cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURES AND GROWTH MECHANISMS FOR HETEROEPITAXIAL FCC(111) THIN METAL FILMS

We investigate film morphologies of heteroepitaxial face-centered cubic (fcc) thin metal adlayers gro.wn on fcc( 1 1 1) metal substrates using a statistical-mechanical mean-field theory. In order to develop a general understanding of how various intrinsic properties of the film and substrate dictate the thermodynamicallypreferred film structures, fourteen fcc( 11 l)/fcc( 1 11) interfaces with lattice mismatches ranging from 17% to +21% and bulk cohesive energies ranging from 2 to 6 eV/atom are examined. We find that relative magnitudes of lattice mismatch, surface energy, and bulk cohesive energy all contribute to determining the film structures, in contrast to our findings for fcc(100) interfaces, where lattice mismatch played the dominant role. Pseudomorphic growth is predicted to be preferred for small-mismatched interfaces, while incommensurate films are favored for large-mismatched interfaces. When the film has a lower surface energy and bulk cohesive energy than the substrate, layer-by-layer or Stranski-Krastanov growth is favored. Threedimensional growth becomes dominant for interfaces where the relative surface and bulk cohesive energy of the film is large compared to the substrate. We also find the film structures are insensitive to temperature variations in the range 300-800 K. Finally, our theoretical calculations are in generally excellent agreement with experimentally-determined film structures, and we have gone further to predict the morphological nature of a number of heterointerfaces that have yet to be examined experimentally.
Coupling of the finite-difference method and the boundary element – dual reciprocity method for wind flow simulation

Abstract This paper discusses an on-going research effort to develop a more computationally efficient scheme, for the direct simulation of wind flow around bluff bodies. Direct simulation as used in this study is based on providing a robust numerical solution to the 2-D primitive variable form of the Navier–Stokes equations. This approach to simulation of wind flow is increasingly becoming more attractive, especially, since very fast and low-cost computers are now readily available to most users. The objective of the present study is thus, to enhance the computational speed of an existing finite-difference-based wind simulation scheme already implemented by the authors. The resulting wind flow simulation software is designed for use in an engineering workstation environment, in which, the new coupled scheme offers more efficient and improved computational effort. The main thrust of this paper is a discussion of the mathematical modeling of the new coupled scheme, and finally a presentation of some preliminary results obtained from numerical experimentation.
Molecular cloning of KS, a novel rat gene expressed exclusively in the kidney.

Molecular cloning of xKSx, a novel rat gene expressed exclusively in the kidney. Background We aimed to identify genes with kidney specific, developmentally regulated expression. Here we report the cDNA sequence and expression pattern of KS , a novel kidney-specific rat gene. Methods A partial cDNA was identified by differential display polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a renal cell fraction enriched for proximal tubular and renin-expressing cells. Using the partial cDNA as a probe, a rat kidney cDNA library was screened. The full-length KS sequence was obtained by PCR amplification of cDNA ends. The expression pattern of KS was investigated by Northern blot. RNA was extracted from several organs of newborn and adult rats, as well as from the kidneys of rats with altered tubular function, that is, rats that had undergone unilateral nephrectomy, unilateral ureteral obstruction, neonatal losartan treatment, and the appropriate control animals. The expression of KS was also investigated in the kidneys of rats with spontaneous or renovascular hypertension. Results The KS cDNA (2426bp) contained one open reading frame encoding a predicted 572 amino acid protein. The derived peptide sequence displayed approximately 70% similarity to the hypertension-related SA gene product and approximately 50% similarity to prokaryotic and eukaryotic acetyl-CoA synthases (EC 6.2.1.1). KS was expressed in the kidney and not in any other organ assayed. KS RNA was not detected in fetal and newborn rat kidney but became apparent after one week of postnatal life. Gene expression was downregulated in rat models of altered tubular function. KS expression was decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats but not in renovascular hypertension. Conclusion KS , a novel rat gene, exhibits a unique tissue-specific expression exclusively in mature kidneys. The data suggest KS may encode an adenosine monophosphate binding enzyme.
How much methane could be released from Arctic hydrates

In Arctic seafloor sediments, methane, a potent greenhouse gas, is trapped in chemical structures called hydrates. Methane hydrates form at low-temperature, high-pressure conditions, and methane can be released if the temperature rises. Previous studies have raised concern that global climate change could lead to release of significant amounts of methane from Arctic hydrates.
Chemically Well-Defined Lithography Using Self-Assembled Monolayers and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in Nonpolar Organothiol Solutions

A method of chemically well-defined, scanning tunneling microscope-based lithography is presented in which one thiolate in a self-assembled monolayer is removed and replaced with a second thiol. This method is distinguishable from other lithographic replacement processes on SAMs in that a nonpolar solution and an uncoated tip can be employed. Elevated relative humidity was important in the facility of this process, suggesting an electrochemical mechanism for replacement. The resolution of features written with this process is ca. 10−15 nm. In nonpolar solution, the apparent heights of self-assembled decanethiolate and dodecanethiolate monolayers are reversed compared to those observed in images obtained in air. When the thiol solution was exchanged after the first replacement, writing with two different thiols was demonstrated.
Macrophage-inducible expression of a model antigen in Salmonella typhimurium enhances immunogenicity.

