cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PDA based application for burn management and education

Abstract Introduction. Recent studies indicate that the initial assessment of burn extent is often inaccurate. Since resuscitation and management is predicated on total body surface area (TBSA) burned, inaccurate assessment adversely affects treatment decisions and outcomes. With the rising popularity of personal digital assistants (PDAs) among physicians, we felt a freely available program which utilized a PDA to guide initial evaluation and management would be useful to referring community hospitals. Methods. Using Code Warrior and Visual Build, an application was developed in C for Palm OS handheld computers. This program has no copy protection and is “beamable” among compatible devices to facilitate its availability. Color and grayscale versions are available to allow newer devices to take advantage of high-resolution color screens while still allowing older palm devices to use the application. This application comprises two sections. The first section is interactive. A questionnaire is provided along with a Lund and Browder chart. The bedside clinician answers pertinent questions regarding age, weight, time of burn and mechanism of burn, and colors in the Lund and Browder chart with a stylus. The application then provides %TBSA burned, appropriate resuscitation volume, guidelines for treatment in the case of a specialized burn such as chemical or electrical, and whether the patient meets American Burn Association criteria for transfer to a burn center. If transfer is warranted, the clinician can enter their zip code and get a listing of nearby burn centers with contact numbers. Guidelines for transport preparation are then provided. In addition to the interactive component, the second section provides a searchable mini-textbook which covers key burn topics including inhalation injury, pediatric burns, topic epidermal necrolysis, frostbite, and local wound care. Comments. This application provides a user-friendly method to rapidly assess and treat burn patients with the bedside use of a PDA. We believe that utilization of this application should improve initial burn resuscitation and ensure prompt burn center referral when indicated.
Probabilities for separating sets of order statistics.

Consider a set of order statistics that arise from sorting samples from two different populations, each with their own, possibly different distribution functions. The probability that these order statistics fall in disjoint, ordered intervals, and that of the smallest statistics, a certain number come from the first populations is given in terms of the two distribution functions. The result is applied to computing the joint probability of the number of rejections and the number of false rejections for the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate procedure.
Frequency, nature, and predictors of alexia in a convenience sample of individuals with chronic aphasia

Background: It is broadly known that persons with chronic aphasia experience difficulty reading. However, the frequency of acquired reading disorders (alexia), and the most common subtype of alexia, as well as predictors of reading in this population are yet to be determined.Aims: This study aims to provide initial evidence regarding the frequency, nature, and predictors of alexia in a large convenience sample of persons with chronic aphasia.Methods & Procedures: Single-word oral reading abilities for lexical items (regular and irregular words) and sublexical items (pseudohomophones and nonwords) from 99 persons with aphasia (PWA) and 29 normal controls (NC) were assessed and retrospectively analysed.Outcomes & Results: Of the 99 PWA, 68% met our alexia criteria. These PWA and coexisting alexia performed worse than the NC on all reading stimuli and tended to perform worse with stimuli requiring sublexical processing (i.e., pseudohomophones and nonwords) than on stimuli requiring lexical processing (i.e., ...
Coupling of a vented column with splitless nanoRPLC-ESI-MS for the improved separation and detection of brain natriuretic peptide-32 and its proteolytic peptides

Abstract The circulating concentration of a biomarker for congestive heart failure, Brain (B-type) Natriuretic Peptide (BNP-32), is measured using ELISA based assays in order to rapidly diagnose and monitor disease progression. The lack of molecular specificity afforded by these assays has recently come into question as emerging studies indicate there are potentially multiple heterogeneous forms of BNP in circulation with immunoreactive capabilities. In order to better understand the molecular biology of BNP-32 as it relates to congestive heart failure, it would thus be advantageous to use a detection platform such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This high resolving power mass spectrometer can provide unparalleled molecular specificity and can facilitate identification and characterization of the various molecular forms across all disease states. Unfortunately, BNP circulates at low concentrations (as low as 3 fmol/mL). Thus, it will require a collaborative effort from a number of orthogonal front-end technologies to overcome the disconnect between the practical detection limits of this instrument platform and the physiological levels of BNP-32 and its alternative molecular forms. Herein, we begin optimization of these front-end techniques by first enhancing the conditions for online nanoLC-ESI-MS separations of BNP-32 and its proteolytic fragments. Through extensive analysis of various chromatographic parameters we determined that Michrom Magic C8 stationary phase used in conjunction with a continuous, vented column configuration provided advanced chromatographic performance for the nano-flow separations involving intact BNP-32 and its associated tryptic peptides. Furthermore, conditions for the tryptic digestion of BNP-32 were also studied. We demonstrate that the use of free cysteine as an alkylation quenching agent and a secondary digestion within the digestion scheme can provide targeted tryptic peptides with increased abundances. Combined, these data will serve to further augment the detection of BNP-32 by LC–MS.
Synthetic studies toward the guanacastepenes.

