cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Simultaneously Involving the Breast and Epithelial Inclusions in an Ipsilateral Axillary Lymph Node

Benign cystic epithelial inclusions with squamous, glandular, or Mullerian phenotypes are known to occur in the axillary lymph nodes of patients with benign and malignant breast disease. Careful evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides and correlation with the histologic findings in the ipsilateral breast are paramount in evaluation of suspected benign inclusions. In this case of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in a 73-year-old woman, DCIS also involved epithelial inclusions in an ipsilateral axillary lymph node. The recognition of these benign epithelial elements, and awareness that they can be involved by DCIS, is crucial to avoid the overdiagnosis of metastatic carcinoma.
What is measured by hyper-Rayleigh scattering from a liquid?

Polarization and angle dependence of hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measured for liquid acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is analyzed in terms of contributions from randomly oriented molecules and additional contributions produced during intermolecular collisions and induced by the electric field of dissolved ions. All three contributions show the effect of long-range correlation, and the correlation functions are determined using the HRS observations combined with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. HRS from acetonitrile is polarized transverse to the scattering vector. This is due to long-range molecular orientation correlation produced by the dipole-dipole interaction, and correlation at distances r > 100 nm must be included to account for the HRS observations. Analysis of the HRS measurements for acetonitrile determines the length scale a = 0.185 nm for the long-range longitudinal and transverse orientation correlation functions BL=−2BT=a3/r3. Transverse polarized collision-induce...
Disparate Impact? Race, Sex, and Credit Reports in Hiring:

Half of U.S. employers consider credit history when deciding whom to hire. The practice has become a contentious policy issue, with multiple jurisdictions limiting the use of credit reports in empl...
Dark packets and the end of network scaling

Today 100GbE network interfaces are commercially available, with 400GbE proposals already in the standardization process. In this environment, a major bottleneck is DRAM latency, which has stagnated at 100ns per access. Beyond 100GbE, all packet sizes will arrive faster than main memory can accommodate, resulting packet drops due to the latency incurred by the memory hierarchy. We call these losses caused by the gap between cache and DRAM, Dark Packets. We observe that for link rates of 100GbE an application making a single memory access causes a high number of packet drops. Today, this problem can be overcome by increasing the physical core count (not scalable), increasing packet sizes (not generalizable), or by building specialized hardware (high cost). In this work, we measure the impact of the dark packet phenomenon and propose CacheBuilder, an API to carve out bespoke hardware caches from existing ones through simple user level APIs. CacheBuilder allows for explicit control over processor cache memory and cache-to-main memory copies by creating application-specific caches that result in higher overall performance and reduce dark packets. Our results show that for NFVs operating with small packet sizes at 40GbE we reduce dark packets from 35% to 0% and only require half the amount of cores to achieve line rates.
Rue the ROOs: Rules of origin and the gains (or losses) from trade agreements

ABSTRACTThis article provides three-good, three-country examples of trade in both intermediate inputs and final goods. These show the adverse effects that rules of origin (ROOs) can have, even in a...
In-situ measurements of stress evolution in composite sulfur cathodes

Abstract Owing to their enormous capacities, Li-S batteries have emerged as a prime candidate for economic and sustainable energy storage. Still, potential mechanics-based issues exist that must be addressed: lithiation of sulfur produces an enormous volume expansion (~ 80%). In other high capacity electrodes, large expansions generate considerable stresses that can lead to mechanical damage and capacity fading. However, the mechanics of electrochemical cycling of sulfur is fundamentally distinct from other systems due to solid-to-liquid, liquid-to-liquid, and liquid-to-solid phase transformations, and thus remains poorly understood. To this end, we measure the evolution of stresses in composite sulfur cathodes during electrochemical cycling and link these stresses to structural evolution. We observe that nucleation and growth of solid lithium-sulfur phases induces significant stresses, including irreversible stresses from structural rearrangements during the first cycle. However, subsequent cycles show highly reversible elastic mechanics, thereby demonstrating strong potential for extended cycling in practical applications.
PO-100 Analysis of Body Composition and Body Function of Athletes in Freestyle ski Half-pipe National Team

