cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Party Strength and International Trade: A Cross National Analysis

What explains the variation of trade protection across countries and years? The author argues that other things equal, democracies with strong parties will choose freer trade policies. He focuses on two aspects of party strength—organizational centralization and stable party linkages to large groups of the electorate. He contends that legislative logrolls leading to high protection are significantly less likely when parties are centralized. Furthermore, because parties with stable connections to the electorate have longer time horizons, the author argues that they will generally support more open trade policies that provide long-run economic benefits. Finally, he contends that parties linked to large electoral groups—as measured by district size—will prefer public goods such as freer trade over trade patronage. After coding a measure of party centralization developed by Cary and Shugart (1995), the author conducts a quantitative analysis of democracies from 1975-2000. His results support the theory and hi...
SuperPin: Parallelizing Dynamic Instrumentation for Real-Time Performance

Dynamic instrumentation systems have proven to be extremely valuable for program introspection, architectural simulation, and bug detection. Yet a major drawback of modern instrumentation systems is that the instrumented applications often execute several orders of magnitude slower than native application performance. In this paper, we present a novel approach to dynamic instrumentation where several non-overlapping slices of an application are launched as separate instrumentation threads and executed in parallel in order to approach real-time performance. A direct implementation of our technique in the Pin dynamic instrumentation system results in dramatic speedups for various instrumentation tasks - often resulting in orderof- magnitude performance improvements. Our implementation is available as part of the Pin distribution, which has been downloaded over 10,000 times since its release.
Possible giant metamorphic core complex at the center of Artemis Corona, Venus

Hundreds of circular features on Venus known as coronae are characterized by annular fractures and commonly associated radial fractures and lava flows. Coronae are thought to have been produced by buoyant mantle diapirs that flatten and spread at the base of the lithosphere and cause fracturing, uplift, and magmatism. The interior of Artemis Corona, by far the largest corona at 2100 km diameter, is divided in half by a northeast-trending deformation belt that contains numerous rounded ridges resembling antiforms. The largest of these ridges, located at the center of Artemis Corona, is ∼5 km high on its steep northwest flank where it is adjacent to a flat-bottomed, 10-km-wide trough interpreted as a rift valley. The 280-km-long antiformal ridge is marked by perpendicular grooves that cross the ∼50-km-wide ridge and extend southeastward as far as 120 km across adjacent plains. The grooves abruptly terminate northwestward at the rift trough. The large antiformal ridge terminates southwestward at a transform shear zone that parallels the grooves. These features—rift valley, antiformal uplift, grooves, and transform shear zone—are morphologically and geometrically similar to grooved, elevated, submarine metamorphic core complexes on the inside corners of ridge-transform intersections of slow-spreading ridges on Earth. As with submarine core complexes, the grooved surface on Venus is interpreted as the footwall of a large-displacement normal fault, and the grooves are inferred to be the product of plastic molding of the footwall to irregularities on the underside of the hanging wall followed by tectonic exhumation of the molded grooves and conveyer-belt–like transport up and over the large antiform and across the southeastern plains. According to this interpretation, the trend of the grooves records the direction of extension, which is perpendicular to the thrusts at the leading edge of the annular thrust belt 1000 km to the southeast. Both may have formed at the same time as a result of uniform southeastward displacement of the southeastern half of the interior of Artemis Corona. The location of this grooved core complex at the center of Artemis Corona may reflect genesis above the buoyant, ascending tail of the corona-producing mantle diapir.
Dynamic light scattering in localized coherence volumes.

We introduce a novel light-scattering technique for investigating the dynamics of random media with a broad range of optical densities. By use of the spatial coherence properties of a single-mode optical fiber and the temporal coherence of a broadband source, the measurement volume is isolated at the end of the optical waveguide. Optical mixing between the fluctuating scattered light and the Fresnel-reflected field at the fiber–medium interface is analyzed directly in the frequency domain. The unique characteristics of this new technique are discussed in the context of simultaneous measurement of average scatterer size and concentration in dense colloidal suspensions.
Therapeutic value of prenatal rapamycin treatment in a mouse brain model of tuberous sclerosis complex

Epileptic seizures, particularly infantile spasms, are often seen in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) soon after birth. It is feared that there are long-term developmental and cognitive consequences from ongoing, frequent epilepsy. In addition, the hallmark brain pathology of TSC, cortical tubers and giant cells are fully developed at late gestational ages. These observations have led us to examine the benefit of prenatal rapamycin in a new fetal brain model of TSC. In this Tsc1cc Nes-cre+ mouse model, recombination and loss of Tsc1 in neural progenitor cells leads to brain enlargement, hyperactivation of mTOR, and neonatal death on P0 due to reduced pup–maternal interaction. A single dose of prenatal rapamycin given to pregnant dams (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) rescued the lethality of mutant mice. This one dose of prenatal rapamycin treatment reduced hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway in the mutant brain without causing apparent pregnancy loss. Continued postnatal rapamycin beginning at day 8 extended the survival of these mice to a median of 12 days with complete suppression of hyperactive mTOR. However, the rapamycin-treated mutants developed enlarged brains with an increased number of brain cells, displaying marked runting and developmental delay. These observations demonstrate the therapeutic benefit and limitations of prenatal rapamycin in a prenatal-onset brain model of TSC. Our data also suggest the possibility and limitations of this approach for TSC infants and mothers.
Finding broad-scale patterns in large size electronic circuit netlists

