cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism and intraspecific aggression, and their relationship to sex ratios in Caprella gorgonia Laubitz & Lewbel (Crustacea : Amphipoda : Caprellidae)

Abstract The amphipod Caprella gorgonia Laubitz & Lewbel is an obligate commensal on gorgonian octocorals. Its primary host is Lophogorgia chilensis (Verrill), found below 20 m. C. gorgonia breeds throughout the year, with wide fluctuations in abundance. Mating and oviposition follow molting. Sex reversal does not occur; two distinct sexes are present from the first instar after emergence from the brood pouch. Young males and females grow at approximately the same rate, but males are larger by a relatively constant increment. Males continue to grow at their original rate to a maximum size (about twice that of females). The growth rate of females is not limited by the onset of reproduction and brooding, but rather by an approach to maximum size when the rate is greatly reduced. Fecundity of females is not affected by size. The population sex ratio is about 1:3 (males:females), and about 1:4 among adults. The secondary sex ratio is 1:1. The post-emergence sex ratio bias is a result of heavier mortality among males. Sex ratios drop from 50% at emergence to 25% as females approach maximum size, then rise to 100% in larger size classes. Differential predation on males did not appear to be a source of any sex ratio bias. Adult males possess a “poison spine”, a puncturing weapon on the large second gnathopod, which functions in mating-related intraspecific combat with other males. Intraspecific male aggression during mating is a major cause of sex ratio bias. In the laboratory, increased density in breeding groups may affect mortality due to male aggression. In nature, adult sex ratios are negatively correlated with population density. The reproductive capacity of the population is not limited by a shortage of adult males, despite the low adult sex ratio.
Metamorphic Features in Appalachian Massive Sulphides

Massive stratiform and stratabound sulphide bodies in the central Appalachians exhibit a wide variety of metamorphic features which are typical of similar deposits world-wide. The ores occur as lens- to plate-like bodies which are concordant with the enclosing meta-sediments and volcanics and are interpreted as products of Late Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic submarine volcanism. Sulphide mineralization ranges from pyritic to pyrrhotinic bodies with variable, but Zn- and Cu-dominant, base-metal contents. The deposits have been subjected to metamorphism ranging from greenschist to amphibolite grade. The metamorphism has been pervasive and has resulted in thorough recrystallization of most ores and intense deformation of pyrrhotinic ores, but does not appear to have significantly altered original sulphide assemblages. Recrystallization has homogenized most sulphide minerals including pyrite and sphalerite, so that any original compositional zoning is no longer seen. The presence of chalcopyrite has apparently promoted an increase in grain size and has facilitated post-metamorphic retrograde re-equilibration. Consequently, sphalerite geobarometry is not reliable in Cu-bearing assemblages. Pyrrhotines, mostly hexagonal, have re-equilibrated to low temperatures but commonly display pressure twins and kink-banding, apparently due to the late stages of deformation. Characteristic mineralogical changes in the host rocks include changes in the abundance of minerals, changes in the Fe: Mg ratios, and the presence of gahnite.
Enzyme variants in normal and neoplastic intestinal mucosa.

Previous work from the Laboratory of Cell Metabolism; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, has shown that several enzymes exist as different variants in dividing and nondividing cells of the normal intestinal mucosa. We have undertaken a study of the properties of the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which is found in high levels in the intestines of many species, including man. Normal rat colon has been shown to possess predominantly one electrophoretic variant. Tumors induced with methylazoxymethanol show the appearance of a new form with a lower isoelectric point. The normal colon enzyme and the two tumor variants can be distinguished by relative substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by 9-erythro-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine. These data provide support for the clinical application of combinations of adenosine deaminase inhibitors with cytotoxic adenosine analogs in the chemotherapy of colon carcinoma. This enzyme from normal jejunum has been resolved by both preparative and analytical isoelectric focusing into two variants that exhibit pI values of ca 4.85 (ADase I) and 4.80 (ADase II). The relative proportions of these two forms are markedly different in mitotically active and differentiated cells. The form with the higher isoelectric point predominates in the tip cells. These variants can also be resolved by molecular exclusion chromatography since the apparent molecular weight of ADase I is somewhat higher than that of ADase II (ca 37,000 and 33,500, respectively). The specific adenosine deaminase activity in tip cells is also several-fold higher than that in the crypt regions. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, dramatically decreases the activity in the tip. It also changes the normal relative proportions of the two forms so that ADase I is no longer a major form in the tip cells. Thus, the appearance of ADase I in the differentiated cells must be related to a mechanism involving protein synthesis. We conclude that changes in the properties of adenosine deaminase may be closely related to normal growth and differentiation in the intestines.
Dysregulated sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release: Potential pharmacological target in cardiac disease

