cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of resuscitation strategies on the acetylation status of cardiac histones in a swine model of hemorrhage

Summary Background Chromatin remodeling through histone acetylation is a key control mechanism in gene transcription. We have shown previously that fluid resuscitation in rodents is coupled with highly structured post-translational modifications of cardiac histones. The current experiment was performed to validate this concept in a clinically relevant large animal model of hemorrhage and resuscitation, and to correlate the changes in histone acetylation with altered expression of immediate-early response genes. Study design Yorkshire swine ( n = 49, 7/group, weight = 40–58 kg) were subjected to combined uncontrolled and controlled hemorrhage (40% of estimated blood volume) and randomly assigned to the following resuscitation groups: (1) 0.9% saline (NS), (2) racemic lactated Ringer's ( dl -LR), (3) l -isomer lactated Ringer's ( l -LR), (4) Ketone Ringer's (KR), (5) 6% hetastarch in saline (Hespan). KR contained an equimolar substitution of lactate with beta-hydroxybutyrate. No hemorrhage (NH) and no resuscitation (NR) groups were included as controls. Cardiac protein was used in Western blotting to analyze total protein acetylation and histone acetylation specifically. Lysine residue-specific acetylation of histone subunits H3 and H4 was further evaluated. In addition, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique was used to separate the DNA bound to acetylated histones (H3 and H4 subunits), followed by measurement of genes that are altered by hemorrhage/resuscitation, including immediate-early response genes (c-fos and c-myc), and heat shock protein (HSP) 70. Results The type of fluid used for resuscitation influenced the patterns of cardiac histone acetylation. Resuscitation with dl -LR and KR induced hyperacetylation on H3K9. KR resuscitation was also associated with increased acetylation on H3K14 and H4K5, and hypoacetylation on H3K18. The expression of genes was also fluid specific, with the largest number of changes following KR resuscitation (increased c-fos and c-myc, HSP 70 linked with H3; and increased c-myc linked with H4). Among the histone subunits studied, altered H3 acetylations were associated with the majority of changes in immediate-early gene expression. Conclusions Acetylation status of cardiac histones, affected by hemorrhage, is further modulated by resuscitation producing a fluid-specific code that is preserved in different species. Resuscitation with KR causes histone acetylation at the largest number of lysine sites (predominately H3 subunit), and has the most pronounced impact on the transcriptional regulation of selected (immediate-early response) genes.
30 PREDICTABILITY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TESTING IN HIGH RISK INFANTS

One hundred and ten neonates requiring intensive care and felt to be at risk for developmental deficits were followed for periods up to 2 years. Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and Bayley Scales were administered alternately at 6 month intervals. The DDST was scored as normal or abnormal and the Bayley was considered abnormal if the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) was less than 80. Data was analyzed in terms of conditional probabilities; that is, the percent of later diagnoses of normality or abnormality predicted from earlier testing. Results: Assuming the 24 month test has the most predictive validity, then these results suggest that testing prior to 18 months may not reliably predict later performance. This may be explained by the fact that early developmental assessment consists of primarily sensory and motor tasks; whereas later tests begin to stress verbal and conceptual abilities. Parents of infants considered to be high risk due to perinatal events should be encouraged to participate in long term evaluations and overly optimistic prediction pased on early motor progress alone should be avoided.
Excess properties of (ethane + propane)(l) and (carbon monoxide + methane)(l)

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies of (ethane + propane)(l) at 200 and 240 K and of (carbon monoxide + methane)(l) at 91.3 K have been determined with a batch calorimeter. The (ethane + propane) excess enthalpies were found to be small and to undergo a change in sign from positive to negative between 200 and 240 K. The excess enthalpies reported here, along with a previously published value reported for 112 K, were used in conjunction with published phase equilibria to develop a consistent expression for the excess molar Gibbs free energy between 112 and 255 K. The excess enthalpy against composition curve for { x CO + (1 − x )CH 4 } was found to be skewed toward the methane-rich compositions with a maximum value of 107.3 J · mol −1 observed at x = 0.43. This resolved the uncertainty in the degree of asymmetry of H m E arising from the disagreement between two earlier investigations.
Corrigendum to “Characterization of microstructural strengthening in the heat-affected-zone of a blast-resistant naval steel” [Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 5596–5609]

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1248 Arthur E Adams Drive, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, United States Welding and Joining Metallurgy Group, Welding Engineering Program, 1248 Arthur E Adams Drive, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 North Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, United States Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography, 2220 North Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
Olfactory preferences, scent marking, and “proceptivity” in female hamsters

