cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
220 REDUCED-INTENSITY CONDITIONING USING ALEMTUZUMAB IN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC TRANSPLANTATION.

Purpose Allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation after a myeloablative conditioning regimen has been shown to be an effective and potentially curative treatment for many hematologic malignancies due to the graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) effect. However, significant toxicities of such regimens have limited their use to younger, otherwise healthy patients. Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) transplantation has broadened eligibility to include older patients and those with comorbid conditions. RIC regimens using fludarabine and melphalan have been associated with a high risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Our institution adopted a RIC protocol that added alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody that decreases T cells in the transplant recipient, to melphalan and fludarabine in an attempt to reduce the risk of GVHD while maintaining the GVM effect. Methods From January 2005 to June 2006, 19 patients with hematologic malignancies received an allogeneic transplant using the RIC protocol. Median patient age was 52 years (34-66). Results Acute and chronic GVHD occurred in 6 of 19 (31%) and 5 of 19 (26%), respectively, with only 17% of each being > grade II. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation occurred in 13 of 19 (68%). Seven of 19 (37%) patients experienced disease relapse or progression. One hundred-day survival was 79%. Ten of 19 (53%) have died at the time of this report. CMV infection was the probable cause of death in 3 of 10 (30%) deaths, or 16% of patients overall. Only one death was attributable to GVHD. Conclusions RIC allogeneic transplant represents a reasonable treatment option for a variety of hematologic malignancies. There was a low incidence of severe GVHD and a 100-day survival of 79%. However, the mortality rate due to toxicity of this regimen was high at 37%. CMV infection represents a large proportion of this toxicity and provides an area to be improved upon in future RIC protocols, perhaps by using lower doses of alemtuzumab.
An Economic Analysis of Rural Women's Human Capital Investment In China

The author argues that the lack of resource and political rights is the important reason to cause the shortage of human capital of rural women in China. Increasing the input of the human capital of rural women is the key to helping the rural area overcome the problem. But, because the investment subjects are different, the remarkable difference will exist in the investment efficiency of the human capital.Therefore, the local government of rural area and individuals lack the motivation and capability in human capital investment. For this reason, this article thinks the central government should become the main subject of investment of rural women in China.
Meeting at the Sign of the Queen: The Commedia dell’Arte, Cheap Print, and Piazza Performance

Recent critical emphasis on the court patronage enjoyed by the commedia dell’arte may create the impression that professional actors did not perform in Italian streets and piazzas, as nineteenth-century Romantic critics asserted they did. Although it does exist, archival evidence for outdoor commedia dell’arte performance is slimmer than one might imagine. Cheap print, however, which flourished in the sixteenth century and frequently invokes the actual actors as well as the fictional personages of the commedia dell’arte, provides concrete additional evidence for outdoor performance, and for the ways in which the worlds of cheap print, piazza performance, and organized professional activity interacted.
Microwave Hydrogen Plasma in Gas-Solid Systems

AbstractThe plasmo of a hydrogen stream maintained in a microwave field has been shown to be an excellent and reliable source of atomic hydrogen. In addition, at low gas pressures the atomic hydrogen stream contains little if any sensible heat or enthalpy. Numerous accounts have been reported on the use of atomic hydrogen as a reactant with both inorganic and organic substances. Often the intermediates or products from such reactions could not have been synthesized as effectively, if at all, by other means.
Cuing moral transcendence reduces support for torture and disentangles it from retributive and utilitarian concerns

AbstractWe investigated the impact of moral schemas with differing levels of “transcendence” on attitudes towards torture. Participants were exposed to one of three morality-relevant experimental conditions priming different levels of moral transcendence – with moral transcendence understood as the primary psychological dimension distinguishing preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning. Participants later considered two hypothetical detainee scenarios. For each detainee, participants judged the importance of punishment and seeking information, and evaluated the appropriateness of “severe interrogation”, either abstractly conceived (ACSI) or concretely described (CDSI). Across scenarios, the correlations between desiring information, desiring punishment, and recommending CDSI were strongest in the least transcendent condition and weakest in the most transcendent, suggesting that greater primed transcendence reduced associations between supporting CDSI and two common motivations of such s...
Partial identification of average treatment effects on the treated through difference-in-differences

ABSTRACTThe difference-in-differences (DID) method is widely used as a tool for identifying causal effects of treatments in program evaluation. When panel data sets are available, it is well-known that the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) is point-identified under the DID setup. If a panel data set is not available, repeated cross sections (pretreatment and posttreatment) may be used, but may not point-identify the ATT. This paper systematically studies the identification of the ATT under the DID setup when posttreatment treatment status is unknown for the pretreatment sample. This is done through a novel application of an extension of a continuous version of the classical monotone rearrangement inequality which allows for general copula bounds. The identifying power of an instrumental variable and of a ‘matched subsample’ is also explored. Finally, we illustrate our approach by estimating the effect of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991 on employment outcomes of the disabled.
FALHA POR CORROSÃO EM TUBULAÇÃO DE DESCARTE DE ÁGUA DO MAR

