cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On privacy preference in collusion-deterrence games for secure multi-party computation

Secure multi-party computation (MPC) has been established as the de facto paradigm for protecting privacy in distributed computation. Information-theoretic secure MPC protocols, though more efficient than their computationally secure counterparts, require at least three computational parties and are prone to collusion attacks. Previous work has used mechanism designs to deter collusion. An important element missing is the consideration of how different players value privacy. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of possible outcomes under different privacy preferences based on the relative cost of collusion attacks over loss of privacy. We explicitly calculate the conditions under which honesty is the solution. Simulation results provide further evidence to demonstrate the validity of our mechanism design.
Binding of Brucella abortus whole cell and lipopolysaccharide antigens to plastics

Various buffers (0.2 M acetate, pH 4.2; 0.01 M phosphate with 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 7.2; 0.15 M borate, pH 8.2 and 0.025 M carbonate, pH 9.6) were used as coating buffers with Brucella abortus alkali treated lipopolysaccharide on two types of plastic matrices. Maximum binding occurred using the phosphate buffer. However, as was the case with the other buffers 50 per cent or more of the antigen was removed by five washing procedures. B abortus S19 or S2308, suspended in ammonium acetate-carbonate buffer, pH 8.2, was shown to bind maximally when 10(9) cells were dried onto the plastics. Less than 20 per cent of the cells were removed by five washings.
Photon statistics of a weakly driven cavity QED system

We present analytic results for the photon statistics of a weakly driven optical cavity containing N two-level atoms. The second-order intensity correlation function g(2)(τ) is calculated in the weak-field limit for arbitrary atomic and cavity loss rates, and cavity and atomic detunings are included. The transmitted light field may exhibit photon antibunching, sub-Poissonian photon statistics, and other novel nonclassical effects.1,2 The size of these effects depends principally on the single-atom coupling constant C1 = g2/κγ, so these effects persist with many atoms in the cavity. Our results can be interpreted as the collapse of the wave function and quantum interference of probability amplitudes. These phenomena can also be understood in terms of tire self-homodyning of the driving field with squeezed polarization fluctuations.2
Investigation and Comparison of the Flexibility and Dynamics of Tc1/Mariner Transposases

DNA transposons are responsible for transferring genetic information from one location to another and should provide a stable platform for use in human gene therapy. A multi-step process of DNA transposition is catalyzed by a transposase enzyme that should be sufficiently flexible to provide the catalytic site for each step of the reaction. Here we employ a combination of computational (minimal Distance Constraint Model) and experimental (Circular Dichroism spectroscopy) methods to investigate and compare the dynamics, the inter-residue couplings, and the role of DNA binding on the stability and flexibility of two representative members of Tc1/mariner family of transposases, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) and Mos1 transposases. To understand the link between dynamics and function, we further compare results for the original SB transposase and its hyperactive version SB100, which has a 100-fold increase in efficiency. Together, our data provide insights to how these transposases are structured and how they function.
The Convergence of A Framework for K-­‐12 Science Education and Place-­‐Based Education

The goal of this literature review was to look at what the literature says about place-based methods and how they relate to A Framework for K-12 Science Education (NRC 2012) as well as the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) (Achieve, 2013). Place-based education (PBE) aims to connect students to their local community and environment by using them as educational starting points and contexts through which to learn in school (Sobel, 2004). However, with recent standards-based reforms teachers find little time to give to place-based methods in the classrooms (Gruenewald, 2003b). The NGSS (Achieve, 2013) were created using the recommendations laid out in the Framework (NRC, 2012). Although considered a standards-based reform, the Framework (NRC, 2012) is clear to recommend that standards developed are more than just content. The literature shows a strong correlation between A Framework for K-12 Science Education and place-based education methods and theories. Demarest (2014) as well as Lieberman (2014) give recommendations that allow for educators to incorporate PBE into their classrooms in meaningful ways while still meeting the NGSS (Achieve, 2013). The correlations present in the literature indicated place-based methodologies may be preferable pedagogical practices to best implement the research driven conclusions of the Framework (NRC, 2012).
Changing Lanes: Visions and Histories of Urban Freeways

The National Highway System of the United States has been called the Greatest Public Works Project in American history. By focusing on urban freeways—not freeways between cities but freeways in and...
Metric Methods for the Biological Profile in Forensic Anthropology: Sex, Ancestry, and Stature.

