cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Hotspur Can’t Take a Joke: Temperament and Leadership in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part 1

Attention should be given to the temperament, passions, and character integral to good leadership. Accordingly, Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part 1 provides a useful study of leadership and temperament. The framework of the play places the future Henry V—Prince Hal—between the comic Falstaff, on the one hand, and the ill-tempered Hotspur, on the other. Even more, Shakespeare sets up a comparison and contrast between Hal and Hotspur as a means of warning that rigid moralists should not assume leadership positions. Though frivolous, Prince Hal is to be preferred as a leader precisely because of his flexibility of character and his sense of humor. By contrast, Shakespeare teaches that the Hotspurs of the world are dangerous due to the immoderation and imbalance that characterizes their temperament. Such individuals are prone to see life solely in black and white; the ethical public servant, however, must perceive the chromatic nuances of human nature, social interaction, and ethical challenges that characterize p...
Inequality in Transition? Educational Stratification and German Unification

Author(s): Kesler, Christel D. | Abstract: This research examines educational stratification cross-nationally through the context of German division and unity. Drawing on representative German Social Survey (ALLBUS) data from 1991-1998 on cohorts schooled in the 1980s and 1990s, the analysis explores educational inequality at the secondary school level with respect to social origins and gender in four settings: the late state socialist German Democratic Republic, the immediate pre-unification setting Federal Republic of Germany, and the two halves of a now-united Germany. The paper includes a discussion of possible underlying reasons for the major finding of the descriptive analysis: a lack of variation in the parameters of educational inequality, despite varied and changing institutions and ideologies.
Oxygen transport in critically ill infants after congenital heart operations

Abstract Background . Oxygen transport variables reflect the balance of oxygen delivery and demand. Because oxygen transport in infants undergoing congenital cardiac operations is not well described, we examined oxygen transport in such patients. Differences in oxygen transport between survivors and nonsurvivors and variables that might be predictive of outcome were sought. Methods . We reviewed hospital records of infants admitted to the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit in our institution from January 1996 through April 1997. Infants in whom simultaneous arterial blood gas and systemic venous oxygen saturation measurements were performed on admission and at 6 and 24 hours after admission were included. Analyses of arterial pH, base excess, arteriovenous oxygen saturation differences, and oxygen extraction ratio were performed, including comparisons of survivors and nonsurvivors and changes over time. Results . Forty-nine infants were included in the study, with 39 survivors. There were no differences in any parameter between survivors and nonsurvivors on admission or at 24 hours. At 6 hours, differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were significant for arterial pH (7.48 versus 7.35, p p p p p = 0.002). Conclusions . Infants who die after cardiac operations have significant derangements of oxygen transport at 6 hours after admission to the intensive care unit. Infants with an oxygen extraction ratio greater than 0.5 at 6 hours are at highest risk.
An ultrasonic method for isolating nonclay components from clay-rich material

[1] We present an efficient method for high-volume heavy mineral separation from clay-rich rocks using an ultrasonic probe. The ultrasonic clay separator (UCS) is an easily constructed device that allows for the recovery of high-density minerals, as small as 10 µm, with a minimum of sample preparation. Heavy mineral recovery from clay-rich material with the UCS yields a greater number of small (<100 µm) grains and approximately double the amount of material from that of gravity settling and decanting. Despite development with heavy mineral recovery in mind, the UCS should suitable for recovering small grain size geologic materials from flocculating clay-rich material.
Molecular mapping of wheat: major genes and rearrangements in homoeologous groups 4, 5, and 7.

A molecular-marker linkage map of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a framework for integration with teh classical genetic map and a record of the chromosomal rearrangements involved in the evolution of this crop species. We have constructed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) maps of the A-, B-, and D-genome chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4, 5, and 7 of wheat using 114 F7 lines from a synthetic X cultivated wheat cross and clones from 10 DNA libraries. Chromosomal breakpoints for known ancestral reciprocal translocations involving these chromosomes and for a known pericentric inversion on chromosome 4A were localized by linkage and aneuploid analysis. Known genes mapped include the major vernalization genes Vrn1 and Vrn3 on chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL, the red-coleoptile gene Rc1 on 7AS, and presumptively the leaf-rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) resistance gene Lr34 on 7DS and the kernel-hardness gene Ha on 5DS. RFLP markers previously obtained for powdery-mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici) resistance genes Pm2 and Pm1 were localized on chromosome arms 5DS and 7AL.
Managing a Patient Flow Improvement Project

