cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The postembryonic history of the somatic musculature of the dragonfly thorax

From the first larval instar until the time of the final transformation into the adult the thoracic muscles are numerically the same. The muscles increase in fiber number with the growth of the larvae. There are two types of larval muscles: a. functional (striated and of considerable diameter) b. non-functional (unstriated and of narrow diameter). The non-functional muscles are mainly the prospective wing muscles of the adult. They grow most in diameter at the time of the final transformation. The positions of attachment of both types of muscles undergo no marked replacements during transformation, although the skeletal parts to which they are attached may become greatly modified. The larva has numerically more muscles than the adult. Extensive obliteration of the trunk leg muscles and of some neck muscles takes place. The intrinsic leg muscles of both the larva and the adult are the same. There are no anlagen of the adult muscles in the larval labium, and myoblasts probably form the adult musculature of this organ. The wing muscles of adult Anisopterid dragonflies insert close to the articulations of the wings on apodemes arising from membranes, or on discs arising as internal invaginations of detached, lateral, tergal plates. During the metamorphosis of its musculature, a dragonfly exhibits every essential phenomenon that a so-called ‘holometabolic’ insect does.
Effect of pressure on the dissociation constant of boric acid in water and seawater

Abstract The sound speeds of boric acid and sodium borate in water and 0.725 m NaCl have been measured from 0 to 50 °C and to near 1 molal. These results have been used to determine the partial molal adiabatic compressibilities of B(OH)3 and NaB(OH)4. The partial molal volumes, v ¯ ( i ) , and compressibilities, κ ¯ ( i ) , have been used to estimate the changes in the volume (ΔV) and compressibility (Δκ) for the dissociation of boric acid in water and average seawater (0.725 m NaCl, SA ∼ 35 g/kg) B ( OH ) 3 + H 2 O = H + + B ( OH ) 4 - where Δ V = v ¯ ( H + ) + v ¯ ( B ( OH ) 4 - ) - v ¯ ( H 2 O ) - v ¯ ( B ( OH ) 3 ) Δ κ = κ ¯ ( H + ) + κ ¯ ( B ( OH ) 4 - ) - κ ¯ ( H 2 O ) - κ ¯ ( B ( OH ) 3 ) The calculated values of ΔV and Δκ were used to estimate the effect of applied pressure (P) on the dissociation constants (KP/K0) ln ( K P / K 0 ) = - Δ V P / RT + 0.5 Δ κ P 2 / RT The new values of Δκ in water from 0 to 1000 bar give values of KP/K0 that are in good agreement with the measured values. The values of KP/K0 at P = 1942 bar in water are slightly higher than the measured values. The new calculated values of KP/ K0 in seawater from 0 to 25 °C and to P = 1000 bar are in good agreement with the measured values. This means that the contributions of boric acid to the alkalinity of seawater in deep waters are not affected by the new values of KP/K0 determined from volume studies.
Have the focus and sophistication of research in health education changed

This study assessed the types of research and the statistical methods used in three representative health education journals from 1994 through 2003. Editorials, commentaries, program/practice notes, and perspectives represent 17.6% of the journals’ content. The most common types of articles are cross-sectional studies (27.5%), reviews (23.2%), and analytic studies (i.e., case-control, cohort, and experimental studies) (18.4%). The estimated annual percentage change across the study period in these types of articles was 3.3, -9.3, and 5.5, respectively. A significant increase was observed in use of descriptive statistics (estimated annual percentage change = 2.4), parametric test statistics (4.4), nonparametric test statistics (3.5), epidemiologic statistics (10.3), generalized linear models (6.8), validation statistics (6.7), and other statistics (8.2). Movement toward increasing use of cross-sectional studies, analytic study designs, and statistical methods—representing greater emphasis on needs assessme...
Mom, dad, clone: implications for reproductive privacy.

On 5 July 1996 a sheep named Dolly was born in Scotland, the result of the transfer of the nucleus of an adult mammary tissue cell to the enucleated egg cell of an unrelated sheep, and gestation in a third, surrogate mother sheep. Although for the past ten years scientists have routinely cloned sheep and cows from embryo cells, this was the first cloning experiment that apparently succeeded using the nucleus of an adult cell.
Pullback attractors for closed cocycles

Abstract In this article, using a result of Pata and Zelik (2007) [45] , we derive a general result on the existence of pullback attractors for closed cocycles acting on a Banach space, where the strong continuity is replaced by a much weaker requirement that the cocycle be a closed map. As application, we prove the existence of the pullback attractor of a cocycle associated with the z -weak solutions of a non-autonomous two-dimensional primitive equations of the ocean.
The enforcement of commercial contracts in Ghana

