cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in an unusual intra-cranial location.

SUMMARY A child is reported who developed a mycotic aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery following staphylococcal cellulitis and septicemia. The unique feature of this case was the conspicuous absence of clinical or arteriographic evidence of cavernous sinus thrombosis. The pathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms is discussed. RESUME Aneurysme mycotique de la carotide interne de localisation intra-crânienne inhabituelle Les auteurs rapportent le cas d'un enfant qui presentait un aneurysme mycotique de la portion caverneuse de la carotide interne a la suite d'une cellulite staphylococcique et d'une septicemic Le symptome unique a ete l'absence manifeste de signes cliniques ou arterio-graphiques de thrombose du sinus caverneux. La pathogenie de l'aneurysme mycotique est discutee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Mykotisches Aneurysma der Arteria carotis interna mit ungewohnlicher intracranieler Lokalisation Es wird uber ein Kind berichtet, das im cavernosen Anteil der Arteria carotis interna ein mykotisches Aneurysma nach einer Staphylokokkeninfektion und -sepsis entwickelt hatte. Das einzige Merkmal war das sichere Fehlen eines klinischen oder arteriographischen Hinweises auf eine cavernose Sinusthrombose. Die Pathogenese des mykotischen Aneurysmas wird diskutiert. RESUMEN Aneurisma micotico de la arteria earotida interna en una localization intracraneana no usual Se comunica el caso de un nino que desarrollo un aneurisma micotico de la porcion cavernosa de la earotida interna, despues de una celulitis y septicemia estafilococica. La unica characteristica era la ausencia clara de toda evidencia clinica o arteriografica de trombosis del seno cavernoso. Se discute la patogenia de los aneurismas micoticos.
The Fourth Dimension of Interdisciplinary Modeling

Space and time are the domains used by every model in the applied environmental sciences, with the latter normally considered to add a fourth dimension to our simulated versions of reality. Dealing with modern challenges in water-related disciplines requires that we extend our historical perspective as far back as possible to capture underlying long-term dynamics that would otherwise be impossible to detect. At the same time, performing and interpreting retrospective studies demands an understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. Here I attempt to clarify both the importance of the past and the inevitable “paleo conundrum” associated with it by drawing on personal experience and on research projects conducted using tree-ring records in the western U.S. How to best incorporate proxy data, together with instrumental observations, into models used to manage water resources for coping with an uncertain future remains a non-trivial task.
A regiospecific synthesis of unsaturated nucleosides, carbohydrates and other olefins

Abstract Vicinal disubstituted nucleosides, carbohydrates and cyclohexane derivatives with a pair of radical leaving groups, such as chloro, bromo, phenoxythiocarbonyloxy, and imidazolylthiocarbonyloxy groups, have been successfully converted to the corresponding olefins in high yields (60–90%) without observed side products, by reaction with tri-n-butyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile in an appropriate solvent.
Asymptotic behaviour of higher order semilinear equations

Equation (1.1) is said to be sublinear if 0 c y < 1, and singular if 1 < y < 0. Because of the lack of a maximum principle for higher order equations, methods which have been successfully applied to equations of order 2 are not available for equation (1 .l). This includes, most importantly, the method of sub and super solutions, or barriers. As a consequence, ordinary differential equation methods have been used, and the results have generally been applicable only to radially symmetric equations. In their study of the semilinear biharmonic equation
The Genetic Algorithm Based Internal Layout Design for Distribution Center

The Genetic Algorithm is proposed to be used in the flow path optimization so as to simplify the path and rationalize the allocation of resources in the article. Thus, the optimized flow path can help to improve the efficiency and ultimately make the layout more practical to meet the requirements of the distribution center layout design. One limitation has been concluded that only one optimization scheme can be obtained in this method.
IRMail: a minimal interface for a retrieval system

One of the primary problems with using information retrieval systems are problems of access. The access problems for IR can be categorized into: problems of physically accessing the IR system, problems of using the correct retrieval syntax to access the stored information, and problems of using the correct keywords to access the stored information. The goals for this project were to develop a simple retrieval system that would contain much of the functionality of existing retrieval systems, while minimizing the problems of access. Thus, it serves as a system that can be easily accessed and used with minimal effort or instruction. This poster provides a brief description of the motivation for, and implementation of IRMail, and then describes how HCI researchers may perform searches on the HCIBIB archives with IRMail.
New Solution-Processable Electron Transport Materials for Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs

Several new solution-processable organic semiconductors based on dendritic oligoquinolines were synthesized and were used as electron-transport and hole-blocking materials to realize highly efficient blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Various substitutions on the quinoline rings while keeping the central meta-linked tris(quinolin-2-yl)benzene gave electron transport materials that combined wide energy gap (>3.3 eV), moderate electron affinity (2.55-2.8 eV), and deep HOMO energy level (<-6.08 eV) with electron mobility as high as 3.3 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. Polymer-based PhOLEDs with iridium (III) bis(4,6-(di-fluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2′)picolinate (FIrpic) blue triplet emitter and solution-processed oligoquinolines as the electron-transport layers (ETLs) gave luminous efficiency of 30.5 cd A−1 at a brightness of 4130 cd m−2 with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 16.0%. Blue PhOLEDs incorporating solution-deposited ETLs were over two-fold more efficient than those containing vacuum-deposited ETLs. Atomic force microscopy imaging shows that the solution-deposited oligoquinoline ETLs formed vertically oriented nanopillars and rough surfaces that enable good ETL/cathode contacts, eliminating the need for cathode interfacial materials (LiF, CsF). These solution-processed blue PhOLEDs have the highest performance observed to date in polymer-based blue PhOLEDs.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ADSORBED OLEATE SPECIES AT THE FLUORITE SURFACE BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY.

Abstract FTIR spectroscopy has been used for the characterization of adsorbed oleate at the fluorite surface. It has been found that modest changes in the adsorption density at high temperature and high oxygen potential do not provide a satisfactory explanation for the significant increase in the hydrophobic character of the system under similar conditions. Rather, FTIR spectroscopic measurements suggest that chemical interaction between adsorbed oleyl groups occurs at high temperature and/or oxygen potential and accounts for the increased hydrophobicity. Specifically, the intensity of the CH bond of the adsorbed oleate diminishes at high temperature and/or high oxygen potential. Such a phenomenon was not observed in control tests with the calcium oleate soap. For extensive reaction at the fluorite surface, the presence of a new surface species has been identified. These results indicate that the fluorite surface catalyzes an oxidation and/or polymerization reaction between adsorbed oleyl groups which results in a more hydrophobic structure at the fluorite surface.
Alternative medical services in rural Tanzania: A physician's view

Abstract A physician evaluating health status among rural Tanzanian children as well as working in a Lutheran hospital, evaluates use of traditional and hospital-based medical care in the Usambara Mountains. Most rural Tanzanians use both traditional and hospital-based services, even for one disease episode. Local attendance at the Maternal and Child Health Clinic (MCHC) is increasing. 82% of the eligible children of the village attend. Of those who are eligible but do not attend, most have a sibling who had attended the clinic. Poor relations between hospital-based and traditional practitioners increase villagers' discomfort at attending the hospital or clinic, including the MCHC. Relations can be bettered by: (a) having both MCH aides and village women discuss problems at the village health committee; (b) encouraging traditional healers to participate fully on the committee and be trained to hold village health posts: (c) encouraging women to attend the clinic and eliminating the disparagement of traditional medicines in all clinics.
MUC-3 linguistic phenomena test experiment

The evaluation of data extraction systems can be supplemented by determining performance of the systems on a representative selection of linguistic phenomena. The experiment performed as part of the MUC-3 evaluation was aimed at determining whether linguistic phenomena can be tested in isolation for state-of-the-art data extraction. Although not all of the methods of data extraction used by the participants in MUC-3 directly process linguistic phenomena, the methods are dealing with those phenomena in some manner because they are present in the input. Phenomena testing in MUC-3 is testing according to the characteristics of the messages rather than characteristics of the systems processing those messages. In order to determine the validity of phenomena testing at the current level of system performance, an experiment was run. The results of the experiment indicate that linguistic phenomena are isolatable and that performance for linguistic phenomena can be measured using the MUC-3 scoring system.
On the Asymmetrical Top in Quantum Mechanics

An elaboration and a more complete analysis of Witmer's work on the asymmetrical top treated as a perturbation of the symmetrical one show that one can deduce the rigorous solution of the problem from those of the algebraic equations of degree $2j+1$ or less. Without actually solving such equations, we find the terms divisible into even and odd groups just as in the case of the sigma-type doubling in diatomic molecules treated by Kronig, Van Vleck and others. For the case where the asymmetry is slight, an explicit expression for the separation of such similar doublets is obtained. The selection rules, which are rigorous for any degree of asymmetry, consist of the following: (a) Kronig's rule; (b) $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$; $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$; and (c) rule for the quantum number sigma, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}=\mathrm{even}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{electric}\mathrm{moment}$ in $z$ direction and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}=\mathrm{odd}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{moment}$ in $x\ensuremath{-}y$ plane. The effect of the electronic motions on the rotation of a polyatomic molecule as a whole is also briefly discussed.
Size Distribution Measurements of Microaggregates in Stored Blood