The biological profile, conducted by a forensic anthropologist, is necessary for severely decomposed or skeletonized remains. The biological profile consists of estimates of sex, age, ancestry, and...
Choosing the Right Policy Tools to Encourage Watershed Stewardship through the Study of Attitude

ABSTRACTRecently, a number of “Payment for Watershed Services” programs have aimed to engage private landowners in watershed stewardship initiatives by offering financial incentives for adopting watershed best management practices. However, a growing field of research suggests that financial incentives alone may be of limited utility to encourage widespread and long-standing behavior change, and other policy tools may be required. This research examines how attitudes may influence enrollment in watershed stewardship programs to shed light the application of incentive, capacity building, and symbolic policy tools. We distributed a questionnaire to rural landowners in the Clackamas River watershed, OR, and received 281 valid responses (29% response rate). We found that attitudes associated with trust, ecological understanding, and technical capacity played more fundamental roles compared with financial considerations. We interpret these findings by evaluating the likely efficacy of various policy tools, and...
Understanding politics more thoroughly: How highly engaged young citizens use the Internet for civic knowledge integration

When people first learn of news, the information often remains in their minds as a passing fact rather than something fully understood. They attempt to better understand such information when particular topics interest them. This study explores how young people who self-identify as highly interested in politics and public affairs use diverse online resources to more thoroughly understand those topics in order to form their own thoughts and views, a process referred to as civic knowledge integration. Analyzing focus group interviews and essay answers provides a nuanced, in-depth understanding of such processes. These youths practice monitorial scanning, opinion sampling, verification (cross-checking), comparison of differing viewpoints, and collaborative layering of ideas. This study expands on the existing knowledge about political learning by considering the process in which learners’ efforts to understand is the most important aspect.
Acute Kidney Injury: Definitions and General Approach

A 75-year-old male presents to the Emergency Department with orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, fever and 3-day history of vomiting, dyspnea, and green sputum production. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type II and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with baseline creatinine 1.5 mg/dL. His home medications include enalapril, glyburide, and hydrochlorothiazide. He is resuscitated with crystalloids and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. He remains hypotensive and is admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) on a norepinephrine infusion of 5 mcg/min with the diagnosis of sepsis from pneumonia. His admission creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL. Within 24 h, he develops worsening hypoxia and requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. Forty-eight hours after admission, his serum creatinine increases to 2.2 mg/dL, and his urine output declines to 0.4 mL/kg/h for the past 24 h. He has generalized edema and signs of fluid overload on his chest radiograph. Urinalysis shows 1+ proteinuria, no glucose, and is leukocyte esterase negative. Urine microscopy shows 1–5 coarse granular casts and 1–5 renal tubular epithelial cells per high power field.
Preoperative Bowel Preparation in Urologic Surgery

AbstractA method is described for the preparation of patients undergoing urologic procedures in which a segment of bowel is to be used to reconstruct the urinary tract. The combination of mechanical and antimicrobial preparation is effective in the sterilization of the bowel and the prevention of wound sepsis.
The Problem of the Unconscious in the Later Thought of L. Binswanger : a Phenomenological Approach to Delusion in Perception and Communication

After the publication of Ludwig Binswangen’s book, Manie und Melancholie (1960), a number of reviews, occasionally critical, appeared, including those by Kisker, Tellenbach and Keller.1 The consensus was that Binswanger had suddenly given up, or at least underplayed his earlier Heideggerian approach in favor of a Husserlian one. Kisker, for example, spoke of a “phanomenologische Wendung,” a “turning” away from his Heideggerian based “existential analysis,” Daseinsanalyse, towards phenomenology.2 Binswanger denied this in his book on schizophrenic delusion, Wahn, which followed (1965). He writes of the inseparability of the two approaches in a footnote: We see here as well how much the ontology of “Daseinsanalyse” and phenomenology intermesh (ineinandergreifen) without one being able or permitted to ask where the one begins and the other ceases.3
History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis Hymenoptera: Xyelidae).

Larvae of Xyela gallicaulis Smith cause shoot stem galls in young pines. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., is the most seriously damaged, but galls have been observed on slash pine, P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm., and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Mill. Studies in Virginia and Georgia confirm a 2-year life cycle. Larval development takes 4 - 6 wks. After feeding, larvae bore out of the galls and drop to the ground where they form a papery cocoon in the soil to pu­ pate, and where they remain for 22 - 25 months. Adults emerge from cells constructed in the soil from early-December to mid-January of the second year. Eggs are inserted into the vegetative buds during odd-numbered years. Insect associates found feeding in or on gall tissues are the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Tortricidae), and the weevil Conotra­ chelus carolinensis Schoof (Curculionidae). Larvae of Xye/a gallicaulis Smith cause shoot galls in pines, an unusual habit in Xye/a where larvae of most species live and develop in the staminate cones. This seldom-collected species is known only from the southeastern United States and is considered a rare species because few specimens are known in collections. Its dam­ age and occurrence at high population levels are sporadic, occurring only in certain years and unnoticeable for many more. Because of its long life cycle, infrequent oc­ currence, difficulty to rear, and limited and intermittent economic importance, it is un­ likely that past studies will be completed or new studies initiated in the near future. Plans to further define the life history of this insect were curtailed by the senior author. Yet, these observations and records need to be reported and assimilated with other work on the pest. Therefore, we present a review of this species and bring together the mostly unpublished biological observations and research that has been conducted with this sawfly, combining the initial research from Virginia with subsequent observa­ tions in Georgia in the 1970s. The first record of X. gallicaulis was in May 1939 when deformed developing shoots of young loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were noted in Virginia (Hetrick 1939). At that time, damage was attributed to a pine shoot weevil. The locality was not reported, but is presumed to be near West Point, VA (King and Queen Co.) where subsequent
Artificial Intelligence and Inclusion: Formerly Gang-Involved Youth as Domain Experts for Analyzing Unstructured Twitter Data:

Mining social media data for studying the human condition has created new and unique challenges. When analyzing social media data from marginalized communities, algorithms lack the ability to accur...
AUGMENTED ANNOTATIONS: INDOOR DATASET GENERATION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY

Abstract. The proliferation of machine learning applied to 3D computer vision tasks such as object detection has heightened the need for large, high-quality datasets of labeled 3D scans for training and testing purposes. Current methods of producing these datasets require first scanning the environment, then transferring the resulting point cloud or mesh to a separate tool for it to be annotated with semantic information, both of which are time consuming processes. In this paper, we introduce Augmented Annotations, a novel approach to bounding box data annotation that solves the scanning and annotation processes of an environment in parallel. Leveraging knowledge of the user’s position in 3D space during scanning, we use augmented reality (AR) to place persistent digital annotations directly on top of indoor real world objects. We test our system with seven human subjects, and demonstrate that this approach can produce annotated 3D data faster than the state-of-the-art. Additionally, we show that Augmented Annotations can also be adapted to automatically produce 2D labeled image data from many viewpoints, a much needed augmentation technique for 2D object detection and recognition. Finally, we release our work to the public as an open-source iPad application designed for efficient 3D data collection.
Abstract 1196: Induction of NKG2D ligand expression by CD8+ T cells through a nuclear factor-kappa B and P300/CBP-associated factor-dependent mechanism

The ligands for the natural-killer group 2 (NKG2D) protein are frequently expressed on tumor cell surfaces, rendering tumor cells susceptible to NKG2D-dependent immune cell attack. However, cancer cells escape from immune surveillance by downregulating NKG2D ligands. We previously discovered that the engagement of activated CD8+ T cells and tumor cells induces NKG2D ligands on tumor cells, but the underlying mechanism remains to be defined. TCGA database analyses suggested that the expression of CD40 and CD137L (their cognate receptors are CD40L and CD137, respectively, expressed on CD8+T cells) is associated with pan-NKG2D ligand expression in sarcoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r=0.2225 and 0.1947, respectively; and P=.0003 and .0002, respectively). In agreement with these human data analysis results, both in vivo mouse tumor models and in vitro cell assays validated that upon the engagement with the cognate receptors, the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), particularly CD137 ligand and CD40, initiates the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in tumor cells even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. The same as tumor and CD8+ T contact-dependent NKG2D ligand induction, this CD137L/CD40-mediated signaling activation was associated with elevated levels of acetyltransferase P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), whereas inhibition of phosphorylated NF-κB abrogated PCAF induction. Although the stimulation of CD137L/CD40-mediated signaling by cognate receptors is vital for NKG2D ligand upregulation, the inflammatory cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) released from CD8+ T cells also facilitate NKG2D ligand-induced immune surveillance. These inflammatory cytokines not only trigger NF-κB signaling and PCAF activation, and they also boost T cell chemotaxis, recruit large numbers of CD8+T cells to tumor sites, and result in high yield expression of NKG2D ligands. Collectively, our results unveil a novel mechanism of NKG2D ligand upregulation involving reverse signaling of CD40 and CD137L on in tumor cells, which along with inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα, stimulate downstream NF-κB and PCAF activation. Understanding this mechanism may help to develop induced NKG2D ligand-dependent T-cell therapy against cancers. Citation Format: Jiemiao Hu, Xueqing Xia, Shulin Li. Induction of NKG2D ligand expression by CD8+ T cells through a nuclear factor-kappa B and P300/CBP-associated factor-dependent mechanism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1196.
A fatty acid binding protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae facilitates the acquisition of host polyunsaturated fatty acids

Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for the majority of pneumonia, motivating ongoing searches for insights into its physiology that could enable new treatments. S. pneumoniae responds to exogenous fatty acids by suppressing its de novo biosynthetic pathway and exclusively utilizing extracellular fatty acids for membrane phospholipid synthesis. The first step in exogenous fatty acid assimilation is phosphorylation by fatty acid kinase (FakA), whereas bound by a fatty acid-binding protein (FakB). Staphylococcus aureus has two binding proteins, whereas S. pneumoniae expresses three. The functions of these binding proteins were not clear. We determined the SpFakB1- and SpFakB2-binding proteins were bioinformatically related to the two binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus, and biochemical and X-ray crystallographic analysis showed that SpFakB1 selectively bound saturates, whereas SpFakB2 allows the activation of monounsaturates akin to their S. aureus counterparts. The distinct SpFakB3 enables the utilization of polyunsaturates. The SpFakB3 crystal structure in complex with linoleic acid reveals an expanded fatty acid-binding pocket within the hydrophobic interior of SpFakB3 that explains its ability to accommodate multiple cis double bonds. SpFakB3 also utilizes a different hydrogen bond network than other FakBs to anchor the fatty acid carbonyl and stabilize the protein. S. pneumoniae strain JMG1 (ΔfakB3) was deficient in incorporation of linoleate from human serum verifying the role of FakB3 in this process. Thus, the multiple FakBs of S. pneumoniae permit the utilization of the entire spectrum of mammalian fatty acid structures to construct its membrane.
Key Steps During Hartmann’s Procedures to Facilitate Minimally Invasive Hartmann’s Reversal

Minimally invasive (robotic or laparoscopic) closure of end stomas is a safe and viable option in the hands of experienced surgeons and appropriately selected patients. As in all planned two-part operations, the success of the second operation is greatly influenced by the first operation. This chapter focuses on aspects of the first operation that can be modified to make minimally invasive stoma closure more successful.
The face of remission induction

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease in which prognosis is determined by cytogenetic and molecular aberrations as well as patient-related factors, including age, prior haematologic disorders, and comorbidities. Despite the diverse disease biology, the standard of care for remission induction therapy has changed very little since its inception in 1973. Next generation sequencing has helped to increase our knowledge of the disease pathogenesis, allowing us to develop targeted and possibly more effective treatment options. Seven new agents have been approved for the treatment of AML since 2017, all of which are directed toward a specific molecular subtype or patient population. With the advent of these therapies, a more optimal, patient-specific approach rather than the historical 'one-size fits all' model can be utilised. This review will discuss the role of these novel therapies in the remission induction setting.
"That's not my job": A mixed methods study of challenging client behaviors, boundaries, and home care aide occupational safety and health.

INTRODUCTION Home care (HC) aide is among the fastest-growing jobs. Aides often work in long-term care relationships with elders or people with disabilities in clients' homes, assisting with daily activities. The purpose of this mixed-methods paper is to elucidate aides' experiences around the boundary-challenging behaviors of clients asking for services beyond aides' job duties and to identify possible interventions. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of HC aides in Massachusetts (n = 1249) provided quantitative data. Post-survey qualitative data were collected from nine HC aide focus groups (n = 70) and seven in-depth interviews with HC industry and labor representatives. RESULTS Quantitatively, aides who reported often being asked to do tasks outside their job duties were more likely to report abuse (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.47-2.52 for verbal, PR = 1.81; 95%CI: 1.13-2.91 for physical/sexual) and pain/injury with lost work time or medical care (PR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.11-2.25). They were also less likely to want to remain in their job (PR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.89-1.00) or recommend it to others (PR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.90-0.98). Qualitative data showed that clients' requests for tasks beyond job duties were frequent and can lead to injuries, abuse, and psychosocial stress. Yet, requests often reflected genuine need. Helping clients stay at home, compassion, and feeling appreciated contributed to job satisfaction; therefore, aides can feel conflicted about refusing requests. CONCLUSION Client task requests outside HC services are a complex problem. Employer support, training, care plans, and feeling part of a care team can help aides navigate professional boundaries while delivering high quality care.
Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy and Foraminotomy with Modified Radiofrequency Nerve Stimulator and Continuous Electromyography Under General Anesthesia.

