cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A posteriori error estimates of finite element methods by preconditioning

Abstract We present a framework that relates preconditioning with a posteriori error estimates in finite element methods. In particular, we use standard tools in subspace correction methods to obtain reliable and efficient error estimators. As a simple example, we recover the classical residual error estimators for the second order elliptic equations.
A SPECIAL CASE OF UNCORRECTED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT IN A PREGNANT WOMAN

Pregnant women with corrected Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) have physiologic cardiac hemodynamic changes such as increases in cardiac output that can lead to complications such as maternal right sided heart failure, pulmonary regurgitation as well as prematurity, abortion, and small for gestation age
TO CLOSE OR NOT TO CLOSE: PATENT FORAMEN OVALE IN A PATIENT UNDERGOING TIPS PROCEDURE

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic shunt(TIPS) creation is a maneuver used in decompression of portal circulation. Post TIPS, there is increased flow to RA/RV with an increase in right sided pressure and a potential for increasing right to left shunt. This can predispose patients to cryptogenic
The association between tonsillectomy and Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

e20015Background: Several observational studies have evaluated tonsillectomy as a predisposing factor for developing Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) with contradicting results. The true association is unkn...
Y chromosome in health and diseases

Sex differences are prevalent in normal development, physiology and disease pathogeneses. Recent studies have demonstrated that mosaic loss of Y chromosome and aberrant activation of its genes could modify the disease processes in male biased manners. This mini review discusses the nature of the genes on the human Y chromosome and identifies two general categories of genes: those sharing dosage-sensitivity functions with their X homologues and those with testis-specific expression and functions. Mosaic loss of the former disrupts the homeostasis important for the maintenance of health while aberrant activation of the latter promotes pathogenesis in non-gonadal tissues, thereby contributing to genetic predispositions to diseases in men.
Impacts of Converting Courses to Virtual Instruction Midsemester at a Hispanic-Serving Institution

The sudden transition from in-person to virtual learning during the spring 2020 semester posed challenges for students and faculty alike. This paper explores the techniques used by faculty to transform the chemistry and biochemistry curriculum at a Hispanic-serving institution with a significant proportion of first-generation students and the response of students to these changes. Faculty utilized an assortment of techniques, including synchronous lectures by video conference, asynchronous prerecorded lectures, online examinations with varying timing policies, and virtual office hours. A survey was completed by 332 students across 26 different courses taught by 11 faculty regarding their preferences for course delivery format and the academic and nonacademic challenges they faced. A paired samples t-test indicated a statistically significant difference in satisfaction with face-to-face instruction (M = 4.13, SD = 0.765) and satisfaction with virtual instruction (M = 3.57, SD = 0.961), t(440) = 13.30, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d of 0.63, and Cronbach’s α of 0.767. The results indicated a preference for face-to-face instruction. Open-ended survey questions identify that the primary academic challenges faced by students involved technology, understanding material, and difficulty obtaining help, while the primary nonacademic challenges were work issues, focus/motivation, and family issues. These results may inform future practices for virtual instruction.
Clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and HIV coinfection.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection may be at an increased risk for morbidity and mortality from the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We present the clinical outcomes of HIV patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a matched comparison with historical controls. METHODS: We conducted retrospective cohort study of HIV patients who were admitted for COVID-19 between March 2020 and April 2020 to Newark Beth Israel Medical Center. Data on baseline clinical characteristics and hospital course was documented and compared with that of a matched control group of COVID-19 patients who had no history of HIV. Kaplan Meier Survival curves and the log-rank tests were used to estimate and compare in-hospital survival between both unmatched and matched groups. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with HIV were hospitalized with COVID-19. Median age was 59 years. The rates of in-hospital death, the need for mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit admission were 13% (n=3), 9% (n=2) and 9% (n=2) respectively. The HIV infection was well controlled in all patients except for 3 patients who had presented with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). All AIDS patients were discharged home uneventfully. A one-to-one propensity matching identified 23 COVID-19 patients who served as a control group. In both pre- and post-match cohorts, survival between HIV and control groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of HIV infected patients hospitalized for COVID-19, there was no difference in mortality, ICU admission and the need for mechanical ventilation when compared to a matched control of COVID -19 patients with HIV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The “3 Es” of trauma‐informed care in a federally qualified health center: Traumatic Event‐ and Experience‐related predictors of physical and mental health Effects among female patients

