cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The State and the Associational Order of the Economy: The Institutionalization of Cartels and Trade Associations in 1931–45 Japan

The existing literature on the impact of the state on the associational order has emphasized the state's concern on the implications of the associational order to the public goods and the role of the associational order as a policy tool of the state. However, few studies have investigated what particular characters of the state shape the pattern of the associational order. Through a historical analysis, this study highlights three important factors related to the state that contributed to the the rise of the associational order in Japan during the Great Depression and World War II. First, the shift of the state preference from protecting the liberties of private enterprises toward maintaining political stability in economic crisis and controlling resource allocation in war was the ultimate driving force behind the rise of associational order. Second, the constitutional order of the Japanese state, which involves not only the organization, composition, powers, and limitation of the state's executive, legislative, and jurisdictional branches, but also the people's liberties defined by the constitution, was strongly influenced by the continental legal tradition. This structurally shaped the Japanese pattern of the associational order. Third, the institutionalized legal and economic beliefs of property rights provided ideological support to the rise of the associational order.
Chapter 7 – Optoelectronic Devices

Publisher Summary The electronic devices become better understood, and they can be utilized as the fundamental building blocks to achieve additional functionality. An example of an emerging area of research in this direction is that of opto-electronics with carbon nanotubes. The interest in carbon nanotube opto-electronics arises because the nanotubes have several properties that make them excellent opto-electronic materials. For example, an important characteristic of opto-electronic materials is the presence of a direct bandgap, which allows electronic transitions between the valence and conduction bands to proceed without the intervention of phonons. As the band structures of nanotubes are unique materials in this aspect because all of the bands have a direct bandgap. Thus, for a single nanotube, there are multiple bands that can participate in direct opto-electronic events, spanning a wide range of energies. By combining multiple nanotubes of different bandgaps, it should be possible to obtain a nearly continuous response over a broad spectral range. In addition, a problem that affects traditional bulk materials is the presence of defects, which leads to non-radiative processes and significantly reduces the device efficiency.
Improved Submodular Secretary Problem with Shortlists.

First, for the for the submodular $k$-secretary problem with shortlists [1], we provide a near optimal $1-1/e-\epsilon$ approximation using shortlist of size $O(k poly(1/\epsilon))$. In particular, we improve the size of shortlist used in \cite{us} from $O(k 2^{poly(1/\epsilon)})$ to $O(k poly(1/\epsilon))$. As a result, we provide a near optimal approximation algorithm for random-order streaming of monotone submodular functions under cardinality constraints, using memory $O(k poly(1/\epsilon))$. It exponentially improves the running time and memory of \cite{us} in terms of $1/\epsilon$. Next we generalize the problem to matroid constraints, which we refer to as submodular matroid secretary problem with shortlists. It is a variant of the \textit{matroid secretary problem} \cite{feldman2014simple}, in which the algorithm is allowed to have a shortlist. We design an algorithm that achieves a $\frac{1}{2}(1-1/e^2 -\epsilon)$ competitive ratio for any constant $\epsilon>0$, using a shortlist of size $O(k poly(\frac{1}{\epsilon}))$. Moreover, we generalize our results to the case of $p$-matchoid constraints and give a $\frac{1}{p+1}(1-1/e^{p+1}-\epsilon )$ approximation using shortlist of size $O(k poly(\frac{1}{\epsilon}))$. It asymptotically approaches the best known offline guarantee $\frac{1}{p+1}$ [22]. Furthermore, we show that our algorithms can be implemented in the streaming setting using $O(k poly(\frac{1}{\epsilon}))$ memory.
Assessing and improving the accuracy of synthetic turbulence generation

With the growing interest in scale-resolving simulations of spatially evolving boundary layers, synthetic turbulence generation (STG) has become a valuable tool for providing unsteady turbulent boundary conditions through a sum over a finite number of spatio-temporal Fourier modes with amplitude, direction and phase determined by a random number set. Recent developments of STG methods are designed to match target profiles for anisotropic and inhomogeneous Reynolds stresses. In this paper, it is shown that, for practical values of the number of modes, a given set of random numbers may produce Reynolds stress profiles that are 30 % off their target. To remedy this situation, the error in the STG stress prediction is decomposed into a steady-state bias and a purely unsteady part affecting the time convergence. Direct relationships between the random number vectors and both types of error are developed, allowing large collections of random number sets to be rapidly scanned and the best performers selected for a much improved agreement with the target. The process is verified for the inflow to a direct numerical simulation of a flat plate at . This paper demonstrates sufficient time convergence over a few flow-through times as well as a correction of the method's biases.
A cross-sectional, case-control study of intracranial arterial wall thickness and complete blood count measures in sickle cell disease.

