cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KINETIC-EQUATION FOR DILUTE, SPIN-POLARIZED QUANTUM-SYSTEMS

A kinetic equation, wich includes the effects of degeneracy, is derived for dilute, polarized systems by the Green's function method of Kadanoff and Baym. When the Born approximation is used for the self-energy, the equation reduces to a result due to Silin. In the Boltzmann limit our result is equivalent to the equation of Lhuillier and Laloe, with the addition of a mean-field drift term analogous to that appearing in the Landau-Silin equation. Our kinetic equation is used to derive an expression for the transverse spin-diffusion relaxation time, τ ⊥ , for a Fermi system. In the Boltzmann and low-polarization limits τ ⊥ reduces to τ ∥ , the longitudinal relaxation time. However, in a highly polarized degenerate system τ ⊥ can be very much shorter than τ ∥ Etablissement d'une equation cinetique pour les systemes dilues polarises, en incluant les effets de degenerescences par la methode des fonctions de Green de Kadanoff et Baym. Par combinaison avec l'approximation de Born, reduction de cette equation a un resultat du a Silin et dans la limite de Boltzmann, reduction a l'equation de Lhuillier et Laloe, a laquelle s'ajoute un terme de derive de champ moyen analogue a celui qui apparait dans l'equation de Landau-Silin. Deduction d'une expression pour le temps de relaxation de la diffusion de spin transverse, τ ⊥ , pour un systeme de Fermi. Dans les limites de Boltzmann et de polarisation faible, τ ⊥ se reduit a τ ∥ , alors que dans un systeme fortement polarise, τ ⊥ peut etre beaucoup plus petit que τ ∥
Game, Set, Stanza: Modern Sport in Russia and the Poetry of OsipMandel'shtam

A drawing entitled "Sportsmen" ("Sportsmeny"), depicting two young men with tennis racquets and a book, appeared in the May 1914 issue of Novyi satri,-kol along with the following text: "Today at my sister's I saw a certain book: the works of Tennyson," the first tennis player exclaims. "Brother, take a look at it," replies his partner. "Perhaps there's something there on tennis!" To which the first responds: "Yes, I think it's a tennis manual."' This droll mix of poetry and sports struck a new note in Russia. Earlier issues of Novyi satirikon contained nothing of the sort, yet only a month after "Sportsmeny," the same periodical printed Osip Mandel'shtam's poem "Tennis." Then, two months later, Mandel'shtam published his poems "Sport" and "Futbol" (August 1914). A fourth Mandel'shtam poem on athletics, "Futbol" (often called "Vtoroi futbol"), appeared in the January 1914 issue of Zlatotsvet, another literary-humoristic magazine of the time. Mandel'shtam, however, included only "Tennis" in Kamen'. his first book of verse. Why this sudden interest in sports? And why celebrate these purely recreational activities through poetry? Did Mandel'shtam's work reflect a new trend in Russian society? Before any discussion of athletics in prerevolutionary Russia and before any analysis of Mandel'shtam's sports poems, our innate or, at the very least, traditional appreciation for games requires some elucidation. "Play" constitutes an essential aspect of athletics, while "games" are entertaining action that is both pleasurable and enriching. Johan Huizinga elaborates upon three concepts underlying our notion of play: first, play is voluntary and thus inherently a free act; second, play is not "ordinary" life, but rather an activity that is satisfying in itself; and third, play maintains a quintessential detachment, for when the
Real-time natural language generation in NL-Soar

NL-Soar is a computer system that performs language comprehension and generation within the framework of the Soar architecture [New90]. NL-Soar provides language capabilities for systems working in a real-time environment. Responding in real time to changing situations requires a flexible way to shift control between language and task operations. To provide this flexibility, NL-Soar organizes generation as a sequence of incremental steps that can be interleaved with task actions as the situation requires. This capability has been demonstrated via the integration of NL-Soar with two different independently-developed Soar-based systems.
Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists.

A series of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes has been identified as highly potent and selective NR2B receptor antagonists. Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats. Unlike nonselective NMDA antagonists, the NR2B-selective antagonist 22 showed no adverse affects on motor coordination in the rotarod assay at high dose. Compound 22 was efficacious following oral administration in a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain and in an acute model of Parkinson’s disease in a dose dependent manner.
Triblock copolymer-encapsulated nanoparticles with outstanding colloidal stability for siRNA delivery.

