cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Grantor Trust Rules Should Be Repealed

The grantor trust rules once served a crucial role. They limited taxpayers’ ability to gain income tax advantages from creating certain types of inter vivos trusts, by denying them separate taxpayer status and providing that their income was taxable directly to the grantor. But times change. In 1986, Congress dramatically compressed the tax brackets in section 1(e), thereby imposing a flat tax, at the highest marginal rate, on essentially all trust income. It is now impossible for a settlor to derive any substantial income tax advantage from subjecting trust income to taxation at the trust’s own rates, because neither the settlor nor any of the trust beneficiaries is ever going to be in a higher tax bracket than the trust, as to any meaningful amount of income. Yet that is precisely the fact pattern that gave rise to the grantor trust rules. The grantor trust rules are, therefore, obsolete. Indeed, taxpayers and their advisors now gleefully stand the grantor trust rules on their head, creating so-called "intentionally defective grantor trusts," and laugh about it all the way to the bank. All that remains of the grantor trust rules are their complexity and the opportunities they provide to game the system. They are both obsolete and counter-productive, and they ought to be repealed.
alpha-Chloralose alters autonomic reflex function of the lower urinary tract

The effects of alpha-chloralose on the micturition reflex were evaluated using an efficiently voiding decerebrate cat model. At laparotomy cannulas were introduced into the urethra and/or bladder for measurement of urethral perfusion pressure and/or bladder pressure during bladder filling and voiding. After establishment of efficient voiding in the anesthetic-free decerebrate cat, chloralose, 50 mg/kg iv, was administered. Parameters assessed before and after anesthetic included bladder pressure at peak of contraction (voiding pressure), intravesical pressure at onset of bladder contraction (threshold pressure), contraction amplitude, duration of bladder contraction, bladder volume at onset of bladder contraction (volume threshold), and residual bladder volume after voiding (postvoid residual). In addition to these parameters, preparations with intact bladder-urethra and with divided bladder-urethra were used to assess effects of chloralose on voiding efficiency and coordination between bladder and urethra, respectively. Chloralose significantly reduced voiding pressure, contraction amplitude, and voiding efficiency. Neither vehicle for the chloralose nor sympathetic denervation of the lower urinary tract affected these reductions. Chloralose had no effect on direct contraction of the bladder and urethra produced by intra-arterial acetylcholine (25-100 micrograms). Chloralose converted the synergic bladder and urethral responses during voiding to dyssynergic responses. Neuromuscular blockade with gallamine, 10 mg/kg iv, improved voiding efficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Particle-in-cell δf gyrokinetic simulations of the microtearing mode

The linear stability properties of the microtearing mode are investigated in the edge and core regimes of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) using the particle-in-cell method based gyrokinetic code GEM. The dependence of the mode on various equilibrium quantities in both regions is compared. While the microtearing mode in the core depends upon the electron-ion collisions, in the edge region, it is found to be weakly dependent on the collisions and exists even when the collision frequency is zero. The electrostatic potential is non-negligible in each of the cases. It plays opposite roles in the core and edge of NSTX. While the microtearing mode is partially stabilized by the electrostatic potential in the core, it has substantial destabilizing effect in the edge. In addition to the spherical tokamak, we also study the microtearing mode for parameters relevant to the core of a standard tokamak. The fundamental characteristics of the mode remain the same; however, the electrostatic potential in this case is destabilizing as opposed to the core of NSTX. The velocity dependence of the collision frequency, which is crucial for the mode to grow in slab calculations, is not required to destabilize the mode in toroidal devices.
Gender, Animal Management, and Environmental Change in Eastern Morocco

This study investigates how economic development and land-use intensification alter gender-specific livestock management practices among the Beni Guil pastoral nomads of eastern Morocco. The case study also links new resource-management practices to environmental change around household tents. Research throughout the Middle East and North Africa has documented the potentially negative environmental consequences of intensive agro-pastoral production on semi-arid rangelands. But few studies in the Arab world have demonstrated how gender relations affect resource-management decisions, despite the prolific literature on gender, environment, and development from Africa, Asia and Latin America.Findings from field work among the Beni Guil suggest that the shift from extensive herding to agro-pastoral production increases work for men and women and alters gendered livestock-management tasks. As male labour is drawn into commercial activities, women spend more time feeding and herding animals. But cultural values ...
Unscented guidance

Unscented guidance combines the concept of the unscented transform with standard optimal control theory to produce an open-loop method to manage uncertainties in nonlinear dynamical systems. The theoretical foundations for this concept can be framed in terms of a low-order semi-discretization of a Lebesgue-Stieltjes optimal control problem. A Zermelo problem subject to parameter uncertainties is used to quantitatively demonstrate the substantial reductions in target error statistics (95% in mean and 70% in the trace of the covariance) through the use of unscented guidance. These ideas generate a tractable approach for solving chance-constrained optimal control problems.
A model of the interaction of a fluid with multiple deformable bodies

