cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in space

In the past ten years observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in space have been reported which have greatly increased our understanding of the occurrence distribution and dynamics of Pc 1 waves in the magnetosphere. The most prominent site of EMIC wave activity is now known to be the dayside outer magnetosphere. Transient compressions of the magnetosphere have been shown to be effective in stimulating proton cyclotron wave activity by enhancing the proton temperature anisotropy. New Poynting flux measurements from Viking and IRM both indicate that wave energy is directed toward the ionosphere, in agreement with earlier ATS-6 results. Observations from lower altitude have revealed properties of lower L pulsations that reflect behavior consistent with Pc 1 pearl pulsations including quasi-periodic packets, dispersion, and occurrence in a narrow L range but wide longitudinal extent. Finally, the response of thermal ions to EMIC waves has also been studied showing that He+ responds by developing X-type distributions indicative of non-local heating at locations along the field line where the wave frequency approaches the He+ gyrofrequency. Further progress is likely in a number of areas: new spacecraft data sets, especially Freja; ground-satellite correlation studies; detailed instability analysis of proton distributions in the source region; and analysis of wave characteristics to assess the wave vector orientation.
The ultraviolet sky: An overview from the GALEX surveys

Abstract The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) has performed the first surveys of the sky in the ultraviolet (UV). Its legacy is an unprecedented database with more than 200 million source measurements in far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV), as well as wide-field imaging of extended objects, filling an important gap in our view of the sky across the electromagnetic spectrum. The UV surveys offer unique sensitivity for identifying and studying selected classes of astrophysical objects, both stellar and extra-galactic. We examine the overall content and distribution of UV sources over the sky, and with magnitude and color. For this purpose, we have constructed final catalogs of UV sources with homogeneous quality, eliminating duplicate measurements of the same source. Such catalogs can facilitate a variety of investigations on UV-selected samples, as well as planning of observations with future missions. We describe the criteria used to build the catalogs, their coverage and completeness. We included observations in which both the far-UV and near-UV detectors were exposed; 28,707 fields from the All-Sky Imaging survey (AIS) cover a unique area of 22,080 square degrees (after we restrict the catalogues to the central 1° diameter of the field), with a typical depth of ∼20/21mag (FUV/NUV, in the AB mag system), and 3008 fields from the Medium-depth Imaging Survey (MIS) cover a total of 2251 square degrees at a depth of ∼22.7mag. The catalogs contain ∼71 and ∼16.6 million sources, respectively. The density of hot stars reflects the Galactic structure, and the number counts of both Galactic and extra-galactic sources are modulated by the Milky Way dust extinction, to which the UV data are very sensitive.
Au–Cu nanoparticles produced by laser ablation of mixtures of Au and Cu microparticles

In this study we investigate the possibility of producing alloy nanoparticles (NP) from mixtures of elemental microparticle (MP) powders using the laser ablation of microparticle (LAM) process. Mixtures of Au and Cu particles with a diameter of 1.5–2.0 μm were fed in aerosol form into a laser ablation cell and ablated using a pulsed laser. The resulting NP were collected electrostatically and characterized using TEM. The NP were spherical and crystalline with a size that depended on the collection location but ranged from 2 to 15 nm. Using TEM/SAD, it was determined that the NP had a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure and, with EDS, it was found that individual NP consisted of both Au and Cu. These experimental results confirm previous numerical models that suggested that it might be possible to form alloy NP from mixtures of elemental MP using the LAM process.
Spatial Fluctuations as Signatures of Self-Organization: A Complex Systems Approach to Landscape Dynamics in Rondônia, Brazil

Self-organization is a prominent theme of complexity studies that has been applied in studies of urban evolution and land-cover change. Little work has investigated the potential of self-organization to describe and explain landscape dynamics in frontier settings. The principal aims of this paper are: (a) to present a general theoretical framework of landscape dynamics for a frontier setting in Rondonia, Brazil based on a specific theory of self-organization known as self-organized criticality (SOC), (b) to describe the settlement pattern of a recently settled landscape by focusing on spatial fluctuations of landscape metrics as signatures, and (c) to discuss how plausible mechanisms with clear links to SOC may be considered by investigators of landscape evolution. A general SOC framework is situated within prevailing frameworks that feature proximate and distant drivers of land-cover change. Fourier techniques are used to assess spatial fluctuations of pattern metrics in multiple directions as landscape ...
Naloxone therapy in awake endotoxemic Yucatan minipigs

