cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity and diversity in today’s world

AbstractThis paper develops a thesis about identity and diversity. I first look at activity-based identities, identities like being a gardener, birder, citizen scientist or fan-fiction writer. These are freely chosen identities and they are proliferating at a great rate today thanks to participatory culture, the Maker Movement and digital and social media. Next, I turn to relational identities, identities like being Asian-American, elderly, ADHD or Catholic. These are classificatory labels that are not always freely chosen. I argue that they can do as much to efface diversity as celebrate it. I look at the ways in which people can accept and own, reject, or be conflicted about such identities. When such identities are accepted, and owned they become very much like activity-based identities.
KCNJ11 , ABCC8 and TCF7L2 polymorphisms and the response to sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a bioinformatics assessment

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide epidemic with considerable health and economic consequences. Sulfonylureas are widely used drugs for the treatment of patients with T2D. KCNJ11 and ABCC8 encode the Kir6.2 (pore-forming subunit) and SUR1 (regulatory subunit that binds to sulfonylurea) of pancreatic β cell KATP channel respectively with a critical role in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. TCF7L2 encodes a transcription factor expressed in pancreatic β cells that regulates insulin production and processing. Because mutations of these genes could affect insulin secretion stimulated by sulfonylureas, the aim of this study is to assess associations between molecular variants of KCNJ11, ABCC8 and TCF7L2 genes and response to sulfonylurea treatment and to predict their potential functional effects. Based on a comprehensive literature search, we found 13 pharmacogenetic studies showing that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in KCNJ11: rs5219 (E23K), ABCC8: rs757110 (A1369S), rs1799854 (intron 15, exon 16 -3C/T), rs1799859 (R1273R), and TCF7L2: rs7903146 (intron 4) were significantly associated with responses to sulfonylureas. For in silico bioinformatics analysis, SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, MutPred, and SNPs3D were applied for functional predictions of 36 coding (KCNJ11: 10, ABCC8: 24, and TCF7L2: 2; all are missense), and HaploReg v4.1, RegulomeDB, and Ensembl’s VEP were used to predict functions of 7 non-coding (KCNJ11: 1, ABCC8: 1, and TCF7L2: 5) SNPs, respectively. Based on various in silico tools, 8 KCNJ11 missense SNPs, 23 ABCC8 missense SNPs, and 2 TCF7L2 missense SNPs could affect protein functions. Of them, previous studies showed that mutant alleles of 4 KCNJ11 missense SNPs and 5 ABCC8 missense SNPs can be successfully rescued by sulfonylurea treatments. Further, 3 TCF7L2 non-coding SNPs (rs7903146, rs11196205 and rs12255372), can change motif(s) based on HaploReg v4.1 and are predicted as risk factors by Ensembl’s VEP. Our study indicates that a personalized medicine approach by tailoring sulfonylurea therapy of T2D patients according to their genotypes of KCNJ11, ABCC8, and TCF7L2 could attain an optimal treatment efficacy.
The Processing of High-Purity Copper Powder into Mill Shapes

Two commercial copper powders, a fine electrolytic grade and a coarse chemically precipitated grade, are chemically and physically analyzed and compared to a unique powder produced by a recently developed process. These three powders are processed into dense rods and strips by four different procedures, with only the first one depending on a melting operation: (1) reworked melted and cast bars; (2) hot extrusion of powder billets—canned and uncanned; (3) powder-rolling followed by hot-rerolling or sintering-cold-rerolling; (4) hydrostatic pressing followed by hot-swaging. In procedures (1) and (4), additional samples are prepared wherein specific amounts of oxygen are added to simulate tough-pitch copper. The end-products of these consolidation procedures are evaluated through the use of electrical conductivity measurements, tensile properties, and microstructure. Some information is also included on the effect of compacting pressure and sintering temperature on density and electrical conductivity.
Resident interaction and social well-being in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota

Abstract Previous studies on the social well-being of residents living in energy boomtowns focus primarily on demographic characteristics of residents. These studies do not consider that there could be a relationship between residents’ social well-being and whether they interact with new residents moving into their community. The current study includes a measure of interaction with new residents as it examines five dimensions of the social well-being of residents living in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota. Surveys were distributed door-to-door to residents living in Williston North Dakota during the fall of 2015. Research findings show that people who reported that they interact with new residents moving into their community felt safe from crime and violence in their community; felt more socially integrated in their community; had high levels of community trust and community satisfaction, and believed that they could count on their neighbors. These findings are important because they highlight the significance of social interaction in communities that experience rapid population growth resulting from increased energy production.
Physical and Clinical Assessment of Nutrition Status

