cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption and Activation of the c-myb Locus by M-MuLV Insertion in Plasmacytoid Lymphosarcomas Induced by Pristane and Abelson Viruses

The c-myb proto-oncogene is the cellular homolog of the avian myeloblastosis virus oncogene (v-myb) (Roussel et al., 1979; Souza et al., 1980a; Bergman et al., 1981). The boundaries of c-myb are not yet known; however, studies have shown that the v-myb sequence is transduced from a portion of the coding region of c-myb into the avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) (Klempnauer and Bishop 1983). AMV is a retrovirus that causes myeloblastic or monocytic leukemia in chickens and transforms myelomonocytic hematopoietic cells in culture (Moscovici 1975). The v-myb sequence is thought to be essential for the oncogenic potential of AMV (Duesberg et al., 1980; Souza 1980a; Gonda et al., 1981) and it appears that only certain target cells are responsive to the v-myb gene product (Moscovici 1975).
Lactodifucotetraose, a human milk oligosaccharide, attenuates platelet function and inflammatory cytokine release

Human milk strongly quenches inflammatory processes in vitro, and breastfed infants have lower incidence of inflammatory diseases than those fed artificially. Platelets from neonates, in contrast to those from adults, are less responsive to platelet agonists such as collagen, thrombin, ADP, and epinephrine. Breastfed infants absorb oligosaccharides intact from the human milk in their gut to the circulation. This study was to determine whether these oligosaccharides can attenuate platelet function and platelet secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins, and to identify the active component. The natural mixture of oligosaccharides from human milk and pure individual human milk oligosaccharides were tested for their ability to modulate responses of platelets isolated from human blood following exposure to thrombin, ADP, and collagen. Human milk and the natural mixture of human milk oligosaccharides inhibited platelet release of inflammatory proteins. Of the purified human milk oligosaccharides tested, only lactodifucotetraose (LDFT) significantly inhibited thrombin induced release of the pro-inflammatory proteins RANTES and sCD40L. LDFT also inhibited platelet adhesion to a collagen-coated surface, as well as platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen. These data indicate that LDFT may help modulate hemostasis by suppressing platelet-induced inflammatory processes in breastfed infants. This activity suggests further study of LDFT for its potential as a therapeutic agent in infants and adults.
Performance of generalized selection combining over Weibull fading channels: Research Articles

The literature is relatively sparse in performance analysis of diversity combining schemes over Weibull fading channels, despite the fact that the Weibull distribution is often found to be suitably fit for empirical fading channel measurements. In this paper, we capitalize on some interesting results due to Lieblein on the order statistics of Weibull random variables to derive exact closed-form expressions for the combined average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as amount of fading (AF) at a generalized selection combining (GSC) output over Weibull fading channels. We also use some simple AF-based mappings between the fading parameters of the Weibull distribution and those of the Nakagami, Rice, and Hoyt distributions to obtain the approximate but accurate average SNR and AF of GSC over these types of channels. The mathematical equations are validated and illustrated by some numerical examples for scenarios of practical interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This is an expanded version of work which was initially presented at the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall'2001), pp. 1735–1739, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA, October 2001.
The safety of daclatasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C

Introduction: The direct acting antiviral daclatasvir is an NS5A replication inhibitor active against the entire range of hepatitis C virus genotypes. It is a key step in establishing the goal of an all-oral, ribavirin-free, pan-genotypic regimen against hepatitis C. Areas covered: We review current literature including published abstracts and manuscripts. Evidence was obtained through PubMed/Medline search using listed keywords and through review of published abstracts. Expert opinion: Daclatasvir introduces a degree of pangenotypic potency currently lacking in other NS5A agents. Emerging literature suggests that daclatasvir in combination with other DAAs will represent a promising option in this difficult to treat populations including posttransplant, genotype 3 and HIV patients.
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries: primary repair.

Primary repair of pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collaterals based on single-stage unifocalization was first reported in 1995. From a midline approach, all collaterals are extensively dissected, translocated in front of the oesophagus and/or the trachea, when required, and directly anastomosed to each other or to the native pulmonary arteries, whenever present, without interposition of prosthetic material. The need for concomitant VSD closure is assessed intraoperatively with a pulmonary flow study according to a standardized protocol. Pulmonary blood supply is established by valved conduit interposition in all patients, regardless of the suitability for VSD closure. Palliation with systemic-pulmonary shunt is reserved for selected cases. Between 1994 and 2015, 94 patients with a median age of 1.09 years (range 0.03-19) underwent single-stage unifocalization at our institution. In 78 (82.1%) of them, an intraoperative pulmonary flow study was utilized to assess acceptability for concomitant VSD closure, which was accomplished in 69 cases (73%). Intraoperatively, following VSD closure, the mean right ventricle-to-aortic pressure ratio was 0.49 ± 0.14. The overall mortality rate was 11.2% (n = 10), with an 82% survival at 12.5 years. At a median follow-up interval of 5.8 years, the right ventricle-to-aortic pressure ratio did not differ significantly from the early postoperative phase. The surgical results of primary repair of PA with VSD and major aortopulmonary collaterals based on single-stage unifocalization and an intraoperative pulmonary flow study are satisfactory and durable, despite the need for repeated percutaneous or surgical reinterventions.
Optical Transfer Function of the Odd-Symmetric Quadratic Phase Mask Imager