There are many opportunities for improvements in patient flow, but a successful project to do so requires proper organization and execution. The professional project management tools used in many industries are relevant, but the hospital environment places special demands that affect chances for success. A patient flow improvement project must have a well-understood scope and objective with measurable results. The project team must be multidisciplinary, and participation from staff members must be encouraged. Examples and specific relevant project management methods are discussed.
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Betaxolol on Blood Pressure, Renin‐Aldosterone, and Renal Function in Essential Hypertension

The effects of betaxolol, a long-acting, lipid-soluble, cardioselective, beta-adrenergic antagonist on renal function have not been previously reported. The present study was designed to prospectively assess the acute and chronic antihypertensive, humoral, and renal response to betaxolol, administered once daily, to patients with essential hypertension. After a four-week placebo run-in period, 13 patients with essential hypertension were treated with betaxolol monotherapy for a total of eight months. Results indicate that blood pressure is reduced, and renal function remains stable. These findings are consistent with previous observations with other beta-adrenergic antagonists.
EFFECTS OF EXURBAN DEVELOPMENT ON BIODIVERSITY: PATTERNS, MECHANISMS, AND RESEARCH NEEDS

Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This ''exurban'' development ( ;6-25 homes/km 2 ) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowl- edge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human-adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often in- crease with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity.
A varicella outbreak in a school with high one-dose vaccination coverage, Beijing, China

Background Varicella vaccine is available in the private sector in China, with a single dose currently recommended for children aged ≥12 months. We investigated a varicella outbreak in a school in Beijing with high varicella vaccination coverage to describe the outbreak, examine risk factors for vaccine failure, and calculate vaccine effectiveness.
Expression of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 along the porcine oral-gastrointestinal tract: implications on oral mucosal drug delivery.

AbstractObjectives: To characterize the expression of Pgp and CYP3A4 along the oral-gastrointestinal (GI) tract for understanding the potential roles of CY3A4 and Pgp in oral mucosal drug delivery.Design: Porcine buccal mucosa, sublingual mucosa, esophagus and jejunum, ileum and colon tissues were used for studying the mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A4 and Pgp. mRNA and protein were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, respectively. The expression levels of CYP3A4 and Pgp in different segments of oral-GI tract were compared.Results: Levels of Pgp mRNA were significantly lower (14–40 times lower) in buccal and sublingual mucosa than that in intestine. In contrast, higher levels of CYP3A4 mRNA were observed in the oral mucosa as compared to that in intestine, but the difference was not statistically different. The levels of Pgp protein along the oral-GI tract followed the order: sublingual ∼buccal ∼esophagus < jejunum ∼ileum ∼ colon while the expressi...
Learning about dynamical systems via unfalsification of hypotheses

This paper examines the problem of learning behaviours of a dynamical system from experimental data via unfalsification of hypotheses within the behavioural approach to system theory of Willems. Behaviours of the dynamic systems are postulated as hypotheses and then tested against experimental data. A simple and concise condition for falsification of hypotheses by experimental data in terms of a kernel is presented. The approach is applicable both to learning models for a plant and to adapting controllers to satisfy performance and robustness goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pore Properties of the Human Piezo1 Channel Based on Cation Permeation

Piezo1 is a eukaryotic mechanosensitive cation channel. We characterized its permeability to monovalent and divalent cations. The i-V relationships for 150 mM Na+, K+ and Cs+ ions were similar and they showed non-linearity (for 150 mM K+, the conductance was 36 pS at −40 mV and 47 pS at −100 mV). This similarity implies that the ions permeate without requiring much dehydration (hydrated radius of ions: Na+: 276 pm; K+: 232 pm; Cs+: 226 pm). However, conductance of Li+ was lower (27 pS at −100 mV) implying that some of the hydrated shell had to be shed in order for the ion to permeate the channel. At 150 mM, the impermeant occluding ions TMA, TEA and Tris with hydrated diameters of 550, 660, and 580 pm, respectively, severely attenuated K+ currents through the channel. Extracellular Tris attenuated the K+ current in a dose-dependent manner with an equilibrium constant of 30 mM. Permeation of monovalent ions and occlusion by Tris suggests that the radius of the pore is between 340 pm and 580 pm. Recording with pure divalent pipette solutions established the conductance of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions. The conductances of inward currents at a membrane potential of 50 mV were 9 pS, 14 pS and 24 pS for Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ repectively. In general, divalent currents were rarely elicited compared to monovalent currents. Pre-exposing cells to cytochalasinD, a known actin disruptor, enhanced the probability of divalent-based currents. By maintaining K+ as the main cation and titrating it with divalents of increasing concentration we determined that divalents decreased the single-channel conductance of K+ based currents as though the ions blocked the open channel for a fraction of the time.
Life Cycle Asset Management Methodologies for Buildings

