cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole binding to T box antiterminator RNA

Abstract The T box riboswitch regulates the transcription of many bacterial genes by structurally responding to cognate non-aminoacylated (uncharged) tRNA. The riboswitch contains multiple conserved RNA elements including a key structural element, the antiterminator, which binds the tRNA acceptor end nucleotides. Previous studies identified a lead 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole, GHB-7, that disrupted formation of a tRNA–antiterminator RNA model complex. The affinity and molecular interactions of GHB-7 binding to antiterminator model RNA were characterized as part of a comprehensive T box antiterminator RNA-targeted drug discovery project. In-line probing, UV-monitored thermal denaturation and docking studies all consistently indicated that GHB-7 likely binds to the bulge region of the antiterminator, reduces the flexibility of the bulge nucleotides and, overall, stabilizes the RNA secondary structure. These results begin to elucidate possible mechanisms for ligand-induced inhibition of tRNA binding to T box antiterminator RNA and contribute to the knowledge of how small molecules bind relatively simple RNA structural elements such as bulges.
Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Soils Using near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and a Fibre-Optic Probe:

The objective of this work was to investigate the usefulness of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy in conjunction with a fibre-optic probe for determining various constituents (total N, organic C, active N, biomass and mineralisable N and pH) in agricultural soils. A NIRSystems model 6500 spectrometer equipped with a fibre-optic reflectance probe was used to scan soil samples (n = 180) obtained from experimental plots at two locations with three replicate plots under plow and no till practices at each location with three rates of NH4NO3 for each plot (2 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 36). For each of these, samples were taken from five depths for a total of 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 5 or 180 samples. Optimal calibrations were achieved using first derivative spectra, and only data from 1100 to 2300 nm, with every 20 data points averaged from 1900 to 2300 nm. Compared to results achieved using a spinning cup, the use of the probe resulted in more concentration outliers (up to 6% with probe and none with the spinning cup), the reason for which is unknown. Otherwise, the final calibration results were quite similar to those achieved using a spinning cup to obtain spectra, with calibration (outliers removed) R2 and RMSD/Mean of 0.96, 6.6; 0.95, 6.5; 0.88, 15.3; and 0.80, 19.3; for organic C, total N, active N and biomass N, respectively. The R2 and RMSD for pH were 0.80 and 4.5 pH units, respectively. In summary, the work presented here demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy, based on data obtained using a fibre-optic probe, can be successfully used to determine compositional parameters of agricultural soils (particularly organic C and total N). However, there appeared to be a greater problem with outliers when using a fibre-optic probe than was true when obtaining spectra using a spinning cup.
Preferential Inhibition of Penicillinase Induction by Oxytetracycline and Its Effect on the Penicillin Susceptibility of Staphylococci

Exposure of penicillinase-producing staphylococci to a combination of penicillin and oxytetracycline resulted in a synergistic inhibitory activity of the antibiotics on the bacteria. Oxytetracycline was employed in concentrations having little or no effect on bacterial growth. It was found that the synergistic antibacterial effect was caused by the preferential inhibition of penicillinase induction by oxytetracycline, rendering the staphylococci more susceptible to penicillin.
Analysis of Luteal Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, -2, and -3 During Prostaglandin F2α-Induced Luteolysis

Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activities help to mediate tissue involution through increasing extracellular matrix remodeling and promoting dedifferentiation and, ultimately, apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that prostaglandin (PG) F2a administration would decrease expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2, and -3 and effectively increase the MMP:TIMP ratio, leading to glandular involution. In experiment 1, we tested the effects of PGF2a administration (Day 10 postestrus; Day 0 5 estrus) on luteal TIMP-1, -2, and -3 mRNA and protein expression. Corpora lutea were collected at 0, 15, or 30 min or at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h following PGF2a administration (n 5 3‐9 animals/time point). Following PGF2a administration, TIMP-1 mRNA levels decreased (P , 0.05) at 1 an d2hr elative to 0 h (controls), then increased to levels greater than controls at 4 and 6 h. In contrast, TIMP-2 and -3 mRNA levels did not decrease following PGF2a administration. The TIMP-1, -2, and -3 proteins were localized to large luteal cells (LLCs) within control (untreated) tissues. However, histodepletion of TIMP-1 within LLCs was evident within 30 min (earliest time point collected) following PGF2a injection and continued through 48 h. Luteal concentration of TIMP-1, as determined by RIA, was decreased (P , 0.05) by 15 min (earliest time point collected) following PGF2a administration and remained low through 48 h. In contrast, TIMP-2 and -3 immunolocalization was not altered by PGF2a administration. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if PGF2a could initiate the preceding changes in TIMP-1 in early (Day 3) corpora lutea that can bind PGF2a but are refractory to its luteolytic effects. Serum concentrations of progesterone and luteal concentrations of TIMP-1 mRNA and protein were similar at 0 and 6 h after PGF2a injection on Day 3 postestrus. These data suggest that an early and sustained effect of PGF2a is the specific depletion of TIMP-1 within LLCs that are capable of responding to the luteolytic action of PGF2a. This action may increase the MMP:TIMP-1 ratio, creating an environment that favors extracellular matrix degradation and, thereby, facilitates both functional and structural regression.
Design of 4D treatment planning target volumes

