cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Validity and Reliability of Maternal Recall of Breastfeeding Practice

In large epidemiologic studies, information on breastfeeding practice is often collected from maternal recall through interviews, but there is concern about the accuracy of the data, especially when mothers are asked to recall their practices from many years earlier. This review examines the validity and reliability of maternal recall of breastfeeding history using 11 studies published between 1966 and 2003 in English with a sample of 10 or more. Validity is the degree to which recall compares with a validation standard or reference, and reliability refers to the degree to which the breastfeeding practices obtained by recall are repeatable over time. The existing studies suggest that maternal recall is a valid and reliable estimate of breastfeeding initiation and duration, especially when the duration of breastfeeding is recalled after a short period (< or = 3 years). Validity and reliability of maternal recall for the age at introduction of food and fluids other than breast milk are less satisfactory. Further and more extensive studies on maternal recall of breastfeeding history and ways to improve such recall are warranted.
An extended discharge burnup optimization technique using Penn State's Fuel Management Package and CASMO-3/SIMULATE-3

Abstract This paper addresses the advantages and disadvantages of using very high fuel burnup, reinsertion, and low leakage designs in advanced fuel cycle light water reactor cores as a technique to reduce vessel fluence, and total volume of spent fuel discharged into the waste management stream. The results demonstrate how to attain practical high burnup core designs using the Penn State Fuel Management Package (PSFMP, i.e., LEOPARD, MCRAC, ADMARC, OPHAL computer codes) (Levine, 1992). The PSFMP was used to scope out fuel management strategies, that can be verified with a direct comparison between the PSFMP and CASMO-3/SIMULATE-3 (Smith, 1989) results. This paper focuses on the practical use of such advanced fuel designs to: (a) achieve very high discharge burnups, (b) produce low leakage at the periphery, (c) have 24 month cycles, and (d) maintain safety margins and peak power levels, based on using the Haling power distribution as a target (Li, 1993; Haling, 1964; Levine, 1992). Evaluations of practical and optimal extended burnup core designs, using the PSFMP, will show that very high burnup core designs are not only attainable, but are most cost-effective and beneficial to the environment in terms of waste reduction.
Evolutionary senescence in plants

Senescence is a decline in age-specific survival and reproduction with advancing age. Studies of evolutionary plant senescence are designed to explain this decline in life history components within the context of natural selection. A review of studies of plant demography reveals senescent declines in both annual and perennial plants, but also suggests that there are some plant species which may not be expected to show senescence. Thus, future comparative studies of closely related species, with and without senescence, should be possible. The assumptions of the major evolutionary theories of senescence are evaluated for their validity with respect to plants. Different plant species violate one or more of the assumptions of the theories, yet the consequences of violating these assumptions have never been investigated. Whereas, to date, evolutionary senescence has been studied only indirectly in plants, it is concluded that plants provide good experimental systems for clarifying our understanding of senescence in natural populations.
Self-esteem and perceived control in adolescent substance use: Comparative tests in concurrent and prospective analyses.

The relationship of positive and negative dimensions of self-esteem and perceived control to substance (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) use was tested with a sample of 1,775 adolescents, surveyed in 8th grade and followed up 1 year later. Esteem and control were highly correlated. Concurrent multiple regression analyses with simultaneous entry indicated internal control inversely related, and self-derogation positively related, to substance use; the unique contribution for control variables was 6.4 times the unique contribution for esteem variables. In prospective analyses, only internal control was significant. Self-attitudes were less relevant in general for substance use among Black adolescents compared with Hispanic and White adolescents; self-derogation was less relevant for adolescents in single-famili es compared with two-parent families. Previous findings on self-esteem and substance use may be partially reflecting the effect of perceived control. The relationship between self-attitudes and substance use is of interest for theory on the psychological aspects of substance use. The proposition that substance use is related to self-attitudes has been a central postulate in some theoretical models (e.g., Kaplan, 1980). With regard to adolescents, the basic proposition is that risk for substance use derives from low selfesteem. It is posited that adolescents strive to maintain positive self-attitudes, but these may be undermined through failure to cope effectively with situations that have self-devaluing implications. Substance use has been viewed as a deviant
Counseling and motivational videotapes increase duration of breast-feeding in African-American WIC participants who initiate breast-feeding.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relative effects introducing motivational videotapes and/or peer counseling in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics serving African-American women have on breast-feeding duration. Design Experimental intervention study. Pregnant women were enrolled at or before 24 weeks gestation and were followed up until postpartum week 16. Women were interviewed at enrollment, 7 to 10 days, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks postpartum. Subjects/setting One hundred fifteen African-American WIC participants who initiated breast-feeding and who had been enrolled in 1 of 4 clinics. Intervention Two-by-two factorial design, in which 4 clinics were randomly assigned to receive either no intervention, a motivational video package intervention, a peer-counseling intervention, or both interventions. Main outcome measures Breast-feeding duration in weeks and relative risk ratios for breast-feeding cessation before 16 weeks postpartum. Statistical analysis performed Contingency table analysis, including χ 2 tests and log-rank tests; multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results A higher proportion of women were breast-feeding at 8 and 16 weeks postpartum in the intervention clinics than in the control clinic. The proportion of women reporting breast-feeding declined at 8 and 16 weeks postpartum, but the rate of decline was slower in the 3 intervention clinics than in the control clinic. Being younger than 19 years of age or older than 25 years of age, having a male infant, and returning to work or school all negatively affected breast-feeding duration, whereas previous breast-feeding experience positively influenced breast-feeding duration. Applications/conclusions WIC-based peer counselor support and motivational videos can positively affect the duration of breast-feeding among African-American women. WIC nutritionists and other health professionals in contact with this population should expand their efforts toward promoting increased duration of breast-feeding. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:143-148 .
Two endornaviruses show differential infection patterns between gene pools of Phaseolus vulgaris

