cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic stress symptom persistence across 24 years: association with brain structures

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is known to persist, eliciting early medical co-morbidity, and accelerated aging. Although PTSD diagnosis has been found to be associated with smaller volume in multiple brain regions, posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and their associations with brain morphometry are rarely assessed over long periods of time. We predicted that persistent PTS symptoms across ~24 years would be inversely associated with hippocampal, amygdala, anterior cingulate volumes, and hippocampal occupancy (HOC = hippocampal volume/[hippocampal volume + inferior lateral ventricle volume]) in late middle age. Exploratory analyses examined prefrontal regions. We assessed PTS symptoms in 247 men at average ages 38 (time 1) and 62 (time 2). All were trauma-exposed prior to time 1. Brain volumes were assessed at time 2 using 3 T structural magnetic resonance imaging. Symptoms were correlated over time (r = 0.46 p < .0001). Higher PTS symptoms averaged over time and symptoms at time 1 were both associated with lower hippocampal, amygdala, rostral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes, and a lower HOC ratio at time 2. Increased PTS symptomatology from time 1 to time 2 was associated with smaller hippocampal volume. Results for hippocampal, rostral MFG and medial OFC remained significant after omitting individuals above the threshold for PTSD diagnosis. Even at sub-diagnostic threshold levels, PTS symptoms were present decades after trauma exposure in parallel with highly correlated structural deficits in brain regions regulating stress responsivity and adaptation.
EZH2 Inhibitors: Take It EZy, It Is All About Context

Even in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a cancer of professional antigen-presenting cells, response rates to immune checkpoint blockade therapy have been limited. One reason for DLBCL immune evasion is epigenetic repression instead of activation of the antigen-presenting MHC-a dissection of mechanisms underlying this repression suggests an opening for restoring B-cell maturation and, along the way, MHC expression as a novel modality of cytoreducing DLBCL and simultaneously augmenting possibilities for immunotherapy.See related article by Ennishi et al., p. 546.
Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia as a potential alternative to the Haber–Bosch process

The preeminent Haber–Bosch process has been feeding humankind for more than one hundred years. Are electrochemical pathways for ammonia synthesis able to compete with it in the future? Electrocatalysts, electrolytes and novel cell design may be key.
Comparing Functional Behavior Assessment-Based Interventions and Non-functional Behavior Assessment-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Methodological Quality of Studies

This review compared the effectiveness of functional behavior assessment-based interventions (FBAI) versus non-functional behavior assessment-based interventions (NFBAI) through an examination of 24 single-case design (SCD) studies that directly compared the effects of these intervention approaches. This review also systematically examined the quality of these studies. All of the reviewed studies reported relative effectiveness of FBAI over NFBAI in reducing problem behaviors, showing a higher percentage of behavior reduction in FBAI than NFBAI conditions. None of the reviewed studies met all of the What Works Clearinghouse Design Standards for SCD (Kratochwill et al. in Single-case designs technical documentation, 2010). We discussed methods of comparing the effects of FBAI versus NFBAI and made methodological suggestions for future research in this area.
CHAPTER II – Functions

Publisher Summary Besides the notion of a real number, another fundamental idea required in the calculus is that of a function. This chapter presents sets. A set or class is a collection of objects formed according to some clear-cut rule, such as the set of all Burmese, the set of all integers, and the set of all triangles . The chapter also provides an overview of the classification of real functions. Calculus primarily deals with relations, usually functions, whose values are real numbers and whose arguments are real numbers or ordered pairs of real numbers. Such relations are called as real relations. A constant function is a function such that for all real numbers x, f(x) = c, where c is a given real number. The range of the constant function contains only one member. Real functions, which are not algebraic, are said to be transcendental. The simplest of these with which a student is familiar are the trigonometric, or circular, functions, cos, sin, tan, etc. Numbers can be assigned to objects in many useful ways. The chapter describes quantity as a definite observational or experimental procedure to assign a number or numbers to each object, event, or phenomenon of a certain kind. A number so obtained is called a value of the quantity.
Algal Lymphadenitis in a Dog Caused by Scenedesmus Species

A 6-year-old, spayed female Labrador/Weimaraner cross-breed dog that had previously lived in Arizona presented in Montana for an annual examination with an incidentally enlarged popliteal lymph node, which was subsequently biopsied. Histologically, the lymph node was expanded by eosinophil-rich granulomas with both extracellular and intrahistiocytic green algae. These algae had intracytoplasmic, birefringent, and refractile granules; readily formed 2 to 3 mm green colonies on Columbia blood agar medium; and ultrastructurally had a multilayered cell wall and intracytoplasmic chloroplasts. Amplified product from the internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 regions of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene had high sequence identity to Scenedesmus sp. Despite similar infection in the retropharyngeal lymph node 1 year later, the animal remained otherwise healthy with no clinical signs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of Scenedesmus species infection in a dog and is a differential diagnosis for Coccidioides immitis.
Physicochemical properties of soy protein hydrolysate and its formulation and stability with encapsulated probiotic under in vitro gastrointestinal environment