Integrated circuit structure has advanced to extremely large complexity, such as 108 or more components per chip. Design and circuit optimization becomes quite difficult for these IC sizes. This paper presents a methodology that helps to understand the circuit topologies before the physical realization of the system. This paper explains that large size electronic circuit netlists have broad-scale patterns and large clustering coefficients. These attributes are very different from random graphs, usually assumed for representing circuit netlists. Furthermore, the paper introduces a model to explain the large clustering coefficient of electronic circuit netlists
Rpm2p, a Component of Yeast Mitochondrial RNase P, Acts as a Transcriptional Activator in the Nucleus

Rpm2p, a protein subunit of yeast mitochondrial RNase P, has another function that is essential in cells lacking the wild-type mitochondrial genome. This function does not require the mitochondrial leader sequence and appears to affect transcription of nuclear genes. Rpm2p expressed as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein localizes to the nucleus and activates transcription from promoters containing lexA-binding sites when fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain, lexA. The transcriptional activation region of Rpm2p contains two leucine zippers that are required for transcriptional activation and are conserved in the distantly related yeast Candida glabrata. The presence of a mitochondrial leader sequence does not prevent a portion of Rpm2p from locating to the nucleus, and several observations suggest that the nuclear location and transcriptional activation ability of Rpm2p are physiologically significant. The ability of RPM2 alleles to suppress tom40-3, a temperature-sensitive mutant of a component of the mitochondrial import apparatus, correlates with their ability to transactivate the reporter genes with lexA-binding sites. In cells lacking mitochondrial DNA, Rpm2p influences the levels of TOM40, TOM6, TOM20, TOM22, and TOM37 mRNAs, which encode components of the mitochondrial import apparatus, but not that of TOM70 mRNA. It also affects HSP60 and HSP10 mRNAs that encode essential mitochondrial chaperones. Rpm2p also increases the level of Tom40p, as well as Hsp60p, but not Atp2p, suggesting that some, but not all, nucleus-encoded mitochondrial components are affected.
Deformation and electrical properties of magnetic and vertically conductive composites with a chain-of-spheres structure

Vertically anisotropically conductive composites with aligned chain-of-spheres of 20–75 mm Ni particles in an elastomer matrix have been prepared by curing the mixture at 100°C–150°C under an applied magnetic field of ∼300–1000 Oe. The particles are coated with a ∼120 nm thick Au layer for enhanced electrical conductivity. The resultant vertically aligned but laterally isolated columns of conductive particles extend through the whole composite thickness and the end of the Ni columns protrude from the surface, contributing to enhanced electrical contact on the composite surface. The stress-strain curve on compressive deformation exhibits a nonlinear behavior with a rapidly increasing Young’s modulus with stress (or pressure). The electrical contact resistance Rc decreases rapidly when the applied pressure is small and then more gradually after the applied pressure reaches 500 psi (∼3.4 MPa), corresponding to a 30% deformation. The directionally conductive elastomer composite material with metal pads and conductive electrodes on the substrate surface can be used as a convenient tactile shear sensor for applications involving artificial limbs, robotic devices, and other visual communication devices such as touch sensitive screens.
What we know and what we need to know about developmental and life-course theories:

This essay considers what is known and what needs to be known about developmental/life-course theories and research. In so doing, it remarks on the period before developmental/life-course came about and then segues into the period of the 1980s in criminological theory where intense and fruitful debates regarding age and crime and criminal careers help to spur developmental/life-course as it is known today. The essay then reviews some prominent developmental/life-course theories, what they tell us about longitudinal offending patterns, and closes with challenges for developmental/life-course theory. Keywords: Juvenile justice; Language: en
Effects of Kaolin Particle Film on Oviposition, Larval Mining, and Infestation of Cotton by Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

We tested effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. In laboratory choice tests, females laid seven times more eggs on untreated bolls than on bolls treated with kaolin. When neonates were put on bolls in the laboratory, each boll with a treated and untreated half, larvae and mines were found 24 h later on the untreated half but not on the treated half. In oviposition choice tests with whole plants in the greenhouse, females laid four times more eggs on untreated plants than on treated plants and the number of eggs on bolls was five times higher for untreated plants than for treated plants. Kaolin treatments altered the distribution of eggs among plant parts, with untreated bolls receiving a higher percentage than treated bolls, whereas the opposite occurred for petioles. In field tests, treatment with kaolin alone reduced the proportion of bolls infested with pink bollworm, but a mixture of kaolin and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was most effective. The results suggest that kaolin particle film may be useful against pink bollworm, particularly in conjunction with other control tactics.
Property relations: alien land laws and the racial formation of Filipinos as aliens ineligible to citizenship

