cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a helper/inducer membrane phenotype: a distinct clinicopathologic subtype with a poor prognosis.

T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL) accounts for about 2% of the various types of CLL and can be subtyped into helper/inducer (h/i) and cytotoxic/suppressor (c/s) cell membrane phenotypes. Seven patients with CLL were shown to have T-CLL with a h/i cell membrane phenotype; four with monoclonal antibody reagents and three by demonstration of the E-rosette receptor and focal acid alpha naphthyl acetate esterase activity. The clinical courses, treatment responses, and laboratory findings of these seven patients were reviewed to determine the prognosis and unique clinicopathologic features of this subtype. Two patients presented with skin rashes, and five were diagnosed during evaluation for other medical problems. Initially, four patients had splenomegaly and two had lymphadenopathy, but none of the patients had hepatomegaly. Morphologic examination revealed uniform, small lymphocytes in three patients, and the lymphocytes had nuclear indentations in four patients. Sera from the three patients tested were negative for antibody to the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus I. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from one patient showed normal interleukin-2 production and lacked antibody-dependent cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity and natural killer activity. Cytogenetic analysis was done on one patient, revealing an abnormal clone with several chromosomal abnormalities, including an X; 14 translocation with a break point at 14q11. All patients required chemotherapy, and all died a median of 21 months from the time of diagnosis. The findings in these patients, in addition to those in 31 patients described in the literature, indicate that h/i T-CLL is associated with a poor prognosis and has distinct clinical and pathologic features that separate it from c/s T-CLL, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and B-CLL.
Routine multiplex mutational profiling of melanomas enables enrollment in genotype-driven therapeutic trials.

Purpose: Knowledge of tumor mutation status is becoming increasingly important for the treatment of cancer, as mutationspecific inhibitors are being developed for clinical use that target only sub-populations of patients with particular tumor genotypes. Melanoma provides a recent example of this paradigm. We report here development, validation, and implementation of an assay designed to simultaneously detect 43 common somatic point mutations in 6 genes (BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, GNA11, and CTNNB1) potentially relevant to existing and emerging targeted therapies specifically in melanoma. Methods: The test utilizes the SNaPshot method (multiplex PCR, multiplex primer extension, and capillary electrophoresis) and can be performed rapidly with high sensitivity (requiring 5–10% mutant allele frequency) and minimal amounts of DNA (10–20 nanograms). The assay was validated using cell lines, fresh-frozen tissue, and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Clinical characteristics and the impact on clinical trial enrollment were then assessed for the first 150 melanoma patients whose tumors were genotyped in the Vanderbilt molecular diagnostics lab. Results: Directing this test to a single disease, 90 of 150 (60%) melanomas from sites throughout the body harbored a mutation tested, including 57, 23, 6, 3, and 2 mutations in BRAF, NRAS, GNAQ, KIT, and CTNNB1, respectively. Among BRAF V600 mutations, 79%, 12%, 5%, and 4% were V600E, V600K, V600R, and V600M, respectively. 23 of 54 (43%) patients with mutation harboring metastatic disease were subsequently enrolled in genotype-driven trials. Conclusion: We present development of a simple mutational profiling screen for clinically relevant mutations in melanoma. Adoption of this genetically-informed approach to the treatment of melanoma has already had an impact on clinical trial enrollment and prioritization of therapy for patients with the disease.
Taking aim at posttraumatic stress disorder: understanding its nature and shooting down myths

I n this issue, we are privileged to have 2 state-of-the-art reviews on the topic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), written by preeminent authorities in the field. Dr Naomi Breslau provides a critical overview of the epidemiology of PTSD, highlighting sex differences and comorbidity. Dr Gordon Asmundson and colleagues’ insightful synthesis of the literature linking PTSD to chronic pain emphasizes clinical and research implications. Both papers contain succinct summaries that will inform readers of cutting-edge thinking in these areas.
A vision system for inspection of ball bonds in integrated circuits

The paper describes a vision system for automatic inspection of the connecting part of the wire bond of an IC where the wire connects to the bond pad on the chip. It considers a popular type of such bonds known as 'ball bond'. Using two-dimensional images taken from the top of the IC wafer, the system determines several geometric measures which are important in determining the quality of the bond. These measures include the boundary, length of major and minor axes of the best fitting ellipse and the center. The process utilizes automatic thresholding, morphological operations and geometric moments of the image. Success of the method is demonstrated through experimental studies on actual bonds. >
Data visualization for network simulations

