cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covalent capture of a human O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase–DNA complex using N1,O6-ethanoxanthosine, a mechanism-based crosslinker

The DNA repair protein O(6)-alkylguanine alkyltransferase (AGT) is responsible for removing promutagenic alkyl lesions from exocyclic oxygens located in the major groove of DNA, i.e. the O(6) and O(4) positions of guanine and thymine. The protein carries out this repair reaction by transferring the alkyl group to an active site cysteine and in doing so directly repairs the premutagenic lesion in a reaction that inactivates the protein. In order to trap a covalent AGT-DNA complex, oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing the novel nucleoside N(1),O(6)-ethanoxanthosine ((e)X) have been prepared. The (e)X nucleoside was prepared by deamination of 3',5'-protected O(6)-hydroxyethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine followed by cyclization to produce 3',5'-protected N(1),O(6)-ethano-2'-deoxyxanthosine, which was converted to the nucleoside phosphoramidite and used in the preparation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Incubation of human AGT with a DNA duplex containing (e)X resulted in the formation of a covalent protein-DNA complex. Formation of this complex was dependent on both active human AGT and (e)X and could be prevented by chemical inactivation of the AGT with O(6)-benzylguanine. The crosslinking of AGT to DNA using (e)X occurs with high yield and the resulting complex appears to be well suited for further biochemical and biophysical characterization.
Self-inflicted gingival injury due to habitual fingernail biting.

Self-inflicted gingival injuries have been known to occur in children and adolescents secondary to a number of causes, including accidental trauma; fingernail biting; digit sucking; or sucking on objects such as pens, pencils, thread, or toothpicks. Of these causes, the one documented as the most common cause is habitual fingernail biting or onychophagia. This case report describes the gingival injury caused by habitual fingernail biting and the findings noted at the time of periodontal surgery. The potential ramifications of fingernail biting are discussed, and the steps necessary to ensure and preserve the dental health of the patient are identified. J Periodontol 2000;71:1029-1031.
Intraoperative arteriography and carotid surgery

Abstract To minimize morbidity in carotid surgery we have adopted the practice of routine operative arteriography. In our total experience of 692 carotid artery reconstructions done since 1979 no arteriography was used for the first 157 procedures. The combined morbidity and mortality rate in this group was 4.5% (4 strokes and 3 deaths as a result of stroke). After 157 carotid operations we used intraoperative arteriography on all cases, and the neurologic morbidity and mortality rate for this part of the series was 1.3% (6 strokes and 1 fatal cerebral hemorrhage). One death was due to myocardial infarction. The difference in ischemic neurologic sequellae between these two groups was statistically significant by chi-square analysis ( p p
Superiority of 3D wavelet-packet denoising in MR microscopy.

Abstract Three dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) datasets are becoming increasingly important in clinical and research applications because of their inherent signal to noise (SNR) advantages, high resolution and isotropic voxels. Despite SNR advantages, some 3D acquisitions may be SNR-limited, particularly in MR microscopy. Historically, both classic filtering and wavelet-based denoising techniques have been performed on a slice-by-slice basis. In principle, adaptive techniques such as best- basis wavelet-packet denoising might offer inherent advantages when performed in 3D, instead of 2D, by tracking through plane “structure” and suppressing noise “pseudostructure.” This hypothesis was tested in 10 volumetric MR microscopy datasets from several different MR microscopy atlas projects. 3D wavelet-packet denoised images consistently yielded lower minimum mean-square error and subjectively perceived noise power than corresponding 2D denoised images using otherwise identical algorithms and parameters. MR microscopy researchers preferred the denoised images to the unprocessed images for their atlas projects.
Experimental Tests of an Attitudinal Theory of the Gender Gap in Voting

This research examined the hypothesis that gender gaps in voting stem from differences in the extent to which men and women agree with candidates' issue stances. Two initial experiments portraying candidates by their sex and attitudes and a third experiment that also included information about political party produced the predicted attitudinal gender-congeniality effect: Participants of each sex reported greater likelihood, compared with participants of the other sex, of voting for the candidate who endorsed positions typically favored more by their own sex than the other sex. In addition, this gender-congeniality effect was present among Republican and independent participants but absent among Democratic participants because Democratic men as well as women favored candidates who advocated the positions typically favored by women. Interpretation invoked the importance of group interest based on gender as an influence on women's voting.
Preserving Semantic Dependencies in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammar

Rambow, Wier and Vijay-Shanker (Rambow et al., 1995) point out the differences between TAG derivation structures and semantic or predicate-argument dependencies, and Joshi and Vijay-Shanker (Joshi and Vijay-Shanker, 1999) describe a monotonic compositional semantics based on attachment order that represents the desired dependencies of a derivation without underspecifying predicate-argument relationships at any stage. In this paper, we apply the Joshi and Vijay-Shanker conception of compositional semantics to the problem of preserving semantic dependencies in Synchronous TAG translation (Shieber and Schabes, 1990; Abeille et al., 1990). In particular, we describe an algorithm to obtain the semantic dependencies on a TAG parse forest and construct a target derivation forest with isomorphic or locally non-isomorphic dependencies in O (n7) time.
Salinisphaera hydrothermalis sp. nov., a mesophilic, halotolerant, facultatively autotrophic, thiosulfate-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and emended description of the genus Salinisphaera.

