cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 28. Pharmacophore Identification and Receptor Mapping

Publisher Summary Identification of the receptor-bound conformation for a series of drugs activating the same receptor makes it possible to model the receptor cavity. A significant part of this chapter illustrates the importance of the 3D nature of the molecular recognition processes. The combinatorial nature of conformational possibilities implies computer-based molecular modeling as a necessary addition to the arsenal of multidisciplinary methods that the medicinal chemist has to apply in structure–activity studies and drug design. Prediction, synthesis, and testing are all significant in receptor mapping and pharmacophore identification. It has been noticed that topographical mapping of the volume of space available for steroid binding at the 3α,20β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a single enzyme with two activities, from streptomyces, bydrogenans was used to help design a suicide substrate for this enzyme. Some major applications of pharmacophore and receptor mapping include: opiate pharmacophore model, pancreatic glucoreceptor, and dopamine receptor. While the dynamic process of drug-receptor recognition probably involves multiple steps culminating in the activation of the receptor, it is possible to assume a unique arrangement of the electron density responsible for triggering the coupled response analogous to a transition state that is common to all drugs capable of activating that response. The concept of a pharmacophore and pharmacological evidence that a set of compounds interact with a unique receptor provides an opportunity to test different pharmacophores for consistency and possible uniqueness.
TH‐AB‐204‐10: Drastic Performance Improvement of a Polychromatic Cone‐ Beam X‐Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) System Using a Kilowatt‐Range X‐Ray Source

Purpose: To demonstrate drastic performance improvement of a polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system using a kilowatt-range x-ray source. Methods: An experimental polychromatic cone-beam XFCT system capable of imaging gold nanoparticles (GNPs) within small-animal-sized objects by stimulating K-shell XRF from gold and detection using a cadmium-telluride detector has been under development. Originally configured with a low-power (∼50 W) x-ray source (105 kVp, 0.45 mA, 0.9-mm tin filter), the system has now been retrofitted with a high-power (∼3 kW) source, operated at 125 kVp, 25 mA. The higher flux allowed the use of a 2-mm tin filter to harden the incident x-ray spectrum, thereby optimizing XRF production. The material detection limit was determined at these settings using GNP/water-containing calibration phantoms (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 wt. % of GNPs). Subsequently, a 3-cm-diameter PMMA phantom with 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt. % GNP/water inserts was imaged. The image reconstruction algorithm was modified with Compton-scatter-based background fitting for accurate XRF signal extraction and empirical attenuation correction. Results: Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit was remarkably lower (factor of 2.5), compared to the original configuration, allowing imaging of GNP concentrations as low as 0.2 wt. %. The reconstructed image demonstrated accurate localization of all inserts. Scan time was drastically decreased (factor of 4), enabling imaging of the phantom in 1.5 hours with just one detector translated 11 times. By reverting to the 0.9-mm filter, as used previously, scan time could be lowered to 30 minutes, at the expense of sensitivity. Implementation of additional/array detectors for parallel data acquisition will lower scan time further. Conclusion: By adopting a high-power source for the XFCT system, dramatic improvements were made, while meeting realistic constraints. This work shows the practicality of performing XFCT for routine preclinical ex-/in-vivo imaging using GNPs.
The Tax Reform Act of 1975 and the Foreign Tax Area

On December 4, 1975 the House of Representatives passed H.R. 10612, the Tax Reform Act of 1975 (the Act). It is presently before the United States Senate and it is likely that final action will be taken during the year 1976. The Act contains a substantial number of revisions to the present method by which the United States taxes both United States persons earning income from without the United States, as well as nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations earning income within the United States (foreign tax).
Modeling methane emissions from the Alaskan Yukon River basin, 1986–2005, by coupling a large‐scale hydrological model and a process‐based methane model

[1] Much progress has been made in methane modeling for the Arctic. However, there is still large uncertainty in emissions estimates due to the spatial variability in water table depth resulting from complex topographic gradients, and due to variations in methane production and oxidation due to complex freezing and thawing processes. Here we extended an extant methane emission module within a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to include a large-scale hydrology model, the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. The VIC model provides the required inputs, including freezing and thawing fronts, soil temperature and moisture, to the methane module. The effect of topography on the redistribution of soil moisture and water table depth was explicitly modeled using the TOPMODEL approach. The coupled modeling framework was applied to the Yukon River basin at a spatial resolution of 1 km from 1986 to 2005. The simulations show that the average annual net emissions of CH4 from the region are 4.01 Tg CH4 yr−1. El Nino phenomena usually lead to positive emission anomalies, while decreases in net CH4 emissions may be associated with strong La Nina events. Precipitation was found to be more closely related to CH4 dynamics than to soil temperature and active layer depth during the study period. This study suggests that the effects of soil freezing and thawing processes and the effects of microtopography on hydrology should be considered in the quantification of CH4 emissions.
An automatic knowledge acquisition tool