Abstract Attenuated Salmonella are useful oral vaccine vectors capable of carrying multiple heterologous antigen genes, but optimal expression of foreign antigens has not yet been achieved. We hypothesized that Salmonella phoP-activated genes, which are transcriptionally activated within antigen-processing macrophages, could prove useful for delivery of heterologous antigens to the immune system. We have created a suicide vector that allows the stable chromosomal insertion of heterologous antigen genes within the phoP-activated gene C (pagC) of Salmonella and permits the expression of heterologous antigens as fusion proteins between the first 84 amino acids of PagC and the chosen antigen. The Escherichia coli phoA gene encoding alkaline phosphatase was cloned into this vector; the resultant plasmid was used to construct Salmonella typhimurium strains that express PagC-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins from a single chromosomal gene copy. Such strains were administered orally and i.p. as vaccines to BALB/c mice and compared with control strains expressing alkaline phosphatase constitutively. After 3 weeks, mouse sera were analyzed for IgG responses to S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide and alkaline phosphatase. Remarkably, though all mice had comparable antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide, only mice immunized with strains bearing phoP-activated fusion genes had antibody responses to the heterologous antigen. We conclude that expression of a heterologous antigen from an S. typhimurium in vivo-induced promoter that is activated within macrophages markedly enhances the immunogenicity of a model antigen expressed from a single chromosomal gene copy.
Combined effect of prostaglandins and an aortic proteoglycan on platelet aggregation and plasma clotting.

Abstract The individual and combined effects of PGD 2 , PGI 2 and an aortic proteoglycan on human platelet aggregation and plasma clotting were studied. PGI2 was at least 10 times more potent than PGDZ in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins inhibited ADP- and thrombin-induced aggregation, but only prolonged aggregation time without affecting the extent of arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins did not affect thrombin-induced clotting of PRP. Large doses of prostaglandins abolished platelet aggregation and prolonged the onset of thrombin-induced clotting. The aortic proteoglycan (APG) had no appreciable effect on ADP- or AA-induced aggregation. Small doses of APG abolished thrombin-induced clotting, while large doses of APG suppressed both clotting and aggregation induced by thrombin. PGI2 and PGDZ showed additive inhibition of platelet aggregation regardless how the aggregation was induced. APG and prostaglandins showed additive inhibition of only thrombin-induced aggregation. APG, but not any of the prostaglandins, prolonged clotting time of PPP. This prolongation was not potentiated by PGI2 or PGDZ.
The Jacobean Diplomatic Service

"Legatus,' wrote Sir Henry Wotton in what is quite possibly the only pun in English that was first written in Latin, "est vir bonus peregre missus ad mentiendum Reipublicae causa." This rather cynical epigram did not amuse King James I, not because he had no sense of humor, but because it was quoted in the book of a religious controversialist in order to show that Protestants were as equivocating as Jesuits, and Wotton's career suffered accordingly.2 Wotton's difficulties, however, were not all owing to his wit; he was not a particularly effective ambassador. In this he did not resemble most of James's professional diplomatists, a group of overworked and underpaid men who lived comfortless, penurious, tedious, occasionally dangerous lives in their country's service and who often received meager enough rewards at the end. It is frequently overlooked that as a group the Jacobean ambassadors were thoroughly professional, more so than those of some subsequent periods.3 Most of them received their training either from one of the Secretaries of State or, more usually, by serving in a subordinate capacity to some senior ambassador, and they made a career of government service. When Lord Edward Wotton, Henry's older half brother, went on a special mission to France in i6io he expressed his pleasure to the resident ambassador in France, Sir Thomas Edmondes, that they would be working together, since Edmondes was "bred as it were in the same school with me under Sir Fra. Walsingham."4 A sampling of some fifteen or so professional diplomatists of the first decade and a half of James's reign who are noted in The Dictionary of National Biography shows that most of them came from landed families of no great importance. There were exceptions: the
The Mechanism of Oxidative Halophenol Dehalogenation by Amphitrite ornata Dehaloperoxidase Is Initiated by H2O2 Binding and Involves Two Consecutive One-Electron Steps: Role of Ferryl Intermediates