We investigated the occurrence of two plant endornaviruses, Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1 and Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 2, in breeding lines, cultivars, landraces, and wild genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) collected from the two centers of common bean domestication: Mesoamerica and the Andes. The two endornaviruses were detected in many genotypes of Mesoamerican origin but rarely in genotypes of Andean origin. The results suggest that these two endornaviruses were introduced into the Mesoamerican modern genotypes during common bean domestication and provide more evidence for the existence of two divergent gene pools of common bean.
The union-nonunion wage differential and monitoring costs

Abstract This paper presents an efficiency wage explanation of the countercyclical behavior of the union-nonunion wage differential and identifies conditions under which unions are more likely to gain such a differential.
Intestinal rotation abnormalities without volvulus: the role of laparoscopy

Abstract Background: Intestinal rotation disorders may be discovered during investigation for abdominal symptoms. Two questions are raised in this setting: are the patient's symptoms from the rotation abnormality, and is the base of the small bowel mesentery so narrow that it places the patient at risk for midgut volvulus? Previously, laparotomy was necessary to answer these questions, and then it was necessary to do a Ladd procedure and appendectomy if necessary. Study Design: We used laparoscopic surgery to evaluate seven patients, ages 4 days to 23 years of age (median age 7 years), when upper gastrointestinal series revealed intestinal rotation abnormalities without volvulus. Results: Two patients had nonrotation. One had Ladd's bands across the duodenum that were divided, and the appendix was removed. The other had diffuse peritoneal soilage from a ruptured appendix; irrigation and appendectomy were performed. Three patients had duodenal malrotation and underwent laparoscopic Ladd procedure and appendectomy. Two patients had combined duodenal and cecal malrotation. One of these patients had a previous appendectomy for what in retrospect was primary peritonitis; malrotation was confirmed radiologically after the operation. She underwent a laparoscopic Ladd procedure 3 months later. The other patient was believed to have combined duodenal and cecal malrotation based on radiographic studies performed during workup for gastroesophageal reflux. At laparoscopy the small bowel mesentery was believed to have a broad enough base to prevent midgut volvulus, and an appendectomy was done. No patient required conversion to an open procedure. The sole complication was intra-abdominal abscess in the child with ruptured appendicitis that required prolonged hospitalization and operative abscess drainage. Operative times ranged from 1.25–3.25 hours (median 2 hours). Time to a regular diet was 1–20 days (median 2 days). Resolution of symptoms was seen in 5 of the 7 patients, with a median followup of 15 months. Conclusions: Laparoscopy is an excellent technique for the evaluation and definitive management of patients without midgut volvulus with intestinal rotation abnormalities.
Specific immunosuppression by minute doses of passive antibody. III. Reversal of suppression by peritoneal exudate cells from immune animals

Abstract Thioglycollate stimulated peritoneal exudate, harvested from mice immunized against sheep erythrocytes and transferred to normal syngeneic recipients, reversed the immunosuppression caused by passively administered anti-sheep cell antibody. Reversal was antigen specific. The degree of reversal was directly related to the number of cells transferred and was independent of the dose of antibody used for immunosuppression. The ability to reverse suppression was a property of cells present in high frequency in peritoneal exudate, but in low frequency in suspensions of lymph node cells. Long lasting reversal of suppression only occurred when the donor cells were histocompatible for the recipients. There was no reversal when peritoneal cells were transferred across an H-2 barrier, but transient reversal was seen when such cells were transferred across multiple non-H-2 barriers.
Energy release, friction, and supplemental relations at phase interfaces