Abstract Two appetitive sexual behaviors of female hamsters, attraction to odors of males and vaginal scent marking, were investigated and the correlations of each to reproductive states were determined. Both estrous and diestrous females were more attracted to the odors of intact males than to the odors of females or castrated males; this differential attraction was more pronounced for estrous females. Lactating females, but not pregnant females, were also preferentially attracted to odors of intact males. Thus, odors alone provided sufficient information to allow sexual discrimination by females, and estrous, diestrous, and lactating females were preferentially attracted to odors of intact males whereas pregnant females were not. Reproductive condition had no influence on responses to odors of castrated males or diestrous females. Vaginal scent marking was strongly influenced by reproductive state: Marking frequency was low in estrous, pregnant, and early lactation females, but high in late lactation and diestrous females, suggesting a function of advertisement of approaching receptivity. Thus sexual preferences based on olfactory cues and vaginal scent-marking frequency differed in their relationships to reproductive conditions. It is suggested that in other species such relationships between appetitive sexual behaviors and reproductive condition will depend on the species social organization, ecological niche, and taxonomic group, and consequently that the concept of preceptive behaviors should be broadened to include all appetitive sexual behaviors of females, not just those that are correlated with the hormonal state characterizing estrus.
Thermal defense of extremely low gestational age newborns during resuscitation: exothermic mattresses vs polyethylene wrap.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of thermal warming mattresses compared with wrapping in a polyethylene sheet during resuscitation in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) in preventing admission hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit. Patients delivered between 24 and 28 weeks gestation and ⩽1250 g were eligible for this prospective, randomized study. In the delivery room, the resuscitation team opened a sealed opaque envelope for treatment group assignment to either the wrap or the sodium acetate mattress group. Resuscitation followed protocols recommended by the Neonatal Resuscitation Program. The primary outcome for this study was comparison of axillary temperatures recorded at the time of neonatal intensive care unit admission between the two groups. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. The mattress group's mean admission temperature was 36.5±0.67, whereas the plastic wrap group's was 36.1±0.66 (P=0.0445). Thermal mattresses improved admission temperature for ELGANs over plastic wrap. Although both plastic wrap and thermal mattresses improve the thermal status of ELGANs, all current interventions fall short of truly protecting all these vulnerable patients from thermal stress.
Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2concentrations

THE ultimate goal of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse-gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". With the concentration targets yet to be determined, Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed a set of illustrative pathways for stabilizing the atmospheric CO2 concentration at 350, 450, 550, 650 and 750 p.p.m.v. over the next few hundred years1,2. But no attempt was made to determine whether the implied emissions might constitute a realistic transition away from the current heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Here we devise new stabilization profiles that explicitly (albeit qualitatively) incorporate considerations of the global economic system, estimate the corresponding anthropogenic emissions requirements, and assess the significance of the profiles in terms of global-mean temperature and sea level changes. Our findings raise a number of important issues for those engaged in climate-change policy making, particularly with regard to the optimal timing of mitigation measures.
TRANQUILIZER EFFECTS ON CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION.

The effects of chlorpromazine, meprobamate and reserpine on animal experimental conditioned suppression are reported. Over a wide dose range neither chlorpromazine nor meprobamate increased responding for positive reinforcement during a shock-paired stimulus. Reserpine given chronically did increase responding during shock-paired stimuli. The motor depressant effect of reserpine, at suppression attenuating doses, is most probably related to the response measure used since the depressant effects were minimal when discrete trial procedures were studied.
Photon efficient double-helix PSF microscopy with application to 3D photo-activation localization imaging

We present a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) based three-dimensional (3D) microscope with efficient photon collection using a phase mask fabricated by gray-level lithography. The system using the phase mask more than doubles the efficiency of current liquid crystal spatial light modulator implementations. We demonstrate the phase mask DH-PSF microscope for 3D photo-activation localization microscopy (PM-DH-PALM) over an extended axial range.
A Sensible Confucian Perspective on Abortion

Confucian resources for moral discourse and public policy concerning abortion have potential to broaden the prevailing forms of debate in Western societies. However, what form a Confucian contribution might take is itself debatable. This essay provides a critique of Philip J. Ivanhoe’s recent proposal for a Confucian account of abortion. I contend that Ivanhoe’s approach is neither particularly Confucian, nor viable as effective and humane public policy. Affirmatively, I argue that a Confucian approach to abortion will assiduously root moral consideration and public policy in evidence-based strategies that recognize the complexity of the phenomena of unplanned pregnancy and abortion. What most distinguishes a Confucian approach, I argue, is a refusal to treat abortion as a moral dilemma that stands free of the myriad social conditions and societal inequities in which empirical evidence shows it situates.
EFFECT OF A WATER-MISCIBLE ORGANIC SOLVENT ON THE KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TRYPSIN

