cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lorentz Surfaces and Lorentzian CFT --- with an appendix on quantization of string phase space

The interest in string Hamiltonian system has recently been rekindled due to its application to target-space duality. In this article, we explore another direction it motivates. In Sec.\ 1, conformal symmetry and some algebraic structures of the system that are related to interacting strings are discussed. These lead one naturally to the study of Lorentz surfaces in Sec.\ 2. In contrast to the case of Riemann surfaces, we show in Sec.\ 3 that there are Lorentz surfaces that cannot be conformally deformed into Mandelstam diagrams. Lastly in Sec.\ 4, we discuss speculatively the prospect of Lorentzian conformal field theory. Additionally, to have a view of what quantum picture a string Hamiltonian system may lead to, we discuss independently in the Appendix a formal geometric quantization of the string phase space.
The effect of language shift on the acquisition of orientational systems, Choctaw and English☆☆☆

Abstract The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, a Muskogean group in north-central Mississippi, have maintained their language to an extraordinary degree. Until very recently more than 95% of children entering school spoke Choctaw as their sole or dominant language. This research reports changes in children's languages resulting from recent socioeconomic factors which hove precipitated a ‘tip’ (Dorian 1989) toward English language use. The local perception of ‘mixed’ language is examined and attributed to borrowed English lexicon in Choctaw discourse. Two morphosyntactic structures are examined as well, locatives and possessives; these may be grouped, semantically and formally, for the examination of comparative acquisitional processes (Clark, 1978; Johnston & Slobin, 1979; Lyons, 1975; Slobin, 1985). In L2 acquisition where the languages involved ore typologically distinct and the locative systems are noncomparoble, analysis of children's use of locatives and other orientational devices allows observation of cross-linguistic variation in acquiring the grammatical realizations of a relatively intricate yet restricted semantic domain. Findings support the interdependency of linguistic development in bilingual settings, but not proposed generalizations for the orderly emergence, cross-linguistically, of specific locatives. With regard to possessor systems, the effects of morphological pressure from the L2 are clearly demonstrated in the L1 possessor system. Issues and advantages of conducting collaborative research are addressed.
The Color of Devolution: Race, Federalism, and the Politics of Social Control

In this article, we seek to advance scholarship on the origins and consequences of policy devolution by analyzing state decisions to give local authorities control over welfare policy. The first part of our analysis explores the political forces that systematically influence state decisions to cede policy control to lower-level jurisdictions. In this context, we propose a general Racial Classification Model of how race influences social policy choice. Our findings support this model as well as social control perspectives on welfare provision. Building on these results, we then show how modest but consistent racial effects on policy choices concatenate to produce large disparities in the overall policy regimes that racial groups encounter in the federal system. The empirical findings illuminate the fundamental role that federalism plays in the production of contemporary racial disparities and in the recent turn toward neoliberal and paternalist policies in American poverty governance.
Program graphs, an algebra, and their implication for programming

Program graphs have been used as a vehicle to focus attention on the structure of a program. A systematic methodology for partitioning a program graph (digraph) to highlight the relationships between program elements is introduced along with an attendant notation. This notation is described in purely mathematical terms in the first section, and then the programming-related implications of this approach are addressed in the second section.
Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Pain, nausea and vomiting are frequently listed by patients as their most important perioperative concerns. With the change in emphasis from an inpatient to outpatient hospital and office-based medical/surgical environment, there has been increased interest in the ‘big little problem’ of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Currently, the overall incidence of PONV is estimated to be 25 to 30%, with severe, intractable PONV estimated to occur in approximately 0.18% of all patients undergoing surgery. PONV can lead to delayed postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) recovery room discharge and unanticipated hospital admission, thereby increasing medical costs. The aetiology and consequences of PONV are complex and multifactorial, with patient-, medical- and surgery-related factors. A thorough understanding of these factors, as well as the neuropharmacology of multiple emetic receptors [dopaminergic, muscarinic, cholinergic, opioid, histamine, serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine; 5-HT)] and physiology [cranial nerves VIII (acoustic-vestibular), IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus), gastrointestinal reflex] relating to PONV are necessary to most effectively manage PONV. Commonly used older, traditional antiemetics for PONV include the anticholinergics (scopolamine), phenothiazines (promethazine), antihistamines (diphenhydramine), butyrophenones (droperidol) and benzamides (metoclopramide). These antiemetics have adverse effects such as dry mouth, sedation, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, dystonic effects and restlessness. The newest class of antiemetics used for the prevention and treatment of PONV are the serotonin receptor antagonists (ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, dolasetron). These antiemetics do not have the adverse effects of the older, traditional antiemetics. Headache and dizziness are the main adverse effects of the serotonin receptor antagonists in the dosages used for PONV. The serotonin receptor antagonists have improved antiemetic effectiveness but are not as completely efficacious for PONV as they are for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Older, traditional antiemetics (such as droperidol) compare favourably with the serotonin receptor antagonists regarding efficacy for PONV prevention. Combination antiemetic therapy improves efficacy for PONV prevention and treatment. In the difficult-to-treat PONV patient (as in the chemotherapy patient), suppression of numerous emetogenic peripheral stimuli and central neuroemetic receptors may be necessary. This multimodal PONV management approach includes use of: (i) multiple different antiemetic medications (double or triple combination antiemetic therapy acting at different neuroreceptor sites); (ii) less emetogenic anaesthesia techniques; (iii) adequate intravenous hydration; and (iv) adequate pain control.
Histone Regulation of Lactic Dehydrogenase in Embryonic Chick Brain Tissue

