cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence requirements for transcriptional arrest in exon 1 of the murine adenosine deaminase gene.

Abstract We have previously shown that a transcription arrest site near the 5' end of the murine adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene is significantly involved in the regulation of ADA gene expression. To facilitate the analysis of this transcription arrest site, we have analyzed the transcription products from cloned ADA gene fragments injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. When genomic fragments spanning the 5' end of the ADA gene were injected into oocytes, a 96-nucleotide (nt) ADA RNA was the major transcription product. The 5' end of this RNA mapped to the transcription initiation site for the ADA gene, and its 3' terminus mapped 7 nt downstream of the translation initiation codon within exon 1. A 300-base-pair fragment of genomic DNA spanning the 5' end of the ADA gene was sufficient to generate the 96-nt transcript which accounted for approximately one-half of the transcription products from injected templates. Deletion of a segment of approximately 65 base pairs, located immediately downstream of the 3' terminus of the 96-nt transcript, resulted in a substantial reduction in the synthesis of the 96-nt transcript and a corresponding increase in the production of larger transcripts. These studies show that the transcriptional apparatus of X. laevis oocytes responds to the transcription arrest site associated with exon 1 of the murine ADA gene and that oocyte injections provide a convenient functional assay for additional mechanistic studies.
Rheumatoid arthritis and the incidence of herpes zoster: risky business.

thritis are at increased risk for developing zoster. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have a nearly 2-fold risk of developing infections compared with age- and sexmatched control subjects [2]. The increased rate of infections may be due to immunosuppressive medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis or to the underlying disease itself. T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis show accelerated immunosenescence with reduced diversity, which might contribute to the increased rate of infections [3]. In the study by McDonald et al. [4] in this issue of the journal, the authors report on risk factors for zoster on the basis of a retrospective cohort study of 120,000 patients, encompassing 171,000 patientyears, with rheumatoid arthritis. The incidence of zoster in their patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 9.96 episodes per 1000 years, was similar to that of other studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 2 to 5 times higher than the rate of zoster in the general population. The authors confirmed prior studies showing that older age, malignancy, chronic lung disease, and kidney disease are associated with increased rates of zoster. Because zoster is associated with impaired cellular immunity, it was not surprising that the authors found that patients receiving medications with more immunosuppressive activity (anakinra, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, leflunomide, methotrexate, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐a inhibitors) had higher rates of herpes zoster than those receiving less immunosuppressive medications (auranofin, gold, hydroxychloroquine, penicillamine, and sulfasalazine). The authors compared the risk of zoster in patients receiving different TNF-a inhibitors and found that patients receiving infliximab had a higher rate of zoster than those receiving etanercept or adalimumab. Etanercept is a fusion protein that consists of 2 TNF-a receptor molecules linked to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of human immunoglobulin G1. Infliximab is a chimeric mouse-human anti‐TNF-a antibody, but adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal anti‐TNF-a antibody. Most studies [5‐7] have shown that patients with rheumatoid arthritis who receive TNF-a inhibitors have higher rates of infection compared with those who receive other immunosuppressive medications, especially during the first 6 months of
The Influence of Repressor DNA Binding Site Architecture on Transcriptional Control

ABSTRACT How the architecture of DNA binding sites dictates the extent of repression of promoters is not well understood. Here, we addressed the importance of the number and information content of the three direct repeats (DRs) in the binding and repression of the icdA promoter by the phosphorylated form of the global Escherichia coli repressor ArcA (ArcA-P). We show that decreasing the information content of the two sites with the highest information (DR1 and DR2) eliminated ArcA binding to all three DRs and ArcA repression of icdA . Unexpectedly, we also found that DR3 occupancy functions principally in repression, since mutation of this low-information-content site both eliminated DNA binding to DR3 and significantly weakened icdA repression, despite the fact that binding to DR1 and DR2 was intact. In addition, increasing the information content of any one of the three DRs or addition of a fourth DR increased ArcA-dependent repression but perturbed signal-dependent regulation of repression. Thus, our data show that the information content and number of DR elements are critical architectural features for maintaining a balance between high-affinity binding and signal-dependent regulation of icdA promoter function in response to changes in ArcA-P levels. Optimization of such architectural features may be a common strategy to either dampen or enhance the sensitivity of DNA binding among the members of the large OmpR/PhoB family of regulators as well as other transcription factors. IMPORTANCE In Escherichia coli, the response regulator ArcA maintains homeostasis of redox carriers under O 2 -limiting conditions through a comprehensive repression of carbon oxidation pathways that require aerobic respiration to recycle redox carriers. Although a binding site architecture comprised of a variable number of sequence recognition elements has been identified within the promoter regions of ArcA-repressed operons, it is unclear how this variable architecture dictates transcriptional regulation. By dissecting the role of multiple sequence elements within the icdA promoter, we provide insight into the design principles that allow ArcA to repress transcription within diverse promoter contexts. Our data suggest that the arrangement of recognition elements is tailored to achieve sufficient repression of a given promoter while maintaining appropriate signal-dependent regulation of repression, providing insight into how diverse binding site architectures link changes in O 2 with the fine-tuning of carbon oxidation pathway levels.
Biomimetic Imaging of Flow Phenomena

