cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4290: Visualizing immune surveillance in lung metastasis progression

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL As stipulated by the Paget and Fuchs’ “seed and soil” analogy, the establishment of metastases depends on the microenvironment of target tissue; as such, it also depends on the tissue immunosurveillance system. Anti-tumor immune responses are subdued in advanced tumors by various immune suppressory mechanisms, such as by tumor associated CD4 FoxP3 regulatory T-reg cells. But how immune suppression sets in at the sites of metastasis, and how it could be overcome there remains unclear. Using multiphoton and confocal microscopy, we have visualized the immune cell's dynamics that is triggered by various metastatic cancers in the lungs. We found that single, blood-carried cancer cells that settle in the capillary bed triggered strikingly rapid recruitment of CD11c dendritic cells (DCs), which were heterogeneous. Some of those DCs wrapped around the singular cancer cells while other probed their intracellular content by acquiring tumor-derived vesicles. These phagocytic DCs then carried away their cargo towards the draining lymph nodes, thereby initiating tumor antigen cross-presentation. After 24-48 hours, micrometastases became surrounded by T cells that were highly enriched in T-reg. The motility patterns and cell depletion experiments showed that T-reg largely ignored tumor cells but were attracted by the phagocytic tumor-associated DCs. In result of these interactions, the phagocytic DCs became the foci of highly dynamic three-cell interactions between T-reg and the effector T cells, sequestering most T cells at the tumor margin. In this context, we tested the impact of immunomodulatory therapies. The immune cell dynamics that we uncovered in metastases was responsive to therapeutic immune modulation aimed at the tumor-associated phagocytic DCs and also at Programmed Death (PD-1) pathways. Taken together, our intravital dynamic imaging results highlight the duality of metastasis-associated phagocytic DCs. On the one hand, these cells provide tumor antigen cross-presentation and recruit T cells to nascent secondary tumors, but on the other hand, they aid metastasis progression by promoting early on the contact of tumor-infiltrating T cells with T-reg. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4290. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4290
The Effects of Flow Asymmetry on the Direction of Rossby Wave Breaking

Abstract The relationship between the direction of the breaking of Rossby waves on an isolated jet and the cross-jet asymmetry of the flow is investigated. The flow structure of a circular jet is, under most circumstances, such that waves break uniquely outward, although the authors contrive a flow on which breaking is uniquely inward. The influence on the direction of the breaking of the location of critical lines in the undisturbed flow is discussed. On a straight jet with asymmetric shear, there are three wave amplitude regimes: weak waves do not break; waves of moderate amplitude break only toward the closer critical line; and waves of sufficiently large amplitude break both ways.
Effects on search speed of the probability of target-distractor combinations

Pigeons searched for a small target form (T) among 31 identical distractors (Ds). T and D came from the same small set, which differed by simple features. Each form appeared equally often as T or D. Search reaction time (RT) was measured. In Experiment 1, RT was lower to frequent than to infrequent pairs, whether or not frequency was consistently associated with a featural difference. In Experiment 2, detection of T in the location predicted by D was relatively fast. In Experiment 3, search transferred to new T-D pairs. In Experiment 4, probable T-D pairs and improbable T-D pairs were drawn from different sets. Again, T-D probability affected search RT. It was concluded that probability of T-D combinations, not just of targets, affects search speed; distractors may mediate this effect through within-trial priming of attention
Volcano/ground ice interactions in Elysium Planitia, Mars

The occurrence within Elysium Planitia of meltwater deposits, possible pseudocraters, collapse features within troughs, and outflow channels indicates that a layer of subsurface volatiles existed at the time of volcanic activity within this area. The pseudocraters are interpreted to be indicators of near-surface volatiles, while meltwater deposits and the degree of preservation of trough walls and floors are thought to signify greater volatile depths. A latitudinal variation in the distribution of these features indicates either that the depth to the volatile layer increased from less than about 50 m at 35 deg N to greater than 600 m at 24 deg N, or that an ice wedge that existed at 35 deg N thinned to nonexistence at 24 deg N. Braided distributary channel systems within the chaotic terrain north of Elysium Planitia show that ephemeral lakes were repeatedly created and drained at this locality. The existence of volatiles contemporaneous with volcanic activity permits a search to be made for explosively generated landforms predicted to exist by previous theoretical models. Morphological evidence for strombolian, vulcanian and plinian eruptions is lacking within western Elysium Planitia; there are no identifiable cinder cones, pyroclastic flow deposits, or mantled areas indicative of large airfall deposits at an image resolution of 50-150 m/pixel. However, the pseudocraters indicate that small-scale phreatomagmatic activity may have taken place.
Heuristic techniques in computer-aided circuit analysis

