cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

The field of pediatric gastroenterology was first described in 1960 and has rapidly grown from a specialty that was only offered at a few select centers around the world to one that is now considered an absolutely necessity at any pediatric hospital (Thomson et al., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55:636–639, 2012). In the United States, there is ~1 pediatric gastroenterology provider per 100,000 children making it one of the largest pediatric subspecialty disciplines. However, due to patient volume, it is considered by the Children’s Hospital Association to be a subspecialty with a shortage of providers. With rapid growth comes considerable change in practice management and technological advancement. Given the frequency of gastrointestinal complaints (such as reflux, constipation, weight concerns and elevated transaminase levels) and the relative shortage of subspecialty providers, it is important for primary care providers to be up-to-date on common pediatric gastrointestinal and hepatology advancements. In this chapter we have highlighted some of the most important changes and advancements pertaining to common pediatric gastrointestinal and hepatic conditions that have occurred over the last 5–10 years and presented in a manner to best aid the primary care provider.
Coupling charge-exchange vibrations to nucleons in a relativistic framework: Effect on Gamow-Teller transitions and β-decay half-lives

The nuclear response theory for isospin-transfer modes in the relativistic particle-vibration coupling framework is extended to include coupling of single nucleons to isospin-flip (charge-exchange) phonons in addition to the usual neutral vibrations. This new coupling introduces dynamical pion and $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson exchange beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation up to infinite order. We investigate the impact of this new mechanism on the Gamow-Teller response of a few doubly magic neutron-rich nuclei, namely, $^{48}\mathrm{Ca},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{78}\mathrm{Ni},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. It is found that the coupling to isospin-flip vibrations can have a non-negligible impact on the strength distribution and quenching of the giant resonance, globally improving the agreement with the experimental data. The corresponding $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay half-lives of $^{78}\mathrm{Ni}$ and $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ are also calculated and found to be decreased by a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}2$ by the inclusion of the new phonons.
Data-Driven Predictive Control for Autonomous Systems

In autonomous systems, the ability to make forecasts and cope with uncertain predictions is synonymous with intelligence. Model predictive control (MPC) is an established control methodology that s...
17-P : EDTA-TREATMENT TO REMOVE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SERUM SUBSTANCES WITHOUT INCREASING NEGATIVE CONTROL BEAD MFI IN MICRO-BEAD ASSAYS

Aim To study an effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on negative control (NC) bead mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in Luminex micro-bead assays. Background: Inhibitory substances can mask HLA antibody specificity detection. Dithiothreitol (DTT) was reported to be effective for reducing interference from inhibitory substances (Kosmoliaptsis V, Transplantation 2009). However, we often observe an increase in the NC bead MFI with DTT treatment as reported (Zachary AA, Hum Immunol 2009). EDTA was also reported to be effective in reducing interference from inhibitory substances (Schnaidt M, Transplantation 2011). Methods Except for the pre-treatment of serum, One Lamba LABScreen Phenotype (PRA) and Single Antigen (SAB) reagents are used according to manufacturer instructions. Ten serum samples were selected that exhibited high NC bead MFI (>1000) with DTT-treatment (5mM at 37C for 30 minutes) in PRA beads (N=7) or SAB (N=3), requiring adsorption by Adsorb Out beads (One Lambda). NC bead MFI and specificity assignment of untreated, EDTA-treated (final concentration of 5mM; 20uL of 0.05M EDTA added to 180uL serum), and DTT-treated serum samples were compared. Results NC bead MFI showed no significant difference between untreated and EDTA-treated serum (r=0.999), indicating that EDTA-treatment does not increase NC bead MFI. NC bead MFI was >1000 in 3/10 untreated serums, 3/10 EDTA-treated serums, and 10/10 DTT-treated serums. The NC bead MFI was successfully reduced after treatment with Adsorb Out in the 3 EDTA-treated serums. Specificity assignment and antibody strength between EDTA-treated and DTT-treated serum was consistent in all samples tested. Conclusions EDTA is an effective treatment to remove interference from inhibitory substances without increasing NC bead MFI.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLICALLY UNSTABLE METALS UPON THE COFFIN-MANSON EQUATION

The use of the Coffin-Manson Equation for metals which do not form a stable hysteresis loop was examined. Three metals, having different degrees of cyclic instability, were studied: two nickel-based superalloys, Rene 95 at 650°C and AF-115 at 760°C; and a titanium alloy, Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si, at 540°C. Three computations were made. First, the constants in this equation were determined by using the plastic strain-range at half the cycle life. Second, the damage was calculated cycle-by-cycle, assuming linear damage was valid, and the constants for a best fit were found. Third, the lives were predicted using the earlier constants by calculating the damage cycle-by-cycle. The results from all of these calculations were similar. The values of the two sets of constants did not differ from each other significantly, and the lives predicted from all of the three calculations were similar. These same results were also demonstrated mathematically.
Risks in Our Society

