cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty alcohol production in Lipomyces starkeyi and Yarrowia lipolytica

Current biological pathways to produce biofuel intermediates amenable to separations and catalytic upgrading to hydrocarbon fuels are not cost effective. Previously, oleaginous yeasts have been investigated primarily for lipid production. However, yeasts store neutral lipids intracellularly making recovery difficult and expensive. In addition, once recovered from the cells, lipids are difficult to blend directly with the existing fuels without upgrading. We have, therefore, begun to investigate secreted fatty acid-derived products which can be easily recovered and upgraded to fuels. In this study, we successfully demonstrate the production of fatty alcohols by the oleaginous yeasts, Yarrowia lipolytica and Lipomyces starkeyi, through expression of the fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene from Marinobactor aquaeolei VT8. This strategy resulted in the production of 167 and 770 mg/L of fatty alcohols in shake flask from Y. lipolytica and L starkeyi, respectively. When using a dodecane overlay during fermentation, 92 and 99% of total fatty alcohols produced by Y. lipolytica and L. starkeyi, respectively, were extracted into the dodecane phase, which compares favorably to the 3 and 50% recovered, respectively, without the dodecane layer. In both oleaginous yeasts, long chain length, saturated fatty alcohols, i.e., hexadecanol (C16:0) and octadecanol (C18:0), were predominant and accounted for more than 85% of the total fatty alcohols produced. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fatty alcohol production in L. starkeyi. This work demonstrates that the oleaginous yeasts, Y. lipolytica and L. starkeyi, can serve as platform organisms for the production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and bioproducts.
Role of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Airway Management

There are multiple ways that a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be used to facilitate airway management. The types of LMAs available and their advantages are discussed. Circumstances where LMA’s are useful are detailed.
Reporting the sensitivities and resolutions of CNT-based resonators for mass sensing

Abstract The attitude of the science of mass sensors is to design highly mass sensitive nano-devices along with nano-devices that can operate at distinct sensitivity and resolution levels. Because they can achieve very high frequency shifts when very small masses are added to their surfaces, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as the most promising material candidate that can be used in designing mass sensors. To design and recommend a CNT for specific sensitivity and resolution levels, experimental trials are usually utilized. This motivated us to report the sensitivities and resolutions of CNTs-based resonators for mass sensing applications. An accurate mathematical model is proposed with considering the atomic packing and the lattice dynamics of CNTs. In the context of this model, the elastic properties of CNTs are obtained accounting for their phonon dispersions. The derived model is then used to report the sensitivities and resolutions of CNTs as functions of the CNT length and diameter. Recommended dimensions for CNTs with resolutions equal to the atomic mass of elements including B, Ca, C, Cr, Li, Mg, Si, Ti, and Zr are also determined. The performed analyses provide the necessary guidelines to design efficient mass sensors and mechanical mass spectrometers with different sensitivity and resolution levels.
An Update of Judicial Rulings Specific to FBAs or BIPs under the IDEA and Corollary State Laws.

Exemplifying the insufficient treatment of legal issues in refereed journals in special education and related fields, the limited legal coverage of functional behavioral assessments (FBAs) and beha...
Unsafe Streets' New Liability

A recent decision by the high court of New York State (Turturro v. City of New York) could affect the pace of Vision Zero street redesigns across the United States. In this short piece, I explain the holding, history, and repercussions of the case and what advocates can learn about pressing their cities to fulfill their legal obligation to build and maintain safe streets.
Abstract 652: Regulation of Cardiac MicroRNA miR-208a by Angiotensin II and the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker Nebivolol

The microRNA miR-208a is a pathologic myo-miR required for hemodynamic pressure overload induced cardiac fibrosis. It is unclear how cardio-deleterious hormones and cardioprotective drugs regulate expression of miR-208a. We hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) and anti-inflammatory drugs rapamycin (Rap: inhibitor of the nutrient sensor kinase mTOR) and nebivolol (Neb: a 3rd generation β1 adrenergic receptor [β1-AR] blocker that exhibits β3-AR agonism) modulate miR-208a expression in cardiomyocytes. Methods and Results: In mouse atrial cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells, 12 hour treatment with Ang II (100nM) increased miR-208a by 6 fold as determined by real-time RT-PCR analysis (P<0.05; n=5). AT1 receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan (10μM), but not AT2 receptor (AT2R) blocker PD123319 (10μM), inhibited this effect. Pre-treatment (1hr) with Rap (10nM) and Neb (1μM), but not apocynin (500μM: NADPH oxidase inhibitor) or U73122 ((10μM: Phospholipase C inhibitor) attenuated Ang II-induced increases in miR-208a levels (P<0.05). Thus, the AT1R-mediated activation of mTOR up-regulates miR-208a in cardiomyocytes. Immunoblotting revealed that Ang II increased phosphorylation (p) of mTOR (pSer2448), S6K1 (pThr389) and RPS6 (pSer235/236) by 1.5 to 2 fold in HL-1 cells and Rap and Neb suppressed this effect (P<0.05). Neb-induced β3-AR agonism was not involved in miR-208a suppression since β3-AR antagonist SR52930 (1μM) did not reverse Neb-induced suppression of miR-208a and β3-AR mRNA was not detected in HL-1 cells by real time RT-PCR. Interestingly, a 12 hour treatment of HL-1 cardiomyocytes with 1μM Neb attenuated 125I-Ang II binding to the AT1R by (70%: P<0.05); however a 15 minute pre-incubation with 1μM Neb did not prevent 125I-Ang II binding to HL-1 cells. Thus, chronic Neb treatment down-regulates AT1R function in cardiomyocytes. Conclusions: We show for the first time that Ang II increases miR-208a expression in cardiomyocytes via activation of mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway. Nebivolol, a β-blocker, inhibits Ang II-induced miR-208a expression and mTOR signaling. Moreover, chronic Neb treatment down-regulates AT1R in cardiomyocytes. Regulation of AT1R-mTOR-miR-208a axis by Neb is a novel cardioprotective mechanism.
Dissociate effects of ethyl alcohol

