cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Magic Words Could Do It Justice

THE PLEASURE Of returning to one's own law school enriches the honor of inaugurating the lecture series on Law and Public Affairs that Judge Walter Perry Johnson envisaged. Even to those who did not know him and have learned of him only from others, he emerges as a man of soul who saw far into our own time. A century has gone by since 1862 when he was born in San Francisco. He graduated from Lowell High School; in 1884 he received his A.B. degree summa cum laude from Harvard University and two years later his LL.B. from Columbia University Law School. Following nearly a decade of practice in New York City he returned to San Francisco and entered into law partnership with Albert Rosenshine. He was admitted to the California Bar in 1896, two years before the Spanish-American War. A quarter of a century later, in 1921, he was appointed a Superior Court judge in San Francisco by Governor Stephens. A quiet bachelor, with friendly temperament and modest reserve in admirable balance, he had won the esteem of laymen and lawyers alike, and they acclaimed his entry into public life. In tribute to him upon his retirement in 1938, Eugene Bennett of the San Francisco Bar appropriately recalled the responsibilities of a judge set forth by Socrates: to hear courteously, to answer wisely, to consider soberly, and to decide impartially.' Then, with World War I a twenty-year-old memory and World War II in the making, Judge Johnson resumed active association with his old law office, making his last visit to it shortly before his death at eighty-five in 1947. It was a time when many young veterans were laying down their weapons and arming themselves with lawbooks. If they could utilize them as he did for sixty-three years, their careers would extend into the year 2010 and take them into problems that few lawyers could have imagined in 1884 or even 1947.
Structure and function of cytoplasmic retinoid binding proteins.

We examined the ligand protein interactions of two highly homologous cellular retinol binding proteins, CRBP and CRBP-II, and two highly homologous cellular retinoic acid binding proteins, CRABP-I and CRABP-II. While the crystal structures of all four have been determined, nuclear magnetic resonance studies provide a means for observing dynamic aspects of ligand protein interactions of these proteins in solution. The cellular functions of these proteins are less well understood. We have modeled retinoid flux between cytoplasmic retinoid proteins and model membranes and with nuclear receptors. Based on our in vitro studies, we propose that certain retinoids may indirectly influence retinoid signaling by displacing endogenous retinoids from the cytoplasmic proteins to the nuclear receptors. (Mol Cell Biochem 192: 105–108, 1999)
Kinetochore structure and spindle assembly checkpoint signaling in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) delays the onset of anaphase until every chromosome is properly bioriented at the spindle equator. Mutations in SAC genes have been found in tumors and compromised SAC function can increase the incidence of some carcinomas in mice, providing further links between cancer etiology, chromosome segregation defects and aneuploidy. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of SAC control with particular emphasis on the role of the kinetochore, the nature of the tension sensing mechanism and the possibility that the SAC encompasses more than just stabilization of securin and/or cyclin-B via inhibition of the APC/C to delay anaphase initiation. Our primary emphasis is on the SAC in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, relevant findings in other cells are also discussed to highlight the generally conserved nature of SAC signaling mechanisms.
The architecture of the EXODUS extensible DBMS

With non-traditional application areas such as engineering design, image/voice data management, scientific/statistical applications, and artificial intelligence systems all clamoring for ways to store and efficiently process larger and larger volumes of data, it is clear that traditional database technology has been pushed to its limits. It also seems clear that no single database system will be capable of simultaneously meeting the functionality and performance requirements of such a diverse set of applications. In this paper we describe the preliminary design of EXODUS, an extensible database system that will facilitate the fast development of high-performance, application-specific database systems. EXODUS provides certain kernel facilities, including a versatile storage manager and a type manager. In addition, it provides an architectural framework for building application-specific database systems, tools to partially automate the generation of such systems, and libraries of software components (e.g., access methods) that are likely to be useful for many application domains.
Romantic Autopsy and Wordsworth's Two-Part Prelude

