cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying parent engagement in the randomized Fuel for Fun impact study identified design considerations and BMI relationships.

BACKGROUND Parent participation in children's health interventions is insufficiently defined and measured. This project quantified parent participation to enable future examination with outcomes in an intervention focused on 4th graders, aged 9-11 years, and their families living in northern Colorado. METHODS Indices were developed to measure type (Parent Participation Profile; PPP) and intensity (Parent Engagement Intensity; PEI) of engagement in Fuel for Fun (FFF), an asymmetric school-and family-based intervention for 4th graders. Study arm-specific participation opportunities were catalogued and summed to calculate the PPP. An algorithm considered frequency, effort, convenience, and invasiveness of each activity to calculate PEI. Indices were standardized (0-100%) using study arm-specific divisors to address asymmetric engagement opportunities. Parents who completed ≥75% of the PPP were defined as Positive Deviants. Youth height and weight were measured. Youth BMI percentile change was compared with parent Positive Deviant status using general linear modeling with repeated measures that included the participation indices. RESULTS Of 1435 youth, 777 (54%) had parent participation in at least one activity. Standardized means were 41.5 ± 25.4% for PPP and 27.6 ± 20.9% for PEI. Demographics, behaviors or baseline FFF outcomes did not differ between the Positive Deviant parent (n = 105) and non-Positive Deviant parents (n = 672); but more Positive Deviant parents followed an indulgent feeding style (p = 0.015). Standardized intensity was greater for Positive Deviant parents; 66.9 ± 20.6% vs 21.5 ± 12.7% (p < 0.001) and differences with non-Positive Deviant parents were related to activity type (p ≤0.01 for six of eight activities). Standardized participation intensity was associated with engagement in a greater number of standardized activity types. Among participating parents, standardized intensity and breadth of activity were inversely related to the youth BMI percentile (n = 739; PEI r = -0.39, p < 0.001; PPP r = -0.34, p < 0.001). Parent engagement was not associated with parent BMI change. CONCLUSIONS An activity-specific intensity schema operationalized measurement of parent engagement in a complex, unbalanced research design and can serve as a template for more sensitive assessment of parent engagement. Positive deviance in parent engagement was not a function of personal, but rather activity characteristics. PPP and PEI increased with fewer requirements and convenient, novel, and personalized activities. Parent engagement indices affirmed lower engagement by parents of overweight/obese youth and concerns about target reach.
Creating a Vision of Grand Teton National Park - Preserving the Photographs of Harrison R. Crandall

Harrison and Hildegard Crandall arrived in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in 1922âthe beginning of a pivotal and turbulent period in local history. Some of the valleyâs homestead and ranch traditions were about to be transformed into what is now the Grand Teton National Park. Harrison (or âHankâ as he preferred) and Hildegard (or âHildaâ as Hank preferred) lived through it allâswept up in the local saga of dry homesteading. However, the Crandall family homestead, located in the shadow of the Grand Tetons, was just the beginning. Hank carved out a more permanent place for his family in the landscape they loved by inventing a way to make a living as the Grand Teton National Parkâs official photographer and resident artist. The Crandall family operated their art studios in the Park for a total of 34 years. A summary of the life, times, and art of the Crandall family is provided in an earlier edition of the UWâNPS Annual Reports (Barrick 2008). Today, Hankâs photographic legacy provides a way for Jackson Hole residents and Grand Teton visitors to enjoy early scenes of the Park.
Determination of momentum distributions from deep inelastic neutron scattering experiments: A Bayesian study

A Bayesian analysis shows that the determination of momentum distributions in quantum fluids and solids by deep inelastic neutron scattering is an extremely ill-posed problem. The argument is illustrated with the issue of the Bose condensate fraction in superfluid 4He.
Artificial neural networks: an overview.

Neural networks have been a much publicized topic of research in recent years and are now beginning to be used in a wide range of subject areas. One of the strands of interest in neural networks is...
Physical and chemical studies on glycoproteins

Abstract Fetuin was isolated by alcohol-metal ion fractionation. Although the homogeneity of the preparation has been demonstrated by many conventional techniques, microheterogeneity was clearly demonstrated by resolution into eight components on starch gel electrophoresis at pH 4.2. The microheterogeneity did not result from the method of preparation because normal fetal calf serum and fetuin prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation had the same electrophoretic pattern. Furthermore, the identical bands, characteristic of the purified fetuin, were present in sera collected from five fetal calves. Treatment with neuraminidase reduced the number of bands from eight to three, indicating that sialic acid is primarily responsible for the microheterogeneity observed. Fetuin which was denatured in 8 m urea or reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol in 8 m urea failed to show definite electrophoretic bands; the importance of tertiary structure as a contributory factor to the microheterogeneity is suggested. Purified fetuin was resolved into several fractions by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex; each fraction contained 2–3 of the bands found on electrophoresis and reveals that the fetuin variants arise from discrete structural differences. The fractions showed similar immunochemical properties, sedimentation constants, and absorption coefficients at 278 mμ. The sialic acid, hexose and hexosamine content increased significantly according to the order of elution. The increase in carbohydrate was accompanied by a small decrease in peptide content. Amino acid analysis revealed virtually no relative difference between the fractions; minor differences were demonstrated by peptide mapping. It was concluded that the microheterogeneity results primarily from differences in the number and arrangement of the sialic acid residues at the surface of the molecule. Conformational variations of the polypeptide portion of the fetuin molecule may also play a contributing role.
On the effects of the inlet boundary condition on the mixing and burning in reacting shear flows

