cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals and Timing of Tracheostomy: ICU Team and Patient Perspectives

Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure performed by creating an artificial opening in the anterior aspect of the neck, into the trachea. Tracheostomy is usually performed in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation or who have upper airway obstruction caused either by obstructive sleep apnea, bilateral vocal cord paralysis, tumor or glottic stenosis. Often the procedure is also necessary and beneficial in head and neck or maxillofacial trauma with airway compromise, in patients requiring definitive pulmonary toileting, or as an adjunct to head and neck or thoracic surgery where ventilation problems or prolonged intubation is anticipated.
Suicide in a psychiatric emergency room population

Twenty-two suicides were identified in a series of 5,284 psychiatric emergency room patients, yielding a suicide rate of 111.1 per 100,000 "patient-years at risk"--more than seven times the age- and sex-adjusted rate for the general population. Subpopulations at high risk were white people, men, depressed and schizophrenic patients, substance abusers, and patients with multiple emergency room visits. No patients had killed themselves immediately after an emergency room visit, but several had killed themselves without following through on a referral from the emergency room to another facility for treatment. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for emergency room practice and for further research.
Interferon inhibits cardiac cell function in vitro.

AbstractInterferon which has been shown to exert important effects on cellular function was utilized to investigate its effect on cardiac cell beating in vitro. When steadily pulsating rat cardiac cultures were continuously exposed to rat interferon for 24 hr, a decrease in the beating rate was observed. Mouse interferon which also exerted antiviral activity on rat heart nonmuscle cells also decreased the beating rate of rat cardiac cultures. Human leukocyte interferon when tested at the same dose at which rat interferon was active, exhibited no antiviral activity in rat heart nonmuscle cells and did not exert beating rate effects. When mouse interferon was incubated with antiserum prepared against mouse interferon both antiviral and beating activity were neutralized to the same extent. None of the interferons used produced morphological effects on the heart cells and with rat interferon the beating rate effect was reversible. This finding, that interferon affects cardiac cell function in vitro, may have ...
A SUMMING UP

This chapter discusses econometric techniques to bear the problem of regional economic forecasting. Economic base models are rooted in a simple theory of urban growth—the expansion of a city or region is determined by the growth of its exports. These models are correspondingly simple in construction, and, as a result, they often produce inaccurate forecasts. In any case, they do not yield the user very much information about the area under study. They are beset with many technical and theoretical problems, such as the definition of the sectors, improper units of measurement, difficulties with lagged relationships, and some questionable assumptions. Analysts interested in more detailed information about a local economy, especially those conducting impact studies, have used input-output models. Input-output carries with it stringent assumptions about the nature of production relations. Econometric models are in some respects a compromise between economic base and input-output formulations. With respect to costs, they do not require primary data collection as does input-output.
Cultural Differences and Considerations When Initiating Insulin.

Diabetes remains the seventh leading cause of death in the United States and is associated with many complications, including both microvascular and macrovascular comorbidities (1). In 2013, average medical expenditures among people diagnosed with diabetes were 2.3 times higher than among those without diabetes. According to the 2014 National Diabetes Statistics Report, 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes annually (1). Although diabetes affects people from different races and ethnic backgrounds, the rates of diagnosed diabetes continue to be higher in ethnic minority groups such as non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, among others (1,2). The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated that maintaining diabetes control with an A1C of ∼7% during the first 10 years after diagnosis decreases the risk of microvascular complications for people with type 2 diabetes (3). Among the treatment options available for diabetes, insulin is the mainstay of therapy for type 1 diabetes and is also recommended in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (4,5). Despite its effectiveness and guideline recommendations for its use, insulin remains underutilized among adults with diagnosed diabetes in the United States (3,6,7). Between 1997 and 2011, the percentage of adults who reported taking only insulin to treat their diabetes decreased from 26 to 17.8% (1). In contrast, the percentage of people taking only oral medications for diabetes increased from 42.1 to 50.3%. Even with the addition of new insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes, the usage rate of oral diabetes medications among adults with type 2 diabetes has remained almost three times higher than that of insulin (50.3 vs. 17.8%) (1). The usage rates of any diabetes medications by Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and whites are similar; however, the usage rate of insulin among ethnic minority populations continues to be lower than …
Building a DNA barcode library of Alaska’s non-marine arthropods

