cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of 3-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate and Low-Dose Recombinant Factor VIIa for Warfarin Reversal

Introduction: Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) and recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa) have been used for emergent reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. Few clinical studies have compared these agents in warfarin reversal. We compared warfarin reversal in patients who received either 3 factor PCC (PCC3) or low-dose rFVIIa (LDrFVIIa) for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. Methods: Data were collected from medical charts of patients who received at least one dose of PCC3 (20 units/ kg) or LDrFVIIa (1000 or 1200 mcg) for emergent warfarin reversal from August 2007 to October 2011. The primary end-points were achievement of an INR 1.5 or less for efficacy and thromboembolic events for safety. Results: Seventy-four PCC3 and 32 LDrFVIIa patients were analyzed. Baseline demographics, reason for warfarin reversal, and initial INR were equivalent. There was no difference in the use of vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma. More LDrFVIIa patients achieved an INR of 1.5 or less (71.9% vs. 33.8%, p =0.001). The follow-up INR was lower after LDrFVIIa (1.25 vs. 1.75, p < 0.05) and the percent change in INR was larger after LDrFVIIa (54.1% vs. 38.8%, p = 0.002). There was no difference in the number of thromboembolic events (2 LDrFVIIa vs. 5 PCC3, p = 1.00), mortality, length of hospital stay, or cost. Conclusions: Based on achieving a goal INR of 1.5 or less, LDrFVIIa was more likely than PCC3 to reverse warfarin anticoagulation. Thromboembolic events were equivalent in patients receiving PCC3 and LDrFVIIa.
Nursing interventions to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy: An integrative review

Background: Smoking during their pregnancy or even through a portion of the pregnancy put the unborn child at risk for many complications during pregnancy and after delivery. Teaching smoking cessation is vital to women of childbearing age. Smoking cessation provides immediate and long-term benefits for pregnant women and their children. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the degree of variability in the methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks of behavioral intervention for smoking cessation during pregnancy. Methods: The design selected for this research is integrative review. Twenty-four articles were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (a) studies published between 2000 and 2013, (b) studies published in the English language, (c) a smoking cessation intervention program that targeted pregnant women, and (d) measurement of smoking status after a smoking cessation intervention was implemented. A data extraction tool developed for the purpose of this study utilizing the frameworks of Cooper (1984), and Stetler and colleagues (1998). Results: Seventy percent of the reviewed studies reported either smoking cessation or a reduction in smoking as a result of participating in a smoking cessation program. The reviewed studies confirmed that smoking cessation interventions should begin at the beginning of pregnancy, as early pregnancy is a peak opportunity for education. It is highly beneficial if the interventions last throughout the woman’s pregnancy to ensure smoking cessation through the duration of the post-partum period. Conclusion: The majority of the reviewed interventions proved to be highly beneficial with the reduction in smoking or smoking cessation. Additional research is needed to evaluate individual treatment modalities using a side-by-side comparison. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
A novel approach for describing mixing effects in homogeneous reactors

Abstract The Liapunov–Schmidt technique of classical bifurcation theory is used to spatially average the convection–diffusion–reaction (CDR) equations over smaller time/length scales to obtain low-dimensional two-mode models for describing mixing effects due to local diffusion, velocity gradients and reactions. For the cases of isothermal homogeneous tubular, loop/recycle and tank reactors, the two-mode models are described by a pair of coupled balance equations for the mixing-cup ( C m ) and spatial average (〈 C 〉) concentrations. The global equation describes the variation of C m with residence time (or position) in the reactor, while the local equation expresses the coupling between local diffusion, velocity gradients and reaction at the local scales, in terms of the difference between C m and 〈 C 〉. It is shown that the two-mode models have many similarities with the classical two-phase models of heterogeneous catalytic reactors with the concept of transfer between phases being replaced by that of exchange between the two-modes. It is also shown that when the local Damkohler number (ratio of local diffusion to reaction time) is small, the solution of two-mode models approaches the exact solution of full CDR equations, while for fast reactions the two-mode models retain all the qualitative features of the latter. Examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of these two-mode models in predicting micromixing effects on homogeneous reactions.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake and the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment

The 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake, a long-anticipated event on the San Andreas fault, is the world’s best recorded earthquake to date, with state-of-the-art data obtained from geologic, geodetic, seismic, magnetic, and electrical field networks. This has allowed the preearthquake and postearthquake states of the San Andreas fault in this region to be analyzed in detail. Analyses of these data provide views into the San Andreas fault that show a complex geologic history, fault geometry, rheology, and response of the nearby region to the earthquake- induced ground movement. Although aspects of San Andreas fault zone behavior in the Parkfield region can be modeled simply over geological time frames, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake indicate that predicting the fine details of future earthquakes is still a challenge. Instead of a deterministic approach, forecasting future damaging behavior, such as that caused by strong ground motions, will likely continue to require probabilistic methods. However, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake have provided ample data to understand most of what did occur in 2004, culminating in significant scientific advances.
Posterior cingulate epilepsy: clinical and neurophysiological analysis