A mesophilic, aerobic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain EPR70T, was isolated from hydrothermal fluids from diffuse-flow vents on the East Pacific Rise at ° 50′ N 10 ° 17′ W. Cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 0.8–1.0 μm long and 0.3–0.5 μm wide. Strain EPR70T grew at 20–40 °C (optimum 30–35 °C), 1–25 % NaCl (optimum 2.5 %) and pH 5.0–7.5 (optimum pH 5.5). The shortest generation time observed for strain EPR70T was 42 min. Growth occurred under aerobic chemolithoautotrophic conditions in the presence of thiosulfate and CO2. Strain EPR70T grew heterotrophically with acetate or n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources, and in complex artificial seawater medium. Nitrate was not used as an electron acceptor. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that this organism is a member of the class Gammaproteobacteria, with Salinisphaera shabanensis E1L3AT as its closest relative (94 % sequence similarity). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rbcL and alkB genes and physiological analysis, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species within the genus Salinisphaera, for which the name Salinisphaera hydrothermalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EPR70T (=DSM 21483T =JCM 15514T).
Mixed mode XML query processing

Querying XML documents typically involves both tree-based navigation and pattern matching similar to that used in structured information retrieval domains. In this paper, we show that for good performance, a native XML query processing system should support query plans that mix these two processing paradigms. We describe our prototype native XML system, and report on experiments demonstrating that even for simple queries, there are a number of options for how to combine tree-based navigation and structural joins based on information retrieval-style inverted lists, and that these options can have widely varying performance. We present ways of transparently using both techniques in a single system, and provide a cost model for identifying efficient combinations of the techniques. Our preliminary experimental results prove the viability of our approach.
Effect of Alzheimer's brain extracts on dynein immunoreactivity in PC12 cells.

The neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been sug- gested to occur as a consequence of microtubule disruption and subsequent loss of intracellular transport. Structural microtubule-associated proteins (MAPS) have been investigated for their role in the etiology of AD, but dynein, a force-producing MAP which mediates intracellular transport, has not been examined. In this report, dynein (MAP1 C) immunoreactivity in AD brain tissue homogenates was observed increased 3.7-fold compared with control brain homogenate preparations. Similarly, NGF- differentiated PC12 cells cultured in the presence of soluble extracts prepared from AD brain tissue homogenates, exhibited an approximate 15-fold increase in dynein immunoreactivity compared to that of control brain tissue extracts. In contrast, AD clarified extracts had little effect upon "kinesin-like" protein immunoreactivity in- creased (approximately 2-fold); whereas, T immunoreactivity was observed to be mod- erately increased (5-fold) over that of control brain extract treated PC12 cells. Chemi- cal dephosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase treatment of AD extract-treated PC12 cell lysate prior to Western blotting resulted in complete loss of immunoreac- tivity, suggesting the dynein being monitored is a phosphorylated isoform. Further- more, treatment of clarified brain tissue extracts with trypsin and (NH,),SO, suggests the endogenous elements giving rise to increased PC12 cell dynein intermediate chain immunoreactivity to be proteinaceous in nature. The observed increase in dynein intermediate-chain dynein immunoreactivity following exposure of neuronal cells to endogenous elements of AD brain may be reflective of dynein-microtubular array differences. Such an approach may be useful in assessing the effect of endoge- nous biomolecules on retrograde axonal transport in neuronal culture models. (P.S.E.B.M. 1997, Vol 2161
Rapid synthesis of arylgold compounds using dielectric heating