This paper documents how commercial contracts are enforced in Ghana. It is based on a World Bank case study of enterprise finance and contract enforcement conducted in January 1993. The study is part of an ongoing effort undertaken by the Regional Program for Enterprise Development (RPED), Africa region, to understand the environment in which manufacturing firms operate in Sub-Saharan Africa and to propose ways of promoting their development (The World Bank (1992)). Strengthening institutions that enforce commercial contracts is one of several avenues to improve the business environment in Africa. This paper is organized as follows. Key concepts are introduced in the first section. The relationship between the need for contractual flexibility, trust, and reputation is emphasized. Survey results from Ghana are presented in section two. Lessons from the survey are discussed in section three. Legal and institutional changes are suggested that should increase the willingness of Ghanaian firms to grant trade credit, even to firms or individuals with whom they have not done business before. Thinking about commercial contracts in terms of enforcement not only helps understand many African business practices. It also constitutes an entry point into policy making by establishing a much needed link between the practice of law and the economic theory of institutions.
Role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in hepatic and pulmonary toxicity.

Exposure of humans and experimental animals to inhaled irritants such as ozone, induces an acute inflammatory response and lung injury. We hypothesize that macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators contribute to the pathogenic process. Treatment of rats with ozone (2 ppm, 3 h) results in damage to the alveolar epithelium and increased protein in lung lavage fluid. This is associated with an increase in the number of macrophages in the lung. We found that these cells are activated to release the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) which has been implicated in tissue injury. Following ozone inhalation, alveolar macrophages also produce increased amounts of the cytotoxic mediator, nitric oxide. This response is time-dependent and correlated with expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) protein and mRNA. Inhibition of macrophages with gadolinium chloride abrogates ozone-induced inflammation, mediator production and tissue injury. These data demonstrate, that macrophages and mediators they release contribute to irritant-induced lung injury. Ozone inhalation also caused alterations in the liver, including increased nitric oxide production and protein synthesis suggesting that ozone induces an acute phase response. We speculate that this is mediated by cytokines such as TNFα produced by alveolar macrophages. In this regard we noted increased expression of TNFα in both lung and liver tissue. Thus cytokines produced locally by macrophages following toxicant exposure may exert pathophysiologic effects outside the target organ.
Free Amino Acid Contents of Stem and Phylloxera Gall Tissue Cultures of Grape

Free amino acid constituents were determined of grape stem and Phylloxera leaf gall callus in tissue culture. Fast, medium and slow growing single cell clones of, respectively, stem and gall origins were grown on a mineral salt-sucrose medium supplemented with coconut milk and α-naphthaleneacetic acid. Stem and gall clones showed qualitative similarities and quantitative variations in the amino acids and nitrogenous constituents. Nineteen amino acids, glucosamine, ethanolamine, sarcosine, methionine sulfoxides and ammonia were identified. Two free polypeptides accounted for over 30% of the amino compounds in the stem and gall callus tissues which were not found in the intact plant parts. Stem clones of different growth rates grown on agar showed generally an excess of amino acid constituents over gall tissues of similar growth rates, except for the free polypeptides. Fast growing stem clones grown on agar medium contained lower amounts of certain amino acids than the fast growing gall clones, but when grown in liquid medium they contained higher amounts of these acids than the gall clones. The total and nonsoluble nitrogen of stem clones were higher than in the gall clones. Tissue cultures differed from the original plant parts with respect to their free polypeptides and high amino acid contents.
Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in ionic liquids, molten salts, and concentrated electrolyte solutions

Ionic liquids have favorable intrinsic properties that make them of interest as solvents for various chemical reactions. The same properties that make the liquids effective solvents also make them interesting liquids for studies involving sonochemistry, acoustic cavitation, and sonoluminescence. Recent interest in using ultrasound to accelerate chemical reactions conducted in ionic liquids necessitates an understanding of the effects of acoustic cavitation on these solvents. Here, we review our previous results on the effects of cavitation on some room-temperature ionic liquids, including the sonoluminescence spectra of molten salt eutectics and concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions. In all cases, regardless of the essentially nonexistent vapor pressure of the solution atomic and small molecule emitters are observed in the spectra which arise from sonolysis of the ionic liquids.
Demonstration of two-way Extremely High Frequency (EHF) satellite communication (SATCOM) using submarine-survivable phased arrays

