cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical ethics in peace and in the armed conflict.

Global medical ethics on the basis of the General Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations is a key subject for the 21st century. World Health Organization's new definition of health includes "spiritual health," a term that has to be defined in international consensus despite different anthropologies, cultures, and religions. Old issues in medical ethics such as assisted suicide are still waiting for global consensus among the "pro-life" and "pro-choice" parties. So far the Netherlands and Belgium are the only countries where euthanasia has been legalized, whereas the U.S. Supreme Court has denied a right of medically assisted suicide. The respect of nature is also the basis for guidelines in new issues in medical ethics such as gene therapy and human cloning, which are controversially discussed. Military medical ethics should provide regulations for morally correct decisions in armed conflicts including the war against international terrorism and in peacekeeping missions. Triage of the wounded, distribution of medical aid, and critical incident stress debriefing for soldiers and their relatives are key issues.
Amputation as a Consequence of Diabetes Mellitus

Amputation as a consequence of diabetes mellitus is becoming an increasingly serious public health problem and a problem that is commonly treated in the physical therapy clinic. Traditionally, physical therapists have devoted most of their efforts to treating the residual limb and have neglected caring for the other leg. This review examines the epidemiology of diabetic gangrene with consequent amputation and provides ideas for preventive measures and research directed at decreasing the occurrence of gangrene and its complications.
The international negotiation modules project: using computer-assisted simulation to enhance teaching and learning strategies in the community college

INTRODUCTION This chapter presents a case study of the International Negotiation Modules Project (INMP). The INMP utilized computer-assisted simulation is a tool to enhance teaching and learning strategies about international negotiations. Simulation in this context was more than merely playing a game or participating in a predefined exercise. Rather, it encompassed the entire class structure and affected all learning modalities. International topics that depicted real-life negotiation issues were incorporated into a simulation that was infused into a wide range of selected community college classes, including English, French Language, Math, and Psychology. The non-conventional pairing of disciplines, the nontraditional use of integrated technology, and the often diverse student bodies enhanced the overall quality of the simulation and the direct learning experience. Moreover, the INMP demonstrated a direct relevance for the use of information technology in community colleges. In total, a cross-section of 30 community college classes participated in the three-year pilot project. They represented both rural and urban areas across California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and Texas. This case addresses critical issues such as methods involved in implementing alternative instruction and information technology, effects of its implementation on the faculty and students, and problems associated with Internet technology access.
Communication Disorders and Challenging Behaviors: Supporting Children's Functional Communication Goals in the Classroom.

Children with communication disorders may express frustrations through challenging behaviors such as aggressive behaviors and social withdrawal. Challenging behaviors may lead to difficulties with building social competencies including emotional regulation and peer engagement. Individualized planning of functional goals for children with communication disorders provides support for social communication to increase quality classroom interactions. Teachers, families and service providers can work together to assess the purpose of the child’s behaviors in order to create more functional ways for the child to communicate as the spoken language continues to improve. This article focuses on strategies including considerations for collaboration in initial planning, communication modifications, and peer supports.
Core Excitons in SixGe1-x Alloys

We report measurements of the Si L2,3 absorption edge as a function of changing chemical environment in the SixGe1-x alloy series. We find a strong enhancement of the absorption coefficient at threshold for samples with compositions x near 0.15. This enhancement, observed in both transmission and electron-yield measurements, is consistent with a transformation of the core-exciton from a shallow, extended state for x 0.2 to a deep, localized state near x = 0.15.
The Impact of Low Self-Control on Online Harassment: Interaction with Opportunity

Developing Internet technology has increased t he rates of youth online harassment. This study examines online harassment from adolescents with low self-control and the moderating effect of opportunity. The data using this study were collected by the Korea Institute of Criminology in 2009. T he total sample size was 1,091. The results indicated that the low self-control, opportunity, and gender have a significant influence on online harassment. This study also showed a moderating effect of opportunity with low self-control on online harassment. However, there were different results according to gender; for males, low self-control and opportunity significantly impacted online harassment; for females, however, only low self-control significantly impacted online harassment . Furthermore, the interaction between low self-control and opportunity did not significantly influence online harassment either by males or by females. The results of multiple regression strongly supported Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) theory, but other models divided by gender only partially supported interacting effects. Thus, their theory should be applied by genders.
Unpacking Rumination and Executive Control: A Network Perspective:

Rumination is a common and problematic feature of depression and related disorders. It may reflect impairments in executive control. In this project, we used network analysis to explore the conceptualization of rumination in terms of impoverished top-down executive control. A total of 91 participants completed laboratory tasks of executive control, underwent a stressor, and reported on their level of rumination. We computed a regularized partial correlation network, relative importance network, and directed acyclic graph to estimate the functional relations among aspects of rumination and executive control. Results highlighted the centrality of self-criticism in the network. Perseverative thinking (e.g., brooding) predicted poor executive control, which in turn related to greater self-criticism. These complementary network perspectives suggest that multinode loops could be at play. This new approach to visualizing rumination may offer a more informative view of the interplay between problematic cognitive ...
'According to' phrases and epistemic modals

I provide an objection to an argument targeting the claim that epistemic modality concerns what is possible or necessary given what is known. The argument centers around uses of epistemic modals that co-occur with adjuncts of the form ‘according to X’, those in which the content of some reported information is at issue. I argue that such contexts do not license us to reach the sort of conclusion that the argument aims to reach.
Characterizing Engineering Learners’ Preferences for Active and Passive Learning Methods

This paper studies electrical engineering learners’ preferences for learning methods with various degrees of activity. Less active learning methods such as homework and peer reviews are investigated, as well as a newly introduced very active (constructive) learning method called “slectures,” and some others. The results suggest that graduate students’ perception of the usefulness of the activity increases with its level of activity. For undergraduate students, an increased perception of the usefulness of the activity was observed for lightly active but structured learning methods. Group-based analysis focusing on two types of learners, defined as “instructor-dependent” and “instructor-independent” according to their perception of the usefulness of the classroom lectures, was also performed. The results suggest that instructor-independent learners may benefit more from active learning methods than instructor-dependent learners. For example, instructor-independent undergraduate learners were found to perceive the homework assignment as being more useful than the lectures. Such a preference was not seen in the average group data. In fact, no learning method was found to be perceived as more useful than the lectures, on average. Thus this paper illustrates the pertinence of group-based data analysis.
The New Kidney Donor Allocation System and Implications for Anesthesiologists.

Given potential disparity and limited allocation of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation, a new federal kidney allocation system was implemented in 2014. Donor organ function and estimated recipient survival in this system has implications for perioperative management of kidney transplant recipients. Early analysis suggests that many of the anticipated goals are being attained. For anesthesiologists, implications of increased dialysis duration and burdens of end-stage renal disease include increased cardiopulmonary disease, challenging fluid, hemodynamic management, and central vein access. With no recent evidence to guide anesthesia care within this new system, we describe the kidney allocation system, summarize initial data, and briefly review organ systems of interest to anesthesiologists. As additional invasive and echocardiographic monitoring may be indicated, one consideration may be development of a dedicated anesthesiology team experienced in management and monitoring of complex patients, in...
Mechanisms of μ-opioid receptor inhibition of NMDA receptor-induced substance P release in the rat spinal cord.

The interaction between NMDA receptors and μ-opioid receptors in primary afferent terminals was studied by using NMDA to induce substance P release, measured as neurokinin 1 receptor internalization. In rat spinal cord slices, the μ-opioid receptor agonists morphine, DAMGO and endomorphin-2 inhibited NMDA-induced substance P release, whereas the antagonist CTAP right-shifted the concentration response of DAMGO. In vivo, substance P release induced by intrathecal NMDA after priming with BDNF was inhibited by DAMGO. ω-Conotoxins MVIIC and GVIA inhibited about half of the NMDA-induced substance P release, showing that it was partially mediated by the opening of voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels. In contrast, DAMGO or ω-conotoxins did not inhibit capsaicin-induced substance P release. In cultured DRG neurons, DAMGO but not ω-conotoxin inhibited NMDA-induced increases in intracellular calcium, indicating that μ-opioid receptors can inhibit NMDA receptor function by mechanisms other than inactivation of Cav channels. Moreover, DAMGO decreased the ω-conotoxin-insensitive component of the substance P release. Potent inhibition by ifenprodil showed that these NMDA receptors have the NR2B subunit. Activators of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) induced substance P release and this was decreased by the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 and by DAMGO. Conversely, inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase and PKA, but not of protein kinase C, decreased NMDA-induced substance P release. Hence, these NMDA receptors are positively modulated by the adenylyl cyclase-PKA pathway, which is inhibited by μ-opioid receptors. In conclusion, μ-opioid receptors inhibit NMDA receptor-induced substance P release through Cav channel inactivation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition.
Dharma and Dao: Key Terms in the Comparative Philosophy of Religion

