cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Performance Computing Applications in Space with DM Technology

Dependable Multiprocessor or DM technology was developed as a way of enabling high-performance Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)processing systems to effectively operate in a space environment. DM technology is an architecture and software framework that enables the latest COTS processing systems to operate in inhospitable environments by providing software-based fault-tolerance. A DM system is a scalable cluster of processors with a highspeed interconnect and an application and hardware independent fault tolerant middleware. The objective of the DM7 flight experiment was to build, test, and demonstrate DM technology in a space environment. DM7 was launched to the ISS on December 2016. The experiment was activated in April 2017 running on-orbit checkouts, experiments, and capturing and compressing camera images. DM operation was successfully demonstrated on-orbit, reaching TRL-7. DM is a pervasive technology applicable to almost any application where highperformance rad-tolerant or fault-tolerant computing is required. Numerous applications have been developed and demonstrated on a variety of DM platforms. Potential applications include: intelligent data mining and data compression, autonomous navigation, autonomous operation & control, advanced space-based networked communication, sophisticated earth observation, astrophysics, and ground-commanded programmable image compression amongst others. The demonstrated applications show the breadth, flexibility, scalability, ease of use, low overhead, and processing potential of DM technology. Following a brief overview of DM technology and a brief overview of the DM7 flight experiment including the most recent post-flight analysis, the paper focuses on past and future DM high performance computing applications. 123
W. K. Brooks and the oyster question : Science, politics, and resource management in Maryland, 1880-1930

A travers ses etudes sur le developpement des huitres et la fertilisation artificielle, W.K. Brooks tente d'ameliorer le bien-etre de l'homme en augmentant l'approvisionnement nutritionnel
Transgenerational stress memory of water deficit in peanut production

Abstract To address a changing climate and dwindling water resources, many farmers have begun to adopt water-saving irrigation management practices in crop production. Consequently, the impacts of these water-management schemes on crop physiology and yield have been quantified within a single growing season, but relatively little work has been done in characterizing the effects of controlled water deficit on crop performance in the subsequent generation. Therefore, the major aim of this project was to explore the phenotypic impacts of water-saving irrigation management between generations and identify potential genotypic variation in these responses through the quantification of transgenerational stress memory (TSM) in the establishment, photosynthetic and agronomic performance of five genotypes of peanut. To address this objective, seeds were collected from parents that received two water regimes representing two parent stress histories with contrasting potential to induce TSM and providing two progeny types: 1) offspring of non-stressed parents and 2) offspring of stressed parents. Measurements of seedling emergence, photosynthetic functioning, and yield in three consecutive years indicated that TSM may exist in peanut. However, the ways in which TSM is expressed are complex and appear to be dependent on both the genotype and the immediate environmental conditions experienced by the offspring of stressed parents. The offspring of stressed parents had greater yield than the offspring of non-stressed parents, but only in one year of the study. On the other hand, field emergence was improved in the offspring of stressed parents in all years, indicating the stand establishment of peanut plants was determined, at least in part, by the water deficit incurred during the parent generation. These results suggest that the influence of TSM on peanut phenotypes was limited to the early stages of growth of field-grown peanut. Results of this study also highlight the need to further examine the role of management in the parental generation in determining peanut seed quality and subsequent plant performance under a variety of environmental conditions.
The extrema of circulating miR-17 are identified as biomarkers for aggressive prostate cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute short non-coding RNAs that can post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes engaged in key cellular processes. Deregulated serum miRNA signatures have been detected in various solid cancers including prostate cancer, suggesting that circulating miRNAs could function as non-invasive biomarkers of tumor emergence and progression. To determine whether serum miRNA expression levels are different between patients with aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer, we analyzed a panel of miRNAs from the blood of African American (AA) prostate cancer patients using a new recursive partitioning method that allows hypothesis testing of each split. We observed that both extrema of circulating miR-17, i.e. upregulation and downregulation, are associated with aggressive prostate cancer. A similar effect was observed in tumor samples from a separate dataset representing a different population of prostate cancer patients and in AA prostate cancer samples from the TCGA. The dual effect is consistent with the contradictory findings on the role of miR-17 in prostate cancer progression, whereby it controls important oncogenic and tumor-suppressive genes.
Refractive surgery for the patient with autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of review Autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases are considered contraindications for laser refractive surgeries according to the US Food and Drug Administration's guideline. This guideline, however, is based on limited case reports or complications reported during other intraocular procedures. There have been only a handful of new clinical studies that evaluate the efficacy and safety of refractive surgery in this specific patient population. The aim of this article is to review currently available research and offer updated recommendations for the evaluation and management of laser refractive surgery (LRS) in patients with autoimmune diseases. Recent findings More recent retrospective studies have reported good refractive outcomes in patients with well controlled autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, seronegative spondyloarthropathy, among others. No severe sight-threatening complications have been reported in these reports. Although postoperative complications occur, the risk of refractive surgery is comparable with those without autoimmune diseases. Summary With the exception of primary Sjogren's syndrome, patients with autoimmune diseases may be good candidates for LRS if diseases are well controlled and have minimal ophthalmic manifestation. Patients should be made aware of the potential surgical complications and be informed of the currently available data. More multicenter and larger prospective studies are needed to compare the refractive outcomes and surgical complications in patients with and without autoimmune diseases. This will help patients make better informed medical decisions.
Occupation, employment status, and "despair"-associated mortality risk among working-aged U.S. adults, 1997-2015.