Biologists have reported that fish form sensory maps to assist in the imaging of flow disturbances underwater, including those created by predator or prey, using the lateral-line flow-sensing system. Our group has invented artificial lateral-line systems based on both micromachined and commercial hot-wire anemometer sensors. In this paper, we report on the successful application of adaptive beamforming (Capon's method), in conjunction with an artificial lateral line, to visualize flow disturbances, including acoustic dipoles, underwater. Our preliminary results showcase, for the first time, an ability to image an entire region underwater using micro and millimeter scale arrays, thereby mimicking the flow-imaging abilities of fish.
Jurisdictional and administrative limitations affecting management of the halibut fishery

Abstract The Canadian‐U.S. Halibut Convention and its Enabling Acts were re‐examined to assess the ability of the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) to manage the fishery under the existing terms of reference and to re‐evaluate the need for international management of the halibut resource. National goals such as limited entry and optimum yield have not been incorporated in the terms of the existing Convention and these inconsistencies, as well as administrative deficiencies concerning enforcement and staffing, have limited the effectiveness of IPHC. A revision of the present treaty and associated legislation is recommended and suggestions are made for the restructuring of international arrangements now under study by the federal governments.
NATO Communications in Transition

In 1970, the Defense Ministers of the Alliance approved an ambitious program to develop a modern, NATO-wide commonuser communications system called the NATO Integrated Communications System (NICS) and created a NICS Management Agency, NICSMA, with the responsibility of planning, engineering, and implementing the system. The aim of the NICS is to provide rapid, secure, survivable, flexible, and reliable communications to all eligible political and military authorities in the exercise of command and control across the conflict spectrum. This paper traces the evolution of NATO communications from existing multiple, predominantly manual, dedicated networks to modern, common-user, automated, switched voice, and message networks being implemented as part of the NICS Stage I program. Organizational arrangements and operational requirements imposed on the NICS in support of improved NATO command and control systems are briefly reviewed. A broad overview of the programmed enhancements that comprise NICS Stage I and its interfaces with other national strategic and tactical systems is presented. The basic principles underlying the future digital NICS Stage II architecture and a broad concept for an evolutionary transition from the predominantly analog Stage I to the digital architecture are also described. Key issues affecting the transition and interoperability with national tactical and strategic systems are identified.
Neuropharmacokinetic and Dynamic Studies of Agmatine (Decarboxylated Arginine)

: Agmatine has been previously proposed to represent a novel neurotransmitter. One of the criteria required to test that hypothesis is that the exogenously administered chemical produces pharmacological effects similar to the physiological effects of the putative neurotransmitter. Since agmatine was first identified in brain, approximately sixty studies of the in vivo effects of exogenously administered agmatine have been reported. Despite the assertion that agmatine functions as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter, the vast majority of experiments have administered agmatine through systemic (rather than central) routes of administration. Systemic delivery of agmatine for studies of centrally mediated phenomenona (e.g., pain, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular responses) relies on the presumption that agmatine (a polar compound) gains appreciable access to the CNS. The mechanism by which agmatine crosses the blood-brain barrier is not well understood. A number of studies have examined the in vivo effects of agmatine following central administration (e.g., intracerebroventricular and intrathecal). This paper summarizes and provides a comparison between the systemic versus central routes of administration for delivery of agmatine in experimental subjects.
On using a priori channel statistics for cyclic prefix optimization in OFDM

Current communication schemes rely on instantaneous adaptation, which increases the system complexity and is memoryless. We propose a scheme for adapting system parameters based on a priori knowledge of the channel statistics to reduce feedback requirements. As a vital parameter in OFDM system, cyclic prefix (CP) length depends mainly on two channel characteristics: the channel gains and the root mean square (RMS) delay spread. Previous research assume given RMS delay spread and utilize power delay profile (PDP) for CP optimization. Since PDP indeed acts as a priori statistics of channel gains, we compare its effectiveness against a feedback scheme based on the instantaneous channel. We further simplify CP optimization by employing the prior statistics of the RMS delay spread. We derive a closed form approximation scheme for computation simplicity assuming RMS delay spread follows a lognormal distribution. We consider ergodic capacity and measure the capacity loss w.r.t. an instantaneous scheme. The observed 1% – 4% capacity loss through simulation validates our proposed scheme. We also present an online method to learn the prior statistics of RMS delay spread from feedback whenever available.
Biography and Historiography: Mutual Evidentiary and Interdisciplinary Considerations