This essay traces the development of autoptical dissection as a medical practice during the French Revolution and its relation to modes of self-analysis in Romantic poetry, especially William Wordsworth's Two-Part Prelude (1798–1799). In keeping with William Godwin's association of autoptical analysis with radical politics, Wordsworth's autobiographical poem reveals his attraction to a practice of poetic interpretation informed by anatomical techniques of probing and dismemberment. What emerges in the Two-Part Prelude, though, is a hybrid version of dissective exegesis, in which post-Revolutionary radical analysis coexists with an earlier Enlightenment sense of dissection as a procedure that reveals underlying sympathy and wholeness. Performing this double function of dissection through invocations of the probing glance, the Two-Part Prelude looks beneath the surfaces of landscape and of the speaker's body to analyze and animate its account of the growth of the poet's mind. As it marks the historically tr...
The enigma of men with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a common and frequently misdiagnosed disorder in men. Hallmark symptoms are the presence of chronic discomfort attributed to the urinary bladder associated with bladder filling and relieved with bladder emptying, often associated with irritative voiding symptoms, in the absence of any other identifiable cause. It is often grouped with another common clinical entity, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Men with IC/BPS often suffer from a delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment, often being categorized as having prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or epididymitis before the correct diagnosis is reached. The etiology of IC/BPS is poorly understood, and its pathogenesis may involve multiple pathways leading to a common clinical entity. Diagnostic criteria continue to evolve over time as the understanding of IC/BPS improves, and a clinical diagnosis with properly performed history and physical exam is suitable for diagnosis after other processes such as infection, radiation, or pharmaceutical exposure are appropriately excluded. No set pathological findings, biomarkers, or phenotypic descriptions have been universally accepted as a result of conflicting studies. Guidelines for diagnostic and treatment options are limited by available data, and few studies incorporate substantial numbers of male patients. Reported outcomes for common therapies are mixed or have not yet been subjected to study in rigorous placebo-controlled clinical trials in men. Lessons learned from the treatment of CP/CPPS can be applied to IC/BPS, by favoring a phenotypically directed, multimodal approach rather than a stepwise algorithm as advocated by current practice guidelines.
On the viscosity of suspensions of solid spheres

A cell theory is used to derive the dependence of the zero-shear-rate viscosity on volume concentration for a suspension of uniform, solid, neutrally buoyant spheres. This result reduces to Einstein's solution at infinite dilution and to Frankel and Acrivos's expression in the limit as the concentration approaches its maximum value. Good agreement is found between the solution and the available data for the entire concentration range, provided that the maximum concentration is determined from the viscosity data themselves.
The electrodeposition of improved molybdenum coatings from molten salts by the use of electrolyte additives

The electrodeposition of molybdenum from molten chlorides has been investigated in two electrolyte systems: KCl−K3MoCl6 at a temperature of 800°C and LiCl−KCl−K3MoCl6 at a temperature of 400°C. With the goal of improving the surface quality of the deposits, a search was conducted for electrolyte additives that would act as leveling agents. Activated alumina proved beneficial for deposits produced in the high temperature melt but had little or no effect on deposits generated at low temperatures. Molybdenum disulfide adversely affected the deposits by promoting the growth of surface irregularities.
Baryon resonance extraction from πN data using a unitary multichannel model

Abstract A unitary multi-channel approach, first developed by the Carnegie-Mellon Berkeley group, is applied to extract the pole positions, masses, and partial decay widths of nucleon resonances from the partial wave amplitudes for the transitions from πN to eight possible final baryon–meson states. Results of single energy analyses of the VPI group using the most current database are used in this analysis. A proper treatment of threshold effects and channel coupling within the unitarity constraint is shown to be crucial in extracting resonant parameters, especially for the resonance states, such as S11(1535), which have decay thresholds very close to the resonance pole position. The extracted masses and partial decay widths of baryon resonances up to about 2 GeV mass are listed and compared with the results from previous analyses. In many cases, the new results agree with previous analyses. However, some significant differences, in particular for the resonances that are weakly excited in πN reactions, are found.
Can Administrative Measures Resolve a Political Conflict

The current controversy over the politicization of science by the Bush administration is, by definition, a political controversy. As such, it must be addressed by political measures as well as the administrative strategies that Dr. Lambright suggests. The administration’s actions go beyond the bounds of “business as usual” and reflect the interests of its powerful constituencies, as well as the unease of many citizens with some scientific and technological advances. Scientists need to engage these citizens and take their concerns into account in order to build trust between the scientific community and the public, as well as to impede unscrupulous politicians from distorting scientific information to suit their purposes.
Multiple forms of protein phosphatase inhibitors in mammalian tissues.

Abstract The heat-stable inhibitors of phosphorylase phosphatase from rat skeletal muscle, rat liver, beef heart, and beef adrenal cortex were studied. Two major types of inhibitors can be separated from all these tissues by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The two types of inhibitors from rat muscle are the same as those reported for rabbit muscle. The type-1 inhibitor, but not the type-2, is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions. There is also a phosphorylatable inhibitor in beef heart and adrenal cortex, but such an inhibitor could not be demonstrated in liver.
The temperature dependence of photoluminescence in a-Si: H alloys

Abstract Photoluminescence intensity observed near 1.3 eV in sputtered a-Si : H has been measured as a function of temperature for several samples prepared under differing conditions. The data are shown to obey an expression derived from a law of the form p nr p r ∝ e T T 0 where pnr and pnr are the probabilities for non-radiative and radiative recombination. We find T0≈23 K independent of sample preparation conditions.
Linking Amazonian secondary succession forest growth to soil properties

