDA receptor activation causes this increase in cyclic AMP. As the NMDA receptor-mediated increase in cyclic AMP is dependent upon extracellular calcium, we hypothesized that NMDA receptors are coupled to adenylyl cyclase (AC) via calcium/calmodulin. In membranes prepared from area CA1, AC was stimulated by calcium in the presence of calmodulin, and the effect of calcium/calmodulin on AC in membranes was blocked by the calmodulin antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1- naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) and trifluoperazine (TFP). In intact hippocampal slices, W-7 and TFP blocked the increase in cyclic AMP levels caused by both NMDA application and HFS of Schaffer collateral fibers. Exposure of hippocampal slices to elevated extracellular potassium to induce calcium influx also caused increased cyclic AMP levels; the increase in cyclic AMP caused by high potassium was also blocked by W-7 and TFP. These data support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor activation is positively coupled to AC via calcium/calmodulin and are consistent with a role for cyclic AMP metabolism in the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP in area CA1 of the hippocampus.
Fractals in Physics: Squig Clusters, Diffusions, Fractal Measures, and the Unicity of Fractal Dimensionality

The three topics discussed in this paper are largely independent. Part 1: Fractal “squig clusters” are introduced, and it is shown that their properties can match to a remarkable extent those of percolation clusters at criticality. Physics on these new geometric shapes should prove tractable. As background, the author's theories of squig intervals and squig trees are reviewed, and restated in more versatile form. Part 2: The notion of “latent” fractal dimensionality is introduced and motivated by the desire to simplify the algebra of dimensionality. Scaling noises are touched upon. A common formalism is presented for three forms of anomalous diffusion: the ant in the fractal labyrinth, fractional Brownian motion, and Levy stable motion. The fractal dimensionalities common to diverse shapes generated by diffusion are given, in Table I, as functions of the latent dimensionalities of the support of the motion and of the diffusion itself. Part 3: It is argued that every fractal point set has a unique fractal dimensionality, but it is pointed out that many fractals involve diverse combinations of many fractal point sets. Such is, in particular, the case for fractal measures and for fractal graphs, often called hierarchical lattices. The fractal measures that the author had introduced in the early 1970s are described, including new developments.
A Day at the Beach: Human Agents Self-Organizing on the Sand Pile

In this paper, we analyze the sand pile model of self-organized criticallity from a social scientific perspective. In the sand pile model, particles of sand land at random locations on a square table and self-organize into a critical state: a conical pile. Thereafter, the size of avalanches satisfies a power law. This empirical fact has led some to claim that self-organizing criticality explains power law distributions that occur in human systems. However, unlike grains of sand, people possess both preferences and the ability to act purposefully given those preferences. We find that by including purposive agents and allowing heterogeneity of purposes, the sand pile need not become critical. We also show that if we allow institutions to moderate actions that we can create any distribution of avalanches.
Reaction of phenylisocyanide with nickel(II)

Abstract Polymeric nickel(II) complexes of phenylisocyanide have been characterized as Ni 3 (CNC 6 H 5 ) 11 (ClO 4 ) 6 and Ni 4 (CNC 6 H 5 ) 14 (ClO 4 ) 8 , primarily on their magnetic behavior.
Toxic response indicators of microcystin-LR in F344 rats following a single-dose treatment ☆

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most common hepatotoxic cyanotoxin produced primarily by Microcystis aeruginosa. In this study, young F344 rats were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose (25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/kg) of MCLR to explore possible toxic effect and toxic response indicators. Acute toxic symptoms, including body weight loss and death, were monitored for 7 days. Mortality reached 100% (9/9) in rats treated with a single MCLR dose of 150 μg/kg. Histopathological examination showed spot necrosis in the liver of animals treated at low doses, while massive hemorrhage and widespread necrotic foci occurred at higher doses, indicating extensive liver damage. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) expression showed a dose-dependent decrease in the liver. Immunohistochemical localization indicated that nuclear PP2A was affected first, followed by cytoplasmic PP2A. In addition, there was a significant increase in sphingolipid levels at higher doses, indicating the involvement of a ceramide-mediated apoptotic pathway. Expression of apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory proteins like Bax, Bcl2, and Bad showed a dose-dependent decrease. This study demonstrated that treatment with a single dose of MCLR caused liver damage, increased sphingolipid levels, and decreased PP2A expression, which ultimately down-regulated the expression of Bcl2 family proteins.
Coverage of Adolescent Substance Use Prevention in State Frameworks for Health Education: 10-Year Follow-Up