This chapter proceeds from the assumption that “religion” is not an immediately obvious cross-cultural category and argues for framing the question of ineffability through terms and categories internal to non-European traditions. For example, before the terms “philosophy” and “religion” were translated into East Asian languages, early encounters with European Christians show Japanese scholars and officials attempting to classify foreigners according to local categories—categories rooted in discourses dating back to at least Song-dynasty China on the differences and similarities between traditions such as Buddhism, Daoism, and Ruism (i.e., Confucianism). With attention to the indigenous terms and categories used to describe these Asian traditions, we find insights into the question of ineffability unimaginable on a Eurocentric model alone.
Product and Process Innovation for Modeling of Sustainable Machining Processes

Sustainability is recognized as the driver for innovation. However, there is a critical need for improved sustainability evaluation methods, as well as for improved predictive models and optimization methods, to aid decision-making and selection of novel product and process designs for sustainable manufacturing. In the case of machining, increased awareness of the need for sustainability in manufacturing operations has led to significant research in advancing with new and more sustainable processes such as dry, near-dry and cryogenic machining. This paper presents an overview of product and process sustainability evaluation methods and modeling techniques, including analytical, empirical and computational methods, as well as optimization procedures, developed for predicting the performance of sustainable machining processes and major sustainability elements in machined products. The paper also highlights the technological challenges involved, and the future work needed, in developing comprehensive predictive models and optimization techniques for sustainable machining.
Integrating the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies in Correctional Counseling

Incarcerated populations face significant obstacles to receiving mental health counseling. Correctional counselors are often the sole advocates for these services, and although they have ethical ob...
Reachability Set Generation for Petri Nets: Can Brute Force Be Smart?

Generating the reachability set is one of the most commonly required step when analyzing the logical or stochastic behavior of a system modeled with Petri nets. Traditional “explicit” algorithms that explore the reachability graph of a Petri net require memory and time at least proportional to the number of reachable markings, thus they are applicable only to fairly small systems in practice. Symbolic “implicit” algorithms, typically implemented using binary decision diagrams, have been successfully employed in much larger systems, but much of the work to date is based on breadth-first search techniques best suited for synchronous hardware verification. Here, instead, we describe recently-introduced data structures and algorithms particularly targeted to Petri nets and similar asynchronous models, and show why they are enormously more efficient for this application. We conclude with some directions for future research.
Energy Efficient GPS Emulation through Compasses and Accelerometers for Mobile Phones

This paper identifies the possibility of using electronic compasses and accelerometers in mobile phones, as a simple and scalable method of localization. The idea is not fundamentally different from ship or air navigation systems, known for centuries. Nonetheless, directly applying the idea to human-scale environments is non-trivial. Noisy phone sensors and complicated human movements present practical research challenges. We cope with these challenges by recording a person’s walking patterns, and matching it against possible path signatures generated from a local electronicmap. Electronicmaps enable greater coverage,while eliminating the reliance on WiFi infrastructure and expensive war-driving. Measurement on Nokia phones and evaluation with real users confirm the anticipated benefits. Results show a location accuracy of less than 11m in regions where today’s localization services are unsatisfactory or unavailable.
Tuberculosis in the 1990s: Resurgence, Regimens, and Resources

ABSTRACTPhysicians in the United States must maintain vigilance for the 25 000 annual new cases of tuberculosis, concentrated in the elderly, in immigrants, in migrant and minority populations, and in immunosuppressed patients. Tuberculosis rates in the South remain above the national average. Physi
Effects of Supplemental Weight Training on the Physical Fitness of Athletic Squads

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how weight training affected the physical fitness of football, basketball, and track and field squads when it was used as a supplement to normal ...
Die Neuronenmaschinerie des Gehirns

Bevor ich versuche, einen Uberblick uber die Ideen und Probleme zu geben, die mit dem Neuronenmechanismus des Gehirns einerseits und mit bewuster Erfahrung andererseits zu tun haben, ist es notwendig, kurz und elementar einige Eigenschaften des Nervensystems zu erklaren, um so eine einfache strukturelle und funktionelle Basis fur meine Uberlegungen zu schaffen.
Interdisciplinary collaborations facilitate safety climate research

Abstract The Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center has collaborated with and supported faculty and doctoral students in their research in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Texas A&M University for more than a decade. This collaboration is the result of the recognition that organizational scientists have knowledge and skills that can address the human side of workplace and process safety. This paper reviews some of the research that has grown out of this long and fruitful collaboration and provides specific practical recommendations about building a state-of-the-science process safety climate assessment program. Based on a series of studies resulting from this collaboration, some important conclusions include: ensuring safety climate measures are neither contaminated nor deficient and assessing safety climate more than once a year. This paper demonstrates how academic-corporate partnerships and engineering-social science partnerships can create useful and important information to support environment, safety, and health (EHS) practice.
Longitudinal decreases in suicidal ideation are associated with increases in salience network coherence in depressed adolescents.