Abstract Twelve Yucatan miniature pigs were fitted with jugular, portal, hepatic vein, and carotid artery catheters, and hepatic artery and portal vein flow cuffs to quantitate portosystemic and transhepatic kinetics. Seventy-two hours later they were placed in slings, and following a 3-hr control period were infused with Escherichia coli endotoxin at 15 μg/kg/hr for 6 hr. Eight were controls and 4 received a primed (2 mg/kg) continuous infusion (2 mg/kg/hr) of naloxone 1 hr after initiation of endotoxin. In the naloxone group, arterial hypotension developed by 60 min. Arterial pressure increased to 125 mm Hg by 80 min (20 min post naloxone) and maintained this level for 3 hr. [6-3H]Glucose-derived rate of disappearance (Rd) values were increased above their own control period at 60 and 80 min, but were approximately 55% lower than untreated controls. Rate of appearance (Ra) values remained unchanged in the naloxone group resulting in a net glucose deficit. After 1 hr of endotoxin, blood pyruvate increased from 1.0 to 1.8 mg%, reached 3.3 mg% at 80 min, and remained elevated. Blood lactate similarly increased from 11 to 35 mg% by 60 min, increasing further to 82 mg% 20 min after naloxone infusion, in concert with signs of severe distress. Portal and hepatic total O2 decreased by 60 min and 100 min, respectively, reflecting depressed hepatic O2 input. Lethality was 75% in naloxone-treated pigs by the end of the experiment, vs 0% in untreated animals. Naloxone improves some hemodynamic parameters. However, in these conscious postsurgical patients, naloxone blocked some beneficial effects of endogenous opiates resulting in severe metabolic derangements and increased mortality.
Glomerular expression of p27Kip1 in diabetic db/db mouse: role of hyperglycemia

Glomerular expression of p27Kip1 in diabetic db/db mouse: Role of hyperglycemia Early diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hypertrophy. Previous studies in vitro have demonstrated that mesangial cells exposed to high glucose are arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle and express increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. The present study was performed to investigate the renal expression of p27Kip1 in db/db mice, a model of diabetes mellitus type II. Glomerular p27Kip1 protein, but not mRNA expression, was strongly enhanced in diabetic db/db mice compared with non-diabetic db/+ littermates. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that this stimulated expression was mainly restricted to the nuclei of mesangial cells and podocytes, but glomerular endothelial cells occasionally also stained positively. Quantification of p27Kip1 positive glomerular cells showed a significant increase of these cells in db/db mice compared with non-diabetic db/+ animals. Although tubular cells revealed a positive staining for p27Kip1 protein, there was no difference between db/+ and db/db mice. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that p27Kip1 protein associates with Cdk2 and Cdk4, but not with Cdk6. To test for the influence of hyperglycemia on cell cycle arrest and p27Kip1 expression, mesangial cells were isolated from db/+ and db/db mice. There was a similar basal proliferation when these cells were grown in normal glucose-containing medium (100 mg/dl). However, raising the glucose concentration to 275 to 450 mg/dl induced cell cycle arrest in db/+ as well as db/db mesangial cells. Increasing the medium osmolarity with D-mannitol failed to induce p27Kip1 expression in mesangial cells. Transfection of cells with p27Kip1 antisense, but not missense, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides facilitated cell cycle progression equally well in db/+ and db/db mesangial cells. Furthermore, p27Kip1 expression was comparable in both cell lines in normal glucose, but increased in high glucose medium. Our studies demonstrate that p27Kip1 expression is enhanced in diabetic db/db animals. This induction appears to be due to hyperglycemia. Expression of p27Kip1 may be important in cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy of mesangial cells during early diabetic nephropathy.
Profiling PARP inhibitors.

A comprehensive study of ligand binding to the human PARP family of proteins reveals the molecular basis of inhibitor selectivity and promiscuity.
Neil3, the final frontier for the DNA glycosylases that recognize oxidative damage

DNA glycosylases are the enzymes that initiate the Base Excision Repair (BER) process that protects all organisms from the mutagenic and/or cytotoxic effects of DNA base lesions. Endonuclease VIII like proteins (Neil1, Neil2 and Neil3) are found in vertebrate genomes and are homologous to the well-characterized bacterial DNA glycosylases, Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and Endonuclease VIII (Nei). Since the initial discovery of the Neil proteins, much progress has been made on characterizing Neil1 and Neil2. It was not until recently, however, that Neil3 was shown to be a functional DNA glycosylase having a different substrate specificity and unusual structural features compared with other Fpg/Nei homologs. Although the biological functions of Neil3 still remain an enigma, this review highlights recent biochemical and structural data that may ultimately shed light on its biological role.
Role of the enamel organ in limiting fluoride uptake during the maturation phase of enamel development.