Clinical assessment is conducted to assess nutrition status, to assess risk for nutritional deficiencies or excess, and to determine risk for adverse events. Clinical assessment includes the diet history, medical history, anthropometric measurements, physical exam, laboratory tests, functional assessment, and multicomponent nutrition assessment tools. Although a complete clinical assessment is not always conducted in clinical care and in research, key anthropometric measurements and physical findings form the basis for nutrition screening and assessment in almost all settings.
Similarity Domains Machine for Scale-Invariant and Sparse Shape Modeling

We present an approach to extend the functionality and the use of kernel machines in image processing applications. We introduce a novel way to design spatial kernel machines with spatial properties and demonstrate how those newly introduced spatial properties enhance the possibilities of the use of kernel machines in image processing applications as a proof of concept. In this paper, we demonstrate four particular extensions: 1) how to model shapes efficiently with spatially computed kernel parameters in a geometrically scalable way; 2) how to visualize the kernel parameters precisely and intuitively on binary 2D shapes; 3) how to construct a one-class classifier from the binary classifier in a straightforward manner without re-training; and 4) how to use the computed kernel parameters for filtering. The existing literature on kernel machines mostly focuses on estimating the optimal kernel parameters via additional cost function(s). In this paper, instead of employing an additional cost function to estimate the kernel-related parameters, we investigate on an analytical solution to predict the actual kernel parameters locally and show how to build a spatial kernel machine with our analytical approach. Classical kernel machines do not perform well on precise shape modeling with a low number of support vectors as demonstrated in this paper. However, we demonstrate and visualize that our analytical approach provides a natural means to relate the kernel parameters to the 2D shapes for sparse shape modeling, where the shape boundary represents the decision boundary. For that, we incorporate the selected kernel function’s geometric properties as an additional constraint into the classifier’s optimization problem by defining an easy-to-explain and intuitive concept: similarity domains. In our experiments, we study and demonstrate how the resulting new kernel machine enhances the capabilities of the classical kernel machines with applications on shape modeling, (geometrically) scaling the non-linear decision boundary at various scales and precise visualization of the kernel parameters in 2D images.
Angle Surgery: Goniotomy

Goniotomy became the procedure of choice for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) when Otto Barkan reported on its surgical success in 1942, and PCG remains the most common indication for goniotomy as of this writing. This chapter reviews the indications for surgery, preoperative preparation, operative technique, postoperative management, complications, and results of goniotomy. Its goal is to describe the position of goniotomy in the current surgical armamentarium of procedures for glaucoma. It is not intended to replace direct, personal training for individuals who want to perform the procedure.
Material Effects on Laboratory Plasma Jets with Applied Magnetic Fields

In the present research, plasma jets form from Joule heating and ablation of a radial foil (approximately 15 μm thin disk) using a pulsed power generator (COBRA) with 1 MA peak current and 100 ns rise time. We study the effects on jet dynamics resulting from varying an applied uniform axial magnetic field (Bz) from 0 to 2 T. We empirically observe a disruption of the plasma jet collimation. The critical Bz for the disruption depends upon the foil material (Al, Ti, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, W). The disruption initiates from the foil surface and is dependent upon material mass as well as the solid electrical or thermal resistivities. We consider how the different foil materials affect the plasma magnetization, radiative losses, and formation time of surface plasma. The axial magnetic field larger than the critical Bz can break the azimuthal symmetry of the foil ablation.
Automated notifications improve time to anesthesia induction: Integrating health information technology systems to enhance perioperative efficiency.

Objective To evaluate the effects of health information technology systems integration on perioperative efficiency by investigating if automated notifications of patient arrival to the operating room leads to decreased time to induction by anesthesiologists. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all outpatient and short-stay patients who received General Anesthesia at our institution between July 1, 2017 and June 30, 2018.Time was used as a measure of efficiency between the two comparison groups.The two comparison groups were as follows:Group 1: Pre-event notification implementation (July 1, 2017-Dec 31, 2017)Group 2: Post-event notification implementation (Jan 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018)In this study, our primary outcome measure duration (DUR) was collected from patient electronic medical records:DUR: Time (duration in minutes) between anesthesia start and induction of anesthesia, exclusively for first case of the day. Results Duration of induction was significantly shorter post-event notification implementation compared to pre-event implementation (median duration, 6 min vs 7 min; p=0.001). Conclusion We demonstrate that health information technology systems integration improves perioperative efficiency of anesthesiologists at our institution. Further investigation is warranted to provide data to support provider buy-in and greater uptake and implementation of these systems to enhance patient care and coordination in the healthcare setting.
Selecting a Legal Structure: Revisiting the Strategic Issues and Views of Small and Micro Business Owners

