cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MacCrate’s Missed Opportunity: The MacCrate Report’s Failure to Advance Professional Values

The MacCrate Report, perhaps “the most ambitious effort to reform legal education in the past generation,” missed a unique opportunity to promote lawyers’ commitment to “justice, fairness, and morality.” While stating a commitment to promoting these values, the Report fails to follow through. First, when placed in the context of the Report’s concrete proposals, these values receive a low priority. Second, the Report assumes – contrary to fact – that the legal profession is “united around [these] core values.” An effective strategy for communicating and encouraging lawyers’ commitment to “justice, fairness, and morality,” must begin with a recognition that lawyers have a range of views regarding the importance of these values and whether they should be integrated into lawyers’ everyday work.
What Is the Impact of Health Reforms on Uncompensated Care in Critical Access Hospitals? A 5‐Year Forecast in Washington State

Context: The 2008 financial crisis had a far-reaching impact on nearly every sector of the economy. As unemployment increased so did the uninsured. Already operating on a slim margin and poor payer mix, many critical access hospitals are facing a tough road ahead. Purpose: We seek to examine the increasing impact of uncompensated care on the revenues earned by Washington's critical access hospitals; to forecast uncompensated care to the year 2014; and to forecast the financial impact on rural hospital uncompensated care of HR 3590, the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Findings: For critical access hospitals in the state of Washington, total uncompensated care increased by almost $16 million, a 22% increase from 2008 to 2009. By 2014, total uncompensated care is forecast to more than double from 2009, totaling $174 million annually without health reforms. Using the Urban Institute's Health Insurance Policy Simulation Model, uncompensated care is forecast to fall by $106 million in 2014, thereby reducing the uncompensated care percentage from 5.31% to 2.07%. Conclusions: Policy makers and health care managers should note that a substantial portion of the newly insured from the ACA will most likely be Medicaid participants. Given this source of lower revenue per case, critical access hospital administrators should seek additional public and private sources of revenue. Most importantly, rural hospital managers must maintain or improve their cost efficiency, while serving the needs of their rural population as we move closer toward the implementation of health reforms.
Management of the Partial Mastectomy Defect

The management of women with breast cancer has evolved from radical procedures to more conservative resection combined with radiation therapy [1]. Breast conservation therapy (BCT) is now the preferred treatment for women with early stage breast cancer. The benefits of BCT are to reduce the breast deformity and sensation by preserving native breast parenchyma, maintaining cosmesis, and minimizing morbidity. The partial mastectomy defect has subsequently become a common entity as a result of the improved popularity and equivalent long-term survival associated with BCT [2–4]. However, post-operative breast deformities can occur, and poor cosmetic results have been reported in up to 20% for some patients due to breast shape, tumor size, tumor location, and post-operative radiation [5–7]. The plastic surgeon becomes involved with the management of these women early when postoperative breast distortion is predicted, or late when post-operative distortion has already been established. There are now numerous options available for reconstructing partial mastectomy defects that involve either replacing the missing tissue with local or distant flaps, or reshaping the abnormal breast. In addition to providing aesthetic benefit, these procedures have also extended the indications for BCT in some patients [8–11].
Can Ethnographers Contribute to an Anti-Torture Movement in the Middle East?

Although campaigns for universal human rights have been intellectually and emotionally compelling for many anthropologists, they have tended to embroil them in fruitless polemics about cultural relativism with non-Western thinkers and policy-makers. Often “universalist” discourses about “rights” depend on values and distinctions that are far from universal and that stem, in fact, from Christian, secular, or “modernist” notions about punishment, suffering, and redemption. To make some practical contribution to the struggle for human dignity in the Middle East, it may be preferable to aim for a more limited goal: the abolition of torture in the region. Consensus about the illegitimacy of torture is more easily reached, since none of the Middle East's religious or philosophical traditions condone it. What is more, empirical data demonstrate that torture has increased in frequency in the region and is widely perceived, both by insiders and outsiders, as a growing problem. Ethnographers could play a role in do...
Safety assessment of foods from genetically modified crops in countries with developing economies

Population growth particularly in countries with developing economies will result in a need to increase food production by 70% by the year 2050. Biotechnology has been utilized to produce genetically modified (GM) crops for insect and weed control with benefits including increased crop yield and will also be used in emerging countries. A multicomponent safety assessment paradigm has been applied to individual GM crops to determine whether they as safe as foods from non-GM crops. This paper reviews methods to assess the safety of foods from GM crops for safe consumption from the first generation of GM crops. The methods can readily be applied to new products developed within country and this paper will emphasize the concept of data portability; that safety data produced in one geographic location is suitable for safety assessment regardless of where it is utilized.
Contemporaneous Announcements of Dividends and Earnings