Objective The objectives were to analyze the body composition and body functions of the freestyle ski half-pipe national team athletes, to understand the body composition characteristics of the athletes , and to explore the relationship between body composition and body function in the sports program, in preparation for 2022 The Winter Olympics provides a theoretical reference. Methods 9 members of the freestyle ski half-pipe national team were used as subjects (average age 15.78±0.97, exercise age 6.38±2.75), and they were tested and analyzed using an ultrasonic body composition tester and Wingate anaerobic power bike. Body composition test indicators: body fat rate, lean body mass. Body function test indicators: maximum anaerobic power. This paper uses literature, experimental and mathematical statistics. And the mathematical statistics method: using SPSS 2.0 to analyze the data by Pearson correlation. Results 1. The body fat rate of male and female athletes in freestyle half-pipe national team was: 7.60±1.16; 19.75±1.25. The lean body mass of male and female athletes was: 53.8±1.85KG; 44.75±0.62KG. The maximum anaerobic power of male and female athletes in freestyle half-pipe national team was: 453.80±17.87; 345.50±3.01. The lean body mass of male athletes was significantly positively correlated with the maximum anaerobic power (r=0.995, P<0.01). Female athletes' lean body mass was positively correlated with maximum anaerobic power, but not significant. There is no correlation between the body fat rate and the maximum anaerobic power of male and female athletes in the freestyle ski half-pipe national team. Conclusions 1. Freestyle ski half-pipe players have a positive correlation between lean body mass and anaerobic capacity. According to the characteristics of the sports program, the higher lean body weight has a positive impact on improving the athletic ability and thus ensuring the completion of difficult movements. 2. Due to the relationship between athletes' age and sample size, the data in this paper is only a recommended reference for this sports program. It is not applicable to all programs. It is necessary to continue to supplement the data to establish a body composition evaluation system for the freestyle ski half-pipe team.
Efficacy and safety of standard and anti-reflux self-expanding metal stent: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Efficacy and safety of standard and anti-reflux self-expanding metal stent: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Social Media and Psychological Disorder

Globally, hundreds of millions of people are estimated living with depression reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Even though medical technology has improved, a large proportion of sufferers are still receiving improper diagnosis and treatment. Mental illness is endured a burden interfering with emotions, feelings, and various aspects of life. It is a complex disorder that considerably affects physical health particularly severe headache, eating disorder, weakened the immune system, and sleeping disruptions on a constant basis. The traditional procedures for mental illness diagnosis typically rely solely on depression test, self-reported, and family-reported on unusual behaviors. Mental illness is considered taboo to be discussed openly hence the reluctance to seek medical attention. Thus, social media is an ideal alternative for mental illness detection by identifying the symptoms from the users’ activities on social media. In this chapter, the related studies of mental illness on social media are explored and discussed. From previous work, online users with mental health problem have been spotted taking depression screening tests, participation in online forums, and often sharing about themselves on social media. The patterns of linguistic style extracted from selected techniques are used to distinguish mentally ill users from the virtual population. The trained models will assist to classify depressed users and prospective depression users through automated monitoring system on social media.
Secondary glaucoma and visual axis opacification in aphakic and pseudophakic patients following congenital cataract surgery: A 28-year longitudinal case series.

Purpose:To determine the incidence, timing and risk factors for glaucoma and visual axis opacification development following surgery for congenital cataract in the first year of life.Methods:A pros...
Decoding Hidden Cognitive States From Behavior and Physiology Using a Bayesian Approach.

Cognitive processes, such as learning and cognitive flexibility, are both difficult to measure and to sample continuously using objective tools because cognitive processes arise from distributed, h...
Promoting ethnic identity development while teaching subject matter content: A model of ethnic identity exploration in education

Abstract This grounded theory study was conducted to investigate how two veteran social studies teachers, one African American and one Japanese American, incorporated opportunities for students to explore their ethnicity while learning subject matter content. Four themes emerged that form the basis of a model that provides teachers with strategies for assisting students as they learn about their ethnic groups through existing subject matter curricula. These data, and teachers' reports of sustained student engagement when exploration of cultural heritage was incorporated into the curriculum, provide warrant for including instruction in ethnic identity exploration in teacher preparation programs.
A Vision of Augmented Reality for Urban Search and Rescue