The effects of a water-miscible organic solvent (9:1 mix of DMF and DMSO) on the esterase and amidase kinetic parameters of trypsin have been investigated. The solvent selectively reduced the kcat for amidase activity relative to that for esterase activity. For both reaction types, Km increased sharply with increasing solvent concentration. Kinetic studies were complemented by fluorescent measurements of the enzyme's overall conformation and by EPR spectroscopy studies of the active-site microstructure. The decline in kcat for amidase activity began at solvent concentrations greater than 10%; this decrease correlated well with minor changes in the structure of the active site as indicated by EPR spectroscopy. In contrast, the esterase kcat showed no significant decrease throughout the solvent concentration range studied. The kcat values were based on the number of active sites as indicated by active site titration.
Shells and plates loaded by dynamic moments with special attention to rotating point moments

Abstract The response of thin shells to line or point moment excitation is formulated by way of distributed moment fields. Twisting moments in the tangent plane are part of this formulation. The approach is illustrated by using Love's thin shell theory, but is valid for any other thin shell theory as well. Dirac delta functions are used to describe line and point moments. As a first example, the response of a plate to a rotating moment is evaluated and shown to be identical to the solution obtained by Bolleter and Soedel [1] by a Green function approach. The three-directional response of a circular cylindrical shell to a rotating moment is given as the second example. It is a technically significant case that has not been treated in the literature before.
Wave Functionals, Hamiltonians and the Renormalization Group

We analyze the renormalization of wave functionals and energy eigenvalues in field theory. A general discussion of the canonical structure of the renormalization group equation is also given.
Professional Development in a Patient Education Resource Center

Professional development for reference staff who provide consumer health information is of vital importance in the rapidly changing environment of health information. There are resources and strategies that can be employed to help expand reference staff knowledge and skills. Developing and strengthening interpersonal communication and resource utilization skills can be achieved through opportunities such as colleague collaboration and the utilization of internal and external resources.
The spleen: Anatomy and anatomical function

In this review, our knowledge concerning the structure and function of the spleen is summarized. The unique architecture of the spleen allows for interactions between the circulatory, reticuloendothelial, and immune systems. Based on these interactions in conjunction with its microanatomy, the spleen is able to maintain the integrity of the blood and respond to circulating antigens. However, this can be a double-edged sword in the case of patients suffering from autoimmune diseases such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura since the spleen can be the site of both antibody production and circulating cell destruction.
Ethics and medical genetics in the United States. A national survey

Abstract The approaches of 295 medical geneticists in the United States to 14 clinical problems and 3 screening situations that required a moral choice are summarized. These data are part of a survey of 682 geneticists in 19 nations. Of 490 U.S. geneticists asked to participate, 295 (60%) returned anonymous detailed questionnaires. There was strong (greater than 75%) consensus that preserving the mother's confidentiality overrides disclosure of true paternity; that conflicting test results, new/controversial interpretations of results, and ambiguous/artifactual results should be disclosed; that artificial insemination by donor, adoption, taking chances, contraception, sterilization, and in-vitro fertilization with a donor egg should be presented as reproductive options to carriers of disorders not diagnosable prenatally; that prenatal diagnosis should be performed for patients who refuse abortion and for maternal anxiety in the absence of medical indications; that screening in the workplace should be voluntary. There was no consensus about disclosure of a diagnosis of Huntington disease or hemophilia A to relatives at risk, against the patient's wishes, or about disclosure of parental translocations. Geneticists in the U.S. differed from 18 other nations in presenting surrogate motherhood as an option (67%); willingness to perform prenatal diagnosis for sex selection or refer (62%); and disclosure of XY genotype in a female (62%). Men were more likely than women to say that they would give directive counseling. Women were more likely than men to say that they would perform prenatal diagnosis for maternal anxiety or for sex selection.
Density functional theory study on the electronic structure of n- and p-type doped SrTiO 3 at anodic solid oxide fuel cell conditions

The electronic conductivity and thermodynamic stability of mixed $n$-type and $p$-type doped SrTiO${}_{3}$ have been investigated at anodic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) conditions using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In particular, constrained ab initio thermodynamic calculations have been performed to evaluate the phase stability and reducibility of various Nb- and Ga-doped SrTiO${}_{3}$ at synthesized and anodic SOFC conditions. The density of states (DOS) of these materials was analyzed to study the effects of $n$- and $p$-doping on the electronic conductivity. In agreement with experimental observations, we find that the transformation from 20$%$ Nb-doped Sr-deficient SrTiO${}_{3}$ to a non-Sr-deficient phase occurs at high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure, which leads to a significant improvement in electronic conductivity. A mixed ionic/electronic conductor is obtained when doping 20$%$ Nb-doped SrTiO${}_{3}$ with small amounts of Ga (10$%$) in a reducing environment and high temperature. Doping with higher concentrations of Ga, e.g., 20$%$, diminishes the electronic conductivity of the material. These findings suggest that independent of the specific dopant, mixed ionic/electronic conductivity can be obtained in perovskite oxides under reducing conditions and high temperatures by doping the B-site with small amounts of both $n$-type and $p$-type dopants.
Multipolar Endocardial Mapping of the Right Heart Using a Basket Catheter: Acute and Chronic Animal Studies

