cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOAA WP-3D instrumentation and flight operations on AGASP-II

One component of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program conducted in March and April 1986 was supported with an instrumented NOAA WP-3D atmospheric research aircraft, which was used to conduct measurements of wind, temperature, ozone, water vapor, the concentration of condensation nuclei, and aerosol scattering extinction coefficient in order to determine the locations and properties of haze layers. The WP-3D flights consisted of three missions north of Alaska and three in the Canadian Arctic near Alert. This paper describes the NOAA WP-3D aircraft; the meteorological, gas, and aerosol sampling systems utilized; and the flight operations of the six WP-3D flights.
Thermally grown fatty acid films vs. Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Thin films of fatty acids and like compounds deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique have gained considerable prominence among researchers. In this paper we discuss some of the limitations of LB films and provide an overview of fatty acid films grown by an alternative technique of thermal evaporation in vacuum. The advantages (and disadvantages) of both techniques are discussed, and results on d.c. breakdown and capacitance on devices containing thermally grown films are reviewed. Organic films grown by these two techniques should be treated as complementary in the overall research and development efforts in this field.
364 Adapted Barkovich Scoring System (Adbarko) in Asphyxiated Full-Term Infants.

Aims: To develop an extended asphyxia-score based on ultrasound and MR-scan in order to gain further insight into the pathophysiology and to refine individual prognostication. Methods: Full-term infants born between January 2001 and February 2005, fullfilling criteria of Levene for asphyxia. Serial sonograms and MR-scan (T1, T2 and DWI) on day 4 or 5 post partum were used for designing a score of injury concerning the basal ganglia/thalamus (Bg/Thal) and (sub)cortex/white matter (Sc/Wm). Involvement of caudate and equivocal inversion of signal intensity in posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) were added. This score was compared with the Barkovich score (Barko) from which ours was derived. Bad outcome (cerebral palsy (CP) or death) was related to the scores. Results: 60 MR/ultrasound scans were scored. Whether or not neonates developed CP was examined at the minimum age of 18 months. 4 scans were normal as were the neonates. In 29 (48%) the scores differed from Barko. Bg/Thal were bilaterally affected in 39: 3 developed CP, 27 died . In 13, only Bg/Thal were affected (CP1,died5). A combination with Sc/Wm-injury was seen in 26: watershed injury (WI) in 5 (CP0,died2), extensive cortical lesions (ECL) in 20 (CP1,died18) or punctate white matter haemorrhage (PWMH) in 1. In 17 only the Sc/Wm was affected: WI in 5 (CP1,died0), ECL in 3 (CP0,died1) or PWMH in 4 (CP1,died1). In 5 isolated diffuse leukomalacia was seen (CP1,died1). There was a significant difference in involvement of caudate in severe (17/28) and mild (8/32) Sc/Wm-injury (p=0,005, Fisher's-exact-test). Conclusion: The adBarko includes new patterns. Among others isolated diffuse leukomalacia is seen with a pathophysiological mechanism of axonopathy rather than selective-neuronal-necrosis. There is a significant difference in involment of caudate in severe and mild Sc/Wm-injury. At this moment relation to outcome is difficult (many died or age under 18 months yet).
Interaction of theBacillus stearothermophilusRibosomal Protein S15 with 16 S rRNA: II. Specificity Determinants of RNA-Protein Recognition

S15 is a primary ribosomal protein that interacts specifically with a three-way junction in the central domain of 16 S rRNA, whose binding induces a conformational change in the RNA. In the accompanying paper, we demonstrated that S15 binds with high affinity to a 61 nucleotide RNA corresponding to the minimal rRNA binding site. Here, the sequence and structural determinants for the RNA in theBacillus stearothermophilusS15-rRNA interaction have been probed using site-directed mutagenesis, chemical modification interference, and iodine footprinting of phospho rothioate RNA. Mutations and RNA modifications that interfere with protein binding cluster in two distinct regions, one containing an internal loop and the other containing a three-way junction. The internal loop, defined by two A·G base-pairs and a bulged guanosine, is not important for the specific interaction, however, BS15 interacts with a phylogenetically conserved G·U base-pair above this internal loop. Near the three-way junction in helix 22, a bulged adenosine and two base-pairs adjacent to the junction also provide important determinants for BS15 binding. Chemical modification interference also suggests that four highly phylogenetically conserved nucleotides in the three-way junction may form non-canonical G·G and U·A base-pairs that are required for the BS15-rRNA interaction. Ethylation modification interference suggests that BS15 binding is accompanied by a conformational change in the RNA involving orientation of helices 20 and 22 at an acute angle with respect to one another. Projection of the data provided by mutagenesis, chemical modification interference analysis, and iodine footprinting onto a three-dimensional model illustrates that BS15 is likely to interact with the minor groove along an extended face of helix 22.
Semiclassical theory of three-level gas lasers

Abstract We present numerical solutions of the density matrix equations for a three-level gas laser gain medium with a single resonator mode at each of the two transition frequencies. Population pulsations and interference effects between the two transition amplitudes are included. Comparison with solutions obtained neglecting the interference terms shows these effects to be significant in low-pressure lasers at moderate intensities. Population pulsations also change results for resonator modes tuned near line center.
Interprofessional collaboration and job satisfaction of chiropractic physicians.

