cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacitive Readout Technique for Studies of Dissipation in GaN Nanowire Mechanical Resonators

A variable-temperature homodyne reflectometry measurement technique for detecting nanoscale mechanical motion has recently been developed. We have extended this technique to make the first all-electrical measurements of an ensemble of as-grown, c-axis, single-crystal gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires. These nanowires are approximately 15 μm in length and 100 nm in diameter, and have fundamental resonance frequencies near 1 MHz, and mechanical quality factors, Q, (resonance frequency divided by resonance width) in excess of 104 . These high-Q values are sensitive to surface conditions and offer the opportunity to study intrinsic damping mechanisms in the nanoscale resonators. The new microwave measurement technique has allowed us to study the ensemble behavior of nanowire resonances while varying extrinsic variables (e.g., temperature) and obtain statistics on nanowire resonance behavior. Our apparatus allows measurements to be made in either a two-phase lock-in mode, or in a power-spectrum mode, both of which have unique advantages. Our measurements demonstrate a position-spectral noise floor of 0.3 nm/ Hz, largely set by the dynamic range of our microwave readout system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
MORE COMMENT ON NEED FOR CONTROL IN STUDIES OF PERSUASIBILITY

Levonian (1970b) states that there are nine studies of the relation between selfesteem and opinion change following a communication. He then rejects the contributions of all except his own study in the area because none of them used a control group of Ss who were exposed to opinion measures but not exposed to the communication. As "an example" Levonian discusses a way in which lack of such a control group could affect the interpretation of Janis and Field's (1959) results. Unfortunately, Levonian doesn't bother to do this for the seven other studies whose results he is so ready to disregard. In responding to Dittes' ( 1970) comments, Levonian ( 1970a) continues in this tradition and avoids considering the central issue of whether or not Gollob and Dittes' (1965) results should be suspect because their study did not include a control group of Ss who were not exposed to the communication. Instead, Levonian simply launches into a diffuse attack on the Gollob and Dittes study. Levonian (1970a) begins his response to Dittes by suggesting an alternative interpretation of Gollob and Dittes' results. The present author finds Levonian's interpretation unclear and is especially bothered by Levonian's assumption that the level of predispositional self-esteem is not related to the level of arousal in Ss exposed to manipulations of success and failure. In any case, even Levonian acknowledges that Gollob and Dittes should not be faulted for having been unconcerned with the interpretation he suggests. In the last two sentences of his response to Dittes, Levonian presents two "bases for alternative hypotheses" for which he thinks Gollob and Dittes should have obtained control data. Levonian presents only "bases" for generating alternative hypotheses; he does not even try to say how the Gollob and Dittes results might be accounted for by considering the "bases" he suggests. In sum, Levonian's article and comment do not reflect awareness of the fact that control groups, like any other experimental groups, should not be run for their own sake; they should be run only if the state of one's knowledge suggests that they would yield sufficiently useful information to warrant their inclusion in the study. A vague feeling that a given variable might provide a "basis" for generating an unspecified alternative hypothesis surely is not sufficient reason to insist that the variable be controlled.
Unsteady density-current equations for highly curved terrain

New nonlinear partial differential equations containing terrain curvature and its rate of change are derived that describe the flow of an atmospheric density current. Unlike the classical hydraulic-type equations for density currents, the new equations are valid for two-dimensional, gradually varied flow over highly curved terrain, hence suitable for computing unsteady (or steady) flows over arbitrary mountain/valley profiles. The model assumes the atmosphere above the density current exerts a known arbitrary variable pressure upon the unknown interface. Later this is specialized to the varying hydrostatic pressure of the atmosphere above. The new equations yield the variable velocity distribution, the interface position, and the pressure distribution that contains a centrifugal component, often significantly larger than its hydrostatic component. These partial differential equations are hyperbolic, and the characteristic equations and characteristic directions are derived. Using these to form a characteristic mesh, a hypothetical unsteady curved-flow problem is calculated, not based upon observed data, merely as an example to illustrate the simplicity of their application to unsteady flows over mountains.
Increasing participation from underrepresented minorities in STEM through robotics clubs

This paper describes our team's efforts in designing and establishing after-school robotics clubs throughout the San Antonio area in order to increase Hispanic participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. We discuss our model of informal learning environments for motivating minority children from linguistically and culturally diverse populations as well as the implementation plan used for partnering with schools to start after-school robotics clubs.
Evaluation of a PCR based assay for specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken washes.

