cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The objects of moral responsibility

It typically taken for granted that agents can be morally responsible for such things as, for example, the death of the victim and the capture of the murderer in the sense that one may be blameworthy or praiseworthy for such things. The primary task of a theory of moral responsibility, it is thought, is to specify the appropriate relationship one must stand to such things in order to be morally responsible for them. I argue that this common approach is problematic because it attempts to explain the way in which an agent can be morally responsible for something that is external to her, the agent. Since, I argue, everything that matters for moral responsibility is internal to the agent, the accounts that emerge from this approach are committed to a particular form of moral luck. Instead, we should reject this form of moral luck, and with it, the possibility of moral responsibility for objects external to the agent. We are, I argue, morally responsible only for our inner willings. Thus, a form of internalism about moral responsibility is defended.
Array-Based Sensing of Whisky: A Whiff of the Spirit World

In this issue of Chem , Bunz and colleagues present an array-based sensor for the identification and classification of whiskies.
Empirical validation of a spined sagittal-plane quadrupedal model

We document empirically stable bounding using an actively powered spine on the Inu quadrupedal robot, and propose a reduced-order model to capture the dynamics associated with this additional, actuated spine degree of freedom. This model is sufficiently accurate as to roughly describe the robots mass center trajectory during a bounding limit cycle, thus making it a potential option for low dimensional representations of spine actuation in steady-state legged locomotion.
Identifying the dynamic contact network of infectious disease spread

Pathogen propagation is a fundamental process that takes place through host contact networks. While it has been possible to characterize contact networks of several human infectious diseases (e.g., sexual contacts for HIV, physical proximity for measles), logistical difficulties and the high costs of data collection makes network modeling of infectious diseases in animal populations particularly difficult. In addition, limited knowledge about how pathogens transmit precludes an accurate definition of network edges required for constructing networks of disease transmission. We developed a new tool, INoDS (Identifying Networks of infectious Disease Spread), that utilizes Bayesian inference to provide evidence towards the underlying contact network of an infectious disease spread. We show that the tool accurately identifies the underlying contact network even when the networks are partially sampled and information on disease spread is incomplete. We next demonstrate the applicability of the tool in two real animal populations: bumble bees and Australian sleepy lizards. The performance of INoDs in synthetic and complex empirical systems highlights its role as an alternative approach to laboratory transmission experiments, in providing epidemiological insights into novel and less known host-pathogen systems, and overcoming common data-collection constraints.
Potential assessment of using dry cooling mode in two different solar thermal power plants.

Most of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants are usually installed in desert regions where water resource availability is a critical limitation due to the lack of water required for the exploitation of these systems in these regions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the techno-economic competitiveness of deploying both modes of cooling (wet and dry) in two different parabolic trough solar thermal power plants integrated with thermal energy storage and fuel backup system; the first one is using thermic oil, while the other is working using molten salt. The obtained results show that the dry cooling mode can decrease the yields of the two power plants down to 8.7 % and 9.3 % for oil and salt configurations respectively. On the other hand, the levelized cost of electricity can increase by using this cooling option up to 9.3 % for oil plant, and 10.0 % for salt one. However, the main advantage of using dry cooling option is reducing water consumption which has been decreased by more than 94 % for both plants. The application of our methodology to other two sites worldwide, confirms the viability of the obtained results. The importance of this results is to show the effect of working fluids on the cooling system of solar power plants.
The complexity of organizational change: describing communication during organizational turbulence

Organizational researchers and practitioners have been interested in organizational change for some time. Historically, they have directed most of their efforts at improving the efficiency of planned top-down change. These efforts were strategic attempts at altering parameters leading to transformational change. Most efforts failed to meet their intended purposes. Transformational organizational change has not been likely. The legitimate systems have been robust. There has been little systematic investigation of the communication occurring during these efforts. The purpose of this essay is to describe results of a mixed methods research project answering two research questions. (a) How do organizational members communicate during a time of turbulence? (b) What features of this communication suggest the potential for or resistance to transformative change? Comparing the results at the beginning of the period to other periods, gives insight into how social actors communicate and enact the organization during a threshold period where transformational change was possible. Results reveal identifiable patterns of communication as communication strategies, parameters, or basins of attraction. The overall pattern explains how micro communication patterns intersect and how the accumulation of these patterns may resist or accomplish change at a macro level.
Adaptive Three-Bit LDPC Decoder Quantization

This chapter presents two related 3-bit quantizations for the sum-product algorithm that are suitable for an adaptive decoder implementation using programmable logic. Our decoder design combines the parity-check and variable-node-update steps into a single computation. The hardware requirements are considered and compared to the published work of Planjery et al. Decoder performance in the waterfall region is obtained by simulation.
REFRACTORINESS TO β-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS IN S49 CELLS

