cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element models of flagella with sliding radial spokes and interdoublet links exhibit propagating waves under steady dynein loading

It remains unclear how flagella generate propulsive, oscillatory waveforms. While it is well known that dynein motors, in combination with passive cytoskeletal elements, drive the bending of the axoneme by applying shearing forces and bending moments to microtubule doublets, the origin of rhythmicity is still mysterious. Most conceptual models of flagellar oscillation involve dynein regulation or switching, so that dynein activity first on one side of the axoneme, then the other, drives bending. In contrast, a "viscoelastic flutter" mechanism has recently been proposed, based on a dynamic structural instability. Simple mathematical models of coupled elastic beams in viscous fluid, subjected to steady, axially distributed, dynein forces of sufficient magnitude, can exhibit oscillatory motion without any switching or dynamic regulation. Here we introduce more realistic finite element (FE) models of 6-doublet and 9-doublet flagella, with radial spokes and interdoublet links that slide along the central pair or corresponding doublet. These models demonstrate the viscoelastic flutter mechanism. Above a critical force threshold, these models exhibit an abrupt onset of propulsive, wavelike oscillations typical of flutter instability. Changes in the magnitude and spatial distribution of steady dynein force, or to viscous resistance, lead to behavior qualitatively consistent with experimental observations. This study demonstrates the ability of FE models to simulate nonlinear interactions between axonemal components during flagellar beating, and supports the plausibility of viscoelastic flutter as a mechanism of flagellar oscillation.
Variation in photon flux during extended photochemical aerosol experiments: Implications for atmospheric laboratory simulations

Abstract In order to simulate the interaction of sunlight with planetary atmospheres, including Pluto, Titan and the early Earth, many laboratory studies have used high-power broadband lamps with spectral features that extend into the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV, 60 h) photochemical experiments. While this is only one model system, it is apparent that changes in photon flux during simulations must be taken into account if adequate comparisons of the photochemical kinetics to their respective planetary environments are to be made.
Integrating genotype and weather variables for soybean yield prediction using deep learning

Realized performance of complex traits is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors, which can be difficult to dissect due to the requirement for multiple replications of many genotypes in diverse environmental conditions. To mediate these problems, we present a machine learning framework in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to analyze historical performance records from Uniform Soybean Tests (UST) in North America, with an aim to dissect and predict genotype response in multiple envrionments leveraging pedigree and genomic relatedness measures along with weekly weather parameters. The ML framework of Long Short Term Memory - Recurrent Neural Networks works by isolating key weather events and genetic interactions which affect yield, seed oil, seed protein and maturity enabling prediction of genotypic responses in unseen environments. This approach presents an exciting avenue for genotype x environment studies and enables prediction based systems. Our approaches can be applied in plant breeding programs with multi-environment and multi-genotype data, to identify superior genotypes through selection for commercial release as well as for determining ideal locations for efficient performance testing.
A Solution to the Minimum $\ell_{1}$ -Norm Controllability Problem for Discrete-Time Linear Systems via Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares

In this work, we study a fundamental controllability problem for discrete-time linear systems driven by sparse control sequences, that is, sequences comprised of a significant number of null elements, by utilizing an $\ell_{1}$ optimal control problem formulation. It is well known that the solution to the latter problem, which we refer to as the minimum $\ell_{1}$ -norm controllability problem, enjoys, in general, nice sparsity properties in sharp contradistinction to the solution to the minimum $\ell_{2}$ -norm controllability problem for discrete-time linear systems. On the other hand, it is well known that the latter problem can be reduced to a convex quadratic program subject to linear equality constraints, whose solution can be characterized in closed form, in contrast with the minimum $\ell_{1}$ -norm controllability problem which lacks this analytic tractability. In this work, we propose an iterative approach that furnishes an approximate solution to the latter problem in closed form via the solution of a corresponding sequence of convex quadratic programs. Finally, we present numerical simulations from the application of the proposed approach to a space proximity operation problem.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2018 Highlights

A large number of clinically impactful studies and reviews were published in this journal in 2018. This article provides highlights of the original research published in 2018 issues of The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunolgy: In Practice on the subjects of anaphylaxis, asthma, dermatitis, drug allergy, eosinophilic disorders, food allergy, immune deficiency, rhinitis, and urticaria/angioedema and mast cell disorders. Within each topic, practical aspects of diagnosis and management are emphasized. Treatments discussed include lifestyle modifications, allergen avoidance therapy, positive and negative effects of pharmacologic therapy, and various forms of immunologic and desensitization management. We hope this review will help readers consolidate and use this extensive and practical knowledge for the benefit of patients.
Avalanche rugged 1200 V 80 m Ω SiC MOSFETs with state-of-the-art threshold voltage stability