Histone, when added at low concentrations to cultures of embryonic chick brain tissue, causes an inductive response in lactic dehydrogenase activity, whereas at higher concentrations of histone the response is repressive. This control is shown to operate by altering protein synthesis. Thus, histones exercise a primary regulatory function in the chick. Unlike lactic dehydrogenase, acetylcholine esterase is stable in this system and is not affected by histones or inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Lower bounds and approximations of the locations of movable singularities of some nonlinear differential equations using parameterized bounded operators

Abstract In this paper, we consider methods for easily computing lower bounds for the locations of movable singularities of certain nonlinear differential equations. The types of singularities include poles, movable branch points, other types of vertical asymptotes, and derivative blow-ups. Most methods use the idea of parametrized bounded operators. These lower bounds can then be used within a numerical procedure, such as Runge–Kutta (4, 4) algorithm, to approximate the locations of these movable singularities. This paper extends the work of Eliason [S.B. Eliason, Vertical asymptotes and bounds for certain solutions of a class of second order differential equations, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 3 (3) (1972) 474–484], Bobisud [L.E. Bobisud, The distance to vertical asymptotes for solutions of second order differential equations, Mich. Math. J. 19 (1972) 277–283] and From [S.G. From, Bounds for asymptote singularities of certain nonlinear differential equations, submitted for publication] to more general and higher order nonlinear differential equations. The importance of methods for locating singularities is discussed by Tourigny and Grinfeld [Y. Tourigny, M. Grinfeld, Deciphering singularities by discrete methods, Math. Comput. 62 (205) (1994) 155–169], who used methods based upon Taylor series coefficients.
Photoactive Liquid Crystalline Polymers as Multifunctional Materials

Abstract : UV-VIS spectral comparison with model compounds and isolation of the major product from preparative photolysis of one of the models has been used to show that the predominant photochemical reactions in the solid state of an aryl cinnamate polymer are 2+2 cycloaddition and photo-Fries rearrangement.
The unique role of the child psychiatry trainee on an inpatient or day care unit.

The trainee in child psychiatry who is involved in an inpatient or day care setting is beset by many problems, perhaps the most ubiquitous of which is that of finding a unique role for himself. He discovers that nurses, teachers, occupational therapists, etc ., who spend most of their day with the child, have more information and in some instances a more intimate relationship with the patient than he is likely to have. Each worker feels that his interaction with the child is the most vital to his recovery. The child psychiatry trainee, having lived through similar feelings early in his adult inpatient work, is again beset by uncertainties about how much his few therapeutic hours with the child are worth in contrast to the time and effort of his collaborators. When he finds that other child care personnel are also in volved on a daily basis in helping parents learn to interact more effectively with their child, he often wonders what he does have to contribute that is his and only his (Christ et al. , 1965; Christ and Griffiths, 1965; Christ and Wagner, 1966). In addition to the psychotherapeutic role, we have come to believe that
Politeness and memory for the wording of remarks

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether people spontaneously remember the wording used to convey politeness. In all experiments, subjects heard statements varying in politeness that had been made by either a high-status (e.g., a professor) or equal-status (e.g., another student) speaker. Subjects’ incidental memory for these statements was then tested with either a recognition (Experiments 1 and 3) or a recall (Experiment 2) procedure. As expected, there was evidence of significant memory for wording that conveyed politeness, and subjects were more likely to remember forms that were incongruous with the speaker’s status. There was also some evidence that subjects encoded the politeness of a remark even when they were unable to recall the specific remark. The results demonstrate the role of the interpersonal dimension in the processing of language in context.
In Vivo Evidence that Nonneuronal β‐Adrenoceptors as Well as Dopamine Receptors Contribute to Cyclic AMP Efflux in Rat Striatum