Abstract The effects of the presence of a wake component in the inlet velocity profile on the dynamics of a nonpremixed exothermic shear layer are investigated numerically. The analysis involves comparison of results of two-dimensional simulations of the flow at both zero and finite combustion energy release with those of similar simulations that involve a monotonically increasing (error function) inlet velocity profile. This latter type of inlet boundary condition has been commonly used in earlier numerical studies of the flow. The wake modified profile, on the other hand, is closer to the actual profile manifested just downstream of the splitter plate separating the two streams that give rise to the shear layer. The Lagrangian transport element method is used to obtain the simulation results. Combustion is modeled using an infinite reaction rate model based on the Schvab-Zeldovich formulation. Results indicate that the presence of wake component in the inlet velocity profile alters the downstream flow and reacting fields due to two main reasons: 1) the wake-modified profile is much more unstable than the error function, yielding higher downstream rates of mixing and burning; and 2) the relative location of the reaction interface with respect to the vorticity field differs between the error function and the wake-modified cases. As a result, even though combustion exothermicity decreases the burning in both cases as compared to their corresponding nonexothermic flow, it does so via different mechanisms. In the error function flow, the reduction in the burning is a result of the decay of the vorticity field due to volumetric expansion which delays the rollup and results in weakened downstream vortical structures. In the wake-modified case, the reduction in the burning is a result of a delay in the interaction of the vorticity field with the reaction interface as volumetric expansion pushes the two away from each other. The same mechanism is also responsible for a delay in the interaction of the two opposite sign vorticity layers characterizing the wake-modified flow, with the consequence that, in contrast to the nonexothermic flow, the wake region survives at large downstream distances.
DSSR: an integrated software tool for dissecting the spatial structure of RNA

Insight into the three-dimensional architecture of RNA is essential for understanding its cellular functions. However, even the classic transfer RNA structure contains features that are overlooked by existing bioinformatics tools. Here we present DSSR (Dissecting the Spatial Structure of RNA), an integrated and automated tool for analyzing and annotating RNA tertiary structures. The software identifies canonical and noncanonical base pairs, including those with modified nucleotides, in any tautomeric or protonation state. DSSR detects higher-order coplanar base associations, termed multiplets. It finds arrays of stacked pairs, classifies them by base-pair identity and backbone connectivity, and distinguishes a stem of covalently connected canonical pairs from a helix of stacked pairs of arbitrary type/linkage. DSSR identifies coaxial stacking of multiple stems within a single helix and lists isolated canonical pairs that lie outside of a stem. The program characterizes ‘closed’ loops of various types (hairpin, bulge, internal, and junction loops) and pseudoknots of arbitrary complexity. Notably, DSSR employs isolated pairs and the ends of stems, whether pseudoknotted or not, to define junction loops. This new, inclusive definition provides a novel perspective on the spatial organization of RNA. Tests on all nucleic acid structures in the Protein Data Bank confirm the efficiency and robustness of the software, and applications to representative RNA molecules illustrate its unique features. DSSR and related materials are freely available at http://x3dna.org/.
The Relation Between Fourier Coefficients and RR Lyrae Magnitudes

The relation between the Fourier coefficients determined by the light curves of RR Lyrae variables in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy, the M5 cluster, and the unique globular cluster omega-Centauri is investigated. A couple of recent papers claim that it is possible to determine both metallicity and absolute magnitude of RR Lyrae stars from their period and two of the Fourier coefficients. However, this investigation show that fitting high order Fourier series to noisy and/or sparse data results in a large scatter in the determination of the absolute magnitudes. Unless we can find a reasonable way of smoothing noisy data, it will be difficult to use RR Lyrae's as standard candles.
Where is Political Science Going