As many other kinds of simulation experiments, simulations of computer networks tend to generate high volumes of output data. While the collection and the statistical processing of these data are challenges in and of themselves, creating meaningful visualizations from them is as much an art as it is a science. A sophisticated body of knowledge in information design and data visualization has been developed and continues to evolve. However, many of the visualizations created by the network simulation community tend to be less than optimal at creating compelling, informative narratives from experimental output data. The primary contribution of this paper is to explore some of the design dimensions in visualization and some advances in the field that are applicable to network simulation. We also discuss developments in the creation of the visualization subsystem in the Simulation Automation Framework for Experiments (SAFE) in the context of best practices for data visualization.
Transterpreting Multilingual Electronic Meetings

Communicating in a non-native language during a traditional, oral meeting is difficult, but a Group Support System (GSS) along with online machine translation (MT) can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the discussion. An experimental study shows that a group facilitator can use a Web-based translation service to support a multilingual meeting, but completely automated language support is likely to be more efficient for large groups.
Women's Policy Leadership in the United States

Today's policymaking process encompasses a broad range of participants: legislative, executive, and judicial office holders; members of the bureaucracy; and leaders of nongovernmental organizations, including nonprofit and volunteer organizations, private businesses, and interest groups. During the past three decades, women have become significant players in American policymaking, though their success rates have been uneven. Since
Effect of preexcisional heparin anticoagulation on excised canine vein and artery prostanoid production.

The effect of heparin, administered prior to vessel dissection and excision, on the luminal release of prostanoids from an excised vessel was assessed. Eight adult mongrel dogs underwent removal of the jugular vein and carotid artery on one side, followed by intravenous administration of heparin sodium (150 IU/kg) and subsequent removal of these same vessels from the contralateral neck. The excised vessels were perfused in an ex viva system with Hanks’ balanced salt solution for five consecutive 15-min periods. Prostacyclin release (measured as 6keto-PGF& and thromboxane Az (measured as thromboxane B,) release into the perfusate were quantitated by radloimmunoassay. Vessel segments were studied with and without first period thrombin stimulation (2 U/ml) and with arachidonic acid (4 wg/ml) stimulation during the last perfusion period. Vein segments following heparin administration exhibited greater prostacyclin production than veins not exposed to heparin. This effect did not occur in arteries. Heparin did not influence thromboxane Ax release. Luminal endothelial cell coverage was not affected by the presence or absence of heparin. Thus heparin anticoagulation prior to dissection and excision of a vein, may enhance early preservation of its endothelial cell function as evident by increased luminal release of prostacyclin.
Localization of FSH-releasing factor in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis as determined by in vitro assay.

FSH-releasing action of rat hypothalamic extracts was assessed by an in vitro assay with male anterior pituitaries. The endpoint was the increase in FSH in the medium after a 6 hr period of incubation. FSH was assayed by the rat ovarian weight augmentation method. Doses of crude extract prepared from of a rat stalk-median eminence/pituitary produced a significant increase of FSH release into the media and a dose-response relationship was obtained. Similarly prepared extracts from cerebral cortex or muscle were inactive, as was vasopressin. When FSH concentration of pituitaries was added to that of the medium in order to determine the effect of stalk median eminence extract on total FSH, there was an indication of an increase in total FSH with low doses of extract which was not maintained at higher doses. Frozen sections were cut in 3 planes through the hypothalamus to determine the localization of the FSH-releasing factor. Activity was localized to the medial, basal, tuberal region, an area which included...
Reconstructing the Mediaeval low stands of Mono Lake, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Palaeosimulations of Mono Lake covering the past 2 kyr have been conducted using a water balance model forced with tree-ring derived inflow estimates. The results show two low stands, during the ninth to tenth and twelfth to thirteenth centuries, that agree well in timing and magnitude with those described by Stine (1987, 1990, 1994) on the basis of geomorphic evidence and relict trees and shrubs exposed on Mono Lake's artifi- cially exposed shorelands. The lake simulation provides independent corroboration of the timing and magni- tude of Stine's drought-induced low stands and supports the accuracy of tree-ring-derived estimates of Mediaeval precipitation and runoff reductions in the central Sierra Nevada. Specifically, we estimate that dur- ing the two Mediaeval droughts, centennial average precipitation and river runoff in the central Sierra Nevada reached as low as 75% of the twentieth century values, with multidecade averages as low as 60-65%. In both magnitude and duration, these droughts far exceed anything experienced in the region during modern times. An analysis of the spatial patterns of reconstructed drought indices shows that the particular 'two drought' Mono Lake low stand signal was focused over central and southern California, indicating the dominant role of boreal winter precipitation deficits. In this respect, the 'Great Sierra Nevada droughts' were somewhat distinct from the more general Great Basin/far western Plains pattern of Mediaeval aridity over the western USA.
The perceived impact of public reporting hospital performance data: interviews with hospital staff