We describe a large-scale automatic knowledge acquisition tool, the Quasi-Optimizer (QO) system. It is a domain-independent program that can obtain, verify, fuse and optimize human expertise. The QO system is capable of generating computer models (descriptive theories) of human decision making strategies in two ways. In the passive mode of observation, the system does not or cannot interfere with the environment and records the characteristic features of the situations and the corresponding strategy responses to them. In the active mode of observation, the system designs a sequence of environments (“experiments”) for the decision making strategy to respond to. The design of the experiments can be fixed in advance or can follow a dynamically evolving pattern that minimizes the total number of experiments needed for a userspecified level of precision. A module of QO can ascertain whether a non-static strategy is in fact learning, that is converging to an asymptotic form, to which the program can then extrapolate. Another module can assign a quality measure (credit) to the different strategy components identified by it, on the basis of their short- or long-term benefits in attaining certain goals. The QO system can select the best components of several strategies and combine them in a Super Strategy. The inconsistencies, incompletenesses and redundancies inherent in such a Super Strategy are eliminated and a Quasi-Optimum Strategy is generated. This strategy is better, in the statistical sense, than any one participating in the “training set”. The Quasi-Optimum Strategy, therefore, corresponds to a normative theory within the limitations of the available information. We also describe two rather different areas of application — a possible approach to the automation of air traffic controllers' training and evaluation, and the automatic verification and validation of discrete-event simulation models.
Combined Elevation of FVIII and von Willebrand Factor Predicts Risk for Worse Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) (P7.152)

OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in baseline, in-hospital, and outcome variables between patients with both elevated Factor VIII (FVIII) and elevated von Willebrand factor (vWF) compared to patients with normal serum values. BACKGROUND: FVIII is a known mediator of thrombosis that is influenced by vWF. Little evidence exists for their association with AIS patient outcomes. DESIGN/METHODS: Patients who presented to our center with AIS between 06/2007-07/2013 were selected from our prospective stroke registry. After adjusting for key covariates, we analyzed whether patients with elevated FVIII and vWF (eFVIII/vWF) experienced significant differences in outcomes than patients with normal FVIII/vWF. RESULTS: Among the 2135 cases in our stroke registry, 185 AIS patients met our inclusion criteria; of those, 60 patients (32.43%) had eFVIII/vWF. Diabetics were three times more likely to have eFVIII/vWF (OR= 3.17, CI 1.64-6.12, p &lt 0.001). There was no significant association between median hematocrit on admission and eFVIII/vWF (38.80% vs. 39.75%, p=0.386). Of all TOAST classifications, eFVIII/vWF patients were most likely to have cryptogenic greater than one cause (OR=3.03, CI 1.07-8.59, p=0.037). Additionally, eFVIII/vWF patients had significantly increased likelihood of inpatient complications (OR=2.8, CI 1.13-6.94, p=0.026). After adjusting for demographic covariates, eFVIII/vWF patients had increased odds of unfavorable discharge disposition (OR=2.32, CI 1.19-4.52, p=0.013) and poor functional outcome (mRS &gt 2) (OR=2.04, 95% CI 1.07-3.89, p=0.031). After adjusting for demographic covariates, baseline stroke severity, and IV tPA administration, eFVIII/vWF patients were over twice as likely to have neuroworsening (OR=2.58, 95% CI 1.11-5.99, p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent elevation in FVIII and vWF predicts higher odds of worse outcomes for AIS patients. Our findings suggest that FVIII and vWF levels may serve as clinically useful stroke biomarkers by providing risk profiles for stroke patients on admission with a hypercoagulable state. Disclosure: Dr. Samai has nothing to disclose. Dr. Monlezun, Jr has nothing to disclose. Dr. George has received research support from Tulane University School of Medicine. Dr. Dowell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schluter has nothing to disclose. Dr. El Khoury has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin-Schild has nothing to disclose.
An Overview of Oracle Chart Builder and Map Viewer

Oracle Chart Builder is a real-time Java charting API. It enables more effective communication and analysis of information for business graphics and performance applications. MapViewer is a programmable tool for rendering maps using spatial data managed by Oracle Spatial. MapViewer provides tools that hide the complexity of spatial data queries and cartographic rendering, while providing customizable options for more advanced users. This paper presents an overview of data visualization features in the 9i Application Server product from Oracle.
Positive Youth Development