Abstract The recent rise in U.S. midlife mortality has been conceptualized as a “working-class” crisis, defined by increasing mortality among blue-collar and/or unemployed workers and the decline of manual labor; yet research on the topic overwhelmingly focuses on educational attainment as the key socioeconomic determinant of midlife mortality, especially among “despair”-related deaths. The present study addresses this gap by using data on 360,146 adults ages 25–64 from restricted-use National Health Interview Survey-Linked Mortality Files (1997–2015; average follow-up 9.87 years) to estimate associations between individuals' occupation and employment status and alcoholic liver disease, suicide, or accidental poisoning mortality risk, net of confounders. Adults in service, manual labor, and transport occupations exhibited two-to-three times the risk of mortality from accidental poisonings compared to those in managerial/administrative positions. Notably, health professionals exhibited the highest accidental poisoning mortality risks. Relative to managerial/administrative professionals, adults not in the labor force had double the suicide risk and nearly seven times the accidental poisoning risk, net of confounders. Unemployed adults and those having never worked also had elevated risks from accidental poisoning mortality. Critically, the fact that individuals' occupations and employment status are independently associated with midlife mortality due to deaths of despair – especially accidental poisoning – highlights the need for measures of socioeconomic status beyond educational attainment and income in understanding rising midlife mortality. Moreover, policies addressing working-aged mortality must target particular workplace contexts and the consequences of unemployment, both of which affect a large and growing segment of the working-aged U.S. population.
Efficient Quantification of Profile Matching Risk in Social Networks Using Belief Propagation

Many individuals share their opinions (e.g., on political issues) or sensitive information about them (e.g., health status) on the internet in an anonymous way to protect their privacy. However, anonymous data sharing has been becoming more challenging in today’s interconnected digital world, especially for individuals that have both anonymous and identified online activities. The most prominent example of such data sharing platforms today are online social networks (OSNs). Many individuals have multiple profiles in different OSNs, including anonymous and identified ones (depending on the nature of the OSN). Here, the privacy threat is profile matching: if an attacker links anonymous profiles of individuals to their real identities, it can obtain privacy-sensitive information which may have serious consequences, such as discrimination or blackmailing. Therefore, it is very important to quantify and show to the OSN users the extent of this privacy risk. Existing attempts to model profile matching in OSNs are inadequate and computationally inefficient for real-time risk quantification. Thus, in this work, we develop algorithms to efficiently model and quantify profile matching attacks in OSNs as a step towards real-time privacy risk quantification. For this, we model the profile matching problem using a graph and develop a belief propagation (BP)-based algorithm to solve this problem in a significantly more efficient and accurate way compared to the state-of-the-art. We evaluate the proposed framework on three real-life datasets (including data from four different social networks) and show how users’ profiles in different OSNs can be matched efficiently and with high probability. We show that the proposed model generation has linear complexity in terms of number of user pairs, which is significantly more efficient than the state-of-the-art (which has cubic complexity). Furthermore, it provides comparable accuracy, precision, and recall compared to state-of-the-art. Thanks to the algorithms that are developed in this work, individuals will be more conscious when sharing data on online platforms. We anticipate that this work will also drive the technology so that new privacy-centered products can be offered by the OSNs.
Dual Three Phase Rare-Earth Free Spoke-Type Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motor Using Ferrite Magnets

This paper proposes a dual three phase rare-earth free spoke-type ferrite permanent magnet traction motor. First, the machine topology and drive system configuration of the proposed design is illustrated. The design specifications and requirements are introduced. Some key design parameters on torque performance are investigated, including the effect of iron bridges, effect of rotor pole shaping, and rotor skewing. The demagnetization risk of the proposed design is also evaluated. Finally, the open-circuit electromagnetic characteristics and on-load torque capability are predicted by finite element analysis. The performance of the proposed design is compared to the rare-earth interior permanent magnet motor and synchronous reluctance motor. The toque density is competitive to that of rare-earth permanent magnet motor with fractional slot concentrated windings. More importantly, the proposed dual three phase spoke-type ferrite traction motor offers several advantages, including low-cost, non-rare-earth magnets, and fault tolerant.
Differential impacts of freshwater and marine covariates on wild and hatchery Chinook salmon marine survival

