cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, Color-Blind Racial Attitudes, and Judgments About Mental Health: A Shifting Standards Perspective.

A fictitious counseling center intake report was given to a sample of 158 White graduate students in counseling and clinical psychology to examine the impact of reported client race (Black or White) on perceptions of clients' symptom severity. As predicted by the shifting standards model of social judgment (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. E. Nelson, 1991), participants judged the Black target to be significantly less symptomatic than the White target. After controlling for social desirability (measured as motivation to respond without prejudice; E. A. Plant & P. G. Devine, 1998), a significant interaction effect showed that color-blind racial attitudes (H. A. Neville, R. L. Lilly, G. Duran, R. M. Lee, & L. Browne, 2000) were positively related to symptom perception for the Black target but not the White target. The shift in assessment (rating the Black target more favorably than an identical White target) was more evident for participants with lower levels of color-blind attitudes. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
Some results of a tanker survey of the Gulf Stream

An analysis is made of oceanographic observations taken aboard tankers over a period of one year between Key West and Cape Hatteras. The Gulf Stream is shown to have seasonal and tidal fluctuations in speed and position. Meanders, known to exist to the north, are shown to exist as far south as the Straits of Florida.
Surface characterization of plasma‐derivatized polyurethanes

The use of plasma deposition to introduce sulfonate groups to the surface of a polyurethane was attempted. In previous work, the bulk incorporation of sulfonate groups was found to improve the blood contacting properties of the base polyurethane but physical properties in the hydrated state were adversely affected. Plasma deposition schemes involving ammonia and sulfur dioxide were utilized in an attempt to incorporate sulfonate groups. Surface characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements was used to follow polymer surface rearrangement dynamics and to address the issue of plasma chemistry specificity. Concerns of reaction specificity were alleviated by using the plasma as a pretreatment which is followed by a chemical surface derivatization.
Design of an integrated single-input dual-output 3-switch buck converter based on sliding mode control

This paper presents the design, implementation, and testing of a proof-of-concept monolithic single-input dual-output buck converter. The proposed architecture implements an analog hysteretic controller. This avoids the use of extra circuitry to generate a dedicated reference carrier signal to create the pulse-width modulated waveform, thus saving area, and reducing static power consumption. Furthermore, the proposed topology implements only three switches (instead of four switches in conventional solutions), and can save additional silicon area with proper design of the power switches in the voltage regulator. The IC prototype was fabricated in standard 0.5 μm CMOS technology (VTHN = 0.78 V, VTHP = ?0.93 V), operates with a single voltage supply of 1.8 V, generates 1.2 and 0.9 V output-voltage levels, and supplies a maximum total current of 200 mA (100 mA provided by each output), reaching up to 88 % efficiency.
Stochastic data envelopment analysis: a new approach

Pre- and post-optimality analysis of input-output data is developed here as a practical method of Farrell-type efficiency measurement. Filtering of noise and specifying the optimal output distributions provide the basic tools which are applied to the time series data for international airlines.
Time scales in atmospheric chemistry: Theory, GWPs for CH4 and CO, and runaway growth

Atmospheric CH4 perturbations, caused directly by CH4 emissions or indirectly by those of CO are enhanced by chemical feedbacks. They can be diagnosed in terms of the natural modes of atmospheric chemistry that are general solutions of the continuity equations. Each mode is a pattern in the global distribution of all chemical species, and each has a single time-constant that accurately describes its exponential decay about a given atmospheric state. This mathematical theory extends earlier work and is general for 2-D and 3-D chemistry-transport models. A formal proof relates the steady-state distribution and its lifetime to the integral of the true time-dependent response (properly included in the recent IPCC assessment). Changes in CO are also known to perturb CH4; however, the impact of CO emissions on climate has not been formally assessed in part because the short lifetime of CO (months) relative to that of CH4 (decade) was believed to limit the integrated impact. Using the IPCC model studies, this theory predicts that adding 5 CO molecules to today's atmosphere is equivalent to adding 1 CH4 molecule with the same decadal duration as direct CH4 addition. Extrapolating these results, CH4 sources would have to triple before runaway growth, wherein CH4 emissions exceed the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere.
Laplace’s Equation, Genetic Algorithms, and Evolution

With the advent of problems in genetics that are either too difficult or too dangerous to solve experimentally, it is important to have mathematical tools available so that these problems may be solved through modeling and computation. To this end we developed a mathematical experimentation procedure to simulate the evolution of a population of individuals. The procedure employs genetic algorithm methodology to study a ‘species’ that is comprised of solutions to the Laplace equation. The algorithm is applied to the study of a particularly significant and controversial problem: The release of genetically engineered organism in the wild.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Availability to the Rat of Fluoride in Chicken Bone

