cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Who-To-Follow System at Twitter: Strategy, Algorithms, and Revenue Impact

The who-to-follow system at Twitter is an algorithmic data product that recommends accounts for Twitter users to follow. Building the system involved algorithmic, analytics, operational, and experimental challenges; operations research and analytics techniques played a key role in resolving these challenges. This product has had significant direct impact on Twitter's growth and the quality of its user engagement, and has also been a major driver of revenue. More than one-eighth of all new connections on the Twitter network are a direct result of this system, and a substantial majority of Twitter's revenue comes from its promoted products, for which this system was a foundation. To place this contribution into perspective, Twitter is now a publicly traded company with a market capitalization of more than $30 billion, projected annual revenue of close to $1 billion, and more than 240 million active users.
Fundamentos da Economia, Mercado Financeiro e Intenção de Voto: As Eleições Presidenciais Brasileiras de 1994, 1998 e 2002

This article explores the relationship between macroeconomic indicators, financial markets, and voting intentions in the 1994, 1998, and 2002 Brazilian Presidential elections. Several hypotheses concerning the relationship between economic performance and politics were tested using a data set containing aggregate measures of self-reported preferences for the Presidential candidates and economic indicators (inflation, unemployment, exchange rate, C-Bond spread, and the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange Index). The first hypothesis refers to the potential simultaneity between economic indicators and voting intentions. Other hypotheses relate to the varied impact of different economic indicators on the intention to vote for a specific Presidential candidate as opposed to others. The results indicate that retrospective voting, based on the performance of economic fundamentals and not the financial market, predominates in Brazil.
Raman spectrum of NaH3(SeO3)2

Abstract The Raman spectrum of the ferroelectric NaH3(SeO3)2 is reported for the paraelectric phase and the behavior of the internal modes of the selenite ions is compared for the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases.
Transplants of Western Pearlshell Mussels to Unoccupied Streams on Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, Southwestern Washington

Abstract The western pearlshell mussel Margaritifera falcata is a species of freshwater mussel listed as vulnerable in the state of Washington. From 2007 to 2009, 265 western pearlshell mussels wer...
Application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to the Determination of Calcium in Saliva

THE importance of salivary calcium concentration of the environment in the solubility of tooth and enamel is readily apparent. As with other biological fluids, numerous methods, ranging from classical oxalate–permanganate titration and emission flame photometry to the more recent complexometric and colorimetric techniques, have been used to estimate the calcium content of saliva. Unfortunately most of these methods have certain disadvantages. The oxalate–permanganate method requires relatively large amounts of saliva, time-consuming centrifugation, washing and titration within a narrow temperature-range. Its accuracy has been questioned because of incomplete precipitation of the oxalate or loss of some calcium oxalate during the washing process1. Another devious procedure involves a complexometric analysis of calcium and magnesium in saliva followed by a separate colorimetric determination of magnesium, calcium being obtained as the difference2. Several complexon-titration techniques using erio-chrome black T, murexide or plasmo corinth indicators were tested on saliva. They were found unsatisfactory because the colour shift at the end-point was either too gradual and indistinct or, in the case of murexide, the colour faded too rapidly.
Effect of histamine on tracheobronchial afferent and caudal mediastinal efferent lymph.

We prepared nine sheep with acute tracheobronchial afferent (TBN) and caudal mediastinal efferent (CMN) lymph fistulas. After a baseline period (B) in 3 sheep, we administered histamine (H) continuously for 4 h. In six sheep, we elevated left atrial pressure (P and reestablished steady-state conditions prior to H administration.The afferent lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio (CA/CP) was significantly lower than the efferent ratio (CE/CP) during periods of B, H, elevated PLA, and elevated PLA with H. H administration increased lymph flow rates (QlA and QlE) and both CA/CP and CE/CP, albeit insignificantly. During elevated PLA, QlA and QlE increased, while CA/CP and CE/CP fell. QlE increased, while QlA did not change during elevated PLA with H. CE/CP increased from its PLA level. CA/CP did not increase. Afferent data suggest that histamine may increase pulmonary microvascular surface area, but does not alter the permeability of the pulmonary circulation. While we cannot exclude the possibility of a...
Photo-click living strategy for controlled, reversible exchange of biochemical ligands.

