cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Observational Study of Vortex Spacing in Island Wake Vortex Streets

Abstract Vortex streets are a frequent occurrence in stratocumulus-topped flow downwind of mountainous islands. Theoretical studies dating back to von Karman, supported by laboratory and numerical studies, have yielded similarity theories for the size and spacing of these vortices behind bluff bodies. Despite dynamical differences between such two-dimensional flows and the three-dimensional flow past isolated islands, satellite case studies suggest these geometric similarities may also hold for the atmospheric case. In this study, two of the resulting dimensionless ratios are measured using satellite imagery. One is the aspect ratio between cross-street and along-street spacing of the vortices. The second is the ratio of the cross-street spacing to the crosswind width of the island. A 30-image sample from the Aqua and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellites is analyzed to obtain these ratios. The resulting set of values for the two dimensionless ratios is tested against the values f...
Metropolitan Governance and Business Improvement Districts

Abstract Because of their growing numbers and the increasingly significant roles they play in providing urban services and influencing public policymaking, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) have become a challenge to the conventional conception of public administration. Their origins lie in the United States' foundational privatism and the corporate origins of American governments. Many urban services were provided privately until the Progressive movement turned them into what has come to be known as public services. But between the privatization movement that began in and has been accelerating since the late 1970s and the academic advent of public choice theory, BIDs have arisen as a new form of “private government.” As they expand their menus of services, often including land-use planning, and approaching more general-purpose government status, BIDs have begun to raise issues of accountability. This has become a problem for public administration theory, and there is a need to expand the notion of pu...
4D-4 Love Wave Acoustic Array Biosensor Platform for Autonomous Detection

The rapid autonomous detection of pathogenic microorganisms and bioagents by field deployable platforms is critical to human health and safety. To achieve a high level of sensitivity for fluidic detection applications, we have developed a 330 MHz Love wave acoustic biosensor on 36deg YX lithium tantalate (LTO). Each die has four delay-line detection channels, permitting simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes or for parallel detection of single analyte containing samples. Crucial to our biosensor was the development of a transducer that excites the shear horizontal (SH) mode, through optimization of the transducer, minimizing propagation losses and reducing undesirable modes. Detection was achieved by comparing the reference phase of an input signal to the phase shift from the biosensor using an integrated electronic multi- readout system connected to a laptop computer or PDA. The Love wave acoustic arrays were centered at 330 MHz, shifting to 325-328 MHz after application of the silicon dioxide waveguides. The insertion loss was -6 dB with an out-of-band rejection of 35 dB. The amplitude and phase ripple were 2.5 dB p-p and 2-3deg p-p, respectively. Time-domain gating confirmed propagation of the SH mode while showing suppression of the triple transit. Antigen capture and mass detection experiments demonstrate a sensitivity of 7.19plusmn0.74deg mm2/ng with a detection limit of 6.7plusmn0.40 pg/mm2 for each channel.
Extensive genetic diversity and rapid population differentiation during blooms of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) in an isolated salt pond on Cape Cod, MA, USA.

In Massachusetts, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is annually recurrent along the coastline, including within several small embayments on Cape Cod. One such system, the Nauset Marsh System (NMS), supports extensive marshes and a thriving shellfishing industry. Over the last decade, PSP in the NMS has grown significantly worse; however, the origins and dynamics of the toxic Alexandrium fundyense (Balech) populations that bloom within the NMS are not well known. This study examined a collection of 412 strains isolated from the NMS and the Gulf of Maine (GOM) in 2006–2007 to investigate the genetic characteristics of localized blooms and assess connectivity with coastal populations. Comparisons of genetic differentiation showed that A. fundyense blooms in the NMS exhibited extensive clonal diversity and were genetically distinct from populations in the GOM. In both project years, genetic differentiation was observed among temporal samples collected from the NMS, sometimes occurring on the order of approximately 7 days. The underlying reasons for temporal differentiation are unknown, but may be due, in part, to life-cycle characteristics unique to the populations in shallow embayments, or possibly driven by selection from parasitism and zooplankton grazing; these results highlight the need to investigate the role of selective forces in the genetic dynamics of bloom populations. The small geographic scale and limited connectivity of NMS salt ponds provide a novel system for investigating regulators of blooms, as well as the influence of selective forces on population structure, all of which are otherwise difficult or impossible to study in the adjacent open-coastal waters or within larger estuaries.
Smoke on the water: the interplay of fire and water flow on Everglades restoration

