cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Early-season, Single Applications of Azoxystrobin for the Control of Potato Black Dot as Evaluated by Three Assessment Methods

Timing of azoxystrobin application for control of potato black dot was evaluated at two to four discrete times during early growth stages of potato from planting to just before row closure in trials from 2003 through 2006. Application timings consisted of a single application of azoxystrobin made either at planting, 34, 43, or 60–62 days after planting. Black dot severity was evaluated on above- and below-ground stems using three assessment methods. Incidence of infected progeny tubers and yield were also determined. Application at 60–62 days after planting was the most efficacious timing when black dot was evaluated as frequency of detecting Colletotrichum coccodes from 0.5 cm stem sections taken from near the plant crown in 2 of 3 years, as distance of sclerotium expansion on stems in 1 of 2 years, and as sclerotium density on stems 2 of 3 years. Black dot severity was not reduced as evaluated by any of the assessment methods when application of azoxystrobin was made at planting. Below-ground stems had more disease than the above-ground stems as measured by frequency of detection of C. coccodes near the crown 2 of 4 years, distance of sclerotium expansion on stems 2 of 2 years and sclerotium density on stems 3 of 3 years. Disease severity between above- and below-ground stem segments were highly correlated for all disease assessment methods and years except for frequency of detection of C. coccodes from crown tissue in 2005. There were no statistical interactions for any of the disease severity assessment methods between above- and below-ground stem segments with azoxystrobin timing. The sclerotia assessment on above-ground stem segments at end of season was an efficient measure of black dot. Incidence of infected progeny tubers was significantly reduced compared to the non-treated control when application was made at 62 days after planting in 1 of 3 years and at 34 and 43 days after planting in 2 of 4 years. There was not a significant difference in yield between any of the application times and the non-treated control in any year.
Initial uncertainties in ‘nuclear winter’: A proposed test based on the dresden firestorm

An extinction optical depth of 20 is necessary for total darkness (NAS, 1985), although a considerably lower value than that can produce near-total darkness because scattered light does not generate shadows and contrast. It can be seen that the Dresden firestorm smoke cloud, calculated under the conditions usually assumed in nuclear winter calculations, should have resulted in total darkness over a vast area.
English- and Spanish-speaking Latina Mothers’ Beliefs about Food, Health, and Mothering

Parent beliefs regarding food, health, and child feeding behaviors among Latinos have not been well-documented. A series of eight focus groups were conducted with English-speaking and Spanish-speaking low-income Latina mothers of preschoolers to investigate their beliefs regarding how food and food preparation are related to their children’s health and to their own roles as mothers. Systematic content analysis using NUDIST 6 revealed seven themes discussed by the focus groups. Integration of these themes revealed three major areas of consideration: (1) a lack of connection between the domains of eating, overweight, and health outcomes; (2) the role of parent modeling of eating behaviors; and (3) the use of feeding strategies that may not be conducive to the development of healthy eating behaviors. Furthermore, the data suggest that there are important distinctions among Latinos based on language preference, and that a “one-size-fits-all” approach to modeling Latino mothers’ feeding beliefs may not be appropriate.
Prostate ultrasonography: applications in carcinoma of the prostate

Ultrasonography of the prostate gland proved to be a reliable tool predicting the preoperative prostate volume. Regarding screening of prostate carcinoma, transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate (TRUS) seems to be a valuable method in addition to rectal digital examination and PSA. TRUS is also helpful in aiding prostatic biopsies and in staging of organ confinement of prostate cancer.
Access control and applications on trusted systems

Most current trusted automated information systems do not allow changes to or extensions of the access control policy implemented by the system vendor. This closed approach to access control can restrict the operation of site applications and commercial off-the-shelf applications on trusted systems. A flexible, open access control framework that provides relief from these restrictions is presented. A network license mechanism is used to illustrate the problem and the applicability of the framework. >
PENALITY AND THE PENAL STATE

The sociology of punishment has developed a rich understanding of the social and historical forces that have transformed American penality during the last 40 years. But whereas these social forces are not unique to the United States, their penal impact there has been disproportionately large, relative to comparable nations. To address this issue, I suggest that future research should attend more closely to the structure and operation of the penal state. I begin by distinguishing penality (the penal field) from the penal state (the governing institutions that direct and control the penal field). I then present a preliminary conceptualization of “the penal state” and discuss the relationship between the penal state and the American state more generally.
Reality-based optimization