Autoradiographs of molar teeth from 15-day-old rats that had been injected with 18F showed no tracer uptake in the late-mineralizing enamel. Autoradiographic and quantitative in vitro experiments indicated that the enamel organ limited fluoride uptake during the maturation phase of enamel formation.
Analysis of Air Flow in Single Nozzle Air-Jet Filling Insertion: Corrugated Channel Model

Air flow in air jet weaving machines is complicated: it is unsteady, turbulent, and can be compressible or incompressible depending on the velocity. A separated flow model is developed to simulate air flow through the guide channel, which is half open and corrugated. Subsonic air flow in the guide channel is investigated as a simplified model of air flow in a single nozzle air-jet filling insertion system. The drag coefficient in the guide channel and propelling force acting on the yarn are calculated. Theoretical predictions of drag coefficient and propelling force are in good agreement with ex perimental data obtained for the same conditions.
Relationship of Association Structures to Verbal Ability

No relationship between verbal ability and idiodynamic associative sets was found in two samples of college freshmen. An earlier finding which related an Object-referent associative set to lower verbal ability was rejected. In the light of Entwistle's recently published results, it was concluded that antecedent conditions related to idiodynamic sets might best be studied in pre-school children or mental retardates.
Detecting Selfish Behavior in a Cooperative Commons

A cooperative commons is a type of ad hoc network in which all devices are required to communicate and carry each other's traffic, even when those devices are associated with different owners and different administrative domains. Thus, infrastructure is constructed at little cost to each owner. One unusual feature of the cooperative commons is that as more devices join, total communication capacity increases. These advantages are possible when devices are willing to cooperate and use their own resources to carry traffic of others, but are undermined by selfish behavior, where a device's action increases benefit for that device while decreasing the average benefit for all devices. This paper demonstrates that selfish behavior cannot be detected with the prominent routing protocols currently used in ad hoc networks, and proposes a novel approach that includes use of routing protocols in which selfish behavior cannot be concealed, and watchdog algorithms that observe behavior of neighbors for signs of selfishness. We prove that our approach reliably detects all acts of selfishness by individual devices in a network where devices are fixed and there are no packet collisions. We demonstrate that our watchdog algorithms work with a general class of routing protocols, and show how existing routing protocols can be extended to fit in that class.
A Longitudinal Comparative Study of Student Perceptions in Online Education

This paper, a subset of a larger experimental longitudinal study, compared students’ perceptions over-time of an e-learning environment. This paper includes an investigation of eight beliefs corresponding to three main categories; course activities, interactions with instructors, and interactions with other students. Both face-to-face and online students’ perceptions were measured over eight years, in a course designed using Chickering’s Seven Principles of Good Practices and the constructivist approach to course activities. The study found that there was a change over time in students’ perceptions and that the students included in the study were satisfied with course activities and interactions with other students. Additionally, the data indicates that online students believe faculty have high expectations and are available to interact, communicate, and present quality feedback to students. The findings of the paper support the opinion that in order to ensure a return on student’s online education investment, colleges and universities should consider following research-based validated frameworks and benchmarks during the planning, designing, delivering, and assessing of online education. The success of an online course depends on effective course design using a student-centered model, delivery, and assessment.
Droplet Digital PCR Measurement of HER2 Copy Number Alteration in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Breast Carcinoma Tissue

BACKGROUND: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing is routinely performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses for all new cases of invasive breast carcinoma. IHC is easier to perform, but analysis can be subjective and variable. FISH offers better diagnostic accuracy and added confidence, particularly when it is used to supplement weak IHC signals, but it is more labor intensive and costly than IHC. We examined the performance of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a more precise and less subjective alternative for quantifying HER2 DNA amplification. METHODS: Thirty-nine cases of invasive breast carcinoma containing ≥30% tumor were classified as positive or negative for HER2 by IHC, FISH, or both. DNA templates for these cases were prepared from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to determine the HER2 copy number by ddPCR. ddPCR involved emulsifying hydrolysis probe–based PCR reaction mixtures containing the ERBB2 [v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian); also known as HER2 ] gene and chromosome 17 centromere assays into nanoliter-sized droplets for thermal cycling and analysis. RESULTS: ddPCR distinguished, through differences in the level of HER2 amplification, the 10 HER2 -positive samples from the 29 HER2 -negative samples with 100% concordance to HER2 status obtained by FISH and IHC analysis. ddPCR results agreed with the FISH results for the 6 cases that were equivocal by IHC analyses, confirming 2 of these samples as positive for HER2 and the other 4 as negative. CONCLUSIONS: ddPCR can be used as a molecular-analysis tool to precisely measure copy number alterations in FFPE samples of heterogeneous breast tumor tissue.
Low-Cost 3-D Integration of RF and Micro-Cooling Systems

A heterogeneous 3-D integration scheme of low cost Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) and silicon substrates with microfluidic channels and circulating water is demonstrated. Theoretical and experimental data show the applicability of this technique as a means to introduce effective active cooling in high-frequency electronics without adversely impacting their RF performance. An LCP coplanar waveguide fabricated on top of a silicon-etched microchannel with circulating water under a shielding ground plane is the vehicle to demonstrate the integration technology of this paper. The measured RF results are nearly identical with and without water in the microchannel. A water flow rate of ~12 ml/min is measured with a micropump that occupies less than 9.5 cm3 and consumes less than 1.2 W.
Wave directional spectra from synthetic aperture observations of radio scatter

