cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Is an Insulin-Regulated C/EBPα Kinase

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) is a transcription factor involved in creating and maintaining the adipocyte phenotype. We have shown previously that insulin stimulates dephosphorylation of C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Studies to identify the insulin-sensitive sites of phosphorylation reveal that a C/EBPα peptide (amino acids H215 to K250) is phosphorylated on T222, T226, and S230 in vivo. The context of these phosphoamino acids implicates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), whose activity is known to be repressed in response to insulin, as a potential kinase for phosphorylation of T222 and T226. Accordingly, GSK3 phosphorylates the predicted region of C/EBPα on threonine in vitro, and GSK3 uses C/EBPα as a substrate in vivo. In addition, the effect of pharmacological agents on GSK3 activity correlates with regulation of C/EBPα phosphorylation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin results in phosphorylation of C/EBPα, whereas treatment with the GSK3 inhibitor lithium results in dephosphorylation of C/EBPα. Collectively, these data indicate that insulin stimulates dephosphorylation of C/EBPα on T222 and T226 through inactivation of GSK3. Since dephosphorylation of C/EBPα in response to lithium is blocked by okadaic acid, strong candidates for the T222 and T226 phosphatase are protein phosphatases 1 and 2a. Treatment of adipocytes with insulin alters the protease accessibility of widespread sites within the N terminus of C/EBPα, consistent with phosphorylation causing profound conformational changes. Finally, phosphorylation of C/EBPα and other substrates by GSK3 may be required for adipogenesis, since treatment of differentiating preadipocytes with lithium inhibits their conversion to adipocytes.
Scientific knowledge and attitude change: The impact of a citizen science project

This paper discusses the evaluation of an informal science education project, The Birdhouse Network (TBN) of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. The Elaboration Likelihood Model and the theory of Experiential Education were used as frameworks to analyse the impact of TBN on participants’ attitudes toward science and the environment, on their knowledge of bird biology, and on their understanding of the scientific process. The project had an impact on participants’ knowledge of bird biology. No statistically significant change in participants’ attitudes toward science or the environment, or in participants’ understanding of the scientific process, could be detected. The results suggest that projects must make explicit to participants the issues that they are experiencing. In addition, the results suggest that more sensitive measures need to be designed to assess attitude change among environmentally aware citizens.
Tissue-Specific Cadherin CDH17 Is a Useful Marker of Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinomas With Higher Sensitivity Than CDX2

Cadherin 17 (CDH17) is a cell adhesion molecule expressed in intestinal epithelium and transcriptionally regulated by CDX2. We compared the usefulness of CDH17 as an immunohistochemical intestinal marker to that of CDX2 in gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal carcinomas and nonneoplastic tissues. Nonneoplastic intestinal and pancreatic duct epithelia were CDH17-positive. Most esophageal (79%), gastric (86%), and colonic (99%) adenocarcinomas were CDH17-positive/CDX2-positive, whereas 1% of colonic, 18% of esophageal, and 10% of gastric adenocarcinomas were CDH17-negative/CDX2-negative. Rare colonic, esophageal, and gastric adenocarcinomas were CDH17-positive/CDX2-negative (1%, 3%, and 4%, respectively), and none were CDH17-negative/CDX2-positive. Diffuse CDH17 was also observed in all metastatic colon carcinomas, 20% of which were only focally CDX2-positive. Of intestinal low-grade neuroendocrine tumors, 74% coexpressed CDX2 and CDH17. CDH17 was also positive in 12% of pancreatic and 24% of bronchial neuroendocrine tumors, all of which were CDX2-negative. Pancreatic adenocarcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas were more frequently CDH17-positive than CDX2-positive (50% vs 27%, 53% vs 27%). One (2%) hepatocellular carcinoma was CDH17-positive/CDX2-negative. Nine percent of non-small cell lung cancers and 7% of endometrial carcinomas were CDH17-positive, whereas 3% of lung, 5% of endometrial, 3% of ovarian, and 2% of breast carcinomas were CDX2-positive. Thus, CDH17 is slightly more sensitive than CDX2 when detecting gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas.
Standardized evaluation of techniques for measuring the spectral compression of the myoelectric signal

A digital algorithm was designed to produce bandlimited noise with adjustable median frequency and amplitude. This algorithm produces test signals with spectral characteristics typical of those of the surface myoelectric signals encountered in muscle fatigue studies. These synthesized signals provide the basis for standardized evaluation of the performance of various techniques which monitor the spectral compression of the myoelectric signal during muscle fatigue. >
Extracorporeal therapies in pediatric severe sepsis: findings from the pediatric health-care information system

