cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Templated Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesostructured Nanowires and Nanowire Arrays

A general methodology that utilizes confined mesoporous silica as template for preparing highly ordered mesostructured nanowires and nanowire arrays is developed. The prepared Ag, Ni, and Cu2O nanowires, with unprecedented mesostructures of coaxially multilayered helical, and stacked-donut structures, have the unique features of hierarchical organization, modulated surface morphology, high surface area, and chirality. Surface-enhanced Raman spectra from a silver mesostructured-nanowire bundle are presented.
Effect of secondary flow on the temperature field and primary flow in a heated horizontal tube

Abstract Density variations in a fluid flowing in a heated horizontal tube can cause a secondary flow as well as variations in the axial pressure gradient over the tube cross section. The effect of the secondary flow on the temperature field and the primary flow at the outlet of a long electrically heated tube haying thick walls of high conductivity is analyzed for the case of large Grashof-Prandtl number for which a thin temperature boundary layer exists near the wall A model for the flow field is developed which is consistent with the experimental observation that over most of the tube the isotherms are horizontal By dimensional reasoning it is found that the secondary flow controls the rate of heat transfer. For P = 1 the primary flow also shows a boundary layer behavior while for P → ∞ the primary flow is independent of the secondary flow. For constant viscosity and infinite Prandtl number, the Nusselt number is directly proportional to the fourth root of the product of the Grashof and the Prandtl number. N = C 1 (GP) 1 4 By integral methods it is estimated that C1 = 0·471. Good agreement is obtained between calculations based on the proposed model and experiment.
Efficacy of corticosteroids in suppression of intimal hyperplasia

The effect of steroids and immunosuppression on the development of intimal hyperplasia was studied in 24 New Zealand white rabbits. Staged bilateral arteriotomy and stripping of intima of the common carotid artery was performed by means of a 2F balloon catheter under 700 mm Hg of pressure. At 3 months, after the control side artery was harvested (N = 24), the rabbits were assigned to three groups of eight animals each: (1) dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg, (2) cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) 1 mg/kg, or (3) azathioprine 1 mg/kg intramuscularly. The animals were treated on the day before the contralateral intimal stripping and then were treated six times a week for 8 weeks; the vessels were harvested at 3 months. Twelve-week patency rates were 62.5% in the control group, 83.3% in the dexamethasone group, 100% in the Cytoxan group, and only 33.3% in the azathioprine group. The ratio of the luminal area to the area enclosed by the internal elastic lamina was used as an index of intimal hyperplasia, with a higher ratio indicating less intimal thickening. This ratio of the patient vessels was 0.74 +/- 0.14 (N = 15) for the controls, 0.79 +/- 0.11 (N = 6) for the Cytoxan group, and 0.91 +/- 0.06 (N = 5, p less than 0.05) for the dexamethasone group, which is statistically significant by means of analysis of variance. Occluded vessels had evidence of organized thrombus without any intimal hyperplasia. The decrease in intimal hyperplasia seen in the steroid group suggests a potential role for steroids in small vessel revascularization, but further studies are required.
Il tracciamento automatico di istogrammi tridimensionali in proiezione assonometrica

Viene presentata una particolare applicazione di disegno geometrico automatico: la proiezione assonometrica di un istogramma a tre dimensioni. Nello studio della correlazione tra due variabili osservate sperimentalmente puo rivelarsi utile, ai fini di una efficace rappresentazione quantitativa, creare una immagine della correlazione stessa mediante un istogramma a tre dimensioni. In un istogramma siffatto gli intervalli di classe delle variabili sono rappresentati lungo gli assi di un piano base, e il volume di un prisma regolare con la base quadrata in una data cella e proporzionale al numero delle osservazioni raggruppate nella cella stessa. L'immagine di tale istogramma viene data mediante la suaproiezione assonometrica, cioe quel sistema di rappresentazione che si ottiene mediante una proiezione parallela su un piano in generale obliquo rispetto agli assi di riferimento dell'istogramma. Affinche la proiezione assonometrica rappresenti in modo semplice ed efficace l'istogramma tridimensionale, viene eseguito ildisegno delle sole parti visibili. Il programma, scritto in FORTRAN eimplementato sul sistema Time-Sharing della General Electric Information Systems Italia, ha le seguenti caratteristiche:
Colour performance of the Secam colour television system

The Secam colour television system has many parameters in common with the N.T.S.C. system, but the constraints imposed on the reproduction of both large-area colour and colour transitions by the practical limitations on amplitude and frequency excursions are different. After discussing the parameters of the Secam system which have been assumed throughout the paper, the relationship between the chromaticity of the transmitted colour and the modulation of the subcarrier is considered and compared with the relationship which exists for the N.T.S.C. system. In particular, the effect of luminance level on the gamut of reproducible chromaticities is examined, and it is shown that the frequency limitations on the deviation of the Secam subcarrier are not important in so far as they might be expected to limit the practical colour gamut. The chrominance resolution of the system is discussed, and the use of an asymmetric passband for the colour subcarrier is suggested. The effects on the colour picture of some types of signal defect are mentioned.
Risk Factors Do Not Predict Hearing Loss in Healthy Newborns. 977