Climate change may result in ecological futures with novel species assemblages, trophic mismatch, and mass extinction. Alaska has a limited taxonomic workforce to address these changes. We are building a DNA barcode library to facilitate a metabarcoding approach to monitoring non-marine arthropods. Working with the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, we obtained DNA barcodes from recently collected and authoritatively identified specimens in the University of Alaska Museum (UAM) Insect Collection and the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge collection. We submitted tissues from 4776 specimens, of which 81% yielded DNA barcodes representing 1662 species and 1788 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), of primarily terrestrial, large-bodied arthropods. This represents 84% of the species available for DNA barcoding in the UAM Insect Collection. There are now 4020 Alaskan arthropod species represented by DNA barcodes, after including all records in Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) of species that occur in Alaska — i.e., 48...
Unstable multi-pulsing can be invisible to some ultrashort pulse-measurement techniques

Simulations show that variable relative phase of a satellite pulse causes the satellite to wash out of a SPIDER measurement completely. FROG and autocorrelation measurements see satellite pulses but cannot determine their precise properties.
Suicidal ideation reported on the PHQ9 and risk of suicidal behavior across age groups.

Abstract Objective The Joint Commission recommends all patients be screened for suicide. However, differences in suicide attempt and death rates may affect how well tools predict risk across age groups. Our objective was to determine whether item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) predicts risk for suicide attempts and deaths across age groups. Methods PHQ9s completed by adult outpatients treated for mental health conditions in 2010–2012 at four Mental Health Research Network-affiliated healthcare systems were used to measure depression severity and suicidal ideation. Suicide attempts were identified via ICD-9 codes and suicide deaths via ICD-10 codes and state death certificates. Results In all, 939,268PHQ9s were completed by 297,290 outpatients. Compared to those without, those with nearly daily suicidal ideation were 5-to-8 times more likely to attempt suicide and 3-to-11times more likely to die by suicide within 30 days, and 2-to-4times more likely to attempt suicide and 2-to-6 times more likely to die by suicide within 365 days. The increased risk of suicide death for those with any level of suicidal ideation persisted over two years. The relationships between suicide thoughts and attempts and deaths were similar across age groups. Limitations Our sample was limited to outpatients completing a PHQ9 and relied on pre-existing clinical and administrative data. Conclusions Suicidal ideation reported on the PHQ9 was a robust predictor of suicide attempts and deaths regardless of age, and this increased risk persisted for two years. Healthcare systems should address both the immediate and sustained risk for suicide for patients of all ages.
Improved prediction of subconcussive neurophysiological changes by kinematic impulse

Objective For both subconcussive impacts and traditionally-defined concussion, neither the number of head impacts nor the magnitude has had a strong correlation to the incidence or severity of injury. Recent modelling work has suggested that impulse may be an important biomechanical factor, and therefore it is hypothesised that it may be a good predictor of subconcussive neurophysiological changes. Design Observational study. Setting American high school football team. Participants Nine male high school football athletes (mean age=16.4, range=15–17) volunteered. All participants were enrolled with parental consent. Assessment of risk factors Head impacts were monitored at all practices and games with the Head Impact Telemetry System. Baseline neurophysiology was measured prior to contact activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) visual n-back task protocol. Subjects returned throughout the season and were re-evaluated according to the same protocol. Outcome measures Kinematic impulse was computed from head impact telemetry. Changes in neurophysiology were determined as the difference in the 2 vs. 1-back contrast. This contrast was determined for 116 anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI). Main results Stepwise regressions (P=0.05) relating kinematic impulse to ROI-specific changes in neurophysiology yielded significant correlations for 57/116 ROIs. 22/116 ROIs had an R2 value greater than 0.70. Correlations were found bilaterally for 16 anatomical ROIs, including the executive pre-frontal regions, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Conclusions The relationship between kinematic impulse and fMRI changes reported here are the strongest correlations to subconcussive changes reported to date. Correlations were observed bilaterally in regions associated with concussion symptoms. Competing interests None.
The Use of Refurbished Marine Containers as A Permanent Storage Solution for the Maritime Collection of The H.L. Hunley Submarine

The Civil War submarine H.L. Hunley was delivered to the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, South Carolina, for study and treatment. The interior excavation uncovered the remains of the crew and a wide array of artifacts that reflect life in the 19th century. In the past 15 years, thousands of artifacts have been excavated and, once treated, transferred to storage rooms for their long-term care. Owing to the lengthy and sometimes invasive treatment process that Hunley-related artifacts have experienced, they required specific and stable environmental conditions during their long-term storage. This presented challenges due to the volume of materials to store, the size and weight of some of the artifacts, and the costly storage requirements that the Hunley collection needed. These issues led to the development of several cost-efficient methods, including the use of refurbished marine containers. This paper addresses the advantages of using these containers for long-term artifact storage.
Lessons about Reform from “A Very Dangerous Woman”

