cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid-ionization approach based on the factorization method

The factorization method of Bar-Shalom, Klapisch, and Oreg [Phys. Rev. A 38, 1773 (1988)] is extended to relativistic-distorted-wave cross sections for ionization by electron impact. This leads to a very great simplification for complex ions. In particular, when mixing is confined to the states in a complex (having the same set of n values, parity, and J value), the ionization cross section takes the form of a summation over states of the product of a readily calculated quantity that depends only on target-ion properties, such as mixing coefficients and angular momenta, and a cross section having exactly the same form as a hydrogenic cross section except that the radial functions should be calculated using the appropriate potential for the ion being considered. Similar results are obtained for intermediate coupling using LS-coupling notation and for totally nonrelativistic calculations. Only slightly more complicated formulas apply when mixing is included outside a complex. It is also noted that similar expressions apply for photoionization. Sample numerical results are obtained and compared with relativistic calculations of Moores and Pindzola [Phys. Rev. A 42, 5384 (1990)]. Quite good agreement is obtained when mixing is included among the same set of states.
Amperometric Determination of Serum Aldolase

Abstract Serum Aldolase was determined by measuring the rate of decrease in the current generated by NADH at a platinum electrode. NADH is the cofactor for a dehydrogenase enzyme in the coupled enzyme reaction scheme used in the determination. Reducing agents in reconstituted lyophilized human serum did not interfere with the determination. Serum aldolase was accurately determined between 4 and 14 μ/ml which is the normal range in a healthy individual. The proposed amperometric method compares quite favorably with the spectrophotometric method.
A large aperture time-of-flight counter system

Abstract A time-of-flight system having a resolution 0.9ns and using scintillation counters 4″ × 12″ in area has been developed. The system employs RCA 7850 photomultiplier tubes and has been tested with three different thicknesses of plastic scintillator. The scheme of Charpak, Dick and Feuvrais has been used to eliminate the time variations due to the velocity of propagation of the light signals through the scintillator. The system has been tested using an external electron beam from the California Institute of Technology Electron Synchrotron and a strontium 90 source. The system is described in detail together with an analysis of those factors which contribute to the overall resolution of 0.9 ns.
Differential induction of hepatic estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene transcription in Xenopus laevis.

Low levels of estrogen receptor (200–500 per cell) are present in the liver of hormonally naive male Xenopus. However, administration of estradiol results in a rapid 2- to 5- fold increase in cellular estrogen receptor content concurrent with the de novo transcriptional activation of the genes for the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin. Studies on Xenopus embryogenesis suggest that estrogen receptor induction is required for the activation of vitellogenin transcription. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mechanism of estrogen receptor induction in male Xenopus liver. The experimental protocol used 4-hydroxytamoxifen, an antiestrogen with a high affinity for the estrogen receptor, to inhibit the effects of estradiol. Changes in estrogen receptor content were then determined through the use of an exchange assay. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen alone suppressed the level of estrogen receptor from 800 sites per cell in hormonally naive animals to 250 sites per cell. Administration of estradiol 24 h after...
Comparison of Social Estrangement Among Youth Who Are Accessing Homeless Services in St. Louis, Missouri and Austin, Texas

The purpose of this study was to compare young people seeking homeless services in two distinct geographic locations (Austin, Texas and St. Louis, Missouri). To determine differences between the two populations, the study used a guiding conceptual model of social estrangement that included four domains: institutional disaffiliation, psychological dysfunction, human capital, and identification with homeless culture. A sample of homeless youth (N = 96; 46 from St. Louis, 50 from Austin) were recruited through youth-serving agencies. Findings indicate two unique samples of street-involved youth in regards to affiliation with formal institutions, family support, and informal peer networks, suggesting distinct service needs.
Hostility Reduction and Performance

The study was concerned with the adequacy of several methods for reducing or preventing hostility toward a frustrating teacher and examined whether classroom performance was affected. Two cathartic methods, Rating Scale and Mutual Expression, and two non-cathartic methods, Explanation and Control, were induced. Residual hostility toward the teacher was measured by means of a Teacher Evaluation Form. Results showed that the Explanation method was most effective and the two cathartic methods were least effective in preventing or reducing residual hostility. The two cathartic methods actually increased residual hostility as compared to the Control treatment. Task performance efficiency varied directly with the level of residual hostility. Doubt is cast upon the catharsis hypothesis and a relationship between residual hostility and performance was found.
Downward heat transfer in heat-generating boiling pools

