cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinning Out of Control: The Black Box of Basilar and Hemiplegic Migraine (P7.176)

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating efficacy and tolerability of triptans in basilar and hemiplegic migraines. BACKGROUND: Basilar migraine (BM) is a migraine sub-type with symptoms thought to originate from the brainstem and/or from simultaneous bihemispheric activation. Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is another migraine sub-type involving episodes of unilateral weakness in the setting of headache. Although triptans have been a mainstay in abortive treatment of migraine headaches, the FDA mandates that package labeling state that triptans are contraindicated in BM and HM. Triptans are 5-HT1B/D agonists which inhibit vasoactive peptide release by trigeminal nerves, and cause vasoconstriction of dilated cerebral arteries. A proposed mechanism for BM is basilar artery vasoconstriction, which has not been demonstrated in angiographic studies. HM carries a theoretically elevated risk of stroke compared to migraine with aura, which has not been well elucidated. Despite this lack of data, patients with BM and HM have been excluded from triptan clinical trials. In clinical practice, physicians at times prescribe triptans in patients meeting criteria for or have features consistent with BM and HM. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted at two tertiary care institutions via electronic searchable databases from 2007-2013. Searchable terms included basilar migraine, vertigo, dysarthria, diplopia, hemiplegia/hemiparesis, facial droop, weakness, confusion, altered consciousness, confusion, ataxia, and aphasia, as well as all triptans. RESULTS: The study included thirty-nine patients. Thirty-six were included in the BM subtype, three in HM. No side effects of stroke or myocardial infarction were reported. Five patients reported adverse effects, including GI upset, rash, neck dystonia, nightmares, and flushing. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, triptans were used effectively with no subsequent vascular events for the abortive treatment of migraines with basilar and hemiplegic features. This data also suggests that beta blockers, tricyclic anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, and Botox injections have some efficacy in the treatment of migraines with basilar type and hemiplegic features. Disclosure: Dr. Krel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mathew has nothing to disclose. Dr. Spinner has received personal compensation for activities with Merz Pharma and Allergan Inc. as speaker bureau member. Dr. Joshi has nothing to disclose.
ADP‐ribosylation factor 6 acts as an allosteric activator for the folded but not disordered cholera toxin A1 polypeptide

The catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CTA1) has a disordered structure at 37°C. An interaction with host factors must therefore place CTA1 in a folded conformation for the modification of its Gsα target which resides in a lipid raft environment. Host ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) act as in vitro allosteric activators of CTA1, but the molecular events of this process are not fully characterized. Isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy monitored ARF6-induced structural changes to CTA1, which were correlated to changes in CTA1 activity. We found ARF6 prevents the thermal disordering of structured CTA1 and stimulates the activity of stabilized CTA1 over a range of temperatures. Yet ARF6 alone did not promote the refolding of disordered CTA1 to an active state. Instead, lipid rafts shifted disordered CTA1 to a folded conformation with a basal level of activity that could be further stimulated by ARF6. Thus, ARF alone is unable to activate disordered CTA1 at physiological temperature: additional host factors such as lipid rafts place CTA1 in the folded conformation required for its ARF-mediated activation. Interaction with ARF is required for in vivo toxin activity, as enzymatically active CTA1 mutants that cannot be further stimulated by ARF6 fail to intoxicate cultured cells.
Chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood.

tient. ~8 In the past, as many as 30% of patients with hematemesis or melena have had no documented etiology?, lo The availability of improved instrumentation and experience with pediatric endoscopy should further clarify the etiology of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Mallory-Weiss mucosal lacerations are commonly found in adults. All patients with this syndrome do not present with the classical history, severity or clinical course of the original report in 19297, 10 Although the alcohol debauch was considered the precipitating event of gastroesophageal laceration, other associated factors, including closed chest massage, coughing, hiccuping under anesthesia, and straining with lifting or at stool, have been enumerated. 3, 1o The age of occurrence is unusual in our patients, but the atypical presentation and benign clinical coUrse have been previously reported. 3, ~~ The experience with these patients confirms our conviction that the Mallory-Weiss syndrome d o e s occur in children. With the increasing utilization of endoscopy in pediatric patients, we anticipate that other reports will follow. REFERENCES 1. Mallory GK, and Weiss S: Hemorrhages from lacerations of the cardiac orifice due to vomiting, Am J Med Sci 178:506, 1929. 2. Holmes KD: Mallory-Weiss syndrome: Review of 20 cases and literature review, Ann Surg 164:810, 1966. 3. Weaver DH, Maxwell JG, and Castleton KB: MalloryWeiss syndrome, Am J Surg 118:887, 1969. 4. Clemenz FW, and Dawson RG: Esophageal dyskinesia and the Mallory-Weiss syndrome, Arch Surg 93:614, 1966. 5. Koehler PR: New approaches to the radiological diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome, Br J Radiol 42:354, 1969. 6. Gteason WA, Tedesco FJ, Keating JP, and Goldstein PD: Fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy in infants and children, J PEDIATR 85:810, 1974. 7. Tedesco FJ, Goldstein PD, Gleason WA, and Keating JP: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the pediatric patient, Gastroenterology 70:492, 1976. 8. Ament ME, Gans SL, and Christie DL: Experience with esophagogastroduodenoscopy in diagnosis of 79 pediatric patients with hematemesis, melena or chronic abdominal pain, Gastroenterology 68:858, 1975. 9. Brayton D: Gastrointestinal bleeding of "unknown origin," Am J Dis Child 107:288, 1964. 10. Watts D, and Admirand WH: Mallory-Weiss syndrome a reappraisal, JAMA 230:1674, 1974.
Neutralization in ion-surface collisions. II. Nonperturbative results