Chapter 1 -- Positive youth development: Research and applications for promoting thriving in adolescence / Richard M. Lerner, Jacqueline V. Lerner, Janette B. Benson -- Chapter 2 -- The development of intentional self-regulation in adolescence: Describing, explaining, and optimizing its link to positive youth development / Christopher M. Napolitano, Edmond P. Bowers, Steinunn Gestsdottir, Paul A. Chase -- Chapter 3 -- Youth Purpose and Positive Youth Development / Jenni Menon Mariano, Julie Going -- Chapter 4 -- Positive pathways to adulthood: The role of hope in adolescents' constructions of their futures / Kristina L. Schmid, Shane J. Lopez -- Chapter 5 -- Intrinsic Motivation and Positive Development / Reed W. Larson, Natalie Rusk -- Chapter 6 -- School engagement: What it is and why it is important for positive youth development / Yibing Li -- Chapter 7 -- Religion, Spirituality, Positive Youth Development, and Thriving / Pamela Ebstyne King, Drew Carr, Ciprian Boitor -- Chapter 8 -- The contribution of the developmental assets framework to positive youth development theory and practice / Peter L. Benson, Peter C. Scales, Amy K. Syvertsen -- Chapter 9 -- Youth activity involvement and positive youth development / Megan Kiely Mueller, Selva Lewin-Bizan, Jennifer Brown Urban -- Chapter 10 -- Media literacy and positive youth development / Michelle J. Boyd, Julie Dobrow -- Chapter 11 -- Advances in civic engagement research: Issues of civic measures and civic context / Jonathan F. Zaff, Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, Emily S. Lin -- Chapter 12 -- Shortridge Academy: Positive Youth Development in Action within a Therapeutic Community / Kristine M. Baber, Adam Rainer -- Chapter 13 -- Integrating Theory and Method in the Study of Positive Youth Development: The Sample Case of Gender-Specificity and Longitudinal Stability of the Dimensions of Intention Self-Regulation (Selection, Optimization, and Compensation) / Alexander von Eye, Michelle M. Martel, Richard M. Lerner, Jacqueline V. Lerner, Edmond P. Bowers.
The Psychology of Stereotyping

Introduction. Methods. Categories and Categorization. Schema Theories. Stereotype Structure and Implicit Personality Theories. Stereotypes as Hypotheses. Ingroups and Outgroups. Prejudice and Discrimination. The Development of Stereotypes. Change of Stereotypes and Prejudice. Content of Stereotypes: Gender, Race, and Age. Content of Stereotypes: Stigmas. Content of Stereotypes: Other Categories. Stereotype Content and Features. Summary.
The determinants of use of maternal and child health services in Metro Cebu, the Philippines*

The determinants of the use of family planning, prenatal care, childhood immunizations and oral rehydration salts (ORS) were studied with survey data of 8000 women in Metro Cebu, the Philippines. Polytomous logistic regression methods were used. The level of maternal education was the most consistent and important determinant of use of these four health services in both urban and rural areas. For example, the estimated odds of using modern contraception increased by six and eleven per cent for each additional year of schooling in urban and rural strata respectively. Economic status and access to service variables had less consistent patterns: women's work status, for example, was associated only with contraceptive use.
Dimensions of State Environmental Policies

States have developed an array of environmental programs in response to a variety of political and environmental factors. This article examines three state clean air programs—setting ambient standards, ambient monitoring, and enforcement—and shows how each program has a distinct set of empirical determinants, reflecting the programs' diverse purposes. States' ambient standards policies allocate resources among competing claimants, and consequently they reflect the balance of environmental politics in each state. Ambient monitoring programs reflect the degree to which states need and can process information about air pollution problems. The level of states' enforcement programs reflects the scope of the environmental problem in each state.
Fluctuations in the high-redshift Lyman–Werner and Lyα radiation backgrounds

We use a new method to model fluctuations of the Lyman–Werner (LW) and Lyα radiation backgrounds at high redshift. At these early epochs the backgrounds are symptoms of a universe newly lit with its first stars. LW photons (11.5–13.6 eV) are of particular interest because they dissociate molecular hydrogen, the primary coolant in the first minihaloes. By using a variation of the halo model, we efficiently generate power spectra for any choice of radiation background. We find that the LW power spectrum typically traces the matter power spectrum at large scales but turns over at the scale corresponding to the effective ‘horizon’ of LW photons [∼100 comoving Mpc (cMpc)], unless the sources are extremely rare. The series of horizons that characterize the Lyα flux profile shape the fluctuations of that background in a similar fashion, though those imprints are washed out once one considers fluctuations in the brightness temperature of the 21-cm signal. The Lyα background strongly affects the redshifted 21-cm signal at just about the time the LW background begins to dissociate H2, so measuring that background’s properties will reveal important information about the transition from early Population III stars to more normal stars. Around this time we find that fluctuations in the LW background are weak; the fractional standard deviation is less than ∼0.5 on scales ≳10 cMpc, only rising to be of the order of unity on scales ≲1 cMpc. This should not lead to substantial spatial fluctuations in H2 content, except at the earliest times. Even then, most haloes form far from other sources, so the transition from star formation in low-mass to high-mass haloes is rather homogeneous across the universe.
Direct measurement of spin-dependent conduction-electron mean free paths in ferromagnetic metals

