cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loading on a Fixed Vertical Slender Cylinder in an Oblique Wave-Current Field

A study of the loading of an oblique wave-current field on a slender cylinder in a 3D flow frame is reported in this paper. The three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined wave-current field in terms of mass, momentum and energy flux conservation equations are formulated. The parameters before the interaction of the oblique wave-free uniform current and current-free waves are used to formulate the kinematics of the flow field. These expressions are also employed to formulate and calculate the loads imparted by the wave-current fluid flow on a bottom mounted slender vertical cylinder. A comparison of the obtained results due to the present model to those obtained using three other models being used in the offshore industry is shown for a range of the normalized current parameters. One of these three models is proposed by the American Petroleum Institute (API), which is based on a superposition principle. Morison et al equation is deployed for the load computations in all cases. Comparisons among the obtained results in a normalized manner are shown and discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Native chemical ligation at phenylalanine.

Synthesis of erythro-N-Boc-β-mercapto-l-phenylalanine enables native chemical ligation at phenylalanine. In the form of the S-ethyldisulfanyl derivative, the N-Boc amino acid is used to cap a tetrapeptide generated by Fmoc-SPPS. The native chemical ligation with C-terminal thioesters then occurs successfully and is followed by selective desulfurization of the benzylic C−S bond. The method is applied to the synthesis of LYRAMFRANK, thereby establishing compatibility with the reactive side chains and the ability to ligate other than glycine.
Mizoroki−Heck Coupling Using Immobilized Molecular Precatalysts: Leaching Active Species from Pd Pincers, Entrapped Pd Salts, and Pd NHC Complexes

The Mizoroki−Heck reaction is a palladium-catalyzed reaction of both practical importance and scientific significance. Two challenges currently faced by practitioners of the Heck and other palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions are (i) minimizing the costs associated with this reaction by developing high TON catalysts or facilitating catalyst recovery and (ii) elucidating the nature of the active species when using various different precatalysts. These two challenges, one practical and one fundamental, served as our motivation in our studies of immobilized molecular palladium(II) complexes as precatalysts in Mizoroki−Heck reactions. This Forum Article describes our investigations in this area, highlighting our approach to the elucidation of the active catalyst by combining kinetic and poisoning studies of several different related precatalysts, our development of new, selective catalyst poisons, and our quest for stable, recyclable supported Heck, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling catalysts. Under high-tem...
Optic nerve hypoplasia and small eyes in presumed amblyopia

Abstract Purpose: To assess the anatomy of eyes presumed to be amblyopic and their fellow eyes. Participants: Two hundred seventy-five patients diagnosed with amblyopia and 88 healthy or glaucomatous subjects. Methods: All subjects underwent complete examinations, including cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy, and retinal imaging. Axial lengths were determined on 263 amblyopic and 88 healthy and glaucomatous subjects by ultrasonic biometry. Main outcome measures: Optic disc areas were determined by magnification correction of disc images performed with formulas. Dysversion of the optic disc was determined by simultaneous viewing of disc photographs, digitized images of both eyes, or both. Results: The mean disc area of eyes presumed to be amblyopic was 1.72 mm 2 ± 0.73 SD and 1.95 mm 2 ± 0.69 SD for nonamblyopic eyes ( P = .0017). The mean disc area for 176 optic discs of glaucomatous and healthy eyes was 2.61 mm 2 ± 0.95 SD. The mean axial length for eyes in the general population is 23.65 mm ± 1.35 SD. The healthy and glaucomatous group in this study had a mean axial length of 23.89 mm ± 1.29 SD. The eyes with poorer vision that were assumed to be amblyopic averaged 22.42 mm ± 2.01 SD in length, whereas their nonamblyopic fellow eyes averaged 22.83 mm ± 1.89 SD ( P = .022). The differences between eyes in the healthy population and eyes that are presumably amblyopic, as well as the healthy and fellow eyes, are highly significant ( P −16 ). Conclusion: Vision impairment in presumed amblyopia is associated with optic nerve hypoplasia with relative microphthalmos, which is more notable in those eyes with poorer vision. (J AAPOS 2000;4:258-66)
Formation chemistry of amorphous calcium phosphates prepared from carbonate containing solutions.

Recent studies on synthetic amorphous calcium phosphates have indicated a regular chemical structure similar to a hydrated tricalcium phosphate with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.5. The present study, which investigates the composition of amorphous calcium phosphates formed under varying conditions of pH and carbonate concentration, demonstrates that the structure of these amorphous precipitates is variable. The Ca/P ratio of the amorphous material increases with increasing pH, initial solution carbonate to phosphate molar ratio, initial solution CaxP mM2 product, and initial solution Ca/P molar ratio. These changes in the solid are produced by changes in the percentage of phosphate present as acid phosphate, which decreases with increasing pH, and by changes in the carbonate concentration of the solid, which increases with increasing pH and with increasing initial solution CO3/P molar ratio. It is suggested that biological amorphous calcium phosphates may be rich in both carbonate and acid phosphate and that the carbonate may represent the labile component of bone mineral carbonate. It is also suggested that a large fraction of bone acid phosphate may be associated with the amorphous calcium phosphate phase.
Monoclonal antibody drug conjugates for site- directed cancer chemotherapy: preclinical pharmacology and toxicology studies