A new generation of siRNA nanocarrier with compact, uniform size and excellent colloidal stability has been developed by combining inorganic nanoparticles with rationally designed triblock copolymers. In contrast to conventional cationic polymers and nanoparticles that often condense oligonucleotides into polydisperse aggregates, our nanoparticle–polymer complexes remain single after loading with siRNA. More importantly, they are highly stable even in complete serum, which fills the gap between in vitro technology development using serum-free (or low percentage serum) cell culture media and downstream in vivo applications. Targeted delivery is achieved in GFP-expressing HeLa cells by functionalizing the siRNA delivery vehicle with an integrin-specific peptide ligand. The GFP positive cell population can be reduced from the original 86 to 60 and 25% for nontargeted and targeted nanoparticle–polymer complexes, respectively. At the nanocarrier concentration for siRNA delivery, virtually no cytotoxicity was d...
Electromagnetic decays of excited hyperons

Abstract Excited negative-parity hyperon masses are calculated in a chiral bag model in which the pion and the kaon fields are treated as perturbations. We also calculate the hadronic widths of Λ (1520) and Λ (1405) as well as the coupling constants of the lightest I = 0 excited hyperon to the meson-baryon channels, and discuss how the dispersive effects of the hadronic meson-baryon decay channels affect the excited hyperon masses. Meson-cloud corrections to the electromagnetic decay widths of the two lightest excited hyperons into ground states Λ° and Σ° are calculated within the same model and are found to be small. Our results strengthen the argument that predictions of these hyperon radiative decay widths provide an excellent test for various quark models of hadrons.
Tariffs, subsidies, and welfare with endogenous policy

Abstract It is a well-established proposition of trade theory that in the absence of directly trade-related distortions or policy goals subsidies are superior to tariffs for achieving any economic or non-economic objective. This paper shows that once the endogeneity of the distortion or non-economic objective is allowed for, the welfare-ranking of various policies can be reversed. The particular model analyzed is one where the level of non-economic objectives that have to be fulfilled itself depends on the policy tools considered to fulfill them with. This arises from the public-good nature of tariffs compared to subsidies.
Statistics for characterizing data on the periphery

We introduce a class of statistics for characterizing the periphery of a distribution, and show that these statistics are particularly valuable for problems in target detection. Because so many detection algorithms are rooted in Gaussian statistics, we concentrate on ellipsoidal models of high-dimensional data distributions (that is to say: covariance matrices), but we recommend several alternatives to the sample covariance matrix that more efficiently model the periphery of a distribution, and can more effectively detect anomalous data samples.
Analysis of the 2.0 Å Crystal Structure of the Protein-DNA Complex of the Human PDEF Ets Domain Bound to the Prostate Specific Antigen Regulatory Site †,‡

PDEF, a prostate epithelial specific transcription factor, is a member of the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. Here we report a 2.0 A crystal structure of the PDEF Ets domain in complex with a natural, high-affinity DNA binding site in the promoter/enhancer region of the human prostate specific antigen gene. Comparison of the PDEF-DNA complex with other Ets complexes revealed key features that are shared among Ets members, as well as important differences in substrate specification at both the "GGA" core and the flanking regions of the DNA site. The combination of the serine residue at position 308 and the glutamine at position 311 explains the previous observation that the PDEF binds preferentially to a thymine at the +4 position of its binding site. Despite the common essential features that are shared among Ets members, PDEF demonstrates distinct patterns of interactions at different positions of DNA in achieving sequence specific recognition. Collectively, the common and unique interactions with both the DNA bases and the backbone phosphates lead to substrate specificity and individual preference for certain DNA sites.
Influence of Brown Midrib, Leafy, and Transgenic Hybrids on Corn Forage Production

Hybrid selection strongly influences corn (Zea mays L.) forage production. Limited forage production and quality information exists for leafy and transgenic hybrids [Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and herbicide resistant]. We compared dry matter (DM) yield, forage quality, and estimated milk yields of these and brown midrib hybrids with dual-purpose hybrids for 3 yr at harvest densities of 66 000 and 84 000 plants ha -1 . Transgenic hybrids had no effect on DM and milk yields, so we do not recommend Bt hybrids under conditions of low infestation of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner). Leafy hybrids had similar DM and milk yields as hybrids of similar maturity. Brown midrib hybrids, which had DM yields that were about 20% less than those of hybrids of similar maturity, had 40 to 80 g kg -1 greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and 70 to 200 g kg -1 greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Brown midrib hybrids had the greatest or least milk yields among hybrids, depending on hybrid and year. Leafy and brown midrib hybrids mostly had low harvest index (HI) values, which had strong negative correlations with NDF in all years (-0.71, -0.44, and -0.90). Brown midrib hybrids had high NDF digestibility, which had strong positive correlations with IVTD (0.80, 0.88, and 0.86). Currently, we do not recommend brown midrib hybrids because of inconsistent milk yields and high seed costs. Development of brown midrib and leafy hybrids with greater HI values should result in excellent forage hybrids.
Steric Rejection of Polymeric Solutes by Membranes with Uniform Pore Size Distribution

Abstract The analysis of steric rejection by membranes with uniform pore size distribution is described. The uncharged polymeric solutes (polyethylene oxides, dextrans) are modeled as hard spheres, and the rejection in capillaries is corrected for hydrodynamic lag. The experimental data obtained with Carbowax and Dextran T solutes and track-etched Nuclepore membranes support the general validity of this model. Both single solute rejection data as well as GPC-monitored rejection data obtained with blend solutions are in good agreement with the theory.
Machine Learning User Preferences for Structural Design