In the heart, Ca(2+) released from the intracellular Ca(2+) storage site, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is the principal determinant of cardiac contractility. SR Ca(2+) release is controlled by dedicated molecular machinery, composed of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and a number of accessory proteins, including FKBP12.6, calsequestrin (CASQ2), triadin (TRD) and junctin (JN). Acquired and genetic defects in the components of the release channel complex result in a spectrum of abnormal Ca(2+) release phenotypes ranging from arrhythmogenic spontaneous Ca(2+) releases and Ca(2+) alternans to the uniformly diminished systolic Ca(2+) release characteristic of heart failure. In this article, we will present an overview of the structure and molecular components of the SR and Ca(2+) release machinery and its modulation by different intracellular factors, such as Ca(2+) levels inside the SR as well as phosphorylation and redox modification of RyR2s. We will also discuss the relationships between abnormal SR Ca(2+) release and various cardiac disease phenotypes, including, arrhythmias and heart failure, and consider SR Ca(2+) release as a potential therapeutic target.
Impaired Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Tg2576 APP Murine Model of Alzheimer’s Disease with Injury to Pedunculopontine Cholinergic Neurons

Impaired rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting injury to mesopontine cholinergic neurons. We sought to determine whether abnormal β-amyloid peptides impair REMS and injure mesopontine cholinergic neurons in transgenic (hAPP695.SWE) mice (Tg2576) that model brain amyloid pathologies. Tg2576 mice and wild-type littermates were studied at 2, 6, and 12 months by using sleep recordings, contextual fear conditioning, and immunohistochemistry. At 2 months of age, REMS was indistinguishable by genotype but was reduced in Tg2576 mice at 6 and 12 months. Choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmentum of Tg2576 mice at 2 months evidenced activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity, and at 6 and 12 months the numbers of pedunculopontine tegmentum choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons were reduced in the Tg2576 mice. Other cholinergic groups involved in REMS were unperturbed. At 12 months, Tg2576 mice demonstrated increased 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in cholinergic projection sites but not in cholinergic soma. We have identified a population of selectively compromised cholinergic neurons in young Tg2576 mice that manifest early onset REMS impairment. The differential vulnerability of these cholinergic neurons to Aβ injury provides an invaluable tool with which to understand mechanisms of sleep/wake perturbations in Alzheimer's disease.
Sodium-dependent and sodium-independent binding of taurine to rat brain synaptosomes.

Abstract Rat brain synaptosomes (P 2 B fraction) release μM concentrations of taurine into the incubation medium when incubated at protein concentrations of 0.5–5.0 mg/ml. Repeated incubations, with or without sonication, also induce release of μM concentration of taurine. When this release is taken into account, two classes of binding sites for taurine can be demonstrated over the intracellular-extracellular concentration range (3 μM–30 mM) in the presence of 140 mM sodium. The higher affinity class has a K d of 25.1 ± 7.7 μ M (mean ± SE) and a B max of 15.08 ± 4.27 pmol mg −1 protein. This site is sodium-dependent, no binding being observed in the absence of sodium. Binding is also suppressed by the taurine transport inhibitor, guanidinoethane sulfonate. We equate this site with the transport site for taurine. The lower affinity site has a K d of 33.4 ± 7.5 mM and a B max of 10.3 ± 1.9 nmol mg −1 protein. Binding to this site is unaffected by guanidinoethane sulfonate. In the absence of sodium, K d and B max are decreased to 5.8 ± 0.56 mM and 2.55 ± 0.21 nmol mg −1 protein, respectively. We equate this site with the calcium-modulatory binding of taurine to phospholipid recently demonstrated in cardiac sarcolemma [Huxtable and Sebring, TIPS 7, 481 (1986)].
Identification of the thymidine kinase gene of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and its function in escherichia coli hosts

In an attempt to understand the gene expression of the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), the viral thymidine kinase gene (tk), a well regulated viral gene has been chosen for this study. A cosmid library of IBRV has been constructed in Escherichia coli HB101 by cloning partially Sau3A-digested DNA fragments into a cosmid vector, pJB8. Recombinant cosmids were further analyzed by restriction digestions and by Southern blot hybridization. Results showed that this cosmid library comprised all of the IBRV genome with the exception of both termini. The individual recombinant cosmid clones were then used to transform E. coli tdk- mutant strains, Ky895 or C600tdk- for the selection of the IBRV tk gene. The clones able to grow on the selection plates containing 5-fluorouracil, uridine, thymidine and ampicillin were selected and further characterized. The physical location of the viral DNA inserts of one of the clones, pIBR5, was determined and the sequences complementing the tk activity have been isolated by subcloning. The plasmid, pIBRTK, was shown to grow on selection plates and therefore, retained the ability to complement the tk gene. The E. coli mutant strain C600tdk- harboring pIBRTK partially restores the tk activity by exhibiting a three and half fold increase in the level of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into bacterial DNA over that of C600tdk- mutant.
Nocturnal eating in binge eating disorder and matched-weight controls.