BACKGROUND: The use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) by adolescents is a national health issue. One way in which the United States approaches the prevention of substance use among adolescents is by teaching high school students about ATOD at school. The curriculum for health education courses is based upon each state's framework. The purpose of this study was to conduct a 10-year follow-up to a study that analyzed state frameworks for key mediators of adolescent substance use. METHODS: Researchers performed an extensive content analysis of all 50 states' curriculum frameworks for high school health education to identify if, and to what degree, key mediators of adolescent substance use were included in each state's curriculum framework. After training, inter-rater agreement was greater than 95%. RESULTS: Mediators identified most often in the 50-state curriculum frameworks for high school health education were beliefs about consequences, decision making, social skills, assistance skills, and goal setting. Twenty-two of 50-state curriculum frameworks for high school health education had dedicated sections for ATOD. CONCLUSION: There were modest improvements since 2001 in the inclusion of mediators of adolescent substance use within state curriculum frameworks. There still exists many opportunities to more effectively use curriculum frameworks to improve classroom health instruction. Language: en
Inositol Pyrophosphates as Mammalian Cell Signals

Inositol pyrophosphates are highly energetic inositol polyphosphate molecules present in organisms from slime molds and yeast to mammals. Distinct classes of enzymes generate different forms of inositol pyrophosphates. The biosynthesis of these substances principally involves phosphorylation of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP₆) to generate the pyrophosphate IP₇. Initial insights into functions of these substances derived primarily from yeast, which contain a single isoform of IP₆ kinase (yIP₆K), as well as from the slime mold Dictyostelium. Mammalian functions for inositol pyrophosphates have been investigated by using cell lines to establish roles in various processes, including insulin secretion and apoptosis. More recently, mice with targeted deletion of IP₆K isoforms as well as the related inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) have substantially enhanced our understanding of inositol polyphosphate physiology. Phenotypic alterations in mice lacking inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP₆K1) reveal signaling roles for these molecules in insulin homeostasis, obesity, and immunological functions. Inositol pyrophosphates regulate these processes at least in part by inhibiting activation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt. Similar studies of IP₆K2 establish this enzyme as a cell death inducer acting by stimulating the proapoptotic protein p53. IPMK is responsible for generating the inositol phosphate IP₅ but also has phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity--that participates in activation of Akt. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the physiological functions of the inositol pyrophosphates based in substantial part on studies in mice with deletion of IP₆K isoforms. These findings highlight the interplay of IPMK and IP₆K in regulating growth factor and nutrient-mediated cell signaling.
Increasing Personal Value Congruence in Computerized Decision Support Using System Feedback

The Theory of Universals in Values (TUV), a reliable and validated conceptualization of personal values used in psychology, is used to examine the effect of system feedback delivered by a Decision Support System (DSS) on personal values. The results indicate that value-based decision-making behavior can be influenced by DSS feedback to address value congruence in decision-making. User behavior was shown to follow the outcomes expected by operant theory when feedback was supportive and to follow the outcomes of reactance theory when feedback was challenging. This result suggests that practitioners and Information System (IS) researchers should consider user values when designing computerized decision feedback to adjust a system’s design such that the potential user backlash is avoided or congruence between organizational and personal values is achieved.
Remedial program for diagnostic radiology residents