Objective Posterior cingulate epilepsy (PCE) is misleading because the seizure onset is located in an anatomically deep and semiologically silent area. This type of epilepsy is rare and has not been well described yet. Knowledge of the characteristics of PCE is important for the interpretation of presurgical evaluation and better surgical strategy. The purpose of this study was to better characterise the clinical and neurophysiological features of PCE. Methods This retrospective analysis included seven intractable PCE patients. Six patients had postcingulate ictal onset identified by stereotactic EEG (SEEG) evaluations. One patient had a postcingulate tumour. We analysed clinical semiology, the scalp EEG/SEEG findings and cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP). Results The classifications of scalp EEG were various, including non-localisible, lateralised to the seizure onset side, regional parieto-occipital, regional frontocentral and regional temporal. Three of seven patients showed motor manifestations, including bilateral asymmetric tonic seizures and hypermotor seizures. In these patients, ictal activities spread to frontal (lateral premotor area, orbitofrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, anteior cingulate gyrus) and parietal (precuneus, posterior cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), postcentral gyrus) areas. Four patients showed dialeptic seizures or automotor seizures, with seizure spread to medial temporal or IPL areas. CCEP was performed in four patients, suggesting electrophysiological connections from the posterior cingulate gyrus to parietal, temporal, mesial occipital and mesial frontal areas. Conclusions This study revealed that the network from the posterior cingulate gyrus and the semiology of PCE (motor manifestation vs dialeptic/automotor seizure) varies depending upon the seizure spread patterns.
Non-isomorphic projective sets

It is well known that two Borel subsets of the unit interval are Borel isomorphic, if, and only if, they have the same cardinality. The problem of the existence of analytic, non-Borelian subsets of the unit interval, which are not Borel isomorphic, has not been resolved within ZFC. With the additional assumption of the existence of an uncountable coanalytic set which does not contain a perfect set, it has been shown that there are at least three Borel isomorphism classes of analytic non-Borelian sets [4, 5].
Climatic and terrestrial storage control on evapotranspiration temporal variability: Analysis of river basins around the world

Knowledge of the temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of hydroclimatologic processes under a changing climate and anthropogenic interferences. This study applies a variance decomposition framework to assessing ET interannual and intra-annual variance in 32 large river basins. It is found that climate (precipitation and potential ET) and terrestrial storage play different roles in ET variance with different time scales. At the interannual scale, ET variance is primarily controlled by climatic variability and dampened/enhanced by terrestrial storage change. At the intra-annual scale, the sources of ET variance exhibit a geographic pattern: ET variance is controlled by terrestrial storage change in Middle Asia, by seasonality in the Indian monsoon region, by precipitation and terrestrial storage in low altitude arid regions, and by potential ET and terrestrial storage in boreal regions. Quantifying the components of ET variability will help scientists understand the factors on ET processes under various natural and anthropogenic conditions.
A component-based end-to-end simulation of the Linux file system

The Linux file system is designed with components utilizing a layered architecture. The upper components hide details of the lower components, and each layer presents unified and simple interfaces to the layers above and below. This design helps Linux to be flexible as well as to provide support for multiple types of storage devices. In this paper, this component architecture is used to develop a realistic simulation without having to model lower level details of the hardware layer or particular storage devices. A detailed simulation-based performance model of the Linux ext3 file system has been developed using Colored Petri Nets. The extensive validation study using the model obtains results that are close to the expected behavior of the real file system. The model demonstrates that file system parameters have a significant impact on the I/O performance.
Finite Dimensional Variational Inequalities and Nash Equilibria

In this chapter, we lay the foundation for turning our focus from dynamic optimization, which has been the subject of preceding chapters, to the notion of a dynamic game. To fully appreciate the material presented in subsequent chapters, we must in the present chapter review some of the essential features of the theory of finite-dimensional variational inequalities and static noncooperative mathematical games. Today many economists and engineers are exposed to the notion of a game-theoretic equilibrium that we study in this chapter, namely Nash equilibrium. Yet, the relationship of such equilibria to certain nonextremal problems known as fixed-point problems, variational inequalities and nonlinear complementarity problems is not widely understood. It is the fact that, as we shall see, Nash and Nash-like equilibria are related to and frequently equivalent to nonextremal problems that makes the computation and qualitative investigation of such equilibria so tractable. Although the static games discussed in this chapter are really steady states of dynamic games, we are, for the most part, indifferent in this chapter to any underlying dynamics. We also comment that readers familiar with finite-dimensional variational inequalities and static Nash games may wish to skip this chapter.
A university physician's duty to nonpatient students.

