cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of loss to follow-up after engagement in care of HIV-infected children ineligible for antiretroviral therapy in an HIV cohort study in India.

Introduction Previous studies performed in low- and middle-income countries have shown that nearly half of HIV-infected adults not eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time of enrolment in care are lost to follow-up (LTFU). However, data about the attrition from enrolment in care to ART eligibility of HIV-infected children are scarce, especially outside sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This is a retrospective study about the attrition before ART eligibility of 282 children ineligible for ART at enrolment in care in a cohort study in India. Multivariate analysis was performed using competing risk regression. Results During 5695 child-months of follow-up, three children died, 36 were LTFU and 144 became ART eligible. The cumulative incidence of attrition (mortality and LTFU) was 15.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.3-20.5) at five years, and the attrition rate was higher during the first year after enrolment in care. The cumulative incidence of LTFU and mortality was 14.4% (95% CI, 10.2-19.2) and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.3-3.3) at five years, respectively. Children with a 12-month AIDS risk 4%. Those children whose father had died had a lower risk of LTFU (SHR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.75) than those whose parents were alive and were living in a rented house. Children aged 10-14 had a lower risk of LTFU (SHR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.55) than those aged 5-9 years. Conclusion In our setting, a substantial proportion of children ineligible for ART are lost to follow-up before ART eligibility, especially those with younger age, less severe immunosuppression or living with parents in poor socio-economic conditions. These findings can be used by HIV programmes to design interventions aimed at reducing the attrition of pre-ART care of HIV-infected children in India.
Enhanced complete photonic band gap in the optimized planar diamond structure

Abstract The diamond photonic crystal with dielectric rods has been modified to enlarge the fundamental band gap. By planarizing the diamond structure and reducing the thickness of the hexagonal meshes, the band gap can be increased substantially. The band gap is 29% for a refractive index contrast of 3.6. The modified structure is amenable to fabrication at optical and infrared wavelengths using state-of-the-art silicon-processing methods. Transfer matrix calculations demonstrate a large attenuation within the band gap.
Sedimentation of Reconstituted Concentrated Milks

Summary Heating milks above sterilization temperatures resulted in increased rates of sedimentation during ultracentrifugation and packing of particles after sedimentation. Sedimentation constants for raw milks at time of maximum depth of sediment were about 400×10 −13 cm. −1 sec. −1 . For sterile milks the constants ranged from 900 to 3,000×10 −13 . When milks were concentrated, either in a commercial vacuum pan or in a glass vacuum flask, including milks concentrated under aseptic conditions, the sedimentation curves of the reconstituted milks were similar to those of the same milks before concentration. Reconstituted sterilized concentrated milks yielded sedimentation constants from 15,000 to 114,000×10 −13 . Substituting estimated values for the density of the particles in the equation, d = 18 η s ρ − ρ o , it was found that they should be microscopically visible at a magnification of 450. When microscopically estimated measures of the diameters were substituted in the equation, the value of the expression, ρ-ρ o , was about 0.1. Microscopic examination, with a phase microscope, revealed that the larger particles in sterile concentrated milks were made up of nuclei or irregular particles surrounded by protein material. In many reconstituted milks all of the fat sedimented with the protein.
What do you do after you say hello? Observing, coding, and analyzing parent-infant interactions

Procedures for observing, coding, and analyzing parent-infant interactions are described. Sample data are presented to illustrate the outcome of these procedures and the manner in which developmental issues can be addressed using the hardware and software systems described.
Electron microscopy as a quantitative method for investigating tau fibrillization

Fibrillization of tau protein is a hallmark lesion in Alzheimer's disease. To clarify the utility of electron microscopy as a quantitative assay for tau fibrillization in vitro, the interaction between synthetic tau filaments and carbon/formvar-coated grids was characterized in detail. Filament adsorption onto grids was hyperbolic when analyzed as a function of time or bulk protein concentration, with no evidence for competitive displacement or elution from other components in the reaction mixture. Filament length measurements were linear with filament concentration so long as the concentration of total tau protein in the sample was held constant, suggesting that measurement of filament lengths was accurate under these conditions. Furthermore, exponential filament length distributions were not significantly affected by adsorption time or filament concentration, suggesting that preferential binding among filaments of differing lengths was minimal. However, monomeric tau protein was found to be a strong competitor of filament adsorption, indicating that comparison of filament length measurements at different bulk tau concentrations should be interpreted with caution.
Statistical characterization of MPEG VBR video at the slice layer

