cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide and Pollution

Manufacture of food for plant growth requires CO2. CO2 uptake by a green leaf, in sunlight or supplemental illumination, is a common measure of the photosyn-thetic rate which can ultimately be translated in terms of growth, yield, and quality. Many plants continue to photosynthesize at zero CO2 levels as liberation of the gas produced in respiration will be utilized. However, growth is minimum, and, as the plant continues to respire in the dark, actual weight loss will occur. As the amount of energy (light) increases, the supply of CO2 must increase if the process is not to be limited. The general relationships between CO2 concentrations in air, light intensity, and photosynthesis have been known for many years— for example, the work of Hoover et al. in 1933 (Fig. 8–1). However, it was not until the 1950s that several individuals, Holley, Goldsberry, Wittwer, and Klougart, among others, showed that closed greenhouse systems offered good opportunity to improve production through the elevation of CO2 levels. In fact, preliminary studies showed that, during the day in a closed structure, CO2 was usually depressed below that of the outside air (300 ppm) (Fig. 8–2).
Turn-On and Ratiometric Mercury Sensing in Water with a Red-Emitting Probe

The synthesis, photophysical properties, and Hg(II) binding of a red-emitting sensor for mercuric ion are presented. 2-{11-[(2-{[Bis-(2-ethylsulfanylethyl)amino]methyl}phenylamino)methyl]-3-hydroxy-10-oxo-10H-benzo[c]xanthen-7-yl}benzoic acid (MS5) is based on the seminaphthofluorescein chromophore and employs a thioether-rich metal-binding unit. This sensor affords both turn-on and single-excitation dual-emission ratiometric Hg(II) detection in aqueous solution. The fluorescence response of MS5 is Hg(II)-specific, and the probe is selective for Hg(II) over alkali and alkaline earth metals, most divalent first-row transition metal ions, and the Group 12 congeners Zn(II) and Cd(II). MS5 binds Hg(II) reversibly and can be recycled. The EC50 for 1 μM MS5 is 910 nM, and a lower detection limit of 50 nM is obtained when employing 500 nM probe. X-ray crystallographic studies using a salicylaldehyde-based model of MS5 are also presented. 2-[(2-{[Bis-(2-ethylsulfanylethyl)amine]methyl}phenylamine)methyl]phenol co...
Analysis of lung parenchyma as a parametric porous medium

The dynamic behavior of the lung in health and disease depends on its viscoelastic properties. To better understand these properties, several mathematical models have been utilized by many investigators. In the present work, we present a new approach that characterizes the dynamics of gas flow into a viscoelastic porous medium that models the lung structure. This problem is considered in terms of the lung input impedance on a macro level and parenchymal tissue impedance on the level of an alveolar wall. We start from a basic theoretical analysis in which macroscopic tissue deformations are represented in accordance with the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. This approach has strong theoretical underpinnings in other situations but has not been applied to analyze the impedance of the inflated lung. Our analysis provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the interaction between flow into the lungs as a biophysical diffusion process and parenchymal viscoelasticity described phenomenologically, within the frameworks of standard viscoelasticity and structural damping. This lung impedance incorporates parameters of porosity, permeability, and viscoelasticity on micro and macro levels of parenchymal tissue. The analysis shows the theoretical basis of the transformation from the impedance of alveolar walls or isolated tissue strips to that of the intact parenchyma. We also show how the loading impedance at the lung boundary may have a significant impact on the dynamic behavior of whole lung viscoelasticity. Our analysis may be useful in directing specific tests of different models and for analyzing experimental measurements of viscoelastic parameters of lung material under normal and pathological conditions.
Determination of Elements in National Bureau of Standards' Geological Reference Materials SRM 278 Obsidian and SRM 688 Basalt by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Two new geologic reference materials, issued by the National Bureau of Standards as standard reference materials, have been analyzed by a precise, accurate, and rapid method of analysis for their element content. The described procedure uses a multi-acid, low temperature digestion in a closed teflon vessel, followed by the simultaneous determination of 50 elements by inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectrometry. A preconcentration procedure was applied to a separate digestion for the accurate and precise determination of the rare earth elements. Average concentrations of 39 elements for SRM 278 obsidian and 36 elements for SRM 688 basalt are reported. The results for most elements are in good agreement with the certified values and those reported in the literature. Data for as many as 12 elements are reported for these samples for the first time.
Will protection of 17% of land by 2020 be enough to safeguard biodiversity and critical ecosystem services?

