cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasticity induced superclimb in solid He 4 : Direct and inverse effects

Experimental evidence that the mass supertransport through solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and the anomalously large matter accumulation in the bulk---the giant isochoric compressibility (also known as the syringe effect)---are both supported by a network of dislocations with a superfluid core is getting stronger since a decade ago. However, a structure of this network, as well as its relation to the basal (nonsuperfluid) dislocations which are responsible for plasticity, remain unclear. Here it is shown that superclimbing and basal edge dislocations can form bound pairs. This implies that plastic deformation should produce the syringe effect and vice versa. The experimental test is proposed. While the strength of the effect depends on the average orientation of the paired dislocations, there is a feature unique to the superfluid dislocation scenario: the supercurrents flow in the direction perpendicular to the plastic deformation.
The “Exotic Other”: A Poetic Autoethnography of Two Muslim Teachers in Higher Education:

Considering the current political climate and the terrorist attacks associated with few Muslims around the world, being Muslim females in the United States is challenging. While our religious ident...
Mitosis and Meiosis

STUDY HINTS Genes are located on chromosomes, and the stable manner in which chromosomes are first replicated and then distributed to daughter cells during cell division is the basis for genetic inheritance. Since much of genetic theory is based on the behavior of chromosomes and the genes they carry, it is very important to understand clearly how nuclear division occurs. In this way you can predict its consequences and understand the effect of errors that might occur in it. Yet the subject of cell division is complex, with many new terms to memorize and numerous things happening simultaneously. It is a continuous process that has been divided into stages somewhat artificially, so that we can describe it conveniently. All of this makes it rather hard to grasp at the beginning. Do not despair! It is really much simpler than it looks at first. The secret is to learn in stages. First one must understand the “strategies” of mitosis and meiosis, and the differences between them. Mitosis has evolved as a mechanism to distribute accurately a copy of each chromosome present in the original cell to two new cells. The “goal” of meiosis is quite different. Meiosis passes alternate (homologous) copies of each type of chromosome to daughter cells and reduces the total chromosome number by half. These different objectives require slightly different chromosome behaviors. We shall briefly summarize these two processes, keeping in mind the different strategies they represent.
Predictive Diagnosis of Fatal Heart Rhythms Using Wearables

Sudden cardiac death causes more than 300,000 deaths annually in the US. Our research goal is to develop a continuous cardiac monitoring system that utilizes current wearable devices and is capable of not just detecting arrhythmia but also to predict life-threatening arrhythmia a few minutes before it would actually happen. The monitoring system should provide a diagnosis based on analyzing a few-minutes of heart-rate data streams. In order to verify the feasibility of this approach, we have developed a prototype and evaluated its capabilities. The prototype is based on a two-tier data analytics approach and utilizes multiple gradient boosting machine learning models. The system was tested for predicting four different life-threatening arrhythmias solely on realistic heart-rate readings and also tested the atrial fibrillation recognition capability. The prototype scored 91.6% and 93.9% accuracy respectively. These preliminary results validate the feasibility of our approach to predict arrhythmia in real-time from heart-rate observations.
Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Social Problems and Social Issues

With the impact of social interactionist and ethnographic methodology twenty-five years ago, the research agenda in social problems began to shift its focus, giving rise to the Social Constructionism movement. The present volume and the related shorter text, Constructionist Controversies, review the substantial contributions made by social constructionist theorists over that period, as well as recent debates about the future of the perspective. These contributions redefine the purpose and central questions of social problems theory and articulate a research program for analyzing social problems as social constructions. A generation of theorists has been trained in the constructionist perspective and has extended it through numerous analyses of diverse aspects of contemporary social life. The debates in this volume pose fundamental questions about the major assumptions of the perspective, the ways in which it is practiced, and the purposes of social problems theory. Their point of departure is Ibarra and Kitsuse's essay, cutting new theoretical ground in calling for "investigating vernacular resources, especially rhetorical forms, in the social problems process." Contributors are forceful proponents both within and outside of the social constructionist community, who take a broad array of positions on the current state of social problems theory and on the rhetorical forms that need exploring. They also lay down the general lines for diverse and often competing programs for the future development of the constructionist agenda.
The Roles of medical interpreters in intensive care unit communication: A qualitative study