[reaction: see text]. An asymmetric approach toward the [6-7] ring system of the guanacastepenes is described.
Range-based techniques for discovering optimality and analyzing scaling relationships in neuromechanical systems

In this paper, a method for decoupling the neuromuscular function of a set of limbs from the role morphology plays in regulating the performance of an activity is introduced. This method is based on two previous methods: the rescaled range analysis specific to time series data, and the use of scaling laws. A review of the literature suggests that limb geometry can either facilitate or constrain performance as measured experimentally. Whether limb geometry is facilitatory or acts as a constraint depends on the size differential between arm morphology and the underlying muscle. "Changes in size and shape" are theoretically extrapolations of morphological geometry to other members of a population or species, to other species, or to technological manipulations of an individual via prosthetic devices. Three datasets are analyzed using the range-based method and a Monte-Carlo simulation, and are used to test the various ways of executing this analysis. It was found that when performance is kept stable but limb size and shape is scaled by a factor of .25, the greatest gain in performance results. It was also found that introducing force-based perturbations results in 'shifts' in the body geometry/performance relationship. While results such as this could be interpreted as a statistical artifact, the non-linear rise within a measurement class and linear decrease between measurement classes suggests an effect of scale in the optimality of this relationship. Overall, range-based techniques allow for the simulation and modeling of myriad changes in phenotype that result from biological and technological manipulation.
Detection of membrane cholesterol by filipin in isolated rat liver coated vesicles is dependent upon removal of the clathrin coat.

We investigated the cholesterol content of highly purified populations of coated vesicles from rat liver by biochemical quantitation and by cytochemical electron microscopy using the polyene antibiotic filipin. Failure of this reagent to elicit its typical response for a cholesterol-containing membrane, i.e., a characteristically corrugated or rippled appearance by thin section analysis, had led to the hypothesis (Montesano, R., A. Perrelet, P. Vassalli, and L. Orci, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 76:6391-6395) that cholesterol is specifically excluded from the plasma membrane domains associated with coated pit regions. The present electron microscopic results showed that although the response of coated vesicle membranes to filipin was also negative, uncoated vesicles whose clathrin coats had been removed in vitro exhibited a strong filipin-positive response. Quantitated biochemically, the cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio of the coated vesicles was found to be indistinguishable from that of control preparations of plasma membranes isolated from rat liver. Taken together, the results indicate that the filipin-negative response of coated vesicles (and probably also that of coated pits) is due not to abnormally low cholesterol content, but rather to the stabilizing influence of their enveloping clathrin coats which inhibit the characteristic structural expression of the filipin-cholesterol complexes.
Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy Coupled to Chromatography for Very High Resolution Chemical Analysis

Abstract Much effort by a great many researchers has been put into improving existing analytical techniques or developing new methods for the analysis of complex samples such as biological specimens, environmental contaminants, and naturally occurring substances. A particular example is the interest that has been shown in developing methods for the detailed analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 111, real samples of which can be viewed with only “slight exaggeration, in the words of Hayes and Small 121, as “containing infinitesimal amounts of an infinite number of species.” PAH (see Fig. l), many of which are carcinogenic, are ubiquitous, being produced both naturally and by man whenever organic substances are heated or burned; they make up the bulk of coals, heavy crude oils, and tars. Similar analytical problems are presented by biological and other samples, where it may be necessary to detect and sometimes follow the course of a trace substance in a complex matrix. In the case of PAH sample...
ECAT III -- Basic Design Considerations

The ECAT III is a whole body positron tomograph which has been designed in a collaborative effort between investigators at UCLA and EGandG/Ortec (Oak Ridge, Tennessee). The primary emphasis in the design has been on the problems of imaging the heart. In our experience with the ECAT II at UCLA, the primary problems in heart imaging were: 1) gated studies of the heart would have serious image artifacts if the scanning period was too short, and 2) the resolution of the system made quantitative measurements difficult, particularly in those cases in which there was significant activity in the blood pool. In this communication, we will briefly describe the ECAT III and then present some of the theoretical and experimental data which influenced the design.
The Practice of Mindfulness for Managers in the Marketplace

This paper explores the practice of mindfulness, both formal and informal, in the context of the systems sciences. The systems sciences have given great importance to scientific research, almost to the exclusion of intuitive/spiritual search. However, with the recent worldwide interest in intuitive/spiritual search in general, and mindfulness and mindfulness meditation in particular, the doors have opened for a more balanced combination of these two enterprises. This balanced approach will not only help us to know how and why things happen the way they do, but will also tell us something about how to manage our own selves, particularly in difficult times. Mindfulness, which is the opposite of mindlessness, is our capacity for awareness and for self-knowing. It can be further refined through the practice of mindfulness meditation. The practice of mindfulness and mindfulness meditation has rapidly spread around the world and in the mainstream of Western culture in the past thirty years, thanks in part to an increasing number of scientific and medical studies, proving its abundant beneficial effects.
BDNF: A key regulator for protein synthesis-dependent LTP and long-term memory?