Alcohol was demonstrated to have dissociative properties in a negative transfer task but not in a relearning task. In addition, alcohol was shown to retard the rate of acquisition of new learning.
Evolution and Function of Thioester-Containing Proteins and the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response.

The innate immune response is evolutionary conserved among organisms. The complement system forms an important and efficient immune defense mechanism. It consists of plasma proteins that participate in microbial detection, which ultimately results in the production of various molecules with antimicrobial activity. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are a superfamily of secreted effector proteins. In vertebrates, certain TEPs act in the innate immune response by promoting recruitment of immune cells, phagocytosis, and direct lysis of microbial invaders. Insects are excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of innate immune recognition and response to a wide range of microbial infections. Impressive progress in recent years has generated crucial information on the role of TEPs in the antibacterial and anti-parasite response of the tractable model insect Drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. This knowledge is critical for better understanding the evolution of TEPs and their involvement in the regulation of the host innate immune system.
Application issues and mitigation methods for common DC bus motor drive systems with active front-end rectifier

AC drive systems with PWM switched converters and long shielded cables cause issues like motor line-line overvoltage, common-mode currents (CMC), overvoltage to ground, bearing currents and electro-magnetic interference (EMI). High-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) generated by converter and inverter switching creates high shaft voltages and bearing currents, which may cause premature failure of the motor. It is crucial to model the AC drive system accurately to determine the effect of system configuration on the aforementioned application issues, before designing a solution to mitigate the issues. In this paper, a systematic approach is provided to model and simulate the various components of a multi-axis Common DC bus motor drive system. The simulation models are validated by comparing the results with experimental data obtained for a single axis motor drive system.
Obesity and Endometrial Cancer: Mouse Models for Preclinical Prevention Studies

Endometrial cancer risk is more strongly associated with obesity than any other cancer type and it is estimated that well over half of endometrial cancer cases in the US are attributable to being overweight and obese. The evaluation of new therapeutic regimens for the prevention and treatment of human endometrial cancer patients is dependent on the development of relevant preclinical models. This chapter will examine the animal models available for endometrial cancer studies in the lab, with a focus on mouse models. Mice and other rodents represent the front line for early preclinical studies in cancer research. We will discuss specific mouse models of endometrial cancer and will further present techniques that can be used to study the role of diet, obesity, and exercise on the normal endometrium and on the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer in the lab.
Solution of an Inverse Problem in Groundwater Flow Using Uncertain Data

The mean, variance and confidence interval for aquifer trans-miss ivity can be calculated from the mean and variance of hydraulic head, A direct solution of the hyperbolic partial differential equations can be achieved using a numerical scheme. When the hydraulic head is not under uncertainty, the deterministic solution for transmissivity is obtained.
Chapter 6 – The Applications of Nanotechnology

Food nanotechnology is an emerging field with neat applications for the agriculture and food market. Nanotechnology applications for the food industry include encapsulation of nutraceuticals, smart packaging materials, biodegradable green packaging materials produced with nanocomposites, lab-on-a-chip devices for fast analysis, and nanosensors that can detect food contaminants and pathogens. In this chapter, we attempt to review the recent developments in food nanotechnology, in particular, nanostructures as part of controlled release and delivery systems, engineered nanomaterials for food-packaging applications, microelectromechanics, and microfluidics technologies for sensor applications. Brief descriptions of various nano-oriented approaches are provided throughout the chapter including outstanding challenges.
Biomaterial strategies to reduce implant-associated infections

Although the prophylaxis in controlling sterility within the operating room environment has been greatly improved, implant-associated infection is still one of the most serious complications in implant surgeries due to the existence of immune depression in the peri-implant area. The antibacterial ability of materials themselves logically becomes an important factor in preventing implant-associated infections. With the understanding of the pathogenesis of implant-associated infections, many approaches have been developed through providing an anti-adhesive surface, delivering antibacterial agents to disrupt cell-cell communication and preventing bacteria aggregation or biofilm formation, or killing bacteria directly (lysing the cell membrane). In this article, we review the current strategies in improving the antibacterial ability of materials to prevent implant infection and further present promising tactics in materials design and applications.
Deuterium NMR of Anisotropic Systems