Biography is history, depends on history, and strengthens and enriches history. In turn, all history is biography. History could hardly exist without biographical insights—without the texture of human endeavor that emanates from a full appreciation of human motivation, the real or perceived constraints on human action, and exogenous influences on human behavior. Social forces are important, but they act on and through individuals. Structural and cultural variables are important, but individuals pull the levers of structure and act within or against cultural norms. The success of historical biography as a craft ultimately turns on the nature of its evidence and the interdisciplinary methodologies that it can bring to bear on its subject.
Commitment to Change.

(1973). Commitment to Change. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 35-37.
A multidimensional measure of children's identification with television characters

(1978). A multidimensional measure of children's identification with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 71-86.
Unique Personalities Within the NF-κB Family: Distinct Functions for p65 and RelB in the Osteoclast

The osteoclast (OC) is the resorptive cell of the skeleton responsible for both normal homeostasis and pathological bone loss. NF-κB is a critical signal for OC differentiation downstream of RANKL, and its global disruption protects mice from pathological bone loss. Differently from other TNF family members, RANKL activates both the classical NF-κB pathway, activating both p65 and cRel, and the alternative pathway, inducing expression and activation of RelB. In order to determine whether the classical and alternative NF-κB pathways have distinct roles in OC differentiation, we examined mice lacking p65, RelB, or cRel.
A GRAPH THEORY APPROACH TO DEMOGRAPHIC LOOP ANALYSIS

A demographic analysis of the life-cycle graph can be used to quantify the separate contributions of different life-history types to the population growth rate. Loop analysis has been proposed (van Groenendael et al. 1994) as the appropriate method for partitioning the elasticity matrix to determine these contributions. However, in the analysis of complex demographic models it is difficult to derive the loops by simple inspection of the life-cycle graph. I show how graph theory can be used to describe a general and systematic procedure for deriving the loops from the structure of the life-cycle graph. I demonstrate that the concept of nullity (from graph theory) can be applied in this context to correctly determine the number of loops for any graph. Using examples from Campanula americana, Dipsacus sylvestris, and Caretta caretta, I illustrate the relationship of the loops to biologically relevant life-history contrasts. This relationship is crucial for the application of loop analysis to life-history evolution for the purpose of partitioning the separate effects on the population growth rate among different life-history components.
Phase I trial of everolimus, gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors

Background A Phase I trial of the 2-drug regimen of everolimus plus gemcitabine (Cohort I) and the 3-drug regimen of everolimus plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (Cohort II) was performed to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of both combinations. An expansion cohort (Cohort III) of patients with cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder carcinoma was treated at the MTD. Methods A standard 3 + 3 design dose escalation was used. Everolimus was given on Monday/Wednesday/Friday or daily depending upon the dose level. Gemcitabine and cisplatin were administered on days 1 and 8 of each 21 day cycle. Results Twelve patients were entered in Cohort I and 15 in Cohort II. The MTD for Cohort I was everolimus 5 mg on Monday/Wednesday/Friday and gemcitabine 800 mg/m2. For Cohort II, it was everolimus 5 mg on Monday/Wednesday/Friday, gemcitabine 600 mg/m2, and cisplatin 12.5 mg/m2. All DLTs in this study were hematologic. Complete responses (CR) were seen in a patient with primary peritoneal carcinoma and another with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Partial responses (PR) were seen in 3 patients: breast, ampullary carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. Of 10 patients enrolled in Cohort III, six patients had stable disease and 4 had progressive disease. Conclusions This Phase I clinical trial has demonstrated that these 2-drug and 3-drug combinations are generally well tolerated and safely administered. The main DLTs in both regimens were hematologic, specifically thrombocytopenia. The 3-drug combination can be considered as a platform for future studies in specific tumor types.
Assessing and cultivating support for strategic planning: searching for best practices in a reform environment

This study examines the similarities and differences in faculty and administrator perspectives on strategic planning in Kentucky, a state in the United States undergoing extensive reform of its public, postsecondary system. The findings suggest that three variables are critical to faculty and administrative support for strategic planning activities: (i) depth of implementation of strategic planning outcomes, (ii) type of institutional decision making and (iii) level of support for state reforms. The findings help suggest some best practices that institutions can adopt to cultivate both faculty and administrative support for strategic planning activities.
Salinity effects on sedimentation behavior of kaolin, bentonite, and soda ash mine tailings

