cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AW! YOUR MOTHER'S IN THE MAFIA: WOMEN CRIMINALS IN PROGRESSIVE NEW YORK

The criminal justice system in New York during the 1930s was an ethnic meeting ground: Irish, Jew and Italian were all part of a "social system held together by friendships and favors" and marked by a vision of the whole world as a racket and of themselves as "the smart guys who recognized how the world operated." Significantly, among the Jewish "smart guys" who functioned as more-or-less corrupt intermediaries within the system, were a number of women [ 1 ]. The examples were unique and suggestive enough to signal an area within the generally neglected topic of kinship patterns in organized crime that needed attention. This paper will deal, therefore, with women in organized crime. More specifically, it will focus on female criminals who operated primarily in the Jewish underworld in New York's Lower East Side during part of the Progressive Era. There are several reasons to center an inquiry on female criminals during the heyday of Progressivism. The most important one is that it was the period in which public attention was most intensely centered on female criminality and during which a particular and long-lasting image of the female criminal reached its malign apotheosis. The only female criminal role discussed during the Progressive period is that of prostitute. And that literature, whether a study of the reformers who moved to eradicate the social evil, or the enterprise itself, depicted women as passive victims of social disequilibrium and the venality and brutality of men. Equally as striking, the image of the prostitute, especially as developed by Progressive-Era reformers, was of a lonely, detached and confused female. Nowhere was it suggested that prostitutes or madams consciously and aggressively chose their activities as a positive adaptation to urban life, their class position in society or as an escape from male oppression and economic exploitation [21.
Punctuated evolution of tectonic style

A continuous secular evolution in the vigour of mantle convection may have translated into a series of distinct stages in crustal tectonic style.
Relationships and Hybrid Contracts: An Analysis of Contract Choice in Information Technology

Selecting the type of contract is an important aspect of governing interfirm transactions. The purpose of this article is to examine the use of fixed-fee and time-and-materials (T&M, or cost-plus) contracts and a hybrid contract that consists of a T&M contract with a cap. In addition to uncertainty and measurement factors, we also address a relatively unexplored aspect of contracting--how the prior relationship between the firms influences the type of contract the firms select. Using data on 394 contracts from the information technology (IT) services industry, we show that T&M contracts are preferred when the cost of measuring quality ex post is high and when it is difficult to estimate costs ex ante. We also find site-specific measures of relationship lead to a preference for low-powered T&M contracts. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
A critical appraisal of the pain associated with iatrogenic adult spinal deformity, and treatment by spinal cord stimulation. A case report and review of the literature.

Objective. Over the past two decades, with the increasing use of spinal instrumentation to treat deformity, surgical restoration has become more frequent. A complication of surgical reconstruction for adult scoliosis, the iatrogenic flat back syndrome, has been described. Results of surgical realignment have been disappointing in terms of pain relief. The objective of this study is to examine a case of so-called flat back deformity and describe treatment via spinal cord stimulation. Materials and Methods. This is a case report of an individual who presented a spine center with the flat back deformity and pain. Results. Following exclusion of reversible compressive pathology, a 46 year-old male with the iatrogenic flat back deformity and lumbosacral and thigh pain was treated with implantation of a thoracic spinal cord stimulator. Significant pain relief was obtained without resorting to additional major reconstructive surgery. Conclusions. Literature on the pain associated with flat back deformity is incomplete regarding description and characterization of pain. Given the unpredictability of spinal osteotomy to address this pain, a possible alternative treatment strategy is presented. This involves the use of selective pharmaceutical therapy and spinal cord stimulation. Based on the response of this patient to spinal cord stimulation, it is a possible that a component of this persistent pain is neuropathic, despite the fact that preoperative imaging studies failed to disclose a significant compressive lesion.
Canceling Buoyancy of Gaseous Fuel Flames in a Gravitational Environment Using an Ion-Driven Wind

Electric fields applied to combustion plasmas can be used to manipulate the thermofluid flow field to reduce buoyant forces and, hence, convection in locations near and within the flame. The resulting flow field is similar to that which is obtained in microgravity. Previous work has shown that buoyancy is modified in a non-premixed methane-air capillary flame when it burns in a capillary-to-plane configuration and an electric field is applied, and that regions of neutral or microbuoyancy exist, as indicated by the examined temperature and oxidizer profiles. The aim of this article is to examine in more detail this microbuoyancy condition and the coupling between the ion wind and resulting thermofluid flow field. To this end, the voltage-current characteristics (VCC) of CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , and C 3 H 8 are measured and compared. Soot generated in the C 2 H x and propane flames lead to a hysteresis in the VCC curve whereby increased sooting leads to lower ion currents at constant flow rates and applied potentials. Buoyancy regimes for these flames in this configuration are determined. Methane can achieve the highest flow rate without sooting at the microbuoyant condition, and does not exhibit hysteresis in the VCC for the flow rates examined here. Furthermore, in this geometry, the microbuoyant condition for methane is found to coincide with ion current saturation when the capillary-to-plane distance is varied. These results allow for several simplifications to be made when modeling the flame at these conditions: the imposition of a spherical flame boundary with known ion current, and negligible recombination in the domain.
No one above suspicion: Talcott parsons under surveillance