We have used wild-type (WT) and variant S49 mouse lymphoma cells to study refractoriness, the transience in cellular cAMP generation produced by the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (iso). Particulate fractions prepared from refractory cells have decreased activity of iso-stimulated adenylate cyclase and reduced numbers of β-adrenergic receptors. Although cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity is not required for refractoriness, occupancy of the receptor, as well as activation of adenylate cyclase is necessary for the decrease in receptors. The microtubule inhibitor colchicine does not alter refractoriness in S49 cells.
Chronic, Recreational Chloroform-Induced Liver Injury

Historically used as an anesthetic, chloroform is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is associated with central nervous system depression, arrhythmias, and hepatotoxicity. It is no longer used clinically, but accidental and intentional poisonings still occur. We report a case of chronic chloroform abuse leading to severe hepatotoxicity in a 26-year-old male graduate student. The patient presented to the emergency department with a three-day history of abdominal pain, dehydration, and scleral icterus. He drank several beers the night before the onset of symptoms, but denied taking acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or other drugs. An extensive work-up revealed an aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 13,527 U/L and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 8,745 U/L, but the cause of his liver injury could not be determined. It was not until many months later that the patient admitted to inhaling chloroform in the weeks leading up to his illness.
Somatic Hybridization in Citrus — A Relevant Technique for Variety Improvement in the 21st Century

Citrus is one of the few commodities where somatic hybridization is reaching its predicted potential (Grosser and Gmitter, 1990). Somatic hybrid citrus plants have been produced from more than 250 parental combinations, including more than 125 at the CREC (Grosser et al., 2000). Applications of somatic hybridization towards the development of improved seedless scions for the fresh market, and improved rootstocks with potential for tree size control will be discussed. Extensive field research on citrus somatic hybrids combined with emerging molecular analyses of citrus (Nicolosi et al., 2000) has allowed for the development of additional strategies for cultivar improvement. These include targeted cybridization to achieve seedlessness, resynthesizing a better sour orange rootstock at the tetraploid level, and the breeding and selection of new rootstocks at the tetraploid level using somatic hybrids as parents. Ongoing examples of each strategy will be provided.
Thin film occlusion of an intra-abdominal vein in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occlusion of an intra‐abdominal vessel as a model of an extrahepatic portosystemic shunt by thin film banding in a controlled setting and to document histologically the perivascular region's response to thin film banding after 8 weeks. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Six purpose‐bred healthy domestic short hair cats. METHODS: Thin film bands were placed around the external iliac vein, with a sham procedure on the contralateral vessel. Closure rates were monitored via computed tomographic angiography (CTA) every 2 weeks for a total of 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the vessels were resected, if possible, and submitted for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS: All cats tolerated the procedure without surgical complications. Eight weeks after surgery, closure was evaluated as complete in one cat, marked in two cats, moderate in one cat, and mild in two cats according to CTA. Histological examination (in three cats) was consistent with chronic, multifocal, granulomatous inflammation with moderate fibrosis and collagen degeneration. CONCLUSION: Venous occlusion was inconsistent and often incomplete 8 weeks after thin film banding of the external iliac vein despite the presence of moderate to abundant perivascular fibrous tissue. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Vascular occlusion by thin film banding in cats is mainly incomplete after 2 months. This study supports the theory that high level of residual shunting may be expected in some cats after thin film banding.
Sensitivity and specificity of a commercial urinary ethyl glucuronide (ETG) test in heavy drinkers.

Abstract Introduction To advance the use of alcohol metabolites as biomarkers in the context of alcohol research, the present study tested the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) test (DrugConfirm Advanced 80hr EtG) in a clinical research context. Methods A community sample of heavy drinkers (N = 68) completed the 30-day Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) interview and provided a urine sample for uEtG analysis. Analyses of sensitivity and specificity of the uEtG assay were conducted using the following outcomes: (a) past day drinking, (b) past day binge drinking (defined as ≥4 drinks for women and ≥5 drinks for men), (c) past 3-day drinking, and (d) past 3-day binge drinking. Results The majority of participants reported past-3-day drinking (80.9%) and a sizeable minority reported past day drinking (33.8%). While uEtG-based detection of past day drinking and binge drinking was acceptable (sensitivity = 73.91%, and 83.33%; specificity = 80.00% and 66.13%, respectively), detection of any drinking and binge drinking in the past 3 days was poor (sensitivity and specificity of 43.64% and 84.62%, and 39.39% and 62.86%, respectively). Conclusions This study contributes to the mixed findings on the validity of EtG tests, which suggest that commercial uEtG tests with conservative detection thresholds are not a reliable alcohol biomarker without corroborating self-report data. Lower detection thresholds are recommended when using uEtG as an alcohol biomarker. Efforts to reach acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity with commercial assays hold potential to advance the measurement of alcohol intake, overcoming the pitfalls of self-report data.
Human motion analysis in medical robotics via high-dimensional inverse reinforcement learning:

This work develops a novel high-dimensional inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) algorithm for human motion analysis in medical, clinical, and robotics applications. The method is based on the assu...
Is Anyone Out There

In the shadows of the struggles surrounding the construction of the 140 Foot Radio Telescope, Frank Drake, NRAO’s newest and youngest scientist, carried out a small observing project to detect radio signals from nearby stars that would indicate the present of extraterrestrial intelligent life. Naming his program “Project Ozma,” after the mythical princess of the Land of Oz, Drake observed two nearby stars, Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani. This project, the first modern Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), captured the imagination of the public and scientific communities alike. In the following decades, other investigators initiated a variety of SETI programs of ever-increasing capability at NRAO and elsewhere. NASA began a major SETI program, but it became mired in controversy over whether searching for intelligent life in the Universe is a proper scientific pursuit or should be relegated to the realm of science fiction. While no confirmable evidence for extraterrestrial intelligent life has yet been found, the discovery of the widespread existence of other planetary systems combined with the vastly improved sensitivity of radio telescopes has reinvigorated SETI research, and the exciting promise of detection continues to attract the attention of new generations of astronomers and the public.
Comparative study of low-energy /sup 2/. sigma. /sub g//sup +/ and /sup 2/Pi/sub g/ scattering in molecular nitrogen

The linear-algebraic---optical-potential method is applied to low-energy $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ and $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}e+{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ scattering in order to understand the nature of the correlation effects in these two symmetries. The calculations clearly show that the two symmetries are dominated by quite different physical effects. The $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ scattering is sensitive to long-range dipole distortions of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ core, while $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ symmetry is critically dependent on short-range correlations which conserve the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ symmetry of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ core electrons. Quantitative results which support these conclusions are presented and implications of the calculations on the construction and use of model potentials and polarized orbitals are briefly discussed.
Parental Anti-Smoking Encouragement as a Longitudinal Predictor of Young Adult Cigarette and E-cigarette Use in a US National Study

Introduction Young adulthood is a critical period for the adoption of risk behaviors like tobacco use. Protective factors in adolescence may promote a tobacco-free transition to young adulthood. We examine associations between the frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement in adolescence and cigarette and e-cigarette use in young adulthood. Aims and methods We analyzed data from Waves 1 (2009-2010, 10th grade, mean age = 16.2 years) and 5 (2013-2014 mean age = 20.3 years) of the US nationally representative NEXT Generation Health Study (n = 1718). At Wave 1, participants reported how often their parents or guardians encourage them to not smoke cigarettes (1 = Rarely or Never, 7 = Frequently). We used separate weighted multiple logistic regression models to model Wave 5 past 30-day cigarette and e-cigarette use as functions of the frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement at Wave 1, adjusting for sociodemographic and parenting factors, initial substance use, and peer tobacco use. Results The average frequency of parental encouragement to not smoke cigarettes was fairly high (mean = 5.35). At Wave 5, 24.7% and 14.2% of respondents reported cigarette and e-cigarette use in the past 30 days, respectively. Greater frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement was associated with lower odds of subsequent cigarette smoking (adjusted odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.83, 0.99) but its association with e-cigarette use was not significant (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.84, 1.04). Conclusions The longitudinal negative association between anti-smoking encouragement and cigarette use suggests that parental anti-tobacco communication could be a long-term protective factor against young adult tobacco use. Our findings may also suggest the importance of product-specific messages in the evolving tobacco use landscape. Implications This study builds upon prior investigations of parenting in adolescence as a protective factor against young adult risk behavior. We isolate the frequency of anti-smoking encouragement during adolescence as an actionable factor distinct from other parenting variables. Our findings also suggest that message specificity may be an important factor in parental anti-tobacco communication as youth and young adult tobacco use becomes increasingly dominated by e-cigarettes.
Executive Presence: Myth, Meaningful or Mastery?