A physician in a university student health center may feel a duty to intervene when he finds out from a patient that a student who is not a patient is diverting medication, but doing so would violate patient confidentiality.
Sexual minority reflections on their psychotherapy experiences.

AbstractObjective: Sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer) individuals are regular consumers of psychotherapy, and are more likely to utilize psychotherapy than heterosexually identified individuals. However, there is scant research on sexual minority clients examining their perceptions of therapists’ efforts to work successfully with them. Method: We examined the experiences reported by sexual minority individuals in psychotherapy (N = 77), utilizing an Internet-based survey that asked open-ended questions such as, “How did your therapist address your sexual orientation?” Result: Using directed content analysis, we derived 19 repeating ideas, which we categorized into five major themes and two overarching concepts, including: (a) participants reported appreciating general person-centered psychotherapy competencies (e.g., active listening, validation, Socratic questioning) and (b) participants reported that various aspects of sexual orientation (e.g., therapist sexual identity, therapist knowledge...
An Introduction to the Internet, Part 3: Internet Services

In this third article in a four-part series on the Internet, Internet services are described and examples are given on how to use them. After reading this article, a technologist should be able to name the major Internet services, understand how they function and use them to obtain information from the Internet.
Optical Feshbach Resonances and Coherent Photoassociation in a Strontium BEC

We use narrow-line photoassociation (PA) in an 88Sr BEC to control condensate collapse and expansion with an optical Feshbach resonance. We also accesses a regime of coherent single-color PA in which we observe atom-molecule Rabi oscillations and create condensates of excited-state molecules.
Resonant Raman Scattering in CdSxSe1−x Nanocrystals: Electron-Phonon Coupling

We report pressure and laser tuned Raman scattering studies on CdSxSei1-x nanocrystals. The electron-phonon coupling strength was determined as a function of pressure beyond the bulk phase transition pressure point. The coupling strength at atmospheric pressure determined from the Stokes shifted photoluminescence and resonant Raman scattering is not drastically smaller than the bulk value as might be expected theoretically. As a function of pressure it also shows no abrupt changes at the bulk phase transition pressure point. These results indicate that deep traps play a critical part in the mechanism of the electron-phonon coupling.
Ultra-high efficiency photovoltaics via diffractive optics

In this presentation, I will show that planar diffractive optics can drastically increase the efficiency of photovoltaics via spectrum-splitting and concentration of sunlight. Such optics can be inexpensively manufactured to cover large areas.
Study Habits and Attitudes Characteristic of Sex and Locus-of-Control Groups

Perceptions of study habits and attitudes were analyzed for sex and internally and externally oriented groups comprising 239 subjects enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes. The scores on the Rotter I-E Scale were used to identify the internally and externally oriented subjects. The Brown and Holtzman Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes inventory, administered at three different times during the semester to detect possible variations among the groups over time, yields four primary scale and two subscale scores, and a total score. Trend analyses showed significant differences among the groups on all scale scores and trials on three scales, displaying downward trend effects.
Myocardial Depletion of Norepinephrine in Hemorrhagic Hypotension.

SummaryAnalysis of NE and E in the left ventricle of 12 normal albino rabbits averaged 1.05 ± .13 and 0.14 ± .06 μg/g respectively. In 12 rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension for 3 hours at mean arterial blood pressures of 50 mm Hg, myocardial NE declined significantly to an average of 0.16 ± .05 μg/g (P<.001). Epinephrine levels in this group rose to an average of 0.24 ± .06 μg/g (P<.01). Injection of graded doses (500 to 25 μg/kg) of NE in hypotensive rabbits caused an elevation of myocardial NE in rough proportion to the dose administered and level in plasma.
Dual Gradient Drilling Will Control Shallow Hazards in Deepwater Environments

Currently the “Pump and Dump” method employed by Exploration and Production (EP the kick detection methods are slow and unreliable, which results in a need for visual kick detection; and it does not offer dynamic well control methods of managing shallow hazards such as methane hydrates, shallow gas and shallow water flows. These negative aspects of “Pump and Dump” are in addition to the environmental impact, high drilling fluid (mud) costs and limited mud options. Dual gradient technology offers a closed system, which improves drilling most simply because the mud within the system is recycled. The amount of required mud is reduced, the variety of acceptable mud types is increased and chemical additives to the mud become an option. This closed system also offers more accurate and faster kick detection methods in addition to those that are already used in the “Pump and Dump” method. It has the potential to prevent the formation of hydrates by adding hydrate inhibitors to the drilling mud. And more significantly, this system successfully controls dissociating methane hydrates, over pressured shallow gas zones and shallow water flows. Dual gradient technology improves deepwater drilling operations by removing fluid constraints and offering proactive well control over dissociating hydrates, shallow water flows and over pressured shallow gas zones. There are several clear advantages for dual gradient technology: economic, technical and significantly improved safety, which is achieved through superior well control.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of Composition on Dehydrogenation of Mesoporous Silica/Ammonia Borane Nanocomposites

