cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P98 Student Perceptions of Food and Climate Change

Background Many recent reports recommend shifting from a meat-centric diet to a plant-based diet to support sustainability and carbon emission goals. More research is needed to assess whether college students’ concerns regarding climate change influence their food selection and whether they have the knowledge and willingness to make dietary changes to reduce their carbon footprint. Objective To determine the attitudes and perceptions of food and climate change of college freshmen attending a military college and to examine ways they are willing to change their diet. Study Design, Setting, Participants College freshmen (99 males, 19 females; ages 18-21) attending a military school were selected from a required health class to participate in a 60-item questionnaire, before any topics regarding nutrition were taught. Data collected included eating habits, willingness to adopt various diets, concerns regarding food availability, and knowledge/perceptions of climate change. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Many students surveyed (83%) feel they have an average or better understanding of climate change; however, only 44% agreed that the selection/consumption of certain foods contribute to climate change. Over half the students surveyed were concerned how climate change will impact them. A majority of those surveyed consume beef either daily (36%) or weekly (57%). The primary reason for eating beef was to meet protein requirements and most respondents (73%) felt adopting a plant-based diet would not sufficiently meet those needs. Despite cattle having a large carbon footprint, respondents want to be able to consume beef (42%) and dairy (48%) whenever they want, without restrictions. Survey respondents are more willing to replace beef with poultry, fish, or game rather than adopt a vegan, vegetarian, or partially plant-based diet. Conclusions This population of students may benefit from educational outreach that provides them with a better understanding of how food selection can impact climate change, and how protein requirements can be met even when meat is partially or fully replaced with various plant sources.
Lived Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The lives of frontline workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, who appear daily in television broadcasts in their otherworldly protective equipment, have commanded the world’s attention and admiratio...
Comparison of Different Fixation Techniques of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon in Superior Capsule Reconstruction for Irreparable Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears: A Dynamic Biomechanical Evaluation:

Background:In the past decade, superior capsular reconstruction has emerged as a potential surgical approach in young patients with irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (RCT) and absence ...
Associations Between Religious/Spiritual Coping and Depression Among Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study.

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) face a challenging disease, and depression is a significant concern. Many patients draw on religious/spiritual resources to assist them in managing the demands of chronic illness; however, these coping efforts rarely have been evaluated among adults with CF. This longitudinal study examined relationships between distinct types of positive and negative religious/spiritual coping at baseline (assessed with the RCOPE) and depression screening outcomes 12 month later (assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). In logistic regression analyses controlling for disease severity (FEV1% predicted), lower likelihood of depression caseness at 12 months was predicted by higher general religiousness at baseline, greater use of benevolent religious reappraisal coping, greater use of spiritual connection coping, and lower spiritual discontent. Results suggest that distinct aspects religious/spiritual coping have differential associations with subsequent depression outcomes. Findings extend prior research to an important, understudied medical population, and address a clinically meaningful outcome.
Identities and Relationships: Black and Latina Adolescent girls in Sport-Based Youth Development Programs

Sport-based youth development (SBYD) programs serve as important sites to increase Black and Latina adolescent girls’ opportunities for sport and physical activity participation and potential engagement in group social work interventions. However, more research is needed that explores what drives girls’ participation and experiences in such programs. Given the importance of peer support in shaping adolescent girls’ participation in sport and physical activity, research should focus on the role of peers in Black and Latina adolescent girls’ experiences in SBYD. We propose a model for scholarship, weaving together SBYD with intersectionality, the framework of peer experiences, and the model of the peer influence process. Combining multiple frameworks accounts for sociocultural and developmental contexts and how they may shape experiences and engagement in SBYD programming. We encourage social work researchers to consider the combination of frameworks we propose in order to guide their inquiry. Ultimately, we believe scholars should engage directly with Black and Latina adolescent girls, using participatory research methods, to better understand their experiences in order to improve their opportunities. Social work researchers should seek not only to disrupt disparities in behavioral outcomes for Black and Latina adolescent girls, but also to provide solutions that address the root issues for the disparities.
DYNAMIC SELF-FOCUSING OF STRUCTURED LASER BEAMS IN PLASMA

A statistical theory of laser hot spots produced by optics which incorporates a random phase plate is presented. The ponderomotive self-focusing of isolated intense hot spots can lead to supersonic filament formation.
Workshop on Research Directions and Opportunities II: Current Funding Programs

Each of the panelists presented an overview of their respective organizations current programs and near term projected programs. These presentations were followed by a short session of questions and answers.
Justifying Rational Expectations

In a static economy with symmetric information, the informational requirements for competitive equilibrium are very weak: markets clear and each agent is rational. With asymmetric information, the solution concept of competitive equilibrium has been generalized to rational expectations equilibrium. But now common knowledge of market clearing and rationality is required. This paper proves versions of these results in a formal model of knowledge.
A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths

The ability to confine and control light in three dimensions would have important implications for quantum optics and quantum-optical devices: the modification of black-body radiation, the localization of light to a fraction of a cubic wavelength, and thus the realization of single-mode light-emitting diodes, are but a few examples1,2,3. Photonic crystals — the optical analogues of electronic crystal — provide a means for achieving these goals. Combinations of metallic and dielectric materials can be used to obtain the required three-dimensional periodic variations in dielectric constant, but dissipation due to free carrier absorption will limit application of such structures at the technologically useful infrared wavelengths4. On the other hand, three-dimensional photonic crystals fabricated in low-loss gallium arsenide show only a weak ‘stop band’ (that is, range of frequencies at which propagation of light is forbidden) at the wavelengths of interest5. Here we report the construction of a three-dimensional infrared photonic crystal on a silicon wafer using relatively standard microelectronics fabrication technology. Our crystal shows a large stop band (10–14.5 μm), strong attenuation of light within this band (∼12 dB per unit cell) and a spectral response uniform to better than 1 per cent over the area of the 6-inch wafer.
Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: impact of baseline fluctuation and changes during chemotherapy.

Aims and backgroundInflammation has been implicated in carcinogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an index of systemic inflammation. We examined the prognostic role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at baseline and the significance of intrapersonal variability of the ratio before and during chemotherapy.Methods and study designAdvanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients who had received chemotherapy were included. Baseline clinical and biochemical parameters, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, were extracted and analyzed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio threshold was determined via recursive partitioning and assessed at diagnosis, prior to chemotherapy and during treatment. Overall survival was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups with the logrank test.ResultsBetween 2005 and 2011, 85 patients with locally advanced (n = 38) and metastatic disease were identified: 68% with a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >3 had ...
Happy as an Extraverted Clam?: The Role of Personality for Subjective Well-Being

Personality characteristics, especially the traits of extraversion and neuroticism, have been proposed as the primary determinant of subjective wellbeing (SWB). Meta-analytic evidence presented here suggests that personality is indeed strongly related with SWB, and that only health is more strongly correlated with SWB. In a study of 137 personality traits that have been correlated with SWB, neuroticism was one of the strongest negative correlates of SWB. However, extraversion was not the primary factor associated with increased SWB. Rather, several personality characteristics that focus on the characteristic experience of emotions, on enhancing relationships, and on one's characteristic style of explaining the causes of life events are most intimately tied to SWB.
Do Routine Laboratory Tests Add to the Care of the Pediatric Trauma Patient

Laboratory studies are often routinely obtained in the injured child. How broad a range of studies are needed and do they impact on the child's management? This article reviews the literature and makes recommendations for a simplified, cost-effective laboratory testing strategy.
Membrane contact with oviductal epithelium modulates the intracellular calcium concentration of equine spermatozoa in vitro.

Interaction of equine spermatozoa with oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) prolongs sperm viability and maintains low intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ],) in spermatozoa. Experiments were designed to investigate 1) whether release of spermatozoa from OEC in vitro is associated with elevated [Ca 2 +]i and 2) whether soluble products from OEC or direct membrane contact between spermatozoa and OEC mediates the effects of OEC on sperm [Ca 2 +],. In the first experiment, changes in [Ca2+], in spermatozoa loaded with indo-1 acetoxymethylester were determined in motile spermatozoa released from OEC monolayers after 4 h of culture compared to [Ca 2 +], in spermatozoa still attached to OEC. In addition, [Ca2+], was determined in spermatozoa incubated with OEC-conditioned medium for 6 h compared to that in spermatozoa incubated in control medium. [Ca2+] was higher in motile spermatozoa released from OEC than in spermatozoa still attached to OEC after 4 h of incubation. Incubation in OEC-conditioned medium resulted in lower sperm [Ca 2+ ]i only at 4 h of incubation, but not at 0.5, 2, or 6 h of incubation. In the second experiment, a suspension of apical plasma membrane vesicles (AMV) isolated from isthmic oviductal epithelium was used to study the specific effect of sperm contact with OEC membranes on sperm viability, capacitation, and [Ca2+]i. Direct membrane contact between spermatozoa and AMV prolonged sperm viability, delayed capacitation, and maintained low [Ca 2+ ]i in spermatozoa. These results indicated that membrane contact between equine spermatozoa and OEC is required to maintain low [Ca2+]i, delay capacitation, and prolong viability of spermatozoa in vitro. Modulation of capacitation rate for spermatozoa stored in the isthmic sperm reservoir might ensure the availability of a competent sperm population at the time of fertilization.
Wheat Cultivar Tolerance to Atrazine