Recent research makes clear that much of the Everglade’s flora and fauna have evolved to tolerate or require frequent fires. Nevertheless, restoration of the Everglades has thus far been conceptualized as primarily a water reallocation project. These two forces are directly linked by the influence of water flows on fire fuel moisture content, and are indirectly linked through a series of complex feedback loops. This interaction is made more complex by the alteration and compartmentalization of current water flows and fire regimes, the lack of communication between water and fire management agencies, and the already imperiled state of many local species. It is unlikely, therefore, that restoring water flows will automatically restore the appropriate fire regimes, leaving the prospect of successful restoration in some doubt. The decline of the Cape Sable seaside sparrow, and its potential for recovery, illustrates the complexity of the situation.
Effects of alternative housing and feeding systems on the behavior and performance of dairy heifer calves

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of alternative housing and feeding systems on the behavior and performance of dairy calves. Thirty-four female Holstein calves were housed in hutches in Exp. 1, and 48 female Holstein calves were housed in wire-panel pens in a feed-commodity shed in Exp. 2. All calves were allocated to treatments at birth (ranging from 3 to 9 d of age) and monitored for 9 wk. Treatments were as follows: individual housing and fed with a bucket, individual housing and fed with a bottle, paired housing and fed with a bucket, or paired housing and fed with a bottle. Milk was fed via bucket or bottle twice per day (6 L/d). Direct behavior observations were conducted once per week for all calves in Exp. 1 and video recorded every other week for all calves in Exp. 2; behavior measures took place for 2 h both in the morning and afternoon. Total DMI (grain and milk solids) were similar (P > 0.10) for calves between the housing methods for Exp. 1 and 2. Calves fed with a bottle spent more (P
Novel ESD Protection Scheme for Testing High Voltage LDMOS

This paper presents a novel protection circuit for Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) for testing high-voltage devices using Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs). ESD related issues lead to test equipment damage, hence efficient protection techniques play a very critical role in testing high voltage devices. High-Voltage Laterally-Diffused MOSs (HV-LDMOSs) is extensively used for high voltage applications due to its advantages over other metal oxide semiconductor structures. In high voltage devices ESD protection is generally provided between the drain and source terminals. We have implemented SCRs as the ESD protection circuit for the drain connection in HV-LDMOSs. We have developed ESD stress models using conventional techniques such as human body, machine and charged device models for the high-voltage devices and implement SCRs as protection circuit in the high-voltage DIBs. Simulation has been completed to obtain the ESD stress data of the device. This ESD stress model data can be used to automate our test...
Balancing Discretion: Securing the Rights of Accompanied Children in Immigration Detention

This article explores the treatment of "accompanied" children-those who are detained as part of a family unit-within the U.S. immigration detention system. Investigations of the T. Don Hutto Residential Center in Williamson County, Texas, and the Berks County Shelter Care Facility in Leesport, Pennsylvania, suggest that the human rights of children being detained in these facilities are routinely violated. Further, the violations do not represent unique departures from the norm, but stem from routine practices and policies instituted at a systemic level. This article argues that the underlying detention framework's excessive reliance on administrative discretion has created openings for these human rights abuses. The over reliance on discretion permeates decision-making in four areas of the detention framework: (1) the detention standards, (2) administrative agency management, (3) detention facility actions, and (4) facility staff members' conduct. This article acknowledges that some amount of administrative discretion is inevitable to give an agency the flexibility it needs to fulfill its congressional mandate. With regard to the detention of accompanied immigrant children, however, the current framework has not reached the correct balance. Instead, it has conferred upon the agency a dangerously inflated amount of discretion. Only by appropriately cabining agency discretion-through comprehensive legislation and congressionally mandated regulations- will the U.S. be able to ensure that the rights of the immigrant children in its custody are protected.
Axial Vector Form Factor GAN∆ for the N→ ∆(1232) Transition

Using current algebra and the Partially Conserved Axial Vector Current hypothesis (PCAC) for soft pions, the ep → e′ Δ++ π soft − cross section near threshold can be related to the axial vector form factor G > A > N Δ for the N → Δ(1232) transition. The first priliminary data from this reaction from the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab is presented.
Gamma ray imager on the DIII-D tokamak.

A gamma raycamera is built for the DIII-D tokamak [J. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] that provides spatial localization and energy resolution of gamma flux by combining a lead pinhole camera with custom-built detectors and optimized viewing geometry. This diagnostic system is installed on the outer midplane of the tokamak such that its 123 collimated sightlines extend across the tokamak radius while also covering most of the vertical extent of the plasma volume. A set of 30 bismuth germanate detectors can be secured in any of the available sightlines, allowing for customizable coverage in experiments with runaway electrons in the energy range of 1–60 MeV. Commissioning of the gamma rayimager includes the quantification of electromagnetic noise sources in the tokamak machine hall and a measurement of the energy spectrum of background gamma radiation. First measurements of gamma rays coming from the plasma provide a suitable testbed for implementing pulse height analysis that provides the energy of detected gamma photons.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Amorphous Alloy Transformer on Jiangsu Power System