The enzymatic globin, dehaloperoxidase (DHP), from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata is designed to catalyze the oxidative dehalogenation of halophenol substrates. In this study, the ability of DHP to catalyze this reaction by a mechanism involving two consecutive one-electron steps via the normal order of addition of the oxidant cosubstrate (H(2)O(2)) before organic substrate [2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP)] is demonstrated. Specifically, 1 equiv of H(2)O(2) will fully convert 1 equiv of TCP to 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, implicating the role of multiple ferryl [Fe(IV)O] species. A significant amount of heterolytic cleavage of the O-O bond of cumene hydroperoxide, consistent with transient formation of a Compound I [Fe(IV)O/porphyrin pi-cation radical] species, is observed upon its reaction with ferric DHP. In addition, a more stable high-valent Fe(IV)O-containing DHP intermediate [Compound II (Cpd II) or Compound ES] is characterized by UV-visible absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Spectral similarities are seen between this intermediate and horse heart myoglobin Cpd II. It is also shown in single-turnover experiments that the DHP Fe(IV)O intermediate is an active oxidant in halophenol oxidative dehalogenation. Furthermore, reaction of DHP with 4-chlorophenol leads to a dimeric product. The results presented herein are consistent with a normal peroxidase order of addition of the oxidant cosubstrate (H(2)O(2)) followed by organic substrate (TCP) and indicate that the enzymatic mechanism of DHP-catalyzed oxidative halophenol dehalogenation involves two consecutive one-electron steps with a dissociable radical intermediate.
Designing the experience of health care.

New ideas and information services will be best served when they are examined from both the users’ and the corporate perspective. It is imperative to identify what best serves the needs of the user while understanding the corporate context that would allow these products/services to be sustainable. The desired result is for users to feel included and become more active and involved in their lives and to be able to do so at a reasonable, sustainable price point. This collaboration is illustrated by several examples of health care product development including the development of a medication management system for patients and a diet assistance program for cardiac patients. In these examples, success is dependent on a solid relationship between people who have the methods to understand users and to develop products and people who have knowledge of the health care field and understand it in a business context.
COADSORPTION OF MONOMERS AND DIMERS WITH FIRST NEIGHBOUR INTERACTIONS ON SQUARE LATTICES

Abstract We model surface coadsorption on a square lattice infinite in length and of finite width M . The adsorbed species occupy either one site (monomers) or two nearest neighbour sites (dimers) and have first neighbour interactions. The quantities computer per site at thermal equilibrium are the entropy, the number of each species, and the numbers of first neighbours (monomer-monomer, dimer-dimer, monomer-dimer). Numerical results are obtained for M ≤ 5. Structural orderings are observed and the detailed analysis of the corresponding phase diagrams is presented. Following our analysis, the boundary lines between phases are found to be linear for all M , and their exact analytic expressions are obtained for arbitrary values of the interaction energies. A number of extrapolations for any value of M is possible leading to predictions on the infinite two-dimensional lattice.
Genomic Location of a Gene Conditioning a Miniature Phenotype in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

The potential for global warming and climate change has increased the focus of research on plant genes that respond to high temperatures. Previous research identified a temperature-sensitive miniature soybean mutant that was controlled by a single gene. The objectives of our research were to confirm the single-gene control and to determine the genomic location of this gene. Segregation of the combined progeny of four BC6F5 plants heterozygous for the miniature trait in a Tracy-M background confirmed that the trait was conditioned by a single gene (1:2:1, χ 2 = 4.38, P = 0.1120). Molecular marker analysis identified three SSR markers and a SNP marker on molecular linkage group B2 (chromosome 14) associated with segregation for the miniature trait. One of these, marker Satt560, co-segregated perfectly with the miniature trait. The data from these four polymorphic markers indicated that the gene conditioning this miniature phenotype is at or near Satt560. Given this newly identified location of the gene and the recently published soybean genomic sequence, it may be feasible to isolate the gene and determine its mechanism of action in responding to temperature. Such knowledge may be of use in understanding how plants respond to increased temperature.
When are You What You Did? Behavior Identification and Dispositional Inference in Person Memory, Attribution, and Social Judgment

Recent models of dispositional inference highlight the distinction between the role of traits as descriptions of or labels for behavior and their role as inferred attributes of the people emitting those behaviors. The distinction is an important one; studying the interpersonal consequences of trait inferences requires specifying what such inferences are and what they are not. How current models of person memory accommodate the distinction between behavior identifications and trait inferences is examined, and the possible consequences of identifying a person's behaviors (but not necessarily the person) in trait terms are considered. In addition, research is described suggesting that trait identifications of behavior are likely to occur spontaneously (without impression formation goals). Behavior identifications are essentially incomplete trait inferences, but they have subtle and important effects on subsequent social inference and behavior:
Borg Babes, Drones, and The Collective: Reading Gender and the Body in Star Trek