Abstract A model for heat transfer from the horizontal base of a volume heated boiling pool is proposed. Because of the density difference caused by volume boiling between the bulk fluid and the fluid near the base, the lighter two-phase fluid causes movement of the bulk fluid in the upward direction and causes a negative pressure gradient along the base plate of the pool. This negative pressure drives returning subcooled singlephase liquid in the boundary layer along the base plate. The analysis for the laminar case provides the definition of equivalent Grashof number for the combined (or opposing) two-phase and temperature driven natural convection along the base plate. The turbulent boundary layer is analyzed by assuming a two-layer model in which the inner layer is characterized by viscous and conduction terms and the outer layer by mean convection terms. The similarity analysis of the governing equations yields universal profiles for temperature and velocity and the scaling laws for the inner and outer layers. An asymptotic matching of the temperature profile in the overlap region leads to a heat transfer law that correlates the available experimental data on a volume heated boiling pool satisfactorily.
A Wavelet-Based Variability Model (WVM) for Solar PV Power Plants

A wavelet variability model (WVM) for simulating solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant output given a single irradiance point sensor timeseries using spatio-temporal correlations is presented. The variability reduction (VR) that occurs in upscaling from the single point sensor to the entire PV plant at each timescale is simulated, then combined with the wavelet transform of the point sensor timeseries to produce a simulated power plant output. The WVM is validated against measurements at a 2-MW residential rooftop distributed PV power plant in Ota City, Japan and at a 48-MW utility-scale power plant in Copper Mountain, NV. The WVM simulation matches the actual power output well for all variability timescales, and the WVM compares well against other simulation methods.
Nonspecific staining in the immunolocalization of estrogen receptors.

Abstract The immunoperoxidase bridge technique was used to visualize estrogens in receptor-ligand complexes in human endometrium. Nuclear staining of gland cells was observed when the immunostaining sequence followed treatment of unfixed frozen sections with protamine sulfate and polyestradiol phosphate, however staining was not seen when estradiol was used in place of polyestradiol phosphate. Although estradiol competed in an RIA using our antiserum, polyestradiol phosphate did not, suggesting that staining was not explainable by an immunological reaction. The suggestion of nonspecific staining was further supported by the finding of buffer effects on stain intensity and distribution, staining with nonimmune sera, nonsuppression of staining by the antiestrogen CI628, and prevention of staining by egg albumin. Controls demonstrated that staining was not due to endogenous peroxidase. Factors that contribute to nonspecific staining in general are reviewed, and properties of the estrogen receptor that are of significance in immunohistochemical localization are discussed. We conclude that caution should be exercised in interpreting estrogen receptor immunolocalization data.
High-speed two-dimensional multiphoton microscope using spatial modulation

We demonstrate, for the first time, a multimodal multiphoton microscope using chirped intensity modulation to construct line images from a single element detector.
Personal Archiving: Preserving our Digital Heritage

Donald T. Hawkins, Ed. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc., 2013, 299 pp., ISBN: 978-1-57387-480-9, $49.50.The editor of Personal Archiving: Preserving Our Digital Heritage aims to reach a wide va...
ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF STABLE AND UNSTABLE FORMS OF THE INVERSE CIRCULAR HARMONIC TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE RADON TRANSFORM

We investigate the inversion of the 2D Radon transform with the technique based on the Circular Harmonic Transform (CHT) using Chebyshev/Zernike polynomials. This polynomial pair is often described as a solution of the unstable or causal form of the CHT inverse. The primary object of this work is to show analytically and explicitly that the polynomial pair is formally a solution to the stable form of the CHT inverse. Hence it is the first solution of its type to be simultaneously a solution to both forms of the inverse. The stable/unstable dichotomy is not fundamental to the CHT inverse. We validate this claim with numerical experiments and image data. We describe a potential application of the algorithm to MRI imaging with nonlinear gradients.
Integrated information databases — One- stop chemical research for the information specialist

Abstract With the burgeoning number of online files provided by an increasing number of vendors, information specialists will need more sophisticated capabilities to retrieve online information. Integrated databases provide a means for online searchers to retrieve information holistically. Three online developments by vendors will improve information retrieval: (1) simultaneous multi-file searchers; (2) crossover between separate files; (3) tagged retrievals that correlate to like records in other files. Simplicity in software design tends to engender rigid systems, such as menu-driven software, while flexibility for searching encourages complexity in software design. Vendors will need to balance these elements in integrating databases. Where should the information industry be going to make life easier for the information specialist and end user? Combined full-text, bibliographic, and numeric files; dictionary and thesaurus files for term and strategy generation; and artificial intelligence interfaces will be part of the new systems that facilitate searching in the future.
Novel method for monitoring the coupling efficiency in solid phase peptide synthesis

The method reported here involves tritylation of the uncoupled amino groups with an active tritylating agent generated in situ from 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate, and subsequent release of the trityl cation under mild acid treatment. Spectrophotometric measurement of the trityl color determines the coupling yield. This approach has been successfully tested by synthesizing an octapeptide. Some of the advantages of this method are pointed out.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2: effects on renin secretion and expression in fetal lambs