A new kind of circuit analysis program, EL, is presented. Whereas other circuit analysis systems rely on classical, formal, analysis techniques, EL employs heuristic "inspection" methods to solve rather complex dc bias circuits. These techniques also give EL the ability to explain any result in terms of its own qualitative reasoning processes. EL's reasoning is based on the concept of a "local one-step deduction" augmented by various "teleological" principles and by the concept of a "macro-element." Several annotated examples of EL in operation and an explanation of how it works are presented. Also how EL can be extended in several directions, including sinusoidal steady-state analysis is shown. Finally, the possible implications of this work for engineering education and computer-aided design technology are discussed briefly. EL is significant not only as a novel approach to circuit analysis but also as an application of Artificial Intelligence techniques to a new and interesting domain.
Psychosocial Risk as a Predictor of Survival Following LVAD Implant

Purpose The impact of psychosocial risk on survival has been well established in heart transplantation but is unclear in MCS. The primary goal of this study is to investigate whether preoperative psychosocial risk is a significant factor in survival following LVAD implant. Methods and Materials We studied 44 consecutive patients that underwent LVAD implant from 2009-2011 who had a comprehensive psychosocial assessment by a single psychiatrist preoperatively in evaluation for transplant. 22 were determined to be low risk (LR) from a psychosocial perspective and 22 were deemed high risk (HR). Actuarial-survival analysis was performed by the K-M method and results were compared by log-rank analysis. 7 LR and 2 HR patients subsequently underwent transplant and were censored from the analysis at appropriate time points. Results Median age was 63 years (42-68) for LR and 54 (30-69) in HR (P=0.02). There was no difference in INTERMACS score (2.7±1.0 vs. 2.3±0.7, P>0.05). The most prevalent psychosocial risk factors were: poor social support (45%), mood disorder (36%), poor compliance (27%) and substance abuse (18%). Survival to discharge for the index hospitalization was not different between groups (91% vs. 95%, P>0.05). Mean days on LVAD support were 545±353 and 407±298 days for LR and HR, respectively. K-M estimate of actuarial survival was significantly worse in the HR group compared to LR (P=0.03, figure 1 ). Estimates of 1- and 2-year survival were 85% (LR) vs. 65% (HR) and 85% vs. 48%. Conclusions Preoperative psychosocial risk appears to be a significant predictor for worse long-term survival after LVAD implant. This may have important implications in patient selection for mechanical circulatory support, particularly in the destination therapy population.
Decision making under time pressure with different information sources and performance-based financial incentives: part 1

In prior reports (J.R. Marsden, R. Pakath, K. Wibowo, Decision making under time pressure with different information sources and performance-based financial incentives: Part 1, Decision Support Systems, 34 (2002) 75-97, J.R. Marsden, R. Pakath, K. Wibowo, Decision making under time pressure with different information sources and performance-based financial incentives: Part 2, Decision Support Systems, 34 (2002) 99-124), we describe the design and implementation of a software platform and a laboratory experiment aimed at a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of an alternative communication language for a time-pressured, incentive-driven decision-making setting. Our experimental findings suggest that, despite its relative novelty, the alternative language is at least as effective as the more traditional communication modes of written and spoken English in the specific setting examined, while succinctly conveying what must be conveyed. That work embodies three central underlying constructs--information communication mode, communication speed, and complexity level. The analysis in (J.R. Marsden, R. Pakath, K. Wibowo, Decision making under time pressure with different information sources and performance-based financial incentives: Part 2, Decision Support Systems, 34 (2002) 99-124) focuses solely on mode. In this concluding portion of the research, we analyze the two remaining constructs--speed and complexity level. Taken together with that in (J.R. Marsden, R. Pakath, K. Wibowo, Decision making under time pressure with different information sources and performance-based financial incentives: Part 2, Decision Support Systems, 34 (2002) 99-124), our analysis enables a fuller understanding of the interplay between communication mode, speed, and complexity. We note two particular findings of our research: (1) whereas real-world systems are often designed based on prescriptive tradition, including "best practice" criteria widely disseminated and adopted by practitioners without demonstrated benefits to users, in our study, we found that performance at any level of a particular construct was typically sensitive to the levels set for the remaining two attributes, and (2) despite the fact that many experimental studies (e.g., (D.M. Miranda, R.P. Bostrom, The impact of group support systems on group conflict and conflict management, Journal of Management Information Systems, 10 (3), (1993), 63-95, H. Nysveen, P.E. Pedersen, An exploratory study of customers' perception of company web sites offering various interactive applications: moderating effects of customers' Internet experience, Decision Support Systems, 37 (1) (2004), 137-150)) continue to emphasize subject perception over more objective performance measures, in our study, we found that subject preexperimental perceptions did not always coincide with actual experimental outcomes. Our work, like most controlled experimental analyses, is subject to caveats related to limited sample size and specific orderings examined.
Patient and Social Environment Factors Associated With Self Blood Pressure Monitoring by Male Veterans With Hypertension