This article studies how representations of the Borg challenge as well as reinforce traditional ideas about gender and the posthuman body. The Borg demonstrate that while traditional ideas about gender are hard to shake, there are some clear challenges to old stereotypes. The article examines the embodiment of the Borg at both the individual and collective level, and how current concerns about posthuman bodies, gender, and liberal individualism are dealt with in this regard.
Analysis of the Defensive Scent Fluid of Pasimachus elongatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The opportunity to investigate a 3rd species of Pasimachus ground beetle (McCullough 1969a) for the chemical properties of its defensive scent fluid presented itself recently upon the reception of a small colony of P. elongatus LeConte from South Dakota. The beetles were cooled in a refrigerator until unconscious, as needed, killed with KCN, and dissected to obtain the fairly small scent bladders. The bladders were placed on Saran WrapTM and pressed gently to expel the clear fluid which was immediately collected in a microcapillary for specific gravity determination. The values ranged from 1.01 to 1.05 at room temperature (25–28°C).
A PARAMETRIC APPROACH TO EDDY CURRENT NDT SIGNAL PROCESSING

Abstract An application involving the use of Fourier descriptors for characterizing eddy current impedance plane trajectories is described. The amplitude coefficients in the Fourier descriptors are incorporated into a feature vector along with the ‘phase angle” of the trajectory. Defect classification is obtained by clustering the feature vectors in the multidimensional feature space using the K-Means algorithm. Advantages of the method include the insensitivity of the method to drift in the gain and zero settings of the measuring eddy current instrument and also fluctuations in the probe speed. In addition the curve can be reconstructed using the descriptors. Experimental evidence showing that the method can be successfully used for identifying defect signatures is presented.
Trapping and Focusing Ground State Atoms with Static Fields

Possibilities of trapping ground state atoms in static fields are studied. It is shown that it is impossible to trap ground state particles at rest using arbitrary combinations of electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields, a result which is a considerable generalization of Wing's theorem. Similarly, it is impossible to make a thin lens for ground state atoms using static fields. Confinement of ground state particles in dynamic equilibrium can be achieved. Axially symmetric storage rings with electric or magnetic fields are possible and should be experimentally feasible. Such storage rings have the important advantage that ground state particles can be confined, hence loss of atoms by two-body collisions is avoided.
Accumulation of six sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins in tobacco leaves infiltrated with Pseudomonas lachrymans

Abstract Tobacco leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas lachrymans accumulated capsidiol, rishitin, lubimin, solavetivone, phytuberin and phytuberol.
Person, role, and society

Charles C. Hughes. Eskimo Boyhood: An Autobiography in Psychosocial Perspective. Lexington, Kentucky: The University of Kentucky Press, 1974. ix + 429 pp. Illustrations and references. $12.75 (cloth).
Arsenite-induced pseudo-hypoxia results in loss of anchorage-dependent growth in BEAS-2B pulmonary epithelial cells.

Epidemiology studies have established a strong link between lung cancer and arsenic exposure. Currently, the role of disturbed cellular energy metabolism in carcinogenesis is a focus of scientific interest. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1A) is a key regulator of energy metabolism, and it has been found to accumulate during arsenite exposure under oxygen-replete conditions. We modeled arsenic-exposed human pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro with BEAS-2B, a non-malignant lung epithelial cell line. Constant exposure to 1 µM arsenite (As) resulted in the early loss of anchorage-dependent growth, measured by soft agar colony formation, beginning at 6 weeks of exposure. This arsenite exposure resulted in HIF-1A accumulation and increased glycolysis, similar to the physiologic response to hypoxia, but in this case under oxygen-replete conditions. This “pseudo-hypoxia” response was necessary for the maximal acquisition of anchorage-independent growth in arsenite-exposed BEAS-2B. The HIF-1A accumulation and induction in glycolysis was sustained throughout a 52 week course of arsenite exposure in BEAS-2B. There was a time-dependent increase in anchorage-independent growth during the exposure to arsenite. When HIF-1A expression was stably suppressed, arsenite-induced glycolysis was abrogated, and the anchorage-independent growth was reduced. These findings establish that arsenite exerts a hypoxia-mimetic effect, which plays an important role in the subsequent gain of malignancy-associated phenotypes.
Iron(II)-catalyzed photochemical decomposition of oxalic acid and generation of H2O2 in atmospheric liquid phases