In this paper, we statistically characterized four VBR encoded video sequences, containing I/B/P frames, at the Slice layer with the goal of developing an accurate source model to better understand the bit-rate behavior of these sources. We presented the cells/slice distributions and showed that it is 'heavy tailed' and fits the Pareto distribution better than Gamma. We showed that an 8-state Markov Chain fits the cells/slice distribution well, reaching steady state after 37 to 80 transitions (2 to 5 frames). We also showed that the autocorrelation function is quasi-periodic which is mostly due to the frame sequence pattern rather than spatial content. We discussed the impact to I/B/P sequences on multiplexing and dynamic bandwidth allocation and proposed a multiplexing method called Time Shifted Multiplexing (TSM); whereby, the multiplexer attempts to overlap I and P frames of one video stream with B frames of another. This tends to reduce both Peak-to-Mean-Ratio and Coefficient-of-Variation of the multiplexed output stream. We showed that coefficient-of-variation reduced in half and bandwidth requirements reduced by 41% using TSM.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Priority-setting and economic payoffs in basic research: An American perspective

During the past several years, budgetary problems and increased attention to the problem of improving US economic competitiveness have led to pressures to change the system through which priorities for federal funding of basic research are set. A numberof reports and policy statements have challenged the long-accepted practice of allowing priorities among disciplines and board areas of research to be set in a decentralised manner in which political factors predominate and groups of scientists in different fields advocate their interests more or less independently of one another. The challenge to policymakers and the scientific community is to learn how to allocate resources in a manner that improves economic performance without restricting the freedom of individual scientists to set their own research directions. This paper reviews the central elements of the debate over priority-setting and the contribution of basic research to economic competitiveness in the United States, discusses lessons that have been learned, and considers how the issues might eventually be resolved.
Self-Determination: What Do Special Educators Know and Where Do They Learn It?

Self-determination is now widely recognized in the literature as a best-practice procedure in the education of students with disabilities, particularly regarding facilitating students' transition from high school to adult life. But what do teachers know about how to facilitate student self-determination? In this study, special educators and university professors were surveyed to determine what teachers know about self-determination, what the primary source of their information about self-determination is, what strategies related to facilitating student self-determination teachers have heard of and/or used to facilitate student self-determination, and how important the core competencies of self-determination are in teachers' own lives. In addition, university professors were asked what methods and strategies they teach in their courses that are related to facilitating student self-determination. Implications for teacher education, research, and dissemination are discussed in this article.
The Pathogen of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Does Not Influence the Mortality Rate of Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients Treated with a Rotational Antibiotic System*

Abstract Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the leading causes of morbidity in critically ill surgical patients. Certain pathogens (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been associated with an excess mortality rate from sepsis in several studies, but not in the surgical setting specifically or when protocol-driven antibiotic therapy is administered. Purpose: We sought to determine which factors and, in particular, whether the individual pathogen affected the mortality rate in our surgical intensive care unit (ICU), where a rotational antibiotic system has been employed continuously since 1997. We hypothesized that the type of pathogen and illness severity were the primary influences on the mortality rate of patients with VAP. Methods: A total of 198 consecutive patients from a university surgical ICU, with clinical signs of VAP confirmed by quantified isolation of significant numbers of a pathogen (≥104 colony-forming units [cfu]/mL) from...
The impact of machine-readable data bases on library and information services☆

Abstract Library and information services already feel the impact of the burgeoning development in the field of bibliographic data bases, and this effect will increase in the future. This article explores the growth, origins, technological development, and current activities of bibliographic data bases and examines the NCLIS National Program relative to these aspects. The relationships between data base function, funding, and use are set forth in a discussion of data base producers. Discussions of data formats, data elements and file structure provide the groundwork for a closer look at the methods and purposes underlying the retrospective and current awareness search capabilities of existent data bases. A review of related data base and data base center characteristics highlights the discussion of retrospective and current awareness search functions and intermediary search services. In all data base activity the prime objective of making available information easily accessible to all who need it emerges as no small task, especially in light of the realities of scattered resources and unsteady funding. Data base networking and resource sharing constitute one means to the achievement of this ideal. The greatest potential of the NCLIS National Program lies in this direction, in its ability to promote and provide a framework for the coordination of data base-related activities and research in response to national needs.
Radical and non-radical mechanisms for alkane oxidations by hydrogen peroxide-trifluoroacetic acid.

The oxidation of cyclohexane by the H2O2−trifluoroacetic acid system is revisited. Consistent with a previous report (Deno, N.; Messer, L. A. Chem. Comm. 1976, 1051), cyclohexanol forms initially but then esterifies to cyclohexyl trifluoroacetate. Small amounts of trans-1,2-cyclohexadiyl bis(trifluoroacetate) also form. Although these products form irrespective of the presence or absence of O2, dual mechanisms are shown to operate. In the absence of O2, the dominant mechanism is a radical chain reaction that is propagated by CF3• abstracting H from C6H12 and SH2 displacement of C6H11• on CF3CO2OH. The intermediacy of C6H11• and CF3• is inferred from production of CHF3 and CO2 along with cyclohexyl trifluoroacetate, or CDF3 when cyclohexane-d12 is used. In the presence of O2, fluoroform and CO2 are suppressed, the reaction rate slows, and the rate law approaches second order (first order in peracid and in C6H12). Trapping of cyclohexyl radicals by quinoxaline is inefficient except at elevated (∼75 °C) temp...
Abstract LB-335: Autologous whole-tumor antigen vaccination in combination with adoptive T cell therapy for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.

