cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing substituent effects in phosphinoamine ligands using Mo(CO)5L complexes

Abstract Recent work has revealed substantial differences in the structure, spectroscopic properties, and reactivity of heterobimetallic Zr/Co complexes of the general form XZr(R′NPR2)3CoY (R′ = iPr, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl; R = Ph, iPr; X, Y = halides or neutral donor ligands) as a function of nitrogen and phosphorus donor atom substituents. To probe the electronic differences between these ligands, a series of Mo(CO)5(R2PNHR′) complexes has been synthesized (R = Ph, R′ = iPr (2a); R = iPr, R′ = iPr (2b), 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (2c), 3,5-dimethylphenyl (2d), 4-methylphenyl (2e), 4-trifluoromethylphenyl (2f), 4-methoxyphenyl (2g)). Thermolysis of Mo(CO)6 with the corresponding phosphinoamine ligands 1a–1g affords 2a–2g. The infrared carbonyl stretching frequencies of these complexes have been compared to probe the effects of phosphorus and nitrogen substituents on the electronic properties of the phosphinoamine ligands.
Effects of Induced Hyperthyroidism on Steroid Metabolism in Man

ABSTRACT Five normal men were made clinically hyperthyroid by administration of T3, 300 μg daily for three weeks. In 3 men, estradiol metabolic clearance rates and plasma concentration of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) were measured during the control periods, during fluoxymesterone administration, and during hyperthyroidism. Plasma LH and testosterone concentrations were determined throughout all studies in 5 men. Treatment with T3 caused a 7–8 fold increase in TeBG; a 2–3 fold increase in plasma testosterone; no change in CBG, and no change in in 2 patients and a 25% decrease in the third. The marked rise in TeBG during T3 treatment was not accompanied by a corresponding large fall in hence it is most likely that hyperthyroidism increased the rate of metabolism of estradiol. In spite of a 2–3 fold increase in plasma testosterone, plasma LH increased during T3 treatment, indicating that it is the non-TeBG-bound testosterone that determines LH release. The plasma half-life of TeBG was esti...
Rapid editing and evolution of bacterial genomes using libraries of synthetic DNA

MAGE is a rapid in vivo method for introducing mutations into E. coli genomes. Libraries of synthetic ssDNA are used in iterative MAGE cycles to target multiple genomic sites. About five cycles can be carried out by one person in one day. Multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) is a powerful technology for in vivo genome editing that uses synthetic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to introduce targeted modifications directly into the Escherichia coli chromosome. MAGE is a cyclical process that involves transformation of ssDNA (by electroporation) followed by outgrowth, during which bacteriophage homologous recombination proteins mediate annealing of ssDNAs to their genomic targets. By iteratively introducing libraries of mutagenic ssDNAs targeting multiple sites, MAGE can generate combinatorial genetic diversity in a cell population. Alternatively, MAGE can introduce precise mutant alleles at many loci for genome-wide editing or for recoding projects that are not possible with other methods. In recent technological advances, MAGE has been improved by strain modifications and selection techniques that enhance allelic replacement. This protocol describes the manual execution of MAGE wherein each cycle takes ∼2.5 h, which, if carried out by two people, allows ∼10 continuous cycles of MAGE-based mutagenesis per day.
Estimates of the electron g factor: Application of convergence acceleration methods to the QED series.

We have applied a variety of different convergence acceleration methods to the accurately known (first four) terms of the QED perturbation series for the electron g factor g/2=${\mathcal{J}}_{n=0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}$${c}_{n}$(\ensuremath{\alpha}/\ensuremath{\pi}${)}^{n}$ so as to obtain eight estimates of its value. All of the estimates agree with the most recent experimental value of g/2 to better than one standard deviation when we use the new NBS condensed-matter value of \ensuremath{\alpha}. These convergence acceleration methods also provide as estimates of the higher-order expansion coefficients ${c}_{4}$=-5.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.64, ${c}_{5}$=31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6. .AE
Trafficking of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase in living cells. Quantitative evidence supporting the role of palmitoylation as a kinetic trapping mechanism limiting membrane diffusion

To examine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) trafficking in living endothelial cells, the eNOS-deficient endothelial cell line ECV304 was stably transfected with an eNOS-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct and characterized by functional, biochemical, and microscopic analysis. eNOS-GFP was colocalized with Golgi and plasma membrane markers and produced NO in response to agonist challenge. Localization in the plasma membrane was dependent on the palmitoylation state, since the palmitoylation mutant of eNOS (C15S/C26S eNOS-GFP) was excluded from the plasma membrane and was concentrated in a diffuse perinuclear pattern. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) revealed eNOS-GFP in the perinuclear region moving 3 times faster than the plasmalemmal pool, suggesting that protein-lipid or protein-protein interactions are different in these two cellular domains. FRAP of the palmitoylation mutant was two times faster than that of wild-type eNOS-GFP, indicating that palmitoylation was influencing the rate of trafficking. Interestingly, FRAP of C15S/C26S eNOS-GFP but not wild-type eNOS-GFP fit a model of protein diffusion in a lipid bilayer. These data suggest that the regulation of eNOS trafficking within the plasma membrane and Golgi are probably different mechanisms and not due to simple diffusion of the protein in a lipid bilayer.
X‐Linked testicular feminization in the mouse as a non‐inducible regulatory mutation of the Jacob‐Monod type

