cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A scalable empathic supervision intervention to mitigate recidivism from probation and parole.

Incarceration is a pervasive issue in the United States that is enormously costly to families, communities, and society at large. The path from prison back to prison may depend on the relationship a person has with their probation or parole officer (PPO). If the relationship lacks appropriate care and trust, violations and recidivism (return to jail or prison) may be more likely to occur. Here, we test whether an “empathic supervision” intervention with PPOs—that aims to reduce collective blame against and promote empathy for the perspectives of adults on probation or parole (APPs)—can reduce rates of violations and recidivism. The intervention highlights the unreasonable expectation that all APPs will reoffend (collective blame) and the benefits of empathy—valuing APPs’ perspectives. Using both within-subject (monthly official records for 10 mo) and between-subject (treatment versus control) comparisons in a longitudinal study with PPOs in a large US city (NPPOs = 216; NAPPs=∼20,478), we find that the empathic supervision intervention reduced collective blame against APPs 10 mo postintervention and reduced between-subject violations and recidivism, a 13% reduction that would translate to less taxpayer costs if scaled. Together, these findings illustrate that very low-cost psychological interventions that target empathy in relationships can be cost effective and combat important societal outcomes in a lasting manner.
David Lloyd George and the American Naval Challenge: Great Britain and the Washington Conference

The First World War spurred the United States to acquire – in the words of Woodrow Wilson – ‘incomparably the greatest navy in the world’, and amongst the many problems confronting Britain after 19...
Content analysis of medical college library websites in Pakistan indicates necessary improvements.

BACKGROUND Library websites are important for marketing library services and providing access to electronic resources. OBJECTIVES To determine the extent and quality of medical college (school) library websites in Pakistan, according to predetermined criteria. METHODS A checklist of 40 items was developed from the literature on academic library website evaluation as well as observation of known best practice. The checklist was used on the 45 medical college websites that fitted initial inclusion criteria. RESULTS Of the possible 114 candidates for inclusion, 52 institution websites contained no information about the library, 17 only provided minimum details, leaving 45 medical college library websites that could be included. Library websites lack uniformity, and most of the important features as only three library websites contained more than 20 items from the checklist. The Agha Khan University Medical College, Karachi library website contained the highest (27) number of items. DISCUSSION The findings indicate the design of medical college library websites is generally inadequate in Pakistan. The websites are not performing a useful role in communicating with faculty and students. The findings point to inadequate website design skills among librarians or the lack of co-operation with professional website designers. CONCLUSIONS Marketing of library services and good customer relations demand improvements in the information architecture of medical college library websites as well as continued maintenance of the content to ensure that it is up to date.
Driving specialist's ratings of on-road performance and naturalistic driving crashes and near-crashes.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the association between a Certified Driving Rehabilitation Specialist's (CDRS) ratings of on-road driving performance by older drivers and at-fault crash and near-crash involvement using naturalistic driving techniques where crashes and near-crashes are recorded in everyday driving through in-vehicle instrumentation. Methods This is a cohort study of 144 drivers aged 70 years and over who were recruited due to a recent ophthalmology clinic visit at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Baseline measurements consisted of demographics, visual status, and other health variables. At-fault crashes and near-crashes over 6 months were identified through instrumentation placed in their personal vehicle that recorded vehicle kinematics and video. After 6 months, a CDRS completed an on-road assessment and provided a composite rating on specific driving behaviors and a global score. Results Rate ratios examining the association between older drivers with worse CDRS composite scores and rates of at-fault crashes, at-fault near-crashes, and combined at-fault crashes and near-crashes were significantly higher compared to drivers with better scores. Results were similar for the CDRS global score. Conclusions Motor vehicle administrations use CDRS ratings to make decisions about licensure, and in clinical programs such as those based at rehabilitation clinics use them to make recommendations about fitness to drive and rehabilitation. This study suggests that these decisions and recommendations are valid from a safety standpoint.
Survey of Quaternary Neonatal Management of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus

Objective This study aimed to determine clinical care practices for infants at risk for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) across level IV neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Study Design Cross-sectional survey that addressed center-specific surveillance, neurosurgical intervention, and follow-up practices within the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium. Results We had a 59% (20/34 sites) response rate, with 10 sites having at least two participants. Respondents included neonatologists (53%) and neurosurgeons (35%). Most participants stated having a standard guideline for PHH (79%). Despite this, 42% of respondents perceive inconsistencies in management. Eight same-center pairs of neonatologists and neurosurgeons were used to determine response agreement. Half of these pairs disagreed on nearly all aspects of care. The greatest agreement pertained to a willingness to adopt a consensus-based protocol. Conclusion Practice variation in the management of infants at risk of PHH in level IV NICUs exists despite the perception that a common practice is available and used. Key Points
Eliciting Emotion and Action Increases Social Media Engagement: An Analysis of Influential Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the Instagram practices of current orthopaedic surgeons and the components associated with highest reach and interactions. Methods The top 25 orthopaedic surgeon Instagram profiles using the hashtag #ortho were ranked by the number of followers. Account information regarding followers, posts, engagement percentage, average likes, average comments, average video view, average video likes, average video comments, and estimated cost per post was recorded using social media marketing tools. An analysis of each Instagram profiles' top 10 posts, based on number of likes, was conducted. A coding framework was developed to categorized posting strategies utilized. Results Twenty-five Instagram accounts and 250 Instagram posts were included in the analysis. Accounts with increased engagement rating had a significantly greater number of likes and video views. When examining post characteristics that influenced the number of likes a post generated, posts that elicited negative emotions received 52.6% and 70.7% more likes than positive emotions (P = .04) and neutral emotions (P < .01), respectively. Upon assessment of posting characteristics that influenced the number of comments a post generated, promotional posts were shown to have 43.7% fewer comments than nonpromotional posts (P = .02). When evaluating factors that influenced total number of interactions a post generated, it was found that posts that asked questions generated 26.4% more interactions (P < .01) than those that do not. Conclusions The present investigation found that the most effective strategies to generate more interactions on Instagram are those that elicit emotional responses and provoke viewer engagement by asking questions and directing actions. Additionally, it was found that promotional content was not well received by viewers. Clinical Relevance Orthopaedic surgeons have an opportunity to connect with colleagues, patients, and interested viewers through social media platforms in order to enhance their practice, disseminate educational content, and contribute to the social media presence of orthopaedic surgery.
The Hobbesian Bargain: State-Building, Fiscal Capacity, and Preferences for Redistribution in Fragile States

What explains citizens' preferences for redistribution in fragile states? We examine fiscal capacity in the context of modern state-building in Afghanistan. As emergent governments struggle to supply their end of an "Hobbesian bargain" by establishing political order after state collapse, we argue that citizens' expectations of the government's policy direction are conditioned by newly-functioning political institutions. Absent a demonstrated record of fiscal capacity on the part of the state, these expectations importantly shape citizens' redistributive demands. We test our argument using nation-wide survey data from Afghanistan and an exogenous source of variation in individuals' political inclusion to proxy for perceptions of government policy direction. Results show that individuals who gain greater political inclusion through shared loyalties with elected politicians in the new regime demonstrate less support for redistribution, while those who perceive rent-seeking in government service delivery are more likely to "spread the wealth around." Forms of quasi-voluntary compliance and risk aversion are two conditions that mediate preferences in favor of redistribution, conditional on a fragile state's demonstration of fiscal potential. Findings remain robust to numerous sensitivity analyses and alternative explanations. The analysis contributes to important theoretical and policy questions focused on the institutional components of state-building, fiscal institutions, and economic development.
Implementation of In vivo exposure therapy to decrease injury-related fear in females with a history of ACL-Reconstruction: A pilot study.

Abstract Objective The objective of this pilot study was to examine the preliminary feasibility and efficacy of in vivo exposure therapy (IVET) to decrease injury-related fear in females with history of ACLR. Design Pilot Study. Setting Sports Medicine Research Laboratory. Participants 12 female participants with history of ACLR ( ≥ 1 year post-operative) were randomized into a 5-week IVET group (n = 6) or 5-week sham physical activity (PA) monitoring group (n = 6). Main outcome measures The independent variables were Group and Time. The dependent variables were the Photographic Series of Sports Activities for ACLR (PHOSA-ACLR) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) scores. A Group x Time repeated measures two-way analysis of variance was completed for the PHOSA-ACLR and the TSK-11. Partial η2 effect sizes were used to examine clinically meaningful differences. Results High retention and adherence rates were observed in the intervention group. The PHOSA-ACLR exhibited a significant main effect for Time (F1,10 = 9.92, p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.50), but not for Group. No statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences were observed for the TSK-11. Conclusion Both groups exhibited decreased injury-related fear for specific functional tasks. Future research should further examine the efficacy of IVET and PA monitoring to decrease injury-related fear in patients after ACLR.
Performing the nation in anti-colonial protest in interwar Morocco

This article applies a process approach to the study of nationalism, analysing anti-colonial protest in interwar Morocco to address how and why elite-constructed national identity resonates for larger audiences. Using Alexander's social performance model to study nationalist contention, it examines how a Muslim prayer ritual was re-purposed by Moroccan nationalists to galvanise mass protest against a French divide-and-rule colonial policy towards Moroccan Berbers that they believed threatened Morocco's ethno-religious national unity. By looking at how national identity was forged in the context of contentious performances and why certain religious (Islam) and ethnic (Arab) components were drawn on to define the Moroccan nation, this study offers a model for answering why national identity gets defined in specific ways and how the nation gains salience for broader publics as a category of collective identity.
SPICE modeling of cascade solar cells