Purpose: When using non–patient-specific treatment planning margins, respiratory motion may lead to geometric miss of the target while unnecessarily irradiating normal tissue. Imaging different respiratory states of a patient allows patient-specific target design. We used four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) to characterize tumor motion and create treatment volumes in 10 patients with lung cancer. These were compared with standard treatment volumes. Methods and Materials: Four-dimensional CT and free breathing helical CT data of 10 patients were acquired. Gross target volumes (GTV) were delineated on the helical scan as well as on each phase of the 4D data. Composite GTVs were defined on 4DCT. Planning target volumes (PTV) including clinical target volume, internal margin (IM), and setup margin were generated. 4DPTVs with different IMs and standard PTVs were compared by computing centroid positions, volumes, volumetric overlap, and bounding boxes. Results: Four-dimensional PTVs and conventional PTVs differed in volume and centroid positions. Overlap between 4DPTVs generated from two extreme tumor positions only compared with 10 respiratory phases was 93.7%. Comparing PTVs with margins of 15 mm (IM 5 mm) on composite 4D target volumes to PTVs with 20 mm (IM 10 mm) on helical CT data resulted in a decrease in target volume sizes by 23% on average. Conclusion: With patient-specific characterization of tumor motion, it should be possible to decrease internal margins. Patient-specific treatment volumes can be generated using extreme tumor positions on 4DCT. To date, more than 150 patients have been treated using 4D target design.
Recent advances in Philadelphia chromosome-positive malignancies: the potential role of arsenic trioxide.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of the Bcr-Abl fusion gene, which encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that has been strongly implicated as the sole oncogenic abnormality in early-stage CML. Treatment with the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate has achieved excellent results in CML, at all stages of the disease. However, limitations to the successful use of imatinib mesylate as a single agent include the problem of resistance, seen chiefly in patients with advanced-phase disease. This review summarizes the clinical results to date with imatinib mesylate and briefly discusses the problem of resistance before describing potential strategies, including the use of combination therapy. In particular, the rationale for combination therapy with arsenic trioxide will be examined.
1-Adamantyl propargyl ether

1-Adamantyl propargyl ether, C13H18O, crystallizes in the `extended' conformation with a close contact between the acetyl­enic H atom and the O atom of an adjacent mol­ecule.
Directional scanning of complex electromagnetic environments

A directional scanning technique is formulated for determining characteristics of an electromagnetic (EM) environment with a relatively small number of measurements, and results of a simulated application are presented. The method relies on measurements with a directional probe to obtain information about the coefficients in a planewave expansion of the field within a large volume. The simulation indicates that although the spatial variation of the field can not be accurately determined, the spatial average of the field intensity can.
Physical and chemical basis of carbon isotope fractionation in plants

Naturally-occurring variations in the abundances of the stable isotopes of carbon and other elements can be used to understand the dynamics of natural processes in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, medicine, ecology and other fields. The use of carbon-13 isotopic abundances as an indicator of photosynthetic function in plants has become common. The purpose of this article is to describe the physical and chemical processes that contribute to the abundances of carbon-13 in plant materials, and to provide a framework for understanding how those processes control the isotopic contents of natural materials.
Residents, recreationists, ridge regression, and revenues:the five r's of florida's motor- tax

Ridge regression is applied to the question of how to revise Florida's motor-fuel tax to remedy the shortfall of its transportation revenues. Along the way a model of gasoline consumption by residents and tourists is presented, and the differences in consumption patterns between the two types of purchasers are reported.
Family conflict among Chinese- and Mexican-origin adolescents and their parents in the U.S.: An introduction