Pediatric severe sepsis (PSS) continues to be a major health problem. Extracorporeal therapies (ETs), defined as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and RRenal replacement therapyenal replacement therapy (RRT), are becoming more available for utilization in a variety of health conditions. We aim to describe (1) rates of utilization of ET in PSS, (2) outcomes for PSS patients receiving ET, and (3) epidemiologic characteristics of patients receiving ET. We conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database. Data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database collected by the Children’s Hospital Association (CHA) from 2004–2012 from 43 US children’s hospitals’ pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) were used. Patients with PSS were defined by (1) International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes reflecting severe sepsis and septic shock and (2) ICD-9 codes of infection and organ dysfunction as defined by updated Angus criteria. Among the patients with PSS, those with a PHIS flag of ECMO or RRT were identified further as our main cohort. From 2004 to 2012, 636,842 patients were identified from 43 hospitals, and PSS prevalence was 7.7 % (49,153 patients). Nine point eight percent (4795 patients) received at least one form of ET, and the associated mortality rate was 39 %. Mortality rates were 47.8 % for those who received ECMO, 32.3 % in RRT, and 58.0 % in RRT + ECMO. Underlying co-morbidities were found in 3745 patients (78.1 %) who received ET (81 % for ECMO, 77.9 % in RRT, and 71.2 % in those who received both). There was a statistically significant increase in ECMO utilization in patients with at least three organ dysfunctions from 2004 to 2012 (6.9 % versus 10.3 %, P < 0.001) while RRT use declined (24.5 % versus 13.2 %, P < 0.001). After 2009, there was a significant increase in ECMO utilization (3.6 % in 2004–2008 versus 4.0 % in 2009–2012, P = 0.004). ECMO and RRT were used simultaneously in only 500 patients with PSS (1 %). ETs were used in a significant portion of PSS patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) during this time period. Mortality was significant and increased with increasing organ failure. ECMO use in PSS patients with MODS increased from 2004 to 2012. Further evaluation of ET use in PSS is warranted.
The Diffusion of Marketing Research Techniques in Business: Implications for Marketing Education

The use of more sophisticated research techniques, particularly multivariate statistical procedures, has increased dramatically over the past decade. Graduate education appears to be a significant change agent in this diffusion process. Marketing educators must prepare future managers to effectively use information developed with increasingly complex procedures.
Rare and Emerging Viral Infections in Transplant Recipients

Emerging viral pathogens include newly discovered viruses as well as previously known viruses that are either increasing, or threatening to increase in incidence. While often first identified in the general population, they may affect transplant recipients, in whom their manifestations may be atypical or more severe. Enhanced molecular methods have increased the rate of viral discovery but have not overcome the problem of demonstrating pathogenicity. At the same time, improved clinical diagnostic methods have increased the detection of reemerging viruses in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we first discuss viral diagnostics and the developing field of viral discovery and then focus on rare and emerging viruses in the transplant population: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; hepatitis E virus; bocavirus; KI and WU polyomaviruses; coronaviruses HKU1 and NL63; influenza, H1N1; measles; dengue; rabies; and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Detection and reporting of such rare pathogens in transplant recipients is critical to patient care and improving our understanding of posttransplant infections.
Single Scalar Function Satisfying the Conservation of Mass for Three-Dimensional Flows

In the present work, a novel stream function satisfying the three-dimensional continuity equation is defined in the form of a single scalar function and proved to represent the streamlines of certain three-dimensional flows. Consequently, the analysis and the results produce a limited counterevidence to the statement about the nonexistence of such function for three-dimensional flows. This new stream function is considered for both incompressible and compressible flows, and the examples of irrotational and rotational flows are discussed in connection with the characteristics of the stream function. In the three-dimensional irrotational incompressible flow considered herein, it is verified that the new stream function satisfies the three-dimensional Laplace equation and is orthogonal to the potential function, as in the case of the Lagrange’s two-dimensional stream function and the corresponding velocity potential. Unsteady incompressible flows are also discussed in this paper.
Genetic Analysis of the Components of Type Conformation and Production in Ayrshire Cows

Summary The heritabilities of ten components of type and final rating were estimated from approximately 1,180 daughter-dam comparisons by doubling the intraherd regression of daughter's single type score on dam's single type score. The heritability estimates are as follows: head and neck, 0.30; shoulders and chest, 0.15; middle and loin, 0.31; rump and thighs, 0.32; feet and legs, 0.18; udder size and shape, 0.08; udder attachments, 0.06; udder teats, veins and quality, 0.27; general quality, 0.13; breed character, 0.32; and final rating, 0.31. Single type and butterfat records were used to estimate the average within-herd phenotypic and genetic correlations between all combinations of the components of type, final type rating, and butterfat production. Records on 1,273 cows were used to estimate phenotypic correlations, and 729 daughter-dam pairs were used to estimate genetic correlations. The phenotypic correlation between final type rating and butterfat production was estimated to be 0.08, and the corresponding genetic correlation was estimated to be -0.52. From these rather limited data and because of the sampling error involved, the estimates of genetic correlations can only be considered as approximate. Even so, it seems that the genetic correlations between butterfat production and final type rating and between butterfat production and the components of type are low at best. The weights which should be given to the records on each component of type and a single butterfat record on an animal when selecting for butterfat production were determined. These data indicate that in selecting for butterfat production alone nothing can be gained by giving positive emphasis to final type score.
The science of cellulite treatment and its long-term effectiveness