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are a fast-growing source of healthcare for women with intersectional identities, or those most frequently exposed to and negatively impacted by interpersonal trauma. According to the "3 E" conceptualization of trauma, certain Event- and Experience-related characteristics of a trauma predict victims' physical and mental health Effects. The "3 Es" have yet to be studied in female FQHC patients. The current study examined the prevalence of interpersonal trauma and interrelationships among traumatic Event-related factors (e.g., cumulative trauma by victim-perpetrator relationship), Experience-related factors (e.g., betrayal, resilience), and Effects (e.g., somatic symptoms, posttraumatic stress (PTS), anxiety/depression, mistrust, reduced sense of safety) among 138 predominantly Black (89.1%) women receiving care at an FQHC in the southeastern U.S. Roughly 65% of participants (n = 86) endorsed exposure to at least one type of interpersonal trauma. More cumulative trauma was significantly correlated with more somatic, PTS, and anxious/depressive symptoms, and a reduced sense of safety. Experiences of betrayal and/or resilience were better predictors of PTS and anxious/depressive symptoms and lack of safety than Event-related factors. Findings support the need for the implementation of trauma-informed care within community-based health centers. Healthcare providers should consider women's subjective experience of trauma when screening for exposure and providing trauma-sensitive care.
Diagnosed and Nondisclosed Sport-Related Concussion: An Exploratory Comparison Study by ADHD Status in Collegiate Athletes.

Objective:To determine if ADHD status in collegiate athletes was associated with differences in the number of diagnosed and nondisclosed sport-related concussions, and reasons why suspected concuss...
Self-training For Pre-training Language Models

Language model pre-training has proven to be useful in many language understanding tasks. In this paper, we investigate whether it is still helpful to add the self-training method in the pre-training step and the fine-tuning step. Towards this goal, we propose a learning framework that making best use of the unlabel data on the low-resource and high-resource labeled dataset. In industry NLP applications, we have large amounts of data produced by users or customers. Our learning framework is based on this large amounts of unlabel data. First, We use the model fine-tuned on manually labeled dataset to predict pseudo labels for the user-generated unlabeled data. Then we use the pseudo labels to supervise the task-specific training on the large amounts of user-generated data. We consider this task-specific training step on pseudo labels as a pre-training step for the next fine-tuning step. At last, we fine-tune on the manually labeled dataset upon the pre-trained model. In this work, we first empirically show that our method is able to solidly improve the performance by 3.6%, when the manually labeled fine-tuning dataset is relatively small. Then we also show that our method still is able to improve the performance further by 0.2%, when the manually labeled fine-tuning dataset is relatively large enough. We argue that our method make the best use of the unlabel data, which is superior to either pre-training or self-training alone.
Developing a Realistic Timetable

Similar to preparing a tentative time schedule for an upcoming road trip, you will want to develop a realistic plan for your research journey that allocates appropriate time to each activity.
Spatialising urban health vulnerability: An analysisof NYC’s critical infrastructure during COVID-19

This paper examines how fragmentation of critical infrastructure impacts the spread of the coronavirus outbreak in New York City at the neighbourhood level. The location of transportation hubs, gro...
Levinas and the Philosophy of Religion

Preliminary Table of Contents: Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Part 1: Beyond Totality and Infinity 1. Ethics as the End of Metaphysics 2. Theology and the Unthought Constitution of Ethical Metaphysics 3. Reduction to Responsibility Part 2: Ethical Phenomenology 4. Insight and Drift: Husserl 5. The De-posited Subject: Levinas 6. The Affected Subject: Responsibility or Dasein? Part 3: Levinas and the Philosophy of Religion 7. The Death of God and Emergence of the Philosophy of Religion 8. Ethical Phenomenology and the Religiosity of the Subject 9. The Ethical Possibility of God Notes Works Cited Index
Finding a Trusted and Shortest Path Mechanism of Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a contemporarily positioned in wireless network where A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a contemporarily positioned in wireless network where nodes able to interact with each other without forming any frame such as access points or base stations. Nodes can unite and split the network at their convenience and they are free to move randomly. Nodes can even organize themselves randomly. This is a resistant of the changeable behavior of MANET, it is possible that there could be little malicious and selfish nodes that try conciliating the efficiency of the routing protocol and construct MANET defenseless to security assail. Therefore an any armed security-motivated AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing) routing protocol devised as R-AODV (Reliant Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing). The accomplishment of this work is tailored and relied on trusted mechanism known as direct and recommendations trust model which is integrated into AODV. This consents the AODV for discovering a shortest path along with its highest degree of reliability. The diversely designed modus operandi restricts the data to go through malicious nodes that intend to avert. The R-AODV protocol has been implemented and simulated on NS-2. Based on the simulation consequences, it can be shown that R-AODV does offer a steadfast data hopping in context to the customary AODV if there are malicious nodes in the MANET.
InterSec: An interaction system for network security applications