Abstract It is generally believed that late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and long-term memory (LTM) require new protein synthesis. Although the full complement of proteins mediating the long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy have yet to be identified, several lines of evidence point to a crucial role for activity-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in generating sustained structural and functional changes at hippocampal synapses thought to underlie some forms of LTM. In particular, BDNF is sufficient to induce the transformation of early to late-phase LTP in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, and inhibition of BDNF signaling impairs LTM. Despite solid evidence for a critical role of BDNF in L-LTP and LTM, many issues are not resolved. Given that BDNF needs to be processed in Golgi outposts localized at the branch point of one or few dendrites, a conceptually challenging problem is how locally synthesized BDNF in dendrites could ensure synapse-specific modulation of L-LTP. An interesting alternative is that BDNF–TrkB signaling is involved in synaptic tagging, a prominent hypothesis that explains how soma-derived protein could selectively modulate the tetanized (tagged) synapse. Finally, specific roles of BDNF in the acquisition, retention or extinction of LTM remain to be established.
Can secondary organic aerosol formed in an atmospheric simulation chamber continuously age

This work investigates the oxidative aging process of SOA derived from select aromatic (m-xylene) and biogenic (α-pinene) precursors within an environmental chamber. Simultaneous measurements of SOA hygroscopicity, volatility, particle density, and elemental chemical composition (C:O:H) reveal only slight particle aging for up to the first 16 h of formation. The chemical aging observed is consistent with SOA that is decreasing in volatility and increasing in O/C and hydrophilicity. Even after aging, the O/C (0.25 and 0.40 for α-pinene and m-xylene oxidation, respectively) was below the OOAI and OOAII ambient fractions measured by high-resolution aerosol mass spectra coupled with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The rate of increase in O/C does not appear to be sufficient to achieve OOAI or OOAII levels of oxygenation within regular chamber experiment duration. No chemical aging was observed for SOA during dark α-pinene ozonolysis with a hydroxyl radical scavenger present. This finding is consistent with observations by other groups that SOA from this system is comprised of first generation products.
Antibody Screening in a Population of Children

The first large-scale (secondary) intervention trials have been initiated in first-degree family members of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Within a few years, data from these studies may suggest that intervention is possible, thereby opening similar approaches in the general population. However, before large-scale intervention studies can be initiated, several problems need to be solved. One of these problems is the lack of knowledge on the natural course of beta-cell autoimmunity. This review analyses this and other issues related to population-based prediction for IDDM. At present, no long-term follow-up studies are available in large-sized populations, but data show that prediction in the general population is both technically feasible and likely to have sufficient power to be useful in prevention trials. More data need to be generated, not only to determine which markers are most likely to give good prediction but also to obtain knowledge on the natural course, psychosocial impact and cost-effectiveness of screening.
The Effect of Bi-terminal PEGylation of an Integrin αvβ6-Targeted 18F-Peptide on Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Uptake

Radiotracers based on the peptide A20FMDV2 selectively target the cell surface receptor integrin αvβ6. This integrin has been identified as a prognostic indicator correlating with the severity of disease for several challenging malignancies. In previous studies of A20FMDV2 peptides labeled with 4-18F-fluorobenzoic acid (18F-FBA), we have shown that the introduction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) improves pharmacokinetics, including increased uptake in αvβ6-expressing tumors. The present study evaluated the effect of site-specific C-terminal or dual (N- and C-terminal) PEGylation, yielding 18F-FBA-A20FMDV2-PEG28 (4) and 18F-FBA-PEG28-A20FMDV2-PEG28 (5), on αvβ6-targeted tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics. The results are compared with 18F-FBA–labeled A20FMDV2 radiotracers (1–3) bearing either no PEG or different PEG units at the N terminus. Methods: The radiotracers were prepared and radiolabeled on solid phase. Using 3 cell lines, DX3puroβ6 (αvβ6+), DX3puro (αvβ6−), and BxPC-3 (αvβ6+), we evaluated the radiotracers in vitro (serum stability; cell binding and internalization) and in vivo in mouse models bearing paired DX3puroβ6–DX3puro and, for 5, BxPC-3 xenografts. Results: The size and location of the PEG units significantly affected αvβ6 targeting and pharmacokinetics. Although the C-terminally PEGylated 4 showed some improvements over the un-PEGylated 18F-FBA-A20FMDV2 (1), it was the bi-terminally PEGylated 5 that displayed the more favorable combination of high αvβ6 affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile. In vitro, 5 bound to αvβ6-expressing DX3puroβ6 and BxPC-3 cells with 60.5% ± 3.3% and 48.8% ± 8.3%, respectively, with a significant fraction of internalization (37.2% ± 4.0% and 37.6% ± 4.1% of total radioactivity, respectively). By comparison, in the DX3puro control 5 showed only 3.0% ± 0.5% binding and 0.9% ± 0.2% internalization. In vivo, 5 maintained high, αvβ6-directed binding in the paired DX3puroβ6–DX3puro model (1 h: DX3puroβ6, 2.3 ± 0.2 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]; DX3puroβ6/DX3puro ratio, 6.5:1; 4 h: 10.7:1). In the pancreatic BxPC-3 model, uptake was 4.7 ± 0.9 %ID/g (1 h) despite small tumor sizes (20–80 mg). Conclusion: The bi-PEGylated radiotracer 5 showed a greatly improved pharmacokinetic profile, beyond what was predicted from individual N- or C-terminal PEGylation. It appears that the 2 PEG units acted synergistically to result in an improved metabolic profile including high αvβ6+ tumor uptake and retention.
Covariant electrodynamics in a medium. I

