cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Synthesis

The capability to fulfill drug substance requirements to support the various elements of pharmaceutical development is an essential component of the overall drug development process. The preparation of bulk materials for toxicology, formulation development, and clinical supplies can represent a significant challenge, depending on such factors as the molecular complexity of the drug candidate, the quantities of materials required, and the state of development of the synthetic process. As a drug candidate proceeds through the various stages of drug development and into commercial launch, the challenge of process development is to ensure the uninterrupted supply of drug substance without compromising the ability to ultimately supply a commercially viable chemical process. This chapter provides a general overview of the issues and requirements associated with the development and scale-up of chemical processes for bulk active drug substances. An account of the nevirapine process development efforts at Boehringer Ingelheim is also provided as an example of the evolution of a chemical process from the initial efforts in medicinal chemistry to commercial-scale operations. Keywords: active pharmaceutical ingredients; drug development process; in-process controls; process chemist; process development
Imaging: A Laboratory Manual

Imaging has rapidly become a tremendously valuable approach in nearly every field of biological research. Finding the right method and optimizing it for data collecction can be a daunting process, even for an established imaging laboratory. Imaging: A Laboratory Manual is the cornerstone of a new laboratory manual series, designed as an essential guide for investigators who need these visualization techniques.
Cervical myelopathy caused by bilateral fibrosis of the dorsal root ganglion in a patient who had rheumatoid arthritis. A case report

The cervical spine is frequently involved in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. The prevalence of involvement of the cervical spine has varied among studies and according to the criteria used to define involvement. Garrod reported that 178 (35.6 per cent) of 500 patients had involvement of the cervical spine, whereas Pellicci et al. reported that forty-six (43 per cent) of 106 patients had such involvement. Conlon et al., using broader criteria for involvement, found a prevalence of 88.6 per cent (295 of 333 patients). Neurological signs, including myelopathy, are less frequently associated with rheumatoid arthritis but have been found in a sizable number of patients. The most common site of involvement of the cervical spine is the atlanto-axial articulation9. Erosion of the atlanto-axial joints and supporting ligaments can lead to subluxation of the first cervical vertebra relative to the second cervical vertebra11. Subaxial instability also has been reported to be a cause of myelopathy7. In addition, synovial pannus can exert a mass effect, further decreasing the space available for the spinal cord6-8,13. Compression of a vertebral artery, vasculitis, arachnoiditis, thrombosis, and dural fibrosis also have been reported to be rare causes of myelopathy in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis3,4,6. We present what we believe to be the first case of myelopathy caused by extradural compression of the spinal cord due to bilateral fibrosis of the dorsal root ganglion of the second cervical nerve in a patient who had rheumatoid arthritis. A sixty-one-year-old woman who had a thirty-five-year history of severe seropositive rheumatoid arthritis was seen because of increasing weakness and dysesthesias of the upper extremities of one week's duration and the recent onset of a gait disturbance leading to increasing difficulty even …
Neural network simulation at Warp speed: how we got 17 million connections per second

A fast back-propagation algorithm for a linear array of processors is described. Results of an implementation of this algorithm on Warp, a ten-processor, programmable systolic array computer, are reviewed and compared with back-propagation implementations on other machines. The current Warp simulator is about eight times faster at simulating the NETtalk text-to-speech network than the fastest back-propagation simulator previously reported in the literature. This fast simulator on Warp is being used routinely in a road-recognition experiment for robot navigation. Results indicate that linear systolic array machines can be efficient neural network simulators. Planned extensions and improvements to the current algorithm are discussed. >
Instability analysis of shear bands using the instantaneous growth-rate method

Abstract Shear banding, as an unstable process of localization, is a common precursor to fracture in materials under high strain rate loadings, making the detection of the instability point after which localization will occur of significant importance. Stability analysis based on the perturbation method or the acoustic tensor have been employed. However, these methodologies are limited to certain class of problems and are difficult to generalize. In this work we propose an alternative for identifying the instability point by employing the concept of generalized stability analysis. In this framework, a stability measure is obtained by computing the instantaneous growth rate of the vector tangent to the solution. Such an approach is more appropriate for non-orthogonal problems and is easier to generalize to difficult dynamic fracture problems. Under conditions where the local instability triggers the non-homogeneous solution growth, i.e. problems that are homogeneous until the appearance of local instability, the generalized stability analysis and the modal stability analysis will closely match. Therefore, the non-homogeneous growth can be approximated by the Rayleigh Quotient of the vector tangent to the solution, which is easier to compute. We show that for a particular class of problems that respect the aforementioned conditions, in 1D and 2D examples, both quantities successfully find the instability point predicted analytically and validated experimentally in past literature results. This methodology is general and can be applied to a wide array of dynamic fracture problems, for which instability that leads to localization is important.
Treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections: clinical trials with cefprozil.