: The design process often proceeds through iterative stages of design configuration, analysis, evaluation, and redesign with the ultimate goal of optimization. Numerical methods for structural design optimization of only one attribute such as weight, strength, or cost are well known. However, these methods do not reflect the fact that designs are evaluated by the user in terms of their performance in several attributes. It has been extremely difficult to incorporate multiple attributes into design optimization algorithms because the acceptable tradeoffs between these attributes vary significantly between users. This paper presents a new method for learning user-specific preferences and integrating them into the design evaluation, analysis, and optimization process in a meaningful way. The approach is a synthesis of formal decision theoretic methods with conventional design analysis techniques. The overall design objective is optimization of multiattribute utility from the viewpoint of the user. A user-interactive computer-aided Multiattribute Structural Design Evaluation and Optimization System (MSDEOS) is presented. It enables machine learning of the user's willingness to make tradeoffs between performance attributes. With this system, it is feasible to integrate site-specific consideration of multiple attributes directly into computer aids for structural design optimization. Two examples are presented: seismic design, where tradeoffs are made between cost and damage index, and design of a three-story steel frame structure, where attributes are cost and drift index. The system learns the preferences of different users and reflects those preferences through the identification of a different optimal solution for each user.
Internal carburization and carbide precipitation in Fe-Ni-Cr alloy tubing retired from ethylene pyrolysis service

The events leading to the failure of an alloy grade HP Nb ethylene pyrolysis heater tubing were examined. X-ray maps indicated that a complex oxide coating, which inhibits carbon (C) diffusion, forms on the process side of the tubing during service. Phase equilibria studies predict that even without process C diffusion, metal carbides will precipitate out of the face centered cubic (FCC_Al) matrix. It was estimated that a 6 mm thick tube operating at 1100 °C would completely carburize in two years if the protective coating is damaged.
James Milman Coley―a practical treatise on the diseases of children, 1846

James Milman Coley was born on 30 August 1784 in Shropshire. Having studied under John Abernethy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Coley qualified as MRCS England in 1806 and practiced at Bridgnorth. In 1844 he was admitted as Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and commenced practice in London. In 1846, he published A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children: “I am not aware, ..., that any author, British or Foreign, has published a work comprehending all the diseases incident to children, and their appropriate surgical as well as medical treatment.” Among the surgical topics discussed were hernias, respiratory and intestinal foreign bodies, hare-lip, ranula, thyroglossal duct cyst, intussusception, imperforate anus, anal prolapse, bladder stones, empyaema, pneumothorax, and burns. Although the surgical management was primitive and leeches, bleeding, and purgatives were utilised freely, Coley was a pioneer and preceded the works of Forster [13] and Holmes [15], two more prominent London surgeons. He authored 15 journal articles and five books (urinary retention, caesarean operation and puerperal metritis, remittent fever and hydrocephalus internus, and medical advice for travelers in Belgium and Llandudno). Mr. Coley died on 12 November 1867 at South Lambeth.
Geospatial Analysis of Regional Development in China: The Case of Zhejiang Province and the Wenzhou Model

The paper, based on extensive field work and surveys, analyzes in a GIS environment the multiscalar patterns and emerging clusters of regional development in Zhejiang Province (one of China's most rapidly growing) and Wenzhou Municipality (known for the Wenzhou Model of development based on private enterprise and rural industrialization). The authors first investigate the extent to which a traditional northeast-southwest divide has been replaced by emerging coastal-interior divide and whether intraprovincial inequality in Zhejiang, especially rural intercounty inequality, has intensified as new development clusters have emerged. At a finer scale of investigation, they analyze the Wenzhou Model and explain the resulting patterns of change by addressing the role of localities, the state, and globalization. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, O14, O18, O20. 10 figures, 1 table, 36 references.
Protein kinase C activity is associated with prefrontal cortical decline in aging

Aging is associated with deficiencies in the prefrontal cortex, including working memory impairment and compromised integrity of neuronal dendrites. Although protein kinase C (PKC) is implicated in structural plasticity, and overactivation of PKC results in working memory impairments in young animals, the role of PKC in prefrontal cortical impairments in the aged has not been examined. This study provides the first evidence that PKC activity is associated with prefrontal cortical dysfunction in aging. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine rescued working memory impairments in aged rats and enhanced working memory in aged rhesus monkeys. Improvement correlated with age, with older monkeys demonstrating a greater degree of improvement following PKC inhibition. Furthermore, PKC activity within the prefrontal cortex was inversely correlated with the length of basal dendrites of prefrontal cortical neurons, as well as with working memory performance in aged rats. Together these findings indicate that PKC is dysregulated in aged animals and that PKC inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of cognitive deficits in the elderly.
Electric-Field Dependence of the Surface Dipole of Semiconductors

