cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute posterior cruciate ligament injuries: effect of location, severity, and associated injuries on surgical management

To correlate MRI findings of patients with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury and surgical management. A retrospective search yielded 79 acute PCL injuries (36 ± 16 years old, 21 F, 58 M). Two independent readers graded PCL tear location (proximal, middle, or distal third) and severity (low-grade or high-grade partial/complete) and evaluated injury of other knee structures. When available, operative reports were examined and the performed surgical procedure was compared with injury grade, location, and presence of associated injuries. The most commonly injured knee structures in acute PCL tears were posterolateral corner (58/79, 73%) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (48/79, 61%). Of the 64 patients with treatment information, 31/64 (48%) were managed surgically: 12/31 (39%) had PCL reconstruction, 13/31 (42%) had ACL reconstruction, 10/31 (32%) had posterolateral corner reconstruction, 9/31 (29%) had LCL reconstruction, 8/31 (26%) had meniscectomy, and 8/31 (26%) had fixation of a fracture. Proximal third PCL tear and multiligamentous injury were more commonly associated with surgical management (P < 0.05). Posterolateral and posteromedial corner, ACL, collateral ligament, meniscus, patellar retinaculum, and gastrocnemius muscle injury, and fracture were more likely to result in surgical management (P < 0.05). Patients with high-grade partial/complete PCL tear were more likely to have PCL reconstruction as a portion of surgical management (P < 0.05). Location of PCL tear and presence of other knee injuries were associated with surgical management while high-grade/complete PCL tear grade was associated with PCL reconstruction. MRI reporting of PCL tear location, severity, and of other knee structure injuries is important for guiding clinical management.
Novo&Stitch: accurate reconciliation of genome assemblies via optical maps

Author(s): Pan, Weihua; Wanamaker, Steve I; Ah-Fong, Audrey MV; Judelson, Howard S; Lonardi, Stefano | Abstract: MotivationDe novo genome assembly is a challenging computational problem due to the high repetitive content of eukaryotic genomes and the imperfections of sequencing technologies (i.e. sequencing errors, uneven sequencing coverage and chimeric reads). Several assembly tools are currently available, each of which has strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the trade-off between maximizing contiguity and minimizing assembly errors (e.g. mis-joins). To obtain the best possible assembly, it is common practice to generate multiple assemblies from several assemblers and/or parameter settings and try to identify the highest quality assembly. Unfortunately, often there is no assembly that both maximizes contiguity and minimizes assembly errors, so one has to compromise one for the other.ResultsThe concept of assembly reconciliation has been proposed as a way to obtain a higher quality assembly by merging or reconciling all the available assemblies. While several reconciliation methods have been introduced in the literature, we have shown in one of our recent papers that none of them can consistently produce assemblies that are better than the assemblies provided in input. Here we introduce NovoaStitch, a novel method that takes advantage of optical maps to accurately carry out assembly reconciliation (assuming that the assembled contigs are sufficiently long to be reliably aligned to the optical maps, e.g. 50 Kbp or longer). Experimental results demonstrate that NovoaStitch can double the contiguity (N50) of the input assemblies without introducing mis-joins or reducing genome completeness.Availability and implementationNovoaStitch can be obtained from https://github.com/ucrbioinfo/Novo_Stitch.
EPIDEMIC OF STINGS BY THE JELLYFISH PELAGIA NOCTILUCA IN THE ADRIATIC

ABSTRACT During the summers of 1977, 1978 and 1979, large swarms of the coelenterate Pelagia noctiluca appeared in the northern Adriatic Sea. An estimated 250,000 persons were stung along northern Yugoslavian coasts during the summer months of 1978. These scyphomedusa also caused occupational difficulties by fouling the driving parts of boat motors and fishing gear.
The Kinetics of NOxDecomposition and NO Reduction by CH4overLa2O3and Sr/La2O3

Abstract The kinetics of four different reactions over two rare earthoxide catalysts have been determined at 923 K—N2Odecomposition, NO decomposition, NO reduction by CH4in theabsence of O2, and NO reduction byCH4with excess O2present.After examination of many different reaction mechanisms and therate expressions derived from each of them, the sequence ofelementary steps and the resulting rate equation which bestdescribe the experimental results for each are reported here.The Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type expressions indicate that N2Oproceeds via unimolecular decomposition, whereas the ratedetermining step for NO decomposition involves a surfacereaction between two adsorbed NO molecules. The reduction of NOby CH4in the absence of O2proceeds with methyl radicalformation via hydride abstraction by NO implied as the slowstep, and the rate determining step for NO reduction when bothCH4and O2are present again appears to be methyl radicalformation by reaction betweenadsorbed CH4and NO2. The rateenhancements for NO reductionto N2and O2when CH4, or CH4plus O2, is utilized are attributed to the formation of methylradicals and subsequent C-containing surface intermediates whichrapidly interact with NO. The proposed chemistry is consistentwith both that associated with methane oxidative coupling overrare earth oxides and that describing homogeneous free-radicalreactions involving these intermediates. Consequently, acomplete catalytic cycle of elementary steps is proposed foreach reaction to demonstrate the possible presence of thesevarious intermediates and to allow the testing of these modelsin the future.
Impact of a co-curricular, e-learning activity on pharmacy student knowledge of laboratory values