U.S. submarines are faced with the challenging dilemma of addressing the need for higher data rate satellite communications (SATCOM) without significantly increasing the size of the SATCOM antenna. The planar form factor of phased array technology, along with the ability to steer beams electronically, has led to submarine antenna concepts that can simultaneously improve performance, utilize the submarine sail volume more efficiently, and minimize the impact to platform stealth. Through technology development under the Office of Naval Research (ONR), submarine-survivable phased arrays that address EHF SATCOM have been fabricated, tested, and delivered to the Navy by Boeing Phantom Works. The Naval Undersea Warfare Center has recently performed notional system integration and testing of these arrays. Q-band (44 GHz) uplink- and K-band (20 GHz) downlink-phased array antennas were tested successfully using both the military strategic and tactical relay (MILSTAR) and ultra high frequency follow-on (UFO) military satellites. The antennas were integrated with the Raytheon Follow-On Terminal (FOT) for full-duplex SATCOM testing. Full-duplex data rates of up to 64 kbps were attained using the phased arrays under optimal weather conditions. Bit error rate testing (BERT) was performed with no bit errors recorded. Initial tests were performed with the phased arrays mounted on a stationary platform; subsequent testing involved integration of the phased arrays into a notional housing atop a submarine mast. Notional mast testing included simulated ship motion using a six-axis motion table that is located on the roof of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport's (NUWCDIVNPT) Building 68 (B-68) with support from the Submarine EHF Satellite Communication Integration Facility (SESIF). Half-duplex testing was also performed using a fiber optic (FO) link to carry both the control and radio frequency (RF) signals for the downlink-phased array on a single FO cable. This paper will provide an overview of the array technology and will describe the configurations and results of SATCOM testing.
The Research Critique General Criteria for Evaluating a Research Report

General criteria for evaluating a research report are addressed. This outline of criteria can be used as a guide for nurses in critiquing research studies. A sample research report is summarized followed by a critique of the study. Readers have an opportunity to practice critiquing by doing their own analyses before reading the critique presented in the article.
Construction and characterization of a novel cross-regulation system for regulating cloned gene expression in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A novel cross-regulation system employing two pairs of interacting promoter-repressor systems was constructed using the tac-lacI and λ. p L -cI promoter-operator-repressor systems. In particular, transcription of the cat gene and the fused cI gene is regulated by the tac promoter, while transcription of the lad gene is controlled by the λ p L promoter. In order to compare CAT production from this new system with a currently employed transcription control configuration, a control expression vector utilizing the constitutive repressor synthesis configuration was also constructed. In this construct, cat is under the control of the tac promoter, and lac repressor is provided from a single copy of the lacI q allele included in the plasmid. Induction results using different copy number vectors indicate that induced cat expression levels are at least twofold higher using the cross-regulation system which has very low basal expression. These results match well with previous mathematical modeling predictions indicating excellent control of basal expression and also higher cloned-gene expression post-induction over a broad range of copy numbers for a cross-regulation control configuration. Induction of the cross-regulation system both up-regulated the activation pathway and down-regulated the inhibition pathway, shifting the system steady-state from lac repressor expression to cat and cI expression. The control strategy presented here should be equally applicable to regulate transcription in diverse hosts.
The Teaching of Evaluation in Schools of Management.

This chapter explores the issues faced by teachers who want to integrate program evaluation into the curriculum of schools of management.
Structure and rheology of hyperbranched and dendritic polymers. II. Effects of blending acetylated and hydroxy‐terminated poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers with aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) solutions

The effect of adding acetylated poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers to the structure and rheology of aqueous solutions of high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was investigated by rheology and small-angle neutron scattering in a temperature range of 10–40 °C. In the semidilute regime, the steady shear rheology of PEO solutions was unmodified by the addition of dendrimers at a comparable weight concentration. At the highest concentrations studied, the addition of acetylated dendrimers suppressed the onset of a low-frequency elastic modulus at the lowest temperature investigated. For comparison, the addition of PEO of a comparable molecular weight at the same weight fraction resulted in a milder suppression but, unlike the dendrimers, greatly increased the solution viscosity. The addition of acetylated dendrimers to a semidilute PEO solution at 10 °C substantially reduced the solution turbidity. These effects on the rheology and optical properties were confirmed by small-angle neutron scattering measurements of the molecular structure of the mixture. Additional SANS measurements in the dilute regime (0.1 wt % PEO) showed quantitatively that the dendrimers decorated the PEO chains in a necklace structure, such as that observed previously for micelles. The results suggested a mechanism of rheology modification whereby the dendrimers disrupted the association network structure in the PEO solution at lower temperatures by preferentially associating with the PEO chains in solution. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 874–882, 2000
Displacing the Dominant “Down Low” Discourse: Deviance, Same-Sex Desire, and Craigslist.org

This article troubles the “down low” (DL) discourse by focusing on an Internet forum—Craigslist.org—where people on the “down low” post. The advertisements, gathered from seven cities in two U.S. regions, reinforce some of the “down low” discussion in the previous literature, as they show a pattern of seeking “masculine” men. These ads also depart from general perceptions such as the DL being a term used predominantly by black men. The authors discuss methodological implications in research with posts, and suggest advancing analyses on the relationship between race, sexuality and power, and gender and sexuality in DL research.
An APFIM/AEM study of phase decompositions in FeNi alloys at low temperatures