This volume explores how cultural and family contexts inform parent‐adolescent confl ict and adjustment among Chinese- and Mexican-origin families in the United States. Collectively, the chapters examine outcomes associated with family confl ict and provide an in-depth analysis of how and for whom confl ict is related to adjustment. Findings, for example, illustrate how cultural factors (e.g., acculturation) modify the links between confl ict and adjustment. Furthermore, the collection allows for a simultaneous examination of normative, everyday parent‐adolescent confl ict and confl ict that is specifi c to the process of cultural adaptation, and furthers our understanding of how both developmental and cultural sources of confl ict are linked to adjustment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 349: Elevated Troponin: How Well Does it Predict a Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Background: Cardiac troponins are highly sensitive for detection of myocardial necrosis and considered the reference standard for diagnosing acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Due to high sensitivity and widespread use in patients with low likelihood of ACS, the positive predictive value (PPV) of elevated troponin for determining ACS may be limited. Methods: From 2006-2007, all patients with elevated troponin ( > 0.03 ng/dL) at our facility were evaluated by an attending cardiologist within 24 hours of a positive troponin in order to determine the presence or absence of ACS. Patients were tracked during their hospitalization with data gathered prospectively in a database maintained for quality purposes. We conducted a cross sectional investigation of patients in this database to ascertain the PPV of elevated troponin for diagnosing ACS. Baseline characteristics and symptoms for patients with and without ACS were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine correlations between the diagnosis of ACS and patient characteristics, symptoms and other objective findings. Results: 1018 patients were included. Mean initial troponin value was higher for patients with ACS (0.42 versus 0.13, p < 0.0001). Overall, the PPV of elevated troponin for diagnosing ACS was only 29.8%. The PPV varied widely depending on the initial symptom reported (highest, chest pain 48.8%; lowest, low energy 2.3%). In multivariate logistic regression, few patient characteristics were correlated with ACS, including smoking (odds ratio [OR] 4.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.45-7.76, p < 0.0001) and hyperlipidemia (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16-2.27, p=0.005). New electrocardiogram changes (OR 5.43, 95% CI 3.49-8.46, p<0.0001) and troponin value greater than 10 fold above upper limit of normal (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.12-6.96, p=0.028) were correlated with ACS. The only symptom correlated with ACS was chest pain (OR 5.00, 95% CI 3.51-7.13). Conclusion: Elevated troponin alone has weak PPV for diagnosing ACS when adjudicated by an attending cardiologist. Troponin elevations were observed with various presenting symptoms, and the PPV was dependent on chief complaint. New electrocardiogram changes, level of troponin elevation, chest pain, and smoking were strongly correlated with the diagnosis of ACS.
Sustainable desalination using solar energy

Global potable water demand is expected to grow, particularly in areas where freshwater supplies are limited. Production and supply of potable water requires significant amounts of energy, which is currently being derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels. Since energy production from fossil fuels also requires water, current practice of potable water supply powered by fossil fuel derived energy is not a sustainable approach. In this paper, a sustainable phase-change desalination process is presented that is driven solely by solar energy without any reliance on grid power. This process exploits natural gravity and barometric pressure head to maintain near vacuum conditions in an evaporation chamber. Because of the vacuum conditions, evaporation occurs at near ambient temperature, with minimal thermal energy input for phase change. This configuration enables the process to be driven by low-grade heat sources such as solar energy or waste heat streams. Results of theoretical analysis and prototype scale experimental studies conducted to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of operating the process using solar energy are presented. Predictions made by the theoretical model correlated well with measured performance data with r 2 > 0.94. Test results showed that, using direct solar energy alone, the system could produce up to 7.5 L/day of freshwater per m 2 of evaporator area. With the addition of a photovoltaic panel area of 6 m
Characterization of submillimeter-wave Schottky diodes in the 500–750 GHz band using micromachined on-wafer probes

For the first time, direct measurement and characterization of planar Schottky diodes using micromachined on-wafer probes operating from 500 to 750 GHz is described. The Schottky diodes are fabricated on a GaAs substrate and integrated into a coplanar waveguide to allow direct measurement of the device calibrated scattering parameters using CPW probes. The measurements are used to establish and verify equivalent circuit models and parasitics for submillimeter-wave diodes that, previously, were based solely on simulation or scaling of measurements done at microwave frequencies.
Development of a FACTS Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

This paper describes an approach to simulate the bulk power transmission system using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) FACTS devices. The architecture of the HIL simulation is described and a DSP-PC-based UPFC device designed for HIL simulation is presented. The implementation of UPFC hardware, software and basic control are discussed. Experimental results are provided to support the proposed concept.
Sub-Kolmogorov resolution partical image velocimetry measurements of particle-laden forced turbulence

Previous studies have shown that a dilute dispersion of fine particles can either augment or attenuate the gas-phase turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). However, such turbulence modification is not accurately captured by numerical simulation models. A critical reason is that the models do not incorporate flow distortion occurring at small scales on the order of the particle diameter or the Kolmogorov scale. These scales are too small to be resolved by most experiments and simulations, so the small-scale effects remain poorly understood. The main objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the small-scale turbulence structures that affect the overall turbulence modification to improve understanding and prediction of the macroscopic turbulence modification. A high resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was developed that provided two-dimensional velocity field measurements with a sub-Kolmogorov vector spacing of 60 μm. Measurements of gas-phase isotropic turbulence were performed in the facility developed by Hwang & Eaton (Exp. Fluids, vol. 36 (3), 2004a, p. 444) in the presence of dispersed 500 μm glass, 250 μm glass or 250 μm polystyrene particles at mass loading ratio up to 0.45. The Reynolds number based on the Taylor microscale was 130 for the unladen case. The TKE was attenuated by up to 25 % in the presence of particles. The high-resolution measurements of the dissipation rate show that changes in the dissipation rate are smaller than changes to the TKE, in contrast to previous underresolved experiments. An analysis of a large set of PIV images allowed calculation of the average turbulence distortion around particles. The measurements also showed strong damping of the TKE and strong augmentation of the dissipation rate in a roughly spherical region surrounding the particles.
Comparing vascular smooth muscle cell population migration on various surface chemistry modifications

