cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endovascular Biopsy: In Vivo Cerebral Aneurysm Endothelial Cell Sampling and Gene Expression Analysis

There is limited data describing endothelial cell (EC) gene expression between aneurysms and arteries partly because of risks associated with surgical tissue collection. Endovascular biopsy (EB) is a lower risk alternative to conventional surgical methods, though no such efforts have been attempted for aneurysms. We sought (1) to establish the feasibility of EB to isolate viable ECs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), (2) to characterize the differences in gene expression by anatomic location and rupture status using single-cell qPCR, and (3) to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised clustering algorithms to identify cell subpopulations. EB was performed in 10 patients (5 ruptured, 5 non-ruptured). FACS was used to isolate the ECs and single-cell qPCR was used to quantify the expression of 48 genes. Linear mixed models and exploratory multilevel component analysis (MCA) and self-organizing maps (SOMs) were performed to identify possible subpopulations of cells. ECs were collected from all aneurysms and there were no adverse events. A total of 437 ECs was collected, 94 (22%) of which were aneurysmal cells and 319 (73%) demonstrated EC-specific gene expression. Ruptured aneurysm cells, relative controls, yielded a median p value of 0.40 with five genes (10%) with p values < 0.05. The five genes (TIE1, ENG, VEGFA, MMP2, and VWF) demonstrated uniformly reduced expression relative the remaining ECs. MCA and SOM analyses identified a population of outlying cells characterized by cell marker gene expression profiles different from endothelial cells. After removal of these cells, no cell clustering based on genetic co-expressivity was found to differentiate aneurysm cells from control cells. Endovascular sampling is a reliable method for cell collection for brain aneurysm gene analysis and may serve as a technique to further vascular molecular research. There is utility in combining mixed and clustering methods, despite no specific subpopulation identified in this trial.
Bronchoesophageal fistula: a rare complication of aortic endograft infection

Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair is an increasingly common approach for aortic aneurysm repair. Infection of the prosthetic is a rare, but devastating complication which may result in the well-known aortoenteric or aortobronchial fistulae. Bronchoesophageal fistula resulting from an infected aortic endograft has not yet been reported in the literature. Early recognition of the symptoms and prompt imaging confirmation are essential for treating an otherwise highly morbid diagnosis.
The 2-dimensional stable homotopy hypothesis

Abstract We prove that the homotopy theory of Picard 2-categories is equivalent to that of stable 2-types.
Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of GSK-3β leads to cardiac dysfunction in a diet induced obesity model

Abstract Background and rationale Obesity, an independent risk factor for the development of myocardial diseases is a growing healthcare problem worldwide. It's well established that GSK-3β is critical to cardiac pathophysiology. However, the role cardiomyocyte (CM) GSK-3β in diet-induced cardiac dysfunction is unknown. Methods CM-specific GSK-3β knockout (CM-GSK-3β-KO) and littermate controls (WT) mice were fed either a control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 55weeks. Cardiac function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Results At baseline, body weights and cardiac function were comparable between the WT and CM-GSK-3β-KOs. However, HFD-fed CM-GSK-3β-KO mice developed severe cardiac dysfunction. Consistently, both heart weight/tibia length and lung weight/tibia length were significantly elevated in the HFD-fed CM-GSK-3β-KO mice. The impaired cardiac function and adverse ventricular remodeling in the CM-GSK-3β-KOs were independent of body weight or the lean/fat mass composition as HFD-fed CM-GSK-3β-KO and controls demonstrated comparable body weight and body masses. At the molecular level, on a CD, CM-GSK-3α compensated for the loss of CM-GSK-3β, as evident by significantly reduced GSK-3αs21 phosphorylation (activation) resulting in a preserved canonical β-catenin ubiquitination pathway and cardiac function. However, this protective compensatory mechanism is lost with HFD, leading to excessive accumulation of β-catenin in HFD-fed CM-GSK-3β-KO hearts, resulting in adverse ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion In summary, these results suggest that cardiac GSK-3β is crucial to protect against obesity-induced adverse ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction.
Paths to resilience: Alaska pollock fleet uses multiple fishing strategies to buffer against environmental change in the Bering Sea

Fishers seek to maximize profits, so when choosing where to fish, they must consider interactions among the environment, costs, and fish prices. We examined catcher vessels in the US Bering Sea fis...
Cationic amphiphilic bolaamphiphile-based delivery of antisense oligonucleotides provides a potentially microbiome sparing treatment for C. difficile