Our news media are constantly bombarding us with scare stories about radiation, pollution, dangerous chemicals, and other products of our technology. How dangerous are these threats, and how do they compare with other risks we constantly face in our daily lives? In a technical paper published in the June 1979 issue of the journal Health Physics, we collected quantitative information on risks from a wide variety of sources and analyzed it in terms of life expectancy reduction (LER), the average amount one’s life is shortened by each risk. For example, an average 40-year-old can expect to live another 34.8 years, so if he takes a risk that has a 1% chance of being immediately fatal, his LER is 0.348 year or 127 days. Of course, most risks are with us to varying extents at all ages and the effects must be added up over a lifetime, making the calculations somewhat complex. But the computer has done the work and we will only summarize the results.
Hyaloid Vasculature: Development, Regression, Structure, and Pathologies

The hyaloid vasculature is a complex of transient intraocular vessels consisting of the main hyaloid artery, vasa hyaloidea propria , tunica vasculosa lentis , and the pupillary membrane . Its proper development and regression are instrumental in the healthy maturation of the eye. Failure of the hyaloid vasculature to develop and regress in a normal manner is associated with various presentations of persistent fetal vasculature (PFV). The abnormalities seen in PFV can range from causing no obvious physiological irregularities to markedly limiting the visual function of the eye. Recent advancements in surgical techniques have led to advancements in visual potential; however, some cases are still considered poor surgical candidates for visual development. Much has been learned recently regarding the complex biochemical interactions involved in physiological development and regression of the hyaloid vascular system; however, our understanding of all of these interactions remains incomplete.
Streamflow contributions from tribal lands to major river basins of the United States

While many studies on tribal water resources of individual tribal lands in the United States (US) have been conducted, the importance of tribal water resources at a national scale has largely gone unrecognized because their combined totals have not been quantified. Thus, we sought to provide a numerical estimate of major water budget components on tribal lands within the conterminous US and on USGS hydrologic unit codes (HUC2) regions. Using existing national-scale data and models, we estimated mean annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, excess precipitation, streamflow, and water use for the period 1971–2000. Tribal lands represent about 3.4 percent of the total land area of the conterminous US and on average account for 1.9 percent of precipitation, 2.4 percent of actual evapotranspiration, 0.95 percent of excess precipitation, 1.6 percent of water use, and 0.43 percent of streamflow origination. Additionally, approximately 9.5 and 11.3 percent of US streamflow flows through or adjacent as boundaries to tribal lands, respectively. Streamflow through or adjacent to tribal lands accounts for 42 and 48 percent of streamflow in the Missouri region, respectively; and for 86 and 88 percent in the Lower Colorado region, respectively. On average, 5,600 million cubic meters of streamflow per year was produced on tribal lands in the Pacific Northwest region, nearly five times greater than tribal lands in any other region. Tribal lands in the Great Lakes, Missouri, Arkansas-White-Red, and California regions all produced between 1,000 and 1,400 million cubic meters per year.
Grassland disturbance increases monarch butterfly oviposition and decreases arthropod predator abundance

Abstract Many species of conservation concern depend on disturbance to create or maintain suitable habitat. We evaluated effects of disturbance on the eastern migratory monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.), which has declined markedly in recent decades, primarily attributed to the loss of milkweed host plants from annual crop fields in the US Midwest. Currently, remaining milkweeds in this region primarily occur in perennial grasslands, where disturbance is infrequent, predatory arthropods are abundant, and seasonal patterns of plant phenology differ from crop fields. In a two-year study in Michigan, USA, we applied three treatments to 23 patches of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.); one-third of each patch was left undisturbed, while the remaining thirds were mowed in either mid-June or mid-July, respectively, and allowed to regenerate. We subsequently measured effects on monarch oviposition, predator abundance, survival of sentinel eggs and larvae, and tested how milkweed phenology and aphid colonization—both of which are reset by disturbance—structure predation risk for immature monarchs. Monarchs laid more eggs on regenerating versus undisturbed stems under both mowing regimes. Predators were strongly suppressed by mowing treatments, requiring 2–4 weeks to recolonize milkweed after disturbance, and were more abundant on flowering or aphid-infested stems. We found no significant differences in monarch egg/larval survival, although it tended to be higher in mowed plots. Overall, monarchs laid more eggs on regenerating stems where their offspring may also experience enemy-free space. Future work should focus on testing grassland disturbance as a management tool to improve productivity of existing monarch breeding habitat.
Simulation Studies of Classical and Non-classical Nucleation

We present the results of Monte Carlo studies of nucleation in Ising models with several interaction ranges. We find that for systems with short range interactions the classical theory of nucleation correctly describes the simulation results. However for systems with long range interactions undergoing deep quenches, the nucleation process is not described by the classical theory. We also present the results of simulations done to test the sensitivity of the critical nucleation droplet to various forms of perturbation.
Use of multiple failure models in injury epidemiology: a case study of arrest and intimate partner violence recidivism in Seattle, WA