An assay for Campylobacter jejuni based on the polymerase chain reaction was developed in our laboratory and shown to be a sensitive and specific method to identify this bacterium in pure culture. This assay was evaluated as a method to rapidly detect C. jejuni attached to chicken carcasses. Chicken carcasses were sampled for PCR using three methods including pre-enrichment of the washes, direct plating of the washes and differential centrifugation of the washes prior to testing. It was found that plating the wash solutions on Campy Cefex plates prior to performing PCR was the most specific and reliable of the three treatment menthods evaluated.
Combined Use of PCR-Based TCRG and TCRB Clonality Tests on Paraffin-Embedded Skin Tissue in the Differential Diagnosis of Mycosis Fungoides and Inflammatory Dermatoses

The distinction between mycosis fungoides (MF) and inflammatory dermatoses (ID) by clinicopathologic criteria can be challenging. There is limited information regarding the performance characteristics and utility of TCRG and TCRB clonality assays in diagnosis of MF and ID from paraffin-embedded tissue sections. In this study, PCR tests were performed with both TCRG and TCRB BIOMED-2 clonality methods followed by capillary electrophoresis and Genescan analysis using DNA samples from 35 MF and 96 ID patients with 69 and 133 paraffin-embedded specimens, respectively. Performance characteristics were determined for each test individually and in combination. TCRG and TCRB tests demonstrated identical sensitivity (64%) and specificity (84%) when analyzed as individual assays. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and change of posttest MF probability over a range of MF pretest probabilities were obtained. These data were used to construct an algorithm for sequential use of TCRG and TCRB. As single tests, commercially available BIOMED-2 PCR-based TCRG and TCRB clonality tests on paraffin-embedded tissue have no significant difference in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Combined use of the two tests in patients with intermediate pretest probabilities as proposed in the algorithm could improve test utility.
First principles calculations of ZnS:Te energy levels

A comprehensive density-functional calculation for the ZnS:Te isoelectronic impurity state is presented. We deploy a charge patching method that enables us to calculate systems containing thousands of atoms. We found that the impurity state is only weakly localized, and previous calculations using 64-atom cells were severely unconverged. Our calculated impurity binding energy agrees with experimental photoluminescence excitation spectrum. We have analyzed the impurity wave function in both real space and the reciprocal space, and in terms of the host bulk valence bands. We have also calculated the Stokes shifts and Jahn-Teller effects. We found small Stokes shift compared to the experimental results, which might indicate the limitations of the current method. We also calculated the ${\mathrm{Te}}_{n}$ clusters and their impurity states. We found six (counting spin) bound states inside the band gap of ZnS for all $1l~nl~4.$ We obtained pressure coefficients for ${\mathrm{Te}}_{n},$ all close to the value of bulk ZnS. This is consistent with the fact that the impurity states of ${\mathrm{Te}}_{n}$ consist almost entirely of the bulk valence bands of ZnS. Finally, we have calculated the effects of spin-orbit coupling for the impurity state eigenenergies.
Equivalence of the Light Cone Formulation and the Gauge Invariant Formulation of String Dynamics

Abstract We show how to fix the newly discovered gauge-invariant string field theory to the light-cone gauge. We prove that this procedure leads to the well-known light-cone formulation of string field theory, with no additional propagating degrees of freedom.
Vortices and monopoles on a sphere

The theory of a vortex-monopole Coulomb gas on a two-dimensional sphere is presented. We discuss the structure of Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitions, construct the effective Lagrangian induced by vortices and monopoles, and exhibit a generalized form of vortex-monopole duality.
The venture capital market and technological innovation

Abstract This paper was stimulated by assertions that technological innovation in the United States by new or small firms is being delayed or altogether stifled by an inadequate supply of capital for such firms. Analysis of available data on the performance and activities of public venture capital sources and information supplied by knowledgeable people in the field provided little support, on strictly economic grounds, for the argument that a major problem exists. The data, however, are extremely thin and inadequate to suport recommendations for major policy changes.
Epistemic justification and premise acceptability

In this paper, we want to explore the connection between premises' being acceptable and their being in some sense justified. The equivalence of premise acceptability and justification seems intuitively correct. But to argue for such a connection, we need to analyze the concepts of acceptability and justification. Such an analysis also seems necessary if this equivalence is to advance our understanding of premise acceptability. Following L. J. Cohen, we may say S believes that p when S is disposed to feel it true that p, while S accepts that p when S takes that p as a premise for further deliberation or action. Reasons for belief are reasons for acceptance, and epistemological (as opposed to pragmatic) reasons for acceptance are reason for belief. Following William P. Alston, we may explicate being a justifying reason for belief through the notion of an adequate ground on which the belief is based. In turn, adequacy of ground means that the mechanism grounding the belief is reliable. Given these notions, we may define a concept of justification in terms of presumptive adequacy.
Prinzmetal’s variant angina: Electrocardiographic and angiographic correlations