Conventional antibiotics for C. difficile infection (CDI) have mechanisms of action without organismal specificity, potentially perpetuating the dysbiosis contributing to CDI, making antisense approaches an attractive alternative. Here, three (APDE-8, CODE-9, and CYDE-21) novel cationic amphiphilic bolaamphiphiles (CABs) were synthesized and tested for their ability to form nano-sized vesicles or vesicle-like aggregates (CABVs), which were characterized based on their physiochemical properties, their antibacterial activities, and their toxicity toward colonocyte (Caco-2) cell cultures. The antibacterial activity of empty CABVs was tested against cultures of E. coli, B. fragilis, and E. faecalis, and against C. difficile by “loading” CABVs with 25-mer antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting dnaE. Our results demonstrate that empty CABVs have minimal colonocyte toxicity until concentrations of 71 µM, with CODE-9 demonstrating the least toxicity. Empty CABVs had little effect on C. difficile growth in culture (MIC90 ≥ 160 µM). While APDE-8 and CODE-9 nanocomplexes demonstrated high MIC90 against C. difficile cultures (>300 µM), CYDE-21 nanocomplexes demonstrated MIC90 at CABV concentrations of 19 µM. Empty CABVs formed from APDE-8 and CODE-9 had virtually no effect on E. coli, B. fragilis, and E. faecalis across all tested concentrations, while empty CYDE-21 demonstrated MIC90 of >160 µM against E. coli and >40 µM against B. fragilisand E. faecalis. Empty CABVs have limited antibacterial activity and they can deliver an amount of ASO effective against C. difficile at CABV concentrations associated with limited colonocyte toxicity, while sparing other bacteria. With further refinement, antisense therapies for CDI may become a viable alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment.
Substantive Criteria and Procedures in Withholding Care from Defective Newborns

Passive euthanasia of defective newborns through selective non-treatment is now widely practiced in England and the United States. Many persons defend the practice as a morally and socially justified way to prevent suffering. However, a practice of withholding necessary medical care from defective infants to cause their death does not square easily with basic norms of liberal democratic society that accord equal respect to the life of all persons whatever their physical, mental or social characteristics.
Potentiation of cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone toward CHO-K1 cells in vitro by dipyridamole.

Dipyridamole (DP), a clinically used vasodilator and an antiplatelet compound, augmented the activity of the anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MXN) toward Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells in culture. Clonogenic assays indicated that DP (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 µM) decreased the survival of cells treated with MXN (5 to 25 nM) in a dose-dependent manner. Further, DP (1 and 5 nM) decreased the MXN concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell growth from 3.2 to 1.8 and from 3.0 to 0.5 nM, respectively, over a period of 3 days. DP (10 µM) increased the accumulation of MXN by 1.8-fold in exponentially growing cells exposed to MXN. The enhanced levels of MXN in CHO-K1 cells in the presence of the chemosensitizer may account for the potentiation of MXN-cytotoxicity by DP.
The Origins of Behaviorism

This chapter will review the cultural evolution of the experimental and quantitative analysis of behavior. We review and apply behavioral stage theory because it makes an ideal means of accounting for the evolution of modern behavior analysis. Stage theory posits that, as individuals progress from lower stages to higher stages, their perception of the world becomes increasingly decentered (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958, Werner, 1940, 1957) from themselves. This process of decentering occurs in individual humans over a relatively short period of time if sufficient cultural contingencies are provided. The process begins at birth and tapers off in adulthood. The same process of decentration is at work over a much larger time frame, namely that of cultural evolution. We argue that if decentration progresses far enough, mentalistic notions of causes of behavior such as free will are replaced by non-mentalistic or more behavioral notions of cause. Thus, cultural evolution recapitulates individual development. We will trace how decentration was selected for, first historically in other fields, and how it results in the late 20th century with AI and neural nets.
Biochemical Responses of Plants to Fungal Attack

This review will concentrate on developments in the literature since the publication of excellent reviews edited by Bailey and Mansfield) and by Wood2 which should be consulted for a general overview. It is written with the preformed conclusion that active defense mechanisms are involved in fungi-plant interactions resulting in the resistance of some plants to some fungi.
Utilization of the Theory of Small on Large Deformation for Studying Mechanosensitive Cellular Behaviors

Recent studies suggest that cells routinely probe their mechanical environments and that this mechanosensitive behavior regulates some of their cellular activities. The finite elasticity theory of small-on-large deformation (SoL) has been shown to be effective in interpreting the mechanosensitive behavior of cells on a substrate that has been subjected to a prior large static stretch before the culturing of the cells. Small on large deformation is the superposition of a small deformation onto a prior large deformation that serves as the new reference configuration. This article aims to refine SoL theory to develop a theoretical framework for improved physical interpretation of mechanosensing. Given the initial large deformation in SoL, the stress generated by the small deformation is linearized, and the linearized elasticity tensor is taken to be a significant factor facilitating prediction of cellular behavior. The pre-stretch is shown to produce direction-based, effective elastic moduli for cellular mechanosensing. The utility of this SoL theory is illustrated by culturing of two different cell types grown on uniaxially pre-stretched surfaces that induce changes to the cell orientation and behavior.
The prevalence of fire and CO safety amenities in Airbnb venues that permit smoking - Findings from 17 countries.

