cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of visual strain in radiologists

We hypothesized that the current practice of radiology produces oculomotor fatigue that reduces diagnostic accuracy. The initial step in testing this hypothesis is to measure visual strain. We are approaching this by measuring visual accommodation of radiologists before and after diagnostic viewing work. We measure accommodation using the WAM-5500 Auto Refkeratometer from Grand Seiko, which collects refractive measurements and pupil diameter measurements. The radiologists focus on a simple target while accommodation is measured. The target distances are varied from near to far starting at 20 cm target distance from the eye to 183 cm. The data are compared for prior to and after long-term diagnostic viewing. Results indicate that we are successfully measuring visual accommodation. Accommodation at long distances does not seem to differ before and after diagnostic reading. Accommodation at near distances however does differ, with decreased ability to accommodate after many hours of diagnostic reading. Since near distances are crucial during diagnostic reading, this could have a substantial impact on diagnostic accuracy (the next phase of the project).
Optical properties of permanent gratings in liquid crystal doped with dye and carbon nanotube

Permanent gratings were written in planar nematic liquid crystal cells containing E7 doped with the azo dye Methyl Red and single-wall carbon nanotubes. An order parameter of S = 0.605 shows that the dye molecules align themselves very well with the liquid crystal’s director axis. A maximum absolute diffraction efficiency of 0.39% was found for cells doped only with 0.6% MR while a maximum of 2.6% was observed for cells doped with 0.6% MR and 0.002% CNTs. The data are consistent with permanent grating formation based on trans-cis photoisomerism of the dye molecules, followed by surface adsorption of the cis-isomer that leads to homeotropic alignment in the bright regions of the light illumination pattern. The robust permanent gratings were written without the aid of an external electric field and have remained stable for over 2 years.
SOX17 links gut endoderm morphogenesis and germ layer segregation

Using time-lapse imaging Hadjantonakis and colleagues have characterized the intercalation of definitive endoderm progenitors into the overlying visceral endoderm during mouse gastrulation and demonstrated a role for the transcription factor SOX17 in this process.
ASH 2009 meeting report—Top 10 clinically oriented abstracts in acute leukemia

summary Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) associated with core binding factor (CBF) abnormalities is sensitive to high-dose cytarabine-based chemotherapy leading to complete remission (CR) in over 90% of patients. The efficacy of cytarabine can be enhanced by the addition of fludarabine and GCSF with report of improved event free survival with this regimen [1]. Inclusion of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) to induction chemotherapy produces favorable outcomes without additional toxicity [2]. Thirty-four patients with CBF AML were treated with induction/consolidation chemotherapy consisting of GO-FLAG. Of 29 patients not in CR at the time of initiation of therapy, all but two patients achieved CR or CR with incomplete platelet recovery. A sustainable more than three-log reduction in fusion transcript to ABL ratio from the median pretreatment value remained evident through follow-up at 9 months. Two patients died during induction therapy. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity was liver dysfunction in three patients. Additional toxicity reported included atrial fibrillation, pancreatitis, and respiratory failure. Discussion Despite repeated cycles of cytarabine-based chemotherapy, the relapse free survival of CBF AML decreases over time. Therapy sustaining clinical, as well as molecular remissions is vital to improving overall survival. The addition of GO to AML induction chemotherapy improved outcomes in CBF AML without additional toxicity. 2. Decitabine-Based Salvage Therapy in Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (#2063) Abstract summary Poor response to salvage chemotherapy is common in relapsed AML,summary Poor response to salvage chemotherapy is common in relapsed AML, however the achievement of CR, specifically after second salvage therapy, may not correlate with survival benefits [3]. Low intensity options have been recognized to prolong survival in relapsed or refractory AML without significant toxicity. Medical records of patients aged 24–89 years (median 65.5 years) who received decitabine-based chemotherapy from September 2006 through July 2009 were reviewed. Twenty-nine patients received decitabine 20 mg/m daily for 10 days while 51 patients were treated with decitabine 20 mg/m daily for 5 days in combination with gemtuzumab 3 mg/ m on day 5. Median survival and CR rate reported in first salvage (n 5 25), was 181 days and 13%, second salvage (n 5 32) 207 days and 9%, and third or greater salvage (n 5 22) 209 days and 23%. The difference in survival between those patients receiving single agent decitabine versus decitabine in combination with gemtuzumab was not significant (209 days decitabine versus 177 days decitabine-gemtuzumab). Significant survival benefits were evident for those patients with normal and favorable cytoge-
Greater apparent absorption of flavonoids is associated with lesser human fecal flavonoid disappearance rates.