AbstractAlthough asset management methodologies and tools related to the civil infrastructure domain have existed for decades, there are many challenges in applying these same techniques to buildings. This is because of the complexity and diversity of building structures, and their ownership profile. Numerous influences including scarcity of energy and material resources and land are creating greater awareness of the need for structured building management to reduce total life cycle needs. This reduction in consumption needs to be balanced with the requirements of the building occupant, such that building services are provided at a certain level of quality over a specified lifespan. Whether the building reaches that life and how it performs in service depends on maintenance, repair, and modernization during that timeframe, or restoration and recapitalization near the end of that timeframe. Optimal facility asset management needs to consider minimizing the life cycle costs related to these activities, whil...
Spherical harmonic projectors

The harmonic projection (HP), which is implicit in the numerous harmonic transforms between physical and spectral spaces, is responsible for the reliability of the spectral method for modeling geophysical phenomena. As currently configured, the HP consists of a forward transform from physical to spectral space (harmonic analysis) immediately followed by a harmonic synthesis back to physical space. Unlike its Fourier counterpart in Cartesian coordinates, the HP does not identically reconstruct the original function on the surface of the sphere but rather replaces it with a weighted least-squares approximation. The importance of the HP is that it uniformly resolves waves on the surface of the sphere and therefore eliminates high frequencies that are artificially induced by the clustering of grid points in the neighborhood of the poles. The HP also maintains spectral accuracy when combined with the double Fourier method. Originally the HP required O(N 3 ) storage where N is the number of latitudinal points. However, this was recently reduced to O(N 2 ) using an algorithm that also provided a savings of up to 50 percent in compute time. The HP was also generalized to an arbitrary latitudinal distribution of points. However, the HP as a composite of analysis and synthesis can be subject to considerable error depending on the point distribution. Here we define a variant of the traditional HP that is well conditioned, with condition number 1, for any point distribution. In addition, storage requirements are further reduced because the projections corresponding to all longitudinal wave numbers m are expressed in terms of a single orthogonal matrix.
The Influence of Sequential Male Courtship Behaviors on Courtship Success and Duration in a Terrestrial Salamander, Plethodon shermani

Most organisms use multiple cues across many modalities to assess potential mates. Salamanders in the genus Plethodon have an elaborate courtship display, yet previous studies primarily have concentrated on the influence of olfactory cues on courtship success. In this study, we tested whether two different cues (one chemical and one visual) affected courtship success and duration in the red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani. By staging and observing over 180 courtship trials, we found that ‘foot-dancing’, a male visual cue performed in the earliest stages of courtship, significantly increased the likelihood that a male and female would progress to subsequent stages of courtship and, thus, the likelihood of insemination. In contrast, delivery of biologically relevant levels of a non-volatile pheromone (produced in a large gland on the male's chin) during courtship trials did not increase overall insemination rate success, but did significantly reduce the duration of one of the later stages of courtship, tail-straddling walk. Thus, we propose that early use of visual cues in Plethodon courtship, may (1) increase the detectability of the male message by increasing the range at which the male can be perceived by the female and (2) indicate the context of the male's approach and subsequent behaviors. In short, this study draws attention to the need to examine behavioral traits affecting courtship success at multiple stages and across several sensory modalities.
From The Matrix to a Model of Coordinated Action (MoCA): A Conceptual Framework of and for CSCW

The CSCW community is reliant upon technology-centric models of groupware and collaboration that frame how we examine and design for cooperative work. This paper both reviews the CSCW literature to examine existing models of collaborative work and proposes a new, expanded conceptual model: the Model of Coordinated Action (MoCA). MoCA is a broader framework for describing complex collaborative situations and environments including, but not limited to, collaborations that have diverse, high-turnover memberships or emerging practices. We introduce MoCA's seven dimensions of coordinative action and illustrate their connection to past and current CSCW research. Finally, we discuss some ramifications of MoCA for our understanding of CSCW as a sociotechnical design space.
Media for detecting and enumerating yeasts and moulds