The optical transfer function of a wavefront coding odd-symmetric quadratic phase mask imager is mathematically derived. The available spatial frequency bandwidth is quantified and a special imaging condition yielding an increased dynamic range is identified.
Local Action with Global Impact: Highly Similar Infection Patterns of Human Viruses and Bacteriophages

ABSTRACT The investigation of host-pathogen interaction interfaces and their constituent factors is crucial for our understanding of an organism’s pathogenesis. Here, we explored the interactomes of HIV, hepatitis C virus, influenza A virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus in a human host by analyzing the combined sets of virus targets and human genes that are required for viral infection. We also considered targets and required genes of bacteriophages lambda and T7 infection in Escherichia coli. We found that targeted proteins and their immediate network neighbors significantly pool with proteins required for infection and essential for cell growth, forming large connected components in both the human and E. coli protein interaction networks. The impact of both viruses and phages on their protein targets appears to extend to their network neighbors, as these are enriched with topologically central proteins that have a significant disruptive topological effect and connect different protein complexes. Moreover, viral and phage targets and network neighbors are enriched with transcription factors, methylases, and acetylases in human viruses, while such interactions are much less prominent in bacteriophages. IMPORTANCE While host-virus interaction interfaces have been previously investigated, relatively little is known about the indirect interactions of pathogen and host proteins required for viral infection and host cell function. Therefore, we investigated the topological relationships of human and bacterial viruses and how they interact with their hosts. We focused on those host proteins that are directly targeted by viruses, those that are required for infection, and those that are essential for both human and bacterial cells (here, E. coli). Generally, we observed that targeted, required, and essential proteins in both hosts interact in a highly intertwined fashion. While there exist highly similar topological patterns, we found that human viruses target transcription factors through methylases and acetylases, proteins that played no such role in bacteriophages.
Risk Pre-control Management Information System of Coal Mine Safety

In order to realize pre-identification,pre-evaluation and effective management for risk of coal mine safety,the paper proposed a design scheme of risk precontrol management information system of coal mine safety.It introduced process of risk pre-control management and functions of function modules of the system by taking risk pre-control management information system of coal mine safety in intrinsically safe management system of Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine as an example.The actual application showed that the system provides advanced and reliable management means for realizing safety target of coal mine.
Data-Driven Modeling and Prediction of the Process for Selecting Runway Configurations:

Runway configuration is a key driver of airport capacity at any time. Several factors, such as wind speed and direction, visibility, traffic demand, air traffic controller workload, and the coordination of flows with neighboring airports, influence the selection of the runway configuration. This paper infers the utility functions of the nominal decision-making process of air traffic personnel by using a discrete choice modeling approach. Given operational and weather conditions that have already been reported, such as ceiling and visibility, traffic demand, and current runway configuration, the model produces a probabilistic forecast of the runway configuration on a 15-min horizon. The prediction is then extended to a more realistic 3-h planning horizon. Case studies for San Francisco (SFO), California; LaGuardia (LGA), New York; and Newark (EWR), New Jersey, airports were completed by using this approach. Given the weather and airport arrival demand, the model predicts the correct runway configuration at...
A child's experience as a patient in a pediatric intensive care unit: what we learned through their drawings and narratives

Children admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) have physical and emotional experiences that differ from other pediatric patients due to their complicated needs and severity of their conditions. This is the first study to examine a child's experience as a patient in the PICU through their drawings.
Modulation of influenza vaccine immune responses using an epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor

Systemic use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) has been shown to alter MHC expression and that of several chemokines, and to enhance immune cell recruitment into human skin. We hypothesized that EGFRIs may have value as cutaneous immune response modifiers, and determined the effects of topical application of an irreversible EGFRI on a well-established murine model of influenza vaccination. We found that a single topical application of an EGFRI led to increased levels of antibodies that inhibit influenza mediated hemagglutination and viral cytopathic effects. The topically applied EGFRI significantly enhanced the generation of vaccine-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ producing cells within skin-draining lymph nodes as early as one week following vaccination. The EGFRI/vaccine group showed a twelve-fold reduction in detectable pulmonary viral load four days after infection as compared to the vaccine alone control group. The reduction in the lung viral titers correlated with the survival rate, which demonstrated 100% protection in the EGFRI/vaccine immunized group but only 65% protection in the mice immunized with vaccine alone. These findings are significant because they demonstrate that inhibition of defined signaling pathways within the skin using small molecule kinase inhibitors provides a novel approach to enhance immune responses to vaccines.
The Role of Basophil—Cytokine Networks in Asthma