An equivalent circuit representing a two-junction cascade solar cell is presented. The solar cell diode equations are applied. Terms for the light-generated currents, diffusion currents, space charge recombination currents, series and shunt resistance, the resistance for the window layer and the substrate, and the equivalent resistance for the tunnel diode are included. An AlGaAs/GaAs cascade solar cell is considered as an example. SPICE was used to simulate the cascade solar cell for the following: the cascade solar cell I-V curve with temperature as a parameter, the cascade cell P-V curves with temperature as a parameter, open-circuit voltage of the cascade cell versus temperature, and fill factor of the cascade cell versus temperature. The results of this SPICE simulation compared favorably with the data available in the published literature. >
PKC-θ: hitting the bull's eye.

How the kinase PKC-θ is targeted to the immunological synapse and is activated once there remains unclear. A targeting motif in PKC-θ and the previously unsuspected kinase GLK identified in two separate papers now explains this.
Chemically Induced Cofactor Requirement for Bacteriophage T4D

The treatment of bacteriophage T4D with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, a specific reagent for alkylating the indole ring of tryptophan residues, converts these particles from a cofactor-independent form to a cofactor-sensitive form. These treated T4D particles phenotypically resemble T4B particles in certain respects. Their ability to form plaques on minimal medium plates is increased by the addition of l-tryptophan and is inhibited by the addition of indole. In liquid medium, their rate of adsorption is dependent on the presence of the cofactor l-tryptophan. l-Tryptophan-requiring phage have been produced by in vitro assembly of treated tail-fiberless particles of a T4D amber mutant plus untreated tail fiber preparation. When treated tail fibers were used with untreated tail-fiberless particles, the newly assembled particles did not require cofactor. A model of the tail structure of all the T-even bacteriophages is presented which postulates that the active configuration of the tail fibers requires that there be either (i) an endogenous tryptophan residue of the phage particle itself or (ii) an exogenously added l-tryptophan molecule complexed with a specific tryptophan receptor site, most likely on the phage base plate.
Tablet Computing in Clinical Training of Pediatric Residents.

Abstract Background: Medical residents receive both medical education and clinical skills training. New technologies and pedagogies are being developed to address each of these phases. Our research focuses on the efficacy of an iPad® (Apple, Cupertino, CA) for clinical skills training. Materials and Methods: For a period of 3 years, the University of South Florida provided incoming pediatric residents (n=94) with an iPad. At the end of the 3-year program, we surveyed the residents, measuring perceptions and satisfaction of iPad use in clinical training. Results: Sixty percent of the residents responded to the survey. Ninety-three percent reported at least some iPad usage per day on clinical activities. We classified 13 facets of clinical training into three conceptual areas and provided figures detailing iPad use for each facet relative to other facets in the same cluster. The obtaining, management, and display of information are primary uses of iPad applications in clinical training. Finally, we provide ...
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Computer Physics

Computers provide tools suprisingly effective in analyzing physical processes. The interaction of analytical and computer methods of physical research has been synergistic. Examples are given of the conceptual advances which have been spurred by the interaction of computer and classical analysis. It is argued that a new age in physical research is beginning and that the power of computer tools has scarcely been tapped.
Power and gender: Violence and affection experienced by children in Barbados, West Indies

Discourses on violence conceptualize the phenomenon as a property of (1) individuals, (2) social circumstances, and (3) social relationships. Rigorous comparative tests fail to support the first and second hypotheses. Survey data collected in 1990 from a national random sample of 407 men and women aged twenty to forty‐five from the West Indian island of Barbados indicate that one of four experienced physical and emotional violence as children. Boys and girls were equally likely to be abused by both mothers (or other female caregivers) and fathers (or other male caregivers); stepparents were no more likely to treat children violently than were biological parents. However, the presence of a stepfather increased the likelihood that women battered their daughters and decreased the likelihood that women battered their sons. In general, powerful women protected their children from violence, treated them affectionately, and elicited affection for them from their men. The probability that a son experienced an aff...
The pterional-transsylvian approach: an analytical study.