Cellulite is a disorder in which adipose tissue extends through the dermis, producing a cosmetically displeasing dimpling in the affected areas. While many treatments claim to be able to improve the appearance of cellulite, the long-term effectiveness of these treatments and whether the logic behind these treatments can lead to a long-term improvement has not been extensively reviewed. In the following review, our goal is to assess the various cellulite treatments and evaluate the length of time results persist and whether the science behind the treatments warrants them as reliable and effective treatments for cellulite.
Wage Premiums for College Graduates Recent Growth and Possible Explanations

Against a general trend over the last 25 years of increasing wage differentials between college and high school graduates, two departures are noteworthy. Between 1971 and 1979, the college wage premium fell by about a third for young graduates and somewhat less for older workers. To some, this narrowing wage differential marked the end of an era when investments in college yielded returns comparable to other investments. In retrospect, the decline in the 1970s was a temporary phenomenon caused by a rapid increase in numbers of college graduates and the baby boom cohorts' entry into the job market. Then, between 1979 and 1986, the college wage premium rose very sharply, exceeding anything found in earlier data. After documenting changes in the college wage premium between 1963 and 1986, we explore dimensions of the recent increase by age, race, and sex, as well as the wage differentials between high school dropouts and graduates and between college dropouts and graduates. Although alternative explanations ...
Marriage and Divorce In Islamic South‐East Asia

Marriage and Divorce In Islamic South-East Asia. GAVIN W. JONES. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xvii + 348 pp., figures, maps, plates, tables, appendixes, bibliography, index.
Sense of community in community organizations: Structure and evidence of validity.

A framework for measuring psychological sense of community for community organizations was presented, and an instrument to measure community organization sense of community was developed. The framework consisted of four components: Relationship to the Organization, Organization as Mediator, Influence of the Community Organization, and Bond to the Community. Two studies examined the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the instrument. Study 1 (n = 218) was conducted with participants from three community organizations, and it identified four factors, matching the framework, with alpha coefficients from .61 to .85. Study 2 (n = 1,676) was conducted with participants from five community organizations. Study 2 participants were 48% African American, 42% White, 6% Latino/Hispanic, and 3% Other. Also for the Study 2 sample, 69% were female; 31% were male. Study 2 confirmed three factors for the Community Organization Sense of Community scale (COSOC): Relationship to the Organization, Organization as Mediator, Bond to the Community; alpha coefficients ranged from .82 to .87. In three subsamples of Study 2, convergent validity of the instrument was explored by correlating total COSOC scores and subscale scores with two other measures of sense of community, political participation, community involvement, community organization involvement, and perceived safety. The patterns of correlation among the variables indicated, with one exception: strong support for validity of the instrument. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for development of sense of community in community organizations, and community participation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploring genome-wide – dietary heme iron intake interactions and the risk of type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis: Genome-wide association studies have identified over 50 new genetic loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies conclude that higher dietary heme iron intake increases the risk of T2D. Therefore we assessed whether the relation between genetic loci and type 2 diabetes is modified by dietary heme iron intake. Methods: We used Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human 6.0 array data (681,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and dietary information collected in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n=725 cases; n=1,273 controls) and the Nurses’ Health Study (n=1,081 cases; n=1,692 controls). We assessed whether genome-wide SNPs or iron metabolism SNPs interacted with dietary heme iron intake in relation to T2D, testing for associations in each cohort separately and then meta-analyzing to pool the results. Finally, we created 1,000 synthetic pathways matched to an iron metabolism pathway on number of genes, and number of SNPs in each gene. We compared the iron metabolic pathway SNPs with these synthetic SNP assemblies in their relation to T2D to assess if the pathway as a whole interacts with dietary heme iron intake. Results: Using a genomic approach, we found no significant gene-environment interactions with dietary heme iron intake in relation to T2D (top SNP in pooled analysis: intergenic rs10980508; p=1.03E-06 > Bonferroni corrected p=7.33E-08). Furthermore, no SNP in the iron metabolic pathway significantly interacted with dietary heme iron intake (top SNP in pooled analysis: rs1805313; p=1.14E-03 > Bonferroni corrected p=2.10E-04). Finally, neither the main genetic effects (pooled empirical p by SNP=0.41), nor gene – dietary heme-iron interactions (pooled empirical p value for the interactions=0.72) were significant for the iron metabolic pathway as a whole. Conclusions: We found no significant interactions between dietary heme iron intake and common SNPs in relation to T2D.
Amphotericin B lipid complex is efficacious in the treatment of Candida albicans biofilms using a model of catheter-associated Candida biofilms.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) against Candida albicans biofilms using a rabbit model of catheter-associated candidal biofilm. A clinical C. albicans isolate was allowed to form biofilms on catheters placed in vivo and was then exposed to lock therapy with ABLC (1.5 mg, locked for 4 h or 8 h for 7 days). Untreated biofilms served as controls. Fungal loads on the proximal and distal sections of catheters were determined by counting colony-forming units (CFUs), whilst surface architecture of formed biofilms was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Studies revealed that all ABLC-treated catheters were sterilised and yielded 0 CFU (P ≤ 0.0027 for both proximal and distal segments compared with the untreated controls). Furthermore, SEM analyses showed that while catheters retrieved from untreated control animals were overlaid with a thick biofilm, those treated with ABLC lock therapy showed only some debris with no fungal cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrated that using ABLC it was possible to sterilise catheters on which C. albicans biofilms were formed.
Marine Doppler Radar Surface Current Measurements in the Surf Zone