Profile-based optimization has been studied extensively. Numerous papers and real systems have shown substantial improvements. However, most of these papers have been limited to either branch prediction or instruction cache performance. Also, most of these papers have looked at small applications with a limited number of testing and training scenarios. In this paper, we look at real use of large real-world desktop applications. We also assume memory consumption and disk performance are the primary metrics of interest. For this domain, we show that it is very difficult to get adequate coverage of large applications even with an extensive collection of training scenarios. We propose instead to augment traditional scenarios with data derived from real use. We show that this methodology allows us to reduce memory pressure by 29% and disk reads by 33% compared to traditional approaches.
Determination of perchlorate at trace levels in drinking water by ion-pair extraction with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Perchlorate has been added to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). The present work describes the analysis of perchlorate in water by liquid−liquid extraction followed by flow injection electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Cationic surfactants, mostly alkyltrimethylammonium salts, are used to ion-pair aqueous perchlorate, forming extractable ion pairs. The cationic surfactant associates with the perchlorate ion to form a complex detectable by ESI/MS. The selectivity of the extraction and the mass spectrometric detection increases confidence in the identification of perchlorate. The method detection limit for perchlorate based on 3.14σn-1 of seven replicate injections was 100 ng L-1 (parts per trillion). Standard addition was used to quantitate perchlorate in a drinking water sample from a contaminated source, and the concentration determined agreed within experimental error with the concentration determined by ion chromatography.
Gifted children's relationships with teachers

Educators exert a tremendous influence on gifted children’s academic and socialemotional development, thus their perceptions of these students is critical. Many factors are associated with a successful classroom experience for the gifted child, and the classroom teacher plays a vital role in that success. The teacher influences not only the academic side of classroom life, but the personal one as well. There is a growing research interest in the interpersonal relationship between teacher and child and how it affects the child’s experience in the classroom (Pianta, 1992, Kesner, 2000), but this research has not been systematically applied to the study of gifted children.
Laparoscopic and Psychologic Evaluation of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Objective:Pelvic pain can account for up to 40 percent of laparoscopies performed by gynecologists. This report compares the psychological profiles and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery at long-term follow-up in a series of laparoscopy-positive and laparoscopy-negative patients with chronic pelvic pain.Method:A retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain combined with postoperative written questionnaires and self-rating scales. These questionnaires were used to assess long-term post laparoscopy follow-up of the physical and psychological status of women with positive findings at laparoscopy compared to those women with negative findings.Results:There were no statistically significant demographic differences between respondents and nonrespondents. In the respondents, no statistically significant differences were noted even with long-term follow-up when comparing responses of the laparoscopy-positive and laparoscopy-negative groups on the above questionnaires.Concl...
A Novel Combination Immunotherapy for Cancer by IL-13Rα2–Targeted DNA Vaccine and Immunotoxin in Murine Tumor Models

Optimum efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines may require combinations that generate effective antitumor immune responses, as well as overcome immune evasion and tolerance mechanisms mediated by progressing tumor. Previous studies showed that IL-13Rα2, a unique tumor-associated Ag, is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. A targeted cytotoxin composed of IL-13 and mutated Pseudomonas exotoxin induced specific killing of IL-13Rα2(+) tumor cells. When combined with IL-13Rα2 DNA cancer vaccine, surprisingly, it mediated synergistic antitumor effects on tumor growth and metastasis in established murine breast carcinoma and sarcoma tumor models. The mechanism of synergistic activity involved direct killing of tumor cells and cell-mediated immune responses, as well as elimination of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and, consequently, regulatory T cells. These novel results provide a strong rationale for combining immunotoxins with cancer vaccines for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.
New and corrected simulations of synaptic facilitation.

Tang et al. (2000) demonstrated that, at the crayfish neuromuscular junction, both the accumulation and the decay properties of short-term synaptic facilitation (STF) are strongly affected by the addition of a fast high-affinity Ca2+ buffer, suggesting a role of residual free Ca2+ in the induction of STF. The authors proposed that the experimental results can be explained by a secretion model with two Ca2+ binding sites, a secretory site mediating exocytosis and located close to the Ca2+ channel (∼10–20 nm), and a high-affinity facilitation site located further away (∼80–100 nm) from the channel.
A Novel Feature Selection for Intrusion Detection in Virtual Machine Environments

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are continuously evolving, with the goal of improving the security of computer infrastructures. However, one of the most significant challenges in this area is the poor detection rate, due to the presence of excessive features in a data set whose class distributions are imbalanced. Despite the relatively long existence and the promising nature of feature selection methods, most of them fail to account for imbalance class distributions, particularly, for intrusion data, leading to poor predictions for minority class samples. In this paper, we propose a new feature selection algorithm to enhance the accuracy of IDS of virtual server environments. Our algorithm assigns weights to subsets of features according to the maximized area under the ROC curve (AUC) margin it induces during the boosting process over the minority and the majority examples. The best subset of features is then selected by a greedy search strategy. The empirical experiments are carried out on multiple intrusion data sets using different commercial virtual appliances and real malwares.
Alcohol control efforts in comprehensive cancer control plans and alcohol use among adults in the USA.