Objective: To examine the association of nocturnal eating (getting up out of bed to eat) with overweight, binge eating, and negative mood or anxiety. Method: Forty overweight women diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED) and 39 overweight controls monitored their nocturnal eating for an average of eight nights. Results: Seven instances of nocturnal eating were recorded by 6 patients, all of whom were binge eaters. Foods consumed nocturnally tended to be selected from those favored for binge episodes, and reported control over nocturnal eating was low. Patients reported tiredness, but not poor mood or anxiety, at the nocturnal eating episodes. Discussion: In this sample, nocturnal eating was associated more with eating disorder than overweight. This report should provide the basis of future work to determine whether nocturnal eating should be evaluated and treated among eating disordered or overweight groups of patients. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dissipation-Induced Self-Recovery in Systems on Principal Bundles

The “self-recovery” phenomenon is a seemingly curious property of certain underactuated dissipative systems in which dissipative forces always push the system to a pre-determined equilibrium state dependent on the initial conditions. The systems for which this has been studied are Abelian, with all system velocity interactions due entirely to inertial effects. In this paper we also consider Abelian systems, but in the context of principal bundles, and introduce drag in addition to inertial interactions, allowing us to show that the same conservation that induces self-recovery now depends on the trajectories of the system inputs in addition to initial conditions. We conclude by demonstrating an example illustrating the conditions derived from our proof, along with an observation that the present analysis is insufficient for self-recovery in non-Abelian systems.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Electronic fine structure in the nickel carbide superconductor Th 2 NiC 2

The recently reported nickel carbide superconductor body centered tetragonal $I4/mmm$ Th${}_{2}$NiC${}_{2}$ with ${T}_{c}=8.5$ K increasing to 11.2 K upon alloying Th with Sc is found to have very fine structure in its electronic spectrum, according to density functional based first-principles calculations. The filled Ni $3d$ band complex is hybridized with C $2p$ and Th character to and through the Fermi level $({E}_{F})$, and a sharply structured density of states arises only when spin-orbit coupling is included, which splits a zone-center degeneracy, leaving a very flat band edge lying at the Fermi level. The flat part of the band corresponds to an effective mass ${m}_{z}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ with large and negative ${m}_{x}^{*}={m}_{y}^{*}$. Although the region over which the effective mass characterization applies is less than 1$%$ of the zone volume, it supplies on the order of half the states at (or just above) the Fermi level. The observed increase of ${T}_{c}$ by hole doping is accounted for if the reference as-synthesized sample is minutely hole doped, which decreases the Fermi level density of states and will provide some stabilization. In this scenario, electron doping will increase the Fermi level density of states and the superconducting critical temperature. Vibrational properties are presented, and enough coupling to the C-Ni-C stretch mode at 70 meV is obtained to imply that superconductivity is electron-phonon mediated.
Swimming upstream: the strengths of women who survive homelessness.

A study of the strengths and personal resources of women who had overcome homelessness revealed that the experience of homelessness for these women was a temporary state of disruption resulting from an effort to free themselves from conditions associated with despair, such as abuse or addictions, and to search for a better life. Personal, interpersonal, and transpersonal categories of strengths were identified that enabled these women to move in a positive direction toward health and self-actualization. The synthesizing metaphor “swimming up-stream” describes the stoic determination required to go against the overwhelming negative forces of their environment.
Museveni and the 2011 Ugandan election: did the money matter?

In February 2011, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni resoundingly won re-election. In the aftermath of the vote, which many had predicted would be competitive, analysts and opposition supporters ascribed Museveni's victory to massive pre-election spending on public goods, creation of new administrative districts, and vote buying. While the opposition could not compete with Museveni and his National Resistance Movement in access to resources, our analyses of survey data, from two pre-election surveys conducted by Afrobarometer in November/December 2010 and January 2011, and a pre- and post-election panel study, find little evidence that Museveni benefited significantly from public goods outlays, district creation, and vote buying. Additionally, we find little evidence that fear and intimidation were responsible for the results. Instead, the data suggest that Museveni's re-election was driven by an uninspiring opposition slate, widespread satisfaction with macro-economic growth, and an improved security situation, particularly in the Northern Region.
Results from a conical Euler methodology developed for unsteady vortical flows

We report on the development of a conical Euler analysis method to study unsteady, vortex-dominated flows about rolling delta wings undergoing either pulsed motion, forced harmonic motion, or free-to-roll motion.
Software for Initializing Multi-Segment FASTBUS Systems

Before becoming fully operational, a FASTBUS system must be initialized; each segment interconnect (SI) must be downloaded with the correct route table, group address (GP) assignments must be made to each segment, etc. Furthermore, each system component must be initialized in the correct order; a given segment cannot be accessed until all SIs on the path to that segment have been initialized. It is desirable that the initialization procedure be automatic (i.e., requires no human intervention), be driven from a database containing the system topology and information of all devices in the system, and assure that the system is placed in a completely specified state regardless of the initial state. This paper presents an algorithm for doing this which has been successfully implemented at the Fermilab Collider Detector Facility (CDF).
Energy levels of paired donor impurities in SixGe1−x alloys

The dependences on alloy compositionx of the bound and resonant “deep” energy levels of nearest-neighbor (P,P), (As, As), and (Sb, Sb) pairs in Si x Ge1−x alloys are predicted. Based on these predictions, it appears likely that (P, P) and (As, As) produce at least one deep level in the gap for allx, but that (Sb, Sb) does not for anyx.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome in polymyositis patients with the anti–jo-1 antibody

We report 3 patients with polymyositis and the anti-Jo-1 antibody who developed fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Other than the presence of the anti-Jo-1 antibody, there were no other consistent clinical features at the onset of disease that were predictive of ARDS development.
Synthesis, mechanism of formation, and dynamics of a highly fluorinated methylenecyclobutene.