A numerical model of the interaction between a slightly compressible liquid and multiple deformable solids is presented. It is the extension of a similar model in which one deformable solid could be modeled. The fluid is modeled using a stabilized space-time formulation of the governing equations, the solids are modeled as linearly elastic, and a mesh moving scheme is used to update the fluid mesh during each time step. A two-dimensional (2-D) version and a threedimensional (3-D) version of the model are discussed. The 2-D version is implemented on a CRAY T90. The 3-D version is run on a CRAY T3E, using the message passing interface for the interprocessor communication. The test problem used in this report involves the vibration of a flat, circular plate in contact with a liquid on one side. Two different sets of boundary conditions for the plate are used. Cases involving one plate and two plates are studied, demonstrating the accuracy of the multiple-solid model.
Toxicity of Insecticides on a Stem Weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its Parasitoids in Sunflower

The toxicity of nine insecticides to a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), was evaluated in the field to determine differential susceptibility between the pest and its natural enemies. Significant differences were found in the toxicity of six chemicals to C. adspersus, with the organophosphates performing better as a group than the carbamates. The most effective materials were carbofuran and fenitrothion. Inconsistent results were evident in the comparison of parasitization rates, with two chemicals having a higher percent parasitism than the control. The materials that were most toxic to the stem weevil larvae were also the most toxic to the natural enemies. Weevil larvae in carbofuran-treated stems had the lowest percent parasitization. The effect of insecticides on nontarget organisms needs to be considered in the development of management strategies.
Skeletal Changes in Mice Receiving Estrogens.

SummaryEndosteal bone nearly or completely replaces the marrow cavities of the femurs of mice which have received estrogen (250 I.U. or more weekly) for long periods. Direct examination of the bones and X-ray photographs show that similar changes occurthroughout the skeleton except in the immediate vicinity of the pubic symphysis.
A comparison of visual-response properties in cat's parabigeminal nucleus and superior colliculus.

1. The visual-response properties of single cells in the cat's superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus were compared. In the colliculus, 151 cells (restricted to the upper layer) were studied...
Development of Digital Wireless Measuring System for Power Frequency Electric Fields

Active electric field probe is widely used in high-voltage electric field measurement.In this paper,the measurement principles of the spherical and cylindrical active electric field probes are introduced,the distortion of electric field caused by the cylindrical probe is calculated,and a new active wireless digital power frequency electric field measuring system is given.The measuring system adopts a cylindrical probe with small size(φ=26 mm,H=13 mm),transmits data throughout 2.4 GHz wireless channel,and directly displays value of electric field intensity and waveform of electric field on computer or mobile-phone screens.This system also has the advantages of convenient installation and debugging,and stable performance without the effect of ambient temperature.Its measuring range is from 0.2 kV/cm to 3 kV/cm,and check results in the standard uniform electric fields demonstrate its good linearity.
Consumers with options. Service excellence models help to ensure that patients get the quality care they expect.

Customer satisfaction represents the outcome of patients' expectations of nursing care and the care actually received.
Bioethics and dietetics: education and attitudes.

In this commentary, we address withdrawing and withholding nutrition from terminally and critically ill patients and focus on the attitudes of dietitians and dietetics students toward bioethical issues in nutrition care. We recommend bioethics education for both the dietetics student and the experienced dietitian
Chapter 60 – Mouse Models of FA2H Deficiency

FA2H encodes a fatty acid 2-hydroxylase essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. FA2H introduces a 2-hydroxyl group to the N-acyl chain of a major myelin lipid, galactosylceramide. Three types of Fa2h knockout mice have been reported to date: two Fa2h-null mutants and a conditional mutant lacking Fa2h in myelin-forming cells. Although morphologically and functionally normal, myelin is formed in the absence of FA2H, the long-term stability of such myelin is compromised, resulting in gradual demyelination and axonal degeneration. Histological and behavioral studies revealed significant cerebellar abnormalities in Fa2h-null mice. The cerebellar deficits are indistinguishable between Fa2h-null mice and the conditional mutant lacking Fa2h in myelin-forming cells, indicating that myelin lipid abnormalities are the primary cause of these phenotypes. The mouse models will be valuable tools for studies of pathogenesis of FA2H deficiency and in developing therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
Goals of Medicine

