cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restricting Advertisements for High-Fat, High-Sugar Foods during Children's Television Programs: Attitudes in a US Population-Based Sample.

Abstract Background: Children in the United States (US) are frequently exposed to advertisements for high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) foods, which is linked to greater demand for and consumption of those foods. Restricting advertisements for HFHS foods may be a viable obesity prevention strategy—however, public support for policy change is unclear. Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2012 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey was conducted. Respondents (N = 1838) were 53.2% female, mean age 50.0 ± 16.5 years. Race/ethnic composition was 76.8% white, 7.4% black, 9.2% Hispanic, and 6.6% other. The percentage of respondents supporting and opposing the regulation was calculated and logistic regression models identified predictors of support. Potential predictors included sociodemographic variables, attitudes towards other health regulations (e.g., smoking bans in public places), and various health behaviors (e.g., fruit and vegetable intake). Results: A total of 56.3% of respondents supported or strongly...
156 THE EFFECT OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS TIME AND DONOR ORGAN ISCHEMIC TIME ON THE NEED FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION AFTER ORTHOTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN.

Objective In children, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) poses a significant risk of mortality and morbidity. We hypothesize that prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time and donor organ ischemic time (DOIT) are risk factors for children requiring ECMO immediately following OHT (within 48 hours). Methods A retrospective chart review of children (≤ 21 years) from a single institution9s OHT program between January 1999 and July 2006. Data collected: age, gender, weight, diagnosis, date of OHT, CPB time, DOIT, length of time on ECMO, reason for ECMO, length of hospital and ICU stay, and survival to discharge. Analysis was performed using Fisher9s exact test, Student9s t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Values were considered significantly different for p value Results A total of 157 OHTs were reviewed (male = 79; female = 76). Of the total, 142 (90%) received one OHT and 15 (10%) received two OHTs or more. The average age was 10.7 ± 6.5 years (range 0.1-21.5 years). The average weight was 35.3 ± 22.5 kg (range 4-91 kg). Children with heart failure requiring OHT had primary diagnoses of congenital heart disease (26%), transplant coronary artery disease/graft failure (10%), and cardiomyopathy (64%). The average CPB time and DOIT were 142 ± 55 minutes and 229 ± 84 minutes, respectively. There were 11 (7%) children who required ECMO immediately following OHT. The average length of ECMO was 6.1 ± 4.4 days (range 2-14 days). For those requiring ECMO post-OHT and those who did not, the age and weight were not significantly different (9.7 ± 7.2 vs 10.8 ± 6.4 years; p = .60 and 27.3 ± 19.1 vs 35.9 ± 22.7 kg; p = .22, respectively). Upon comparison, children requiring ECMO had a significantly longer CPB time (183 ± 57 vs 139 ± 54 minutes; p = .0067). There was no significant difference of DOIT between those requiring ECMO and those who did not (273 ± 102 vs 225 ± 82 minutes; p = .13). For children requiring ECMO immediately after OHT, their ICU length of stay was significantly longer (35.6 ± 56.4 vs 13.5 ± 18.7 days; p = .015). However, the hospital length of stay (ECMO vs no ECMO) was not significantly different (43.7 ± 57.2 vs 20.7 ± 20.2 days, respectively; p = .28). Patients requiring ECMO immediately post-OHT had a significantly higher mortality (55% vs 2.7%; p Conclusion While length of CPB was associated with an increased risk of requiring ECMO immediately post-OHT, DOIT was not. Children requiring ECMO immediately after orthotopic heart transplantation had a significantly longer ICU stay and a higher risk of mortality.
Cuda-based parallel line integral convolution on gpu For high-performance visualization of large flow data

S visualization is an important application of computer graphics to scientific computing by providing deep insight into the complex pattern underlying big data, while flow visualization is crucial for visual data analysis in oceanographicatmospheric modeling, computational fluid dynamics simulation, and electro-magnetic field study that involve in-depth exploration and interpretation of directional information. Line Integral Convolution (LIC) is a texture-based flow visualization technique for creating a realistic high-resolution representation of the global structure and local detail of the flow. One major issue with LIC is the high computational cost, which restricts its applicability to visualization of massive flow data. The coherence between the intrinsic parallelism of LIC (with image synthesis on a per-pixel basis) and the parallel computing capability of CUDA (Compute-Unified Device Architecture) for GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) allows for CUDA-based parallel generation of an LIC image on GPU, with all pixels synthesized simultaneously as opposed to the serial (one-by-one) mechanism on CPU.
On the Internet of Things

The guest editors introduce the articles and Expert Opinion department in the special issue on the Internet of Things.
Implicit Transmission of Coded Information Using Multi-Constellation Signaling

A multi-constellation signaling (MCS) technique is proposed to implicitly transmit coded bits in addition to explicitly transmitted bits over the channel to increase the throughput. MCS schemes select one out of $N(>1)$ constellations based on a set of implicit bits during every interval. MCS schemes are designed, analyzed, and compared with traditional signaling schemes that employ a single constellation. It is demonstrated that a properly designed MCS scheme can double and triple the throughput and also perform better than a scheme that employs a single constellation, and MCS schemes can perform better than turbo coded signals in the Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox Film Deposited on Ion Implanted Substrate