An Eulerian expression for the dissipation due to a moving surface of discontinuity in mass density, velocity, stress, energy, and heat flux is obtained. This leads to Eulerian measures forenergy release andfriction — measures that are work conjugate tomass flux andvelocity slip, respectively. Constitutive equations involving these quantities are proposed as a means to determine transition kinetics in materials that change phase.
The fan-pall imbedding theorem over formally real fields

The converse of the Cauchy interlacing theorem, relating eigenvalues of a symmetric real matrix and eigenvalues of a principal submatrix, first proved by Fan and Pall, is extended to the case of symmetric matrices with entries in an arbitrary formally real field.
Developing Critical Thinking Skills For Information Seeking Success

Critical thinking skills are required to successfully navigate the overwhelming amount of information sources available today. To address the challenge of developing critical thinking skills, this empirical study examines the effectiveness of exercises in developing thinking skills in college freshmen students. The workbook exercises were designed to develop specific skills related to academics and critical thinking. Two groups of college freshmen participated in the study: one group was given the workbook, the other group was not. At the end of the semester, both groups completed a critical thinking assessment test. A comparison of the test scores confirms the effectiveness of these exercises on improving the critical thinking skills of college freshmen.
The Spiral Aftereffect, Extraneous Stimulation and Brain Damage

Summary An experiment was performed with the aim of evaluating several problems having to do with the perception of the spiral aftereffect (SAE) in brain damaged and normal subjects. The questions asked were: 1) Is there a difference between brain damaged and non-brain damaged S s in frequency of achieving the SAE? 2) Is there a difference in length of SAE duration between brain damaged and non-brain damaged groups? 3) Does an extraneous auditory stimulus influence SAE duration in either of the groups? Statistically significant differences between brain damaged and nonbrain damaged S s were not found, nor did the auditory stimulus have an influence on SAE duration in either of the groups. These negative results were explained in terms of varying ability of the subject in understanding his task. It was felt that brain damaged individuals, particularly those with language disturbances, may frequently be impaired in the ability to report subjective experiences. It was concluded that the SAE, in itself, is not a good test for discriminating between brain damaged and non-brain damaged individuals, but that it may be used as a conservative measure in that if an individual does not perceive the SAE, the probability of the presence of brain damage is quite high.
Effect of intercalated lithium on the electronic band structure of indium selenide

The effect of intercalated lithium on the electronic band structure of the \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\gamma} polytypes of InSe has been investigated using a tight-binding method. The energy bands of the pure polytypes were calculated and the results compared with previous work. The tight-binding parameters associated with intercalated lithium atoms were obtained using tabulated atomic functions. The modifications of the energy bands produced by the introduction of one lithium atom per formula unit ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ were calculated for the lowest potential-energy position of the lithium atom in the van der Waals gap between layers. The intercalation-induced changes in the smallest and next-to-smallest direct band gaps were determined and compared with experimental data. An interpretation of a photoluminescence peak produced by lithium intercalation is given.
Arecibo radar observations of Rhea, Dione, Tethys, and Enceladus

Abstract We have measured the bulk radar reflectance properties of the mid-size saturnian satellites Rhea, Dione, Tethys, and Enceladus with the Arecibo Observatory's 13 cm wavelength radar system during the 2004 through 2007 oppositions of the Saturn system. Comparing to the better studied icy Galilean satellites, we find that the total reflectivities of Rhea and Tethys are most similar to Ganymede while Dione is most similar to Callisto. Enceladus' reflectivity falls between those of Ganymede and Europa. The mean circular polarization ratios of the saturnian satellites range from ∼0.8 to 1.2, and are on average lower than those of the icy Galilean satellites at this wavelength although still larger than expected for single reflections off the surface. The ratio for the trailing hemisphere of Enceladus may be the exception with a value ≃0.56. The 13 cm wavelength radar albedos and polarization ratios may be systematically lower than similar results from the Cassini orbiter's RADAR instrument at 2.2 cm wavelength [Ostro, S.J., and 19 colleagues, 2006. Icarus 183, 479–490]. Overall, these reflectivities and polarization properties, together with the shapes of the echo spectra, suggest subsurface multiple scattering to be the dominant reflection mechanism although operating less efficiently than on the large icy moons of Jupiter. All these saturnian moons and icy jovian moons are atmosphere-less, low temperature water ice surfaces, and any differences in radar properties may be indicative of differences in composition or the effects of various processes that modify the regolith structure. The degree of variation in radar properties with wavelength on each satellite may constrain the thickness and efficiency of the scattering layer.
The Babi uprising in Zanjan: causes and issues