The information content of dividends is well documented in the literature. The marginal information content of dividends in the presence of contemporaneous earnings announcements, however, is ambiguous empirically and theoretically. This paper documents that quarterly dividend announcements convey information beyond that contained in contemporaneous quarterly earnings announcements. Earnings provide information beyond that provided by dividends regardless of the type of information in the dividend announcement, but especially when dividends and earnings provide consistent information or when dividends provide no information. The marginal information content of dividends, however, appears to be a result from the subsample of observations for which earnings indicate “favorable” news about the firm and dividends contemporaneously indicate “unfavorable” news. Dividends convey little, if any, information that is not already conveyed in contemporaneous earnings for other subsamples of firms.
Take Down syndrome out of the abortion debate

Trig Palin, the 5-month-old son of vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, has drawn enormous public notice to Down syndrome. For that, many in the US and Canadian Down syndrome communities are grateful. ![Figure][1] Photo by: Stuart Kinmond But as the mother of 2 children with Down
Random interactions in higher order neural networks

Recurrent networks of polynomial threshold elements with random symmetric interactions are studied. Precise asymptotic estimates are derived for the expected number of fixed points as a function of the margin of stability. In particular, it is shown that there is a critical range of margins of stability (depending on the degree of polynomial interaction) such that the expected number of fixed points with margins below the critical range grows exponentially with the number of nodes in the network, while the expected number of fixed points with margins above the critical range decreases exponentially with the number of nodes in the network. The random energy model is also briefly examined, and links with higher-order neural networks and higher-order spin glass models are made explicit. >
Imino Proton Exchange Provides an 1H-NMR Footprint of Protein-DNA Interactions: General Strategy and Application to the SRY HMG Box

Abstract A novel 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) strategy for “footprinting” specific protein-DNA target sites is demonstrated. Relative rates of site-specific imino-proton exchange in the free and bound DNA duplex are determined by use of laminar-shifted shaped pulses in NOESY spectra. 2D exchange crosspeaks between imino (ω2 dimension) and water (ω1, dimension) resonances in principle provide site-specific probes of protein binding. Chemical exchange is distinguished from nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs) to bound water by use of ROESY spectroscopy. This strategy is illustrated in 1H-NMR studies of the SRY high-mobility group (HMG) box, the Y-chromosome-encoded “master switch” for testis determination in man. In a specific complex between the protein and a 15-basepair DNA site, imino-proton exchange was observed to be damped selectively within the six basepair subsite 5′-ATTGTT, previously identified by random binding-site selection as an optimal SRY target sequence. The extent of damping corre...
Separation control on an airfoil by periodic forcing

The introduction of transverse velocity fluctuations into a separated shear layer on an airfoil at high angles of attack is presently demonstrated to be an effective separation-control technique. Airfoil aerodynamic characteristics, including poststall lift and drag as well as maximum lift coefficient and stall angle, all exhibited improvements controlled forcing at 20 deg angle of attack led to an increased spreading of the mean velocity profile, together with increased turbulence activity; separation moved from the leading edge to about 80 percent of chord.
Amendments to the Center for Devices and Radiological Health Federal Performance Standard for laser products

Federal law requires that all laser products that are imported into or introduced into commerce in the United States comply with the performance standard published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CRF), Title 21, Parts 1040.10 and 1040.11, administered by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), US Food and Drug Administration. Although it contains somewhat different requirements for hazard classification, engineering controls and labeling, the ANSI Z136.1 standard defers to the CDRH standard. The CDRH standard became effective in August, 1976 and was amended, in 1978 and also in 1985. In the early 1990s, US experts met to formulate an approach to bring the requirements of the CDRH standard and those of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, IEC 825, into closer agreement in order to lower barriers to international trade and to remove any excessive compliance burdens on manufacturers. In 1993, the CDRH published, formally in the Federal Register and informally, a Notice of Intent to amend the CDRH standard. Responses to those notices have now been analyzed and informal draft amendments were distributed in 1996. This draft is now being prepared for formal issuance as a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Meanwhile, the IEC standard was amended in 1993 and republished as IEC 825‐1; these amendments created considerable controversy since they resulted in over classification of the hazard of many products, especially light emitting diodes (LEDs) that have a large divergence and increased source dimensions. Additional amendments are now being developed to correct this problem. The CDRH has carefully monitored developments in the IEC and actively participated in its proceedings as a guide in developing its own proposal. This paper describes the major changes that are being proposed for the CDRH standard and presents some rationale for the major changes. The more significant changes include expansion of applicability to include LEDs, reduced emission durations for classification, revised measurement procedures for hazard classification, reduced performance requirements for lower power visible radiation products, and revised requirements for medical products.
Role of heme in structural organization of cytochrome c probed by semisynthesis.

The heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c is covalently attached to the protein through thioether bonds to two cysteine side chains. The role of covalent heme attachment to cytochrome c is not unde...
Myeloperoxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Tyrosine

Abstract The oxidation of tyr by myleoperoxidase (MPO) is postulated to play a role in atherosclerotic plaque formation. MPO has been localized in plaques and a product of MPO-catalyzed oxidation of tyr, dityrosine, also found in plaques, is proposed to be a protein cross-linking agent. We have performed kinetic studies on the oxidation of tyr by MPO and investigated the role of substrate size on its oxidation. The kinetics of MPO-catalyzed oxidation of tyr where the tyr is free tyr, the dipeptides, tripeptides, and polypeptides were studied by stopped-flow methods. The rate of reaction with enzyme intermediates compound I and compound II are decreased with increasing substrate size. The amount of dityrosine formed was also decreased with increasing substrate size. The ability of sulfhydryl compounds to inhibit MPO-dependent dityrosine formation was investigated with reduced glutathione, cys, and met. Glutathione and cys both served as substrates for MPO compound I but not compound II, whereas met was not a substrate for either compound I or II. Met, an amino acid postulated to act as a “last chance” antioxidant for proteins, was not able to inhibit dityrosine formation from MPO-catalyzed oxidation of tyr. Glutathione and cys caused partial inhibition; however, it is possible that this inhibition was due to their ability to react directly with MPO rather than trapping the tyr radicals.
Regulation of MEF2 transcriptional activity by calcineurin/mAKAP complexes

The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is required for the induction of transcriptional events that initiate and promote myogenic differentiation. An important effector for calcineurin in striated muscle is the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). The targeting of the enzyme and substrate to specific intracellular compartments by scaffold proteins often confers specificity in phosphatase activity. We now show that the scaffolding protein mAKAP organizes a calcineurin/MEF2 signaling complex in myocytes, regulating gene transcription. A calcineurin/mAKAP/MEF2 complex can be isolated from C2C12 cells and cardiac myocytes, and the calcineurin/MEF2 association is dependent on mAKAP expression. We have identified a peptide comprising the calcineurin binding domain in mAKAP that can disrupt the binding of the phosphatase to the scaffold in vivo. Dominant interference of calcineurin/mAKAP binding blunts the increase in MEF2 transcriptional activity seen during myoblast differentiation, as well as the expression of endogenous MEF2-target genes. Furthermore, disruption of calcineurin binding to mAKAP in cardiac myocytes inhibits adrenergic-induced cellular hypertrophy. Together these data illustrate the importance of calcineurin anchoring by the mAKAP scaffold for MEF2 regulation.
On the pitch of two‐tone complexes

The predictions of two models for the pitch of two‐tone complexes were compared to pitch matching results obtained in a previous study [Feth, O’Malley, and Ramsey, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 1403–1412 (1982)] and the present study. In one model, the pitch value of a waveform was calculated from the envelope‐weighted average of instantaneous frequency of the waveform (the EWAIF model). In the other model, the pitch value was calculated from the squared‐envelope‐weighted average of instantaneous frequency (the SEWAIF model). The SEWAIF model better predicts the data.
Child-Centred child management in a changing world.

Background: There is a need to “re-think” child management, as the completion of a procedure is not the only dental goal. Short versus long-term goals and the behavioural and pharmacologic repertoire will influence outcomes. Review: A child-centred approach is described, with a specific protocol for the dental waiting room. The changing attitudes of society need to be taken into account in the use of behaviour management techniques by paediatric dentists. Conclusion: The goal of managing children in the dental environment requires some thought: the welfare of the child depends on attention by a clinician to long term goals. The contemporary child centred clinician has a wide range of child management skills. It is not optional for the clinician to develop his/her behavioural expertise to a high level; clinician skills have long-term consequences. These days behaviour management begins in the waiting room where initial contact provides the opportunity to shape subsequent behaviours.
Effect of epicuticular wax on UV scattering of sorghum leaves and canopies

Sorghum bicolor is grown in equatorial regions that have naturally high ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposures. To determine whether the increased wax production on the sorghum leaves and sheaths protects the plant by increased scattered radiation from the plant surface, the effects of wax amount on UVB reflectances were examined in greenhouse and field experiments involving three isolines of sorghum -- wild-type and two wax mutants. Reflectance of the wild-type sheath was found to be a result of the wax present while that on the mutant sheaths was not dependent on wax amount. Overhead UVB exposure corresponded with reduced sheath and increased leaf UVB reflectance for wild-type but negligible changes in both sheath and leaf reflectance for the two mutants. Although the sheath reflectances of wild-type were twice that of the two mutants, the negligible difference in leaf reflectance between isolines resulted in negligible differences in the canopy bi-directional reflectance, even at high view angles. The UVA canopy reflectance factors of the three sorghum isolines were measured at 0.03 at viewing angles near nadir on clear sky days. Predicted reflectance factors were calculated using the SAIL model then compared with the measured reflectance factors to evaluate the effect of sky diffuse fraction on the measured differences.
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF75c contains ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and requires PML SUMOylation but not other known cellular PML regulators, CK2 and E6AP, to mediate PML degradation