Dielectric heating has been successfully used in the preparation of a range of arylgold compounds. The approach is tolerant of a number of functional groups and rapidly generates the organometallic complexes in moderate to excellent yields.
Abnormal Structure of Fear Circuitry in Pediatric Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Structural brain studies of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in fear regulatory areas including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and hippocampus. Surprisingly, neither finding has been reported in pediatric PTSD. One possibility is that they represent age-dependent effects that are not fully apparent until adulthood. In addition, lower-resolution MRI and image processing in prior studies may have limited detection of such differences. Here we examine fear circuitry GMV, including age-related differences, using higher-resolution MRI in pediatric PTSD vs healthy youth. In a cross-sectional design, 3 T anatomical brain MRI was acquired in 27 medication-free youth with PTSD and 27 healthy non-traumatized youth of comparable age, sex, and IQ. Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare GMV in a priori regions including the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala/hippocampus. Compared with healthy youth, PTSD youth had reduced GMV but no age-related differences in anterior vmPFC (BA 10/11, Z=4.5), which inversely correlated with PTSD duration. In contrast, although there was no overall group difference in hippocampal volume, a group × age interaction (Z=3.6) was present in the right anterior hippocampus. Here, age positively predicted hippocampal volume in healthy youth but negatively predicted volume in PTSD youth. Within the PTSD group, re-experiencing symptoms inversely correlated with subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, Z=3.7) and right anterior hippocampus (Z=3.5) GMV. Pediatric PTSD is associated with abnormal structure of the vmPFC and age-related differences in the hippocampus, regions important in the extinction and contextual gating of fear. Reduced anterior vmPFC volume may confer impaired recovery from illness, consistent with its role in the allocation of attentional resources. In contrast, individual differences in sgACC volume were associated with re-experiencing symptoms, consistent with the role of the sgACC in fear extinction. The negative relationship between age and hippocampal volume in youth with PTSD may suggest an ongoing neurotoxic process over development, which further contributes to illness expression. Future studies employing a longitudinal design would be merited to further explore these possibilities.
Network items and the general social survey

Abstract This is an argument for obtaining network data in the General Social Survey (GSS). The proposal requires a discussion of how and why at least minimal network data ought to be obtained in a probability sample survey of attitudes and behaviors. I begin with general concerns; briefly describing the proposal, available experience with the proposed items in large probability samples, how the proposed items are different from existing GSS items, kinds of variables that the proposed items would generate, and kinds of research questions that could be addressed if the proposed items were included in the GSS. I then address comparatively focused questions likely to arise in deliberations over the proposal; explaining how much interview time the proposed items are expected to require, why one rather than multiple name generators are proposed, why recording five alters is proposed, why intimacy is proposed as the name generator criterion content, why a short form is proposed for obtaining formal data, how priorities among name interpreter attribute items were established, how the proposed items elicit data on the strength and content of relationships, and how the proposed data might be coded for easy access by GSS users.
Dens Evaginatus: Literature Review, Pathophysiology, and Comprehensive Treatment Regimen

Dens evaginatus (DE) is an uncommon dental anomaly, having been well documented since 1925. It occurs primarily in people of Asian descent and is exhibited by protrusion of a tubercle from occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth. Tubercles have an enamel layer covering a dentin core containing a thin extension of pulp. These cusp-like protrusions are susceptible to pulp exposure from wear or fracture because of malocclusion, leading to pulpal complications soon after eruption. Endodontic intervention of permanent teeth with immature roots is unpredic for inflamed pulps, and leaves a tooth with compromised root structure when treating necrotic pulps. Efforts to ensure root maturity have involved preventive or prophylactic treatment with varying degrees of pulp invasiveness. Treatment options have changed as technology and materials have improved. The goal is to review the literature and pathophysiology regarding DE, and present a new comprehensive treatment regimen, including a truly prophylactic approach without pulpal invasiveness. A case study of a mestizo with DE is documented. Treatment of four affected mandibular premolars exhibiting three distinct diagnostic categories will illustrate various aspects of the treatment protocol presented, and tooth morphology of the anomaly is shown to aid clinical recognition.
Developing Safe Working Procedures for EHV DC Hotline Maintenance

An important phase of the investigative work preparatory to the operation and maintenance of the Pacific Northwest- Southwest dc intertie is the development of safe working procedures.[1] This paper describes the laboratory and field tests performed to determine the dc characteristics of hotline tools, and to gain more knowledge of certain phenomena peculiar to dc systems which may influence maintenance procedures. made available for printing May 2, 1967.
The design and application of technology-based courses in the mathematics classroom

It is difficult to examine the effectiveness of technology-based courses (TBC) without understanding the design and application in classrooms. There is evidence of disconnects among the theory for designing, the theory used to apply TBCs in classrooms, and the theory used to research and evaluate TBCs [Hickey, D. T. (1997). Motivation and contemporary socio-constructivist instructional perspectives. Educational Psychologist, 32(3), 175-193]. Comments provided by administrators, teachers and students may lead researchers to determine whether or not the original TBC course goals have been attained. In this paper, we first discuss examples of theoretical disconnects found in other technology-based research [Aleven, V. E., Stahl, E., Schworm, S., Fischer, F., & Wallace, R. (2003). Help seeking and help design in interactive learning environments. Review of Educational Research, 73(3), 277-320; Hickey, D. T., & McCaslin, M. (2001). A comparative, sociocultural analysis of context and motivation. In S. Volet, & S. Jarvela (Eds.), Motivation in learning contexts: Theoretical advances and methodological implications (pp. 33-55). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press]. Then, we describe the course design of the mathematics TBC used in this study, the reasons the principal and the teacher's believe the software will benefit their mathematics students, and the perceptions of mathematics students regarding the effectiveness of the technology in their classroom. In conclusion, we will discuss how this preliminary qualitative data shaped our future research questions.
Trends in Antidepressant Utilization From 2001 to 2004