Search and rescue (SAR) operations are often nearly computer-technology-free due to the fragility and connectivity needs of current information communication technology (ICT). In this design fiction, we envision a world where SAR uses augmented reality (AR) and the surplus labor of volunteers during crisis response efforts. Unmanned aerial vehicles, crowdsourced mapping platforms, and concepts from video game mapping technologies can all be mixed to keep SAR operations complexity-free while incorporating ICTs. Our scenario describes a near-future SAR operation with currently available technology being assembled and deployed without issue. After our scenario, we discuss socio-technical barriers for technology use like technical fragility and overwhelming complexity. We also discuss how to work around those barriers and how to use video games as a testbed for SAR technology. We hope to inspire more resilient ICT design that is accessible without training.
Ccm1p is a 15S rRNA primary transcript processing factor as elucidated by a novel in vivo system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mitoribosomal RNA of the minor subunit, 15S rRNA, is transcribed as a bicistronic transcript along with tRNAW. 5′ and 3′ sequences flanking the mature transcript must be removed by cleavage at the respective junctions before incorporating it into the mitoribosome. An in vivo dose–response triphasic system was created to elucidate the role of Ccm1p in the processing of 15S rRNA: Ccm1p supply (“On”), deprivation (“Off”), and resupply (“Back on”). After 72 h under “Off” status, the cells started to exhibit a complete mutant phenotype as assessed by their lack of growth in glycerol medium, while keeping their mitochondrial DNA integrity (ρ+). Full functionality of mitochondria was reacquired upon “Back on.” 15S rRNA levels and phenotype followed the Ccm1p intramitochondrial concentrations throughout the “On–Off–Back on” course. Under “Off” status, cells gradually accumulated unprocessed 5′ and 3′ junctions, which reached significant levels at 72–96 h, probably due to a saturation of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO). The Ccm1p/mtEXO mutant (Δccm1/Δdss1) showed a copious accumulation of 15S rRNA primary transcript forms, which were cleaved upon Ccm1p resupply. The gene that codes for the RNA component of RNase P was conserved in wild-type and mutant strains. Our results indicate that Ccm1p is crucial in processing the 15S rRNA primary transcript and does not stabilize the already mature 15S rRNA. Consequently, failure of this function in Δccm1 cells results, as it happens to any other unprocessed primary transcripts, in total degradation of 15S rRNA by mtEXO, whose mechanism of action is discussed.
Protocol for a two-cohort randomized cluster clinical trial of a motor skills intervention: The Promoting Activity and Trajectories of Health (PATH) Study

Introduction Data supports that motor skills are an underlying mechanism that influence physical activity along with perceived motor and physical competence, but the relationship between motor skills and physical activity during the early years is unclear. The goal of this study, Promoting Activity and Trajectories of Health (PATH) for Children, is to examine and compare the immediate (pre-test to post-test) and sustained (3-year follow-up) effect of an intervention on motor performance, physical activity and perceived physical competence to a control condition (ie, standard practice) in preschool-age children. Methods and analysis The PATH study is a two-cohort, randomised cluster clinical trial. 300 children between the ages of >3.5 to 5 years of age will be randomised to the motor skill intervention (n=153) or control (n=147) condition. Each assessment involves a measure of motor skill performance; product and process, seven consecutive days of physical activity monitoring and perceived physical competence. These measures will be assessed before and after the intervention (pre-test to post-test) and then each academic year across 3 years, grades kindergarten, first grade and second grade (3-year follow-up). To assess the clustered longitudinal effect of the intervention on outcome measures, random-effects models (eg, mixed model regression, growth curve modelling and structural equation modelling) will be used. The PATH study addresses gaps in paediatric exercise science research. Findings hold the potential to help shape public health and educational policies and interventions that support healthy development and active living during the early years. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study was obtained through the Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board, University of Michigan (HUM00133319). The PATH study is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Findings will be disseminated via print, online media, dissemination events and practitioner and/or research journals. Trial registration number NHLBI ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT03189862. Registered 17 August 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03189862
A Semantic Calculus: Common Sense Reasoning for Information Systems

With the continuing goal of discovering a theoretical foundation to have information systems think more like humans, this paper shows that as information systems explode in size and complexity, the notion that technologies such as Big Data, Deep Neural Networks, Graphic Processing Units, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning can keep up to the pace that information systems are exploding, has failed. 80% of the trillions of petabytes being stored on information systems every day, are being stored by unsophisticated end users, and that's just the start of the chaos. In essence we are drowning in data and we need a new technology to take us the surface so we can breathe. In this paper, the author explores the viability of combining sentiment analysis, and semantic intelligence into the paradigm of a common-sense semantic calculus, specifically designed for Information Systems.
Crosspower: Bridging Graphics and Linguistics

Despite the ubiquity of direct manipulation techniques available in computer-aided design applications, creating digital content remains a tedious and indirect task. This is because applications require users to perform numerous low-level editing operations rather than allowing them to directly indicate high-level design goals. Yet, the creation of graphic content, such as videos, animations, and presentations often begins with a description of design goals in natural language, such as screenplays, scripts, outlines. Therefore, there is an opportunity for language-oriented authoring, i.e., leveraging the information found in the structure of a language to facilitate the creation of graphic content. We present a systematic exploration of the identification, graphic description, and interaction with various linguistic structures to assist in the creation of visual content. The prototype system, Crosspower, and its proposed interaction techniques, enables content creators to indicate and customize their desired visual content in a flexible and direct manner.
Furloughs: Weighing the Unemployment Costs and Benefits