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) recognizing tumor-associated gene products offer a vehicle for site-directed therapy strategies for traditionally 'chemoresistant' human solid tumors. In theory, a MoAb could target chemotherapeutic agents to a tumor site sparing or limiting biodistribution of the oncolytic agent to normal proliferating tissues. This could achieve two goals: (a) less systemic toxicity to sensitive normal tissues and (b) increased oncolytic agent concentration at the desired tumor site. Both goals could contribute to an increased therapeutic index for a MoA~oncolytic drug conjugate over conventional chemotherapy. Efforts in these laboratories have focused on the combination of moabs with various vinca alkaloid species as covalent drug conjugates. Monoclonal antibody KS 1/4, originally described as an antibody recognizing a human lung adenocarcinoma antigen (6), has been utilized in preclinical studies as a targeting vehicle for various human adenocarcinomas including lung and colorectal carcinomas. Two MoAb-drug conjugates: KS1/4-desacetylvinblastine (KS 1/4-DAVLB, Lilly Serial # LY256787) and KS 1/4-desacetyl-vinblastinehydrazide (KS1/4-DAVLB-HY, Lilly Serial # LY203725) are being considered currently as human clinical trial candidates for the treatment of epithelial malignancies. This brief review will summarize aspects of the preclinical pharmacology and toxicology of these MoAb-drug conjugates which will be discussed in greater detail elsewhere (1-3, 5).
Serotonin‐activated α2‐macroglobulin inhibits neurite outgrowth and survival of embryonic sensory and cerebral cortical neurons

Methylamine-modified alpha-2-macroglobulin (MA-alpha 2M) has been recently shown to inhibit the biological activity of beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) in promoting neurite outgrowth by embryonic dorsal root ganglia in culture (Koo PH, Liebl DJ, J Neurosci Res 31:678-692, 1992). The objectives of this study are to determine whether alpha 2M can also be modified by larger aromatic biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT; serotonin), the nature of interaction between NGF and 5HT-modified alpha-2-M (5HT-alpha 2M), and the effect of 5HT-alpha 2M on the neurite extension and the growth of embryonic sensory and cholinergic neurons in 2 disparate animal species (chicken and rats). This study demonstrates that each mole of alpha 2M can combine with 15.2 +/- 1.8 moles of 5HT, in which up to 4.5 +/- 0.4 moles may be covalently bonded. As determined by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies, both 5HT-alpha 2M and normal alpha 2M combine noncovalently with NGF, but 5HT-alpha 2M by comparison can combine with NGF somewhat more effectively. In contrast to normal alpha 2M, 5HT-alpha 2M at concentrations greater than about 0.17 microM exerts a dose-dependent inhibition on the NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth by embryonic dorsal root ganglia and dissociated cells in culture, and the inhibitory effect can be overcome by higher NGF concentrations. Both 5HT-alpha 2M and MA-alpha 2M at 1.0 microM inhibit neurite extension by embryonic rat cerebral cortical cells and seriously damage these cells in culture. Such neurite-inhibitory activity, however, can only be partially blocked by extraneously added NGF alone. Normal alpha 2M (at 1.0 microM) and 5HT (at 188 microM), on the other hand, under the identical conditions produce very little or no effect on the normal cellular and axonal growth of these cells. We conclude that alpha 2M can potentially interact with nucleophilic monoamines, including neurotransmitters, to form inhibitory complexes which may inhibit/regulate NGF-promoted neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. In addition, higher concentrations of such complexes can seriously damage certain CNS neurons which do not depend solely on NGF for survival.
A rapid sensitive method for detection of alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti antibody on western blots

A rapid, sensitive method has been developed to detect antibody-antigen complexes on "Western blots." The methods of H. Towbin, T. Staehlin, and J. Gordon were used to separate and blot the antigens onto nitrocellulose. The remaining sites of attachment were blocked and the nitrocellulose was washed with polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20). The blot was then reacted with the antiserum or hybridoma supernate to be tested. After the antigen-antibody reaction was completed, the blot was washed and treated with anti-antibody which had been conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase was detected by the reduction of the tetrazolium salt to diformazan by the hydrogen ions released in the formation of indigo by the reaction of the phosphatase on the indoxyl phosphate. The advantages of this method over previously described techniques are (1) use of Tween 20 allows the blot to be stained with Coomassie blue, (2) the substrates of the alkaline phosphatase reaction are stable for long periods of time, (3) the reaction products form an intense blue color which does not fade, (4) the resolution is extremely good with little to no band broadening, (5) the reaction is sensitive to picogram quantities of antigen, and (6) the reaction is quantitative.
Correlations between the Heat of Adsorption and the Position of the Center of the D-Band: Differences between Computation and Experiment

