cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism and Sleep

Abstract Alcohol is a known somnogen and is frequently used as a sleep aid by individuals with sleep problems. However, evidence suggests that alcohol abuse leads to severe sleep problems resulting in the development of alcoholism. However, the mechanism for this incongruity is not known. Sleep is regulated by two independent mechanisms: the circadian (regulates timing) and homeostasis (regulates sleep drive). While the suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the circadian process, an adenosinergic mechanism in the basal forebrain regulates sleep homeostasis. In the past 10 years, we have used rats (acute and dependence) and mice (acute and chronic) models of alcoholism and sleep to understand how alcohol interacts with the sleep regulatory mechanism to cause sleep disruptions. Our results suggest that alcohol (acute and chronic) alters basal forebrain adenosinergic mechanisms to disrupt sleep homeostasis and causes sleep disturbances. This chapter discusses our findings to provide greater insight on how alcohol affects sleep mechanisms.
Enantiospecific, Stereospecific Total Synthesis of the Oxindole Alkaloid Alstonisine

The total synthesis of alstonisine was accomplished in enantiospecific fashion in an overall yield of 12% (from tryptophan methyl ester) in 17 reaction vessels. The structure of alstonisine (1) has been determined by NOE spectroscopic experiments and was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Maximizing Road Capacity Using Cars that Influence People

The emerging technology enabling autonomy in vehicles has led to a variety of new problems in transportation networks, such as planning and perception for autonomous vehicles. Other works consider social objectives such as decreasing fuel consumption and travel time by platooning. However, these strategies are limited by the actions of the surrounding human drivers. In this paper, we consider proactively achieving these social objectives by influencing human behavior through planned interactions. Our key insight is that we can use these social objectives to design local interactions that influence human behavior to achieve these goals. To this end, we characterize the increase in road capacity afforded by platooning, as well as the vehicle configuration that maximizes road capacity. We present a novel algorithm that uses a low-level control framework to leverage local interactions to optimally rearrange vehicles. We showcase our algorithm using a simulated road shared between autonomous and human-driven vehicles, in which we illustrate the reordering in action.
Differences in Gluteal and Quadriceps Muscle Activation During Weight-Bearing Exercises Between Female Subjects With and Without Patellofemoral Pain.

Glaviano, NR and Saliba, S. Differences in gluteal and quadriceps muscle activation during weight-bearing exercises between female subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Therapeutic exercises targeting gluteal and quadriceps muscles have been previously investigated; however, these studies have only been conducted on healthy individuals. Female subjects with patellofemoral pain (PFP) present with weakness in their gluteal and quadriceps muscles and commonly perform exercises that target these muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity muscle activity during 5 weight-bearing exercises between female subjects with and without PFP. Twenty female subjects with PFP and 20 healthy female subjects completed 5 weight-bearing tasks: a single-leg squat (SLS), lateral step-down, step-up task, step-down task, and lunge. Surface electromyography of the gluteus medius (GMed), gluteus maximus (GMax), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were collected. Electromyography activity were normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions to represent each gluteal and quadriceps muscle as a percentage. Female subjects with PFP completed a SLS and step-up tasks with less GMed and GMax activity (p < 0.05) compared with those without PFP. Female subjects with PFP also had greater VMO activity (p < 0.05) during the step-up, step down, and lunge and VL activity (p < 0.05) during the step-up and SLS compared with healthy female subjects. Practitioners should be aware that there are differences in gluteal and quadriceps muscle activation between female subjects with and without PFP while performing weight-bearing exercises. These findings should influence both the selection of specific exercises and exercise progression when developing a treatment program that has the intended focus to address gluteal or quadriceps strength deficits in female subjects with PFP.
VIRTUAL REALITY AND OLDER ADULTS: A USABILITY STUDY

Within the past two years there has been a very small but growing number of scholarly articles that highlight the potential benefit of mobile Virtual Reality (VR) platforms among older adult populations. Yet, it is critical to assess older adult user needs and preferences, as well as ethical considerations, before utilizing VR in applied contexts. This pilot study investigated perceptions of VR use and its potential application by individually interviewing ten community-dwelling older adults (ages 63 to 89) both before and after trying the Samsung Gear VR and followed with two focus group discussions. Themes identified from the transcripts include 1) usability, 2) video subject matter preferences, and 3) implications with use. These themes highlighted both the challenges and opportunities of VR use among a wide range of older populations, and provided greater insight with its exploration and application in future studies, particularly with individuals with functional limitations.
Goal-Concordant Care Within the Range of the Possible.