1200 V 80 m Ω SiC MOSFETs were developed for 150 mm wafer mass production. Avalanche ruggedness was confirmed by measuring the failure distribution in unclamped Inductive switching (UIS) for five wafers. The high voltage blocking reliability was verified by running 1000hr high temperature reverse bias tests for totally 770 devices without failures. The process conditions were optimized for gate oxide integrity and to minimize threshold voltage (V TH ) drift both during positive and negative bias stress. Significant reductions of extrinsic defects in the gate oxide breakdown distributions were obtained using optimized process conditions for both product dies and NMOS capacitors. State-of-the-art V TH stability was verified by transient measurements of V TH drift during gate bias stress for packaged 80 m ΩSiC MOSFETs.
Comparative Effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often display disruptive behavior and noncompliance. Disruptive behavior in youth with ASD may limit their participation in educational and therapeutic activities and impact family functioning. Several evidence-based interventions are available for typically developing children, such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). The current study examined the comparative effectiveness of PCIT for youth with ASD and without ASD. Results indicate that PCIT significantly improves parent-reported disruptive behavior in children with ASD at levels comparable to children without ASD. Additionally, improvements in ASD-related symptoms were noted for youth with ASD. These findings support the use of PCIT for children with ASD and provide clinicians with an evidence-based tool to address disruptive behavior in a wide spectrum of presenting children.
A continuum-scale two-parameter model for non-Darcian flow in low-permeability porous media

Numerous studies have demonstrated that Darcy velocity exhibits nonlinear dependence on the pressure gradient in lower-permeability porous media such as clays and shales when the pressure gradient is low. Non-Darcian flow has important implications to geologic disposal of high-level nuclear waste, because shale has been proposed as a disposal medium, with compacted bentonite clay as a buffer material. Consideration of the impact of temperature on non-Darcian flow in an engineered clay barrier is necessary, because the clay barrier is subjected to significant temperature changes resulting from the heat-releasing nuclear waste package. In this study, a continuum-scale, two-parameter predictive model is developed to facilitate experimental data interpretation and to provide mechanistic insights into the role of temperature on non-Darcian flow in saturated low-permeability porous media. This model has several advantages when it is applied at the continuum scale. First, this model is consistent with the current theory about the role of temperature and provides more flexibility in fitting experimental data associated with varying temperatures. Second, the values of the two independent parameters in the model can be easily determined and the solution is unique. This leads to practical convenience when the model is used to interpret continuum-scale laboratory data. Third, although the two-parameter model is simple, its performance in fitting existing experimental data is satisfactory. This suggests that the model achieves a balance between simplicity and effectiveness.
How to review a journal paper critically

Peer review is the cornerstone of publishing in Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Diversity of perspectives is an integral part of a successful vetting process. The editor, associate editors, and reviewers who examine each manuscript are the authors' peers: persons with comparable standing in the same research field as the authors themselves. Peer review contributes to improving the quality of a published paper, ensures previous work is properly acknowledged, highlights the importance and novelty of the findings, detects plagiarism and fraud, and promotes academic career development. Reviewers help by providing a comprehensive analysis of the abstract, introduction and background, methodology, results and discussion, conclusion, references, tables and figures. Good reviewers provide a detailed and timely report supporting statements regarding whether the research is original, novel, and important to the field of ultrasound in medicine and biology. The top reviewers currently make up the advisory editorial board, whose names appear on the face page of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. However, an expanded list of multidisciplinary and international reviewers with broader capabilities are called on frequently. Either a list of page and line numbers accompanies specific comments and constructive criticism, or these comments are embedded in the portable document file (.pdf) of the submitted manuscript. Reviewers should be prepared to demonstrate objectivity, critique revised versions of the manuscript, as well as provide a clear recommendation whether the paper can be accepted for publication, requires minor or major modifications, or should be rejected altogether with no opportunity to revise. Tips for providing and navigating peer review in Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology will be reviewed and discussed.
On the first hitting time density for a reducible diffusion process

In this paper, we study the classical problem of the first hitting time density to a moving boundary for a diffusion process, which satisfies the Cherkasov condition, and hence, can be reduced to a...
Intake, digestion, passage rate and serum prolactin in growing dairy steers fed endophyte-infected fescue with noninfected fescue, clover or wheat straw.