Using a new giant magnetoresistance structure we measure the spin-up mean free paths of ferromagnetic metals. At room temperature we find for Co ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{+}$=55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 \AA{}, for Fe ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{+}$-15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 \AA{}, and for ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ alloy ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{+}$=46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 \AA{}. Combining these results with the Mott picture of transport we deduce the spin-down mean free paths, and find for Co ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}6 \AA{}, for Fe ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$=21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 \AA{}, and for ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}6 \AA{}.
A mote on mle's in linear models with non-normal or dependent errors

Linear models with non-normal or dependent errors are shown by example to occur frequently in some areas of application* PivÂotal functions based on maximum likelihood estimation are given for making inferences about the parameters of the made!, .The distriby-tion of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing the general linÂear hypothesis is shown to depend only on a "standarised error distribution" and a standarised hypothesis which makes it fessible to simulate the distribution of this statistic.
The structure of the beta pictoris disk and the properties of its particles

Abstract Between about 80 and 200 AU from the star, the Beta Pictoris disk has a growing geometrical thickness (opening angle ∼7°), and a normal optical thickness falling off as r−1.7, approximately. Closer to the star, the power-law breaks down, and the disk has a central void within the 10 to 20 AU radius circle. Disk grains, most of them in the 1 to 20 micron size-range, scatter visible starlight neutrally with a high albedo of 0.6 to 0.8, yet they are inefficient IR-emitters. Plausible grain compositions include either fine-grained feldspars or olivines or, alternatively, water and/or ammonia frost with a small amount of contaminants.
Political Resistance: A Matter of Fairness

In this paper, I argue that the principle of fairness can license both a duty of fair play, which is used to ground a moral duty to obey the law in just or nearly just societies, and a duty of resistance to unfair and unjust social schemes. The first part of the paper analyzes fairness’ demands on participants in mutually beneficial schemes of coordination, and its implications in the face of injustice. Not only fairness does not require complying with unfair and unjust social schemes, but it also prohibits benefiting from such schemes. I use the case of racial segregation in the U.S. to illustrate this latter argument, and consider some objections to my investigation, given the availability and straightforwardness of justice. The second part of the paper elaborates the argument for the duty to resist. The Radical Reform argument first establishes, by elimination of the alternatives (exit and restitution), that the principal way for citizens to cease benefiting from an unfair and unjust social scheme is to radically reform it. The Resistance Argument then shows that resistance is crucial to bring about reform, so that one ought to resist unfair and unjust schemes from which one benefits. Next, I offer two arguments for collective resistance and political solidarity, one based on empirical considerations and the other based on fairness. Finally, I consider the costs of the resistance efforts which fairness may require.
A Review of Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds

Abstract Although the detailed oxidation chemistry of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane is understood, present understanding of the high temperature oxidation of more realistic fuels and fuels derived from the conversion of coal and other fossil forms is very limited. Studies are currently underway to elucidate oxidation mechanisms of the higher order aliphatics and olefins. However, less research is directed towards evaluating the detailed oxidation mechanisms of the aromatics. Fuels derived from coal and other fossil fuels characteristically have aromatic contents which vary from about 35 to 85 percent. Although under laboratory controlled conditions it should be possible to burn these fuels with respectable combustion efficiencies, it must be recognized that aromatics are notorious for soot and coke formation. Sooting can cause operational difficulties by increasing flame radiation to surfaces which must remain cool, as well as by coating surfaces and thus reducing overall heat transfer rates. Furt...
Nucleus cunieformis lesions: Amnestic effects on visual pattern discrimination in the rat*

Rats were trained on a brightness and pattern discrimination problem following removal of the left posterior half of the neocortex. Electrolytic lesions of the rostral and basolateral portions of the nucleus cuneiformis of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the right side caused serious retention losses of the pattern problem (three animals were unable to relearn), while lesions of similar magnitude to other brainstem areas on the right side did not lead to significant impairments in retention. The animals subjected to transverse lateral midbrain knife-cuts showed a slight but significant loss in retention. These results were interpreted as supporting the view that an occipitoreticular pathway is necessary for the performance of pattern discrimination problems in the albino rat.
Theory of Inelastic Scattering of Slow Electrons by Long-Wavelength Surface Optical Phonons

The purpose of this paper is to present a quantum-mechanical theory of the inelastic scattering of slow electrons by long-wavelength surface optical phonons for simple models of an ionic crystal and for a nonionic crystal such as silicon. It is argued that a quantum-mechanical approach is necessary for this problem. However, the expression we obtain for the one-phonon cross section is found to be identical to the one that follows from the earlier classical theory of Lucas and co-workers, provided one replaces their parameter ${P}_{0}$ by the quantum-mechanical reflection coefficient for specular reflection. The angular distribution of the scattered electrons and the energy dependence of the one-phonon cross section are discussed for the case of ZnO and silicon, where the surface optical modes have a very different character. For the surface mode in silicon, we define a dipole-moment effective charge, which is nonzero by virtue of the absence of inversion symmetry in the surface region. A quantitative estimate of the magnitude of this parameter is extracted from the data of Ibach.
Nursery-based intervention with prematurely born babies and their mothers: Are there effects?