Aims: To understand how US cancer control plans address alcohol use, an important but frequently overlooked cancer risk factor, and how many US adults are at risk. Methods: We reviewed alcohol control efforts in 69 comprehensive cancer control plans in US states, tribes and jurisdictions. Using the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we assessed the prevalence of current alcohol use among US adults and the proportion of these drinkers who exceeded guidelines for moderate drinking. Results: Most com- prehensive cancer control plans acknowledged alcohol use as a cancer risk factor but fewer than half included a goal, objective or strat- egy to address alcohol use. More than half of US adults reported current alcohol use in 2011, and two of three drinkers exceeded moderate drinking guidelines at least once in the past month. Many states that did not address alcohol use in comprehensive cancer control plans also had a high proportion of adults at risk. Conclusion: Alcohol use is a common cancer risk factor in the USA, but alcohol control strategies are not commonly included in comprehensive cancer control plans. Supporting the implementation of evi- dence-based strategies to prevent the excessive use of alcohol is one tool the cancer control community can use to reduce the risk of cancer.
Time-frequency multiplexing for time-encoded signals from brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) provide a way to monitor and treat neurological diseases. These interfaces contain an array of sensors that gather and transmit data. Given low-power and no-clock limitations, asynchronous sigma delta modulators (ASDMs) are considered as an alternative to synchronous analog to digital conversion. ASDMs are non-linear feedback systems that enable time-encoding of analog signals. In this paper we provide an efficient reconstruction of time-encoded band-limited signals using a prolate spheroidal waveform (PSW) projection. Furthermore, we show how a modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique using chirp modulation can be used to transmit an array of time-encoded signals emanating from the BCI. Our method generalizes the chirp modulation of binary streams with non-uniform symbol duration.
An auto-tuning framework for parallel multicore stencil computations

Although stencil auto-tuning has shown tremendous potential in effectively utilizing architectural resources, it has hitherto been limited to single kernel instantiations; in addition, the large variety of stencil kernels used in practice makes this computation pattern difficult to assemble into a library. This work presents a stencil auto-tuning framework that significantly advances programmer productivity by automatically converting a straightforward sequential Fortran 95 stencil expression into tuned parallel implementations in Fortran, C, or CUDA, thus allowing performance portability across diverse computer architectures, including the AMD Barcelona, Intel Nehalem, Sun Victoria Falls, and the latest NVIDIA GPUs. Results show that our generalized methodology delivers significant performance gains of up to 22× speedup over the reference serial implementation. Overall we demonstrate that such domain-specific auto-tuners hold enormous promise for architectural efficiency, programmer productivity, performance portability, and algorithmic adaptability on existing and emerging multicore systems.
Alterations in selected measures of mood with a single bout of dynamic Taekwondo exercise in college-age students

This study was designed to investigate and to compare the acute alterations in selected measures of mood profile in novice Taekwondo practitioners while evaluating whether dynamic Taekwondo practice was an appropriate exercise modality for enhancing six psychological state dimensions: Vigor, Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion. 20 male and female college-age students enrolled in Taekwondo activity class and an additional 20 students enrolled in the lecture-con trol class (ages 18 to 21 years) completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) inven tory prior to and immediately following one 75-min. session of dynamic Taekwondo or lecture. To examine the exercise effect, a series of 2 x 2 analysis of covariance were performed on mean posttest scores, using pretest scores as the covariate. Analysis indicated that Taekwondo participants reported a significant improvement (p<.007) with respect to the control group in scores on Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, Confusion, and Vigor. Also, Total Mood Disturbance significantly improved after the dynamic Taekwondo session. The selected affective benefits of an acute Taekwondo exercise in this study were independent of sex. Unlike the exercising subjects. the control subjects reported no such benefits and, indeed, increased their scores for negative mood states. These results suggest that a dynamic version of Taekwondo achieves the necessary activity parameters that begin to induce positive mood state changes and that extensive Taekwondo skill is not necessary to elicit some beneficial change in affect. This study also supports the findings of several earlier studies indicating that acute exercise may elicit positive changes in affective states and that prolonged exercise is not necessary to produce immediate beneficial alterations of mood.
Hemisodium, a novel selective Na ionophore. Effect on normal human erythrocytes.

Hemisodium is a novel Na ionophore that belongs to the class of compounds called cryptands. These compounds possess an electron-rich cavity for binding of cations and are conformationally organized during synthesis to favor the selective binding of one cation over another. In media containing 145 mM NaCl and 5 mM KCl, hemisodium (10(-5) M) increased erythrocyte Na content from 23 to 345 mmol/kg.dry cell solid (dcs) over 4 h and increased water content from 1.8 to 3.5 liter/kg.dcs over the same period. K content decreased somewhat over the same time period, but this fall in K content was prevented entirely by incubation in either low Na media (to prevent net Na entry) or in Cl free media. Thus, the decrease in K content in high NaCl media was due to cell swelling, which activated KCl cotransport, and not due to a direct action of hemisodium on K permeability. Hemisodium-mediated Na transport was conductive, because erythrocyte membrane potential (Vm), determined by diS-C3-5 fluorescence, changed from -9 to +22 mV in high Na media in the presence of hemisodium and DIDS. In cells equilibrated with sulfamate, an anion with low conductive permeability, Vm changed 54 mV per 10-fold change in external Na concentration with the addition of hemisodium. In contrast, a 10-fold change in the external concentration of K, Rb, Cs, or T1 failed to alter Vm in the presence of hemisodium, suggesting a high Na specificity of the ionophore. Na conductance determined from net fluxes increased from 0.04 to 5.2 microS/cm2 with 10 microM hemisodium, and with that concentration the ratio of Na to K conductance was 45:1. Among the Na ionophores available so far, hemisodium appears to have the greatest specificity. Hemisodium may be a valuable tool in membrane transport studies.
Simulation of steep breaking waves and spray sheets around a ship: the last frontier in computational ship hydrodynamics