This essay examines two questions. First, does some list of essential goals of medicine define an internal, or professional, medical ethics? Second, does our medical tradition bar physicians from treatments not aimed at fighting disease or improving health? The answer to the second question seems clear. As a matter of historical fact, not only are many such treatments accepted today, but some have been since the dawn of Western medicine. If our tradition begins with Hippocratic medicine, then from the start it accepted contraception for no health-related purpose. If it begins instead in the second half of the nineteenth century – the only other plausible era of origin – then obstetrical anesthesia is an original treatment not aimed at health. Either way, no historically-based internal morality of medicine can limit physicians’ legitimate uses of biomedical knowledge for patients’ benefit to health promotion. This removes a typical argument against such controversial treatments as assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, and human enhancement.
High Satisfaction and Return to Sports After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients Aged 55 Years and Younger.

Background:Young, active candidates for total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) are a unique group of patients. Not only do they demand longevity and improved function, but they also desire a return to p...
Does lithium carbonate therapy for alcoholism deter relapse drinking

In order to test the efficacy of lithium therapy for alcoholism, to test whether lithium therapy reduces depressive symptoms among alcoholics, and to test whether any positive lithium treatment effects are associated with an antidepressant action, we undertook a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 122 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for alcohol dependence and hospitalized for alcoholism rehabilitation. We used survival analysis to examine the cumulative proportion of each treatment group that remained abstinent (i. e., “survived”) over the course of 18 months, using complete abstinence from alcohol as the principal outcome measure.
Simulating Multiphase Flows in Porous Media Using OpenFOAM on Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing Processors

Multiphase flow in porous media is an important component in petroleum reservoir research. During the processing of oil exploration, the gas, liquid and solid particles may flow through porous media in a reservoir. A novel solver, named MPPICmultiphaseInterFoam1, was developed using OpenFOAM to simulate multiphase flows in the porous media of a reservoir. This solver is realized by coupling DPM (discrete particle modeling) and VOF (volume of fluid) with CFD (computational fluid dynamics) based on the MP-PIC (multiphase particle-in-cell) method. After validation, this solver was used to simulate multiphase flows in oil and gas reservoirs. The Intel Xeon Phi KNL (Knights Landing) processors on an HPC (high performance computing) system were employed to carry out the numerical simulations. Optimal performance was realized by parallel programming with MPI and vectorization based on the Intel Xeon Phi KNL processors. It was found that Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing processors are good to perform the large-scale simulations of multiphase flow in porous media.
The Impact of Acculturation and Cultural Values on Hispanic Immigrants’ Parenting

This study explored the process Hispanic immigrant families undergo when immigrating to the United States through the implementation of a constructivist grounded theory methodology. The theory illustrates the process in three phases: Arriving to a new country, Integrating new values, and Maintaining values. Through these phases the constant interaction between cultures and its influence in family dynamics is illustrated. More specifically, this theory suggests immigrant families are open to include elements of the new culture encountered while keeping elements of their native culture present once their basic necessities are met. The sample of the study consisted of 16 parents. These parents incorporated the English language, granted greater freedom to their children, became more involved with the school system, included American traditions in their celebrations, and altered their discipline methods based on their interaction with the new culture. Additionally, parents maintained the value of respect, the Spanish language, fostered family cohesion, and instilled their spiritual beliefs to their children.
Diegetic Connectivity: Blending Work and Play with Storytelling in Serious Games

In this exploration of serious game design, we posit that, too often, fun and play require compromise in terms of task. Addressing this challenge, we articulate a story-driven approach to single-player serious game design called "diegetic connectivity," where task, mechanics, and story are tightly bound through conceptual relationships and aesthetic presentation. To explore the challenges and opportunities of this approach, we present a purpose-built second language acquisition (SLA) game called Arena, and discuss results from a preliminary mixed-methods study directed at motivation, engagement, and task outcomes. Finally, we discuss some of the critical aspects of diegetic connectivity, as well as opportunities for future research.
Bank Balance Sheets and Liquidation Values: Evidence from Real Estate Collateral

This paper finds that a decline in bank equity or liquidity reduces liquidation values of bank-owned real estate and accelerates the pace of asset sales. Buyers of these assets earn significant returns for providing liquidity to banks, as prices tend to rebound sharply after sales by illiquid banks. Lower liquidation values also depress the prices of nearby real estate transactions. Policy interventions such as equity injections and central bank asset purchases increase liquidation values by providing institutions with the balance sheet capacity to slow asset sales. This evidence suggests that balance sheet adjustments at financial institutions can explain real asset price dynamics.
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Affects Herbage Production in the Northern Great Plains

