cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Existence and uniqueness theorems for boundary value problems involving reflection of the argument

Soit F:R N →R une fonction deux fois continue differentiable, g:[−1,1]×R N ×R N →R N une fonction satisfaisant des conditions de Caratheodory, et e(t), t dans [−1,1], une fonction donnee dans L 1 ([−1,1],R N ). On etudie des theoremes d'existence et d'unicite pour des problemes aux valeurs limites suivants: 1) −x''(t)+d [gradF(x(t))]/dΓ+g(t,x(t), x(−t))=e(t), x(−1)=x(1)=0; 2) −x''(t)+g(t,x(t),x(−t)=e(t), x(−1)-hx'(−1)=0, x(1)+kx'(1)=0 ou h•k≥0, k+h>0, t∈[−1,1]
Liquidity provision and specialist trading in NYSE-listed non-U.S. stocks☆

Abstract We examine how the intrinsic differences between U.S. and non-U.S. stocks affect market participants and the market quality of non-U.S. stocks relative to U.S. stocks. Using proprietary data on NYSE specialist trading, we find that, all else equal, specialist closing inventory positions for non-U.S. stocks are closer to zero than U.S. stocks. The evidence on specialist participation and stabilization rates is mixed. Non-U.S. stocks from developed markets have higher specialist participation and stabilization rates than U.S. stocks, while emerging market stocks have lower participation and stabilization rates than U.S. stocks. With respect to market quality, we find that, all else equal, non-U.S. stocks have wider spreads, less depth, and greater transitory volatility than U.S. stocks. We investigate the reasons behind the difference in liquidity and find that the larger non-U.S. spreads are primarily due to higher information asymmetry and increased adverse selection risk. We conclude that liquidity providers demand greater compensation for trading non-U.S. stocks, but this additional compensation is necessary to offset the higher adverse selection risk.
Automated measurement of self-diffusion coefficients by the spin-echo method

A computer-controlled automated system for the measurements of the self-diffusion coefficients, D, using the fixed field gradient spin-echo method has been developed. The system automatically generates and optimizes the pulse sequences and measures D. Accuracy and precision of the automated diffusion measurements are discussed.
Specifications and standards for the electric warship

The U.S. Navy has invested considerable funds in the research and development of electrical power technologies for future electric warships. One aspect of institutionalizing these technologies is the creation or modification of standards and specifications to incorporate the new technologies. This paper assesses the current state of standards and specifications in support of the design and construction of an all-electric naval warship. These technical documents will be evaluated in terms of the different power systems architectures to include low voltage ac generation, medium voltage ac generation, medium voltage dc generation, and zonal power distribution. Ongoing standards activity, both in industry and in the Navy, are discussed. Finally, the paper presents recommendations for updating existing specifications and standards and the creation of new specifications to cover technical areas where standards do not currently exist.
Optical Absorption Enhancement in Silicon Nanohole Arrays for Solar Photovoltaics

We investigate silicon nanohole arrays as light absorbing structures for solar photovoltaics via simulation. To obtain the same ultimate efficiency as a standard 300 μm crystalline silicon wafer, we find that nanohole arrays require twelve times less silicon by mass. Moreover, our calculations show that nanohole arrays have an efficiency superior to nanorod arrays for practical thicknesses. With well-established fabrication techniques, nanohole arrays have great potential for efficient solar photovoltaics.
Considerations on the $ {{ 4 {{NT}}_{\rm o} }/{ {T}_{\rm m}}}$ Ratio and the Noise Correlation Matrix of Active and Passive Two-Port Networks

The constraint on the Wiatr-Pospieszalski (WP) parameter ΘWP = 4 NTo/Tm ≤ 2, where N is the Lange invariant and Tm the minimum equivalent noise temperature and To=290 ( K ), has been suggested as a validation tool for the characterization of active microwave devices, despite its acknowledged limitations. This paper provides a solid theoretical background on ΘWP that is used to investigate noisy linear two-port networks. In particular, parallel feedback is discussed thoroughly in order to understand its effect on the ΘWP parameter and determine the conditions for which ΘWP is larger or smaller than 2. A suitable expression that explains the conditions for ΘWP of on-chip devices to be less than 2 is obtained. The theoretical results are supported by a scalable GaN device model extracted from measurements providing further insight into the noise performance of microwave devices. Finally, the investigation is applied to passive two-port networks to highlight the singular properties of ΘWP=2. The broad result of this paper's investigation is that the constraint ΘWP=2 is not a property of the noise parameter matrix as the constraint 1≤ ΘWP is; yet, the threshold ΘWP=2 is demonstrated to have unique features for both active and passive two-port networks. Alternative and original demonstrations of the 1≤ ΘWP constraint are also obtained as a byproduct of the investigation.
New Agrostis from the California coast

Agrostis clivicola, A. clivicola var.punta-reyesensis andA. blasdalei var.marinensis are described from the California coast. A key distinguishes these from other species of similar habit and habitat.
Millimeter wave backscatter measurements in support of collision avoidance applications