Abstract A theory reported previously for the neutralization probability of slow ions colliding with a solid surface is extended here to treat the large neutralizing rates found in Ion Scattering Spectroscopy. The motion of the ion as well as its lifetime against neutralization contribute to spectral broadening of the ionic levels. In consequence, normally closed neutralization channels may, in fact, be open during collision. The theory is applied to 200 eV helium ions incident on a tungsten surface. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we argue that neutralization in this system is dominated by tunneling processes.
Neoseiulus fallacis: dispersal and biological control of Tetranychus urticae following minimal inoculations into a strawberry field

In three separate tests, 100 adult female Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (plus immatures) were released at five point locations across 1.6-m rows of strawberries to control twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Beginning in April, during 6–12 weeks, predators controlled pests locally and dispersed downwind by 20–30 m. Up to 100 m2 around each release point was colonized, and the entire 2.5 ha field was covered by predators by September. Distances dispersed by N. fallacis were similar within and across rows, suggesting that dispersal was primarily by aerial rather than by ambulatory means. Factors that affected dispersal were temperature, wind direction, density of spider mites, and mowing and flailing of foliage. An exponential model of dispersal was fitted to the data. On average, the area dispersed by N. fallacis doubled every 70 degree-days. From these results, a strategy of minimum release is suggested. To establish N. fallacis over a field in a single season, ca. 100 adult females per 1–2 m of row can be released before 1 July, after T. urticae have achieved 2–5 female adults per leaf. Releases should be 50 m apart and to the upwind side of the field. Selective sprays may be needed to suppress spider mites until predators gain control and disperse over the field.
Sialoadhesin expressed on IFN-induced monocytes binds HIV-1 and enhances infectivity.

Author(s): Rempel, Hans; Calosing, Cyrus; Sun, Bing; Pulliam, Lynn | Abstract: BackgroundHIV-1 infection dysregulates the immune system and alters gene expression in circulating monocytes. Differential gene expression analysis of CD14(+) monocytes from subjects infected with HIV-1 revealed increased expression of sialoadhesin (Sn, CD169, Siglec 1), a cell adhesion molecule first described in a subset of macrophages activated in chronic inflammatory diseases.Methodology/principal findingsWe analyzed sialoadhesin expression on CD14(+) monocytes by flow cytometry and found significantly higher expression in subjects with elevated viral loads compared to subjects with undetectable viral loads. In cultured CD14(+) monocytes isolated from healthy individuals, sialoadhesin expression was induced by interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Using a stringent binding assay, sialoadhesin-expressing monocytes adsorbed HIV-1 through interaction with the sialic acid residues on the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Furthermore, monocytes expressing sialoadhesin facilitated HIV-1 trans infection of permissive cells, which occurred in the absence of monocyte self-infection.Conclusions/significanceIncreased sialoadhesin expression on CD14(+) monocytes occurred in response to HIV-1 infection with maximum expression associated with high viral load. We show that interferons induce sialoadhesin in primary CD14(+) monocytes, which is consistent with an antiviral response during viremia. Our findings suggest that circulating sialoadhesin-expressing monocytes are capable of binding HIV-1 and effectively delivering virus to target cells thereby enhancing the distribution of HIV-1. Sialoadhesin could disseminate HIV-1 to viral reservoirs during monocyte immunosurveillance or migration to sites of inflammation and then facilitate HIV-1 infection of permissive cells.
Deconvolution of shift-variant broadening for Compton scatter imaging

Abstract A technique is presented for deconvolving shift-variant Doppler broadening of singly Compton scattered gamma rays from their recorded energy distribution. Doppler broadening is important in Compton scatter imaging techniques employing gamma rays with energies below roughly 100 keV. The deconvolution unfolds an approximation to the angular distribution of scattered photons from their recorded energy distribution in the presence of statistical noise and background counts. Two unfolding methods are presented, one based on a least-squares algorithm and one based on a maximum likelihood algorithm. Angular distributions unfolded from measurements made on small scattering targets show less evidence of Compton broadening. This deconvolution is shown to improve the quality of filtered backprojection images in multiplexed Compton scatter tomography. Improved sharpness and contrast are evident in the images constructed from unfolded signals.
Rural, suburban, and urban schools: The impact of school setting on the efficacy beliefs and attributions of student teachers

Abstract This study investigated student teachers' efficacy beliefs, to determine if school setting (i.e., rural, suburban, and urban) impacted teachers' sense of efficacy. Each setting group exhibited significant increases in teachers' sense of efficacy following student teaching. The urban student teachers exhibited significantly lower teachers' sense of efficacy. We also examined the attributions (external or internal) the student teachers made following student teaching. The urban student teachers did not make more external attributions than the rural and suburban student teachers, and the patterns of the self-serving attributional bias as well as the fundamental attribution error were apparent.
Effect of diltiazem and methylene blue on human sperm motility viability and cervical mucus penetration: potential use as vas irrigants at the time of vasectomy.