Large-scale atmospheric conditions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean affect both the freshwater environment in the Columbia River Basin and marine conditions along the coasts of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, resulting in correlated conditions in the two environments. For migrating species, such as salmonids that move through multiple habitats, these correlations can amplify the impact of good or poor physical conditions on growth and survival, as movements among habitats may not alleviate effects of anomalous conditions. Unfortunately, identifying the mechanistic drivers of salmon survival in space and time is hindered by these cross-habitat correlations. To address this issue, we modeled the marine survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon with multiple indices of the marine environment and an explicit treatment of the effect of arrival timing from freshwater to the ocean, and found that both habitats contribute to marine survival rates. We show how this particular carryover effect of freshwater conditions on marine survival varies by year and rearing type (hatchery or wild), with a larger effect for wild fish. As environmental conditions change, incorporating effects from both freshwater and marine habitats into salmon survival models will become more important, and has the additional benefit of highlighting how management actions that affect arrival timing may improve marine survival.
Parties in Russia: party system nationalisation in dominant party systems

Party system nationalisation is regarded as a process that signifies democratic and party system development. This article extends understanding on the topic by studying the phenomenon in dominant ...
Factors influencing the jump momentum - sprint momentum correlation: a data simulation.

AbstractJump take-off momentum has previously been proposed as an alternative test to predict sprint momentum. This study used a data simulation to replicate and systematically investigate relationships reported in previous studies between body mass, vertical jump performance, and sprint performance. Results were averaged for 1000 simulated data sets in each condition, and the effects of various parameters on correlations between jump momentum and sprint momentum were determined. The ability of jump take-off momentum to predict sprint momentum is greatest under relatively high inter-individual variation in body mass and relatively low inter-individual variation in jump height. This is largely due to the increased emphasis on body mass in these situations. Even under zero or a small negative (r = -0.30) correlation between jump height and sprint velocity, the correlation between the two momenta remained very large (r ≥ 0.76) on average. There were no investigated conditions under which jump momentum was most frequently a significantly (p < 0.05) greater predictor of sprint momentum compared to simply using body mass alone. Furthermore, between-individual correlations should not be used to make inferences or predictions for within-individual applications (e.g., predicting or evaluating the effects of a longitudinal training intervention). It is recommended that any rationale for calculating and/or monitoring jump take-off momentum should be separate from its ability to predict sprint momentum. Indeed, body mass alone may be a better predictor of sprint momentum.
A Run-Twiddle Model for the Self Correlation Function of Bacteria in Chemotactic Bands

Microscopic motions of individual Escherichia coli in liquid chemotactic media have been extensively studied by stroboscopic photomicrographs1 and especially by tracking microscope2. The motions are shown to be characterized by sequential repetitions of either a “running” state in which a bacterium moves in a fairly straight path or a “twiddle” state in which the bacterium jigs around locally. Both the stroboscopic photomicrograph and tracking microscope techniques work well only when bacterial density in solution is relatively low. For studying bacterial motion in a chemotactic band, which has a very high bacterial density (108/ml), quasi-elastic light scattering technique is more suitable.3,4
OPTIMAL CLOSED-LOOP SPARK CONTROL OF AN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE

This work concerns the application of optimization theory to develop control laws for use in closed-loop control strategies to minimize the effect of environmental changes, manufacturing tolerances, and time degradation. The paper describes the acquisition of engine mapping data for 2.3L, 4 cylinder engine, the use of the data to develop analytical functions describing the fuel consumption and emissions, and the use of the functions in an optimization procedure to arrive at control strategies and driving cycle predictions of fuel consumption and emissions. The optimum schedules were used to determine a closed-loop spark control strategy.
Felty's Syndrome.