In sickle cell disease (SCD), cerebral oxygen delivery is dependent on the cerebral vasculature's ability to increase blood flow and volume through relaxation of the smooth muscle that lines intracranial arteries. We hypothesised that anaemia extent and/or circulating markers of inflammation lead to concentric macrovascular arterial wall thickening, visible on intracranial vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI). Adult and pediatric SCD (n = 69; age = 19.9 ± 8.6 years) participants and age- and sex-matched control participants (n = 38; age = 22.2 ± 8.9 years) underwent 3-Tesla VW-MRI; two raters measured basilar and bilateral supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) wall thickness independently. Mean wall thickness was compared with demographic, cerebrovascular and haematological variables. Mean vessel wall thickness was elevated (P < 0·001) in SCD (1·07 ± 0·19 mm) compared to controls (0·97 ± 0·07 mm) after controlling for age and sex. Vessel wall thickness was higher in participants on chronic transfusions (P = 0·013). No significant relationship between vessel wall thickness and flow velocity, haematocrit, white blood cell count or platelet count was observed; however, trends (P < 0·10) for wall thickness increasing with decreasing haematocrit and increasing white blood cell count were noted. Findings are discussed in the context of how anaemia and circulating inflammatory markers may impact arterial wall morphology.
Detecting and Defending Against Seizure-Inducing GIFs in Social Media

Despite recent improvements in online accessibility, the Internet remains an inhospitable place for users with photosensitive epilepsy, a chronic condition in which certain light stimuli can trigger seizures and even lead to death in extreme cases. In this paper, we explore how current risk detection systems have allowed attackers to take advantage of design oversights and target vulnerable users with photosensitivity on popular social media platforms. Through interviews with photosensitive individuals and a critical review of existing systems, we constructed design requirements for consumer-driven protective systems and developed a prototype browser extension for actively detecting and disarming potentially seizure-inducing GIFs and videos. We validate our system with a comprehensive dataset of simulated GIFs and GIFs collected from social media. Finally, we conduct a novel quantitative analysis of the prevalence of seizure-inducing GIFs across popular social media platforms and contribute recommendations for improving online accessibility for individuals with photosensitivity. All study materials are available at https://osf.io/5a3dy/.
Effect of Nitazoxanide on Cryptosporidiosis in Experimentally Challenged Neonatal Dairy Calves

Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic protozoan that is most often diagnosed in association with diarrhea in one to three week old dairy calves. There are neither consistently effective nor approved antimicrobials for treatment in animals. The objective of this study was to test nitazoxanide (NTZ) as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in experimentally challenged dairy calves.
Holy Saturday Between the Sublime and Beautiful: Fantastic Realism in Kristeva and Desmond's Dostoevskian Ideal

This article examines Dostoevsky's "fantastic realism," which challenges the explanation of rationalism or empiricism in the need for determinate categories fixed in nature. His use of paintings by Hans Holbein, Claude Lorrain, and Raphael in terms of the sublime and beautiful exemplify an understanding of Holy Saturday and its status between death and resurrection. Julia Kristeva's reading of Dostoevsky's melancholy as exemplifying a religious ideal and William Desmond's metaxological philosophy allows us to propose a terminology that rhymes with Dostoevskian between-ness, a conclusion that does not resolve the space between the beautiful and the sublime but remains open to the confessional enigmatic liminality that is Holy Saturday.
COMMODITY PRODUCTION, TEA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN KERICHO, KENYA. 1895-1963

This disertation is a study of the Kipsigis society in the colonial period. The Kipsigis live in the Kericho district of Kenya which was under British colonial rule from 1895 to 1963. Although the district has three divisions--Sot, Buret, and Belgut--only Buret and Belgut have been studied, largely because together they form an agree-able entity and had similar experiences during the colonial period. The focus has been on the process of interaction between colonial capitalism and a rural non-capitalist society. This has been done by examining the development of a monetized economy, the introduction of new marketable agricultural products, and the rise of differentiation in the area as a result of new sources cf revenue, such as wage labor on plantations and "native" farmer participation in tea growing, set In motion by the advent of colonialism. The study has been carried out as a contribution to the understanding of the present-day economic and social conditions of the poorer countries of the world, particularly those areas that were formally colonised. In economic terms, the world is today divided into the developed capitalist countries of Northern Europe, U.S.A. and Canada; the developed socialist countries; and what has come to be known as the Third World, sometimes called underdeveloped tr less developed economies of Latin America, Asia and Africa.
CONTRIBUTION OF NUCELIEC ACIDS ON THE STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HEPADNAVIRUS CORE ANTIGENS

CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ON THE STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HEPADNAVIRUS CORE ANTIGENS By Maimuna Bruce Bachelors of Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Dr. Darrell Peterson Professor Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) has been proposed to be an ideal candidate for use as an adjuvant due to its immunogenicity, and tolerance to manipulations such as insertions of epitopes or covalent attachment of ligands. HBcAg is a complex macromolecule containing protein and nucleic acid. We investigated the effect of the removal and reconstitution of nucleic acids upon its structure. It’s been shown that the RNA content of hepadnavirus core antigens can be reduced significantly, but not be completely removed. Following removal of some of the RNA, antigens retain the ability to bind added nucleic acids, in particular, "immune-enhancing" synthetic oligonucleotides without affecting the structure of antigen or disrupting its ability to spontaneously self-assemble into core particles. The removal and addition of nucleic acids was
Protein Identification and Characterization by Mass Spectrometry

