cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Intel Geneseo Project

Summary form only given. Moore's law has enabled the current trend toward multi-core computing that is dramatically increasing performance and power efficiency. I/O interconnects are on a similar growth path of increasing performance and efficiency. As computing requirements become more complex, new strategies evolve to provide the performance necessary for data-and calculation-intensive applications. A growing such strategy is the use of specialized accelerators to enhance the performance of specific tasks or functions. Broadly speaking, an accelerator is a device that attaches to a computing system, providing optimal performance at reduced cost and/or power for a specialized task. Examples of emerging applications for which accelerators may be suitable are photorealistic graphics, financial simulation, and climate modeling. The development of specialized application accelerators is happening today. However, they do not share a common attach point, and have no common architecture or programming model. An industry framework that economically and efficiently enables specialized acceleration is highly desirable. This talk will focus on a new architectural framework for the attached application accelerators called Geneseo. The talk will provide an overview of the Geneseo interconnect and software architecture and provide insight in to proposed improvements in available bandwidth, latency, efficiency and software interface.
Coming Together and Falling Apart: Something about Brooms and Nigeria

portrait of the thief’s future life of abstraction. as a comb separates hairs from each other, so will a thief be separated from the broader community of useful, engaged human beings. af_42-51.indd 45 5/20/2009 7:39:56 PM 46 | african arts autumn 2009 in their legibility as signs. In contrast, medicinally empowered aale (aale oogun) like eleriko, are positioned within the interior confines of a domestic space, often hung above the lintels of entrance doors or passages between individual rooms, or set on or above window frames. Located in these liminal spaces, aale such as these (Fig. 2) are usually hidden from view. They may or may not be “witnessed” by an intruder, but the visual aspect of the object is not the efficacious element here. Rather, the protective capacity of such aale ile (‘aale of the house’) is drawn from the generative power (ase) of the words and the oogun implanted within the object. Testimonies to the power of these brooms are common throughout Yorubaland. It seemed that most adults with whom I spoke of such things had heard something about them or had read something about them or knew someone who knew someone else who had experienced their punitive powers. The stories were more or less consistent: A thief enters a household with the intention to steal. The instant the thief touches the object of his desire, he puts it back down, walks over to the broom (which he has not previously seen), and lifts it from its place. With this broom, the thief begins to sweep the house—compulsively, incessantly—until the owner of the household returns. And then, of course, the thief receives some sort of punishment. It’s a great story, a kind of weird slapstick vignette on a looping reel. Nigeria’s many tabloid journals occasionally print reports of unfortunate confrontations with such medicated brooms. Some of them are pretty amusing, too, if that’s the sort of thing you find funny.
Light scattering from the liquid-vapor interface

Abstract This paper presents light scattering spectra from the liquid-vapor interfaces of water and ethanol. Both quasi-elastic (Rayleigh) scattering and inelastic (Brillouin) scattering from fluctuations at the interface are observed. The spectra were obtained using a novel Fourier transform heterodyne technique that allows one to resolve the full Rayleigh-Brillouin triplet. Capillary waves travelling in opposite directions can therefore be separated, making the present technique suitable for studying nonequilibrium effects in interfaces.
Effect of magnetic resonance imaging on DDD pacemakers.

Abstract A previous study suggested the safety of exposing patients with certain pacemakers models to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the function of a variety of more advanced DDD pacemakers and the effect of higher magnetic and radiofrequency (rf) field strengths has not been reported. In the present study 4 different DDD pacemakers (Cordis 233F, Intermedic 283-01, Medtronic 7000A, and Pacesetter 283) were tested in a saline phantom under several conditions and with various imaging sequences. Pacemaker output was monitored using electrocardiographic telemetry. All units paced normally in the static magnetic field. However, during imaging, all units malfunctioned, with total inhibition of atrial and ventricular output in 3 of the pacemakers. In the fourth pacemaker, ventricular backup pacing was activated at high rf pulse repetition rates. However, the MRI scanner could trigger atrial output in this pacemaker at rates of up to 800/minute. All malfunctions were a result of rf interference, whereas gradient and static magnetic fields had no effect. Thus, despite magnetic field strengths adequate to close pacemaker reed switches, rf interference during MRI may cause total inhibition of atrial and ventricular output in DDD pacemakers, and can also cause dangerous atrial pacing at high rates. MRI should be avoided in patients with these DDD pacemakers.
Joint Analysis of Long-and Short-term Radon Monitoring Data from the Northern U.S.

