cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The elastic modulus correction term in creep activation energies Applied to oxide dispersion strengthened superalloy

Creep properties of Inconel alloy MA 753 were studied. It was found that below 1500$sup 0$F, where elastic modulus is weakly dependent upon temperature, the modulus correction term to creep activation energy is small. Accordingly, for superalloy systems such as INCONEL alloy MA 753 and Mar-M 200, which show high apparent creep activation energies at this temperature, modulus corrections are unimportant and their true activation energies remain high. In contrast, at very high temperatures, as a consequence of the high temperature values and the sharper changes in the slope of the young modulus vs. temperature curve, the elastic modulus correction term can be significant--it is found to be about -142 kcal/ mole for INCONEL alloy MA 753 at 1900$sup 0$F and thus reducing the creep activation energy at this temperature from 202 kcal/mole to that of vacancy self-diffusion. It is noted that in general and especially at high temperatures the creep equation used to analyze creep data and creep activation energies must include the elastic modulus terms. Up to now, the neglect of these terms have by-in-large been justified. However, with the advent of very high temperature creep tests on the high temperature dispersion strengthened systems, the modulus terms mustmore » be taken into consideration. With respect to alloy designing for high temperature creep resistance, in addition to other considerations to obtain high temperature creep resistance, a high value of elastic modulus with a weak dependence on temperature at high temperatures is required. (auth)« less
Testing general relativity inside a mass distribution using an interferometer

We propose an experiment to test general relativity in which the light beam in one arm of a large interferometer runs by means of a small vacuum pipe through the center of a large sphere of water. The phase shift caused by the reduction of the propagation velocity of the light in the gravitational field of the sphere will be measurable with near-future technology. This phase shift has a surprisingly large sensitivity to the details of the metric inside the sphere where the energy-momentum tensor is non-zero. The interior metric of general relativity yields results about 25 per cent higher than a comparison metric which has the same Newtonian gravitational field. This allows us to investigate general relativity experimentally with non-zero energy-momentum tensor for the first time.
Americans overestimate social class mobility

Abstract In this research we examine estimates of American social class mobility—the ability to move up or down in education and income status. Across studies, overestimates of class mobility were large and particularly likely among younger participants and those higher in subjective social class—both measured (Studies 1–3) and manipulated (Study 4). Class mobility overestimates were independent of general estimation errors (Study 3) and persisted after accounting for knowledge of class mobility assessed in terms of educational attainment and self-ratings. Experiments revealed that mobility overestimates were shaped by exposure to information about the genetic determinants of social class—a faux science article suggesting genetic constraints to economic advancement increased accuracy in class mobility estimates (Study 2)—and motivated by needs to protect the self—heightening the self-relevance of class mobility increased overestimates (Study 3). Discussion focused on both the costs and benefits of overestimates of class mobility for individuals and society.
The World Wide Web: a new medium for professional communications

Abstract The World Wide Web is increasingly being used by libraries as a way to extend traditional services to patrons. The Web can also be used as a tool to facilitate communications between library professionals and to deliver presentations, organize exhibits, and develop demonstration projects. The allocation of personal Web work space on a library server provides librarians with a means to experiment with using the medium and a place to publish information of interest to the library profession. This paper explores the uses of the Web to enhance communications between library professionals and addresses some of the issues associated with such uses.
HTFFR measurement of the Al + NO + M → AlNO + M rate coefficient at 600 K

Abstract A rate coefficient of (2.5 ± 1.2) × 10 −31 ml 2 molecule s −1 has been measured for the title reaction for M = Ar.
Efficiency measurements of reflection gratings in the 100-300-A band.

Zero-order and first-order efficiencies of plane diffraction grazings over the 100-300-A band have been measured using the NRL beamline facility at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Measurements were taken at grating angles of 5, 10, and 15 deg, and the incident radiation was polarized primarily in the transverse magnetic mode. Four (three laminar, one blazed) of the gratings were ion etched in high quality quartz blanks, overcoated with 200 A of gold. A fifth (blazed) grating was ruled in gold. The line densities are 1000, 2000, and 3600 grooves/mm for those with laminar profiles. Both blazed gratings have a blaze angle of 8 deg and line densities of 3600 grooves/mm. Measured first-order efficiencies up to 15 percent were obtained for the laminar gratings and up to 8 percent was obtained for the ion-etched blazed grating. Much lower efficiencies (not greater than 2 percent) were measured for the ruled grating. A computer program was written to calculate grating efficiencies using a full electromagnetic model. Measured efficiencies of the ion-etched gratings agree well with predicted values, but the measured first-order efficiency of the ruled grating is much lower than predicted.
Developing Systems for Real-Time Streaming Analysis