This paper presents a comparison of microwave radar surface velocity estimates to the estimates derived from video observations in the surf zone. The data presented here were collected during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX) in the fall of 2003. The radar estimates are inferred from the Doppler shift of the backscattered radiation while video velocity estimates were produced using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Comparisons of longshore velocity estimates show high spatial correlation within the central surf zone. The comparisons of the near cross-shore velocity shows the importance of bore velocity removal while showing high spatial correlation when the bias is removed. Both alongshore and cross-shore velocity estimates display discrepancies in the breaker and the swash zones.
Development and evaluation of a novel cadaveric model for performance of image-guided percutaneous renal tumor ablation.

Introduction Thermal ablation is a well established treatment option for the management small renal masses. Increasingly, renal ablation is performed via a percutaneous approach. However, most urologists are not formally trained in image-based deployment of ablation needles. To address this need, we created a novel training model to teach urologists to perform precise and accurate percutaneous needle placement. This teaching model was implemented as part of a recent training course on tissue ablation organized by the American Urological Association. Methods Two fresh frozen human cadavers (Anatomic Gifts Registry, Hanover, Maryland) were used in the model. Plumber's Putty (Oatey, Cleveland, Ohio) and nonpitted olives soaked in Isovue (Bracco Dianostics, Inc, New York, New York) were used to create ablation targets. Course participants underwent a tutorial on the computed tomography (CT)-guided deployment of a 19-gauge Yueh Needle (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Indiana) or Cool-tip radio-frequency ablation (RFA) probe (Covidien, Inc, Boulder, Colorado). After each needle placement, a CT scan was performed to assess successful deployment. Participants were then queried regarding their experience. Results A total of 18 urologists performed needle or radio-frequency ablation probe placement on 2 cadavers. A mean of 3.39 (range 2-5) attempts was required to hit targets. Subjectively, participants noted an increase in confidence performing percutaneous needle deployment. The cadaver laboratory exposed participants to pretreatment planning, tactile feel of needle placement, needle readjustment, and 3-D spatial relationships of a percutaneous approach. Conclusions The presented cadaveric model is an effective tool for teaching percutaneous needle placement. All urologists evaluated noted increased confidence in this technique after training on the model.
Methods to Window Data to Differentiate Between Markov Models

In this paper, we consider how we can detect patterns in data streams that are serial Markovian, where target behaviors are Markovian, but targets may switch from one Markovian behavior to another. We want to reliably and promptly detect behavior changes. Traditional Markov-model-based pattern detection approaches, such as hidden Markov models, use maximum likelihood techniques over the entire data stream to detect behaviors. To detect changes between behaviors, we use statistical pattern matching calculations performed on a sliding window of data samples. If the window size is very small, the system will suffer from excessive false-positive rates. If the window is very large, change-point detection is delayed. This paper finds both necessary and sufficient bounds on the window size. We present two methods of calculating window sizes based on the state and transition structures of the Markov models. Two application examples are presented to verify our results. Our first example problem uses simulations to illustrate the utility of the proposed approaches. The second example uses models extracted from a database of consumer purchases to illustrate their use in a real application.
Nickel-catalyzed cycloaddition of unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds.