A analise de falhas potenciais compreende o uso de tecnicas sistematicas que utilizam conhecimentos de engenharia para mitigar possiveis falhas, tanto do projeto quanto dos sistemas analisados, e propor acoes que evitem a ocorrencia dessas falhas. O problema pratico de uma falha por corrosao em linha de overboard de agua do mar demonstra as dificuldades que a industria offshore enfrenta, por causa das condicoes extremas e a falta adequada de uma selecao de materiais para certas aplicacoes. Nesta pesquisa foi realizada a utilizacao de ferramentas de analise de falha e os conceitos para destacar a importância da melhor selecao de revestimentos internos em tubulacoes de aco do sistema de refrigeracao com agua salgada, pois quando esses revestimentos sao mal selecionados acabam comprometendo a funcao que e a inibicao dos agentes corrosivos, deixando, dessa forma, que a corrosao seja acentuada nos pontos onde o revestimento falha. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para auxiliar a industria na selecao e aplicacao de revestimentos em tubulacoes de aco dos sistemas de refrigeracao com agua salgada.
Activation of H2 by Gadolinium Cation (Gd+): Bond Energy of GdH+ and Mechanistic Insights from Guided Ion Beam and Theoretical Studies.

The energy-dependent reactions of the lanthanide gadolinium cation (Gd+) with H2, D2, and HD are investigated using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. From analysis of the resulting endothermic product ion cross sections, the 0 K bond dissociation energy for GdH+ is measured to be 2.18 ± 0.07 eV. Theoretical calculations on GdH+ are performed for comparison with the experimental thermochemistry and generally appear to overestimate the experimental GdH+ bond dissociation energy. The branching ratio of the products in the HD reaction suggests that Gd+ reacts primarily via a statistical insertion mechanism to form the hydride product ion with contributions from direct mechanisms. Relaxed potential energy surfaces for GdH2+ are computed and are consistent with the availability of both statistical and direct reaction pathways. The reactivity and hydride bond energy for Gd+ is compared with previous results for the group three metal cations, Sc+ and Y+, and the lanthanides, La+ and Lu+, and periodic tren...
The unstable foundations of political stability in Chad

Chad has emerged as an important counter-terrorism partner in the Lake Chad Basin and the broader Sahel-Sahara region due to its recent political stability and military contribution to security efforts in these troubled zones. However, a closer look at developments in domestic politics, notably the continued and increasingly severe repression of the political opposition and civil society, suggests that this stability may not be built on solid foundations. This paper considers the role Chad has played in the fight against Boko Haram and other forms of regional violent extremism in an effort to take stock of the current threats the Chadian government faces from external actors. It then investigates growing domestic grievances due to an ongoing fiscal crisis, attacks on civil liberties, and a disrupted electoral calendar which risk escalating and destabilising the current government. The paper argues that the mitigation of these diverse and multi-dimensional security threats, particularly at the domestic level, would benefit from an environment that is more supportive of democratic institutions and the rule of law, thus enhancing the country’s prospects for stability in the short- and long-term.
A Bayesian spatiotemporal approach to inform management unit appropriateness

One prerequisite for sustainable fisheries management is to match management actions with biological processes. Stocks are fundamental units for fisheries management. Understanding the spatial stru...
The Basic Science Needed to Understand the Relation of Energy to Economics

This chapter is designed to provide in a very basic way enough science so that it is possible for the reader who has not had an extensive background in science, or who simply wants a review, to do so relatively easily. The contents of this chapter are divided into five main sections: understanding nature, the scientific method, the physical world, the biological world, and the integrative science of ecology.
Civil Liability Under State and Federal Tort Law

The primary thrust of this chapter has been a discussion of state tort claims and defenses. The distinction was made between state and federal tort claims. Tort actions arising out of the conduct of federal employees are filed as Bivens actions, although they are similar to state tort actions. This chapter outlines more common types of torts—intentional and negligent—with case examples and was designed to present general principles of tort theories. Tort law varies from state to state and can be complex, because intentional torts and negligence may be defined by statute in varying ways. To prevail in a state tort claim, a plaintiff must prove four components—a legal duty, breach of that duty, proximate causation, and an injury. An injury sustained by the plaintiff does not have to be a physical injury. The chapter presents discussion of damages with defenses to illustrate how the law is applied in varying circumstances. The differences between state torts and federal court claims are also addressed in the chapter, with case examples. Defenses to these claims show that criminal justice personnel can defend against a state tort claim, but they must show that their actions did not breach duty to perform a certain action in regard to the plaintiff. Criminal justice personnel should become familiar with state tort actions, as the potential to be sued in state and federal court simultaneously is a possibility. Criminal justice personnel should also closely examine the various types of defenses that exist as this will assist in averting a civil action.
Linear Systems and Projection

Finding solutions to systems of linear equalities and inequalities is an incredibly important and fascinating problem from both an applied and a theoretical standpoint. Work in this area dates back at least as early as 2000 B.C.
Do fluoroscopic and radiographic images underestimate pin protrusion in paediatric supracondylar humerus and distal radius fractures? A synthetic bone model analysis.