Background Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches involve working in Kambin's triangle. These procedures are performed on awake patients or under general anesthesia with continuous electromyography. Potential morbidity of this approach includes injury to exiting and traversing nerve roots, as substantial dissection or cauterization of overlying tissues is required for visualization. Methods We developed a novel connection system that accepts input from a bipolar radiofrequency probe to allow direct nerve stimulation in conjunction with electromyography. This study included 30 consecutive patients undergoing transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches for discectomies (73.3%), foraminal stenosis (23.3%), or lateral recess stenosis (3.3%). Demographic, operative, and outcomes data were collected. Results Average age of patients was 61.4 years, and the L4-5 segment was most commonly treated (65.6%). Electrophysiologic mapping of the exiting nerve root was attempted in 28 patients with an average stimulation threshold of 8.6 ± 0.9 mA. Mapping of the traversing nerve root was attempted in 12 patients with an average stimulation threshold of 6.0 ± 0.8 mA. There were no instances of new postoperative sensorimotor deficits or dysesthesia. These findings persisted through mean and median follow-up of 294 days and 165 days, respectively. No patient required subsequent lumbar surgery. Conclusions Our modified instrumentation and technique allow for accurate identification of the exiting and traversing nerve roots with minimal changes to the workflow of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches. Modification of a bipolar radiofrequency device connection arrangement is simple, inexpensive, and reusable. In this study, no patients developed injury or pain related to nerve root dysfunction.
Pythagorean Paper Folding: A Study in Tuning and Temperament.

IN TUNING the tones of a scale the ear wrestles with some fascinating prob lems concerning vibration ratios. This paper describes a convenient method for displaying to the eye the mathematical relationships involved.1 The proportions embodied in musical intervals and the essential features of three tuning systems?Pythagorean, Just (or Pure), and Equal Temperament?can be demonstrated by a succession of paper folding operations. Musicians may be de lighted?and mathematicians amused?to discover that even such fabulous numbers as the "Pythagorean comma" of ratio 524288/531441 or "the twelth root of 2" 0V2)? generally simplified to 1.059463+ ?will exhibit their meaning with as much accuracy as anyone deserves?that is, with as much as he can hear?after a rela tively few folds. The procedure outlined below approaches the elegance of geom etry by relying upon proportional division rather than on mathematical computation. The folding procedure is a variant of the old monochord demonstration in which frequency is inversely proportional to string length; a strip of paper?calculating machine tape proves convenient?is sub stituted for the vibrating string. If a
The emergence of cardiac changes following the self-administration of methamphetamine.

Abstract Background Clinical observations suggest an association between methamphetamine (METH) use and cardiovascular disease, but preclinical studies are lacking. The purpose of the current study was to explore changes in left ventricular function as a potential precursor to cardiovascular disease in a rodent model of METH use. Methods Male rats were allowed to self-administer either METH or saline for 9 d. On the day following the 4th and 9th self-administration sessions, an echocardiogram was performed to assess left-ventricular parameters under basal conditions and following a low-dose of METH (1 mg/kg). Results A low challenge dose of METH resulted in subtle but statistically significant changes in cardiac function during the echocardiogram in both the METH and saline self-administering groups. Further, differences in left-ventricular parameters such as stroke volume and heart rate were observed between METH and saline groups following the 9th self-administration session. Finally, supervised machine learning correctly predicted the self-administration group assignment (saline or METH) using cardiac parameters following the 9th self-administration session. Conclusions The findings of the current study suggest the heart, specifically the left ventricle, is sensitive to METH. Overall, these findings and emerging clinical observations highlight the need for research to investigate the effects of METH use on the heart.
Interaction-induced conducting–non-conducting transition of ultra-cold atoms in one-dimensional optical lattices

The study of time-dependent, many-body transport phenomena is increasingly within reach of ultra-cold atom experiments. We show that the introduction of spatially inhomogeneous interactions, e.g., generated by optically controlled collisions, induce negative differential conductance in the transport of atoms in one-dimensional optical lattices. Specifically, we simulate the dynamics of interacting fermionic atoms via a micro-canonical transport formalism within both a mean-field and a higher-order approximation, as well as with a time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG). For weakly repulsive interactions, a quasi-steady-state atomic current develops that is similar to the situation occurring for electronic systems subject to an external voltage bias. At the mean-field level, we find that this atomic current is robust against the details of how the interaction is switched on. Further, a conducting–non-conducting transition exists when the interaction imbalance exceeds some threshold from both our approximate and time-dependent DMRG simulations. This transition is preceded by the atomic equivalent of negative differential conductivity observed in transport across solid-state structures.
Concurrent Radiation and Modern Systemic Therapies for Breast Cancer: An Ever-Expanding Frontier

Abstract Radiotherapy is a critical tool for reducing locoregional recurrence, extending survival, and palliating symptoms in patients with breast cancer. With an ever-expanding armamentarium of systemic agents available, and an increasing trend toward the use of hypofractionated radiation regimens, it can be difficult to determine the safety of concurrent therapy. In particular, new targeted agents in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting have limited prospective or long-term data demonstrating safety when delivered concurrently with radiotherapy. Other systemic agents, including chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, are also important components of the overall treatment strategy for localized and metastatic breast cancer, and are often delivered concurrently with radiation in certain clinical scenarios. This review explores the safety, efficacy, and pitfalls of delivering radiation in conjunction with systemic therapies for breast cancer.
Exploring shear-induced segregation in controlled-velocity granular flows

