cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory, Observation and Experiment: Stellar Hydrodynamics

Computer technology now allows two dimensional (2D) simulations, with complex microphysics, of stellar hydrodynamics and evolutionary sequences, and holds the promise for 3D. Careful validation of astrophysical methods, by laboratory experiment, by critical comparison of numerical and analytical methods, and by observation are necessary for the development of simulation methods with reliable predictive capability. Recent and surprising results from isotopic patterns in pre-solar grains, 2D hydrodynamic simulations of stellar evolution, and laser tests and computer simulations of Richtmeyer-Meshkov and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities will be discussed, and related to stellar evolution and supernovae.
Covered California: The Impact of Provider and Health Plan Market Power on Premiums

We explain the establishment of Covered California, California's health insurance marketplace. The marketplace uses an active purchaser model, which means that Covered California can selectively contract with some health plans and exclude others. During the 2014 open-enrollment period, it enrolled 1.3 million people, who are covered by eleven health plans. We describe the market shares of health plans in California and in each of the nineteen rating regions. We examine the empirical relationship between measures of provider market concentration--spanning health plans, hospitals, and medical groups--and rating region premiums. To do this, we analyze premiums for silver and bronze plans for specific age groups. We find both medical group concentration and hospital concentration to be positively associated with premiums, while health plan concentration is not statistically significant. We simulate the impact of reducing hospital concentration to levels that would exist in moderately competitive markets. This produces a predicted overall premium reduction of more than 2 percent. However, in three of the nineteen rating regions, the predicted premium reduction was more than 10 percent. These results suggest the importance of provider market concentration on premiums.
Controlled Instability of Polymers for Grid-Type Satellites

Abstract A novel fabrication concept for passive communication satellite construction based on a wire grid reflective surface and a gas holding bladder that acts to deploy the structure is reported. Disappearance of this bladder or film web is advantageous for orbital stability. Likely polymer structures that permit formation of volatile fragments with no crosslinking are surveyed and from the disubstituted vinyl monomer family the n-butyl methacrylate ester is chosen. Physical demands on the bladder are met by this selection, and data are shown that demonstrate the feasibility of photolysis of monomer under conditions obtainable in orbit.
The Path of Light in a Gravitational Field

(1922). The Path of Light in a Gravitational Field. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 47-51.
Massive intramuscular myxoma associated with fibrous dysplasia of bone.

A massive intramuscular myxoma associated with fibrous dysplasia of the bone in a 70-year-old man was successfully resected. Only 15 such cases of this rare combination of lesions have been reported. Careful differential diagnosis is necessary because of the similarity of this lesion to sarcoma.
The Mexican Book Beetle, Catorama herbarium, Established in the United States (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

This tropical species, which is known to attack a wide variety of organic materials, has several times been intercepted in commerce, but is now recorded as established in Florida. Descriptions and illustrations of the adult and larva are given, together with a discussion of the biology of the species. Its systematics are examined, and C. sharpi Pic is removed from its synonymy. C. pici n.n. is proposed to replace C. mexicana Pic, 1927, nee Sharp, 1885.
Validation of 2 Spanish-Language Scales to Assess HIV-Related Stigma in Communities.

We report the psychometric properties of 2 Spanish-language scales designed to measure (1) opinions about HIV in the community and particularly among health care workers and (2) observed acts of stigma toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) by health care workers. The Opinions about HIV Scale included 3 components (policy, avoidance, and empathy) and 9 items, while an adapted version of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument–Nurse, designed to capture acts of stigma, included 2 components (discrimination related to clinical care and refusal to share or exchange food/gifts). Scales demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. Relative to community health workers, treatment supporters were more likely to have stigmatizing opinions related to avoidance and empathy. We offer 2 Spanish-language scales that could be used to identify populations with high levels of stigmatizing opinions and behaviors toward PLWHA. Formal training of health care workers, especially treatment supporters, may raise awareness a...
Adaptations, Feeding Preferences, and Biometrics of a Termite-Baiting Assassin Bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

A Neotropical assassin bug, Salyavata variegata Amyot and Serville, was found on over 40% of the carton nests of Nasutitermes species in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Nymphs exhibit tool use, both in camouflaging themselves with carton crumbs and in luring termite workers out of nest openings and into capture range, using the spent carcasses of freshly killed termites as bait. In feeding choice tests, most of the nymphs, as well as the adults, preferred large workers over small workers and small workers over soldiers. The five nymphal instars are compared biometrically, and leg structures that may facilitate prey capture are described.
High-speed Fluorescence Histology For Near-patient Surgical Pathology

We describe high-speed structured illumination microscopy, combined with fast-acting topical fluorescent stains which recapitulate H&E histology, as an accurate and practical alternative to frozen section analysis in surgical pathology for detection of positive tumor margins.
Low Temperature Deposition of Metal Oxide Thin Films in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using Metal-organic Precursors