Growing Holstein steers were used in two Latin-square experiments to determine the effects of supplementation of endophyte-infected fescue hay diets with other forages on intake, digestion, passage rate and serum prolactin concentration. In Exp. 1, five steers (average weight of 186 kg) were fed ad libitum amounts of endophyte-infected and noninfected fescue hays (I and NI, respectively) of similar quality in 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 1:0 proportions. Total dry matter (DM) intake as a percentage of body weight (BW) linearly decreased .0055% for each 1% increase in dietary I (P less than .05). Dry matter intakes with 100% I and 100% NI diets were 2.13 and 2.72% of BW, respectively. Total tract digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing I (66.0, 65.9, 66.3, 68.1 and 69.6%). Ruminal passage rate of particulates changed linearly (P less than .05) and quadratically (P less than .10) as I in the diet increased (3.5, 3.4, 2.6, 2.8 and 2.8%/h), while serum prolactin concentration and rectal temperature decreased linearly (P less than .05). In Exp. 2, four steers (average weight of 137 kg) were given ad libitum amounts of wheat straw (WS) or .73% of BW of clover hay (C) at 0800 and free access to either I or NI at 1600. Total intake as a percentage of BW was greatest for C with NI (3.04), intermediate for WS with NI (2.70) and lowest for C with I (2.30) and WS with I (2.23; P less than .05). Fescue intake (percentage of BW) was lowest (P less than .05) for C with I (1.56) and higher (P less than .05) for WS with NI (2.63) than WS with I (2.12); fescue intake for C with NI (2.33) was intermediate (P greater than .10) to WS with NI and WS with I. The results are interpreted to indicate that increasing the dietary level of I depressed intake linearly and markedly. Intake of diets high in I appears to be lower than can be explained only by ruminal-fill factors. When animals that are consuming basal I diets are provided access to nontoxic, high-quality forage, changes in intake may differ from those with basal diets of nontoxic forage.
Word Formation Process in SMS Language: A Prognosis of Gender Identity

Short Message Service (SMS) language can be classified in itself as a variety of written language. The classification of SMS as a distinct variety is based on the uniqueness of the way it is written, since this variety is based only on written form and not speech. This article examines the Word Formation Processes that are used in SMS language by the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) students of University of Management and Technology (UMT), Pakistan. The article also explores the choices of Word Formation Processes (WFPs) that are made by males and females. The data was collected from 50 male and 50 female students enrolled in the BBA program of a private university of Lahore. The research questions were related to the use of Word Formation Processes and the research hypotheses were tested to distinguish WFPs as a marker of Gender identity. The results revealed that Standard Word Formation Processes are used more in the SMS language as compared to non-standard WFPs and it also revealed that there is a significant difference in the choices of males and females.
Actigraphy: Metrics reveal it is not a valid tool for determining sleep in neonates.

Study of emerging sleep-wake patterns in neonates is important for promptly identifying and treating abnormal sleep behaviours to ensure healthy infant development and neurobehavioral outcomes. Current methods to assess sleep are costly, labour intensive, and particularly difficult to implement in fragile, hospitalised infants requiring intensive medical care. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of actigraphy as a tool for detecting sleep in preterm infants, using polysomnography (PSG) as the "gold standard". A total of 10 neonates (mean [SD] 35.8 [1.2] weeks post-menstrual age; five female) hospitalised since birth for prematurity each participated in one 8-10 hr session during which PSG and actigraphy were recorded simultaneously. Inter-feed minute-by-minute PSG Sleep-Wake scores were compared to concurrent actigraph epochs categorised as either "Sleep" or "Wake" using three separate movement-per-minute thresholds (≤20, ≤40, ≤80). Tool validity was assessed using five metrics. A key finding was that for each of the movement thresholds there was high agreement rate, sensitivity, and predictive value of sleep (85.2%-97.2%), whereas specificity and predictive value of wake remained low (12%-46%). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis also revealed low discriminatory power of actigraphy for estimating sleep (area under the curve = 0.636; Youden's Index J = 0.2173). Lack of sufficient minutes of autonomous wake periods among infants was identified as a key limitation in actigraphy. Findings from the present study suggest actigraphy cannot be validated for Sleep/Wake discrimination in preterm infants and that proper validation requires sufficient data from periods of both Sleep and Wake.
Prolactin and Autoimmunity: Influences of Prolactin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is incurable, and individuals with this illness are at risk of severe and potentially fatal involvement of the central nervous system and kidneys.1,2 SLE occurs most commonly in women of childbearing age, and evidence has suggested that this disease is influenced by reproductive hormones.3 Recent studies in this laboratory have employed a hormone-sensitive murine model of SLE, the NZB X NZW (B/W) mouse,4 to investigate the role of the lactotrope, prolactin,5,6 in spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. This report will summarize our findings in groups of female B/W mice made hyperprolactinemic or, conversely, treated with bromocriptine, an inhibitor of prolactin secretion.7
Just add water vapor