This paper discusses the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) and MCM-41/AB nanocomposites in which the loading level of AB (i.e., the mass ratio of AB to mesoporous silica) varies from 0.11 to 2.36. The dehydrogenation temperatures shift to low temperatures with decreasing loading levels. At loading levels of 0.11 and 0.15, only one dehydrogenation step is observed at temperatures less than 200 °C. Our results also show that 12.6 wt % of hydrogen in the incorporated AB is liberated from the nanocomposite at a loading level of 0.15 in 1 h at 89.5 °C. We deduce that AB confined within the mesopores is amorphous, while AB outside of the channels has a tetragonal structure. Furthermore, we deduce that at relative low loading levels AB coats the inner surface of mesoporous silica as a monolayer.
Biological studies of dsm-iii psychotic disorders. I. platelet measures and apomorphine-induced growth hormone response

The relationship between DSM-III schizophrenia, major affective disorders, and the psychotic disorders not elsewhere classified (PDNEC) can be explored through studies which attempt to determine whether these disorders can be differentiated from one another and normal controls by biological measures. Preliminary results of an ongoing project which utilizes measures of blood platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO), serotonin (5-HT) uptake, and 5-HT content, and the apomorphine-induced increase in growth hormone (GH) to accomplish these goals are reported here. DSM-III major affective disorders (bipolar disorder and major depression) can be differentiated from normal controls by the V max of platelet 5-HT. Platelet 5-HT V max of bipolar disorder, depressed type, is significantly different from that of schizophrenia and PDNEC. Elevated platelet 5-HT content is present in black schizophrenic patients compared to black normal controls. Platelet MAO was increased in a small group of schizophreniform female patients. There was no difference in the apomorphine-induced GH response between any of the diagnostic groups. If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results tend to identify the PDNEC more closely with schizophrenia than the major affective disorders.
Improved Alternatives for Estimating In-Use Material Stocks

Determinations of in-use material stocks are useful for exploring past patterns and future scenarios of materials use, for estimating end-of-life flows of materials, and thereby for guiding policies on recycling and sustainable management of materials. This is especially true when those determinations are conducted for individual products or product groups such as “automobiles” rather than general (and sometimes nebulous) sectors such as “transportation”. We propose four alternatives to the existing top–down and bottom–up methods for estimating in-use material stocks, with the choice depending on the focus of the study and on the available data. We illustrate with aluminum use in automobiles the robustness of and consistencies and differences among these four alternatives and demonstrate that a suitable combination of the four methods permits estimation of the in-use stock of a material contained in all products employing that material, or in-use stocks of different materials contained in a particular pro...
A Chilling Experience: An Analysis of the Legal and Ethical Issues Surrounding Egg Freezing, and a Contractual Solution

If you Google “egg freezing,” you will find numerous newspaper and magazine articles discussing this new reproductive technology. You will also encounter countless clinics currently helping women extract and freeze their eggs. You might find an occasional warning about the potential risks associated with egg freezing, as the media is buzzing with questions about this new, ethically uncertain technology. If you conduct a legal search, however, you will not find answers to these questions. In October 2012, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine lifted the “experimental” designation from egg freezing procedures. Women can now freeze their eggs in their twenties, thirties, or forties, and conceive children with those eggs in their forties, fifties, or sixties. While the potential benefits of “freezing one’s fertility” have been widely discussed, the physical, psychological, and financial risks associated with egg freezing have not been appropriately explored. Clinics and patients remain vulnerable as women freeze their eggs within a medical regime that has far outpaced legal guidelines. Few regulations relate to assisted reproductive technology, and none pertain specifically to egg freezing. As egg freezing becomes more popular, or even routine, it is important that issues including informed consent, what happens to abandoned or pre-deceased eggs, and what constitutes appropriate damages for breaching an egg freezing contract are fully analyzed and discussed. This article jump-starts that discussion, suggesting that while egg freezing should remain an option, it raises complex issues about reproductive rights that are unlikely to be resolved without legislative action. Consequently, this Note recommends a concrete, balanced solution — legislatively mandated standard form contracts — which will provide both patients and fertility clinics with uniformity, predictability, and security. This new structure will help prevent legal and ethical controversies from arising, while preserving reproductive freedom as egg freezing continues to grow in demand.
A Working Model for Complying with Accessibility Guidelines for Online Learning.

