cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Whole Earth Telescope as an Instrument

High resolution power spectroscopy of rapid variable stars, the product of the Whole Earth Telescope observing network, has provided many observational surprises with which we can confront our current theories of stellar pulsation and evolution. We find that variable white dwarfs display significant changes on timescales of days, months and years, in addition to the rapid pulsations described by pulsation theory and the slow, secular drifts in period expected from the cooling process. These and other surprises convince us the network is a valuable research instrument, and its strengths and weaknesses are summarized in this context.
Constant-Round Concurrent Zero-Knowledge From Falsifiable Assumptions

Abstract : We present a constant-round concurrent zero-knowledge protocol for NP. Our protocol is sound against uniform polynomial-time attackers, and relies on the existence of families of collision-resistant hash functions, and a new (but in our eyes, natural) falsifiable intractability assumption: Roughly speaking, that Micali's non-interactive CS-proofs are sound for languages in P.
Elevated Amylase Levels as a Result of Self-Induced Hypersalivation

A patient with recurrent vomiting, abdominal pain, and elevated serum amylase activity may have pancreatitis. Although elevated serum amylase levels are a sensitive indicator for acute pancreatitis, this test is not highly specific for pancreatic disease. A patient is described who illustrates the need for specific laboratory, historical, and occasional psychological evaluation in pediatric patients with elevated amylase values.
Soil Erosion in Humid Regions: A Review

Soil erosion has significant implications for land productivity and surface water quality, as sediment is the leading water pollutant worldwide. Here, erosion processes are defined. The dominant factors influencing soil erosion in humid areas are reviewed, with an emphasis on the roles of precipitation, soil moisture, soil porosity, slope steepness and length, vegetation, and soil organisms. Erosion dynamics in forested watersheds are the focus with some examples from agricultural watersheds included as well. Lastly, best management practices for controlling surface erosion are discussed.
Realization of an atomic microwave power standard

We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel microwave power standard based on the electromagnetic interaction with cold atoms. Under the effect of the radiation, the internal state populations will undergo a Rabi oscillation. The measurement of its frequency will allow the determination of the electromagnetic field strength.
Why Worldwide Welfare as a Normative Standard in U.S. Tax Policy

Debate about U.S. international tax policy often emphasizes norms, such as capital export neutrality (CEN) and capital import neutrality (CIN), that relate to worldwide welfare rather than U.S. national welfare. While this focus may seem paradoxical, or at least surprisingly altruistic in a world full of self-interested players, it potentially makes sense from a purely national perspective. Worldwide welfare norms can strengthen the impetus to cooperate with other countries rather than following beggar-your-neighbor strategies, potentially making all countries better off if adherence to the worldwide norm is sufficiently reciprocal. This suggests that criticisms of U.S. international tax policy debate for focusing too much on worldwide norms such as CEN and CIN, and too little on the interests of the American people, are misguided. CEN and CIN are in fact tools for promoting national welfare in the broader setting of a global prisoner's dilemma. More attention should, however, be paid to strategic interactions and to the question of when the U.S. is most likely to benefit from cooperating and from defecting in the worldwide tax policy setting.
Absence of tolerance to the behavioral effects of methylphenidate in hyperactive and inattentive children.

To determine whether the behavioral benefits of methylphenidate in hyperactive and inattentive children decline during long-term treatment, we analyzed data from 108 hyperactive students who responded well to methylphenidate therapy for 3 to 10 years. Responders were identified by their consistent improvement from baseline on standard teacher rating scales. The therapeutically effective drug doses were corrected for body size and evaluated in relation to increasing age and treatment duration. Body size corrections included milligrams per kilogram, milligrams per kilogram to the 0.7th power, and milligrams per square meter of estimated body surface area. The major findings were that (1) the dose of methylphenidate, when adjusted for growth, did not change significantly during the 3 to 10 years of treatment; (2) the loss of a previously satisfactory response to methylphenidate treatment was uncommon (6%) and when present was related to middle school enroliment, male gender, noncompllance with medication, and lower than customary dosage; (3) the dose calculations that minimized the effects of growth with age were milligrams per kilogram to the 0.7th power and milligrams per square meter of estimated body surface area; and (4) the commonly used milligrams per kilogram dose consistently overcorrected for growth with advancing age.
Behind the scenes of google maps navigation: enabling actionable user feedback at scale