The oral second generation cephalosporin cefprozil has a broad spectrum microbiologic profile, with good in vitro activity against respiratory pathogens; 90% or more of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates are susceptible to cefprozil. Clinical trials of cefprozil have consistently demonstrated good clinical success rates in upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis/ tonsillitis and acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Most recently cefprozil has demonstrated success in children with recurrent and persistent acute otitis media. Data from clinical trials including more than 4000 children and adults have shown that cefprozil is well-tolerated. The most common adverse events associated with cefprozil are gastrointestinal disturbances (i.e. diarrhea and nausea). In two patient satisfaction surveys (pediatric and adult), cefprozil was cited for having a low incidence of side effects and was rated by children as having a pleasing taste. These data indicate that cefprozil is a practical therapeutic choice for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Differences between EcoRI Nonspecific and “Star” Sequence Complexes Revealed by Osmotic Stress

The binding of the restriction endonuclease EcoRI to DNA is exceptionally specific. Even a single basepair change (“star” sequence) from the recognition sequence, GAATTC, decreases the binding free energy of EcoRI to values nearly indistinguishable from nonspecific binding. The difference in the number of waters sequestered by the protein-DNA complexes of the “star” sequences TAATTC and CAATTC and by the specific sequence complex determined from the dependence of binding free energy on water activity is also practically indistinguishable at low osmotic pressures from the 110 water molecules sequestered by nonspecific sequence complexes. Novel measurements of the dissociation rates of noncognate sequence complexes and competition equilibrium show that sequestered water can be removed from “star” sequence complexes by high osmotic pressure, but not from a nonspecific complex. By 5 Osm, the TAATTC “star” sequence complex has lost almost 90 of the ∼110 waters initially present. It is more difficult to remove water from the CAATTC “star” sequence complex. The sequence dependence of water loss correlates with the known sequence dependence of “star” cleavage activity.
Physiological flow model for drug elimination interactions in the rat.

Abstract Drug elimination interactions in the rat are modelled based on physiological blood flow rates and organ weights. A previous model has been substantially improved by the addition of a compartment representing the skin and the interactions are computed using Michaelis-Menten kinetics for competitive inhibition in the shared pathways. Furthermore, the results of repetitive dosing may also be simulated. The programs, which are extensively annotated and user oriented, are illustrated on the results of an acute warfarin—BSP interaction experiment in rats.
Multifunctional Polymer‐Coated Carbon Nanotubes for Safe Drug Delivery

Though progress in the use carbon nanotubes in medicine has been most encouraging for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, any translational success must involve overcoming the toxicological and surface functionalization challenges inherent in the use of such nanotubes. Ideally, a carbon nanotube-based drug delivery system would exhibit low toxicity, sustained drug release, and persist in circulation without aggregation. We report a carbon nanotube (CNT) coated with a biocompatible block-co-polymer composed of poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) to reduce short-term and long-term toxicity, sustain drug release of paclitaxel (PTX), and prevent aggregation. The copolymer coating on the surface of CNTs significantly reduces in vitro toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and U-87 glioblastoma cells. Moreover, coating reduces in vitro inflammatory response in rat lung epithelial cells. Compared to non-coated CNTs, in vivo studies show no long-term inflammatory response with CNT coated with PLA-PEG (CLP) and the surface coating significantly decreases acute toxicity by doubling the maximum tolerated dose in mice. Using polymer coatings, we can encapsulate PTX and release over one week to increase the therapeutic efficacy compared to free drugs. In vivo biodistribution and histology studies suggests a lower degree of aggregation in tissues in that CLP accumulate more in the brain and less in the spleen than the CNT-PLA (CL) formulation.
You Are a Blessing

It's been 3 years since we knew its name—“non–small-cell lung cancer with mets to the bone and pleura.” But nothing at all had changed during this time.… After all, you were still at every clinic e...
Taurine prevents galactose-induced cataracts