Abstract This paper analyzes data collected as part of two types of radon surveys of U.S. homes-the National Residential Radon Survey (NRRS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/State Residential Radon Surveys (SRRS)-to determine the distribution of annual-average, living-area radon concentrations for ground-contact homes in the northern U.S. A statistical model is used to link the short-term SRRS measurement in each home with the home's annual-average, living-area radon concentration, although in no case are both a short- and long-term measurement available for the same home. This paper shows that, even though an individual short-term winter measurement from the SRRS is a poor predictor of the home's annual-average, living-area radon concentration, an aggregation of such measurements can be used, after adjusting for bias, to characterize the distribution of annual-average, living-area concentrations as determined by the NRRS. Different types of homes require different adjustment equations. This paper presents the adjustment equations and uses them to estimate parameters describing annual-average, living-area concentration distributions. Model approximations and validation are briefly discussed. The methods presented here could be applied to calibrate other radon data sets.
MicroRNAs : regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation

The existence and roles of a class of abundant regulatory RNA molecules have recently come into sharp focus. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 22 bases), non–protein-coding RNAs that recognize target sequences of imperfect complementarity in cognate mRNAs and either destabilize them or inhibit protein translation. Although mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis have been elucidated in some detail, there is limited appreciation of their biological functions. Reported examples typically focus on miRNA regulation of a single tissue-restricted transcript, often one encoding a transcription factor, that controls a specific aspect of development, cell differentiation, or physiology. However, computational algorithms predict up to hundreds of putative targets for individual miRNAs, single transcripts may be regulated by multiple miRNAs, and miRNAs may either eliminate target gene expression or serve to finetune transcript and protein levels. Theoretical considerations and early experimental results hence suggest diverse roles for miRNAs as a class. One appealing possibility, that miRNAs eliminate low-level expression of unwanted genes and hence refine unilineage gene expression, may be especially amenable to evaluation in models of hematopoiesis. This review summarizes current understanding of miRNA mechanisms, outlines some of the important outstanding questions, and describes studies that attempt to define miRNA functions in hematopoiesis.
Physiological aspects of aging. I. Efficiency of absorption and phosphorylation of radiothiamine.

SummaryAbsorption of an oral dose of 120 μg of C14-labelled thiamine by the rat has been studied as a function of age and the state of thiamine nutrition. Approximately 95% was absorbed up to an age of 19–20 months, when the efficiency declined to about 75% at 22–24 months. Absorption by thiamine-deficient animals was not different from that of rats receiving normal or excess quantities of thiamine in the diet. The proportion of absorbed radiothiamine found in esterified and unesterified forms in the livers of rats 22–24 months old was less than that in rats 5–8 months old.
THE RELIGIOUS OUTLOOK ON THE WORLD TODAY

(1936). The Religious Outlook on the World Today. Religious Education: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 85-90.
James Harvey Robinson: Historlan As Adult Educator

James Harvey Robinson became a leader in adult education by virtue of his role as a founder and teacher of the New School for Social Research, as a writer of popular history, and as a contributor to the Journal of Adult Education. Robinson believed that history taught how the present evolved from the past and how people could consciously improve the future. This view of history contained within it a rationale and a content for adult education. Robinson's thought illustrates the social change tradition in adult education and is an example of the intellectual links between adult education and pre-existing disciplines.
Fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection of biologically methylated tellurium, selenium, and sulfur compounds

The sensitive detection of volatile, methylated selenium and tellurium compounds based on capillary gas chromatography coupled to fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection is described. The method requires no sample derivatization, and the detection limits for selenides and tellurides (low pg range) are the lowest reported to date. This technique can resolve and speciate complex mixtures of methylated tellurium, selenium, and sulfur gases and is useful for analysis of selenium and tellurium gases in environmental samples that also contain usually interfering reduced sulfur gases. Applications of the technique for analysis of bacterial and fungal headspace samples are presented.
Macroeconomic variables and the E/P ratio: Is inflation really positively associated with the E/P ratio?

We examine the economywide E/P ratio both over a long time period (1952–2003) and by dividing the entire period into subperiods. We have two main objectives. First, we reexamine the puzzling result documented by Modigliani and Cohn (1979), who find that, contrary to theory, the economy wide E/P ratio and inflation are positively correlated. Our longer period of analysis allows us to divide the entire period into subperiods with differing macroeconomic environments. We find that the Modigliani and Cohn anomaly is period specific. The association between the E/P ratio and inflation reverses from one period to another. Hence, the relation between inflation and the economywide E/P ratio is not stable over a long time period. Second, we analyze the associations between the economywide E/P ratio and its two main drivers as given by the Gordon (1962) model. We find that the economywide E/P ratio (a) is not associated with the real interest rate and (b) is weakly negatively associated with the expected growth rate. Findings for inflation do not change when we include or exclude other E/P drivers in regression specifications.
Antibiotic resistance and penicillin tolerance in ano-vaginal group B streptococci.

