cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of atomic scale interfaces in the compressive behavior of carbon nanotubes in composites

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are potentially promising fibers for ultra high strength composites. In order to fully harness the outstanding mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes as fiber reinforcements, it is essential to understand the nature of load transfer between fiber and matrix under various types of loading conditions that include tension, compression, torsion and a combination thereof. In this paper, we study the compressive behavior (buckling and post-buckling) of carbon nanotubes in the neat form, when they are embedded in polyethylene matrix and with interface chemical modifications using molecular dynamics simulations based on Tersoff–Brenner potential. It is observed that the critical load for buckling increases only very marginally for nanotubes embedded in polythene matrix (with non-bonded interface) compared to neat CNTs. When CNTs are chemically bonded to the matrix, the compressive behavior occurs in two phases; pre- and post-buckling phases. First, the critical stress for buckling is found to reduce because the change in chemical bonding induces deviation from perfect cylindrical structure. In the post-buckling phase, however, the nanotubes behave similar to short fibers and deform by crushing. The results are compared with continuum solutions, wherever applicable. It is shown that the continuum solutions should be applied carefully whenever the effect of nanoscale interfaces becomes a factor.
Outcomes associated with the internal fixation of long-bone fractures proximal to traumatic amputations.

Background: Preservation of optimal residual limb length following a traumatic amputation can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to determine if acceptable results can be achieved by definitive fixation of a long-bone fracture proximal to a traumatic amputation. Methods: We identified thirty-seven active-duty military service members who underwent internal fixation of a long-bone fracture proximal to a traumatic amputation. Functional status was assessed with the Tegner activity level scale and prosthesis use. Secondary outcome measures were the development of nonunion, infection, and heterotopic ossification. Results: Twelve patients (32%) underwent amputation and fracture in the same osseous segment. Ten patients (27%) sustained bilateral traumatic amputations, and eight (22%) had a major fracture of the contralateral extremity. The median times to fracture fixation and amputation closure were twelve days and nineteen days, respectively, after the injury. The mean Tegner activity score was 3.32 (range, 1 to 6); patients with isolated extremity injuries had significantly higher Tegner scores than those with severe bilateral injuries (3.59 and 2.38, respectively; p = 0.04). Thirty-three patients (89%) developed an infection requiring surgical debridement. However, all fractures were treated until union occurred, and amputation level salvage was successful in all instances. Heterotopic ossification developed in twenty-eight patients (76%), with operative excision required in eleven patients (39%). Conclusions: High complication rates, but acceptable final results, can be achieved with internal fixation of a fracture proximal to a traumatic amputation to preserve functional joint levels or salvage residual limb length. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Plant stress detection by remote measurement of fluorescence

Chlorophyll fluorescence of mature lemon trees was measured with a Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD). An increase in fluorescence was correlated with plant water stress as measured by stomatal resistance and twig water potential.
Interpretation of the effect of structure on the mechanical properties of VTZ-1 alloy

1. The Interrelation between the ultimate tensile and yield strength values and the structure.of VTZ-1 alloy may be explained using the Petch equation, in which, in the case of a lamellar structure, the size of colonies with the same direction of lamellas and in the case of an equiaxed structure, the size of α-grains has been adopted as the characteristic grain size. 2. The values of the parameters σ0 and, especially, of ky, for the lamellar structure are larger than for the equiaxed structure which in the case of the colonies of identical size and α-grains, accounts for the higher strength of the lamellar structure. 3. Within the temperature range 20–350 °C the friction stress σ0 decreases while at higher temperatures (up to 600 °C) it remains constant. The parameter ky in the temperature range 20–600 °C follows a curve having a maximum at 350 °C. 4. For the limiting values of the long-term strength and fatigue and for plasticity properties of the alloy with a lamellar structure this relationship is similar to the Petch equation. 5. By reducing the size of colonies it is possible to improve the mechanical properties of VTZ-1 alloy rods with a lamellar structure.
Indium(III) triflate — a catalyst for greener aromatic alkylation reactions

An environmentally friendly method for alkylating aromatic compounds with simple alcohols in the presence of a catalytic amount of indium(III) triflate is reported. Ionic liquids are used as solven...
The effect of thiol reagents on GABA transport in rat brain synaptosomes.