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soluble salt concentration (i.e., salinity) and cation valence on sedimentation behavior of two common clays with differing plasticity, kaolin and bentonite, and saline mine tailings from a soda ash mine in Wyoming, USA. Salinity was controlled in the natural clays via adding salts with different valences (NaCl, CaCl 2 , and FeCl 3 ) to concentrations ranging between 1 and 1000 mM. Salinity in the soda ash tailings was altered via dialysis. Overall, an increase in ionic strength of the sedimentation fluid (i.e., increase in salinity) yielded higher sedimentation rates and final solids contents for bentonite. The initial sedimentation rate in bentonite increased an order of magnitude (0.01–0.02 mm/min to 0.12–3.6 mm/min) and final solids content increased by a factor of 2 to 5 (3% to 6–16%) with an increase in salinity from 10 mM to 1000 mM. In contrast, the sedimentation rate of kaolin was approximately constant for salinity between 1 and 100 mM, and then decreased with an increase in salinity from 100 to 1000 mM in all solutions evaluated (i.e., decreased by factor of 4.4 in NaCl, 9.0 in CaCl 2 , and 7.9 in FeCl 3 ). A salt concentration of 100 mM was identified as a critical concentration whereupon the sedimentation rate of kaolin decreases regardless of salt type, and was attributed to an increase in sedimentation fluid density and viscosity. The final solids content of kaolin was approximately constant regardless of salt type and concentration (solids content = 26–37%). Soda ash mine tailings exhibited sedimentation behavior similar to kaolin, which showed approximately constant initial sedimentation rate and final solids content for the range of salt concentrations evaluated.
Mifepristone inhibits extracellular matrix formation in uterine leiomyoma.

Objective To characterize the efficacy of mifepristone treatment on extracellular matrix (ECM) production in leiomyomas. Design Laboratory study. Setting University research laboratory. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Treatment of human immortalized two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) leiomyoma and myometrial cells with mifepristone and the progestin promegestone (R5020). Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression of COL1A1, fibronectin, versican variant V0, and dermatopontin in treated leiomyoma cells by Western blot analysis and confirmatory immunohistochemistry staining of treated 3D cultures. Result(s) Treatment with progestin stimulated production of COL1A1, fibronectin, versican, and dermatopontin. Mifepristone treatment inhibited protein production of these genes, most notably with versican expression. Combination treatment with both the agonist and antagonist further inhibited protein expression of these genes. Immunohistochemistry performed on 3D cultures demonstrated generalized inhibition of ECM protein concentration. Conclusion(s) Our study demonstrated that the progesterone agonist R5020 directly stimulated extracellular matrix components COL1A1, fibronectin, versican, and dermatopontin production in human leiomyoma cells. Progesterone antagonist mifepristone decreased protein production of these genes to levels comparable with untreated leiomyoma cells.
On the Dynamic Behavior of Tied-Back Retaining Walls

Determination des mecanismes de boue de la resistance de ce type de mur a l'excitation sismique. Modele aux elements finis
Effects of prone spinal extension exercise on passive lumbar extension range of motion.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of prone spinal extension exercises for increasing passive lumbar extension range of motion in healthy young adults. Eighteen healthy female and 18 healthy male volunteers were divided randomly into control groups (women, n = 10; men, n = 8) and experimental groups (women, n = 8; men, n = 10). The experimental groups performed 20 repetitions of a prone extension exercise each day for four weeks; the control groups did not. We used spondylometry to measure lumbar extension ROM. The exercises produced a significant difference ( p < .025) in the passive lumbar extension ROM between the male experimental and control groups preventing a loss of spinal mobility in the men who exercised. Analysis of the data revealed no significant difference between the female groups. The results are discussed in light of the clinical significance of lumbar extension ROM. We suggest further studies to examine the effects of lumbar extension exercises on patients with restricted ROM and low back pain.
New approaches to vortex dynamics: core dynamics, helical waves, and interaction with fine scale turbulence

Some new aspects of vortex dynamics, coherent structures and interaction with fine-scale turbulence are reviewed. In the absence of any appropriate measurement technology for the 3-D instantaneous vorticity field we rely on direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations using spectral methods in an 1283 periodic cube. Recognizing from our study of the vortex reconnection mechanism that vortex lines associated with coherent structures are frequently helical, we study first the evolution of a laminar vortex column with a nonuniform core at a Reynolds number Re≡Γ/v=665, and then the vortex’s evolution in the presence of fine-scale homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. We show that core dynamics, ignored so far, can be very significant in vortex dynamics and vortex interactions and consists of travelling vorticity wave packets along the vortex axis. We also show that core dynamics can be better explained by complex helical wave decomposition — a new mathematical tool — than in terms of coupling between swirl and meridional flow. Our results reveal a new mechanism of direct coupling between coherent structures and fine-scale turbulence and hence the failure of the hypothesis of local isotropy. The fine scales are energized by the coherent vortex at the latter’s boundary and evolve into larger scale spiral structures through pairing and become polarized. When these structures become sufficiently strong, they induce bending waves on the vortex, thus guaranteeing their continued survival.
Poverty, Health, and Law: Readings and Cases for Medical–Legal Partnership: Edited by Elizabeth Tobin Tyler, Ellen Lawton, Kathleen Conroy, Megan Sandel & Barry Zuckerman (Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC, 2011), 822 pages, $65.00.