Single-failure survival models are commonly used in injury research. We aimed to demonstrate the application of multiple failure survival models in injury research by measuring the association between arrest and IPV recidivism. We used data from a population-based cohort of 5466 male-female couples with a police-reported, male-perpetrated incident of IPV against their female partners that occurred in Seattle, WA during 1999–2001. We estimated the risk of physical and psychological IPV recidivism (separately) for the 12 months following the index event, according to perpetrator arrest or non-arrest for the index event. We used time-dependent extended Cox regression analyses for time-to-first IPV event and Prentice, Williams and Peterson model-based analyses for time-to-multiple IPV events. Arrest was associated with a reduction in time-to-first physical IPV recurrence but was not associated with time-to-first psychological IPV recurrence during the 12-month follow-up. Arrest was associated with a significantly decreased risk of physical and psychological IPV during the 12-month follow-up in the multiple failure models. The association between arrest and lower risk of physical IPV recidivism increased with increasing number of follow-up IPV events. We found arrest to be a plausible deterrent for recurrent IPV reduction. Our study also illustrates the use of multiple failure survival analyses in injury research. Such techniques facilitate inference about estimands that may have greater public health relevance and properly account for injury recurrence. By using multiple failure models, we were able to more deeply understand the relationship between arrest and IPV over time.
The Gaelic League and the spatial logics of Irish nationalism

The Gaelic League was founded in 1893 with the aim of reviving the Irish language, as well as promoting home-grown industries and social reform. By the turn of the century, it had become one of the most important cultural organisations in Ireland. This article studies a central element of the league's ideology and praxis, albeit one that has thus far received little attention: its promotion of a specifically nationalist understanding of Irish space. ‘Space’ was a key trope for the Gaelic League and was linked to a number of other dominant nationalist concerns: state sovereignty, race, gender and modernity. Moreover, this article argues that a focus on ‘space’ allows for a better comparative understanding of Irish nationalism, since similar spatial logics were at play in other late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century national movements both in Europe and in the (post)colonial world.
ESTIMATING FUTURE NON-CULPRIT EVENTS WITH NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND IMAGING: LIPID RICH PLAQUE STUDY SUB-ANALYSIS

The LRP Study demonstrated a strong correlation between the patient-level maximum 4 mm Lipid Core Burden Index (maxLCBI4mm) and the subsequent occurrence of new non-culprit coronary events. In this sub-analysis we explore how the risk of coronary events at 2 years varies as maxLCBI4mm increases from
Large area few-layer TMD film growths and their applications

Research on 2D materials is one of the core themes of modern condensed matter physics. Prompted by the experimental isolation of graphene, much attention has been given to the unique optical, electronic, and structural properties of these materials. In the past few years, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted increasing interest due to properties such as direct band gaps and intrinsically broken inversion symmetry. Practical utilization of these properties demands large-area synthesis. While films of graphene have been by now synthesized on the order of square meters, analogous achievements are difficult for TMDs given the complexity of their growth kinetics. This article provides an overview of methods used to synthesize films of mono- and few-layer TMDs, comparing spatial and time scales for the different growth strategies. A special emphasis is placed on the unique applications enabled by such large-scale realization, in fields such as electronics and optics.
Referral patterns for surgical consult in the management of patients with foot drop due to acute lumbar disc herniation: a survey study of physical therapists in the United States.

Background There is a lack of consensus for optimal management of patients with foot drop due to acute lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with lumbar radiculopathy (LR), which is a clinical scenario that may be encountered by physical therapists. Consequently, it is important to explore physical therapists' referral practice patterns for surgical consult. Currently, physical therapist referral patterns for surgical consult in this patient population are unknown. Objectives To describe physical therapist referral patterns for immediate neurosurgical consult in patients with foot drop due to suspected acute LDH with LR. Design Cross-sectional descriptive research design using an electronic, internet-based survey that utilized two clinical vignettes. Method An electronic survey was developed by an expert peer review panel. Survey participants were licensed physical therapists in the United States and members of the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. Results Of the individuals receiving the survey invitation, 2172 completed the survey. Depending on the severity of foot drop, 34-61% were likely to refer for immediate neurosurgical consult. Presence of imaging to confirm suspected clinical diagnosis slightly affected the likelihood of referral (4-12% increase) for immediate neurosurgical consult. Conclusion In patients with foot drop due to suspected acute LDH with LR, this study found that physical therapist referral patterns for immediate neurosurgical consult varied and are likely influenced by the severity of weakness and availability of MRI findings. Further research regarding the optimal management of this patient population and potential reasons for variation in practice is warranted.
Effect of Deep Inspiration Breath Hold on Normal Tissue Sparing With Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Versus Proton Therapy for Mediastinal Lymphoma.

