cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic Concentration of Affluence and Poverty in 100 Metropolitan Areas, 1990

The geographic concentration of poverty and affluence is examined for the 100 largest metropolitan areas. Concentration of poverty and affluence are uncorrelated, but metropolitan areas can be classified into five types based on six indices of concentration and affluence. The types differ significantly in their racial and ethnic segregation, the relative advantage of the central city as compared to the suburbs, and the economic inequality in the population. Cities in which both affluence and poverty are highly concentrated differ along all dimensions from cities of the more egalitarian type.
Lessons Learned From Developing New Engineering Managers at JPL

Engineers who become managers must acquire essential knowledge about management to be successful. Major aerospace projects are complex organizations with three or four levels of management, and often have over a hundred cost account managers. Management skills are critical to the planning and implementation of these projects, especially in today's cost-conscious world. Aerospace organizations must address the gaps between excellent engineering educations and excellent knowledge about engineering management if they hope to succeed with major aerospace projects. Essential engineering management knowledge includes how to: plan work, estimate cost, prepare schedules, manage performance under normal circumstances, manage performance under adverse circumstances, and handle people. While some engineering students learn about cost estimation in their university education, many do not. Few engineering students get significant training on the other management skills mentioned above. However, the best and brightest engineers often become cost account managers within several years after they graduate, and many of these move on to higher levels of management within several more years. Their management skills, or lack thereof, lead directly to the success or failure of complex aerospace projects. There are at least four approaches for developing engineering managers: (1) let them watch other managers perform on real jobs; (2) active mentoring; (3) self-directed study of books and journal articles on management; (4) formal training sponsored by the employer. Formal training is the foundation for sound development of engineering managers. All of the other approaches can be helpful, but are seriously undermined if formal training is absent or otherwise inadequate. Bad habits and inconsistent practices can be learned, until the organization gets itself into serious trouble. This paper describes successful practices at JPL in developing engineering managers through formal training. The author has been engaged in project and proposal work for over thirty years at JPL, and in formal training over the last ten years. Over the last decade he has addressed the needs of approximately 1,500 students.
Social Conflict in Africa: A New Database

We describe the Social Conflict in Africa Database (SCAD), a new event dataset for conducting research and analysis on various forms of social and political unrest in Africa. SCAD contains informat...
Laboratory Column Measurement of VOC Retardation Factors and Comparison with Field Values

A laboratory column technique was developed to measure retardation factors (Rf) of volatile organic compounds (VOC) using geological material obtained from an outwash aquifer. The site is a former solvent disposal pit near Ottawa, Canada. The experimental column was designed as a closed system from introduction of the sample to the collection and analysis of effluent samples to prevent loss through volatilization of the VOCs. The retardation of the volatile compounds 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethene, and benzene was measured. The centers of mass of both the contaminant and conservative tracer breakthrough curves were compared to determine Rf. The measured Rf values ranged from 1.1 (1,4-dioxane) to 14.3 (benzene) compared with values of 1.6 and 8.8 derived from contaminant plume lengths. Considering the uncertainty of the disposal history at the site, the values are of reasonable agreement in comparison.
The Imprinted Gene PEG3 Inhibits Wnt Signaling and Regulates Glioma Growth

The imprinted gene PEG3 confers parenting and sexual behaviors, alters growth and development, and regulates apoptosis. However, a molecular mechanism that can account for the diverse functions of Peg3/Pw1 is not known. To elucidate Peg3-regulated pathways, we performed a functional screen in zebrafish. Enforced overexpression of PEG3 mRNA during zebrafish embryogenesis decreased β-catenin protein expression and inhibited Wnt-dependent tail development. Peg3/Pw1 also inhibited Wnt signaling in human cells by binding to β-catenin and promoting its degradation via a p53/Siah1-dependent, GSK3β-independent proteasomal pathway. The inhibition of the Wnt pathway by Peg3/Pw1 suggested a role in tumor suppression. Hypermethylation of the PEG3 promoter in primary human gliomas led to a loss of imprinting and decreased PEG3 mRNA expression that correlated with tumor grade. The decrease in Peg3/Pw1 protein expression increased β-catenin, promoted proliferation, and inhibited p53-dependent apoptosis in human CD133+ glioma stem cells. Thus, mammalian imprinting utilizes Peg3/Pw1 to co-opt the Wnt pathway, thereby regulating development and glioma growth.
Restoration of riparian meadows degraded by livestock grazing: above- and belowground responses