Publisher Summary Basophil has been recognized as a key cell in the pathogenesis of asthma. It has been observed that the spontaneous release of mediators from basophils suspended in buffer correlates significantly with the degree of baseline airway function, and, further, that the response of these cells to anti-IgE antibody predicts the severity of the clinically relevant late phase response occurring in the airways following allergen challenge. Most important is the substantial, but often overlooked, amount of evidence that basophils selectively infiltrate allergic lesions. This is true not only for the experimentally induced late phase response, but also is evident in natural disease, where basophils have been clearly identified in the lungs of individuals dying from asthma yet not in the airways of individuals dying from unrelated complications. Moreover, their release of spamogens, such as histamine and leukotrienes, has long been thought to be an important factor contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic disease.
The Imaginary and Improvisation in Public Administration

This paper will demonstrate that Wolfgang Iser's concept of the imaginary as described in The Fictive and the Imaginary provides a theoretical basis for understanding the way the imaginary can work in organizational settings. First, Iser's insights suggest that the imaginary can be engaged but not controlled. The imaginary reveals itself through play, but the context in which play takes place influences the degree to which the imagination is free. Fictionalizing is a form of play that allows us to stage an endless number of ideas about the human condition. Second, I turn to the arts to describe a technique that has long been used to engage the imagination?improvisation. Third, I examine the notion of improvisational processes in public administration, including barriers and drawbacks. Improvisational processes both draw upon the imaginary and institutionalize meaning by adding to an organization ys knowledge. Fourth, I describe the use of improvisation games as a way for organizations to fictionalize and stage ideas, noting that in order for such games to be effective, the rest of the organizational setting must value imagination. Finally, I suggest that discourse about public administration can be seen as a series of improvisations that substitute small narratives for metanarratives.
Management of Coagulopathy in Postpartum Hemorrhage.

The purpose of this article is to review the use of blood products and hemostatic agents in the management of coagulopathy at the time of postpartum hemorrhage. Blood product administration strategies are broadly reviewed, including the role of the blood bank, the role of massive transfusion protocols, the role of laboratory monitoring, and the role of anesthesia management. Aspects of patient blood management are discussed. The concept refers to an evidence-based, comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to optimizing the care of patients who might need transfusion and includes measures to avoid or minimize transfusion such as preoperative anemia management, cell salvage, and the use of hemostatic medication to reduce bleeding. The contributions of individual blood components—red blood cells, plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets—are described. Current data regarding the complementary role of hemostatic agents—antifibrinolytic agents and clotting factor concentrates—are presented. Two developments in blood component pathogen reduction are introduced.
Impact of Multiprogramming on Cache Performance

This chapter discusses both the performance of virtual caches for multiprogramming workloads, and the validity of the earlier schemes to model multiprogramming effects. After outlining our cache analysis methods for multiprogramming workloads, we compare cache performance data at different levels of multiprogramming to motivate a study of this nature. We evaluate various techniques that have been proposed for improving multitasking in caches, such as cache flushing and PIDs. After initially considering only user references, we then include system references and discuss the impact of system references on cache performance in a multiprogramming environment. We contrast our experimental findings with various synthetic models of multiprogrammed caches used by earlier researchers and examine the validity of assumptions made by earlier studies. We end this chapter by examining various techniques to improve cache performance for multiprogramming.
Social Policies and Center‐Right Governments in Argentina and Chile

Latin America's “left turn” expanded cash transfers and public services, contributing to lower poverty and inequality. Recently, right-leaning candidates and parties have begun to win back seats in the legislature, and in some cases have captured the executive branch. This shift has sparked debate about the future of Latin America's welfare states. This article analyzes social policy reforms enacted by two recent right-leaning governments: that of Sebastian Pinera in Chile (2010–14) and Mauricio Macri in Argentina (2015–). It finds that contrary to neoliberal adjustment policies of the past, neither Macri nor Pinera engaged in privatization or deep spending cuts. Instead, both administrations facilitated a process of policy drift in some sectors and marginal expansion in others. Policy legacies and the strength of the opposition help to explain these outcomes, suggesting that Latin America's political context has been transformed by the consolidation of democracy and the experience of left party rule.
Strategies for Reducing Population Surgical Costs in Medicare: Local Referrals to Low-cost Hospitals.