“You can’t always get what you want …”, Richards/JaggerDetermining what qualifies as a “good” or a “benefit” is a core task of ethics and bioethics in particular. While a seemingly simple idea, man...
An early experience of COVID-19 disease in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients.

Background COVID-19 is caused by a novel form of coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. Patients can present with a wide variety of symptoms from fever to severe respiratory distress. Immunocompromised patients, including solid organ transplant recipients, may present with atypical symptoms, making the diagnosis of COVID-19 more difficult to make. New reports have been emerging about the management of COVID-19 disease in adult renal transplant recipients. However, very little is known in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Methods Here, we describe a case report of four pediatric renal transplant recipients who presented with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease. Results All patients presented with upper respiratory infection symptoms, with one requiring hospitalization for hypoxia. Patients were treated mostly with supportive care. Two of the patients developed AKI which resolved four to eight weeks after illness. All four patients developed COVID IgG antibodies one to two months after becoming infected. Conclusion This case series demonstrates that immunocompromised renal transplant recipients have comparable outcomes compared with immunocompetent children.
Vancomycin hypersensitivity: Synergism with narcotics and “desensitization” by a rapid continuous intravenous protocol

Abstract Background: We examined the clinical spectrum of patients with persistent adverse reactions to vancomycin, assessed contributing factors, and evaluated the efficacy and safety of a rapid continuous intravenous "desensitization" protocol in these patients. Methods: Seven patients with serious staphylococcal infections resistant to β-lactam antibiotics whose adverse reactions to vancomycin persisted despite slowing of the vancomycin infusion and pretreatment with H 1 -antihistamine were studied. All seven patients underwent a rapid continuous intravenous desensitization protocol with multiple small increases in vancomycin concentration tightly regulated with a syringe pump. Results: Most of the seven patients safely achieved, during the first day, a vancomycin infusion rate (VIR) sufficient, or close to sufficient, to provide the desired vancomycin dose. In three patients there appeared to be a threshold VIR beyond which adverse reactions were repeatedly elicited; these reactions abated when the VIR was slightly lowered. Narcotic administration was found to adversely affect treatment with vancomycin. After concurrent narcotic administration was discontinued in three patients, they and the other four patients successfully completed the full course of treatment with vancomycin. Conclusion: Patients whose adverse reactions to vancomycin did not respond to slowing of the infusion rate and additional H 1 -antihistamines can be safely treated with a rapid continuous intravenous desensitization protocol and discontinuance of narcotic administration.
Lactate and procalcitonin levels in peripartum women with intraamniotic infection.

BACKGROUND Pregnant women are vulnerable to infection as their immune response is modulated. OBJECTIVE Serum biomarkers are used to diagnose and manage severe infections, but data on their utility during labor are limited. We compared lactate and procalcitonin levels in women with and without an intraamniotic infection to determine whether they are useful biomarkers for infection during labor. STUDY DESIGN We performed a prospective, observational cohort study of term, singleton pregnancies admitted with planned vaginal delivery in 2019 at a university medical center. The lactate and procalcitonin levels were determined during early labor, within 2 hours following delivery, and on postpartum day 1. Women with an intraamniotic infection in addition had their lactate and procalcitonin levels determined following an intraamniotic infection diagnosis. Samples were processed immediately in the hospital clinical laboratory. The primary outcome was the mean lactate level following delivery. The secondary outcomes were the lactate and procalcitonin levels at other time points. Comparisons based on infection status were performed using multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS A total of 22 women with intraamniotic infection and 29 uninfected women were included. The mean early labor lactate level (1.47 vs 1.49 mmol/L) and mean procalcitonin level (0.048 vs 0.039 ng/mL) did not differ and were normal in the uninfected and intraamniotic infection groups. The mean lactate level was highest following delivery for women in both the uninfected and intraamniotic infection groups (2.00 vs 2.33 mmol/L; adjusted P=.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.53). The lactate level returned to normal by postpartum day 1 and did not differ significantly based on the infection status at any time point in the adjusted models. The procalcitonin level following delivery was higher among women with vs without an intraamniotic infection (0.142 vs 0.091 ng/mL; adjusted P=.03). The procalcitonin level rose further in both the intraamniotic infection and uninfected groups on postpartum day 1 (0.737 vs 0.408 ng/mL; adjusted P=.05). CONCLUSION The lactate level is not significantly elevated in pregnant women with an intraamniotic infection above the physiological increase that is observed in women without infection at delivery. The procalcitonin level is elevated at delivery in women with an intraamniotic infection and warrants further investigation as a peripartum infection marker.
Outflow methods for evaluating the soil hydraulic functional relationships between NAPL pressure and saturation in porous media