A covariant formulation of electrodynamics in a uniform, isotropic, and transparent medium is given. The development is quite similar to recent formulations for electrodynamics in a vacuum. The discussion includes the manifestly covariant expression of Maxwell's equations in a medium, the associated stress tensor, the covariant expressions for the Lenard-Wiechert-like 4-potentials for a point charge moving in the medium, and the corresponding field tensor. Further, an action function is constructed and the stress tensor is also confirmed by Noether's theorem.
Castration-induced apoptotic cell death in the Brown Norway rat prostate decreases as a function of age.

Growth and differentiation of the prostate gland depends upon androgens, yet overgrowth of the human prostate occurs later in life when serum levels of testosterone are declining. We have reported a similar phenomenon in the Brown Norway rat, but the age-dependent overgrowth of the prostate is confined to the dorsal and lateral lobes and, hence, is lobe specific. Because tissue growth depends upon the balance between proliferation and death of cells, the present study was designed to investigate whether cell death differed in the various prostatic lobes of Brown Norway rats as a function of age. Apoptosis of cells in the ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior lobes of the prostate was examined in young (4-month-old) and old (24-month-old) Brown Norway rats after castration. Whereas castration caused tissue weights of all four prostatic lobes to decrease over the course of 10 days, this occurred more rapidly and to a greater magnitude in the ventral than in the dorsal, lateral, and anterior lobes. Tissue D...
High yielding allylation of a chiral secondary alcohol containing base sensitive functional groups.

Abstract Inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, based on a chiral pyrrolidine scaffold, show promise for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases. We recently reported the synthesis of a series of selective inhibitors, but the method was limited at a key step of forming an allyl ether intermediate. Yields for this step were very inconsistent, and the presence of base sensitive functional groups limited the range of available methods for forming this ether bond. This work describes a novel application of palladium catalyzed decarboxylative allylation, consistently resulting in a 90% isolated yield, which is crucial for the synthesis of this critical late stage intermediate. We also report a new quantitative yielding and straightforward synthesis of the allyl- t -butylcarbonate precursor.
Multilevel enhancement and detection of stereo disparity surfaces

Abstract The problem of stereo vision has been of increasing interest to the computer vision community over the past decade. This paper presents a new computational framework for matching a pair of stereo images arising from viewing the same object from two different positions. In contrast to previous work, this approach formulates the matching problem as detection of a “bright”, coherent disparity surface in a 3D image called the spatio-disparity space (SDS) image. The SDS images represents the goodness of each and every possible match. A nonlinear filter is proposed for enhancing the disparity surface in the SDS image and for suppressing the noise. This filter is used to construct a hyperpyramid representation of the SDS image. Then the disparity surface is detected using a coarse-to-fine control structure. The proposed method is robust to photometric and geometric distortions in the stereo images, and has a number of computational advantages. It produces good results for complex scenes.
Sensorimotor adaptation of speech I: Compensation and adaptation.

When motor actions (e.g., reaching with your hand) adapt to altered sensory feedback (e.g., viewing a shifted image of your hand through a prism), the phenomenon is called sensorimotor adaptation (...
Effects of reperfusion on ADC and CBF pixel-by-pixel dynamics in stroke: characterizing tissue fates using quantitative diffusion and perfusion imaging