Abstract Purpose Intensity modulated radiation therapy delivered with deep-inspiration breath hold (IMRT-BH) provides favorable normal tissue dosimetric profiles when treating patients with mediastinal lymphoma. However, it is unclear if IMRT-BH plans are comparable to free breathing (FB) proton plans. We performed a retrospective, comparative dosimetric study between IMRT-BH and FB passive scatter proton therapy (P-FB) or intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT-FB). Hypothesizing that BH would provide superior normal tissue sparing when added to proton therapy, we also compared plans to passive scatter BH (P-BH). Methods and Materials For 15 patients who received involved-site RT with “butterfly” IMRT-BH, 3 additional proton plans (P-FB, IMPT-FB, P-BH) were optimized to deliver 30.6 Gy/Gy relative biological effectiveness. Dosimetric variables (mean dose, V30, V25, V15, and V5) for organs at risk (OARs) were calculated and compared using nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results Of 57 studied OAR parameters, IMRT-BH plans were comparable in 37 (65%) parameters with P-FB plans, 32 (56%) of IMPT-FB parameters, and 30 (53%) of P-BH parameters. Doses to breasts were generally equivalent among plans while esophageal dosing was worse with IMRT-BH. Mean doses and V5 of the total lung and heart were the highest with IMRT-BH; however, IMRT-BH resulted in comparable coronary and superior lung V30 relative to proton plans. The addition of BH with proton therapy resulted in the greatest lung sparing, with mean lung dose reductions of 11% to 38%. Conclusions The use of BH with IMRT reduces the disparity in OAR doses with equivalence achieved in nearly two-thirds of OAR metrics compared with P-FB and 50% compared with IMPT-BH. Because each modality exhibited unique benefits, personalization of modality selection is recommended. Proton therapy via BH provides additional benefits in heart and lung sparing.
A Modified Adaptive Integral Method for Analysis of Large-scale Finite Periodic Array

A fast algorithm based on AIM is proposed to analyze the scattering problem of the large-scale finite array. In this method, by filling zeros into the local transformation matrix, the near and far fields are isolated thoroughly to eliminate the near correction process. In the far part, a 5-level block-toeplitz matrix is employed to avoid saving the idle grids without adding artificial interfaces. In the near part, only one local cube is required to compute the local translation matrix and near impedance matrix, which can be shared by all elements. Furthermore, the block Jacobi preconditioning technique is applied to improve the convergence, and the principle of pattern multiplication is used to accelerate the calculation of the scattering pattern. Numerical results show that the proposed method can reduce not only the CPU time in filling and solving matrix but also the whole memory requirement dramatically for the large-scale finite array with large spacings.
Analysis of Time Delays in the Gravitational Lens PG1115+080

We present a new method for determining time delays among the light curves of various images in a gravitational lens. The method is based on constructing a simple model for the source variation and forming a chi squared measure of the agreement of this same variation with all of the lightcurves. While inspired by Press et al. (1992a, b) our approach is different since we do not assume a Gaussian process for the source variation. We apply our method to the light curves of the quadruple gravitational lens PG1115+080 measured by Schechter et al. (1997). Unlike Schechter et al. we include correlated measurement errors in the analysis, as well as the possibility that microlensing may cause different images to vary by different factors in flux. We find a value of 25.0 (+3.3,-3.8) days (95% confidence) for the delay between components B and C (close to the 24 day value of Schechter et al). However, the ratio t_AC/t_BA of the two intermediate delays is poorly determined at 1.13 (+.18,-.17) (68% confidence), close to the value predicted by lens models (1.4) unlike the Schechter et al. value (0.7). The variation ratios of C with respect to A and of A with respect to B are both different from 1, 1.39 (+.16,-.20) and .79 (+.10,-.12) (95% confidence), respectively. This is an indication of a microlensing gradient, and this type of microlensing may allow us to conclude that the size of the quasar optical emission region is about 1000 AU.
Urban dreams, rural commonwealth: the rise of plantation society in the Chesapeake: by Paul Musselwhite, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2019, xii, 341 pp., $50.00 (hardback), ISBN 10: 022658528; ISBN 13: 978-0226585284

Writing his Notes on the State of Virginia in the early 1780s, Thomas Jefferson famously observed that the commonwealth had “no towns of any consequence.” As Paul Musselwhite comments, Jefferson wa...
Wound-induced polyploidization is dependent on Integrin-Yki signaling.