Objective:We sought to assess hospital cost variation for elective inpatient surgical procedures within small geographic areas.Summary Background Data:Previous studies have documented cost variation for inpatient surgical procedures on a national basis, suggesting opportunities for savings. Cost var
Translesion synthesis DNA polymerases promote error-free replication through the minor-groove DNA adduct 3-deaza-3-methyladenine

N3-Methyladenine (3-MeA) is formed in DNA by reaction with S-adenosylmethionine, the reactive methyl donor, and by reaction with alkylating agents. 3-MeA protrudes into the DNA minor groove and strongly blocks synthesis by replicative DNA polymerases (Pols). However, the mechanisms for replicating through this lesion in human cells remain unidentified. Here we analyzed the roles of translesion synthesis (TLS) Pols in the replication of 3-MeA-damaged DNA in human cells. Because 3-MeA has a short half-life in vitro, we used the stable 3-deaza analog, 3-deaza-3-methyladenine (3-dMeA), which blocks the DNA minor groove similarly to 3-MeA. We found that replication through the 3-dMeA adduct is mediated via three different pathways, dependent upon Polι/Polκ, Polθ, and Polζ. As inferred from biochemical studies, in the Polι/Polκ pathway, Polι inserts a nucleotide (nt) opposite 3-dMeA and Polκ extends synthesis from the inserted nt. In the Polθ pathway, Polθ carries out both the insertion and extension steps of TLS opposite 3-dMeA, and in the Polζ pathway, Polζ extends synthesis following nt insertion by an as yet unidentified Pol. Steady-state kinetic analyses indicated that Polι and Polθ insert the correct nt T opposite 3-dMeA with a much reduced catalytic efficiency and that both Pols exhibit a high propensity for inserting a wrong nt opposite this adduct. However, despite their low fidelity of synthesis opposite 3-dMeA, TLS opposite this lesion replicates DNA in a highly error-free manner in human cells. We discuss the implications of these observations for TLS mechanisms in human cells.
Cybernetic Analysis and Political Study

This study is conceived of as an effort to apply the systems approach developed by Karl Deutsch in his Nerves of Government 1 to the study of international politics. When work was started on this project, Deutsch’s general statement about political processes found in Nerves of Government appeared to this author as a most unique and important theoretical initiative in political science. Deutsch’s work was an effort to respond to the increasingly complex style of modem life. He attempted to develop a new approach to politics that would combine traditional scholarship with the more modem findings of science. The product of his effort, Nerves of Government, was not a completed study. Instead it was an “interim report” that Deutsch hoped would eventually lead to a “theory of politics, both national and international.”2
Multidimensional Soliton Integrodifferential Systems

The article presents preliminary results on applications of the theory of noncommutative KdV equation u t =∂3 u−3(u∂u+ (∂u) u) (recently developed in [Traves, 2007]) to algebras of matrices, first of finite rank and then of infinite rank. The resulting differential equations in these algebras can only make sense in a noncommutative setup, as the basic “space derivation” is commutation with another (fixed) matrix. The infinite rank situation is reinterpreted, via Hermite expansion, in the algebra of bounded linear operators on Schwartz space S(ℝ n ) Special choices of the “space derivation” as commutation with partial differential operators can be identified to evolution equations whose linear part is partial differential (in ℝ2n+1) and the nonlinear part is integrodifferential: a partial differential operator (in ℝ2n ) acting on the square of the unknown u in the sense of Volterra composition. The choice of the harmonic oscillator D x 2+x 2 (when n=1) is particularly amenable to Hermite expansion approach. Existence and uniqueness of global solutions in the Cauchy problem can be proved for special initial data (in ℝ2+1)
New Hobby Eberly telescope metrology systems: design, implementation, and on-sky performance

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope is an innovative 10-meter telescope, located at the McDonald Observatory. We have completed a major multi-year upgrade of the HET that has substantially increased the field of view to 22 arcminutes by replacing the optical corrector, tracker, and prime focus instrument package and by developing a new telescope control and metrology systems. The metrology systems include four independent optical sensors to provide fully redundant alignment and pointing information to keep the telescope aligned to within a few microns and a few arc seconds. We detail the design, implementation, on-sky performance, and lessons learned.
[16] Sur l’équation différentielle de M. Löwner