We applied in vivo microdialysis to assess the effects of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on cyclic AMP efflux in rat striatum under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Dopamine (up to 1 mM) infused for 20 min through the probe did not increase cyclic AMP, whereas both the selective dopamine D1 agonist SKF 38393 and D2 antagonist sulpiride produced modest increases. It is interesting that the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol produced a marked increase (204.7% of basal level at 1 mM) which was antagonized by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Pretreatment with a glial selective metabolic inhibitor, fluorocitrate (1 mM), by a 5-h infusion through the probe attenuated basal cyclic AMP efflux by 30.3% and significantly blocked the response to isoproterenol. By contrast, striatal injection of a neurotoxin, kainic acid (2.5 micrograms), 2 days before the dialysis experiment did not affect basal cyclic AMP or the response to isoproterenol, but blocked the response to SKF 38393. These data demonstrate the beta-adrenoceptors as well as dopamine receptors contribute to cyclic AMP efflux in rat striatum in vivo. They also suggest that basal and beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated cyclic AMP efflux are substantially dependent on intact glial cells.
Interrogating the Mechanism of a Tight Binding Inhibitor of AIR Carboxylase

The enzyme aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) carboxylase catalyzes the synthesis of the purine intermediate, 4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR). Previously, we have shown that the compound 4-nitro-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (NAIR) is a slow, tight binding inhibitor of the enzyme with a Ki of 0.34 nM. The structural attributes and the slow, tight binding characteristics of NAIR implicated this compound as a transition state or reactive intermediate analog. However, it is unclear what molecular features of NAIR contribute to the mimetic properties for either of the two proposed mechanisms of AIR carboxylase. In order to gain additional information regarding the mechanism for the potent inhibition of AIR carboxylase by NAIR, a series of heterocyclic analogs were prepared and evaluated. We find that all compounds are weaker inhibitors than NAIR and that CAIR analogs are not alternative substrates for the enzyme. Surprisingly, rather subtle changes in the structure of NAIR can lead to profound changes in binding affinity. Computational investigations of enzyme intermediates and these inhibitors reveal that NAIR displays an electrostatic potential surface similar to a proposed reaction intermediate. The result indicates that AIR carboxylase is likely sensitive to the electrostatic surface of reaction intermediates and thus compounds which mimic these surfaces should possess tight binding characteristics. Given the evolutionary relationship between AIR carboxylase and N 5 -CAIR mutase, we believe that this concept extends to the mutase enzyme as well. The implications of this hypothesis for the design of selective inhibitors of the N 5 -CAIR mutase are discussed.
Arthroscopic Management of Recurrent Glenohumeral Instability

Recurrent glenohumeral instability can be a debilitating condition that affects an athlete’s ability to compete at the highest levels of competition and, in our military population, meet the demands of active military service. Significant advances in the understanding of the natural history of this condition have led to new operative interventions and rehabilitative protocols that aim to return the athlete to their previous level of activity. There has been increased interest in the arthroscopic stabilization of shoulder instability, which is evolving from first-time dislocators to recurrent instability in noncontact and contact athletes as well. A thorough understanding of the pathoanatomy involved in shoulder instability allows us to address all injured structures responsible for recurrent instability including the Bankart tear (reverse Bankart for posterior instability) and loss of capsuloligamentous tension. As our arthroscopic techniques continue to improve, our clinical results will approach that of traditional open techniques with perhaps less perioperative morbidity and loss of motion. We have presented one such arthroscopic technique of a multipleated plication through a single anterior and posterior portal that has served us well in the management of recurrent shoulder instability. At present, the only contra-indication to an arthroscopic procedure is significant bony defects of the humeral head or glenoid, which requires a more extensive intervention.
Pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap reconstruction of select intraoral defects.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Multiple modalities exist for reconstruction of oral cavity defects following resection. Although microvascular free tissue transfer is often the first choice for complex intraoral defect reconstruction, not all patients are suitable candidates for free flaps. The authors present their experience with the pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap (TPFF) for reconstruction of selected intraoral defects. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Charts of patients who underwent a TPFF for reconstruction of intraoral defects at a tertiary academic institution between 2001 to 2003 were reviewed. Information regarding tumor, surgical procedure, complications, and results was gathered. The anatomy and surgical technique of using the TPFF for intraoral reconstruction were reviewed. Results: Three patients underwent reconstruction of an intraoral defect with a TPFF. All defects were on the lateral buccal space with significant anterior or posterior extension. All patients had specific contraindications for free flaps, including compromised donor site or recipient site vascularity and medical comorbidity. The procedures were uncomplicated. There was no incidence of flap failure, and all flaps accepted a split-thickness skin graft. The average hospital stay was 7 days. An oral diet was begun on the fifth postoperative day. The cosmetic result at the donor site was excellent. Follow-up has ranged from 7 to 30 months. Mild contracture of the flap developed in two patients, limiting mandibular motion. Conclusion: The TPFF is a thin, vascular, durable flap that is a viable option for reconstruction of selected intraoral defects in patients who are not suitable candidates for other methods.
Adaptive Control of an Active Magnetic Bearing With External Disturbance