ABSTRACTBecause Filipino Americans are racially categorized as Asians today, many scholars presume that they were automatically included within the provisions of the alien land laws at the time of their legislation. The following article suggests that the racial status of Filipino Americans, during this early period, was much more ambiguous. Instead, most Americans perceived Filipinos in relation to Native and African-Americans. The Alien Land Laws (1913–1952) were, together with anti-miscegenation laws and the Tydings-McDuffie Act, a regime of legal policies that eventually transformed Filipinos into Asians by 1934. Meanwhile, their racial ambiguity provided early Filipino immigrants with significant opportunities to challenge their exclusion in American society, and especially the alien land laws.
Combustion kinetics of laser irradiated porous graphite from imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy

Abstract The combustion plumes arising from laser-irradiated graphite targets were investigated experimentally using hyperspectral, imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy (IFTS). Porous graphite targets were irradiated with a 1.07 µm, 20-kW ytterbium fiber laser at irradiances of 0.25–4 kW/cm 2 . Emissive plumes from the oxidation of graphite in air were monitored using a mid-wave infrared imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer with spatial resolution of 0.52 mm per pixel. Strong spectral emission of CO and CO 2 were observed in the infrared between 1900 and 2400 cm −1 with an instrument spectral resolution of 2 cm −1 . A homogeneous single-layer plume, line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) and two band models (EM2C and RADCAL) were applied to estimate spatial maps of temperature and column densities of CO and CO 2 with a temporal resolution of 0.47 s per hyperspectral image. Steady surface temperatures of 1800–2900 K are achieved after ∼1 min for irradiances of 0.25–1.0 kW/cm 2 . A stable, gas phase combustion layer extends from 4 to 12 mm from the surface, with buoyancy driving a gas flow of ∼8 m/s. Plume extent and intensity is greater for the larger porosity (6 mm particle size) samples. Steady-state gas temperatures exceed surface temperature by up to 400 K. Column densities for CO and CO 2 of up to 10 18 molec/cm 2 were observed. The CO/CO 2 concentration ratio peaks at 2500 K. The initial rise with temperature is consistent with effective activation energies of 149–111 kJ/mol at distances between 0.72 mm and 3 mm, respectively.
Positive Feedback by Estrogen and Progesterone on LH Release in Old and Young Rats

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P) were determined daily in samples obtained at 0800 1600 and 2400 hours from 6 beagle bitches during proestrus and estrus. Sexual behavior in response to males was also assessed. LH surges of 24-40 hours (4.4-11.1 ng/ml) were observed between 3 days before and 1 day after estrus. Estrous behavior was observed only after levels of P increased. The increase in P began either just before or at the same time as the initial LH surge. Ovariectomy was performed at approximately 4 8 20 38 44 and 50 hours after the LH peak when plasma levels of P were 1.3 2.8 4.2 3.3 4.4 and 6.9 ng/ml respectively. The respective ratios of ovulated to nonovulated mature follicles were 0:10 0:6 0:7 0:8 4:3 and 11:0. Sexual behavior was tested in ovariectomized bitches over a 5-week period during which estrogen was administered for 16 days beginning either 8 days before or after the initiation of 16 days of progesterone treatment. Full sexual receptivity occurred 8 days after superimposing estrogen treatment on progesterone and within 18 hours after superimposing progesterone treatment on estrogen. Removal of estrogen treatment did not affect sexual receptivity whereas it was completely abolished within 18 hours after cessation of progesterone treatment. The findings suggest that ovulation in the bitch occurs between 1 day before and 5 days after the onset of estrus and about 38-44 hours after the peak in LH and that the initial preovulatory increase in P is synergistic with the late-proestrous estrogen peak in promoting estrous behavior.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MAGNETO-FLUID DYNAMICS ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT

A previously presented implicit flux vector split algorithm for solving the equations governing magnetofluid dynamics is herein further developed for three dimensional internal flow. The numerical procedure casts the governing equations in strong conservation law form to treat the strong shock waves encountered in hypersonic flow and reduces numerical inaccuracy by interpolating the physical flux vectors directly themselves, instead of the usual state vectors to form the split flux vectors. The finite volume procedure is fully implicit and uses modified approximate factorization with iteration to reduce errors associated with implicit factored methods. Errors associated with the divergence of the magnetic field are controlled by corrections calculated from the solution of a Poisson equation. The procedure can treat air as a perfect gas or as a real gas in either equilibrium or nonequilibrium. Both chemical nonequilibrium, with finite rate air chemistry, including ionization, and thermal nonequilibrium, with distinct translational, rotational and vibrational temperatures are included. The procedure is used to simulate numerically the physics of magnetic field interaction with both external and internal ionized flow. First, it was applied to simulate the nonequilibrium flow surrounding the fore body of a realistic hypersonic flight vehicle at a high Mach number. Magnetic dipoles were placed along the leading edges of the body's delta wing to modify heat transfer. In a second application, magnetic and electric fields were imposed within a channel to accelerate the flow.
α-6-Deoxyoxytetracycline I. Some Biological Properties.

