cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
C3 Opsonization of Anthrax Bacterium and Peptidoglycan Supports Recognition and Activation of Neutrophils

Neutrophils are the most abundant innate cell population and a key immune player against invading pathogens. Neutrophils can kill both bacterium and spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative anthrax pathogen. Unlike interactions with professional phagocytes, the molecular recognition of anthrax by neutrophils is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of complement C3 deposition on anthrax particles for neutrophil recognition of bacterium and/or its cell wall peptidoglycan, an abundant pathogen-associated molecular pattern that supports anthrax sepsis. C3 opsonization and recognition by complement receptors accounted for 70–80% of the affinity interactions between neutrophils and anthrax particles at subphysiologic temperatures. In contrast, C3 supported up to 50% of the anthrax particle ingestion under thermophysiologic conditions. Opsonin-dependent low affinity interactions and, to a lower extent, opsonin-independent mechanisms, provide alternative entry routes. Similarly, C3 supported 58% of peptidoglycan-induced degranulation and, to a lower extent, 23% of bacterium-induced degranulation. Interestingly, an opsonin independent mechanism mediated by complement C5, likely through C5a anaphylatoxin, primes azurophilic granules in response to anthrax particles. Overall, we show that C3 deposition supports anthrax recognition by neutrophils but is dispensable for pathogen ingestion and neutrophil degranulation, highlighting immune recognition redundancies that minimize the risk of pathogen evasion.
Wilson Prize article: Transverse phase-space manipulations in electron accelerators *

The 2020 APS Robert R. Wilson Prize was won by Bruce E. Carlsten. This paper is an invited contribution inspired by this award.
Characterization of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced sustainable thermoplastic elastomers

Abstract Elastomer nanocomposites have attracted tremendous attention in recent years owing to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal barrier and flame-retardant properties. Graphene has become a prevalent constituent in elastomer nanocomposites thanks to its superior stiffness and strength, as well as its potential to enhance multifunctional properties. In this study, sustainable thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled polypropylene (RPP) and renewable guayule latex, which has recently entered the commercial arena as an alternative natural rubber, were prepared with polypropylene-grafted-maleic anhydride as a coupling agent. Graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) (2.5–10% by wt.) were added to enhance the mechanical (strength and modulus), thermal and flame retardant properties. With the addition of 10% GnP, the flexural modulus increased by a factor of 1.24, whereas tensile modulus increased by 76%. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surface of GnP reinforced nanocomposites showed a good correlation with the improvements in impact properties. Thermogravimetric analysis of composites with 10% GnP showed an increase in carbon residue at 600°C by a factor of 3.4 indicating improved thermal stability. Incorporation of GnP did not have a significant effect on the glass transition temperature range, however, the magnitude of storage modulus increased significantly. As expected, incorporation of GnP increased the shear viscosity, which decreased with shear rate exhibiting non-Newtonian behavior. These results indicate that GnP reinforced composites could be used in the next generation of automotive thermoplastic elastomer products such as cowl vent grills, wheel lips, rear bumper fascia, rocker panels and side moldings with certain improvements in mechanical, thermal and physical properties.
Balloon-assisted inferior vena cava filter retrieval: A novel technique to enhance irretrievable filter extraction

Although the use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters has expanded, complications have led to the recommendation to remove all unnecessary filters. Several techniques exist to aid in retrieving irretrievable IVC filters. The balloon-assisted retrieval technique has previously been described to aid in cases of an embedded hook. This report describes an alternative use of the balloon-assisted technique, specifically to aid in the retrieval of Greenfield IVC filters in cases of strut perforation of the cava wall. This technique was successfully performed in six out of six attempted cases with no associated complications.
Equivalence in ventilation and indoor air quality

We ventilate buildings to provide acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). Ventilation standards (such as American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Enginners [ASHRAE] Standard 62) specify minimum ventilation rates without taking into account the impact of those rates on IAQ. Innovative ventilation management is often a desirable element of reducing energy consumption or improving IAQ or comfort. Variable ventilation is one innovative strategy. To use variable ventilation in a way that meets standards, it is necessary to have a method for determining equivalence in terms of either ventilation or indoor air quality. This study develops methods to calculate either equivalent ventilation or equivalent IAQ. We demonstrate that equivalent ventilation can be used as the basis for dynamic ventilation control, reducing peak load and infiltration of outdoor contaminants. We also show that equivalent IAQ could allow some contaminants to exceed current standards if other contaminants are more stringently controlled.
On computing the MIMO real structured stability margin

The problem of the robust stability of a polynomial multilinearly dependent on n independent bounded real uncertain parameters Delta /sub k/ in (-1, +1) is considerable. In particular, it is shown by example that there may be a unique Delta =( Delta /sub 1/, . . ., Delta /sub n/) with precisely n-1 nonextremal elements for which the polynomial reaches zero. Hence, the conjecture that generically it suffices to consider Delta 's with at most two nonextremal elements is false. >
Pregnancy and Lactation: Physiological Adjustments, Nutritional Requirements and the Role of Dietary Supplements