Riparian meadows in the western US are highly productive areas withinthe riparian corridor that have been extensively utilized for livestock grazingand that are often degraded. This study aimed to increase our understanding ofboth the functional responses and restoration potential of mesic meadow systemsin central Nevada, USA. Nitrogen addition and clipping treatments were used toexamine grazing effects, while aeration and revegetation were included toevaluate potential restoration treatments. Belowground response was determinedby examining gravimetric soil water content and rooting depth and activity.Aboveground response was determined for two key mesic meadow species,Carex nebrascensis and Poa pratensis,by quantifying gas exchange and water relations. Large yearly and seasonaldifferences among water tables largely determined the rooting activity anddepthin these mesic meadows and influenced treatment responses. Little rootingactivity occurred within or at the surface of the water table and rooting depthincreased as water table level lowered during the growing season. In general,nitrogen addition decreased rooting activity and depth relative to controls. Itresulted in less negative water potentials and photosynthetic rates that werehigher early in the growing season, but lower later in the growing season. Theeffects of nitrogen addition could be attributed to accelerated phenology andearlier senescence. Clipping resulted in less negative plant water potentialsinCarex and Poa, andPoa had higher photosynthetic rates immediately afterclipping but only for certain dates and comparisons. Aeration increased rootingactivity and depth where there was no confounding effect of water table. Also,predawn and midday water potentials were generally less negative forCarex and Poa in aerated plots.Establishment on the revegetation plots was dominated by annual and early seralspecies and, consequently, these plots exhibited reduced rooting depth andactivity early in the growing season and high root turnover. Results indicatethat water table depth and its effects on soil water are dominant factors indetermining the functional processes and recovery potentials of these riparianmeadows. Clipping had minimal effects on above- and belowground responses,perhaps because clipping was performed late in the growing season after plantshad begun to senescence. Nitrogen addition decreased rooting activity andaltered phenology, indicating deleterious effects. Aeration was effective atovercoming some of the negative affects of overgrazing and may be an effectiverestoration treatment. However, revegetation may have limited potential due toestablishment constraints of the dominant species.
Characterization of Thrombin-Bound Dabigatran Effects on Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Expression and Signaling In Vitro

Thrombin, the key effector protease of the coagulation cascade, drives fibrin deposition and activates human platelets through protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1). These processes are critical to the progression of thrombotic diseases. Thrombin is the main target of anticoagulant therapy, and major efforts have led to the discovery of new oral direct inhibitors of thrombin. Dabigatran is the first oral anticoagulant licensed for the prevention of thromboembolisms associated with orthopedic surgery and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor that effectively blocks thrombin's catalytic activity but does not preclude thrombin's exosites and binding to fibrinogen. Thus, we hypothesized that catalytically inactive thrombin retains the capacity to bind to PAR1 through exosite-I and may modulate its function independent of receptor cleavage and activation. Here, we report that dabigatran at clinically relevant concentrations is an effective and acute inhibitor of thrombin-induced PAR1 cleavage, activation, internalization, and β-arrestin recruitment in vitro. Interestingly, prolonged exposure to catalytic inactive thrombin incubated with dabigatran at 20-fold higher therapeutic concentration resulted in increased PAR1 cell-surface expression, which correlated with higher detectable levels of ubiquitinated receptor. These findings are consistent with ubiquitin function as a negative regulator of PAR1 constitutive internalization. Increased PAR1 expression also enhanced agonist-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and endothelial barrier permeability. Thus, catalytically inactive thrombin appears to modulate PAR1 function in vitro by stabilizing receptor cell-surface expression; but given the high clearance rate of thrombin, the high concentration of dabigatran required to achieve this effect the in vivo physiologic relevance is unknown.
The Fading World Point

The subject of this talk is concerned with the nature of space-time, and of its elements, the world points. Classical field theory takes it for granted that space-time is a manifold, with appropriate conditions of differentiability. The same assumption holds for Poineare-invariant quantum field theories. No matter what further structures are imposed on the space-time manifold, it has been usually taken for granted that each world point has an invariant identity, which is preserved under all symmetry transformations of a given theory.
The Psychology of Legitimacy: A Relational Perspective on Voluntary Deference to Authorities

People within organized groups often internalize their feelings of obligation to obey group rules and the decisions of group authorities. They believe that group authorities and rules are legitimate and, hence, entitled to be obeyed. Because of this belief, group members voluntarily accept and obey rules and decisions from group authorities. This review draws on evidence from studies of authorities in political, legal, managerial, educational, and family settings to explore why people view as legitimate and voluntarily defer to group authorities. Two theories about legitimacy are contrasted: resource-based theories, represented by instrumental models, and identification based theories, represented by the relational model. The findings provide strong support for the existence of a relational component of legitimacy, suggesting that authorities draw an important part of their legitimacy from their social relationship with group members. The findings also show that there is an instrumental component to legit...
AUTONOMIC AND CLINICAL CORRELATES OF DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM RESPONSE TO COLD PRESSOR STIMULATION