Abstract Background and purpose Pharmacists are increasingly taking on roles that require interpretation of laboratory values. We sought to assess the impact of a co-curricular, e-learning activity on pharmacy student knowledge of laboratory values. Educational activity and setting We implemented a co-curricular, e-learning activity during the 2015–2016 academic year at the South Carolina College of Pharmacy. While students in all professional years could participate, the activity was required for those in their third professional year (P3). The activity consisted of a two-hour recorded lesson and accompanying handout. We administered a pre-assessment consisting of 10 multiple-choice questions, followed by a post-assessment comprised of 20 questions, including the 10 questions from the pre-assessment. Mean scores on these 10 questions were compared before and after the activity. Findings Two hundred and thirty-five students completed the activity. Mean pre-assessment scores numerically increased as year of study increased; ranging from 65.0% to 93.4%. Compared to mean pre-assessment scores for all students, mean post-assessment scores were higher (82.2% vs. 94.3%, p Summary Following the completion of a co-curricular, e-learning activity designed to provide instruction on laboratory values for pharmacy students, increases in mean post-assessment scores were observed. Applicability of our results is reduced for students outside of the P3 year.
Recent Research in Religion: A Citation Analysis

This paper reports the results of a study of the citations accompanying research published over ten years in the fields of theology, religious studies, and biblical studies. The purpose of the citation analysis project was to determine patterns of material usage by scholars in the discipline of Religion. The project proposed to seek answers to questions that frequently cross the minds of theological librarians, including, among others, the types of sources used by researchers in our fields, the prominence of primary sources, the currency of sources cited, dominant languages of publication and research, and most frequently used journals. A sample of peer-reviewed articles from these fields, chosen from journals indexed by the ATLA Religion Database, was examined from a variety of angles. 4107 cited references from 96 articles were analyzed for source type, publication language, dating, and authorship; articles were further examined for the peer review status of the publishing journal and the subject area covered. The cited references of the 96 articles analyzed were primarily monographs, published in English, published and created within the decades before the publication of the citing articles, and most had a single author. The 14 most frequently cited journals covered topics in religion and the social sciences. The results reported here are expected to be informative to theological librarians in making collection development decisions and building subject liaison relationships. Librarians may choose monograph acquisitions over other types, or consider promoting other types of resources differently to encourage use. Theological librarians might consider subscribing to journal titles which overlap in subject coverage with the social sciences. Librarians and discipline faculty will likely find many conversation points among the data presented here.
A Naturalistic Paradigm: An Introduction to Using Ethnographic Methods for Research in Mathematics Education

This chapter provides an introduction to integrating a naturalistic paradigm and ethnographic methods into research in mathematics education. The chapter addresses methodological issues specific to designing and conducting research in mathematics education framed by a naturalistic paradigm that includes ethnographic methods and, in particular, using video as an ethnographic research methodology. The theoretical perspective used in this chapter is based on assumptions summarized in a chapter by Moschkovich and Brenner (Handbook of research design in mathematics and science education, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, pp. 457–486, 2000). This chapter focuses on describing and illustrating an ethnographic stance and the design of ecologically valid mathematical tasks, and summarizes design issues for ethnographic research, in particular using video.
A leapfrog semi-smooth Newton-multigrid method for semilinear parabolic optimal control problems

A new semi-smooth Newton multigrid algorithm is proposed for solving the discretized first order necessary optimality systems that characterizing the optimal solutions of a class of two dimensional semi-linear parabolic PDE optimal control problems with control constraints. A new computational scheme (leapfrog scheme) in time associated with the standard five-point stencil in space is established to achieve the second-order finite difference discretization. The convergence (or unconditional stability) of the proposed scheme is proved when assuming time-periodic solutions. Moreover, the derived well-structured discretized Jacobian matrices greatly facilitate the development of effective smoother in our multigrid algorithm. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which validates the second-order accuracy in solution approximations and the optimal linear complexity of computing time.
Sisters of the Forest