Intact lenses from New Zealand white rabbits were incubated in tissue culture media containing either 5 mM glucose or 5 mM glucose plus 30 mM galactose. The standard media did not contain taurine. Lenses were also cultured in a third medium containing 30 mM galactose plus 0.2 mM taurine. The frequency of cataract formation was evaluated as a function of the culture media. One lens (1/10), in media containing 5 mM glucose, developed a lenticular opacification during a 72-h incubation. Lenses (12/15) incubated in 30 mM galactose, without taurine, developed cataracts; fewer lenses (2/13) exposed to 30 mM galactose plus 0.2 mM taurine developed cataracts (p < 0.005). Galactose cataracts have been associated with lens edema attributed to the osmotic stress of tissue polyol (galactitol) accumulation. The water content of the noncataractous and cataractous lenses in this experiment did not differ. Lens edema, therefore, was not thought to be important in cataract pathogenesis. Taurine, an organic osmolyte was lower (5.1 +/- 1.5 mumol/g protein) in cataractous lenses than in control lenses (10.0 +/- 1.0 mumol/g protein). Malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was higher (36.6 +/- 5.0 mumol/g protein) in lens-containing opacifications than in noncataractous lenses (10.1 +/- 1.9 mumol/gm protein) (p < 0.01). The levels of malondialdehyde suggest that lipid peroxidation was increased in the process of sugar cataractogenesis. The malondialdehyde content of all the lenses correlated inversely (r = -0.53, p < 0.01) with the coincident lens taurine levels. Taurine appears to protect the lens against the development of sugar cataracts; its inverse relationship with lens malondialdehyde suggests this is an antioxidant effect.
A Hidden Markov Model approach to available bandwidth estimation and monitoring

Available bandwidth estimation techniques are being used in network monitoring and management tools to provide information about the utilization of the network and verify the compliance of service level agreements. However, the use of these techniques in other applications and network environments is limited by the convergence time, accuracy, and amount of overhead that they introduce. In this paper, we propose a Hidden Markov Model-based technique to end-to-end available bandwidth estimation and monitoring that improves these performance metrics and therefore promises to expand the use of these techniques in other scenarios. The estimator, which has been implemented in a new tool called Traceband, is as accurate as Spruce and Pathload but considerably faster, and introduce far less overhead. In addition, when compared using bursty cross-traffic, Traceband is the only tool that accurately reacts to zero-traffic periods, which may be particularly useful for those applications that need to make decisions in real time.
Health care resource allocation and individuals’ health care needs: examining the degree of fit ☆

Previous studies examine associations between health system resources and an individual's use of health services, yet the importance of these resources in meeting an individual's health care needs is unclear. This paper examines the relationship between health care system characteristics, other social and economic characteristics of counties in a mid-western U.S. state and an individual's ability to meet health care needs over a 12-month period. We conclude that policy interventions are needed that look beyond health resource allocation to address problems in health care access that contribute to inequities in health.
Listen to What They Have to Say! Assessing Distance Learners’ Satisfaction with Library Services Using a Transactional Survey

This paper examines the evolution and findings of an on-going longitudinal study that is assessing the satisfaction of distance education students with library reference services through the use of a transaction-level survey. The survey's purpose is two-fold: first, it is used to garner valuable input from these students; and second, it also serves as a communication device that encourages students to seek further assistance. Survey requests are emailed to distance education students following individual reference transactions or clustered transactions. After submitting the survey, students are immediately taken to a linking page encouraging them to contact the library whenever they need research assistance. Findings thus far have been quite positive overall; however, the negative comments have been just as telling, and have allowed us to make some real changes to how we provide distance education-related reference services.
Sensorimotor Behavioral Tests for Use in a Juvenile Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment of Sex Differences

Modeling juvenile traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rodents presents several unique challenges compared to adult TBI, one of which is selecting appropriate sensorimotor behavioral tasks that enable the assessment of the extent of injury and recovery over time in developing animals. To address this challenge, we performed a comparison of common sensorimotor tests in Long-Evans rats of various sizes and developmental stages (postnatal days 16-45, 35-190 g). Tests were compared and selected for their developmental appropriateness, scalability for growth, pre-training requirements, and throughput capability. Sex differences in response to TBI were also assessed. Grid walk, automated gait analysis, rotarod, beam walk, spontaneous forelimb elevation test, and measurement of motor activity using the force-plate actometer were evaluated. Grid walk, gait analysis, and rotarod failed to meet one or more of the evaluation criteria. Beam walk, spontaneous forelimb elevation test, and measurement of motor activity using the force-plate actometer satisfied all criteria and were capable of detecting motor abnormalities in rats subjected to controlled cortical impact on postnatal day 17. No sex differences were detected in the acute effects of TBI or functional recovery during the 28 days after injury using these tests. This demonstrates the utility of these tests for the evaluation of sensorimotor function in studies using rat models of pediatric TBI, and suggests that pre-pubertal males and females respond similarly to TBI with respect to sensorimotor outcomes.
Fuel electricity and plug-in electric vehicles in a low carbon fuel standard