Treatment of the hydrazone of 2H-perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone with triethylamine at elevated temperatures yields a methylenecyclobutene via degradation to an acetylene followed by dimerization. The dimerization occurs even at −78 °C, and details of the reaction pathway have been elucidated. Both the acidity and the conformational dynamics of the methylenecyclobutene are influenced by buttressing effects in this crowded molecule.
An application of algebraic topology to solid modeling in molecular biology

A recurring problem in solid modeling, computer graphics, and molecular modeling is the computation of the intersection of two objects. A general solution to this problem is obtained by applying two ideas of algebraic topology: (1) a chain complex, and (2) a boundary formula for the intersection of two objects. A general data structure for a chain complex made up of piecewise polynomial cells is described, as are algorithms for connectivity, containment and intersection. The basic ideas of this work are abstract, topological, and for the most part, independent of the shape and dimensionality of the objects. An application to structural molecular biology is presented. The application identifies convex and concave features of protein surfaces.
The inhibitory effect of thiophosphate on the adenosine triphosphate-inorganic phosphate exchange reaction of rat liver mitochondria☆☆☆

Recently it has been reported that the ATP-Pi exchange rate varies with the redox state of respiratory carriers. Because of its similarity to phosphate, thiophosphate might substitute for it in exchange reactions. This possibility was studied in rat liver mitochondria, and thiophosphate was found to inhibit the ATP-P321 exchange reaction. With 0.005 M thiophosphate and0.005 M initial phosphate concentration, the exchange rate declined from about 70% of the control during the first 20 min. to practically zero during the subsequent 40 min. The degree of inhibition increased with increasing concentration: 50% inhibition was produced by 0.005–0.006 M thiophosphate, and complete inhibition by 0.03 M. The degree of inhibition seems to be dependent on thiophosphate concentration but independent of phosphate concentration. Thiophosphate metabolism was examined in mitochondria using 0.005 M P32- or S35-labeled thiophosphate. In no case was P32O3S-ATP exchange detectable. In electrochromatograms of the mixtures, no nucleotides other than ATP were found. Thus thiophosphate cannot substitute for phosphate; substitution of P32O3S or PO3S36 for PO4 does not result in incorporation of P32 or S35 into ATP.
Influence of Soil Oxygen Concentrations on the Development of Meloidogyne javanica.

Roots of tomato plants infected with Meloidogyne javanica were grown in soil subjected to oxygen concentrations of 21 percent, 5.5 percent, 3.5 percent, 2.0 percent, 0.6 percent, and 0 percent for 28 and 35 days. The lowest oxygen tension which still allowed development of the host and the nematode was 3.5 percent. Below this level the plant root growth, size of developing females, and production of nematode eggs were reduced. Nematode activity as measured bythe number of nematode galls on the roots of treated plants was sharply reduced at the 5.5-percent level of oxygen
Structural and magnetic properties of ammonia-nitrided

In order to make a comparison with N2-gas nitrogenation, the structural and magnetic properties of ammonia-nitrided Y2Fe17Nx were investigated by a combination of x-ray diffraction, magnetization and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that by using NH3, the nitrogenation temperature and/or time are greatly reduced, and nominal N concentrations 0 6 x 6 6:3 are obtainable. For lower N content,x6 3:3, a two-phase (nitrided + unnitrided) configuration exists in the sample particles. The unnitrided phase is completely suppressed for x> 3:8; however, an amorphous-like phase appears for x> 5:6. The average value for the magnetic moment per Fe atom initially increases with the N content, reaching a maximum forx 4 before decreasing. The magnetic anisotropy, which arises solely from the Fe sublattice, is reduced for higher N content, but is still basal planar. These results indicate that the microscopic structure of the nitrided phase in ammonia-nitrided Y2Fe17Nx is different from that in the same material prepared by N2-gas nitrogenation. Evidence is provided for the existence of more than three, most likely four, nitrogen atoms per formula unit in the nitrided phase when x> 3.
An Engineered CuA Amicyanin Capable of Intermolecular Electron Transfer Reactions