Two psychiatric patient subgroups, defined on the basis of an extremely brief or an extremely prolonged electroencephalogram (EEG) response to cold pressor stimulation, also differ with regard to several aspects of autonomic response. The patients showing only a brief EEG desynchronization, with recovery during stimulation, also show a relatively brief autonomic response with recovery beginning during stimulation. They are specifically characterized by elevated levels of skin conductance throughout the measurement period. On the other hand, patients with prolonged EEG response show more prolonged autonomic response and are distinguished as a group by high heart rate levels. Clinical comparisons disclosed no diagnostic correlations. The rapid EEG and visceral recovery observed is discussed in terms of recently described neurophysiological mechanisms of homeostasis.
Increased cross-bridge cycling rate in stunned myocardium

Decreased Ca2+ responsiveness of the myofilaments underlies myocardial stunning. Given that cross-bridge cycling is a major determinant of myofilament behavior, we quantified cross-bridge cycling r...
The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology: Historical Overview and Current Perspectives

The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1934 to serve the public interest and promote excellence in the practice of psychiatry and neurology. The ABPN is one of 24 American Board of Medical Specialties boards that have helped develop processes that identify qualified specialists through rigorous credential and training requirements and successful completion of respective certification examinations. The ABPN has had an enormous influence on the practice of psychiatry in America and the world and this influence continues to grow. Here we provide an historical overview of the ABPN, its formation, mission, roles, and changes that have taken place over the years in the certification, recertification, and maintenance of certification process.
Straddling centuries: The struggles of a mathematician and his university to enter the ranks of research mathematics, 1870–1950

Abstract This paper weaves two interlocking histories together. One strand of the fabric traces the development of the American mathematician Joseph B. Reynolds from a peripheral player to an active contributor to mathematics, astronomy, and engineering and to the founding of a sectional association of mathematicians. The other piece describes the evolution of his institution, Lehigh University, from its founding in 1865 to a full-fledged research department that began producing doctorates in 1939. Both Reynolds and Lehigh straddled the line between the pre- and post-Chicago eras in American mathematics.
Taking La Lucha to Heart 1

A reflection on the significance of the work of Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz for Latinas and their communities in the United States. Beginning with her first co-authored publication in 1988, this essay considers the central tenets of a Mujerista Theology, a theological reflective praxis grounded in a feminist consciousness. The emergence of Mujerista Theology is set in the context of other dynamic changes occurring for the consciousness of Chicanas and Latinas in the late 1980s. La lucha, or the struggle for justice and liberation of grassroots Latinas is the guiding principle of Mujerista Theology. Latina narratives, lo cotidiano or daily life, moral agency and scriptural critical consciousness are highlighted as among the key tenets of this theology. Twenty-first century issues are referenced to underscore the on-going significance of Isasi-Diaz’s work.
The Use of a Mobile Van for School Vision Screening: Results of 63 841 Evaluations.

Purpose To present data from an established mobile screening program for children in the amblyogenic age group using gold-standard examination techniques by eye care professionals. Design Retrospective 12-year, cross-sectional study. Methods setting: Single center. study population: All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grades in public schools in Cleveland, Ohio were eligible for evaluations. intervention procedure: An ophthalmic technician and/or optometrist examined children in a customized van that visits all elementary schools. The initial screening included testing of monocular near and distance visual acuity, stereoacuity, ocular alignment, motility, pupils, and external abnormalities. Children meeting the 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics vision screening referral criteria underwent cycloplegic retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy by the on-site optometrist and received glasses. In addition, these children were referred to pediatric ophthalmology for ongoing care. main outcome measure: Determination of the proportion of children with refractive errors, amblyopia, and/or strabismus. Results Between 2002 and 2014, 63 841 evaluations were performed, representing approximately 55% of eligible children. Overall, 6386 (10.0%) of children met 1 or more referral criteria: 5355 (8.39%) received glasses, 873 (1.37%) had amblyopia, and 1125 (1.76%) had strabismus. Over the 12-year period, there was no statistically significant change in the prevalence of strabismus (1.73%–2.24%, P = .91) or amblyopia (0.9%–2.08%, P = .13) among first grade students. Conclusions Amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors are common in young children. During the study period, the rates of amblyopia and strabismus remained stable, indicating the need for continued vision screening and treatment services. A van-based model, traveling directly to schools, appears to be effective in reaching young children in underserved communities.
Implementing a Graduate Certificate Program in Cardiovascular Epidemiology: The Jackson Heart Study