Abstract Airbnb hosts rent their homes to guests as an alternative to traditional hospitality settings. Airbnb venues are not uniformly regulated for allowing smoking or requiring fire-safety amenities. This study quantified the reported prevalence of fire-safety amenities in 413,339 Airbnb venues that allow smoking in 43 cities in 17 countries. Proportions of host-reported smoke detectors and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms, and those that allow smoking were calculated. Across the entire sample 9.3% (n = 38,525) allowed smoking. An overall evaluation of those venues shows that 46% (n = 17,569) had smoke detectors compared to 64% of the 374,814 venues that do not allow smoking, a statistically significant difference (X2 = 5277 p
Framing Information Literacy: Teaching Grounded in Theory, Pedagogy, and Practice

In the six-volume set, Framing Information Literacy: Teaching Grounded in Theory, Pedagogy, and Practice, editors Mary K. Oberlies and Janna Mattson have endeavored to gather practical assignments ...
Representation of Women Physician Deans in U.S. Medical Schools

Abstract Background: Among U.S. medical school deans, there is a wide gender gap, most prominent at the highest levels. We aimed to discover how well women physicians were represented within the po...
All out, all the time? Evidence of dynamic effort in major league baseball

This paper presents evidence that effort varies according to players’ positions in the contract cycle using 2007 through 2011 data on Major League Baseball (MLB) non-pitchers eligible for free agen...
Public Housing Authorities in the Private Market

ABSTRACTDecreasing federal resources since the 1980s, policy devolution to the local level, and expansion of market-based approaches for affordable housing delivery have resulted in public housing ...
Genetic algorithm for nuclear data evaluation applied to subcritical neutron multiplication inference benchmark experiments

Abstract An optimization algorithm has been developed for the first time for application to International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) subcritical neutron multiplication inference benchmark experiments. The optimization algorithm is a genetic algorithm for nuclear data evaluation adjustments, specifically applied to subcritical benchmark measurements. The algorithm has been tested and yields improvement in (C-E)/E values of subcritical benchmark observables of interest. In this work, the genetic algorithm is applied to improvement of fission neutron multiplicity distribution parameters using several subcritical neutron multiplication inference benchmarks; specifically a series of reflected 4.5 kg α -phase spherical plutonium benchmarks. The algorithm results suggest changing the mean ( ν ¯ ) and standard deviation ( σ ) of the number of neutrons emitted by 240 Pu in spontaneous fission from 2.1510 to 2.1460 and from 1.1510 to 1.1395, respectively. In addition, the standard deviation of the number of neutrons emitted by 239 Pu in induced fission should remain unchanged at 1.1400. These changes are all within 1 standard deviation.
Safety analysis of integrated adaptive cruise and lane keeping control using multi-modal port-Hamiltonian systems

Abstract A modern vehicle can be viewed as a complex cyber–physical system (CPS) where the vehicle dynamics interact with the software control systems. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping control (LKC), in particular, are foundational features for semi-autonomous and autonomous driving. Safety analysis of such systems is extremely important for realizing vehicle autonomy. Ensuring safety in such complex CPS is very challenging, especially in the presence of interactions between multiple subsystems, nonlinearities, hybrid dynamics, and disturbances. This paper presents an approach for safety analysis of automotive control systems using multi-modal port-Hamiltonian systems. The approach uses the Hamiltonian function as a barrier between the energy levels of the safe and unsafe states and employs passivity to prove that trajectories cannot cross this barrier. The approach is applied to the safety analysis of a vehicle dynamics composed with ACC and LKC. The goal is to ensure that the host vehicle will not collide with a lead vehicle and will not skid off of the road. The control design is implemented and evaluated using a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform. The experimental results demonstrate the safety analysis approach including the impact of implementation effects such as discretization and quantization.
Bone Mineral Density T-Scores Derived from CT Attenuation Numbers (Hounsfield Units): Clinical Utility and Correlation with Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry.

Background Clinical computed tomography (CT) studies performed for other indications can be used to opportunistically assess vertebral bone without additional radiation or cost. Reference values for young women are needed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and track changes in CT bone mineral density values across the lifespan. The purpose of this study was to determine reference values for lumbar trabecular CT attenuation (Hounsfield units [HU]) and determine the diagnostic accuracy of HU T-scores (T-scoreHU) for identifying individuals with osteoporosis. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center cohort study of patients undergoing CT of the lumbar spine. Reference values for lumbar spine Hounsfield units were determined from a reference sample of 190 young women aged 20-30 years undergoing CT scan of the lumbar spine. A separate sample of 252 older subjects undergoing CT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) within a 6-month period that served as a validation cohort. Osteoporosis was defined by T-scoreDXA ≤ -2.5. Reference values were determined for lumbar HU from L1 to L4 from the reference cohort (24.0 ± 2.9 years). T-scoreHU was calculated in the validation cohort (58.9 ± 7.5 yrs). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess sensitivity and specificity of T-scoreHU for this task. Results Reference group HU ranged from 227 ± 42 at L3 to 236 ± 42 at L1 (P < 0.001). Validation group T-scoreDXA was -0.7 ± 1.5 and -0.9 ± 1.2 at lumbar and femoral sites respectively. Mean T-scoreHU was -2.3. T-scoreHU of -3.0, corresponding to 110 HU, was 48% sensitive and 91% specific for osteoporosis in the validation group. ROC area under the curve ranged from 0.825 to 0.853 depending on lumbar level assessed. Conclusions Although lumbar trabecular HU T-scores are lower than DXA T-scores, thresholds can be selected to achieve high sensitivity and specificity when screening for osteoporosis. Patients with a lumbar T-scoreHU ≤ -3.0 should be referred for additional evaluation. Further research into HU T-scores and clinical correlates may also provide a tool to assess changes in vertebral bone and the relationship to fracture risk across the lifespan.
The Belkin Tales [Povesti Belkina]: The literature of ‘everyday life’ and mass literature

