cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Specific Implants in Oculofacial Plastic Surgery.

Purpose To investigate how patient-specific implants (PSIs) are being utilized for periocular facial skeletal reconstruction. Specifically, to characterize indications for custom implants, areas of reconstruction, intraoperative variables impacting implant placement, as well as to report on postoperative outcomes. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who received a PSI for periocular skeletal reconstruction between 2015 and 2019. Three independent academic centers were included in this study, which encompassed 4 different primary surgeons. Medical records, radiographic imaging, and operative reports were reviewed. Results Eleven patients, 8 females and 3 males, ages ranging from 15 to 63 years old received PSIs. The average duration of follow up was 16 months ± 6.6 months (range: 9-30 months). The most common underlying etiology for reconstruction was prior trauma (54.5%) followed by benign tumor resection (18.2%). The most frequent area of reconstruction involved the inferior orbital rim and adjacent maxilla (63.6%). Implant materials included porous polyethylene, polyetheretherketone, and titanium. Six implants required intraoperative modification, most commonly accommodate critical neurovascular structures (66.6%) or improve contour (33.3%). Two postoperative complications were noted, both in the form of infection with 1 implant requiring removal. Conclusions Reconstruction of complex facial skeletal defects can be achieved by utilizing computer-assisted design software and 3D printing techniques to create PSIs. These implants represent the most customizable option for symmetric restoration of the facial skeleton by not only addressing structural deficits but also volumetric loss. This was particularly apparent in reconstruction of the orbital rim and midface. PSIs were found to be of most benefit in patients with prior trauma or complex skeletal defects after tumor resection.
Mapping and Using the English Channel, c.1550–1610

Advanced doctoral students whose dissertations are substantially concerned with the history of cartography are invited to contact the editor of this section (Dr Elizabeth Baigent, Wycliffe Hall, Ox...
Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation Combined with Phacoemulsification Increases Risk of Persistent Anterior Uveitis Compared to Phacoemulsification Surgery Alone

Purpose To evaluate if the addition of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) to uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract extraction increases the risk of persistent anterior uveitis (PAU) compared to phacoemulsification alone. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of patients who had either phacoemulsification alone or combined with endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, presence of anterior chamber cells, and steroid usage were analyzed pre- and post-operatively. Patient eyes with a history of uveitis, autoimmune disease, complicated cataract surgery, combined surgery other than ECP, and less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. Results This study consisted of 4423 eyes from 2903 patients, meeting the inclusion criteria (phacoemulsification only group n=4242 and phacoemulsification/ECP group n=181 eyes). PAU developed in 14.9% in the phacoemulsification with ECP group compared to 1.7% who had phacoemulsification alone. White patients had a 17.9 (95% CI: 7.8-41.1, p<0.0001) increased odds of developing persistent anterior uveitis with a combined procedure compared to phacoemulsification only, while Non-white patients had a 5.8 (95% CI: 2.8-12.1, p<0.0001) increased odds. Despite the higher odds ratio in White patients, this group had a significantly lower rate of PAU compared to Non-white patients after phacoemulsification/ECP. Conclusion The addition of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation to phacoemulsification significantly increases the risk of developing PAU in the post-operative period compared to phacoemulsification alone.
Epidemiology of hospitalizations with cocaine use disorder: A 17-year U.S. national study.

Abstract Objective To examine the time-trends in hospitalizations and the factors associated with outcomes of hospitalizations with cocaine use disorder (CocUD). Methods This study used the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1998 to 2014 to examine the time-trends in hospitalization rates and the predictors of healthcare utilization (total hospital charges, discharge destination, length of hospital stay) and in-hospital mortality for CocUD-hospitalization. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses to assess the association of patient demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income), comorbidity (Deyo-Charlson index), insurance payer (Medicare, Medicaid, private, self-pay or other), and hospital characteristics (location/teaching status; hospital bed size; and region) with outcomes with healthcare utilization and in-hospital mortality for CocUD-hospitalizations. Results There were 6,454,775 weighted hospitalizations with CocUD in the U.S. 1998–2014. The population was predominantly black (38%), 45 years or younger (65%) and male (63%). There was no change from study periods, 1998–2000 to 2013–2014, in the hospitalization rate, 959 to 973 per 100,000 NIS claims or in-hospital mortality rate, 7.7 to 9.2, respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, we found that older age, male gender, non-white race, Deyo-Charlson index score of 2 or higher, insurance payer other than private, higher income, hospital region, an urban setting hospital and a larger hospital bed size were associated with higher healthcare utilization outcomes and/or in-hospital mortality. Conclusions The hospitalization and in-hospital mortality of hospitalizations with CocUD remained stable over the study period from 1998 to 2014. This study identified several factors associated with healthcare utilization outcomes and mortality outcomes of hospitalizations with CocUD.
Digoxin associated with greater transplant-free survival in high versus low-risk interstage patients