Objective To assess perceptions about the value and impact of publicly reporting hospital performance measure data. Design Qualitative research. Setting and participants Administrators, physicians, nurses and other front-line staff from 29 randomly selected Joint Commission-accredited hospitals reporting core performance measure data. Methods Structured focus-group interviews were conducted to gather hospital staff perceptions of the perceived impact of publicly reporting performance measure data. Results Interviews revealed six common themes. Publicly reporting data: (i) led to increased involvement of leadership in performance improvement; (ii) created a sense of accountability to both internal and external customers; (iii) contributed to a heightened awareness of performance measure data throughout the hospital; (iv) influenced or re-focused organizational priorities; (v) raised concerns about data quality and (vi) led to questions about consumer understanding of performance reports. Few differences were noted in responses based on hospitals' performance on the measures. Conclusions Public reporting of performance measure data appears to motivate and energize organizations to improve or maintain high levels of performance. Despite commonly cited concerns over the limitations, validity and interpretability of publicly reported data, the heightened awareness of the data intensified the focus on performance improvement activities. As the healthcare industry has moved toward greater transparency and accountability, healthcare professionals have responded by re-prioritizing hospital quality improvement efforts to address newly exposed gaps in care.
Analytical modeling of THz wave propagation inside ungated two dimensional electron gas layers

Plasma wave propagation along an ungated two Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG) layer of a hetrostructure is studied. It is shown that the wave can be useful in amplification of THz signals. An analytical solution of Maxwell and Hydrodynamic equations is presented. This method provides an insight into electromagnetic modes allowed to propagate along the 2DEG as electrons are in motion with constant average drift velocity. Besides, wave impedances of the modes are illustrated. Afterwards, a simple matching network design for input and output ports of the 2DEGs is developed.
CREATING UBIQUITOUS INTERACTIVE GAMES USING EVERYWHERE DISPLAYS PROJECTORS

This paper introduces the Everywhere Displays projector, a device that uses a rotating minor to steer the light from an LCD projector onto different surfaces of an environment and a pan/tilt camera to sense interaction with the projected surface. The ED-projector is a generic I/O ubiquitous device that is able to create graphical interfaces on non-wired surfaces, to access computational power and networked data. Also, ED-projectors can be used to augment reality without the use of goggles. In both cases, ED-projectors can be used to create a new generation of games that are played by one or more users on the real world, without requiring them to wear goggles neither asking for specially wired surfaces or objects. Some ideas of the games that can be created with the ED-projector are introduced and examined.
Aberrant Neural Connectivity During Emotional Processing Associated With Posttraumatic Stress

Given the complexity of the brain, characterizing relations among distributed brain regions is likely essential to describing the neural instantiation of posttraumatic stress symptoms. This study examined patterns of functional connectivity among key brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 35 trauma-exposed adults using an emotion-word Stroop task. PTSD symptom severity (particularly hyperarousal symptoms) moderated amygdala-mPFC coupling during the processing of unpleasant words, and this moderation correlated positively with reported real-world impairment and amygdala reactivity. Reexperiencing severity moderated hippocampus-insula coupling during pleasant and unpleasant words. Results provide evidence that PTSD symptoms differentially moderate functional coupling during emotional interference and underscore the importance of examining network connectivity in research on PTSD. They suggest that hyperarousal is associated with negative mPFC-amygdala coupling and that reexperiencing is associated with altered insula-hippocampus function, patterns of connectivity that may represent separable indicators of dysfunctional inhibitory control during affective processing.
Further specifications of the process

The results of the last two sections are valid if the M. C. is separable and measurable. These two properties do not determine the sample limit functions with probability one. More precisely, given the initial distribution and the standard transition matrix, there are in general different versions of the process which are measurable and separable with the same separability set but in which sample functions corresponding to the same ω are different for a. a. ω.
Flaw of One Price; The International Comparison Program in Historical Perspective

This is an invited introduction to the S.I Poverty, Income and PRices: Comparisons at National and Local Level, edited by L. Biggeri and P. Rao.
An Iterative Method for Approximating Square Roots

Introduction Mathematicians have been approximating the square roots of nonsquare integers with rational numbers for thousands of years. Many ingenious schemes have been used to generate these approximations and a good deal of interesting number theory has been discovered in the process. After reviewing some of these historical attempts and some of the number theory involved, we present an iterative procedure for approximating square roots which is based on an observation of M. A. Grant [3].
Study of the Chemical Environment inside Free Volume Holes in Halogenated Styrene Polymers Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