OBJECTIVE: Splitting of the sylvian fissure (SF) improves exposure with the pterional (PT) approach. Traditionally, the choice of whether or not to split the SF and how far to open it has depended on the neurosurgeon's experience and preference rather than on quantifiable data. We undertook this study to evaluate the effects of progressive splitting of the SF on surgical exposure with the PT approach. METHODS: A PT craniotomy was performed on nine sides of cadaver heads. Splitting the SF was divided into four steps: 1) dissection of the basal cisterns, 2) dissection of the sphenoidal compartment, 3) dissection of the operculoinsular compartment to the anterior ascendant ramus, and 4) dissection progressing 2.0 cm distal to the anterior ascendant ramus. The degree of the retraction and the relative position of the brain retractors were kept constant. After each step, we used a computerized tracking system to measure the area of surgical exposure of the circle of Willis, the angles of approach to the carotid bifurcation, and the distance between the frontal lobe and skull base. RESULTS: Exposure of the circle of Willis, angles of approach to the carotid bifurcation, and linear distance between the frontal lobe and skull base all increased significantly as splitting of the SF progressed from Steps 1 to 2 and from Steps 2 to 3. There was no significant difference between Steps 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: Exposure of the basal cisterns and circle of Willis by the PT approach is optimized when dissection of the SF reaches the anterior ascendant ramus. Further splitting of the SF provides no additional gain.
Permeability changes induced in the adrenergic neurone by reserpine.

Abstract Rabbit heart slices preloaded with l- ord-metaraminol (l- ord-MA) showed relatively little washout of either amine, although only l-MA is stored in the adrenergic intraneuronal storage granules. Washout of either amine was enhanced by desipramine or ouabain, while tetrabenazine had no effect. Reserpine pretreatment caused a marked increase in the efflux rate of both l- and d-MA. in control slices, as well as those treated with desipramine or ouabain. The peak effect of reserpine occurred 18 hr after injection and after a dose of 0.5 mg/kg or higher. The dose and time required for effect on amine efflux differed from those required for maximal effects on the granular amine storage mechanism. Lowering the re-incubation temperature greatly inhibited the rate of amine efflux from control as well as drug-treated slices. It is concluded that high doses of reserpine greatly enhance, and cold effectively inhibits, the permeability of the adrenergic neurone membrane to the outward movement of amines.
Pulsatile Blood Flow and Oxygen Transport Past a Circular Cylinder

The fundamental study of blood flow past a circular cylinder filled with an oxygen source is investigated as a building block for an artificial lung. The Casson constitutive equation is used to describe the shear-thinning and yield stress properties of blood. The presence of hemoglobin is also considered. Far from the cylinder, a pulsatile blood flow in the x direction is prescribed, represented by a time periodic (sinusoidal) component superimposed on a steady velocity. The dimensionless parameters of interest for the characterization of the flow and transport are the steady Reynolds number (Re), Womersley parameter (alpha), pulsation amplitude (A), and the Schmidt number (Sc). The Hill equation is used to describe the saturation curve of hemoglobin with oxygen. Two different feed-gas mixtures were considered: pure O(2) and air. The flow and concentration fields were computed for Re=5, 10, and 40, 0< or =A< or =0.75, alpha=0.25, 0.4, and Schmidt number, Sc=1000. The Casson fluid properties result in reduced recirculations (when present) downstream of the cylinder as compared to a Newtonian fluid. These vortices oscillate in size and strength as A and alpha are varied. Hemoglobin enhances mass transport and is especially important for an air feed which is dominated by oxyhemoglobin dispersion near the cylinder. For a pure O(2) feed, oxygen transport in the plasma dominates near the cylinder. Maximum oxygen transport is achieved by operating near steady flow (small A) for both feed-gas mixtures. The time averaged Sherwood number, Sh, is found to be largely influenced by the steady Reynolds number, increasing as Re increases and decreasing with A. Little change is observed with varying alpha for the ranges investigated. The effect of pulsatility on Sh is greater at larger Re. Increasing Re aids transport, but yields a higher cylinder drag force and shear stresses on the cylinder surface which are potentially undesirable.
On isotope effects for the cytochrome P-450 oxidation of substituted N,N-dimethylanilines

Isotope effects were determined for the oxidative demethylation of the substituted N-methyl-N -(trideuteriomethyl)anilines 1a-d, and the corresponding N,N-bis(dideuteriomethyl)anilines 2a-d, by microsomal cytochrome P-450. The pairs of p-cyano- and p-nitro-N,N-dimethylanilines were found to have the same intramolecular isotope effects, while the unsubstituted and p-chloro derivatives had different isotope effects. It is concluded that, in general, intramolecular isotope effects measured for the enzymatic oxidations of N-methyl-N-(trideuteriomethyl)anilines are susceptible to masking
REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE BY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL AND PROGESTERONE IN CULTURED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS

Cultures of primary explanted rabbit endometrium epithelial cells were found to be a mixture of dividing or cycling (20%) and non-dividing or GO (80%) cells. The addition of diethylstilbestrol had the effect of switching most of the GO cells into the cell cycle and to shorten the length of the cell cycle through a shortening of G1 and S. Progesterone had the opposite effects.
Differential Ion Mobility Separations of Peptides with Resolving Power Exceeding 50