Remediation and cleanup of petroleum product contaminated ground water often require modeling of fluid transport processes when immiscible liquid phases are present. Modeling of such multiphase transport systems requires knowledge of the functional relationships between fluid pressures, saturations, and permeabilities. The authors evaluated the applicability of the multistep outflow method used in soil science to determine these functions for two porous media (loam and sand) using Soltrol 130 and water as wetting fluids. The analytical retention and permeability functions of van Genuchten and Mualem were used, with an inverse method that has been shown to be reliable in estimating water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in soils, to estimate soil hydraulic function parameters for Soltrol 130 and water. The water and Soltrol 130 cumulative drainage as a function of time and the equilibrium saturations were used as input to a numerical model (MLSTPM) to optimize, through an inverse solution of the Richards equation, the parameters needed for the hydraulic functions. Optimizations were carried out for saturation paths corresponding to monotonically decreasing wetting phase saturations only. The functional relationships between oil pressures, saturations, and permeabilities in Oso-Flaco fine sand were accurately predicted from the optimized water retention curve parameters based onmore » scaling by the ratio of interfacial tensions. However, this scaling procedure was inadequate to predict oil hydraulic function parameters from those of water in Yolo loam.« less
Types of Algebras

This chapter studies the formal properties of various types of algebras over a fixed commutative ring K, with ⊗ short for ⊗k, Horn for Hom k .
Fixated Consumption Behavior: The Case of Enduring Acquisition in a Product Category

The authors describe the "fixated' behavior of collectors and point out that process and product involvement have been treated in isolation in the past. A pilot study suggests that product enthu-siasm is largely a function of process involvement, suggesting the need for a more appropriate measure of product involvement with fixated consumers. Finally, the authors present a comprehensive model of fixated consumption which is in the preliminary stages of development.
Towards Efficient Verification of Arithmetic Algorithms over Galois Fields GF(2m)

The Galois field GF(2m) is an important number system that is widely used in applications such as error correction codes (ECC), and complicated combinations of arithmetic operations are performed in those applications. However, few practical formal methods for algorithm verification at the word-level have ever been developed. We have defined a logic system, GF2m -arithmetic, that can treat non-linear and nonconvex constraints, for describing specifications and implementations of arithmetic algorithms over GF(2m). We have investigated various decision techniques for the GF2m -arithmetic and its subclasses, and have performed an automatic correctness proof of a (n, n 4) Reed-Solomon ECC decoding algorithm. Because the correctness criterion is in an efficient subclass of the GF2m -arithmetic (k -field-size independent), the proof is completed in significantly reduced time, less than one second for any m ≥ 3 and n ≥ 5, by using a combination of polynomial division and variable elimination over GF(2m), without using any costly techniques such as factoring or a decision over GF(2) that can easily increase the verification time to more than a day.
OS030. Hypertension and labor duration: Does it take longer?

Introduction Hypertensive disease in pregnancy carries higher maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and often requires labor induction to minimize risk. It was previously taught that preeclampsia was associated with a more rapid progression through all stages of labor, while there is a paucity of data in other hypertensive categories. One investigation in preeclamptic women demonstrated that labor progress was prolonged with increased risk for cesarean delivery. Objectives To study labor progression in induced nulliparas at term with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective cohort study using data from the Consortium on Safe Labor; a multicenter project that abstracted labor and delivery information from electronic medical records in 19 hospitals across the US. A total of 32,276 women with singleton term gestation, induced labor, and vertex presentation were studied. Hypertensive women were grouped into 4 separate categories: chronic hypertension (cHTN), gestational hypertension (gHTN), preeclampsia (PreE) and superimposed preeclampsia (SIPreE) and compared to controls (no hypertensive disorder). For the first stage of labor, Interval-censored regression analysis was used to estimate median and 95th % duration of labor, centimeter by centimeter and from 4–10 cm. Results Significant differences were noted in demographics between each group and controls including age, race, labor admission body mass index, gestational age at delivery, comorbidities, and admission cervical dilation (P ). Conclusion In nulliparas induced at term with hypertensive disease, labor progression in the first and second stage varies from controls. gHTN women have the shortest first stage of labor while PreE gravidas have labor patterns similar to controls. As cHTN and SIPreE women have a longer first stage, allowing labor to continue for a longer period in these gravidas may contribute to a reduced rate of cesarean delivery in the US, but will require further investigation.
Leadership for a new vision of public school classrooms: Technology-smart and learner-centered