Millimeter-wave short range radar systems have unique advantages in surface navigation applications, such as military vehicle mobility, aircraft landing assistance, and automotive collision avoidance. In collision avoidance applications, characterization of clutter due to terrain and roadside objects is necessary in order to maximize the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) and to minimize false alarms. The results of two types of radar cross section (RCS) measurements at 95 GHz are reported in this paper. The first set of measurements presents data on the normalized RCS (NRCS) as well as clutter distributions of various terrain types at low grazing angles of 5° and 7.5°. The second set of measurements presents RCS data and statistics on various types of roadside objects, such as metallic and wooden sign posts. These results are expected to be useful for designers of short-range millimeter-wave collision avoidance radar systems.
Sources of the transuranic elements plutonium and neptunium in arctic marine sediments

Abstract We report here thermal ionization mass spectrometry measurements of 239 Pu , 240 Pu , 241 Pu , 242 Pu , and 237 Np isolated from oceanic, estuarine, and riverine sediments from the Arctic Ocean Basin. 238 Pu/ 239+240 Pu activity ratios are also reported for alpha spectrometric analyses undertaken on a subset of these samples. Our results indicate that the Pu in sediments on the Alaskan shelf and slope, as well as that in the deep basins (Amerasian and Eurasian) of the Arctic Ocean, has its origin in stratospheric and tropospheric fallout. Sediments from the Ob and Yenisei Rivers show isotopic Pu signatures that are distinctly different from those of northern-hemisphere stratospheric fallout and indicate the presence of weapons-grade Pu originating from nuclear fuel reprocessing wastes generated at Russian facilities within these river catchments. Consequently, sediments of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean, particularly those in the Barents and Kara Seas, probably contain a mixture of Pu from stratospheric fallout, tropospheric fallout, and fuel-reprocessing wastes of riverine origin. In particular, the 241 Pu/ 239 Pu ratios observed in these sediments are inconsistent with significant contributions of Pu to the arctic sediments studied from western European reprocessing facilities, principally Sellafield in the UK. Several other potential sources of Pu to arctic sediments can also be excluded as significant based upon the transuranic isotope ratios presented.
General Networks for Central Terminals in Electrocardiography and Vectorcardiography

A method is described for obtaining true orthogonal components of the heart vector by measuring the differences in potential between resistor networks which are connected to the limbs and to the back. The values of the resistors in the networks are determined by solving equations into which the scalar coefficients for the limbs and for the back are inserted.
SU-F-500-03: Modeling Nonstationary Noise and Task-Based Detectability in CT Images Computed by Filtered Backprojection and Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction

Purpose: Nonstationarity of noise poses a major challenge to the modeling and optimization of CT imaging systems, particularly those employing iterative reconstruction. This work presents theoretical models for the spatially varying noise and spatial resolution properties of filtered‐backprojection (FBP) and penalized‐likelihood (PL) reconstruction and provides a method to exploit spatially varying PL regularization to improve task‐based detectability. Methods: A cascaded systems model was adapted to predict the local noise‐power spectrum (NPS) and modulation transfer function (MTF) at each voxel location in FBP by separately calculating the fluence and system gains for each ray passing through the voxel. For PL reconstruction with a quadratic penalty, the implicit function theorem and second‐order Taylor expansion were used to derive the covariance matrix and point spread function, the Fourier transforms of which yield NPS and MTF under assumptions of local stationarity and shift‐invairance, respectively. Detectability index was computed for the non‐prewhitening observer model for simple imaging tasks, including asymmetric tasks corresponding to structures of particular orientation. Spatially‐varying PL regularization maps were designed to control noise and resolution in a manner hypothesized to improve detectability. Results: The NPS in both FBP and PL reconstructions was shown to be anisotropic, spatially‐varying, and object‐dependent, with PL carrying greater spatial variation in MTF due to stronger regularization of projection data in regions of greater attenuation. Complex dependencies were revealed between detectability and the object, spatial location, and regularization. Use of a spatially‐varying PL regularization map improved overall detectability beyond that achievable by constant regularization, with greater advantage observed for asymmetric tasks. Conclusion: The theoretical models successfully predicted local NPS and MTF in both FBP and PL reconstructions. The models demonstrated utility in knowledgeable selection of reconstruction parameters that improve task‐based detectability and provide a valuable guide to the development of CT systems employing conventional and iterative reconstruction methods. National Institutes of Health Grant No.: 2R01‐CA‐112163‐02
Phonetics and phonology of tense and lax obstruents in German. By Michael Jessen. (Studies in functional and structural linguistics, 44.) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1998. Pp. xx, 394. Hardcover. $89.00.