We describe our activities that emerged in the context of an Office of Distance Education and Learning Technologies’ efforts to systematically and systemically address accessibility for online learning in order to comply with ethical principles, best practices, and laws. The activities include three overarching continuous tasks: strategically monitoring campus needs and resources, building a supportive infrastructure, and evaluating outcomes. Conscientious assessment of needs informs development of the collaborative support infrastructure necessary to establish a supportive campus culture with instructors and staff who use facilitative software to create accessible online opportunities for students. We provide a practical checklist for reviewing online instruction for accessibility.
Optimization of material/device parameters of CdTe photovoltaic for solar cells applications

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) has been recognized as a promising photovoltaic material for thin-film solar cell applications due to its near optimum bandgap of ∼1.5 eV and high absorption coefficient. The energy gap is near optimum for a single-junction solar cell. The high absorption coefficient allows films as thin as 2.5 μm to absorb more than 98% of the above-bandgap radiation. Cells with efficiencies near 20% have been produced with poly-CdTe materials. This paper examines n/p heterostructure device architecture. The performance limitations related to doping concentrations, minority carrier lifetimes, absorber layer thickness, and surface recombination velocities at the back and front interfaces is assessed. Ultimately, the paper explores device architectures of poly- CdTe and crystalline CdTe to achieve performance comparable to gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Cerebral pyogenic abscess.

The most frequent causes of the distressingly high mortality seen with cerebral pyogenic abscess have been cited as difficulties in diagnosis, involvement of the brain stem, and the presence of multiple foci within the cerebral substances.
Multilayer piezoelectret foam stack for vibration energy harvesting

Electronic devices are high-demand commodities in today’s world, and such devices will continue increasing in popularity. Currently, batteries are implemented to provide power to these devices; however, the need for battery replacement, their cost, and the waste associated with battery disposal present a need for advances in self-powered technology. Energy harvesting technology has great potential to alleviate the drawbacks of batteries. In this work, a novel piezoelectret foam material is investigated for low-level vibration energy harvesting. Specifically, piezoelectret foam assembled in a multilayer stack configuration is explored. Modeling and experimentation of the stack when excited in compression at low frequencies are performed to investigate piezoelectret foam for multilayer energy harvesting. An equivalent circuit model derived from the literature is used to model the piezoelectret stack. Two 20-layer prototype devices and one 40-layer prototype device are fabricated and experimentally tested vi...
Conclusion: A Second Sailing?

Stephen Kinzer, who spent several years as the New York Times correspondent in Turkey and became a keen observer of its politics, described the ‘clash between what the entrenched elite wants and what more and more Turks want’ as ‘the central fact of life in modern Turkey.’ Although that elite would fight hard to preserve its dominance, Kinzer had few doubts about the ultimate outcome: ‘In the worst case, [the Republic] falls under ever harsher rule by a tiny clique that clings to a reactionary form of Kemalism, backed by an angry and repressive military and barely tolerated by its friends in the world. That scenario seems all but impossible because the Turkish people would at some point rebel against it. They are galloping toward the new world and will get there no matter how furiously the old elite tries to hold them back.’1 Kinzer is right to focus on the dichotomy between establishment elite and mass attitudes in Turkish political culture, but the establishment elites are neither as ‘tiny’ nor as obtuse as he suggests, and the masses not altogether as liberal.
MCG Studies in Rats Using Ferrofluids

Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of single-domain ferrite particles in a liquid carrier. The liquid carrier used in biological applications is water. The particles are coated with a proprietary stabilizing dispersing agent which prevents particle agglomeration.
Power in the Isthmus: A Political History of Modern Central America

An analysis of the political history of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.
Mixture Designs for Three Factors

SUMMARY Scheffe, in two recent papers (1958, 1963), has given designs for experimenting with mixtures. The basis of these designs is the choice of symmetrical arrangements of points in the factor space and the fitting of carefully chosen models which have exactly as many coefficients as there are data points. The designs are such that some of the experiments do not contain any of one or more ingredients of the mixture. This may or may not be a disadvantage depending on the problem involved. Here an alternative form of design selection is made for the case of mixtures of three factors. (The method has also been extended to four factors.) This involves the premise that, in the absence of specialist knowledge about the form of the true response function, it is desired to fit a response surface equation of first or second order over the factor space of possible mixtures, and experimental runs are needed which, in a certain sense, ensure the best surface fit possible. The principles used in the choice of appropriate designs will be those originally introduced by Box and Draper (1959).
General Laplace Integral Problems: Accuracy Improvement and Extension to Finite Upper Limits