This case study describes an Android-based feedback mechanism, created to gain structured input on prototypes of Google Maps Navigation, a mobile GPS navigation system, during real-world usage. We note the challenges faced, common to many mobile projects, and how we addressed them. We describe the user flow for submitting feedback; the resulting feedback report from the team's perspective; our triaging process for the high volume of incoming data; and the results & benefits gleaned from using this system. Learnings and recommendations are provided, to aid mobile teams who may be interested in developing a similar system for their working prototype, particularly if real-world testing is required.
Freshmen Conduct a National Survey

won a grant from GMU's Technology Across the Curriculum project and was able to hire a graduate assistant and three undergraduate apprentices during the summer of 2000. Under Guagnano's leadership, they pored over literature on civic disengagement and electoral participationespecially among the 18-25 year-old sector-and drafted a series of topics to be included in the survey for that fall. echnolog -?eachm & viewee: "If you ever call my house again I will personally come and kill your dog." Even the students who did not particularly enjoy the project found that it
Performance of dispatching rules under perfect sequencing flexibility

Presents the results of a simulation-based study of the effects of sequencing flexibility on the performance of various scheduling rules in environments such as job shops and flexible manufacturing systems. A quantitative metric is proposed for sequencing flexibility. Relative differences in the performance of various scheduling rules diminish and the relative rankings also change as sequencing flexibility increases. It is found that the shortest processing time rule may not be the best scheduling rule for reducing inventories and flow times if sequencing flexibility is present in product structures and is used to advantage. Effects on due-date-related criteria are also presented. >
Laboratory studies on the biology ofSpalangia nigra [Hym.: Pteromalidae]

At 21 °C,Spalangia nigra Latreille (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) averaged 29.3 days between exposure and emergence of 1st progeny from host house flies,Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). At 27 °C, the average developmental time to 1st emergence was reduced to 26.6 days, and a majority of adult wasps emerged from host house fly puparia between 29 and 40 days postoviposition. The sex ratio of progeny ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 female-to-male, but all progeny of virgin females were male. Male wasps lived from 6.8–15 and females 11–17.8 days at 27 °C; honey as a food source increased longevity. No significant differences in parasitism byS. nigra were associated with host house fly pupal densities ranging from 1 to 200 pupae per female-male pair of wasps, but average percent parasitism decreased at host densities greater than 50. House fly pupae exposed to parasitism at ages ranging from 4 to 96 h did not differ in subsequent production of adult flies.S. nigra did not demonstrate preference for house flies or stable flies,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) as hosts. The results of these studies indicate thatS. nigra may contribute significantly to previously unexplained mortality of house flies and stable flies.
Landslides on sandpiles: Some moment relations in one dimension

Several relations between the structure of stable recurrent states and the statistics of avalanches in a one-dimensional sandpile automaton are derived and numerically verified. In particular, it is shown that the average avalanche size is determined by the second rather than the first moment of the distribution of trough distances. The two moments scale differently with system size, which implies multiscaling for the distribution. Moreover, the scaling of edge events (avalanches which fall off the pile) is shown to differ from that of bulk events (avalanches which remain on the pile).
Palivizumab Utilization and Compliance: Trends in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Florida

Objectives To analyze adherence to guidelines to prevent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and to a monthly immunoprophylaxis schedule in the absence of prior authorization requirements. Study design Among Florida Medicaid fee-for-service recipients 0 to 2 years of age from the 1998/1999 season through the 2004/2005 season with available birth certificates, we identified indications for palivizumab prophylaxis based on claims data. At least 4 doses of palivizumab in the 5 core season-months were considered full season coverage. Results Of 302 101 children-seasons, 6089 were associated with 24 469 doses of palivizumab. In the 2004/2005 season, 73.6% of children with chronic lung disease received immunoprophylaxis, 67.6% children with gestational age Conclusions High utilization rates were found in children with multiple indications, and compliance with a monthly schedule was consistently high. One third of doses were administered outside of guidelines, suggesting suboptimal utilization of resources in the absence of prior authorization.
Acoustic Emission Characterization of the Onset of Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete

ABSTRACT The development of techniques capable of evaluating deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) is instrumental to the advancement of the structural health monitoring (SHM) and service life estimate for constructed facilities. One of the main causes leading to degradation of RC is the corrosion of the steel reinforcement. This process can be modeled phenomenologically, while labora tory tests aimed at studying durability respon ses are typically accelerated in order to provide useful results within a realistic period of time. Among nondestructive methods, acoustic emission (AE) is emerging as a tool to detect the onset and progression of deterioration mechanisms. In this paper, the development of accelerated corrosion and continuous AE monitoring test set-up for RC specimens are presented. Relevant information are provided with regard to the characteristics of the corrosion circuit, continuous measurement and acquisition of corrosion potential, selection of AE sensors and AE parameter setting. Results from small-scale pre-notched RC specimens aim to isolate the frequency sp ectrum where the corrosion first takes pl ace. Waveform analysis critical in the definition of a prognosis model will extend th e AE dataset for the onset of corrosion. Key words : acoustic emission, corrosion, reinforced concrete , accelerated test, steel re inforcement, service life 1.
Intracellular signals and the cytoskeleton: the interactions of phosphoinositide kinases and small G proteins in adherence, ruffling and motility

Abstract Many different cellular structures are formed by actin. Recent work has begun to identify signal transduction pathways that regulate actin. Small G proteins in the rho family mediate the formation of membrane ruffles, filopodia, stress fibres and focal adhesions. Phosphoinositide kinases interact with these small G proteins to activate them and transduce their signals. Protein kinases also transduce small G protein signals and regulate actin-based structures. In this review I will focus on the roles of small G proteins and phosphoinositide kinases in signaling pathways related to actin.
Serum fractions and related agonists with calcium-mobilizing activity in the bovine growth plate chondrocyte.