This book is a modern exploration of the feature [tense] introduced in distinctive feature theory by Roman Jakobson and colleagues (Jakobson, Fant, and Halle 1952). By proposing the feature again after years of skepticism toward its phonetic motivation, Jessen aims to provide a contribution to the integration of phonetics and phonology within linguistic theory. This thorough study of the tense/lax opposition in German obstruents is an expanded version of Jessen's 1996 Cornell University Ph.D. dissertation and is of particular significance because it reveals details and clarification of Jakobsonian concepts through personal communication with Linda Waugh, a former student of and later close collaborator with Jakobson himself. As such, the book will be of interest to phonologists, linguistic phoneticians, and those interested in the very concept of distinctive features and their role in describing the sound structure of human languages. Some background in acoustic phonetics and familiarity with experimental phonetic research is desirable to fully appreciate the power of the arguments presented in the study.
A MarketDriven Framework Towards Environmentally Sustainable Mobile Computing

Amid the plethora of initiatives and research endeavors targeting the minimization of power and energy consumption of information and communication technologies (ICT), what has been largely missing is an effort to reduce the energy consumption and electronic waste generated by the rapidly growing segment of mobile computing and communication devices. One "green" approach to meet both the goals of minimizing life cycle energy consumption and reducing electronic waste generation is that of increased device lifespan. Increased device lifespans, however, are possible only if the underlying market forces support such a paradigm shift. This paper develops a market-driven framework for mobile phone devices that helps understand the reasons that affect a firm's decision to offer a green choice for consumers (where "green" is defined as devices with longer lifespan) and considers the feasibility, possible benefits, and challenges in increasing device lifespan.
Visual control of prey-capture flight in dragonflies

Interacting with a moving object poses a computational problem for an animal's nervous system. This problem has been elegantly solved by the dragonfly, a formidable visual predator on flying insects. The dragonfly computes an interception flight trajectory and steers to maintain it during its prey-pursuit flight. This review summarizes current knowledge about pursuit behavior and neurons thought to control interception in the dragonfly. When understood, this system has the potential for explaining how a small group of neurons can control complex interactions with moving objects.
Popliteal-crural bypass through the posterior approach with lesser saphenous vein for limb salvage

Abstract Purpose: A review of popliteal-crural bypasses via the posterior approach was done to evaluate the results of this technique. Methods: During a period of 36 months, 21 patients with limb-threatening ischemia underwent 21 popliteal-crural bypasses via the posterior approach in the prone position with reversed lesser saphenous vein. All patients had limb-threatening ischemia, with rest pain in five patients, ulceration in nine patients, and gangrene in seven patients. Diabetes mellitus was present in 17 patients. Results: The inflow site was the supragenicular popliteal artery in 12 patients and the infragenicular popliteal artery in nine patients. The outflow sites were the tibioperoneal trunk in five patients, the posterior tibial artery in six patients, the peroneal artery in eight patients, and the anterior tibial artery in two patients. Of the seven patients with gangrene, three patients underwent transmetatarsal amputation and four underwent toe amputation. The limb salvage rate for the entire group was 100% at 24 months. No early graft failures were seen, and the 12-month and 24-month primary graft patency rates were 89% and 77%, respectively, with life-table analysis. The primary assisted patency rate was 95% at 12 and 24 months. Patency was determined with duplex scan graft surveillance. Conclusion: The posterior approach to popliteal-distal bypass is an acceptable alternative to traditional bypass procedure with excellent early patency and limb salvage results. The approach has the advantage of better utilization of lesser saphenous vein and easier operative exposure in patients with short segment infrapopliteal occlusive disease. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:708-12.)
Deep venous thrombosis: prevention and treatment.

with impaired quality of life, particularly when post-thrombotic syndrome develops. 2 Death occurs within one month of an episode in about 6% of those with DVT and 10% of those with PE. 3 The mortality rate for PE is estimated to be as high as 30% in studies that included autopsy-based PE diagnosis. 4 Mortality rates are lower among patients with idiopathic venous thrombosis and highest among those whose thrombosis occurs in the setting of cancer. Venous thrombosis increases in incidence with age, with a low rate of about 1 per 10,000 annually before the fourth decade of life, rising rapidly after age 45 years and approaching 5-6 per 1000 annually by age 80.5,6 Aging is associated with a steeper rise in incidence of PE as compared to DVT. Morbidity from venous thromboembolic disease appears to be greater in the elderly. 5 Lower limb: There are more than a quarter-million hospital admissions each year in the United States for acute lower-extremity DVT and PE. 7-9 In hospital patients without prophylaxis, it is estimated that the incidence of isolated calf DVT and proximal DVT is 25% and 7%, respectively. 9, 10 When thrombosis is proximal to the calf, there is a 50% likelihood of pulmonary embolism. There are geographical differences in reports on DVT, with up to twice the reported incidence of calf DVT coming from Europe compared to North America. 10 Upper limb: Upper-extremity venous thrombosis represents 0.5 to 1.5% of all venous thromboses. The primary form of the disease also is known as “effort thrombosis” or Paget-Schroetter disease. The secondary form of the disease is most commonly a result of central venous catheterization for central venous or cardiac access. Iatrogenic causes of secondary venous thrombosis account for up to 30% of symptomatic subclavian venous thromboses. 11 In addition, studies have shown that clinically silent thrombosis may occur in 20-30% of patients after central venous catheter insertion. 12, 13
Design and operation of a variable temperature scanning tunnelling microscope