Synthetic hydrogels have been increasingly engineered to provide and recapitulate the complex and dynamic environment of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells in vivo. Of significant interest is the design of chemical strategies not only to fabricate hydrogels that can function as cell culture platforms for both two-dimensional (2d) and three-dimensional (3d) cell culture systems, but also to incorporate biologically active features that mimic several critical aspects of the ECM.[1]–[4] One class of synthetic hydrogels, based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), has emerged as a diverse synthetic ECM mimic,[5] as PEGs are hydrophilic in nature, commercially available in a range of molecular weights and structures, and possess materials properties similar to many soft tissues. Further, to complement their biophysical properties, the relative bio-inertness of PEG hydrogels renders opportunities to incorporate various biochemical cues and study their effects on host cells, while minimizing confounding non-specific interactions from serum proteins. Hence, there is a growing interest in strategies to functionalize PEG hydrogels with bioactive moieties, including small molecules, peptides, and proteins, aimed at directing and manipulating cellular functions ranging from adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, motility, etc.
On the model reference adaptive control of time-varying plants

In this paper we study the problem of developing an adaptive control law which can force the output of a linear time-varying plant to track the output of a stable linear time-invariant reference model and at the same time guarantee the internal stability of the closed-loop plant. We use the new model reference controller structure, proposed in [1], that guarantees stability and zero tracking error for a general class of linear time-varying plants with known parameters and design an adaptive law to estimate the controller parameters. We show that the assumption of slow parameter variations in the adaptive case can be relaxed if some information about the frequency or the form of the fast varying parameters is available a priori. Such information can be incorporated in the adaptive law so that stability and tracking performance is considerably improved for a wide class of linear time-varying plants which includes plants with fast varying parameters.
Links in 3-manifolds as obstructions in free reduction problems

Abstract We consider for 2-complexes K in 4-manifolds N, the problem of effecting by a geometric deformation of K in N, the free reduction of the relator words in the presentation P K associated with K. In order to get a more clear picture, we restrict our attention to deformations of K in N that hold the 1-skeleton K1 of K fixed. For a large class of 2-complexes, called split 2-complexes, a class that includes all 2-complexes K contained in bicollared 3-manifold sections of the 4-manifolds N, we show that the problem is an obstruction problem, with obstructions measured by finite families of links in a handlebody. The sought for deformation effecting free reduction can be found if and only if one of the links in the family is trivial. We also provide a fairly complete picture on what links can arise as obstruction links.
Secretion and immunogenicity of dwarf tapeworm esterases.

THE tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana, produces several exoantigens while infecting the mouse host1, and as a result immune globulins are formed which become available to the parasite in situ2. Present investigations indicate that three of these antigens possess β-naphthyl acetate esterase activity. They appear to be rapidly formed and released by adult worms and to be shared by immature forms as well. This investigation suggests that anti-enzymes are formed locally, as well as systemically, by immunologically competent cells of the mouse ileum. Antibodies engendered do not react against the active sites of the enzymes noted.
From practice to research: the case for criticism in an age of evidence

The growth in research and in health care costs has made it important for clinicians to use and critically appraise published evidence for their medical decisions. The evidence-based medicine movement is an example of the present effort to teach clinicians to evaluate research evidence by methodologic standards. Though this effort can only improve the clinical decisions of practitioners, it suggests that when assessing evidence there are no reasons to critically evaluate the standards of research and evidence themselves. A precedent for assessing standards of research and evidence exists in the broad tradition known as "criticism". Using contextual, cultural and other forms of analysis, writers have used criticism to show that the meaning and validity of scientific evidence is influenced as much by the sociocultural characteristics of readers and users as it is by the meticulous use of research methods. Scholars outside of medicine have suggested, for example, that data become evidence only in the context of specific beliefs and disagreements and that there are interesting pragmatic reasons why we see some forms of evidence and not others in the medical literature. Social critical studies of research and evidence would reveal the many influences similar to these that are relevant to clinical medicine. The effort would be practically useful to physicians, who with a broader understanding of research could critically appraise published evidence from both scientific and sociocultural perspectives. It would also help correct an imbalance in contemporary medicine in which clinicians are being trained to maintain high standards of critical consciousness in methodological domains but not in the broader historical and sociocultural domains which subsume them.
Mediators of the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and child internalizing and disruptive behavior disorders.

Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.
Prise en charge du syndrome du ligament arqué du diaphragme : Un nouveau paradigme