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration has been correlated with intimal hyperplasia (IH) after vascular interventions such as angioplasty, stenting, and vascular graft surgery. Therefore, therapies targeting inhibition of VSMC migration may lead to higher patency rates in vascular grafts and reduced IH in other vascular interventions. This study attempts to understand the relationship with a/sub v//spl beta//sub 3/ and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) integrin-ligand affinity and cell population migration. Surfaces are modified with Linear GRGDSP, Cyclic GPenGRGDSPCA, and negative control GRADSP. Culture dish polystyrene and YIGSR were also compared. Areas containing VSMC populations expanded over four days. At the end of 96 hours, Linear-RGD, cyclic-RGD, neg-GRAD, YIGSR, and plastic control increased area ratio by 1.22 /spl plusmn/ 0.04, 1.19 /spl plusmn/ 0.11, 1.10 /spl plusmn/ 0.20, 1.18 /spl plusmn/ 0.10 and 1.13 /spl plusmn/ 0.01, respectively.
Looking Deathworthy Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes

Researchers previously have investigated the role of race in capital sentencing, and in particular, whether the race of the defendant or victim influences the likelihood of a death sentence. In the present study, we examined whether the likelihood of being sentenced to death is influenced by the degree to which a Black defendant is perceived to have a stereotypically Black appearance. Controlling for a wide array of factors, we found that in cases involving a White victim, the more stereotypically Black a defendant is perceived to be, the more likely that person is to be sentenced to death.
Using semantic knowledge of partitioning and allocation of data in distributed databases

Designing distributed databases involves determining how data sets are to be partitioned and spread over multiple sites in a network in order to achieve good performance. This paper presents a methodology for partitioning and allocating data while designing distributed databases. In a relational database environment, the knowledge available in the database schema such as identifier domains (primary keys, foreign keys) defines semantic relationships within and between the relations in the schema. This semantic knowledge is used along with use knowledge such as user views to form the design alternatives. These can subsequently be evaluated using performance measures like response time or total processing cost. >
The Arcuate Fasciculus and Language Development in a Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Malformations of Cortical Development.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development have a high prevalence of language deficits. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the status of the arcuate fasciculus at diffusion tractography could provide a clinically meaningful marker of language function in patients with cortical malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients 3–18 years of age who had DTI performed at 3T and language evaluation by a pediatric neurologist were retrospectively identified. Twenty-two age-matched children without any neurologic, language, or MR imaging abnormalities who had identical DTI performed for an indication of headache were selected as a control cohort. The arcuate fasciculi were constructed and segmented by deterministic tractography for all subjects. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients had intact language; 11 had mild-to-moderate and 5, profound language impairment. All patients with normal language and all control subjects had an identifiable left arcuate. The left arcuate was absent in 11 patients; all 11 were language-impaired. Failure to identify the left arcuate was strongly associated with some degree of language impairment ( P P CONCLUSIONS: Failure to identify the left arcuate fasciculus at diffusion tractography was a highly specific marker of language dysfunction in a cohort of pediatric patients with malformations of cortical development. Failure to identify the arcuate fasciculus on either side was associated with failure to develop oral language.
Social Reform and Economic Policy

The Galbraithian System seeks to clarify the complex matter of social and economic reform in late capitalism. Much of the focus rests upon the social predicament of turning the vast influence of the mature corporation and its administered sector of the economy to the human, public purpose. This effort runs aground upon the twin shoals of the crisis of the state and the sway of the conventional wisdom. The extent of mandated collective action is increasing amidst a widespread discontent not only with the prevalent forms of collective action but also with collective action in principle. This discontent is rooted in an intellectual confusion that obscures both the nature of the social predicament and the character of its resolution.
Experimental Exploration into Macro Economics