Self blood pressure monitoring (SBPM) can facilitate hypertension management, but determinants of SBPM are understudied. The authors examined the relationship of patient and social environment characteristics to monitor possession and frequency of SBPM in 578 male hypertensive veterans. Measures included possession of a monitor; SBPM frequency; concurrent blood pressure control; and patient demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. In logistic regression analyses, older age, diabetes, unemployment, and better mental health status were related to greater likelihood of monitor possession. Ordinal logistic regression showed that among patients with a monitor, having diabetes, being unemployed, and having a shorter duration of hypertension were independently related to greater frequency of SBPM. Monitor possession, but not frequency of SBPM, was related to a decreased likelihood of blood pressure control in adjusted analyses. Our results suggest that patient characteristics may influence SBPM and may represent points of leverage for intervening to increase self-monitoring.
Effects of a Self‐Administered Previsit Questionnaire to Enhance Awareness of Patients’ Concerns in Primary Care

To determine if a self-administered previsit questionnaire designed to increase awareness of patients’ concerns alters the visit duration, content of the discussion, and patient and physician satisfaction. A balanced, two-arm trial in which physicians were randomized. Two primary-care clinics affiliated, with a university hospital. Ten physicians and 201 continuitycare patients. In intervention visits, patients completed a previsit questionnaire asking about the desire for medical information, psychosocial assistance, therapeutic listening, general health advice, and biomedical treatment. Physicians reviewed questionnaires with patients during the visit. We used audiotapes of encounters to quantify the duration of the encounter and measured the number and type of diagnoses discussed in the visit, and patient and physician satisfaction with the encounter. Intervention visits were 34% longer (increase of 6.8 minutes; 95% confidence interval, [CI] 0.4, 13.2) than control visits with most of the additional time spent in discussion of biomedical diagnoses (3.35 minutes; 95% CI 0.00, 6.72) and in the performance of the physical examination (2.7 minutes; 95% CI 0.5 4.9). The number of diagnoses discussed per visit was 30% higher in intervention visits (increase of 1.7 diagnoses per visit; 95% CI 0.3, 3.2), but patients’ satisfaction with these visits tended to be lower. Using a previsit questionnaire to increase awareness of the patients’ concerns may entail a trade-off between conflicting goals: trying to respond to patient concerns while not significantly increasing the cost per visit. A future challenge is to develop and refine techniques with sufficient efficacy to justify the expense of implementing the intervention and the longer visit needed to respond adequately to patients’ concerns.
Identification of host and host antibodies from mosquito blood meals.

INVESTIGATION of insect vectors of disease requires accurate information about their feeding habits and preferences. Mosquitoes, for example, serve as vectors for malaria, yellow fever, and the encephalitides. Each species or sub-species shows a varying degree of preference for man or other animals, and so it is most important to identify the host. Those Culicidae that do not favour man as host are not likely to be human disease vectors.
The formation of solar quiescent prominences by condensation

We model the formation of solar quiescent prominences by solving numerically the non-linear, time-dependent, magnetohydrodynamic equations governing the condensation of the corona. A two-dimensional geometry is used. Gravitational and magnetic fields are included, but thermal conduction is neglected. The coronal fluid is assumed to cool by radiation and to be heated by the dissipation of mechanical energy carried by shock waves. A small, isobaric perturbation of the initial thermal and mechanical equilibrium is introduced and the fluid is allowed to relax. Because the corona with the given energy sources is thermally unstable, cooling and condensation result. When magnetic and gravitational fields are absent, condensation occurs isotropically with a strongly time-dependent growth rate, and achieves a density 18 times the initial density in 3.5 × 104 s. The rapidity of condensation is limited by hydrodynamical considerations, in contrast to the treatment of Raju (1968). When both magnetic and gravitational fields are included, the rate of condensation is inhibited and denser material falls. We conclude that: (1) condensation of coronal material due to thermal instability is possible if thermal conduction is inhibited; (2) hydrodynamical processes determine, in large part, the rate of condensation; (3) condensation can occur on a time scale compatible with the observed times of formation of quiescent prominences.
Population Studies of Mortality

Population Studies has become the principal outlet for demographic research on mortality. Many of the advances in the measurement of mortality in data-poor countries were reported in its pages. It has also published most of the influential articles which attempted to make a broad-scale assessment of the sources of mortality change. These include special attention to developments in England and Wales and Sri Lanka. Capitalizing on the widespread availability of demographic surveys, articles in the 1980s featured careful analyses of the demographic correlates of child mortality. Such studies have passed the point of diminishing returns, and declines in child mortality have focused increased attention on conditions among adults. Unfortunately, demography has not developed the means for measuring and analysing adult mortality in underdeveloped countries that are equivalent in their power to methods for studying child mortality.
High-Precision Fluorimetry with a Light-Emitting Diode Source