Executive presence is a theme that has been increasing in popularity over the last ten to fifteen years. As fascinating as the concept appears to be, there remains much confusion as to the nature of what executive presence truly represents. Is it trainable? Is it not trainable? Is it a so-called ‘x-factor’ in leadership? Is it something leaders are born with or can it be developed? Leaders and management consultants are debating these questions in the boardroom and in the classroom. Scholars and academic practitioners generally agree that executive presence can increase leadership effectiveness, widen leaders’ spheres of influence, and can be a career “game changer”. While some experts feel that executive presence relates to character, substance and style, others contend that it is connected to appearance, communication and “gravitas”. This paper could add clarity to the ongoing question of whether executive presence is merely a myth, if it is meaningful to practitioners and scholars, and if it eventually could make leaders masterful in their roles.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Grand fir in California

Phytophthora ramorum was detected on grand fir in 2003 and 2005 in a Christmas tree plantation near Los Gatos, CA, in association with infected California bay laurel. Isolates derived from stem lesions were used to inoculate grand fir seedlings in two tests. Isolations from lesions on inoculated plants were positive for P. ramorum in both tests. This work provides the completion of Koch's postulates to establish grand fir as a host of P. ramorum. The potential for grand fir to be infected within its native range is unknown.
Optimum skin blending method for quantifying poultry carcass bacteria.

Abstract Optimum blending fluids and blending times for use in quantifying bacteria on poultry carcass skin by the skin “blending” method were determined. Butterfield's buffered-phosphate diluent, physiological saline solution (0.85% NaCl), peptone water (0.1% peptone), and deionized water, each at four different skin blending times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 min, were compared. The comparison was based on relative numbers of bacteria per cm2 of skin, enumerated by each combination on turkey carcasses. Peptone water and physiological saline solution each yielded significantly (P < 0.01) higher bacteria counts from turkey carcass skin samples than did Butterfield's buffered-phosphate diluent or deionized water. There were no significant differences among the four skin blending times and no significant interaction effect between the two factors tested.
Domestic versus offshore service providers

Purpose – Prior research has determined that consumers are opposed to services offshoring. The purpose of this paper is to determine the likelihood that consumers would choose a domestic vs an offshore service provider if asked to pay more, wait longer, or sacrifice service quality. Design/methodology/approach – The cost, time to wait, and quality of services provided (for two different services: taxes and customer service) were varied to determine respondent likelihood to choose a domestic as opposed to an offshore service provider when asked to pay more, wait longer, or sacrifice the quality of the service in return for access to a domestic service provider. Data were collected via survey research, using an internet panel. Findings – Results of repeated measures analysis indicated that customer loyalty to the domestic service provider significantly decreased as the cost or time to interact with a domestic service provider increased or the quality of service provided by the offshore service provider incr...
A Methane Trigger for Rapid Warming

Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis. James P. Kennett, Kevin G. Cannariato, Ingrid L. Hendy, and Richard J. Behl. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2002. 224 pp. Paper, $42.00. ISBN 0-87590-296-0. Using data from paleooceanography, climate dynamics, paleobotany, marine geology, and biogeochemistry, the authors argue that the remarkably abrupt global warmings during the ice ages (including that which terminated the last one) were caused by the destabilization of the reser-voir of methane hydrates frozen in ocean sediments.
Efficient C programming: a practical approach

(Note: each chapter ends with exercises. I. BASIC C. 1. A General Overview. History. The Environment. Basic C. Functions. Arrays. Strings. Structures. Pointers. Files. Summary and book organization. 2. Simple Straightline C. The first program. Tokens and white space. Comments. #include statements. Identifiers. #define statements. Objects and declarations. Integer types and integer constants. Floating-point types and constants. The typedef statement. The sizeof operator. String constants. main. printf. Expressions and simple statements. Assignment Operators. Unary operators. Type conversions. Bitwise operators. scanf. Summary. 3. Decisions, Decisions, Decisions. Relational and equality operators. Logical operators. Conditional statements. Loops. The switch statement. Occasionally useful stuff. Recurring case study: Part I. Summary. 4. Functions. The parts of a function. Splitting it up. Functions as paramenters. Storage classes. The return value of main. Rucursion. Recurring case study: Part 2. Summary. 5. The Preprocessor. Overview. Simple textual substitution via #define. Parameterized macros. #undef and redefinition of macros. The #include statement. Conditional compilation. Miscellaneous directives. Summary. II. EFFICIENT C: DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS. 6. Pointers. The pointer variable. The address-of operator &. Pointer syntax. The const qualifier with pointers. Call by reference. The generic pointer void *. Pointers to functions. Summary. 7. Arrays. Basics. Limitations and technicalities of arrays. Passing arrays as parameters. The typedef statement revisited. Shellsort: A simple, but faster sorting algorithm. Multidimensional arrays. Enumerated types: enum. The sizeoff operator revisited. Dynamic allocation of arrays. Pointer arithmetic. Recurring case study: Part 3. Summary. 8. Characters and Strings. The char type. A char is a small integer. Special character routines and ctype.h. Single-character I/O. The string abstraction. printf and scanf. String operations. Pointers and strings. Additional string routines. A common pointer error. sscanf and sprintf. Case study: A simple word processor. Dangerous stuff: Routines that return *. Array of strings: char * . Recurring case study: Part 4. Summary. 9. Structures. Syntax for structures. Arrays of structures. Pointers to structures. Case study: Indirect sorting. Generic functions. Incomplete struct declarations and information hiding. Arrays of structures with pointers to functions. Occasionally useful stuff. Recurring case study: Part 5. Summary. 10. Data Structures. Stacks. Queues. Hash tables. Case study: Single-source shortest paths. Linked lists. Summary. 11. Recursion. Rackground: Proofs by mathematical induction. Basic recursion. Numerical applications. Searching and sorting. Artificial intelligence. Summary. III. THE ENVIRONMENT: FILES, UNIX, AND C++. 12. I/O. printf. scanf. Extending terminal I/O to files. stdi
An unusual bacterial polyester with a phenyl pendant group