Abstract As a part of a survey of the fluoride content of various broiler chicken tissues (Pool et al., 1965) an estimate of the nutritional availability of the fluoride in poultry bone was desired. A number of studies of the availability of the fluoride in various relatively insoluble forms including that in animal bone have been reported (Smith and Leverton, 1934; Ellis and Maynard, 1936; Evans and Phillips, 1938; McClure et al., 1945; Greenwood et al., 1946; and Jackson et al., 1950). All these reports are in general agreement that only at levels which would be considered excessively high for a normal diet are there any practical differences in the metabolism of fluoride in the several forms. To resolve any uncertainty that this observation applied as well to the fluoride in poultry bone a rat feeding study was conducted and is the subject of this note. Weanling rats about 3 weeks…
Law and Economics Through History: McCraw's Prophets of Regulation

An economy that relies on private actors voluntarily to produce essential goods and services creates enormous opportunities for private exploitation of social needs.' In addition, private actors may seek to use the power of the state to protect their parochial interests. Consequently such an economy develops a variety of regulations to control or protect private economic actions and ownership. This heterogeneity makes economic regulation a vast and disorderly topic. There is today a sense that economic regulation has failed all too often to achieve any public interest goals. This has led to renewed enthusiasm for the so-called free market-free of "regulation." Yet that is simply economic activity regulated in other ways on other assumptions and with an equal risk of regulatory failure. The real choice is not between regulation and no regulation but between the basic strategies of regulation and among specific implementing tactics. Thomas McCraw provides an interesting historical perspective on the problems of regulatory choice in The Prophets of Regulation. McCraw, a historian on the faculty of Harvard Business School, uses biography to illuminate important aspects of the history of economic regulation. The result is a well-written examination of four key individuals who sought to define and implement economic regulation. McCraw is neither an economist nor a lawyer, and his book is as much biography as it is a history of economic regulation. It therefore provides an interesting and readable point of departure even if some of its legal and economic analysis is questionable. The book's four major chapters focus on the careers of Charles Francis Adams, drafter of legislation creating, and leading member of, the Massachusetts Railroad Commission; Louis D. Brandeis, a major figure in the development of trade regulation law; James M. Landis, one of the primary
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL ANTIGENS II. THE ANTIGENICITY IN GUINEA PIGS OF ARSANILIC ACID CONJUGATES OF COPOLYMERS OF D- OR L-α-AMINO ACIDS

An effort was made to immunize guinea pigs with arsanilic acid conjugates of copolymers of D- and L-α-amino acids; ASD-GAT and ASL-GAT. An immune response was observed only in the case of ASL-GAT. Antibodies specific for the arsanilic acid hapten were produced which could also react with ASD-GAT or ASGPA. These findings indicate that the proper metabolism of the antigen may be essential to the induction of the immune response.
Effects of molecular oxygen on detection of superoxide radical with nitroblue tetrazolium and on activity stains for catalase

The usual method of staining polyacrylamide gel electropherograms for superoxide dismutase activity utilizes a photochemical flux of O2- to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium. Superoxide dismutases intercept O2-, preventing formazan production and thus causing achromatic bands. In the presence of H2O2, catalases also yield achromatic bands during this staining procedure. This is due to local elevation of pO2 by the catalatic decomposition of H2O2. O2, in turn, inhibits the reduction of the tetrazolium by O2-. This phenomenon provides a new activity stain for catalase. A previously described activity stain for catalase has also been reexamined and significantly improved.
Developmentally regulated polyadenylation of two discrete messenger ribonucleic acids for müllerian inhibiting substance.

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a 140detectable after birth. The smaller l.&%kilobase species is first kilodalton homodimeric glycoprotein that causes regression of the Mullerian ducts in male embryos, and may also have a role in both males and females in the regulation of germ cell maturation. We examined the ontogeny of MIS messenger RNA (mRNA) in rat testes from midgestation through adulthood and found two discrete MIS mRNA species that are developmentally regulated. The larger P.O-kilobase species is abundant at embryonic day 14, then decreases in late gestation, and is barely noted at embryonic day 18 and is the major species detected
Reliability of next generation high performance pMEMS ™ resonator oscillators

Long term reliability of piezoelectric micro-electro mechanical systems (pMEMS™) resonators and oscillators has been characterized for high performance frequency reference applications. In particular, high-Q piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators exhibit aging (frequency drift) within measurement system accuracy (±2ppm) under two long-term measurement conditions: over 9 months at 25°C, and over 1400 hours at 125°C.
A Preliminary Examination of Burnout Among Counselor Trainees Treating Clients With Recent Suicidal Ideation and Borderline Traits

Treating suicidal clients with borderline traits can be conducive to burnout. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) may assuage this burnout in counselors. As part of a DBT treatment outcome study, 6 counselors in training collected their own salivary cortisol samples and completed self-report measures of burnout and well-being for 1 year. Findings indicate a significant interaction for cortisol levels by treatment condition, such that DBT counselors experienced less physiological stress over time relative to a control group of counselors. There were no group differences in self-reported burnout or well-being. DBT may have a salutary effect on trainees' physiological stress levels over time.
A Science Driven Production Cyberinfrastructure--the Open Science Grid