SUMMARY A new variable temperature STM has been developed which utilizes two concentric piezoelectric tubes; an inner scanning tube, and an outer thermal compensation tube which also provides for inertial translation of the sample into tunnelling range. With this design, continuously variable temperature operation is demonstrated for the first time in an STM. Also, by eliminating all mechanical components such as springs, levers and gears, which normally couple directly to the tunnelling gap in other designs, atomic resolution operation is demonstrated in which no vibration isolation is necessary. During operation, the inside of the scanning tube is maintained at ground potential while the feedback signal is electronically summed to the scanning voltages applied to the outer quadrants. In addition to shielding the sensitive tunnelling circuit, this mode of operation enables one to electronically balance out mechanical imperfections of the scanning tube. To date, this new STM has been operated over the 77–400 K temperature range with the observed thermal drift as low as 1 A/h and 10 A/K. Another useful feature of this new design is the ability to reposition a sample to within 200 A of the same location after it has been translated macroscopic distances (several mm) out of tunnelling range.
Power-Efficient Multiple-Subcarrier Modulation Scheme for Optical Wireless Communications

Multiple-subcarrier modulation (MSM) offers several potential advantages for optical wireless systems. MSM makes it possible to perform frequency-division multiplexing, while maintaining the simplicity of intensity modulation and direct detection. Indoor optical wireless systems may be subject to multipath distortion; in such systems, MSM enables transmission at high bit rates with minimal intersymbol interference. The average-power efficiency of MSM is lower than that of baseband modulation techniques, such as on-off-keying or pulse-position modulation, however. We present a technique for improving the average-power efficiency of multiple-subcarrier systems using binary or quadrature phase-shift keying (BPSK, QPSK) with bandlimited pulses, which are, necessarily, not time-limited. In order to insure the non-negativity of the transmitted intensity signal, we use a time-varying bias signal, which is a baseband pulse-amplitude modulation signal also using these pulses. We focus on the problem of designing this time-varying bias signal, which is complicated by the fact that the pulses are not time-limited. We show that the proposed scheme can significantly enhance power efficiency, with only a minimal increase in implementation complexity.
A hintikka possible worlds model for certainty levels in medical decision making

Symbolic logic has long been an appealing tool in efforts to formalize medical decision making [2], [9], [10]. Most concepts of diagnosis and plans for patient management can be formulated as a collection of assertions which are either true or false or indeterminate for a given patient. For example: "the patient has hyponatremia"; "the patient has Addison's crisis"; "the patient should receive steroids". The relationships among assertions such as these superficially resemble the connectives of symbolic logic: nega tion, conjunction, alternation, material implication, and material equivalence. For many applications, however, the binary, true-false character of ordinary symbolic logic renders it incapable of reproducing decisions based upon probability and cost considerations. For example, we might diagnose maturity onset diabetes mellitus in preference to glucagonoma in an obese 56-year-old male with hyper glycemia, because the former is far more probable. Likewise, we might recommend sputum cytology determinations in preference to an exploratory thoracotomy for working up a possible lung cancer case, because the former is less costly (both monetarily and in terms of patient suffering). Applications of decision theory to medical decision making have often proved difficult to work with, in part because of the unavailability of a sufficiently complete and reliable set of probabilities and costs. It is our view that symbolic logic most closely resembles the intuitive process of medical decision making, and thus that potentially the most productive approach to this prob lem is to develop an extension of ordinary symbolic logic capable of handling costs and probabilities. The "certainty levels" calculus is a system of symbolic logic which has been used to study cellular response in injury [12], [19], the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease [13], [14], and the reporting
Electroviscoelastic materials as active dampers

Electroviscoelastic materials (EVEMs) are polymeric materials that exhibit changes in structural properties when a voltage is applied across it. In the current study, an EVEM is developed that produce large changes in stiffness and damping materials with applied voltage. The resulting material exhibits many of the same properties as an electrorheological (ER) material, except the current material is self-supporting and thus can be used to applications where viscoelastic materials are used. The EVEM is composed of three components: 20% (by mass) of poly (p-phenylene) (PPP) particles doped with CuCl2 or FeCl3, 64% of Dow Sylgard 527 silicone gel, and 16% Dow Corning Sylgard 182 silicone elastomer, where the elastomer is added to for stiffening. Experimental harmonic tests using a double-lap shear test and a 0.025 thick specimens between 1 and 150 Hz reveal a factor six increase in stiffening and a factor of three decrease in damping with applied voltage (1500v).© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Immunochemical Characterization of Purified Human Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Antibodies