Testosterone and 5 α-dihydrotestosterone normally induce alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) production in the mouse kidney. The following results suggest that the X-linked testicular feminization (T fm) mutation in the mouse is a non-inducible mutation of a repressive regulatory gene locus. Eleven affected XTfmY mice and 3 XTfm X+ heterozygous females, as well as their normal sibs, were challenged with 10 mg of either testosterone or 5α-dihydrotestosterone and killed 5 days later. Kidney ADH of normal sibs were in the fully induced state, while no detectable kidney ADH activity was found in XTemY. In accordance with the X-inactivation hypothesis, individual kidneys of heterozygous females showed extremely variable degrees of inducibility of kidney ADH.
Star Formation and the Metallicity Aversion of Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts

It has been suggested that the apparent bias of long-duration GRBs (LGRBs) to low metallicity environments might be a result of the fact that star-formation is anti-correlated with metallicity. However, if this were the cause, one would expect other indicators of star formation, such as Type II and Type Ic SNe to demonstrate a similar bias. Here we show that local Type Ic and Type II SNe track the star-formation weighted metallicity distribution of the SDSS galaxies. In contrast LGRBs are typically found at far-lower metallicities than would be expected based on the distribution of star-formation. This is true even when one takes into account so-called “dark bursts”. Indeed, while we will present data that show that some LGRBs form at very high metallicities, these objects enter the sample because of the large effective search volume produced by their bright hosts. The bias of LGRBs to low metallicity is real and must be related to a mechanism which is crucial in their formation.
Evaluating the Utility of Peer-Assisted Learning in Pediatrics

Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is the signature teaching/learning strategy for training young physicians. This study reports on a PAL program held during the third-year pediatric clerkship. Respondents felt PAL was useful. A senior elective incorporating PAL is now an official course. PAL is an effective adjunct to traditional teaching methods.
Rating delinquent behavior.

This study questions the utility of classifying all juvenile offenders under the single rubric of “delinquent.” It presents two systems for classifying offenders according to the delinquent act. Th...
Fluorescence and Associated Changes Produced upon Storage of Evaporated Milk

Summary Fluorescence and associated changes that take place in evaporated milk upon sterilization proceed, but at a much slower rate, during subsequent storage. The extent of these changes is dependent upon the sterilization treatment and the storage temperature. The high-temperature, short-time sterilization process results in the production of a milk lower in fluorescence and lighter in color than the regular sterilization process of 243° for 15min. Temperature of storage is an important factor in the rate of deterioration of the stored milk. The observed changes, particularly fluorescence, are greatly inhibited in milk stored at 40° F. and accelerated at 92° F. Fat separation and gelation likewise are directly associated with the sterilization temperature and the temperature of storage. Both defects are accented in evaporated milk prepared by the high-temperature, short-time sterilization process. However, even after 11 mo. of storage at 40° F., milk treated according to this process showed no fat separation or gelation and represented a superior product with respect to color and flavor. This was particularly true of the samples sterilized at 261° F. for 1.5min. It appears that until such a time as fat separation and gelation are controlled, a superior quality of evaporated milk with respect to brown discoloration and cooked flavor may best be produced by high-temperature, short-time sterilization and subsequent storage at a low temperature (40° F.)
Extended law of corresponding states and thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures in and beyond the critical region

Abstract A parametric crossover equation of state for pure fluids which incorporates the scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into the regular classical expansion far away from the critical point is adapted to binary mixtures. An isomorphic generalization of the law of corresponding states is applied to the prediction of the thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of binary mixtures over a wide region around the locus of vapor-liquid critical points. Methane-ethane and methane-propane are used as reference mixtures, and model parameters for other mixtures are determined completely from excess critical compressibility factors. A comparison is made with the experimental data for twelve binary mixtures. The crossover equation yields a satisfactory representation of the thermodynamic property data in a large range of temperatures and densities. Results for the ammonia-water mixture are consistent with an independent classical correlation.
Amino acid-bearing ROMP polymers with a stereoregular backbone.

The ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROMP) of 1-cyclobutenecarbonyl glycine methyl ester provides translationally invariant, head-to-tail ordered polymers. This polybutadiene backbone contains (within the limits of detection) only E-trisubstituted olefins, and it has no stereocenters that would serve as a source of structural ambiguities. Characterization of the polymer products indicates that they have polydispersities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 and suggests that they are the products of a “living” polymerization. 1-Cyclobutenecarboxamide-derived ROMP polymers are excellent prospects for applications that require stereoregular chains functionalized with polar ligands.
1 The Resource Management Segment ‐ A Case Study in the Role of Software Architecture in the Systems Engineering Process

This paper provides a case study of the development of the Resource Management Segment (RMS) of the Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN). The focus of the study is the role of the system architecture in the systems engineering process for this project. The RMS project was an attempt to modernize and consolidate software used for AFSCN resource scheduling, orbit analysis, and resource monitoring. The approach taken by the responsible contractor was to do a complete object-oriented development using the 4+1 View methodology described by Phillipe Kruchten in (Kruchten 1995). Specifically, this paper outlines the architectural approach, describes key issues that arose, and discusses the processes that surrounded the architecture. The discussion is focused on how the architecture fits into the RMS systems engineering approach. Finally, some lessons learned are summarized.
The ultrastructure of microorganisms in the tissues of Casinaria infesta (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae)

Abstract Two types of microorganisms were observed in the tissues of Casinaria infesta. Type I was a typical rickettsialike microorganism which occurred in digestive, reproductive, nerous, respiratory, and connective tissue. This microoganism appeared to undergo changes within the cells of the calyx resulting in a uniformly dense coccoid organism. The Type II microorganisms were observed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and lumen of the calyx, and within the lumen of the oviduct. This microorganism was small, rod-shaped, and had a bled or protrusion at one or both ends. Type II microorganisms appear to form de novo in the nucleus of the calyx cells and to replicate by fission or budding. The nature of the Type II microorganism is unresolved.
AN EXAMINATION OF TRANSFER SHOCK IN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES

Numerous studies have revealed that students experience declines in grade point averages (transfer shock) after transferring from 2‐year to 4‐year colleges or universities. The vast majority of these studies have analyzed data collected for a sample or population of 2‐year transfer students without regard to major or discipline. An American Council on Education policy statement on the transfer function (Palmer & Eaton, 1991) has called for research on the academic performance of community college transfer students in specific programs and disciplines. This study investigated whether the transfer shock experienced by a total sample of participants accurately represented the academic performance of discipline‐based groups within the sample. Participants included 100 students who transferred from a community college to Benedictine College over an eight‐semester time period. The sample was divided into five homogeneous groups on the basis of the student's major: business, education, fine arts and humanities, ...
Absorption of Acetylsalicylic Acid from the Rat Nasal Cavity

The fate of salicylate in the plasma of rats was followed after nasal, intravenous, and oral administration of 2.0-mg doses of aspirin. Aspirin was well absorbed following nasal administration of a neutralized, nonirritating solution containing triethanolamine. The rate of absorption was slower than that of other nasally administered drugs, such as propranolol or progesterone. The bioavailability of aspirin following nasal administration was 100%, whereas the oral bioavailability was only 58.8% at the dose studied.
Soliton dynamics in a magnetic chain. II. Ferromagnet.

We study theoretically the effects of the soliton-soliton collision and the soliton-magnon collision in an antiferromagnetic chain in a magnetic field perpendicular to the chain direction. We find that the soliton-soliton collision flips the sign of the magnetization carried by solitons, which leads to the magnetization damping. In addition, the collision gives rise to soliton diffusion. The present theory accounts for the broadening of the parallel spin-correlation function of tetramethyl ammonium manganese trichloride recently observed by Boucher et al.
Finger dexterity and hand function: effect of three commercial wrist extensor orthoses on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To investigate the effect of 3 commercial wrist orthoses on finger dexterity and hand function of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Forty-two patients with definite RA participated in the cross-over study comparing 3 styles of commercial wrist orthoses. Finger dexterity and hand function of the dominant hand were assessed while splinted and unsplinted, at the initial session and after 1 week of intermittent orthosis use. Finger dexterity was assessed using two subtests from the Purdue Pegboard Test (Purdue) and hand function was assessed using the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (Jebsen-Taylor). Results. Both finger dexterity and hand function were reduced by splinting; men and women were affected similarly. There was no difference in finger dexterity or hand function afforded by the 3 orthoses. Results on both the Purdue and Jebsen-Taylor tests showed a significant learning effect across time. Conclusions. The 3 commercial wrist orthoses studied reduce dexterity similarly and significantly. When commercial wrist orthoses are to be used during tasks that require maximum dexterity, this reduction should be weighed against the known benefits of splinting.
Cytolysis of human erythrocytes by a covalent antibody-selenium immunoconjugate.