The objective of this study was to prepare protein isolate from defatted soybean and identify an optimal hydrolysis protocol to create improved hydrolysates and ascertain the optimum encapsulation technique for probiotics. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared using an alkaline extraction procedure for solubility within a neutral, beverage-specific pH range. The soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) was prepared from aqueous extracted SPI using pepsin. The physicochemical properties of the SPH were investigated by solubility, degree of hydrolysis (DH), surface hydrophobicity, and electrophoresis. Hydrolysates from 2, 2.5, and 3 hr of hydrolysis time achieved the suitable DH between 2.5% to 5.0%. The 2.5 to 3 hr hydrolysates were also significantly more soluble than SPI at all pH levels from 85% to 95% solubility. Surface hydrophobicity of the hydrolysates ranged from 15 to 20 S0 values. Alginate (1%), resistant starch (2%), and probiotic culture (0.1%) were used as an encapsulation agent to protect probiotics. Alginate microcapsules were observed to be 1 mm in size using environmental scanning electron microscopy. The dried SPH and encapsulated probiotics with alginate in a dry powder formulation were tested for its gastrointestinal resistance and probiotic viability under in vitro simulated digestion. Approximately 1-log decrease was observed for all experimental groups after simulated digestion (final log colony forming units [CFU]/mL range: 6.55 to 6.19) with free probiotics having the lowest log CFU/mL (6.10 ± 0.10) value. No significant difference was observed among experimental groups for probiotic viability (P = 0.445). The findings of this research will provide an understanding of formulation for easily digestible protein and encapsulated probiotics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this research provide an understanding of improved formulation for more suitable soy protein hydrolysate and viability of encapsulated probiotics in gastrointestinal environment. Probiotics with the prebiotics in an encapsulated environment provide a technology for the enhancement of probiotics viability and for applications in suitable products for health and wellness.
Secondary Dust Explosions

Industrial dust explosions typically occur in a sequence-a primary explosion in a predispersed dust cloud followed by one or more secondary explosions. The convective flow induced by the primary explosion disperses the surrounding layered dust, resulting in a dust cloud into which the flame continues to propagate. Continual repetition of this process results in a secondary explosion- a rapidly accelerating flame accompanied by substantial overpressures, that causes most of the damage. Such secondary explosions have been studied in the laboratory in a flame acceleration tube (FAT), a 36.6-m-long tube with an internal diameter of 0.3 m. Tests have been conducted with flow-enhanced cornstarch, small size cornstarch, baghouse dust, floor sweepings, wheat dust, and navy bean dust. The development of the secondary explosions in these dusts is compared and discussed in terms of the observed pressures, fame velocities, gas velocities, gas temperatures, and dispersed dust concentrations. The presence of turbulence-generating grids in the flame path is found to result in flame acceleration, quite analogous to gaseous flames. This observation confirms the findings of numerical models. Experimental results from a study of dust entrainment using high-speed motion photography are presented.
Revealing Mental Health Information in Friendships: The Role of Disclosure Strategy and Perceived Recipient Response on Disclosure Outcomes

Processes of revealing, or disclosures, take various forms, and are sometimes referred to as disclosure strategies. How individuals share information influences how recipients respond, which may ha...
Modification of the association between diabetes and birth defects by obesity, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011

BACKGROUND Maternal pregestational diabetes and obesity are risk factors for birth defects. Diabetes and obesity often occur together; it is unclear whether their co-occurrence compounds birth defect risk. METHODS We analyzed 1997-2011 data on 29,671 cases and 10,963 controls from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite case-control study. Mothers self-reported height, pregestational weight, and diabetes (pregestational and gestational; analyzed separately). We created four exposure groups: no obesity or diabetes (referent), obesity only, diabetes only, and both obesity and diabetes. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) using logistic regression and the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS Among mothers with pregestational obesity without diabetes, modest associations (OR range: 1.1-1.5) were observed for neural tube defects, small intestinal atresia, anorectal atresia, renal agenesis/hypoplasia, omphalocele, and several congenital heart defects. Pregestational diabetes, regardless of obesity, was strongly associated with most birth defects (OR range: 2.0-75.9). Gestational diabetes and obesity had a stronger association than for obesity alone and the RERI (in parentheses) suggested additive interaction for hydrocephaly (1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.1, 2.5), tetralogy of Fallot (0.9; 95% CI: -0.01, 1.8), atrioventricular septal defect (1.1; 95% CI: -0.1, 2.3), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (1.1; 95% CI: -0.2, 2.4), and atrial septal defect secundum or not otherwise specified (1.0; 95% CI: 0.3, 1.6; only statistically significant RERI). CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a synergistic relationship between obesity and diabetes for most birth defects examined. However, there are opportunities for prevention by reducing obesity and improving glycemic control among women with pregestational diabetes before conception.
Nanowaveguide-illuminated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for single molecule studies.