Entrepreneurs often make decisions about the legal structure of their new business without fully considering the effect of the decision on other strategically important concerns. The question of whether the new venture should be formed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company or one of several other legal forms is a complex one. To effectively answer that question requires the founder to consider the advantages and disadvantages of each, and how the choice will affect four primary areas of concern: startup costs; the firm's exposure to legal liability; tax position; and finance options. This research addresses a gap in the literature and investigates the decision-making process of 513 founders of small and micro businesses in selecting a legal structure and clarifies other related concerns such as the source of entity structure advice, the factors influencing entity selection and the resultant confidence and satisfaction with the chosen legal structure. Findings suggest that small business owners who obtain counsel from accountants and/or attorneys are more likely to consider the full spectrum of implications of legal entity type and are generally more satisfied that their choice will positively affect firm profitability.
Intermediate Follow-up and Management of Previously Reported Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Penis.

Abstract Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft tissue sarcomas that arise from peripheral nerve fibers and primarily occur in the setting of neurofibromatosis (NF1). MPNST arising from the penis is very rare and may require mutilating surgery to achieve surgical cure. We previously reported a case of MPNST involving the penis in a 14-month-old boy treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, total penectomy, and adjuvant radiation. Here we report intermediate follow-up of the same patient, describe his subsequent genitourinary reconstruction, and discuss management dilemmas that arise following treatment of penile MPNST.
Depolymerization of lignin by wet air oxidation

Abstract In the present study, effect of temperature (150–250 °C) and pressure (500–1500 psi) was investigated for depolymerization of lignin by wet air oxidation (WAO). Commercial alkali lignin was used as representative lignin material. The degradation/oxidation products of WAO treatments were identified to understand the potential value of the depolymerization products. Depolymerization efficiency of alkali lignin was also compared to lignin extracted from corn stover and eastern redcedar (cedar) under the same WAO condition. Isovanillic acid was found to be the main product of WAO at 150 °C and 1000 psi oxygen conditions. The higher temperature (200 and 250 °C) and higher oxygen pressure (1000 and 1500 psi) conditions led to formation of more oxidized products, mostly carboxylic acid-derived compounds. The results showed that alkali lignin was more vulnerable to depolymerization compared to the lignins extracted from corn stover and cedar.
Alcohol demand and supersized alcopop consumption among undergraduate college students.

Supersized alcopops are sugar-sweetened beverages with extraordinarily high alcohol content; consumption is highly prevalent among college students and is associated with a variety of negative alcohol-related consequences. However, few studies have examined risk factors for consumption of these products. The objective of this study was to examine, among a college student sample, whether the behavioral economic principle of alcohol demand was associated with self-reported lifetime consumption of Four Loko-the most popular brand of supersized alcopop among underage drinkers. Participants were 170 undergraduate students who were at least 18 years of age and reported at least 1 day of alcohol consumption within the past month. Study participants completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing demographics, Four Loko consumption and associated problems, and alcohol demand (using the Brief Assessment of Alcohol Demand). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that intensity (drinks they would consume if free) significantly predicted Four Loko consumption but not breakpoint (maximum expenditure per drink) or Omax (maximum expenditure for all drinks). Findings support that students who prefer consuming large quantities of alcohol when it is free are more likely to have consumed Four Loko. Interventions increasing price or reducing the availability of Four Loko may be especially protective for this at-risk population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Assessing membrane charging by alternating electric fields in giant unilamellar vesicles

Our group recently published direct observation of membrane charging in FluoVolt labeled CHO-K1 cells by nanosecond electrical pulses using a streak camera. Using this technique, called Streak Camera Microscopy (SCM), we imaged the membrane charging dynamics in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) during AC exposures up to 6 MHz and compared these results to existing capacitive circuit models of membranes. This work shows further application of Streak Camera Microscopy for evaluation of high speed biological events.
Design and use of a benthic sled for quantitative sampling of epibenthic macroinvertebrates in lakes

Detmer TM, McCutchan JH Jr. Design and use of a benthic sled for quantitative sampling of epibenthic macroinvertebrates in lakes. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XXX–XXX.Benthic macroinvertebrates, includin...
Abstract 15321: Complications of Drug Challenge Testing in Brugada Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: Drug challenge testing is performed to unmask Type-1 Brugada pattern. The safety and prevalence of its complications during the test are unclear. We aimed to assess the relation of co...
The Colorado Experience

Colorado state has been in the forefront of marijuana legislature reform. The state government legalized medical marijuana use in November 2000, enacted a medical marijuana distribution system in 2009, and legalized recreational marijuana in 2012. The progressive nature of Colorado has had impactful economic and social effects. State retail revenue from marijuana products has more than tripled, and cannabis-associated crime has been significantly reduced. However, the end of prohibition in the state has not come without a cost. There has been an overall increase in young adult marijuana use associated with increased emergency department (ED) visits, minorities continue to be targeted for drug arrests, and families have left the state due to fear of recreational cannabis use. Colorado seems to have a potential working model for cannabis reform, but its progression will depend on the ever-changing social climate.
Resistant starch wheat increases PYY and decreases GIP but has no effect on self-reported perceptions of satiety.