Felty’s syndrome is a complication of rheumatoid arthritis whereby patients develop neutropenia of varying severity. Although the main clinical concern is the development of serious infections, often patients remain asymptomatic or continue with clinical problems related to the rheumatoid arthritis and not to the neutropenia. There is now considerable clinical experience with the use of the recombinant human haemopoietic growth factors granulocyte and granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) in the treatment of patients with Felty’s syndrome. The only indication for the use of either growth factor for Felty’s syndrome is the onset of infectious complications, which may be recurrent and serious. In general, when this occurs, the neutropenia is severe (<108 cells/L). The mechanism(s) underlying development of the neutropenia in Felty’s syndrome is similar to that in other forms of immune-mediated neutropenia, and in general is associated with a terminal defect in neutrophil maturation. It is likely that the maturational defect is a consequence of ‘immune based’ inhibition, although we lack detailed understanding of this inhibitory process. Growth factor therapy does not relieve the defect in terminal maturation, but in general may induce a significant improvement in the peripheral white cell count. Instances where growth factor therapy does not work appear to be due to an inability to overcome the maturational defect. Thus, the level of granulopoietic inhibition mediated by the rheumatoid process varies in severity among patients. To date, treatment options for Felty’s syndrome have included disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroids and splenectomy. The addition of growth factor therapy is a welcome addition to these less than optimal treatment options. However, all of the above therapies fail on occasion. Moreover, the dosage and frequency of growth factors must be titrated to keep the white blood cell count <5 × 109 cells/L, since overshoot may result in complications, the most common being exacerbation of the rheumatoid arthritis. Another mechanism by which these drugs may exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis is through activation of neutrophils. The addition of disease-modifying drugs may relieve the maturational defect, improve the peripheral white cell count and minimise disease exacerbation by limiting neutrophil exposure to the administered haemopoietic growth factor. However, long term monotherapy with G-CSF has been successfully employed without requiring disease-modifying therapy.
Pathogen Detection Using a Liquid Array Technology

Keywords:forensic science;pathogen detection;Bacillus cereus;Escherichia coli;Salmonella enterica;Staphylococcus aureus;liquid array technology Abstract: Low concentrations of microbial pathogens in pure and mixed samples were detected using a bead-based, liquid array technology. A 20-bp sequence in the 23S rRNA gene, rrl, was amplified in four microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. PCR products were positively identified with the Luminex® 100� system. The system could detect very low amounts of DNA and the instrument response was proportional to the input concentration. The lower limit of detection (LLD) was determined to be 0.5 ng for B. cereus and E. coli and 2 ng for S. enterica. The LLD for S. aureus was not determined as the instrument response was still above the threshold when quantities of DNA as low as 0.25 ng were used. The platform positively identified organisms present in mixed samples even when the minor component was overshadowed by a 10-fold excess of the major component.
The Role of Intelligence in Fighting Insurgencies

This paper seeks to explain why powerful states have struggled to defeat insurgencies after World War II despite their superiority in wealth and military power. I examine the U.S experience in Iraq and Vietnam, building on the argument that the asymmetry of information favoring insurgencies can partly explain their success. I argue that powerful states’ efforts to understand the insurgency may, ironically, increase their enemies’ understanding of them, thereby undermining their efforts. As they seek to understand the enemy, they become more visible, thus increasing their vulnerability. As they deploy technology to gather information, seek indigenous allies, or increase patrols, they expose more of their organizations’ routines and practices, providing insurgents a valuable information advantage. Powerful militaries require clear, routine procedures to function, have complex logistics “tails,” and a broad array of units requiring coordination. The technology they deploy sends identifiable signals that make them more predictable. Thus, powerful states’ costly and well-coordinated efforts to succeed in fighting insurgencies can undermine their ability to do so.
A mixed–strategy model and case example of federal technology transfer in the USA

This paper presents a model of technology transfer from federal laboratories to recipients which consist of a combination of a local start–up firm with an established large industrial partner. This strategy of mixing two of the more common recipients into a strategic alliance provides the advantages of both types. A case example using the mixed strategy is presented, and conclusions are inferred from this experiment. Of particular interest are the long technology–development cycle time, the configuration of the start–up company and of the support infrastructure for the start–up, and the characteristics of the technology source and the transfer process.
Psychologism in Semantics

(1983). Psychologism in Semantics. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-25.
Microdomains and averaged symmetry in poled Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 crystals

Diffraction investigations have been performed ojn poled 0.75Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.25PbTiO 3 crystals of cubic shape, where each cube face was oriented along a (001)-type plane. Contour small area reciprocal space scans of the three (001) faces of the cube were found to be in-equivalent. The results demonstrate a high micro-domain density within the poled condition, where micro-domain averagign produces monoclinic symmetry.
Revisiting Intel Xeon Phi optimization of Thompson cloud microphysics scheme in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model