‘Which way will Russian literature go?’ is the question at the centre of The Tales. It was in the mid-1820s to early 1830s that an argument arose about the popular (genre) stream, which resonated so well with mass audiences. Pushkin creates the persona of Belkin as the collective image of a commercially driven author who utilizes popular subjects of local and foreign origin, much like the writer in A. Pogorelsky’s The Double [Dvoynik]. Having pinpointed the typical features of moral descriptions and transferred them into Belkin’s stories, Pushkin devises various combinations of moral descriptions through depictions of ‘everyday life’, ranging from utter rejection to creative adaptation of the more effective elements of commercial writing. The stories offer three ways for analysis: from the viewpoint of Belkin, who reworks borrowed subjects in the manner of his idol F. Bulgarin; of Pushkin’s Double, who produces the ‘everyday reality’ context; and of Pushkin himself, who weaves those strands together and is responsible for the overall architectonics and subtext of The Tales.
The economic effects of financial relief delays following a natural disaster

In the U.S. the economic damages of natural disasters have increased substantially over time. While private insurance payouts tend to arrive relatively quickly, federal recovery monies are often al...
Book Review: Management and Leadership in Social Work: A Competency-Based Approach

Management and Leadership in Social Work: A Competency-Based Approach Todd W. Rofuth and Julie M. Piepenbring, Springer (2020) Reviewed by: Sinda Nichols, Center for Community and Civic Engagement, Carleton College Subscribe to JNEL
Grayscale stencil lithography for patterning multispectral color filters

Flat optics for spatially resolved amplitude and phase modulation usually rely on 2D patterning of layered structures with spatial thickness variation. For example, Fabry–Perot-type multilayer structures have been applied widely as spectral filter arrays. However, it is challenging to efficiently fabricate large-scale multilayer structures with spatially variable thicknesses. Conventional photo/eBeam-lithography-based approaches suffer from either low-efficiency and high-cost iterative processes or limitations on materials for spectral tunability. In this work, an efficient and cost-effective grayscale stencil lithography method is demonstrated to achieve material deposition with spatial thickness variation. The design of stencil shadow masks and deposition strategy offers arbitrarily 2D thickness patterning with low surface roughness. The method is applied to fabricate multispectral reflective filter arrays based on lossy Fabry–Perot-type optical stacks with dielectric layers of variable thickness, which generate a wide color spectrum with high customizability. Grayscale stencil lithography offers a feasible and efficient solution to overcome the thickness-step and material limitations in fabricating spatially thickness-varying structures. The principles of this method can find applications in micro-fabrication for optical sensing, imaging, and computing.
The Tangled Tale of Genes and Environment: Moore's The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of “nature VS. Nurture”.

Nature–nurture views that smack of genetic determinism remain prevalent. Yet, the increasing knowledge base shows ever more clearly that environmental factors and genes form a fully interactional system at all levels. Moore's book covers the major topics of discovery and dispute, including behavior genetics and the twin studies, developmental psychobiology, and developmental systems theory. Knowledge of this larger life-sciences context for behavior principles will become increasingly important as the full complexity of gene–environment relations is revealed. Behavior analysis both contributes to and gains from the larger battle for the recognition of how nature and nurture really work.
Spirituality as Ideology in Black Women's Film and Literature

In Spirituality as Ideology in Black Women's Film and Literature, Judylyn Ryan explores the ways in which spirituality operates as a vital dynamic in works by Black women artists. In her research o...
Relationships between plant nitrogen economy and life history in three deciduous-forest herbs