The purpose of this study was to identify compounds that could potentially be useful for vas irrigation at the time of vasectomy. We studied the in vitro effects of a group of membrane-active and ion-channel blocking agents on human sperm motility, viability and cervical mucus penetration. Diltiazem, an anti-arrhythmic drug, and methylene blue, an agent commonly used in vasography, showed the most promising effects with marked reduction of sperm motility and cervical mucus penetration after incubation with sperm for a short period of 15 min. Diltiazem was more effective than methylene blue in inhibiting the motility and viability of sperm. Furthermore, unlike methylene blue, diltiazem significantly compromised sperm viability. Other compounds studied, such as lidocaine, nicardipine and Neosporin®, showed only partial inhibitory activity. Based on the data reported herein, both diltiazem and methylene blue appear to be suitable candidates to be developed for vas irrigation at the time of vasectomy.
Composition and Properties of Submicellar Casein Complexes in Colloidal Phosphate-Free Skimmilk

Abstract Colloidal phosphate-free milks prepared from raw or heated (80C for 30min) skimmilk by adjustment to pH 4.9 or addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate followed by dialysis were similar in total and dialyzable nitrogen, calcium, and phosphate. A small amount of inorganic phosphate was not dialyzable and 20 to 25% of the original skimmilk nondialyzable calcium was retained. Centrifugation of colloidal phosphate-free skimmilk at 150,000× g for one hour deposited a fraction (∼ 4% of the total casein) enriched in α s -casein. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed one principal component with sedimentation constant of 7.5 S (20C) but also showed much size heterogeneity. Electron microscopy confirmed the size heterogeneity and also revealed that the submicellar casein complexes in colloidal phosphate-free skimmilk are smaller, irregularly shaped, and less electrondense than casein micelles in skimmilk. Gel filtration likewise confirmed the size heterogeneity of the submicellar casein particles. Sepharose 4B provided better resolution of submicellar casein particles than either Sephadex G-200 or Sepharose 2B. The successive fractions from filtration on Sepharose 4B were shown by starch gel electrophoresis to increase progressively in β-casein and decrease in α s -casein.
An Issue-Area Approach to the Analysis of MNE-Government Relations

This article presents an issue-area approach to the analysis of relations between multinational enterprises and governments. The concept of issue-areas is drawn from a body of political science literature that has been neglected in the literature of international business. The central theme of the analysis is that business-government relations vary systematically across issue-areas in their interactions and outcomes. An issue-area typology from the political science literature is applied to MNE-government relations concerning inbound foreign direct investment in the United States. The article adopts a heuristic approach, as is appropriate in this first stage in the development of an issue-area theory of MNE-government relations.
Brain tumors detection and segmentation in MR images

Display Omitted A fully automatic system for detection of slices that contain tumor in MR images is presented.A fully automatic system for tumor segmentation using single-spectral MR images is presented.A study for evaluating the efficacy of statistical features over Gabor wavelet features is included. Automated recognition of brain tumors in magnetic resonance images (MRI) is a difficult procedure owing to the variability and complexity of the location, size, shape, and texture of these lesions. Because of intensity similarities between brain lesions and normal tissues, some approaches make use of multi-spectral anatomical MRI scans. However, the time and cost restrictions for collecting multi-spectral MRI scans and some other difficulties necessitate developing an approach that can detect tumor tissues using a single-spectral anatomical MRI images. In this paper, we present a fully automatic system, which is able to detect slices that include tumor and, to delineate the tumor area. The experimental results on single contrast mechanism demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed technique in successfully segmenting brain tumor tissues with high accuracy and low computational complexity. Moreover, we include a study evaluating the efficacy of statistical features over Gabor wavelet features using several classifiers. This contribution fills the gap in the literature, as is the first to compare these sets of features for tumor segmentation applications.
Stereo vision–based depth of field rendering on a mobile device

The depth of field (DoF) effect is a useful tool in photography and cinematography because of its aesthetic value. However, capturing and displaying dynamic DoF effect were until recently a quality unique to expensive and bulky movie cameras. A computational approach to generate realistic DoF effects for mobile devices such as tablets is proposed. We first calibrate the rear-facing stereo cameras and rectify the stereo image pairs through FCam API, then generate a low-res disparity map using graph cuts stereo matching and subsequently upsample it via joint bilateral upsampling. Next, we generate a synthetic light field by warping the raw color image to nearby viewpoints, according to the corresponding values in the upsampled high-resolution disparity map. Finally, we render dynamic DoF effect on the tablet screen with light field rendering. The user can easily capture and generate desired DoF effects with arbitrary aperture sizes or focal depths using the tablet only, with no additional hardware or software required. The system has been examined in a variety of environments with satisfactory results, according to the subjective evaluation tests.
Modeling cell migration in 3D: Status and challenges.