Abstract We have measured the directional distribution of waves produced by a quasi-stationary, homogeneous wind field. This was done by observing radio backscatter from the LORAN A transmitter on Wake Island. The LORAN frequency of 2 MHz is in Bragg resonance with 7S ocean waves. A directional resolution of ±3° has been attained from a synthesized antenna formed by moving the receiver at constant speed along the airport taxiway. The directional distribution of the 7S ocean waves as inferred from the variable scatter cross-section compared favorably with directional moments measured with a pitch-and-roll buoy. The directional wave energy is found to fall off monotonically with angle θ relative to the wind, in accord with a model cos S ( 1 2 θ ) proposed by Longuet-Higgins , Cartwright and Smith , Ocean wave spectra, pp 111–136, Prentice-Hall (1963); s increases with wind speed and decreases with frequency, and can be plotted against a single parameter μ = μ ∗ /cκ , where √ ( u ∗ /ρ ) is wind stress, c is phase velocity, and κ = 0·4 is von Karman's constant. The radio measurements give an upper limit of 0·02 for the upwind/downwind ration in wave energy flux. The ratio of up-down to cross-wind components in mean-square slope computed for the cos S ( 1 2 θ ) model is compared to the ratio inferred from measurements of sun glitter. The (second-order) mean-square pressure fluctuations at great depth are computed from our estimates of oppositely traveling wave energy.
PINBPA: Cytoscape app for network analysis of GWAS data

UNLABELLED Protein interaction network-based pathway analysis (PINBPA) for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been developed as a Cytoscape app, to enable analysis of GWAS data in a network fashion. Users can easily import GWAS summary-level data, draw Manhattan plots, define blocks, prioritize genes with random walk with restart, detect enriched subnetworks and test the significance of subnetworks via a user-friendly interface. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION PINBPA app is freely available in Cytoscape app store. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mersenne primes, polygonal anomalies and string theory classification

It is pointed out that the Mersenne primes M{sub p}=(2{sup p}{minus}1) and associated perfect numbers M{sub p}=2{sup p{minus}1}M{sub p} play a significant role in string theory; this observation may suggest a classification of consistent string theories. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Smooth proximity computation for collision-free optimal control of multiple robotic manipulators

This paper presents a novel approach for trajectory planning of multiple robot manipulators operating amongst obstacles. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are exploited to compute the proximity between line-swept sphere (LSS) bounding volumes used to model potentially colliding objects. The KKT multipliers and the parameters giving the minimum distance between LSS volumes are augmented into the manipulator trajectory planning problem as dummy control variables. These extra variables allow the planning problem to be cast as a standard nonlinear optimal control problem with smooth path constraints, which is then solved using the pseudospectral method. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by a trajectory planning example involving stationary workspace obstacles and for a centralized multi-robot system in which each robot acts as a dynamic obstacle that the other should avoid. The optimal control formulation incorporates practical constraints on the manipulator joint angles, velocities and accelerations as well as limits on the control torque. The computed collision-free optimal trajectories are executed on a pair of experimental robots to verify the feasibility of the numerical results.
More Productive Than Maize in the Midwest: How Does Miscanthus Do It?

In the first side-by-side large-scale trials of these two C(4) crops in the U.S. Corn Belt, Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) was 59% more productive than grain maize (Zea mays). Total productivity is the product of the total solar radiation incident per unit land area and the efficiencies of light interception (epsilon(i)) and its conversion into aboveground biomass (epsilon(ca)). Averaged over two growing seasons, epsilon(ca) did not differ, but epsilon(i) was 61% higher for Miscanthus, which developed a leaf canopy earlier and maintained it later. The diurnal course of photosynthesis was measured on sunlit and shaded leaves of each species on 26 dates. The daily integral of leaf-level photosynthetic CO(2) uptake differed slightly when integrated across two growing seasons but was up to 60% higher in maize in mid-summer. The average leaf area of Miscanthus was double that of maize, with the result that calculated canopy photosynthesis was 44% higher in Miscanthus, corresponding closely to the biomass differences. To determine the basis of differences in mid-season leaf photosynthesis, light and CO(2) responses were analyzed to determine in vivo biochemical limitations. Maize had a higher maximum velocity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, velocity of phosphoenolpyruvate regeneration, light saturated rate of photosynthesis, and higher maximum quantum efficiency of CO(2) assimilation. These biochemical differences, however, were more than offset by the larger leaf area and its longer duration in Miscanthus. The results indicate that the full potential of C(4) photosynthetic productivity is not achieved by modern temperate maize cultivars.
The Influence of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Types on the Risk of Genotype-Concordant Incident Infections of the Anus and Cervix: The Hawaii HPV Cohort Study

