cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of the colonial green flagellates: a study of 18S and 26S rRNA sequence data

A study of phylogenetic relationships of the colonial green algal flagellates based on nuclear 18S and 26S rRNA sequence data suggests that the colonial habit has had at least two independent origins. All colonial taxa included in the analysis, except Stephanosphaera, are allied in a clade with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other Chlamydomonas taxa ascribed to the Euchlamydomonas group by Ettl. In contrast, Stephanosphaera is allied with other unicellular flagellates including Haematococcus. Comparison of the 18S and 26S data shows that the two sets of data yield different results following cladistic analysis. The 18S data provide the principal signal that supports the more basal divergences, but the data do not unambiguously address relationships among taxa in the clade that includes most colonial flagellates and Chlamydomonas taxa representative of the Euchlamydomonas group (sensu Ettl). In contrast, the 26S data have fewer informative sites that support basal divergences than the 18S data, but provide much of the signal that supports resolution of taxa in the colonial flagellate clade in an analysis of the combined 18S and 26S rRNA sequence data. Additional sequence data from the 26S molecule and additional taxa may reduce the topological ambiguity inferred from the sequence data for the colonial flagellates. Alternatively, an ancient and rapid radiation of taxa in the colonial lineage could account for the topological ambiguity. Despite some unresolved questions of relationships, cladistic analysis of the combined data sets provides some robustly supported concepts of evolution in these flagellates.
Regulation of interleukin-12 gene expression and its anti-tumor activities by prostaglandin E2 derived from mammary carcinomas

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)-mediated immune responses are critical for the control of malignant development. Tumors can actively resist detrimental immunity of the host via many routes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the major immune-suppressive factors derived from many types of tumors. Here, we show that systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 could therapeutically control the growth of aggressive TS/A and 4T1 mouse mammary carcinomas. However, PGE2 produced by tumors potently inhibits the production of endogenous IL-12 at the level of protein secretion, mRNA synthesis, and transcription of the constituent p40 and p35 genes. The inhibition can be reversed by NS-398, a selective inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase 2 in PGE2 synthesis. Moreover, PGE2-mediated inhibition of IL-12 production requires the functional cooperation of AP-1 and AP-1 strongly suppresses IL-12 p40 transcription. Blocking PGE2 production in vivo results in a marked reduction in lung metastasis of 4T1 tumors, accompanied by enhanced ability of peritoneal macrophages to produce IL-12 and spleen lymphocytes to produce interferon-gamma. This study contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between a progressive malignancy and the immune defense apparatus.
Calbindin Expression in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. ALTERED SODIUM PHOSPHATE CO-TRANSPORT IN ASSOCIATION WITH CYTOSKELETAL REARRANGEMENT

Sodium-phosphate transport in the opossum kidney (OK) cell line was studied in an OK clonal cell line that was transfected with an episomal vector expressing high levels of rat calbindin (28 kDa). High level expression of calbindin buffered the influx of calcium induced by ionomycin by 53% and raised the basal intracellular calcium from 100 ± 6 to 150 ± 8 nM. The decrement in sodium phosphate uptake induced by parathyroid hormone or forskolin was identical in the two cell lines. However, phorbol esters (10-10-10-7M), which decreased sodium phosphate uptake in the parental OK line, increased it in the calbindin-expressing line. Similarly, the parental clone did not respond to phosphate deprivation, while the calbindin-expressing clone did increase phosphate uptake in response to phosphate deprivation. In the calbindin-expressing cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or low phosphate medium, which increased phosphate transport, produced actin filament aggregation, dissociation of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein from sub-apical actin, and membrane-associated tyrosine phosphate staining. Agonists that reduced sodium phosphate uptake (cAMP, parathyroid hormone) did not affect these cellular features. The cytoskeletal rearrangement, redistribution of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein, and membrane tyrosine phosphorylation are suggested to be involved in the events by which phosphate transport is increased in this cell line.
Research and Development, Manufacturing, and Marketing of Biopharmaceuticals: An International Comparison

This study examined the role that the United States, European, and Japanese (bio)-pharmaceutical industries have played in the discovery, development, production, and marketing of biopharmaceuticals worldwide. The findings seem to reiterate the conclusions drawn by a recent report of the National Research Council: 1) most of the discovery research and preclinical research and development (R&D) for biopharmaceuticals took place in the United States, 2) the United States' preeminence in the field was not only maintained, but intensified, throughout the 1980s, and 3) the strong United States R&D base has not been paralleled in manufacturing and marketing worldwide.
Sleep Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias.