Novel therapeutic strategies are warranted in recurrent ovarian cancer. We report two independent consecutive studies of combinatorial immunotherapy comprising dendritic cell (DC)-based autologous whole tumor antigen vaccination in combination with antiangiogenesis therapy. 31 patients with recurrent progressive stage III and IV ovarian cancer with available tumor lysate from secondary debulking surgery enrolled in two different studies. First 6 underwent priming with intravenous bevacizumab and oral metronomic cyclophosphamide followed by vaccination with an autologous DC preparation pulsed with freeze-thaw autologous tumor lysate while the other 25 underwent vaccination with an enhanced vaccine where autologous DCs were loaded with HOCl-oxidized autologous tumor lysate administered intranodally every 2 weeks in combination with intravenous bevacizumab. Both studies were followed by lymphodepletion and transfer of autologous vaccine-primed, ex vivo CD3/CD28-costimulated peripheral blood T-cells, in combination with antiangiogenesis therapy and vaccination. Feasibility, safety, and biological and clinical efficacy were evaluated. Eleven subjects have completed vaccination and T cell transfer to date, while twenty-three additional subjects completed vaccination only. Vaccination was well tolerated and elicited tumor-specific T cell responses against various ovarian tumor antigen in both studies and clinical benefit of 65% correlated with the immune response with some experiencing prolonged progression free survival. Following lymphodepletion, adoptive transfer of vaccine-primed T-cells was well tolerated and resulted in durable reduction of T-regulatory cells and restoration of vaccine-induced antitumor immunity in patients who experienced clinical benefit. One patient exhibited no evidence of disease at end of study. Stable disease was observed in 8 subjects to date. Data on additional patients will be presented at the meeting. Our results suggest the use of combinatorial cellular immunotherapy comprising DC vaccination with whole tumor antigen and adoptive lymphocyte transfer using tumor antigen-specific T cells for the treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer is promising yet warrants further investigation. Citation Format: Lana E. Kandalaft, Janos Tanyi, Cheryl Chiang, Daniel Powell, George coukos. Autologous whole-tumor antigen vaccination in combination with adoptive T cell therapy for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-335. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-335
An integral equation for the triple Regge vertex

Abstract We show that, within the context of the multi-Regge integral equation, the triple Regge vertex is the eigenfunction of the multi-Regge kernel, and therefore satisfies an eigenvalue integral equations; the equation is continued to the non-forward case. We also study the zeroes of the triple pomeron vertex.
Full-Field Measurements for Determining Orthotropic Elastic Parameters of Woven Glass-Epoxy Composites Using Off-Axis Tensile Specimens

Using theoretical formulations to describe the general response of an orthogonally woven glass-epoxy composite subjected to off-axis tension loading, a simple experimental methodology incorporating stereovision and 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) into several optimization procedures is described that provides a direct approach for quantitatively determining all of the elastic properties. During each off-axis tensile loading experiment, axial strains are determined using both mechanical extensometry and 3D-DIC, with the 3D-DIC measurements also used to extract both the in-plane transverse normal strain and the shear strain fields. The effectiveness of various optimization procedures are then evaluated and compared by performing a series of off-axis tensile loading experiments to determine the material engineering constants, including E1, E2, G12, and v12 for the nominally transversely isotropic material. Results indicate excellent agreement between the extensometer measurements and the average axial strain obtained by 3D-DIC. Furthermore, direct comparison of the proposed optimization methods indicates that each method is robust and effective, especially when employing 3D-DIC to extract additional information to complete the elastic property characterization procedure.
Centred knowing and its influence in emancipatory learning

This article reports on specific findings related to the knowing process of emancipatory learning that emerged from a qualitative study of change agents. The study involved 24 women who had a reflective awareness of consciousness‐raising leading to their commitment to social action. Data were gathered using a semi‐structured, open‐ended interview schedule. A comparative analysis of the data was done. To ensure credibility of the study's findings, peer debriefing and member checks were employed. While the study disclosed broader findings related to the nature of emancipatory learning and its facilitators, this article explicates three: (a) emancipatory learning manifested itself within these women's lives through a transformation from alienation to agency in knowing; (b) a knowing process centred in authenticity was an essential dynamic of their critical reflection; and (c) the knowledge constructed from this knowing in part motivated their action for the development of society.
An adaptive differential-correction algorithm