The goal of this study was to characterize the isotypes and reactivity of human autoantibodies to copper oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Forty-six purified oxLDL antibodies contained immunoglobulins of the three major isotypes, with a predominance of IgG, subclasses 1 and 3. These IgG isotypes are known to interact with FcRgammaI and to activate the complement system and thus are potentially able to activate macrophages and cause foam cell formation. The same purified antibodies were tested for cross-reactivity with malondialdehyde (MDA)-, glycated (Glyc)-, and native (n)LDL and cardiolipin. Absorption with oxLDL resulted in a decrease of reactivity of 77.2 +/- 4.7%. Absorption with MDA-LDL resulted in a wider range of reduction of reactivity values, ranging from 50 to 87%, possibly reflecting differences in the degree of MDA modification. Absorption with Glyc- and nLDL caused a minor decrease in the reactivity of antibodies to oxLDL (5.9 +/- 7.1 and 6.8 +/- 6. 4%, respectively), comparable to the reduction of reactivity (2.1 +/- 4.0%) measured after absorption with transferrin, an irrelevant protein used as a negative control. These results suggest that oxLDL antibodies recognize primarily MDA epitopes. To determine whether purified oxLDL antibodies also recognize other epitopes known to be generated during copper oxidation of LDL, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)- and N(epsilon)(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML), two additional sets of experiments were carried out. First, we monitored the formation of CML-, MDA-lysine, and HNE-lysine at different times during copper oxidation of two LDL pools. Both pools showed simultaneous increases in protein modification, as indicated by increasing fluorescence emission at 430 nm, and in immunoreactivity with oxLDL antibodies, coinciding closely with MDA modification of lysine groups. Second, we assessed whether the reactivity of oxLDL antibodies could be blocked by absorption with CML- or HNE-LDL. HNE-LDL did not react with isolated oxLDL antibodies. Highly modified CML-LDL (>90% of lysine residues modified) reduced the reactivity of oxLDL antibodies, but only by 25.5%. Finally, we investigated the possible cross-reactivity of oxLDL antibodies with cardiolipin. Seventeen purified oxLDL antibodies were used in this study, which showed that absorption with oxLDL or nLDL did not affect their reactivity with immobilized cardiolipin.
The Great Recession and social welfare spending in the American States

A major question of political economy is why and under what conditions welfare state expansion and retrenchment takes place. We examine the impact of the Great Recession of 2008–2009 on welfare policies of the American states. The analysis examines social policy spending in the American States for periods ranging from 1982 to 2011. The results suggest that social welfare spending is higher with better economic conditions in general but also with higher poverty rates. Liberal citizens and governments and Democratic majorities in the state house produce higher welfare spending. There is a trade-off between education and social welfare spending. Controlling for political, social, and economic conditions that affect state welfare policy, the years of the Great Recession saw a contraction of spending on social welfare programs in general and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families in particular, but an expansion of support for Medicaid.
Fracture mechanics parameter for the fatigue resistance of laser welds

Abstract A correlation between the fatigue life of a laser weld and its J-integral values has been developed. This correlation holds for a useful range of weld dimensions, and can be used to predict the effects of geometric variables on the fatigue resistance of laser welds. Scanning electron microscopy observations of untested and fatigue-tested laser welds indicate that (a) the fatigue of laser welds is dominated by crack propagation, and (b) the mechanism of crack growth of heat-affected zone (HAZ) is striation growth, essentially the same as that of the mild steel.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: The Inhibition of HL-60 Cell Growth by the African Trypanosomes in Vitro

Trypanosomiasis is of major public health importance in Africa where the disease affects man and livestock. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis in African trypanosomiasis, we studied the inhibition of host cell (human promyelocytic HL-60 cells) growth by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using an in vitro system. This inhibition was not due to changes in pH or nutritional depletion of the culture medium by the trypanosomes as inhibitory activity was still observed in cultures that had been supplemented with glucose or fresh culture medium. Our study suggests that the African trypanosomes produce a soluble factor which inhibits the growth of HL-60 cells. This growth inhibitor does not appear to kill the HL-60 cells as determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion test. The production of this factor does not require host cell contact nor does it require a host cell cofactor. The trypanosome growth inhibitor is strictly a trypanosome product. Estimation of the molecular weight of the trypanosome growth inhibitor with Amicon filters revealed that the factor is greater than 30,000 Da in size. Protease and heat treatment of the factor resulted in the depletion of inhibitory activity. These results indicate that the African trypanosomes produce a large-molecular-weight protein growth inhibitory factor which could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Genetic Evidence of Vertical Transmission and Cycling of Yersinia ruckeri in Hatchery-Origin Fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Abstract Enteric redmouth disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri, can be a severe problem in the culture of salmonid fishes, and can persist as a chronic infection within hatchery facilities for an indefinite amount of time ranging from months to years. Using a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assay and a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, the prevalence of Y. ruckeri deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was documented across a single production cycle of fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared at a hatchery. Ovarian fluid from spawning female adults, unfertilized eggs, eyed eggs, sac fry, and juvenile fish all tested positive for Y. ruckeri DNA using both nPCR and qPCR assays. Presence of Y. ruckeri DNA in ovarian fluids and unfertilized eggs indicates that vertical transmission of the pathogen from females to their progeny is possible. Juvenile fish had the highest level of Y. ruckeri DNA at a log10-transformed level of 4.3 DNA copies per gram of kidney tissue. The limited mort...
Internal consistencies of the original and revised beck depression inventory