Objectives We describe a 1-year remedial program for radiology residents with deficiencies in basic medical sciences that cause difficulty in the understanding and application of basic radiologic principles. Methods Six of 107 residents participated in the remedial program at separate times during an 8-year period. The design of the remedial program was based on the following: 1) reassignment to first year basic radiology rotations with 1-year delayed advancement to the subspecialty rotations; 2) comprehensive radiology texts that contain a detailed review of related embryology, anatomy, physiology and pathology; 3) instruction in the study of the texts; and 4) repetitive learning accomplished by intermittent reassignment of rotations in which difficulty was demonstrated. Resident performance was evaluated by correlation of monthly written faculty evaluations, the results of the American College of Radiology Intraining Examination, and the American Board of Radiology (ABR) written and oral examinations. Results During the period of remediation, faculty evaluation revealed improved performance in all six residents from below-average ratings (mean = 2.3) to above-average and superior ratings (mean = 8.3). These results were correlated with the American College of Radiology Intraining Examination scores, which improved from the lowest quartile (range 0% to 28%) to the highest (range 78% to 99%). Each resident successfully passed the ABR written and oral boards on the first attempt. Two additional residents who were offered but did not accept remediation eventually dropped out of the program or repeatedly failed the written ABR examination. Conclusions Ultimately, strengthening basic medical science knowledge facilitated interpretation of radiographs by enabling the integration of basic radiologic and scientific principles and understanding the underlying basic medical, radiologic, and clinical significance.
Chemoreceptor stimulation and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in conscious dogs.

Abstract Dogs with electromagnetic flow probes implanted on their left (Q l ) and main (Q t ) pulmonary arteries, catheters in their left atria and external jugular veins, and chronic tracheostomies were trained to accept Carlens dual-lumen endotracheal tubes into their tracheostomies, thus allowing separate ventilation of the two lungs. Swan-Ganz catheters were inserted through the jugular vein catheters. neumotachographs measured air flow to each lung. During bilateral ventilation with room air or O2, Q l was about 36% of Q t . When the left lung was ventilated with N2 while the right remained on O2, PaO2 was above 90 mmHg and Q l fell to about 25% of Q t . When the left lung was ventilated with N2 and the right with room air, PaO2 fell below 40 mm Hg and Q l increased to control levels. This increase in perfusion of the hypoxic lung during systemic hypoxemia was not seen in dogs after surgical deafferentation of the systemic arterial chemoreceptors, indicating that stimulation of the arterial chemoreceptors may interfere with the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
The art of clinical research with medical students.

Radiologists in academic medicine must be able to pursue their research interests if they are to achieve the level of scholarship needed for academic promotion and, even more important, if they are to have fulfilling and rewarding academic careers. Despite the pressures and incentives for obtaining research funding, only a small percentage of academic radiologists have the motivation or skills to succeed in this arena. As a result, most radiologists at academic medical centers do not have outside funding and instead subsidize their research activities with resources from their own departments. This department-funded clinical research has contributed substantially to the dramatic advances that have occurred in radiology over the past several decades. Faculty members in various sections of the department often collaborate not only with each other on clinical research but also with radiology residents and fellows in their subspecialty. Yet another option is to collaborate with medical students—a vast yet underused resource at most academic medical centers. Such collaboration is mutually beneficial, leading to greater academic productivity for involved faculty and greater interest from students in pursuing a career in academic medicine because of a positive, often exhilarating research experience. I have been fortunate to collaborate with more than 50 medical students on research projects published in peer-reviewed journals in the past 20 years (Appendix) and have learned a tremendous amount about this process. This article is based on my experience and presents my views on the art of clinical research with medical students. WHY MEDICAL STUDENTS?
Capillary electrochromatography with fused-silica capillaries packed with copolymeric reversed-phase adsorbent and ion exchangers.

Macroporous poly(styrene−divinylbenzene) (PSDVB), PRP-1, a reversed-phase adsorbent, and PSDVB-based strong acid cation exchangers and strong base and weak base anion exchangers were evaluated as stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Electroosmotic flow (EOF) for adsorbent and exchanger packed fused-silica capillaries for acetone as the marker increases with increasing ion exchange capacity, buffer organic solvent concentration, and applied voltage, is nearly independent of pH, and decreases with increased buffer ionic strength. For anion exchangers, EOF is reversed. Thiourea, acetone, acrylamide, nitromethane, propanal, and acetic acid were evaluated as EOF markers and undergo weak interaction with the PSDVB-based stationary phases. EOF in a basic buffer is greater than or equal to silica-based C-18 and cation exchanger packed capillaries. For an acidic buffer, EOF for a PRP-1 capillary is almost twice the C-18 packed capillary. As analyte hydrophobicity increases, retention and mi...
Signalling between mitochondria and the nucleus regulates the expression of a new D-lactate dehydrogenase activity in yeast.