Longitudinal growth of bone involves a complex sequence of cellular events in the cartilaginous epiphysis. Whole blood serum has been shown previously to be a potent stimulus to the cells of the growth plate, as demonstrated by its ability to activate the inositol phosphate-calcium second messenger system resulting in a rise in intracellular Ca2+. By manipulating the preparation of serum to functionally separate it into its constituent parts, we have shown that the processes of platelet lysis and activation of the clotting cascade are responsible for the generation of factors that stimulate this signaling mechanism in isolated bovine growth plate chondrocytes. Through a subsequent trial of bioactive agents generated in these processes, we identified and partially characterized several novel agonists of growth plate chondrocytes: adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate, the purine energy substrates, and bradykinin, the bioactive peptide generated in a side reaction of the clotting cascade, each induces a rise in intracellular Ca2+ via release from intracellular ion stores. Additionally, the three distinct isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (AA, AB and BB), also released on platelet lysis, were compared with respect to their ability to stimulate the inositol phosphate-calcium second messenger system in growth plate chondrocytes.
Direct liquefaction of coal using ferric-sulfide-based, mixed-metal catalysts containing Mg or Mo

Direct liquefaction of coal was studied using ferric-sulfide-based mixed-metal catalysts containing magnesium or molybdenum as the second metal. The catalysts were mostly impregnated in situ on the coal, although physical mixtures of catalyst and coal were also used in some runs for comparison. The liquefaction was performed at 350–440°C under a hydrogen pressure of 6.9 MPa (cold). Tetralin and phenanthrene were used as solvents. The catalytic effects became more evident with phenanthrene as solvent. The activities of impregnated catalysts were 5–8% higher than those of the physical mixtures of catalyst and coal. The addition of magnesium was found to be not particularly beneficial to the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. The addition of molybdenum increased the catalyst activity by up to 8 wt%, resulting in conversions of >90 wt% at 400°C. The yield of the oil fraction also increased considerably in the presence of molybdenum, especially at 400 and 440°C. The activity of the catalyst decreased by ∼5% when it was exposed to air.
The path of DNA in the kinetochore

Document S1. Supplemental Results and Two FiguresxDownload (.24 MB ) Document S1. Supplemental Results and Two Figures
Stretch-activated ion channels in smooth muscle: a mechanism for the initiation of stretch-induced contraction

As in many smooth muscle tissue preparations, single smooth muscle cells freshly dissociated from the stomach of the toadBufo marinus contract when stretched. Stretch-activated channels have been identified in these cells using patch-clamp techniques. In both cell-attached and excised inside-out patches, the probability of the channel being open (P o) increases when the membrane is stretched by applying negative pressure to the extracellular surface through the patch pipette. The increase inP o is mainly due to a decrease in closed time durations, but an increase in open time duration is also seen. The open-channel current-voltage relationship shows inward rectification and is not appreciably altered when K+ is substituted for Na+ as the charge-carrying cation in Ca2+-free (2 mM EGTA) pipette solutions bathing the extracellular surface of the patch. The inclusion of physiological concentrations of Ca2+ (1.8 mM) in pipette solutions (containing high concentrations of Na+ and low K+) significantly decreases the slope conductance as well as the unitary amplitude. The channel also conducts Ca2+, since inward currents were observed using pipette solutions in which Ca2+ ions were the only inorganic cations. When simulating normal physiological conditions, we find that substantial ionic current is conducted into the cell when the channel is open. These characteristics coupled with the high density of the stretch-activated channels point to a key role for them in the initiation of stretch-induced contraction.
Revised Miocene and Pliocene diatom biostratigraphy of Upper Newport Bay, Newport Beach, California

Abstract North Pacific diatom zones XXIII through IX of Schrader are recognizable in the middle Miocene to lower Pliocene stratigraphic section exposed around Upper Newport Bay in Newport Beach, California. Correlation with DSDP Site 173 and other stratigraphic sections in California allows the selection of diatom datums that are the most reliable for long-distance correlation. Individual diatom datums are proposed as markers for North Pacific diatom zones XXIII through IX. Correlations with DSDP Site 173 reveal a hiatus in the lower part of Core 15 that corresponds with a distinct lithologic and floral change in the core. Preliminary silicoflagellate data for the Upper Newport Bay stratigraphic section supports the diatom correlations. Correlation with calcareous nannofossil, radiolarian, and silicoflagellate zones at Upper Newport Bay and at DSDP Site 173 suggests that the boundary between North Pacific diatom zones XVII and XVI approximates the middle Miocene/upper Miocene boundary. The Miocene/Pliocene boundary is estimated to be in North Pacific diatom zone X. One new stratigraphically useful diatom species is described,Lithodesmium reynoldsii.
Neoclassical Transportation in the ELMO Bumpy Torus