Objective: To determine the frequency of risk factors for congenital or acquired hearing loss in a population of newborns undergoing universal newborn infant hearing screening.
The power of apologies in transforming resentment into forgiveness

Can apologies assist in the healing of past wounds? This paper will be applying a psychoanalytic formulation of “apology” to both the political and the clinical arena. I will attempt to compare the use of apologies within the psychoanalytic space and within political institutions such as the South African “Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” I will expand on the psychodynamics of resentment, apologies, and the hope of forgiveness. The symbolic power of apology in fueling the forces of reparation and transforming resentment into forgiveness will be addressed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the simultaneous ionization-excitation of the OII(λ834 Å) resonance transition by electron impact on atomic oxygen

Abstract Laboratory cross-section data on the excitation of the OII(2s 2p44P → 2s2 2p34S; λ834 A) resonance transition and on the production of O+ and O2+ ions by electron impact on atomic oxygen are used to show that the ratio σ(λ834 A ) σ(O + + O 2+ ) is nearly constant for incident electron energies > 50 eV. Under auroral conditions, the total electron-ion pair production rate from electron impact on O can be inferred from λ834 A volume emission rate measurements using the result that η(O + + O 2+ ) $ 8.4η(λ834 A ) . These findings, along with earlier work on the simultaneous ionization-excitation of the 1 Neg (0,0) band of N2+ and the 1 Neg (1, 0) band of O+2, allow the specific ionization rates for the principal atmospheric constituents (O+, O+2, N+2), for the multiply-ionized species (O2+, O2+2, N2+2), and for the dissociatively produced atomic ions to be inferred in aurora from remote satellite observations.
How Developers Use Data Race Detection Tools

Developers need help with multithreaded programming. We investigate how two program analysis tools are used by developers at Google: ThreadSafety, an annotation-based static data race analysis, and TSan, a dynamic data race de- tector. The data was collected by interviewing seven veteran industry developers at Google, and provides unique insight into how four different teams use tooling in different ways to help with multithreaded programming. The result is a collection of perceived pros and cons of using ThreadSafety and TSan, as well as general issues with multithreading.
Impact of Intracoastal Waterway maintenance dredging on a mud bottom benthos community

Abstract The effects of hydraulic dredging on the benthic infauna of a mud bottom area were investigated in Georgia in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Complete displacement of the benthic community was caused by dredging; however, the community began to recover within a month following the cessation of dredging. Within two months the diversity and species composition of the dredged channel were similar to that of a control area and little change in sediment composition resulted. Thus, no apparent limitation was imposed on the normal benthic population by habitat alteration. Recolonisation was too rapid to have been caused by the settling of immature or larval stages from the water column alone. Bank slumping and migration of adult forms have been postulated as other means of recolonisation.
Content and Construct Validity of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale

Abstract We examined the content and construct validity of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS; Helms & Carter, 1990) in two separate studies. In Study 1, we submitted WRIAS data reported by Tokar and Swanson (1991) to item and factor analyses to examine psychometric characteristics and dimensionality of the instrument. In Study 2, trained judges examined the content of each WRIAS item and rationally assigned the items to appropriate subscales based on Helms′s (1984) theory. Results of the two studies did not support the psychometric adequacy of the WRIAS.
Attachment, Social Competencies, Social Support, and Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy

According to the Social Competencies in Interpersonal Process (SCIP) model, social competencies include (a) skills needed to recruit and maintain satisfying and supportive relationships, and (b) trait-like dispositions that govern use of these skills. Attachment theory explains how social competencies develop in early interactions with caregivers. Most adult clients' presenting problems can be viewed as maladaptive patterns of interpersonal interaction-patterns that the SCIP model holds are maintained by social competency deficits. Available social support is significantly determined by individual differences in social competencies. Because a productive therapy relationship requires a broad range of these competencies, a client's deficits and maladaptive patterns are soon evident. The relationship itself can then become a vehicle for change. This article summarizes my research testing aspects of the SCIP model. I conclude by presenting ideas for future research and suggestions for specific corrective atta...
Configuration of the auroral oval and the interplanetary magnetic field

Abstract The poleward boundary of the auroral oval, whose footline forms the periphery of the polar cap, is calculated, based on a model in which the geomagnetic field is interpermeated with the interplanetary field. It is shown that the calculated auroral oval size varies with the strength and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field, in agreement with recent observations of the location of large-scale nightside auroras.
Advanced oxidant regeneration of granular activated carbon for controlling air‐phase VOCs