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a method of investigating concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles typically in the nM range as a result of its femtoliter-sized sample volume. However, biological processes on cell membranes that involve molecules in the μM concentration range require sample volumes well below the conventional FCS limit as well as nanoscale confinement in the longitudinal direction. In this study, we show that an effective measurement volume down to the zeptoliter range can be achieved via the introduction of a nanowire waveguide, resulting in an illumination spot of about 50 nm in lateral dimensions and a longitudinal confinement of around 20 nm just above the waveguide exit surface. Using illumination profiles obtained from finite element method simulations of dielectric nanowaveguides, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of fluorescence fluctuations for two scenarios of fluorophore movement: fluorophores freely diffusing in the three-dimensional (3D) space above the nanowaveguide and fluorophores moving in a two-dimensional (2D) membrane situated directly above the nanowaveguide exit surface. We have developed analytical functions to fit the simulation results and found that an effective illumination size of about 150 zl and 4 × 10−3 µm2 can be obtained for the 3D and 2D scenarios, respectively. Given the flat surface geometry and the deep-subwavelength confinement of its illumination spot, this nanowaveguide-illuminated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy technique may be well suited for studying the concentration and dynamics of densely distributed protein molecules on cell membranes.
Engaging Future Healthcare Professionals as Caregivers to Hospice Patients in Comfort Care Homes

Most people wish to die at home yet significant barriers exist in accessing care in one’s home, especially for individuals with caregiver and/or housing instability. Across the U.S., residential ho...
Tapirus terrestris (Brazilian tapir)

The male animal was a display specimen of the Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, Texas, USA. Skin biopsies were used to initiate cell cultures for cytological work. The karyotype presented here is from a C-band preparation. The female karyotype is a gift of Dr. Walter A. Nelson-Rees.
Conceptualizing emotion in healthcare interpreting: A normative approach to interpreters’ emotion work

Abstract Objectives By juxtaposing literature in signed language interpreting with that of spoken language interpreting, we provide a narrative review to explore the complexity of emotion management in interpreter-mediated medical encounters. Methods We conduct literature search through library databases and Google Scholar using varied combinations of search terms, including interpreter, emotion, culture, and health care. Results We first examine (a) interpreters’ management and performance of others’ emotions, (b) interpreters’ management and performance of their own emotions, and (c) impacts of emotion work for healthcare interpreters. Conclusion By problematizing the roles and functions of emotion and emotion work in interpreter-mediated medical encounters, we propose a normative model to guide future research and practices of interpreters’ emotion management in cross-cultural care. Practice implications Quality and equality of care should serve as the guiding principle for interpreters’ decision-making about their emotions and emotion work. Rather than adopting a predetermined practice, interpreters should evaluate and prioritize the various clinical, interpersonal, and therapeutic objectives as they consider the best practice in managing their own and other speakers’ emotions.
Territoriality and the Perils of Formalism

Recently in this journal1 Donald Regan published a pair of essays on CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of America.2 Much of the first essay elaborates his theory that what the Supreme Court should be doing and what it is doing3 under the dormant commerce clause is checking state laws adopted with a substantial protectionist purpose.4 The rest of the first essay and all of the second essay develop a different check on state lawmaking power in interstate affairs: a rule that states may not regulate conduct beyond their borders. He calls this the extraterritoriality principle. Elsewhere I have questioned whether Regan's theory of protectionism is sufficient to explain what the Court is and should be doing under the dormant commerce clause.5 Here I want to question the extraterritoriality principle. My argument is that it works poorly, if it works at all, as a check on the regulatory authority of states. I also make the broader point that Regan's two proposals are overly formal. They blind us to what should be our real concerns when reviewing state laws that affect out-of-state interests and may generate an intolerable number of bad results. At the end I briefly sketch an alternative approach to these problems that is more openended.
A Review of “Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus”

The concept of hooking up, the slang term for a range of behaviors and arrangements that constitute causal sexual encounters, is the central focus of Kathleen Bogle's Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and R...
Evaluation of the practice of routine culturing of native valves during valve replacement surgery