A combined first Remes differential-correction algorithm for uniform generalized rational approximation with restricted range constraints is presented. This algorithm can be applied when the data sets are too large to allow for the direct use of differential correction and when the second Remes algorithm does not apply because of the lack of an alternating theory. Under the assumption that differential correction produces a good (though not necessarily best) approximation on each (small) subset to which it is applied, it is proven that the algorithm terminates in a finite number of steps at a good approximation on the entire data set. This is established even though, unlike the standard first Remes, the algorithm sometimes discards points in passing from one subset to the next. This theory also allows for the set to be infinite. Also, a discretization theorem is presented and the algorithm is illustrated with a numerical example.
Nouvelles Recherches Sur La Rigidité De Décérébration Et La Contraction Terminale

(1926). Nouvelles Recherches Sur La Rigidite De Decerebration Et La Contraction Terminale. Archives Internationales de Physiologie: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 353-370.
Exposure assessment of particulate matter air pollution before, during, and after the 2003 Southern California wildfires

Exposure to biomass smoke has been associated with increased respiratory illness and symptoms. The goal of this study was to estimate daily particulate matter (PM; PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations at a zip-code level for southern California before, during and after the 2003 southern California wildfires. On average, heavy smoke from the fires increased PM10 3 and PM2.5 concentration by 160 and 100 mu g m(-3), respectively. Missing PM concentrations from the every 3rd or 6th day routine measurements or due to the incapacitation of monitors and/or stations by the fires were estimated based on (1) temporal profiles of continuous TEOM or BAM data at co-located or closely located sites; and (2) light extinction, meteorological conditions, and smoke information extracted from MODIS satellite images at a 250 m resolution. Light extinction coefficient, smoke, and relative humidity were the most important factors strongly associated with PM concentrations, especially PM2.5. Spatial interpolations of PM concentrations were performed using inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging or cokriging methods for the non-fire periods. Kriging was not superior to IDW in many cases due to the small number of monitoring stations. Since the fire and smoke created highly heterogeneous pollution surfaces, typical IDW and kriging could not work during the fires. Polygons were created based on satellite images to represent each smoke-covered area under different smoke densities. Concentrations were assigned to each polygon using measured or valid estimated concentrations at the corresponding monitoring stations, or at other stations under similar smoke conditions. In summary, population-weighted PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 190 and 90 mu gm(-3), and 125 and 75 mu g m(-3) under heavy and light smoke conditions, respectively, in contrast to concentrations of 40 and 20 mu g m(-3) for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, during the non-fire periods. The methodology we developed in this study is also applicable to other regions to a greater or lesser extent based on the availability of satellite, visibility and air quality data. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Use of a Middle East Crisis Simulation in an International Relations Course

In November 2006, undergraduate students in a Model United Nations Club (MUN) conducted an exercise intended to simulate a series of crises in the Middle East. In the exercise, a total of 66 undergraduate students role-played cabinet-level officials in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, and were required to make foreign policy decisions based on knowledge acquired in the classroom and on information delivered as the exercise unfolded.
Minority and Sex Profiles of Graduate Students and Academic Staff for Poultry Programs in the United States and Canada

Abstract A second survey of the 51 Land-Grant Universities in the United States (US) and 7 corresponding institutions in Canada has been undertaken to determine the current sex and minority status of poultry oriented graduate students and their academic staffs. Of the institutions contacted in the US, 50 responded. Seventeen of these had departments of poultry science. In Canada 6 institutions provided information with one poultry department noted. There were 379 students enrolled in graduate programs in the US and 35 in Canada, excluding foreign students. The breakdown for the US and Canada, respectively, were as follows: 63.6 and 85.7%, male; 36.4 and 14.3%, female; 87.3 and 82.8%, white; 6.1 and 14.3%, black; 0 and 0%, American Indian; 3.5 and 2.9%, Hispanic, and 3.2 and 0%, Asian or Pacific Islanders. A substantial increase in women was noted from previous surveys with the number of minorities up slightly but subject to more variability. There were 72 and 13 foreign poultry students in the US and Canada, respectively. For the academic staff, a total of 378 individuals was indicated for the US and 41 for Canada. Their respective breakdowns are as follows: 90.7 and 87.8%, male; 9.3 and 12.2%, female; 97.9 and 85.4%, white; .3 and 4.9%, black; 0 and 0%, American Indian; .8 and 0%, Hispanic; and 1.0 and 9.7%, Asian or Pacific Islanders. An improvement in the number of women and minorities was observed between this and the previous survey. Percentage breakdowns by degree and academic rank are also provided.
A flow analysis technique for parallel computations

A flow-analysis technique for real-time parallel computations at the computation level is presented. The technique is based on reducing the given parallel computation to a sequential one and then applying one of the available flow-analysis techniques for sequential computations. An example is given. >
Scattering of chiral periodic structure