Abstract Background Digoxin has been associated with reduced interstage mortality for patients with functional single ventricles with aortic hypoplasia/ductal-dependent systemic circulation. The NEONATE score can stratify patients by risk of death or transplant (DTx) based on clinical factors. We suspected a variable transplant-free survival benefit of digoxin in high- versus low-risk patients. Methods National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative patients discharged following stage 1 palliation with complete data were categorized as high- or low-risk based on a modified NEONATE score. The primary outcome of DTx was evaluated. A mixed-effect regression evaluated associations between digoxin prescription and risk factors. Results 1,199 patients were included; 399 (33%) were high-risk. Baseline demographics were similar between cohorts. Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS)or Hybrid operation, post-operative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, opiate prescription, and significant tricuspid regurgitation or arch obstruction were more common in high-risk patients. Odds of DTx were 65% lower in high-risk patients prescribed digoxin compared to those who were not (p = 0.001). Digoxin prescription was associated with 60.8% lower DTx in the high risk cohort (7.8% vs. 19.9%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the death/transplant rate according to digoxin prescription in the low-risk cohort (4.7% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.46). BTS, aortic arch obstruction, and significant tricuspid regurgitation were most strongly associated with deriving a benefit from digoxin. Conclusions Digoxin use is associated with a significant improvement in transplant-free survival in high- but not low-risk interstage patients. A tailored approach to the use of digoxin in interstage patients may be warranted.
The Role of the Environment in the Individual Difference and Creativity Relationship

OF THE THESIS THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE AND CREATIVITY RELATIONSHIP by Angela C. Reaves Florida International University, 2012 Miami, Florida Professor Victoria L. Pace, Major Professor This study examined the relationship between several individual differences (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, creative self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and polychronicity) and creativity. It also examined how the organizational climate (support for creativity) moderated the relationship between the individual differences and creativity. All the individual differences except for polychronicity were positively correlated with creativity as well as support for creativity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found that the individual differences explained 58% of the variance in creativity and that support for creativity moderated the relationship between conscientiousness and creativity and between extraversion and creativity. Because of noticed similarity between creativity and creative self-efficacy items, a factor analysis was done which confirmed some overlap. Implications of the findings of this paper are discussed. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE
Can Students Learn Science Using the Internet

AbstractScience educators recognize the potential of the Internet as an educational tool. However, little research based on educational theory has been conducted to determine how they can maximize the learning potential of this relatively new teaching tool. A constructivist and an objectivist instructional format containing the same information was created and presented online. The online study examines the effect on learning of variables such as age, gender, racial identity, attitude, aptitude, self-regulated learning, and self-efficacy. The only significant interaction showed that older participants perform better using an objectivist approach. Therefore, it appears that these characteristics should not be roadblocks to online learning.
Haptic Interactions in the Real and Virtual Worlds

In humans or machines, haptics refers to the use of hands for manual sensing and manipulation. Recently, haptic machines that enable the user to touch, feel, and manipulate virtual environments have generated considerable excitement. Synthesizing virtual haptic objects requires an optimal balance between the human haptic ability to sense object properties, computational complexity to render them in real time, and fidelity of the device in delivering the computed mechanical signals. In this paper, we primarily describe the progress made in our “MIT Touch Lab” over the past few years concerning the development of haptic machines, the paradigms and algorithms used in the emerging field of “Computer Haptics” (analogous to Computer Graphics), and experimental results on human perception and performance in multimodal virtual environments. Several ongoing applications such as the development of a surgical simulator and virtual environments shared by multiple users are also described.
The Universe at Ultraviolet Wavelengths: The first two years of International Ultraviolet Explorer

Highlights of the results obtained from the IUE satellite are addressed. specific topics discussed include the solar system, O-A stars, F-M stars, binary stars and highly evolved objects, nebulae and interstellar medium, and extragalactic objects. Data reduction techniques employed in the analysis of the varied data are also discussed.
Dynamic transformations in optimized code generation for digital signal processors

We present an approach for performing dynamic context-dependent transformations (DCDT) to improve code generation for programmable digital signal processors. Unlike static optimizations, DCDT can guarantee to improve the quality of the generated code, at the expense of longer computational time. For many embedded DSP applications, hand coding in assembly is still the only effective approach. We show that our code generation approach, when combined with DCDT, can yield code of quality comparable to that of hand-written codes by DSP experts and many times superior to that generated by a conventional optimizing compiler.
Small cell lung cancer: will recent progress lead to improved outcomes?