In response to the COVID pandemic, the CARES Act created a $600 federally subsidized weekly increase to existing state unemployment benefits. This leaves struggling employers with a dilemma: Should they do whatever they can to maintain payroll for employees who might have very little work in light of quarantines and shutdowns, or should they conduct temporary furloughs so their employees can access expanded unemployment benefits?
A Review of Deep Learning in 5G Research: Channel Coding, Massive MIMO, Multiple Access, Resource Allocation, and Network Security

The current development of 5G technology is flourishing with widespread deployment across the world at a rapid pace. However, there is still a demand concerning 5G research for service and performance improvement. Research tasks include but are not limited to quality-of-service (QoS), energy efficiency, massive connectivity, reliable communications, and security. Due to the advancement of deep learning, numerous such research has utilized this technique. This article provides a comprehensive review of 5G communications research using deep learning. Specifically, we address the issues of low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), resource allocation, and security.
Understanding Generation Gaps in LGBTQ+ Communities: Perspectives About Gay Neighborhoods Among Heteronormative and Homonormative Generational Cohorts

Using Strauss-Howe generational theory as a guiding structure, this chapter examines differences between generational identity for LGBTQ+ individuals compared to heteronormative generational identity. We theorize that LGBTQ+ individuals may identify with two generational cohorts—one defined by birth year and a second related to “coming of age” as a sexual minority. A case study examining the lifespan of four LGBTQ+ celebrity personalities demonstrates the concept of generational layering. We argue “generational layering” affects various aspects of LGBTQ+ life, including connection to place as reflected in attitudes of LGBTQ+ people regarding gay neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with five takeaway messages that clarify the relationship between LGTBQ+ people, the generational cohorts to which they belong and with which they identify, and the attitudes of various LGBTQ+ generational cohorts toward gay neighborhoods.
Innovating Business Model in Higher Education Industry: A Platform-Based Approach in University Career Services

With a changing landscape of higher education institutions (HEIs), the authors explore the concepts of platform business model in the context of university career services. Through an inductive, in-depth case study of a HEI, this study analyzes how university career services can innovate and transform by operating as a platform business model. This study further highlights the following three elements of the platform business model that occur during this innovation: competitiveness, sustainability, and scalability. This exploratory research bridges the gap between HEIs and business by applying well-developed theoretical framework of platform business models to HEIs, specifically university career services.
Selective C–H fluoroalkylation of azines enabled by tailored phosphorus-based reagents

The installation of –CF3 or –CF2H groups into compounds can impact important biologically relevant properties. In a recent paper published in Nature, McNally, Paton, and co-workers introduce novel phosphine-based reagents that allow for the conversion of a variety of complex azines through C–H functionalization directly into their fluoroalkylated derivatives.
Left hand extensor tenosynovitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

We describe a case of left hand extensor tenosynovitis due to histoplasmosis in a patient with dermatomyositis on chronic immunosuppression. Treatment involved surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. The patient experienced paradoxical worsening of tenosynovial inflammation during de-augmentation of immunosuppression felt to be immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Real-time Online Learning for Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna State Selection

Pattern reconfigurable antennas (PRAs) can dynamically change their radiation pattern and provide diversity and directional gain. These properties allow them to adapt to channel variations by steering directional beams toward desired transmissions and away from interference sources, thus enhancing the overall performance of a wireless communication system. To fully exploit the benefits of a PRA, the key challenge is being able to optimally select the antenna state in real time. Current literature on this topic, to the best of our knowledge, focuses on the design of algorithms to optimally select the best antenna mode with evaluation performed in simulation or postprocessing. In this study, we have not only designed a real-time online antenna state selection framework for SISO wireless links but we have also implemented it in an experimental software defined radio testbed. We benchmarked the multi-armed bandit algorithm against other antenna state selection algorithms and show how it can improve system performance by mitigating the effects of interference taking advantage of the directionality PRAs provide. We also show that when the optimal state changes over time the bandit approach does not work very well. For such a scenario, we show how the Adaptive Pursuit algorithm works well and can be a great solution. We also discuss what changes could be done to the bandit algorithm to work better in this case.
Simultaneous radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases: technical overview of the UCLA experience.