Abstract Objectives To understand healthcare team perceptions of the role of professional interpreters and interpretation modalities during end of life and critical illness discussions with patients and families who have limited English proficiency in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods We did a secondary analysis of data from a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews of 16 physicians, 12 nurses, and 12 professional interpreters from 3 ICUs at Mayo Clinic, Rochester. Results We identified 3 main role descriptions for professional interpreters: 1) Verbatim interpretation; interpreters use literal interpretation; 2) Health Literacy Guardian; interpreters integrate advocacy into their role; 3) Cultural Brokers; interpreters transmit information incorporating cultural nuances. Clinicians expressed advantages and disadvantages of different interpretation modalities on the professional interpreter’s role in the ICU. Conclusion Our study illuminates different professional interpreters’ roles. Furthermore, we describe the perceived relationship between interpretation modalities and the interpreter’s roles and influence on communication dynamics in the ICU for patients with LEP. Practice implications Patients benefit from having an interpreter, who can function as a cultural broker or literacy guardian during communication in the ICU setting where care is especially complex, good communication is vital, and decision making is challenging.
Higher Education and Justice-Impacted Students: Toward a Radical Reimagining:

In this special issue, the five previous articles trace the longstanding presence and integration of carceral practices in both K-12 and postsecondary education systems. As illuminated by the autho...
Microbial ecology at sea: Sampling, subsampling and incubation considerations

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a few general guidelines on sampling, subsampling, and other relevant field experimental design criteria on marine microorganisms. Many distinct marine ecosystems and their microbial assemblages are identified and studied, ranging from ice-swept polar seas to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Sampling is one of the most important, but often overlooked, aspects of oceanography. The successful isolation of deep-sea bacterial isolates that are obligately barophilic has emphasized that pressure is an important determinant of microbiological zonation in the sea. Many techniques currently employed in microbiological oceanography require incubation of a seawater sample for various periods of time. The underlying assumption of these methods is that the subsequent incubation conditions do not alter the in situ rates of metabolism or biosynthesis. An equally important concern, especially for post-collection incubation measurements, is attention to a clean sampling technique. Metal samplers, toxic closure components or other potentially detrimental materials should be avoided. In order to ensure that the rates measured during the post-collection incubation procedure are representative of those occurring in nature, several precautions must be taken.
Inhibition of human prostate cancer proliferation in vitro and in a mouse model by a compound synthesized to block Ca2+ entry.

Accelerated Ca 2+ entry may be one component of the pathway regulating the proliferative phenotype of some types of cancer. Thus, a pharmacological agent with the ability to retard Ca 2+ influx in susceptible cancers might inhibit proliferation of them by a cytostatic mechanism rather than by inducing cytotoxicity. We have developed a chemical synthetic scheme that has produced a small library of novel compounds that block Ca 2+ entry induced by occupancy of the P2 receptor in two prostate cancer cell lines and inhibit proliferation of these cells in vitro . One of the agents, named TH-1177, was used to treat severe combined immunodeficient mice inoculated with the human prostate cancer line PC-3. Although the doses used and treatment schedule were chosen arbitrarily, treatment extended the mean life span of mice bearing tumors by up to 38%. Treatment of mice without cancer at doses 18 times that used in mice with tumors was not associated with any obvious toxicity, either grossly or on histological examination. These results suggest that novel cytostatic agents with efficacy against human prostate cancer cells can be developed by chemical synthesis of agents directed at the Ca 2+ entry pathway.
Direct correlation and strong reduction of native point defects and microwave dielectric loss in air-annealed (Ba,Sr)TiO3

We report on the native defect and microwave properties of 1 μm thick Ba0.50Sr0.50TiO3 (BST) films grown on MgO (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS) showed high densities of native point defects in as-deposited BST films, causing strong subgap emission between 2.0 eV and 3.0 eV due to mixed cation VC and oxygen Vo vacancies. Post growth air anneals reduce these defects with 2.2, 2.65, and 3.0 eV VO and 2.4 eV VC intensities decreasing with increasing anneal temperature and by nearly two orders of magnitude after 950 °C annealing. These low-defect annealed BST films exhibited high quality microwave properties, including room temperature interdigitated capacitor tunability of 13% under an electric bias of 40 V and tan δ of 0.002 at 10 GHz and 40 V bias. The results provide a feasible route to grow high quality BST films by MBE through post-air annealing guided by DRCLS.
A decomposition-based probabilistic framework for estimating the selectivity of XML twig queries

In this paper we present a novel approach for estimating the selectivity of XML twig queries. Such a technique is useful for answering approximate queries as well as for determining an optimal query plan for complex queries based on said estimates. Our approach relies on a summary structure that contains the occurrence statistics of small twigs. We rely on a novel probabilistic approach for decomposing larger twig queries into smaller ones. We then show how it can be used to estimate the selectivity of the larger query in conjunction with the summary information. We present and evaluate different strategies for decomposition and compare this work against a state-of-the-art selectivity estimation approach on synthetic and real datasets. The experimental results show that our proposed approach is very effective in estimating the selectivity of XML twig queries.
Case presentation: abdominal compartment syndrome complicating posterior spinal fusion.