Dietary fiber has numerous health benefits, such as increasing satiety, and is regularly included in healthy dietary recommendations. However, different types and sources of fiber vary in their chemical properties and biological effects. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated the effects of resistant starch type 2 (RS2) from wheat on self-reported perceptions of satiety and associated gut hormones in 30 healthy adults ages 40-65 years of age. Participants consumed rolls made using either RS2-enriched wheat flour or a wild-type flour for one week before a test day during which they ate a mixed meal containing the same roll type. Both self-reported perceptions of satiety and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were measured following the meal to assess whether the RS2-enriched wheat enhanced satiety and suppressed hunger for a longer period than the control wheat. Exploratory analysis indicated that fasting and peak concentration of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36; qfast = 0.02, qpeak = 0.02) increased, while peak concentration and iAUC of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP; qpeak < 0.001, qiAUC < 0.001) decreased after ingesting RS2-enriched wheat. However, self-reported perceptions of hunger or fullness using visual analog scales (VAS) did not differ following the test meal.
Post-translational modification of amyloid a protein in patients with AA amyloidosis

AA amyloidosis is a disease caused by extracellular deposition of insoluble β-pleated sheet fibrils composed of amyloid A (AA) protein, an amino (N)-terminal fragment of serum amyloid A (SAA). The deposits disrupt tissue structure and compromise organ function. Although the disease is systemic, deposition in kidney glomeruli is the most common manifestation. The leading cause of AA amyloidosis is sustained or recurrent inflammation accompanied by elevated levels of SAA. Factors determining the conversion of SAA to AA amyloid fibrils have yet to be fully resolved. Herein, we present liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of AA proteins purified from eight patients with AA amyloidosis. For the first time, post-translational modifications (PTM), including carbamylation, acetylation and oxidation, were identified on AA peptides; all eight samples showed some degree of PTM. The amyloid in 6 samples comprised peptides derived from SAA1 with few or none from SAA2, while the other two samples contained both SAA1- and SAA2-derived peptides. N-terminal AA peptides beginning with Arg1 as well as AA peptides starting with Ser2 were present in five of the eight samples, while all or nearly all of the N-terminal peptides in the other three samples lacked Arg1. These data demonstrate that multiple species of AA amyloid proteins can comprise the subunits in amyloid fibrils and raise the possibility that PTM may play a role in fibrillogenesis.
Annexin A1 Preferentially Predicts Poor Prognosis of Basal-Like Breast Cancer Patients by Activating mTOR-S6 Signaling.

Introduction Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an anti-inflammatory protein reported to play a role in cell proliferation and apoptosis, and to be deregulated in breast cancer. The exact role of annexin A1 in the biology of breast cancer remains unclear. We hypothesized that the annexin A1 plays an oncogenic role in basal subtype of breast cancer by modulating key growth pathway(s). Methods By mining the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-Breast Cancer dataset and manipulating annexin A1 levels in breast cancer cell lines, we studied the role of annexin A1 in breast cancer and underlying signaling pathways. Results Our in-silico analysis of TCGA-breast cancer dataset demonstrated that annexin A1 mRNA expression is higher in basal subtype compared to luminal and HER2 subtypes. Within the basal subtype, patients show significantly poorer overall survival associated with higher expression of annexin A1. In both TCGA patient samples and cell lines, annexin A1 levels were significantly higher in basal-like breast cancer than luminal and Her2/neu-positive breast cancer. Stable annexin A1 knockdown in TNBC cell lines suppressed the mTOR-S6 pathway likely through activation of AMPK but had no impact on the MAPK, c-Met, and EGFR pathways. In a cell migration assay, annexin A1-depleted TNBC cells showed delayed migration as compared to wild-type cells, which could be responsible for poor patient prognosis in basal like breast cancers that are known to express higher annexin A1. Conclusions Our data suggest that annexin A1 is prognostic only in patients with basal like breast cancer. This appears to be in part due to the role of annexin A1 in activating mTOR-pS6 pathway.
Alkali and alkaline earth metal chloride solutions influence sulfide mineral dissolution