A key step in tissue repair is to replace lost or damaged cells. This occurs via two strategies: restoring cell number through proliferation or increasing cell size through polyploidization. Studies in Drosophila and vertebrates have demonstrated that polyploid cells arise in adult tissues, at least in part, to promote tissue repair and restore tissue mass. However, the signals that cause polyploid cells to form in response to injury remain poorly understood. In the adult Drosophila epithelium, wound-induced polyploid cells are generated by both cell fusion and endoreplication, resulting in a giant polyploid syncytium. Here, we identify the integrin focal adhesion complex as an activator of wound-induced polyploidization. Both integrin and focal adhesion kinase are upregulated in the wound-induced polyploid cells and are required for Yorkie induced endoreplication and cell fusion. As a result, wound healing is perturbed when focal adhesion genes are knocked down. These findings show that conserved focal adhesion signaling is required to initiate wound-induced polyploid cell growth.
Transient studies of vibration-cavity polaritons

Vibration-cavity polaritons, which are produced by strong coupling between an optical cavity and a molecular vibration, can modify chemical reaction rates and branching ratios. However the observed effects are poorly understood. To gain insight into how these polaritons might alter molecular processes, we used ultrafast pump-probe and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopies to characterize polariton excited state dynamics. Our earlier studies on vibration-cavity polaritons with tungsten hexacarbonyl demonstrated that much of the response is due to so-called reservoir or uncoupled excited state absorption as well as polariton contraction. In recent studies, we have used 2D IR and spectrally filtered pump-probe studies on the nitroprusside anion in methanol to determine the transition frequencies and dynamics of polariton excited states allowing us to extract polariton dephasing timescales as well as incoherent polariton population which at a significantly longer timescale.
Interaction of genotype and environment for breeding efficiency and milk production of Holsteins in Mexico and Colombia

Relationships of predicted sire value for milk, reproductive efficiency, time in herd and herd level of milk yield for Holsteins in Mexico and Colombia were examined. Sires were evaluated by best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedures. Age at first calving, calving interval, days open and days dry were measures of reproductive performance. Daughters of high-value sires had longer calving intervals and lower herd life. Highest-producing herds in Mexico had shorter calving intervals and fewer days open and days dry. Within-herd correlations between sire values and calving intervals were low in high and low production herds. Sire values for milk of 17 sires from the United States with progeny in both countries ranged from 365 to -368 kg in Mexico and from 313 to -229 kg in Colombia. Rank correlation between values in the two countries was low, 0.26. First lactation milk yield averaged 7082 kg in Mexico and 5071 kg in Colombia. Progeny of high-producing sire in Colombia had longer calving intervals, more days open and days dry and lower herd life. Differences between corresponding groups in Mexico were similar. Small numbers and low heritability of reproductive traits prevented making general conclusions; however, there may be some economic significance when using highly selected sires to provide progeny which perform best in tropical or subtropical environments.
A correlated random parameters approach to investigate large truck rollover crashes on mountainous interstates.

Abstract Rollover risk on mountainous interstates is a major concern for transportation agencies due to the combined mixed effects of adverse weather conditions and complex topography. Such crashes incur hazardous consequences on road users’ lives. Therefore, a correlated random parameters logit modeling framework was employed to investigate the influences of crash precursors on rollover risk to identify effective safety countermeasures. This approach was selected to account for both the crash contributing factors’ unobserved heterogeneity effects and the correlations among those effects. The data, used in this study, were those of single-truck crashes on Wyoming’s interstate curved sections. The traditional logit and uncorrelated random parameters, or mixed, logit models were attempted as well. With that, the analysis results indicated that the fit of the correlated random parameters logit model was superior to those of the others. It also revealed insights regarding correlations among random parameters that were obscure in the other models. According to its results, on average, veering off the road, overcorrections and severe winds raised the risk of single-truck rollover crashes. On the other hand, median barriers, roadside guardrails, tight horizontal curves, icy road surfaces, wet surfaces and surfaces covered by loose material, in general, reduced the likelihood of rollovers. Correlations, such as those between severe winds and icy surfaces and those between roadside guardrails and icy surfaces, were inferred as well. This study’s results will assist transportation officials in efficiently identifying appropriate countermeasures to mitigate the impact of truck rollovers particularly during adverse weather conditions.
Fermion masses and neutrino oscillations in SO(10) supersymmetric grand unified theory with D 3 ×U(1) family symmetry

Discrete non-Abelian gauge symmetries appear to be the most advantageous candidates for a family symmetry. We present a predictive $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ SUSY GUT model with ${D}_{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ family symmetry ${(D}_{3}$ is the dihedral group of order 6). The hierarchy in fermion masses is generated by the family symmetry breaking ${D}_{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Z}_{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{nothing}.$ This model fits the low energy data in the charged fermion sector quite well and naturally provides large angle ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ mixing describing atmospheric neutrino oscillation data and small angle ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$ mixing consistent with the small mixing angle MSW solution to the solar neutrino data. In addition, the non-Abelian family symmetry ${D}_{3}$ is sufficient to suppress large flavor violations.
The California Vehicle Emission Control Program — Past, Present and Future

Although the degree of vehicle and industrial pollution control which has already been achieved in California might have been sufficient to solve the air pollution problems that existed when the program began, further controls of both motor vehicle and industrial sources are still needed. The tremendous growth that has occurred in motor vehicle traffic and industrial sources has substantially reduced the rate of progress toward the achievement of clean air for California. Motor vehicles are projected to remain a very significant contributor to California's air problems unless further control is achieved. 17 refs.
Simultaneous confidence bands for Abbott-adjusted quantal response models in benchmark analysis