Twenty years after its appearance in 1923, Loewner’s method was well established as a powerful device for solving extremal problems. For instance, Grunsky had applied it in 1934 to find the radius of starlikeness for univalent functions of class S. Goluzin had applied it in 1936 to obtain the sharp rotation theorem. Loewner (Math. Ann., 89, 103–121, 1923) had originally used his method to prove |a 3|≤ 3. (See Goluzin, Geometric Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, Nauka, Moscow, 1966 or Duren, Univalent Functions, 1983 for further information). In his short note (Schiffer, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 221, 369–371, 1945) of 1945, Schiffer developed a clever idea for combining Loewner’s method with the variational method in order to mount a stronger attack on the Bieberbach conjecture. Schiffer had applied his method of boundary variation (Schiffer, Proc. London Math. Soc., 44(2), 432–449, 1938) to show in Schiffer, (Proc. London Math. Soc. 44(2), 450–452, 1938) that an extremal function for the coefficient problem max f∈S Re{a n } maps the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) conformally onto the whole plane minus a finite number of unbranched analytic arcs that are trajectories of a quadratic differential: \((1/{w}^{3})P_{n}(1/w)\,d{w}^{2} < 0\), where P n is a certain polynomial of degree n − 2. (See also Duren, Univalent Functions, 1983. Observe that our present notation differs from that in Schiffer’s paper, where P n denotes a polynomial of degree n.) In particular, if w = w(s) is a sufficiently smooth (local) parametric representation of an omitted arc, then Peter L. $$\displaystyle{ \text{Im}\left \{w^{\prime}{(s)}^{2}w{(s)}^{-3}P_{ n}(1/w(s))\right \} = 0\,. }$$ (1)
Recent Results in the Context of Models for Ladders

Recent calculations in the context of ladder systems, but with implications also for high-Tc two-dimensional (2D) systems, are described here. In particular, efforts are concentrated on the influence of a hole-hole electrostatic repulsion on holepair binding in the t−J model on ladders. It is concluded that the pairs are very robust because a nearest-neighbor hole-hole repulsion of strength ~5J is needed to break the pairs. In the second part of the paper, the spectral function of holes is provided on up to 2×20 clusters using a new numerical technique. A gap in the spectrum caused by hole binding is observed, as well as flat regions near (π, 0). Implications for studies of high-Tc materials are discussed.
NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN PULSED SOUND BEAMS

A method is described with which numerical solutions of the KZK nonlinear parabolic wave equation are obtained from calculations performed entirely in the time domain. The KZK equation accounts for the combined effects of nonlinearity, diffraction and thermoviscous absorption on the propagation of directive sound beams. Finite difference methods are used to integrate the diffraction and absorption terms, and an implicit analytical solution is used to account for nonlinearity. Comparison is made with earlier numerical results based on frequency domain calculations, and new results are presented for a broad-band, frequency modulated tone burst.
Is Prior Inter-Professional Experience Associated with Attitudes of Graduate Healthcare Students Toward Inter-Professional Education?

Background: Educational background and students’ preparedness influence interprofessional education (IPE). We studied if healthcare students’ prior exposure to interprofessional collaborations and education influenced their attitudes and readiness for IPE. Methods: Graduate students were surveyed in this cross-sectional study using the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Survey (RIPLS). Independent variables included age, gender, type of healthcare program, diversity of clinical observation settings, and previous IPE coursework. Findings: Sixty-eight completed surveys included 60 percent in the 20 to 25-yearold group and 78 percent females. Controlling for age and gender, MANCOVA showed no group mean differences in the RIPLS. Conclusions: Students’ attitudes toward IPE are not associated with their professional program, previous IPE coursework, or exposure to interprofessional interactions in diverse clinical observations.
Towards Privacy Preserving IoT Environments: A Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of Internet-enabled devices that can sense, communicate, and react to changes in their environment. Billions of these computing devices are connected to the Internet to exchange data between themselves and/or their infrastructure. IoT promises to enable a plethora of smart services in almost every aspect of our daily interactions and improve the overall quality of life. However, with the increasing wide adoption of IoT, come significant privacy concerns to lose control of how our data is collected and shared with others. As such, privacy is a core requirement in any IoT ecosystem and is a major concern that inhibits its widespread user adoption. The ultimate source of user discomfort is the lack of control over personal raw data that is directly streamed from sensors to the outside world. In this survey, we review existing research and proposed solutions to rising privacy concerns from a multipoint of view to identify the risks and mitigations. First, we provide an evaluation of privacy issues and concerns in IoT systems due to resource constraints. Second, we describe the proposed IoT solutions that embrace a variety of privacy concerns such as identification, tracking, monitoring, and profiling. Lastly, we discuss the mechanisms and architectures for protecting IoT data in case of mobility at the device layer, infrastructure/platform layer, and application layer.
Molecular tools for imaging and recording neuronal activity

To understand how the brain relates to behavior, it is essential to record neural activity in awake, behaving animals. To achieve this goal, a large variety of genetically encoded sensors have been developed to monitor and record the series of events following neuronal firing, including action potentials, intracellular calcium rise, neurotransmitter release and immediate early gene expression. In this Review, we discuss the existing genetically encoded tools for detecting and integrating neuronal activity in animals and highlight the remaining challenges and future opportunities for molecular biologists.
Language, Creativity and Humour Online