Many problems in engineering and science involve calculation of difficult Laplace integrals of the form: In previous papers [Hanna and Davis (2011), Davis and Hanna (2013), referred to as Papers I ...
Stigma Toward People with Mental Illness as Potential Sexual and Romantic Partners

The general desire for social distance from people with mental illness is one common expression of stigma. Evolutionary theory predicts that mental illness should reduce the desirability of potential mates, but social distancing in the context of sexual and romantic relationships remains to be systematically explored. In order to test this and other evolutionary predictions, two studies examined perceptions of people with mental illness as short-term sexual mates and long-term romantic mates. Study 1 examined perceptions of people with schizophrenia (N = 168), depression (N = 164), and mental illness in general (N = 134) in terms of the traits typically possessed by desirable mates. For the majority of traits, participants evaluated people with mental illness as having significantly lower potential as short-term and long-term mates than the average person. Study 2 asked participants (N = 363) to evaluate personal advertisements depicting someone with mental or physical illness who was either high or low in physical attractiveness. Participants evaluated the person with mental illness as having lower than average potential as a mate, especially in terms of a long-term relationship. The results of the two studies provide preliminary evidence that stigma extends to perceptions of people with mental illness in a manner consistent with evolutionary theory.
Diagnostic Classification Systems in Child Psychopathology

Several key conceptual and methodological developments on psychopathological evaluation and diagnosis have taken place since the mid-1960s. These developments are reviewed first to pave the way for the delineation and discussion of specific diagnostic systems. These include standard systems of paramount importance, such as the current version of the World Health Organization’s (1978) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) and the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). Also considered are diagnostic systems specifically developed for children and adolescents. Finally, a note is presented about prospective systems, such as the revised DSM-III and ICD-10.
Application of Signomial Programming to Aircraft Design

Due to the coupled nature of aircraft design, it is important to consider all major subsystems when optimizing a configuration. This is difficult when each individual subsystem model can be arbitra...
Hypothetical protein At2g24940.1 from Arabidopsis thaliana has a cytochrome b5 like fold

Progesterone is believed to exert rapid non-genomic actions through its interaction with membrane associated progesterone receptors (MAPRs) (Bramley, 2003; Li and O’Malley, 2003). BLAST sequence searches (Altieri et al., 1995) for mammalian MAPRs and putative MAPRs from plants have identified that these proteins all contain a cytochrome b5-like ligandbinding domain (Mifsud and Bateman, 2002). Interestingly, unlike cytochrome b5 itself, these MAPRs domains appear not to bind heme and not to be involved in redox reactions. Their distinct biological functions suggest that these steroid receptors adopt the cytochrome b5 domain as a template in order to build their own ligand-binding pockets (Mifsud and Bateman, 2002). The Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics is engaged in determining the three-dimensional structures of novel proteins from eukaryotic gene families. Its target selection algorithm selected Arabidopsis thaliana putative protein At2g24940.1 for structure determination. The biochemical function of At2g24940.1 currently is unknown. Its ∼40% sequence identity with mammalian MAPR suggests that At2g24940.1 may act as a steroid binding protein. In addition, its sequence is distantly similar to that of cytochrome b5 (Figure 1). Here we describe the threedimensional structure of At2g24940.1 as determined by NMR spectroscopy. At present, no structure of a MAPR is available from the Protein Data Bank. Thus, the structure of At2g24940.1 may provide clues to the function of a class of steroid binding proteins in plants.
Molecular characterization of the glucocorticoid receptor.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that steroid, retinoid, and thyroid hormones regulate development and homeostasis in complex eukaryotes. The diverse physiological actions of these hormones on metabolism and differentiation are predominantly mediated by intracellular receptor proteins that directly regulate patterns of gene expression in target cells. The chapter reviews that the primary structures of all of the known steroid hormone receptors and two thyroid hormone receptors and two retinoic acid receptors, have been elucidated by the cloning and sequencing of their complimentary DNAs (cDNAs). These studies indicate that the receptor gene products comprise a superfamily of regulatory proteins that are capable of modulating gene expression in a ligand-dependent fashion. As transcription factors, these receptors are of great interest as molecular machines through which mechanisms of transcriptional control is studied. These receptors reflect considerable specificity and selectivity in the genetic programs which they ultimately influence. This modulation of gene expression leads to profound changes in protein synthesis within cells and consequential changes in cell function.
Computerized Bearing System Analysis Tuned for Front Wheel Drive Vehicles