Abstract Alkali and alkaline metal chlorides have been considered as inert electrolyte species with respect to sulfide mineral dissolution in the presence of oxidizing agents such as O2 and Fe3+. Under anoxic conditions in the laboratory or the field, as exist in most saline subsurface environments, the potential reactivity of alkali and alkaline metal chlorides with sulfide minerals has typically been ignored. Arsenopyrite (FeAsS(s)), galena (PbS(s)), and pyrite (FeS2(s)) are commonly encountered sulfide mineral phases, the dissolution of which affects many ecosystems. In this study, dissolution experiments with these minerals were conducted under anoxic conditions with 10 mM solutions of NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 at constant pH of 2.56. Results show that these electrolytes affect sulfide mineral dissolution under anoxic conditions, either increasing or decreasing the rate. The extent to which sulfide mineral dissolution is affected is small but measurable and depends on the anionic species in the mineral and cationic species in solution. Specifically, the dissolution of arsenic from arsenopyrite increased with an increase in cation activity in solution, while the dissolution of sulfur decreased with an increase in chloride ion activity. These results suggest that sulfide mineral dissolution under anoxic conditions is caused by an interaction of cations in solution with anions on the mineral surface, and inhibited by the presence of competing anions in solution.
Library “Illiteracy” in Physical Education

(1938). Library “Illiteracy” in Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 15-54.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma: an update and future perspectives.

Multiple myeloma (MM) still remains incurable in most of the patients. Despite of treatments with high-dose chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation and other novel therapies, most patients will become refractory to the therapies and relapse. Thus, it is urgent to develop new approaches for MM treatment. Currently, antibody-targeted therapy has been extensively utilized in hematological malignancies, including MM. Several novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MM have been generated and developed over the past several years. These mAbs aim to target not only tumor cells alone but also tumor microenvironment, including interaction of tumor-bone marrow stromal cells and the components of bone marrow milieu, such as cytokines or chemokines that support myeloma cell growth and survival. These include mAbs specific for CD38, CS1, CD40, CD74, CD70, HM1.24, interleukin-6 and β2-microglobulin (β2M). We have shown that anti-β2M mAbs may be a potential antitumor agent for MM therapy due to their remarkable efficacy to induce myeloma cell apoptosis in tumor cell lines and primary myeloma cells from patients in vitro and in established myeloma mouse models. In this article, we will review advances in the development and mechanisms of MM-targeted mAbs and especially, anti-β2M mAbs. We will also discuss the potential application of the mAbs as therapeutic agents to treat MM.
Characterization of negative differential resistance in chalcogenide devices containing silver

Summary form only given. Chalcogenide materials are compounds that contain one of the group VI elements such as sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te). These materials are presently under research in industry and academia for their potential use in electronic memory devices. An electrical property called negative differential resistance (NDR) has been observed in chalcogenide devices containing silver (Ag). NDR describes the I-V characteristics of the device where the resistance has a negative slope. Some of the devices that operate in the NDR region are the tunnel diode, resonant tunnel diode, unijunction transistor, and Gunn diode. The research work presented in this poster includes the measured I-V characteristics of chalcogenide devices exhibiting the NDR property. The electrical data obtained is compared with existing device models to determine a potential mechanism responsible for the observed NDR in silver-containing chalcogenide devices.
Fractures of the tibial malleoli

Summary Fractures of the tibial malleoli are relatively uncommon injuries, and most frequently affect the lateral malleolus. They most commonly occur following falls. The tibial malleoli have extensive collateral ligament attachments, and this is likely to contribute to fracture pathogenesis. Although most fractures are best managed by surgical removal, large fractures should be repaired as removal may result in tarsal instability. Arthroscopic removal has recently become the standard of care for most fractures, and good results can be expected following surgery.
Board Composition, Stock Ownership and the Exemption of Directors from Liability

This research examined the relationships between board composition, stock ownership, and the existence of director liability protection in a sample of industrial manufacturing firms. Results indicate that the impact of board leadership on liability protection depends on the proportion of independent directors on the board. Findings suggest that high levels of independent directors compromise the governing effectiveness of independent board leadership. Results demonstrate that stock ownership patterns affect liability protection as well. High levels of institutional ownership are associated with liability protection. While the theoretical paradigm of organizational economics predicts that the decision to provide protection is based on economic advantage, this study shows that liability protection for directors involves social dimensions as well as economic ones.
Accuracy of EUS and CT imaging in preoperative gastric cancer staging.