Economics, long thought beyond the reach of experimentation, began gradually to yield some of its inaccessible secrets to laboratory and field investigations over the past century. Observation and analyses of laboratory games have led economists to think about markets as social artifacts, whether evolved or designed, to achieve predictable outcomes in specified environments. The value of potential insights into properties of macro economic models and policies had to overcome the barrier of virtual impossibility of conducting controlled experiments at macro economic scale. Fortunately, micro models of macro phenomena have allowed experiments to identify the more plausible from sets of multiple or indeterminate outcomes, and assess policy alternatives and institutional designs. Without attempting a comprehensive survey, this paper summarizes some important discoveries from experimental economics, with special emphasis on macro economics. Challenges ahead are mentioned briefly.
Surveying Game Theoretic Approaches for Wind Farm Optimization

This paper surveys recent results in game theory and cooperative control and highlights their implications for the problem of optimizing energy production in wind farms. One such result is a simple payoff-based learning rule that is completely decentralized and leads to an efficient configuration of actions in virtually any distributed system. We demonstrate that this learning rule can be used to provably maximize energy production in wind farms without explicitly modeling the aerodynamic interaction amongst the turbines.
Interaction of higher marine fungi with the herbicide atrazine. I: Survey of interactive modes

Eight species of marine Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes indigenous to the Chesapeake Bay were surveyed for their ability to interact with the herbicide atrazine. In liquid shake cultures of artificial seawater containing glucose and NH4NO3, the fungi mediated losses of atrazine ranging from 8-18% of 30 ppm and 9-68% of 500 ppm. Adsorption to the cell surface was generally a minor component of loss at the lower concentration. Leptosphaeria oraemaris grew with 500 ppm of purified atrazine as the sole exogenous source of carbon or nitrogen, but not of both nutrients, and Periconia prolifica had statistically significant growth compared to controls when atrazine was the sole exogenous nitrogen source. These results suggest that filamentous marine fungi contribute to the bioaccumulation and biodegradation of atrazine in estuaries.
Striatal transcriptome analysis of a congenic mouse line (chromosome 11: 50–60Mb) exhibiting reduced methamphetamine sensitivity

Addiction to psychostimulants such as Methamphetamine (MA) is a significant public health issue in the United States and currently, there are no FDA approved pharmacological interventions. Previously, using short term-selected mouse lines for high and low MA sensitivity that were derived from an F2 cross between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains, we identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome (chr) 11 that influenced sensitivity to MA-induced locomotor activity (D2 < B6). Using interval-specific murine congenic lines containing various D2 allelic segments on a B6 background, we fine mapped the QTL to a 206 kb critical interval on chromosome 11. To investigate the neurobiological mechanism by which this QTL decreases MA sensitivity, we conducted transcriptome analysis in a 10 Mb congenic mouse (chromosome 11: 50–60 Mb) on whole-striatum brain tissue punches compared to wild-type B6 littermate controls [1]. The data from this study can be found in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus ({"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE66366","term_id":"66366"}}GSE66366).
Prevalence of Certain Harmful Health Misconceptions among Prospective Elementary School Teachers

Abstract A special instrument in the form of a health opinionnaire was constructed, evaluated, and administered for the purpose of determining the prevalence of certain harmful health misconceptions among freshman prospective elementary school teachers attending state teachers colleges in New England and the extent to which that population was aware of the harmfulness of these misconceptions. Analysis indicated that the participating trainees subscribed to many harmful health misconceptions and that those who were aware of the misconceptions were also aware of their harmfulness. Analysis of variance indicated that those who had health and biology or biology subscribed to fewer misconceptions to a highly significant degree.
Selective Gate Recessing of GaAs/AIGaAs/lnGaAs Pseudomorphic HEMT Structures Using BCl3 Plasmas

Wet chemical gate recessing of GaAs based devices suffers from poor control and uniformity of the recess etch depth. Electrical variability can be particularly severe for heterojunction devices that contain thin highly doped layers. This problem can be addressed by the use of etch stop layers and the appropriate etch chemistry. In this paper, results on the selective plasma etching of GaAs from InGaAs and AIGaAs etch stop layers are presented. Using a BCl3 plasma, GaAs layers were removed from thin lnxGa(1-X)As (0.12× 1000 to 1 due to the poor volatility of indium chlorides. With the addition of SF6, the etch process becomes selective to AlxGa(1-X)As due to the formation of a non-volatile AlFx layer. By the judicious choice of etch conditions (high pressure and low power resulting in low DC bias and optimal BCl3/SF6 ratio), isotropic etch profiles with minimal substrate damage and GaAs to Al0.25Ga0.75As selectivities >1000 to 1 have been achieved. Using these etch conditions, pseudomorphic HEMT wafers were selectively plasma gate recessed yielding saturated current uniformities across a 3 inch wafer of <±1.0mA/100μm of gate periphery. Device characteristics and uniformities that are dependent upon the material structure and epitaxial layer thickness and dopant uniformities rather than upon the gate recess process are realized.
Development of Synchytrium Innominatum in Relation to Other Similar Species