Purpose/objective(s) To communicate our institutional experience with single isocenter radiosurgery treatments for multiple brain metastases, including challenges with determining planning target volume (PTV) margins and resulting consequences, image-guidance translational and rotational tolerances, intra-fraction patient motion, and prescription considerations with larger PTV margins. Materials/methods Eight patient treatments with 51 targets were planned with various margins using Elements Multiple Brain Mets SRS treatment planning software (Brainlab, Munich, Germany). Forty-eight plans with 0 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm margins were created, including plans with variable margins, where targets more than 6 cm away from the isocenter were planned with larger margins. The dosimetric impact of the margins were analyzed with V5Gy, V8Gy, V10Gy, V12Gy values. Additionally, 12 patient motion data were analyzed to determine both the impact of the repositioning threshold and the distributions of the patient translational and rotational movements. Results The V5Gy, V8Gy, V10Gy, V12Gy volumes approximately doubled when margins change from 0 to 1 mm and tripled when change from 0 to 2 mm. With variable margins, the aggregated results are similar to results from plans using the lower of two margins, since only 12.2% of the targets were more than 6 cm away from the isocenter. With 0.5 mm re-positioning threshold, 57.4% of the time the patients are repositioned. Reducing the threshold to 0.25 mm results in 91.7% repositioning rate, due to limitations of the fusion algorithm and actual patient motion. The 90th percentile of translational movements in all directions is 0.7 mm, while the 90th percentile of rotational movements in all directions is 0.6 degrees. Median translations and rotations are 0.2 mm and 0.2 degrees, respectively. Conclusions Based on the data presented, we have switched our modus operandi from 2 to 1 mm PTV margins, with an eventual goal of using 0.5 and 1.0 mm variable margins when an automated margin assignment method becomes available. The 0.5 mm and 0.5 degrees repositioning thresholds are clinically appropriate with small residual patient movements.
Cytolethal Distending Toxin

This chapter examines the molecular biology and biochemistry of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and its molecular mode of action. Transcript analysis of the Haemophilus ducreyi cdt gene cluster (Hd-cdtABC) indicated that the cdt genes are organized in an operon. The cdtABC operon encodes three CDT polypeptides, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. All three proteins bear apparent signal peptide coding sequences consistent with secretion across the inner membrane by the general export pathway. Biochemical evidence for the requirement of CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC in biological activity has recently been unequivocally demonstrated. Recent findings on the role of CdtB in the mechanism of CDT action, the similarity of CDT action to that of IR, the apparent pathway of CDT internalization, and the reconstitution of biological activity from pure CDT subunits constitute major advances in the understanding of CDT. The apparent cell type specificity for the induction of apoptosis versus cell cycle arrest and the activation of p53 following CDT treatment represent additional parallels between toxin action and radiation treatment. The resolution of this observation will yield not only important information regarding CDT but perhaps also the cellular response to DNA damage in general.
SU-E-T-209: Comparison of Plan Quality Between Arm Avoidance (AA) Vs. Non Arm Avoidance VMAT Planning Techniques for Breast Cancer Patients with Bilateral Implant Reconstructions Receiving Postmastectomy Radiation

Purpose: Breast cancer patients with bilateral implant reconstructions who require postmastectomy radiotherapy can pose unique treatment planning challenges. The use of VMAT may provide advantages over conventional tangent or multi-beam IMRT techniques. Moreover, daily setup uncertainly of the arm position, however, could have significant impact on accurate dose delivery. This study compares the plan qualities between non-AA and AA VMAT techniques. Methods: Three breast cancer patients receiving left chest wall and regional nodal irradiation with bilateral implant reconstructions were studied. PTV included chest wall and IMNs (PTV-CW), and supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes (PTV-SCV). For each patient, one non-AA VMAT plan (VMAT-S) with 4 partial arcs encompassing the ipsilateral arm and three AA VMAT plans where no arcs were entering or existing through the ipsilateral arm were generated. VMAT-AA1 uses 2 arcs for PTV-CW and 2 arcs for PTV-SCV. VMAT-AA2 used two static fields for PTV-SCV with 2 arcs for PTV-CW. VMAT-AA3 used 2 narrow arcs for PTV-CW and 2 long arcs for all PTVs. Prescription dose (PD) was 50 Gy (25 fractions). All plans were normalized to have 95% of PD to 95 % of PTV. PTV dose inhomogeneity and dose to the heart, left lung, right thyroid dose and left humerus were evaluated. Results: For VMAT-S, VMAT-AA1, VMAT-AA2 and VMAT-AA3, respectively, the average and standard deviation (in Gy unless specified otherwise) of PTV D05 are 54.7±0.9, 55.9±0.4, 56.7±0.7 and 55.7±0.4; mean Heart dose: 7.1±0.7, 7.2±0.8, 7.3±0.9 and 6.9±1.0; left lung V20Gy (in %): 28.1±1.0, 28.8+2.2, 32.2±4.1 and 27.8±2.0; mean right thyroid dose: 8.1±0.6, 5.1±2.1, 2.1±0.4 and 5.0±2.0; mean left humerus dose: 20.0±4.4,15.6±4.4, 15.2±8.2 and 15.3±4.6. Conclusion: AA VMAT can produce acceptable clinical plans while eliminating dosimetric impact related to arm setup uncertainty. These data require validation in larger planning studies prior to routine clinical implantation.
Developing Effective Affective Assessment Practices.