According to the technical characteristics of amorphous alloy transformer and the application of Jiangsu power,the comprehensive evaluation about amorphous alloy transformer from the safety performance,the economic performance and the environmental impact are studied comparing with S11type,S13 type and S15 type transformer.In the safety performance,overload capacity and over-excitation ability of amorphous alloy transformer is insufficient;in the economic performance,low no-load loss,high efficiency,energy saving effect of amorphous alloy transformer is obvious;in terms of environmental impact,the audible noise level of amorphous alloy transformer was higher than that of conventional transformer,manufacturers need to study to reduce the noise level.Finally,the application recommends of amorphous alloy transformer is presented based on comprehensive evaluation.
Tobacco Smoke-Induced Hepatic Injury with Steatosis, Inflammation, and Impairments in Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling.

Background: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with impairments in hepatic insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling through cell growth, survival, and metabolic pathways. Since not all heavy drinkers develop ALD, co-factors may be important. Epidemiologic data indicate that most heavy drinkers smoke tobacco and experimental data revealed that low- level nitrosamine exposures, including those from tobacco, can cause steatohepatitis with hepatic insulin/IGF resistance and exacerbate ALD. We hypothesize that cigarette smoke (CS) exposures also cause liver injury with impaired hepatic insulin/IGF signaling, and thereby contribute to ALD. Methods: Adult male A/J mice were exposed to air for 8 weeks (A8), CS for 4 (CS4) or 8 (CS8) weeks, or CS for 8 weeks with 2 weeks recovery (CS8+R). Results: CS exposures caused progressive liver injury with disruption of the normal hepatic chord architecture, lobular inflammation, apoptosis or necrosis, micro-steatosis, sinusoidal dilatation, and nuclear pleomorphism. Histopathological liver injury scores increased significantly from A8 to CS4 and then further to CS8 (P<0.0001). The mean histological grade was also higher in CS8+R relative to A8 (P<0.0001) but lower than in CS4, reflecting partial resolution of injury by CS withdrawal. CS exposures impaired insulin and IGF-1 signaling through IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3β, and PRAS40. Livers from CS8+R mice had normalized or elevated levels of insulin receptor, pYpY-Insulin- R, 312S-IRS-1, 473S-Akt, S9-GSK-3β, and pT246-PRAS40 relative to A8, CS4, or CS8, reflecting partial recovery. Conclusion: CS-mediated liver injury and steatohepatitis with impairments in insulin/IGF signalling are reminiscent of the findings in ALD. Therefore, CS exposures (either first or second-hand) may serve as a co-factor in ALD. The persistence of several abnormalities following CS exposure cessation suggests that some aspects of CSmediated hepatic metabolic dysfunction are not readily reversible.
Protein kinase B, P34cdc2 kinase, and p21 ras GTP-binding in kidneys of aging rats.

Renal nephropathy present in male Wistar rats more than 13 months of age was reported as an indication that the rats were in renal failure. In this study, the renal tissue damage at 14 months of age in male Munich Wistar rats was similar to that reported for Wistar rats, indicating that Munich Wistar rats could be another model for study of kidney function in the aging rat. The usual renal response to injury involves increased cell division and/or reparative processes that involve tyrosine kinase activity (TyrK) and/or guanosine triphosphate-binding (G) protein signal transduction pathways. This study reveals the presence of renal tissue damage coinciding with significantly reduced activitiy of Ras, Akt, and p34cdc2 kinase, the signaling proteins that regulate cell division and/or growth, in renal cortical tissues of aging rats compared to young rats (P < 0.005, P < 0.005, and P < 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that proteins involved in signal transduction pathways associated with cell replication are downregulated in the aging kidney cortex at a time when renal cellular damage is also present.
Crystal structure and physical properties of BiCoPO5

Abstract BiCoPO 5 is isostructural with BiNiPO 5 , a =7.253(1) A, b =11.294(1) A, c =5.230(1) A, β =107.82(1)°, P 2 1 / n , z =4, R 1 [ I >2 σ ( I )]=0.025, R 1 for all reflections=0.030. Co is in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination with Co–O bonds ranging from 2.007(5) to 2.150(5) A. Bi is in six-fold coordination to oxygen in a distorted octahedral coordination with Bi–O bonds ranging from 2.129(4) to 2.693(5) A. The lone-pair electrons are 0.39 A from the Bi nucleus. The PO 4 tetrahedron is quite regular with P–O bonds 1.532(5)–1.558(5) A. Phases in the solid solution series BiNi 1− x Co x PO 5 , 0≤ x ≤1 are monoclinic. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that they are all antiferromagnets with T N varying from 20 K for the pure Ni phase to 15 K for pure Co. The materials are semiconductors with E g =0.38 ev and E g =0.9 ev for the Ni and Co compounds, respectively. When monoclinic BiCoPO 5 is heated past the melting point to 950°C it decomposes and an orthorhombic phase is formed. Single crystal Weissenberg photographs of this new phase yield lattice parameters a =14.688(3) A, b =11.229(2) A, c =5.438(1) A, space group Ibam or Iba 2.
Unrecognized foreign body as a focus for delayed Serratia marcescens osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Two case reports.