Synchytrium innominatum was first described by Farlow (1885) on Malacothrix sp. from California and later reported by McMurphy (1913) on Agoseris grandiflora near Stanford University. These are the only published reports of its hosts and occurrence, but in examining collections of Synchytrium in the herbarium of the University of Cali? fornia at Berkeley the author found specimens labelled S\ innominatum on Boisduvalia densiflora, Microseris biglowii, M. aphantocarpa and Scorzonella laciniata, which so far have not been recorded as hosts of this fungus. These collections were studied to determine whether or not they are identical with 5. innominatum, if more than one species is present on these hosts, and if a prosorus occurs in their summer cycles. However, it was soon found that to answer these questions and to compare the species adequately with 5". innominatum, it was first necessary to study the latter species on one of its known hosts, because S. innomi? natum is incompletely known with respect to its life cycle, variations, gall formation, and cellular effects on the host. While such a study was essential to a careful comparison, it was needed also to amplify our knowledge of vS\ innominatum. At the same time it provided the oppor? tunity for determining the origin of the deep-seated or largely-embedded type of gall which is induced by several species of Synchytrium. The origin and development of protruding and largely-superficial galls, as induced by vS\ australe, for example, have been determined by the author (1954), but little is known about the genesis of deep-seated galls such as those caused by 5\ innominatum, S. taraxaci, and other species. Accordingly, fixed and stained sections of S. innominatum on Agoseris grandiflora were obtained for study of these problems. The present
CITA/NLRC5: A critical transcriptional regulator of MHC class I gene expression

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules play essential roles in the development and activation of the human adaptive immune system. An NLR protein, CIITA (MHC class II transactivator) has been recognized as a master regulator of MHC class II gene expression, albeit knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of MHC class I gene expression had been limited. Recently identified MHC class I transactivator (CITA), or NLRC5, also belongs to the NLR protein family and constitutes a critical regulator for the transcriptional activation of MHC class I genes. In addition to MHC class I genes, CITA/NLRC5 induces the expression of β2 -microglobulin, TAP1 and LMP2, essential components of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Therefore, CITA/NLRC5 and CIITA are transcriptional regulators that orchestrate the concerted expression of critical components in the MHC class I and class II pathways, respectively. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):349-357, 2016.
How does one develop a new sensor

Development of a new sensor is driven by the need for a new measurement which in turn is driven by the need for new understanding of some phenomenon. The process of bringing a new sensor on line, validating it, and gaining confidence in its behavior is one familiar to the authors but bears telling. The principal author offers the partly told story of SCIMP, RiNo, BASS, and MAVS to illustrate this process. And, finally, the example of a conversion of a trusted sensor to one with a new controller is presented as a test case. The purpose is to instruct through practical example. In later stages, as in many successful developments, there was a commercial outcome that was both inspiring and frustrating. But it is another lesson in instrument development that should be instructive to engineering practitioners.
Improved Method of Producing a Cotton Covered/Polyester Staple-Core Yarn on a Ring Spinning Frame

A new, better method of producing cotton covered/polyester staple-core yarn on a modified ring spinning frame is described. The method uses the concept of twisting a “sandwich” formed by two drafted strands of cotton (rovings) on the outside and a drafted strand of polyester on the inside, thus using a total of three rovings. The earlier method used only one cotton roving and one polyester roving [10]. The new method is simple and easily adaptable to the existing spinning frames; piecing of broken ends is also easy. A 67/33 cotton/high tenacity polyester staple-core yarn produced by the new spinning system is evaluated. The core of the yarn is almost totally covered with a firm sheath of cotton, giving the an appearance of a 100% cotton spun yarn. Compared with conventional yarns of 100% cotton and 67/33 cotton/polyester intimate blends, the core yarn is significantly stronger than the equivalent 100% cotton yarn and the intimate blend yarn of regular tenacity polyester. These yarns may be useful where a ...
Wave Theory of Image Formation in a Microscope: Basic Theory and Experiments

Biology is intimately linked with microscopy. The cell theory that underpins all of biology traces its roots back to Leeuwenhoek’s development of the first practical microscope. Many of us use the terms “numerical aperture” and “working distance” in the lab and know, as a rule of thumb, to use short wavelengths for illumination to maximize resolution. But when pressed we must confess a poor understanding of these terms and the physical basis for the rule of thumb. This chapter combines theory and simple experiments to provide a basic understanding of how images are formed and how resolution, numerical aperture, working distance, and wavelength are interrelated.
Inflexibility as a Vulnerability to Depression: A Systematic Qualitative Review

The study of vulnerabilities to depression typically identifies factors that are thought to be universally maladaptive or adaptive. In contrast, researchers recently have theorized that the ability to flexibly engage in different thoughts and behaviors that fit situational demands may be most indicative of psychological health. We review empirical evidence from 147 studies reporting associations between five components of flexibility (set-shifting, affective set-shifting, cardiac vagal control, explanatory flexibility, and coping flexibility) and depression and classify studies according to strength of study design. Evidence from correlational and case-controlled studies suggests cross-sectional relationships, but few prospective studies have been conducted. We discuss limitations of existing studies, identify new directions for programmatic research, and discuss implications that flexibility has for the prevention and treatment of depression.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Disabling Chronic Pain: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.