A novel chemical route in thin film formation that includes the use of inorganic and organic peroxides and metal organic complexes soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated for the deposition of alumina, titania and zirconia thin films at low temperatures (<150°C). The metal organic precursors used include: Al(acac)3, OTi(tmhd)2, and Zr(acac)4. Tert-butyl peroxide, and a 30% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide were used as oxidants. Depositions were carried out in a 25 ml hot wall reactor at pressures ranging from 2100 to 3900 psi at 80-140°C. The deposited thin films were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XPS and FTIR results indicate the formation of metal oxides thin films with some bonded carbon. The deposition temperatures achieved in this process are substantially lower than those used in conventional vacuum deposition techniques making feasible the deposition on temperature sensitive substrates and organic materials required for the development of hybrid organic/inorganic devices. Processing at low temperatures in supercritical carbon dioxide may provide the basis for the development of an alternative, environmentally friendly, thin film deposition technique for the processing of nanostructures.
Genetic counseling: legal issues surrounding nondisclosure of paternity.

“Genetics has moved beyond the scope of individual families and quiet conversations about which uncle might have had what problem.” 1 Genetic testing allows individuals to become aware of risks to ...
Factors influencing farmer adoption of soil health practices in the United States: a narrative review

ABSTRACTSoil health practices—such as cover cropping, crop rotation, and conservation tillage—provide synergistic environmental and economic benefits, both on and beyond the farms that utilize them. Given these benefits, researchers are puzzled by the persistent adoption gap for these practices. This narrative review synthesizes the insights of the soil health practices adoption literature, with a focus on U.S. commodity agriculture. While farms, farmers, and farm communities are too heterogeneous to represent with a single model, this review finds five emergent themes: 1) differences in perspective along the adoption continuum; 2) interaction among soil health practices; 3) qualitatively different pathways to incremental and transformative change; 4) noneconomic farmer motives; and 5) the key role of larger farm and food system context. This study finds rational actor models inadequate to explain farmer decision making, suggesting that researchers would do well to utilize interpretive frames that elucida...
Performing Feminine Aging: The Marschallin’s Body in Der Rosenkavalier

This paper applies theories from gerontology to analyze the music and text from Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s Der Rosenkavalier (1911) in order to examine the Marschallin’s attitude towards her aging female body. After illustrating the signifiers that code the Marschallin’s body as feminine, this paper incorporates Chris Gilleard’s idea from gerontology, that embracing feminine sexuality prevents the desexualizing process of aging, to examine the Marschallin’s sexual escapism. Then, with the incorporation of biographical accounts discussing reflection on past experiences and Marja Saarenheimo’s gerontological theory that memories are embodied processes, the paper analyzes how aspects of nostalgia relate to the Marschallin’s process of remembering her younger body through musical and textual repetition. The paper concludes with a brief examination of the extra-musical connotations of the waltz and an investigation of the Marschallin and waltz tempi through the lens of gerontology, which revisits the topics of sexual escapism and nostalgia. At the end of the opera, this analysis of the Marschallin shows that she accepts her aging body and exerts control over her own life.
Collateral Consequences and Effectiveness of Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Law Enforcement Perspectives

A growing body of research has examined the collateral effects of sex offender registration and notification (SORN), particularly those related to offenders’ social and economic reintegration into society. Although studies have examined public, offender, treatment provider, and other criminal justice perspectives on SORN’s collateral impacts, few have elicited the views of law enforcement (LE) professionals who have contact with registered offenders. This study presents results from a mixed method study examining LE perspectives on collateral consequences and effectiveness of SORN. Results indicate that, although overall LE concern regarding collateral impacts is limited, those who are most engaged in SORN-related duties are significantly more likely to indicate such concern, and also more likely to believe that SORN was an effective public safety tool. Importantly, respondents in states with larger registries expressed greater concern over collateral consequences, and less belief in SORN’s public safety ...
Molecular Studies of Neutropenia in Barth Syndrome.

