cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipase-catalyzed optical resolution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(indole-3-)ethanols in organic solvents

Abstract As a result of screening 19 enzymes, lipase AK (a lipase from Pseudomonas sp.) was found to be suitable for the optical resolution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(indole-3-)ethanol (TFIE). The combination of two lipase AK-catalyzed reactions gave S -(+)-TFIE and R -(−)-TFIE with 97% e.e. and 95% e.e., respectively. The conditions determined as optimum for the reactions were in octane at 45°C for 8 h, and using vinyl acetate for acetylation and using propanol for alcoholysis. In cases of TFIEs with a methyl group on the indole nucleus, the enantioselectivity of lipase AK increases when the methyl group is far from the chiral center.
Contribution of small-scale correlated fluctuations of the microstructural properties of a spatially extended geophysical target under the assessment of radar backscatter

The study of the collective effects of radar scattering from an aggregation of discrete scatterers randomly distributed in a space is important for a better understanding of the origin of the backscatter from spatially extended geophysical targets (SEGT). We consider the microstructural irregularities of SEGT as the essential factor that affects radar backscatter. To evaluate their contribution, this study uses the “slice” approach: particles close to the front of an incident radar wave are considered to reflect incident electromagnetic waves coherently. The radar equation for a SEGT is derived. The equation includes contributions to the total backscatter from correlated small-scale fluctuations in the slice's reflectivity. The correlation contribution changes in accordance with an idea proposed earlier by Smith (1964) based on physical consideration. The slice approach applied allows parameterizing the features of the SEGT's inhomogeneities.
Manoeuvring target detection in over-the-horizon radar using adaptive clutter rejection and adaptive chirplet transform

In over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) systems, the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) used for moving target detection is very low. For slowly moving targets such as ships, the SCR is typically from 2 50 dB to 2 60 dB and their Doppler frequencies are close to that of the clutter. For manoeuvring targets, such as aircraft and missiles, the Doppler frequencies are time-varying when a long integration time is considered. When a target does not move uniformly, the Fourier transform based target detection techniques, including super-resolution spectrum techniques, may fail to work appropriately. In such situations, the Doppler signatures are time-varying and, therefore, time - frequency analysis techniques can be used for manoeuvring target detection. In addition, clutter rejection is also required for target detection due to the low SCR. The existing adaptive clutter rejection algorithms combine clutter rejection with spectrum analysis methods, which usually assume uniformly moving target (i.e. sinusoidal Doppler signature) models. An adaptive clutter reject algorithm is proposed together with the adaptive chirplet transform technique for manoeuvring target detection in a multipath environment. Simulation results using a simulated manoeuvring target signal with received raw OTHR clutter data show that targets with SCR below 2 50 dB can be detected by using the proposed algorithm.
Empirical Solar Proton Model for Orbiting Spacecraft Applications

An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination. The distinguishing assumptions of this analysis are: 1) that the solar proton flux in the 10-100 MeV energy range, as accumulated over solar cycle 20 due to several discrete events, will be accumulated at a uniform rate for the seven active years of solar cycle 21; and 2) that all protons in the energy range of interest have a common geomagnetic latitude cutoff.
The biology and economics of the beverage industry

Cocoa, coffee and tea, world-wide in their use, and yerba matte and guarana in South America are the great non-alcoholic beverages oi plant origin which owe their stimulating qualities to their content of caffein or caffein-like alkaloids.
Exposure assessment for occupational epidemiology

Exposure evaluation for epidemiology has special requirements, which can be derived from the pharmacological processes that determine the exposure-effect relationship. Since environmental concentrations of toxic agents typically are highly variable over time, the tissue concentrations they produce will vary over time, and consequently the level of effects will also vary over time. A general, six-step approach is proposed for developing an exposure assessment for an epidemiologic study. This approach uses pharmacologic models to guide the choice of exposure measurement parameters and to guide the epidemiologic data analysis. The approach is illustrated for evaluations of reversible airway effects of ozone and irreversible pulmonary effects of a mixed silica dust. Effect indices are introduced as a means of quantifying the temporal interrelationships of the exposure profiles and the pharmacologic models. These indices have advantages over both dose indices and simple dose-outcome models.
A method for identifying Ca ionophores using a unicellular organism

Abstract A method is described for identifying Ca ++ ionophores using the protozoa Actinosphaerium. This organism is a free-floating spherical form with filamentous axopods radiating from the surface. The axopods are composed of microtubules that disaggregate upon exposure to intracellular Ca ++ . In the presence of an appropriate ionoprfore, extracellular Ca ++ will pass the cell membrane, enter the cell, and disrupt microtubules. The resultant shortening of axopods can be easily quantified under a microscope. This system may prove to be a valuable research tool in the identification of compounds that possess the ability to facilitate transmembrane Ca ++ movement.
Morphology, Growth and Size Limit of Bacteria