Abstract Electricity is unique among the alternative fuels in a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) policy, in that demand from vehicles is the major barrier to its usage, not supply. This paper presents a policy discussion and policy recommendations on a number of topics related to the regulation and incentives for fuel electricity within the LCFS. In the near-term, the LCFS will have a limited role in incentivizing the use of electricity and lowering the carbon intensity of electricity, and electricity will play a small role in meeting LCFS targets. Calculating a carbon intensity value for electricity is a complex process, requiring many decisions and trade-offs to be made, including allocation methods, system boundaries, temporal resolution and how to treat electricity demand for vehicle charging. These choices along with other regulatory decisions about who can obtain LCFS credits will influence the incentives for providing electricity and charging infrastructure relative to other low-carbon fuels as well as across different electricity providers. The paper discusses how fuel electricity would fit into an LCFS, identifying those special characteristics that could reduce the effectiveness of the policy. It also provides specific recommendations to enable better policy design that appropriately incentivizes the use of low-carbon fuels.
Old Lower Stem Bark Lesions Apparently Caused by Unsuccessful Spruce Beetle Attacks Still Evident on Live Spruce Trees Years Later

Abstract We examined old bark lesions on Lutz spruce in young stands on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to determine their cause. Distribution of these lesions along lower stems was similar to the distribution of spruce beetle attacks during epidemics. These lesions apparently resulted from unsuccessful attacks by spruce beetles during the late 1980s and early 1990s and appear to be symptomatic of conifer tree resistance reactions to cambial zone injury by Dendroctonus beetles.
ONTOGENY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLULAR INCLUSIONS IN VEGETATIVE CELLS OF ANTITHAMNION DEFECTUM (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1

The ultrastructure and histochemistry of developing and mature cell inclusions in vegetative cells of Antithamnion defectum Kylin were examined. Those studied were chloroplast inclusions, cytoplasmic crystals and spherical bodies within the vacuole. Chloroplasts of mature vegetative cells contain an interthylakoidal, apparently noncrystalline deposit of undetermined chemical identity. The bodies are parallel to the long axis of the plastid, are square (0.13 μm) in cross-section, and up to 3 μm long. Spherical vacuolar bodies (0.5–1.5 μum diam) are formed during early stages of vacuole formation by accumulation of protein deposits in swelling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae. Swelling of smooth ER contiguous to the ER containing the deposits results in the vacuole enclosing the spherical bodies. In mature cells, vesicles appear to be secreted into the preformed vacuole. Cytoplasmic proteinaceous crystalloids develop without a bounding membrane and may serve as protein reserves.
Trafficking through the Late Endosome Significantly Impacts Candida albicans Tolerance of the Azole Antifungals

The azole antifungals block ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting lanosterol demethylase (Erg11p). The resulting depletion of cellular ergosterol and the accumulation of “toxic” sterol intermediates are both thought to compromise plasma membrane function. However, the effects of ergosterol depletion upon the function of intracellular membranes and organelles are not well described. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of azole treatment upon the integrity of the Candida albicans vacuole and to determine whether, in turn, vacuolar trafficking influences azole susceptibility. Profound fragmentation of the C. albicans vacuole can be observed as an early consequence of azole treatment, and it precedes significant growth inhibition. In addition, a C. albicans vps21Δ/Δ mutant, blocked in membrane trafficking through the late endosomal prevacuolar compartment (PVC), is able to grow significantly more than the wild type in the presence of several azole antifungals under standard susceptibility testing conditions. Furthermore, the vps21Δ/Δ mutant is able to grow despite the depletion of cellular ergosterol. This phenotype resembles an exaggerated form of “trailing growth” that has been described for some clinical isolates. In contrast, the vps21Δ/Δ mutant is hypersensitive to drugs that block alternate steps in ergosterol biosynthesis. On the basis of these results, we propose that endosomal trafficking defects may lead to the cellular “redistribution” of the sterol intermediates that accumulate following inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, the destination of these intermediates, or the precise cellular compartments in which they accumulate, may be an important determinant of their toxicity and thus ultimately antifungal efficacy.
Determination of interfacial co-ion concentration in ionic micelles by chemical trapping: Halide concentration at the interface of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

Products from the spontaneous reaction of a long-chain arenediazonium salt, 2,6-dimethyl-4-hexadecylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (16-ArN2BF4), in aqueous micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), are used to estimate the local concentration of chloride and bromide ions at the micellar surface. The arenediazonium ion, 16-ArN2+, which is totally bound to the SDS micelle, reacts by rate-determining loss of N2 to give an aryl cation that traps available nucleophiles, i.e., H2O, Cl-, and Br-, to give stable phenol, 16-ArOH, and halobenzene products, 16-ArCl and 16-ArBr, respectively. Product yields, determined by HPLC, are related to local concentrations using calibration curves obtained from independent standards. The local concentrations determined by this method are consistent with co-ion concentrations calculated, using a cell model, by numerical integration of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation (PBE) taking into account salt-induced micellar growth. The salt dependence of the interfacial conce...
Lattice expansion and superconductivity of Nb3Sn as a function of hydrogen content