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a unique natural history characterized by a short doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Although a chemotherapy- and radiation-sensitive disease, SCLC typically recurs rapidly after primary treatment, with only 6% of patients surviving 5 years from diagnosis. This disease has been notable for the absence of major improvements in its treatment: Nearly four decades after the introduction of a platinum–etoposide doublet, therapeutic options have remained virtually unchanged, with correspondingly little improvement in survival rates. Here, we summarize specific barriers and challenges inherent to SCLC research and care that have limited progress in novel therapeutic development to date. We discuss recent progress in basic and translational research, especially in the development of mouse models, which will provide insights into the patterns of metastasis and resistance in SCLC. Opportunities in clinical research aimed at exploiting SCLC biology are reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing trials. SCLC has been described as a recalcitrant cancer, for which there is an urgent need for accelerated progress. The NCI convened a panel of laboratory and clinical investigators interested in SCLC with a goal of defining consensus recommendations to accelerate progress in the treatment of SCLC, which we summarize here. Clin Cancer Res; 21(10); 2244–55. ©2015 AACR . See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Progress in Lung Cancer.”
[Comment on “Tracing the origins of the Lamont Observatory”]An Added perspective on the development of the “B.T.”

I am writing in response to J. Lamar Worzel's superb biographical article about Maurice Ewing and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (Eos, Nov. 14, 2000). “Doc” Ewing was a hero to me as well as to all the sea people with whom he came in contact, owing to his initiation of so many ingenious and productive projects and his founding of one of the world's most important geophysical institutions. In the interests of perspective, I would like to add a minor note on the contribution to the original development of the bathythermograph; i.e., by Athelstan Spilhaus. Spilhaus was another of the small group of original founders of America's Ocean Program, mainly in the 1930s and leading up to—and through—World War II.
Introduction: The Prison Issue

"The Prison Issue" might be understood as raising—and providing a variety of (sometimes conflicting) answers to—an urgent series of questions: how does attention to the booming punishment industry force us to rethink our understanding of the contours and contexts of the crisis in higher education? higher education: for whom and what for? what can academic disciplines, organizations, and institutions do to end their complicity with the expansion of the prison-industrial complex? can colleges and universities be transformed to become engines of social change rather than social reproduction? how, and to what ends?
The optimal location of a structured facility in a tree network

Efficient parallel algorithms for finding an optimum path-shaped or tree-shaped facility with a specified size in a tree network are presented. Four kinds of optimization criteria are considered: minimum eccentricity, maximum eccentricity, minimum distancesum, and maximum distancesum. Eight cases are obtained by combining facility shapes and optimization criteria. Optimal parallel algorithms for finding a minimum/maximum distancesum path were presented by B.C. Tansel et al. (1983). The other six cases are studied here. Two of them can be solved optimally in linear time*processor complexity. For the problem of finding a maximum distancesum tree, the algorithm presented is a polynomial time resolution. >
Characterization of a candidate bcl-1 gene.

Abstract The t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation has been associated with human B-lymphocytic malignancy. Several examples of this translocation have been cloned, documenting that this abnormality joins the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene to the bcl-1 locus on chromosome 11. However, the identification of the bcl-1 gene, a putative dominant oncogene, has been elusive. In this work, we have isolated genomic clones covering 120 kb of the bcl-1 locus. Probes from the region of an HpaII-tiny-fragment island identified a candidate bcl-1 gene. cDNAs representing the bcl-1 mRNA were cloned from three cell lines, two with the translocation. The deduced amino acid sequence from these clones showed bcl-1 to be a member of the cyclin gene family. In addition, our analysis of expression of bcl-1 in an extensive panel of human cell lines showed it to be widely expressed except in lymphoid or myeloid lineages. This observation may provide a molecular basis for distinct modes of cell cycle control in different mammalian tissues. Activation of the bcl-1 gene may be oncogenic by directly altering progression through the cell cycle.
Predicting reading level in grades 1 to 6 from listening level and decoding level: Testing theory relevant to the simple view of reading

The relationships among pronunciation level (decoding), verbal level (listening), and accuracy level (reading) were investigated in grades 1 to 6, and for students who are in the advanced phase of decoding. The data collected were used to investigate the validity of the simple view of reading and the causal model of reading achievement which holds that pronunciation level (PL) and verbal level (VL) are the proximal causes of accuracy level (AL). A total of 135 students in grades 1-6 were given measures of nonword decoding, real word decoding, listening, and reading. All of the reliable variation in an indicant of the level of reading ability, AL, could be predicted from an indicant of the level of ability to decode real words, PL, and an indicant of listening level, VL. Furthermore, the strong relationship between pronunciation level, PL, and accuracy level, AL, did not evaporate for the students who had mastered basic decoding skills, as measured by nonword decoding tests. The correlations between pronunciation level, PL, and accuracy level, AL, were high even for students in grades 5 and 6, most of whom probably had progressed beyond the alphabetic phase (phonological recoding). Correlational support was found for the simple view of reading and the causal model which holds that AL is equal to the square root of the product of VL and PL. The above theory and supporting data were interpreted as suggesting that the level of reading accuracy, AL, of students can be improved the most throughout grades 1 to 6 by emphasizing instruction that will improve pronunciation level, or decoding, even for children who have progressed beyond the beginning to read phase which involves learning the alphabetic principal, or phonological recoding.
DISTURBANCE EFFECTS OF DEPOSIT FEEDING ON MICROALGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND MECHANISMS OF RECOLONIZATION1