The effects of nursery-based intervention with healthy, prematurely born babies and their socially disadvantaged mothers were evaluated. Mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: In group one, the babies received special stimulation designed to make them more active contributors to the interactions with their mothers; in group two, mothers received special training to help them become more responsive to cues from their babies; in group three, infants received stimulation and mothers received training. In addition, a fourth group of preterm babies who received regular hospital care served as a comparison group to assess the short-term effects of the stimulation program. Outcome measures designed to evaluate various aspects of mother-infant interaction and infant development failed to reflect any effects of the interventions, either at the time the babies were discharged from the hospital or one year later. We attribute the lack of positive findings to the fact that the mothers faced numerous crises in their social environments. We conclude, therefore, that nothing short of massive social change is likely to result in measurable effects.
Psychometric Properties of Resting Anterior EEG Asymmetry: Temporal Stability and Internal Consistency

We examined whether resting anterior electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry in the alpha frequency band has psychometric properties that would be expected of a measure assessing individual differences. In each of two experimental sessions, separated by three weeks, resting EEG in midfrontal and anterior temporal sites was recorded from 85 female adults during eight 60-s baselines. Resting alpha asymmetry demonstrated acceptable test-retest stability and excellent internal consistency reliability. Analyses including other frequency bands indicated that degree of stability varied somewhat as a function of band and region. In addition, asymmetry was less stable than absolute power. Discussion focuses on the implications of the present findings for the measurement and conceptualization of resting anterior asymmetry.
Incompressible Fluids in Thin Domains with Navier Friction Boundary Conditions (I)

We study the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluids in a three-dimensional thin two-layer domain whose top, bottom and interface boundaries are not flat. In addition to the Navier friction boundary conditions on the top and bottom boundaries of the domain, and the periodicity condition on the sides, the fluid velocities are subject to an interface boundary condition which relates the normal stress of each fluid to the relative velocity between them on the common boundary. We prove that the strong solutions exist for all time if the initial data and body force, measured in relevant norms, are appropriately large as the domain becomes very thin. In our analysis, the interface boundary condition is interpreted as a variation of the Navier boundary conditions containing an interaction part. The effect of that interaction on the Stokes operator and the nonlinear term of the Navier–Stokes equations is expressed and carefully estimated in different ways in order to obtain suitable inequalities.
An efficient total synthesis of (±)-methyl jasmonate

Abstract A short synthesis of Methyl dl-Jasmonate from bicyclo[4.3.0] nona-3,8-diene is described.
On-the-job leisure as a cause of asymmetric observed-effort distributions

When employers observe imperfect measures of worker effort, theorists typically assume that observed effort is unimodal and symmetrically distributed. Though observable effort may be distributed in different ways within a work day, for example, available field data on these effort distributions are rare. The symmetry assumption is largely untestable as a result. This paper presents empirical data from two experimental work environments that question the validity of such assumptions. For these piece-rate work environments the author finds that observed effort is significantly negatively-skew (i.e., modal>mean effort). The author’s hypothesis is that on-the-job leisure causes this skewness in observed effort distributions. There are both theoretical and practical implications of this asymmetry. Some implications from the theoretical agency literature that we discuss include: self-selection into rank-order tournaments, optimal wage spreads in rank-order tournaments, and optimal wage contracts with asymmetric information.
Anticipatory fear and judgments of shock intensity

Three levels of shock intensity, individually calibrated for each of 30 male Ss, and four interstimulus intervals (5, 10, 30, and 75 sec) were presented randomly in all combinations four times. Half the trials were data trials, i.e., terminated with a shock. Ss’ judgments of shock intensity remained unaffected by increases in the interval or by the development of a hypothetical emotional response within S while he awaited possible shock.
Quantum Dot-Based OFF/ON Probe for Detection of Glutathione

A simple strategy for detection of glutathione (GSH) in physiologically relevant concentrations is reported by manipulating the electron transfer pathways of surface-modified quantum dots. The probe consisted of fluorescent CdS:Mn/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (Qdot) properly conjugated to dopamine through CS2-assisted zero-length covalent coupling. Qdots exhibited bright yellow-orange emission at ∼ 592 nm, which could be attributed to the 4T1 → 6A1 transition of Mn2+ ions in Qdot core. The fluorescently dark Qdots (OFF state) was obtained by modifying the Qdot surface with an electron rich dopamine molecule. The fluorescence of the probe was restored (ON state) when the disulfide bond was cleaved by the reducing GSH.
Chaotic attractors generated by iterated function systems: `Harmonic decompositions' and the onset of chaos