A combined atom probe field ion microscopy and analytical electron microscopy characterization has been performed on laboratory aged martensitic and austenitic specimens of FeNi and FeNiP alloys. These techniques revealed that the martensitic 24.1 and 28.6 at.% Ni alloys decomposed during aging for 1 year at 300 C to form face centered cubic precipitates of approx. 56 at.% Ni in a body centered cubic matrix containing approx. 20 at.% Ni. Some thin platelets were observed in the field ion micrographs of the austenitic Fe-42.9 at. % Ni alloy and the Fe-43.2 at.% Ni-0.44 at.% P alloy after aging at 400 and 350 C. Atom probe analysis revealed phosphorus clustering in the ternary alloy aged at 300 C.
Laguerre nonparametric deconvolution technique of time-resolved fluorescence data: Application to the prediction of concentrations in a mixture of biochemical components

To estimate the intrinsic fluorescence intensity decay of a compound, the excitation light pulse must be deconvolved from the measured fluorescence pulse trace. The most commonly used deconvolution method is the multiexponential least-square iterative reconvolution (LSIR) technique. A variant of LSIR in which the intrinsic fluorescence intensity decay is expressed as an expansion on the discrete time Laguerre basis, was recently introduced. In this study, the performance of the Laguerre deconvolution technique was successfully tested with simulated and fluorescence standard data. It was also demonstrated that the Laguerre deconvolution presents a number of advantages over the classical multiexponential LSIR, including less expensive computational resolution, and the property to generate a unique set of expansion coefficients highly correlated with the intrinsic lifetimes. A novel method for concentration estimation based on the analysis of the Laguerre expansion coefficients was also proposed and successfully applied to different fluorescence standard mixtures, performing even better (error<2%) than more traditional methods of spectral analysis, such as PCR (error<7%) and PLS (error<10%). These findings suggest that the use of Laguerre expansion coefficients represents an alternative nonparametric approach to characterize and discriminate biological systems, in terms of their spectral and lifetime characteristics.
Development of Lipase Activity in Yolk Membrane and Pancreas of Young Turkeys

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the development of lipase activity in the yolk membrane (YM) of poults during the embryonic period and in the pancreas during the first 16 days after hatching. A corn-soybean meal diet, formulated to contain 6% supplemental fat was used in both Experiments 1 and 2; two dietary levels (0 or .06%) of sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC) were tested in Experiment 2. Samples of YM and pancreas were collected starting at Day 7 (Experiment 1) and at Day 18 (Experiment 2) of incubation and continued until Day 4 and Day 16 after hatching for YM and pancreas, respectively. Lipase activity was measured titrametrically and tributyrin was used as the reaction substrate. Total lipase activity (TLA) per YM increased from 31 (μeq/min at Day 9 of incubation to a maximum of 214 μeq/min at Day 21 and then decreased through Day 4 after hatching. Specific lipase activity as lipase activity per milligram of pancreas dry weight (DW) increased from 3.1 μeq/mgDW/min at Day 27 of incubation to 15.6 μeq/mgDW/min at Day 1 after hatching. This increase continued linearly (P
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for neurological disease

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) have provided enormous opportunities for the therapeutic application of viral vector gene transfer. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been the vector of choice in recent clinical trials of neurological disease, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, due to the safety, efficacy, and stability of AAV gene transfer to the CNS. This review highlights the strategies employed for improving direct and peripheral targeting of therapeutic vectors to CNS tissue, and considers the significance of cellular and tissue transduction specificity, transgene regulation, and other variables that influence achievement of successful therapeutic goals. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Targets and Approaches to the Treatment of Epilepsy'.
Aerobic Exercise Plus Weight Loss Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Synthase Activity in Older Men

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6-month aerobic exercise training + weight loss (AEX + WL) on basal and insulin activation of glycogen synthase, basal citrate synthase activity, and Akt and AS160 phosphorylation in older, overweight/obese insulin-resistant men (n = 14; 63 ± 2 years; body mass index, 32 ± kg/m2). Muscle samples of the vastus lateralis were collected before and during a 3-hour 80 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. AEX + WL increased VO2max by 11% (p < .05) and decreased body weight (−9%, p < .001). AEX + WL increased basal citrate synthase activity by 46% (p < .01) and insulin activation of independent (2.9-fold) and fractional (2.3-fold) activities (both p < .001) of glycogen synthase. AEX + WL had no effect on phosphorylation of Akt or AS160. Glucose utilization (M) improved 25% (p < .01), and the change tended to be related to the increase in insulin activation of glycogen synthase fractional activity (r = .50, p = .08) following AEX + WL. In summary, AEX + WL has a robust effect on insulin activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity that likely contributes to improved glucose utilization in older insulin-resistant men.
Individual and Cultural Differences On Status Differentiation The Status Differentiation Scale