Background Neoadjuvant therapy is recommended for locally advanced gastric cancer patients (stage IB–IIIC). The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computed tomography (CT) in identifying patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Methods Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent gastrectomy at our institution were reviewed. Preoperative EUS and CT staging were compared with pathologic staging to determine accuracy. Results Between 2001 and 2013, 280 patients were identified. Forty-nine patients (18%) who underwent preoperative staging by EUS were analyzed. The accuracy of EUS in identifying individual T stage and N stage was 41.0% and 42.9%, respectively. EUS had moderate accuracy in differentiating locally advanced from early (stage 0–IA) disease (75.5%, area under curve (AUC) 0.772). For individual T stage and N stage, the accuracy of CT was 4.0% and 56%, respectively. CT had relatively poor accuracy in differentiating locally advanced from early disease (60.0%, AUC 0.649). Conclusions EUS and CT had poor performance in identifying individual T and N stage although EUS demonstrated moderate accuracy in identifying patients with locally advanced disease. A combined staging approach, in addition to further optimization of staging modalities, is required for accurate staging for patients with gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:1016–1020. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflections on the origin and subsequent course of holography

ABSTRACT I reflect on the various paths that led to holography, along with various other paths that could have led to holography. Also discussed is how holography, while maintaining a central core, exemplified by display holography, has expanded in scope and has diffused into vast areas of modern technology; in the process, the boundaries between holography and non holography have been blurred . Keywords: holography, origins of, synthetic aperture radar, pulse compression 1. THE PATHS TO HOLOGRAPHY I reflect on how various researchers, Gabor, Denisyuk and Leith and Upatnieks, came onto holography by three quite different paths, and how others, by yet quite different paths, could have come onto holography. We might think of holography as a destination, which can be arrived at by many, diverse paths, some rather direct, others rather circuitous (Fig. 1). Holography . Fig. 1. The many paths to holography Gabor, of course, arrived there first, by several years. His story is well known; he has described it and it has been recounted many times. It was a rather indirect path, involving such a seemingly unrelated problem of aberration correction in an electron microscope. This was a most ingenious way to arrive at holography, certainly the most ingenious one I can imagine. And I am of the view that the ingenuity of Gabor lies not just in his invention of holography, but also in the way that he arrived at it. It was a path that could have been discovered only by the most ingenious. The path that he chose significantly enhanced his discovery, in my opinion. Denisyuk relates, in an earlier SPIE publication, a detailed account of his path to holography.
Summer camp: Effects on function of children with autoimmune disease

Objective. To evaluate the effects of a summer camp experience on joint range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and overall function of children with autoimmune diseases. Methods. Two physical therapists measured ROM and muscle strength of 44 children pre-camp, post-camp, and at a 4-month followup clinic visit. The parents reported the children's functional status using the Children's Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) at each time period. Results. Immediately after camp, all ROM and strength measures improved. These improvements were not maintained. The parents reported no functional change post-camp or at the 4-month followup clinic visit. There was mild correlation between the improved ROM and strength and eating and dressing skills (CHAQ). The effects of camp were similar for all children regardless of disease status or functional level. Conclusion. The camp experience affected the physical condition of children with autoimmune disease by temporarily improving ROM and strength, but not functional level.
Feeding-drinking interaction: food rationing and intake of liquids varying in taste, caloric and osmotic properties.

Abstract Rats were given either 0, 3, 6, 9 g, or unlimited amounts of food accompanied by either water, 0.45 per cent NaCl, 0.9 per cent NaCl, 0.4 per cent saccharin, 4.6 per cent sucrose, or 9.3 per cent sucrose solutions for 24 hr; liquid or food intake for this period was recorded. The results indicate that (a) as food ration is decreased rats drink less water or saline solution but more sucrose or saccharin solutions, and (b) with ad lib food, food intake is reduced when accompanied by the liquids with calories but food intake is constant with liquids having no calories regardless of the osmotic or taste differences.
Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region. Case report