The nature of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport has been investigated in preparations of rat brain synaptosomes using a number of thiol reagents with varying membrane permeabilities. N-Ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate effectively inhibited GABA transport in both directions (i.e., uptake and release) whereas 5,5′ -dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate, mercaptopropionate and N-nitroethylenediamine were much less effective, or ineffective, even at millimolar concentrations. For each of the thiol reagents, the inhibition profile for GABA uptake was approximately the same as that for its release. The effectiveness of the reagents indicates that there is an external, reactable SH-group on the transporter, that the thiol reagent must be somewhat lipophilic for it to react with the SH-group(s) and that the same synaptosomal transport system is responsible for both uptake and release of GABA.
Nanostructured Thermoelectrics: The New Paradigm?†

This review discusses recent developments and current research in bulk thermoelectric materials in which nanostructuring is a key aspect affecting thermoelectric performance. Systems based on PbTe, AgPbmSbTe2+m, NaPbmSbTe2+m, Bi2Te3, and Si are given particular emphasis. To date the dramatic enhancements in figure of merit in bulk nanostructured materials come from very large reductions in lattice thermal conductivity rather than improvement in power factors. A discussion of future possible strategies is aimed at enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit of these materials.
Alteration of the chemical composition of mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) leaf litter fall by freeze damage

Abstract Resorption, the remobilization and subsequent transport of leaf constituents (e.g. N, C, and P) into the perennial structures of the plant prior to leaf abscission, may be interrupted or prevented by stressors that interfere with the normal course of leaf senescence. Mangroves that lie along the latitudinal extremes of their distribution are susceptible to freeze damage that may periodically disrupt the normal resorptive process. On January 24, 2003, the white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) in a northern portion of Tampa Bay, Florida were exposed to freezing temperatures for 8 h. The leaves of these trees were noticeably withered by this freeze event. Over a four-month period following the freeze, we compared the subsequent rate of leaf litter production at this site to that of two, apparently undamaged, fringing mangrove forests in Tampa Bay. We also examined the carbon and nitrogen concentrations of the leaf litter from the litter traps at these three sites and compared it to that of green, yellow (nearly senescent), and freeze-damaged leaves hand-picked from the mangroves. A pronounced pulse of leaf litter fall (maximum: 7 g dw m−2 d−1) was found at the putatively freeze-damaged site but not at the two comparison sites. In addition, the leaf litter at the freeze-damaged site was richer in nitrogen and carbon, and had a lower C:N than litter collected at the comparison sites. Comparison of the elemental composition of this leaf litter with leaves hand-picked from the mangroves suggests that the freeze event killed the leaves of L. racemosa, interrupting the process of resorption. This perturbation to nutrient flow may have implications for mangrove forest structure and the entry of mangrove material into food webs.
Placebo-controlled study of sertraline in depressed recently abstinent alcoholics

Abstract Background: Depression is common among recently abstinent alcoholics; however, its treatment has been little studied. Methods: Thirty-six depressed recently abstinent alcoholics were randomized in a 6-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial of sertraline 100 mg daily. Results: There was a significant group × time interaction for both the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). For the HDRS there were significant differences between the sertraline and placebo groups at weeks 3 and 6 and for the BDI at week 3. Also, patients receiving sertraline had significantly lower mean posttreatment HDRS and BDI scores than patients receiving placebo. Furthermore, significantly more of the patients receiving sertraline obtained a Clinical Global Impression rating of “very much improved.” Conclusions: Depressed recently abstinent alcoholics benefit from antidepressant medication.
The First Oligocene Mammalian Fauna from Northern South America: ABSTRACT