A brief summary of the concepts involved in 2H NMR of solids and semisolid systems is given. Examples of the use of 2H NMR to elucidate motional modes in systems undergoing anisotropic motions are discussed. The application of 2H NMR to characterize partially ordered systems and to detect and quantitate phase transitions is discussed. Finally, two of the newer methods of analyzing 2H powder spectra are demonstrated with examples.
A Comprehensive Review of Linear Chain Iridium Complexes

The subject of linear chain materials which have unusual physical and chemical properties has been reviewed1 and discussed2,3 recently. A great deal of emphasis within these reviews has concentrated on the so-called Krogmann-type4 inorganic tetracyanoplatinate complexes and the 7, 7, 8, 8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) organic charge transfer materials because of their high anisotropic conductivities. However, the area of linear chain iridium complexes which have many of the common characteristics of the Krogmann salts has not been extensively reviewed.
Interrelationships among various measures of upper body strength assessed by different contraction modes. Evidence for a general strength component.

Two studies were conducted in 83 college men to determine the degree of generality of individual differences in upper body muscular strength assessed by different testing modes. In study 1 (N=43), correlations were computed between four measures of upper body strength using the bench press movement, maximal isokinetic (0.09 rad·s−1), maximal fast (0.126 m·s−1) and slow (0.037 m·s−1) hydraulic, and one repetition maximum (1-RM) free weight bench press (BP). Compared to free weight BP, maximal strength during isokinetic and slow hydraulic BP was ∼29% and ∼8% larger, and fast hydraulic BP strength was ∼63% lower (p<0.05). Simple linear regression of isokinetic BP on 1-RM BP yieldedr=0.79, error of prediction (SE)=12%, and generality=81%. The corresponding averaged values for the regression of slow and fast hydraulic BP on free weight 1-RM BP werer=0.77, SE=13.5%, and generality=84%. In Study 2 (N=40), testing included maximal isokinetic concentric and eccentric arm flexion and extension at 0.524, 1.570, and 2.094 rad·s−1. The ratio of concentric to eccentric torque at the 3 speeds averaged 0.68 (flexion) and 0.70 (extension), and eccentric torques were 32% and 30% greater than concentric torques (p<0.05). The linear regression between concentric vs. eccentric flexion and extension torques at the three velocities yielded an averager=0.80, SE=13.7%, and generality=73%. The findings from both studies provide evidence for generality of concentric muscle forces obtained during isokinetic, hydraulic, and 1-RM BP movement, and concentric and eccentric torque measured at 3 velocities for simple arm flexion and extension. Thus, individuals who performed well (or poorly) on one type of upper body strength test were able to achieve the same relative level of performance when tested by different contraction modes.
Probability Based Worn Circuit Breaker Modeling and Risk Evaluation on Potential Power Grid Failures

Circuit breakers are one of the most commonly applied power protective devices, which are designed to automatically isolate the circuit when the current exceeds a certain limit, to prevent the electric appliances from thermal damage. Circuit breakers can be manually or automatically reset after being tripped. With time elapsing, some mechanisms inside the circuit breakers may get aged and fatigued, and some connections and contacts may become loose and misaligned. The worn conditions may cause the circuit breaker failed to operate, or not able to trip within specified current and time range. These failures and malfunctions may cause discoordination in original power protection plan, and therefore cause unexpected partially or entirely blackout in the power grid. Some cyber attackers may even utilize this flaw to hack power appliances and breach the predefined power protective protocol. Due to the considerable number of circuit breakers in a power grid, simulation approach in system-level power quality, safety and security study is highly demanded. In this work, we propose a probability based simulation modeling methodology for worn circuit breakers. The proposed circuit breaker model will be applied in a micro power grid testbed for risk assessment on potential power grid failures.
A Potential Bias in Subjective Ratings of Mental Effort

Purpose Subjective reports of listening effort are frequently inconsistent with behavioral and physiological findings. A potential explanation is that participants unwittingly substitute an easier ...
A "Hands-On" Thread, Part of a Medical Nutrition Education Curriculum.

Required “hands-on” medical nutrition education sessions are woven through years 1–3 at the Brody School of Medicine. An elective opportunity also is available for third and fourth year students. These active learning sessions focus on diet and chronic disease, including obesity, prevention, and treatment.
Clinical characteristics of men with prostate cancer and evaluation of NCCN prostate cancer guidelines on germline genetic testing outcomes.