Summary Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening entity that requires rapid recognition and treatment. This case report represents the first case report of ACS associated with the correction of a marked scoliosis. Of the many possible causes for respiratory compromise and cardiovascular collapse associated with major spine surgery, ACS should be considered, particularly in instances of profound spinal curvature correction. We present the case of an 8-year-old child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) undergoing correction of a severe scoliotic curvature. Near the end of an otherwise unremarkable surgery, he developed severe respiratory compromise associated with respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, and hypotension in the face of a catastrophic decrease in lung compliance. After supine positioning and examination, he was discovered to have ACS, which was treated with laparotomy. Complete recovery occurred after 5 days. This case report should raise awareness of a rare, life threatening, but imminently treatable entity that can accompany scoliosis surgery. The description of this case should be particularly important for pediatric anesthesiologists and orthopedic surgeons who care for patients undergoing correction of marked scoliosis. We suggest possible mechanisms for the development of ACS in this setting that offer insights into the pathology of this entity, which could be useful in many other clinical situations where visceral venous drainage or bowel perfusion may be compromised.
Instrumenting product development activities in the virtual enterprise

The paper reports on contributions to the methodology of product development (PD) research, specifically that for investigating certain aspects of PD in the virtual enterprise. Means of characterizing consensus states of a PD group using personal computer-based versions of cognitive anthropology methods are described. Described are "drag and drop" interactive pile sorts and triads tests.
Dodecyl acetate, a second pheromone component of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni

Dodecyl acetate was identified as a second component of the sex pheromone ofTrichoplusia ni (Hubner). Dodecyl acetate comprised 9.6% by weight of the total pheromone [(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate plus dodecyl acetate] extracted from glands and 7.3% by weight of the total pheromone evaporated from the surfaces of glands. Dodecyl acetate appears to function as a short-range pheromone component. Evaporation at female release rates of a 10∶90 mixture of dodecyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the field caused a significantly greater percentage of males to land on the pheromone source, increased significantly the time they spent on the source, but decreased significantly the time they spent searching for the source when within 50 cm, as compared to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone.
Criticisms of an evolutionary hypothesis about race differences: A rebuttal to Rushton's reply

Abstract Rushton's (1989) response failed to address many of my criticisms, cited the relevant literature in a biased manner, and misrepresented both theory and data. His hypothesis about race differences on the r K continuum should be rejected on the grounds that (a) the differences between r and K selection have little effect on larger mammals like man; (b) the literature reviews supporting this hypothesis are biased and many nonsupportive studies exist; (c) the hypothesis's assumption that the claimed race differences are functionally related to reproduction is implausible and unsupported; and (d) the race differences predicted by this hypothesis can be explained by environmental causes.
Acceleration of graft rejection by pretreatment of the graft donor with recipient cells (donor sensitization).

Abstract Immunization of mice with enzyme-treated allogeneic tissue resulted in accelerated rejections when skin from the immunized mice was transplanted to recipients syngeneic with the tissue donors. This accelerated rejection was restricted to the recipient whose tissue was used to sensitize the donor. Further, skin grafts from one parental strain sensitized to the other parental strain usually underwent a partial rejection when placed on the F 1 hybrid. It is suggested that under these experimental conditions the transplanted skin appeared to have an active role in the rejection process.
Fifty Years of Physical Investigations and Related Limnological Studies on Lake Erie, 1928–1977

To set the scene for the papers which follow, this review presents the principal findings of hydrodynamic and related chemical and sedimentological studies in Lake Erie beginning with the 1928/29 cooperative surveys of the central and eastern basins (Fish 1929, 1960) and ending with the (also cooperative) “Project Hypo” (Burns and Ross 1972) and the papers assembled in the 1976 special number, “Lake Erie in the Early Seventies” (J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, Vol. 33). Attention is also drawn to the far-reaching and interweaving influence of the physical phenomena on biological and sedimentological processes operating in the lake. Where needed to place the half-century's findings in context or to lead into the papers which follow in this issue, some references to work published before 1928 or after 1977 are also included. After an introduction, the review examines: surface surges and seiches; thermal stratification and its coupling with the distribution of oxygen and phosphorus in bottom water; long-term and short-term circulation patterns; sedimentation and sediment transport.
The validity of Kirchhoff's laws for a class of nonlinear transfinite networks

Kirchhoff's laws hold only sometimes in transfinite networks. For nonlinear networks, there are presently just a few preliminary results regarding when they do hold. This work establishes more explicit and broader conditions for their validity in nonlinear transfinite networks. It also presents a fundamental theorem for the existence and uniqueness of the voltage-current regime in such a network. This theorem is dual to the one currently extant. >
Tape recordings of the ECG of active men. Limitations and advantages of the Holter-Avionics instruments.