The focus of critical inquiry in this chapter is Hemingway’s relationship to his sisters (Marcelline, Sunny, and Ursula), focusing on the trope of “androgynous twinship,” and the extent to which the sibling twin dyad similarly informs Hemingway’s identity and art. This inquiry serves as a springboard for an in-depth analysis of Hemingway’s relationship to a series of surrogate “twin sisters” and the extent to which these amorous, androgynous relationships similarly inform his identity and art. Throughout, the primary focus is on the Marcelline-Ernest and Mary Welsh-Ernest relationships. An in-depth analysis is also conducted of the fictional counterpart to these sibling twin dyads, the Catherine-David Bourne relationship of GOE.
An Embarrassingly Parallel Method for Large-Scale Stochastic Programs

Stochastic programming offers a flexible modeling framework for optimal decision-making problems under uncertainty. Most practical stochastic programming instances, however, quickly grow too large to solve on a single computer, especially due to memory limitations. This chapter reviews recent developments in solving large-scale stochastic programs, possibly with multiple stages and mixed-integer decision variables, and focuses on a scenario decomposition-based bounding method, which is broadly applicable as it does not rely on special problem structure and stands out as a natural candidate for implementation in a distributed fashion. In addition to discussing the method theoretically, this chapter examines issues related to a distributed implementation of the method on a modern computing grid. Using large-scale instances from the literature, this chapter demonstrates the potential of the method in obtaining high quality solutions to very large-scale stochastic programming instances within a reasonable time frame.
Formulation and evaluation of itraconazole liposomes for Hedgehog pathway inhibition.

Itraconazole (ITZ) is an FDA-approved antifungal agent that has recently been explored for novel biological properties. In particular, ITZ was identified as a potent inhibitor of the hedgehog (Hh) ...
PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticle Delivery of Eggmanone for T Cell Modulation: Applications in Rheumatic Autoimmunity.

Background Helper T cell activity is dysregulated in a number of diseases including those associated with rheumatic autoimmunity. Treatment options are limited and usually consist of systemic immune suppression, resulting in undesirable consequences from compromised immunity. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in the activation of T cells and the formation of the immune synapse, but remains understudied in the context of autoimmunity. Modulation of Hh signaling has the potential to enable controlled immunosuppression but a potential therapy has not yet been developed to leverage this opportunity. Methods In this work, we developed biodegradable nanoparticles to enable targeted delivery of eggmanone (Egm), a specific Hh inhibitor, to CD4+ T cell subsets. We utilized two FDA-approved polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polyethylene glycol, to generate hydrolytically degradable nanoparticles. Furthermore, we employed maleimide-thiol mediated conjugation chemistry to decorate nanoparticles with anti-CD4 F(ab') antibody fragments to enable targeted delivery of Egm. Results Our novel delivery system achieved a highly specific association with the majority of CD4+ T cells present among a complex cell population. Additionally, we have demonstrated antigen-specific inhibition of CD4+ T cell responses mediated by nanoparticle-formulated Egm. Conclusion This work is the first characterization of Egm's immunomodulatory potential. Importantly, this study also suggests the potential benefit of a biodegradable delivery vehicle that is rationally designed for preferential interaction with a specific immune cell subtype for targeted modulation of Hh signaling.
‘[F]leshly inclinations’: The Nature of Female Desire in Rhoda Broughton’s Early Fiction

Addressing Rhoda Broughton’s first three novels, Not Wisely, but Too Well (1867), Cometh Up as a Flower (1867), and Red as a Rose Is She (1870), this chapter explores the innovative strategies for depicting female sexuality that constitute Broughton’s contribution to Victorian women’s writing, and which include justifying female desire by defining it as natural instinct. The chapter also examines the critique of female disenfranchisement through marriage that places Broughton’s work in tension with the marketplace niche she would fill upon the publication of her third novel. Departing from the sensationalism of her earliest fiction, Red as a Rose Is She established Broughton as a writer of domestic fiction, yet its disturbingly jealous male lead anticipates her later portrayal of women’s sexual suppression within domesticity.
Defining a ‘Pataphysical Stance for Arts-Based Research

This article proposes a ‘pataphysical turn for arts-based research through the work of Alfred Jarry. Jarry outlined a unique research program that falls neatly neither into scientific inquiry nor a...
Considerations to Support Use of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric Measures in Ambulatory Clinics.