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) or field asymmetric waveform IMS (FAIMS) separates gas-phase ions by mobility differences with respect to the electric field intensity. A major emerging FAIMS application is the fractionation of proteolytic digests. Using a planar FAIMS unit with helium/nitrogen mixtures, we have increased FAIMS resolving powers for peptide analyses from the prior maximum of ∼20−30 to ∼50−70. The resolution improved nearly 3-fold, allowing, in particular, separation of previously unresolved conformers.
Parallel programming with control abstraction

Parallel programming involves finding the potential parallelism in an application and mapping it to the architecture at hand. Since a typical application has more potential parallelism than any single architecture can exploit effectively, programmers usually limit their focus to the parallelism that the available control constructs express easily and that the given architecture exploits efficiently. This approach produces programs that exhibit much less parallelism that exists in the application, and whose performance depends critically on the underlying hardware and software.We argue for an alternative approach based on control abstraction. Control abstraction is the process by which programmers define new control constructs, specifying constraints on statement ordering separately from an implementation of that ordering. With control abstraction programmers can define and use a rich variety of control constructs to represent an algorithm's potential parallelism.Since control abstraction separates the definition of a construct from its implementation, a construct may have several different implementations, each exploiting a different subset of the parallelism admitted by the construct. By selecting an implementation for each control construct using annotations, a programmer can vary the parallelism in a program to best exploit the underlying hardware without otherwise changing the source code. This approach produces programs that exhibit most of the potential parallelism in an algorithm, and whose performance can be tuned simply by choosing among the various implementations for the control constructs in use.
Language Maintenance versus Language of Instruction: Spanish Reading Development among Latino and Latina Bilingual Learners

Latino/a children who attend schools in the United States must learn English well for schooling success. However, bilingualism is associated with achievement in both cognition and general literacy, which are core components of academic development. We examined the growth of Spanish reading comprehension among 101 Spanish-English bilingual Latino/a children in second through fifth grade in three urban U.S. districts. The students received literacy instruction in one of three groups: English-only, Spanish-only, and bilingual. Language of instruction had a significant effect on Spanish reading, but students who received Spanish language instruction were losing Spanish literacy skills relative to the norming sample for the reading assessment. English reading and Spanish vocabulary were predictive of Spanish reading, but socioeconomic variables were not. Heritage language loss is described as paradoxical because Spanish and English reading skills are intertwined and biliteracy is associated with better economic opportunities for Latino/as in the U.S. job market.
Induction of immune interferon by murine cytomegalovirus.

SummaryStudies were initiated in mice to develop a model of cell-mediated immunity to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Immune interferon was produced in response to MCMV antigens in cultures of splenic lymphocytes from mice infected 7, 10, and 14 days previously. However, there was no lymphocyte transformation as measured by antigen-specific enhancement of [3H]thymidine uptake. Lymphocyte transformation in response to phytohemaggluti-nin (PHA) was transiently suppressed in lymphocytes of MCMV-infected mice.This study was conducted during the senior author's (MWR) sabbatical at the Laboratory of Oral Medicine, NIDR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. He wishes to thank Dr. Abner L. Notkins, Chief of the Laboratory of Oral Medicine, for his help with the study and his constructive criticism of the manuscript.
Mass measurements of particles stopping in the emulsion by the Constant Sagitta method

Scattering measurements by the Constant Sagitta method, using a scattering scheme based on the Gottingen tables (4), were made on tracks of particles stopping in the emulsion and at least 3 cm long. The following general results were obtained: (i) The mean value of the sagitta,\(\bar D\), for protons was found to be about 3% in excess of the theoretical value. (ii) The spread of the experimental observations of\(\bar D\) corresponds quite closely to its expected statistical value calculated on the basis of the\(75/\sqrt N \% \) formula for the standard error. A good resolution for proton and deuteron groups was obtained on the basis of 3 cm and 2 cm track lengths. (iii) The range-energy exponent deduced from the observations on deuteron/proton and triton/proton mass ratios and from the variation of the value of\(\bar D\) with residual range was found to be in good agreement with the value 0.568 ofFayet al. (4) andVigneron (12). (iv) No particle corresponding to a 1450 me meson suggested byFowler andPerkins (9) was observed, although the present statistics are not sufficient to exclude definitely the existence of such a particle.
Territoriality and obsessive-compulsive symptoms

We proposed a relationship between territoriality and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and derived and tested several hypotheses. We predicted that territoriality could be adequately assessed by a new self-report measure, that a nonspurious and significant relationship exists between territoriality and OC symptoms and disorder, that territoriality would serve as a risk for the future increase of OC symptoms, and that OC disorder (OCD) patients would manifest their territoriality needs by choosing to sit farther from their therapists than non-OCD patients. Results from four studies on nonpatient and patient samples were consistent with our preliminary conceptualization, which deserves continued development and research attention.
Density-functional study of small molecules within the Krieger-Li-Iafrate approximation