In a front wheel drive vehicle, the space available for driveline and suspension components has placed unique demands on the wheel bearing design. To assist with the selection of an optimum bearing package, a computer program has been developed based on a total bearing systems analysis. For the calculation of the bearing system fatigue life, the program considers duty cycle, vehicle load and speed, bearing setting, lubrication, and the misalignment caused by the imposed loads. A theoretical bearing package evaluation made early in the wheel design will assure satisfactory performance under actual service conditions.
5.4 – Tropospheric Aerosols

This chapter provides an overview of the loading, geographical distribution, and chemical and physical properties of both natural and anthropogenic atmospheric aerosols and of the processes controlling their production, reaction, transport, and ultimate removal – the ‘life cycle’ of tropospheric aerosols. We highlight here the effects of aerosols on climate. It is hoped that this chapter convinces the reader of the importance and complexity of aerosol processes and the interactions of aerosols with other components of the atmosphere and with climate.
Critical Review of Embryo Transfer Procedures with Cattle

More offspring have resulted from transferring bovine embryos than from embryos of all other species combined. Recent survey data from North America indicate that at least 17,000 bovine pregnancies were produced commercially in 1979 at a cost of about $20,000,000 (Seidel, 1981). It is estimated that more than 50,000 bovine embryos were transferred worldwide in 1980, and probably 25,000 calves will result. Although the first successful bovine embryo transfer was reported in 1951 (Willett et al., 1951), there was no commercial application until the early 1970s.
Toxigenic Bacteria: Their Ecology and Biocontrol Prospects

In the ecology of toxigenic bacteria, there has been a sustained effort by several laboratories to find strains that establish when inoculated. Environments where such aggressive bacterial have been found to establish include root systems from seed inoculum, mushroom compost from broth inoculum, and on leaf surfaces. At the Guelph meetings of the Canadian and American Phytopathological Societies last year, over thirty abstracts were presented on such establishment of bacteria. These were generally pseudomonads and bacilli, both groups known to produce an array of antimicrobial substances that possibly aid in the establishment of these bacteria in a particular niche. Still, the pragmatic approaches were most common, i.e. find bacteria that establish by whatever mechanism. The presumption has been that biocontrol agents must, above all else, establish themselves. The resultant has been a silver chalice-style search for the perfect microbe to be used in biocontrol. In this context, numerous microbes have been described that on occasion establish, and even control fungal disease.
Screening Tests of Candidate Polymeric Glazings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a number of candidate polymeric glazings that have been identified, and to present results from preliminary and ongoing durability screening tests of these materials. The economic viability of solar collector systems for domestic hot water (DHW) generation is strongly linked to the cost of such systems. Installation and hardware costs must be reduced by 50% to allow significant market penetration. An attractive approach for reducing costs is to replace glass and metal parts with less expensive, lighter weight polymeric components. Weight reduction will decrease the cost of shipping, handling, and installation. The use of polymeric materials will also allow the benefits and cost savings associated with well-established manufacturing processes, along with the savings associated with improved fastening, reduced part count, and overall assembly refinements. A key challenge is to maintain adequate system performance and to assure requisite durability for extended lifetimes. Nevertheless, this concept has begun to be recognized and accepted throughout the world.
N-terminal extension and C-terminal domains are required for ABCB6/HMT-1 protein interactions, function in cadmium detoxification, and localization to the endosomal-recycling system in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The chronic exposure of humans to toxic metals such as cadmium from food and air causes dysfunction of vital organs, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. In this regard, members of the ABCB sub-family of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB6/HMT-1, are acutely required for the detoxification of heavy metals and are present in genomes of many organisms including the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans and humans. We showed previously that C. elegans ABCB6/HMT-1 detoxifies cadmium, copper, and arsenic, and is expressed in liver-like cells, the coelomocytes, head neurons and intestinal cells, which are the cell types that are affected by heavy metal poisoning in humans. The subcellular localization of ABCB6/HMT-1 proteins is unclear. ABCB6/HMT-1 proteins have a distinguishing topology: in addition to one transmembrane domain and one nucleotide-binding domain, they possess a hydrophobic N-terminal extension (NTE) domain encompassing five to six transmembrane spans. The role of the NTE domain in the function of ABCB6/HMT-1 in the native organism remains to be investigated. We used a versatile, multicellular model system, C. elegans, to establish the subcellular localization of ABCB6/HMT-1 and refine its structure-function studies in the native organism. We show that ABCB6/HMT-1 localizes mainly to the apical recycling endosomes and, in part, to early and late endosomes of intestinal cells. We also show that ABCB6/HMT-1 lacking the NTE domain is mistargeted to the plasma membrane and is unable to confer cadmium resistance. Although the NTE domain is essential for ABCB6/HMT-1 interaction with itself, the absence of NTE does not fully prevent this interaction. As a result, ABCB6/HMT-1 lacking the NTE domain, and expressed in wild-type worms or co-expressed with the full-length polypeptide, inactivates and mistargets the full-length ABCB6/HMT-1. We also show that the 43 amino acid residue stretch at the COOH-terminus is required for the ABCB6/HMT-1 interaction with itself and cadmium detoxification function. These results suggest that both NTE and COOH-terminus must be present to allow the protein to interact with itself and confer cadmium resistance. Considering that ABCB6/HMT-1 proteins are highly conserved, this study advances our understanding of how these proteins function in cadmium resistance in different species. Furthermore, these studies uncover the role of the endosomal-recycling system in cadmium detoxification.
Toxicity Assessment of Groundwater Contaminated by Petroleum Hydrocarbons at a Well-Characterized, Aged, Crude Oil Release Site