Studied internal consistencies of the 1961 and 1978 versions of the Beck Depression Inventory in two different samples of psychiatric patients. The alpha coefficient for the 598 inpatients and outpatients who were administered the 1961 version was 0.88, and the alpha coefficient for the 248 outpatients who were self-administered the 1978 version was 0.86. The patterns of corrected item-total correlations were also similar, and it was concluded that the internal consistencies of both versions were comparable.
Allais on Transcendental Idealism

Lucy Allais argues that we can better understand Kant's transcendental idealism by taking seriously the analogy of appearances to secondary qualities that Kant offers in the Prolegomena. A proper appreciation of this analogy, Allais claims, yields a reading of transcendental idealism according to which all properties that can appear to us in experience are mind-dependent relational properties that inhere in mind-independent objects. In section 1 of my paper, I articulate Allais's position and its benefits, not least of which is its elegant explanation of how the features of objects that appear to us are transcendentally ideal while still being ‘empirically’ real. In section 2, I contend that there are elements of Allais's account that are problematic, yet also inessential, to what I view to be the core contribution of her analysis. These elements are the views that the properties that appear to human beings are not really distinct from properties that things have ‘in themselves’ and that Kant embraced a relational account of perception. In section 3, I return to the core of Allais's reading and argue that, despite its multiple virtues, it cannot make sense of key features of Kant's idealism.
Interference rejection for IS-54 signals

Interference rejection using a time-dependent adaptive filter (TDAF) combined with differential demodulation is investigated for /spl pi//4-DQPSK signal corrupted by Rayleigh faded multipath channel with co-channel interference. It is shown that the TDAF combined with differential decoding can achieve significant performance improvement over a time-independent Alter or the conventional matched filter receiver by exploiting the inherent spectral correlation of the signal. A reduced-complexity TDAF structure that is more suitable for practical implementation is also presented.
Developmental and functional significance of the CSF-1 proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate chain.

The primary macrophage growth factor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), is homodimeric and exists in 3 biologically active isoforms: a membrane-spanning, cell-surface glycoprotein (csCSF-1) and secreted glycoprotein (sgCSF-1) and proteoglycan (spCSF-1) isoforms. To investigate the in vivo role of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of spCSF-1, we created mice that exclusively express, in a normal tissue-specific and developmental manner, either the secreted precursor of spCSF-1 or the corresponding precursor in which the GAG addition site was mutated. The reproductive, hematopoietic tooth eruption and tissue macrophage defects of CSF-1-deficient, osteopetrotic Csf1op/Csf1op mice were corrected by transgenic expression of the precursors of either sgCSF-1 or spCSF-1. Furthermore, in contrast to the transgene encoding csCSF-1, both failed to completely correct growth retardation, suggesting a role for csCSF-1 in the regulation of body weight. However, spCSF-1, in contrast to sgCSF-1, completely resolved the osteopetrotic phenotype. Furthermore, in transgenic lines expressing different concentrations of sgCSF-1 or spCSF-1, spCSF-1 more efficiently corrected Csf1op/Csf1op defects of tooth eruption, eyelid opening, macrophage morphology, and B-cell deficiency than sgCSF-1. These results indicate an important role of the CSF-1 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in in vivo signaling by secreted CSF-1. (Blood. 2006;107:786-795)
Unique and common genetic effects between bone mineral density and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measures: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

Areal bone mineral density (BMD) and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures are correlated, and both traits predict osteoporotic fracture risk independently. However, few studies have examined whether common genetic effects (i.e., pleiotropy) exist between these traits in extended families. In this study, we estimated the additive genetic correlation and random environmental correlation between BMD measured at various skeletal sites and calcaneal QUS measures. Our sample included 537 adults (251 men and 286 women) from 110 families participating in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body BMD were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Three measures of calcaneal structure – broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) – were collected from the non-dominant heel using the Sahara sonometer. Applying a variance components-based maximum likelihood method, we estimated the heritability of each trait and estimated the genetic and environmental correlations between the different BMD and QUS measures. Heritability estimates were significant for all measures of BMD and QUS ranging from 0.55 to 0.78. Significant non-zero genetic correlations were found between the different BMD and QUS measures. All genetic correlations were also significantly different from 1. Genetic correlations between total hip BMD and each of the QUS measures were 0.63 with BUA, 0.50 with SOS, and 0.56 with QUI. For femoral neck BMD, genetic correlations were similar to those between total hip BMD and QUS measures. Genetic correlations between BMD of the lumbar spine and QUS measures ranged from 0.34 to 0.38, and those between total body BMD and QUS measures, from 0.51 to 0.54. In contrast, all random environmental correlations were not significantly different from zero. This study demonstrates that BMD and calcaneal QUS measures among healthy men and women are significantly heritable and are, in part, jointly influenced by a common set of underlying genes. Additionally, this study also provides evidence for a unique set of genes that independently influences each individual trait.
Drug metabolism for the paediatrician