Changes in sleep architecture and circadian rhythms, including increased sleep latency and nighttime awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, and total sleep time, and increased daytime napping are widespread in people with dementia. In addition, cyclic agitation episodes (“sundowning”), nightmares or hallucinations, sleep attacks, and nocturnal behavioral outbursts are associated with specific dementia syndromes. Sleep hygiene recommendations, particularly those aimed at reducing daytime sleep and improving the sleep environment and routine, can offset the circadian disturbances of some dementia patients. However, they can be burdensome for caregivers to implement, and must be targeted to the specific patterns of sleep disturbances patients are experiencing. Pharmacologic treatments may be useful for symptomatic treatment of insomnia and nighttime behavioral disturbances in dementia patients, but there have been few controlled trials demonstrating their efficacy or long-term safety. Clonazepam is highly effective for treating the nighttime behaviors associated with rapid eye movement behavior disorder. For most dementia patients, however, the side effect risks of prolonged use of sedating medications must be weighed against the potential benefits. Dementia patients should be evaluated for common primary sleep disorders that may contribute to nighttime behavioral disturbances and impact treatment decisions. Continuous positive airway pressure, the gold standard for treating obstructive sleep apnea, can be tolerated by mild to moderately demented individuals with support from supervising caregivers. Increased daily light exposure and physical activity may help normalize circadian restactivity rhythms in some dementia patients, although the frequency and dose needed to maintain treatment effects is currently not known.
Synthesis of local-rule processes: successes and challenges (abstract only)

How does one systematically program global computations in systems of a vast number of components restricted to local-rule interaction in a flat hierarchy? This question has been around since the 50's when cellular automata were introduced as models of such systems. The question posed here is known as the synthesis problem, and remains poorly understood. Terms like self-assembling and self-organizing are often used to describe computations on such systems. We mention a number of instances of local-rule processes at widely different scales in computer and network engineering: molecular computation, sensor-network computation, and computation on the Web. Typical performance questions that we address include the convergence to useful, non-degenerate behavior: does it always occur, and if so, how long does it take.
A life span approach to cardiovascular disease risk and aging: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

Abstract As the leading cause of chronic disease mortality in developed nations, cardiovascular disease is a widely prevalent condition that is integral to evaluation of aging populations. Chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes have been associated with adulthood body composition—namely excess body fat, altered lipid levels and elevated blood pressures. The Fels Longitudinal Study conducted at the Lifespan Health Research Center at Wright State University's School of Medicine has examined these same health status indicators—body composition, blood pressure, lipids, maturation, and hormones—during early life and their relationships to developing risk factors for these chronic diseases in adulthood. Research conducted during the past 10 years has shown health status indicators to track over time from childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, chronic disease risk factors attained during childhood, adolescence or early adulthood may represent an early warning system for future risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Talking Past Each Other: Making Sense of the Debate over Electronic Publication

This paper discusses the implications electronic dissemination for the peer-reviewed serial publication system. To make sense of this complex issue, it is helpful to view it from the perspective of the origins of the system and its three core functions, the ranking of scholarship, facilitating interactive communication among scholars, and creating a comprehensive archive of scholarly and scientific knowledge. Each of these core functions has different requirements that are to some extent overlapping but also to some extent in conflict. The Internet opens the possibility of developing a variety of different models of scholarly communication each fulfilling to a greater or lesser extent these three roles paper journals have served and possibly other roles that were not even conceivable prior to the development of world-wide electronic networks. The implications of electronic distribution for ownership and access to the scholarly literature are profound and likely to exacerbate the already serious serial pricing crisis that is hindering the widespread access to scientific and scholarly information. The scholarly community, which both authors the material contained in these publications and largely consumes the finish product holds the key to solving this crisis and allowing the Internet to be a vehicle for facilitating the dissemination of publicly funded research and scholarship rather than resulting in its transfer to private ownership.
A process model of technology innovation in governmental agencies: Insights from NASA’s science directorate

Abstract This paper investigates the process through which new technical concepts are matured in the NASA innovation ecosystem. We propose an “epoch–shock” conceptualization as an alternative mental model to the traditional stage–gate view. The epoch–shock model is developed inductively, based on detailed empirical observations of the process, and validated, to the extent possible, through expert review. The paper concludes by illustrating how the new epoch–shock conceptualization could provide a useful basis for rethinking feasible interventions to improve innovation management in the space agency context. Where the more traditional stage–gate model leads to an emphasis on centralized flow control, the epoch–shock model acknowledges the decentralized, probabilistic nature of key interactions and highlights which aspects may be influenced.
Progesterone attenuates depressive behavior of younger and older adult C57/BL6, wildtype, and progesterone receptor knockout mice