The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is committed to providing opportunities for expanding the understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The JHS Graduate Training and Education Center (GTEC) has initiated the Daniel Hale Williams Scholar (DHWS) program where students are afforded the opportunity to interact with epidemiologists and other biomedical scientists to learn to identify, predict, and prevent cardiovascular disease using the Jackson Heart Study data. This study describes the structured programs developed by JHS GTEC seeking to alleviate the shortage of trained professionals in cardiovascular epidemiology by training graduate students while they complete their academic degrees. The DHWS program provides: (1) an enrichment curriculum; (2) a learning community; (3) quarterly seminars; and (4) a Summer Institute. Students attend enrichment activities comprising: (1) Applied Biostatistics; (2) Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology; (3) Social Epidemiology; (4) Emerging Topics; and (5) Research Writing. Training focuses on developing proficiency in cardiovascular health knowledge. The DHWS program is a unique strategy for incorporating rigorous academic and career-focused training to graduate students and has enabled the acquisition of competencies needed to impact cardiovascular disease management programs.
Mining rate optimization considering the stockpiling: A theoretical economics and real option model

In the extraction of metal from a mine, the intermediate ore between the economic and the breakeven cutoff grade is usually stockpiled for future processing once the mine is depleted. This research establishes a theoretical two-stage economic model to derive the value of this stockpile and how it affects optimal mining rate. By deriving the optimal condition for objective profit function and parameterized analysis, this research finds the stockpiling option can significantly boost a mine's profit. Processing the stockpiled material affects the optimal mining rate and cutoff grade strategy significantly compared to the case that it is not processed. The research also investigates the optimal mining rate's sensitivity to input variables such as commodity price, discounting rate, capital cost, and processing capacity, etc. In addition, the intrinsic advantages of this approach compared to the broadly used Lane's model (1988) are discussed.
Data Access Linking and Integration with DALI: Building a Safety Net for an Ocean of City Data

DALI is a practical system that exploits Linked Data to provide federated entity search and spatial exploration across hundreds of information sources containing Open and Enterprise data pertaining to cities, which are stored in tabular files or in their original enterprise systems. Our system is able to lift data into a meaningful linked structure with explicit semantics, and support novel contextual search and retrieval tasks by identifying related entities across models and data sources. We evaluate in two pilot scenarios. In the first, data-engineers bring together public and enterprise datasets about public safety. In the second, knowledge-engineers and domain-experts, build a view of health and social care providers for vulnerable populations. We show that our approach can re-use data assets and provides better results than pure text-based approaches in finding relevant information, as well as satisfying specific information needs.
The saga of a committee. The Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons, 1922-1973.

Fifty-one years of A.C.S. Committee on Trauma activities are reviewed with emphasis on 1959–1973 programs.
A Unique Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozyme in the Teleost Retina

The main research of this laboratory over the past few years has focused on the developmental and biochemical genetics of fishes. One of the most interesting gene products investigated is the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), particularly the isozyme of LDH found in the retina of many groups of teleosts (Markert and Faulhaber, 1965). This isozyme may play an important role in visual metabolism (Whitt, 1970; Whitt and Booth, 1970; Whitt et al., 1973).
Long-term aspen dynamics, trophic cascades, and climate in northern Yellowstone National Park

We report long-term patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) recruitment for five ungulate exclosures in the northern ungulate winter range of Yellowstone National Park. Aspen recruitment was low ( 1 m in height increased over 30-fold (from 105 to 3194 aspen·ha−1). Increased heights of young aspen occurred primarily from 2007 to 2012, a period with relatively high predator-prey ratios, declining elk numbers, and decreasing browsing rates. Consistent with a re-established trophic cascade, aspen stands in Yellowstone's northern range have increasingly begun to recover.
This land is my land: the Ethio-Sudan boundary and the need to rectify arbitrary colonial boundaries

ABSTRACTEthiopia and Sudan share a common boundary of over 1600 km which was drawn through a series of treaties between Ethiopia and the colonial powers of Britain and Italy. To date, this boundary has not been clearly demarcated. In 2007, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, the current ruling government, entered into a secret agreement with the Sudan to make adjustments on the border. This paper identifies the major factors that have frustrated efforts to address the Ethio-Sudan boundary problem and also proposes solutions on how Ethiopia and Sudan could resolve their differences. The analysis reveals that political, social and cultural factors; the decision to adopt the western concept of the boundary; and the failure to recognise the historic and cultural constructs have contributed to the frustration of negotiations on the border. The paper proposes that Ethiopia and Sudan embrace the African Union Border Program, which encourages mutual cooperation, regional integration and the bui...
Weight fluctuation in frogs