Modulation of photoemission from $n$-type GaSb by additional light leads to the conclusion that the surface dipole (i.e., the electron affinity and the ionization energy) of semiconductors is influenced by the electric field of the space charge. Comparison of calculated with observed modulation yields an escape depth of 100 \AA{} for photoelectrons from clean surfaces.
Spatial time-frequency distributions for direction finding and blind source separation

The paper discusses the application of the new concept of spatial time-frequency distribution (STFD), and more generally the spatial arbitrary joint-variable distribution, to key array signal processing problems including blind source separations and high resolution direction finding of narrowband and broadband sources with stationary and nonstationary temporal characteristics. The STFD can be formulated based on the widely used class of time-frequency distributions, namely Cohen's class, or it can be devised by incorporating other classes of quadratic distributions, such as the Hyperbolic class and the Affine class. The paper delineates the fundamental offerings of STFDs, presents three examples of array signal processing using the localization properties of time-frequency distributions of the impinging signals, and summarizes recent contributions in this area.
Tissue engineering intrafusal fibers: Dose- and time-dependent differentiation of nuclear bag fibers in a defined in vitro system using neuregulin 1-β-1

While much is known about muscle spindle structure, innervation and function, relatively few factors have been identified that regulate intrafusal fiber differentiation and spindle development. Identification of these factors will be a crucial step in tissue engineering functional muscle systems. In this study, we investigated the role of the growth factor, neuregulin 1-β-1 (Nrg 1-β-1) EGF, for its ability to influence myotube fate specification in a defined culture system utilizing the non-biological substrate N-1[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-diethylenetriamine (DETA). Based on morphological and immunocytochemical criteria, Nrg 1-β-1 treatment of developing myotubes increases the ratio of nuclear bag fibers to total myotubes from 0.019 to 0.100, approximately a five-fold increase. The myotube cultures were evaluated for expression of the intrafusal fiber-specific alpha cardiac-like myosin heavy chain and for the expression of the non-specific slow myosin heavy chain. Additionally, the expression of ErbB2 receptors on all myotubes was observed, while phosphorylated ErbB2 receptors were only observed in Nrg 1-β-1-treated intrafusal fibers. After Nrg 1-β-1 treatment, we were able to observe the expression of the intrafusal fiber-specific transcription factor Egr3 only in fibers exhibiting the nuclear bag phenotype. Finally, nuclear bag fibers were characterized electrophysiologically for the first time in vitro. This data shows conclusively, in a serum-free system, that Nrg 1-β-1 is necessary to drive specification of forming myotubes to the nuclear bag phenotype.
An automated aircraft detection system to prevent illumination from the laser guide star beacons at the MMT and LBT

ABSTRACT High powered guide star laser beams ar e a potential hazard for aircraft. Currently at the MMT telescope located on Mt. Hopkins in Southern Arizona, five Rayleigh guide stars create a total of 25 W of power at 532 nm wavelength. The ARGOS laser guide star for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) located on Mt. Graham in Southern Arizona will generate six Rayleigh guide stars with a total of 108 W at 532 nm. We present an automated system for use at the MMT and the LBT designed to detect aircraft and shutter the lasers when aircraft illumination is pending. The detection system at the MMT uses a single wide-angle CCD camera mounted to the optical support structure of the telescope. The LBT system employs two of the same CCD cameras, and an additional bore-sighted thermal infrared camera. The visible cameras integrate frames for 0.5 s to produce streaks from an ti-collision beacons required fo r all aircraft. The IR camera serves as a backup and to protect unli ghted aircraft. In each case, adjacent fra mes are compared using image processing software to detect streaks and movement in the field. If an aircraft is detected, the position and projected trajectory are calculated and compared to the position of the laser beams. If an aircraft illumination appears likely, the laser safety shutter is closed and a message is sent to the laser operator. As a safety precaution, a heartbeat signal from the control computer is required to keep the laser shutter open. Keywords: MMT, LBT, ARGOS, laser guide star, aircraft detection
Word processors for qualitative sociologists: A review essay

To reiterate, we think word processors driven by microcomputers can be used effectively for processing notes, observations and other textual data collected through qualitative research methods and later for analyzing them. Of course, machines cannot analyze data, engender concepts, or write insightful prose. In fact, these machines can do nothing that humans do not instruct them to do. InAnalyzing Social Settings, John Lofland describes the overlap of observation and analysis in a project and suggests the use of a general file structure and mechanical procedures “that can stimulate on-going analysis during observation” (1971:118). Whatever the system one uses, if the interplay between what is observed and what is made sociologically meaningful can be less a clerical task, then so much the better. In sum, we think word-processing systems can help a sociologist electronically “cut and paste” raw text files and spur the researcher into producing superior files and reports.
Capacity of data collection in randomly-deployed wireless sensor networks