Political science, as we currently understand the label, was born, in Western Europe, in the early Fifties. One may say that it was “reborn”; but that would be inaccurate, for in the nineteenth century and until World War Two the label indicated a captive discipline largely dominated by juridical or historical approaches (as in the case, e.g., of Gaetano Mosca). So political science had a new start and became a field of inquiry in its own right about half a century ago. I was, at the time, one of its founders (with Stein Rokkan, Juan Linz, Mattei Dogan, Hans Daalder, Erik Allardt, S. N. Eisenstadt, and others. See: Comparative European Politics: The Story of a Profession, edited by H. Daalder, 1997). I am thus one of the witnesses of what the “young turks” of the time had in mind, of how we conceived and promoted political science. I am now an “ancient sage” and it now pleases me to reflect, some fifty years later, on where political science has gone and on whether it has taken the right course, the course that I had wished for and expected. Thus to ask today, in the middle of Mitteleuropa, where political science has been heading is also to ask whether the new beginnings of the discipline in Eastern Europe should or should not follow the path entered by our “big brother,” I mean, by American-type political science. I too have been somewhat swallowed by our big brother (to be sure, a benevolent and well meaning one) in the sense that I have been teaching in the United States for some thirty years. Let me add that I have largely benefited from my American exposure. Yet I have always resisted and still resist the American influence. And I take this occasion to say why I am unhappy about the American molding of present day political science.
Subunit-specific Interactions of Cyanide with the N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor

Abstract Cyanide can potentiateN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated physiological responses in neurons. Here we show that this phenomenon may be attributable to a subunit-specific chemical modification of the receptor directly by the toxin.N-Methyl-d-aspartate (30 μm)-induced whole cell responses in mature (22–29 daysin vitro) rat cortical neurons were potentiated nearly 2-fold by a 3–5-min treatment with 2 mm potassium cyanide, as did a similar treatment with 4 mm dithiothreitol. A 1-min incubation with the thiol oxidant 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (0.5 mm) readily reversed the potentiation induced by either cyanide or dithiothreitol. Cyanide did not increase further currents previously potentiated by dithiothreitol nor was it able to potentiate responses during brief co-application with the agonist. Transient expression studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells with wild-type and mutated recombinantN-methyl-d-aspartate subunits (NR) demonstrated that cyanide selectively potentiated NR1/NR2A receptors, presumably via the chemical reduction of NR2A. In contrast, currents mediated by NR1/NR2B receptors were somewhat diminished by the metabolic inhibitor. Some of the effects of cyanide on NR1/NR2B receptors may be mediated by the formation of a thiocyanate adduct with a cysteine residue located in NR1. Cyanide thus is able to distinguish chemically between two different N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtypes and produce diametrically opposing functional effects.
Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses of the personality research Form-E

Two confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analytic models of the Personality Research Form-E are presented and discussed for the men's and women's standardization data (Jackson, 1974) (N = 215). The two models investigated were: (1) a six-factor model based on Jackson's conceptual framework for the Personality Research Form-E; and (2) the five-factor empirical model advanced by Fowler (1985). Overall, the patterns of correlations within each data matrix are highly similar, but the factor patterns, factor intercorrelations, as well as the error variances, do differ. The five-factor model was found to be more adequate generally, but produced no absolute fit to the data matrices, while the six-factor model invariably produced inaccurate estimates of the parameters. Comparisons of the completely estimated, Varimax-rotated factor loading matrices to that reported by Fowler found, on the whole, stronger similarity between matching factors for the women than for the men. The implications of this finding for the modelling of the PRF-E and its application in clinical contexts are considered at length.
Keeping Ether “En-Vogue”: The Role of Nathan Cooley Keep in the History of Ether Anesthesia

In this report, we explore the little known role of Dr Nathan Cooley Keep in the dissemination of ether anesthesia in Boston. Keep was a prominent Boston dentist who, for a short time, taught and employed both William Morton and Horace Wells. He used ether anesthesia for a variety of dental and other surgical procedures requiring pain control. Keep administered ether to anesthetize Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's wife during the delivery of their daughter. This was the first use of ether for obstetric anesthesia. Dr Keep was also the first Dean of the Harvard Dental School and convinced the Massachusetts General Hospital to appoint a dentist to the staff of the hospital for the first time.
Well Testing for Radially Heterogeneous Reservoirs Under Single and Multiphase Flow Conditions

In this work, the authors examine the behavior of pressure-transient data for single and multiphase flow in radially heterogeneous reservoirs. To illustrate multiphase flow behavior in these systems, they focus on heterogeneous gas-condensate reservoirs; however, they also consider other multiphase flow problems. It is well known that in some instances, e.g., water injection/falloff in homogeneous reservoirs, pressure-transient data from buildup (or falloff) tests cannot be obtained by superposition of drawdown (injection) pressure responses. In fact, drawdown and buildup reflect properties in different regions of the reservoir. This behavior is common to most occurrences of multiphase reservoir flow and is exaggerated in the presence of radial heterogeneity. This theoretical work describes the information contained in transient pressure derivative data and explains the fundamental difference in behavior between multiphase drawdown and buildup pressure-transient data in radially heterogeneous reservoirs. The authors show that multiphase buildup data may be treated like single-phase buildup data, but drawdown data is most indicative of properties in that region of the reservoir where mobility is changing most rapidly with time.
A computerized system to measure repetitive motion stress on the lower back