Fossil vertebrate remains were found on the northwest limb of the San Jose anticline south of the Rio Tetuan and approximately 10 kilometers northeast of Chaparral, Tolima, in the upper Magdalena region, Colombia. They were discovered in a thin lense of bone breccia within a blue-gray clay member (La Cira zone) of the Gualanday (Brazalosa) series. The type La Cira from the middle Magdalena was called upper Oligocene by A. A. Olsson as based on a fresh-water invertebrate fauna. The mammal remains from Chaparral indicate a relationship close to the Deseado lower Oligocene of Argentina. Tentative faunal list: Chelonian, crocodilian, ground-sloth, toxodont (? Proadinotherium), litoptern (? Prothesodon), astrapothere (near Uruguaytherium), and ? condylarth. End_of_Article - Last_Page 131------------
Overview of Tau Physics

Abstract Impact of τ leptons on the frontiers of particle physics are overviewed. These include studies of the Higgs, SUSY and other new particles in different exotic models decaying to τ leptons, searches for lepton flavor violation and charge-parity violation in τ decays, tests of lepton universality, α s , g − 2 and | V u s | determination from τ decays.
Gestation Trophoblastic Diseases: Management of Cases with Persistent Low Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Results

The finding of persistent low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) raises concern, regardless of the antecedent history, and often provokes the evaluating physician to embark on further work-up. The USA hCG Reference Service was started in 1998 to aid physicians with these persistent low hCG cases. This article reviews the observations of the USA hCG Reference Service for 134 cases with persistent low hCG results. Examination of these cases provides clear insight for the appropriate management of those presenting with persistent low levels of hCG. Three distinct sources are discussed for persistent low hCG results: quiescence gestational trophoblastic disease, false-positive hCG results, and pituitary hCG.
Ultrasensitive silicon photonic-crystal nanobeam electro-optical modulator: Design and simulation

Design and simulation results are presented for an ultralow switching energy, resonator based, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) electro-optical modulator. The nanowire waveguide and Q ~8500 resonator are seamlessly integrated via a high-transmission tapered 1D photonic crystal cavity waveguide structure. A lateral p-n junction of modulation length Lm ~λ is used to alter the index of refraction and, therefore, shift the resonance wavelength via fast carrier depletion. Differential signaling of the device with ΔV ~0.6 Volts allows for a 6dB extinction ratio at telecom wavelengths with an energy cost as low as 14 attojoules/bit.
Communication-aware coverage control for robotic sensor networks

The purpose of this paper is to propose a control scheme to maximize area coverage and at the same time ensure reliable communication in networks of mobile robot sensors. The information that is generated at the sensors depends on the sensing capabilities of the sensors as well as on the frequency at which events occur in their vicinity, captured by appropriate probability density functions. This information is then routed to a fixed set of access points via a multi-hop network whose links model the probability that information packets are correctly decoded at their intended destinations. The proposed hybrid controller simultaneously optimizes coverage and routing of information by decoupling control in the continuous and discrete domains. The robots' motion is performed in continuous time, along the negative gradient of a cost function that combines the coverage objective and a barrier potential used to ensure satisfaction of desired communication rates. On the other hand, the communication variables are updated periodically, in discrete time, by the solution of an optimization problem, and constitute the switching signal in the continuous motion control. Simulation studies are conducted verifying the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Migration, unemployment dispersion and the Phillips curve.

Abstract Policy-makers have long known that the complexity of the labor market creates the potential for a wide variety of strategies to be utilized to improve the ‘wage inflation-unemployment’ trade-off. This research assesses the potential effect of two unemployment-reducing strategies — reducing the dispersion of unemployment rates and increasing labor-force migration. The results of the regression analysis suggest that an approach which encourages labor-force migration would be more efficient than the present shot-gun approach of CETA and other manpower programs. Cost estimates also suggest that it is more expensive to improve the Phillips curve through employment expanding expenditures than it is to improve the curve through migration inducement.
Parallel line and relative potency analysis of bioassay and radioimmunoassay data using a desk top computer.