Previous DFT computations have shown that there should be a correlation between the calculated heat of adsorption of gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and ethylene and the energy of the center of the d-band. This paper considers whether the trends expected from the calculations agree with the available data. It is found that experimental heats of adsorption of CO on platinum single crystals increase linearly with increases in the energy of the center of the d-band as expected theoretically, but the slope is about one-third of that expected theoretically. Experimental heats of adsorption of hydrogen on platinum show a small decrease as the energy of the center of the d-band becomes less negative. By comparison, recent DFT calculations suggest a substantial increase. Experimental heats of adsorption of ethylene on platinum also show a small decrease as the energy of the center of the d-band becomes less negative. By comparison, recent DFT calculations suggest a substantial increase. Interestingly, th...
Developmental pattern of perineuronal nets in the human prefrontal cortex and their deficit in schizophrenia.

Background Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures that enwrap many neurons in the brain. They regulate the postnatal experience-dependent maturation of brain circuits and maintain their functional integrity in the mature brain by stabilizing their synaptic architecture. Methods Eighty-six postmortem human brains were included in this study. We used Wisteria Floribunda agglutinin histochemistry to visualize PNNs to investigate whether the densities of PNNs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and primary visual cortex were altered in subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In addition, we quantified the normal postnatal development of PNNs in the human PFC. Results The densities of PNNs were decreased by 70%–76% in layers 3 and 5 of the PFC in schizophrenia, compared with the normal control subjects, but not in bipolar disorder. This finding was replicated in a separate group of schizophrenia and normal control subjects. In addition, PNN densities in the primary visual cortex were unaltered in either condition. Finally, the number of PNNs in the PFC increased during postnatal development through the peripubertal period until late adolescence and early adulthood. Conclusions These findings suggest that PNN deficit contributes to PFC dysfunction in schizophrenia. That the timing of PNN development overlaps with the period when schizophrenia symptomatology gradually emerges raises the possibility that aberrant PNN formation might contribute to the onset of illness. Thus, characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying PNN deficit might have important implications for the conceptualization of novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, early intervention, and prevention of schizophrenia.
Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis: clinical spectrum, evaluation, and management.

Objective: To familiarize the reader with the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis. Materials and Methods: All patients underwent systemic evaluations (chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level, and gallium scan). Histologic confirmation was preferred (11 of 15 patients underwent biopsy, ten of whom [82%] had positive biopsies, and four refused). Otherwise, the diagnosis of clinical sarcoidosis was based on laboratory evaluation. Results: We report our experience with 15 patients who had neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis other than optic neuropathy or chiasmal disease. Eight of 15 (53%) did not have known sarcoidosis at the time of presentation. Thirteen of 15 (87%) patients demonstrated lesions consistent with sarcoidosis on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Treatment with corticosteroids and/or other immunomodulatory agents was necessary in all cases. Conclusions: Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis are rare. They may be the presenting signs of otherwise occult disease. Suspicion and inclusion in the differential are a key to establishing the diagnosis. A strategy for the detection and evaluation of these cases is presented.
High deductible health plans: does cost sharing stimulate increased consumer sophistication?

Objective To determine whether increased cost sharing in health insurance plans induces higher levels of consumer sophistication in a non-elderly population. Study design This analysis is based on the collection of survey and demographic data collected from enrollees in the RAND health insurance experiment (HIE). During the RAND HIE, enrollees were randomly assigned to different levels of cost sharing (0, 25, 50 and 95%). Methods The study population compromises about 2000 people enrolled in the RAND HIE, between the years 1974 and 1982. Effects on health-care decision making were measured using the results of a standardized questionnaire, administered at the beginning and end of the experiment. Points of enquiry included whether or not enrollees' (i) recognized the need for second opinions (ii) questioned the effectiveness of certain therapies and (iii) researched the background/skill of their medical providers. Consumer sophistication was also measured for regular health-care consumers, as indicated by the presence of a chronic disease. Principal findings We found no statically significant changes (P < 0.05) in the health-care decision-making strategies between individuals randomized to high cost sharing plans and low cost sharing plans. Furthermore, we did not find a stronger effect for patients with a chronic disease. Conclusions The evidence from the RAND HIE does not support the hypothesis that a higher level of cost sharing incentivizes the development of consumer sophistication. As a result, cost sharing alone will not promote individuals to become more selective in their health-care decision-making.
Transient response of small 2-phase motors

SMALL 2-phase induction motors are used frequently in the construction of servomechanisms in instruments and computers. An analysis of the transient performance of such motors is desirable as an aid in servomechanism design.
Taxonomy of Health Networks and Systems: A Reassessment