The Barth syndrome is a rare mitochondrial disease that causes dilated cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and severe neutropenia. It has been reported that at least two patients with Barth syndrome died from septicemia attributed to neutropenia. The disease is an X-linked autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the G4.5 or TAZ (tafazzin) gene, which introduce truncations, substitution, or alternative splice sites. Hematological investigations revealed normal chemotaxis, but the presence cytoplasmic vacuoles in myeloid cells and maturation arrest of neutrophil development at the myelocyte stage. Thus, a defect in neutrophil formation appears to be the primary reason for neutropenia and the susceptibility to infections in the Barth syndrome patients. Recent studies were mostly focused on cardiac, genetic and metabolic abnormalities associated with the disorder. However, the neutropenia aspect of the Barth syndrome remains unclear. The TAZ gene mutations appear to truncate the tafazzin protein likely resulting in the loss of function. Although a drosophila model of the Barth syndrome was recently reported, the cellular or mouse models of this disorder are not available yet. Thus, the link between TAZ mutations and severe neutropenia remains unknown. We hypothesized that TAZ mutations, which lead to the loss of function of tafazzin protein, trigger impaired cell survival and reduced production of neutrophils and their neutrophil precursors, thus resulting in severe neutropenia in Barth syndrome. To test this hypothesis, we attempted to knock-down the expression of the tafazzin gene in human myeloid progenitor cells using TAZ-specific shRNA. Four shRNA sequences specific to exons 4 through 7 were used for transfection of human myeloid progenitor cells that were later examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. At least 2 of the shRNA constructs resulted in a substantial down-regulation in the expression level of the tafazzin protein in transfected myeloid progenitor cells as determined by Western blot. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that the knock-down of TAZ gene expression was associated with approximately 40–50% increase in proportion of apoptotic annexin-positive cells compared with cells transfected with control scrambled shRNA. These data suggest that the loss of function of TAZ gene is cytotoxic to hematopoietic cells and that severe neutropenia is due to the accelerated apoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells in patients with Barth syndrome. Further studies needed to elucidate the specific signaling pathways and to identify potentially therapeutic agents capable of controlling accelerated apoptosis of myeloid cells in Barth syndrome.
Concrete Reinforcing Net: Safe Design

The limit design of a dence regular reinforcing net in concrete panels or walls under in-plane loading is studied with consideration of friction on the cracks due to aggregate interlock. The previously established hyperbolic yield locus, which corresponds to simultaneous yielding of reinforcing bars of both directions, does not give the complete domain of safe reinforcing ratios. The safe domain is larger and the enlargement corresponds to cases when only bars of one direction yield. Those cases are far from the optimum design. Deformations for these cases do not generally conform to the dilatancy ratio that is characteristic of the normal and tangential components on the crack and they do not allow an increase of deformation at constant load.
A hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite dataset

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have been attracting a great deal of attention due to their versatility of electronic properties and fabrication methods. We prepare a dataset of 1,346 HOIPs, which features 16 organic cations, 3 group-IV cations and 4 halide anions. Using a combination of an atomic structure search method and density functional theory calculations, the optimized structures, the bandgap, the dielectric constant, and the relative energies of the HOIPs are uniformly prepared and validated by comparing with relevant experimental and/or theoretical data. We make the dataset available at Dryad Digital Repository, NoMaD Repository, and Khazana Repository (http://khazana.uconn.edu/), hoping that it could be useful for future data-mining efforts that can explore possible structure-property relationships and phenomenological models. Progressive extension of the dataset is expected as new organic cations become appropriate within the HOIP framework, and as additional properties are calculated for the new compounds found.
Institutional repositories and academic social networks: competition or complement? A study of open access policy compliance vs. ResearchGate participation

INTRODUCTION The popularity of academic social networks like ResearchGate and Academia.edu indicates that scholars want to share their work, yet for universities with Open Access (OA) policies, these sites may be competing with institutional repositories (IRs) for content. This article seeks to reveal researcher practices, attitudes, and motivations around uploading their work to ResearchGate and complying with an institutional OA Policy through a study of faculty at the University of Rhode Island (URI). METHODS We conducted a population study to examine the participation by 558 full-time URI faculty members in the OA Policy and ResearchGate followed by a survey of 728 full-time URI faculty members about their participation in the two services. DISCUSSION The majority of URI faculty does not participate in the OA Policy or use ResearchGate. Authors’ primary motivations for participation are sharing their work more broadly and increasing its visibility and impact. Faculty who participate in ResearchGate are more likely to participate in the OA Policy, and vice versa. The fact that the OA Policy targets the author manuscript and not the final published article constitutes a significant barrier to participation. CONCLUSION Librarians should not view academic social networks as a threat to Open Access. Authors’ strong preference for sharing the final, published version of their articles provides support for calls to hasten the transition to a Gold OA publishing system. Misunderstandings about the OA Policy and copyright indicate a need for librarians to conduct greater education and outreach to authors about options for legally sharing articles.
Lumbar and Other Unusual Hernias

The practicing general surgeon has an opportunity to these types of hernias very infrequently. While most surgeons will have an opportunity to repair a Spigelian hernia occasionally, many will never see or treat the unusual ones such as the lumbar or sciatic hernias. The lumbar hernia has recently become more frequent due to the increasing use of the lumbar approach to anterior fusion of the lumbar spine. However, in many instances these “hernias” actually represent pseudohernias because these lateral bulges are the result of intercostal nerve injury (T11 and T12) and subsequent paralysis of the flat muscles of the abdominal wall. These are especially difficult to treat.
Agent-mediated multi-step optimization for resource allocation in distributed sensor networks