Abstract Background Suicidal ideation (SI) is an important predictor of suicide attempt, yet SI is difficult to predict. Given that SI begins in adolescence when brain networks are maturing, it is important to understand associations between network functioning and changes in severity of SI. Methods Thirty-three depressed adolescents were administered the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale to assess SI and completed resting-state fMRI at baseline (T1) and 6 months later (T2). We computed coherence in the executive control (ECN), default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and non-relevant noise networks and then examined the association between changes in brain network coherence and changes in SI severity from T1 to T2. Results A greater reduction in severity of SI was associated with a stronger increase in SN coherence from T1 to T2. There were no associations between the other networks and SI. Limitations We cannot generalize our findings to more psychiatrically diverse samples. More time-points are necessary to understand the trajectory of SI and SN coherence change. Conclusions Our finding that reductions in SI are associated with increases in SN coherence extends previous cross-sectional results documenting a negative association between SI severity and SN coherence. The SN is involved in coordinating activation of ECN and DMN in response to salient information. Given this regulatory role of the SN, the association between SN coherence and SI suggests that adolescents with reduced SN coherence might more easily engage in harmful thoughts. Thus, the SN may be particularly relevant as a target for treatment applications in depressed adolescents.
Differential expression of endoglin (CD105) between human malignant epithelial tissues and cultured epithelial cell lines

3826 Endoglin (EDG; CD105) is a cell membrane antigen that was initially identified as a human leukemia-associated homodimeric glycoprotein. EDG is a proliferation-associated cell membrane antigen of endothelial cells and leukemia cells, and strongly expressed on the tumor-associated angiogenic vascular endothelium. Furthermore, EDG is essential for angiogenesis/vascular development and an ancillary TGF-β receptor. We have been studying vascular targeting therapy and antiangiogenic therapy of tumors by targeting EDG on the tumor vascular endothelium. In addition, we are preparing for clinical application of a humanized anti-EDG mAb for therapy of cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the expression of EDG in a large panel of human solid tumor tissues and several malignant epithelial cell lines using several anti-EDG mAbs defining different epitopes. EDG expression in various human malignant tissues including breast, colon, and lung carcinomas was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression of EDG in cell lines was analyzed by RT-PCR, cellular radioimmunoassay (RIA), and IHC. The IHC analysis was performed using fixative-fixed cells and frozen cell pellets. For the cellular RIA, Molt-4 T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line and NIH/3T3 murine fibroblast cell line were used as negative controls while human endothelial cells, KM3 B-lineage ALL cell line and human L-EDG transfected-NIH/3T3 cell clones were used as positive controls. In the human solid tumor tissues, expression of EDG was restricted to the vascular endothelium and no EDG expression was detected in tumor cells per se. In contrast, several human breast cancer cell lines including doxorubicin resistant-MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 expressed EDG while wild type MCF7 human breast cancer cell line did not express EDG. These EDG-positive cell lines expressed EDG mRNA as well as EDG protein antigen. The wild type MCF-7 expressed neither EDG mRNA nor EDG protein. It is interesting to note that in vitro cell culture induced expression of cell surface EDG on monocytes while little EDG was detected on freshly isolated monocytes from healthy donors. The present results suggest that in vitro cell culture induces expression of EDG gene and subsequently EDG protein in certain malignant epithelial cells. Lack of expression of EDG in epithelial cells in fresh tissues will be important for vascular targeting therapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancer by targeting EDG on tumor vasculature.
Dual-comb imaging using soliton microcombs

We demonstrate rapid imaging using dual-microcomb interferometry. One of the soliton microcombs is spatially dispersed into two dimensions to record spatial information and the image is read out by multi-heterodyne with the second microcomb. © 2019 The Author(s)
PartiSan: Fast and Flexible Sanitization via Run-time Partitioning

Sanitizers can detect security vulnerabilities in C/C++ code that elude static analysis. Current practice is to continuously fuzz and sanitize internal pre-release builds. Sanitization-enabled builds are rarely released publicly. This is in large part due to the high memory and processing requirements of sanitizers.
Chapter 16 – Information Technology Security Management

Publisher Summary Information technology security management can be defined as processes that support enabling organizational structure and technology to protect an organization's IT operations and assets against internal and external threats, intentional or otherwise. These processes are developed to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of IT systems. There are various aspects to IT security in an organization that need to be considered. These include security policies and procedures, security organization structure, IT security processes, and rules and regulations. Security policies and procedures are essential for implementing IT security management—authorizing security roles and responsibilities to various security personnel; setting rules for expected behavior from users and security role players; setting rules for business continuity plans; and more. The security policy should generally be agreed to by most personnel in the organization and should have support from the highest-level management. This helps in prioritization at the overall organization level. The IT security processes are essentially part of an organization's risk management processes and business continuity strategies. In a business environment marked by globalization, organizations have to be aware of both national and international rules and regulations. Their information security and privacy policies must conform to these rules and regulations.
Push and pull factors promoting agroforestry tree crop uncontrolled extraction on rural households in Delta State, Nigeria.