Breaking ship waves are one of the most challenging problems in the field of free-surface hydrodynamics. We aim to produce and implement unique, scalable parallel-computing capabilities for simulating turbulent breaking waves and the resultant formation of spray and entrainment of air. SAIC has developed a Cartesian-grid method for simulating breaking waves around ships. Body-force and finite-volume formulations are used to model the hull and an interface capturing method is used to model the free surface. As a result, minimal user input is required to simulate breaking waves, which makes the tool ideal for ship design studies. At MIT, a suite of codes has been developed based on advanced large-eddy simulation of coupled air-water flows. This suite uses time accurate interface capturing and interface tracking methods to model turbulent free-surface flows. The results of the numerical simulations are used to guide the development of turbulence models for the SAIC code and other codes, such as Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), which are currently being used by the Navy. Through large-scale computations on the IBM SP3 and Cray T3E using both Cray SHMEM and MPI and hybrid techniques, the numerical results and their analyses provide us with the framework to develop models of wave breaking and spray formation and air entrainment. Numerical simulations of various ship-like geometries moving with forward speed and spilling breaking waves have been performed. With these promising results, which were achievable only through high-performance computations, the last frontier of computational ship hydrodynamics will be breached in the near future.
Parental Decision Making for Children With Cancer at the End of Life A Meta-Ethnography

Parents of pediatric oncology patients are faced with difficult decisions when their child reaches the end of life. For health care providers to provide optimal care, they must understand parents' perspectives and preferences in end-of-life decision making. Therefore, this article provides a systematic review of the literature on the end-of-life decision making of parents of children with cancer as well as recommendations for practice and future research. Parents participated in surveys, focus groups, participant observation, and interviews to help researchers understand the expectations, hopes, fears, and values that guide their decision making. Common themes were patient-provider communication, extending time, and understanding prognosis.
Perfusion imaging and stroke: A more sensitive measure of the brain bases of cognitive deficits.

Aims: We provide evidence that the use of perfusion imaging reveals the neuroanatomical basis for a behaviourally demonstrated cognitive deficit that is not revealed via standard neuroradiological imaging techniques. Methods & Procedures: We present a case study of a 52-year-old female stroke survivor (16 years post onset) whose speech was fluent and grammatical with some word-finding difficulties that were typically overcome with common circumlocution strategies. Based on standardised measures, the patient's clinical diagnosis was anomic aphasia. In addition to word-finding deficits, it was discovered that this patient also demonstrated difficulties in reading; while able to eventually read and understand text, there was extreme difficulty in completing such tasks. A series of experimental findings exploring this reading deficit are presented. This patient's lesion, as revealed via structural brain imaging, did not involve a brain region typically implicated in reading dysfunction. This behaviour-lesion ...
Perioperative management of a neurosurgical patient with a meningioma and recent coronary artery stent