Data collection is one of the most important functions provided by wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we study theoretical limitations of data collection and data aggregation in terms of delay and capacity for a wireless sensor network where n sensors are randomly deployed. We consider different communication scenarios such as with single sink or multiple sinks, regularly-deployed or randomly-deployed sinks, with or without aggregation. For each scenario, we not only propose a data collection/aggregation method and analyze its performance in terms of delay and capacity, but also theoretically prove whether our method can achieve the optimal order (i.e., its performance is within a constant factor of the optimal). Particularly, with a single sink, the capacity of data collection is in order of $$\Uptheta(W)$$ where W is the fixed data-rate on individual links. With k regularly deployed sinks, the capacity of data collection is increased to $$\Uptheta(kW)$$ when $$k=O\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}\right)$$ or $$\Uptheta\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}W\right)$$ when $$k=\Upomega\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}\right)$$ . With k randomly deployed sinks, the capacity of data collection is between $$\Uptheta\left({\frac{k}{\log k}}W\right)$$ and $$\Uptheta(kW)$$ when $$k=O\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}\right)$$ or $$\Uptheta\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}W\right)$$ when $$k=\omega\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}\right)$$ . If each sensor can aggregate its receiving packets into a single packet to send, the capacity of data collection with a single sink is also increased to $$\Uptheta\left({\frac{n}{\log n}}W\right)$$ .
The human immunoregulatory T cell circuit: recent progress and its clinical implications.

The present studies indicate that both the heterogeneity and functional programs of human T lymphocytes can be distinguished. Within the T4 subset, which is responsible for inducer/helper functions in T-T, T-B and T-macrophage interactions, discrete subpopulations are present; T4 cells bearing the 2H4 molecule (T4+2H4+) induce T8+suppressor effector cells, and T4 cells bearing the 4B4 molecule (T4+4B4+) induce help for B cell Ig synthesis. Within the T8 subset are precursors and effector cells responsible for both suppressor or cytotoxic function. It is now evident that T4 cells show a preferential interaction with class II MHC determinants on accessory or target cells, whereas T8 cells have a preference for class I determinants. Furthermore, the T4 and T8 glyco-proteins themselves may function as associative recognition structures in such functions. Recent work has elucidated the role of the T3-Ti antigen receptor complex which is involved in both antigen recognition and T cell activation. The T3 molecule, a nonpolymorphic determinant is membrane-associated with the 90 KD Ti heterodimer, a highly polymorphic structure with both constant and variable regions, making up the T cell receptor for antigen. It is believed that these unique cell surface glycoproteins will have a critical role in regulating the nature and intensity of the immune response. The clinical relevance of these cell surface glycoproteins in human diseases also will be discussed.
HYDROGEN PROMOTION OF SURFACE SELF-DIFFUSION ON RH(100) AND RH(311)

Field ion microscope observations show that the rate of surface self-diffusion for individual atoms on the (100) and (311) planes of Rh is significantly increased by exposure of the surface to hydrogen. On Rh(100) admission of hydrogen at partial pressures in the 10{sup {minus}9}-Torr range causes the onset temperature for migration of a Rh adatom to decrease from 290 to 240 K. Once the adatom is mobile, its mean-square displacement is constant as a function of time. Similar exposures of hydrogen lower the onset temperature for self-diffusion on Rh(311) from 180 to 120 K. Here the mean-square displacement increases monotonically as a function of time after admission of hydrogen. The continuous increase indicates that the enhancement of the diffusion rate due to hydrogen is coverage dependent. The difference between the results for Rh(100) and Rh(311) is attributed to the higher temperatures required for self-diffusion on Rh(100). At the higher temperatures, a significant amount of hydrogen is thermally desorbed during the diffusion intervals and the coverage remains relatively constant as a function of time. The observed coverage dependence indicates that the mechanism of hydrogen promotion involves more than a simple lowering of the activation barrier of surface diffusion by the attachmentmore » of a hydrogen atom to a Rh atom. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Diode laser measurements of strengths, half-widths, and temperature dependence of half-widths for CO2 spectral lines near 4.2 μm

Abstract Absolute line strengths have been measured at room temperature for spectral lines in the R branch of the ν3 band of 12C16O2, 12C16O18O, and 12C16O17O and the (ν2 + ν3) − ν2 and (ν1 + ν3) − ν1 bands of 12C16O2 in the region 2365–2393 cm−1 using a tunable diode laser spectrometer; from these measurements band strengths have been computed. Self- and nitrogen-broadened half-widths have been measured for some ν3 lines of 12C16O2 and 12C16O17O, and nitrogen-broadened half-widths measured for some (ν2 + ν3) − ν2 band lines of 12C16O2. From measurements made over a temperature range from 217 to 299 K we have obtained temperature coefficients n, for the N2-broadened Lorentz half-width defined as b L 0 (T) = b L 0 (T 0 )( T T 0 ) −n , for the ν3 and (ν2 + ν3) − ν2 bands of 12C16O2. They are 0.757 ± 0.008 and 0.789 ± 0.015, respectively.
Mast cell heterogeneity: evidence and implications

Mast cells and basophils play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease, although their physiologic role is largely unknown. A large body of evidence now indicates that the properties of mast cells are dependent on the tissue and species from which they are derived. Such mast cell heterogeneity encompasses differences in morphology, development, cytochemistry, and function. The evidence for such heterogeneity, and some of its clinical implications, is discussed.
Determination of Half-wave Potentials of Selected Chlorophenols

Cyclic voltammetry was used in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar solution to determine the half-wave potentials of selected chlorophenols, CPs. It is observed that all the electrochemical parameters of the studied CPs decrease with an increase in the number of chlorine atom(s) attached to the parent compound. The mathematical relationship between the obtained E 1/2 and the number of chlorine atoms in the parent compound is given. The formal potentials, E 0' , of the CPs are approximated
Mammographic diagnosis of minimal breast cancer

With mammography the present of breast carcinoma is usually indicated by visualization of a mass or by a cluster of small irregular calcifications. To diagnose minimal breast cancer such signs are inadeq uate. A sign which may lead to such diagnoses of noninvasive or minimally invasive carcinoma is an isolated dilated subarcolar duct. Asymmetry in density between opposite breasts may also be significant. A linear pattern of intramammary calcification indicates intraductal carcinoma. The authors describe a new sign which has a high order of accuracy for diagnosis of breast carcinoma a new density appearing focally in serial mammograms. This would not be noted without reference to previous mammograms. The density is due to connective tissue increase which accompanies the carcinoma. A baseline mammogram is needed particularly for high-risk patients. Immediate biopsy is indicated with such a finding. In 30 cases showing only this density all but 1 biopsy showed carcinoma. The other case was indeterminate between carcinoma and intraductal hyperplasia. When early biopsy was not done all such patients later developed carcinoma. Case histories are given for 5 women along with illustrations of histologic findings.
Sensory acuity and reasoning in delusional disorder

Abstract Systematic research on delusional disorder (DD) is limited. The goal of this study was to assess DD patients in the following areas: sensory capacities, decision-making style, and complex reasoning. Ten DD patients and 10 matched normal controls completed the following (1) smell, taste, and vision testing; (2) a probabilistic inference test in which subjects made probability decisions; and (3) a gambling task assessing complex reasoning. No significant difference was found between DD subjects and normals for taste acuity, olfactory acuity, or olfactory discrimination. No difference in visual acuity was noted, but sample size was limited. In addition, DD subjects required significantly less data to make probability decisions than normal controls. Despite using less data, DD subjects were as certain as controls regarding the accuracy of their decisions. As for complex reasoning, DD subjects performed as well as normal controls, but tended to surmise the purpose of the task sooner than normals, a difference that approached significance. In conclusion, these results suggest no differences between DD and normal subjects regarding olfaction, taste, and vision. The reasoning studies suggest that DD subjects may have a “cognitive set” that predisposes them to make conclusions with significantly less data than normals. Further, the study suggests that this reasoning difference generalizes to events outside the DD subjects' delusional realm and can be evoked in an experimental environment.
Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) enhances visual-spatial performance in postmenopausal women

The current article examines the effect of administering dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on visual-spatial performance in postmenopausal women (N = 24, ages 55-80). The concurrent reduction of serum DHEA levels and visual-spatial performance in this population, coupled with the documented effects of DHEA's androgenic metabolites on visual-spatial performance, suggests that DHEA administration may enhance visual-spatial performance. The current experiment used a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design in which 50 mg of oral DHEA was administered daily in the drug condition to explore this hypothesis. Performance on the Mental Rotation, Subject-Ordered Pointing, Fragmented Picture Identification, Perceptual Identification, Same-Different Judgment, and Visual Search tasks and serum levels of DHEA, DHEAS, testosterone, estrone, and cortisol were measured in the DHEA and placebo conditions. In contrast to prior experiments using the current methodology that did not demonstrate effects of DHEA administration on episodic and short-term memory tasks, the current experiment demonstrated large beneficial effects of DHEA administration on Mental Rotation, Subject-Ordered Pointing, Fragmented Picture Identification, Perceptual Identification, and Same-Different Judgment. Moreover, DHEA administration enhanced serum levels of DHEA, DHEAS, testosterone, and estrone, and regression analyses demonstrated that levels of DHEA and its metabolites were positively related to cognitive performance on the visual-spatial tasks in the DHEA condition.
Kinetics of aquation of cis- and trans- diaquabis(methylmalonato)chromate(III) anions

The reactions of cis- and trans-diaquabis(methylmalonato)chromate(III) anions in 0·2–1·0 F HClO4 (μ = 1·0, NaClO4) were studied at 25–40°. From the chromatographic results, it was found that both reactions were aquation to tetraaqua(methylmalonato)chromium(III) cation. The pseudo-first order rate constant kobs for both reactions was found to follow the equation kobs = k′[H+] = k″. At 40°, k′ = 1·76 × 10−4 l mol−1 sec−1 and k″ = 0·130 × 10−4 sec−1 for the cis-isomer, k′ = 3·16 × 10−4 l mol−1 sec−1 and k″ = 0·216 × 10−4 sec−1 for the rans-isomer. Ea = 21·0 ± kcal/mol−1 and log PZ = 15·0 ± 0·7 for the cis-isomer, Ea = 23·0 ± 0·7 kcal/mol−1 and log PZ = 16·6 ± 0·5 for the trans-isomer. The mechanism for both reactions is suggested to be similar to that of the aquation of cis-diaquabis(malonato)chromate(III) anion.
Parasites: What are They Good for?