Abstract The Pennsylvania State University is researching an advanced oxidation (AO) system for controlling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Cannon et al. 1994). The system includes an air‐phase photolytic chamber, an air/water stripping tower, and granular activated carbon (GAC) beds, and the work herein describes he evaluation of the GAC beds. Field GACs have been evaluated, which had previously been loaded with VOCs and regenerated with AO for several years at several full scale installations. Full scale response then was simulated in laboratory‐scale experiments. Results revealed that following 500 to 1000 daily loading and regeneration cycles, one field GAC lost 35% of its micropore volume, and 17–35% of its capacity to adsorb several VOCs. Under another condition, for a furniture coating GAC, 80% of the micropore volume was lost after several years of loading and reactivation cycles, and 23 to 63% of the VOC adsorption capacity was lost. Laboratory results revealed that prolonged AO regeneration d...
Indeterminacy and underdetermination: Are quine's two theses consistent?

In 'On the Reasons for the Indeterminacy of Translation' Quine employes the thesis of the underdetermination of theories as a premise in his main argument for the indeterminacy of translation.2 In that paper and earlier works,3 Quine presents plausibility considerations for the thesis of the underdetermination of theories, but does not concem himself with providing a precise account of or argument for the underdetermination thesis. In a later paper, 'On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World',4 Quine attempts to state and defend a more precise account of the underdetermination thesis, but he does not seem to recognize that this later account of the underdetermination thesis is inconsistent with the thesis of the indeterminacy of translation. This inconsistency has the consequence of undermining any attempt to argue for the indeterminacy thesis on the basis of the underdetermination of theories as he now articulates that thesis. The main objective of this paper is to show how Quine's more recent account of the thesis of the underdetermination of theories invalidates his argument for the indeterminacy of translation that was made to rest on the underdetermination thesis. To set the stage for that argument, though, in Section I, I will show how Quine thought, at the time he wrote 'On the Reasons for the Indeterminacy of Translation', that the underdetermination thesis provided an argument for the indeterminacy of translation. In the Section II, I will explicate Quine's articulation and defense of the underdetermination thesis in 'On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World'. In Section III, I will first show formally how Quine's theses are inconsistent and then analyze how this inconsistency emerged.
Electronic band structures for zinc-blende and wurtzite CdS

The electronic band structures for zinc-blende and wurtzite CdS are calculated within the local-density approximation with the use of first-principles pseudopotentials. Incorporating the $d$ state into the valence band improves substantially the main-valence-band width, and yields valence-band features in good agreement with experiment. The maximum effect of the $d$ band occurs at ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ for zinc-blende CdS and at ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}$,${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}$ for wurtzite CdS. We find that the local-density approximation does not predict accurately the position of localized Cd $4d$ state.
DoMCoSAR: a novel approach for establishing the docking mode that is consistent with the structure-activity relationship. Application to HIV-1 protease inhibitors and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

DoMCoSAR is a novel approach for statistically determining the docking mode that is consistent with a structure−activity relationship. The approach establishes the binding mode for the compounds in a chemical series with the assumption that all molecules exhibit the same binding mode. It involves three stages. In the first stage all molecules that belong to a given chemical series are docked to the active site of the protein target. The only bias used in the docking at this stage involves the location of the protein binding site. Coordinates of the common substructure (CS) that results from the unbiased docking are then clustered to establish the major substructure docking modes. In the second stage all molecules are docked to the major docking modes (MDMs) with constraints based on the common substructure. The third stage generates, for the major docking modes, interaction-based descriptors that include electrostatic, VDW, strain, and solvation contributions. The problem of docking mode evaluation is now...
Race as an interpersonal variable in negative assertion

Investigated assertive behavior among black male psychiatric patients under white vs. black interpersonal partner conditions. Twenty-four high and 24 low scorers in level of measured general assertiveness served as Ss (N = 48). Responses to familiar and unfamiliar interpersonal stimuli in two conditions, role-play, and in vivo, were videotaped and rated. Dependent variables in the role play condition were: (1) Request for new behavior; (2) compliance; (3) affect; and (4) overall assertiveness; and (1) expression of negative opinion; (2) compliance; and (3) overall assertiveness for the in vivo condition. Although MANOVA revealed no main effect for race, Ss in the unfamiliar condition were more assertive (p less than .05) than those in the familiar role play condition. Also, Ss' responses in role play were more assertive (p less than .05) in the unfamiliar-white prompter condition as compared to Ss' responses in the unfamiliar-black prompter condition. In the in vivo situation for overall assertiveness, responses were rated as more assertive in the white prompter condition. In addition, although Ss were more likely to express negative opinions in the black prompter condition, they were more likely to comply with an unreasonable request in the white prompter condition.
Rapid transformation of [3H]cholesteryl ester m rat high-density lipoprotein: in vivo and in vitro studies