Sources of streaming data are proliferating and so are the demands to analyze and mine such data in real time. Statistical methods frequently form the core of real-time analysis, and therefore, statisticians increasingly encounter the challenges and implicit requirements of real-time systems. This work recommends a comprehensive strategy for development and implementation of streaming algorithms, beginning with exploratory data analysis in a flexible computing environment, leading to specification of a computational algorithm for the streaming setting and its initial implementation, and culminating in successive improvements to computational efficiency and throughput. This sequential development relies on a collaboration between statisticians, domain scientists, and the computer engineers developing the real-time system. This article illustrates the process in the context of a radio astronomy challenge to mitigate adverse impacts of radio frequency interference (noise) in searches for high-energy impulses...
Differential regulation of serotonin-1A receptor-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in the dorsal raphe nucleus by citalopram and escitalopram

The effect of chronic citalopram or escitalopram administration on 5-HT1A receptor function in the dorsal raphe nucleus was determined by measuring [35S]GTP gamma S binding stimulated by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (R)-(+)-8-OH-DPAT (1nM-10 microM). Although chronic administration of citalopram or escitalopram has been shown to desensitize somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, we found that escitalopram treatment decreased the efficacy of 5-HT1A receptors to activate G proteins, whereas citalopram treatment did not. The binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT to the coupled, high affinity agonist state of the receptor was not altered by either treatment. Interestingly, escitalopram administration resulted in greater occupancy of serotonin transporter sites as measured by the inhibition of [3H]cyanoimipramine binding. As the binding and action of escitalopram is limited by the inactive enantiomer R-citalopram present in racemic citalopram, we propose that the regulation of 5-HT1A receptor function in the dorsal raphe nucleus at the level of receptor-G protein interaction may be a result of greater inhibition of the serotonin transporter by escitalopram.
Vitamin E increases S100B-mediated microglial activation in an S100B-overexpressing mouse model of pathological aging.

S100B is a calcium-binding protein released by astroglial cells of the brain capable of producing numerous extracellular effects. Although the direct molecular mechanism remains unknown, these effects can be trophic including differentiation, growth, recovery, and survival of neurons when the S100B protein is mainly oxidized and neurotoxic including apoptosis and neuroinflammatory processes marked by microglial activation when in a reduced state. S100B and its receptor RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) have been found to be increased in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, with tissue trauma and ischemia. In the current study, we examined the binding of the S100B receptor (RAGE) on microglial cells and the developmental effects of the antioxidant vitamin E on microglial activation and the upregulation of RAGE in an S100B over-expressing mouse model of pathological aging. We report that RAGE is co-localized on activated microglial cells and vitamin E induced dramatic increases in microglial activation as well as total microglial relative optical density that was accompanied by upregulation of the RAGE receptor, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Our findings suggest further investigation into the potential role of vitamin E in reducing the oxidation state of the S100B protein and its influence on neuroinflammatory processes marked by microglial activation in vivo. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the way to mass-scale production of perfect bulk diamonds

Diamonds are hard. Humans have known that for ages. This hardness encompasses not only mechanical hardness, but also chemical, electrical, optical, and structural hardness (1). Diamonds are hard to cut, and shaping them requires a complex technology. Diamonds are chemically inert and, because of this, they are not processed chemically. Diamonds are resistant to electrical fields and, as an electronic material, they can work in the highest electric fields that solids can withstand. They are hard structurally and, because of this, they do not allow diffusion, they are immune to radiation, and they possess a stable defect structure.
Directed alteration of the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II: evidence that tyrosine-161 is the redox component, Z, connecting the oxygen-evolving complex to the primary electron donor, P680.

In photosystem II, electrons are sequentially extracted from water at a site containing Mn atoms and transferred through an intermediate carrier (Z) to the photooxidized reaction-center chlorophyll (P680+). Two polypeptides, D1 and D2, coordinate the primary photoreactants of the reaction center. Recently Debus et al. [Debus, R.J., Barry, B.A., Babcock, G.T., & McIntosh, L. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 427-430], have suggested that Z is a tyrosine residue located at position 161 of the D1 protein. To test this proposal, we have engineered a strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 to produce a D1 polypeptide in which Tyr-161 has been replaced by phenylalanine. Wild-type Synechocystis PCC 6803 contains three nonidentical copies of the psbA gene which encode the D1 polypeptide. In the mutant strain, two copies were deleted by replacement with antibiotic-resistance genes, and site-directed mutations were constructed in a cloned portion of the remaining gene (psbA-3), carrying a third antibiotic-resistance gene downstream. Transformants were selected for antibiotic resistance and then screened for a photoautotrophy-minus phenotype. The mutant genotype was verified by complementation tests and by amplification and sequencing of genomic DNA. Cells of the mutant cannot evolve oxygen and, unlike the wild type, are unable to stabilize, with high efficiency, the charge-separated state in the presence of hydroxylamine and DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Analyses by optical and EPR spectroscopy of reaction centers purified from this mutant indicate that Z can no longer be photooxidized and, instead, a chlorophyll cation radical, Chl+, is produced in the light. In the wild type, charge recombination between Z+ and the reduced primary quinone electron acceptor QA- occurs with a t1/2 of 80 ms. In the mutant, charge recombination between Chl+ and QA- occurs with a t1/2 of 1 ms. From these observations, we conclude that Z is indeed Tyr-161 of the D1 polypeptide.
Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cimex lectularius