The influence of multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) types on detection of concordant incident HPV infections of the cervix or anus following infection at the other anatomic site was examined in a cohort of 897 women. Multiple HPV infections at the anus were not significantly associated with subsequent acquisition of a concordant cervical infection, whereas prior coinfections in the cervix increased risk of a new cervical HPV infection. Incident anal HPV infections following concordant cervical HPV infections increased significantly among women with preexisting cervical or anal coinfections. Potential synergy in acquisition of cervical and anal HPV infections has implications for prophylactic vaccine effectiveness.
Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates

Neuroanatomists posit that the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) comprise two major nodes of a macrostructural forebrain entity termed the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is thought to play a critical role in adaptive motivational behavior and is implicated in the pathophysiology of maladaptive fear and anxiety. Resting functional connectivity of the Ce was examined in 107 young anesthetized rhesus monkeys and 105 young humans using standard resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to assess temporal correlations across the brain. The data expand the neuroanatomical concept of the extended amygdala by finding, in both species, highly significant functional coupling between the Ce and the BST. These results support the use of in vivo functional imaging methods in nonhuman and human primates to probe the functional anatomy of major brain networks such as the extended amygdala.
Testing Models of Trade-Off Contrast in Pairwise Choice

In three experiments, students completed sets of three pairwise choices in each of several domains. The first two pairs in each set were contextual pairs, and the third was the target pair. Context was manipulated by widening the range of values on one dimension and narrowing it on the second dimension. Consistent with previous research, participants on target trials more often chose the alternative whose poorer value was on the widened dimension. Four models explained this effect as (a) decreased weighting of the wide dimension, (b) contextual shift in values, (c) a tendency to equalize responses, or (d) a tendency to add value based on dominance relationships. Path models provided evidence against weight change and response equalization, and manipulation of dominance did not reduce the effect. Results supported the value-shift explanation of trade-off contrast. When choosing between multiattribute alternatives, one is faced with the problem of having to make trade-offs between values on different attributes. For example, imagine a choice between two cars that differ primarily on the dimensions of gas mileage and safety features. Would you choose the car that gets high gas mileage but has few safety features or the one that gets low gas mileage but has many safety features? Ultimately the choice depends on whether the increase in gas mileage is worth the decrease in safety: a trade-off. How are such trade-offs resolved? One approach to the problem is given by multiattribut e utility theory, in which preference values are assigned to each level on a dimension and importance weights are assigned to the different dimensions (Von Winterfeldt & Edwards, 1986). The overall utility of an alternative is determined by combining weights and values, typically using a weighted additive model:
Money and multilateralism: how funding rules constitute IO governance

International relations scholarship largely accepts that multilateralism lies at the heart of the liberal international order and is instantiated in formal, intergovernmental organizations. This paper revisits the conventional wisdom regarding the multilateral character of international organization (IO) governance by drawing attention to the funding methods used to finance contemporary IOs. I argue that different funding rules constitute different modes of governance. While mandatory funding rules are easily reconciled with traditional conceptions of multilateralism, voluntary rules are not. In particular, restricted voluntary funding rules devolve authority over funding decisions to individual actors, undercutting the collective decision making that is central to multilateral governance. I demonstrate the relevance of the argument in the case of the United Nations, which has transformed from an institution reliant primarily on mandatory contributions, to one disproportionately reliant on restricted, voluntary funds. The counterintuitive result is an increasingly bilateral United Nations. The paper contributes to our understanding of the relationship between multilateralism and IO governance, and has implications for literature related to institutional design, delegation, and development aid. In addition, it raises empirical and normative questions regarding reliance on voluntary funding.
Techniques for Designing Noise-Tolerant Multi-Level Combinational Circuits

As CMOS technology downscales, higher noise levels, wider threshold variation, and low supply voltage will force designers to contend with high rates of soft logical errors and many defective devices. A probabilistic design framework based on Markov random fields (MRF) has been previously proposed to address dynamic fault and noise vulnerability of ultimate digital CMOS circuitry. The idea is to use additional transistors and feedback loops to achieve significant noise immunity and ensure correct logic operations at low VDD. However, the extra reliability achieved in previously published work came at a cost of high transistor counts. In this paper, the authors present techniques to reduce the transistor count of larger multilevel combinational circuits built within the MRF framework by using variable sharing, implied dependence and supergates. Using these techniques the authors show an average reduction of approximately 28% in transistor counts over a range of combinational benchmark circuits built within the MRF framework compared to the best previously published results
Selectively traceable anonymity

Anonymous communication can, by its very nature, facilitate socially unacceptable behavior; such abuse of anonymity is a serious impediment to its widespread deployment. This paper studies two notions related to the prevention of abuse. The first is selective traceability, the property that a message's sender can be traced with the help of an explicitly stated set of parties. The second is noncoercibility, the property that no party can convince an adversary (using technical means) that he was not the sender of a message. We show that, in principal, almost any anonymity scheme can be made selectively traceable, and that a particular anonymity scheme can be modified to be noncoercible.
Fundamental Limits to Moore's Law