The importance of prostaglandins in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system during development is not known. These experiments were conducted to examine the effects of prostaglandin synthesi...
Biphasic effects of morphine on locomotor activity in hamsters

Two experiments investigated the dose and time related effects of morphine sulfate on the running wheel activity of golden Syrian hamsters. Compared with saline controls, a low dose (5 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity, whereas high doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) produced an initial dose-related depression in activity, a gradual dose-related recovery and finally a period of hyperactivity. The results are discussed in terms of similar biphasic effects of morphine observed in rats.
Thermomechanical effects associated with crystallization of rubber under stretch and during slow extension

A natural rubber sample which crystallizes after stretching normally shows stress relaxation associated with this crystallization and normally ends up at a stress lower than that of the fully amorphous rubber before crystallzation. On the other hand, a natural rubber sample which crystallizes during stretching becomes more rigid as a result of the crystallization and the stress required to extend it to a given stretch increases substantially above the stress needed to extend the fully amorphous rubber to the same elongation. Even though the former effect has been modeled and studied by the likes of Flory (1947), the latter effect has not yet been properly modeled or studied. The difference between crystallization during or after stretching will be studied in this article based on a thermodynamic model developed by the author to capture the thermomechanical effects of crystallization in natural rubber. The two limit cases of very rapid and very slow extension to a given stretch are singled out for comparison of the equilibrium stress.
Corporate crime and criminal justice system capacity: Government response to financial institution fraud

(1994). Corporate crime and criminal justice system capacity: Government response to financial institution fraud. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 383-410.
Determination of Moisture Content and Bulk Density of Shelled Corn by Measurement of Microwave Parameters

Simultaneous measurement of two electromagnetic wave parameters (magnitude and phase change) of the wave transmitted through a layer of grain permits two variables of the grain (water concentration and dry grain density) to be determined. Knowledge of these two variables permits the calculation of moisture content and grain bulk density in real time. Although static experiments carried out at 9·4 GHz are described in the paper, the results and the method can be applied in dynamic measurements of flowing grain. The measurement does not require any contact between the material and the equipment, is fast, continuous and non-destructive. Uncertainty in static calibration for shelled corn (maize) is ±0·56% moisture and ·25·1 kg · m-3, moist grain density, at the 95% confidence level.
Towards structure-based drug design: crystal structure of a multisubstrate adduct complex of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase at 1.96 A resolution.

Abstract An inhibitor complex structure of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR-Tfase; EC 2.1.2.2.) from Escherichia coli has been determined with a multisubstrate adduct BW1476U89 to an R -value of 19.1% at 1.96 A resolution. The structure was determined by a combination of molecular and single isomorphous replacement using data from two different monoclinic crystal lattices and collecting data from crystals soaked in 20% (w/v) methyl-pentanediol as cryoprotectant for shock-freezing at −150 °C. The multisubstrate adduct is bound in an extended crevice at the interface between the two functional domains of the enzyme. This inhibitor is positioned in the binding site by three sets of tight interactions with its phosphate, glutamate and pyrimidone ring moieties, while its intervening linker atoms are more flexible and adopt two distinct sets of conformations. The highly conserved Arg103, His108 and Gln170 residues that are key in ligand binding and catalysis (His108), have compensatory conformational variation that gives clues as to their role in substrate specificity and in the formyl transfer. The molecular design of 1476U89 as a multisubtrate adduct inhibitor ( K i ∼100 pM at pH 8.5), is confirmed as it closely mimics the shape, molecular interaction and combined binding constants of the natural 10-formyltetrahydrofolate(10-CHO-H 4 F; K m ≈77.4 μM at pH 8.5) and glycinamide-ribonucleotide(GAR; K m ≈8.1 μM at pH 8.5) substrates. The stereochemistry of this ligand complex suggests that His108 may act as an electrophile stabilizing the oxyanion of the tetrahedral intermediate that is formed as a result of the direct attack on the 10-CHO-H 4 F by the amino group of GAR. Structural comparison of the folate binding modes among GAR-Tfase, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase reveals that folate derivates bound to GAR-Tfase differentially adopt the trans conformation for the dihedral angle between atoms C-6 and C-9 providing a handle for targeting specific folate-dependent enzymes. The structural information derived from two different discrete conformations of the ligand in the binding site also suggests several leads for the de novo design of inhibitors of GAR-Tfase that may develop into useful chemotherapeutic agents.
Applying a Sociotechnical Framework for Improving Safety at Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings:

Michelle Yeh and Jordan Multer United States Department of Transportation Volpe National Transportation Systems Center To understand drivers’ decisions and actions at grade crossings, we examined human factors contributing to noncompliance at grade crossings using a sociotechnical framework. This perspective allows driver behavior at grade crossings to be examined not as individual elements but rather as a function of how each element interacts with other elements within the system. In this paper, we present a model that addresses driver decision-making at grade crossings at a systems level. We identify and describe four elements of the grade crossing system influencing driver compliance: the design of the grade crossing environment, driver characteristics, the role of organizations and management, and social and political forces. We then apply the model to identify how failure to consider safety from a systems perspective contributed to the grade crossing accident that occurred in Fox River Grove, Illinois, in 1995.
Comparison of bioanalytical methods for the quantitation of PEGylated human insulin.