Objective This study investigated whether the trend of increasing rates of antidepressant use in the 1990s continued into 2000-2004. Antidepressant treatment rates were examined by age group and by the class of antidepressant in order to identify whether any observed trends were being driven by a particular age group of patients or class of medication. Methods Secondary analysis was performed on data from the 2000-2004 Medical Panel Expenditure Surveys, a nationally representative survey of U.S. households, to examine trends in antidepressant use by age group and medication class in the total sample (N=166,435). Trends in the rates of antidepressant use among individuals with self-reported depression (N=10,959) and self-reported anxiety disorders without comorbid depression (N=6,899) were also examined. Results Antidepressant use increased among all Americans, from 6.6% in 2000 to 8.1% in 2004 (p Conclusions After years of increased use of antidepressant therapy to treat depression, a trend reversal in the beginning of the 21st century was observed, including decreasing rates of adequate antidepressant treatment. This downward trend preceded the black-box warnings included on antidepressant labels beginning in 2004.
Sifting through the airwaves: Efficient and scalable multiband RF harvesting

Harvesting ambient RF power is attractive as a means to operate microelectronics without wires, batteries, or even a dedicated RFID reader. However, most previous ambient RF harvesters have been narrowband, making mobile sensing scenarios infeasible: an RF harvester tuned to work in one city will not generally work in another, as the spectral environments tend to differ. This paper presents a novel approach to multiband harvesting. A single wideband antenna is followed by several narrowband rectifier chains. Each rectifier chain consists of a bandpass filter, a tuned impedance matching network, and a rectifier. The outputs of the rectifiers are combined via a novel diode summation network that enables good performance even when only a subset of the narrowband harvesters is excited. These techniques make ambient RF harvesting feasible for mobile applications. The techniques can potentially enable applications such as ambient RF-powered data logging sensors that upload data to RFID readers when in range.
Disrupting Armature Ejecta and Its Effects on Rail Damage in Solid-Armature Railguns

Material ejected from aluminum armatures at the rail-armature interface has been identified as a mechanism that degrades both rails and insulators in a railgun, significantly reducing the bore lifetime. With the goal of controlling the onset of armature ejecta, a series of single-shot tests was conducted in a small railgun with a bore cross section of 22 × 44 mm. The tests utilized channels of various sizes and geometries machined into the rail contact surface of the armatures to see if ejecta could be controlled. These tests identified several channel patterns as having the potential to delay the onset of armature ejecta. A series of multiple-shot tests was subsequently conducted in a larger railgun having a bore cross section of 38 × 76 mm. The goal of these experiments was to see if the channel patterns that delayed armature ejecta had a significant impact on rail erosion at start-up. Three test series were conducted. In the first series, three armatures with a nested circular channel pattern were tested. In the second series, three armatures with a large centrally located channel were tested. Both armature designs used equivalent contact areas. These results were then compared to a standard armature contact face with no modifications in a third test series.
A continuum model for the mechanical behavior of nanowires including surface and surface-induced initial stresses

The continuum modeling of the mechanical behavior of nanowires has recently attracted much attention due to its simplicity and efficiency. However, there are still some critical issues to be solved. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for the effects of initial stresses in the nanowires that are caused by deformation due to surface stresses; we note that such initial stresses have previously been neglected in most existing continuum models. By considering the local geometrical nonlinearity of strains during the incremental flexural motion, a new formulation of the Euler–Bernoulli beam model for nanowires is developed through the incremental deformation theory, in which effects of the surface stress, the surface-induced initial stress and surface elasticity are naturally incorporated. It is found through comparisons to existing experimental and computational results for both fcc metal and ceramic nanowires that the surface-induced initial stresses, which are neglected in the Young–Laplace model, can significantly influence the overall mechanical properties of nanowires. We additionally demonstrate and quantify the errors induced by using the Young–Laplace model due to its approximation of surface stresses acting on only the top and bottom surfaces of nanowires.
Software abstractions for trusted sensors