Language, Creativity and Humour Online offers new insights into the creative linguistic practices found in diverse digital contexts, such as social media platforms. It introduces new digital genres and contexts, expanding existing research on computer mediated communication (CMC) and covering key concepts in research on linguistic creativity. The book presents original linguistic analyses of a variety of digital genres, including: • Novelty Twitter accounts and political humour • Tumblr Chats • Amazon review parodies. This timely book uncovers the linguistic and interactional mechanisms underlying various types of creative, playful, and humorous texts online. It is essential reading for students and researchers working in the areas of language and media, and language and communication.
Interventional Fairness: Causal Database Repair for Algorithmic Fairness

Fairness is increasingly recognized as a critical component of machine learning systems. However, it is the underlying data on which these systems are trained that often reflect discrimination, suggesting a database repair problem. Existing treatments of fairness rely on statistical correlations that can be fooled by statistical anomalies, such as Simpson's paradox. Proposals for causality-based definitions of fairness can correctly model some of these situations, but they require specification of the underlying causal models. In this paper, we formalize the situation as a database repair problem, proving sufficient conditions for fair classifiers in terms of admissible variables as opposed to a complete causal model. We show that these conditions correctly capture subtle fairness violations. We then use these conditions as the basis for database repair algorithms that provide provable fairness guarantees about classifiers trained on their training labels. We evaluate our algorithms on real data, demonstrating improvement over the state of the art on multiple fairness metrics proposed in the literature while retaining high utility.
A Field Procedure To Screen Soil for Hazardous Lead.

Soils retain lead contamination from possible sources such as mining, smelting, battery recycling, waste incineration, leaded gasoline, and crumbling paint. Such contamination is often concentrated in toxic hot spots that need to be identified locally. To address this need, a simple field procedure was designed to screen soil for hazardous Pb for use by the general public. The procedure is a modification of the in vitro soil Pb extraction described by Drexler and Brattin ( Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2007, 13, 383 ) and EPA Method 1340, and uses a 0.4 M glycine solution at pH 1.5. A higher soil-to-solution ratio of 1:10 allows for classifying soil samples based on extractable Pb concentrations of 400 mg/kg (high) using sodium rhodizonate as a color indicator. The 1:10 soil-to-solution ratio also makes it possible to measure Pb concentrations in the glycine extract solutions on a continuous scale using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer. The procedure rather consistently extracts about one-third of the Pb extracted by the standard method across a wide range of Pb concentrations. Manufacturing the kit in larger quantities could reduce the cost of the materials well below the current $5/test.
Family medicine training in China: crisis and opportunity.

Primary care based in the community centres has been one of the top priorities in healthcare reform in China launched in 2009.[1][1] In order to support the reform, hospital spending has been curved to put more resources at the primary care level.[2][2] Recent review, however, still argues slow
SAFETY OF A SAME-DAY DISCHARGE PROGRAM FOLLOWING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN A HIGH-RISK RURAL POPULATION

Same-day discharge (SDD) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is demonstratively safe, yet the nationwide rate of SDD remains low. The safety of SDD in the high-risk population is underexplored and the impact that rural/urban residency has on the safety of SDD is unknown. The objective
Activity Mapping the Acyl Carrier Protein - Elongating Ketosynthase Interaction in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Elongating ketosynthases (KSs) catalyze carbon-carbon bond forming reactions during the committed step for each round of chain extension in both fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). A small α-helical acyl carrier protein (ACP) shuttles fatty acyl intermediates between enzyme active sites. To accomplish this task, ACP relies on a series of dynamic interactions with multiple partner enzymes of FAS and associated FAS-dependent pathways. Recent structures of the Escherichia coli FAS ACP, AcpP, in covalent complexes with its two cognate elongating KSs, FabF and FabB, provide high-resolution detail of these interfaces, but a systematic analysis of specific interfacial interactions responsible for stabilizing these complexes has not yet been undertaken. Here, we use site-directed mutagenesis with both in vitro and in vivo activity analyses to quantitatively evaluate these contacting surfaces between AcpP and FabF. We delineate the FabF interface into three interacting regions and demonstrate the effects of point mutants, double mutants, and region delete variants. Results from these analyses reveal a robust and modular FabF interface capable of tolerating seemingly critical interface mutations with only the deletion of entire regions significantly compromising activity. Structure and sequence analysis of FabF orthologs from related type II FAS pathways indicate significant conservation of type II FAS KS interface residues and, overall, support its delineation into interaction regions. These findings strengthen our mechanistic understanding of molecular recognition events between ACPs and FAS enzymes and provide a blueprint for engineering ACP-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
CT validation of SVC-RA junction location for pediatric central line placement: is vertebral bodies below the carina accurate?