Bacterial cell wall is the main structure to maintain a specific cell shape and to resist the osmotic pressure of several atmospheres. Despite many research, some basic questions remain unsolved: Out of many possibilities, why do bacteria only have several defined shapes? What is the relation between growth and morphology of a bacteria? How do rod-like bacteria select and maintain a specific radius, but grow in the axial direction? Is there any size limit for bacteria? What factors determine the size limit if it exists? In this paper, we set up a general growth model for bacterial cell wall and try to answer the previous questions. We found the growth modes and the size limits for coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum, which are consistent with the experiments well.
Exciton dynamics at molecule-metal interfaces : C60/Au(111)

Time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy is used to probe the energetics and dynamics of electronically excited states in epitaxial ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films on a single-crystal Au(111) surface. These measurements reveal a rich variety of excited states corresponding to excitons in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, charge transfer resonances at the metal-molecule interface, and image resonances on the surface. The lifetimes of excitons depend on the thickness of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ film over a broad range; for the Frenkel exciton involving $\mathrm{LUMO}+1$, the transient lifetime decreases from $\ensuremath{\sim}350\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ for film $\text{thickness}g30$ monolayers to $80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ at 2 monolayers. The long distance dependence is interpreted as due to the direct coupling between the electronic exciton band in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and substrate metal bands.
Synthesis and protonation chemistry of (dfepe)Pt(η2-alkyne) complexes

An extension of prior protonolysis studies of platinum-carbon bonds to in situ generated Pt-C(sp 2 ) bonds is reported. A series of (dfepe)Pt(η 2 -RC≡CR') complexes (R = Me, R' = H; R = tert-butyl, R' = H; R = Me 3 Si, R' = Me; R = Ph, R' = Me; R = R' = Me; R = R' = Ph) have been prepared by treatment of [(dfepe)Pt(μ-H)] 2 with the corresponding alkyne in order to examine the addition of Bronsted acids to form the alkenyl complexes (dfepe)Pt(C(R')= C(H)R)(X). In the case where RC≡CR' = propyne, a small (5%) amount of the propyne-bridged dimer [(dfepe)Pt]2(μ-η 2 :η 2 -MeC≡CH) was also formed which could be prepared in pure form by the thermolysis of (dfepe)Pt(η 2 -HC≡CMe) (1) at 90 °C. Dissolution of 1 in FSO 3 H at -80 °C produced the double-proton-transfer propene adduct [(dfepe)Pt(η 2 -H 2 C=C(H)Me)-(X)] + , without evidence for a propenyl Pt(II) intermediate. In contrast, dissolution of 1 in FSO 3 D at -80 °C cleanly produced the fully deuterated propenyl complex (dfepe)Pt(C(D)= C(D)CD 3 )(OSO 2 F), which was characterized by 3 1 P and 1 3 C NMR. The direct observation of this initial proton-transfer intermediate in deuterated acid is ascribed to an unusually large kinetic isotope effect for the second proton-transfer step.
Correlates of health-related quality of life in women with severe facial blemishes.

Background Facial appearance plays a large role in self-perception and interaction with others. Visible facial skin lesions are a common condition. Purpose This study assessed factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women with visible facial skin lesions. Methods The study included 73 women with one or more of the following conditions: acne, dermatosis papulosis, hypopigmentation, lentigenes, melasma, rosacea, vascular proliferations and other facial scars. The Skindex-16 was used as a measure of HRQOL. Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) was assessed to determine whether self-perception characteristics relate to HRQOL. Results There were strong correlations in both bivariate and multivariate analyses among increased FNE, heightened perception of QOL without the facial condition and lower overall HRQOL (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). There were no differences in HRQOL by type of facial condition, as well as no effects of the area covered by the condition on HRQOL. Interestingly, women not using foundations represented only 10% of the study population and had better HRQOL than women who did use foundations. Conclusions Severe facial blemishes of any cause have a significant impact on women's QOL, and the effect of these lesions is mediated in part by psychological characteristics related to self-perception and self-presentation.
Reflections on Native American Reading: A Seed, a Tool, and a Weapon

Oral tradition has a long and valued history in Native American cultures and communities. In the past and still today, reading has had lesser value among many Native Americans. But oral tradition can be a vehicle toward improved literacy. This article uses literacy stories from Native American people, as well as quotes from prominent Native American writers, as a rationale for increased personal reading among Native Americans. Each literacy story describes or explains the positive impact reading has had on that particular person's life. Also, a theory that discusses how people attain literary appreciation, as they move from the earliest stages in preschool into adulthood, is used as a framework. From the stories and voices of the people quoted comes the message that oral literacy and print literacy can and should work together to affect positive reading practices and attitudes. Implications and examples of literacy activities are given at the end of the article for teachers and other adults to promote reading as a valuable and necessary activity.
Strong-weak coupling self-duality in the two-dimensional quantum phase transition of p + ip superconducting arrays