Microaggregates in various blood preparations were studied, before and after filtration, using an optical scattering (laser) technique which measures number density and size of aggregates in flowing blood. These measurements were comparable to screen filtration pressures. In all blood units, storage increased aggregates in the 20 to 170-microns range. Whole blood and red blood cells were comparable, while removal of leukocytes and platelets by an inverted spin technique essentially prevented formation of aggregates in all size ranges. Platelet-depleted units of whole blood also reduced aggregates. Removal of cryoprecipitate did not significantly affect aggregate size distribution; however, blood modified by both platelet and cryoprecipitate removal reduced aggregates. Commercially available microfilters reduced aggregates initially, but some increase ("shedding") occurred with continued use. The optical scattering technique did not require the dilution or red blood cell lysis needed in other techniques. Therefore, this method has potential for aggregate detection in in vivo flowing blood.
MutS inhibits RecA-mediated strand transfer with methylated DNA substrates

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) sensitizes human and Escherichia coli dam cells to the cytotoxic action of N-methyl-N 0 -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) while abrogation of such repair results in drug resistance. In DNA methylated by MNNG, MMR action is the result of MutS recognition of O 6 -methylguanine base pairs. MutS and Ada methyltransferase compete for the MNNG-induced O 6 -methylguanine residues, and MMR-induced cytotoxicity is abrogated when Ada is present at higher concentrations than normal. To test the hypothesis that MMR sensitization is due to decreased recombinational repair, we used a RecAmediated strand exchange assay between homologous phiX174 substrate molecules, one of which was methylated with MNNG. MutS inhibited strand transfer on such substrates in a concentrationdependent manner and its inhibitory effect was enhanced by MutL. There was no effect of these proteins on RecA activity with unmethylated substrates. We quantified the number of O 6 -methylguanine residues in methylated DNA by HPLC-MS/MS and 5–10 of these residues in phiX174 DNA (5386 bp) were sufficient to block the RecA reaction in the presence of MutS and MutL. These results are consistent with a model in which methylated DNA is perceived by the cell as homeologous and prevented from recombining with homologous DNA by the MMR system.
Systematic Review of Programs Treating High-Need and High-Cost People With Multiple Chronic Diseases or Disabilities in the United States, 2008–2014

Finding ways to provide better and less expensive health care for people with multiple chronic conditions or disability is a pressing concern. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate different approaches for caring for this high-need and high-cost population.
Stability of the cochlear implant array in children.

Objective: To determine cochlear implant electrode stability in the young patient. Electrode migration due to future skull growth was a concern that led to prohibiting implantation in children less than 2 years of age. Recently, the high level of performance achieved by young implantees has led to a re-evaluation of this lower age limit, requiring an assessment of the effects of skull growth over time. Study Design: Prospective radiographic analysis of electrode position of cochlear implants in young children. Methods: Twenty-seven children implanted with the Nucleus (Cochlear Corp., Denver, CO) or Clarion (Advanced Bionics Inc., Sylmar, CA) multichannel cochlear prostheses were subjects for this study. Follow-up radiographic studies were obtained for a period of month to 5 years after implantation. The age at time of implantation ranged from 14 months to 5 years. An intraoperative modified Stenver's view plain radiograph was obtained as a baseline. After implantation, on a yearly basis transorbital Stenver's and base views were obtained for comparative purposes. Additional radiographs were obtained whenever a change in performance or electrode map caused suspicion for extrusion. Electrode position was determined using a computer graphics enhancement technique whereby image contrast filters enhanced the visibility of the electrode array and surrounding bony structures. Results: An analysis of the data revealed no migration of the electrode array over time. Conclusions: The confirmation of the stability of the electrode array alleviates the concern of the effects of skull growth on cochlear implantation in young children.
Comparison of the Performance of Nonparametric and Parametric MANOVA Test Statistics when Assumptions Are Violated

Abstract. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a useful tool for social scientists because it allows for the comparison of response-variable means across multiple groups. MANOVA requires that the observations are independent, the response variables are multivariate normally distributed, and the covariance matrix of the response variables is homogeneous across groups. When the assumptions of normality and homogeneous covariance matrices are not met, past research has shown that the type I error rate of the standard MANOVA test statistics can be inflated while their power can be attenuated. The current study compares the performance of a nonparametric alternative to one of the standard parametric test statistics when these two assumptions are not met. Results show that when the assumption of homogeneous covariance matrices is not met, the nonparametric approach has a lower type I error rate and higher power than the most robust parametric statistic. When the assumption of normality is untenable, th...
Changes in lowland floodplain sedimentation processes: pre-disturbance to post-rehabilitation, Cosumnes River, CA