Canada thistle can cause greater than 50% yield loss in small grain crops, but little is known about production losses when the weed invades pasture and wildlands. Change in grass, forb, and woody species production from Canada thistle infestations was evaluated in two separate studies in North Dakota. The first measured change in production following aminopyralid applied at 120 g ha−1 to control Canada thistle at two prairie sites. In general, grass, broadleaf, woody, and total plant yields were similar between treated and untreated prairie, regardless of the near-complete control of Canada thistle following aminopyralid application. Grass yield increased by 365 kg ha−1 the year after treatment at one location, with no change in forb or woody species production. Plant production was also estimated at 20 ungrazed wildland preserves located within two Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs). Similar to the prairie sites, minimal differences in production between Canada thistle–infested and noninfested sites were observed. The only exception was an increase in grass production of 425 kg ha−1 at one of the MLRAs, with no change in broadleaf or woody species production between the Canada thistle–infested and noninfested sites. In contrast to cropland, pasture and wildland production of other species was not consistently reduced by Canada thistle.Nomenclature Aminopyralid, Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop
Hypermobility and Educational Outcomes: The Case of St. Louis

The school mobility rate in St. Louis Public Schools was 40% in 2011-2012, meaning that nearly half of students exited or entered a given school midway through the school year. This alarmingly high...
Brief Report: Self-Injurious Behaviors in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Other Developmental Delays and Disorders.

We compared the prevalence of self-injurious behaviors (SIB) in preschoolers aged 30–68 months with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 691) versus other developmental delays and disorders (DD) (n = 977) accounting for sociodemographic, cognitive, and medical factors. SIB prevalence was higher in ASD versus all DD [adjusted odds-ratio (aOR) 2.13 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.53, 2.97)]. In subgroup analyses, SIB prevalence was higher in ASD versus DD without ASD symptoms [aOR 4.42 (95% CI 2.66, 7.33)], but was similar between ASD and DD with ASD symptoms [aOR 1.09 (95% CI 0.68, 1.77)]. We confirmed higher prevalence of SIB in ASD versus DD, independent of confounders. In children with DD, SIB prevalence increased with more ASD symptoms. These findings are informative to clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.
Aging and the use of an in-vehicle intersection crossing assist system: An on-road study

Abstract One of the principal facets of age-related decline–diminished perceptual ability, can also be viewed as a prominent factor when crossing intersections, particularly rural intersections that have disproportionately high fatality rate and where vehicles travel at higher velocities. Providing information through in-vehicle technology may aid drivers in improving crossing of such intersections. The current study examines the efficacy of an in-vehicle intersection crossing assist system in a real-world rural setting across age groups. Thirty-two, older and younger drivers completed several crossings of a busy rural intersection. Drivers completed two blocks of trials in which the presence/absence of the in-vehicle system was counterbalanced. The results showed a limited impact of the system on driving performance, exhibited in longer wait time before crossing and rising trend towards reduced probability of accepting small crossing gaps. Older drivers performed similarly to younger, although they showed a greater tendency towards conservative driving behaviour. The current study represents an initial effort to examine an in-vehicle intersection crossing assist system in a real-world rural environment, generating results that reveal a potential for these types of systems to be assistive to drivers across age groups and increase the safety at rural intersections.
Bile acid metabolism and signaling: potential therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a leading cause of chronic liver disease1. We now understand that NAFLD affects one out of every four people in the world (global prevalence 25.24%), thus in fact making it the most prevalent of all liver diseases and as such, a major public health problem2, 3. The disease is defined by abnormally increased fat (>5% steatosis) in hepatocytes, which can manifest in some with additional features of inflammation and cell damage or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can present with progressive stages of fibrosis and even cirrhosis. NAFLD is generally asymptomatic and only 10–15% have findings on biopsy consistent with NASH, and an even a smaller number, 5% of individuals develop cirrhosis, with 1–2% requiring liver transplant2. However, because of the enormous denominator of individuals with NAFLD, this 1–2% is estimated to have resulted in nearly 20 million liver-related deaths to date2. These data clearly underscore the need of effective treatment especially for the 5% of NAFLD with NASH.
Experience with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on an otolaryngology service

Seventy-one patients have undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) on our otolaryngology service. Most commonly, these were neurologically-impaired (63%) or head and neck cancer (31%) patients. The PEG procedures were done, in almost all instances, in the operating room in conjunction with other indicated ORL-HNS procedures such as tracheotomy (71%) or with endoscopy or resection for head and neck cancer. The success rate in placement of the gastrostomy was 98%. There was one major complication, namely, seeding of the gastrostomy site with squamous cell carcinoma from a hypopharyngeal tumor. We conclude that PEG is a useful addition to the armamentarium of the head and neck surgeon.
Image-Guided Cryoablation of the Prostate