The type I copper center of amicyanin was replaced with a binuclear CuA center. To create this model CuA protein, a portion of the amino acid sequence that contains three of the ligands to the native type I copper center of Paracoccus denitrificans amicyanin was replaced with the corresponding portion of sequence that provides five ligands for the CuA center of cytochrome c oxidase from P. denitrificans. UV-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirm that the engineered protein as isolated possesses the mixed-valence Cu1.5Cu1.5 (purple) CuA center. Comparison of the spectroscopic properties of this CuA amicyanin with those of the CuA centers of other natural and engineered CuA proteins suggests that the spectroscopic features may be dictated more by the protein host than the sequence of the CuA loop. Novel reactions for a simple CuA model protein are also described. In contrast to other natural and engineered CuA proteins, the fully reduced CuA amicyanin may be reoxidized by molecular oxygen to the mixed-valence state. It is also shown that CuA amicyanin can serve as an electron donor and an electron acceptor for other redox proteins. The mixed-valence form accepts electrons from cytochromes c-551i and c-550 from P. denitrificans. The fully reduced form donates electrons to native and P94F amicyanin. The function as either an electron donor or acceptor is consistent with the measured redox potential of CuA amicyanin of +273 mV. These data indicate that this CuA amicyanin will be a particularly useful model protein for structure-function studies of reactivity and the electron transfer properties of the CuA redox center.
A variable temperature 31P NMR study of 9-30 atom macrocylic rings of silver(I) with long chain diphosphines

The coordination chemistry of equimolar amounts of silver(I) with the long chain diphosphine ligands Ph2P(CH2) n PPh2 (where n = 6, 8, 10, or 12) has been studied by variable temperature 31P{1H} NMR. In all cases two silver(I)/diphosphine complexes were observed in solution at ambient temperature with 1 J(107Ag–P) values of ca 500 Hz indicating silver(I) coordinated to two phosphorus atoms in a linear mode. A van’t Hoff study on the variable temperature 31P{1H} NMR data has been used to assign monomeric and dimeric species.
Magnetohydrodynamic flows over a rotating disk

Magnetohydrodynamic flow of incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid over rotating disk
Research-Based Language Intervention Strategies Adapted for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children

Strategies found to facilitate the language development of young, hearing children are reviewed in this paper, and adaptations and examples for use with deaf and hard-of-hearing children are provided as alternatives to simply advising professionals and parents to increase the quantity of conversation with these children. It is suggested that adults accelerate the language acquisition of deaf and hard-of-hearing students by capitalizing on the linguistic opportunities provided in particular environments, rearranging environments, being responsive to indications that children have comprehended messages and are open to risk communication, and specifically by intervening on form, content, and use skills. The author challenges professionals to document empirically the usefulness of each language intervention technique presented here.
Systemic hypertension and coronary artery disease

In the United States alone, it is estimated that 60 million people have hypertension, the estimate varying according to whether hypertension is defined as a blood pressure of >140/90 mm Hg or, as has emerged from the Sixth Joint National Commission on Hypertension (JNC VI) consensus conference, of >130/90 mm Hg. Coronary artery disease frequently accompanies hypertension. In our studies of >5,000 patients with coronary artery disease, half had hypertension. The reasons are numerous. Hypertension is a major risk factor for CAD. The incidence of both conditions increases with age, so that the majority of individuals >65 years of age with coronary artery disease probably also have hypertension. Some authorities predict that, due to the increasing size of the elderly population, there will be a doubling in the prevalence of both coronary artery disease and hypertension in the next century. This is of vital concern to all clinicians. This article reviews some of the prevalence and population trends in coronary artery disease and hypertension, and some of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, as well the results of some current outcome trials.
Night eating syndrome in young adult women: prevalence and correlates.

Objective The current study examined the prevalence and clinical significance of night eating syndrome (NES) in a community cohort of Black and White women. Method We assessed 682 Black and 659 White women for NES, eating disorders, and psychiatric symptomatology. Results The prevalence was 1.6% (22 of 1,341; Blacks [n = 20]; Whites [n = 2]). Comparisons between identified Black women and the remaining Black participants revealed no significant differences in obesity, psychiatric comorbidity, or self-reported psychiatric distress. Comorbidity with eating disorders as outlined in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association) was low (n = 1 [4.5%]). Black NES women were significantly less likely than Black non-NES women to be overweight and significantly more likely to have two or more children. Discussion NES was rare in this sample of young women. Low comorbidity of NES with other eating disorders suggests that NES may be distinct from the DSM-IV recognized eating disorders. Longitudinal data are needed to determine the long-term health implications of this behavioral pattern. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiplexing in the primate motion pathway.

Abstract This article begins by reviewing recent work on 3D motion processing in the primate visual system. Some of these results suggest that 3D motion signals may be processed in the same circuitry already known to compute 2D motion signals. Such “multiplexing” has implications for the study of visual cortical circuits and neural signals. A more explicit appreciation of multiplexing—and the computations required for demultiplexing—may enrich the study of the visual system by emphasizing the importance of a structured and balanced “encoding/decoding” framework. In addition to providing a fresh perspective on how successive stages of visual processing might be approached, multiplexing also raises caveats about the value of “neural correlates” for understanding neural computation.
The metabolism in the rat of photosynthetically prepared myo-inositol-C14☆

Abstract Three pathways of myo-inositol metabolism in the whole rat were quantitatively investigated using photosynthetically prepared myo-inositol-C14. A small conversion to glucose is shown by liver glycogen labeling. Comparable amounts are incorporated into organ lipides. A much larger conversion is represented by a vigorous oxidative dissimilation to C02.
A High-Fidelity Electrokinetic Flow Model for the Prediction of Electrophoregrams in On-Chip Eletrophoresis Applications