Thirty patients with variant angina pectoris (VAP) were analyzed for electrocardiographic features during episodes of VAP. Twenty-nine of these patients had cardiac catheterization, and an autopsy study was performed in one. The patients showed predominantly concave upright T-waves during pain. An increase of R wave amplitude (expressed as delta R) of more than 10% was seen in 17/30 patients (57%). The primary ST-T changes produced by the VAP episodes were conspicuous in two patients with pre-existent complete left and right bundle branch block. Serious dysrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation (VF), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (more than five/min, multifocal and R on T phenomenon), and 2 degrees atrioventricular block were found in thirteen patients (43%). The development of dysrhythmias was related to the duration of VAP episodes. The average time to onset of dysrhythmias was 3.54 min. The dysrhythmias were not contingent upon pre-existing coronary artery anatomy (defined by Friesinger's coronary score), left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular segmental abnormalities. The location of the ST-segment elevation and the presence of dysrhythmias during the episodes of VAP (A-V blocks, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation) were not predictive factors of the coronary anatomy. Eight patients (27%) developed myocardial infarction (MI). Five of them had nontransmural MIs and three developed transmural MIs. The development of MI was not related to the severity of the VAP attacks (appreciated by the magnitude of ST-segment elevation and R wave changes) but showed a relation to the development of an unstable pattern which preceded the infarction. Sixteen patients underwent exercise testing. In eight of them, the coronary arteriograms were normal (Group I); in the remaining eight, significant proximal coronary artery obstructive disease was found (Group II). Group I patients displayed a normal ST-segment response and functional aerobic capacity (FAI = 4.4 +/- 14) as well as normal heart rate (HR) and double product (SBP X HR) responses (HR = 154 +/- 21; SBP X 21; SBP X HR = 290 +/- 71). During exercise, a normal delta R was observed. With one exception, Group II patients showed an abnormal ST-segment response with an overall low exercise capacity (FAI = 57 +/- 17) and decreased hemodynamic response (HR = 27; SBP X HR = 130 +/- 40). FAI, HR, SBP X HR Group I vs. Group II = P less than .005/less than .02/less than .005. The abnormal ST-segment response included elevation in four patients and depression in three. During exercise, Group I with ST-elevation displayed a normal (negative) delta R response; while Group II with ST-depression displayed an abnormal delta R response (positive or no change). There was no difference in the coronary score between Group II patients with ST-segment elevation or depression.
Dynamics of functional and effective connectivity within human cortical motor control networks.

Objective Praxis, the performance of complex motor gestures, is crucial to the development of motor and social/communicative capacities. Praxis relies on a network consisting of inferior parietal and premotor regions, particularly on the left, and is thought to require transformation of spatio-temporal representations (parietal) into movement sequences (premotor).
Organizational Vision: An Investigation of the Vision Construct-In-Use of Aacsb Business School Deans

No previous research has examined systematically the construct of organizational vision in academic administration. The study presented here used a questionnaire design to evaluate and analyze the ...
HIV and HIV Dementia

Long before the discovery of the human immunodeficiency viruses, HTV-1 and HIV-2, studies with visna virus and other lentiviruses of ruminants established that neuroinvasiveness and neuroviru-lence are a characteristic of lentiviral infections (Nathanson, 1998). Soon after the first descriptions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), landmark studies by Price and others (Price et al, 1988) established the importance of neurological symptomatology in a significant proportion of HIV infected individuals. The neurological deterioration attributed to HIV infection itself (as opposed to the problems associated with opportunistic infection) has been described extensively in many reviews, but can be briefly summarized as a subcortical dementia, differing from cortical dementias by the tendency for memory impairment to occur after other cognitive symptoms like inattention, indifference, and psychomotor slowing (reviewed in Atwood et al, 1993; McArthur et al, 1994), and by prominent motor abnormalities ...
The relationship between patient age and pain management of acute long-bone fracture in the ED

Abstract Objective Certain patient populations may be unable to communicate their needs in the emergency department (ED) setting, and the ability to communicate varies between age groups. We aim to determine if there are differences in pain management of acute long-bone fracture (ALBF) among age groups presenting to the ED. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review of a consecutive sample of subjects over 13 months. Fracture site, subject age, arrival time, whether pain medication was administered, and time to initial administration were recorded. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups based on age: pediatric ( Results A total of 1255 patients were included in analysis. One hundred seventy-seven (78.0%) pediatric, 364 (86.5%) adult, and 486 (80.1%) geriatric patients received pain medication during their ED stay. Median and average times to initial pain medication administration with 95% confidence intervals were 44 and 52.0 minutes (45.9-58.1), 39 and 53.6 minutes (48.8-58.4), and 55 and 73.2 minutes (68.1-78.3) for pediatric, adult, and geriatric groups, respectively. A single-factor analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between the groups ( P t tests revealed significant differences between pediatric and geriatric groups ( P P Conclusions Although most patients presenting to the ED with ALBF were geriatric, these patients were the least likely to have their pain addressed in a timely fashion. Subgroup analysis of pediatric and geriatric populations indicates significant delay, especially for those ages younger than 3 and 85 years and older. We believe that patients within these groups experience the greatest difficulty communicating their needs effectively due to age-related issues.
Immunocytochemical evaluation of estrogen receptor on archival Papanicolaou-stained fine-needle aspirate smears.