This overview describes some of the new technologies that can be employed to facilitate rapid identification and characterization of proteins, including the use of correlative approaches for protein identification, rapid posttranslational modification analysis, identification of components in complex mixtures, and direct mass analysis of gel-separated proteins. The mass spectrometric methods referred to in this overview include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
Antimicrobial Resistance in Biofilms: A Sticky Situation

The increased recognition of the impact that biofilm formation has in the clinical and industrial settings has led to an explosion in the field of biofilm research over the past two decades. These studies led to the generation of several hypotheses to account for the exceptional ability of biofilm populations to resist antimicrobial killings. In this review, the various mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance will be examined with a specific emphasis on the predominant pathogens involved in biofilm-associated infections, that is, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Keywords: biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; staphylococci; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Candida albicans
Faculty development: the Teaching College

Summary form only given. Since 1995, the Academy for Excellence in Engineering Education (USA) has implemented the Teaching College program for engineering faculty to meet and learn about the scholarship of teaching. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, as at many large research universities, engineering educators have learned to teach "on the job" without the benefit of formal training. Many educators receive little information about teaching and, having been exposed to limited teaching models themselves, develop teaching styles within the confines of their own disciplines. Most settle into stable patterns after a few years in the classroom. The authors detail how the College of Engineering has overcome some of these obstacles by encouraging new engineering faculty to participate in the Teaching College.
Resident training and education in the United States.

The Issue. Critical institutional and organization issues affect the education of pediatricians, influence their knowledge about child health disparities, and shape their attitudes and approaches to community pediatrics. Understanding the US graduate and postgraduate medical education system is necessary if critical and sustainable changes are to be made to ensure the capacity of pediatricians to respond to critical contemporary determinants of child health.
THz devices based on 2D electron systems

In two-dimensional electron systems with mobility on the order of 1,000 – 10,000 cm2/Vs, the electron scattering time is about 1 ps. For the THz window of 0.3 – 3 THz, the THz photon energy is in the neighborhood of 1 meV, substantially smaller than the optical phonon energy of solids where these 2D electron systems resides. These properties make the 2D electron systems interesting as a platform to realize THz devices. In this paper, I will review 3 approaches investigated in the past few years in my group toward THz devices. The first approach is the conventional high electron mobility transistor based on GaN toward THz amplifiers. The second approach is to employ the tunable intraband absorption in 2D electron systems to realize THz modulators, where I will use graphene as a model material system. The third approach is to exploit plasma wave in these 2D electron systems that can be coupled with a negative differential conductance element for THz amplifiers/sources/detectors.
The nasotemporal division of retinal ganglion cells with crossed and uncrossed projections in the fetal rhesus monkey

The development of the partial decussation pattern in the primate retina was studied in fetal rhesus monkeys of known gestational ages. Retinal ganglion cells with either crossed or uncrossed projections were identified by labeling with HRP following unilateral injections of this tracer into the optic tract. At all fetal ages, very few cells (less than 0.5% of the total ganglion cell population) were found to project to the inappropriate hemisphere. The nasotemporal overlap zone, defined as the retinal region along the vertical meridian containing cells with either crossed or uncrossed projections, also appeared equivalent to that described for the adult animal. A temporal offset in the decussation pattern of large ganglion cells, similar to that of the mature retina, could be recognized as early as 50 d before birth. These results indicate that an adultlike retinal decussation pattern is evident in the fetal primate at a stage when projections from the 2 eyes are completely intermingled within retinorecipient nuclei, and prior to the onset of retinal ganglion cell loss. Moreover, the primate visual system exhibits a degree of precision in the specification of the nasotemporal division unrivaled among the mammalian species studied to date. The developmental specificity evident in the decussation pattern of the fetal rhesus monkey appears to reflect the specialized organization of this primate's retina for binocular focal vision.
Analysis of operational data to improve performance in service delivery systems

Enterprises and service providers are increasingly challenged with improving the quality of service delivery. Toward this end, service delivery organizations are collecting large volumes of operational data. However, it is often difficult to effectively extract insights from this data that can be used to guide decisions in the service delivery environment. In this paper we study an array of analysis methods that were performed against service delivery operational data and that can be used to provide managerial insight into a complex service delivery system. We demonstrate the applicability of our approaches in a large IT services delivery environment.
Raman-scattering results from Y1-xCaxSr2Cu2GaO7.