It is known that frogs lose weight when removed from water or very moist places and are placed in dry surroundings; and that gain in weight occurs under reversed conditions.1 To test the magnitude of such change under local laboratory conditions, beginning in 1909, several series of experiments have been performed. Leopard frogs (Rana Pipiens) were used.The first series were performed during June and July and the laboratory was not heated. During the day the windows were opened and the temperature varied from about 23.6° to 30.2° C. Night temperatures were not taken, but the minimum observed by the local weather bureau for the period was 16.7° C. Showers occurred during the experiment, so the air was not abnormally dry.Placed in water and weighed hourly, a maximum hourly fluctuation of 10 per cent., a minimum o, and an average for 10 hours of 3.8 per cent, was observed. A total gain in weight amounting to 20 per cent. occurred. Placed in wire cages in the air of the laboratory a very rapid loss of weight ...
Shear Wave Splitting In the SAFOD Pilot Hole Using Seismic Interferometry

We use noise cross-correlation between stations in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) pilot hole to extract P and S waves from a noise source at depth and measured anisotropy of the S wave on the horizontal components. The continuous data is recorded at 7 threecomponent stations at depths from ~500-800m in the pilot hole. In late September and early October 2004 a noise source is observed propagating from underneath the stations, while in mid and late October the propagating noise signal is absent. This time is consistent with the temporary end of drilling in the SAFOD main-hole for the winter, making drilling activity the likely source of the noise. We cross-correlate between the deepest station and the other six stations in the pilot hole to get an estimate of the P and S wave portions of the Green’s function on the vertical and horizontal components, respectably. The velocity of the propagating waves is largely consistent with velocity measurements taken in the borehole when taking into account the angle between the source and receivers. We observe polarization in the S wave, with a fast polarization direction of 120°-130° that is 3-4% faster than the slow direction.
Creating a Global Health Risk Framework.

Partly in response to the Ebola crisis, an independent, multinational Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future has been established to recommend a more effective global architecture for mitigating the threat of epidemic infectious diseases.
Simplified Frailty Index as a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background The modified frailty index (mFI) has been shown to predict adverse outcomes in multiple nonorthopedic surgical specialties. This study aimed to assess whether mFI is a predictor of adverse events in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Patients who underwent THA and TKA from 2005-2012 were identified in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. mFI was calculated for each patient using 15 variables found in National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of postoperative adverse events, including Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications, were performed. Results A total of 14,583 THA and 25,223 TKA patients were included for analysis. The mean (standard deviation, range) mFIs were 0.083 (0.080, 0-0.55) for THA and 0.097 (0.080, 0-0.64) for TKA cohorts. On bivariate analyses, incidence of Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications (cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, septic shock, pulmonary embolism, postoperative dialysis, reintubation, and prolonged ventilator requirement), hospital-acquired conditions (surgical site infection, venous thromboembolism, and urinary tract infection), any complications, and mortality increased significantly with increase in mFI ( P Conclusion mFI ≥0.45 is an independent predictor of Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications in TKA/THA patients with greater odds ratios than age >75, body mass index ≥40, American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥4. mFI should be considered for risk stratifying joint arthroplasty patients preoperatively and perhaps determining immediate postoperative destination.
Effects of postnatal dexamethasone on rat lung morphogenesis

Objective:To compare the effects of different dosage of dexamethasone (DEX) on rat lung morphogenesis. Methods: Total of 120 newborn rats were divided into three groups randomly:a small dosage DEX group,a large dosage DEX group and a control group. On the 10th,14th,21st,45th days after birth,the histologic structures of 10 rat lungs in each group were observed with light microscope. Results:Under the light microscope,during the first 2 weeks,rat lungs in the two treatment groups had fewer alveolar numbers,larger alveolar space,and thinner alveolar septum compared with those in the control group (P 0.01). On the 21st and 45th days,the airspaces of rat lungs in the two treatment groups were still enlarged,while the alveolar spetums were thickening. An "emphysematous"condition of the lungs could be observed especially in the large dosage DEX group. Conclusion:Using DEX postnatal could promote lung morphogenesis obviously,while with the dose increased,the normal alveolization was inhibited,and the impact continued well into adulthood.
Main oil-gas migration pathways of S_(2-3) oil layer in western slope zone and their effect on oil-gas accumulation