Adaptive back stepping control (ABC) is originally applied to a linearized model of an active magnetic bearing (AMB) system. Our control goal is to regulate the deviation of the magnetic bearing from its equilibrium position in the presence of an external disturbance and system uncertainties. Two types of ABC methods are developed on the AMB system. One is based on full state feedback, for which displacement, velocity, and current states are assumed available. The other one is adaptive observer based back stepping controller (AOBC) where only displacement output is measurable. An observer is designed for AOBC to estimate velocity and current states of AMB. Lyapunov approach proves the stabilities of both regular ABC and AOBC. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of two controllers.
Responses of Red Clover Cultivars to Stemphylium Leaf Spot

Stemphylium leaf spot, caused by Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cav.) Wiltsh., occurs on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) at high severity levels in the northeastern USA and Canada during most seasons. Information on genetic variability for resistance to the disease and the effect of the disease on forage yield of red clover is lacking. The objectives of this research were to assess the levels of Stemphylium leaf spot on cultivars of red clover and to determine the impact of the disease on forage yield. Red clover was grown in the greenhouse and inoculated with S. sarciniforme to determine the levels of resistance within and among cultivars and to ascertain the degree of dry matter yield losses caused by this disease. Significant differences in leaf spot size severity scores occurred among 15 cultivars, but even the most resistant cultivars were scored as susceptible. Within each cultivar, 1 to 10% of the plants were scored as resistant phenotypes. When 30% of leaf area was affected by Stemphylium leaf spot, forage yield was reduced up to 30%. Uninoculated regrowth from previously inoculated plants was also reduced up to 30%. Selection for resistance to this disease in red clover should result in the development of resistant germplasm and should improve forage yield of the species.
High-Performance Gel-Permeation Chromatography of Bovine Skim Milk Proteins

Abstract The separation of bovine skim milk proteins by gel-permeation high performance liquid chromatography was examined. Toya-Soda TSK-GEL (Type SW) columns were used with an eluent of .05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.80) containing .1 M sodium sulfate at .5 ml/min. Bovine whole milk was centrifuged to remove lipids, and the resultant skim milk directly injected. A 2000SW column yielded three protein peaks: 1 = casein, IgG and BSA; 2 = 6-lactoglobulins and BSA; and 3 = α-lactalbumin and BSA. A 3000SW plus 2000SW column system with a 30 μl injection volume yielded four protein peaks: 1 = minor amounts of α - and β-casein; 2 = casein, BSA and IgG; 3 = β-lactoglobulins; and 4 = α1-lactalbumin. A 3000SW plus 2000SW column system with a 10 μl injection volume yielded five protein peaks: 1 = casein; 2 = IgG; 3 = BSA; 4 = β-lactoglobulins; and 5 = α-lactalbumin. Both the single column and dual column applications yielded three nonprotein peaks, which were dialyzed from solution. Thus, a high speed analytical sepa...
Local Adaptation and Effects of Grazing among Seedlings of Two Native California Bunchgrass Species: Implications for Restoration

Adaptation to environmental factors may influence the germination and establishment of focal species in ecological restoration. Reciprocal transplants remain one of the best methods to detect local adaptation, but long-term studies are often not feasible. We conducted reciprocal transplants of the native California bunchgrasses Elymus glaucus and Bromus carinatus between two central California locations to seek evidence of adaptation to local environmental conditions in a single growing season. Experimental plots at one location included grazed and ungrazed sites. The combination of locations and grazing treatments allowed us to determine whether the ability to detect evidence for adaptation depended on grazing regime. In addition, we measured the direct effects of grazing on seedling growth and survival concurrent with our investigation of local adaptation. We detected a homesite advantage for seedling growth or survival in both species, but the factors contributing to adaptive differentiation were species specific. Evidence of local adaptation was detected for seedling biomass in Bromus and for survivorship in Elymus. The homesite advantage observed in both species was greatly reduced under grazed conditions and in Elymus was significant only in the ungrazed plots. Climate and soil analyses detected significant differences between locations in five soil attributes and two climate variables. In particular, differences in exchangeable magnesium indicated that one of the two transplant locations consisted of serpentine soil, which is widely known to drive adaptation in plant populations. Together, these results suggest that it is possible to investigate the scale and factors involved in local adaptation with short-term transplant studies.
Effect of interferon on the dynamics of H3-thymidine incorporation and thymidine kinase induction in chick fibroblast cultures infected with vaccinia virus.

Abstract The effect of interferon on vaccinia virus replication, H 3 -thymidine incorporation, and thymidine kinase induction in chick embryo cell cultures was investigated. Interferon increased the latent period and decreased the final yield of vaccinia virus. Incorporation of H 3 -thymidine by vaccinia virus infected cultures without interferon showed a significant increase over the level of control cultures by 9 hours after infection and reached a maximum at about 15 hours. A slow decline in incorporation occurred after 18 hours. Infected cultures treated with interferon also showed an increase in H 3 -thymidine uptake which was similar to that of the untreated infected cultures up to about 12 hours, but there was an inhibition of incorporation thereafter. Thymidine kinase activity of infected cultures not treated with interferon showed a significant increase at about 12 hours and reached a maximum at approximately 20 hours and then gradually declined when followed up to 38 hours. Cultures pretreated with 50 PDD 50 units of interferon did not show an increase in thymidine kinase activity until about 21 hours after infection. Inhibition of virus yield, thymidine kinase activity, and thymidine incorporation was dependent upon the dose of interferon used.
Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder: II. Short-term behavioral effects in school settings.