The microorganism Pseudomonas oleovorans is known to produce polyesters containing 3-hydroxyalkanoate units when grown on n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids under nutrient limiting conditions, but when 5-phenylvaleric acid was supplied as the only carbon source, poly[3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoate], a polyester with a phenyl pendant group, was produced. The optimum substrate concentrations and harvesting times were determined by measuring the change of cell growth and polymer yield during the growth. A 12-L cell culture yielded 222,5 mg polymer/L and 25% polymer per cellular dry weight. This bacterial polymer showed an optical rotation of [α] = −24,5° ± 0,2°. The structure was corroborated by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The composition of the polymer was also determined by methanolysis to the methyl ester of the repeating unit, which was subsequently analyzed by GC. By this procedure the polyester was found to be a homopolymer to the extent of at least 99%. The polyester has a glass transition at 13°C, a melting range from 54 to 69°C, and a weight-average molecular weight of Mw = 350000 with a polydispersity Mw/Mn of 3,5, as determined by GPC relative to polystyrene standards.
Detection of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the uterus during the second half of pregnancy in the mouse

This study demonstrated interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in the mouse uterus during the second half of pregnancy (days 9-18). High concentrations of IL-1 alpha mRNA and bioactive IL-1 were detected between days 12-17. IL-1 bioactivity decreased to very low levels as pregnancy approached parturition. IL-6 mRNA was detected from days 9-18, and IL-6 bioactivity approximately paralleled IL-1 bioactivity. High levels of IL-1 and IL-6 bioactivity, but not IL-1 or IL-6 mRNA, were detected in the placenta between days 12-17. Placental IL-1 and IL-6 also decreased to low levels near parturition. TNF alpha was expressed from days 9-17, and a peak of TNF alpha bioactivity was detected during the period immediately before parturition. TNF alpha mRNA and TNF alpha bioactivity were not detected in the placenta. On day 18, the day of parturition, the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha mRNA were very low relative to those on other pregnancy days. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies to IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha was used to confirm the presence of all three cytokines in uterine cells throughout the second half of pregnancy. Those data showing the kinetics of cytokine production during fetal development raise the possibility that cytokines and cytokine-induced mediators modulate cellular events during the late stages of pregnancy in the mouse.
A survey of multilevel preconditioned iterative methods

We survey multilevel iterative methods applied for solving large sparse systems with matrices, which depend on a level parameter, such as arise by the discretization of boundary value problems for partial differential equations when successive refinements of an initial discretization mesh is used to construct a sequence of nested difference or finite element meshes. We discuss various two-level (two-grid) preconditioning techniques, including some for nonsymmetric problems. The generalization of these techniques to the multilevel case is a nontrivial task. We emphasize several ways this can be done including classical multigrid methods and a recently proposed algebraic multilevel preconditioning method. Conditions for which the methods have an optimal order of computational complexity are presented.
Stagnation point viscous layers with mass transfer

Abstract Effects of injecting helium, argon and hydrogen into ionizing air boundary layers and thin viscous shock layers including the effects of shock slip (finite thickness bow shock waves) were studied. Finite rate chemistry and complete multicomponent diffusion were used in all models. Comparison with experimental data and predictions based upon equilibrium chemistry showed significant effects of the viscous flowfield models and wall catalyticity on heat transfer. Effects of theoretical models on deduced experimental freestream and stagnation conditions are discussed. At low Reynolds numbers boundary-layer theory is not applicable, and a model is described to include higher-order effects with hydrogen injection. Viscous-layer predictions were made up to the point where the sensible heat transfer was reduced to zero under which conditions the viscous layer was still attached to the surface.
Electronic energy transfer between NF(b) and IF(X)

Abstract Described are the assumptions used to formulate a long-range interaction model that appears adequate to describe the reaction processes between excited nitrogen fluoride, NF(b), and iodine monofluoride, IF. With such a model, it may be possible to survey a large number of candidate receptor systems to determine which ones merit additional experimental investigation.
7SL RNA represses p53 translation by competing with HuR