This article presents details, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, of an extensive investigation carried out by the Federal Bureau of Investigation into the background and activities of Talcott Parsons. In 1952, following allegations that Parsons was the leader of a Communist Party cell at Harvard University, J. Edgar Hoover authorized a security-type investigation of Parsons; it continued for two years and was conducted throughout the United States and in at least seven European nations. Parsons was eventually cleared of all accusations, but FBI scrutiny of his activities continued on an intermittent basis for at least another thirteen years. Possible influences on Parsons’ scholarship and implications for the sociology of knowledge are also discussed.
Lesion Recognition and Cleavage by Endonuclease V: A Single-Molecule Study†

Endonuclease V (endo V) recognizes and cleaves deoxyinosine in deaminated DNA. These enzymatic activities are precursors of DNA repair and are fueled by metal ions such as Ca and Mg, with the former being associated with protein binding and the latter with DNA cleavage. Using the technique of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we determined the single-molecule kinetics of endo V in a catalytic cycle using a substrate of deoxyinosine-containing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The ssDNA was labeled with TAMRA, a fluorescence donor, while the endo V was labeled with Cy5, a fluorescence acceptor. The time lapses of FRET, resulting from the sequential association, recognition, and dissociation of the deoxyinosine by the endo V, were determined at 5.9, 14.5, and 9.1 s, respectively, in the presence of Mg. In contrast, the process of deoxyinosine recognition appeared little affected by the metal type. The prolonged association and dissociation events in the presence of the Ca-Mg combination, as compared to that of Mg alone, support the hypothesis that endo V has two metal binding sites to regulate its enzymatic activities.
Quantitative Modelling of Immiscible Displacement in Porous Media. a Network Approach

Adequate quantitative models for studying immiscible displacement in porous media are presently not available. This is probably due ta the extreme complexity of the displacement phenomena, pore structure and lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms. As a consequence, the knowledge of multiphase flow in porous media hos remained incomplete and mostly empirical. In the present study, a model of random, interconnected pore channels is constructed ta representa pore matrix, and four regimes of flow phenomena are included in simulation by incorporating concepts from both fluid mechanics and surface chemistry. By simulatiog displacement tests on the model under varying conditions, several insights about displacement mechanisms are deduced. The shortcomings of this model are pointed out and the next important steps towards a more realistic modelling are indicated.
Hemorrhagic epithelioid and spindle cell hemangioma: a newly recognized, unique vascular tumor of bone.

BACKGROUND Epithelioid vascular tumors of bone are uncommon and include epithelioid hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and epithelioid angiosarcoma. It is important to distinguish among them because they have significantly different biologic potential and require different forms of therapy. In the current study the authors describe six cases of a distinct benign epithelioid and spindle cell vascular tumor of bone that, because of their unusual morphology, were confused with aggressive vascular neoplasms. METHODS Cases were retrieved from the surgical pathology files of the Department of Pathology or from the consultation files of one of the authors. Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were examined. Immunohistochemistry was performed on two cases and electron microscopy was performed on one case. RESULTS The tumors arose in the small bones of the hands and feet and the tibia. Three patients had multifocal bone disease at the time of presentation. Histologically, all lesions were comprised of lobules of spindle cells that grew focally in a fascicular pattern and were associated with abundant hemorrhage. Plump epithelioid cells were intermixed and were present focally in the interlobular areas as well, in which they lined larger, more well developed vascular spaces, often protruding into the vascular lumen in a “tombstone” fashion. Immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells had features of endothelium. One case was treated by amputation, one by resection, three by curettage, and one by curettage plus radiation therapy. None of the lesions was locally aggressive nor did any metastasize. CONCLUSIONS The authors believe that hemorrhagic epithelioid and spindle cell hemangioma of bone is a histologically benign bone tumor. It should be distinguished from malignant epithelioid vascular tumors of bone, which have metastatic potential and need to be treated more aggressively. Cancer 1999;85:1966–72. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
An Experimental Technique for Studying Mixed-Mode Fatigue Crack Growth in Solder Joints

Failures of solder joints often result from development of cracks under complex mixed-mode loading conditions. In this study, a flexural peel technique was developed to investigate the growth of cracks at the interface between solder and Cu substrate. The technique was based on a tri-layer solder/Cu joints, with the solder layer sand-wiched between two Cu layers of desired thicknesses. Finite element analysis was used to calculate the mixed-mode condition at the crack tip as a function of the thicknesses of Cu outerlayers and the solder interlayer. The application of this technique to studying interface crack growth under fatigue loading is demonstrated for eutectic solder joints.
Overexpression of Protein Kinase C βII Induces Colonic Hyperproliferation and Increased Sensitivity to Colon Carcinogenesis

