cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Municipal WiFi and policy implications for people with disabilities

Access to information and communication nodes, wireless or otherwise, has become critical for full participation in contemporary US society, especially, for those with disabilities, the aging, or for those with other functional limitations. Wireless technologies, notably those deployed by municipalities, are being offered as one way to enhance access to society at large, including those who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide. This research aims to provide insight into the current state of municipal wireless network design and policies with regards to people with disabilities in the United States. In particular, the Americans with Disabilities Act's goals for the elimination of physical and communication barriers that prevent the disabled from participating in community life are examined through the guidelines established by Project Civic Access (PCA). A survey and comparative analysis was undertaken of a sample of 48 municipalities to ascertain the degree of accessibility to, or sensitivity of municipal wireless systems. Secondly, the effectiveness of goals toward eradicating the "disability divide" are analyzed to see if policies toward the disabled fair well as systems are deployed. Although many cities have entered into PCA compliance agreements we find that they are not necessarily going beyond the specific scope of the agreement, and in fact, the disabled are often further marginalized as large-scale systems undergo modifications throughout deployment. Because many of these people are already affected by disparities in education and income, the further marginalization of their communication and information constitutes a barrier to social inclusion within a community.
Hemodynamic and vascular responses to antihypertensive treatment with adrenergic blocking agents: a review.

Abstract While the pharmacological effects of the three agents discussed (reserpine derivatives, guanethidine, and methyldopa) appear to depend upon interference with sympathetic nervous activity, they differ in their effects in man. After acute administration, there is a fall in blood pressure with each agent, but with reserpine and methyldopa, cardiac output is little affected. With methyldopa, the renal resistance appears to fall. Guanethidine produces a sharp fall in the cardiac output and renal blood flow. After treatment for a few days with these agents, the differences in their actions are less apparent, and from the very limited information available on long-term therapy, each of these agents achieves its hypotensive effect without reduction in cardiac output. The renal blood flow remains at control levels with reserpine and methyldopa but is still somewhat reduced with guanethidine. From the practical point of view, therefore, the decision to use one or another of these agents should rest upon differences in their clinical effectiveness and side effects. There is an urgent need for information on the changes in the action of these drugs during long-term therapy. These changes could be caused by the drugs' pharmacological effects or by physiological adaptations within the patient.
Preliminary results of a technology demonstration of the internet routing in space capability over a geostationary communications satellite

The Internet Protocol Routing in Space (IRIS) was developed by an industry group, under the auspices of the United States Department of Defense1 as a Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD). The primary goal of the IRIS JCTD is to assess the network capability and operational utility of an IP router in space. This paper discusses the results obtained from laboratory and field tests which were specifically designed to evaluate the functionality and performance. Most of the results were obtained during a recent demonstration using 3 ground terminals operating with the IRIS payload on-board INTELSAT-14 (IS-14). Emphasis is given to application and network performance resulting from the end-to-end Quality of Service and Bandwidth on Demand capabilities of IRIS.
A multitechnique surface analytical study of a segmented block copolymer poly(ether‐urethane) modified through an H2O radio frequency glow discharge

Recent work in our laboratories has fully characterized the surface region of a segmented poly(ether-urethane) (PEU) extending from the air/polymer interfacial region through bulk depths in the micron range. This characterization utilized energy and angle dependent Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), and Comprehensive Wettability Profiling (contact angle using a homologous series of liquids) as defined by Zisman. In this study this same multi-analytical-technique approach is used to elucidate changes in these PEU surfaces induced through an H2O Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (RFGD) plasma. This investigation reports both qualitative and quantitative changes due to the modification treatments as well as the permanency of the changes effected on these surfaces through the plasma treatment. From our analyses, the amount of surface residing polyurethane (hard segment) is observed to increase due to a proposed plasma etching mechanism. Further, the addition of oxygen containing functionality is detected at the modified surfaces unique with respect to the unmodified PEU. These surface modifications which show large increases in wettability, are finally observed to be semi-permanent over a time period of 6 months.
Communities adjust their temperature optima by shifting producer-to-consumer ratio, shown in lichens as models: II. Experimental verification.

The community adaptation hypothesis [7] predicts that lichens, simple communities of microorganisms, can adapt to a wide range of thermal regimes by regulating the ratio of primary producers (algae) and consumers (fungi): Rp/c. To test this hypothesis, we determined Rp/c values by image analysis of cross sections of herbarium specimens of the lichen Cladina rangiferina, which is widely distributed between the Arctic and the tropics. We found that Rp/c for C. rangiferina increases with summer temperature by more than one order of magnitude, consistent with the hypothesis. To assess the ecological significance of community adaptation (Rp/c regulation), other adaptive mechanisms (e.g., photobiont substitution, genetic adaptation, and photosynthetic acclimation in North American Cladina spp.) were studied. Laboratory investigations with algae and fungi isolated in culture from live specimens suggested that the role of these mechanisms is relatively minor and cannot account for the high degree of lichen adaptability.
Rethinking Sovereignty, Rethinking Revolution

