cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of oligodendrocyte protection, BBB breakdown and inflammation for remyelination

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. A better understanding of why remyelination fails in MS is necessary to improve remyelination strategies. Remyelination is mediated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are widely distributed throughout the adult CNS. However, it is still unclear whether OPCs detectable in MS lesions survive the inflammatory response but are unable to myelinate or whether OPC and oligodendrocyte death is primarily responsible for remyelination failure and detectable OPCs enter demyelinated areas from adjacent tissue as the lesion evolves. Remyelination strategies should, therefore, focus on stimulation of differentiation or prevention of apoptosis, as well as establishment of a supportive environment for OPC-mediated remyelination, which may be especially important in chronically demyelinated lesions.
CALIBRATION OF COMMERCIAL EDDY CURRENT INSTRUMENTS FOR QUANTITATIVE NDE

Eddy current testing is typically used in the field to detect defects in a specimen that exceed a set threshold. In most conventional techniques this is done by calibrating the test setup with a reference standard in a way that will correlate the output signal to a known and standard flaw size, such as 10% metal loss due to corrosion thinning in a aircraft skin. However, these standard methods cannot completely characterize a defect in a quantitative manner. In general, reliable quantitative NDE requires quantitative measurements and a theory to interpret them. Theoretical eddy current NDE usually models the test coil’s impedance change (in ohms) as the quantitative measure that varies with specimen and flaw parameters. Specific laboratory instruments such as impedance analyzers are capable of making quantitative measurements that allow researchers to compare experimental data directly to theory. But typical commercial eddy current instruments are not designed to measure probe impedances quantitatively. Rather, they measure relative changes in the coil impedance.
Programming an astrophysics application in an object-oriented parallel language

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic code is used to test a newly developed parallel C++ (pC++) language and compiler. The original code is written in FORTRAN77 and is designed to model self-gravitating compressible gas flows. The code is rewritten in pC++ and is tested on a BBN GP1000 and an Alliant FX/2800. Nearly linear speed-up is achieved on both machines. On the Alliant comparison between the pC++ code and the original FORTRAN77 code is conducted. For processor numbers >or=6, the pC++ code outperforms the FORTRAN77 code which is automatically vectorized and parallelized by the Alliant FORTRAN compiler. >
Dynamics of distributed-feedback fiber lasers: effect of nonlinear refraction

We present a model for the dynamics of distributed-feedback fiber lasers that includes the effect of nonlinear refraction. The model predicts antiphase and in-phase self-pulsations, asymmetric output, and deterministic chaos if the nonlinear refractive index of the fiber material is sufficiently large. Self-pulsations with frequencies of tens to hundreds of megahertz and pulse widths of several nanoseconds are observed in computer simulations.
Feedback stabilization of control systems described by a class of nonlinear differential-algebraic equations

Abstract A theoretical framework for the stabilization of control systems defined by a class of nonlinear differential-algebraic equations is established. Assumptions are stated which guarantee that the nonlinear differential-algebaric equations can be described by a nonlinear control system defined on a smooth manifold. A procedure for obtaining a local state realization is developed. Conditions for local stabilization of a single equilibrium solution, including one set of conditions which can easily be checked using standard computations, are indicated.
Lateral Load Carrying Capacity of Laminated Bamboo Lumber and Oriented Strand Board Connections

AbstractLaminated bamboo lumber (LBL) is regarded as an alternative framing material for the construction industry. However, there is limited knowledge of its behavior in connection with commonly used sheathing material, such as oriented strand board (OSB). This study characterized the lateral load carrying capacity of LBL-OSB connections and studied the applicability of the yield models presented in the national design specifications to LBL connections. Two different connection geometries, edge and plate, which were representative of those present in a wall, were analyzed. The strength of the connections was characterized using monotonic testing. After the destructive testing, portions of the framing and sheathing materials from the samples were further evaluated for dowel bearing strength. Experimental results indicate that the LBL-OSB connections have similar lateral load carrying capacity as conventional Douglas fir-OSB connections. No statistical significance was observed in the strength differences ...
Universal-input single-stage PFC flyback with variable boost inductance for high-brightness LED applications

This paper presents a single-stage flyback power-factor-correction circuit with a variable boost inductance for high-brightness light-emitting-diode applications for the universal input voltage (90–270 Vrms). The proposed circuit overcomes the limitations of the conventional single-stage PFC flyback with a constant boost inductance, which cannot be designed to achieve a practical bulk-capacitor voltage level (i.e., less than 450 V) at high line while meeting the IEC 61000–3–2 Class C line current harmonic limits at low line. According to the proposed variable boost inductance method, the boost inductance is constant in the high-voltage range and it is reduced in the low-voltage range, resulting in discontinuous-conduction-mode operation and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) in both the high-voltage and low-voltage ranges. Measurements obtained on a 24-V/91-W experimental prototype are as follows: PF = 0.9873, THD = 12%, and efficiency = 88% at nominal low line (120 V rms ); and PF = 0.9474, THD = 10.39%, and efficiency = 91% at nominal high line (230 V rms ). The line current harmonics satisfy the IEC 61000–3–2 Class C limits with enough margin.
Redundant Catalases Detoxify Phagocyte Reactive Oxygen and Facilitate Histoplasma capsulatum Pathogenesis