Cell migration is a multi-scale process that integrates signaling, mechanics and biochemical reaction kinetics. Various mathematical models accurately predict cell migration on 2-D surfaces, but ar...
Factor-Derived categories of chronic aphasia.

Abstract A large sample of patients with aphasia ( N = 118), unselected for etiology, were administered the Porch Index of Communicative Ability more than 6 months after the onset of aphasia. Factor analysis of PICA subtest scores identified five factors which accounted for 83.9% of the total variance. The factors were labeled speaking, writing, comprehension, gesturing, and copying. Cluster analyses of the factor scores yielded five patient categories which differed in the pattern of impairment on the language factors as well as in overall severity of aphasia. A subgroup of the parent sample consisting of 52 patients with localized left-hemisphere CVA had cluster analyses repeated after having first been studied as part of the larger sample. The factor-derived categories for the subgroup were similar to those of the entire group. Discriminant functions of the PICA raw scores of the 52-patient subsample correctly classified all of the patients. When discriminant functions were based upon the factor scores of the 118-patient parent sample, 80.7% of the 52 patients were correctly classified into the five categories.
Structural Differences in Aβ Amyloid Protofibrils and Fibrils Mapped by Hydrogen Exchange – Mass Spectrometry with On-line Proteolytic Fragmentation

We report here structural differences between Abeta(1-40) protofibrils and mature amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease as determined using hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) coupled with on-line proteolysis. Specifically, we have identified regions of the Abeta(1-40) peptide containing backbone amide hydrogen atoms that are protected from HX or exposed when this peptide is incorporated into protofibrils or amyloid fibrils formed in phosphate-buffered saline without stirring at 37 degrees C. Study of protofibrils was facilitated by use of the protofibril-stabilizing agent calmidazolium chloride. Our data clearly show that both the C-terminal segment 35-40 and the N-terminal segment 1-19 are highly exposed to HX in both fibrils and protofibrils. In contrast, the internal fragment 20-34 is highly protected from exchange in fibrils but much less so in protofibrils. The data suggest that the beta-sheet elements comprising the amyloid fibril are already present in protofibrils, but that they are expanded into some adjacent residues upon the formation of mature amyloid. The N-terminal approximately ten residues appear to be unstructured in both protofibrils and fibrils. The 20-30 segment of Abeta(1-40) is more ordered in fibrils than in protofibrils, suggesting that, if protofibrils are a mechanistic precursor of fibrils, the transition from protofibril to fibril involves substantial ordering of this region of the Abeta peptide.
Fatal hypereosinophilia with chromosome 15q− in a patient with multiple primary and familial neoplasms

Abstract A man with large-cell carcinoma of the lung, cerebral meningioma, occult adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and follicular adenoma of the thyroid developed symptomatic, rapidly progressive hypereosinophilia with abnormalities of eosinophil ultrastructure and bone marrow karyotype (45,X,15q22−). Although the patient's eosinophilia defied strict classification as idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), simple tumor-associated eosinophilia, or eosinophilic leukemia, it appeared to be incited by the lung cancer and quickly acquired malignant independence. The family had an excess of prostate cancer and lymphoproliferative neoplasms.
Food waste impact on municipal solid waste angle of internal friction

The impact of food waste content on the municipal solid waste (MSW) friction angle was studied. Using reconstituted fresh MSW specimens with different food waste content (0%, 40%, 58%, and 80%), 48 small-scale (100-mm-diameter) direct shear tests and 12 large-scale (430 mm × 430 mm) direct shear tests were performed. A stress-controlled large-scale direct shear test device allowing approximately 170-mm sample horizontal displacement was designed and used. At both testing scales, the mobilized internal friction angle of MSW decreased considerably as food waste content increased. As food waste content increased from 0% to 40% and from 40% to 80%, the mobilized internal friction angles (estimated using the mobilized peak (ultimate) shear strengths of the small-scale direct shear tests) decreased from 39° to 31° and from 31° to 7°, respectively, while those of large-scale tests decreased from 36° to 26° and from 26° to 15°, respectively. Most friction angle measurements produced in this study fell within the range of those previously reported for MSW.
Starbursts and High-Redshift Galaxies are Radioactive: High Abundances of 26 Al and Other Short Lived Radionuclides