Summary1. DOOTC demonstrated greater activity after oral administration than did MOTC, DMCT, and TC against 3 types of experimental infections in mice. DOOTC superiority after oral administration was demonstrated by a comparison of chemothera-peutic efficacy produced in 3 different dosage regimens. 2. A variety of in vitro studies, in contrast, indicated general equivalence with MOTC and DMCT but greater activity than TC and OTC.
An Examination of Millennials’ Attitudes toward Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Foods: Is It Franken-Food or Super-Food?

Millennials, people born between about 1980 and 2000, are expected to have a major impact on the future of the world's economy and society in general. This study reports on a survey of Millennials in the United States regarding attribute dimensions of GMO foods, such as health benefits, safety, and environmental friendliness. Potential benefits of GMO foods include improving agricultural productivity, e.g. insect resistant and drought resistant crops, and alleviating world hunger, particularly in developing countries. At the same time, opponents of GMO foods are concerned about unknown consequences. Understanding the benefits and concerns of GMO foods is important for the agricultural sector and for society overall. Results of this study indicate that Millennials tend to be somewhat skeptical about GMO foods. Thus, to effectively market GMO foods, agricultural producers, distributors, and food retailers will need to provide, via corporate websites, news releases to media, and other venues, sufficient information that alleviates consumer concerns.
The effect of short-term obstruction on urinary bladder function in the rabbit.

Abstract The effect of short term partial obstruction on urinary bladder function was studied in rabbits. After 1 week of partial bladder obstruction, the bladders were significantly hypertrophied with a mass over 9 times that of control bladders. The obstruction resulted in a marked decrease in both intracellular ATP and muscarinic receptor density. In vitro response of isolated smooth muscle strips from the obstructed bladder body to cholinergic stimulation was only 50 per cent of the response of control bladdders. The obstructed bladder was able to expell only 28 per cent of its volume whereas control bladders expelled 100 per cent of their volume. The results of these studies demonstrate the rapid nature of the response of the bladder to chronic obstruction. Within 1 week frank hypertrophy and significant defects in the contractile ability of the bladder were evident.
Stress-dependent grain size evolution of nanocrystalline Ni-W and its impact on friction behavior

Abstract The friction behavior of ultra-nanocrystalline Ni-W coatings was investigated. A critical stress threshold was identified below which friction remained low, and above which a time-dependent evolution toward higher friction behavior occurred. Founded on established plasticity models we propose a correlation between surface grain size and applied stress that can be used to predict the critical stress separating the two friction regimes. This interpretation of plasticity models suggests that macro-scale low and high friction regimes are respectively associated with the nano-scale mechanisms of grain boundary and dislocation-mediated plasticity.
Parameter optimization of pseudo-rigid-body models of MRI-actuated catheters

Simulation and control of a system containing compliant mechanisms such as cardiac catheters often incur high computational costs. One way to reduce the costs is to approximate the mechanisms with Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models (PRBMs). A PRBM generally consists of rigid links connected by spring-loaded revolute joints. The lengths of the rigid links and the stiffnesses of the springs are usually chosen to minimize the tip deflection differences between the PRBM and the compliant mechanism. In most applications, only the relationship between end load and tip deflection is considered. This is obviously not applicable for MRI-actuated catheters which is actuated by the coils attached to the body. This paper generalizes PRBM parameter optimization to include loading and reference points along the body.
Struggle as opportunity: making sense of U.S. migration experiences through Buddhist practice

ABSTRACTRecent scholarship demonstrates how immigrants rely on religion for resources and psychological and social support at various stages of migration. Many studies of religion focus on the institutional role of faith-based organisations, with little regard for the social importance of religious experiences in daily life. Using interviews with U.S. immigrants who identify as Buddhists, I examine how migrants use Buddhist philosophies as a lens for finding meaning in the struggles associated with migration, including language acquisition, employment, and legal status. Through their practice, migrants gain a sense of agency amid vulnerable circumstances. I also explore the potentially negative consequences of the practice’s individual focus, including the propensity to mask structural causes of inequality and impede possibilities for collective action.
Optical frequency-domain reflectometry using multiple wavelength-swept elements of a DFB laser array