I have recently treated two patients who had a Serratia marcescens infection and were otherwise in good health. Both infections were associated with the presence of a foreign body that, until the infection was treated, was not suspected
Asymptotic Behavior of $$\beta $$ β -Polygon Flows

In this article we investigate a family of nonlinear evolutions of polygons in the plane called the $$\beta $$ -polygon flow and obtain some results analogous to results for the smooth curve shortening flow: (1) any planar polygon shrinks to a point and (2) a regular polygon with five or more vertices is asymptotically stable in the sense that nearby polygons shrink to points that rescale to a regular polygon. In dimension four we show that the shape of a square is locally stable under perturbations along a hypersurface of all possible perturbations. Furthermore, we are able to show that under a lower bound on angles there exists a rescaled sequence extracted from the evolution that converges to a limiting polygon that is a self-similar solution of the flow. The last result uses a monotonicity formula analogous to Huisken’s for the curve shortening flow.
Hybrid RF-Baseband Precoding for Cooperative Multiuser Massive MIMO Systems With Limited RF Chains

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (massive MIMO) has been studied to improve the throughput in cellular communication systems via spatial degrees of freedom and array gain. However, in massive MIMO systems, due to the hardware cost considerations, it is infeasible to install a radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna. To deploy massive MIMO within reasonable hardware cost, hybrid precoding is proposed in which the signal is processed by a low-dimensional digital baseband precoder and a high-dimensional analog RF precoder. On the other hand, cooperative transmission is another way to enhance system throughput, in which base stations (BSs) can jointly transmit to a user. In this paper, we first investigate the hybrid precoder design for cooperative multiuser massive MIMO systems. We propose hybrid precoding algorithms for two performance metrics: weighted sum rate and max-min fairness. We also propose a low complexity user pairing for both precoder designs. Numerical results show that the proposed hybrid precoding algorithms outperform existing hybrid precoding algorithms for non-cooperative transmissions, and perform closely compared with existing digital precoding algorithms for cooperative transmissions, when the number of users does not exceed the total number of RF chains of the BSs in cooperative (i.e., the largest possible channel rank). In summary, this paper provides a hybrid precoder design guideline for existing and developing cellular communication systems, including Long Term Evolution-Advanced and the fifth generation cellular systems.
Knowledge Production in the Encounter with Alien Others

Throughout much of its history anthropology has explicitly focused its intellectual gaze on the understanding of seemingly “alien” others whose languages, beliefs, patterns of living, and social structures were viewed as remote from the societies of the industrial West—largely England, France, Germany, and the USA—in which the discipline developed. In the formative years of anthropology, ethnographers normally couldn’t be in direct contact with the extra-societal others who were the object of their studies. Early, “armchair” anthropologists of the nineteenth century, such as James Frazer, E. B. Tylor, and Lewis Henry Morgan, sent out letters asking for information and built complex and universalizing theories based on the information they received, although Morgan did also conduct direct data collection among the Iroquois in addition to the armchair variety of research. These early anthropologists worked under conditions not entirely unlike those of SETI researchers today. Limitations in technology (specifically transportation and communications technologies) dramatically restricted the types of interaction available for social scientists interested in contacting and understanding a distant other. Communication was slow, requiring weeks or months to request and then receive information from individuals (often those masters of unbiased observation—missionaries) living in distant places to be analyzed by anthropologists living in locales such as the USA or England. When data were eventually received, like the kinship data collected from numerous parts of the world by Morgan in the mid-nineteenth century, interpretation was largely produced via theoretical frameworks and assumptions that had a decidedly Western tinge—specifically social Darwinism and cultural evolution of the Spencerian variety I discussed earlier, and exhibited overt underpinnings associated with progress and racist ideas about the relationship between biology and cultural evolution. At the time interpretations of data were difficult to test through what would later become modern anthropological research in the form of direct contact and long-term participant observation. Although the nineteenth-century style of armchair anthropology was replaced by ethnographic fieldwork in the early twentieth century, instances of anthropology at a distance continued to occur and a great deal of work was the product of questionable assumptions about human nature or the nature of culture that, in turn, raise questions about the quality of research produced, particularly outside of anthropology.
Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Hormonal Contraception: Established Benefits and New Findings