ON 5 MAY 1850 THE BABIS OF ZANJAN ROSE IN ARMS AGAINST THE QAJAR govemor of the town. Led by a charismatic cleric known as Hujjat-i Zanjani, two thousand Babi fighters with their families held part of the town against a much larger government army. Nine months later, when the army captured the last ruined houses held by the Babis, fewer than a hundred Babi fighters survived to face execution. There is never a neat answer to the question of why a historical event occurred, and the question is that much harder to answer when the information is in fundamental ways incomplete and when the participants themselves differed deeply about the meaning of the event. There were two other major Babi revolts'-Mazandaran in 1848-49 and Nayriz in 1850-and at least four other instances where Babi uprisings might have been expected: Shiraz, Qazvin, and Isfahan in 1846, and Tehran in 1852. There were, of course, many urban disturbances of various sizes in Iran in this general period that did not involve Babis. For the question of causation to be answered usefully, we must ask why there were Babi revolts at all, why they happened in some places and not in others, and why they differed in the different places. What chain of events could lead to such violence in a small town? How were the Babis able to coalesce into a fighting force effective enough to hold off regular troops far superior to them in numbers and equipment? What was there in the pre-existing social, economic, and political structure that allowed the town to divide so suddenly and totally? What were the ideas that shaped the actions of the various parties-for there were at least five major groups playing active roles in the siege: the Babis, the Zanjan clerical establishment, the government, the regular army, and the local levies. The actions of each group were shaped by its political interests, by its religious opinions and conceptual structures, and by the events as they unfolded. Finally, what were the effects of the battle-on the Babis, in Zanjan and elsewhere, on the town, on the government, and on the Shicite religious establishment?
Retinal damage after prolonged exposure to visible light. A light and electron microscopic study

Albino rats were exposed to fluorescent illumination for four to six months at an intensity which would not cause photocoagulation of the retina. Electron and light microscopic studies indicated that the retinas of these animals were irreversibly damaged and that the degeneration was specifically localized to the photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptors were not found in any of these retinas. Prolonged exposure to low intensity, visible light had no apparent effect on the bipolar neurons and ganglion cells or on their interconnections in the inner plexiform layer. Pigment epithelial cells survived the exposure and were unchanged except for extreme compaction of the apical villous processes in the retinal zone where the photoreceptors were located prior to their destruction. In some degenerated retinas the bipolar neurons were displaced along blood vessels extending from the inner ganglion cell layer to the outer retinal layers. Some of these blood vessels apparently formed anastomoses between the central retinal circulation and the choriocapillaries. The outer Muller cell processes, which contained numerous lamellated and tubular structures, expanded to cover the area adjacent to the pigment epithelium and to form an outer limiting membrane, which was displaced in position in comparison with a normal retina.
Medication Discrepancies in Resident Sign-Outs and Their Potential to Harm

The accuracy of information transferred during hand-offs is uncertain. To describe the frequency, types, and harm potential of medication discrepancies in resident-written sign-outs. Retrospective cohort study. Internal Medicine interns and their patients at a single hospital in January 2006. Daily written sign-outs were compared to daily medication lists in patient charts (gold standard). Medication discrepancies were labeled omissions (medication in chart, but not on sign-out) or commissions (medication on sign-out, but not in chart). Discrepancies were also classified as index errors (the first time an error was made) and the proportion of index errors that persisted on subsequent days. Using a modified classification scheme, discrepancies were rated as having minimal, moderate, or severe potential to harm. One hundred eighty-six of 247 (75%) patients and 10 of 10(100%) interns consented. In the 165 (89%) patients’ charts abstracted and compared with the sign-out, there were 1,876 of 6,942 (27%) medication chart entries that were discrepant with the sign-out with 80% (1,490/1,876) labeled omissions. These discrepancies originated from 758 index errors, of which 63% (481) persisted past the first day. Omissions were more likely to persist than commissions (68% [382 of 580] vs 53% [99 of 188], p < .001). Greater than half (54%) of index discrepancies were moderate or severely harmful. Although omissions were more frequent, commissions were more likely to be severely harmful (38% [72 of 188] vs 11% [65 of 580], p < .0001). Written sign-outs contain potentially harmful medication discrepancies. Whereas linking sign-outs to electronic medical records can address this problem, current efforts should also emphasize the importance of vigilant updating in the many hospitals without this technology.
The Factors Affecting Radio Format Diversity After the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Ownership Concentration, Stations and Audience