Abstract The BACSTRESS computer program measures the amount of risk of lower back injury for a repetitive motion task or job. It uses the MODAPTS engineered work measurement system as a base. Elements of the task that affect the back are isolated. Those forces and motions are further analyzed using BACSTRESS elements. These elements are used to calculate a BACSTRESS rating for the task that may be used to compare alternative methods of performing the task. This approach is particularly useful to ergonomists to provide data for job design. The simplicity of the system lends itself to involvement of first-line supervisors and operators in the job redesign.
An unsteady Euler scheme for the analysis of ducted propellers

An efficient unsteady solution procedure has been developed for analyzing inviscid unsteady flow past ducted propeller configurations. This scheme is first order accurate in time and second order accurate in space. The solution procedure has been applied to a ducted propeller consisting of an 8-bladed SR7 propeller with a duct of NACA 0003 airfoil cross section around it, operating in a steady axisymmetric flowfield. The variation of elemental blade loading with radius, compares well with other published numerical results.
Low‐Cost Enhancement Technique for Winter Habitat of Juvenile Coho Salmon

Abstract Tributaries of the Clearwater River, Washington, support substantial populations of overwintering juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. In 1983, a 4-year study was begun to determine if holes blasted in the mud substrate by explosives and subsequently flooded by creation of a small low-head dam could enhance these habitats economically. After treatment, overwinter survival and growth of coho salmon increased significantly.
A ghost in the growth machine: the aftermath of rapid population growth in Houston.

This paper focuses on the social and political consequences of rapid growth in cities outside the regions of traditional economic development in the US. This growth has occurred despite a number of broadly-defined environmental costs: 1) high intensity events common in the sunbelt states such as hurricanes severe storms flooding and tornadoes; 2) water depletion; 3) water and air pollution and 4) earthquakes. The recent downturn in the economies of several sunbelt states has confirmed the problems inherent in rapid expansion which outstrips the ability of the market or the public realm to consolidate the city into a coherent economic structure. Houston is an example of a once-thriving sunbelt city that is now caught in an economic as well as a political bind. The lack of zoning restrictions and a lack of realistic planning for the future has left Houston at risk. The urge to operate with minimal government interference has in the past been ameliorated by an ability to compete for and obtain large amounts of federal assistance both for capital projects and to deal with the aftermath of emergency situations. The policies of the city of Houston toward subsidence pollution and vulnerability to hurricanes have put residents at risk while protecting development interests. Subsidence has added 2 serious risk factors--flooding and increasing fault movement. Falling ridership figures and a projected decline in metropolitan population left the bus system with reduced routes an already overloaded highway system and no gains made in alleviating air pollution. Water pollution is also a serious problem. By emphasizing planning measures such as building codes Houston and Galveston communities encouraged rebuilding in high risk areas for hurricanes. Houstons attempts to provide a system of government in keeping with their rapid growth in population have occurred just as their economic fortunes have slipped in line with their energy prices. The reduction of federal expenditures on urban populations will result in toxic product generation and air pollution becoming progressively worse. In the future history will repeat itself resulting in massive urban inequalities political conflicts and a new generation of federal programs designed to alleviate poverty and environmental degradation.
Synthesis and characterization of alkylaluminum and -gallium derivatives of thiomorpholine. Molecular structures of Me3Al · N(H)C4H8S and [Et2Al(μ-NC4H8S)]2

Abstract Trialkylaluminum derivatives, R3Al (R  Me, Et or iBu), react with thiomorpholine, depending upon the conditions and stoichiometry, to give the adducts R3Al · N(H)C4H8S (R  Me, 1a; Et, 1b; iBu, 1c), R3Al · N(H)C4H8S · AIR3 (R  Me, 2a; iBu, 2b), the amido derivative [Et2Al(μ-NC4H8S)]2, 3, or the bridged amido adduct [R2Al(μ-NC4H8S)2 · (AIR3)2 (R  Et, 4a; iBu, 4b) and for Me3Ga the simple addition compound, Me3Ga · N(H)C4H8S, 5. The resulting compounds have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 1a and 3 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. 1a and 3 were found to be in the monoclinic cell system, space group P21 / c (No. 14) with cell constants for 1a: a = 8.452(4) A; b = 21.075(4) A; c = 12.267(2) A; β = 90. 37(2)° and Z = 8; for 3: a = 7.167(1) A; b = 13.547(2) A; c = 16.227(2) A; β = 96.74(1)° and Z = 4 (dimers). The structure of 1a was refined to a final R = 6.30% (Rw = 5.99%) based on 2029 observed reflections (I ⩾ 3.0η(I)). The molecule exists as an adduct with an average AlN bond distance of 2.03 A. The structure of 3 was refined to a final R = 5.93% (Rw = 4.62%) based on 1722 observed reflections (I ⩾ 3.0η(I)). The molecule exists as a dimer with a puckered four-member Al2N2 ring. The AlN bond distances range from 1.96 to 1.99 A. 1H NMR studies showed that formation of the addition complex at nitrogen locks the thiomorpholine ring in the chair conformation which leads to coupling (3J = 8–12 Hz) between the NH proton and the axial protons on the α ring-carbon.
The ecology and electrophoretic analysis of the damselfly, Argia vivida hagen, living in a geothermal gradient