Abstract Purpose Fluoroscopy is commonly used to confirm acceptable position of percutaneously placed pins when treating paediatric fractures. There is a paucity of literature investigating the acc...
Calorimetric Measurements on Metal Sulfates and Their Hydrates: Electrode Potentials and Thermodynamic Data for Aqueous Ions of Transition Elements

Knowledge of reversible electrode potentials is important for many aspects of analytical electrochemistry, and also as a source of thermo-dynamic data that are finding increasing applications in analytical chemistry. Unfortunately, there are substantial experimental difficulties associated with determination of reversible electrode potentials for metals that are very reactive and for ill-behaving metals that often yield “irreversible” electrodes. Many years ago, Lewis developed and applied indirect electrochemical methods for determination of the potentials for such active metals as sodium in aqueous systems. Subsequently, Latimer and others have applied thermodynamic data to calculation of aqueous potentials for aluminum, fluorine, etc.
Intercellular and Intracellular Trafficking: What We Can Learn from Geminivirus Movement

Bipartite geminiviruses such as squash leaf curl virus encode two movement proteins, BL1 and BR1, essential for virus movement. This reflects the nuclear replication of the viral single-stranded (ss)DNA genome, requiring that one movement protein (BR1) enters the nucleus and binds the viral genome, following which it interacts with the second movement protein (BL1) to facilitate transport of the viral genome to adjacent uninfected cells. Thus, geminiviruses offer the opportunity to investigate nuclear import and export in plant cells, as well as mechanisms for transporting macromolecules across the plant cell wall. The phloem-limitation of squash leaf curl virus also allows us to investigate virus movement within phloem and how a phloem-limited virus invades susceptible host plants.
Predictors of Respiratory Decline Following Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy to Multiple Lung Tumors.

Abstract Introduction Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is highly effective at controlling early stage primary lung cancer and lung metastases. Although previous studies have suggested that treating multiple lung tumors with SABR is safe, post-treatment changes in respiratory function have not been analyzed in detail. Patients and Methods We retrospectively identified patients with 2 or more primary lung cancers or lung metastases treated with SABR and analyzed clinical outcomes and predictors of toxicity. We defined a composite respiratory decline endpoint to include increased oxygen requirement, increased dyspnea scale, or death from respiratory failure not owing to disease progression. Results A total of 86 patients treated with SABR to 203 lung tumors were analyzed. A total of 21.8% and 41.8% of patients developed composite respiratory decline at 2 and 4 years, respectively. When accounting for intrathoracic disease progression, 12.7% of patients developed composite respiratory decline at 2 years. Of the patients, 7.9% experienced grade 2 or greater radiation pneumonitis. No patient- or treatment-related factor predicted development of respiratory decline. The median overall survival was 46.9 months, and the median progression-free survival was 14.8 months. The cumulative incidence of local failure was 9.7% at 2 years. Conclusion Although our results confirm that SABR is an effective treatment modality for patients with multiple lung tumors, we observed a high rate of respiratory decline after treatment, which may be owing to a combination of treatment and disease effects. Future studies may help to determine ways to avoid pulmonary toxicity from SABR.
The Klein–Gordon equation on Z2 and the quantum harmonic lattice

Abstract The discrete Klein–Gordon equation on a two-dimensional square lattice satisfies an l 1 ↦ l ∞ dispersive bound with polynomial decay rate | t | − 3 / 4 . We determine the shape of the light cone for any choice of the mass parameter and relative propagation speeds along the two coordinate axes. Fundamental solutions experience the least dispersion along four lines interior to the light cone rather than along its boundary, and decay exponentially to arbitrary order outside the light cone. The overall geometry of the propagation pattern and its associated dispersive bounds are independent of the particular choice of parameters. In particular there is no bifurcation of the number or type of caustics that are present. The dispersive bounds imply global well-posedness for small solutions of a nonlinear discrete Klein–Gordon equation. The discrete Klein–Gordon equation is a classical analogue of the quantum harmonic lattice. In the quantum setting, commutators of time-shifted observables experience the same decay rates as the corresponding Klein–Gordon solutions, which depend in turn on the relative location of the observables' support sets.
Microarray Analysis of Thrombopoietin Induced Lineage Commitment of Bi-Potential Cell Line HU-3.