We present a Raman-scattering study of Y[sub 1[minus][ital x]]Ca[sub [ital x]]Sr[sub 2]Cu[sub 2]GaO[sub 7] for both the [ital x]=0 parent compound and doped compositions with [ital x]=0.25 and [ital x]=0.40. Extrapolation from YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][ital d]] and other cuprates allows us to assign many of the Raman-active phonon modes in the [ital x]=0 material, as well as identify a two-magnon scattering peak, a second-order phonon scattering peak, and a Raman continuum out to 4000 cm[sup [minus]1]. Despite compositional inhomogeneities, the doped superconducting samples show some of the same low-energy phonon features as the [ital x]=0 material. There is, however, a doping-dependent shift in the positions of features in the 500--700 cm[sup [minus]1] range, possibly due to Ca locating on Sr sites instead of Y sites. The relative intensities of the phonon peaks in the doped material are also changed from the insulator ([ital x]=0), suggesting that a resonant Raman phenomenon is occurring. The temperature-dependent spectra show what appears to be a superconducting dip in the background intensity, but the low superconducting fractions in these samples make this difficult to verify. The doped material also has a Raman continuum out to 4000 cm[sup [minus]1] just as in the [ital x]=0more » samples, but with the two-magnon and second-order phonon scattering peaks significantly reduced in intensity. This may be a result of changes in the long-range ordering, or another manifestation of the same resonance phenomena occurring at lower energies. Single-crystal samples of the doped material Y[sub 1[minus][ital x]]Ca[sub [ital x]]Sr[sub 2]Cu[sub 2]GaO[sub 7] are necessary for a more conclusive Raman study.« less
Safeguarding Education as Public Good and Regulating Private Providers

Mushrooming of privatisation which one witnesses at all levels in education aggravates marginalisation and exclusion. It has a crippling effect on the principle of equality of opportunity in educat...
Occlusive ligature and standardized fenestration of a Baerveldt tube with and without antimetabolites for early postoperative intraocular pressure control.

Abstract Objective To determine the effectiveness of a surgical modification for a nonvalved aqueous tube shunt in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in the early postoperative period. The effect of antimetabolite use on IOP also was studied. Design A retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent modified Baerveldt 350-mm 2 implant with varied, nonrandomized, exposure to antimetabolites. Participants Fifty-one eyes of 46 patients with uncontrolled glaucoma were examined. Intervention Identical surgical modification of a Baerveldt 350-mm 2 tube was performed in all cases and consisted of placement of an occlusive 7-0 polyglactin suture just anterior to the plate followed by a through-and-through penetration of the tube just anterior to the occlusive ligature with a standardized 15° blade. Seventeen eyes were not exposed to antimetabolite, while 2 groups of 17 eyes had 3 minutes' episcleral exposure to either 5-fluorouracil 50 mg/ml or mitomycin C 0.4 mg/ml at the location corresponding to the fenestration. The Tenon's layer and conjunctiva were not exposed because of concerns regarding conjunctival erosion over the device. Main outcome measure Intraocular pressure and number of antiglaucoma medications required were analyzed. Results For the group, mean IOP before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 4, 10, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 112 was (in millimeters of mercury) 34.6, 20.1, 17.0, 17.2, 22.0, 17.3, 18.7, 17.4, and 15.6, respectively. There was an elevation of IOP at day 21 relative to fibrotic blockage of the fenestration before suture autolysis. This was temporized with antiglaucoma medication until suture autolysis occurred or treated with laser suture lysis (8 eyes). On day 1, hypotony occurred in 3 (6%) eyes whereas IOP greater than 30 mmHg was observed in 13 (26%) eyes. By day 10, the frequency had decreased to one (2.1%) eye and three (6.4%) eyes, respectively. The use of antimetabolites did not result in lower IOP or less medication needed for any group at any interval (analysis of variance). Conclusion This modification of a nonvalved glaucoma tube shunt device provides adequate IOP control in the early postoperative period with a low rate of hypotony and surgical complications. If elevation of IOP occurs before suture autolysis, it generally is well controlled by antiglaucoma medications or laser suture lysis. Antimetabolite exposure did not influence early postoperative IOP in this study.
The Predictive Power of Survey-Based Exchange Rate Forecasts: Is there a Role for Dispersion?

Previous research has shown that the consensus of individual exchange rate forecasts performs no better than many commonly used forecasting models in predicting future exchange rates. Studies on equity and bond markets have explored the effects of dispersion in forecasts on the predictive power of forecasts; however, no earlier paper has investigated such effects in the context of the foreign exchange market. This study explores the role of consensus forecast dispersion as a factor leading to bias and anchoring in exchange rate forecasts. Our analysis of five currency pairs reveals that consensus forecasts mostly appear to be unbiased predictors of exchange rates in the long run, but most are unable to pass tests for short-run unbiasedness. In three of the five currencies examined it appears that forecasters should take greater account of reported forecast dispersion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-locus and bivariate segregation analysis of HDL-C and apo AI