Abstract In this study, 11 prepubertal hyperactive boys with tic disorder received placebo and three doses of methylphenidate (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg) for 2 weeks each, under double-blind conditions. Each boy was observed for approximately 20 hours in the school setting (classroom seatwork activities, lunchroom, and playground). Results showed that methylphenidate effectively suppressed hyperactive/disruptive behaviors in the classroom and physical aggression in the lunchroom and on the playground. Methylphenidate also reduced the occurrence of vocal tics in the classroom and the lunchroom. None of the motor tic measures revealed drug effects, but the lowest mean rate of motor tics occurred on the 0.3 mg/kg dose. On an operationally defined minimal effective dose, only one boy experienced motor tic exacerbation.
Photosynthetic and cellular photoadaptive characteristics of three ecotypes of the marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve

Abstract Physiological variation among genetically distinct clones of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, representative of the prevalent seasonal populations of this species in Narragansett Bay, were examined to determine the nature of their optimal survival strategies in response to changes in light intensity. The clones were found to exhibit significant differences in growth rates, cellular pigment content, PSU-RCI and PSU-RCII numbers per cell, ratios of RCI/RCII and photosynthetic capacities per cell. Respiration rates and Ic values did not vary among clones. The variation among clones for many characteristics were similar in magnitude to those previously reported for differences among species. No single photosynthetic feature dominated or predicted the photoadaptive mechanism in any clone examined. Large clonal differences in photoadaptive features suggest that the evolution of the seasonal ecotypes of S. costatum was not a recent phenomenon. The integration of cell-dependent and cell-independent photosynthetic features in each clone and, by inference, the genetic groups which they represent, partially accounts for the seasonal pattern of abundance distinct allochronic populations in the Narragansett Bay ecosystem.
Intramolecular carbene and nitrene insertions at C-2 of diacetone-d-glucose

Abstract Decomposition of a diazoester and an azidoformate attached at O-3 of 1,2;5,6-di- O -isopropylidene- d -glucofuranose (‘diacetone- d -glucose’) leads to intramolecular insertion into the C-2H bond as the major process in both cases.
The map sense of pigeons

Homing pigeons are able to return to their lofts after displacement to unfamiliar sites hundreds of kilometres away. A map sense enables them to determine their location, and a hierarchy of compass senses orient their flight. Recent experiments implicate magnetic and olfactory cues as the basis of the mysterious map sense.
Teratogenic effects of ethanol during hyperplastic growth in cardiac myocyte cultures.

Ethanol alters cellular growth and maturation, teratologic factors that are recognized as contributing to abnormal phenotypic expression. Cultured neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat cardiac myocytes were utilized to determine how ethanol alters growth and development. Two ethanol exposure paradigms were studied: (1) constant, to cultures in closed chambers for 7 days at low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) concentrations; and (2) periodic (24-hr) to cells during hyperplastic growth. In constantly exposed cultures, 10 and 50 ITIM ethanol concentrations depressed the rate of leucine incorporation and the rate of thymidine uptake during early hyperplastic growth (log phase growth). A resultant slower expansion of cell populations was noted. Although the period of maximum vulnerability appeared to be the hyperplastic growth phase, a second set of experiments using 10 and 50 mM ethanol were performed to assess the effects of short (24-hr) exposures. DNA synthesis was depressed during early hyperplastic growth compared with controls (days 2-4), reflected as a decrease in thymidine incorporation and smaller cell population. This study demonstrates that ethanol depresses both DNA and protein synthesis during hyperplastic growth resulting in an insufficient, protein-deficient cell mass, incapable of participating in normal embryogenesis.
Paneth cells: targets of friendly fire.

Severe intestinal pathology associated with infection with Toxoplasma gondii is a result of the loss of Paneth cells, an unexpected side effect of the secretion of IFN-γ by protective CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa.
Emerging video compression technologies

In this talk, I will describe two aspects of video compression algorithms: the first area has to do with very low bit rate video coding, and the second one with scalable video compression.
Optimization of GaAs epitaxy on CaF2/Si(111) substrates

Abstract Strain-free GaAs epitaxial layers on Si can be achieved by introducing a CaF 2 buffer layer. Here, molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs on CaF 2 /Si(111) substrates has been thoroughly investigated. Three growth regimes have been distinguished. In the low temperature regime, growth was always in a three-dimensional mode, while, in the high temperature regime, two-dimensional nucleation was achieved. However, continued growth in the high temperature regime resulted in the formation of twins after epitaxial initiation. Between those two regimes, there is a narrow temperature window in which high quality GaAs can be grown on the top of CaF 2 /Si(111). Under optimal growth conditions in this window, 1 μm thick GaAs layers were grown which exhibited good crystal quality (a minimum ion channeling yield of 3.5% was achieved at the GaAs surface) along with specular surface morphology. Such high quality GaAs on the top of CaF 2 /Si(111) substrates was achieved previously only by using electron-beam modification of the CaF 2 surface.
External validation of the equivalence of two computational formulas for a WAIS-R seven-subtest short form.