The electronic and mechanical characteristics of the Holter-Avionics instruments for recording and analyzing the electrocardiogram of active men have been measured in the laboratory, and during carefully standardized 6-hour recordings of 385 active subjects. Although late model recorders have a cumulative timing error of less than 1%, the frequency response of the system is limited at both the upper and lower ends of the range, producing significant distortion of the complex. Scanning the taped data at 60 times real-time is a helpful screening procedure, but accurate analysis of records requires photographic write-out of R-R intervals with real-time scanning and analysis of all potential areas of abnormality. If records are made with subjects under constant observation and stop-watch timed, they can yield significant data on phenomena of rate, rhythm, and conduction, under a variety of circumstances and over long periods of time; but changes in the shape of the ST segment and T wave must be interpreted with great caution because of distortions produced by the recording system and by changes in position and activity.
A Closed-Form Solution For The Estimation Of Optical Flow

form, this approach does not require the optical flaw field to be spatially smooth. By assuming that them-th order time - derivative of the optical flaw is zero, On can be chosen as large as required depending onthe desired accuracy), the relationships between optical flow and its derivatives in a sequence of frames tothose at a particular frame of the sequence are obtained. These relations in conjunction with the brightnessconstraint equation are used to form a system of linear equations in which the unknowns are the components ofoptical flaw which can be recovered by the inversion of a 2m x 2m matrix. The entries of this matrix containonly the first order spatial and temporal brightness derivatives. An alternative solution to the problem isconsidered in which each component of the optical flow is modelled as a polynomial (in time) of degree m -1.IntroductionOptical flow is the map of the velocities of motion of brightness patterns that appears on the projectionplane due to the (perspective) projection of a moving world onto this plane. Thus, optical flow has twocomponents and these represent the motion of a three -dimensional world.It is not an easy task to recover the components of optical flaw. Optical flaw can be recovered if weknow which point (and not necessarily center of a pixel) in one image corresponds to a particular point inthe previous image. The human eye is quite capable of analyzing an image sequence to find nation parametersand yet it has been a challenging task to develop algorithms that are capable of estimating depth and motionfrom a spatio-temporal data block. Though automation of a process that achieves this has been a difficulttask to accomplish, much work has been done in this field and many algorithms have been proposed to recoverthe parameters of optical flaw. Recovery of motion parameters knowing optical flow is a separate problem in
Biological Control of the Greater Wax Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Utilizing In Vivo- and In Vitro-Propagated Baculovirus

Galleria mellonella (L.) is a serious pest of the honey bee industry and causes millions of dollars damage annually in the United States. Currently, biological control methods are being investigated to replace chemical fumigants used to control wax moth populations. In vivo- and in vitro-produced, multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus of G. mellonella (MGmNPV) were used to control artificially induced wax moth populations. No significant differences in virulence (0.05 level) were noted between in vitro- and in vivo-produced MGmNPV tested in an in vivo bioassay. MGmNPV virus produced in vivo and in vitro and applied at a dose of 1 × 109 polyhedral inclusion bodies per section (5 by 10 cm) of drawn honey comb proved efficacious under laboratory conditions. Similar results were obtained under field conditions where economically important damage was prevented with similar dosages. A cost of 22 cents per 10-frame hive was calculated for in vitro-produced virus used in control studies.
Extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm

A 49-year-old presented with intermittent epigastric and right upper quadrant abdominal pain with no associated or alleviating factors. There was no significant medical or surgical history. Physical examination was negative except mild right upper quadrant tenderness. Laboratory tests were within normal limits; gastrointestinal evaluation was negative except for the presence of a 4 cm aneurysm involving the extrahepatic portal vein, without evidence of thrombus, confirmed by ultrasound and computed tomographic angiography (CTA; A). Because of increasing symptoms and concern for rupture or thromboembolic complications, surgical treatment was recommended. The aneurysm was exposed through an upper midline incision. Segmental aneurysm wall resection was performed with aneurysmorrhaphy (B,C). The patient recovered without complication and was discharged on day 4 on a 3-month course of Coumadin. Postoperative CT scan confirmed good anatomic result (D). She had complete resolution of her abdominal pain and was asymptomatic 6 months later.
Tracking geomorphic signatures of watershed suburbanization with multitemporal LiDAR