Ion implantation of the MgO substrate showed roughening and inferior surface crystallinity. A polycrystalline Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox film was grown on the implanted substrate. With a sufficiently high dose of implantation, it was also shown that the film grown on the implanted substrate was resistive up to 20 K. Thus, this method can be used to locally inhibit resistivity of the film by ion implantation of the substrate before film deposition.
Diagnostic imaging studies in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease

Summary A variety of diagnostic imaging studies are used to evaluate patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease which provide important information to determine stage and guide patient management. The following will review the current status of diagnostic imaging studies as applied to evaluation of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis, with comment on areas under investigation.
Dynamic changes in aortic impedance after transcatheter aortic valve replacement and its impact on exploratory outcome.

Valvulo-arterial impedance (Zva) has been shown to predict worse outcome in medically managed aortic stenosis (AS) patients. We aimed to investigate the association between Zva and left ventricular (LV) adaptation and to explore the predictive value of Zva for cardiac functional recovery and outcome after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We prospectively enrolled 128 patients with AS who underwent TAVR. Zva was calculated as: (systolic blood pressure + mean transaortic gradient)/stroke volume index). Echocardiographic assessment occurred at baseline, 1-month and 1-year after TAVR. The primary endpoints were to investigate associations between Zva and global longitudinal strain (GLS) at baseline as well as GLS change after TAVR. The secondary was to compare all-cause mortality after TAVR between patients with pre-defined Zva (=5 mmHg m2/ml), stroke volume index (=35 ml/m2), and GLS (=−15%) cutoffs. The mean GLS was reduced (−13.0 ± 3.2%). The mean Zva was 5.2 ± 1.6 mmHg*m2/ml with 55% of values ≥5.0 mmHg*m2/ml, considered to be abnormally high. Higher Zva correlated with worse GLS (r = −0.33, p < 0.001). After TAVR, Zva decreased significantly (5.1 ± 1.6 vs. 4.5 ± 1.6 mmHg*m2/ml, p = 0.001). A reduction of Zva at 1-month was associated with GLS improvement at 1-month (r = −0.31, p = 0.001) and at 1-year (r = −0.36 and p = 0.001). By Kaplan–Meier analysis, patients with higher Zva at baseline had higher mortality (Log-rank p = 0.046), while stroke volume index and GLS did not differentiate outcome (Log-rank p = 0.09 and 0.25, respectively). As a conclusion, Zva is correlated with GLS in AS as well as GLS improvement after TAVR. Furthermore, a high baseline Zva may have an additional impact to traditional parameters on predicting worse mortality after TAVR.
"We Created that Space with Everybody:" Constructing a Community-Based Space of Belonging and Familia in a Latina/o Youth Group

As the Latino population grows across the United States and particularly in places outside traditional gateway cities, questions arise around the challenges and opportunities for Latinos in these new areas of settlement. Situated within this context of Latino demographic change, this article examines the construction of a youth-led, grassroots Latino youth group in a mid-sized, Midwestern city. Through a community cultural wealth (Yosso, 2005) and social justice development framework (Ginwright & Cammarota, 2002), this article highlights how Latino youth and adult community allies constructed a space of belonging where youth shared their experiences and knowledge. In the group youth built upon their familial and navigational capital and developed self and social awareness. This youth constructed space differed greatly from the schools youth attended. Drawing from a 16-week, ethnographically informed study this article suggests that when youth are given an opportunity to create and lead their own space, they can provide powerful insight and perspective on educational issues. The findings from this study have implications for educators, youth workers, and policymakers looking for ways to build more engaging, culturally-relevant classrooms and programs for Latina/o students.
Multiple wavelength sensing array design

We design finite antenna arrays for far-field sensing at multiple wavelengths, under two design paradigms. The first design paradigm is optimized for collection of measurements at multiple wavelengths, fusing these together for joint inference over an underlying scene. The second design paradigm is robust, in a sense that it is guaranteed to allow good inference over the scene at any one single wavelength at a time. We quantify inference quality via the D-Bayes optimality criterion and limit the design space by restricting the number of allowed sensors and the positions where these can be placed. We show that the resulting combinatorial optimization problems are instances of problems in a class known to have efficient guaranteed approximation algorithms, namely submodular optimization problems, and showcase the design of arrays under both paradigms utilizing simple greedy selection algorithms, and state-of-the-art robust submodular maximization algorithms.
Standing up and speaking out against prejudice toward gay men in the workplace