A simple fluorimeter which uses a light-emitting diode as a source of excitation and a photodiode as a detector has been constructed and evaluated. The exceptional stability of both the detector and the source make it possible to make concentration measurements by fluorimetry with a precision of at least 0.002%. Furthermore, the system exhibited excellent linear dynamic range and a limit of detection of 20 ng/L for the dye Oxazine 720 in methanol.
Anchor-booster based heterogeneous networks with mmWave capable booster cells

Communication in millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum has gained an increasing interests for tackling the spectrum crunch problem and meeting the high network capacity demand in 4G and beyond. Considering the channel characteristics of mmWave bands, it can be fit into heterogeneous networks (HetNet) for boosting local-area data rate. In this paper, we investigate the challenges in deploying an anchor-booster based HetNet with mmWave capable booster cells. We show that due to the channel characteristics of mmWave bands, there could be a mismatch between the discoverable coverage area of booster cell at mmWave band and the actual supportable coverage area. Numerical results are provided in validating the observation. We suggest possible ways in addressing the coverage mismatch problem. This work provides insights on the deployment and implementation challenges in mmWave capable HetNets.
The ovalbumin gene: Cloning of a complete ds-cDNA in a bacterial plasmid

Abstract The ovalbumin structural gene was purified and amplified by cloning in the bacterial strain χ1776 using the tetracycline-resistant plasmid pMB9. To prepare this recombinant plasmid, a full-length copy of the mRNA was first synthesized with avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase. A double-stranded copy of the DNA was then synthesized and joined to the plasmid by the polyA-polydT “tailing” procedure. Transformed colonies containing ovalbumin DNA were selected by in situ hybridization with 32P-cRNAov. Digestion of the chimeric clones with HhaI, which does not cleave the ovalbumin DNA, can be used to calculate the size of the inserted DNA. One chimeric plasmid, pOv230, contained a 1950 base pair insert, which is longer than the 1850 bases of the mRNAov. The vast majority of this DNA is complementary to ovalbumin gene sequences, since a complete DNA copy of the mRNAov (cDNAov = 1850 bp) is protected from S1 nuclease digestion (>95%) by pOv230. The ramaining bases are probably comprised of the poly(dA-dT) linkers. Multiple restriction enzyme digests of the inserted ovalbumin DNA demonstrated that sites present in the double-stranded ovalbumin DNA are preserved in the chimeric plasmid and allowed us to determine the orientation of the inserted ovalbumin DNA. Finally, the chimeric plasmid pOv230 is able to transform χ1776 with an efficiency similar to the parent plasmid pMB9.
Correlated Membrane Fluctuations in Nanocrystal Superlattices

Superlattices of organic monolayer-stabilized silver nanocrystals exhibit structural integrity at temperatures well above the melting point of the hydrocarbon capping ligands (i.e., the $\mathrm{C}{}_{8}$, $\mathrm{C}{}_{12}$, and $\mathrm{C}{}_{16}$ alkanethiols used in this study). Temperature-dependent small angle x-ray scattering reveals that topological disordering occurs with spatially correlated domains of characteristic length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ that grow with increasing temperature until $\ensuremath{\xi}$ diverges at a critical temperature ${T}_{c}$, as $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}({1\ensuremath{-}T/T}_{c}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}0.67}$. A power law analysis of the scattering intensity with wave vector indicates that interactions between membranes due to thermal undulations control the topology below ${T}_{c}$.
Reduction of distribution feeders for simplified PV impact studies

With increasing connections of distributed rooftop PV to the distribution system, a method for simplifying the complex system to an equivalent representation of the feeder is useful to streamline the interconnection impact studies. This paper presents a method of reducing feeders to specified buses of interest while retaining equivalent electrical characteristics of the system. These buses of interest can be potential interconnection locations or buses where distribution engineers want to evaluate circuit performance. A methodology is presented showing equivalence of the reduction method with supporting equations and examples. Validation is performed for snapshot and time-series simulations with variable load and solar energy to demonstrate equivalent performance of the reduced circuit with the interconnection of PV.
Computational modeling approaches help guide early design efforts for usability