The theoretical and practical aspects of the fundamental, ultimate, physical limits to scaling, or Moore-s law, is presented.
Study of unsteadiness of shock wave boundary layer interaction using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

The flow structure of shockwave boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) has been studied using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry (RSD), Ensemble Averaging, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) techniques. The Mach number of the approach free-stream was Mach = 3. Shockwave was generated with a 12° wedge. The color schlieren pictures are used to determine the transverse ray deflections at each pixel of the pictures taken using a high speed camera. The interaction region structure is described statistically with the ensemble average and, root mean square deflections. FFT technique is used to determine the dominant frequencies at different regions of the flow field. Results indicate that low frequency oscillations dominate the flow field. The POD technique results complement the findings of the ensemble averaging technique and show that distinct regions contain most of the energy in the flow field. These distinct regions are located around the reflected shock, around the shock wave reaching into the approach boundary layer and around the separation region over the edge of the separation bubble.
Geochemically Based Modeling of pH-Sensitive Polymer Injection in Berea Sandstone

This study aims at developing a robust geochemical simulation model of pH-sensitive polymer flooding in the context of improved oil recovery. The model can accommodate changes in aqueous solution chemistry and mineral surfaces. The model was calibrated using laboratory data for pH and water chemistry during brine flush and subsequent acid flood. This model was validated using experimental data for citric acid and HCl injections in Berea sandstone. The matching procedure consists of adjusting mineral volumes and specific surface area, in contrast with earlier models that required mineral dissolution rates to be changed by as much as 4 orders of magnitude. The model was used in a predictive mode to evaluate penetration depth of acid fronts in a hypothetical sandstone reservoir. Crucial geochemical data were transferred to a multiphase–multicomponent reservoir simulator to allow for the viscosity of pH-sensitive polymers to change in response to water chemistry alteration during acid–polymer injection. The r...
Ventricular Assist Device in Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Abstract Background Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock have high mortality with conventional management. Objectives This study evaluated outcomes of patients with AMI who received durable ventricular assist devices (VAD). Methods Patients in the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) registry who underwent VAD placement in the setting of AMI were included and compared with patients who received VAD for non-AMI indications. Results VAD were implanted in 502 patients with AMI: 443 left ventricular assist devices; 33 biventricular assist devices; and 26 total artificial hearts. Median age was 58.3 years, and 77.1% were male. At implantation, 66% were INTERMACS profile 1. A higher proportion of AMI than non-AMI patients had pre-operative intra-aortic balloon pumps (57.6% vs. 25.3%; p Conclusions Patients with AMI who receive VAD have outcomes similar to other VAD populations, despite being more critically ill pre-implantation. VAD therapy is an effective strategy for patients with AMI and acute heart failure or shock in whom medical therapy is failing.
Relationship between β_3 -adrenergic Trp64Arg mutation and coronary heart disease in Chinese

Objective To investigate the Trp64Arg mutation frequency of the β 3 adrenergic receptor (β 3AR) gene in Chinese and to further ascertain the relationship between the mutation and the clinical features of coronary heart disease (CHD) Method A total of 132 patients with angiographically confirmed CHD and 120 healthy controls were genotyped for the Trp64Arg polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) analysis Results Among the patients with CHD, 81 8% were wild type Trp/Trp, 15 9% were heterozygotes, and 2 3% were homozygous Arg/Arg The corresponding percentages in control group were 82 5%,16 7% and 0 8%, respectively ( P =0 35) The body mass index was significantly different between subjects with and without the mutation in both CHD group (27 8±0 6, n =21 vs 27 8±0 6, n =108; P =0 02) and control group (26 9±0 7, n =20 vs 24 5±0 6, n =99; P =0 03) The blood pressure, plasma glucose and lipid were relatively similar in subjects with and without the mutation in CHD and normal control groups Conclusion The Trp64Arg mutation in the β 3AR gene is not a major risk factor for CHD, at least in its heterozygous type
The Art of Illustrated Maps: A Complete Guide to Creative Mapmaking’s History, Process and Inspiration. By John Roman

Illustrated or pictorial maps have been attracting considerable attention from historians of cartography and design in recent years. In the United Kingdom, two exhibitions have been held of the wor...
Conclusion: Institutionalization of the Multisite Nation

Finally, this chapter provides an overview of themes analyzed in the book, discussing their implications for public policy and the expanded nation at large. It is concerned with issues of networking, crossborder interactions, and unpacking the logic of practices of the ensemble (diaspora and homeland), closing with a discussion of the territorial and extraterritorial anchorage of the cosmonation and how the shift from nation to cosmonation is reflective of the manifold aspects of the globalization process.
Small land snails from Northern Australia, III: Species of Helicodiscidae and Charopidae