A mild and general route for preparing pyrans and dienones from carbonyls and diynes is described. Ni imidazolylidene complexes were used to mediate cyclizations between diynes and aldehydes. The reaction of an enyne and an aldehyde afforded a mixture of cyclized products. In addition, a spiropyran was prepared from the cycloaddition of a diyne and cyclohexanone.
Distribution Transformer Primary to Secondary Neutral Isolation Devices and System Responses

Equipment for isolation of primary and secondary neutrals at the distribution transformer are described and safety considerations discussed. Neutral-to-earth voltage changes due to isolation are characterized for both off-farm and on-farm sources. Voltage waveforms during part-cycle saturation or triggering are demonstrated.
Carbohydrate-induced differential gene expression patterns in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima.

The hyperthermophilic bacteriumThermotoga maritima MSB8 was grown on a variety of carbohydrates to determine the influence of carbon and energy source on differential gene expression. Despite the fact that T. maritima has been phylogenetically characterized as a primitive microorganism from an evolutionary perspective, results here suggest that it has versatile and discriminating mechanisms for regulating and effecting complex carbohydrate utilization. Growth ofT. maritima on monosaccharides was found to be slower than growth on polysaccharides, although growth to cell densities of 108 to 109 cells/ml was observed on all carbohydrates tested. Differential expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active proteins encoded in the T. maritimagenome was followed using a targeted cDNA microarray in conjunction with mixed model statistical analysis. Coordinated regulation of genes responding to specific carbohydrates was noted. Although glucose generally repressed expression of all glycoside hydrolase genes, other sugars induced or repressed these genes to varying extents. Expression profiles of most endo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes correlated well with their reported biochemical properties, although exo-acting glycoside hydrolase genes displayed less specific expression patterns. Genes encoding selected putative ABC sugar transporters were found to respond to specific carbohydrates, and in some cases putative oligopeptide transporter genes were also found to respond to specific sugar substrates. Several genes encoding putative transcriptional regulators were expressed during growth on specific sugars, thus suggesting functional assignments. The transcriptional response ofT. maritima to specific carbohydrate growth substrates indicated that sugar backbone- and linkage-specific regulatory networks are operational in this organism during the uptake and utilization of carbohydrate substrates. Furthermore, the wide ranging collection of such networks in T. maritima suggests that this organism is capable of adapting to a variety of growth environments containing carbohydrate growth substrates.
Ecstasy-Associated Acute Severe Hyponatremia and Cerebral Edema: A Role for Osmotic Diuresis?

Abstract Background: Ecstasy, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a drug of abuse with a wide range of toxicity affecting the brain, heart, and liver. Renal toxicity of MDMA is due either to acute kidney injury (e.g., non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis) or to water and electrolyte imbalance (i.e., hyponatremia). Although syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been recognized as a major mechanism for MDMA-associated hyponatremia, other factors (e.g., MDMA-induced polydipsia) have also been proposed. Objectives: Hypertonic saline has been used by most authors to treat MDMA-associated acute symptomatic hyponatremia. Our case is the second published report in which mannitol was chosen for management of this pathologic phenomenon. Case Report: We present a case of MDMA-associated acute severe hyponatremia and cerebral edema in a young female, and analyze the underlying pathophysiology, the therapeutic strategy, and the course of disease. Conclusion: Based on this observation, coupled with the previous report and the complex pathophysiology of this phenomenon, we suggest that osmotic diuresis be considered a possible therapeutic option for MDMA-associated acute symptomatic hyponatremia.
Unexplained hyperkalemia: The tip of the iceberg.

Background: Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening medical condition; on the other hand pseudohyperkalemia is a benign entity, which should be suspected when serum potassium is elevated without concomitant electrolyte imbalances or remarkable degree of renal dysfunction. Patients seldom have the classical manifestations of hyperkalemia. Failure to recognize this condition causes anxiety among physicians, unnecessary laboratory testing and unwarranted treatments.
Horizontal and Vertical Structure of the Gulf Stream Velocity Field at 68°W

Abstract A curent meter mooring, instrumented from the bottom into the thermocline, was deployed in the Gulf stream at 68°W for a year. Data from the uppermost instrument indicate the Gulf Stream moved back and forth across the mooring site, so that the horizontal as well as vertical structure of the Stream may be deduced. The two key points to the success of the analysis are: 1) the well-defined relationship between temperature and cross-stream distance in the thermocline, enabling the use of the former as a horizontal coordinate; and 2) a daily-changing definition of Gulf Stream flow direction based on the shear between the thermocline and 2000 m depth. Time-series of daily-rotated velocities may be used to calculate empirical orthogonal functions for the along- and cross-stream vertical structures, which are decoupled and are respectively baroclinic and barotropic. Using the inferred horizontal coordinate one can estimate masss, momentum and kinetic energy fluxes agree well with historical data. Bryden...
Enhancing Recovery from Trauma: Facilitating a Mindfulness Skills Group on a Department of Veterans Affairs Inpatient PTSD Unit