The purpose of this study was to determine the push and pull factors promoting agroforestry tree crop depletion on rural household in Delta State. A multistage sampling technique was used. The sample size for the study was 120 farmers. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as chart, means derived from 5-point likert scale and inferential statistics such as logistic regression model and multiple regression model. The results of the chart on the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers showed that majority (62%) of the farmers were between the ages of 31-40 years. High proportion (79%) of the respondents were female. Majority (77%) of the respondents were married. Most (75%) of the respondents were formally educated. The modal class of respondents farming experience was 16-20 years. The logistic result revealed that age, household size and farm size were positively significant at 5% and 10% probability level while farm income, land tenure and level of education were negatively significant at 5% probability level respectively. The Cobb-Douglas function was chosen because it had the best fit. The coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was 0.625. The multiple regression result showed that the variables firewood collection and tree logging were positive while bushfire and farm erosion were negative and significant at 1%, 5% and 10% probability level. The activities of deforestation should be discouraged through stringent environmental laws for sustainable agricultural production.
Group Finding in the Stellar Halo Using M-giants in the Two Micron All Sky Survey: An Extended View of the Pisces Overdensity?

A density-based hierarchical group-finding algorithm is used to identify stellar halo structures in a catalog of M-giants from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The intrinsic brightness of M-giant stars means that this catalog probes deep into the halo where substructures are expected to be abundant and easy to detect. Our analysis reveals 16 structures at high Galactic latitude (greater than 15?), of which 10 have been previously identified. Among the six new structures, two could plausibly be due to masks applied to the data, one is associated with a strong extinction region, and one is probably a part of the Monoceros Ring. Another one originates at low latitudes, suggesting some contamination from disk stars, but also shows protrusions extending to high latitudes, implying that it could be a real feature in the stellar halo. The last remaining structure is free from the defects discussed above and hence is very likely a satellite remnant. Although the extinction in the direction of the structure is very low, the structure does match a low-temperature feature in the dust maps. While this casts some doubt on its origin, the low-temperature feature could plausibly be due to real dust in the structure itself. The angular position and distance of this structure encompass the Pisces overdensity traced by RR Lyraes in Stripe 82 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). However, the 2MASS M-giants indicate that the structure is much more extended than what is visible with the SDSS, with the point of peak density lying just outside Stripe 82. The morphology of the structure is more like a cloud than a stream and reminiscent of that seen in simulations of satellites disrupting along highly eccentric orbits. This finding is consistent with expectations of structure formation within the currently favored cosmological model: assuming the cosmologically predicted satellite orbit distributions are correct, prior work indicates that such clouds should be the dominant debris structures at large Galactocentric radii (~100?kpc and beyond).
Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging Using Nondiffractive Bessel Apodized Acoustic Radiation Force

The acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) has been widely used in transient shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI). For SWEI based on focused ARFI, the highest image quality exists inside the focal zone due to the limitation of the depth of focus and diffraction. Consequently, the areas outside the focal zone and in the near field present poor image quality. To address the limitations of the focused beam, we introduce Bessel apodized ARFI that enhances image quality and improves the depth of focus. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of SWEI based on Bessel ARF in simulation and experiment. We report measurements of elastogram image quality and depth of field in tissue-mimicking phantoms and ex vivo liver tissue. Our results demonstrate improved depth of field, image quality, and shear wave speed (SWS) estimation accuracy using Bessel push beams. As a result, Bessel ARF enlarges the field of view of elastograms. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Bessel SWEI is improved 26% compared with focused SWEI in homogeneous phantom. The estimated SWS by Bessel SWEI is closer to the measured SWS from a clinical scanner with an error of 0.3% compared to 2.4% with a focused beam. In heterogeneous phantoms, the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of shallow and deep inclusions are improved by 8.79 and 3.33 dB, respectively, under Bessel ARF. We also compare the results between Bessel SWEI and supersonic shear imaging (SSI), and the SNR of Bessel SWEI is improved by 8.1%. Compared with SSI, Bessel SWEI shows more accurate SWS estimates in high stiffness inclusions. Finally, Bessel SWEI can generate higher quality elastograms with less energy than conventional SSI.
A Systematic Review of Simulation Models to Track and Address the Opioid Crisis.