Abstract We describe the onset of chaos in iterated function systems (IFS) with time-dependent forcing terms. It is shown that random selection of transformations in the IFS is essential for the generation of a chaotic attractor. Ordered selections of transformations generate closed orbits which may be used to characterize the emergence of chaotic behavior.
Induction of Conservation by Discrimination Training

Summary According to the attention-discrimination conceptualization of conservation, one of the components of conservation behavior is an ability to pay attention to relevant and invariant cues. In the present study, 30 nonconservers were trained on either length or number discrimination or both. The results indicated that a certain kind of discrimination training helped some nonconservers to conserve on the posttests of conservation.
Current Issues with Emergency Cardiac Ultrasound Probe and Image Conventions

As emergency physicians (EPs) and other noncardiologists incorporate bedside ultrasound (US) and bedside echocardiography (echo) into their practice, confusion has resulted from the differing imaging conventions used by cardiac and general imaging. The author discusses the origin of these differences, current cardiac imaging conventions, and controversies in emergency medicine (EM) regarding adoption of imaging conventions. Also discussed in detail are specific echo windows and experience with different approaches. While there is no perfect solution to merging the differing conventions, it is important that those performing and teaching bedside US and echo have a thorough understanding of the issues involved, and adopt a consistent approach.
Understanding why people play fantasy sport: development of the Fantasy Sport Motivation Inventory (FanSMI)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify key motives for fantasy sport consumption and to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure these motives. A pool of 49 potential items was drawn from the literature and a qualitative study of participants (N=98). The identified items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (N=283) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (N=376) in consecutive studies. The instrument consists of 36 items representing 12 dimensions of fantasy sport motivation: (1) game interest, (2) becoming a general manager/head coach, (3) love for the sport, (4) prize, (5) competition, (6) entertainment value, (7) bonding with friends/family, (8) social interaction with other participants, (9) knowledge application, (10) hedonic experience, (11) escape, and (12) substitute for a losing team. The reliability and validity of the final instrument were confirmed and established via examination of the test–retest reliability and criterion validity (N=111; N=29).
Endogenous Opioid Peptides Inhibit Oxytocin Release in the Lactating Rat after Dehydration and Urethane

One physiological role for endogenous opioid peptides is to attenuate the release of oxytocin (OT) from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system during dehydration and hemorrhage when vasopressin maintains fluid balance and blood pressure. During lactation, OT, which stimulates milk ejection, is released without vasopressin. The influence of endogenous opioid peptides on OT release during suckling has been studied primarily in animals anesthetized with urethane. In addition to anesthesia, urethane dehydrates the animal by elevating plasma osmolality and reducing cardiovascular volume. Thus, we examined in lactating rats the response of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system to dehydration and the role of endogenous opioid peptides in regulating OT release during suckling under conditions of altered fluid balance in conscious and urethane- anesthetized rats. Release of OT in response to an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in blood volume was attenuated during lactation in both conscious and anes...
The orthogonal polynomials of power series probability distributions and their uses

Orthogonal polynomials with certain probability functions as weighting functions, have been employed by many authors in graduating sets of data. They have also been used in statistics in other contexts, e.g. by Shenton (1950, 1958) who has developedpowerful methods by their help to estimate parameters and to derive the efficiency of such estimated parameters by assuming that the maximum-likelihood functions can be expanded in a series of orthogonal polynomials. In this paper methods are developed of deriving the orthogonal polynomials of the discrete power series probability distribution which was defined by Noack (1950). These methods are due to van Heerden (1961), who has also derived the appropriate polynomials for the discrete factorial power series probability distribution, which will, however, not be treated in this paper.
Carbon in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium

We have obtained spectra of the interstellar intersystem C II] λ2325 line toward the star τ Canis Majoris. The absorption spectra were obtained with the echelle mode (3.5 km s-1 resolution) of the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and have a co-added signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 850. The C II] line has a measured equivalent width Wλ = 0.21 ± 0.07 mA, which corresponds to a column density of 7.6 ± 2.5 × 1016 cm-2. Of the six interstellar lines of sight that have reliably measured (>2 σ) carbon abundances, the τ CMa sight line has the lowest fractional H2 abundance, f(H2), by over 3 orders of magnitude. Although this suggests that the physical conditions in the interstellar gas toward τ CMa are different from the other sight lines, the measured gas-phase C/H ratio is the same: 106 C/H = 135 ± 46 for τ CMa versus 106 C/H = 140 ± 20 for the others (Cardelli et al.). The constant interstellar gas-phase C/H over a wide range of f(H2) suggests that even under very different conditions, no carbon is being exchanged between the gas and dust phases of the interstellar medium. It also supports, and extends to a larger distance, the suggestion by Cardelli et al. that the intrinsic (gas-phase plus dust-phase) interstellar C/H ratio in the vicinity of the Sun is constant and below the solar C/H value.
Tolerance to amphetamine's facilitation of self-stimulation responding: Anatomical specificity