To stem the loss of biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services world leaders adopted the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, to be fulfilled by 2020. One key target (Target 11) prescribes an expansion of the global protected area system to at least 17% of land surface and 10% of oceans by 2020. Given that these targets are predominantly based on political feasibility rather than scientific evidence, it remains unclear whether fulfilment of Target 11 will suffice to safeguard biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services. Despite many data gaps, in particular for ecosystem services, we can use existing global data to estimate the required protected area on land for biodiversity (a minimum of c. 17%) and biomass carbon storage (a minimum of c. 7–14% additional area to protect 75–90% of the unprotected carbon stock), which illustrates that the target of 17% of land will probably fall short in meeting these goals. As crossing thresholds or tipping points in ecosystems could trigger non-linear, abrupt change in delivery of ecosystem services, we need a science-driven understanding of how much protected, intact nature is needed to avoid unforeseen transgression of planetary boundaries.
Genesis of analgesic nephropathy in the United Kingdom.

Variations in the frequency of analgesic nephropathy within Britain. British physicians were slow to appreciate the existence of analgesic-induced renal disease, and the first case was not recorded until 1964 [1]. Thereafter, although the disorder was increasingly recognized in Britain, there was a striking variation in the geographic distribution of the cases reported. By 1972, a total of 225 cases had been reported [2–19]; 169 of these had come from Scotland [13–19], with 70% from the Glasgow area [16–19]. In an effort to establish whether this was a true reflection of the prevalence of the condition, or an aberration due to the interest of Scottish physicians in it, I sent a questionnaire to the major renal units throughout Britain regarding their experience of analgesic nephropathy. The replies demonstrated that there was considerable variation, with the fewest cases seen in the Midlands and North-West England, more in Newcastle and London, but most in Glasgow (Fig. 1) [20].
Tracking and modeling norovirus transmission during mechanical slicing of globe tomatoes.

Abstract Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that preparation of fresh produce for use as ingredients in ready-to-eat food in commercial settings has been a significant source of the norovirus (NoV) infections in the U.S. This research investigated the dissemination of NoV from a single tomato to many others via the use of an 11-horizontal blade slicer commonly found in restaurants or sandwich shops. A total of eight trials were conducted. The source of contamination in each trial was a soak-inoculated, air-dried globe tomato containing ~ 8 log10 murine norovirus (MNV). Each trial began by slicing a single un-inoculated tomato in the slicer, followed by slicing an inoculated tomato. This was then followed by slicing 9 to 27 un-inoculated tomatoes. A similar and constant hand pressure on the slicer was used in every trial. Three slices from each tomato were collected for virus elution, concentration, and extraction before RT-PCR detection of MNV. The change in MNV per sliced tomato was averaged over all eight trials, and two mathematical models were fit to the average data using a logarithmic model or a power model. Regression analysis determined that the equation that best fit the data was y = − 0.903 ∗ ln(x) + 7.945 , where y = log10 MNV per slicing and x = tomato slicing number. An acceptable fit ( R 2 = 0.913) was indicated. The MNV levels transferred ( y ) generally decreased as the number of tomatoes sliced ( x ) increased, with some exceptions. Infrequent but erratic transfers, where the MNV level of a subsequent tomato was higher than that of a preceding tomato, occurred in later transfer of some trials. In contrast, the first and second transfers of each trial were always shown to have sharply decreased levels of MNV from the inoculum. The MNV log10 reduction per slicing event changes throughout the process: with a predicted 0.63 log10 reduction from tomato 1 to tomato 2 (76% reduction); a 0.07 log10 reduction predicted from tomato 13 to tomato 14 (a 14% reduction); and 0.03 log10 reduction predicted from tomato 27 to tomato 28 (a 7% reduction). Virus transfer is clearly variable even given the consistent slicing procedure used throughout each trial. This study illustrates the complex nature of risk prediction associated with NoV cross-contamination during food preparation in commercial establishments.
Hyperlipemia and Ketonuria in an Alpaca and a Llama

An alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. Both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dL, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dL, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. Signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by Cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepatic lipidosis, and acute renal failure secondary to renal lipidosis and died 36 hours after admission despite medical therapy. Histopathology revealed renal and hepatic lipidosis and neutrophilic pancreatitis. The cria died 72 hours after birth. The llama responded to IV electrolyte, dextrose, and regular crystalline insulin therapy. The pregnancy was maintained, and the llama was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Two months after discharge, the llama gave birth to a live, 5 kg cria. Findings of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and ketonuria occurred in these two camelids. Based on this report, camelids appear to be similar to both horses and cattle in their response to severe energy imbalances in late gestation.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHOICE OF QUADRATURE NODES FOR PICARD INTEGRAL DEFERRED CORRECTIONS METHODS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

