cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient absorption spectra of aromatic radical cations in hydrocarbon solutions

Abstract Hydrocarbon solutions of toluene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, anthracene and pyrene were studied by 248 and 308 nm laser flash photolysis at room temperature. Time profiles of optical absorption and conductivity signals were taken and assigned to the formation and decay of transient radical cations. Biphotonic ionization was observed for all substrates by d.c. conductivity measurements. The overall quantum yields of free ions for the aromatic molecules studied measured by d.c. conductivity (for 248 nm laser flash photolysis) are in the range 1 X 10 −3 to 5 X 10 −3 . Absorption spectra of transient radical cations were observed in all cases with the exception of toluene, where strong absorption from the excited singlet state of toluene completely obscured the radical cation signal. Similarly, the absorption of the excited singlet state of naphthalene interferes with the observation of its radical cation.
Lattices of Quasivarieties of 3-Element Algebras

Abstract Shafaat showed that if L ( Q ( A )) is the lattice of subquasivarieties of the quasivariety Q ( A ) generated by an algebra A , then, for a 2-element algebra A , L ( Q ( A )) is a 2-element chain. It is shown that, for the 3-element Kleene algebra K , L ( Q ( K )) has cardinality 2 ℵ0 and that, for the 3-element algebra K ∘ obtained by adjoining a suitably defined binary operation ∘ to K , L ( Q ( K ∘ )) has cardinality ℵ 0 . The lattice of all clones containing the clone Clo K of all term functions on K is described. As a result, it will be shown that Clo K and Clo K ∘ are maximal with respect to the preceding property. In addition, whilst L ( Q ( K ∘ )) is a distributive lattice, L ( Q ( K )) will be seen to fail every non-trivial lattice identity.
Comparison of the physical and recombination maps of the mous X chromosome

The locations of five random mouse genomic DNA markers and five cloned genes, including the genes for clotting factors VIII and IX (Cf-8 and Cf-9), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Dmd), phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (Pgk-1), and alpha-galactosidase (Ags), on the mouse X chromosome were determined by in situ hybridization. The five random DNA markers provide new genetic loci with useful restriction fragment length polymorphisms between mouse strains and species, including one locus close to the centromeric region of the mouse X chromosome. The physical map and the recombination map of these loci on the X chromosome were compared. There was good agreement in the order of loci. Relative distances between loci were consistent along the X chromosome, with the exception of the telomeric end of the long arm, where the recombination fraction observed between loci closely associated on the physical map was higher than that between similarly spaced markers located in the proximal region of the X chromosome. These results are discussed in comparison to the human X-chromosome map.
LOTIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES IN THE MT. ST. HELENS REGION SIX YEARS FOLLOWING THE ERUPTION

A survey of 21 lotic habitats from the Mt. St. Helens region, Washington, was conducted during late summer 1986, six years after the eruption. A total of 152 taxa was observed (94 diatoms, 36 chlorophytes, 19 cyanophytes, 2 xanthophytes, and I rhodophyte). Sampling sites were classified by TWINSPAN (two-way indicator species analysis) and ordinated by DECORANA (detrended correspondence analysis). In general, both techniques corresponded well with each other and grouped sites according to the intensity of disturbance that they experienced. Species richness and diversity values tended to be lowest at the most heavily disturbed sites. Chlorophyll a values ranged over two orders of magnitude and tended to be higher at sites sampled from small, low-discharge tributaries. Loowit Creek, a thermally influenced stream that begins within the volcanic crater, was dominated by thick mats of the cyanophyte Mastigocladus laminosus. A general comparison of the present study with one conducted just after Mt. St. Helens erupted suggests that successional processes are operating in these lotic algal communities.
Pressure sensing of the atmosphere by solar occultation using broadband CO2 absorption

A technique for obtaining pressure at the tangent point in an IR solar occulation experiment is described. By measuring IR absorption in bands of atmospheric CO2 (e.g., 2.0, 2.7, or 4.3 microns), mean pressure values for each tangent point layer (vertical thickness 2 km or less) of the atmosphere can be obtained with rms errors of less than 3%. The simultaneous retrieval of pressure and gas concentration in a remote-sensing experiment will increase the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations and minimize the dependence of the experiment on pressure or mass path error resulting from use of climatological pressure data, satellite ephemeris, and instrument pointing accuracy.
Effect of current density and zinc content during electrical-assisted forming of copper alloys

Electrical-assisted forming (EAF), where current is directly applied to the workpiece during deformation, has been shown to dramatically reduce the flow stress of the material. In this paper, the effect of altering the Zn content in Cu specimens during EAF is investigated. Varying results were observed depending on if the threshold density, which produces significant reductions in flow stress, was surpassed. Thus, temperature increases due to resistive heating alone are not the cause of the observed effects. Once the threshold current is exceeded, the flow stress reductions increased with increasing Zn content. These results support theories regarding the physical mechanism of EAF as dislocations are able to move past alloying elements more effectively.
Attitudes Toward Health-Seeking Behaviors of College Students in Ukraine