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has emerged as robust methodology for gene expression studies, but reference genes are crucial for accurate normalization. Commonly used reference genes are housekeeping genes that are thought to be nonregulated; however, their expression can be unstable across different experimental conditions. We report the identification and validation of suitable reference genes in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, by using qRT-PCR. The expression stability of eight reference genes in different tissues (abdominal cuticle, midgut, Malpighian tubules, and ovary) and developmental stages (early instar nymphs, late instar nymphs, and adults) of pesticide-susceptible and pesticide-exposed C. lectularius were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Overall expression analysis of the eight reference genes revealed significant variation among samples, indicating the necessity of validating suitable reference genes for accurate quantification of mRNA transcripts. Ribosomal protein (RPL18) exhibited the most stable gene expression across all the tissue and developmental-stage samples; α-tubulin revealed the least stability across all of the samples examined. Thus, we recommend RPL18 as a suitable reference gene for normalization in gene expression studies of C. lectularius.
Pictures, words, and sounds: from which format are we best able to reason?

Abstract The effect of presentation format on reasoning was studied with a sentence verification task. Background information was presented in single-format and combined conditions that included pictured, printed, or spoken versions of the stimulus items. In Experiment 1, a test sentence appeared together with the background at varied stimulus onset asynchronies, to study how format influences the acquisition of the stimulus information. In Experiments 2 and 3, however, the test sentence followed the presentation of the background, to test the effect of format on memory. Reaction time responses to the test sentences showed a consistent picture advantage. However, when participants responded to materials stored in memory, both pictured and spoken formats provided quicker responses in comparison to printed words, and the format difference was smaller than when materials were readily available on the screen. Multimedia presentations, when compared with single-format conditions, did not provide additional ben...
On the statistical significance of primary structural features found in DNA-protein interaction sites

Abstract Probabilities of occurrence for a number of the symmetries and other sequence regularities found in DNA-protein interaction site sequences have been calculated for segments of random DNA sequence. Results show that many of the symmetrical and repetitive features seen in these interaction sites are likely to have occurred by chance. Other features are so unlikely to have occurred by chance that they are probably involved in the DNA-protein interaction processes.
APPRECIATING THE USER'S PERSPECTIVE: LISTENING TO THE ''METHADONIANS''

Researchers have long neglected the user's perspective and experiences in assessing drug effects and drug use. With increased interest in Canada directed at prescribing heroin in place of methadone, researchers took the relatively unique approach of gathering data and information from methadone users to determine their views and experiences with methadone programs and alternative treatment choices. The results of that research portrayed very interesting and useful notions of users regarding methadone maintenance and the prescribing of heroin.
Homogenization of northern U.S. Great Lakes forests due to land use

Human land use of forested regions has intensified worldwide in recent decades, threatening long-term sustainability. Primary effects include conversion of land cover or reversion to an earlier stage of successional development. Both types of change can have cascading effects through ecosystems; however, the long-term effects where forests are allowed to regrow are poorly understood. We quantify the regional-scale consequences of a century of Euro-American land use in the northern U.S. Great Lakes region using a combination of historical Public Land Survey records and current forest inventory and land cover data. Our analysis shows a distinct and rapid trajectory of vegetation change toward historically unprecedented and simplified conditions. In addition to overall loss of forestland, current forests are marked by lower species diversity, functional diversity, and structural complexity compared to pre-Euro-American forests. Today’s forest is marked by dominance of broadleaf deciduous species—all 55 ecoregions that comprise the region exhibit a lower relative dominance of conifers in comparison to the pre-Euro-American period. Aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides) and maple (Acer saccharum and A. rubrum) species comprise the primary deciduous species that have replaced conifers. These changes reflect the cumulative effects of local forest alterations over the region and they affect future ecosystem conditions as well as the ecosystem services they provide.
Impact of Network Improvement on Revenue Performance and Bonding Costs of Toll Roads