The opioid overdose crisis is driven by an intersecting set of social, structural, and economic forces. Simulation models offer a tool to help us understand and address this complex, dynamic, and nonlinear social phenomenon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on simulation models of opioid use and overdose up to September 2019. We extracted modeling types, target populations, interventions, and findings. Further, we created a database of model parameters used for model calibration, and evaluated study transparency and reproducibility. Of the 1,398 articles screened, we identified 88 eligible articles. The most frequent types of models were compartmental (36%), Markov (20%), system dynamics (16%), and Agent-Based models (16%). Over a third evaluated intervention cost-effectiveness (40%), and another third (39%) focused on treatment and harm reduction services for people with opioid use disorder (OUD). More than half (61%) discussed calibrating their models to empirical data, and 31% discussed validation approaches used in their modeling process. From the 63 studies that provided model parameters, we extracted the data sources on opioid use, OUD, OUD treatment, cessation/relapse, emergency medical services, and mortality parameters. This database offers a tool that future modelers can use to identify potential model inputs and evaluate comparability of their models to prior work. Future applications of simulation models to this field should actively tackle key methodological challenges, including the potential for bias in the choice of parameter inputs, investment in model calibration and validation, and transparency in the assumptions and mechanics of simulation models to facilitate reproducibility.
Circulation to Female Reproductive Organs

The sections in this article are: 1 Utero-Ovarian Arteries and Veins 2 Blood Flow to the Nonpregnant Uterus 2.1 Effect of Estrogens 2.2 Effect of Vasoactive Compounds 3 Placental Circulation 3.1 Vascular Anatomy 3.2 Theoretical Models 3.3 Flow-Limited Placental Clearance 3.4 Growth of Uteroplacental Blood Flow 3.5 Relation of Blood Flow to O2 Consumption in the Gravid Uterus 3.6 Comparative Aspects 3.7 Pressure-Flow Relationship 4 Short-Term Regulation of Uteroplacental Blood Flow 4.1 Respiratory Gases 4.2 Estrogens 4.3 Catecholamines 4.4 Prostaglandins 4.5 Renin-Angiotensin System 4.6 Neural Control 4.7 Concepts of Placental Blood Flow Regulation 5 Ovarian Blood Flow 6 Mammary Blood Flow
6. Small-Angle Scattering from Porous Materials

Abstract We review the basic theoretical methods used to treat small-angle scattering from porous materials, treated as general two-phase systems, and also the basic experimental techniques for carrying out such experiments. We discuss the special forms of the scattering when the materials exhibit mass or surface fractal behavior and review the results of recent experiments on several types of porous media. Finally, we discuss SANS experiments probing the phase behavior of binary fluid mixtures or polymer solutions confined in porous materials.
Concepts and Approaches to the Understanding of Electron Transfer Processes in Enzymes containing Multiple Redox Centers

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses aspects of the electron transfer process that occur in redox-active proteins by using examples from a variety of redox-active enzymes. In the outer-sphere mode of the electron transfer, no bonds are made or broken during the formation and subsequent dissociation of the bimolecular complexes formed by the reacting species. Because the redox-active centers of many proteins are either partly or completely buried within the protein, it is generally acknowledged that a inner-sphere process is unlikely for proteinprotein electron transfer reactions and that the outer-sphere model is more appropriate. With proteins, there is every reason to anticipate that complex formation with each of the different reactants proceeds with varying specificity. In general, those proteins that contain only a single redox center rarely exhibit catalytic activity. Thus, the cytochromes, the blue copper proteins, and the simple iron-sulfur protein are better recognized for exhibiting simple electron transfer capabilities. By contrast, proteins that contain several redox-active centers are most commonly associated with a characteristic and well-defined catalytic function.
Irving Kaplansky and Supersymmetry

Remarks at the Irving Kaplansky Memorial about a collaboration during the early period of the renewal of contacts between mathematicians and theoretical physicists.
Detection of a variable reluctance machine's rotor position using a predictor corrector estimator

A technique termed a predictor corrector estimator (PCE), which estimates rotor position by measuring the machine's phase voltage, phase current, and rotor speed is proposed. These measurement are easily accessible, inexpensive, and reliable. The fast convergence properties of the estimation algorithm together with the quick and simple computational requirements suggest it use as a real-time estimator with today's microprocessor technology. Simulation results are presented which show that the PCE provides excellent rotor detection performance when using high-speed moving average measurements and a suitably chosen gain matrix. >
EEG fast frequency activity in the sons of alcoholics