In the ELMO bumpy torus, neoclassical transport coefficients depend critically on the ambipolar electric field. These coefficients, calculated for arbitrary radial electric fields, are applied in a one-dimensional radial-transport calculation which, for the first time, treats the electric field self-consistently. This purely classical model predicts many features of experimentally operation including a steady-state solutions with radially inward-pointing ambipolar fields.
Sterilization, contraception and abortion: Global issues for women

Throughout history and across all cultures, people have sought ways to control fertility. Nevertheless, it is estimated that about 25% of married women in sub-Saharan Africa, 18% in Latin America and the Caribbean and 13% in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa have an unmet need for contraception. Inadequate health and family planning programmes which are the result of unrealistic policy setting or lack of funding leave many without the knowledge and means to regulate their fertility safely and effectively.
Optics of Ethylenediamine Tartrate at Elevated Temperatures

ETHYLENEDIAMINE TARTRATE, C6H14N2O6, prepared from tartaric acid and ethylenediamine in equimolecular proportions, is a water-soluble piezoelectric compound which crystallizes in the monoclinic system at room temperature.
Bacteria produce the volatile hydrocarbon isoprene

Various bacterial species, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, were found to produce the volatile hydrocarbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene). Out of the tested cultures, Bacillus produced the most isoprene. The production of isoprene from bacteria was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Media and growth effects on isoprene production were investigated: growth in rich media led to higher levels of isoprene than growth in minimal media, and highest isoprene emission rates were seen in log-phase cultures. Temperature profiles for bacterial isoprene production showed an optimum of 45 degrees C and were suggestive of an enzymatic mechanism for isoprene formation.
A Paradigm of Educational Change: Major Factors in Renewal and Change

The rate and direction of educational change are major concerns throughout the literature on educational change. The lack of a broad-based, comprehensive model has further been identified. The purpose of this paper has been to integrate a variety of models and paradigms of educational change into one comprehensive model/paradigm.To do this the literature of management information systems, system analysis and synthesis, management science, and the behavioral sciences was reviewed and a search for compatible data elements was made. From this search and comparison came the generic paradigm presented in this paper.The paradigm is basically a “linking model,” with influence to be seen from a variety of other disciplines, as mentioned above. Components of this paradigm which make it somewhat unique are: community involvement, “temporary systems,” force-field analysis, forcing function, professional education, and computer managed and client assisted change. These concepts have existed independently in the liter...
Rate- and rhythm-control therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review.

Background The comparative effectiveness of treatments for atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain. Purpose To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of rate- and rhythm-control therapies. Data sources English-language studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between January 2000 and November 2013. Study selection Two reviewers independently screened citations to identify comparative studies that assessed rate- or rhythm-control therapies in patients with AF. Data extraction Reviewers extracted data on study design, participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes, applicability, and quality. Data synthesis 200 articles (162 studies) involving 28,836 patients were included. When pharmacologic rate- and rhythm-control strategies were compared, strength of evidence (SOE) was moderate supporting comparable efficacy with regard to all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.34 [95% CI, 0.89 to 2.02]), cardiac mortality (OR, 0.96 [CI, 0.77 to 1.20]), and stroke (OR, 0.99 [CI, 0.76 to 1.30]) in older patients with mild AF symptoms. Few studies compared rate-control therapies and included outcomes of interest, which limited conclusions. For the effect of rhythm-control therapies in reducing AF recurrence, SOE was high favoring pulmonary vein isolation versus antiarrhythmic medications (OR, 5.87 [CI, 3.18 to 10.85]) and the surgical maze procedure (including pulmonary vein isolation) done during other cardiac surgery versus other cardiac surgery alone (OR, 7.94 [CI, 3.63 to 17.36]). Limitation Studies were heterogeneous in interventions, populations, settings, and outcomes. Conclusion Pharmacologic rate- and rhythm-control strategies have comparable efficacy across outcomes in primarily older patients with mild AF symptoms. Pulmonary vein isolation is better than antiarrhythmic medications at reducing recurrences of AF in younger patients with paroxysmal AF and mild structural heart disease. Future research should address uncertainties related to subgroups of interest and the effect of different therapies on long-term clinical outcomes. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Astrotactin: a novel neuronal cell surface antigen that mediates neuron-astroglial interactions in cerebellar microcultures