The ecology and electrophoretic properties of a damselfly, Argia vivida Hagen, inhabiting a geothermal gradient were studied. Monthly sampling of five sites revealed nymphal colonization along a 15–40°C thermal gradient; greatest densities occurred between 15–27°C. An electrophoretic analysis of proteins suggest that nymphs were adapted to a wide range of temperatures which was evidenced by differential activity of four enzyme systems (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, and tetrazolium oxidase). Evidence suggests the nymphs acclimated to different temperatures by altering the structure of important isozymes and expressed certain genetic features characteristic of individuals naturally found at a given temperature.
Scrape cytology for intraoperative evaluation of lymph nodes in gynecologic cancer.

Abstract Objective: To compare scrape cytology with frozen section in accuracy and time required for preparation and interpretation and assess accuracy and surgical effect of scrape cytology as the only method of intraoperative evaluation of lymph nodes from women with gynecologic cancers. Methods: Between February 1998 and March 1999, 242 lymph nodes removed from 60 women with gynecologic cancers were submitted for scrape cytology alone (34 women, 177 lymph nodes) or with frozen section (26 women, 65 lymph nodes). Results of scrape cytology and time required for preparation and interpretation were compared with those from frozen section. Accuracy and proportion of incorrect surgical decisions based on combined evaluation by scrape cytology and frozen section were compared with those from scrape cytology alone. For statistical analysis, we used Student t test, χ2, and Cohen’s kappa statistics. Two-tailed P Results: There was excellent agreement between scrape cytology and frozen section (kappa = .78 with 95% confidence interval .495, 1.065). Scrape cytology had a higher accuracy than frozen section and required significantly less time (95.8% versus 87.5% and 14 ± 3.2 versus 25 ± 5.1 minutes, P Conclusion: Scrape cytology is as accurate and faster than frozen section in intraoperative evaluation of lymph nodes from women with gynecologic cancers. Adding frozen section to scrape cytology did not seem to improve accuracy or reduce incorrect surgical decisions.
Identification of early neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. II. An autoradiographic study in the mouse.

Early neurogenesis was studied in two series of mouse embryos with tritiated thymidine (3H-Tdr) autoradiography to determine (1) the time of origin and (2) the identity of the first postmitotic neurons. Time of origin was studied in embryos cumulatively labeled on the 9th–11th day of gestation (E8, E9, or E10, since the day of finding the vaginal plug is EO) and terminated after one cell cycle (8 hours). Autoradiographs were examined for unlabeled neurons, those which had undergone final DNA synthesis and which were usually also postmitotic. A 16-somite embryo, cumulatively labeled from the 6-somite stage, demonstrated 234 such cells in both alar and basal plates from the caudal diencephalon to the cervical spinal cord. Some of these young neurons, therefore, arose prior to neural tube closure, which begins at the 7-somite stage. Data from other embryos in this series suggests that the first neurons arise at the 1–2 somite stage. Early arising neurons were identified in embryos pulse labeled with 3H-Tdr during E8–11 and killed after postnatal day (P) 30, when neuronal types could be determined. Autoradiographs were examined for heavily labeled cells, those in final DNA synthesis at the time of treatment. Heavily labeled cells in the youngest mouse in this series (injected at E8½; ca. 8-somite stage) were primarily small-to medium-sized neurons of the brainstem reticular formation, but also some small neurons of the superior olivary nucleus and large primary sensory neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The earliest neurons in the spinal cord appeared early on E9, were medium sized, and were located in the ventral horn and the intermediate zone. Comparisons between the results of this study and those of McConnell and Sechrist ('80) in the chick suggest that the youngest stages of neurogenesis are similar. The first chick nerve cells arise just before formation of the first somites; a slightly later time is indicated in the mouse. Reticular neurons are the earliestarising cells in the chick and make up the majority of the population in each of the youngest chick and mouse stages obtained. Motor and sensory neurons do not begin to originate in large numbers until later, during E3 in the chick and E9 in the mouse.
Chemical defenses against herbivores and fungi limit establishment of fungal farms on salt marsh angiosperms