It was hypothesized that 5,7,4′-OH-flavonoids disappeared more rapidly from human fecal incubations and were less absorbable by humans than flavonoids without 5-OH moieties. Anaerobic fecal disappearance rates over 24 h were determined for 15 flavonoids in samples from 20 men and 13 women. In these anaerobic fecal mixtures, flavonoids with 5,7,4′-OH groups, genistein, apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin (disappearance rate, k = 0.46 ± 0.10 h−1), and methoxylated flavonoids, hesperetin and glycitein (k = 0.24 ± 0.21 h−1), disappeared rapidly compared with flavonoids lacking 5-OH (e.g., daidzein, k = 0.07 ± 0.03 h−1). Apparent absorption of flavonoids that disappeared rapidly from in vitro fecal incubations, genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and hesperetin, was compared with that of daidzein, a slowly disappearing flavonoid, in 5 men and 5 women. Subjects ingested 104 μmol of genistein and 62 μmol of daidzein (soy milk), 1549 μmol of naringenin and 26 μmol of hesperetin (grapefruit jui...
Adenosine in blood cardioplegia prevents postischemic dysfunction in ischemically injured hearts

Abstract Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous cardioprotective autacoid that exerts receptor-mediated cardioprotection from ischemic-reperfusion injury. This study tested the hypothesis that blood cardioplegia (BCP) supplemented with ADO reduces postischemic left ventricular dysfunction in ischemically injured hearts. Twenty-one anesthetized dogs on total bypass were subjected to 30 minutes of normothermic global ischemia. Cold (4 °C) potassium BCP was then delivered every 20 minutes for 60 minutes of cardioplegic arrest. In 7 dogs, unsupplemented BCP was used; in 7 dogs, BCP was supplemented with 400 μmol/L ADO; and, in 7 dogs, ADO receptors were blocked with 8- p -sulfophenylthecohylline (30 mg/kg) given with 400 μmol/L ADO in BCP. Preischemic and postischemic left ventricular systolic function was assessed by the slope and volume axis intercept of the end-systolic pressure-volume (impedance catheter) relationship (ESPVR). In unsupplemented BCP, the postischemic slope of the ESPVR was significantly depressed by 42% versus the preischemic value (from 6.8 ± 1.2 mm Hg/mL to 3.9 ± 0.4 mm Hg/mL; p p -sulfophenyltheophylline (9.9 ± 1.5 mm Hg/mL versus 4.5 ± 0.7 mm Hg/mL; p
Exchange-Collision Technique for the rf Spectroscopy of Stored Ions

A description is given of a technique, whose application to ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ has previously been briefly reported, whereby the rf spectrum of field-confined paramagnetic ions in ultrahigh vacuum is observed through spin-dependent collision processes with a spin-polarized beam of neutral particles. A rf electric quadrupole ion trap is used, and a description of the ion motion, based on the adiabatic approximation, is given, including the effect of randomizing elastic collisions with neutral background particles. With particular reference to the ${({\mathrm{He}}^{3})}^{+}$-Cs system, the rate equations for the magnetic sublevel populations for an ion with $I=\frac{1}{2}$, $J=\frac{1}{2}$ are derived under the simultaneous action of spin exchange and spin-dependent charge exchange with an alkali atom. According to these equations, the relative intensities observed in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0$ transitions of ${({\mathrm{He}}^{3})}^{+}$ indicate that a Cs spin polarization of 0.5 was achieved in the optically pumped atomic beam. The ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ polarization approached that of the Cs atoms. With on-off modulation of the Cs polarization, a total 2% change in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ lifetime was observed, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 4, in an interaction period having a duration of 0.8 sec, the optimum value for the observed 0.4-sec lifetime against Cs-induced ion loss. In the absence of the beam, the lifetime was 8 sec at a residual pressure of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ Torr. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0$ lines obtained with long integration times had a signal-to-noise ratio which indicated that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions should be observable, as has since been demonstrated.
Effects of prepubertal castration on the development of the scent glands, scent marking, and aggression in the saddle back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis, Callitrichidae, primates)

Abstract The effect of castration at 5 1 2 months of age on scent gland development, scent marking of novel objects, and on social interactions with strange adult conspecifics in a “territorial defense” situation was studied. Five juvenile males were castrated, 4 sham-castrated, and each was permanently paired with an adult female when 6 months old. The social interactions of the pairs with strange conspecifics and the scent marking behavior of castrates and sham castrates were tested when the males were 1 year old and again at 2 years of age. Prepubertal castration retarded the development of the scent glands but did not inhibit it completely. At 1 year of age the castrates showed fewer hostile displays, scent marked less frequently, and gave more submissive infantile calls during encounters with strangers than the control males. However, their scores for injurious aggression were at the same level as those of the sham castrates. At 2 years of age most of the differences between the behavior scores obtained by castrates and sham castrates in the presence of strangers had disappeared. However, the castrates still marked less frequently and gave more infantile calls. When the scent marking behavior of the subjects on novel objects was tested in the absence of strange conspecifics, sham castrates and castrates marked at approximately the same level. Moreover, the marking scores of both subject groups were on the level of fully adult, intact males.
CHILOBEARING IN WOMEN ≥35 YEARS