The concept of status differentiation is introduced along with a description of the development and initial validation of an individual-difference measure called the Status Differentiation Scale (SDS). This is followed by reports of cross-cultural differences on the SDS in three countries. Study 1 used American participants and established the scoring procedure for the SDS, its internal reliability and structural relationships, and construct validity. Study 2 used American and Japanese participants and demonstrated its internal reliability, structural relationships, and construct validity with a measure of allocentrism in both countries and predictable country differences that could not be accounted for by collectivism. Study 3 used American and South Korean participants and documented its internal reliability, structural relationships, and construct validity with a measure of values in both countries and predictable country differences that could not be accounted for by values. The concept of status diff...
Surviving blood loss without blood transfusion in a swine poly-trauma model

Background We have demonstrated previously that valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, can improve survival in lethal models of hemorrhagic shock. This study investigated whether VPA treatment would improve survival in a clinically relevant large animal model of poly-trauma/hemorrhagic shock, and whether the protective effects are executed through the Akt survival pathway. Methods Yorkshire swine were subjected to a poly-trauma protocol including: (1) Pre-hospital phase- Femur fracture, 60% hemorrhage, 30 min of shock (mean arterial pressure [MAP]: 25-30 mmHg), and infusion of 154mM NaCl (3 × shed blood); (2) Early hospital phase A Grade V liver injury (simulating rupture of a previously contained hematoma) followed by liver packing; (3) Treatment/monitoring phase randomization to 3 treatment groups ( n = 6–8/group): no treatment (control), fresh whole blood (FWB), and intravenous VPA (400 mg/kg, given during the pre-hospital phase). Animals were monitored for 4 h, with survival being the primary endpoint. Liver tissue was subjected to Western blot analysis. Results FWB ( n = 6) and VPA treatments ( n = 7) significantly increased survival (100% and 86%, respectively) compared to control group ( n = 8) (25%). The protocol produced significant anemia (Hb P = .01, .01, .03, and .02, respectively). There was no significant difference in the level of these proteins between the control and FWB groups. Conclusion Treatment with VPA without blood transfusion improves early survival in a highly lethal poly-trauma and hemorrhagic shock model. The survival advantage is due not to improvement in resuscitation but to better tolerance of shock by the cells, in part due to the preservation of the Akt survival pathway.
Assembly, Commissioning and Operation of the NHMFL 100 Tesla Multi-Pulse Magnet System

The U.S. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 100 Tesla multi-pulse magnet system is now successfully commissioned. This magnet system is the result of a long-term partnership project jointly funded by the U. S. Department of Energy - Office of Basic Energy Science and the National Science Foundation. Science experimentation inside the magnet started in December 2006 at the NHMFL Pulsed Field Science Facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Repeated, non-destructive operation of the system with original components is continuing in the 85 T to 90T range. The system will eventually combine a nominal 40 T platform field produced by a controlled-waveform generator-powered long-pulse magnet with a nominal 60 T field generated by a capacitor-bank powered pulsed insert magnet to produce the rated field. Milestone non-destructive operation to 88.9 T was achieved in October 2006. This paper will present an overview of the generator driven outsert magnet system together with the high-field pulsed insert magnet's design and construction. We will review commissioning and performance data through summer of 2007. Criteria for increasing the systems maximum field performance will also be reviewed addressing the goal to increase operating field level (in support of experiments) to 95 T and then to 100 T.
Virtual Wind Speed Sensor for Wind Turbines

A data-driven approach for development of a virtual wind-speed sensor for wind turbines is presented. The virtual wind-speed sensor is built from historical wind-farm data by data-mining algorithms. Four different data-mining algorithms are used to develop models using wind-speed data collected by anemometers of various wind turbines on a wind farm. The computational results produced by different algorithms are discussed. The neural network (NN) with the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm produced the most accurate wind-speed prediction among all the algorithms tested. Wavelets are employed to denoise the high-frequency wind-speed data measured by anemometers. The models built with data-mining algorithms on the basis of the wavelet-transformed data are to serve as virtual wind-speed sensors for wind turbines. The wind speed generated by a virtual sensor can be used for different purposes, including online monitoring and calibration of the wind-speed sensors, as well as providing reliable wind-speed input to a turbine controller. The approach presented in this paper is applicable to utility-scale wind turbines of any type. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000035. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Turbines; Wind speed; Data collection; Neural networks; Dynamic models; Wavelet; Probe instruments; Statistics. Author keywords: Wind turbine; Wind speed; Data mining; Neural network; Dynamic modeling; Wavelet transformation; Virtual sensor; Statistical control chart.
Intelligent Highway Infrastructure for Planned Evacuations