Distributed collaborative adaptive sensing (DCAS) of the atmosphere is a new paradigm for detecting and predicting hazardous weather using a large dense network of short-range, low-powered radars to sense the lowest few kilometers of the earths atmosphere. In DCAS, radars are controlled by a collection of Meteorological Command and Control (MC&C) agents that instruct where to scan based on emerging weather conditions. Within this context, this work concentrates on designing efficient approaches for allocating sensing resources to cope with restricted real-time requirements and limited computational resources. We have developed a new approach based on explicit goals that can span multiple system heartbeats. This allows us to reason ahead about sensor allocations based on expected requirements of goals as they project forward in time. Each goal explicitly specifies end-users' preferences as well as a prediction of how a phenomena will move. We use a genetic algorithm to generate scanning strategies of each single MC&C and a distributed negotiation model to coordinate multiple MC&Cs' scanning strategies over multiple heartbeats. Simulation results show that as compared to simpler variants of our approach, the proposed distributed model achieved the highest social welfare. Our approach also has exhibited similarly very good performance in an operational radar testbed that is deployed in Oklahoma to observe severe weather events.
Rho GTPases and the Control of the Oxidative Burst in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Stimulation of quiescent leukocytes activates the NADPH oxidase, a membrane-associated enzyme system that generates superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are used to kill bacteria within the phagosome. This chapter describes this multicomponent NADPH oxidase system, one of the first cellular systems shown to be directly regulated by Rac GTPases. We present current models of NADPH oxidase regulation by Rac2 and describe how Rac2 activation controls the timing of ROS production in adherent neutrophils. The antagonistic role that Cdc42 plays as a competitor of Rac2 for binding to the cytochrome component of the NADPH oxidase is discussed as a possible mechanism for tonic regulation of ROS production during the formation of the phagosome. Finally, we briefly depict mechanisms by which invasive bacteria can alter (inhibit) NADPH oxidase function, focusing on the effects of invasive bacteria on components and assembly of the NADPH oxidase.
Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women's Sexuality

The relationship between child sexual abuse and adult sexual functioning is well-established. Given the documented high incidence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and negative consequences for adult...
Management of Bean Pod Mottle Virus Through Reduction of Bean Leaf Beetles

Since the late 1990s there have been increased reports of bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in Iowa soybeans. Before that time, BPMV was thought to be a problem only in southern soybean growing regions. The increase in the virus is thought to be related to large increases in populations of the vector, the bean leaf beetle. The bean leaf beetle is a common soybean-feeding insect in Iowa. Growers are concerned about BPMV because it can cause reductions in yield and seed quality as well as brown-to-black mottling on the seed coat. The objective of this study was to determine whether the virus could be managed through reducing populations of the insect vector with insecticides.
Evidence of the Essentiality of Arsenic, Nickel, and Vanadium and Their Possible Nutritional Significance

Since 1970, a number of reports have suggested that several elements present in minute quantities in animal tissues are essential nutrients. These trace elements include arsenic, cadmium, fluoride, lead, nickel, silicon, tin, and vanadium. Findings which suggest that cadmium, lead, and tin are essential have come from one laboratory (Schwarz and Spallholz, 1976; Schwarz, 1974; Schwarz et al., 1970) and have not been confirmed by another laboratory. Because growth in suboptimally growing rats was the main criterion for demonstrating the essentiality of cadmium, lead, and tin, perhaps the findings were a demonstration of the Arndt—Schultz law: subharmful doses of any harmful agent may stimulate organisms that are in a suboptimal condition (Luckey, 1978). For a while it was thought that fluoride was necessary for normal hematocrits, fertility, and growth in mice and rats (Messer et al., 1972a, 1972b, 1973; Schwarz and Milne, 1972). However, it was suggested that fluoride may have been acting on those parameters by pharmacological, not physiological, mechanisms (Nielsen, 1976), and recent findings which show that high dietary fluoride can improve iron utilization in a diet marginally sufficient in iron support this suggestion (Tao and Suttie, 1976; Wegner et al., 1976). The essentiality of silicon appears to be established, and the nutritional and metabolic significance of silicon have been reviewed (Carlisle, 1975). In this chapter, the evidence for the essentiality of arsenic, nickel, and vanadium will be reviewed and the possible nutritional significance of these elements will be discussed.
P143 Development and validation of LSAB MFI cutpoints for use in the virtual crossmatch test to predict flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) and cdc crossmatch (CDC XM) results