A microculture system for mouse cerebellar cells has been used to identify an immune activity, raised in rabbits against postnatal cerebellar cells, that blocks neuron-glial interactions in vitro. In the presence of blocking antibodies, stable neuron-glial contacts did not form and neuronal induction of glial process outgrowth did not occur. Subsequently, neurons were randomly arranged in the cultures rather than organized along the arms of astroglia. We have named the immune activity that blocks neuron-astroglial interactions anti-astrotactin. Partial purification of the anti-astrotactin blocking antibodies was obtained by cellular absorption with PC12 cells, a clonal cell line which expresses both the N-CAM and NILE (Ng-CAM, L1) glycoproteins. Subsequent absorption with purified cerebellar granule cells, but not with astroglial cells, removed the blocking activity, suggesting that the antigen(s) bound by blocking antibodies are neuronal. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine- or [3H]fucose-radiolabeled Triton extracts of early postnatal cerebellar cells showed that the unabsorbed antiserum recognized a large number of proteins. Among these were bands with apparent molecular masses of N-CAM (180 and 140 kD) and NILE (230 kD). After absorption of the immune serum with PC12 cells, the number of bands recognized by the antiserum was reduced to a prominent band at 100 kD and a diffuse smear of material between 80 and 90 kD. The prominent band at 100 kD was removed by subsequent absorption of the immune serum with granule cells, a step which removed the blocking activity in the cerebellar microculture assay. Further evidence suggests that the astrotactin activity is missing or defective on granule cells from the neurological mutant mouse weaver, an animal that suffers a failure of glial-guided neuronal migration. When anti-astrotactin Fab fragments were pre-absorbed with weaver cerebellar neurons and then tested in the functional assay of neuron-glial interactions, the immune blocking activity was not removed. In contrast, wild-type cerebellar neurons removed the anti-astrotactin blocking activity under the same conditions. Subsequently, when [3H]fucose-radiolabeled Triton extracts of weaver and normal cells were immunoprecipitated with whole or PC12-absorbed anti-astrotactin antiserum, the intensity of the band at 100 kD was reduced by 95% in weaver cells.
Geometric interpretations of two branching theorems of D.E. Littlewood

Abstract D.E. Littlewood proved two branching theorems for decomposing the restriction of an irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a unitary group to a symmetric subgroup. One is for restriction of a representation of U ( n ) to the rotation group SO ( n ) when the given representation τ λ of U ( n ) has nonnegative highest weight λ of depth ⩽ n /2. It says that the multiplicity in τ λ | SO ( n ) of an irreducible representation of SO ( n ) of highest weight ν is the sum over μ of the multiplicities of τ λ in the U ( n ) tensor product τ μ ⊗ τ ν , the allowable μ 's being all even nonnegative highest weights for U ( n ). Littlewood's proof is character-theoretic. The present paper gives a geometric interpretation of this theorem involving the tensor products τ μ ⊗ τ ν explicitly. The geometric interpretation has an application to the construction of small infinite-dimensional unitary representations of indefinite orthogonal groups and, for each of these representations, to the determination of its restriction to a maximal compact subgroup. The other Littlewood branching theorem is for restriction from U (2 r ) to the rank- r quaternion unitary group Sp ( r ). It concerns nonnegative highest weights for U (2 r ) of depth ⩽ r , and its statement is of the same general kind. The present paper finds an analogous geometric interpretation for this theorem also.
Natural-orifice transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy in humans: Initial clinical trial

Background Natural-orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a possible advancement for surgical interventions. We initiated a pilot study in humans to investigate feasibility and develop the techniques and technology necessary for NOTES. Reported herein is the first human clinical trial of NOTES, performing transoral transgastric diagnostic peritoneoscopy.
3D single molecule tracking and superresolution microscopy using multifocal plane microscopy

The study of cellular processes in three-dimensions is severely limited by the lack of imaging methodologies that allow for fast 3D tracking of cellular events and 3D superresolution imaging of sub-cellular structures. We have developed a 3D imaging modality, multifocal plane microscopy (MUM), that provides a powerful approach for 3D single molecule tracking and 3D superresolution microscopy. Here we review the technical challenges associated with 3D single molecule localization that is fundamental to both 3D tracking and 3D superresolution, and discuss how MUM overcomes these problems.
Addressing insider threat using “where you are” as fourth factor authentication