Mindfulness and acceptance based treatments are being increasingly implemented for a variety of emotional and psychological related problems, including the impact of military and combat related trauma exposure. This article describes a mindfulness skills group as it was implemented on a sub-acute inpatient PTSD Unit at a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center, to demonstrate and explore the role of the mindfulness skills development in a group setting, for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and other trauma related problems.
49INTHE COMING DECADE

ABSTRACT Epithelial ovarian cancer remains highly lethal regardless of geography, technology, or finances. High-grade serous cancer (HGSC) is associated with p53 loss, defective apoptotic signaling, genomic instability, defective DNA repair, peritoneal dissemination, angiogenic signaling, and drug resistance. Primary therapy with cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy has changed minimally over 30 y, with improved PFS and OS, but without any impact on mortality. Ambitious strategies to restore defective apoptotic signaling (p53), overcome drug resistance, modulate the immune response, and target tumor stem-like populations are needed. Increased prevalence of genomic screening will facilitate decisions regarding lifestyle modifications and risk-reduction surgery. Functional imaging and molecular probes will improve high-risk detection and accuracy of staging, including intra-operative probes to localize microscopic disease. Adjuvant therapy will be reserved for women with HGSC and pre-defined molecular-biologic risk factors. Vaccines with immune response modulation will eventually replace chemotherapy for early-stage disease. Patients with high-volume disease will undergo risk-profiling for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreduction. Intraperitoneal therapy will be offset by targeted agents. Important generic drugs in recurrent disease will receive extended patent protection to assure adequate supply of high-quality reagents. Sequential tumor specimens will be routinely evaluated for clonal evolution and pathway activation. A research foundation will be established through pharmaceutical collaboration with government agencies, eliminating barriers to international research. New agents/combinations will be evaluated in small randomized trials to select promising regimens. Molecular profiles will be standardized and shared to facilitate design and analysis of clinical trials. The accelerated pace of discovery has not yet translated into a reduction in mortality for patients with HGSC, although a number of promising interventions are under development. The next decade will witness a concerted effort to apply technology to address high-priority clinical, scientific, regulatory, information-based, and financial goals. Disclosure: M.A. Bookman: Chair Ovarian Comm NRG-GOG; member independent data monitoring committees industry-sponsored; participant ad-hoc advisory boards clinical trial development investigational agents. Support for attendance. No financial holdings.
Building client-server systems: exercises in network communication

One of the greatest joys of Java is the way in which socket communication has been simplified. For those who remember setting socket families, ports and host pointers, then setting the INET address with Csocket. sin_addr.s_addr=((struct in_addr*) (h_ptr-<h_addr))_<s_addr; before creating the socket and binding it to the local address, Java is not so much an improvement as revolution. That is not to say that sophistication has gone along with the complexity. This paper examines the way in which CS 463, a senior level Networks course examines Java socket communication through a staged approach building upon communications concepts and providing practical application of those concepts.
Video capsule endoscopy completion and total transit times are similar with oral or endoscopic delivery.

Background and study aims: Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is limited by incomplete procedures. There are also contraindications to the standard ingestion of the capsule that require endoscopic placement. Our aim was to compare the study completion rate of VCE after oral ingestion and endoscopic deployment. Patients and methods: We performed a review of all VCE from April 2010 through March 2013. Inpatient and outpatient cohorts grouped by the method of capsule delivery were formed and compared. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was utilized adjusting for variables with a P value ≤ 0.1 in group comparisons. Log-rank analysis was used to compare transit times. Results: A total of 687 VCE were performed, including 316 inpatient (36 endoscopic deployment, 280 oral ingestion) and 371 outpatient (20 endoscopic deployment, 351 oral ingestion). For VCE on hospitalized patients, the completion rates were similar after endoscopic deployment and oral ingestion (72 % vs 73 %, P = 0.94). The completion rates were also similar for ambulatory patients (90 % vs 87 %, P = 0.69). There remained no difference after multivariable modeling for inpatients (P = 0.71) and outpatients (P = 0.46). Total transit times were not significantly different. Conclusions: VCE completion rates and total transit times are similar after oral or endoscopic deployment for both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Endoscopic placement is effective in patients with contraindications to standard oral ingestion, but should otherwise be avoided to limit unnecessary procedural risks and costs.
Issue Frames, Personality, and Political Persuasion

We argue that individuals’ personality dispositions influence the relative success of different rhetorical strategies of political persuasion on policy issues, and thus function to constrain the be...
Maize Homologs of CCoAOMT and HCT, Two Key Enzymes in Lignin Biosynthesis, Form Complexes with the NLR Rp1 Protein to Modulate the Defense Response