Abstract Progesterone may have actions independent of intracellular progestin receptors (PRs) to influence depressive behavior. To investigate this, we examined effects of progesterone (P; 10 mg/kg, SC) on the depressive behavior of mice in the forced swim test (FST). In Experiment 1, subjects were 4 to 6 months old, intact or ovariectomized (OVX) female and intact or gonadectomized (GDX) male, C57/BL6 mice. Progesterone reduced depressive behavior of young diestrous and OVX mice but male mice were impervious to effects of P. In Experiment 2, subjects were intact aged (20–28 months old) C57/BL6 female and male mice. Progesterone reduced depressive behavior of aged female and male C57/BL6 mice, albeit effects were greater among males. In Experiment 3, effects of P were examined in 4 to 6 months old, gonadally-intact, female and male mice that were wildtype or PR knockouts (PRKOs). Progesterone decreased depressive behavior of young adult, wildtype and PRKO mice, which showed greater immobility than did their wildtype counterparts. In Experiment 4, subjects were 18–24 months old wildtype or PRKO mice (Exp 4). Progesterone decreased immobility among wildtype and PRKO mice (which were not different in terms of their baseline depressive behavior). Together these data demonstrate that P decreases depressive behavior of young and older adult C57/BL6, wildtype and PRKO mice, which suggest that acute anti-depressant effects of P may occur independent of actions at “classic” PRs.
Mathematical Modeling of Impinging Hydrogen-Air Flows Augmented by Catalytic Surface Reactions

The catalytic combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures involves the adsorption of the fuel and oxidant into a platinum surface, chemical reactions of the adsorbed species, and the desorption of the resulting products. Readsorption of some produced gases is also possible. The catalytic reactions can be beneficial in porous burners that use low equivalence ratios. In this case, the porous burner flame can be stabilized at low temperatures to prevent any substantial gas emissions, such as nitrogen oxides. The present paper is concerned with the numerical computation of heat transfer and chemical reactions in hydrogen-air mixtures that impinge perpendicularly on a platinum-coated hot plate. Chemical reactions are included in the gas phase as well as in the platinum layer. In the gas phase, eight species are involved in 24 elementary reactions. On the platinum hot surface, additional surface species are included that are involved in 14 additional surface chemical reactions. The platinum surface temperature is fixed, whereas the properties of the reacting flow are computed. The flow configuration investigated in the present paper is that of impinging jets. Finite volume equations are obtained by formal integration over control volumes surrounding each grid node. Upwind differencing is used to ensure that the influence coefficients are always positive to reflect the real effect of neighboring nodes on a typical central node. The finite volume equations are solved iteratively for the reacting gas flow properties. On the platinum surface, surface species balance equations, under steady-state conditions, are solved numerically. A nonuniform computational grid is used, concentrating most of the nodes near the catalytic surface. The computed heat transfer numerical results are compared with the empirical data of similar geometry. A surface temperature of 1150 K caused fast reactions on the catalytic surface and in the flowing gas for some species, such as OH, HO 2 , and H 2 O 2 . The computational results for heat transfer, mass transfer, and surface reaction rate at the gas-surface interface are correlated by nondimensional relations. These relations can be used as a submodel for the more complicated catalytic reactors.
Microwave dielectric relaxation of water in hydrated melts: system Ca(NO3)2.4H2O

The microwave complex permittivities of hydrated melts of composition Ca(NO3)2 3.9 H2O, in the frequency range 8.2–79 GHz, and temperature range 40–55°C, are reported. The real and imaginarry coefficients of the complex permittivity show a dielectric relaxation process, which can be described in most of the frequency range by a Debye function for a single relaxation. Some deviation becomes apparent, however, at the upper end of the frequency range investigated. Eyring plots of the inverse of the relaxation time vs the inverse of temperature give the activation parameters for the process. The latter is interpreted as due to the rotation of water in the melts, all the water being probably coordinated with the cations. Compared to the activation parameters in pure water one notices an increase in both the enthalpy and entropy of activation. An increase in the activation energy in concentrated aqueous LiCl has been already reported in the literature.
Directly monitoring the growth of gold nanoparticle seeds into gold nanorods.