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of distributed leadership to the school district level as the authors examine how leadership for twenty-first century learning is distributed within public schools and school districts as they strive to transform their school classrooms from primarily teacher-directed toward more student-centered and technology-enhanced. It contributes to a growing understanding of the inherent distribution of school and school district leadership and helps elucidate how existing leadership machinations can be adapted to facilitate the transformation of public school classrooms from being primarily teacher-directed, to predominately student-centered, technology-enhanced learning environments. Design/methodology/approach – This is a qualitative study conducted in all school districts in one Canadian province. Data were gathered through interviews of all district technology leaders and principals of two schools (per district) deemed exemplary in their use of...
Parody and Perception: Using Cognitive Research to Expand Fair Use in Copyright

This Article draws on cognitive research to examine a conflict within copyright doctrine. Scholars typically analyze unauthorized secondary use of expressive works using an economic or a free speech analysis. The former views copyrighted works primarily as products, the latter primarily as speech. Both paradigms focus on the person doing the speaking or distributing. Copyrighted works, however, protect communication between two parties, which involves both expression and understanding of that expression. This Article argues that because copyright is a right to control certain types of information, how we process information is relevant in determining copyright's scope. By incorporating lessons from cognitive research on memory, attention, and preference, courts can formulate rules that better balance the rights of owners with the needs of consumers and new users for open engagement with expressive works. More generally, a cognitive approach to secondary use refocuses the debate from a question of what users intend to what audiences require in choosing and consuming such works. This focus is in keeping with copyright's goal of promoting innovation to further the
Residential demand for wood fuel: A missing data problem

Abstract Modelling the demand for wood presents several difficult problems not present in the highly developed literature on the demand for electricity. This paper develops a method for dealing with missing price data. Simple statistical tests are performed in a systematic fashion leading to the suggestion that the wood fuel market is characterized by block pricing structures that vary by region. When these block prices are used in modelling the demand for wood fuel, the price elasticities drop off sharply in comparison with the same model using the same data, except for price.
Association between penile dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI-derived quantitative parameters and self-reported sexual function in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.

Abstract Introduction The high incidence of prostate cancer, coupled with excellent prostate cancer control rates, has resulted in growing interest in nononcological survivorship issues such as sexual function. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being performed for local staging of prostate cancer, and due to the close anatomical relationship to the prostate, penile enhancement is often depicted in prostate MRI. Aim To evaluate the associations between quantitative perfusion‐related parameters derived from dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI of the penis and self‐reported sexual function in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Methods This retrospective study included 50 patients who underwent DCE‐MRI for prostate cancer staging before prostatectomy. The following perfusion‐related parameters were calculated: volume transfer constant (K trans ), rate constant (k ep ), extracellular‐extravascular volume fraction (v e ), contrast enhancement ratio (CER), area under the gadolinium curve after 180 seconds (AUC180), and slope of the time/signal intensity curve of the corpora cavernosa. Associations between perfusion‐related parameters and self‐reported sexual function were evaluated using the Wilcoxon Rank‐Sum test. Main Outcome Measures Patient responses to the sexual function domain of the Prostate Quality of Life survey. Results Five of the six DCE‐MRI parameters (K trans , v e , CER, AUC180, and slope) were significantly associated with the overall score from the sexual domain of the survey ( P = 0.0020–0.0252). CER, AUC180, and slope were significantly associated with the answers to all six questions ( P = 0.0020–0.0483), v e was significantly associated with the answers to five of six questions ( P = 0.0036–0.1029), and K trans was significantly associated with the answers to three of six questions ( P = 0.0252–0.1023). k ep was not significantly associated with the overall survey score ( P = 0.7665) or the answers to any individual questions ( P = 0.4885–0.8073). Conclusion Penile DCE‐MRI parameters were significantly associated with self‐reported sexual function in patients with prostate cancer. These parameters are readily available when performing prostate MRI for staging and may be relevant to the management of patients considering prostate cancer therapies. Vargas HA, Donati OF, Wibmer A, Goldman DA, Mulhall JP, Sala E, and Hricak H. Association Between penile dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI‐derived quantitative parameters and self‐reported sexual function in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. J Sex Med 2014;11:2581–2588.
Studies on the carbohydrate moiety of α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) by using alkaline hydrolysis and deamination by nitrous acid