Benthic microalgae (BMA) are important primary producers in intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments, serving as a vital food resource for heterotrophs. BMA also release extracellular polymeric secretions that inhibit resuspension of sediments. Key ecological parameters such as abundance, productivity, and species composition of BMA each contribute to the character of these roles. Our primary objectives were to (i) assess the importance of biotic disturbance to the structure of sedimentary microalgal communities and (ii) identify principal modes of recolonization. We employed field comparative studies to test whether deposit feeding by two invertebrates (Leptosynapta tenuis and Balanoglossus aurantiacus) caused removal of BMA, and manipulative experiments to assess rates and mechanisms of recolonization. Both deposit feeders were determined to significantly reduce BMA biomass via ingestion; however, little change in community composition was observed. Recovery of these disturbed patches was followed over the period of intertidal exposure. We distinguished between potential recolonization methods of migration and regrowth by monitoring fecal coils incubated naturally on underlying sediments (regrowth + migration treatment), hydrogen-peroxide-treated coils incubated on ambient sediment (migration only), and coils that were incubated on 0.2 lm filters and thereby isolated from underlying sediment (regrowth only). BMA biomass recovery was significant in <3 h, with migration from underlying sediments the dominant means of recolonization. Surprisingly, recovery appeared somewhat slower when natural egesta were exposed to underlying sediments (migration + regrowth treatments) as compared to migration into peroxide-treated coils (migration only). This counterintuitive result was due to the dynamic, bidirectional vertical migrations of diatoms in surficial sediments.
Experimental brown spider bite in the guinea pig: results of treatment with dapsone or hyperbaric oxygen

The brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) is a common inhabitant of the central United States. Loxoceles envenomation is a cause of significant medical problems, causing a necrotic skin lesion that often becomes a problem wound. Treatment of the skin lesion is controversial, with no current widely accepted therapy. The effects of treatment with hyperbaric oxygen or dapsone on brown spider bites were studied using guinea pigs. Progression and healing of experimental brown spider bites were measured in animals treated or pretreated with dapsone or hyperbaric oxygen and in controls. There was a significant decrease in lesion size in animals pretreated with hyperbaric oxygen at days 3,5, and 6 as compared to dapsone-pretreated animals or untreated controls. However, there were no differences noted between groups when treatment was begun 36 h after envenomation. There was a nonsignificant increase ( p =0.12) noted in myeloperoxidase levels from lesions of animals pretreated with hyperbaric oxygen. No other differences in levels of catalase, glutathione, or superoxide dismutase activity were noted between treatment groups. These results suggest that hyperbaric oxygen may have potential in the treatment of brown spider bites; however, further study is necessary to prove its efficacy.
Targeting HIV Clinical Training With Maps Lessons From the Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center

Public health providers are increasingly called on to do more with fewer resources. Aiming to help HIV clinical training providers in 15 local sites to better target their efforts, the Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center (PAETC) implemented a method for integrating disparate information, such as program-level evaluation and publicly available health services data, into one combined and useful format. The resulting local area profiles were distributed to each training site and were updated annually for 2 years. As a result, local training teams adopted data-based approaches to doing their work. Training managers and faculty reported that data presented in spatial formats (i.e., maps) were most helpful for targeting their outreach and training. In addition to achieving the aim of supporting better programs, the project increased capacity for using data to support all aspects of training and education, from grant writing to strategic planning.
Treatment of aggression with risperidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a case series.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of risperidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder characterized by aggression and mania, despite treatment with mood stabilizers. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients seen in an outpatient pediatric mood disorders clinic over an 18-month period was performed. Data were extracted from charts of patients who had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder with aggression that was uncontrolled on a mood stabilizer; as a result, these patients had risperidone added to their regimen. Results: Four boys (aged 7–15 years) and two girls (aged 8 and 14 years) were treated with risperidone (mean dosage, 0.85 mg/day) for 3–16 months. Aggressive behavior improved in all patients after risperidone was started and remained improved for the duration of follow-up. Other symptoms of mania also improved. Risperidone was generally well tolerated. Sedation and akathisia were reported in one patient. Conclusions: The addition of risperidone to a mood stabilizer may improve aggression and other symptoms of mania in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder who do not respond adequately to a mood stabilizer alone. The long-term efficacy and safety of this regimen should be evaluated in a controlled clinical trial.
Investigation of the dual mode sorption of ammonia in polystyrene by NMR