This article describes the Open Science Grid, a large distributed computational infrastructure in the United States which supports many different high-throughput scientific applications, and partners (federates) with other infrastructures nationally and internationally to form multi-domain integrated distributed systems for science. The Open Science Grid consortium not only provides services and software to an increasingly diverse set of scientific communities, but also fosters a collaborative team of practitioners and researchers who use, support and advance the state of the art in large-scale distributed computing. The scale of the infrastructure can be expressed by the daily throughput of around seven hundred thousand jobs, just under a million hours of computing, a million file transfers, and half a petabyte of data movement. In this paper we introduce and reflect on some of the OSG capabilities, usage and activities.
Peak-shift method for notebook computers - a power management approach for load leveling

Electrical generating utilities are increasingly troubled by the growing gap between the peaks and valleys of electricity demand. This paper proposes a peak-shift method for notebook computers. This method is to enable a peak-shift on devices with built-in batteries such as notebook computers. Performing a peak-shift on such devices narrows the gap. In addition, it also helps reduce CO/sub 2/ emissions. IBM's ThinkPad notebook computers, as a real example, are introduced. Although the size of the peak-shift on each device is small, by combining large numbers of devices, it is possible to show large effects.
Robust and efficient detection of salient convex groups

This paper describes an algorithm that robustly locates salient convex collections of line segments in an image. The algorithm is guaranteed to find all convex sets of line segments in which the length of the gaps between segments is smaller than some fixed proportion of the total length of the lines. This enables the algorithm to find convex groups whose contours are partially occluded or missing due to noise. We give an expected case analysis of the algorithm performance. This demonstrates that salient convexity is unlikely to occur at random, and hence is a strong clue that grouped line segments reflect underlying structure in the scene. We also show that our algorithm run time is O(n/sup 2/log(n)+nm), when we wish to find the m most salient groups in an image with n line segments. We support this analysis with experiments on real data, and demonstrate the grouping system as part of a complete recognition system.
Growth inhibition of a B cell leukemia: evidence implicating an anti-idiotype immune response for protective tumor immunity.

BCL1, a spontaneous surface IgM (mu lambda)-positive (sIgM+) B cell leukemia of BALB/c (Igha) origin rarely grows in the Ig heavy chain (Igh) congenic mouse C.B-20 (Ighb) but is highly metastatic and lethal in the host strain of origin. Previous studies indicated that BCL1 tumor immunity in C.B-20 mice was associated with a T cell-mediated immune response against H-40, a minor histocompatibility (H) antigen controlled by a gene linked to the Igh locus. However, we observed that BCL1 leukemia grew progressively in BAB-14 (Igha/b) mice, a strain capable of generating an anti-H-40 immune response. This suggested that anti-H-40 immunity was insufficient for protection and implied that an Igh-V (variable) region gene product was also important for BCL1 growth inhibition. We therefore evaluated the role of two possible Igh-V region-linked gene products in BCL1 growth inhibition; namely, an Igh-V region-linked minor H antigen or alternatively the BCL1 IgM idiotype (Id). We could find no evidence for an Igh-V region-linked minor H antigen because immunosuppressed (500 R) CB-20 mice reconstituted with C.B-20 anti-BAB-14 splenocytes were susceptible to BCL1 growth, whereas recipients reconstituted with C.B-20 anti-BALB/c splenocytes were resistant to BCL1 challenge. In contrast, C.B-20 mice immunized against purified BCL1 IgM protein could adoptively confer BCL1 tumor immunity. C.B-20 mice immunized against other BALB/c IgM myeloma proteins containing either lambda or kappa light chains failed to protect C.B-20 mice suggesting that recognition of a unique determinant (Id) and not an allotype was crucial for tumor immunity. The BCL1 mu-chain appeared to make the major contribution to the idiotypic determinant because a hybridoma product composed of BCL1 mu-chains and BALB/c kappa-chains still elicited BCL1 immunity. Adoptive transfer of C.B-20 anti-BCL1 Id splenocytes into irradiated recipients that prevented an anti-H-40 response due to H-40 tissue expression failed to adoptively confer BCL1 immunity. Thus, these data suggest that BCL1 growth inhibition requires a T cell-mediated response against both H-40 and the BCL1 Id; these responses must be elicited concurrently in the tumor-bearing host to achieve protective BCL1 immunity.
Restless legs syndrome symptomatology, attitudes and beliefs among treated and untreated individuals.