Nutritional needs are increased during pregnancy and lactation for support of fetal and infant growth and development along with alterations in maternal tissues and metabolism. Total nutrient needs are not necessarily the sum of those accumulated in maternal tissues, products of pregnancy and lactation and those attributable to the maintenance of nonreproducing women. Maternal metabolism is adjusted through the elaboration of hormones that serve as mediators, redirecting nutrients to highly specialized maternal tissues specific to reproduction (i.e., placenta and mammary gland). It is most unlikely that the heightened nutrient needs for successful reproduction can always be met from the maternal diet. Requirements for energy-yielding macronutrients increase modestly compared with several micronutrients that are unevenly distributed among foods. Altered nutrient utilization and mobilization of reserves often offset enhanced needs but sometimes nutrient deficiencies are precipitated by reproduction. There are only limited data from well-controlled intervention studies with dietary supplements and with few exceptions (iron during pregnancy and folate during the periconceptional period), the evidence is not strong that nutrient supplements confer measurable benefit. More research is needed and in future studies attention must be given to subject characteristics that may influence ability to meet maternal and infant demands (genetic and environmental), nutrient-nutrient interactions, sensitivity and selectivity of measured outcomes and proper use of proxy measures. Consideration of these factors in future studies of pregnancy and lactation are necessary to provide an understanding of the links among maternal diet; nutritional supplementation; and fetal, infant and maternal health.
D. Z. Phillips as Philosopher of Religion

INCE the publication of The Concept of Prayer in 1965, the Wittgensteinian probings of the Welsh philosopher of religion, Dewi Zephaniah Phillips, have been increasingly discussed on both sides of the Atlantic. Due to the very controversial and frequently confused nature of this discussion, I wish to sort out several of the central concepts in Phillips' argument (insofar as they can be rendered coherent and systematic), stressing particularly his attempt to clarify the nature and functions of religious discourse, and then to evaluate his contribution in the light of some typical and important criticisms. I should perhaps add at the outset that I am in basic sympathy with Phillips' effort, but I am also convinced that it requires some major modifications if it is to meet several of the objections so far raised against it. The paper will be divided into two parts, exposition and criticism, and, for reasons of space, most of the relevant literature will be cited in the notes rather than treated extensively in the text.
SUBSEA TRANSPORT OF ARCTIC OIL. A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION

The nuclear propelled submarine, as a cargo vessel for transport of Arctic crude oil, is discussed as an element of a subsea transport system. The submarine is presented as technically feasible and the paper concludes such a subsea system to be economically competitive with other transport modes for delivery of Northern Alaskan and Canadian Arctic crudes to North Atlantic and European markets.
Excitation migration in the polydiacetylene DCHD

Abstract We report ultrafast spectroscopic results on excitation migration in the polydiacetylene DCHD, a crystalline conjugated polymer with carbazole side groups. We find that excitations created initially on the carbazole side group migrate rapidly (⩽ 10 ps) to the polydiacetylene backbone. Relaxation of this excitation has the same spectral and temporal signature as relaxation of the backbone excitonic resonance. Comparison of our data to the electroabsorption response for DCHD confirms excitation transfer and not carrier transfer. The rapid excitation transfer we measure is consistent with a Forster through-space mechanism. The excitonic transition localized to the polymer backbone decays nonradiatively into side group vibrational modes that have a characteristic (e −1 ) lifetime of ≈ 3.3 ns.
The RNA Polymerase of Marine Cyanophage Syn5

A single subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was identified and purified to apparent homogeneity from cyanophage Syn5 that infects the marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus. Syn5 is homologous to bacteriophage T7 that infects Escherichia coli. Using the purified enzyme its promoter has been identified by examining transcription of segments of Syn5 DNA and sequencing the 5'-termini of the transcripts. Only two Syn5 RNAP promoters, having the sequence 5'-ATTGGGCACCCGTAA-3', are found within the Syn5 genome. One promoter is located within the Syn5 RNA polymerase gene and the other is located close to the right genetic end of the genome. The purified enzyme and its promoter have enabled a determination of the requirements for transcription. Unlike the salt-sensitive bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, this marine RNA polymerase requires 160 mm potassium for maximal activity. The optimal temperature for Syn5 RNA polymerase is 24 °C, much lower than that for T7 RNA polymerase. Magnesium is required as a cofactor although some activity is observed with ferrous ions. Syn5 RNA polymerase is more efficient in utilizing low concentrations of ribonucleotides than T7 RNA polymerase.
Some immunochemical properties and species specificity of GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase from mouse brain.