Increased global warming can lead to greater evaporation of water into the atmosphere, and water vapor is itself an excellent greenhouse gas. For this reason, a proper understanding of the behavior of water vapor in the atmosphere is crucial to formulating accurate global climate models. In his Perspective, Rind discusses recent efforts to unravel this very important and complex feedback mechanism.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 is phosphorylated by cultured human endometrial stromal cells and multiple protein kinases in vitro

The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein IGF-BP1 is a major secretory protein of human endometrial stromal cells decidualized in culture. Anion exchange chromatography and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis showed IGF-BP1 to exist in five electrophoretically and chromatographically distinct isoforms. IGF-BP1 variants migrated as a quintet on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and as a single band (28 kDa) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Alkaline phosphatase treatment reduced the IGF-BP1 variants to a single band. Cells incubated with [32P]orthophosphate for 12 h secreted four 32P-labeled IGF-BP1 phosphovariants, and their migration coincided with those bands that were eliminated by alkaline phosphatase treatment. In cells treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate and relaxin, the concentration of phosphorylated IGF-BP1 was increased dramatically as compared with controls. All the phosphovariants were confirmed to be IGF-BP1 by their ability to be supershifted on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels after binding a monoclonal antibody to IGF-BP1. Thin layer electrophoresis of IGF-BP1 acid hydrolysates showed IGF-BP1 to be phosphorylated exclusively on serine. Non-phosphorylated IGF-BP1 was phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase II in vitro. This suggests that IGF-BP1 may be a substrate of multiple protein kinases in vivo.
The Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule of the United States

The complexity of our current schedule for routine immunization of children is expanding and experienced by both physician and parent. Over nearly two decades in the 1970s and 1980s only one new vaccine was added to the routine immunization for children. However, in the last few years since 1989, the schedule routinely recommended for children has been augmented by eight to ten new doses or vaccines. The confusion has been compounded by differences in the schedules developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics9 (AAP) Committee on Infectious Diseases and that of the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
Bipartitioning for hybrid FPGA-software simulation

Simulation is an important step in the design cycle of VLSI systems. The increasing size and complexity of modern systems require simulation techniques optimized for time. Researchers are resorting to parallel simulation to reduce simulation time. Logic partitioning plays an important role in parallel simulation. Two factors, concurrency amongst the partitions and communication between them, determine the effectiveness of partitioning. The concurrency achieved and the communication overhead resulting from the intersecting signals can directly affect the speed-up achieved in the simulation. Hybrid FPGA-software simulation offers an alternative for increasing the speed of simulation. In addition to above factors, size and cost of FPGA also determine the partitioning technique for FPGA based emulation. This paper addresses the issues involved in hybrid FPGA-software simulation and presents a new partitioning scheme. With our approach, communication between partitions reduces to at least 50% of that observed in the best of the other algorithms. Also for most of the benchmarks, only 25% of the circuit elements are in the FPGA partition. Presimulation is employed as an effective tool to achieve this aim.
Free radicals and carcinogenesis. Some properties of the nitroxyl free radicals produced by covalent binding of 2-nitrosofluorene to unsaturated lipids of membranes.

Abstract We have demonstrated that the carcinogen 2-nitrosofluorene (NOF) reacts with rat liver microsomal membranes to produce a nitroxyl free radical form of the carcinogen, designated N-Ȯ-LAF. We conclude that NOF adds to the double bond of the membrane lipids in a pseudo Diels-Alder reaction. This conclusion is based on studies involving 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and NOF. NOF reacts with this simple unsaturated hydrocarbon to produce a stable nitroxyl free radical in a pseudo Diels-Alder reaction. NOF adds to liposomes formed from lipids extracted from the rat liver microsomes to produce a free radical identical to that produced with microsomes. NOF forms the same amount of N-Ȯ-LAF at the same rate in heated microsomes as in unheated microsomes. The observations indicate the involvement of only the lipid fraction in the reaction of NOF with membranes. The amount of N-Ȯ-LAF formed increases hyperbolically in microsomes and liposomes as a function of NOF added. The amount of N-Ȯ-LAF formed reaches a maximum, at which point the amount of free radical present is about 1% of both the amount of NOF added and the amount of phospholipid present. The half-maxima of the amount of N-Ȯ-LAF formed occurs at 50 μ m NOF in liposomes but at 100 μ m in microsomes. The electron spin resonance spectrum of N-Ȯ-LAF indicates that this nitroxyl free radical is in a rigidly fixed position in the membrane. N-Ȯ-LAF is reduced by NADPH. There appears to be a direct chemical reduction as well as an enzyme-mediated mechanism involving NADPH-potentiated electron flow in microsomes. The reduced compound is reoxidized by ferricyanide added to microsomal membranes.
Generating a process model from a process audit log