This study elicited multiple perspectives on attitudes towards help-seeking behaviors associated with mental health problems of college students in Ukraine. It employed a sequential mixed method design. First, focus groups were conducted with students and psychologists. These data were analyzed and used to develop a survey. The survey was subsequently administered to psychiatrists, the primary providers of services to people with psychiatric problems in Ukraine. Findings from the focus groups revealed four help-seeking behaviors: 1) friends and partners, (2) alcohol use, (3) family support, and (4) conventional and alternative mental health services. Students and psychiatrists differed in their beliefs about help-seeking behaviors. Although psychiatrists believed students sought help from mental health and/or addictions professionals, students reported using self-medication and social network support. Implications include a troubling gap in perceptions between the students impacted and the professional communities that should be serving them.
The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus embryos

VegT is a T-box transcription factor whose mRNA is synthesized during oogenesis and localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the egg and early embryo. We show that maternally expressed VegT controls the pattern of primary germ layer specification in Xenopus embryos. Reduction of the maternal store completely alters the fates of different regions of the blastula so that animal cell fate is changed from epidermis and nervous system to epidermis only, equatorial cell fate is changed from mesoderm to ectoderm, and vegetal cell fate is changed from endoderm to mesoderm and ectoderm. Vegetal cells lose their capacity both to form endoderm and to release mesoderm-inducing signals. These results show that a single maternally expressed gene controls the patterning of the Xenopus blastula.
Gel Strength of Kappa-Carrageenan as Affected by Cations

SUMMARY– Kappa carrageenan was ion-exchanged with Al+3, NH4, +2, Ca+2, Fe+3, Fe+3, Mg+2, Na+2 and Sn+2. The gelling temperature and gel strength were determined for 1% exchanged kappa carrageenan gels prepared with 0.0375,0.075 and 0.15 N solutions of each of the exchanging cations; 1% exchanged kappa carrageenans with 0.0375, 0.075 and 0.15 N KCI, and non-exchanged kappa carrageenan with the same concentrations of AlCl3, NH4Cl, CaCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3 MgCl2 KCl, NaCl and SnCl2. Ion-exchange with Al, Fe+2, Fe+3 and Sn prevented gel formation. The other ion-exchanged carrageenans had signicantly lower gel strength than the non-exchanged carrageenan in a corresponding cation solution. Furthermore, the Mg- and Ca-exchanged carrageenans had greater gel strengths than the NH4 and Na-carrageenans. Use of KCI with the NH,-, Ca-, Mg- and Na-exchanged carrageenan resulted in increased gel strength, but the Al, Fe+2, Fe+3 and Sn-exchanged carrageenans still did not form a gel. The rank order of the gel strength of the NH4, Ca-, Mg- and Na-exchanged carrageenan dispersed in KCI was similar for the exchanged carrageenan in solutions of the exchanging cation, but the gelling temperatures and gel strength of the former approached that of the non-exchanged carrageenan in similar concentrations of KCl. For the non-exchanged carrageenan at the 0.075 N level of salt concentration, the effect of cation was K > Ca, Mg > Fe+2, NH4 < Na, Sn < Fe+3, Al (P < 0.001). Use of increasing concentrations of NH,Cl, NaCl, KCl and SnCl2 resulted in increased gel strength, whereas increasing concentrations of CaCl2, FeCl3 and MgCl2 decreased gel strength. These differences were reflected in a slightly different rank order for the 0.15 N level of salt.
Structural determination of [C7H7O]+ ions in the gas phase by ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry

The [C7H7O]+ ions from a series of compounds have been studied using ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. The techniques employed in this gas phase ion structure determination of [C7H7O]+ were photodissociation, ion-molecule reactions, and collisionally activated dissociation using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS-CAD). In addition to the low energy FTMS-CAD results, high energy CAD data obtained with a sector mass spectrometer is also provided. Evidence was found for five unique [C7H7O]+ structures, including the hydroxybenzyl ion, the hydroxytropylium ion, the protonated benzaldehyde ion, the methylaryloxy ion and the phenyl methylene ether ion. Ion-molecule reactions, invovling both proton transfer and methylene transfer, provided the most unambiguous results and yielded qualitative and quantitative evidence for the five structures. However, a combined approach using the three techniques was necessary to identify all of the structures. The tropylium form of [C7H7O]+ was found to absorb strongly at 305 nm, while the protonated benzaldehyde ion was found to have a strong absorption band at 305 nm and a weak band at 370 nm. The proton affinity of 2,4,6-cycloheptatrienone was determined to be 918±8 kJ mol−1, which is considerably lower than a previously reported value. In addition, deprotonation reactions of the methylaryloxy ion yielded a proton affinity of 871±14 kJ mol−1 for 4-methylenecyclohexa-2,6-diene-1-one.
Role of endoperoxides in arachidonic acid‐induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat

1. Administration of arachidonic acid caused dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the isolated rat kidney perfused in situ with Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase with indomethacin or meclofenamate reduced the renal vasoconstrictor effect of arachidonic acid. 3. The renal vasoconstrictor effect of arachidonic acid was unaffected by CGS-13080 at concentrations that effectively reduced thromboxane A2 (TxA2) synthesis by platelets and the kidney. 4. The endoperoxide/TxA2 receptor antagonist, SQ 29,548, abolished the renal vasoconstrictor effect of arachidonic acid and of U46619, an endoperoxide analogue. In contrast, SQ 29,548 did not affect the renal vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II, prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. 5. These data suggest that the vasoconstrictor effect of arachidonic acid in the isolated kidney of the rat is mediated by its metabolites, including the prostaglandin endoperoxides.
Child abuse screening: Implications of the limited predictive power of abuse discriminants from a controlled family study of pediatric social illness

The predictive value of a child abuse screening instrument on unselected populations is illustrated for varying hypothesized levels of child abuse prevalence in order to demonstrate outcome of a hypothetical national screening program. At any level of application, the prediction of false positives and false negatives suggests a low practical utility for an unacceptably high social cost.
Vibrational energy transfer in CH2F2

Abstract Infrared fluorescence has been observed from the ν1, ν6, 2ν9, ν8 and ν4 levels of CH2F2 following excitation by a 9.6 μ Q-switch CO2 laser. All the observed states exhibit a single exponential decay rate of approximately 44 msec−1 torr−1. The rare gas dependence of this rate has also been measured and found to be up to 20 times slower than the rate for the pure gas. Measurements of the risetimes of the observed fluorescence signals yielded an upper limit of 5 μsec at 1 torr for the ν1, ν6 and ν8 levels. The 2ν9 and ν4 risetimes were effectively instantaneous under the experimental conditions that prevailed. The relative magnitudes of the measured rate are discussed in terms of existing V-T/R theories and collisional energy transfer processes.
Studies of molybdena-alumina catalysts: V. Relation between catalyst sulfided state and activity for thiophene hydrodesulfurization

Sulfiding of a molybdena-alumina catalyst with thiophene/H2 mixtures was studied by a gravimetric technique. Thiophene conversions were separately measured using a catalytic microreactor. Simultaneous measurements of catalyst changes and reactivity were also carried out in a stirred, microbalance reactor. Runs were made on oxidized, prereduced and presulfided catalysts. The results of sulfiding the catalyst with thiophene were similar to those previously obtained with H2S. The predominant reaction was exchange of reactive O for S, with some anion vacancies also being formed. Prereduced catalysts sulfided to a lesser extent than the oxidized catalyst. Thiophene conversion varied with catalyst pretreatment and time on stream. A correlation between catalyst activity and catalyst surface concentrations is proposed based on dual sites consisting of anion vacancies and surface sulfide-oxide sites. It is supposed that the former are sites for thiophene adsorption and the latter for hydrogen adsorption and transfer.
Cold‐hardiness: a component of the diapause syndrome in pupae of the flesh flies, Sarcophaga crassipalpis and S. bullata

. Diapausing pupae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart and S. bullata Parker reared at 20 or 25dC readily survive exposure to - 10dC for at least 25 days. In contrast, non-diapausing pupae produced by a variety of means are consistently intolerant of the low temperature. Non-diapausing pupae are not immediately killed by exposure to -10dC: pupae exposed to the low temperature for up to 3 days proceed with pharate adult development but ultimately die before adult eclosion. Unlike many temperate zone insects, diapausing flesh fly pupae do not require a period of chilling for induction of cold-hardiness, and the attribute of cold-hardiness cannot be separated from other features of the diapause syndrome. Some cold-hardiness is already acquired during the third larval instar: diapause-destined larvae exposed to -10dC are more successful in pupariating than non-diapause-destined larvae of the same age.
Exploiting fractalness of error surfaces: New methods for neural network learning

Learning in neural networks can be formulated as global optimization of a multimodal error function over a high-dimensional space of connection weights. A general scaling model that describes the error surface as high-dimensional fraction Brownian motion (FBM), i.e., as a class of random fractals, is developed. The parameter of FBM can be extracted by spectral analysis of the error profile over a random walk in weight space. Scaling structure within the error surface has important implications for stochastic optimizations such as Boltzmann learning. Experimental data that confirm the fractalness of error surfaces for a wide range of problems and connection topologies are reviewed, and the implications of these results are discussed. >
Resting-state activity in development and maintenance of normal brain function