Objectives. We sought to determine the prevalence of group B streptococcus (GBS) colonisation and to characterise antibiotic resistance patterns.Methods. Vaginal and ano-rectal cultures were evaluated for GBS colonisation, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined to 15 antibiotics according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.Results. Our GBS prevalence was 30%. All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime-sodium, imipenem, linezolid, penicillin G and vancomycin. Thirty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin, 21% to clindamycin, 25% to erythromycin and 23% to tetracycline.Conclusions. The relatively high rates of resistance to four of the 15 antibiotics tested confirm that for women allergic to penicillin and colonised with GBS, antibiotic sensitivities should be determined. We noticed increasing resistance to clindamycin over a 7-year period. Ong...
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Adult Rabbit Lens

Whole rabbit lenses which have been fixed and dried by a critical point drying process were fractured in the dried state, and the exposed internal surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Virtually the entire field of fiber endings at a suture can be reproducibly exposed, and examined with the SEM. Other structural features of the lens fiber cells were systematically recorded at various locations from the center of the lens to the equator. The superficial, differentiating fibers tend to fracture through the cytoplasm, exposing the cell nuclei, whereas the mature fibers tend to fracture between adjacent cells, exposing cell surfaces.
Mutations of tumor necrosis factor alpha-responsive serine residues within the C-terminal transactivation domain of human transcription factor REL enhance its in vitro transforming ability.

The human c-rel gene (REL), encoding an NF-κB transcription factor, is amplified or mutated in several human B-cell lymphomas and can transform chicken lymphoid cells in vitro. We have previously shown that certain deletions of C-terminal transactivation sequences enhance REL's transforming ability in chicken spleen cells. In this report, we have analysed the effect of single amino-acid changes at select serine residues in the C-terminal transactivation domain on REL's transforming ability. Mutation of either of two TNFα-inducible serine residues (Ser460 and Ser471) to nonphosphorylatable residues (alanine, asparagine, phenylalanine) made REL more efficient at transforming chicken spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, mutation of Ser471 to a phosphorylation mimetic aspartate residue impaired REL's transforming ability, even though it increased REL's inherent transactivation ability as a GAL4-fusion protein. Alanine mutations of several other serine residues within the transactivation domain did not substantially affect REL's transforming ability. Transactivation by GAL4-REL fusion proteins containing either transformation enhancing or nonenhancing mutations at serine residues was generally similar to wild-type GAL4-REL. However, more transforming mutants with mutations at either Ser460 or Ser471 differed from wild-type REL in their ability to transactivate certain κB-site reporter genes. In particular, the SOD2 promoter, encoding manganese superoxide dismutase, was activated less strongly by the more transforming REL mutant REL-S471N in transient assays, but REL-S471N-transformed chicken spleen cells had increased levels of MnSOD protein as compared to wild-type REL-transformed cells. Taken together, our results show that mutations of certain serine residues can enhance REL's transforming ability in vitro and suggest that these mutations increase REL-mediated transformation by altering REL's ability to modulate the expression of select target genes. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Ser471 may be involved in REL-mediated modulation of transformation-specific target gene expression. Lastly, these results suggest that similar mutations in the REL transactivation domain contribute to the development of certain human B-cell lymphomas.
Purification of DNA from formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded human tissue.

The ability to isolate DNA from preserved human tissues would provide numerous experimental opportunities. In this report it is shown that DNA can be extracted from tissues prepared for routine histopathological examination (i.e., fixed with formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin). Although the extracted DNA is not intact, it is double stranded, cleavable with restriction endonucleases, and suitable for a variety of standard techniques used in molecular biology.
Biological vulnerability in infants with failure to thrive: the association with birthweight

Summary The development of failure to thrive (FTT) is hypothesized to be caused by the interaction between biological and environmental factors. Birthweight is one biological variable thought to play a role in the infant’s growth failure. In studies that enrolled infants with FTT who were full-term at birth, the reported birthweights of these infants were significantly less than healthy control infants (M= 2959 g vs. M= 3364 g), t(14) = −4.597, P< 0.000. There is growing evidence that there is a subgroup of full-term newborn infants who actually may have experienced some degree of intrauterine growth retardation but their birthweights remain above the traditional cut-off of 2500 g so that they go unrecognized. The question to consider is whether these infants are as behaviourally vulnerable as full-term infants with classic intrauterine growth retardation. It may be that this unrecognized group is at a higher risk of developing FTT. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss birthweight as a possible precursor to the development of FTT.
Synaptotagmin–Syntaxin Interaction: The C2 Domain as a Ca2+-Dependent Electrostatic Switch