Disease resistance (R) genes encode nucleotide binding Leu-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins that confer resistance to specific pathogens. Upon pathogen recognition they trigger a defense response that usually includes a so-called hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid localized cell death at the site of pathogen infection. Intragenic recombination between two maize (Zea mays) NLRs, Rp1-D and Rp1-dp2, resulted in the formation of a hybrid NLR, Rp1-D21, which confers an autoactive HR in the absence of pathogen infection. From a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified genes encoding two key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) and caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), adjacent to the nucleotide polymorphisms that were highly associated with variation in the severity of Rp1-D21-induced HR We have previously shown that the two maize HCT homologs suppress the HR conferred by Rp1-D21 in a heterologous system, very likely through physical interaction. Here, we show, similarly, that CCoAOMT2 suppresses the HR induced by either the full-length or by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of Rp1-D21 also likely via physical interaction and that the metabolic activity of CCoAOMT2 is unlikely to be necessary for its role in suppressing HR. We also demonstrate that CCoAOMT2, HCTs, and Rp1 proteins can form in the same complexes. A model is derived to explain the roles of CCoAOMT and HCT in Rp1-mediated defense resistance.
Validation of specific questionnaires to assess nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in a French population

Abstract Objective To validate the modified Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea (PUQE) score and the Health-Related Quality of Life for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVP-QOL) score in a French population. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of data for women who delivered at a tertiary care hospital in La Roche sur Yon, France, between November 1, 2012, and April 1, 2013. Only women who reported nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) in the first trimester were invited to respond to the two questionnaires. Results Overall, complete questionnaires were available from 399 women, 238 (59.6%) of whom reported NVP in the first trimester. The modified-PUQE score was associated with the self-reported symptom severity ( P P P Conclusion The modified-PUQE and NVP-QOL scores provided valid indices for assessing NVP severity and alterations in quality of life. Owing to its simplicity, the modified-PUQE score might be used routinely among women experiencing NVP in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Google Translate for Diabetes Education Material

Background: Approximately 21% of the US population speaks a language other than English at home; many of these individuals cannot effectively communicate in English. Hispanic and Chinese Americans, in particular, are the two largest minority groups having low health literacy in the United States. Fortunately, machine-generated translations represent a novel tool that non-English speakers can use to receive and relay health education information when human interpreters are not available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Google Translate website when translating health information from English to Spanish and English to Chinese. Methods: The pamphlet, “You are the heart of your family…take care of it,” is a health education sheet for diabetes patients that outlines six tips for behavior change. Two professional translators translated the original English sentences into Spanish and Chinese. We recruited 6 certified translators (3 Spanish and 3 Chinese) to conduct blinded evaluations of the following versions: (1) sentences translated by Google Translate, and (2) sentences translated by a professional human translator. Evaluators rated the sentences on four scales: fluency, adequacy, meaning, and severity. We performed descriptive analysis to examine differences between these two versions. Results: Cronbach's alpha values exhibited high degrees of agreement on the rating outcome of both evaluator groups: .919 for the Spanish evaluators and .972 for the Chinese evaluators. The readability of the sentences in this study ranged from 2.8 to 9.0 (mean 5.4, SD 2.7). The correlation coefficients between the grade level and translation accuracy for all sentences translated by Google were negative (eg, rMeaning=-.660), which indicates that Google provided accurate translation for simple sentences. However, the likelihood of incorrect translation increased when the original English sentences required higher grade levels to comprehend. The Chinese human translator provided more accurate translation compared to Google. The Spanish human translator, on the other hand, did not provide a significantly better translation compared to Google. Conclusion: Google produced a more accurate translation from English to Spanish than English to Chinese. Some sentences translated by Google from English to Chinese exhibit the potential to result in delayed patient care. We recommend continuous training and credential practice standards for professional medical translators to enhance patient safety as well as providing health education information in multiple languages. [JMIR Diabetes 2016;1(1):e3]
Study of Infrequent Tumors: Sustained Commitment Necessary

Appropriate development of clinical trials has been essential to improved cancer survival rates. In the hierarchy of trial design, the randomized controlled trial with classic statistics has the greatestweight; however, such trials are impractical, if not impossible in rare cancers. Other research methods may be more applicable to the study of rare tumors. These include the relaxationof statistical error ratesor selection of population or outcome measures to minimize sample size. One could argue that all pediatric tumors are rare tumors. There has been a continued emphasis on the adolescent and young adult age group and the disturbing fact that, in some instances, adolescent and young adult patients may have inferior outcomes compared with children and adults with the same disease. One complicating factor may be that when tumors cross the boundaries of childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, the distribution of cases to different providers further reduces the patient pool available to different specialists. Too often, barriers exist between these groups that limit collaboration. Finally, there are pediatric tumors that pediatric oncologists label as so infrequent that they are never part of national clinical trials.
Transfromative Activist Stance for Education

In this chapter, I engage key positions presently dominant across many strands of critical scholarship on the epistemological and ontological questions about the ways through which people get to know their world and about the nature of reality that backgrounds these processes.
Duplex Ultrasound Versus Clinical Surveillance in the Prediction of TIPS Malfunction Placed for Refractory Ascites: Is Ultrasound Surveillance Useful?