One of the most intriguing recent discoveries concerning brain function is that intrinsic neuronal activity manifests as spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signal. These BOLD fluctuations exhibit temporal synchrony within widely distributed brain regions known as resting-state networks. Resting-state networks are present in the waking state, during sleep, and under general anesthesia, suggesting that spontaneous neuronal activity plays a fundamental role in brain function. Despite its ubiquitous presence, the physiological role of correlated, spontaneous neuronal activity remains poorly understood. One hypothesis is that this activity is critical for the development of synaptic connections and maintenance of synaptic homeostasis. We had a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis in a 5-y-old boy with severe epileptic encephalopathy. The child developed marked neurologic dysfunction in association with a seizure disorder, resulting in a 1-y period of behavioral regression and progressive loss of developmental milestones. His EEG showed a markedly abnormal pattern of high-amplitude, disorganized slow activity with frequent generalized and multifocal epileptiform discharges. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI showed reduced BOLD fluctuations and a pervasive lack of normal connectivity. The child underwent successful corpus callosotomy surgery for treatment of drop seizures. Postoperatively, the patient's behavior returned to baseline, and he resumed development of new skills. The waking EEG revealed a normal background, and functional connectivity MRI demonstrated restoration of functional connectivity architecture. These results provide evidence that intrinsic, coherent neuronal signaling may be essential to the development and maintenance of the brain's functional organization.
Evaluation of Pre-consolidation Stress Determination Methods

Pre-consolidation pressure provides valuable information about soil behavior and, specifically, settlement under an induced load. Soil is expected to have less settlement before its pre-consolidation pressure and much more settlement after that point. The pre-consolidation pressure and the compressibility of the soil can be determined from the results of a one dimensional consolidation test. Different methods have been developed to obtain the accurate pre-consolidation pressure from one dimensional consolidation test data. This paper presents and discusses the results of the one-dimensional consolidation test data from an extensive testing program. The test specimens used were obtained from multiple borehole locations and were extracted using Shelby tube samplers. The focus of this paper is the comparison of three pre-consolidation stress determination techniques, which were performed on each specimen of the large sample pool. The methods used were the Casagrande method, strain-energy method, and intersecting tangent method. The implementation of these methods will be evaluated. In addition, the subjectivity of each method will be addressed. The final results of the techniques will then be compared and contrasted.
Security-aware routing and localization for a directional mission critical network

There has been recent interest in the development of untethered sensor nodes that communicate directionally via free space optical communications for mission critical settings in which high-speed link guarantees in hostile environments are needed. Directional wireless optical sensor networks have the potential to provide gigabits per second speeds for relatively low power consumption enabling bursty traffic and longer network lifetimes. In randomly deployed sensor settings, the crucial steps of ad hoc route setup and node localization are not only nontrivial, but also vulnerable to security attacks. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a lightweight security-aware integrated routing and localization approach that exploits the benefits of link directionality inherent to wireless optical sensor networks. The circuit-based algorithm that makes use of directional routing loops, called SIRLoS, leverages the resources of the base station and a hierarchical network structure to identify topological information and detect security violations in neighborhood discovery and routing mechanisms. We study the performance of the SIRLoS algorithm demonstrating that reduced localization error, routing overhead, and likelihood of attack in various contexts are possible within lightweight computational constraints.
Space Tourism : The Catalyst Behind Space Exploration & Development

This paper reports the results of an historical -critical analysis of a relatively simple conceptual topic —the relationship between the emerging space tourism industry and the commercialization and development of space. The justification for space development involves economic be nefits and creation of a ‘safety net’ for the human race in case Earth becomes uninhabitable. It is concluded that the potential benefits of mining and manufacturing in space warrant further examination. Of greater importance is the fact that several diffe rent threats to the Earth were identified, and any of them could result in the necessity for humans to settle elsewhere in the universe. It is unlikely that any national governments or international coalitions can or will create a space infrastructure and garner the necessary operational experience to provide a safety net. At the present time only the commercial space tourism industry is believed to be capable of stimulating the commercial development of space.
Measurement of the Vaporization Enthalpy of Complex Mixtures by Correlation-Gas Chromatography. The Vaporization Enthalpy of RP-1, JP-7, and JP-8 Rocket and Jet Fuels at T = 298.15 K

The use of correlation-gas chromatography to measure the vaporization enthalpy { Hm(298.15 K)} of complex fuels is demonstrated using RP-1, JP-7, and JP-8, which are all rocket and jet fuels. Vaporization enthalpies of 308, 341, and 441 kJ/kg have been obtained assuming average compositions of C12H23.4, C12H25, and C11H21, respectively. The H/C ratio in these fuels has been measured by 1H NMR, and an average molecular weight has been determined using gas chromatography. Some variance in composition with the literature values has been observed. The vaporization enthalpies are compared to those in the literature and to values estimated for these compositions. The estimated values are discussed in terms of the composition of the fuel. The effect of detector bias in evaluating the mole fraction of each hydrocarbon present, as a function of size, is tested and determined to have a relatively small effect on the vaporization enthalpy.
The preparation of cholinergic synaptosomes from bovine superior cervical ganglia.