In this paper, a systematic study is provided of the chemical environment inside free volume holes in a series of halogenated polystyrenes (p-position), −[CH2CH C6H5X]n– (X = F, Cl, Br, I), by using positron annihilation spectroscopy. In such polymers it was determined that the chemical environment is the major effect on Doppler broadening of two 511 keV γ photons from positron–electron annihilation. Doppler broadening energy spectroscopy (DBES) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were combined in a novel approach to study the chemical environment in a polymer system. A highly linear relationship between Doppler broadenings caused by electron kinetic energies of valence electrons and the ionization potentials of halogen elements was obtained, as well as a similar correlation with the results from ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations for monohalogenobenzenes, C6H5X (X = F, Cl, Br, I). The results demonstrate that the combination of DBES and PALS may provide an effective way to s...
Viral Infections of the Skin: Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, Warts, and Molluscum Contagiosum

Clinical presentations and treatment of the five major pediatric viral infections of the skin are delineated.
Separation, Visitation and Reunification: Michigan Child Welfare Reform and Its Implications for Siblings

Removal of children from abusive or neglectful families is an unfortunate but necessary aspect of child protective services, and the separation of siblings can be especially traumatic. This paper examines the Dwayne B. v. Snyder Modified Settlement Agreement (MSA), the result of a class action lawsuit regarding the management of the child welfare foster care system by the Michigan Department of Human Services. The MSA contains several mandates regarding the handling of siblings, though various measures of compliance remain unmet. Through field observations and interviews within the Michigan foster care system, we identify several factors prohibiting effective sibling care. Each year over 200,000 children enter foster care in the United States, most often upon the intervention of child protective services [CPS] who become involved in children's lives when allegations of abuse and neglect are confirmed (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). While such intervention may be necessary, state interference in child-victims' lives is often traumatic as well. Allowing (non-offending) siblings regular and quality contact with one another, and where possible placing them in the same foster home, may mitigate the effects of CPS involvement. Unfortunately a host of factors impact sibling interaction and out-of-home placement.
International Falun Gong Movement on the Web

Framing a collective identity is an essential process in a social movement. The identity defines the orientation of public actions to take and establishes an informal interaction network for circulating important information and material resources. While domestic social movements emphasize the coherence of identity in alliance, global or cyber activism is now flexible in its collective identity given the rise of the Internet. A campaign may include diverse social movement organizations (SMOs) with different social agendas. This flexible identity framing encourages personal involvement in direct action. On the other hand, it may damage solidarity within SMOs and make campaigns difficult to control. To assess the sustainability of an SMO, it is important to understand its collective identity and the social codes embedded within its associated cyber societies and cyber-artifacts. In this chapter, we took a cyber-archaeology approach and used the international Falun Gong (FLG) movement as a case study to investigate this identity-framing issue. We employed Social Network Analysis and Writeprint to analyze FLG’s cyber-artifacts from the perspectives of links, web content, and forum content. In the link analysis, FLG’s web sites linked closely to Chinese democracy and human rights SMOs, reflecting FLG’s historical conflicts with the Chinese government after the official ban in 1999. In the web content analysis, we used Writeprint to analyze the writings of Hongzhi Li and his editors, and found that Hongzhi Li’s writings center around the ideological teaching of Falun Dafa while the editors post specific programs to realize Li’s teaching. In the forum content analysis, FLG comprehensively organizes several different concepts on a continuum: from FLG ideology to life philosophy and mysterious phenomena, and from mysterious phenomena to anti-Chinese Communist Party and persecution by conceptualizing the Chinese government as evil. By deploying those cyber-artifacts, FLG seamlessly connects different ideologies and establishes its identity as a Qi-Gong, religious, and activist group.
Spinal fracture in polytrauma situation

The timing of surgical stabilization of a thoracolumbar spine fracture in a polytrauma situation is controversial. While delayed surgery was considered safe and the norm, over the last few years there is an increasing amount of literature available that supports early stabilization of the spine fracture with good neurological and non-neurological outcomes. Adequate “resuscitation” of the patient prior to surgical intervention is of paramount importance to reduce surgery associated “second hit”. The “spine damage control” approach is a safe and appropriate management strategy in a polytrauma situation. Minimally invasive stabilization follows the principles of “damage control orthopedics” and appears to be a good surgical option.
Gay and Bisexual Men's Strategies to Maintain Daily Adherence to Their HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Medication: Results from a Qualitative Study.