Objective To identify challenges to the use of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric measures in the ambulatory pediatric setting and possible solutions to these challenges. Study design Eighteen semistructured telephone interviews of health system leaders, measurement implementers, and ambulatory pediatric clinicians were conducted. Five coders used applied thematic analysis to iteratively identify and refine themes in interview data. Results Most interviewees had roles in leadership or the implementation of patient-centered outcomes; 39% were clinicians. Some had experience using PROMIS clinically (44%) and 6% were considering this use. Analyses yielded 6 themes: (1) selection of PROMIS measures, (2) method of administration, (3) use of PROMIS Parent Proxy measures, (4) privacy and confidentiality of PROMIS responses, (5) interpretation of PROMIS scores, and (6) using PROMIS scores clinically. Within the themes, interviewees illuminated specific unique considerations for using PROMIS with children, including care transitions and privacy. Conclusions Real-world challenges continue to hamper PROMIS use. Ongoing efforts to disseminate information about the integration of PROMIS measures in clinical care is critical to impacting the health of children.
Mixed-Signal Computing for Deep Neural Network Inference

Modern deep neural networks (DNNs) require billions of multiply-accumulate operations per inference. Given that these computations demand relatively low precision, it is feasible to consider analog computing, which can be more efficient than digital in the low-SNR regime. This overview article investigates the potential of mixed analog/digital computing approaches in the context of modern DNN processor architectures, which are typically limited by memory access. We discuss how memory-like and in-memory compute fabrics may help alleviate this bottleneck and derive asymptotic efficiency limits at the processing array level. It is shown that single-digit fJ/op energy efficiencies are feasible for 4-bit mixed-signal arithmetic. In this analysis, special consideration is given to the SNR and amortization requirements of the analog–digital interfaces. In addition, we consider the pros and cons for a variety of implementation styles and highlight the challenge of retaining high compute efficiency for a complete DNN accelerator design.
Magnetism and superconductivity in Fe 1+y Te 1-x Se x

Neutron scattering has played a significant role in characterizing magnetic and structural correlations in Fe$_{1+y}$Te$_{1-x}$Se$_x$ and their connections with superconductivity. Here we review several key aspects of the physics of iron chalcogenide superconductors where neutron studies played a key role. These topics include the phase diagram of Fe$_{1+y}$Te$_{1-x}$Se$_{x}$, where the doping-dependence of structural transitions can be understood from a mapping to the anisotropic random field Ising model. We then discuss orbital-selective Mott physics in the Fe chalcogenide series, where temperature-dependent magnetism in the parent material provided one of the earliest cases for orbital-selective correlation effects in a Hund's metal. Finally, we elaborate on the character of local magnetic correlations revealed by neutron scattering, its dependence on temperature and composition, and the connections to nematicity and superconductivity.
Gratings-based phase contrast x-ray imaging: progress towards a prototype system for explosives detection

Gratings-based phase contrast x-ray imaging offers enhanced material information in an x-ray imaging measurement, a key consideration for improving performance in explosives detection. Application of phase contrast imaging to explosives detection requires addressing several key technical issues: identifying a patterning element (grating) that offers an appropriate tradeoff between sensitivity and robust operation at high energies, developing techniques that allow for quantitative interpretation of new signatures under a broad range of attenuation conditions, and designing a system that allows for rapid measurement while providing sufficient signal-to-noise. We present results illustrating the value of phase contrast x-ray signatures for explosives detection, and demonstrate the ability to obtain quantitative metrics in the presence of intervening materials. Finally, we demonstrate preliminary results from a gratings-based phase contrast system in a scanning configuration.
Prepregnancy Counseling Among U.S. Women With Diabetes and Hypertension, 2016-2018.

Introduction Individuals who have diabetes or hypertension established before pregnancy are at increased risk for maternal and infant health complications. Guidelines recommend that providers deliver prepregnancy counseling, but little is known about the receipt of those services among patients with chronic conditions. Methods Data from the 2016–2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a population-based survey among women with recent live births, were used. Self-reported receipt of prepregnancy counseling on folic acid supplementation, pregnancy desire, contraceptive use, and improving health before pregnancy was examined overall and by diabetes and hypertension status. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between diabetes and hypertension status and the 4 prepregnancy counseling outcomes. Analyses were conducted in 2020. Results Overall, 2.1% of women reported having both diabetes and hypertension, 1.3% reported having diabetes alone, and 3.1% reported having hypertension alone. Less than half of the sample reported receiving each prepregnancy counseling outcome. In adjusted models, women with hypertension alone were more likely to report each counseling outcome than women without diabetes or hypertension. Women with diabetes alone were only more likely to report receiving counseling about improving health, and women with both conditions were not more likely to report the receipt of any counseling outcome under study. Conclusions Women with prepregnancy diabetes, hypertension, or both reported low levels of the recommended prepregnancy counseling, suggesting an evidence–practice gap that should be addressed to optimize maternal and infant health outcomes. There is a need for evidence-based and patient-centered models of prepregnancy counseling for those with diabetes and hypertension.
Douglas Hires a Woman to Clerk

The editors of the 2020 Green Bag Almanac and Reader mined Justices' papers held by the Library of Congress for handwritten documents to feature and invited essays about each one. This essay is a gloss on Vern Countryman's letter to Justice William O. Douglas (Jan. 12, 1944) recommending a law student from the University of Washington to serve as a clerk. The law student was Lucile Lomen, who became the first woman to clerk for a Supreme Court Justice. The essay offers biographical tidbits and historical context—including Lomen's childhood in Nome and Seattle life during World War II. Along with shipbuilding and troop movements, the Seattle experience included the internment of Japanese Americans (Gordon Hirabayashi was a student at the UW at the same time Countryman and Lomen were there), an issue that went East to the Supreme Court, as the young clerks did. As a Seattleite whose parents were born the same year as Lomen, I also weave in some personal history. The PDF includes Countryman's letter as well as my essay.
Correction to: Henry Gewirtz, MD (1945-2021).