Coherent optical frequency-domain reflectometry (C-OFDR) is a distance measurement technique with significant sensitivity and detector bandwidth advantages over normal time-of-flight methods. Although several swept-wavelength laser sources exist, many exhibit short coherence lengths, or require precision mechanical tuning components. Semiconductor distributed feedback lasers (DFBs) are advantageous as a mid-to-long range OFDR source because they exhibit a narrow linewidth and can be rapidly tuned simply via injection current. However, the sweep range of an individual DFB is thermally limited. Here, we present a novel high-resolution OFDR system that uses a compact, monolithic 12-element DFB array to create a continuous, gap-free sweep over a wide wavelength range. Wavelength registration is provided by the incorporation of a HCN gas cell and reference interferometer. The wavelength-swept spectra of the 12 DFBs are combined in post-processing to achieve a continuous total wavelength sweep of more than 40 nm (5.4 THz) in the telecommunications C-Band range.
The ability to distinguish which eye was stimulated by light

The ability to distinguish which eye has been stimulated by light has been studied in normal and strabismic observers. This response characteristic is not uniformly present in the population, and skill at the task varies markedly among individuals. Scores range from high positive to chance. It is clear that the capability is greatest in the central retina, but not limited to that region. The nature of the sensation experienced by observers is quite unique. The prevalence and inheritance of this response attribute is but one of several interesting questions which need to be studied further.
Bayesian two-part bent-cable Tobit models with skew distributions: Application to AIDS studies.

This paper presents a new development of a bent-cable two-part Tobit model to identify both phasic patterns and mixture of advancing (to AIDS) and non-advancing patients of HIV. In identification o...
Laparoscopic Closure of Hartmann’s Procedure

Laparoscopic Hartmann’s reversal is more commonly performed in an open fashion. However, there are selected patients who are excellent candidates for a laparoscopic approach. Surgeon preference usually dictates their comfort level for whether or not this procedure is performed laparoscopically. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
ECG (12 Lead)

Cardiovascular complications contribute to mortality and morbidity following major noncardiac surgeries. Myocardial ischemia and infarction are among the most important complications that could occur impacting the prognosis of those patients.
INCUBATION TIME AND GROWTH PATTERN OF MARTENSITE UNDER A SHORT DURATION STRESS PULSE

A plate-impact recovery technique is employed to subject specimens of a Fe-31%Ni-0.02%C alloy to a single tensile pulse in uniaxial strain, at a temperature of Ms + 10°C, inducing martensitic transformation. The entire transformation process, from inception to nucleation, to partial growth, and to fully grown lens is captured by adjusting the pulse duration. It is found that the annealing twin boundaries are favored sites for tensile stress-wave-induced martensitic transformation, and that there is an incubation time of somewhat less than 80ns under a 1.5GPa tensile pulse before transformation takes place. It is found that the early growth of the martensite is like an arrow or a needle, always found on a grain or an annealing twin boundary.
INI1 negative hepatoblastoma, a vanishing entity representing malignant rhabdoid tumor

Abstract Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) represent a distinct group of aggressive tumors usually occurring in infancy involving a variety of anatomic locations including the kidney, brain, soft tissue and liver. The molecular hallmark of these tumors is the presence of deletions and/or mutations of SMARCB1 or rarely SMARCA4 that lead to the absence of INI1 or BRG1 proteins, core components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. MRT of the liver are rare tumors that comprise less than 5% of malignant pediatric liver tumors. They are currently diagnosed on the basis of documenting both INI1 negative immunoreactivity and rhabdoid morphology. In the absence of molecular testing, MRT lacking classic rhabdoid morphology are currently classified as small cell undifferentiated hepatoblastoma (HB). Here we report a case of MRT initially classified as a INI1 negative small cell HB. Whole Exome Sequencing with Transcriptome subsequently showed homozygous deletion of SMARCB1 on chromosome 22q11.23 with evidence of loss of expression of the gene, establishing the diagnosis of MRT. As molecular testing of these tumors is performed on a more routine basis, this case illustrates that the INI negative small cell undifferentiated variant of HB actually represents MRT, a tumor unrelated to HB.
Tall Fescue Mowing Height Performance under Simulated Traffic

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) requires fewer inputs than other cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). With improved turf-type tall fescue cultivars, more facilities are choosing tall fescue over Kentucky bluegrass due to better traffic and drought tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine what height of cut offers the best aesthetic quality as well as safety measured by surface hardness, soil moisture, and shear vane rotational resistance for Iowa. This is the second year of a two-year study.
E-Preferred Approval Plan at a Large Academic Library: Assessment and Collection Development Implications

Academic libraries acquiring e-books through approval plans and other acquisition methods might question whether their collections are properly balanced between e-books and print books since patron...
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs in Depression