The Thompson cloud microphysics scheme is a sophisticated cloud microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The scheme is very suitable for massively parallel computation as there are no interactions among horizontal grid points. Compared to the earlier microphysics schemes, the Thompson scheme incorporates a large number of improvements. Thus, we have optimized the speed of this important part of WRF. Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) ushers in a new era of supercomputing speed, performance, and compatibility. It allows the developers to run code at trillions of calculations per second using the familiar programming model. In this paper, we present our results of optimizing the Thompson microphysics scheme on Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture (MIC) hardware. The Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor is the first product based on Intel MIC architecture, and it consists of up to 61 cores connected by a high performance on-die bidirectional interconnect. The coprocessor supports all important Intel development tools. Thus, the development environment is familiar one to a vast number of CPU developers. Although, getting a maximum performance out of MICs will require using some novel optimization techniques. New optimizations for an updated Thompson scheme are discusses in this paper. The optimizations improved the performance of the original Thompson code on Xeon Phi 7120P by a factor of 1.8x. Furthermore, the same optimizations improved the performance of the Thompson on a dual socket configuration of eight core Intel Xeon E5-2670 CPUs by a factor of 1.8x compared to the original Thompson code.
RELIKT1 and COBS-DMR results: A comparison

A recent reanalysis of the RELIKTI data (Strukov et al., 1992) shows a statistically significant decrement in temperature in a highly smoothed sky-map. COBE-DMR has observed the same region of sky at higher signal-to-noise ratio at three discrete wavelengths. We present results from the DMR sky-maps smoothed to equivalent resolution as RELIKT1 and discuss possible sources of contamination.
Modeling polycrystalline effects on the device characteristics of cdte based solar cells

There are mainly three different types of losses that accounts for the decrease in the efficiency of polycrystalline CdTe solar cells namely: (1) optical losses resulting from the interface reflections and absorption from the window and buffer layers in superstrate configuration; (2) recombination losses due to the interface between adjacent layers and also at grain boundaries; and (3) electrical losses due to the device series and shunt resistances. Over the years researchers have mostly studied the nature of the optical and electrical losses in single crystalline cells and have put forward various theoretical models to accurately explain their effect on various performance parameters. However the problem gets much complicated for polycrystalline materials as grain size effects can significantly affect these performance parameters such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor. In this work we have studied these polycrystalline effects in depth and have presented a comparative analysis using minority carrier lifetime based model to accurately formulate micron scale grain size effects in CdTe based solar cells.
Components of Selection in X Chromosome Lines of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: Sex Ratio Modification by Meiotic Drive and Viability Selection

ABSTRACT Selection coefficients and segregation parameters have been estimated in 18 randomly chosen lines carrying wild Χ chromosomes on the cn bw genetic background. Each line was studied in replicated crosses of four types, with approximately 100 replications per line per cross. Crosses in which male Χ chromosomes differed exhibited significant sex ratio heterogeneity. Maximum likelihood estimation of segregation parameters revealed two lines in which the proportion of Χ-bearing gametes produced by males was significantly different from Mendelian expectations. These observations suggest that segregation distortion is a common feature of naturally occurring genetic variation. Non-Mendelian segregation has important evolutionary implications.
Amino acid determinants for NMDA receptor inhibition by conantokin-T.

Several derivatives of conantokin-T (con-T), a naturally occurring, γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-containing peptide with NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist properties, were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to displace [3H]MK-801 from adult rat forebrain membranes. Analyses of progressive C-terminal truncation analogs of the parent 21-mer revealed gradual losses in activity with decreased chain length. In this series, con-T[1–8] was identified as the shortest variant capable of manifesting inhibitory activity (< 1% of the parent peptide). Ala substitution studies of individual residues identified Gly1, Gla3, Met8 and Leu12 as important for activity, while Glu2, Gla4 and Tyr5 were shown to be essential in this regard. The effect of side-chain length and charge in the N-terminal region was probed by single amino acid replacements. No correlation was observed between potencies and circular dichroism-derived helical contents of the con-T derivatives. Further elaboration of structure-function relationships in con-T was effected through the design and synthesis of helically constrained and destabilized analogs. The results of the current study were compared with those of a previous investigation on con-G, a related conantokin. Substantial differences in activity requirements were noted between the peptides, particularly in the C-terminal regions. Chimeras of con-T and con-G were generated and revealed virtually no interchangeability of residues between these two peptides. Finally, single amino acid substitutions that resulted in analogs with enhanced inhibitory properties were combined to yield superior conantokin-based NMDAR inhibitors.
Nucleolar phosphoprotein phosphatase from Novikoff hepatoma and rat liver: characterization and partial purification.