The key landmark for tip position of a central venous catheter (CVC) is the SVC-RA junction. In adults, localization of the SVC-RA junction may be assessed as a function of vertebral body units (VBU) below the carina during CVC placement. We investigated the relationship between the SVC-RA junction and the carina in children. 584 CT scans of 0–18 years were analyzed. The carina was marked automatically by software while the SVC-RA junction and vertebrae were marked manually. The SVC-RA junction to carina (JC) distance was the primary study measurement reported in both VBU and mm. The data show an average JC distance of 1.25 VBU for 0–1 year, 1.27 VBU for 1–4 years, 1.34 VBU for 4–9 years, 1.53 VBU for 9–15 years, and 1.64 VBU for 15–18 years. A positive relationship between weight and JC distance was also demonstrated. JC distance is a useful predictor of SVC-RA junction location in children. Significant relationships were shown between JC distance and both age and weight. Due to small differences between age groups, however, average JC distance for all comers (1.48 VBU, 95% CI 0.7 – 2.3) can be used for SVC-RA junction identification in CVC placement.
Local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model for developed flow in porous media with spatially-varying Biot number

Abstract The local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model has been extensively used to model convective heat transfer in porous media. Most of the past LTNE-based models account for thermal interactions between fluid and solid phases in the form of a constant Biot number (Bi). This work presents a local thermal non-equilibrium model for fully developed flow in a channel filled with a porous medium where Bi itself varies across the channel. A set of differential equations for fluid and solid phase temperature fields are derived under this condition, which are shown to be generalizations of previously presented results for constant Bi. Results from the present analysis are shown to reduce to and agree with past work for the special case of constant Bi. The variable Bi model is used to investigate the effect of thermal properties such as thermal conductivity on the fluid and solid temperature profiles. The nature of temperature distributions are correlated with the spatial variation in Bi, including for parabolic and sinusoidal variation. Specifically, for periodic Bi, the locations of maxima and minima in temperature fields are found to be well correlated with corresponding maxima and minima in Bi. Nusselt number (Nu) for different values of thermal conductivities and heat generation rates are determined for variable Bi. This work accounts for an important physical consideration in porous media and generalizes previously-presented LTNE models for porous media in a channel.
Structured Blood Glucose Monitoring in Primary Care: A Practical, Evidence-Based Approach.

Comprehensive care of diabetes requires satisfactory stewardship of an underutilized prescription in diabetes management: the prescription for structured blood glucose monitoring (BGM). Structured BGM is a recommended schedule of actionable blood glucose measurements taken at specific times with the intent of using the data for individualized patient education and therapeutic intervention. The utility of different BGM protocols is logically dictated by a patient’s therapeutic regimen. This article reviews the prescription for structured BGM in the setting of intensive insulin, nonintensive basal insulin, and noninsulin treatment regimens. Evidence-based prescriptions of structured 5- to 7-point BGM profiles in diabetes provide essential information for productive clinician- and patient-directed therapeutic interventions. The effective implementation of structured BGM aids clinicians in achieving the desired goal of A1C reduction while bolstering patient education and empowering self-management.
OsPG1 Encodes a Polygalacturonase that Determines Cell Wall Architecture and Affects Resistance to Bacterial Blight Pathogen in Rice.

Plant cell walls are the main physical barrier encountered by pathogens colonizing plant tissues. Alteration of cell wall integrity (CWI) can activate specific defenses by impairing proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis, degradation and remodeling, or cell wall damage due to biotic or abiotic stress. Polygalacturonase (PG) depolymerize pectin by hydrolysis, thereby altering pectin composition and structures and activating cell wall defense. Although many studies of CWI have been reported, the mechanism of how PGs regulate cell wall immune response is not well understood. Necrosis appeared in leaf tips at the tillering stage, finally resulting in 3–5 cm of dark brown necrotic tissue. ltn-212 showed obvious cell death and accumulation of H2O2 in leaf tips. The defense responses were activated in ltn-212 to resist bacterial blight pathogen of rice. Map based cloning revealed that a single base substitution (G-A) in the first intron caused incorrect splicing of OsPG1, resulting in a necrotic phenotype. OsPG1 is constitutively expressed in all organs, and the wild-type phenotype was restored in complementation individuals and knockout of wild-type lines resulted in necrosis as in ltn-212. Transmission electron microscopy showed that thicknesses of cell walls were significantly reduced and cell size and shape were significantly diminished in ltn-212. These results demonstrate that OsPG1 encodes a PG in response to the leaf tip necrosis phenotype of ltn-212. Loss-of-function mutation of ltn-212 destroyed CWI, resulting in spontaneous cell death and an auto-activated defense response including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, as well as enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These findings promote our understanding of the CWI mediated defense response.
Low neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with higher mortality and increased surgery utilization among metastatic breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with advanced stage, lower-quality care, and higher mortality among breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between neighborhood SES (nSES), surgical management, and disease-specific mortality in de novo metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. METHODS MBC patients ages 18 to 85+ years diagnosed from 2010 through 2016 were identified in SEER. The cohort was divided into low, middle, and high nSES based on the NCI census tract-level index. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to examine the relationship between nSES, surgery, and disease specific mortality in MBC patients. RESULTS There were 24,532 de novo MBC patients who met study criteria, with 28.7 % undergoing surgery. Over the study period, surgery utilization decreased across all nSES groups. However, lower nSES was associated with a higher odds of undergoing surgery (low OR 1.25 [1.15-1.36] p < 0.001; middle OR 1.09 [1.01-1.18] p = 0.022; ref high). Living in an area with lower SES was associated with a worse disease specific mortality (low HR 1.24 [1.25, 1.44; ], middle 1.20 [1.1-1.29]: ref high). Specifically, there was a 9.26 month mean survival differences between the lowest (41.02 ± 0.47 months) and highest (50.28 ± 0.47 months) nSES groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest area of residence may contribute to differences in surgical management and clinical outcomes among de novo MBC patients. Future studies should examine the contributions of patient characteristics and preferences within the context of surgeon recommendations.
A Study of Light Airplane Pilot Landing Performance