Synaptotagmin I is a synaptic vesicle protein that is thought to act as a Ca2+ sensor in neurotransmitter release. The first C2 domain of synaptotagmin I (C2A domain) contains a bipartite Ca2+-binding motif and interacts in a Ca2+-dependent manner with syntaxin, a central component of the membrane fusion complex. Analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and site-directed mutagenesis shows that this interaction is mediated by the cooperative action of basic residues surrounding the Ca2+-binding sites of the C2A domain and is driven by a change in the electrostatic potential of the C2A domain induced by Ca2+ binding. A model is proposed whereby synaptotagmin acts as an electrostatic switch in Ca2+-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis, promoting a structural rearrangement in the fusion machinery that is effected by its interaction with syntaxin.
Development of the SENT Test for Strain-Based Design of Welded Pipelines

Strain-based design (SBD) pipelines are being considered to develop hydrocarbon resources in severe environments. As part of a research program to develop a SBD methodology, work was conducted to develop a suitable fracture mechanics test that can be used as part of a strain capacity prediction technique. The single edge notched tensile (SENT) specimen geometry has been chosen due to the similarity in crack-tip constraint conditions with that of defects in pipeline girth welds. This paper describes a single-specimen compliance method suitable for measuring ductile fracture resistance in terms of crack tip opening displacement resistance (CTOD-R) curves. The development work included investigation of the following items: specimen geometry, crack geometry and orientation (including crack depth effects), direct measurement of CTOD. The results demonstrate that toughness measurements obtained using a B = W configuration (B = specimen thickness, W = specimen width) with side grooves are similar to those using a B = 2W configuration without side grooves; however, specimens with side grooves and B = W geometry facilitates even crack growth. Studies of crack depth have shown that ductile fracture resistance decreases with increasing ratio of the initial crack depth to specimen width, a0 /W. Studies of notch location and orientation (outer diameter (OD) and inner diameter (ID) surface notches and through-thickness notches) have shown an effect of this variable on the CTOD-R curves. This has been partly attributed to crack progression (tearing direction) with respect to weld geometry and this effect is consistent with damage modeling predictions. However the experimentally observed difference of CTOD-R curves between ID and OD notches is believed to be primarily due to the material variability through the pipe thickness.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Generalized parton distributions forqq¯pions

We use a two-body, light-cone pion wave function (which vanishes when one of the constituents carries all of the plus-momentum) to construct a double distribution. We show that the resulting generalized parton distribution has incorrect behavior at the crossover between kinematic regions. Furthermore, the positivity constraints are not respected. On the other hand, the field-theoretic, two-body double distribution gives generalized parton distributions that have a physically correct crossover behavior and respect the positivity constraints independent of the model wave function used. However, the sum rule and polynomiality conditions cannot be satisfied with a two-body wave function alone since Lorentz symmetry is not maintained.
Quantum conformal superspace

For a compact connected orientablen-manifoldM, n ≥ 3, we study the structure ofclassical superspace\(\mathcal{S} \equiv {\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} \mathcal{D}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{D}}\),quantum superspace\(\mathcal{S}_0 \equiv {\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} {\mathcal{D}_0 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\mathcal{D}_0 }}\),classical conformal superspace\(\mathcal{C} \equiv {{\left( {{\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} \mathcal{P}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{P}}} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {{\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} \mathcal{P}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{P}}} \right)} \mathcal{D}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{D}}\), andquantum conformal superspace\(\mathcal{C}_0 \equiv {{\left( {{\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} \mathcal{P}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{P}}} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {{\mathcal{M} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\mathcal{M} \mathcal{P}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathcal{P}}} \right)} {\mathcal{D}_0 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\mathcal{D}_0 }}\). The study of the structure of these spaces is motivated by questions involving reduction of the usual canonical Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity to a non-degenerate Hamiltonian formulation, and to questions involving the quantization of the gravitational field. We show that if the degree of symmetry ofM is zero, thenS,S0,C, andC0 areilhorbifolds. The case of most importance for general relativity is dimensionn=3. In this case, assuming that the extended Poincare conjecture is true, we show that quantum superspaceS0 and quantum conformal superspaceC0 are in factilh-manifolds. If, moreover,M is a Haken manifold, then quantum superspace and quantum conformal superspace arecontractibleilh-manifolds. In this case, there are no Gribov ambiguities for the configuration spacesS0 andC0. Our results are applicable to questions involving the problem of thereduction of Einstein's vacuum equations and to problems involving quantization of the gravitational field. For the problem of reduction, one searches for a way to reduce the canonical Hamiltonian formulation together with its constraint equations to an unconstrained Hamiltonian system on a reduced phase space. For the problem of quantum gravity, the spaceC0 will play a natural role in any quantization procedure based on the use of conformal methods and the reduced Hamiltonian formulation.
Lysophospholipid micelles sustain the stability and catalytic activity of diacylglycerol kinase in the absence of lipids.