Le syndrome du ligament arque du diaphragme (LAD) est une entite anatomique et clinique caracterisee par la compression extrinseque du tronc coeliaque qui conduit a la survenue de douleurs epigastriques post-prandiales, de vomissements et d'un amaigrissement. Bien que decrit depuis plusieurs decennies, l'existence de ce syndrome reste controversee par plusieurs auteurs. Nous avons passe en revue les differentes prises en charge du syndrome du LAD en soulignant les approches mini invasives. Nous rapportons egalement le premier succes d'une approche combinant la chirurgie mini invasive et la therapeutique endovasculaire pour le traitement de ce syndrome. Une recherche PubMed a ete effectuee pour identifier les articles de langue anglaise parus entre 1963 et 2008 en utilisant les mots-cles « median arcuate ligament syndrome » et « celiac artery compression syndrome. » Des articles additionnels ont ete identifies par recherche manuelle au sein des references des articles obtenus. Toutes les etudes cliniques et experimentales contenant du materiel se rapportant a ce sujet ont ete prises en compte. Le traitement classique de l'affection est la liberation a ciel ouvert du LAD. Cependant, des remaniements structurels de la paroi du tronc coeliaque conduisent a de mauvais resultats tardifs et l'association de procedures vasculaires complexes a ete proposee. Le traitement laparoscopique du syndrome du LAD a ete rapporte dans cinq cas. Les symptomes ont ete resolus chez tous les patients mais aucun suivi a long terme n'est disponible. La liberation laparoscopique du syndrome du ligament arque du diaphragme associee a l'echographie Doppler per operatoire pourrait etre utilisee en cas de symptomes suggerant le diagnostic. Les patients chez lesquels persistent en echographie Doppler ou sur l'imagerie post operatoire des anomalies de flux coeliaque peuvent beneficier d'une angioplastie coeliaque et d'un stenting. Lorsque cette option n'est pas disponible ou ne parvient pas a faire cesser les symptomes, une reconstruction vasculaire doit etre effectuee.
Differential social organization, collective action, and crime

This article elaborates and extends Sutherland’s [Principles of criminology (4th ed.), Lippincott, Philadelphia, Sutherland (1947)] concept of differential social organization, the sociological counterpart to his social psychological theory of differential association. Differential social organization contains a static structural component, which explains crime rates across groups, as well as a dynamic collective action component, which explains changes in crime rates over time. I argue that by drawing on George Herbert Mead’s [Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Mead (1934)] theories of symbolic interaction and social control, we can conceptualize organization in favor of, and against, crime as collective behavior. We can then integrate theoretical mechanisms of models of collective behavior, including social network ties, collective action frames, and threshold models of collective action. I illustrate the integrated theory using examples of social movements against crime, neighborhood collective efficacy, and the code of the street.
Curing Mental Retardation and Causing Learning Disabilities: Consequences of Using Various WISC-III IQs to Estimate Aptitude of Hispanic Students

An ethnically stratified sample of 150 children referred to school study teams (SSTs) were administered the WISC-III and WRAT-R and assigned by research criteria reflecting the State of California criteria as having mental retardation, a learning disability, or neither disability (ineligible). When the WISC-III IQs were compared, the Hispanic subjects in the referred sample achieved PIQs that were on average 8 points higher than VIQ a difference not found for White or Black groups. Use of PIQ rather than FSIQ resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of Hispanic students qualifying as children with mental retardation; however, use of PIQ also markedly increased the number of Hispanic students qualifying as children with a “severe discrepancy” as learning disabled. The actual school decisions reached on these children were contrasted to research criteria, revealing rather limited congruence with classifications based on either FSIQ or PIQ. Finally, multivariate analyses revealed significant difference...
Nondestructive Assay of Fissile Material Samples in Support of Nuclear Safeguards

Samples of fissile material can be assayed by bombarding with 300-to 600-keV neutrons and counting delayed neutrons from fission. Interrogating neutron energy selection is based upon considerations of sample penetrability and insensitivity of response to nonfissile isotopes. Significant cost savings in nuclear safeguards and quality control are possible.
Stabilities of the 2-mercaptoethylamine complexes of trivalent metal ions and divalent metal ions in aqueous solution

Abstract The stability constants of 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) complexes with trivalent metal ions, Ga 3+ , In 3+ and Al 3+ , and with divalent metal ions, Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ni 2+ and Zn 2+ , have been determined potentiometrically in aqueous solution at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C and μ = 0.100 M KCl. Analysis of the potentiometric data showed the presence of the following species in solution: 1:1 and 1:2 chelates, ML and ML 2 ; protonated complex species, M(HL); and hydroxy complexes, ML(OH). The results show that the species studied in the present work remain monomeric under the experimental conditions used in the titrations. The order of stabilities of trivalent and divalent metal 1:1 (ML) complexes with MEA are Ga(III) > In(III) > Al(III), and Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Ni(II) > Zn(II). The protonation reaction probably involves the dissociation of one of the metal-ligand bonds, and the corresponding protonation constants ( K MHL ) decrease with increasing stability of the chelate, ML. The proton of the protonated complexes is very likely bound to the amine group. The results are compared with the values found in the literature.
Bone mineral content in term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based formula, or soy-based formula

Bone mineral content (BMC) of the midportion of the humerus was measured with the Norland model 278 bone densitometer in 31 term infants fed human milk (9 inants), cow milk-based formula (11 infants), or soy protein-based formula (11 infants) over the first year of life. Serum and urine minerals, vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured to ensure that intake of minerals and vitamin D was not limiting. Mineralization was similar in all three groups. Over the first year, BMC had a significantly positive slope. However, BMC appeared to increase during the first 4 months, plateau at 6 months, and then resume an increasing pattern. Bone width (BW) increased steadily over the first year; therefore the BMC/BW ratio actually dropped at around 6 months. The BMC was also correlated with body length. "Average density," which was calculated by the formula BMC/pi (BW/2)2, showed a steady decline as age increased. The ratio of BMC to body length over the first year may be an option for comparing individual data to normal data when growth is abnormal. Uncorrected BMC is recommended as a measurement for the infant growing normally; attempts to calculate average density are discouraged.
Insulin generates an enzyme modulator from hepatic plasma membranes: regulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and adenylate cyclase.