Abstract Background Despite the fact that chiropractic physicians (DCs) are growing in number and legitimacy in the community of health care professionals, little recent research describes how their relationships with medical doctors (MDs) affect their job and career perceptions. Objective This study explores interprofessional relations by identifying factors associated with variations in how DCs evaluate their interaction with MDs. It also adapts a previously validated multifaceted measure of MD job satisfaction for use with DCs. Design Cross-sectional survey of 311 DC physicians in North Carolina. Results The hypothesized multifaceted nature of DC job satisfaction was confirmed. Four distinct job facets and global career satisfaction were measured effectively in DCs. DCs' career satisfaction is related to satisfaction with compensation, intrinsic motivation of relating to patients, and having positive relationships with DC colleagues. DCs report referring patients to MDs more often than they report MDs referring patients to them. Satisfaction with relationships between DCs and MDs is relatively low and is strongly linked to the quantity of referrals from MDs and the perception that MDs practice collaboratively with DCs. However, DCs' global career satisfaction is unrelated to their relationships with MDs. Conclusion Global career satisfaction of DCs is relatively high and unaffected by the low level of satisfaction DCs report having with their relationships with MDs. These findings suggest that despite increasing interaction and interdependence, DCs' relationship with MDs is of minor importance in their professional self-image.
Osteopathic Emergency Medicine Programs Infrequently Publish in High-Impact Emergency Medicine Journals

Introduction: Both the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) require core faculty to engage in scholarly work, including publication in peer-reviewed journals. With the ACGME/AOA merger, we sought to evaluate the frequency of publication in high-impact peer-reviewed EM journals from authors affiliated with osteopathic emergency medicine (EM) programs. Methods: We performed a retrospective literature review using the Journal Citation Report database and identified the top five journals in the category of ‘Emergency Medicine’ by their 2011 Impact Factor. We examined all publications from each journal for 2011. For each article we recorded article type, authors’ names, position of authorship (first, senior or other), the author’s degree and affiliated institution. We present the data in raw numbers and percentages. Results: The 2011 EM journals with the highest impact factor were the following: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Resuscitation, Journal of Trauma, Injury, and Academic Emergency Medicine. Of the 9,298 authors published in these journals in 2011; 1,309 (15%) claimed affiliation with U.S.-based EM programs, of which 16 (1%) listed their affiliations with eight different osteopathic EM programs. The 16 authors claimed affiliation with 8 of 46 osteopathic EM programs (17%), while 1,301 authors claimed affiliation with 104 of 148 (70%) U.S.-based allopathic programs. Conclusion: Authors from osteopathic EM programs are under-represented in the top EM journals. With the pending ACGME/AOA merger, there is a significant opportunity for improvement in the rate of publication of osteopathic EM programs in top tier EM journals. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(7):-0.]
A Randomized Study of 5-Fluorouracil and Filtration Surgery

We conducted a randomized study of 26 patients with a poor prognosis undergoing filtration surgery with and without a low dose of 5-fluorouracil. Mean preoperative intraocular pressure (±S.E.M.) in the 5-fluorouracil group (n = 14) was 38.4 ± 3.08 mm Hg; in the control group (n = 12) it was 41.2 ± 5.0 mm Hg. Mean postoperative intraocular pressure (±S.E.M.) at six to 18 months was 14.4 ± 1.4 mm Hg in the 5-fluorouracil group and 30.7 ± 3.9 mm Hg in the control group (P
A medium for differentiating acidogenic bacteria.

Abstract Acidogenic bacteria, primarily the streptococci, were cultured in high numbers from the tooth surface using a medium having tryptone glucose agar as a base. This medium was adapted from two media used by Davies , Slack and Tilden (1948) and Green , Dodd and Inverso (1957). Acidogenic colonies were differentiated with this modified medium by their ability to dissolve incorporated synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite and form a halo. Optimum acidogenic counts consistent with the highest total cultivable yields was achieved when the glucose concentration was 1.0 per cent and cultures were incubated anaerobically. The acidogenic colony count was determined for 25 children in the mixed dentition, who were divided into high, low and intermediate caries incidence groups. The difference between the acidogenic count for the high caries group (15 × 106 org/mg of plaque sample) and the low caries group (15 × 106 org/mg) was statistically significant at the 0.004 level. The correlation coefficient between acidogenic counts and caries incidence, when run for all groups and for the high and low caries group only, was 0.46 and 0.71 respectively. No correlation was demonstrated (r = −0.01) for subjects having intermediate caries histories.
Photothermal lensing detection: theory and experiment