Abstract [24,25- 3 H]Cholesteryl ester-labeled rat high-density and low-density lipoproteins were administered to recipient rats. Following death of the rats, a major portion of the radioactivity in administered [ 3 H]cholesteryl ester-high-density lipoprotein rapidly appeared in less dense [ 3 H]cholesteryl esterlipoproteins and was isolated with the low-density lipoprotein fraction. The specific activity of the esterified cholesterol in the product lipoproteins found with the low-density lipoproteins exceeded that of the precursor high-density lipoproteins. In vitro, the addition of [ 3 H]cholesteryl ester-high-density lipoprotein to plasma resulted in a five- to six-fold increase in radioactivity recovered in the low-density lipoprotein. These results demonstrate that, under a variety of experimental conditions, isolated high-density lipoprotein particles (both in vitro and in vivo) tend to become larger and less dense. Rapid changes in the density of lipoproteins labeled with [ 3 H]cholesteryl ester must be considered when interpreting physiologic studies using this label.
Climate Change and Society

John Urry Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011, 200 pp., STG£55/€66 hardcover, (ISBN 978-0-7456-5036-4), STG£15.99/€19.20 paperback, (ISBN 978-0-7456-5037-1) This book is a landmark in the reformulation o...
MEASUREMENT OF FORCES DURING CUTTING WITH A SINGLE ABRASIVE GRAI

SUMMARY The forces that occur between a single grain and a workpiece during the cutting process have been measured by two methods. In one, a dynamometer which utilizes piezoelectric elements measures both the tangential and normal components of force, a small workpiece on the dynamometer being subjected to single grain cutting. In the other method, a single abrasive grain is mounted on a rotating member, the change of angular speed of which is measured during the cutting process. This speed change can be related to the average tangential force between the abrasive grain and the workpiece during the cutting process, although, in the present work, it is used directly to find the work of cutting. To determine the response of the dynamometer, and to calibrate it, small steel balls have been bounced off the workpiece, and the output of the dynamometer compared with the pulse shape that has been determined analytically. Included are oscilloscope traces showing the response of the dynamometer during the bouncing...
Poly (p-pyridine) - and poly (p-pyridyl vinylene) -based polymers: their photophysics and application to SCALE devices

Abstract Photophysics and light-emitting device applications of poly ( p -pyridine) - and poly( p -pyridyl vinylene)-based polymers are presented. Extensive time-resolved (ps to ms) photoluminescence, stimulated emission and photoinduced absorption studies of solutions, powders and films demonstrate that the primary photoexcitation of these polymers is an intrachain singlet exciton. The presence of (n,π * ) states leads to enhanced intersystem crossing to triplet excitons for the powder form, while aggregate formation plays a key role in the films. Polarons are important at longer times. These polymers were used to fabricate ‘conventional’ polymer light-emitting diodes. In addition, these polymers were used to demonstrate a novel light-emitting structure, the symmetrically configured a.c. light-emitting (SCALE) device. These new devices have potential advantages in their use with high workfunction electrodes, such as gold, and also in their a.c. operation.
A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis

A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis using noninvasive techniques is presented. All 6 of the patient's asymptomatic children had an increase in transferrin saturation and/or an increase in the absorption of Co57. The Co57 absorption test was the most sensitive index of family involvement since one of the children had an increase in absorption at a time when transferring saturation was normal. The family data strongly support the hereditary nature of the disorder, with the mode of inheritance not clearly established from the available data.
Melville's MOBY-DICK

In the two “Knights and Squires” chapters in Moby-Dick, Herman Melville figures the hierarchy of his fictional whaling ship, the Pequod, as if it were that of a feudal court. He provides blazons of...
Integrated structure-control optimization of space structures

In the past few years there has been substantial interest in the integrated design of large space structures and their vibration control systems. This paper overviews two aspects of integrated control-structure design. The first is the calculation of derivatives of control system stability margins with respect to structural parameters, and the effect of modal truncation on the accuracy of these derivatives. The second aspect is the various formulations used to define an integrated design optimization problem.
Coordinate regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin in HeLa cells and butyrate-resistant variants