In this paper, we describe the innovative approach of using formal computational models to guide design efforts and evaluate software interfaces for usability. Decades of work in the field of HCI looked to using task analyses, live user testing and GOMS modeling techniques to help design for usability. While these methods proved helpful, guidance came after the fact. Only after the prototype interface had been designed were the traditional techniques useful in evaluating the interface. This research seeks to be innovative in two ways. First, it seeks to examine techniques that can directly impact design at the very first stages where it is most critical. Second, it demonstrates the utility of a not so often used approach, that of using formal computational models to impact design. In this research, formal computational models were used to map sequences of operations of an activity or task. A candidate interface was then designed around the formal model's recommendations for what would be most facilitative for this activity. The result was an interface that performed optimally per model predictions. Additionally, live user testing was employed and empirical observations verified and reinforced the model predictions.
Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a seasonal rickettsial disease of horses transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks. The etiological agent is Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a coccobacillary gram-negative organism with a tropism for granulocytes. Clinical manifestations include fever, partial anorexia, depression, distal limb edema, petechiation, icterus, ataxia, and reluctance to move. Hematologic changes observed are thrombocytopenia, decreased packed-cell volume and marked leukopenia involving first lymphocytes and then granulocytes. Diagnosis is based on awareness of geographic area for infection, typical clinical signs, abnormal laboratory findings, and visualization of characteristic morulae in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and eosinophils in a peripheral blood smear. Treatment consists of the administration of tetracycline. The disease is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in the United States, Canada, Brazil and northern Europe.
Individual differences in FFA activity suggest independent processing at different spatial scales.

The brain processes images at different spatial scales, but it is unclear how far into the visual stream different scales remain segregated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found evidence that BOLD activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) reflects computations based on separate spatial frequency inputs. When subjects perform different tasks (attend location vs. identity; attend whole vs. parts) or the same task with different stimuli (upright or inverted) with high- and low-pass images of cars and faces, individual differences in the FFA in one condition are correlated with those in the other condition. However, FFA activity in response to low-pass stimuli is independent of its response to highpass stimuli. These results suggest that spatial scales are not integrated before the FFA and that processing in this area could support the flexible use of different sources of information present in broad-pass images.
Fiber optic sensor-based system to estimate stress in smart structures

This paper describes the development of an approach to estimate the applied stress sensed from a set of multimode fiber optic sensors which are laid on the surface of a smart structure. The estimation of the applied stress is based upon the discrimination between speckle patterns produced by different strain signals. Three approaches have been formulated to estimate/classify the applied stress from the speckle patterns: (a) neural network estimation, (b) Markov random field model classification, and (c) signature-based classification. In order to develop the neural network estimator which is trained to output an estimate of the applied strain signal vector, the dimension of the original input speckle vector is first reduced by estimating the entropy of each pixel and selecting the set of pixels which carry the most information in the training set. A statistical based clustering approach is formulated to reduce the dimension further by combining highly correlated pixels in the selected set. In the Markov random field model based approach, a Markovian model for texture is assumed to fit the speckle patterns. The model parameters, as estimated using maximum likelihood techniques, are used in conjunction with a nearest neighbor rule to classify the speckle images. The signature-based classification approach is a method which incorporates both dimensionality reduction and classification directly for the case when the reference speckle images from highly representative strain vectors are available.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fluxes and sources of suspended organic matter in an estuarine turbidity maximum region during low discharge conditions

Water column concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate nitrogen (PN) were measured at three different depths in four different locations bracketing the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) along the main channel of a temperate riverine estuary (Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA). Measurements were carried out over full tidal cycle (over 24 h). Salinity, temperature, current magnitude and direction were also monitored at the same time throughout the water column. Tidally averaged net fluxes of salt, TSS, POC and PN were calculated by combining the current measurements with the concentration data. Under the extreme low river discharge conditions that characterized the study period, net landward fluxes of salt were measured in the lower part of the study area, suggesting that the landward transport through the main channel of the estuary was probably balanced by export out through the sides. In contrast, the net fluxes of salt in the upper reaches of the study area were near zero, indicating a closed salt balance in this part of the estuary. In contrast to salt, the net fluxes of TSS, POC and PN in the deeper parts of the water column were consistently landward at all four sites in Winyah Bay indicating the non-conservative behavior of particulate components and their active transport up the estuary in the region around the ETM. The carbon contents (%POC), carbon:nitrogen ratios (org[C:N]a) and stable carbon isotopic compositions (d 13 CPOC) of the suspended particles varied significantly with depth, location and tidal stage. Tidally averaged compositions showed a significant increase up the estuary in the %POC and org[C:N]a values of suspended particles consistent with the preferential landward transport of carbon-rich particles with higher vascular plant debris content. The combination of tidal resuspension and flooddominated flow appeared to be responsible for the hydrodynamic sorting of particles along the estuary that resulted in denser, organic-poor particles being transported landward less efficiently. The elemental and isotopic compositions indicated that vascular C3 plants and estuarine algae were the major sources of the particulate organic matter of all the samples, without any significant contributions from salt marsh C4 vegetation (Spartina alterniflora) and/or marine phytoplankton. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
“I fear God and honour the King”: John Wesley and the American Revolution