Since FDA approval in 2012, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been adopted by key populations, including gay and bisexual men (GBM), to reduce their HIV transmission risk. Given that PrEP is optimally effective when taken as prescribed, it is critical to understand the adherence strategies GBM use. We conducted one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with GBM taking PrEP in 2015–2016 (n = 103). Using thematic analysis, we identified six adherence strategies, with most participants (84.3%) utilizing multiple strategies to maintain adequate adherence: (1) integrating PrEP into part of a daily routine, (2) using a pillbox, (3) cognitive strategies/visual cues, (4) setting recurring smartphone alarms or reminders, (5) keeping medication on oneself at all times, and (6) partner or peer support for reminders and/or pill sharing. Overall, participants reported high PrEP adherence (M = 1.6 missed doses in the prior 30 days), though nearly all described missing at least one dose unintentionally in the past. Participants credited their high levels of adherence in part to the strategies they adopted. Providers working with GBM prescribed PrEP, especially patients reporting difficulties with adherence, might consider recommending any or all of the six strategies described in this study.
Impact of Resolution on Extended-Range Multi-Scale Simulations

Abstract : In this project we diagnose and characterize model error as a function of resolution in extended-range (monthly) prediction using a linked global (NAVGEM) and regional coupled (COAMPS ) forecast system. Diagnosing and understanding the characteristics of model error as a function of horizontal resolution is a necessary step toward our long-term goal of producing useful extended-range predictions, and will set the groundwork for the development of the seamless weather-climate Earth System Prediction Capability (ESPC). Nesting a cloud-resolving model inside a hydrostatic global model serves as a bridge toward the next generation high-resolution global cloud-resolving modeling capability.
Evolution equation for nonlinear Lucassen waves

A nonlinear, fractional, surface-wave equation was developed recently by Kappler et al. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 2, 114804 (2017)] for propagation along an elastic interface coupled to a viscous incompressible medium. Linear theory for attenuation and dispersion of such a wave was developed by Lucassen [Trans. Faraday Soc. 64, 2221 (1968)]. Kappler et al. employ a fractional derivative to account for the Lucassen attenuation and dispersion, and they include quadratic and cubic nonlinearity of the elastic interface. Presented here are two simplified forms of their model equation for plane progressive waves, one in a fixed reference frame and the other in a moving frame, both of which facilitate numerical calculations. The former agrees most closely with the equation of Kappler et al. The latter has the form of a Burgers equation with a fractional derivative in place of the second derivative for viscosity, and it proves convenient for determining critical source amplitudes above which Lucassen attenuation and dispersion alone cannot prevent formation of unphysical multivalued waveforms [Cormack and Hamilton, Wave Motion 85, 18 (2019)]. The latter form also enables interpretation of a threshold phenomenon, revealed in numerical simulations presented by Kappler et al., as competition between quadratic and cubic nonlinearity.
Design of an Interstitial Microwave Applicator for 3D Printing Antennas in the Body

3D printing in the body is an emerging technology with a host of biomedical applications, including wireless telemetry. An EM heating applicator can be used to "print" structures in the body using a biocompatible polymer material. This paper evaluates an applicator that could be used to produce focused heating for this purpose. This applicator is a sleeved-slot antenna operating at 2450 MHz. Simulations in brain tissue showed the applicator was capable of heating 3.3°C in 3 s.
An Analysis of CMRR Degradation in Multi-Channel Biosignal Recording Systems

Multi-channel biosignal recording systems that employ a shared-reference scheme and achieve high common-mode rejection ratio (i.e., CMRR > 80dB) have been reported in recent works. While it is well-understood that a shared-reference scheme causes impedance mismatch at the input terminals of bioamplifier, and thus limits the maximum achievable CMRR, a theoretical study that can provide quantitative assessment of this source of degradation is still lacking. This brief provides an equivalent electrical circuit model of the input interface consisting of an electrode array and bioamplifiers, followed by a complete analysis to formulate the CMRR degradation. Simulation results based on a previously designed and fabricated 32-channel neural recording front-end in a 180nm CMOS process are presented, exhibiting close agreement with the theory.
Background and Methodology

This chapter introduces Florida and Tampa Bay advanced manufacturing industry and career and technical education as the setting for this study. Tampa Bay area manufacturing is dominated by small companies, often family-owned operations. These small manufacturers are disproportionately dependent on hiring locally and need local educational institutions to train their workforce. The 2007 Florida Career and Professional Education (CAPE) Act which required all school districts in the state to establish at least one career academy by the 2008–2009 academic year. This chapter also includes the recruitment, interview procedures, and analyses for the 26 employers, 70 students, 4 teachers, and three district administrators who participated in this study. Analyses reveal the coding strategy used for each of the interview transcripts.
Stimuli-responsive gelators from carbamoyl sugar derivatives and their responses to metal ions and tetrabutylammonium salts

Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) are interesting compounds with a variety of applications. In this research, a library of nineteen carbamate derivatives of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were synthesized and characterized, and several derivatives were found to be effective LMWGs. They formed gels in pump oils as well as mixtures of water with ethanol or water with DMSO. The structures of the carbamoyl chains played an important role in the gelation properties, short chain aliphatic derivatives and phenyl carbamates formed gels in more solvents than certain aromatic and dimeric carbamates. The phenyl carbamate gelator was also selected for the encapsulation of naproxen sodium, and the drug slowly diffused from the gel to the aqueous phase as indicated by UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, we also found that the p-methoxyl benzyl carbamate derivative showed interesting stimuli-responsive gelation properties in the presence of metal salts and tetrabutylammonium salts. The gels were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, rheology and other methods. The self-assembling mechanisms of the gelators were studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The preparation, characterization, and molecular assembling properties of these compounds are reported. The results obtained from this study are useful for the design of other LMWGs and the sugar derivatives can be explored for different biological applications. The formation of spontaneous ionic gels can be applicable for a plethora of applications including catalysis and environmental remediation.
Special Topics in Metrology

Metrology guides such as the JCGM 100 and JCGM 101 present in detail the most commonly used methods for evaluating measurement uncertainty. Additional guides for less commonly used methods are in development. In this chapter we present an overview of methods that we find valuable and deserving of more coverage. These methods include statistical process control (SPC), binary measurement systems (BMS), destructive measurements, sample size determination, and Bayesian analysis in metrology.
Diaries of a Surveilled Citizen after a Failed Revolution in Egypt

Under a pseudonym in December 2011, I published an article titled “al-Jaysh wa-l-Iqtisad fi Barr Misr” (The Army and the Economy in Egypt) in Jadaliyya. I wrote it after months of participating in numerous protests in Cairo against the government of the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF), which took power upon President Hosni Mubarak's abdication in February 2011, and of searching fervidly for the political sources that had allowed the military to prevail over civilian forces. In addition to the tanks and fighter jets, I found some of these sources hidden in a gigantic business empire that the military had clandestinely developed for years. In early 2012 the editor of an online edition of a widely read Egyptian newspaper, a revolutionary female journalist who would later be arrested and detained, invited me to write a series of articles on this business empire, this time using my real name. The first work in decades to be published on this taboo topic, this became the foundation for my later book-length study. As a scholar, this was my humble contribution to an ongoing revolution.
Molecular Z-Scheme for H2 Production via Dual Photocatalytic Cycles

Natural photosynthesis uses an elaborate array of molecular structures in a multi-photon Z-scheme for the conversion of light energy into chemical bonds (i.e. solar fuels). Extensive research effort has been dedicated to achieving artificial photosynthesis but a fully molecular artificial Z-scheme for solar fuels production has yet to be realized. Here we show that upon excitation of both a molecular photocatalyst (PC) and an aryl alcohol (ROH) in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor and proton source, we achieve artificial photosynthesis of H2. Chemical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic data support a mechanism consisting of: 1) photoexcitation of PC, 2) reduction of excited state PC, 3) electron transfer from PC- to photoexcited ROH, and 4) generation of H2 from reduced ROH. The system is catalytic with respect to both PC and ROH and operates at a reaction overpotential of ~40 meV. This molecular Z-scheme circumvents the thermodynamic and overpotential constraints associated with reduction of weak acids in their ground-state and offers a new paradigm for the conversion of light energy into H2 bond energy.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Initial exposure of the host to pathogens results in the interaction of host cells with the pathogens through the use of membrane receptors that bind to molecules on the pathogen. Detection of the pathogen by sentinel cells leads to endocytosis or phagocytosis and cytokine secretion by the host cell. Dendritic cells, macrophages or epithelial cells of the mucosa may participate in these response resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion to initiate innate immune responses. If the pathogen is not cleared, the responses begun in the innate immune responses may activate T and B lymphocytes leading to antibody production and additional cytokine secretion by both cells in the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells and macrophages classically bridge the responses between innate and adaptive immunity.
PXR and the gut-liver axis: a recent update.

It is well-known that the pregnane X receptor (PXR/Nr1i2) is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor enriched in liver and intestine and is responsible for drug-drug interactions (DDI), due to their versatile ligand binding domain (LBD) and target genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. PXR can be modulated by various xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary factors, and environmental chemicals. Microbial metabolites such as certain secondary bile acids (BAs) and the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are endogenous PXR activators. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator for host xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism. PXR regulates and is regulated by the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging pharmaco- and toxico-metagenomic approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of PXR. Key topics covered in this review include 1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-target genes, novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns, and novel PXR-targeted intestinal bacteria; 2) key PXR-modulating activators and suppressors of exogenous and endogenous sources; 3) novel bi-directional interactions between PXR and gut microbiome under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and 4) modifying factors of PXR-signaling including species- and sex difference, and time (age, critical windows of exposure, and circadian rhythm). The review also discusses critical knowledge gaps and important future research topics centering around PXR. Significance Statement This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging O'mics approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor PXR. Key topics include: 1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-targeted host genes and intestinal bacteria as well as novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns; 2) key PXR modulators including microbial metabolites under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and 3) modifying factors including species, sex, and time.
Models of Educational Democracy