Short term exposure of HeLa S3 cells to sodium butyrate induces accumulation of the mRNAs encoding both the alpha- and beta-subunits of hCG. Both mRNAs accumulate with the same kinetics and reach maximal levels with the same concentration of butyrate, suggesting that the levels of alpha and hCG beta mRNAs are coordinately regulated. In addition, induction of both mRNAs is tightly coupled with a similar increase in secreted levels of hCG subunit protein, further suggesting that regulation of CG biosynthesis in HeLa cells occurs before translation. To determine whether HeLa cells which have overcome the growth inhibitory properties of butyrate show uniformly high levels of alpha and hCG beta mRNAs, we isolated clonal variants by stepwise selection with increasing concentrations of butyrate. Of 69 isolated variants, at least 2 (AO and B2) display different patterns of CG gene expression. In AO cells, alpha-subunit mRNA was not detectable, while in B2 cells, the level of alpha-subunit mRNA was similar to that of wild-type HeLa S3 cells. Conversely, hCG beta mRNA levels in both variant cell lines approximated levels found in butyrate-treated HeLa S3 cultures, suggesting that the mRNAs for alpha and hCG beta are regulated independently. Analysis of genomic DNA by blot hybridization indicated that the alpha-subunit gene was present as a single unrearranged copy in HeLa S3 cells and in both variants, indicating that differences in alpha-subunit gene expression are not associated with major genomic alterations, but probably reflect more subtle changes.
Interactions with Ethanol

Ethanol is often combined with hypnotics in an effort to improve sleep. Guilleminault, Spiegel, and Dement (1977), for instance, found that among 549 insomniacs in the Los Angeles area, 21% took ethanol plus a hypnotic “frequently.” The two are also inadvertently combined whenever a person who has residual blood concentrations of a hypnotic from nightly use takes a drink during the day. This raises the possibility that their interaction may carry an increased risk either of toxicity or of injuries due to impaired coordination or judgment, for instance when driving (see Chapter 6). Ethanol is often taken in combination with hypnotics and other drugs in suicide attempts. (A combination of ethanol and a drug represents the second most common emergency room problem in the DAWN* program.) There is some reason to believe that concurrent ethanol use is often overlooked in patients who appear to be suffering from a drug toxicity. In one study, a pathology service looked for ethanol in blood samples which had been sent by physicians only for drug determinations (due to suspected toxic drug reactions). It was found that 19% of such samples were positive for ethanol as well (Hirsch, Valentour, Adelson, & Sunshine, 1973). Thus an examination of toxicity of hypnotics would be incomplete unless it also examined the interaction of these agents with ethanol.
The Spotted Owl Controversy and the Sustainability of Rural Communities in the Pacific Northwest

The viability of rural logging communities in the Northwest is threatened. Even with sustainable forest management, financial and technological changes are decreasing the employment opportunities i...
Connecting the top-down to the bottom-up: pricing CDO under a conditional survival (CS) model

In this paper, we use exact simulation to price CDO under a new dynamic model, the Conditional Survival (CS) model, which provided excellent calibration to both iTraxx tranches and underlying single name CDS spreads on March 14, 2008, the day before the collapse of Bear Sterns, when the market was highly volatile. The distinct features of the CS model include: (1) it is able to generate clustering of defaults occurring dynamically in time and strong cross-sectional correlation, i.e., the simultaneous defaults of many names, both of which have been evidenced in the current subprime mortgage crisis; (2) it incorporates idiosyncratic default risk of single names but does not specify concrete models for them; (3) it provides automatic calibration to underlying single name CDS; (4) it allows fast CDO tranche pricing and calculation of sensitivity of CDO tranches to underlying single name CDS.
Controller design to optimize a composite performance measure

This paper studies a "mixed" objective problem of minimizing a composite measure of the l/sub 1/, /spl Hscr//sub 2/, and l/sub /spl infin// norms together with the l/sub /spl infin// norm of the step response of the closed loop. This performance index can be used to generate Pareto optimal solutions with respect to the individual measures. The problem is analysed for the discrete time, single-input single-output (SISO), linear time invariant systems. It is shown via the Lagrange duality theory that the problem can be reduced to a convex optimization problem with a priori known dimension. In addition, continuity of the unique optimal solution with respect to changes in the coefficients of the linear combination is established.
Three player, Two Strategy, Maximally Entangled Quantum Games

We develop an octonionic representation of the payo function for a three player, two strategy, maximally entangled quantum game.
Power Efficiency through Application-Specific Instruction Memory Transformations

The instruction memory communication path constitutes a significant amount of power consumption in embedded processors. We propose an encoding technique that exploits application information to reduce the associated power consumption. The microarchitectural support enables reprogrammability of the encoding transformations so as to track code particularities effectively. The restriction to functional transformations enables effective coding while delivering major power savings, in the process obviating furthermore the necessity to rely on dictionary lookup, one of the major shortcomings of prior approaches. The frugal functional transformation, reliant on a single bit logic gate, introduces no impact to the critical fetch stage of the processor pipeline while delivering fully all the theoretically achievable power savings. The reprogrammable hardware implementation enables flexible and inexpensive switches between the transformations. Extensive experimental results on numerical and DSP codes confirm the theoretically expected magnitude of power savings, evincing reductions that range up to half of the original transitions.
Quaject composition in the Synthesis kernel