To study the main oil-gas migration pathways of S_(2-3) oil layer in western slope zone and their effect on oil-gas accumulation,the characteristics of migrating layer of S_(2-3) oil layer was analyzed.Sandbodies were considered to be the main migrating pathways of S_(2-3) oil layer,faults only played a role in changing of migration direction,accumulation and connecting sandbodies.According to the principles of oil-gas migration and choice of main oil-gas migration pathways,based on recovering of ancient depth,main oil-gas migration pathways of S_(2-3) oil layer in western slope zone in the main geological period was studied.There were there main oil-gas migration pathways of S_(2-3) oil layers in western slope zone.The first is the main oil-gas migration pathways from Qijia~Gulong Sag to Erzhan,Alaxin and Pingyang area through Baiyinnuole area.The second is the main oil-gas migration pathways from Qijia~Gulong Sag to Fulaerji area through Binzhou railroad.The third is the main oil-gas migration pathways from Qijia~Gulong Sag to Tailai area through Bayanchagan area.The intensity of the first main oil-gas migration pathways is the biggest,its oil-gas accumulation amount is the biggest,it is the main oil-gas migration pathways of S_(2-3) oil layer in western slope zone.Through the analysis of main oil-gas migration pathways of oil-gas reservoirs,the role of the main oil-gas was studied.The main oil-gas migration pathways determined the distribution of oil-gas reservoirs.Only traps located on the main oil-gas migration pathways are the places for oil-gas of S_(2-3) oil layer in western slope zone to accumulate.
Investigation of avian flu virus in poultry related environment in Tianjin

Objective To investigate the distribution of the avian flu virus in the poultry related environment in Tianjin.Methods Various types of samples were collected from the poultry related environment in six rural districts and counties. All samples were detected with the method of fluorogenic quantitative PCR in terms of influenza virus. Results A total of 1 029 samples were collected and 3.78% of them were positive. The positive rates of H5, H9, FluA were 0.49%,1.94% and 0.29%respectively. The positive rate in the live poultry markets was the highest(23.23%) in term of sampling site and in cleaning poultry wastewater was the highest(20.59%) in term of sample types. There were differences in positive rates among different sampling sites and sample types. Conclusion The avian flu virus exists in the poultry related environment. Live poultry markets have higher risk to spread of avian flu virus.
Supply Chain Governance Tensions: A Qualitative Exploration of Business-to-Business Relationship Structures

How and why firms jointly compete to achieve superior performance has been examined in marketing strategy by both relational governance and supply chain management scholars, who have approached the issue from different perspectives and offered different, but not necessarily exclusive, findings. Recent efforts to reconcile their theories and results suggest looking at the issue from a broader perspective. Based on a qualitative study of managers that interface with their firm’s trade partners, the authors propose a framework that views relational governance and supply chain management constructs as a combination of unilateral capabilities, collaborative capabilities and environmental factors.
Study of Scale Formation on Al2O3-Scale Forming Alloys by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF–SIMS)

Al2O3-scale formation on high temperature Ni-base and Fe-base structural alloys is a subject of significant technological and scientific interest. Such scale formation involves either (or both) inward oxygen grain boundary diffusion and new oxide growth at the scale/metal interface, or outward aluminum grain boundary diffusion and new oxide growth at the scale/gas interface. The details of scale growth have been studied using a commercial Kanthal A1 alloy and so-called double oxidation experiments—growth of an Al2O3 scale in 16O2, followed by further oxidation for twice the 16O2 duration in 18O2—at temperatures between 1000 and 1400°C. A time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) with isotopic imaging resolution of ≈100 nm was used for determination of the 16O and 18O distributions in the scale. A focused primary Ga+ ion beam was used for imaging the oxygen isotopes in the negative polarity mode, and a de-focused Xe+ beam was used for sputtering. One novel aspect of this work was the use of taper sections to compensate for the sub-micrometer scale thickness of this oxidation-resistant alloy.
Enrollment In A Health Plan With A Tiered Provider Network Decreased Medical Spending By 5 Percent

Employers and health plans are increasingly using tiered provider networks in their benefit designs to steer patients to higher quality and more efficient providers in an effort to increase value in the health care system. We evaluated the impact of a tiered-network health plan on total health care spending and on inpatient, outpatient, and outpatient radiology spending for nonelderly enrollees in a commercial health plan in 2008–12. The tiered network was associated with $43.36 lower total adjusted medical spending per member per quarter ($830.07 versus $873.43), which represented about a 5 percent decrease in spending, relative to enrollees in similar plans without a tiered network. Similar levels of spending reductions were found for outpatient (4.6 percent) and outpatient radiology spending (6.5 percent). These findings suggest that health plans with tiered provider networks have the potential to reduce aggregate health care spending.
6.17 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Spontaneous regeneration occurs for nerve gaps that are less than 10 mm; however, injuries that are greater than this length require a graft that will bridge the two nerve ends. Currently, nerve autografts are the “gold standard”; however, their limited availability and efficacy remain a limitation in bridging larger gaps. Therefore, other biological grafts have been investigated, including nerve allografts, vein grafts, artery grafts, and muscle grafts. However, their immunogenicity and inability to match autograft-mediated axonal regeneration lead to the development of synthetic nerve conduits.
Human need as a justification for communication rights