Minimally invasive treatments continue to evolve as an alternative means for the treatment of prostatic tumors. Of the mainstream ablative procedures reported in the literature, the cryotherapy data appear to be the most durable. The technological innovations in the use of urethral warming devices and real-time transrectal ultrasound sonography have lead to effective tumor ablation with a reduction in the morbidity of the procedure. Although limited long-term survival data utilizing cryotherapy are available, recent series have provided compelling results, promoting interest in prostatic cryoablation. This chapter assesses the importance of imaging technology in the current status of cryotherapy for prostate tumors.
From white power to the preservation of national cultures

Until recently, the attempts by organized right-wing groups to exploit and make instrumental use of musical genres and music-oriented subcultures and countercultures to promote their political, soc...
Confluent impact of housing and geology on indoor radon concentrations in Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Abstract Radon is a naturally released radioactive carcinogenic gas. To estimate radon exposure, studies have examined various risk factors, but limited information exists pertaining to the confluent impact of housing characteristics and geology. This study evaluated the efficacy of housing and geological characteristics to predict radon risk in DeKalb County, Georgia, USA. Four major types of data were used: (1) three databases of indoor radon concentrations (n = 6757); (2) geologic maps of rock types and fault zones; (3) a database of 402 in situ measurements of gamma emissions, and (4) two databases of housing characteristics. The Getis-Ord method was used to delineate hot spots of radon concentrations. Empirical Bayesian Kriging was used to predict gamma radiation at each radon test site. Chi-square tests, bivariate correlation coefficients, and logistic regression were used to examine the impact of geological and housing factors on radon. The results showed that indoor radon levels were more likely to exceed the action level—4 pCi/L (148 Bq/m3) designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—in fault zones, were significantly positively correlated to gamma readings, but significantly negatively related to the presence of a crawlspace foundation and its combination with a slab. The findings suggest that fault mapping and in situ gamma ray measurements, coupled with analysis of foundation types and delineation of hot spots, may be used to prioritize areas for radon screening.
Diversity of Nitrogen-Fixing Symbionts of Chamaecrista fasciculata (Partridge Pea) Across Variable Soils

We evaluated whether geographic distance and soil characteristics influence genetic structure of nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts associated with the host plant Chamaecrista fasciculata (Partridge Pea). We tested phylogeographic clustering and associations between genetic distance, geographic distance, and soil variables using sequences of 2 bacterial genes and soil chemistry across 23 sites in Mississippi. We identified rhizobia isolated from Partridge Pea as Bradyrhizobium. We detected significant genetic structure at a regional level, and determined that rhizobia within each region were more phylogenetically related than expected. Significant correlation between genetic distance and distances based on soil chemistry suggests environmental influences on rhizobia diversity. High levels of diversity among rhizobia over small spatial scales suggest that symbionts respond to local factors. Understanding geographic diversity in natural assemblages of rhizobia aids in predicting how hosts and symbionts respond to environmental perturbations.
Panel Remarks: Canada, United States, and European Union -- Out of Sync on Trade Agreements? Or Sympatico?

In remarks offered during the March 2016 Canada-United States Law Institute Annual Symposium, Professor Colares offered a brief, somber analysis of the weak 2009-16 economic recovery under "liquidity trap" conditions and under a multilateral trade system that eroded trade remedies while global excess supply and new trade barriers remained unaddressed. Colares also provided examples of likely areas for coordination on trade action by the United States, Canada and the European Union.
Art Museums and the Visually Handicapped Consumer: Some Issues in Approach and Design.

New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art recently circulated “New Perspectives: Art Museums and the Vision Impaired,’ ’ an exhibition that explored the potential for visually handicapped visitors to b...
An exploration of subjective age, actual age, age awareness, and engagement in everyday behaviors.

Considerable research has documented relationships between subjective age and consequential outcomes such as life satisfaction, daily stress, health, and even mortality. Less is known about associations between the age people perceive themselves to be and everyday behaviors that may serve as the paths to broader life outcomes. To begin to fill this gap, this study explored the frequency with which 196 US adults aged 55–87 years engaged in behaviors reflecting nine behavioral domains. Respondents also answered questions about their subjective age, age awareness, and actual age. Results showed that whereas actual age predicted engagement in some behaviors (e.g., retirement activities), subjective age predicted engagement in most others (e.g., personal, social, grooming, body-focused, trend activities), and age awareness predicted participation in yet others (e.g., medical activities). The present findings provide insights both about age-related everyday behaviors, and the ways that several perceptions of age are differentially linked to their occurrence.
Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in the Medicare Patient: A Growing Population.