We report density-functional studies of several small molecules $({\mathrm{H}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ CO, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},$ and ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4})$ within the Krieger-Li-Iafrate (KLI) approximation to the exact Kohn-Sham local exchange potential, using a three-dimensional real-space finite-difference pseudopotential method. It is found that the exchange-only KLI approximation leads to markedly improved eigenvalue spectra compared to those obtained within the standard local-density approximation (LDA), the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and the Hartree-Fock (HF) method. For structural properties, exchange-only KLI approximation results are close to the corresponding HF values. We find that the addition of LDA or GGA correlation energy functionals does not lead to systematic improvements.
Cyclic variations in cell-mediated immunity to skin allografts detected by the technetium-99m microcytotoxicity assay.

Abstract The technetium-99m microcytotoxicity assay has been used to detect cell-mediated immunity in CS7BL/6 mice sensitized with A/J skin allografts. Our initial studies of the quantitative in vitro assessment of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in mice rejecting first-set skin allografts revealed a simple monophasic response peaking at 14 days postgrafting and declining to control levels by 21 days. Subsequent experiments in which the development and persistence of immunity was assessed at daily intervals from 9–21 days postgrafting revealed that the response was considerably more complex. A cyclic rise and fall in killer activity was evident. The first peak occurred 10–13 days after grafting and the second one 3–5 days later. A third peak of cytotoxic activity sometimes could be detected 16–19 days postgrafting. An attempt was made to characterize the phenomenon by studying the cytocidal effects resulting from the admixture of high- and low-responding lymphocyte populations. An intermediate effect generally was observed when lymphocytes with maximal killer activity were combined in equal numbers with those having decreased reactivity. Varying the ratio of high-and low-responding cells resulted in changes in the net killing effect which was consistent with dilution of more reactive lymphocytes with less reactive ones. Mixing lymphocytes from two peak periods produced a maximum killing effect at all effector to target cell multiplicities. Failure to demonstrate modulation of the reactivity of high-responding cells by low-responding ones suggests that these cyclic variations were not mediated by suppressor cells although a role for humoral factors cannot be excluded at the present time. Alternatively, the cyclic pattern may have been due to the specific depletion and subsequent regeneration of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of sensitized animals.
Meteorological influences on Loran-C ground wave propagation

Abstract Phase variations of approximately 36° (one microsecond) have been observed and recorded on a 1000 km Loran- C overland propagation path. This path extends from Carolina Beach, N.C., to Dana, Indiana, the Master and Z -slave, respectively, of the U.S. East Coast Loran- C chain. These phase variations are large compared with the receiver resolution of 0.1 μs or better. A special test to study this propagation path was conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard in the winter and spring of 1970. Analysis of data taken between 11 and 22 February from five monitoring stations is presented. Four stations measured Loran phase variations, and three stations recorded weather parameters. A significant correlation was obtained between the secondary phase delay and the dry term of the refractive index. Since the phase variations are at least an order of magnitude greater than can be explained by the wave propagation time at the speed of light in air, the correlation obtained is explained in terms of the α factor. The α factor is related to the lapse rate of the refractive index (with altitude), and these low frequency measurements appear to be a sensitive means for detecting changes in the lapse rate. As a consequence of this analysis, we can predict that a phase change will occur before the passage of a warm front and after the passage of a cold front at the surface of the ground.
Characterization of transverse tubule membrane proteins: tentative identification of the Mg-ATPase.

Abstract Vesiculated fragments of chicken skeletal muscle transverse tubule (TT) membranes were analyzed for their content of loosely associated and integral membrane proteins. Of particular interest was the identification of the magnesium-stimulated ATPase (Mg-ATPase), which is characteristically located in native isolated TT vesicles of chicken skeletal muscle [ R. A. Sabbadini and V. R. Okamoto (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 223 , 107–119]. A number of the proteins found in vesicular TT preparations were found to be extractable by a mild Triton-X100 treatment and were identified as aldolase, enolase, creatine kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. Approximately 60% of TT-associated protein was extracted with Triton, resulting in a twofold enrichment of the Mg-ATPase. Concommitantly, one core integral membrane protein possessing a M r of 102,000 was enriched, suggesting that it is responsible for the Mg-ATPase activity present in chicken skeletal muscle TT membranes.
Theory in Social Psychology: Seeing the Forest and the Trees