Two taxa of Indonesian origin and main distribution, the helicodiscid snail Stenopylis coarctata (Moellendorff, 1894) and the charopid Discocharopa aperta (Moellendorff, 1888), extend across northe...
Planet signal extraction from direct imaging using common spatial pattern filtering

One of the most effective methods to subtract the PSF of the host star and other confounding noise sources from direct imaging observations is Principal Component Analysis. Common Spatial Pattern filtering is a method from the same class of algorithms as PCA. We examine CSP as an alternative algorithm for PSF subtraction. The underlying principles of CSP are discussed, as well as the processing steps needed to achieve PSF subtraction. Both CSP and PCA have been used on data from the Gemini Planet Imager, analyzing images of β Pic b. Preliminary results indicate that CSP achieves similar results as PCA.
Zero latency: Real-time synchronization of BIM data in virtual reality for collaborative decision-making

Abstract Virtual Reality (VR) has attracted increasing attention of the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Facility Management (AEC/FM) industry in recent years, as it shows a great potential to improve workflow efficiency through enhanced common understanding. A problem with current VR applications in AEC/FM is that the manual conversation from official design data (e.g., a BIM model) to VR displays is difficult and time consuming. There is a lack of automated and efficient data transfer approach between BIM and VR. In this paper, we will introduce a BIM VR real-time synchronization system called BVRS, which is based on an innovative Cloud-based BIM metadata interpretation and communication method. BVRS allows users to update BIM model changes in VR headsets (such as Oculus Rift DK2) automatically and simultaneously. We tested BVRS in a variety of design change scenarios including changing object dimensions, changing object locations and changing object types. Results confirmed the usability and efficiency of BVRS.
David Oliver: Seven day service standards in NHS hospitals: thorny problem or blooming success?

Abraham Lincoln is often quoted as having said, “We can complain because rose bushes have thorns, or rejoice because thorn bushes have roses.”1 This often seems pertinent to the quality and scope of NHS care. An important example is NHS England’s recent summary on acute hospitals’ performance against four of 10 key national indicators for delivering seven day services. The 10 standards were drawn up by Bruce Keogh, national medical director, and his colleagues at NHS England in 2013, informed by an Academy of Medical Royal Colleges report from 2012. They were subsequently included in the Department of Health’s mandate to the NHS and then adopted by NHS England. The four most exigent standards were selected for implementation by 2020—hence the progress monitoring. Recently, NHS England invited 153 hospital trusts to submit their performance data through an online self assessment tool: 148 responded, and the results were …
Outlaw Territories: Environments of Insecurity/Architectures of Counterinsurgency

Reflecting on music culture, the late Mark Fisher spoke of what he called a ‘temporal malaise’ that had beset contemporary society, a term that describes a growing sense that the future, as a categ...
Impact of Willingness to Accept Hepatitis C Seropositive Kidneys Among Hepatitis C RNA-Positive Waitlisted Patients.

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation from hepatitis C seropositive (HCV+) donors may benefit hepatitis C RNA-positive (RNA+) candidates, but it is unclear how the willingness to be listed for and accept such kidneys affects waitlist and transplant outcomes. METHODS In a single-center retrospective analysis, HCV+ transplant candidates (N = 169) listed from March 2004 to February 2015 were evaluated. All RNA+ candidates were offered the option to be listed for HCV+ donors. RNA- candidates were listed only for HCV- donors. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients (51% of all RNA+ transplant candidates) willing to accept HCV+ donors were listed for both HCV+ and HCV- donor kidneys. During 6-year follow up, 43 (75%) of 57 patients accepting HCV+ versus 19 (35%) of 55 patients not accepting HCV+ received a deceased donor kidney transplant (P < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that willingness to be listed for and accept HCV+ kidneys was associated with receiving deceased donor kidney transplant (P = 0.0016). Fewer patients accepting HCV+ donors (7 [12%] vs 16 [29%]) were removed from the list due to death or deteriorated medical condition (P = 0.0117). Posttransplant patient and graft survival rates were not significantly different. Overall patient survival since the listing (combined waitlist and posttransplant survival) was similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS HCV RNA+ candidates had better access to transplantation and similar overall survival before the era of widespread use of direct-acting anti-HCV agents.
Baptismal Theology and Practices and the Spiritual Nurture of Children Part I: Early and Medieval Church

Baptismal theology and practices have always had a major influence on the educational efforts of the church, either setting expectations for those who are to be baptized or establishing requirement...
Israeli Strategic Culture and the Iran “Preemption Scare” of 2009–2013