Workflow systems utilize a process model for managing business processes. The model is typically a directed graph annotated with activity names. We view the execution of an activity as a time interval, and present two new algorithms for synthesizing process models from sets of systems' executions (audit log). A model graph generated by each of the algorithms for a process captures all its executions and dependencies that are present in the log, and preserves existing parallelism. We compare the model graphs synthesized by our algorithms to those of [1] by running themon simulated data. We observe that our graphs are more faithful in the sense that the number of excess and missing edges is consistently smaller and it depends on the size and quality of the log. In other words, we show that our time interval approach permits reconstruction of more accurate workflow model graphs from a log.
Simulation of how neuromodulation influences cooperative behavior

Neuromodulators can have a strong effect on how organisms cooperate and compete for resources. To better understand the effect of neuromodulation on cooperative behavior, a computational model of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems was constructed and tested in games of conflict and cooperation. This neural model was based on the assumptions that dopaminergic activity increases as expected reward increases, and serotonergic activity increases as the expected cost of an action increases. The neural model guided the behavior of an agent that played a series of Hawk-Dove games against an opponent. The agent adapted its behavior appropriately to changes in environmental conditions and to changes in its opponent's strategy. The neural agent tended to engage in Hawk-like behavior in low-risk situations and Dove-like behavior in high-risk situations. When the simulated dopaminergic activity was greater than the serotonergic activity, the agent tended to escalate a fight. These results suggest how the neuromodulatory systems shape decision-making and adaptive behavior in competitive and cooperative situations.
Youth Labour Markets in Post-1984 New Zealand: Young People Negotiating School to Work Transitions

This paper is part of a larger project exploring the school to post-school choices of New Zealand’s first post-1984 generation. In this paper we analyse census data relating to the employment of young people (aged 15-24 years) in two of the project’s sites, Southland and Auckland. We then discuss out participants’ perceptions of the labour market and find that these perceptions are broadly in line with general labour market trends, and that they incorporate a reasonable sense of the local opportunities for part time employment while at school. But participants lacked this ‘local literacy’ when considering future employment possibilities. That is, they lack a clear sense of engagement with ‘place’ in relation to their imagined working futures.
Localized States and Dynamics in the Nonlinear Schrödinger/Gross-Pitaevskii Equation

Nonlinear dispersive waves are wave phenomena resulting from the interacting effects of nonlinearity and dispersion. Dispersion refers to the property that waves of different wavelengths travel at different velocities. This property may, for example, be due to the material properties of the medium, e.g. chromatic dispersion [1], or to the geometric arrangement of material constituents, e.g. a periodic medium with Floquet-Bloch band dispersion [3]. Nonlinearity distorts the shape of a localized structure or creates amplitude dependent non-uniformities in phase. This may concentrate or localize energy in a region of space (attractive/focusing nonlinearity) or tend to expel energy from compact sets (repulsive/defocusing nonlinearity). In electromagnetics, nonlinearities may arise due to the intensity dependence of dielectric parameters (e.g., Kerr effect [1]). Physical phenomena in which the effects of both dispersion and nonlinearity play a role are ubiquitous. Some examples are: (a) long waves of small amplitude at a water–air interface [114], (b) a nearly mono-chromatic laser beam propagating through air, glass, or water [36], (c) light-pulses propagating through optical fiber waveguides [1], and (d) the macroscopic dynamics of weakly correlated quantum particles in a Bose-Einstein condensate; see, for example, [30, 49, 88]. Interest in nonlinear dispersive waves and their interaction with nonhomogeneous media ranges from Fundamental to Applied Science with great promise in engineering/technological applications due to major advances in materials science and micro- and nano-structure fabrication techniques; see, for example, [109].
Specifying the Treatment Process

With a focus on the implications for effectiveness research, This paper presents a conceptualization of the treatment process, some distinctions among types of outcomes, and a framework in which the effectiveness of specific interventive approaches may be evaluated. Variables characterizing the treatment situation are delineated in terms of (a) their defining referents, (b) the specificity and rigor of their definition, and (c) the complexity of their formulation. Three general types of outcomes are also distinguished: ultimate, intermediate, and instrumental. In order to meet the proposed requisites of practice knowledge, a number of areas for future research are outlined, emphasizing the identification of specific interventive variables and the investigation of causal hypotheses linking those interventions to specific types of outcomes.
The Small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 Regulate Cerebellar Development by Controlling Cell Morphogenesis, Migration and Foliation