We propose, develop, and implement an exact method to analyze the scattering of chiral periodic structure. The method combines the building block approach of multimode network theory with a rigorous mode-matching procedure. Symmetry properties of the structure are employed to simplify the analysis. Numerical results are given to discuss physical properties of the structure. At low frequencies, when only two Floquet modes can propagate in chiral period layer, the scattering of plane waves by the chiral periodic structure acts approximately as the scattering of plane waves by a uniform chiral slab with parameters equal to the average of those for the periodic layer. At higher frequencies, we find anomalous coupling regions known as Wood's anomalies and are explained by the excitation of and reradiation of leaky waveguide modes in the periodic layer.
Angiotensin Inhibition Decreases Progression of Advanced Atherosclerosis and Stabilizes Established Atherosclerotic Plaques

Although increased extracellular matrix (ECM) is pathogenic in a variety of chronic tissue injuries, reduced and/or disrupted ECM may be detrimental in atherosclerosis and rather destabilize existing atherosclerotic lesions. This study therefore assessed the effects of angiotensin II (AngII) antagonism on ECM components of advanced atherosclerosis. Twenty-four-week-old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were treated with the AngII antagonist losartan for 12 wk. Controls received water or hydralazine. AngII antagonism significantly reduced progression of established atherosclerosis, whereas hydralazine showed no benefit despite similar decrease in BP. Although there was no difference in the macrophage component, AngII antagonism increased the relative collagen portion of the lesions; lessened elastin fragmentation, increased the total elastin content of the aorta; and reduced the mRNA and activity/protein of the elastolytic proteases, cathepsin S, and metalloproteinase-9. Extracellular elastin degradation by cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) was reduced by losartan, as was SMC invasion through an elastin gel barrier. Thus, AngII antagonism lessens progression of atherosclerosis, increases collagen, and preserves elastin components of ECM within the vascular lesions, which, at least in part, is modulated by effects on SMC. These effects not only decrease further expansion of advanced lesions but also stabilize the established atherosclerotic plaques and may underlie the decreased incidence of acute cardiovascular events that are observed in patients in whom AngII antagonism is begun after atherosclerosis is already established.
The significance of thermotolerance after 41°C hyperthermia: In vivo and in vitro tumor and normal tissue investigations

Abstract We have investigated the development of thermotolerance in both tumors and normal tissues after 41°C for durations as brief as 15 minutes. The murine RIF tumor, treated by both local radiofrequency and systemic methods, was assayed for thermotolerance by both tumor growth and cell survival analyses. The murine leg and ear, treated by conductive methods, were assayed using pre-defined tissue damage scoring systems. All of these treatments quickly induced substantial levels of thermotolerance. In the tumor studies using local heating, RIF mean diameter doubling time decreased from 17.8 days to a minimum of 13.0 days with a 9 hr interval between 41.0°C for 15 minutes and 44.0°C for 30 minutes (9 hr D 1 –D 2 ); cell survival increased from 1.2 × 10 −2 to 3.4 × 10 −1 (same interval). Both assays showed some degree of tolerance present immediately after 41.0°C for 15, 30 or 60 minutes (0 hr D 1 –D 2 ). In the tumor studies using systemic heating, the kinetic pattern of the induced tolerance was similar to that observed after local heating. In the leg studies, 41.0° for 30 minutes increased the time at 45°C necessary to induce a specified level of tissue damage (mean score of 7) by a maximum of 1.8 times (24 hr D 1 –D 2 ). The kinetic pattern was similar to that for the tumors. In the ear studies, 41.0°C for 30 minutes increased the time at 45°C necessary to induce ear necrosis in 50% of animals by a maximum of 3.5 times (48 hr D 1 –D 2 ). The peak tolerance level occurred later for the ears, which have a lower normal temperature of 28–30°C, than for the tumors or legs. These results indicate that: 1. thermotolerance can begin to appear in tumors during treatment if hyperthermia sessions involve initial low thermal exposures (near 41°C) for 15 minutes or longer; 2. thermotolerance can develop in tumors after systemic heating and occurs with a kinetic pattern similar to that following local heating; and 3. normal tissues also can develop high levels of thermotolerance after similar thermal exposures.
The J. S. M. Matsebula Collection at the University of Swaziland