Abstract Urban development practices redistribute surface materials through filling, grading, and terracing, causing drastic changes to the geomorphic organization of the landscape. Many studies document the hydrologic, biologic, or geomorphic consequences of urbanization using space-for-time comparisons of disparate urban and rural landscapes. However, no previous studies have documented geomorphic changes from development using multiple dates of high-resolution topographic data at the watershed scale. This study utilized a time series of five sequential light detection and ranging (LiDAR) derived digital elevation models (DEMs) to track watershed geomorphic changes within two watersheds throughout development (2002–2008) and across multiple spatial scales (0.01–1 km 2 ). Development-induced changes were compared against an undeveloped forested watershed during the same time period. Changes in elevations, slopes, hypsometry, and surface flow pathways were tracked throughout the development process to assess watershed geomorphic alterations. Results suggest that development produced an increase in sharp topographic breaks between relatively flat surfaces and steep slopes, replacing smoothly varying hillslopes and leading to greater variation in slopes. Examinations of flowpath distributions highlight systematic modifications that favor rapid convergence in unchanneled upland areas. Evidence of channel additions in the form of engineered surface conduits is apparent in comparisons of pre- and post-development stream maps. These results suggest that topographic modification, in addition to impervious surfaces, contributes to altered hydrologic dynamics observed in urban systems. This work highlights important considerations for the use of repeat LiDAR flights in analyzing watershed change through time. Novel methods introduced here may allow improved understanding and targeted mitigation of the processes driving geomorphic changes during development and help guide future research directions for development-based watershed studies.
Kinetic study of dissolution of asbestos fibers in water

Abstract Kinetics of dissolution of asbestos minerals in water were studied over a temperature range of 5 to 45°C. A parallelism was noted between the rate of dissolution of magnesium from magnesium silicates and the rate of pH drift. The rate of dissolution reaction was directly proportional to the specific surface area of the asbestos minerals. Both magnesium ion and hydroxyl ion concentrations were temperature-sensitive only in the initial stage of the contact between chrysotile mineral and water. The mechanism of dissolution of dissolved species from chrysotile was discussed in terms of the energy of activation. The activation enthalpies were calculated to be 5.5 and 6.5 kcal/mol for dissolution of magnesium and increasing of hydroxyl ion concentration, respectively. These results indicate that the rate controlling mechanism for both magnesium and hydroxyl ion dissolution is diffusion from the surface into water.
Modeling single-crystal microstructure evolution due to shock loading

An existing high strain rate viscoplastic (HSRVP) model is extended to address single-crystal anisotropic, elastic-plastic material response and is implemented into a steady plastic wave formulation in the weak shock regime. The single-crystal HSRVP model tracks the nucleation, multiplication, annihilation, and trapping of dislocations, as well as thermally activated and phonon drag limited glide kinetics. The steady plastic wave formulation is used to model the elastic-plastic response with respect to a propagating longitudinal wave, and assumes that the magnitudes of quasi-transverse waves are negligible. This steady wave analysis does not require specification of artificial viscosity, which can give rise to spurious dissipative effects. The constitutive model and its numerical implementation are applied to single-crystal pure Al and results are compared with existing experimental data. Dislocation density evolution, lattice reorientation, and macroscopic velocity-time histories are tracked for different initial orientations subjected to varying peak shock pressures. Results suggest that initial material orientation can significantly influence microstructure evolution, which can be captured using the modified Taylor factor.
Insect microRNAs: biogenesis, expression profiling and biological functions.

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of endogenous regulatory RNA molecules 21–24 nucleotides in length that modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level via base pairing to target sites within messenger RNAs (mRNA). Typically, the miRNA “seed sequence” (nucleotides 2–8 at the 5′ end) binds complementary seed match sites within the 3′ untranslated region of mRNAs, resulting in either translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. MicroRNAs were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans and were shown to be involved in the timed regulation of developmental events. Since their discovery in the 1990s, thousands of potential miRNAs have since been identified in various organisms through small RNA cloning methods and/or computational prediction, and have been shown to play functionally important roles of gene regulation in invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, fungi and viruses. Numerous functions of miRNAs identified in Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated a great significance of these regulatory molecules. However, elucidation of miRNA roles in non-drosophilid insects presents a challenging and important task.
Pollutant transport in wetlands. Marshes, bogs, or other types of wetland prove to be excellent receivers for the disposition of treated wastewaters containing small amounts of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus

The factors which control the rate and extent of ion sorption on peat and other wetland soils have not been fully elucidated. Rates are fast in comparison to typical biological processes, thus suggesting a rapid capture mechanism such as adsorption, which can make nutrients more readily available to the organisms present. The presence of these fast sorption mechanisms results in the observed first-order removal rates in wetland systems. Information is lacking on the temperature dependence of adsorption rates, and it is conceivable that during winter operation the sorption step may provide a significant resistance to nutrient removal. Operating experience with wetland treatment systems has revealed an apparent nutrient saturation phenomenon in the vicinity of wastewater introduction; this behavior is consistent with an approach to an adsorption equilibrium. The rate of nutrient removal in unsaturated zones may be limited only by mass transfer. 32 references, 11 figures.
Utilizing the best of today's technologies to better educate engineers of tomorrow