Abstract Antibody against a purified preparation of GABA-transaminase from mouse brain was produced in rabbits after injection of 15, 30 or 600 μg of the antigen. The antibody was used to study the species specificity of this enzyme. Brain GABA-transminase was prepared from the following species: human, calf, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, quail, pigeon, frog and trout. In double diffusion tests the antibody was found to cross-react with the enzyme from human, calf, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and frog. An excess of antibody inhibited the enzyme from mouse brain to an extent of 55% and the same result was obtained with the enzyme from rat, guinea pig and rabbit. The enzymes from calf and human were inhibited 30% and 10%, respectively. Microcomplement fixation tests showed that only the enzyme from rat brain may be very similar to the mouse brain enzyme in terms of protein structure. Accordingly, this enzyme seems to be highly species specific.
Ruboxistaurin: Review of Safety and Efficacy in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

Ruboxistaurin (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN), an orally active inhibitor of the β isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), has been studied as a systemic treatment for diabetic retinopathy. PKC-β appears to be overactivated in response to hyperglycemia. This overactivation associates with various pathological effects within the retinal vascular system, including ischemia, vascular leakage, and angiogenesis. Several randomized clinical trials of ruboxistaurin have been performed. In most trials, the primary outcomes were not achieved. Analysis of secondary outcomes data from these trials has demonstrated some evidence of safety and efficacy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. At this time, ruboxistaurin has not received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.
Drug-risk communication to pharmacists: assessing the impact of risk-minimization strategies on the practice of pharmacy.

Abstract Objectives: To gain insight on the knowledge, opinions, barriers, and practices of pharmacists regarding drug risk-minimization tools. Design: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional survey. Setting: 20 states in the United States, fall 2004. Participants: 2,052 randomly selected licensed pharmacists employed in a position requiring an active pharmacist license at the time of the survey and who responded to the survey. Intervention: Participants completed a four-page survey regarding their experience with different types of risk-minimization tools. Main outcome measure: Univariate distributions for each question were analyzed. Results: 50% of survey recipients responded to the mailing; 88% of respondents had an active pharmacist license. Of respondents, 18% reported never having received a Dear Healthcare Professional letter and 29% stated that they were not familiar with Medication Guides. Patient package inserts were thought to be somewhat effective by 53% of respondents. Of pharmacists who dispensed a drug with programs for special stickers to be affixed on prescriptions to indicate that the labeled risk had been addressed by the prescriber, 41% reported receiving a prescription without a sticker; 45% dispensed the prescription when stickers were missing. Sixty percent of pharmacists stated that risk-minimization programs have a negative impact on the daily practice of pharmacy; nevertheless, many acknowledged that it was a necessary duty. Conclusion: Pharmacists might benefit from additional training on risk-minimization strategies. The successful implementation and impact of risk-minimization programs on the practice of pharmacy should be carefully considered by drug manufacturers and regulators.
Visual cortex activation in late-onset, Braille naive blind individuals: An fMRI study during semantic and phonological tasks with heard words

Visual cortex activity in the blind has been shown in Braille literate people, which raise the question of whether Braille literacy influences cross-modal reorganization. We used fMRI to examine visual cortex activation during semantic and phonological tasks with auditory presentation of words in two late-onset blind individuals who lacked Braille literacy. Multiple visual cortical regions were activated in the Braille naive individuals. Positive BOLD responses were noted in lower tier visuotopic (e.g., V1, V2, VP, and V3) and several higher tier visual areas (e.g., V4v, V8, and BA 37). Activity was more extensive and cross-correlation magnitudes were greater during the semantic compared to the phonological task. These results with Braille naive individuals plausibly suggest that visual deprivation alone induces visual cortex reorganization. Cross-modal reorganization of lower tier visual areas may be recruited by developing skills in attending to selected non-visual inputs (e.g., Braille literacy, enhanced auditory skills). Such learning might strengthen remote connections with multisensory cortical areas. Of necessity, the Braille naive participants must attend to auditory stimulation for language. We hypothesize that learning to attend to non-visual inputs probably strengthens the remaining active synapses following visual deprivation, and thereby, increases cross-modal activation of lower tier visual areas when performing highly demanding non-visual tasks of which reading Braille is just one example.
Regression Modeling of Semicompeting Risks Data