We have adapted a LacZ promoter trap screen developed by Burns et al.(1994) to search for genes whose expression is dependent on Rtg2p, a protein with an N-terminal hsp70/actin/sugar kinase ATP binding domain. Rtg2p acts upstream of the basic helix–loop–helix/leucine zipper transcription factors, Rtg1p and Rtg3p. All three proteins are known to be required for the expression of the CIT2 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal isoform of citrate synthase whose expression is also dependent on the functional state of mitochondria. Using this screen, we have identified a previously uncharacterized gene, YEL071w, predicted to encode a protein of 496 amino acids that shares 80% homology and 60% sequence identity with actin interacting protein 2, encoded by the AIP2 gene; both proteins also share sequence similarity to aD-lactate dehydrogenase encoded by the DLD1 gene. Expression of YEL071w is dependent on the functional state of mitochondria and on all three of the Rtg proteins, whereas AIP2 expression is independent of the Rtg proteins and the functional state of mitochondria. Like CIT2, the 5′ flanking region of YEL071w contains two R box binding sites for the Rtg1p/Rtg3p heterodimeric transcription complex. Both R boxes are necessary for full YEL071w expression. We show that YEL071w and AIP2 encode proteins withD-lactate dehydrogenase activity, the former located in the cytoplasm and the latter in the mitochondrial matrix. Our data thus provide gene assignments for two previously unrecognizedD-lactate dehydrogenase activities in yeast. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting pain-depressed behaviors in preclinical assays of pain and analgesia: drug effects on acetic acid-depressed locomotor activity in ICR mice.

Aims Pain depresses expression of many behaviors, and one goal of analgesic treatment is to restore pain-depressed behaviors. Assays that focus on pain-depressed behaviors may contribute to preclinical assessment of candidate analgesics.
The human relations area files and cross‐cultural CD: Enhanced access to selected subjects

In the fall of 1989, SilverPlatter and Human Relations Area Files, Inc. began releasing their new series Cross‐Cultural CD, based on a subset of the Human Relations Area Files. The first disk in the anticipated five‐disk series covers the subjects Human Sexuality and Marriage, and represents two of ten proposed topical databases that are scheduled to be released over the next five years. The other eight databases in the series, to be produced on a total of four additional disks, are to be on the following topics: Family, Crime and Social Problems, Old Age, Death and Dying, Childhood and Adolescence, Socialization and Education, Religious Beliefs, and Religious Practices. An annual “volume” of two databases is currently $1,495, and each volume may be purchased separately. The databases will be issued one time only, one every six months, and are not updated. The second disk in each volume replaces the first disk of that volume, and becomes the property of the purchaser.
An investigation of a contoured wall injector for hypervelocity mixing augmentation

An experimental and computational investigation of a contoured wall fuel injector is presented. The injector was aimed at enabling shock-enhanced mixing for the supersonic combustion ramjet engines currently envisioned for applications on hypersonic vehicles. Three-dimensional flow field surveys, and temporally resolved planar Rayleigh scattering measurements are presented for Mach 1.7 helium injection into Mach 6 air. These experimental data are compared directly with a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation of the flow about the injector array. Two dominant axial vorticity sources are identified and characterized. The axial vorticity produced strong convective mixing of the injectant with the freestream. Shock-impingement was particularly effective as it assured seeding of baroclinic vorticity directly on the helium/air interface. The vorticity coalesced into a counter-rotating vortex pair of a sense which produced migration of the helium away from the wall. The influences of spatial averaging on the representation of the flow field as well as the importance of the fluctuating component of the flow in producing molecularly-mixed fluid are addressed.
Age- and Gender-Specific Effects of Parental Depression: A Commentary.