All gammaherpsviruses encode at least one gene related to the cellular formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase (FGARAT) enzyme but their biological roles are relatively unknown. The murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) vFGARAT, ORF75c, mediates a proteasome-dependent degradation of the antiviral promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein by an unknown mechanism, which is addressed in this study. We found that ORF75c interacts weakly with PML and SUMO-modified forms of PML are important for its degradation by ORF75c. ORF75c-mediated PML degradation was not dependent on two known cellular regulators of PML stability, Casein kinase II (CK2) and human papilloma virus E6-associated protein (E6AP). Finally, ORF75c had self-ubiquitination activity in vitro and its expression increased levels of ubiquitinated PML in transfected cells. Taken together, the evidence accumulated in this study provides new insights into the function of a vFGARAT and is consistent with a model in which ORF75c could mediate direct ubiquitination of PML resulting in its degradation by the proteasome.
Recent advances in intravesical drug/gene delivery.

Targeting of drugs administered systemically relies on the higher affinity of ligands for specific receptors to obtain selectivity in drug response. However, achieving the same goal inside the blad...
Parametrized multifield variational principles in elasticity: I. Mixed functionals

A one-parameter family of mixed variational principles for linear elasticity is constructed. This family includes the generalized Hellinger-Reissner and total potential energy principles as special cases. The presence of the free parameter offers an opportunity for the systematic derivation of energy-balanced finite elements that combine displacement and stress assumptions. It is shown that Fraeijs de Veubeke's stress-assumption limitation principle takes a particulary elegant expression in terms of the parametrized discrete form. Other possible parametrizations are briefly discussed.
Enhancing the Assessment of Verbal Aggression Through Observational Methodology

The assessment of verbal aggression in adolescent and young adult dating relationships has largely relied on self-report methodology. We investigated whether information on verbal aggression derived from an observational assessment would enhance the prediction of romantic relationship satisfaction and dissolution in a sample of young adult dating relationships (N = 113). Observationally assessed verbal aggression was moderately associated with self-reported verbal aggression. Consistent with previous findings, neither self-reported nor observationally assessed verbal aggression was associated with relationship dissolution. Observationally assessed verbal aggression and self-reported verbal aggression each uniquely accounted for a substantial amount of variability in romantic relationship satisfaction. The findings of this study provide additional support for conducting multimethod assessments of verbal aggression and incorporating observational methodology in the study of aggression in young adult dating ...
In vitro Protein Synthesis by Plastids of Phaseolus vulgaris. II. The Probable Relation Between Ribonuclease Insensitive Amino Acid Incorporation and the Presence of Intact Chloroplasts.

Amino acid incorporation into protein by chloroplasts from primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Black Valentine is only partially inhibited by 400 μg/ml ribonuclease. The rate of incorporation, in the presence of ribonuclease, is progressively inhibited with time, and ceases after about half an hour. Preincubation of chloroplasts at 25°, in the absence of ribonuclease, increases the inhibitory effect of ribonuclease on the initial rate of incorporation of amino acid into protein. Examination of electron micrographs of freshly prepared chloroplast suspensions shows that chloroplasts are largely intact. However, after incubation at 25° for 1 hour the chloroplasts are disrupted, as indicated by loss of their stroma contents. It is concluded that the intact chloroplast membrane is relatively impermeable to ribonuclease. Amino acid incorporating activity probably becomes inhibited as the inside of the chloroplast is made accessible to ribonuclease by breakage of membranes during incubation at 25°.
Nonlinear optimal control of plate structures using magnetostrictive actuators

A nonlinear optimal control method is developed for magnetostrictive actuators used to actively attenuate plate vibration. Significant improvements in vibration control can be achieved when the magnetostrictive actuators are driven at moderate to high field levels. This results in nonlinearity and hysteresis which cannot be effectively compensated using linear control theory. This issue is addressed by introducing a homogenized energy model that accounts for nonlinear, hysteretic constitutive behavior into the control design. Numerical examples illustrate significant improvements in vibration attenuation when the nonlinear control method is implemented.
Genetic influences on bone loss in the San Antonio Family Osteoporosis study