Abstract Purpose The quality of bioanalytical data is dependent upon selective, sensitive, and reproducible analytical methods. With evolving technologies available, bioanalytical scientists must assess which is most appropriate for their molecule through proper method validation. For an early stage PEGylated insulin program, the characteristics of four platforms, ELISA, ECL, Gyrolab, and LC–MS/MS, were evaluated using fit-for-purpose method development and validation, while also evaluating costs. Method Methods selected for validation required acceptable performance based on satisfaction of a priori criteria prior to proceeding to subsequent stages of validation. LBA pre-validation included reagent selection, evaluation of matrix interference, and range determination. LC–MS/MS pre-validation included selection of a signature peptide; optimization of sample preparation, HPLC, and LC–MS/MS conditions; and calibration range determination. Pre-study validation tested accuracy and precision (mean bias criteria ± 30%; precision ≤ 30%). Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were estimated for an in vivo study with WinNonlin noncompartmental analysis. Statistics were performed with JMP using ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer post hoc analysis. A cost analysis was performed for a 200-sample PK study using the methods from this study. Results All platforms, except Gyrolab, were taken through validation. However, a typical Gyrolab method was included for the cost analysis. Ranges for the ELISA, ECLA, and LC–MS/MS were 8.52–75, 2.09–125, and 100–1000 ng/mL, respectively, and accuracy and precision fell within a priori criteria. PK samples were analyzed in the 3 validated methods. PK profiles and parameters are similar for all methods, except LC–MS/MS, which differed at t = 24 h and with AUC0-24. Further investigation into this difference is warranted. The cost analysis identified the Gyrolab platform as the most expensive and ELISA as the least expensive, with method specific consumables attributing significantly to costs. Conclusions ECLA had a larger dynamic range and sensitivity, allowing accurate assessment of PK parameters. Although this method was more expensive than the ELISA, it was the most appropriate for the early stage PEGylated insulin program. While this case study is specific to PEGylated human insulin, it highlights the importance of evaluating and selecting the most appropriate platform for bioanalysis during drug development.
The use of the variational principle in nuclear physics

Abstract The most general form of the variational principle, which treats all of the observables of a system on an equal basis, is formulated. The Hartree-Fock equations and the “projected” variational equations are shown to be special cases of the general formulation. A new expression for the moment of inertia and an additional contribution to the spin-orbit interaction of the shell model are obtained. A generalization to include singular forces is indicated.
Assessment of perfused left ventricular mass in normal, ischemic, and reperfused myocardium by means of single-photon emission computed tomography of technetium-99m isonitrile.

To test the hypothesis that single-photon emission tomography of technetium (Tc) 99m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (Tc-MIBI) can accurately measure perfused left ventricular (LV) mass in nonischemic, ischemic, and reperfused myocardium, we acquired Tc-MIBI tomographic images in canines with normally perfused hearts (n = 33) after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 15), after reperfusion (n = 13), and with subsequent second injection of Tc-MIBI (15 to 18 mCi; n = 12). In all ischemic studies the initial dose of Tc-MIBI (5 to 6 mCi) was injected after coronary artery occlusion but before reflow. Scintigraphic perfused LV mass was calculated from the total voxels demonstrating Tc-MIBI uptake x voxel volume (cm3) x specific gravity of myocardium (1.05 gm/cm3). After being imaged the animals were killed, the left ventricle was weighed, and the risk area was determined by dual perfusion with phthalocyanine blue dye and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Perfused LV mass was defined as total LV mass minus the risk area mass. There was good correlation between scintigraphic and morphologic determinations of perfused left ventricular mass in nonischemic hearts (Tc-MIBI left ventricular distribution = 0.84 x left ventricular weight + .20.4, n = 33, r = 0.93, p = 0.0001) and ischemic hearts (Tc-MIBI left ventricular distribution = 0.51 x left ventricular weight + 37.9, n = 15, r = 0.83, p = 0.0001). In animals imaged both before and after reperfusion, scintigraphic determinations of the nonischemic region correlated closely (after-reflow Tc-MIBI distribution = 1.07 x before-reflow Tc-MIBI distribution--8.0, n = 13, r = 0.88, p = 0.0001), indicating that Tc-MIBI does not significantly redistribute into the ischemic zone after reperfusion. After injection of the second dose of Tc-MIBI in acutely reperfused canines, there was good correlation between the distribution mass of Tc-MIBI and the mass of viable myocardium by TTC staining (Tc-MIBI distribution = 0.61 x viable LV mass + 34.2, n = 12, r = 0.77, p = 0.0001). Furthermore, the apparent redistribution of myocardial Tc-MIBI from before and after second injection images correlated with the degree of myocardial salvage by histochemical staining (r = 0.72, p = 0.0082). In conclusion, single-photon emission computed tomography of Tc-MIBI can measure perfused LV mass accurately in both ischemic and nonischemic canine preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Two-sample empirical likelihood ratio tests for medians in application to biomarker evaluations