Although the iron(III) -catalyzed decomposition of organic acids and formation of H2O2 in sunlit atmospheric water droplets has been well documented, field measurements have shown that a large fraction of the dissolved iron in fogs, clouds, and rainwaters is present as reduced Fe(II) species. In this study, we report on Fe(II)-initiated photochemical depletion of oxalic acid and formation of H2O2 in atmospheric water droplets. Our results show that the Fe(II)Fe(III) couple is involved in the photocatalytic decomposition of oxalic acid and formation of H2O2 with Fe(III) being the more active catalyst species. The initial oxidation state of iron is not critical for the catalytical processes, since the photochemical cycling between Fe(II) and Fe(III) occurs rapidly in the atmospheric droplets.
Inverse Estimations of Dynamic Stiffness of Highway Bridge Embankment from Earthquake Records

AbstractIn this paper, the dynamic self-optimizing inverse method (Self-OPTIM) has been proposed to inversely estimate model parameters by using structural responses under dynamic loadings such as earthquakes. The proposed dynamic Self-OPTIM requires only acceleration records at the ground boundary support and a certain number of internal degrees of freedom. Unlike other signal matching approaches used in model updating, dynamic Self-OPTIM automatically minimizes an implicit objective function defined as a function of internal full-field stresses and strains. By use of the dynamic Self-OPTIM, dynamic stiffness model parameters of bridge embankments and a group of piles at the bottom of the central pier were successfully identified by using in situ earthquake records. The identified dynamic stiffness values of the embankment with abutment and piles are then compared with those estimated from the response of three-dimensional finite-element dynamic steady-state analysis and values from the literature. Valid...
Labeled antibiotics: Positron tomography as a tool for measuring tissue distribution

The literature covering the work involved in preparing and using antibiotics labeled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides is reviewed. The short half-lives of these radionuclides, in the range of 20–110 min, requires the development of special labeling methods and also limits the time scale of studies that can be performed. However, in spite of these limitations a number of different labeled antibiotics have been studied in humans and, utilizing positron tomography, the tissue concentrations of the compounds and how they change with respect to time have been measured. Conventional radiopharmaceuticals for imaging infection are also briefly discussed, together with the potential of FDG/PET for drug development in this area. Drug Dev. Res. 59:261–268, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase

Infection by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is the leading cause of malaria in humans. The parasite has a unique and essential plastid-like organelle called the apicoplast. The apicoplast contains a genome that undergoes replication and repair through the action of a replicative polymerase (apPOL). apPOL has no direct orthologs in mammalian polymerases and is therefore an attractive antimalarial drug target. No structural information exists for apPOL, and the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, which is its closest structural homolog, shares only 28% sequence identity. Here, conditions for the crystallization of and preliminary X-ray diffraction data from crystals of P. falciparum apPOL are reported. Data complete to 3.5 A resolution were collected from a single crystal (2 × 2 × 5 µm) using a 5 µm beam. The space group P6522 (unit-cell parameters a = b = 141.8, c = 149.7 A, α = β = 90, γ = 120°) was confirmed by molecular replacement. Refinement is in progress.
Measuring the modulation properties of Injection-Locked VCSELs using coherent optical demodulation

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) have many desirable properties as directly modulated laser sources in high speed data, short reach communications. The improvements in size, weight and power by avoiding external modulators make VCSELS attractive for an avionics platform. VCSELs are used as directly modulated lasers in two regimes, free-running or injection-locked to a master laser. With free-running VCSELs at 1.55 μm, Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Phase Modulation (PM) were both measured by performing phase retrieval on sonograms [1]. Injection-locking significantly changes the modulation properties of VCSELs, increasing the modulation bandwidths and reducing noise, for example [2]. Previous research has focused on AM; PM characteristics at high frequencies have not been well studied because independently measuring AM and PM at GHz modulation rates is challenging. The PM properties of Injection-Locked (I.L.) VCSELs at GHz rates are of central importance because it is used as a phase modulation element in a linear interferometric modulator [3]. Here we use a coherent optical demodulation technique to measure the complete electric field in real-time from a modulated I.L. VCSEL. Modulation dynamics can be studied at GHz rates, including non-linear phenomena like the theoretically predicted arcsine shape of the PM. Based on balanced photodiodes and oscilloscopes available today, the technique can be applied to measure modulations beyond 25 GHz.
Perils, Problems, and Progress in Laboratory Diagnosis of Von Willebrand Disease

Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) merits consideration of personal and family history of bleeding symptoms along with confirmatory laboratory testing. As the latter yields quantifiable results, overreliance on a laboratory diagnosis may occur. However, existing tests for VWD contain potential sources for error. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting these assays can contribute to either falsely normal or falsely abnormal results. This article will discuss the present available assays as well as new developments in diagnostic testing. A clear understanding of the limitations of VWD testing is helpful for ensuring the correct diagnosis of affected patients.
Competing for What?: Linking Competition to Performance in Social Service Contracting