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The ncRNA 7SL is upregulated in cancer cells, but its impact upon the phenotype of cancer cells is unknown. Here, we present evidence that 7SL forms a partial hybrid with the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of TP53 mRNA, which encodes the tumor suppressor p53. The interaction of 7SL with TP53 mRNA reduced p53 translation, as determined by analyzing p53 expression levels, nascent p53 translation and TP53 mRNA association with polysomes. Silencing 7SL led to increased binding of HuR to TP53 mRNA, an interaction that led to the promotion of p53 translation and increased p53 abundance. We propose that the competition between 7SL and HuR for binding to TP53 3′UTR contributes to determining the magnitude of p53 translation, in turn affecting p53 levels and the growth-suppressive function of p53. Our findings suggest that targeting 7SL may be effective in the treatment of cancers with reduced p53 levels.
A priority rule for minimizing weighted flow time in a class of parallel machine scheduling problems

Abstract The problem of scheduling n jobs with known process times on m identical parallel machines with an objective of minimizing weighted flow time is NP-hard. However, when job weights are identical, it is well known that the problem is easily solved using the shortest processing time rule. In this paper, we show that a generalization of the shortest processing time rule minimizes weighted flow time in a class of problems where job weights are not identical.
Comparing two empirical models used to predict process parameter dynamics during ozonation of synthetic dye wastewater.

Ozonation of a synthetic wastewater contaminated with acid yellow 17 dye and glucose was evaluated in a semi-batch bubble column. Data collected during this study suggests that the ozonation process removed color (represented as A400) more efficiently than chemical oxygen demand (COD) regardless of initial experimental conditions. With a 40-minute run time, the maximum A400 and COD removal efficiencies were 99.9 and 52.9%, respectively. Results indicated that the addition of COD to the system in the form of glucose had no effect on color removal efficiencies. The removal efficiencies of both color (A400) and COD in relation to the ozone utilized by the system were modeled using two previously derived empirical methods. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of both models to predict removal efficiencies of process parameters such as color and COD and to estimate ozone utilization. Results indicate both models predict color (A400) and COD removal as well as ozone utilization, but...
Visual decomposition of colour through motion extrapolation

The perception of yellow has played a central role in distinguishing two main theories of colour vision. Hering proposed that yellow results from the activation of a distinct retinal-neural mechanism, whereas according to the Young-Helmholtz-Maxwell view, yellow results from the combined activation of red and green cone mechanisms. When red and green images are presented separately to corresponding retinal locations in the two eyes, the resulting sensation is yellow. As the pathways from the two eyes do not converge until the cortex, this suggests that yellow can indeed arise from the central combining of separate red and green channels. I now show that the reverse process can also occur; the visual system can decompose a 'yellow' stimulus into its constituent red and green components. A 'yellow' stimulus was created by optically superimposing a flashed red line onto a moving green bar. If the bar is visible only briefly, the flashed line appears yellow. If the trajectory of the green bar is exposed for sufficient time, however, the line is incorrectly perceived to trail the bar, and appears red. Motion processing occurs in the cortex rather than the retina in primates, and so the ability of motion cues to affect the perception of colour is consistent with the Young-Helmholtz-Maxwell notion of a 'central synthesis' of yellow.
Essential Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Fgf Signaling during Mouse Gastrulation

In vitro studies have suggested that proteoglycans facilitate signaling by mammalian growth factors, but genetic evidence supporting this role has been lacking. Here, we characterize the ENU-induced mutation lazy mesoderm (lzme), which disrupts the single mouse gene encoding UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (Ugdh), an enzyme required for the synthesis of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans. lzme mutants arrest during gastrulation with defects in migration of mesoderm and endoderm, a phenotype similar to that of mutants in the fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) pathway. Analysis of the expression of molecular markers indicates that Fgf signaling is blocked in lzme mutant embryos. In contrast, signaling by the growth factors Nodal and Wnt3, which are also essential during mouse gastrulation, appears to be normal in lzme embryos. The results demonstrate that proteoglycans are required during mouse gastrulation specifically to promote Fgf signaling.
RECOVERY OF VIRAL CAPACITY IN IRRADIATED EXPONENTIALLY GROWING CELLS

— Exponentially growing cells of the PtK-2 line (ATCC No. CCL56, from the marsupial Potorous tridactylus) require protein and RNA synthesis in a limited period following UV-radiation damage for optimal recovery as colony formers [Overberg et al. (1988) Mutat. Res. 194, 83–92]. Overall behavior suggests the operation of damage-induced recovery processes. The capacity of confluent cell monolayers for infection with unirradiated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is sharply reduced by UV-irradiation. We have followed capacity changes in exponentially growing cells after irradiation and varying amounts of photoreactivation by means of an infectious center assay. These changes closely parallel changes of colony formation. Spontaneous recovery of capacity in the dark occurs over approximately the same time period that the UV sensitivity of colony formation depends on macromolecular synthesis. The effect of photoreactivation is complementary rather than additive to this recovery, suggesting that the dark recovery in this period concerns pyrimidine dimers in cell DNA.
Dissociation of TH and T2 by β-decay