Alkaline hydrolysis followed by deamination with nitrous acid was applied for the first time to a glycoprotein, human plasma α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid). This procedure, which specifically cleaves the glycosaminidic bonds, yielded well-defined oligosaccharides. The trisaccharides, which were obtained from the native protein, consisted of a sialic acid derivative, galactose and 2,5-anhydromannose. The linkage between galactose and 2,5-anhydromannose is most probably a (1→4)-glycosidic bond. A hitherto unknown linkage between N-acetylneuraminic acid and galactose was also established, namely a (2→2)-linkage. The three linkages between sialic acid and galactose described in this paper appear to be about equally resistant to mild acid hydrolysis. The disaccharide that was derived from the desialized glycoprotein consisted of galactose and 2,5-anhydromannose. Evidence was obtained for the presence of a new terminal sialyl→N-acetylglucosamine disaccharide accounting for approximately 1mol/mol of protein. The presence of this disaccharide may explain the relatively severe requirements for the complete acid hydrolysis of the sialyl residues. The present study indicates that alkaline hydrolysis followed by nitrous acid deamination in conjunction with gas–liquid chromatography will afford relatively rapid determination of the partial structure of the complex carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins.
Nitric oxide produced by human B lymphocytes inhibits apoptosis and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by murine macrophages is important in murine resistance to ectromelia virus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus infection. In contrast, NO production by human mononuclear cells has been difficult to demonstrate, and a role for NO in human responses to infection is uncertain. We report constitutive, low level, macrophage-type NO synthase (iNOS) expression in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human B lymphocytes and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Immune NOS activity is involved in maintaining EBV latency through down-regulation of the expression of the immediate-early EBV transactivator Zta. NO also inhibits apoptosis in B lymphocyte cell lines. The effects of NO are largely independent of cGMP and influential on signaling pathways regulated by (sulfhydryl) redox status. These results suggest that NO plays a physiological role in human B cell biology by inhibiting programmed cell death and maintaining viral latency.
Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide thiamethoxam.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, 3-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-4-nitroimino-1,3,5-oxadiazinane. Three antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with the hapten−KLH conjugate. On the basis of the computational analysis of hapten candidates, the hapten with a spacer arm on the thiazolyl ring of thiamethoxam was synthesized to elicit thiamethoxam-specific antisera. The hapten was 3-[2-(2-carboxyethylthio)-5-ylmethyl]-5-methyl-4-nitroimino-1,3,5-oxadiazinane. Antisera were characterized with indirect competitive ELISA. Cross-reactivity and effects of organic solvents, pH, and ionic strengths were evaluated. The antiserum was specific for thiamethoxam and tolerant of up to 5% acetonitrile and 5% acetone. Various ionic strengths and pH values in the tested ranges had negligible effect on the assay performance. Under the optimized conditions, the half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) and the limit of detection were appro...
Estrogen receptor-immunostaining of neuronal cytoplasmic processes as well as cell nuclei in guinea pig brain.

Abstract We have recently developed an immunocytochemical technique for staining estrogen receptors in cell nuclei of some cells in the guinea pig brain. With optimization of this technique, we have now been successful in staining estrogen receptor-immunoreactivity in process of many neurons in the guinea pig brain that also contain estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cell nuclei. While reaction product is visible in cell nuclei under a wide variety of conditions, neuronal processes are darkly immunostained only with modifications of the procedure optimized for maximum sensitivity, for example, the multiple-bridge immunocytochemical procedure. Omission of Triton X-100 and/or dimethylsulfoxide, usually used to increase penetration of the antibodies, had no effect on immunostaining in processes or cell nuclei, and immunostaining was apparent in both vibratome-cut and freezing microtome-cut sections. Injection of estradiol, but not progesterone, caused the total loss of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor-immunostaining, consistent with the idea that the cytoplasmic immunostaining, like the cell nuclear immunostaining is due to the presence of estrogen receptors. In all neuroanatomical regions containing estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cell nuclei, associated processes of some, but not all cells were also immunostained. However, in certain areas, such as the midbrain central gray and the preoptic area, cytoplasmic staining was particularly dark. The cellular characteristics that result in immunostaining in some estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells, and not in others is under investigation.
Defect structure in the alkali gallate fast ion conductors

Abstract K-β-Ga 2 O 3 , Na-β-Ga 2 O 3 , and Na-β″-Ga 2 O 3 are alkali fast ion conductors which crystallize with the β and β″ Al 2 O 3 structures. These compounds exhibit an excess of alkali ions which must be compensated by negatively charged defects to maintain charge neutrality. Single crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to elucidate the defect structures. Compensation in K-β-Ga 2 O 3 occurs through the presence of interstitial oxygen, as observed in Na-β-Al 2 O 3 . Compensation in Na-β-Ga 2 O 3 occurs through two processes. One third of the excess sodium is compensated by interstitial oxygen. The remainder is compensated by immobile sodium, which has replaced gallium on tetrahedral sites. Compensation in Na-β″-Ga 2 O 3 is achieved exclusively by immobile sodium. The observed site distributions in K-β-Ga 2 O 3 and Na-β-Ga 2 O 3 do not fit the WGC or Wolf models, but can be accounted for in terms of a new type of cluster.
Ultrastructure and ecology of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae): the dominant picoplankter during a bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, summer 1985