The usefulness of an abbreviated form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R) has been noted by several researchers. A 7-subtest short form yielding estimates of Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs (FSIQs) has shown good reliability and validity. Both weighted and prorated formulas have been used interchangeably to compute estimated IQs derived from this short form. The purpose of this study was to compare the equivalence of these formulas with the full WAIS-R in a mixed clinical sample. Results show that both formulas produce nearly identical results, with neither formula emerging as clearly superior over the other; validity coefficients for WAIS-R IQs ranged from .95 to .97. A very slight absolute advantage was noted for the prorated over the weighted formula in that it resulted in fewer IQ differences greater than 2 standard errors of measurement of fewer misclassifications of FSIQ, and stronger correlations with WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and FSIQs.
Left ventricular function in essential hypertension.

Thirty-three patients with untreated, uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied by noninvasive techniques to assess left ventricular function. Isometric contraction period, corrected ejection time and isometric relaxation period were measured by simultaneous recording of the apex cardiogram, carotid pulsations and phonocardiogram. The patients were classified into subgroups with high, normal and low cardiac index. The isometric contraction period of each subgroup varied inversely and mean systolic ejection rate varied directly with mean blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis showed that variations in isometric contraction period, mean systolic ejection rate and cardiac index could explain at least 60 percent of the variation in mean blood pressure in all patients studied. These data demonstrate the important role played by left ventricular function but shed no light on the mechanism of its variability in essential hypertension.
The degree of anisotropy for mid-ocean currents from satellite observations and an eddy-permitting model simulation

[1] The degree of anisotropy is calculated for the mid-ocean currents estimated from satellite altimetry and simulated with a numerical model of the Pacific Ocean. A high resolution eddy-permitting model is used for its ability to simulate mid-ocean multiple zonal flows, crucial for the evaluation of the degree of anisotropy. Using a commonly defined parameter of anisotropy, α, that falls between −1 and 1 and equals 0, −1, and 1 for an isotropic, purely meridional, and purely zonal flow, respectively, it is found that α increases from nearly zero for weekly data to significantly positive values for seasonally and annually averaged data. This tendency of increasing zonal anisotropy with averaging time is true for the surface geostrophic velocity from satellite altimetry and for both surface and deep-ocean velocities from the model simulation. The absolute value of α for the simulated surface currents agree with that derived from satellite observation, reaffirming the reliability of both data sets. In the model simulation, the behavior of α at the surface is very similar to that at 1000 m, indicating a deep structure of the zonally elongated features in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of oceanic eddies, Rossby waves, and zonal jets.
Consensus Science and the Peer Review

I recently reviewed a lecture on science, politics, and consensus that Michael Crichton—a physician, producer, and writer—gave at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, CA, USA on January 17, 2003. I was struck by the timeliness of its content. I am quite certain that most of us have been—in one way or another—exposed to the concept (and consequences) of “consensus science.” In fact, scientific reviewers of journal articles or grant applications—typically in biomedical research—may use the term (e.g., “....it is the consensus in the field...”) often as a justification for shutting down ideas not associated with their beliefs.
His bundle recordings in atypical A-V nodal Wenckebach block during cardiac pacing.

Abstract The features of the classic atrioventricular (A-V) nodal Wenckebach phenomenon are attributed to a conduction delay in the A-V nodal region. Changes in the P-R intervals merely represent the variations of the H-H intervals. The characteristic abnormalities of the latter consist of: (1) a gradual increase in P-H intervals; (2) a progressive decrease of the P-H increments; (3) a progressive diminution of the H-H intervals; (4) the long H-H interval produced by the nonconducted P wave is equal to the sum of the increments subtracted from twice the P-P intervals; and (5) the H-H interval after the intermission is longer than the H-H interval preceding the pause. Tracings from 4 patients with atypical characteristics are presented. Case 1 showed an increase of the H-H intervals. In addition, the pause was terminated by an atrial echo. In Case 2 there was premature (retrograde) excitation of the His bundle. The last 2 patients had an A-V nodal Wenckebach phenomenon co-existing with a block below the His bundle (type II Mobitz block). In one, this double conduction disturbance occurred during forward propagation, whereas in the other it appeared during retrograde conduction.
Facial growth accommodating secondary palate closure in rat and man.