I challenge the following positions in this article. First, I challenge what I take to be the standard philosophical view of revolution, which is (i) that revolution is justifiable only in obvious circumstances not worth theorizing about; and (ii) that a legal right to revolution is, in some sense, incoherent. Second, I challenge what I take to be the dominant philosophical understanding of sovereignty, which is (i) that there cannot be two sovereigns simultaneously governing a single territory; and (ii) that sovereignty is paradigmatically realized in centralized and hierarchical authority structures governing well-defined geographical territories.
Interleukin-33 Primes Mast Cells for Activation by IgG Immune Complexes

Mast cells (MCs) are heterogeneous cells whose phenotype is modulated by signals received from the local microenvironment. Recent studies have identified the mesenchymal-derived cytokine IL-33 as a potent direct activator of MCs, as well as regulator of their effector phenotype, and have implicated this activity in the ability of mast cells to contribute to murine experimental arthritis. We explored the hypothesis that IL-33 enables participation of synovial MCs in murine K/BxN arthritis by promoting their activation by IgG immune complexes. Compared to wild-type (WT) control mice, transgenic animals lacking the IL-33 receptor ST2 exhibited impaired MC-dependent immune complex-induced vascular permeability (flare) and attenuated K/BxN arthritis. Whereas participation of MCs in this model is mediated by the activating IgG receptor FcγRIII, we pre-incubated bone marrow-derived MCs with IL-33 and found not only direct induction of cytokine release but also a marked increase in FcγRIII-driven production of critical arthritogenic mediators including IL-1β and CXCL2. This “priming” effect was associated with mRNA accumulation rather than altered expression of Fcγ receptors, could be mimicked by co-culture of WT but not ST2−/− MCs with synovial fibroblasts, and was blocked by antibodies against IL-33. In turn, WT but not ST2−/− MCs augmented fibroblast expression of IL-33, forming a positive feedback circuit. Together, these findings confirm a novel role for IL-33 as an amplifier of IgG immune complex-mediated inflammation and identify a potential MC-fibroblast amplification loop dependent on IL-33 and ST2.
Prevalence of self-reported early glaucoma eye drop bottle exhaustion and associated risk factors: a patient survey.

One barrier to patient adherence with chronic topical glaucoma treatment is an inadequate amount of medication available between prescription refills. We examined the self-reported prevalence of early exhaustion of glaucoma eye drops prior to a scheduled refill, and associated risk factors. This cross-sectional survey was performed at a University-based clinical practice. Glaucoma patients at the University of Washington who were experienced with eye drop application and were on a steady regimen of self-administered glaucoma drops in both eyes took a survey at the time of clinic examination. The main outcome measure was self-reported early eye drop bottle exhaustion. 236 patients were eligible and chose to participate. In general, patients included were relatively healthy (mean 2.3 comorbid medical conditions). Sixty patients (25.4%) reported any problem with early exhaustion of eye drop bottles, and this was associated with visual acuity ≤ 20/70 in the better eye (P = .049). Twelve patients (5.1%) reported that they “often” (5–7 times per year), “usually” (8–11 times per year) or “always” ran out of eye drops prior to a scheduled refill. Patients affected by this higher level (≥5 times yearly) of eye drop bottle exhaustion were more likely to have poor visual acuity in their worse eye ≤ 20/70 (P = .015) and had significantly lower worse-eye logMAR (P = .043). Self-reported early glaucoma bottle exhaustion regularly affected 5% of patients in our population and 25% reported early exhaustion at least once; the main risk factor was poor vision in at least one eye. These results may not be generalizable to a broad patient population, or to those inexperienced with eye drop self-administration. However, this pilot study compels further evaluation and consideration of early eye drop bottle exhaustion in glaucoma patients.
Methodology for multi-granularity embedded processor power model generation for an ESL design flow

With power becoming a major constraint for multi-processor embedded systems, it is becoming important for designers to characterize and model processor power dissipation. It is critical for these processor power models to be useable across various modeling abstractions in an electronic system level (ESL) design flow, to guide early design decisions. In this paper, we propose a unified processor power modeling methodology for the creation of power models at multiple granularity levels that can be quickly mapped to an ESL design flow. Our experimental results based on applying the proposed methodology on an OpenRISC processor demonstrate the usefulness of having multiple power models. The generated models range from very high-level two-state and architectural/ISS models that can be used in transaction level models (TLM), to extremely detailed cycle-accurate models that enable early exploration of power optimization techniques. These models offer a designer tremendous flexibility to trade off estimation accuracy with estimation/simulation effort.
Korean Businesses in Black and Hispanic Neighborhoods: A Study of Intergroup Relations:

This article explores why Korean merchants in Los Angeles County have not encountered the same hostility from Hispanic communities as they have from black neighborhoods. We reviewed the racial, soc...
Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma : incidence and survival in the United States, 1992-2004

Population-based plasmacytoma incidence and survival data are sparse. We analyzed incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios (IRRs), and 5-year relative survival for plasmacytoma overall and by site -- bone (P-bone) and extramedullary (P-extramedullary) -- in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program (1992-2004). For comparison, we included cases of multiple myeloma (MM) diagnosed over the same time period in SEER. Incidence of MM (n = 23,544; IR 5.35/100,000 person-years) was 16-times higher than plasmacytoma overall (n = 1543; IR = 0.34), and incidence of P-bone was 40% higher than P-extramedullary (P < 0.0001). The male-to-female IRRs for P-bone, P-extramedullary, and MM were 2.0, 2.6, and 1.5, respectively. For plasmacytoma and MM, IRs were highest in Blacks, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islanders. Compared with Whites, the Black IR was approximately 30% higher for P-extramedullary and P-bone and 120% higher for MM. IRs for all neoplasms increased exponentially with advancing age, less prominently at older ages for plasmacytoma than MM. Distinct age, gender, and race incidence patterns of plasma cell disorders suggest underlying differences in clinical detection, susceptibility, disease biology and/or aetiological heterogeneity. Five-year relative survival for P-bone, P-extramedullary, and MM varied significantly by age (<60/60+ years), supporting age-related differences in disease burden at presentation, disease biology, and/or treatment approaches.
The costs and benefits of being a chimera

Most multicellular organisms are uniclonal. This is hypothesized to be because uniclonal organisms function better than chimeras (non-clonal organisms), owing to reduced levels of internal genetic conflict. We tested this idea using the social amoeba or slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. When starving, the normally solitary amoebae aggregate to form a differentiated multicellular slug that migrates towards light and forms a fruiting body, facilitating the dispersal of spores. We added 10(7) amoebae to Petri plates containing 1, 2, 5 or 10 clones mixed together. We found an intrinsic cost to chimerism: chimeric slugs moved significantly less far than uniclonal slugs of the same size. However, in nature, joining with other clones to form a chimera should increase slug size, and larger slugs travel further. We incorporated this size effect into a second experiment by giving chimeras more cells than single clones (single clones had 10(6) cells, two-clone chimeras had 2 x 10(6) cells and so on). The uniclonal treatments then simulated a clone in a mixture that refuses to form chimeras. In this experiment, chimeras moved significantly further than the uniclonal slugs, in spite of the intrinsic cost. Thus, chimerism is costly, which may be why it evolves so seldom, but in D. discoideum the benefits of large size appear to compensate.
Of Quant Jocks and Qual Outsiders: Doctoral student narratives on the quest for training in qualitative research:

Conceivably all doctoral students experience a degree of uncertainty and anxiety while pursuing their degree, yet the decision to use qualitative methods in a dissertation can be fraught with addit...
Using Four-Moment Tail Risk to Examine Financial and Commodity Instrument Diversification

We consider the effect of higher moments on diversification, since most assets possess a potential for tail losses. In particular, we examine higher-moment Value-at-Risk measures for individual instruments and diversified portfolios. We find that a na¨ ove futures portfolio is consistently superior to common stock indexes. As few as ten randomly chosen instruments diversify away 85% of the unsystematic four-moment tail risk. We also compare the two- and
Wide Bandwidth Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Harvesting

Piezoelectric Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) has been proven to be an attractive technology for harvesting small energy from the ambient vibration. Recent advancements in piezoelectric materials and harvester structural design, individually or in combination, have improved MEMS energy harvesters to achieve high enough power density, compactness and ultra wide bandwidth, bringing us closer towards battery-less autonomous sensors systems and networks in near future. Among the breakthroughs, non-linear resonating beam for wide bandwidth resonance is the key development to enable robust operation of MEMS energy harvesters over the unpredictable and uncontrollable frequency spectra of ambient vibration. We expect that a coin size harvester will be able to harvest about 100μW continuous power at below 100 Hz and less than 0.5 g input vibration and at reasonable cost.
Cognitive signal processing: An emerging technology for the prediction of behavior of complex human/machine systems

One of the themes of central interest, to the public and private sectors alike, is the prediction of the behavior of complex human/animal/machine systems. Typical examples of such systems are the national economy, education systems, transportation systems, etc., as well as individual humans and animals viewed anatomically and physiologically as complex systems.
An Estimate of Risk Aversion in the U.S. Electorate

Recent work in political science has taken up the question of issue voting under conditions of uncertainty – situations in which voters have imperfect information about the policy positions of candidates. We move beyond the assumption of a particular spatial utility function and develop a model to estimate voters’ preferences for risk. Contrary to the maintained hypothesis in the literature, voters do not appear to have the strongly risk averse preferences implied by quadratic preferences.
Trends in general surgery workforce data