There has been a renewal of interest in interactions of membrane proteins with detergents and lipids, sparked both by recent results that illuminate the structural details of these interactions and also by the realization that some experimental membrane protein structures are distorted by detergent−protein interactions. The integral membrane enzyme diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) has long been thought to require the presence of lipid as an obligate “cofactor” in order to be catalytically viable in micelles. Here, we report that near-optimal catalytic properties are observed for DAGK in micelles composed of lysomyristoylphosphatidylcholine (LMPC), with significant activity also being observed in micelles composed of lysomyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and tetradecylphosphocholine. All three of these detergents were also sustained high stability of the enzyme. NMR measurements revealed significant differences in DAGK−detergent interactions involving LMPC micelles versus micelles composed of dodecylphosphocholine...
Canine antimicrobial peptides are effective against resistant bacteria and yeasts.

Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins present in most living species and they are involved in the defence against pathogenic organisms. β-Defensins and cathelicidin are the most frequently studied AMPs in both people and dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Our objectives were to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of two canine β-defensins and a cathelicidin against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and yeasts using a broth microdilution method. Methods The micro-organisms tested were ATCC strains of meticillin-sensitive and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively), meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Malassezia pachydermatis. Field strains of meticillin-resistant S, pseudintermedius (MRSP, n = 1) and MSSP (n = 11) were also tested. Mann–Whitney U-test and Friedman test were used for statistical analysis. Results The MSSP and MRSP were more susceptible to canine AMPs than MSSA and MRSA. Malassezia pachydermatis was more sensitive than C. albicans to canine AMPs. The β-defensin cBD103 was most effective against Staphylococci and P. aeruginosa, while the cathelicidin cCath was the most effective AMP against E. coli. Additionally, cBD103 was the most effective AMP for both yeasts studied, with M. pachydermatis being more susceptible than C. albicans. All AMPs tested exhibited killing within 2 h of exposure. Conclusions and clinical importance We demonstrated that natural canine AMPs are effective against canine-specific pathogens, are equally effective against meticillin-resistant or -susceptible strains, and are more effective against M. pachydermatis than against C. albicans organisms.
From empire to nation-state: Explaining wars in the modern world, 1816-2001

The existing quantitative literature on war takes the independent nation-state as the self-evident unit of analysis and largely excludes other political types from consideration. In contrast, the authors argue that the change in the institutional form of states is itself a major cause for war. The rise of empires and the global spread of the nation-state are the most important institutional transformations in the modern age. To test this hypothesis, the authors introduce a new data set that records the outbreak of war in fixed geographic territories from 1816 to 2001, independent of the political entity in control of a territory. Analysis of this data set demonstrates that wars are much more likely during and because of these two transformations. For the transformation to the modern nation-state, the authors confirm this hypothesis further with logit regressions that control for variables that have been robustly significant in previous research. The results provide support for the main mechanisms that exp...
Nonlinear optical processing: analysis and synthesis

Coherent optical systems are of interest in image or data processing because of their ability to handle rapidly large bandwidth data in parallel. They have been restricted to performing linear operations such as Fourier transformation and convolution due to the inherent linear nature of an optical system at low power levels. In this paper, the combination of a nonlinear halftoning step followed by bandpass spatial filtering to yield a specific nonlinear intensity transfer function is explored. A general analysis of the problem assuming infinite copy film gamma and saturation density is made. A constructive algorithm for designing a halftone cell shape and selecting the diffraction order to yield very general types of nonmonotonic nonlinearities is presented. Numerous examples of the synthesis procedure are given. Experimental results with general halftone screens made on a plotting flatbed microdensitometer are presented. Logarithmic, exponential, and level slice characteristics are achieved with monotonic cells.
How Do Product Users Influence Corporate Invention

The extensive academic literature on innovation has long recognized product users as a potentially important source of ideas. Although prior work has primarily focused on understanding the unique motivations and knowledge that allow users to generate their own innovations, we extend existing theory to investigate the contribution of users to corporate invention. We draw on the knowledge-based view of the firm, evolutionary theory, and the user innovation literature to theorize that corporate inventions that integrate user knowledge will be of greater importance, contribute to a broader set of follow-on technologies, and occur earlier in the product life cycle than other corporate inventions do. We test these propositions with a large data set of medical device inventions. We find support for our predictions and discuss the implications of our results for the theoretical and empirical literature on organizational innovation.
The new value imperative for privately held companies: The why, what, and how of value management strategy