This article explores the links between competition and contractor performance often assumed by market theory. Using data from Florida social service contracting, the authors test to see if competitively procured vendors outperform their noncompetitive peers regarding adherence to contract terms. It is found that, contrary to market theory, this is not the case. It is also found that district management capacity is positively related to performance and the performance of nonprofit vendors is indistinguishable from for-profits (whereas both appear to be outperformed by other government contractors). Finally, this study finds little evidence that performance or competition is related to the likelihood of maintaining contracts.
Application of the relativistic random-phase approximation to the photoionisation of atoms

Exploratory calculations of atomic photoionisation cross sections including both relativistic and correlation effects are undertaken using the relativistic random-phase approximation (RRPA). In these preliminary calculations the authors examine the photoionisation of He and Be atoms. The cross sections and asymmetry parameters for these light elements agree precisely with non-relativistic RPA values. Elastic phaseshifts for the e-+He+ and e-+Be+ systems are obtained and agree with non-relativistic calculations in the 1P eigenchannel; the 3P phaseshifts have no counterpart in non-relativistic theory.
Nonadiabatic dynamics by mean-field and surface-hopping approaches: energy conservation considerations

The mean-field and surface-hopping approaches are mixed quantum-classical algorithms designed to efficiently incorporate nonadiabatic effects into molecular dynamics simulations. In this report, analytical relations underpinning the two methods are derived within the adiabatic basis to provide an implementation-level overview, with particular attention given to two avoidable sources of energy conservation deviation. It is not widely known that accuracy improvements can be obtained at negligible computational expense by allowing: (a) construction of the Schrodinger equation to account for analytic electronic phase propagation, and (b) inclusion of a Hellman–Feynman correctional term in the calculation of atomic forces. Particular emphasis on the algebraic formalism contrasts these inherent approximations, vis-a-vis the correctional approaches. The sensitivity of energy conservation with respect to phase propagation is exemplified by simulation of Xe molecular photodissociation on the repulsive Π(1/2) u exc...
Cost, Outcome, and Functional Status in Octogenarians and Septuagenarians after Cardiac Surgery

Study objectives To evaluate cost, outcome, and functional status of octogenarians and septuagenarians after cardiac surgery. Design Observational case control study. Retrospective analysis of hospital cost and outcome. Prospective analysis of functional status at 1 to 2 years. Patients One hundred three consecutive octogenarians and 103 randomly selected septuagenarians who underwent cardiac surgery. Setting A university-affiliated tertiary care center. Measurements and results Compared to septuagenarians, octogenarians were more likely to be widowed (p ≤ 0.001) and to have had preoperative strokes (p ≤ 0.05) but were less likely to have diabetes mellitus (p ≤ 0.001). They were less likely to have undergone mitral valve surgery (p ≤ 0.01) but were more likely to have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (p ≤ 0.001). The hospital mortality rate was 6% in the younger group and 9% in the older group (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5 to 4.5; p > 0.05). In patients undergoing isolated CABG, the mortality rate was 1.4% in the septuagenarians and 8.2% in the octogenarians (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 52.7; p = 0.12). Despite similar ICU, postoperative, and total lengths of stay, the median hospital direct variable cost was 35% higher for the octogenarians. At late follow-up, octogenarians had lower levels of physical functioning and general health but otherwise had levels of function that were similar to those of septuagenarians. Conclusion Cardiac surgery can be performed in the elderly with good hospital and late functional results, but at a higher hospital cost than that for younger patients.
Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society: Bridging Research and Practice, by R. A. Neimeyer, D. L. Harris, H. R. Winokuer, and G. F. Thornton

Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society: Bridging Research and Practice is packed full of scholarly readings, research, and descriptions of the major themes of grief. Case studies and example...
Relationship of the Cajal Body to the Nucleolus

Since its discovery over 100 years ago, the nucleoplasmic Cajal body (CB) has been linked to the nucleolus by both physical proximity and shared components. The CB contains factors necessary for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) biogenesis. As snoRNPs are needed for ribosomal RNA processing, the CB can be considered to play a supportive role for nucleolar activity. Not all cell types contain CBs, but this structure is found in cells that are transcriptionally active, such as neuronal and cancer cells. Live-cell studies have shown that CBs can move to, associate with, and bud from nucleoli. Furthermore, CBs, or components therein, accumulate at the nucleolar surface or inside the nucleolus in response to various stresses, such as transcription inhibition, disruption of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) biogenesis, or DNA damage induced by neurodegeneration. Therefore, the CB and the nucleolus share a similar response to stress, and this arrangement may coordinate the level of ribosomal DNA transcription with the appropriate amount of snoRNP resources. These new findings demonstrate another facet of the functional relationship between the CB and the nucleolus.
A New Species of Choerophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea, with remarks on the taxonomic status of Albericus