Describes the mechanisms in the Synthesis kernel to compose quajects, kernel objects that encapsulate state and operations. An example using ByteQueue quaject is used to illustrate the composition mechanism. This composition produces quajects with very low overhead, contributing significantly to high performance in the Synthesis kernel. >
Determining organizational effectiveness: another look, and an agenda for research

Concern with the effectiveness, productivity, efficiency or excellence of organizations is a subject that has motivated the writings of economists, organization theorists, management philosophers, financial analysts, management scientists, consultants, and practitioners. It has served as a unifying theme for over a century of research on the management and design of organizations, yet the empirical research has not contributed to the development of a universal theory of organizational effectiveness. In this paper we review the extent to which the components of a contingent behavioral theory of organizational effectiveness already exist, one that incorporates the paradoxes and tradeoffs inherent in real life organizations. We consider the problem of effectiveness measurement, and we propose a research approach utilizing a strategy of engineering organizational effectiveness which could lead to an inductive, applied, empirically-based theory of contingent organization design. In this context the engineering of organizational effectiveness has a dual purpose. For the organizations and their managers participating in the research, it refers to understanding, constructing and managing organizational activities in given contexts so as to achieve and maintain improved performance as measured by one or more situationally-determined criteria. In addition, to provide the empirical basis from which induction can proceed, the engineered events must be structured and implemented in such a way so as to facilitate theory construction and testing.
K+ currents expressed from the guinea pig cardiac IsK protein are enhanced by activators of protein kinase C.

Abstract We have isolated cardiac cDNA and genomic clones encoding the guinea pig IsK protein. The deduced amino acid sequence is approximately 78% identical to the rat, mouse, and human variants of this channel, and the structure of the gene encoding the protein is also similar to that in other species. For example, the gene is present only once in the haploid genome, the protein-coding sequence is present on a single uninterrupted exon, an intron exists in the 5' untranslated domain, and multiple alternative polyadenylation sites are used in processing the transcript. Expression of the guinea pig protein in Xenopus oocytes results in a slowly activating, voltage-dependent K+ current, IsK, similar to those expressed previously from the rat, mouse, and human genes. However, in sharp contrast to the rat and mouse currents, activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters increases the amplitude of the guinea pig IsK current, analogous to its effects on the endogenous IKs current in guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Mutagenesis of the guinea pig cDNA to alter four cytoplasmic amino acid residues alters the phenotype of the current response to protein kinase C from enhancement to inhibition, mimicking that of rat and mouse IsK currents. This mutation is consistent with reports that phosphorylation of Ser-102 by protein kinase C decreases the current amplitude. These data explain previously reported differences in the regulatory properties between recombinant rat or mouse IsK channels and native guinea pig IKs channels and provide further evidence that the IsK protein forms the channels that underlie the IKs current in the heart.
Numerical Analysis of Vapor Bubble Growth and Wall Heat Transfer During Flow Boiling of Water in a Microchannel

The present study is performed to analyze the wall heat transfer mechanisms during growth of a vapor bubble inside a microchannel. The microchannel is of 200 μm square cross section and a vapor bubble begins to grow at one of the walls, with liquid coming in through the channel inlet. The complete Navier-Stokes equations along with continuity and energy equations are solved using the SIMPLER method. The liquid vapor interface is captured using the level set technique. The bubble grows rapidly due to heat transfer from the walls and soon turns into a plug filling the entire channel cross section. The average wall heat transfer at the channel walls is studied for different values of wall superheat and incoming liquid mass flux. The results show that the wall heat transfer increases with wall superheat but is almost unaffected by the liquid flow rate. The bubble growth is found to be the primary mechanism of increasing wall heat transfer as it pushes the liquid against the walls thereby influencing the thermal boundary layer development.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The contribution of Tamara Hareven to the understanding of carework

Tamara Hareven was widely recognized for her contribution to the study of the family in the context of economic activity, but she was also a pioneer in developing an understanding of carework, the unpaid work that families, usually women, do for the young, and the dependent elderly. This article reviews her insights from interviews in Manchester and in Kyoto, where she examined family strategies for combining paid work and carework among working class families. She described how women integrated child care and economic activity in the decades when women were expected to be at home and out of the labour force. The Manchester interviews also revealed the role of the adult child providing care for the elderly parent and how this role changed rapidly between early and later cohorts of adult children born in the early 20th century. From this she developed her insights on the importance of the historical context for understanding how transitions to parent care differed for different cohorts. In the early 21st century, carework has become integral to the study of the family and of women's roles in the family. Tamara Hareven's work provides early insights as to how these issues were managed in the context of more traditional family roles in the early 20th century.
Evaluation of Public Health Service Programs Under the Government Performance and Results Act