Some of the acute actions of insulin may be mediated by the intracellular generation of a chemical substance that modulates certain enzymes. Such a substance has been identified which is released from liver plasma membranes after exposure to insulin. This substance was purified on sequential ion exchange, reverse phase, and gel permeations columns. The purified substance modulated the activities of cAMP phosphodiesterase, adenylate cyclase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The activities that modulated each of these enzymes exhibited singular chromatographic behavior and sensitivity to a variety of chemical reagents. Each activity was also produced by treatment of membranes with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These results suggested that each of the enzyme-modulating activities was due to a single complex carbohydrate substance which contained inositol, phosphate, glucosamine, and other monosaccharides. The actions of this substance on these three enzymes mimicked those of insulin, suggesting...
Lamellar separation ,during the deformation of high-density polyethylene

Upon tensile straining at low deformation rates (e=2×10−5 sec−1), spherulitic linear polyethylene behaves reversibly for extensions up to 40%. In stress relaxation experiments on unloaded specimens the stress increases with time. Samples kept under constant strain (e = 40%) over four months show macroscopic cracking. Microstructural investigation was performed using low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. These investigations reveal a very inhomogeneous deformation within those lamellar stacks for which the crystalline lamellae lie normal to the tensile axis. The deformation in that case is similar to what has been observed for “elastic hard fibres”. A two-mechanism model to explain the macroscopic observation on the basis of the microscopic observations is developed.
Distributed Cooperative Control for Adaptive Performance Management

The authors' distributed cooperative-control framework uses concepts from optimal control theory to adaptively manage the performance of computer clusters operating in dynamic and uncertain environments. Decomposing the overall performance-management problem into smaller subproblems that individual controllers solve cooperatively allows for the scalable control of large computing systems. The framework also adapts to controller failures and allows for the dynamic addition and removal of controllers during system operation. This article presents a case study showing how to manage the dynamic power consumed by a computer cluster processing a time-varying Web workload
Learning to rank on graphs

Graph representations of data are increasingly common. Such representations arise in a variety of applications, including computational biology, social network analysis, web applications, and many others. There has been much work in recent years on developing learning algorithms for such graph data; in particular, graph learning algorithms have been developed for both classification and regression on graphs. Here we consider graph learning problems in which the goal is not to predict labels of objects in a graph, but rather to rank the objects relative to one another; for example, one may want to rank genes in a biological network by relevance to a disease, or customers in a social network by their likelihood of being interested in a certain product. We develop algorithms for such problems of learning to rank on graphs. Our algorithms build on the graph regularization ideas developed in the context of other graph learning problems, and learn a ranking function in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) derived from the graph. This allows us to show attractive stability and generalization properties. Experiments on several graph ranking tasks in computational biology and in cheminformatics demonstrate the benefits of our framework.
Motor neurons are rich in non-phosphorylated neurofilaments : cross-species comparison and alterations in ALS

The localization and distribution of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (NP-NF) in the upper and lower motor neurons was investigated in the rat, the common marmoset, the rhesus monkey and man using the SMI-32 antibody. Within the spinal cord of all species studied, the most intense NP-NF immunoreactivity was observed within the ventral horn α-motor neurons. Concurrent staining for the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) demonstrated that virtually all of the ChAT-positive α-motor neurons contain NP-NF immunoreactivity. Although NP-NF staining was also observed in other neurons within the ventral and intermediate horns, these neurons were loosely scattered and contained a considerably lower staining intensity. The only other prominent NP-NF staining in the spinal cord occurred within the neurons of the dorsal nucleus of Clark and the intermediolateral cell column. Phosphorylated neurofilament (P-NF) immunoreactivity was found primarily in neuronal processes. Occasionally, a solitary motor neuron contained weak P-NF immunoreactivity. Within the brainstem, neurons in all cranial nerve motor nuclei contained intense NP-NF immunoreactivity. The distribution and apparent density of NP-NF immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei was virtually identical to that observed for neurons immunoreactive for ChAT. NP-NF immunoreactive neurons of relatively lower intensity were found in many other regions of the brainstem. All of the giant Betz cells of layer (L) V in the motor cortex contained dark NP-NF immunoreactivity. Within the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, both Nissl and NP-NF staining demonstrated the dramatic loss of α-motor neurons characteristic of this disorder. Some of the remaining motor neurons contained intense P-NF immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that NP-NF immunoreactivity is a good marker for motor neurons in health and disease and may be a useful tool for studies of motor neuron degeneration (MND).
Template-directed synthesis of oligoguanylic acids - Metal ion catalysis