Summary 1 We compared nitrogen (N) uptake and whole-plant N dynamics in three deciduous-forest herbs of contrasting life histories: the spring ephemeral Alliumtricoccum, the summergreen Violapubescens and the semievergreen Tiarellacordifolia. We predicted that differences in above-ground physiology would translate into differences in N acquisition and partitioning, such that nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) would increase from Allium to Viola to Tiarella. 2 Patterns of N uptake were generally the opposite of our predictions. Allium had the lowest N uptake capacity in both laboratory and field experiments whereas roots of Tiarella had the highest specific N uptake capacity. 3 Viola was the only species in which the specific uptake capacity of roots was related to photosynthetic activity of leaves, both decreasing by a factor of two from spring to summer. In contrast, Tiarella consistently had the lowest photosynthetic capacity and the highest specific uptake capacity whereas Allium maintained substantial root uptake capacity throughout the summer when it had no photosynthetic activity. 4 There were no significant differences between species in overall NUE. However, there were differences in the components of NUE: nitrogen productivity (A) and mean residence time of N in the plant (MRT). Nitrogen productivity increased, and MRT decreased, from Allium to Viola to Tiarella. 5 In all three species, there was a balance between acquisition of N and building of biomass over the annual growth cycle, despite dramatic disjunctions between the tissue-specific rates of carbon and N acquisition in Allium and Tiarella. The variation in A and MRT we observed among co-occurring species of a single N-rich habitat was comparable with that observed by other researchers studying plants adapted to habitats of widely varying N availability.
The influence of different fixatives and fixation methods on the ultrastructure of rat kidney proximal tubule cells. I. Comparison of different perfusion fixation methods and of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixatives.

The ultrastructure of rat kidney proximal tubule cells was compared following fixation by different methods (microperfusion of single tubules, different forms of vascular perfusion, dripping of the fixative on the kidney surface). A comparison was also made between glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixatives. The rat kidney cortex could be uniformely fixed by vascular perfusion with both aldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixatives. Characteristic ultrastructural differences were observed between cells fixed with the different fixation methods and with the different fixatives. The observations demonstrate a great sensitivity of the proximal tubule cells to different conditions of fixation and illustrate the necessity of considering this when analyzing the ultrastructural organization of these cells.
Method to unfold the density distribution of any axially symmetric liner from radiographic data

Summary form only given. Since the outer liner layer where the instabilities develop consists of liquid and high density plasma phases, it is of great diagnostic interest to be able to unfold the radial density distribution of the bellows-like liner from the radiographic data. In this paper we propose a numerical method, coupled with a set of straight forward experimental calibrations, which will enable us to do so. This method is applicable in general provided that the liner has a good axial symmetry. The spatial resolution of the radiography are limited by the finite size of the X-ray source and also complicated by the scattered radiation. Detailed formulation of our method will be discussed together with these experimental complications.
Historical Research in the Journal of Macromarketing, 1981–2005

This article examines the development of historical research in the Journal of Macromarketing during the first twenty-five years of the journal's publication. Historical research has been an important part of the journal, especially since 1994, and the journal has been instrumental in nurturing historical research in marketing. Seventy-five historical publications were reviewed. The nature and scope of that historical research in the journal is described as it has changed over time.
Effect of negative air ions upon emotionality and brain serotonin levels in isolated rats.

The effect of small negative air ions on the emotional behavior and brain serotonin content of isolated rats was studied. The results indicate that isolated subjects were more reactive to handling and had larger levels of serotonin than did isolated subjects undergoing continuous ion treatment. Group housed subjects were less reactive to handling than were either isolated subjects or isolated subjects intermittently exposed to ions. Thus ions were effective in reducing both emotionality and serotonin. Only continuous ion treatment was effective.
Is octreotide beneficial following pancreatic injury

Background: Pancreatic injury is often associated with multiple complications related to uncontrolled pancreatic exocrine secretion, including pancreatic fistula, pseudocyst, and intra-abdominal abscesses. Somatostatin analogues such as octreotide have been shown to decrease pancreas-related morbidity following major pancreatic resection in patients with pancreatic neoplasms and acute severe pancreatitis. This study was conducted to determine whether or not the administration of octreotide influences the incidence and severity of abdominal complications following pancreatic injury. Patients and methods: Patients with intraoperative diagnosis of pancreatic injury over a 6-year period were studied retrospectively. Specific complications assessed include abdominal abscesses, pseudocyst, pancreatitis, and pancreatic fistula. Statistical analysis of qualitative variables was by chi-square analysis, and analysis of quantitative variables by Student's t-test (P <0.05). Results: Injury to the pancreas was identified in 96 patients. Sixteen early deaths (<48 hours) and one late death occurred, for a mortality of 18%, leaving 80 patients as the study population; 21 patients received octreotide and 55 patients did not. Pancreatic fistula occurred in 32 patients (40%). When stratified by pancreatic injury severity, there was no significant difference in complication rates, although patients treated with octreotide had a higher rate of fistula formation (48% versus 40%), longer duration of fistula drainage, and longer hospital stay compared with untreated patients. Conclusion: Although adverse patient selection may be a factor in this retrospective survey, the magnitude of observed differences raises concerns regarding the empiric administration of octreotide to such patients pending prospective study.
Localization of the Wilson’s disease protein product to mitochondria