Increased interest in new and alternative methods for delivering projects places special emphasis on agreements for public-private partnerships. In such arrangements, the public sector must conform to a set of contractual obligations and also is responsible for long-term planning of the transportation network and for providing a better service on the existing public infrastructure. In this context, any changes in the initial network structure represent an additional risk element, acting as an externality to the toll road developer. This paper examines the impact of these changes on the price of selected risk measures (that is, the price of the revenue risk minus the cost of debt). An analytical method is developed that relates network improvement decisions to credit risk measures. The method is applied to two networks to examine the behavior of the credit spread when changes occur in the capacities on feeder and competing links. Sensitivity analyses show that a decrease in the capacity on feeder links mig...
The Archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans Contains a Protein Disulfide Reductase with an Iron-Sulfur Cluster

Methanosarcina acetivorans, a strictly anaerobic methane-producing species belonging to the domain Archaea, contains a gene cluster annotated with homologs encoding oxidative stress proteins. One of the genes (MA3736) is annotated as a gene encoding an uncharacterized carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase, an enzyme required for aerobic growth with aromatic compounds by species in the domain Bacteria. Methane-producing species are not known to utilize aromatic compounds, suggesting that MA3736 is incorrectly annotated. The product of MA3736, overproduced in Escherichia coli, had protein disulfide reductase activity dependent on a C67XXC70 motif not found in carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase. We propose that MA3736 be renamed mdrA (methanosarcina disulfide reductase). Further, unlike carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase, MdrA contained an Fe-S cluster. Binding of the Fe-S cluster was dependent on essential cysteines C67 and C70, while cysteines C39 and C107 were not required. Loss of the Fe-S cluster resulted in conversion of MdrA from an inactive hexamer to a trimer with protein disulfide reductase activity. The data suggest that MdrA is the prototype of a previously unrecognized protein disulfide reductase family which contains an intermolecular Fe-S cluster that controls oligomerization as a mechanism to regulate protein disulfide reductase activity.
Novel Radio-Frequency Gun Structures for Ultrafast Relativistic Electron Diffraction

Radio-frequency (RF) photoinjector-based relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising new technique that has the potential to probe structural changes at the atomic scale with sub-100 fs temporal resolution in a single shot. We analyze the limitations on the temporal and spatial resolution of this technique considering the operating parameters of a standard 1.6 cell RF gun (which is the RF photoinjector used for the first experimental tests of relativistic UED at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center; University of California, Los Angeles; Brookhaven National Laboratory), and study the possibility of employing novel RF structures to circumvent some of these limits.
Foley versus intermittent self-catheterization after transvaginal sling surgery: which works best?

Abstract Objectives To determine whether the duration of catheter use differed between subjects using clean intermittent self-catheterization and those using continuous Foley catheterization after transvaginal sling surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of postoperative bladder drainage in 167 consecutive women undergoing transvaginal suburethral sling placement for stress urinary incontinence. The primary outcome measure was the duration of catheter use. Normal voiding was defined as a voided volume equal to twice the residual volume and a residual volume of less than 100 mL for 24 hours. The groups were compared for differences in demographic, preoperative, and postoperative variables using univariate and multivariate analyses. The potential confounding effects of age, concomitant procedures, sling material, preoperative Valsalva voiding, and voiding pressures were investigated using general linear models. Results A total of 122 subjects used clean intermittent self-catheterization and 45 had Foley catheter drainage. No differences were found between the groups in terms of concomitant procedures performed and preoperative diagnoses. The median duration of catheter use was 12 days (range 1 to 120) for women using clean intermittent self-catheterization versus 8 days (range 1 to 120) for those using Foley catheter drainage (P = 0.026). This difference was not influenced by age, concomitant procedures, sling material, preoperative Valsalva voiding, or preoperative voiding pressures according to the multivariate analyses. Conclusions Although many advocate bladder retraining for postoperative bladder rehabilitation, continuous bladder drainage may result in quicker recovery of normal voiding after sling procedures.
A THIOBARBITURIC ACID ASSAY FOR SHIKIMIC ACID.

Abstract A sensitive and easily reproducible colorimetric assay has been developed for shikimic acid based on periodate oxidation in concentrated phosphoric acid. The periodate oxidation product reacts with thiobarbituric acid to produce a stable chromogen which, when extracted into cyclohexanone, has an absorption maximum at 535 mμ and an apparent extinction coefficient of 33000 liter M−1 cm−1 with respect to shikimic acid. This chromogen is similar to the thiobarbituric acid chromogen formed after periodate oxidation of deoxyribose. The colorimetric method is not specific for shikimic acid since deoxyribose derivatives as well as other shikimic acid related compounds yield similar thiobarbituric acid chromogens.
Effects of Apophenia on Multiple-Choice Exam Performance:

There is a broad literature on the various issues related to effective exam construction applicable to both on-ground and online course delivery. These guidelines tend to support rather close contact between the instructor and the exam. However, to remain competitive, both textbook and course management providers have developed technologies to automate many aspects of exam construction. As test construction becomes automated, the possibility of inadvertently deviating from demonstrated or intuitive guidelines increases. Two experiments were conducted to examine the degree to which apophenia (perceiving patterns in random data) might negatively influence multiple-choice exam performance among college students. Experiment 1 indirectly demonstrated the extent to which certain answer patterns seemed to be tolerated among students (maximum of three repeated answers) in comparison with what might be expected from randomly generated exams from Blackboard. Experiment 2 directly examined the effects of answer patt...
Basilar Occlusion Syndromes: An Update

Basilar artery occlusions (BAOs) are a subset of posterior circulation strokes. Particular issues relevant to BAOs include variable and stuttering symptoms at onset resulting in delays in diagnosis, high morbidity and mortality, and uncertain best management. Despite better imaging techniques, diagnosis, and therefore treatment, is often delayed. We will present the most common signs and symptoms of posterior circulation strokes. Data on optimal treatment strategies are gathered from multiple case series, registries, and one randomized trial, which was stopped early. Possible etiologies of BAOs, acute, and subacute treatment strategies and special topics in neuroimaging of the posterior fossa are discussed. This review may be helpful to neurohospitalists who are managing patients with acute stroke as well as emergency room physicians and neurologists.
Detection of specific bacterial antigen in urine of patients infected with Bacteroides fragilis

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect specific Bacteroides fragilis antigen(s) in human urine. Specimens collected within 72 hr of a positive culture were centrifuged, dialyzed, and treated with Tween 20, polyethylene glycol, and bovine serum albumin. Goat hyperimmune gamma-globulin to B. fragilis strain ATCC 23745 was added and incubated, and supernatants were tested for antibody activity to polysaccharide-protein antigen of the same organism. Mean +/- SD results, reported as percentage inhibition of control values and interpreted blindly, were as follows: 29 normal subjects, 9.8% +/- 6.0%; 22 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia, 6.0% +/- 5.1%; six patients with nonbacteremic infections due to B. fragilis, 22.3% +/- 10.3%; and nine patients with B. fragilis bacteremia, 28.7% +/- 10.2%. Three of six nonbacteremic patients and eight of nine bacteremic patients yielded values greater than 2 SD of control values. None of 22 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia was falsely positive (specificity, 100%).
Admissible decentralized control of Petri nets

Supervision based on place invariants (SBPI) is an efficient technique for the supervisory control of Petri nets. In this paper we propose extensions of the SBPI to a decentralized control setting. In our setting, a decentralized supervisor consists of local supervisors, each controlling and observing a part of the Petri net. We consider both versions of decentralized control, with communication, and with no communication. In the case of communication, the supervisors may exchange information consisting of local observed events. We propose efficient algorithms for the design of decentralized supervisors, based on the extension of the SBPI concept of admissibility that we define.
Coming home-1978 annual meeting in chicago.

Abstract Chicago is the setting for the 1978 MLA Annual Meeting. The city offers MLA members a varied selection of activities. Recommendations are made for viewing highlights of the “Windy City.”
Forbs and Greater Sage-grouse Habitat Restoration Efforts: Suggestions for Improving Commercial Seed Availability and Restoration Practices

On the Ground: Greater sage-grouse are the species of concern in the largest conservation effort in US history and have populations spanning 11 western states. Restoration of sage-grouse habitat will assist these conservation efforts. It is known that forbs are critical to sage-grouse diets, but only isolated studies have measured forbs in the diet at a species- or genera-specific level and little is known about sage-grouse preference to forbs. Research has shown that local seed sources promote successful reestablishment of vegetation communities, although commercial seed sources for forb species used in sage-grouse diet often are lacking. We make suggestions for selecting forb species and improving seed sources for sage-grouse conservation.
Finding her voice: first class female sexuality

ABSTRACTThe focus of this clinical paper is twofold: (1) the equity model of female–male sexuality and (2) female sexuality as first class and that it is more variable, flexible, complex, and individualistic than male sexuality. We explore issues of desire, orgasm, and pain within the context of healthy female sexuality. Furthermore, we provide examples of how women and men, being intimate and erotic allies, promote healthy sexuality for the woman, man, couple, and culture.
Left ventricular outflow tract embolization and balloon assisted recapture of a SAPIEN XT prosthesis during transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged within the last decade as a proven alternative therapy in patients with severe aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk. Despite rapidly evolving device technology and growing operator experience, peri-procedural complications are still relatively common. We present a case in which a SAPIEN XT prosthetic valve embolized into the left ventricular outflow tract. This was followed by balloon assisted recapture and subsequent successful implantation of the valve across the aortic annulus without significant hemodynamic compromise or surgical intervention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
6. The Life Cycle of the Coleoptera (Including the Strepsiptera).

