cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephelometric examination of barium sulphate precipitation

Abstract The formation and growth of barium sulphate precipitates has been followed by a nephelometric technique. Using the Mie theory it has proved possible to estimate both the size and number of particles produced, the results comparing favourably with observations based upon electron microscopy. In the concentration range investigated the precipitate particles are wedge shaped, the major axis being of length about 0.3–0.5 μ. There is no consistent change in the number of particles per unit volume produced at various reactant concentrations. Nucleation is therefore probably heterogeneous.
The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: Multiple mutations disrupt transport and processing of a membrane receptor

The receptor for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is synthesized as a 120 kd precursor that undergoes a 40 kd posttranslational increase in apparent molecular weight en route to the cell surface. We describe seven mutations that disrupt synthesis, processing and transport of the receptor in fibroblasts from 77 subjects with the clinical diagnosis of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. One mutation obliterates synthesis of immunoprecipitable precursor. Three mutations specify precursors (100, 120 and 135 kd) that fail to undergo normal processing and fail to reach the cell surface. The other three mutations specify precursors (100, 120, and 170 kd) that undergo a normal 40 kd increase in molecular weight and reach the surface, but do not bind LDL normally. Pedigree studies show that each mutation segregates as an allele at the LDL receptor locus. These data imply that signals for transport of receptors from endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface are contained within the amino acid sequences of the receptors, and that mutations affecting these sequences can disrupt receptor transport.
SPIN FROM THE NONSYMMETRIC METRIC TENSOR

A solution to the gravitational field equations based on a nonsymmetric metric tensor is examined. Unlike Einstein's interpretation of electromagnetism, or Moffat's generalized gravity, it is shown that the nonsymmetric part of the metric tensor is the potential of the spin field, and its intimate connection to string theory is established. This formulation solves the longstanding problem of electromagnetism and torsion, naturally showing how electromagnetism, through its intrinsic spin, can create torsion.
Production of sulfate in rain and raindrops in polluted atmospheres

Abstract A physico-chemical model for the accumulation of sulfur species in raindrops is developed in which account is taken of the mass transfer of SO 2 , O 3 , NH 3 and CO 2 into ideal raindrops containing the catalyst Fe(III). The sulfur accumulation was calculated for the droplets as a function off all distance. The model predicts the formation of sulfate due to the oxidation of dissolved SO 2 by O 3 and catalytic ions in the presence of NH 3 and CO 2 . The initial pH of a drop was taken as 5.56. The final value depended on drop size, fall distance, and ambient concentrations, but in all cases was between 4.2 and 6.6. Sulfate values also depended on the same conditions and ranged from 2 to 2000 μmol 1 −1 for individual drops. For a precipitation rate of 10 mm h −1 and a fall distance of 2000 m, the raindrop pH varied from 4.5 to 6.5 and the average sulfate concentration from 3 to 87 μmol 1 −1 depending on ambient pollutant concentrations. These results conform to the experimentally measured values of the rain pH (3–9) and sulfate concentration (20–150 μmol 1 −1 ), and corresponding air SO 2 concentration (1–10 ppb) as reported in the literature.
Modulation of amino acid uptake by TGF‐β in lung myofibroblasts

Hormones such as insulin, growth factors, and cell stress stimulate system A amino acid transporter. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulates amino acid uptake thereby inducing cell proliferation, cellular hypertrophy, and matrix synthesis. Insulin appears to activate amino acid in smooth muscle cells via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-dependent pathway. We examine the effect and interaction of TGF-beta, insulin, and PI3-kinase activity on amino acid uptake in human lung myofibroblasts. TGF-beta treatment induced large increases in system A activity and a small delayed increase in the phosphorylation of protein kinase B, also termed phospho-Akt. In contrast, insulin induced small increases in system A activity and large increases in phospho-Akt levels. LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, blocked the TGF-beta-induced amino acid uptake only partially, but completely blocked TGF-beta-induced Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, the level of phospho-Smad3 was found to be high even when LY294002 blocked TGF-beta-induced phospho-Akt levels. Inhibition of PI3-kinase activity resulted in increase in Km, consistent with a major change in transporter activity without change in transporter number. The PI3-kinase inhibitor also did not change the amino acid transporter 2 (ATA2) mRNA levels. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-beta induced Smad-3 and amino acid uptake through a PI3-kinase independent pathway.
New faster Kernighan-Lin-type graph-partitioning algorithms