In 2010, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, in collaboration with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, began the County Health Rankings & Roadmaps program. 1 Through its analys...
Taxation Only with Representation: The Conservative Conscience and Campaign Finance Reform

This book is the first comprehensive discussion of corruption in campaign finance from the viewpoint of a political conservative. Liberals have talked about this problem for decades while raising millions of dollars in campaign contributions.Many politicians who call themselves conservatives have ignored the problem, driving angry voters to support their opponents even if those opponents don’t propose any solutions at all.In this book, Richard Painter discusses how our money-driven campaign system undermines the vision of our founding fathers and just about every principle that conservatives believe in. This includes limiting government spending and regulation, upholding traditional values against industries that make money from moral decay, and protecting national security interests against an influx of foreign money into US political campaigns.Painter then lays out a plan for reform that conservatives, and the Supreme Court, will embrace: defining the government’s right to tax its citizens in a way that will give each citizen a real voice in funding campaigns for elected office. In new laws, referendums, and constitutional amendments at the federal or state level, voters need to send a clear message: Americans who have no representation in campaign finance can no longer endure taxation by a government in which they have no voice.
Abstract 282: Functional Analysis Of Micrornas In Vascular Disease

microRNAs (miRNA, miR) are emerging as pivotal modulators of vascular development and disease. Research is my lab is focused on elucidating the functional mechanism and exploring therapeutic potential of microRNAs in vascular diseases. Our recent studies have shown that miR-23 and miR-27 in miR-23~27~24 family are required for proper angiogenesis and neovascularization in a laser-induced vascular injury model. Here we extend our study and provide evidence that miR-24 regulates actin dynamics in ECs through targeting multiple members downstream of Rho signaling, including Pak4, Limk2 and Diaph1 proteins. Consistent with the critical role for actin cytoskeleton in cell motility and proliferation, overexpression of miR-24 in ECs blocks stress fiber and lamellipodia formation, represses EC migration, proliferation and tube formation in vitro, as well as angiogenesis in an ex vivo aortic ring assay. Overexpression of miR-24 in transgenic mice represses postnatal retinal vascular development. Moreover, subretinal delivery of miR-24 mimics represses laser-induced CNV in vivo. Mechanistically, knockdown of miR-24 target protein LIMK2 or PAK4 inhibits stress fiber formation and tube formation in vitro, mimicking miR-24 overexpression phenotype in angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-24 represses angiogenesis by simultaneously regulating multiple components in the actin cytoskeleton pathways, suggesting distinct function of miR-23~27~24 family members in angiogenesis. Manipulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways by miR-24 may represent an attractive therapeutic solution for numerous vascular diseases.
Biological Observations on Aciurina trixa and Valentibulla dodsoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) in New Mexico

Data on the life histories, ecology, and behavior of two sympatric species of gall-forming tephritid flies are presented and compared with Idaho populations of the same and congeneric species studied by Wangberg (1978, 1981). Aciurina trixa Curran and Valentibulla dodsoni Foote parasitize separate subspecies of Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton in New Mexico. Adults moved frequently within their host plants and did not maintain individual territories. Adult feeding was negligible. Mating systems involved virgin female advertising, males searching for females, and the use by males of enlarged forelegs to “capture” females. Rematings occurred frequently and virgin and mated females behaved differently.
Evidence for topologically protected surface states and a superconducting phase in [Tl4](Tl(1-x)Sn(x))Te3 using photoemission, specific heat, and magnetization measurements, and density functional theory.

We report the discovery of surface states in the perovskite superconductor $[{\mathrm{Tl}}_{4}]{\mathrm{TlTe}}_{3}$ (${\mathrm{Tl}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$) and its nonsuperconducting tin-doped derivative $[{\mathrm{Tl}}_{4}]({\mathrm{Tl}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.6}){\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ as observed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations predict that the surface states are protected by a ${Z}_{2}$ topology of the bulk band structure. Specific heat and magnetization measurements show that ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ has a superconducting volume fraction in excess of 95%. Thus ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ is an ideal material in which to study the interplay of bulk band topology and superconductivity.
The anterior cingulate cortex in psychopathology and psychotherapy: effects on awareness and repression of affect