Management of petroleum-impacted waters by monitored natural attenuation requires an understanding of the toxicology of both the original compounds released and the transformation products formed during natural breakdown. Here, we report data from a groundwater plume consisting of a mixture of crude oil compounds and transformation products in an effort to bridge the gap between groundwater quality information and potential biological effects of human exposures. Groundwater samples were characterized for redox processes, concentrations of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) and total petroleum hydrocarbons in the diesel range, as well as for activation of human nuclear receptors (hNR) and toxicologically relevant transcriptional pathways. Results show upregulation of several biological pathways, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and alpha, estrogen receptor alpha, and pregnane X receptor (PXR) with higher levels of hNR activity observed in more contaminated samples. Our study of affected groundwater contaminated by a crude-oil release 39 years ago shows these types of waters may have the potential to cause adverse impacts on development, endocrine, and liver functioning in exposed populations. Additionally, positive trends in activation of some of the molecular targets (e.g., PXR) with increasing NVDOC concentrations (including polar transformation products) demonstrate the importance of improving our understanding of the toxicity associated with the unknown transformation products present in hydrocarbon-impacted waters. Our results begin to provide insight into the potential toxicity of petroleum-impacted waters, which is particularly timely given the ubiquitous nature of waters impacted by petroleum contamination not only recently but also in the past and the need to protect drinking-water quality.
Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs.

BACKGROUND Because of poor sensitivity and questionable specificity of immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs), serological diagnosis of Bartonella species infections in dogs remains challenging. Despite limitations, IFA testing is the historical "gold standard" for Bartonella serodiagnosis in animals and humans. Because most diagnostic laboratories test against only 1 or 2 Bartonella spp., testing against a broader panel of Bartonella antigens may enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Bartonella IFA using 8 cell culture-grown Bartonella spp. isolates. ANIMALS Archived serum samples from 34 Bartonella spp. naturally exposed, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive dogs and from 26 PCR-negative and IFA-negative dogs. METHODS Bartonella IFA sensitivity and specificity were assessed using cell culture-grown whole cell antigens derived from 3 Bartonella henselae (Bh) strains (Bh Houston 1, Bh San Antonio Type 2, Bh California 1), 3 Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotypes (Bvb I, II, and III), Bartonella koehlerae (Bk), and Bartonella quintana (Bq). RESULTS Only 62% of 34 Bartonella spp. PCR-positive dogs were seroreactive to any of the 8 Bartonella IFA antigens, indicating low IFA sensitivity. PCR-positive dogs were most often IFA seroreactive to Bq (n = 15), to Bvb II (n = 13), or to both (n = 9) antigens. Of the 26 previously IFA-negative/PCR-negative dogs, 4 (15%) were seroreactive using the expanded antigen panel. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite IFA testing of dogs against 8 different Bartonella isolates, IFA sensitivity remained poor, and specificity was only 85%. Development of a reliable serological assay is needed to facilitate the diagnosis of Bartonella infection in dogs.
Learning Biomimetic Perception for Human Sensorimotor Control

We introduce a biomimetic simulation framework for human perception and sensorimotor control. Our framework features a biomechanically simulated musculoskeletal human model actuated by numerous skeletal muscles, with two human-like eyes whose retinas contain spatially nonuniform distributions of photoreceptors. Its prototype sensorimotor system comprises a set of 20 automatically-trained deep neural networks (DNNs), half of which comprise the neuromuscular motor control subsystem, whereas the other half are devoted to the visual perception subsystem. Directly from the photoreceptor responses, 2 perception DNNs control eye and head movements, while 8 DNNs extract the perceptual information needed to control the arms and legs. Thus, driven exclusively by its egocentric, active visual perception, our virtual human is capable of learning efficient, online visuomotor control of its eyes, head, and four limbs to perform a nontrivial task involving the foveation and visual persuit of a moving target object coupled with visually-guided reaching actions to intercept the incoming target.