Abstract Within coastal salt marshes of eastern North America, the snail Littoraria irrorata facilitates fungal growth on live plant tissues to gain access to a palatable and nutritious fungal food source. This snail–fungal mutualism increases exposure of the foundation species Spartina alterniflora to infection, whereas fungal farming on other local marsh plants is rarely observed. We sought to identify traits from five salt marsh angiosperm species, such as chemical defenses against snails or fungi, which restrict L. irrorata habitat choice, feeding patterns, and ability to establish fungal farms. In the field and in mesocosm experiments, L. irrorata densities were significantly higher on S. alterniflora than on other available plants, indicating that S. alterniflora is a favored habitat for L. irrorata . Highly avoided plants were rich in chemical defenses that rendered these plants unpalatable to L. irrorata in feeding trials, whereas S. alterniflora extracts deterred L. irrorata feeding only slightly. Removal of plant structure did not alter L. irrorata preferences indicating a negligible role of tissue toughness as a defense. All plants in our study produced compounds that inhibited growth of fungi typically farmed by L. irrorata , although S. alterniflora antifungal compounds were weaker than those of other plant species, consistent with the observation of fungi only on wounded S. alterniflora tissues. We propose that the weak chemical defenses produced by S. alterniflora make it a preferred plant for fungal farming, whereas less abundant species that invest in potent chemical defenses against grazers and fungi are not as frequently colonized, consumed, or subjected to fungal farming by L. irrorata . The inability of S. alterniflora to adequately deter herbivores and pathogens may lead to increasing losses in plant biomass and reduce the ecosystem services provided by this foundational species.
Calcium, vitamin D, and bone health: how much do adults need?

Purpose – The intent of this review is to provide a nutritional background for the hypothesis that excessive intakes of calcium and, possibly, vitamin D in adults and the elderly may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.Design/methodology/approach – Recent scientific reports and literature reviews on the linkage between excessive dietary calcium consumption and cardiovascular calcification have been assessed. Prospective human data on this health concern is limited to one recent report from New Zealand of elderly women on calcium supplements for five years. Other supporting evidence is derived from experimental studies over the years and from observations of subjects with gastric ulcers who consumed excessive amounts of milk along with antacids and of “worried well” subjects who took excessive calcium supplements or yogurt.Findings – Calcium loading in arterial walls occurs under these conditions, even among those with healthy renal function, because atherosclerotic plaques in arteri...
Monoamine oxidase in the eye, brain, and whole embryo of developing Xenopus laevis.

Abstract Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in whole embryos, brains, and lateral eyes of developing Xenopus laevis. 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine precursor was introduced into an in vitro system, and after incubation radioactive 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid product was extracted and measured in a liquid scintillation counter. The MAO activity of whole embryos, measured from gastrula to premetamorphic larva, rose from almost undetectable to very high levels, which leveled off at limb bud stage. Eyes, measured from immediately after hatching, showed low activity which rose to limb bud stage and then leveled off. Brains, measured from somewhat later after hatching, had about twice the activity found in eyes but followed about the same pattern. Brains showed a higher concentration of MAO activity than whole embryos. These results were considered in relation to other enzymes measured in this same pathway and on the same animal. There appears to be an increase in indole enzyme activity during development and a concentration of this activity in the brain. The possible relation between available substrate released from stored yolk and increased enzyme activity was discussed.
Enhancing Access to Resources Through the Online Catalog and the Library Web Site: A Collaboration Between Public and Technical Services at Texas A&M University Libraries

ABSTRACT At Texas AM and (2) to enhance access to electronic resources through the addition of subject terms and alternative titles. This service has allowed public and technical services staff to work together to improve access to resources through the online catalog and the libraries' Web site. This paper provides examples of requests received between May 2003 and January 2004, and describes how this service has fostered greater communication between public and technical services personnel.
Reply to Turner's comments

In response to Turner it was argued that the maximizing outcomes assumption is plausible, his ‘continuous variable’ assumption is implausible, and his assertion that sets of pull scores yield unconfounded measures is incorrect. In addition to considering still further matters, such as the reduction of Tajfel matrices to simplified-binary matrices, data from two new experiments were presented. One experiment reveals that, contrary to Turner's reservations, the allocution of points (or money) to one own-group and one other-group member versus different own-group and different other-group members has no differential effect. The second experiment found that Turner's assertion that Bornstein et al.'s cover story created a sense of precedence that reduced fairness is incorrect. In view of the existence of a clearly superior alternative it was concluded that further use of the Tajfel matrices would be unwise.
Satisfaction and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents following transition to insulin pump therapy.