The merger and acquisition wave of the 1990s increased dramatically the numbers of hospitals that had joined multihospital systems as well as the sizes of those systems (Spetz, Mitchell, and Seago 2000; Cuellar and Gertler 2003), sparking interest in the effects of growing system power on market competition (e.g., see Young, Desai, and Hellinger 2000; Spang, Bazzoli, and Arnould 2001; Gift, Arnould, and Debrook 2002; Cuellar and Gertler 2005) and hospital performance (Bazzoli et al. 2000; Burns and Pauly 2002). The rapid growth has also revealed how little we know about these systems. Despite their importance, we know very little about their management structures, spatial configurations, approaches to clinical and management integration, and so on. In 1999, Bazzoli and colleagues sought to fill the void by publishing what has become a widely recognized taxonomy of health systems and networks (Bazzoli et al. 1999). In a recent report on an updated version of the taxonomy (Dubbs et al. 2004),1 they concluded that because the “parameters appear robust with time” (p. 213) the taxonomy has emerged as a “valuable tool” for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers (p. 208)—a point confirmed by the fact that the AHA effectively endorsed the taxonomy having included it in its Annual Survey data files. In light of its rising national prominence, it is essential that the validity of the taxonomy be assessed. We note first of all that the authors took exceptional care to apply sophisticated statistical techniques in developing the taxonomy. The attention to methodological detail has set a high standard for others to follow as they expand on this line of research. However, the taxonomy has some important limitations, one of the most important of which we address in this research brief—that the taxonomy is based on a dataset designed to capture, not whole systems (many of which stretch well beyond single markets), but local hospital/system interrelationships.
Archean and Early Proterozoic Events Along the Snowbird Tectonic Zone in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract The Snowbird tectonic zone is a major boundary structure in the Canadian shield, separating rocks of the Rae and Hearne lithostructural domains. Field investigations along portions of the Snowbird tectonic zone exposed in Northern Saskatchewan have revealed a major granulite facies mylonite belt that records deformation and metamorphism at several intervals in the Archean and early Proterozoic. Early assemblages are dominated by granulite grade gneisses that were deformed in a major left-lateral strike-slip shear zone at ca. 3200 Ma. The major episode of deformation along this portion of the Snowbird tectonic zone occurred at ca. 2600 Ma, again at granulite facies in a dominantly right-lateral strike-slip shear zone. Little evidence of Proterozoic deformation is recorded within this region of the Snowbird tectonic zone itself, but neighboring rocks in the Rae province to the west preserve granulite grade right-lateral fabrics dated at ca. 1850 Ma. These constraints suggest that the Snowbird tectonic zone was a focus of major regional deformation throughout the middle and late Archean, but that regional deformation was partitioned outward to the surrounding Rae (and Hearne?) province rocks during the early Proterozoic. These data suggest that the Snowbird tectonic zone was not a major continental suture zone in the early Proterozoic.
Retinal photoreceptor expresses toll-like receptors (TLRs) and elicits innate responses following TLR ligand and bacterial challenge.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense against microbial pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that TLRs are expressed on various retinal cells (Microglia and Muller glia) and orchestrate retinal innate responses in bacterial endophthalmitis. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse cone photoreceptor cell line (661W); and demonstrated that these cells express all known TLRs. Although the stimulation of 661W cells with TLR ligands (Pam3Cys, PolyI:C, LPS, Flagellin, Poly DT, and ODN) did not alter TLR expression, downstream TLR-signaling pathways (NF-κB, p38, and ERK) are activated. Moreover, TLR-activated 661W cells secreted significant amounts of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-2, and KC) in their culture supernatant, as assessed by ELISA. A similar trend was observed in 661W cells challenged with live bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Interestingly, the neutralization of TLR2, a major receptor for S. aureus recognition, did not significantly attenuate bacterial-induced inflammatory mediators, suggesting the existence of TLR2-independent mechanisms in photoreceptor cells. Together, these results indicate that photoreceptors constitutively express functional TLRs and possess the ability to initiate innate responses following pathogen challenge, implicating their role in retinal innate immunity.
Freight Transportation Network Design Problem for Maximizing Throughput Under Uncertainty

A mathematical programming formulation is developed to determine the throughput of a freight transportation network. The impact of demand and capacity uncertainty on the throughput is systematically studied. Mathematical proofs are provided to show that accounting for capacity uncertainty by using a single-point expected value can lead to systematic overestimation of network throughput. This result is also valid for other measures, such as system capacity. Two sampling-based methodologies-independent random number and common random number-are provided to determine network design decisions in the presence of demand uncertainty. The sampling-based solution methods provide an approximate estimate of optimal solution and provide probabilistic bounds on the optimality gap. The presented methodologies are generic and can be applied even if different functional forms (nonlinear, nonconvex) are used to model various aspects of the freight transportation network. The numerical tests demonstrate that not accounting...
Provenance Model Studies: Piedmont Rivers to Atlantic Deep-Sea Floor: ABSTRACT