Dilution plating techniques are designed to determine populations of viable fungal propagules per unit weight or volume of food. Direct plating techniques, on the other hand, are designed to assess the internal mycoflora of individual pieces of foods, e.g., seeds or dried fruits, and results are expressed as a percentage of infected pieces. Both techniques are used by industry and regulatory agencies to monitor levels of fungal contamination at various stages of food handling, storing, processing and marketing. Peptone (0.1%) water is commonly used as a diluent for samples to be homogenized or blended. Buffered diluents containing up to 30% glucose or 60% sucrose are recommended for enumerating xerophiles. No one medium is satisfactory for detection or enumeration of yeasts and moulds in all foods. Dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar, oxytetracycline glucose yeast extract agar and rose bengal chloramphenicol agar are superior to acidified potato dextrose agar for enumeration of yeasts and moulds. Dichloran 18% glycerol agar performs well for enumerating moderately xerophilic yeasts and moulds. Fastidious xerophiles require media containing high concentrations of sugars and/or sodium chloride. Media have been formulated to detect potentially aflatoxigenic aspergilli and mycotoxigenic strains of penicillia and fusaria, but increased selectivity and specificity of media for detecting mycotoxigenic moulds are needed. Heat-resistant mould ascospores often require heat treatment prior to plating in order to activate the germination process. The spread-plate technique is strongly preferred over the pour-plate technique for enumerating yeasts and moulds. The recommended incubation temperature is 25 degrees C, but incubation time between plating and counting colonies ranges from 5 days for determination of general populations of mycoflora to 4 weeks or more for fastidious xerophiles. There is a need for new and improved media for selectively isolating various groups, genera, species and/or strains of fungi capable of growing only under specific environmental conditions, e.g., low aw or, in the case of sublethally injured cells, under conditions which facilitate resuscitation. Improved media are needed which accurately detect moulds producing specific mycotoxins in a wide range of food types.
The Role of ERCP in Gallstone Pancreatitis

Between them, gallstones and alcohol cause over 80% of all cases of acute pancreatitis. Although most cases of gallstone pancreatitis are mild, 10-15% are severe, requiring prolonged hospitalization and skilled medical care. Some of these patients die from local and systemic complications of their pancreatitis, which is a complex disorder requiring considerable experience and expertise to manage. Predictive scoring systems, derived from historical data, allow clinicians to identify those who are likely to develop severe disease. Severe acute pancreatitis is a condition that becomes progressively worse over time due to local, then systemic, effects of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Research efforts are currently focused on developing drugs that will block or ameliorate their effects. The platelet activating factor (PAF) inhibitor, lexipafant, is showing promise in clinical trials. With the possible exception of gabexate, a protease inhibitor, no other drug or medical intervention has been shown to alter the course of pancreatitis once it is established. The care of patients with severe pancreatitis includes vigorous fluid resuscitation, generous analgesia, enteral or parenteral nutrition when ileus is prolonged, and management of complications as they arise. In cases of gallstone pancreatitis, therapeutic endoscopy has a role when gallstones are impacted in the ampulla of Vater. Four clinical trials have compared early ERCP and sphincterotomy for biliary stone extraction to medical management alone. In patients with biliary obstruction (progressive jaundice with or without cholangitis), early ERCP reduces morbidity related to biliary sepsis. There is also a trend towards fewer deaths. However, there appears to be no benefit from early ERCP in patients with severe pancreatitis who do not have biliary obstruction. A recent study suggests that unnecessary ERCP in this setting may actually increase complications, such as respiratory and renal failure.
Phase equivalent potentials for neutron-alpha elastic scattering

Abstract A new distorted wave approximation for the deduction of two-body elastic scattering potentials from the phase shifts is applied to the low energy neutron-alpha data. The procedure for smoothing relatively scattered data is discussed and potentials for the interaction are deduced. The potentials found illustrate the strong spin-orbit effects initially evident in the splitting of the P wave phases and do not lead to a bound state for 5He.
Improving the high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry methodology through exact matching.

Exact matching is investigated as a means of improving high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HP-ICP-OES), a technique developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to enable elemental determinations with relative expanded uncertainty of approximately 0.2% expressed at 95% confidence. “Exact matching” refers to the very careful matching of analyte mass fractions, internal standard mass fractions, and matrix compositions among the calibration and unknown sample solutions prepared for an analysis. Computer spreadsheet modeling results and laboratory data involving 16 pairs of analyte and internal standard wavelengths show that exact matching of analyte and internal standard mass fractions mitigates imprecision and bias that can be caused by even subtle nonlinearity in the ICP-OES instrument response. Laboratory experiments also demonstrate matrix effects caused by small variations in acid composition and by mass fractions of Na less than 4 mg kg−1...
Marginal Misses After Postoperative Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose To describe the spatial distribution of local-regional recurrence (LRR) among patients treated postoperatively with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer. Methods and Materials The medical records of 90 consecutive patients treated by gross total resection and postoperative IMRT for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck from January 2003 to July 2009 were reviewed. Sites of disease were the oral cavity (43 patients), oropharynx (20 patients), larynx (15 patients), and hypopharynx (12 patients). Fifty patients (56%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Results Seventeen of 90 patients treated with postoperative IMRT experienced LRR, yielding a 2-year estimate of local regional control of 80%. Among the LRR patients, 11 patients were classified as in-field recurrences, occurring within the physician-designated clinical target volume, and 6 patients were categorized as marginal recurrences. There were no out-of-field geographical misses. Sites of marginal LRRs included the contralateral neck adjacent to the spared parotid gland (3 patients), the dermal/subcutaneous surface (2 patients), and the retropharyngeal/retrostyloid lymph node region (1 patient). Conclusions Although the incidence of geographical misses was relatively low, the possibility of this phenomenon should be considered in the design of target volumes among patients treated by postoperative IMRT for head and neck cancer.
Group Contribution Values for the Thermodynamic Functions of Hydration of Aliphatic Esters at 298.15 K, 0.1 MPa