Two-locus and bivariate segregation analyses of HDL-C and apo AI were carried out using the GAW8 Berkeley data set. For HDL-C, results are ambiguous. Both the mixed environmental model and the mixed Mendelian model fit the data equally well. For apo AI, however, univariate one-locus segregation analysis suggests a Mendelian major gene controlIing its levels. Moreover, two-locus analysis suggests a second major gene is involved. Bivariate segregation analysis indicates these data cannot resolve the question as to whether a single Mendelian major gene with pleiotropic effects controls levels of both HDL-C and apo AI in humans
Photochemical efficiency of adult and young leaves of the neotropical understory shrub Psychotria limonensis (Rubiaceae)in response to changes in the light environment

We explored the short-term adjustment in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in adult and young leaves of the understory neotropical shrub Psychotria limonensis Krause (Rubiaceae) in response to rapid changes in the light environment. Leaves were collected from 20 individual plants growing under sun and shade conditions on Gigante Peninsula, Barro Colorado Natural Monument (Republic of Panama), during the wet season of 1996. Leaves were distributed in four sequences of light treatments (AB leaves were expanded under sun and were transferred to shade, BA leaves experienced the opposite transfer, and the controls AA and BB leaves that were expanded and maintained under sun or shade conditions). Adult and young leaves did not differ in overall photochemical efficiency. Instead, differences were found among light environments, for which leaves transferred from shade to sun showed the lowest Fv/Fm ratios. There was no relationship between photochemical efficiency and leaf temperature. In P. limonensis, understory plants are susceptible of photoinhibition independently of the leaf ontogenetic stage. The approach utilized in this experiment allowed the rapid exploration of this capacity, and could be applied to poorly studied understory species
Bayesian network detection using absorbing Markov chains

A Bayesian framework for network detection is developed based on random walks on graphs. Networks are detected using partial observations of their activity, and the Bayesian approach is proved to be optimum in the Neyman-Pearson sense, assuming random walk propagation on a given graph and diffusion model with absorbing states. The equivalence of the random walk and harmonic solutions to the Bayesian formulation is proven. A general diffusion model is introduced that utilizes spatio-temporal relationships between vertices, and is used for a specific space-time formulation that leads to significant performance improvements.
Adjustment, growth and income distribution in Indonesia

During the decade of the 1970s and until 1982 the growth performance of the Indonesian economy was very good, with GDP growing at 7.2 percent per annum. Oil exports provided the major engine of growth for the entire economy during that period. In addition, within agriculture, growth was fueled by the boom in paddy production which converted Indonesia from the largest rice importing country in the world to virtual self-sufficiency by the mid-1980s (paddy production increased at an annual rate of 7.1 percent between 1978–80 and 1983/4). The two oil price booms of 1973, and more particularly 1979, fueled a major expansion of the economy which lasted until the crisis. The predominant role of the oil sector is clearly revealed by recalling that earnings from crude oil and petroleum products accounted for two-thirds of all export earnings, one-fourth of total GNP and 70 percent of government domestic revenues in 1982. Oil prices peaked in 1982 and revenues from this sector started to contract, reducing drastically the basis and prospects for economic growth.
Clock Synchronization on a Multicomputer

We describe hardware and software schemes for achieving precise clock synchronization on SP2 parallel system nodes. The SP2 multistage interconnection network has an unusual hardware feature, a set of distributed counters that the processor nodes may utilize for synchronizing their time?of?day clocks. We describe an algorithm for synchronizing the counters to within less than 200 nanoseconds of each other in a network of up to 512 processor nodes. This is 4?5 orders of magnitude better than what can be achieved by existing software schemes. We also describe experimental system software, calledsptimed, for synchronizing the node clocks to the Internet time of day, utilizing the synchronous counters in the SP2 network.Sptimedsynchronizes the node clocks typically within 5 ?s of each other, which is up to 2?3 orders of magnitude better than could be achieved by previous methods on the SP2 system. Synchronized clocks are useful in parallel and distributed environments, for example for performance measurement, tuning, tracing, debugging, gang scheduling of parallel processes, and timestamping of transactions. We also measure the performance of a widely used time synchronization utility, the Network Time Protocol, using the synchronous counters of the SP2 interconnection network.
Determination of saposin proteins (sphingolipid activator proteins) in human tissues.

Abstract Saposins are small glycoproteins which are required for sphingolipid hydrolysis by lysosomal hydrolases. Each saposin (A, B, C, and D) stimulates a different enzymatic activity. A new simple HPLC method to determine the levels of saposins A, C, and D in tissue was developed. Tissues were homogenized in 20 vol of water, boiled, and centrifuged. The supernatant was lyophilized and redissolved in 5 ml of water. A 1.5-ml sample of the solution was applied to a reverse-phase HPLC column (C4 column) and eluted with an acetonitrile gradient. Most contaminants eluted from the column prior to the saposins, which were eluted later as a cluster of peaks. This cluster was collected and then analyzed by another HPLC system equipped with an AX-300 anion-exchange column using a NaCl gradient. Saposins D, A, and C eluted from the AX-300 column separately and in that order. Quantitation of the saposins was made by measuring the sizes of each peak. Standard curves made from pure saposins showed that quantification was linear over a range from 1 to 5 μg. Saposin B was measured by its stimulation activity on pure human liver GM1 ganglioside β-galactosidase. Stimulation was linear up to 80 μg of saposin B. Application of this method to analysis of human tissues for their saposin content is presented.
Characteristics of proline transport into R3230AC mammary tumor cells.