The passage of the Telecommunication Act of 1996 eliminated national radio station ownership limits and considerably relaxed local station ownership caps compared to previous ownership restrictions. Media policymakers have been concerned that increases in media ownership concentration not decrease market format diversity. However, recent format diversity research on the radio industry has not directly considered other factors beyond ownership concentration that may affect format diversity. This study replicates Rogers and Woodbury's (1996) and found the number of programming formats broadcasting in a market (format diversity) is positively related to the number of radio stations serving the market. The percentage of market population listening to radio is positively related to the number of market stations and is not statistically related to the number of formats. This study also found increases in radio ownership concentration do not affect the number of market formats; however increases in ownership con...
Comment on Murray and Reshef

The article presents the author's views on the economic and political models for unionism in response to an article appearing in a previous issue in which the authors contend that labor may focus on political action as a means to serve the broad interests of union members, thus pressing government to play a substantial role in the redistribution of wealth and regulation of the economy. A discussion is presented about bargains reached between individual unions and employers within a legal, political, and economic environment that is subject to change. Details are presented related to international competition, new technologies, capital movement, and other factors constantly that affect the power of unions and employers.
Persistence of Morphine in Central Nervous System of Rats after a Single Injection and its Bearing on Tolerance

TOLERANCE of a very high grade and specificity is known to develop to morphine and its congeners. Although no precise information is available on the biochemical and anatomical sites of morphine–receptor interaction, it is generally believed that the matrix of the central nervous system is directly involved in many parameters of the response due to morphine-like analgesics. Morphine, however, has no special affinity for the central nervous system and only minute amounts are needed in brain to elicit the typical pharmacologic effects. Further, morphine concentrations in brain have been shown1,2 not to be necessarily related to the analgesic effect. Failure to demonstrate changes in the rate of excretion, distribution, increased metabolic degradation or transformation of morphine3–5 has suggested biochemical alteration of specific neural structures in the development of tolerance. Intracellular distribution studies6,7 with morphine administered in vivo showed it to be localized primarily in the soluble microsomal fraction of rat brain homogenate either in the free or lightly bound form and 10–25% of drug in crude nuclear brain fraction. This distribution pattern did not change with the development of tolerance. Tolerance has also been shown8 to develop apparently at the very first dose administered and some degree of tolerance in rats lasting as long as a year resulted from a single injection of morphine9. These observations are difficult to explain in view of the known disappearance of free morphine from the brain within 48 h of a single injection. All the previous studies, however, have centred chiefly on the presence of free drug in the central nervous system. This study provides evidence that at all periods of time up to 3 weeks or more (periods longer than 3 weeks not investigated) after a single subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of 14C-morphine-N-methyl (synthesized by a method previously described10 and its chemical and radiochemical purity established by thin-layer chromatography in different solvent systems) in the rat there was a consistently higher radioactivity present in brain than could be accounted for on the basis of free morphine alone. Measurable and significant amounts of drug were present as polar “conjugated” drug and the ratio of “conjugated” morphine to total radioactivity increased with time up to 24 h. Thereafter all the radioactivity was wholly due to “conjugate”. Further, radioactivity amounting to 10–20 ng/g of brain (approximately 2–4 × 1013 molecules) could be detected in brain 3 weeks after a single subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of morphine. Up to 2 h after injection of the drug, part of the radioactivity due to “conjugate” could be acid-hydrolysed to free morphine but at later times the “conjugate” was not hydrolysable with dilute acid. The nature of this conjugation of morphine and its possible bearing on the development of tolerance is discussed.
Professional environment for knowledge workers: educators' responsibilities

It is argued that educators possess the potential for having the greatest impact on developing a knowledge worker's professional identity and that because of this they must also bear the greatest responsibility for this development. They can impact the students directly by presenting seminars with professionally related content, by incorporating such topics into their classroom lectures, and by serving as appropriate role models. Educators can also assist, indirectly, by supporting an encouraging membership and active participation in the local IEEE Student Branch. >
Long-term quality of life in disadvantaged men with prostate cancer on androgen-deprivation therapy