In this paper we present a very efficient graph partitioning scheme QuickCut that uses the basic strategy of the Kernighan-Lin (K-L) algorithm to swap pairs of nodes to improve an existing partition of a graph G. The main feature of QuickCut is a "neighborhood search" strategy that is based on the result (obtained in this paper) that it is not necessary to search more than a certain subset of d/sup 2/ node pairs to find the node pair with the maximum swap gain. Here d is the maximum node degree of G. We also use an improved data structure, viz., balanced trees, to store the nodes in the two partitions. Due to the new search strategy and data structure, QuickCut has a worst-case time complexity of /spl Theta/(max(ed, e log n)), and an average-case complexity of /spl Theta/(e log n), where e is the number of edges of G. The K-L algorithm, on the other hand, has a time complexity of /spl Theta/(n/sup 2/ log n), where n is the number of nodes of G. Another contribution of this paper is the presentation of efficient node-pair scanning methods for obtaining the best node pair to swap in the K-L algorithm. We have implemented QuickCut, K-L, and its various enhancements suggested here. The results obtained from using these different algorithms to partition a number of random and other well-defined graphs show that QuickCut is the fastest, and that it is faster than the K-L algorithm by factors of 5 to 50. Thus QuickCut can serve as the basis for very fast VLSI partitioning and layout tools.
Shape and volume of liquid meniscus at the surface of a specimen

The change in the liquid meniscus at the surface of a specimen (rectangular or cylindrical) being lifted from water and immersed into it is considered. An equation for the meniscus surface is given, and the boundary conditions of its existence are determined. The solution of this equation describes the shape of the meniscus at all stages of its displacement from the vertical surface of a specimen to its upper and lower planes. The solution agrees with the data of observations. Dependences of the profile area and volume of a meniscus on its height have been obtained. The relationship between the meniscus parameters at the instant of its collapse and the contact angle is given. The meniscus parameters for a standard cylindrical specimen have been estimated. A typical curve of the change in the meniscus weight depending on its height is given. It can be employed for assessing the contact angle on a rough surface of a specimen.
Accelerated simulated tempering

We propose a new stochastic global optimization method by accelerating the simulated tempering scheme with random walks executed on a temperature ladder with various transition step sizes. By suitably choosing the length of the transition steps, the accelerated scheme enables the search process to execute large jumps and escape entrapment in local minima, while retaining the capability to explore local details, whenever warranted. Our simulations confirm the expected improvements and show that the accelerated simulated tempering scheme has a much faster convergence to the target distribution than Geyer and Thompson's simulated tempering algorithm and exhibits accuracy comparable to the simulated annealing method.
Simultaneous bombardment with helium, hydrogen, and heavy ions to simulate microstructural damage from fission or fusion neutrons

A damage simulation system is described which simultaneously implants both hydrogen and helium from one accelerator in any desired ratio into the displacement damage areated by heavy ions from another accelerator. This system is used to study neutron damage in microstructures in crystalline solids in fusion reactors. (FS)
Co-evolution of invention activities among cities in New England*

. This article examines how patent activities in metropolitan areas change using New England as a backdrop. Using U.S. patent data from 1975 to 1999, this article uncovers several patterns. First, some patent-lagging cities catch up with patent-leading cities. Second, one contributory factor for catch up is knowledge diffusion. Third, shakeouts in patent specialisations in leading cities are less dramatic compared to those in lagging cities. Fourth, invention activities among cities co-evolve. The co-evolution of invention activities among cities provides an incentive for city and/or state governments to coordinate policies that may affect knowledge creation in their jurisdictions.
Cell surface and cytoskeletal elements: Cavitation in the mouse preimplantation embryo☆

Abstract Cavitation is the process whereby the mouse preimplantation embryo develops a fluid-filled blastocoele. Prior to the appearance of the blastocoele fluid, when the embryo is a morula consisting of 16–32 closely apposed cells, cytoplasmic droplets and mitochondria become cortically localized to apposed cell surfaces. This study focused on the restriction of cortical localization of droplets to apposed cell surfaces. Morulae were preincubated 30 min in colcemid, cytochalasin B, or in calcium-free medium and then immunolabeled for “mouse species” cell surface antigens. Indirect immunofluorescence indicated that the apparent density of antigens differed greatly between free and apposed cell surfaces. All three types of preincubations inhibited cavitation and the cortical localization of droplets and mitochondria while none of them affected antigen distribution, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Control experiments showed that the apparent difference in antigen density between free and apposed cell surfaces was not due to antigen capping or to inaccessibility of apposed cell surfaces to antibodies. These results are discussed in terms of cell surface-cytoskeletal interactions in the restriction of cortical localization of droplets and mitochondria to apposed cell surfaces as it relates to cavitation.
Flames as gasdynamic discontinuities