The genetic contribution to age-related bone loss is not well understood. We estimated that genes accounted for 25–45% of variation in 5-year change in bone mineral density in men and women. An autosome-wide linkage scan yielded no significant evidence for chromosomal regions implicated in bone loss. The contribution of genetics to acquisition of peak bone mass is well documented, but little is known about the influence of genes on subsequent bone loss with age. We therefore measured 5-year change in bone mineral density (BMD) in 300 Mexican Americans (>45 years of age) from the San Antonio Family Osteoporosis Study to identify genetic factors influencing bone loss. Annualized change in BMD was calculated from measurements taken 5.5 years apart. Heritability (h2) of BMD change was estimated using variance components methods and autosome-wide linkage analysis was carried out using 460 microsatellite markers at a mean 7.6 cM interval density. Rate of BMD change was heritable at the forearm (h2 = 0.31, p = 0.021), hip (h2 = 0.44, p = 0.017), spine (h2 = 0.42, p = 0.005), but not whole body (h2 = 0.18, p = 0.123). Covariates associated with rapid bone loss (advanced age, baseline BMD, female sex, low baseline weight, postmenopausal status, and interim weight loss) accounted for 10% to 28% of trait variation. No significant evidence of linkage was observed at any skeletal site. This is one of the first studies to report significant heritability of BMD change for weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones in an unselected population and the first linkage scan for change in BMD.
Play to Learn, Learn to Play: Language Learning through Gaming Culture.

Many researchers have investigated learning through playing games. However, after playing games, players often go online to establish and participate in the online community where they enrich their game experiences, discuss game-related issues, and create fan-fictions, screenshots, or scenarios. Although these emerging activities are an essential part of gaming culture, they have not attracted much attention from researchers and only a few empirical studies have been done on learning through beyond-game culture. Language learning in particular has not been extensively researched despite the proliferation of game players who speak English as a foreign language within this community. To address how non-native English speaking (NNE) game players participate in language learning through game play and beyond-game culture, three generations of activity theories and a multiple-case study design were employed in this study. The asynchronous computer-mediated discourses were repeatedly reviewed, and email interviews with participants were conducted over three stages. The discourse analysis of interaction data and interview scripts showed how participants were engaged in language learning through gaming culture. First, words or phrases used in game play could be learned while playing games. Second, sentences or discourses could be practiced through interaction with native or more fluent peers in the online community after playing games. Third, these two types of engagement in gaming culture were closely related to influencing language learning through repeated practices and collaborative interactions. In conclusion, language learning through gaming is appropriately understood when ecological perspectives are adopted to look at both sides of gaming culture.
Effects of the herbicides prosulfuron and metolachlor on fluxes of CO2, N2O, and CH4 in a fertilized Colorado grassland soil

[1] The effect that pesticides have on trace gas production and consumption in agricultural soils is often overlooked. Independent field and laboratory experiments were used to measure the effects that the commonly used herbicides prosulfuron and metolachlor have on trace gas fluxes (CO2, N2O, and CH4) from fertilized soil of the Colorado shortgrass steppe. Separate sample plots (1 m2) on tilled and no-till soil at the sites included the following treatments: 1) a control without fertilizer or herbicide, 2) a fertilized (NH4NO3 equivalent to 244 kg ha−1) control without herbicide, 3) and fertilized plots amended with an herbicide (prosulfuron equivalent to 0.46 kg ha−1 57% by weight active ingredient or metolachlor equivalent to 5.7 L ha−1, 82.4% by weight active ingredient). During an initial study of one year duration, measurement of gas exchange revealed that prosulfuron-amendment stimulated N2O emissions and CH4 consumption by as much as 1600% and 1300% during a single measurement, respectively. During a second set of flux measurements beginning in August 2001, more frequent weekly measurements were made during a twelve week period. From this second study an increased N2O efflux and CH4 uptake occurred after a 7-week lag period that persisted for about 5 weeks. These changes in gas flux amounted to an overall increase of 41% and 30% for N2O emission and CH4 consumption, respectively. The co-occurrence of stimulated N2O and CH4 fluxes suggests a similar cause that is related to prosulfuron degradation. Evidence suggested that prosulfuron degradation stimulated microbial activity responsible for trace gas flux. Ultimately, prosulfuron-amendment led to an ∼50% reduction in the global warming potential from N2O and CH4 fluxes at this field site, which is equivalent to a reduction of the global warming potential of 0.18 mols CO2 m−2 d−1 from these gases. Metolachlor application did not significantly affect the trace gas fluxes measured. These results demonstrate the potential impact that pesticides have on trace gas fluxes from agricultural soils, which could mean that the effects of other agricultural practices have been over or under estimated.
Design for machining using expert system and fuzzy logic approach