Since the advent of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents and the improved patency they confer for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), the need to perform ultrasound surveillance has been debated. Prior reports have failed to separately evaluate patients who had TIPS placed for refractory ascites and variceal bleeding. The difference in morbidity from TIPS malfunction between these cohorts argues for distinction between the two. This retrospective review aims to determine whether Duplex ultrasound or return of symptoms more accurately predicts TIPS dysfunction. Seventy-eight consecutive venograms in forty patients were retrospectively reviewed. TIPS venograms were used as the gold standard for TIPS dysfunction and considered abnormal if a pressure gradient >12 mmHg was discovered. Patients’ charts were reviewed to assess for a return/worsening of ascites. Lastly, the two ultrasounds prior to TIPS revision were evaluated. The sensitivities of symptom relapse and ultrasound were 83 and 80.0%, respectively, while the specificities were 38.7 and 4.0%, respectively. The sensitivities were not found to be statistically different (p > 0.05); however, symptom relapse was found to be statistically more specific (p < 0.05). Symptom relapse is as sensitive and perhaps more specific than ultrasound in patients who had TIPS placed for refractory ascites.
Anesthesia for Spine Osteotomy Surgery

Procedures on the spine have a spectrum of complexity. They may range from a simple discectomy to a multilevel reconstruction and fusion with instrumentation.
Should Race Be Used as a Variable in Research on Preterm Birth

Racial variations in preterm birth (PTB) outcomes are well described, but causal mechanisms linking race and PTB are not. In clinical research, race is typically treated as representing fixed biological traits. In reality, race is a social construct that approximates lived experiences of historical and ongoing systematic discrimination and, in the case of PTB, particular stressors of black womanhood and reproduction. These experiences are embodied as adverse multigenerational health outcomes. Race thus presents a dilemma for researchers. Conflating race with genetics enacts harm, but excluding the race variable produces irrelevant research. Instead, we must consider race in an ecosocial context. PTB is fertile ground for expanding research approaches to respect the history, reality, and implications of race in the United States.
An Exploration of How Fathers Attempt to Prevent Childhood Obesity in Their Families.

Abstract Objective To understand how fathers of preschool-aged children define overweight and obesity in children, investigate how fathers influence or attempt to influence their child's nutrition and physical activity behavior, and explore the father's perceived role in making decisions regarding his child's weight status. Methods Explorative study using an online survey, with 9 open-ended questions. Content analysis using constant comparative method was applied to data. A total of 117 US fathers (35.6 ± 5.55 years, 85% white; 82% had a 4-year degree or more) of preschoolers were included in the final analysis. Results Four themes emerged from the responses: (1) causes of childhood obesity, (2) prevention and/or treatment strategies, (3) recognition of child excess weight, and (4) barriers to changing behavior. Conclusions and Implications Although qualitative studies with a more representative sample are needed, practitioners could engage both fathers and mothers in interventions aimed at improving a child's health.
Hormone secretion by exocytosis with emphasis on information from the chromaffin cell system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hormone secretion by exocytosis with an emphasis on information from the chromaffin cell system. Exocytosis is the general mechanism by which many hormones, transmitters, enzymes, and other special proteins and peptides are secreted from cells. Exocytosis means that the chemical species to be secreted is stored in a secretory vesicle, which, upon the appropriate stimulus, fuses with the cell membrane and deposits the vesicle contents outside the cell. The “handmaiden” of this process is usually calcium. In many cases, the ultimate signal for exocytosis seems to be an increase in the intracellular free calcium ion concentration. For many reasons, the chromaffin cell is the very best vantage point from which to examine the hormone-secretion process. From a biochemical viewpoint, the chromaffin cell has no peer, subcellular fractionation is simple, and the cells are easily cultured. Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are joined and electrically coupled into cords of cells surrounded in the intact gland by an abundant fenestrated capillary bed.
Lateral-Directional Equations and Derivatives

Motions of the aircraft are governed by the balance of forces and moments according to Newton's law. There are six F = ma statements corresponding to the three translational motion components and the three rotations. This chapter explains how small lateral motions can only induce second-order longitudinal ones, and how these, in turn, could only feedback second-order effects so that the overall coupling is doubly small for small departures from a symmetrical trim condition. Airplanes are never exactly symmetric, so minor coupling effects are sometimes encountered. The chapter presents formulas that predict the proper gradients of control and response only near the symmetrical straight flight condition.