Abstract We study the use of a Scheffe-style simultaneous confidence band as applied to low-dose risk estimation with quantal response data. We consider two formulations for the dose-response risk function, an Abbott-adjusted Weibull model and an Abbott-adjusted log-logistic model. Using the simultaneous construction, we derive methods for estimating upper confidence limits on predicted extra risk and, by inverting the upper bands on risk, lower bounds on the benchmark dose, or BMD, at a specific level of ‘benchmark risk’. Monte Carlo evaluations explore the operating characteristics of the simultaneous limits.
Adenovirus infection in paediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients is a major independent factor for significantly increasing the risk of treatment related mortality

Adenovirus infection is a significant complication in paediatric AlloSCT recipients with a mortality rate for disseminated adenovirus that may exceed 80%. We sought to determine the incidence, risk factors, and associated outcomes of adenovirus infection in 123 consecutive paediatric AlloSCT recipients. Adenovirus was diagnosed by antigen detection or viral culture, and was defined by isolation of virus with presence of correlating clinical symptoms. The probability of developing adenovirus infection was 12.3% (CI(95) 6.0-18.6). There were no statistically significant differences in probability of adenovirus infection in univariate analysis of risk factors including donor source, use of ATG/Alemtuzumab, ≥ Grade II GVHD, among others (age, diagnosis, conditioning regimen). Probability of overall survival for patients that experienced adenovirus infection was 15.4% vs. 50% for those without adenovirus (P = 0.0286). In multivariate analysis, the most important risk factor for an increased risk of death was adenovirus infection [HR 3.15 (CI(95) 1.6-6.18) P = 0.0009]. In this series of paediatric AlloSCT recipients, the development of adenovirus infection was the leading multivariate predictor of treatment-related mortality. Enhanced surveillance with adenovirus PCR and identification of the risk factors associated with poor outcomes from adenovirus infection may identify patients that may benefit from pre-emptive therapeutic interventions including adenovirus-specific cellular immunotherapies.
TimeML-compliant text analysis for temporal reasoning

Reasoning with time needs more than just a list of temporal expressions. TimeML--an emerging standard for temporal annotation as a language capturing properties and relationships among timedenoting expressions and events in text--is a good starting point for bridging the gap between temporal analysis of documents and reasoning with the information derived from them. Hard as TimeML-compliant analysis is, the small size of the only currently available annotated corpus makes it even harder. We address this problem with a hybrid TimeML annotator, which uses cascaded finite-state grammars (for temporal expression analysis, shallow syntactic parsing, and feature generation) together with a machine learning component capable of effectively using large amounts of unannotated data.
Rape: the medical, social, and legal implications.

Abstract The term “rape” is equated with violence and crime. An attending physician is immediately involved in assessing the patient's injuries and gathering evidence. Optimum handling of the situation demands more than this. If the gynecologist considers the ramifications of his role before need arises, he can develop a positive, systematic approach to care which offers more complete present and future therapy to the patient as well as an accurate appraisal of the legal picture.
Random versus predictable risks of mortality after thoracotomy for lung cancer.

Over a period of 12½ years, 476 patients underwent thoracotomy for lung cancer at two affiliated hospitals. Hospital mortality for all patients was 5.25% and for those undergoing pulmonary resection, 5.67%. Hospital mortality is more indicative of true risk than is the 30 day mortality figure, which we regard as arbitrary and misleadingly low. Thirty-seven preoperative risk factors were analyzed for their effects on both morbidity and mortality, and 12 classes of postoperative complications were analyzed for their effect on mortality. All preoperative risk factors together accounted only for 12% of the risk of mortality (R2 by multiple regression analysis). Only three of these factors bore a significant association with mortality: patient age 60 years or over (p
The Lyric Speaker Goes to Gaol: British Poetry and Radical Prisoners, 1820–1845

This essay considers a collection of poems written by nineteenth-century political prisoners and published in the radical press. I situate these poems in the context of debates that raged at the time over whether or not political prisoners should have access to reading and writing materials. Thanks both to the sheer number of these prisoners and to their determination to remain politically active, the prison became a primary site of nineteenth-century radical print culture. Although radical prisoners wrote in a variety of genres, the short lyric poem offered a particularly apt form for expression. The familiar tropes of the Romantic lyric are regularly deployed in these poems, but, given the material conditions of imprisonment, these tropes can start to look quite different. Here, I consider the implications of this particular cultural moment, when metaphors of imprisonment and solitude butted up against the lived experience of prison. I examine the ways in which radical prisoners made the Romantic lyric their own, but also the ways in which imprisonment conditioned Romanticism itself.
Benzyladenine and cyclanilide promote shoot development and flowering of 'Moonbeam' coreopsis.