With the proliferation of e-commerce, e-wallet, and e-health smartphone applications, the need for trusted mobile applications is greater than ever. Unlike their desktop counterparts, many mobile applications rely heavily on sensor inputs. As a result, trust often requires authenticity and integrity of sensor readings. For example, applications may need trusted readings from sensors such as a GPS, camera, or microphone. Recent research has started to recognize the need for "trusted sensors", yet providing the right programming abstractions and system support for building mobile trusted applications is an open problem.This paper proposes two software abstractions for offering trusted sensors to mobile applications. We present the design and implementation of these abstractions on both x86 and ARM platforms. We implement a trusted GPS sensor on both platforms, and we provide a privacy control for trusted location using differential privacy. Our evaluation shows that implementing these abstractions comes with moderate overhead on both x86 and ARM platforms. We find these software abstractions to be versatile and practical - using them we implement one novel enterprise mobile application.
Combined meta-analysis of systemic effects of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and systemic sclerosis

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major factor of morbidity and mortality for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (aSCT). The skin and internal organ involvement is the most common systemic complication of cGVHD and closely resembles systemic sclerosis (SSc). Circulating lymphocytes characterize the autoimmune nature of both conditions. Therefore we hypothesized that the common clinical manifestation (systemic organ and skin injury) and the common underlying players (lymphocytes) justify the combined meta-analysis of these diseases. The aSCT and SSc datasets were uploaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), a public functional genomics data repository. The available microarray studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated lymphocytes were limited to well established microarray platforms (Affymetrix, Agilent, Canvac, and Illumina) and experimental settings with ≥10 patients per group. The resulting pools of data were merged by unique gene identifier and analyzed by the expression genome-wide association studies (eGWAS) coupled with the subtraction of the cGVHD+ and cGVHD− molecular signatures. The eGWAS was applied to 47 and 50 lymphocyte profiles from aSCT and SSc patients, respectively. The identified 35 candidates were represented by 8 known cGVHD genes (including CXCR4, LTBR and PML) and 28 new candidate genes (including SEPX1 and DNJGB1). The further mutual subtraction of cGVHD+ and cGVHD− candidates and pathway analysis identified a list of 25 genes. Seven of these genes belong to the fibroblast development and function pathway, consisting of the well known cGVHD genes CCND1, JUN, and FOS, and the new molecular targets MMP2, FOSB, TNFAIP8, and DUSP1. These genes become primary candidates for a potential link of systemic effects of cGVHD and SSc. We designed a new approach for meta-analysis by combining data from different diseases using common clinical manifestation as a linker. This allowed us to power up the insufficient standalone meta-analysis of aSCT microarray studies, by adding SSc samples to the data pool. This new method has successfully identified novel molecular targets for systemic effects of both aSCT and SSc. We believe that this approach is generalizable and can be applied to an array of diseases with common clinical manifestations.
Harvesting energy from the straps of a backpack using piezoelectric materials

Over the past few decades the use of portable and wearable electronics has grown steadily. These devices are becoming increasingly more powerful; however, the gains that have been made in the device performance have resulted in the need for significantly higher power to operate the electronics. This issue has been further complicated due to the stagnate growth of battery technology over the past decade. In order to increase the life of these electronics, researchers have begun investigating methods of generating energy from ambient sources such that the life of the electronics can be prolonged. Recent developments in the field have led to the design of a number of mechanisms that can be used to generate electrical energy, from a variety of sources including thermal, solar, strain, inertia, etc. Many of these energy sources are available for use with humans, but their use must be carefully considered such that parasitic effects that could disrupt the user’s gait or endurance are avoided. These issues have arisen from previous attempts to integrate power harvesting mechanisms into a shoe such that the energy released during a heal strike could be harvested. This chapter will present research into a novel energy harvesting backpack that can generate electrical energy from the differential forces between the wearer and the pack. The goal of this system is to make the energy harvesting device transparent to the wearer such that his or her endurance and dexterity is not compromised, therefore to preserve the performance of the backpack and user, the design of the pack will be held as close to existing systems as possible.
Evidence on the Usefulness of Alternative Earnings per Share Measures

In February 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board adopted new reporting rules for earnings per share. The new standard replaces “primary” EPS with “basic” EPS and makes a minor adjustment in the computation of “fully diluted” EPS. A comparison of the extent to which basic, primary, and fully diluted EPS explain variation in stock prices for a large sample of NYSE- and Amex-listed firms from 1989 to 1995 suggests that analysts and investors are likely to be no worse off under the new standard than under the old and may, in fact, have access to better information under the new standard because of its enhanced disclosure requirements.
Section 2036 Proves Potent IRS Weapon Against Family Limited Partnerships