Abstract Background During the past 25 years, there has been much debate about general surgical workforce supply and demand. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, concern was raised by the Study on Surgical Services for the United States and the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Council that there would be a gross oversupply of total physicians and surgeons by the years 1990 and 2000. Data sources In a 1990 report sponsored by the Council on Graduate Medical Education, reevaluation of the workforce data showed no surplus at that time and instead predicted a deficit of surgeons by 2010. Studies by other investigators in the mid-1990s supported these conclusions. Furthermore, a new workforce model published in 2002 predicted a significant overall deficit of physicians by 2020. The discrepancies in the projected and the actual data have been explained by a variety of factors including an aging population with increased surgical needs, an increasing number of outpatient surgical procedures, subspecialization within the field of general surgery, and decreasing interest in the field by United States medical students. Conclusions Although it is difficult to compare data among studies, and there are many confounding factors in the data, review of the workforce data does support a future deficit of surgeons, a prediction that warrants further investigation.
Stokes’ Settling and Chemical Reactivity of Suspended Particles in Natural Waters

Equations are given for the Stokes settling velocities of the following particle shapes: the sphere, oblate spheroid, prolate spheroid, circular cylinder, elliptic cylinder, disc, and hemispherical cap. Dissolution of calcareous and silicate particles settling through ocean water, based on literature data, is analyzed in terms of a model for dissolution rate independent of the particle surface area, and a model for dissolution rate dependent on a surface reaction. The settling of dissolving particles in the presence of a countercurrent of upwelling water may lead to formation of thin nepheloid layers. Settling of calcite crystals through a stratified water column is treated as a case of variable nucleation (production) rates, dissolution and agglomeration of crystals en route to the bottom. A stochastic model presented in the paper gives a reasonably simple method for treating transient transport of particles in a physically heterogeneous water column.
Students' Perceptions of Older Adults: Effects of a Service-Learning Experience

Previous literature has established an improvement in student attitudes toward older adults after a service- learning experience with this population. This study furthered the research by conducting a mixed- method comparison group study with a sample of 151 traditional- aged BSW students. Both groups increased in positive perceptions toward older adults on the Polizzi's (2003) refined Aging Semantic Differential Scale, and there was no significant difference between them. Qualitative results specific to those working with seniors suggest that students either improved or maintained positive attitudes toward this population. Therefore service learning may not need to be specific to this population to improve attitudes but does assist in reinforcing classroom material. Findings illustrate a need for further study of the overall impact of the social work curriculum as well as possible cultural shifts in attitudes toward older adults.
Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Evaluations That Consider Nozzles in the Extended Beltline Region of Reactor Pressure Vessels

For many years, ASME Section XI committees have discussed the assessment of nozzle penetrations in various flaw evaluations for reactor pressure vessels (RPVs). As summarized in Reference [1], linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) solutions for nozzle penetrations have been in use since the 1970s. In 2013, one of these solutions was adopted into ASME Code, Section XI, Nonmandatory Appendix G (ASME App. G) [2] for use in developing RPV pressure-temperature (P-T) operating limits. That change to ASME App. G was based on compilation of past work [3] and additional evaluations of fracture driving force [4][5].To establish the P-T limits on RPV operation, consideration should be given to both the RPV shell material with the highest reference temperature as well as regions of the RPV (e.g., nozzles, flange) that contain structural discontinuities. In October 2014, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) highlighted these requirements in Regulatory Issue Summary (RIS) 2014-11 [6].Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analyses performed to support pressurized thermal shock (PTS) evaluations using the Fracture Analysis Vessels Oak Ridge (FAVOR) computer code [7] currently evaluate only the RPV beltline shell regions. These evaluations are based on the assumption that the PFM results are controlled by the higher embrittlement characteristic of the shell region rather than the stress concentration characteristic of the nozzle, which does not experience nearly the embrittlement of the shell due to its greater distance from the core. To evaluate this assumption, the NRC and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) performed PFM analyses to quantify the effect of these stress concentrations on the results of the RPV PFM analyses. This paper summarizes the methods and evaluates the results of these analyses.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Slow [Na]i Changes and Positive Feedback Between Membrane Potential and [Ca]i Underlie Intermittent Early Afterdepolarizations and Arrhythmias