Further work on the phenomenon reported by Leith and Barrett, wherein tolerance was shown to develop to the well-known D-amphetamine-induced facilitation of self-stimulation, clearly indicates that the development of such tolerance is dependent on the location of the stimulating electrode. Thirty-seven Fisher or Harlan rats were trained to bar press for hypothalamic stimulation (60 Hz, AC). Following several sessions during which small doses of D-amphetamine were administered to demonstrate facilitation, the subjects were placed on a 4-day D-amphetamine regimen. During this time they were given three daily injections of continuously increasing doses of D-amphetamine (total 78 mg/kg). Subsequent tolerance was shown for electrodes stimulating dorsal or medial hypothalamic structures (H2 field of Forel, dorsal medial forebrain bundle, medial hypothalamic nuclei), but did not develop with ventral or lateral hypothalamic stimulation sites (fornix, ventral medial forebrain bundle).
Waveform analysis of the 1999 Hector Mine foreshock sequence

[1] By inspecting continuous Trinet waveform data, we find 42 foreshocks in the 20-hour period preceding the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, a substantial increase from the 18 foreshocks in the catalog. We apply waveform cross-correlation and the double-difference method to locate these events. Despite low signal-to-noise ratio data for many of the uncataloged foreshocks, correlation-based arrival time measurements are sufficient to locate all but three of these events, with location uncertainties from ∼100 m to 2 km. We find that the foreshocks fall on a different plane than the initial subevent of the mainshock, and that the foreshocks spread out over the plane with time during the sequence as the time of the mainshock approaches.
Contaminant source characterization in water distribution systems using binary signals

This paper presents a simulation–optimization-based method for identification of contamination source characteristics in a water distribution system using filtered data from threshold-based binary water quality signals. The effects of quality and quantity of the data on the accuracy of the source identification methodology are investigated. This study also addresses the issue of non-uniqueness in contaminant source identification under various data availability conditions. To establish the robustness and applicability of the methodology, numerous scenarios are investigated for a wide range of contamination incidents associated with two different networks. Results indicate that, even though use of lower resolution sensors lead to more non-unique solutions, the true source location is always included among these solutions.
Optimal Deterministic Transfer Function Modelling in the Presence of Serially Correlated Noise

This article addresses the development of predictive transfer function models for nonlinear dynamic processes under serially correlated model error. This work is presented in the context of the block-oriented exact solution technique (BEST) for multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) processes proposed by Bhandari and Rollins (2003) for continuous-time modelling and Rollins and Bhandari (2004) for constrained discrete-time modelling. This work proposes a model building methodology that is able to separately determine the steady state, dynamic and noise model structures. It includes a pre-whitening procedure that is affective for the general class of discrete ARMA(p, q) noise (Box and Jenkins, 1976). The proposed method is demonstrated using a simulated physical system and a real physical system.
Endocrine control of clutch size in reptiles. V. FSH-induced follicular formation and growth in immature ovaries of Anolis carolinensis

Abstract The immature ovary of Anolis carolinensis can be divided into germinal bed, stromal, and extrastromal regions. The germinal bed is covered by a surface epithelium and contains oogonia, “naked” oocytes, and several primordial follicles of similar size. One primordial follicle leaves the germinal bed at one time, enters the stroma, and is surrounded by a vascular theca. The granulosa then differentiates into four cell types. A follicular size hierarchy exists in the stromal and extrastromal regions within one ovary, and extrastromal and larger stromal follicles alternate in size between ovaries. The proposal is made that the alternation in follicular size between ovaries is a product of the follicular dominance hierarchy within each ovary. Treatment of immature females with mammalian FSH stimulates growth of all stromal and extrastromal follicles in each ovary. This gonadotropin also causes recruitment of follicles into the size hierarchy by initiating formation of new follicles in the germinal bed and movement of one follicle at a time into the stroma. Gonadotropin also changes the number of some cell types in the granulosa and stimulates yolk deposition in larger follicles.
Immunological reactions of the organic matrix of developing bovine enamel

Bovine amelogenin, the organic matrix secreted by the dental-enamel-forming cells, is antigenic in the rabbit. The purified gamma globulin fraction of the rabbit antisera when reacted with amelogenin in a double diffusion agar plate forms a single precipitin line. Subfractions isolated from amelogenin by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Sephadex gel filtration were found to be antigenically identical. The antigenic fraction of amelogenin was separated from the bulk of the enamel protein by a Sephadex G-100 column. On the basis of its electrophoretic and gel filtration properties, amelogenin is a multi-component system; however, immunologically, amelogenin acts as a single antigen.
The Effect of Monthly Resident Reflection on Achieving Rotation Goals