Histoplasma capsulatum is a respiratory pathogen that infects phagocytic cells. The mechanisms allowing Histoplasma to overcome toxic reactive oxygen molecules produced by the innate immune system are an integral part of Histoplasma's ability to survive during infection. To probe the contribution of Histoplasma catalases in oxidative stress defense, we created and analyzed the virulence defects of mutants lacking CatB and CatP, which are responsible for extracellular and intracellular catalase activities, respectively. Both CatB and CatP protected Histoplasma from peroxide challenge in vitro and from antimicrobial reactive oxygen produced by human neutrophils and activated macrophages. Optimal protection required both catalases, as the survival of a double mutant lacking both CatB and CatP was lower than that of single-catalase-deficient cells. Although CatB contributed to reactive oxygen species defenses in vitro, CatB was dispensable for lung infection and extrapulmonary dissemination in vivo. Loss of CatB from a strain also lacking superoxide dismutase (Sod3) did not further reduce the survival of Histoplasma yeasts. Nevertheless, some catalase function was required for pathogenesis since simultaneous loss of both CatB and CatP attenuated Histoplasma virulence in vivo. These results demonstrate that Histoplasma's dual catalases comprise a system that enables Histoplasma to efficiently overcome the reactive oxygen produced by the innate immune system.
Diagnosis of Scaphoid Fracture Displacement with Radiography and Computed Tomography

Background: Displacement is an important risk factor for nonunion of scaphoid wrist fractures. We compared computed tomography with radiographs with regard to their ability to detect displacement. Methods: Six blinded observers rated thirty scaphoid fractures (ten displaced and twenty nondisplaced) with use of radiographs and computed tomography. The radiographs were evaluated separately from the computed tomography scans and then, in a third evaluation, the two imaging studies were reviewed simultaneously. The evaluations were repeated four weeks later. Observers were asked to evaluate specific measures of fracture displacement and then to judge the fracture as being displaced or nondisplaced. Results: Intraobserver reliability was better for computed tomography alone and the combination of radiographs and computed tomography than it was for radiographs alone (kappa values, 0.65, 0.63, and 0.54, respectively; all p < 0.001). The interobserver reliability was also better for computed tomography alone and the combination of radiographs and computed tomography than it was for radiographs alone (kappa values, 0.43, 0.48, and 0.27, respectively; all p < 0.001). The average sensitivity was 75% for radiographs alone, 72% for computed tomography alone, and 80% for both; the average specificity was 64%, 80%, and 73%, respectively; the average accuracy was 68%, 77%, and 75%, respectively. The positive predictive values (assuming a 5% prevalence of fracture displacement) were low (0.10, 0.13, and 0.16) and the negative predictive values were high (0.97, 0.98, and 0.99) for the radiographs, computed tomography, and combined modality. Conclusions: Computed tomography improves the reliability of detecting scaphoid fracture displacement but has a more limited effect on accuracy, which remains <80%. The utility of computed tomography scans for diagnosing scaphoid fracture displacement is affected by the low prevalence of fracture displacement. This study suggests that computed tomography scans are useful for ruling out displacement but not for diagnosing it. We recommend that all scaphoid fractures be evaluated with computed tomography in order to rule out displacement. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A change in anticoagulation monitoring improves safety, reduces transfusion, and reduces costs in infants on cardiopulmonary bypass

Summary Background An immature coagulation system coupled with the hypothermia and hemodilution associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants makes the activated clotting time (ACT) an ineffective monitor for anticoagulation in this population. The Medtronic HMS Plus Hemostasis Management System (HMS; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) is shown to decrease thrombin generation and blood product requirements. Aim We conducted a quality improvement initiative to test our hypothesis that the use of HMS results in reduced incidence of subtherapeutic ACT values, blood product usage, and operating room time for infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Fifty consecutive patients weighing <10 kg having cardiac surgery requiring CPB had anticoagulation managed by the HMS. Data were compared to that of 50 consecutive patients weighing <10 kg having cardiac surgery who had their anticoagulation monitored by the ACT alone. Comparisons between categorical variables were performed with chi-square tests. Comparisons between continuous variables were performed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Statistical significance was defined as two-tailed P value < 0.05. Results The HMS group had a 61% decrease in incidence of ACT values <480 s and elimination of ACT values < 400 s at any time on bypass. The HMS group received fewer blood products and spent fewer minutes in the operating room after protamine administration, translating to fewer donor exposures and a savings of $403 in transfusion costs and $440 in operating room time costs. Conclusion Our findings highlight the benefits of individualized heparinization for pediatric patients undergoing CPB with a monitored heparinization system.
Effects of length on the catchlike property of human quadriceps femoris muscle.