Design for machining is an essential part of design for manufacturability (DFM). This paper presents a fuzzy logic expert system, SMARTDFM, to help designers obtaining technical information about design for machining. It can help design engineers to consider various machining aspects in the early stage of product design. A hierarchical structure has been established for the knowledge base. This expert system can classify all the components into different component shapes. The design guidelines and their justifications have been built into the expert system. This system also offers graphic display for visualization of the product design. Backward chaining is used in the inference engine. This system solves the uncertainty of the classification of component shapes using fuzzy reasoning. The design engineers can obtain very specialized guidelines and explanations about design for machining, such as component shapes, accuracy and surface finish, work material and standardization, kinematic design, component assembly, etc. Furthermore, SMARTDFM offers the shortest path for all the questions so that design engineers can get the information about design for machining very quickly. In simple words, SMARTDFM can be used by design engineers to apply design for machining principles efficiently and effectively.
Factors impacting intention to leave in social workers and child care workers employed at voluntary agencies

Abstract Introduction To ameliorate high turnover in child welfare, researchers have attempted to identify factors that lead to undesirable turnover. While this has been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to turnover based upon job roles. Like social workers in child welfare, the field of child care also experiences high turnover. Child care workers employed in child welfare settings are no exception. The current study seeks to understand differential factors that impact intent to leave for preventive and child care workers employed in child welfare agencies. Materials and methods Data for prevention workers (n = 538) were obtained from all preventive service programs under contract with the City. Data for child care workers (n = 222) were obtained from three voluntary agencies located elsewhere in the State. The instrument was a modified version of a survey developed to examine job satisfaction and potential turnover among public child welfare workers. Domains measured included job satisfaction, intention to leave, career commitment, and agency investment. Data were analyzed using bivariate analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results Child care workers had more positive perceptions of child welfare and planned to stay in child welfare longer. Despite this, prevention workers felt more invested in their work. Child care and prevention workers had different levels of satisfaction with their jobs although overall job satisfaction did not differ nor did their intention to leave. Tenure at the agency was predictive of career investment. Investment, perceptions of child welfare, satisfaction with nature of work, and contingent rewards were associated with career commitment. Commitment and satisfaction with supervision were the greatest predictors of intention to leave. Discussion There is a gap in literature addressing child care workers in child welfare, and future study of this group is needed. Child care workers are just as likely to intend to leave their jobs as prevention workers. For both groups, it appears that investment in their jobs increases commitment to the field which reduces intention to leave.
Chemical and Antigenic Properties of the Cell Wall of Actinomyces viscosus (Strain T6)

Pure cell wall of Actinomyces viscosus (T6) was isolated and its chemical composition was determined. The major antigen of the cell wall was the peptidoglycan. This component was similar to other bacterial peptidoglycans in its polysaccharide and peptide subunits. Quantitative chemical analysis, however, indicated a cross-bridge structure that has not been reported previously in other bacterial species.
Attempt to induce nFl behavior in Ce7Ni3 with magnetic field

Abstract The low temperature resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat for the antiferromagnet Ce7Ni3 in magnetic fields to 13 T are reported. A magnetic anomaly in the specific heat at 0.6 K is readily suppressed by 2 T, but the large antiferromagnetic ordering anomaly in C at 1.9 K remains essentially at the same temperature as a function of field, decreasing in magnitude and disappearing between 6 and 9 T. Non-Fermi liquid like behavior in C, ρ and χ is observed to appear at about 3.5 T, but is only observable above the remanent antiferromagnetic ordering at 1.9 K.
Discussion of the turbidity maximum in partially mixed estuaries

A set of box model equations is developed to define the suspended sediment distribution and turbidity maximum related to gravitational circulation effects. The box model results are tested against a numerical model simulation of the same problem
Pacemaker endless loop tachycardia: termination by simple techniques other than magnet application.

Purpose: Pacemaker endless loop (or reentrant) tachycardia (ELT) is often terminated by conversion to the asynchronous mode of pacing by simply placing a magnet over the implanted atrial tracking (DDD or VDD) pacemaker. We investigated three other simple methods of ELT termination—chest wall stimulation (CWS), provocation of myopotential oversensing, and chest thumping—that may be useful when the arrhythmia is unresponsive to magnet application or a magnet is unavailable. Patients and methods: A modified CWS technique using an external pulse generator (pulse width=40 msec) ordinarily used for transcutaneous cardiac pacing was tested in 74 patients (40 with unipolar and 34 with bipolar DDD devices). CWS inhibited the ventricular channel of all DDD pacemakers easily and reliably. CWS was then applied during ELT in 20 patients (10 with unipolar and 10 with bipolar DDD devices). Provocation of myopotential oversensing by the ventricular channel was attempted during ELT in 10 patients with unipolar DDD pacemakers. Chest thumping was tried during ELT in six patients. Results: CWS by the modified technique terminated ELT in all patients in whom the arrhythmia was induced. Myopotential oversensing resulted in successful ELT termination in six of the 10 patients. ELT was successfully terminated by chest thumping in four of six patients. Conclusion: These simple techniques provide effective ways of ELT termination other than magnet application, and may be easily applied by physicians unfamiliar with the complexities of contemporary DDD pacemakers and their programmers.
The Leaf Essential Oils of Juniperus communis L. Varieties in North America and the NMR and MS Data for Isoabienol