Current physical and cybersecurity systems have been relying on traditional three factor authentication to mitigate the threats posed by insider attacks. Typically, systems use one or two of the following factors to authenticate end-users: what you know (e.g., password), what you have (e.g., RSA ID), or what you are (e.g., fingerprint). Systems based on these factors have the following limitations: 1) access is typically bound to a single authentication occurrence leading to remote vulnerabilities, 2) the factors have little impact against persistent insider threats, and 3) many of the authentication systems violate system design principles such as user psychological acceptability by inconveniencing the end-users. In order to mitigate the identified limitations, we propose the usage of “where you are” as a complementary factor that can significantly improve both cybersecurity and physical security. Having accurate location tracking as a new factor for authentication: 1) provides continuous identification tracking and continuous mediation of access to resources, 2) requires remote threats to acquire a physical presence, 3) allows for the enforcement of cybersecurity and physical security policies in real-time through automation, and 4) provides enhanced security without inconveniencing the end-users. Using the strength of location as an authentication factor, this paper specifies design requirements that must be present in an insider-threat Prevention System (iTPS) that is capable of actively monitoring malicious insider behaviors. iTPS has the potential to radically change the physical protection systems and cybersecurity landscape by providing practitioners with the first-of-its-kind tool for real-time insider-threat prevention capabilities. iTPS is particularly suited to address the safety and security needs of critical infrastructure, nuclear facilities, and emergency response situations.
Reverse osmosis of milk with thin-film composite membranes

Abstract The effect of operating parameters (transmembrane pressure, flow rate, temperature and feed concentration) on the performance of a spiral-wound and a tubular thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane during the concentration of milk was studied. No permeation was observed until the applied transmembrane pressure exceeded the osmotic pressure of the feed (0.70–0.76 MPa or 100–110 psi). With all modules, flux increased linearly with applied transmembrane pressure up to about 2.1–2.8 MPa. Flux then became asymptotic and decreased at much higher pressures. The pressure at which maximum flux was obtained was higher with higher flow rate. In comparison to cellulose acetate, the composite membranes gave higher flux and better rejection of salts and sugars; the difference in permeate quality was greater at higher concentration factors. Flux declined with feed concentration, as expected for an osmotic pressure-limited system. Under otherwise equivalent operating conditions, higher flux could be obtained with the tubular unit but at the expense of higher energy consumption. Substantial energy savings are possible by incorporating RO in certain milk evaporation and dehydration plants, depending on the design of the evaporation system.
Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1,500 years

A new reconstruction of Atlantic basin-wide hurricane occurrences for the past 1,500 years shows that although recent hurricane activity is unusually high, activity during the medieval warm period around AD 1000 was as high or even higher. The reconstructions are based on two independent techniques: a composite of regional sedimentary evidence of landfalling hurricanes and a statistical model of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity driven by proxy reconstructions of past climate changes. Tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic, as measured by annual storm counts, reached unusually high levels over the past decade. This recent activity is now placed in a longer-term context by comparing two independent estimates of hurricane activity over the past 1,500 years; there is evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during medieval times (around AD 1000) that rivals or exceeds recent levels of activity. Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, as measured by annual storm counts, reached anomalous levels over the past decade1. The short nature of the historical record and potential issues with its reliability in earlier decades, however, has prompted an ongoing debate regarding the reality and significance of the recent rise2,3,4,5. Here we place recent activity in a longer-term context by comparing two independent estimates of tropical cyclone activity over the past 1,500 years. The first estimate is based on a composite of regional sedimentary evidence of landfalling hurricanes, while the second estimate uses a previously published statistical model of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity driven by proxy reconstructions of past climate changes. Both approaches yield consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during medieval times (around ad 1000) followed by a subsequent lull in activity. The statistical model indicates that the medieval peak, which rivals or even exceeds (within uncertainties) recent levels of activity, results from the reinforcing effects of La-Nina-like climate conditions and relative tropical Atlantic warmth.
Gauge invariance and gauge independence of the S-matrix in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic quantum field theories

Abstract The gauge independence of transition rates as opposed to the gauge invariance of the equations of motion and gauge dependence of operators and state vectors is critically examined and explicitly demonstrated, both in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Time independent as well as time dependent gauge transformations are explicitly analyzed using several techniques in order to clarify the physical content and significance of gauge independence and the conditions for its applicability.
Far-infrared internal rotation spectrum of CH3OD and CD3OD

Abstract The far-infrared spectra of the Q branches of hindered rotation in CH 3 OD and CD 3 OD have been investigated in the 80- to 250-cm −1 spectral region. The theoretical spectra are calculated using the full set of Kirtman constants and are compared with the experimental spectra of resolutions up to 0.13 cm −1 .
Iodine doping of poly(3‐undecylbithiophene) and its composites with polystyrene using supercritical carbon dioxide

Partially doped conductive poly(3-undecylbithiophene) and its composites with porous, crosslinked polystyrene were chemically doped with iodine using supercritical carbon dioxide to transport iodine to the conductive regions of the composite. The amount of iodine incorporated into the composite increased from 9.3 wt % at ambient conditions without carbon dioxide to 21.4 wt % in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide. The conductivity of the composite increased by up to two orders of magnitude with iodine doping using supercritical carbon dioxide. The highest conductivity was obtained in samples treated at moderate temperatures and pressures (313 K and 20.7 MPa). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3876–3881, 2003
Instructional Product Evaluation Using the Staged Innovation Design.