Depressive sumptoms were characterized as a female-typic response class with depressive episodes as the amplification of age- and gerder-specific normal socialization practices. The parenting skill deficits of parents with depression may contribute to this outxome by increasing stressful life circumstances. The need for studies of the precise functonal effects of intrafamilial processes that contribute to the intergenerational transmission of depression is discussed, including the importance of specific behavior patterns characteristic of depressed individuals
Methods for Evaluating the Feeding Quality of Meat-and-Bone Meals

Abstract MEAT-AND-BONE meals, because of their nature as a by-product of the meat packing and rendering industries, vary greatly in their feeding quality (Kratzer and Davis, 1959). This variability is caused primarily by the quality of the starting material or by the amount of heat-processing the meal receives. Growth trials using meat-and-bone meals as the sole dietary protein source give a reliable evaluation of the feeding quality of the meal. This type of evaluation is slow, however, and inadequate when a large number of samples must be assessed, or when decisions concerning the feeding quality of a meal must be made in a short period of time. The present study was undertaken to find a rapid chemical or physical method, or series of methods, to determine the feeding quality of meat-and-bone meals. Meat-and-bone meals contain large amounts of skin, cartilage, and connective tissue, and therefore have a high gelatin content (Almquist…
Re-visiting Salem : Self-face and self-politeness in the Salem witchcraft trials

This paper invites the reader to revisit the accused individuals’ response strategies in the Salem witchcraft trials from the perspective of pragmatic politeness. However, politeness, as used in this paper, refers to politeness to self, for the sake of one’s face — a concept that is different from, yet not incompatible with, that of Brown and Levinson (1987). The paper argues that it is more realistic to examine the trials from this perspective because the accused’s responses were in part driven by “what they thought others thought of them”, which is part of their “face”. As many as nineteen sub-strategies of self-politeness were found to be in operation. Such self-politeness strategies were critical in these trials because they helped the accused to achieve two goals: first, they could defend themselves, and, second, at the same time that the responses might have led them to being acquitted or to a partial and more lenient punishment (although it could not be guaranteed that the responses would work to a satisfactory end), the accused were able to enhance or restore, to a certain degree, their tarnished public image.
The junceellolides, new anti-inflammatory diterpenoids of the briarane class from the chinese gorgonian junceella fragilis

Abstract Four new diterpenoids, junceellolides A-D (1-4), have been isolated from the gorgonian Junceella fragilis collected in the South China Sea. The known metabolites praelolide (5) and junceellin (6) were also isolated from the same organism. The structures of the new compounds were assigned on the basis of extensive NMR analyses and by comparison with analogous spectral data from other briarane diterpenoids.
Numerical Simulations of Stellar Convective Dynamos. I. The Model and Method

Abstract A numerical model used to simulate global convection and magnetic field generation in stars is described. Nonlinear, three-dimensional, time-dependent solutions of the anelastic magnetohydrodynamic equations are presented for a stratified, rotating, spherical, fluid shell heated from below. The velocity, magnetic field, and thermodynamic perturbations are expanded in spherical harmonics to resolve their horizontal structure and in Chebyshev polynomials to resolve their radial structure. An explicit Adams-Bashforth time integration scheme is used with an implicit Crank-Nicolson treatment of the diffusion terms. Nonlinear terms are computed in physical space; and spatial derivatives are computed in spectral space. The resulting second-order differential equations are solved with a Chebyshev collocation method. Preliminary solutions for a Solar-like model are briefly discussed. Convective motions driven in the upper, superadiabatic part of the zone penetrate into the lower, subadiabatic part of the zone. Differential rotation, induced by the interaction of convection and rotation, is an equatorial acceleration at the surface as observed on the Sun; below the surface angular velocity decreases with depth. The meridional circulation and the equator-pole temperature excess are within Solar observational constraints; however, the giant-cell velocities at the surface are larger than observed. The large-scale magnetic field, induced by the differential rotation and helical motions, peaks in the subadiabatic region below the convection zone; and, near the top of the convection zone, it is concentrated over the downdrafts of giant cells. A systematic drift in latitude of the magnetic field or a field reversal has not yet been seen.
A Myelin-Specific Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myelination