The phenomena social psychology seeks to explain–how people think, feel, and act in response to social situations–are rich and diverse. Therefore, explanatory power, the simplicity of a model relative to its empirical scope, is an important desideratum for social psychological theories. A model achieves high explanatory power to the extent that it integrates narrower models within a unified conceptualization, reconciles conflicting findings, and makes novel predictions regarding specific phenomena. This article first relates explanatory power to the various facets of scientific inquiry (modeling, derivation, observation, evaluation, and decision) and then discusses this criterion as a guide for 2 theory-based lines of research my colleagues and I have conducted in the area of social judgment and decision making.
Mechanistic investigations of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction as a two part enantioselective reaction

Abstract Herein, we report a mechanistic investigation of an enantioselective tandem Mukaiyama aldol reaction, consisting of a carbon–carbon bond-forming reaction and a silylation protection step in which the enantioselectivity results exclusively from the silylation step. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a Lewis base paired with a chiral quarternary ammonium salt. Mechanistic studies indicate that the enantioselectivity of the silylation step is a kinetic resolution of the aldolate intermediate. The effects of sterics and electronics on the aldehyde starting material are also presented.
A silyl-α-cyclodextrin intermediate. Preparation and characterization of dodeca- t -butyldimethylsilyl-hexahydroxy-α-cyclodextrin

The title compound (II) was prepared by treating dry, purified α-cyclodextrin with 20 equivalents oft-butyldimethylsilyl chloride 20 hr at 110° in DMF/pyridine. Work-up of the product mixture gave 60%II, which was identified by1H and13C NMR. Treatment ofII with Bu4NF 6 hr in refluxing dry THF efficiently removed the protecting groups.
Preparation, resonance assignment, and preliminary dynamics characterization of residue specific 13C/15N-labeled elongated DNA for the study of sequence-directed dynamics by NMR.

DNA is a highly flexible molecule that undergoes functionally important structural transitions in response to external cellular stimuli. Atomic level spin relaxation NMR studies of DNA dynamics have been limited to short duplexes in which sensitivity to biologically relevant fluctuations occurring at nanosecond timescales is often inadequate. Here, we introduce a method for preparing residue-specific 13C/15N-labeled elongated DNA along with a strategy for establishing resonance assignments and apply the approach to probe fast inter-helical bending motions induced by an adenine tract. Preliminary results suggest the presence of elevated A-tract independent end-fraying internal motions occurring at nanosecond timescales, which evade detection in short DNA constructs and that penetrate deep (7 bp) within the DNA helix and gradually fade away towards the helix interior.
Part 1: N-Alkylated glycines as potent α2δ ligands

A new series of glycine-derived ligands of the α(2)δ subunit of voltage gated calcium channels is described. Several novel compounds (7) based on (6) were prepared that possessed a potency <100 nM in the α(2)δ binding assay.
Lattice Symmetries And Thermal Expansion

It is well known that many of the thermomechanical properties of crystals are due to anhannonic effects in the motion of the atoms. The anhannonic terms in the potential energy which lead to this behavior depend, in part, on the symmetry of the crystal lattice. Thus the thermomechanical properties of the crystal, including the coefficient of thermal expansion, depend on the point group of the lattice. In order to study this symmetry dependence the path integral representation of the density matrix in the adiabatic approximation is used here to evaluate the thermal expectation value of the atomic positions. From this result the approximate scaling behavior of the atomic displacement with temperature, mass, bond strength (harmonic coupling), and anharmonic coupling is determined. The path integral calculation is fully quantum mechanical and can be used, in principle, to derive all the thermomechanical properties of the crystal within the adiabatic approximation.
Internal conversion coefficients in the decay of 57Co

Abstract The K and total conversion coefficients in the decay of 57 Co are measured to be α K (136) = 0.122±0.013, α T (136) = 0.137±0.015, α K (122) = 0.0214±0.0012, α T (122) = 0.0240±0.0014, α K (14) = 9.1±0.8, α T (14) = 10.2±0.9. All published values of conversion coefficients of the 14 keV transition are summarized and weighted averages computed. The conversion coefficients of all three transitions are used to determine transition multipolarities. It is determined that (87.0±1.5)% of the transitions depopulating the 136 keV level are 122 keV transitions.
Haltevorrichtung für Messsysteme zur Durchführung der Konstanzprüfung von Linearbeschleunigern nach DIN 6847-5

According to the German Industrial Norm DIN 6847-5 for constancy tests of linear accelerators, the measurements of the dose-monitor calibration and of the flatness of electron and photon beams for four different gantry angles are mandatory. The mounting devices developed in the Clinic for Radiation Therapy in Augsburg offer the possibility to perform all necessary constancy tests.
Methodological issues in the study of sex-related differences

Abstract Ten ubiquitous methodological problems are described in relation to group differences research and particularly sex-related research. Substantive issues in sex-related research are used as illustrations of the methodological problems.
The heat of mixing electrolytes: The cross-square rule in the solvent N-methylacetamide