Wilson’s disease (WND) is an inherited disorder of copper homeostasis characterized by abnormal accumulation of copper in several tissues, particularly in the liver, brain, and kidney. The disease-associated gene encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase, the WND protein, the subcellular location of which could be regulated by copper. We demonstrate that the WND protein is present in cells in two forms, the 160-kDa and the 140-kDa products. The 160-kDa product was earlier shown to be targeted to trans-Golgi network. The 140-kDa product identified herein is located in mitochondria as evidenced by the immunofluorescent staining of HepG2 cells with specific mitochondria markers and polyclonal antibody directed against the C terminus of the WND molecule. The mitochondrial location for the 140-kDa WND product was confirmed by membrane fractionation and by analysis of purified human mitochondria. The antibody raised against a repetitive sequence in the N-terminal portion of the WND molecule detects an additional 16-kDa protein, suggesting that the 140-kDa product was formed after proteolytic cleavage of the full-length WND protein at the N terminus. Thus, the WND protein is a P-type ATPase with an unusual subcellular localization. The mitochondria targeting of the WND protein suggests its important role for copper-dependent processes taking place in this organelle.
Poly-DL-lactic acid: polyethylene glycol block copolymers. The influence of polyethylene glycol on the degradation of poly-DL-lactic acid.

ABA block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and poly-DL-lactic acid were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of DL-dilactide with α,ω-dihydroxy polyethylene glycol, n, 1000 or 2000. The morphol...
Catchy, yes, but does it work?: The impact of broadcast network promotion frequency and type on program success

This study analyzed the effectiveness of promotions in stimulating interest in new and returning network programming, using 1,028 program advertisements edited out of a stratified sample of major broadcast network programming. Overall, frequency of promotion per episode was negatively and weakly related to program ratings. Promotions appeared to work better for returning programs and to be more effective in the first month of new season than in the second.
Trajectories of Ownership Transformation in China: Implications for Uneven Regional Development

Through a study of Jiangsu Province, this paper analyzes the little-studied process of ownership transformation to derive a better understanding of China's economic transition and regional development. It illustrates drastic disparities in pre-reform experiences and local development conditions among China's regions; among these, varied trajectories of ownership transformation have contributed greatly to the complex mosaic of uneven regional development. The author argues for the complexity of the geography of ownership transformation, and highlights the role of the state and local contexts in shaping trends in ownership transformation and regional development. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F21, G32, P31. 6 figures, 4 tables, 58 references.
A course in thermodynamics

With example problems, tests, and experiments, this textbook provides a complete program in thermodynamics and kinetics. But the dense text may leave some students needing additional guidance.
Evaluation of nutrient solution phosphorus concentration on potato plantlet tuber production under greenhouse conditions

Abstract Phosphorus fertilizer management of greenhouse grown micropropagated potato plantlets has been based on field research. Differences in growing conditions, potting media and the planting material itself may make the field research data base unacceptable in a greenhouse environment. This study was conducted to determine the optimum nutrient solution phosphorus (P) concentration for maximum growth and yield of micropropagated potato plantlets grown under greenhouse conditions. Nutrient solution P concentrations ranging from 0 to 55 μg P/ml were evaluated. Each nutrient solution P concentration was applied weekly to micropropagated potato plantlets that were grown in 80% vermiculite‐20% sand potting medium. Results indicate that P concentrations between 10 and 35 μg P/ml are optimum for potato plantlet tuber production. This P concentration range maximizes vegetative weight, total tuber weight and number of tubers produced per micropropagated potato plantlet. Data further indicated that the potting m...
Disability Reporting Choices by Married Couples: Evidence from Census Data

The purpose of this paper is to analyze determinants of the decision to self-report health impairments that limit or prevent work. Its particular focus is on joint reporting behavior by married couples, with a view toward potential interdependence of spouses' reporting decisions. The model is based on a large sample of married couples taken from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample of the U.S. Census. Empirical analysis is based on a simultaneous probit model of spouses' reports. Results of the analysis show evidence of an association between spouses' reports, after controlling for important background variables. The extent of association appears to be more pronounced among low earners and among older wives.
Coupling Between a Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer and a Flexible Structure

A mathematical model and a computer code have been developed to fully couple the vibration of an aircraft fuselage panel to the surrounding flow field, turbulent boundary layer and acoustic fluid. The turbulent boundary layer model is derived using a triple decomposition of the flow variables and applying a conditional averaging to the resulting equations. Linearized panel and acoustic equations are used. Results from this model are in good agreement with existing experimental and numerical data. It is shown that in the supersonic regime, full coupling of the flexible panel leads to lower response and radiation from the panel. This is believed to be due to an increase in acoustic damping on the panel in this regime. Increasing the Mach number increases the acoustic damping, which is in agreement with earlier work.
SAFESTAT: MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY STATUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