The results of a total of 289 landings performed with a low-wing aircraft by a group of private pilots on long and short runways have been analyzed to determine the landing performance of these pilots. Both the long- and short-runway landings show significant variation from straight or uniformly curved trajectories, denoting considerable 'jockeying' on the part of the pilot during approach. The long-runway approach speeds were variable and higher than recommended. Considerable float followed by touchdown at speeds well above stall were noted. The short-runway landings were quite similar, except that approach speeds were slightly lower as a result of the use of two-thirds to full flaps, and touchdown occurred closer to the threshold.
Vestibular prostheses: the engineering and biomedical issues.

Currently available data demonstrate the need for balance prostheses. Recent technological and biomedical advances now make it feasible to produce miniaturized sensors, signal processors, electric stimulators, and stimulating electrodes that are roughly analogous to a cochlear implant but which provide information about self motion, instead of sound. Many areas require work before balance prostheses become a reality. Some of these include: the development of a motion sensor array, the conversion of the sensed motion into physiologically meaningful information, the delivery of the transformed information to the CNS, the training of vestibular deficient individuals to use the prosthesis, and developing methods to evaluate the efficacy of the device. In this "white paper," we consider these issues in the context of prototype baseline prosthetic devices.
Interoperability in building construction using exchange standards

Standard product and/or process models are a key enabling technology for the AEC industry to realize many of the benefits of more advanced computing approaches. The steel building industry has standardized on CIS/2. More broadly AEC has been striving to move IFCs into practice. STEP, the international product data standard ISO 10303, serves as the basic format for both CIS/2 and the IFCs. An overview of both formats accompanies example exchange files. An example one-way translation from CIS/2 to IFC2x3 illustrates some of the difficulties that must be overcome if the sought for harmonization of these standards is to be achieved.
Representing the Complexity of Engineering Systems: A Multidisciplinary Perceptual Approach

The natural evolution of design leads to the creation of devices that are increasingly complex. From the invention of the wheel to the use of the wheel in the landing gear of a spacecraft, new technology often builds upon or further develops existing products. As devices become more complex, so does the process of designing them. In order to meet consumer demands, design requires the integration of technology from multiple disciplines. This can lead to the formation of intricate interdependencies between components and systems within the device. These interdependencies may include material, geometric, dynamic, pneumatic, vibration, acoustical, thermal, electrical, and chemical considerations. Because of their complex nature, the interdependencies within a device are not always apparent, and may easily be overlooked by inexperienced designers.
Ordinary People: In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age, by David Wagner

Historians of poverty face a difficult challenge. The people whose lives they want to reconstruct left few records. By and large, poor people did not record their experiences, leave behind collecti...
Pattern matching on objects in Java

This paper presents a refinement of the Visitor design pattern, providing convenient pattern matching and deconstruction over objects in a Java class hierarchy. It develops the idea of extracting and passing the values of an object's subcomponents to the visitor operation so that it is not necessary to explicitly extract them using accessor methods. It further presents the use of the Java Reflection API to implement a flexible and extensible pattern matching framework.
Industrial District and the Multiplication of Labour: The Chinese Apparel Industry in Prato, Italy

Since the 1990s, the Chinese apparel industry in Prato has developed from a few stitching workshops into full-fledged production networks. However, persistent disparity between the Chinese and Italian labor has triggered widespread social tensions. Drawing upon the recent literature of critical labor studies, this paper offers a different perspective to see the disparity in terms of the multiplication of labor across scales. The Chinese labor in Prato is made cheap and flexible by the proliferation of institutional and social borders, which were in turn inadvertently produced by Italian immigration policies, Chinese social norms, and local and regional economic conditions. In particular, the Chinese migrant workers have played an active role in producing social borders and in their own exploitation. Therefore, the labor polarization in Prato can hardly be solved by local institutional arrangements, and Italian trade unions have failed to organize the Chinese migrant labor in Prato.