Background— Most cardiac arrhythmias occur intermittently. As a cellular precursor of lethal cardiac arrhythmias, early afterdepolarizations (EADs) during action potentials(APs) have been extensively investigated, and mechanisms for the occurrence of EADs on a beat-to-beat basis have been proposed. However, no previous study explains slow fluctuations in EADs, which may underlie intermittency of EAD trains and consequent arrhythmias. We hypothesize that the feedback of intracellular calcium and sodium concentrations ([Na]i and [Ca]i) that influence membrane voltage (V) can explain EAD intermittency. Methods and Results— AP recordings in rabbit ventricular myocytes revealed intermittent EADs, with slow fluctuations between runs of APs with EADs present or absent. We then used dynamical systems analysis and detailed mathematical models of rabbit ventricular myocytes that replicate the observed behavior and investigated the underlying mechanism. We found that a dominance of inward Na–Ca exchanger current (INCX) over Ca-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca current (ICaL) forms a positive feedback between [Ca]i and V, thus resulting in 2 stable AP states, with and without EADs (ie, bistability). Slow changes in [Na]i determine the transition between these 2 states, forming a bistable on–off switch of EADs. Tissue simulations showed that this bistable switch of cellular EADs provided both a trigger and a functional substrate for intermittent arrhythmias in homogeneous tissues. Conclusions— Our study demonstrates that the interaction among V, [Ca]i, and [Na]i causes slow on–off switching (or bistability) of AP duration in cardiac myocytes and EAD-mediated arrhythmias and suggests a novel possible mechanism for intermittency of cardiac arrhythmias.
Progressive Contact Metamorphism and Pyrometamorphism

The physical conditions of contact metamorphism are diverse (Miyashiro, 1961b, p. 306–7; Reverdatto, Sharapovand Melamed, 1970). A classification of contact metamorphism in terms of the prevailing rock-pressure was given in §4–5. The first three sections of this chapter deal with descriptions of pelitic contact metamorphic rocks on the basis of this classification.
CCK-8 decreases food intake and gastric emptying after pylorectomy or pyloroplasty

Specific binding sites for cholecystokinin (CCK) in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult rat are limited to the gastroduodenal region and are concentrated in the circular muscle of the pyloric sphincter. To determine the relationship of these pyloric muscle binding sites to the inhibition by CCK of food intake and of gastric emptying, these inhibitory effects of CCK were investigated in rats that had the pyloric sphincter surgically removed or that had the pyloric sphincter contractile mechanism damaged by a pyloroplasty procedure. CCK-8 decreased food intake and gastric emptying significantly in rats after pylorectomy or pyloroplasty. This demonstrates that an intact pyloric sphincter is not necessary for these inhibitory effects in rats. Because we found autoradiographic evidence for CCK receptors near the gastroduodenal anastomosis, however, the results suggest either that these receptors mediated the inhibition of food intake and emptying by CCK-8 or that these effects depend on CCK receptors in other locations.
Worldmaking 2.0: Our Evolving Ideology

Participatory views of creativity, including the emerging participatory synthesis described in Chapter 8, have some advantages over previous theories of creativity. The synthesis includes collaborative and field roles that were previously considered marginal to creativity. Like other participatory views, this synthesis promises to resolve some of the more problematic dichotomies that have arisen within creativity research, such as views of tradition and novelty as definitively oppositional and individuals and culture as inherently antagonist. Importantly, this emerging synthesis also aligns with much of the experience of everyday life in the early twenty-first century.
Estrogen decreases chemokine levels in murine mammary tissue: implications for the regulatory role of MIP-1 alpha and MCP-1/JE in mammary tumor formation.

Estrogen contributes to the development of breast cancer through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Estrogen influences the function of immune effector cells, primarily through alterations in cytokine expression. Chemokines are proinflammatory cytokines that attract various immune cells to the site of tissue injury or inflammation, and activate many cell types, including T lymphocytes and monocytes. As an initial step toward ultimately determining whether regulation of chemokine expression and/or biological activity by estrogen could potentially be a contributing factor to the development and progression of mammary tumors, we evaluated the effect of estrogen on the expression of specific chemokines in murine mammary tissue. We also evaluated whether exposure of female mice to various chemokines could alter the growth of mammary tumors in the presence of estrogen. We report here that estrogen significantly decreases levels of the chemokines MIP-1α and MCP-1/JE in murine mammary tissue. Co-treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen partially reverses the suppressive effect of estrogen on MIP-1α levels. Estrogen increases the growth of CCL-51 cell-based tumors in the mammary glands of female mice. Co-treatment with the chemokine MIP-1α or MCP-1/JE substantially decreases the ability of estrogen to stimulate the formation of CCL-51 cell-based tumors. Our results show that estrogen might influence the bioactivity of specific chemokines through alteration of chemokine expression in mammary tissue, and further suggest that decreases in murine chemokines evoked by estrogen exposure could contribute to the promotion of mammary tumor growth.
Prevalence and Predictors of Prescription Sleep Aid Use among Individuals with DSM-5 Insomnia: The Role of Hyperarousal.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Despite mounting evidence for the overuse of prescription sleep aids (PSA), reliable data on PSA use among insomniacs are unavailable. Current studies focus on trends in PSA use at the general population level, and thus do not distinguish between transient sleep disturbance and insomnia disorder. Therefore, we prospectively examined the prevalence and predictors of baseline and chronic PSA use in a well-defined sample of individuals with insomnia. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data from an urban, community-based cohort of 649 adults (48.1 ± 11.6 y; 69.3% female) with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)-based insomnia disorder. Participants completed standardized measures of sleep disturbance, daytime alertness, depression, and anxiety at baseline and follow-up 1 y later. They also reported whether and with what frequency they used PSA at both time points. RESULTS Approximately 19% of the sample used PSA at baseline, the majority (69.4%) of whom continued use 1 y later. Anxiety and daytime alertness were the only independent predictors of both acute and chronic PSA use. An increase of 1 standard deviation (SD) in alertness was associated with a 33% increase in the odds of chronic PSA use (χ(2) = 4.98; odds ratio [OR] = 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.72; P < 0.05), and a 1-SD increase in anxiety was associated with a 41% increase (χ(2) = 6.95; OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09-1.82; P < 0.05). Chronic PSA users did not report any significant improvements in sleep from baseline to follow-up relative to nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Hyperarousal, as indexed by daytime alertness and anxiety, is a strong determinant of PSA use among individuals with insomnia. These findings are consistent with emerging data showing that insomnia is not just a nocturnal sleep disorder, but one characterized by 24-h arousal. Though current research targets sleep disturbance, this study highlights the role of the arousal system in pharmacological treatment seeking.
Co-Implantation of Si And Be in GaAs by Rapid Thermal Annealing