Abstract A selenium (Se)-containing immunoconjugate of a human anti-erythrocyte membrane antibody (Ab-Se) has been synthesized via oxidation of the carbohydrate moieties of the antibody and covalent coupling with selenocystamine. The isolated Ab-Se immunoconjugate is shown to be more hemolytic than is selenocystamine when expressed on equivalent selenium basis. Native antibody preincubated with the human erythrocytes prevented hemolysis induced by the Ab-Se immunoconjugate. As observed microscopically, the Ab-Se immunoconjugate caused extensive damage to the erythrocyte membrane and lysis. The cytotoxicity of Se toward the human erythrocytes is believed to be caused initially by the localized generation of superoxide (O 2 ·- ) within the cell membrane. This is the first demonstration of site-directed immunoselectivity of Se cytotoxicity and demonstrates the potential for a free radical pharmacology based on localized Se-generated O 2 ·- .
Structure and Cohesive Energy Density of Fats and Their Sorption by Polymer Films

Polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate films were immersed in pure triglycerides or fatty acids for a range of times. They were analyzed for the amount sorbed to determine the relative importance of fat chemical configuration and cohesive energy density (CED) on sorption order and amount. Structure affected the order of sorption (palmitic > oleic > linoleic acids or triglycerides) while CED differences and the fatty components determined compatibility. The amount of the CED differences affected the relative solubilities of fatty components in the polymers. The Hildebrand equation for heat of mixing gave values for components in the same order as the experimental results had indicated.
The role of protein phosphatase type-2A in theXenopuscell cycle: initiation of the G2/M transition

Abstract The last several years has seen an explosion in the identification of a multiplicity of serine/threonine protein kinases with important functions in eukaryotic cell cycle progression. Although the major serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases, that must oppose the action of the kinases, have been identified and extensively characterized for their involvement in metabolic processes, the functions of the phosphatases in cell cycle regulation is less well established. This paper focuses on the role of the type-2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) in the regulation of the G2/M transition in the Xenopus cell cycle. Although a role for PP2A in regulating G2/M has been suggested by studies in various systems, it is the relative simplicity of the in-vitro cell cycle extracts of Xenopus that has allowed the clearest dissection of the mechanism by which PP2A regulates this transition.
The effect of ion preparation on kinetic energy release: Substituent and leaving group effects on the reactivity of the [C6H5CO]+ ion

Ion kinetic energy spectrometry has been utilized to investigate the loss of CO from [p-Z-C6H4-CO]+ and [C6H5CO]+ ions generated from substituted acetophenones and benzo-phenones. The variation of the leaving group in forming the [C6H5CO]+ ion has no detectable effect on the kinetic energy release observed in the subsequent decomposition reaction. A substituent effect consistent with the assumption that substituted benzoyl ions have no memory of their origin is also observed.
An easily calculable and highly predictive risk index for postoperative renal failure after heart transplantation

Objectives This study derived and validated a risk index for postoperative renal failure after orthotopic heart transplantation. Methods Adult orthotopic heart transplantations performed between 2000 and 2010 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Patients were randomly divided 4:1 into derivation and validation cohorts. The primary outcome was new-onset postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis. A multivariable model was created incorporating variables associated with renal failure in univariate analysis, with significant risk factors assigned points based on odds ratios. A simple guide was generated to demonstrate ranges of risk scores associated with clinically meaningful renal failure rates. Results A total of 14,635 orthotopic heart transplantation recipients were included. New-onset postoperative renal failure occurred in 1128 patients (7.7%). A 100-point risk score was generated using 13 significant risk factors. There was a high degree of correlation between actual renal failure rates in the validation cohort and predicted rates in the derivation cohort based on risk scores ( r = 0.91, P 20% risk, score ≥40). The actual renal failure rates in the validation cohort for these risk score ranges corresponded to the risk category they were assigned to: score 0 to 15 (4.1% rate), score 16 to 26 (6.8% rate), score 27 to 39 (13.2% rate), and score 40 or more (20.2% rate). Conclusions This 100-point risk index incorporating 13 risk factors is highly predictive of new-onset postoperative renal failure after orthotopic heart transplantation. Prospective assessment of orthotopic heart transplant recipients using the risk categories that were generated on the basis of score ranges may help in tailoring perioperative management.
VLDL best predicts aortic root atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient mice

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis in humans, and epidemiological studies have correlated specific lipoprotein levels with cardiovascular disease risk. Murine models of atherosclerosis rely on the induction of hyperlipidemia for vascular lesions to form, but the pathogenic contributions attributed to different lipoprotein populations are not well defined. To address this issue, we analyzed over 300 LDL receptor (LDLR) deficient mice that have been fed a high-fat diet and for which a full lipoprotein profile and aortic root atherosclerosis values were assessed. Overall, aortic root atherosclerosis is best predicted by plasma VLDL cholesterol levels with less predictive value derived from either LDL or HDL cholesterol. Triglyceride levels are more atherogenic in female mice, especially immune competent females, and depletion of the adaptive immune system leads to a global reduction in plasma lipid levels and aortic root lesion size yet does not appear to alter the atherogenic potential of individual lipoprotein subspecies. In contrast, HDL-cholesterol is a better predictor of aortic root atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. In summary, this large scale analysis of high-fat diet fed LDLR deficient mice highlight the relationship between different plasma lipid components, especially VLDL-cholesterol, and aortic root atherosclerosis.
Sedimenticola thiotaurini sp. nov., a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from salt marsh sediments, and emended descriptions of the genus Sedimenticola and Sedimenticola selenatireducens.