Photothermal lensing signal shapes are experimentally investigated and compared with those predicted theoretically in our earlier paper. The investigation included flowing and stationary media and pulsed and cw excitations. Good qualitative agreement between theory and experiment is found. Since the lensing signal is almost always accompanied by a deflection signal, the influence of the deflection signal on the detection of lensing signal is investigated. For a perfectly aligned detection geometry the influence of the deflection signal on the lensing signal is negligible, but in the presence of misalignments a significant amount of deflection signal could be superimposed on the lensing signal. The effect of lensing on the deflection signal is also been considered. The effect of the finite size of the probe beam on the lensing signals is also investigated.
Thick (∼ 50 μm) amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes for direct detection of minimum ionizing particles

Abstract Thick (∼ 50 μm) amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) p-i-n diodes of device quality are made by helium dilution of the process gas and heat treatment for application to minimum ionizing particle detection. Dilution of SiH4 with He decreased the dangling bond density and increased the deposition rate. The internal stress, which causes substrate bending and delamination, was reduced by a factor of 4 to ∼ 90 MPa when deposited at low (150°C) temperature. The electronic quality of the a-Si:H film was somewhat degraded when grown at a low temperature, but could be mostly recovered by subsequent annealing at 160°C. By this technique 50 μm thick n-i-p diodes were made without significant substrate bending, and the electronic properties, such as electron mobility and ionized dangling bond density, were suitable for detecting minimum ionizing particles. Diode readouts and integrated amplifiers for pixel arrays are also described.
Measurements of the dose distribution in mantle fields

A polystyrene phantom has been constructed which is a model for a reference case employed by the Centers for Radiological Physics in their assessment of irregular field calculation methods. Considerations in the phantom design are given. Measurements of the dose distribution determined in the irradiation of this phantom by 13 machines in the energy range from Co-60 to 15 MV X rays are reported. The clinical significance of the variations observed is discussed. The results clearly demonstrate the need for off-axis calculations in the mantle irradiations and suggest that the off-axis energy change in linear accelerator beams is an important parameter in the dose calculations.
Macaque thresholds for detecting increases in intensity: effects of formant structure.

Abstract Macaque monkeys, like humans, are more sensitive to differences in formant frequency than to differences in the frequency of pure tones (see Sinnott et al. (1987) J. Comp. Psychol. 94, 401–415; Pfingst (1993) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 2124–2129; Prosen et al. (1990) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 2152–2158; Sinnott et al. (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1977–1985; Sinnott and Kreiter (1991) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 2421–2429; for summary, see May et al. (1996) Aud. Neurosci. 3, 135–162). In the discrimination of formant frequency, it appears that the relevant cue for macaque monkeys is relative level differences of the component frequencies (Sommers et al. (1992) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 3499–3510). To further explore the result of Sommers et al., we trained macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata) to report detection of a change in the spectral shape of multi-component harmonic complexes. Spectral shape changes were produced by the addition of intensity increments. When the amplitude spectrum of the comparison stimulus was modeled after the /ae/ vowel sound, thresholds for detecting a change from the comparison stimulus were lowest when intensity increments were added at spectral peaks. These results parallel previous data from human subjects, suggesting that both human and monkey subjects may process vowel spectra through simultaneous comparisons of component levels across the spectrum. When the subjects were asked to detect a change from a comparison stimulus with a flat amplitude spectrum, the subjects showed sensitivity that was relatively comparable to that of human subjects tested in other investigations (e.g. Zera et al. (1993) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 3431–3441). In additional experiments, neither increasing the dynamic range of the /ae/ spectrum nor dynamically varying the amplitude of the increment during the stimulus presentation reliably affected detection thresholds.
Cornell College : Program in science and religion

Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa, has established a new interdisciplinary program in science and religion. One of the features of this program is an undergraduate major in science and religion that requires substantial course work in at least one of the natural sciences as well as course work in philosophv, religion, and history. As a result of a grant from the John Templeton Foundation, Cornell College will offer a special course, God and Physics: From Aquinas to Quantum Mechanics (April 1998), and will sponsor an international symposium on creation and contemporary cosmology (April 1999). Opportunities exist for interested scholars to come to Cornell as Templeton Visiting Fellows in order to participate in these activities.
An ultraviolet difference spectrophotometric method for determination of drug-binding parameters

Abstract Ultraviolet (u.v.) difference spectrophotometry is a direct technique to probe ligand/ macromolecule interactions. The difference technique is very sensitive to the interactions that occur and can be used with ligands of limited solubility. A method for reducing the binding data gathered from the u.v. difference technique is now described. Data from the literature as well as obtained in these laboratories were reduced by using a plot of change in absorbance difference versus added perturbant concentration. Deviation from initial linearity enables the concentration of free and bound ligand to be determined and hence the binding parameters can be calculated by standard techniques. Literature and laboratory binding data are calculated for phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, sulindac, diclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and sulfadimethioxine.
Enantiomeric discrimination of Ru-substrates by cytochrome P450cam.