Abstract Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an under-diagnosed and under-treated disorder in the community. Little is known regarding the factors associated with treatment seeking for RLS. Based on Andersen's behavioral model for health service utilization, we compared predisposing factors, enabling or impeding factors and need for care factors among participants without RLS (NRs), participants with untreated RLS (URs) and participants with treated RLS (TRs). Methods The study sample consisted of 105 participants (NRs: n =41; URs: n =29; TRs: n =35) who were evaluated face-to-face based on the Hopkins Telephone Diagnostic Interview. We compared the groups with respect to sociodemographic variables, insurance status, attitudes and beliefs toward RLS and RLS treatment, symptom severity, impact on quality of life and subjective description of RLS symptoms. Results URs were older (72.6years versus 61.1years) and had a higher proportion of African Americans (44.8% versus 8.6%) ( p p p Conclusions Based on Andersen's model, predisposing and need for care factors including Caucasian race, greater concern about the impact of RLS on daily activity and more frequent endorsement of RLS symptom descriptors were associated with receiving treatment for RLS. Further study is needed to identify barriers to treatment in individuals with undiagnosed and untreated RLS in the community.
The packet starvation effect in CSMA/CD LANs and a solution

In this paper we explore the packet starvation effect (PSE) that occurs in Ethernet controllers due to the unfairness of the CSMA/CD algorithm. The PSE causes some packets to experience latencies up to 100 times the average or to completely starve out due to 16 collisions. The PSE causes some packets to experience high delays at realistic offered loads as low as 40% and causes complete starvation of some packets at offered loads as low as 60%. The PSE makes CSMA/CD LANs unsuitable for real-time traffic except at offered loads much less than 100%. It is the limiting factor in the usable bandwidth of the bus. As an alternative to CSMA/CD, we present the fair dual distributed queue (FDDQ) algorithm. Under high load, FDDQ uses a single reservation mini-dot per packet and a tree-based collision resolution algorithm (CRA) to maintain two distributed queues of waiting senders. This provides two priority FCFS access to the network. FDDQ provides utilizations and average latencies very similar to those of CSMA/CD but is fair even at extremely high offered loads. The protocol is stable for a constant number of senders, is simple enough to be practical, should be implementable in firmware, and completely eliminates the PSE. >
Identification of an APOBEC3G Binding Site in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif and Inhibitors of Vif-APOBEC3G Binding

The APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases are potent antiviral factors that restrict replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 Vif binds APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F and targets these proteins for ubiquitination by forming an E3 ubiquitin ligase with cullin 5 and elongins B and C. The N-terminal region of Vif is required for APOBEC3G binding, but the binding site(s) is unknown. To identify the APOBEC3G binding site in Vif, we established a scalable binding assay in a format compatible with development of high-throughput screens. In vitro binding assays using recombinant proteins identified Vif peptides and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit Vif-APOBEC3G binding and suggested involvement of Vif residues 33 to 83 in APOBEC3G binding. Cell-based binding assays confirmed these results and demonstrated that residues 40 to 71 in the N terminus of Vif contain a nonlinear binding site for APOBEC3G. Mutation of the highly conserved residues His42/43 but not other charged residues in this region inhibited Vif-APOBEC3G binding, Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G, and viral infectivity. In contrast, mutation of these residues had no significant effect on Vif binding and degradation of APOBEC3F, suggesting a differential requirement for His42/43 in Vif binding to APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. These results identify a nonlinear APOBEC3 binding site in the N terminus of Vif and demonstrate that peptides or antibodies directed against this region can inhibit Vif-APOBEC3G binding, validating the Vif-APOBEC3 interface as a potential drug target.
Dual renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade for diabetic kidney disease

Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) prevents the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It is controversial whether the simultaneous use of two RAAS inhibitors (ie, dual RAAS blockade) further improves renal outcomes. This review examines the scientific rationale and current clinical evidence addressing the use of dual RAAS blockade to prevent and treat DKD. It is concluded that dual RAAS blockade should not be routinely applied to patients with low or moderate risk of progressive kidney disease (normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria with preserved glomerular filtration rate). For patients with high risk of progressive kidney disease (substantial albuminuria or impaired glomerular filtration rate), clinicians should carefully weigh the potential risks and benefits of dual RAAS blockade on an individual basis until ongoing clinical trials provide further insight.
Biogeographic Patterns of Antillean Lythraceae

Abstract The Lythraceae contribute eight genera and 41 species to the flora of the Antilles. Two genera, Ginoria and Haitia, and twenty-two species are endemic to the region. A summary of the distribution of each genus among the islands of the Greater Antilles is presented, together with an estimate of center of origin and mode and direction of introduction. Cuphea (15 species) and Ginoria (13 species) are best represented. Results of phylogenetic analyses for Rotala, Cuphea, and Ginoria aid in understanding the nearest relationships and geographic sources of the Antillean members of these genera. They suggest that Rotala was introduced twice from different directions and Cuphea was introduced from eastern South America a minimum of five to eight times into the Greater Antilles and at least three times into the Lesser Antilles. A paraphyletic Ginoria and Haitia, which is nested within the most derived species of Ginoria, are the result of adaptive radiation in situ in Cuba and Hispaniola from an undetermi...
Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in social interaction.