To explore the effects of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) on general, disease-specific and hormone-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among minority men. Men enrolled in a state-funded program, providing free prostate cancer treatment for underserved men, were recruited, if they had received at least 3 months of continuous ADT and/or other forms of primary treatment. HRQOL was assessed with validated measures including the RAND Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Health Short Form Survey (SF-12), the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index Survey and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Survey. Repeated measures analysis was performed to evaluate the association between clinical and sociodemographic covariates with HRQOL. We enrolled 322 men, including 94 on ADT and 228 who received other forms of treatment. When controlling for patient characteristics, men receiving ADT had poorer outcomes relative to sexual function (P<0.01), sexual bother (P<0.01), hormonal function (P<0.01) and hormonal bother (P=0.02). ADT use was significantly associated with worsening sexual function (P<0.01) and sexual bother (P=0.01) over two years compared with non-ADT users. Analysis also demonstrated significant differences between whites, Hispanics and Others (African American (n=43, 16%), Asian (n=13, 5%), multiracial (n=1, 0.4%), Native American (n=1, 0.4%) and other (n=9, 3%)) relative to urinary bother (P=0.01), urinary function (P=0.01) and hormonal bother (P=0.03). ADT users had better urinary function and less bother than non-ADT users among the Other group, while the opposite was true for whites and Hispanics. For hormonal bother, ADT use was associated with worse outcomes across all three race/ethnicity groups; however, Hispanics were less bothered by their hormonal symptoms than whites or Others. Men of disadvantaged backgrounds on hormone therapy for prostate cancer experience declines in sexual and hormonal HRQOL. Whites and non-whites on ADT have significantly different HRQOL outcomes.
THE LARGE-SCALE VELOCITY FIELDS OF THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE

Magnetograph velocity data are studied for evidence of large-scale velocity fields. It is established that there exist on the surface of the sun regions of more or less coherent downward motion with dimensions of the order of a solar radius. Velocity amplitudes in these regions are in the range 50–75 m/sec. Downward-moving large-scale features are observed to live for at least several days in general and to rotate at least approximately with the solar rotation rate. Horizontal east-west motions appears to have lifetimes of at least many months. The extent in longitude of these horizontal features is about 25°. There is no evidence for meridional motions from these data, with an upper limit to the line-of-sight velocity of about 30 m/sec. Active regions, as reported previously, are areas of generally downward motion. Some features in the autocorrelation of the rotational velocity of the sun remain unexplained.
Transcending the biomarker mindset : deciphering disease mechanisms at the single cell level

The application of proteomics to disease research promises to enhance the understanding and treatment of many human maladies through the identification of molecular profiles associated with each disease. However, although much is made of the utility of molecular signatures as markers of disease state, insufficient emphasis is often placed on the simultaneous need for biological mechanism inquiry. Focused and detailed analyses of disease-associated signaling networks have the potential to be more mechanistically informative than large-scale proteomic profiling approaches, providing insight into the cellular processes involved in pathogenesis, disease progression and therapeutic resistance; while still providing diagnostic or clinical management direction. Phospho-specific flow cytometry provides a method for the analysis of pathological signaling networks, enabling the investigation of disease mechanisms at the single-cell level.
Inhibition of lysine decarboxylase from E. coli by homologous rabbit antibody.

IN studies on the production of antibodies to bacterial amino-acid decarboxylases, we have used lysine decarboxylase from a coliform organism as an antigen. This material was partially purified by a modification of the method of Gale and Epps1 in order to reduce its toxicity for animals. The antigen, containing approximately 1.5 mgm. protein/ml., was injected intravenously into rabbits over a period of a month, at the rate of three injections a week. The dosage was gradually increased from 0.2 ml. to 1 ml. The rabbits were bled ten days after the final injection.
Parkinson disease: Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson disease: The PRIAMO study

Nonmotor symptoms are assuming an increasingly important place in the constellation of clinical traits that characterize Parkinson disease. A multicenter survey of patients with Parkinson disease highlights the prevalence of these symptoms. The findings indicate that further research into the pathophysiology and treatment of nonmotor symptoms is warranted.
Kinetics of surface energy degradation of metals. I. Humidity effects on Al 2024-T3 at 23°C

Abstract Wettability measurements coupled with surface energy analysis is applied as a nondestructive evaluation method for characterizing the surface energy degradation of sulfuric-chromate etched aluminum alloy Al 2024-T3 at 23°C. Surface treated Al 2024-T3 when exposed to ambient laboratory atmosphere at controlled humidity, displays a coherent time dependence of wettability that depends on the polar-nonpolar character of liquid surface tension properties. Analysis of wettability data isolates the (London- d ) dispersion γsv d and (Keesom- p ) polar γsv p components of the solid-vapor surface tension γsv = γsv d + γsv P . Application of kinetic models for environmental degradation define an apparent first-order kinetics for the minimization of γsv p and γsv while γsv d remains essentially constant. The rate of surface energy degradation is minimized at extreme low (⋍0.016%) and high (⋍100%) relative humidity at 23°C with relaxation times τ ⩾ 2 × 10 4 min. At intermediate relative humidity (12 and 33%) the relaxation time for surface energy degradation is minimized (τ ⩽ 2 × 10 3 min). The kinetic model for surface energy degradation is applied to superimpose data from seven moisture exposure conditions at 23°C on “master curves” of reduced surface exposure time ( t / τ ) versus γsv, γsv P , or γsv d .
New p-Xylene Recovery and Xylene Isomerization Processes