I describe a new species of microhylid frog of the genus Choerophryne from an outlying volcanic complex along the northeastern coast of Papua New Guinea. The new species is characterized by its marginally elongated snout, bright green-and-brown color pattern above, contrasting black-and-white color patten below, and call consisting of sparsely delivered clicks. Choerophryne and Albericus have been distinguished from each other solely on the basis of whether the alary processes of the premaxillae are oriented dorsally (Albericus) or anteriorly (Choerophryne). The new species is perfectly intermediate between these two states, with the alary processes oriented anteriorly at approximately a 45-degree angle. The distinction between these two genera thus seems to be based on a single character that varies continuously between two extremes. The horizontal orientation of the alary processes is clearly apomorphic. Hence, Albericus is likely to be a paraphyletic basal assemblage and, therefore, a junior synonym of Choerophryne. Nonetheless, I defer making this taxonomic change until explicit phylogenetic analyses are completed that include multiple representatives of both species. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Specialization along the Left Superior Temporal Sulcus for Auditory Categorization

The affinity and temporal course of functional fields in middle and posterior superior temporal cortex for the categorization of complex sounds was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded simultaneously. Data were compared before and after subjects were trained to categorize a continuum of unfamiliar nonphonemic auditory patterns with speech-like properties (NP) and a continuum of familiar phonemic patterns (P). fMRI activation for NP increased after training in left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). The ERP P2 response to NP also increased with training, and its scalp topography was consistent with left posterior superior temporal generators. In contrast, the left middle superior temporal sulcus (mSTS) showed fMRI activation only for P, and this response was not affected by training. The P2 response to P was also independent of training, and its estimated source was more anterior in left superior temporal cortex. Results are consistent with a role for left pSTS in short-term representation of relevant sound features that provide the basis for identifying newly acquired sound categories. Categorization of highly familiar phonemic patterns is mediated by long-term representations in left mSTS. Results provide new insight regarding the function of ventral and dorsal auditory streams.
THE EFFECT OF MASSIVE CORTISONE THERAPY ON MEASUREMENTS OF THYROID FUNCTION

THE employment of extremely large doses of cortisone acetate in the therapy of various disease states has recently provided a unique opportunity to explore the magnitude of changes in the functional state of the thyroid gland which may be induced by high levels of circulating 11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone. A decreased collection of radioiodine in the thyroid gland of the rat given cortisone has been demonstrated (1), and a decrease in the I131 “accumulation gradient” induced by moderate doses of cortisone (100 mg. daily) has been, reported in man (2, 3). These same authors and others (4) have reported a decrease in blood proteinbound iodine levels incident to cortisone therapy in moderate doses. It was the purpose of this study to observe the development, extent and duration of the suppression of radioiodine uptake, the changes in PBI, and, to a lesser extent, the changes in serum cholesterol which might be produced by massive cortisone administration in man.
Observations of Structural Damage Caused by Hurricane Katrina on the Mississippi Gulf Coast

The loads associated with Hurricane Katrina led to the destruction or severe damage of approximately 130,000 homes and over 200 deaths in the state of Mississippi. This paper discusses the results of a field inspection of structural damage along the state's Gulf Coast area caused by this hurricane. It was found that reinforced concrete, steel frame, and heavy timber structures generally performed well, with minimal structural damage. Precast concrete, light frame wood, and bridge structures generally performed poorly. Nonstructural components of all building types, in particular facades and interior partitions subjected to storm surge, were typically destroyed. For various structures, the primary cause of failure was found to be insufficient connection strength. A comparison of Katrina's storm surge and wind loads is made to those specified in current design standards. It was found that Katrina's forces exceeded those specified in design standards in many parts of the state.
Apollo 17 neutron stratigraphy — Sedimentation and mixing in the lunar regolith