During the late Holocene, sediment deposition on the lowland Cosumnes River floodplain, CA has depended on factors that varied temporally and spatially, such as basin subsidence, sea level rise, flow, and sediment supply from both the Sacramento River system and from the Cosumnes River system itself, and anthropogenic changes. Through field investigations and analyses of historical maps, bridge core logs, and sediment size distributions, we link hydrogeomorphic processes to three stages of floodplain sedimentation on the lowland Cosumnes River. Stage I (1000–200 YBP) combined late Holocene pre-disturbance flood basin overflow and anastomosing river processes deposited spatially variable sediment consisting of gray–blue clay (87% clay) interlayered with relatively thin coarser sediment. Pre-disturbance Holocene deposition rates of up to f3.0 mm/year kept pace with sea level rise and tectonic basin subsidence. Stage II (200 to f10 YBP) anthropogenic disturbances caused a rapid increase in floodplain sedimentation rates up to 25 mm/year between 1849 and f1920, and deposited a relatively coarser reddish-brown sandy clay (f40% clay) layer that overlies the basin deposits. Between f1920 and 1990 AD, sedimentation was greatly limited on the lower Cosumnes floodplain because levees inhibited connectivity between both the Sacramento and Cosumnes River systems and the Cosumnes floodplain. During this stage, the density of channel segments in the anastomosing river floodplain decreased by 30% as agricultural activities filled secondary channels and leveled floodplain topography. During Stage III (f10 YBP to the present), post-rehabilitation floodplain sand splay complex sediment deposited after 1998 AD resulted from intentionally breaching levees to promote habitat at the Cosumnes River Preserve. The splay complex is dominated by medium to very coarse sand with finer intervening layers. The post-rehabilitation splay complex overlies the older basin deposits in a generally upward coarsening sequence that reflects depositional processes and land use changes that continue to affect the lowland Cosumnes River floodplain. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Investigation of high temperature effects on MOSFET transconductance (g/sub m/)

High temperature effects on CMOS transconductance (g/sub m/) are investigated in linear and saturation regions. Measured g/sub m/ in the saturation region at temperatures between 27-200/spl deg/C were observed to intersect at one gate bias point. However, no such point was observed in the linear region. Similar characteristics was produced using analytical MOSFET current model that incorporate temperature dependence of device parameters.
Expression of the type 1 and type 2 receptors for tumor necrosis factor after traumatic spinal cord injury in adult rats

Posttraumatic inflammation has been implicated in secondary tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key inflammatory mediator that is increasingly expressed after SCI. The effect of TNF-alpha is mediated through its receptors TNFR1 (p55) and TNFR2 (p75). However, whether these two receptors are expressed after SCI has not been demonstrated. In the present study, the temporo-spatial expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was examined in rats that had received a 10 g impact injury dropped at a height of 12.5 mm using the New York University impact device. In sham operates, no detectable TNFR1 or TNFR2 immunoreactivity (IR) was observed. In contused spinal cord, TNFR1 protein expression and immunoreactivity (IR) were detected as early as 15 min postinjury, reached its peak at 8 h, and declined markedly after 1 and 3 days postinjury. The temporal pattern of TNFR2 expression was similar to that of TNFR1 but its expression peaked at 4 h postinjury. During peak expression, TNFR1- and TNFR2-IR were most intense at the site of injury and decreased gradually from the injury epicenter. TNFR1- and TNFR2-positive cells included neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Methylprednisolone (MP), a synthetic glucocorticoid, partially inhibited the injury-induced expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2, an effect which could be reversed by RU486, an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptors. We suggest that the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 after SCI may contribute to posttraumatic inflammatory responses of TNF-alpha.
Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fluids give and flow under stress. Newtonians are the simplest of fluids, and they are characterized by the property that the velocity gradient at a point is proportional to the shear stress at that point, thus $$({\rm{Shear\;rate}})\alpha ({\rm{shear\;stress}})\;\;{\rm{or}}\;\;{{du} \over {dy}}\alpha \tau$$ All other fluids are called non-Newtonians. Air, water, steam, all gases, and most fluids consisting of simple molecules are Newtonians. Dense suspensions, slurries, emulsions, solutions of long-chain polymers, biological fluids, Open image in new window Open image in new window Fig. 5.1 Stress vs. shear rate for various kinds of time-independent non-Newtonians. liquid foods, paints, clay suspensions, and concrete mix are, as a rule, non-Newtonian.
Finding a Maximum Planar Subset of a Set of Nets in a Channel

An algorithm is presented that, given N two-pin nets in a channel, finds, in O(N/sup 2/) time, the largest subset that can be routed all on one layer
State Building through Reputation Building: Coalitions of Esteem and Program Innovation in the National Postal System, 1883–1913