Toray has developed two new processes for p-xylene production. The one is the Aromax process, in which p-xylene is separated from a mixture of xylene isomers by adsorption and the other is the Isolene process, in which the residual xylene isomers are converted to p-xylene by means of isomerization.The first commercial Isolene and Aromax units have been successfully on stream in Toray's Kawasaki Plant since September, 1971 and March, 1973, respectively. Distinguished features of Aromax and Isolene processes proved in commercial operation are as follows:1. Aromax Process(1) p-Xylene yield per pass can be more than 90% against about 60% in crystallization process.(2) Higher one pass yield causes lower flow rate of xylene feedstock and smaller investment in downstream plant for isomerization.(3) In crystallization process, complicated mechanical separation of p-xylene crystal from slurry is required while Aromax is operated under milder conditions which make operation and maintenance much easier.(4) Material of construction can be carbon steel throughout the unit.2. Isolene Process(1) One-pass yields of C8 hydrocarbon are as high as 97∼98% including ethylbenzene conversion to xylenes.(2) Regeneration of the catalyst is required only once or twice a year under normal operating conditions.(3) Hydrogen consumption is low.(4) Operating conditions are mild.(5) No corrosive chemicals are needed, eliminating special alloys for the unit.
Magnetoresistivity of silver over temperature range 4.2 – 159 K

Abstract This paper presents magnetoresistivity data for silver used in silver-sheathed BiSCCO tapes over the temperature range 4.2 – 159 K for magnetic inductions up to 14 T.
A simple hardware model of a Turing machine: its educational use

A simple hardware model of a Turing machine has been built at Brandeis University for educational purposes. The machine was designed and built by the first author and is being used by the second to test its value as an instructional aid in the teaching of programming. This paper presents the factors that influenced the design of the model, provides data concerning its characteristics and operation, and describes its use in teaching elementary programming to undergraduates and high school students.
The broadening of perspective over the career course: an exploratory study of self-reported creative research acts.

Data collected from questionnaires mailed to a systematic sample of full professors were used to test the hypothesis that as persons advance through career stages, they are granted greater latitude in, and have greater inclination for, the expression of creative research activity within a broader perspective. Empirical support was found for this hypothesis. Even stronger support was obtained from a more recent cohort whose members may be part of a more career oriented discipline. Knowledge about the processes of career development and the trend toward increased breadth can lead to continued satisfaction for an individual over his/her career course, and the accomplishment of organizational objectives.
Lead isotopic determination of historical sources of lead to Lake Erie, North America

Abstract Measurements of lead concentrations and stable lead isotopic compositions (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) in sediment cores from Lake Erie document both temporal and spatial variations in lead sources to the lake. These analyses track the history of lead contamination in the lake, as well as the transport of particulate matter which governs the redistribution of particle-reactive contaminants within the lake. The isotopic compositions of the sediments reveal two sources of natural lead (fluvial and shoreline bluff erosion) and three primary sources of anthropogenic lead (coal combustion, gasoline additives, and municipal waste water discharges) to the lake. Lead concentrations and isotopic compositions of 210Pb-dated sediment cores record historical variations in the inputs from these sources. The heterogeneous isotopic composition of the three basins of Lake Erie indicates that lead from municipal effluent is most prominent in the urbanized western region of the lake and that atmospheric deposition is most prominent in the more rural eastern areas. Calculations based on a 207 Pb 206 Pb vs. 208 Pb 206 Pb linear mixing model show that as much as 70% of sediment in the Central Basin and 25% in the East Basin originates from the West Basin of Lake Erie. These calculations attest to the interbasinal redistribution of particle-reactive contaminants within the lake.
Time and effort required by persons with spinal cord injury to learn to use a powered exoskeleton for assisted walking

BACKGROUND: Powered exoskeletons have been demonstrated as being safe for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), but little is known about how users learn to manage these devices. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the time and effort required by persons with SCI to learn to use an exoskeleton for assisted walking. METHODS: A convenience sample was enrolled to learn to use the first-generation Ekso powered exoskeleton to walk. Participants were given up to 24 weekly sessions of instruction. Data were collected on assistance level, walking distance and speed, heart rate, perceived exertion, and adverse events. Time and effort was quantified by the number of sessions required for participants to stand up, walk for 30 minutes, and sit down, initially with minimal and subsequently with contact guard assistance. RESULTS: Of 22 enrolled participants, 9 screen-failed, and 7 had complete data. All of these 7 were men; 2 had tetraplegia and 5 had motor-complete injuries. Of these, 5 participants could stand, walk, and sit with contact guard or close supervision assistance, and 2 required minimal to moderate assistance. Walk times ranged from 28 to 94 minutes with average speeds ranging from 0.11 to 0.21 m/s. For all participants, heart rate changes and reported perceived exertion were consistent with light to moderate exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that persons with neurological weakness due to SCI can learn to walk with little or no assistance and light to somewhat hard perceived exertion using a powered exoskeleton. Persons with different severities of injury, including those with motor complete C7 tetraplegia and motor incomplete C4 tetraplegia, may be able to learn to use this device. Language: en
Modeling tunable near field filter systems with a coupling matrix extracted from a full-wave simulation