Early treatments of flames as gasdynamic discontinuities in a fluid flow are based on several hypotheses and/or on phenomenological assumptions. The simplest and earliest of such analyses, by Landau and by Darrieus prescribed the flame speed to be constant. Thus, in their analysis they ignored the structure of the flame, i.e. the details of chemical reactions, and transport processes. Employing this model to study the stability of a plane flame, they concluded that plane flames are unconditionally unstable. Yet plane flames are observed in the laboratory. To overcome this difficulty, others have attempted to improve on this model, generally through phenomenological assumptions to replace the assumption of constant velocity. In the present work we take flame structure into account and derive an equation for the propagation of the discontinuity surface for arbitrary flame shapes in general fluid flows. The structure of the flame is considered to consist of a boundary layer in which the chemical reactions occur, located inside another boundary layer in which transport processes dominate. We employ the method of matched asymptotic expansions to obtain an equation for the evolution of the shape and location of the flame front. Matching the boundary-layer solutions to the outer gasdynamic flow, we derive the appropriate jump conditions across the front. We also derive an equation for the vorticity produced in the flame, and briefly discuss the stability of a plane flame, obtaining corrections to the formula of Landau and Darrieus.
Cicatricial Pemphigoid: A Scientific and Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

(1991). Cicatricial Pemphigoid: A Scientific and Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 142-155.
Psychology: Local weather and climate concern

Americans are more likely to believe in global warming when it's hot outside. A study now provides insights on why this reasoning process is not easily changed.
Further characterization of the nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis coquillett

Abstract The effects of various parameters on the nonspecific esterase electropherograms of the Knights Landing strain of the mosquito Culex tarsalis were determined by isolelectric focusing electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. The parameters examined were substrate preference, isolation/incubation media composition, tissue distribution, aging, deoxycholate stimulation and acetylthiocholine hydrolysis. The results corroborate the identity of two major acetylcholinesterases and document a single lipase in this mosquito. The nonspecific esterases of C. tarsalis can now be classified as: one acetylesterase, one arylesterase, one lipase, two acetylcholinesterases and thirteen carboxylesterases.
Gravitational field of vacuum domain walls

An exact solution of Einstein's equations is found describing the gravitational field of a plane vacuum domain wall. The metric has event horizons, has no true geometric singularities, and is locally flat everywhere except on the wall itself.
Thalamic and tegmental mechanisms for sodium intake: Anatomical and functional relations to lateral hypothalamus☆

Abstract Lesions were placed in the thalamic gustatory relay and surrounding regions in the rat. Approximately 2 months after lesioning, the rats were tested for sodium intake after sodium depletion and after injection of desoxycorticosterone. Lesions involving the gustatory nucleus or the tegmental region immediately caudal to this nucleus resulted in significant impairments of sodium intake regulation. Lesions rostral, dorsal, medial, or lateral to the gustatory nucleus had no effect. Pathways which might connect the effective mesencephalic area with the thalamic gustatory nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic feeding area are described.
Projections of US prevalence of arthritis and associated activity limitations.

Objective To update the projected prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitations among US adults ages 18 years and older from 2005 through 2030. Methods Baseline age- and sex-specific prevalence rates of arthritis and activity limitation, using the latest surveillance case definitions, were estimated from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey, which is an annual, cross-sectional, population-based health interview survey of ∼31,000 adults. These estimates were used to calculate projected arthritis prevalence and activity limitations for 2005–2030 using future population projections obtained from the US Census Bureau. Results The prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed arthritis is projected to increase from 47.8 million in 2005 to nearly 67 million by 2030 (25% of the adult population). By 2030, 25 million (9.3% of the adult population) are projected to report arthritis-attributable activity limitations. In 2030, >50% of arthritis cases will be among adults older than age 65 years. However, working-age adults (45–64 years) will account for almost one-third of cases. Conclusion By 2030, the number of US adults with arthritis and its associated activity limitation is expected to increase substantially, resulting in a large impact on individuals, the health care system, and society in general. The growing epidemic of obesity may also significantly contribute to the future burden of arthritis. Improving access and availability of current clinical and public health interventions aimed at improving quality of life among persons with arthritis through lifestyle changes and disease self-management may help lessen the long-term impact.
The surgical management of MEN-1 pancreatoduodenal neuroendocrine disease

Background The management of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN-1) pancreatoduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is controversial. An aggressive surgical approach is intended to control the functional syndromes and malignant potential for nodal or distant metastasis. Methods The results of treating 39 patients with MEN-1 pancreatoduodenal NENs over a 35-year period are available from chart reviews and patient interviews. This study focuses on pattern of disease, disease recurrence, and long-term functional outcomes. Results Between 1967 and 2003, 39 patients ages 19 to 58 years (mean age, 37) had abdominal operations for their pancreatoduodenal NENs: 26 with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, 4 with hypoglycemia, 3 with both Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and hypoglycemia, and 6 with nonfunctional neoplasms. Fifteen of these 39 patients had malignant disease on initial abdominal operation; 24 of 39 patients have not required abdominal reoperation, 17 of whom have available follow-up data. Of these 17 patients, 11 have biochemical evidence of disease recurrence (increased serum concentrations of gastrin, insulin, or pancreatic polypeptide), while 6 have no biochemical evidence of recurrence. A total of 30 abdominal reoperations were performed in 15 patients; 14 of 15 patients undergoing 1 or more reoperations developed evident malignant disease by their most recent operation. Nine of 13 reoperative patients with follow-up data have evidence of disease recurrence. Functional outcomes available in 20 patients showed that 10 patients require insulin and that 6 require oral hypoglycemic medications. Ninety percent have no abdominal pain or nausea/vomiting, while 4 are unable to return to work secondary to this disease. Conclusions Treatment of MEN-1 pancreatoduodenal NENs is met with frequent recurrence and some treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Most patients (22 of 39) eventually demonstrated malignant growth, but, with this strategy, few died of this disease.
Inflation of a circular elastomeric membrane into a horizontally semi-infinite liquid reservoir of finite vertical depth: Quasi-static deformation model