Particle segregation in geophysical and industrial granular flows is typically driven by gravity and shear. While gravity-induced segregation is relatively well understood, shear-induced segregation is not. In particular, what controls segregation in the absence of gravity and the interplay between shearand gravity-driven segregation remain unclear. Here, we explore the shear-induced segregation force on an intruder particle in controlled-velocity granular flows where the shear profile is systematically varied. The shear-induced segregation force is found to be proportional to the shear rate gradient, which effectively pushes the large intruder from lower to higher shear rate regions. A scaling law is developed for the segregation force that is accurate over a wide range of overburden pressures and shear rates, and hence inertial numbers.
ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSES TO DISCONTINUOUS INNOVATION: A CASE STUDY APPROACH

Research that examines entrant-incumbent dynamics often points to the organisational limitations that constrain incumbents from successfully pursuing new technologies or fending off new entrants. Some incumbents are nevertheless able to successfully implement organisational structures and develop routines that overcome these institutional constraints. We provide a case-study analysis of how three firms — Motorola, IBM and Kodak — responded to “discontinuous” innovations and the associated structural and organisational limitations that are typical to incumbent organisations. Each firm was able to capture gains from new technologies and develop profitable products in emerging markets, although their abilities to sustain these gains varied due to subsequent organisational changes. Drawing from these case studies, we synthesise how firms can institute organisational strategies to continue to capture gains from disruptive innovations. A schema suggests that particular organisational strategies are comparatively optimal for corresponding points along an innovation lifecycle.
Prediction of Protein Functions from Protein Interaction Networks: A Naïve Bayes Approach

Predicting protein functions is one of most challenging problems in bioinformatics. Among several approaches, such as analyzing phylogenetic profiles, homologous protein sequences or gene expression patterns, methods based on protein interaction data are very promising. We propose here a novel method using Naive Bayes which takes advantage of protein interaction network topology to improve low-recall predictions. Our method is tested on proteins from the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) and on the yeast proteins from the BioGRID and compared with other state-of-the-art approaches. Analyses of the results, using several methods that include ROC analyses, indicate that our method predicts protein functions with significantly higher recall without lowering precision.
Funding Biomarker Research and Development through the Small Business Innovative Research Program

Obtaining funds through the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program is every bit as challenging as being successful through the traditional mechanisms. One can increase the chances of being successful by understanding the process and by carefully studying past successes as well as past failures. This article discusses some of the key features of the SBIR program and things that may increase the likelihood of success in funding a biomarker-development project through the SBIR program. Keywords: small business innovative research (SBIR) program; biomarker; funding; commercialization
Resilience of Post-disaster Emergency Response Networks: Evacuation Response and Texas School Districts

Studies of collaborative public management have relied on a number of concepts that are time-bound. Collaborative networks rely on trust and stable expectations – both elements that have strong temporal elements. Despite this attention, there has been less research into the evolution of collaborative relationships than one would expect – especially using large-N quantitative methodologies. This is due in part to the methodological difficulties of studying relationships across time using survey methodologies. This paper reports results from two surveys of school districts immediately following Hurricane Katrina that asked about their collaborative relationships – including whether they continued collaboration more than a year after the hurricanes. The results suggest that organizational structure plays the largest role in determining whether organizations maintain collaborative relationships.
Memory, Development of

Throughout infancy and early childhood there are remarkable changes in the ability to remember everyday and emotional events. More frequent and effective use of memory strategies, increases in speed of processing, and developments in metamemory all contribute to the changes. Keywords: memory; metamemory; memory strategies; speed of processing; autobiographical memory
An evaluation of processes regulating spatial and temporal patterns in lake sulfate in the Adirondack region of New York

[1] As a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1990, there have been significant decreases in sulfate (SO42−) concentrations in surface waters across the northeastern United States. The 37 Direct/Delayed Response Program (DDRP) watersheds in the Adirondacks receive elevated levels of atmospheric S deposition and showed considerable variability in lake SO42− concentrations. In response to decreases in atmospheric S deposition, these sites have generally exhibited relatively uniform decreases in surface water SO42− concentrations. In this study, an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) was used to simulate the response of lake SO42− concentrations at these DDRP sites to recent changes in atmospheric S deposition. Using default parameters and algorithms, the model underpredicted lake SO42− concentrations at sites with high SO42− concentrations and overpredicted at sites with low SO42− concentrations. Initial predictions of lake SO42− were relatively uniform across the region. Initial model simulations also underpredicted decreases in lake SO42− concentrations from 1984 to 2001. We identified seven hypotheses that might explain the discrepancies between model predictions and the measured data. Model inputs, parameters, and algorithms were modified to help test these hypotheses and better understand factors that control spatial and temporal patterns in lake SO42− in this acid-sensitive region.
Interventional cardiology for the criticalist