TWO MODELS OF EDUCATIONAL DEMOCRACY In this essay we explore the relation between education and democratic society in terms of the possible participation in school governance of marginalized parents and their communities. We examine what we label the core value model of democracy in terms of some problems that are posed by an alternative which we call the preference model. We also examine the efforts of a local group in a Midwest town to address the issues raised by these conflicting models.
T Cell Reactivity during Infectious Mononucleosis and Persistent Gammaherpesvirus Infection in Mice

Intranasal infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 causes a dramatic increase in numbers of activated CD8 + T cells in the blood, analogous in many respects to EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis in humans. In the mouse model, this lymphocytosis has two distinct components: an early, conventional virus-specific CD8 + T cell response, and a later response characterized by a dramatic increase among CD8 + T cells that bear Vβ4 + TCRs. We previously demonstrated that Vβ4 + CD8 + T cells recognize an uncharacterized ligand expressed on latently infected B cells in an MHC-independent manner. The frequency of Vβ4 + CD8 + T cells increases dramatically following the peak of viral latency in the spleen. In the current studies, we show that elevated Vβ4 + CD8 + T cell levels are sustained long-term in persistently infected mice, apparently a consequence of continued ligand expression. In addition, we show that Vβ4 + CD8 + T cells can acquire effector functions, including cytotoxicity and the capacity to secrete IFN-γ, although they have an atypical activation profile compared with well-characterized CD8 + T cells specific for conventional viral epitopes. The characteristics of Vβ4 + CD8 + T cells (potential effector function, stimulation by latently infected B cells, and kinetics of expansion) suggested that this dominant T cell response plays a key role in the immune control of latent virus. However, Ab depletion and adoptive transfer studies show that Vβ4 + CD8 + T cells are not essential for this function. This murine model of infection may provide insight into the role of unusual populations of activated T cells associated with persistent viral infections.
The impact of lean design practices on an organization's radical innovation capability: An empirical study

Since lean management concepts focus on low risk, short-term gradual improvement of existing processes and products with an emphasis on eliminating any and all wastes in the system, applying lean to an organization often implies difficulties in promoting innovations that involve high risks and dramatic changes. In this article, we investigate the impact of lean design practices on an organization's radical innovation capability through a survey study. Results suggest that the stressed importance of standardization in lean design has a negative effect on an organization's radical innovation capability. A negative correlation between the emphasis of “design being compatible with existing manufacturing process” and the organization's radical innovation capability is also suggested. Part integration, on the other hand, positively contributes to an organization's radical innovation capability.
Constitutional Law-Cruel or Unusual Punishment-Indeterminate Sentence with No Maximum Term for a Second Offense of Indecent Exposure is so Disproportionate to the Crime as to Violate the Cruel or Unusual Punishment Provision of the California Constitution

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Reactor analysis of copper indium selenization

A preliminary process analysis of selenization of copper/indium (Cu/In) bilayers in a flowing H/sub 2/Se reactor has been completed. The analysis includes evaluations of heat treatments of Cu/In bilayers and of the relationship between the composition and structure of the bilayer and the resultant CuInSe/sub 2/ film, and an investigation of selenization reaction kinetics, including comparisons between the reaction of H/sub 2/Se with bilayers and with single copper and indium layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA), and scanning electron (SEM) and optical microscopy have been used to study the selenization process. CuInSe/sub 2//(CdZn)S devices were also used to evaluate the quality of the CuInSe/sub 2/ films. Devices with efficiencies greater than 10% have been fabricated. >
Near-infrared spectroscopy of lacustrine sediments in the Great Salt Lake Desert: An analog study for Martian paleolake basins