Abstract Similar in both form and function to a classical circular membrane inflation experiment, cell-elastomer composite diaphragm inflation (CDI) experiments have recently been introduced as a methodology for exploring the mechanobiological properties of cell–cell anchoring junctions and cytoskeletal protein networks within a living epithelial sheet. Despite outward similarities, CDI experiments are unique from classical membrane inflation in that the loading associated with the inflation process, though axisymmetric, is inherently non-uniform. In order to better account for the effects of non-uniform loading in a CDI experiment, we introduce a model for the quasi-static inflation of a prestretched clamped circular isotropic incompressible hyperelastic membrane into a horizontally semi-infinite incompressible liquid reservoir of finite vertical depth. A set of coupled nonlinear first-order differential equations is shown to govern the inflation process. Assuming a Mooney–Rivlin (MR) constitutive model, the governing equations are formulated into a boundary value problem, and a procedure is developed for finding numerical solutions that quantify discrete membrane inflation states in terms of deformations, displacements, curvatures, stress resultants, and an inflation pressure distribution. Through iteration of the discrete state solution procedure, we further demonstrate how to generate a polynomial interpolating function that approximates the continuous volume–pressure response of a MR membrane. Select numerical examples are used to simulate the inflation response of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer membrane used in an actual CDI experiment.
The effects of celiac ganglionectomy on sympathetic innervation to the splanchnic organs in the rat

The sympathetic nervous system is important in blood pressure regulation, and regionally-specific increases in sympathetic nerve activity occur during the development of hypertension. Sympathetic neurons innervating the splanchnic organs may be especially critical, because sympathetic activity to the splanchnic region is increased early in hypertension development. The celiac ganglionic plexus contains the majority of the sympathetic neurons innervating the splanchnic organs and tissues. Celiac ganglionectomy (CGX) involves surgical removal of the celiac ganglionic plexus, and has been used to study the roles of the splanchnic sympathetic innervation in cardiovascular regulation. In the current study we characterized the short-term (two-week) and long-term (five-week and ten-week) effects of CGX in rats on splanchnic sympathetic nerve structure and function. In the short-term, norepinephrine concentrations in whole splanchnic organs and mesenteric arteries and veins were significantly decreased by CGX. Immunohistochemistry and glyoxylic acid staining showed an almost complete loss of the typical sympathetic innervation of mesenteric arteries and veins. Additionally, CGRP-containing sensory nerves largely disappeared. Constrictor responses of mesenteric arteries and veins to sympathetic nerve stimulation were abolished by CGX. However, the effects of CGX were time-dependent, since significant regeneration of sympathetic nerves in some organs was observed 5weeks after surgery. The inferior mesenteric ganglion had minimal impact on this reinnervation process. In vivo studies showed that CGX significantly lowers resting blood pressure in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, CGX is an effective means to impair sympathetic input to the splanchnic organs, but the effect of the procedure is not permanent.
Studies on the rabbit proacrosin-acrosin system.

Abstract A single molecular form ( M r = 68,000 approx) of a homogeneous preparation of rabbit testis proacrosin (S. K. Mukerji and S. Meizel (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254 , 11721–11728) was initially converted by autoactivation into an acrosin ( M r = 68,000); both gave a single activity and protein bands with similar electrophoretic mobilities ( R m = 0.25) when subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis on 7.5% gel at pH 4.5. Two additional bands ( R m values of 0.395 – 0.412 and 0.497 – 0.519, respectively) were noticeable only when proacrosin was activated further after attaining maximum activity. The slowest- and the fastest-moving bands were separated into two acrosin activity peaks by Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration chromatography on a calibrated column. The molecular weights of the two proteins, determined by rechromatography on the same column, was estimated to be 68,000 and 34,000, respectively. Also, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of three acrosins gave protein bands which corresponded to molecular weights of approximately 68,000, 52,000, and 34,000, respectively. Electrophoresis data suggest that the loss of acrosin activity generally observed following prolonged activation of proacrosin is caused by self-aggregation of the M r 34,000 form of acrosin. This property was not shown by M r 68,000 acrosin. Initial acrosin ( M r = 68,000) was activated by divalent cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . The enzyme was inhibited by Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Hg 2+ , and sulfhydryl blockers such as 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), p -hydroxymercuribenzoate, and iodoacetate, apparently due to their reaction with one out of six titratable sulfhydryl groups per mole of acrosin. Probably Zn 2+ is involved in acrosomal stabilization. The initial rabbit acrosin ( M r = 68,000) appears to be the major and most stable form, and is generated from proacrosin with little structural alteration. This may be the functionally active form which plays an essential role in mammalian fertilization.
A new species of Candelospora causing decay of Citrus fruits.