HU-3 is a cytokine dependent cell line derived from a patient with megakaryoblastic leukemia. The cells have a strong megakaryocytic phenotype when cultured in GM-CSF and undergo terminal erythropoiesis when switched to stem cell factor and erythropoietin. (Morgan, 1997). HU-3 cells are equally responsive to thrombopoietin (TPO), but no longer can be induced into the erythroid pathway nor do they advance along the megakaryocyte differentiation pathway. Microarray analysis of the bi-potential and unipotential cells using arrays with genome-wide coverage and bioinformatics software identified a panel of genes associated with the loss of erythroid potentiality and with an apparent commitment to the megakaryocytic lineage. Down-regulation of erythroid-specific genes expressed in the bi-potential cells was the predominant effect of the TPO microenvironment. HU-3 (TPO) did not show an enhanced megakaryocyte phenotype nor increased expression of CD41 (GpIIb), CD42 (Gp Ib) CD61 (GpIIIa), CD62 (P-selectin); Gp V, Gp IX, VEGF, and PDGF; however, several megakaryocyte-linked genes were up-regulated: pro-collagen lysine, annexin A1, angiopoietin 2, beta 1 integrin, and galactin 1 among others. Interleukin 8 expression increased approximately 30-fold in the TPO cultures. AML1 (RUNX1), GATA-1, and SPi-1/PU.1 are reported to be required for megakaryocyte and erythroid maturation, but were expressed at low levels and were not up-regulated by TPO. This observation may explain the block in the ability of HU-3 to enter the maturation pathway once unipotentiality had been achieved. The HU-3 cell line is a biologically relevant in vitro system for exploring the genetic program at the onset of megakaryocyte commitment and identifying genes necessary for entry into the maturation pathway.
EP588 Sentinel lymph node mapping with indocyanine green in laparotomy for endometrial cancer

Introduction/Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with indocyanine green (ICG) is emerging as a feasible alternative to pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer staging. Although ICG SLN mapping is well established in robo-laparoscopic surgery, there is little literature validating its use in laparotomy. Methodology The technique, effectiveness and feasibility of SLN mapping with ICG during laparotomy for endometrial cancer is discussed. For each patient, intra-cervical ICG injection at the 3 and 9 o’clock positions was performed. Following peritoneal dissection, lymph node chains were inspected in near infrared mode using the Karl Storz Vitom(R) camera system. In each hemi-pelvis, if SLN mapping was not achieved, ipsilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Full pelvic lymphadenectomy was also performed if there were suspicious nodes, large tumour size or extensive myometrial invasion. Results Between March 2016 and February 2019, 37 patients with endometrial cancer underwent laparotomy. Average operating time was 133 minutes Median blood loss was 200 mls. There were no complications related to the use of ICG dye. The detection rate of SLNs was 92%. Bilateral pelvic SLNs mapping was achieved in 81% of patients, whereas 11% of patients had mapping to unilateral pelvic nodes. The median number of SLNs was 3. SLNs were mapped most commonly to the external iliac nodes, followed by the obturator and internal iliac nodes. In 3 patients (8.1%), SLNs were positive for metastases, resulting in a higher surgical stage and influencing the decision for adjuvant therapy. One patient also had mapping to a para-aortic node, which was positive for metastasis. Full pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 17 patients (46%). The sensitivity of SLN mapping in these patients was 100%, with no falsely negative SLNs. Conclusion SLN mapping with ICG is accurate and feasible in patients with endometrial cancer requiring laparotomy, and has a high detection rate and sensitivity comparable to that of robo-laparoscopic surgery. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Epitaxial growth of Bi2Se3 in the (0015) orientation on GaAs (001)

Materials with van der Waals bonding show exotic physics and may have applications in a variety of areas including new optoelectronic devices, spintronic devices, and as quantum materials. To date, control over the morphology and surface orientation of thin films of these materials without substrate pretreatment has been difficult. In this paper, the authors report the growth of Bi2Se3 on GaAs (001) substrates. By controlling the growth conditions and adatom mobility, the authors are able to obtain epitaxial growth in the (0015) orientation without substrate prepatterning. Although the growth window is small, this demonstration opens the door for future control of the orientation of van der Waals materials through control of parameters during growth and via interaction with the substrate. Materials with van der Waals bonding show exotic physics and may have applications in a variety of areas including new optoelectronic devices, spintronic devices, and as quantum materials. To date, control over the morphology and surface orientation of thin films of these materials without substrate pretreatment has been difficult. In this paper, the authors report the growth of Bi2Se3 on GaAs (001) substrates. By controlling the growth conditions and adatom mobility, the authors are able to obtain epitaxial growth in the (0015) orientation without substrate prepatterning. Although the growth window is small, this demonstration opens the door for future control of the orientation of van der Waals materials through control of parameters during growth and via interaction with the substrate.
Predicting the daily number of payment transactions in the largest bank in the Netherlands: Application to Banking Data