Disasters, natural and man-made alike, pose a serious threat to the nation by taking a heavy toll in human lives, destroying the public infrastructure and production capacity, interrupting supply lines, and stalling economic activity. One of the time-honored strategies for dealing with predictable natural disasters is a planned evacuation of the population from the afflicted area. Thus, evacuation strategies and supporting infrastructure are of the highest importance for mitigating the effects of such events. The main contribution of this work is to propose an intelligent highway infrastructure in support of planned evacuations. Specifically, we show that the recently-proposed architecture for the notification of traffic incidents and congestion (NOTICE) can be enhanced to support the needs of large-scale evacuations.
Dynamic Aspects of CNS Synapse Formation

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provides the substrate for cognition, whereas improper formation or function of these synapses leads to neurodevelopmental disorders, including mental retardation and autism. Recent work has begun to identify some of the early cellular events in synapse formation as well as the molecular signals that initiate this process. However, despite the wealth of information published on this topic in the past few years, some of the most fundamental questions about how, whether, and where glutamatergic synapses form in the mammalian CNS remain unanswered. This review focuses on the dynamic aspects of the early cellular and molecular events in the initial assembly of glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian CNS.
The Clinical Assessment and Remote Administration Tablet

Electronic data capture of case report forms (CRFs), demographic, neuropsychiatric, or clinical assessments, can vary from scanning hand-written forms into databases to fully electronic systems. Web-based forms can be extremely useful for self-assessment; however, in the case of neuropsychiatric assessments, self-assessment is often not an option. The clinician often must be the person either summarizing or making their best judgment about the subject’s response in order to complete an assessment, and having the clinician turn away to type into a web browser may be disruptive to the flow of the interview. The Mind Research Network (MRN) has developed a prototype for a software tool for the real-time acquisition and validation of clinical assessments in remote environments. We have developed the Clinical Assessment and Remote Administration Tablet (CARAT) on a Microsoft Windows PC tablet system, which has been adapted to interact with various data models already in use in several large-scale databases of neuroimaging studies in clinical populations. The tablet has been used successfully to collect and administer clinical assessments in several large-scale studies, so that the correct clinical measures are integrated with the correct imaging and other data. It has proven to be incredibly valuable in confirming that data collection across multiple research groups is performed similarly, quickly, and with accountability for incomplete datasets. We present the overall architecture and an evaluation of its use.
Persistent wound infection delays epidermal maturation and increases scarring in thermal burns.

We developed a reliable scale measuring epidermal maturation during wound healing and determined the effects of persistent infection on epidermal maturation and dermal scarring after cutaneous burns. A secondary analysis of data from 80 contaminated burns collected during a randomized experiment comparing four topical burn therapies in a contaminated porcine burn model was performed. Persistent infection was defined histologically as the presence of intradermal neutrophils containing bacteria at 14 days. Epidermal maturation at 14 days was classified into one of five categories from least (0) to most (4) mature using strictly defined criteria. Dermal scarring was classified as none, superficial, or deep. The epidermal classification system was highly reliable (ρ = 0.97). At 14 days, 18% of burns were infected. Most infected wounds (79%) had an immature epidermis (types 0–2) while most noninfected wounds (75%) had a mature epidermis (types 3 or 4); χ2 and χ2 for linearity both p < 0.001. Deep scars were more common in infected (93%) than noninfected wounds (29%), p < 0.001. We conclude that our scale is reliable and that persistence of infection 14 days after thermal injury is associated with delayed epidermal maturation and deep scarring. (WOUND REP REG 2002;10:372–377)
Nonlinear dynamics of fluctuations in the presence of sheared parallel and perpendicular flows in a magnetized laboratory plasma

Laboratory experiments are described which utilize a set of concentric bias rings to affect the velocity (flow) shear in the linear HELCAT (HELicon-CAThode) device at the University of New Mexico. HELCAT is 4 m long, 0.5 in diameter, with B0 les 2.2 kG, and utilizes two plasma sources: an RE helicon at one end of the device, and a thermionic cathode at the other. With increasing ring bias, relative to the vacuum chamber wall, it is found that both axial and azimuthal flow shear change by only a small amount in magnitude, but move inward to the plasma core from the wall. As bias is increased, drift waves decrease in magnitude and are eventually fully suppressed, then the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) mode is destabilized. It appears that the azimuthal flow shear is mainly responsible for suppression of drift modes, while the azimuthal shear is the primary driver of the K-H instability. While bias applied to rings at any radii suppresses drift fluctuations with nearly equal effectiveness, the K-H mode is more easily excited by biasing at the plasma edge. Fluctuations show increasingly chaotic and intermittent behavior as bias increases, up to V ~ 10 kTe/e, when the chaos disappears, as indicated by a rapid drop in correlation dimension, and very bursty behavior. Additionally, detached edge "blobs" are observed in cathode plasmas, but appear to be absent from helicon discharges, even when other operating parameters (magnetic field, background pressure) are identical. Experimental results and comparisons with theory are described.
Electromigration in Al And Al-Alloy Thin-Film Conductors