Background and Purpose. Recent reports have suggested that electrical stimulation trains that take advantage of the catchlike property of skeletal muscle can produce higher forces from skeletal muscle than traditionally used constant-frequency trains. This study investigated the effects of catchlike-inducing trains on human quadriceps femoris muscles while the knee joint was held at 15 degrees of flexion. Subjects and Methods. Subjects (N=12) were tested with constant-frequency trains that had interpulse intervals ranging from 10 to 160 milliseconds and comparable catchlike-inducing trains. Data were collected during the control condition (1 train every 10 seconds) and during repetitive contractions (1 train per second). Results. During control and repetitive activation conditions, catchlike-inducing trains produced approximately 5% to 110% greater peak forces than comparable constant-frequency trains, depending on the frequencies being compared. Total forces produced (ie, force-time integrals) were increased up to 59% and 49% during the control and repetitive activation conditions, respectively. Conclusion and Discussion. These results support earlier findings that catchlike-inducing trains may be advantageous in functional electrical stimulation applications.
Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species: What We Know and Do Not Know

Spores of Bacillus species can remain in their dormant and resistant states for years, but exposure to agents such as specific nutrients can cause spores' return to life within minutes in the process of germination. This process requires a number of spore-specific proteins, most of which are in or associated with the inner spore membrane (IM). These proteins include the (i) germinant receptors (GRs) that respond to nutrient germinants, (ii) GerD protein, which is essential for GR-dependent germination, (iii) SpoVA proteins that form a channel in spores' IM through which the spore core's huge depot of dipicolinic acid is released during germination, and (iv) cortex-lytic enzymes (CLEs) that degrade the large peptidoglycan cortex layer, allowing the spore core to take up much water and swell, thus completing spore germination. While much has been learned about nutrient germination, major questions remain unanswered, including the following. (i) How do nutrient germinants penetrate through spores' outer layers to access GRs in the IM? (ii) What happens during the highly variable and often long lag period between the exposure of spores to nutrient germinants and the commitment of spores to germinate? (iii) What do GRs and GerD do, and how do these proteins interact? (iv) What is the structure of the SpoVA channel in spores' IM, and how is this channel gated? (v) What is the precise state of the spore IM, which has a number of novel properties even though its lipid composition is very similar to that of growing cells? (vi) How is CLE activity regulated such that these enzymes act only when germination has been initiated? (vii) And finally, how does the germination of spores of clostridia compare with that of spores of bacilli?
Soil respiration, fine root production, and microbial biomass in cottonwood and loblolly pine plantations along a nitrogen fertilization gradient

Abstract It is well known that carbon storage capacity of forests will change in response to management practices such as fertilization. However, the influence of fertilization on belowground processes such as soil respiration, fine root production, and microbial biomass is still unclear. We measured soil respiration, fine root biomass production, and microbial biomass along a fertilization gradient (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha−1 per year) in 7-year-old cottonwood and loblolly pine plantations, established on a well-drained, Redbay sandy loam (a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudlt), in northwest Florida. Soil respiration was measured monthly from June 2001 to May 2002 using the soda-lime technique. Fine root biomass production was quantified using the ingrowth core method during the same period. In addition, microbial biomass, soil temperature, moisture, soil pH, and organic matter were also measured along the same gradient for both species. Annual soil respiration rate was significantly greater (781 g C m−2 per year) in cottonwood than that (692 g C m−2 per year) in loblolly pine. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant negative effect on soil respiration in cottonwood, but no effect was observed in loblolly pine stands. Mean daily soil respiration rates exhibited significant exponential relationships with soil temperature both in cottonwood (R2=0.81) and loblolly pine (R2=0.51). Annual soil respiration rates in cottonwood stands were positively correlated with fine root production (r=0.64) and soil microbial biomass C (r=0.87) and negatively correlated with soil pH (r=−0.81). Annual soil respiration in loblolly pine stands was correlated positively with fine root production (r=0.54) and with organic matter content (r=0.74). Annual fine root production was significantly greater in cottonwood (221 g m−2 per year) than that in loblolly pine (144 g m−2 per year). Fertilization did not affect fine root production in both species. Microbial biomass, however, was significantly reduced by nitrogen fertilization in both species. We also observed an optimum range of soil pH (6.0±0.4), where highest microbial activity could be expected. Multiple regression analysis indicated that microbial biomass, soil organic matter, and soil pH were the major factors affecting soil respiration in cottonwood, while fine root production and soil organic matter were the major factors affecting soil respiration in loblolly pine. These results suggest that belowground responses to fertilization can vary widely between conifers and hardwoods.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Archaeology, Society and Identity in Modern Japan. Koji Mizoguchi. Cambridge Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 183 pp.
Reflections on the dental Pipeline program's efforts regarding underrepresented minority dental students.