Gregory Giles offers a useful and unconventional take on the Israeli nuclear question by focusing on the Jewish State’s commitment to protecting its widely presumed regional nuclear monopoly—with unilateral military force if necessary—and US efforts to steer and moderate potential Israeli action. Giles succinctly captures the basic elements of Israel’s operational cultural narrative as they relate to the Begin Doctrine. To demonstrate a specific set of critical factors which have consistently functioned within Israel’s operational cultural narrative on nuclear issues, Giles details the decisionmaking process behind the Israeli military strikes on nuclear facilities in Syria and Iraq, showing how each of the criteria within that narrative was met. He then compares and contrasts those two cases with Israel’s failure to strike Iran’s nuclear facilities during the critical 2009–2013 period. Observing that cracking the code of the Israeli decisionmaking process may prove difficult when US interests and projected security behavior do not cleanly line up with Israel’s preferred mode of action, Giles provides invaluable insights and recommendations for the way ahead.
Optimization of piston type extrusion (PTE) techniques for 3D printed food

Abstract The piston type extrusion (PTE) method with the employ of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for ejecting bio-materials and high viscosity material by using an extruder have been successfully optimized in terms of the head traveling speed and the piston pressure with food materials of various viscosities. Along with mathematical approach by using Hagen Poisoulle (HP) equation governing high viscosity flow, the study demonstrated that the material's qv (volumetric flow rate) has constant output at 3.6 × 10−8 m3/s with the material viscosity of 0.001–1000 Pa.S. and the PTE method has shown to be effective when the water content is higher than 33 wt %. When the high viscosity material is stacked more than 20 layers at an optimized height, the three-dimensional shape can be maintained between the head traveling speed of 1.5 × 10−2 and 2.0 × 10−2 m/s.
David Oliver: "Ghost wards" and rota gaps show the need for official safe staffing levels.

In April the Guardian reported NHS England figures showing that hospitals were “mothballing” at least 82 wards containing 1400 empty beds.1 There simply weren’t the staff to keep them viable, so they became “ghost wards.” In March the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine had reported that most intensive care units are regularly forced to transfer patients to other facilities, partly because they can’t safely provide the nurses needed to staff their full bed base and keep beds open.2 And the BBC reported in February that hospital corridors are increasingly used in effect as emergency wards.3 …
Distribution-Free Phase I Control Charts for Subgroup Location

Statistical quality control often relies on the completion of a Phase I study. Many Phase I control charts, however, rely on an assumption of normally distributed process observations that may not be reasonable in the early stages of process control. A ..
Suspension technique for reconstructing temporal lower eyelid defects

Avulsion of skin from the temporal aspect of the lower eyelid secondary to bicycle or motorcycle accidents is frequent enough to suggest the appellation of ‘cyclist eyelid’. Defects in the same area from trauma, in general, and from excision of benign and malignant lesions are not uncommon. The time-honoured method for dealing with such wounds has been a full-thickness graft or, at times, a local flap. Over the past several years, the senior author has used a suspension technique. Following any necessary debridement, the defect is converted into an ellipse or crescent – the long axis of which parallels natural skin wrinkles. Some undermining of the inferior margin of the wound may be appropriate. A small incision is then made in the superior temporal margin of the upper eyelid and carried down to the supraorbital rim. The temporal fascia is exposed and a tract is developed bluntly at the periosteal level between the two eyelid wounds. The lower eyelid wound is then closed by suspending its central-inferior margin to the temporal fascia with two 4-0 clear nylon sutures. The sutures are passed through the previously developed tunnel. Both sutures should be placed before either is tied. The upper eyelid wound is closed with a 5-0 clear nylon suture in the deeper tissues, and the skin in both areas is closed with a 6-0 black nylon suture. The patient should be warned that there will be an indentation in the lower eyelid scar for a few weeks. Obviously, this type of repair is similar to suspension of the central soft facial tissues following craniofacial exposure. The technique provides good to satisfactory outcomes, requires less time than a graft and results in better cosmesis. Perhaps other surgeons have used the same suspension technique. However, no reports of this approach could be found in the literature.
Fundus Manifestations of the Oculoneurocutaneous Syndromes (Phakomatoses)

The oculoneurocutaneous syndromes have fundus findings that are fairly consistent, and the ophthalmic clinician should be able to recognize them and be aware of their ocular complications and system associations. The syndromes described herein include tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), neurofibromatosis (NF), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, Sturge-Weber (SW) syndrome, Wyburn-Mason (WM) syndrome, and oculoneurocutaneous cavernous hemangiomatosis.
Evolution of the Insertion Element IS1 that Causes Genetic Engineering of Bacterial Genomes in Vivo

Although the joining of two different sequences or genomes can be performed in vitro with various genetic engineering techniques, the event also occurs in vivo in bacterial cells at high frequency. Recent research on a class of in vivo recombination events, called illegitimate recombination, including deletions, transpositions and inversions of DNA segments on a genome, and fusion (or cointegration) of two different genomes, has shown that most of these events are mediated by insertion elements (IS) and transposable elements (In or transposon). These are discrete segments of DNA that move by themselves from one site to another on the same or on different genomes.