The median is a commonly used parameter to characterize biomarker data. In particular, with two vastly different underlying distributions, comparing medians provides different information than comparing means; however, very few tests for medians are available. We propose a series of two-sample median-specific tests using empirical likelihood methodology and investigate their properties. We present the technical details of incorporating the relevant constraints into the empirical likelihood function for in-depth median testing. An extensive Monte Carlo study shows that the proposed tests have excellent operating characteristics even under unfavourable occasions such as non-exchangeability under the null hypothesis. We apply the proposed methods to analyze biomarker data from Western blot analysis to compare normal cells with bronchial epithelial cells from a case–control study. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 39: 671–689; 2011. © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada La mediane est le parametre habituellement utilise pour caracteriser les douuees de biomarqueurs. Eu particulier, si les deux distributions sous-jacentes sont tres differentes, la comparaison des medianes fournit de l'information differente que celle obtenue par la comparaison de moyennes. Cependant, il y a tres peu de tests pour comparer les medianes. Nous proposons une serie de tests pour deux echantillons specifiques aux medianes utilisant les methodes de vraisemblance empirique et nous etudions leurs proprietes. Nous presentons les details techniques pour incorporer les contraintes appropriees dans la fonction de vraisemblance empirique pour comparer en detail les medianes. Une etude de Monte-Carlo exhaustive montre que les tests proposes ont d'excellentes proprietes statistiques meme sous des conditions defavorables telle que la non-echangeabilite sous l'hypothese nulle. Nous appliquons les methodes proposees a l'analyse de donnees de biomarqueurs provenant d'une etude cas-controle utilisant le transfert de proteines afin de comparer les cellules normales avec celles epitheliales bronchiques. La revue canadienne de statistique 39: 671–689; 2011. © 2011 Societe statistique du Canada
A Two-Year Comparison of the Surface Water and Energy Budgets between Two OASIS Sites and NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data

Abstract Few surface-observation networks exist that provide comprehensive multiyear, multiseason observations of surface energy fluxes and subsurface soil moisture and temperature, combined with near-surface atmospheric data. More such networks are needed to validate, improve, and calibrate current global weather and climate models, including those used as the backbone or background models in global reanalysis. One such measurement system is the Oklahoma Mesonet–Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS), which provides atmospheric, surface, and soil data in real time. This study compares 2 yr of surface energy and water budget data from two OASIS sites located in two distinct climate zones with NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis (GR) estimates. The intraseasonal hydrological and thermodynamic cycles are discussed. Results show generally good agreement between most reanalysis values and observations. Incoming and reflected shortwave radiation are largely overestimated by the GR, and incom...
Malathion Resistance in Indianmeal Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Infesting Stored Corn and Wheat in the North-Central United States

Forty-three strains of Pladia interpunctella (Hubner) were collected from grain bins on farms in nine midwestern states. Thirty-nine of the 43 strains were more than 17-fold resistant to malathion. None of 10 resistant strains tested were cross-resistant to chlorpyrifos methyl. Of six resistant strains assayed for malathion carboxylesterase activity, all had greatly elevated levels over those of a susceptible strain. The a-monoacid of malathion was the major hydrolysis product in all six resistant strains. When esterase electrophoretograms were prepared of 16 strains, ranging from purely susceptible to purely resistant, a good correlation was observed between resistance level and the staining intensity of certain esterase bands. We conclude that carboxylesterase-type malathion-specific resistance is epidemic in Indianmeal moth populations throughout the U.S. grain belt.
Enhancement of the insulin antagonistic effect of porcine somatotropin in swine using a monoclonal antibody.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (mAb), PS-7.6, to porcine somatotropin (pST) significantly enhanced the growth responses to pST injections in hypophysectomized (hypox) rats but could not be tested in pigs because of the large quantity of antibody required for a growth trial. Because pST inhibits the hypoglycemic effects of insulin, an insulin tolerance test procedure was established to measure pST activity in jugular-catheterized pigs. Doses of 0, 30, 100, and 300 μg/kg per day of pST were split and administered subcutaneously (sc) in equal portions twice daily for 2 d. After a 17-hr fast, plasma samples were obtained at 10-min intervals for 30 min before an intravenous injection of insulin (0.08 IU/kg) and then for an additional 50 min. Because pST increased fasting plasma glucose concentrations, preinsulin glucose values were used as a covariate to adjust the postinsulin concentrations. pST caused a dose-dependent increase in resistance to the insulin injection in these pigs. The areas under the curves (AUC) for plasma glucose were 22.l, 29.0, 39.0, and 47.2 mg/dl per min for the 0, 30, 100, and 300 μg/kg pST doses, respectively. Because different doses of pST could be detected, the PS-7.6 enhancement of pST treatment was evaluated. In the first experiment, five pigs/group each received sc injections of either vehicle, pST (75 μg/kg; ∼3.0 mg/d), pST (75 μg/kg) + PS-7.6 at 3.75 mg/kg, or pST (75 μg/kg) + PS-7.6 at 15 mg/kg for 2 d before the insulin test. The pST and PS-7.6 were combined and incubated for at least 1 hr at room temperature before being injected. The injection of pST alone did not significantly change insulin tolerance activity (23.1 vs. 21.1, AUC, but insulin resistance was enhanced when this dose of pST also included PS-7.6 (27.4 and 29.5, AUC, respectively; P
The distribution of 32P in ribonucleic acid from nucleate and anucleate half cells of Amoeba proteus