Temperature-ramp Resistance Analysis to Characterize Electromigration (TRACE) has been applied to thin-film Al and Al-alloy conductors. Results have yielded activation energies in agreement with literature values. The TRACE technique has been used to determine the effect of H 2 on the kinetics of electromigration damage (EMD) for both Al and Al-2%Cu thin-film conductors.
Mentoring for Transformative Learning The Importance of Relationship in Creating Learning Communities of Care

So often when we speak of transformative learning, we focus on what takes places within the individual. As educators, we try to understand how it occurs and what we can do to help it occur, taking more of a stance of doing rather than one of being. In creating the conditions for transformation, we cannot forget the importance of our relationship with students. This article considers transformative learning as a relational process and explores the nature of the student–teacher relationship as a place within which transformation is made possible. Understanding it as such calls us to participate with students in creating communities of care in our learning environments, which hold relationships in a way in which we can both challenge and support one another in negotiating meaning, expanding horizons, and taking shared responsibility for co-creating a better world.
Stimulation of gastrin release in dogs by individual amino acids.

SummarySolutions of 21 different L-amino acids were instilled into the gastric fistulas of three dogs. Only 4 of the amino acids produced an increase in serum gastrin significantly greater than that evoked by saline: cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and hydroxyproline.
Computations of Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Spinning Body at Transonic Speeds

*This paper describes a multidisciplinary computational study undertaken to compute the flight trajectories and simultaneously predict the unsteady free flight aerodynamics of a spinning projectile at transonic speeds using an advanced unstructured time-accurate Navier-Stokes computational technique. Actual flight trajectories are computed using an advanced coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/rigid body dynamics (RBD) technique. In addition, both static and dynamic aerodynamic coefficients have been extracted from these fully coupled time-accurate CFD/RBD computations. Computed positions and orientations of the projectile have been compared with actual data measured from free flight tests and are found to be generally in good agreement. Unsteady numerical results obtained from the coupled method and unstructured grids show the flow field, the extracted aerodynamic forces and moments, and the flight trajectories of the projectile. Aerodynamic coefficients such as the dynamic derivatives have been obtained using a separate unsteady time-accurate CFD approach and have been compared with the extracted aerodynamic coefficients from the fully coupled dynamic simulations.
Syntheses and Structures of Functionalized [9]Cycloparaphenylenes as Carbon Nanohoops Bearing Carbomethoxy and N-Phenylphthalimido Groups.

Functionalized [9]cycloparaphenylenes ([9]CPPs) bearing nine aromatic units in the macrocyclic structures were synthesized. The macrocyclic structures were substituted with carbomethoxy or N-phenylphthalimido groups. The Diels–Alder reaction of (E,E)-1,4-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-butadiene or a related diene with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate followed by the nickel-mediated homocoupling reactions and oxidative aromatization produced the functionalized [9]CPPs. Treatment of a resultant [9]CPP with aniline or 1,4-diaminobenzene gave the corresponding N-phenylphthalimides. The X-ray structure of a [9]CPP bearing six carbomethoxy groups was obtained.
Fractal Analysis of Blood-Tissue Exchange Kinetics

Having a “fractal nature” implies that one or more features of a system or phenomenon appear to have similar characteristics when examined over a range scale. Mathematical fractals are generated by recursive expressions wherein each generation is derived from the preceding in a specific way, a precise deterministic fashion or a looser probabilistic fashion.
Black Men Down: An Assessment of Experts’ Quotes on Deadly Encounters with Police

There is growing concern about conflict between police and black urban residents. Police-involved shootings of African American males have become a hot topic in the national discourse on race and policing. Despite this concern, there is still a paucity of research on the depiction of such incidents in the news and the implications for media and crime research. To address this gap, this study presents an exploratory content analysis of experts’ quotes from newspaper articles based on three separate incidents involving the death of unarmed black men at the hands of police. The findings show that articles quoted state managers much more frequently than intellectuals. Quotes were generally not favorable toward the actions of the police (most were neutral). However, they contained very little regarding evidence-based strategies for improving police–community relations in communities of color. The implications for research on media and crime are also discussed.
Influence of complex childhood diseases on variation in growth and skeletal development

The study of human growth and skeletal development by human biologists is framed by the larger theoretical concerns regarding the underpinnings of population variation and human evolution. This unique perspective is directly relevant to the assessment of child health and well-being at the individual and group level, as well as the construction of growth charts. Environmental, behavioral (nutrition and physical activity), and disease-related factors can prevent attainment of full genetic potential for growth. Undernutrition is most often the cause of growth faltering and poor skeletal development. Disease related factors, such as malabsorption, inflammation, and immobility also have profound effects. These effects will be illustrated with examples from diseases such as cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Down syndrome. The need for separate growth charts for children with genetic disorders is often controversial because of potential medical and/or nutritional complications associated with some disorders. Children with Alagille syndrome and Down syndrome will be used to illustrate the advantages and limitations of syndrome-specific charts. This overview of health and disease effects on growth and skeletal development provides insights into the plasticity of human growth and its sensitivity to overall health and well-being.
X-ray luminescence computed tomography: a sensitivity study