Abstract Background . We routinely cultured native heart valves removed during valve replacement surgery even when infected carditis (IE) was not suspected. Several probable contaminated cultures prompted us to evaluate this practice. Methods . The medical records of all patients who had positive valve cultures from 1995 to 1997 were reviewed for admission diagnoses, operative surgery, pathology and microbiology report, postoperative infections, and antibiotic use. Cases were excluded only for incomplete medical records or preoperative suspicion of IE. Long-term outcome for the cases was obtained from review of outpatient records and phone contact with the patient or physician. Results . Thirty-two of 222 (14.4%) evaluable patients had positive valve cultures. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common isolate. IE was not suggested in any of these cases based upon the surgical or the pathology report. Only 1 of 32 (3%) developed postoperative prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Three patients died of unrelated causes, and the 28 surviving patients showed no sign of PVE, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Conclusions . The incidence of false-positive native valve cultures is high. Positive cultures did not predict the occurrence of PVE sufficiently to justify obtaining them. Treating patients who had positive native valve cultures would have been unwarranted and poses an unnecessary risk.
Slavery on Trial: Law, Abolitionism, and Print Culture – By Jeannine Marie DeLombard

The rationale for what might be called the “market place of ideas” strategy for ending slavery by peaceful means is the application of the 1735 Zenger Rule, in which Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hami...
Tracer Studies of the Urinary Excretion of Radioactive Mercury following Oral Administration of a Mercurial Diuretic

This report presents experimental evidence of the inefficient intestinal absorption of mercury following the oral administration of a mercurial diuretic. Radiotracer technic was employed using a diuretic prepared with radioactive mercury. Both control subjects and subjects with congestive heart failure were shown to absorb only a small percentage of the mercury administered by the oral route.
Design Features of the Bayou Cogeneration Plant

The Bayou project represents an outstanding example of the high efficiency and energy savings which can be realized with cogeneration. The large topping power characteristic of the gas turbine cycle is particularly well suited to exploit the full benefits of this high efficiency opportunity. The independent needs of process and power for the Bayou facility are readily met by the equipment and needs with high system availabilities. The modular nature of the basic plant components and plant design coupled with an effective integrated project plan has enabled the 300 MW plant to be designed and constructed on a 17-month schedule even though extensive customizing to meet process requirements was necessary. This short schedule results in significant savings and early project benefits for the Houston area and the Bayou joint venture.
Cultural Transmission Versus Perceptions of the Economy: The Sources of Political Elites' Economic Values in the United Germany

The formal division of Germany in 1949 and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 demarcate a monumental quasi-experiment. Whereas the political culture aspects of this experiment have been studied extensively, the implications of these events for the economic culture in West and East Germany have received less attention. This article attempts to fill this gap in scholarship by examining the basic economic values of parliamentarians in East and West Germany. To this end, I interviewed 168 parliamentarians from the united Parliament in Berlin (79 from the East, 89 from the West). The study finds that the socialist order successfully imbued East MPs with socialist economic values—especially among the postwar cohort—independent of MPs' evaluation of contemporary economic conditions. In contrast, West MPs' economic values reflect the social market system of the West German economy. These results suggest that basic institutional arrangements, once put into place, have a substantial influence on individuals' ideol...
DNA repair: Making the cut

Analysis of the first step in repairing double-stranded-DNA breaks reveals that the Mre11 enzyme makes a DNA nick at a point separate from the break ends, creating an entry site for further processing by exonuclease enzymes. See Letter p.122 Homologous recombination at a DNA double-strand break uses a 3′-tailed molecule, which requires resection of the 5′ strand. Previous genetic analysis indicated that the MRX complex, consisting of the repair proteins Mre11, Rad50 and Xrs2, was required for resection. However its in vitro activity was puzzling, as only 3′ to 5′ resection was detected. Elda Cannavo and Petr Cejka have now resolved this conundrum. They find that in yeast, Sae2 nuclease activates MRX to make an initial endonucleolytic cut on the 5′ strand so that MRX can digest the 5′ strand back to the end in a 3′-to-5′ fashion. This activity is stimulated by blockage of the DNA end, which is consistent with in vivo situations such as meiosis, where the Spo11 complex remains bound after initiating a double-strand break.
Correction to "A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths"

Our paper on the use of heuristic information in graph searching defined a path-finding algorithm, A*, and proved that it had two important properties. In the notation of the paper, we proved that if the heuristic function n (n) is a lower bound on the true minimal cost from node n to a goal node, then A* is admissible; i.e., it would find a minimal cost path if any path to a goal node existed. Further, we proved that if the heuristic function also satisfied something called the consistency assumption, then A* was optimal; i.e., it expanded no more nodes than any other admissible algorithm A no more informed than A*. These results were summarized in a book by one of us.
Photochemistry of some alkoxycarbonylplatinum(II) complexes