Mood-stabilizing drugs including lithium, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics have established effects in the management of bipolar disorder, especially in mania. However, these drugs also have been shown to be effective in depressed patients. For example, lithium is well established as an effective augmenting strategy with tricyclic antidepressants in refractory depression. This article will review a variety of effects of mood-stabilizing drugs in bipolar and unipolar depressed patients, which will include acute treatment, prevention of relapse and recurrence, and the management of refractory patients. The effects of antipsychotics (especially atypicals) and new research directions also will be reviewed.
An organic solution to the Kelvin myth?: White light with true color temperature via exciplex formation

Abstract Many white light sources are described as having a “color temperature”, a practice that has been termed the “Kelvin myth”, since, in general, only incandescent light-emitters have a spectral distribution which closely approximates that of a black-body curve. We show that the white light emitted, via exciplex formation, from blends of two blue-emitting organic materials, has the same spectral form as black-body light, as perceived by the human eye. The color temperature is tunable, depending on the relative concentrations of the two materials. This suggests that organics could provide a white light source with a tunable, true, color temperature.
Implications for Clinical Practice, Training, and Research

In this book we have tried to present a pluralistic and integrative view of the psychobiology of mood disorders. Our goal has been to present a holistic paradigm for understanding mood disorders, but the approach can serve equally well for understanding other major psychiatric syndromes. Despite the significant advances made over the last two decades, we are only just beginning to understand the affective psychoses. Undoubtedly, our present limited understanding of the monoaminergic and endocrine mechanisms that underlie the various types of depression will give way to more sophisticated theories. Likewise, the mechanisms by which attachment in early development influences mood and depression later in life will become clearer. Most importantly, the mechanisms whereby psychologically defined events such as developmental deprivation, specific characterological traits, and adult loss interact with predisposing heredity and concurrent physiological stressors will be elucidated.
High-Fidelity Simulation Scenario: Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy and Treatment.

Introduction Treatment of seizures in the neonatal patient is urgent and time sensitive. Effective and timely treatment of this life-threatening condition is vital in preventing mortality and long-...
Management of students' motivation in business schools: a test of an indigenous model

The construct of need saliency posits that different levels of priority are attached to different categories of needs in a given subset of human population. Accordingly some needs are regarded as salient whereas other needs are considered non-salient. The present investigation provides an empirical test of this pan-cultural model. Indian management students were administered with a multipart study behaviour questionnaire. They were asked to rank-order 16 study outcome factors. These include brand name of institution, gaining knowledge, cordial relationship, opportunity for higher studies, supportive learning environment, interesting course-work, sound policies, multi-skilling, healthy interpersonal relations, collaborative learning, professionally competent teachers, well-planned schedule, individual attention, freedom from social pressure, job prospect, and fair assessment. The model suggests that motivation is significantly related to salient need satisfaction. In contrast motivation is unrelated to non-salient need satisfaction. The examination of relationship between salient need satisfaction and motivation provided supportive evidence for the indigenous model.
Size-Dependent Electronic Properties of Uniform Ensembles of Strongly Confined Graphene Quantum Dots

The electronic structure of a series of bottom-up synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) smaller than 2 nm was investigated by spectroelectrochemistry, yielding insights not previously available from ensemble-level studies. The results show that for the strongly confined GQDs the dependence of the band gap on the GQD size deviates from the prediction of the standard Dirac Fermion model but agrees well with the models explicitly accounting for the electron-electron and electron-hole interactions. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels are found to be distributed nearly symmetrically around the 0 V value versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), becoming more positive/negative, respectively, with increasing GQD size. The exciton binding energies are found to follow power dependence on the number of carbon atoms per GQD, with the experimental values falling within the range of ∼0.1 to ∼0.6 eV. Given the broad accessibility of the described experimental tools and methods, our work opens a path to a more systematic examination of quantum confinement effects in GQDs.
Dermatome-Induced Lacerations: An Unspoken Problem in Burn Surgery.

Abstract Background Dermatome-induced lacerations are a known complication; however, there is a paucity of literature discussing the incidence and predisposing factors. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors to develop a preventive algorithm. Methods An 18-question survey was sent to all US and Canadian burn unit directors. Surgeons were queried about type and location of their practices, average annual caseload of skin graft harvesting, and number of dermatome-induced lacerations. The survey also asked about donor site location, harvesting technique and equipment, laceration severity, and causative factors. An algorithm was developed based on the results. Results Fifty-six responses (42% response rate) were received from the burn unit directors. They reported an estimated 133 lacerations over the past 5 y. The overall incidence of dermatome-induced lacerations was approximately 0.1% per year (1.3 per 1000 cases). The most commonly attributed causes were excessive pressure (25.0%) and patient factors (18.4%). Most lacerations occurred when using air dermatomes (73.0%) with a 4-inch guard (63.5%), 0.010- to 0.015-inch thickness (78.4%), and 30°-45° angulation (47.3%); the most common brand was Zimmer (71.6%). The dermatome was typically set up by a scrub tech or nurse (48.6%), whereas the skin harvesting was performed by residents (39.2%) or attendings (35.1%). Lacerations typically extended to subcutaneous tissue (70.3%), with no neurovascular injury (86.5%). Conclusions Our study showed that dermatome-induced lacerations are rare events and that certain factors predispose patients to injury. An algorithm was developed to provide guidance on risk factor identification and the set up and use of dermatomes.
Ultrathin initiated chemical vapor deposition polymer interfacial energy control for directed self-assembly hole-shrink applications