Multimedia technology integrates the computing power of computers, with potentials offered by media such as full-motion video, sound, text, graphics, and animation. Use of this technology allows developers to take advantage of the flexibility, effectiveness, and innovations in a number of technologies to produce tools that enhance the teaching/learning process in a variety of fields. A project is under way to develop a multimedia book for a first course in structural steel design offered by civil and architectural engineering programs. The software, currently being tested at The Pennsylvania State University, is being developed with collaboration of a number of sources including the American Institute of Steel Construction, and is expected to be distributed widely upon its completion in 1996. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recent Braided-Stream Sedimentation, South-Central, Alaska: ABSTRACT

The Scott Glacier outwash fan, in the Copper River delta area, Alaska, shows a progressive decrease in grain-size and slope away from the glacier terminus. Bar and channel morphology change systematically from proximal to distal areas. Detailed study along a 12-km tract shows that average clast size on bar surfaces decreases downfan from 30 to 3 cm, and slope decreases from a maximum of 15.5 m/km to 2.0 m/km. Upstream, bars are present between channels in sheetlike deposits; downstream, bars are present largely in mid-channel. Bars are composed of poorly sorted, well-imbricated coarse to fine gravel and plane-bedded, better sorted sand. Plane-bedded sand is more abundant in distal areas and may be capped by small-scale cross-bedding. Cobble and pebble imbrications are the most persistent and reliable indicators of flow direction. Modal dip direction is upstream with long axes transverse to current flow. Other directional features measured included lineations, ripples, bar slipfaces, and logs. Linear stripes of large pebbles, which are oriented transverse to flow direction (determined from pebble imbrication) and occur in groups on bar surfaces, are interpreted as relict antidune bedforms. Most deposition, which occurs during high-water stages, takes place on bar surfaces under upper flow-regime conditions. Flow separation along bar edges allows avalanche slipfaces to form. During low-water stages, when flow is mostly confined to channels, lateral erosion removes bar deposits and some channel deposition occurs under lower flow-regime conditions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 836------------
Holographic formation of optical-vortex filaments

An optical-vortex filament is characterized by a dark core of vanishing size and fluidlike propagation dynamics in the near-field region. This type of phase singularity does not naturally occur as an eigenmode of a cylindrically symmetric system, but it can be easily formed by computer-generated holography. The size of the core is an important attribute affecting vortex–vortex interactions within a laser beam. Here we demonstrate a means to minimize the core size, and we experimentally show that a beam-to-core size ratio exceeding 175 may be readily achieved.
Quantitative fundamental SIMS studies using 18O implant standards

The use of dilute 'minor-isotope' 18 O implant reference standards for quantification of surface oxygen levels during steady-state SIMS depth profiling is demonstrated. Some results of two types of quantitative fundamental SIMS studies with oxygen ( 16 O) primary ion bombardment and/or oxygen flooding (O 2 gas with natural isotopic abundance) are presented: (1) Determination of elemental useful ion yields, UY(X ± ), and sample sputter yields, Y, as a function of the oxygen fraction c O measured in the total flux emitted from the sputtered surface. Examples include new results for positive secondary ion emission of several elements (X = B, C, O, Al, Si, Cu, Ga, Ge, Cs) from variably oxidized SiC or Ge surfaces. (2) The dependence of exponential decay lengths λ(Au ± ) in sputter depth profiles of gold overlayers on silicon on the amount of oxygen present at the sputtered silicon surface. The latter study elucidates the (element-specific) effects of oxygen-induced surface segregation artifacts for sputter depth profiling through metal overlayers into silicon substrates.
Research Note: Scheduling Trips during the Slack Season – An Aspect of the Economics of Seasonal Tourism

The trip-scheduling problem faced by firms providing transport to tourists visiting a specific location in the slack season has received scant theoretical attention in the tourism literature. The author therefore conducts a stochastic analysis of the problem of trip scheduling during the slack season. He describes first a general model that accounts for the common features of sightseeing trips to city attractions and to locations such as fjords and lakes. Second, he determines the long-run fraction of time for which the transport-providing firm is unable to satisfy the demand for trips. Third, he ascertains the long-run fraction of demand that is lost to the transport-providing firm. Finally, he generalizes the analysis and considers the case in which a key, exogenously given variable is random and not constant.
Epidural steroid injections are not effective for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