Abstract Cells separated by enzyme treatment of the R3230AC mammary carcinoma were used to characterize the entry of proline. These cells showed minimal changes in cell viability and intracellular volume and were found to be suitable for transport studies, since the vi of proline was maintained for at least 4 h when cells were stored at 37 or 4°C, or when transport was measured in the presence or absence of Na+. Proline was actively transported by these tumor cells, reaching a distribution ratio ([proline] intracellular/[proline] extracellular) of 20 after 2 h. Proline entry consisted of two processes, one saturable (carrier mediated) and the other, non-saturable. The carrier-mediated entry, Km = 0.83 mM and V = 151 · 10−5μmol/min per 5 · 106 was Na+-dependent, sensitive to pH and metabolic inhibitors, and completely inhibited by α-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (Ki = 0.34 mM). Proline entry in the absence of Na+ was 20% that in the presence of Na+ and was found to be due to a non-saturable process, since (a) υi of proline uptake in the absence of Na+ increased linearly with increasing proline concentration and (b) was not suppressed by either 20 mM α-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid, 50 mM glycine + 20 mM phenylalanine, or 50 mM serine + 20 mM phenylalanine when proline uptake was measured in the presence or absence of Na+. Therefore, under the conditions studied, we conclude that proline transport appears to be restricted to the A (alanine-preferring) system. Furthermore, these cells should provide a suitable model to study the effect of hormonal manipulations on the amino acid transport process.
Increased lymphoproliferative response to human herpesvirus type 6A variant in multiple sclerosis patients

Several reports have suggested an association of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and multiple sclerosis (MS) based on immunohistochemical demonstration of HHV-6 antigens in inflammatory lesions, detection of increased HHV-6 specific serum antibody titers, and amplification of HHV-6 DNA from sera and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients but not in controls. Characterization of the cellular immune response of MS patients to HHV-6 may further clarify the role of HHV-6 in MS and provide insight into the pathogenesis of this immune-mediated disease. We have compared lymphoproliferative responses to HHV-6A (U1102)-, HHV-6B (Z29)-, and HHV-7 (H7SB)-infected cell lysates in healthy controls and patients with MS. Most healthy controls (71%) proliferated to HHV-6B lysate, and fewer (33%) responded to the HHV-6A lysate. In contrast, 67% of MS patients had a lymphoproliferative response to HHV-6A, which is a significant increase in comparison with healthy controls. A similar frequency of lymphoproliferative response (78%) to HHV-6B was demonstrated in MS patients. Lymphoproliferation to HHV-7 lysate was demonstrated in 23% of healthy controls and 28% of MS patients. These results indicate that the lymphoproliferative response to the HHV-6A variant, which was recently reported to have greater neurotropism, is increased in MS patients.
Repeated Leukapheresis of Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia

The technic of plasmapheresis has been employed repeatedly to obtain large numbers of granulocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Up to 20 liters of blood from a single donor could be processed by centrifugation in one week without changes in the patient's clinical condition or his blood proteins as long as the plasma and red cells were both returned. The major limiting factor was the chronic removal of small amounts of red cells with each unit, resulting in decrease in hemoglobin level with intensive and prolonged periods of plasmapheresis. Removal of granulocytes at rates up to 3 × 1011 per day produced little consistent decrease in peripheral white count unless it was continued for a week or more. Plasmapheresis is a safe and relatively simple technic for the collection of large numbers of leukocytes from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Fish-Like Self Propulsion Using Flexible Piezoelectric Composites

The capacity of humankind to mimic fish-like locomotion for engineering applications depends mainly on the availability of suitable actuators. Researchers have recently focused on developing robotic fish using smart materials, particularly Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs), as a compliant, noise-free, and scalable alternative to conventional motor-based propulsion systems. In this paper, we investigate fish-like self propulsion using flexible bimorphs made of Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) piezoelectric laminates. Similar to IPMCs, MFCs also exhibit high efficiency in size, energy consumption, and noise reduction. In addition, MFCs offer large dynamic forces in bending actuation, strong electromechanical coupling as well as both low-frequency and high-frequency performance capabilities. The experimental component of the presented work focuses on the characterization of an MFC bimorph propulsor for thrust generation in a quiescent fluid as well as the development of a preliminary robotic fish prototype incorporating a microcontroller and a printed-circuit-board (PCB) amplifier to generate high actuation voltage for battery-powered free locomotion. From the theoretical standpoint, a reliable modeling framework that couples the actuator dynamics, hydroelasticity, and fish locomotion theory is essential to both design and control of robotic fish. Therefore, a distributed-parameter electroelastic model with fluid effects and actuator dynamics is coupled with the elongated body theory. Both in-air and underwater experiments are performed to verify the incorporation of hydrodynamic effects in the linear actuation regime. For electroelastically nonlinear actuation levels, experimentally obtained underwater vibration response is coupled with the elongated body theory to predict the thrust output. Experiments are conducted to validate the electrohydroelastic modeling approach employed in this work and to characterize the performance of an MFC bimorph propulsor. Finally, a battery-powered preliminary robotic fish prototype is developed and tested in free locomotion.© 2012 ASME
TH‐E‐BRC‐01: Efficient High Spatial Resolution Brachytherapy Dose Computation Using Low Spatial‐Resolution Correlated‐Sampling Monte Carlo Simulation