The Amazon Basin has suffered extensive deforestation in the past 30 years. Deforestation typically leads to changes in climate, biodiversity, hydrological cycle, and soil degradation. Vegetation succession plays an important role in soil restoration through accumulation of vegetation biomass and improved soil/plant interaction. However, relationships between succession and soil properties are not well known. For example, how does vegetation succession affect nutrient accumulation? Which soil factors are important in influencing vegetation growth? What is the best way to evaluate soil fertility in the Amazon basin? This paper focuses on the interrelationships between secondary succession and soil properties. Field soil sample data and vegetation inventory data were collected in two regions of Brazilian Amazonia (Altamira and Bragantina). Soil nutrients and texture were analyzed at successional forest sites. Multiple regression models were used to identify the important soil properties affecting vegetation growth, and a soil evaluation factor (SEF) was developed for evaluating soil fertility in Alfisols, Ultisols, and Oxisols, which differ in the ways they affect vegetation growth. For example, the upper 40 cm of soil is most important for vegetation growth in Alfisols, but in Ultisols and Oxisols deeper horizons significantly influence vegetation growth rates. Accumulation of vegetation biomass increased soil fertility and improved soil physical structure in Alfisols but did not completely compensate for the nutrient losses in Ultisols and Oxisols; however, it significantly reduced the rate of nutrient loss. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligopoly and behavioral uncertainty: An application of fuzzy set theory

This paper provides a brief sketch of fuzzy mathematics. It employs this relatively new mathematical tool to define and describe oligopoly markets and to quantitatively establish the impacts of uncertainty on the decision making that is intrinsic to oligopolistic industries. It illustrates how the technique would be used, for example, by applying fuzzy mathematics to the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index.
Shipboard automated determination of trace concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in oligotrophic water by gas-segmented continuous flow analysis with a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell

Incorporation of a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell in a gas-segmented continuous flow auto-analyzer significantly enhances the sensitivity of automated colorimetric analysis. Nanomolar concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in oligotrophic surface seawater can be accurately determined. The advantages of this technique are low detection limit, high precision, and automation for rapid analysis of a large number of samples. This technique was successfully used on shipboard measurements of about 1000 seawater samples during a one-month cruise in the North Atlantic.
Women's motives to achieve and to nurture in different life stages

This research investigated the influence of different life stages on motives to achieve and to nurture in 60 women ages 31 to 37 years. The influence of motivational patterns and sex-role orientations on employment was also investigated. Findings tended to support the expectation that children and their welfare were a more central concern to women with a child under 4 years than to those whose youngest child was between 6 and 9 years. The women's achievement concerns followed an inverse pattern. Mothers with high achievement motivation were more likely to have a job than were mothers with low achievement motivation. Among employed mothers, there was a significant positive correlation between sex-role orientation and the number of hours worked each week.
The stability of several compounds in formalin fixed tissues and formalin-blood solutions.

Abstract Buffered formalin solutions were added to spiked blood samples containing diazepam, phenytoin, carbon monoxide and cyanide to give formalin-whole blood solutions of 5 and 8%. Sections of liver positive for desipramine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were placed in separate 5 and 8% formalin-water solutions. The formalin-blood solutions were monitored daily for 30 days, while the fixed liver and formalin-water samples were analyzed once a week for 4 weeks. In the formalin-blood solutions losses were found for diazepam and phenytoin over the 30-day period of at least 41% and 33%, respectively. Cyanide detection was not possible immediately after the addition of formalin and the presence of carboxyhemoglobin was difficult to detect after 1 week. In the liver, losses of phenobarbital and desipramine were > 60% while phenytoin showed little change. This study has revealed that the drugs examined at toxic concentrations can be detected, with variable recoveries, for up to 30 days after fixation with formalin. However, quantitative analysis for cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin may be significantly impaired in the presence of formaldehyde.
On tape-bounded complexity classes and multihead finite automata

The principal result described in this paper is the equivalence of the following statements:o(1)Every set accepted by a nondeterministic one-way two-head finite automaton can be accepted by a deterministic two-way k-head finite automaton, for some k. (2)The context-free language L"p (described in the paper) is recognized by a deterministic (log n)-tape bounded Turing machine. (3)Every set accepted by a nondeterministic (off-line) L(n)-tape bounded Turing machine is accepted by a deterministic (off-line) L(n)-tape bounded Turing machine, provided L(n)>=log n. The language L"p is accepted, in fact, by a nondeterministic pushdown automaton using a single pushdown store symbol (a nondeterministic one-counter automaton) and by a nondeterministic on-line (log n)-tape bounded Turing machine.
A new species of Ivesia (Rosaceae) from Lassen County, California