—A method is described for the preparation of relatively pure cholinergic synaptosomes from bovine cervical sympathetic ganglia. After dispersion of the tissue by incubation with collagenase, differential centrifugation yielded a crude synaptosomal fraction (P2), which was further purified by centrifugation on sucrose or Ficoll-sucrose density gradients. Assay of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase, and electron microscopy confirmed that presynaptic nerve endings survived the incubation procedure, appeared in the P2 fraction and thereafter sedimented to a density of approx. 1.13 in sucrose and 1.06 in Ficoll-sucrose. The washed P2 fraction had an acetylcholine content of 2.3 nmol/mg of protein, which is at least three times higher than the corresponding fraction from brain.
Alkalinizing effects of oral sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate in sedentary horses

Equimolar solutions of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2), or deionised water (as a negative control) were administered by nasogastric intubation randomly to each of 12 sedentary mares every 2 weeks. Anaerobic samples of jugular venous blood were obtained hourly until 7 h after administration and were analysed for pH, pCO2, and concentrations of tCO2, HCO3−, Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca++. Measured strong ion difference (SIDm), anion gap (AG), and estimated strong ion gap (SIGest) were calculated. Least square means differences for each variable were determined using ANOVA for repeated measures. Significance level was set at P<0.05. Treatment with NaHCO3increased pH, pCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−], [Na+], and SIDm within 1 h of intubation (P<0.05). Peaks were reached at 2 (pH and [Na+]) and 3 h (pH, pCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−], and SIDm) after NaHCO3 treatment. Sodium acetate increased [Na+] within 1 h of intubation; pH, [tCO2], and [HCO3−] within 2 h; and pCO2 and SIDm within 3 h (P<0.05). Peaks in pCO2, ...
Insect‐repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size

Biting insects are costly to hosts, and insect-repelling movements of the tail, ears, head, and feet are widespread in mammals and effective in reducing bites. We investigate whether the 'peripheral stimulation model' can explain the regulation of this widespread behaviour pattern in a comparative study of bovids. The peripheral stimulation hypothesis predicts: (1) a positive association between insect-repelling rates and body size because larger hosts pro- duce more of the sensory cues that attract biting insects; (2) that individuals in larger groups will exhibit a higher rate of insect defense behaviour if group size and insect attraction follows a linear function; and (3) larger species will evolve proportionately longer tails in response to higher rates of insect attack. To test these predictions, we observed insect-repelling behaviour in 26 species of bovids at a zoological park, and controlled for common ancestry with for- mal phylogenetic analyses (independent contrasts). Consistent with the peripheral stimulation hypothesis, rates of tail-switching and all insect-repelling behaviours combined were positively associated with body mass, whereas ear- flicking was positively associated with proportional tail length. Larger bovids had proportionately longer tails for more effective fly swatting. There was no significant association between insect-repelling rate and group size, sug- gesting that a nonlinear relationship exists between group size and insect attacks whereby individuals in larger groups do not experience an increased attack rate. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 383-392.
Emotional Distress of Mothers of Hospitalized Children

Compared 20 mothers of children hospitalized on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), 20 mothers of children hospitalized on a general pediatric medical surgical unit, and 20 mothers of nonhospitalized ill children on standardized measures of anxiety and negative moods. The mothers of children admitted to the PICU experienced greater state anxiety, depression, confusion, and anger than the other mothers. There were no differences between the mothers of children admitted to the general pediatric floor and mothers of nonhospitalized ill children. Maternal age, family stress, number of prior hospitalizations of the ill child, and the mother's rating of the severity of her child's illness were predictive of emotional distress. Results indicate that hospitalization of a mildly or moderately ill child per se may not necessarily increase maternal emotional distress.
Preliminary Investigation of the Direct and Moderating Effects of Family and Individual Variables on the Adjustment of Children and Adolescents with Diabetes

Investigated the direct and stress-moderating effects of mother and child coping skills, child Type A behavior, and mother's report of disease-related family interruption on both psychological and physiological adjustment in 64 children with insulin-dependent diabetes. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, relevant demographic variables (age, gender, disease duration) were first evaluated for effects on the outcome measures, followed by the stress variable, the individual difference and family factors, and the interaction term. Several direct relationships between demographic, individual and family factors, and outcome were identified, as well as one moderating relationship. Implications for research design and future study of children and adolescents with diabetes are discussed.
Cultural Maintenance and Cultural Transformation: Educational Anthropology in the Eighties

This article is a slightly revised version of the Past President's Address delivered at the annual business meeting of the Council on Anthropology and Education, Denver, 17 November 1984. EDUCATIONAL CHANGE; ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH.
ACCURACY STUDIES OF A TWO-COMPONENT DOPPLER GLOBAL VELOCIMETER (DGV)