Summary According to Ronald G. Walters, author of American Reformers 1815–1860, “American reform has come in waves, with a decade or more ofintense activity followed by periods of relative apathy about social prob-lems.” 5 His study focused on the antebellum period that included the aboli-tion and early women’s rights movements, but he identified several laterreform periods: the Progressive era of the early twentieth century that,among other things, finally led to woman suffrage, the New Deal era of the1930s, and the 1960s, when the civil rights and women’s liberation move-ments reawakened the struggle for equality for blacks and women thatMartha Wright and her colleagues fought for over a century earlier. Today,although much progress has been made, these groups still await full wageparity and equal access to boardrooms and CEO positions.In the antebellum period, many reformers, like Martha Wright, wereactive in both the abolition and women’s rights movements. Abolitionleaders like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass supportedwomen’s rights, and women’s rights leaders like Susan B. Anthony andElizabeth Cady Stanton worked for abolition. Such reformers saw bothmovements as aimed at freedom from domination by others and at equalityof rights and opportunities for all. Both movements called for the “inalien-able rights” promised in the Declaration of Independence. But not all re-formers had the same priorities. The abolition movement split in 1840 over,among other things, the issue of women’s rights, and the women’s movementsplit in 1869 over, among other things, the competing claims of black suf-frage and woman suffrage. Many scholars have put forth explanations ofthe basic source of such splits in reform movements, but none is better andmore succinct than Martha’s: “The large endowment of combativenessneeded to make a reformer.”Reformers need combativeness to enable them to continue through themany years required to effect major change despite all the ridicule andhostility they face from established groups that resist change, and despitetheir frustrations with the inertia of the general public and the weight of thepolitical process. Like Martha, reformers are usually motivated by basicbeliefs ingrained from childhood by family, schools, and church, subse-quently strengthened by adult experiences. They can be doubly motivatedwhen their basic beliefs are reinforced by self-interest, by things they want
Regulatory Compliance and the Role of the Licensed Practical Nurse

This chapter focuses on regulatory requirements for all licensed practical nurses (LPNs) based on the nurse practice act for each state. This chapter also looks at the regulatory requirements for health-care providers including hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living homes, and home health agencies. LPNs need to understand their own scope of practice as well as the requirements of licensing for the health-care entity they work for in order to ensure all rules and regulations are followed.
Unfathomed Knowledge in a Bottle

I wanted to give John Watkins a birthday surprise, so I decided to say a few unexpected things about the unexpectable.
Leukocyte Lysozyme Activity in Myelocytic Leukemia

Leukocyte and serum lysozyme activity was determined in nine patients with acute myeloblastic or chronic myelocytic leukemia and in 20 normal control subjects. Biochemical assay and quantitative estimation of leukocyte lysozyme activity in the patients demonstrated a parallel in general between the maturity of the granulocytes and their lysozyme content. Such determinations appear to provide a quantitative index of the extent of the leukemic process in the peripheral granulocytes and therefore should be of value as a guide to prognosis in these disorders.
Mid-Rapidity ϕ Meson Production at v( NN </i?) = 200 GeV Au+Au and pp Collisions from STAR

We present the results for the measurement of ϕ meson production in \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200\) GeV Au+Au and pp collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Using the event mixing technique, spectra and yields are obrained from the ϕ→K+K− decay channel for five centrality bins in Au+Au collisions and in pp collisions. We observe that the spectrum shape in Au+Au collisions depends weakly on the centrality and the shape of the spectrum in pp collisions is significantly different from that in Au+Au collisions.
Toward Understanding the Practice and Potential of Educational Technologies on Our Campuses: Should We Be Skeptics First?

Our campuses and professions reflect a seemingly endless stream of initiatives to consider how faculty might integrate technology into instruction, and many have engaged such opportunities. However, there is a reason to engage skepticism when we consider the role of technology in our institutions. I argue that technology cannot be both the goal of the learning environment and the actor for catalyzing change in higher education. Furthermore, I highlight a tendency to make bad investments in our technology initiatives and suggest there are more important questions to be asking; rather than how we use technology, we should place emphasis on what we need from technology. I present three distinctive examples that represent innovative and pedagogically coherent uses of technology.
Clinical and Physiologic Predictors and Postoperative Outcomes of Near Dehiscence Syndrome.

Objective:To identify predictors of near dehiscence (ND) or thin rather than dehiscent bone overlying the superior semicircular canal in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS), as well as postoperative outcomes.Study Design:Retrospective
Oculomotor Synkinesis (Aberrant Reinnervation of the Third Cranial Nerve) Associated with Atypical Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome.

A 70-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed a painful pupil-involving right third nerve palsy, ipsilateral fourth nerve palsy, and periorbital paraesthesia. Magnetic resonance i...
Au(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Trisubstituted Indolizines from 2-Propargyloxypyridines and Methyl Ketones.