Abstract In studies on palate formation, there is a void concerning quantitative data on the growth of the head and neck which accompanies closure. On sagittal sections of 18 human and 24 rat embryos and foetuses close to the age of secondary palate closure, we applied cephalometric techniques to isolate and analyze growth processes of the head. Traditionally it is stated that during embryonic growth the head extends on the neck and is lifted from the thorax before the mandible drops and the tongue is released from between the palatal shelves. To the contrary, we found no extension of the neck, nor of the head on the neck, in man; actually, a 28 ° flexion of head on neck occurred in the rat during palate closure. Space for the lower 1 3 of the rat face is provided by anterior rotation of the snout, straightening of the angle between anterior and posterior cranial base, and cervical elongation. The head is not lifted from the thorax even after palate closure. Rather, the mandible grows at an increasingly rapid rate between snout and thorax, but it maintains contact with the thorax. Both lower jaw and tongue drop sharply downward as they grow forward. After palate closure they ascend slightly in the rat, but maintain their angle to the cranial base in man. In man, a mandibular growth spurt at the time of closure produces a prognathism which persists to the 10th week. In the rat, it is the tongue which lengthens more rapidly than the mandible and, on the day of closure, protrudes from the mouth.
Differential strain vulnerability to binge eating behaviors in rats

Binge eating is a significantly heritable phenotype, but efforts to detect specific risk genes have fallen short. Identification of animal strain differences in risk for binge eating could highlight genetic differences across individuals of the same species that can be exploited in future animal and molecular genetic research. The current study aimed to explore strain differences in risk for binge eating in Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar female rats using the Binge Eating Resistant/Binge Eating Prone model. A sample of male Sprague-Dawley rats, a known low-risk group for binge eating, was included as a comparison group. A total of 83 rats (23 Wistar females, 30 Sprague-Dawley females, 30 Sprague-Dawley males) completed a protocol of intermittently administered, palatable food. Binge eating prone (BEP) and binge eating resistant (BER) rats were identified using a tertile approach. Sprague-Dawley female rats consumed the highest amount of palatable food and were more likely to be classified as BEP compared to Wistar female and Sprague-Dawley male rats. Wistar female rats were not significantly different from Sprague-Dawley male rats in their palatable food intake and tendency to be classified as BER rather than BEP. Sprague-Dawley female rats appear to be a particularly vulnerable genotype for binge eating. Comparisons between this group and others could help identify specific genetic/biological factors that differentiate it from lower risk groups. The reward system, linked to binge eating in humans, is a possible candidate to explore. Strain differences in the reward system could help increase understanding of individual differences in risk for binge eating in humans.
A ranking index to characterize polynuclear aromatic pollutants in environmental samples

Abstract This study investigated the use of a screening procedure to provide a ranking index (RI) for characterizing polynuclear aromatic (PNA) species in atmospheric samples. The ranking procedure employs a cost-effective and rapid screening technique based on synchronous luminescence spectroscopy. The efficacy and usefulness of the ranking procedure are demonstrated by comparing the RI values with data expressed in terms of the benzene-soluble standard, benzo[ a ]pyrene values, and the total content of fourteen PNA compounds.
Kolmogorov's refined similarity hypotheses for turbulence and general stochastic processes

Kolmogorov's refined similarity hypotheses are shown to hold true for a variety of stochastic processes besides high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows, for which they were originally proposed. In particular, just as hypothesized for turbulence, there exists a variable $V$ whose probability density function attains a universal form. Analytical expressions for the probability density function of $V$ are obtained for Brownian motion as well as for the general case of fractional Brownian motion---the latter under some mild assumptions justified a posteriori. The properties of $V$ for the case of antipersistent fractional Brownian motion with the Hurst exponent of $\frac{1}{3}$ are similar in many details to those of high-Reynolds-number turbulence in atmospheric boundary layers a few meters above the ground. The one conspicuous difference between turbulence and the antipersistent fractional Brownian motion is that the latter does not posses the required skewness. Broad implications of these results are discussed.
Factor structure of the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with Severe Retardation (MESSIER)

Objective. A factor analysis of the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with Severe Retardation (MESSIER) was conducted to determine if there was an underlying factor structure which supported a distinction between positive and negative social skills. Design. Principal Axis Factoring with oblimin rotation was used to determine if a two-factor solution was valid. This method was selected to account for shared variance between the items and for correlation between the factors. Method. The MESSIER was administered by trained staff to 805 individuals with severe and profound intellectual disability residing in a state residential facility. Results. Results of the factor analysis yielded two categories (positive and negative behaviours) that corresponded to the general division of the clinically derived subscales. Conclusions. The psychometric research on the MESSIER was extended with an examination of the factor structure. The results of the factor analysis, corresponding with the general division of the clinically derived subscales, are promising. Future research should be conducted to determine if factor scores can be used to determine norms.
Galactic cosmic ray diurnal modulation, interplanetary magnetic field intensity and the planetary index Ap