There has been a fundamental altering of access to health care given the recent enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, also known as health care reform. Associated with this change is much hope that
Impact of Collaborative Evidence-Based Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guidelines on Survivors and Providers.

Breast cancer survivors face many challenges stemming from both their disease and its treatment. In December 2015, the American Cancer Society and the American Society of Clinical Oncology released collaborative evidence-based breast cancer survivorship care guidelines for female breast cancer survivors and their primary care providers. This article discusses these recommendations for surveillance, screening, and management of both long-term and late effects of breast cancer and treatment. .
Produkte als Objekte des IT-Marketing

Im gangigen Sprachgebrauch verbindet man mit dem Begriff ‚Produkt‘ vornehmlich ein zweckbezogenes Gut wie z. B. einen PC, einen Monitor oder einen CD-Rohling. Fur den Kunde sind diese Produkte in aller Regel aber mehr als nur Zweckerfuller. Welche anderen Aspekte fur den Kunden wichtig bzw. oftmals kaufentscheidend sind und was auser dem materiellen Kernprodukt zu einer umfassenden Problemlosung noch dazu gehort, beschreibt dieses Kapitel. Es offnet den Blick damit fur das, was auch im Subtitel des Buches angedeutet ist: ‚Nichts ist, wie es scheint‘.
Postconcussive Symptoms and Neurocognitive Function after Mild TBI

The frequency, nature, and recovery from postconcussive symptoms (PCSs) after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBIs) are described in 28 patients, 10 to 17 years of age, and their neurocognitive function in the initial 4 to 5 weeks are compared with 45 injured controls without MTBIs, in a prospective, longitudinal study at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Nutrients associated with terrestrial dissolved organic matter drive changes in zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratios in an alpine lake

Summary Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is increasing in many lakes due to climate change and other environmental forcing. A 21-day microcosm experiment that manipulated terrestrial DOM was used to determine the effect of DOM on zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratios (z:p). We predicted that if DOM additions increase the amount of fixed carbon available for higher trophic levels through stimulation of the microbial loop and hence zooplankton, the z:p will increase. However, if DOM additions increase other nutrients besides fixed carbon, we predict stable or decreasing z:p due to nutrient stimulation of phytoplankton that subsequently enhances zooplankton. The effects of experimental additions of terrestrially derived DOM on zooplankton, phytoplankton, z:p and zooplankton net grazing were assessed in microcosms (sealed bags) incubated in the epilimnion (shallow; 1.5 m) and hypolimnion (deep; 8.0 m) strata of an alpine lake. DOM addition treatments (DOM+) had a 6.0- to 7.5-fold increase in phytoplankton biomass relative to controls, but only a 1.3- to 1.5-fold increase in zooplankton biomass, on day 21 of the experiment. The z:p was, thus, lower in the DOM+ treatments (ratios: 2.3 deep and 4.4 shallow) than in the control treatments (ratios: 13.4 deep and 17.5 shallow), providing evidence that DOM additions provide nutrient subsidies besides fixed carbon that stimulate phytoplankton biomass accumulation. The increase in zooplankton biomass during the experiment was similar in magnitude to the total amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the DOM added in the sealed bags at the beginning of the experiment, which suggests zooplankton biomass stimulation due to increased phytoplankton biomass, and not from DOM through the microbial loop, which would have greater trophic transfer losses. The consumer net grazing effect in the DOM+ treatments was reduced by 2.8-fold in the shallow stratum and by 2.9-fold in the deep stratum relative to the control treatments, indicating that zooplankton were unable to exert strong top–down control on the primary producers. The role of nutrients needs to be considered when examining the response of pelagic ecosystems to inputs of terrestrial DOM, especially in lakes with lower DOC concentrations.
Adolescent Chronic Unpredictable Stress Exposure Is a Sensitive Window for Long-Term Changes in Adult Behavior in Mice

Adolescence is a time period in development when the brain undergoes substantial remodeling in response to the environment. To determine whether a stressful experience during adolescence affects adult behavior, we exposed adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 12 days starting at postnatal day 28 (PND28). We also exposed adult male and female mice to CUS for 12 days beginning at PND70 to determine whether adolescence is a sensitive time period when stress can have long-lasting effects on behavior. Regardless of when mice were exposed to stress, they were all tested exactly 30 days later in the marble burying task, elevated zero maze, acoustic startle response, and forced swim test. Adolescent stress exposure increased anxiety-like behaviors in adult male and female mice and decreased acoustic startle response in a sex-dependent manner. However, adult stress exposure did not change anxiety or response to an acoustic tone in adult male or female mice as compared with nonstressed animals. Of interest, increased depression-like behavior in the forced swim test was observed in all mice, regardless of when the stress occurred. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2 (CrfR2) in the amygdala of males subjected to CUS during adolescence, but not in males that experienced CUS during adulthood. In contrast, females, regardless of when they were exposed to CUS, were not affected. These data support clinical evidence suggesting that early-life stress may predispose individuals to increased anxiety and depression later in life.
Crystal structure of dicesium hydrogen citrate from laboratory single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data and DFT comparison