Observations of a marked cessation of feeding in filter feeding animals maintained in flowing Narragansett Bay seawater in June 1985 drew our attention to a bloom of a golden alga 2 μm in diameter at unprecedented populations of 109 cells. L−1. This picoplankter lacked morphological features useful in discriminating it from other similar sized forms with either phase contrast or epifluorescence light microscopy. Natural populations of picoplankton, obtained from the height of the bloom until its decline, were examined in thin section with transmission electron microscopy. A cell with a single chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondrion and an unusual exocellular polysaccharide-like layer was apparently the bloom alga. The ultrastructure of this alga is consistent with that of the Chrysophyceae, and a new genus and species, Aureococcus anophagefferens is described. Attempts to grow this previously unrecognized picoplanktonic alga as an obligate phototroph failed and only yielded cultures of other previously described picoalgae. Facultative and obligate phagotrophic protists with ingested cells of Aureococcus were only observed as the bloom waned and minute diatoms became common. Cells of A. anophagefferens with virus particles typical for picoalgae occurred throughout the bloom. Populations of the usually dominant photosynthetic picoplankter, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus Nageli, were depressed during the bloom. This could be due in part to selective grazing on Synechococcus rather than Aureococcus by elevated populations of Calycomonas ovalis Wulff which accompanied the algal bloom.
On Xia's Construction of Hadamard Difference Sets

In this paper, we present a new way of viewing Xia's construction of Hadamard difference sets. Based on this new point of view, we give a character theoretic proof for Xia's construction. Also we point out a connection between the construction and projective three-weight codes.
Gender Turnover and Roll Call Voting in the US Senate

Most studies looking at the roll call voting behavior of female legislators have investigated this phenomenon at the state legislative level and for the US House of Representatives. Very little research has looked at the impact of gender on the policy records of US senators. With the number of female senators continuing to increase it is now possible to undertake such an analysis. This study examines the influence of gender in predicting the roll call voting behavior of US senators across several recent congresses. To unearth gender effects, it employs a longitudinal design based on turnover in the Senate, which holds constituency constant while allowing gender and party to vary. The results indicate that male and female senators representing the same state compile very similar voting records on the basic left/right policy dimension. However, when votes on issues of concern to women are examined, female senators tend to be more supportive than the male senators they replaced, and male senators tend to be ...
A review of induced anisotropy and steady-state flow in powders

Efforts to measure the mechanical properties of bulk solids or powders are hampered by the fact that any shear tester and shear testing method introduces anisotropy effects. Experimental evidence of anisotropy effects in fine cohesive bulk materials shows that the unconfined yield strength depends on the consolidation method used and the relation between the strain path directions during consolidation and at failure. The stress state during steady state flow, however, does not depend on the consolidation procedure. The anisotropic effects observed in experiments with cohesive powders is believed to be the result of the generation, destruction and subsequent re-generation of a maximum resistance packing structure.
A filamentous virus of the honey bee

Abstract A common and widespread disease of honey bees, Apis mellifera, is caused by an unoccluded, Feulgen-positive, filamentous nuclear virus. Ovoid viral particles seen in diseased bee hemolymph consisted of a folded nucleocapsid within a viral envelope and were 0.40 by 0.10 μm. Virions with unfolded nucleocapsids were about 3060 by 60 nm. The disease was transmissible to bees both per os and by injection, but efforts to infect oriental cockroaches, Blatta orientalis, and the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, failed. The disease is apparently the same as that described as a rickettsial disease of European bees.
Distinct Profiles of Antibodies to Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Antigens in Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma, Multicentric Castleman Disease, and Primary Effusion Lymphoma

Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpes virus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), is the causative agent of all forms of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) [1, 2]. In KS, most proliferating tumor spindle cells are infected with KSHV and express KSHV proteins [1, 2]. KSHV has a 170.5 kb genome encoding approximately 90 gene products and contains a number of pirated genes involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and evasion of the immune system [3]. KSHV is also the causative agent of two rare B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), that occur primarily in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PEL is characterized by its tendency to develop in body cavities such as pleural or peritoneal spaces [4-6]. MCD is characterized clinically by fevers, wasting, hypoalbuminemia, and cytopenias that result from overproduction of viral-encoded and human-encoded cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6) [7, 8]. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV has two phases of gene expression, latent and lytic. In KS, a majority of KSHV-infected spindle cells express only latent genes, while a small percentage express lytic genes [9-11]. By contrast, a substantial percentage of MCD cells express lytic KSHV genes, including a virally-encoded IL-6. The majority of PEL cells express KSHV latent genes, but in addition can show limited expression of certain lytic genes [9-11]. Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) is a powerful new method to quantitatively measure antibody responses to a wide range of infectious agents. LIPS screening of a panel of KSHV antigens identified v-cyclin as a useful diagnostic antigen that along with 3 other antigens, provided high sensitivity and specificity for the differentiation between patients with KS and blood bank donor controls [12]. Given the differential expression of KSHV lytic and latent proteins in KS, PEL, and MCD, we hypothesized that different antibody profiles to KSHV antigens detected by LIPS might distinguish these diseases.
Density Effect for the Ionization Loss of Charged Particles. II