A two-component Doppler Global Velocimeter (DGV) system is described, and preliminary velocity measurements obtained from the DGV system to quantify its accuracy are summarized. This DGV system uses molecular iodine vapor cells as frequency discriminating filters to determine the Doppler shift of laser light which is scattered off of seed particles in a flow, from which the flow velocity is determined. Results are presented for velocity distributions over the surface of a rotating wheel. A two-component Point Doppler Velocimeter (PDV) system has already been developed, and its accuracy demonstrated to be on the order of better than ±1 m/sec. Presently, the accuracy of the two component DGV system is being investigated. The two-component DGV system uses four 8 bit Hitachi CCD cameras, and a Matrox Genesis frame grabber for image acquisition. Image acquisition software has been developed, along with the required image processing software, including the required image warping and pixel registration routines, calibration, averaging, and so forth. For the rotating wheel results, RMS noise levels are observed which are on the order of ±1 m/sec, while total velocity range errors are observed to be between ±1-2 m/sec. However, there is also a zero velocity offset which is observed to be on the order of -20 m/sec; the cause of this offset is presently unknown. In the future, data from the two-component DGV system will be compared with similar data which has already been obtained with the twocomponent PDV system. This will allow a careful comparison of the accuracies of the two systems, and
Widespread Polymorphism in the Positions of Stop Codons in Drosophila melanogaster

The mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in protein length are poorly understood. Protein domains are lost and gained between species and must have arisen first as within-species polymorphisms. Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster population genomic data combined with between species divergence information to understand the evolutionary forces that generate and maintain polymorphisms causing changes in protein length in D. melanogaster. Specifically, we looked for protein length variations resulting from premature termination codons (PTCs) and stop codon losses (SCLs). We discovered that 438 genes contained polymorphisms resulting in truncation of the translated region (PTCs) and 119 genes contained polymorphisms predicted to lengthen the translated region (SCLs). Stop codon polymorphisms (SCPs) (especially PTCs) appear to be more deleterious than other polymorphisms, including protein amino acid changes. Genes harboring SCPs are in general less selectively constrained, more narrowly expressed, and enriched for dispensable biological functions. However, we also observed exceptional cases such as genes that have multiple independent SCPs, alleles that are shared between D. melanogaster and Drosophila simulans, and high-frequency alleles that cause extreme changes in gene length. SCPs likely have an important role in the evolution of these genes.
Human papillomavirus detection by hybrid capture in paired cervicovaginal lavage and cervical biopsy specimens.

Infection of the uterine cervix with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with dysplastic lesions that may progress to malignancy. Certain HPV types are associated with higher risk of cervical cancer than other genital HPVs. The goal of this study was to determine if cells obtained by cervicovaginal lavage contain similar HPV types as paired cervical biopsy in women referred because of abnormal cervical cytology. Thirty-four paired lavage and biopsy samples were analyzed for HPV DNA by hybrid capture, using "low risk" (HPV types 6. 11, and related types and "high risk" group (HPV types 16, 18, and related types) HPV. HPV was detected in 24 lavage samples and 18 biopsies. High risk types were predominant. In 14 of 18 HPV-positive biopsies, the paired lavage was also positive for the same HPV group. Four biopsies were HPV-positive at low levels, and the paired lavage was HPV-negative. The mean viral copy numbers of the biopsies from patients with positive and negative lavage samples were 2.7 and 0.1, respectively (P = .02). Ten low level HPV infections were detected by lavage that were not detected by biopsy. HPV detection by hybrid capture in cells obtained by cervicovaginal lavage reflects the results of HPV testing in cervical biopsies.
Law Schools and the University

This piece, written for a symposium celebrating Rick Matasar’s scholarship, charts a course for law schools over the coming years. In particular, it suggests that law schools need to adjust to the changing environment in the legal profession, and broaden their impact across campus. Law practice is becoming more inter-professional, and law schools should take this opportunity to partner with other units across campus to provide a better education both to their students and to the rest of the students at the university. A law school that becomes more integrated into the fabric of the university will find a successful path going forward.
Voltammetric Mechanism of Multiion Detection with Thin Ionophore-Based Polymeric Membrane

The capability to detect multianalyte ions in their mixed solution is an important advantage of voltammetry with an ionophore-based polymeric membrane against the potentiometric and optical counterparts. This advanced capability is highly attractive for the analysis of physiological ions at millimolar concentrations in biological and biomedical samples. Herein, we report on the comprehensive response mechanisms based on the voltammetric exchange and transfer of millimolar multiions at a thin polymeric membrane, where an ionophore is exhaustively depleted upon the transfer of the most favorable primary ion, IzI. With a new voltammetric ion-exchange mechanism, the primary ion is exchanged with the secondary favorable ion, JzJ, at more extreme potentials to transfer a net charge of |zJ|/nJ – |zI|/nI for each ionophore molecule, which forms 1:nI and 1:nJ complexes with the respective ions. Alternatively, an ion-transfer mechanism utilizes the second ionophore that independently transfers the secondary ion wit...
Closing the Womb Door: Contraception Use and Fertility Transition Among Culturally Tibetan Women in Highland Nepal