Semicompeting risks data are often encountered in clinical trials with intermediate endpoints subject to dependent censoring from informative dropout. Unlike with competing risks data, dropout may not be dependently censored by the intermediate event. There has recently been increased attention to these data, in particular inferences about the marginal distribution of the intermediate event without covariates. In this article, we incorporate covariates and formulate their effects on the survival function of the intermediate event via a functional regression model. To accommodate informative censoring, a time-dependent copula model is proposed in the observable region of the data which is more flexible than standard parametric copula models for the dependence between the events. The model permits estimation of the marginal distribution under weaker assumptions than in previous work on competing risks data. New nonparametric estimators for the marginal and dependence models are derived from nonlinear estimating equations and are shown to be uniformly consistent and to converge weakly to Gaussian processes. Graphical model checking techniques are presented for the assumed models. Nonparametric tests are developed accordingly, as are inferences for parametric submodels for the time-varying covariate effects and copula parameters. A novel time-varying sensitivity analysis is developed using the estimation procedures. Simulations and an AIDS data analysis demonstrate the practical utility of the methodology.
Mono-substituted Keggin, Wells-Dawson and {P2W21}-type polyoxometalates without positional disorder

Three new phenyltin-substituted polyoxometalates, ((CH3)2NH2)4[Sn(C6H5)PW11O39] (1), K7[Sn(C6H5)P2W17O61] (2), and ((CH3)2NH2)6K[Sn(C6H5)(H2O)P2W20O70(H2O)2] (3), have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, 31P and 1H NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Significantly, the mono-substituted phenyltin group in all three complexes is not positionally disordered. The Sn(C6H5) group is unambiguously determined and refined anisotropically with full occupancy, a result that is very unusual for mono-substituted polyoxometalates, and in particular polytungstates. Three factors account for these disorder-free mono-phenyltin-substituted polyanion structures: the steric bulk and rigidity of the phenyl group, hydrogen bonding and cation–π interactions between the phenyl ring and countercations. These results demonstrate the ability of a phenyl group to remove the crystallographically imposed positional disorder typically seen in mono-substituted polyoxometalates, an attribute that usually renders structural and structure-related reactivity studies of this large class of polyoxometalates quite difficult.
Crossover behavior of the magnetic phase boundary of the low-anisotropy antiferromagnet KNi F 3

The ordering temperature ${T}_{c}$ of the low-anisotropy cubic antiferromagnet KNi${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ was measured as a function of magnetic field $H$, up to 180 kOe. At any fixed $H$, ${T}_{c}$ was determined from the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ anomaly in the thermal-expansion coefficient. The transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ increased monotonically with increasing $H$. At the maximum field of 180 kOe, ${T}_{c}$ was 0.18 K higher than the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}=246.4$ K. The observed phase boundary ${T}_{c}(H)$ is in qualitative agreement with that predicted by Fisher, Nelson, and Kosterlitz for the fully isotropic three-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The increase of ${T}_{c}$ with increasing $H$ is attributed to a crossover from a Heisenberg-like transition at $H=0$ to an $\mathrm{XY}$-like transition at finite $H$. Magnetostriction data, taken below ${T}_{N}$, suggest a tetragonal lattice distortion of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ at $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{N}$.
Pulsed arterial spin labeling using TurboFLASH with suppression of intravascular signal

Accurate quantification of perfusion with the ADC techniques requires the suppression of the majority of the intravascular signal. This is normally achieved with the use of diffusion gradients. The TurboFLASH sequence with its ultrashort repetition times is not readily amenable to this scheme. This report demonstrates the implementation of a modified TurboFLASH sequence for FAIR imaging. Intravascular suppression is achieved with a modified preparation period that includes a driven equilibrium Fourier transform (DEFT) combination of 90 degrees-180 degrees-90 degrees hard RF pulses subsequent to the inversion delay. These pulses rotate the perfusion-prepared magnetization into the transverse plane where it can experience the suitably placed diffusion gradients before being returned to the longitudinal direction by the second 90 degrees pulse. A value of b = 20-30 s/mm(2) was thereby found to suppress the majority of the intravascular signal. For single-slice perfusion imaging, quantification is only slightly modified. The technique can be readily extended to multislice acquisition if the evolving flow signal after the DEFT preparation is considered. An advantage of the modified preparation scheme is evident in the multislice FAIR images by the preservation of the sign of the magnetization difference.
Consistency in Recalling Features of Former Head Injuries: Retrospective Questionnaire vs. Interview Retest

Abstract The probability and features of memory concerning former head injuries with loss of consciousness was assessed in two formats: a group-test questionnaire and a retest using personal individual interview. Results are given concerning the greater likelihood of reporting short ‘permanent’ retrograde amnesias in the interview.
Extraction of zirconium from nitric acid media by butyl lauryl phosphoric acid in dodecane

Abstract Butyl lauryl phosphoric acid (HBLP) was chosen as a model compound of secondary degradation products of Purex process solvent. The extent of zirconium complexation by this compound is similar to that of dibutyl phosphoric acid or bis(2 ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid. The mechanism of zirconium extraction by HBLP was studied. The nature of the extracted species could not be unambiguously established. Tributyl phosphate has an antagonistic effect on the zirconium extraction by HBLP. Removal of HBLP from the solvent cannot be accomplished by alkaline washes representative of solvent clean-up procedures used in the Purex process. This could lead to a long term build-up of this type of compound under Purex processing conditions. The threshold HBLP concentration for an enhancement of zirconium extraction is 2 × 10 −4 M.
Process strategies for ultradeep x-ray lithography at the Advanced Photon Source