A buried p-layer in GaAs MESFET channel is successfully formed by (Si,Be) co-implantation and rapid thermal annealing process. The annealing cycle is optimized to activate Si and Be simultaneously and to minimize the dopant redistribution for precise dopant control. As a result, more than 80% activation efficiency for both Si and Be, as well as the greatly improved doping abruptness from 85 nm/decade to 65 nm/decade are achieved. Devices are fabricated and superior performance including sharper pinchoff, an increase of RF gain by 2–3dB and a 40% decrease in backgating effect is observed.
Coordinates of anthropogenic features on the Moon

Abstract High-resolution images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) reveal the landing locations of recent and historic spacecraft and associated impact sites across the lunar surface. Using multiple images of each site acquired between 2009 and 2015, an improved Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) ephemeris, and a temperature-dependent camera orientation model, we derived accurate coordinates (
Investigation of Drinking-water Status and Environmental Sanitation in Ruial Aieas of AnHui Province

Objective To understand the current status of rural drinking-water quality,latrine improvement,non-hazard treatment of feces and the disposal of rural garbage and wastewater so as to provide decision making basis for improving rural drinking-water quality and building a new socialist countryside.Method 16 counties were random sampled according to the geographical classification of north of Huaihe river region,the area between south of Huaihe river and north of the Yangtze river,south of Yangtze river region,and the proportion of the population.10 villages were random selected from each county.10 families from each village were selected as investigation objects and 10 sampling dots were selected for water quality investigation.Results The centralized water supply system and the dispersive drinking water accounted for 17.2% and 82.8% of the total population respectively.The qualified rates of the ground drinking-water was 53.3%,lower than that of the surface drinking-water(70.0%),while the qualified rates of the tap water(72.7%) quality was higher than dispersive drinking-water(53.3%).About 21.5% of families used sanitary latrines.Much of domestic wastewater(56.8%) and production wastewater(46.6%) was discharged at discretion.The life garbage and the production garbage accounted for 56.6% and 43.4%of the total rural garbage respectively.Conclusion Drinking water and environmental sanitation in rural areas were not enough to meet the hygienic request.
Clinical effects of target controlled infusion of sufentanil combined with feedback from Narcotrend

Objective To explore the clinical effects of target controlled infusion (TCI) of sufentanil combined with feedback from Narcotrend for patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic operation.Method One hundred ASA I ~ II patients undergoing Laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy were randomly allocated to four groups of twenty-five each:sufentanil with TCI combined with feedback from Narcotrend (NS group) ,sufentanil with TCI (S group) ,feedback from Narcotrend (N group) and control group (C group) .Narcotrend value of 35 was set as the control variable.The target effect-site concentration of propofol was set as 3μg/ml and the target effect-site concentration of sufentanil was set as 0.4ng/ml throughout anesthesia.HR and MAP of all patients were recorded before induction of anaesthesia (T0) ,at the time of MOAA/S≤1 (T1) ,at the time of tracheal intubation (T2) ,immediately (T3) and at 5 minutes (T4) after skin incision,at the end of dosing (T5) and at the time of extubation (T6) .The total dose of propofol,the standardized unite dose of propofol,the time for emergence and the time for regaining orientation were recorded.Results Sufentanil with TCI combined with feedback from Narcotrend could make synergistic effect,it could make MAP more stable (P = 0.028 6 0.05) ,reduce the total dose of propofol (P = 0.037 9 0.05) and standardized unite dose of propofol (P = 0.025 0 0.05) ,shorten the time for emergence (P = 0.012 2 0.05) and the time for regaining orientation (P = 0.018 3 0.05) ; but there was no interaction effect on HR (P = 0.570 3 0.05) .Conclusion Narcotrend used as a feedback control is useful in propofol anaesthesia with TCI,sufentanil TCI combined with feedback from Narcotrend for patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic operation has the advantages of more stable blood pressure,less propofol,rapid emergence or orientation and more accurate adjustment of depth of anesthesia.
Analysis of measles-related knowledge level and influencing factors among guardians in Changsha rural areas