In 1993, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (the Volpe Center) began a multiyear research effort to propose an improved process for assessing motor carrier safety fitness for the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers (OMC). At the time, OMC's primary method of determining safety fitness came from ratings based on the results of on-site safety compliance reviews. The intent of OMC was to take advantage of improved safety data reporting, information systems technologies, and the Volpe Center's experience in safety measurement methodology, as well as to address the weaknesses of the rating process. The Volpe Center proposed using an automated safety performance monitoring system and subsequently developed SafeStat (Motor Carrier Safety Status Measurement System) as part of a federal-state pilot program. Since then, SafeStat has been implemented nationally by OMC to rank individual motor carriers for compliance reviews. SafeStat is designed to incorporate current on-road safety performance information and enforcement history with the compliance review information to measure the overall relative safety fitness of interstate carriers. In arriving at this overall assessment, SafeStat evaluates carriers in four safety evaluation areas: accident, driver, vehicle, and safety management. SafeStat enables OMC to quantify and monitor the safety status of carriers continually, thereby allowing OMC enforcement and education programs to efficiently allocate resources to carriers that pose a high risk of crashes. The methodology and the current and proposed uses of SafeStat are described.
Influence of chemical polymerization conditions on the properties of polyaniline

Abstract The chemical polymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions was studied as a function of a wide variety of synthesis parameters, such as pH, relative concentration of reactants, polymerization temperature and time, etc. The polymer was synthesized using a number of different oxidizing agents and different protonic acids. It was found that the reaction yield was not sensitive to most variables. By contrast, the inherent viscosity of the polymer, measured in solutions in concentrated sulphuric acid, was strongly dependent on the synthesis parameters. Optimum reaction conditions are outlined for the chemical polymerization of aniline, for post-treatment with aqueous HCl solutions, and for compensation of the emeraldine salt into its base form. Under such conditions, high-quality polyaniline base was synthesized with an inherent viscosity (0.1% w/w polymer in sulphuric acid) as high as 2.32 dl g −1 .
Predictive medicine. VII. The specificity of tests.

In full-blown cases of disease, the results of certain biochemical tests may be highly diagnostic. However, in the early stages of illness, these tests are not pathognomonic and not even characteristic of a particular disease. For predictive purposes, biochemical testing is simply a measure of the syndrome of sickness.
Readback Signal Decrease Due to Dynamic Load Head-Disk Contacts

The effect of head-disk impacts due to repeated dynamic load is investigated experimentally. Loading conditions more severe than those typically found in ramp-load disk drives are applied to ensure that contacts occur, and disk-synchronized head loading motions are applied so that the head-disk contact points are all distributed within a small area on the disk. The resulting readback signal decrease was observed to correlate with the head-disk impact velocity and hence the slider's vertical approaching velocity. With a larger vertical velocity, readback signal decrease appeared earlier and the amount of decrease was larger. The results indicate that dynamic load-unload should be quite reliable under typical loading conditions, and the reliability of dynamic load-unload can be achieved by controlling the vertical approaching velocity of the slider. This is comparatively easier than controlling the narrow manufacturing tolerances of the slider's pitch and roll of the head-suspension assembly. The technological trend toward using smaller-sized head-suspension assemblies and higher-coercivity magnetic disks may further enhance the dynamic load head-disk interface durability.
The necessity of the tension

Inspire par l'article de Guston sur la compatibilite entre science et democratie, examinee dans le cadre de la conception de Tocqueville, L'A. approfondit certains points de cette problematique
Modulation of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Associated Spontaneous Lymphocyte Proliferation by Monoclonal Antibodies to Lymphocyte Surface Molecules

Both human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections are characterized by in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous antigens or mitogens. Differential expression of lymphocyte surface molecules in HTLV and BLV infection suggests that lymphocyte dysregulation may involve signaling through surface molecules involved in immune regulation. We examined the expression of adhesion and major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules on circulating lymphocytes from BLV-infected cows with persistent lymphocytosis and the ability of monoclonal antibodies to these molecules to modulate spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation. The integrin molecule, CD11c, and both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules were upregulated on B and T lymphocytes from PL cows. Anti-CD11c antibody was stimulatory to lymphocyte proliferation regardless of BLV status and had a greater stimulatory effect on spontaneously proliferating lymphocytes from persistently lymphocytotic cows than on normal bovine lymphocytes. Antibodies to bovine class I and class II inhibited spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation. Results suggest that lymphocyte dysregulation in BLV-induced persistent lymphocytosis involves upregulation of and signaling through lymphocyte surface molecules which are involved in immune activation of lymphocytes.
Properties and convergence of a posteriori probabilities in classification problems

본 연구에서는 백화점 DM광고에 대한 소비자 인식 요인으로 광고의 정보성에 대한 인식 과 광고의 유용성에 대한 인식을 도출하고 이 두 요인이 백화점 DM광고에 대한 태도 및 회 피에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 백화점 DM을 정기적으로 수령하는 소 비자들을 대상으로 조사가 실시되었으며, 다중회귀분석(multiple regression analysis) 을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 광고에 대한 소비자인식 요인인 광고의 정보성에 대 한 인식과 광고의 유용성에 대한 인식 모두 광고태도와 높은 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 나타 났다. 또한, 백화점 DM광고에 대한 소비자인식 중 광고의 정보성에 대한 인식은 광고회 피에 대해 부정적인 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났고, 광고의 유용성에 대한 인식은 광 고회피에 그다지 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 실무 적인 시사점과 향후 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다.
Efficient space propulsion and power using a high-temperature, gaseous radiation receiver