Petrographic analyses of 500 impregnated sands from the piedmont rivers, coastal plain, beach, shelf, and deep sea off the southeastern United States indicate that they have differences in composition which reflect changes in depositional history. Piedmont rivers transport mainly nonpolycrystalline quartz (20-80%), polycrystalline quartz (5-50%), microcline (2-15%), orthoclase (0-10%), plagioclase (0-4%), and minor amounts of reworked red sediments. Coastal-plain sands are more quartzose (more End_Page 841------------------------------ than 90%) and commonly show corrosion indicating postdepositional solution. Rock fragments in these sands consist mainly of reworked Tertiary limestone and sandstone. Near Cape Hatteras, sands of the shelf and upper slope consist mainly of quartz and are characteristically higher in feldspar (10-15%) than the shelf sands on the south. The feldspar is dominated by orthoclase with minor amounts of plagioclase and microcline. This content is in contrast to the high microcline content of the piedmont, coastal-plain rivers, and "southern" shelf sands but is similar to the mineralogy of the sands from the Hatteras abyssal plain. The relatively plentiful microcline and granitic rock fragments on the shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape Romain suggest that these surficial sands are the result of reworking of older piedmont-coastal plain sands during late Pleistocene. Farther south of Cape Romain the terrigenous fractions have a piedmont signature but are m ch diluted with relict-residual carbonates and oolitic, algal, and micritic limestone debris. End_of_Article - Last_Page 842------------
Effects of BK virus infection on primary cultures of rodent and primate cells.

SummaryThe effect of BK virus at high multiplicity was studied on cultures of hamster, rat, monkey, and human cells. BK virus induced multiple transforming events in cells of both rodent species. Rhesus monkey choroid plexus cells were insusceptible to the virus. Epithelial and fibroblastic human cell strains developed lytic infection. Fifteen to 20% of the fibroblastic cells (skin and muscle) contained T antigen at later passage levels when no evidence of productive infection could be detected; these cells did not, however, meet other criteria for transformation. Transformed rodent cells exhibited T antigen in 90-100% of cells. BK viral particles could be rescued from only one line of transformed rat cells. BK virus-transformed rat cells could not be transplanted, and the transformed hamster cells were poorly oncogenic for newborn and adult hamsters unless cheek pouch inoculation or immunosuppression was used, suggesting that the poor oncogenicity reported for BK virus in vivo may reflect immune recognit...
Parity-mixed Hartree-Fock solutions in the 2s-1d shell

Abstract Hartree-Fock calculations are carried out for an excited state of 16O, for 19F and for the N = Z, even nuclei of the 2s-1d shell. The trial determinants consist of an inert 4He core and a cloud of orbitals. Parity mixture is allowed by expanding each orbital of the cloud in orbitals of both the 1p and the 2s-ld shells. The Hamiltonian contains a Gaussian or Yukawa force with a Rosenfeld exchange mixture, and phenomenological single-particle energies. Parity-mixed Hartree-Fock solutions are found for 16O, 19F, 20Ne, 24Mg and 28Si. States of pure parity are projected out of them. Their increase in binding energy with respect to the traditional, parity-pure Hartree-Fock solutions range from 0.4 to 4 MeV. However, this effect seems to result largely from the lack of translation invariance induced by the use of phenomenological single-particle energies. The pear-shaped solutions exhibit a significant dipole moment and c.m. excitation. An attempt towards reducing this c.m. drifting by means of an external constraint fails to yield spuriosity-free solutions which retain some parity admixture.
Algorithms of placing recovery points

In this paper we study the complexity of placing recovery points in computer programs, so that the roll-back time is minimized. The roll-back time corresponds to the recomputation time involved from the previous correct point. Here we give O(n2) time algorithms for placing recovery points when the underlying program model is either a path tree or a rooted tree. We also show that the problem is NP-complete when the underlying program model is a directed graph.
Just the FACTs: Histone H2B Ubiquitylation and Nucleosome Dynamics

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Fleming et al. (2008) show that histone H2B ubiquitylation and FACT function interdependently to facilitate nucleosome reassembly during transcription elongation, thereby demonstrating that histone posttranslational modifications can provide important but transient transcriptional signaling cues.
The structure of a metallic glass system using EXELFS and EXAFS as complementary probes

The short-range atomic order around all three constituent atoms in a prototypical bulk metallic glass (BMG) system was probed in a complementary way, using extended X-ray absorption fine structure for neighborhood of the higher atomic number elements, and extended energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) for the lower atomic number ones. The Pd(x)Ni((80-x))P((20)) system is a prototype for a whole class of BMG formers which are 80% transition metal and 20% metalloid. We find that the structure of these BMGs could be explained in terms of those of glasses at the end of the BMG range, namely, Pd(60)Ni(20)P(20) and Pd(30)Ni(50)P(20). The binary phosphide crystals near [Formula: see text] and 80 are found to be simulate very well the local atomic structure of Pd(30)Ni(50)P(20) and Pd(60)Ni(20)P(20) glasses, respectively. The best glass former in this series, Pd(40)Ni(40)P(20), is best described by a weighted average of Pd(30)Ni(50)P(20) and Pd(60)Ni(20)P(20) structures.
Property-composition relationships in sputter-deposited a-Si:H alloys