For the past five years, we have been investigating and advancing processing capabilities for deep x-ray lithography (DXRL) using synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), with an emphasis on ultra-deep structures (1mm to 1cm thick). The use of higher-energy x-rays has presented many challenges in developing optimal lithographic techniques for high-aspect ratio structures: mask requirements, resist preparation, exposure, development, and post-processing. Many problems are more severe for high-energy exposure of thicker films than for sub-millimeter structures and affect resolution, processing time, adhesion, damage, and residue. A number of strategies have been created to overcome the challenges and limitations of ultra-deep x-ray lithography (UDXRL), that have resulted in the current choices for mask, substrate, and process flow at the APS. We describe our current process strategies for UDXRL, how they address the challenges presented, and their current limitations. We note especially the importance of the process parameters for use of the positive tone resist PMMA for UDXRL, and compare to the use of negative tone resists such as SU-8 regarding throughput, resolution, adhesion, damage, and post-processing.
Economic Dependence and Unprotected Sex: The Role of Sexual Assertiveness among Young Urban Mothers

In the USA, sexual intercourse is the leading route of human immunodeficiency virus transmission among women, primarily through their main partner. Because male condom use is not directly under a woman's control, gender inequalities may help shape this sexual risk behavior. To examine this association, data came from follow-up interviews of young, primarily minority, pregnant women enrolled in a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Specifically, we aimed to determine the relationship between economic dependence on a male partner and condom use, and to establish whether this relationship was mediated by sexual assertiveness. Overall, 28% of women reported being economically dependent on a male partner. Young women dependent on a male partner were 1.6 times more likely to report not using a condom at last sex than women not dependent on their partner (95% confidence interval = 1.11–2.32; p = 0.01). Sexual assertiveness mediated the relationship between economic dependence and condom use (Sobel = 2.05, p = 0.04). Coupled with past research, this study supports the premise that sexual behaviors may be rooted in a complex web of social determinants. Addressing gender inequalities in contextual factors may promote healthier decisions within sexual relationships.
Oxidative dealkylation DNA repair mediated by the mononuclear non-heme iron AlkB proteins

DNA can be damaged by various intracellular and environmental alkylating agents to produce alkylation base lesions. These base damages, if not repaired promptly, may cause genetic changes that lead to diseases such as cancer. Recently, it was discovered that some of the alkylation DNA base damage can be directly removed by a family of proteins called the AlkB proteins that utilize a mononuclear non-heme iron(II) and α-ketoglutarate as cofactor and cosubstrate. These proteins activate dioxygen and perform an unprecedented oxidative dealkylation of the alkyl adducts on DNA heteroatoms. This review summarizes the discovery of this activity and the recent research advances in studying this unique DNA repair pathway. The focus is placed on the chemical mechanism and function of these proteins.
Recent advances in paranasal sinus surgery

Recent advances in paranasal sinus surgery have occurred in the treatment of trauma and neoplasia, rather than in the more traditional management of inflammatory disease. Cranialization of the frontal sinus in severe penetrating trauma was first described in 1978. By removal of the sinus posterior wall, excision of the mucosa, and preservation of the anterior wall fragments, the forehead contour can be preserved and the cavity ablated by the forward expansion of the frontal lobes. Craniofacial surgery for malignancies of the paranasal sinuses has vastly improved the survival rate for these patients. Simultaneous en bloc resection, done transcranially to establish the margins of resection of the superior-most extent and transfacially to ablate the site of origin of the neoplasm, has produced five-year survival rates of 50%. Involvement of even the cavernous sinus can be handled, providing initial control of the internal carotid artery is achieved and an adequate cerebral circulation is ensured. Decompression of the optic nerve following facial trauma that results in fractures of the orbital apex remains controversial. Documented cases of progressively failing vision in such patients provides the clearest indication. Surgical decompression through the transethmoidal sphenoidal route provides excellent access to remove the maximum amount of bone from the optic canal.
Means of Distinguishing Pulmonary Emboli and Other Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A selected group of patients with pulmonary hypertension has been presented to illustrate a diagnostic approach designed to determine the cause of the vascular disease. Wasted ventilation and other pulmonary function tests were not helpful in distinguishing pulmonary emboli from other causes of pulmonary hypertension. Our own experience and review of previous reports of pulmonary hypertension due to multiple emboli reveal that in virtually every case there was involvement of the elastic and large muscular arteries. Since occlusions of major and intermediate pulmonary arteries characterize recurrent emboli, lung scans and angiograms can be used to detect this group of patients with pulmonary hypertension. If these tests are normal and a specific cause for the pulmonary hypertension has not been discovered, a lung biopsy should be performed. ADDENDUM: Nadel and co-workers ( Am. J. Med. , 41:440, 1966) have recently emphasized the valuable role of pulmonary function studies in demonstrating the presence of pulmonary vascular occlusive disease before pulmonary hypertension develops.
Newly recognized route of arbovirus dissemination from the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) midgut.