This paper describes the use of atomic force microscopy to directly image surface-attached 3−5 nm diameter gold nanoparticle seeds before and after seed-mediated growth into gold nanorods (Au NRs) and other shapes (spheres, triangles, and hexagons). Results show that Au NRs form from seeds growing in either one or two directions. A direct correlation exists between seed diameter and NR diameter; small diameter seeds form small diameter NRs. However, correlation between seed diameter and nanostructure shape or NR length is less evident. We describe our results in terms of growth mechanisms proposed in the literature and discuss possible reasons for the large size dispersity observed for surface-grown Au NRs. A better understanding of Au NR and other metal and semiconductor one-dimensional (1D) growth processes is necessary to improve synthesis, tailor their properties, and utilize 1D nanostructures for useful technological applications.
Cost effectiveness of laparoscopic versus open mesh hernia operation: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence comparing laparoscopic versus open hernia repair has varied with time and with changes in techniques used. Cost effectiveness is an important consideration when evidence for predominance of one surgical technique is lacking. Current cost estimates of hernia repair are not available. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a cost effectiveness analysis within a randomized controlled trial comparing open (OPEN) versus laparoscopic (LAP) hernia repair using mesh at 14 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers, with 2-year followup for each patient. Between January 1999 and November 2001, 2,164 men with inguinal hernia were randomized and 1,983 had an operation; 1,395 patients (708 OPEN and 687 LAP) with outpatient hernia operations were included in the cost effectiveness analysis. Outcomes included surgical and postoperative costs, quality adjusted life years (QALY), and incremental cost per QALY gained or the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS: Over 2 years, LAP cost an average of $638 more than OPEN. QALYs at 2 years were similar, resulting in $45,899 per QALY gained (95% CI: -$669,045, $722,457). The probability that LAP is cost effective at the $50,000 per QALY level (slightly more costly but more effective), was 51%. For unilateral primary and unilateral recurrent hernia repair, the probabilities that LAP is cost effective at the $50,000 per QALY level were 64% and 81%, respectively. For bilateral hernia repair, OPEN was less costly and more effective. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, laparoscopic hernia repair is not cost effective compared with open repair. For patients with unilateral (primary or recurrent) hernia, laparoscopic repair is a cost effective treatment option.
A New Approach to the Index Number Problem

A. Introduction, 188. — B. The theoretical basis of the index, 189. — C. The price and quantity index defined, 194. — D. Structural price and quantity differences, 199. — E. A measure of significance, 200. — F. The comparison of more than two aggregates, 202. — Appendices: I. A. comparison of my estimates of Gross National Product for the Soviet Union and Western Europe with previous estimates, 205. — II A note on the factor reversal test, 205. — III. Iteration-convergence problem, 206. — IV. A numerical illustration of computing the quantity index, 210.
The legacy of automatic mesh generation from solid modeling

This paper briefly reviews early efforts to automatically create finite element meshes from solid models. Although parametrically defined blocks of finite elements initially dominated mesh generation, the creation of complex solids forced mesh generation away from the direct use of parametrizations. This review emphasizes the earliest and most important techniques for mesh generation that relied on solid modeling. In addition to including a brief summary of parametrically defined meshes, this review also includes the more recent advancing front technique. This paper concludes with brief remarks that incorporate current directions and developments in automating mesh generation.
Maximum validity of a test with equivalent items.

It is assumed that a scale of true scores on a function exists and that the probability of answering an item correctly is a curve of the type of the integral of the normal curve. The product moment correlation between the test score and true score is derived for a normal distribution of subjects and a test composed of equivalent items. Numerical examples demonstrate that the maximum correlation between test scores and true scores occurs for a one hundred item test when the point correlation between items is less than three tenths.
Religion and Life Satisfaction Worldwide: The Role of Government Regulation*

This paper presents a cross-national test of the effects of personal religious identity and participation in organized religion on psychological well-being, and examines whether their effects vary as a function of the degree of government regulation of individual liberties in a given country. These questions are explored with the cross-sectional fourth wave of the World Values Surveys, utilizing data from 65 countries and hierarchical linear modeling to test cross-level effects. The results indicate two key findings: (1) personal religious identity is positively associated with life satisfaction throughout the world, but the association increases in size under conditions of greater governmental regulation; and, (2) the association between participation in organized religion and life satisfaction is positive under conditions of low government regulation, is attenuated as government regulation increases, and becomes negative when government regulation is high. The implications of these results for future research on religion and psychological well-being are discussed.
An Observer-Based Design of a Controller for Spring-Coupled Cars

A control system design for the ACC benchmark problem of controlling the position of one of a pair of spring coupled cars is presented. The design is based on the use of a reduced-order observer to estimate three of the state variables. The design meets the robustness specifications and the dynamic response specifications, even with control saturation.
Effects of spin speed on the properties of spin-coated Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin films and solar cells based on DMSO solution

Dimethyl sulfoxide-based spin coating has demonstrated its potential for producing high quality Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films. In this work, we investigate the effects of spin speed on the properties of sulfurized CZTS thin films deposited by spin coating at three different spin speeds, 1500rpm, 2000rpm and 3000rpm. We find that the spin speed affects not only the deposition rate, but also the film morphology — the film deposited at 3000rpm shows a more densely packed and less pinhole morphology. This indicates a preference of higher spin speed for solar cell fabrications.
Methanogens: a window into ancient sulfur metabolism