This paper concerns a class of deferred correction methods recently developed for initial value ordinary differential equations; such methods are based on a Picard integral form of the correction equation. These methods divide a given timestep [t n ,tn+1] into substeps, and use function values computed at these substeps to approximate the Picard integral by means of a numerical quadrature. The main purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of the implications of the location of quadrature nodes on the accuracy and stability of the overall method. Comparisons between Gauss-Legendre, Gauss-Lobatto, Gauss-Radau, and uniformly spaced points are presented. Also, for a given set of quadrature nodes, quadrature rules may be formulated that include or exclude function values computed at the left-hand endpoint t n . Quadrature rules that do not depend on the left-hand endpoint (which are referred to as right-hand quadrature rules) are shown to lead to L(α)-stable implicit methods with α≈π/2. The semi-implicit analog of this property is also discussed. Numerical results suggest that the use of uniform quadrature nodes, as opposed to nodes based on Gaussian quadratures, does not significantly affect the stability or accuracy of these methods for orders less than ten. In contrast, a study of the reduction of order for stiff equations shows that when uniform quadrature nodes are used in conjunction with a right-hand quadrature rule, the form and extent of order-reduction changes considerably. Specifically, a reduction of order to $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$ is observed for uniform nodes as opposed to $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon\Delta{t})$ for non-uniform nodes, where Δt denotes the time step and e a stiffness parameter such that e→0 corresponds to the problem becoming increasingly stiff.
Assessment of left ventricular function by first-pass radionuclide angiography in patients with poor left ventricular function.

One-hundred consecutive patients with poor left ventricular systolic function (ejection fractions of ≤ 0.30) were selected (1) to determine the accuracy and reproducibility of radionuclide angiography (RNA) in estimating the ejection fraction and wall motion abnormalities; and (2) to define the spectrum of wall motion abnormalities and the prevalence of resectable aneurysms. All RNA studies were performed with the first-pass technique by means of a computerized multicrystal scintillation camera. Twenty-five patients underwent cardiac catheterization, left ventriculography, and coronary angiography. In these 25 patients there was fair correlation in the measurements of the ejection fraction (r = 0.59; y = 0.59 × + 0.06, p < 0.01) and good correlation in the measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.91). Wall motion analysis in these 25 patients showed that there were 50 hypokinetic segments, 18 akinetic segments, and 7 dyskinetic segments as defined by contrast angiography, compared with 54 hypokinetic, 17 akinetic, and 4 dyskinetic segments as defined by RNA studies. Eighteen patients had either akinesia or dyskinesia by contrast angiography compared to 16 patients by RNA. Only one of the 25 patients was considered a candidate for aneurysmectomy. Of the remaining 75 patients who did not undergo cardiac catheterization, 15 patients each had dyskinetic segments, 25 patients had at least one akinetic segment, and 35 patients had neither akinetic or dyskinetic segments. Only three of the 75 patients were possible candidates for aneurysmectomy. Fifteen patients underwent a second RNA study at least one week after the initial study, with excellent reproducibility results (r = 0.91; y = 1.01 × − 0.01, P < 0.001). Ten patients underwent two RNA studies, one in the anterior projection and one in the right anterior oblique projection. Both projections proved to be comparable in assessing wall motion and ejection fraction. The right ventricular ejection fraction assessed in ten patients was depressed in all. We conclude: In patients with poor left ventricular function: (1) First-pass radionuclide angiography with a multicrystal camera provides reliable and reproducible assessment of the regional and global functions of the left ventricle; and (2) resectable ventricular aneurysms are rare; therefore, the suspicion of ventricular aneurysm may be a poor indlcation for either radionucllde anglography or contrast angiography. However, since radionucllde angiography is safer and more cost effective it should be considered the procedure of choice in screening such patients.
Effect of Lithium on Thyroxine Disappearance in Man

Thyroxine disappearance from serum was measured in 5 hyperthyroid and 4 euthyroid patients following the injection iv of radioactively labeled thyroxine. The administration of lithium carbonate produced a slowing of thyroxine disappearance in all hyperthyroid subjects, but had no effect in euthyroid patients.
Insulin: An Emerging Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia?

Accumulating evidence indicates a role for metabolic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is widely reported that Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of developing AD, and several postmortem analyses have found evidence of insulin resistance in the AD brain. Thus, insulin-based therapies have emerged as potential strategies to slow cognitive decline in AD. The main methods for targeting insulin to date have been intravenous insulin infusion, intranasal insulin administration, and use of insulin sensitizers. These methods have elicited variable results regarding improvement in cognitive function. This review will discuss the rationale for targeting insulin signaling to improve cognitive function in AD, the results of clinical studies that have targeted insulin signaling, and what these results mean for future studies of the role of insulin-based therapies for AD.
Correlation crystal fields for rare earths and actinides

Abstract A survey is made of various physical mechanisms that can lead to corrections to the standard crystal-field Hamiltonian for a rare-earth or actinide ion. Changes in the sixth-rank parameters for Tb3+ in LaCl3, compared to Eu3+, are related to the Ho3+ anomaly for the 3K8 level.
Fluorescence emission at dielectric and metal-film interfaces