Integrated circuit layouts consist of patterned lines and holes, where holes define the electrical contacts between adjacent layers. Block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA) successfully shrinks the critical dimension (CD) of these contacts beyond the resolution of conventional lithography. DSA also radically improves the CD uniformity. One particularly difficult step of the DSA hole-shrink process involves establishing the correct interfacial energy throughout a lithographically templated hole to ensure good assembly. Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is a uniform, ultrathin, ultraconformal, all-organic deposition technique that allows for precise control of the interfacial energy. In this work, the authors use iCVD of polydivinylbenzene at film thicknesses below 5 nm to blend the interfacial energy of the coated film with that of the silicon/spin-on carbon template. They fully characterize the iCVD surface by means of two liquid surface energy measurements. They further identify the interfacial energies presented by these functionalized templates through qualitative hole-island tests as well as quantitative harmonic mean estimations. In parallel, the authors run theoretically informed coarse grained simulations with the determined interaction parameters and DSA experiments and find good agreement across the range of chemistries created. Through careful control of iCVD conditions, especially filament temperature, they achieve a strong polystyrene-preferential sidewall with a nonpreferential bottom which they then demonstrate, both in the simulation and in the experiment, allows for a successful hole-shrink process across a wide range of template hole diameters.Integrated circuit layouts consist of patterned lines and holes, where holes define the electrical contacts between adjacent layers. Block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA) successfully shrinks the critical dimension (CD) of these contacts beyond the resolution of conventional lithography. DSA also radically improves the CD uniformity. One particularly difficult step of the DSA hole-shrink process involves establishing the correct interfacial energy throughout a lithographically templated hole to ensure good assembly. Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is a uniform, ultrathin, ultraconformal, all-organic deposition technique that allows for precise control of the interfacial energy. In this work, the authors use iCVD of polydivinylbenzene at film thicknesses below 5 nm to blend the interfacial energy of the coated film with that of the silicon/spin-on carbon template. They fully characterize the iCVD surface by means of two liquid surface energy measurements. They further identify the interfa...
Proximal Hamstring Tears and Syndrome

Abstract Proximal hamstring avulsion is an oft-encountered injury, frequently resulting in significant physical impairment, especially in athletes and other highly active individuals. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to maximizing outcomes and facilitating return to play. MRI imaging allows for precise characterization of injury patterns and location, and may be predictive of return to play. While often managed non-operatively, recent evidence has demonstrated clear improvements in post-operative strength and patient satisfaction with surgical repair, especially in the setting of highly-retracted partial or complete injuries. Chronic injury may also be successfully managed operatively, though with more tempered expectations.
Phenotypic Subtypes of OSA: A Challenge and Opportunity for Precision Medicine

Current strategies for the management of OSA reflect a one-size-fits-all approach. Diagnosis and severity of OSA are based on the apnea-hypopnea index and treatment initiated with CPAP, followed by trials of alternatives (eg, oral appliances) if CPAP "fails." This approach does not consider the heterogeneity of individuals with OSA, reflected by varying risk factors, pathophysiological causes, clinical manifestations, and consequences. Recently, studies using analytic approaches such as cluster analysis have taken advantage of this heterogeneity to identify OSA phenotypes, or subtypes of patients with unique characteristics, that may enable more personalized approaches to prognostication and treatment. Examples include symptom-based subtypes such as "excessively sleepy" and "disturbed sleep" with differing impact of CPAP on symptoms and health-related quality of life. Polysomnographic subtypes, distinguished by respiratory event association with hypoxemia, arousals, or both, exhibit varying risks of cardiovascular disease and response to therapy. This review summarizes the findings from recent cluster analysis studies in sleep apnea and synthesizes common themes to describe the potential role (and limitations) of phenotypic subtypes in precision medicine for OSA. It also highlights future directions, including linking of phenotypes to clinically relevant outcomes, rigorous and transparent assessment of phenotype reproducibility, and need for tools that categorize patients into subtypes, to prospectively validate phenotype-based prognostication and treatment approaches. Finally, we highlight the critical need to include women and more racially/ethnically diverse populations in this area of research if we are to leverage the heterogeneity of OSA to improve patient lives.
Their whole hearts: Formative reading in the young adult classroom:

Students in a college literature class have been formed by conflicting approaches to literary pedagogy. The Common Core Standards deemphasize formative reading in favor of close reading, post-readi...
Rapid, Noninvasive Contraband Detection by Acoustic Response