Methanogenesis is an ancient metabolism that originated on the early anoxic Earth. The buildup of O 2 about 2.4 billion years ago led to formation of a large oceanic sulfate pool, the onset of widespread sulfate reduction and the marginalization of methanogens to anoxic and sulfate-poor niches. Contemporary methanogens are restricted to anaerobic habitats and may have retained some metabolic relics that were common in early anaerobic life. Consistent with this hypothesis, methanogens do not utilize sulfate as a sulfur source, Cys is not utilized as a sulfur donor for Fe–S cluster and Met biosynthesis, and Cys biosynthesis uses an unusual tRNA-dependent pathway.
Inference on measures of niche overlap for heteroscedastic normal populations

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTEcologists and economists have long been interested in measures of overlap between two populations to study disparities between resource utilizations or incomes of two groups. Also sociologists have been interested in spatial segregation of social groups, particularly racial and occupational groups. While the measures of overlap under the assumption of homogeneity of variances have received a good deal of attention, little has been written about the overlap of heteroscedastic populations. Three different measures of niche overlap between two normally distributed populations are studied in this paper. Estimation of overlap under general conditions of heterogeneity of variances is discussed. The expressions for approximate bias and variance of estimates are derived using both MLE, and unbiased estimators of population variances. The proximity of variance and bias estimates computed using the estimates of overlap coefficients to that using the actual values is studied using simulation techni...
Models of Hierarchal Replacement

Replacement problems can take a wide variety of forms. We discuss techniques which can be applied to a rather broad class of problems, including as special cases many practical situations. The models incorporate allowances for both-i) replacement from aging stocks, ii) hierarchal structures for replacement elements of different kinds. For the most part, each level of elements in the hierarchy has its own (common) life distribution (whether in stock or in service); it is shown how to modify the distribution in a straightforward way for effects of aging in stock. Of the very large range of possible replacement procedures, we select for special study the two extreme cases of continually increasing specialization (many for one) and continually increasing generality (one for many). A convenient and flexible notation is presented, and methods of using standard probabilistic techniques in deriving life distributions of the systems are described.
Test-Retest Reliability in Tympanometry

Test-retest reliability for tympanometric measures was evaluated across five sessions in 20 subjects with normal hearing and normal middle-ear function. Tympanograms were obtained on each ear for probe frequencies of 226, 678, and 1000 Hz using both ascending and descending directions of pressure change. Across all conditions, the tympanometric measure that consistently demonstrated the highest test-retest reliability was compensated static acoustic admittance. Test-retest correlations for peak compensated static acoustic admittance measures were higher than those for ambient measures across all probe frequencies and both directions of pressure change; the differences in correlations for peak and ambient measures, however, reached significance only for 226-Hz conditions. Across-session correlations for tympanogram width did not differ significantly for measures referenced to the lowest tympanogram tail and those referenced to +200 daPa.
Robust SVD-based calibration of active range sensors

Coordinate calibration is a critical step in reconstructing 3D range images from 2D camera images of structured light projections. Having accurate reconstruction yields accurate measurement of objects, assembly of multiple views of the same object from different directions and interlacing of multiple camera and projection field of views. We present a robust calibration algorithm, which combines a 3D registration algorithm with structure light projections. The light projection is implemented with a spatial light modulator using an array of deformable mirrors. The approach uses 6 or more non-coplanar registration points on a physical calibration device. These points are in view to both the camera and projector. The camera and projector orientations are unknown. Singular value decomposition is applied to this data to estimate the perspective transformation parameters between 3D world coordinate and 2D camera coordinates. The same process is applied to find the transformation parameters between the projector coordinates and the world coordinates. From these two transformations we incorporate the lateral distortions produced by structured light projections and reconstruct manifolds that accurately represent the surfaces being measured. While sine wave projection is used in this study, the calibration and reconstruction methodology can be applied to a variety of structured light projection methods. Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm performance.
Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey

The Quaternary glacial history of part of the region from Indiana to New York and New Jersey (Fig. 1) was outlined in three summaries prepared for the VII Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (Wayne and Zumberge, 1965; Goldthwait et al., 1965; Muller, 1965). Subsequent regional summaries by White (1969, 1982), White et al. (1969), Ray (1974) and Coates (1976) reviewed the entire succession of tills in parts of Kentucky, northeastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Other syntheses and discussions by Dreimanis and Goldthwait (1973), Evenson and Dreimanis (1976), Dreimanis (1977), Fullerton (1980), Mayewski etal. (1981) and Mickelson et al. (1983) were concerned only with late Wisconsin tills. The glacial history of the region (Fig. 2 and Chart 1) is much more complex than was assumed in 1965. Much of the new information is in unpublished theses and dissertations and other publications of limited distribution, and it has not been summarized. Correlations in Chart 1 are based primarily on stratigraphic relationships of tills and paleosols, and secondarily on radiometric ages, paleomagnetic polarity data, and relativeage data. This summary serves as an expanded explanation of Chart 1. Glacial events are discussed within a framework of time divisions, from older to younger, and by glacial lobes, as shown in Chart 1. Paleomagnetic polarity data in Chart 1 are from Harrison and Terasmae (1961), Bleuer (1976, and pers. commun.), Johnson (1976, this volume and pers. commun.), Hoyer (1977,1983, and pers. commun.), Bonnett et al. (1978) and Teller and Last (1981). Sources of data related to named tills in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey are listed in Appendix 1. The term 'glacial lobe' here is applied both to a regional, physiographically-controlled pattern of ice dispersal and to the geographic region influenced by such movement. Huron-Erie lobe glaciation includes ice movement from the Georgian Bay region, Ontario, into the Lake Erie basin, as well as ice movement through the Lake Huron basin into the Lake Erie basin (Fig. 3). Illinoian and pre-Illinoian tills throughout the region have not been well studied and they have no radio-
Multi-grid solution of Neumann pressure problem for viscous flows using primitive variables