John Wesley, leader of the Methodist movement in England, was a significant figure to the unenfranchised lower class of English society. His movement roused popular spiritual and religious fervor among groups not reached by the bulk of the Anglican clergy, and he was in a position to observe and communicate with the English people in a way few others were. Many Anglicans had initially feared the Methodists as secret Jesuits or supporters of a Stuart restoration, but much of the violent opposition had declined by the 1760s. Still, little would be needed to revive action opposition to Methodist activities. It is in this connection that Wesley's activities in the era of the American Revolution should be viewed1
Bridging issues in DQDB subnetworks

Bridging among DQDB subnetworks and between LANs and DQDBs is discussed. Some fundamental issues encountered during the implementation and standardization of such bridges are examined. These issues include the level of interconnection the service requirements and performance measures the functionality needed in DQDB nodes dedicated to bridging addressing and address mapping routing through bridges error and flow control security of transmitted information reconfiguration and fault tolerance. Approaches to solve some of the identified problems are proposed and discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase activity of RDH10 and its interaction with visual cycle proteins.

PURPOSE. The final step in the retinoid visual cycle is catalyzed by 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenases (11-cis-RDHs) that oxidize 11cis-retinol (11cROL) to 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11cRAL). Genetic studies in mice indicate that the full repertoire of 11-cis-RDH enzymes remains to be identified. This study was conducted to characterize the 11-cis-RDH activity of RDH10 in vitro and specifically to determine whether RDH10 can functionally and physically interact with visual cycle proteins. METHODS. Human RDH10 was expressed in COS1 cells to measure its 11-cis-RDH activity in the presence or absence of purified recombinant cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP). The RPE visual cycle was reconstituted in HEK-293A cells by co-expressing RDH10, CRALBP, RPE-specific 65-kDa protein (RPE65) and lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). The cells were subsequently treated with all-trans-retinol (atROL), and retinoid profiles were quantified by HPLC. Immunocytochemical and co-immunoprecipitation analyses were performed to determine whether RDH10 physically interacts with other visual cycle proteins. RESULTS. RDH10 oxidized 11cROL to generate 11cRAL in vitro in the presence of CRALBP. RDH10 can use both NAD and NADP as cofactors for 11-cis-RDH activity, although NAD cofactor confers more robust activity. In a cell culture model co-expressing RDH10 with RPE65, LRAT and CRALBP, the visual chromophore 11cRAL was generated from atROL. Immunohistochemistry showed that RDH10 co-localizes with RPE65 and CRALBP in vivo in primary bovine RPE cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that RDH10 physically interacts with CRALBP and RPE65. CONCLUSIONS. RDH10 may function in the RPE retinoid visual cycle as an 11-cis-RDH, and thereby partially compensate for the loss of RDH5 function in patients with fundus albipunctatus. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5089‐5097) DOI:10.1167/iovs.09-3797
Taxonomic identification of algae (morphological and molecular): species concepts, methodologies, and their implications for ecological bioassessment

Algal taxonomy is a key discipline in phycology and is critical for algal genetics, physiology, ecology, applied phycology, and particularly bioassessment. Taxonomic identification is the most common analysis and hypothesis-testing endeavor in science. Errors of identification are often related to the inherent problem of small organisms with morphologies that are difficult to distinguish without research-grade microscopes and taxonomic expertise in phycology. Proposed molecular approaches for taxonomic identification from environmental samples promise rapid, potentially inexpensive, and more thorough culture-independent identification of all algal species present in a sample of interest. Molecular identification has been used in biodiversity and conservation, but it also has great potential for applications in bioassessment. Comparisons of morphological and molecular identification of benthic algal communities are improved by the identification of more taxa; however, automated identification technology does not allow for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of samples. Currently, morphological identification is used to verify molecular taxonomic identities, but with the increased number of taxa verified in algal gene libraries, molecular identification will become a universal tool in biological studies. Thus, in this report, successful application of molecular techniques related to algal bioassessment is discussed.
A note on the existence of the Alizadeh-Haeberly-Overton direction for semidefinite programming

This note establishes a new sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of the Alizadeh-Haeberly-Overton direction for semidefinite programming.
Recognition of the rotavirus mRNA 3' consensus by an asymmetric NSP3 homodimer.