Abstract Effects of cyclanilide (CYC) and benzyladenine (BA) applied as foliar sprays or substrate drenches on the growth and flowering of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) during greenhouse production were determined. A foliar spray or substrate drench of 250 to 2000 ppm BA promoted increased numbers of vegetative shoots, reproductive shoots, and flower buds that increased with concentration. With BA concentrations of 250 or 500 ppm, flowering was delayed by 7 days or less and any foliar chlorosis was transient. Flowering delays of up to 19 days and persistent foliar chlorosis occurred in plants treated with 1000 or 2000 ppm BA. CYC applied at 25 to 100 ppm promoted fewer vegetative and reproductive shoots and flower buds than did BA; however, compared to control plants, plants developed more flower buds with no flowering delay, except when applied as a 100 ppm drench. Plants treated with CYC foliar sprays or substrate drenches developed twisted and horizontal growing shoots tha...
Thoracic central venous evaluation: comparison of first-pass direct versus delayed-phase indirect multidetector CT venography.

Abstract Purpose The purpose was to compare first-pass and delayed-phase thoracic computed tomography (CT) venography for the evaluation of suspected central thoracic venous pathology. Material and methods CT images and medical records of all patients who underwent thoracic CT venography over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Both first-pass (18s) and delayed-phase (60s) venous images were obtained in all patients. The images were reviewed in random order by three readers using a semiquantitative visual grading scheme for image quality, including artifacts and the uniformity of venous enhancement. In addition, enhancement was quantitatively evaluated. The presence and type of venous pathology, and overall diagnostic confidence were recorded and compared. Reference verification was performed when available. Results Eighteen patients formed the study group, mean age 49.5years and 28% male. Dual-arm injection was successful in 72% of exams. All readers reported more streak artifacts on first-pass imaging than delayed imaging (72%–94% vs. 27%–44%, respectively; P P P P Conclusion Indirect thoracic CT venography using delayed-phase imaging alone may be sufficient for evaluating clinically suspected central venous abnormality.
C−C and C−Heteroatom Bond Dissociation Energies in CH3R′C(OH)2: Energetics for Photocatalytic Processes of Organic Diolates on TiO2 Surfaces

The bond energies of a range of gem-diols, CH3R′C(OH)2 (R′ = H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, CF3, CH3CH2, CH3CH2CH2, CH3CH2CH2CH2, ((CH3)2)CH, (CH3)3C, ((CH3)2CH)CH2, (CH3CH2)(CH3)CH, C6H5, and (CH3CH2)(CH3)CH), which serve as models for binding to a surface, have been studied with density functional theory (DFT) and the molecular orbital G3(MP2) method to provide thermodynamic data for the analysis of the photochemistry of ketones on TiO2. The ultraviolet (UV) photon-induced photodecomposition of adsorbed acetone and 3,3-dimethylbutanone on the rutile TiO2(110) surface has been investigated with photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The C−CH3 and C−C(R′) bond dissociation energies in CH3R′C(OH)2 were predicted, and our calculated bond dissociation energies are in excellent agreement with the available experimental values. We used a series of isodemic reactions to provide small corrections to the various bond dissociation energies. The calculated bond dissociation energies...
Reactor Power Monitor Based on Cherenkov Radiation Detection

At the temperature and radiation levels expected in the core region of some projected reactor plants, conventional radiation sensors, such as fission chambers, suffer severe radiation damage. On the other hand, remote location of sensors introduces geometry effects. These circumstances emphasize the need for a power level sensor which is highly resistant to the hostile environment and still responds directly to power level changes. Such a detection channel has been proposed. It is based on sensing the gamma flux above some energy threshold, thus discriminating against gamma radiation associated with decay. In addition, the proposed system dispenses with cables and voltages applied across damageable insulators, through sensing the light transmitted along a cylindrical duct. The detecting medium is the gas with which the duct is filled; the light signal is the Cherenkov radiation generated by relativistic Compton recoil electrons. Cherenkov radiation intensity increases sharply from an electron velocity threshold, which depends on the index of refraction of the medium. For gases, this threshold can be continuously varied by adjusting the gas pressure. On the other hand, electrons with subthreshold velocities can generate (background) light through scintillation processes. In order to assay the overall discrimination available from the choice of gas, pressure, and geometry, a series of tests has been under way with 3-MeV electron pulses from a Van de Graaff accelerator.
Sequential DNA replication and the control of differences in gene activity between sister chromatids--a possible factor in cell differentiation.