Abstract Nucleate and anucleate half cells of Amoeba proteus were labelled with [32P]orthophosphate and the distribution of 32P among the labelled nucleotides was examined. Both nucleate and anucleate half cells were capable of incorporating orthophosphate into RNA. The anucleate half cell, however, incorporated 32P at a slower rate than did the nucleate half cell and there was a diminution in the relative rate of 32P incorporation into the anucleate half cell with time after enucleation. Irrespective of the rate of 32P incorporation the distribution of 32P label among the nucleotides of RNA following alkaline degradation was not significantly different between the ribonucleotides in anucleate and nucleate half cells. Several methods of RNA preparation demonstrated that the orthophosphate incorporation was in fact attributable to a polyribonucleotide. It was further shown that the radioactivity was primarily associated with 2′,3′-nucleotides following alkaline degradation of the labelled RNA, ruling out the possibility of a nucleotide-binding phenomenon. Filtration experiments suggested that the labelled cytoplasmic RNA was not bound to stable particles of a diameter greater than 50 mμ. Finally the half cells were fractionated by centrifugation and the distribution of 32P in RNA of these fractions was analyzed. The fractionation experiments led us to conclude that RNA associated with the microsomes contains much of the label in nucleate and anucleate half cells. The RNA of the microsomes has similar distributions of 32P in both nucleate and anucleate half cells and these distributions were similar to the total half-cell distributions of 32P. The soluble fractions of both half cells had distinctly different distributions of 32P from the microsomal fractions and the soluble fractions of nucleate and anucleate half cells were different from each other.
The role of protein C, protein S, and resistance to activated protein C in Legg-Perthes disease

Objectives. It has been hypothesized that Legg-Perthes disease is caused by repeated vascular interruptions of the blood supply to the proximal femur, which are precipitated by coagulation system abnormalities. To test this theory, we conducted a case-control study among 57 patients with Legg-Perthes disease and an equal number of community controls. We measured protein C and protein S and resistance to activated protein C (APC-R) from plasma. Study Design. Participants were placed into 1 of 3 mutually exclusive categories based on the control distribution: 1) normal, defined as either above or within 1 standard deviation below the expected mean; 2) low normal, defined as between 1 and 2 standard deviations below the expected mean; and 3) low, defined as >2 standard deviations below the expected mean. DNA was analyzed to determine the presence of a point mutation in the factor V gene that causes APC-R. Results. We observed a statistically significant increased risk of Legg-Perthes disease with decreasing levels of protein C and a nearly significant increased risk with decreasing levels of protein S. The factor V gene defect was present in 5 (9%) of 55 cases and 3 (5%) of 56 controls (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.4–7.7), but the mean level on the APC-R plasma test was similar for cases and controls. Nine cases and 1 control had 2 low normal or low test results (odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.2–75). Conclusions. Our results support the belief that abnormalities of the coagulation system leading to a thrombophilic state play a role in Legg-Perthes disease; however, larger studies are needed before definitive recommendations for coagulation testing can be made.
Threshold-dependent limit cycles in a nonlinear network model

Abstract A mathematical model of the dynamics of a neural network, in which synaptic strength varies simultaneously with activation, is analyzed. This feedback network, with infinite-gain transfer function, is described by a system of ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the resulting discontinuous nonlinear dynamical system has multiple stable periodic solutions. The existence of these periodic attractors depends critically on the value of the threshold parameter; and by varying the threshold the network can be made to cycle through a sequence of attracting states. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Success in introductory programming: what works?