The effects of reperfusion on the spatiotemporal dynamics of transient (60 minutes) focal ischemic brain injury in rats were evaluated on a pixel-by-pixel basis using quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements every 30 minutes for 3 hours and compared to post-mortem histology at 24 hours. Four biologically relevant clusters were classified based on ADC (0.53 0.02 10-3mm2/s, SD) and CBF (0.30 0.09ml/g/min) viability thresholds, namely: (1) the "normal" cluster with ADC and CBF > thresholds; (2) the "mismatch" cluster with ADC > threshold but CBF threshold. The spatio-temporal progression of tissue volumes, ADC and CBF of each cluster were evaluated. Pixels of each cluster on the CBF-ADC space were mapped onto the image space. Following reperfusion, 28% of the "core" pixels and 90% of the "mismatch" (defined at 60 minutes) pixels were salvaged at 180 minutes, which correlated with histology. The ADC and CBF of subsequently salvaged tissues were significantly higher than those became infarcted. Salvaging "core" pixels indicated that reduced ADC was not synonymous with irreversible injury; duration of exposure and severity of reduced ADC and CBF were likely critical. Projection profiles showed a bimodal ADC, but uni-modal CBF, distributions. The ADC bimodal minima, obtained without histological correlation, were similar to the histology-derived ADC and CBF viability thresholds, and could have potential clinical applications. This study demonstrated a simple but powerful approach to evaluate, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the spatio-temporal evolution of ischemic brain injury, and a potential for statistical prediction of tissue fate.
Some structural features and viscometric properties of the extracellular polysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum

Abstract The red alga Porphyridium cruentum, when cultured in an artificial sea-water medium, produced a non-dialyzable polymer, which was mainly a sulfated (7.4%) polysaccharide containing glucuronic acid (9%), and xylose and l -galactose (molar ratio 1:0.9). A minor proportion of glucose was found, as well as traces of mannose and rhamnose. On the basis of data from methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, and Smith degradation, the polymer was found to have mainly (1→4)-linkages with branches at position 3 of xylose and positions 2 or 6 of galactose. The glucose and glucuronic acid residues were (1→3)-linked, with some branching at position 6 of glucose. Terminal xylose and galactose were found in equal amounts in the desulfated, reduced polysaccharide. 1% Solutions of the polymer were viscous, and showed good pH and temperature stability.
Antibody response of polymer membrane electrodes incorporating antigenic ionophores

Abstract An investigation of the antibody sensing properties of potentiometric polymer membrane electrodes incorporating antigens shows that at least two categories of such electrodes are possible. When the immobilized antigen has no ionophoric character of its own, antibody response can be obtained only upon conjugation of the antigen to an ionophore. The second category, corresponding to a new class of electrodes, yields potentiometric antibody response in the absence of a conjugated ionphore. These effects are illustrated with electrodes for antidigoxin, anti-DNP, and antiquinidine, respectively.
The influence of intrahypothalamic implants of progesterone on ovarian growth and function in the ovoviviparous iguanid lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys.

Abstract 1. 1. Implants of progesterone were made in the brain, pituitary and subcutaneous locations in lizards (Sceloporus cyanogenys) during the phase of ovarian growth. 2. 2. Implants located in the hypothalamus were very effective in preventing futher ovarian development, an action that mimicked that of hypophysectomy. 3. 3. Implants in other regions of the brain, in the pituitary or subcutaneous locations were ineffective in preventing ovarian growth and subsequent ovulation. 4. 4. Plasma progesterone titers were not increased by progesterone implants.
Born effective charges and infrared response of LiBC

Calculations of the zone-center optical-mode frequencies (including LO-TO splitting), Born effective charges ${Z}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{*}$ for each atom, dielectric constants ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}},$ and the dielectric response in the infrared, using density functional linear response theory, are reported. Calculated Raman modes are in excellent agreement with experimental values $(170{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $1170{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}),$ while it will require better experimental data to clarify the infrared-active mode frequencies. The Born effective charges ${Z}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{*}$ (i) have surprisingly different values for B and C and (ii) show considerable anisotropy. Relationships between the effective charges and LO-TO splitting are discussed, and the predicted reflectivity in the range $0--1400{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is presented. These results hold possible implications for Li removal in LiBC and C substition for B in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}.$
Sinks for trace metals, nutrients, and sediments in wetlands of the Chickahominy River near Richmond, Virginia

The Chickahominy River drains 790 km2 in southeastern Virginia, including approximately 155 km2 of dense commercial, industrial, and urban development in the upper basin near Richmond, Virginia. Previous studies have shown that total stream concentrations of trace metals and nutrients increased during storms, suggesting resuspension of contaminated sediments and (or) stormwater influxes of pollutants. The possible role of wetlands in maintaining water quality is of concern because the river furnishes about 46 percent of the water supply for the City of Newport News. Particle sizes of sediments and their corresponding total concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc were determined to assess their distribution within wetlands adjacent to the river. Except for Zn, concentrations of all measured constituents in the <63-μm-particle fraction were lower downstream of Richmond, suggesting that most contaminants are retained in the upper basin. Zinc concentrations increased along downstream reaches, peaking at 510 mg kg−1 approximately 8 km below the confluence of Upham Brook with the Chickahominy River. Lead concentrations up to 192 mg kg−1 were measured in sediments along Upham Brook near Richmond. Concentrations of Zn and Cu were highest in streambed sediments and lowest in elevated forested wetlands. The results suggest that the developing regions of the basin have a significant effect on sediment chemistry within the basin and that wetlands play a role in retaining these sediment-borne contaminants in upper reaches of the basin. Studies are underway to asses the stablity, of these sediments and the capacity of these contaminated wetlands to continue to assimilate them.
Host Recognition Behavior of the Tachinid Parasitoid, Compsilura concinnata