Abstract Phosphoprotein phosphatase which dephosphorylates 32 P-labeled nucleolar protein substrates was found in nucleoli of Novkoff hepatoma ascites cells and normal rat liver. The activity was extracted in high yield from nucleoli with 0.01 m Bis/Tris (pH 7.0). Low ionic strength was also required for activity: the activity was only 50% of maximum in 0.075 M NaCl. Activity was affected differently by various divalent cations: MgCl 2 had little effect; CaCl 2 , MnCl 2 and CoCl 2 above 4 mM inhibited the activity 30–60%; ZnCl 2 above 2 mM completely destroyed the activity. EDTA had no effect, indicating that divalent cations are probably not required. The enzyme activity was enhanced 20% by 5–8 mM dithiothreitol and was inhibited 60% by 7–10 mM N -ehtylmaleimide indicating a requirement for free sulfhydryl groups. The K m of the extracted enzyme for 32 P-labeled nucleolar protein was 0.6 mg/ml. The phosphatase was capable of dephosphorylating the major phosphorylated nucleolar proteins C23-24 and B23-24 and also histone H l . The enzyme was purified more than 200-fold on hydroxyapatite followed by DEAE-Sephadex, which resolved the activity into three major components. The activity of enzyme extracted from Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli was approximately 2.5 times greater than from normal liver nucleoli.
Optical Performance of Dichroic Filters in Solar Spectrum-Splitting application

Abstract: This paper describes the effects of non-ideal dichroic filter characteristics on the performance of concentrating spectrum splitting photovoltaic systems.
Emission reserve mapping of CRT-type cathodes

The "dip test" was recommended in 1956 to evaluate the emission activity of cathodes, and this method is now in common use for evaluation of cathodes in microwave tubes and in other electron devices wherein unvarying geometry and field configuration permit simple application of the test and interpretation of results. Application of the "dip test" to CRT cathodes, however, involves complexities associated with a) variation of emission current density from center to edge of the cathode, b) variation of the emitting area and current density with intensity modulation (grid voltage), and c) variation of the grid-cathode geometry which takes place during the cooling period of the dip test. A method has now been developed for accurately evaluating the cathode activity for varying radii of concentric circular cathode areas. A figure of merit is introduced which characterizes the cathode emission.
FLEXIBILITY, ADAPTABILITY, AND EFFICIENCY IN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

There are many different approaches and conceptualizations of flexibility in the present literature. This lends itself to a lack of clarity and can result in confusion on the central concept. Here we identify shortcomings in the existing literature. To clarify some of the important concepts, we distinguish between flexibility (ability to change states), adaptability (ability to change within a state), and efficiency (resources utilized). To illustrate such distinctions, we present a capacity expansion model that takes flexibility and adaptability into consideration. Numerical examples show how the concepts of flexibility and adaptability can be used in manufacturing.
Calorimetric Determination of Beam Energy

A high-precision calorimetric system has been developed for determining beam energy. The beam is square-wave (on-off) modulated and the time derivative of the calorimeter temperature is determined at a time late in the modulation half-cycle. This avoids sensitivity variations associated with beam size and location on the calorimeter. The data are collected and analyzed in a small on-line computer. The use of beryllium, with its very small backscatter coefficient for electrons, permits the use of the method for electron accelerators. Using such a calorimeter with a high-stability electron accelerator, standard deviations of the order of 0.03 percent for series of 20 measurements were achieved for energies from 0.025 to 1 MeV over several hours time period. The calorimeter system is usually calibrated with a low energy (~ 20 keV) positive ion beam whose energy is well established. Where lower accuracy is acceptable, the sensitivity may be determined from first principles to within 1 percent. The method will be described and the optimization of the various parameters discussed.
Beyond the gravity model

Gravity theory holds that more people will travel from a particular origin to a given destination than will travel to a more distant destination of the same type and size. Distance, according to gravity theory is a deterrent to travel and empirical evidence supports such a relationship in urban settings. This relationship is, however, hypothesized not to be true for long-distance leisure travel where distance may be a utility rather than a friction to be overcome. This study examines the relationship between subjective (perceived) distance and objective (geographic) distance and tests the hypothesis that, all other things being equal, the attractiveness of tourist destinations will increase as subjective distance increases. It is concluded that tourists tend to perceive all destinations to be closer than they actually are. It is also concluded that the far-off destination has a special allure about it simply because it is far-off.
Preparation and Reactivity of 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulphonate

The precursor compound 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulphonic acid DAS-(SO3H)2 was successfully deprotonated through reactions with (n-Bu4N)(OH) and NaOH to produce the corresponding salts sodium 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulphonate Na2(DAS-(SO3)2) (1) and tetrabutylammonium 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulphonate (n-Bu4N)2(DAS-(SO3)2) (2). The structure of (n-Bu4N)2(DAS-(SO3)2) (2) was confirmed through the use of single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the lattice parameters of a = 10.0645(6), b = 14.2573(9), c = 17.6053(11), and β = 94.3160(10). The reaction of Cu2+(aq) with (n-Bu4N)2(DAS-(SO3)2) resulted in the crystallization of the molecular organocopper cluster, [CuDAS-(SO3)2]2·3H2O (3), that resembles a molecular parallelogram as revealed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the lattice parameters of a = 8.8647(6), b = 10.5247(7), c = 21.2265(14), and β = 93.1730(10). Within the structure of (3) each [DAS-(SO3)2]2− ligand is shown to bind two copper atoms through interactions with three of the five available metal binding sites.
The extensional and failure properties of polymer melts