ABSTRACTThis article extends reasoning about social policy, as a response to basic human need, to the treatment of communication policy. The idea of communication as a basic human need is of vital ...
Modeling Electronic Trap States at Interfaces between Anatase Nanoparticles

Interfaces between crystallites in nanocrystalline anatase can give rise to localized electronic trap states, which affect the charge transport and catalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 films and aerogels. Unlike trap states associated with point defects and surfaces, the energetic and spatial distributions of interfacial trap states are not known. We have calculated the electronic structure of attached anatase nanoparticles to search for molecular orbitals localized at the particle interfaces and to identify their energetic positions in the nominal band gap. We found that orbitals localized at the interfaces had energies near the edge of the nominal conduction band and that such trap states localized at the interface between (001) facets were lower in energy than those localized at the interface between (101) facets. The spatial distributions of the interfacial trap states were similar between different levels of theory; however, hybrid density functional theory (DFT) predicted the trap states to be deep...
Implementation science for ambulatory care safety: a novel method to develop context-sensitive interventions to reduce quality gaps in monitoring high-risk patients

Missed evidence-based monitoring in high-risk conditions (e.g., cancer) leads to delayed diagnosis. Current technological solutions fail to close this safety gap. In response, we aim to demonstrate a novel method to identify common vulnerabilities across clinics and generate attributes for context-flexible population-level monitoring solutions for widespread implementation to improve quality. Based on interviews with staff in otolaryngology, pulmonary, urology, breast, and gastroenterology clinics at a large urban publicly funded health system, we applied journey mapping to co-develop a visual representation of how patients are monitored for high-risk conditions. Using a National Academies framework and context-sensitivity theory, we identified common systems vulnerabilities and developed preliminary concepts for improving the robustness for monitoring patients with high-risk conditions (“design seeds” for potential solutions). Finally, we conducted a face validity and prioritization assessment of the design seeds with the original interviewees. We identified five high-risk situations for potentially consequential diagnostic delays arising from suboptimal patient monitoring. All situations related to detection of cancer (head and neck, lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal). With clinic participants we created 5 journey maps, each representing specialty clinic workflow directed at evidence-based monitoring. System vulnerabilities common to the different clinics included challenges with: data systems, communications handoffs, population-level tracking, and patient activities. Clinic staff ranked 13 design seeds (e.g., keep patient list up to date, use triggered notifications) addressing these vulnerabilities. Each design seed has unique evaluation criteria for the usefulness of potential solutions developed from the seed. We identified and ranked 13 design seeds that characterize situations that clinicians described ‘wake them up at night’, and thus could reduce their anxiety, save time, and improve monitoring of high-risk patients. We anticipate that the design seed approach promotes robust and context-sensitive solutions to safety and quality problems because it provides a human-centered link between the experienced problem and various solutions that can be tested for viability. The study also demonstrates a novel integration of industrial and human factors methods (journey mapping, process tracing and design seeds) linked to implementation theory for use in designing interventions that anticipate and reduce implementation challenges.
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site (LESS) Sacral Colpopexy

As the general population has aged yet remained active, the demand for correction of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has progressively increased (Maher et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD004014, 2007; Nygaard et al., Obstet Gynecol 104:805–823, 2004). Traditionally, management of POP has come in the form of cautious observation, pessary fitting and use, myriad vaginal repairs, and/or abdominal sacral colpopexy (ASC). The ideal treatment approach and/or type of operation should be based not only on the objective outcomes of the myriad procedures but also on the expectancies, desires, and risk factors of the individual and the proficiency and purview of the surgeon.
Mitochondrial DNA–enriched microparticles promote acute-on-chronic alcoholic neutrophilia and hepatotoxicity

Over the last several years, one of the major advances in the field of alcoholic liver disease research was the discovery that binge alcohol consumption induced neutrophilia and hepatic neutrophil infiltration in chronically ethanol-fed mice and human subjects with excessive alcohol use (EAU); however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrated that chronic EAU patients with a history of recent excessive drinking (EAU + RD) had higher serum levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-enriched microparticles (MPs) than EAU without recent drinking (EAU - RD) and healthy controls, which correlated positively with circulating neutrophils. Similarly, mice with chronic-plus-binge (E10d + 1B) ethanol feeding also had markedly elevated serum levels of mtDNA-enriched MPs, with activation of hepatic ER stress and inflammatory responses. Inhibition of ER stress by gene KO or inhibitors attenuated ethanol-induced elevation of mtDNA-enriched MPs, neutrophilia, and liver injury. The data from the study of hepatocyte-specific deletion of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (Perk) gene in mice and of cultured hepatocytes demonstrated that hepatocytes were the main source of mtDNA-enriched MPs after ethanol feeding. Finally, administration of mtDNA-enriched MPs isolated from E10d+1B-fed mice caused neutrophilia in mice. In conclusion, E10d + 1B ethanol consumption activates hepatic ER stress-dependent mtDNA-enriched MP release, leading to neutrophilia and liver injury.
Pacific Plate Motion Recorded by Linear Volcanic Chains