Taxpayers’ successful uses of Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) to shield wealth from estate taxes and gift taxes are being challenged by the IRS with Code Section 2036. Sec. 2036 “pulls back” into the taxable estate all assets over which the taxpayer retains direct or indirect control, subjecting them to transfer taxes. These assets can include those transferred to FLPs where taxpayers act carelessly in conducting relationships with the entity. The IRS’ use of Code Section 2036 has recently resulted in taxpayer losses in court and now represents the major challenge to a FLP’s viability. To assist accountants and their clients engaged in FLPs, this article analyzes Sec. 2036 and details current tax developments, particularly the June 2003 decision in the remanded case of Strangi. The article also provides specific tax planning procedures for accountants to undertake when advising clients engaged in FLPs, so as to safeguard taxpayers’ assets against Sec. 2036 attack.
miRNA Deregulation in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment

miRNAs are a key component of the noncoding RNA family. The underlying mechanisms involved in the interplay between the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells involve highly dynamic factors such as hypoxia and cell types such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophages. Although miRNA levels are known to be altered in cancer cells, recent evidence suggests a critical role for the tumor microenvironment in regulating miRNA biogenesis, methylation, and transcriptional changes. Here, we discuss the complex protumorigenic symbiotic role between tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment, and miRNA deregulation. Significance: miRNAs play a central role in cell signaling and homeostasis. In this article, we provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved in the deregulation of miRNAs in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment and discuss therapeutic intervention strategies to overcome this deregulation. Cancer Discov; 6(3); 235–46. ©2016 AACR .
Interpreting High-Redshift Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field

Recent observations of “Lyman-break” galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field imply surprisingly large comoving number densities of bright galaxies at redshifts of z~3 — up to several times the density of L ≥ L * galaxies today (Lowenthal et al. 1997). We present the predictions of semi-analytic hierarchical galaxy formation models for the comoving number densities of bright galaxies at high redshift in a variety of CDM-based cosmologies. Our results suggest that a significant fraction of the Lyman-break galaxies may be low-mass starbursts, rather than the massive progenitors of present day bright galaxies. If this scenario is correct, we predict that the NICMOS observations of the Lyman-break galaxies will yield a broad distribution of (I — K colors.
An Optimization Model of Self-Paced Tracking

A model which describes human performance in a self-paced tracking task was developed based on the notion that human operators are intermittent-acting or sampled-data servo-mechanisms. The model had a functional form in terms of the probability of success and failure resulting from the execution of a manual control task such as drawing a line between fixed boundaries. The human operator was modelled as an optimizer, balancing costs and penalties of speeds and errors to achieve a maximum expected payoff. The performance of the model was evaluated by simulating a line drawing task on a digital computer. Model predictions obtained via simulation were compared with the data collected from human subjects performing the actual task in a laboratory setting. The predictions of the model were confirmed, suggesting that human operators can in fact be modelled as optimizers when performing a manual control task.
Persistence of Dimethoate Residues in Hemlock Treated for Hemlock Fiorinia Scale as Determined by Oxygen Flask Combustion

Dimethoate (Cygon®) residues were determined from foliage and twig samples of Canadian hemlock over a 14-week period following spray and soil drench treatments for control of the hemlock fiorinia scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris. Dimethoate was determined as phosphorus by the Sehoniger oxygen-flask combustion method, sensitive to 0.1 ppm. Pitch-like interfering substances were removed on a silicie acid column. Highest residues were obtained from sprayed plants where scale control was excellent. Much lower residues resulted from soil-treated plants which showed highest residues in the upper half of treated plants. No residues were found after 8 weeks following application of dimethoate.
The Width of a Chair

Moving a large chair is not much fun. That is especially true when a door is involved. Probably the designer verifies that his chair will go through a standard door, but he never supplies instructions, and trial and error is the algorithm most frequently adopted. At present we do not know a uniformly successful alternative, but at least we can call attention to the problem and give a partial solution. In the case of a convex chair, the problem is easier but still not completely solved. We begin in two dimensions, with a compact set C and the closed interval I = {(x, y): x = 0, 0 < y < 1}. The goal is to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for C to pass through I by a continuous family R, of rigid motions-translations combined with rotations. It is like mailing a postcard of shape C into a slot I, and the motion can bring points of C back through the slot before the whole set ultimately passes through. For a convex set intuition suggests that a reversal of this kind, and even a rotation, should not be necessary: if the set can get through at all, it can do so without turning. We anticipate a single rotation, to make C as thin as possible in the vertical direction, and a single translation to put C to the left of I. Then if C can pass through I, translation in the x direction should do it. Our contribution is to confirm that this intuition is correct in the plane. In three dimensions it is not correct. Harold Stark has constructed convex chairs which can pass through a door, either square or circular, although no projection of the chair will fit in the doorway. The chair itself can go through, but it cannot be put into a box (or a cylinder) that will. I am extremely grateful to the referee who observed that my original example was unsatisfactory, and to Harold Stark and Mike Artin for correcting it. The smallest box into which it will fit is not known.
Quantitative Colorimetric Estimation of Morphine in Biological Fluids by the Iodoxybenzoate Method.