The crystal structure of dicesium hydrogen citrate, 2Cs+·C6H6O72−, has been solved using laboratory X-ray single-crystal diffraction data, refined using laboratory powder X-ray data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The Cs+ cation is nine-coordinate, with a bond-valence sum of 0.92 valence units. The CsO9 coordination polyhedra share edges and corners to form a three-dimensional framework. The citrate anion is located on a mirror plane. Its central hy­droxy/carboxyl­ate O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is short, and (unusually) inter­molecular. The centrosymmetric end-end carboxyl­ate hydrogen bond is exceptionally short (O⋯O = 2.416 A) and strong. These hydrogen bonds contribute 16.5 and 21.7 kcal mol−1, respectively, to the crystal energy. The hydro­phobic methyl­ene groups occupy pockets in the framework.
Hiring to Maintain Mission

This article is a direct outgrowth of the appearance of Ex Corde Ecclesiae and the need for Catholic colleges and universities to address their hiring practices in order to maintain their identity as Catholic institutions of higher learning. The author draws a parallel between the personal philosophy of individuals within the community and the perceived, if not real, institutional philosophy of the college or university as Catholic. Catholic institutions can lose their souls while climbing the ladder of success and prestige simply because they have paid insufficient attention to the question of the philosophical fit between their employees and their espoused Catholic mission and philosophy. Hiring the right people will determine, in the long run, whether a Catholic college retains its Catholic identity in fact or in theory.
Joint Preservation Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery.

Context:With increasing life expectancy, there is growing demand for preservation of native articular cartilage to delay joint arthroplasties, especially in younger, active patients. Damage to the ...
Other Diagnostic Tools for Neurological Disease in Cancer: EEG, EMG, and Lumbar Puncture

The leptomeninges, spinal fluid and peripheral nerves can serve as sanctuary sites for leukemia. Neurologic complications arise from direct leukemic infiltration of the central and peripheral nervous system, indirect leukemic effects (for example, cerebral leukostasis, cerebrovascular accidents, paraneoplastic syndromes), effect from treatments or stem cell transplant (for example, graft versus host disease, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome) or immune compromise. This review discusses the clinical manifestations of neurologic complications in leukemia patients, and reviews the recent advances in their diagnosis and management.
Speciation of Phenanthriplatin and Its Analogs in the Core of Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

Efficient loading of drugs in novel delivery agents has the potential to substantially improve therapy by targeting the diseased tissue while avoiding unwanted side effects. Here we report the first systematic study of the loading mechanism of phenanthriplatin and its analogs into tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), previously used by our group as an efficient carrier for anticancer drug delivery. A detailed investigation of the preferential uptake of phenanthriplatin in its aquated form (∼2000 molecules per TMV particle versus ∼1000 for the chlorido form) is provided. Whereas the net charge of phenanthriplatin analogs and their ionic mobilities have no effect on loading, the reactivity of aqua phenanthriplatin with the glutamates, lining the interior walls of the channel of TMV, has a pronounced effect on its loading. MALDI-MS analysis along with NMR spectroscopic studies of a model reaction of hydroxy-phenanthriplatin with acetate establish the formation of stable covalent adducts. The increased number of heter...
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of Summer Season or Episodic SO2 Emission Controls to Reduce Acidic Deposition in Eastern North America

While it is generally agreed that an acid deposition problem exists in eastern North America where depositions have exceeded the natural buffering capacity of the aquatic ecosystem, the most fair and economical solution to controlling precursor emissions is very controversial and subject to scientific uncertainty. The search for a fair and economical solution has evolved in recent years from considering a large uniform percentage rollback in SO2 emissions from all sources in eastern North America to protect a number of small geographically dispersed sensitive areas, to considering a much smaller, non-uniform, reduction from primarily utility sources in a subregion, like just 10–12 states, to protect primarily the Adirondack sensitive area in upper New York State, The term “targeted approach” has been applied to the latter since the control strategy is targeting a limited geographical source region, receptor area, and source category. Some proponents of the targeted approach have suggested that it could be carried even a step further by targeting the SO2 emission control to primarily the season or episodes which contribute most to the annual total wet sulfate depositions1,2. It is generally known that wet sulfate depositions are greatest in the summer season when the precipitation amounts are generally greatest and SO2 to (math) photo- and aqueous-phase chemistries are enhanced by abundant solar radiation, moisture, and pollutants like oxidants.
Consumer Participation - The Case of Public Housing