Coupling matrices are often used to design modern microwave filters. They are useful, as they can directly relate the coupling strengths of a set of coupled resonators to the filter response. However, given a physical filter geometry it can be difficult to find the exact terms of the coupling matrix from traditional measurements.In this paper, a technique is introduced to extract the coupling matrix from a fullwave field simulation of a filter structure. This extraction technique incorporates direct method for determining the loss in the filter. Both the loss in the resonators and the loss in the coupling terms are extracted directly from the full-wave simulation. The extraction technique presented here is based on the ability to probe the individual resonators of a filter in a full-wave simulation. This probing is accomplished by careful placement of lumped ports in each of the filter's resonators. The result of a simulation with such probes will be an admittance matrix relating the coupling of each resonator to every other resonator, and to both the input and output of the filter. The coupling matrix of the filter can then be directly extracted from this admittance matrix. This technique is similar to one demonstrated by Xinshe Yin (Xinshe Yin, Symposium Digest (MTT) 2012). However, the technique presented by Yin does not account for either loss in the resonators or the couplings between the resonators. The technique presented here includes both loss mechanisms. Results will be shown comparing the scattering parameters extracted from the coupling matrices of both techniques (with and without loss) to the scattering parameters obtained directly through full-wave simulations and measurements. The structure that will be used for this demonstration is a tunable near-field filter with six resonators used to isolate two antennas from each other. In this structure, the antennas (which are stacked patch antennas) are also modeled as resonators in the filter structure. Since they are designed to radiate, modeling their “loss” is essential to create a good model of the system. The coupling matrix extracted using the method presented here matches the full-wave simulation (which has been shown to match the measured response) quite well. This coupling matrix will make it possible to modify the design of these near-field filters to give better filter responses.
Daily versus monthly reporting of post-traumatic symptoms: A study of reliability across time and instruments

This study compared daily-versus-monthly self-ratings of post-traumatic symptoms using two similar but not wholly identical measures. The rationale was to determine whether (1) posttraumatic dissociation and/or minimization or (2) certain biases (more recent symptoms, more severe symptoms, practice effect, Hawthorne effect) might undermine symptom recall. Seventeen voluntary participants provided daily self-ratings for an average of 11.6 months. Nine male veterans had combat trauma; one also experienced sexual trauma. Four women had experienced sexual assault, and four women had other trauma. The monthly measure consisted of the self-rated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL), and daily ratings employed the self-rated PTSD Life Chart that we devised. These data revealed that people with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) produced monthly ratings that reflected their day-to-day symptom experience over the previous month, despite the dissociation and minimization that often accompanies PTSD. Initial practice effect occurred in the first month, but other biases (recent symptoms, severe symptoms, Hawthorne effect) were not demonstrated.
An Alternative Derivation for the Equilibrium Constant of Binary Solid Solution‐Vapor Systems

For an ideal Si-Ge solid solution deposited from an ideal vapor phase in a two phase solid solution-vapor system, the equilibrium constant, K Si SS , for the global process has been derived in terms of the equilibrium constant for the deposition of a pure solid phase, K Si S . and the solid solution mole fraction of silicon species, N Si SS , and has been shown to be K Si SS = K Si S /N Si SS Derivation of the relationship for the germanium species is symmetrical to that for silicon and given by K Ge SS = K Ge S /N Ge SS = K Ge S /(1 - N Si SS ).
Dimorphous Expressions of Positive Emotion Displays of Both Care and Aggression in Response to Cute Stimuli

Extremely positive experiences, and positive appraisals thereof, produce intense positive emotions that often generate both positive expressions (e.g., smiles) and expressions normatively reserved for negative emotions (e.g., tears). We developed a definition of these dimorphous expressions and tested the proposal that their function is to regulate emotions. We showed that individuals who express emotions in this dimorphous manner do so as a general response across a variety of emotionally provoking situations, which suggests that these expressions are responses to intense positive emotion rather than unique to one particular situation. We used cute stimuli (an elicitor of positive emotion) to demonstrate both the existence of these dimorphous expressions and to provide preliminary evidence of their function as regulators of emotion.