No administrative agency figures more prominently in American political development than the Post Office Department (POD). In peacetime (and frequently enough in wartime), the Post Office has employed far more Americans than any other agency of state. Indeed, at several junctures in American history, the department employed more Americans than any other organization, public or private. As Richard John's landmark analysis in Spreading the News shows, the patronage system and the very integrity of the nineteenth-century party system would have been inconceivable without the size and expansive reach of the Post Office. Nor would nineteenth- and early twentieth-century political life so fueled by the widespread distribution and consumption of newspapers, petitions, and pamphlets have been imaginable in the absence of the national postal network. So too, the deepest challenges of political reform at the turn of the century eliminating patronage, reducing administrative corruption, and challenging monopolies in telegraph and railroads all centrally involved the POD. Over two centuries, the Post Office has “spread the news”; operated banks; built roads; experimented in air transport; shuffled military supplies; waged campaigns against pornography, consumer fraud, and sedition; and managed a national telegraph system during world war.1. Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
Genetic Architecture of Ethanol-Responsive Transcriptome Variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains

Natural variation in gene expression is pervasive within and between species, and it likely explains a significant fraction of phenotypic variation between individuals. Phenotypic variation in acute systemic responses can also be leveraged to reveal physiological differences in how individuals perceive and respond to environmental perturbations. We previously found extensive variation in the transcriptomic response to acute ethanol exposure in two wild isolates and a common laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many expression differences persisted across several modules of coregulated genes, implicating trans-acting systemic differences in ethanol sensing and/or response. Here, we conducted expression QTL mapping of the ethanol response in two strain crosses to identify the genetic basis for these differences. To understand systemic differences, we focused on “hotspot” loci that affect many transcripts in trans. Candidate causal regulators contained within hotspots implicate upstream regulators as well as downstream effectors of the ethanol response. Overlap in hotspot targets revealed additive genetic effects of trans-acting loci as well as “epi-hotspots,” in which epistatic interactions between two loci affected the same suites of downstream targets. One epi-hotspot implicated interactions between Mkt1p and proteins linked to translational regulation, prompting us to show that Mkt1p localizes to P bodies upon ethanol stress in a strain-specific manner. Our results provide a glimpse into the genetic architecture underlying natural variation in a stress response and present new details on how yeast respond to ethanol stress.
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors show exceptional performance for quantum information processing, but several developments promise further progress, including new signal-amplification methods and efficient devices in the mid-infrared.
Pain management in the elderly at the end of life

Background: The treatment of older adults with pain is complex and affected by age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Chronic pain encompasses a complex array of sensory-discriminatory, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative components. Because of this complexity, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches should be considered to treat pain. Aims: Given the large number of older persons with pain at the end of life and the few data about this issue, the objective of this article is to review the treatment of pain in this population. Patients and Methods: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and LILACS from 1990 to 2011 and the references in retrieved manuscripts. The search terms were pain AND elderly AND end of life. Results: There are evidences of undertreatment among elderly people. The association of nonpharmacologic resources with the pharmacological treatment can help reduce the use of analgesics minimizing the side effects of long term medication. Pharmacological treatment is escalated in an orderly manner from non-opioid to weak opioid to strong opioid. Adjuvant drugs like anticonvulsants and antidepressants may be necessary. Conclusions: The sequential use of analgesics drugs and opioids are considered effective and relatively inexpensive for relieving pain, but no well designed specific studies in the elderly patient are available. There are not specific recommendations about the long-term use of complementary and alternative therapies and although their effectiveness remains unproven they should not be discouraged. Palliative sedation may be a valid palliative care option to relieve suffering in the imminently dying patient.
Radio frequency integrated circuit technology for low-power wireless communications

The radio frequency portion of a handheld wireless communications device represents a significant fraction of the battery drain of the overall unit. As a result, an intensive effort is underway on a worldwide basis to minimize the overall radio frequency power requirements. This effort has proceeded on many fronts, with the best work drawing on the multidisciplinary efforts of researchers in the communications systems, circuit design, and semiconductor technology areas. This article summarizes the significant technological challenges to the realization of low-power radio frequency circuits, and follows with a discussion of the research programs that have been put in place to address these challenges. RF transceiver architectures are discussed in particular together with performance aspects.
Bonding of hybrid ionomers and resin cements to modified orthodontic band materials