252Background: Growing evidence suggests up to 12% of men with metastatic prostate cancer (PC) harbor a pathogenic variant (PV) in genes associated with hereditary cancer risk. Updated NCCN PC guid...
Chiral fermions on the lattice

Abstract The Overlap-Dirac operator provides a lattice regularization of massless vector gauge theories with an exact chiral symmetry. Practical implementations of this operator and recent results in quenched QCD using this Overlap-Dirac operator are reviewed.
Abstract P2024: Treatment of Primary Hyperaldosteronism Increases Plasma Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are lipid signaling molecules formed from arachidonic acid by the action of CYP450s. EETs cause vasodilation, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and enhance insulin s...
Effects of competition from California weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) biotypes on a cultivated rice variety

Weedy rice is an emerging problem of cultivated rice in California. Infestations of weedy rice in cultivated rice result in yield loss and reduced grain quality. In this study, we aimed to evaluate growth and yield components of a widely grown cultivated rice variety in California in response to weedy rice competition. Greenhouse competition experiments in an additive design were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the growth and yield components of ‘M-206’ rice and five weedy rice biotypes found in California at varying weed densities. M-206 rice initially grew at a faster relative growth rate of 0.53 cm−1 wk−1 under competitive conditions compared with 0.47 cm−1 wk−1 in the absence of weedy rice, but absolute and relative growth rates declined more rapidly under competitive conditions as plants approached maturity. At harvest, M-206 plant height was reduced 13% under competitive conditions, and M-206 tiller number was reduced 23% to 49%, depending on the weedy rice biotype it was competing with. Except for 100-grain weight, the growth traits and grain yield components of M-206 rice were reduced with increasing density of weedy rice. At the highest weed density measured, 40 plants m−2, M-206 rice had yield losses of 69% grain yield plant−1, 69% panicle weight, 59% fresh and dry biomass, 55% grain yield panicle−1, and 54% panicle number. The five evaluated weedy rice biotypes varied widely in early growth rates, height, biomass production, and grain yield, indicating differing competitive strategies. Most weedy rice biotypes produce plants with greater plant height, tiller number, panicle number, and above- and below-ground biomass compared with cultivated rice. Weedy rice biotypes produced 45% to 57% higher grain yield per plant than M-206 rice under competitive conditions.
Committee Politics in the Antebellum Senate

Although the Senate did not have standing committees for its first several decades, the system adopted in the early nineteenth century has endured for over two centuries. Previous research on early...
Accelerated Development of a Scalable Ring-Closing Metathesis to Manufacture AMG 176 Using a Combined High-Throughput Experimentation and Computational Modeling Approach

AMG 176 is a drug candidate in our oncology pipeline. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is a key reaction in the AMG 176 synthesis that is used to construct the 16-membered macrocycle. Process intensif...
Disparate patterns of movements and visits to points of interest located in urban hotspots across US metropolitan cities during COVID-19

We examined the effect of social distancing on changes in visits to urban hotspot points of interest. In a pandemic situation, urban hotspots could be potential superspreader areas as visits to urb...
User behavior-ensemble learning based improving QoE fairness in HTTP adaptive streaming over SDN approach

Abstract Quality of Experience (QoE) for multimedia services is formed by a wealthy interaction between system, context and human factors. Whereas system and context variables are broadly inquired about, few research studies consider human variables as sources of orderly change. In other hand, Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) has developed as an efficient innovation for video streaming but for a DASH framework, a most common case is that a limited server bandwidth is competed by multiusers. So, in order to enhance perceived QoE and guarantee fairness in wireless network, we propose in this paper to model Ensemble Learning approach based on user behavior factors to allocate the bandwidth collaboratively for multiusers and we use the MPEG-DASH technique to ameliorate the visual quality of each user. The performance evaluation is conducted by using network simulator and the obtained results show that our approach can give significant gain in terms of perceived QoE fairness.
Oral Microbiome Alterations and SARS-CoV-2 Saliva Viral Load in Patients with COVID-19.

Bacterial-viral interactions in saliva have been associated with morbidity and mortality for respiratory viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV. However, such transkingdom relationships during SARS-CoV-2 infection are currently unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between saliva microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of newly hospitalized COVID-19 patients and controls. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to compare microbiome diversity and taxonomic composition between COVID-19 patients (n = 53) and controls (n = 59) and based on saliva SARS-CoV-2 viral load as measured using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The saliva microbiome did not differ markedly between COVID-19 patients and controls. However, we identified significant differential abundance of numerous taxa based on saliva SARS-CoV-2 viral load, including multiple species within Streptococcus and Prevotella. IMPORTANCE Alterations to the saliva microbiome based on SARS-CoV-2 viral load indicate potential biologically relevant bacterial-viral relationships which may affect clinical outcomes in COVID-19 disease.
Sraffa’s Conceptualization of Own Rates Is Based only on Probabilistic Price Expectations because Sraffa Accepted Ramsey’s Definition that Confidence Is Measured by Subjective Probability Alone: Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Function in the General Theory Has Nothing to Do with Probability, but Is An Inverse Function of the Evidential Weight of the Argument, Where Uncertainty Is also Defined as An Inverse Function of the Evidential Weight of the Argument