Seamounts and islands are quite common features of the deep-ocean basins, particularly the Pacific Basin. A conspicuous but relatively small number of these volcanoes are arranged in long linear chains (Figure 1). The vast majority, however, occur as isolated edifices. Recent work on a small number of these isolated volcanoes shows that many were formed at or very close to mid-ocean spreading axes (Clague and Dalrymple, 1975; Batiza, 1980) but that others are significantly younger than the underlying oceanic crust (G. B. Dalrymple, D. A. Clague, H. G. Greene, unpublished data). These isolated volcanoes require much additional study before their origin is understood. The volcanoes arranged in linear chains have been the focus of a great deal of work, and much has been learned about their origin and evolution. Most of the linear volcanic chains in the Pacific Basin are oriented roughly west-northwesterly and apparently formed sequentially above stationary hot spots during the past 42 m. y. as the Pacific plate rotated clock­wise about a pole located near 69°N, 68°W (Clague and Jarrard, 1973a). Another group of linear chains exhibit roughly north-trending orientations and apparently were formed by the same mechanism between at least 80 and 42 m. y. ago as the Pacific plate rotated about a pole of rotation located near 17°N, 107°W (Clague and Jarrard, 1973b). Earlier age data available from linear island and seamount chains were summarized by Jackson (1976), Jarrard and Clague (1977), and McDougall and Duncan (1980); we will briefly review the information presented there and update it with more recent data.
Transabdominal Versus Subcuticular Sutures to Secure a Laparoscopic Gastrostomy

Abstract Purpose: Traditional methods for securing a laparoscopic gastrostomy (LG) involve the placement of two monofilament transabdominal (TA) sutures to be removed after a short interval of 5 da...
Conditioning-Free Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries Using Sufone–Ether Mixtures with Increased Thermal Stability

We report an investigation of electrochemical properties and speciation of electrolytes composed of magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) (Mg(HMDS)2) and magnesium chloride in sulfone-ether mixtures. The inclusion of sulfones dramatically increased the thermal stability of the electrolytes to 80 °C. The addition of ether was necessary to form an electrochemically active species. Electrochemical reversibility was maintained above 90 % for 50 cycles for equivolume mixtures of butyl sulfone and THF. Sulfolane based solutions demonstrated low reversibilities and mass spectrometry measurements showed the preferential formation of an MgCl+ cation over the Mg2Cl3+ cation. Greater amounts of Mg2Cl2+ compared to MgCl+ is linked with higher performing electrolytes. Spectroscopic measurements showed co-solvation of the active magnesium cation with both solvents.
A uniform realization of the combinatorial R-matrix for column shape Kirillov–Reshetikhin crystals

Abstract Kirillov–Reshetikhin (KR) crystals are colored directed graphs encoding the structure of certain finite-dimensional representations of affine Lie algebras. A tensor product of column shape Kirillov–Reshetikhin crystals has recently been realized in a uniform way, for all untwisted affine types, in terms of the so-called quantum alcove model. We enhance this model by using it to give a uniform realization of the corresponding combinatorial R -matrix, i.e., the unique affine crystal isomorphism permuting factors in a tensor product of column shape KR crystals. In other words, we are generalizing to all Lie types Schutzenberger's sliding game (jeu de taquin) for Young tableaux, which realizes the combinatorial R -matrix in type A . Our construction is in terms of certain combinatorial moves, called quantum Yang–Baxter moves, which are explicitly described by reduction to the rank 2 root systems. We also show that the quantum alcove model does not depend on the choice of a sequence of alcoves joining the fundamental one to a translation of it.
Fertility Communication and High-Risk Patients

Women who have a high-risk family history of breast or ovarian cancer or carry deleterious genetic mutations develop these malignancies at a higher rate and younger age than the general population. Prophylactic interventions—including tamoxifen use and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy—can reduce the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer but are undertaken during reproductive years and may compromise young patients’ ability to have children. Thus, these young women—called “previvors”—face difficult decisions regarding the balance between preventive treatment and future childbearing and breastfeeding. Oncofertility may particularly benefit this group of women, by allowing them to take a proactive approach that integrates cancer prevention and fertility preservation concerns. In this chapter, we discuss when the issue of fertility might be raised during a high-risk consultation. We also present two case examples illustrating the importance of discussing fertility preservation with patients at high risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer.