cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behaviorism and Literary Culture

This essay traces two strands of behaviorist psychology’s influence on literature, primarily in Anglo-American twentieth-century contexts. In the first, notable literary modernists, the new criticism, and literary theory have contended with the methodological constraints of psychological and philosophical behaviorism. In the second strand, science fiction authors have used novums based on behavioral control to explore the dystopian potentials of technocracy and totalitarian modes of governance. While the latter strand has largely been subject to camp treatment in the twenty-first century, many of the political and philosophical questions related to behaviorism also appear in literary treatments of robotics and artificial intelligence.
Nonsurgical Tear Trough Volumization: A Systematic Review of Patient Satisfaction.

BACKGROUND Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the tear trough area via the use of injectable filler material has become a popular procedure in facial rejuvenation. This procedure offers immediate, albeit temporary, results with minimal recovery time. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to report on patient satisfaction and complication rates to further guide practitioners. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus libraries were queried for articles containing relevant terms. Articles with more than 5 patients who reported on satisfaction and/or complications from the procedure were included for review. In addition to these variables, we noted other aspects of injection, including filler material, technique, and needle or cannula delivery. Studies that did not otherwise fulfill inclusion criteria for statistical analysis but reported on intravascular injection-related complications were cited. RESULTS Initial query resulted in 1655 studies which were assessed for duplicates and inclusion/exclusion criteria. After screening, 28 articles were included for analysis. In total, 1956 patients were captured who had been injected with 1 of 4 materials: hyaluronic acid (1535), calcium hydroxyapatite (376), autologous fibroblast/keratin gel (35), and collagen-based filler (10). Short- and long-term satisfaction rates were 84.4% and 76.7%, respectively. Minor complications were common (44%). Secondarily, we found the use of cannula for filler injection of this region to be associated with a lower rate of ecchymosis (7% vs 17%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Filler injection volumization of tear trough deformity is an effective technique for facial rejuvenation associated with high patient satisfaction. Multiple filler materials offer acceptable satisfaction and complication profiles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Gully-erosion estimation and terrain reconstruction using analyses of microtopographic roughness and LiDAR

Abstract Gully mapping techniques successfully identify gullies over a large range of breadths and depths in complex landscapes but practices for estimating gully volumes need further development. Gully gap-interpolation for estimation of gully volume does not often factor in landscape microtopography in the generation of the new surface. These approaches can thus overestimate large classical gully volumes, averaging over depressions, or underestimate volumes by creating overly-smooth highly curved surfaces. Microtopographic methodology was developed to estimate the pre-gully surface and gully volume across the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory (CCZO) in South Carolina, USA. The CCZO is a Southern Piedmont landscape severely gullied by historic agriculture with upland Ultisols many meters deep. Our gully-mapping and gully-filling approaches used 1 m2 LiDAR elevation data and is based on the premise that gullies are local depressions on uplands which are deeply incised with high microtopographic roughness. Our smoothing-via-filling-rough-depressions (SvFRD) algorithm iteratively fills gullies until landscape microtopographic roughness is reduced and unchanging after a subsequent iteration. Results were evaluated in the context of prior landscape bulk erosion estimates ranging from 1483 to 3708 m3/ha as well as field surveys of gullies. Minimally eroded reference and highly-eroded post-agricultural terrain were compared to test gully-mapping and volume accuracy. Comparing gully-volume estimation techniques, inverse-distance-weighting (IDW) yielded the highest volume (1072 m3/ha) followed by ANUDEM (638 m3/ha) while spline-interpolation yielded the lowest estimate (555 m3/ha). SvFRD landscape gully volume estimates (615.5 m3/ha) were most similar to ANUDEM interpolation with roughness and gully extent results most similar to spline interpolation. Spline interpolation is effective and easily implemented but if microtopographic accuracy and mapping of fine-scale erosions features is desired to hindcast pre-gully terrain conditions, our depression-filling approach, implemented using free GIS and statistical software, is an effective method to estimate reasonable erosion volumes.
EcoQBNs: First application of ecological modeling with quantum Bayesian networks

A recent advancement in modeling was the development of quantum Bayesian networks (QBNs). QBNs generally differ from BNs by substituting traditional Bayes calculus in probability tables with the quantum amplification wave functions. QBNs can solve a variety of problems which are unsolvable by, or are too complex for, traditional BNs. These include problems with feedback loops and temporal expansions; problems with non-commutative dependencies in which the order of the specification of priors affects the posterior outcomes; problems with intransitive dependencies constituting the circular dominance of the outcomes; problems in which the input variables can affect each other, even if they are not causally linked (entanglement); problems in which there may be >1 dominant probability outcome dependent on small variations in inputs (superpositioning); and problems in which the outcomes are nonintuitive and defy traditional probability calculus (Parrondo’s paradox and the violation of the Sure Thing Principle). I present simple examples of these situations illustrating problems in prediction and diagnosis, and I demonstrate how BN solutions are infeasible, or at best require overly-complex latent variable structures. I then argue that many problems in ecology and evolution can be better depicted with ecological QBN (EcoQBN) modeling. The situations that fit these kinds of problems include noncommutative and intransitive ecosystems responding to suites of disturbance regimes with no specific or single climax condition, or that respond differently depending on the specific sequence of the disturbances (priors). Case examples are presented on the evaluation of habitat conditions for a bat species, representing state-transition models of a boreal forest under disturbance, and the entrainment of auditory signals among organisms. I argue that many current ecological analysis structures—such as state-and-transition models, predator–prey dynamics, the evolution of symbiotic relationships, ecological disturbance models, and much more—could greatly benefit from a QBN approach. I conclude by presenting EcoQBNs as a nascent field needing the further development of the quantum mathematical structures and, eventually, adjuncts to existing BN modeling shells or entirely new software programs to facilitate model development and application.
Equity premium prediction: keep it sophisticatedly simple

Following the keep-it-sophisticatedly-simple principle, KISS, we propose using the averaging window approach to forecast the market equity premium in unstable environments. First, the estimation methodology of averaging window is a theoretically justified method robust to uncertainties on structural breaks and estimation window sizes. Second, the averaging window method has the obvious advantages of being understandable to forecast users and simple to implement, thus encouraging engagement and criticism. Our empirical results demonstrate the superior performance of the averaging window when forecasting the U.S. market equity premium, exceeding a wide range of methods which have been shown effective, such as shrinkage estimators and technical indicators.
Tropical sprue

Tropical sprue is a disease that causes progressive villus atrophy in the small intestine, similar to nontropical (celiac) sprue. The loss of intestinal villi profoundly affects intestinal absorptive function, and patients with tropical or nontropical sprue present with malabsorption. Whereas the etiology of celiac sprue has been elucidated in considerable detail, the etiology of tropical sprue remains obscure. The favored hypothesis is that the disease is either initiated or sustained by a still-undefined infection. Patients with tropical sprue typically present with macrocytic anemia due to malabsorption of folate and/or vitamin B12.Treatment of tropical sprue with folic acid replacement was introduced more than 50 years ago and has become standard medical treatment. Vitamin B12Replacement is usually added if there is evidence of B12deficiency or malabsorption. Treatment of tropical sprue with folate and B12cures the macrocytic anemia and the accompanying glossitis, and often results in increased appetite and weight gain. However, even prolonged treatment with these vitamins fails to restore villus atrophy, and malabsorption usually persists. The benefit of antibiotic treatment of tropical sprue was first documented during World War II, when sulfonamides were used to treat epidemics of tropical sprue in British and Italian troops in India. Antibiotic treatment has since become the standard treatment, and tetracycline has replaced sulfonamides. The recommended length of treatment with tetracycline is 6 months and it is given in combination with folate. The treatment has been shown to normalize mucosal structure in the small intestine and resolve malabsorption in most patients with tropical sprue. However, there is a substantial relapse rate in treated patients who return to, or remain in, endemic areas in the tropics.
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Radiographers: An Exploration of Self-reported Symptoms.

PURPOSE To explore self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms in radiographers registered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) in the United States. There is a gap in the literature focusing on the unique set of risk factors for radiographers. METHODS A subset of ARRT radiographers received an email invitation to complete an online survey that included questions about their experience with musculoskeletal symptoms and their exposure to potential risk factors for those symptoms. RESULTS Out of the 635 ARRT credentialed, nonretired radiographers who completed the survey, 81% reported experiencing pain or discomfort while performing patient cases. Through logistic regression statistical modeling, a set of 4 personal factors (including poorer perceptions of health and sleep quality), 1 work demographic factor (working in fluoroscopy), and 3 psychosocial work factors (including perceptions of higher physically demanding workload and work pressure and stress) were identified in differentiating radiographers who experience pain or discomfort when performing patient cases from those who do not. DISCUSSION Consistent with prior research, these results indicate multiple work-related factors, including physical and psychosocial work factors, appear to be associated with the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in radiographers. Ideas for addressing these risk factors are discussed, as well as opportunities for radiography managers and academics to collaborate in evaluating the effectiveness of intervention ideas when deployed in practice. CONCLUSION Although this study is cross-sectional, these results can be used to inform intervention efforts, such as limiting or rotating work duties in fluoroscopy, reducing other physically demanding aspects of work, addressing understaffing, which increases work pressure in many ways, and promoting employee self-care practices.
Brown adipose tissue prevents glucose intolerance and cardiac remodeling in high-fat-fed mice after a mild myocardial infarction.

Background Obesity increases the risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) after myocardial infarction (MI). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important to combat obesity and T2D, and increasing BAT mass by transplantation improves glucose metabolism and cardiac function. The objective of this study was to determine if BAT had a protective effect on glucose tolerance and cardiac function in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice subjected to a mild MI. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for eight weeks and then divided into Sham (Sham-operated) and +BAT (mice receiving 0.1 g BAT into their visceral cavity). Sixteen weeks post-transplantation, mice were further subdivided into ±MI (Sham; Sham-MI; +BAT; +BAT-MI) and maintained on a HFD. Cardiac (echocardiography) and metabolic function (glucose and insulin tolerance tests, body composition and exercise tolerance) were assessed throughout 22 weeks post-MI. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to determine the expression of genes related to metabolic function of perigonadal adipose tissue (pgWAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), liver, heart, tibialis anterior skeletal muscle (TA); and BAT. Results +BAT prevented the increase in left ventricle mass (LVM) and exercise intolerance in response to MI. Similar to what is observed in humans, Sham-MI mice developed IGT post-MI, but this was negated in +BAT-MI mice. IGT was independent of changes in body composition. Genes involved in inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolism were significantly altered in pgWAT, scWAT, and liver in Sham-MI mice compared to all other groups. Conclusions BAT transplantation prevents IGT, the increase in LVM, and exercise intolerance following MI. MI alters the expression of several metabolic-related genes in WAT and liver in Sham-MI mice, suggesting that these tissues may contribute to the impaired metabolic response. Increasing BAT may be an important intervention to prevent the development of IGT or T2D and cardiac remodeling in obese patients post-MI.
A Service Oriented Experimentation Framework for Virtualized WiMAX Systems

Testbeds for networking research allow experimenters to validate performance of algorithms and architectures under realistic conditions. Further, virtualizing such testbeds allows the deployer to improve utilization of the testbed while preserving reproducibility of the results and originality of the control environment. This paper describes an essential set of services for deploying a virtualized wireless testbed. It proposes (1) environment control, (2) virtual radio control, (3) slice feedback, and (4) a virtual radio isolation service as four fundamental services required for deploying these virtualized wireless testbeds. Using a virtualized WiMAX basestation as an example, this paper describes the design of the WiMAX-VM and the WiMAX-RF grid services which encompass the four fundamental services.
Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism in Escherichia coli IV. TURNOVER

Abstract There are two pyridine nucleotide turnover pathways in Escherichia coli, the Gholson turnover cycle, with nicotinamide as an intermediate, and a second new pathway which does not involve nicotinamide. In exponentially growing cultures with a generation time of 60 min, the rates of these cycles are 39 and 102 molecules per s per cell, respectively. We suggest that this second, heretofore undescribed turnover cycle proceeds with nicotinamide mononucleotide as the first intermediate, possibly formed by the DNA ligase-catalyzed cleavage of DPN.
Surface properties of adult rat hepatocytes. Mechanism of increased concanavalin A-induced agglutinability following papain digestion.

Abstract Adult rat hepatocytes, obtained by collagenase perfusion, exhibit a 4-fold increase in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced agglutination following papain digestion. Several parameters which may be responsible for this altered ConA-induced agglutination have been examined, namely the amount and topography of surface-bound ConA and the morphology of the cell-surface. Binding studies using [125I]ConA demonstrated that the amount of surface-bound ConA was the same for papain-digested and incubated control hepatocytes. Surface binding of ferritin-conjugated ConA revealed that both the incubated control and papain-digested hepatocytes possessed a similar clustered distribution of surface-bound ConA. The most significant difference between the incubated control and papain-digested hepatocytes was an alteration in the surface morphology of papain-digested cells. Cells incubated in the absence of papain maintained the surface morphology of the non-incubated hepatocyte, i.e., a surface characterized by numerous microvilli; whereas the papain-digested cells exhibited a smooth surface. These results indicate that the surface morphology of the papain-treated hepatocytes allows greater areas of membrane contact, thereby increasing their agglutinability by ConA.
Motivational Internalism and the Challenge of Amoralism

Motivational internalism is the thesis that captures the commonplace thought that moral judgements are necessarily motivationally efficacious. But this thesis appears to be in tension with another aspect of our ordinary moral experience. Proponents of the contrast thesis, motivational externalism, cite everyday examples of amoralism to demonstrate that it is conceptually possible to be completely unmoved by what seem to be sincere first-person moral judgements. This paper argues that the challenge of amoralism gives us no reason to reject or modify motivational internalism. Instead of attempting to diagnose the motivational failure of the amoral agent or restrict the internalist thesis in the face of these examples, I argue that we should critically examine the assumptions that underlie the challenge. Such an examination reveals that the examples smuggle in substantive assumptions that the internalist has no reason to accept. This argument has two important implications for the debate in moral motivation: first, it reveals that the motivational externalist needs a new argumentative strategy; and second, it shows that there is nothing especially problematic about a formulation of the thesis that captures the core internalist intuition that first-person moral judgements are necessarily accompanied by motivation.
Ethnic politics and democratic transition in Rwanda

David E. Kiwuwa has written an ambitious book that seeks to theorize transitions from war to democratic governance in deeply divided ethnic societies. To do so, he employs the case-study method to ...
Immunohistochemical Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Primary Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors

Abstract Context.—Lung and breast carcinomas are among the most prevalent cancers. Advances in cancer therapies can provide survival benefit and be potentially curative, even in metastatic disease. Due to the high prevalence of these carcinomas, it is not unusual to encounter lung nodule(s) in a patient with breast carcinoma, and distinguishing between primary and metastatic disease is critical for management/treatment. Occasionally neuroendocrine differentiation is present in breast carcinoma, making its distinction from pulmonary/nonpulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in the lung difficult. Objective.—To assess estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the entire spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Design.—Seventy-one neuroendocrine neoplasms including typical carcinoids (42), atypical carcinoids (7), small cell carcinomas (14), large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (2), and combined small cell carcinomas (6) were evaluated for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Mammary and non–small cell l...
Water and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs Associated With a Transition to a Low Carbon Transportation System

Transportation fuels are heavily dominated by the use of petroleum, but concerns over oil depletion (e.g., peak oil), energy security, and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum combustion are driving the search for alternatives. As we look to shift away from petroleum-based transportation fuels, most options consume and withdraw more water during their life cycle. Thus, shifting to alternative fuel and energy supplies for transportation will likely increase water use for the transportation sector. Previous work suggests that water consumption for transportation could reach 10% of total U.S. water consumption when meeting the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard mandate at modest irrigation levels for feedstock crops (corn, cellulosic grasses) in combination with other alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, etc.), but more refined analysis is needed. It is important to understand when and where these new water demands for transportation are anticipated to occur. This paper presents results from simulations of the U.S. 9-region (EPAUS9r) MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) integrated energy systems model for mapping the changes in water withdrawal and consumption during a transition to a low carbon-emitting U.S. transportation fleet. The advantage of using a bottom-up, multi-sector model like MARKAL is the ability to look at consistent scenarios for the full energy system, and endogenously capture interactions between different sectors (e.g. electric power production, biorefineries, and the LDV fleet). MARKAL can simulate a baseline scenario driven by assumptions for biomass feedstock and fossil resource costs and availability, as well as the costs of converting those resources to liquid fuels and electricity. We investigate alternative scenarios both with and without carbon constraints, while varying the pace of vehicle electrification. We compare these scenarios to assess regional differences in water needs as well as aggregate water demand for transportation energy, and how those trade off against greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Our results indicate that the regional water demands and interregional transfers of embodied water could be significant as the light-duty vehicle fleet moves away from petroleum-based fuels, with exports of embodied water on the order of hundreds of billion gallons of water per year for ethanol coming from the Midwest. Interregional transfers of water embodied in electricity may also reach tens of billion gallons of water per year. However, these water requirements will vary substantially based on the light-duty vehicle mix, carbon policy, electric power generation mix, biofuel production levels, and feedstock characteristics.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Secondary Options and Post-Secondary Expectations: Standards-Based Mathematics Programs and Student Achievement on College Mathematics Placement Exams.

Research on student achievement within the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP) and Core-Plus Mathematics Project (CPMP) at the secondary level is beginning to accumulate, however, much less is known about how prepared these students are for post-secondary education. Therefore this study involving students within one tracked school district used multiple linear regression to examine the role of differential experience within two secondary Standards-based mathematics programs, gender, and prior mathematics achievement on college algebra and calculus readiness placement test scores. Results show that there are no significant differences between students who had completed three and four years of the CPMP curriculum. UCSMP students with four or five years of experience significantly outperformed CPMP students on both assessments. Prior achievement was a significant predictor of student achievement on both examinations. Male students outperformed female students on the algebra placement exam. Students who had studied from both CPMP and UCSMP significantly outperformed students who had studied from CPMP for four years on the calculus readiness examination.
Benzocyclobutenyl functionalized polymers of cyclotrimerized terminal diynes : synthesis and crosslinking

The monomers 1,13-tetradecadiyne, 1,11-dodecadiyne, 1,9-decadiyne and 1,7-octadiyne were cyclotrimerized, using niobium pentachloride as the catalyst, in the presence of 1,5-hexadiyne, which co-cyclotrimerizes to give a benzocyclobutene (BCB) capping group. Molecular weights of the BCB-capped oligomers were in the 3100-8000 range, with fairly narrow polydispersities. The oligomers were characterized by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy, along with GPC and DSC studies. DSC studies on the end-capped oligomers show that each exhibits an exotherm around 260°C, indicative of the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in a crosslinking reaction. The final, crosslinked materials may be regarded as thermosetting thermoplastics, since they are hard at room temperature and soft at 250°C.
Effects of terbutaline, a β2-adrenergic agonist, on the membrane potentials of innervated and denervated fast- and slow-twitch muscles

Abstract Terbutaline (0.1 to 1000 μ m ) produced a variable degree of hyperpolarization (2 to 3 mV) of innervated fibers on the surface of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (extensor) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles from adult rats. Intracellular analysis of action potentials suggested that this effect of the β 2 -agonist was associated with a decrease in the intracellular concentration of sodium [Na] i from 19.5 to 16.6 m m for the extensor and from 28.1 to 18.1 m m for the soleus. Terbutaline did not prevent ouabain (2 × 10 −4 m ) from causing an approximately 10-mV decrease in the resting membrane potential (RMP) of these muscles. At 7 days after denervation, fibers of the extensor and soleus were depolarized an average of 21.1 and 13.7 mV, respectively. There was a corresponding increase in [Na] i to 27.5 and 34.8 m m . Also, ouabain failed to cause a further decrease in the RMP of the denervated extensor and that of the soleus was now depolarized by only 4 mV. Exposure of the muscles to terbutaline (10 μ m ) partially reversed these effects of denervation. Specifically, the RMP was increased by 12.3 and 4.6 mV, respectively, for the extensor and soleus muscles. This was associated with the restoration of the ouabain-sensitive fraction of the RMP as well as a decrease in [Na] i to normal. The β-blocking drug propranolol completely prevented the effects of terbutaline on the RMP of the denervated muscles. The differences in the response of the extensor and soleus to terbutaline, as well as the effects of denervation on these responses, are discussed in terms of an adenylate cyclase pathway of muscle believed to mediate the effects of catecholamines on the RMP.
Two-dimensional searching of unknowns using GC retention index data and vapor phase IR data

The use of capillary GC retention data as a second independent search dimension in the GC-FT-IR analyses of unknown samples is examined. A reference retention index library is used along with a reference vapor phase infrared library in order to improve and assist in the identification of unknown compounds.
RENORMALIZATION IN THE NEW TAMM-DANCOFF THEORY OF MESON-NUCLEON SCATTERING

The new Tamm-Dancoff equations for meson-nucleon scattering are set up in the lowest approximation and it is shown how explicit nonphysical singularities may be avoided in these equations. The particle self-energies appearing in the integral equation are renormalized, but the resulting modified propagator for the system then has a nonphysical singularity. For the states $T=j=\frac{1}{2}$, the vertex and self-energy expressions generated by the uncrossed graph are considered. The renormalized vertex may be constructed by the successive solution of two one-dimensional integral equations, the finite part of the self-energy then being obtained by quadratures. Vertex renormalization is uncertain to a constant factor in the ${S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, and the ${S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ theory therefore depends on two parameters. No numerical results are obtained, owing to a number of difficulties found in this theory---a comparison is made between these difficulties and those of the corresponding Bethe-Salpeter equation.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With False-Positive ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Diagnoses at Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention–Capable Centers: A Report From the Activate-SF Registry

Background Rapid activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) improves outcomes for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but selected emphasis on minimizing time to reperfusion may lead to a greater frequency of false-positive activations. Methods We analyzed consecutive patients referred for primary PCI for a possible STEMI at 2 centers from October 2008 to April 2011. “False-positive STEMI activation” was defined as lack of a culprit lesion by angiography or by assessment of clinical, electrocardiographic, and biomarker data in the absence of angiography. Clinical and electrocardiographic factors associated with false-positive activations were evaluated in a backward stepwise selection bootstrapped logistic regression model. Results Of 411 STEMI activations by emergency physicians, 146 (36%) were deemed to be false-positive activations. Structural heart disease and heart failure were the most common diagnoses among false-positive activations. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.15; 95% CI, 1.55-6.40; P = .001), a history of coronary disease (AOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04-3.59; P = .04), or prior illicit drug abuse (AOR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.13-6.26; P = .02) independently increased the odds of false-positive STEMI activations. Increasing body mass index decreased the odds of a false-positive activation (AOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97; P = .004), as did angina at presentation (AOR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.14-0.57; P Conclusions More than a third of patients referred for primary PCI from the emergency department did not have a STEMI. Multiple patient-level characteristics were significantly associated with an increased odds of false-positive STEMI activation.
Control of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Argentina.

A major epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease affected Argentina during 2001. The epidemic was controlled by mass-vaccination of the national herd and movement restrictions. The median herd disease reproduction ratio (RH) decreased significantly from 2.4 (before the epidemic was officially recognized) to 1.2 during the mass-vaccination campaign and 1 year.
Data Handling Facility for the Sandia Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator

This paper describes an on-line data handling facility for Sandia's Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator, PBFA-I, and the upgrade prototype machine Supermite. These accelerators are used for research on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) using particle beams. The main objectives in designing the data acquisition system were: (1) process both experiment and machine performance diagnostic signals, (2) record high signal-to-noise ratio, wideband waveforms in a severe EMP environment, (3) support multiple users recording and analyzing data simultaneously, and (4) provide fast turnaround for experimental results. Commercially available equipment is used wherever possible. However, several special purpose devices were developed. This data handling facility is a significant upgrade of an existing system that supports other Sandia particle beam fusion research accelerators.
HLA-DR antigens on retinal pigment epithelial cells from patients with uveitis.

• The pathogenic mechanisms involved in immunologically associated ocular diseases are not clearly understood. To further evaluate these types of disorders, we examined the expression of HLA-DR antigen on eye sections from normal individuals and five patients (six eyes) with ocular inflammation (sympathetic ophthalmia and chronic uveitis). Using immunoperoxidase staining technique and the complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay, we detected the presence of HLA-DR antigens on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from uveitic eyes. In contrast, HLA-DR antigen was not detected on RPE cells from normal ocular tissue. Our study shows that during the course of human ocular inflammatory disorders, the RPE cell is activated to express HLA-DR antigens. This antigen expression may be important in the initiation and/or perpetuation of immune reactivity in the eye.
Thermometric Determination of Michaelis Constants

Abstract Thermometrlc detection methods have been applied to the enzymatic reduction of pyruvate to lactate. “Kinetic curves” obtained have been used to generate data for Lineweaver-Burk plots in order to evaluate the Michaelis constant of pyruvate. Results show that reasonably good values are obtained and that the well known substrate inhibition feature of this process is also observed.
With a spoon in hand this must be the eating frame

A language comprehension program using "frames", "scripts", etc. must be able to decide which frames are appropriate to the text. Often there will be explicit indication ("Fred was playing tennis" suggests the TENNIS frame) but it is not always so easy. ("The woman waved while the man on the stage sawed her in half" suggests MAGICIAN but how?) This paper will examine how a program might go about determining the appropriate frame in such cases. At a sufficiently vague level the model presented here will resemble that of Minsky (1975) in it's assumption that one usually has available one or more context frames. Hence one only needs worry if information comes in which does not fit them. As opposed to Minsky however the suggestions for new context frames will not come from the old ones, but rather from the conflicting information. The problem them becomes how potential frames are indexed under the information which "suggests" them.
A knowledge-based approach to statistical process control

Statistical process control (SPC) is an important tool for improving product quality and process productivity in the manufacturing environment. A manufacturing facility often applies SPC to specific manufacturing parameters, and heuristic methods of process control to various other process parameters. An expert system was developed that integrates these types of process control to monitor critical areas of the manufacturing process, detect areas of concern, and recommend action. One component of the expert system interprets SPC control charts and is in place in a particleboard mill. Another component of the system, partially complete, monitors process parameters input by operators. The final system will evaluate the results of the control chart interpretation, along with the analysis of the remaining process data, and then make recommendations for corrective action as required.
Some properties of the rhenium (0001) surface

Abstract The Re(0001) surface has been studied using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy. Auger electron spectroscopy verifies that the surface can be cleaned by simple heating in vacuum. The LEED results show that the clean surface has the structure expected of a (0001) plane. Gas adsorption studies showed this surface to be inert to all gases studied except oxygen. Oxygen gives a (2 × 2) diffraction pattern.
Multivariate modeling of longitudinal MRI in early brain development with confidence measures