The risk of childbearing at or beyond age 35 is thought to be greater than that of younger women. We compared the course of pregnancy and neonatal outcome for all women ≥35 yrs. delivering at Baystate Medical Center at ≥ 20 wks. gestation, with controls 20-34 yrs., and with all women<20 yrs. for the year 1985. 1992 women were enrolled. Premature labor, fetal distress, Apgars, resuscitation, prematurity and death were comparable in all groups by Chi square analysis. The <20yr. group had significantly more SGA infants, RDS, and NICU admissions as compared to the other 2 groups which were similar. Mean birth weight was lower for the <20 yr. group. Numbers of malformations/chromosomal abnormalities were inadequate for analysis. The ≥35 yr. group had more C/sections, but when repeat sections were eliminated, the older group had 19.7% and the controls 17.3%. The data show that mothers ≥39 yrs., achieving 20 wks. gestation, are at no greater risk for perinatal problems than mothers 20-34 years. We conclude that women delivering later in their reproductive lifespan may view pregnancy with optimism.
The prevalence and overlap of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: results of the RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology male study.

Purpose: As part of the RICE (RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology) study, we developed validated case definitions to identify interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in women and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men. Using population based screening methods, we applied these case definitions to determine the prevalence of these conditions in men.Materials and Methods: A total of 6,072 households were contacted by telephone to screen for men who had symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome or chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. An initial 296 men screened positive, of whom 149 met the inclusionary criteria and completed the telephone interview. For interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome 2 case definitions were applied (1 with high sensitivity and 1 with high specificity), while for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome a single case definition (with high sensitivity and specificity) was used. These case definitions were used to classif...
Lifetime effects of iron and iron complexes in silicon

Iron doped p- and n-type samples were prepared using Czochralski method. The effect of pairing of iron with acceptors B and Al on the minority carrier lifetime was studied using the Surface Photovoltage (SPV) and DLTS methods. The effect of resistivity on the minority carrier lifetime in iron doped samples was investigated over 1 to 60 ohmcm resistivity range. The minority carrier lifetime dominated by Fei was found to be independent of resistivity. On the other hand, the lifetime controlled by FeB pairs increased by a factor of approximately town on increasing the resistivity from 1 ohmcm to 60 ohmcm. The data were analyzed using the Shockley-Reed-Hall model (SRH). The results indicate that the acceptor level of FeB pair at Ec(subscript 0.29 eV is the main recombination level of iron in p-Si. The partitioning of iron between FeB and FeAl pairs in silicon samples codoped with B and Al was found to depend upon the relative concentrations of the two acceptors. Although minority carrier lifetime values dominated by Fe(subscript i in B and Al doped samples were similar, FeAl pair was found to be approximately five times more effective as a lifetime-killer than FeB. FeAl pairs can be dissociated optically.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Philosophies in America

A review-article of Loren Baritz, City On a Hill, A History of Ideas and Myths in America, John Wiley and Sons C. Wright Mills, Sociology and Pragmatism, Paine-Whitman Publishers Roderick M. Chisholm, Herbert Feigl, William K. Frankena, John Passmore, Manley Thompson, Philosophy, Prentice-Hall Max Black, Philosophy in America, Cornell University Press
Temperature-insensitive ultrasonic sensor system based on a fiber ring laser for acoustic emission detection

We develop a novel ultrasonic sensor system using a fiber ring laser (FRL) to detect acoustic emissions. The sensor system incorporates two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in the FRL cavity, a short and strong FBG as the sensing element and a long and weak FBG as the adapting element. The reflection spectra of both FBGs are matched such that the reflection peak of the long FBG is positioned at the linear slope of the short FBG’s reflection spectrum. Ultrasonic waves impinging onto the FBGs are to modulate the FRL cavity loss, which leads to laser intensity variations that can be detected directly by photodetectors. The two FBGs are placed side-by-side in close proximity so that the sensor system is able to adapt to the ambient temperature drift. We demonstrate that the ultrasonic sensor system can operate normally within approximately 15oC temperature change. In addition, the performance of signal-to-noise ratios is investigated as a function of the FRL cavity loss. The proposed temperature-insensitive sensor system is attractive in practical applications where temperature change is unavoidable.
Flow in porous media I: A theoretical derivation of Darcy's law