This is a case report of an endodermal sinus tumor occurring in the pineal region of a 12-year-old Caucasian boy. Germ cell tumors of this type demonstrate a selective overgrowth of yolk sac endoderm associated with extraembryonic mesoblast and arise perferentially in the gonads of young children. This is the ninth known report of this tumor in the world literature. Its occurrence in the posterior third ventricle again confirms that pineal region germ cell tumors are histologically analogous to germ cell tumors originating in the gonads. A disturbance in the region of the primitive streak is thought to account for the exclusive midline location of this tumor in extragonadal sites. This patient was treated with a combination of vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide, and concomitant cobalt irradiation. For endodermal sinus tumors in the pineal region, this combination appears more effective than previously reported treatment by irradiation alone.
Angiotensin II and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Mitogenic Pathways in Human Fetal Mesangial Cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) play relevant roles in renal development. Since the signaling pathways modulating the mitogenic effects of Ang II and bFGF in human fetal mesangial cells (HFMc) are not clearly defined, we carried out experiments to determine whether they would exert their mitogenic effects by modulating the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2)] and cAMP signaling pathways. In confluent HFMc, bFGF (20 ng/mL) induced a significant 4-fold increase in ERK-2 activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation (6-fold). In contrast, under similar tissue culture conditions, Ang II (10(-6) M) induced a more modest increase in ERK-2 activity (2-fold) and [3H]-thymidine incorporation (35 +/- 4%). The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1) inhibitor PD098059 (25 microM) almost completely abolished the bFGF-induced proliferation in HFMc but did not significantly affect Ang II proliferative effects. In the presence of the cAMP elevating agent isoproterenol, Ang II and bFGF induced opposite changes in cAMP accumulation and cell growth. Isoproterenol inhibited the basal and bFGF-induced proliferation of HFMc through a MEK-1/2-independent pathway that included the accumulation of cAMP. In contrast, isoproterenol increased Ang II mitogenic effects in correlation with a reduction in cAMP accumulation. We conclude that Ang II and bFGF modulate the proliferation of HFMc through the stimulation of different MEK-1/2-dependent and independent signaling pathways. Activation of MEK-1/2 is required but not sufficient for mitogenesis in HFMc. The accumulation of cAMP in HFMc counteracts the mitogenic effects of bFGF by a MEK-1/2-independent pathway.
Sensitivity and specificity of a digit symbol recognition trial in the identification of response bias.

Recently published practice standards recommend that multiple effort indicators be interspersed throughout neuropsychological evaluations to assess for response bias, which is most efficiently accomplished through use of effort indicators from standard cognitive tests already included in test batteries. The present study examined the utility of a timed recognition trial added to standard administration of the WAIS-III Digit Symbol subtest in a large sample of "real world" noncredible patients (n=82) as compared with credible neuropsychology clinic patients (n=89). Scores from the recognition trial were more sensitive in identifying poor effort than were standard Digit Symbol scores, and use of an equation incorporating Digit Symbol Age~Corrected Scaled Scores plus accuracy and time scores from the recognition trial was associated with nearly 80% sensitivity at 88.7% specificity. Thus, inclusion of a brief recognition trial to Digit Symbol administration has the potential to provide accurate assessment of response bias.
The growth of fire science

Abstract The growth of man's knowledge of fire is followed from Paleolithic times to the present. Until 1900, the fundamentals of fire science, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, were in their formative years. During the period 1900 – 1950 the needed basic sciences were further developed and a few fire phenomena were clarified in a scientific way. The developments during these periods are briefly described. The period of rapid growth of fire science, 1950 to the present, is considered in two respects: the developed fire science itself, and the administrative arrangement in the United States that made these developments financially possible.
Scientific opportunities with advanced facilities for neutron scattering: Summary of a workshop held at Shelter Island, New York, USA October 23–26, 1984

Abstract This article presents a summary of a Workshop held in October 1984 to discuss scientific opportunities in the field of neutron scattering. Introductory material summarizes both the goals of the Workshop and makes a case for more intense sources of neutrons. This section is followed by the recommendations of the Workshop. None of this material requires a detailed knowledge of neutron scattering. The technical part of the paper follows and consists of ten brief reports reflecting various aspects of neutron scattering, and the new opportunities that would be available if more intense sources were constructed. Each report also compares the opportunities with a new 5 × 10 15 n cm −2 s −1 steady state source and with a new 10 17 n cm −2 s −1 peak flux spallation source. Such comparisons are made across all fields of science in which neutron scattering is applied.
Design of testability for analogue fault diagnosis

With the rapidly increasing complexity of circuits and systems, the ability adequately to design a diagnosable circuit or system is a prime requisite for rapid fault location. In the present paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for pseudo-circuit generation is presented for the use of the pseudo-circuit in the self-test algorithm. to determine the diagnosability of a designed circuit, a testability condition is presented with examples. the unique feature of these conditions is that they depend only on the topological structure of a given circuit, not on the component values; therefore, these conditions can be implemented in both linear and non-linear circuits or systems. With the aid of a computer, the test points may be generated automatically by the proposed algorithm. Based on the proposed algorithm, the design of testability can be established.
EARLY POST-PROSTATECTOMY PELVIC FLOOR BIOFEEDBACK

Purpose: We determined whether biofeedback enhanced pelvic floor exercises begun 6 weeks after radical prostatectomy improve the early recovery of continence. Materials and Methods: We randomized 30 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy into a group that received 5 biofeedback sessions and a control group. Results: Overall 87% of patients were pad-free at 6 months with similar results in the treatment and control groups (86% versus 88%). There was no statistically significant difference in pad test results or voiding diary records in the 2 groups. Conclusions: A treatment program of biofeedback enhanced pelvic floor exercises begun 6 weeks after radical retropubic prostatectomy did not significantly affect continence in this study.
Externalist justification and the role of seemings