Molecules with photosensitizers attached to substrates (Wilker et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 90–92) or cofactors (Hamachi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 5500–5506) can rapidly deliver redox equivalents to buried active sites. The structure of cytochrome P450_(cam) (P450) co-crystallized with a prototypal sensitizer-substrate, [Ru-C_9-Ad]Cl_2, has been determined (Dmochowski et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 12987–12990); and, in separate UV–vis absorption and time-resolved luminescence experiments, the binding of the Λ and Δ enantiomers of Ru-C_9-Ad to P450 has been measured. The results, K_D(Δ/Λ)∼2, indicate that the bipyridyl ligands of the Λ isomer interact more favorably with hydrophobic residues at the entrance to the substrate channel. We conclude that enantiospecific interactions may be exploited in the design of enzyme-metallosubstrate conjugates.
Applications of intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of heterodienes: facile syntheses of the heteroyohimbine alkaloids tetrahydroalstonine and akuammigine

Abstract A facile, formal synthesis of the heteroyohimbine alkaloids tetrahydroalstonine (1) and akuammigine (2) has been completed in which the D/E ring system is constructed by the novel cyclization of the triene 10, a process which involves the intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of a heterodiene with an α,β-unsaturated amide.
Effect of prior sample history on n-hexane sorption in glassy polystyrene microspheres

Abstract The effect of prior swelling or thermal annealing on the kinetics and apparent equilibria of n-hexane vapour sorption at 30°C in submicron diameter polystyrene microspheres was studied at penetrant activities of 0.75 and 0.10. Preswelling with n-hexane at an activity of 0.90 increased both the rate and the apparent equilibrium of subsequent n-hexane sorption at both the lower activities. Conversely, thermal annealing reduced the sorption rate and apparent equilibrium sorption relative to the measured sorption in the ‘as-received’ sample. Cycling experiments, at the high activity ( p p ° = 0.75 ), revealed that the effects of the earlier preswelling or thermal history are effectively erased by the first sorption cycle. In contrast, at the lower activity ( p p ° = 0.10 ), the effects of preswelling or thermal annealing decay more gradually consequent to repeated cycling. The observed convergence of the apparent equilibrium penetrant concentration, in all samples, to a single value upon repeated cycling suggests that a true glassy state equilibrium sorption can be approached by conditioning microsphere samples by the particular cycling histories studied in this work.
The 12-Lead Electrocardiogram in Supraventricular Tachycardia

The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Most forms of SVT can be distinguished with a high degree of certainty based on specific ECG characteristics by using a systematic, stepwise approach. This article provides a general framework with which to approach an ECG during SVT by describing the salient characteristics, ECG findings, and underlying electroanatomical relationships of each specific type of SVT encountered in adults. It concludes by providing a systematic algorithm for diagnosing SVT based on the findings of the 12-lead ECG.
Semen dilution prior to analysis influences the ability of the sperm quality analyzer to predict fertility whether inseminating with a constant number of sperm or a constant volume of semen

Abstract Previous research has shown that the sperm quality index (SQI) is positively correlated with semen characteristics as well as fertility when broiler breeder semen is diluted 10-fold prior to analysis. However, research has not been conducted to establish if semen dilution rate affects the ability of the SQI to predict fertility when inseminating a constant number of sperm or a constant volume of semen. As a result, 3 experiments were undertaken. The objective of the first study was to determine if diluent, minimum essential media, or 0.85% saline affects the SQI. The second objective was to identify potential semen dilution rates for the SQI by obtaining the range in live sperm concentrations to which the SQI is most sensitive. The purpose of experiment 3 was to determine which semen dilution rate, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-fold, or a constant concentration of 180 × 10(6) sperm/mL, yields an SQI that is most predictive of fertility. Once a week for 3 wk, 20 hens were individually inseminated with either 20 microL of 4-fold diluted semen or a constant 45 × 10(6) sperm from each of 29 broiler breeder males. To determine which semen dilution rate yielded an SQI that was most predictive of fertility, Pearson's correlation coefficients were obtained between the SQI at each dilution rate and fertility. There was no difference in the SQI due to diluent. Sperm quality index values declined logarithmically as live sperm concentration decreased. The SQI was most sensitive to live sperm concentrations from 11 to 232 × 10(6) sperm/mL. The SQI for semen diluted 10-fold was the best predictor of fertility when inseminating with a constant volume of 4-fold diluted semen (r = 0.71). When hens were inseminated with a constant 45 × 10(6) sperm/hen, the SQI for semen diluted 10- and 25-fold as well as to a constant concentration of 180 × 10(6) sperm/ mL was equally effective at predicting fertility (r = 0.59, 0.52, and 0.61, respectively). Apparently, the SQI is predictive of fertility when semen samples are diluted 10-fold prior to analysis regardless of insemination method used. Dilution beyond 10-fold appears to alter semen quality, rendering the SQI less accurate.
Transnational childrearing and the preservation of transnational identity in Brazzaville, Congo.