Abstract This discussion describes the why, what, and how of managing for value in privately held companies. Public companies continue to manage for value, a trend that is now pushing its way inexorably into privately held companies. First, we discuss the dynamics that are creating a value-management imperative for these companies. Second, we provide a signaling model to assist management of privately held companies in deciding whether to emphasize (a) revenue growth, (b) the spread between return on invested capital and the weighted average cost of capital, (c) reduction in the cost of capital, or (d) some combination of these three. The key-value-driver model provides guidance in addressing questions such as: Do we have the right to grow? Should we improve profit performance before we grow? What is our performance in relation to our cost of capital? We also describe how to acquire the data necessary to use the model. Third, we present some important but under-utilized tools based upon transactions cost and strategic cost management theories to assist executives in managing for value and discuss when to apply these tools within a strategic context.
Cyclic DNA of shope papilloma virus

Double-stranded DNA of Shope papilloma virus prepared for electron microscopy by the protein monolayer technique was found to exist in loop-like structures without ends. Mean contour lengths of such DNA ranged from 2·3 to 2·8 μ. The phenol-extracted material showed similar conformations whan the DNA was allowed to diffuse to a preformed monolayer of cytochrome c , and when a mixture of DNA and cytochrome c was spread on an aqueous surface. DNA diffusing from virus subjected to osmotic shock also appeared as rings, but the rings were less convoluted than those in the preparations extracted by phenol. The variation in length is tentatively attributed to varying degrees of local preparative denaturation in the DNA strands.
Classical theory of intense-field stabilization

A detailed classical analysis of the interaction of an atomic electron with an oscillating electric field with arbitrary initial quantum state n, magnetic quantum number mg0, field strength, and frequency shows that the classical dynamics for the perturbed electron can be stabilized for large fields or high frequencies. Using a map approximation to the classical dynamics, explicit formulas are derived for the full parameter dependence of the boundaries of stability surrounding the domain of rapid classical ionization. These results provide motivation and guidance for further theoretical and experimental studies of the stabilization of atoms in superintense microwave and laser fields.
Vitamin D inhibition of prostate adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis in the Dunning rat prostate model system

Objectives Risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa)-related mortality include old age, black race, and residence in northern latitudes. The objectives of this study are to examine the in vitro and in vivo effects of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-D3) and less-hypercalcemic analogues on the Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma model.
Précis---Stability of the Dual Cutting-Plane Algorithm for Concave Programming

In the column generating approach to concave programming, alias the dual cutting-plane algorithm Zangwill, Lagrangians are maximized to generate columns. Often this cannot be done in a finite number of steps. We show what to do.
Survey of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Systems

As Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) technology matures, the list of potential civilian applications continues to grow substantially. Currently, the majority of applications are centered around providing optical imagery, either in real-time video or high resolution mapping. But as more sophisticated applications are desired, the limitations of simple imagery are becoming more evident, especially for precision agricultural applications. However, recent advancements in UAS based precision agriculture have demonstrated the effectiveness of including thermal infrared (TIR) cameras. In many situations, decision support indicators are evident in the TIR spectrum, whereas they are undetectable in the visible light and near-infrared spectrum. In this paper, a survey of some of the applications under development utilizing TIR imagery is presented along with implementation strategies to provide guidance for researchers wishing to add TIR imagery into their applications.
Value-Added Processes in the Information Life Cycle

Information systems are a series of formal processes by which the potential usefulness of a specific message being processed is enhanced, i.e., value is added. Energy, time, and money must be invested to change useless data to productive knowledge, a value-added process. Because ultimately usefulness, i.e., the determination of value, must rest with the user, it is necessary to describe the environments from which problems arise which require information for resolution. From an understanding of these environments, we can develop a better sensitivity to the users' perceptions of their benefits and costs as they use information systems. The aim of this article is to develop a different way of looking at information systems in which the information use becomes the prime design factor rather than technology and content.
Partial liquid ventilation with surfactant: effects on gas exchange and lung pathology in surfactant-depleted piglets