Abstract Alkoxycarbonylplatinum(II) complexes trans -Pt(CO 2 CH 2 R)Cl(PPh 3 ) 2 , where R = H, Me and Ph, were synthesized in two steps and were characterized by infrared and ultraviolet absorption, proton and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral techniques, and by elemental analysis. Irradiation of the complexes in the solid state or in fluid solution with 254 nm light causes a steady decrease in the intensities of the infrared absorptions in the 1650 and 1070 cm −1 regions, which is interpreted as signifying labilization of the alkoxycarbonyl ligand. In dichloromethane solution, irradiation causes dissociation of the alkoxycarbonyl ligand, which then decomposes into carbon monoxide and an alkoxide ion. The carbon monoxide is thought to re-coordinate to afford the stable product trans -PtCl(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 + . In the presence of oxygen, triphenylphosphine which dissociates from the metal, is photooxidized to form triphenylphosphine oxide in a parallel photoreaction. Disappearance quantum yields for the alkoxycarbonyl complexes are quite small, Φ ∼ 10 −4 −10 −3 mol/einstein, and follow the trend H > Me > Ph.
DNA polymerase I: from crystal structure to function via genetics

Abstract The Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I has two separate structural domains. The polymerase active site is located on the larger C-terminal domain, about 30 A from the 3′–5′ exonuclease active site on the N-terminal domain. We are using combination of X-ray crystallography and molecular genetics to investigate the mechanisms of both reactions and the way that these two distant active sites can work together to enhance the fidelity of DNA synthesis.
Mitochondrial anti-oxidant protects IEX-1 deficient mice from organ damage during endotoxemia

Sepsis, a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units worldwide, is often a result of overactive and systemic inflammation following serious infections. We found that mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) were prone to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced endotoxemia. A nonlethal dose of LPS provoked numerous aberrations in IEX-1 knockout (KO) mice including pancytopenia, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lung neutrophilia, concurrent with liver and kidney damage, followed by death. Given these results, in conjunction with a proven role for IEX-1 in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during stress, we pre-treated IEX-1 KO mice with Mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondrion-based antioxidant prior to LPS injection. The treatment significantly reduced ROS formation in circulatory cells and protected against pancytopenia and multiple organ failure, drastically increasing the survival rate of IEX-1 KO mice challenged by this low dose of LPS. This study confirms significant contribution of mitochondrial ROS to the etiology of sepsis.
Malignant risk in juvenile polyposis coli: Increasing documentation in the pediatric age group

The presence of juvenile polyps with resulting bleeding and abdominal pain has traditionally been considered a benign, self-limiting process which would resolve with age. The dictum that these polyps were usually solitary, were found predominantly in the rectosigmoid area, and were without malignant potential has been reconsidered in recent years with the increased use of colonoscopy. Several case reports in both adults and children have documented the presence of adenomatous changes in this syndrome. We report 3 cases of children, ages 3, 11, and 11 who were found to have adenomatous polyps in the midst of fields of juvenile polyps on evaluation for rectal bleeding. All three were treated definitively with endorectal pull-through. Two of these patients had atypia on histological evaluation, one of which was severe. We recommend a more aggressive approach to patients found to have multiple juvenile polyps on barium enema, including colonoscopic biopsies at several sites to determine the presence of adenomatous changes, with colectomy and endorectal pull-through should these be found.
Mercury in tadpoles collected from remote alpine sites in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains, California, USA

Amphibians in alpine wetlands of the Sierra Nevada mountains comprise key components of an aquatic–terrestrial food chain, and mercury contamination is a concern because concentrations in fish from this region exceed thresholds of risk to piscivorous wildlife. Total mercury concentrations were measured in whole tadpoles of the Sierra chorus frog, Pseudacris sierra, two times at 27 sites from high elevations (2786–3375 m) in the southern Sierra Nevada. Median mercury concentrations were 14 ng/g wet weight (154 ng/g dry weight), which were generally low in comparison to tadpoles of 15 other species/location combinations from studies that represented both highly contaminated and minimally contaminated sites. Mercury concentrations in P. sierra were below concentrations known to be harmful in premetamorphic tadpoles of another species and below threshold concentrations for risk to predaceous wildlife. Concentrations in tadpoles were also lower than those observed in predaceous fish in the study region presumably because tadpoles in the present study were much younger (1–2 months) than fish in the other study (3–10 years), and tadpoles represent a lower trophic level than these fish. Mercury concentrations were not related to distance from the adjacent San Joaquin Valley, a source of agricultural and industrial pollutants.
On combining range and intensity data

This paper addresses the problem of combining range and intensity data for scene analysis. Although both sources of information describe the same scene, they are very dissimilar. To place both sources of information in the same form, the edge maps of the range image and of the intensity image are derived. An initial step in examining the edge maps is to observe which edges they have in common. Two procedures for extracting the edges common to the range image and the intensity image are presented.
Experiments on waves and instabilities in dusty plasmas