A new Au(I)-catalyzed method for the preparation of trisubstituted indolizines from easily accessible 2-propargyloxy-pyridines is reported. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functionality, all...
Type I beta turns make a new twist in pentapeptide repeat proteins: Crystal structure of Alr5209 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 determined at 1.7 angström resolution.

Abstract Pentapeptide repeat proteins (PRPs) are found abundantly in cyanobacteria, numbering in the dozens in some genomes, e.g. in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. PRPs, comprised of a repeating consensus sequence of five amino acids, adopt a distinctive right-handed quadrilateral β-helical structure, also referred to as a repeat five residue (Rfr) fold, made up of stacks of coils formed by four consecutive pentapeptide repeats. The right-handed quadrilateral β-helical PRP structure is constructed by repeating β turns at each of four corners in a given coil, each causing a 90° change in direction of the polypeptide chain. Until now, all PRP structures have consisted either of type II and IV β turns or exclusively of type II β turns. Here, we report the first structure of a PRP comprised of type I and II β turns, Alr5209 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. The alr5209 gene encodes 129 amino acids containing 16 tandem pentapeptide repeats. The Alr5209 structure was analyzed in comparison to all other PRPs to determine how type I β turns can be accommodated in Rfr folds and the consequences of type I β turns on the right-handed quadrilateral β-helical structure. Given that Alr5209 represents the first PRP structure containing type I β turns, the PRP consensus sequence was reevaluated and updated. Despite a growing number of PRP structural investigations, their function remains largely unknown. Genome analysis indicated that alr5209 resides in a five-gene operon (alr5208-alr5212) with Alr5211 annotated to be a NADH dehydrogenase indicating Alr5209 may be involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
Geographic and demographic disparities in breast cancer outcomes: A population-based study.

7028Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with over 2 million new cases diagnosed each year. Area of residence has been shown to affect ...
The effect of trainee involvement on surgical outcomes and complications of male infertility surgical procedures

In this study, we sought to determine the effect of trainee (resident or fellow physician) involvement in male infertility surgical procedures on patient surgical outcomes and complications. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was retrospectively reviewed for fertility surgical procedures from 2006 to 2012. The procedures included were as follows: epididymectomy, spermatocelectomy, varicocelectomy ± hernia repair, ejaculatory duct resection, vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy and 'unlisted procedure male genital system' (to capture sperm retrieval procedures). A variety of peri- and post-operative outcomes were examined. Trainee and nontrainee-involved groups were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum tests, followed by logistic regression, univariate and multivariate analyses. 924 cases were included: 309 with trainees and 615 without. The median post-graduate trainee year was 3 (range: 0-10). Patients in the trainee-involved cohort had higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, steroid usage and black race. Mean operative time was 42.5% longer in trainee-involved cases, even after controlling for other covariates (76.2 vs. 49.5 min, p = .00). Hospital stay length was also longer in trainee-involved cases (0.41 vs. 0.35 days, p = .02). There were no differences in superficial infections (p = 1.00), deep wound infections (p = 1.00), urinary tract infections (p = .26), or reoperations (p = .23) with or without trainee involvement.
Antenatal Infections and Respiratory Outcome in Preterm Infants

Fetal exposure to infection and inflammation can result in accelerated lung maturation and simultaneously altered lung development. This alteration is characterized by reduced alveolar and vascular formation that is one of the hallmarks of the changes observed in animal models and in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). These opposite effects on maturation and on lung development can explain the reduced severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) but increased incidence of BPD observed in infants exposed to antenatal infections. This also explains why infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis or colonized with ureaplasma urealitycum have an increased risk of lung injury and BPD. Despite the negative effects of infection on lung development, there is no clear evidence that antibiotic therapy improves the respiratory course in these infants. While the administration of azithromycin to ureaplasma colonized infants is effective in eradicating airway colonization, the effect on BPD is inconclusive. One of the few interventions that have been shown to improve respiratory outcome and reduce BPD in infants with severe RDS is the modulation of inflammation by the administration of systemic or intratracheal steroids early after birth. KEY POINTS: · Antenatal infection can reduce RDS.. · Fetal exposure to infection can alter lung development and increase BPD.. · The detrimental effect of infection is enhanced by mechanical ventilation..
More Terminological Blunders