The majority of women who use contraception acknowledge the non-contraceptive benefits and many women use contraception solely for these benefits. The purpose of this review is to discuss the established benefits and highlight recent advances in our understanding of non-contraceptive benefits. Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), especially extended-cycle CHC, provides significant improvement for women suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, menstrual migraines, and mood disorders. The levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG IUD) provides improvement in pain and bleeding beyond that of CHC although its effectiveness may be mediated by pre-existing bleeding patterns. CHC and LNG IUD are protective against gynecologic cancers and data continues to emerge on non-gynecologic cancer risk. Hyperandrogenism is best treated with CHC containing newer progestins. LNG IUD may be used in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma and is effective for endometrial protection during estrogen replacement. CHCs promote healthy vaginal flora. Counseling on contraception should include a discussion of both the risks and benefits. In most women, the benefits are substantial and outweigh the risks.
Effects of chloride transients on stress corrosion crack in pressure vessel low alloy steels in high temperature water

Abstract This paper evaluated the effects of chloride transients that may occur in boiling water reactor on stress corrosion cracking of pressure vessel low alloy steels. Crack growth rate and the delayed cracking response were enhanced by chloride transient in normal water chemistry while no chloride effect was observed in hydrogen water chemistry. The effects of chloride concentration, stress intensity factor, corrosion potential, and steel heat on the crack growth were discussed. The results from this work provide direct inputs to crack growth disposition models for low alloy steels, water chemistry guidelines and the plant operation practice during chloride transient.
Routing for Information Leakage Reduction in Multi-channel Multi-hop Ad-Hoc Social Networks

This paper investigates the routing problem for information leakage reduction in multi-channel ad-hoc networks. In particular, we focus on two routing models: Trusted Group Multicast (TGM) and Confidential Unicast (CU). In TGM, a group member shares the information with all other group members; while in CU, a group member may only want to share the information with a few selected group members. In both cases, the sender would like to transmit the information through a route with a minimal probability of being overheard by non-destination users. To achieve this objective, we propose a routing algorithm to reduce the information leakage. The performance of our design is evaluated through simulation studies.
Characterization of N-polar AlN in GaN/AlN/(Al,Ga)N heterostructures grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

In GaN/(Al,Ga)N high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT), AlN interlayer between GaN channel and AlGaN barrier suppresses alloy scattering and significantly improves the electron mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas. While high concentrations of gallium were previously observed in Al-polar AlN interlayers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, the N-polar AlN (Al x Ga1?x N) films examined by atom probe tomography in this study exhibited aluminum compositions (x) equal to or higher than 95% over a wide range of growth conditions. The also investigated AlN interlayer in a N-polar GaN/AlN/AlGaN/ S.I. GaN HEMT structure possessed a similarly high x content.
The impact of a resident-run review curriculum and USMLE scores on the Otolaryngology in-service exam.

Abstract Objective Describe the association of USMLE Step 1 scores and the institution of a dedicated board review curriculum with resident performance on the Otolaryngology training examination. Study design Retrospective cross sectional study. Methods We reviewed American Board of Otolaryngology Training Examination (OTE) scores for an otolaryngology residency program between 2005 and 2016. USMLE Step 1 scores were collected. In 2011 a resident-run OTE review curriculum was instituted with the goal of improving test preparation. Scores were compared before and after curriculum institution. Linear regression was performed to identify predictors of OTE scores. Results 47 residents were evaluated, 24 before and 23 after instituting the curriculum. There was a moderate correlation between USMLE step 1 scores and OTE scores for all years. For PGY-2 residents, mean OTE scores improved from 25th percentile to 41st percentile after institution of the review curriculum (p = 0.05). PGY 3–5 residents demonstrated no significant improvement. On multivariate linear regression, after controlling for USMLE step 1 scores, a dedicated board review curriculum predicted a 23-point percentile improvement in OTE scores for PGY-2 residents (p = 0.003). For other post-graduate years, the review curriculum did not predict score improvement. Conclusion USMLE step 1 scores are moderately correlated with OTE performance. A dedicated OTE review curriculum may improve OTE scores for PGY-2 residents, but such a curriculum may have less benefit for intermediate- and senior-level residents. Level of evidence 4.
The Impact of Brain Injury on Different Family Members

This chapter explores in more detail the implications of a brain injury on the family system, taking into account the diverse roles, challenges, expectations, and goals. First, general considerations related to the impact of the brain injury on the entire family unit will be provided. The role of healthy and dysfunctional family patterns in their adjustment after brain injury is explored, using a conceptual model encompassing “structural” and “therapeutic process” components. Typical family patterns after brain injury and concomitant psychotherapy techniques are described. Then, the vantage points of various relatives coping with an acquired brain injury using four different tier 1, 2, and 3 family subsystem configurations are presented: (1) two spouses, one of whom suffers a brain injury; (2) parents with an older adolescent or adult child with a brain injury, also for reconfigured family units; (3) children of varying ages (i.e., younger, adolescent, and adult) whereby one parent sustains a brain injury; and (4) brothers or sisters whose adolescent or adult sibling experiences a brain injury. Unique hurdles are explored, including sexuality in partners; how a son or daughter’s brain injury affects mothers and aging parents; and two grief styles are examined. Eclectic treatment approaches are delved into through “helpful hints” and tools.
DataDiff: User-Interpretable Data Transformation Summaries for Collaborative Data Analysis