Background: Reflection is a learning tool increasingly being used in medical education. It has not been well studied as a method of communicating resident rotation goals and objectives. Purpose: The purpose was to study the effect of monthly resident reflection on achieving curriculum goals. Methods: During the first half of the 2005–06 academic year, obstetrics/gynecology residents at a community hospital received curriculum goals in a traditional written manner. During the second 6 months, the same trainees underwent 1-hr monthly structured reflection sessions on the rotation goals and objectives. Results: Sixteen residents were studied. Compared to control, residents reported the rotation goals as better defined during reflection months. More trainees rated reflection as more valuable than the didactic time it replaced. All 16 residents documented more cumulative procedures in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education operative log Web site during reflection months for each of the three ...
Leucaena leucocephala seedling response to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in soils with varying levels of inherent mycorrhizal effectiveness

The symbiotic effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi present in widely differring tropical soils was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Small volumes of field soil, a standard inoculum (Glomus aggregatum) or both were introduced into a fumigated sand-soil medium amended with nutrients for optimum VAM activity. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit var. K8 was grown in the medium as an indicator plant. VAM effectiveness was monitored as a function of time by determining the P status of pinnules. The soils differed from each other with respect to the time their endophytes required for the expression of initial and maximum effectiveness and in the level of maximum effectiveness they exhibited. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, calculated as the ratio of the areas enclosed by the effectiveness curve of G. aggregatum to that enclosed by the effectiveness curves of test soils, was found to be a good indicator of the response of L. leucocephala to inoculation of soils with G. aggregatum
Internal laser-induced dipole force at work in C60 molecule.

We show how the many electron response of a complex molecule to an intense laser field can be incorporated with the single active electron picture. This enables us to introduce an ``over-the-barrier'' model for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{z+}$ ionization, valid for long wavelength light. Using infrared radiation, we confirm the model and also produce stable, highly charged ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ reaching ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{12+}$, the highest charge state ever observed. At high intensities and high charge states the internal laser-induced dipole force and rapid charging lead to stress on the molecule. The interplay between the forces provides control and suggest strategies for reaching even higher charge states.
Some Observations Concerning Detailed Balance in Association/Dissociation Reactions

In this article we discuss the chemical kinetics of reversible association/dissociation reactions at great length. We find that, as long as the characteristic time for internal-energy relaxation is faster (not necessarily much faster) than that for chemical reaction, there will be a period of time, perhaps only late in the reaction but before equilibrium is reached, during which phenomenological rate laws will apply with rate coefficients that satisfy detailed balance. The nonequilibrium factor, fne, originally introduced by Smith, McEwan, and Gilbert (J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 90, 4265−4273) is not a measure of the degree to which detailed balance is satisfied by the association and dissociation rate coefficients. It is simply the fractional contribution to the “long-time” association rate coefficient, kadd, of the slowest-relaxing eigenmode of the system. That is, 1 − fne is the fractional contribution to the same rate coefficient of the internal-energy relaxation modes. The standard practice of taking the d...
Linear Network Optimization: Algorithms and Codes

Linear Network Optimization presents a thorough treatment of classical approaches to network problems such as shortest path, max-flow, assignment, transportation, and minimum cost flow problems. Large-scale optimization is becoming increasingly important for students and professionals in electrical and industrial engineering, computer science, management science and operations research, and applied mathematics. Linear Network Optimization presents a thorough treatment of classical approaches to network problems such as shortest path, max-flow, assignment, transportation, and minimum cost flow problems. It is the first text to clearly explain important recent algorithms such as auction and relaxation, proposed by the author and others for the solution of these problems. Its coverage of both theory and implementations make it particularly useful as a text for a graduate-level course on network optimization as well as a practical guide to state-of-the-art codes in the field. Bertsekas focuses on the algorithms that have proved successful in practice and provides FORTRAN codes that implement them. The presentation is clear, mathematically rigorous, and economical. Many illustrations, examples, and exercises are included in the text. Contents Introduction * Simplex Methods * Dual Ascent Methods * Auction Algorithms * Performance and Comparisons * Appendixes
Peroxisomal enzyme activities in brain and liver of pups of lactating mothers treated with ciprofibrate.

Abstract Peroxisomal activities were examined in liver and brain of lactating neonatal rats of mothers maintained on ciprofibrate, a peroxisomal proliferator. The activities of DHAP-acyltransferase, alkyl-DHAP synthetase and the β-oxidation of palmitic and lignoceric acids increased in brain by 3.9, 2.2, 4.3 and 3.2 fold and in liver by 3.2, 2.6, 6.2 and 2.5 fold, respectively, of lactating pups from mothers on ciprofibrate diet as compared to controls. Ciprofibrate treatment increased the peroxisomal enzyme activities in both brain and liver of lactating neonatal rats demonstrating that ciprofibrate or its metabolite(s) transmitted through the mother's milk can effectively induce peroxisomal proliferation.