The availability of limited fine-needle aspirate smears necessitates the selection of immunocytochemical (IC) methods that allow reuse of Pap-stained smears to assess the estrogen receptor (ER) status of breast carcinoma. The objective of the current study was to compare IC evaluation of ER status on FNA smears by three methods: 1) ER-ICA using H222 monoclonal antibody performed on slides fixed in formaldehyde-methanol-acetone; 2) destained Pap slides using 1D5 antibody; and 3) Pap-stained slides without destaining using the same 1D5 antibody. Two representative Pap smears of breast carcinoma were selected from 48 cases of breast carcinoma in which ER was previously evaluated by ER-ICA. One of these Pap smears was used as such and the other was destained prior to immunostaining by a modified ABC method using 1D5 monoclonal antibody. The number of cells with positive nuclear staining was expressed as a percentage and the intensity of staining was semiquantitatively scored on a scale of 1+ to 3+. The degree of agreement between the three methods was evaluated statistically by weighted kappa statistics. Thirty cases (63%) showed varying degrees of positive staining while 18 cases (38%) were entirely negative by all three methods. Significant discrepancies in the number of cells with positive staining and in the intensity of staining between the three methods occurred in 40% and 23% of the cases and was mainly due to a reduction in the number of cells with positive staining and the intensity of staining using Pap slides in comparison to ER-ICA. Weighted kappa agreement of the percentage of cells with positive staining using Pap-stained slides and destained Pap-slides in comparison to ER-ICA was 0.75 and 0.64, respectively, and that for the intensity of staining was 0.75 and 0.66, respectively. Therefore, IC evaluation of ER using Pap-stained smears as such or destained Pap smears compared favorably with ER-ICA. However, Pap-stained smears used as such for ER immunostaining showed a slightly better agreement with ER-ICA than destained Pap smears. Because significant differences in ER-IC staining can occur with any of the immunocytochemical methods, a negative result is less reliable as an indicator of true ER status than a positive result.
Bringing together the academic drug discovery community

The newly formed Academic Drug Discovery Consortium (ADDC) aims to support the growing numbers of university centres engaged in drug discovery that have emerged in response to recent changes in the drug discovery ecosystem.
Overexpression of a glutamine synthetase gene affects growth and development in sorghum

Nitrogen is a primary macronutrient in plants, and nitrogen fertilizers play a critical role in crop production and yield. In this study, we investigated the effects of overexpressing a glutamine synthetase (GS) gene on nitrogen metabolism, and plant growth and development in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L., Moench). GS catalyzes the ATP dependent reaction between ammonia and glutamate to produce glutamine. A 1,071 bp long coding sequence of a sorghum cytosolic GS gene (Gln1) under the control of the maize ubiquitin (Ubq) promoter was introduced into sorghum immature embryos by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Progeny of the transformants exhibited higher accumulation of the Gln1 transcripts and up to 2.2-fold higher GS activity compared to the non-transgenic controls. When grown under optimal nitrogen conditions, these Gln1 transgenic lines showed greater tillering and up to 2.1-fold increase in shoot vegetative biomass. Interestingly, even under greenhouse conditions, we observed a seasonal component to both these parameters and the grain yield. Our results, showing that the growth and development of sorghum Gln1 transformants are also affected by N availability and other environmental factors, suggest complexity of the relationship between GS activity and plant growth and development. A better understanding of other control points and the ability to manipulate these will be needed to utilize the transgenic technology to improve nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants.
Hypnosis — Both Poetry and Science

The origins of hypnosis are indisputably clinical, but its current acceptability and recognition stem largely from the high calibre of academic investment and the findings in experimental laboratories in recent years. What we know has been accumulated in the context of a rigorous adherence to finely developed research methods, constructive scepticism, and cold facts. Clinical results, on the other hand, demand flexibility, imaginative phrases, deep feelings, and even lofty thoughts. The poetry and the science are both essential for survival.
The association of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and oleic acid with wheat flour components during dough making

The association of lipids with other flour components after dough making has been examined by aqueous fractionation of flour prior to the extraction of lipids. Glycerol tripalmitate has been shown to be associated with acetic-acid-insoluble protein while glycerol trioleate associates with the glutenin of acetic-acid-soluble protein. Oleic acid divides fairly evenly between these fractions. Changes in lipid and protein distribution in some fractions are associated with the addition of oleic acid to the dough. Some of these changes are at least partially reversed by increasing the triglyceride content of the dough.
Plant age, communication, and resistance to herbivores: young sagebrush plants are better emitters and receivers