Abstract Rotaviruses, the cause of life-threatening diarrhea in humans and cattle, utilize a functional homolog of poly(A) binding protein (PABP) known as nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) for translation of viral mRNAs. NSP3 binds to viral mRNA 3′ consensus sequences and circularizes the mRNA via interactions with eIF4G. The X-ray structure of the NSP3 RNA binding domain bound to a rotaviral mRNA 3′ end has been determined. NSP3 is a novel, heart-shaped homodimer with a medial RNA binding cleft. The homodimer is asymmetric, and contains two similar N-terminal segments plus two structurally different C-terminal segments that intertwine to create a tunnel enveloping the mRNA 3′ end. Biophysical studies demonstrate high affinity binding leading to increased thermal stability and slow dissociation kinetics, consistent with NSP3 function.
An accurate model for sample droplet acceleration in an air—acetylene flame

Abstract The experimentally observed velocity of an aerosol droplet in an air—acetylene flame is compared to the velocity calculated through a new mathematical model. The experimental droplet velocity is measured by means of stroboscopic photography of a stream of individual droplets sent into a flame at a known frequency and traveling very reproducible trajectories. Because the temporal spacing between these droplets is known, a measure of the instantaneous droplet location enables their velocity to be calculated. The droplet acceleration model was modified by incorporating into it a radially changing flame rise velocity, which was assumed constant in earlier treatments. Excellent agreement is found between calculated and measured droplet acceleration in the flame.
Algorithmically unsolvable problems for a cell automaton.

Abstract The living cell is an exceedingly complex object, controlled by genes numbering in the hundreds of thousands or millions for the more advanced species. It is clear that any mathematical model of a cell is a gross abstraction. A cell model based on enzymes simulated by finite automata is presented. A completely axiomatic description of a simplified cell containing 45 enzymes is now being run on a digital computer. It is represented wholly in the Turing automaton notation, which defines all logical activities of the cell in a completely unequivocal way. The mathematical theory of algorithmic unsolvability is outlined briefly. It is hypothesized that if an axiomatic cell were to attempt hereditary adaptation it would be faced with analogies to what are known as unsolvable problems. These are discussed in the context of general enzyme design, problems of environmental adaptation and attempted defense against predators. Identification of a cancer cell might involve certain unsolvable problems for a cellular automaton. It is impossible to prove that the simplified axiomatic cell model is an adequate representation of any real cell, but it allows the introduction of certain concepts of automata theory into molecular biology in a new and provocative manner.
Three algorithms for interpreting models consisting of ordinary differential equations: Sensitivity coefficients, sensitivity functions, global optimization

Abstract This paper reports the development and application of three powerful algorithms for the analysis and simulation of mathematical models consisting of ordinary differential equations. First, we describe an extended parameter sensitivity analysis: we measure the relative sensitivities of many dynamical behaviors of the model to perturbations of each parameter. We check sensitivities to parameter variation over both small and large ranges. These two extensions of a common technique have applications in parameter estimation and in experimental design. Second, we compute sensitivity functions, using an efficient algorithm requiring just one model simulation to obtain all sensitivities of state variables to all parameters as functions of time. We extend the analysis to a behavior which is not a state variable. Third, we present an unconstrained global optimization algorithm, and apply it in a novel way: we determine the input to the model, given an optimality criterion and typical outputs. The algorithm itself is an efficient one for high-order problems, and does not get stuck at local extrema. We apply the sensitivity analysis, sensitivity functions, and optimization algorithm to a sixth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation model for human eye movements. This application shows that the algorithms are not only practicable for high-order models, but also useful as conceptual tools.
Preservation of the myocardial collagen framework by human growth hormone in experimental infarctions and reduction in the incidence of ventricular aneurysms

Abstract We administered human growth hormone to a group of rats with experimental myocardial infarctions, in order to observe its action on the connective tissue repair process and the consequent effect on postinfarction ventricular aneurysms. Myocardial connective tissue displays a complex layout around each myocyte and among neighboring ones. It has been shown to be highly vulnerable to acute coronary ischemia which affects its diverse components in accordance with a precise timetable. The ultimate consequence of ischemia on connective tissue is the disappearance of intermyocytic links and the collagen weave that surrounds each cell. Damage to this collagen framework of the heart is responsible for the final disarray of myocytes, with a parallel effect to the myocytolytic actions of ischemia within the very structure of each cell. Hence, the appearance of postinfarction ventricular aneurysms seems to be related to failure in normal repair processes resulting from maturation of new collagen tissue into the area of myocardial necrosis. It has been shown that, besides the well-known actions on chondrocytes, hypothalamic-hypophyseal human growth hormone and somatomedins activate the fibroblasts. Adminstration of human growth hormone resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of ventricular aneurysms. Scanning electron microscopy showed a good preservation of connective tissue components of myocardium. A different histological pattern of necrosis resulted in the treated group.
Interlaboratory Study on Quantitative Methods of Analysis of C10−C13 Polychloro-n-alkanes