Examination of Rift Valley fever virus antigen distribution in the mosquito Culex (Culex) pipiens L. by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique provided evidence that virus can disseminate into the hemocoel from cells located at the foregut/midgut junction. This may be an important route of dissemination from the mosquito gut.
Prime specialization in genus 0

For a prime polynomial f(T) ∈ Z[T], a classical conjecture predicts how often f has prime values. For a finite field k and a prime polynomial f(T) ∈ k[u][T], the natural analogue of this conjecture (a prediction for how often f takes prime values on K[u]) is not generally true when f(T) is a polynomial in T P (p the characteristic of k). The explanation rests on a new global obstruction which can be measured by an appropriate average of the nonzero Mobius values μ(f(g)) as g varies. We prove the surprising fact that this "Mobius average," which can be defined without reference to any conjectures, has a periodic behavior governed by the geometry of the plane curve f = 0. The periodic Mobius average behavior implies in specific examples that a polynomial in κ[u][r] does not take prime values as often as analogies with Z[T] suggest, and it leads to a modified conjecture for how often prime values occur.
A method of analyzing density-dependent vital rates with an application to the Gainj of Papua New Guinea

A method of estimating age-specific coefficients of density-dependent variation in fertility and mortality is developed; the method is applicable to longitudinal data on population size and the number of births and deaths classified by age. Given a sufficiently large data set, it is possible to estimate both the sensitivity of each age class to density-dependent damping and the density effect of each age class on every age class in the population. Application of the method to government census data on the Gainj, a small tribal population from highland Papua New Guinea, shows that fertility is density-independent, but that mortality is at least partially density-dependent. This finding suggests that the size of the population is regulated by mortality rather than fertility. Individuals aged less than five years and greater than 50 years are particularly sensitive to density-dependent survival damping; individuals of adolescent and early reproductive age are not themselves damped, but appear to be responsible for the observed damping.
The Applied Baccalaureate Degree: The Right Time and Place

The applied baccalaureate degree, which integrates once-terminal applied associate degrees and course work into a four-year degree, is a relatively new phenomenon in higher education. This article presents findings from the first of two phases of research conducted—utilizing Kingdon's (1995) Multiple Streams framework—exploring the status of these degrees in both traditional associate- and baccalaureate-granting institutions and the policy context surrounding their implementation. Results of two purposefully chosen state-level cases showed implementation of applied baccalaureate degrees happens when an individual or a group of individuals drives the conversation toward the adoption of such degrees. It is a combination of the right time and place, as well as the right people, that make the applied baccalaureate degree a reality.
Growth of barium titanate single crystals by a modified “Remeika” technique

Abstract The “Remeika” technique has been modified to yield larger, less contaminated single crystals of barium titanate. The basis of the method is increased solution and reduced “soaking” time. The technique is compared with the original procedure and previous observations on the use of a potassium fluoride flux for the growth of barium titanate crystals.
Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons

The filamentous fungus, Cunninghamella elegans, oxidizes naphthalene, biphenyl, benzo[a]‐pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and 3‐methyIcholanthrene to the same metabolic products that are formed by mammals. The initial oxidation products are apparently arene oxides that can isomerize to phenols or undergo enzymatic hydration to form trans‐dihydrodiols. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene evidence was obtained for the formation of (+)‐9α,10α‐epoxy‐7s,8α‐dihydroxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene which has been implicated as the ultimate carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene metabolite formed by higher organisms. In contrast, bacteria oxidize naphthalene, biphenyl, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and 3‐methylcholanthrene to dihydrodiols in which the hydroxyl groups have a cis relative stereochemistry. Arene oxides have not been detected as intermediate products. Many monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also oxidized through cis‐dihydrodiols by bacteria and the enzyme catalyzing the dioxygenation of toluene to cis‐toluene dih...
Phenomenological theory of dissipation in a superconductor

Interest in nonequilibrium superconductivity in recent years has led to the discovery of numerous relaxation processes characteristic of superconductors. On the basis of the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes, a systematic account is given of the transport coefficients and relaxation times of a superconductor.
Recent uplift of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Vema fracture zone

Abstract The flat depositional floors of three inactive fracture valleys south of the Vema fracture zone are tilted markedly to the west. Core evidence strongly suggests that the sediments filling these valleys were deposited during the Pleistocene in a near-horizontal position by turbidity currents. Uplift of the currently active crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is responsible for the tilting; a total uplift of 500–2000 meters is indicated by the data.
The comparative stability of screw versus plate versus screw and plate coronoid fixation.