A marine facultative anaerobe, strain SIP-G1T, was isolated from salt marsh sediments, Falmouth, MA, USA. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it belongs to an unclassified clade of Gammaproteobacteria that includes numerous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that are endosymbionts of marine invertebrates endemic to sulfidic habitats. Strain SIP-G1T is a member of the genus Sedimenticola, of which there is one previously described isolate, Sedimenticola selenatireducens AK4OH1T. S. selenatireducens AK4OH1T was obtained for further characterization and comparison with strain SIP-G1T. The two strains were capable of coupling the oxidation of thiosulfate, tetrathionate, elemental sulfur and sulfide to autotrophic growth and they produced sulfur inclusions as metabolic intermediates. They showed varying degrees of O2 sensitivity, but when provided amino acids or peptides as a source of energy, they appeared more tolerant of O2 and exhibited concomitant production of elemental sulfur inclusions. The organic substrate preferences and limitations of these two organisms suggest that they possess an oxygen-sensitive carbon fixation pathway(s). Organic acids may be used to produce NADPH through the TCA cycle and are used in the formation of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Cell-wall-deficient morphotypes appeared when organic compounds (especially acetate) were present in excess and reduced sulfur was absent. Levels of DNA–DNA hybridization (∼47 %) and phenotypic characterization indicate that strain SIP-G1T represents a separate species within the genus Sedimenticola, for which the name Sedimenticola thiotaurini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SIP-G1T ( = ATCC BAA-2640T = DSM 28581T). The results also justify emended descriptions of the genus Sedimenticola and of S. selenatireducens.
Tim-3: An Emerging Target in the Cancer Immunotherapy Landscape

The cancer immunotherapy field has grown exponentially in the past few years, largely driven by the success of immune checkpoint blockade. Therapies targeting the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1 have achieved objective responses in melanoma, renal cancer, and lung cancer; however, a large number of patients are still suffering with these cancers that are not benefiting from these therapies. Moreover, several cancers have proved to be largely refractory to therapies that target CTLA-4 and PD-1. This has catalyzed interest in targeting novel immune checkpoint receptors with the goal of realizing the full potential of checkpoint blockade for treating cancer. In this regard, the immune checkpoint receptor Tim-3 exhibits several unique features that make it an intriguing candidate for the next wave of therapies that target immune checkpoints in cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(5); 393–8. ©2014 AACR .
Dynamical mass generation in SU(N) Coleman-Weinberg gauge theory in the Einstein static universe

$\mathrm{SU}(N)$ Coleman-Weinberg gauge theory is analyzed in the Einstein static universe (${R}^{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{3}$). Massless scalar fields in the adjoint representation with conformally invariant couplings to gravity acquire negative dynamical masses, ${{m}^{2}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, due to gauge interactions. We find ${{m}^{2}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{\ensuremath{-}3{g}^{2}N}{(16{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{r}^{2})}$, where $g$ and $r$ are a gauge coupling constant and a radius of ${S}^{3}$, respectively. Renormalization problems are carefully handled by using zeta-function regularization. An effective potential is also given.
Demographic Consequences of Changed Pupping and Hauling Sites of the Hawaiian Monk Seal

During the last 30 years, changes in the size of Hawaiian monk seal populations at sewral locations baw been associated with the amount and type of human distur- bance. Recreational beach activities caused monk seals to alter theirpupping and baulingpattm Survival ofpups in suboptimal habitats was low, leading to gradualpopulation declines. During the last decade at Kure Atoll, thepmcess has been reversed human disturbance on beaches bas decreased and traditional pupping and hauling sites haw been rees- tablisbed Subsequently, high survival rates of young seals, coupled with two successful enhancement programs for fe- malepups, haw led to dramatic changes in the age and sex composition of the population Based on these changes, the monk seal population at Kure Atoll soon should begin to increase. Appamntly small bebaoioral changes in such vital activities as feeding and reproduction can baw large demo- graphic cotlsequences Tbmfm, moniton'ng of endangered species should include data on habitat use and age and sex composition as well as estimates of abundance
An experimental investigation of the sensitivity of the ignition and combustion properties of a single-cylinder research engine to spark-assisted HCCI