Interest in collaborative dataset versioning has emerged due to complex, ad-hoc, and collaborative nature of data science, and the need to record and reason about data at various stages of pre-processing, cleaning, and analysis. To support effective collaborative dataset versioning, one critical operation is differentiation : to succinctly describe what has changed from one dataset to the next. Differentiation, or diffing, allows users to understand changes between two versions, to better understand the evolution process, or to support effective merging or conflict detection across versions. We demonstrate DataDiff, a practical and concise data-diff tool that provides human-interpretable explanations of changes between datasets without reliance on the operations that led to the changes.
Why the West Spurns Medical Rituals

This essay investigates the use of ritual in medicine and argues that the healing power of rituals has been under-appreciated and under-utilized in Western biomedicine, despite its own inventory of medical rituals, because of its commitments to biomedical materialism. The argument hinges on an analysis of the confused Western effort to employ only therapies that heal through “specific” physiologic pathways (rather than through the “non-specific” placebo effect). Non-Western medical traditions that embrace healing rituals would be impoverished were they to uncritically adopt biomedical materialism, with its disdain for “non-specific” pathways (such as rituals) to healing.
Assessing the Effect of Batterer Program Completion on Reassault: An Instrumental Variables Analysis

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the utility of using the instrumental variables (IV) method to estimate batterer program efficacy, i.e., the program effect among batterers who complete batterer programs. This method takes account of possible confounding due to unmeasured traits of compliers and non-compliers. A structural model is used to estimate the impact of program completion on reassault using instrumental variables (IV) regression. Data on 640 batterers enrolled at three batterer programs are used. Results obtained from IV regression are compared with those obtained from a more traditional regression analysis. The results indicate that usual regression methods yield estimates of program effect that may be biased due to confounding by unmeasured batterer characteristics. Unfortunately, IV estimates may be unreliable due to failure of some of the assumptions on which they are based. If equations are adequately identified by the non-linear functional form used to estimate them, then IV results indicate that among a very select group of batterers, program completion significantly reduces the probability of reassault. The implications of confounding due to program non-compliance, program non-enrollment and attrition for future evaluations of batterer programs are discussed.
Identification and Characterization of Modified Forms of Tau in Brains with Alzheimer’s Disease

In Alzheimer’s disease affected brain, neurons are characterized by bundles of paired helical filaments (PHF) in perikarya and neurites (1). Antibodies raised against PHF enriched preparation were shown to react with microtubule associated protein tau, and antibodies to tau bind PHF (2,3,4). With few exceptions most of the antibodies to other cytoskeletal proteins such as neurofilament proteins or microtubule associated protein 2 have no reactivity with PHF. These observations lead to the suggestion that tau is a major antigenic component of PHF (5). PHF enriched preparations prepared by some methods were insoluble in SDS (6,7), while by other methods were soluble (8). Peptide fragments generated by proteolytic digestion of PHF enriched samples contained amino acid sequences similar to the carboxyl terminal half of the tau proteins (7,9). The reaction of PHF to two anti-tau antibodies has been demonstrated to require a pretreatment of PHF with phosphatase (2,10). These findings provided the basis for the suggestion that tau is a component of PHF and that the phosphorylation of PHF-related tau is different from normal tau. However, it is uncertain whether the abnormality of PHF-related tau is limited to phosphorylation, and if all regions of the tau molecule are incorporated into PHF. Additional information on the biochemical and immunochemical properties of PHF proteins is important for studying the abnormality in PHF.
The Biochemical Basis of Atherosclerosis: Roles for Cytokines

Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence continues to accumulate linking disordered lipid metabolism with a development of atherosclerosis in humans and other animals. Over the last fiften years a great deal of information has become available regarding protein growth factors that can influence the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, a process thought crucial in the transition from the fatty to the fibrious complicated atheroma. Although a definite role for any given growth factor during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is uncertain, it is reasonable to adopt the working hypothesis that disordered growth control of proliferation involving such factors contributes to atherogensis. Despite remarkable advances in understanding the structure of apolipoproteins and their receptors and the metabolism of lipids in the organism and within cells and a burgeoning of structural information regarding protein growth factors, there is little information regarding the mechanisms that link these two biochemical factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arterial diseases. Our laboratory has been interested in the possibility that cytokines may provide a link between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. This brief review will outline some of the concepts regarding interrelations between cytokine gene expression and other factors postulated to contribute to atherogenesis. Current approaches should permit testing these concepts.
Here We Are to Build a Nation: Recent Jewish Latin American Documentaries