The purpose of this study was to describe satisfaction with the transition to insulin pump therapy and subsequent quality of life among 22 children with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Following the transition to pump therapy, children and parents completed a newly developed measure of insulin pump therapy satisfaction (Insulin Pump Therapy Satisfaction Questionnaire [IPTSQ]), and children completed a standardized measure of diabetes-related quality of life. IPTSQ results suggest that children and parents were overwhelmingly satisfied with insulin pump use. Parents and children reported greatest satisfaction with flexibility related to eating and sleeping afforded by pump therapy. Parent-child satisfaction were highly correlated (r = .53), and children's pump satisfaction was significantly positively correlated with diabetes-related quality of life (r = .51). These pilot data are among the first to document specific areas of satisfaction and indicate an association between insulin pump therapy satisfac...
GBS over WGS Using DVB-S and DVB-S2 (#1546)

This paper determines the link performance of Global Broadcast Service (GBS) when it is transitioned to Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) satellites. Current and future (smaller) GBS terminals as well as current Digital Video Broadcast-Satellite (DVB-S) and future (DVB-S2) Modems are considered. DVB-S2 provides a large increase in capability in terms of modulations and forward error correcting coding rates. In addition, DVB-S2 allows for different modulations and coding to different terminals using variable coding and modulation (different streams are coded with different, fixed parameters within the DVB-S2 physical layer frame). Further DVB-S2 allows adaptive coding and modulation whereby each frame is coded with its own set of parameters (which are dynamically modified according to reception conditions). The WGS performance will be based on a System Utilization Plan (SUP) including a frequency plan and beam configuration applied to the first WGS satellite placed in orbit at 175E. The WGS SUP includes a case where two uplink carriers in a single WGS 125 MHz channel are fanned-out to two Ka-band downlink beams where the downlink carriers share the same channel. Cases where the single GBS downlink carrier shares the 125 MHz channel with non-GBS traffic are also considered. A Theater Injection Point (TIP) uplink into a narrow beam with the downlink in a wide bean is also defined. Several propagation margins are considered to allow results to be applied to different receive terminal locations.
Mastery: The Key to Childbirth Satisfaction? A Review

: Two models are presented. The first proposes pain management as the key factor leading to satisfaction with childbirth. The second proposes mastery in childbirth as the key factor leading both to satisfaction and potentially to changes in personality traits such as self-esteem and locus of control A review of the literature is presented which is supportive of the Mastery Model.
Refocusing vibrating targets in SAR images

In synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) returned signals, ground-target vibrations introduce a phase modulation that is linearly proportional to the vibration displacement. Such modulation, termed the micro-Doppler effect, introduces ghost targets along the azimuth direction in reconstructed SAR images that prevents SAR from forming focused images of the vibrating targets. Recently, a discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT) based method was developed to estimate the vibration frequencies and instantaneous vibration accelerations of the vibrating targets from SAR returned signals. In this paper, a demodulation-based algorithm is proposed to reconstruct focused SAR images of vibrating targets by exploiting the estimation results of the DFrFT-based vibration estimation method. For a single-component harmonic vibration, the history of the vibration displacement is first estimated from the estimated vibration frequency and the instantaneous vibration accelerations. Then a reference signal whose phase is modulated by the estimated vibration displacement with a delay of 180 degree is constructed. After that, the SAR phase history from the vibration target is multiplied by the reference signal and the vibration-induced phase modulation is canceled. Finally, the SAR image containing the re-focused vibration target is obtained by applying the 2-D Fourier transform to the demodulated SAR phase history. This algorithm is applied to simulated SAR data and successfully reconstructs the SAR image containing the re-focused vibrating target.
Otolith chemistry indicates large-scale connectivity in Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi), a highly mobile species in the Southern Pacific Ocean

Chemistry in material laid down prior to capture along the edges of otoliths of Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) showed strong spatial heterogeneity corresponding to hydrographic structure across putative population boundaries between (i) the western and eastern South Pacific Ocean, and (ii) Chile and Peru. Yet the chemistry of the otolith nucleus, in material laid down during early life, showed no evidence supporting the existence of these boundaries. Instead, jack mackerel from New Zealand had similar nucleus chemistry to most sampling areas off South America; and those off southern Peru showed similar nucleus chemistry to most sampling areas off Chile. Strong differences were found between southern and northern Peru, and cluster analysis indicated this was caused by a group of fish off northern Peru with chemistry found nowhere else. Most other fish grouped in two clusters, which showed properties suggesting correspondence with a major spawning zone in oceanic water off central Chile, and a smaller area in coastal water off northern Chile, characterized by similar sea surface temperature, lack of westward transport, and low kinetic energy. Rather than discrete populations separated by boundaries, these results suggest complex spatial structure defined by environmentally mediated survival and connectivity: fish caught off New Zealand may be of South American origin; the spawning zone off central Chile may supply fisheries around the South Pacific; and spawning off northern Chile may be an important source of fish caught locally and in Peru. However, northern Peru does not supply areas further south.
Assessment of auditory cortex activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: The goal was to assess auditory cortex activation evoked by pure-tone stimulus with functional MRI. Methods: Five healthy children, aged 7 to 10 years, were studied. Hearing evaluation was performed by pure-tone audiometry in a sound-treated room and in the MRI scanner with the scanner noise in the background. Subjects were asked to listen to pure tones (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) at thresholds determined in the MRI scanner. Functional image processing was performed with a cross-correlation technique with a correlation coefficient of 0.5 (P < 0.0001). Auditory cortex activation was assessed by observing activated pixels in functional images. Results: Functional images of auditory cortex activation were obtained in 3 children. All children showed activation in Heschl’s gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and planum temporale. The number of activated pixels in auditory cortexes ranged from 4 to 33. Conclusions: Functional images of auditory cortex activation evoked by pure-tone stimuli are obtained in healthy children with the functional MRI technique. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:241-5.)
Arbitrarily high order characteristic methods for solving the neutron transport equation