Aim Luminex Single Antigen bead assay (LSAB) derived mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of anti-HLA antibodies directed at the potential donor’s HLA are the primary parameter used in the virtual crossmatch to predict physical crossmatch (XM) outcome. We aimed to develop statistically validated LSAB MFI cutpoints for predicting CDC XM and FCXM results. Methods We leveraged the ASHI proficiency testing (PT) 80% consensus results of 7156 T FCXM, 6758 B FCXM, 2917 T CDC XM and 2233 B CDC XM as the reference results to investigate whether LSAB MFI of IgG anti-HLA antibodies predict validated physical XM results. LSAB MFI was determined in our laboratory using One Lambda Single Antigen HLA Class I and Class II beads. The 80% consensus results are from 8 consecutive challenges during 2013 to 2016, and 107 laboratories across USA tested sera and HLA typed cells distributed by ASHI, and reported the results to ASHI for assessment of the laboratory’s proficiency. Data analysis included: summing of MFI of IgG antibodies directed at HLA-A, B and C for investigating their association with T FCXM and T CDC XM results; summing of MFI of antibodies directed at HLA-A, B, C, DR, DQ and DP for investigating their association with B FCXM and B CDC XM results; assigning alternate ASHI challenges to the Discovery set and the Validation set; investigating the association between LSAB MFI and physical XM results by logistic regression analysis corrected for overdispersion; and identification of LSAB MFI cutpoint for maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity. LSAB MFI cutpoints derived from the Discovery set to predict FCXM and CDC XM results were investigated in an independent validation set. Results Table 1 demonstrates that LSAB MFI cutpoints from the Discovery set predicts XM outcomes in the Validation set (ROC AUC range from 0.974 to 0.999). Conclusions We have developed and validated LSAB MFI cutpoints for use in the virtual crossmatch to accurately predict physical T FCXM, B FCXM, T CDC XM and B CDC XM results.
Mollusk shell assemblages as archives of spatial structuring of benthic communities around subtropical islands

Abstract Surficial assemblages of mollusk shells provide minimally invasive, quantitative data that are potentially adequate for assessing spatial organization of local benthic ecosystems. This study evaluates distribution and ecological characteristics of mollusk-dominated benthic communities around San Salvador Island (Bahamas). A total of 60 bulk samples collected along 12 onshore-offshore transects around the island yielded 20,301 specimens representing 180 mollusk species. Radiocarbon dating of individual shells (n = 30) indicated that these surficial accumulations represented a multi-millennial (time-averaged) record of local communities. Indirect multivariate ordinations (NMDS) separated mollusk death assemblage samples by locality, local habitat types, and regional context. Even in the case of comparable habitats within the same bay, samples clustered by transect location suggesting that surficial shell accumulations faithfully archive local differences in mollusk communities despite time-averaging and post-mortem shell transport. At the regional scale, a clear faunal separation is observed between windward and leeward sides of the island, suggesting that water energy represents an overriding regional driver that controls local composition of mollusk assemblages. Within each water energy regime, the faunal composition appeared to be primarily controlled by habitat type (seagrass versus sand habitats). Moreover, consistent with theoretical predictions that structured habitats enhance faunal stability of local communities, death assemblages from seagrass habitats were less variable in faunal composition than open sand habitats. Results indicate that San Salvador Island benthic communities are characterized by a predictable spatial organization controlled primarily by regional physical and, secondarily, biological processes. Also, the fact that extensively time-averaged shell assemblages have retained an interpretable spatial pattern suggests that regional physical processes, local habitat distribution, and structuring of mollusk associations must have been stable over multi-centennial time scales. This case study suggests that non-invasive sampling of dead mollusks can be an effective strategy for assessing prevalent long-term patterns in spatial distribution of regional faunal associations and examining processes that drive spatial structuring of marine communities.
A Novel Case of Pseudohyponatremia Caused by Hypercholesterolemia.

Pseudohyponatremia represents an artifactual reduction of blood (serum or plasma) sodium concentration measured with indirect ion selective electrode (ISE) methods. One mechanism of such artifacts is usually due to an abnormal increase in lipids or protein, the nonaqueous components of blood, that result in errors due to water displacement artifacts.1, 2 Other mechanisms that cause pseudohyponatremia may be associated with monoclonal proteins when a sample’s hyperviscosity causes aspiration errors.3 In classic hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia)-induced hyponatremia, several equations have been published to correct errors in serum potassium, chloride, and sodium measurements. One such equation is as follows: Corrected Na+ = Measured Na+ + [{[0.21 × triglycerides (g/l)] − 0.6} × (Na+/100)].4 Using this equation, the estimated decrease of plasma sodium concentration could be as low as 3.9 mmol/l in a sample with triglyceride concentration of 1500 mg/dl (15 g/l) and sodium concentration of 130 mmol/l. We report a case of a 41-year-old man who developed pseudohyponatremia due to hypercholesterolemia with concomitant hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. The hyponatremia was not fully accounted for by the true dilutional hyponatremia due to hyperglycemia,5 and examination of the sample revealed that hypercholesterolemia is the culprit for the pseudohyponatremia. Institutional review was not required for this study because this case study does not provide patient identification and the blood samples used in the study were obtained for patient care, not for research purposes.
Production and Distribution of Aldehyde and Alcohol Sex Pheromone Components in the Pheromone Gland of Females of the Moth Chloridea virescens