How pair programming, peer instruction, and media computation have improved computer science education.
All 2-manifolds have finitely many minimal triangulations

A triangulation of a 2-manifoldM is said to be minimal provided one cannot produce a triangulation ofM with fewer vertices by shrinking an edge. In this paper we prove that all 2-manifolds have finitely many minimal triangulations. It follows that all triangulations of a given 2-manifold can be generated from the minimal triangulations by a process called vertex splitting.
Extent of power-law scaling for natural fractures in rock

New data sets from natural faults and extension fractures exhibit simple power-law scaling across 3.4‐4.9 orders of magnitude, regardless of rock type or movement mode. The data show no evidence of natural gaps or scaling changes. Each data set consists of independent measurements made at different observational scales; a power-law regression to the subset of smaller fractures in each case provides an extrapolation that accurately predicts associated larger fractures. Consequently, data representing a limited range of fracture sizes may be used to characterize a much broader spectrum of fracture sizes.
The epic of Latin America

Uniquely comprehensive and comparative, praised for its devotion to social and cultural developments as well as politics and economics, this book has been revised and brought up to date, with chapters on the great upheavals of the 1980s.
An extended and slightly improved table of critical values for testing q linear contrasts in a repeated measures design

This paper provides a new table of critical values for testing q linear contrasts in a repeated measures design.In contrast to some tables, nothing is assumed about the structure of the variance-covariance matrix. The new table is more exten-sive and slightly better than existing tables where the critical values are based on the Bonferroni inequality.
Experimental limits on the mass and decay lifetime of νμ

Abstract The nonobservation of photon-induced e+e− pairs pointing in the neutrino beam direction in large bubble chambers would allow one to set an upper limit on the product mνμλCM for muon-type neutrinos, where mνμ is the mass and λCM is the intrinsic partial decay width in sec−1 for νμ→γ+X. In the theory of Eliezer and Ross where λ LAB ∼ 0.8 × 10 −19 (m 2 ν μ − m 2 ν e )/ h E ν , this implies an upper limit on mνμ considerably smaller than the present upper limit, and a large lower limit on the lifetime τνμ.
Buried-Heterostructure Q-Switched Diode Lasers

Q-switched diode lasers are of interest as a source in optical communication systems and in very high speed optical interconnects between digital circuits and systems. Buried-heterostructure Q-switched diode lasers have been made with thresholds as low as 15 mA. The lasers operate continuously at room temperature. Modulation has been observed at rates up to 7 GHz. Evidence of several modes of Q-switching has been obtained including a new mode of operation which should permit modulation at rates of several tens of gigahertz.
Optical Third-Harmonic Coefficients for the Inert Gases

Optical third-harmonic coefficients are calculated for the inert gases and are compared with recent experimental values. We find them to range from 0.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ esu/atom for He to 222\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ esu/atom for Xe. Our calculated values, expressed as ratios to the optical third-harmonic coefficient of He, compare favorably with one of two sets of recently reported experimental values.
Bad Girls and Fallen Women: Chronic STD Diagnoses as Gateways to Tribal Stigma

This article uses women's firsthand experiences as the basis from which to explore how social constructions of sexual disease and feminine morality merge to threaten women's sexual selves during sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnostic interactions. Constant comparative analysis of interview data reveals how forty-three women made sense of this stage in their moral careers. Adding to interactionist literature on gender and chronic illness, this article expands discussions of tribal stigma to the intrapersonal realm. The data show how these women learned to view herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV) as symbols of impurity, antithetical to feminine ideals of sexual morality. Socialized to fear a caste system that divides women according to perceptions of moral transgression, the women viewed official medical diagnoses as having the potential to brand them not only as diseased but also as immoral. Tribal stigma provides the theoretical framework for analyzing why and how STD diagnostic interactions may be the catalysts for women to symbolically redefine themselves as bad girls and fallen women.
Activation of prokaryotic transcription through arbitrary protein–protein contacts

Many transcriptional activators in prokaryotes are known to bind near a promoter and contact RNA polymerase, but it is not clear whether a protein-protein contact between an activator and RNA polymerase is enough to activate gene transcription. Here we show that contact between a DNA-bound protein and a heterologous protein domain fused to RNA polymerase can elicit transcriptional activation; moreover, the strength of this engineered protein-protein interaction determines the amount of gene activation. Our results indicate that an arbitrary interaction between a DNA-bound protein and RNA polymerase can activate transcription. We also find that when the DNA-bound 'activator' makes contact with two different components of the polymerase, the effect of these two interactions on transcription is synergistic.
Closing the oceanic circulation

Abstract Two examples of circulation in a homogeneous ocean driven by balanced evaporation-precipitation and closed by a Fofonoff-type inertial current on the western side are given. The balances that obtain in the vorticity equation in different regions are discussed.
The Relationship of Deep and Surface Study Approaches on Factual and Applied Test-Bank Multiple-Choice Question Performance.