It is well known that the classical optical properties of a bare or metal-film-coated dielectric surface significantly the emission pattern of a fluorophore in close proximity to it. Most previous classical calculations of this perturb model the fluorophore as a continuous fixed-amplitude dipole acting as a simple radiator. However, for effect modeling steady-state excitation, a fixed-power dipole is more appropriate. This modification corresponds to normalizing fixed-amplitude dipole intensities by the total dissipated power, which is itself dependent on fluorophore orientation and proximity to the surface. The results for the fixed-power model differ nontrivially from the fixed-amplitude model. Using the fixed-power dipole model, we calculate the observation-angle-dependent intensity as a function of the fluorophore’s orientation and distance from the surface. The surface can have an intermediate layer of arbitrary thickness on it, which is used to model a metal-film-coated dielectric. In addition, general expressions are derived for the emission power as observed through a circular-aperture collection system (such as a microscope objective) located on either side of the interface. These expressions are applied to several common cases of fluorophore spatial and orientational distributions at bare glass–water and metal-film-coated glass-water interfaces. The results suggest practical experimental approaches for measuring the spatial and orientational distribution of fluorophores adsorbed at a surface, utilizing the distance-dependent fluorescence near a metalized surface and optimizing the collection efficiency from a well-defined volume near a quenching surface.
Releasing the Energy of Others — Making Things Happen

Several years ago I began an intellectual adventure that has paid high dividends in terms of understanding the role of leadership and in selecting more effective leadership strategies. The adventure consisted of seeing what would happen if one conceptualised a social system (family, group, organisation, agency, corporation, school, college, community, state, nation, or world) as a system of human energy.
Designed amyloid fibers as materials for selective carbon dioxide capture

New materials capable of binding carbon dioxide are essential for addressing climate change. Here, we demonstrate that amyloids, self-assembling protein fibers, are effective for selective carbon dioxide capture. Solid-state NMR proves that amyloid fibers containing alkylamine groups reversibly bind carbon dioxide via carbamate formation. Thermodynamic and kinetic capture-and-release tests show the carbamate formation rate is fast enough to capture carbon dioxide by dynamic separation, undiminished by the presence of water, in both a natural amyloid and designed amyloids having increased carbon dioxide capacity. Heating to 100 °C regenerates the material. These results demonstrate the potential of amyloid fibers for environmental carbon dioxide capture.
Use of block copolymer micelles on formation of hollow MoO3 nanospheres

Triblock copolymer micelles have been used successfully as templates to form porous, highly uniform, and hollow MoO3 nanospheres, with their diameter being equivalent to the micellar core size. By ...
CTH05-6: Hybrid-Selection/Equal-Gain Combining for Non-Constant Modulus Signals

In this paper, we study the performance of predetection hybrid-selection/equal-gain combining (HS/EGC), in which a subset of branches with the largest signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are selected and combined per EGC rule. To enable HS/EGC diversity for non-constant modulus (NCM) modulation formats, we propose the relevant HS/EGC receiver structure and decision variable. By deriving the moment generating function (MGF) of the HS/EGC output signals and with the help of the Parseval's theorem, we develop a general analytical framework to evaluate the error and outage probabilities of pre-detection HS/EGC for a large class of modulation formats and versatile system and channel parameters. Simulation results verify the validity of our proposed receiver structure and the accuracy of our analysis. Performance comparison with HS/MRC shows that HS/EGC achieves the same diversity order as HS/MRC. Some other insightful findings including the effect of the subset combining loss are also provided.
In-plane tip deflection and force achieved with asymmetrical polysilicon electrothermal microactuators

Abstract Several microactuator technologies have recently been investigated for positioning individual elements in large-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Electrostatic, magnetostatic, piezoelectric and thermal expansion are the most common modes of microactuator operation. This research focuses on the design and experimental characterization of two types of asymmetrical MEMS electrothermal microactuators. The motivation is to present a unified description of the behavior of the electrothermal microactuator so that it can be adapted to a variety of MEMS applications. Both MEMS polysilicon electrothermal microactuator design variants use resistive (Joule) heating to generate thermal expansion and movement. In a conventional electrothermal microactuator, the ‘hot’ arm is positioned parallel to a ‘cold’ arm, but because the ‘hot’ arm is narrower than the ‘cold’ arm, the electrical resistance of the ‘hot’ arm is higher. When an electric current passes through the microactuator (through the series connected electrical resistance of the ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ arms), the ‘hot’ arm is heated to a higher temperature than the ‘cold’ arm. This temperature increase causes the ‘hot’ arm to expand along its length, thus forcing the tip of the device to rotate about a mechanical flexure element. The new thermal actuator design eliminates the parasitic electrical resistance of the ‘cold’ arm by incorporating an additional ‘hot’ arm. The second ‘hot’ arm results in an improvement in electrical efficiency by providing an active return current path. Additionally, the ‘cold’ arm can have a narrower flexure than the flexure in a conventional single-‘hot’ arm device because it does not have to pass an electric current. The narrower flexure element manifests improved mechanical efficiency. Deflection and force measurements of both actuators as a function of applied electrical power have been presented in this work.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPES I, II, AND III PNEUMOCOCCUS : A REVISION OF METHODS AND DATA.