SummaryThe qualitative iodoxybenzoate test of Leake has been found suitable for quantitative adaptation to the estimation of morphine. Methods for determining morphine in biological fluids and a rapid method of accurately checking the morphine content of morphine hydrochloride are suggested.Development of a satisfactorily accurate quantitative application of the usual color reactions for morphine has been retarded because of their general lack of (a) proper selectivity for this single opium alkaloid, (b) permanence of hue produced or (c) sufficient sensitivity. In addition such reactions are in most instances dependent to an undesirable degree on the temperature and pH of the test solution and the presence of commonly occurring contaminants. This situation is not surprising since most of these reactions are supposedly due to the formation of complex unstable chromogenic substances. A more ideal quantitative test should be the stoichiometric conversion of morphine to a simple colored form.Leake1 suggested ...
Got Milk? Sharing Human Milk Via the Internet

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NYAddress correspondence to: Sheela R. Geraghty, MD, MS, IBCLC, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Center for Breastfeeding Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7035, Location S, 9-242, Cincinnati, OH 45229; tel. 513-636-2526; fax 513-636-4402; e-mail . ©2011 Association of Schools of Public Health
Creating Open Textbooks: A Unique Partnership between Oregon State University Libraries and Press and Open Oregon State

This article presents Oregon State University’s experience launching an innovative Open Textbook initiative in spring 2014. The partners, Open Oregon State and the Oregon State University Libraries and Press, aimed to reduce the cost of course materials for students while ensuring the content created was peer-reviewed and employed multimedia capabilities. This initiative sought to showcase existing and emerging disciplinary strengths of the University thus creating unique course content that could be shared globally. This article briefly describes the U.S. landscape for open textbook creation and adoption. It demonstrates how this unique partnership has developed, covering barriers and benefits, and what the future could hold for new projects.
Marketing a New Technology: The Compact Disc Interactive

This paper explores the impact of the Compact Disk Interactive (CD-I) on media consumption behavior; examines related issues and possible uses of the CD-I; investigates how companies interested in this market are actually developing CD-I applications and forecasting demand, and discusses relevant diffusion of innovation concepts.
Financial Flows and Productivity in Eastern Europe: Implications for Growth and Policy

The current work highlights empirical evidence regarding a number of macroeconomic indicators and their implications for Eastern European economies and policy. In particular, we are interested in how growth and productivity have impacted the economies on a local scale. We discuss the policy implications with a view toward Eastern Europe’s position as an emerging economic sector as it interacts with world markets and global competition. The chapter focuses on how productivity is impacting employment, but also discusses the methodological and empirical challenges involved in creating more robust models.
Ruling, Resources and Religion

Suicide plane bombers and shop burnings are illustrative of some of the questions involved in the art of ruling the Chinese multiethnic state in the twenty-first century. China, throughout the present century, has handled these questions in a manner that makes neighboring Asian states look to China as a possible model. The original East Asian model assumed initial economic growth under a single-party system—military or otherwise—and then the emergence of a multiparty system after the society reached a level of prosperity through targeted exports. The original East Asia model was based on what did happen in South Korea and Taiwan, and to a differing extent in Japan, at the end of the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, a new Asian model emerged that remained quasi-single party, but still reflected high economic growth across wide sectors of society, of which China has had the largest economic success.
Improving Locality Sensitive Hashing Based Similarity Search and Estimation for Kernels

We present a novel data embedding that significantly reduces the estimation error of locality sensitive hashing (LSH) technique when used in reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). Efficient and accurate kernel approximation techniques either involve the kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) approach or the Nystrom approximation method. In this work we show that extant LSH methods in this space suffer from a bias problem, that moreover is difficult to estimate apriori. Consequently, the LSH estimate of a kernel is different from that of the KPCA/Nystrom approximation. We provide theoretical rationale for this bias, which is also confirmed empirically. We propose an LSH algorithm that can reduce this bias and consequently our approach can match the KPCA or the Nystrom methods’ estimation accuracy while retaining the traditional benefits of LSH. We evaluate our algorithm on a wide range of realworld image datasets (for which kernels are known to perform well) and show the efficacy of our algorithm using a variety of principled evaluations including mean estimation error, KL divergence and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Neural activity reveals perceptual grouping in working memory