Sraffa made a number of margin notes in chapter 17 in his copy of the General Theory .Contrary to Joan Robinson’s 1978 claim ,that Sraffa had uncovered logical and mathematical errors in Keynes’s liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest when he generalized his theory in chapter 17,the margin notes made by Sraffa are all erroneous . Sraffa’s margin notes hold only in the very special case where the evidential weight of the evidence,V(a/h) =w ,0≤w≤1,equals 1,so that the evidential weight of the evidence is complete. Sraffa accepted F P Ramsey’s subjectivist theory of probability where Ramsey conflates degree of belief with degree of confidence, since for Ramsey the subjective probability estimate is the degree of confidence. There is no uncertainty in Ramsey’s theory because all probability estimates are additive and linear.This means that there is no vagueness or ambiguity ,so that there is no need for a second decision variable called the evidential weight of the argument .Sraffa is unable to deal with uncertainty in his original own rate construction.Sraffa is dealing only with risk . However, Keynes’s analysis in chapter 17 is based on the existence of uncertainty and lack of confidence in future price and profit expectations .It was simply impossible for Sraffa to grasp the fact that Keynes had generalized Sraffa’s approach by specifically linking the demand for money to uncertainty about the future rate of interest . Sraffa’s critique assumes that there is no uncertainty about future expectations concerning prices or profits.In this very special case ,there is no impact on the demand for money and M2 balances are equal to 0.Keynes’s liquidity premium ,l, drops out of the analysis in chapter 17 completely. One is then left with Sraffa’s original results concerning the ratio of present to future prices. Sraffa’s generally erroneous comments concerning Keynes’s analysis follow from his own ignorance of the theory of the evidential weight of the argument that was contained in chapters 6 and 26 of the A Treatise on Probability ,as well as his refusal to accept Keynes’s definition of uncertainty on page 148 of the General Theory in footnote one defining uncertainty as an inverse function of the evidential weight of the argument,a variable that can’t exist in Ramsey’s subjectivist theory due to his acceptance that all probabilities are additive ,so that the mathematical probability calculus is always applicable .
Flexible cyclic-olefin with enhanced dipolar relaxation for harsh condition electrification.

Flexible large bandgap dielectric materials exhibiting ultra-fast charging-discharging rates are key components for electrification under extremely high electric fields. A polyoxafluoronorbornene (m-POFNB) with fused five-membered rings separated by alkenes and flexible single bonds as the backbone, rather than conjugated aromatic structure typically for conventional high-temperature polymers, is designed to achieve simultaneously high thermal stability and large bandgap. In addition, an asymmetrically fluorinated aromatic pendant group extended from the fused bicyclic structure of the backbone imparts m-POFNB with enhanced dipolar relaxation and thus high dielectric constant without sacrificing the bandgap. m-POFNB thereby exhibits an unprecedentedly high discharged energy density of 7.44 J/cm3 and high efficiency at 150 °C. This work points to a strategy to break the paradox of mutually exclusive constraints between bandgap, dielectric constant, and thermal stability in the design of all-organic polymer dielectrics for harsh condition electrifications.
CT Dose Reduction Workshop: An Active Educational Experience

Purpose: Improving patient safety by minimizing CT radiation dose, while maintaining diagnostic image quality, has become an important skill in diagnostic radiology. The aim of this study was to examine the value of an educational workshop for optimizing CT protocols in an academic department, and to assess its impact on resident education. Methods: The CT Dose Reduction Workshop met monthly for 1 year, to teach and implement dose reduction strategies. Changes were made to CT protocols through group consensus while participants kept up to date with current literature. A survey was sent to 48 radiology residents and 32 attending radiologists in the department, including both participants and nonparticipants, after completion of the workshop, to assess its utility. The survey used a 5-point Likert-type scale. Average doses for a specific CT protocol before and after the workshop were compared. Results: About 80% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop was essential. Workshop participants expressed greater confidence in their knowledge of dose reduction techniques, with a mean score of 3.74 (95% confidence interval, 3.35-4.13), compared with nonparticipants, who had a mean score of 3.00 (95% confidence interval, 2.64-3.36) (P < .01). Dose reductions were established across numerous CT protocols. For instance, the average total dose-length product in renal mass protocol CT examinations decreased by 54% (P < .0001). Conclusions: A CT dose reduction workshop increases participants’ confidence in knowledge of dose reduction techniques, fosters a culture of safety and quality improvement in the department, and reduces radiation dose to patients.
Isuzu's New 5.8L Direct Injection Diesel Engine

A new 6 cylinder, inline diesel which has been developed to power medium sized trucks and for industrial applications and which is currently in monthly production of 2,000 units is described. The engine is characterized by the use of direct fuel injection system, square toroidal combustion chamber, glow plug as a starting aid, thin dry chrome plated cylinder liners, engine stop system using air shutter, and newly-developed variable speed RLD-K governor with torque control cam, all of which are discussed from aspects of design and experiment. Also covered are family engine concept and emission and noise control approaches.
Law of the sea: Effects of varying coastal state controls on marine research