On 24 November 1989 the Library at the University of Swaziland in Kwaluseni formally received a large portion of the papers and manuscripts of the eminent Swazi writer, historian, statesman, and current chief executive of the Swaziland National Trust, J. S. M. Matsebula. The deposit of these papers has formed the nucleus of a small, but interesting and rapidly expanding, Swaziana Collection and this contribution, it is hoped, will inspire other prominent Swazis and scholars of Swaziland similarly to deposit their materials. The preeminent anthropologist, Hilda Kuper, has recently offered her large and valuable collection of manuscripts and field notes to the University of Swaziland, and the elder statesman, J. J. Nquku, founder of the Swaziland Progressive Party (among other accomplishments), is preparing his personal papers for the Collection as well. Additionally, it has just been learned that the Swaziland Oral History Project materials will be transferred to the University of Swaziland from the University of the Witwatersrand.James Shadrack Mkhulunyelwa Matsebula was born in 1918, outside Mbabane, the capital of Swaziland, into a family which has traditionally played a significant role in ritual Swazi royal life. The King's first wife is chosen from the Matsebulas and is known as laMatsebula. He was educated in Swaziland and South Africa and has written on a wide variety of topics in several genres and languages.
What is your diagnosis? Guttural pouch lesion in a horse

Keywords: Aspergillus ; Emericella ; equine; fungal; Hulle cells; mycosis; teleomorph
Biologic and Prognostic Significance of Dermal Ki67 Expression, Mitoses, and Tumorigenicity in Thin Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma

Purpose Tumor cell proliferation is a central feature of melanoma progression. In this study, we characterized three biomarkers of proliferation (Ki67 expression, dermal mitotic rate [MR], and tumorigenicity) in thin (≤ 1.00 mm) primary cutaneous melanomas and examined their association with prognosis. Patients and Methods We used immunohistochemistry to determine Ki67 expression using the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 in lesions from a prospective cohort that included 396 patients with thin invasive primary melanomas seen between 1972 and 1991. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to define independent prognostic factors, and recursive partitioning was used to develop a prognostic tree identifying risk groups. Results Dermal Ki67 expression was lower than epidermal Ki67 expression in radial growth phase (RGP) melanomas (n = 171), and dermal Ki67 expression and MR were higher in tumorigenic vertical growth phase (VGP) melanomas (n = 193) compared with RGP and nontumorigenic VGP melanomas (n ...
Understanding and harnessing biomimetic molecular machines for NEMS actuation materials

This paper describes the design, assembly, fabrication, and evaluation of artificial molecular machines with the goal of implementing their internal nanoscale movements within nanoelectromechanical systems in an efficient manner. These machines, a unique class of switchable molecular compounds in the shape of bistable [2]rotaxanes, exhibit internal relative mechanical motions of their ring and dumbbell components as a result of optical, chemical, or electrical signals. As such, they hold promise as nanoactuation materials. Although micromechanical devices that utilize the force produced by switchable [3]rotaxane molecules have been demonstrated, the current prototypical devices require a mechanism that minimizes the degradation associated with the molecules in order for bistable rotaxanes to become practical actuators. We propose a modified design in which electricity, instead of chemicals, is employed to stimulate the relative movements of the components in bistable [3]rotaxanes. As an initial step toward the assembly of a wholly electrically powered actuator based on molecular motion, closely packed Langmuir-Blodgett films of an amphiphilic, bistable [2]rotaxane have been characterized and an in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic technique has been developed to monitor molecular signatures in device settings. Note to Practitioners-Biological molecular components, such as myosin and actin in skeletal muscle, organize to perform complex mechanical tasks. These components execute nanometer-scale interactions, but produce macroscopic effects. Inspired by this concept, we are developing a new class of mechanical nanodevices that employ a group of artificial molecular machines called bistable rotaxanes. In this paper, a series of experiments has been conducted to study the molecular properties of bistable rotaxanes in thin films and on solid-state nanodevices. Our results have shed light on the optimization of future molecular machine-based systems particularly with respect to their implementation and manufacture.
The Big Five Personality Traits and the Life Course: A 45-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract One hundred sixty-three men who have been followed prospectively for over 45 years were rated on a set of 25 personality traits at the end of their college careers and took the NEO-PI at approximately ages 67–68. The college traits were transformed, via a rating procedure, to scales assessing each of the Big Five dimensions and related to the NEO-PI. Three traits—Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness—exhibited significant correlations across the 45-year interval. Furthermore, the trait profiles remained relatively stable over that interval. Both sets of personality traits were related to a wide variety of life course variables representing the domains of global adult adjustment, career functioning/success, creativity, social relations, mental health, substance abuse, childhood characteristics, familial history of pathology, maturity of defenses, and political attitudes. Conscientiousness in college was the best predictor of what happened to the men in the future, whereas Neuroticism in late midlife was the best correlate of life course functioning across a variety of domains.
Nonlinear Trajectory Generation Using Global Local Approximations

In this paper we propose a method that uses local approximations to construct a globally continuous function. Such a method increases the variability of the parameterized function space, which is useful in the context of numerically solving nonlinear trajectory generation problems.
Exploring individual differences in raybased selection: strategies and traits