Not long ago, one of the authors attended an engagement party. While mingling he happened upon a conversation with a guest who mentioned that she had just met the fiancee but could already tell that she was delightful. The author agreed and added that the hosts—a tall, red-haired, White man from New England and a short, Black woman from the southern United States—made a unique couple given their different backgrounds. The guest, a White female, was taken aback by this comment, saying that she did not think that the couple's racial background was relevant and that she had not even considered that the fiancee was Black until that very moment. Her reaction was sobering—the author worried that his remark had been insensitive—but it was also suspect: After all, he had simply alluded to "different backgrounds," and it was she who had interpreted the comment in terms of race. Nonetheless, she clearly believed that talking about race or even acknowledging racial difference was inappropriate in this setting. As this anecdote and a developing research literature illustrate, individuals often struggle with how best to manage interactions in which race is a potentially relevant topic. From media ambivalence
Development of a Micromotor Design for Space Applications

This paper presents results of ongoing research on lightweight acoustic micromotors based on the Lorentz-force principle of wave excitation. The design being developed is ideal for fabrication using in-house Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition technology, and has advantages such as mechanical and electrical simplicity and small moving-part count. Calculations based on linear theory were carried out to study free and forced circumferential-wave propagation on the wave plate (which forms the heart of the present motor design). Experiments were performed on “scaled-up” models of the wave plate, and large near rigid-body oscillations were observed for the wave-plate conductor system. This mode is also of potential practical interest in space applications. A related conclusion was that the present method of wave excitation would lead to design versatility and good performance (amplitude vs. frequency) at low and high frequencies.
Analysing Qualitative Longitudinal Research in Evaluations

This article describes the processes and objectives of qualitative longitudinal analysis in evaluation research, using a recent evaluation study – the evaluation of the Job Retention and Rehabilitation Pilot – as an example. It describes evaluation research as involving an interplay between four domains of change: individual, service, policy and structural, which makes longitudinal qualitative research a particularly rich data source. It outlines different types of change that may be evident: narrative change, reinterpretation by either participant or researcher, and the absence of change. The article describes how the Framework analysis method was used to analyse longitudinal qualitative research. It examines how the data can be read in different ways to combine cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, and theme, case and group analysis, and discusses the kind of questions that can be asked of change in longitudinal qualitative evaluation studies.
The Opium Trade and Little Dorrit: A Case of Reading Silences

Nationalism and imperialism in nineteenth-century European literature, located within a theoretical framework of Self/Other, have been the subject of much recent interest. Such projects focus chiefly on representations of the Other in descriptions, images, and evaluations. Sometimes, however, the affirmation of the national Self in such literature is achieved by the total or near total obliteration of the Other. In such cases it is on non-representations, or to use Macherey's word “silences,” that one's reading of such texts must be focused if their nationalistic and imperialistic character is to be exposed.
Synchrony between cortical neurons in normal and epileptogenic cortex of monkey.

Summary: A series of experiments was carried out to test the hypothesis that epileptogenic cortex contains a higher degree of synchrony between neurons than does nonepi-leptogenic cortex. Four hundred pairs of neurons were recorded extracellularly from precentral cortex of four normal and four epileptic monkeys. For each 5 min of recording, a cross-correlation and coefficient of synchrony were calculated for each pair of neurons. Although there was some degree of synchrony between neurons, there was no apparent increase in synchronous firing within the epileptogenic focus. RESUME Une serie d'experiences ont ete faites en vue de tester l'hypothese que dans le cortex epileptique il y a un degre plus eleve de synchronie entre les neurones que dans le cortex non epileptique. Un total de 400 paires de neurones ont ete enregistres (par enregistrement extracellulaire) dans le cortex precentral de 4 singes epileptiques et de 4 singes normaux. Pour chaque cinq minutes d'enregistrement, une correlation croisee et un coefficient de synchronie ont ete calcules pour chaque paire de neurones. Quoi qu'il y ait un certain degre de synchronie entre les neurones, il n'y a pas une augmentation apparente de l'embrasement synchrone a l'interieur du foyer epileptogene. RESUMEN Se han realizado una serie de experimentos para comprobar la hipotesis de que la corteza epileptogenica contiene un nivel mas elevado de sincronia entre las neuronas que la cortexa no epileptogenica. En cuatro monos normales y cuatro epilepticos se han registrado extracelularmente 400 pares de neuronas en la cortexa precentral. Para cada par de neuronas se ha calculado, cada cinco minutos de registro, una correlacion cruzada y un coeficiente de sincronia. A pesar de que existe algun grado de sincronia entre las neuionas, en el foco epileptico no se registro un incremento de descargas smcronas. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine Serie von Experimenten wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Hypothese zu testen, das der epileptogene Kortex ein hoheres Mas von Synchronie zwischen den Neuronen als der nicht epileptische beinhaltet. Insgesamt wurde von 400 Neuronenpaaren des prazentralen Kortex bei 4 gesunden und 4 epileptischen Affen extrazellular abgeleitet. Te 5 Minuten Ableitezeit wurden fur jedes Neuronenpaar eine Kreuzkorrelation und ein Synchroniekoeffizient errechnet. Obgleich ein gewisses Mas von Synchronie zwischen den Neuronen besteht, gibt es jedoch keine eindeutige Vermehrung der synchronen Entladungen innerhalb des epileptigenen Fokus.
Phylogeny of Steinernema travassos, 1927 (Cephalobina: Steinernematidae) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters

Entomopathogenic nematodes in Steinernema, together with their symbiont bacteria Xenorhabdus, are obligate and lethal parasites of insects that can provide effective biological control of some important lepidopteran, dipteran, and coleopteran pests of commercial crops. Phylogenetic relationships among 21 Steinernema species were estimated using 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences and morphological characters. Sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers were obtained to provide additional molecular characters to resolve relationships among Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema scapterisci, Steinernema siamkayai, and Steinernema monticolum.Four equally parsimonious trees resulted from combined analysis of 28S sequences and 22 morphological characters. Clades inferred from analyses of molecular sequences and combined datasets were primarily reliably supported as assessed by bootstrap resampling, whereas those inferred from morphological data alone were not. Although partially consistent with some traditional expectations and previous phylogenetic studies, the hypotheses inferred from molecular evidence, and those from combined analysis of morphological and molecular data, provide a new and comprehensive framework for evaluating character evolution of steinernematids. Interpretation of morphological character evolution on 6 trees inferred from sequence data and combined evidence suggests that many structural features of these nematodes are highly homoplastic, and that some structures previously used to hypothesize relationships represent ancestral character states. Nematodes in Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Steinernemati-
Relativism and Absolutism in Bultmann's Demythologising Hermeneutic

… the reliability of the kerygmatic tradition must not be questioned, for otherwise the eschatological event to which the kerygma testifies would be implicated in the relativity of all historical knowledge.
Binding of Dystrophin’s Tandem Calponin Homology Domain to F-Actin Is Modulated by Actin’s Structure

Dystrophin has been shown to be associated in cells with actin bundles. Dys-246, an N-terminal recombinant protein encoding the first 246 residues of dystrophin, includes two calponin-homology (CH) domains, and is similar to a large class of F-actin cross-linking proteins including alpha-actinin, fimbrin, and spectrin. It has been shown that expression or microinjection of amino-terminal fragments of dystrophin or the closely related utrophin resulted in the localization of these protein domains to actin bundles. However, in vitro studies have failed to detect any bundling of actin by either intact dystrophin or Dys-246. We show here that the structure of F-actin can be modulated so that there are two modes of Dys-246 binding, from bundling actin filaments to only binding to single filaments. The changes in F-actin structure that allow Dys-246 to bundle filaments are induced by covalent modification of Cys-374, proteolytic cleavage of F-actin's C-terminus, mutation of yeast actin's N-terminus, and different buffers. The present results suggest that F-actin's structural state can have a large influence on the nature of actin's interaction with other proteins, and these different states need to be considered when conducting in vitro assays.
Firearms, violence, and the potential impact of firearms control.

This paper organizes the question of gun controls as violence policy under two quite different headings. The first issue to be discussed is the relationship between gun use and the death rate from violent crime. The second question is whether and how firearms control strategies might reduce the death rate from violence. When we review the evidence on the relationship between guns and violence, it seems clear that gun use, usually handgun use, increases the death rate from violence by a factor of three to five. Nobody in mainstream social science or criminology argues against such weapon effects these days, although some are more skeptical of the magnitude estimated than others (one example is Lance Stell; please see his essay in this issue). Thus the problem is both genuine and important.
Dynamic Modeling of Stream Quality by Invariant Imbedding

. The estimator equations obtained using invariant imbedding is used to estimate the parameters in river or stream pollution. By using these equations, the parameters can be estimated directly from differential equations representing the pollution model and from measured noisy data such as BOD and DO. Another advantage of this approach is that a sequential estimation scheme is obtained. By using this sequential scheme, only current data are needed to estimate current or future values of the unknown parameters. Consequently, a large amount of computer time and computer memory can be saved. Furthermore, not only the parameters but also the concentrations of pollutants can be estimated. Thus, it also forms an effective forecasting technique. The classical least squares criterion is used in the estimation. Several examples are solved to illustrate the technique. (KEY WORDS: dynamic modeling; water pollution; invariant imbedding; forecasting; least squares criterion; estimation)
Cancer cell necrosis by autoschizis: Synergism of antitumor activity of vitamin C: Vitamin K3 on human bladder carcinoma T24 cells