Abstract Property-composition relationships in a-Si:H have been determined for films made over a wide range of sputter deposition conditions, including rf-induced dc bias to the substrate. The optical band gap increases from 1.3 to 2.1 eV for H content in the film increasing from 8 to 36 at%, while the index of refraction at 2500 nm shows a corresponding decrease from 3.45 to 2.10. The electrical resistivity at 300 K shows an exponential increase with optical band gap in the range 1.3 to 2.1 eV. The dependence on band gap suggests the onset of intrinsic semiconductor behavior of electrical and optical properties, due to reduction of dangling bond defects to a minimally significant level. Only SiH bonding is observed for the lowest hydrogen concentrations. For hydrogen concentrations of 15–20 at%, mixtures of SiH + SiH2 predominate. For hydrogen concentrations greater than 20 at%, SiH2 or SiH3 or mixtures of SiH2 + SiH3 occur most frequently.
Neurogenic and neuro-protective potential of a novel subpopulation of peripheral blood-derived CD133+ ABCG2+CXCR4+ mesenchymal stem cells: development of autologous cell-based therapeutics for traumatic brain injury

Nervous system injuries comprise a diverse group of disorders that include traumatic brain injury (TBI). The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into neural cell types has aroused hope for the possible development of autologous therapies for central nervous system injury. In this study we isolated and characterized a human peripheral blood derived (HPBD) MSC population which we examined for neural lineage potential and ability to migrate in vitro and in vivo. HPBD CD133+, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2)+, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)+ MSCs were differentiated after priming with β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) combined with trans-retinoic acid (RA) and culture in neural basal media containing basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) or co-culture with neuronal cell lines. Differentiation efficiencies in vitro were determined using flow cytometry or fluorescent microscopy of cytospins made of FACS sorted positive cells after staining for markers of immature or mature neuronal lineages. RA-primed CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ human MSCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 24 hours after sham or traumatic brain injury (TBI). All animals were evaluated for spatial memory performance using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) Test. Histological examination of sham or TBI brains was done to evaluate MSC survival, migration and differentiation into neural lineages. We also examined induction of apoptosis at the injury site and production of MSC neuroprotective factors. CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ MSCs consistently expressed markers of neural lineage induction and were positive for nestin, microtubule associated protein-1β (MAP-1β), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuron specific nuclear protein (NEUN) or type III beta-tubulin (Tuj1). Animals in the primed MSC treatment group exhibited MWM latency results similar to the uninjured (sham) group with both groups showing improvements in latency. Histological examination of brains of these animals showed that in uninjured animals the majority of MSCs were found in the lateral ventricle, the site of transplantation, while in TBI rats MSCs were consistently found in locations near the injury site. We found that levels of apoptosis were less in MSC treated rats and that MSCs could be shown to produce neurotropic factors as early as 2 days following transplantation of cells. In TBI rats, at 1 and 3 months post transplantation cells were generated which expressed markers of neural lineages including immature as well as mature neurons. These results suggest that PBD CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ MSCs have the potential for development as an autologous treatment for TBI and neurodegenerative disorders and that MSC derived cell products produced immediately after transplantation may aid in reducing the immediate cognitive defects of TBI.
Modeling Discrete Choice with Response Error: Food Stamp Participation

Abstract Validation of Food Stamp program participation by Marquis and Moore revealed net bias of 13% in mean estimates of participation in the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation. We extend the analysis, incorporating demographic and economic covariates in models for underreporting and overreporting. We use the resulting models of response error to refine estimates of participation models using pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation methods. We find that the probability of underreporting rises with increased family income. Estimates of the participation model indicate the presence of substantial bias in income- and asset-related parameters compared to values obtained without incorporating response error.
Phosphorous Pentasulfide as a Novel Additive for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries suffer from rapid capacity decay and low energy efficiency because of the low solubility of lithium sulfide (Li2S) in organic solvents and the intrinsic polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. Here, a novel additive, phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5) in organic electrolyte, is reported to boost the cycling performance of Li-S batteries. The function of the additive is two-fold: 1) P2S5 promotes the dissolution of Li2S and alleviates the loss of capacity caused by the precipitation of Li2S and 2) P2S5 passivates the surface of lithium metal and therefore eliminates the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. A Li-S test cell demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 900–1350 mAh g−1 and a high coulombic efficiency of ≥90% for at least 40 stable cycles at 0.1 C.
A Functional Family-Wide Screening of SP/KLF Proteins Identifies a Subset of Suppressors of KRAS-Mediated Cell Growth