1. The thermolability of the specific polysaccharides of Types I, II, and III pneumococcus has been shown by three independent methods: (a) diminution of the viscosity of solutions on heating; (b) decrease in the amount of antibody precipitated from homologous rabbit antisera; and (c) increased tendency (S III) to pass through a collodion membrane. 2. These effects may be explained most simply as a partial depolymerization under the influence of heat. In air, particularly in the presence of broth, oxidation also appears to be involved. 3. Improved and simpler methods of preparation based on these findings, are given for S I, S II, and S III. The resulting products precipitate more anti-S from homologous rabbit antisera than do the earlier preparations. 4. The methyl glycoside of methyl galacturonate has been isolated from the hydrolytic products of S I, and evidence of the ultimate structural unit obtained.
Mechanoreceptors on the antenna of the tobacco hornworm moth (Manduca sexte)

Des etudes structurales fonctionelles suggerent une function mechanoreceptive pour le S. trichoidea sur l'antenne de la phaleneManduca sexta. Les soies de ses antennes sont innervees par un seul neurone bipolaire, dans lequel la dentrite est couronnee par une cellule scolopale. Les pointes positives dont l'amptitude varient ont ete enregistrees sur le nerf antennal avec deplacement transversal des soies antennales.
High pressure xenon proportional counter up to 10 atm

Abstract The characteristics of a conventional cylindrical geometry proportional counter filled with high pressure xenon gas up to 10 atm were investigated for
Relationship between body image and body mass index in college men.

Objective and Participants: The authors examined cognitive and affective dimensions of body image of a randomized sample of 188 college men on the basis of body mass index (BMI). Methods: They conducted chi-square tests and ANOVAs to determine differences between 4 BMI groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese) on demographics and body image measures. Results: The authors found significant differences in regard to total body image (p < .001), weight or shape concern (p < .001), and body dissatisfaction (p < .001). BMI was significantly correlated with negative body image. Overweight and obese participants reported significantly higher levels of negative body image than did normal- and underweight participants. Overweight participants reported significantly higher weight and shape concerns than did underweight, normal-weight, and obese participants. In regard to body dissatisfaction, underweight, overweight, and obese participants reported significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction...
CH3I and C2H5I on Au(100): adsorption and reaction

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of CH 3 I and C 2 H 5 I on a Au(100) surface have been studied by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption/reaction (TPD/R), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and work function change (Δф) measurements. Both alkyl halides adsorb and desorb mainly in molecular form without decomposition. Only 4% of the first layer CH 3 I molecules dissociate on the surface; the methyl groups formed by this reaction couple to form ethane at ∼ 360 K. By contrast, 20% of the first layer C 2 H 5 I molecules decompose and the final surface reaction products are ethylene, ethane and butane. The dominant product is C 4 H 10 which is formed at ∼ 270 K. Repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are observed in the first adsorption layer for both alkyl iodides. For CH 3 I (but not for C 2 H 5 I), a high coverage metastable adsorption state characterized by a desorption temperature lower than the multilayer desorption temperature is observed. The structure of the metastable state has yet to be determined, but the results suggest the presence of a CH 3 I bilayer in which the CH 3 I molecules in the first layer are oriented with their CI bonds approximately parallel to the surface and the molecules in the second, metastable layer have a tilted orientation similar to the average orientation in the multilayer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a metastable adsorption state for alkyl halides on metal surfaces.
Direct immunofluorescence labeling provides an improved method for the glycophorin A somatic cell mutation assay

The glycophorin A (GPA) somatic cell mutation assay is being applied widely as an in vivo biomarker in molecular epidemiologic studies of human populations. The assay uses two-color immunolabeling and flow cytometry of peripheral blood samples to enumerate allele-loss variant erythrocytes that appear as a result of mutations at the GPA locus in bone marrow erythroid cells. We have developed an improved version of the assay in which both anti-GPA monoclonal antibodies are directly conjugated with distinguishable fluorophores, fluorescein and phycoerythrin. Parallel analyses of 77 blood samples using the existing BR6 assay and our new DB6 assay demonstrate that the DB6 assay produces cleaner bivariate flow histograms with generally lower variant cell frequencies and lower coefficients of variation on replicate analyses of individual blood samples. With the BR6 assay, an artifact was shown to exist that results in enumeration of high frequencies of variant erythrocytes in a small fraction of samples that have been subjected to poor shipping and/or storage conditions. Using DB6, these same samples display acceptable histograms and low frequency of variant cells. High speed cell sorting followed by immuno analysis indicates that the BR6 artifact results from inhibited binding of the very high molecular weight antibody plus secondary reagent, which is used for the BR6 assay. We therefore recommend that DB6 be adopted as standard protocol for the GPA assay, and to assist other researchers in standardization and comparison, we are making available a set of calibrated, fixed blood samples.
Protochlorophyllide photoconversion mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