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Texas High Plains often follows a crop or fallow period where atrazine was used for weed control. A study was conducted in 1991-1992 and repeated in 1993-1994 to determine if differences exist among commonly grown winter wheat cultivars in their tolerance to atrazine. Eighteen hard red winter wheat cultivars common to the region were planted on 13 Nov. 1991, and 26 Oct. 1993, in plots treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 lb a.i. /acre atrazine. Variation in atrazine tolerance was observed among cultivars and years, but cultivar differences in atrazine tolerance were identified. Cultivars that exhibited tolerance to atrazine were Triumph', Scout', Siouxland 89', TAM 107', and 'Quantum 588A'. Most susceptible cultivars were TAM 109', TAM 200', TAM 201', and 'TAM 202'. These data suggest cultivars are available to minimize yield loss for planting in fields where atrazine residues in soil are suspected. Alternatively, where atrazine is applied to wheat stubble after harvest, cultivars that are susceptible to atrazine could be planted to aid in control of volunteer wheat.
The Effects of Advisor Style on Overcoming Client Resistance in the Advising Interview

This study examines how two factors contribute to the genesis and escalation of conflict in the texts of 14 actual advising interviews. The two factors examined are advisor role dilemma/role coalescence and use of foot‐in‐the‐door (FITD) or door‐in‐the‐face (DITF) strategies. Advisors must judge the relative merit of student requests. Moment by moment, they must decide whether their role as student advocate or institutional gatekeeper is paramount. Often, these roles are contradictory. Decisions pose difficulty when they involve fairness and equal distribution of resources. Advisors might wish to be the student protector and friend, but their obligation to uphold the university rulebook often interferes. For their part, students seeking concessions often adopt FITD techniques as a way of buying time before refusal. Even though they are not aware that research supports them, students sense that it is much more difficult for an advisor to refuse a second request when they have agreed to the first. But advis...
Differential Action of Small Doses of Estradiol on Gonadotrophins in the Rat1

The effect of small doses of estradiol on the changes in pituitary and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) following ovariectomy in young rats was evaluated. Quantitative and specific bio-assay methods (the HCG-augmentation assay of Steelman and Pohley for FSH and the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow for LH), as well as a “total gonadotrophin” bio-assay (ovarian weight method) were used. In daily doses of 0.4 or 0.1μg, or less, administered during a period of 16 days immediately after ovariectomy, estradiol inhibited the postovariectomy increase in pituitary and serum LH concentration. However, at these same doses estradiol failed to inhibit the postovariectomy elevation in pituitary FSH. At a higher daily dose of 2.0 μg, estradiol exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the elevation in both pituitary and serum FSH. These data indicate that LH is far more responsive than FSH to the inhibitory action of physiological doses of estradiol. The “tota...
Stress-wave-induced membrane permeation of red blood cells is facilitated by aquaporins

Stress waves generated by lasers and extracorporeal lithotripters have been shown to transiently increase the permeability of the plasma membrane, without affecting cell viability. Molecules present in the medium can diffuse into the cytoplasm under the concentration gradient. Molecular uptake under stress waves correlates with the presence of functioning aquaporins in the plasma membrane.
Balancing AID and DNA repair during somatic hypermutation

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes in B cells is crucial for antibody affinity maturation. The reaction is initiated by cytosine deamination of Ig loci by activation induced deaminase (AID) and is completed by error-prone DNA repair enzyme processing of AID-generated uracils. The mechanisms that target SHM specifically to Ig loci are poorly understood. Recently, it has been demonstrated that although AID preferentially targets Ig loci, it acts surprisingly widely on non-Ig loci, many of which are protected from mutation accumulation by high-fidelity DNA repair. We propose that breakdown of this high fidelity repair process helps explain oncogene mutations observed in B-cell tumors, and further, that many oncogenes are vulnerable to AID-mediated DNA breaks and translocations in normal activated B cells.
Transport Processes in Anisotropic Fluids II. Coupling of Momentum and Energy Transport in a Nematic Mesophase

Abstract It is a well established fact that transport processes in fluid substances of low molecular weight are adequately described by linear constitutive relations of the form Here, J is the flux of the cntity to be transported and - is the driving force—always the gradient of some potential function—for transport of that entity. The parameter k is the conductivity; it depends on the thermodynamic state of the phase in which transport is occurring, but not on the flux or the driving force. Classical examples of Eq. (1) are Fick's law of diffusion, Fourier's law of heat conduction, Ohm's law of electrical conduction, and Newton's law of momentum transport (viscous friction). In the first three cases cited above, a scalar quantity is transported so that J and cfr are vectors; in the last case cited, a vector quantity is transported so that J and are tensors of second order.
Epidemiologic features of pelvic fractures