Protein kinase C βII (PKC βII) has been implicated in proliferation of the intestinal epithelium. To investigate PKC βII function in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress PKC βII in the intestinal epithelium. Transgenic PKC βII mice exhibit hyperproliferation of the colonic epithelium and an increased susceptibility to azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci, preneoplastic lesions in the colon. Furthermore, transgenic PKC βII mice exhibit elevated colonic β-catenin levels and decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity, indicating that PKC βII stimulates the Wnt/adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/β-catenin proliferative signaling pathway in vivo. These data demonstrate a direct role for PKC βII in colonic epithelial cell proliferation and colon carcinogenesis, possibly through activation of the APC/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Ultraviolet photography and spectroscopy using a spectrally selective image converter

UV photography and spectroscopy using spectrally selective image converter and photodetection
A model of the impact of transportation investment on land rents

Abstract A monocentric model of urban space with production and residential areas identified is exercised to indicate the possible impacts of transportation investments on land rents. The price elasticity of demand for outputs and the elasticity of the supply of inputs to the urban area are important determinates of the level of rents. The model is useful for identifying the distributional consequences of transportation investments, and has the potential of being used to identify optimal financing schemes.
Targeting bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to the mammalian cell nucleus.

Abstract Indirect immunofluorescence shows that purified T7 RNA polymerase, when microinjected into monkey kidney (Vero) cells, localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm. To direct active T7 RNA polymerase to the nucleus, we first created unique restriction sites at two locations within the cloned gene for T7 RNA polymerase, T7 gene 1 and then inserted into these sites a 36-bp synthetic nucleotide sequence encoding the SV40 T antigen nuclear location signal. Insertion of the nuclear location signal between codons 10 and 11 of T7 RNA polymerase has only minimal effect on transcription activity in Escherichia coli, but its insertion four codons from the C terminus abolishes activity. Fusion proteins having only foreign codons ahead of codon 11 also have transcription activity in E. coli. Such fusion proteins can be expressed transiently from plasmids microinjected into monkey cells, using SV40 expression signals, and detected by immunofluorescence. A fusion protein containing a nuclear location signal localizes predominantly in the nucleus whereas those which lack the signal localize predominantly in the cytoplasm. Ability to direct T7 RNA polymerase to the nucleus may be an advantage in attempting to make this enzyme useful for selective transcription in eukaryotic cells.
Sexual isolation in two bee-pollinated Costus (Costaceae)

Examining reproductive isolating barriers is essential for understanding processes of speciation. Sexual isolation has been shown to contribute to speciation in many sympatric taxa; however, its role in parapatric taxa with reduced interspecific gene flow is poorly understood. I investigated the extent of sexual isolation in two closely related Neotropical understory species, Costus allenii and C. villosissimus, that occur in adjacent habitats within flight distance of their shared pollinators, euglossine bees. Pollination arrays were used to test whether individual pollinators travel between species, to estimate the proportion of hetero- and conspecific pollen deposited on the stigmas, and to examine the proportion of hybrid progeny. In comparison to C. allenii, C. villosissimus produces flowers with larger labella, longer stamen–labellum distances, and longer styles. Pollinators visited both species but preferred C. villosissimus. This preference caused pollinator isolation in C. villosissimus. In C. allenii, the frequency of heterospecific pollinator transitions was not less common than that of conspecific transitions, but floral mechanical isolation greatly reduced the likelihood of heterospecific pollen deposition. The contribution of gametic isolation was not strong in either species. Based on data for pollinator isolation, floral mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation, it appears that sexual isolation is weak in C. allenii, restricting heterospecific gene flow by 25 %, but moderate in C. villosissimus, where gene flow from C. allenii is reduced by 70 %. Further research will estimate the magnitude of other isolation barriers to determine the relative contribution of sexual isolation to total isolation in this parapatric species pair.
Metabolic Response to Injury and Illness: Estimation of Energy and Protein Needs from Indirect Calorimetry and Nitrogen Balance

The metabolic response to injury and illness as manifested by increases in energy expenditure and nitrogen losses makes it difficult for the clinician to evaluate calorie and protein needs. A method for determining daily calorie needs in hospitalized patients is presented. Average increases in resting metabolic expenditure for a group of patients following elective operation, skeletal trauma, skeletal trauma with head injury, blunt trauma, sepsis and burns were determined by indirect calorimetry and protein need by urinary nitrogen losses over extended time periods. Total daily calorie needs were then calculated, using the Harris-Benedict equation and adjusting this value upward using a previously measured activity and injury factor to arrive at the daily needs. Protein requirements may be determined on periodic 24 hour urine samples analyzed for the urinary urea nitrogen and adjusting this to a total nitrogen or protein equivalent. This approach to estimating the calorie nitrogen needs of the hospitalized patient under various degrees of stress more closely approximates the patient's variable needs at the height of the catabolic response and during convalescence.
A transition state FMO approach for prediction of the regioselectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction

Abstract The regioselectivity in the Diets-Alder reaction of 1-substituted-1, 3-butadienes can be completely explained by FMO theory when the frontier molecular orbitals of the reactants in the concerted transition state are considered. This excellent agreement between theory and experimental results from the more realistic representation of the ionic polarization at the primary carbon sites.
A Guided Inquiry Experiment for the Measurement of Activation Energies in the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory: Decarboxylation of Pyrrole-2-Carboxylate

A laboratory experiment for undergraduate biophysical chemistry is described, in which the acid concentration and temperature dependences of the decarboxylation of pyrrole-2-carboxylate are measured using a continuous ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric assay. Data collection and analysis are structured using principles of guided inquiry. Data leading to the calculation of multiple rate constants at varying temperatures and acid concentrations can be collected within one laboratory period, using inexpensive reagents and standard instrumentation. These experiments permit determination of activation energies that are lower at high acid concentration, indicative of a subtle change in the reaction mechanism with decreasing pH. The reaction is readily observable by students as they collect UV spectrophotometry data, and the decarboxylation reaction is related to biologically relevant enzymatic reactions.
The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of cirrhotic refractory ascites.

Cirrhotic ascites results from sinusoidal hypertension and sodium retention, which is secondary to a decreased effective arterial blood volume. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is currently indicated in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites who require large-volume paracentesis (LVP) more than two or three times per month. TIPS placement is associated with normalization of sinusoidal pressure and a significant improvement in urinary sodium excretion that correlates with suppression of plasma renin activity, which is, itself, indicative of an improvement in effective arterial blood volume. Compared with serial LVP, placement of an uncovered TIPS stent is more effective at preventing ascites from recurring; however, increased incidence of hepatic encephalopathy and shunt dysfunction rates after TIPS placement are important issues that increase its cost. Although evidence suggests that TIPS placement might result in better patient survival, this needs to be confirmed, particularly in light of the development of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents. Favorable results apply to centers experienced in placing the TIPS, with the aim being to decrease the portosystemic gradient to 5 mmHg. This article reviews the pathophysiologic basis for the use of a TIPS in patients with refractory ascites, the results of controlled trials comparing TIPS placement (using uncovered stents) versus LVP, and a systematic review of predictors of death after TIPS placement for refractory ascites.
Amino acid composition of crystalline α-lactalbumin

Abstract The amino acid composition of α-lactalbumin has been determined by chromatography on Dowex 50 resin. Outstanding features of its composition are high content of aspartic acid and tryptophan and low content of arginine, methionine, and proline. The analytical results yield a molecular weight of 15,500, in good agreement with physical measurements. The recovery of serine and threonine from α-lactalbumin hydrolyzates remains constant with increasing time of hydrolysis.
E Pluribus Unum: fostering a new era of citizenship by teaching civic engagement and healthy civic discourse

In a time of profound national challenge and change, it is important to promote a new definition of active citizenship locally, nationally and globally. As the effects of economic, political and social globalization continue to underscore interdependence, the imperative of fostering democratic minds among a citizenry is evermore important. It is essential to conceive a common future that encourages the participation of all American citizens; inviting diversity as an asset and broadly reawakening the call to leverage the rich potentials of pluralism in search of common solutions. However, many schools are retreating from basic civics lessons and are not teaching students how to become active citizens. More importantly, public institutions overall do not appear to be advancing the fundamental awareness and skills required for sifting through political hucksterism, opinion masquerading as news and political spin. It is essential for our schools and public institutions to teach the responsibilities and joy of active citizenship. To meet the challenges of democratic cooperation and social cohesion, leaders and citizens alike should be taught and encouraged to openly question, to critique and even to criticize the status quo. The means for cultivating and institutionalizing such habits on a broad scale involves educational reformation and initiatives in civics and citizenship education to increase opportunities for meaningful public engagement. These are by no means the only answer, but they are a critical component for meeting the challenges of truly inclusive and active representative democracy where out of many, we are one. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT / L'aménagement optimal de l'environnement souterrain

Abstract A mathematical model for the optimal, conjunctive management of a groundwater basin's quality and quantity resources is presented. The quality resource, the assimilative waste capacity, is the ability of the aquifer to degrade certain non-conservative constituents through the actions of molecular diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, adsorption, biochemical reactions and convective mass transport. The model is applicable to saturated, isothermal, porous media. The Galerkin method is used to express the spatial and temporal variations in hydraulic head and constituent concentrations as a function of possible recharge, pumping, and treatment decisions. The Galerkin procedure ensures that the constraint equations actually model the response characteristics (flow and mass transport) of the groundwater basin. In each planning period, the groundwater basin is required to meet an exogenous water demand while maintaining adequate water quality levels throughout the aquifer. The model, structured as a mathe...
Theoretic Impact of Infarct Compliance on Left Ventricular Function