Short lived radionuclides (SLRs) like 26 Al are synthesized by massive stars and are a byproduct of star formation. The abundances of SLRs in the gas of a star-forming galaxy are inversely proportional to the gas consumption time. The rapid evolution of specific star formation rate (SSFR) of normal galaxies implies they had mean SLR abundances � 3 – 10 times higher at z = 2. During the epoch of Solar system formation, the background SLR abundances of the Galaxy were up to twice as high as at present, if SLR yields from massive stars do not depend on metallicity. If SLRs are homogenized in the gas of galaxies, the high SSFRs of normal galaxies can partly explain the elevated abundance of SLRs like 60 Fe and 26 Al in the early Solar system. Starburst galaxies have much higher SSFRs still, and have enormous mean abundances of 26 Al ( 26 Al/ 27 Al � 10 3 for Solar metallicity gas). The main uncertainty is whether the SLRs are mixed with the star-forming molecular gas: they could be trapped in hot gas and decay before entering the colder phases, or be blown out by starburst winds. I consider how variability in star-formation rate affects the SLR abundances, and I discuss how SLR transport may differ in these galaxies. The enhanced 26 Al of starbursts might maintain moderate ionization rates (10 18 – 10 17 sec 1 ), possibly dominating ionization in dense clouds not penetrated by cosmic rays. Similar ionization rates would be maintained in protoplanetary discs of starbursts, if the SLRs are well-mixed, and the radiogenic heating of planetesimals would likewise be much higher. In this way, galaxy evolution can affect the geological history of planetary systems.
Beyond backprop: emerging trends in connectionist models of development: an introduction

Since the publication in 1986 of Rumelhart and McClelland’s Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition , neural network or connectionist models have become an increasingly common method for studying learning and development. A wide range of developmental domains have been investigated with connectionist models, including language acquisition, perceptual development, object permanence, developmental psychopathology and motor skill acquisition. Many of these models rely on the backpropagation-of-error learning algorithm, a form of supervised learning in which a ‘teacher’ shapes the output of the network by providing it with desired responses.
New Techniques In Holography

The past several years have, in a sense, been "shakedown" years for holography. Very little in the way of original concepts have been introduced; rather, the many ideas proposed in previous years have been developed. In the process, many have been discarded. On the whole, holography has shown a rather remarkable viability; it now appears certain that holography will have a secure, although perhaps modest, niche in our technology. Additionally, it must be said that practical successes in holography have thus far not come easily; and most of the major commercial prospects require long-range development. Several of the most promising ones are included in our survey.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photoproduction of Spin-Polarized Hydrogen Atoms and Electrons in Mixtures of Cesium Vapor and Hydrogen Gas

First observations of the photogeneration of spin-polarized hydrogen atoms and electrons are reported. A mixture of cesium vapor and helium and hydrogen buffer gases is optically pumped with a circularly polarized tunable---dye-laser beam (4593 \AA{}). The paramagnetic species (H atoms, ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) generated by the laser-induced processes are detected with use of spin-exchange-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.
Variational calculation of the single-particle density matrix and momentum density for the helium ground-state isoelectronic sequence

A recently developed variational formalism for the determination of the reduced single-particle density matrix, correct to second order, is applied to the ground state of the helium isoelectronic sequence. For a Slater-determinant-- type trial wave function the method requires the initial determination of either the charge density or equivalently its cosine Fourier transform for spherically symmetric systems. The trial wave function employed is a one-parameter Hartree product of hydrogenic functions and use is made of the highly accurate analytic expressions derived elsewhere for the Fourier transform of the charge density for the helium sequence. Analytic expressions for the single-particle density matrix are obtained and the internal self-consistency of the technique with regard to the Kato cusp condition is discussed. These expressions are then employed to obtain closed form analytic expressions for the momentum density valid for the entire isoelectronic sequence. These results are subsequently employed to obtain expressions for the expectation values of the operators p$sup 4$, p$sup 2$, vertical-barpvertical-bar, and vertical-barpvertical-bar$sup -1$ and the Compton profile in the impulse approximation. Analytic Hartree-Fock calculations for these properties are also performed, and the results of the variational calculation are compared with these results and those of many-parameter correlated wave-function calculations wherevermore » possible. It is observed that the results of the single-parameter variational calculation for helium are highly accurate and improve further for each heavier element of the isoelectronic sequence.« less
Mechanical adaptations of a giant kelp

Unusually high extensibility of the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana minimizes breakage by waves and tidal currents. Cellulose fibrils in cortical cell walls have a preferred angle of 60° to the stipe axis; this may be the structural basis of stipe extensibility. Although undamaged plants can sustain drag due to most waves and tides, breakage of single plants occurs most often at flaws in the stipes caused by sea urchin grazing or by abrasion.
Study of relationship among species ofVibrio, Photobacterium, and terrestrial enterobacteria by an immunological comparison of glutamine synthetase and superoxide dismutase