The 2D quantum phase transition that occurs in a square lattice of Josephson-coupled $p\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}ip$ superconductors is an example of how four-body interactions in $d=2$ reproduce nonperturbative effects caused by two-body interactions in $d=1$. The ordered phase has an unconventional ``bond order'' of the local $T$-breaking variable. This problem can be analyzed using an exact self-duality; this duality in classical notation is the 3D generalization of the Kramers-Wannier duality of the 2D Ising model, and there are similar exact dualities in dimensions $d\ensuremath{\ge}3$. We discuss the excitation spectrum and experimental signatures of the ordered and disordered phases, and the relationship between our model and previously studied behavior of 2D boson models with four-boson interactions.
Subdural Collection of Intravenous Fat Emulsion in a Neonate Complication of Central Venous Catheterization for Total Parenteral Nutrition

An infected subdural collection of intravenous fat emulsion (Intralipid) was diagnosed in a 5-week-old premature infant who was receiving total parental nutrition (TPN) through a facial vein cutdown. This fluid was successfully drained and the infection, due to Staphylococcus epidermidis, was treated with vancomycin. We postulate that the subdural collection occurred as a result of septic thrombosis of the internal jugular vein with subsequent retrograde flow and infiltration of Intralipid from the bridging veins into the subdural space. This complication of central TPN has not been reported previously.
Reacting Flow Establishment in Ram Accelerators: A Numerical Study

The temporal evolution of the combustion process that is established during projectile transition from the launch tube into the ram accelerator section containing an explosive hydrogen ‐ oxygen‐ argon gas mixture is examined. The Navier ‐ Stokes equations for chemically reacting e ow are solved in a fully coupled manner, using an implicit, time-accurate algorithm. The solution procedure is based on a spatially second order, total variation diminishing scheme and a temporally second order, variable-step, backward differentiation formula method. The hydrogen ‐ oxygen‐ argon chemistry is modeled with a nine-species, 19-step reaction mechanism. Results of the numerical simulations are presented for two representative cases. We study the temporal developments of shock-induced combustion and thrust force. Positive thrust occurs in both ram accelerator cone gurations presented; however, combustion in the boundary layer enhances its separation, ultimately resulting in unstart.
A note on conservative edge wave interactions

Abstract Conservative resonant interactions are investigated for edge waves in a hydrostatic model with a constant bottom slope. Three waves can interact to exchange energy provided at least two mode numbers are present. The energy transfer equation for a random wave field is given by Hasselmann (1966) and the appropriate coupling coefficient is given below. The condition that the interaction be weak is that the long-shore wave slope be sufficiently small compared to the bottom slope. Because of this fact resonant interactions could be important for the overall energy balance of edge waves in the ocean.
Soliton, Positon and Negaton Solutions to a Schrödinger Self-consistent Source Equation

A Darboux transformation is furnished for a Schrodinger self-consistent source equation, along with a solution formula. Soliton, positon and negaton solutions to the Schrodinger self-consistent source equation are further constructed. The resulting solutions resemble those of the KdV equation with self-consistent sources, but the space and time variables are involved in a slightly different manner.
The deprotonated guanine-cytosine base pair

Awareness of the harmful effects of radiation has increased interest in finding the mechanisms of DNA damage. Radical and anion formation among the DNA base pairs are thought to be important steps in such damage [Collins, G. P. (2003) Sci. Am. 289 (3), 26–27]. Energetic properties and optimized geometries of 10 radicals and their respective anions derived through hydrogen abstraction from the Watson-Crick guanine–cytosine (G-C) base pair have been studied using reliable theoretical methods. The most favorable deprotonated structure (dissociation energy 42 kcal·mol−1, vertical detachment energy 3.79 eV) ejects the proton analogous to the cytosine glycosidic bond in DNA. This structure is a surprisingly large 12 kcal·mol−1 lower in energy than any of the other nine deprotonated G-C structures. This system retains the qualitative G-C structure but with the H···O2 distance dramatically reduced from 1.88 to 1.58 A, an extremely short hydrogen bond. The most interesting deprotonated G-C structure is a “reverse wobble” incorporating two N-H···N hydrogen bonds. Three different types of relaxation energies (4.3–54 kcal·mol−1) are defined and reported to evaluate the energy released via different mechanisms for the preparation of the deprotonated species. Relative energies, adiabatic electron affinities (ranging from 1.93 to 3.65 eV), and pairing energies are determined to discern which radical will most alter the G-C properties. The most stable deprotonated base pair corresponds to the radical with the largest adiabatic electron affinity, 3.65 eV. This value is an enormous increase over the electron affinity (0.60 eV) of the closed-shell G-C base pair.
Impact of Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