Myelination is one of the most fundamental biological processes in the development of vertebrate nervous systems. Abnormal or disrupted myelination occurs in many acquired or inherited neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and various leukodystrophies. To date, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been the primary tool for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of MS and related diseases; however, any change in signal intensity of conventional MRI reflects a change only in tissue water content, which is a nonspecific measure of the overall changes in macroscopic tissue injury. Thus, the use of MRI as a primary measure of disease activity was shown to be disassociated from the clinical outcome due to the lack of specificity for myelination. In order to increase the MRI specificity for myelin pathologies, we designed and synthesized the first Gd-based T(1) MR contrast agent (MIC) that binds to myelin with high specificity. In this Communication, we demonstrate that MIC localizes in brain regions in proportion to the extent of myelination. In addition, MIC possesses promising MR contrast properties, which allow for direct detection of myelin distribution through T(1) mapping in the mouse brain.
A Review of Aging and Cognitive Processes

An overview of the literature of aging and cognitive processes is presented, with emphasis on the areas of psychometric measurement of intelligence, qualitative interpretations of adult thinking, and the speed and timing of behavior. It is argued that the study of psychometric intelligence has gone through four distinct phases, reflecting an expanding data base and an evolving theoretical orientation and methodology. Contemporary research on aging and intelligence continues to be undertaken from at least three of the four perspectives. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to cognition have both provided evidence for increased integration in the thinking of older people, although the two approaches have different conceptualizations of integration. There is extensive evidence to support the contention that the speed of behavior slows with age, and the slowing affects efficiency of behavior rather than simply causing the response to occur more slowly. Cognition in aging includes great diversity, ranging f...
Reduction of pseudotaenidia to taenidia (Apiaceae)

Two previously monotypic genera,Taenidia andPseudotaenidia, are combined to form a single genusTaenidia, with two species. The difference in the fruits that has caused these otherwise very similar taxa to be referred to different tribes of the Apiaceae is considered to be of only specific importance in this instance.
Subtidal flow structure at the turning region of a wide outflow plume

[1] A series of underway current velocity profiles and near-surface temperature and salinity measurements were combined with temperature and salinity profiles to characterize the subtidal flow structure at the turning region of a wide plume, the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume. In this context, "wide" refers to the ratio of lateral plume expansion to internal radius of deformation being greater than one. Observations were obtained in September and November of 1996 and in February and May of 1997 with the idea of capturing the variability in forcing conditions typically associated with these seasons. However, regional precipitation patterns yielded similar buoyancy forcing conditions for the four surveys and among the wettest years on record. This buoyancy forcing produced a well-delineated outflow plume that separated from the coast on its way out the estuary. The plume separation acted in conjunction with frictional effects to delineate an inshore front, in addition to the customarily described offshore front. The outflow plume was markedly constrained by the Chesapeake Channel, which was also the main conduit of shelf waters toward the estuary. The bathymetric influence was also evident in the surface salinity field, the mean flows and the volume fluxes. The offshore extent of the plume was found between the scale predicted by geostrophic dynamics (internal Rossby radius) and that predicted by cyclostrophic dynamics. Such offshore extent was most likely linked to the plume interactions with the bathymetrically steered up-estuary flow. This was corroborated by an analytical solution that explored the dynamical balance among pressure gradient, Coriolis accelerations and friction. In addition to being influenced by bathymetry, the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume was modified by local and remote effects related to atmospheric forcing.
The Role of Undergraduate Honors Theses in a Computer Engineering Program