The sorption of ammonia by polystyrene was investigated by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques. The concentration of sorbed gas was determined from the intensity of the gas signal and analyzed by the dual mode sorption model. The relaxation data were used to examine the validity of assuming that the molecules exchange rapidly between sites and that the adsorbed species is relatively immobile. Both assumptions were found to be substantially correct although the possibility that the adsorbed species may have some small mobility (no more than 5% that of the faster moving molecules) could not be eliminated.
Experimental limitations in impedance spectroscopy:: Part V. Apparatus contributions and corrections

Overlooked apparatus (cabling, leads, sample holder) contributions to experimental impedance spectra can be significant, especially at high frequencies, and can obscure the true sample response. Instrumental limitations are discussed and high-frequency artifacts arising from apparatus contributions are investigated as they pertain to accurate impedance measurements of materials systems. Remediation strategies are presented, including geometrical adjustments, lead shielding, and null-correction procedures.
Prolonged Respirator Support for the Treatment of Intractable Myasthenia Gravis

The advent of modern respiratory care has provided the ability to maintain patients on full respirator support via a tracheostomy for prolonged periods, without serious sequelae. We recently had the opportunity to care for a patient who suffered from severe neuromuscular weakness secondary to myasthenia gravis. This necessitated continuous respirator support for a total of 661 days, a duration previously unreported.
ACTIVATION OF HORSE LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE UPON SUBSTITUTION OF TRYPTOPHAN 314 AT THE DIMER INTERFACE

Abstract Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase contains two tryptophan residues per subunit, Trp-15 on the surface of the catalytic domain and Trp-314 buried in the interface between the subunits of the dimer. We studied the contributions of the tryptophans to fluorescence and catalytic dynamics by substituting Trp-314 with a leucine residue and making two compensatory mutations that were required to obtain a stable protein, leading to the triple mutant M303F-L308I-W314L enzyme. The substitutions increased by two- to sixfold the turnover numbers for ethanol oxidation, acetaldehyde reduction, and the dissociation constants of the coenzymes. The rate of the exponential burst phase for the transient oxidation of ethanol increased slightly, but the rate of dissociation of the enzyme–NADH complex still limited turnover of ethanol, as for wild-type enzyme. The three substitutions at the dimer interface apparently activate the enzyme by allowing more rapid conformational changes that accompany coenzyme binding, probably due to movement of the loop containing residues 293 to 298. The emission spectrum of M303F-L308I-W314L enzyme, which contains Trp-15, was redshifted compared to wild-type enzyme. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements with the triple mutant show that the decay of Trp-15 is dominated by a ∼7-ns component. In the mutant enzyme with Trp-15 substituted with phenylalanine, the decay of Trp-314 is dominated by a ∼4-ns component. Solute quenching data for wild-type enzyme and the mutants show that only Trp-15 is exposed to iodide and acrylamide, whereas Trp-314 is inaccessible. The luminescence properties of the tryptophan residues in the mutated enzymes are consistent with conclusions from studies of the wild-type enzyme [M. R. Eftink, 1992,Adv. Biophys. Chem.2, 81–114].
Environmental Ethics and Coastal Dunes in Western Lower Michigan: Developing a Rationale for Ecosystem Preservation

Abstract The management of shoreline dune systems in the Great Lakes has long been contested. Some parties have viewed them as a consumable resource, while others have argued for their preservation. These differences arise out of con-trasting views about both the value of the dunes as well as which kind of value overrides which. Some of their value has been seen as residing in their geomorphic uniqueness, an interpretation based on older (largely qualitative) field studies that suggest they are fossil landscape features. Recent findings indicate, however, that most dunes arise from episodic, ongoing processes. Contradictory management implications of this new research can flow either from the heightened empirical uncertainty it has created (which gestures toward preservation) by undermining the prevailing views of dune development and chronology, or from diminished-value arguments it has stimulated (which lessen constraints on consumptive use) by calling into question older views about the geomorphic uniq...
Ícones do design: da Bauhaus ao produto final