Abstract Hydrogen was dissolved in Nb3Sn by treating powders with boiling HC1, by electrolysis, and by annealing of powders in H2-atmosphere. Remarkable lattice expansions were observed. After an initial rise in the transition temperature superconductivity disappeared completely at higher H-concentrations.
The Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Therapy and Short- and Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy on Self-Concept During a 3-Year Follow-Up

This study compares the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy (SFT) and short- and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (SPP and LPP) on self-concept during a 3-year follow-up. Altogether, 326 patients with mood or anxiety disorder were randomized to SFT, SPP, and LPP in the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study. Outcome was assessed using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior questionnaire at baseline and 7, 12, 24, and 36 months after. Overall, during the first year of follow-up, self-concept improved more in both SFT and SPP than in LPP, indicated by the primary outcome indicators self-directed affiliation (AF) and self-directed autonomy, as well as by most of the eight secondary cluster scores. After the 3-year follow-up, LPP was more effective than SFT in AF and in the cluster scores self-affirm, self-blame, and self-neglect, whereas no difference was noted between LPP and SPP. Long duration and psychodynamic orientation of therapy may be beneficial for self-concept improvement.
The Protestant Work Ethic and Attributions of Responsibility: Applications of the Triangle Model1

According to the triangle model of responsibility, responsibility is a psychological adhesive that links an actor to a set of prescriptions for behavior and to relevant events. To test predictions from the model about the antecedents and consequences of responsibility, and also to test hypotheses about how the Protestant work ethic (PWE) is related to judgments of responsibility, participants made attributions about characters in achievement situations. PWE scores were associated with attributions of stronger links, greater personal responsibility, greater expected success, and more negative reactions to a possible failure. Further, PWE predicted responsibility even after statistically controlling for judgments of obligation, control, and clarity. The findings help to clarify why the PWE is associated with the tendency to make internal attributions for social ills such as unemployment.
Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Ferroelectric Perovskites: Explanation of Anomalous Polariton Dynamics in Lithium Tantalate

Time resolved impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) is used to characterize the lowest frequency A 1 phonon-polariton mode in lithium tantalate. The anomalously high and wavevector-dependent damping rates observed are explained in terms of coupling of the polariton to a weakly Raman-active relaxational mode and to two heavily damped vibrational modes. The dynamics of the relaxational mode are explored further through temperature dependent ISRS studies. Femtosecond optical pulse shaping is used for multiple pulse ISRS at temperatures lower than 120K where single pulse excitation led to photorefractive damage.
Resampling scheme for improving maximum likelihood reconstructions of positron emission tomography images

In a Maximum Likelihood approach, reconstructions of positron emissions tomography images are obtained with the iterative Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. After too many iterations, the reconstruction becomes too rough. In recent work, the EM algorithm was halted by a cross-validation procedure. However, at this stopping point, reconstructions still exhibited some undesirable roughness. Here, the variability of the reconstruction about its expected value is reduced by a Monte Carlo resampling scheme. For simulated data, reconstructions obtained by resampling were somewhat sharper than reconstructions obtained by a simpler linear filtering method. Real data from a FDG study is also studied. Near the boundaries, the Monte Carlo method yielded a sharper reconstruction.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mock Fourier series and transforms associated with certain Cantor measures

We extend the construction, originally due to Jorgensen and Pedersen, of spectral pairs {μ, Λ}, consisting of Cantor measures μ on ℝn and discrete sets Λ such that the exponentials with frequency in Λ form an orthonormal basis forL 2(μ). We give conditions under which these mock Fourier series expansions ofL 1(μ) functions converge in a weak sense, and for a dense set of continuous functions the convergence is uniform. We show how to construct spectral pairs (2(μ) of infinite Cantor measures with unbounded support such that $$\hat f(\lambda ) = \smallint e( - x \cdot \lambda )f(x)d\tilde \mu (x),$$ defined for a dense subset ofL 2(μ), extends to an isometry fromL 2(μ) ontoL 2(μ'), a kind of mock Fourier transform. Our constructions do not require self-similarity, but only a compatible product structure for the pairs. We also give an analogue of the Shannon Sampling Theorem to reconstruct a function whose Fourier transform is supported in the Cantor set associated with μ from its values on Λ.
Comments on “The cut and recorrelated gravity map of the United States”

G. L. Kinsland (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 490) proposed that a late Proterozoic transcontinental right-lateral strike-slip fault system with approximately 600 km of offset exists in the United States, striking northwest from southeastern Alabama to northwestern Montana. After Kinsland corrected the proposed displacement, two aligned gravity features were noted: first, the Central North American Rift System (CNARS) and the Hartville Uplift and second, the Late Proterozoic rift passive margins of the Ouachita Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. However, significant displacement along the proposed trace of the fault is precluded by the disruption of various terranes that would result (Figures 1a and lb). Some of these terranes include The northwestern corner of the Wyoming province (feature 4 in the figures; Dutch [1983]). The North American Central Plains conductive anomaly (NACPCA)-Mullen Creek-Nash Fork shear zone (feature 3; Camfield and Gough [1977]). The CNARS (feature 2), which Yarger and Lam [1983] and Yarger [1982] extended through Kansas to the Oklahoma border. Danbom et al. [1980] found gravity and magnetic evidence for a probable extension of the CNARS into northern Oklahoma.
Cutaneous manifestations of measles in AIDS.