Background After coronary occlusion, the infarct region loses contractile function immediately and then undergoes a progressive healing process. This causes complex and time-dependent changes in infarct material properties that have not been well described experimentally. We used a theoretic approach to assess how infarct compliance effects left ventricular (LV) size and function after myocardial infarction. Methods We used a closed-loop lumped-parameter model of the ovine cardiovascular system developed to study the effect of infarct size and compliance on cardiovascular function. The time-varying LV function was partitioned into infarct and noninfarct regions where the parameters of each could be adjusted separately. The model incorporated an adaptive compensatory mechanism to maintain stroke volume by varying the total blood volume. Results For the preinfarction heart, the model produced pressure, volume, and functional results that were consistent with normal values for large animals. When infarcts of progressively larger size (5% to 25%) were introduced and stroke volume adaptation was permitted, the model produced pressure, volume, and functional results that were consistent with postinfarction values measured experimentally in large animals. Infarct size was held at 20% as infarct compliance decreased from 7 to 1 mL/mm Hg. This stiffening of the infarct resulted in reduced LV end-diastolic volume (200 to 60 mL), increased ejection fraction (0.10 to 0.30), and reduced LV end-diastolic pressure (14 to 5 mm Hg). Estimated LV oxygen consumption was also improved in the stiffer infracts. Conclusion Stiffer infarcts are associated with less LV dilatation, reduced filling pressures and better global LV function.
Production of colony-stimulating activity by human lymphocytes

THE clonal growth of human bone marrow cells in vitro requires the presence of a stimulatory substance(s) designated colony-stimulating activity (CSA)1,2. Data available from various clinical and animal experiments suggest that CSA is, or is related to, a physiological controller of granulopoiesis3,4. Although the precise biological role of CSA is still uncertain, considerable insights into leukopoietic mechanisms have been gained from the study of interactions of CSA and haemopoietic cells in vitro. Two sources of CSA have been identified that stimulate colony formation from human bone marrow: certain foetal tissues and peripheral blood leucocytes3,4. The observation that CSA is produced by white cells led naturally to hypotheses concerning the feedback control of stem cells by mature leukocytes3,5.
The prognostic significance of postoperative residual contrast enhancement on CT scan in pediatric patients with medulloblastoma.

The clinical and therapeutic features of 20 patients with medulloblastoma treated at Childrens' Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, from 1980 to 1987, were retrospectively analyzed with regard to prognosis. The overall actuarial 5-year survival rate was 63%, with 57% of patients free from recurrence at 5 years. Residual contrast enhancement on CT scans taken immediately postoperatively was associated with a significantly decreased 5-year recurrence-free survival rate; the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 100% for those patients without post-operative residual enhancement compared to 41% for those patients with residual enhancement. A high risk group of patients with residual contrast enhancement persisting one year following diagnosis was identified. No patient in this group survived without disease progression. Other factors, including sex, age at diagnosis, evidence of tumor dissemination, or extent of surgical resection as reported by the neurosurgeon, did not significantly influence prognosis.
Using Battery Constraints within Mobile Hosts to Improve Network Security

Distributed battery-based intrusion detection (B-BID) is an efficacious early-warning system that can complement existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) by alerting users to protect their mobile devices as well as network administrators to protect their corporate networks by correlating device power consumption with application and attack activity data
Recent Developments in Hepatitis: New Virus, Vaccine, and Dosage Recommendations

Viral hepatitis is a complex of infections rapidly becoming better understood with the discovery of new viruses, the availability of various vaccines, and changes in dosage recommendations. Hepatitis B is reviewed as an infectious disease with serious implications for dentistry while discussing modes of transmission, frequency of infection, recent changes in hepatitis B vaccine dosage recommendations, a newly licensed recombinant vaccine and the current policies on pretesting, posttesting, booster doses, and vaccination of pregnant women. Current information is provided on recent outbreaks of both non-A non-B and delta hepatitis in the United States.
The human cytomegalovirus US3 immediate-early protein lacking the putative transmembrane domain regulates gene expression