The small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 are key cytoskeletal regulators that function in a mutually antagonistic manner to control the migration and morphogenesis of a broad range of cell types. However, their role in shaping the cerebellum, a unique brain structure composed of an elaborate set of folia separated by fissures of different lengths, remains largely unexplored. Here we show that dysregulation of both RhoA and Rac1 signaling results in abnormal cerebellar ontogenesis. Ablation of RhoA from neuroprogenitor cells drastically alters the timing and placement of fissure formation, the migration and positioning of granule and Purkinje cells, the alignment of Bergmann glia, and the integrity of the basement membrane, primarily in the anterior lobules. Furthermore, in the absence of RhoA, granule cell precursors located at the base of fissures fail to undergo cell shape changes required for fissure initiation. Many of these abnormalities can be recapitulated by deleting RhoA specifically from granule cell precursors but not postnatal glia, indicating that RhoA functions in granule cell precursors to control cerebellar morphogenesis. Notably, mice with elevated Rac1 activity due to loss of the Rac1 inhibitors Bcr and Abr show similar anterior cerebellar deficits, including ectopic neurons and defects in fissure formation, Bergmann glia organization and basement membrane integrity. Together, our results suggest that RhoA and Rac1 play indispensable roles in patterning cerebellar morphology.
Democratization and Political Tolerance in Seventeen Countries: A Multi-level Model of Democratic Learning

Research on mass support for democracies shows that popular support for democratic norms is at an historic high. At the same time, research on political tolerance draws considerably bleaker conclusions about the democratic capacity of mass publics. We attempt to synthesize the essential lessons of these two literatures into a general model of democratic learning which argues that exposure to the rough-and-tumble of democratic politics should enhance political tolerance. We provide a test of the model using multilevel data from a diverse set of 17 countries. At the macro-level, we find, consistent with our theory, that: (1) political tolerance is greater in stable democracies that have endured over time (the longer the better), independent of a nation’s socioeconomic development; and (2) that federal systems increase levels of tolerance, as well. At the micro-level, we find that democratic activism, or using civil liberties, enhances political tolerance, independent of a host of other individual-level pred...
What do I have to lose? Effects of a psycho-educational intervention on cancer patient preference for resuscitation.

This original empirical study examined effects of a psycho-educational intervention on cancer patients’ knowledge, concern, and preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We examined message framing as one factor that might impact subsequent decision making. In addition, we examined personality and coping style as predictors and moderators of patients’ reactions to an informational intervention. As hypothesized, participants initially underestimated CPR complications and overestimated survival rates. The intervention significantly increased concern, improved knowledge, and decreased preference for CPR, particularly for participants receiving both numerical and descriptive information. Message framing of survival data did not uniquely affect CPR preference. Higher optimism predicted less increase in concern about CPR, and higher hope predicted greater decrease in preference for CPR. More approach coping related to increased concern about CPR and decreased preference for CPR.
Probabilistic contingency theories of animal conditioning: A critical analysis

Abstract Seven contingency theories of classical and instrumental conditioning were defined in relation to the contingency matrix and to six separate probabilities which can be derived from this matrix. These theories were compared on the basis of formal similarities and differences, and were judged against three separate empirical variables which have been discussed in the contingency literature: the duration of the intertrial interval, partial reinforcement, and negative contingencies between the two events of conditioning. All previous theories had some difficulty predicting the effects of one or more of these variables upon animal conditioning. Also, some formulas make the unusual prediction that there will be less conditioning when there is more than one conditioning trial. The paper concluded with an extensive discussion of the problems that are created by conditioning events with temporal extension; events which are then categorized by a contingency matrix which has no temporal character. Some possible solutions to the problems were discussed.
Temperature dependence of the nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies in selected triazine compounds

Abstract Symmetric-1,3,5 triazine compounds are heterocyclic ring molecules containing three nitrogen atoms at the 1,3,5 sites. Because of their inherent high symmetry and the existence of a large number of compounds with different chemical groups attached to the ring, this class of compounds is ideally suited to NQR studies. We are reporting measurements of T★2 and the temperature dependence of the frequencies for a number of the nitrogen-14 NQR lines in trichloromelamine, cyanuric acid, trichloroisocyanuric acid, cyanuric chloride, and melamine. The results of these measurements yielded T★2's for cyanuric chloride almost an order of magnitude larger than for the other compounds. The variations of the frequencies with temperature appear to be consistent with the Bayer—Kushida model.
On the User-Scheduler Dialogue: Studies of User-Provided Runtime Estimates and Utility Functions