Purpose To compare the biomechanical characteristics of screw versus plate versus both screw and plate fixation for large, type 3 O'Driscoll coronoid fractures. Methods Synthetic ulnas had 70% of their coronoids cut. Fixation was performed with either a cannulated screw, a plate, or both a screw and a plate. Energy to failure, force at failure, first cycle stiffness, and stiffness at failure were measured on a servohydraulic testing machine under cyclic posterior axial loading. Results The combination of a plate and screw had significantly greater energy to failure (83 Nm), force required to cause failure (634 N), and stiffness at failure (387 N/mm) compared to either an isolated plate (38 Nm, 474 N, 237 N/mm, respectively) or a screw (10 Nm, 279 N, 149 N/mm, respectively). For energy to failure and force required to cause failure, the plate group significantly outperformed the screw group. There was no significant difference in stiffness at the time of failure between the plate and screw groups. Conclusions For type 3 O'Driscoll coronoid fractures or nonunions when both a screw and a plate can be placed, the combination of these 2 fixation devices appears to produce significantly greater biomechanical stability than either fixation device alone.
Counseling and the development of responsibility

Growth in counseling means growth in responsibility. Examination of this clinical observation reveals a threefold development. Specifically, the individual becomes more responsible by gaining an increased ability to acknowledge his faults, to exercise his freedom of choice, and to respond to his situation in a fitting way. Each development is an important part of being responsible, but the individual moves toward genuine fulfillment only when he is able to be responsible in the last sense.
Fumonisin inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and cytotoxicity are correlated in LLC-PK1 cells.

Fumonisins are a group of structurally related compounds produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Recently, it has been shown that fumonisins B1 and B2 are the first naturally occurring inhibitors of sphingosine and sphinganine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase) in rat primary hepatocytes (Wang et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14,486–14,490, 1991). These enzymes are key components in the pathways for de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and sphingolipid turnover. The results of the present study show that fumonisins B1 and B2 inhibit proliferation and are cytotoxic to LLC-PK1 cells. Concentrations of fumonisin B1 and B2 between 10 and 35 μm inhibited cell proliferation, whereas higher concentrations (>35 μm) killed cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation and cell death were preceded by a lag period of at least 24 hr during which cells appeared to be functioning normally. Cells exposed to fumonisin B1 exhibited normal growth kinetics and morphology soon after fumonisin B1 was removed; thus, the effects of fumonisin B1 were reversible. The EC50 for alterations in sphingolipid biosynthesis was 10 to 15 μm. Inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis occurred before inhibition of cell proliferation or cytotoxicity, and the dose response for the decrease in the [3H]sphingosine to [3H]sphinganine ratio at 7 hr closely paralleled the dose response for effects on proliferation and cytotoxicity at 3–5 days. In addition, the level of free sphinganine, and to a lesser extent sphingosine, increased in fumonisin-treated cells in a dose-dependent manner. During the 24-hr lag period preceding inhibition of cell proliferation, the free sphinganine content increased by 12,800% in cells exposed to 35 μm fumonisin B1. Whereas a mechanistic relationship between the inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and inhibition of proliferation and cell death has not been demonstrated, the results of this study support the hypothesis that inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis is an early event in the toxicity of fumonisins to LLC-PK1 cells.
Stereotyped hyperactivity in rats treated with tranylcypromine and specific inhibitors of 5-HT reuptake.

Stereotyped hyperactivity in rats following combined administration of tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, and tryptophan has been attributed to an extraneuronal excess of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Similar conditions might arise from concomitant inhibition of MAO and 5-HT uptake. We now report the effects of two specific inhibitors of 5-HT uptake-5-hydroxymethtryptoline and Lilly 110140. When given in combination with tranylcypromine, both uptake inhibitors produced a hyperactivity syndrome which was indistinguishable from that following tranylcypromine and tryptophan; and, p -CPA-pretreatment blocked the syndrome.
Pertussis toxin treatment modifies opiate action in the rat brain striatum

In this report we present evidence that a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, Gi, mediates opiate action in the rat brain striatum. Opiates inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain striatum. This effect on adenylate cyclase is dose-dependently attenuated by pretreatment of membranes with pertussis toxin, which ADP-ribosylates a protein with a molecular mass of 41,000 daltons. This protein co-migrates with the GTP-binding subunit of Gi, which mediates inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Several brain regions were compared for the extent of radiolabeling and effects on adenylate cyclase activity. Although Gi was found in each region examined, opiate inhibition of adenylate cyclase is clearly seen only in the striatum.
Simultaneous measurements of nitrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide on oceanographic moorings: Observing the Redfield Ratio in real time