Spark-assisted homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion may be a method to improve the operation of HCCI engines. In the current study, the impact of spark assist on the fundamental properties of ignition and combustion was investigated in a single cylinder, optically-accessible research engine. Early port fuel injection and air preheating were used with indolene fuel in the study. The effects of a range of air preheat (Tin = 256–281 °C), fuel/air equivalence ratio (ϕ = 0.38–0.62) and spark assist timing (10°−90° before top dead centre) conditions on maximum in-cylinder pressure and timing, cycle variability, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and heat release rate were investigated. Additionally, high-speed imaging was used to capture the piston-view ignition and combustion events during spark-assisted and unassisted HCCI operation. Methods were developed and applied to the imaging sequences to quantify the physical characteristics (e.g. location of autoignition sites) and the rate...
A knowledge-based mail system to support managerial activities

Provides a framework to analyze the communication activities of the managers, discusses some of the problems inhibiting the growth of EMS (electronic mail systems) in organization, and presents the functionality of knowledge-based mail systems (KMS) to expand the role of EMS in organizations. The architecture and components of the prototype Executive Communication System (EXECOMS), which is based on the functionality of KMS, are presented to illustrate the support of KMS functions. >
Does the Transition to an Active-Learning Environment for the Introductory Course Reduce Students’ Overall Knowledge of the Various Disciplines in Biology?

As biology education is being redesigned toward an interdisciplinary focus and as pedagogical trends move toward active-learning strategies and investigative experiences, a restructuring of the course content for the Introductory Biology course is necessary. The introductory course in biology has typically been a survey of all the biosciences. If the total number of topics covered is reduced, is the students’ overall knowledge of biology also reduced? Our introductory course has been substantially modified away from surveying the biological sciences and toward providing a deep understanding of a particular biological topic, as well as focusing on developing students’ analytical and communication skills. Because of this shift to a topic-driven approach for the introductory course, we were interested in assessing our graduating students’ overall knowledge of the various biological disciplines. Using the Major Field Test - Biology (Educational Testing Service (ETS), Princeton, NJ), we compared the test performance of graduating students who had a traditional lecture-based introductory course to those who had a topic-driven active-learning introductory course. Our results suggest that eliminating the traditional survey of biology and, instead, focusing on quantitative and writing skills at the introductory level do not affect our graduating students’ overall breadth of knowledge of the various biosciences.
Hybrid formation of TiCN using ion beam sputtering and annealing methods

Summary form only given, as follows. Summary form only given. Titanium carbonitride has been formed in the temperature range of 400-1000/spl deg/C by annealing layers of Ti and C deposited on an AISI 316 stainless steel substrate in an ammonia atmosphere. Phase interdiffusion and film composition were characterized with the aid of Auger depth profiling, focused ion beam exposure, energy dispersive X-ray analysis elemental dot mapping and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of the films was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The influence of annealing temperature, time and Ti/C bilayer on the hardness of the film was investigated. Based on Vickers hardness results a 40% increase in the hardness of the material was exhibited as the annealing temperature was increased from 400-800/spl deg/C at constant gas flow rate. As the ammonia ambient pressure was varied a subsequent increase in the hardness was also observed at constant temperature.
Getting People to Behave: Research Lessons for Policy Makers

Many government policies attempt to change the behavior of individuals and businesses. This article argues that policy makers and administrators should (1) think comprehensively about the barriers that may keep target populations from complying with government policies, (2) match policy instruments to the most important barriers that inhibit compliance, and (3) take into account heterogeneity within the target population. Relatively nonintrusive strategies such as social marketing, providing resources to targets to help them comply, and manipulating options and defaults (choice architecture) are politically attractive but unlikely to secure compliance when incentives for noncompliance are high. Based on the three basic principles outlined in the article, the author recommends strategies to increase compliance, including the use of leverage points and secondary targets, adjusting for unanticipated behavioral responses, and employing long-term, multiphase strategic management of behavior change initiatives.
Location consistency-a new memory model and cache consistency protocol

Existing memory models and cache consistency protocols assume the memory coherence property which requires that all processors observe the same ordering of write operations to the same location. In this paper, we address the problem of defining a memory model that does not rely on the memory coherence assumption and also the problem of designing a cache consistency protocol based on such a memory model. We define a new memory consistency model, called Location Consistency (LC), in which the state of a memory location is modeled as a partially ordered multiset (pomset) of write and synchronization operations. We prove that LC is strictly weaker than existing memory models, but is still equivalent to stronger models for the common case of parallel programs that have no data races. We also describe a new multiprocessor cache consistency protocol based on the LC memory model. We prove that this LC protocol obeys the LC memory model. The LC protocol does not need to enforce single write ownership of memory blocks. As a result, the LC protocol is simpler and more scalable than existing snooping and directory-based cache consistency protocols.
On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America

For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority—particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo Lopez Austin—argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and Lopez Austin are also pointed out.
The N- and C-Terminal Portions of the Agrobacterium VirB1 Protein Independently Enhance Tumorigenesis

Genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is mediated by a virulence (vir)-specific type IV secretion apparatus assembled from 11 VirB proteins and VirD4. VirB1, targeted to the periplasm by an N-terminal signal peptide, is processed to yield VirB1*, comprising the C-terminal 73 amino acids. The N-terminal segment, which shares homology with chicken egg white lysozyme as well as lytic transglycosylases, may provide local lysis of the peptidoglycan cell wall to create channels for transporter assembly. Synthesis of VirB1* followed by its secretion to the exterior of the cell suggests that VirB1* may also have a role in virulence. In the present study, we provide evidence for the dual roles of VirB1 in tumorigenesis as well as the requirements for processing and secretion of VirB1*. Complementation of a virB1 deletion strain with constructs expressing either the N-terminal lysozyme-homologous region or VirB1* results in tumors intermediate in size between those induced by a wild-type strain and a virB1 deletion strain, suggesting that each domain has a unique role in tumorigenesis. The secretion of VirB1* translationally fused to the signal peptide indicates that processing and secretion are not coupled. When expressed independently of all other vir genes, VirB1 was processed and VirB1* was secreted. When restricted to the cytoplasm by deletion of the signal peptide, VirB1 was neither processed nor secreted and did not restore virulence to the virB1 deletion strain. Thus, factors that mediate processing of VirB1 and secretion of VirB1* are localized in the periplasm or outer membrane and are not subject to vir regulation.
Measurement of Stress: Scaling the Magnitudes of Life Changes

This paper evaluates models and measurements of the stress induced by life changes to determine whether a single scale can explain several different phenomena, including judgments of “ratios” and “difference” as well as “combinations.” Judgments of “ratios” and “differences” were found to be approximately monotonically related, suggesting that these judgments should not be taken at face value, but instead that the same comparison operation governs both tasks. Judgments of “combinations” of stressful events were not simply the sums of their separate events; instead, they showed two systematic departures from additivity. First, the effect of a given event was less when it was the least stressful event in a combination than when it was the most, as if the most stressful event carries extra configural weight. Second, each additional stressor had diminishing marginal effect on the overall judgment. All three sets of data could be explained with a single scale using the theory that “ratios” and “differences” ar...
Forensic Lung Pathology

Sudden and unexpected natural deaths and nonnatural deaths may result from various pulmonary conditions. Additionally, several nonpulmonary conditions of forensic significance may be complicated by the development of respiratory lesions. Certain situations with pulmonary pathology are particularly likely to be critically scrutinized and may form the basis of allegations of medical negligence, other personal injury liability, or wrongful death.1
A unified solution approach for the due date assignment problem with tardy jobs

Abstract We analyze a number of due date assignment problems with the weighted number of tardy jobs objective and show that these problems can be solved in O ( n 2 ) time by dynamic programming. We show that the effects of learning or the effects of past-sequence-dependent setup times can be incorporated into the problem formulation at no additional computational cost. We also show that some single-machine due date assignment problems can be extended to an identical parallel machine setting. Finally, we improve the complexity of the solution algorithms for two other due date assignment problems.
A survey of the pollen flora in Baltimore during 1929

Abstract 1.1. Pollen counts indicate that the pollen season in Baltimore, as elsewhere, falls into four subseasons: the tree season (April and May); the grass season (May and June); the plantain season (June, July, early August); and the ragweed season (mid-August to mid-September). 2.2. The highest counts occurred in the tree season, second highest in the grass season, and lowest in the plantain season. 3.3. The counts in the ragweed season, while lower than the maxima of the tree and grass seasons, are uniformly high over a period of nearly a month. 4.4. Pollen counts were low compared to those obtained by other workers in the central and southern Middle West. 5.5. A definite and direct correlation was found to exist between pollen counts and the incidence of hay fever and asthma in a moderately large group of patients under observation throughout the pollen seasons.
On determining transformation for moving frames using scalar functions

The determination of a valid four-dimensional transformation for rectilinear motion is described. The retarded scalar electric potential field is written in the inertial (unprimed) frame. Using the transformation by invariance (substitution coordinate transformation), the distance factor is employed to deduce the spatial transformations and the phase factor is used to determine the form of the temporal transformation. The existence of the transformation is discussed, and the method is applied to uniform and nonuniform motion. >
Analysis of cellulose microfibril angle using a linear mixed model in Pinus taeda clones