Physical educators generally understand the importance of the affective domain for student growth and development. However, many teachers struggle with assessing affective behaviors in a way that can be documented and reported. The five-step process outlined in this article can assist teachers in developing an effective way to assess the affective domain. Examples of common affective assessment tools are provided, along with a description of each instrument.
Cost-effective web search in bootstrapping for named entity recognition

In this paper, we propose a cost-effective search strategy framework to extract keywords in the same semantic class from the Web. Constructing a dictionary based on the bootstrapping technique is one promising approach to harnessing knowledge scattered around the Web. Open web application programming interfaces (APIs) are powerful tools for the knowledge-gathering process. However, we have to consider the cost of API calls because too many queries can overload the search engines, and they also limit the number of API calls. Our goal is to optimize a search strategy that can collect as many new words as possible with the least API calls. Our results show that the optimized search strategy can extract 64,642 words in five different domains with a precision of 0.94 with only 1,000 search API calls.
Ring Nebulae Associated with Wolf-Rayet Stars

Using strict selection criteria, we have searched for ring nebulae associated with Wolf-Rayet stars in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. In our search, 15 WR ring nebulae are identified in the Galaxy (Chu 1981a; Chu 1981b, Paper G1), 9 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and none in the Small Magellanic Cloud (Chu and Lasker 1980, Paper L1; Chu 1981a). We have subsequently observed the morphology and kinematics of these 24 nebulae to study their nature. The data and analyses are reported in G (galactic) and L (LMC) series of papers. These nebulae and their references are listed in Table 1. This table is nearly, but not quite, complete. An extremely careful search might result in more cases, e.g., NGC6357 (Lortet et al. 1981). In a later search by Heckathorn et al. (1982), more ring nebulae are suggested; however, only three cases (associated with HD92740, HD187282, and HD211564) are more convincing. We have obtained some data for these nebulae and will discuss them in a conclusion paper of the galactic series (Chu et al. 1982, Paper G8).
The Exclusive Rights of 'Distribution', 'Communication to the Public' and 'Making Available' Under the WIPO Copyright Treaty: Lessons for Other Jurisdictions from the Hong Kong BitTorrent Case

Articles 6 and 8 of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty prescribe minimum standards for the distribution (or making available) and public communication of copyrighted works, with resulting national implementations that have been varied and inconsistent. This article examines the state of current copyright law in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Singapore, in light of the 2007 landmark BitTorrent criminal copyright case from Hong Kong, and concludes that the lack of international norms and uniformity remains a cause for concern in the digital age, where online activities blur the line between physical and intangible distribution and communication. This concern is illustrated by the current spate of ongoing litigation in the United States regarding the distinction between reproductions and distributions by users of peer-to-peer filesharing technology.
Assembly of GABAA receptor subunits: alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S subunits produce unique ion channels with dissimilar single- channel properties

Recent experimental evidence has led to the hypothesis that GABAA receptor channel (GABAR) heterogeneity or receptor channel subtypes may occur by differential assembly of a given set of subunits into various configurations. Alternatively, assembly of subunits into mature GABARs may arise from an ordered process to produce a preferred form of the receptor channel, as seen for nicotinic ACh receptors. In the preceding article, we demonstrated that transient expression of GABAR alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits in mouse L929 fibroblast cells produced two different types of GABARs, when coexpressed with and without the gamma 2S subunit. Not only did these GABARs differ in their GABA and diazepam pharmacology, but initial single-channel recordings suggested that the two types of GABARs (alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S) had different conductance and gating properties. It also appeared that alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs were preferentially formed over alpha 1 beta 1 GABARs, but it was not completely shown if both forms of GABARs were produced when a cell expressed all three subunits. To characterize further the assembly process and determine the preferred form, if it existed, it was necessary to obtain a kinetic “fingerprint” for both alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs. Thus, single-channel patch-clamp recording and kinetic analysis of receptor channel gating were performed. For both alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs, GABA evoked single-channel openings to both a main conductance (15 and 29 pS, respectively) and a subconductance level (10 and 21 pS, respectively) with greater than 90% of the total current through the main conductance level openings. The two GABAR populations were further differentiated by their open and burst properties. On average, alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs opened for almost three times the duration as alpha 1 beta 1 GABARs (6.0 vs 2.3 msec, respectively) and had three openings per burst. alpha 1 beta 1 GABARs opened predominantly as single opening bursts. Using the conductance and gating properties to differentiate the two GABAR populations, we determined that alpha 1 beta 1 GABARs were rarely, if ever, formed upon coexpression of all three subunits, suggesting that alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs were the preferred final form of the receptor channel. Also, the homogeneity of the conductance and gating properties of alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2S GABARs among the different patches studied implied that a single preferred configuration of GABARs may exist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Rectal biopsy helps to distinguish acute self-limited colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract A retrospective blind evaluation of rectal biopsy specimens from 44 patients with acute self-limited colitis and 104 patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease was done. Seven histologic features proved highly discriminant because they occurred often in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease but rarely, if at all, in acute self-limited colitis. The features with a high predictive probability (87%–100%) of diagnosing idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease were distorted crypt architecture, increased numbers of both round cells and neutrophils in the lamina propria, a villous surface, epithelioid granuloma, crypt atrophy, basal lymphoid aggregates, and basally located isolated giant cells. One or more of these features was present in 79% of all idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease cases. They were seen in both acute and chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The biopsy features favoring acute self-limited colitis were less useful. Biopsy diagnosis of acute self-limited colitis is thus primarily based on the absence of histologic criteria favoring idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. This study provides objective validation of histologic criteria in rectal biopsy that help differentiate acute self-limited colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.
Advanced immunophenotyping: more is better!.