Through alternative transcript splicing, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US3 immediate-early (IE) locus encodes multiple products including potential membrane-bound glycoproteins. To characterize the US3 products and determine which encode regulatory activity, individual cDNAs were cloned and expressed. Three transcript species were confirmed through the isolation of cDNAs; an unspliced transcript, a transcript spliced once from exon 3 to exon 5 and a transcript spliced both at exon 1 to exon 3 and at exon 3 to exon 5. The predicted signal sequences and N-linked glycosylation sites in the US3 products were confirmed using expression in reticulocyte lysates containing microsomal membranes. Regulatory activity of the individual US3 products was demonstrated using transient transfection assays. The unspliced cDNA and the cDNA containing the exon 3 to exon 5 splice, encoded products which increased expression of the human heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) promoter, while the product of the doubly-spliced US3 cDNA did not. Transactivation was synergistically increased by coexpression with the HCMV UL37 protein. We conclude that the first 132 amino acids common to the unspliced and the singly-spliced US3 gene products are sufficient for hsp70 transactivation; while the amino-terminal 28 amino acids, encoded by the doubly-spliced US3 cDNA, are not. These results demonstrate that a US3 IE protein lacking the putative transmembrane domain has regulatory activity.
Mutagens in diesel exhaust particulate. Identification and direct activities of 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, 9-nitroanthracene, 1-nitropyrene and 5h-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one.

Organic extracts of ambient particulate matter are directly mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay (Pitts et al., 1975, 1977a, b; Talcott and Wei, 1977; Tokiwa et al., 1977; Chrisp and Fisher, 1980; Hoffmann et al., 1980) with the activity concentrated in particles < 1 #m in diameter (i.e., in the respirable size range) (Pitts et al., 1978a, b; Pitts, 1979; Talcott and Harger, 1980). Thus the rapidly increasing use of diesel engines in light-duty motor vehicles is of concern (NAS, 1980) because they emit high levels of respirable particulate organic matter (POM) which will significantly increase the existing atmospheric burden of POM. As with ambient particles, organic extracts of this diesel POM not only contain carcinogenic and promutagenic PAH such as benzo[a]pyrene (BP) (NAS, 1972), but also chemicals which are strong, direct** mutagens in the Ames test (Huisingh et al., 1978; NAS, 1980; Pepelko et al., 1980). Currently, this direct activity cannot be explained by the presence of any known carcinogens and attention is being focussed on nitroarenes as possible major contributors (NAS, 1980; Rosenkranz et al., 1981; Mermelstein et al., 1981). Certain members of this chemical class (e.g., l-nitropyrene) are strong, direct mutagens and have been found (or tentatively identified) in POM from ambient air (J~iger, 1978; Wang et al., 1980), simulated atmospheres (Pitts et al., 1978, b; Pitts, 1979), carbon black used in toners (LOfroth et al., 1980; Rosenkranz et al., 1980) and typewriter ribbons (Alfheim et al., 1981), and diesel exhaust particulate (Pederson and Siak,
Kinetics of scalar wave fields in random media

This paper concerns the derivation of kinetic models for high frequency scalar wave fields propagating in random media. The kinetic equations model the propagation in the phase space of the energy density of a wave field or the correlation function of two wave fields propagating in two possibly different media. Dispersive effects due to, e.g. spatial and temporal discretizations, which are modeled as non-local pseudo-differential operators, are taken into account. The derivation of the models is based on a multiple-scale asymptotic expansion of the spatio-temporal Wigner transform of two scalar wave fields.
Utility of postintubation chest radiographs in the intensive care unit.

To determine the clinical usefulness of immediate (stat) chestradiographs after endotracheal intubation when performed by experiencedcritical care personnel. This was a prospective study. Endotracheal intubations in an11-bed intensive care unit and a nine-bed intermediate intensive care unit wereincluded. After intubations were performed by an experienced critical careoperator, that individual recorded demographic and procedural data, andpredicted radiographic findings on a data collection sheet. Experience atintubation was stratified into four levels of lifetime experience: fewer than10 procedures, 10-20 procedures, 20-50 procedures, and more than 50 procedures.Radiographic findings evaluated included endotracheal tube position andprocedure-related complications. The postintubation chest radiograph was thenreviewed and the actual findings were also recorded. A total of 101 evaluable intubations were recorded, two of whichwere predicted to show tube malposition. Actual radiographic findings revealed10 malpositions, three of which were too high and seven were too low (one atthe level of the carina). A single witnessed aspiration that occurred duringintubation was not radiographically apparent until 24 h later. Only the tubepositioned at the carina was felt to be of acute clinical significance or toplace the patient at any acute risk. The incidence of endotracheal tube malposition after intubationwas underestimated. However, when performed by experienced critical carepersonnel, acutely significant malpositions were rare (one out of 101intubations). We conclude that, in the absence of specific pulmonarycomplications, endotracheal intubations performed by experienced operators maybe followed by routine, rather than 'stat' chest radiographs.
Associations of Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence with Subsequent Suicidal Behavior