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at two ends of an intra- Africa migration flow (Mali and the Republic of Congo), in this article I examine the role of childrearing practices in the maintenance of transnationalism. I consider different approaches to transnational childrearing by migrant parents and their reasons for adopting them, and delineate three common modes. The most widespread and socially validated approach is to send children home from Congo to their parents’ places of origin, where child fostering is widespread, to be raised by relatives for long periods; this approach increases the durability of transnational ties. I use childrearing approaches as an analytical lens to demonstrate the complementarity of multiple forms of domestic organization, mobility and settlement in the intergenerational production and transmission of durable transnational identities. By arguing for greater focus on phenomena such as transnational childrearing, I seek to promote a broader conceptualization of transnationalism.
Erythematous patches and plaques on the chest with induration of the breasts. Metastatic papillary RCC in dermal lymphatics.

A 57-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of an erythematous eruption involving the breasts and chest. The eruption initially manifested on the mid-chest and gradually spread to involve both breasts. It was asymptomatic, with the exception of mild, intermittent pruritus. Her medical history was notable for metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with temsirolimus, which was diagnosed 3 months prior to presentation, and papillary thyroidcarcinoma(multifocal follicularvariant) treatedwith total thyroidectomy 2 years prior. Her family medical history was unremarkable. Bilateral breast ultrasonography and mammography, performed as part of metastatic disease workup, revealed benign findings. Physical examination revealed numerous erythematous patches, thin plaques, telangiectasias, and peau d’orange appearance of the skin on the breasts (Figure1). The inferior aspects of the breasts were indurated (Figure 2). The patient was afebrile and there were no cutaneous leiomyomas. Punch biopsies of left upper chest and left breast were performed (Figure3). What is your diagnosis?
Using Telepractice in Parent Training in Early Autism

There is a growing body of literature indicating that intense early intervention is current best practice for treating children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Several studies demonstrate the effectiveness of parents as agents of intervention in the child's home environment. However, this approach requires intense one-on-one supervision by highly trained professionals. Consequently, there is a significant gap between the intensive service requirements for children with ASD and the available resources to provide these services. In the current pilot study, the use of remote technology, telepractice, is evaluated as a tool for coaching parents of two children found to have ASD. Two clinical models of intervention are compared: a traditional model of twice-weekly speech and language therapy sessions (traditional clinical model) and a model where a once-a-week clinical session is followed by a home-based session administered by the parents and remotely supervised and coached by the clinician (clinic/telepractice model). Results suggest that gains obtained in traditional therapy can be maintained and even exceeded in a treatment model that uses telepractice. Parents reported that they perceived telepractice sessions to be as valuable as those delivered directly by the clinician, felt comfortable using the technology, and were willing to continue intervention with their children at home. These preliminary results suggest that use of telepractice holds promise for reducing the demands on available resources of service for this population. A study with a larger population is currently underway including cost-benefit analyses to examine the implications for such a treatment model to its users and to the healthcare system.
Heuristics for scientific experimentation: a developmental study.

Abstract Scientific discovery involves search in a space of hypotheses and a space of experiments. We describe an investigation of developmental differences in the search constraint heuristics used in scientific reasoning. Sixty-four subjects (technically trained college students, community college students with little technical training, 6th graders, and 3rd graders) were taught how to use a programmable robot. Then they were presented with a new operation, provided with a hypothesis about how it might work, and asked to conduct experiments to discover how the new operation really did work. The suggested hypothesis was always incorrect, as subjects could discover if they wrote informative experiments, and it was either plausible or implausible. The rule for how the unknown operation actually worked was either very similar or very dissimilar to the given hypothesis. Children focused primarily on plausible hypotheses, conducted a limited set of experiments, designed experiments that were difficult to interpret, and were unable to induce implausible (but correct) hypotheses from data. Adults were much better than children in discovering implausible rules. The performance deficits we found were not simply the result of children′s inadequate encoding or mnemonic skills. Instead, the adults appear to use domain-general skills that go beyond the logic of confirmation and disconfirmation and deal with the coordination of search in two spaces: a space of hypotheses and a space of experiments.
Enzymatic Interesterification of Tripalmitin with Vegetable Oil Blends for Formulation of Caprine Milk Infant Formula Analogs