Parasitic diseases caused by helminth and protozoan infections remain one of the largest global public health problems for mankind. While natural immunity in man is rare or slow to develop for many parasites, the immune response is capable of recognizing and responding to infection by utilizing a number of different immunological mechanisms. This special topics journal issue examines many of the key findings in the recent literature regarding the immune response against helminth and protozoan infections, as well as highlighting areas in which our current knowledge falls short. The question of how we can tailor immune responses to prevent or reduce disease burden is a burning question within the field of immunoparasitology.
Hypospadias: One Defect, Multiple Causes, Acting Through Shared Pathways

Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males. Although the birth prevalence of hypospadias has been reported as increasing in some geographic regions, inconsistencies in ascertainment of mild cases and variability in reporting standards are likely contributing to these apparent trends. While hypospadias is highly heritable, there is limited knowledge about the specific genetic and epigenetic factors that play a role in its etiology. Risk factors for hypospadias include family history, older maternal age, nulliparity, high maternal prepregnancy body mass index, hypertension or preeclampsia, multiple gestations, reduced birth weight, and small for gestational age. Of the various prenatal exposures to medications that have been studied, the strongest evidence supports valproic acid as a contributor to hypospadias. Studies evaluating the impact of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) on hypospadias are inconclusive because of potential confounding by subfertility. Many causes of hypospadias may act through a few shared pathways, such as placental dysfunction.
Kinetics of reciprocating drug delivery to the inner ear

Reciprocating drug delivery is a means of delivering soluble drugs directly to closed fluid spaces in the body via a single cannula without an accompanying fluid volume change. It is ideally suited for drug delivery into small, sensitive and unique fluid spaces such as the cochlea. We characterized the pharmacokinetics of reciprocating drug delivery to the scala tympani within the cochlea by measuring the effects of changes in flow parameters on the distribution of drug throughout the length of the cochlea. Distribution was assessed by monitoring the effects of DNQX, a reversible glutamate receptor blocker, delivered directly to the inner ear of guinea pigs using reciprocating flow profiles. We then modeled the effects of those parameters on distribution using both an iterative curve-fitting approach and a computational fluid dynamic model. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that reciprocating delivery distributes the drug into a volume in the base of the cochlea, and suggest that the primary determinant of distribution throughout more distal regions of the cochlea is diffusion. Increases in flow rate distributed the drug into a larger volume that extended more apically. Over short time courses (less than 2 h), the apical extension, though small, significantly enhanced apically directed delivery of drug. Over longer time courses (>5 h) or greater distances (>3 mm), maintenance of drug concentration in the basal scala tympani may prove more advantageous for extending apical delivery than increases in flow rate. These observations demonstrate that this reciprocating technology is capable of providing controlled delivery kinetics to the closed fluid space in the cochlea, and may be suitable for other applications such as localized brain and retinal delivery.
31P-NMR determinations of cytosolic phosphodiesters in turtle hearts☆

As part of our ongoing research on cardiac hypoxia tolerance we have conducted 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of isolated, perfused, working hearts from freshwater turtles, animals that are well known for their ability to tolerate prolonged periods of anoxia. A striking feature of turtle heart spectra is an extremely high concentration of NMR visible phosphodiesters (PDEs). Cardiac spectra from mammals, on the other hand, typically exhibit only a small resonance in the PDE region. Our aim in this study was to compare myocardial PDE profiles between the highly hypoxia tolerant western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) and the relatively hypoxia sensitive softshelled turtle (Trionyx spinifer) in order to begin to test the hypothesis that high constitutive levels of cytosolic PDEs may play a role in conferring hypoxia and ischemia tolerance on the myocardium. We also collected 31P-NMR spectra of PCA extracts of tissue from these species and from Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi), as well as spectra from isolated hearts and PCA extracts of redeared sliders (Trachemys [formerly Pseudemys] scripta]). Total NMR visible phosphodiesters make up 24 ± 8.6% of the total NMR visible phosphorus in chrysemys hearts, 20.7 ± 5.9% in Trachemys hearts, but only 12.2 ± 5.1% in Trionyx hearts (P < 0.05). We have identified three distinct PDEs in turtle hearts: glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC); glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE); and serine ethanolamine phosphodiester (SEP). SEP is the dominant compound in Chrysemys and Trachemys (79.3 ± 10.2% and 84.7 ± 3.7% of total PDE, respectively), while GPC is most abundant in Trionyx (74.0 ± 4.3% of total PDE) and Lepidochelys (not quantitated). The function of this class of compounds is unclear but it has been suggested that cytosolic PDEs may function as lysophospholipase inhibitors, a role that would decrease the rate of membrane phospholipid turnover. Our comparative data suggest that cytosolic PDEs could play a role in phospholipid sparing during anoxic or ischemic stress in turtles but a direct test of this hypothesis awaits future experimentation.
On the importance of quantum mechanics for nanotechnology