“Icon”, from Greek word eikon (image), is normally understood as idol, exponent, something representative, notable. In Semiotics from Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), the concept of “icon” is quite particular and it makes reference to a speciﬁc type of sign: one that represents its object through relations of similarity or analogy, taking some of its essential quality. The iconic sign is related to design so far as the icon maintains with its object a relation of quality. The icon, in saying about the object, says something of itself, some of its characteristics are present in the product. The constitution of the icon by the similarity between the demonstrative materialities of the product deﬁnes its formal-aesthetic character of transmitting information. While employing the expression “design icons”, we attempt to refer to both meanings described above. We will mention great names of design in Germany and in Brazil but we will especially think the products of design as objects-icons, i.e. with qualitative characteristics inherent of the icon. We will consider the context of Bauhaus, the school that ﬁrst established design as discipline, passing by its practical and philosophical methods, which inspired design in the world. The article culminates in the approach to the relations that we ﬁnd between the iconic sign and the product of design, as well as to the speciﬁc references to German and Brazilian designers, icons of design.
RADIATION REPAIR OF CHROMOSOME BREAKS AS EFFECTED BY CONSTITUENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Abstract In these experiments with a total dose of 400 R of X-rays in a helium atmosphere, Tradescantia inflorescences treated in adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymidine, adenosine, adenosine 2′-, 3′-, and 5′-monophosphates, adenosine-5′-diphosphate, deoxyadenosine-5′-mono- and 5′-triphosphate did not show an average aberration frequency differing from that of the control in helium. Thymine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, guanosine triphosphate, thymidine triphosphate and uridine triphosphate treatments reduced the aberration yield by approximately 25 per cent. Adenosine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and 3′–5′-diphosphoadenosine effected approximately a 50 per cent reduction in aberration yield. We do not believe the compounds which bring about a reduction in aberration yield do so by reducing the amount of initial radiation damage. We believe that some compounds such as the triphosphates may be reducing aberrations by furnishing energy to the cell. These compounds, as well as the deoxy compounds and 3′−, 5′-diphosphoadenosine, may also be involved directly in the chemical repair of the radiation-induced breaks.
Fabrication of compliant high aspect ratio silicon microelectrode arrays using micro-wire electrical discharge machining

This paper reports on the fabrication of high aspect ratio silicon microelectrode arrays by micro-wire electrical discharge machining (μ-WEDM). Arrays with 144 electrodes on a 400 μm pitch were machined on 6 and 10 mm thick p-type silicon wafers to a length of 5 and 9 mm, respectively. Machining parameters such as voltage and capacitance were varied for different wire types to maximize the machining rate and to obtain uniform electrodes. Finite element analysis was performed to investigate electrode shapes with reduced lateral rigidity. These compliant geometries were machined using μ-WEDM followed by a two step chemical etching process to remove the recast layer and to reduce the cross sections of the electrodes.
Episodic supersalivation (idiopathic paroxysmal sialorrhea): Description of a new clinical syndrome

Four patients have been identified as experiencing a form of sialorrhea not previously described in the dental literature. The pattern of salivation is atypical in that it is excessive and is episodic in nature, with paroxysms of secretion occurring 1 to 2 times per week and lasting for 2 to 5 minutes. The episodes are preceded by a prodrome consisting of nausea or epigastric pain, but without progression to vomiting. Because of the unknown cause and spontaneous occurrence, the syndrome is being called idiopathic paroxysmal sialorrhea (IPS).
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits the proliferation of bone marrow progenitors through the VPAC1 receptor

Abstract Objective The cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematopoietic stimulation have been studied. However, an understanding of negative effects in the hematopoietic system remains elusive. To this end, we studied the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on bone marrow (BM) progenitors. Materials and Methods Different BM cell subsets were used to perform clonogenic assay for granulocytic (CFU-GM) or erythroid (BFU-E and CFU-E) progenitors with 10 −7 –10 −13 M VIP. The relevant receptor was verified with specific antagonists, or agonists, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and chemical cross-linking studies with stromal membranes. Results Assays performed with unfractionated mononuclear cells and enriched CD34 + cells showed dose-dependent inhibition on BM progenitors with significant inhibition up to 10 −10 M. Nylon wool separated cells, which depleted stroma, reversed the inhibitory effects of VIP between 10 and 20%. Combined experimental evaluation indicated that the effects of VIP on BM functions are mediated through the type 1 receptor (VPAC1). VIP induced the production of TGF-β and TNF-α in BM mononuclear cells and stroma. These cytokines are partly involved in reversing the suppressive effects of VIP on CFU-GM. Conclusion The effect of VIP on BM progenitors could be mediated through direct and indirect mechanism. Direct effects were evident by the suppressive effects of VIP on clonogenic assays with highly purified CD34 + cells. Indirect effects were mediated through putative functions of the stromal cells and the production of TGF-β and TNF-α.
Cephalosporin-C production, morphology and alternative respiration of Acremonium chrysogenum in glucose-limited chemostat