Abstract In this research, we examine prejudice based on sexual orientation in the workplace and strategies employees can use to confront it. First, in a qualitative investigation designed to examine some of the major assumptions of this research, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) employees and heterosexual “allies” highlighted the importance of confronting prejudice and reported hesitation in knowing how to do so effectively. Second, we then experimentally tested various previously-identified confrontation styles to (a) determine the implications of confronting (compared to not confronting) for the confronter and the perpetrator from a third-party perspective and (b) examine which style may be optimal. The results of this study suggest how observers of prejudice might intervene to (a) reduce the amount of backlash confronters receive, (b) maximize the perceived culpability of the perpetrator, and (c) elicit future confrontation behaviors among other observers: by engaging in calm confrontations that directly implicate the perpetrator of prejudice as being at fault.
High prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions

The global distribution of 96 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among a total of 725 C. neoformans isolates was investigated. While C. neoformans var. gattii was not found among isolates obtained from Europe (excluding the United Kingdom) and Japan; and it was found only infrequently in North America (excluding Southern California), the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Argentina; the variety was prevalent in regions with tropical to subtropical climates such as South East Asia, Southern California, Brazil, Mid to South Pacific, and the central part of Africa. Among the isolates of C. neoformans var. gattii in our collection, serotype B predominanted (77 of 96), and the serotype C isolates were almost exclusively from North America.
Synthetic Genetic Oscillators

From the cell cycle to the circadian rhythm, oscillations permeate life. However, natural biological oscillations typically emerge from the interaction between a large set of components, and detangling the underlying mechanism of oscillation is a highly nontrivial affair. Synthetic oscillators much more readily provide insight into the basic principles of biological oscillations, with the caveat that one should not expect all of the refined properties present in natural oscillators to emerge from a minimal synthetic system. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of experimentally realized synthetic oscillators, with an emphasis on the common core design features throughout. The mathematical basis behind the conclusions will not be dwelt upon, as several such reviews exist. Keywords: systems and synthetic biology; biological oscillators; entrainment; ClpXP protease; queuing theory
Mitochondrial dynamics regulates metabolism during aging

Cellular metabolism is intimately linked to mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial dynamics is regulated by mitochondrial fission and fusion that influence the shape, size, and number of mitochondria. Dynamin-related guanosine triphosphatases regulate fission and fusion events: dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) regulates fission; mitofusin-1 and 2 (MFN1, MFN2) anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) anchored in the inner mitochondrial membrane regulate fusion. Replicative and chronological lifespan are two different modes of cellular aging. Chronological lifespan (CLS) is defined as the duration during which quiescent normal cells retain their capacity to re-enter the proliferative cycle and then exit back to quiescence. This study investigates whether mitochondrial dynamics regulates metabolism during CLS . Results from bioenergetics measurements of quiescent primary cultures of normal human fibroblasts (NHFs) from subjects of different ages showed significant decreases in the glycolytic flux: 2-10 npH cell-1 s-1 in older (58-y, 61-y, 63-y, 68-y, and 70-y) compared to 12-16 npH cell-1 s-1 in younger (newborn, 3-d, 5-m, and 1-y) subjects. Surprisingly, mitochondrial respiration (oxygen consumption rate; OCR) increased significantly during CLS: 36-77 amol O2 cell-1 s-1 in older compared to 24-29 amol O2 cell-1 s-1 in younger subjects. The decrease in glycolytic flux and increase in OCR during CLS were also associated with a decrease in lactate and increase in ATP levels. Mitochondrial dynamics shifted more towards fusion during CLS. Genetic knock-down of MFN1 and OPA1 in old NHFs decreased OCR and enhanced glycolysis. These results support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dynamics regulates metabolic plasticity during aging; MFN1 and OPA1 regulate this process.
Evolution of Human Skin Color and Vitamin D

Abstract Basic understanding of the evolution of human skin color has been achieved through a synthesis of information from comparative anatomy and physiology, paleontology, comparative and functional genomics, and remote sensing of solar output. Early members of the genus Homo with functionally naked skin evolved permanent eumelanin pigmentation under strong equatorial ultraviolet radiation in Africa. Eurasian dispersals of Homo erectus around 1.8 million years ago and of Homo sapiens around 55,000 years ago were accompanied by loss of pigmentation under positive selection for cutaneous vitamin D production. Similar pigmentation phenotypes evolved repeatedly as the result of independent genetic events when isolated human populations dispersed into habitats of extremely low and high ultraviolet B. Through time, human adaptations to different solar regimes have become more cultural than biological. Rapid human migrations, increasing urbanization, and changes in lifestyle have created mismatches between skin pigmentation and environmental conditions leading to vitamin D deficiency.
DNA Methyltransferase 1–Dependent DNA Hypermethylation Constrains Arteriogenesis by Augmenting Shear Stress Set Point

BackgroundArteriogenesis is initiated by increased shear stress and is thought to continue until shear stress is returned to its original “set point.” However, the molecular mechanism(s) through wh...
Analytic Well-founded Relations