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is a hybrid molecular imaging modality that uses high energy x-ray photons to excite nanophosphors (e.g. Europium doped Gadolinium Oxysulfide – GOS: Eu3+) emitting optical photons to be measured by a sensitive detector for image reconstruction. XLCT has potentials to combine both the merits of x-ray imaging (high spatial resolution) and optical imaging (high sensitivity), which makes XLCT an attractive imaging modality to image nanophosphor targets deeply embedded in turbid media. In this study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of XLCT with phantom experiments by scanning targets of different phosphor concentrations at different depths. Cylindrical phantoms embedded with a cylindrical target with varying concentrations of GOS: Eu3+ (27.6 mM, 2.76 mM, 276 μM, and 27.6 μM) were scanned inside our lab made XLCT imaging system for varying scanning depths (6, 11, 16, and 21 mm). We found that XLCT is capable of imaging targets of very low concentrations (27.6 μM or 0.01 mg/mL) at significant depths, such as 21 mm. Our results demonstrate that there is also little variation in the reconstructed target size for different imaging depths for XLCT. We have for the first time, compared the sensitivity of XLCT with that of traditional computed tomography (CT) for phosphor targets. We found that XLCT’s use of x-ray induced photons provides much higher measurement sensitivity and contrast compared to CT which provides image contrast solely based on x-ray attenuation.
Religious Knowledge: The Relationship between Faith and Reason

In a well-known passage of the Summa contra gentiles, Thomas Aquinas asserts that our knowledge of God comprises two kinds of truths: “There are some truths about God which completely surpass the capacity of human reason, such as that God is three and one; yet there are others that natural reason can attain, such as that God exists, that God is one, and others of this kind, which even philosophers have proved about God through the light of natural reason.”1 Some obvious questions ensue. If some claims about God are acknowledged to be beyond reason’s competence, then how can a person be confident and indeed certain that they are true? Thomists adopt the traditional view that the truths about God that are the object of faith are nonetheless held by the believer to be certainly true despite the lack of rational evidence. Yet how can a belief be certain without evidence? This leads to a second question: are these truth claims beyond natural reason’s ken inferentially related to the philosophical truth claims about God within reason’s ken? Do the latter provide any kind of prior epistemic justification for the former or do they serve some other role? To put the central issue in contemporary terms: what is the Thomist position with respect to the evidentialist challenge that religious beliefs require evidence? In terms of the problematic of this chapter: how are religious truth claims related to other knowledge claims?
“Who Are You? Snake? It’s not You . . . Is It?”: Contradiction and Fragmentation at Game’s End

The book’s final chapter considers a set of closing thoughts regarding Metal Gear Solid V’s exploration of trauma and fragmented identity. The game’s plot eventually reveals that the player, who supposedly has been embodying Snake, has really been embodying a doppelganger, while the real Snake has slipped past his enemies with a new identity in hand. This plot point coincides with the game’s own defiance of the standard hallmarks of the military-style shooter genre and its careful consideration of the contradictions of history and the role soldiers play as both those who might perpetrate acts of violence and then suffer lasting trauma as a result.
The spinal cerebrospinal fluid absorptive pathways.

The perfusion of Berlin blue and trypan blue into the spinal subarachnoid spaces of dogs and sheep, during fixation, colored and distended the arachnoid proliferations, thus making them visible macroscopically. The findings were verified histologically. Dogs have small, simple villi while sheep have larger, more complex granulations. The distribution of the spinal arachnoid proliferations in these animals is recorded.
An evaluation of patient-specific characteristics on attainment of target sedation in an intensive care unit.

Abstract Background Sedation of mechanically ventilated patients should optimize comfort and safety while avoiding over-sedation and adverse outcomes. To our knowledge, characteristics associated with attaining target sedation are unknown. Objectives Evaluate current sedation practice at a single center and explore which patient characteristics are associated with attaining target sedation. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective chart review of sedated, ventilated patients in a medical/surgical ICU. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used with attaining target sedation as the dependent variable. Results Of the 100 patients included (median 60.5 years), 50 attained target sedation. Univariate analyses (a = 0.10) revealed factors associated with target sedation were age (P = 0.08), history of alcohol abuse (P = 0.08), multiple comorbidities (P = 0.09), and delirium monitoring (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed an association between delirium monitoring/documentation and attaining target sedation (P = 0.005; OR 9.2; 95% CI 2.3–36.8). Conclusions Patients without appropriate delirium monitoring/documentation had significantly reduced likelihood of achieving target sedation.