The current study evaluates the economy wide impact of trade liberalization in the ASEAN region along with China, Japan and Korea (ASEAN + 3) by the year 2020 using the GTAP framework. The study also assesses the environmental impact of the trade liberalization in the region focusing on the seven environmental indicators (CO2, CH4, N2O, BOD, COD, Suspended Solid and Industrial Waste). The result shows that the countries under agreement (ASEAN + 3) will benefit with increased output, expansion of trade and welfare due to trade reforms. Further, the integration will increase the global welfare, although the regions not under agreement in the world will show a decline in output growth. Vietnam will be gaining with the highest output growth among the ASEAN region; however, the impact on the environment would not be favourable. The environmental impact reveals a mixed outcome for participating countries under the agreement. The paper provides useful insight in pursuing greater trade liberalization among the co...
Adaptive tracking channel control for GNSS receivers under renewable energy

In this paper, we propose an adaptive tracking channel control mechanism for GNSS receivers in weak signal applications powered by renewable energy sources. The proposed technique dynamically adjusts tracking channels to get better time coverage and positioning availability under the desired accuracy requirement. A low-complexity hardware architecture is developed for power management and adaptive tracking channel control as well. The proposed technique achieves significant improvements over conventional techniques on tracking time coverage and performance.
Method for predicting stopping and straggling mean excitation energies

A method for the rapid and convenient evaluation of the mean excitation energies that appear in excitation-energy moments of the Bethe-Born cross section is described. It consists of an adaptation of a technique introduced by Pekeris and Dalgarno that uses the excitation-energy moments of the dipole-oscillator-strength sums. The approximate procedure proposed here requires only the initial wave function for the target. The average errors in the logarithms of the stopping and straggling mean excitation energies are less than 1% and 2%, respectively, when compared with direct calculations of these quantities for neutral atoms with nuclear charges in the 2-38 range. Certain applications require values for the subshell contributions to the stopping mean excitation energy. The present scheme provides these individual contributions with errors comparable to those observed for the total mean excitation energy.
Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly performed by using a posterior approach through an incision of 15 to 20 cm in length. A modified posterior approach allows for THA to be performed through an incision of 5 to 10 cm in length. Most patients with a Body Mass Index less than 30 who have not had a previous hip surgery are candidates for this approach; hypotensive epidural anesthesia is recommended. The incision is based over the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter, and specially designed retractors are used. The femoral component may be cemented or press fit, and a press fit monoblock acetabular component is generally used. The wound is closed over suction drainage. Patients receive mechanical and pharmacologic antithrombolytic prophylaxis and follow a standard postoperative rehabilitation protocol. A review of the first 1,000 patients operated on with this approach shows results comparable with THA performed through a standard length incision. There has been 1 deep infection (0.1%), 2 patients with sciatic neuropraxia (0.2%), 12 dislocations (1.2%), and 1 patient revised for recurrent instability (0.1%).
Probing intermediates in the reaction of ethylene over supported Ru; use and limitations of multiple quantum spin counting

Multiple quantum spin counting is shown to yield an upper limit ofn = 6 for strongly bound, rigid intermediates CmHn in the reaction of ethylene over Ru/SiO2. The results eliminate the possibility of major components of such intermediates being polymer-like coke precursers. A precurser to 2-butene is one possible intermediate.
Effect of Metal Substitution in BSCCO Ceramic Superconductors

The fabrication, electrical, and optical properties of ceramic Bi2-xMxSr2Ca2Cu3Oy (where M=Al or Ni and x=0.3) superconductors are described. Resistivity measurements reveal that when Al is partially substituted at the bismuth site in the BiSrCaCuO compound, T c decreases to 77 K and the nickel-substituted compound shows a T c of 70 K, compared to the undoped ceramic BiSrCaCuO samples with T c of 85 K. Infrared reflectance measurements, which cover the 50-4000 cm−1 range, find that the reflectance from the ceramic samples decreases in the metal-doped samples. The observed phonon modes in the infrared conductivity spectra (obtained by Kramers-Kronig analysis) decrease in strength and some features are completely smeared out. Furthermore some of the modes are observed to shift slightly in the frequency on doping, the change in the T c and vibrational modes is attributed to destabilization of 2223 phase.
Teacher as Servant Leader

(2005). Teacher as Servant Leader. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 78, No. 6, pp. 257-260.
Non-isothermal effects on SO2 absorption by water droplets—I. Model development

Abstract A theory for treating the simultaneous absorption and chemical reaction of SO2 into water droplets falling in a non-uniform temperature field is presented. The analysis includes non-isothermal effects on droplet growth, reaction rates and physical parameters, and treats multicomponent diffusion. The model can predict droplet radius, temperature, pH and SO2 · H2O. HSO3− and S(IV) interfacial and bulk concentrations. Simulation results are presented and indicate that non-isothermal effects can be important in gas-scavenging calculations.
Comprehensive Analysis of Protein Folding Activation Thermodynamics Reveals a Universal Behavior Violated by Kinetically Stable Proteases