Orthodontic bands often fail clinically at the band-cement interface. Hybrid ionomer and resin cements and a glass ionomer control were bonded to photo-etched and standard band materials, both of which were tested in as-received and air-abraded conditions. Cements were placed in a 3 mm diameter mold at the bonding interface and bonded to 6 x 6 mm stainless steel band specimens mounted to acrylic blocks. Specimens were stored in water for 24 hours at 37 degreesC and debonded in tension on a testing machine at 0.05 cm/minutes. Bond strengths (MPa) were calculated and data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Bond strengths to as-received bands were less than 3.4 MPa for cements tested, whereas bond strengths to air-abraded bands ranged from 7.1 to 17.7 MPa, except for the glass ionomer control. Air abrasion of band materials provides highly increased bond strength of hybrid ionomer and resin cements.
A new Cretaceous Pliosaurid (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Carlile Shale (middle Turonian) of Russell County, Kansas

ABSTRACT The Eulert pliosaurid remains (FHSM VP-321) housed at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History (Kansas, U.S.A.) include one of the world's best examples of a Cretaceous pliosaurid plesiosaur skull. The specimen's original assignment to Brachauchenius lucasi was based solely upon the skull (dorsal surface) and left lower jaw (lateral view) because the specimen was embedded in a plaster mount. The history of B. lucasi is similarly problematic, because the type and a referred skull were formerly visible only in ventral and dorsal views, respectively. Further preparation and comparison of these specimens reveal new data about the arrangement of cranial elements. The Eulert pliosaurid bears several distinct autapomorphies as compared with B. Lucasi, including cranial proportions (pretemporal length of palate longer, shorter temporal fenestrae), configuration of skull roof elements (frontals participate in premaxilla-parietal suture, suture occurs further forward), and configuration of the palate (poste...
Neurosurgical aspects of critical care neurology

The management of the pediatric neurosurgical patient requires a detailed understanding of the diagnosis and management of disorders of ICP. Frequently the care of these patients will require collaboration between several different teams of physicians. Most important, frequent and clear communication between the ICU physician and the neurosurgeon will facilitate the delivery of the best-quality care to these children. This chapter will identify and discuss issues relevant to neurosurgeons and intensive care physicians taking care of children with complex problems related increased intracranial pressure.
Discriminative Keyword Selection Using Support Vector Machines

Many tasks in speech processing involve classification of long term characteristics of a speech segment such as language, speaker, dialect, or topic. A natural technique for determining these characteristics is to first convert the input speech into a sequence of tokens such as words, phones, etc. From these tokens, we can then look for distinctive sequences, keywords, that characterize the speech. In many applications, a set of distinctive keywords may not be known a priori. In this case, an automatic method of building up keywords from short context units such as phones is desirable. We propose a method for the construction of keywords based upon Support Vector Machines. We cast the problem of keyword selection as a feature selection problem for n-grams of phones. We propose an alternating filter-wrapper method that builds successively longer keywords. Application of this method to language recognition and topic recognition tasks shows that the technique produces interesting and significant qualitative and quantitative results.
Orthogonal neighborhood preserving projections

Orthogonal neighborhood preserving projections (ONPP) is a linear dimensionality reduction technique which attempts to preserve both the intrinsic neighborhood geometry of the data samples and the global geometry. The proposed technique constructs a weighted data graph where the weights are constructed in a data-driven fashion, similarly to locally linear embedding (LLE). A major difference with the standard LLE where the mapping between the input and the reduced spaces is implicit, is that ONPP employs an explicit linear mapping between the two. As a result, and in contrast with LLE, handling new data samples becomes straightforward, as this amounts to a simple linear transformation. ONPP shares some of the properties of locality preserving projections (LPP). Both ONPP and LPP rely on a k-nearest neighbor graph in order to capture the data topology. However, our algorithm inherits the characteristics of LLE in preserving the structure of local neighborhoods, while LPP aims at preserving only locality without specifically aiming at preserving the geometric structure. This feature makes ONPP an effective method for data visualization. We provide ample experimental evidence to demonstrate the advantageous characteristics of ONPP, using well known synthetic test cases as well as real life data from computational biology and computer vision.
Bluejay: A Browser for Linear Units in Java

Abstract: The World Wide Web illustrates the power of using a common, simple markup language (HTML) to describe distributed documents. To expand this power to other types of data, a system for the markup and visualization of linear data is introduced. The Browser for Linear Units in Java (Bluejay) is composed of three main components: (i) a set of Java foundation classes for data parsing, visualization, and user event handling, (ii) an HTTP proxy server for data conversion, and (iii) Java classes implementing the user interface for a particular application of the browser. Bluejay users can efficiently browse specialized data on the Web, concentrating on information of particular interest to them. This is achieved through the use of the W3C’s Extensible Markup Language (XML) as the data format, a data conversion server, and a document components tree which can be configured to restrict the type of data shown. An application of Bluejay for browsing genetic sequence data encoded in BIOML (an XML) is described to demonstrate the principles of the system. Creating an integrated view of heterogeneous, distributed genetics and genomics databases, the application illustrates the usefulness of borrowing the HTML browser paradigm to create specialized data visualization using XML. Despite the use of proxy servers and drawing abstraction, data retrieval and display performance is kept high through the use of special caching techniques for the proxy, and simple module replacement in the application.
The Child Care Tax Credit: Not Just Another Middle-Income Tax Break