Abstract The structure of triacylglycerols in vegetable oil blends was enzymatically modified, and the blends were incorporated into skim caprine milk to produce goat milk-based infant formula analogs, homologous to human milk. A modified lipid containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resembling the composition of human milk fat, was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification reactions between tripalmitin and a vegetable oil blend containing a 2.5:1.1:0.8 ratio of coconut, safflower, and soybean oils. A commercial sn -1,3-specific lipase obtained from Rhyzomucor miehei , Lipozyme RM IM, was used as the biocatalyst. The effects of substrate molar ratio and reaction time on the incorporation of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids at the sn -2 position of the triacylglycerols were investigated. The fatty acid composition and sn -2 position of the experimental formulas were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed that the highest incorporation of palmitic acid was obtained at 12h of incubation at 55°C with a substrate molar ratio of 1:0.4 of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. However, the modified milk interesterified for 12h at a 1:1 molar ratio had a greater resemblance to human milk compared with the other formulas. The level of oleic acid incorporation at the sn -2 position increased with the molar ratio of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. It was concluded that, unlike the original goat milk and other formulas, the formulated caprine milk with a molar ratio of 1:1 and a 12-h incubation was similar to the fatty acid composition of human milk.
Dye dilution curves in cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Use of cuvette and earpiece oximeters facilitates the recording of the immediate dilution pattern of the dye T-1824 (Evans blue) in the arterial blood. In patients with venoarterial shunts the pattern of the dilution curves differs from normal. Quantitative analysis of such curves from patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease has been undertaken to establish the proportion of blood which bypassed the pulmonary circulation. The results obtained have been compared with estimates of the volume of the shunt from cardiac catheterization data and related to the arterial oxygen saturation.
Electrostatically Constrained Pathway of Intra-Monomer Electron Transfer in the Cytochrome B6F Complex of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

The preferred pathway of trans-membrane electron transfer in the symmetric dimeric cytochrome b6f complex, involving four b-hemes organized as two pairs in symmetric monomeric units, was studied by simultaneous measurement of heme b redox state by absorbance measurement and heme-heme exciton interaction by excitonically split circular dichroism spectra in the Soret band. The rate of heme reduction by dithionite, in the dimeric or monomeric complex, coincides with an increase in amplitude of the split CD spectrum. The similarity of the time course of absorbance and CD changes, together with crystal structure information on inter-heme orientation and separation, imply that chemical reduction of the intra-monomer heme pair bn and bp occurs preferentially in the monomeric unit of the dimer. This preference is attributed to the negative free energy of the heme exciton interaction. The relatively small contribution of inter-monomer exciton interactions is attributed to the distance and angular dependence of the interactions. A slow rate of heme reduction is a consequence of an electrostatic energy barrier caused by injection of electrons into the apolar protein interior without compensating charge, inferred from an increased rate of heme reduction and generation of the split CD signal at acidic pH, a kinetic deuterium isotope effect, a red shift in the Q-band absorbance maximum of the integral chlorophyll a attributed to a Stark Effect associated with the internal electrical field, and a similar time course of heme reduction and generation of the Stark Effect. Thus, the Stark Effect arises from injection of electrons into the hydrophobic protein core without charge-compensation that would occur physiologically through H+ uptake and translocation by the complex. Funding-NIH-GM038323. (SDZ and SSH share first authorship).
Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma

Inactivation of the genes involved in DNA mismatch repair is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer. We report that hypermethylation of the 5′ CpG island of hMLH1 is found in the majority of sporadic primary colorectal cancers with MSI, and that this methylation was often, but not invariably, associated with loss of hMLH1 protein expression. Such methylation also occurred, but was less common, in MSI− tumors, as well as in MSI+ tumors with known mutations of a mismatch repair gene (MMR). No hypermethylation of hMSH2 was found. Hypermethylation of colorectal cancer cell lines with MSI also was frequently observed, and in such cases, reversal of the methylation with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine not only resulted in reexpression of hMLH1 protein, but also in restoration of the MMR capacity in MMR-deficient cell lines. Our results suggest that microsatellite instability in sporadic colorectal cancer often results from epigenetic inactivation of hMLH1 in association with DNA methylation.
Ginsenoside-Rb1 Induces ARPE-19 Proliferation and Reduces VEGF Release

Rb1, a ginsenoside from ginseng root extract, possesses antiangiogenic effects, but its role on ocular cells has not been studied. We hypothesize that Rb1 inhibits the production of the angiogenic cytokine VEGF from ARPE-19 cells, leading to a significant reduction in the proliferation of ocular vasculatures. Data from our experiments show that Rb1 induced an increase in the number of ARPE cells in culture, while VEGF release (pg/10,000 viable cells) was significantly reduced. Treatment with VEGF and cotreatment with Rb1 and VEGF showed that this Rb1-induced cell proliferation was mediated by VEGF. Because VEGF from RPE plays a major role in promoting angiogenesis in ocular vasculatures. Our finding that Rb1 inhibits the release of VEGF from RPE cells suggests that Rb1 has a significant role in the eye to protect against angiogenic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
High throughput DNA sequencing to detect differences in the subgingival plaque microbiome in elderly subjects with and without dementia

Background To investigate the potential association between oral health and cognitive function, a pilot study was conducted to evaluate high throughput DNA sequencing of the V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for determining the relative abundance of bacterial taxa in subgingival plaque from older adults with or without dementia.
Effects of testosterone on a sexually dimorphic frog muscle: repeated in vivo observations and androgen receptor distribution.