Objective – To review indications, procedures, and prognosis for common cardiovascular emergencies requiring intervention in small animals. Etiology – Pericardial effusion, symptomatic bradycardia, and heartworm-induced caval syndrome are examples of clinical scenarios commonly requiring intervention. Pericardial effusion in small animals occurs most frequently from cardiac neoplasia, idiopathic pericarditis, or congestive heart failure. Indications for temporary pacing include transient bradyarrhythmias, ingestions resulting in chronotropic incompetence, and emergency stabilization of critical bradyarrhythmias. Caval syndrome results from a large dirofilarial worm burden, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical obstruction of right-sided cardiac output with resultant hemolysis and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis – The diagnosis of pericardial effusion is suspected from signalment and physical findings and confirmed with cardiac ultrasound. Symptomatic bradycardias often present for syncope and definitive diagnosis derives from an ECG. Caval syndrome is diagnosed upon clinical, hematologic, and ultrasonographic evidence of severe heartworm infestation, cardiovascular compromise, and/or mechanical hemolysis. Therapy – Pericardial effusion is alleviated by pericardiocentesis in the emergency setting, though may require further intervention for long-term palliation. Temporary transvenous pacing can be performed emergently to stabilize the symptomatic patient with a bradyarrhythmia. Dirofilariasis leading to caval syndrome requires urgent heartworm extraction. Prognosis – The prognosis for pericardial effusion is dependent upon the underlying etiology; the prognosis for cardiac pacing is favorable, and the prognosis for caval syndrome is grave if untreated and guarded to fair if heartworm extraction is performed.
Water, Culture, and Power: Local Struggles in a Global Context

Water, Culture, and Power: Local Struggles in. Global Context. John M. Donahue and Barbara Rose Johnston. eds. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998.396 pp.
Bridges Between Cultural and Digital Worlds in Revolutionary Egypt

Networks are both imagined and directly experienced. While most people have trouble concretely explaining what networks are and how they structure our world, very few doubt their prominence in an increasingly globalized world where information moves at a dizzying pace. Networks speak to the link between the local and global—linking an event in a small village in Tunisia to the evening news in London. Yet they bind peoples and ideas not only across distance, but also in proximity. How are such networks imagined by peoples across dimensions of class, religion, gender, and generation in the dynamic environment that is revolutionary Egypt today? This article presents initial findings from initial ethnographic and interview-focused fieldwork conducted with Egyptians across a range of demographics. It presents insights around how technological, institutional, and human networks coordinate to present convergent and divergent actions, insights that shape an ever-changing Egyptian political reality.
Structure−Activity Relationships of Flavonoids in the Cellular Antioxidant Activity Assay

Chemical antioxidant activity assays are used extensively to evaluate the potential bioactivity of plant foods and their phytochemical constituents, but they do not mimic the complexity of biological systems. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) activity assay was developed to be a more biologically relevant model to measure antioxidant activity. Structure−activity relationships of flavonoids have been determined in many chemistry antioxidant activity assays, and they vary with the protocols. The objective of this study was to determine structure−activity relationships of selected flavonoids in the CAA assay. The structures that conferred flavonoids with the most antioxidant activity in the CAA assay were a 3′,4′-o-dihydroxyl group in the B-ring, a 2,3-double bond combined with a 4-keto group in the C-ring, and a 3-hydroxyl group. Isoflavones had no cellular antioxidant activity. Flavanols with a galloyl moiety had higher antioxidant activity than those without, and a B-ring 3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyl group ...
Correlates of reproductive success in a Caribbean village.