If ≺ is a well-founded relation on a standard Borel space X and ρ(≺) its rank (see Appendix B), then ρ(≺) < card\({{(X)}^{ + }} \leqslant {{({{2}^{{{{\aleph }_{0}}}}})}^{ + }}\). Moreover, sup{ρ(≺):≺ is a well-founded relation on \(\mathcal{N}\} = {{({{2}^{{{{\aleph }_{0}}}}})}^{ + }}\). However, when ≺ is “definable” one can expect to find better upper bounds for ρ(≺). We prove this here for analytic well-founded relations.
Rising to the Challenge: Planning for Adaptation in the Age of Climate Change

The traditional planning paradigm is insufficient to address the challenges of climate change. Planners must confront heightened uncertainty and longer time horizons. A new model of planning is offered to make the transition to plans that account for multiple futures, monitoring and more flexible strategies needed for adaptive responses.
Appearance of D-amino acids during aging: D-amino acids in tumor proteins.

In 1939 Kogl and Erxleben [1-4] reported that tumor proteins contain appreciable amounts of D-amino acids, specifically glutamic acid, valine, leucine and lysine, implying that both the initiation and autonomous character of tumors depends on the formation and maintenance of these D-amino acids in the cell proteins. This postulate remained highly controversial for over 10 years, during which time several papers both supporting and refuting this hypothesis were published. The dispute existed almost entirely between Kogl, a vigorous and able protagonist at the University of Utrecht, Netherlands, and an impressive array of equally vigorous and able dissenters in the United Kingdom and Germany. An excellent review of both sides of this controversy was written by Miller in 1950 [5]. After many years and much effort the controversy then seemed to be put to rest. However, more than 40 years later the development of much more refined analytical techniques for the resolution and detection of amino acid enantiomers provided more definitive evidence that D-amino acids are not common to all tumor tissues and probably are not integral to the cancer process. This is not surprising when one considers that a tumor consists of fast-growing cells. Thus, there would not be sufficient time for any L-amino acid to racemize to the D isomer. Some D-amino acids may originate in foods consumed, but it is uncertain whether enzyme systems are able to incorporate D-amino acids into tumor proteins during growth. Nevertheless, if significant levels of D-amino acids were to be found in tumor proteins, the implications could be far-reaching. Confirmation of the presence of D-amino acids at any concentration in tumors would provide new insights into the mechanism for autogenesis and maintenance of tumors.
Quantitative Ultrasonography in Orbital Optic Nerve Decompression

Decompression of the orbital optic nerve by incision, or preferably, excision of a portion of the retrobulbar nerve sheaths is an accepted procedure in the management of patients who are developing visual defects due to otherwise uncontrollable chronic papilledema 1–7. Usually, but not always, the papilledema is due to increased intracranial pressure8. A major category of such patients are those with pseudotumor cerebri with chronic papilledema and visual field compromise who are not responding adequately to medical therapy. Previously, a widened cerebrospinal fluid cuff around the retrobulbar optic nerve was assumed on the basis of papilledema and (usually) increased intracranial pressure. Pseudotumor cerebri (or other) patients with optic atrophy unable to develop papilledema, and papilledema patients without elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lumbar puncture, could not be adequately evaluated, and the potential benefits of orbital optic nerve decompression were often withheld due to inability to predict the presence of decompressible fluid about the retrobulbar optic nerves.
Bioinspired polarization imager with high dynamic range

Polarization is one of the three fundamental properties of light, along with color and intensity, yet most vertebrate species, including humans, are blind with respect to this light modality. In contrast, many invertebrates, including insects, spiders, cephalopods, and stomatopods, have evolved to detect polarization information with high-dynamic-range photosensitive cells and utilize this information in visually guided behavior. In this paper, we present a high-dynamic-range polarization imaging sensor inspired by the visual system of the mantis shrimp. Our bioinspired imager achieves 140 dB dynamic range and 61 dB maximum signal-to-noise ratio across 384×288 pixels equipped with logarithmic photodiodes. Contrary to state-of-the-art active pixel sensors, where photodiodes in individual pixels operate in reverse bias mode and yield up to ∼60 dB dynamic range, our pixel has a logarithmic response by operating individual photodiodes in forward bias mode. This novel pixel circuitry is monolithically integrated with pixelated polarization filters composed of 250-nm-tall × 75-nm-wide aluminum nanowires to enable snapshot polarization imaging at 30 frames per second. This sensor can enable many automotive and remote sensing applications, where high-dynamic-range imaging augmented with polarization information can provide critical information during hazy or rainy conditions.
Does location matter? Geographic variations in healthcare resource use for atopic dermatitis in the United States

It is unknown which region of the U.S. offers the best and worst access to care for atopic dermatitis (AD). We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) fr...
A National Behavioral and Clinical Surveillance System of Adults With Diagnosed HIV (The Medical Monitoring Project): Protocol for an Annual Cross-Sectional Interview and Medical Record Abstraction Survey