Summary It is apparent that marine scientific research will be a prominent issue in the forthcoming Law of the Sea Conference. In view of the strongly contrasting positions of developing countries and maritime nations in the expected negotiation of this issue, a survey of the U.S. ocean science community was conducted to obtain information for use in evaluating how various postulated coastal State controls over scientific research could affect U.S. ocean scientists and their research program. The survey pertains only to open marine scientific research. Profiles of the relative amounts of several types of research were obtained. The largest single group of specialists are the scientists who study primarily living organisms and who constitute 27 per cent of the respondents. Research on the physical properties of the water column and of the ocean bottom is a specialty of Navy scientists, but is also broadly distributed throughout the community. On the basis of the reported geological and geographical locatio...
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in December, 1970, to protect human health and the environment. It was formed by the merger of many scattered federal agencies. Operating under many statutes, it develops and enforces regulations, distributes grants, studies environmental issues, sponsors partnerships with state and local governments, and teaches people about environmental issues and publishes environmental information and data. This article provides a discussion on some history, perspective, organization, and activities at the EPA. Keywords: Environmental Protection Agency; Clean Air Act; Clean Water Act; climate change; Toxic Substances Control Act; Superfund; environmental justice; air quality monitoring; risk assessment
Visuomotor Areas of the Frontal Lobe

That frontal cortex is involved in visually guided behavior has been known for over a century. Since the pioneering work of Ferrier, several areas in frontal cortex have been identified as having visual responses and playing some role in producing movements of the eyes, head, and limbs. Comprehensive reviews of frontal lobe organization and function have appeared (Fuster, 1989; Goldman-Rakic, 1987, 1988; Passingham, 1993; Levin et al., 1991; Perecman, 1987; Stuss and Benson, 1986; Petrides and Pandya, 1994). This chapter will survey recent findings regarding the possible roles of the different areas of frontal cortex in the production of visually guided movements. Areas of disagreement in the literature will be examined. Although some neurons in primary motor cortex are visually responsive (e.g., Kwan et al., 1985), such signals seem to be fairly nonspecific activations. Most emphasis will be on eye movements and the function of the frontal and supplementary eye fields. Recent experiments will also be reviewed that examine the function of the agranular premotor cortex and the granular dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The state of knowledge and the author’s competence wane toward the rostral pole. Nevertheless, the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex are integral if poorly understood parts of frontal cortex that relate to affect and personality.
Isolation of the Receptors for Wheat Germ Agglutinin and the Ricinus communis Lectins from Human Erythrocytes Using Affinity Chromatography

Abstract The glycoproteins of human erythrocyte ghosts were solubilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in 56 mm sodium borate, pH 8.0. This procedure solubilized 51% of the membrane protein, 81% of the sialic acid, 89% of the receptors for the Agaricus bisporus lectin and 70 to 75% of the wheat germ agglutinin and Ricinus communis lectin receptors. The solubilized glycoproteins were then separated by affinity chromatography on lectin-Sepharose columns. Glycoproteins which adsorbed to the lectin columns were eluted with the appropriate haptene sugar and analyzed for carbohydrate composition, mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and lectin binding ability. Glycoproteins which contained the membrane binding sites for the R. communis and Abrus precatorius lectins adsorbed to ricin and R. communis agglutinin I-Sepharose columns while the glycoproteins containing most of the receptors for the A. bisporus phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating (E)-PHA, Lens culinaris PHA, and wheat germ agglutinin passed through the column. The adsorbed glycoproteins were 1200 times more potent than galactose as haptene inhibitors of R. communis lectin binding to cells. The carbohydrate composition of these glycoproteins was determined to be (in residues relative to N-acetylglucosamine): N-acetylglucosamine (3), N-acetylgalactosamine (0.2), galactose (3.0), mannose (0.7), fucose (0.5), and sialic acid (0.3). When examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the glycoproteins could not be detected with the periodic acid-Schiff stain but were detected as several glycoprotein peaks by direct amino sugar analysis of the gels. When Triton-solubilized material was passed over the wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose column, only one glycoprotein adsorbed to the column. This glycoprotein was a potent haptene inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin, A. bisporus PHA, and P. vulgaris E-PHA. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels the glycoprotein had a mobility identical with that of the major sialoglycoprotein of the erythrocyte. Its carbohydrate composition was determined to be (in residues relative to N-acetylglucosamine): N-acetylglucosamine (3), N-acetylgalactosamine (7.5), galactose (6.9), mannose (1.5), fucose (0.9), and sialic acid (9.9). This composition is very similar to that of the major sialoglycoprotein. Pronase digestion of this glycoprotein reduced its lectin haptene inhibitory activity by greater than 98%. These data demonstrate that affinity chromatography of human erythrocyte membranes on lectin-Sepharose columns results in the separation of two distinct classes of glycoproteins with different carbohydrate compositions and different lectin binding properties.
Threat Perception and Audience Costs: Differences in International Conflict Behavior among Authoritarian Regimes