The multi-grid (MG) technique has been advanced for use with the Neumann boundary-value problem in clustered curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. This comprises an important step in the analysis of viscous flows using the velocity-pressure formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. With successive over-relaxation (SOR) as the smoothing operator and with suitably formulated restriction and coarse-grid-correction operators, a 4-grid procedure enhances the efficiency of fine-grid solutions of the Neumann problem by a factor of 3 to 5, depending on the problem parameters. Thy influence of the smoothing operator is also examined by employing the alternating-direction implicit and the strongly implicit techniques instead of SOR.
The use of the transvaginal automated spring-loaded puncture device transabdominally.

Transabdominal use of a software integrated, automated, spring-loaded transvaginal puncture device is described. This device allows accurate, high-velocity needle placement into sonographically targeted areas under continuous direct vision without the use of local anesthesia. Successful use of the device in seven cases is described. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Langmuir-Blodgett films of streptavidin-conjugated phycoerythrin bound to biotinylated monolayers

Abstract The Langmuir-Blodgett technique has been used to simultaneously orient and couple the photodynamic, water soluble protein. phycoerythrin, to a biotin derivatized phospholipid monolayer film. It was found that both avidin and streptavidin phycoerythrin conjugates will preferentially adsorb to the biotinylated lipid monolayer films while at the air-water interface. Pressure-area isotherms indicate that oriented monolayer films are formed with the hydrophilic biotin binding sites exposed to the four biotin binding sites on avidin and streptavidin in the conjugated proteins. The binding of protein to the lipid films was determined by probing the characteristic, intense fluorescence of the phycoerythrin at 576 nm. The measurements were carried out on monolayer films transferred onto solid glass supports, exciting the samples with 496 nm light and scanning the emission from 515 to 670 nm. It was determined that avidin conjugated proteins complex to the biotin lipid monolayer through both specific and non-specific binding mechanisms, while the streptavidin-phycoerythrin binds by what appears to be only a specific (biotin-streptavidin) mechanism.
Interventional radiology in the developing world: challenges and opportunities

Learning Objectives Learn the financial and intellectual challenges of bringing minimally invasive procedures to the developing world. Learn where to find funding and equipment for humanitarian use. Learn how experiences from the battlefield environment can be applied to remote, underserved areas. Learn how low cost modalities can be used to perform minimally invasive procedures. Background Though the evolution of minimally invasive interventional radiology procedures has allowed these therapies to minimize or obviate the need for morbid, open surgeries, there remain significant obstacles that must be overcome to safely and practically implement these procedures in the developing world. Careful consideration to resource allocation, personnel training, and procedural selection is crucial to maintain a safe and sustainable IR practice in the underserved world. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details This exhibit will introduce strategies for implementing an IR service in developing nations. Financial requirements may be mitigated by a careful needs based analysis and reliance on cost-effective modalities. Alternative and durable training schemes involving long term partnerships with foreign institutions and medical simulation training can be used to overcome the practical and ethical limitations of traditional training methods in the underdeveloped world. IR practice in the austere environment, including in combat, as well as effective mobile health care programs can be used as a framework to establish practices in impoverished nations. Creative implementation of the most basic and relatively inexpensive radiological equipment has made interventional procedures possible in the underserved world; commonly performed procedures in developed nations can be modified as a lower-cost technique with minimal changes in efficacy or safety. Conclusion and/or Teaching Points With the assistance of international humanitarian organizations, careful planning, and innovative techniques, local providers in impoverished nations can have access to the training and equipment necessary to offer life-saving, minimally invasive procedures to underdeveloped countries and make significant medical contributions to the global community.
Staphylococci in human periodontal diseases