Background: The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a national population-based behavioral and clinical surveillance system of adults with diagnosed HIV in the United States, and it is sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Its purpose is to provide locally and nationally representative estimates of factors affecting HIV transmission risk and clinical outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to describe the rationale for and methodology of the MMP, in addition to its contribution to evaluating and monitoring HIV prevention, care, and treatment efforts in the United States. Methods: MMP employs a stratified 2-stage sample design to select annual samples of persons living with diagnosed HIV from the National HIV Surveillance System and conducts interviews and medical record abstractions with participating persons. Results: MMP data are published routinely via annual reports, conference presentations, and scientific publications. Data may be accessed upon request from the CDC, contingent on the guidelines established for the security and confidentiality of HIV surveillance data. Conclusions: MMP is the only source of annual population-based data on the behaviors and clinical care of persons with diagnosed HIV in the United States. It provides essential information for monitoring progress toward national treatment and prevention goals and guiding efforts to improve the health of persons with diagnosed HIV and prevent HIV transmission.
Dr. Audretsch: or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Doing Small Business Research

Chapter author Julie Ann Elston describes how she met David in Germany as a young researcher herself. Throughout her narrative, she tells how David fought to establish the study of entrepreneurship and small business as legitimate fields of academic inquiry. This chapter clearly depicts David as an academic pioneer – an entrepreneur in his own right.
Youth Access to Medical Homes and Medical Home Components by Race and Ethnicity.

Medical homes are an effective model of primary care. Historically, however, racial and ethnic minorities have not had equal access to medical homes. The present study estimated the national prevalence of youth’s access to a medical home and its components by race and ethnicity. We conducted secondary data analysis using the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children’s Health, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of U.S. youth age 0–17 years (N = 62,308). We obtained weighted and unweighted descriptive statistics and conducted multivariate logit regression models. Although 49% of the total sample had access to a medical home, 57.1% of white youth had access compared to 37% of Hispanic youth and 39.7% of black youth. Among youth without a medical home, black youth had less access than white youth to a usual place for care (64.7% vs. 55.3%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–0.97) and family-centered care (78.1% vs. 66.7%, aOR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.52–0.79). Hispanic youth (68.2%) also had less access to family-centered care than white youth (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.60–0.89). White youth were less likely to have access to effective care coordination, when needed, than Hispanic youth (46.2% vs. 53.5%, aOR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.09–1.66). Our findings suggest racial/ethnic disparities exist in youth’s access to a medical home and its components. We posit the need for continued efforts to enhance access to medical homes for all youth. Future studies need to examine systemic barriers to youth’s access to medical homes.
EFFECT OF DIAGNOSTIC INTERMITTENT HIGH MECHANICAL INDEX IMPULSES DURING AN ULTRASOUND ENHANCING AGENT INFUSION ON GLOBAL AND REGIONAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL SYSTOLIC FUNCTION

Intermittent high (IH) mechanical index (MI) impulses during transthoracic ultrasound are recommended during very low MI (VLMI) imaging for improving endocardial border delineation following an intravenous injection or infusion of ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs). These high MI impulses have also
Search for Parity Nonconservation in Hydrogen

Weak interactions are mediated by the exchange of virtual W +, W − and Z° particles, which together with the photon are the gauge bosons of the standard electroweak theory of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam [1]. In stable atoms the electrons have no charged interactions (exchange of W + or W −) in first order (that would constitute (β-decay) and the second order effects are, of course, very feeble. On the other hand Z° exchange does not affect the charges of the constituent particles and contributes in first order to atomic structure. The range of the virtual Z° is very short (~ 10−18 m) because it is massive (~ 100 GeV/c2) and for our purposes it is adequate to consider the interaction as a simple current-current interaction at a point. Assume, as in the standard theory, that the currents contain only vector (V) and axial vector (A) components. Then there are four main terms to consider in the effective Hamiltonian $${{H}_{eff}}=\frac{{{G}_{F}}}{\sqrt{2}}\sum\limits_{N}{(C_{VV}^{eN}}{{\overline{\psi }}_{e}}{{\gamma }^{\mu }}{{\psi }_{e}}{{\overline{\psi }}_{N}}{{\gamma }_{\mu }}{{\psi }_{N}}+C_{AA}^{eN}\overline{\psi }{}_{e}{{\gamma }^{\mu }}{{\gamma }_{5}}{{\psi }_{e}}{{\overline{\psi }}_{N}}{{\gamma }_{\mu }}{{\gamma }^{5}}{{\psi }_{N}}+C_{AV}^{eN}{{\overline{\psi }}_{e}}{{\gamma }^{\mu }}{{\gamma }_{5}}{{\psi }_{e}}{{\overline{\psi }}_{N}}{{\gamma }_{\mu }}{{\psi }_{N}}+C_{VA}^{eN}{{\overline{\psi }}_{e}}{{\gamma }^{\mu }}{{\psi }_{e}}{{\overline{\psi }}_{N}}{{\gamma }_{\mu }}{{\gamma }^{5}}{{\psi }_{N}}).$$ (1) ψ N and ψ e are the nucleon and electron field operators, the C’s are coupling constants, γμ and γ5 are the usual Dirac matrices and GF is the Fermi constant. Of course the fundamental couplings are to the quarks but at low energy it is convenient to consider the nucleons as fundamental. There are also terms proportional to the momentum transfer but they are small in atoms.
Neuronal diversity of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Abstract The amygdala complex is a diverse group of more than 13 nuclei, segregated in five major groups: the basolateral (BLA), central (CeA), medial (MeA), cortical (CoA), and basomedial (BMA) amygdala nuclei. These nuclei can be distinguished depending on their cytoarchitectonic properties, connectivity, genetic, and molecular identity, and most importantly, on their functional role in animal behavior. The extended amygdala includes the CeA and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Both CeA and the BNST share similar cellular organization, including common neuron types, reciprocal connectivity, and many overlapping downstream targets. In this section, we describe the advances of our knowledge on neuronal diversity in the amygdala complex and the BNST, based on recent functional studies, performed at genetic, molecular, physiological, and anatomical levels in rodent models, especially rats and mice. Molecular and connection property can be used separately, or in combinations, to define neuronal populations, leading to a multiplexed neuronal diversity-supporting different functional roles.
Beyond academic writing: The international doctoral student writing workshop