In January, 1932, at Citra, Florida, a new fungus was isolated from a decayed portion of an orange fruit. A firm type of decay had started on one side. The rotted region was slightly sunken, with a definite margin, brown on the exterior, and brownish through the albedo and for a short distance inward on the divisions between the segments. Inoculations made in injuries in the rind of oranges, lemons, and grapefruit resulted in decay similar to that from which the fungus was isolated. The fungus was again isolated from the decayed portion of these inoculated fruits.
Generalist Predator Consumption of Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Effect of Predator Removal on Damage in No-Till Corn

Consumption of armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth, by generalist predators and the role of generalist predators in protecting corn plants from armyworm feeding damage were evaluated in laboratory feeding trials and in a predator-removal field study, respectively. Thirteen of the fifteen taxa evaluated in the laboratory feeding trials fed upon armyworm larvae. The highest consumption rates were exhibited by the carabids Pterostichus chalcites Say, Pterostichus lucublandus Say, and Scarites subterraneus F.; the staphylinid, Platydracus maculosus Gravenhorst; and the lycosid, Lycosa helluo Walckenaer. The most common potential armyworm predators removed from the field with pitfall traps included ground beetles (Carabidae), rove beetles (Staphylinidae), ants (Formicidae), and spiders (Araneae). Armyworm damage to corn plants was significantly greater where generalist predators were removed using pitfall traps and exclusion arenas than in the control where predator populations were unaltered.
Platinum Nanoparticle Shape Effects on Benzene Hydrogenation Selectivity

Benzene hydrogenation was investigated in the presence of a surface monolayer consisting of Pt nanoparticles of different shapes (cubic and cuboctahedral) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB). Infrared spectroscopy indicated that TTAB binds to the Pt surface through a weak C-H...Pt bond of the alkyl chain. The catalytic selectivity was found to be strongly affected by the nanoparticle shape. Both cyclohexane and cyclohexene product molecules were formed on cuboctahedral nanoparticles, whereas only cyclohexane was produced on cubic nanoparticles. These results are the same as the product selectivities obtained on Pt(111) and Pt(100) single crystals in earlier studies. The apparent activation energy for cyclohexane production on cubic nanoparticles is 10.9 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol, while for cuboctahedral nanoparticles, the apparent activation energies for cyclohexane and cyclohexene production are 8.3 +/- 0.2 and 12.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol, respectively. These activation energies are lower, and corresponding turnover rates are three times higher than those obtained with single-crystal Pt surfaces.
Novel migraine mechanisms as targets for therapy

Advances in genetics, laboratory models, and imaging techniques are providing new information about migraine mechanisms that may be targets for new treatments. Imaging and physiological recording of cortical spreading depression in rodent models reveals complex neuronal, glial, and vascular changes that may last for hours after a single spreading depression event. We have identified multiple pharmacological approaches to inhibiting cortical spreading depression and the cellular changes that accompany it. We have also developed rodent behavioral models to investigate migraine-related pain behavior. Administration of nitroglycerin, a well known migraine trigger, evokes hyperalgesia and avoidance behaviors in mice. Repetitive intermittent administration of nitroglycerin over days results in progressive and sustained hyperalgesia, which may represent a model for chronic migraine. We have been using these behavioral models, along with the spreading depression model, to identify and characterize new potential migraine treatments. We have also used the spreading depression and behavioral models to study the functional effects of a new human migraine gene. These results may facilitate the rapid development of novel therapeutic approaches to patients with migraine.
A method for detecting structure in polygons

Abstract In order to efficiently represent any data in a computer, it is desirable to have available information about any inherent structure in the data. When the data is visual, the structural information may also be useful in analyzing a scene or object. Here an inductive methodology for finding structure is presented and applied to the problem of shape analysis for polygons. The ‘polygon structure graph’ is introduced as a tool for shape analysis. Based on angles and lengths of sides, it not only aids in finding repeated substructures, but makes it easy to match parts of the polygon with parts of others. An algorithm for computing the polygon structure graph is given and examples are presented.
Boole’s Criteria for Validity and Invalidity

It is one thing for a given proposition to follow or to not follow from a given set of propositions and it is quite another thing for it to be shown either that the given proposition follows or that it does not follow.* Using a formal deduction to show that a conclusion follows and using a countermodel to show that a conclusion does not follow are both traditional practices recognized by Aristotle and used down through the history of logic. These practices presuppose, respectively, a criterion of validity and a criterion of invalidity each of which has been extended and refined by modern logicians: deductions are studied in formal syntax (proof theory) and coun-termodels are studied in formal semantics (model theory).
A Global Analysis of Orientation, Coordination, and Flexibility in Supply Chains