In my previous Editorial, I took a short detour from the main topic (telepathy and mental privacy) to comment briefly on one of the deeper flaws in the trendy, but seriously misguided, practice of replacing the terms “ESP” and “PK” with (respectively) “anomalous cognition” and “anomalous perturbation.” As I’ve discussed in great detail elsewhere (Braude, 2020), there’s actually quite a lot that’s wrong with this terminological folly. And it’s hardly the only time psi researchers have botched efforts to explicate or replace some of the field’s key concepts. The terminological error that I discussed in my earlier Editorial was the failure to accommodate the valuable distinction between ESP-cognition and ESP-interaction. And in that Editorial, I also noted that another, and increasingly trendy, practice likewise commits this error. It’s the strategy of abandoning the venerable arsenal of psi-terms and replacing them with a single expression—either “nonlocal awareness” or “nonlocal consciousness.” (The underlying rationale for this is usually that the traditional vocabulary is likely to be professionally toxic.) I’m thinking about these matters again because recent events have conspired to remind me of still another, but less trendy and prevalent, approach to parapsychological terminology that also deserves a few words of disapproval.
Palm vein recognition, a review on prospects and challenges based on CASIA’s dataset

With the development of technology, recognition has become now a very important and main thing due to the large number of fraud and forgery operations that occur. The traditional methods such as signature and recognition based on knowledge do not meet the safety requirements due to the ease of forging and stealing them, as biometric technologies have emerged as an alternative to them due to the high security provided and accuracy. Biometrics rely on behavioral and physiological characteristics such as recognition based on palm veins to provide maximum protection and avoid unauthorized access to our personal property. In this paper, we will talk about authentication through palm veins. They are biological properties that do not change over time, and each person has his own pattern of veins, even symmetric twins have different patterns. These veins are not seen with the eye, which is difficult to forge and steal as the pattern of veins is extracted by near infrared rays palm veins images are considered one of the most promising technologies that meet the advanced safety requirements of modern privacy policies for highly sensitive systems. The authentication system through palm veins generally content from four steps, namely acquisition of image, preprocessing, extraction of feature and feature matching. In each stage, there is a set of methods used in this research. We will talk about these methods used in the palm vein by using the cassia database.
Complexity revisited

I look back at my 1996 book Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature, responding to papers by Pamela Lyon, Fred Keijzer and Argyris Arnellos, and Matt Grove.
Evan Weissman: Remembering our advisor, professor, and comrade

First paragraphs: In the early spring of 2020, the Syracuse University community was dealt a sudden and painful blow with the loss of Dr. Evan Weissman. It is to his vibrant memory that this special issue of the Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development is dedicated. What follows are the reflections of the special issue’s guest editorial team and our peers in the Syracuse University Food Studies graduate program—a program and department that Evan helped to create shortly after completing his own graduate education at Syracuse University. Evan was the very reason many of us came to Syracuse University or stayed in the city to pursue our graduate educations. He was, and remains, a model for a particular kind of scholarship, which was the inspiration for the theme of this special issue. He was a community-engaged scholar in the truest sense, and likewise encouraged students to commit themselves to becoming active participants in food systems change. Moreover, he had an unwavering belief that this was something we could do, that if we were will­ing to put in the work, as he did all the time, we could play a part in working toward a more just world. Evan’s commitment to his community and his deep belief that food could be used as a tool for social change have influenced many of us to undertake active roles in our own cities, be it managing a network of community gardens, overseeing an anti-poverty initiative, or fighting for workers’ rights. . . .
Do body-worn cameras improve community perceptions of the police? Results from a controlled experimental evaluation

Outfitting police officers with body-worn cameras (BWCs) has been suggested to improve police-community relations. This study evaluates whether the deployment of BWCs on NYPD officers impacted resident perceptions of the police. A cluster randomized controlled trial design was used to test the influence of BWCs on resident perceptions of the NYPD in treatment precincts relative to control precincts. Dual-frame randomly selected telephone surveys were used to collect pre-intervention and post-intervention resident perception data. We find no statistically significant differences between BWC treatment and control precincts in general perceptions of the NYPD or the average assessment of police officer behavior among those who have had recent encounters with the NYPD. Strong community support for BWC adoption and citizen expectations for videos of controversial policing events suggests the continued use of this technology. However, BWCs should be implemented with other evidence-based programs to enhance police-community relations.
Disruption of caudate working memory activation in chronic blast-related traumatic brain injury

Mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to blast exposure is frequently diagnosed in veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, it is unclear whether neural damage resulting from blast TBI differs from that found in TBI due to blunt-force trauma (e.g., falls and motor vehicle crashes). Little is also known about the effects of blast TBI on neural networks, particularly over the long term. Because impairment in working memory has been linked to blunt-force TBI, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study sought to investigate whether brain activation in response to a working memory task would discriminate blunt-force from blast TBI. Twenty-five veterans (mean age = 29.8 years, standard deviation = 6.01 years, 1 female) who incurred TBI due to blast an average of 4.2 years prior to enrollment and 25 civilians (mean age = 27.4 years, standard deviation = 6.68 years, 4 females) with TBI due to blunt-force trauma performed the Sternberg Item Recognition Task while undergoing fMRI. The task involved encoding 1, 3, or 5 items in working memory. A group of 25 veterans (mean age = 29.9 years, standard deviation = 5.53 years, 0 females) and a group of 25 civilians (mean age = 27.3 years, standard deviation = 5.81 years, 0 females) without history of TBI underwent identical imaging procedures and served as controls. Results indicated that the civilian TBI group and both control groups demonstrated a monotonic relationship between working memory set size and activation in the right caudate during encoding, whereas the blast TBI group did not (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons using False Discovery Rate). Blast TBI was also associated with worse performance on the Sternberg Item Recognition Task relative to the other groups, although no other group differences were found on neuropsychological measures of episodic memory, inhibition, and general processing speed. These results could not be attributed to caudate atrophy or the presence of PTSD symptoms. Our results point to a specific vulnerability of the caudate to blast injury. Changes in activation during the Sternberg Item Recognition Task, and potentially other tasks that recruit the caudate, may serve as biomarkers for blast TBI.
Is Measurement a Black Box? On the Importance of Understanding Measurement Even in Quantum Information and Computation

It has been argued, partly from the lack of any widely accepted solution to the measurement problem, and partly from recent results from quantum information theory, that measurement in quantum theory is best treated as a black box. However, there is a crucial difference between ‘having no account of measurement’ and ‘having no solution to the measurement problem’. We know a lot about measurements. Taking into account this knowledge sheds light on quantum theory as a theory of information and computation. In particular, the scheme of ‘one‐way quantnum computation’ takes on a new character in light of the role that reference frames play in actually carrying out any one‐way quantum comptuation.
Disclosure and Disclosure-Like Devices in the New York City Housing Court

This article discusses disclosure and disclosure-like devices in landlord-tenant cases in New York.
A New Fragment of Aristotle

We are indebted to Bywater (I. Bywater, “On a Lost Dialogue of Aristotle”, Journal of Philology 2 [1869] 55-69; idem, “Aristotle’s Dialogue On Philosophy”, ibid., 7 [1877] 64-87) and Jaeger (W. Jaeger, Aristoteles2 [1955] 60-80) for the identification of extensive passages in Iamblichus' Protrepticus as being excerpts from the Protrepticus of Aristotle. On the whole, these excerpts * present man as a being whose true destiny is the disinterested contemplation of true reality for contemplation’s sake, and philosophy as the way on which man can fulfil this destiny. At the same time, two passages from ch. XXVI of Iamblichus' Isc have by Jaeger been identified as two additional excerpts from the same work of Aristotle: ch. XXVI, p. 79, 1-81, 7 F and p. 83, 6-22 F (fr. 52 and 53 Rose; Protrepticus fr. 5 b and 8, p. 31-33 and 38 f. Walzer) rather than from On Philosophy, as Bywater had it. These two passages contain many references to mathematical sciences. The former discusses geometry, music theory, and astronomy as examples of (purely) theoretical sciences; the latter mentions geometry and Tocq &CXXaq na&'Laq as having made stupendous progress within a very short time. Thus it immediately becomes obvious that some of the matters discussed by Aristotle in his Protrepticus were indeed closely related to the subject matter of Isc **. It is therefore natural from the very outset to expect that, in addition to those quoted above, Isc will contain some other excerpts from Aristotle’s Protrepticus.
Robust Control Techniques for State Tracking in the Presence of Variable Time Delays

Abstract : In this paper, a distributed driver-in-the-Ioop and hardware-in-the-Ioop simulator is described with a driver on a motion simulator at the U.S. Army TARDEC Ground Vehicle Simulation Laboratory (GVSL). Realistic power system response is achieved by linking the driver in the GVSL with a full-sized hybrid electric power system located 2,450 miles away at the TARDEC Power and Energy Systems Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL), which is developed and maintained by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). The goal is to close the loop between the GVSL and P&E SIL over the Internet to provide a realistic driving experience in addition to realistic power system results. In order to preserve a valid and safe hardware-in-the-Ioop experiment, the states of the GVSL must track the states of the P&E SIL. In a distributed control system utilizing the open Internet, the communications channel is a primary source of uncertainty and delay that can degrade the overall system performance and stability. The presence of a cross-country network delay and the unavoidable differences between the P&E SIL hardware and GVSL model will cause the GVSL states and P&E SIL states to diverge without any additional action. Thus, two robust strategies for state convergence are developed and presented in this paper. The first strategy is a non-linear Sliding Mode control scheme. The second strategy is an H-infinity control scheme. Both schemes are implemented in simulation, and both schemes show promising results for state convergence in the presence of variable cross-country time delays.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF BACTERIAL SPECIES