International conflict behavior is often analyzed by looking at the differences between two regime types: democracies and dictatorships. Dictatorships are generally grouped together into one category regardless of their variations. Numerous patterns emerge, however, once the category of dictatorship is disaggregated. In this paper, I look at how different types of dictatorships respond to threats issued by democracies in the context of James Fearon's audience cost argument. I argue that when a democracy makes a threat, conflict is most likely to escalate with personalist dictatorships than with any other form of regime. Because personalist dictatorships are less able to perceive that democracies are able to generate high audience costs, they are the more likely to ignore what are credible threats. I support my argument using the experiences of the U.S. and Panama in 1989, the U.S. and Haiti in 1994, and the U.S. and the DPRK in 1994.
Respiration artifact correction in three-dimensional proton resonance frequency MR thermometry using phase navigators.

Purpose To develop reliable three-dimensional (3D) segmented echo planar imaging (seg-EPI) proton resonance frequency (PRF) temperature monitoring in the presence of respiration-induced B0 variation. Methods A free induction decay (FID) phase navigator was inserted into a 3D seg-EPI sequence before and after EPI readout to monitor B0 field variations. Using the field change estimates, the phase of each k-space line was adjusted to remove the additional phase from the respiratory induced off-resonance. This correction technique was evaluated while heating with MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) in phantoms with simulated breathing and during nonheating conditions in healthy in vivo breasts. Results With k-space phase correction, the standard deviation of magnitude images and PRF temperature measurements in breast from five volunteers improved by an average factor of 1.5 and 2.1, respectively. Improved accuracy of temperature estimates was observed after correction while heating with MRgFUS in phantoms. Conclusion Phase correction based on two FID navigators placed before and after the echo train provides promising results for implementing 3D monitoring of thermal therapy treatments in the presence of field variations due to respiration. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bump in the road more than the tip of the iceberg.

adiation-induced malignant glioma (RIMG) is uncommon. RIMG after radiotherapy (RT) for childhood cancer R is a well-described but rare complication. RIMG was described mainly after RT for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and medulloblastoma (9). With RT and radiosurgery becoming more widely used, a greater number of patients receive different forms of ionizing radiation, and their survival has improved as a result of advances in resection, radiation, and adjuvant therapy. More than a decade ago, Loeffler et al. (6) called attention to the potentially emerging problem of radiosurgery-induced secondary tumors, describing 2 patients and raising the question whether this is “the tip of the iceberg or a bump in the road?” The treatment of patients with RIMG is problematic as well because physicians consider past treatment dosages when choosing treatment regimens and modalities. These past treatment dosages vary widely: Patients with ALL usually receive prophylactic cranial radiation on the order of 18e24 Gy, whereas patients with medulloblastoma receive a dosage of 55e60 Gy. In addition, RIMGs may not respond well to repeat irradiation, and they are believed to be more aggressive tumors (9).
Osteotomy for laminoplasty without soft tissue penetration, performed using a harmonic bone scalpel: instrumentation and technique.

Background Laminoplasty in the case of intramedullary spinal tumor requires care to avoid neurologic injury. The harmonic bone scalpel provides a method of laminoplasty that can be done safely and quickly for this and other indications. Patients Five cases are presented, each of which required operative intervention, namely laminoplasty. The pathologies presented are one cervical intramedullary tumor, one thoracic intramedullary spinal mass, one lumbar extramedullary intradural tumor, and two cases of multiple lower brachial plexus nerve root avulsions requiring dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesion. Results These five patients underwent laminoplasty for either tumor resection or DREZ lesion. The laminotomies were performed using the BoneScalpel™ (Misonix Inc., Farmingdale, NY, USA), which is a harmonic bone scalpel instrument. This obviated the need to place any instrument under the intact lamina. Kerrison punches and various instruments were still used, but for purposes other than the bony removal of the laminoplasty. Conclusion These cases demonstrate that the BoneScalpel™ can be used to facilitate the laminar cuts while still allowing a safe and effective operation, even in cases as delicate as an intramedullary thoracic spinal cord tumor. The mechanism of action of the harmonic bone scalpel allows osteotomies without cutting or penetrating soft tissue and also leaves minimal bony defect.
A computer program for the transient thermal analysis of an impingement cooled turbine blade

A computer program to calculate transient and steady state temperatures, pressures, and coolant flows in a cooled turbine blade or vane with an impingement insert is described. Input to the program includes a description of the blade geometry, coolant supply conditions, outside thermal boundary conditions and wheel speed. Coolant-side heat transfer coefficients are calculated internally in the program, with the user specifying the mode of heat transfer at each internal flow station. Program output includes the temperature at each node, the coolant pressures and flow rates, and the inside heat transfer coefficients. A sample problem is discussed.
Heavy quark potential as a function of shear viscosity at strong coupling