In immunocompetent patients, infection by the measles (rubeola) paramyxovirus produces fever, cough, coryza, Koplik's spots, and, on the skin, a macular erythema that can become confluent. The erythema has a striking cephalocaudal spread and clearing. The diagnosis of measles on a skin biopsy and the distinction from an erythema multiforme type of drug eruption can be difficult. We studied a skin biopsy from a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented with measles. In contrast to erythema multiforme, the measles biopsy has necrosis of clusters of keratinocytes in the high spinous layer and granular layer of the epidermis, Whereas erythema multiforme has necrosis of basal keratinocytes. Multinucleated keratinocytes may or may not be prominent in the measles biopsy, Cytoplasmic swelling of the keratinocytes in the granular layer may be present even when multinucleated cells are sparse. Immunoperoxidase reactivity for measles virus protein is present in intranuclear inclusions and in the cytoplasm of infected upper spinous keralinocytes. There were more cells with positive staining in the biopsy from the AIDS patient than in another biopsy from an immunocompetent patient with measles. The AIDS patient was seronegative for measles throughout the course of the illness. The examination of the skin biopsy can be very important in the diagnosis of measles in AIDS patients or immunocompromised patients who may not develop the usual diagnostic serology.
Retinal pathology of a patient with Goldmann-Favre syndrome.

Purpose: To define the retinal pathology in an 88-year-old male affected with Goldmann-Favre syndrome with a 2bp 5′ A>C splice site mutation in the NR2E3 gene.Methods: Retinal tissue from the macula and periphery was processed for immunohistochemistry. Perimacular retina was processed for transmission electron microscopy. Cryosections were studied by indirect immunofluorescence, using well-characterized antibodies to rhodopsin, cone cytoplasm, and cone opsins. The affected donor eye was compared to a postmortem matched normal eye.Results: The retina was highly disorganized without laminar organization. The RPE was discontinuous in some perimacular regions. Large (>1mm) spherical electrondense melanosomes were observed in the RPE and choroid by TEM. Rods were virtually absent in the affected retina. Cones were present in the macula, but were mostly absent from the retinal periphery. In addition, cone rosettes were observed in the perimacular area. Both red/green and blue cone opsins were distributed along ...
On 'Bimodality of the solar cycle' and the duration of cycle 21

The ‘period-growth dichotomy’ of the solar cycle predicts that cycle 21, the present solar cycle, will be of long duration (>133 mo), ending after July 1987. Bimodality of the solar cycle (i.e., cycles being distributed into two groups according to cycle length, based on a comparison to the mean cycle period) is clearly seen in a scatter diagram of descent versus ascent durations. Based on the well-observed cycles 8–20, a linear fit for long-period cycles (being a relatively strong inverse relationship that is significant at the 5% level and having a coefficient of determination r2 ≈ 0.66) suggests that cycle 21, having an ascent of 42 mo, will have a descent near 99 mo; thus, cycle duration of about 141 mo is expected. Like cycle 11, cycle 21 occurs on the downward envelope of the sunspot number curve, yet is associated with an upward ‘first difference’ in amplitude. A comparison of individual cycle, smoothed sunspot number curves for cycles 21 and 11 reveals striking similarity, which suggests that if, indeed, cycle 21 is a long-period cycle, then it too may have an extended tail of sustained, low, smoothed sunspot number, with cycle 22 minimum occurring either in late 1987 or early 1988.
Texture analysis from synchrotron diffraction images with the Rietveld method : dinosaur tendon and salmon scale

A Rietveld method is described which extracts information on crystal structure, texture and microstructure directly from two-dimensional synchrotron diffraction images. This is advantageous over conventional texture analysis that relies on individual diffraction peaks, particularly for low-symmetry materials with many overlapping peaks and images with a poor peak-to-background ratio. The method is applied to two mineralized biological samples with hydroxylapatite fabrics: an ossified pachycephalosaurid dinosaur tendon and an Atlantic salmon scale. Both are measured using monochromatic synchrotron X-rays. The dinosaur tendon has very strongly oriented crystals with c-axes parallel to the tendon direction. The salmon scale displays a weak texture.
Argon branching ratios for spectrometer response calibration

Abstract Branching ratios are reported for 329 emission lines from 56 levels in Ar I and Ar II. These branching ratios may be used to calibrate the relative detection efficiency of a spectrometer over the wavelength range 2100–45914 A.
Feasibility of an air motor-driven centrifugal blood-pumping system.