Patients who undergo placement of a drug-eluting coronary artery stent are prescribed dual antiplatelet therapy for one year. Early cessation of this therapy is a risk factor for a major adverse cardiac event, especially in high-risk patients. The perioperative physician team must evaluate the risk of surgical bleeding relative to the thrombotic risk during the perioperative period in patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy who must undergo intracranial neurosurgery. A 67 year old woman presented with right-sided hearing loss. Neurologic examination was significant for early papilledema and decreased hearing in the right ear. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a > 5 cm contrast-enhancing mass within her right-middle fossa with surrounding vasogenic edema and midline shift. Additional medical history was significant for diabetes, hypertension, and placement of a drug-eluting stent for coronary artery disease three months before her initial presentation. Medications included aspirin and clopidogrel. She underwent embolization of the middle meningeal arterial supply to the meningioma, then was admitted to the hospital for perioperative management of her antiplatelet therapy and telemetry monitoring. Her clopidogrel was stopped and aspirin continued perioperatively. An intravenous infusion of the antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, replaced clopidogrel and was continued until 8 hours prior to surgical incision. During resection of the meningioma, no unusual surgical bleeding was noted. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3 with satisfactory recovery.
Bowel resection at the time of primary cytoreduction for epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the morbidity and survival associated with bowel resection at the time of primary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed all patients undergoing bowel resection by gynecologic oncology faculty at the time of primary cytoreduction for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed between 1983 and 1995. RESULTS: There were 105 patients meeting the above criteria. The median age was 65 years (range 34 to 85 years). There were 76 stage III and 25 stage IV cancers. The primary indication for bowel resection was tumor debulking in 92% of the patients. Seventy patients had segmental resection of the colon only, and 22 patients underwent resections that included the large and small bowels. Mean operating time was 260 minutes and mean estimated blood loss was 1,447 mL. Thirty-three (31%) patients were optimally cytoreduced to less than 1 cm residual disease. Ten patients experienced major complications directly related to bowel resection, including bowel fistula (4 patients), early postoperative bowel obstruction (5 patients), and stomal hernia (1 patient). Other morbidity included ileus for more than 10 days (18 patients), cardiac complications (17 patients), pneumonia (8 patients), sepsis (5 patients), and thromboembolism (4 patients). Six patients died and five patients required reexploration within 30 days of operation. Patients with preoperative bowel obstruction and suboptimal residual disease were more likely to have postoperative morbidity. Median survival in the optimally debulked patients was 35 months compared with 18 months in patients suboptimally cytoreduced (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that optimal debulking (p = 0.009) and platinum chemotherapy (p = 0.00006) were independently associated with improved survival. Age, International Federation of Gynecologia Oncologists stage, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and paclitaxel chemotherapy did not influence survival. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing bowel resection at the time of primary cytoreduction for ovarian cancer, optimal cytoreduction to less than 1 cm residual disease results in improved survival. Morbidity is common but is comparable to other published series of ovarian cancer patients undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery without bowel resection. Additionally, patients with preoperative bowel obstruction and suboptimal residual disease are more likely to have serious morbidity.
The Circulation of the World Ocean: A Numerical Study. Part I, A Homogeneous Model

Abstract Calculations are carried out for a homogeneous model of the World Ocean. Solutions for the large-scale, wind-driven circulation are obtained by numerical integration with respect to time of a numerical model. The model includes 9 levels in the vertical and has a horizontal resolution of 2°×2° in latitude and longitude. Subgrid-scale motions are included implicitly through the eddy viscosity hypothesis. The level of viscosity is adjusted so that only scales of motion large enough to be resolved by the numerical model will have appreciable amplitude. Compared with available observations, the model with uniform depth tends to underpredict the strength of the transport in the Northern Hemisphere boundary currents, but overpredict the strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the East Australian Current. When bottom topography is taken into account, the Northern Hemisphere transport patterns are not greatly altered, but transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the East Australian Cur...
Modulation of transcriptional activation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter by the adenovirus E1A 243-residue oncoprotein depends on proximal activators

Previous analyses defined a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) E1A-responsive element (PERE) in the PCNA promoter that is essential for transactivation by the 243-residue product of the adenovirus type 2 E1A 12S mRNA (E1A 243R). In this report, we show that the PERE activates a heterologous basal promoter and confers susceptibility to transactivation by E1A 243R, indicating that the PERE is both necessary and sufficient for the response of the PCNA promoter to this oncoprotein. Insertion of linker sequences between the PERE and the site of transcription initiation in the PCNA promoter severely impairs the promoter's response to E1A 243R transactivation. GAL4 sites can replace the function of the PERE in the E1A 243R response of the PCNA basal promoter if transcriptional activators of suitable strength are supplied as GAL4 fusion proteins. Weak transcriptional activators render the PCNA basal promoter subject to transactivation by E1A 243R but do not endow the adenovirus E1B basal promoter with a similar response. Strong transcriptional activators do not support transactivation by E1A 243R, however; instead, E1A reduces the ability of the strong activators to activate both the PCNA and E1B basal promoters. Although other mechanistic differences might determine the response, the data imply a relationship between the activation strength of promoter-proximal effectors and the response of the PCNA basal promoter to E1A 243R. These experiments indicate that the PERE can function autonomously in mediating transactivation by E1A 243R and that the PCNA basal promoter is configured in a manner that permits modulation by E1A 243R of transcriptional activation by promoter-proximal effectors.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Affirmative Action

With the very recent re-election of the United States' first African American President and the Supreme Court reviewing the status of affirmative action, this is an ideal time to reconsider the political posture that race and, correctly or incorrectly, its legal correlation, affirmative action, hold with the public. Depending on who is asked, race is culture, ethnicity, nationality, pride, or a card. Similarly, affirmative action has been viewed as a cure, a disease, a Band-aid, a crutch, a future, or a dead end. Appropriate or not, race dominated the media's discourse during both of President Obama's elections. Until Americans find commonality of cause with the country's "original sin," redemption can neither be sought nor achieved. Each faction's assaults upon the other assure a continued static state. Within this article, we seek to make sense out of these varied public understandings and suggest methods for moving forward toward a more common goal.
Moiré pattern nanopore and nanorod arrays by focused ion beam guided anodization and nanoimprint molding.

Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide has been intensively studied as templates in the fabrication of various nanomaterials. Most of the research focuses on highly ordered hexagonal nanopore arrangement with homogeneous area-specific pore density. Anodic aluminum oxide with alternating area-specific nanopore densities has seldom been addressed. In this study, focused ion beam patterned concave arrays created by overlapping two periodic patterns show the exceptional ability of guiding the subsequent anodization and fabricating porous anodic aluminum oxide with Moire patterns, which have a wide range of interpore distances and area-specific pore densities. The periodicity of the Moire patterns can be predicted by the interpore distance of the initial patterns and the rotation angle. The depth of the nanopores of these Moire patterns is around 1 μm. Vertically aligned and high aspect ratio h-PDMS nanorod arrays with Moire pattern arrangements have been successfully synthesized using the patterned porous anodic al...
SYNTHESIS OF 2-(2,6-DINITRO-a,a,a-TRIFLUORO-p-TOLYLIMINO)-3-(2,6-DINITRO-a,a-a-TRIFLUORO-p-TOLYL)BENZOTHIAZOLINE (1) AND 2-(METHYLIMINO)-3-(2,6-DINITRO-a,a,a-TRIFLUORO-p-TOLYL)BENZOTHIAZOLINE (2)

Abstract The reaction of 2-amino or 2-methylaminobenzothiazole with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride in dimethylformamide afforded the titled benzothiazolines (1) and (2), respectively. Possible mechanism and supporting nmr, ir and mass spectral data are discussed.
Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Malignant Neuroblastoma

Discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as negative regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional level has revealed a new layer of finest regulation of cell signaling mechanisms in normal development and abnormal growth. The pathogenesis in most of the tumors including malignant neuroblastoma, a childhood malignancy in most cases, is now known to be linked to aberrant expression of a wide range of miRNAs, which can be oncogenic or tumor suppressor molecules. Many miRNAs seem to be involved in avoiding differentiation and apoptotic death while driving the growth of human malignant neuroblastoma. So, modulation of expression of specific oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs may provide us novel therapeutic opportunities to enhance induction of differentiation and apoptosis and also inhibition of autophagy, proliferation, multidrug resistance, migration, invasion, and metastasis in human malignant neuroblastoma.
All-Acrylic Multigraft Copolymers: Effect of Side Chain Molecular Weight and Volume Fraction on Mechanical Behavior

We present the synthesis of poly(n-butyl acrylate)-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PnBA-g-PMMA) multigraft copolymers via a grafting-through (macromonomer) approach. The synthesis was performed using two controlled polymerization techniques. The PMMA macromonomer was obtained by high-vacuum anionic polymerization followed by the copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate and PMMA macromonomer using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to yield the desired all-acrylic multigraft structures. The PnBA-g-PMMA multigraft structures exhibit randomly spaced branch points with various PMMA contents, ranging from 15 to 40 vol %, allowing an investigation into how physical properties vary with differences in the number of branch points and molecular weight of grafted side chains. The determination of molecular weight and polydispersity indices of both the PMMA macromonomer and the graft copolymers was carried out using size exclusion chromatography with triple detection, and the structural ...
Analysis on measles IgG antibody level results of 575 migrant workers in Dongguan city

Objective:To investigate the measles IgG antibody level of migrant workers aged above 15 years in Dongguan City,provide scientific basis for measles vaccine immune strategy and achievement evaluation in adult.Methods:575 serum samples of fresh healthy workers were collected in Yuyuan shoemaking factory in Gaobu town of Dongguan City,and determined the measles IgG antibody by Quantitative ELISA.Results:The antibody GMC of 575 workers was 1339.29 mIU/ml,the positive rate was 96.5%,and the protective antibody positive rate was 74.8%;There were no significant difference in the antibody GMC,positive rate,protective antibody positive rate between male and female;and there was no significant difference in the antibody GMC,positive rate,protective antibody positive rate among 5 age groups.Conclusion:The measles IgG antibody level of migrant workers aged above 15 years in Dongguan was high,but in which about 25 percent did not reach to protective level.
Research advancement and status on crop nitrogen nutrition diagnosis

Based on the overview of the crop nitrogen nutrition diagnosis,the merits and shortcomings of different diagnosis methods were summarized.It should be a trend to combine the non-destructive measurement with the traditional crop nitrogen nutrition diagnosis.On the soil testing and fertilizer recommendation,the technology of the extensive crop nitrogen nutrition diagnosis should be strengthened so as to increase the accuracy of the formulated fertilizer.Therefore,a comprehensive index system of different crops nitrogen nutrition diagnosis should be built.
Comparison of two methods for brucellosis testing in 107 human sera