A compilation of experimental values of the infinite dilution partial molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity of hydration, together with molar volumes in water at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa, is presented for aliphatic esters. These data, combined with the related results for aliphatic hydrocarbons, monohydric alcohols, and ketones, are treated in the framework of the first- and second-order group additivity methods. Numerical values of the contributions to each of the thermodynamic properties are obtained by a least-squares procedure for the following first-order groups: CH3, CH2, CH, C, OH, CO, COO, and COOH as well as for the C−OH, C−CO, and C−COO corrections for the attachment of the polar groups to the tertiary carbon atom. For the case of the second-order group contribution method, numerical values are retrieved for the following groups: C−(C)(H)3, C−(C)2(H)2, C−(C)3(H), C−(C)4, C−(C)(H)2(O), C−(C)2(H)(O)alcohol, C−(C)3(O)alcohol, O−(H)(C), CO−(C)2, C−(CO)(H)2(C), C−(CO)(H)(C)2, C−(CO)(C)3, C−(C...
Turing-Machine Computable Functionals of Finite Types II

Publisher Summary Natural numbers 0, 1, 2 , … are the objects of type 0 ; arbitrary one-place (total) functions α j+1 from objects β j of type j to natural numbers are objects of type j+1 . This chapter provides a new formulation (equivalent to the familiar one at types 0, 1) rather than a direct extension of the original formulation or of one of its previously known equivalents. In this new formulation, the general (partial) recursive functions are the total (partial) functions definable by the repeated use of nine schemata of definition. These schemata could be used for introducing the primitive recursive functions of natural-number variables (now admitting parameters of higher types), the schema for introducing a function variable α 1 of type 1, and two further schemata. Each schema specifies the first step in the computation of a function ϕ for given arguments a ; this step consists in passing from the expression “ ϕ(a)” on the left of the schema to that on the right. But instead of “ϕ(a)” it can be written as “{z}(a),” where z is a number, called an “index of ϕ”, that via a code gives the schema in question and also the schemata introducing the previously defined functions for that schema, etc.
Enduring consequences of neonatal treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid on sexual differentiation of rat brain

Sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain is regulated by steroids during a critical developmental period, particularly by estradiol, which is believed to be aromatized in brain from gonadally derived testosterone. To ascertain the importance of neuronal estrogen receptor expression during sexual differentiation, we infused a 15-mer oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the region of the translation start codon of estrogen receptor messenger RNA (mRNA), into the hypothalamus of 3-day-old rat pups. Two separate control treatments consisted of either a scrambled nucleotide sequence oligodeoxynucleotide, which had little homology to known mRNAs, or vehicle. Female pups either received a lightly androgenizing dose of testosterone 6 h after oligo infusion or were not hormone treated. Infusion of antisense oligo to estrogen receptor mRNA protected against many of the androgenizing effects of testosterone. Androgenized females infused with antisense oligo were significantly more likely to exhibit female sexual behavior in adulthood after treatment with estrogen plus progesterone and remained sensitive to the induction of wheel-running behavior by estrogen treatment seen in normal females, whereas the control androgenized females did not. Normal females did not exhibit any effects of antisense oligo treatment on sexual or locomotor behavior, but antisense oligo-treated normal females showed a trend (P = 0.09) toward disrupted estrous cyclicity and behaved differently in tests of open field behavior compared to controls. After killing, brains were processed for histology. Morphometric analysis of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area demonstrated a significantly smaller volume in antisense oligo-infused androgenized females compared with vehicle and scrambled oligo-infused controls. The sexually dimorphic nucleus volume was smaller still in normal females infused with antisense oligo, consistent with estrogen receptor activation playing an active role in sexual differentiation of the female brain. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in permanently altering a developmental process if administered during a critical period.
Histone hydrolase in tadpole liver