Seven laboratories participated in an international interlaboratory comparison exercise to compare the quantitative methods used for measuring C10−C13 polychloro-n-alkanes (PCAs). Participants were supplied with two solutions (PCA-1, PCA-70) containing PCAs of “known” but unstated concentrations, and two real world samples (fish extracts FE1 and FE2) each consisting of a cleaned up extract (lipid-free) of a fish tissue known to contain PCAs. A well-characterized commercial formulation, PCA-60, of stated concentration was also supplied and was used as the external standard for the exercise. Participants having other commercially available C10−C13 PCA mixtures were encouraged to use them as external standards for the study, and the choice of the quantitative method employed was left to participants, though all were based on high-resolution gas chromatography with detection by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (plus electron capture detection in one case). The results of the study met with mixe...
Value and limitations of radionuclide angiography in determining the cause of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: Comparison of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease☆

The radionuclide angiograms of 59 patients with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) less than 0.40, 23 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and 36 with coronary artery disease (CAD) were analyzed to assess the usefulness of radionuclide angiography in distinguishing these conditions. Mean right ventricular EF was lower in the IDC group than in the CAD group, 0.31 vs 0.45 (p less than 0.01). LV wall motion was scored from 3 (normal) to -1 (dyskinesia). The incidence of akinesia was similar in IDC and CAD groups, 70% and 83%, respectively. Dyskinesia was more common in the CAD group (42% vs 17%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Segmental wall motion analysis showed similar patterns of wall motion in both groups, with contraction best preserved in the anterobasal, posterobasal and superolateral segments. Patients in the CAD group had worse apical motion (p less than 0.01) and better wall motion in the anterobasal (p less than 0.05) and superolateral walls (p less than 0.01), compared with patients in the IDC group. To assess symmetry of contraction, a maximum difference score was derived for each patient. Symmetry (a score less than 1) was present in 5 IDC and no CAD patients, whereas asymmetry (a score of 2 or more) was present in 27 CAD and 7 IDC patients (p less than 0.01). Wall motion became more symmetric in both groups when LVEF was less than 0.20. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the maximum difference score was the best predictor of the diagnosis, but only because of better separation at the extremes of maximum difference score values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quasi-prime algebraic domains

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new class of domains called quasi-prime algebraic domains. We show that this class is a good candidate for the purpose of denotational semantics of programming languages. This is achieved by exhibiting many constructions usually needed for denotational semantics on quasi-prime algebraic domains. In the first part we motivate the notion of quasi-primes and quasi-prime algebraic domains by studying the effect of linear functions on domains that are not prime algebraic. In the second part we study categories of quasi-prime algebraic domains by representing them as irreducible information systems. We introduce a symmetric monoidal closed category of quasi-prime algebraic domains with quasi-linear functions. We show further that with the usual Scott continuous functions as morphisms, quasi-prime algebraic domains are cartesian closed. In the third part we show the existence of a saturated quasi-prime algebraic domain, and introduce a framework for solving domain equations in quasi-prime algebraic domains. It is then possible to give, for example, a model for the un-typed lambda calculus with a reflexive quasi-prime algebraic domain.
Hydrated phases and pore solution composition in cementsolidified saltstone waste forms

The mineral phases and pore solution composition of hydrated cement- solidified synthetic saltstone waste forms are quantified using thermogravimetric analysis, quantitative X-ray powder diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Although the synthetic waste contained additional sulfate, the overall chemistry of the system suppressed the formation of sulfate-bearing mineral phases. This was corroborated by the pore solution analysis that indicated very high sulfur concentrations. After one year of hydration, the mineral phases present and the composition of the pore solution are stable, and are generally consistent with expectations based on the hydration of high volume portland cement replacement mixtures.
Time and the Global: Against the Homogeneous, Empty Communities in Contemporary Social Theory

What are the chronopolitics of global–local relations? This article reconsiders the oversymmetric portrayals of identity and nationalism in Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, and reopens questions about chronopolitics raised by Johannes Fabian in Time and the Other. Anderson relies heavily on Walter Benjamin, but seriously misunderstands him, in his portrayal of nations as parallel communities in ‘homogeneous, empty, time’. Against Anderson's premise that homogeneous, empty time is real, this article argues that calibrated asymmetries in global time were made real by colonial practices, that we have forgotten that glory and hierarchical self-assertion, not horizontal comradeship, were central to Europe's Rome-fantasizing imperial nations, and that elite diaspora have replaced imperial conquests precisely in the wake of decolonization and the rise of UN ideology.
A Virtual Laboratory Model for Encouraging Undergraduate Research

Undergraduate students who perform research benefit greatly from the experience, yet achieving high levels of voluntary participation remains an elusive goal. This paper describes the implementation of an innovative laboratory model designed to encourage computer science undergraduates to actively pursue collaborative research with faculty and other students. As an extension of earlier research into team-based software engineering education, the Applied Computing Technology Laboratory was formed to provide an authentic and engaging experience in real-world computer science research. The model, which relies on a web site as its focus, is presented along with the results of one year of active research.