Liston, J. (University of Washington, Seattle), W. Wiebe, and R. R. Colwell. Quantitative approach to the study of bacterial species. J. Bacteriol. 85:1061–1070. 1963.—The stability of strains of various species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria was investigated by subculturing each strain through ten different media, testing the substrains so produced through a standard series of tests, and analyzing the resulting data by electronic computer. Strain stability was shown to be high [similarity coefficient (S) ≥ 80%], and some evidence was obtained for species stability (S ≥ 75%). The limits of variability for a species were studied by use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 33 P. aeruginosa strains (from the American Type Culture Collection) were tested and found to share a high level of similarity. An analysis was made of the distribution of positive characters among the strains, and the group was found to have a mean total of 35 characters (out of a possible 78 which were coded and included in the computer analyses) with a range of 33 to 39 positive characters in individual organisms. The frequency of occurrence of each positive character and the probability of mutual occurrence of pairs of positive characters were calculated. By use of the quantitative and qualitative data so obtained, a hypothetical Median Organism for the P. aeruginosa group was derived. The species may then be defined as consisting of all strains which show an S relationship of 75% or more with the Median Organism. The general applicability of this concept is discussed.
An Efficient Algal Bioassay Based on Short-Term Photosynthetic Response

A procedure is described for measuring effects of toxicants on algal photosynthesis (H/sup 14/CO/sub 3/ uptake) in 4-h experiments. Results for individual aromatic compounds and the waste-soluble fraction (WSF) of a synthetic oil are presented as examples of applications of the bioassay. The toxicity of the WSF varied among the seven algal species tested, and responses of some species were pH-dependent. Data presented here indicate that algal photosynthesis is inhibited at toxicant concentrations similar to those that cause acute effects in aquatic animals. A model of a pelagic ecosystem is used to demonstrate that even temporary (7-d) inhibition of algal photosynthesis can have a measurable impact on other trophic levels, particularly if the other trophic levels are also experiencing toxic effects.
The Place of Varsity Athletics in a Program of “Athletics for All”

(1931). The Place of Varsity Athletics in a Program of “Athletics for All”. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 6-62.
Mortality among heroin users and users of other internationally regulated drugs: A 27-year follow-up of users in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program household samples

BACKGROUND: In contrast to research on more restricted samples of drug users, epidemiological studies open up a view of death rates and survivorship of those who have tried heroin a few times, with no acceleration toward sustained use patterns often seen in treatment and criminal justice samples. At their best, epidemiological estimates of heroin effects on risk of dying are not subject to serious selection biases faced with more restricted samples. METHODS: Data are from 7207 adult participants aged 18-48 years in United States Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program field surveys, launched in 1980-1984. US National Death Index (NDI) records through 2007 disclosed 723 deaths. NDI enabled estimation of heroin-associated risk of dying as well as survivorship. RESULTS: Estimated cumulative mortality for all 18-48 year old participants is 3.9 deaths per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, CI=3.7, 4.2), relative to 12.4 deaths per 1000 person-years for heroin users (95% CI=8.7, 17.9). Heroin use, even when non-sustained, predicted a 3-4 fold excess of risk of dying prematurely. Post-estimation record review showed trauma and infections as top-ranked causes of these deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Drawing strengths from epidemiological sampling, standardized baseline heroin history assessments, and very long-term NDI follow-up, this study of community-dwelling heroin users may help clinicians and public health officials who need facts about heroin when they seek to prevent and control heroin outbreaks. Heroin use, even when sporadic or non-sustained, is predictive of premature death in the US, with expected causes of death such as trauma and infections. Language: en
Time domain vs. frequency domain characterization of aeroelastic forces for bridge deck sections

The characterization of unsteady transverse wind forces of bridge sections under oscillatory motion is commonly addressed in the frequency domain by means of the so-called flutter derivatives. Thin airfoil theory suggests that for streamlined bodies a time domain treatment is equivalent; in this case small-amplitude motions are assumed and superposition of effects can still be accepted. This observation led researchers to postulate the extension of this methodology to bridge sections, based on the analytical transformation of aeroelastic derivatives into time-dependent functions, to be used in step-by-step finite-element or equivalent simulations. In this paper the procedure for obtaining these functions from data in the frequency domain is reviewed, fully extended to the complete set of derivatives and applied both to streamlined and bluff deck sections. The validity of this approach has been only partially investigated in the past; assessment for bridge deck sections and its convenience with respect to frequency domain analyses are discussed, and applied to relative to a range of typical examples.
Study of the origin of enantioselectivity in cyclopropanation reactions using the chiral iron carbene complex [(η5-C5H5)(CO)2FeCH[(η6-o-MeOC6H4)Cr(CO)3]]+