In instructional program evaluation, pretest scores typically are compared to posttest scores, and any change is attributed to the instructional program. Such a pretest-posttest evaluation design ignores the possible existence of threats to internal validity. In contrast, the Staged Innovation Design makes use of an experimental and a control-replication group by not introducing the program to all learners at once. Use of the Staged Innovation Design allows for posttest scores for an experimental group to be compared to both pretest and posttest scores of a control-replication group to ascertain the instructional effectiveness of the program. In the study reported here, the Staged Innovation Design was modified with the addition of a simultaneous pretest for both groups prior to the introduction of the program to the control group. As altered, this design controls for threats to internal validity while providing options for multiple comparisons on which to base a contention that the program is instructionally effective.
A novel regulatory metal binding domain is present in the C terminus of Arabidopsis Zn2+-ATPase HMA2.

Abstract HMA2 is a Zn2+-ATPase from Arabidopsis thaliana. It contributes to the maintenance of metal homeostasis in cells by driving Zn2+ efflux. Distinct from P1B-type ATPases, plant Zn2+-ATPases have long C-terminal sequences rich in Cys and His. Removal of the 244 amino acid C terminus of HMA2 leads to a 43% reduction in enzyme turnover without significant effect on the Zn2+ K½ for enzyme activation. Characterization of the isolated HMA2 C terminus showed that this fragment binds three Zn2+ with high affinity (Kd = 16 ± 3nm). Circular dichroism spectral analysis indicated the presence of 8% α-helix, 45% β-sheet, and 48% random coil in the C-terminal peptide with noticeable structural changes upon metal binding (8% α-helix, 39% β-sheet, and 52% random coil). Zn K-edge XAS of Zn-C-MBD in the presence of one equivalent of Zn2+ shows that the average zinc complex formed is composed of three His and one Cys residues. Upon the addition of two extra Zn2+ ions per C-MBD, these appear coordinated primarily by His residues thus, suggesting that the three Zn2+ binding domains might not be identical. Modification of His residues with diethyl pyrocarbonate completely inhibited Zn2+ binding to the C terminus, pointing out the importance of His residues in Zn2+ coordination. In contrast, alkylation of Cys with iodoacetic acid did not prevent Zn2+ binding to the HMA2 C terminus. Zn K-edge XAS of the Cys-alkylated protein was consistent with (N/O)4 coordination of the zinc site, with three of those ligands fitting for His residues. In summary, plant Zn2+-ATPases contain novel metal binding domains in their cytoplasmic C terminus. Structurally distinct from the well characterized N-terminal metal binding domains present in most P1B-type ATPases, they also appear to regulate enzyme turnover rate.
Physics-based memristor models

In order to utilize memristors in circuits, one needs high-quality predictive models that can be used for simulations to act as a design aid. Whenever possible, we base our models on the known physics of the memristors we are using. To that end, we perform a wide range of materials characterizations and electronic measurements on which to base the model. However, given the complexity of the physical processes that occur in the devices, such as drift-diffusion-thermophoresis in ion-migration based memristors and Mott transitions in locally active memristors, the corresponding detailed mathematical descriptions are far too complex to solve analytically and numerical solutions are too time consuming to include in a simulation. We thus need to find simpler, analytical approximations that can match the measured behavior of the memristors over many orders of magnitude in time and a wide range of applied voltage. We present some new models that we have developed and describe how they are derived.
A note on dipole sources in conducting biological tissues

The study of current flow fields in biologicaltissue requires finding the potential field from dipole sources such that the normal gradient vanishes at the exterior surface. A convenient way to determine the dipole field is by taking the gradient of the potential field set up by a point source. However, the point source problem is ill-posed when the normal gradient is required to vanish at the outer surface. In the paper the nature of this problem is discussed and several methods for overcoming the difficulty are presented.
A theorem on discrete groups and some consequences of Kazdan's thesis

Abstract Let G be a noncompact simple Lie group, and let Γ be a discrete subgroup of G such that G Γ has finite volume. The main result of this paper is that the left ring of Γ is a Type II1 von Neumann algebra. This result in turn is applied to solve, in some generality, a problem in dynamical systems posed by I. M. Gelfand.
A Study of Neutral V Particles