It’s not implausible to think that whenever I have a justified noninferential belief that p, it is caused by a seeming that p. It’s also tempting to think that something contributes to the justification of my belief only if I hold my belief because of that thing. Thus, given that many of our noninferential beliefs are justified and that we hold them because of seemings, one might be inclined to hold a view like Phenomenal Conservatism, according to which seemings play a crucial role—perhaps the only crucial role—in the justification of our noninferential beliefs. But Phenomenal Conservatism seems to conflict, in a number of ways, with externalist accounts of justification. As a result, the attractiveness of the intuitions appealed to in support of views like Phenomenal Conservatism present something of a challenge to externalism. The purpose of this paper is to deal with that challenge by developing and defending an externalist-friendly account of the role of seemings in the formation and justification of our noninferential beliefs—an account that incorporates what is attractive in views like Phenomenal Conservatism. Because this externalist-friendly account is compatible with both externalist accounts of justification and the plausible elements of views like Phenomenal Conservatism, the challenge to externalism inspired by such views is thereby undermined.
Failure prediction for HPC systems and applications: Current situation and open issues

As large-scale systems evolve towards post-petascale computing, it is crucial to focus on providing fault-tolerance strategies that aim to minimize fault's effects on applications. By far the most popular technique is the checkpoint-restart strategy. A complement to this classical approach is failure avoidance, by which the occurrence of a fault is predicted and proactive measures are taken. This requires a reliable prediction system to anticipate failures and their locations. One way of offering prediction is by the analysis of system logs generated during production by large-scale systems. Current research in this field presents a number of limitations that make them unusable for running on real production high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Based on our observations that different failures have different distributions and behaviours, we propose a novel hybrid approach that combines signal analysis with data mining in order to overcome current limitations. We show that by analysing each event according to its specific behaviour, our prediction provides a precision of over 90% and its able to discover about 50% of all failures in a system, result which allows its integration in proactive fault tolerance protocols.
Abstract 2643: Regulation of stem cell differentiation by p53.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Differentiation is one of the barriers for tumorigenesis and reprogramming. In addition, embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells utilize differentiation to maintain their genomic stability by removing cells with mutation burden from the population in response to DNA damage. The tumor suppressor p53 is critical for regulating the differentiation of ES and iPS cells. However, the mechanism of how p53 regulates the differentiation of ES and iPS cells is unclear. To systematically study the underlying mechanisms, we employ an integrated genome-wide study in mouse ES cells. Systems analyses reveal that p53-activated genes and p53-repressed genes have distinct regulatory mechanisms and functions in mouse ES cells. Binding of p53 at promoter region significantly correlates with gene activation but not with repression. In addition, we unexpectedly identify a novel regulatory mode for p53-mediated repression through interfering with distal enhancer activity. This regulatory mode explains some but not all of the p53-mediated repressive events. Importantly, many ES cell-enriched core transcription factors are p53-repressed genes. Further analyses demonstrate that p53-repressed genes are functionally associated with ES and iPS cell status while p53-activated genes are linked to differentiation. Genome-wide analyses also show that p53-activated genes and -repressed genes have distinguishable features of expression levels and epigenetic markers, such as H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K79me2. Upon DNA damage, p53 regulates the self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. Together, these results support a model that, in response to DNA damage, p53 affects the status of ES cells through activating differentiation-associated genes and repressing ES cell-enriched genes. Because many poorly differentiated tumors express ES-cell gene signature, our results may also have far-reaching implications in how p53 restricts the origin of cancer stem cells in adult tissues. Citation Format: Mangmang Li, Yunlong He, Wendy Dubois, Jing Huang. Regulation of stem cell differentiation by p53. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2643. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2643 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
The Role Of Employers In Community Health Care Systems

Employers can play an important role in shaping community health care systems through their direct efforts to institute system change, their negotiations with health plans, and their decisions concerning the structure of health benefits for their employees. This paper describes recent employer initiatives in all three of these areas, using data collected from interview respondents in the twelve communities that are part of the Community Tracking Study being carried out by the Center for Studying Health System Change. During the recent period of relative health premium stability, employers have responded to employees' concerns about managed care by favoring looser, less structured managed care plans offering broader networks of providers or out-of-network options.
From DSM-IV to DSM-5: an interim report from a cultural psychiatry perspective

In July 2012, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) closed its final commenting period on draft criteria for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), slated for publication in May 2013. DSM-5 raises familiar questions about the cultural assumptions of proposed diagnoses, the scientific evidence base of these criteria and their validity in international settings. I review these issues since the publication of DSM-IV. I assess the cultural validity of DSM-5 and suggest areas of improvement.