The participation of consumers, especially those from the deprived segments of society, in administrative decision-making, poses some perplexing dilemmas for public officials. Can the demands for participation be reconciled with the exigencies of administrative efficiency and effective service delivery. Our study focuses on consumer participation in public housing, an institution that today serves three million of the most deprived groups in society. The data used in the study came from a national sample of housing projects and was collected in 1978 by IWD's division of Policy Studies. It was used to test the hypothesis that tenant participation would explain part of the variance in our dependent variable, the quantity and quality of housing services and resources. The findings are consistent with existing research that postulates that by granting the poor increased participation in the decisions of agencies that allocate goods and services, their access to such services was increased. The findings also make clear that tenant organizations lack the power to alter the provision of local government neighborhood services outside the projects. Despite the generous attention devoted to the concept of citizen or consumer participation by both scholars and researchers in the last decade, the issues raised remain shrouded by controversy and debate. It has been eulogized both as an end value and as an instrumental mens to certain highly desirable ends. It has come to occupy a central place in discussions of organization as well as community theory and practice without any real agreement on who the "citizens" are 1 and how and with what consequences they participate. A review of a range of federal programs during the past several decades indicates that the federal government itself has not maintained a single policy with respect to citizen participation. The types of citizens participating and the nature and extent of their involvement has varied from program to program.
Epithelial‐mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells: At the Crossroads of Differentiation and Dedifferentiation

In this review, we explore the connections between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and differentiation status. EMTs in development have been described as differentiation events, while in most cases EMTs in cancer have been depicted as dedifferentiation events. We will briefly summarize both embryo development and cancer progression with regard to the involvement of EMT and cell differentiation status. We further present the studies that provide evidence that EMT results in both differentiation and dedifferentiation. Finally, we present our resolution to this dilemma by suggesting that EMT brings about dedifferentiation that enables subsequent differentiation. In normal development, EMT events may cause a partial reversal of differentiation to overcome differentiation barriers. When EMT is aberrantly activated in cancer, cells gain attributes of stem cells that contribute to self-renewal capabilities and are able to differentiate to all cell types represented in the tumor. The resulting cancer stem cells attain hallmarks of cancer, including replicative immortality, resistance to cell death, and invasiveness. Developmental Dynamics 248:10-20, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Envelope Tracking System for High Power Applications in Uplink 4G/5G LTE Advanced

The research area of improving the cost, performance and the size of RF transmit solution for 4G/5G is very active with many developments. 5G will bring high data capacity and low latency using sub-6GHz and mmWave spectrum, with the first deployment using sub-6GHz bands. The increased adoption of powerful worldwide mobile devices has been in made possible due to increased computational power of CMOS technology in lower feature nodes as FinFet 7nm/14nm. This has also made it possible to essentially enhance RF CMOS through digital signal processing (DSP) and digital calibration which are part of the modem and application processor. Despite this progress, there is a shift in terms of what parts of the RF system are portioned in advanced CMOS nodes and what blocks are left and integrated together with other analogue and RF blocks in a front-end module (FEM). This paper proposes a solution for this partitioning for lower cost and size with high linearity performance and a new envelope tracking system for high power 5G LTE sub 6 GHz. This paper presents also how these modules integrate into a full 4G/5G system RF front end (RFFE) for mobile applications.
Effect of length of hospital stay on infection and readmission after minimally invasive hysterectomy.

Objective To assess the effect of length of hospital stay on postoperative outcomes after minimally invasive hysterectomy. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of women who underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy (vaginal or laparoscopic) for benign conditions between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016, using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patient information and 30-day outcomes were compared using multivariable logistic regression after adjusting for patient demographics and medical and procedure variables. Results The analysis included 31 347 patients. Women discharged the day after surgery were more likely to be African-American, older, have prior abdominal surgery, and a higher ASA classification. Prevalence of organ space infection and readmissions were lower in the same day discharge group. No differences between same- and next-day discharge were found for surgical site infection or urinary tract infection (adjusted odds ratios (aORs) 0.83 (95% [CI] 0.65-1.07; P=0.156) and 0.85 (95% CI 0.68-1.06; P=0.151), respectively). Same-day hospital discharge was associated with a reduced chance of readmission (aOR=0.68, 95% CI 0.54-0.87; P=0.002). Conclusion Same-day hospital discharge after minimally invasive hysterectomy lowered the risk of readmission and did not increase the risk of postoperative complications.
A Comparison of the Explicit and Implicit Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations

An explicit implementation of the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for solving the nonlinear shallow water equations is presented. We follow the common construction of the implicit HDG for nonlinear conservation laws, and then explain the differences between the explicit formulation and the implicit version. For the implicit implementation, we use the approximate traces of the conserved variables ( $${\widehat{\varvec{q}}}$$ ) to express the numerical fluxes in each element. Next, we impose the conservation of the numerical fluxes via a global system of equations. Using the Newton–Raphson method, this global system can be solely expressed in terms of the increments of the approximate traces in each iteration. For the explicit method, having $${\varvec{q}}_h$$ at each time level, we first obtain $${\widehat{\varvec{q}}}_h$$ such that the conservation of the numerical flux is satisfied. This will result in a nonlinear system of equations which is local to each edge of the mesh skeleton. Having the solution ( $${\varvec{q}}_h$$ , $$\widehat{{\varvec{q}}}_h$$ ) for the previous time step, we use the Runge–Kutta time integration method to obtain $${\varvec{q}}_h$$ in the next time step. Hence, the introduced explicit technique is based on local operations over the faces and elements of the mesh. Using different numerical examples, we show the optimal convergence of the solution of the explicit and implicit approach in $$L^2$$ norm. Finally, through numerical experiments, we discuss the advantages of the implicit and explicit techniques from the computational cost point of view.
Comment on "Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico".

Van Meter et al. (Reports, 27 April 2018, p. 427) warn that achieving nitrogen reduction goals in the Gulf of Mexico will take decades as a result of legacy nitrogen effects. We discuss limitations of the modeling approach and demonstrate that legacy effects ranging from a few years to decades are equally consistent with observations. The presented time scales for system recovery are therefore highly uncertain.
Preschoolers exhibit greater on-task behavior following physically active lessons on the approximate number system.

Objective To determine how the dual-task nature of incorporating physical activity with instructional activities immediately impacts acuity of the approximate number system and on-task behavior in preschoolers. Methods Using a randomized within-participants repeated-measures crossover design, 51 children completed an approximate number system task before and after either 20-min of physically active instruction corresponding to 38% heart rate reserve (HRR; light-to-moderate intensity) or conventional sedentary instruction at corresponding to 21% HRR (very light intensity). Results Findings revealed that preschool-aged children exhibited similar learning and greater on-task behavior following a single bout of physically active instruction relative to conventional sedentary instruction. Overall, preschoolers accrued 931.3 ± 8.2 more steps and an additional 9 minutes at or above light-intensity activity during the physically active instruction. Conclusion Accordingly, these findings suggest that the dual-task nature of physically active learning does not compromise learning, reduces the need for redirecting off-task behavior, and ultimately allows children to avoid sedentary behavior in educational contexts.
Untargeted high-resolution plasma metabolomic profiling predicts outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.

Objective Patients with CAD have substantial residual risk of mortality, and whether hitherto unknown small-molecule metabolites and metabolic pathways contribute to this risk is unclear. We sought to determine the predictive value of plasma metabolomic profiling in patients with CAD. Approach and results Untargeted high-resolution plasma metabolomic profiling of subjects undergoing coronary angiography was performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Metabolic features and pathways associated with mortality were identified in 454 subjects using metabolome-wide association studies and Mummichog, respectively, and validated in 322 subjects. A metabolomic risk score comprising of log-transformed HR estimates of metabolites that associated with mortality and passed LASSO regression was created and its performance validated. In 776 subjects (66.8 years, 64% male, 17% Black), 433 and 357 features associated with mortality (FDR-adjusted q<0.20); and clustered into 21 and 9 metabolic pathways in first and second cohorts, respectively. Six pathways (urea cycle/amino group, tryptophan, aspartate/asparagine, lysine, tyrosine, and carnitine shuttle) were common. A metabolomic risk score comprising of 7 metabolites independently predicted mortality in the second cohort (HR per 1-unit increase 2.14, 95%CI 1.62, 2.83). Adding the score to a model of clinical predictors improved risk discrimination (delta C-statistic 0.039, 95%CI -0.006, 0.086; and Integrated Discrimination Index 0.084, 95%CI 0.030, 0.151) and reclassification (continuous Net Reclassification Index 23.3%, 95%CI 7.9%, 38.2%). Conclusions Differential regulation of six metabolic pathways involved in myocardial energetics and systemic inflammation is independently associated with mortality in patients with CAD. A novel risk score consisting of representative metabolites is highly predictive of mortality.
Using an Intake Form and Clinic Dashboard to Tailor and Improve the Cleft Team Clinic Visit for Families

Background:Multidisciplinary cleft care protocols commonly do not incorporate family needs, concerns, and preferences.Solution:A family-centered model would incorporate family needs, concerns, and ...
The 2016 Election and the Future of Constitutional Law: The Lessons of 1968