The $V$ particles produced in penetrating showers have been studied in a cloud chamber containing lead plates. The results can be interpreted in terms of two types of neutral unstable particles, ${{V}_{1}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${{V}_{2}}^{0}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\pi}$, although other possibilities are not excluded by our data. Analysis of the dynamics of three-particle decay indicates that such a process must still be considered as possible. The lifetimes of the particles have been calculated, taking into account the bias introduced by the finite size of the cloud chamber. If we use average values for the masses of the unstable particles, the lifetime for the ${{V}_{1}}^{0}$ is (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec and for the ${{V}_{2}}^{0}$ is (4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec.
A Method for the Separation of the Cyanogen Bromide Fragments of Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract An improved method is described for the separation of the five CNBr fragments of bovine serum albumin. Gel filtration and carboxy-methyl cellulose chromatography are the primary techniques used. The composition of the fragments agree with those previously reported by T. P. King and M. Spencer (J. Biol. Chem., 245, 6134, 1970).
The TRUST Partnership: Institutional Impacts at Lehman College

This work explores the institutional impacts at Lehman College, City University of New York, of the Teacher Renewal for Urban Science Teaching (TRUST) Project, a partnership between the American Museum of Natural History and Brooklyn and Lehman Colleges funded by the National Science Foundation. We examine the impact that TRUST had and continues to have at Lehman College through its external partnerships, the evolving natural sciences-education cultural changes within the college, changes within the departments involved, and student outcomes and reflections.
Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Small Pulmonary Arteries and Airways of Chronically Ventilated Preterm Lambs. † 1700

Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Small Pulmonary Arteries and Airways of Chronically Ventilated Preterm Lambs. † 1700
Labeled phosphorus distribution in nucleoside polyphosphates: Adenine nucleotides of rat tissues

Abstract Simple, efficient fractionation techniques appropriate to the localization and measure of labeled P in microgram quantities of nucleoside polyphosphates have been described. The developed techniques allow initial isolation of nucleoside polyphosphates from complex tissue extracts in high radiochemical purity. The developed methods have been incorporated in a study of the distribution of labeled P into the principal adenine nucleotides of various rat tissues following in vivo incubation of the isotope.
Asymptotic solution of the Huygens - Fresnel integral in circular coordinates.

Complex contour integration techniques have been used to derive an asymptotic solution of the Huygens–Fresnel integral in circular coordinates. The solution (which is valid everywhere, including across the shadow boundary) provides a computationally efficient means to propagate uniform plane waves with high Fresnel numbers or to permit the evaluation of high-Fresnel-number unstable resonator modes. The results are interpreted as consisting of a geometrical term plus diffraction terms originating from two points on the circular aperture.
Sexual Aggression Against Children -- A Conceptual Perspective of Etiology

Male sexual aggression against children is a serious and alarmingly common social problem. Treatments for the perpetrators have been only moderately successful. Perhaps a reason for this has been the absence of a unified model of etiology and treatment that includes the most salient motivational factors unique to various subtypes of perpetrators. Such a model would have to be sufficiently flexible to account for the various sexually aggressive modes of expression without being unnecessarily complex or simplistic if it is to be clinically useful. Specifically with respect to sexual aggression against children, a quadripartite model is proposed that includes physiological sexual arousal, cognitions that justify sexual aggression, negative affective states, and personality problems as motivational precursors that increase the probability of sexually aggressive behavior. The relative prominence of these precursors is used as a guideline for assessing and treating particular subtypes of perpetrators. Failure to consider the primary motivational precursor during the initial stages of treatment also may account for the limited success of current treatments.
The Contribution of Emotion Regulation to Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Early Adolescent Girls

To understand whether difficulties in emotional functioning distinguish between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, a set of emotion regulation (i.e., negative emotion, emotional awareness, coping), demographic (i.e., age), and physical (i.e., BMI (Body Mass Index)) factors were assessed in 234 early adolescent girls, grades six to eight. Compared to younger girls, older girls had higher BMI and reported increased body dissatisfaction. Age, BMI, and negative affect predicted body dissatisfaction, whereas BMI, body dissatisfaction, and lack of emotional awareness predicted disordered eating. Further, girls who reported high levels of disordered eating reported experiencing increased levels of negative affect, greater difficulties with emotional awareness, and more difficulty coping constructively with negative emotion than girls who reported low levels of disordered eating. Results support the contention that body dissatisfaction, combined with difficulties in emotional awareness are related to disordered eating.
On the origin of the MeV energy nucleon flux associated with CIRs

Measurements of recurrent enhancements of interplanetary nucleon flux in the MeV energy range are presented and interpreted. The features recur at the solar rotation period in association with stream-stream plasma interaction regions corotating with the sun. At distances from the sun less than 1 AU, the maximum intensities of the hydrogen and helium components increase with increasing distance between 300%/AU and 600%/AU. A model is proposed which predicts the acceleration of nuclei from keV plasma energies to MeV energies by means of transit time damping of magnetosonic waves as solar wind plasma flows from the sun. Numerical solutions of the transport equation are derived to demonstrate that the model does not reproduce radial variations of hydrogen and helium fluxes, and estimates are made of the radial diffusive mean free path. Finally, the observations are found to be consistent with nucleon acceleration at the CIR shocks beyond 1 AU with subsequent diffusion toward the sun.