User-centered design is often performed without regard to individual user differences in aptitude and experience. The methodology of this study is an anthropological and observational approach observing users performing a selection task using common virtual environment raybased techniques and analyzes the interaction through psychology aptitude tests, questionnaires and observation. The results of this study show the approach yields useful information about users even in a simple task. The study indicates correlations between performance and aptitude test and user behavior performed to overcome difficulties in the task.
Inequality, climate impacts on the future poor, and carbon prices

Integrated assessment models of climate and the economy provide estimates of the social cost of carbon and inform climate policy. We create a variant of the Regional Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE)-a regionally disaggregated version of the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (DICE)-in which we introduce a more fine-grained representation of economic inequalities within the model's regions. This allows us to model the common observation that climate change impacts are not evenly distributed within regions and that poorer people are more vulnerable than the rest of the population. Our results suggest that this is important to the social cost of carbon-as significant, potentially, for the optimal carbon price as the debate between Stern and Nordhaus on discounting.
Texture dependent strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained aluminum films

Abstract We investigated the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of freestanding ultrafine-grained aluminum films with similar thickness (~ 240 nm) and mean grain size (~ 275 nm) but highly dissimilar texture. For (110) textured bicrystalline films, flow stress increased by 14% ( m = 0.017) as the strain rate was varied from ~ 7 × 10 − 6 /s to 5 × 10 − 3 /s. In contrast, for non-textured films the flow stress increased by more than 90% ( m = 0.103) over a similar strain rate range. The drastic difference in SRS can be explained by texture-induced changes in deformation mechanisms of the films, as revealed by in situ TEM straining experiments.
Reducing crash recoverability to reachability

Software applications run on a variety of platforms (filesystems, virtual slices, mobile hardware, etc.) that do not provide 100% uptime. As such, these applications may crash at any unfortunate moment losing volatile data and, when re-launched, they must be able to correctly recover from potentially inconsistent states left on persistent storage. From a verification perspective, crash recovery bugs can be particularly frustrating because, even when it has been formally proved for a program that it satisfies a property, the proof is foiled by these external events that crash and restart the program. In this paper we first provide a hierarchical formal model of what it means for a program to be crash recoverable. Our model captures the recoverability of many real world programs, including those in our evaluation which use sophisticated recovery algorithms such as shadow paging and write-ahead logging. Next, we introduce a novel technique capable of automatically proving that a program correctly recovers from a crash via a reduction to reachability. Our technique takes an input control-flow automaton and transforms it into an encoding that blends the capture of snapshots of pre-crash states into a symbolic search for a proof that recovery terminates and every recovered execution simulates some crash-free execution. Our encoding is designed to enable one to apply existing abstraction techniques in order to do the work that is necessary to prove recoverability. We have implemented our technique in a tool called Eleven82, capable of analyzing C programs to detect recoverability bugs or prove their absence. We have applied our tool to benchmark examples drawn from industrial file systems and databases, including GDBM, LevelDB, LMDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, VMware and ZooKeeper. Within minutes, our tool is able to discover bugs or prove that these fragments are crash recoverable.
ATP- and iron-protein-independent activation of nitrogenase catalysis by light.

We report here the light-driven activation of the molybdenum−iron−protein (MoFeP) of nitrogenase for substrate reduction independent of ATP hydrolysis and the iron−protein (FeP), which have been believed to be essential for catalytic turnover. A MoFeP variant labeled on its surface with a Ru-photosensitizer is shown to photocatalytically reduce protons and acetylene, most likely at its active site, FeMoco. The uncoupling of nitrogenase catalysis from ATP hydrolysis should enable the study of redox dynamics within MoFeP and the population of discrete reaction intermediates for structural investigations.
Oxcarbazepine‐induced liver injury after sensitization by valproic acid: a case report

Objective The aim of the present case report is to describe a potential interaction between valproic acid and oxcarbazepine that resulted in hepatic injury. Methods We report the case of a 46-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder who was cross-titrated from valproic acid to oxcarbazepine because of liver injury. Results Initiation of oxcarbazepine four days after stopping valproic acid produced a significant elevation in liver enzymes that normalized with oxcarbazepine discontinuation and did not reappear with its reintroduction five days later. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a longer washout period or another agent should be considered when transitioning from valproic acid to oxcarbazepine.
Thinking History Globally: 12 Branches in Their Singularities, Overlaps, and Clusters

The Roman monarchy established by Romulus was overthrown by a revolution in 509 BCE. The ensuing Roman republic witnessed subsequent quarrels between patricians and plebeians. The strife came to a pause 60 years later as the Roman constitution offered a compromise. The laws were carved on 12 bronze tables. The Law of the 12 Tables, representing the core of the mos maiorum, or way of the elders, was posted in the Roman Forum for all to know.
Single precast concrete rocking walls as earthquake force-resisting elements