The human brain undergoes rapid organization and structuring early in life. Longitudinal imaging enables the study of these changes over a developmental period within individuals through estimation of population growth trajectory and its variability. In this paper, we focus on maturation of white and gray matter depicted in structural and diffusion MRI of healthy subjects with repeated scans. We provide a framework for joint analysis of both structural MRI and DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) using multivariate nonlinear mixed effect modeling of temporal changes. Our framework constructs normative growth models for all the modalities, taking into account the correlation among the modalities and individuals, along with estimation of the variability of the population trends. We apply our method to study early brain development, and to our knowledge this is the first multimodel longitudinal modeling of diffusion and signal intensity changes for this growth stage. Results show the potential of our framework to study growth trajectories, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders through comparison against the constructed normative models of multimodal 4D MRI.
Ecosystem Nutrient Use Efficiency, Productivity, and Nutrient Accrual in Model Tropical Communities

Ecosystem nutrient use efficiency–the ratio of net primary productivity to soil nutrient supply–is an integrative measure of ecosystem functioning. High productivity and nutrient retention in natural systems are frequently attributed to high species diversity, even though some single-species systems can be highly productive and effective at resource capture. We investigated the effects of both individual species and life-form diversity on ecosystem nutrient use efficiency using model tropical ecosystems comprised of monocultures of three tree species and polycultures in which each of the tree species was coplanted with species of two additional life forms. Tree species significantly influenced nutrient use efficiency by whole ecosystems in monocultures; however, in polycultures, the additional life forms interacted with the influence exerted by the dominant tree. Furthermore, the presence of the additional life forms significantly increased nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency, but in only two of the three systems and 2 of the 4 years of the study period. These results indicate that the effect of life-form diversity on ecosystem functioning is not constant and that there may be temporal shifts in the influence exerted by different components of the community. Furthermore, although species (and life forms) exerted considerable influence on ecosystem nutrient use efficiency, this efficiency was most closely related to soil nutrient availability. These findings demonstrate that ecosystem nutrient use efficiency is an outcome not only of the characteristics of the species or life forms that comprise the system but also of factors that affect soil nutrient supply. The results argue against the simple upward scaling of nutrient use efficiency from leaves and plants to ecosystems.
Probabilistic Model of the Multiaxial Low-Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction

First, several widely used models of the multiaxial low-cycle fatigue life prediction based on the critical plane approach were presented in this paper, and the predicted results of these models for a medium carbon steel under the condition of multiaxial low-cycle fatigue loading were compared. Second, the stochastic expressions and probability density function curves of the fatigue performance parameters were obtained by probabilistic analysis of the medium carbon steel fatigue data. Finally, the probabilistic model of the multiaxial fatigue life prediction was simulated by Monte Carlo Method, which should provide a basis for the reliability analysis of engineering components subjected to the multiaxial complex loads.
Studies on the transplantation of developing neural tissue in the mammalian brain. I. Transplantation of cerebellar slabs into the cerebellum of neonate rats

Summary In the cerebellum of 7-day-old rats slabs of cerebellum from donor animals of the same age were transplanted. One hour prior to the surgery the donor animals were injected with [3H]thymidine intraperitoneally in order to label the mitotically active cells of the external granular layer. Following transplantation, the host animals were sacrificed at different intervals. The brains were processed for autoradiography and the fate of the transplanted precursors of nerve cells was evaluated. The short-survival animals revealed the presence of pathological changes as well as survival and proliferation of certain aggregates of cells in the transplants. These cell-aggregates represented the viable portions of the extermal granular layer of the transplanted cerebellar slabs. From these cell-aggregates in the transplants streams of migrating cells penetrating into the host cerebellum were observed. In the long-survival animals (16 days postoperative) labelled granule cells in the internal granular layer, and labelled basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer were seen. These findings suggested that transplantation of the precursors of nerve cells in the developing mammalian brain is possible, and that the transplanted neuronal elements may differentiate into cytologically normal nerve cells.
Luminescence of bound exciton and bound multiexciton complexes in Si:Li

Abstract We report on the observation of a number of new lines in the photo- luminescence spectrum of Si:Li. Some of these lines are interpreted as luminescence from excited initial states of the bound exciton and bound multiexciton complexes. Thermodynamic measurements of the binding energy for one and two exciton complexes are reported. One of the bound exciton excited states is correctly positioned to be the final state for the observed decay of the two exciton complex.
Crystal structure of a protein associated with cell division from Mycoplasma pneumoniae (GI: 13508053): A novel fold with a conserved sequence motif

UPF0040 is a family of proteins implicated in a cellular function of bacteria cell division. There is no structure information available on protein of this family. We have determined the crystal structure of a protein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae that belongs to this family using X-ray crystallography. Structural homology search reveals that this protein has a novel fold with no significant similarity to any proteins of known three-dimensional structure. The crystal structures of the protein in three different crystal forms reveal that the protein exists as a ring of octamer. The conserved protein residues, including a highly conserved DXXXR motif, are examined on the basis of crystal structure.
Mechanisms for the Removal of Calcium Phosphate Deposits in Turbulent Flow