Abstract The positively charged fragments resulting from β-decay in the diatomic molecules TH and T 2 were analysed by the techniques of mass spectrometry. The data on tritium hydride support the findings of Snell et al . (1) that the (HHe 3 ) + daughter usually remains bound in the nuclear transformations. The stability against dissociation of the ionized daughter molecules [(HHe 3 ) + and (THe 3 ) + ] was observed to depend slightly on the mass of the bonding partner. The results are discussed within the framework of the Franck-Condon principle.
Just how far goes DNR

Mr T. Ragic presented with a thrombosed limb of an aortobifemoral graft placed over 2 decades ago. He has unresectable stage VI lung cancer and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders that were suspended during the thrombectomy. A cardiac arrest resulted in him being in the intensive care unit a day later ventilator-dependent and comatose, and repeated computed tomography scans show severe cerebral edema. He has frequent ventricular dysrhythmias. His eldest daughter is about to deliver his first grandchild, which is the main reason that he requested the procedure to extend his life. In discussions with the family, they express uncertainty about the implications of his DNR order for current treatment. They ask you for your thinking on this matter.
Norm quadratic-residue codes

Introduces a new class of binary linear error-correcting codes, based on the concept of the finite upper half-plane. A norm quadratic-residue code C/sub p/ has p(p-1) coordinate places labeled by ordered pairs (a,b), where p is a prime of the form 4m+1 and a,b /spl isin/ GF(p), b/spl ne/0. Some fundamental properties of C/sub p/ are established. >
SMALL SAMPLE VARIANCE ESTIMATORS FOR U-STATISTICS

Summary New unbiased estimators are presented for the dominant and lower-order terms of the variance expansion for U-statistics. In small samples these provide important corrections to the usual estimate of asymptotic standard error which is based on the leading term in the expansion. The new estimators for the first term cannot be recommended. The ordinary jackknife estimator is found to be more effective than the direct estimates of the separate terms.
Computer Education in the Primary and Middle Schools in the People's Republic of China: The Late 1980's.

In 1987, a delegation of computer professionals with interests in computer science education participated in an information exchange with colleagues in the People's Republic of China. We report on the delegation's observations of computer education in Chinese primary and middle schools. Our site visits and discussions with Chinese educators suggest that the Chinese have made substantial progress with introducing computing into the primary and middle schools since late 1982, but that difficult problems remain to be solved.
One-dimensional metal structures at decorated steps

It is shown how wire structures a few nanometers wide can be fabricated by decorating step edges at vicinal surfaces. Their growth modes and electronic states are studied using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and inverse photoemission. The observed growth modes are two-dimensional analogs of Stranski-Krastanov growth and layer-by-layer growth in three dimensions, e.g., for Cu on stepped Mo(1 1 0) and W(1 1 0), respectively. Contrast between different metals is achieved in STM pictures by resonant tunneling via surface states and image states, with the latter providing a map of the work function. The limit of single atomic rows decorating step edges is studied by inverse photoemission, and an energy shift of 0.4 eV is found for electronic states of step atoms. We expect stripe structures to become useful for the study of two- vs one-dimensional magnetism, for magnetoresistive films, and in the design of anisotropic materials.
Technology and Strategies for Realizing Service-Oriented Architectures with Web Services

Service-oriented architectures and Web services are becoming an integral part of the IT landscape. An increasing number of organizations are building service-oriented architectures, all major application vendors have incorporated Web services interfaces in their products, and Web services are becoming an important mechanism for business-to-business transactions. The technology for realizing service-oriented architectures is maturing, making initial adoption easier. However, with larger deployments of Web services in organizations, new questions related to implementation strategies, governance approaches, and broader organizational impacts need to be considered. This mini-track addresses some of these issues in its two sessions. The first session focuses on the adoption, use, and impact of SOA and Web services technology, whereas the second session focuses on the aspect of software development in the context of SOA and Web services.
Improved sphere packing lower bounds from Hurwitz lattices

Abstract In this paper we prove an asymptotic lower bound for the sphere packing density in dimensions divisible by four. This asymptotic lower bound improves on previous asymptotic bounds by a constant factor and improves not just lower bounds for the sphere packing density, but also for the lattice sphere packing density and, in fact, the Hurwitz lattice sphere packing density.
Effect of spatial heterogeneity on plume distribution and dilution during CO2 sequestration