Abstract: The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is extending out of the cardiac surgery operating room into new venues. The long-term goal of this project is the development of a completely disposable temporary-use CPB system that could be economically distributed to all of the units where it might be needed. Centrifugal blood pumps have demonstrated successful and widespread use. However, they are not as widely available as might be desired because they require a large and expensive console. An inexpensive, small, lightweight, disposable unit, in contrast, could be widely distributed for emergency care of patients and would be logistically practical for patient transportation between the presenting institution and a major cardiac care facility equipped for definitive treatment. An air motor might be an approach to such a device. The current research project underway at the University of Akron in conjunction with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation has focused on the following key feasibility issues: air consumption, air motor noise, and sealing the rotating shaft. Prototypes have been constructed from commercially available vane and turbine motors. Early studies have demonstrated favorable results with regard to air consumption and shaft sealing and directions for handling air motor noise.
The geoepidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Abstract First described in 1735 (Watson-Williams et al., 1958 [1]), immune-mediated platelet destruction is a phenomenon of protean associations that has historically varied in its definition. Recently, consensus guidelines were proposed for a standardized system of nomenclature that preserves the acronym “ITP” but encompasses a number of causes of immune-mediated thrombocytopenias, including both primary immune thrombocytopenia as well as such entities as thrombocytopenia associated with connective tissue diseases or cancer. In this paper, we will focus on current aspects of geoepidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of adult and pediatric primary immune thrombocytopenia. It is clear that both genetic and extrinsic factors exist for ITP and are likely different between children and adults. Immune thrombocytopenia remains a challenging problem but our understanding of its pathophysiology has greatly improved.
International Handbook on the Economics of Migration

In the International Handbook of the Economics of Migration, Amelie Constant (Temple University, USA and IZA, the Institute for the Study of Labor) and Klaus Zimmermann (Bonn University, Germany and IZA) have assembled an impressive collection of articles offering broad coverage of an important and timely topic. As the first comprehensive collection of this sort, the Handbook fills a considerable gap in the literature. Further, the editors should be commended for assembling a group of highly regarded contributors.
Superconvergence of weak Galerkin finite element approximation for second order elliptic problems by L2-projections

The weak Galerkin finite element method (WG-FEM) is a novel numerical method that was first proposed and analyzed by Wang and Ye (2013) 12] for general second order elliptic problems on triangular meshes based on a discrete weak gradient. In general, the weak Galerkin finite element formulations for partial differential equations can be derived naturally by replacing usual derivatives by weakly defined derivatives in the corresponding variational forms. The superconvergence in the finite element method is a phenomenon in which the finite element approximation converges to the exact solution at a rate higher than the optimal order error estimate. Wang (2000) 11] proposed and analyzed superconvergence of the standard Galerkin finite element method by L 2 -projections. The main idea behind the L 2 -projections is to project the finite element solution to another finite element space with a coarse mesh and a higher order of polynomials. The objective of this paper is to establish a general superconvergence result for the weak Galerkin finite element approximations for second order elliptic problem by L 2 -projection methods. The results of numerical experiments show great promise for the robustness, reliability, flexibility and accuracy of superconvergence in WG-FEM by L 2 -projection methods.
Trapping and cooling of 174Yb+ ions in a microfabricated surface trap

Trapped atomic ions are the leading candidate to act as individual quantum bits in a large quantum information processing system. Ion traps can be conformed to a two-dimensional surface, which provides a way to increase the number of ions while maintaining the ability to move individual ions in a two-dimensional grid. However, surface traps tend to suffer from shallow trap depths and higher motional heating rates. In this work, we report the design, fabrication, and testing of a simple gold-on-fused-silica ion trap optimized for a deep trapping potential and stable motional modes. The desirable trap characteristics include long lifetime, fully-compensated micromotion, and high secular trap frequencies that were measured using a trapped and cooled 174Yb+ ion. This trap design can be integrated with an optical cavity to enhance the ion-photon coupling.
NMR versus molecular modelling: menthone and isomenthone

ABSTRACT: trans-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (menthone) may be considered as locked in the diequatorial conformer. However, the cis isomer (isomenthone) may exist in two major conformations with the isopropyl group either equatorial or axial. No measure of the equilibrium mix has been determined previously. Proton NMR allows such a determination at room temperature via the vicinal couplings between protons on carbons 5 and 6. Combined with modelling results, the calculated value with the isopropyl axial was 79%, of the total in good agreement with an earlier prediction. Two different conformer searching programs were employed to determine the various conformer populations. It was found that molecular mechanics estimates of the Boltzmann distributions varied considerably from the experimental results. These differences were not due to substituent electronegativity effects or to hydrogen bonding with the deuterochloroform solvent. Semiempirical PM3 and low-level ab initio calculations of the conformer energies also failed to account adequately for the conformer populations. DFT calculations (Becke3LYP/6–31G*) with zero-point energy corrections gave results most consistent with the experimentally determined values (67.5% axial isopropyl conformer). © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite Element Analysis of a Highly Parallel Robotic Surface