Rapid developments in technology and changes in societal needs have an enormous effect on many segments of the financial sector, such as the payment system, which in simple terms is a system used to settle financial transactions. Recent decades have seen this system evolve into an intricate and complex IT-system, which also applies to ING Bank Netherlands. Transaction processing in ING is subject to a central European clearance system, which does not operate continuously. Although the customer experience for transactions is handled in real time, the actual booking of the transfers has to wait for the clearance system to be processed. This has an impact on the load that needs to be handled by the IT system, where transactions accumulate during weekends and bank holidays. This results in peak days, where the bank needs to book considerably more transactions. Timely processing of data is one of the most critical factors in banking for customer satisfaction; therefore, a reliable prediction of the number of transactions to be processed is extremely valuable. Within ING, we developed a model that predicts the number of daily payment transactions, which we consider as a time series analysis problem. The solution is a multiple linear regression model that combines calendar features along with features based on domain knowledge about business and ING’s IT systems. This study resulted in a competent model used by the IT department to take effective actions and do capacity planning further ahead. Our predictions brought business impact in the bank, with 1) considerable reduction in cost 2) IT incident prevention and 3) finally, customer satisfaction improvement. Moreover, our resulting model is able to score R-squared of 0.97.
Disk Area Is a More Reliable Measurement Than Anteroposterior Length in the Assessment of Lumbar Disk Herniations: A Validation Study.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify and validate the reliability and accuracy of 2 methods used to assess lumbar disk herniations (LDHs): anteroposterior length and cross-sectional area. BACKGROUND Many clinicians characterize LDHs through the measurement of the anteroposterior length in the axial plane. Radiologists, on the other hand, have utilized software to measure the disk and canal areas to define the injury. In this study, the authors consider the reliability and accuracy of anteroposterior length in comparison with the area. METHODS Using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code M51.26, patients at a single academic medical center who received a diagnosis of primary lumbar radicular pain with subsequent magnetic resonance imaging documentation of a single-level disk herniation in 2015 and 2016 were identified. AGFA-IMPACS software was utilized to make the following measurements: anterior-posterior canal length; anterior-posterior disk length; mid-canal width; mid-disk width; total canal area; total disk area. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS and a 2-tailed reliability analysis using Cronbach alpha as a measure of reliability was obtained. RESULTS A total of 408 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study. Sixteen (3.9%) had L3-L4 herniation, 208 had L4-L5 herniation (51.0%), and 184 had L5-S1 herniation (47.5%). The least reliable interobserver metrics, with respective Cronbach alpha values of 0.381 and 0.659, were the linear measurements of mid-disk width and anterior-posterior canal length. Area measurements of the disk and canal areas generated Cronbach alpha values of 0.707 and 0.863. Intraobserver Cronbach alpha values for all measurements, including all areas and lengths, met or exceeded 0.982. CONCLUSIONS The cross-sectional area provides a more reliable measurement modality for diskLDHs in comparison to linear measurements. Unlike anteroposterior length, cross-sectional area incorporates the shape of a herniation or canal in its measurement. Thus, it is superior in its characterization LDH particularly in light of its stronger reproducibility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-retrospective study.
Screening and Reverse-Engineering of Estrogen Receptor Ligands as Potent Pan-Filovirus Inhibitors.

Filoviridae, including Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, are emerging pathogens that pose a serious threat to public health. No agents have been approved to treat filovirus infections, representing a major unmet medical need. The selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) toremifene was previously identified from a screen of FDA-approved drugs as a potent EBOV viral entry inhibitor, via binding to EBOV glycoprotein (GP). A focused screen of ER ligands identified ridaifen-B as a potent dual inhibitor of EBOV and MARV. Optimization and reverse-engineering to remove ER activity led to a novel compound 30 (XL-147) showing potent inhibition against infectious EBOV Zaire (0.09 μM) and MARV (0.64 μM). Mutagenesis studies confirmed that inhibition of EBOV viral entry is mediated by the direct interaction with GP. Importantly, compound 30 displayed a broad-spectrum antifilovirus activity against Bundibugyo, Tai Forest, Reston, and Měngla viruses and is the first submicromolar antiviral agent reported for some of these strains, therefore warranting further development as a pan-filovirus inhibitor.
“To Struggle Up a Never-Ending Stair”: Theodicy and the Failure It Gifts to Black Liberation Theology

There has been much criticism – and an overall unfortunate dismissal – of William R. Jones' Is God A White Racist?: A Preamble to Black Theology (1973) in the literature of Black liberation theolog...
Surface Treatment of Eggshells with Low-Energy Electron Beam

Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was the main cause of the pandemic of foodborne salmonellosis. The surface of eggs’ shells can be contaminated with this bacterium; however, washing them with sodium hypochlorite solution not only reduces their flavor but also heavily impacts the environment. An alternative to this is surface sterilization using low-energy electron beam. It is known that irradiation with 1 kGy resulted in a significant 3.9 log reduction (reduction factor of 10,000) in detectable SE on the shell. FAO/IAEA/WHO indicates irradiation of any food commodity up to an overall average dose of 10 kGy presents no toxicological hazard. On the other hand, the Food and Drug Administration has deemed a dose of up to 3 kGy is allowable for eggs. However, the maximum dose permitted to be absorbed by an edible part (i.e. , internal dose) is 0.1 Gy in Japan and 0.5 Gy in European Union. Materials and Methods: The electron beam (EB) depth dose distribution in the eggshell was calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The internal dose was also estimated by Monte Carlo simulation and experimentation. Results and Discussion: The EB depth dose distribution for the eggshells indicated that acceleration voltages between 80 and 200 kV were optimal for eggshell sterilization. It was also found that acceleration voltages between 80 and 150 kV were suitable for reducing the internal dose to ≤ 0.10 Gy. Conclusion: The optimum irradiative conditions for sterilizing only eggshells with an EB were between 80 and 150 kV.
The New Managerialism: Courts, Positive Duties, and Economic and Social Rights

An inseparable component of liberal constitutionalism is the respect accorded to so-called negative rights, which rest on duties of government restraint. But just as governments must have their hands tied, in this model, they must also work to secure rights, by actively and effectively planning, regulating, budgeting, and monitoring. These positive duties are particularly pronounced for so-called "positive rights", which guarantee access to goods, services and opportunities such as social security, education, health care, land, food, water, sanitation, or to a clean environment. Of course, it is clear that so-called negative rights require both duties of commission and restraint; just as so-called positive rights call for the same. Nonetheless, the positive duties that attach to economic and social rights put particular pressure on courts, the executive, the legislature and civil society. Indeed, courts have become central in enforcing the negative and positive duties that arise from justiciable complaints about matters such as medical treatment denials, electricity and water shutoffs, evictions, schools and education outcomes, pollution levels, and food distribution schemes. The widespread adoption of economic and social rights in a majority of the world’s constitutions, combined with a pronounced shortfall in the realization of such rights, herald a new managerialism in constitutional government. This chapter, under review for the edited collection, Constitutionalism and a Right to Effective Government by Vicki Jackson and Yasmin Dawood, takes one prominent jurisdiction, South Africa, and examines how its courts have enforced constitutional rights to access health care, housing, electricity, water and sanitation, particularly in the last decade. It describes both interpretive and institutional trends. As a matter of interpretation, courts invoke the textual guarantees of effective, co-operative, federal government and public administration, alongside express economic and social rights. As an institutional matter, courts are increasingly favoring a managerial dynamic, co-originating in South Africa’s case with the behaviour of the executive. Courts increasingly respond to ineffective government by personalizing responsibility, including through costs, joining state actors in private litigation, and supervising and controlling state assets. This chapter also shows how conventional alternatives to managerialism, such as dialogic or experimental review, have become more responsive to management deficiencies. This includes the dialogical suspension of orders, or the judicial emphasis on existing duties to budget and plan. It also occurs during experimental dispute resolution, when courts supervise a “meaningful engagement” between the parties. Updating my earlier typology of judicial review, which argued that courts frequently acted as catalysts in provoking governmental or civil society responses, this chapter emphasizes a more urgent, managerial response.
Dioxidomolybdenum(VI) complex featuring a 2,4-di­fluoro-substituted amine bis­(phenolate) ligand

Synthetic complexes containing a cis-[MoO2]2+ core are well-established models for the molybdenum co-factor (Moco). Here we report the crystal structure of such a model complex bearing a tetra­dentate amine bis­(phenolate) ligand with fluorine substituents on the phenolate rings, namely, [2,2′-({[2-(di­methyl­amino)­eth­yl]aza­nedi­yl}bis­(methyl­ene))bis­(4,6-di­fluoro­phenolato)]dioxidomolybden­um(VI)), [Mo(C18H18F4N2O2)O2]. Distortion from idealized octa­hedral symmetry about the Mo center is evident in the large O=Mo=O angle [108.54 (4)°] and the small N–Mo–Ophenolate angles [79.79 (4), 81.21 (3), 77.83 (3), and 84.59 (3)°]. The dihedral angle between the phenolate rings is 60.06 (4)°, and π–π stacking is observed between aromatic rings related by inversion (1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z). The lower data-collection temperature of 150 K vs room-temperature data collection reported previously [KOWXIF; Cao et al. (2014). Transit. Met. Chem. 39, 933–937] and larger 2θ range for data collection (5.8–66.6° versus 6–54.96°) led to a structure with lower R1 and ωR2 values (0.019 and 0.049 vs 0.0310 and 0.0566 for KOWXIF). Comparison of the metrical parameters with KOWXIF suggests that this dataset offers a more realistic depiction of bonding within the MoVI=O moiety.
CYP2C19 genotype variability in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux after per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM).