On-chip electrophoresis is a growing field with increasing chemical and bioanalytical applications such as genomics and proteomics. The use of multicomponent and heterogeneous electrolyte configurations can often lead to complex flow behavior. In this work, we present a high-fidelity, low computational cost electrokinetic flow model for the modeling and optimization of electrophoretic separations. The model adopts a depth-averaged approach that captures convective-dispersion processes, and includes important physical effects such as electrical body force and fully nonlinear multi-species electromigration. The corresponding numerical scheme is based on a finite volume approach using a monotonic upstream-centered construction (MUSCL). The numerical model can simulate arbitrary electrolyte and sample configurations, and capture the complex evolution of sharp, narrow sample peaks and high pre-concentration (stacking) ratios. Exemplary results showing both field amplified sample stacking and isotachophoresis processes are presented. The development of such models is critical to the efficient design and optimization of on-chip CE methods and devices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Animal rights and research : common sense must prevail

The advances that radiologic science has experienced in recent history have been earned through many means, one of them being animal research. Since the 1980s, animal research has come increasingly into the public eye, through the efforts of animal welfare and animal rights activist groups. These groups, by their varied means, have exacted changes in how animals are used experimentally and how the public perceives such use. In some cases, their lobbying efforts have resulted in laws that raise the cost of research and provide little improvement in animal welfare. Because of the financial and political power of these groups and the increasing public awareness of such issues, it is extremely important that the medical and scientific communities become more involved in educating the public on the importance of animal research and clarifying the difference between animal welfare and animal rights. Equally important, the medical community must continue to adhere to high standards in research that involves animals.
Spatial Effects in Energy-Efficient Residential HVAC Technology Adoption

If your neighborhood adopts greener, energy-efficient residential heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, will your proenvironmental behavior become contagious, spilling over int...
Loading beryllium targets to extend the high flux isotope reactor’s cycle length

Abstract Various arrangements of beryllium loadings to create an internal neutron reflector in the flux trap region of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) have been investigated. In particular, the impact upon fuel cycle length has been studied by performing calculations using the HFIR MCNP-based model HFV4.0. This study included examining perturbations in reactivity, flux, and power distribution caused by the various beryllium loadings. The HFIR Cycle 400 core configuration was used as a reference to calculate the impact of beryllium loadings upon cycle length. Three different configurations of beryllium loadings were investigated and compared against the Cycle 400 benchmark calculations; Cases 1 through 3 modeled combinations of 12 and 18 beryllium rods loaded into unused experimental sites. Calculated eigenvalues have shown that potential increases in reactivity between 0.56 and 0.79 dollars are attainable, depending on the various beryllium configurations. These results correspond to possible increases in fuel cycle length ranging between 2.3% and 3.3%. On the basis of their practicality, cost versus benefit, and greater potential for implementation, Cases 2 and 3 (both with 18 beryllium rods) were studied further and are herein reported in greater detail. Neutron flux distributions for Cases 2 and 3 were calculated at the horizontal mid-plane of the flux trap region, which showed no significant changes in the thermal flux magnitude and radial profile in comparison to Cycle 400. Likewise, safety analysis related parameters were contrasted, revealing power increments of up to 2% near the inside edge of the inner fuel element, well below the maximum acceptable value of 9%, a standing guideline employed for experiments at the HFIR. Additionally, the average neutron heat generation rate in beryllium rods and the maximum heat generation rate were evaluated to confirm that the design provides adequate coolant flow inside the rod and around the beryllium targets to carry away any excess heat. Case 2 with 18 beryllium rods was recommended for implementation at the HFIR. In fact, funding has been allocated for this project and beryllium rod fabrication is scheduled. The proposed beryllium loading does not involve permanent design changes and is predicted to yield a meaningful increase in fuel cycle length that could translate into potential annual savings in direct fuel costs of approximately $235,000, or of more than five million dollars over the projected life of this reactor.
Stability of brain intracellular lactate and 31P-metabolite levels at reduced intracellular pH during prolonged hypercapnia in rats.

The tolerance of low intracellular pH (pHi) was examined in vivo in rats by imposing severe, prolonged respiratory acidosis. Rats were intubated and ventilated for 10 min with 20% CO2, for 75 min with 50% CO2, and for 10 min with 20% CO2. The maximum Paco2 was 320 mm Hg. Cerebral intracellular lactate, pHi, and high-energy phosphate metabolites were monitored in vivo with 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, using a 4.7-T horizontal instrument. Within 6 min after the administration of 50% CO2, pHi fell by 0.57 ± 0.03 unit, phosphocreatine decreased by ∼20%, and Pi increased by ∼100%. These values were stable throughout the remainder of the hypercapnic period. Cerebral intracellular lactate, visible with 1H NMR spectroscopy in the hyperoxic state, decreased during hypercapnia, suggesting either a favorable change in oxygen availability (decreased lactate production) or an increase in lactate clearance or both. All hypercapnic animals awakened and behaved normally after CO2 was disconti...
Dosimetric comparison of three-dimensional conformal proton radiotherapy, intensity-modulated proton therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for treatment of pediatric craniopharyngiomas