Le cytoplasme du foie de tetard contient une enzyme qui hydrolyse specifiquement les proteines basiques telle que la polylysine, la protamine et les histones. L'addition d'autres proteines telles que l'albumine, la globuline et l'acide polyglutamique inhibe l'activite de cette enzyme. Les resultats obtenus montrent que cette hydrolysase extraite du foie de tetard differe des cathepsines ou de l'histone-hydrolase du rein de rat.
A computational strategy for doubly smoothed MLE exemplified in the normal mixture model

A typical problem for the parameter estimation in normal mixture models is an unbounded likelihood and the presence of many spurious local maxima. To resolve this problem, we apply the doubly smoothed maximum likelihood estimator (DS-MLE) proposed by Seo and Lindsay (in preparation). We discuss the computational issues of the DS-MLE and propose a simulation-based DS-MLE using Monte Carlo methods as a general computational tool. Simulation results show that the DS-MLE is virtually consistent for any bandwidth choice. Moreover, the parameter estimates in the DS-MLE are quite robust to the choice of bandwidths, as the theory indicates. A new method for the bandwidth selection is also proposed.
Alternating phase-shifted mask for logic gate levels, design, and mask manufacturing

While the benefits of alternating phase shifted masks in improving lithographic process windows at increased resolution are well known throughout the lithography community, broad implementation of this potentially powerful technique has been slow due to the inherent complexity of the layout design and mask manufacturing process. This paper will review a project undertaken at IBM's Semiconductor Research and Development Center and Mask Manufacturing and Development facility to understand the technical and logistical issues associated with the application of alternating phase shifted mask technology to the gate level of a full microprocessor chip. The work presented here depicts an important milestone toward integration of alternating phase shifted masks into the manufacturing process by demonstrating an automated design solution and yielding a functional alternating phase shifted mask. The design conversion of the microprocessor gate level to a conjugate twin shifter alternating phase shift layout was accomplished with IBM's internal design system that automatically scaled the design, added required phase regions, and resolved phase conflicts. The subsequent fabrication of a nearly defect free phase shifted mask, as verified by SEM based die to die inspection, highlights the maturity of the alternating phase shifted mask manufacturing process in IBM's internal mask facility. Well defined and recognized challenges in mask inspection and repair remain and the layout of alternating phase shifted masks present a design and data preparation overhead, but the data presented here demonstrate the feasibility of designing and building manufacturing quality alternating phase shifted masks for the gate level of a microprocessor.
TLR signaling: a link between gut microflora, colorectal inflammation and tumorigenesis

A growing body of evidence supports the role of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the intestinal mucosa and its role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Patients with chronic intestinal inflammation, as is the case with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and a subset of patients with inflammatory and sporadic colorectal neoplasia, have increased expression of TLRs, especially TLR4, on colonic epithelial cells. Mouse models of colitis and cancer are useful to understand the role of TLRs and bacteria in the development of colon cancer. Clear differences in bacterial colonization patterns are noted between normal and dysplastic colonic mucosa. TLRs offer a potential prognostic and therapeutic target, serving as the link between bacterial ligands and epithelial inflammation.
Dielectric and elastic properties of ferroelectric materials at elevated temperature

Abstract The temperature dependence of the velocities of sound propagating along various directions in high quality mono-domain single crystals of BaTiO 3 and PbTiO 3 have been measured by Brillouin scattering. Using the velocities and dielectric permittivities measured by the impedance method, the elastic stiffness moduli, C ijkl , piezoelectric constants, e rij and dielectric permittivity, ϵ ij , have been determined at elevated temperature through the ferroelectric phase transition. Only the longitudinal compressive modulus along the polar c -axis of tetragonal PbTiO 3 exhibits a distinctive soft mode behavior. In BaTiO 3 the electromechanical properties are found to be significantly different at different frequencies. It is suggested that high frequency relaxation occurs in BaTiO 3 .
Assessment of saccharification efficacy in the cellulase system of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum.

Brown rot fungi uniquely degrade wood by creating modifications thought to aid in the selective removal of polysaccharides by an incomplete cellulase suite. This naturally successful mechanism offers potential for current bioprocessing applications. To test the efficacy of brown rot cellulases, southern yellow pine wood blocks were first degraded by the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum for 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Characterization of the pine constituents revealed brown rot decay patterns, with selective polysaccharide removal as lignin compositions increased. G. trabeum liquid and solid state cellulase extracts, as well as a commercial Trichoderma reesei extract (Celluclast 1.5 L), were used to saccharify this pretreated material, using β-glucosidase amendment to remove limitation of cellobiose-to-glucose conversion. Conditions varied according to source and concentration of cellulase extract and to pH (3.0 vs. 4.8). Hydrolysis yields were maximized using solid state G. trabeum extracts at a pH of 4.8. However, the extent of glucose release was low and was not significantly altered when cellulase loading levels were increased threefold. Furthermore, Celluclast 1.5 L continually outperformed G. trabeum cellulase extracts, although extent of glucose release never exceeded 22.0%. Results suggest methodological advances for utilizing crude G. trabeum cellulases and imply that the suboptimal hydrolysis levels obtained with G. trabeum and Celluclast 1.5 L cellulases, even at high loading levels, may be due to brown rot modifications insufficiently distributed throughout the pretreated material.
The Role of the Contemporary French Fiction Course