Objective To investigate the application and effect of RBRT and SAT in the diagnosis of human brucellosis.Methods One hundred and seven human sera were tested by RBRT and SAT according to WS 269-2007 "Brucellosis diagnostic criteria"respectively.Then the brucellosis diagnosis results by the two methods were analyzed.Results The positive rate had significant difference between the " suspected brucellosis and brucellosis " of SAT and "≥ + "of RBRT( χ2= 29.789,P 0.005).The sensitivity was 91.42%( 64 /70),the specificity was 56.76%( 21 /37),and the coincidence rate was 79.4% for RBRT comparing with SAT.The two kinds of test results showed positive correlation in a certain extent.Conclusion RBRT screening and SAT confirmation is better in large-scale brucellosis detection,while only direct SAT detection is enough in non large-scale brucellosis detection.In addition,SAT results deduced from RBRT results is significant for early recognition,emergency prevention and treatment of brucellosis.
Current saturation and steep switching in graphene PN junctions using angle-dependent scattering

Graphene's ultra-high carrier mobility (200,000cm2/Vs on hBN) [1] makes it promising for high speed applications; however the absence of a band-gap makes it hard to design logic elements out of graphene. It is possible to open a bandgap in graphene by applying strain [2] or by confining it in one direction into nanoribbons [3], but in the process bandstructure gets distorted near Dirac point and the carrier mobility decreases [4]. A recent set of papers have exploited instead the angle dependent transmission across graphene pn junctions (GPNJ) [5-9]. Since the opening angle is gate tunable, a sequence of angled junctions can turn off the electrons [10,11] using gateable momentum filtering in the absence of a band-gap (instead, the ideas use a transmission gap). In the absence of edge scattering, momentum filtering is predicted to give large ON, low OFF current and a steep subthreshold swing (SS). In this paper, we calculate the transfer (I D –V G ) and output (I D –V D ) characteristics of a GPNJ switch [11] and show current saturation using gate geometry alone.
A narrative future for Europe–China economic relations after the financial crisis

This article provides a detailed comparative analysis of how leading European media outlets—three elite newspapers from the United Kingdom, France, and Germany—reported economic news as it related ...
Evidence Mounts That Severity of Disease Impacts the Prognosis for Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an important cause of sudden death in young adults [(1,2)][1]. Since ARVD/C was first described in 1982 by Marcus et al. [(4)][2], remarkable progress has been made in understanding all aspects of this disease. This progress
526. Specific Companion Cells Enhance the Engraftment of Ex-Vivo Expanded HSCs (CD34+/CD38−/CD90+)

Efforts to expand in vitro the number of engraftable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation, is an ongoing quest in stem cell biology. Success in this endeavor is critical for increasing insufficient donor cells for transplantation and/or for the in vitro manipulation of autologous stem cells in gene therapy approaches. Recent studies have revealed that a number of novel small molecules can efficiently enhance the HSC-like phenotype of cultured cells with Stem Regenin1 (SR1) and UM171 showing the most promising outcomes. However, most of the published studies were focused mainly on CB-derived HSPCs, whereas adult HSPC expansion has been largely understudied. Here, we explored the effect of some of the most successful small molecules (SR1,UM171,and Ly2228820 (Ly)) alone or in combination on mobilized adult CD34+ cells, all in the presence of the same 3 cytokines (SCF, Flt-3, TPO). Within a week the absolute number of nucleated cell and CD34+ cells was similarly increased in all conditions. Highly enriched HSCs ,as defined by CD34+/CD38-/CD90+ or CD34+/CD45RA-/CD133+ expression,were comparable in UM171 alone or in SR-1+Ly (fold difference over control: 34/38/90: 6.54 and 5.94 34/45RA/133: 3.91 and 5.16, respectively), but the combination of all 3 rendered significantly higher numbers of these cells (fold difference over control: 34/38/90:12.9, 34/45RA/133: 9.3). Apart from the phenotypically defined HSCs, however, other cell populations were distinctly different under these conditions. Under SR1+Ly stimulation there was a significant number of morphologically recognizable Megakaryocytes (CD41+/CD42+) and an increase of CFU-Meg even in the absence of TPO. This was not the case in UM171 stimulated cultures despite the presence of CD41+ cells (12.5±1.5%). The engraftment potential of ex vivo expanded cells under UM171 or SR1+Ly and UM171+SR1+Ly, was tested in xenogeneic animals (NSG) in vivo. Cells cultured in SR1+Ly (±UM171) displayed a transient benefit over the UM171 alone at 4 -8wks post transplantation, as higher proportions of human CD45+ cells (3- 4 fold) and higher numbers of human Platelets (2 fold) were detected in peripheral blood of transplanted mice. This early benefit was not related to the number of CFU present in the inoculum, as UM171 expanded cells had higher number of CFUs (1.7 fold). It is tempting to speculate that the presence of mature Megs in the SR1+Ly treated grafts is responsible for this outcome. Thus we conclude that a) the combinations of SR1+Ly or UM171 efficiently maintain and even enhance the engraftable HSCs from adult mCD34+ cells, b) presence of SR1+Ly in the expansion media favorably influence short term engraftment, especially platelet recovery, and c) highlight the fact that more differentiated companion cells (i.e Megs) under certain combinations of the right molecules can enhance transplant outcomes.
Energy Spectrum of Neutrons from Thermal Fission of U-235