Traditional two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visualization tools for network security applications often employ a desktop, mouse, and keyboard setup of WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and a Pointer) interfaces, which use a serial set of command inputs (e.g., click, rotate, zoom). However, research has shown that multiple inputs (e.g., Microsoft Kinect [8] and multi-touch monitors) could reduce the selection time of objects, resulting in a quicker response time than its traditional counterparts. In this work, we investigate these alternative user interfaces that are “natural” to the user for multiple inputs that reduce response time as a user navigates within a complex three-dimensional (3D) visualization for network security applications. Specifically, we introduce a visualization tool called InterSec, an interaction system prototype for interacting with 3D network security visualizations. InterSec helps developers build and manage gestures that require the coordination of multiple inputs across multiple interaction technologies. To our knowledge, InterSec is the first tool that proposes a system to reduce number of interactions within 3D visualizations for network security tools. Through our evaluation of live Honeynet data and a user study, the results reveal InterSec's ability to reduce the number of interactions to aid in 3D navigation in comparison to the mouse user interface.
Creating a scientific community at the interface between engineering design and AI: a workshop report

ABSTRACT On January 13-14, 1990, a workshop was held to discuss the topic of creating a scientific community at the interface between engineering design and AI, in order to identify problems and methods in the area that would facilitate the transfer and reuse of results. This report summarizes the workshop and followup sessions and identifies major trends in the field. This workshop was supported by the Engineering Design Research Center, an NSF Engineering Research Center.
Fuzzy intrusion detection

The Fuzzy Intrusion Recognition Engine (FIRE) is a network intrusion detection system that uses fuzzy systems to assess malicious activity against computer networks. The system uses an agent-based approach to separate monitoring tasks. Individual agents perform their own fuzzification of input data sources. All agents communicate with a fuzzy evaluation engine that combines the results of individual agents using fuzzy rules to produce alerts that are true to a degree. Several intrusion scenarios are presented along with the fuzzy systems for detecting the intrusions. The fuzzy systems are tested using data obtained from networks under simulated attacks. The results show that fuzzy systems can easily identify port scanning and denial of service attacks. The system can be effective at detecting some types of backdoor and Trojan horse attacks.
Validation of a nested error component model to estimate damage caused by corn rootworm larvae

The corn rootworm complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) constitutes a significant threat to maize production in the United States, and more recently, in Europe. We conducted an analysis of readily available field trial data to validate an existing damage function for corn rootworm larvae. We used a nested error component model with unbalanced panel data to describe the relationship between yield loss and root injury caused by these insects. These data were collected by personnel with the Insect Management and Insecticide Evaluation Programme (Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois) and represent 19 location-years. To our knowledge, this is the largest data set used to estimate a damage function for corn rootworm larvae. Unlike many experiments examining the relationship between root injury and yield loss caused by corn rootworm larvae, the data set used for our analysis includes many Bt maize hybrids. Our model suggests that for each node of roots injured by corn rootworm larvae, a yield loss of approximately 15% can be expected. Statistically significant variance components included an effect of location and experimental error. We speculate that variation in weather across experimental sites was the principal factor contributing to the significant effect of location. The substantial experimental error observed for our model highlights the limitations of utilizing a multi-year, geographically diverse damage function for predicting yield loss because of root injury on a small scale. We discuss major factors contributing to the variance components estimated by our model and suggest techniques for improving future analyses of the damage function for corn rootworm larvae.
Vitamin D and Colon Carcinogenesis

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in the United States and accounts for approximately 11% of cancer deaths. Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between dietary factors, including calcium and vitamin D, and the incidence of colon cancer. Recently the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study demonstrated that calcium supplementation can reduce the recurrence of colon polyps, but the effect depends on serum vitamin D levels. We used the Apc(min) mouse model of intestinal cancer to investigate the effects of vitamin D treatment and calcium intake independently on polyp formation. We found that 1,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol was potent in inhibiting tumor load; however, the dose used to achieve this antiproliferative effect led to deleterious effects on serum calcium homeostasis. These effects were minimized by use of a synthetic analogue with reduced toxicity. Additionally, we tested the effect of a modified-calcium diet in Apc(min) mice but did not find a protective effect, perhaps because of a reduction in circulating levels of 25-hydroxycholecaliferol with increasing levels of dietary calcium. A number of other studies that use rodent models with vitamin D supplementation or deficiency illustrate the efficacy of vitamin D in colon cancer prevention. The mechanisms of direct action of vitamin D on colonic epithelium include regulation of growth factor and cytokine synthesis and signaling, as well as modulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation. Because of the apparent synergistic effect of vitamin D and calcium, cosupplementation of both nutrients in cancer prevention programs may be advised.
WR‐1065, an active metabolite of the cytoprotector amifostine, affects phosphorylation of topoisomerase IIα leading to changes in enzyme activity and cell cycle progression in CHO AA8 cells

