cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Statistical Classification Methods Based on a Prostate Cancer Study

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in American men. Management of prostate cancer depends on its stage, because only cancers that are confined to the organ of origin are potentially curable by radical prostatectomy. In this article we have considered different statistical methods to predict the probabilities of non­organ confined prostate cancer based on its clinical stage. Modern computer intensive methods such as bagging, neural networks and support vector machines are compared to more classical methods such as linear, quadratic and logistic discrimination and less computer intensive nonparametric methods such as smoothing splines and classification trees . All these methods are allied to a dataset from a recent prostate cancer study. We have presented sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy for each of the methods. The study shows linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine perform better than other methods for this...
MMO Smart Servers Using Neural Networks for Intelligent, Client-handling Decisions and Interactions

Abstract This paper proposes a complex, adaptive System of Systems architecture whose goal is to intelligently and dynamically host Massive Multi-Player Online (MMO) games. Furthermore, the use of a Perceptron employed with a Sigmoidal Membership Function trained by the Least Mean Squares learning algorithm is proposed. The network intelligently manages communications and interactions between equal, subordinate, and client level servers based on a reward returned by each respective neural network. The success of these techniques allows for a fully open and interactive world with minimal server/client maximums, minimal load times, and minimal network down-time. This freedom is due to the dynamic trading of resources and/or hosted clients during execution. This paper also outlines a proof of concept application designed to demonstrate the viability of this concept. Experimental results show that the complex system of systems is able to quickly adapt to the quickly changing environment thereby proving its plausibility as an adaptive and dynamic server management system.
Lost in Translation: Preparing Students to Articulate the Meaning of a College Degree.

AbstractThe authors contend that many undergraduate students lack the ability to deftly articulate the value of their college degree, including the competencies they acquire through classroom learning and extracurricular activities. Despite the positive impact of experiential education opportunities such as service learning and internships, there is a significant gap between what students have learned and how well they are able to articulate the meaning of these experiences. Advocating for a collaborative campus effort to address the problem, the authors offer their own perspectives based on their experiences as faculty members and student affairs practitioners.
Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric electric fields from a regional array of field mills

Electric fields and currents of the global electric circuit have been measured at different locations and time periods around the globe, but a long-term analysis from a regional array of electric field mills has never been performed. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida has an array of over 30 electric field mills that have been continuously operating and archiving data for over 18 years. KSC is also instrumented with many meteorological towers. With this initial statistical analysis of a long-term dataset four unique observations are reported that encompass global as well as local effects. To quantitatively describe the effects, a model to determine near-surface electric fields, incorporating space charge and conductivity perturbations, is developed. Statistical autonomous grouping of the mills using the spatial array demonstrates a greater than 50 V/m spatial variation from coastal to inland mills caused by wind-advected space charge generated near the coast. A temporal analysis identified a strong, globally generated, diurnal signature but only a weak annual signal is found. A realistic limit on conductivity reductions within clouds is estimated by analyzing overhead cloud cover in relation to near-surface electric field strengths. The estimated in-cloud conductivity reduction of approximately 1/3 is similar to observations but appreciably less than values estimated from microphysical cloud estimates. Finally, an enhancement in the electric field at sunrise is statistically well correlated with low wind speeds and high relative humidities. This paper provides a statistical description of local environmental effects on near-surface electric fields by which to base future studies.
Dark Pools and the Decline of Market Governance

Statute requires that exchanges police markets and enforce securities laws against the listed companies, investors and trading firms that use their facilities. In convening a large number of participants, exchanges can efficiently monitor a swath of the market and incentivize compliance by threatening exclusion from an essential economic resource. This Article shows that exchange oversight – and the private self-regulation it represents – is ineffective in modern markets. Over the last decade, regulatory policy has aggressively championed competition in the provision of trading services. The result has been a steady fragmentation in market structure, with equity trading divided between a multitude of competing for-profit exchanges and around 37 lightly regulated non-exchange venues (so-called “dark pools”). By promoting competition, however, policy weakens the ability of exchanges to police markets. First, fragmentation increases the costs of performing oversight, with exchanges facing structural information gaps as traders transact across multiple venues. Their disciplinary power is also diminished, as bad actors are able to switch business to another exchange or dark pool. Secondly, exchanges have incentives to under-invest in governance. Within an interconnected network of competing venues, expenditure in oversight benefits an exchange privately but it also confers value on competitors. Additionally, an exchange gains by lax oversight. It wins by lowering fees and capturing business for itself. But the full costs of failure can be externalized to the network of competing venues. In recognizing the economic harms of poor exchange oversight, this Article proposes a stronger “economic consolidation” in market design. It proposes the creation of a new liability regime for exchanges and dark pools to align the incentives of trading venues towards better oversight. In so doing, it harnesses liability levers to bridge the tension between the dueling policy objectives of competition and self-regulation in securities market structure
Vein detection using vein transillumination and contrast differentiation for practitioner aid

A common problem that medical practitioners experience is the inability to successfully locate a vein for intravenous access procedures. Currently, there are several methods that can allow for increased venous visibility. However, these are expensive processes that involve infrared detectors and high-end processing capabilities. The system proposed can successfully make a clear image of a vein using low-cost, nearinfrared LEDs and photographs taken with a smartphone. The near-infrared lights, when under the correct specifications, will highlight the location of a vein described by the principles of vein transillumination. By applying edge-finding algorithms and contrast differentiation, a clear image and relative location of a vein can be produced to aid practitioners. As a result, low cost materials can capture and process an image of a vein and return the vein location. These results can be applied to current research to create medical devices that aid practitioners in locating a vein and completing intravenous procedures.
DC blocking capacitor interfacing for high speed communication buses

This paper studies integration aspects of DC blocking capacitors in differential high speed bus channels. The presence of a DC blocking capacitor in the signal path can present an impedance mismatched medium which can lead to signal degradation. Integrating the capacitor to minimize impedance mismatches becomes of high importance. The differential impedance of a micro-strip differential pair is evaluated in simulation under different physical design conditions. Additionally, test vehicle measurements for a variety of capacitor test sites with different characteristics including: package size, voiding scenarios under capacitor pads/packages and wiring layers for traces to the capacitors has been designed and fabricated. The test sites are measured up to 20GHz using a VNA and their results are discussed. Also, several of the test sites are simulated in order to validate the modelling method for future design analysis purposes.
Decision process and its visual aspects

This chapter provides a conceptual link between the decision making process, visualization, visual discovery, and visual reasoning. A structural model of the decision making process is offered along with the relevant visual aspects. Ex- amples of USS Cole incident in 2000 and the Cholera epidemic in London in 1854 illustrate the conceptual approach. A task-driven visualization is de- scribed as a part of the decision making process and illustrated with browsing and search tasks.
The Lynch Syndrome II and Urological Malignancies

AbstractThe role of host factors in the etiology of carcinoma of the ureter has received only limited attention. We describe 4 Lynch syndrome II kindreds in which carcinoma of the ureter, as well as other forms of urological cancer, have occurred either in obligate gene carriers and/or in association with multiple primary cancers that are integral to this autosomal dominantly inherited disorder. These new findings are in accord with increasing recognition of tumor heterogeneity in the Lynch syndrome II, which currently, in addition to an excess of proximal colonic cancer as well as carcinoma of the endometrium, ovary and small bowel, also may include carcinoma of the ureter as well as other urological forms of cancer as integral lesions in subsets of these families. These observations have important ramifications for better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and control of urological cancer in this disorder. ( J. Urol, 143: 24–28, 1990)
The Role of Physical Activity in Treatment of Substance Use Disorders

The term “substance use disorders” encompasses a wide-range of problems. Such a diagnosis can accurately describe individuals who regularly smoke cigarettes, as well as chronic alcoholics and/or drug addicts (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In many cases, substance abuse and dependence are associated with negative personal, social, occupational, and/or legal consequences, which can lead individuals to seek treatment. In fact, according to facilities that report to State administrative data systems, there were nearly 1.8 million admissions for treatment of alcohol and drug abuse in 2006 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009). Recently, the focus of substance use treatment has begun to shift towards promoting global health and wellness changes as part of the recovery process (Read et al., 2001). For example, health-care providers often encourage lifestyle changes (e.g., increased physical activity) to facilitate psychological and physical recovery in persons with substance use disorders (Read et al.). Physical activity is a particularly appealing treatment option as it is easily accessible, low cost, and can be pursued on one’s own schedule. In this chapter, we provide an overview on substance use treatment, discuss the potential benefits of incorporating physical activity into such programs, and then examine the research literature on physical activity as an intervention for substance use disorders.
Theon of Alexandria's Observation of the Solar Eclipse of A.D. 364 June 16

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.)In a recent review, Raymond Mercier raises in passing an issue that deserves to be highlighted, namely the difficulties created for modern historians by the lack of an adequate complete edition and translation of one of the principal documents of later Greek astronomy, Theon of Alexandria's commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest.1 For the first four books we have the exemplary critical edition (lightly annotated but regrettably without translation) by Adolphe Rome,2 but Rome did not live to finish the project, and we may have to wait a long time for someone with the requisite competence and stamina to take up where he left off. In the meantime the only printed text for a large part of the commentary is the cumbersome 1538 Basel edition,3 which was based on a single, not particularly authoritative manuscript (Nurnberg Stadtbibliothek Cent. V, App. 8, formerly owned by Regiomontanus), and again lacks a translation so that it is effectively inaccessible to many modern researchers. The present note makes an extremely modest and provisional contribution to rectifying this situation by offering a more reliable text and translation of a mere sentence, comprising Theon's observation report of the solar eclipse of A.D. 364 June 16.4I give the passage as it appears on f. 242r of the ninth-century Laur. plut. 28.18, which is by a wide margin the oldest, and in Rome's judgement the most accurate, manuscript of the first six books of Theon's commentary:5...And moreover we observed most securely the time of the beginning of the immersion, with respect to seasonal and apparent time, 2 1/2 1/3 hours after noon, and the (time) of the middle of the eclipse 3 1/2 1/4 1/20 hours after (noon), and the (time) of the end of the clearing approximately 4 1/2 hours after noon of the aforesaid 22nd of Payni.The 1538 edition has a couple of variants immaterial for the meaning, and one significant one where instead of ... ("fraction", qualifying the preceding numerals) before the first instance of ... ("hours"), it has ... ("equinoctial hours"). In an article on Theon's calculation of the circumstances of the eclipse Rome writes about the observation report at some length, pointing out that the unpublished version in Laur. plut. 28. 1 8 was undoubtedly correct in not having the word 'equinoctial' , so that the observed times are expressed in seasonal hours after noon, resolving a conflict that Fotheringham had found between modern theory and Theon's times on the supposition that they were in equinoctial hours.6 (Times in seasonal hours were more commonly counted from sunrise or sunset.) It is worth noting that the reported time of mid-eclipse is not simply the moment halfway between the beginning and end of obscuration, so Theon appears to have attempted to determine the point when the obscuration was at its maximum.7[Reference]REFERENCES1. JHA, xlii (2011), 405-8.2. A. Rome, Commentaires de Pappus et de Theon d'Alexandrie sur l'Almageste, ? …
Mitigation measures for acrylamide reduction in dough-based potato snacks during their expansion by frying.

Acrylamide (AA) can occur in fried and baked food products which contain reducing sugars and free asparagine. Recently, the European Commission established mitigation measures and benchmark levels ...
Transoral robotic surgery versus upper airway stimulation in select obstructive sleep apnea patients.

OBJECTIVES Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has been used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) since 2009, with recent meta-analysis showing an average reduction of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from 44.3 to 17.0. In 2014, upper airway stimulation surgery (UAS) was approved for OSA treatment, with results showing an average AHI reduction from 32.0 to 15.3. Given there was a period when TORS was available and UAS was not, we looked at a subset of patients treated with TORS but who could have qualified for UAS and compared their outcomes to patients who received UAS. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review comparing TORS to UAS in treatment of OSA performed by a single surgeon between 2011 and 2016. Inclusion criteria were a body mass index less than 35 and AHI between 20 and 65 consistent with criteria for UAS implantation. Patients who received TORS and met the inclusion criteria had their preoperative drug-induced sleep endoscopy recordings re-evaluated. Patients with anteroposterior retropalatal collapse that would have qualified them for UAS had their outcomes compared to patients who received UAS. RESULTS Results between TORS and UAS showed an average AHI reduction of 12.7 and 33.3, respectively. Overall cure rate, defined as AHI < 5, was 10.0% and 70.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that, when met with criteria for both TORS and UAS, patients receiving UAS had greater improvement in several objective measures of OSA. Studies like this may help direct future treatment algorithms for surgical management of OSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:256-258, 2019.
Targeted Therapies for Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors

Recent discoveries have significantly enhanced our understanding of the biology of pediatric central nervous system tumors. Molecularly defined targeted therapies are now being used to treat subgroups of these tumors, mostly in the setting of clinical trials. These therapies include targeted inhibition of smoothened to treat sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma; of mammalian target of rapamycin to treat subependymal giant cell astrocytoma; and of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to treat BRAF V600E-mutated low-grade and high-grade gliomas, KIAA1549:BRAF fusion-positive pilocytic astrocytoma, and plexiform neurofibroma. For many patients, the use of these targeted therapies has resulted in significant regression and/or improved control of their tumors, including tumors that are recurrent or refractory to conventional therapy.
MEASURING EFFECT OF PERSONALIZED MUSIC TO REDUCE BEHAVIORS IN NURSING HOME RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA

The purpose of this six-month pilot study was to identify an optimal measurement strategy for assessing the effects of a personalized music program, MUSIC & MEMORY, on agitated and aggressive behaviors among 45 nursing home residents with moderate to severe dementia. Dementia-related behaviors were measured before and after the intervention with three methods 1) observationally using the Agitation Behavior Mapping Instrument (ABMI); 2) staff report using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI); and 3) administratively using Minimum Data Set - Aggressive Behavior Scale (MDS-ABS). ABMI score was 4.4 (standard deviation, SD: 2.3) while not listening to the music and 1.6 (SD: 1.5) while listening to music (p<.01). CMAI score was 61.24 (SD: 16.32) before the music and 51.24 (SD: 16.05) after the music (p<.01). MDS-ABS score was .8 (SD: 1.6) before music and .7 (SD: 1.4) after music (p=.59). Direct observations were most likely to capture behavioral responses, followed by staff interviews. No effect was found using exclusively available administrative data. There is growing interest in identifying and testing non-pharmaceutical alternatives to managing agitated and aggressive behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia. Measurement occurring closest in time to the intervention was most likely to capture responses, but was also most costly, least pragmatic, and most subject to confirmation bias. These findings will inform a large pragmatic trial, beginning Spring 2019.
Current Density Regulated Atomic to Nanoscale Process on Li Deposition and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy

Current density has been perceived to play a critical rule in controlling Li deposition morphology and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the atomic level mechanism of the effect of curre...
Cartography and orientalism in late imperial China

The Opium wars epitomize a crucial moment in Chinese history, a turning point that globally affected all countries involved, the Qing dynasty and the Western powers, which witnessed radical political, economic and social changes both internally and in their international relations. Recognizing that orientalism with its corollary of studies, researches, travel impressions, beliefs, stories, and popular gossips about China and the Orient in general, is a pervasive form of knowledge which has a political nature, means agreeing on the fact that the Western knowledge upon the Orient has been an agency for the action that has followed, namely imperialism and colonialism, which in turn led to the Opium wars. Geography became the scientific side of such knowledge. As a matter of fact, the moment in which geography embraced the cold geometries of cartography, it turned into a tremendous support to the knowledge process pertaining to the Orientalism. A process driven by mere political and commercial interests, and deceitfully expressed in the popular culture of those Western societies and countries which supported and had colonies in the Far East.
Measuring and Improving Quality in the US: Where Are We Today?

In the 50 years since the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) was established, the United States has gone from a shared perspective that high-quality care was being routinely delivered to becoming aware of the significant and pervasive problems with quality. Efforts to stimulate improved quality have included public reporting, pay for performance, and value-based purchasing. In addition, maintenance of certification, systematic reviews of research, practice guidelines, electronic health records, and quality improvement programs have offered support for different dimensions of quality. Despite these programs and infrastructure, there is little evidence that quality has improved systematically in the United States. There are areas in which quality is better but many other areas in which quality has remained the same or even worsened. The focus on financial incentives as a primary tool for motivating improvement may not be productive and there is little evidence from research that quality varies with payment or incentives. Quality is a systems issue and requires system solutions. The ABFM has had a long commitment to assessing quality and has an opportunity to lead the way in reimagining quality measurement and assessment.
Monitoring and Modeling Glyphosate Transport in the Belize River Watershed

Glyphosate, an effective herbicide used worldwide as a weed control, can be transported from application areas to unintended locations. In this study, we use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify concentrations of glyphosate, and the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model transport of glyphosate in the Belize River Watershed. Water samples were collected from two rural communities with rudimentary drinking water systems. Quantification analyses showed that glyphosate was not present in the water samples. The model confirms that glyphosate is not expected to be present in the sampling locations. However, the model did reveal that glyphosate transport to the Belize River may be occurring and identified three subbasins most likely to be at risk due to having the highest percentages of days exceeding the EU standard for glyphosate of 0.1 µg/L. One of these subbasins, located just downstream of the sampling locations, was the most significant contributor of soluble glyphosate to the river (p-values <0.0). Soluble glyphosate concentrations in this subbasin inflow and outflow exceeded the EU standard by 12.53% and 11.65% of the time, respectively. Additionally, concentrations of glyphosate sorbed to sediment were significantly greater than soluble glyphosate in surface runoff (p-values <0.0). This work demonstrates a framework for applying SWAT for pesticide transport modeling in developing countries and has the potential to be a powerful and accessible tool for watershed management and measurement of sustainable development progress when monitoring data is unavailable.
Superior anastomotic vein hypoplasia as a unique predisposing factor for cerebral venous hypertension and atraumatic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A case report

Abstract Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a major cause of hemorrhagic stroke with substantial morbidity and mortality. Cerebral venous and/or sinus thrombosis can result in SAH in rare occasions, representing a mechanism for atraumatic, non-aneurysmal SAH that does not have another clear physical mechanism. A 54 year-old female with acute thunderclap headache presented to the emergency department with right sylvian fissure SAH. DSA revealed right cavernous sinus thrombosis, bilateral hypoplastic veins of Trolard, and an engorged right superficial middle temporal vein. Hypercoagulable work-up revealed an elevation of Factor VIII. We propose a unique mechanism for a case of atraumatic, non-aneurysmal SAH, in which we infer that bilateral hypoplasia of the superior anastomotic veins (of Trolard) resulted in a predisposition toward cerebral venous hypertension, resulting in SAH due to venous rupture.
Spinal drainage complications after aortic surgery.

Abstract Objective/Background Spinal drain (SD) placement is an adjunct used in open and endovascular aortic surgery to mitigate the risk of spinal cord injury. SD placement can lead to subdural hematoma and intracranial hemorrhage (SDH/ICH). Previous studies have highlighted a correlation between incidence of SDH/ICH and amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drained. We have two philosophies of SD management in our institution. One protocol allows fluid removal for pressure >10 cm H2O with no volume restriction. A second, similar protocol restricts CSF drainage to Methods Patients were identified according to the Current Procedure Terminology codes for SD placement, thoracic endovascular aortic repair, fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair, endovascular abdominal aortic repair, and open thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic repair between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015. Patients' demographics included age, gender, race, body mass index, and comorbidities such as hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, transient ischemic attack, diabetes mellitus, bleeding disorder, and connective tissue disorders. Management protocol was classified as volume independent (VI) or volume dependent (VD) by physician order. Postoperative complications related to the SD were noted. Results We identified 948 patients who had an SD placed during the study period; 473 were done before aortic surgeries. A total of 364 patients (77%) underwent endovascular aortic surgery. The mean age at the time of procedure was 67.2 years, and 66% of patients were male. Thirty-nine patients (8.3%) were noted to have connective tissue disorders. Bloody SD placement occurred in 14 patients (3.1%) requiring rescheduling of the operation. SDH/ICH occurred in 11 patients (2.3%), postoperative blood tinged SD output in 94 patients (19.9 %), and 22 patients (4.7 %) had a CSF leak after SD removal. The incidence of SDH/ICH was not affected by the management protocol (2.6% VI vs 2.0% VD, P = .66), whereas the incidence of postoperative blood tinged SD output was significantly higher in the VI group (25.1% VI vs 15.0% VD, P = .006). Perioperative low-dose aspirin (81 mg) and prophylactic subcutaneous heparin did not increase the incidence of SDH/ICH. Postoperative thrombocytopenia was found to be associated with higher incidence of SDH/ICH (median 86,000 vs 113,000, P = .002). Conclusions Severe complications of SD placement (SDH/ICH) occur in 2.3% of SD patients undergoing aortic surgery, and the risk is higher in the setting of postoperative thrombocytopenia. SD volume limitation, blood tinged drainage, antiplatelet medication, and low-dose heparin do not affect the risk of SDH/ICH. The risks of spinal drains for aortic surgery should be balanced against potential benefits.
Parenting Through Pandemics: Imagining and Demanding Justice in Schools

Our reflections in this manuscript serve to share what we have experienced being teachers, advocates of public education, researchers, and parents of two young children through a global pandemic, p...
Deep Learning Image Analysis of High-Throughput Toxicology Assay Images

Abstract High-throughput chemical screening approaches often employ microscopy to capture photomicrographs from multi-well cell culture plates, generating thousands of images that require time-consuming human analysis. To automate this subjective and time-consuming manual process, we have developed a method that uses deep learning to automatically classify digital assay images. We have trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) to perform binary and multi-class classification. The binary classifier binned assay images into healthy (comparable to untreated controls) and altered (not comparable to untreated-control) classes with >98% accuracy; the multi-class classifier assigned “Healthy,” “Intermediate” and “Altered” labels to assay images with >95% accuracy. Our dataset comprised high-resolution assay images from primary human hepatocytes and undifferentiated (proliferating) and differentiated 2D cultures of HepaRG cells. In this study we have focused on testing and fine-tuning various CNN architectures, including ResNet 34, 50 and 101. To visualize regions in the images that the CNN model used for classification, we employed Class Activation Maps (CAM). This allowed us to better understand the inner workings of the neural network and led to additional optimizations of the algorithm. The results indicate a strong correspondence between dosage and classifier-predicted scores, suggesting that these scores might be useful in further characterizing benchmark dose. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that deep-learning based automated image classification of cell morphology changes upon chemical-induced stress can yield highly accurate and reproducible assessments of cytotoxicity across a variety of cell types.
Godless Democrats and Pious Republicans?: Party Activists, Party Capture, and the 'God Gap'

Do Evangelical activists control the Republican Party? Do secular activists control the Democratic Party? In Godless Democrats and Pious Republicans?, Ryan Claassen carefully assesses the way campaign activists represent religious and non-religious groups in American political parties dating back to the 1960s. By providing a new theoretical framework for investigating the connections between macro social and political trends, the results challenge a conventional wisdom in which recently mobilized religious and Secular extremists captured the parties and created a God gap. The new approach reveals that very basic social and demographic trends matter far more than previously recognized and that mobilization matters far less. The God gap in voting is real, but it was not created by Christian Right mobilization efforts and a Secular backlash. Where others see culture wars and captured parties, Claassen finds many religious divisions in American politics are artifacts of basic social changes. This very basic insight leads to many profoundly different conclusions about the motivations of religious and non-religious activists and voters.
Expression and function of growth-induced genes during liver regeneration

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates how the study of immediate-early and delayed-early growth response genes induced in the regenerating liver can lead to new insights into the central questions regarding liver regeneration. Specifically, the analysis of the temporal expression of a large group of these genes defines the time course of liver regeneration and identifies the liver-specific aspects of the growth response. The study of preexisting transcription factors that are activated by partial hepatectomy provides insights into the triggering mechanisms. The examination of the interplay of growth-induced and constitute transcription factors provide insight into how the liver maintains its hepatic phenotype during regeneration. An analysis of signal transduction molecules leads to a greater understanding of the specific regulation of growth processes and the induction of abnormal hepatic growth that occurs in malignancies. The study of liver-specific and secreted proteins induced in the primary growth response provides insight into how the liver maintains its metabolic function and architecture during regeneration. Finally, an analysis of certain delayed-early genes allows insight into the regulation of the later phases of G1, which may be accomplished not just by transcriptional control but by the posttranscriptional regulation of the form of mRNA that are produced. Liver regeneration is a complex process that requires the interplay of many different cellular events. The analysis of each of these events on an individual basis helps to dissect this complex process, and to form the larger picture of how the liver regenerates.
Frailty Before Critical Illness and Mortality for Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries.

Background Health categories of elderly patients prior to critical illness may explain differences in mortality during and after admission to intensive care units (ICUs).
Chapter 31. Solid-Phase Synthesis: Applications to Combinatorial Libraries

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a comprehensive survey of templates and skeletons for which a solid-phase synthesis has been reported for library synthesis. The chapter also discusses a survey of the reactions that have been performed on solid support along with a discussion on some issues specific to solid-phase synthesis. Libraries of discrete compounds have been prepared by parallel synthesis in a spatially addressable fashion, where compound location indicates the compound structure. For peptides and oligonucleotides, rapid and sensitive sequencing strategies are available for determining the compound structure. The backbones or templates, for which solid-phase synthesis has been reported, are categorized as: nonpeptide oligomers, privileged structures, novel templates, designed templates targeted toward a particular receptor or enzyme class, and structures for lead optimization. Many reactions have been demonstrated on the solid-support. These reactions are categorized into carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions, carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, cycloadditions, and multicomponent reactions. The linkage element for covalently attaching a compound to the solid support deserves special consideration. The linker should be stable to the reaction conditions employed in the synthesis sequence, but should be cleavable under conditions that do not degrade the product. Linkage to the solid support is generally accomplished, using a functional group that is a part of the targeted molecule or that is appended onto the structure. Many different analytical techniques are currently being used to evaluate the solid-phase reactions or compounds bound to the solid support. Functional group titration is often used to monitor the reactions. Many advances continue to be made in the synthesis of small-molecule libraries on solid supports, including the development of new support materials. Equally important efforts are being made in the computational methods for library design and database management, analytical evaluation, automation and instrumentation for synthesis and purification, and methods for high-throughput biological evaluation.
Registry analysis supports different mechanisms for gastroschisis and omphalocele within shared developmental fields

Nine thousand two hundred eighty abnormalities associated with 2,943 abdominal wall defects (AWD) encoded from 1999 to 2008 by the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) were classified and analyzed for mechanism, beginning with 1,831 gastroschisis cases, 774 (41%) with 2,368 associated anomalies (AA) and 814 of omphalocele, 727 (89%) with 4,092 AA. Typical AA profiles for Trisomy 18 (23% of omphalocele cases) and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (15%) validated registry AA descriptors, chromosome disorders surprisingly accounting for 24% of known conditions with gastroschisis followed by expected amniotic band (ADAM) complex (23%) and amyoplasia/arthrogryposis (16%). Separation of known diagnoses, fetal-stillbirth cases, and transitional or secondary AA left 330 cases of gastroschisis with 594 AA (452 major, 142 minor) and 295 cases of omphalocele with 956 AA (683 major, 273 minor). Anomalies suggestive of vascular origin (intestinal atresias, amyoplasia, bands) were more frequent with gastroschisis and those of defective lateral folding (exstrophies, limb-body wall defects) with omphalocele. Most AA favoring omphalocele had parallel frequencies with gastroschisis, whether by system/region—for example, cardiac AA (10% of cases), contractures (4.7%), limb (3.7%), CNS (3.2%) for gastroschisis versus cardiac (35%), contractures (14%), digestive-excretory-trunk-axial (all ∼11%), CNS (9.9%) for omphalocele—or for particular minor/major AA—for example, micrognathia (0.72% versus 3.3%), spina bifida (0.59% versus 3.9%), anal atresia (0.73% versus 6.4%), two-vessel cord (0.22% versus 5.6%). Similar frequencies of many AA reflective of early patterning support common AWD origin within early developmental fields and reinforce the use of large birth defect numbers from suitably qualified registries to define anomaly mechanism as well as prevalence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions

This chapter contains sections titled: The Vector Apparent Power Approach The IEEE Std. 1459-2010's Approach The DIN 40110's Approach Observations and Suggestions Problems References
Guidelines for Clinical Use of the Antinuclear Antibody Test and Tests for Specific Autoantibodies to Nuclear Antigens

c The following guideline presents a series of recommendations based on published medical literature for use of the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens in the diagnostic evaluation, prognostic assessment, and monitoring of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. The guideline emphasizes the need for clinical evaluation to improve the usefulness of test results in patient management. Consideration is given to appropriate use of the generic ANA test in the initial evaluation of patients with signs and symptoms of a systemic rheumatic disease, the evaluation of patients suspected of having lupus erythematosus, use in clinical situations in which the ANA test is required to establish a disease diagnosis, and identification of clinical situations in which the ANA test has little value. Sections are also devoted to recommendations aimed at improving the analytic methods used to detect and measure ANA and specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens and to the appropriate use of tests for specific autoantibodies in several disease situations that commonly occur in patients with suspected or documented systemic rheumatic diseases. Emphasis is placed on the use of these tests only in situations in which the test results can be expected to provide information necessary for clinical decision making. Those tests of limited medical usefulness and situations in which test results are likely to be misleading are also identified. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:71‐81)
Meet the Press Congressional Guests, 1947-2004

The authors analyze all 1,582 Meet the Presscongressional guests from the program's inception in 1947 until 2004. The guests were coded in terms of gender, state, party, and ideological orientation as measured by Americans for Democratic Action (ADA). The program generally followed the partisan and ideological patterns of the Congress itself in who showed up as guests. There was a clear tendency to exaggerate partisan differences, meaning slightly more liberal than typical Democratic guests and slightly more conservative than typical Republican guests. The program also drew heavily from a “golden rolodex” of predictable and frequent guests, often members of Congress with leadership titles.
Kronecker products of fully indecomposable matrices and of ultrastrong digraphs

Abstract The following theorem is proved: The Kronecker product of two fully indecom-posable matrices is fully indecomposable. The theorem is then related to connectivity in directed graphs.
Study of the level scheme of 117In via proton transfer reactions

Abstract The ( 3 He, d) and (α, t) reactions on 116 Cd have been used to study levels in 117 In up to 2.8 MeV excitation. The measurements were performed at the 3 He and α-particle bombarding energies of 27 and 25.5 MeV, respectively, using a magnetic spectrograph. Deuteron angular distributions were compared with the distorted-wave Born approximation predictions to obtain angular momentum transfer and spectroscopic factors. Tritons were recorded at only three angles. Present results show significant configuration mixing of the proton wave function in the 116 Cd ground state. The low-lying positive-parity levels of 117 In are discussed in the framework of the particle core coupling model and the rotational model.
EPR and UV-vis studies of the nitric oxide adducts of bacterial phenylalanine hydroxylase: effects of cofactor and substrate on the iron environment.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum (cPAH), which catalyzes phenylalanine oxidation to tyrosine, is homologous to the catalytic domain of eukaryotic PAHs. Previous crystallographic and spectroscopic studies on mammalian PAH conflict on whether O2 binds to the open-coordination site or displaces the remaining water ligand to yield either a six- or a five-coordinate iron, respectively. The abilities of nitric oxide to behave as an oxygen mimic and a spectroscopic probe of ferrous iron are used to investigate the geometric and electronic effects of cofactor and substrate binding to cPAH by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV−vis spectroscopies. A rhombic distortion observed for the ternary complex is due to two factors: a decrease in the Fe−NO angle and an alteration in the equatorial ligand geometry. Both factors are consistent with NO displacing the sole remaining water ligand to yield a five-coordinate iron center. Hyperfine broadening of the EPR resonances of the nitrosyl c...
Structure and energetics of small gold nanoclusters and their positive ions

We performed density functional theory calculations at the PW91PW91/LANL2DZ, PW91PW91/Stuttgart 1997, PW91PW91/CRENBL, B3LYP/LANL2DZ, and SVWN5/LANL2DZ levels of theory to attain the minimum-energy structures of neutral and cationic gold clusters of up to nine gold atoms. We locate the 2D-to-3D (two-dimensional to three-dimensional) transition in cationic clusters as occurring between Au8+ and Au9+. We also demonstrate that we can correlate the 2D-to-3D transition in cationic clusters with a linear extrapolation of the energy differences of the lowest-lying 2D and 3D structures of cluster sizes below the transition. We then use the same approach to predict that the 2D-to-3D transition occurs in neutral clusters at Au11; this is confirmed by locating 3D Au11 structures that are lower in energy than the best 2D structures reported to date. We examine the effects of choice of basis sets and exchange-correlation functionals on the relative stabilities and other properties of the calculated structures. Finally...
A semi-hierarchic computer network for data acquisition and control in staircase voltammetry

Abstract A simple computer system designed for controlling voltammetric experiments has been implemented. The system connects a Hewlett-Packard 2100A minicomputer with a Texas Instruments 9900 microcomputer by means of a bidirectional serial transmission link. Experimental parameters are down-loaded from the host to the satellite which supervises the experiments at a remote location. The data collected are transmitted back to the host at 2400 baud for reduction and plotting. Through this division of labor, each system is used to its best advantage. Although the software developed is specifically for staircase voltammetry, the system hardware is of general-purpose design which is suited for other types of pulse experiment.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Multibody Contact System with Roller Bearing–-Part II: Semi-Finite Element Analysis and Optimal Design of Housing

A typical roller bearing system consists of five contact parts: the housing, outer ring, inner ring, roller set, and the shaft. A finite element calculation procedure is described to analyze a five-body contact roller bearing system. If an analytical solution is used to calculate the deformations of the roller and the ring/shaft combination, a semi-finite element governing equation can be derived by simplifying the five-body contact bearing system into a three-body contact system. The semi-finite element calculation results correlate closely with the test results obtained in Part I of this paper (1). The analysis indicates that the initial gap between the housing and the outer ring and the loading positions have significant influence on the load distribution in the bearing. By optimal design of the housing, the load distribution becomes more uniform and the fatigue life of the bearing can be increased. Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois May 14–19, 1995
Impact of new guidelines on physicians' ordering of preoperative tests.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the number of preoperative tests ordered for elective ambulatory surgery patients during the 2 years before and the 2 years after the establishment of new hospital testing guidelines.
Electronic structure of lanthanum calcium oxoborate LaCa4O(BO3)3

Abstract Lanthanum calcium oxoborate (LaCOB) is a nonlinear optical (NLO) material that belongs to the calcium-rare-earth (R) oxoborate family, with general composition Ca 4 RO(BO 3 ) 3 (R 3+ =La, Sm, Gd, Lu, Y). X-ray photoemission, photoabsorption, and resonant fluorescence were applied to study the electronic structure of this material. High resolution photoemission measurements on the valence band (VB) electronic structure and La 3d and 4d, Ca 2p, B 1s, and O 1s core lines were used to evaluate the surface and near surface chemistry. Element specific density of unoccupied electronic states in LaCOB were probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the La 3d (M 4,5 -edge), B 1s, and O 1s (K-edges) absorption edges. Soft X-ray fluorescence was used to further examine valence band states associated with spectral differences noted in the absorption measurements. These results provide the first measurements of the electronic structure and surface chemistry of this rare-earth oxoborate.
Stereoselective synthesis of hydroxylated bifenthrin isomers

Abstract Two isomeric, hydroxylated derivatives of the potent insecticide/acaricide bifenthrin were prepared from a common precursor. A high degree of control over the relative stereochemistry at all three stereogenic centers was achieved by closure of the C1-C3 bond of the cyclopropane ring using a judicious choice of ring closure substrates.