Variation in microfibril angle (MFA) (degrees) among loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) full-sib families and clones was investigated using 43 clones from nine full-sib crosses tested at two locations. When the experiments were 12 years old, a total of 316 trees were drilled and 12 mm thick wood increment cores were collected. MFA for each growth ring in the wood core was measured using the SilviScan-2 tool. A quadratic mixed model was fitted to evaluate the MFA variation over different rings. Among the error covariance structures tested in the model, autoregressive order 1 was the best model for producing MFA estimates with the smallest errors. Estimated MFA was about 33° in the pith (ring 1) of the trees and decreased to 18° in the outer wood (ring 11). Full-sib crosses and clones within crosses explained about 12.5% of the total phenotypic variation. Repeatability of full-sib family means (H2f = 0.46) was moderate but repeatability of clone means was high (H2c = 0.79). Although it is possible to improve (d...
Differential expression of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in lung macrophages

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase plays a crucial role inactivating the potent inflammatory mediator, PAF. PAF is implicated in the initiation and propagation of acute lung injury. Although PAF acetylhydrolase is a constitutively active plasma protein, increased PAF production during inflammatory events may necessitate an increase in PAF acetylhydrolase activity in the local environment. A series of experiments were conducted to determine whether the systemic administration of LPS to Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in enhanced expression of PAF acetylhydrolase in lung tissue. Ribonuclease protection assays revealed a dramatic increase in PAF acetylhydrolase mRNA, which peaked at 24 h following in vivo LPS administration. The increase in PAF acetylhydrolase mRNA was dose dependent and was detected when as little as 10 μg/kg of LPS was administered. Western blot analyses of lung tissue homogenates confirmed an increased production of PAF acetylhydrolase protein in response to LPS. In addition, Western blot analyses revealed the rat PAF acetylhydrolase protein exhibited heterogeneous molecular weights with predominant species migrating at 63 and 67 kDa. Some of the molecular weight heterogeneity likely resulted from extensive glycosylation of the secreted protein. Immunohistochemical analyses of lung tissue sections and colocalization experiments revealed a heterogenous population of cells that express the plasma-type PAF acetylhydrolase. Lung interstitial macrophages were PAF acetylhydrolase positive, but surprisingly, alveolar macrophages did not increase expression of PAF acetylhydrolase in response to systemic LPS administration. In addition, rat granulocytes consisting primarily of neutrophils were strongly positive for PAF acetylhydrolase in the LPS-exposed lung tissue. The absence of immunoreactive PAF acetylhydrolase in alveolar macrophages obtained from bronchial alveolar lavage confirmed that systemic LPS administration resulted in enhanced PAF acetylhydrolase expression only in a subset of lung macrophages.
Performance improvement of existing drag models in two-fluid modeling of gas?solid flows using a PR-DNS based drag model

This paper investigates a new drag model for the simulation of the fluidization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles with air in a fluidized bed using the two-fluid model (TFM) within the Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges (MFIX) code. A cohesion index parameter based on the interparticle cohesive forces has been implemented in the MFIX-TFM code. This index is used as a switching criterion between a particle resolved drag model developed by Tenneti et al. (2011), and some of the drag models available in the MFIX for homogeneous particles, namely the Gidaspow, Syam–O'brien, and Wen–Yu models. The proposed drag correlation in this paper implements an indirect method of introducing interparticle cohesive forces to our TFM simulations. Significant improvement in the solid volume fraction profile along the riser was obtained for all of the drag law combinations, depending on the conditions set in the switching procedures. In the best case, the utilization of the Gidaspow and TGS models resulted in a 60% improvement in maximum deviation of numerical results from the available experimental data. The proposed model can be used in simulations of fluidized beds, where standard models fail to produce accurate results even on extremely refined computational grid, especially for Geldart A type particles that may exhibit strong clustering behavior.
Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes

Graphene foam (GF) is a three-dimensional (3D) graphene structure that has been intensively studied as an electrode material for energy storage applications. The porous structure and seamlessly connected graphene flakes make GF a promising electrode material for supercapacitors and batteries. However, the electrical conductivity of GF is still unsatisfactory due to the lack of macropore size (∼300 μm) control that hinders its applications. Previously we reported a new seamless 3D graphene structure – graphene pellets (GPs) – with well-controlled mesopore size (∼2 nm), high electrical conductivity (148 S cm−1) and good electromechanical properties that differ substantially from the known GF. Here we demonstrate that the obtained 3D graphene structure is an ideal scaffold electrode for pseudocapacitive materials and redox additive electrolyte systems. For example, after electrochemical coating with MnO2, the GP/MnO2 electrode showed specific and volumetric capacitance up to 395 F g−1 and 230 F cm−3 at 1 A g−1, respectively. When combined with a hydroquinone and benzoquinone redox additive electrolyte, the GPs showed a specific capacitance of 7813 F g−1 at 10 A g−1. Moreover, when the GP/MnO2 electrode was assembled with a GP/polypyrrole electrode, the obtained full cell showed good electrochemical performance with a maximum energy density of 26.7 W h kg−1 and a maximum power density of 32.7 kW kg−1, and a reasonable cycle life for practical application. The ease in material processing combined with the excellent electrical and electromechanical properties makes GPs promising for a variety of energy storage applications.