The awareness of emotion and its subsequent regulation is an essential part of psychopathology and psychotherapy. A body of evidence indicates that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a key role in accessing and regulating emotion and thus participates both in the conscious awareness and the repression of emotion. Research is examined drawing a distinction between psychopathologies with excessive affect, which exhibit hyperactivity in ACC, and psychopathologies with flat affect, which exhibit a hypoactivity in the rostral ACC. This distinction may support therapeutic interventions that target the up- or down-regulation of emotion dependent on clinical disorder. Specific focus is made to psychoanalytic therapy, being built upon the tenet of accessing repressed emotions, for which the ACC appears functionally significant. The research reviewed provides insight into how the ACC may be a primary region in the suppression and repression of emotion. Suggestions for how the ACC may be activated in differen...
Thin Film Approach to Single Crystalline Electrochemistry

Implementation of single-crystal metal electrodes into standard electrochemical procedures has provided invaluable insight into the structure of and processes occurring at the metal–electrolyte interface. However, the accuracy required in their manufacture to provide ideally cut crystals with the lowest possible degree of miscut in conjunction with the amount of material required, especially in the case of precious metals, can make their use highly restrictive. We present here fundamental insight into a general procedure for producing thin metal films containing large, atomically flat (111) terraces without the use of an epitaxial template. Thermal annealing in a controlled atmosphere induces long-range ordering in magnetron sputtered thin metal films deposited on an amorphous substrate. The ordering transition in these thin metal films yields characteristic (111) electrochemical signatures with minimal amount of material and provides an adequate replacement for oriented bulk single crystals. Moreover, th...
Abstract 3577: A decade of changed behavior: Trends in screening adherence and incidence 2000-2010

Background: Cancer is still one of the most prominent diseases of all times claiming more than 569,490 lives in 2010. Over the past decade the United States (U.S.), like many other industrialized and developed nations have seen a significant decrease in the incidence of cancers and have experienced an increase in the number of cancer survivors. The decrease in incidence can be attributed to an increase in the number of persons adhering to recommended cancer screenings. In 2012, there will be an estimated 1 million newly diagnosed Americans, 75% of who would have adhered to recommended cancer screening in the previous year. Methods: We used incidence data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (2000 -2008) to assess the trend in incidence rates of some of the most common cancers in the United States. Using SAS version 9.2, we pooled data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) - Cancer Supplements (2000, 2005 and 2010) and analyzed adherence to recommended screening (n= 90,959). The guidelines provided by the American Cancer Society were used to guide analyses. Screening compliance was measured among the appropriate age and sex cohort within the U.S. population. Results: There has been a 17.22% decrease in the incidence of colorectal cancers and a11.06% decrease in lung cancer incidence between 2000 and 2008. While Bladder and Cervical cancer showed no significant time trends, gender specific cancers, namely prostate and breast also showed significant decreases; 16.21% and 6.78% respectively. There was an 18.12% increase in the incidence of Melanoma cases. There was a significant increase in adherence to recommended screening between 2000 and 2010. Adherence to mammography screening guidelines increased two fold between 2000 and 2010 as represented by women interviewed in the NHIS. Similar trends were observed for pap smears and colorectal screenings; 2010 analyses showed 70.48% compliance for mammography, 72.80% for colorectal screening and 68.19% for pap smears. Conclusion: Though screening compliance is below the preferred level, there has been an increase in adherence to recommended screening in the U.S. population over the past decade. This has translated into decreased cancer incidence and an increased prevalence as more persons live beyond the five year survivor mark. Identification of cancers with high incidence rates is needed to direct targeted interventions and public health campaigns. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3577. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3577
Comparison between constructing methods of rat model with uterine leiomyoma

[Objective] To compare the difference between the two constructing methods of rat model with uterine leiomyoma. [Methods] Rat models of uterine leiomyoma were made by intramuscular injection of single estrogen (Single Modle Method) and estrogen with progesterone (Double Modle Method). [Results] The two methods all can made rat modles of uterine leiomyoma. The pathological state in rats with uterine leiomyoma is marked by the high levels of sex steroids, low immune function. The cells of uterine unstriated muscle were in a state of distinct proliferation and activity. Double Modle Method was better than Single Modle Method by comprehensive evaluation. [Conclusions] Rat model was successfully made by the two methods.
TU-B-201-03: Accounting for MV Imaging Dose and the Future of MV Imaging