Alpha-lytic protease (alpha LP) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) are two extracellular serine proteases whose folding is absolutely dependent on the existence of their companion pro regions. Moreover, the native states of these proteins are, at best, marginally stable, with the apparent stability resulting from being kinetically trapped in the native state by large barriers to unfolding. Here, in an effort to understand the physical properties that distinguish kinetically and thermodynamically stable proteins, we study the temperature-dependences of the folding and unfolding kinetics of alpha LP and SGPB without their pro regions, and compare their behavior to a comprehensive set of other proteins. For the folding activation thermodynamics, we find some remarkable universal behaviors in the thermodynamically stable proteins that are violated dramatically by alpha LP. Despite significant variations in deltaC(P,F)++, the maximal folding speed occurs within the narrow biological temperature range for all proteins, except for alpha LP, with its maximal folding speed shifted lower by 200 K. This implies evolutionary pressures on folding speed for typical proteins, but not for alpha LP. In addition, the folding free energy barrier in the biological temperature range for most proteins is predominantly enthalpic, but purely entropic for alpha LP. The unfolding of alpha LP and SGPB is distinguished by three properties: a remarkably large deltaC(P,U)++, a very high deltaG(U)++, and a maximum deltaG(u)++ at the optimal growth temperature for the organism. While other proteins display each of these traits to some approximation, the simultaneous optimization of all three occurs only in the kinetically stable proteins, and appears to be required to maximize their unfolding cooperativity, by suppressing local unfolding events, and slowing the rate of global unfolding. Together, these properties extend the lifetime of these enzymes in the highly proteolytic extracellular environment. Attaining such functional properties seems possible only through the gross perturbation of the folding thermodynamics, which in turn has required the co-evolution of pro regions as folding catalysts.
Parallel implementations of 1-D fast Fourier transform without interprocessor communication

Computing 1-D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using the conventional 4-step FFT on parallel computers requires intensive all-to-all communication, which can adversely affect the performance of FFT. In this paper, we present 2-step-no-communication and 3-step-no-communication algorithms, which are parallel algorithms for 1-D FFT without interprocessor communication. One of the main advantages of these algorithms is the absence of all-to-all communication between processors, albeit at the expense of increased computation compared to the conventional 4-step FFT. If the cost of extra computation required by the 2-step-no-communication and the 3-step-no-communication algorithms is more than offset by the cost of all-to-all communication in the 4-step FFT, then these two no-communication algorithms will outperform the 4-step FFT algorithm. We test the 2-step-no-communication and the 3-step-no-communication algorithms in two parallel systems (a 32-node Beowulf cluster and 8-node symmetric multiprocessors), with varying costs of all-to-all communication and computation. The experimental results show that the no-communication algorithms perform better than the 4-step FFT in the SMP only for relatively small data sizes, but the no-communication algorithms outperform the 4-step FFT in the Beowulf cluster for all data sizes tested.
Wideband long-pulse operation of an efficient electro-optic modulator at 10.6 μm

High conversion efficiency over a wide microwave band has been achieved in a high-power CdTe single-sideband electro-optic modulator working at 10.6 μm by dividing the modulator into two sections and driving each separately.
Phenytoin Toxicity Due to Genetic Polymorphism

Patients with traumatic brain injury commonly receive phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Due to the non-linear pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and narrow therapeutic window, phenytoin concentrations are monitored to ensure efficacy and prevent toxicity. Because phenytoin is hepatically metabolized, polymorphisms within cytochrome P450 enzymes can affect phenytoin concentrations. We report a case of a 53-year-old Asian female admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit after suffering a traumatic brain injury. Phenytoin was subsequently administered for seizure prophylaxis. Four days after being initiated on phenytoin, the patient remained lethargic, and phenytoin toxicity was suspected. Lab values revealed a free phenytoin concentration of 4.4 mg/l, and phenytoin was discontinued. Upon further investigation, it was found that the patient was a cytochrome P450 2C9 poor metabolizer. Causes of the patient’s toxic phenytoin concentration such as drug interactions, decreased albumin, and lab error were excluded. The cause of her elevated phenytoin concentration was determined to be hepatic polymorphism. This case reveals the clinical significance of genetic polymorphisms and the effect on phenytoin dosage requirements. Because pharmacogenomic testing is expensive and not readily available, routine monitoring of phenytoin concentrations is warranted. Further, established polymorphisms should be documented to prevent toxicity of drugs metabolized by similar pathways.
Time-Resolved Photoinduced Absorption and Optical Kerr Effect in Fullerene C60

Abstract Time-resolved photoinduced absorption in fullerene C60 solutions is reported. The nonlinear index of refraction n2 and third-order susceptibility x (3) in C60 film, measured by the optical Kerr gate technique, are also reported.
Adherence and Adequacy of Therapy for Esophageal Varices Prophylaxis