The epidemiology of pelvic fractures was investigated in Rochester, Minnesota, residents during the decade 1968 to 1977. The overall incidence was 37 per 100,000 person-years, substantially higher than previous population-based studies would indicate. The incidence increased markedly with age in both sexes, and was greater for women than men at all ages over 35, reaching a maximum incidence of 446.3 per 100,000 person-years in women 85 or older. Half of all pelvic fractures were attributed to moderate trauma, usually a fall from standing height, 95% of which were minor (Type I or II). Moderate trauma was responsible for the increase in pelvic fracture incidence with age in the high-risk population of postmenopausal women. A large proportion of both men and women with moderate trauma fractures had some evidence of preexisting osteoporosis.
Correlation of the crystallization of a metallic glass with its catalytic selectivity

Abstract Pd-Si metallic glasses have been utilized as catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The glasses are selective of ethane, whereas the in-situ crystallized glasses select a range of hydrocarbons characteristic of conventional Pd catalysts. This shift in selectivity has been observed in other hydrogenation reactions. Surface crystallization caused by the reaction conditions causes variable selectivity. Crystallization in reaction conditions has been monitored by DSC. Surface crystallization has been observed by RHEED.
Development of an O6-alkylguanine—DNA alkyltransferase assay based on covalent transfer of the benzyl moiety from [benzene-3H]O6-benzylguanine to the protein

Abstract Although it is known that (i) O 6 -alkylguanine–DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) confers tumor cell resistance to guanine O 6 -targeting drugs such as cloretazine, carmustine, and temozolomide and that (ii) AGT levels in tumors are highly variable, measurement of AGT activity in tumors before treatment is not a routine clinical practice. This derives in part from the lack of a reliable clinical AGT assay; therefore, a simple AGT assay was devised based on transfer of radioactive benzyl residues from [benzene- 3 H] O 6 -benzylguanine ([ 3 H]BG) to AGT. The assay involves incubation of intact cells or cell homogenates with [ 3 H]BG and measurement of radioactivity in a 70% methanol precipitable fraction. Approximately 85% of AGT in intact cells was recovered in cell homogenates. Accuracy of the AGT assay was confirmed by examination of AGT levels by Western blot analysis with the exception of false-positive results in melanin-containing cells due to [ 3 H]BG binding to melanin. Second-order kinetic constants for human and murine AGT were 1100 and 380 M −1 s −1 , respectively. AGT levels in various human cell lines ranged from less than 500 molecules/cell (detection limit) to 45,000 molecules/cell. Rodent cell lines frequently lacked AGT expression, and AGT levels in rodent cells were much lower than in human cells.
An Emic Perspective and Ethnoscience Methods for Organizational Research

This paper is in answer to the call for new, innovative perspectives and methodologies for organizational research. Although the approach here falls within the subjective/idiographic/qualitative/insider set of methodologies rather than the objective/nomothetic/quantitative/outsider set, there is the potential to bridge the gap between the two sets. Coming largely from anthropology, the emic perspective is explained; the specific steps for ethno-science analyses are summarized; and examples and implications are given.
Injury biomechanics for aiding in the diagnosis of abusive head trauma

Much of what is understood as potential for injury is based in what has been observed clinically. This knowledge base is critical for decision making but has inherent and important limitations. Experimental studies investigating the influence of environmental factors, such as height of fall and surface type on injury potential, add important information, but also have inherent limitations. Important trends and predictions of probable injury can be studied but inference to a specific child's injuries is difficult because of unaccounted for contributing factors of injury risk. Such factors include muscle contraction, protective reflexes, and specific tissue response to trauma forces. Additional biomechanical research is needed to bridge the gap between clinical observations and experimental predictions. The specific and unique perspective of the neurosurgeon is a critical piece in differentiating accidental and nonaccidental head injury with experience and reason as the basis of the conclusion. Do the physics of the injury match the mechanistic principals of the described injury event? Could all of the injuries result from the event? Is it plausible that these set of injuries occurred from the described event based on the [table: see text] physician's experience and the current scientific understanding of injury biomechanics? Do the mechanical forces of the reported mechanism and injuries match? To determine that an explanation is plausible requires consideration of all the facts and injuries, consideration of the described behavior, and consistency with the neurologic status. These facts of the case are compared with medical knowledge and the learned experience of the neurosurgeon. The answer to the question "is it possible?" is based on clinical experience and objective reasoning. Rather than a black box question and answer based in unrealistic probability, the answer is based on the facts of the case and physical principles that govern biomechanics and resultant injuries. Language: en
The U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Evaluation (2001) of the EPA dioxin reassessment.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began a "reassessment" of the risks posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) and related chemicals in 1991 and issued an interim report in 1994. In 1995, the Science Advisory Board (SAB) reviewed this document and requested revisions. After considerable additional work, EPA issued its final draft report in September 2000. A new EPA SAB reviewed this draft and issued its recommendations in June 2001. This group of scientists offered suggestions to EPA on the following topics, which are discussed in some detail in this article: classification as a "known" human carcinogen, how to estimate the carcinogenic potency, the possible significance of the noncancer hazard, the proper dose metric for cancer and noncancer effects, the uncertainties inherent in the toxicity equivalency factor approach, use of the margin of exposure approach, adequacy of the exposure assessment, body burden calculations, risks to breast feeding children, nonmonotonic responses (U- or J-shaped dose-response curves, or hormetic effect), the possible significance of naturally occurring dioxin-like chemicals, and risks to special populations. The basis for the recommendations, as generally presented in the SAB report, is described here. A discussion of some of the recently published work within the regulatory and scientific communities that has been issued since the SAB report is also presented.
Estimating gene penetrance from family data.