In this article, Viard argues that the child and dependent care tax credit plays a valuable role in promoting work.
Inheritance of Resistance to Permethrin and DDT in the Southern House Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

The genetics of resistance to permethrin and DDT in Culex quinquefasciatus Say was investigated using a highly resistant colony obtained through laboratory selection by permethrin. A plateau in the probit regression occurred when progeny of a backcross to the pyrethroid-resistant strain were tested. Hence, resistance to permethrin segregated as if there were a single major gene. The inheritance of resistance to DDT was strongly influenced by additional factors since no similar plateau was seen. When DDT was used with the dehydrochlorinase inhibitor chlorfenethol, DDT resistance segregated according to expectations for a single major recessive gene. Bioassays with DDT analogs revealed similarly high levels of resistance regardless of differences in potential for detoxication by either the mixed function oxidase system or by dehydrochlorination. Therefore, the knockdown resistance gene, kdr , was shown to contribute significantly to resistance toward both permethrin and DDT-type compounds.
Elevated esterase activity and acetylcholinesterase insensitivity in citrus thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) populations from the San Joaquin Valley of California

Esterase activity levels and the degree of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) insensitivity to organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides were determined for a susceptible strain of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), from Mexico (ME87) and for several populations of this species from the San Joaquin Valley of California, where resistance to dimethoate and formetanate has been documented. Populations differed significantly in their mean esterase activity levels. They exhibited 12-45 times the esterase activity of the ME87 strain. Residual AChE activity in the presence of insecticide, expressed as the proportion of control AChE activity, was low for the ME87 strain, both in the presence of the carbamate propoxur (0.026) and the OP paraoxon (<0.004). In contrast, residual AChE activity among the field populations ranged from 0.151 to 0.302 in the presence of propoxur and from 0.188 to 0.598 in the presence of paraoxon.
Proton Dynamics at the Membrane Surface

Proton transfer over large distances is critical to biology, particularly so for cellular bioenergetics. Transmembrane proton pumps such as cytochrome oxidase generate a proton electrochemical gradient or proton motive force ( or PMF) across a membrane (e.g., mitochondrial inner membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane) while other transmembrane proteins, such as the F1F0-ATP synthase, the flagellar motor, or secondary transporters, utilize the PMF to drive otherwise unfavorable reactions (e.g., ATP synthesis).
Thyroid hormones are needed to sustain "inappropriately" normal TSH during non-thyroidal illness syndrome: a clinical observation in severely ill patients with primary hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVES: Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is a form of hypothyroidism that occurs during illness. NTIS is characterized by low thyroid hormones (TH) level in the serum and tissues, with normal serum TSH levels that are considered "inappropriately" normal. The mechanisms responsible for a lack of increase in serum TSH during NTIS are unknown. However, a decreased expression of hypothalamic TRH has been documented in deceased humans with NTIS. It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the inhibition of TRH release. If a similar TSH response occurs in severely ill patients with primary hypothyroidism has not been reported. DESIGN: Seven severely ill patients with unknown or poorly treated primary hypothyroidism are presented. Serum TSH and TH were measured at admission and during TH replacement. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. RESULTS: Besides suffering severe illness, patient's serum TSH was high and decreased once TH replacement was given. Levothyroxine administration was enough to down regulate TSH secretion. Serum reverse T3 (rT3) was normal or high and showed further elevation with stepwise increase in levothyroxine doses. CONCLUSIONS: The thyroid axis inhibitory feedback system is fully preserved in primary hypothyroidism during severe illness. In NTIS, serum TSH levels remain within normal limits because the supply of TH to TRH neurons is sustained normally. Pro-inflammatory cytokines does not play a major role inhibiting TRH release during NTIS associated to primary hypothyroidism. D3 activity increases in humans with severe illness, a mechanism behind the increased requirements in TH replacement to achieve normal serum TH.
Behind the (bilateral) fungus ball

A 54-year-old man with AIDS and a history of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presented with chronic cough and weight loss for 1 year. There was no haemoptysis. He had normal vital signs and was afebrile. Lung auscultation was normal. Laboratory evaluation was unremarkable. Chest radiography revealed bilateral upper lobe cavities with internal densities (figure 1). CT of the chest demonstrated these apical cavities to contain material consistent with a mycetoma (fungus ball). Adjacent pleural thickening and areas of consolidation and fibrosis were also present (figure 2). A CT scan performed 2 years previously showed normal lung parenchyma. Sputum fungal culture subsequently grew Aspergillus fumigatus . No antifungal therapy was administered, and the patient was eventually lost to …
Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitutes and the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease: More Harm than Help?