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence light microscopy were employed to characterize the cytotoxic effects of vitamin C (VitC), vitamin K3 (VitK3) or a VitC:VK3 combination on a human bladder carcinoma cell line (T24) following 1-h and 2-h vitamin treatment. T24 cells exposed to VitC alone exhibited membranous damage (blebs and endoplasmic extrusions, elongated microvilli). VitK3-treated cells displayed greater membrane damage and enucleation than those treated with VitC as well as cytoplasmic defects characteristic of cytoskeletal damage. VitC:VitK3-treated cells showed exaggerated membrane damage and an enucleation process in which the perikarya separate from the main cytoplasmic cell body by self-excision. Self-excisions continued for perikarya which contained an intact nucleus surrounded by damaged organelles. After further excisions of cytoplasm, the nuclei exhibited nucleolar segregation and chromatin decondensation followed by nuclear karryorhexis and karyolysis. This process of cell death induced by oxidative stress was named autoschizis because it showed both apoptotic and necrotic morphologic characteristics.
Comparing Students’ Political Engagement and Knowledge in Introductory American Politics Courses When a Nontraditional Textbook is Used

For more than a decade, scholars have been concerned with declining levels of civic and political engagement, particularly among young Americans. Putnam’s seminal work, Bowling Alone, sounded the alarm on a long term downward trend in civic and political engagement in America (Putnam 2000). The issues raised in Putnam’s work spurred an interest on the part of political scientists in understanding, and in turn, addressing this decline. Several higher education initiatives, including the Carnegie Political Engagement Project, have been instituted to address the decline in political and civic engagement.
Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas

This article reviews the intersection of science and international law in the area of preserving marine biodiversity. It provides an overview of how the science concerning marine biodiversity preservation has changed focus in the last decade or so and then looks at how international law is beginning to react to that change in scientific emphasis in the international preservation of biodiversity. It ends with a recommendation that nations adopt a more comprehensive approach to marine biodiversity preservation and a recognition that such comprehensive protection packages are beginning to become part of international law.
Humility, stressful life events, and psychological well-being: Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey

A growing body of research suggests that people who are more humble tend to enjoy better physical and mental health than individuals who are less humble. The next step in moving this literature forward involves explaining and empirically demonstrating how the potentially beneficial effects of humility arise. The purpose of this study is to address this issue by seeing whether humility buffers the effects of stressful life events on four measures of well-being: happiness, life satisfaction, depressed affect, and generalized anxiety disorder. Data from a new nationwide survey (N = 3010) suggest that the magnitude of the negative relationship between stressful life events and all four measures of well-being is reduced among people who are more humble. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Gender Differences in Grandparent Attachment Among Chinese Students

Background: Attachment to grandparents has been deemed important for the healthy development of adolescents. Objectives : This study tests three competing arguments in regard to how gender may modify adolescent attachment to grandparents in Chinese context. Materials and Methods: Data used for testing hypotheses are drawn from survey responses of over 500 middle school students from Fuzhou city, China. Regression models assess the alternative hypotheses. Results: The results are in support of son preference claim showing greater attachment to both paternal grandfather and grandmother among boys than girls, while no gender differences are found in attachment to maternal grandparents. Further, gender differences sustain in sample containing all respondents as well as among singleton students only after controlling for grade level, parent education, family’s financial status, parent divorce, co-residence with grandparents, and respondents’ psychological and behavioral adjustments. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in light of gender inequality embedded in the cultural tradition and family dynamics of mainland China.
The Kinesin-1 Chemomechanical Cycle: Stepping Toward a Consensus

Kinesin-1 serves as a model for understanding fundamentals of motor protein mechanochemistry and for interpreting functional diversity across the kinesin superfamily. Despite sustained work over the last three decades, disagreements remain regarding the events that trigger the two key transitions in the stepping cycle: detachment of the trailing head from the microtubule and binding of the tethered head to the next tubulin binding site. This review describes the conflicting views of these events and highlights recent work that sheds light on these long-standing controversies. It concludes by presenting a consensus kinesin-1 chemomechanical that incorporates recent work, resolves discrepancies, and highlights key questions for future experimental work. It is hoped that this model provides a framework for understanding how diverse kinesins are tuned for their specific cellular roles.
Dual Marching Squares: Description and analysis

A new variant on the Marching Squares isocontouring method is introduced. This variant, the Dual Marching Squares, is the 2D analogue of the Dual Marching Cubes. It is the dual of Marching Squares, taking as its contour segment vertices the midpoints of the Marching Squares isocontour. Experimental analyses of the Dual Marching Squares are also presented. The analyses focus on examining its shape-preserving properties, especially in comparison to the standard Marching Squares.
Countless Storces of Abandoned Bobies