General population survey data are used to disaggregate the associations of substance use disorders with suicide attempts in order to evaluate a number of hypotheses about the processes leading to these associations. Data are from the US National Comorbidity Survey (1990-1992). Discrete-time survival analysis is used to study the effects of retrospectively reported temporally prior substance use, abuse, and dependence in predicting first onset of suicidal behavior. Alcohol and drug use predict subsequent suicide attempts after controlling for sociodemographics and comorbid mental disorders. Previous use is not a significant predictor among current nonusers. Abuse and dependence are significant predictors among users for three of the 10 substances considered (alcohol, inhalants, and heroin). The number of substances used is more important than the types of substances used in predicting suicidal behavior. Disaggregation shows that the effects of use are largely on suicidal ideation and nonplanned attempts among ideators. In comparison, the effects of use on suicide plans and planned attempts among ideators are not significant. Clinicians need to be aware that current substance use, even in the absence of abuse or dependence, is a significant risk factor for unplanned suicide attempts among ideators.
Neutral Zone Classifiers Using a Decision-Theoretic Approach With Application to DNA Array Analyses.

Two-class neutral zone classifiers were recently proposed for use in microbial community profiling applications. These classifiers allow a region of neutrality for cases where probe hybridization outcomes are too ambiguous to have adequate confidence in assigning a “binding” or “no binding” result. In this paper, we generalize the idea of neutral zone classifiers to an arbitrary number of classes and apply it to improve the process of microbial community profiling by considering a third class for the outcome of probe hybridization experiments, “partial binding.” We introduce a family of class distributions that uses a mixture of Gaussian distributions as a model for a Box–Cox power transformation of the raw intensity measurements. Stratified cross-validation analyses are used to assess the efficacy of the proposed three-class neutral zone classifier. This article has supplementary material online.
Decision-Making in College Students' Heterosexual Dating Relationships: Ambivalence about Engaging in Sexual Activity

Researchers have examined decision-making related to participating in sexual activity and resisting sexual advances. However, ambivalence about sexual participation has received little research attention. A sample of 194 US college students (96 men, 98 women) completed surveys designed to examine uncertainty about engaging in sexual activity with a dating partner, the factors that influence eventual decisions regarding participation, and the perceived emotional and relational consequences of these decisions. The majority of students (81%) reported at least one episode of ambivalence in the recent past. In over half the cases (53%), respondents reported eventually rejecting their partners' sexual invitations, usually because of relationship or intimacy concerns. Those who eventually accepted their partner's sexual invitation typically attributed their decision to becoming more aroused or wanting to promote intimacy in their relationship. Overall, ambivalence about participating in sexual activity seems to ...
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL La seta in Italia dal Medioevo al Seicento. Dal baco al drappo . Edited by Luca Molà, Reinhold C. Mueller, and Claudio Zanier. Venice: Marsilio, 2000. Pp. ix, 568.

This book reproduces, in expanded form, 19 papers presented at a conference held in Venice in 1996 on the subject of silk in Italy from the Middle Ages through the seventeenth century. The conference brought together a diverse group of scholars who addressed a broad range of topics: from technology to folklore, to the use of silk fabrics as markers of status, to the role of various social groups in the growth of the silk industry, and, above all, to the rise of the silk industry as a leading component of the Italian economy. All the papers are the work of distinguished specialists in their respective fields of expertise, and they all embody fresh evidence culled from archival or archeological sources. Students of economic history will be especially interested in the 12 contributions that approach the subject from an economic perspective, and it is on these that this review will focus, however briefly.
Wavelength dependence of the ultrafast third-order nonlinearity of Silicon

We measure the wavelength dependence of the nonlinear index n2 and two-photon absorption coefficients of bulk silicon below the band edge. In contrast to direct-bandgap semiconductors, silicon shows a positive n2 throughout the band gap.
New zooarchaeological data from Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: implications for hominid behavior in the Early Pleistocene

Abstract The nature of early hominid carnivory and the function of early archaeological sites have important implications for Plio-Pleistocene hominid behavioral ecology, yet there is a lack of consensus on many key issues. In part, this reflects a paucity of published primary data on the earliest archaeofaunas. Here new zooarchaeological data are reported from three Early Pleistocene assemblages in Bed II, Olduvai Gorge: BK, HWK E 1–2 and MNK (Main). In the context of experimental, natural and archaeological control samples, data are reported on stone tool and tooth marks, skeletal part frequencies focusing on variability in long bone meat- and marrow-yields, and measures of long bone fragmentation and portion representation. Results suggest the bone assemblages at HWK E 1–2 refer to bone-crunching carnivores, not hominids, and were accumulated in low competition settings (e.g., refuge locations). Given evidence for a wooded vegetation and for stone tool discard throughout the basal Bed II paleosol (equivalent to HWK E 1), this calls into question the basic tenet of the woodland scavenging models of hominid foraging and implies that stone tool-using hominids and bone-crunching carnivores foraged in the same general habitat. BK and, more equivocally, MNK (Main) resemble primary hominid accumulations scavenged by bone-crunching carnivores after hominid meat- and marrow-processing was accomplished. Inferred aspects of hominid carnivorous foraging include: (1) early carcass acquisition; (2) focus on long bone meat rather than marrow; (3) focus on larger (size 3/4) animals; (4) exploitation of a variety of carcass resources. Broader comparisons to the artefact sites from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, and to the Turkana Basin in northern Kenya suggest that hominid behavioral variability may have significantly increased starting approximately 1·7 Ma.
THE MEANING OF MS.