In this paper, the connection between morphology, cephalosporin-C production and alternative respiration of Acremonium chrysogenum is examined. As demonstrated by chemostat experiments, the ratio of the filamentous and the yeast-like forms depended on the growth rate. The yeast-like form, but not the filamentous form exhibited cyanide-resistant alternative respiration. As a consequence, the yeast-like form was regarded to be more suitable for antibiotic overproduction.
Progestin effects on growth in the human breast cancer cell line T-47D—Possible therapeutic implications

In order to determine growth effects of the progestin R5020, (promegestone), we have utilized the progesterone-receptor rich human breast cancer cell line T-47D, growing the cells in the absence of the pH indicator phenol red, which has recently been found to be estrogenic. In contrast to reports on cells grown in the presence of phenol red, we find that promegestone alone, at physiological progestin concentration, significantly stimulates growth. Estradiol alone, at physiological concentration, stimulates growth much more. Promegestone in combination with estradiol is antiestrogenic for growth; that is, it significantly decreases the growth stimulatory effect of estradiol. These results raise the possibility that estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor-rich breast cancer patients might benefit more from a combination of anti-progestin and anti-estrogen therapy than from anti-estrogens alone.
Association of triadin with the ryanodine receptor and calsequestrin in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Triadin is a major membrane protein that is specifically localized in the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle and is thought to play an important role in muscle excitation-contraction coupling. In order to identify the proteins in the skeletal muscle that interact with triadin, the cytoplasmic and luminal domains of triadin were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and immobilized to glutathione-Sepharose to form affinity columns. Using these affinity columns, we find that triadin binds specifically to the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel and the Ca2+ -binding protein calsequestrin from CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid)-solubilized skeletal muscle homogenates. The luminal but not the cytoplasmic domain of triadin-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein binds [3H]ryanodine receptor, whereas neither the cytoplasmic nor the luminal portion of triadin binds [3H]PN-200-100-labeled dihydropyridine receptor. In addition, the luminal domain of triadin interacts with calsequestrin in a Ca2+ -dependent manner and is capable of inhibiting the reassociation of calsequestrin to the junctional face membrane. These results suggest that triadin is the previously unidentified transmembrane protein that anchors calsequestrin to the junctional region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is involved in the functional coupling between calsequestrin and the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel.
An energy dissipation analysis for a transitional model of crack tip plasticity

Abstract An exact relationship is obtained for the rate of energy dissipation due to plastic work for a transition model of mode III crack propagation. It is found that the rate of energy dissipation increases monotonically as the transition in plastic zone shape changes from the infinitesimally-thin line segment of the Cherepanov plastic strip solution to the circular shape of the Hult and McClintock elastoplastic solution. Between these two limiting cases, the plastic zone assumes an elliptical shape. This analysis might serve as an analytical tool for the investigation of irreversible fracture processes.
Putative role for a myosin motor in store-operated calcium entry

Store-operated calcium (SOC) entry is the most prominent mode of calcium entry in nonexcitable cells, although important questions remain regarding its mechanism(s) of activation and the molecular identity of SOC entry channels. Recent work using Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian cells suggest that myosin may play a central role in regulation of the open state of SOC entry channels. The most direct evidence for such a role for myosin motor function is in the Drosophila rhabdomere, where a myosin homolog appears to terminate channel signaling. Studies directly examining the contribution of myosin to mammalian SOC entry are lacking. However, several indirect lines of evidence support a role for myosin motor function in the control of calcium entry. Both inhibition of myosin light-chain kinase (the kinase responsible for myosin activation) and disruption of filamentous actin (the track for actomyosin motor function) reduces SOC entry and appear to prevent activation of a calcium-selective SOC entry current. Thus, this review summarizes data-emphasizing recent evidence in mammalian systems-implicating myosin motor function in the control of SOC entry.
Characterization of linewidth variation

Characterization of line width variation by a three-step methodology is presented. Causes of line width variation with distinct spatial signatures are first isolated by spatial analysis. Sources with similar spatial signatures are then separated by contributor-specific measurements. Unanticipated components are lastly identified by examination of the residual from spatial analysis. Significant sources include photomask error, flare, aberrations, development non-uniformity, and scan direction asymmetry. These components are synthesized to quantify the contributions from the three modules of the patterning process: photomask, exposure system, and post-exposure processing. Although these modules are independent of one another their effects on line width variation may be correlated. Moreover, the relative contributions of the modules are found to vary with exposure tool, development track, and lithography strategy, affirming the usefulness of the methodology in process tracking and optimization.
Sonochemical destruction of trichloroethylene in water