The condensation of guanosine 5′-phosphorimidazolide on a poly(C) template is subject to regiospecific metal-ion catalysis. In the presence of the Pb2+ ion, predominantly [2′–5′]- linked oligomers up to the 40-mer are formed. The Zn2+ ion catalyzes the formation of predominantly [3′–5′]-linked oligomers up to the 35-mer. The Sn2+, Sb3+ and Bi3+ ions also catalyze the formation of [2′–5′]-linked products, but less efficiently than the Pb2+ ion.
Self-contact elimination by membrane fusion.

Mutual, homophilic cell–cell adhesion between epithelial cells is required for proper maintenance of epithelial barrier function. Whereas opposing membranes from neighboring cells rapidly assemble junctional complexes, self-contacting membranes curiously do not, suggesting that cells have the ability to prevent the maturation of self-junctions. Using a self-contact–inducing microfabricated substrate, we show that self-contacts of normal epithelial cells are rapidly eliminated by membrane fusion between two opposing plasma membranes of a single cell. This membrane fusion is most frequently observed in E-cadherin–expressing epithelial cells, but not in fibroblasts. The efficiency of self-contact elimination depends on extracellular calcium concentration and the level of E-cadherin, suggesting that E-cadherin, although not required, enhances membrane fusion efficiency by bringing opposing membranes into close apposition to one another. Additionally, Rho-associated protein kinase inhibition decreases self-contact–induced membrane fusion of epithelial cells, suggesting that this fusion may be mechanically regulated through the actin–myosin network. This self-contact–induced membrane fusion is a key elimination mechanism for unwanted self-junctions and may be a feature of cell self-recognition.
American Church/State Jurisprudence from the Warren Court to the Rehnquist Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren did much to expand the free exercise of religion and diminish government endorsement of it. The pace at which this occurred slowed under Chief Justice Burger and is directly challenged by the Court under Chief Justice William Rehnquist. This change is documented, followed by an analysis of what seems to animate Rehnquist.
Cardiac MRI assessment of atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: implications for diagnosis and therapy

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, with a prevalence of 0.4–1% in the US population.w1 AF is a potent risk factor, increasing the risk of stroke fivefold and accounting for approximately 15% of all strokes in the USA.w2 AF also significantly increases the risk of mortality from heart failure.w3–7 Many therapies, including pharmacological approaches and direct current cardioversion, have been tried to treat this malignant arrhythmia, but were not found to be that effective.1 w8–w11 Catheter ablation of AF has provided better outcomes compared with other treatments, especially by applying pulmonary vein (PV) isolation in patients with paroxysmal AF.2 w12 However, other procedures modifying the substrate of AF, such as complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation3 or posterior wall debulking,4 are required to obtain satisfying results for persistent AF patients with massive left atrial structural remodelling (LASRM) caused by massive atrial fibrosis.w13 Since atrial fibrosis is one of the main factors determining AF relapse after catheter ablation, evaluating atrial fibrosis in AF subjects is now of increasing importance for AF ablation strategies. Nowadays echocardiography is the mainstream technique for detecting LASRM which may cause left atrial (LA) volume expansion and atrial conduction slowing and heterogeneity.w14–16 Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI has recently been proved to be a powerful tool for detecting atrial fibrosis. This article discusses the efficacy and implications of LGE-MRI assessment of atrial fibrosis in AF. ### Electrical remodelling: ‘AF begets AF’ Recognising that AF alters atrial electrophysiological properties and promotes AF induction and maintenance—that is, ‘AF begets AF’—is a breakthrough in AF pathophysiology.5 AF induces electrical remodelling primarily due to a very rapid atrial rate and associated tachycardia induced atrial remodelling. Action potential duration (APD) decreases during AF due to disruption of ion channel functions such as …
Eyewitness to history: Landmarks in the development of computerized electrocardiography

The use of digital computers for ECG processing was pioneered in the early 1960s by two immigrants to the US, Hubert Pipberger, who initiated a collaborative VA project to collect an ECG-independent Frank lead data base, and Cesar Caceres at NIH who selected for his ECAN program standard 12-lead ECGs processed as single leads. Ray Bonner in the early 1970s placed his IBM 5880 program in a cart to print ECGs with interpretation, and computer-ECG programs were developed by Telemed, Marquette, HP-Philips and Mortara. The "Common Standards for quantitative Electrocardiography (CSE)" directed by Jos Willems evaluated nine ECG programs and eight cardiologists in clinically-defined categories. The total accuracy by a representative "average" cardiologist (75.5%) was 5.8% higher than that of the average program (69.7, p<0.001). Future comparisons of computer-based and expert reader performance are likely to show evolving results with continuing improvement of computer-ECG algorithms and changing expertise of ECG interpreters.
Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae

In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that is classified into 17 classes and represents a diverse group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae. Classes are distinguished by morphology, chloroplast pigments, ultrastructural features, and gene sequence data. Electron microscopy and molecular biology have contributed significantly to our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, but even today class relationships are poorly understood. Haptophyte algae are a second monophyletic group that consists of two classes of predominately marine phytoplankton. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. Heterokont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas).
Explaining Group Influence: The Role of Identity and Emotion in Political Conformity and Polarization

Evidence has accumulated that people often conform to political norms. However, we know little about the mechanisms underlying political conformity. Whose norms are people likely to follow, and why? This article discusses two phenomena—social identity and “self-conscious” emotions—that are key to understanding when and why people follow the crowd. It argues that adherence to in-group norms is a critical basis of status among in-group peers. Conformity generates peer approval and leads to personal pride. Deviance generates disapproval and causes embarrassment or shame. These emotional reactions color an individual’s political perspectives, typically generating conformity. These same mechanisms can spur between-group polarization. In this case, differentiation from the norms of disliked out-groups results in peer approval and pride, and conformity to out-group norms disapproval and embarrassment or shame. This framework is supported by the results of two experiments that examine the influence of group opinion norms over economic and social aspects of citizens’ political ideologies. One exogenously varies the social identity of attitudinal majorities; the other primes the relevant emotions. In addition to contributing to the study of political conformity and polarization, this article adds to our growing understanding of the relevance of social identity and emotion to political life.
Mechanisms of IgE tolerance : dual regulatory T cell lesions in perinatal IgE tolerance

The mechanisms of genetic control of IgE responses are exercised at different immuno-physiological levels. This study centered upon the development of IgE lineage-specific regulatory T cells. Herein, we demonstrate the following points: (a) perinatal administration of soluble self IgE molecule or self IgE complexed with foreign antigen induces IgE tolerance as manifested by antigen-specific IgE unresponsiveness and a generalized IgE immunodeficiency, and the induction of IgE tolerance does not affect antigen-specific IgG1, IgG, and IgA responses; (b) inducibility of perinatal IgE tolerance is correlated with complete absence of endogenously secreted IgE in the neonates; and the state of persistent IgE tolerance also does not correlate with the presence of high levels of circulating anti-IgE autoantibodies; (c) The lesions induced during the ontogeny of IgE antibody system do not appear to result from an imbalance of production of interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma by T helper Th2 and Th1 cells in antigen-stimulated cultures; the dual immunoregulatory lesions in T cell subsets are demonstrated: clonal anergy/deletion of CD4+ IgE Th cells and the presence of CD8+ IgE suppressor cells induced by perinatal IgE treatment. We propose that antigen/interleukin 4 activated B cells are controlled by IgE lineage-specific regulatory T cells which recognize self IgE determinant(s) on IgE committed B cells. Life-long IgE tolerance ensues as a result of a new steady state of IgE lineage-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets.
Management of avulsed permanent incisors: a decision analysis based on changing concepts.

Dr. Lee is a resident in pediatric dentistry and a PhD candidate in Health Policy and Administration; Dr. Vann is the Demeritt Distinguished professor and graduate program director in pediatric dentistry; Dr. Sigurdsson is an assistant professor and graduate program director in the department of Endodontics. All authors are at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Correspond with Dr. Vann at Bill_Vann@dentistry.unc.edu
Effectiveness of blinding: sham suprapubic incisions in a randomized trial of retropubic midurethral sling in women undergoing vaginal prolapse surgery.

Objective This planned secondary analysis of the Outcomes Following Vaginal Prolapse Repairs and Midurethral Sling trial assessed whether treatment knowledge differed between randomized groups at 12 months and whether treatment success was affected by treatment perception. Study Design Sham suprapubic tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) incisions were made in the Outcomes Following Vaginal Prolapse Repairs and Midurethral Sling trial participants randomized to no-TVT. Primary surgical outcomes and maintenance of blinding was assessed at 12 months. Knowledge of treatment assignment was compared between groups, and the relationship with treatment success rates was assessed. Results Prior to the 12 month postoperative visit, only 4% of treated participants (13 of 336) formally reported unmasking. At 12 months, 94% of the randomized participants (315 of 336) provided treatment knowledge data. Sixteen TVT participants (10%) reported treatment knowledge; most (n = 15, 94%) were correct; 17 of the sham participants (11%) reported treatment knowledge; half (n = 8, 47%) were correct. Similar proportions of unmasked participants who reported no treatment knowledge correctly guessed/perceived treatment assignment (sham, 46 [33%] vs TVT, 44 [33%]). We did not detect significant differences in treatment success rates based on perception within and across received treatment groups (perceived sham vs TVT overall [ P = .76]). Of those receiving TVT, more participants perceiving TVT had treatment success compared with those who perceived sham (84% vs 74%; P = .29). Among sham participants, more participants perceiving sham had success compared with those who perceived receiving TVT (65% vs 56%; P = .42). Conclusion Sham surgical incisions effectively mask TVT randomization. These findings may help to inform future surgical trial designs.
VirtualizeMe: Real-time avatar creation for Tele-Immersion environments