Family data are useful for estimating disease risk in carriers of specific genotypes of a given gene (penetrance). Penetrance is frequently estimated assuming that relatives' phenotypes are independent, given their genotypes for the gene of interest. This assumption is unrealistic when multiple shared risk factors contribute to disease risk. In this setting, the phenotypes of relatives are correlated even after adjustment for the genotypes of any one gene (residual correlation). Many methods have been proposed to address this problem, but their performance has not been evaluated systematically. In simulations we generated genotypes for a rare (frequency 0.35%) allele of moderate penetrance, and a common (frequency 15%) allele of low penetrance, and then generated correlated disease survival times using the Clayton-Oakes copula model. We ascertained families using both population and clinic designs. We then compared the estimates of several methods to the optimal ones obtained from the model used to generate the data. We found that penetrance estimates for common low-risk genotypes were more robust to model misspecification than those for rare, moderate-risk genotypes. For the latter, penetrance estimates obtained ignoring residual disease correlation had large biases. Also biased were estimates based only on families that segregate the risk allele. In contrast, a method for accommodating phenotype correlation by assuming the presence of genetic heterogeneity performed nearly optimally, even when the survival data were coded as binary outcomes. We conclude that penetrance estimates that accommodate residual phenotype correlation (even only approximately) outperform those that ignore it, and that coding censored survival outcomes as binary does not substantially increase the mean-square errror of the estimates, provided the censoring is not extensive.
The Effect of Varying O2 Tensions on Na Transport in the Toad Bladder

SummaryWe have studied the effect of changes in the oxygen tension of incubating media on Na transport in the toad bladder. Solutions containing 10% oxygen will support approximately 80% of the aerobic short-circuit current obtained with 100% O2. When the oxygen tension is reduced below 10%, the SCC falls sharply. The toad bladder will survive exposure to 100% N2 for periods of at least 90 minutes with little loss of its ability to transport Na.
Producing known complex modulation signals for calibration of optical modulation analyzers

A family of optical modulation signals with known properties was generated using three phase-locked lasers for calibration of the complex measurement plane. Patterns predicted from first principles were measured with a real-time optical modulation analyzer.
Translating the neuroscience of alcoholism into clinical treatments: From blocking the buzz to curing the blues

Understanding the pathophysiology of addictive disorders is critical for development of new treatments. A major focus of addiction research has for a long time been on systems that mediate acute positively reinforcing effects of addictive drugs, most prominently the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) system and its connections. This research line has been successful in shedding light on the physiology of both natural and drug reward, but has not led to therapeutic breakthroughs. The role of classical reward systems is perhaps least clear in alcohol addiction. Here, recent work is summarized that points to some clinically important conclusions. First, important pharmacogenetic differences exist with regard to positively reinforcing effects of alcohol and the ability of this drug to activate classical reward pathways. This offers an opportunity for personalized treatment approaches in alcoholism. Second, brain stress and fear systems become pathologically activated in later stages of alcoholism and their activation is a major influence in escalation of alcohol intake, sensitization of stress responses, and susceptibility to relapse. These findings offer a new category of treatment mechanisms. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling through CRH1 receptors is a major candidate target in this category, but recent data indicate that antagonists for substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors may have a similar potential.
Diffusion in polymer–solvent systems. III. Construction of Deborah number diagrams

A method is presented for anticipating condition under which anomalous diffusion effects can be expected for amorphous polymer–solvent systems. The diffusion process is characterized by a dimensionless group called the diffusion Deborah number, and a method for calculating this dimensionless number is presented. Deborah number diagrams are constructed for the unsteady diffusion of ethylbenzene and polystyrene in thin films, and observed diffusion phenomena are discussed on the basis of these diagrams.
Classification of the myelodysplastic syndrome in a national registry of recently diagnosed patients