Purpose Cranial irradiation in pediatric patients is associated with serious long-term adverse effects. We sought to determine whether both three-dimensional conformal proton radiotherapy (3D-PRT) and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) compared with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) decrease integral dose to brain areas known to harbor neuronal stem cells, major blood vessels, and other normal brain structures for pediatric patients with craniopharyngiomas. Methods and Materials IMRT, forward planned, passive scattering proton, and IMPT plans were generated and optimized for 10 pediatric patients. The dose was 50.4 Gy (or cobalt Gy equivalent) delivered in 28 fractions with the requirement for planning target volume (PTV) coverage of 95% or better. Integral dose data were calculated from differential dose–volume histograms. Results The PTV target coverage was adequate for all modalities. IMRT and IMPT yielded the most conformal plans in comparison to 3D-PRT. Compared with IMRT, 3D-PRT and IMPT plans had a relative reduction of integral dose to the hippocampus (3D-PRT, 20.4; IMPT, 51.3% ∗ ), dentate gyrus (27.3, 75.0% ∗ ), and subventricular zone (4.5, 57.8% ∗ ). Vascular organs at risk also had reduced integral dose with the use of proton therapy (anterior cerebral arteries, 33.3 ∗ , 100.0% ∗ ; middle cerebral arteries, 25.9% ∗ , 100% ∗ ; anterior communicating arteries, 30.8 ∗ , 41.7% ∗ ; and carotid arteries, 51.5 ∗ , 77.6 ∗ ). Relative reduction of integral dose to the infratentorial brain (190.7 ∗ , 109.7% ∗ ), supratentorial brain without PTV (9.6, 26.8% ∗ ), brainstem (45.6, 22.4% ∗ ), and whole brain without PTV (19.4 ∗ , 34.4% ∗ ) were recorded with the use of proton therapy. ( ∗ Differences were significant based on Friedman's test with Bonferroni-Dunn correction, α = 0.05) Conclusions The current study found that proton therapy was able to avoid excess integral radiation dose to a variety of normal structures at all dose levels while maintaining equal target coverage. Future studies will examine the clinical benefits of these dosimetric advantages.
Dynamics of Premixed Flames

A steady flat flame on a circular burner can become unstable due to a competition between mass diffusivity and thermal diffusivity. The resulting dynamical modes of propagation have both spatial and temporal characteristics. We describe these characteristics for a variety of periodic and chaotic modes of propagation.
Effect of Altered Inflation on Pulmonary Uptake of Methylglyoxal Bis(Guanylhydrazone)

The effects of increased pulmonary ventilation on uptake of an exogenous, nonme-tabolized polyamine analog, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) [MGBG] were investigated in rat lungs perfused in situ with buffer containing 4.5% bovine serum albumin, 5.6 mM glucose and plasma levels ofamino acids. The perfusate was equilibrated and the lungs were ventilated with warmed, humidified O2/N2/CO2 (20:75:5). A 28% increase in lung inflation rapidly accelerated MGBG uptake at low (1.5 μM) but not at high (50 μM) substrate concentration, a change which appeared to reflect a decrease in the apparent Km of the uptake pathway. This effect was not associated with acute alterations in pulmonary vascular permeability or resistance, nor with instability of the preparations. Taken with observations made previously, these results suggest that deformation of the tissue by increased inflation may account for increased MGBG uptake by lungs from rats subjected to partial pneumonectomy.
Papalist Reaction to the Council of Constance: Juan de Torquemada to the Present

The Council of Constance has presented a problem to propapal historians since its close. On the one hand, the council ended the Great Western Schism, establishing an accepted line of popes while condemning doctrinal errors attributed to John Wyclille and John Hus. On the other hand, its decrees, llaec Santa and Freqnens, issued to safeguard the work of reunification and that of reform, later were used to justify the attempt of the Council of Basel to enact an anticurial reform of the church. Haec Santa was exalted to the level of a dogmatic definition in order to justify the Council of Basel's deposition of Eugenius IV, the second undoubted pope in the line begun at Constance.
Nitric Oxide as an Orthograde Cotransmitter at Central Synapses of Aplysia: Responses of Isolated Neurons in Culture1

Abstract Nitric oxide serves as an orthograde synaptic cotransmitter between identified neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia. Nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that produces nitric oxide, is localized in a few specific neurons in the ganglia, including neuron C2. Guanylyl cyclase the target enzyme of nitric oxide, is found in neurons C4 and MCC, which are synaptic followers of C2. Stimulation of C2 causes a vsEPSP in these neurons that is reduced to 50% of its amplitude by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and guanylyl cyclase inhibitors. The remaining portion of the vsEPSP is mediated by histamine. Thus, nitric oxide and histamine act as orthograde cotransmitters in producing the vsEPSP. Both cotransmitters cause closure of a background potassium channel, which depolarizes the neuron and enhances its response to synaptic inputs. Exogenous nitric oxide (released by nitric oxide donor molecules) and histamine mimic the vsEPSP's depolarization and decreased membrane conductance. When neurons C4 or MCC...
Arc fault detection scheme for 42-V automotive DC networks using current shunt