A co-author’s name was inadvertently published as “Michael J. Osborne” rather than “Michael T. Osborne”.
Adaptive Modules on Prerequisite Chemistry Content Positively Impact Chiropractic Students’ Proficiency in Biochemistry

Students entering the doctor of chiropractic program at Northwestern Health Sciences University were offered three adaptive units on chemistry concepts deemed foundational for the two-course biochemistry series offered in the first two terms of the program. The effects of this remedial intervention offered to 3 incoming cohorts were assessed in a retrospective case-control approach by comparing several outcomes with a control group of similar size who started the program before the implementation of the adaptive units. Our calculations suggest that there is a positive effect of these adaptive units, in that the odds ratio for students to end the course with a grade of D or F decreased. The biggest impact on performance among 4 summative exams in the course was observed on the final exam, with an odds ratio of 2.3 to earn an A or B on the final, indicating that students who had access to the adaptive units had a substantially higher chance to earn a good grade. The odds ratio for students to earn an F or D on the final was 0.5, indicating a 50% lower risk for a low or failing score.
When Two plus Two Is More than Four: Evidence for a Synergistic Effect of Fatty Acids on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activity in a Bovine Hepatic Model.

The inclusion of fat in livestock diets represents a valuable and cost-effective way to increase the animal’s caloric intake. Beyond their caloric value, fatty acids can be understood in terms of their bioactivity, via the modulation of the ligand-dependent nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Isotypes of PPAR regulate important metabolic processes in both monogastric and ruminant animals, including the metabolism of fatty acids (FA), the production of milk fat, and the immune response; however, information on the modulation of bovine PPAR by fatty acids is limited. The objective of this study was to expand our understanding on modulation of bovine PPAR by FA, both when used individually and in combination, in an immortalized cell culture model of bovine liver. Of the 10 FA included in the study, the greatest activation of the PPAR reporter was detected with saturated FA C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0, as well as phytanic acid, and the unsaturated FA C16:1 and C18:1. When supplemented in mixtures of 2 FA, the most effective combination was C12:0 + C16:0, while in mixtures of 3 FA, the greatest activation was caused by combinations of C12:0 with C16:0 and either C18:0, C16:1, or C18:1. Some mixtures display a synergistic effect that leads to PPAR activation greater than the sum of their parts, which may be explained by structural dynamics within the PPAR ligand-binding pocket. Our results provide fundamental information for the development of tailored dietary plans that focus on the use of FA mixtures for nutrigenomic purposes.
Influence Diffusion, Community Detection, and Link Prediction in Social Network Analysis

Social networks have received extensive attention among researchers across a wide range of disciplines such as computer science, physics, and sociology. This paper mainly overviews a variety of approaches for three problems in real-world life scenarios. The first problem is about influence diffusion, in which influence represents news, ideas, information, and so forth; the second one concerns with partitioning social networks into communities efficiently; and the third one is to predict the hidden or possible new links between individuals in the future based on the existing or observed information.
Spontaneous and rimonabant-precipitated cannabinoid withdrawal in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and AM2389-treated mice (838.5)

Cannabinoid (CB) withdrawal following exposure to THC has been described for human and nonhuman primates. Yet, despite several reports of antagonist-precipitated CB withdrawal, spontaneous CB withd...
SharePoint Collaboration: Streamlining the Dissertation Process for Online Students

In the era of Web 2.0, document editors and collaborative workspaces have emerged. Primary functions of online collaborative workspaces include the ability to create a documents and document libraries online for others to view and collaborate and share document resources; thus, simplifying and streamlining projects that require collaboration. SharePoint is one such collaborative workspace. SharePoint is a server that has allowed for the simplifying and streamlining of the dissertation process for online students. The use of the various features of SharePoint for collaboration on dissertations are discussed. Benefits of using SharePont are outlined.
Mechanisms of Ion Transport Regulation by Microfilaments

A major function of transporting epithelia is vectorial ion movement. This is accomplished by ion channels, pumps, antiporters, and symporters. The activity of these transport proteins is regulated by diverse signaling transduction and membrane trafficking events, many of which involve the actin cytoskeleton. This chapter will focus on the role of actin microfilaments and associated proteins in regulation of ion transport. The apical Na+H+ antiporter NHE3 will be examined in detail in this context due to its general biological importance as well as recent advances that have helped to elucidate the mechanisms of regulation of this protein. Appreciation of the mechanisms of NHE3 regulation should serve as a framework with which to understand cytoskeletal regulation of other transport proteins as well.
Direct correlation between a negative autoregulatory response element at the cap site of the herpes simplex virus type 1 IE175 (alpha 4) promoter and a specific binding site for the IE175 (ICP4) protein.