The magnitude of variations in the life cycle and form changes which are met with when the Coleoptera and the Strepsiptera are considered as a group are hardly exceeded by any other group of insects. When we remember that there are now considered to be more than one hundred families of Coleoptera containing, in all, over one hundred and fifty thousand species, it is not surprising that there is a great amount of variation. Some of the standard works on the Coleoptera might lead one to believe that beetles have no larval or pupal stages, for they are not mentioned. When Buetenmuller published his catalogue of the described transformations in 1891, the eggs had been described for 52 species, the larvae for 368, and the pupae for 96 species in North America. While a considerable amount of progress has been made since that time it has been only during recent years that attempts have been made to correlate the knowledge of the transformations of even the smaller groups.
Efficiently Locating Impact and Escape Scenarios in Spacecraft Reachability Sets

In space mission planning, scenarios that lead to mission failure, such as impact and escape for a small body orbiter, must be discovered and avoided. This problem becomes challenging if the spacecraft cannot communicate with Earth in su cient time to make a decision, or if the dynamics of the system are unknown or uncertain, such as asteroid systems. This paper introduces a technique for automatically and intelligently exploring the reachability set of a spacecraft: the set of trajectories from a given initial condition that are possible under a speci ed range of control actions, so that V expenditures leading to failure can be identied and avoided. The high dimension of this problem and the nonlinear nature of gravitational interactions make reachability sets hard to compute and all but impossible to visualize. Currently, analytical approximations and heuristic reasoning about variations on known solutions are employed to plan space missions. This could both miss out on novel and improved design solutions, and also be impractical in unknown environments. The goal of this work is to automatically map out the regions that lead to failure and success. Brute-force exploration of reachability sets is computationally prohibitive, so one must focus on regions of interest: the boundaries between impact, escape, and in-system regions, known collectively as the end result regions. Doing so results in higher quality reachability sets with less error, leading to improved con dence in planning. This paper describes the end-result boundary heuristic and compares the accuracy of the end result determination to na vely created reachability set meshes.
Effect of Water Solubility and Soil Moisture Upon Plant Uptake of Granulated Systemic Insecticides

Granulated systemic insecticides applied into the soil are more selective than conventional spray or dust applications as only certain phytophagous species are exposed. Soil moisture and water solubility of the chemicals were studied as to effect upon absorption and translocation in insecticidal quantities. The materials of very low water-solubility studied (phorate and Di-Syston®( O,O -diethyl S -[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate )) took as much as two or more weeks longer to attain aphid mortalities obtained in a few days with moderately water-soluble dimethoate ( O,O -dimethyl S-(N -methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) and Di-Syston sulfoxide ( O,O -diethyl S -2- (ethylsulfinyl)ethyl phosphorodithioate) and water miscible OS-1836 (diethyl 2-chlorovinyl phosphate). Furrow irrigation increased the speed of absorption markedly by carrying toxicant as the moisture moves through the soil towards the roots if granules are banded between the irrigation furrow and the plant row. From these data it is theorized that compounds of extremely low water solubility move too slowly into the root zone to attain optimum insecticidal value from soil applications; conversely, readily soluble or water miscible compounds might lose effectiveness more quickly by widespread movement in the soil and thus become lost to the root zone.
Helicopter Parenting, Family Communication Patterns, and Out-of-Class Communication with College Instructors

The present study examined the influence of helicopter parenting and family conversation and conformity orientations on college students’ out-of-class communication (OCC) with instructors. Data from 272 college students revealed significant negative relationships between helicopter parenting and conformity orientations and students’ reported OCC and a positive relationship between conversation orientation and OCC.
Training in Endoscopic Ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an established technique with a variety of applications. With increasing use of EUS, there is a need to assure the adequacy of endosonography training. Achieving proficiency in EUS typically requires additional training beyond the scope of a traditional 3-year Gastroenterology fellowship program. A 1-year Advanced Endoscopy fellowship following completion of an accredited Gastroenterology training program is the most common training pathway for most endosonographers in the United States. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) has published minimum procedure numbers for credentialing in EUS procedures and proposed an EUS core curriculum. There are several factors to consider in choosing an advanced endoscopy program including faculty expertise and interests and procedure volumes and complexity. The goal is to achieve proficiency in both the technical and cognitive aspects of EUS. There are several components of EUS practice that require varying levels of experience; for example, gastrointestinal tumor staging and pancreaticobiliary EUS require greater experience as compared to the evaluation of subepithelial lesions. Objective assessment criteria are being developed to assess trainee performance. Electronic resources such as DVDs and endoscopy video websites and training on simulators can be useful adjuncts to clinical training under the supervision of an experienced endosonographer.
Multi-color Separation Based on Subarea Cell Yule-Nielsen Neugebauer Model