Aldehydes are components of many moth sex pheromones, and are thought to be produced from analogous alcohols by oxidase(s) in the cell membrane or the gland cuticle. This implies that the two types of components are produced and/or stored in different parts of the gland: alcohols in cells and aldehydes in cuticle. Few studies have investigated the distribution of components in moth pheromone glands. Using rinse/extract sampling, stable isotope tracer/tracee methods, and decapitation/ pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide stimulation, we studied production and distribution of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH) in the gland of Chloridea virescens (formerly Heliothis virescens). The rinse, which likely sampled the surface and outer cuticle, contained large amounts of aldehyde and small amounts of alcohol. By contrast, the residual extract, which likely sampled cells and less solvent-accessible (inner) cuticle, had large amounts of alcohol and small amounts of aldehyde. When a tracer (U-13C-glucose) was fed to females, the aldehyde had higher isotopic enrichment than the alcohol in the rinse, but not in the residual extract, showing that in the rinse pool, Z11-16:Ald was, on average, synthesized before Z11-16:OH. This is consistent with greater aldehyde than alcohol flux through the cuticle. While our results are consistent with cell/cuticle synthesis sites for alcohol/aldehyde components, we cannot rule out both being synthesized in gland cells. We propose two alternative conceptual models for how site of production, cuticular transport and catabolism/metabolism might explain the relative masses of Z11-16:Ald and Z11-16:OH translocated to the pheromone gland surface in female C. virescens.
Effects of solvent used for fabrication on drug loading and release kinetics of electrosprayed temozolomide-loaded PLGA microparticles for the treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and invasive form of malignant brain tumors and despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the survival of patients with GBM still remains poor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the chemotherapy drug that is most commonly given orally after surgical resection of these tumors. In this study, the effects of solvents (i.e., dichloromethane and acetonitrile) used for the fabrication of electrosprayed TMZ-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) on drug loading, loading efficiency, drug release kinetics, surface morphology, and particle size were investigated. The results from this study demonstrated that by using a larger volume of a solvent with higher polarity (i.e., acetonitrile) which allows for a higher amount of hydrophilic TMZ to dissolve into the polymer solution, higher drug loading could be achieved. However, the particles fabricated with high amount of acetonitrile, which has a lower vapor pressure, had large pores and a smaller diameter which led to an initial burst release and high cumulative release at the end of the study. An optimal combination of the two solvents is needed to result in particles with a good amount of loading and minimal initial burst release. The electrosprayed microparticles were able to illicit a cytotoxic response in U-87 MG glioblastoma cells at a lower concentration of drug compared to the free drug. This work indicated that electrospraying is a promising method for the fabrication of TMZ-loaded PLGA microparticles for the treatment of GBM and solvent composition can be altered to control drug loading and release kinetics. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2317-2324, 2019.
10 Developmental Psychology

The goal in this chapter is to trace shifts in major theories and methods of developmental psychology from Charles Darwin to the present. In the earliest period (1880–1915), the field of developmental psychology was established as a distinct scholarly domain, independent of philosophy and other disciplines. J. Mark Baldwin, G. Stanley Hall, Alfred Binet, and Sigmund Freud were the individuals who were most directly responsible. In the second period (1915–1940), an organization supporting developmental psychology, the Society for Research in Child Development, was formed, and institutes of child development were established across the United States. Three theorists with competing views of development vied for followers: Watson, the behaviorist; Gesell, the maturationist; and Piaget, the interactionist. In the third period (1940–1960), the research agenda in developmental psychology was dominated by learning theorists such as B. F. Skinner, who promoted operant conditioning, and Robert R. Sears, who attempted to fuse learning theory with psychoanalytic theory. In the next quarter century (1960–1985), themes rather than theorists dominated the field. These themes included a return to a focus on cognition, a greater appreciation of precocity, and increased attention to culture and context. Finally, in the most recent period (1985–present), there has been a renewed focus on biology, an intensified appreciation of culture, increased interdisciplinary collaboration, and notable expansion of methods and analytic strategies. Developmental psychology today reflects both the concerns of its founders and techniques of contemporary methodologists and statisticians. Keywords: developmental psychology; historical changes; theoretical trends; methodological advances
ABL kinase inhibition sensitizes primary lung adenocarcinomas to chemotherapy by promoting tumor cell differentiation.