There is extensive evidence that the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a scalp recorded event-related brain potential, provides a reliable index of the number of objects held in visual working memory. Here we present evidence that the CDA not only indexes visual object working memory, but also the number of locations held in spatial working memory. In addition, we demonstrate that the CDA can be predictably modulated by the type of encoding strategy employed. When individual locations were held in working memory, the pattern of CDA modulation mimicked previous findings for visual object working memory. Specifically, CDA amplitude increased monotonically until working memory capacity was reached. However, when participants were instructed to group individual locations to form a constellation, the CDA was prolonged and reached an asymptote at two locations. This result provides neural evidence for the formation of a unitary representation of multiple spatial locations.
Dividend Reductions, Reinstatements, and Substitution with Repurchases

Using a sample of dividend cuts and omissions between 1994 and 2013, we explore the cycle of dividend reductions due to a financial shock and the subsequent increase in payouts during the recovery. We indeed find that firms are more likely to cut and/or omit dividends during the recent crisis. While financial constraints are a first order consideration in these decisions, many of these firms reinitiate dividends and/or initiate share repurchase programs soon after, indicating that the effects of the crisis are less permanent than the causes of cuts and omissions in other years. Firms with a dividend-preferring blockholder reinstate faster than other firms following the crisis. Additionally, firms without a recent repurchase history that cut dividends during the crisis are more likely to subsequently repurchase than firms who cut in non-crisis years. Firms with dividend-preferring blockholders do not exhibit this propensity to shift payouts, indicating that some firms used the crisis as an opportunity to modify their payout policies. Market reactions to dividend reductions during the crisis are significantly worse than in non-crisis years, indicating that investors did not anticipate the quicker recovery in corporate payout in post-crisis years.
Observation of a Pharmacist-Conducted Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis Point-of-Care Test: A Time and Motion Study

Background:Acute pharyngitis is among the most common infectious diseases encountered in the United States, resulting in 13 million patient visits annually, with group A streptococcus (GAS) being a...
THERMALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN THE STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS OF CHARRED BONES

Publisher Summary Cremations, whether accidental or deliberate, are difficult to work with because they are usually fragmentary. However, cremation is rarely complete, and cremated burials often provide bone fragments suitable for many types of osteological investigations. Morphological analyses of cremated bones can provide information about sex, age, health, and cause of death. It is often assumed that cremation produces highly oxidized bone fragments that are little more than inorganic ash, but this is not the case for most prehistoric cremations. Bone fragments often display a gradient of thermal alteration, ranging from calcined through blackened to apparently unaltered, sometimes even on the same bone. Burned bones can also be subjected to chemical studies, although these are rarely done. Many cremations produce bones that still contain organic matter in the form of thermally altered organics or reduced carbon. This is especially true for prehistoric cremations, where the large amount of fuel necessary for a total cremation may not have been readily available to nonindustrial societies. In many cases, charred bones from archaeological contexts can be expected to contain more organic carbon than uncharred bones from the same context, because reduced carbon in charred bone is more resistant to diagenetic change than uncharred collagen and other organic fractions of bone. Cremated burials would provide an abundant and promising source of paleodietary data through isotope studies if correct techniques were available.
Incorporating Adjuvants with Captan to Manage Common Apple Diseases

Captan has become an increasingly important fungicide in the management of common apple diseases such as apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and bitter rot (Colletotrichum spp.) due to the low risk of fungicide resistance evolving in either pathogen population to this product. Restrictions on the amount of captan that can be applied per season limits the amount and the number of applications a grower may use, resulting in control failures during high disease pressure years. This 3-year field study evaluated how adjuvants combined with captan affected the incidence and severity of apple scab and bitter rot on two different apple cultivars. Results showed that Li700 plus captan and Bond Max plus captan reduced disease incidence of apple scab and bitter rot in years with moderate to high disease pressure by increasing the coverage and retention of captan. The addition of these adjuvants also resulted in possible yield losses due to russetting caused by phytotoxicity. The overall benefits of incorporating adjuvants with captan based on this study could reduce disease incidence while potentially saving a grower up to $5,329 ha-1 due to fungicide reduction.
LBJ's 1968: Power, Politics, and the Presidency in America's Year of Upheaval

1968 was an unprecedented year in terms of upheaval on numerous scales: political, military, economic, social, cultural. In the United States, perhaps no one was more undone by the events of 1968 than President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Kyle Longley leads his readers on a behind-the-scenes tour of what Johnson characterized as the 'year of a continuous nightmare'. Longley explores how LBJ perceived the most significant events of 1968, including the Vietnam War, the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr and Robert Kennedy, and the violent Democratic National Convention in Chicago. His responses to the crises were sometimes effective but often tragic, and LBJ's refusal to seek re-election underscores his recognition of the challenges facing the country in 1968. As much a biography of a single year as it is of LBJ, LBJ's 1968 vividly captures the tumult that dominated the headlines on a local and global level.
“Climate Change” and the Rupture of Cultural Critique

(2011). “Climate Change” and the Rupture of Cultural Critique. Comparative Literature: East & West: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 13-48.