A novel three-dimensional robotic surface is devised and implemented using triangular modules. Each module is connected by a passive sixbar mechanism that mimics the constraints of a spherical joint at each triangle intersection. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to the static loading of this device using linear three dimensional (6 degrees of freedom) beam elements to calculate the cartesian displacement and force and the angular displacement and torque at each joint. In this way, the traditional methods of finding joint forces and torques are completely bypassed. An effiecient algorithm is developed to linearly combine local stiffness matrices into a full structural stiffness matrix for the easy application of loads. This is then decomposed back into the local matrices to easily obtain joint variables used in the design and open-loop control of the surface.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Single-molecule pull-down for studying protein interactions

This protocol describes a single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay for analyzing physiological protein complexes. The assay combines the conventional pull-down assay with single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and allows the probing of single macromolecular complexes directly from cell or tissue extracts. In this method, antibodies against the protein of interest are immobilized on a passivated microscope slide. When cell extracts are applied, the surface-tethered antibody captures the protein together with its physiological interaction partners. After washing away the unbound components, single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is used to probe the pulled-down proteins. Captured proteins are visualized through genetically encoded fluorescent protein tags or through antibody labeling. Compared with western blot analysis, this ultrasensitive assay requires considerably less time and reagents and provides quantitative data. Furthermore, SiMPull can distinguish between multiple association states of the same protein. SiMPull is generally applicable to proteins from a variety of cellular contexts and to endogenous proteins. Starting with the cell extracts and passivated slides, the assay requires 1.5-2.5 h for data acquisition and analysis.
Regulation of heme-regulated eIF-2α kinase and its expression in erythroid cells

Abstract In this article we focus first on the molecular mechanisms controlling the activity of the heme-regulated translational inhibitor, HRI, in erythoid cells. Then we discuss the tissue-specific expression of HRI. The experimental evidence obtained to date indicates that the major physiological role of HRI is in adjusting the synthesis of globin to the availability of heme.
Do consumers respond to future income shocks? Evidence from social security reform in Taiwan

Abstract A prediction of the basic permanent income hypothesis/life cycle model is that an unexpected increase in future income produces an immediate increase in current consumption. This paper tests that prediction using data from Taiwan. The 1985 Labor Standards Law granted all employees in covered industries a windfall retirement/severance benefit. My results indicate that consumption did not increase immediately for those who were granted the windfall, relative to those who received no windfall. Moreover, consumption for those receiving a greater windfall did not increase relative to those who were granted less.
Sodium activation of chloride transport in the frog cornea

Na+ is required on the aqueous or endothelial side of the isolated frog cornea (Rana catesbeiana) for Cl− transport to occur. The activating effect of Na+ on the Cl− pump saturates at a Na+ concentration of about 40 mM and the Na+ acts as a non-competitive activator of Cl− transport. The Na+ stimulation occurs by an increase in the active component of the Cl− flux.
Analysts’ sale and distribution of non fundamental information

We examine an analyst’s sale and distribution of information related to short-term price movements but unrelated to underlying firm value. By selling non fundamental information, the analyst increases competition on the signal, but prices become more sensitive to net order flow, creating an offsetting increase in the non fundamental signal’s value. More precise non fundamental information is more widely distributed. In the limit, a perfect non fundamental signal will be publicly disclosed for an arbitrarily small fee, and the analyst earns profits as if he possessed fundamental information. Consistent with empirical findings, analysts’ recommendations can be profitable, even when widely distributed or seemingly inconsistent with detailed forecasts. Analysis based on non fundamental information does not contribute to greater price efficiency but reduces liquidity costs. In a multi-period setting, traders with non fundamental information do not front-run, preferring to transact only in the period in which uninformed demand is executed.
On the Bhattacharyya Rate for BISOM Channels and Its Code Threshold

In this paper, we study the properties of the Bhattacharyya noise parameter gamma for binary-input symmetric-output memoryless (BISOM) channels. A channel quality measure Bhattacharyya rate beta = 1 - gamma is shown to be, for an arbitrary BISOM channel, between the cutoff rate R0 and the channel capacity C, i.e., R0les beta les C. Based on this relationship and the modified Shulman-Feder bound, a Bhattacharyya rate code threshold is proposed. We show that the derived code threshold is tighter than the corresponding threshold due to Jin and McEliece