Abstract This is first report on the composition of the leaf essential oils of J. communis L. varieties from the Western Hemisphere. The oil of Juniperus communis var. jackii had the most distinct oil and contained moderate amounts of α-pinene (16.1–18.9%), δ-3-carene (17.9–28.4%) and β-phellandrene (9.2–13.4%) along with several diterpenes including isoabienol. Juniperus communis var. charlottensis oil had a very high concentration of α-pinene (59.3%), with moderate amounts of β-pinene (5.9%), δ-3-carene (3.6%) and β-phellandrene (2.9%). The oil of J. communis var. depressa was dominated by α-pinene (53.9%), δ-carene (9.3%) and β-pinene (5.5%) and was a little unusual in also containing citronellol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate with no diterpenes. The oil of J. com-munis var. megistocarpa possessed large amounts of α-pinene (58.5%), limonene (20.4%) and β-pinene (5.0%) and, like J. communis var. depressa, its oil also contained citronellol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and...
Gender and hormonal status affect the regulation of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity and mRNA abundance by dietary soluble fiber in the guinea pig

Abstract Dietary soluble fiber (SF) consistently lowers plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, however, secondary mechanisms governing this reduction are not completely defined. Moreover, these mechanisms appear to differ with gender. Male, female and ovariectomized (to mimic menopause) guinea pigs were used to assess effects of gender, hormonal status and SF on activity and expression of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7). Diets were identical except for fiber source (control 10% cellulose, SF 5% psyllium/5% pectin). SF intake resulted in 44% lower plasma total cholesterol, 51% lower plasma LDL-C and 22% lower plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. However, ovariectomized guinea pigs fed either the control or SF diets, had the highest plasma LDL-C and TAG levels ( P
Lung cancer incidence decreases with elevation: evidence for oxygen as an inhaled carcinogen

The level of atmospheric oxygen, a driver of free radical damage and tumorigenesis, decreases sharply with rising elevation. To understand whether ambient oxygen plays a role in human carcinogenesis, we characterized age-adjusted cancer incidence (compiled by the National Cancer Institute from 2005 to 2009) across counties of the elevation-varying Western United States and compared trends displayed by respiratory cancer (lung) and non-respiratory cancers (breast, colorectal, and prostate). To adjust for important demographic and cancer-risk factors, 8-12 covariates were considered for each cancer. We produced regression models that captured known risks. Models demonstrated that elevation is strongly, negatively associated with lung cancer incidence (p < 10(-16)), but not with the incidence of non-respiratory cancers. For every 1,000 m rise in elevation, lung cancer incidence decreased by 7.23 99% CI [5.18-9.29] cases per 100,000 individuals, equivalent to 12.7% of the mean incidence, 56.8. As a predictor of lung cancer incidence, elevation was second only to smoking prevalence in terms of significance and effect size. Furthermore, no evidence of ecological fallacy or of confounding arising from evaluated factors was detected: the lung cancer association was robust to varying regression models, county stratification, and population subgrouping; additionally seven environmental correlates of elevation, such as exposure to sunlight and fine particulate matter, could not capture the association. Overall, our findings suggest the presence of an inhaled carcinogen inherently and inversely tied to elevation, offering epidemiological support for oxygen-driven tumorigenesis. Finally, highlighting the need to consider elevation in studies of lung cancer, we demonstrated that previously reported inverse lung cancer associations with radon and UVB became insignificant after accounting for elevation.
The Coastal Construction Control Line: A Cost‐Benefit Analysis

This paper reports on a cost-benefit study of the Florida Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) in Martin County, Florida. The study compared the costs of implementing and maintaining the line with the value of the potential benefits resulting from (1) storm damage reduction and (2) increased open space. A systems model of development patterns was designed to project forward the historic development patterns along the beach which were compared with the patterns that have occurred subsequent to implementing the CCCL. The analysis showed the CCCL not to be cost effective in the area studied.
The visible hands, quantity targets as coaxing tools

Abstract Planning is studied in a two-tier environment motivated by Soviet economic reforms. The center's goal is ex post balancing of demand and supply of funded commodities after one informational exchange period. Firm managers make production decisions to maximize a combination of current profit and output adjusted for penalties when quantity directives are not fulfilled. After judiciously differentiating incentive structures, the center manipulates quantity targets to coax production decisions satisfying its balancing objective. A taxonomy of target misspecifications is developed. Traditional concerns of ex ante consistency and feasibility of production plans are shown to be less important in the new environment.
Numerical simulation of thermomagnetic writing in RE-TM films