Objective: To evaluate the effects of 24 h partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with and without surfactant (S) treatment on gas exchange and lung injury in a newborn animal model of S deficiency.¶Design: A prospective, controlled, in vivo animal laboratory study.¶Setting: Research laboratory in a university setting.¶Subjects: Twenty-four pathogen-free, male piglets (mean weight 1.9 kg, age 1–3 days).¶Interventions: The animals were randomised in four groups: PLV with FC-77 combined with conventional ventilation (PLV/CV) versus S + PLV/CV and PLV combined with high frequency oscillatory ventilation (PLV/HFOV) versus S + PLV/HFOV. The piglets were anaesthetised, intubated and instrumented with vascular catheters. Thirty minutes after lung injury had been induced with repeated saline lavage, S animals received natural S. Thirty minutes after surfactant substitution PLV with FC-77 was started. The oxygenation index (OI), PaO2/FIO2 ratio, PaCO2 and the ventilatory efficacy index were determined before and during PLV. After 24 h the lungs were removed for histopathological examination.¶Measurements and main results: Within 60 min after the initiation of PLV, all animals demonstrated improvements of the OI and PaO2/FIO2 ratio compared to the values after lung injury. However, at 18 and 24 h of PLV, the OI and PaO2/FIO2 ratio were significantly worse in the S + PLV/CV and S + PLV/HFOV groups compared to the groups without S. PaCO2 was higher at 18 and 24 h when S was used in PLV/HFOV (p < 0.05). A semi-quantitative lung injury score revealed most severe lung damage in the S + PLV/HFOV group.¶Conclusion: The combination of S and PLV with FC-77 led to an impaired gas exchange and did not further protect the animal from lung injury.
Measured Flip-Flop Responses to Marginal Triggering

Test data are presented characterizing the marginal triggering response of several types of flip-flops. This characterization, which is seldom measured or specified, is required to predict the reliability of synchronizer designs.
Motor Vehicle-Related Flood Fatalities in Texas, 1959–2008

The number of related fatalities is one of the most essential socioeconomic characteristics of a natural disaster as death is the most serious and irreversible consequence of a disaster. Texas leads the nation in flash flood fatalities. From 1959 through 2008 the flood fatalities in Texas (839) were more than three times the fatalities in the next leading state, Pennsylvania (265). Flood fatalities in Texas represent a serious public health problem. Flood fatality statistics were extracted from National Climatic Data Center Storm Data publications. Review of the flood fatalities, where the death circumstances are provided, reveals that most fatalities are motor vehicle related (77%). Data analysis indicates that, in Texas, males are much more likely to be the victims of motor vehicle–related flood accidents than are females. Most motor vehicle–related fatalities happened at night (56%). Most fatalities resulted from flash floods. Spatial analysis indicates that the highest numbers of fatalities occur in c...
Larger than life

A staggering number of people believe in outlandish conspiracy theories. How should we respond, ask Eric Oliver and Tom Wood
otx2 expression in the ectoderm activates anterior neural determination and is required for Xenopus cement gland formation.

We previously showed that otx2 regulates Xenopus cement gland formation in the ectoderm. Here, we show that otx2 is sufficient to direct anterior neural gene expression, and that its activity is required for cement gland and anterior neural determination. otx2 activity at midgastrula activates anterior and prevents expression of posterior and ventral gene expression in whole embryos and ectodermal explants. These data suggest that part of the mechanism by which otx2 promotes anterior determination involves repression of posterior and ventral fates. A dominant negative otx2-engrailed repressor fusion protein (otx2-En) ablates endogenous cement gland formation, and inhibits expression of the mid/hindbrain boundary marker engrailed-2. Ectoderm expressing otx2-En is not able to respond to signals from the mesoderm to form cement gland, and is impaired in its ability to form anterior neural tissue. These results compliment analyses in otx2 mutant mice, indicating a role for otx2 in the ectoderm during anterior neural patterning.
Effect of set-up error on the dose across the junction of matching cranial-spinal fields in the treatment of medulloblastoma

Abstract Purpose: The effect of systematic and stochastic setup error on the dose delivered to the gap region for the three field radiation treatment of medulloblastoma is studied. The consequences of such setup error is discussed. Methods and Materials: The treatment of medulloblastoma is typically a 3 field technique, in which two lateral cranial fields are matched with a spine field. The x-ray dose delivered to the region between the matched fields depends upon the gap size. The choice of the gap width between the cranial and spinal fields is controversial. It is currently a compromise between minimizing the risk of dose hot spots to the spine, and the associated clinical complications, as well as the magnitude of cold spots (underdosing) across the gap, with the associated risk of disease recurrence. In this paper, we examine the effect of gap width with a moving junction, refered to as "field feathering", on the dose across the field junction for a 6MV photon beam. In addition, we have studied 129 portal films and 40 simulation films to assess the accuracy and precision of patient setup during treatment with a plan involving feathered fields. Selected landmarks observable on both portal and simulation films were identified and the variation in the distances to the field edges measured. The distribution of patient setup error was convoluted with the beam profiles for a 6MV linac. These convoluted field edges were used to obtain dose profiles across the gap region as a function of gap separation. The consequences for therapy are discussed. In addition, analysis of patient setup error on an alternative treatment involving beam modifiers to broaden the beam penumbra is discussed. Results: The magnitude of the spatial stochastic and systematic setup error was determined to be approximately three and two millimeters respectively. The dosimetric consequences of patient setup error lead to over and under dosing in the spinal gap region for the three field technique. The degree of under or over dose depends on the nature and magnitude of the patient setup error. Conclusions: The effect of patient setup error can lead to significant dosimetric errors in the dose to the gap region depending on the magnitude of the setup errors. The effective over and under dose can be compensated by the use beams modifiers such as a beam spoiler or vibrating jaws.
Vortex-induced vibration measurements of seal whiskers using digital holography