Stokes flow through a rigid porous medium is analyzed in terms of the method of volume averaging. The traditional averaging procedure leads to an equation of motion and a continuity equation expressed in terms of the volume-averaged pressure and velocity. The equation of motion contains integrals involving spatial deviations of the pressure and velocity, the Brinkman correction, and other lower-order terms. The analysis clearly indicates why the Brinkman correction should not be used to accommodate ano slip condition at an interface between a porous medium and a bounding solid surface.
Fate of fenthion in salt‐marsh environments: I. Factors affecting biotic and abiotic degradation rates in water and sediment

Fenthion (Baytex), an organophosphate insecticide, is frequently applied to salt-marsh environments to control mosquitoes. Shake-flask tests were used to study rates of abiotic and biotic degradation of fenthion and the environmental parameters that affect these rates. Water or water-sediment (500 mg dry weight/L) slurries from salt marshes located along the Northwest Florida Gulf Coast were used. Flasks contained 200 μg fenthion/L, and degradation rates were determined by following decrease of fenthion over time. Hydrolysis and biodegradation in water were relatively insignificant fate processes; fenthion disappeared from flasks containing water, formalin-sterilized water, or formalin-sterilized sediment very slowly (half-life ≥ 2 weeks). The presence of nonsterile sediment resulted in a rapid exponential disappearance of fenthion (half-life ≥ 3.8 d). Biodegradation was assumed since sterile sediment systems showed a much slower decrease of fenthion, and the production of polar compounds (hexane-unextractable) from radiolabeled fenthion was greater in the presence of sediment than sterilized sediment. The effect of environmental pH levels (5.0–7.0) on degradation was insignificant. No biotic degradation occurred at low oxygen concentration. An 8°C decrease in incubation temperature decreased the rate of sediment biodegradation 2.5-fold. Light caused a slight, but significant, increase in the biotic and abiotic degradation rates of fenthion in water. A two-fold variation in sediment-mediated degradation was noted among sediment samples from three stations within one field site. Inclusion of whole marsh plants or plant parts increased the disappearance rate of fenthion in test systems.
Pattern formation during delamination and buckling of thin films

Using a simple lattice model, we study the failure of compressively strained thin films on solid substrates. Our simulations reproduce much of the observed phenomenology of thin film blistering. In particular, we observe a peculiar form of stress relief in which a wrinkle of delaminated film propagates along a sinusoidal path. At higher intrinsic strains, the sinusoidal wrinkles bifurcate, forming branches. Finally, we identify a high-strain regime in which the film delaminates by forming a buckling front with many irregular lobes.
Asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasm: a cost-effectiveness analysis of different strategies of management

Background Optimal management of asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasm is not known. Objective In a decision analysis, the cost-effectiveness of different strategies for managing solitary, asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasm were compared. Intervention Three strategies were examined in a Markov model with a third-party-payer perspective. In strategy I, the natural history of the lesion was followed without any specific intervention. In strategy II, an aggressive surgical approach was considered in that all patients were considered for resection. In strategy III, an initial EUS-guided FNA with cyst fluid analysis was performed for risk stratification, and patients with mucinous cysts were considered for resection. Transitional probabilities, discounted cost, and utility values to estimate quality-adjusted life years were obtained from published information. An operability risk score based on patient age, comorbidity, and size and location of the cyst was developed to estimate the probability of surgical resection. Results In the baseline analysis, strategy III yielded the highest quality-adjusted life years with an acceptable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. In a Monte Carlo analysis, the relative risk of patients developing unresectable pancreatic cancer was decreased in strategy III compared to the other strategies. Although threshold analyses identified few important parameters influencing the conclusion of the analysis, operability risk score was the critical determinant of the optimal management strategy. Limitations Indirect costs were not considered in this analysis. Conclusion For asymptomatic patients with incidental solitary pancreatic cystic neoplasm, a blanket policy of surgical resection for all patients cannot be justified. A strategy based on risk stratification of malignant potential by EUS-guided FNA and cyst fluid analysis is the most cost-effective strategy.
The amino acid substrate of bovine tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the tetrahydropterin-dependent hydroxylation of tyrosine to form 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Several nonphysiological aromatic amino acids have been examined as inhibitors and substrates for bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. The Ki values for para-substituted phenylalanines increase as the size of the substituent increases. For each A2 increase in surface area of the substituent, the free energy of binding becomes 50 cal more positive. Replacement of the phenyl ring with a pyridyl ring decreases the affinity about one order of magnitude. A number of these aromatic amino acids are also substrates for the enzyme. The KM values again increase in size with increasing size of the substituent, but the Vmax value is independent of the reactivity of the amino acid. The effect of size on binding is consistent with a tight interaction between the para position region of the substrate and the enzyme. The lack of a change in the Vmax value is consistent with the rate-limiting step in catalysis by bovine tyrosine hydroxylase being formation of the hydroxylating intermediate rather than hydroxylation of the amino acid. These results will be useful in designing mechanism-based inhibitors of catecholamine biosynthesis and establish that the mechanisms of rat and bovine tyrosine hydroxylase do not differ significantly.
Politics and School Desegregation Before and After Parents Involved