The effects of WR-1065 (2-((aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol) on cell cycle progression, topoisomerase (topo) II alpha activity, and topo II alpha phosphorylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been investigated. Exposure of CHO cells to 0.4 microM of WR-1065 for 30 min did not effect cell cycle progression nor topo II alpha activity and phosphorylation status. However, concentrations ranging from 4 microM to 4 mM were equally effective in significantly altering these three end points. Cell cycle progression was analysed by flow cytometry. Following a 30 min exposure to this range of concentrations, cells redistributed throughout the cell cycle with the most prominent changes being an accumulation of cells in G2. Topo II alpha activity was measured using a kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) decatenation assay. Enzyme activity was reduced by 50% relative to control levels throughout the 4 microM to 4 mM dose range tested. Likewise, topo II alpha phosphorylation levels, analysed using an immunoprecipitation assay and an antibody specific to the 170 kDa band of topo II, decreased between 42% to 48% of control levels. Inhibition of topo II alpha activity in cells exposed to WR-1065 is consistent with the associated observation of WR-1065 mediated cell cycle progression delay and build-up of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Climate change, species distribution models, and physiological performance metrics: predicting when biogeographic models are likely to fail

Modeling the biogeographic consequences of climate change requires confidence in model predictions under novel conditions. However, models often fail when extended to new locales, and such instances have been used as evidence of a change in physiological tolerance, that is, a fundamental niche shift. We explore an alternative explanation and propose a method for predicting the likelihood of failure based on physiological performance curves and environmental variance in the original and new environments. We define the transient event margin (TEM) as the gap between energetic performance failure, defined as CTmax, and the upper lethal limit, defined as LTmax. If TEM is large relative to environmental fluctuations, models will likely fail in new locales. If TEM is small relative to environmental fluctuations, models are likely to be robust for new locales, even when mechanism is unknown. Using temperature, we predict when biogeographic models are likely to fail and illustrate this with a case study. We suggest that failure is predictable from an understanding of how climate drives nonlethal physiological responses, but for many species such data have not been collected. Successful biogeographic forecasting thus depends on understanding when the mechanisms limiting distribution of a species will differ among geographic regions, or at different times, resulting in realized niche shifts. TEM allows prediction of the likelihood of such model failure.
Deference and Dominance in Old Age: An Exploration in Social Theory

Nonverbal expressions of power and control in the daily lives of old people are examined from a life span perspective that combines social exchange theory, Goffman's classic work on deference and demeanor, and Henley's power theory of nonverbal communication and paralinguistics. Because of societal devaluation of the aged and the typical later life declines in power resources, old people are likely to experience a loss of status and social control during everyday nonverbal rituals of dominance nd deference. Supporting evidence is drawn from studies of the social impact of the physical setting and interactions between institutional old people and staff members. Discussion emphasizes the generally subtle nature of nonverbal expressions of dominance and deference, the impact of normal sensory declines in typical later life role transitions, and the potential for ageist interpretations of nonverbal cues.
Radiation damage in diagnostic windows for the TFTR

Abstract Radiation effects in diagnostic window materials are being estimated and additional experimental data on the radiation behavior is being sought. The materials considered thus far are vitreous silica, crystal quartz, and synthetic sapphire.
Periodontal infection and cardiorespiratory fitness in younger adults: results from continuous national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004.

Objective Previous studies report associations between periodontal infection and cardiorespiratory fitness but no study has examined the association among younger adults. Our objective was to study the association between clinical measures of periodontal infection and cardiorespiratory fitness levels among a population-based sample of younger adults. Methods The Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 enrolled 2,863 participants (46% women) who received a partial-mouth periodontal examination and completed a submaximal treadmill test for the assessment of estimated VO2 max(eVO2 max ). Participants were mean±SD age 33±9 years (range = 20-49 years), 30% Hispanic, 48% White, 19% Black, and 3% other. Mean eVO2 max (mL/kg/minute) as well as eVO2 max≤32 mL/kg/minute (20th percentile) were regressed across quartiles of mean probing depth and mean attachment loss in multivariable linear and logistic regression models. Results After multivariable adjustment, mean eVO2 max levels±SE across quartiles of attachment loss were 39.72±0.37, 39.64±0.34, 39.59±0.36, and 39.85±0.39 (P = 0.99). Mean eVO2 max±SE across quartiles of probing depth were 39.57±0.32, 39.78±0.38, 39.19±0.25, and 40.37±0.53 (P = 0.28). Similarly, multivariable adjusted mean eVO2 max values were similar between healthy participants vs. those with moderate/severe periodontitis: 39.70±0.21 vs. 39.70±0.90 (P = 1.00). The odds ratio (OR) for low eVO2 max comparing highest vs. lowest quartile of attachment loss = 0.89[95% CI 0.64-1.24]. The OR for comparing highest vs. lowest probing depth quartile = 0.77[95% CI 0.51-1.15]. Conclusion Clinical measures of periodontal infection were not related to cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of generally healthy younger adults.
The Torus Routing Chip