Background and study aims Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux is a recognized potential adverse event following peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are an effective first-line therapy; although their efficacy can be affected by genotype cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) variability leading to enhanced clearance of PPIs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence of CYP2C19 genotype variability in POEM patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Patients and methods This was a single-center, prospective, cohort study of consecutive POEM cases during a 7-year study period (2013–2020). Reflux symptoms were assessed with the validated gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GerdQ) and objective pH testing after POEM. CYP2C19 genotype testing was obtained in all patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms, defined as an abnormal pH study and GerdQ score ≥ 8 while on PPIs twice daily. Results POEM was performed in 325 consecutive patients (48.3 % female; mean age 57 years) during the study period. Twenty patients (6.8 %) had PPI-refractory, post-POEM gastroesophageal reflux based on their GerdQ score (median 9, range 8–11) and abnormal pH studies. CYP2C19 genotype testing identified 55 % (11/20) of these patients as being rapid metabolizers. Out of these, 9 (82 %) had improvement in clinical GERD symptoms after changing to a PPI less affected by CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics. Conclusions Post-POEM, PPI-refractory GERD is rare. As shown in this study, rapid metabolizers commonly respond by changing to a PPI less affected by CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics, thereby reducing the risk of long-term consequences from GERD and unnecessary anti-reflux surgery.
Increasing persuasion through mobility and connectivity

obility and networking represent an emerging frontier for persuasive technology. This chapter discusses how and why mobile and connected devices can be so effective in persuading people to change their attitudes and behavior. Mobile persuasion goes beyond using mobile devices to promote products and services. Mobile devices offer unique opportunities for persuasion, they play a major role in motivating and influencing people. To help people achieve their goals, mobile devices could leverage a wider range of influence strategies, from offering simulations that give insight to establishing a system of digital rewards to motivate users. Mobile devices that are easy to use have greater potential to persuade. To create successful mobile persuasion experiences, designers need to design interactions that are long-standing and comfortable. Just as mobile technologies, technologies that are networked or connected create opportunities to use influence effectively. A connected device is capable of exchanging data with remote devices and people through the Internet or another communication infrastructure. Connected devices have three advantages over nonnetworked devices—they can provide current, contingent, and coordinated information. These are able to gather and report the most current and the most persuasive information.
Voltage‐dependent gating of NR1/2B NMDA receptors

Ligand-gated ion channels are activated by agonist binding, but may also be modulated by membrane voltage. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) exhibit especially strong voltage dependence due to channel block by external Mg(2+) (Mg(o)(2+)). Here we demonstrate that activity of NMDARs composed of NR1 and NR2B subunits (NR1/2B receptors) is enhanced by depolarization even in 0 Mg(o)(2+), causing slow current relaxations in response to rapid voltage changes. We present a kinetic model of receptor activation that incorporates voltage-dependent gating-associated NR2B subunit conformational changes. The model accurately reproduces current relaxations during depolarizations and subsequent repolarizations in 0 Mg(o)(2+). Model simulations in physiological Mg(o)(2+) concentrations show that voltage-dependent receptor gating also underlies the slow component of Mg(o)(2+) unblock, a phenomenon that previously was shown to influence Mg(o)(2+) unblock kinetics during dendritic spikes. We propose that voltage-dependent gating of NR1/2B receptors confers enhanced voltage and time dependence on NMDAR-mediated signalling.
Rogue Insect Immunity

Insects use a variety of strategies to fight pathogens at different stages of infection, which may guide antimicrobial development for human use.
Colonial and postcolonial museum collecting in Papua New Guinea

This essay contrasts early and later colonial collecting by anthropologists and museum scientists in Melanesia with the postcolonial collecting in which I participated in the 1980s under the aus- pices of the Australian Museum (1987). My contention is that museum collections made during early colonialism took place in a relatively hierarchical and androcentric context of moral differ- ence. In subsequent phases of the colonial era, as well as in the ongoing postcolonial period, anthropological collecting sought, and continues to seek, egalitarian and gender inclusive dia- logue with vendors; in part by drawing from local metaphors and idioms to express status inclusivity. With the establishment of the German state in New Guinea in the late nineteenth cen- tury and through the onset of WWI, all kinds of collectors began to compete on the colonial frontier; missionaries, sailors, traders, colonial officials and scientists, to such an extent that George Dorsey, working on behalf of the Field Museum in Chicago in 1909, observed that 'practically every German in the colony is a collector ... (and e) very man's house here is a Museum' (Dorsey quoted by Welsch 2000: 164, see also O'Hanlon and Welsch 2000). If there were an 'obsession' in the colonial era with marking status difference in material form (Gosden 2000: 233)—the white colonial clad from head to toe standing next to the half-naked, black kanaka—early colonial collecting made an important contribution to this obsession. Transactions of artefacts confronted Melanesians with irreducible signs of moral discontinuity and lack (Man- derson and Jolly 1990). But the early colonial context of collection—racism, hierarchy and misunderstanding—also called into question the ethical status of the objects that were shipped off to Euro-American museums (Buschmann 2000, see also Welsch 2005). This essay develops an historical overview of collecting by museum scientists and anthropologists, beginning in the early colonial period prior to WWI, and extending into postcolonial collecting, the latter period being illustrated by a project Kathleen Barlow, Lissant Bolton and I led on behalf of the Australian Museum in 1986-88. I
Length of the lunar crescent