Drug metabolism importantly determines drug concentrations. The efficacy and safety of many drugs prescribed for children are, therefore, dependent on intraindividual and interindividual variation in drug-metabolising enzyme activity. During growth and development, changes in drug-metabolising enzyme activity result in age-related differences in drug disposition, most pronounced in preterm infants and young infants. The shape of the developmental trajectory is unique to the drug-metabolising enzyme involved in the metabolism of individual drugs. Other factors impacting drug metabolism are underlying disease, drug-drug interactions and genetic variation. The interplay of age with these other factors may result in unexpected variation in drug metabolism in children of different ages. Extrapolation of adult data to guide drug dosing in children should be done with caution. The younger the child, the less reliable is the extrapolation. This review aims to identify the primary sources of variability of drug metabolism in children, the knowledge of which can ultimately guide the practitioner towards effective and safe drug therapy.
Aromatic polyethers, polysulfones, and polyketones as laminating resins. V. Polymers containing acetylenic side groups

1,3-Bis(p-phenoxybenzenesulfonyl)benzene and 4,4′-diphenoxydiphenyl sulfone were polymerized with isophthaloyl and terephthaloyl chloride in Friedel-Crafts type polymerizations. These polymers had 2,4-diphenoxyacetophenone in the backbone. The acetyl group was then converted into an acetylene group. They were crosslinked effectively by cyclization of the acetylene groups with a catalyst or by cyclo-addition with bisnitrile oxides.
EXPLORING FORMATIVE PERIOD OBSIDIAN BLADE TRADE: THREE DISTRIBUTION MODELS

Obsidian prismatic blades were widely traded across Mesoamerica during the Early and Middle Formative periods. However, it was not until the Late Formative period (400 b.c.—a.d. 100) that prismatic blade cores began to be exchanged extensively. Although it is generally accepted that the trading of blades preceded the trading of cores by almost 1,000 years, little is know about the structure of blade trading during the Early and Middle Formative periods. We describe three distributional models for the trade of obsidian prismatic blades: whole-blade trade, processed-blade trade, and local-blade production. These models were evaluated using obsidian consumption data from Oaxaca, the Basin of Mexico, and Tlaxcala. The results indicate that Formative period blade trade involved different forms over time and space.
The Height of STAPP

The therapist should keep clearly in mind the following technical aspects of STAPP which have similarities to, and differences from, other kinds of brief therapy when he selects an appropriate candidate and, after the opening phase, when he is rapidly reaching the height of this treatment.
Spatial- and temporal-reliability aware design for nano-scale VLSI circuits

This paper analyzes two of the most significant circuit reliability degradation phenomena in current CMOS technology, namely, temporal Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) for PMOS transistors and spatial Random Dopant Fluctuation (RDF) for both NMOS and PMOS nano-scale transistors. Among many models, Reaction-Diffusion model used for analyzing NBTI and width dependant model proposed for RDF simulations can currently get closest results to real cases. However, in most of the previous work, the causes and effects of NBTI and RDF were investigated individually. In this paper, we try to exploit how they act together to influence threshold voltage (V th ) and, hence, circuit performance. The simulation result shows that if a PMOS transistor suffers from severe RDF effect, NBTI effect inflicts more damage to it in terms of device performance. At the end, some possible methods of weakening the negative effects of NBTI and RDF are proposed and evaluated.
Authoritative Knowledge and Heteronomy in Classical Sociological Theory

This article traces the impact of philosophical questions regarding the grounds of moral autonomy and heteronomy (rule-from-another as opposed to rule-from-oneself) on classical sociological theory, arguing that both Weber and Durkheim understood sociology to have a contribution to make in the debate with Kant over the grounds of ethical action. Both insisted that the only possible ethical action was one within the bounds of rational knowledge that was inherently authoritative, but this sat uneasily with their focus on the relation between concrete social authority and the authoritativeness of beliefs in the sociology of religion. In rejecting Comte's explicit avowal of the embodiment of moral authority in the secular priesthood of sociologists, Weber and Durkheim had to paper over the social authority supporting the formulation of this rational knowledge. Each then produced a sociology of knowledge without a well-specified mechanism, in turn encouraging the development of the sociology of knowledge as a ...
Performance results for two of the NAS parallel benchmarks