The torus routing chip (TRC) is a self-timed chip that performs deadlock-free cut-through routing in k-ary n-cube multiprocessor interconnection networks using a new method of deadlock avoidance called virtual channels. A prototype TRC with byte wide self-timed communication channels achieved on first silicon a throughput of 64Mbits/s in each dimension, about an order of magnitude better performance than the communication networks used by machines such as the Caltech Cosmic Cube or Intel iPSC. The latency of the cut-through routing of only 150ns per routing step largely eliminates message locality considerations in the concurrent programs for such machines. The design and testing of the TRC as a self-timed chip was no more difficult than it would have been for a synchronous chip.
Musical hallucinations. The sounds of silence

Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality. Auditory hallucinations, usually ascribed to psychiatric illness, take various forms including the perception of voices, cries, noises, or rarely, music. Formed musical hallucinations, (ie, the perception of either vocal or instrumental melodies), reported in the English literature to date have typically been associated with marked hearing loss, advanced age (average 67.8 years), female sex (71%), lack of response to treatment, and general lack of associated psychopathology. We have collected data on seven additional patients with musical hallucinations. The average age of these patients was 72.9 years; all were women. Six had significant hearing problems. All reported onset of musical hallucinations after the age of 60. Interestingly, all seven had major psychiatric illnesses. Four had major depression, two had late-onset schizophrenia, and one had multi-infarct dementia. Of the five who had CT scans, one was normal and the rest demonstrated varying degrees of brain pathology. Neuroleptics were used with varying results in three cases; antidepressants were used in two depressed patients and were temporally related to the onset of musical hallucinations in one patient. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was very effective in treating depression and musical hallucinations in the three patients for whom it was used, usually providing relief from hallucinations after only two treatments. Our collection of cases demonstrates that musical hallucinations can occur in association with psychiatric illness, and perhaps unlike the hallucinations associated with isolated hearing loss, may respond to conventional treatments for the underlying psychiatric disorder. Hearing loss is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the occurrence of musical hallucinations.
Ethanol Transcriptionally Upregulates t‐PA and u‐PA Gene Expression in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells

Epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality. This cardio-protective benefit may be mediated, in part, by promoting fibrinolysis through changes in fibrinolytic components and/or activity, resulting in the decreased risk for thrombosis, coronary artery disease, and eventual myocardial infarction. Endothelial cells (ECs) play a pivotal role in maintaining normal hemostasis by regulating fibrinolysis through the synthesis of plasminogen activators (PAs), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). The studies described herein were conducted to determine whether a single brief preincubation (1 hr, 37°C) of cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) with low ethanol (0.1%, v/v), will upregulate t-PA and/or u-PA gene expression at the transcriptional level, using a combination of nuclear transcription run-on assays and transient transfections of cultured HUVECs with the pPA/Iuc promoter constructs. Nuclear run-on assays showed ∼2- to 3-fold and ∼6- to 7-fold increase in the transcription of new t-PA and u-PA mRNAs, respectively. In addition, transient transfections of cultured HUVECs with the pt-PA363/luc and pu-PA236/luc promoter constructs, using lipofectamine, demonstrated ∼4- to 6-fold and ∼6- to 9-fold increase in luciferase activity for t-PA and u-PA, respectively. These combined results demonstrate that low ethanol transcriptionally upregulates both t-PA and u-PA gene expression in cultured HUVECs and provides a molecular basis for the ethanol-induced increase in EC-mediated fibrinolytic activity that may underlie and contribute, in part, to the cardioprotective benefit associated with moderate alcohol consumption.
Epidemiological features of and public health response to a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Florida, 1990-1

SUMMARY A St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) epidemic in Florida during 25 weeks in 1990‐1, resulted in 222 laboratory-diagnosed cases, an attack rate in the 28 aected counties of 2‐25}100000. Disease risk rose with advanced age, to 17‐14}100000 in persons over 80 years, and all 14 fatal cases were in persons over 55 years (median, 70 years). Community serosurveys in Indian River County, the epicenter of the outbreak (attack rate 21}100000), showed acute asymptomatic infections in 3‐6% of the persons surveyed, with higher rates in persons with outdoor occupational exposure (7‐4%) and in clients of a shelter for the indigent (13‐3%). A matched case-control study found that evening outdoor exposure for more than 2 h was associated with an increased risk for acquiring illness (odds ratio [OR] 4‐33, 95% CI 1‐23‐15‐21) while a number of recommended personal protective measures were protective. Four SLE patients were dually infected with Highlands J virus, the first reported cases of acute infection with this alphavirus. The case-control study provided the first evidence that a public education campaign to reduce exposure had a protective eect against acquiring the disease.
TLD photon counting analyzer