A new species,Ivesia paniculata, is described, illustrated and contrasted with its closest relatives. A key to the California five-stamenedIvesia is presented.
Abundance of the Brook Darter, Etheostoma burri, in Selected Black River Tributaries

ABSTRACT We determined the abundance of the recently described brook darter, Etheostoma burri, in three tributaries of the Black River, Missouri, utilizing Petersen mark-recapture methods. In tributaries located in Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park and at Mill Spring, E. burri occurred at estimated densities of 2.18 and 1.58 fish/m2, respectively. These densities were similar to those reported for orangethroat darters in an Ohio stream and were intermediate-to-high in comparison to other darter species. However, no brook darters were observed at our third study site, suggesting that E. burri may also be absent from other Black River tributaries.
CIRCADIAN VARIATION OF SERUM ACID PHOSPHATASE IN PROSTATIC CANCER.

Abstract A circadian variation in total serum acid phosphatase was demonstrated in 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma using the method of Fishman and Lerner. Blood samples were drawn from a polyethylene catheter every hour for 25 hours. The cancer patients all had elevated serum enzyme concentrations and the nocturnal decrease was 25–50 per cent of the highest day-time value. The highest values were usually found from 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. and the lowest from 9 P.M. to 3 A.M. This circadian variation was entirely accounted for by variations in the prostatic (tartrate inhibitable) fraction. Orchiectomy did not obliterate the rhythmical variation. Urinary acid phosphatase did not have a circadian variation in a patient with a definite variation in serum enzyme concentration. Two normal patients did not have a readily detectable rhythm although a minor variation within the normal range would have been obscured by technical variations in the procedure which became important at low enzyme concentrations.
Proton resonance in natural glasses

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance can be used to detect protons in natural glasses and determine the amounts of “water” (i.e. hydroxyl groups, molecular water, hydronium ions) in the glasses. After presentation in this paper of basic concepts and equations governing NMR, and a discussion of water in glasses, initial results for NMR studies of some natural glasses are reported.
Report on a Developing Community, Poston, Arizona

The Poston community is evolving so rapidly that it almost eludes characterization. This is not to say that Poston is without character or form or objective; it is frankly a city in the making, and any cross section taken during this formative period must fail in some respect to capture its full quality. The careful, painstaking study submitted by Dr. Arensberg emphasizes the point. Things have happened at Poston since August which either fortify or detract from the aptness of some of the observations. In particular, I call attention to the following:1. The community council with which Arensberg had contact and on which he comments was designedly a temporary council. It was anticipated that time would be needed for leadership to emerge. Until there was leadership, it was thought expedient to establish a recommendatory rather than a legislative council. Poston is now conducting a constitutional convention in which permanent community government will be worked out.2. On page 16 there is reference to the des...
Organization, function and substrates of the essential Clp protease system in plastids

Intra-plastid proteolysis is essential in plastid biogenesis, differentiation and plastid protein homeostasis (proteostasis). We provide a comprehensive review of the Clp protease system present in all plastid types and we draw lessons from structural and functional information of bacterial Clp systems. The Clp system plays a central role in plastid development and function, through selective removal of miss-folded, aggregated, or otherwise unwanted proteins. The Clp system consists of a tetradecameric proteolytic core with catalytically active ClpP and inactive ClpR subunits, hexameric ATP-dependent chaperones (ClpC,D) and adaptor protein(s) (ClpS1) enhancing delivery of subsets of substrates. Many structural and functional features of the plastid Clp system are now understood though extensive reverse genetics analysis combined with biochemical analysis, as well as large scale quantitative proteomics for loss-of-function mutants of Clp core, chaperone and ClpS1 subunits. Evolutionary diversification of Clp system across non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic prokaryotes and organelles is illustrated. Multiple substrates have been suggested based on their direct interaction with the ClpS1 adaptor or screening of different loss-of-function protease mutants. The main challenge is now to determine degradation signals (degrons) in Clp substrates and substrate delivery mechanisms, as well as functional interactions of Clp with other plastid proteases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
The Pracademic: An Agenda for Re-Engaging Practitioners and Academics

The synergy between theory and practice is a much sought after, but sometimes elusive, touchstone for the development of public administration programs in the United States. A healthy relationship is vital to the success of both practitioners and academics alike. While the field of public administration was in no small part premised on sustaining a healthy academic-practitioner connection, there has been a retreat from engagement due to deeply rooted trends in both academic and practitioner environments. This article reviews these trends and suggests an agenda for reconnection of these vital linkages.
Coltiviruses Isolated from Mosquitoes Collected in Indonesia