The occurrence of subgingival staphylococci was determined in 506 individuals with advanced adult periodontitis, 108 with early-onset periodontitis, 13 with localized juvenile periodontitis, 18 with gingivitis, and 13 with 20 failing osseointegrated titanium dental implants. Subgingival samples were collected with paper points and transported in VMGA III. The bacterial samples were plated on Staphylococcus 110 medium which was incubated in 10% CO2, and on enriched brucella blood agar, which was incubated anaerobically. Staphylococcal isolates from 94 adult periodontitis subjects were speciated using the API STAPH Trac micromethod kit system and the Bacto Staph latex agglutination test for coagulase activity. Staphylococcus epidermidis comprised 45.8% and Staphylococcus aureus 22.3% of total staphylococcal isolates. At 1 microgram/ml, in vitro resistance by staphylococci was found to tetracycline (14.4% of isolates), penicillin (4.9%), erythromycin (12.1%), and metronidazole (31.9%). Subgingival staphylococci were isolated from approximately 50% of gingivitis and periodontitis patients. No statistically significant differences were found between these patient groups in the prevalence or mean proportions of staphylococci recovered. "Periimplantitis" lesions exhibited significantly higher proportions of staphylococci (15.1%) than gingivitis (0.06%) or periodontitis (1.2%) lesions. Staphylococci may play a role in some failing osseointegrated dental implants.
Dual-resonance models

Abstract Dual-resonance models are treated both as S -matrix theories and as systems of interacting strings. We show how Veneziano was able to construct a dual four-point amplitude with narrow resonances and rising Regge trajectories. The construction is generalized to the N -point amplitude in the manifestly dual manner suggested by Koba and Nielsen. We develop the operator formalism which exhibits the factorization property of the above amplitude. The related questions of ghost elimination and null states are discussed. Models with extra degrees of freedom and, in particular, the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond model with spin, are treated. The latter model has a quark-line spectrum of mesons, but it possesses massless vector mesons and fermions. It is shown how the operator formalism is related to a quantized string. The theory of such a string is developed, with particular emphasis on the ghost-free “Coulomb-gauge” quantization. By constructing theories of interacting strings, we reproduce the dual-model S -matrix. A brief account is given of the theory of loops, in which one attempts to improve on the narrow-resonance model in a perturbative manner.
Centromeres are arranged in clusters throughout the muntjac cell cycle

Abstract In the interest of exploring a possible regulatory role for chromosomal arrangements, the close association of centromeres observed in metaphase cells has been studied throughout interphase. Synchronous cultures of muntjac cells were C-banded at various times representing different stages of the cell cycle. It was found that centromeric regions remain clustered in their telophase configuration throughout interphase, into the next prophase.
Spatially resolved spectroelectrochemistry for examining an electrochemically initiated homogeneous electron transfer reaction

Abstract The title technique provides a means to determine time resolved concentration vs. distance profiles for electrogenerated absorbers as they diffuse away from the electrode. Such profiles are perturbed by any homogeneous chemical reactions of the absorber, as is well known from studies with amperometric and normal incidence spectroelectrochemical techniques. The present paper considers the utility of experimentally determined concentration profiles for deducing the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanisms of homogeneous electron transfer reactions between two redox systems. The one electron oxidation of methoxypromazine by electrogenerated chlorpromazine cation radical was examined as an example of a redox catalysis mechanism. Concentration profiles were sensitive to the stoichiometry, rate, and equilibrium constant for the reaction. In addition, the spatially resolved absorption probe could be used to monitor either methoxypromazine or chlorpromazine cation radical, or kinetic results could be determined from the sum of the absorbances of both radicals at a single wavelength. The technique amounts to a superset of previous methods, with either the chronoamperometric or chronoabsorptometric responses being mathematical derivatives of the spatially resolved absorption data set. The increased dimensionality of the new technique should prove useful for mechanism diagnosis.
Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for metastatic tumors to the brain

Recent literature has confirmed patient age, Karnofsky status, and the extent of extracerebral tumor as independent prognostic variables in patients with cerebral metastases. In a good-risk population, surgery followed by radiation therapy is superior to radiation alone for treatment of patients with solitary metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery is feasible in the same select patient population, but questions regarding the extent of delayed toxicity, tumor response, and the impact on quality of life and longevity remain to be answered. Studies of external beam radiation therapy for patients with brain metastases have shown that 1) misonidazole does not improve the response rate, quality of life, or duration of survival, 2) 5 Gy for six fractions and 3 Gy for 10 fractions produce similar results, and 3) reirradiation at doses of 25 Gy for tumors progressing after initial radiation may be feasible in a selected population of patients. Chemotherapy can affect regression of brain metastases in patients with small cell lung and breast carcinoma, as well as melanoma, but the overall contribution to the quality and duration of the patient's life compared with radiation alone is unknown. Intracarotid chemotherapy is feasible for patients with brain metastases, but substantial toxicity precludes its use outside of an investigational setting. Brain metastases remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality for patients with cancer, but the majority of patients still succumb to widespread systemic disease. The goal of treatment of brain metastases should be palliation with minimal infringement upon the patient's quality of life.
An Investigation of the Shell Nosing Process by the Finite-Element Method. Part 1: Nosing at Room Temperature (Cold Nosing)