This work investigates the mechanisms for the removal of calcium phosphate deposits from stainless steel tubing in turbulent flows. Two types of deposits were analyzed: brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD) and a mixture of DCPD/hydroxyapatite (HAP). Cleaning studies were carried out at pHs ranging from 2.85 to 10. The data were analyzed by means of a mathematical model that incorporates the effects of interfacial dissolution and mass transfer. The results show that the HAP/DCPD cleaning rate is influenced both by the kinetics of the interfacial dissolution and by mass transfer. Within the same range of experimental conditions, the rate-limiting mechanism for DCPD removal was the abrasion of the solid by shear stresses. In this case, the interfacial dissolution process plays the role of decreasing the structural integrity of the deposit. These findings show that the removal mechanism of the HAP/DCPD mixture differs significantly from the behavior of individual components.
Concentration trends and profitability in US manufacturing: a further and some new (and improved) evidence

The purpose of this note is to clear up several misconceptions presented by Saghafi and Attaran (1991) (S-A), in their reply to my comment (O'Neill, 1991a). The most egregious misconception being that S-A failed to recognize the main point of my comment: the entropy index values reported by Attaran and Saghafi (1988) (A-S) are erroneous becouse they are based on incorrectly computed firm market share values. The problem being that A-S compute share values using the sales (or assets or equity) of the Fortune 500 firms in the denominator of their share figures rather than using the total manufacturing sector saless (or assets or equity). This obviously overstates each firm's market share. As stated in O'Neill (1991a) the effect this has on the entropy index cannot be determined aa priori, it depends on the data sample. In the entirety of their rely, not once do S-A refute this claim. A second, perhaps more important, point is that when the entropy index is computed using corrected market share values, the t...
ABSOLUTE PROPERTIES OF THE ECLIPSING BINARY STAR RT CORONAE BOREALIS

We present an analysis of existing photometric observations in U, B, and V, and a new light curve in V, as well as spectroscopic observations, of the 5.1 day period, double-lined main-sequence eclipsing binary RT CrB. From the analysis of the light curves and radial velocity curves, we have determined the masses and radii of the components: 1.343 ± 0.010 M⊙ and 2.615 ± 0.04 R⊙ for the primary (hotter) component, 1.359 ± 0.009 M⊙ and 2.946 ± 0.05 R⊙ for the secondary (cooler) component. The formal uncertainties in the masses are both less than 1%, and the formal uncertainties in the radii are both less than 2%. Based on the analyzed light curves, as well as the combined absolute photometry of the system, we estimate effective temperatures of 5781 ± 100 K for the primary component and 5134 ± 100 K for the secondary component, corresponding to spectral types of G5 and K0, respectively. Projected rotational velocities (v sin i) from the spectrograms are measured as 25 ± 2 km s-1 for the primary component and 33 ± 3 km s-1 for the secondary component and are consistent with rotation that is synchronous with the orbital motion. Evolutionary tracks from the current models are in good agreement with the observations for a system of about age 3.5 × 109 yr with a slightly nonsolar chemical composition. We also report an approximate ΔP/P = 3.0 × 10-6 decrease in the orbital period over 37 years.
Effects of electrical stimulation of amygdala upon neophobia and taste aversion.

Rats were exposed in Experiment 1 to a novel flavor (CS) and in Experiment 2 to a second novel flavor (CS) paired with an apomorphine injection (UCS). Different groups received amygdala stimulation either after the consumption of the novel flavor or after the apomorphine injection. Results show that amygdala stimulation (a) had no effect upon recovery from neophobia, (b) had no effect upon development of taste avertion if administered after the CS, (c) disrupted development of taste aversion if administered within 3 hr after the UCS, (d) had no deleterious effect upon the development of apomorphine-induced illness. Results were interpreted as indicating an important role for the amygdala in taste-illness association.
The Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being among Black Americans: A Structural Model Analysis.

This study examined the factorial structure of subjective well-being (SWB) among black Americans. A multiple indicator structural equation model that includes 17 items (observed indicators) and four first-order factors was proposed to account for the dimensionality of subjective well-being encompassing strain, life satisfaction, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Data for the research came from the 1980 National Survey of Black Americans. Analysis of covariance structures, or LISREL, was used to evaluate three alternative measurement models of subjective well-being. The findings revealed that the four factor model was not supported and consistently replicated across two randomly divided subsamples. The results suggest that subjective well-being among black Americans tends to be multidimensional. Implications of the results for future are discussed.