Plants progress through a series of distinct stages during development, although the role of plant ontogeny in their defenses against herbivores is poorly understood. Recent work indicates that many plants activate systemic induced resistance after herbivore attack, although the relationship between resistance and ontogeny has not been a focus of this work. In addition, for sagebrush and a few other species, individuals near neighbors that experience simulated herbivory become more resistant to subsequent attack. Volatile, airborne cues are required for both systemic induced resistance among branches and for communication among individuals. We conducted experiments in stands of sagebrush of mixed ages to determine effects of plant age on volatile signaling between branches and individuals. Young and old control plants did not differ in levels of chewing damage that they experienced. Systemic induced resistance among branches was only observed for young plants. Young plants showed strong evidence of systemic resistance only if airflow was permitted among branches; plants with only vascular connections showed no systemic resistance. We also found evidence for volatile communication between individuals. For airborne communication, young plants were more effective emitters of cues as well as more responsive receivers of volatile cues.
Lupus Erythematosus and Polymorphous Light Eruptions

The term chronic polymorphous light eruption, introduced by Hausmann and Haxthausen in 1929 (1), describes a “prurigo-like” as well as an eczematous eruption, both of which are induced by exposure to sunlight. Other names for them include dermatopathia photogenica, erythema perstans solare, and prurigo aestivalis (2). This paper, however, deals only with the prurigo-like eruption which Hutchinson (3) called “Summer Prurigo. Summer prurigo is characterized by recurrent eruptions on those portions of the body exposed to sunlight. There may be prodromal symptoms of burning or itching. Erythema and some degree of urticaria-like swelling soon develop. The early lesions may fade but are usually replaced by more or less persistent, discrete, inflammatory papules or plaques which may become confluent resulting in diffuse involvement of the exposed skin. This condition commonly begins in late spring or early summer and usually terminates spontaneously in the fall. Remission often follows the use of sun-protective measures (2, 4, 5). Lamb and his associates have recently elaborated on some of the details of this affection (4).
ePLAS model developments for short pulse interaction studies

We outline new features and recent applications of ePLAS, an implicit/hybrid simulation model in use for Fast Ignition. The code tracks light to the critical surface in laser targets, and treats the generation hot electrons and their subsequent transport and deposition in the background target plasma. The light is typically at ∼1020 W/cm2 intensities, delivered in picosecond pulses, pushing with a ponderomotive force. Within a target energy is principally transported by PIC particle relativisitic electrons. The background plasma is modeled as a Van Leer Eulerian fluid with flux limited cold electron thermal conductivity. The E- and B-fields are determined by the Implicit Moment Method, permitting extremely efficient calculations, with speedy testing of multiple options - even on a PC. New code additions include improved cylindrical modeling, multiple laser beams for ion focusing studies, EOS additions for Z modification as targets absorb energy, and a 1D sub-code for fundamental light absorption studies. The targets have been foils, cone targets, and cone and nail-headed wires of CD, aluminum and copper.
Aborto: delito arcaico, punibilidad regresiva y explotación social

This article includes abortion in a cultural-historical classification of crimes that places it within those of archaic character, i.e. that are wastes of other customs and past times, and that have nothing to do with current valuations. Its penalty, therefore, has to be regressive, with consequent reversion to outmoded ways of living together. After reviewing the retrograde elements of the indication system in modern times, even the anachronisms of the term system in the impunity formulas, accepted to whom agrees with the termination of pregnancy in the first months of the gestation, the author explains that the only way of permanently removing ballast religious, parental-marital subjugation of the mother and the economic exploitation of the working classes, decisive in shaping historical crime, consists on giving preference to women´s freedom in the regulation of their personal life and family, reserving punishment to abortions commited against their will or by persons or under conditions that endanger their existence.
Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis

The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs by synthesizing quantitative results reported in the research literature. Studies meeting predefined criteria were identified and reviewed, and their results were synthesized through meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for overdose recoveries for individuals who received naloxone dispensed by non-medical community members, and the standardized mean difference was calculated for test scores of non-medical volunteers who received training in overdose management versus the scores of untrained volunteers. Pooled data from four studies showed that naloxone administration by bystanders was associated with a significantly increased odds of recovery compared with no naloxone administration (OR = 8.58, 95% CI = 3.90 to 13.25). Data from five studies of overdose education indicated that average scores were significantly higher for trained participants than untrained participants for tests on naloxone administration, overdose recognition, and overdose response (standardized mean difference = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.77). Empirical evidence in the research literature suggests that bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs are associated with increased odds of recovery and with improved knowledge of overdose recognition and management in non-clinical settings.
Translating Ribosomes Inhibit Poliovirus Negative-Strand RNA Synthesis