A new technique is developed and shown capable of providing accurate measurements of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) at small scales. The motions of three different objects are able to be fully resolved using a combination of digital holography and compressive sensing. The smallest object has a representative diameter of 1.25 mm, and is that of a harbor seal whisker. This ability to accurately measure the vibrations of whiskers at the original scale opens the door to conducting detailed studies on how the whiskers may serve as specialized flow sensors. Preliminary results reported here align with those found using traditional VIV measurements on whisker models at larger scales.
A general method for an accurate evaluation of exponential integrals E1(x), x > 0☆

A series expansion is given to enable one to calculate E/sub 1/(..cap alpha..) with extremely high accuracy for any value of ..cap alpha...(AIP)
Modified Tetracycline Fluorescence Test for Gastric Cancer: Preliminary Results

Chromatographic modifications have been made in the tetracycline fluorescence test for gastric cancer designed to improve its reliability. In limited studies using these modified procedures, tetracycline fluorescence was identified in the gastric sediments of 10 (91 %) of 11 patients with cancer of the stomach. By contrast, tetracycline fluorescence was not found on paper chromatography in the gastric sediments of 62 subjects with either normal stomachs or various benign lesions of the stomach. These promising but preliminary results are reported to encourage trial of these methods in areas where gastric cancer is prevalent.
A Multiple-Scan, Rapid-Scan Spectrograph for Electron Density Measurements in Transient Plasmas

Our rapid-scan spectrograph has been modified to provide a means of recording many time-resolved profiles of one emission line from a transient plasma. This is accomplished by scanning an emission line across an array of closely spaced exit slits. Post-optics have been designed which direct the radiation from each slit to the same photomultiplier tube. At a spectral scan speed of 120 A/μsec, an emission line profile has been scanned every 1.4 μsec; however, with closer spaced slits, this time could be easily halved. This device has been used to obtain Stark-broadened Hα and Hβ line profiles from hydrogen heated in an impulse tube. Electron densities obtained by fitting the line wings of Hα compare very well with values obtained from the half-width of Hβ.
Effect of route of injection on distribution and excretion of cortisol-4-C14 in the rat.

SummaryRate of excretion of radioactivity by rats was more rapid after intracardiac injection of cortisol-4-C14 than after intravenous injection. In addition, after the latter route significantly larger quantities of radioactive material entered the skin immediately following injection. The most likely explanation for this difference is considered to be hemodynamic changes caused by heart puncture. The tail vein is the most suitable site of intravascular injection for studies of the fate of adrenal steroids in normal animals under basal conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SHEAR ZONES DURING CHIP FORMATION IN METAL CUTTING

Etude des micromecanismes de coupe rapide a l'aide d'une technique fondee sur le mouvement d'un pendule: un outil tranchant fait une rayure en forme d'arc a la surface d'un echantillon et la structure interne des zones de cisaillement est figee a l'aide d'un systeme d'arret rapide pendant le processus de formation du copeau
Multi-patch deterministic and stochastic models for wildlife diseases

Spatial heterogeneity and host demography have a direct impact on the persistence or extinction of a disease. Natural or human-made landscape features such as forests, rivers, roads, and crops are important to the persistence of wildlife diseases. Rabies, hantaviruses, and plague are just a few examples of wildlife diseases where spatial patterns of infection have been observed. We formulate multi-patch deterministic and stochastic epidemic models and use these models to investigate problems related to disease persistence and extinction. We show in some special cases that a unique disease-free equilibrium exists. In these cases, a basic reproduction number ℝ(0) can be computed and shown to be bounded below and above by the minimum and maximum patch reproduction numbers ℝ(j), j=1, …, n. The basic reproduction number has a simple form when there is no movement or when all patches are identical or when the movement rate approaches infinity. Numerical examples of the deterministic and stochastic models illustrate the disease dynamics for different movement rates between three patches.