With the advent of online test banks and large introductory classes, instructors have often turned to textbook publisher‐generated multiple‐choice question (MCQ) exams in their courses. Multiple‐choice questions are often divided into categories of factual or applied, thereby implicating levels of cognitive processing. This investigation examined the influence student study approaches have on performance of shallow compared to deep, cognitive process outcomes measured by scores on factual versus application MCQ test bank questions respectively. Fifty‐six introduction to psychology students, aged 18–52 years, completed a modified version of the Revised Two‐Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R‐SPQ‐2F) to access deep or surface study approaches. Mid‐term and final exam MCQ were equally divided between factual and application questions from the textbook publisher test bank. Overall, students performed significantly better on factual MCQ, with older students achieving higher factual and applied scores. Result...
Postindustrialization and Environmental Quality: An Empirical Analysis of the Environmental State

Existing sociological analyses express differing expectations about state control over economic actors and the political feasibility of environmental regulation. Recent literature on the environmental state sees environmental protection as becoming a basic responsibility of postindustrial states, with economic actors no longer having the autonomy they once enjoyed. In contrast, much of the work in environmental sociology expects commitments to environmental state responsibilities to be largely symbolic. Scholars working from this perspective tend to see environmental damage as proportionate to economic prosperity. To assess the differing expectations, we analyze actual environmental performance among the most prosperous nation-states focusing on national-level emissions of carbon dioxide. The strongest predictors of emissions are found to be measures of ecological efficiency, which tend to be associated with potentially less symbolic policy decisions. For the future, there is a need to move beyond broad assertions, devoting greater attention to the conditions under which states are more or less likely to impose constraints on economic actors.
Perineal talc exposure and risk of ovarian carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Clinical and epidemiologic studies have indicated the possible existence of an association between ovarian carcinoma and talcum powder use. Talc particles have been detected in histologic sections of ovarian carcinomas. It has also been demonstrated that inert particles travel from the perineum to the ovaries. Results from epidemiologic investigations have varied, from risks increased by twofold to no significant risk detected. METHODS A total of 450 patients with borderline and invasive ovarian carcinoma and 564 population controls in metropolitan Toronto and nearby areas of southern Ontario, Canada, were identified. These subjects were interviewed about their reproductive and menstrual histories as well as their exposure to dusting powders. Continuous unconditional logistic regression methods were used for analysis. RESULTS Exposure to talc, via sanitary napkins, direct application to the perineum, or both, was significantly associated with risk of ovarian carcinoma (odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.86). A borderline-significant association was detected between duration of talc exposure and risk (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.98-1.21, per 10 years of exposure). No significant association was found between frequency of exposure and risk. In comparing invasive and borderline carcinomas, risk remained elevated for both carcinoma types. Only risk for invasive carcinoma was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This investigation supports previous contentions that exposure to talc may increase risk of ovarian carcinoma. Questionable trends in duration and frequency of exposure suggest that further studies may be needed to clarify the role of talc in the etiology of this disease. Cancer 1997; 79:2396-401. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Breastfeeding and maternal medications

Abstract Physicians are often faced with questions regarding the use of medications by women who are breastfeeding. The risks and potential benefits to the infant as well as the mother must be considered. The known benefits of breast feeding to both infant and mother must be part of this analysis. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in breast milk are complex and influenced by many factors. Most drugs can be safely administered to the mother with little risk to the infant and references are available to guide the clinician in choosing the safest medication. Psychotropic drugs are of special concern because of their passage into the breast milk and their long-term use. There is concern that they may effect the infant's developing central nervous system. Physician and patient must work together to make an informed decision in the best interest of the infant and mother. Consultation with an infant healthcare specialist or lactation consultant may be very helpful.
Changes in food reward following smoking cessation: a pharmacogenetic investigation.

Rationale Despite the high prevalence and public health significance of weight gain following smoking cessation, little is known about the underlying bio-behavioral mechanisms or effective therapies.
Ambiguity of acceptance, social desirability, and dating choice

Abstract Male subjects differing in social desirability (likableness, physical attractiveness) chose a date from an array of females of three levels of physical attractiveness. Choices were made under two conditions: one where acceptance was assured regardless of whom subject chose; the other where acceptance was left ambiguous. The findings were as follows: (a) subjects selected a more physically attractive female when assured of acceptance than when acceptance was left ambiguous; (b) subjects estimated that highly physically attractive females were less likely to accept them as a date than were either moderately physically attractive or physically unattractive females; (c) subjects' self-ratings of their likableness were not related to the physical attractiveness of their choices under either choice condition nor to their estimates of their chances that the females would accept them as a date; and (d) subjects' self-evaluated physical attractiveness, although unrelated to the physical attractiveness of the subjects' choices, did relate to subjects' estimates of their chances of acceptance. Highly physically attractive subjects estimated their chances of acceptance as better than did subjects who considered themselves low in physical attractiveness. The implications of the findings for the “matching hypothesis” are discussed.