Recent advances in multicolor flow cytometry have made possible the simultaneous analysis of up to 12 distinct cell surface molecules. This technical advance increases sensitivity and specificity for more accurate diagnosis and classification of various malignancies. In turn, this allows for a better assessment of disease prognosis and the establishment of a treatment regimen. In addition, multicolor flow cytometry provides a sensitive technique for investigating the occurrence of minimal residual disease. Studies of leukemias and lymphomas are particularly suitable for investigation by flow cytometry. Studies on solid tumors such as breast cancer, or on tumor infiltrating immune cells, are also possible if appropriate processing techniques are used to generate single-cell suspensions without altering cell surface receptor expression. In addition to analytical immunophenotyping, isolation of even very small (malignant) cell populations by multicolor flow cytometry provides a highly pure source for DNA and RNA analyses. Such combined sorting and molecular approaches provide a comprehensive basis for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying malignant transformation. Importantly, they also enable distinct diagnoses to be made when cell surface marker immunophenotyping alone is inconclusive. To exemplify the importance of combining various immunophenotyping tools, such as multicolor flow cytometry and gene expression analyses, with the classical tools of histopathology and differential blood count, we provide data on the analysis of a mouse model of human chronic B-cell leukemia (B-CLL): the New Zealand Black mouse. We relied for this study on gene expression databases generated by the National Cancer Institute for various human B-cell malignancies. B-CLL is one of the most common forms of leukemia in the Western world. No therapies currently exist against this usually slow-progressing but always fatal malignancy, making the development of a good animal model an important task. The data show that although the New Zealand Black mouse shows a spontaneous expansion of a CD5+ B-cell population (a hallmark of human B-CLL), it does not fit the classification of B-CLL by either phenotypic or genetic analysis criteria. In conclusion, increasing the number of simultaneous measurements for immunophenotyping and cell sorting by flow cytometry and combining it with comprehensive gene expression studies supports and expands the power of classical analysis tools.
INGESTION, ASSIMILATION, SURVIVAL, AND REPRODUCTION BY DAPHNIA PULEX FED SEVEN SPECIES OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE1,2

Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was fed the blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae) Anacystis nidulans, Synechococcus elongata, S. cedrorum, Merismopedia sp., Anabaena flosaquae, Synechocystis sp., and Gloeocapsa alpicola. The green algae (Chlorophyceae) Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris were used for comparison. Direct observations were made of D. pulex feeding in depression slides filled with the test food. Food labeled with 14C was used to determine ingestion and assimilation. Life tables were constructed for cohorts fed blue-greens, greens, and no food, and survivorship (lx), net reproductive rate (Ro), median age of death, and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were calculated. In all cases, ingestion, assimilation, survivorship, and reproduction of D. pulex fed blue-green algae were lower than of those fed green algae, although there were differences among the blue-greens in their effects on these parameters. Anacystis nidulans, Merismopedia sp., and Synechocystis sp. showed some toxicity or inhibition towards D. pulex. Although some blue-green algae can be ingested and assimilated by D. pulex, few if any of those tested provide sufficient nutrition to support a population that does not have other food available.
Total synthesis of the antimitotic bicyclic peptide celogentin C.

An account of the total synthesis of celogentin C is presented. A right-to-left synthetic approach to this bicyclic octapeptide was unsuccessful due to an inability to elaborate derivatives of the right-hand ring. In the course of these efforts, it was discovered that the mild Braslau modification of the McFadyen−Stevens reaction offers a useful method of reducing recalcitrant esters to aldehydes. A left-to-right synthetic strategy was then examined. The unusual Leu−Trp side-chain cross-link present in the left-hand macrocycle was fashioned via a three-step sequence comprised of an intermolecular Knoevenagel condensation, a radical conjugate addition, and a SmI2-mediated nitro reduction. A subsequent macrolactamization provided the desired ring system. The high yield and concise nature of the left-hand ring synthesis offset the modest diastereoselectivity of the radical conjugate addition. Formation of the Trp−His side-chain linkage characteristic of the right-hand ring was then accomplished by means of a...
Compact and scattered gap junctions in diffusion mediated cell--cell communication.