Abstract During our low temperature NMR studies we observed two rotational isomers of the carbene complex [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(CO) 2 Fe CH[(η 6 - o -MeOC 6 H 4 )Cr(CO) 3 ]]+ ( 3 ) with the O–Me group either anti or anti to the Fp moiety. While the Cr(CO) 3 group very effectively shields one face of the carbene complex from attack by the olefin, the presence of anti and anti isomers allows for the formation of both R and S configuration on C-1 of the cyclopropane through a backside or a frontside ring closure mechanism. The reaction of olefin with anti R -3 can result in R -configuration of the cyclopropane carbon C-1 through a frontside closure mechanism, or in S -configuration if backside closure takes place. In a similar manner, anti R -3 may produce S -configuration through frontside closure or R -configuration through backside closure. We previously have shown by crystallography that reaction the R -isomer of 3 with 2-methyl-propene induces predominantly a R -configuration at C-1 of the resulting cyclopropane ( RR -(−)-2,2 dimethyl-1- o -methoxyphenyl(tricarbonyl chromium)cyclopropane, whereas the S -carbene results in the corresponding SS isomer. These findings are consistent with cyclopropane formation from the syn isomer through a frontside closure mechanism or from anti isomer through a backside closure mechanism. In the case of [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(CO) 2 Fe CH[(η 6 - o -MeC 6 H 4 )Cr(CO) 3 ]]+ ( 4 ), only anti isomer is observed and optical rotation data indicate that the methylcarbene exhibits the same asymmetric induction (i.e., R -carbene yields R -cyclopropane C-1 and S -carbene yields S -cyclopropane C-1) as the methoxy analogue, and the assumption of the anti isomer being the reactive one then implies that the reaction proceeds through a backside closure mechanism rather a frontside mechanism. It is very likely that this preference is also valid for the methoxy substituted complex 4 . Our results on 4 indicate that the enantioselectivity of the cyclopropanation reaction is not determined by the relative abundance of the isomers. As the syn isomer is the more abundant one, the anti isomer has to be the more reactive one compared to the syn isomer. Interchange of syn and anti isomers occurs fast compared to the rate of reaction of the carbene with olefin. The fast rate of interchange of syn and anti isomers relative to the rate of reaction with olefin precludes the direct observation of any differential reactivity form a change in the syn to anti ratio in the NMR spectrum. However, the in general lower ee values observed for 3 compared with 4 are consistent with the fact that the reactive isomer is less abundant in this case. Our data thus show that enantioselectivity of cyclopropanation with “chiral at carbene” complexes is controlled by the higher reactivity of the anti isomer and occurs through a backside ring closure mechanism.
The isothermal crystallization of crosslinked polyethylene under uniaxial extension

An experimental study of the crystallization of chemically crosslinked polyethylene at constant strain under isothermal conditions was carried out. Changes in the stress and birefringence were measured simultaneously as a function of time. Both the stress and the birefringence behavior are consistent with previous work carried out under constant rate of cooling conditions. This indicates that the cooling conditions do not affect the structural features of the crystallization process. A comparison of the stress and birefringence curves shows that there are periods off time during which both stress and birefringence increase; stress increases and birefringence decreases; stress decreases and birefringence increases; and both stress and birefringence decrease. None of the crystal morphological models proposed to date for the strain-induced crystallization of crosslinked polyethylene appear to be able to account fully for this behavior.
Reducing consumption in periods of acute scarcity: the case of water

This paper examines the impact of water conservation efforts in four California communities selected in part because of the range of conservation programs launched. The analysis will rest on 8 years of monthly data aggregated to the community level and will employ both Box-Jenkins (1976) procedures and techniques for pooled cross-sectional and time-series data (Kmenta, 1971, pp. 508 to 517). Theory will be drawn from social psychology and microeconomics; the former used to characterize certain shifts in the demand curve for water, the latter used to explain changes in consumption as a function of exogenous changes in price.
Polo problem oriented language organizer

Abstract The design process requires that engineers integrate the operation of several separate but related subtasks. The result of each subtask either creates data for the next lower level in the design, or dictates that earlier decisions be modified before proceeding further. The use of the computer as an aid to design can lead to a number of problems with respect to communication, which do not exist in the conventional design process. Problem Oriented Language (POL) supervisory systems such as ICES and the Translator Generator are available for engineers to use in communicating with the computer. However, a number of problems concerning data management and machine dependence indicate that a second look at POL supervisory systems is needed. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the development of current Pol's and to present the concept of the POLO system. POLO is a machine independent prototype computer system whose purpose is to provide engineers with an environment in which thay can develop their own computer-aided design environment.