Background Although the results of hip arthroscopy in the elderly have been inferior to the results in younger patients, there have recently been some encouraging reports in carefully selected series of older patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the utilization of hip arthroscopy in the Medicare population and to determine the rate and timing of revision arthroscopy and/or total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the goal of identifying risk factors for secondary procedures based on patient demographics, comorbidities and the diagnosis at the time of arthroscopy. Methods The Medicare Standard Analytic Files were reviewed from 2005-2014 for all patients undergoing hip arthroscopy allowing for minimum 2 year follow-up (100% sample). Patients were tracked through the dataset for the occurrence of an ipsilateral THA or revision hip arthroscopy. Rates and timing of the subsequent procedures were then determined within 6 month intervals. Patients less than 65 years old were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of patient age, sex, obesity or a diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis on need for revision procedures. Results 3,320 Medicare patients had a hip arthroscopy during 2005-2014 (0.3% compared to THA). 73 patients (2.2%) underwent reoperation during the follow-up period. Two-thirds (n = 46) of all revision procedures occurred within one year of primary hip arthroscopy. A pre-operative diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis significantly increased the odds of reoperation (OR = 5.3). (Conclusion: Relatively few numbers of Medicare patients underwent hip arthroscopy during the time interval evaluated (0.3% when compared to THA utilization). 2.2% underwent a subsequent revision arthroscopy or THA with many occurring soon after the procedure and for the diagnosis of hip OA demonstrating the need to better define indications in this population. This study should provide baseline utilization and outcome trends for future studies.Level of Evidence: IV.
Temperature-induced buckling of ductile metals during cyclic loading and the subsequent early fracture

Abstract This paper investigates the early fracture of the ductile metals under cyclic loading due to the occurrence of temperature-induced buckling (TIB). Extensive experiments with cylindrical dog-bone specimens made of SS316 and SS321 subjected to cyclic loading reveal that TIB occurs at a stress level below the buckling strength and before what inelastic cyclic buckling criterion predicts. It is shown that buckling occurs if the operating stress is at or above a critical limit σTIB and when the specimen's temperature reaches a critical limit, called TTIB. The analysis of the temperature evolution of these materials shows three distinct regions of Pre-TIB, TIB, and rapid failure thereafter. The measured TTIB for SS316 and SS321 are found to be 100 ○C and 130 ○C, respectively. The corresponding σTIB for SS316 and SS321 are 340 MPa and 365 MPa, respectively.
Using Projects on Clustering and Linear Regression to Develop Basic Research Skills in Freshmen and Sophomore Undergraduate Students

This paper presents the work of several freshmen and sophomore undergraduate students from California State University, Fullerton, who have been exposed to data science for the first time, over 5 weeks. The projects completed by the students are on linear regression and data clustering applied to various datasets available on the Internet. The students were able to search and choose their projects and datasets and complete the project in 5 weeks in May–June 2019.
Combinatorial Resurfacing of Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III Antigens Selectively Ablates Epitopes Associated with Serotype-Specific or Infection-Enhancing Antibody Responses

Mutagenesis of surface-exposed residues, or "resurfacing", is a protein engineering strategy that can be utilized to disrupt antibody recognition or modulate the capacity of a protein to elicit antibody responses. We apply resurfacing to engineer Dengue virus envelope protein domain III (DENV DIII) antigens with the goal of focusing humoral recognition on epitopes of interest by selective ablation of irrelevant and undesired epitopes. Cross-reactive but non-neutralizing antibodies have the potential to enhance Dengue virus (DENV) infection by a process called antibody-dependent enhancement, thought to be associated with severe secondary heterotypic infection. Thus, a focus on epitopes associated with broadly neutralizing antibodies is important both for understanding human antibody responses against DENV and for the development of a successful DENV vaccine. To engineer DENV DIII antigens focusing on the AG strand epitope associated with broadly neutralizing antibody responses, we generated yeast surface display libraries of DENV2 DIII where the AB loop (associated with cross-reactive but non-neutralizing antibody responses) and FG loop (associated with serotype-specific antibody responses) were mutagenized to allow for all possible amino acid substitutions. Loop variants that maintained the AG strand epitope and simultaneously disrupted the AB and FG loop epitopes exhibited high and diverse mutational loads that were amenable to loop exchange and transplantation into a DENV4 DIII background. Thus, several loop variants fulfill this antigenicity criteria regardless of serotype context. The resulting resurfaced DIII antigens may be utilized as AG strand epitope-focusing probes or immunogen candidates.
Clinical Ethics Consultations during the COVID-19 Pandemic Surge at a New York City Medical Center