The development of catheter-based ablative techniques for primary atrial and ventricular arrhythmias is likely to be assisted by improved techniques for systematic endocardial activation sequence mapping. RA mapping using a multielectrode basket catheter has been shown to be feasible with minimal acute toxicity in a prior study. The objectives of the current study are to investigate: (1) the utility of the basket catheter for mapping RV activation; and (2) the evolution of acute endocardial lesions produced by basket catheter use in both the RA and RV over 4–8 weeks time. A flexible, 5-spoke basket catheter bearing 25 electrode pairs was placed in the RA (n = 9) or the RV (n = 13) in 22 juvenile sheep (22–56 kg). The catheter was deployed for 0.1–4.1 hr (RA) and 0.3–3.9 hr (RV). In 20 of these 22 animals, 32 recordings were made of filtered (30–250 Hz) bipolar electrograms and surface ECG. Electrograms were timed and used to construct activation sequences based on a schematic of catheter geometry. Hearts were examined either acutely (4 RA and 9 RV studies) or 4–8 weeks after tbe procedure (5 RA and 4 RV studies). One animal undergoing RA placement had an air embolism resulting in cardiac arrest immediately prior to basket placement; all other animals were stable during placement. RA electrograms of sufficient quality to determine activation time were recorded from 82% of pairs in RA maps, and RV electrograms from 89% of pairs in RV maps. Mean activation sequence duration in RV was 16 ms versus 47 ms in RA (P < 0.0001), making construction of RV maps more difficult. Acute postmortem studies of RV placement revealed a silent apical RV puncture in one animal. Superficial abrasion or ecchymosis of RV endocardium and/or tricuspid valve were noted in six animals. Postmortem exams in both RA and RV chronic studies showed healed endocardial lesions, with only superficial scarring. Rapid RV activation mapping using a basket catheter is feasible, but requires precision recording techniques. Endocardial abrasions produced in lambs both by RA and RV placement of the catheter are healed in < 4–8 weeks, with trivial residua. The multielectrode basket catheter may be applicable to the mapping of tachycardias originating in or involving the right ventricle.
Infusing Soul into Student Affairs: Organizational Theory and Models.

Concepts of the soul and spirit are used to expand models of organizational design and staff development.
Abstract 3324: Epithelial mesenchymal transition is associated with chemoresistance of poorly differentiated hepatoma cells

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is the most rapidly increasing type of cancers in the US. Chemotherapy has been largely ineffective for HCC treatment, especially in cases with poorly-differentiated HCC. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a critical subpopulation that may be responsible for the initiation, progression, metastasis and recurrence of malignancies. CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are useful markers to identify CSCs in solid tumors, such as lung and pancreatic cancers. AIMS: To separate CD133 + /ALDH high cells in well-defined hepatoma cell lines, and to evaluate chemosentivity based on their CSC marker profile. METHODS: Hepatoma cell lines: HepG 2 , Hep3B, Huh-7, HLE, HLF and SKHep1 were separated into CD133 + /ALDH high and CD133 − /ALDH low subpopulations by FACS. The resulting subpopulations were seeded on non-attachable plates for spheroid formation or used for chemosentivity assays. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) was determined by immunocytochemical staining of E-cadherin and vimentin. Gene expression of procollagen type I (α1) (Procoll-I) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: In well-differentiated hepatoma cell lines, HepG 2 , Hep3B and Huh-7, the positivity for CD133 + /ALDH high was 1.1, 13.4 and 15.6%; whereas, poorly-differentiated hepatoma cells were almost all negative for these two markers. The positivity for CD133/EpCAM was 2.3, 10.3 and 18.3% in HepG2, Hep3B and Huh-7 cells, whereas it was almost negative in HLE, HLF and SKHep1 cells. FACS-enriched CD133 + /ALDH high HepG 2 , Huh-7 and Hep3B cells were able to form spheroids in non-attachable culture plates; whereas their negative counterparts failed. In contrast, CD133 − /ALDH low SKHep1, HLF and HLE cells formed larger spheroids with negative α-feto protein staining. More CD133 − /ALDH low HLE cells survived in the exposure to cisplatin or doxorubicin than their positive counterparts (p + /ALDH high HepG 2 , Hep3B and Huh-7 cells were positive for E-cadherin, but negative for vimentin; whereas, their CD133 − /ALDH low cells displayed an opposite expression pattern of E-cadherin and vimentin. CD133 − /ALDH low HLE, HLF and SKHep1 cells were E-cadherin-negative and vimentin-positive. In accordance, mRNA levels of Procoll-I and TGF-β1 in CD133 − /ALDH low HLE cells were one-fold higher than their positive counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: In well-differentiated hepatoma cells, CD133 + /ALDH high or CD133 + /EpCAM + cells appear to be a CSC/progenitor subpopulation; whereas, in poorly-differentiated hepatoma cell lines which are negative for these CSC markers, EMT may be responsible for their chemoresistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3324.
Metabolic effects of alcohol in the form of wine in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease rates in nondiabetic populations. However, the effects of alcohol in people with diabetes are not well defined. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol would raise plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or have other beneficial metabolic effects in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To assess the acute effects of alcohol on plasma glucose and serum insulin, subjects were inpatients for 2 days during which they received, in random order, 240 mL wine or grape juice with their evening meal. To assess the chronic effects of alcohol on fasting plasma lipids, subjects consumed, in random order, 120 to 240 mL wine daily for 30 days and abstained from alcohol for 30 days. Participants were 18 non-insulin-treated volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acutely, 240 mL wine containing 24 g alcohol had no effect on plasma glucose or serum insulin. Chronically, wine consumption for 30 days (mean consumption, 18 g alcohol per day) compared with abstinence for 30 days resulted, respectively, in mean +/- SEM fasting plasma cholesterol of 160 +/- 6 and 160 +/- 8 mg/dL (P = .98), HDL cholesterol of 47 +/- 3 and 46 +/- 3 mg/dL (P = .87), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 82 +/- 5 and 82 +/- 6 mg/dL (P = .98), triglycerides of 157 +/- 19 and 159 +/- 19 mg/dL (P = .88), glucose of 128 +/- 6 and 128 +/- 7 mg/dL (P = .84), and serum insulin of 14 +/- 2 and 17 +/- 3 microU/mL (P = .03). Moderate consumption of alcohol in the form of wine did not raise plasma HDL cholesterol. However, alcohol did not have any harmful metabolic effect; and chronic consumption lowered fasting serum insulin. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus should not be discouraged from using alcohol in moderation.
Applications of Monte Carlo Methods to Simulate Gamma Ray Interactions in Si and Ge