Commentary on : Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, et al. A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med 2014;371:11–21.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is a common cause of low back and leg pain in older individuals. The evidence supporting non-surgical treatments, including oral medications, physical treatments and spinal injections, is limited.1 Despite the lack of strong evidence supporting the use of epidural steroid injections (ESIs) for lumbar spinal stenosis, their use has increased dramatically since 2000.2 This multicentre, randomised trial compared the effectiveness of ESIs with lidocaine to epidural injections of lidocaine alone. Patients were at least 50-years-old with pain and functional impairment attributable to lumbar spinal stenosis of the central canal, with no prior lumbar surgery or ESI within the past 6 months. Four hundred patients were randomly assigned to either a standard ESI (glucocorticoids) with lidocaine, or an … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D371%26rft.spage%253D11%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1313265%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24988555%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1313265&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24988555&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F1%2F16.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000338265700005&link_type=ISI
Maintaining approximate extent measures of moving points

We present approximation algorithms for maintaining various descriptors of the extent of moving points in Rd. We first describe a data structure for maintaining the smallest orthogonal rectangle containing the point set. We then use this data structure to maintain the approximate diameter, smallest enclosing disk, width, and smallest area or perimeter bounding rectangle of a set of moving points in R2 so that the number of events is only a constant. This contrasts with O(n2) events that data structures for the maintenance of those exact properties have to handle.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Oxybutynin Extended Release Versus Placebo for Urinary Symptoms During Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Treatment

Purpose: Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is used to decrease recurrence rates of nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Irritative urinary symptoms are a common side effect of treatment and frequently limit treatment tolerance. While anticholinergic medications may be used for symptom prophylaxis, to our knowledge they have not been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.Materials and Methods: A total of 50 bacillus Calmette-Guerin naive patients were randomized to 10 mg extended release oxybutynin daily or placebo starting the day before 6 weekly bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatments. A questionnaire assessing urinary symptoms (frequency, burning on urination, urgency, bladder pain, hematuria), systemic symptoms (flu-like symptoms, fever, arthralgia) and medication side effects (constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth) was recorded daily throughout the therapeutic course. A linear mixed repeated measures model tested the differences between each point and baseline score.Results: The treatment g...
Manufacturing cell formation: A dual-objective simulated annealing approach

A dual-objective simulated annealing approach is developed for the purpose of concurrently forming machine cells and part families for cellular manufacturing. Simulated annealing has proved to be very effective in handling a variety of NP-hard problems. Originally, the simulated annealing algorithm was designed for applications with a single objective. For forming machine cells based on a machine-component incidence matrix, the result from single-objective simulated annealing was found to have room for improvement. In order to improve the performance of simulated annealing, a dual-objective approach is developed. The result clearly demonstrates the oustanding capabilities of the dual-objective approach. The discussions are illustrated with examples.
Nicotine and Extinction of Fear Conditioning

Abstract Despite known health risks, nicotine use remains high, especially in populations diagnosed with mental illnesses, including anxiety disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Smoking in these populations may relate to the effects of nicotine on emotional memories. The current study examined the effects of nicotine administration on the extinction of conditioned fear memories. C57BL/6J mice were trained with two white noise conditioned stimulus (CS; 30 s, 85 dB)–foot shock (2 s, 0.57 mA) pairings. Extinction sessions consisted of six presentations of the CS (60 s) across multiple days. Mice were either tested in an AAA design, in which all stages occurred in the same context, or in an ABA design to identify if context changes alter extinction. Saline or nicotine was administered 5 min before training and/or extinction. In the AAA design, nicotine administration before training did not alter extinction. Nicotine administered prior to extinction sessions enhanced extinction and nicotine administered before training and extinction decreased extinction. In the ABA design, nicotine administered before extinction enhanced extinction and blocked context renewal of conditioned fear, while nicotine administered during training and extinction did not alter extinction but enhanced the context renewal of conditioned fear. Nicotine has a differential effect on extinction of fear conditioning depending on when it is administered. Administration during extinction enhances extinction whereas administration during training and extinction may strengthen contextual fear memories and interfere with extinction.
Relation between ventricular premature complexes and sudden cardiac death in apparently healthy men

The association between ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) detected on a rest 2-minute lead I electrocardiographic rhythm strip and sudden cardiac death (SCD), occurring within 1 hour of onset of symptoms, was evaluated in a prospective study of 15,637 apparently healthy white men, aged 35 to 57 years, at the first screening examination (1973 to 1975) to determine eligibility for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota. The prevalence of any VPC was 4.4% (681 of 15,637). Over an average follow-up period of 7.5 years, a total of 381 deaths occurred. Of these, 34% (131 of 381) were ascribed to coronary artery disease (CAD) and 31% of the CAD deaths (41 of 131) occurred suddenly. The presence of any VPC was associated with a significantly higher risk for SCD (adjusted relative risk = 3.0; p less than 0.025). On the other hand, the presence of any VPC was not associated with any significant increase in the risk of non-SCD or of total deaths from CAD (adjusted relative risk = 1.0 and 1.6, respectively). When VPC characteristics such as frequency (2 or more uniform VPCs every 2 minutes) and complexity (multiforms, pairs, runs, R-on-T) were examined, those with frequent or complex VPCs were at a significantly increased risk of SCD (adjusted relative risk = 4.2; p less than 0.005), whereas for non-SCD no significant increase in risk was found (adjusted relative risk = 1.6; p = 0.28).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Capping protein regulators fine-tune actin assembly dynamics