Viruses with genomes consisting of 12 segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA were isolated from mosquito pools collected in Indonesia in 1980 and 1981. The genome segments of 11 virus isolates exhibited two distinct electrophoretic patterns in agarose gels, and the viruses probably represent distinct groups of Coltiviruses. Ten of the 11 virus isolates produced recognizably similar PAGE profiles of two groups of 6 segments (6-6) with 3 distinct profile variants, and the remaining virus isolate displayed a unique 6-5-1 profile. These profiles were distinct from that of Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus RNA. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was examined by RNA-RNA hybridization. The viruses with a 6-6 profile were closely related in the majority of their segments, with segments 7, 11, and 12 being variant; and segment 9 the most divergent. The segments of the virus with the unique PAGE profile (6-5-1) did not cross-hybridize with any of the other viruses. Similarly, RNA from virus isolates from Indonesian did not cross-hybridize with the segments of CTF virus. These data indicate that two additional genotypes are present in the Coltivirus genus.
Drug Usage, Personality, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Correlates of Driving Behavior

Summary Subjects (N = 164) were divided into four groups on the basis of their driving records: no accidents or moving violations, two or more violations, one or more accidents, and no accidents. They were compared on various personality, attitudinal, drug usage, and biographical variables. The less safe drivers scored significantly higher on a sensation-seeking scale; were more likely to have experimented with such drugs as marijuana, hashish, amphetamines, LSD, etc.; attended religious services less often; and were less likely to own their residences. There were also differences in political attitudes and life-style preferences among the groups.
Relation of the 2S + 1 states per site potts model to a nonlinear spin-S ising model

Abstract The interaction energy of the Potts model with 2 S + 1 states per site is of the form ∑ 〈 i,j 〉 δ S i S j where δ S i S j is the Kronecker delta symbol. The expansion of δ S i S j in a finite power series in S j and S j is explicitly given.
The Rarity of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the Black Race

Ankylosing spondylitis is apparently rare in the black race. Data collected from Veterans Administration hospitals in different geographic areas of the United States indicates an overall frequency of the disease in black Afro-Americans to be about 25% of that seen in whites. A review of the literature from the Americas and Africa confirms its uncommon occurrence. A postulated inheritance pattern may depend on multigenic factors.
Patients' accuracy in reporting their past medical history, a study of 90 patients with peptic ulcer

Abstract Ninety patients with peptic ulcer disease were interviewed concerning a hospitalization for active ulcer symptoms. Their interview responses were compared with data from their hospital charts. Significant discrepancies were found in the reporting of admission dates, weights, and the symptoms, vomiting and melena. Discrepancies were greater for more remote hospitalizations. No significant correlation was found between IQ and accuracy in reporting past medical history.
Use of Stapling Instruments in Surgery for Aneurysms of the Aorta

Abstract Since their inception, surgical stapling devices have been used almost exclusively in pulmonary and gastrointestinal procedures. We present our experience with surgical staplers in operations for aneurysms of the aorta. Three illustrative case reports are presented that demonstrate the applicability of surgical stapling devices in excluding aortic aneurysms. Seven patients have undergone operation using this technique, all with excellent technical results. We believe that surgical stapling devices represent a safe, easy, and rapid means of excluding aneurysms of the aorta.
Improving Stability of Recommender Systems: A Meta-Algorithmic Approach

This paper focuses on the measure of recommendation stability, which reflects the consistency of recommender system predictions. Stability is a desired property of recommendation algorithms and has important implications on users’ trust and acceptance of recommendations. Prior research has reported that some popular recommendation algorithms can suffer from a high degree of instability. In this study, we explore two scalable, general-purpose meta-algorithmic approaches—based on bagging and iterative smoothing—that can be used in conjunction with different traditional recommendation algorithms to improve their stability. Our experimental results on real-world rating data demonstrate that both approaches can achieve substantially higher stability as compared to the original recommendation algorithms. Furthermore, perhaps as importantly, the proposed approaches not only do not sacrifice the predictive accuracy in order to improve recommendation stability, but are actually able to provide additional accuracy improvements.
Behavioral intervention for cancer treatment side effects.

This discussion reviews the current status of behavioral intervention with adult and pediatric cancer patients. It begins by describing the recent entry of behavioral research and practice into comprehensive cancer treatment. The discussion then examines the use of behavioral procedures to control aversive side effects of treatment. Although the control of chemotherapy side effects is the primary focus (most of the behavioral research on symptom control has dealt with reduction of nausea and vomiting with chemotherapy), the application of behavioral principles to other side effects (i.e., anxiety and pain) associated with the aggressive treatment of cancer is assessed. The third topic is behavioral intervention to control child distress during invasive procedures. The discussion ends with a consideration of new directions of research and practice.
On the parallel programming of flash memory cells