Abstract Since genetic replication does not entail replication of the molecules mediating genetic repression, the set of “new” genes which become repressed may differ from the set of “old” genes which remain repressed. Therefore, the genetic activity of two sister chromatids may differ and these differences, through mitosis, may play a role in cellular differentiation. A newly synthesized gene will be, at least initially, derepressed. Which new genes become repressed, and therefore whether sister chromatids differ in activity, will be determined by at least three factors: the particular genetic feedback network; the set of repressor molecules synthesized by genes already active at the time of DNA replication; the particular sequence of repressor molecules synthesized by new, derepressed genes as they replicate in a particular temporal sequence. The model suggests that sister chromatids can be identical, but that a change in the set of genes active at replication, or in the order of replication, may cause the chromatids to differ, resulting in daughter cells which differ. Therefore, a genetic feedback network, by undergoing sequential change in gene activity, or by altering the order of replication, could itself control not only the occurrence of sister chromatid differences, but, at each replication period, the particular and possibly different way in which they differ. Since several sister chromatid pairs may differ simultaneously, a cell's capacity to create daughter cells which differ in specific ways would be aided by non-random segregation of sister chromatids at mitosis. Evidence from the literature is adduced to show that sister chromatids may differ, that newly synthesized genes are initially active, that the order of replication changes during embryogenesis and is associated with altered gene expression, that an altered order of replication may give rise to sister chromatids with different gene activities, and that mitosis separates sister chromatids non-randomly with respect to the age of their DNA.
Performance study of data layout schemes for a SAN-based video server

We describe the design and performance of storage area network multimedia server (SAM), which manages a set of parallel storage devices connected by a storage area network. SAM is geared towards providing multiple concurrent services such as interactive video-on-demand and video games. The challenge, therefore, is twofold: provide a high throughput in order to service the maximum number of users possible, with a small response time that is necessary for interactive applications. The primary focus of this paper is on the data layout scheme for SAM. The problem of out-of-order delivery of video frames is described, and a scheme to transmit the frames in order is presented. A data layout scheme called constrained random striping (CRS) is developed for the logical loop model. Using a simulation model, the performance of this scheme is compared with several other data layout strategies. It is shown that CRS reduces the start-up latency of clients. The performance gains and tradeoffs of the different strategies are discussed in detail.
Positron emission mammography: better than magnetic resonance mammography?

Magnetic Resonance Mammography (MRM) has repeatedly been shown to reliably identify breast cancer through the utilization of dynamic imaging techniques that exploit the abnormal vascularity induced by tumors [1]. “Functional” or “molecular” imaging offers the ability to identify cancer directly by identifying cellular abnormalities that are expressed at increased levels by cancer cells. An example of the latter is the increased expression of the GLUT-1 transporter in cancer. This up-regulation of GLUT-1 results in increased uptake of 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) by breast cancer cells. The gamma rays emitted are used to generate qualitative images and quantitative estimates of this biochemical process [2]. As the metabolic activity, i.e. glucose/FDG uptake, of tumor cells is increased prior to the induction of neo-vascularity, FDG imaging has the theoretic potential to identify cancers earlier than MRM, as well as provide in vivo tumor characterization that may lead to personalized therapy.
A new type of pyridoxal-p enzyme catalyzed reaction: The conversion of β, γ-unsaturated amino acids to saturated α-keto acids by tryptophan synthase

2-Amino-3-butenoic acid (vinyl glycine) and trans -L-2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid are converted to saturated α-keto acids: α-ketobutyrate and α-keto-4-methoxybutyrate, respectively, by tryptophan synthase of Escherichia coli . A sequence of pyridoxal-P Schiff base intermediates is proposed for these reactions. The discovery of these pyridoxal-P dependent reactions of β,γ-unsaturated amino acids lends weight to previous proposals by others that pyridoxal-P Schiff base derivatives of β,γ-unsaturated amino acids are intermediates in γ-elimination reactions and in γ,β-isomerization reactions.
Vocabulary selection: a case report

In this article, the process of vocabulary selection is described for a nonreading, severely physically disabled adult for whom an initial expressive communication approach was being developed. The process included use of environmental inventories, communication diaries, and review of standard vocabulary lists as a means of message selection. A comparison of this user's vocabulary list with 11 standard vocabulary lists indicated that even the largest of these vocabulary lists do not contain all the words considered important by the user. Thus, review of standard vocabulary lists may be considered a necessary but not sufficient aspect of vocabulary selection.
When the checkpoints have gone: insights into Cdc25 functional activation.

DNA-responsive checkpoints operate at the G2/M transition to prevent premature mitosis in the presence of incompletely replicated or damaged DNA. These pathways prevent mitotic entry, at least in part, by suppressing Cdc25, the phosphatase that activates Cdc2/Cyclin B. To gain insight into how checkpoint signaling controls Cdc25 function, we have carefully examined the individual steps in Cdc25 activation. We found that removal of the regulatory protein, 14-3-3, that binds to phosphorylated Cdc25 during interphase is one of the early steps in mitotic activation. Moreover, our studies unexpectedly implicated the phosphatase PP1 and the G1/S kinase Cdk2 in the process of Cdc25 activation. Here we integrate our findings and those of others to propose a model for Cdc25 activation in an effort to provide insight into novel loci of DNA-responsive checkpoint control of mitotic entry.