Global supply chains are growing rapidly, and the ability to manage cross border logistics operations has become a necessity to maintain a competitive advantage in a dynamic environment. This research addresses current gaps in the literature by investigating the buyer–supplier integration dynamics in a global context with a focus on the antecedents and outcomes involved in the process. Empirical data from 320 U.S. based manufacturing companies that source from overseas was collected and used to test the framework. In addition to providing empirical evidence for the importance of orientation on collaboration, operational coordination, and integration this research explains how manufacturing companies can enhance the flexibility of their global suppliers and how that impact their logistics as well as overall firm performance. Managerial and research implications are provided as well as areas for future research.
Software Behavior and Failure Clustering: An Empirical Study of Fault Causality

To cluster executions that exhibit faulty behavior by the faults that cause them, researchers have proposed using internal execution events, such as statement profiles, to (1) measure execution similarities, (2) categorize executions based on those similarity results, and (3) suggest the resulting categories as sets of executions exhibiting uniform fault behavior. However, due to a paucity of evidence correlating profiles and output behavior, researchers employ multiple simplifying assumptions in order to justify such approaches. In this paper we present an empirical study of profile correlation with output behavior, and we reexamine the suitability of such simplifying assumptions. We examine over 4 billion test-case outputs and execution profiles from multiple programs with over 9000 versions. Our data provides evidence that with current techniques many executions should be omitted from the clustering analysis to provide clusters that each represent a single fault. In addition, our data reveals the previously undocumented effects of multiple faults on failures, which has implications for techniques' ability (and inability) to properly cluster. Our results suggest directions for the improvement of future failure-clustering techniques that better account for software-fault behavior.
Strategies to Inhibit Alloantibody Production in Alloprimed Murine Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Grafts

Alloantibody, not primed T cells, is the major barrier to bone marrow (BM) engraftment in allosensitized mice. We have shown that a single intravenous injection of donor splenocytes, to mimic a blood transfusion, results in high, sustained levels of serum alloantibody sufficient to eliminate donor BM within 3 h, resulting in uniform mortality in lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients. Current studies focused preventing and treating allopriming. Blockade of B cell survival signals with mTACI-Ig pre- and postpriming was ineffective, as was the B cell but not plasma cell depleting anti-CD20 mAb. Germinal center formation inhibition by lymphotoxin-beta receptor-Ig (LβR-Ig) diminished allosensitization, although conditional Prmd1 (Blimp-1) deletion in CD19+ cells was highly effective. By combining anti-CD20 mAb to reduce B cells and LTβR-Ig to diminish the frequency of B cells that could form germinal centers pre- and postpriming, allosensitization was precluded, permitting long-term survival in T- and NK-depleted, irradiated allogeneic recipients, whereas combined therapy postpriming alone was ineffective. As evidence of the critical role of B cells, the proteosomal inhibitor, bortezomib, given unencapsulated or encapsulated, proved ineffective in influencing allosensitization. These data extend our understanding of allopriming and provide a potential therapy for patients at risk for allosensitization and BM graft rejection.
The Millennium Village Project and African Development Problems and Potentials

The Millennium Village Project (MVP) has come to embody hope for a new development path that might succeed where previous efforts have failed. A closer consideration of this project, however, suggests that this hope might be misplaced. Because of a general dearth of critical thought in key areas of project conceptualization, the MVP risks reproducing the problems of previous top-down, expert-driven development efforts. This article examines the conceptual issues raised by this absence of critical thought, and the reasons why project supporters have generally overlooked these issues. It then presents a critical grassroots framework which, if incorporated into existing MVP practices, might allow for the creation of a realistic, sustainable development path in Africa.
Analysis of errors in quantization of Weyl-Heisenberg frame expansions and oversampled A/D conversion

Manifestations of robustness of overcomplete expansions, acquired as a result of the redundancy, have been observed for two primary sources of degradation: white additive noise and quantization. These two cases require different treatments since quantization error has a certain structure which is obscured by statistical analysis. The central issue of this paper is a deterministic approach to quantization error analysis, with a focus on redundant Weyl-Heisenberg expansions in L/sup 2/(R). This analysis demonstrates that overcomplete expansions exhibit a higher degree of robustness to quantization error than to a white additive noise, and indicates how this additional robustness can be exploited for improvement of representation accuracy. Further, it shows that under reasonable assumptions quantization error in Weyl-Heisenberg frame expansions can be reduced as /spl par/e/spl par//sup 2/=O(1/r/sup 2/), where r is the frame redundancy factor.
A finite volume discretization of the pressure gradient force using analytic integration

Abstract Layered ocean models can exhibit spurious thermobaric instability if the compressibility of sea water is not treated accurately enough. We find that previous solutions to this problem are inadequate for simulations of a changing climate. We propose a new discretization of the pressure gradient acceleration using the finite volume method. In this method, the pressure gradient acceleration is exhibited as the difference of the integral “contact” pressure acting on the edges of a finite volume. This integral “contact” pressure can be calculated analytically by choosing a tractable equation of state. The result is a discretization that has zero truncation error for an isothermal and isohaline layer and does not exhibit the spurious thermobaric instability.
Experiences of Work-Life Conflict for the Athletic Trainer Employed Outside the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Clinical Setting.