Parallel programming is an important tool used in flash memories to achieve high write speed. In parallel programming, a common programm voltage is applied to many cells for simultaneous charge injection. This property significantly simplifies the complexity of the memory hardware, and is a constraint that limits the storage capacity of flash memories. Another important property is that cells have different hardness for charge injection. It makes the charge injected into cells differ even when the same program voltage is applied to them. In this paper, we study the parallel programming of flash memory cells, focusing on the above two properties. We present algorithms for parallel programming when there is information on the cells' hardness for charge injection, but there is no feedback information on cell levels during programming. We then proceed to the programming model with feedback information on cell levels, and study how well the information on the cells' hardness for charge injection can be obtained. The results can be useful for understanding the storage capacity of flash memories with parallel programming.
An Error Corrected Almost Ideal Demand System for Crustaceans in the United States

We have employed an error-corrected almost ideal demand system (ECAIDS) for major crustaceans at a disaggregated level in the United States. The proposed model can provide short- and long-run price elasticities. This article makes an important empirical contribution by reporting a set of reliable, policy-relevant estimates of the elasticities of demand for crustaceans in the United States. The habit formation behavior was significant only for crayfish. The value pricing strategy and the promotional pricing strategy are expected to benefit the domestic shrimp industry. Increasing prices through various marketing strategies can benefit domestic producers of lobsters and crabs.
When farmworkers and advocates see trafficking but law enforcement does not: challenges in identifying labor trafficking in North Carolina

This article reports on the perceptions and experiences with labor trafficking of farmworkers, stakeholders, and law enforcement representatives in North Carolina. We found a sizeable number of farmworkers who had experienced labor trafficking violations, albeit with a convenience sample; and community agencies reported stories of labor trafficking victimization. However, most of the state and local law enforcement agencies that we attempted to contact simply ignored our requests for information about labor trafficking or reported no evidence of such victimization. Notwithstanding the sample limitations, we found a general lack of awareness of agricultural labor trafficking problems among law enforcement officials in our surveyed jurisdictions. We question whether our current law enforcement system will ever be in a position to effectively enforce the anti-labor-trafficking law; and suggest an alternative specialized mechanism be established.
A MEXICAN VERSION OF THE PEABODY PICTURE VOCABULARY TEST

Recent litigation involving children who were identified by school systems as "mentally retarded" has posed serious problems for educators and psychologists who routinely use tests for determining educational placement. A principal grievance of minority group parents has been that commonly used intelligence tests are unfair because of their language and cultural biases. In the District Court of Northern California, a suit was filed on behalf of nine Mexican-American students whose primary language was Spanish but who were tested in English, and whose scores were sufficiently low (IQ 30-72) to warrant placement in classes for the mentally retarded. When retesting was conducted in Spanish, their average score increased 15 points and seven of the nine were above the mental retardation cutting point. On February 5, 1970, a stipulated agreement order was consummated which, among other things, required that children be tested in their primary language. Bilingual examiners and interpreters were to be used to implement this agreement (Weintraub & Abeson, 1974). A problem that is encountered in attempting to implement decisions that mandate fairer testing procedures for Mexican-American children is that there is a scarcity of tests that are comparable across languages and cultures. From existing empirical evidence, it can be generalized that simple translations of achievement or intelligence tests result in tests having lower reliability, validity, means, and standard deviations (Ali, 1967; Roca, 1955; Thorndike, 1973). Yet an examination of a collection of currently available tests (ETS, 1972) reveals that in almost every case, researchers have chosen to modify existing tests rather than become involved in the costly, highly technical and very time consuming task of developing new tests. The majority of these modifications take the form of simple translations. The 1972 Psychological Corporation catalogue is offered as but one example. It identifies nine tests on its list of "Spanish-Language Edition of Tests." Of these, seven were simply translated, and two, the WISC and the WAIS were "adapted to the Spanish Culture." In the U.S., researchers have often simply translated tests for use with non-English speaking children (Rieber, 1968). After studying intelligence tests translated from English to Spanish as spoken in Puerto Rico, Roca (1955) concluded that one of the main problems in translating tests was that a translated word and an original word, although expressing identical concepts, may be of different degrees of difficulty in the new and the old languages. Hyness (1970) noted the problem that a concept or word may not be present in the new culture; the translation, then, is accomplished by replacing the intended concept with one which is judged to be similar-this judgment being subject to debate. Another problem is that a
Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy.