The authors attempt to tell the story of Brown and Parents Involved on educational inequality and connect these topics to economic competition globally. Brown came about in the 1950s in a much diff...
Density-wave states of nonzero angular momentum

We study the properties of states in which particle-hole pairs of nonzero angular momentum condense. These states generalize charge- and spin-density-wave states, in which s-wave particle-hole pairs condense. We show that the p-wave spin-singlet state of this type has Peierls ordering, while the d-wave spin-singlet state is the staggered flux state. We discuss model Hamiltonians which favor p- and d-wave density-wave order. There are analogous orderings for pure spin models, which generalize spin-Peierls order. The spin-triplet density-wave states are accompanied by spin-$1$ Goldstone bosons, but these excitations do not contribute to the spin-spin correlation function. Hence they must be detected with NQR or Raman-scattering experiments. Depending on the geometry and topology of the Fermi-surface, these states may admit gapless fermionic excitations. As the Fermi-surface geometry is changed, these excitations disappear at a transition which is third order in mean-field theory. The singlet d-wave- and triplet p-wave density-wave states are separated from the corresponding superconducting states by zero-temperature $O(4)$-symmetric critical points.
Visual recognition under conditions of high and low discrimination redundancy

The purpose of this investigation was to measure the minimum interval for recognition under conditions of high and low discrimination redundancy. The minimum interval for recognition is the briefest interval between two stimuli at which the first stimulus can be processed. Two sets of four digits were used. Digits were selected so that one set exhibited high discrimination redundancy and the other low discrimination redundancy. Ten Ss viewed digits with high discrimination redundancy, and 10 Ss viewed digits with low discrimination redundancy. The minimum interval for recognition for Ss tested with high discrimination redundancy was nearly twice as large as the minimum interval for recognition of the digits with low discrimination redundancy.
The Structure and Energetics of the East Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone

Abstract Rawinsonde and satellite data from GATE are used to construct composite analyses of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) of the summertime eastern Atlantic. The latitude of the ITCZ varies substantially with time, and the data are analyzed relative to the latitude of maximum convection. Sensible heat, moisture and kinetic energy budgets are performed. Significant mean upward motion occurs over a band approximately 900 km wide. The ITCZ is centered in a broad surface low pressure trough with a weak upper-level warm core structure. It is found to be a direct circulation which generates an excess of kinetic energy, most of which is exported meridionally in the upper troposphere by transient eddy circulations.
Predictors and consequences of developmental changes in adolescent girls' self-reported quality of attachment to their primary caregiver

Abstract In an at-risk community sample of 2101 girls, we examined trajectories, predictors, and consequences of changes in a central aspect of adolescents' perceived quality of attachment (QOA), i.e., their reported trust in the availability and supportiveness of the primary caregiver. Results demonstrated two distinct epochs of change in this aspect of girls' perceived QOA, with a significant linear decrease in early adolescence (ages 11–14) followed by a plateau from 14 to 16. Baseline parent-reported harsh punishment, low parental involvement, single parent status, and child-reported depression symptoms predicted steeper decreases in attachment during early adolescence, which in turn predicted greater child-reported depression and conduct disorder symptoms in later adolescence. Results suggest that both parent and child factors contribute to trajectories of self-reported QOA in adolescence, and a faster rate of decrease in girls' perceived QOA to caregivers during early adolescence may increase risk for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Error management at different organizational levels – Frontline, manager, and company

Abstract The influence of service recovery efforts in the form of apology (error management) at three organizational levels – frontline, manager, and company – on consumer satisfaction and behavioral intentions was examined with a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental study. Results support the main effects of all three apology levels on consumer satisfaction with the service exchange (recovery) process. The results also indicate that frontline apology has greater influence on consumers’ satisfaction when a manager's apology is also present. Moreover, the study identifies perceived control and fairness as mediators of the relationships between apology levels and consumer satisfaction indicating potential theoretical and managerial implications.
Exploring the Nature of the H2 Bond. 2. Using Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Calculations To Obtain the Molecular Constants

A project for students in an upper-level course in quantum or computational chemistry is described in which they are introduced to the concepts and applications of a high quality, ab initio treatment of the ground-state potential energy curve (PEC) for H2 and D2. Using a commercial computational chemistry application and a scientific spreadsheet, students learn how to obtain the energy of H2 (D2) employing configuration interaction with single and double excitations (CISD) and an extrapolation technique to estimate the energy in the complete basis set (CBS) limit. They construct the PEC from the CISD/CBS energies obtained at several internuclear separations. Students obtain the equilibrium dissociation energy and internuclear separation, as well as the rovibrational molecular constants, from the regression parameters of a sixth-order polynomial fit to the PEC. Results are in nearly exact agreement with experimental data.
Influence of small Cu additions on the microscopical magnetic properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets

The influence of small copper additions (alloy B) to sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets (alloy A) on the microscopic magnetic performance has been investigated. A JEOL-4000EX microscope was used for Lorentz microscopy and a JEOL-200CX microscope for conventional bright field imaging, diffraction, and EDX analysis. The significant difference in properties of these alloys is due to an increased Cu content near the Nd-rich grain boundaries while the overall structure is preserved. This variation has been demonstrated to increase the coercivity drastically. The magnetic structure reveals a marked separation of grains in alloy B. In alloy A domain walls are observed to penetrate the grain boundaries, while in alloy B domain walls are bent under the influence of the grain borders, and are clearly separated. Moreover, it was demonstrated that domain walls can be moved through the grain boundaries in alloy A but not in alloy B under the presence of a field of the same strength. Thus, it has been concluded that copper additions decrease magnetic coupling of the 2-14-1 grains.
The vibrational spectra and structure of methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate

Abstract The complete vibrational spectra of the two isomers methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate are reported along with their tentative assignments. p]Structural details of these two molecules are considered in light of their vibrational and electronic spectra together with other previous physical measurements. It is concluded that the electronic configurations of the two molecules are quite different. This difference is not reflected in their vibrational spectra to the expected extent and it is concluded that vibrational coupling effects are at least as important as the bond characteristics in determining most of the vibrational frequencies in these two molecules.
A new method to introduce a priori information in quest

The solution of the Wahba problem, a nonlinear least-squares performance index for attitude determination, does not naturally extend to include initial conditions. A multiplicative way of introducing a priori information into the Wahba performance index is shown.
Acute rheumatic fever: The significance and treatment of various manifestations

Summary The crippling effects of acute rheumatic fever occur during the periods when the disease is active. When the process is entirely inactive, no further damage occurs and the outlook is good. Therefore, the most important therapeutic measure is to get the patient well. Early recognition and treatment of the disease while the process is insidious and cardiac damage is minimal offers the greatest hope for the arrest of the infection. The most beneficial single remedy we have at present is to keep the patient in bed until all signs of an active rheumatic infection have subsided. I am absolutely convinced that if all children who suffer from acute rheumatic polyarthritis were treated conservatively with long periods of bed rest, many cases of chronic progressive rheumatic heart disease could be prevented.
Graded mesh approximation in weighted Sobolev spaces and elliptic equations in 2D

We study the approximation properties of some general finite-element spaces constructed using improved graded meshes. In our results, either the approximating function or the function to be approximated (or both) are in a weighted Sobolev space. We consider also the $L^p$-version of these spaces. The finite-element spaces that we define are obtained from {\em conformally invariant} families of finite elements (no affine invariance is used), stressing the use of elements that lead to higher regularity finite-element spaces. We prove that for a suitable grading of the meshes, one obtains the usual optimal approximation results. We provide a construction of these spaces that does not lead to long, ``skinny'' triangles. Our results are then used to obtain $L^2$ error estimates and $h^m$-quasi-optimal rates of convergence for the FEM approximation of solutions of strongly elliptic interface/boundary value problems.
Convictions Versus Conviction Rates: The Prosecutor's Choice

It is natural to suppose that a prosecutor's conviction rate - the ratio of convictions to cases prosecuted - is a sign of his competence. Prosecutors, however, choose which cases to prosecute. If they prosecute only the strongest cases, they will have high conviction rates. Any system which pays attention to conviction rates, as opposed to the number of convictions, is liable to abuse. As a prosecutor's budget increases, he allocates it between prosecuting more cases and putting more effort into existing cases. Either can be socially desirable, depending on particular circumstances. We model the tradeoffs theoretically in two models, one of a benevolent social planner and one of a prosecutor rewarded directly for his conviction rate as well as caring about convictions and personal goals. We also look at anecdotal evidence from Japan and detailed U.S. data drawn from county-level crime statistics and a survey of all state prosecutors by district. We find that prosecution rates vary little with budget, but conviction rates do increase, and that the conviction rate declines in the number of cases prosecuted and with the crime rate of a district.
Integration of 50-GHz traveling-wave amplifier and polymer Mach-Zehnder device using flexible substrate technology

We present the results for a 50GHz drive amplifier for use with a Mach-Zehnder modulator. The MMIC device is packaged using a flexible substrate technology to obtain compact size and broadband performance. The packaged device exhibits well-matched transmission lines on the input and output, and large gain and bandwidth. The MMIC performance is directly related to performance of the drain bias circuit.
Structure of the afferent terminals in terminal ganglion of a cricket and persistent homology