When Ms. was first introduced as an alternative to Miss or Mrs. it was perceived as a radical feminist innovation. Today, its use is unremarkable, even normative. This study examines two aspects of the meaning of Ms.: changes in its connotative meaning over time, and its current comparability to other titles. Female (n = 83) and male (n = 54) college students rated courtesy titles (Ms., Miss, Mrs., Mr.) on a set of bipolar adjective pairs composing a semantic differential scale in an exact replication of a 1978 study. Of the four titles, the largest change in meaning over time was for Ms., and the direction of the change was positive. These results document the social assimilation of a new gender-related concept.
High peak power CO 2 laser transmission by hollow sapphire waveguides

High peak power transverse excitation atmospheric CO2 laser pulses are transmitted through flexible hollow sapphire waveguides with losses of 0.84 dB/m and no damage to the waveguides.
Oligodeoxynucleotide Binding to (CTG) · (CAG) Microsatellite Repeats Inhibits Replication Fork Stalling, Hairpin Formation, and Genome Instability

(CTG)n · (CAG)n trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion in the 3′ untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) gene causes myotonic dystrophy type 1. However, a direct link between TNR instability, the formation of noncanonical (CTG)n · (CAG)n structures, and replication stress has not been demonstrated. In a human cell model, we found that (CTG)45 · (CAG)45 causes local replication fork stalling, DNA hairpin formation, and TNR instability. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) complementary to the (CTG)45 · (CAG)45 lagging-strand template eliminated DNA hairpin formation on leading- and lagging-strand templates and relieved fork stalling. Prolonged cell culture, emetine inhibition of lagging-strand synthesis, or slowing of DNA synthesis by low-dose aphidicolin induced (CTG)45 · (CAG)45 expansions and contractions. ODNs targeting the lagging-strand template blocked the time-dependent or emetine-induced instability but did not eliminate aphidicolin-induced instability. These results show directly that TNR replication stalling, replication stress, hairpin formation, and instability are mechanistically linked in vivo.
Experimental demonstration of a 2D incoherent transparent OCDMA path router

With the increasing demand in services and the growth of traffic flows in telecommunication networks, optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) has become a widely studied multiplexing technique. Developing the technology to make OCDMA a viable multiplexing scheme for mesh networks could provide the increased flexibility and scalability needed for MANs and LANs. In this paper, the authors proposed a router architecture that provides a flexible all-optical method in creating reconfigurable paths, reducing switching delays and node complexity.
Controversies in Follicular Lymphoma: “Who, What, When, Where, and Why?” (Not Necessarily in That Order!)

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common subtype of indolent lymphoma. Specific "facts" about FL that were generated by past research and have been passed down as dogma to a majority of practicing oncologists over the past 20 to 30 years that need to be revisited, include: (1) do not initiate therapy soon after diagnosis in asymptomatic, advanced-stage patients since it does not change outcome; (2) initiate therapy with single-agent oral alkylators when intervention needed and "save" more aggressive combination chemotherapy for "later" since the standard chemotherapy regimen used did not seem to impact survival; (3) FL is an incurable disease and palliation of symptoms was an acceptable approach to the expected pattern of repeated relapses; (4) transformation of FL is independent of the type or timing of therapies received by a patient; (5) median overall survival (OS) for FL patients is 8-10 years. Although the heterogeneity of FL will never change, we are developing the scientific tools to identify and better understand the biologic and genetic features associated with its clinical variability. In the current exciting era of targeted therapies (e.g., rituximab, radioimmunoconjugates) and novel treatment approaches demonstrating an improvement in treatment outcomes (e.g., disease-free survival and OS), our old beliefs and historically accepted dogma need to be retested and revitalized. The optimal combination(s) of old and new agents and the optimal timing of when to initiate and how to sequence specific therapies will require data from well-designed clinical trials that should include important correlative laboratory studies.
Equivalent Circuits of an Electron Triode and the Equivalent Input and Output Admittances

This paper is presented in two parts. In Part I two fundamental equivalence theorems concerning a triode and its circuits are rigorously derived. These theorems give the simple circuits which are equivalent to the plate and grid circuits of the triode. These equivalent circuits contain only constant circuit elements and fictitious electromotive forces, the use of which greatly simplifies the calculation of currents in the triode circuits when the electrical variations are small. In Part II the equivalence theorems are used to obtain the equivalent input and internal output admittances of a triode with its associated circuits.