// Aaditya Khatri 1 , Jing Jin Gu 1 , Courtney M. McKernan 1 , Xia Xu 1 and Ann Marie Pendergast 1 1 Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Correspondence to: Ann Marie Pendergast, email: ann.pendergast@duke.edu Keywords : lung adenocarcinoma; docetaxel; ABL kinases; differentiation; YAP1 Received: January 05, 2019 Accepted: February 15, 2019 Published: March 08, 2019 Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an overall five-year survival rate of ~16%. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~80% of all lung cancer cases, and the majority (40%) of these are adenocarcinomas. Loss of function point mutations in TP53 (46%) and activating mutations in KRAS (33%) are the most common mutations in human lung adenocarcinomas. Because neither of these genetic alterations are clinically actionable, chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment in patients with oncogenic KRAS driver mutations. However, chemoresistance to genotoxic agents such as docetaxel remains a major clinical challenge facing lung cancer patients. Here we show that ABL kinase allosteric inhibitors can be effectively used for the treatment of Kras G12D/+ ; p53 -/- lung adenocarcinomas in an autochthonous mouse model. Unexpectedly, we found that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with an ABL allosteric inhibitor promoted differentiation of lung adenocarcinomas from poorly differentiated tumors expressing basal cell markers to tumors expressing terminal differentiation markers in vivo , which rendered lung adenocarcinomas susceptible to chemotherapy. These findings uncover a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas with poor response to chemotherapy.
UCH-L1 is a Poor Serum Biomarker of Murine Traumatic Brain Injury After Polytrauma.

Abstract Background Several serum biomarkers have been studied to diagnose incidence and severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but a reliable biomarker in TBI has yet to be identified. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) has been proposed as a biomarker in clinical and preclinical studies, largely in the setting of isolated TBI or concussion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of UCH-L1 as a serum biomarker in the setting of polytrauma and TBI. Methods Multiple variations of murine TBI and polytrauma models were used to evaluate serum biomarkers. The different models included TBI with and without hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, isolated extremity vascular ligation, extremity ischemia/reperfusion, and blunt tail injury. Blood was drawn at intervals after injury, and serum levels of neuron-specific enolase, UCH-L1, creatine kinase, and syndecan-1 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results UCH-L1 levels were not significantly different between TBI, tail injury, and sham TBI. By contrast, neuron-specific enolase levels were increased in TBI mice compared with tail injury and sham TBI mice. UCH-L1 levels increased regardless of TBI status at 30 min and 4 h after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. In mice that underwent femoral artery cannulation followed by hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation, UCH-L1 levels were significantly elevated compared with shock sham mice at 4 h (3158 ± 2168 pg/mL, 4 h shock versus 0 ± 0 pg/mL, 4 h shock sham; P versus 324 ± 482 pg/mL, 24 h shock sham; P = 0.03). No differences were observed in UCH-L1 levels between the sham shock and the arterial ligation, vein ligation, or extremity ischemia/reperfusion groups at any time point. Similar to UCH-L1, creatine kinase was elevated only after shock compared with sham mice at 4, 24, and 72 h after injury. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that UCH-L1 is not a specific marker for TBI but is elevated in models that induce central and peripheral nerve ischemia. Given the increase in UCH-L1 levels observed after hemorrhagic shock, we propose that UCH-L1 may be a useful adjunct in quantifying severity of shock or global ischemia rather than as a specific marker of TBI.
Act 1. Shahrazad: Disarming Charm

Each night, to save her own life, Shahrazad is spared by her discursive skill, able to persuading a murderous ruler to stay her arbitrary execution. This ancient story, from the 1001 Nights, is a potent metaphor for disarmament advocacy, which seeks to persuade violent people to moderate their behavior. Traditional international relations (IR) scholarship has focused on the role of “hard power”—military and economic might—as the driver of change in the global system. However, academics and practitioners are increasingly realizing the role of narrative, stories and imagination in shaping what is seen as possible. In demonstrating the power of disarmament activists’ persuasion, this chapter highlights and reviews the insights of the “discursive turn” for IR.
Comparison of Revetment and Sill in Reducing Shore Erosion and Wave Overtopping

AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted in a wave flume to compare sand beach profile evolution and wave overtopping of a sand berm for the three cases of (1) no structure, (2) a stone revetm...
Effective Market Exclusivity of New Molecular Entities for Rare and Non-rare Diseases