Abstract A thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) analyzer system utilizing photon counting techniques for signal registration was designed and evaluated for its low-dose measurement capabilities. A procedure is described whereby the photomultiplier tube applied voltage and the pulse-height discriminator level were optimized using signal-to-noise ratio and stability as criteria. The system was operated under microprocessor control in order to minimize systematic readout errors. Two TLD heating rates, 12.5°C/s and 24.7°C/s, were investigated to determine their effect on reproducibility, at low doses, and system linearity, at high doses. The photon counting TLD analyzer's response to high sensitivity LiF 1 × 1 × 6 mm rods and 3.2 × 3.2 × 0.89 mm ribbons is reported.
Diffusion polynomial frames on metric measure spaces

We construct a multiscale tight frame based on an arbitrary orthonormal basis for the L2 space of an arbitrary sigma finite measure space. The approximation properties of the resulting multiscale are studied in the context of Besov approximation spaces, which are characterized both in terms of suitable K-functionals and the frame transforms. The only major condition required is the uniform boundedness of a summability operator. We give sufficient conditions for this to hold in the context of a very general class of metric measure spaces. The theory is illustrated using the approximation of characteristic functions of caps on a dumbell manifold, and applied to the problem of recognition of hand-written digits. Our methods outperforms comparable methods for semi-supervised learning.
Mössbauer determinations of isomeric shift and quadrupole splitting in some I129 compounds

Strong recoilless resonance absorption of the 26.8 kev gamma line emitted after beta-decay of 70-min Te¹²⁹ in absorbers of KI¹²⁹, KI¹⁰³O₃, and KI¹²⁹O₄ was observed. The resonance absorption spectra of the iodide and the periodate each show a single line, whereas those of the iodates have a large quadrupole splitting. Values for the isomeric shift and the quadrupole moment (Q = -0.69 barns) of the 26.8-Mev state in I¹²⁹ were derived from the spectra. (auth)
A Deprivation Analysis for Andalusia (Spain): An Approach Based on Structural Equations

The study of deprivation, as a social indicator, is basic in the design and development of public policies because it allows decision makers to identify and analyse needy areas in order to improve their citizens’ well-being. The methodological approach proposed for the development of a new deprivation index is based on the Causal Theory whose conceptual model is analysed using Structural Equations. The domains selected for the deprivation index are: education, employment, income, housing, infrastructures and health. A structural equation model based on variance is the exploratory method used to obtain the indices pertaining to the above mentioned areas; the results obtained are seen to be quite reliable. There is a positive connection between the areas of education, employment and income while the relations between infrastructures and health are found to be negative. The results can be projected at a local level and show basic territorial deficiencies. The spatial units studied are the Andalusian (south of Spain) municipalities (770). The spatial projection of the indices obtained for the domains of deprivation highlights the existence of geographical areas which could be a potential target for public action.
Inaccuracy of Patient Care Reports for Identification of Critical Resuscitation Events during Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Abstract Objective Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. We sought to evaluate the accuracy of the patient care report (PCR) for detection of 2 clinically important events: return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and rearrest (RA). Methods We used defibrillator recordings and PCRs for Emergency Medical Services–treated OHCA collected by the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium's Pittsburgh site from 2006 to 2008 and 2011 to 2012. Defibrillator data included electrocardiogram rhythm tracing, chest compression measurement, and audio voice recording. Sensitivity analysis was performed by comparing the accuracy of the PCR to detect the presence and number of ROSC and RA events to integrated defibrillator data. Results In the 158 OHCA cases, there were 163 ROSC events and 53 RA events. The sensitivity of PCRs to identify all ROSC events was 85% (confidence interval [CI], .795-.905); to identify primary ROSC events, it was 85% (CI, .793-.907); and to identify secondary ROSC events, it was 78% (CI, .565-.995). The sensitivity of PCRs to identify the presence of all RA events was .60 (CI, .469-.731); to identify primary RA events, it was 71% (CI, .578-.842); and to identify secondary RA events, it was 0. Of the 32 RA incidents captured by the PCR, only 15 (47%) correctly identified the correct lethal arrhythmia. Conclusions We found that PCRs are not a reliable source of information for assessing the presence of ROSC and post-RA electrocardiogram rhythm. For quality control and research purposes, medical providers should consider augmenting data collection with continuous defibrillator recordings before making any conclusions about the occurrence of critical resuscitation events.
Interaction of Optical and Infrared Radiation with Metastable Hydrogen Atoms