This essay reviews the following works: Hacer patria/To Build a Homeland. Dir. David Blaustein, Prod. Zafra Difusion S.A. and Tornasol Films S.A. Argentina, 2007, 127’. DVD. Estamos aqui (Danken Got)/Here We Are. Dir. Cintia Chamecki and Andrea Lerner. Prod. Chamecki Productions, 2013, Brazil, 79’. Film is available on Vimeo. El barrio de los judios/The Jewish Neighborhood. Dir. Gonzalo Rodriguez Fabregas. Prod. El Apapacho. Uruguay, 2011, 70’. Film is available on YouTube.
Oxygen‐dependent regulation of SPI1 type three secretion system by small RNAs in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella Typhimurium induces inflammatory diarrhea and uptake into intestinal epithelial cells using the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) type III secretion system (T3SS). Three AraC-like regulators, HilD, HilC and RtsA, form a feed-forward regulatory loop that activates transcription of hilA, encoding the activator of the T3SS structural genes. Many environmental signals and regulatory systems are integrated into this circuit to precisely regulate SPI1 expression. A subset of these regulatory factors affects translation of hilD, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified two sRNAs, FnrS and ArcZ, which repress hilD translation, leading to decreased production of HilA. FnrS and ArcZ are oppositely regulated in response to oxygen, one of the key environmental signals affecting expression of SPI1. Mutational analysis demonstrates that FnrS and ArcZ bind to the hilD mRNA 5' UTR, resulting in translational repression. Deletion of fnrS led to increased HilD production under low-aeration conditions, whereas deletion of arcZ abolished the regulatory effect on hilD translation aerobically. The fnrS arcZ double mutant has phenotypes in a mouse oral infection model consistent with increased expression of SPI1. Together, these results suggest that coordinated regulation by these two sRNAs maximizes HilD production at an intermediate level of oxygen.
Five-Strand Hamstring Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

Background:Recent studies have described surgical techniques to increase the hamstring graft diameter for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), particularly for 5-strand hamstring (5HS)...
A recurrent Markov state-space generative model for sequences

While the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a versatile generative model of sequences capable of performing many exact inferences efficiently, it is not suited for capturing complex long-term structure in the data. Advanced state-space models based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) overcome this limitation but cannot perform exact inferences. In this article, we present a new generative model for sequences that combines both aspects, the ability to perform exact inferences and the ability to model long-term structure, by augmenting the HMM with a deterministic, continuous state variable modeled through a Recurrent Neural Network. We empirically study the performance of the model on (i) synthetic data comparing it to the HMM, (ii) a supervised learning task in bioinformatics where it outperforms two DNN-based regressors and (iii) in the generative modeling of music where it outperforms many prominent DNN-based generative models.
Virulence phenotypes result from an interaction between pathogen ploidy and genetic background

Studying fungal virulence is often challenging and frequently depends on many contexts, including host immune status and pathogen genetic background. However, ploidy has often been overlooked when studying virulence in eukaryotic pathogens. Since fungal pathogens, including the human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, can display extensive ploidy variation, assessing how ploidy impacts virulence has important clinical relevance. Here, we assessed how C. albicans ploidy and genetic background impact virulence phenotypes in both healthy and immunocompromised nematode hosts. In addition to reducing overall host survival, Candida negatively impacted host reproduction, which allowed us to survey lethal and non-lethal virulence phenotypes. While we did not detect any global differences in virulence between diploid and tetraploid pathogens, there were significant interactions between ploidy and C. albicans genetic background, regardless of host immune function.
Global Studies: Impact on Student-Athlete Engagement and Identity Development in Higher Education

Drawing on the lived experiences of student-athletes who have participated in global study abroad experiences, researchers sought to specifically understand how to best integrate student-athletes w...
Rotating convection with centrifugal buoyancy: Numerical predictions for laboratory experiments

Centrifugal buoyancy affects the flow structures and the heat transport in all rotating convective experiments. Numerical simulations are used to provide predictions of the centrifugal effects expected to arise in laboratory studies of the dynamically rich system of Coriolis-centrifugal convection.
Evaluation of safety, humoral immune response and faecal shedding in horses inoculated with a modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccination

Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered an emerging enteric virus with reported morbidity rates ranging from 10 to 83% and fatality rates ranging from 7 to 27% in adult horses; a vaccine for ECoV is currently not available. This study investigated the safety, humoral response and viral shedding in horses inoculated with a commercially available modified-live bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. Twelve healthy adult horses were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, either orally, intranasally or intrarectally. Two healthy unvaccinated horses served as sentinel controls. Following each vaccine administration, horses were monitored daily for physical abnormalities whilst the onset and duration of BCoV shedding was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in nasal secretions and faeces. Whole blood was collected every 3 weeks to determine BCoV-specific antibody response. With the exception of transient and self-limiting changes in faecal character observed in seven vaccinated and one control horse, no additional abnormal clinical findings were found in the study horses. Following the first and second vaccine administration, two and one horse, respectively, tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in nasal secretions 1-day post intranasal vaccination. No vaccinated horses tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in faeces following each vaccine administration. One of the two horses that shed BCoV seroconverted to BCoV after the first vaccine administration and an additional two vaccinated horses (oral and intrarectal) seroconverted to BCoV after the second vaccine administration. In conclusion, the results show that the modified-live BCoV is safe to administer to horses via various routes, causes minimal virus shedding and results in detectable antibodies to BCoV in 27% of the vaccinates.
Behavioral Effects of Neuronal, Parent-specific Commd1 Knockout in Mice

In this study we focused on gene expression and behavioral differences in mice with brain-specific Commd1 knockout. Commd1 is an imprinted gene with preferential maternal expression, residing within a larger genomic region previously found to affect sensorimotor gating. In this study, individuals harboring a conditional Commd1 mutant allele were bred with Syn1-Cre animals, paying special attention to the parent of origin of the Commd1 mutation. Analysis of mRNA levels of Commd1 and phenotypic tests, including the open field, sensorimotor gating, and the forced swim test, were conducted on offspring with either maternally or paternally derived Commd1 knockout. We found that measurable Commd1 mRNA knockout occurred only in the maternally derived line and affected stereotypy and depressive-like behavior without differences in total locomotion compared to controls. Interestingly, we found that maternal knockout animals exhibited decreased time swimming and increased time immobile when compared to maternal and paternal wild type, and paternal knockout animals. However, there were no differences in climbing behavior between genotypes. This study demonstrates an in vivo behavioral role for Commd1 for the first time and demonstrates the need for careful interpretation of experimental results involving Cre-based knockout systems.
7 – Molluscan Bioluminescence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses molluskan bioluminescence. Bioluminescence, the production of light by plants and animals, is not an evenly distributed property in the Mollusca. Luminescent species are found in only three of the six taxonomic classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia or Pelecypoda, and Cephalopoda. Luminescent species are also further confined in the Gastropoda; they are found in the genera Plocamophorus, Kaloplocamus, Phyllirhoe, Latia, Planaxis, and Quantula of the Gastropoda and in the genera Pholas and Rocellaria of the Bivalvia. In contrast, the Cephalopoda contain luminescent species in all orders. These orders are Octopoda, Sepioidea, Teuthoidea, and Vampyromorpha; 71 of the 106 genera in the last three orders contain luminescent species. In gastropods and bivalves, light is emitted from specialized structures called luminous organs or photophores. The organ contains photogenic cells from which light is generated intracellularly or from which a luminous secretion is elaborated and discharged by the animal. As with bioluminescence systems in other marine organisms, further studies may reveal a more unitary mechanism among the mollusks than is apparent at the present time. This is suggested by the finding of coelenterazine in the luminous organ, mantle, and liver of certain oegopsid and sepioid squid.
The right to assistive technology.

In this paper, I argue that disabled people have a right to assistive technology (AT), but this right cannot be grounded simply in a broader right to health care or in a more comprehensive view like the capabilities approach to justice. Both of these options are plagued by issues that I refer to as the problem of constriction, where the theory does not justify enough of the AT that disabled people should have access to, and the problem of overextension, where the theory cannot adequately identify an upper limit on the AT that people have a right to. As an alternative to these justificatory frameworks, I argue that disabled people are owed access to AT at the expense of nondisabled people as a matter of compensatory justice. That is, I defend the position that disabled people are owed AT as part of due compensation for the harms they experience from being disadvantaged by society’s dominant cooperative scheme and the violation of their right to equality of opportunity that such disadvantage entails. I also propose a method for identifying an upper limit to what this right to AT requires. In this way, I argue that compensatory justice avoids both the problem of constriction and the problem of overextension.
Implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services

Abstract Innovation in the practice of pharmacy, especially movement from payment for dispensing services to payment for cognitive services, has made the implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services increasingly important. This chapter provides an overview of implementation science and its recent application to pharmacy practice. Important concepts include frameworks to help plan and evaluate pharmacy services, guidance for choosing appropriate implementation strategies for a given evidence-based practice in a given pharmacy setting, and an introduction to evaluating implementation efforts to determine if they were successful. This chapter services as an introduction to these concepts and as a handbook with references indicating where to turn for further reading for each section.