We use topological data analysis to investigate the three dimensional spatial structure of the locus of afferent neuron terminals in crickets Acheta domesticus. Each afferent neuron innervates a filiform hair positioned on a cercus: a protruding appendage at the rear of the animal. The hairs transduce air motion to the neuron signal that is used by a cricket to respond to the environment. We stratify the hairs (and the corresponding afferent terminals) into classes depending on hair length, along with position. Our analysis uncovers significant structure in the relative position of these terminal classes and suggests the functional relevance of this structure. Our method is very robust to the presence of significant experimental and developmental noise. It can be used to analyze a wide range of other point cloud data sets.
Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C

Abstract Immunogens based on “centralized” (ancestral or consensus) HIV-1 sequences minimize the genetic distance between vaccine strains and contemporary viruses and should thus elicit immune responses that recognize a broader spectrum of viral variants. However, the biologic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of such inferred gene products have to be validated experimentally. Here, we report the construction and characterization of the first full-length ancestral (AncC) and consensus (ConC) env genes of HIV-1 (group M) subtype C. The codon-usage-optimized genes expressed high levels of envelope glycoproteins that were incorporated into HIV-1 virions, mediated infection via the CCR5 co-receptor and retained neutralizing epitopes as recognized by plasma from patients with chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Guinea pigs immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed high titer binding, but no appreciable homologous or heterologous neutralizing antibodies. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from AncC and ConC env immunized guinea pigs recognized a greater number of primary subtype C envelope glycoproteins than sera from guinea pigs immunized with a contemporary subtype C env control. Mice immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed gamma interferon T cell responses that recognized overlapping peptides from the cognate ConC and a heterologous subtype C Env control. Thus, both AncC and ConC env genes expressed functional envelope glycoproteins that were immunogenic in laboratory animals and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses of comparable breadth and magnitude. These results establish the utility of centralized HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens and warrant their continued evaluation as potential components of future AIDS vaccines.
Cell Membrane Modification for Rapid Display of Proteins as a Novel Means of Immunomodulation: FasL-Decorated Cells Prevent Islet Graft Rejection

Long-term display of exogenous proteins on the cell surface may have important research and therapeutic implications. We report a novel method for the cell-surface display of proteins that involves generation of a chimeric protein with core streptavidin, biotinylation of cells, and "decoration" with the protein. A chimeric protein with the extracellular portions of FasL (SA-FasL) was efficiently displayed on the cell surface within 2 hr without detectable cellular toxicity. Biotin and SA-FasL persisted on the cell surface for weeks in vitro and in vivo. Immunomodulation with SA-FasL-decorated splenocytes effectively blocked alloreactive responses in naive and presensitized rodents and prevented the rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islets. This approach may serve as an alternative to gene transfer-based expression with broad research and therapeutic applications.
Exact transmission-disequilibrium tests with multiallelic markers

The transmission-disequilibrium (TD) test is a powerful method for detecting linkage between marker and disease loci in the presence of linkage disequilibrium. For multiallelic markers, we propose the use of exact tests, which are implemented using both an exact algorithm and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation studies show that exact tests improve both the small sample validity and the power of the TD method. We also compared the usual single-affected-offspring sampling scheme to one in which pairs of affected siblings are sampled. Affected-sib-pair sampling greatly increases the power of the TD method and will be most useful when a sample of affected sib pairs is available from prior linkage studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 14:337–347,1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow transplantation corrects the enzyme defect in neurons of the central nervous system in a lysosomal storage disease

Neuronal storage disorders are fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals that are caused by inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolase activity. Affected individuals often appear normal at birth but eventually develop progressive neurologic symptoms including sensory and motor deficits, mental retardation, and seizures. We have examined efficacy of bone marrow transplantation as a means of enzyme replacement, using cats with the lysosomal storage disease alpha-mannosidosis. Treated animals showed little or no progression of neurologic signs 1-2 years after transplant, whereas untreated cats became severely impaired and reached endstage disease by 6 months of age. Increased lysosomal alpha-mannosidase activity was found in brain tissue of the treated animals, and electron microscopy revealed no evidence of lysosomal storage within most neurons. Histochemical localization of acidic alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase (EC 3.2. 1.24), using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, showed that functional enzyme was present in neurons, glial cells, and cells associated with blood vessels. This study provides direct evidence that bone marrow transplantation as treatment for a neuronal storage disease can lead to significant levels of a missing lysosomal hydrolase within neurons of the central nervous system and to compensation for the genetic metabolic defect.
The aerobic cutaneous microflora of diabetic subjects.