This paper describes a research project conducted with international doctoral students documenting student and faculty members’ experiences in a writing workshop. The purpose of this study was to u...
The Legal Repercussions of Institutional Conflict of Interest

Universities are not required to declare conflicts of interest. Yet, universities obviously have a major conflict of interest when they investigate allegations of research misconduct made against their own faculty. Faculty bring in grant money, but today many have patents and even start-up companies. The university receives overhead (a tax on grants), patent royalties and equity in companies. At a minimum, the university stands to lose the grant funding of a faculty member if a committee makes a finding of research misconduct. There is a possibility of fines, false claims lawsuits or appeals in a court of law that can cost even more. If the informant is also a faculty member, the attitude of the university may be quite unfavorable. The inevitable questions are; How could a well-respected and successful faculty member be guilty of intentional falsification? Were these allegations really necessary? Does the informant have a grudge? The National Science Foundation has no involvement in the conduct of a university investigation until the case is completed and a final report is submitted. Only then would the NSF even comment on the conduct. Usually, the NSF reserves any comments for its confidential final report.
Putting the “Me” in “Mentalizing”: Multiple Constructs Describing Self Versus Other During Mentalizing and Implications for Social Anxiety Disorder

An ongoing question in social and cognitive sciences is whether and how understanding the self differs from understanding others. One obstacle to answering this question may be a lack of conceptual clarity about what is meant by “self” and “other” in mentalizing research. In this chapter, we delineate three constructs that provide a more nuanced understanding of different ways to define self versus other processes. These constructs include identifying the target of mentalizing, the source of mentalizing representations, and the visual perspective used in mentalizing-relevant imagery. For each construct, we first describe its key components, including similarities and differences in its manifestations in self- versus other-related processes. We next describe neural correlates underlying each construct, highlighting the role of subsystems of the brain’s default mode network across these constructs. We then examine how over-emphasis on the self in each construct may contribute to social anxiety disorder and psychopathology more broadly. A complete understanding of mentalizing will likely require identifying the similarities and differences among these constructs. By shedding light on the interdependence of different self- and other-related processes in mentalizing, we hope to inform our understanding of both functional and dysfunctional mentalizing, identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and suggest exciting areas for future research.
GeoAI in terrain analysis: Enabling multi-source deep learning and data fusion for natural feature detection

Abstract In this paper we report on a new GeoAI research method which enables deep machine learning from multi-source geospatial data for natural feature detection. In particular, a multi-source, deep learning-based object detection pipeline was developed. This pipeline introduces three new features: First, strategies of both data-level fusion (i.e., channel expansion on convolutional neural networks) and feature-level fusion were integrated into the object detection model to allow simultaneous machine learning from multi-source data, including remote sensing imagery and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Second, a new data fusion strategy was developed to blend DEM data and its derivatives to create a new, fused data source with enriched information content and image features. The model has also enabled deep learning by combining both the proposed data fusion and feature-level fusion strategies to yield a much-improved detection result. Third, two different sets of data augmentation techniques were applied to the multi-source training data to further improve the model performance. A series of experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies in multi-source deep learning.
Lawyer Advertising in Iowa after 2012

Although long having a reputation for imposing the most restrictive rules in the nation on lawyer advertising, Iowa gradually removed most of these restrictions over the decades. Until 2013, however, there were notable exceptions: a continuing instruction that information about lawyers, legal services, and legal fees be presented in a “dignified” fashion; a strict prohibition on claims by a lawyer about a level of quality or ability; and rigorous controls on the sound and visual content of broadcast media advertising. Now those specific restrictions have been replaced by (more uniform) language based on the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct. In doing so, the Iowa Supreme Court more directly connected the ethics rules on lawyer advertising to the public interest in preventing deceptive or misleading messages.The Authors, both of whom have served on drafting committees for the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct, describe the 2013 revisions to the regulations governing communication by lawyers about legal services, with a particular focus on the elimination of the vague standard of “dignity” in lawyer advertising, the removal of the ban on making claims about a level of quality or ability in a lawyer’s reputation, and the lifting of stringent restrictions on advertising through electronic media.
The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9) in the proliferation of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver.