Abstract Background It is not known to what extent the WHO classification scheme for MDS has been adopted in clinical practice. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 200 newly diagnosed MDS patients enrolled in our national registry during the years 2006–2008 to determine the scheme used. Results Clear WHO subtypes were recorded for 45.0% of patients, compared to 5.5% for FAB subtypes; 28.0% had MDS documented but without WHO or FAB subtype, and for 22.5%, the schema was unclear. Conclusion Although many MDS patients do not have a subtype or schema documented, when they do, the WHO system is widely used.
Differences in Rh type between age groups of leukaemia patients.

IN view of the variation of the incidence of leukaemia in relation to age, sex and chronicity1, I have investigated the ABO and Rh blood groups in subsamples of these categories. Significantly I found higher Rh negative frequencies among patients between groups 0–4 years old and more than 50 years old compared with those between 5 and 50.
Effects of scopolamine on locomotor activity and metabolic rate in mice

Reduction of metabolic rate occurs in rodents in response to intoxication with several chemicals, including amphetamine. In the present study, cholinergic mediation of locomotor activity and metabolic rate was investigated by measuring the effects of scopolamine on the frequency of photobeam breaks, the rate of CO2 production, and rectal temperature in unrestrained mice. Increasing doses of scopolamine (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg IP) increased locomotor activity over a 72-min observation period. CO2 production (as minute volume exhaled CO2, VECO2), measured simultaneously with locomotor activity, was suppressed equally at all doses of the drug. Rectal temperatures taken 72 min after scopolamine declined slightly in a dose-related manner. These results parallel earlier findings with d-amphetamine and suggest that divergent effects on metabolic rate and locomotor activity may be induced by centrally- acting compounds acting on more than one neurochemical system.
Studies on the mechanism of DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract The synthesis of single-stranded DNA subunits (4 × 107 daltons) in Physarum polycephalum was studied by alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The results were compared with the synthesis of the double-stranded DNA molecules (2.3 × 108 daltons) which they comprise, as determined from neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation patterns. Although the initiation of synthesis of most double-stranded DNA molecules takes place relatively early in the S period, synthesis of the subunits within them is initiated throughout at least the first two hours of this period. Similarly, replicating (presumably forked) DNA molecules appear to split into daughter DNA molecules prior to the completion of synthesis of the subunits therein. The average rate of DNA chain elongation within subunits is 0.3 × 106 daltons/minute. It is suggested that alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation may be a more sensitive method for determining the time required for the completion of replication than other methods based solely on the incorporation of radioactive DNA precursors into an acid-insoluble product.
Activity of ε–Polylysine Against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes

: e–polylysine is a homopolymer of L-lysine, an essential amino acid, with a reportedly wide antimicrobial spectrum. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of e–polylysine, as compared with known preservatives and organic acids, against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes, in culture broth. The compounds tested included e–polylysine (0.0025% to 0.05%), sodium diacetate (0.25%), sodium lactate (3.0%), lactic acid (0.1%), and acetic acid (0.1%), alone, as well as in combination with e– polylysine (0.0025% to 0.03%); all treatments were evaluated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract. Treatments were inoculated (approximately 2 log colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) with 5-strain (E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium) or 10-strain (L. monocytogenes) mixtures of the pathogens. Survival/growth of the inoculated bacteria was periodically monitored during incubation at 4 °C (30 d) and 24 °C (48 h). Bactericidal effects of e–polylysine were obtained against E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium at 4 °C. At the same temperature (4 °C), e–polylysine alone or in combination with other compounds tested inhibited growth or was bactericidal against L. monocytogenes. All 3 pathogens were inhibited by e–polylysine at 24 °C; however, L. monocytogenes was the most sensitive and S. Typhimurium the most resistant. The antimicrobial activity of e–polylysine against E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium was enhanced (P < 0.05) when tested in combination with sodium diacetate or acetic acid. Combination treatments with sodium lactate resulted in loss of e–polylysine activity by the end of the incubation period. Overall, under the conditions of this study, e–polylysine exhibited antimicrobial effects against the 3 pathogens tested.
VENTILATORY RESPONSES TO C02 IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE

No significant differences were found in the ventilatory response to CO2 in a group of very low birthweight infants evaluated for apnea. Twenty-two infants were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of IVH. Group I consisted of 11 infants (BW 1050±380g, GA 28±1 wk), 8 suffering from Grade III, and 3 from Grade IV IVH. Eleven infants (BW 1130 ±210g,GA 28±2 wk) comprised Group II, the control population. Group I was examined at 44±9 weeks postconceptual age, and Group II at 42±10 weeks (P 0.05). Ventilatory response to CO2 was measured by a computerized waveform analyzer.
Comparison of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates from a veterinary teaching hospital