Radiotherapy is in the era of image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in which imaging procedures are routinely performed for patient positioning, and target localization. The additional imaging dose delivered may increase risk to the patient and therefore needs to be managed. This lecture provides an overview of the AAPM TG-180 which is charged with: providing an overview on imaging dose including megavoltage electronic portal imaging (MV EPI), kilovoltage digital radiography (kV DR), Tomotherapy MV-CT, megavoltage cone-beam CT (MV-CBCT) and kilovoltage cone-beam CT (kV-CBCT) as well as providing general guidelines for commissioning and managing imaging dose calculations. The dose to radiotherapy (RT) patients resulting from different image guidance procedures is reviewed and recommendations for managing the imaging dose are provided. Different techniques for reducing the image guidance dose are summarized. A recommended threshold beyond which imaging dose should be considered in the treatment planning process is discussed. This lecture also discusses kilovoltage imaging dose determination by calculation and estimation, and inclusion in treatment planning as well as accounting for MV imaging dose and the future of MV imaging. Learning Objectives: 1.Learn the different image guidance modalities, typical organ doses resulting from different image procedures, and techniques to reduce the imaging dose; 2.Understand the imaging dose threshold and rationale for accounting for the imaging dose; 3.Learn how to account for kV imaging dose 4.Learn how to account for MV imaging dose and understand the future of MV imaging
Sticking It to the Niche: CD98 Mediates Critical Adhesive Signals in AML.

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bajaj and colleagues report that CD98, a heterodimeric protein highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and largely dispensable for basal hematopoiesis, plays an important role in facilitating leukemia stem cell adhesion to bone marrow vasculature and is a potential therapeutic target in AML.
Measurements of the Temperature-Dependent Total Hemispherical Emissivity Using an Electrostatic Levitation Facility

Among the three fundamental processes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), radiation is the most dominant at high temperatures. The total hemispherical emissivity is an important property that determines the amount of heat loss by radiation. Unfortunately, the emissivity, especially its temperature dependence $$(\varepsilon (T))$$ , is unknown for most materials. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of measuring $$\varepsilon (T)$$ using an electrostatic levitation (ESL) technique that allows such measurements to be made on levitated solid and liquid samples in a contamination-free, high-vacuum environment. The $$\varepsilon (T)$$ for solid Ni and liquid $$\hbox {Zr}_{60}\hbox {Al}_{10}\hbox {Cu}_{18}\hbox {Ni}_{9}\hbox {Co}_{3}$$ from these measurements is consistent with the existing literature data.
The Power of Plagues, Second Edition

The Power of Plagues is now available on Wiley.comMembers, use the code ASM20 at check out to receive your 20% discount. How pathogenic microorganisms have shaped human civilization The Power of Plagues presents a rogues' gallery of epidemic-causing microorganisms placed in the context of world history. Author Irwin W. Sherman introduces the microbes that caused these epidemics and the people who sought (and still seek) to understand how diseases and epidemics are managed. What makes this book especially fascinating are the many threads that Sherman weaves together as he explains how plagues past and present have shaped the outcome of wars and altered the course of medicine, religion, education, feudalism, and science. Cholera gave birth to the field of epidemiology. The bubonic plague epidemic that began in 1346 led to the formation of universities in cities far from the major centers of learning (and hot spots of the Black Death) at that time. And the Anopheles mosquito and malaria aided General George Washington during the American Revolution. Sadly, when microbes have inflicted death and suffering, people have sometimes responded by invoking discrimination, scapegoating, and quarantine, often unfairly, against races or classes of people presumed to be the cause of the epidemic. Pathogens are not the only stars of this book. Many scientists and physicians who toiled to understand, treat, and prevent these plagues are also featured. Sherman tells engaging tales of the development of vaccines, anesthesia, antiseptics, and antibiotics. This arsenal has dramatically reduced the suffering and death caused by infectious diseases, but these plague protectors are imperfect, due to their side effects or attenuation and because microbes almost invariably develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs. The Power of Plagues provides a sobering reminder that plagues are not a thing of the past. Along with the persistence of tuberculosis, malaria, river blindness, and AIDS, emerging and remerging epidemics continue to confound global and national public health efforts. West Nile virus, Lyme disease, and Ebola and Zika viruses are just some of the newest rogues to plague humans. The argument that civilization has been shaped to a significant degree by the power of plagues is compelling, and The Power of Plagues makes the case in an engaging and informative way that will be satisfying to scientists and non-scientists alike. Paperback, 494 pages, full-color illustrations.
Decoupling direct and indirect effects of temperature on decomposition