A new multi-color separation algorithm was proposed with example of CMYKOG six-colors printing system. The new algorithm ensures feasibility of multicolor separation by color subarea,and accuracy of the new color separation algorithm was improved by cell division. The workflow of the new algorithm is based on ICC color management mechanism,which includes two main parts,forward model and reverse color separation model. The forward model was used to calculate printing gamut. The reverse model was used for gamut mapping and color separation.
74 A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR 5-LIPOXYGENASE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology associated with inflammation involving the lungs, kidneys, joints, skin, and brain. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in human and experimental SLE is characterized, in part, by disturbances in posture, balance, and tremulousness, which map to the cerebellum (J Neurosci Res 2001;64:26). Five-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity is increased in the setting of neurodegeneration associated with aging, ischemia, and other CNS insults, which may be accompanied by cerebellar dysfunction. To determine whether 5-LO contributes to CNS inflammation/neurodegeneration in neuropsychiatric lupus, we studied 5-LO and 5-LO activating protein (FLAP) in the cerebellum of MRL-lpr/lpr mice, which spontaneously develop a lupus-like illness associated with disturbances in cerebellar function. Relative to age- and sex-matched, immunologically and neurologically normal, H-2 identical CBA/CaJ mice, cerebellar homogenates from 20- to 30-week-old clinically affected MRL-lpr/lpr mice exhibited enhanced expression of genes encoding both 5-LO and FLAP as assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain amplification. In contrast, no differences were found in the expression of genes encoding cytosolic phospholipase A2 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the cerebellum of autoimmune and control mice. Western blotting of homogenates indicated that MRL-lpr/lpr mice had a greater content of 5-LO but not of FLAP protein compared with control CBA/CaJ mice. These data suggest a potential role for 5-LO in the pathophysiology of cerebellar dysfunction in lupus.
Features and Its Influencing Factors of the Sex Partners of MSM in Mianyang

Objective To understand the current situation of the sex partners of men who have sex with men(MSM).Methods The respondent-driven sampling(RDS) was adopted to recuit respondents,and the anonymous self-administered questionnaire were fulfilled by MSM in certain time and place.Results Totally 400 people were investigated,and the average age of the first anal sex was(18±3.59) years.Among the 400 people,88.4%(352/398)of them had sex in the last 6 months with an average of(2±3.29) sex partners;4.7%(17/359) of them had sex with male prostitute with an average number of(1±2.49);2.5%(9/355) of them sell sex,the average number was(4±6.19);18.3%(73/400) of them had sex with women with an average number of(1±2.42).The number of sex partners was related to different marriage situation,sexual orientation,age of the first time having anal sex,number of local homosexual friends,number of the cities where their companions live,use of condoms in anal sex in the last 6 months,gain of knowledge related AIDS from books or school,aware of the healthy situation of sex partners or not.Through multifactor analysis,the coincidental factors which entered the regression model finally were different marriage situation,number of local homosexual friends,age of the first insertional sex,number of the cities where their sex partners lived,wether understood the healthy situation of sex partners(P0.05).The MSM who was married(OR=5.074);who had a number of local homosexual friends more than or equal to 9(OR=5.074);who were not aware of the healthy situation of sex partners(OR=1.235);who had first anal sex at the age of less or equal to 24(OR=6.948-9.817)had more sex partners;who had number of the cities where their sex partners lived less than or equal to 1(OR=0.254) had less sex partners.Conclusion It is presented that MSM in Mianyang had first sex at young age,and have sex with both men and women,with more than one sex partners.
A majority voting technique for Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems

This article aims to build a misuse Wireless Local Area Network Intrusion Detection System (WIDS), and to discover some important fields in WLAN MAC-layer frame to differentiate the attackers from the legitimate devices. We tested several machine-learning algorithms, and found some promising ones to improve the accuracy and computation time on a public dataset. The best performing algorithms that we found are Extra Trees, Random Forests, and Bagging. We then used a majority voting technique to vote on these algorithms. The Bagging classifier and our customized voting technique have good results (about 96.25% and 96.32% respectively) when tested on all the features. We also used a data-mining technique based on Extra Trees ensemble method to find the most important features on Aegean WiFi Intrusion Dataset (AWID) public data-set. After selecting the most 20 important features, Extra Trees and our voting technique were the best performing classifiers in term of accuracy (96.31% and 96.32% respectively).
Evaluating Evaluation in Ethnic Conflict Resolution: Themes from, and Commentary on, the Haverford-Bryn Mawr Conference

As part of our project, we convened a small conference on issues of evaluation in ethnic conflict interventions which we called ‘Evaluating Evaluation’. The 40 or so attendees included scholars, scholar-practitioners, area studies experts, and foundation officers. We asked Joe Folger, a scholar who has thought a good deal about the goals and practices of conflict resolution to reflect on the conference’s discussion of evaluation in ethnic conflict resolution (Bush and Folger, 1994).
Runtime Optimization of Continuous Queries