This paper is an extension of a previous one and discusses the theory of the quenching of the metastable $2S$ state of atomic hydrogen by means of optical radiation, for example by the light from a ruby laser. The case discussed is that for which the incident intensity is sufficiently weak for the usual quantum-electrodynamical perturbation theory to be valid. A procedure developed by Schwartz and others is used to carry out the sum over intermediate states without explicit enumeration. The results are given for a range of incident wavelengths from 5000 \AA{} to 5\ensuremath{\mu}. For unpolarized light from a ruby laser (6934 \AA{}), the total cross section for quenching is found to be ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{Q}=1.27\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The cross section for coherent scattering has also been calculated for the same range of wavelengths; for ruby laser light, the total cross section for scattering is found to be ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{S}=1.03\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Sampled analog links

Demand for broadband radio-frequency (RF) analog signal distribution and processing is ever increasing for airborne, as well as terrestrial, applications. Analog optical links provide a number of desirable features for these applications including inherent bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, as well as reduced size weight and power. As the number of analog channels grows and link length increases new techniques that provide high-fidelity analog signal transmission are required. Sampled analog optical links — which employ a pulsed optical carrier in lieu of the conventional continuous-wave laser — offer several unique capabilities. In particular, these links offer time-division (as opposed to wavelength-division) multiplexing capability and immunity to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) as a result of the broadband nature of the optical carrier. This talk will focus on sampled link operation and will discuss their use in long-haul analog photonic applications such as analog delay-line signal processing where SBS typically limits conventional link performance.
Communication theory and the utilization of evaluation

The evaluation reporting process can be viewed as analogous to a persuasive communication message. As such, it is possible to study the impact of different message contents and media on different audiences.
Existence of two stages in amplitude-dependent attenuation of ultrasonic waves in metallic glasses at low temperatures

It was found experimentally that two stages exist in the amplitude dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in metallic glasses at low temperatures. One stage occurs at relatively small amplitudes and is followed by another stage at higher amplitudes. This clarifies the reason for two types of results previously reported by two different groups of investigators.
HIV-1 Nef Is Transferred from Expressing T Cells to Hepatocytic Cells through Conduits and Enhances HCV Replication

HIV-1 infection enhances HCV replication and as a consequence accelerates HCV-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the precise molecular mechanism by which this takes place is currently unknown. Our data showed that infectious HIV-1 failed to replicate in human hepatocytic cell lines. No discernible virus replication was observed, even when the cell lines transfected with HIV-1 proviral DNA were co-cultured with Jurkat T cells, indicating that the problem of liver deterioration in the co-infected patient is not due to the replication of HIV-1 in the hepatocytes of the HCV infected host. Instead, HIV-1 Nef protein was transferred from nef-expressing T cells to hepatocytic cells through conduits, wherein up to 16% (average 10%) of the cells harbored the transferred Nef, when the hepatocytic cells were co-cultured with nef-expressing Jurkat cells for 24 h. Further, Nef altered the size and numbers of lipid droplets (LD), and consistently up-regulated HCV replication by 1.5∼2.5 fold in the target subgenomic replicon cells, which is remarkable in relation to the initially indolent viral replication. Nef also dramatically augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced ethanol-mediated up-regulation of HCV replication so as to accelerate HCC. Taken together, these data indicate that HIV-1 Nef is a critical element in accelerating progression of liver pathogenesis via enhancing HCV replication and coordinating modulation of key intra- and extra-cellular molecules for liver decay.
Extraction socket preservation graft before implant placement with calcium sulfate hemihydrate and platelet-rich plasma: a clinical and histomorphometric study in humans.

Background: The aim of this investigation is to evaluate clinical and histologic outcome of using medical-grade calcium sulfate hemihydrate (MGCSH) mixed with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for extraction socket preservation graft before implant placement.Methods: This study is a single-site, randomized and controlled investigation. Sixteen patients with a non-restorable tooth requiring extraction followed by implant placement were enrolled in this study. After extraction of a tooth, eight selected patients randomly received MGCSH mixed with PRP in the extraction sockets (test group), and eight selected patients randomly received collagen resorbable plug dressing material (control group). At the time of extraction and 3 months later (at implant placement surgery), vertical and horizontal socket dimensions were measured. Bone core samples were retrieved from the center of the healed socket before implant placement for histomorphometric analysis.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between ...
Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in stringent bacteria.

RNA-DNA hybridization is used to assess the relative amounts of ribosomal RNA synthesized in cells in different states of stringent regulation. Synthesis of rRNA seems to be blocked at chain initiation.
β-bit serial/parallel multipliers

A generalized β-bit least-significant-digit (LSD) first, serial/parallel multiplier architecture is presented with 1≤β≤n wheren is the operand size. The multiplier processes both the serial input operand and the double precision product β-bits per clock cycle in an LSD first, synchronous fashion. The complete two's complement double precision product requires 2n/β clock cycles. This generalized architecture creates a continuum of multipliers between traditional bit-serial/parallel multipliers (β=1) and fully-parallel multipliers (β=n). β-bit serial/parallel multipliers allow anoptimized integrated circuit arithmetic to be designed based on a particular application's area, power, throughput, latency, and numerical precision constraints.
Microbial growth under the snow: Implications for nutrient and allelochemical availability in temperate soils