Objectives Whether in metropoles or remote mountain communities, the availability and adoption of contraceptive technologies prompt serious and wide-ranging biological, social, and political-economic questions. The potential shifts in women’s capacities to create spaces between pregnancies or to prevent future pregnancies have profound and often positive biological, demographic, and socioeconomic implications. Less acknowledged, however, are the ambivalences that women experience around contraception use—vacillations between moral frameworks, generational difference, and gendered forms of labor that have implications well beyond the boundaries of an individual’s reproductive biology. This paper hones in on contraceptive use of culturally Tibetan women in two regions of highland Nepal whose reproductive lives occurred from 1943 to 2012. Methods We describe the experiences of the 296 women (out of a study of more than 1000 women’s reproductive histories) who used contraception, and under what circumstances, examining socioeconomic, geographic, and age differences as well as points of access and patterns of use. We also provide a longitudinal perspective on fertility. Results Our results relate contraception usage to fertility decline, as well as to differences in access between the two communities of women. Conclusions We argue that despite seemingly similar social ecologies of these two study sites—including stated reasons for the adoption of contraception and expressed ambivalence around its use, some of which are linked to moral and cosmological understandings that emerge from Buddhism—the dynamics of contraception uptake in these two regions are distinct, as are, therefore, patterns of fertility transition.
Recent effect of molluscicidat measures with no obstacle executed in hilly areas

To find out the effecient measures to kill oncomelania snails in complicated environments of hilly areas and the aquicultural regions and to provide scientific basis to devise the molluscicidal counter-measures,the molluscicidal efforts with no obstacle were executed comprehensively in organization and actions.The molluscicidal quality after the project was evaluated at the same year and the recent effect was assessed one year later.It was found that the approved rate of molluscicidal quality at the same year was 9⒌5%.One year later,the area with snails was reduced from 133130 m2 in 2006 to 18720 m2 in spring of 2007 with a reduction rate of area with snails of 8⒌94%.It is concluded that the problem of molluscidal effect due to the complicated environment of hilly areas and the aquicultural regions can be solved through implementing the mulluscicidal measures with no obstacle.
The prepsychotic personality in dementia praecox; study of 100 cases in the Navy.

A hundred consecutive navy admissions diagnosed dementia praecox have been studied. Only 28 per cent had pre-psycchotic personalities characterized by introversion; 35 per cent showed distinct extroversion; and 37 per cent were ambivert, or showed a mixture of the two traits. No particular diagnostic subtypes seem to be related to either personality trait. It appeared that from six to nine months after admission 61 per cent of the total had been discharged, 9 per cent as recovered, 23 per cent as socially recovered, and 27 per cent as improved. Extroverts showed, approximately, a 10 per cent better recovery rate than introverts, while catatonics showed only about 25 per cent of failure to recover compared to 39 per cent of the total. However, all figures presented need to be considered with great caution as to their significance in view of the relatively small number. Most significantly,the results of the study are not consistent with the conventional idea that a majority of schizophrenics have introvert pre-psychotic personalities.
Avoiding practice-based research pitfalls: one novice's experience.

OBJECTIVE: This paper is intended to encourage performance and reporting of practice-based research. Though some practicing family physicians have done research, others hold back due to feelings of inability or because a previous effort overwhelmed them. METHODS AND RESULTS: By discussing a number of process errors he made while working on an eventually successful project, the author hopes to help others avoid mistakes that can cause a novice researcher to abandon a research effort. CONCLUSION: It is entirely possible for practicing family physicians to plan and complete research projects of various sizes and designs. Knowing common, yet avoidable pitfalls, will assist the family physician researcher to efficiently use the precious time available.
Small molecule crystallography past, present, and future: a career long review of chemical crystallography

This manuscript is an evaluation of the current state of small molecule crystallography using the author’s education and experiences as an example. It deals with the history of crystallography over the last 50 years, the author’s experiences and suggests areas of improvement for the future. The verification and publication of crystallographic data is highlighted.
Introduction: An Embedded History

On 25 May 1895, in London’s Central Criminal Court, Justice Alfred Wills sentenced Oscar Wilde to two years’ hard labor for committing acts of ‘gross indecency’ with other men. In his sentencing speech, Wills said to Wilde: ‘The crime of which you have been convicted is so bad that one has to put stern restraint upon one’s self to prevent one’s self from describing, in language which I would rather not use, the sentiments which must rise to the breast of every man of honour who has heard the details of these two terrible trials.’1 After affirming the jury’s verdict, Wills concluded: ‘It is no use for me to address you. People who can do these things must be dead to all sense of shame, and one cannot hope to produce any effect on them. It is the worst case I have ever tried.’2 This speech has rightly been read as a moment of Foucauldian subjectivation par excellence: a moment when the subject is constructed in and through the disciplinary discourses that would seem merely to describe him. In this instance, Wills’s language produces a type of individual . ‘People who can do these things’ . over and against an imaginary norm . ‘every man of honour’ . which is produced and legitimated at the same time, and at the stigmatized party’s expense.3 These scathing remarks, which Wilde was not allowed to counter as he was led out of the courtroom, would license over a century of homophobic discrimination and abuse, and mark a clear turning point in the history of sexuality.4
Abstract 14: Impact of Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5 Stoichiometry on Epigenetic Status of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming

Reprogramming from fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) offers alternative strategies for cardiac disease modeling and cardiac regeneration. Cellular reprogramming is closely associated with global re-patterning of the epigenetic landscape. The reprogramming cells must overcome the epigenetic barriers to acquire the target cell-like epigenetic pattern. We have recently demonstrated that stoichiometry of iCM reprogramming factors Gata4 (G), Mef2c (M) and Tbx5 (T) has profound impact on reprogramming efficiency and quality, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the optimal stoichiometry combination MGT resulted in a reduced binding of the repressive marker histone 3 lysine 27 trimethlytion (H3K27me3) and an enhanced binding of the active marker histone 3 lysine 4 trimethlytion (H3K4me3) on the cardiac gene loci, compared to the least optimal combination GTM. We found that this epigenetic change occurred as early as day 3 when cardiac marker genes started to be induced in the reprogramming fibroblasts. Additionally, we determined the DNA methylation status in two cardiac gene loci during MGT and GTM induced reprogramming. Subsets of the CpG islands in these promoters were significantly more demethylated in MGT than GMT-transduced cells. We thus propose these CpGs islands as the “regulatory” CpGs critical for iCM reprogramming. In conclusion, we demonstrated that stoichiometry of G, M, T influences the epigenetic status of the iCM cells, suggesting a potential mechanism of how stoichiometry of G,M,T influences reprogramming.
Tumor mutational burden of microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal tumors by patient factors and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status.

627Background: Microsatellite instability (MSI) can predict response to pembrolizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Benefit to PD-1 blockade is limited in microsatellite stable (MSS) mCRC yet MSS tumors represent >95% of all mCRC cases. Evidence suggests that high mutational load remains an important predictor of benefit to checkpoint inhibition across several tumors. We aimed to explore associations between tumor mutational burden (TMB) and various patient factors and mutations of interest to identify features of patients (pts) with MSS mCRC of potential significance to prognosis and PD-1 targeting. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of MSS metastatic colorectal tumors at our single institution using FoundationOne. TMB was categorized as high ≥ 20 mutations/megabase (Mb), intermediate 6-19 mutations/Mb, and low ≤ 5 mutations/Mb. TMB frequencies were analyzed according to age (≤50, >50, >65, and >70 years old), gender, race, location of primary ...
Restaurant nutrition reporting and impact on surveillance

Abstract Comprehensive, standardized surveillance of the nutritional composition of restaurant foods is critical for researchers and policy makers seeking to understand the healthfulness of the restaurant food supply and measure the impact of nutrition interventions. To date, MenuStat ( www.menustat.org ) is the most comprehensive public nutrition database of United States (US) restaurant foods and beverages to our knowledge. However, gaps in reporting serving weights and specific nutrients in restaurant foods limit the generalizability of data. The US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guidance regarding requirements to make nutrition information available at chain restaurants will improve the completeness of the data because more restaurants will report nutrition and there will be more information on dietary components, such as trans fat content. Still, important gaps will persist, including incomplete serving weight information, which is needed to comprehensively evaluate industry progress toward the FDA’s proposed voluntary sodium reduction goals.
Dark Matter + Higgs($$\rightarrow b\bar{b}$$): Event Selection

This chapter presents a detailed description of the selection criteria used in this analysis to reject background and maximize signal sensitivity. The reconstructed objects used in the selection are jets, ETmiss, electrons, and muons. A discussion of the definition of these objects can be found in Chap. 8, where the triggers used in this analysis are also discussed.
Fingerprinting Apple Cultivars by Electrophoretic Isozyme Banding Patterns

Anionic electrophoretic isozyme patterns of peroxidase, esterase and acid phosphatase and cationic peroxidase isozyme patterns from shoot bark protein extracts were used to identify clonal apple scion cultivars. Each of the 21 cultivars included in this study developed a unique combination of isozyme patterns which allowed it to be distinguished from the others. Sports within cultivars exhibited identical patterns of enzymes, with the exception of ‘Wijcik’, a natural compact mutant of ‘McIntosh’ which could be distinguished from the latter, although it was indistinguishable from the cultivar ‘Spartan’. Isozyme patterns remained constant when samples were taken from wood of different ages, at several times of the year and with trees growing in different locations and on different rootstocks.