Abstract In transient-expression assays, the IE175 (alpha 4) promoter region of herpes simple virus is down-regulated after cotransfection with DNA encoding its own protein product (IE175 or ICP4). The inhibition by IE175 proved to be highly specific for its own promoter region and did not act on either the herpes simplex virus type 1 IE110 (alpha 0) or human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoters. Furthermore, the inhibition was still exhibited by IE175 effector plasmids driven by strong heterologous promoters and therefore must be a direct autoregulatory response that cannot be explained by promoter competition effects. In gel mobility retardation assays with infected-cell nuclear extracts, a prominent and specific DNA-protein complex was formed with DNA fragments containing sequences from -108 to +30 in the IE175 promoter region. This activity was not present in mock-infected samples. Even stronger binding occurred with a fragment containing sequences from -128 to +120 in the IE110 promoter, but this second locus was not associated with any detectable response phenotype in cotransfection assays. Supershift experiments with an anti-IE175 monoclonal antibody confirmed the presence of the IE175 protein in both DNA-protein complexes. In the IE175 promoter, specific binding correlated closely with the presence of an intact autoregulatory signal near the cap site as judged by the loss of both activities in a 3'-deleted promoter fragment lacking sequences from -7 to +30. Insertion of a cloned 30-mer synthetic oligonucleotide sequence from positions -8 to +18 in IE175 restored both IE175 binding activity and the down-regulation phenotype. Direct shift-up assays with a similar 30-base-pair (bp) oligonucleotide containing 21 bp from positions -75 to -55 of IE110 (which encompasses a consensus ATCGTC motif) also produced a specific DNA-protein complex containing the IE175 protein. This ATCGTC motif proved to be a necessary component of both the IE110 and IE175 binding sites, but was insufficient on its own for complex formation. Finally, deletion of 2 bp from positions -3 and -4 within the ATCGTC sequence in the IE175 cap site region abolished both binding activity and the IE175-dependent autoregulation phenotype.
Fuzzy systems with competitive objectives

This paper proposes a new approach to designing fuzzy systems. The essential scheme is to decompose the overall system into subsystems and then combine their individual outputs. A novel concept, known as competition is introduced and a hybrid learning algorithm is developed. The utility of the proposed approach is illustrated by a numerical example.
Exercise of royal power in early medieval Europe: the case of Otto the Great 936–73

Current scholarly orthodoxy holds that the German kingdom under the Ottonians (c.919–1024) did not possess an administration, much less an administrative system that relied heavily upon the ‘written word’. It is the contention of this essay that the exercise of royal power under Otto the Great (936–73) relied intrinsically on a substantial royal administrative system that made very considerable use of documents, particularly for the storage of crucial information about royal resources. The focus of this study is on Otto I's use of this written information to exercise royal power in the context of confiscating and requisitioning property from both laymen and ecclesiastical institutions.
A data assimilation technique to account for the nonlinear dependence of scattering microwave observations of precipitation

Satellite microwave observations of rain, whether from radar or passive radiometers, depend in a very crucial way on the vertical distribution of the condensed water mass and on the types and sizes of the hydrometeors in the volume resolved by the instrument. This crucial dependence is nonlinear, with different types and orders of nonlinearity that are due to differences in the absorption/emission and scattering signatures at the different instrument frequencies. Because it is not monotone as a function of the underlying condensed water mass, the nonlinearity requires great care in its representation in the observation operator, as the inevitable uncertainties in the numerous precipitation variables are not directly convertible into an additive white uncertainty in the forward calculated observations. In particular, when attempting to assimilate such data into a cloud-permitting model, special care needs to be applied to describe and quantify the expected uncertainty in the observations operator in order not to turn the implicit white additive uncertainty on the input values into complicated biases in the calculated radiances. One approach would be to calculate the means and covariances of the nonlinearly calculated radiances given an a priori joint distribution for the input variables. This would be a very resource-intensive proposal if performed in real time. We propose a representation of the observation operator based on performing this moment calculation off line, with a dimensionality reduction step to allow for the effective calculation of the observation operator and the associated covariance in real time during the assimilation. The approach is applicable to other remotely sensed observations that depend nonlinearly on model variables, including wind vector fields. The approach has been successfully applied to the case of tropical cyclones, where the organization of the system helps in identifying the dimensionality-reducing variables.
Nevi on Genital Skin