We have developed a procedure for the isolation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants defective in light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction (photoconversion), a key step in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. Mutants were isolated by mutagenizing y-1-4, a temperature-sensitive yellow mutant blocked in the alternative light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction pathway, and screening for colonies which failed to green in the light at the restrictive temperature. Seven mutants were isolated which fail to photoconvert protochlorophyllide in photoconversion tests. All seven mutants have a single mutation at the pc-1 locus responsible for the defect in photoconversion. pc-1 maps close to y-5 on nuclear linkage group I. The pc-1 mutation is not itself temperature-sensitive because it blocks photoconversion at the permissive temperature when combined with the non-conditional yellow mutations y-5 and y-7. Cells containing the pc-1 mutation alone synthesize about 52% and 36% of the wildtype chlorophyll level in the dark and light, respectively, demonstrating that the light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction pathway in C. reinhardtii operates in the light.
APGA Members' Measured Client and Organizational Commitments and Professional Orientation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the issue of which of the counselor's commitments—the client or the employing institution—was given priority when they conflict. Members from four APGA divisions were examined for differences in commitments, and relationships of certain demographics and experiential variables to commitment were determined.
MMPI correlates with locus of control in a psychiatric population.

Summary This study's purpose was to investigate the relationship between locus of control (Rotter, 1966) and MMPI clinical scale scores with groups of process schizophrenic, reactive schizophrenic, neurotic and alcoholic patients. Positive relationships were found between perception of external control and feelings of personal distress manifested by elevated MMPI clinical scales on the part of the alcoholics, but not for other diagnostic groups. Results were discussed in terms of alcoholics differing from other groups in attentional focus; alcoholics tend to be more adient and environmentally focused than the other groups.
Preparation and characterization of poly (ethylene glycol)-coated Stoeber silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Monodisperse, spherical, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated silica nanoparticles have been prepared in the size range of 50-350 nm, and their size distribution were characterized by SEM and multi-angle static light scattering experiments. The chemical binding of PEG to the silica nanoparticles was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of these PEGylated nanoparticles was also studied by non-specific protein binding tests and in-vivo toxicology studies in live animals. These silica nanoparticles, as a matrix for encapsulation of certain reagents, have been used for the fabrication of intracellular sensors and have potential for applications to in vivo diagnosis, analysis and measurements, due to their small physical size and their biocompatibility, both stemming from the specialized PEG coating.
QUANTITATIVE IRRADIATION EXPERIMENTS WITH NEUROSPORA CRASSA.: I. EXPERIMENTS WITH X‐RAYS

IN QUANTITATIVE experiments on the effect of ultraviolet radiation in inducing mutations, one of the greatest problems is the high degree of absorption of the rays by the cytoplasm. This has been' shown very clearly by the work of Stadler and Uber on pollen grains of Zea (Stadler and Uber, 1942). In fungal spores, where the treated objects are small and relatively uniform in size, this difficulty is at a minimum. Moreover, observations on large numbers of individuals can often be obtained in a relatively short time. A certain amount of work has been done on the effect of ultraviolet in inducing variants in Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Emmons and Hollaender, 1939). Since this fungus has no known sexual stage, however, the variants could not be subjected to genetical analysis. It was therefore decided to repeat the work with Neurospora crassa, an Ascomycete. Its life history had been studied in detail by Shear and Dodge (1920), who found that it is heterothallic and that its sexual reproduction -is readily controlled experimentally. Lindegren (1942), Dodge (1930), and others had investigated its inheritance and found that Mendelian segregation occurs in the ascus. In addition, this fungus had already been used in radiation experiments (Lindegren and Lindegren, 1941). The number of spores that can be isolated in any experiment on N. crassa is limited, because of the rapid, spreading growth of this fungus. It was felt, however, that this disadvantage was outweighed by the p.ossibility of analyzing the variants genetically. Experiments on the effects of X-radiation were undertaken to parallel the ultraviolet experiments (Hollaender, Sansome, Zimmer and Demerec, 1945), since it was thought that a comparison of the effects of these t-wo agents might give some indication as to how they act in inducing mutations. Such comparisons have been tried before, but the absorption difficulty in the case of ultraviolet radiation has, always interfered with quantitative work using this agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The methods employed were essentially those described by the Lindegrens (1941). Microconidia were used for these experiments, because their uninucleate condition, small size, and uniformity render them very suitable for ultraviolet treatment. They were obtained from the fluffy mutant, which does not produce macroconidia but only microconidia. The use of fluffy served also as a check against colntamination, since Neurospora contaminants were more likely to be of the wild conidial type. The cultures were passed through a single ascospore or single microconidium stage, not more than
Production, distribution and applications of californium-252 neutron sources