A Monte Carlo code is employed to simulate the electron cascade subsequent to a gamma ray interaction in two common semiconductors, silicon and germanium, over the energy range of 50 eV to 2 MeV. The partitioning of the gamma ray energy into the various loss mechanisms determines the performance of the detector, generally parameterized by the average energy to create a charge carrier pair, W, and the intrinsic variance or Fano factor, F. In this work, W and F are found as a function of energy, exhibiting saw-toothed variation at the shell edges and a well defined high energy value well above the K edge. Our calculated results are in agreement with experiment. Valence to conduction interband transitions and plasmon excitations are the dominant source of electron-hole pairs.
Ten points to ponder in picking an oscilloscope

Like microscopes for biologists, oscilloscopes serve electrical engineers as a second pair of eyes, often providing the only way to "see" what they are working on. Selecting the right one for the job is therefore worth taking some care over. While it is tempting simply to purchase the same model you've used before, you may then miss out on one or more of the many useful features and capabilities that scope manufacturers add to their products with each generation. This article is intended to speed and rationalize the selection process and to guide electrical engineers around some common pitfalls. It provides guidelines under which scopes of all manufacturers may be evaluated objectively.
Hop structure optimization

Summary form only given. Traditionally, the cathodes used in Microwave Vacuum Electron Devices (MVEDs) have been thermionic cathodes. While thermionic cathodes are extremely reliable and well developed, they do have their disadvantages. Thermionic cathodes require heater power and do not allow for spatial or temporal control. The advances of processing techniques have enabled Field Emitter Arrays (FEAs) to emit the electrons with nearly the same current as thermionic cathodes and with gate voltages on the order of 100 Volts. FEAs are more efficient and allow spatial control. While the use of thermionic cathodes in MVEDs is well explored, the use of FEAs is not. Our study focuses on the use of FEAs in a linear Cross-Field Amplifier (CFA) configuration. To inject the electrons into this configuration, a plate with slits is used to protect the FEAs. The plate is fabricated from Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC). The sloped wall slits form hop funnels. These hop funnels use the secondary electron emission properties of a dielectric surface to concentrate electron emission from a FEA and enhance uniformity and spatial distribution. The injected electrons will cycloid down the tube with the E×B velocity and will interact with the RF wave on a slow wave circuit. In this work we will look at the effects of using hop structures with slit geometries as well as standard hop funnel holes using different wall slopes. Two different hop funnels will be tested each with a different wall slope. Measurements will include the funnel IV characteristics and the electron energy distribution at the funnel exit. We will also look at the electron trajectories down the length of the CFA tube. We will monitor the emitter current and will measure the currents into the anode, collector, FEA gate, and hop electrode in order to track the electron movement. These structures will be modeled using the particle trajectory simulation Lorentz2E2 and compared to the experimental results.
Social complexity and sustainability