Laboratory experiments on waves in dusty plasmas performed at the University of Iowa are described. All of the experiments deal with low-frequency electrostatic waves and include studies of (i) electrostatic dust ion cyclotron (EDIC) waves, (ii) dust ion acoustic (DIA) waves and (iii) dust acoustic (DA) waves.
Differential rotation and the structure and energy content of coronal magnetic fields

It is argued that differential rotation of the photospheric magnetic fields will induce currents in the corona. The work done against surface magnetic stresses will increase the energy content of the coronal magnetic field. The electrical conductivities are high and the foot points of field lines move with the differential rotation. The force-free field equations are solved with this constraint to obtain a minimum estimate of the energy increase for a quadrupole field. During a solar rotation the magnetic energy increases by 25%. Local release of this energy in the corona would have a significant effect. The expansion of field lines as a result of the differential rotation should increase the amount of flux and the field strength in the solar wind region.
Microstructural analysis of activated carbons prepared from paper mill sludge by SANS and BET.

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and N2-BET analysis were used to characterize the microstructure of a series of activated carbons produced from paper mill sludge using ZnCl2. N2-BET and SANS data indicate that the micro- and mesoporous surface areas of the carbons increase with the concentration of ZnCl2 used in their preparation. Contrast variation SANS studies demonstrate the existence of two different phases, a zinc-rich particle phase and a bulk carbon phase with nanopores. Both phases are largely accessible to the solvent. The size and morphology of the pores and inclusions were determined from the SANS data. The pores are found to be roughly rodlike. The radii and volumes of the pores increase with increasing the amount of activating agent (ZnCl2) used for the production of the carbons. On the basis of SANS results, we propose a conceptual model describing structural characteristics of the produced carbons.
Dominant Negative lptE Mutation That Supports a Role for LptE as a Plug in the LptD Barrel

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major outer leaflet constituent of the Gram-negative outer membrane (OM) bilayer. A bipartite protein complex of LptD and LptE assembles LPS into the OM. It has been established that LptE assists folding and assembly of its β-barrel partner LptD, yet reported biochemical evidence suggested additional LptE functions. Here, we isolated dominant negative lptE mutations, seeking to inform these functions. The lptE14 mutation increased OM permeability to erythromycin, even when the wild-type lptE gene was present. We show that the lptE14 mutation does not cause a defect in either LptD assembly or LPS export. A spontaneous IS1 insertion in secA suppressed lptE14 erythromycin sensitivity by removing the C-terminal SecB-binding domain of SecA. While this suppressor mutation broadly impeded SecB-dependent secretion of preproteins, we show that suppression was a direct and specific consequence of reduced LptD levels in the OM. We suggest that lptE14 causes poor plugging of the LptD β barrel and that a reduction of ineffectively plugged LptD-LptE14 complexes in the OM decreases permeability to erythromycin. Hence, lptE14 supports a proposed plug-and-barrel LptE-LptD arrangement.
Space radiation-associated lung injury in a murine model

Despite considerable progress in identifying health risks to crewmembers related to exposure to galactic/cosmic rays and solar particle events (SPE) during space travel, its long-term effects on the pulmonary system are unknown. We used a murine risk projection model to investigate the impact of exposure to space-relevant radiation (SR) on the lung. C3H mice were exposed to (137)Cs gamma rays, protons (acute, low-dose exposure mimicking the 1972 SPE), 600 MeV/u (56)Fe ions, or 350 MeV/u (28)Si ions at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Animals were irradiated at the age of 2.5 mo and evaluated 23.5 mo postirradiation, at 26 mo of age. Compared with age-matched nonirradiated mice, SR exposures led to significant air space enlargement and dose-dependent decreased systemic oxygenation levels. These were associated with late mild lung inflammation and prominent cellular injury, with significant oxidative stress and apoptosis (caspase-3 activation) in the lung parenchyma. SR, especially high-energy (56)Fe or (28)Si ions markedly decreased sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and Akt- and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, depleted anti-senescence sirtuin-1 and increased biochemical markers of autophagy. Exposure to SR caused dose-dependent, pronounced late lung pathological sequelae consistent with alveolar simplification and cellular signaling of increased injury and decreased repair. The associated systemic hypoxemia suggested that this previously uncharacterized space radiation-associated lung injury was functionally significant, indicating that further studies are needed to define the risk and to develop appropriate lung-protective countermeasures for manned deep space missions.
Public-key traitor tracing from efficient decoding and unbounded enrollment: extended abstract