Abstract The U.S. National Pain Strategy calls for increased population research on “high-impact chronic pain” (ie, longstanding pain that substantially limits participation in daily activities). Using data from the nationally-representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we investigated the prevalence of high-impact chronic pain in U.S. adults older than age 50 overall and within population subgroups. We also explored sociodemographic variation in pain-related disability within specific activity domains. Data are from a subsample of HRS respondents (n = 1,925) who were randomly selected for a supplementary pain module in 2010. Our outcome was operationalized as pain duration of ≥7 months and a disability rating of ≥7 (0–10 scale) in at least 1 domain: family/home, leisure, social activities, work, or basic activities. Overall, 8.2% (95% confidence interval = 6.7–10.1%) of adults older than age 50 met criteria for high-impact chronic pain. This proportion rose to 17.1% (95% confidence interval = 12.3–23.4%) among individuals in the lowest wealth quartile. Prevalence differences according to education, race/ethnicity, and age were not significant. Arthritis and depression were significantly associated with high-impact pain in multivariable analysis. Among adults with any chronic pain, African American and individuals in the lowest wealth quartile reported more pain-related disability across activity domains. Perspective High-impact chronic pain is unequally distributed among midlife and older U.S. adults. Efforts to reduce the burden of disabling chronic pain should prioritize socioeconomically vulnerable groups, who may have the least access to multimodal pain treatment to improve function.
Changes in consumption of food away from home and intakes of energy and other nutrients among US working-age adults, 2005-2014.

Objective To document changes in consumption of food away from home (FAFH) and intakes of selected nutrients by working-age adults between 2005–06 and 2013–14, covering the most recent recessionary period and recovery. Design Means were compared across survey rounds relative to 2005–06. Multivariate regression was used to account for changes in demographic characteristics over time. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2014. Subjects Working-age adults born in 1951–80 (n 12 129) and adolescents and young adults born in 1981–90 (n 5197) who reported day 1 dietary intake data. Results Approximately 34 % of energy consumed by working-age adults came from FAFH (14 % from fast foods) in 2005–06. Levels of FAFH consumption were lowest in 2009–10, at 28 and 11 % of energy from FAFH and fast foods, respectively. Percentage of energy from fast foods was 1·9 percentage points higher in 2013–14. Percentage of energy from saturated fat and total mg of cholesterol consumed were lower in 2009–14, while intake of fibre was higher in 2011–14. At-home foods had less saturated fat and more fibre in 2009–14. The greater the percentage of energy from FAFH in the day, the greater the intakes of fat and cholesterol. Percentage of energy from FAFH was highest among those born in 1981–90 and lowest among those born in 1951–60. Conclusions FAFH is a significant source of energy, fat and cholesterol among working-age adults. Menu labelling may lower FAFH’s energy content and make it easier for consumers to choose more healthful items.
Color Vision Impairment Differentiates Alzheimer Dementia From Dementia With Lewy Bodies

Objective:Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is frequently misdiagnosed for Alzheimer dementia (AD), especially in its earlier stages. We characterized color vision impairment (CVI) in patients with D...
Interfacial Lewis Acid-Base Adduct Formation Probed by Vibrational Spectroscopy.

Understanding Lewis pair (LP) interactions at heterogeneous environments is important for controlling surface reactions. We report the formation of interfacial Lewis adducts with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as the Lewis acid and 4-mercaptobenzonitrile attached to gold as the Lewis base. We use the nitrile vibrational frequency as a probe of adduct strength, with stronger adducts leading to larger frequencies. The vibrational frequency shifts of the surface adducts were measured via sum frequency generation spectroscopy and compared to the frequency shifts of bulk adducts. Our results show a distinctly smaller frequency shift for the surface adducts compared to the bulk, indicating a weaker Lewis acid–base interaction near the surface. We explore three possible origins of this difference: interfacial frustration, surface electric fields, and electronic energy level alignment. We highlight the relevance of each and note that likely more than one of them affect the observed surface LP interactions.
The synthesis of ribosyl-cis-zeatin and thin layer chromatographic separation of the cis and trans isomers of ribosylzeatin