Context: The intercollegiate setting receives much of the scholarly attention related to work-life conflict (WLC). However research has been focused on the National Collegiate Athletic Association ...
Portable and Efficient Continuous Data Protection for Network File Servers

Continuous data protection, which logs every update to a file system, is an enabling technology to protect file systems against malicious attacks and/or user mistakes, because it allows each file update to be undoable. Existing implementations of continuous data protection work either at disk access interface or within the file system. Despite the implementation complexity, their performance overhead is significant when compared with file systems that do not support continuous data protection. Moreover, such kernel-level file update logging implementation is complex and cannot be easily ported to other operating systems. This paper describes the design and implementation of four user-level continuous data protection implementations for NFS servers, all of which work on top of the NFS protocol and thus can be easily ported to any operating systems that support NFS. Measurements obtained from running standard benchmarks and real-world NFS traces on these user-level continuous data protection systems demonstrate a surprising result: Performance of NFS servers protected by pure user-level continuous data protection schemes is comparable to that of unprotected vanilla NFS servers.
Evidence for long-term migration on the Balkan Peninsula using dental and cranial nonmetric data: Early interaction between Corinth (Greece) and its colony at Apollonia (Albania)

This article seeks to identify “Greeks” and “non-Greeks” in “mixed” mortuary contexts in a Greek colony. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that Illyrian and Greek individuals lived and were buried together at the Corinthian colony of Apollonia, Albania (established ca. 600 BC). The pattern of human biological interaction at Apollonia is tested by identifying variation in genetic relatedness using biodistance analysis of dental and cranial nonmetric traits for three sites: Apollonia (n = 116), its founder-city Corinth (n = 69), and Lofkend (n = 108), an inland site near Apollonia pre-dating colonization. Logistic regression analysis estimates that individuals from colonial Apollonia are most closely related to prehistoric Illyrian populations (from Lofkend and prehistoric Apollonia), rather than Greeks (from Corinth). The phenotypic similarity between colonial Apollonia and prehistoric Illyria suggests that there was a large Illyrian contribution to the gene pool at the colony of Apollonia. However, some trait combinations show low biological distances among all groups, suggesting homogeneity among Illyrian and Greek populations (assessed through pseudo-Mahalanobis' D2). The degree of phenotypic similarity suggests shared ancestry and long-term migration throughout these regions. The impacts of missing data and small sample sizes are also considered. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:236–248, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Genetic Map Functions

Various genetic map functions have been proposed to infer the unobservable genetic distance between two loci from the observable recombination fraction between them. Some map functions were found to fit data better than others. When there are more than three markers, multilocus recombination probabilities cannot be uniquely determined by the defining property of map functions, and different methods have been proposed to permit the use of map functions to analyze multilocus data. If for a given map function, there is a probability model for recombination that can give rise to it, then joint recombination probabilities can be deduced from this model. This provides another way to use map functions in multilocus analysis. In this paper we show that stationary renewal processes give rise to most of the map functions in the literature. Furthermore, we show that the interevent distributions of these renewal processes can all be approximated quite well by gamma distributions.
Effects of exercise training on SFO-mediated sympathoexcitation during chronic heart failure.

Exercise training (ExT) has been shown to reduce sympathetic drive during heart failure (HF). The subfornical organ (SFO) is involved in the neural control of sympathetic drive. We hypothesized that an activated SFO contributes to enhanced sympathetic activity in HF. We also postulated that ExT would reduce the activation of the SFO and its contribution to the sympathetic drive during HF. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation to induce HF. Rats were assigned to ExT for 3–4 wk. Rats with HF had a 2.5-fold increase in FosB-positive cells in the SFO compared with sham-operated rats, and this was normalized by ExT. Microinjection of ANG II (100 pmol) into the SFO resulted in a greater increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), blood pressure, and heart rate in the HF group than in the sham-operated group. These responses were normalized after ExT (change in RSNA: 23 ± 3% vs. 8 ± 2%). ExT also abolished the decrease in RSNA in HF rats after the microinjection of losartan (200 pmol) into the SFO (−21 ± 4% vs. −2 ± 3%). Finally, there was elevated mRNA (5-fold) and protein expression (43%) of ANG II type 1 receptors in the SFO of rats with HF, which were reversed after ExT. These data suggest that the enhanced activity of the SFO by elevated tonic ANG II contributes to the enhanced sympathoexcitation exhibited in HF. The decrease in ANG II type 1 receptor expression in the SFO by ExT may be responsible for reversing the neuronal activation in the SFO and SFO-mediated sympathoexcitation in rats with HF.
A closed queueing network approach to analyzing multi-vehicle material handling systems