The host recognition behavior of Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) was investigated by exposing hosts of various types to female parasitoids and observing them. One week or older females attacked hosts with little regard to time of day. They examined and attacked moving hosts preferentially and responded more to gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae than to greater wax moth ( Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Gypsy moth larvae which were freeze-dried were attacked even when headless, hairless, or divided in half. Evidence suggests that the parasitoid must physically contact a host before examinations and attacks occur. Integumentary chemicals may have a role, but this was not definitively shown. Females deposited larvae in host integuments filled with an agar solution to the same extent they did in living larvae.
The emphasis given to evolution in state science standards: A lever for change in evolution education?

This study analyzed the science frameworks of 49 states and the District of Colombia to determine the emphasis given to evolution in these documents at the middle and secondary levels. These concepts were species evolve over time, speciation, diversity of life, descent with modification from common ancestry, evidence of evolution, natural se- lection, pace and direction of evolution, and human evolution. Collectively, the 50 science frameworks emphasized evolution in a manner that suggests that if the public's support for standards-based curricula is a reality, the study of evolution will be emphasized in an unprecedented manner in the nation's schools in the near future. However, all concepts were not emphasized equally in these documents. For example, human evolution was in- cluded in only seven documents. The word evolution is absent from some standards. Despite these negatives, recent actions to improve existing standards or to adopt new standards that emphasize evolution have occurred. The metaphor "lever of change" is often used in the context of school reform. This metaphor suggests a simple system where one change can result in a desired outcome. However, in classrooms where curriculum decisions evolve constantly, multiple factors interact and reinforce one another in response to both inter- nal and external contingencies that emerge. Educational change can not be reduced to a simple linear cause/effect situation. The change process involved is nonlinear where what goes in is not proportional to what comes out because of feedback loops and other factors that complicate results. This nonlinearity is reflected in the varied responses of teachers to specific contingencies. Yet, systems can be changed and nudged towards a structure where desired outcomes will emerge. Judicial rulings indicating that the teaching of evolution can- not be prohibited or equal time for creationism mandated, improved coverage of evolution in secondary school biology textbooks, the negative response of many leaders, scientists, organizations, and editorial writers to the 1999 decision of the Kansas State Board of Edu- cation to deemphasize and misrepresent evolution in the state's science standards, and the emphasis given to evolution in the standards reviewed for this study, all coalesce to provide needed support for administrators and teachers who are striving to create science curricula
Hydrodynamic effects on animal cells grown in microcarrier cultures

Hydrodynamic phenomena in microcarrier cultures are investigated with regard to the development of improved reactor designs for large-scale operations. New concepts and theoretical models that describe new data as well as previously published data are presented.
Dynein/dynactin regulate metaphase spindle length by targeting depolymerizing activities to spindle poles.

During cell division metaphase spindles maintain constant length, whereas spindle microtubules continuously flux polewards, requiring addition of tubulin subunits at microtubule plus-ends, polewards translocation of the microtubule lattice, and removal of tubulin subunits from microtubule minus-ends near spindle poles. How these processes are coordinated is unknown. Here, we show that dynein/dynactin, a multi-subunit microtubule minus-end–directed motor complex, and NuMA, a microtubule cross-linker, regulate spindle length. Fluorescent speckle microscopy reveals that dynactin or NuMA inhibition suppresses microtubule disassembly at spindle poles without affecting polewards microtubule sliding. The observed uncoupling of these two components of flux indicates that microtubule depolymerization is not required for the microtubule transport associated with polewards flux. Inhibition of Kif2a, a KinI kinesin known to depolymerize microtubules in vitro, results in increased spindle microtubule length. We find that dynein/dynactin contribute to the targeting of Kif2a to spindle poles, suggesting a model in which dynein/dynactin regulate spindle length and coordinate flux by maintaining microtubule depolymerizing activities at spindle poles.
A work system view of DSS in its fourth decade

The initially revolutionary DSS agenda is now ancient history. This paper argues that "decision support" provides a richer basis than "DSS" in both practice and research. Using a loan-processing example involving two banks, it shows how work system concepts might be applied to understand decision support in real world settings, and how decision support can come from many sources other than technical artifacts such as DSS. Shifting the focus from "DSS as artifact" to "decision support within a work system" reduces the chances of being misled by techno-hype, vendor sales pitches, and incomplete understanding of determinants of success in organizations.
The wrapper algorithm: surface extraction and simplification