Observations of the crescent moon are studied to determine why the illuminated portion does not extend to a 180-deg arc. The observations are discussed in terms of optical aids, seeing effects, and cusp brightness to examine possible explanations. Hapke's (1984) model is employed to measure lunar surface brightnesses for the present observations and those of Danjon (1932, 1936). The crescent tends to get narrower and dimmer as the moon gets closer to the sun; a model is proposed in which the visible arc length varies as a function of a particular sun-moon angle. Scatter is also predicted for the model which depends on the varying observer sensitivity and other effects. The predictions of the model are found to match all the observational data effectively. An important conclusion is that the crescent moon will be invisible when the moon is within 7 degrees of the sun.
Identification of the dietary lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, in human intestinal contents

Plant lectins are known to have potent biological actions of normal and malignant cells. High concentrations of these lectins are present in many types of high residue diets. The specific binding of wheat germ agglutinin, a dietary plant lectin, to N-acetylglucosamine was used as the basis for purification of this lectin by biospecific chitin affinity chromatography. Subsequently, methods were developed for the extraction, purification, and identification of wheat germ agglutinin from fecal samples. Biologically intact wheat germ agglutinin was detected in ileostomy effluent and fecal collections from human subjects consuming a diet containing wheat germ. These studies demonstrate that wheat germ agglutinin can traverse the human small intestine intact. It is feasible that orally ingested wheat germ agglutinin and other plant lectins which interact with a wide variety of cell membranes may alter intestinal epithelial or bacterial cell function in the human bowel.
A faster way to make GFP-based biosensors: Two new transposons for creating multicolored libraries of fluorescent fusion proteins

Background There are now several ways to generate fluorescent fusion proteins by randomly inserting DNA encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) into another protein's coding sequence. These approaches can be used to map regions in a protein that are permissive for GFP insertion or to create novel biosensors. While remarkably useful, the current insertional strategies have two major limitations: (1) they only produce one kind, or color, of fluorescent fusion protein and (2) one half of all GFP insertions within the target coding sequence are in the wrong orientation.
Thermal analysis and extended operation simulation of the DIII-D TF-coil belt bus system

The DIII-D toroidal field [TF] belt bus system provides an electrical connection between adjacent TF-coil bundles to form a continuous current path for the TF-coil system. There is also a return path which is electrically isolated from the belt bus. The function of the system is to carry TF-coil current while minimizing the TF-coil error field in accordance with physics requirements. The system is currently capable of handling 5 s of operation with a peak current of 127 kA in the TF-coil. Future requirements for the system are the capability to support 10 s operation with 10 min cooldown periods in between shots. Experiments have been carried out which describe the physical parameters of the system, such as the contact resistance across the bus bar joints. Additionally, using an optical fiber-based temperature monitoring unit, the temperature response of the system to operations was determined. Based on these characterizations of the system, a 3-D thermal model was built to predict the behavior of the system for 10 s operations. The limitation of the system is the maximum allowable temperature of approximately 150/spl deg/C for the G11 insulators. The model was constructed full scale per engineering drawings using Solidworks, meshed, and then exported to Cosmos for analysis. Once good correlation was achieved with the observed responses to 5 s pulses, the behavior of the system for 10 s pulses was predicted. Various design modifications, such as water cooled bolts, were simulated in order to estimate their impact on creating a system that meets the 10 s criteria.
Satellite Studies of the Ionization in Space by Radio

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the satellite studies of the ionization in space by radio methods. It is possible to investigate whole space below the satellite, if the satellite is equipped with sources of radio waves and is not merely limited to investigating the electron density at the satellite. These waves are received at the ground and then by noting the effects impressed during transit, one can make deductions about the ionization of the intervening medium. An entirely different method of obtaining information about the medium is contributed by the Faraday's effect, the phenomenon of birefringence induced in suitable media by a magnetic field. The most important observable effects of ionization are to change the angle of arrival of the ray, the Doppler shift, and the polarization at arrival. Furthermore, the future development of radio beacon experiments should be planned to exploit the ability of measuring integrated electron density. Suitably high frequencies should be selected to minimize path splitting and to facilitate the interpretation of results.
Update on Nonneoplastic Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Related Entities

Abstract Context.—Recent discoveries have expanded the spectrum of nonneoplastic pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders and have provided new insights into their pathogenesis and treatment. Objective.—To review the thoracic manifestations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G4–related sclerosing disease and summarize current concepts and differential diagnosis of follicular bronchiolitis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. Data sources.—Data sources include recent and old articles, cases from the personal files of the author, and cases borrowed with permission from other authors. Conclusions.—Additional studies will be needed to further refine and add to observations in this evolving area of pulmonary pathology.