The Public Health Service (PHS) is made up of a number of agencies whose collective mission has traditionally been to protect and improve the mental and physical health of the American people and to close the gaps in the health status of disadvantaged populations. However, the ClintonAdministration 's National Performance Review and its associated "reinventing government" initiatives are beginning to show promise of substantially reshaping the structure andfunctions of the federal government. Regardless of the final shape that the reinvented government takes, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) will provide the framework within which that government plans, implements, and evaluates its programs. Whereas some have argued that GPRA will strengthen the role of evaluation within federal agencies, GPRA has been seen primarily as a management and budget issue, and limited attention has been paid to important issues of measurement, attribution of outcomes, and reporting time lines. Nevertheless, GP...
Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet among bounded religious communities

This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups’ creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three...
Compiler-directed scratch pad memory hierarchy design and management

One of the primary challenges in embedded system design is designing the memory hierarchy and restructuring the application to take advantage of it. This task is particularly important for embedded image and video processing applications that make heavy use of large multi-dimensional arrays of signals and nested loops. In this paper, we show that a simple reuse vector/matrix abstraction can provide compiler with useful information in a concise form. Using this information, compiler can either adapt application to an existing memory hierarchy or can come up with a memory hierarchy. Our initial results indicate that the compiler is very successful in both optimizing code for a given memory hierarchy and designing a hierarchy with reasonable performance/size ratio.
Statistical Arbitrage in the U.S. Equities Market

We study model-driven statistical arbitrage strategies in U.S. equities. Trading signals are generated in two ways: using Principal Component Analysis and using sector ETFs. In both cases, we consider the residuals, or idiosyncratic components of stock returns, and model them as a mean-reverting process, which leads naturally to "contrarian'' trading signals.The main contribution of the paper is the back-testing and comparison of market-neutral PCA- and ETF- based strategies over the broad universe of U.S. equities. Back-testing shows that, after accounting for transaction costs, PCA-based strategies have an average annual Sharpe ratio of 1.44 over the period 1997 to 2007, with a much stronger performances prior to 2003: during 2003-2007, the average Sharpe ratio of PCA-based strategies was only 0.9. On the other hand, strategies based on ETFs achieved a Sharpe ratio of 1.1 from 1997 to 2007, but experience a similar degradation of performance after 2002. We introduce a method to take into account daily trading volume information in the signals (using "trading time'' as opposed to calendar time), and observe significant improvements in performance in the case of ETF-based signals. ETF strategies which use volume information achieve a Sharpe ratio of 1.51 from 2003 to 2007.The paper also relates the performance of mean-reversion statistical arbitrage strategies with the stock market cycle. In particular, we study in some detail the performance of the strategies during the liquidity crisis of the summer of 2007. We obtain results which are consistent with Khandani and Lo (2007) and validate their "unwinding'' theory for the quant fund drawndown of August 2007.
Post-process feedback with and without attribute focusing: a comparative evaluation

Historically, the identification and correction of inadequacies in the process of software production called process feedback has been a difficult, time-consuming, manual exercise. Recently, a methodology for process feedback, called attribute focusing, has been developed. The authors compare post-process feedback with and without attribute focusing to determine how the methodology fares against current practice in post-process correction. Five project teams analyzed post-process defect data and made recommendations to improve the quality of a large operating systems product. That data was based on a multiple-choice questionnaire that was completed for every defect in a sample of defects that was chosen by each team. Subsequently, the same data was reanalyzed using attribute focusing. The comparison suggests attribute focusing can do at least as well or better than current practice in postprocess analysis, while reducing cost of analysis substantially. >
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Idol controls brain LDL receptor expression, ApoE clearance, and Aβ amyloidosis

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important modifier of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and its abundance has been linked to the clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. The pathways that control the clearance of ApoE in the brain are incompletely understood. We report that Idol, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) for degradation, is a critical determinant of brain ApoE metabolism and Aβ plaque biogenesis. Previous work has shown that Idol contributes minimally to the regulation of hepatic LDLR expression in mice. By contrast, we demonstrate that Idol is a primary physiological regulator of LDLR protein in the brain, controlling the clearance of both ApoE-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and Aβ. We studied the consequences of loss of Idol expression in a transgenic mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis. Idol deficiency increased brain LDLR, decreased ApoE, decreased soluble and insoluble Aβ, reduced amyloid plaque burden, and ameliorated neuroinflammation. These findings identify Idol as a gatekeeper of LDLR-dependent ApoE and Aβ clearance in the brain and a potential enzyme target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Surgical therapies for the treatment of gingival recession. A systematic review.