Growth in development, approvals, and revenue of drugs treating rare diseases (orphan drugs) has been increasing over the last four decades, which has drawn substantial attention to these products. Much of this growth has been attributed to the incentives created by the Orphan Drug Act, which includes a seven-year exclusivity period for the approval of rare disease indications. This study aims to compare the effective market exclusivity period of small molecule new molecular entities (NMEs) for rare (orphan) and non-rare (non-orphan) diseases approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2001–2012. While the overall length of a drug’s effective market exclusivity period has been explored previously, there is little empirical research evaluating the differences in its duration between drugs for rare and non-rare diseases. Data sources utilized in this analysis included the NME Drug and New Biologic Approvals Reports, Orange Book, Orphan Drug Product Designation Database, Drugs@FDA and IQVIA’s National Sales Perspective. We computed the effective market exclusivity period for each NME as the time from NME approval until approval of the first generic competitor. We then regressed the effective market exclusivity period for each NME, on orphan disease status, and other NME market factors using a Cox proportional hazards model. Subsequently, we calculated regression-adjusted median effective market exclusivity periods for both orphan and non-orphan NMEs to estimate effective exclusivity extensions from orphan status. We find that only individual NMEs approved for the treatment of both orphan and non-orphan indications lower the hazard of generic entry (hazard ratio 0.464, p = 0.030) in comparison with non-orphan NMEs with a single indication. The associated additional median survival time for these NMEs is 1.9 years. NMEs’ orphan status per se is not associated with a reduction in the hazard of generic entry and longer effective market exclusivity periods in comparison with non-orphan NMEs. Only NMEs that were approved for the treatment of both orphan and non-orphan diseases experience lower hazard of generic entry and longer exclusivity periods compared with non-orphan drugs with a single indication.
A Case Study of Digital Twin for a Manufacturing Process Involving Human Interactions

Current algorithms, computations, and solutions that predict how humans will engage in smart manufacturing are insufficient for real-time activities. In this paper, a digital-twin implementation of a manual, manufacturing process is presented. This work (1) combines simulation with data from the physical world and (2) uses reinforcement learning to improve decision making on the shop floor. An adaptive simulation-based, digital twin is developed for a real manufacturing case. The digital twin demonstrates the improvement in predicting overall production output and solutions to existing problems.
Twisted fiber pullout from UHPC: A computational study

A highly detailed computational model is developed to simulate the behavior of twisted steel fiber pullout from ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). The model considers the effect of fiber-matrix interfacial behavior and material inelasticity. It is shown that the model is capable of reproducing key experimental observations including the ability of twisted fibers to exhibit pseudo-plastic behavior for slip values up to 80%-90% of a fiber’s embedded length. It is also shown that the maximum pullout decreases with increasing pitch and that fibers with triangular cross-section hae a somewhat larger ability to dissipate energy than fibers with other cross-sectional shapes.
Cauchy type means for some generalized convex functions

In this paper, we establish Jensen’s inequality for s-convex functions in the first sense. By using Jensen’s inequalities, we obtain some Cauchy type means for p-convex and s-convex functions in the first sense. Also, by using Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for the respective generalized convex functions, we find new generalized Cauchy type means.
Toward Fully Autonomous and Networked Vehicles

The articles in this special section focus on fully autonomous and networked vehicles. Around 5,000 years ago, our ancestors invented the wheel, sparking generations of revolutionary innovations from the wheelbarrow to the automobile. Today, we are poised to revolutionize the wheel again. Autonomous and networked vehicles can observe their surroundings, assess their state, communicate with other vehicles, and maneuver the environment—without human intervention. Commensurate with their impact, the technologies underlying autonomous and networked vehicles are being adopted rapidly. In 2020, over 200 automobile models can autonomously manage their speed, steering or brakes.
Being unprepared: A grounded theory of the transition of asthma self-care in college students.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to conceptualize the basic social process of how college students transition from home-based asthma management to independent self-care management. Design and methods Classical grounded theory was used to explore the transition of asthma self-care in college students. Seventeen college students with asthma from a Midwestern urban university were interviewed. Results Being Unprepared emerged as the basic social process used by students transitioning from home-based management of their asthma to managing their asthma in college. Being Unprepared conceptualizes a process by which participants engaged in relying on others, primarily their mother, to manage their asthma while in high school. This reliance on others continued when participants became college students with asthma where they were found lacking preparation for self-management in college exemplified by their being relatively unprepared for dealing with the unexpected stressors associated with starting college or for managing asthma episodes safely and effectively as students. Participants acknowledged that they were unprepared for managing their asthma independently and the need for becoming better prepared for their own safe asthma self-management. Conclusions Youth with asthma may be at risk for poor health outcomes as they transition to self-care in college. The grounded theory, Being Unprepared, derived from empirical data can provide a scientific basis for deriving practice protocols. Practice implications These findings can be used to inform parents and healthcare providers about the need for early intervention designed to prepare students with asthma for the transition to college while in high school. The theory concepts can be operationalized as instrument items for future research studies.
Reading William Blake

William Blake (1757‒1827) is one of the most original and influential figures of the Romantic Age, known for his work as an artist, poet and printmaker. Grounding his ideas both in close reading and in the latest scholarship, Saree Makdisi offers an exciting and imaginative approach to reading Blake. By exploring some of the most important themes in Blake's work and connecting them to particular plates from Songs of Innocence and of Experience, Makdisi highlights Blake's creative power and the important interplay between images and words. There is a consistent emphasis on the relationship between the material nature of Blake's illuminated books, including the method he used to produce them, and the interpretive readings of the texts themselves. Makdisi argues that the material and formal openness of Blake's work can be seen as the very basis for learning to read in the spirit of Blake.