Purpose: To investigate the potential of using low‐spatial resolution (LR) correlated‐sampling Monte Carlo (CMC) to implement rapid high‐resolution (HR) dose computation in heterogeneous media for low‐energy brachytherapy‐ seed planning. Methods: An in‐house MC engine (PTRAN) was used to simulate a prostate patient case using 78 I‐125 Model 6711 seeds. CMC, which scores the dose difference, DD, between highly correlated histories in homogeneous and inhomogeneous geometries, was previously shown to improve efficiency by factors of 5–10. A CMCLR DD solution on a LR 2×2×2 mm grid was interpolated onto a HR 1×1×1 mm grid, on which the homogeneous water TG‐43 solution was computed. This summation of the CMCLR and HR TG‐43 solutions, CMCLR‐HR, was evaluated against the conventional HR Monte Carlo heterogeneous dose simulation (MCHR). Both voxel‐by‐voxel differences between CMCLR‐HR and MCLR and impact on prostate CTV dose‐volume histograms (DVH) were quantified for a non‐water prostate tissue assignment and for voxel‐to‐ voxel tissue variations typical of a post‐implant CT. Results: The CMCLR‐ HR and MCHR DVHs agreed within 2% for both prostate assignments. 57.6%, 79.7, and 93.9% of the voxels had percentage errors relative to MCHR within 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, for uniform CTV media compared to 29.7%, 45.3%, and 59.5% voxel frequencies using post‐implant voxel assignments. Regions with errors exceeding 3% in the uniform medium case corresponded to high dose‐gradients contrasted with a spatially random distribution of errors for the non‐uniform prostate. Conclusions: CMCLR‐HR is accurate within 3% for regions with uniform‐like tissues and small dose‐gradients. CMCLR‐HR duplicates DVHs within 2% suggesting application that CMCLR‐HR is would be useful in Monte Carlobrachytherapy plan optimization. Supported by Grant R01‐CA46640
Polarization transfer in p − He 3 elastic scattering

Angular distributions of the polarization transfer coefficients ${K}_{x}^{{x}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, ${K}_{z}^{{x}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, and ${K}_{y}^{{y}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ (Wolfenstein parameters $R$, $A$, and $D$ were measured at 16.2 MeV for $^{3}\mathrm{He}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p})$ elastic scattering. The angular range covered was 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (lab) in 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps. The experiment used a polarized proton beam of 150 to 200 nA, a liquid-nitrogen cooled $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ gas target, and a $^{4}\mathrm{He}$-filled proton polarimeter. The transfer coefficients are well described by an $R$-matrix analysis of the $p\ensuremath{-}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ system.
Monolayer and epi-fluorescence microscopy studies of amino acid derivatized diacetylene lipids

Abstract Monolayers of amino acid derivatized diacetylene lipids on water were studied by Langmuir trough and epi-fluorescence microscopy (EFM). Examination of the amino acid derivatized diacetylene lipids showed a wide variety of surface characteristics with many novel properties. Many of these new properties are advantageous for film-based biosensor development. To characterize this family of molecules, pressure–area (π–A) isotherms were measured that demonstrate hydrophilic headgroup compounds allow for close-packed monomolecular layer formation in the solid state upon continuous compression. The effect of subphase pH and temperature on monolayer compressibility and phase transition was examined. Decrease of pH results in attenuation of LE–LC phase transition in Gln-PDA monolayers due to charge screening, while temperature affects the monolayers through regular thermal agitation, and the effect is opposite to the thermal anomaly observed for the non-derivatized diacetylene lipids. EFM studies reveal that only the lipids derivatized with hydrophilic headgroups exhibit phase transition and domain formation, while those with hydrophobic headgroups do not easily form polymerizable matrices. The shape and growth of the domains were found to be strongly headgroup dependent. Photo-polymerization of diacetylene lipid domains on water using EFM is discussed.
ON MODAL LOGIC INTERPRETATION OF POSSIBILITY THEORY

This paper is a continuation in a series of papers started by Resconi et. al. [8] in which we try to develop interpretations of various uncertainty theories within the framework of standard modal logic. In this paper, we deal with possibility theory. We suggest an interpretation of possibility measures and necessity measures and show that this interpretation is complete for rational-valued measures.
Identification of Eutypa spp. Causing Eutypa Dieback of Grapevine in Eastern North America