Esophageal varices (EVs) are prevalent among cirrhotics and their bleeding leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Management guidelines available during this study recommended beta-blocker therapy for primary prophylaxis and beta-blocker or band ligation (EVL) for secondary prophylaxis. We evaluated prophylaxis practice patterns. We performed a retrospective cohort study of in and outpatient cirrhotics with known EVs at two University of Texas Southwestern teaching institutions. Use of prophylactic therapy and its adequacy (defined using published guidelines) was measured. A total of 419 patients with cirrhosis and EVs warranting prophylaxis were identified, including 276 inpatients and 143 outpatients. Of those admitted with a first bleed (i.e. eligible for primary prophylactic therapy), 30/104 (29%) were on beta blocker. In this group, only 3/104 (3%) received optimal therapy (heart rate <55). Among inpatients with a previous EV bleed, 120/172 (70%) were on a beta blocker or had undergone EVL, although only 66/172 (38%) received optimal therapy. In the inpatient cohort, ten patients died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, three of whom were receiving optimal therapy. Among outpatients, 94/121 (78%) without previous bleeding received primary prophylaxis and 20/22 (91%) of those with previous bleeding received some form of secondary prophylaxis. However, only 11 (9%) received adequate primary prophylaxis therapy, while 9 (41%) received appropriate secondary prophylaxis. Prophylaxis intent appears to be greatly improved compared to previous reports. However, implementation of optimal therapy appeared to be suboptimal. We conclude that efforts need to be made to ensure optimal treatment.
Molecular motion and spin relaxation in polydiethylsiloxane

Quantitative comparison of previously published NMR spin-relaxation data for polydiethylsiloxane with theoretical predictions for a variety of motional processes allowed both the nature and time scale of molecular motions to be identified. At the lowest temperatures, methyl reorientation produced a T1 minimum and was found to proceed with an activation energy of 2.4 kcal/mole in both amorphous and crystalline phases. Reorientation of the ethyl groups in the amorphous phase was observed at a higher temperature with an activation energy of 9.3 kcal/mole. Relaxation in the melting region was influenced by flexing and stretching of the helical polymer chain. The maximum angular displacement of the chain was estimated to be 24°, with an activation energy for this process of 2.6 kcal/mole.
Tumour-dormant states established with L5178Y lymphoma cells in immunised syngeneic murine hosts

THE tumour-dormant state is one in which tumour cells persist in a clinically normal host for prolonged periods. Tumour dormancy is a potentially unstable state and may culminate in either destruction of all tumour cells or death of the host due to tumour outgrowth. We report here two systems in which tumour-dormant states could be established with transplantable lymphoma cells inoculated into specifically immunised syngeneic murine hosts. A high percentage of mice kept for long-term observation eventually developed tumours and in both systems, tumour cells could be isolated from mice during a prolonged period of clinical normality.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of human glucocorticoid receptor in cultured cells

Human breast epithelial HBL100 cells, which bind both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and glucocorticoids, were labelled to steady state specific activity with 32 Pi and the glucocorticoid receptor was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with polyclonal antiserum GR884. Immuneprecipitated receptor was resolved by NaDodSO 4 -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by autoradiography. Immunoprecipitated receptor also was characterized by western blot analysis and affinity labelling with [ 3 H]dexamethasone-21-mesylate. Phosphoamino acid analysis of 32 P-glucocorticoid receptor revealed 89% phosphoserine and 11% phosphotyrosine. Treatment of steady state 32 Pi-labelled cells with EGF stimulated total and alkali-stable phosphorylation in the 97 kDa receptor band by about 35%. Prior incubation with dexamethasone inhibited EGF stimulated, alkali-stable phosphorylation of the 97 kDa glucocorticoid receptor band.
Decay properties and photodetachment of the diatomic oxygen ion O 2 - in a constant electric field

The dynamics of the O{sub 2}{sup -} ion in a constant electric field is modeled in terms of a complex spectral decomposition of the energy Green's function for this open system. The survival probability of the excess electron in the presence of the constant field and the photodetachment rate of the electron in the presence of a radiation field are computed.
Gastric retention properties of superporous hydrogel composites

In many applications, usefulness of conventional hydrogels is limited by their slow swelling. To improve the swelling property of the conventional hydrogels, we have synthesized superporous hydrogels (SPHs) which swell fast to equilibrium size in minutes due to water uptake by capillary wetting through numerous interconnected open pores. The swelling ratio was also large in the range of hundreds. The mechanical strength of the highly swollen SPHs was increased by adding a composite material during the synthesis. The composite material used in the synthesis of SPH composites was Ac-Di-Sol((R)) (croscarmellose sodium). The gastric retention property of the prepared SPH composites was tested in dogs both in fasted and fed conditions. The SPH composites were placed in a hard gelatin capsule (size 000) for oral administration. All dogs tested were fasted for 36 h before experiments. Under the fasted condition, the SPH composite remained in the stomach for 2-3 h after before breaking into two pieces and being emptied. When food was given before the experiment just once following 36 h of fasting, the SPH composite remained in the stomach for more than 24 h, even though the fed condition was maintained only for the first few hours. Our study indicated that SPH composites possessed three properties necessary for gastric retention: fast swelling; superswelling; and high mechanical strength. While more improvements need to be made, the SPH composites provide the basis for the development of effective long-term gastric retention devices.
Family Counseling and Referral with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients: Ethical Considerations