The metal-forming process of shell nosing at room temperature was analyzed by the finite-element method. The strain-rate effects on materials properties were included in the analysis. In cold nosing simulations, the nine-node quadrilateral elements with quadratic velocity distribution were used for the workpiece. The treatment of a moving boundary in the analysis of nosing is discussed and successfully implemented in the finite-element program. FEM simulations of 105-mm dia. shells of AISI 1018 steel and aluminum 2024 were performed and solutions were obtained in terms of load-displacement curves, thickness distribution, elongation, and strain distributions. Comparisons with experimental data show very good agreement.
Large Acceptance Magnetic Focussing Horns for Production of a High Intensity Narrow Band Neutrino Beam at the AGS

A set of two large acceptance (20 to 140 mrad) horns have been designed and built to form a parallel beam of 3 GeV/c pions and kaons for the production of an intense, dichromatic neutrino beam. A set of beam plugs and collimators determined the momentum of the particles which pass through the horns. The cooling and maintenance of the horns and target was a particular concern since they were operated with an incident intensity of over 1013 proton/sec. These systems were designed for simplicity, reliability, and easy replacement.
Effect of Skin-To-Skin Contact on Preterm Infant Skin Barrier Function and Hospital-Acquired Infection

Background: The preterm infants’ skin is structurally and functionally immature at birth because of immature stratum corneum barrier function, leading to problems with fluid loses, thermoreg ulation, and infection. Two parameters of barrier function can be non-invasively assessed: Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL). Skin-to-Skin Care (SSC) is the proposed independent variable that might affect barrier function by decreasing TEWL and increasing SCH, thereby improving stratum corneum barrier function and consequently decreasing the rate of infection. No study of SSC’s effects on TEWL and SCH of preterm infants could be found. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 5 daily Skin-to-Skin Contact sessions on infant skin hydration (SCH), transepidermal evaporated water loss (TEWL), and on SCH when TEWL was controlled, and on the presence of hospital acquired infection. Methods: A one-group pretest-test-posttest design with 10 preterm infants (28 - 30 wks GA < 32 wks postmenstrual age, and no infection at entry). Test = 90 minutes of SSC; pre-test and post-test = 30 minutes each of prone positioning in an incubator. SCH and TEWL were taken on Days 1 and 5 at the beginning, middle and end of each period using Multi-Probe Adaptor. A 3 X 3 X 2 Repeated Measures Mixed Models Design, including a covariate, was used to analyze level of Skin Hydration. Specifically, the model tested comparisons in SCH made across repetitions, time, and days, as well as all possible interactions while controlling for TEWL. Descriptive statistics described the number of positive blood cultures during hospitalization and the presence of infections four weeks post-discharge. Results: Significant differences in skin hydration were found across TIME (Pre-SSC, SSC, Post-SSC) (F = 21.86; p < 0.001). One infant had a positive blood culture during hospitalization; no infants had signs of infection by 4 weeks post-discharge. Conclusions: The study has begun fulfilling the recommendation that SSC be tested as a strategy to improve skin hydration, but reveals that evaporative loss may be higher during SSC than during incubator care, and that the higher transepidermal evaporated water loss values may not necessarily be detrimental because few infections occurred even in its presence. A definitive randomized controlled trial is recommended.
“If We Do Not Do it, Then Who Will?” An Interview with Carolyn Robertson Payton

In this interview, Payton describes a long and distinguished career encompassing research, academia, and counseling practice, ultimately as director of the Howard University Counseling Service (UCS), and public service with the Peace Corps, ultimately as its director. She served on American Psychological Association (APA) committees dealing with ethics, bias and sex role stereotyping in psychotherapy, women, gay concerns, and policy and planning, as well as on various journal editorial boards. Underlying this wide-ranging and multifaceted career was Payton’s lifelong commitment to equality, justice, and inclusion and her belief that all people are of equal worth. Within the field of counseling psychology, she provided strong leadership in the development of group counseling technique, especially for people of color. As director of UCS, she drew on her experience with an egalitarian Peace Corps in developing group counseling at Howard’s UCS, especially for people of color, believing that “we help each othe...
Real‐time time‐optimal control of a stirred‐tank reactor using Kalman Filtering for state estimation

This paper presents the development and real-time implementation of a time-optimal control algorithm for a continuous stirred-tank reactor. A multivariable time-optimal control law is derived and an Extended Kalman Filter formuated for on-line estimation and filtering. The work demonstrates the powerful capability of real-time computation and decision-making in optimal control and optimal estimation of process states.