Abstract Storage in deep saline aquifers is one of the major options for sequestering carbon dioxide. This paper presents the results of modeling long-term CO 2 storage in a deep saline aquifer with a reservoir simulator. The objective is to investigate the effect of aquifer heterogeneity on plume migration and dilution with Monte Carlo simulation. We focus on the first and second spatial moments of the plume and the dilution index for various reservoir parameters, including the average permeability, the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio ( k v / k h ), and the variance and correlation length ratio of heterogeneity. A relative dispersion framework used to analyze the Monte Carlo simulations gives a more reasonable estimation of the plume distribution, dilution index, and spatial moments than does the commonly used absolute dispersion framework. The impact of the injection completion interval and its location is also studied. It is found that the medium spatial heterogeneity and the choice of the completion interval for CO 2 injection have a significant effect on plume distribution and dilution of CO 2 .
The paw test: a behavioural paradigm for differentiating between classical and atypical neuroleptic drugs.

An often used animal model based on the effects of neuroleptics on spontaneous behaviour is the catalepsy test. However, this test seems to be particularly insensitive to the atypical neuroleptics thioridazine and, especially, clozapine. We have therefore developed an alternative test, the paw test, which measures the ability of drugs to prevent the spontaneous withdrawal of fore- and hindlimbs in rats, and have compared this with the classical catalepsy test. The results show that: 1) the classical neuroleptic drugs haloperidol and chlorpromazine, the atypical neuroleptic drugs clozapine and thioridazine, the potential atypical neuroleptic drugs molindone and SCH 23390, and the potential classical neuroleptic drug metoclopramide are potent in increasing the hindlimb retraction time; 2) the paw test discriminates between classical neuroleptics which are equipotent in prolonging both the forelimb (FRT) and hindlimb retraction time (HRT) and atypical neuroleptics which are much more potent in prolonging HRT than in prolonging FRT; 3) the non-neuroleptic drugs desipramine, diazepam and morphine do not influence the variables measured in the paw test, although morphine does produce catalepsy; 4) Molindone as well as SCH 23390 behave like atypical neuroleptic drugs in the paw test. In comparison with the classical wood block catalepsy test, the paw test is shown to be superior for predicting the profile of the neuroleptics tested. Although more neuroleptics and non-neuroleptics have to be tested to determine whether false positives and false negatives do occur, we feel that the paw test might be an interesting animal model, because the increase in hindlimb retraction time was associated with the antipsychotic potential, whereas the increase in forelimb retraction time was associated with the potential to induce so-called extrapyramidal side effects.
Riding the light towards new science

A new Internet is emerging. One in which dedicated optical circuits allow researchers to connect to computers all over the world and interactively work with massive datasets in real time. The technology is opening up new avenues in science, and this is just the beginning.
A Role for Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) in Detrusor Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Intrathecal administration of the PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP6-38 (10 nM), significantly (P < or = 0.05) reduced intermicturition, threshold and micturition pressures in chronic (3-6 weeks) spinal cord injured rats but intravesical administration (100-300 nM) was without effect. Intrathecal PACAP6-38 reduced the number and amplitude of nonvoiding bladder contractions observed after spinal cord injury (SCI). PACAP may contribute to detrusor hyperreflexia induced by SCI and PACAP antagonists may be a novel approach to reduce detrusor hyperreflexia after SCI.
Visual and verbal modes of information processing and cognitively-based coping strategies: an extension and replication.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the interaction between the use of an imaginallybased vs a verbally-based coping strategy with subjects who were selected on the basis of strong preferences for either visual or verbal modes of information processing. Forty-eight female students were subjected to a cold-pressor task. Measures of pain tolerance, pain threshold and a pain rating were obtained. The findings indicated that there was not a significant relationship between preferred cognitive style and the types of coping strategy provided. However, the treatments combined were found to be significantly more effective than the no-treatment condition on all three dependent measures. A structured debriefing revealed that use of visual vs verbal coping strategies did not differ as a function of treatment type or preferred cognitive style. It was concluded that individuals may demonstrate considerable flexibility in adapting to different types of cognitively-based coping strategies.
Multiobjective possibilistic linear programming

Abstract This paper presents two solutions to multiobjective linear programs when all the parameters may be fuzzy variables whose values are restricted by a possibility distribution. In the first solution, we first find possibility distribution of the objective function; and then a solution consists of those values of the decision variables which produce the largest (undominated) values of the objective function, where these values also have maximum possibility. In the second solution, we first find the possibility distribution of the undominated sets; and then a solution consists of those values of the decision variables, which are undominated with maximum possibility, but also produce the largest (undominated) values of the objective function. For certain multiobjective possibilistic linear programs,we show that the two solution concepts are identical.