The reduction in the ionization loss of charged particles due to the polarization of the medium (density effect) has been evaluated for several additional substances, in particular for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, NaI, CsI, lithium aluminosilicate glass, and a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-Ne mixture used in bubble chambers.
Non-alloyed ohmic contacts on rapid thermally Zn diffused GaAs

Abstract Rapid thermal diffusion of zinc into undoped semi-insulating GaAs substrates from spin-on zinc silica film is performed in A.G. Associates Heat pulse 410 system with tungsten-halogen lamps as the heat source. The Zn diffused layers were electrically characterised by Van der Pauw measurements and showed the formation of p + layer. The surface morphology of the diffused layers were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The depth profiling of diffused layers by secondary ion microscopy showed considerable diffusion of Si along with Zn. Radio frequency sputter depositing Si 3 N 4 was found to be a good diffusion barrier for Zn diffussion. Non-alloyed ohmic contact with low contact resistivity was implemented on these Zn diffused layers.
Isothermal Magnetic Advection: Creating functional fluid flows for heat and mass transfer

Natural convection has been of interest for over a century due to its rich nonlinear dynamics and applications to heat transfer. However, convection occurs only when both gravity and a destabilizing thermal gradient exist. We have discovered a unique class of vigorous, emergent fluid flows that have the full functionality of natural convection but can be stimulated regardless of gravity or thermal gradients, simply by subjecting a platelet suspension to certain time-dependent biaxial magnetic fields of modest strength. This enigmatic phenomenon may facilitate cooling in microgravity environments and in other circumstances where convection fails.
Development of indole compounds as small molecule fusion inhibitors targeting HIV-1 glycoprotein-41.

Nonpeptide inhibition of fusion remains an important goal in anti-HIV research, due to its potential for low cost prophylaxis or prevention of cell–cell transmission of the virus. We report here on a series of indole compounds that have been identified as fusion inhibitors of gp41 through a structure-based drug design approach. Experimental binding affinities of the compounds for the hydrophobic pocket were strongly correlated to fusion inhibitory data (R2 = 0.91), and corresponding inhibition of viral replication confirmed the hydrophobic pocket as a valid target for low molecular weight fusion inhibitors. The most active compound bound to the hydrophobic pocket and inhibited cell–cell fusion and viral replication at submicromolar levels. A common binding mode for the inhibitors in this series was established by carrying out docking studies using structures of gp41 in the Protein Data Bank. The molecules were flexible enough to conform to the contours of the pocket, and the most active compound was able ...
In-situ infrared studies of the Cd-UPD mediated reduction of nitrate on gold

Underpotential-deposited cadmium on Ag, Au and Pt has been found to exhibit electrocatalytic properties for the reduction of nitrate in aqueous media [1,2]. Insight into the mechanism associated with this process has been recently obtained from experiments involving rotating ring-disk electrodes [2]. An unambiguous identification of reaction products, however, requires the use of in situ methods with molecular and atomic specificity, an area that has experienced extraordinary progress in recent years [3]. Particularly relevant to the study of the electrochemical properties of simple nitrogen containing compounds is the work of Bruckenstein and co-workers who pioneered the use of on-line mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of gas phase products [4]. One of the main objectives of this work is to elucidate the mechanistic pathways associated with the reduction of nitrate on Au mediated by Cd-UPD by using in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy, FTIRRAS, for monitoring solution phase species. As will be shown, the results obtained have provided evidence that for [H+] < [NO;] the electrocatalytic process yields nitrite as the only detectable product. At least two well defined isosbestic points could be identified in plots of potential difference spectra as a function of the applied voltage. This indicates that to the level of sensitivity of in situ FTIRRAS the nitrate/nitrite conversion is quantitative. Additional evidence in support of this view was provided by the fact that the magnitude of the ratio of the integrated absorption bands of nitrate and nitrite was found to be constant over a wide potential region.
Ice nucleation by photolyzed silver iodide