In the present study the sexually dimorphic, androgen-sensitive flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) in male Xenopus laevis was viewed repeatedly in vivo to assess the influence of testosterone on muscle fiber size over a period of up to 12 weeks. Regions of the muscle innervated by different spinal nerves responded differently to testosterone treatment. Muscle fibers innervated by spinal nerve 2 (SN2) hypertrophied within 7 days in frogs that had been castrated and given testosterone-filled implants. This initial hypertrophy was followed by a return to normal fiber size a week late, after which fiber size slowly increased again. In castrated males with empty implants, muscle fibers innervated by SN2 gradually atrophied. Fibers innervated by spinal nerve 3 (SN3) were not affected by androgen replacement or withdrawal. The sartorius, a control muscle that is neither sexually dimorphic nor particularly androgen sensitive, was also unaffected. The in vivo observations were confirmed by measurements of muscle fiber cross-sectional areas in frozen sections of whole forelimbs. At 8 and 12 weeks after castration, cross-sectional areas of fibers innervated by SN2 were significantly larger in frogs provided with testosterone than in castrates without testosterone. No difference was found in the SN2 region or in the anconeus caput scapulare (triceps), another control muscle. Immunocytochemistry employing an antibody against the androgen receptor (AR) indicated that the receptor is present in myonuclei of all muscles of the forelimb. While no difference in labeling intensity was detected, the number of AR-containing nuclei per muscle fiber cross-section was higher in fibers innervated by SN2 than in those innervated by SN3, and was yet lower in the triceps. This suggests that regulation of androgen sensitivity may occur via muscle fiber. ARs, although an influence of the nerve may also contribute. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Robustness of Naturally and Artificially Selected Nucleic Acid Secondary Structures

Thermodynamic stability and mutational robustness of secondary structure are critical to the function and evolutionary longevity of RNA molecules. We hypothesize that natural and artificial selection for functional molecules favors the formation of structures that are stable to both thermal and mutational perturbation. There is little direct evidence, however, that functional RNA molecules have been selected for their stability. Here we use thermodynamic secondary structure prediction algorithms to compare the thermal and mutational robustness of over 1000 naturally and artificially evolved molecules. Although we find evidence for the evolution of both types of stability in both sets of molecules, the naturally evolved functional RNA molecules were significantly more stable than those selected in vitro, and artificially evolved catalysts (ribozymes) were more stable than artificially evolved binding species (aptamers). The thermostability of RNA molecules bred in the laboratory is probably not constrained by a lack of suitable variation in the sequence pool but, rather, by intrinsic biases in the selection process.
Robust nonparametric regression by controlling sparsity

Nonparametric methods are widely applicable to statistical learning problems, since they rely on a few modeling assumptions. In this context, the fresh look advocated here permeates benefits from variable selection and compressive sampling, to robustify nonparametric regression against outliers. A variational counterpart to least-trimmed squares regression is shown closely related to an l 0 -(pseudo)norm-regularized estimator, that encourages sparsity in a vector explicitly modeling the outliers. This connection suggests efficient (approximate) solvers based on convex relaxation, which lead naturally to a variational M-type estimator equivalent to Lasso. Outliers are identified by judiciously tuning regularization parameters, which amounts to controlling the sparsity of the outlier vector along the whole robustification path of Lasso solutions. An improved estimator with reduced bias is obtained after replacing the l 0 -(pseudo)norm with a nonconvex surrogate, as corroborated via simulated tests on robust thin-plate smoothing splines.
Molecular profiling contributes more than routine histology and immonohistochemistry to breast cancer diagnostics

Initial enthusiasm to explore gene expression profi ling and other high-throughput molecular methods as molecular diagnostic tools for breast cancer has given way to increasing skepticism. Several investigators suggested that these novel analytical methods may not have advanced diagnostic medicine beyond what optimally performed histology and immonohistochemistry (IHC) could deliver. Th ere is some truth in this criticism, particularly when it comes to clinically useful assays that gene expression profi ling methods have yielded. However, this overly simplistic assessment of molecular profi ling overlooks three important contributions that high-throughput gene expression analysis has brought to breast cancer research and treatment. First, results from gene expression profi ling studies have fundamentally changed our conceptual approach to breast cancer. Second, these methods have yielded several commercially available new diagnostic tests that fi ll a previously unmet diagnostic niche and have started to impact routine care, at least in the United States. Th ird, the impact of the large volume of molecular data that these studies have generated will have a lasting impact on breast cancer research. Th e in-depth analysis of the many tantalizing observations made from comprehensive genomic characterization of breast cancers has barely begun. The conceptual impact of molecular profi ling on breast cancer research Gene expression profi ling provided the fi rst glimpse of the true complexity of the molecular machinery of breast cancer. Th e earliest of these studies already revealed large-scale molecular diff erences between estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative cancers and also revealed two robust subsets within the ER-positive cancers [1]. Th ese molecular diff erences between breast cancer subsets together with the important clinical diff erences that also distinguish these groups have prompted a conceptual shift in the classifi cation of breast cancer. Breast cancer is no longer considered a single disease with variable ER expression, histology and grade but a collection of genuinely diff erent neoplastic diseases that arise from the breast epithelium. Th e long recognized heterogeneity in ER expression and grade have not led to similar shifts in classifi cation in the past because the scale of molecular diff erences that exist between these disease types remained hidden until highthroughput molecular analytical methods become available. Th e implications of the new classifi cation schema reach far beyond a simple ER-based stratifi cation of breast cancer. Diff erent molecular types of breast cancers will require separate clinical trials, diff erent prognostic
Respiratory Infection and the Impact of Pulmonary Immunity on Lung Health and Disease