Introduction of higher dc system voltage distribution networks, such as the 42-V PowerNet in future passenger vehicles appears to be an unavoidable consequence of meeting the increasing future electrical power demand. Higher voltage electrical distribution networks in vehicles force considerable component and system changes regarding electrical safety and reliability. In the event of an arc fault, e.g., when a wire is pinched or cut, or disengaged terminals under load etc., the resulting current may be significantly lower than the trip current of the protection devices such as fuses and circuit breakers. In these cases either the fault is cleared late (depending on the time/current characteristics of the fuse) or, in some cases the fault may not be cleared at all. A cost effective arc fault detection scheme using input side current shunt was developed, built, and tested with different loads including motor loads to clear both parallel and series arc faults in a 42-V dc network. This paper presents the details of the developed arc fault detection scheme and test results under several fault conditions
Labeling in vivo of sigma receptors in mouse brain with [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047: Effects of phencyclidine, (+)- and (−)-N-allylnormetazocine, and other drugs

The sigma receptor, so named because of the distinct pharmacolgical profile produced by its prototypic agonist SKF 10,047 (N-allynormetazocine), is believed to mediate mania and psychotomimetic effects in man. While this sigma receptor has received extensive biochemical and pharmacological characterization in vitro, little information is available on the nature of the sigma site in vivo. In the present study, we examined the binding of [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 to sigma receptors in mouse brain in vivo and to sigma receptors in mouse and guinea pig brain in vitro and determined the relative potencies of various drugs in displacing this ligand. Mice were injected with 5 μCi of [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 into the tail vein. After various time intervals, the mice were decapitated; their brains were rapidly removed, weighed, and homogenized in 50 mM Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7.7; and total and particulate bound radioactivity were determined. Specifically bound [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 in the particulate fraction was defined as the difference in total radioactivity in the particulate fraction obtained from vehicle-injected mice minus the radioactivity in the particulate fraction from haloperidol (2 mg/kg i.p.)-injected mice. Specifically bound [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 in the particulate fraction reached peak levels of 30 min after i.v. injection and constituted 90–95% of the total particulate radioactivity. Labeling of the sigma sites could be blocked in vivo by injecting mice i.p. with the drug 30 min before the i.v. injection of the 3H-ligand. Under these conditions, (+)-SKF 10,047, (+)-3-PPP, cyclazocine, pentazocine, and haloperidol were found to be the most potent compounds in reducing specific [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 binding. Neuroleptics such as thioridazine and chlorpromazine had good potency, while clozapine, spiperone, and sulpiride were very weak inhibitors in vivo. Specific [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 binding was also reduced in vivo by imipramine, dl-propranolol, bupropion, rimcazole, and phenoxybenzamine, but was not reduced by apomorphine and naloxone at doses of 50 mg/kg i.p. Phencyclidine, m-NH2-PCP and (−)-3-PPP were only weak inhibitors of (+)-SKF 10,047 binding in vivo. The relative potencies of these agents obtained in vivo correspond well with their relative affinities obtained in vitro in mouse and guinea pig brain for displacing [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 but not with their relative affinities for displacing TCP in guinea pig brain. Comparison of the dose-response curves for the drug revealed the presence of perhaps two sites labeled by [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047 in vivo.
Cooperative Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils in Host Antiprotozoan Resistance in Mice Acutely Infected with Cryptosporidium parvum

Severe experimental infections with Cryptosporidium parvum have been reported in immunocompromised animals such as SCID mice (mice without functional T cells and B cells). In a C. parvum infection with 1 x 10(6) oocysts/mouse in SCID beige (SCIDbg) mice (SCID mice lacking functional NK cells), oocyst shedding was first demonstrated 18 days after infection. However, shedding was shown as early as 3 days after the same infection in SCIDbgMN mice. All of the SCIDbgMN mice died within 16 days of C. parvum infection, while 100% of the SCIDbg mice exposed to the parasite survived. SCIDbgMN mice are SCIDbg mice depleted of functional macrophages (Mphi) and neutrophils (PMN), suggesting that the severity early after C. parvum infection is strongly influenced by the functions of Mphi and PMN. All SCIDbgMN mice orally infected with a lethal dose of C. parvum survived after they were inoculated with Mphi from SCIDbg mice exposed to C. parvum (CP-Mphi) or resident Mphi previously cultured with PMN from C. parvum-infected SCIDbg mice (CP-PMN). However, all SCIDbgMN mice inoculated with CP-PMN alone or resident Mphi alone died after C. parvum infection. CP-Mphi were identified as classically activated Mphi (M1Mphi), and CP-PMN were characterized as PMN-I. In in vitro studies, resident Mphi converted to M1Mphi after transwell cultivation with CP-PMN. These results indicate that the resistance of SCIDbg mice early after C. parvum infection is displayed through the function of M1Mphi which are converted from resident Mphi influenced by CP-PMN (PMN-I).