2417 Aim: To determine the role of MMP-9 in the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. Background: MMPs have been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis of primary epithelial tumors such as those of colon and breast origin. The majority of patients who succumb to colorectal cancer, die with a significant burden of metastatic disease in the liver. The role of specific MMPs in the proliferation and growth of metastatic colorectal tumor cells in the liver remains to be elucidated. MMP-9 is known to play a role in the angiogenic switch and in the growth of other tumor types. Through a better understanding of the roles of tumor and stroma derived MMPs at the earliest stages of tumor metastasis, we hope to identify specific, rational targets for future therapies. Methods and Results: We have adapted the murine splenic injection model of colorectal metastases. This orthotopic model is used to recapitulate the latter stages of colorectal metastases. Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in MMP-9 underwent splenic injection of 1X 105 syngeneic MC38 colon cancer cells. This technique reproducibly resulted in liver metastases in the mice injected. MC38 cells were stably transfected with a luciferase reporter construct to allow in vivo monitoring of the growth of metastatic tumors. RTPCR analysis of MC38 cells shows that these epithelial tumors produce MMP-9. After splenic injection, mice genetically deficient in MMP-9 consistently show minimal metastatic growth in the liver by gross examination as well as bioluminescence imaging when compared to WT controls. After 14 days, the control mice showed more than a 2 fold increase in liver weight with their tumor burden when compared to MMP-9 null mice (p value 0.01). Serial bioluminescence imaging during the 14 day post splenic injection period shows decreased signal intensity in the MMP-9 null mice when compared to WT controls. In addition, we have imaged the same mice at successive time points (days 7 and 14) using MRI. This technique gives spatial and anatomic resolution that corroborates the markedly decreased burden of liver metastases in the MMP-9 null mice as compared to WT controls. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first example of bioluminescence imaging of metastatic tumors in an orthotopic model. We have demonstrated that host stromal MMP-9, and not tumor derived MMP-9, is important for the proliferation of colorectal metastases to the liver in this orthotopic murine model. Understanding the role of specific MMPs in colorectal cancer metastases will allow targeted modulation of these enzymes in therapeutic strategies.
Laser direct-write patterning influences early embryonic stem cell differentiation

An important objective in stem cell research is controlling differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to a desired fate. Previous research in this area has focused on directing differentiation by manipulating morphogens and substrate material/mechanics. However, cell-cell signaling, whether by contact or paracrine signaling, also influences differentiation. One promising direction by which cell-cell signaling can be manipulated is through cellular patterning. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) as a model system, this study investigates patterning mESCs in colonies of controlled size and spacing, to examine the effect of patterning on differentiation. Laser direct-write was used to pattern mESCs in an array of small colonies, and cells were permitted to spontaneously differentiate for five days. Expression levels of seven select genes were compared to those of randomly seeded mESCs, and mESCs from conventional hanging drop culture. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in some genes examined, including mesoderm and ectoderm markers, indicating that the initial spatial arrangement of cells influences differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. A multivariate linear discriminant analysis was used to classify input populations, and suggested how genes may be affected by spatial patterning.
SPITZER/INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH INVESTIGATION OF MIPSGAL 24 μm COMPACT BUBBLES

The MIPSGAL 24 μm Galactic Plane Survey has revealed more than 400 compact-extended objects. Less than 15% of these MIPSGAL bubbles (MBs) are known and identified as evolved stars. We present Spitzer observations of 4 MBs obtained with the InfraRed Spectrograph to determine the origin of the mid-IR emission. We model the mid-IR gas lines and the dust emission to infer physical conditions within the MBs and consequently their nature. Two MBs show a dust-poor spectrum dominated by highly ionized gas lines of [O IV], [Ne III], [Ne V], [S III] and [S IV]. We identify them as planetary nebulae with a density of a few 10^3 cm^(−3) and a central white dwarf of ≳ 200,000 K. The mid-IR emission of the two other MBs is dominated by a dust continuum and lower-excitation lines. Both of them show a central source in the near-IR (2MASS and IRAC) broadband images. The first dust-rich MB matches a Wolf-Rayet star of ~ 60,000 K at 7.5 kpc with dust components of ~ 170 and ~ 1750 K. Its mass is about 10^(−3) M_⊙ and its mass loss is about 10^(−6) M_⊙/yr. The second dust-rich MB has recently been suggested as a Be/B[e]/LBV candidate. The gas lines of [Fe II] as well as hot continuum components (~ 300 and ~ 1250 K) arise from the inside of the MB while its outer shell emits a colder dust component (~75 K). The distance to the MB remains highly uncertain. Its mass is about 10^(−3) M_⊙ and its mass loss is about 10^(−5) M_⊙/yr.
dsRNA in immunometabolism.