The COVID-19 pandemic swept through New York City swiftly and with devastating effect. The crisis put enormous pressure on all hospital services, including the clinical ethics consultation team. This report describes the recent experience of the ethics consultants and Columbia University Irving Medical Center during the COVID-19 surge and compares the case load and characteristics to the corresponding period in 2019. By reporting this experience, we hope to supplement the growing body of COVID-19 scientific literature and provide details of the human toll the virus took on our hospitals and communities. We also aim to highlight the role of the clinical ethics consultant as well as areas of policy and law that may need to be addressed in order to be better prepared for a future public health crisis.
Association of Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

Importance Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular outcomes. Specifically, fine particulate matter measuring 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) is associated with thrombosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Few studies have examined particulate matter and stroke risk in individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective To assess the association of residential-level pollution exposure in 1 year and ischemic stroke in individuals with AF. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 31 414 individuals with AF from a large regional health care system in an area with historically high industrial pollution. All participants had valid residential addresses for geocoding and ascertainment of neighborhood-level income and educational level. Participants were studied from January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2015, with prospective follow-up through December 1, 2017. Data analysis was performed from March 14, 2018, to October 9, 2019. Exposures Exposure to PM2.5ascertained using geocoding of addresses and fine-scale air pollution exposure surfaces derived from a spatial saturation monitoring campaign and land-use regression modeling. Exposure to PM2.5was estimated annually across the study period at the residence level. Main Outcomes and Measures Multivariable-adjusted stroke risk by quartile of residence-level and annual PM2.5exposure. Results The cohort included 31 414 individuals (15 813 [50.3%] female; mean [SD] age, 74.4 [13.5] years), with a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range, 1.6-5.8 years). The mean (SD) annual PM2.5exposure was 10.6 (0.7) μg/m3. A 1-SD increase in PM2.5was associated with a greater risk of stroke after both adjustment for demographic and clinical variables (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14) and multivariable adjustment that included neighborhood-level income and educational level (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.14). The highest quartile of PM2.5exposure had an increased risk of stroke relative to the first quartile (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.18-1.58). After adjustment for clinical covariates, income, and educational level, risk of stroke remained greater for the highest quartile of exposure relative to the first quartile (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01-1.45). Conclusions and Relevance This large cohort study of individuals with AF identified associations between PM2.5and risk of ischemic stroke. The results suggest an association between fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease and outcomes.
Feeling, Abstraction, Symbolization: Langer’s Aesthetic Model of Minding

Susanne Langer presented human experience and self-formation as a dynamic spiraling matrix of feeling and of processes of symbolic transformation in which ‘meaning accrues essentially to forms.’ Her powerful analytical framework maps the processes of ‘realization’ of feeling in the image-based fore-structures of symbolization. Symbolization follows two main paths of abstraction, presentational and discursive, that together give rise to the symbolic ‘open ambient’ of human culture. Nondiscursive forms exemplified in the art image can be used as a heuristic guide to human minding by displaying the properties and dimensions of feeling itself manifested in rhythms, gradients, and ordering of felt vital imports. Such an approach, while recognizing the centrality of language, enables us to consider art images as images of minding and establishes the analytical concept of aesthetic rationality that can be applied normatively to the selving process both individually and socially.
Hierarchical routing in carbon metabolism favors iron-scavenging strategy in iron-deficient soil Pseudomonas species

High-affinity iron (Fe) scavenging compounds, or siderophores, are widely employed by soil bacteria to survive scarcity in bioavailable Fe. Siderophore biosynthesis relies on cellular carbon metabolism, despite reported decrease in both carbon uptake and Fe-containing metabolic proteins in Fe-deficient cells. Given this paradox, the metabolic network required to sustain the Fe-scavenging strategy is poorly understood. Here, through multiple 13C-metabolomics experiments with Fe-replete and Fe-limited cells, we uncover how soil Pseudomonas species reprogram their metabolic pathways to prioritize siderophore biosynthesis. Across the three species investigated (Pseudomonas putida KT2440, Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, and Pseudomonas putida S12), siderophore secretion is higher during growth on gluconeogenic substrates than during growth on glycolytic substrates. In response to Fe limitation, we capture decreased flux toward the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during the metabolism of glycolytic substrates but, due to carbon recycling to the TCA cycle via enhanced anaplerosis, the metabolism of gluconeogenic substrates results in an increase in both siderophore secretion (up to threefold) and Fe extraction (up to sixfold) from soil minerals. During simultaneous feeding on the different substrate types, Fe deficiency triggers a hierarchy in substrate utilization, which is facilitated by changes in protein abundances for substrate uptake and initial catabolism. Rerouted metabolism further promotes favorable fluxes in the TCA cycle and the gluconeogenesis-anaplerosis nodes, despite decrease in several proteins in these pathways, to meet carbon and energy demands for siderophore precursors in accordance with increased proteins for siderophore biosynthesis. Hierarchical carbon metabolism thus serves as a critical survival strategy during the metal nutrient deficiency.
A Gendered Pandemic: Childcare, Homeschooling, and Parents’ Employment During COVID-19