The amino acid sequence divergence of glutamine synthetase (GS) from species ofVibrio, Photobacterium, Aeromonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Erwinia, Xenorhabdus, andPlesiomonas was determined by quantitative microcomplement fixation, using antisera to GS fromVibrio alginolyticus andEscherichia coli. A similar study was performed with superoxide dismutase (SOD), using antiserum to the enzyme fromV. alginolyticus. A comparison of the results for GS and SOD, relative to the enzymes fromV. alginolyticus, as well as a comparison of these data with the results of previous ribosomal RNA (rRNA)/DNA homology studies indicated a high degree of congruence (correlation coefficients≥0.9). The results with both enzymes suggested four major groupings among these genera: (i)Vibrio, (ii)Photobacterium, (iii)Aeromonas, (iv) a large and heterogeneous group which included the peritrichously flagellated terrestrial enterobacteria.
How to use: transcutaneous bilirubinometry

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence neonatal jaundice guidelines recommend checking the bilirubin level in all infants with visible jaundice. The gold standard for this measurement is total serum bilirubin (TSB). Transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB) is an alternative to TSB that has been validated for clinical use through extensive study. TcB provides many advantages over TSB including instantaneous measurements without requiring a painful lab draw. For infants >35eweeks gestation, TcB can reliably identify infants at risk for severe hyperbilirubinaemia and can decrease the number of TSB measurements obtained. However, paediatric providers should be aware of limitations in clinical use of TcB including decreasing accuracy at higher bilirubin levels, lack of independently validated nomograms for interpretation and limited research regarding its use during phototherapy.
Origin and properties of plumes of high ozone observed during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2000)

[1] The Department of Energy (DOE) G-1 research aircraft made flights on 13 days during the month long Texas 2000 Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2000) to understand the sources and formation mechanism of the very high concentration O3 plumes that are frequently observed in the Houston metropolitan area during the late summer. On six of those days the aircraft sampled plumes exhibiting O3 concentrations in excess of 150 ppbv at a number of different locations in and around the greater Houston area. The composition of these plumes differed significantly from those typically observed in other urban areas, exhibiting unusually high concentrations of hydrocarbon oxidation products such as HCHO and photochemical product species such as peroxides. Estimates of the integrated formation efficiency of O3 with respect to NOx, OPEx, indicate that O3 had been formed in these high concentration plumes with efficiencies ranging between 6.4 and 11 ppbv O3 per ppbv of NOx consumed. Without exception, back trajectories from the locations where these high O3 plumes were observed passed over, or in close proximity to, sources of NOx and hydrocarbons surrounding the Houston Ship Channel. Calculations of instantaneous ozone formation rates and efficiencies using a box model constrained by measurements of stable species showed that ozone formation over and around the Houston Ship Channel could be very rapid (instantaneous rates up to 140 ppbv/h) and very efficient (OPEx up to 28) and, in some instances, limited by the availability of NOx. High concentrations of reactive hydrocarbons and NOx emitted by industries in this area appeared to be the cause of these high rates and efficiencies. Examination of the distribution of photochemical product distributions in the high O3 plumes arising from Ship Channel emissions suggests that O3 formation in these plumes was much more NOx limited than in typical urban plumes at equivalent times in their evolution. However, chemical/transport model simulations with realistic emissions inventories are needed to resolve the question of whether a NOx- or hydrocarbon-based control strategy would be most effective at controlling greater Houston O3 concentrations.
Influence of the natal environment on dispersal of white-footed mice

We explored the relationship between several aspects of the natal environment and dispersal distances of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in a 2-ha oak/hickory woodlot northeast of Bowling Green, Ohio, from 1991 to 1993. Litters of mice in nestboxes were marked at an early age. We evaluated litter size, the number of males and females in the litter, litter sex ratio, weanling survival to adulthood, and mother's parity as proximate factors that might affect dispersal. Dispersal was quantified as the straight-line distance between the mother's center of activity and that of her adult offspring. Of 401 mice from 82 litters, 78 (19.5%) were recaptured as adults. Males dispersed significantly farther than females. Females from small litters dispersed shorter distances than females from median or large litters. Females also dispersed farther with increasing numbers of male siblings. However, the proportion of males in the litter was not related to dispersal distance of either sex. Males with two or more sisters dispersed farther than did males with fewer than two sisters. Males from their mother's first litter dispersed farther than males from subsequent litters; however, the presence or absence of the mother at the time of dispersal was not related to male dispersal distance. Our results suggest that inbreeding avoidance between siblings may lead to male-biased dispersal, and that interactions between siblings may be more important than interactions with the mother in determining dispersal distances.
Avoidance of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Spontaneous and Facultative Hibernators

Abstract Smooth and skeletal muscle changes were compared from overwintering white‐tailed prairie dogs, spontaneous hibernators that undergo regular, low‐temperature torpor bouts, and black‐tailed prairie dogs, facultative hibernators that use sporadic, moderate‐temperature torpor bouts. The objectives were to assess the abilities of these two species with dramatically different torpor patterns (1) to conserve skeletal muscle morphology, protein, and strength and (2) to use labile protein in the small intestine and liver during the winter season of reduced activity and food intake. Mass and protein concentration of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, liver, and small intestine, as well as skeletal muscle strength and fiber morphology for the EDL and soleus, were compared before and after hibernation in both species. Both species appeared to be similar to overwintering black bears and underwent very little strength and protein loss, as compared with euthermic models of immobility and long‐term fas...
OVERCOMING RESPONSE BIAS USING SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS OF NUMBER BY CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) .........