This paper is the result of a 7-year long experiment that I had initiated in 1989 as an attempt to integrate the tradition of undergraduate honors research at Brown University with the emerging ABET requirement of engineering design in the computer engineering program. The paper presents the philosophical principles, the underlying assumptions and goals of the experiment, and the character of the experiences learned at the conclusion of the experiment. The experiment involves a total of 17 students between 1989 and 1995, all of whom successfully complete their honors thesis. Most of the theses have been published in refereed conferences and journals, reflecting the quality of the work and the fundamental nature of the concepts learned by the graduating seniors. The experiment demonstrates a feasible approach to achieving ABET's goal of developing student creativity within the framework of the current faculty reward structure. The students emerge as self-confident and highly creative individuals, capable of critical, analytical thinking, and appreciative of the depth of knowledge. Key experiences that I had gained include the realization that every student, regardless of their prior grades in conventional courses, holds unlimited potential. This experiment witnesses the development of an amazingly sincere motivation and superior commitment when the advisor demonstrates genuine belief in students' capabilities and expresses gratitude to them for the value of their work and for the opportunity to collaborate. The significance of the experiment is reinforced by an independent 1993 survey of the Brown engineering alumni, who had graduated between 1983 and 1991.
Use of proton MR spectroscopy and MR imaging to assess obesity

We used 1H MR spectroscopy and MR imaging at 9.4-T to quantify and localize fat and water in the abdominal regions of 12 lean, normal, and obese mice. The D2O dilution method which measures also the equilibrium plasma D2O concentration by 2H MR spectroscopy was used to quantify body water and fat. In obese mice, the intensity of the fat 1H resonance was about 120% that of the water 1H resonance, about threefold higher than its value (about 45%) in normal mice. In lean mice, the fat/water intensity ratio was about 1:4, about half that in normal mice. Total body water was similar in obese and normal mice (19.9 +/- 1.5 and 18.7 +/- 1.3 mL) despite their very different body weights (50.1 +/- 3.1 g and 30.2 +/- 3.1 g, respectively), but slightly lower in lean mice (14.8 +/- 1.2 mL water; 22.1 g +/- 2.0 g weight). Selective methylene-proton images showed marked accumulation of fat in the abdomen and the retroperitoneal and subcutaneous spaces of obese mice. Selective water-proton images allowed clear resolution of the renal cortex, medulla, papilla, and urinary pelvis. The readily measurable resonance intensity ratio of abdominal fat to water is a sensitive index by which to characterize obesity.
Cosmetic epispadias skin coverage

Abstract A new, cosmetically appealing skin coverage technique following epispadias repair is described.
690: Equivalence of erythromycin and azithromycin for treatment of PPROM

for treatment of PPROM Shari Gelber, Elyssa Brent, Aneesha Varrey, Bella Fridman, Katherine Sapra, William Frayer Weill Cornell Medical College, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, Pediatrics, New York, NY, Columbia University, Pediatrics, New York, NY OBJECTIVE: A regimen of ampicillin and erythromycin (ERY) improves outcomes in patients with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM). NationalshortagesofERY,patientsensitivitytoERY,andsimilar mechanism of action have encouraged providers to substitute Azithromycin (AZ). Some expert guidelines now recommend use of AZ, despite limited knowledge of efficacy in this setting. We sought to determine if treatment with AZ is equivalent to treatment with ERY for PPROM. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of patients with PPROM admitted to labor and delivery at an academic center who received either ERY or AZ between January 2009 and March 2012. Inclusion criteria were gestational age 24-34 wk, planned expectant management and receipt of 1 dose of ERY or AZ. Exclusion criteria were delivery prior to receipt of antibiotics or receipt of both ERY and AZ. At our institution, decision to use AZ is determined by unavailability or patient intolerance of ERY and is not practitioner dependent. 2 and Fisher tests for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables were done. Primary composite outcome was infant death, RDS, grade 3-4 IVH, NEC or sepsis 72 h of life. RESULTS: 103 patients met inclusion criteria; 7 were excluded for receiving both ERY/AZ. Data from 96 patients were analyzed. 67 patients received ERY and 29 patients received AZ. There were no statistically significant differences in age, ethnicity, BMI, GA at PPROM (ERY: 30.42 vs AZ: 30.85 p 0.53), history of preterm deliveries, parity, smoking, GBS status, or receipt of ampicillin or steroids between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in maternal or fetal outcomes between the groups(Table 1). There was no difference in latency (ERY: 65.6h vs AZ 61.7h). CONCLUSION: AZ provides the same benefit as ERY in the setting of PPROM. Although there is no significant difference in outcomes between groups, the trend toward improvement in several outcomes indicates studies are warranted to see if AZ is the preferred agent for PPROM.