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions, and with it have come other associated metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intensive research has identified the frequent coexistence of obesity with a state of inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver [1]. Multiple inflammatory and stress responses are evoked in these metabolic tissues, leading to chronic, low grade, local inflammation that plays a central role in the disruption of systemic metabolic homeostasis during the pathogenesis of obesity. This atypical state engages immune response pathways, including recruitment of immune cells into metabolic tissues, activation of IB kinase (IKK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, and elevated production of an array of immune mediators that impact nutrient metabolism and insulin action [1]. However, the molecular basis for the induction of metabolic inflammation and the vast network of pathological responses remains to be elucidated.
Identification and counseling for obesity among children on psychotropic medications in ambulatory settings.

Objective To examine identification and counseling for obesity at pediatric office visits associated with psychotropic medications. Design and Methods Analysis of ambulatory care visits by children 2-17 years in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys and outpatient component of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys from 2005 to 2008. Physician identification of obesity was determined using ICD-9 CM diagnostic codes. Results In 2005-2008, there were 38,539 pediatric ambulatory care visits weighted to represent 600 million pediatric visits nationally. Psychotropic medications were associated with 5.2% of visits. The prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85th%tile) was 15.9% for visits without psychotropic medication, 19.4% and 16.8% for visits associated with nonobesogenic and obesogenic psychotropic medications, respectively. Controlling for age, gender, and BMI, obesity was more likely to be identified at visits associated with psychotropic medications (OR 5.2, 95% CI 3-8.8), among females (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and non-Hispanics (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). At visits with psychotropic medications, dietary counseling was provided at 11.4%, while blood pressure and cholesterol screening were obtained at 6.9% and 6.8% of these visits, respectively. Conclusions Our results indicate suboptimal identification and counseling for obesity children who are prescribed psychotropic medications, despite their increased risk for weight gain.
Knowledge Norms and Assessing Them Well

Jonathan Ichikawa (2012) argues that the standard counterexamples to the knowledge norm of practical reasoning are no such thing. More precisely, he argues that those alleged counterexamples rest on claims about which actions are appropriate rather than on claims about which propositions can be appropriately treated as reasons for action. Since the knowledge norm of practical reasoning concerns the latter and not the former, Ichikawa contends that proponents of the alleged counterexamples must offer a theory that bridges the gap between the two types of claims. I argue, first, that the standard counterexamples do not rest on claims about which actions are appropriate, second, that even if they did, we would not need a theory to bridge the gap between the two types of claims, and, third, that even if we did need such a theory, a plausible theory is on offer.
Percutaneous Image-Guided Biopsy for Diagnosis of Bone Sarcomas

Percutaneous image-guided biopsy plays an essential role in diagnosis and management of all cancer patients, including those with primary bone tumors. For the biopsy procedure to be successful in characterizing bone tumors, appropriate planning is of utmost importance. This planning starts with review of both plain radiographs and cross-sectional imaging studies. The interventional radiologist should select an appropriate imaging modality to guide the biopsy and carefully plan the biopsy to minimize the risk for any neurovascular complications. For patients who will undergo limb-salvage operations, careful attention should be given to the biopsy approach such that the orthopedic surgeon will be able to resect the biopsy track using the standard approach for the selected operation. Both ­fine-needle aspiration and core biopsy are used for sampling of bone tumors; the two techniques are often complementary. Nearly all image-guided bone biopsies can be performed under moderate intravenous sedation in an outpatient setting. These procedures are safe, complications are rare, and the recovery is negligible. The expedited diagnosis and short recovery possible with percutaneous biopsy, in ­contrast with open surgical biopsy, allow for immediate institution of the appropriate therapy.
Genetic variability in stress tolerance and fitness among natural populations of Steinernema carpocapsae

Abstract Genetic variability in stress tolerance (heat, desiccation, and hypoxia) and fitness (virulence and reproduction potential) among natural populations of Steinernema carpocapsae was assessed by estimating phenotypic differences. Significant differences were observed in stress tolerance among populations. Populations isolated from North Carolina showed significantly more stress tolerance than those isolated from Ohio. Significant differences were also observed in populations isolated from the same locality. Survival of infective juveniles after exposure to 40°C for 2 h ranged from 37 to 82%. A threefold difference was observed in infective juvenile survival following exposure to osmotic desiccation or hypoxic condition. Several populations tested were superior to the most widely used strain (‘All’ strain) in stress tolerance traits, with one population KMD33, being superior to the ‘All’ strain in all traits. Fitness as expressed by virulence and reproductive potential differed significantly among populations but showed less variability than the stress tolerance traits. All populations tested had a reproductive potential greater than or similar to that of the ‘All’ strain and most of them caused >60% insect mortality of the wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella. The high genetic variability in stress tolerance among natural populations suggests the feasibility of using selection for genetic improvement of these traits.