A two-dimensional analysis is carried out for a flowing gas radiation heater, a device whereby focused solar radiation is deposited volumetrically in a gas to produce high temperatures for space power or propulsion. The paper includes radiative losses to the walls of the absorption chamber, and demonstrates that if wall reflectivity exceeds 75 percent, gas temperatures above 3000 K are possible.
A new aortic root prosthesis with compliant sinuses for valve-sparing operations ☆

Abstract Background . We designed and tested a novel aortic root prosthesis with compliant sinuses for valve-sparing operations. Methods . In eight human aortic roots, the aorta was trimmed 2 mm above the leaflet attachment. The aortic portion of the graft was made by scalloping the Dacron tube. Three sinuses were made individually after turning z-folds in the fabric 90 degrees. Three rectangular pieces were cut and purse strings sewn in each to form the sinuses. The graft was sutured to the aortic root and studied in a left heart simulator. The leaflet motion was recorded (500 frames/second), commissural movement was measured with ultrasound, and the shape of the root was determined from a mold. Seven intact aortic roots were also studied. Results . In the aortic graft roots, the valves were competent and leaflets opened rapidly into a circular orifice, not touching the sinus wall. Commissural diameter increased by 22% when pressure increased from 0 to 80 mm Hg, and increased by a further 6.6% when pressure increased to 120 mm Hg. The sinuses had a teardrop shape. Conclusions . The dynamics of the aortic graft root and the leaflets were comparable to that of the intact aortic root. This prosthesis is being introduced in clinical practice.
Tobacco Budworm: Development of a Spray Adjuvant to Increase Effectiveness of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

At least 75% of responding neonate larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.) demonstrated a preferential feeding response to water extracts of cotton seed and corn silks, kernels and seed, and crude cottonseed oil, cottonseed flours, and soy flour. A cottonseed flour, the most preferred, was a likely candidate as one feeding stimulant in a microbial spray adjuvant. Exposing neonate larvae for 2 h to greenhouse cotton plants treated with a spray of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus from Autographa californica (Speyer) formulated with cottonseed flour, crude cottonseed oil, and sucrose produced 93.3% mortality due to viral infection after 10 days. Mortality was 33.3% among larvae exposed to plants treated with virus in water alone.
From Wasteland to Wetland? Nature and Nation in China's Tibet

AbstractThe environmental history of Lhasa's Lhalu wetland reveals problems with competing ecological nationalist narratives of the Chinese state and Tibetan exiles. Both deny Tibetans the possibil...
A molecular secondary ionization source for use with a high performance tandem mass spectrometer

Abstract A secondary ion source has been designed, constructed and mounted to a triple-sector (EBE) mass spectrometer. The intense secondary ion beam produced by the source permits routine tandem mass spectrometry of involatile analytes. The gas phase fragmentation of secondary protonated argenine has been investigated using this instrument.
Matrix effects on lifetime statistics for carbon fibre-epoxy microcomposites in creep rupture

Experimental results are presented for the strength and lifetime in creep rupture of carbon-epoxy microcomposites consisting of seven carbon fibres (Hercules IM6) within an epoxy matrix (Dow DER 332 epoxy with Texaco Jeffamine T403 curing agent) in an approximately hexagonal configuration. Special attention was paid to clamping, specimen alignment, shock isolation and accurate lifetime measurement. The results were analysed using a previously developed model, which involves a Weibull distribution for fibre strength and micromechanical stress redistribution around fibre breaks where the matrix creeps in shear following a power law. The model yields Weibull distributions for both microcomposite strength and lifetime where the respective shape and scale parameters depend on model parameters such as the Weibull shape parameter for fibre strength, the exponent for matrix creep, and the effective load transfer length and critical cluster size for failed fibres. Experimental results were consistent with the theory, though a fractographic study suggested time-dependent debonding along the fibre-matrix interface as being a key mechanism. Arguments were given to suggest, however, that the overall analytical forms would essentially be preserved. The results were compared with earlier results using a different epoxy system (Dow DER 331 epoxy with DEH 26 curing agent). Values for the matrix creep exponent and the effective load transfer length were about double and triple respectively the values from the earlier study, leading to slightly reduced strength, about one-half the variability in lifetime, but almost one-half the value of the exponent for the power law relating microcomposite lifetime to stress level.
Ion-pair formation in fast collisions of metastable argon with iodine☆

Abstract Differential ion-pair production cross sections for Ar * —I 2 collisions at center of mass energies of 25–133 eV are quite similar to analogous alkali—I 2 results despite the addition of competing channels (Penning ionization and excitation transfer) and possible multiple electronic surface crossings.