The extensional and failure properties of polystyrene melts were studied by pulling sample rods in a special “weight dropping” extensiometer. This apparatus allows pulling to long final lengths and at relatively high rates; except for the highest rates, the experiment is one of constant applied force. Various commercial (broad molecular weight distribution) and special (narrow molecular weight distribution) samples were studied at various temperatures and applied forces. The striking result was that the former (BMWD) samples stretched reasonably uniformly and displayed what has been described as “viscoelastic failure”; the latter (NMWD) samples necked in the final stages and showed what might be called “viscous” failure. In the case of the BMWD material, the stress–time behavior was analyzed theoretically by independently determining the parameters in a nonlinear constitutive equation from GPC and rheogoniometer (shear) data. The theoretical tensile stresses compared quite well with the experimental values. An interesting result came from comparing the complete viscoelastic theory with a viscous (Trouton viscosity) asymptote. These two theoretical curves closely approximated the experimental data until just short of the failure point; at this incipient point, the stresses from the complete theory grew to very large values compared with the viscous stresses. That is, the material could not relax fast enough to allow steady stresses to develop, and the sample failed shortly thereafter.
A Case for Energy-Aware Security Mechanisms

The coming age of "big data'' has been a recent focus of IT companies, governments, and even the World Economic Forum (WEF). The rapid, exponential growth of global data outpaces Moore's law improvements in computing and storage efficiency, creating a growing "energy wall'' in coping with global data. We observe in this paper that this problem is significantly exacerbated by (needed) security mechanisms. We propose for more systematically designed energy-aware security mechanisms.
Chemical synthesis of a Pk-antigenic globotriose analogue with a functionalized aglycon

Abstract 6-Aminohexyl α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), a globotriose analogue with a functionalized aglycon, was synthesized, using α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid-(1→4)-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid 〚di-GalA (3)〛 as the starting material, which is commercially available or can be readily prepared from pectin.
Methamphetamine drinking microstructure in mice bred to drink high or low amounts of methamphetamine.

Genetic factors likely influence individual sensitivity to positive and negative effects of methamphetamine (MA) and risk for MA dependence. Genetic influence on MA consumption has been confirmed by selectively breeding mouse lines to consume high (MAHDR) or low (MALDR) amounts of MA, using a two-bottle choice MA drinking (MADR) procedure. Here, we employed a lickometer system to characterize the microstructure of MA (20, 40, and 80 mg/l) and water intake in MAHDR and MALDR mice in 4-h limited access sessions, during the initial 4 hours of the dark phase of their 12:12 h light:dark cycle. Licks at one-minute intervals and total volume consumed were recorded, and bout analysis was performed. MAHDR and MALDR mice consumed similar amounts of MA in mg/kg on the first day of access, but MAHDR mice consumed significantly more MA than MALDR mice during all subsequent sessions. The higher MA intake of MAHDR mice was associated with a larger number of MA bouts, longer bout duration, shorter interbout interval, and shorter latency to the first bout. In a separate 4-h limited access MA drinking study, MALDR and MAHDR mice had similar blood MA levels on the first day MA was offered, but MAHDR mice had higher blood MA levels on all subsequent days, which corresponded with MA intake. These data provide insight into the microstructure of MA intake in an animal model of differential genetic risk for MA consumption, which may be pertinent to MA use patterns relevant to genetic risk for MA dependence.
International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity?

Attention is increasingly focused on the potential individual career and firm-level benefits of international experience for upper level executives. This research examines the relationships between CEO international experience, CEO tenure, firm internationalization, succession events, and corporate financial performance. Results indicate a significant interactive effect between CEO tenure and outside succession on CEO international experience. In addition to a relationship with CEO international experience, there are two additional interactive effects in the examination of corporate financial performance: (1) CEO international experience and the degree of firm internationalization, and (2) CEO international experience and CEO succession. These interactive effects are evident in accounting and market indicators of corporate financial performance. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Cottonwood Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Defoliation, Clone, and Season on Populus Foliar Phagostimulants