The upcoming presidential election of 2016 may very well become a pivotal moment in the evolution of American constitutional doctrine. Given the ages of a number of the sitting justices, the next President could easily have the opportunity to choose several new members of the Court. Moreover, because the Court is currently divided almost equally along ideological lines, even a single appointment could have the effect of turning the overall orientation of the Court’s decisions sharply to either the right or the left. To illustrate the effect that a single election can have on the development of constitutional law, this article will focus on the impact of the presidential election of 1968. The article will argue that the victory of Richard M. Nixon over Hubert H. Humphrey led directly to the rejection of a variety of progressive constitutional arguments, and that if Humphrey had triumphed, the political orientation of constitutional doctrine would be far different today. The article will conclude by discussing the implications of this insight for our understanding of constitutional theory generally.
Deletion of the AMPylase mFICD alters cytokine secretion and affects cognitive plasticity in vivo

Abstract Fic domain-containing AMP transferases (fic AMPylases) are conserved enzymes that catalyze the covalent transfer of AMP to proteins. This post-translational modification regulates the function of several proteins, including the ER-resident chaperone Grp78/BiP. Here we introduce a mFICD AMPylase knock-out mouse model to study fic AMPylase function in vertebrates. We find that mFICD deficiency is well-tolerated in unstressed mice. We show that mFICD-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts are depleted of AMPylated proteins. mFICD deletion alters protein synthesis and secretion in splenocytes, including that of IgM and IL-1β, without affecting the unfolded protein response. Finally, we demonstrate that older mFICD-/- mice show improved cognitive plasticity. Together, our results suggest a role for mFICD in adaptive immunity and neuronal plasticity in vivo.
The Balance of Trade, the Terms of Trade, and the Real Exchange Rate: An Intertemporal Optimizing Framework

This paper uses an intertemporal optimizing model of a small open economy to analyzehow terms of trade changes affect real exchange rates and the trade balance. We consider temporary current, anticipated future, and permanent changes in the terms of trade. The results suggest that the relationship between the terms of trade and the current account (the so-called Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect) may be quitesensitive to whether or not the model incorporates nontraded goods. Thus, the realexchange rate may be an important variable through which terms of trade shocks are transmitted to the current account.
Expression of Exosome Biogenesis Genes is Differentially Altered by Aging in the Mouse and in the Human Brain During Alzheimer's Disease.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes are secreted by numerous cell types in a variety of tissues. Exosomes have been implicated in both aging and age-related disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how aging and AD affect exosome biogenesis within and across cell types is poorly understood. Moreover, cells acquire characteristics based on tissue niche, but the impact of tissue residence on cell type exosome biogenesis is unknown. We explored the Tabula Muris Senis, Mayo RNA-seq and ROSMAP data sets to characterize the cell and tissue-specific effects of aging and AD on genes involved in exosome biogenesis. Specifically, we examined the age-dependent expression (age coefficient) of genes involved in exosome biogenesis (22 genes), exosome cargo (3 genes) and senescence (5 genes). Of the 131 cell populations (cell type x tissue) studied, 95 had at least one exosome biogenesis gene impacted by age. The most common gene increased by age was charged multivesicular body protein 2A (CHMP2A) (54 cell populations). The most common gene decreased by age was syndecan binding protein (SDCBP) (58 cell populations). The senescence-associated genes cyclin-dependent kinase 1A (CDKN1A) and CDKN2A were not related to changes in CHMP2A and SDCBP and were altered by age in fewer cell populations. Finally, individuals with AD had decreased CHMP2A and increased SDCBP expression, opposite of what is observed during mouse aging in the absence of disease. These findings indicate that age modifies exosome biogenesis gene expression in many cell populations mostly independent of senescence, and may be further altered in AD.
Active Learning to Promote Empathy, Social Justice and Advocacy of Impoverished Families Among Education and Nursing Students

INTRODUCTION The prevalent issue of poverty in our society predisposes those affected to increased vulnerability. Two professions which interact a great deal with the impoverished population are educators and nurses, but less is known about how the professions understand poverty issues. METHODS Underpinned by Constructivist theory, the goal was to implement an active learning experience and examine pre and post-simulation student responses for common patterns and themes. Using the Missouri Community Action Poverty Simulation to immerse 85 education and nursing students into poverty, researchers explored the reactions of nursing students and education students to issues of poverty. RESULTS From pre-simulation to post-simulation, students moved toward accepting their personal opinions and judgments and realizing potential biases. In contrast with the pre-simulation reflections that discussed poverty as a choice a person makes, many students now describe poverty as a cycle that people cannot break or recover from. CONCLUSION The findings of this study have implications for exploring strategic ways for educators and nurses to collaborate in an effort to close the gap that is created with social inequities, hoping to foster the evolution of empathy, social justice and advocacy within nursing and education disciplines. Increased awareness of social justice, and examining how their experience of participating in a poverty simulation might influence advocacy in their future professional practice.
MEASUREMENT OF ENGINE AIR CLEANER EFFICIENCY USING AIRBORNE PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Dust loading and efficiency characteristics are discussed for a typical heavy duty diesel engine intake air cleaner. The effects of particle size and dust loading on efficiency are described with illustrative data for a typical system. Instrumentation and measurement techniques are explained.