Effective communication between user and scheduler is an important prerequisite to achieving a successful scheuling outcome from both parties' perspectives. In a grid or stand-alone high-performance computing (HPC) enviroment, this communication typically takes the form of a user-provided job script containing essential configuration information, including processors/resources required, a requested runtime, and a priority. Users' requested runtimes are notoriously inaccurate as a predictor of actual runimes. This study examines whether users can improve their runtime estimates if a tangible reward is provided for accuracy. We show that under these conditions, about half of users provide an improved estimate, but there is not a substantial improvement in the overall average accracy. Priority, as implemented in many production scheduers, is a very crude approximation of the value users may attach to timely job completion. We show users are capble of providing richer utility functions than most schedulers elicit. Thus we explore two elements of the user-scheuler dialogue to understand if accuracy and completeness of information conveyed could be improved.
Conductimetric Measurement of CO2 Concentration: Theoretical Basis and Its Verification

Atmospheric CO 2 is important to plant growth and also plays a key role in the global energy balance. Thus, there are needs for reliable methods for measuring CO 2 concentrations, [CO 2 ]. One approacb has been the conductimetric method, where sampled gas is bubbled through deionized water. Some of the CO 2 in the air dissolves and ionizes, causing an increase in solution electrical conductivity. The method is inexpensive relative to other techniques, but usage has been limited, possibly due to its apparently empirical basis and suggestions that it must be frequently checked to correct for shifts due to temperature and other effects. We have derived the fundamental basis for the method and equations that allow [CO 2 ] to be directly determined from measurements of solution electrical conductivity and temperature, with no empirical calibration. The equilibrium constants and ionic conductivities that are used are temperature dependent, but those dependences are well known and easily computed. The approach was tested with a system in which the conductivity was measured with time-domain reflectometry (TDR), using a coaxial cell through which the aerated water was circulated. To maximize sensitivity, a long cell (1 m) of low impedance (19.3 Ω) was used. The system was compared against an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) over a range of [CO 2 ] from 0 to 1000 μmol mol -1 , at three different temperatures (5, 19, and 34°C). Regression of [CO 2 ] calculated directly from the conductivity measurements against the IRGA measurements produced a slope of 1.00, r 2 of 0.997 and a standard error of estimate of 16.1 μmol mol -1 . Resolution was approximately 1 to 2 μmol mol -1 , too large for micrometeorological flux measurements but sufficient for many monitoring applications. The approach should work with any accurate device for measuring solution conductivity.
Agenesis of the lung with vascular compression of thetracheobronchial tree

Summary A case of agenesis of one lung withrespiratory difficulty and death caused by vascular compression of the airway is reported. An anomalous course of the pulmonary artery and the position of the aorta were responsible for the tracheal narrowing. Such vascular compression may not be obvious from post-mortem examinations alone since after death the large arteries are no longer full and tense. Anomalous course of great vessels may be of clinical significance in certain cases of agenesis of the lung which have respiratory difficulty.
Conceptualizing Sexual Identity Development: Implications for GLB Chinese International Students

The number of young adults participating in international learning opportunities has increased dramatically over the past 50 years. Nearly three-quarters of a million students from other nations study in the United States annually, one-fifth of which are from China. International students are challenged with developmental tasks above and beyond typical domestic students, as they learn to accommodate dual and conflicting cultural ideologies relating to identity development. This is particularly true for international students from China, who are socialized with the values of filial piety, which include obedience to and respect for one's parents and engagement in conduct to avoid shaming one's family. Moreover, family needs, obligations, and honor come before personal desires. Thus, sexual identity development is of particular importance for Chinese international students, as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual (GLB) identity may not align with family responsibilities and expectations. Yet, missing from the literat...
Power series expansion of the general stiffness matrix for beam elements