The actin capping activity of capping protein (CP) is indirectly regulated by competing with other factors for filament binding, or directly by factors that bind CP and sterically inhibit its interactions with filaments. Other proteins interact with CP through their 'capping protein interaction' (CPI) motif and modulate its activity via allosteric effects.
Catholics and Catholic Schooling.

Abstract The effect of Catholic religiosity as indicated by church attendance on the demand for Catholic schooling at the primary and secondary levels is estimated. It is shown that parents’ religiosity has a large effect on the probability that their children attend Catholic schools. Furthermore, estimates of bivariate probit models indicate that parents’ religiosity is an exogenous determinant of Catholic school attendance. Part of the decline in Catholic schooling in the United States is attributed to a decline in Catholic religiosity as measured by church attendance. Data from the National Opinion Research Center’s ‘General Social Survey’ are used.
Review—The Transient Equation of Motion for Particles, Bubbles, and Droplets

The development, form, and engineering applications of the transient equation of motion of rigid particles, bubbles, and droplets are presented. Some of the early work on the equation of motion, as well as recent advances, are exposed. Particular emphasis is placed on the semiempirical forms of the equation, which are widely used in engineering practice. The creeping flow assumption, on which most of the known applications are based, is critically examined and its limitations are pointed out. Recent results on particle flow, which include the effect of the advection of a downstream wake and are applicable to finite (but small) Reynolds numbers are also presented. The form of the history (Basset) term is discussed, in the light of recent work and its effect on the integrated results of the equation of motion is examined. Recommendations are given on the appearance, importance, and significance of the history and added mass terms for those who may use the semiempirical form of the transient equation of spheres in a differential or integrated form.
Assessment and Prediction in an Ecological System: Application of the General Linear Model to the Response-Class Concept

This study investigated the extent to which observed frequencies of covarying responses could be utilized in the prediction of classroom behavior. Five behavior categories were observed daily over a 12-week period in the regular classroom settings of four fifth-grade and two fourth-grade male students. For each subject, stepwise regression analyses were conducted to determine which behaviors accounted for the largest proportions of variance in a single response category. The proportions of variance explained in the behavior categories of the subjects ranged from 8.9 to 75.4%. Further, response categories serving as predictor variables, as well as the number of predictor variables entered into the equations, differed across subjects. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for behavioral assessment and treatment application.
Effects of gonadotropins upon the incidence and kinetics of meiotic maturation of macaque oocytes in vitro.

The specific aim of this study was to determine the effects of gonadotropins in vitro upon the incidence of and precise time interval to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) and extrusion of the first polar body (PB1) in oocytes from nonstimulated rhesus monkeys. Cumulus-enclod germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes from 10 normal, cycling rhesus monkeys in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were cultured with either: (1) 1.0 μg/ml human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH), (2) 10 μg/ml human luteinizing hormone (hLH), (3) 1.0 μg/ml hFSH and 10 μg/ml hLH, or (4) no gonadotropins (controls). Oocytes (n = 234) were examined at 3-hr intervals from 0 to 21 hr and at 4-hr intervals from 24 to 52 hr for GVB and PB1. Neither the incidence of GVB (hFSH: 63.5%; hLH: 56.1%; both gonadotropins: 63.1%; no gonadotropins: 53.6%) nor extrusion of PB1 (hFSH: 41.3%; hLH: 36.4%; both gonadotropins: 36.9%; no gonadotropins; 31.9%) differed (P > 0.05) among treatments. The time to GVB was accelerated (P 0.05) among treatments (hFSH: 32.3 ± 1.2 hr; hLH: 35.1 ± 1.4 hr; both gonadotropins: 35.2 ± 1.3 hr; no gonadotropins: 34.1 ± 1.2 hr). The mean interval to extrusion of PB1 was 34.1 ± 0.6 hr. In conclusion, GVB and PB1 extrusions appear to be, in part, independently regulated events in macaque oocytes matured in vitro since the timing of PB1 extrusion is not tightly coupled with the onset of GVB. Although the developmental potential of oocytes may be enhanced by gonadotropins, alternative approaches must be developed to improve the poor competence of oocytes from nonstimulated monkeys to mature in vitro. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.