SP/KLF (Specificity protein/Kruppel-like factor) transcription factors comprise an emerging group of proteins that may behave as tumour suppressors. Incidentally, many cancers that display alterations in certain KLF proteins are also associated with a high incidence of KRAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue) mutations. Therefore in the present paper we investigate whether SP/KLF proteins suppress KRAS-mediated cell growth, and more importantly, the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Using a comprehensive family-wide screening of the 24 SP/KLF members, we discovered that SP5, SP8, KLF2, KLF3, KLF4, KLF11, KLF13, KLF14, KLF15 and KLF16 inhibit cellular growth and suppress transformation mediated by oncogenic KRAS. Each protein in this subset of SP/KLF members individually inhibits BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) incorporation in KRAS oncogenic-mutant cancer cells. SP5, KLF3, KLF11, KLF13, KLF14 and KLF16 also increase apoptosis in these cells. Using KLF11 as a representative model for mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that this protein inhibits the ability of cancer cells to form both colonies in soft agar and tumour growth in vivo. Molecular studies demonstrate that these effects of KLF11 are mediated, at least in part, through silencing cyclin A via binding to its promoter and leading to cell-cycle arrest in S-phase. Interestingly, similar to KLF11, KLF14 and KLF16 mechanistically share the ability to modulate the expression of cyclin A. Collectively, the present study stringently defines a distinct subset of SP/KLF proteins that impairs KRAS-mediated cell growth, and that mechanistically some members of this subset accomplish this, at least in part, through regulation of the cyclin A promoter.
Alternative O-glycosylation/O-phosphorylation of the murine estrogen receptor beta.

Estrogen receptor β, a homologue to estrogen receptor α, is a new member of the steroid hormone receptor family. Recently, we documented that estrogen receptor α, like other transcription factors, ...
Electron-energy-loss study of the oxidation of polycrystalline tin

An electron-energy-loss (EELS) study has been carried out on polycrystalline Sn before and after room-temperature exposures of 100, 500, 1500, and 3500 L [1 Langmuir (L)=${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr s] to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at low pressure (${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr) and to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at high pressures (160 Torr for 5 min and air at 1 atm for 5 min). Depth-sensitive information was obtained from these surfaces by varying the primary-electron-beam energy from 100 to 600 eV and using inelastic mean-free-path calculations. The spectra have been interpreted based on features in the EELS spectra obtained from standard reference materials; Sn metal, SnO, and ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$. During the 100-L exposure, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ adsorbs dissociatively and forms SnO in the near-surface region. Subsurface SnO forms more deeply beneath the surface during the 500-L exposure, and a subsurface transitional oxide structure with a composition between that of SnO and ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ also forms. Higher exposures up to the EELS saturation exposure of 3500 L converts some of this transitional phase into subsurface ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$. Angle-resolved EELS shows that the very near-surface region (outermost two or three atomic layers) consists almost entirely of SnO with Sn metal, transitional oxide, and ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ lying beneath the surface after a low-pressure, saturation exposure to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. After a high-pressure exposure, the near-surface region is fully oxidized to a mixture of SnO and ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ with no metallic Sn. The ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ concentration is maximum at about 1.4 nm beneath the surface, and both SnO and transitional oxide are present throughout the 3.0-nm oxidized layer in varying quantities. The presence of moisture appears to accelerate the oxidation process in some undetermined manner.
Enhanced model of partial crack closure for correlation of R-ratio effects in aluminum alloys

Abstract In this paper, an enhancement of Donald and Paris' partial crack closure model is proposed. The enhancement is based on the argument that an apparent effectiveness of the crack closure phenomenon is dependent upon K max and the crack tip opening profile. A transition function is used in order to evolve from Donald and Paris' partial crack closure model at the near-threshold region to the conventional Elber's closure approach at the Paris region. The model correlates fairly well the R -ratio effects on fatigue crack growth rate at low and intermediate stress intensities for aluminum alloys.
Azetidinyl ketone chemistry. C‐Methylation reactions and stereostructure ‐ spectra relationships

The C-methylation of the potassium salt of 1-t-butyl-2-phenyl-3-(p-phenylbenzoyl)azetidine (1a) with methyl iodide was studied in three solvents, and the stereochemical outcome of the reaction was shown to be dependent upon the solvent used. These results are rationalized in terms of the probable relative rates of the reaction in the various solvents and/or the effect of solvent on the structure of the anionic intermediate. Similar treatment of the potassium salt of 1-t-butyl-2-phenyl-3-benzoylazetidine (3a) in ethyl ether gave a comparable result. The configurations of the epimeric C-methyl products (2a and 2b, and 4a) were assigned on the basis of their spectral properties. With the aid of spectral data for a model compound, l-t-butyl-3-benzoyl-azetidine (5), several stereostructure-spectra relationships for 3-azetidinyl ketones are presented.
Photoinduced Kinetics of SERS in Bioinorganic Hybrid Systems. A Case Study: Dopamine−TiO2†

The reported observation of SERS on semiconductors has confirmed the feasibility of distinguishing the charge-transfer mechanism from the electromagnetic one responsible for the enhancement of the signal in metal nanoparticles. Experimental investigation of the well characterized dopamine−TiO2 system revealed an unexpected dependence on coverage and size. We propose here a theoretical model applicable to SERS on semiconducting substrates that explains this remarkable behavior. The model is based on a competition mechanism arising from the formation of an electron gas in the conduction band of the semiconductor due to the photoexcitation of a charge-transfer complex. Taking into account the two competing effects, a linear increase in the Raman intensity arising from increasing coverage and a quenching effect due to the photon absorption by the electron gas, provides excellent agreement between our model and the experiment for 5 nm nanoparticles. Discrepancies for the case of 2 nm nanoparticles are attribut...
The relationship of oxygen diffusion rates to the survival, movement, and reproduction of Hemicycliophora arenaria.