The majority of nevi situated on genital skin (and on other hormonally-affected skin regions) has no peculiar histological characteristics (or have the architectural features of a Clark or dysplastic nevus). This is especially true in post-menopausal women. A few of them, especially in younger women show important cytological and structural findings that can simulate melanoma, leading to inappropriate resection in areas in which conservation of tissue is especially important (Friedman). Nevi on the vulva are much better described than are nevi on male genitalia. This is probably due to the different ages at which genitalia are examined by doctors. Young women are subject to examination at routine gynecologic visits and by obstetricians, while the genitalia of men are not usually scrutinized until they visit urologists in late middle age (at which point many of their nevi have faded).
Star–disc–binary interactions in protoplanetary disc systems and primordial spin–orbit misalignments

We study the interactions between a protostar and its circumstellar disc under the inuence of an external binary companion to determine the evolution of the mutual misalignment between the stellar spin and the disc angular momentum axes. The gravitational torque on the disc from an inclined binary companion makes the disc precess around the binary axis, while the star-disc interaction torque due to the rotation-induced stellar quadrupole tends to make the stellar spin and the disc angular momentum axes precess around each other. A signicant star-disc misalignment angle can be generated from a small initial value as the star-disc system evolves in time (e.g., with decreasing disc mass) such that the two precession frequencies cross each other. This \secular resonance" behaviour can be understood in a simple, geometric way from the precession dynamics of spin and disc angular momenta. We derive the general conditions for such resonance crossing to occur, and nd that they can be satised for very reasonable protostar-disc-binary parameters. The evolution of stardisc inclination is also signicantly aected by mass accretion from the disc onto the central star and by magnetic star-disc interaction torques, which can either promote or reduce star-disc misalignment, as well as by the possible damping of disc-binary inclination due to viscous dissipation of disc warps. In general, as long as the initial binary-disc inclination is not too small (greater than a few degrees), a variety of stardisc misalignment angles can be generated within the lifetimes of protoplanetary discs ( 10 Myrs). We discuss the implications of our results for the observations of stellar spin orientations in binaries, for the alignments/misalignments of protostellar discs and debris discs relative to their host stars, and for the observed stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems. In particular, if hot Jupiters are produced by the secular Lidov-Kozai eect induced by an external stellar companion present in the protostellar phase, then it is likely that \primordial" star-disc misalignments are already generated by the star-disc-binary interactions. Even for systems where the Kozai eect is suppressed, misaligned planets and hot Jupiters may still be produced during the protoplanetray disc phase.
Single-crystal neutron diffraction studies of hydrogen-bonded systems: Two recent examples from IPNS

Abstract Beginning with work in the 1950s at the first generation of research reactors, studies of hydrogen-bonded systems have been a prime application for single-crystal neutron diffraction. The range of systems studied was extended in the 1960s and 1970s, with the advent of high flux reactor sources, and beginning around 1980 studies at pulsed neutron sources have made increasingly important contributions. Recently at the Argonne Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), working with collaborators, we completed two studies of hydrogen-bonded systems that will serve to illustrate topics of current interest. In the first study, on andrographolide, an active diterpenoid natural product, our neutron diffraction results definitively characterize the hydrogen-bonding interactions. The second IPNS study is on tetraacetylethane (TAE), a β-diketone enol system with a very short, strong intramolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bond. At IPNS, we have determined the neutron crystal structure of TAE at five temperatures between 20 and 298 K to investigate changes in the structure with temperature and to probe for disorder. Despite the successes illustrated by the two examples presented here and by many other studies, at present applications of single-crystal neutron diffraction continue to be extremely flux limited and constrained by the requirement for mm-size crystals for many problems. These limitations are being addressed through the realization of powerful instruments at a new generation of pulsed neutron sources, including in the USA the TOPAZ and MaNDi single-crystal diffractometers that are under development at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).
A MARKAL model of state electricity generation

We present a least-cost linear-optimization model of electricity generation using MARKAL that can be applied at the level of an individual state. Our methodology is applied to a case study of the state of Georgia and used to analyze the evolution of its electricity generation portfolio under different efficiency scenarios.
Short Communication: Metabolism of the bay-region trans-1–2-dihydrodiol of benz(a)anthracene in rat liver microsomes occurs primarily at the 3, 4-double bond

The bay-region hydroxyl groups of benz[a]anthracene (+/-)trans-1,2-dihydrodiol are known to be exclusively in quasi-axial conformations. This dihydrodiol was stereoselectively metabolized in rat liver microsomes to form two optically active 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrotetrols as the predominant products. Thus, the bay-region axial hydroxyl groups of benz[a]anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol do not direct metabolism away from the vicinal 3,4-double bond.
The Measurement of an Individual's Organization Map