THE scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been used to visualize DNA under water, under oil and in air. Images of single-stranded DNA have shown that submolecular resolution is possible. Here we describe atomic-resolution imaging of duplex DNA. Topographic STM images of uncoated duplex DNA on a graphite substrate obtained in ultra-high vacuum are presented that show double-helical structure, base pairs, and atomic-scale substructure. Experimental STM profiles show excellent correlation with atomic contours of the van der Waals surface of A-form DNA derived from X-ray crystallography. A comparison of variations in the barrier to quantum mechanical tunnelling (barrier-height) with atomic-scale topography shows correlation over the phosphate-sugar backbone but anticorrelation over the base pairs. This relationship may be due to the different chemical characteristics of parts of the molecule. Further investigation of this phenomenon should lead to a better understanding of the physics of imaging adsorbates with the STM and may prove useful in sequencing DNA. The improved resolution compared with previously published STM images of DNA may be attributable to ultra-high vacuum, high data-pixel density, slow scan rate, a fortuitously clean and sharp tip and/or a relatively dilute and extremely clean sample solution. This work demonstrates the potential of the STM for characterization of large biomolecular structures, but additional development will be required to make such high resolution imaging of DNA and other large molecules routine.
Effect of age on the activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 using dextromethorphan phenotyping in humans

Purpose To investigate the effect of age on the activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in humans. Methods Participants were classified and grouped as follows: neonates (less than 1 month old), infants (1–12 month old), children (3–10 year old), adolescents (10–15 year old), young adults (20–25 year old), and old adults (over 60 year old). CYP2D6 activity was assessed by measuring the formation of dextrorphan (DX) from dextromethorphan (DM) from blood samples drawn at 3hour after DM medication. Results Median metabolic ratio (MR, log[DM/DX]) of neonates, infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and old adults was −1.67, −2.37, −2.37, −2.45, −2.44, and −2.47, respectively. Probit plot data showed that there was similar distribution in CYP2D6 activity among infants, children, adolescent, young adults, and old adults but that of neonates was higher compared to other aged groups. Conclusions These results suggest that chronologically increased CYP2D6 activity in neonates may be decreased in infant age and then CYP2D6 activity may not be varied significantly throughout life. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P24–P24; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.094
The open archives initiative: building a low-barrier interoperability framework

The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) develops and promotes interoperabil ity solutions that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content. The roots of the OAI lie in the E-Print community. Over the last year its focus has been extended to include all content providers. This paper describes the recent history of the OAI - its origins in promoting E-Prints, the broadening of its focus, the details of its technical standard for metadata harvesting, the applications of this standard, and future plans.
Techniques for attack graph visualization and interaction

Attack graphs provide a comprehensive overview of attack vectors. Unfortunately, their complexity dramatically increases as the number of hosts in a network grows. For realistic networks, the human eye cannot discern the state of a network without tracing individual attack paths. In order to combat this complexity, we discuss and implement mitigation techniques and the use of collaborative multi-touch environments for an intuitive, natural approach to visual analytics.
Local asymptotic laws for the Brownian convex hull

We prove a general theorem for the precise rate at which the convex hull of Brownian motion gets created. The latter result relates large deviation theory to P. Levy's geometric proof of Strassen's law of the iterated logarithm. This also answers a question of S. Evans. Moreover, we give a partial solution to a question of J. Hammersley and P. Levy regarding the slowness of the growth of the hull process. Several examples, some classical and some new, are given to illustrate the theorems. Finally, we present applications to the convex hull of random walks ind dimensions.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Controlling an Invasive Salt Marsh Grass ( Spartina patens ) in Washington State: A Case Study of Resilience

A tiny infestation of an introduced plant ( Spartina patens ) has resisted extermination for 16 years in Washington State. Mature plants occupied about 654 m 2 of ground when control work began in 1991; at present they occupy less than one square meter. The history of the control effort, described here, shows that field workers succeeded at discovering about half of the plants actually present during most years and suggests that a new detection technique—searches by trained dogs—may greatly improve this discovery rate. Spartina patens was probably introduced to Washington during the 1920s. The numbers of plants peaked in 1995, then declined and recovered twice before they began a steep decline after 2005. Ground cover by mature S. patens was drastically reduced by the initial control work, and then expanded twice after 1995 due to growth of undiscovered and neglected patches. The control effort was rendered less effective by two tacit assumptions: (1) the whole extent of the small infestation was known, and (2) the treatments were successfully eliminating the plants. The campaign benefited from the cooperative support of private landowners, the existence of a state Spartina Coordinator's office (focused on other invasive Spartina species as well as S. patens ), the persistence and dedication of control workers, the continued attention of this researcher, and recent intensified vigilance prompted by evidence of the plant's resistance to eradication. Indications are that S. patens is now succumbing to this intensified attention. Environmental Practice 9:251–265 (2007)
Learning comunication strategies for distributed artificial intelligence