We determine finite temperature corrections to the heavy-quark (static) potential as a function of the shear viscosity-to-entropy density ratio in a strongly coupled, large-${N}_{c}$ conformal field theory dual to five-dimensional Gauss-Bonnet gravity. We find that these corrections are even smaller than those predicted by perturbative QCD at distances relevant for small bound states in a deconfined plasma. Obtaining the dominant temperature and viscosity dependence of quarkonium binding energies will require a theory where conformal invariance is broken in such a way that the free energy associated with a single heavy quark is not just a pure entropy contribution.
Teaching with music: An alternative pedagogy for leadership educators

In his article, “Educational Research: The Hardest Science of All,” policy scholar David Berliner (2002) asserts that “no unpoetic description of the human condition can ever be complete” (p. 20). Berliner's words echo the epistemological and methodological climate of late 1970s and early 1980s social science research, a phase often characterized as the “literary turn.” In this historical moment, social science scholars turned to interdisciplinary sources, most notably literary theory and the humanities, for new means of addressing the ineffable, aesthetic aspects of human activity. This work and emphasis remains a prominent, growing genre within several fields, exemplified by widespread recognition of Margaret Wheatley's poetic approach to leadership inquiry and pedagogy (2009), frequent inclusion of aesthetic works in leading research journals (such as Qualitative Inquiry), and recent creation of arts- and humanities-based educational research criteria for submissions to the American Educational Research Association's annual conference and sponsored journals. No field of inquiry better illustrates the need to understand human activity as “poetic” than leadership, which is perhaps the quintessential marker of social existence. Accordingly, in this symposium we wish to explore how such interdisciplinary approaches, specifically those grounded in the humanities, have manifested in leadership inquiry and pedagogy. It is our hope that this collection of essays will illustrate the breadth and depth of the field of leadership studies, as well as offer our readers new perspectives and inspiration in their own research and practice.
SU‐FF‐T‐529: A Feasibility Study On Frameless Gated Head Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiotherapy Via Real‐Time Optical Position Monitoring and Adaptive Head Motion Compensation

Purpose: To reduce patient setup time and to perform accurate non‐invasive frameless head radiosurgery/radiotherapy by use of real‐time position feedback for treatment beam gating and head motion stage guiding. Method and Materials: A Polaris 4D tracker (NDI) was used to monitor four optical reflective markers rigidly fixated to a biteblock at 30fps with an RMS accuracy of 0.25mm. Head motion monitoring was performed on healthy volunteers using a styrofoam head cast for support. Simulation and prototyping were investigated using the head motion as the feedback input for beam gating and head motion compensation. Design specifications include using Labview to import the real‐time biofeedback information and to monitor whether the center of the PTV is within a 3D motion tolerance of 1.0mm. If the PTV exceeds the tolerance, a relay switch is activated and the MV beam is turned off. After a 5s stabilization period, provided that the PTV has reentered the set tolerance, the beam is automatically turned on. However, if the patient stabilizes to a new position outside the tolerance, an automatic position correction is performed using a stepper motor controlled head stage. Results: With only a head cast cradle, healthy volunteers mimicked natural sudden sporadic motions on the treatment couch. Data showed that the simulated PTV stayed within the 1mm tolerance for extended periods (∼50s) between large motion excursions. Simulations using recorded head motion data as an input for gating, suggested a total beam‐on time, or duty cycle of 75%. With active head position correction, the duty cycle and spatial accuracy can be further improved. Conclusion: With an optical tracking system and minimal back‐of‐the‐head support, healthy volunteers demonstrated the ability to maintain submillimeter head position with sufficient time windows for treatment. Adaptive motion compensation can be helpful in implementing a high‐efficient and accurate frameless SRS/SRT system.
ESTIMATION OF DAILY TEMPERATURE MEANS USING ELEVATION AND LATITUDE IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN

A model was developed for predicting mean daily, mean daily minimum, and mean daily maximum temperatures in West Virginia. The model is easily used since the only inputs are elevation, latitude, and julian date. With local calibration, the model is expected to apply to other areas in the Appalachian region.
Inhibition of hypoxic myocardial contracture by cobalt in the rat

We studied the relationship between the slow inward current, tissue ATP content, and the development of hypoxic myocardial contracture in the rat. Resting tension and active isometric tension were measured using isolated left ventricular papillary muscle preparations. Action potentials and membrane currents were studied using a single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. The slow inward current (isi) was partially inhibited by verapamil and completely inhibited by cobalt but was not reduced by ryanodine. Active tension was reduced by all three drugs. Non-stimulation, verapamil, and ryanodine did not prevent contracture development with hypoxia, but contracture was markedly reduced by pre-treatment with cobalt. Despite contrasting effects on contracture, both non-stimulation and cobalt partially prevented ATP depletion with hypoxia, suggesting that contracture is not directly related to total muscle ATP content. Cobalt appears to block hypoxic contracture via a mechanism other than simple blockade of isi, inhibition of contraction, or preservation of tissue ATP content.