SUMMARY The microbial skin flora in a group of ninety-eight adults with diabetes mellitus requiring treatment with insulin is described. As in healthy adults with a similar age range, the dominant members of the flora are the micrococci and diphtheroids. Sarcina species and Micrococcus Baird-Parker Group 7 were more common than in the general population, and there was a higher incidence of erythrasma and increased carriage of fluorescent diphtheroids.
Ionization coefficient for holes in polycrystalline selenium

Theionization coefficient for holes in polycrystalline selenium has been measured as a function of temperature through the field dependence of photocurrent. At 250 °K the breakdown field strength is approximately 2×105 V/cm decreasing to 1.5×105 V/cm at 156 °K. The phonon creation length is 100 A at 300 °K becoming larger as the temperature is decreased. The magnitudes of the breakdown fields and the phonon creation length indicate that the breakdown process can be described in terms of the Wolff model of breakdown. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Ionisationskoeffizienten fur Locher in polykristallinem Selen wurde durch die Feldabhangigkeit des Photostromes gemessen. Die Durchbruchspannung vermindert sich von 2×105 V/cm bei 250 °K bis zu 1,5×105 V/cm bei 156 °K. Die Weglange zur Erzeugung von Phononen ist 100 A fur 300 °K und nimmt mit abnehmender Temperatur zu. Die Grose des Durchbruchfeldes und der Erzeugungsweglange fur Phononen zeigen, das die Durchbruchsvorgange durch das Durchschlagsmodell von Wolff erklart werden konnen.
Vorinostat Combined with High-Dose Gemcitabine, Busulfan, and Melphalan with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Refractory Lymphomas.

Abstract More active high-dose regimens are needed for refractory/poor-risk relapsed lymphomas. We previously developed a regimen of infusional gemcitabine/busulfan/melphalan, exploiting the synergistic interaction. Its encouraging activity in refractory lymphomas led us to further enhance its use as a platform for epigenetic modulation. We previously observed increased cytotoxicity in refractory lymphoma cell lines when the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat was added to gemcitabine/busulfan/melphalan, which prompted us to clinically study this four-drug combination. Patients ages 12 to 65 with refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLCL), Hodgkin (HL), or T lymphoma were eligible. Vorinostat was given at 200 mg/day to 1000 mg/day (days −8 to −3). Gemcitabine was infused continuously at 10 mg/m2/minute over 4.5 hours (days −8 and −3). Busulfan dosing targeted 4000 μM-minute/day (days −8 to −5). Melphalan was infused at 60 mg/m2/day (days −3 and −2). Patients with CD20+ tumors received rituximab (375 mg/m2, days +1 and +8). We enrolled 78 patients: 52 DLCL, 20 HL, and 6 T lymphoma; median age 44 years (range, 15 to 65); median 3 prior chemotherapy lines (range, 2 to 7); and 48% of patients had positron emission tomography–positive tumors at high-dose chemotherapy (29% unresponsive). The vorinostat dose was safely escalated up to 1000 mg/day, with no treatment-related deaths. Toxicities included mucositis and dermatitis. Neutrophils and platelets engrafted promptly. At median follow-up of 25 (range, 16 to 41) months, event-free and overall survival were 61.5% and 73%, respectively (DLCL) and 45% and 80%, respectively (HL). In conclusion, vorinostat/gemcitabine/busulfan/melphalan is safe and highly active in refractory/poor-risk relapsed lymphomas, warranting further evaluation.
Characterization of the Dynamic Activities of a Population of Microbubbles Driven by Pulsed Ultrasound Exposure in Sonoporation

Ultrasound-driven microbubble activities have been exploited to transiently disrupt the cell membrane (sonoporation) for non-viral intracellular drug delivery and gene transfection both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the dynamic behaviors of a population of microbubbles exposed to pulsed ultrasound and their impact on adherent cells in terms of intracellular delivery and cell viability. By systematically analyzing the bubble activities at time scales relevant to pulsed ultrasound exposure, we identified two quantification parameters that categorize the diverse bubble activities subjected to various ultrasound conditions into three characteristic behaviors: stable cavitation/aggregation (type I), growth/coalescence and translation (type II) and localized inertial cavitation/collapse (type III). Correlation of the bubble activities with sonoporation outcome suggested that type III behavior resulted in intracellular delivery, whereas type II behavior caused the death of a large number of cells. These results provide useful insights for rational selection of ultrasound parameters to optimize outcomes of sonoporation and other applications that exploit the use of ultrasound-driven bubble activities.
Effect of Temperature and Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Oxidation of Titanium Carbide

The oxidation of powdered titanium carbide was followed by weight gain measurement, using a thermogravimetric apparatus, between 600° and 850°C. The oxygen partial pressure effect was investigated between 6.5 and 645 mm Hg. The oxidation was parabolic with an activation energy of 46 ± 2 kcal/mole which was essentially independent of the overpressure. The rate of oxidation was dependent on po2¼ below approximately 800°C. Above this temperature the rate was proportional to po2¼. The oxidation of single-crystal TiC above 850° C produced porous rutile films. The rates of oxidation were between linear and parabolic time dependence.