In modern or ancient times,in China or elsewhere,the image of "abandoned babies"often appears in the literary works.The past of the"abandoned babies"is unknown to us,but their futture is multifarious."Abandoned babies"possess more stories that are capable of being molded than common people,so they cause more complicated and more numerous thinking about the society.The stories of"abandoned babies"in the literary works are created according to some literary theories,and from this aspect we can say that the"abandoned babies"are actually the children of the writers’.
The Near-future Impact of Retirement on the Urologic Workforce: Results From the American Urological Association Census

Objective To assess self-perceived planned retirement patterns among urologists by using the American Urological Association Census Data. With an expanding elderly population and an aging urologic workforce, concerns regarding increased demand and decreased supply of urologists have been raised. Materials and Methods We analyzed data from the 2014 American Urological Association Census, which is a specialty representative survey distributed to the urologists who practice in the United States. A total of 2204 census samples were weighted to represent 11,703 urologists who practiced in the United States in 2014. We compared urologists who are nearing retirement (within 5 years of their planned retirement) with the rest of urologists on their demographic, geographic, and practice characteristics. Results Of the 11,703 practicing urologists in the United States, 3181 (95% confidence interval: 2884-3479) or 27% (95% confidence interval: 25%-30%) are nearing planned retirement. The mean age (standard deviation [SD]) of urologists nearing retirement (69, SD = 8.2) was older than nonretiring urologists (48, SD = 10.3), P P P Conclusion More than one-fourth of existing practicing urologists plan to retire in the next 5 years. General urology and urology practices outside of metropolitan areas will be impacted the most by the planned retiring workforce.
The Evolution of Mutation Rates and Its Implications for Antimutagenesis

The impact of molecular genetics upon measurement and theory in evolutionary studies has been profound. Among other questions, students of evolution have asked whether mutation rates evolve just as do a great many other organismal parameters; and, if they do, then what are the consequences for applied biology, particularly for protection against diseases of mutational origin? Here I will summarize a few central ideas about the evolution of mutation rates, without providing much in the way of literature citations, and then speculate about implications for disease prevention.
Fate and Transport of Phthalates in Indoor Environments and the Influence of Temperature: A Case Study in a Test House

A case study in a test house was conducted to investigate the fate and transport of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in residential indoor environments and the influence of temperature. Total airborne concentrations of phthalates were sensitive to indoor temperatures, and their steady-state concentration levels increased by a factor of 3 with an increase in temperature from 21 to 30 °C. Strong sorption of phthalates was observed on interior surfaces, including dust, dish plates, windows, mirrors, fabric cloth, and wood. Equilibrium partitioning coefficients for phthalates adsorbed to these surfaces were determined, and their values decreased with increasing temperature. For impervious surfaces, dimensionless partitioning coefficients were calculated and found to be comparable to reported values of the octanol-air partition coefficients of phthalates, Koa, suggesting that an organic film may develop on these surfaces. In addition, sorption kinetics was studied experimental...
Applied Epistemology, Part 2

This chapter uses the concept of Inquiry Systems (ISs) to reveal deeper aspects of SAST. SAST is fundamentally based on Dialectical Inquiry. That is, in order to ensure that one is not committing Errors of the Third Kind (“solving the ‘wrong problems’ precisely”), one must produce at least two very different versions of all-important problems.
Theory of Reward Systems

The reward system provides the basis for goal-directed action and of choice between actions by determining the relative value of goals. Primary rewards are determined by emotional feedback elicited by consummatory contact with that event generated by connections between sensory features of the reward and a motivational/affective process productive of an emotional response. Secondary rewards are produced by an association between that event and the emotional response elicited during its pairing with a primary reward. Rewards are encoded as abstract or symbolic values and independently of the emotional processes that determine them. The associative process that controls reward learning differs from that through which animals learn to anticipate reward. Generally speaking, instrumental rewards are not reducible to the processes that determine Pavlovian conditioning.
Preventing Regulatory Capture: Complexity, Capacity, and Capture

INTRODUCTION In the debates on financial market reform that followed the Financial Crisis of 2007 and the Great Recession, reformers advocated three distinct approaches. Some argued that governments should act to fundamentally restructure the financial sector. Large banks should be broken up. Investment and commercial banks should be separated as they had been under the Glass-Steagall reforms of the 1930s (or at least the investment activity of commercial banks should be drastically restricted). Limits on the types of financial products that could be marketed and taxes on financial transactions were promoted. Opponents of government intervention positioned themselves at the opposite position. They argued that a government-led reconstruction of the financial marketplace would be counterproductive, if not futile. Such actions would impede financial innovation and restrict credit and liquidity. At most, according to this view, reform should get the taxpayer off the hook for the failure of financial firms. The middle ground in this debate was held by those who argued that the basic structure of the financial sector should remain intact but that the capacity and powers of regulatory agencies should be enhanced to better monitor the sector for systemic risks, financial fraud, and predatory lending practices. The middle ground, reflected in the Dodd-Frank financial reform bill, appears to have won out.