Intense efforts have been made by both industry and academia over the last three decades to produce viable hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), also known as “blood substitutes”. Human trials conducted so far by several manufactures in a variety of clinical indications, including trauma, and elective surgeries have failed and no product has gained the Food and Drug Administration approval for human use. Safety concerns due to frequent incidences of hemodynamic, cardiac events, and even death led to the termination of some of these trials. Several second generation HBOC products that have been chemically and/or genetically modified (or in some cases ligated with carbon monoxide (CO)) found a new clinical application in conditions as complex as sickle cell disease (SCD). By virtue of higher oxygen affinity (P50) (R-state), and smaller size, HBOCs may be able to reach the microvasculature unload of oxygen to reverse the cycles of sickling/unsickling of the deoxy-sickle cell Hb (HbS) (T-state), thus preventing vaso-occlusion, a central event in SCD pathophysiology. However, biochemically, it is thought that outside the red blood cell (due to frequent hemolysis), free HbS or infused HBOCs are capable of interfering with a number of oxidative and signaling pathways and may, thus, negate any benefit that HBOCs may provide. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using HBOCs in SCD.
The Efficacy of Using Financial Incentives to Change Unhealthy Behaviors Among a Rural Chronically Ill and Uninsured Population.

Purpose:To measure the effects of weight loss, medication compliance, and physical activity financial incentives delivered by health providers to uninsured patients.Design:Full factorial (orthogona...
Stimulation of Saginaw Bay charophyte photosynthesis by phosphorus

Abstract Like many other benthic algae, charophytes can attain high abundance in shallow waters, thereby affecting benthic ecology and nutrient cycling, and their subsequent death, detachment, and shoreline deposition contribute to beach fouling within the Laurentian Great Lakes. In-situ nutrient enrichment experiments and stoichiometric analyses have shown that other types of Great Lakes benthic algae are frequently phosphorus (P)-limited, but comparable information is lacking for charophytes. This study coupled short-term P enrichment of charophytes collected from inner Saginaw Bay with fluorometric estimates of algal photosynthesis to assess potential nutrient limitation. Benthic irradiance at the experimental sites was frequently sufficient to saturate charophyte photosynthesis, and charophyte photosynthesis was stimulated by experimental P enrichment, suggesting that these algae were P-limited under natural conditions. Reduction of P loading may be an effective charophyte control measure, even in relatively light-poor and nutrient-rich areas of the Great Lakes.
Awareness and handoffs in home care: coordination among informal caregivers

Informal caregivers, such as family members and friends, are important for maintaining the health and wellness of the elderly and the chronically ill. However, the complexity of informal caregiving...
Embracing uncertainty, continual spawning, estimation of the stock–recruit steepness, and size-limit designs with length–based per-recruit analyses for African tropical fisheries

Abstract Per-recruit analysts of African tropical fish mostly applied deterministic and sex-aggregated length–based Beverton–Holt per-recruit models, but rarely examined the spawning biomass per-recruit (SBPR), spawning potential ratio (SPR), size-limit regulations, and stock–recruit steepness (h). To relax the restrictive assumptions of the previous models, this study outlines a framework of using length–based per-recruit models accounting for continual spawning and incorporating uncertainty in sex-specific and total yield per-recruit (YPR), SPR, h, equilibrium yield (Ye), and biological reference points, especially those based on fishing mortality, F (FBRPs). Continual spawning is incorporated through weighting SBPR with monthly proportions of the spawning-capable stage. Uncertainty is introduced into life-history parameters through the resampling with replacement and with bivariate normal distributions, and into various metrics through Monte Carlo simulations. The Beverton–Holt and Ricker stock–recruit relationships are assumed in yield functions. The approach is illustrated with the Bukabuka (Lates stappersii Boulenger, 1914) fishery in southern Lake Tanganyika, for which the potential effects of alternative minimum length limits (Lmin) and catch-and-release values on various metrics are examined. Females Bukabuka represent 63% of the combined YPR and SBPR because they predominate in large sizes; h is greater if recruitment were dependent on both sexes than on females; the most imprecise metrics are the YPR, Ye, and MSY benchmarks; cryptic mortalities of sublegal individuals would exacerbate growth-overfishing; higher Lmin and discard survivals would lead to higher FBRPs, but can prevent recruitment-overfishing; in the F–Lmin planes, the contours maximizing YPR and Ye can be the basis for optimal Lmin designs. Strategies most likely to benefit the Bukabuka fishery would apply Lmin = 250–300 mm fork length and promote full compliance with releases and ways to reduce post-discard mortality.