Genealogical, demographic, and economic data collected in a rural Trinidadian village indicate that: (1) individuals with more land have more offspring, (2) males with more land have higher mating success, (3) young adults with parents resident in the village have higher reproductive success, and (4) the residence of father has a strong effect on young adult male reproductive success, but apparently has no effect on young adult female reproductive success, suggesting a gender bias in nepotism. The results indicate that there are important gender differences in the effect of resources on reproduction and in patterns of parent-offspring interaction.
Molecular determinants of drug–receptor binding kinetics

It is increasingly appreciated that the rates at which drugs associate with and dissociate from receptors--the binding kinetics--directly impact drug efficacy and safety. The molecular determinants of drug-receptor binding kinetics remain poorly understood, however, especially when compared with the well-known factors that affect binding affinity. The rational modulation of kinetics during lead optimization thus remains challenging. We review some of the key factors thought to control drug-receptor binding kinetics at the molecular level--molecular size, conformational fluctuations, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effects--and discuss several possible approaches for the rational design of drugs with desired binding kinetics.
Environmental variability and the persistence of multiple emergence strategies

Studies of plant and animal populations have demonstrated the occurrence of multiple and mixed life history strategies such as polymodal timing of germination and emergence from dormancy. We present the results of a simulation model used to test whether between-year variance in mortality can lead to the persistence of multiple hatching strategies considered over an ecological time scale (50 years). The model is based on the general life history characteristics of a population of planktonic copepods (Diaptomus sanguineus) in Bullhead Pond, Rhode Island. Our model results demonstrate that, given a range of between-year variance in mortality, multiple strategies for timing of emergence can persist in a common environment for ecologically relevant periods of time. A qualitative test of the model comparing field estimates of mean and variance of mortality in Bullhead Pond with the region of persistence indicates that the model results are in approximate agreement with field estimates. The results suggest that variability in year-to-year selection pressures, such as predation or harsh winters, may play an important role in determining the evolution of life histories.
Microstructure‐Lattice Thermal Conductivity Correlation in Nanostructured PbTe0.7S0.3 Thermoelectric Materials

The reduction of thermal conductivity, and a comprehensive understanding of the microstructural constituents that cause this reduction, represent some of the important challenges for the further development of thermoelectric materials with improved figure of merit. Model PbTe-based thermoelectric materials that exhibit very low lattice thermal conductivity have been chosen for this microstructure-thermal conductivity correlation study. The nominal PbTe{sub 0.7}S{sub 0.3} composition spinodally decomposes into two phases: PbTe and PbS. Orderly misfit dislocations, incomplete relaxed strain, and structure-modulated contrast rather than composition-modulated contrast are observed at the boundaries between the two phases. Furthermore, the samples also contain regularly shaped nanometer-scale precipitates. The theoretical calculations of the lattice thermal conductivity of the PbTe{sub 0.7}S{sub 0.3} material, based on transmission electron microscopy observations, closely aligns with experimental measurements of the thermal conductivity of a very low value, {approx}0.8 W m{sup -1} K{sup -1} at room temperature, approximately 35% and 30% of the value of the lattice thermal conductivity of either PbTe and PbS, respectively. It is shown that phase boundaries, interfacial dislocations, and nanometer-scale precipitates play an important role in enhancing phonon scattering and, therefore, in reducing the lattice thermal conductivity.
XMCPDT does have correct type I error rates.

To the Editor: In the January 2007 issue of the Journal, Chung et al.1 compared X-APL proposed by them to XMCPDT proposed by Ding et al.2 Based on their simulation results, they stated that with use of allele frequencies estimated from observed parental genotypes, XMCPDT would give inflated type I error rates. Here we wish to point out that use of estimated allele frequencies is not the cause of inflated type I error rates. Rather, the actual cause was the severe violation of the XMCPDT assumption in their simulation settings, which was discussed at length in Ding et al.
Blocking HDACs boosts regulatory T cells

Histone deacetylase inhibitors, which are in clinical use as anticancer agents, also affect the biology of regulatory T cells. These inhibitors may also hold promise as immunomodulatory drugs (pages 1299–1307).
Theory and Practice in Latin American Alternative Communication Research.

Au cours des annees 1970, la recherche en communication de l'Amerique latine s'est tournee vers d'autres conceptions des theories de la communication, referee desormais comme la communication alternative. De nos jours, et bien que faisant face a des conditions politiques et sociales qui sont passees de regimes repressifs a des regimes plus democratiques, les chercheurs semblent etre dans une phase de confusion theorique, dans une incapacite de repondre efficacement au nouveau liberalisme ambiant. Pour les AA., un certain nombre de reponses a la creation mediatique democratique se trouvent dans la litterature de cette communication alternative pour laquelle ils proposent une revue complete de question, avec comme objectif principal de la porter a la connaissance des chercheurs non-hispanophones
Computer analysis of X-ray spectra

Abstract A program has been devised to analyze energy dispersive Si(Li) detector X-ray spectra. The computational sequence of the program is to construct and subtract an estimated background using least-squares and spline fits, convolute the spectra with Gaussians of varying widths to bring out peaks and smooth the data, convolute with an offset Gaussian to establish peak and half-width crossings, and least-squares fit the peaks to obtain accurate values for the peak energies, amplitudes, and widths. The peaks are then paired to the elements they represent.