Aims: To compare Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates obtained from patients or the environment of a veterinary teaching hospital over a period of 9 years following a nosocomial outbreak to determine whether isolates were epidemiologically related or represented unrelated introductions into the hospital environment. Methods and Results: Fifty-six S. Infantis isolates were compared based on their phenotypic (antimicrobial drug [AMD] susceptibility pattern) and genotypic (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] pattern and presence of integrons) characteristics. Epidemiologically unrelated S. Infantis isolates clustered separately from all but two of the hospital isolates, and several isolates from different years and various sources were indistinguishable from each other in cluster analysis of two-enzyme PFGE results. A high percentage of isolates (80·3%) were resistant to at least one AMD, with 67·8% showing resistance to >5 AMD. The majority (74·1%) of isolates tested contained type 1 integrons. Conclusion: Results strongly suggest that there was nosocomial transmission of S. Infantis during the initial outbreak, and that contamination arising from this outbreak persisted across years despite rigorous hygiene and biosecurity precautions and may have led to subsequent nosocomial infections. Significance and Impact of the Study: Evidence of persistence and transmission of Salmonella clones across years, even in the face of rigorous preventive measures, has important implications for other facilities that have experienced outbreaks of Salmonella infections.
Myocardial Preconditioning Produced by Ischemia, Hypoxia, and a KATPChannel Opener: Effects on Interstitial Adenosine in Dogs

Previous research has demonstrated that a transient increase in interstitial adenosine and subsequent activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are involved in triggering ischemic preconditioning (PC), however, the role of adenosine in mediating the cardioprotection of hypoxic PC and that produced by KATP channel openers is less clear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the role of adenosine in mediating the cardioprotective effects of PC produced by 5 min of ischemia, hypoxia, or by a 5-min intracoronary (i.c.) infusion of the KATP channel opener bimakalim (1 microgram/min). A single microdialysis probe was implanted into the midwall of the ischemic area for sampling of interstitial fluid adenosine and its breakdown products during the PC stimulus, prolonged occlusion (60 min) and during the first 30 min of the reperfusion (3 h) period. Ischemic, hypoxic and bimakalim pretreatment significantly reduced infarct size, 5.3 +/- 1.5; 8.9 +/- 2.5; 11.4 +/- 3.2, respectively, as compared to control: 27.3 +/- 6.5. Both ischemic and hypoxic PC produced similar and significant increases (0.56 +/- 0.13 mumol/l to 1.12 +/- 0.12 mumol/l and 1.32 mumol, control, ischemic and hypoxic PC, respectively) in dialysate adenosine concentration which persisted during the brief 10-min reperfusion period following PC. However, i.c. bimakalim resulted in a significant decrease in dialysate adenosine (0.56 +/- 0.13 mumol/l to 0.22 +/- 0.04 mumol/l) which persisted during the 10-min drug-free period. All three PC protocols resulted in similar decreases in dialysate adenosine, inosine and uric acid concentrations throughout the prolonged ischemic period as compared to control animals. In conclusion (1): PC produced by ischemia or hypoxia results in an increase in interstitial adenosine prior to a prolonged occlusion period; (2) the KATP channel agonist, bimakalim, significantly decreased interstitial adenosine prior to a prolonged occlusion period; (3) ischemic PC, hypoxic PC, and bimakalim pretreatment produced a similar reduction in interstitial adenosine and its breakdown products during the prolonged ischemic period. These results suggest that an increase in interstitial adenosine may be necessary for the initiation of the protective effect of ischemic and hypoxic PC but an increase in adenosine is not necessary for the cardioprotective effect of a direct opener of the KATP channel.
Aspartic acid 397 in subunit B of the Na+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio cholerae forms part of a sodium-binding site, is involved in cation selectivity, and affects cation-binding site cooperativity.