The identification and characterization of aqueous minerals within ancient lacustrine environments on Mars are a high priority for determining the past habitability of the red planet. Terrestrial analog studies are useful both for understanding the mineralogy of lacustrine sediments, how the mineralogy varies with location in a lacustrine environment, and for validating the use of certain techniques such as visible–near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy. In this study, sediments from the Pilot Valley paleolake basin of the Great Salt Lake desert were characterized using VNIR as an analog for Martian paleolake basins. The spectra and subsequent interpretations were then compared to mineralogical characterization by ground truth methods, including X-ray diffraction, automated scanning electron microscopy, and several geochemical analysis techniques. In general, there is good agreement between VNIR and ground truth methods on the major classes of minerals present in the lake sediments and VNIR spectra can also easily discriminate between clay-dominated and salt-dominated lacustrine terrains within the paleolake basin. However, detection of more detailed mineralogy is difficult with VNIR spectra alone as some minerals can dominate the spectra even at very low abundances. At this site, the VNIR spectra are dominated by absorption bands that are most consistent with gypsum and smectites, though the ground truth methods reveal more diverse mineral assemblages that include a variety of sulfates, primary and secondary phyllosilicates, carbonates, and chlorides. This study provides insight into the limitations regarding the use of VNIR in characterizing complex mineral assemblages inherent in lacustrine settings.
The Role of Threat Assessment and Management in College Counseling: How’s That Net Working?

The authors respond to Goodwin’s (2014) Threat Assessment: Are We Using the Wrong Nets? and use that article as a springboard to discuss various aspects of the threat assessment and management process. We find that Goodwin misses critical elements of the threat assessment and management process, conflates the process with two types of risk assessment, does illuminate some important concerns about the use of instrumentation, but incompletely addresses counseling center staff challenges in assisting the implementation of campus threat assessment and management teams.
Effects of Dietary Sodium and Chloride on Growth, Efficiency of Feed Utilization, Plasma Electrolytes and Plasma Basic Amino Acids in Young Pigs

The metabolic and physiological consequences of three dietary levels of sodium (0.02, 0.11 and 0.18%) and chloride (0.10, 0.22 and 0.33%) were investigated. Corn, soybean meal and corn-gluten meal diets were formulated with varying levels of sodium and chloride. Pigs fed 0.02% sodium gained slower and less efficiently than pigs fed higher levels of sodium. Blood pH was not affected by either dietary sodium or chloride. Linear (P less than 0.01) increases in HCO3, base excess (BE) and plasma sodium were observed when dietary sodium increased. hemoglobin, plasma potassium, urea nitrogen, ornithine, lysine and total basic amino acids decreased linearly as dietary sodium increased. Blood hematocrit decreased curvilinearly (P less than 0.05) with increasing dietary sodium. In addition, increasing dietary chloride linearly increased plasma potassium and decreased blood HCO3 and BE. A curvilinear response to dietary chloride was observed for hemoglobin. Dietary sodium influenced pigs' growth and feed utilization as well as plasma electrolytes and basic amino acids. Although dietary chloride did influence plasma potassium and the buffering capacity of the blood, it had no effect on the rate and efficiency of weight gain of the pigs.
Size Selective Self-Sorting in Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly of Finite Ensembles

Size selective self-sorting in the coordination-driven self-assembly of two-dimensional (2-D) polygons and three-dimensional (3-D) cages is presented. Two types of polygons (rectangular and triangular) of different size are formed spontaneously from within mixtures of a molecular “clip” or a 60° organoplatinum acceptor with dipyridyl linkers of different lengths via self-sorting. Furthermore, two different sized 3-D supramolecular cages are formed upon mixing one ditopic organoplatinum acceptor and two different sized tritopic donors from the self-sorting process. The formation of these polygons and cages is characterized using NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In all cases, the self-sorting process is directed by the size of the donor building blocks and a dynamic, thermodynamically driven self-correction process resulting in the formation of discrete products from complex mixtures.
Palladium complexes present during the catalytic reduction of NO to N2O

Abstract The identity of a palladium chloronitrosyl complex, active in the catalytic reduction of NO to N 2 O, has been examined in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Stoichiometry experiments for its formation from [PdCl 4 ] 2− show the presence of one bound nitrosyl group per palladium and the requirement of a one-electron reductant, provided by CuCl. Work in non-aqueous solvents identified [Pd 2 Cl 4 (NO) 2 ] 2− as a key intermediate, although in aqueous 2 M HCl the monomeric form [PdCl 3 (NO)] 2− is suggested to predominate, according to the equilibrium: [Pd 2 Cl 4 (NO) 2 ] 2− + 2Cl − ⇄[PdCl 3 (NO)] 2− . The [Ph 4 As] 2 [Pd 2 Cl 4 (NO) 2 ] complex could be oxidized to the stable compound [Ph 4 As] 2 [Pd 2 Cl 4 (NO) 2 ) 2 ], whose structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Prediction of novel systems components in cell cycle regulation in malaria parasite by subnetwork alignments

With 300–500 clinical cases and 1–2 million deaths yearly, malaria contributes to enormous health care and economic burden worldwide. The advent of high throughput -omics technologies is driving new approaches to the identification of potential antimalarial targets. In this paper, we propose a neighborhood subnetwork alignment approach to uncover the network components involved in cell cycle regulation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and to assign function to previously unannotated proteins.