The general stiffness matrix for a beam element is derived from the Bernoulli–Euler differential equation with the inclusion of axial forces. The terms of this matrix are expanded into a power series as a function of the two variables: the axial force, and; the vibrating frequency. It is shown that the first three terms of the resulting series, which are derived in the technical literature from assumed static displacement functions, correspond respectively to the elastic stiffness matrix, the consistent mass matrix, and the geometric matrix. Higher order terms up to the second order terms of the series expansion are obtained explicitly. Also a discussion is presented for establishing the region of convergence of the series expansion for the dynamic stiffness matrix, the stability matrix, and the general stiffness matrix.
Drug Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Chronic Hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B continues to be a major cause of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Nucleos(t)ide analogues have proven to be effective in controlling the disease and perhaps decreasing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, development of drug resistance is a major limitation to their long-term effectiveness. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance are important for designing new agents and devising strategies to manage and prevent the development of antiviral drug resistance. The development of resistance is determined by an interplay of viral, host, and drug characteristics Homology of the HBV polymerase to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase has allowed predictions to be made on the effect mutations have on HBV polymerase structure. In vitro functional studies provide complementary information. Several broad principles on the mechanism of resistance have emerged from these studies. First, most of the primary mutations cluster in the vicinity of the incoming nucleotide and act by directly affecting the position or stability of the bound substrate, template, or primer. In contrast, secondary mutations tend to occur away from the nucleotide-binding pocket. Finally, the structural and functional consequences of mutations are quite variable among the different agents. This paper reviews the key mutations and mechanisms associated with resistance to the nucleos(t)ide analogues approved for clinical use and discuss new targets for drug development.
Parahydroxyphenylpyruvic acid excretion in parkinsonism.

Abstract Uribary p-HPPA has been measured in 19 patients with parkinsonism and compared with 25 normal controls. Significant elevation of urinary p-HPPA was found in the group of parkinsonism patients.
Cognitive Biases and Emotional Wisdom in the Evolution of Conflict Between the Sexes

Two recent theories within evolutionary psychology have produced novel insights into conflict between the sexes. According to error management theory (EMT), asymmetries over evolutionary time in the cost-benefit consequences of specific social inferences have produced predictable cognitive biases. Women, for example, appear to underinfer commitment in response to signals of resource display. Men often overinfer a woman's sexual desire when she merely smiles at or casually touches them. These inferential biases, according to EMT, represent functional adaptations rather than markers of irrationality in information processing. According to strategic interference theory, certain “negative emotions' function to motivate action to reduce conflict produced by impediments to preferred social strategies. Emotions such as jealousy and anger, rather than reducing rationality, may embody inherited ancestral wisdom functional in dealing with interference inflicted by other individuals. These evolution-based theories h...
Liquid gallium metal cooling for optical elements with high heat loads

Abstract The intense photon beams from the insertion devices of the Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS) will have very high total powers, which in some cases will exceed 10 kW, spread over a few cm 2 . These high heat loads will require special cooling methods for the optical elements to preserve the quality of the photon beam. A set of finite element analysis calculations were made in three dimensions to determine the temperature distributions and thermal stresses in a single crystal of silicon with heat loads of 2–20 kW. Different geometric arrangements and different cooling fluids (water, gallium, oil, Na, etc.) were considered. These data were then used in a second set of calculations to determine the distortion of the surface of the crystal and the change in the crystal plane spacing for different parts of the surface. The best heat transfer, smallest surface distortions and smallest temperature gradients on the surface of the crystals were obtained when the cooling fluid was allowed to flow through channels in the crystal. The two best fluids for room temperature operation were found to be water and liquid gallium metal. In all cases tried, the variation in temperature across the face of the crystal and the distortion of the surface was at least a factor of two less for the gallium cooling case than for the water cooling case. The water cooling was effective only for very high flow rates. These high flow rates can cause vibrations in the diffraction crystal and in its mount that can seriously degrade the quality of the diffracted photon beam. When the flow rates were decreased the gallium cooling became 3–10 times more effective. This very efficient cooling and the very low vapor pressure for liquid gallium (less than 10 −12 Torr at 100°C) make liquid gallium a very attractive cooling fluid for high vacuum synchrotron applications. A small electromagnetic induction pump for liquid Ga was built to test this cooling method. A pumping volume of 100 cm 3 /s was achieved. With no flow, a static head pressure of 8 psi was measured across the pump. With this flow rate of 100 cm 3 /s and a ΔT = 10° C , the heat transfer would be 2.2 kW of power. This system worked well and based on the test data from this system, a second electromagnetic induction pump was built that developed four times the flow rate. The new system is portable, controls the output temperature of the Ga and can handle heat loads of 10 kW. This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, BES-Material Science under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38.
General and Special Education Students' Perceptions of Co-Teaching: Implications for Secondary-Level Literacy Instruction

Three hundred and forty-six secondary students (127 special education and 219 general education) were surveyed about their perceptions of co-teaching. While significant differences were discovered between groups, all students responded favorably to co-teaching: they indicated they were getting better grades and developing better literacy skills, and they said they would choose to participate in co-taught classes again. The special education students thought that co-taught English classes gave them a unique opportunity to gain access to the general education curriculum and develop literacy skills. The general education students thought that co-teaching afforded them exposure to higher levels of abstraction, concept development, and literacy skill development. The positive perceptions toward co-teaching provide initial information about the potential of co-teachings to support inclusive school environments in which all students can succeed.