VirtualizeMe introduces a new design for a fully immersive Tele-Immersion system for remote collaboration and virtual world interaction. This system introduces a new avatar creation approach full-filling four main attributes: high resolution, scalability, flexibility and affordability. This is achieved by a total separation of reconstruction and rendering and exploiting the capabilities of modern graphic cards. The high resolution is achieved by using as much of the input information as possible through lossless compression of the input data and introducing a focused volumetric visual hull reconstruction. The resulting avatar allows eye-to-eye collaboration for remote users. The interaction with the virtual world is facilitated by the volumetric avatar model and allows a fully immersive system. This paper shows a proof of concept based on publicly available pre-recorded data to allow easier comparison.
RadioimmunoguidedTM Surgery in Breast Cancer

Twenty-two patients with biopsy proved carcinoma of the breast received radiolabeled MAb B723 (5–1 mCi of 125I per 2.0–0.25 mg MAb, Iodo-GenTM method) intravenously 6–30 days prior to definitive surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy/axillary dissection). Using the Neoprobe 1000TM gamma detecting probe, gamma counts of breast and axillary tissues were obtained preoperatively, intraoperatively, and on ex vivo specimens. In breast tissue, the RIGSTM system identified tumor that was histopathologically confirmed in 11 of 14 patients. There were two false positives each having a histopathologic diagnosis of apocrine metaplasia and hyperplasia. Unsuspected tumor was histopathologically documented in 3 of 6 breast biopsies performed based on the preoperative presence of high external gamma counts in the countralateral breast or in a quadrant other than that of the original primary All six patients had negative mammograms and physical exams. The 3 false positives had diagnoses of aprocrine metaplasia and hyperplasia. In axillary tissue, probe counts identified metastatic disease in 3 of 8 patients and verified absence of disease in 10 of 14 patients. False positive counts were obtained in 4 having histopathologic diagnoses of sinus histocytosis or reactive nodes. RIGS appears to be able to identify residual, subclinical, and multicentric carcinoma of the breast and delineate the pattern of antigenic drainage of tumor into lymph nodes.
Cryotherapy for Carcinoma of the Prostate

The use of low temperature of subzero modalities for medical treatment dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. Initially the agents used included liquid gases such as air, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Around the turn of the century ether spray, ethyl chloride spray, and solidified carbon dioxide were introduced. The modern era of cryosurgery began following World War II, when liquid nitrogen at a temperature of — 190°C became available. Liquid nitrogen was used commonly for the treatment of various skin lesions and was later employed to destroy some brain tumors as well as the lesions of parkinsonism and other neuromuscular disorders.
Modulation of Oscillatory Neuronal Synchronization by Selective Visual Attention

In crowded visual scenes, attention is needed to select relevant stimuli. To study the underlying mechanisms, we recorded neurons in cortical area V4 while macaque monkeys attended to behaviorally relevant stimuli and ignored distracters. Neurons activated by the attended stimulus showed increased gamma-frequency (35 to 90 hertz) synchronization but reduced low-frequency (<17 hertz) synchronization compared with neurons at nearby V4 sites activated by distracters. Because postsynaptic integration times are short, these localized changes in synchronization may serve to amplify behaviorally relevant signals in the cortex.
Water Quality Modeling

The water use locus of a river basin is its stream system. Streams are sources of water supply and, at the same time, they function as sinks for used water. Two categories of used water of interest are: (1) point source discharges of treated waste water, i.e., from municipalities and industries, and (2) non-point source flows, i.e., from irrigated agriculture, urban storm water runoff, etc.
Abstract 20624: Coronary Revascularization Procedures in Children: A Review of the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium

Introduction: Coronary revascularization via coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention/stents (PCI) is rarely required in children. We report frequency, indications, in-hospital mortality and follow-up of coronary revascularization procedures from a registry of pediatric cardiac centers. Methods: Retrospective cohort study (1982-2007) from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium for CABG or PCI in children (<18 years). We collected age at procedure, primary diagnosis, indication, timing relative to other procedures, in-hospital mortality, and long term follow up data. Results: We identified 109 patients with coronary revascularization procedures (males 64, females 45). Of them, 92 were primary CABG (median age 8.4 years, range 3 days - 17.4 years) and 17 primary PCI (median age 10.2 years, range 77 days-17.0 years). In total, 79 were performed for surgical heart diseases and 30 for various medical conditions (e.g. Kawasaki disease, heart transplantation). The most common...
“Green” Inkjet-Printed Wireless Sensor Nodes on Low-Cost Paper, Liquid and Flexible Organic Substrates