Abstract A progressive change of the shape of ice crystals nucleated by silver iodide particles at constant temperature has been found, with a linear dependence only on the cumulative time of exposure of the latter to light. The directional crystallographic properties of the photodeactivation process are applied to correlate this with the mechanism of epitaxial nucleation.
Highly polarized and self-waveguided emission from single-crystalline organic nanobelts

Well-defined single-crystalline nanobelts with strong fluorescence were fabricated from a perylene tetracarboxylic diimide molecule modified with specific side-chains that afford flip-flap stacking, rather than the common translated stacking, between the molecules along the long axis of the nanobelt. The nanobelts thus fabricated possess highly polarized, self-waveguided emission, making them ideal candidates for application in nanolasers and other angle-dependent optical nanodevices.
T 4 -mediated v-gene reactivation of UV-irradiated phage Ti, and its comparison with host-cell reactivation.

Abstract UV-irradiated (254 nm) phage T1 undergo host-cell reactivation (HCR) after infection of Escherichia coli cells possessing an intact excision-resynthesis repair system. The present results show that T1 can also be reactivated in host-cell reactivation defective (HCR−) bacteria (E. coli Bs−1, or K12 strains carrying a uvrA or uvrC mutation), if these are superinfected with heavily UV-irradiated phage T4. This effect, which reflects an average repair of 70% of the T1 lethal lesions, requires the ν gene function of T4. It is not observed when the mutant T4ν1 is used for superinfection, and is therefore called ν-gene reactivation (vR) of T1. Comparison of HCR and vR shows that maximal HCR of T1 is usually observed in only a minor fraction of the host-cell population, while maximal vR of T1 occurs in most, if not all, of the vR-proficient complexes. Caffeine at a permanent concentration of 2 mg/ml, or acriflavine at 3 μg/ml, inhibits HCR completely but effects vR of T1 little or not at all. Preirradiation of the host cells inhibits HCR considerably more than vR of T1, and does not affect vR of T4. vR occurs also in HCR+ host cells, where it increases the T1 survival only slightly. Presumably the bacterial UV endonuclease involved in HCR, and lacking in HCR− cells, can be replaced by the T4 UV endonuclease to permit excision repair in T1, but it seems likely that the enzymes engaged in later repair steps are of bacterial rather than T4 origin.
Evidence based management of hypertension: What to do when blood pressure is difficult to control

There is no universally accepted definition of blood pressure that is difficult to control, uncontrolled, resistant, or refractory. One consensus based US national guideline defines resistant hypertension as blood pressure that cannot be reduced below 140/90 mm Hg (below 160 mm Hg for isolated systolic hypertension) in patients who are complying with adequate triple drug regimens in appropriate dosage.1 This definition covers many hypertensive patients but not those for whom the target is an even lower pressure. #### Summary points Consider the following causes for apparently resistant blood pressure: inaccurate measurement, antagonising substances such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aggravating conditions such as obesity or sleep apnoea, suboptimal treatment regimens, non-compliance When apparent resistance remains unexplained or when there are clues suggesting white coat hypertension, consider this and arrange for multiple measurements by self monitoring, visits to or by nurses or health visitors, or ambulatory monitoring If hypertension is still unexplained, or for patients who fit specific patterns of higher risk, consider a selective, sequential evaluation for secondary causes of hypertension, starting with relatively common conditions, such as renovascular causes and renal parenchymal disease Work closely with patients to identify preferred and feasible solutions for correcting any cause that is found Consider referral of patients with severe or persistently resistant hypertension to a centre specialising in its diagnosis and treatment Both clinical experience and research surveys suggest that resistant blood pressure is common in everyday practice. For example, population and clinic surveys in North America, Europe, and Australia show that in as many as 50% to 75% of people being treated for hypertension target blood pressure levels are not achieved.2 Fifty per cent of the 19 196 participants in one recent trial had uncontrolled blood pressure levels when enrolled despite already being treated for hypertension; 59% of these uncontrolled patients were being …
Parimutuel Betting Markets as Information Aggregation Devices: Experimental Results

The demonstrated capacity of markets to aggregate information motivates research on alternative institutions designed to do the same task. This study inquires about forms of parimutuel betting systems. Measures of information aggregation for performance evaluation are introduced. Two environments are studied. The first poses a simpler aggregation problem than does the second. Information aggregation can be detected under both environments but the degree depends on the choice of baselines. The competitive equilibrium rational expectations model is clearly the best model in the simpler environment but, in the more complex environment, models based on private information alone are more accurate. Bluffing and waiting inhibit aggregation and time and experience are conjectured to lead to more rational expectations-like performance.