Abstract We derive an arbitrarily high order characteristic method and describe its implementation in an Arbitrarily High Order Transport (AHOT) code, together with a previously derived nodal method. We test the accuracy and computational efficiency of the implemented methods by solving a one group homogeneous problem with three values of the scattering ratio, and a three group, three region shielding problem. We find that the nodal method is more accurate in computing quantities related to the scalar flux, while the characteristic method computes quantities strongly influenced by neutron streaming more accurately. The difference in accuracy between the two methods diminishes as the scattering ratio increases. Also, by monitoring the number of negative cell-averaged scalar fluxes as a fraction of the total number of computational cells in each case we find that even order methods are far less likely to produce negative fluxes. Furthermore, we observe that an even order characteristic method is less susceptible to converging negative cell-averaged scalar fluxes than the same order nodal method.
Regional Genetic Structure in the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) Suggests Metapopulation Dynamics

ABSTRACT. Using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (cytochrome oxidase 1 gene), we estimated levels of genetic structuring among nine Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colonies distributed throughout three major reproductive regions of the South Atlantic Ocean. Overall, breeding colonies showed relatively high levels of genetic diversity at both nuclear and mtDNA markers (mean heteorzygosity: He = 0.598; mean allelic diversity: A = 7.11; mtDNA haplotype diversity: h = 0.812). A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance based on microsatellite data showed limited genetic structuring of breeding colonies, with 99% of the variation explained by differences among individuals and 0.7–1.0% attributed to differences among the three regions. The mtDNA analysis revealed higher levels of genetic structuring, with 3.43% of the variation explained by regions and 2.24% explained by colonies within the regions. Furthermore, a Mantel test revealed a significant association betwee...
Using Experimental Design Techniques For Spacecraft Control Simulation

Experimental design techniques are used in this work to minimize the number of computer runs required to test a specific spacecraft control algorithm. These techniques save valuable computer simulation time and also produce a regression equation that approximately relates the inputs (assumed error sources) to the output (the control cost over a period of time). When the input data is coded appropriately, the relative sensitivity of the output to the various inputs can then be judged by the relative magnitude of the coefficients in the computed regression equation. This study is concerned with a spacecraft in orbit near libration (Lagrange) point L1 in the Sun- Earth system. In this orbit, the spacecraft remains between the Sun and the Earth and serves as an excellent platform for research relating to the numerous solar effects on the terrestrial environment. Station-keeping using a specified control algorithm is, however, required for this particular type of (unstable) orbit. For a given control routine, ...
The Hochschild homology of fatpoints

This paper calculates the Hochschild homology of fatpoints—rings of the formk[x 1,x 2,…,x d ]/m a wherek is a field of characteristic zero and m=(x 1 x 2,…,x d ). The calculation includes the multiplicative structure induced by the shuffle product. The answer is given in terms of the homology of tori relative to theira-diagonal. Since the rings in question are monoidal, this calculation also determines their topological Hochschild homology. By a theorem of Goodwillie, the dimensions of the cyclic homology groups of these rings are determined as well.
Liquid Film Hygrometer

An improved method of humidity measurement based on the dielectric constant of a liquid-solid mixture has shown agreement with a simple theory. The hygrometer has shown no measurable hysteresis and has identical time-response characteristics for increasing or decreasing humidity.
The distribution of standard rate constants for electron transfer between thiol-modified gold electrodes and adsorbed cytochrome c

Abstract The magnitude of the total rate constant of an electrochemical reaction at small overpotentials is shown to depend on the exponentials of the distance between the electron donor and acceptor, the reorganization energy, and the formal potential of the reaction. When a population distribution of one or more of these three parameters exists, the effect on the measured standard rate constant can be illuminated by using small-amplitude a.c. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Assuming a Gaussian distribution of the logarithm of the standard rate constants, the results from the system of cytochrome c molecules adsorbed on thiol-modified gold electrodes yield a standard deviation of approximately 0.5 for log k°/kavg°. The peak broadening of reversible voltammograms is related to a comparable distribution of formal potentials.
Specificity of innervation among Xenopus twitch muscle fibers

Abstract More than 50% of the Xenopus pectoralis twitch muscle fibers with two distant endplates are innervated at both sites by the same neuron. This study indicates that there are three separable twitch motor unit types in this muscle which show very little overlap in innervation. This study also shows that each motor unit is topographically localized and that similar type units are shifted relative to one another. It is concluded that these two factors may contribute importantly to the observed high incidence of mononeuronal innervation.