Abstract Gap junctions have been thought of as prime sites for the passive communication of small molecules between two adjacent cells. The sizes of a gap junction plaque may range from a few junctional particles to several thousands particles on the interface of two cells, with little being known about the relative contribution of different patterns of junctional plaques on diffusion mediated cell-cell communication. In this paper, by constructing a simple cubic lattice model of a two-cell system, the effects on communication efficiency of two extreme distribution patterns of individual junctional particles are investigated. This model indicates that scattered gap junctions are an order of magnitude higher in communication efficiency than compact junctional plaques of equal number of total junctional particles. Thus, it is possible that modulation of cell-cell communication may rely on the interconversion of these two states with compact plaques existing as an inactive communication form. Any correlation of gap junctional membrane with cell-cell communication should therefore also take into account its configuration. It is possible that an increase in number and area of tightly packed gap junctional plaques may actually decrease, instead of increase, cell-cell communication.
Generic Womanhood Gendered Depictions in Cop Action Cinema

Content analysis of 291 cop action films reveals the gendering of heroism by Hollywood filmmakers. Employing Griswold's “cultural diamond” framework, this study frames the genre as product of a Hollywood labor market dominated by men but increasingly integrated. Women among its heroes continue disproportionately to be rookies and to work a narrow range of cases involving undercover operations and the detection of serial killers. Women in cop action films are also more likely than men to begin heterosexual affairs and to arrest or kill their lovers. However, they engage in less combat and do not confront or engage in police corruption. The most aggressive uses of and contest over state power thus turn out to be men's work in these films. The genre implies a collective common sense among industry professionals about the limits of men's professional ethics and women's professional achievements.
Working on a chain: E3s ganging up for ubiquitylation

Substrate specificity in ubiquitylation is conferred by ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Now, several ways that E3s can interact to mediate ubiquitylation are illustrated for Ubr1 (a RING finger E3) and Ufd4 (a HECT domain E3), in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These interactions and the related concept of E4 activity are discussed.
Cross-tolerance between bacterial endotoxin and group B Streptococcus in neonatal rats

Although endotoxin tolerance can be induced in newborns, potential cross-tolerance to group B Streptococcus (GBS), a common Gram-positive neonatal pathogen has not been investigated. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that endotoxin or recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNFα) can induce tolerance to lethal injection of heat-killed GBS in rat newborn pups and vice versa. The effect of such cross-tolerance on endogenous generation of plasma TNFα was subsequently evaluated. Rat pups (18-24 h old) were pretreated intracardially (i.c.) with either phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (30 μg/kg) or rTNFα (35, 70 or 140 μg/kg). The pups were pretreated for either 4, 24, 48, 96 or 240 h prior to a lethal heat-killed GBS challenge. The susceptibility of the neonates to GBS-induced mortality was dependent on the duration of the pretreatment period. At 4 h of pretreatment with endotoxin or TNF, GBS-induced mortality was augmented relative to the PBS group. However, by 24-48 h...
Loop gain of the common-gate Colpitts oscillator

This study presents the derivations of the voltage transfer functions of the amplifier A, the feedback network β, the loop gain T, the closed-loop gain Af and also the characteristic equation for the common-gate (CG) Colpitts oscillator, using the small-signal model of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) CG Colpitts oscillator. Using the characteristic equation, the expressions for the oscillation frequency of the sinusoidal output voltage and the condition for oscillation in steady state are derived. The characteristic equation is also used to obtain a plot of trajectories of the closed-loop poles of the CG Colpitts oscillator by varying the MOSFET small-signal transconductance gm. The locations of the complex conjugate poles of closed-loop gain that depict the starting and steady-state conditions for oscillations are presented. Nyquist plots of the loop gain are given to illustrate the startup and steady-state conditions of oscillations. Simulation and experimental results to verify the theory are also given.
Compact Modeling of On-Chip ESD Protection Using Standard MOS and BJT Models

SPICE type simulation using compact models is a very useful tool for predicting circuit performance under ESD stress conditions. However device models valid in the ESD current/voltage operating region are not widely available. This paper starts with a brief description of compact modeling for ESD devices working in snapback mode. A practical macro modeling approach for modeling snapback of MOS and LVSCR is then introduced. It uses advanced industry standard BJT and MOS models. This method's advantages are simplicity, high simulation speed, wider availability, and reduced convergence issues