We present here a simple, inexpensive method for the rapid detection of concealed contraband materials. This method exploits the difference in acoustic response between a hollow, contraband-laden host and a solid object of the same type. We model the concealment as a damped resonator and contrast it with the unperturbed unit, which is solid and therefore exhibits less damping upon excitation. Next we present the laboratory results that confirmed the efficacy of the technique, prior to on-site deployment as part of a narcotics investigation. Finally, we summarize the results in situ and offer concluding comments.
B Cell Growth Factor Interactions

We will present here a brief review of the current state of our knowledge on factors that are involved in B cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, draw attention to changes in our concepts which are required by some recent observations and document briefly some of these observations that have been made in our laboratory.
Globalization as ideology: China’s effects on organizational advocacy and relations among US trade policy stakeholder groups

While literature on US voter trade policy preferences has an established diversity of theories and methods, academic and popular approaches to US organizational trade policy advocacy are underdevel...
Similarities and Differences in COVID-19 Awareness, Concern, and Symptoms by Race and Ethnicity in the United States: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Existing health disparities based on race and ethnicity in the United States are contributing to disparities in morbidity and mortality during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted an online survey of American adults to assess similarities and differences by race and ethnicity with respect to COVID-19 symptoms, estimates of the extent of the pandemic, knowledge of control measures, and stigma. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe similarities and differences in COVID-19 symptoms, knowledge, and beliefs by race and ethnicity among adults in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March 27, 2020 through April 1, 2020. Participants were recruited on social media platforms and completed the survey on a secure web-based survey platform. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics related to COVID-19 by race and ethnicity. Statistical tests were corrected using the Holm Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. Results: A total of 1435 participants completed the survey; 52 (3.6%) were Asian, 158 (11.0%) were non-Hispanic Black, 548 (38.2%) were Hispanic, 587 (40.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 90 (6.3%) identified as other or multiple races. Only one symptom (sore throat) was found to be different based on race and ethnicity (P=.003); this symptom was less frequently reported by Asian (3/52, 5.8%), non-Hispanic Black (9/158, 5.7%), and other/multiple race (8/90, 8.9%) participants compared to those who were Hispanic (99/548, 18.1%) or non-Hispanic White (95/587, 16.2%). Non-Hispanic White and Asian participants were more likely to estimate that the number of current cases was at least 100,000 (P=.004) and were more likely to answer all 14 COVID-19 knowledge scale questions correctly (Asian participants, 13/52, 25.0%; non-Hispanic White participants, 180/587, 30.7%) compared to Hispanic (108/548, 19.7%) and non-Hispanic Black (25/158, 15.8%) participants. Conclusions: We observed differences with respect to knowledge of appropriate methods to prevent infection by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Deficits in knowledge of proper control methods may further exacerbate existing race/ethnicity disparities. Additional research is needed to identify trusted sources of information in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black communities and create effective messaging to disseminate correct COVID-19 prevention and treatment information.
Complications of feeding jejunostomy placement: a single-institution experience

Feeding jejunostomy is an alternative route of enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal operations when a feeding gastrostomy is not suitable. A single institution review of patients who underwent open or laparoscopic jejunostomy tube (JT) placement between 2009 and 2019 was performed. Data collected included demographics, preoperative serum albumin, surgery indication, concomitancy of procedure, size of JT tube and time to its removal. JT complications were analyzed in the early postoperative period ( 30 days). The Chi-square test was used to compare rates of complications according to tube size. Seventy-three patients underwent JT placement, and gastroesophageal cancer (n = 48, 65.7%) was the most common indication. The JT was most frequently placed concomitantly (n = 56, 76.7%) to the primary operation and through a laparoscopic approach (n = 66, 90.4%). A total of 14 patients (19.1%) had early complications and 15 had late complications (20.5%). The reasons for early complications were clogged JT (n = 8, 10.9%), JT dislodgement (n = 3, 4.1%), leakage (n = 2, 2.7%), small bowel obstruction adjacent to the site of the jejunostomy tube (n = 2, 2.7%), JT site infection (n = 1, 1.3%), and intraperitoneal JT displacement (n = 1, 1.3%). The reasons for late complications were clogged JT (n = 6, 8.2%), JT dislodgement (n = 6, 8.2%), JT site infection (n = 3, 4.1%), and JT leakage (n = 1, 1.3%). There was no procedure-related mortality in this series. However, 12 patients (16.4%) died due to their baseline disease. The mean time to tube removal was 83.4 ± 93.6 days. The most frequently used JT size was 14 French (n = 39, 53.4%) but in nine patients the tube size was not reported. No statistical significance (p = 0.75) was found when comparing the two most commonly used sizes to rates of complications. The rate of JT complications in our study is comparable to other published reports in literature. As an alternative route for nutritional status optimization, the procedure appears to be safe despite the number of complications.