Functional changes to biotic communities arise in response to changes in the physical environment, often with profound implications for biogeochemical processes. Decomposition is regulated both by abiotic conditions (e.g. temperature and moisture) and by the biotic communities that mediate this process (e.g. bacteria and fungi). Given strong evolutionary trade-offs between tolerating stressful climatic conditions and competing under favorable conditions, past climate may indirectly affect decomposition rates by structuring the functional composition of microbial communities. In a controlled laboratory setting using samples from the Yale Myers Forest in northeast Connecticut USA, we tested how exposure to 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C for three months shaped characteristics of wood-degrading fungal communities. We then measured how this indirect effect influenced contemporary decomposition rates during a second three-month incubation. As expected, contemporary effects of temperature had a strong influence on decomposition rates. Yet the effects of previous temperature exposure were also evident: fungal communities previously exposed to warmer conditions consistently decomposed wood faster than communities previously exposed to cooler conditions, regardless of the contemporary temperature regime. Across all contemporary temperatures, communities previously warmed to 20 °C and 25 °C degraded 1.08 and 1.12 times more wood, respectively, than communities previously warmed to 15 °C. The indirect effects of previous temperature were mediated by a larger fungal biomass in inocula sourced from warmer previous temperatures, as well as by shifts in functional rates independent of biomass. Overall, the relative influence of contemporary temperature was less than expected: the combined effect of the functional shift and fungal biomass – both a product of previous temperature – was nearly two-thirds that of contemporary temperature. Our findings demonstrate the dual role of climate in determining a fundamental ecosystem process, both directly via contemporary temperature and indirectly through the effects of previous temperature exposure on microbial activity.
Models of Health Beliefs in South India: Impact on Managing Childhood Nutritional Illnesses

In several societies, culture-specific models of health co-exist with modern science-based medicine, and influence the way people manage their health. When people from such communities immigrate elsewhere, they often continue to retain their traditional health beliefs and practices. If national health programs are not inclusive of this phenomenon, then they are likely to fail in reaching their goals of healthcare for all. This chapter begins by tracing the beliefs and treatments in healthcare systems prevalent in different regions around the world. In the Indian subcontinent community, systems of traditional codified medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha continue to influence peoples’ health related decisions. The chapter continues with descriptions of the findings from case studies conducted in the region of south India on mothers’ reasoning about childhood malnutrition, which is one of the major problems influencing child health. The relevance of the findings are then contextualized within a larger framework of understanding human health behavior, planning appropriate theory based interventions, including the use of technological support.
Propositions, representation, and truth

Theories of propositions as sets of truth-supporting circumstances are committed to the thesis that sentences or other representations true in all and only the same circumstances express the same proposition. Theories of propositions as complex, structured entities are not committed to this thesis. As a result, structured propositions can play a role in our theories of language and thought that sets of truth-supporting circumstances cannot play. To illustrate this difference, I sketch a theory of transparent, non-deflationary truth consistent with some theories of structured propositions, but inconsistent with any theory of propositions as sets of truth-supporting circumstances.
Off-fault heterogeneities promote supershear transition of dynamic mode II cracks

The transition from sub-Rayleigh to supershear propagation of mode II cracks is a fundamental problem of fracture mechanics. It has extensively been studied in homogeneous uniform setups. When the applied shear load exceeds a critical value, transition occurs through the Burridge-Andrews mechanism at a well-defined crack length. However, velocity structures in geophysical conditions can be complex and affect the transition. Damage induced by previous earthquakes causes low-velocity zones surrounding mature faults and inclusions with contrasting material properties can be present at seismogenic depth. We relax the assumption of homogeneous media and investigate dynamic shear fracture in heterogeneous media using two-dimensional finite-element simulations and a linear slip-weakening law. We analyze the role of heterogeneities in the elastic media, while keeping the frictional interface properties uniform. We show that supershear transition is possible due to the sole presence of favorable off-fault heterogeneities. Sub-critical shear loads, for which propagation would remain permanently sub-Rayleigh in an equivalent homogeneous setup, will transition to supershear as a result of reflected waves. P-wave reflected as S-waves, followed by further reflections, affect the amplitude of the shear stress peak in front of the propagating crack, leading to supershear transition. A wave reflection model allows to uniquely describe the effect of off-fault inclusions on the shear stress peak. A competing mechanism of modified released potential energy affects transition and becomes predominant with decreasing distance between fault and inclusions. For inclusions at far distances, the wave reflection is the predominant mechanism.
KINETIC THEORY APPROACH

This chapter discusses the kinetic theory approach for the distribution of particles. In dilute kinetic theory of gases, the intuitive concept of the mean free path plays a very important role. Through the use of this concept, transport coefficients such as viscosity are obtained that are surprisingly close to those obtained from the exact theory. It is well known in kinetic theory of gases that a simple, nonrigorous treatment of transport phenomena produces surprisingly accurate values of transport coefficients. By using a very primitive expression for collision frequency of particles, an expression for the repulsive pressure of particles for uniform shear flow has been derived. The repulsive pressure is proportional to the square of the velocity gradient and particle diameter and directly proportional to the particle density. It has been suggested that the mechanical energy of granular flow is first transformed into random particle motion and then dissipated into internal energy.