Acute lower respiratory tract infection is responsible for an inordinate disease burden. Pulmonary immunity determines the outcomes of these infections. The innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes in the lung are critical to maintaining a healthy respiratory system and preventing pulmonary disease. In addition to balancing antimicrobial defense against the risk of lung injury during the immediate infection, the shaping of pulmonary immunity by respiratory infection contributes to the pathophysiology of many and even perhaps most chronic pulmonary diseases. This Pulmonary Perspective aims to communicate two interconnected points. First, tremendous morbidity and mortality result from inadequate, misguided, or excessive pulmonary immunity. Second, our understanding of pulmonary immunity is at an exciting stage of rapid developments and discoveries, but many questions remain. Further advances in pulmonary immunity and elucidation of the cellular and molecular responses to microbes in the lung are needed to develop novel approaches to predicting, preventing, and curing respiratory disease.
Polymeric amides from diamines and dibasic acids

Methods for the preparation of fiber-forming polymeric amides from polymethylene diamines and polymethylene dicarboxylic acids, and the stabilization of these polymers against viscosity changes, have been described. The variation in physical properties, particularly melting points, of the polymeric amides with increasing chain length of the components has been discussed.
Toward a δ13C Isoscape for Primates

A primate δ13C isoscape is not yet available; but pilot data on nine different primate populations that all have extensive and detailed information on diet and habitat use suggest clinal variation associated with canopy cover. The nine C3-feeding primate species from MesoAmerica, South America, Africa and Madagascar have δ13C values that vary by 6‰ in association with reported canopy cover irrespective of their specific diets. Capuchin and spider monkeys from tropical wet forest with continuous forest canopy in Costa Rica have the lowest values. Costa Rican howler monkeys, Brazilian muriqui monkeys, two Kenyan prosimian species, and a population of chimpanzees from the DRC live in areas with broken forest canopy and show intermediate values. The highest values occur in a Madagascar prosimian species and a second population of Tanzanian chimpanzees who live in open savanna woodlands. Newly published data on sifakas (a large prosiman species) and Lemur catta (a cat-sized ground-living lemur) from Madagascar, and a third population of chimpanzees from Senegal, which have less-detailed dietary information, have δ13C values that generally fit expectations based on accounts of their habitat canopy cover. If confirmed through additional studies, a primate isoscape could reveal a range of habitats inhabited by primates collected in the last century and now housed in museums with only general location information. Applied to the human fossil record, the preliminary primate δ13C isoscape suggests open country adaptations of early fossil hominins and open country hunting by Neandertals.
CAWS: criticality-aware warp scheduling for GPGPU workloads

The ability to perform fast context-switching and massive multi-threading is the forte of modern GPU architectures, which have emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional chip-multiprocessors for parallel workloads. One of the main benefits of such architecture is its latency-hiding capability. However, the efficacy of GPU's latency-hiding varies significantly across GPGPU applications. To investigate this, this paper first proposes a new algorithm that profiles execution behavior of GPGPU applications. We characterize latencies caused by various pipeline hazards, memory accesses, synchronization primitives, and the warp scheduler. Our results show that the current round-robin warp scheduler works well in overlapping various latency stalls with the execution of other available warps for only a few GPGPU applications. For other applications, there is an excessive latency stall that cannot be hidden by the scheduler effectively. With the latency characterization insight, we observe a significant execution time disparity for warps within the same thread block, which causes sub-optimal performance, called the warp criticality problem. To tackle the warp criticality problem, we design a family of criticality-aware warp scheduling (CAWS) policies by scheduling the critical warp(s) more frequently than other warps. Our results on the breadth-first-search, B+tree search, two point angular correlation function, and K-means clustering show that, with oracle knowledge of warp criticality, our best-performing scheduling policy can improve GPGPU applications' performance by 17% on average. With our designed criticality predictor, the various scheduling policies can improve performance by 10-21% on breadth-first-search. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to characterize warp criticality and explore different criticality-aware warp scheduling policies for GPGPU workloads.