This article models a multi-vehicle material handling system as a closed-loop queueing network with finite buffers and general service times, where the vehicles represent the jobs in the network. This type of network differs from other queueing systems, because the vehicles’ residence times on track segments (servers) depend on the number of jobs (vehicles) in circulation. A new iterative approximation algorithm is presented that estimates throughput capacity and decomposes the network consisting of S servers into S separate G/G/1 systems. Each subsystem is analyzed separately to estimate the work-in-process via a population constraint to ensure that the summation of the average buffer sizes across all servers equals the total number of vehicles. Numerical results show that the methodology proposed is accurate in a wide range of operating scenarios.
Using checkable types in automatic protocol analysis

The Automatic Authentication Protocol Analyzer, 2nd Version (AAPA2) is a fast, completely automatic tool for formally analyzing cryptographic protocols. It correctly identifies vulnerabilities or their absence in 43 of 51 protocols studied in the literature, and it finds errors in previously asserted authentication properties of two large commercial protocols. The paper describes the AAPA2 and its modeling of type, equality, and inequality tests performed by protocol participants. This description includes defining the AAPA2's Interface Specification Language, 2nd Version (ISL2), which expresses user assumptions about identifiably distinct plaintext types.
Throughput-optimal CSMA with imperfect carrier sensing

Recently, it has been shown that a simple, distributed backlog-based carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) algorithm is throughput-optimal. However, throughput optimality is established under the perfect or ideal carrier-sensing assumption, i.e., each link can precisely sense the presence of other active links in its neighborhood. In this paper, we investigate the achievable throughput of the CSMA algorithm under imperfect carrier sensing. Through the analysis on both false positive and negative carrier sensing failures, we show that CSMA can achieve an arbitrary fraction of the capacity region if certain access probabilities are set appropriately. To establish this result, we use the perturbation theory of Markov chains.
Parallel algorithms for FPGA placement

Fast FPGA CAD tools that produce high quality results has been one of the most important research issues in the FPGA domain. Simulated annealing has been the method of choice for placement. However, simulated annealing is a very compute-intensive method. In our present work we investigate a range of parallelization strategies to speedup simulated annealing with application to placement for FPGA. We present experimental results obtained by applying the different parallelization strategies to the Versatile Place and Route (VPR) Tool, implemented on an SGI Origin shared memory multi-processor and an IBM-SP2 distributed memory multi-processor. The results show the tradeoff between execution time and quality of result for the different parallelization strategies.
The dissolution kinetics of amorphous silica into sodium chloride solutions: effects of temperature and ionic strength

Abstract The kinetics of amorphous silica, SiO2 (am), dissolution was quantified in deionized water and NaCl solutions. By using two sources of pure SiO2 glass (fused purified quartz and pyrolyzed SiCl4), rates were measured at 40°C to 250°C by applying three types of reactor systems to assess kinetic behavior over the full temperature range. Dissolution rates of the two materials are similar within experimental error. Absolute rates of amorphous silica dissolution in deionized water exhibit an experimental activation energy, Ea,xp, of 81.9 ± 3.0 and 76.4 ± 6.6 kJ/mol for the fused quartz and pyrolyzed silica, respectively. These values are similar to estimates for quartz within experimental errors. Absolute dissolution rates of SiO2 (am) in deionized water are ∼10× faster compared to quartz. Amorphous silica dissolution rates are significantly enhanced with the introduction of NaCl to near-neutral pH solutions such that 0.05 molal sodium ion enhances rates by 21× compared to deionized water. The new kinetic data are combined with previous measurements of SiO2(am) dissolution rates in ‘pure’ water to evaluate the temperature dependence of dissolution. The comprehensive data set spans 25°C to 250°C and yields the Arrhenius expression log k+ = 0.82191 − 3892.3/T(K) to give an apparent activation energy for dissolution of 74.5 ± 1.4 kJ/mol. These findings step toward the larger goal of understanding silica polymorph reactivity in the complex fluid compositions of natural systems.
IS GOVERNMENT SUPEREROGATION POSSIBLE

Governments are subject to the requirements of justice, yet often seem to go above and beyond what justice requires in order to act in ways many people think are good. These kinds of acts – examples of which include putting on celebrations, providing grants to poets, and preserving historic architecture – appear to be acts of government supererogation. In this paper, I argue that a common view about the relationship between government, coercion, and justice implies that most such acts are not supererogatory, but wrong. Many will find that conclusion unattractive, but rejecting the common view that implies it raises problems, too.