W HILE I have chosen the title "The Role of the Contemporary French Fiction Course" for my paper, my remarks would apply basically to a contemporary fiction course in any of the modern foreign languages ordinarily studied. It is my aim here to point out, with reference to French, the special ways in which such a course may awaken greater interest in languages and to discuss some of the results, both direct and indirect, that may derive from such study of contemporary works. One of the great advantages of a contemporary fiction course is its ability to absorb and add to the momentum of an interest already present, to profit by the many previous contacts of the public with articles about French authors and literary movements appearing in our periodicals-the latest to come to my attention is in the current issue of Holiday-contacts with translated books, with plays not only translated but produced and enjoying in some cases long runs on the American stage, with French films in increasingly wide distribution. The following examples of such contacts serve merely as representative illustrations; they are in no way intended to be exhaustive and their number could be multiplied many times. In most cases they are chosen from instances reported to me by my students. Among books rather widely circulated, in some instances in special book club editions, might be mentioned Bernanos: Dairy of a Country Priest, Camus: The Plague, Duhamel: The Pasquier Chronicle, Malraux: Man's Fate and Man's Hope, Mauriac: Viper's Tangle and Thirtse, SaintExup6ry: Wind, Sand and Stars, Vercel: Tides of Mont-Saint-Michel and Salvage. There is also a French film based on Salvage and circulated here under the title of Stormy Waters. The many magazine and newspaper articles about Gide at the time he received the Nobel prize in 1947 caused a rising interest in his works, an interest fed by the recent publication in English of his Journals. A number of students report having read The Counterfeiters; others have read Isabel and Strait Is the Gate.
Chinese children's use of subcharacter information about pronunciation

Two experiments involving Chinese 2nd graders and 4th graders investigated the use of subcharacter information to learn to pronounce unfamiliar semantic-phonetic compound characters. Experiment 1 confirmed that children can use the information in both tone-different and onset-different characters to learn character pronunciations and showed that phonological awareness generally facilitates learning. Experiment 2 demonstrated that children can utilize the information in bound-phonetic characters as well as, or even better than, the information in independent-phonetic characters, which implies that Chinese children can use an analogy strategy for decoding compound characters.
The third world and globalization

Abstract Many in both developed and developing countries fear global economic integration. But developing‐country fears of volatile capital flows are unfounded, as are developed‐country fears of pauper wages due to low‐cost imports. Demands for “ethical trading” are as misplaced as the fears of Third‐World cultural nationalists that globalization will destroy their valued ways of life.
Manipulation of multi-faceted data including the analysis of liquid column chromatograms

A series of programs has been created to manipulate and store experimental measurements. Some of these were written specifically, though not exclusively, for those users of amino acid analysers who are concerned with unknown components in their samples. The programs not only attempt to recognize the components of a chromatogram but combine, where appropriate, chromatograms from different samples of the same tissue or mixture. Tissue profiles are generated and those from like experiments are grouped, cross-compared and finally merged into an interrogable data base. An extension of this data base has been designed which permits the inclusion of different categories of multivalued components obtained from a variety of sources. Coded clinical information could be one such source.
Strategic alliances are channels for innovation at Sprint Nextel

Innovations nurtured through strategic alliances have helped make Sprint Nextel one of the frontrunners in the race to redefine the telecommunications industry. Its successful partnerships share a common implementation approach that includes careful alignment of objectives, deployment of dedicated resources, and strong collaboration at all levels, facilitated by the company's Strategic Alliance function. Each Strategic Alliance team bridges the alliance partners' organizations to keep information flowing, access needed resources, help resolve problems, and build positive relationships that enable the partners to leverage each other's technology and market expertise to bring value to Sprint Nextel customers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Buffer, Lactic Fermentation, and Rennet Coagulation Properties of Skim Milk Retentates Produced by Ultrafiltration

Abstract The buffer, lactic fermentation potential, and rennet coagulation of direct ultrafiltration retentates of skim milk were studied. Retentates concentrated five fold (18.5% total solids) and acidified directly or through a lactic acid fermentation displayed a dB/dpH value at pH 5.1 seven times greater than original skim milk. The buffering capabilities rose exponentially with increasing total solids. Rennet-coagulation behavior of ultrafiltration retentate was similar to that of milk. Successive reductions of 50% in rennet extended coagulation time by a factor of 1.9±.05.
Generalized exact solutions for steady two-dimensional flows with density stratification in the presence of gravity