In the development of high-performance magneto-optic (MO) media for data storage, it is important to understand the processes by which reversed magnetic domains are formed in thermomagnetic writing. Thin films of amorphous rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloys deposited by sputtering on a nonmagnetic substrate have become a popular choice for an erasable storage medium. We have developed a simplified micromagnetics simulation of the behavior of RE-TM films that produces an equilibrium configuration of film magnetization for a specified thermal profile and applied magnetic field. This Monte Carlo-type model is useful for assessing the size, shape, and stability of written marks in MO recording. In addition, the simulation provides estimates of the minimum field strength required for nucleation and growth of reversed domains, and hence it predicts film coercivity at any temperature. An equilibrium state is determined by magnetic energy minimization. Magnetization dynamics are not incorporated into the model, but instead, a quasi-static approach to equilibrium is simulated. Spatial resolution can be arbitrarily small, and discretization down to about 20 nm can be reasonably accommodated. Readout of written domains has been incorporated as an additional feature of this model.
Effects of Toll-like Receptor Stimulation on Eosinophilic Infiltration in Lungs of BALB/c Mice Immunized with UV-inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus Vaccine

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe respiratory illness. Whole UV-inactivated SARS-CoV (UV-V), bearing multiple epitopes and proteins, is a candidate vaccine against this virus. However, whole inactivated SARS vaccine that includes nucleocapsid protein is reported to induce eosinophilic infiltration in mouse lungs after challenge with live SARS-CoV. In this study, an ability of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to reduce the side effects of UV-V vaccination in a 6-month-old adult BALB/c mouse model was investigated, using the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS-CoV. Immunization of adult mice with UV-V, with or without alum, resulted in partial protection from lethal doses of SARS-CoV challenge, but extensive eosinophil infiltration in the lungs was observed. In contrast, TLR agonists added to UV-V vaccine, including lipopolysaccharide, poly(U), and poly(I·C) (UV-V+TLR), strikingly reduced excess eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs and induced lower levels of interleukin-4 and -13 and eotaxin in the lungs than UV-V-immunization alone. Additionally, microarray analysis showed that genes associated with chemotaxis, eosinophil migration, eosinophilia, and cell movement and the polarization of Th2 cells were upregulated in UV-V-immunized but not in UV-V+TLR-immunized mice. In particular, CD11b+ cells in the lungs of UV-V-immunized mice showed the upregulation of genes associated with the induction of eosinophils after challenge. These findings suggest that vaccine-induced eosinophil immunopathology in the lungs upon SARS-CoV infection could be avoided by the TLR agonist adjuvants. IMPORTANCE Inactivated whole severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies in mouse models; however, they also cause increased eosinophilic immunopathology in the lungs upon SARS-CoV challenge. In this study, the ability of adjuvant Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to reduce the side effects of UV-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccination in a BALB/c mouse model was tested, using the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS-CoV. We found that TLR stimulation reduced the high level of eosinophilic infiltration that occurred in the lungs of mice immunized with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV. Microarray analysis revealed that genes associated with chemotaxis, eosinophil migration, eosinophilia, and cell movement and the polarization of Th2 cells were upregulated in UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-immunized mice. This study may be helpful for elucidating the pathogenesis underlying eosinophilic infiltration resulting from immunization with inactivated vaccine.
Staging and Recurrence of Disease in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

In order to determine the prognostic significance of applying the revised FIGO staging system and identify factors contributing to survival after documentation of recurrent disease, a retrospective chart review of our vulvar cancer population was performed. Over a 17-year interval 135 patients were uniformly treated with primary surgical treatment consisting of radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin dissection. Factors contributing to disease-free survival were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Covariates of survival after recurrence of disease were analyzed using the log-rank method. Neither the clinical assessment of the groin nodes, nor the presence or absence of perineal involvement were related to outcome. Only lesion size and surgical status of the inguinal nodes were significant predictors of disease-free survival (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the extent of groin involvement (negative, unilateral positive, and bilateral positive nodes) and associated decrement in disease-free survival (P = 0.01). Thirty patients developed recurrence of disease from 2.0 to 47.3 months following surgery. The location of the recurrence, interval from primary therapy to recurrence, and status of the groin nodes at initial surgery were significant prognostic factors in subsequent survival. The revised staging system demonstrated an improvement in patient stratification compared to the criteria of the prior classification. The data are also consistent with the distinction made between Stage III and IV disease in the new classification. The status of the groin nodes at original surgery remained an important prognostic factor even in those patients who later demonstrated recurrence of disease.