Abstract Social complexity and sustainability emerge from successful problem solving, rather than directly from environmental conditions. Social complexity develops from problem solving at all scales from local to national and international. Complexity in problem solving is an economic function, and can both support and hinder sustainability. Sustainability outcomes may take decades or centuries to develop. Historical studies reveal three outcomes to long-term change in problem-solving institutions: collapse, resiliency through simplification, or continuity based on growing complexity and increasing energy subsidies. The slow development of complexity in problem solving makes its effects difficult to perceive, especially over short time periods. Long-term social sustainability depends on understanding and controlling complexity. New strategies to mitigate or control complexity are offered.
Etheostoma erythrozonum, a new species of darter (teleostei: Percidae) from the Meramec River drainage, missouri

A new species of darter, Etheostoma erythrozonum, is described from the Meramec River drainage of Missouri, USA. Etheostoma erythrozonum is the first known fish species endemic to the Meramec River drainage. It differs morphologically and genetically from populations of its sister species, Etheostoma tetrazonum, from the Gasconade River, Osage River, and Moreau River drainages.
Angiotensin II Attenuates Endothelium-Dependent Responses in the Cerebral Microcirculation Through Nox-2–Derived Radicals

Objective— Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts deleterious effect on the cerebral circulation through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the enzymatic source of the ROS has not been defined. We tested the hypothesis that Ang II impairs endothelium-dependent responses in the cerebral microcirculation through ROS generated in cerebrovascular cells by the enzyme NADPH oxidase. Methods and Results— Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized mice equipped with a cranial window. Ang II (0.25±0.02 μg/kg per minute for 30 to 45 minutes) attenuated the CBF increase produced by the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine (−42±5%; P <0.05), bradykinin (−53±5%; P <0.05), and A23187 (−43±4%; P <0.05), and induced cerebrovascular ROS production, assessed by hydroethidine fluoromicrography. These actions of Ang II were prevented by losartan, by the ROS scavenger Mn(III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (100 μmol/L), or by the NADPH oxidase peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat (1 μmol/L), and were not observed in mice lacking the NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox (nox-2). Conclusions— Ang II impairs the endothelial regulation of the cerebral microcirculation through AT1 receptor-mediated cerebrovascular oxidative stress. The source of the ROS is a nox-2-containing NADPH oxidase. These effects of Ang II could threaten the cerebral blood supply and contribute to the increased susceptibility to stroke and dementia associated with hypertension.
Combining Peer Discussion with Instructor Explanation Increases Student Learning from In-Class Concept Questions

Use of in-class concept questions with clickers can transform an instructor-centered "transmissionist" environment to a more learner-centered constructivist classroom. To compare the effectiveness of three different approaches using clickers, pairs of similar questions were used to monitor student understanding in majors' and nonmajors' genetics courses. After answering the first question individually, students participated in peer discussion only, listened to an instructor explanation only, or engaged in peer discussion followed by instructor explanation, before answering a second question individually. Our results show that the combination of peer discussion followed by instructor explanation improved average student performance substantially when compared with either alone. When gains in learning were analyzed for three ability groups of students (weak, medium, and strong, based on overall clicker performance), all groups benefited most from the combination approach, suggesting that peer discussion and instructor explanation are synergistic in helping students. However, this analysis also revealed that, for the nonmajors, the gains of weak performers using the combination approach were only slightly better than their gains using instructor explanation alone. In contrast, the strong performers in both courses were not helped by the instructor-only approach, emphasizing the importance of peer discussion, even among top-performing students.
Looking backward and looking forward: Right or wrong

The future doesn't shape itself to fit prophesies. Rather, it follows a path paved by the successful work of those with a yen for more.
The treatment of injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament.

The treatment of injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. R Johnson;B Beynnon;C Nichols;P Renstrom; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Twitter as an Indicator of Bilateral Relations: National Boundaries and Online Behavior

The patterns by which information is produced and consumed are strongly linked to social conditions. This paper examines how national boundaries affect the behavior of Twitter’s user-base. It aims to quantify the effect of various social, economic and political conditions on user interests while expanding a general and applicable model of the use of social media, e.g. Twitter, to alternate policy areas not limited to international development and relations.
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Opposition Transfer for Augmenting Function in Types II and IIIA Thumb Hypoplasia