Abstract Nonlinear analysis of two-dimensional steady flows with density stratification in the presence of gravity (and the analogous rotating flows) is simplified under the condition that the dynamic pressure (which is the product of the density of the fluid and the square of the velocity of the fluid) has the same value for all streamlines far upstream where they are assumed to be straight and parallel (Long's model). In this paper, we will relax this condition in a specified manner and construct a more general class of exact analytic solutions which describe a wider variety of upstream effects like columnar disturbances. For a range of Froude numbers, the streamlines associated with these solutions are numerically computed and sketched for flows through channels which show spatially periodic regions of recirculation and may be interpreted as flows over a periodic array of obstacles.
Polarization dependence of the mean wavelength of Er-doped superfluorescent fiber sources

superfluorescent fiber sources (SFS) due to polarization-dependent gain (PDG). This effect causes long-term drift as the fiberbirefringence in the source changes over time. By depolarizing the pump, this effect is reduced to under 3 ppm, the noiselevel of our instrument. A second depolarizer is used to compensate for polarization-dependent transmission of the othersource components, namely the WDM coupler and the isolator. The resulting source is insensitive to drifts in the fiberbirefringence due to environmental effects.Keywords: erbium-doped fiber devices, broadband light sources, polarization, depolarizers, fiber optic gyroscope.
Retrograde infusion of fluorescein to confirm location and patency of a glaucoma drainage device.

BACKGROUND During surgical revision of a glaucoma drainage device, the status of the implant tube can be in question. We report two cases in which retrograde infusion of fluorescein-stained balanced salt solution was used to confirm the patency and location of the tube. METHODS Fluorescein-stained balanced salt solution was made by dipping a sterile fluorescein strip into a 3-mL syringe of balanced salt solution until the fluid was visibly yellow. A 30-gauge canula was inserted into the tube at the reservoir end, and fluorescein-stained balanced salt solution was infused into the eye. RESULTS Retrograde infusion of fluorescein-stained balanced salt solution confirmed the location and patency of the glaucoma drainage device implant tube, obviating the need for more extensive surgical intervention in these two cases. Neither patient experienced an adverse event. CONCLUSION Retrograde infusion of fluorescein-stained balanced salt solution is a useful adjunctive technique for surgical revision of glaucoma drainage devices.
Time course of the reduction of GABA terminals in a model of focal epilepsy: a glutamic acid decar☐ylase immunocytochemical study

Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been used to study the time course of the decrease in putative GABAergic synaptic terminals that occurs in an alumina gel-induced model of focal epilepsy. Monkeys were studied at progressive intervals following unilateral application of alumina gel to sensorimotor cerebral cortex, and were categorized into 3 different experimental groups depending upon their clinical status. These groups respectively exhibited: (1) no abnormal bioelectrical (EEG and ECoG) activity; (2) abnormal bioelectrical activity, but no clinical seizures; and (3) both abnormal bioelectrical activity and clinical seizures. Normal and sham-operated monkeys were also studied. The amounts of GAD-positive terminal-like structures were determined on control and experimental sides of motor cortex (layer V) of all specimens with an image analysis system. This quantitative study revealed that monkeys from the 3 experimental groups showed reductions of GAD-positive terminals on the experimental cortical side, with greater losses occurring at progressively longer times following alumina gel implants. Statistical tests showed that there were no significant cortical side differences for the normal and sham groups, but that cortical side variations were significantly different for each of the 3 experimental groups. Conventional electron microscopy of an early experimental stage revealed degenerating axon terminals in layer V of motor cortex, as well as phagocytosis of degenerating material and astrogliosis. Similar findings were obtained from a chronically epileptic specimen, except that degenerating terminals were observed less often and fibrous astrocytic scarring was more prevalent, especially surrounding the somata of pyramidal neurons. The main conclusion drawn from the results of this investigation is that significant decreases of GAD-positive terminals occur prior to the onset of clinical seizures, and this is consistent with a causal role for a loss of GABAergic innervation in the development of seizure activity in this primate model of focal epilepsy.
Synthesis and characterization of trans-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamides of piperazinecyclohexanes as ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor.

Abstract A series of trans-N-alkyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamides of piperazinecyclohexanemethylamines was synthesized and characterized for binding and function at the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), and several potent benzylamine derivatives were identified. Compound 18v was found to bind MC4R with potent affinity (Ki = 0.5 nM) and high selectivity over the other melanocortin subtypes and behaved as a functional antagonist (IC50 = 48 nM).