The six possible heats of mixing of the system Na+, Pr4N+−Br−, I− have been measured at 35°C in the solvent N-methylacetamide at an ionic strength of 0.5. The cross-square rule of T. F. Young(1,2) does not hold accurately, and there are strong attractive forces between a cation and an anion. The largest effect in the heats of mixing is the formation of tetra-n-propylammonium iodide interactions. The data is compared to that of the Na+,K+−Cl−,NO3− system in water.
Effects of entrapment on nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of pure cultures commonly found in biological wastewater treatment

The effects of cell entrapment on nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of major groups of bacteria (betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria) in biological municipal wastewater treatment were investigated. Three different entrapment media (alginate, carrageenan, and polyvinyl alcohol) were examined. Results indicated that the entrapment and type of entrapment media affected nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of the three representative species (Alcaligenes faecalis, Comamonas testosteroni, and Pseudomonas putida) studied. The highest deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid increases were observed with the alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) entrapment, respectively. A cell morphological change from bacilli to coccoidal was observed in the case of alginate entrapment while the PVA-entrapped cells had a slim morphology when compared to non-entrapped cells and formed putative nanowires. The entrapment increased or decreased the surface roughness of cells depending on the type of entrapment media. Expression of a nitrosative stress gene, which is linked to oxygen deprivation, was observed more in the alginate-entrapped cells. These research findings advance the fundamental understanding of the entrapped cell physiology which can lead to more efficient entrapped cell-based wastewater treatment.
Parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts and sexual receptivity in the female rat.

Abstract In spayed female rats, bilateral parasagittal knife cuts lateral to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus eliminated or severely attenuated sexual receptiveness induced by injections of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. Apparently, axons leaving and/or entering the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus in the lateral plane are importantly involved in the display of sexual receptivity in the female rat.
Structural changes in GroEL effected by binding a denatured protein substrate.

In the absence of nucleotides or cofactors, the Escherichia coli chaperonin GroEL binds select proteins in non-native conformations, such as denatured glutamine synthetase (GS) monomers, preventing their aggregation and spontaneous renaturation. The nature of the GroEL-GS complexes thus formed, specifically the effect on the conformation of the GroEL tetradecamer, has been examined by electron microscopy. We find that specimens of GroEL-GS are visibly heterogeneous, due to incomplete loading of GroEL with GS. Images contain particles indistinguishable from GroEL alone, and also those with consistent identifiable differences. Side-views of the modified particles reveal additional protein density at one end of the GroEL-GS complex, and end-views display chirality in the heptameric projection not seen in the unliganded GroEL. The coordinate appearance of these two projection differences suggests that binding of GS, as representative of a class of protein substrates, induces or stabilizes a conformation of GroEL that differs from the unliganded chaperonin. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the GroEL-GS complex reveals the location of the bound protein substrate, as well as complex conformational changes in GroEL itself, both cis and trans with respect to the bound GS. The most apparent structural alterations are inward movements of the apical domains of both GroEL heptamers, protrusion of the substrate protein from the cavity of the cis ring, and a narrowing of the unoccupied opening of the trans ring.
pY RNA1-s2: a highly retina-enriched small RNA that selectively binds to Matrin 3 (Matr3)

The purpose of this study was to expand our knowledge of small RNAs, which are known to function within protein complexes to modulate the transcriptional output of the cell. Here we describe two previously unrecognized, small RNAs, termed pY RNA1-s1 and pY RNA1-s2 (processed Y RNA1-stem −1 and −2), thereby expanding the list of known small RNAs. pY RNA1-s1 and pY RNA1-s2 were discovered by RNA sequencing and found to be 20-fold more abundant in the retina than in 14 other rat tissues. Retinal expression of pY RNAs is highly conserved, including expression in the human retina, and occurs in all retinal cell layers. Mass spectrometric analysis of pY RNA1-S2 binding proteins in retina indicates that pY RNA1-s2 selectively binds the nuclear matrix protein Matrin 3 (Matr3) and to a lesser degree to hnrpul1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like protein). In contrast, pY RNA1-s1 does not bind these proteins. Accordingly, the molecular mechanism of action of pY RNA1-s2 is likely be through an action involving Matr3; this 95 kDa protein has two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and is implicated in transcription and RNA-editing. The high affinity binding of pY RNA1-s2 to Matr3 is strongly dependent on the sequence of the RNA and both RRMs of Matr3. Related studies also indicate that elements outside of the RRM region contribute to binding specificity and that phosphorylation enhances pY RNA-s2/Matr3 binding. These observations are of significance because they reveal that a previously unrecognized small RNA, pY RNA1-s2, binds selectively to Matr3. Hypothetically, pY RNA1-S2 might act to modulate cellular function through this molecular mechanism. The retinal enrichment of pY RNA1-s2 provides reason to suspect that the pY RNA1-s2/Matr3 interaction could play a role in vision.