Abstract The cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., is a serious defoliator of plantation Populus in the United States. Current control methods include biorational and synthetic chemicals as well as selecting Populus clones resistant or tolerant to C. scripta defoliation. Specific ratios of long-chain fatty alcohols to alpha-tocopherylquinone (α-TQ) on the leaf surface of Populus spp. act as phagostimulants to adult C. scripta. The chemical concentrations and ratios vary among Populus clones; however, the effect of defoliation on the subsequent production of these chemicals is unknown. We investigated the effects of defoliation, clone, and season on Populus leaf surface chemical production. Chemical concentrations and ratios were monitored in 1998 and 1999 on eight Populus clones with and without larval C. scripta defoliation. Chemicals were extracted from the leaf surface and analyzed via gas chromatography. Larval C. scripta defoliation rarely caused changes in leaf surface chemistry at the defo...
Performance Sensitivity Studies on the PIAA Implementation of the High-Contrast Imaging Testbed

We have investigated the dependence of the High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph system performance on the rigid-body perturbations of various optics. The structural design of the optical system as well as the parameters of various optical elements used in the analysis are drawn from those of the PIAA/HCIT system that have been and will be implemented, and the simulation takes into account the surface errors of various optics. In this paper, we report our findings when the input light is a narrowband beam.
Acoustic Wave Propagation Simulation in Double-Layered Composite Cylindrical Structures

Ultrasound guided waves have been recognized as an effective tool for the rapid and long-range inspection of composite cylindrical structures, but its application is still limited due to the complex nature of guided waves and their interactions with material geometry and material properties. This paper uses finite element technique to simulate the ultrasound guided wave propagation in layered composite cylinders. Ultrasound guided wave propagation was analyzed in a double-layered cylinder composed of an anisotropic unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite layer wrapped on an isotropic aluminum cylinder. The carbon fiber orientation is either along the cylinder circumferential direction or axial direction. Ultrasound wave is excited from a PZT-4 transducer which is placed on the top of a Plexiglas wedge to adjust the ultrasound incident angle into the cylinder. Low ultrasound frequencies at 0.5 and 1.0 MHz were selected to improve the effect of attenuation and simulation efficiency. Wave propagation velocities and wave structures were analyzed at various positions of the cylinder. This study helped to examine the effect of fiber orientation on wave dispersion characteristics and to assess the feasibility of applying ultrasound guided wave technique for the evaluation of composite cylindrical structures.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Wiener restoration of defocused partially coherent images

Wiener filters are developed for the restoration of images that are distorted by diffraction and defocusing under conditions of partially coherent illumination. Performance of the restoration filter is assessed by the reduction of mean square error and the improvement of two-point resolution.
Distal Posterior Cerebral Artery Revascularization in Multimodality Management of Complex Peripheral Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Technical Case Report

UNLABELLED OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE: Although controversial, revascularization of the distal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) may become necessary in treating complex PCA aneurysms before proximal parent vessel sacrifice. The revascularization of the distal PCA territories of two patients with peripheral PCA aneurysms is presented. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS One patient had an aneurysm of the P2-P3 segment and failed a selective P2 balloon occlusion test by developing homonymous hemianopia before planned parent vessel sacrifice. The other patient with a giant P2 segment aneurysm presented with visual field deficits. TECHNIQUE The distal segment of PCA was revascularized before the aneurysms were trapped by surgical clipping or coil occlusion of the distal P2 segment, proximal to the aneurysms. In both cases, the occipital artery was used as the "donor" vessel. Temporary occlusion times were 22 and 20 minutes, respectively. Both grafts were patent on postoperative angiography, and both patients had full visual fields at the time of their follow-up examinations. CONCLUSION De novo distal P2 sacrifice, advocated for treating peripheral PCA aneurysms, leads to visual field deficits in some patients. Revascularization of the distal segment of the PCA, less technically demanding than bypass to other PCA segments, preserves blood flow, thus sparing vision in this subset of patients.
El Coliseo de la Cruz: Illustrations from the Archivo Municipal de Madrid

Forty-four weeks of work beginning on Sunday 8 July 1736, and culminating on 11 May 1737, produced the first modern public theatre in the city of Madrid. Constructed on the site of the first permanent theatre at a total cost of some 515,809 reales, it was undoubtedly a spectacle to behold for the Madrid citizenry of that time, so accustomed to the starkness and modesty of the corrales. The building served the public as a theatre for over 120 years. On 3 July 1859, the demolition project for the theatre was advertised for bids in both the Gaceta de Madrid and the Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid, and by 15 October the city architect, Don Juan Jose Sanchez Pescador, had inspected the site and declared the project complete. La Esperanza of 15 November 1859 reported: ‘Ya esta empedrado en forma de calle y pronto se abrira al transito publico el solar del teatro’.