A proton recoil counter has been used to determine the neutron spectrum, in the energy range 3.3-17 Mev, of a beam produced by irradiating 95 percent ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ (metal) in the central experimental hole of the Los Alamos Homogeneous Reactor. Most of the fissions were induced by slow neutrons. The data are combined with those obtained by D. Hill and by T. W. Bonner, R. A. Ferrell and M. C. Rinehart; the composite spectrum so obtained extends from 0.075 to 17 Mev. Fits with two general formulas are discussed.
Language, identity and migration: voices from transnational speakers and communities

This book is the first volume in the series Language, Migration and Identity, edited by Vera Regan from University College Dublin. This series is based on the current context of globalized and tran...
Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Cervical Carotid Artery

High-resolution computed tomography (CT) of neck vessels, following the intravenous administration of a contrast medium, permits a low-risk evaluation of carotid lesions. The images demonstrate with great precision atheromatous plaque formations, including intramural and extramural histopathologic plaque complications. With this method one can image stenosis of the lumen, ulceration, occlusion, calcification, and subintimal plaque hemorrhages. Dissecting hematomas of the vascular wall may be observed too.
Increasing the Speed of CCD-based Thermoreflectance Imaging: An Experimental and Theoretical Demonstration

To increase the speed of thermoreflectance imaging, we derive detailed statistical models of both the conventional imaging algorithm and our proposed higher speed technique, and we experimentally confirm both the models and resulting speed enhancement.
Inventing Feminine Ingenuity: The Gendered Tropes of Space, Motive, Training, and Scope

This essay compares the public memory narratives surrounding two key players in the invention of one important mid-twentieth century innovation: the disposable diaper. Although Procter and Gamble’s Victor Mills and the entrepreneurial inventor Marion Donovan have each been hailed as success stories in the history of invention, their stories have often been framed differently in popular media, such as website blurbs, newspaper articles, and obituaries. The essay considers how four gendered tropes surrounding the act of invention—space, motive, training and preparation, and scope—contribute to this differential remembering and, relatedly, to a tacit demarcation between high-status masculine invention and its amateur counterpart, feminine ingenuity.
Simulink-Hardware Flow

Having looked at algorithms for scheduling and retiming, we will now discuss an integrated design flow, which leverages these automation algorithms to create a user-friendly optimization framework. The flow is intended to address key challenges of ASIC design in scaled technologies: design complexity and design flexibility. Additionally, the design challenges are further underscored by complex and cumbersome verification and debugging processes.
The Impact of Hurricane Ivan on Expected Flood Losses, Perceived Flood Risk, and Property Values

The catastrophic affects of Hurricane Ivan on the Florida Panhandle real estate market raised growing concerns over the number of households located within the floodplain areas of coastal communiti...
FAB: Basic Concepts and Practical Considerations

The general theme of the conference, “from biological activity to structure”, has prevailed in the biological research laboratory for decades. Although the methods used are now more sophisticated and the questions asked more detailed, the general approach to solving structural problems is much the same. Typically, biological activity is identified and the source and/or storage site of the material is located. Usually, an assay is developed to follow this activity through purification and isolation procedures. Chemical characterization is accomplished by a wide variety of techniques, including classical procedures as well as modern analytical methods in order to deduce the structure of the molecule responsible for this activity. It is often the case that from structure we return to biological activity in several ways. For example, this may be by chemical synthesis of the molecule in the laboratory in order to produce greater quantities of the compound at decreased cost, or by chemical modification of the original compound in order to increase its potency, to change its physical and chemical properties, or to decrease its side effects.
Heterogeneous noncompliance with OPEC's oil production cuts

Abstract In this study we explore the heterogeneous noncompliance behavior among ten member nations of the Organization of the Petroleum Countries (OPEC). Overall we find that the three top-oil-producers (Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Venezuela) and the four relatively low-oil-producers (Libya, Indonesia, Algeria, and Qatar) exhibit higher cheating frequencies and magnitudes, while they tend to offset their peers' conduct. Conversely, the three mid-oil-producers (UAE, Nigeria, and Kuwait) display much lower frequencies and magnitudes of noncompliance with OPEC's administered quotas, while they largely demonstrate herding behavior among their peers. The volatilities of the respective cheating magnitudes are rather similar across the three clusters though. This study contributes to the economic literature by further illuminating the operational mode of OPEC, and by exposing its three main subsets, its interdependent structure, and its members' customary behavioral patterns.