Couple, marriage, and family counselors face unique ethical and practice challenges in their dual commitment to the positive growth and integrity of both the individual and the family system. These challenges may become acute when working with stigmatized and oppressed populations such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons and their families. A brief case vignette illustrates a range of ethical issues for couple and family counselors working with this client population.
Scalability of Routing Tables in Wireless Networks

Consider a large wireless ad hoc network that facilitates communication between random pairs of network nodes. The paper investigates the size of routing tables as the number of nodes in the network increases. A routing protocol is information-efficient if the amount of information at individual nodes required to route packets does not increases with the network size. It is shown that the shortest-path and straight-line routing algorithms are not information-efficient, i.e., these protocols can be implemented only when nodes' memory increases with the network size. On the other hand, it is established that there exists an information-efficient routing algorithm -routing is feasible even if each node in the network is capable of storing information on a fixed number of destinations.
Globorotalia menardii flexuosa (Koch): An ‘extinct’ foraminiferal subspecies living in the northern Indian Ocean

Abstract Globorotalia menardii flexuosa is still living in the northern Indian Ocean. This planktonic foraminiferal subspecies was believed to have become extinct after having thrived in a circumtropical belt in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans during the warm interstadial of the Wisconsin and the Sangamon Interglacial. A total of about 1103 specimens have been collected at 47 plankton stations.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Epitaxially Grown Fcc Fe/Cu(100) and Fe/CaF2/Si(111)

We have used nanometer spatial resolution secondary electron and Auger electron imaging in an ultra-high vacuum scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize microstructure in ultrathin films of Fe/Cu(100) grown at room temperature and Fe/CaF2/Si(111) grown at room temperature and 150 C. Thin film microstructure was correlated in situ with magnetic properties by using the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect.
The influence of soot radiation on NO emission in practical biodiesel combustion

Abstract This study is motivated by so-called “Biodiesel NO x Penalty”, which is the often reported increase in nitrogen oxides emissions with biodiesel, relative to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel also reportedly decreases exhaust soot concentrations via a reduction of soot formation during combustion. Soot is a known source of radiation heat transfer during diesel combustion, and can cause a reduction in flame temperature relative to non-sooting conditions. As NO formation is strongly dominated by high combustion temperature, the heat transfer from soot to surroundings can reduce NO formation. The primary objective of this study is to assess if a decrease in soot radiation with biodiesel fuel leads to the increase of NO emission. In the current study, a metallic fuel additive (barium), which is known to effectively reduce soot formation during combustion, is used to control the soot formation of both petroleum diesel and 100% palm olein biodiesel. This study shows that the soot radiation effect might not be a dominant factor on NO formation, thus likely contributes little to biodiesel’s increase of NO x emissions.
Spacetime supersymmetry in AdS3 backgrounds

Abstract We construct string target spacetimes with AdS 3 × X geometry, which have an N =2 spacetime superconformal algebra. X is found to be a U (1) fibration over a manifold which is a target for an N =2 worldsheet conformal field theory. We emphasize theories with free field realizations where in principle it is possible to compute the full one-particle string spectrum.
A Functional Comparison of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Friendships during Adolescence

The present study investigated how adolescents perceive their same-sex and opposite-sex friendships. A total of 576 6th-through 12th-grade students rated both their same-sex and opposite-sex friendships on 11 functional and structural attributes. MANOVA and ANOVA results revealed significant gender differences for most of the attributes, but no grade differences. The females gave higher ratings than did the males to both the same-sex and opposite-sex friendships. Whereas the same-sexfriendship received higher ratings than the opposite-sexfriendship on some attributes, the overallpattern offindings in this regard indicated that same-sex and opposite-sex friendships share in functional importance by simultaneously providing for many of the social needs of adolescents.
Relationship of mu opioid receptor binding to activation of G-proteins in specific rat brain regions

This study investigated the relationship between mu receptor binding and mu agonist activation of G-proteins in the rat brain. To directly compare agonist potencies in receptor binding (Ki values) and G-protein activation (Ks values), both agonist-stimulated [35S]guanosine-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) and [3H]naloxone binding assays were conducted under identical conditions, using the full mu agonist [d-Ala2, N-Me4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO). DAMGO exhibited biphasic competition of [3H]naloxone binding and stimulation of [35S]GTPγS binding in most regions. Whereas the high-affinity component represented a large percentage (50–80%) of total receptor sites, the high-affinity component of DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was much lower, <30% of the total, and in most regions significant stimulation of [35S]GTPγS binding did not occur until the high-affinity binding sites were completely occupied. Moreover, the low-affinity potencies for DAMGO in receptor binding and G-protein activation were the same across different regions. Receptor–transducer amplification factors were calculated by the ratio of the apparent Bmax of net agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to the Bmax of receptor binding. Amplification factors for the nine regions examined were relatively high and varied significantly across regions, from a ratio of 8 in the thalamus to 38 in the cortex, suggesting that the efficiency of mu opioid receptor coupling to G-proteins varies across brain regions.
Incorporation of spinal flexibility measurements into finite element analysis