We have studied the data strings for the limiting rigidity (Rc) for the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) solar diurnal anisotropy, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensity (B), and the planetary index Ap for the period 1963 to 1998. The study covers three sunspot number (SSN) cycles (20, 21, 22). Our analysis brings out some of the steady state characteristics of the long term changes in Rc and other data strings and their interrelationships. Among other things, we relate the observed changes in Rc values to changes in B which are not related to SSN; the largest value of Rc occurs near 1982 when B has a high value 3 years away from SSN maximum for cycle 21. Rc bears a linear correlation with B and Ap but shows a low correlation with the power in the low frequency turbulence in IMF. The fit parameters with Ap data may be used to compute the values of Rc when in situ measurements of B do not exist; they may be applied to the cosmic ray data (available since 1937) to compute the amplitude and the phase of the diurnal anisotropy and to estimate more accurately the values of the key heliospheric transport parameters at high GCR rigidities near earth's orbit.
Effects of acid-mine wastes on aquatic ecosystems

The Cedar Creek Basin (39th N parallel 92nd W meridian) was studied for the period June 1952 through August 1954 to observe the effects of both continuous and periodic acid effluent flows on aquatic communities. The acid strip-mine effluent contained ferric and ferrous Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, Mg, titratable acid, and elevated H ion concentration, and was toxic to many of the aquatic organisms. In the areas of Cedar Creek, subjected to continuous acid flow, planktonic and benthic species had become adapted to the severe conditions and varied in abundance and diversity. No fishes were observed in the continuous acid effluents area. Downstream, where periodic mineral acid conditions changed drastically during an excessive effluent flow, planktonic and benthic communities had high diversity but low density. The populations of fishes were variable in this stream reach. The chemical basis of water quality variability was shown to be time-related, and statistically related to the aquatic communities.
Pterospora floridiensis, a new species of acephaline gregarine (Apicomplexa) from the maldanid polychaete Axiothella mucosa in St. Andrew Bay, Florida.

Pterospora floridiensis, a new species of acephaline gregarine from the body cavity of the bamboo worm Axiothella mucosa (Polychaeta: Maldanidae), is described. The gamont stage is distinctive and possesses a central cytoplasmic mass and two elongate trunks that bifurcate repeatedly and comprise approximately 60% of the total cell length. The gamont averages 198 (50–545) × 71 (25–180) μm (N= 45, 43) from the tip of the trunks to the anterior (the junctional site with the other gamont in syzygy). Gametocysts average 402 (297–545) × 304 (149–495) μm (N= 37). The oocysts measure 22.5 (20.5–23.5) × 8.3 (7.0–10.0) μm (N= 30) and possess an internal capsule (average length = 13.9 μm, N= 30) containing the sporozoites and aliform wings on the epispore.
Enzymatic mechanisms and toxicological significance of hydrogen cyanide liberation from various organothiocyanates and organonitriles in mice and houseflies

Abstract Many organothiocyanates and organonitriles liberate hydrogen cyanide in living mice and houseflies. The level of hydrogen cyanide in mouse brain and whole houseflies, resulting from treatment with various organothiocyanates and organonitriles, correlates quite well with the toxicity of these hydrogen cyanide precursors. p -Amino-propiophenone protects mice against lethal doses of hydrogen cyanide, and of many organothiocyanates and organonitriles. The reduced toxicity of several organothiocyanates to mice, after pretreatment with fenitrothion, probably results from a temporary reduction in the glutathione content of liver. The glutathione S -transferases in mouse liver and houseflies liberate hydrogen cyanide from a variety of organothiocyanates, including Lethane 384 insecticide chemical. These enzymes from mouse liver catalyze attack of glutathione at the thiocyanate sulfur which results in the liberation of hydrogen cyanide, oxidized glutathione, and the mercaptan moiety of the organothiocyanate. Four glutathione S -transferases acting on octyl thiocyanate are resolved on DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the mouse liver soluble fraction and three are resolved, in the same manner, from the whole housefly homogenate soluble fraction. Thanite insecticide chemical reacts readily with glutathione to liberate hydrogen cyanide, even in the absence of glutathione S -transferase. Microsomal mixed-function oxidases in mouse liver liberate hydrogen cyanide from several organonitriles, probably as a result of hydroxylation at the α-methylene group to form an unstable cyanohydrin.
Comparison of fetal and newborn rat serum protein-bound carbohydrates with those of adult rats

Abstract 1. 1. Serum protein-bound hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose were determined in normal, pregnant, injured adult rat and in normal fetal rat. 2. 2. The protein-bound carbohydrates of normal adult and pregnant rat serum were similar. 3. 3. The protein-bound carbohydrates of fetal and injured adult rat serum differed both from those of normal and pregnant adults and from each other. 4. 4. The rat serum protein-bound hexosamine is glucosamine.