Public-key traitor-tracing schemes is a supporting technology for content distribution that discourages abuse and resale of cryptographic keys used for the distribution. These schemes enable a system manager to maintain a set of subscribers so that any external content provider can use the public key nature of the method and transmit data to the subscribers, while assuring that if a coalition of users generate a pirate deciphering device, they can be identified via a procedure called "traitor tracing."The usefulness of efficient decoding in this context was exemplified in the work of Boneh and Franklin that showed how a specific family of codes can be combined with ElGamal encryption to produce a public-key traitor tracing scheme that supports non-black-box traitor tracing and recovers all traitors that contributed to the pirate key.In this work we are motivated by the notion of "Traitor Tracing with unbounded enrollment" that we define here, and we look for proper implementation thereof. To this end, we first generalize the Boneh Franklin approach to arbitrary code families by introducing Extended ElGamal encryption and showing an explicit condition under which the encryption can be transformed to traitor tracing, while also identifying cases where such transformation would not work; the properties are presented in terms of efficient decoding algorithms. The approach sheds light on the superlogarithmic (non-black-box) traceability of the Kurosawa-Desmedt public-key traitor tracing scheme that was only shown to support efficient tracing for a logarithmic number of traitors (in the black-box sense, where it was shown that logarithmic is optimal). Recall that the original non-black-box tracing algorithm of this scheme was found to be insufficient. We also show how to take advantage of list decoding techniques for non-black-box traitor tracing to extend the number of traitors that can be successfully traced. Finally, the Kurosawa Desmedt scheme accompanied with our tracing method is shown to be the first construction to implement traitor tracing with unbounded enrollment for an optimal number of traitors (for such a scheme) in both the non-black-box tracing case and the black-box tracing case.
Seasonal effects on the freerunning rhythm of circadian activity of longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae)

Freerunning circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in individual longnose dace sampled from a population at 41°N latitude were recorded under constant darkness throughout the year. There was an annual cycle in the length of the circadian period, with maximum and minimum lengths of mean period of 23.6 and 21.6 h recorded during summer (June) and winter (December), respectively. These annual changes in period length may have resulted from seasonal changes in entrainment by natural light-dark cycles and their ‘after-effects’ on endogenous circadian rhythms. The possibility of an endogenous circannual rhythm was also considered.
Tumor labeling indices of primary breast cancers and their regional lymph node metastases.

Background. Tumor labeling index has emerged as a strong predictor of the clinical course of women with breast cancer. This study investigated whether labeling index of primary tumors correlates with labeling indices of concurrent regional node metastases. Methods. With appropriate written consent, preoperative in vivo infusion of the thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) was used to label 109 human breast cancers. Labeled S-phase cells were identified immunohistochemically with an antibody specific to DNA-incorporated BrdUrd. Labeling index was the fraction of labeled nuclei in 2000 tumor nuclei. For 30 women, there was sufficient cancer in axillary lymph nodes to compare labeling indices in primary breast cancer and regional lymph node metastases. Results. The 30 women were from 25 to 82 years of age. Tumors were from 1 to 12 cm in size and there were from 1 to 26 positive nodes. Tumor labeling index ranged from 0.1% to 34%, (mean, 11.1%; median, 10.3%) and axillary lymph node metastasis labeling index ranged from 0.1% to 27.7% (mean, 10.8%; median, 10.0%). There was strong correlation between primary tumor labeling index and regional lymph node metastases labeling index (r = 0.82, with 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.91). The correlation persisted within subgroups according to age, tumor size, number of positive nodes, and hormone receptor status. Primary tumor and lymph node metastases labeling indices also had statistically similar relationships with age, level of hormone receptors, tumor size, and number of positive nodes. Conclusions. Primary tumor and regional node labeling indices correlate strongly; the relationship is not influenced by age, level of hormone receptors, tumor size, or number of positive nodes.
Vascular resistance and vasoactivity of gills and pulmonary artery of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum

In order to understand the blood flow patterns and their regulation in the gills and pulmonary artery ofAmbystoma tigrinum, the vascular resistance and vasoactivity of the two major branchial perfusion pathways and a vascular plexus in the pulmonary artery were investigated using an isolated-tissue perfusion method. Acetylcholine and epinephrine were both pressor agents in all three vascular segments. Angiotensin II also constricted the branchial respiratory vasculature. Norephinephrine was primarily a vasodilator in the branchial respiratory vasculature, however, it had no effect on the shunt vessels of the gill or the pulmonary arterial plexus. Both gill circulations were insensitive to alterations in CO2 and pH. Anoxia produced a slight vasodilation of the branchial respiratory vessels but had no effect on the shunt vasculature. Mild hypoxia had no effect on either branchial circulations. The results suggest that: (1) blood flow through the respiratory section of the gill may vary between 8 and 47% of total gill flow, (2) the major perfusion pathway to the lung is probably from the efferent artery of the third gill through the ductus arteriosus and then into the pulmonary artery, (3) O2, CO2 and pH exert no local control of branchial perfusion, (4) both cholinergic and adrenergic regulation of branchial and proximal pulmonary arterial vascular resistance is possible, (5) a rise in circulating norepinephrine should increase blood flow to the respiratory section of the gill.
White Matter Vulnerability to Ischemic Injury Increases with Age Because of Enhanced Excitotoxicity