Sonolysis is an effective technique of destroying a variety of organic compounds in an aqueous solution. In sonolysis, the organic pollutant is destroyed either by direct pyrolysis in the cavitation bubble or by free radical attacks in the interfacial region and in the bulk solution. The objective of this study is to examine the technical feasibility of the sonochemical process for the destruction of organic contaminants. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was chosen as the model organic compound and batch experiments were conducted employing a microprocessor controlled 20 kHz ultrasound source. This paper presents results on the effect of the following parameters on reaction rate: bicarbonate concentration (1–1000 mM), metal/metal oxide concentration (0.01–100 g/L), metal/metal oxide (0.01–0.1 g/L) in presence of hydrogen peroxide (1mM), and solution pH.
Arbitrary normal stress data and a fluid of differential type

A fairly simple generalization of the grade 2 fluid is described. However, unlike the grade 2 fluid, this fluid of differential type can accomodate extremely general viscometric data and still be consistent with commonly held ideas of energy dissipation and stability.
Semiparametric Estimation of the Impacts of Longitudinal Interventions on Adolescent Obesity using Targeted Maximum-Likelihood: Accessible Estimation with the ltmle Package

While child and adolescent obesity is a serious public health concern, few studies have utilized parameters based on the causal inference literature to examine the potential impacts of early intervention. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the causal effects of early interventions to improve physical activity and diet during adolescence on body mass index (BMI), a measure of adiposity, using improved techniques. The most widespread statistical method in studies of child and adolescent obesity is multi-variable regression, with the parameter of interest being the coefficient on the variable of interest. This approach does not appropriately adjust for time-dependent confounding, and the modeling assumptions may not always be met. An alternative parameter to estimate is one motivated by the causal inference literature, which can be interpreted as the mean change in the outcome under interventions to set the exposure of interest. The underlying data-generating distribution, upon which the estimator is based, can be estimated via a parametric or semi-parametric approach. Using data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a 10-year prospective cohort study of adolescent girls, we estimated the longitudinal impact of physical activity and diet interventions on 10-year BMI z-scores via a parameter motivated by the causal inference literature, using both parametric and semi-parametric estimation approaches. The parameters of interest were estimated with a recently released R package, ltmle, for estimating means based upon general longitudinal treatment regimes. We found that early, sustained intervention on total calories had a greater impact than a physical activity intervention or non-sustained interventions. Multivariable linear regression yielded inflated effect estimates compared to estimates based on targeted maximum-likelihood estimation and data-adaptive super learning. Our analysis demonstrates that sophisticated, optimal semiparametric estimation of longitudinal treatment-specific means via ltmle provides an incredibly powerful, yet easy-to-use tool, removing impediments for putting theory into practice.
Choroid plexus and paraphysis in lower vertebrates.

Cytoarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the paraphysis was investigated in some lower vertebrates to compare the histologic characteristics of these organs. Both epithelia are similar in appearance in the same class. Minor microscopic variations exist in the different classes of vertebrates, but do not provide a fundamental distinction between the two organs. The epithelia, moreover, have similar staining properties, contain mucicarmine- and PAS-reactive materials, and are derived from a common neuroepithelium. Tubules are identified in the choroid plexus and in the paraphysis; all are similarly formed by simple folding of epithelium on the surface into the stroma. The paraphyses in all vertebrates studied contain villi similar to those seen in the choroid plexus. Cilia are identified in both choroidal and paraphyseal epithelia, and are not an indication of degree of epithelial differentiation. Many types of epithelium are noted in both organs during histologic differentiation as well as in the mature stage. Functionally, the choroid plexus is active in both secretion and absorption. Accumulation of particulate material within the epithelial cytoplasm may indicate phagocytic as well as absorptive activity of cells. Based on a common neuroepithelial origin and similar histochemical properties, we conclude that the paraphysis is a modified choroid plexus. The velum transversum is an arbitrary boundary between diencephalon and telencephalon, and is itself formed of choroid plexus. The medial telencephalic ventricle is the rostral portion of the third ventricle. All neuroepithelial infoldings at the rostral end of the diencephalic roof including the velum transversum are intraventricular choroid plexuses; the neuroepithelial outpouchings in this region are the extraventricular choroid plexuses (paraphysis) of the diencephalon.
Real-time heuristic search

Abstract We apply the two-player game assumptions of limited search horizon and commitment to moves in constant time, to single-agent heuristic search problems. We present a variation of minimax lookahead search, and an analog to alpha-beta pruning that significantly improves the efficiency of the algorithm. Paradoxically, the search horizon reachable with this algorithm increases with increasing branching factor. In addition, we present a new algorithm, called Real-Time-A∗, for interleaving planning and execution. We prove that the algorithm makes locally optimal decisions and is guaranteed to find a solution. We also present a learning version of this algorithm that improves its performance over successive problem solving trials by learning more accurate heuristic values, and prove that the learned values converge to their exact values along every optimal path. These algorithms effectively solve significantly larger problems than have previously been solvable using heuristic evaluation functions.