The Na+-pumping NADH:quinone complex is found in Vibrio cholerae and other marine and pathogenic bacteria. NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase oxidizes NADH and reduces ubiquinone, using the free energy released by this reaction to pump sodium ions across the cell membrane. In a previous report, a conserved aspartic acid residue in the NqrB subunit at position 397, located in the cytosolic face of this protein, was proposed to be involved in the capture of sodium. Here, we studied the role of this residue through the characterization of mutant enzymes in which this aspartic acid was substituted by other residues that change charge and size, such as arginine, serine, lysine, glutamic acid, and cysteine. Our results indicate that NqrB-Asp-397 forms part of one of the at least two sodium-binding sites and that both size and charge at this position are critical for the function of the enzyme. Moreover, we demonstrate that this residue is involved in cation selectivity, has a critical role in the communication between sodium-binding sites, by promoting cooperativity, and controls the electron transfer step involved in sodium uptake (2Fe-2S → FMNC).
Mixed convective/dynamic roll vortices and their effects on initial wind and temperature profiles

The onset and development of both dynamically and convectively forced boundary layer rolls are studied with linear and nonlinear analyses of a truncated spectral model of shallow Boussinesq flow. Emphasis is given here on the energetics of the dominant roll modes, on the magnitudes of the roll-induced modifications of the initial basic state wind and temperature profiles, and on the sensitivity of the linear stability results to the use of modified profiles as basic states. It is demonstrated that the roll circulations can produce substantial changes to the cross-roll component of the initial wind profile and that significant changes in orientation angle estimates can result from use of a roll-modified profile in the stability analysis. These results demonstrate that roll contributions must be removed from observed background wind profiles before using them to investigate the mechanisms underlying actual secondary flows in the boundary layer. The model is developed quite generally to accept arbitrary basic state wind profiles as dynamic forcing. An Ekman profile is chosen here merely to provide a means for easy comparison with other theoretical boundary layer studies; the ultimate application of the model is to study observed boundary layer profiles. Results of the analytic stability analysis are validated by comparing them with results from a larger linear model. For an appropriate Ekman depth, a complete set of transition curves is given in forcing parameter space for roll modes driven both thermally and dynamically. Preferred orientation angles, horizontal wavelengths and propagation frequencies, as well as energetics and wind profile modifications, are all shown to agree rather well with results from studies on Ekman layers as well as with studies on near-neutral and convective atmospheric boundary layers.
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Normal glucose homeostasis A discussion of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus must start with a review of mechanisms involved in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis in the basal or postabsorptive state (10–12 h overnight fast) and following ingestion of a typical mixed meal [1–9]. In the postabsorptive state the majority of total body glucose disposal takes place in insulinindependent tissues. Thus, approximately 50% of all glucose use occurs in the brain, which is insulin-independent and becomes saturated at a plasma glucose concentration of approximately 40 mg/dL [10]. Another 25% of glucose disposal occurs in the splanchnic area (liver plus gastrointestinal tissues), which is also insulin-independent. The remaining 25% of glucose use in the postabsorptive state takes place in insulin-dependent tissues, primarily muscle, and to a lesser extent adipose tissue. Basal glucose use, approximately 2.0 mg/kg/min, is precisely matched by the rate of endogenous glucose production (Fig. 1). Approximately 85% of endogenous glucose production is derived from the liver, and the remaining 15% is produced by the kidney. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis contribute equally to the basal rate of hepatic glucose production.
Social capital, poverty, and income inequality as predictors of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and AIDS case rates in the United States.

Objective: This study examined the state level association between social capital, poverty, income inequality, and four infectious diseases that have important public health implications given their long term sequelae: gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and AIDS. Method: A state level, correlational analysis (including bivariate linear correlational analysis, and multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis) was carried out. 1999 state level rates of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and AIDS were the main outcome measures. Results: In bivariate analyses, poverty was significantly correlated with chlamydia; income inequality was significantly correlated with chlamydia and AIDS case rates; and social capital was significantly correlated with all outcome measures. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, social capital was always the strongest predictor variable. Conclusions: These results suggest that social capital is highly predictive of at least some infectious diseases. The results indicate the need for further research into this relation, and suggest the potential need for structural interventions designed to increase social capital in communities.
On the Function of the Aortic Valve and the Mechanism of the First and Second Sounds

Studies are reported on the exact timing of the aortic component of the second sound in relationship to aortic pressure and flow velocity, and also to aortic valve closure. These studies were performed in animals by means of catheter-tip probes and an electric contact introduced into the aortic valve. They were supplemented by echocardiographic studies of the aortic valve, and impedance cardiograms in man. Opening of the aortic valve and its relationship to the first heart sound were also studied.It was observed that the second component of the first heart sound grossly coincides with the opening of the aortic valve.The aortic component of the second sound starts a few milliseconds after aortic valve closure. It starts after the incisura of the aortic pressure tracing and the drop of the velocity curve to the zero line; it then increases attaining its maximum at the peak of the rapid rebound of the aortic pressure, which coincides with the trough of the velocity tracing.The final interpretation on the mechanism of the second sound agrees in principle with the studies of Luciani, Wiggers, and Rushmer attributing the sound vibrations to release of the energy stored in the aortic wall, which accelerates the flow and causes deceleration of numerous structures (aortic and valvar) as well as of the blood. Studies of the rate of change of acceleration of pressure confirm this interpretation.