The wrapper algorithm (Gueziec and Hummel, 1994) is a rapid and efficient algorithm for extracting and representing surfaces defined as isosurfaces in digitized volumetric data. Unlike the marching cubes algorithm (Lorensen and Cline, 1987), and in agreement with the Payne-Toga algorithm (1990), the authors further decompose the cubical mesh associated with the sampled data into tetrahedral cells. They guarantee the resulting surface representation to be closed and oriented, defined by a valid triangulation of the surface of the body, which in turn is presented as a collection of tetrahedra, some of which are only partly filled. The surface is extracted as a collection of closed triangles, where each triangle is an oriented closed curve contained within a single tetrahedron. The authors' method is an extension of the work of Doi and Koide (1991). In particular, the surface extraction process is followed by a simplification algorithm, which typically provides between 10 and 20 to 1 compression ratios in the surface representation while respecting a maximum distance bound to the original surface, and without noticeable degradation in surface fidelity. The authors display surfaces of the cranium from CT-scans and cortical surfaces from MR-scans at full resolution as well as synthetic surfaces, which have been extracted and simplified by their method. >
Features of the fuzzy clinical causation measure K

The fuzzy clinical causation measure K which gives a measure of how well the fuzzy unit hypercube of specified variables (dimensions) fits the actual causal matrix of the patient's physiology when a patient moves from clinical state A to clinical state B. K is derived from the fuzzy Subsethood Theorem as it applies to clinical causal effect and formal causal ground. Two basic assumptions underlie the formulation. The first is that the physiology of the individual patient is so complex and clinical decisions often life determining that conditions of uncertainty always face the physician. The second is that nature as a whole, the patient's physiology in particular, follow the general physical principle of 'least action'. This formulation elucidates the role of the expert observer as active in the assignment of causality to the physical conditions of the unique individual with the added constraint that the observer is also an individual with a unique history. This approach to causation is contrary to the current practice of "evidence-based medicine" where it is assumed that clinical observers are interchangeable with each other and individual patients are interchangeable with each other.
Evaluation of Outcomes in Converting from Intravenous Ondansetron to Oral Granisetron: An Observational Study

OBJECTIVE:To describe a systematic evaluation of the outcomes associated with revising institutional guidelines for the prevention of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) to promote cost-effective use of the serotonin (5-HT3) antagonists.METHODS:The 5-HT3 antagonist of choice in the antiemetic guidelines was revised from intravenous ondansetron to oral granisetron in August 1995. Patient assessments were conducted immediately prior to (Period 1) and after (Period 2) guideline revision using validated questionnaires. The effectiveness of the two 5-HT3 antagonists were compared and reported to the prescribing oncologists. Outcomes were assessed one year after guideline revision (Period 3) using identical methods.RESULTS:No difference was found in the rate of total control (no emesis, no nausea) between patients receiving oral granisetron (60%) and intravenous ondansetron (56%) (p = 0.408, Period 1 vs. 2). Nausea severity, the number of emesis episodes, and use of rescue antiemetics were als...
On Independence and Determination of Probability Measures

We show that two probability measures defined on the same measure space having the same pairs of independent events are either purely atomic or equal. In the former case, either measures are trivial (taking values in \(\{0,1\}\)) and singular, or equivalent. We also characterize nonatomic measures having the same events independent of a fixed (nontrivial) event and provide sufficient condition on pairs on independent intervals to determine a probability measure on the real line.
Symptom Treatment and Symptom Substitution in Enuresis.

This study explored the hypotheses that (a) Aspects of the therapist-patient relationship are responsible for successful behavior therapy; and (b) substitute problems will arise following remission of symptoms. Thirty enuretic children were treated either by a conditioning method or by methods devised to duplicate its motivational aspects. Adjustment measures on the enuretic Ss and control children were obtained independent of treatment. Conditioning was superior to other methods, suggesting that successful treatment was not based solely on the therapist-patient relationship. Subsequent to treatment, test measures did not indicate a decline in adjustment; on several measures, significant improvement was found. Two questions are frequently posed to the behavior therapist. First, what are the total effects of treatment on the individual? Traditional psychiatry (e.g., Freud, 1959) views maladjustive behavior as a sign that there is an underlying disorder, and warns that even if a problem can be removed by a nondynamic therapy a relapse or another new problem will follow, since the basic causes have not been treated. This "symptom substitution" hypothesis is probably the principal theoretical reason why many clinicians hesitate to use behavior therapy. Yet while the vast majority of behavior-ther apy follow-up reports indicate that no new problems have arisen following successful treatment (e.g., Baker, Kahn, & Weiss, 1968; Lang & Lazovik, 1963; Lazarus, 1961, 1963; Wolpe, 1961), there has been no well-controlled study of this hypothesis. Second, why does behavior therapy work when it does? Although behavior therapists stress the role of the learning paradigm in treatment, the learning theory upon which 1 Based on a dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree.
Epidemiology of a large restaurant-associated outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O111:NM