Abstract The EEGs of young (21–25-year-old) sons of alcoholics and their matched controls ( n = 24 pairs) were computer evaluated to assess activity in the 12–20 Hz (beta) range. Subjects were blindly exposed to ethanol and placebo drinks while EEG was gathered at baseline and 90 min postconsumption. Men with alcoholic fathers [family history positive (FHP)] displayed significantly more beta activity at 90 min postethanol consumption than the men who had no alcoholic relatives [family history negative (FHN)]. In addition, when subjects were sorted into "low" and "moderate" drinkers depending on their drinking practices, additional differences were found between groups. Within the FHN subjects, moderate drinkers were found to have significantly more energy in the beta frequencies at both baseline and at 90 postdrug than low drinkers. However, though family history positive subjects had overall increases in 12–20 Hz activity compared with the FHN subjects, no significant differences were found between moderate and low drinkers within the FHP population. Taken together, these studies suggest that drinking practices and a familial history for alcoholism can modify the beta content of the EEG in the 12–20 Hz range in young men.
Focus Issue: Understanding Mechanisms of Inflammation

This Focus Issue of Science Signaling, which complements the Science Special Issue on Inflammation, includes research that reveals regulators of a receptor implicated in an inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the contribution of a matrix metalloproteinase to skin inflammation. Perspectives discuss the role of proinflammatory cytokines in brain inflammatory disorders and the regulation of multiple types of cell death in tissues in response to proinflammatory factors. Together with content from the Science Signaling Archives, these articles underline the importance of understanding the basis of inflammatory responses that can both protect and harm the host.
Generalizable aspects of the development of expertise in ballet across countries and cultures: a perspective from the expert-performance approach

The expert-performance approach guided the collection of survey data on the developmental history of elite professional ballet dancers from three different countries/cultures (USA, Mexico, and Russia). The level of ballet expertise attained by age 18 was found to be uniquely predicted by only two factors, namely the total number of accumulated hours of dance practice through age 17 and the age of first having the “idea of becoming a professional dancer.” Older starting ages were associated with a more rapid increase of weekly training, so starting ages were not correlated with amount of practice accumulated at age 17 or attained ballet performance by age 18. Different detailed developmental paths leading to elite ballet performance are described and their theoretical implications discussed.
Combination of electron microscopy and the thioflavine S technique in studies of the spinal cord microvasculature.

Abstract The thioflavine S technique for delineating blood flow patterns in central nervous system tissue has been reviewed. Electron microscopic studies of the microvasculature of the feline spinal cord after intravascular administration of the thioflavine S demonstrated no fine structural alterations in arterioles, capillaries, or venules. It is suggested that the thioflavine S technique could be used in conjunction with electron microscopic studies to enhance correlation of microvascular structure with function.
What Good Is Agricultural Biotechnology

ABSTRACT The dialogue and debate over crops developed with genetic engineering (GE) has produced a host of questions. These questions merit consideration. Here a rational and optimistic reply is attempted.
On the theory of the coagulation of noninteracting particles in brownian motion

Abstract The theory for coagulation of particles in Brownian motion is reviewed. The effects of heterogeneity in particle size, and of particle motion in a rarefied medium are examined using numerical solutions of the coagulation equations. Heterogeneity and increased values of the ratio of the mean free path of the medium to the particle radius (the Knudsen number for particles) increased the rate of coagulation. According to the results of the numerical experiments, a self-preserving function for the size distribution develops after dimensionless coagulation times of about 3. The self-preserving spectrum was found to be independent of the initial distribution after a sufficiently long time. The shape of the asymptotic distribution varied with the ratio of the mean free path of the medium to the particle radius ( λ / r 1 ). A cumulative distribution rapidly formed which was insensitive to time, to initial conditions, and to variations in λ / r 1 up to one. The average cumulative distribution compared fairly well with an experimentally determined distribution.
Visualization of NMDA Receptor-Induced Mitochondrial Calcium Accumulation in Striatal Neurons☆

Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptor-gated channels and the subsequent rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been implicated in cytotoxic processes that lead to irreversible neuronal injury. While many studies have focused on cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis, much less is known about Ca2+ fluxes in subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria. The mitochondria play an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis by sequestering cytosolic Ca2+ loads. However, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload can impair ATP synthesis, induce free radical formation, and lead to lipid peroxidation. Thus, it is also important to understand the mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes induced by NMDA. In this study, changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) in cultured striatal neurons were monitored with a Ca(2+)-binding fluorescent probe, rhod-2, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The rhod-2 fluorescence signal was highly localized in mitochondrial areas of confocal images. A rapid increase of [Ca2+]m was observed when neurons were treated with 100 microM NMDA. The increased [Ca2+]m induced by NMDA could not be observed in the presence of ruthenium red, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, or CCCP, a protonophore that breaks down the mitochondrial membrane potential necessary for Ca2+ uptake. The magnitude and reversibility of changes in [Ca2+]m induced by NMDA were variable. In neurons receiving multiple pulses of NMDA, [Ca2+]m did not return to baseline. The elevated [Ca2+]m may persist indefinitely and may rise further after successive NMDA exposures. These data demonstrate that Ca2+ accumulates in mitochondria in response to NMDA receptor activation. This Ca2+ accumulation may play a role in the excitotoxic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by NMDA.
Women in Police Blue: An Organizational Demography of the Gender Composition of Urban Police Patrol Work Groups

This article reaches back to 1990, a time when women were still relatively new to policing and few were engaged in police work. Our goal is to assess the arguments of organizational demographers about the effects of work group gender composition on the performance of women police officers. The results indicate that organizational demographers got things right: Women in police blue are significantly more productive in gender-balanced work groups.
Granulocyte antibodies in leukaemic chronic lymphoproliferative disorders

The anti-granulocyte activity of serum from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and other lymphoproliferative disorders was investigated. Granulocyte-binding IgG was measured in 34 patients with CLL, 13 patients with hairy cell leukaemia, one patient with prolymphocytic leukaemia, two patients with Sezary cell leukaemia, and seven patients with chronic T-cell lymphocytosis who had a predominance of circulating large granular lymphocytes. Anti-granulocyte activity was absent in CLL and its variants, but present in the majority of granulocytopenic patients with chronic T-cell lymphocytosis. In one of these patients, granulocytopenia was associated with complement-activating IgG granulocyte antibody. Thus, antibody-mediated granulocyte injury appears to be an unusual occurrence in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, but is a frequent complication of chronic T-cell lymphocytosis.
Synthesis of 1-palmitoyl-2-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PHPC).

Abstract A general method for the chirospecific synthesis of 1-acyl-2-alkyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholines is described. 1-Palmitoyl-2-hexadecyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (PHPC) was synthesized in 18% overall yield in ten steps via five new synthetic intermediates, and 1-acetyl-2-hexadecyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (AHPC) was also synthesized. 1-Acyl-2-alkyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholines, which have not been found to exist in nature, are ether lipid analogs of 1,2-diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholines, which are important components of cell membranes. Biophysical studies of hydrated bilayers of PHPC will be of interest in probing the critical importance of the central region of these amphiphilic molecules to the molecular assemblies that are formed.
Differential effects of urinary bladder distension on high cervical projection neurons in primates.

Projection neurons located in high cervical segments of primates are generally excited instead of inhibited by cardiopulmonary spinal inputs, which enter thoracic dorsal roots. Thus, high cervical neurons with axons that either ascend to the thalamus or descend to thoracolumbar spinal segments can process and transmit excitatory cardiac information. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the excitatory effects observed to cardiopulmonary afferent stimulation are a universal response in high cervical projection neurons to spinal visceral inputs. Urinary bladder distension (UBD) was used to stimulate visceral afferent inputs that enter lumbosacral dorsal roots. Effects were determined on extracellular activity of either spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons or descending propriospinal neurons that were recorded in high cervical segments of anesthetized monkeys. Results showed that 17/34 STT neurons were inhibited by UBD and 3/34 STT neurons were excited. Widespread visceral inputs, therefore, can excite high cervical STT neurons but the majority of responsive STT neurons were inhibited by UBD. Effects of UBD on high cervical descending propriospinal neurons were significantly different from responses in STT neurons. Extracellular activity of fewer propriospinal neurons was affected by UBD and responses were more variable; 3/26 neurons were inhibited, 5/26 neurons were excited and one neuron was excited/inhibited by UBD. These results showed that the generally excitatory responses of high cervical projection neurons to cardiopulmonary inputs were not duplicated by stimulation of sensory input from the urinary bladder. Furthermore, results of this study indicated that effects of sensory inputs on spinal neurons might vary depending on axonal projections of the neurons examined.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Direct Instruction of Preservice Teachers

Two methods of delivering direct instruction were compared. Thirty-seven randomly selected juniors enrolled in a reading methods course were trained to use the Directed Reading Activity (DRA) delivered by lecture and discussion and were compared with 37 juniors instructed with videotape and simulation on their classroom teaching performance measured by a systematic observation in strument. Although there were no short-term differences in the performance of the two instruc tional groups, those instructed with videotape and simulation retained and used the information better over a longer period.