In this article it is argued that classical molecular dynamics studies of nanomachines may not give an accurate representation of their performance. Fortunately a new method, internal coordinate quantum Monte Carlo, an improved technique for computing quantum mechanical ground-state energies and wavefunctions, has the potential capability to model these systems. Some relevant examples demonstrate that the quantum ground state for many-body systems similar to those of interest in nanotechnology has a qualitatively different structure than that obtained from a molecular dynamics calculation which exhibited chaos and gross instabilities at energies of only a fraction of the ground-state energy. This result casts uncertainty on the reliability of using the molecular dynamics method to calculate the structure or any other dynamical quantity relevant to nanotechnology.
Helical and multislice CTA following penetrating trauma to the subclavian and axillary arteries (pictorial essay)

Penetrating injuries with resultant trauma to the subclavian and axillary arteries have traditionally been evaluated with direct contrast angiography. Physical examination has a low sensitivity for detection of vascular injuries in stable patients and surgical exploration is challenging. With advancements in CT technology, a less invasive and more rapid approach in evaluating arterial injury is now being utilized in many trauma centers. This article will depict the CT angiographic signs of subclavian and axillary artery injuries.
Immunohistochemical detection of changes in tumor hypoxia

Purpose Although hypoxia is a known prognostic factor, its effect will be modified by the rate of reoxygenation and the extent to which the cells are acutely hypoxic. We tested the ability of exogenous and endogenous markers to detect reoxygenation in a xenograft model. Our technique might be applicable to stored patient samples. Methods and Materials The human colorectal carcinoma line, HT29, was grown in nude mice. Changes in tumor hypoxia were examined by injection of pimonidazole, followed 24 hours later by EF5. Cryosections were stained for these markers and for carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). Tumor hypoxia was artificially manipulated by carbogen exposure. Results In unstressed tumors, all four markers showed very similar spatial distributions. After carbogen treatment, pimonidazole and EF5 could detect decreased hypoxia. HIF1α staining was also decreased relative to CAIX, although the effect was less pronounced than for EF5. Control tumors displayed small regions that had undergone spontaneous changes in tumor hypoxia, as judged by pimonidazole relative to EF5; most of these changes were reflected by CAIX and HIF1α. Conclusion HIF1α can be compared with either CAIX or a previously administered nitroimidazole to provide an estimate of reoxygenation.
What you didn't know about evo-devo

The field of evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) biology is populated with scientists from diverse disciplines who are seeking the answers to questions that have been asked for millennia: why do organisms look different, how are these organisms built, are there common themes to how they are built
Comparative Analysis of the Risk of Radiation Exposure and Cost of Reduced Imaging Intensity For Surveillance of Early-stage Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors

Objective To evaluate the surveillance recommendations for early-stage testis cancer and the risk of secondary malignancies due to increased radiation exposure. Materials and Methods Using National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines 2012 and 2014 for early-stage testicular cancer, the numbers of abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans (CTAPs) and chest radiographies were calculated, and lifetime attributable risk for secondary malignancy was estimated using Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII organ-specific model for solid organ malignancy based on the initial age of exposure. Cost was based on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' cost estimates of CTAP and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results The 2012 NCCN protocol uses a maximum of 17 CTAPs over 6 years, whereas 2014 guidelines suggest a maximum of 13 CTAPs. The radiation dosage in 2014 guidelines is decreased by 25% compared to the 2012 NCCN guidelines. The minimum number of CTAPs under the 2014 NCCN protocol reduced radiation dose by 38% compared to the maximum number, this compared to about 50% decrease from the 2012 NCCN guidelines. The median cost for a single CTAP with contrast is $369.30; median cost for a single MRI with contrast is $772.18. As compared to the 2012 protocol, the 2014 guidelines reduced CTAP cost by approximately 24%-54% for minimum and maximum CTAPs allowed. Conclusion There is low, however nonzero, risk of secondary malignancy for surveillance in stage I testicular cancer. There is also a significant cost difference between protocols as well as between CT and MRI modalities.
Degradable polymers for gene delivery

Degradable polymers were synthesized that self-assemble with DNA to form particles that are effective for gene delivery. Small changes to polymer synthesis conditions, particle formulation conditions, and polymer structure led to significant changes to efficacy in a cell-type dependent manner. Polymers presented here are more effective than Lipofectamine 2000 or polyethylenimine for gene delivery to cancerous fibroblasts or human primary fibroblasts. These materials may be useful for cancer therapeutics and regenerative medicine.