This paper proposes a theoretical framework and operational measure of an individual's organization map, that is his perceptual model of the organization. Data were obtained from two departments in an insurance corporation to study the relationship between the organization map and various structural and personality variables. The analysis gave some support to the validity of the organizationmap scale. The implications of the concept and measure of the organization map for organization theory and administrative practices are discussed. Paul S. Goodman is assistant professor in the Graduate School of Business at The University of Chicago.
Sea-level cycles during the growth of Atlantic-type oceans

Abstract First-order changes in global sea level are commonly thought to be the result of short-term fluctuations in oceanic spreading rate. However, eustatic high stands have occurred only twice in Phanerozoic time, and in both cases have followed supercontinent break up by a lag period of 50–100 Ma. Therefore, if pulses in spreading rate were the primary control of eustasy, then, for some reason, rate increases would have had to have occurred with predictable periodicity with respect to major rifting events. Alternatively, we propose that the major control on first-order sea-level cycles is the formation of Atlantic-type oceans with its attendant changes in the area/age distribution of the global ocean floor and the formation of extensional passive margins. Our calculations indicate that both the approximate magnitude and relative timing of sea-level highstands relative to supercontinent break up are predicted by this mechanism. Thus, the importance of short-term spreading rate variations in eustatic cycles becomes secondary.
Money growth and inflation dynamics

Abstract This paper shows that the inflation rate overreacts to changes in the money growth rate if (i) the rate and the volatility of money growth are related, and (ii) the unpredictability of inflation reduces the demand for money.
An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Celebrity Support for Political Parties in the United States

In this study, I report the results of a pretest-posttest, control group experiment in which some of my more than 500 respondents were exposed to factual information about celebrity support for pol...
Integrating rapid diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship improves outcomes in patients with antibiotic- resistant Gram-negative bacteremia

Summary Background An intervention for Gram-negative bloodstream infections that integrated mass spectrometry technology for rapid diagnosis with antimicrobial stewardship oversight significantly improved patient outcomes and reduced hospital costs. As antibiotic resistance rates continue to grow at an alarming speed, the current study was undertaken to assess the impact of this intervention in a challenging patient population with bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Methods A total of 153 patients with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia hospitalized prior to the study intervention were compared to 112 patients treated post-implementation. Outcomes assessed included time to optimal antibiotic therapy, time to active treatment when inactive, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, all-cause 30-day mortality, and total hospital expenditures. Results Integrating rapid diagnostics with antimicrobial stewardship improved time to optimal antibiotic therapy (80.9 h in the pre-intervention period versus 23.2 h in the intervention period, P P P = 0.0001) and longer intensive care unit length of stay (16 days versus 10.7 days, P = 0.008). Mortality among patients during the intervention period was lower (21% versus 8.9%, P = 0.01) and our study intervention remained a significant predictor of survival (OR, 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12–0.79) after multivariate logistic regression. Mean hospital costs for each inpatient survivor were reduced $26,298 in the intervention cohort resulting in an estimated annual cost savings of $2.4 million ( P = 0.002). Conclusions Integration of rapid identification and susceptibility techniques with antimicrobial stewardship resulted in significant improvements in clinical and financial outcomes for patients with bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negatives. The intervention decreased hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, total hospital costs, and reduced all-cause 30-day mortality.
Students with Attention Deficit Disorders: An Overview

Educators are increasingly challenged to work with a growing number of students with attention deficit disorder (ADD). As a result, they are required to be aware of the unique characteristics of students with ADD; to establish partnerships with families, other professionals, and medical personnel; and to adapt their assessment, instruction, and classroom management strategies to promote student learning and positive behavior. This article and this special journal issue are designed to help educators better understand and work more effectively with students with ADD and their families.
An application of group theory to matrices and to ordinary differential equations

Abstract A result concerned with groups is proved, from which several applications can be derived. We estimate e.g. the number of distinct eigenvalues of the Kronecker product and sum of two given matrices A , B , when A as well as B has distinct eigenvalues. We also discuss the order of the linear ODE whose solutions are the products of solutions of two given linear ODEs, when such ODEs are in certain classes.
Evaluation of Resistances for Bermudagrass Turf Crop Water Stress Index Models

Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith-based crop water stress index (CWSI), as a potential indicator of turf irrigation timing, requires reliable estimates of potential (minimum) canopy resistance, r cp , and aerodynamic resistance, r a . This paper compare various methods of estimating r cp and r a for evaluation of water stress of bermudagrass turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Midiron) in the desert Southwest of the USA. First, two empirical CWSI models were developed using field data collected from well-watered and severely water-stressed turf plots during the 1986 growing season in Tucson, AZ [...]