Purpose To report the functional outcomes associated with the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) opposition transfer for types II and IIIA thumb hypoplasia and determine if there is any noteworthy difference in the outcome dependent on the pulley used. Methods We included patients who underwent a ring FDS opposition transfer and had at least 2 years follow-up. The study group consisted of 36 patients with 40 treated thumbs. All patients underwent follow-up examination and standardized testing. Outcome functional measures were recorded using the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI). There were 9 type II and 31 type IIIA hypoplastic thumbs. All patients underwent a ring FDS opposition transfer and a 4-flap z-plasty for first web space deepening. The pulley for opposition was flexor carpi ulnaris in 19 and the transverse carpal ligament in 21. Thirty-six thumbs had ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions, with 5 of the 36 undergoing combined ulnar collateral ligament/radial collateral ligament stabilizations. Average follow-up was 7.6 years (range, 2–16 years). Results Average postoperative Kapandji score was 8 (range, 4–10). Grip, lateral pinch, and tripod pinch strengths averaged 46%, 49%, and 48% of age- and sex-matched normal controls, respectively. There was no significant difference between surgical pulleys used. The Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument global was 91 (range, 53–100), and PODCI happiness was 87 (range, 15–100). Conclusions We found the ring FDS opposition transfer to be an effective method for providing opposition for both type II and IIIA thumb hypoplasia. At follow-up, excellent opposition function and PODCI scores were noted, with no difference related to the type of pulley used. Type II thumbs had significantly greater grip and pinch strengths when compared with type IIIA thumbs. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Colors -- Messengers of Concepts: Visual Design Mining for Learning Color Semantics

We study the concept of color semantics by modeling a dataset of magazine cover designs, evaluating the model via crowdsourcing, and demonstrating several prototypes that facilitate color-related design tasks. We investigate a probabilistic generative modeling framework that expresses semantic concepts as a combination of color and word distributions -- color-word topics. We adopt an extension to Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, called LDA-dual, to infer a set of color-word topics over a corpus of 2,654 magazine covers spanning 71 distinct titles and 12 genres. Although LDA models text documents as distributions over word topics, we model magazine covers as distributions over color-word topics. The results of our crowdsourcing experiments confirm that the model is able to successfully discover the associations between colors and linguistic concepts. Finally, we demonstrate several prototype applications that use the learned model to enable more meaningful interactions in color palette recommendation, design example retrieval, pattern recoloring, image retrieval, and image color selection.
Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network Architectures for Large Scale Acoustic Modeling

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a specific recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that was designed to model temporal sequences and their long-range dependencies more accurately than conventional RNNs. In this paper, we explore LSTM RNN architectures for large scale acoustic modeling in speech recognition. We recently showed that LSTM RNNs are more effective than DNNs and conventional RNNs for acoustic modeling, considering moderately-sized models trained on a single machine. Here, we introduce the first distributed training of LSTM RNNs using asynchronous stochastic gradient descent optimization on a large cluster of machines. We show that a two-layer deep LSTM RNN where each LSTM layer has a linear recurrent projection layer can exceed state-of-the-art speech recognition performance. This architecture makes more effective use of model parameters than the others considered, converges quickly, and outperforms a deep feed forward neural network having an order of magnitude more parameters. Index Terms: Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM, recurrent neural network, RNN, speech recognition, acoustic modeling.
Debinding injection molded materials by melt wicking

For metal and ceramic injection molding procedures which use wax binders in the production of powder-based parts, melt wicking is commonly employed to debind the components prior to sintering. Because debinding is often a time-consuming procedure, the influence of such process variables as powder size, part height, green density and temperature have been investigated to reduce the amount of time required for debinding by melt wicking.
Interactions of the parasite Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with two Nosema spp. (Microsporida: Nosematidae) of the Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The hymenopterous parasite Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) was highly susceptible to Nosema epilachnae Brooks, Hazard and Becnel and N. varivestis Brooks, Hazard and Becnel, two naturally occurring microsporidia of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. After female parasites oviposited in late-instar larvae exposed previously to spores of each microsporidium as either early instar larvae or as late-instar larvae 24 h before parasite oviposition, progeny of the parasites were infected directly by the microsporidia and infection appeared to be systemic in nature. In heavily infected hosts, incidence of infection by both microsporidia in the parasites' progeny approached 100% and percentage mortality was also high. Mortality occurred primarily in the pupal stage and incidences of infection and mortality were directly related to degree of host infection or microsporidian virulence. Most infected adults were normal in appearance but some had malformed wings, greatly swollen abdomens, or both. Infection did not adversely affect the development period of emerging adults but adult longevity was significantly reduced. Adults were also susceptible to both microsporidia per os. Relatively few female parasites of the P generation that were infected with N. epilachnae were capable of ovipositing in host larvae, and only one female transmitted the pathogen transovarially to some of her progeny. Female parasites, infected with N. varivestis , successfully transmitted the microsporidian transovarially to F6 individuals at rates varying from 5.8 to 70.0%. Both microsporidia were also transmitted mechanically from diseased to healthy hosts during parasite oviposition.
Compositional Effects on the Degradation of PVD-TiSiN