Recent work has shown that plant litter inputs fuel microbial growth in autumn and winter resulting in a large increase of microbial biomass under the snow pack in tundra soils. This winter-adapted microbial community can grow at low temperatures (−5 to 3 °C) and depletes the litter of easily degraded constituents, such as simple phenolic compounds, and immobilizes nitrogen. During snowmelt there is a die-off of this winter microbial community (due to starvation and intolerance to higher soil temperature) resulting in a release of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants and the summer microbial community. The summer microbial community can tolerate higher temperatures (5 to 20 °C) and utilizes mostly plant root exudates for growth. These yearly cycles of microbial growth dynamics have profound implications for both nutrient and alleochemical availability to plants. Firstly, these results show that release (from litter) and degradation of plant phenolic compounds (potential alleochemicals) occurs before plant growth commences in the spring. Secondly, nitrogen (N) immobilized by over-winter microbial growth is released back to the soil during and after snowmelt, thus becoming available to plants. Both of these results need to be incorporated in the design of experiments to explore plant-plant interactions. Many experiments in which chemicals (or fresh litter) are incorporated during plant growth do not reflect the fact that these two events are temporally uncoupled in many natural systems.
Chemotaxis and optimization

Abstract Chemotactic behavior of bacteria as reported by Delbruck, Adler and MacNab and Koshland is modelled as an optimization process. For equiconcentration surfaces that are concentric spheres the expected travel time from an initial point to the center is determined analytically. In addition, cylindrical equiconcentration surfaces are discussed. Refinements of the process to test various hypotheses about thresholds, tumbling and overshoot are also indicated.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine: transcellular transport and uptake by Caco-2 cells and hepatocytes.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is an endogenous molecule that is known to be protective against hepatotoxic injury. Although oral SAMe appears to be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa, its systemic bioavailability is low. The reason for this is unknown. Using the Caco-2 cell culture model for enterocyte absorption, we determined the mode by which SAMe is transported across this cell monolayer. We also determined the extent it is taken up by both Caco-2 cells and hepatocytes. In Caco-2 cells transport was observed in both apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions. The apparent permeability coefficients (P a p p ) appeared to be concentration independent and were similar in both directions (0.7 x 10 - 6 and 0.6 x 10 - 6 cm s - 1 , respectively), i.e. identical to that of the paracellular trans-port marker mannitol (0.9 x 10 - 6 and 0.7 x 10 - 6 cm s - 1 ). This mode of transport was supported by a four-fold increase in the P a p p for SAMe transport in Ca + + -free buffer. Cellular uptake of SAMe was examined in both Caco-2 cells and cultured rat hepatocytes. Uptake by hepatocytes was not saturable in a concentration range of 0.001-100 μM. Accumulation by both cell types was very low, with a cell:medium ratio at equilibrium of only 0.2-0.5. This low cell accumulation supports the finding of paracellular transport as the only mode of cell membrane transport. Increased hepatocellular protection for SAMe may be accomplished by converting SAMe to a more lipid-soluble prodrug.
Intracellular metallothionein concentration and the rate of zinc or cadmium influx and MT mRNA accumulation in a CHO Cdr variant

Abstract The regulation of metallothionein (MT) gene expression in a cadmium resistant CHO cell line which overproduces MT was examined in this study. Our results show that MT mRNA levels reach a maximum 24–30 h after a primary zinc exposure and, subsequently, MT mRNA concentrations decline. This decrease in MT mRNA levels can be correlated with the accumulation of metallothionein and decreased rates of zinc and cadmium uptake.
Efficacy of LEED-certification in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission for large New York City office buildings

Abstract In this paper 2011 energy consumption, green house gas (GHG) emission, and ENERGY STAR Energy Performance Rating (EPR) data for 953 office buildings in New York City are examined. The data were made public as a result of New York City's local law 84. Twenty-one of these office buildings were identified as LEED-certified, providing the opportunity for direct comparison of energy performance data for LEED and non-LEED buildings of the same type, time frame, and geographical and climate region. With regard to energy consumption and GHG emission the LEED-certified buildings, collectively, showed no savings as compared with non-LEED buildings. The subset of the LEED buildings certified at the Gold level outperformed other NYC office buildings by 20%. In contrast LEED Silver and Certified office buildings underperformed other NYC office buildings. The average EPR for the LEED buildings was 78, 10 pts higher than that for all NYC office buildings, raising questions about the validity and interpretation of these EPR's. This work suggests that LEED building certification is not moving NYC toward its goal of climate neutrality. The results also suggest the need to re-examine some aspects of ENERGY STAR's benchmarking tool.