The platinum-microelectrode technique for measuring oxygen diffusion rates in water films was used to determine the oxygen availability at the interface between the solution in which the nematodes reside and the air in the pore spaces. Established populations of Hemicycliophora arenaria on tomato plants were exposed to oxygen diffusion rates from 4 to 40 × 10-8 g cm-2 min-1 for one month. There was a linear relationship between oxygen diffusion rates of 10 to 40 × 10-8 g cm-2 min-1 and numbers of nematodes recovered from the soil. As the oxygen availability increased in the soil, so did the nematode populations. In vitro studies showed that egg production, nematodes in the process of molting, and survival of the males were the phases most sensitive to insufficient oxygen supply. These were followed closely by inhibition in egg hatching. The movement and survival of the 4th-stage female larvae and the females were least influenced by low levels of oxygen.
A team approach to the management of oral pathology.

The general dentist, in the course of daily practice, encounters patients that have a myriad of pathologic conditions involving the oral and maxillofacial region. Usually, these patients are referred to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for evaluation and treatment. However, the dentist is often involved with differential diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of the patient. The oral and maxillofacial region is unique in the sense that a wide variety of pathologic processes may occur in this area. This brief discussion describes the roles of the general dentist and oral and maxillofacial surgeon in the management of patients with pathologic conditions involving the oral and maxillofacial region. Pathologic processes involving the head and neck may be inflammatory, neoplastic, developmental, metabolic, or idiopathic in nature and may be localized or represent manifestations of a generalized systemic condition. When confronted with a patient with a lesion involving soft tissue, the dentist or oral and maxillofacial surgeon must determine whether to perform an incisional biopsy and establish the diagnosis before definitive surgical or medical management of the lesion or to completely excise the lesion (if a solitary mass) for submission for microscopic examination. This determination is made on the basis of the differential diagnosis and various factors such as the size, extent, and location of the lesion. For example, for a solitary mass of the lower lip that is 1 cm in diameter, bluish white in color, soft to palpation, elevated, and of short duration, which is most likely a mucous retention phenomenon secondary to escape of saliva from a ruptured minor salivary gland duct, the clinician will most likely completely excise the mass and submit the specimen for microscopic examination to confirm the diagnosis. In contrast, for an older patient having a large ulcerated
Feedback Control for Formation Flying Maintenance Using State Transition Matrix

The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control design method has been widely used for satellite formation maintenance. In this paper a new feedback control is proposed to solve LQR problems using the state transition matrix. Such a method has the potential to reduce the online computational burden. We apply the control law to formation flying maintenance under J2 perturbation using the Gim-Alfriend state transition matrix. The numerical simulations demonstrate the STM feedback control via receding horizon scheme works well. The projected circular orbits are maintained very well for the circular and elliptic Chief orbits after 100 day propagation under J2 influence. Much control effort is needed to track the projected circular orbits if the Chief orbit is elliptic.
Experimental study of wave groups in deep-water random waves*

Results from a laboratory study of wave groups in random seas are presented for Bretschneider and JONSWAP sea states. A distinction is made between general crest-envelope crossings of a threshold level and those involving groups of two or more wave crests. Measurements show that the average duration of a run of high waves in groups and the average interval between such groups are significantly greater than the values found for general envelope crossings, since many large waves occur by themselves and not in groups. Experimental results for these average values, as well as for probability density functions of time durations and intervals, are found to be characterized broadly by linear similarity relationships, with non-linear effects of enhanced crest amplitudes altering this similarity at high threshold levels. Average envelope durations and intervals are then shown to be consistent with standard envelope theory of random waves when used with parameters derived from truncated amplitude spectra and non-linear crest statistics. Probability density distributions for envelope durations and intervals are shown to be described approximately by Gamma functions rather than the commonly assumed exponential function. Average durations and intervals for groups of two or more wave crests, as well as their associated probability density functions, are also shown to be theoretically related to the corresponding envelope statistics.
Optical switching and propagation effects in nonlinear GaAs MQW waveguides

We summarize our ultrafast switching results in GaAs multiple quantum well directional couplers and report on coherent pulse propagation in single strip-loaded GaAs multiple quantum well waveguides. The transmitted pulse shape is measured by sum frequency generation cross-correlation and compared with calculations based on the coupled semiconductor Bloch and Maxwell's equations.