Abstract Ribosyl- cis -zeatin has been synthesized. With this authentic ribonucleoside on hand for comparison, it has been shown that the cis and trans isomers of ribosylzeatin can be readily distinguished by thin layer chromatography on silica gel using chloroform-methanol (9:1) as eluant. Using this method, the ribosylzeatin from the tRNA of tobacco callus and wheat germ has been characterized as the cis isomer and that from pea epicotyls has been shown to be a mixture of both ribosyl- cis -zeatin and ribosyl- trans -zeatin.
Technology and Innovations

Sources of industry growth are both static and dynamic. At the static level an industry has to be economically efficient under the given technology, but at the dynamic level static efficiency has to be improved as technology changes. At the dynamic level, sustainability of growth is the most important issue. Here, technology and innovations play an active role. Technology basically involves changes in the production process which changes the input costs and output profile. Technological progress involves therefore a shift of the production frontier to which a firm and industry are subject. Innovations however are a broader concept.
Medical Therapy for Carotid and Vertebral Artery Stenosis

All patients with evidence of internal carotid artery or vertebral artery atherosclerotic disease should be treated with medical therapy to stabilize and hopefully prevent the progression of the atherosclerotic disease process. In practice, this includes several facets. This includes antithrombotic therapies to prevent thrombus formation and the subsequent risk of transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. In addition, cholesterol lowering with statin medication is recommended to help prevent disease progression. Blood pressure control is also important to retard ongoing vascular injury. Lifestyle modification such as smoking cessation and increased physical activity is also recommended.
Association of abdominal muscle composition with prediabetes and diabetes: The CARDIA study.

Aim To evaluate the relationship of abdominal muscle lean tissue and adipose tissue volumes with prediabetes and diabetes. Research design and methods We measured abdominal muscle composition in 3170 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent computed tomography (CT) at Year 25 of follow-up (ages, 43-55 years). Multinomial regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of CT-measured intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), lean muscle tissue (lean) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes with diabetes at any point during the CARDIA study, newly detected prediabetes, prior history of prediabetes, and normal glucose tolerance. Models were adjusted for potential confounding factors: age, sex, race, height, smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cardiorespiratory fitness and study centre. Results Higher IMAT, lean and VAT volumes were all separately associated with a higher prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes. Inclusion of VAT volume in models with both IMAT volume and lean volume attenuated the association of IMAT with both prediabetes and diabetes, but higher lean volume retained its association with prediabetes and diabetes. Individuals in the highest IMAT quartile, coupled with VAT in its lower three quartiles, had a higher prevalence of diabetes, but not of prediabetes, than those with both IMAT and VAT in their respective lower three quartiles. Adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness did not substantially change the findings. Conclusion Higher IMAT volume was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes even after adjustment for VAT volume. However, further study is warranted to understand the complicated relationship between abdominal muscle and adipose tissues.
Can I still eat it? Using problem-based learning to test the 5-second rule and promote scientific literacy

Defining appropriate student learning outcomes for general education science courses is a daunting task. We must ask ourselves how to best prepare our students to understand the role of science in their lives and in society at large. In the era of social media and armchair experts, life-changing scientific advancements such as vaccination are being dismissed or actively resisted, emphasizing the critical need to teach science literacy skills. One active classroom method known as problem-based learning promotes self-motivated learning and synthesis skills that, when applied in a science-literacy context, can provide students with the ability to generate informed opinions on new scientific advances throughout their lifetime. This piece describes one such problem-based course, designed to tackle the scientific basis (or lack thereof) of the 5-second rule for eating food dropped on the floor. In this course, first year students experimentally engage this issue, while also applying their developing skill set to sort out scientific controversies such as vaccine safety and genetically modified foods.
An Exploration of Factors That Predict Advanced Placement Exam Success for Gifted Hispanic Students

Hispanic students participate in advanced programming at a much lower rate than their White peers. Although Advanced Placement (AP) can have a positive impact on future academic success and attainm...
Benefitting from Violence: A Preliminary Analysis of the Presence of Abuse in the Lives of the New SSI Disability Recipients

The number of individuals receiving benefits under the two disability programs that Social Security administers has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. This growth has generated hostility toward Social Security disability program recipients. To test the hypothesis that Social Security disability's recently awarded recipients may be undeserving of the benefits to which they have become entitled, fifty-three case files of new Supplemental Security Income disability recipients were analyzed to unmask what may lie behind their impairments. Particular emphasis was placed on whether recipients cases revealed a history of childhood or adult abuse—a feature which has been almost completely neglected by policymakers when determining who should and should not qualify for disability eligibility. In this small sample of cases, taken from Contra Costa County, California, childhood and adult abuse was a prevalent feature in the lives of these recently qualified SSI recipients. These findings suggest that if larger, more representative studies bear out similar results, that domestic violence and abuse activists may be well advised to unite with disability advocates to ensure the protection of SSI eligibility for applicants suffering from abuse-induced mental impairments.