Poliovirus has a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity that serves two essential functions at the start of the viral replication cycle in infected cells. First, it is translated to synthesize viral proteins and, second, it is copied by the viral polymerase to synthesize negative-strand RNA. We investigated these two reactions by using HeLa S10 in vitro translation-RNA replication reactions. Preinitiation RNA replication complexes were isolated from these reactions and then used to measure the sequential synthesis of negative- and positive-strand RNAs in the presence of different protein synthesis inhibitors. Puromycin was found to stimulate RNA replication overall. In contrast, RNA replication was inhibited by diphtheria toxin, cycloheximide, anisomycin, and ricin A chain. Dose-response experiments showed that precisely the same concentration of a specific drug was required to inhibit protein synthesis and to either stimulate or inhibit RNA replication. This suggested that the ability of these drugs to affect RNA replication was linked to their ability to alter the normal clearance of translating ribosomes from the input viral RNA. Consistent with this idea was the finding that the protein synthesis inhibitors had no measurable effect on positive-strand synthesis in normal RNA replication complexes. In marked contrast, negative-strand synthesis was stimulated by puromycin and was inhibited by cycloheximide. Puromycin causes polypeptide chain termination and induces the dissociation of polyribosomes from mRNA. Cycloheximide and other inhibitors of polypeptide chain elongation “freeze” ribosomes on mRNA and prevent the normal clearance of ribosomes from viral RNA templates. Therefore, it appears that the poliovirus polymerase was not able to dislodge translating ribosomes from viral RNA templates and mediate the switch from translation to negative-strand synthesis. Instead, the initiation of negative-strand synthesis appears to be coordinately regulated with the natural clearance of translating ribosomes to avoid the dilemma of ribosome-polymerase collisions.
Virtual facilitation as a collaborative e-learning tool

The Virtual Facilitator is a system that is designed to facilitate collaborative learning through the use of mobile devices. It is “collaborative” in multiple senses, and can promote several kinds of learning.
Activity of Jewelweed and Its Enzymes in the Treatment of Rhus Dermatitis

In sensitized albino guinea pigs it was not possible to demonstrate therapeutic activity for jewelweed in poison ivy dermatitis after the outward manifestations became apparent. Neither was it possible to exhibit activity in limiting the biologic activity of poison ivy when poison ivy extracts and jewelweed juice were combined in vitro, or on the skin. This was attributable to a lesser degree of sensitivity in guinea pigs than in man and the greater amounts of ivy toxin necessary to elicit dermatitis exceeded the neutralizing powers of even concentrated preparations of jewelweed. In human subjects jewelweed was of no value in treating experimentally established dermatitis. Jewelweed juice or concentrated solutions of jewelweed enzymes were capable of inactivating more dilute poison ivy extracts when mixed in vitro and tested on human subjects under controlled conditions.
The MPEG-DASH Standard for Multimedia Streaming Over the Internet

MPEG has recently finalized a new standard to enable dynamic and adaptive streaming of media over HTTP. This standard aims to address the interoperability needs between devices and servers of various vendors. There is broad industry support for this new standard, which offers the promise of transforming the media-streaming landscape.
Logarithmic Delay for $N \times N$ Packet Switches Under the Crossbar Constraint

We consider the fundamental delay bounds for scheduling packets In an N times N packet switch operating under the crossbar constraint. Algorithms that make scheduling decisions without considering queue backlog are shown to incur an average delay of at least O(N). We then prove that O(log(N)) delay is achievable with a simple frame based algorithm that uses queue backlog information. This is the best known delay bound for packet switches, and is the first analytical proof that sublinear delay is achievable in a packet switch with random inputs.
Investigating the relationship between time in market and pioneering advantage

In field studies based on pre-test market and scanner data, researchers have found evidence of pioneering advantage in the form of an order-of-entry effect: a permanent share advantage that is greatest for the first brand to enter a market and smaller for each subsequently entering brand. Conceptually, an order-of-entry effect implies that the share advantage of a market pioneer over the second entrant is constant, regardless of the length the of time the pioneer is alone in the market or the length of time since the entry of the second brand. We argue that pioneering advantage is also related to a brand's length of time in the market: the longer the brand's time in market during which time it can impact consumer learning and influence consumer perceptions and preferences, the greater its relative share advantage. We present a parsimonious model of this time-in-market effect and test of model using two data sources: cross-category data collected and analyzed by Urban et al. 1986 and regional roll-out data for a single product category.
Two Sample Logo: a graphical representation of the differences between two sets of sequence alignments