We have measured shifts in the isotopic a bundances of Gd and Sm in soils from the Apollo 17 deep drill stem and calculated the neutron fluence from these measurements. The measurements show two well defined regions of nearly constant fluence: (1) a thick deep section with a very large neutron fluence, and (2) a thinner shallow region with a small fluence. This depth dependence is most plausibly described by a model of rapid accumulation in the last 100–200 m.y., the layered structure reflecting accumulations of isotopically homogeneous source material. This interpretation is compatible with a variety of other characteristics of the soils, including the spallation produced126Xe normalized to target element abundances. An alternative model of deposition, followed by irradiation without mixing, followed by shallow mixing will quantitatively describe the data. The model yields an age of 1.25 AE for the bottom of the drill stem. This model was rejected because of the implausible requirement that the soils from the drill stem be accumulated from a source of unirradiated material. The uniformity of various properties of soils provides criteria for defining major stratigraphic intervals in the drill stem which differ from those identified by the Preliminary Examination Team. Neutron fluences measured on shallow and deep soils from all lunar landing sites have been normalized to irradiation in an arbitrary standard chemical environment. We infer from histograms of the normalized fluences that there is a distinct difference in neutron fluence between shallow and deep samples which implies a general vertical stratification of neutron fluence in the lunar regolith. The regolith can be divided into three vertical regions: (1) a well mixed surface layer, ∼100 g cm^(−2) thick, with an average fluence of 2.3 × 10^(16) n cm^(−2), (2) a poorly mixed zone extending from 100 g cm^(−2) to at least 500 g cm^(−2) with an average fluence of 3.5 × 10^(16) n cm^(−2), and (3) a deep layer of lightly irradiated materials (<10^(16) n cm^(−2)). Analysis of this stratification, using a vertical mixing model, indicates that the probability of mixing to several hundred g cm^(−2) is comparable to the probability of mixing to several kg cm^(−2). This is in contrast to the depth-cratering rate models which have been inferred from crater size frequency distributions using a power law. Alternatively, this discrepancy can be resolved if the true ^(157)Gd capture rate is 1/3 of the value calculated by Lingenfelteret al. (1972). The most plausible interpretation is that vertical mixing models are not an adequate description of relatively rare deep cratering events which result in significant lateral heterogeneity and addition of unirradiated material to the lunar surface.
Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

Objectives. To identify and study adults (21 years or older) who have a 46,XY karyotype and presented as infants or children with genital ambiguity, including a small phallus and perineoscrotal hypospadias, reared male or female. Methods. Participants were classified according to the cause underlying their intersex condition based on review of medical and surgical records. Long-term medical and surgical outcome was assessed with a written questionnaire and physical examination. Long-term psychosexual development was assessed with a written questionnaire and semistructured interview. Results. Thirty-nine (72%) of 54 eligible patients participated. The cause underlying genital ambiguity of participants included partial androgen insensitivity syndrome ( n = 14; 5 men and 9 women), partial gonadal dysgenesis ( n = 11; 7 men and 4 women), and other intersex conditions. Men had significantly more genital surgeries (mean: 5.8) than women (mean: 2.1), and physician-rated cosmetic appearance of the genitalia was significantly worse for men than for women. The majority of participants were satisfied with their body image, and men and women did not differ on this measure. Most men (90%) and women (83%) had sexual experience with a partner. Men and women did not differ in their satisfaction with their sexual function. The majority of participants were exclusively heterosexual, and men considered themselves to be masculine and women considered themselves to be feminine. Finally, 23% of participants (5 men and 4 women) were dissatisfied with their sex of rearing determined by their parents and physicians. Conclusions. Either male or female sex of rearing can lead to successful long-term outcome for the majority of cases of severe genital ambiguity in 46,XY individuals. We discuss factors that should be considered by parents and physicians when deciding on a sex of rearing for such infants.
Overseeding endophytic perennial ryegrass into stands of Kentucky bluegrass to manage bluegrass billbug (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Studies were conducted to determine the utility of overseeding endophyte enhanced varieties of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., into existing stands of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., to manage bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, larval populations and their damage. Two commercial varieties of endophyte enhanced perennial ryegrass (Repell II and Triple Play) were overseeded at two different rates in the field. S. parvulus larval populations, their damage, and turfgrass composition were monitored over the course of 3 yr. Significantly fewer larvae were found in plots overseeded with Repell II, whereas Triple Play had no significant effect on larval population density. Endophyte infection was confirmed in '58% of all Repell II shoots, whereas only '31% of Triple Play shoots were infected. Regression analysis, using a segmented model, demon- strated that larval populations declined as the proportion of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass increased. However, no additional reductions in larval population density were achieved in stands containing .40% endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Visual damage varied with cultivar, seeding rate, and year, but generally decreased as the proportion of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass increased. Although seeding rate had an initial effect on turfgrass composition, these differences were not detected after the first year of the study. Results indicate overseeding existing stands of Kentucky bluegrass with endophytic varieties of perennial ryegrass can reduce S. parvulus larval populations and their damage. However, plant genetic characteristics (i.e., different cultivars) may be overriding determinants of many aspects of plant performance including establishment, tolerance to insect feeding, and expression of endophyte-mediated resistance.
How do users make a people-centric slideshow?

This paper presents a pilot user study that attempts to shed light on the ways users create people-centric slideshows, with the objective of scaling it up to a crowdsourcing experiment. The study focuses on two major directions, namely image selection and image sequencing. Participants were asked to select photos of a specific person from an initial set and arrange them into a slideshow. Results show that there is correlation between specific predictors and selected images, as well as their relative position in the final sequence. This indicates that a crowdsourcing experiment will indeed highlight the characteristics of the average user, which can then be incorporated into an automatic people-centric slideshow creator.