Eutypa dieback of grapevine is caused by Eutypa lata in production areas with Mediterranean climates in California, Australasia, Europe, and South Africa. Eutypa dieback has also been described in the colder, eastern North American vineyards where cultivars adapted from native Vitis spp. (e.g., Vitis × labruscana 'Concord') are primarily grown. However, the causal agents associated with the diseases in this region have not been conclusively identified. Examination of 48 vineyards showing symptoms of dieback in the northeastern United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Rhode Island) and Ontario, Canada revealed that vineyards were mainly infected by Eutypa spp. other than E. lata. Multigene phylogenies (internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA, β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II) of isolates recovered from these vineyards indicated that Eutypa dieback is caused primarily by an undescribed Eutypa sp. and E. laevata. Eutypa sp. was recovered from 56% of the vineyards examined, whereas E. laevata and E. lata were less far common (17 and 6%, respectively). Fruiting body morphology and spore dimensions supported phylogenetic separation of the three taxa. Pathogenicity tests conducted on Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' in the greenhouse and in the field verified that all three species were able to cause wood canker and to infect pruning wounds, respectively.
A two-pronged approach to evaluating environmental concerns of disc golf as emerging recreation in urban natural areas

Urban natural areas offer a multitude of environmental and social benefits including recreation. As new forms of recreation quickly emerge, managers often make decisions with limited knowledge about the activities, participants, and environmental implications. We illustrate a two-pronged approach to evaluating environmental concerns of disc golf as an emerging recreational activity, which is conceptually similar to traditional golf, but clubs and balls are replaced with discs that go into baskets instead of holes. A media content analysis was conducted to assess public concerns about disc golf between 1995 and 2010, while a biophysical assessment measured disc-golf-related impacts at four courses in central North Carolina, USA. Results of the media analysis suggest growing environmental concerns associated with disc golf, while the biophysical assessment revealed evidence of tree and ground impacts. Managers could use such contextual public opinion and onsite physical data to inform decisions on permittin...
Modeling Mesoscale Cellular Structures and Drizzle in Marine Stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of Drizzle on the Formation and Evolution of Open Cells

Abstract A new modeling framework is used to investigate aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions and dynamical feedbacks at the mesoscale. The focus is on simulation of the formation and evolution of cellular structures that are commonly seen in satellite images of marine stratocumulus clouds. Simulations are performed at moderate resolution in a 60 × 60 km2 domain for 16 h to adequately represent the mesoscale organization associated with open cells and precipitation. Results support the emerging understanding that precipitation plays a critical role in the formation and evolution of open cells. Evaporation of raindrops generates a dynamic response that manifests itself in cellular organization of updrafts and downdrafts and promotes and sustains the formation of an open cellular structure in cloud fields. Vertical motion in open-cell centers with thin clouds is minimal. It is shown that a mean surface rain rate as low as 0.02 mm day−1 is, for the case considered, sufficient to promote the formation of ...
The Application of Jung's Analytical Psychology to Education

(1982). The Application of Jung's Analytical Psychology to Education. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 241-250.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Old Molecules with New Ideas

Almost 90 years have passed since Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme, the first natural antibiotic isolated from our body. Since then, various types of molecules with antibiotic activity have been isolated from animals, insects, plants, and bacteria, and their use has revolutionized clinical medicine. So far, more than 1,200 types of peptides with antimicrobial activity have been isolated from various cells and tissues, and it appears that all living organisms use these antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in their host defense. In the past decade, innate AMPs produced by mammals have been shown to be essential for the protection of skin and other organs. Their importance is because of their pleiotrophic functions to not only kill microbes but also control host physiological functions such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Recent advances in our understanding of the function of AMPs have associated their altered production with various human diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea. In this review, we summarize the history of AMP biology and provide an overview of recent research progress in this field.
Developmental change on a five-term transitive inference

Abstract Three experiments are reported which utilize the five-term transitive inference task developed by P. E. Bryant and T. Trabasso ( Nature (London) 1971, 232 , 456–458). In Experiment I, preschool children (mean age = 4 years 8 months) required fewer trials to learn the premises and showed a higher proportion of correct responses on the inferences when the presentation order was serial (i.e., AB, BC, CD, DE) throughout training as compared to when a nonserial presentation order (i.e., BC, DE, AB, CD) was used. In Experiments II and III, preschool (mean age = 4 years 7 months), second grade (mean age = 7 years 8 months), fourth grade (mean age = 9 years 9 months), and college students (mean age = 18 years 11 months) were administered the nonserial presentation version of the five-term transitive inference. An ontogenetic decrease in trials to learn the premises and corresponding increase in proportion correct on both premises and inferences was observed. A developmental model specifying changes at two stages of constructing an internal linear order is proposed to explain the results.