We present a methodology that allows collections of intelligent system to automatically learn communication strategies, so that they can exchange information and coordinate their problem solving activity. In our methodology communication between agents is determined by the agents themselves, which consider the progress of their individual problem solving activities compared to the communication needs of their surrounding agents. Through learning, communication lines between agents might be established or disconnected, communication frequencies modified, and the system can also react to dynamic changes in the environment that might force agents to cease to exist or to be added. We have established dynamic, quantitative measures of the usefulness of a fact, the cost of a fact, the work load of an agent, and the selfishness of an agent (a measure indicating an agent's preference between transmitting information versus performing individual problem solving), and use these values to adapt the communication between intelligent agents. In this paper we present the theoretical foundations of our work together with experimental results and performance statistics of networks of agents involved in cooperative problem solving activities.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Doppler ultrasound techniques for landmine detection

The paper presents measurements taken with a scanning ultrasonic Doppler vibrometer on a landmine buried separately in sand and in grass-covered soil. The signal obtained with a laser Doppler vibrometer experiences a large variability that is due to loss of spatial coherence upon scattering from moving grass blades. Ultrasonic sensing is not affected by this limitation since the acoustic speckle is much larger than its optical counterpart. Moreover, the slightest hint of air motion enhances the motion of the grass blades, which adds to the optical decoherence and subsequent loss of useful signal. It is shown also that the ultrasonic system has no problem penetrating the layer of grass and detecting the location of the buried target excited by a mechanical shaker.
Effect of an adenosine antagonist and an adenosine agonist on status entry and severity in a model of limbic status epilepticus

Abstract Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator that suppresses excitatory neurotransmission. We postulated that adenosine-mediated mechanisms resist status epilepticus (SE) entry and limit SE severity. In the first experiment rats were given an adenosine agonist (2-chloroadenosine), an adenosine antagonist (aminophylline), or saline vehicle, prior to SE induction with pulsed-train current delivered to amygdala in successive 5-min current-on sessions. Saline-treated animals entered limbic SE, with predominantly exploratory behavior, after 6.0 ± 0.9 current-on sessions. Aminophylline increased major convulsive activity during stimulation and resulted in entry into convulsive SE after only 2.1±0.1 sessions. 2-Chloroadenosine, in contrast, suppressed major convulsive activity during stimulation, and blocked (in 37) or delayed (47) SE entry, with successes requiring 12.8± 0.9 stimulation sessions. In a second experiment, animals already in exploratory SE were administered a single injection of saline vehicle, aminophylline, or 2-chloroadenosine. Aminophylline converted exploratory SE into lethally severe convulsive SE. 2-Chloroadenosine suppressed SE behaviorally and electrographically, and protected recipients from the seizure-associated cerebral damage seen in saline-administered SE controls. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous adenosine mechanisms resist SE entry, modulate the severity of ongoing SE, and limit the anatomic spread of seizure activity.
Study of Shape Factor for Reducing Ice Force on Arctic Structure and Ice Force Prediction for Combined Ice Failure

Indentor shape plays an important role in reducing the ice load on arctic offshore structures. Ice forces on single wedge indentors are investigated for crushing failure mode. The maximum indentor wedge angle of different diameters at diverse ice attack angles are obtained. Using the same ice attack conditions, the ice crushing force on the optimised single wedge is found to be near 30% less than the force on the cylindrical indentor. Two approaches are introduced to predict ice forces for combined failure modes. They are the local ice boundary method and the proportional failure method. Based on the above two methods, ice forces are predicted and compared with the measured data from the Hans Island programme.
Adhesion of α5β1 receptors to biomimetic substrates constructed from peptide amphiphiles

Biomimetic membrane surfaces functionalized with fragments of the extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin, are constructed from mixtures of peptide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) amphiphiles. Peptides from the primary binding loop, GRGDSP, were used in conjunction with the synergy site peptide, PHSRN, in the III(9-10) sites of human fibronectin. These peptides were attached to dialkyl lipid tails to form peptide amphiphiles. PEG amphiphiles were mixed in the layer to minimize non-specific adhesion in the background. GRGDSP and PEG amphiphiles or GRGDSP, PHSRN, and PEG amphiphiles were mixed in various ratios and deposited on solid substrates from the air-water interface using Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. In this method, peptide composition, density, and presentation could be controlled accurately. The effectiveness of these substrates to mimic native fibronectin is evaluated by their ability to generate adhesive forces when they are in contact with purified activated alpha5beta1 integrin receptors that are immobilized on an opposing surface. Adhesion is measured using a contact mechanical approach (JKR experiment). The effects of membrane composition, density, temperature, and peptide conformation on adhesion to activated integrins in this simulated cell adhesion setup were determined. Addition of the synergy site, PHSRN, was found to increase adhesion of alpha5beta1, to biomimetic substrates markedly. Increased peptide mobility (due to increased experimental temperature) increased integrin adhesion markedly at low peptide concentrations. A balance between peptide density and steric accessibility of the receptor binding face to alpha5beta1 integrin was required for highest adhesion.