PVD-TixSiyNz films formed by reactive RF-magnetron co-sputtering of Ti and Si in Ar/N2 are evaluated as a diffusion barrier between Cu and Si. A complete range of compositions are obtained by Ti targets inlaid with Si. Film composition is controlled by the target ratio of titanium to silicon and N2 partial pressure. Electrical results versus thermal history for films of ∼6-18% Si as well as the composition and microstructure as determined by Rutherford back scattering (RBS), TEM and electron diffraction are reported. These films are an amorphous matrix with imbedded nanocrystals of titanium nitride as-deposited and undergo phase separation to yield titanium nitride and silicon nitride after a 1000r.C anneal. As-deposited compositions which lie above the TiN-Si3N4 phase line yield crystals of TiN. Compositions below the TiN-Si3N4 phase line yield crystals of Ti2N. Bulk resistivity as-deposited (<400µΩ-cmµ) is acceptable for use as a contact liner/barrier material and improves with annealing. Si pn-diodes metallized with 20nm Ti40Si15N45 and Cu show no significant increase in reverse leakage current at anneal temperatures below 700r.C.
The Electoral Determinants of State Welfare Effort in the U.S. South, 1960–2008

This article examines the impact of electoral politics on state welfare policy in the post-civil rights era South. In contrast to an emerging consensus concluding that southern African Americans materially benefited from rejoining the electorate, this study suggests that higher black registration rates actually reduced states’ poverty relief efforts. In the years immediately following the Voting Rights Act (VRA), when Democrats controlled state government, the significant negative relationship between the size of the black electorate and state welfare generosity was moderated to some extent by high levels of partisan competition. In such cases, Democrats ostensibly chose a “core” targeting strategy of pursuing lower-income votes and had the institutional wherewithal to purchase these votes with policy concessions. Overall, however, the liberal “Downsian” policy response to African American mobilization was dominated by an antiredistributive response. In the South, welfare policies were relatively conserva...
Bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

To the Editor: In their study of the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who respond slowly to chemotherapy, Verdonck et al. (April 20 issue) used response criteria that may have influenced the outcome. A variety of criteria have been proposed to assess response in patients with lymphoma, but the most widely accepted are those ratified at the Cotswolds meeting, which define a partial remission as “a decrease by at least 50 percent in the sum of the products of the largest perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions.” In contrast, Verdonck et.
Colocutaneous fistula: an unusual complication of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.

AbstractThe unusual complication of colocutaneous fistula following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor is presented. Etiology, management and prevention are emphasized.
Small Microcarrier Aggregates Yield High Cell Density

A commonly held belief has been that microcarrier-cell aggregates (clumps) leads to necrosis of the cells in the core of the aggregate. We, and others, have results that contradict that belief (1-4). Another commonly held belief is that microcarriers below a given size (approximately 75 microns) deter or disallow cell attachment. In our studies (a) we demonstrated that cell yields can be greatly increased by utilizing very small spheres (38-63pm), (b) we showed further that the high cell densities were achieved by virtue of rapid cell attachment to the microcarriers with concomitant microcarrier aggregation and high cell growth and (c) we demonstrated that cells growing in high cell density remained metabolically active and produced high levels of at least one commercially-relevant biological. On a per cell basis, cells growing in high-density, small-microcarrier cultures synthesized protein and produced infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus as efficiently as cells in monolayer culture.
Amplified Head Rotation in Virtual Reality and the Effects on 3D Search, Training Transfer, and Spatial Orientation

Many types of virtual reality (VR) systems allow users to use natural, physical head movements to view a 3D environment. In some situations, such as when using systems that lack a fully surrounding display or when opting for convenient low-effort interaction, view control can be enabled through a combination of physical and virtual turns to view the environment, but the reduced realism could potentially interfere with the ability to maintain spatial orientation. One solution to this problem is to amplify head rotations such that smaller physical turns are mapped to larger virtual turns, allowing trainees to view the entire surrounding environment with small head movements. This solution is attractive because it allows semi-natural physical view control rather than requiring complete physical rotations or a fully-surrounding display. However, the effects of amplified head rotations on spatial orientation and many practical tasks are not well understood. In this paper, we present an experiment that evaluates the influence of amplified head rotation on 3D search, spatial orientation, and cybersickness. In the study, we varied the amount of amplification and also varied the type of display used (head-mounted display or surround-screen CAVE) for the VR search task. By evaluating participants first with amplification and then without, we were also able to study training transfer effects. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using amplified head rotation to view 360 degrees of virtual space, but noticeable problems were identified when using high amplification with a head-mounted display. In addition, participants were able to more easily maintain a sense of spatial orientation when using the CAVE version of the application, which suggests that visibility of the user's body and awareness of the CAVE's physical environment may have contributed to the ability to use the amplification technique while keeping track of orientation.