Background: A variety of soft tissue augmentation procedures directed at root coverage have been documented in the literature utilizing autogenous or allogenic soft tissue grafting or guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Rationale: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the literature regarding the efficacies of various surgical gingival augmentation procedures relative to clinical and patient-oriented outcomes. Focused Question: What is the effect of surgical therapy for root coverage in patients with gingival recession compared with other treatment modalities or baseline values? Search Protocol: PubMed and the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register were searched to identify human studies in English investigating the therapeutic use of a soft tissue surgical procedure to treat gingival recession. Searches were performed for articles published by April 2002. Selection Criteria: Initial screening of identified abstracts accepted all studies evaluating surgical intervention of gingival recessi...
In Vivo Long-Term Monitoring of Circulating Tumor Cells Fluctuation during Medical Interventions

The goal of this research was to study the long-term impact of medical interventions on circulating tumor cell (CTC) dynamics. We have explored whether tumor compression, punch biopsy or tumor resection cause dissemination of CTCs into peripheral blood circulation using in vivo fluorescent flow cytometry and breast cancer-bearing mouse model inoculated with MDA-MB-231-Luc2-GFP cells in the mammary gland. Two weeks after tumor inoculation, three groups of mice were the subject of the following interventions: (1) tumor compression for 15 minutes using 400 g weight to approximate the pressure during mammography; (2) punch biopsy; or (3) surgery. The CTC dynamics were determined before, during and six weeks after these interventions. An additional group of tumor-bearing mice was used as control and did not receive an intervention. The CTC dynamics in all mice were monitored weekly for eight weeks after tumor inoculation. We determined that tumor compression did not significantly affect CTC dynamics, either during the procedure itself (P = 0.28), or during the 6-week follow-up. In the punch biopsy group, we observed a significant increase in CTC immediately after the biopsy (P = 0.02), and the rate stayed elevated up to six weeks after the procedure in comparison to the tumor control group. The CTCs in the group of mice that received a tumor resection disappeared immediately after the surgery (P = 0.03). However, CTC recurrence in small numbers was detected during six weeks after the surgery. In the future, to prevent these side effects of medical interventions, the defined dynamics of intervention-induced CTCs may be used as a basis for initiation of aggressive anti-CTC therapy at time-points of increasing CTC number.
Desorption Kinetics and Activation Energy for Cobalt Octaethylporphyrin from Graphite at the Phenyloctane Solution–Graphite Interface: An STM Study

Temperature-dependent desorption rates and desorption energies are determined from a monolayer assembly at the solution–solid (SS) interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to measure molecular-scale temperature-dependent desorption of cobalt(II) octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) at the phenyloctane solution–highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface. At lower temperatures, monolayer formation of metal(II) octaethylporphyrin (MOEP) on HOPG from solution was found to be completely controlled by kinetics, and the adlayer formed was stable up to 70 °C. Significant desorption of CoOEP from the HOPG surface was observed above 80 °C on a time scale of hours. CoOEP desorbs from HOPG into phenyloctane at a rate of 0.0055 ± 0.0007 min–1 at 90 °C, 0.013 ± 0.001 min–1 at 100 °C, and 0.033 ± 0.003 min–1 at 110 °C. From these temperature- and time-dependent measurements, assuming an Arrhenius rate law, the activation energy of molecular desorption at the SS interface was determined using studies solely ...
Modeling Composite Solid Propellant with Catalytic Additives

This paper presents current work on improving the accuracy of solid composite propellant modeling to include catalytic additives and using it to develop a better understanding of the working mechanism of burning rate enhancement. To this end, isolating the physical mechanism where the catalyst impacts the composite propellant burning rate was studied. To accomplish this goal, a parametric study was conducted by systematically varying different aspects of the burning that are covered by the simple model. The results from the model were compared to experimental data collected from propellants formulated in the authors’ laboratory both with and without catalytic nanoparticle additives, namely TiO2. Some variations of the TiO2 additive tested included powder that was produced by spray-drying with and without heat treating as well as titania that was premixed into the binder before making the ammonium perchlorate (AP)/binder mixture. The propellants are compared to two ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) baselines with 80% and 85% solids loading. Advancements on the Beckstead-Derr-Price (BDP) model to incorporate catalytic additives were accurately demonstrated using the technique outlined in this paper. This study determined that the catalyst primarily impacted the condensed phase by increasing the reaction rate of the condensed-phase AP; this conclusion was based on the fact that only changes in the condensed-phase AP reaction rate produced the pressure dependence and absolute magnitude of the increased burning rates due to the TiO2-based additive that were seen in the data. In contrast, an unrealistically high increase in the pressure dependence was found if the binder kinetics were modified to match the observed burning rates, and changes in the primary flame kinetics only varied the slope of the burning rate curve; these results are not supported by the experimental data. Furthermore, an empirical constant (Ωc) was found to model the effect of the additives on the AP reaction rate in the form of a burning-ratemagnitude modifier. Typically, an increase of around 50 to 60% in the reaction rate was observed for the use of nano-titania in an 85% AP propellant.