This paper introduces the capabilities of inkjet-printing technology in integrated wireless biosensors on organics bridging RFID and sensing technology. A novel flexible magnetic material is presented as an alternative substrate for wearable biosensors. In addition, a CNT-film is inkjet-printed on paper to realize ultrasensitive gas sensors. The paper concludes with the presentation of novel wearable integration platforms, including liquid antennas, with enhanced-range that could enable multi-hopping algorithms targeting the realization of “intelligent networks of RFID-enabled sensors”.
Characterization of Multisubstituted Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) Peptide Antagonists (Astressins).

CRF mediates numerous stress-related endocrine, autonomic, metabolic, and behavioral responses. We present the synthesis and chemical and biological properties of astressin B analogues {cyclo(30–33)[d-Phe12,Nle21,38,CαMeLeu27,40,Glu30,Lys33]-acetyl-h/r-CRF(9–41)}. Out of 37 novel peptides, 17 (2, 4, 6–8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 27, 29, 30, 32–36) and 16 (3, 5, 9, 12–15, 18, 19, 22–26, 28, 31) had ki to CRF receptors in the high picomolar and low nanomole ranges, respectively. Peptides 1, 2, and 11 inhibited h/rCRF and urocortin 1-induced cAMP release from AtT20 and A7r5 cells. When Astressin C 2 was administered to adrenalectomized rats at 1.0 mg subcutaneously, it inhibited ACTH release for >7 d. Additional rat data based on the inhibitory effect of (2) on h/rCRF-induced stimulation of colonic secretory motor activity and urocortin 2-induced delayed gastric emptying also indicate a safe and long-lasting antagonistic effect. The overall properties of selected analogues may fulfill the criteria expected from clini...
Forces Impinging on Long-Term Business-to-Business Relationships in the United States: An Historical Perspective:

The authors examine the histories of four business-to-business relationships in the United States: advertising agencies and clients, textile agents and mills, the Pullman Car Company and railroads,...
Dynamically Interchangeable Nanoparticle Superlattices Through the Use of Nucleic Acid-Based Allosteric Effectors

DNA is a powerful tool for programmably assembling colloidal crystals, and has been used to generate nanoparticle superlattices with synthetically adjustable lattice parameters and crystal symmetries. However, the majority of these superlattice structures remain static once constructed, and factors such as interparticle distance cannot be controlled in a facile and rapid manner. Incorporation of these materials into functional devices would be greatly benefitted by the ability to change various aspects of the crystal assembly after the lattice has been synthesized. Herein, we present a reversible, rapid, and stoichiometric on-the-fly manipulation of nanoparticle superlattices with allosteric effectors based upon DNA. This approach is applicable to multiple different crystal symmetries, including FCC, BCC, CsCl, and AlB2.
Surveillance of HIV and Syphilis in female sexual workers and whoremasters in Pudong New Area

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and Treponema pallidum(TP) in female sexual workers and whoremasters accommodated by public security organization in Pudong New rea.Methods: Anti-HIV and anti-TP were detected in the accommodated subjects from 2009 to 2012. Results: HIV positive rate of female sexual workers was the lowest in 2009 and highest in 2012, with an increasing trend, but there were no significant differences between the four years(χ2=3.418, P =0.334). The HIV cumulative positive rate was higher than positive rate, indicating a known HIV-positive female sexual worker population engaging in prostitution. Compared with2010 and 2012, syphilis positive rate was the lowest in 2011(χ22010-2011=7.662, P=0.0056; χ22011-2012=7.793, P=0.006). The positive rate of HIV for whoremasters was highest in 2009, but there were no significant differences between the four years(χ2=3.452, P=0.270). The HIV cumulative positive rate was higher than the positive rate in whoremasters, indicating some known positive whoremasters engaging in prostitution activities. The syphilis positive rate was the highest in 2011 and the lowest in 2012, but there were no significant differences between the four years(χ2=2.990, P =0.400). There was no significant difference in HIV positive rate between female sexual workers and whoremasters(χ2=1.861, P =0.173), but there was a significant difference in syphilis infection rate(χ2=56.530, P0.001). Age distribution was different between female sexual workers and whoremasters(F =472.466, P 0.001). Conclusions: The known HIV-positive subjects engaging in prostitution is harmful for the prevention of HIV, and the combined steps of management and interference should be further strengthened.