Sumary: Two Sample Logo is a web-based tool that detects and displays statistically significant differences in position-specific symbol compositions between two sets of multiple sequence alignments. In a typical scenario, two groups of aligned sequences will share a common motif but will differ in their functional annotation. The inclusion of the background alignment provides an appropriate underlying amino acid or nucleotide distribution and addresses intersite symbol correlations. In addition, the difference detection process is sensitive to the sizes of the aligned groups. Two Sample Logo extends WebLogo, a widely-used sequence logo generator. The source code is distributed under the MIT Open Source license agreement and is available for download free of charge. Availability: http://www.twosamplelogo.org Contact: predrag@indiana.edu
Atomic Aversion: Experimental Evidence on Taboos, Traditions, and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons

How strong are normative prohibitions on state behavior? We examine this question by analyzing anti-nuclear norms, sometimes called the “nuclear taboo,” using an original survey experiment to evaluate American attitudes regarding nuclear use. We find that the public has only a weak aversion to using nuclear weapons and that this aversion has few characteristics of an “unthinkable” behavior or taboo. Instead, public attitudes about whether to use nuclear weapons are driven largely by consequentialist considerations of military utility. Americans’ willingness to use nuclear weapons increases dramatically when nuclear weapons provide advantages over conventional weapons in destroying critical targets. Americans who oppose the use of nuclear weapons seem to do so primarily for fear of setting a negative precedent that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons by other states against the United States or its allies in the future.
Review of Fluid Slip over Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Its Dependence on the Contact Angle

A review of the characteristics of hydrophobicity is presented, with the goal of investigating the relationship, if any, between the contact angle (a macroscopically observed property) and the slip length (a microscopic phenomenon). An analysis of simulations, and of their evolution through the years, sheds light on some inherent differences between contact angle and slip length behavior on flat and patterned surfaces. Previous studies lead to the conclusion that epitaxial layering of fluid near the solid is intricately related to the magnitude of fluid slip. Epitaxial layer data help to explain unexpected slip length behavior in relation to the contact angle, and reported inconsistencies between slip length experiments and simulations. Therefore, it seems that solids that can produce favorable epitaxial layering of the fluid will cause larger slip. Dimensional analysis is used to elucidate the contact angle−slip length relationship. Results can be applied to the development of artificial supersolvophobic...
Aberration-corrected rounded-edge geodesic lenses

The design of rounded-edge optical waveguide lenses is presented. The lenses constructed by this method are aberration-free, rotationally symmetric geodesic lenses, where the radius and the focal length are arbitrarily given initial parameters. The rounding section of these lenses is a part of the lens; that is, without the rounding, the lens would not be aberration free. The design involves conversion of uniform refractive index rounding sections of depression lenses into outer annuli of generalized Luneberg lenses. The inner part of each generalized Luneberg lens is constructed with a technique called the annulus technique. Finally, these generalized Luneberg lenses are converted into uniform index depression lenses. The profiles of lenses so constructed are at least one-time continuously differentiable.
The two-fifths and one-fifth rules for rossby wave breaking in the WKB limit

Abstract A stationary Rossby wave, sinusoidal in longitude, is slowly switched on, and the meridional propagation of the resulting wave front through a shear flow is examined. Initially the flow is westerly everywhere and therefore free of critical layers. The transition from reversible to irreversible behavior as the wave amplitude is increased is described. It is shown that under slowly varying conditions in an inviscid quasi-linear model, a steady state is obtained if, and only if, the mean flow is decelerated by less than two-fifths of its initial value as a result of the passage of the wave front. If this passage causes a larger mean flow reduction, a pile-up of wave activity in the shear layer culminates in the generation of a critical layer, qualitatively as in Dunkerton's model of gravity wave–mean flow interaction. This qualitative picture is shown to be preserved in the quasi-linear model when the slowly varying assumption breaks down. Fully nonlinear calculations show that these quasi-linear re...
Method for Estimating the Chemical Crosslink Densities of Cured Natural Rubber and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Abstract Chemical crosslink densities of gum and carbon black-filled natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were estimated by using a newly developed rheometer. The rheometer is the Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA 2000) which is designed specifically to measure dynamic properties such as shear storage modulus G′ and shear loss modulus G″ in cured and uncured rubber. It was found that the differences between the G′ values of dicumyl peroxide-cured NR and those of uncured samples yielded estimates of the crosslink densities which were nearly the same as the values inferred by chemical analysis. For TMTD-cured SBR, the same procedure yielded estimates of chemical crosslinks very close to those estimated by a tensile stress-strain method and by NMR. In addition, accelerated sulfur-cured natural rubber was also investigated. The agreement between the crosslink densities of these stocks determined from G′ values and from a solvent-swelling method was very good.
Blunt Abdominal Trauma: Evaluation and Indications for Laparotomy