In August 2008, a large outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O111:NM infections associated with a buffet-style restaurant in rural Oklahoma was identified. A case-control study of restaurant patrons and a retrospective cohort study of catered event attendees were conducted coupled with an environmental investigation to determine the outbreak's source and mode of transmission. Of 1823 persons interviewed, 341 (18·7%) met the outbreak case definition; 70 (20·5%) were hospitalized, 25 (7·3%) developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and one died. Multiple food items were significantly associated with illness by both bivariate and multivariate analyses, but none stood out as a predominant transmission vehicle. All water, food, and restaurant surface swabs, and stool cultures from nine ill employees were negative for the presence of Shiga toxin and E. coli O111:NM although epidemiological evidence suggested the outbreak resulted from cross-contamination of restaurant food from food preparation equipment or surfaces, or from an unidentified infected food handler.
Non-Branching Moderate Moralism

Noel Carroll’s (“Moderate Moralism”) conceptual framework includes four positions: radical autonomism, moderate autonomism, moderate moralism, and radical moralism. Alessandro Giovanelli (“The Ethical Criticism of Art: A New Mapping of the Territory”) argues that the radical positions, as Carroll defines them, have no modern day adherents. Therefore, the framework should be adapted such that we can see interestingly new distinctions. On Giovanelli’s new framework Carroll’s account is a moderate autonomist view. In this paper I adopt Giovanelli’s framework and raise a different objection to Carroll’s account. I argue that Carroll’s account possesses a branching structure, since on this account moral and aesthetic criticism are not linearly related. Because of this structure, Carroll’s theory faces a dilemma: it’s either self-undermining or consistent with moderate autonomism, even in his own framework. Drawing on Kendall Walton’s (“Categories of Art”) notion of categories of art, I provide an account that is both non-branching and moderate moralist in Giovanelli’s framework. It’s non-branching because moral criticism bears a linear causal relation to aesthetic criticism.
Exporting Security: International Engagement, Security Cooperation and the Changing Face of the U.S. Military, by Derek S. Reveron

This book is a fascinating analysis of the significant cultural and doctrinal transformations that have reverberated throughout the U.S. military in the post-Cold War era. Reveron examines how the ...
Prostate biopsy protocols: 3D visualization‐based evaluation and clinical correlation

Objectives: Systematic needle core biopsy is commonly used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer by urologists worldwide. As accurate and early diagnosis will result in more and better options for treatment, it is critical that the best possible protocols for biopsy be used clinically. In this study, we develop three-dimensional (3D) modeling and simulation technologies to evaluate most of the biopsy protocols in current clinical use, and correlate the results with those from clinical cases.Materials and Methods: Using deformable modeling techniques, 3D computerized prostate surface models were reconstructed from step-sectioned, whole-mounted radical prostatectomy specimens with localized prostate cancer. A 3D computer simulation system was developed to accurately depict the anatomy of the prostate and all individual tumor foci. A user-friendly interface was developed in the system so that a physician can easily and interactively use it for prostate needle core biopsy. A total of 281 prostate models were r...
Ion implanted AlGaN-GaN HEMTs with nonalloyed Ohmic contacts

In this letter, the incorporation of Si implantation into AlGaN-GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) processing has been demonstrated. An ultrahigh-temperature (1500/spl deg/C) rapid thermal annealing technique was developed for the activation of Si dopants implanted in the source and drain. In comparison to control devices processed by conventional fabrication, the implanted device with nonalloyed ohmic contact showed comparable device performance with a contact resistance of 0.4 /spl Omega//spl middot/mm, I/sub max/ of 730 mA/mm, f/sub t//f/sub max/ of 26/62 GHz, and a power of 3.4 W/mm on sapphire. These early results demonstrate the feasibility of implantation incorporation into GaN-based device processing as well as the potential to increase yield, reproducibility, and reliability in AlGaN-GaN HEMTs.
Comparison of solutions for preservation of the rabbit liver as tested by isolated perfusion

The University of Wisconsin (UW) solution consists of a relatively complex mixture of agents. In this study we compared simpler preservation solutions, namely, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) and phosphate-buffered sucrose (PBS) with different compositions of UW solution in the isolated perfused rabbit liver model. Livers were stored cold for 24 and 48 h. After 24 h of preservation, the amount of bile produced in UW-preserved livers was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in HTK-preserved livers. Also, there was less LDH released into the perfusate in UW-preserved livers. There was more edema and lower K +/Na + rations in HTK-preserved livers than in UW-preserved livers (all data P < 0.05). After 48 h of preservation, the differences between livers preserved in UW or HTK solution were less noticeable than at 24 h and bile production was similar. LDH and AST release were greater in HTK-preserved livers than in UW livers, but these differences were not statistically significant. Preservation in PBS for 48 h was worse than in either UW or HTK solution. Substitution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) for hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in 48-h UW-preserved livers was not effective. We conclude that solutions simpler in composition than UW solution may be effective in kidney transplantation but do not appear suitable for successful liver preservation.