We previously reported that chimpanzees were unable to optimally select the smaller of two candy arrays in order to receive a larger reward. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, animals who had had prior training with numerical symbols showed an immediate and significant improvement in performance and were able to select reliably the smaller numeric representation in order to obtain a larger reward. Poor performance with candy arrays was interpreted as reflecting a response bias toward the intrinsic incentive and/or perceptual features of the larger array. In contrast, the Arabic numerals represent numerosity symbolically and appear to promote response choice on the basis of abstract processing of numerosity, with minimal interference from the inherent properties of the choice stimuli. The present study tested the hypothesis that, for mixed symbol-candy choice pairs, the requisite processing of the abstract numeral may foster a mode of numerical judgment that diminishes the interfering incentive/perceptual effects of the candy stimuli. The results were consistent with this hypothesis. Whereas performance on candy-candy arrays was significantly below chance levels, performance on numeral-candy choice pairs was significantly above chance and comparable with performance on numeral-numeral pairs.
A k-SHORTEST PATHS ROUTING HEURISTIC FOR STOCHASTIC NETWORK EVACUATION MODELS

Stochastic-network evacuation models require an optimization process to determine the best evacuation routes for a building's occupants. The optimization process developed and applied below is a heuristic based on the K-th Shortest Path Algorithm.
Adrenomedullin levels in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy at term.

OBJECTIVE To describe maternal plasma levels of adrenomedullin (AM), a hypotensive and natriuretic peptide, in normal and preeclamptic women at term. STUDY DESIGN Maternal plasma AM levels were determined in 13 preeclamptic and 15 normotensive primigravidas by radioimmunoassay. Plasma samples were obtained with the patients in the lateral recumbent position before the administration of any medications. RESULTS Women with preeclampsia had significantly elevated AM levels when compared with normotensive controls (42.3 +/- 10.5 pg/mL versus 16.9 +/- 3.1 pg/mL, P < .011). CONCLUSION In this pilot study, AM levels were significantly increased at term in preeclamptic women.
Detection of quality differences among wheats by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Proteins extracted with various solvents from small wheat flour samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC). RP-HPLC analysis of gliadin proteins can identify wheat varieties and, for durum wheats (used for pasta products), can rapidly determine quality. After lower-molecular-weight proteins are extracted, high-molecular-weight glutenin proteins can be reduced, alkylated, isolated and analyzed by RP- or SE-HPLC. The ratio of high- to low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits can be used to determine the quality of wheats used to make bread.
Propagation of nonlinear waves in a plasma in a magnetic field

The propagation of nonlinear electromagnetic waves in a plasma is investigated by seeking travelling wave solutions to the macroscopic plasma equations. The model considered is that of a warm, anisotropic electron plasma in a magnetic field, in which the waves are allowed to propagate at any angle with respect to the magnetic field. A nonlinear dispersion relation is obtained which is valid for frequencies sufficiently close to the resonant frequencies. Travelling wave solutions are found for all amplitudes for which the local density remains positive. Also in sufficiently anisotropic plasmas the nature (i.e. propagating or cut-off) of one of the resonant waves can depend upon the amplitude.
The synthesis and determination of acidic ionization constants of certain 5‐substituted 2‐aminopyrrolo[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidin‐4‐ones and methylated analogs

The acidic ionization constants were determined for a series of 5-substituted 2-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-ones and N-3- and N-7-methylated analogs thereof. The syntheses of the methylated analogs are also described.
Altered distribution and properties of cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat aorta

Abstract cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was reduced in the cytosol fraction of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) aorta compared to that of the Kyoto Wistar control rat (WKY). Two major peaks, isozymes I and II, of soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity could be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The distributions of isozymes I and II were 40 and 60%, respectively, in WKY compared to 26 and 74% in SHR. Isozyme I of SHR eluted at a conductance of 2–3 mmhos compared to 5–6 mmhos in WKY. In addition, activity under the peak of isozyme I of SHR was reduced by approximately 55% compared to WKY. The half-life of thermal denaturation of isozyme I at 50° was 21 min in WKY compared to 84 min in SHR. On the other hand, for isozyme II no significant differences were observed between WKY and SHR in elution pattern, total activity under the peak, or thermal denturation of enzyme activity. These data suggest that specific changes had occurred in isozyme I of SHR.
Cenozoic Volcanism and Plate-Tectonic Evolution of the Western United States. II. Late Cenozoic