Blunt trauma accounts for 80–90 % of the trauma seen in most civilian trauma centers. Significant abdominal trauma is present in 12–15 % of such patients and usually occurs in association with multisystem injury. Although laparotomy is required in only 30–40 % of patients with blunt abdominal trauma, the importance of prompt evaluation and operative therapy is underscored by the observation that the majority of preventable deaths after blunt trauma is due to either unrecognized abdominal injury, or under-appreciation of the severity of abdominal injury (1). This review will focus first on the currently available modalities for evaluation of the abdomen, and then discuss how these modalities may be applied to the multiply injured blunt trauma patient. Finally the indications for laparotomy in general and related to specific organs will be presented.
Abstract 19232: The Retinoblastoma Protein is Inactivated in Response to Cardiac Pressure Overload and Regulates Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cardiomyocytes

The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a well-known regulator of cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation. The best studied binding partner of pRb is the E2f transcription factor family. Bound to E2fs, pRb inhibits the ability of E2fs to promote transcription. Here we investigated the role of pRb in mediating growth and death of cardiomyocytes (CMs) in vivo during pressure overload (PO). We first investigated the phosphorylation and activity status of pRb in response to PO. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed in wild type mice. Since phosphorylation of pRb at Ser780 is known to de-repress E2fs, we conducted Western blot analyses using a specific antibody against pRb phosphorylated at Ser780. TAC for 4 weeks induced a significant increase in Ser780 phosphorylation of pRb compared to sham operation. In order to elucidate the function of endogenous pRb during PO, cardiac specific pRb knockout (cRb-KO) mice were also subjected to TAC. Cardiac hypertrophy (heart weight/tibial length: 12.93 ± 0.85 vs. 9.32 ± 0.34, p 2.5 times) mRNA, well-known targets of E2f mediated transcription, at baseline and after TAC, suggesting that E2f transcription is stimulated by downregulation of endogenous pRb. cRb-KO mice exhibited an increase in TUNEL-positive nuclei (0,42% vs. 0,18%, p
Pre-Certification Communication Ethics in Class Actions

In a traditional lawsuit, when an attorney files a complaint on a client's behalf, the existence of an attorney-client relationship is unquestioned. However, this clarity does not currently exist between class counsel and unnamed class members until a federal district court certifies the action as a class action. Accordingly, the existing law leaves the relationship between class counsel and prospective class members undefined at a particularly critical time in the litigation-after filing, but before class certification. This uncertainty leaves class counsel, defense counsel, and the prospective class members in a very awkward situation. If unnamed class members are not full-fledged clients of the class attorneys, neither are they traditional third parties with whom lawyers for the parties are expected to deal at arm's length as non-advocates. They are intimately involved in the action, with their interests squarely at stake. The unnamed class members are expected shortly to ripen into members of a fully represented class, belonging squarely on one side of the litigation. The authorities generally agree that once the court certifies the case as a class action, a lawyer-client relationship exists between class counsel and all class members, whether named or unnamed. Pre-certification, however, the rules are less well-defined. The majority view, embraced by most courts, the Restatement, and the leading class action treatise, holds that before class certification, putative class members are not represented by class counsel. In short, the majority view adopts an arbitrary bright line approach, creating an illusion of certainty in an ambiguous relationship and failing to balance relevant considerations. Accordingly, an approach is needed that better serves both the absent class members and the realities of class action litigation. In Gulf Oil Co. v. Bernard, the Supreme Court noted that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the First Amendment, and the ethical rules all have implications for pre-certification attorney communications with unnamed class members. This Article proposes a balancing test involving these three considerations. This approach more fully acknowledges the necessity of protecting potential class members and the implications of the ethical rules, while providing a remedy for improper communications by either defense counsel or class counsel.
Taxing and Untaxing Land: Open Space and Conservation Easements

The author looks at whether conservation easements should be exempt from property taxes. It is often difficult to estimate the effect of an easement on property value, the author says.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Acute Symptomatic Seizures, and Epilepsy

Investigators at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Johns Hopkins University, studied the incidence and risk factors for seizures and epilepsy in 73 children with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) including 20 perinatal subjects (>37 weeks gestation to 28 days) and 53 aged >28 days to <18 years at presentation.
The immunoelectrophoretic pattern of properdin in fresh and aged human serum.

SummaryWe have described for the first time a technique for demonstrating human properdin in whole serum by immunoelectrophoresis. Utilizing this method, we have noted a change in the immunoelectrophoretic migration of properdin by incubating serum at 37°. There was a concomitant decrease in the functional activity of properdin and CH50, as well as conversion of β1C to a β1A pattern on immunoelectrophoresis. It is probable that the changes in the electrophoretic mobility of properdin resulted from a fundamental change in the properdin molecule.The authors wish to acknowledge the expert technical assistance of Kay Townsend.