In data stream processing systems, Quality of Service (or QoS) requirements, as specifled by users, are extremely important. Unlike in a database management system (DBMS), a query in a data stream management system (DSMS) cannot be optimized once and executed. It has been shown that difierent scheduling strategies are useful in trading tuple latency requirements with memory and throughput requirements. In addition, DSMSs may experience signiflcant ∞uctuations in input rates. In order to meet the QoS requirements of data stream processing, a runtime optimizer equipped with several scheduling and load shedding strategies is critical. This entails monitoring of QoS measures at run-time to dynamically modify the processing of the queries at runtime to meet the QoS requirements. This paper addresses runtime optimization issues for MavStream, a data stream management system (DSMS). The runtime optimizer presented in this paper matches the output (latency, memory, and throughput) of a continuous query (CQ) with its QoS requirements. Alternative scheduling strategies are chosen as needed based on the runtime feedback. A decision table is used to choose a scheduling strategy based on the priorities of QoS requirements and their violation. The decision table approach allows us to add new scheduling strategies as well as compute the strategy to be used in an extensible manner. Additionally, load shedders are activated and deactivated by the runtime optimizer to meet QoS requirements beyond adjusting scheduling strategies..
Doing more for Education: "Read with a Child"

In the next decade, Utah will see 145,000 new students enter its public education system. Compare that to 17,000 new students in the past 10 years. We face a challenge to educate our children so that they become successful and are part of a skilled and well-educated workforce. As leaders, educators and parents, we must ensure our children have learned and mastered the basic skills like reading, writing and math. We must work to provide adequate funding for education, including dollars for special programs to focus on children who are falling behind. We must also enlist the help of every parent, neighbor and volunteer to supplement a childâ€™s education outside our schools. Since becoming Utahâ€™s fifteenth governor, I have created a program titled â€œRead with a Child.â€ This program has provided $30 million to Utah schools to focus on reading, a very basic skill. The program also encourages every Utahn to â€œspend the most important 20 minutes of their day, reading with a child.â€ I believe that together, we can help our youth gain strong foundations for future learning and success. And it begins with exploring a book with a child.
Obfuscation-Based Protection Framework against Printed Circuit Boards Unauthorized Operation and Reverse Engineering

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a basic necessity for all modern electronic systems but are becoming increasingly vulnerable to cloning, overproduction, tampering, and unauthorized operation. Most efforts to prevent such attacks have only focused on the chip level, leaving a void for PCBs and higher levels of abstraction. In this article, we propose the first ever obfuscation-based framework for the protection of PCBs. Central to our approach is a permutation block that hides the inter-chip connections between chips on the PCB and is controlled by a key. If the correct key is applied, then the correct connections between chips are made. Otherwise, the connections are incorrectly permuted, and the PCB/system fails to operate. We propose a permutation network added to the PCB based on a Benes network that can easily be implemented in a complex programmable logic device or field-programmable gate arrays. Based on this implementation, we analyze the security of our approach with respect to (i) brute-force attempts to reverse engineer the PCB, (ii) brute-force attempts at guessing the correct key, and (iii) physical and logistic attacks by a range of adversaries. Performance evaluation results on 12 reference designs show that brute force generally requires prohibitive time to break the obfuscation. We also provide detailed requirements for countermeasures that prevent reverse engineering, unauthorized operation, and so on, for different classes of attackers.
Perpetual change: autophagy, the endothelium, and response to vascular injury

Current studies of vascular health, aging, and autophagy emphasize how the endothelium adapts to stress and contributes to disease. The endothelium is far from an inert barrier to blood-borne cells, pathogens, and chemical signals; rather, it actively translates circulating mediators into tissue responses, changing rapidly in response to physiologic stressors. Macroautophagy-the cellular ingestion of effete organelles and protein aggregates to provide anabolic substrates to fuel bioenergetics in times of stress-plays an important role in endothelial cell homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and disease. These roles include regulating vascular tone, sustaining or limiting cell survival, and contributing to the development of atherosclerosis secondary to infection, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Autophagy modulates these critical functions of the endothelium in a dynamic and perpetual response to tissue and intravascular cues.
Draft Genome Sequences of Multiple Frackibacter Strains Isolated from Hydraulically Fractured Shale Environments.

ABSTRACT The genomes of three novel Frackibacter strains (WG11, WG12, and WG13) were sequenced. These strains were isolated from hypersaline fluid collected from a hydraulically fractured natural gas well. These genomes provide information on the mechanisms necessary for growth in these environments and offer insight into interactions with other community members.