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected employment, particularly for mothers Many believe that the loss of childcare and homeschooling requirements are key contributors to this trend, but previous work has been unable to test these hypotheses due to data limitations This study uses novel data from 989 partnered, US parents to empirically examine whether the loss of childcare and new homeschooling demands are associated with employment outcomes early in the pandemic We also consider whether the division of childcare prior to the pandemic is associated with parents? employment For parents with young children, the loss of full-time childcare was associated with an increased risk of unemployment for mothers but not fathers Yet, father involvement in childcare substantially buffered against negative employment outcomes for mothers of young children For parents with school-age children, participation in homeschooling was associated with adverse employment outcomes for mothers but not fathers Overall, this study provides empirical support for the current discourse on gender differences in employment during the pandemic and also highlights the role fathers can play in buffering against reduced labor force participation among mothers This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved
Cryptophane–xenon complexes for 129Xe MRI applications

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical setting enables the acquisition of valuable anatomical information in a rapid, non-invasive fashion. However, MRI applications for identifying disease-related biomarkers are limited due to low sensitivity at clinical magnetic field strengths. The development of hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe MRI/MRS techniques as complements to traditional 1H-based imaging has been a burgeoning area of research over the past two decades. Pioneering experiments have shown that hp 129Xe can be encapsulated within host molecules to generate ultrasensitive biosensors. In particular, xenon has high affinity for cryptophanes, which are small organic cages that can be functionalized with affinity tags, fluorophores, solubilizing groups, and other moieties to identify biomedically relevant analytes. Cryptophane sensors designed for proteins, metal ions, nucleic acids, pH, and temperature have achieved nanomolar-to-femtomolar limits of detection via a combination of 129Xe hyperpolarization and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI.
A Content Analysis of Prison Websites: Exploring Approaches to Rehabilitation in Latin America:

Across much of Latin America, prison systems are characterized as having significantly high incarceration and overcrowding rates. In recent years, some of these systems have sought to address such ...
Taeniasis and Cysticercosis

The majority of cases of Taenia, both taeniasis and cysticercosis, seen in the USA and Canada are imported. However, local transmission has been reported. There are three Taenia species known to parasitize humans—T. solium, T. saginata, and T. asiatica. The adult stage of these parasites, acquired from ingestion of raw or undercooked meat or viscera, resides in the small intestine of the human host causing taeniasis which is typically asymptomatic. Conversely, cysticercosis develops when a human ingests ova that are shed from a T. solium intestinal tapeworm carrier. Infection with the larval stage of the T. solium parasite leads to cysts which can be found in any tissue in the human body but most commonly are found in the subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or central nervous system. When cysticerci are found within the central nervous system, it is called neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is the most common tropical infection causing hospital admissions in the USA. The combined interventions of thoroughly cooking (or freezing) pork, hand hygiene, having a closed system of collection and treatment of human waste, and penning pigs so they do not have the ability to scavenge can aid in prevention strategies.
Structure and Mechanism of d-Glucosaminate-6-phosphate Ammonia-lyase: A Novel Octameric Assembly for a Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Enzyme, and Unprecedented Stereochemical Inversion in the Elimination Reaction of a d-Amino Acid.

d-Glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase (DGL) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that produces 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate (KDG-6-P) in the metabolism of d-glucosaminic acid by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. We have determined the crystal structure of DGL by SAD phasing with selenomethionine to a resolution of 2.58 A. The sequence has very low identity with most other members of the aminotransferase (AT) superfamily. The structure forms an octameric assembly as a tetramer of dimers that has not been observed previously in the AT superfamily. PLP is covalently bound as a Schiff base to Lys-213 in the catalytic dimer at the interface of two monomers. The structure lacks the conserved arginine that binds the α-carboxylate of the substrate in most members of the AT superfamily. However, there is a cluster of arginines in the small domain that likely serves as a binding site for the phosphate of the substrate. The deamination reaction performed in D2O gives a KDG-6-P product stereospecifically deuterated at C3; thus, the mechanism must involve an enamine intermediate that is protonated by the enzyme before product release. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrates that the deuterium is located in the pro-R position in the product, showing that the elimination of water takes place with inversion of configuration at C3, which is unprecedented for a PLP-dependent dehydratase/deaminase. On the basis of the crystal structure and the NMR data, a reaction mechanism for DGL is proposed.