Two problems from the recently published "NAS Parallel Benchmarks" have been implemented on three advanced parallel computer systems. These two benchmarks are the following: (1) an "embarrassingly parallel" Monte Carlo statistical calculation and (2) a Poisson partial differential equation solver based on three-dimensiona l fast Fourier transforms. The first requires virtually no interprocessor communication, while the second has a substantial communication re­ quirement. This paper briefly describes the two problems stud­ ied, discusses the implementation schemes employed, and gives performance results on the Cray Y-MP, the Intel iPSC/860 and the Connection Machine-2.
Molecular Evolution of Genes Controlling Petal and Stamen Development: Duplication and Divergence Within the APETALA3 and PISTILLATA MADS-Box Gene Lineages

The specification of floral organ identity in the higher dicots depends on the function of a limited set of homeotic genes, many of them members of the MADS-box gene family. Two such genes, APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI), are required for petal and stamen identity in Arabidopsis; their orthologs in Antirrhinum exhibit similar functions. To understand how changes in these genes may have influenced the morphological evolution of petals and stamens, we have cloned twenty-six homologs of the AP3 and PI genes from two higher eudicot and eleven lower eudicot and magnolid dicot species. The sequences of these genes reveal the presence of characteristic PI- and AP3-specific motifs. While the PI-specific motif is found in all of the PI genes characterized to date, the lower eudicot and magnolid dicot AP3 homologs contain distinctly different motifs from those seen in the higher eudicots. An analysis of all the available AP3 and PI sequences uncovers multiple duplication events within each of the two gene lineages. A major duplication event in the AP3 lineage coincides with the base of the higher eudicot radiation and may reflect the evolution of a petal-specific AP3 function in the higher eudicot lineage.
Racial Attitudes of Preschoolers: Age, Race of Examiner, and Child-Care Setting:

Racial attitudes of 60 preschool children (28 boys, 32 girls) from either a monoracial Euro-American child-care program (n = 16), a monoracial African-American program (n = 12), or a multiracial program (25 Euro-Americans, 7 African-Americans) were assessed using the Preschool Racial Attitudes Measure II. Despite the over-all neutral attitudes reflected by these children, evidence of a Euro-American bias among older children was found. If replicated with a large randomly selected sample recognizing and understanding early racial attitudes may be a key factor in fostering positive racial identity and preventing the formation of prejudice.
Personality Dimensions And Measures Of Risk Tolerance: Variance/Skew And Scenario Response Assessment

In this paper, we explore the relationship between dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and individual investor ex-ante risk tolerance. Ex-ante risk tolerance is measured using ex-ante variance and skew tolerance measures as well as industry-like Scenario Response Assessment (SRA). Our study uses survey results to relate these measures of ex-ante risk tolerance to MBTI measures. Our results indicate that personality dimensions do explain many SRA measures of individual ex-ante risk tolerance and further suggest that the relationship between personality dimensions and the industry-like individual ex-ante risk tolerance measures are generally complex and non-linear in form. Finally, our results find fewer, but still complex and non-linear, relationships between variance/skew ex-ante risk tolerance measures.
Effect of Raloxifene on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3, and Leptin in Premenopausal Women at High Risk for Developing Breast Cancer

Elevated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is associated with an increased risk for developing breast cancer in premenopausal women, whereas lower leptin levels have been documented in premenopausal breast cancer cases. We determined the effect of raloxifene on IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and leptin in premenopausal women at high risk for developing invasive breast cancer. Twenty-eight premenopausal women (median age 43 years) participating in a pilot breast cancer prevention trial provided 56 matched serum samples. Specimens were collected at baseline and after treatment with 60 mg of raloxifene daily. Median treatment duration was 3 months (range: 6 weeks to 12 months). Samples were frozen at -70 degrees C until analysis. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and leptin were measured by ELISA. Significance was evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Raloxifene administration increased serum IGFBP-3 [mean change 245 ng/ml; P = 0.017; 95% confidence interval (CI), 76-415] and leptin (mean change 2.1 ng/ml; P = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.6-3.7). No significant change in serum IGF-I was detected (mean change 2.6 ng/ml; P = 0.84; 95% CI, -15.4 to 20.6). IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratio was stable (mean change -0.014; P = 0.30; 95% CI, -0.041 to 0.012). Raloxifene administration is associated with an increase in IGFBP-3 and leptin in premenopausal high risk women. Increases in IGFBP-3 may potentially decrease the activity of circulating IGF-I. The effect of modulating the IGF pathway and leptin on breast cancer risk needs additional evaluation.
Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Women

steoporosis is a common disease that affects more than 10 million people (8 million women) in the United States. It leads to approximately 1.5 million fractures, more than a half-million hospitalizations, more than 800 000 emergency department visits, more than 2.6 million physician office visits, and the placement of nearly 180 000 individuals into nursing homes each year. Despite the availability of accurate testing and effective treatment, osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and a significant source of US healthcare expenditures. The long-term consequences Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Women