This technical note demonstrates two methods of incorporating the experimental stiffness of spinal motion segments into a finite element analysis of the spine. The first method is to incorporate the experimental data directly as a stiffness matrix. The second method approximates the experimental data as a beam element.
Bioterrorism Alleging Use of Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Management—United States, 1998

Abstract [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management—United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:69-74.]
A time-space hierarchy between polynomial time and polynomial space

In this paper we define a natural time-space hierarchy $$P = F_0 \subseteq F_1 \subseteq F_2 \subseteq \cdot \cdot \cdot \subseteq PSPACE$$ between polynomial time and polynomial space and then study the relativizations of this hierarchy, obtaining a relative collapse and a relative proper hierarchy, at each possible level. Some partial results concerning relativized time-space tradeoff are given, together with some open questions.
Solvatochromic properties of long alkyl chain π* indicators: comparison of N,N‐dialkyl‐4‐nitroanilines and alkyl 4‐nitrophenyl ethers

Hydrophobic forms of the N,N-dialkyl-4-nitroaniline (DNAP) (p-O2NC6H4NR2) (1a–f) and alkyl-4-nitrophenyl ether (p-O2NC6H4OR) (2a–c) solvatochromic π* indicators have been characterized and compared with respect to: (a) solvatochromic bandshape, (b) sensitivity expressed as −s, (/dπ *), and (c) trends in −s with increasing length of alkyl chain(s) on the probe molecule. Octyl 4-nitrophenyl ether (p-O2NC6H4OC8H17) (2b) and decyl 4-nitrophenyl ether (p-O2N C6H4 OC10H21) (2c) were synthesized and their solvatochromic UV/Vis absorption bands were found to maintain a Gausso-Lorentzian bandshape for the indicators in non-polar and alkyl substituted aromatic solvents, for example, hexane(s) and mesitylene. Corresponding absorption bands for 1a–f display increasing deviation from a Gausso-Lorentzian shape in the same solvents as the alkyl chains on the indicator are increased in length all the way to C10 and C12, for example, N,N-didecyl-4-nitroaniline (p-O2NC6H4N (C10H21)2) and N,N-didodecyl-4-nitroaniline (p-O2NC6H4N (C12H25)2) (1d–f). A plot of −sversus Cn follows a 1st order decay for the DNAP indicators but is linear for the alkyl 4-nitrophenyl ethers. A discussion of how the long alkyl chains on the two types of indicators affect the orientation and overlap of n and π* orbitals, and resulting solvatochromic bands is presented. For DNAP, overextending the alkyl chains to obtain greater hydrophobic character may cause the alkane component to dominate solute-solvation processes at the expense of the probe's fundamental solvatochromic character. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Land Swaps to Concentrate Redevelopment and Expand Resettlement Options in Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Although many researchers frame post-disaster reconstruction as an opportunity to build safer communities less vulnerable to natural hazards, widespread la...
Identification of herpes simplex viruses by automated profile analysis of viral proteins

In this report we describe a computerized virus identification system based upon the fact that viral proteins, separated by one-dimensional (ID) SDS-PAGE have unique banding patterns (protein profiles). Fifty-eight clinical strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) were correctly identified by comparing their protein profiles with reference profiles of HSV, other viruses and uninfected cell cultures stored in a computer data base.
Performance Evaluation Approach for Multi-Tier Cloud Applications

Complex multi-tier applications deployed in cloud computing environments can experience rapid changes in their workloads. To ensure market readiness of such applications, adequate resources need to be provisioned so that the applications can meet the demands of specified workload levels and at the same time ensure that service level agreements are met. Multi-tier cloud applications can have complex deployment configurations with load balancers, web servers, application servers and database servers. Complex dependencies may exist between servers in various tiers. To support provisioning and capacity planning decisions, performance testing approaches with synthetic workloads are used. Accuracy of a performance testing approach is determined by how closely the generated synthetic workloads mimic the realistic workloads. Since multi-tier applications can have varied deployment configurations and characteristic workloads, there is a need for a generic performance testing methodology that allows accurately modeling the performance of applications. We propose a methodology for performance testing of complex multi-tier applications. The workloads of multi-tier cloud applications are captured in two different models-benchmark application and workload models. An architecture model captures the deployment configurations of multi-tier applications. We propose a rapid deployment prototyping methodology that can help in choosing the best and most cost effective deployments for multi-tier applications that meet the specified performance requirements. We also describe a system bottleneck detection approach based on experimental evaluation of multi-tier applications.