Autonomous observations of dissolved nitrate, oxygen, and total inorganic carbon (TCO 2 , which is derived from pCO 2 and estimates of alkalinity) from sensors on the M1 and M2 moorings, off Monterey Bay, California, are examined. These observations are used to assess the linkages between nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon cycling with the Redfield ratio as a framework for the analysis. Concentrations of TC0 2 , oxygen, and nitrate were highpass filtered to remove low-frequency signals driven by water mass changes. Daily cycles in each property are apparent with maxima or minima at the end of daylight. These daily cycles are consistent with biological production of oxygen or uptake of TCO 2 and nitrate. Ratios of the changes in these diel cycles approach values expected from the Redfield ratio early in upwelling cycles. However, periods are frequently seen where the utilization of nitrate N is substantially lower than expected when compared to observed changes in TCO 2 or oxygen. During these periods, fixed nitrogen must be supplied from other sources, such as ammonium or urea, or it is obtained from deeper waters by vertically migrating phytoplankton. These migrating phytoplankton must then return to the surface where inorganic carbon is consumed and oxygen is produced.
All optical switching and continuum generation in silicon waveguides

First demonstration of cross phase modulation based interferometric switch is presented in silicon on insulator waveguides. By using Mach-Zehnder interferometric configuration we experimentally demonstrate switching of CW signal ~25 nm away from the pump laser. We present the effect of free carrier accumulation on switching. Additionally, we theoretically analyze the transient effects and degradations due to free carrier absorption, free carrier refraction and two photon absorption effects. Results suggest that at low peak power levels the system is governed by Kerr nonlinearities. As the input power levels increase the free carrier effects becomes dominant. Effect of free carrier generation on continuum generation and power transfer also theoretically analyzed and spectral broadening factor for high input power levels is estimated.
The Presentation and Classification of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Where to From Here?

In this brief commentary, we reflect on two issues attendant to the comprehensive review of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by Kerns and Kendall (2012). Specifically, we explore (a) issues related to unique and shared features of anxiety in youth with ASD and neurotypical youth and (b) the meaning of validation in psychological research. We conclude that anxiety in youth with ASD is characterized by a set of unique features that must be considered in assessing anxiety in these youth and that test instruments must attend to various aspects of a complex validation process. We conclude that validation is not a condition of an instrument per se but an ongoing, iterative process.
Bcl-2-regulated calcium signals as common mediators of both apoptosis and autophagy.

The calcium ion, a major intracellular second messenger, is a known mediator of apoptosis and is regulated by the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. A paper by Hoyer-Hansen et al. (2007) in the current issue of Molecular Cell indicates that calcium also mediates the induction of macroautophagy in a Bcl-2 regulated fashion and identifies a signaling pathway through which calcium exerts its action. These intriguing findings provoke speculation as to how a cell decides to undergo either apoptosis or macroautophagy in response to calcium signals.
Communication and Language in the Home-Raised Chimpanzee

Oral speech develops in the human infant as an outgrowth of his contact with older humans who are continuously using language. A deaf mute fails to speak because he never hears the acoustic patterns which make up words. He has no sound patterns to follow, no models to imitate. If the ear itself is functioning but the child is mentally retarded, he may be able to hear but not to imitate. Again, he does not learn to speak. A normal ear, a normal brain and speech organs, the continuous hearing of spoken language, and a great deal of imitation are necessary for the completion of the process.
A systems analog mime for color vision disorders in humans

Abstract A multiunit processing system mime for human color vision is presented. This processing system is composed of a sequence of black box units which encode the visual field and subsequently decode the visual field in the following manner. A “primary retinal encoder” performs an internal digitization of the visual field in both color and intensity. A “fundamental symbol translating unit” encodes the color and intensity patterns into a new pattern containing the fundamental symbols. This encoding is done via a Godel transformation of the fundamental symbol patterns. The symbols needed to execute this transformation are found in an encoded table called the “symbol translation table.” Finally, the “Godel signal generator” translates the fundamental symbol pattern into an electrical signal which is sent to a decoding region in the visual cortex and lateral geniculate body. This region is also tied to the symbol translation table, and is then used to decode the electrical signal back to the visual field. It is shown that various errors/failures in these black box units may lead to a wide variety of visual problems which mimic human disorders. These disorders include color blindness, color weakness, dyslexic problems, and a new disorder called visual field fluctuation.
Perspective on RBa2Cu3Ox materials from oxygen deficiency studies

We have measured the electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, magnetic susceptibility, Hall coefficient and upper critical field near Tc in EuBa2Cu3Ox, where 6.09<x<7.0. These data suggest a Mott-Hubbard-like transition near a critical oxygen concentration xc∼6.4–6.5. Our results, combined with those reported elsewhere, show a striking similarity between the addition of oxygen to EuBa2Cu3O6 and the substitution of divalent atoms M for La in La2-yMyCuO4. We suggest that superconductivity in both systems is associated with the Cu-O planes and is driven electronically.