Objective To understand awareness rate of measles-related knowledge and to explore the influencing factors in guardians of children from rural areas. Methods A total of 2293 guardians were randomly collected from 5 counties(20 townships) by multi-stage sampling method. A structured questionnaire survey into the door about knowledge of measles disease and knowledge of vaccination was conducted among these guardians. Results The average awareness rate of measles-related knowledge in guardians of children was 46. 0%,and average score was 5. 98. The awareness of measles-related knowledge was significantly associated with different types of dependents( F = 96. 992,P 0. 01),education level(F =1121.358,P 0.01) and occupation of the guardians(F =19.453,P 0.01)(P 0.05). Conclusion The awareness of measles-related knowledge among guardians in rural areas of Changsha was not high,further education strategy should be carried to improve the awareness of measles-related knowledge in rural areas of Changsha.
Effect of plant canopy shape and flowers on plant count accuracy using remote sensing imagery.

Separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant canopy shape and presence of flowers on counting accuracy of container-grown plants. Images were taken at 12 m above the ground. Two species of juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. 'Sea Green' and Juniperus horizontalis Moench 'Plumosa Compacta') were selected to evaluate plant shape and Coral Drift ® rose (Rosa sp. 'Meidrifora') was used to evaluate the presence of flowers on plant count. Counting algorithms were trained using Feature Analyst (FA). Total counting error, false positives and unidentified plants were reported. There was no difference between all variables measured when an algorithm trained with an image displaying regular or irregular plant canopy shape was applied to images displaying both plant canopy shapes even though the canopy shape of 'Sea Green' is less compact than 'Plumosa Compacta'. There was a significant difference in all variables measured between images of flowering and non-flowering plants when non-flowering 'samples' were used the train the counting algorithm in FA; total counting errors and unidentified plants was greater for flowering plants. In this specific case, applying an algorithm that did not include a training set displaying flowers, resulted in a less accurate count. Algorithms developed using FA appears to be fairly robust under these conditions.
A Mentalistic Theory

It has become fairly commonplace nowadays to say that it is not bits of language which mean something but rather people who mean something by (their uses of) bits of language. Thus, Strawson tells us: ‘Mentioning’, or ‘referring’, is not something an expression does; it is something that someone can use an expression to do. (OR, 180) and, anologously, one would expect to find ‘Asserting’, or ‘stating’, is not something that a sentence does; it is something that someone can use a sentence to do. ‘Reference’ and ‘assertion’ (or ‘statement’) are thus, in the first instance, names for linguistic actions (“speech acts”) — acts of referring or asserting performed by persons. And talk about the meanings of expressions (pieces of language) is supposed to be derivative from talk about linguistic actions of these sorts.
Intracranial Involvement by Plasma Cell Neoplasms.

Objectives: Intracranial plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs) arising from the skull, dura, or brain parenchyma are rare tumors and there is only a limited experience in the literature with these lesions. Methods: We performed a retrospective clinicopathologic study of fourteen cases of intracranial PCN at our institution encountered over a 26-year-period. Results: The fourteen patients ranged in age from 30-74 years (median 66 years) and included seven males. For eight patients, their intracranial lesions were the initial presentation of multiple myeloma (MM). Three patients had prior history of MM; their intracranial tumors showed blastic plasma cell morphology, and all three died secondary to MM. The remaining three patients did not or have not developed MM. Conclusions: PCNs rarely arise in the intracranial compartment. Intracranial PCN may be the initial presentation of MM. Anecdotally, blastic morphology appears to manifest more aggressive behavior.
The Knowledge-Gap Hypothesis and Media Dependency

(1983). The Knowledge-Gap Hypothesis and Media Dependency. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 7, Communication Yearbook 7, pp. 626-650.
Studying Inter-Warp Divergence Aware Execution on GPUs

This letter quantitatively studies the benefits of inter-warp divergence aware execution on GPUs. To that end, the letter first proposes a novel approach to quantify the inter-warp divergence by measuring the temporal similarity in execution progress of concurrent warps, which we call Warp Progression Similarity (WPS). Based on the WPS metric, this letter proposes a WPS-aware Scheduler (WPSaS) to optimize GPU throughput. The aim is to manage inter-warp divergence to hide memory access latency and minimize resource conflicts and temporal under-utilization in compute units allowing GPUs to achieve their peak throughput. Our results demonstrate that WPSaS improves throughput by 10 percent with a pronounced reduction in resource conflicts and temporal under-utilization.
An emulation environment for prototyping PMU data errors

High quality synchrophasor data ensure that mission-critical applications produce trustworthy results during grid monitoring. Hence, there is a need for risk assessment activities to screen incoming data for errors, and decide if erroneous portions of data be either rejected or passed on to the dependent-applications. Visualization of prototyped PMU data errors provides a means for better identifying and understanding error mechanisms in real-life PMU data. The objective of this work is to develop a framework for the simulation of prototype PMU data errors within an emulation environment. In this work, two errors have been simulated: error due to a time skew, and error due to mislabeled flag bits during a leap second transition.
Chapter 35 – 1971 Reciprocal Altruism

Behavioral contracts between animals can establish “I’ll help you now if you’ll help me later” arrangements. In the absence of verbal negotiations, evolution can shape behavior that conforms to this kind of agreement.
Patterns of Use of Human Papillomavirus and Other Adolescent Vaccines in the United States

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to describe the patterns of use of universally recommended adolescent vaccines in the United States. Methods We identified 11-year-olds using the MarketScan insurance claims database (2009–2014). Human papillomavirus (HPV), tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), and meningococcal (MenACWY) vaccination claims were identified using diagnosis and procedure codes. Generalized linear models estimated vaccination incidence rates and correlates of adolescent vaccination and timely vaccination. Results Among 1,691,223 adolescents, receipt of Tdap (52.1%) and MenACWY (45.8%) vaccinations exceeded receipt of HPV vaccination (18.4%). While both sexes had similar Tdap and MenACWY vaccination proportions, girls received HPV vaccination more frequently than boys (21.9% vs. 15.1%). Adolescents received HPV vaccination later (mean age: 11.8 years) than Tdap or MenACWY vaccination (mean age: 11.2 years for both). Half of vaccinated adolescents received Tdap and MenACWY vaccination only; however, coadministration with HPV vaccine increased with birth cohort. Western adolescents had the highest incidence rates of HPV vaccination, and Southern adolescents had the lowest. Rural adolescents were less likely than urban adolescents to receive each vaccination except in the Northeast, where they were more likely to receive HPV vaccination (incidence rate ratio: 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.2005–1.13). Timely HPV vaccination was associated with female sex, urbanicity, Western residence, and later birth cohort. Conclusions HPV vaccination occurred later than Tdap or MenACWY vaccination and was less frequent in boys and rural adolescents. Girls, Western and urban residents, and younger birth cohorts were more likely to receive timely HPV vaccination. Vaccine coadministration increased over time and may encourage timely and complete vaccination coverage.
The Finite and Boundary Element Methods: One View of Their Foundations

Gauss’ divergence theorem is herein regarded as the foundation for both “element methods” in the title. Observations are made regarding the distinctive analytical features of the direct boundary element method, especially regarding its most important differences with the finite element method.
Subspaces in Hilbert Space

In Chapter 3 we used two-dimensional Hilbert space to model a manual for measuring electron spin, because every experiment had only two outcomes: spin-up and spin-down. Of course, many physical experiments have outcome sets that are not finite. A measurement of energy, position, or momentum of a moving particle usually means obtaining an outcome from an infinite number of possibilities. In this chapter we shall learn about infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. In particular, we shall consider the subspace structure of infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. These provide the logics for orthodox quantum physics.
Automated Edge Grid Generation Based on Arc-Length Optimization

Computational design and analysis has become a fundamental part of industry and academia for use in research, development, and manufacturing. In general, the accuracy of a computational analysis depends heavily on the fidelity of the computational representation of a real-world object or phenomenon. Most mesh generation strategies focus on element quality-with the justification being that downstream applications require high quality geometries in order to achieve a desired level of accuracy. However, element quality should be secondary to accurately representing the underlying physical object or phenomenon. This work seeks to improve the process of creating a computational model of an object of interest by accelerating the process of mesh generation by reducing the need for (often) manual intervention. This acceleration will be accomplished by automatically generating optimal discretizations of curves by minimizing the arc-length deficit. We propose a method for generating optimal discretizations through local optimization of the arc length. Our results demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of our optimal discretization technique.We also discuss how to incorporate our edge grid generator into existing mesh generation software.
Ruminant heat stress: effect on production and means of alleviation

A review of the literature indicates heat stress generally causes lower milk production, decreased growth rate for cattle and lambs, but little effect on wool production. Breed and diet affects the degree of adverse response. Heat stress is caused primarily by high air temperature, but can be intensified by high humidity, thermal radiation and low air movement. Improving performance of animals under warm conditions involves breeding and management and modifying the environment. The former includes selection for heat tolerance, use of crossbred animals, diets with low heat increment in relation to energy for production and control of diseases and parasites. Environmental modifications may include provision of shades, use of water for evaporative cooling and increased air movement.