Abstract The radioisotope 252Cf is routinely encapsulated into compact, portable, intense neutron sources with a 2.6-yr half-life. A source the size of a person’s little finger can emit up to 1011 neutrons s−1. Californium-252 is used commercially as a reliable, cost-effective neutron source for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) of coal, cement and minerals, as well as for detection and identification of explosives, land mines and unexploded military ordnance. Other uses are neutron radiography, nuclear waste assays, reactor start-up sources, calibration standards and cancer therapy. The inherent safety of source encapsulations is demonstrated by 30 yr of experience and by US Bureau of Mines tests of source survivability during explosions. The production and distribution center for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Californium Program is the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). DOE sells 252Cf to commercial reencapsulators domestically and internationally. Sealed 252Cf sources are also available for loan to agencies and subcontractors of the US government and to universities for educational, research and medical applications. The REDC has established the Californium User Facility (CUF) for Neutron Science to make its large inventory of 252Cf sources available to researchers for irradiations inside uncontaminated hot cells. Experiments at the CUF include a land mine detection system, neutron damage testing of solid-state detectors, irradiation of human cancer cells for boron neutron capture therapy experiments and irradiation of rice to induce genetic mutations.
Economic Effects of Resistance and Withdrawal of Organophosphate Pesticides on an Apple Production System

Theoretical investigations have suggested that resistance may have severe effects on the long-run economic performance of agricultural production systems. In addition, regulatory withdrawals of critical insecticides may hasten the development of resistance. Given the complexity of the problem, an optimizable bioeconomic simulation was used to examine the economic effects associated with regulation and insecticide resistance in the mid-Atlantic apple production system. Withdrawals of single organophosphates were modeled by reducing the size of a hypothetically complete insecticide control set. Reductions in the size of the insecticide control set led to substantial additional economic losses because of long-term resistance development. Azinphosmethyl withdrawal resulted in an additional -$1.66 billion present value loss and chlorpyrifos withdrawal an additional -$1.91 billion present value loss in economic benefits over a 25-yr period of analysis, whereas a withdrawal of microencapsulated methyl parathion resulted in an additional -$2.47 billion present value loss to resistance over 25 yr. Along with economic effects, insecticide withdrawals also led to changes in the total long-run use of chemical controls, although the magnitude and direction of the change depended on the specific insecticide withdrawn. Overall, results of our study suggest that the effects of interactions between regulation and resistance may lead to severely underestimating the actual benefits associated with a continued chemical registration, especially when using static budgeting analyses as is currently done in the federal regulatory assessment process.
Effect of preparation method and selective poisoning on the performance of platinum supported on tungstated zirconia catalysts for alkane isomerization

The reactions of n-butane with hydrogen at 573 K were used as chemical probes to study the performance of platinum supported on tungstated zirconia (PtWZ) prepared by sequential impregnation of tungsten (W) and platinum (Pt) precursors. The effect of Pt and W loading and calcination and reduction temperatures on the n-butane isomerization activity and selectivity was determined. N-propylamine poisoning experiments show that the isomerization and homologation (C3 + C5) pathways are affected more dramatically than the hydrogenolysis routes because the former are exclusively acid-catalyzed reactions.
Flexor Tendon Pulley Reconstructions—A Histological and Ultrastructural Study in Non-Human Primates

The feasibility of A2 pulley reconstructions using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), woven nylon, and fascia lata was assessed in a non-human primate model and evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy 18 weeks after implantation. No adhesions were found between reconstructed pulleys and flexor tendons. All types of pulley were intact and incorporated by host tissues, without evidence of a foreign body reaction. The inner surfaces of the fascial and PTFE pulleys, apposed to the gliding flexor tendons, were smooth and covered by a fibrous layer of tissue on microscopic and ultrastructural examination. The apposed visceral synovial surfaces of the F.D.P. tendon were indistinguishable from those from unoperated digits. The FDP tenosynovium apposed to woven nylon pulleys was more fibrillar and granular. Based on the results of the present study and on previous biomechanical data, expanded PTFE should be considered as a material for pulley reconstruction; it is incorporated by host tissues, elicits no foreign body reaction and causes no adhesions or traumatic changes to underlying flexor tendons. It is not yet known whether it has sufficient breaking strength to meet the functional demands of human pulleys.
Modeling of In Situ Strength Development for the Thermoplastic Composite Tow Placement Process