Summary Precast concrete walls with unbonded post-tensioning provide a simple self-centering system. Yet, its application in seismic regions is not permitted as it is assumed to have no energy dissipation through a hysteretic mechanism. These walls, however, dissipate energy imparted to them because of the wall impacting the foundation during rocking and limited hysteretic action resulting from concrete nonlinearity. The energy dissipated due to rocking was ignored in previous experimental studies because they were conducted primarily using quasi-static loading. Relying only on limited energy dissipation, a shake table study was conducted on four single rocking walls (SRWs) using multiple-level earthquake input motions. All walls generally performed satisfactorily up to the design-level earthquakes when their performance was assessed in terms of the maximum transient drift, maximum absolute acceleration, and residual drift. However, for the maximum considered earthquakes, the walls experienced peak lateral drifts greater than the permissible limits. Combining the experimental results with an analytical investigation, it is shown that SRWs can be designed as earthquake force-resisting elements to produce satisfactory performance under design-level and higher-intensity earthquake motions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecophysiological studies of Sonoran Desert plants : II. Seasonal photosynthesis patterns and primary production of Ambrosia deltoidea and Olneya tesota.

The gas exchange and water relations of two Sonoran Desert plants was measured throughout a 12-month period. Seasonal photosynthesis patterns of both plants followed the seasonal variation in plant water potential. Ambrosia deltoidea, a drought-deciduous shrub, is mainly winter-spring active since maximum photosynthesis rates of 38 mg CO2 dm-2 h-1 were measured at this time. This plant is characterized by marked seasonal variations in plant water potential, and was deciduous for approximately 120 days when plant water potential was below-50 bars. Olneya tesota, a non-riparian microphyllous tree, is evergreen and photosynthetically active throughout the entire year, although demonstrating maximum photosynthesis rates of 12 mg CO2 dm-2 h-1 in spring and summer. The deep-rooted tree species maintains a favorable year-round water balance since minimum plant water potentials were seldom below-33 bars. The two species maintain a relatively high water use efficiency throughout the year, despite the high evaporative gradient characteristic of the Sonoran Desert.The leaves are the major site for carbon assimilation, contributing 87 and 81% of the annual carbon gain for the shrub and tree species, respectively. Above-ground gross primary production throughout the 12-month period was estimated solely from the leaf 14CO2 assimilation studies. This production estimate was compared to above-ground net primary production determined by the harvest method. For both plant species gross production was interpreted to exceed net production by nearly a three-fold difference. On a per plant basis gross production was estimated to be 1.14 and 7.42 kg dry wt plant-1 yr-1 for A. deltoidea and O. tesota. The large difference between net and gross production is probably related to year-round utilization of carbon.
SeeMore: A kinetic parallel computer sculpture for educating broad audiences on parallel computation

Abstract We discuss the design, implementation, and evaluation of a 256-node Raspberry-Pi cluster with kinetic properties. Each compute node is attached to a servo mechanism such that movement results from local computation. The result is SeeMore, a kinetic parallel computer sculpture designed to enable visualization of parallel algorithms in an effort to educate broad audiences as to the beauty, complexity, and importance of parallel computation. The algorithms and interfaces were implemented by students from various related courses at VA Tech. We describe these designs in sufficient detail to enable others to build their own kinetic computing sculptures to augment their experiential learning programs. Our evaluations at exhibitions indicate 63% and 84% of visitors enjoyed interacting with SeeMore while 69% and 87% believed SeeMore has educational value.
A structural perspective of cross-sector partnerships involving youth sport nonprofit organizations

ABSTRACTResearch question: Reductions in public funding for sport and recreation programs have created a vacuum in services that has increasingly been filled by nonprofit organizations. However, nonprofits often lack the organizational capacity to efficiently and sustainably deliver sport and recreation programs to the public. Cross-sector partnerships have been highlighted as an effective strategy to build organizational capacity, yet are currently underutilized by youth sport nonprofit organizations. While previous research has focused on functional characteristics of these partnerships, very few studies have examined their broader structural characteristics.Research methods: This study utilized structured interviews to collect quantitative network data from youth sport nonprofits registered in a large Southeastern US city (n = 32) to understand how cross-sector partnerships have been used to build organizational capacity. Using social network analysis, the study uncovers the size and composition of the...
Structured asynchrony with algebraic effects

Algebraic effect handlers generalize many control-flow abstractions that are implemented specially in most languages, like exception handling, iterators, or backtracking. In this article, we show how we can implement full support for asynchronous programming as a library using just algebraic effect handlers. The consistent type driven approach also leads naturally to powerful abstractions like block-scoped interleaving, cancellation, and timeout's that are lacking in other major asynchronous frameworks. We also introduce the concept of ambient state to reason about state that is local to the current strand of asynchronous execution.