Stroke incidence increases with age and this has been attributed to vascular factors. We show here that CNS white matter (WM) is intrinsically more vulnerable to ischemic injury in older animals and that the mechanisms of WM injury change as a function of age. The mouse optic nerve was used to study WM function. WM function in older animals (12 months) was not protected from ischemic injury by removal of extracellular Ca2+ or by blockade of reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange, as is the case with young adults. Ischemic WM injury in older mice is predominately mediated by glutamate release and activation of AMPA/kainate-type glutamate receptors. Glutamate release, attributable to reverse glutamate transport, occurs earlier and is more robust in older mice that show greater expression of the glutamate transporter. The observation that WM vulnerability to ischemic injury is age dependent has possible implications for the pathogenesis of other age-related CNS conditions.
Variation of the vapor volumetric fraction during flow and power transients

Abstract An exact solution has been obtained for the variation of the vapor volumetric (void) fraction during exponential flow and power transients using the method of characteristics. The ‘void propagation’ equation, as derived by Zuber and Staub [1] was used and extended to the more general case of non-saturated inlet conditions. Transient void fraction measurements made with a capacitance-type void gage show good agreement with the theory, indicating that the simplifying assumptions made in the analysis are valid over a fairly wide range of void fractions.
Pragmatic directions and children's word learning

The present study tested the hypothesis that children as young as two use what adults tell them about meaning relations when they make inferences about new words. 18 two-year-olds (mean age 2;2) and 18 three-year-olds (mean age 3;2) learned two new terms (a) with instructions either (i) to treat one term as a superordinate to the other, or (ii) to replace one term with another; and (b) with no instruction given about how two new words might be related. Children were attentive to both kinds of instructions or pragmatic directions, and made use of them in their word-learning. When they received no instruction relating the two new words, they resorted to a range of coping strategies to assign and relate meanings to each other. These findings support the view that children's learning of new word meanings is guided by the pragmatic directions adults offer.
Cumulative incidence of outcomes and urologic procedures after augmentation cystoplasty

Objective Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is a major surgery that can be associated with long-term morbidity. This study aimed to describe the cumulative incidence of outcomes and urologic procedures in a large cohort of children who underwent AC, identify significant sources of morbidity, and to evaluate baseline factors associated with outcomes of interest.
Wandering Behavior Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: Implications for Designers

ISSUE: A challenge facing the profession of interior design is to create special care units in extended care facilities that accommodate wandering, a major behavioral symptom of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. GOAL: This report informs interior design educators about the symptom of wandering, provides design ideas to accommodate the behavior in a safe and supportive environment, and suggests questions for further research. APPLICATION: Designers can play a major role in insuring the safety and well being of wanderers through careful planning of the interior environment. DESCRIPTION: Wandering is a major symptom of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. In the past, individuals living in institutional settings have been restricted through restraint or medication. This often resulted in increased resident agitation. Today, care givers want to accommodate residents who wander yet still provide for their safety. Reasons for wandering are discussed and the patterns of wandering are described to give design educators an understanding of this phenomenon. Research is presented regarding strategies for discouraging unsafe exiting of the unit during wandering episodes. Finally, case studies and examples of current design solutions that accommodate wandering are discussed. CONCLUSION: Interior design educators will be able to use this information to help students understand wandering behavior and recognize the need to critically review the current literature when designing special care units for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
Nanostructural materials increase mineralization in bone cells and affect gene expression through miRNA regulation

We report that several nanomaterials induced enhanced mineralization (increased numbers and larger areas of mineral nests) in MC3T3-E1 bone cells, with the highest response being induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We demonstrate that AgNPs altered microRNA expression resulting in specific gene expression associated with bone formation. We suggest that the identified essential transcriptional factors and bone morphogenetic proteins play an important role in activation of the process of mineralization in bone cells exposed to AgNPs.
Ten years in Hilbert space

This is a report on progress in the theory of single operators in the 1970's. It is based for the most part, but not exclusively, on ten problems in Hilbert space posed in 1970 [21]; it reports which of those problems have been solved and what the solutions are. It reports some closely related results also, notably those of Apostol, Foias, and Voiculescu on the spectral characterization of non-quasitriangular operators, Scott Brown on invariant subspaces of subnormal operators, Gambler on invariant subspaces of some Toeplitz operators, Kriete and Trutt on the subnormality of the Cesaro operator, and Lomonosov on hyperinvariant subspaces of compact operators.