The composite tow placement process is a non-autoclave consolidation method that involves in situ consolidation and bonding of thermoplastic tape on a preconsolidated substrate. It can be used as a method for manufacturing large composite structures with a high degree of process control and dimensional accuracy. The bond strength that develops between layers within the laminate ultimately governs the final strength of the part. In this work, a model is presented for predicting through-thickness heat transfer and bond strength development based on intimate contact and healing at the ply interface. Experiments are carried out to validate these results for a wide variety of process conditions, and they show that model based predictive control can be used as a method for process optimization. The numerical results show that bond strength development is significantly affected by the process set points (e.g., head velocity heat input and roller pressures), and that the resulting strength can vary significantly ...
Survival of Grasshopper Eggs Kept for Long Periods in Mineral Oil

THE ease with which diapause may be broken in the eggs of a common North American grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis differentialis (Thomas), with mineral (paraffin) oil has been described recently1. Treatment with the oil for 1 hr. or less is sufficient to remove the waterproofing materials from the hydropyle. After the eggs are taken from the oil, cleaned and transferred to a medium from which they Can absorb water, development begins and they hatch in a completely normal manner about 18 days later. No harmful effect of the oil on the eggs can be detected even if they are left in it for as long as four weeks.
High-resolution NMR studies of encapsulated proteins in liquid ethane.

Many of the difficulties presented by large, aggregation-prone, and membrane proteins to modern solution NMR spectroscopy can be alleviated by actively seeking to increase the effective rate of molecular reorientation. An emerging approach involves encapsulating the protein of interest within the protective shell of a reverse micelle, and dissolving the resulting particle in a low viscosity fluid, such as the short chain alkanes. Here we present the encapsulation of proteins with high structural fidelity within reverse micelles dissolved in liquid ethane. The addition of appropriate co-surfactants can significantly reduce the pressure required for successful encapsulation. At these reduced pressures, the viscosity of the ethane solution is low enough to provide sufficiently rapid molecular reorientation to significantly lengthen the spin-spin NMR relaxation times of the encapsulated protein.
Context-dependent diel behavior of upstream-migrating anadromous fishes

Variability is a hallmark of animal behavior and the degree of variability may fluctuate in response to environmental or biological gradients. For example, diel activity patterns during reproductive migrations often differ from those in non-breeding habitats, reflecting trade-offs among efficient route selection, reproductive phenology, and risk avoidance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that diel movements of anadromous fishes differ among freshwater migration habitats. We analyzed diel movement data from ~13 000 radio-, PIT-, and acoustic-tagged adult fishes from five Columbia River species: Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; sockeye salmon, O. nerka; steelhead, O. mykiss; Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus; and American shad, Alosa sapidissima. All five species were active during most of the diel cycle in low-gradient, less hydraulically complex reservoir and riverine habitats. Movement shifted to predominantly diurnal (salmonids and American shad) or nocturnal (Pacific lamprey) at hydroelectric dam fishways where hydraulic complexity and predator density were high. Results suggest that context-dependent behaviors are common during fish migrations, and that diel activity patterns vary with the degree of effort or predation risk required for movement.
Trypanosoma brucei: infection in murine diabetes.

The course of infection due to Trypanosoma brucei infection was observed in genetically diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. A strain of T. brucei, TREU 667, was used which produces a chronic infection in C57BL6(B6) mice lasting greater than 60 days. Genetic diabetic mice (+db+db) are obese, and have elevated blood glucose levels, normal levels of insulin, and impaired cell-mediated immunity. Their littermates (m+m+, m++db) are of normal weight, and are normoglycemic and immunocompetent. The infected +db+db mice lived significantly longer than the nondiabetic littermates. In contrast to this finding, streptozotocin-induced diabetic B6 mice developed higher parasitemia and had shorter survival times than control B6 mice. Continuous treatment with insulin of these streptozotocininduced diabetic mice led to normalization of blood glucose and a significant reduction of parasitemia. While hyperglycemia may be associated with higher parasitemia and death in streptozotozin-induced diabetes, genetic factors may play an additional role in the genetic models.
Calcium Alginate Films: Thermal Properties and Permeability to Sorbate and Ascorbate

Calcium alginate films were prepared by the pH-controlled release of calcium ions into alginate solution or by the cooling of hot calcium alginate gels. Thermogravimetry and calorimetry showed that the controlled Ca release films contained a greater amount of high-temperature component, and required extra energy to dissociate the tightly crosslinked calcium alginate. Structural differences were reflected by the permeability of the two films to potassium sorbate: 1.06 × 10–7 (controlled Ca release) and 1.58 × 10–7 cm2sec–1 (cooled). Apparent activation energy was estimated to be for the diffusion of potassium sorbate 24.1 KJ·mol–1, sodium ascorbate 23.7, and ascorbic acid 36.2. Results suggested that the pH of the diffusant solution had an interactive effect on the alginate film.