A major change in volcanic associations and their tectonic settings occurred in much of the Western United States during late Cenozoic time. Where this volcano-tectonic transition can be documented, an earlier orogenic and post-orogenic association of predominantly calc-alkalic andesitic rocks typical of circum-Pacific continental margin and island arcs was succeeded by fundamentally basaltic volcamsm which accompanied regional normal and strike-slip faulting. The igneous fields regarded here as fundamentally basaltic include: (1) basaltic fields, (2) alkalic fields in which differentiated igneous series commonly can be related to alkali-basaltic parent magmas, and (3) bimodal associations of mafic and silicic rocks, generally basalts and high-silica rhyolites. Similar igneous fields occur in other regions of the world characterized by tectonic extension. The nature and timing of the late Genozoic volcano-tectonic transition in various areas of the Western United States are documented from published references. The transition began in the southeastern part of the region in latest Oligocene time and moved northwestward through Miocene, Pliocene, and Quaternary time. The inception of basaltic, alkalic, or bimodal volcanism and associated regional extension of inland areas appears to date the times at which plate-tectonic boundaries between North America and two Pacific plates underwent drastic changes. These changes resulted from collision of the East Pacific Rise with a mid-Tertiary continental-margin trench and resulting direct contact of the American and western Pacific plates along a right-lateral transform fault system. These platetectonic interactions have evolved continuously and have determined the volcanic and tectonic evolution of the Western United States for the last 30 million years.
A LINEAR-PROGRAMMING-BASED PRICE NEGOTIATION PROCEDURE FOR CONTRACTING SHIPPING COMPANIES

Abstract A procedure for a shipper contracting with ocean container shipping companies is described. The procedure incorporates the solution to a linear programming transportation model with results from sensitivity analysis. The procedure described enables shippers to evaluate all possible means of obtaining the lowest adjusted price for a given shipping route in a short period of time. Snippers that spend a minimum amount of time on price negotiation are generally able to accept or reject a pending offer prior to expiration of a shipping company's imposed time limit. A case study illustrates the negotiation procedure.
Thermal and combustion characteristics of phosphorus and phosphorus/nitrogen-containing styrene monomers and oligomers

Two series of styrene monomers, one with phosphorus-containing moieties as substituents and the other with substituents containing both phosphorus and nitrogen, have been prepared, characterized, and converted to oligomers. The oligomers contain, in the one case, phosphorus and, in the other, phosphorus and nitrogen. This provides the opportunity to not only assess the impact of the presence of phosphorus on the combustion characteristics of the oligomers but to determine whether or not this impact is enhanced by the presence of nitrogen. The level of residue from thermogravimetry and heat release rate during combustion suggest that the presence of nitrogen may have a small positive impact on the effectiveness of phosphorus flame retardants.
Novel Approaches to the Treatment of Sepsis Syndrome

Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock are common diagnoses in intensive care units worldwide. In the United States, it is estimated that 750 000 cases of sepsis occur annually. This rate is expected to climb, with an additional 1 million cases per year expected by 2020. These infection-induced inflammatory syndromes ultimately lead to organ dysfunction, and a significantly high mortality rate. Recently, advances in knowledge of sepsis syndrome have led to progress in identifying potential treatment options beyond our current standards of care. Many health care facilities have implemented protocols to guide clinicians to use such standards: early goal-directed therapy and activated protein C therapy in qualifying patients. Nonetheless, debate continues to confuse identification of patient populations in whom corticosteroid therapy should be recommended. While the data describing studies of novel treatment approaches has been controversial in some cases, there have been promising results observed in other...
In Vitro Growth and Ovulation of Follicles from Ovaries of Estrogen Receptor (ER)α and ERβ Null Mice Indicate a Role for ERβ in Follicular Maturation

Both estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta are expressed within the ovary and lack of either of these receptors affects ovarian function. In this study, the role of ERalpha and ERbeta in folliculogenesis and ovulation was further analyzed. Evaluation of ovarian follicle populations in wild-type and ERbeta knockout (betaERKO) ovaries revealed reduced late antral growth and ovulatory capacity of betaERKO follicles, indicated by reduced numbers of large antral follicles and corpora lutea and increased atresia of large antral follicles. An in vitro culture system was used to study growth, rupture, and luteinization of wild-type, ERalpha knockout (alphaERKO) and betaERKO ovarian follicles. alphaERKO follicles exhibited wild-type-like growth and ovulation rates but an increased capacity to synthesize estradiol. In contrast, betaERKO follicles showed a significant lack of progression from early antral to large antral stage, decreased estradiol production, and reduced ovulation. Expression patterns of several genes involved in follicle maturation and ovulation were analyzed in follicles grown in vitro. Ar, Pgr, and Has2 mRNA expression levels were the same among the three genotypes. However, betaERKO follicles showed reduced expression of Cyp19 mRNA during follicle maturation and reduced Lhcgr and Ptgs2 mRNA expression after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus. Luteinization occurs normally in alphaERKO and betaERKO follicles, shown by increased progesterone secretion and increased cdkn1b mRNA expression after human chorionic gonadotropin. Collectively, these data indicate that ERbeta, but not ERalpha, plays a direct role in folliculogenesis. ERbeta appears to facilitate follicle maturation from the early antral to the preovulatory stage.