Abstract The bioassay data processing program of Faden and Rodbard [1] has been adapted for use on a desk top computer. The parallel line statistical analysis and relative potency estimation routines permit rapid evaluation of the bioassay and radioimmunoassay potencies of unknown preparations relative to standardized reference materials.
Multichannel optical correlator/convolver utilizing the magnetooptic spatial light modulator

The paper describes a multichannel correlator/convolver architecture utilizing an acoustooptic light modulator for the one dimensional channel and a magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) for the second two-dimensional parallel channel. The MOSLM allows greater parallelism to be implemented in this correlator/convolver design than was previously reported. The implementation of 24 parallel channels with a 48 x 48 device is demonstrated. Experimental data are presented and the ways of increasing the number of parallel channels using commercially available MOSLMs and other previously discussed techniques, such as frequency multiplexing, are discussed. It is shown that over 2000 parallel channels are possible at 32-bit accuracy. A technique for obtaining a limited gray scale is also discussed.
Theoretical study of a hypothetical metallic phase of carbon.

We have studied the structural properties and electronic structure of a hypothetical, all-{ital sp}{sup 2} phase of carbon using the first-principles pseudopotential total-energy method. The phase, called bct-4 C, is found to be a low-compressibility metal. Because of the nearly perfect lattice match with the diamond (100) surface, we suggest that it may be possible to epitaxially grow bct-4 C on the diamond (100) surface.
Analysis of circular source-detector geometries for near-infrared tomographic imaging

Near-infrared imaging is being examined clinically as a diagnostic tool to image hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation within tissue. Optical projection measurements can be detected from tissue surfaces and combined with an appropriately designed diffusion model-based image reconstruction algorithm to recover maps of the tissue interior. One important issue in the development of this modality is that the geometry of source and detector fibers has a significant impact of the resulting images. In this paper we examine the tradeoffs between using a full circular array of measurements versus a partial array of measurements, as often described in the fan beam imaging approach. Case examples are presented to qualitatively illustrate the possible improvement in going from a circular geometry to the fan-beam geometry of detectors.
Invertible Three-Dimensional Analysis/Synthesis System for Video Coding with Half-Pixel-Accurate Motion Compensation

Three-dimensional subband coding with motion compensation (MC- 3DSBC) has been demonstrated [1-4] to be an efficient technique for video coding applications. With half-pixel- accurate motion compensation, images need to be interpolated for motion-compensated (MC) temporal filtering. The resulting analysis/synthesis system is not invertible. In this paper, we propose a new three-dimensional analysis/synthesis system which guarantees perfect reconstruction and has a nonrecursive coding structure. We replaced the analysis/synthesis system of [1] by the new scheme. The resulting coding system does not have distortion from the analysis/synthesis system and allocate bits among classes of 3-D subbands optimally in the sense of rate-distortion function. The experimental results show that the proposed video coding system improves [1] by PSNR .3 - 2.0 dB and TM5 MPEG [10] by PSNR 2.1 - 3.0 dB over a range of bit rates.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Potential Impact of ‘Public Access’ Legislation on Access to Forestry Literature

There have been increasing calls for the United States (U.S.) government’s implementation of broad public access policies mandating free online access to federally funded research. This study examines the potential impact of such a policy on peer-reviewed forestry literature. The authors analyze information about federal government authorship, federal government funding, and U.S. authorship indicated in articles published in five core forestry journals in 2006. The results of the analysis provide evidence that federal public access legislation would have a significant impact on the accessibility of forestry literature published in leading journals in the field.
Guest Editors' Introduction: From Fee to Free: Achieving the Right to Education in China

(2008). Guest Editors' Introduction: From Fee to Free: Achieving the Right to Education in China. Chinese Education & Society: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 4-8.
Modesty in the Top Management Team Investor Reaction and Performance Implications

Much of the recent research on executive characteristics focuses on attributes that society tends to view negatively, such as self-interest, self-serving bias, and narcissism. While providing insights into how executives’ impact organizational outcomes, there may be attributes more positively viewed by society present in top management teams (TMTs) that have been overlooked, specifically TMT modesty. Though modesty deviates from the conventional view of executives, evidence from social psychology suggests that modesty positively impacts career success and upward mobility, suggesting that at least some individuals that rise to the level of the TMT are more modest than previously expected. Building on this insight, we argue that TMT modesty both elicits positive investor reactions following earnings calls and corresponds with higher levels of firm performance.
Environmental implications of incineration of municipal solid waste and ash disposal.

Abstract Owing to unsightliness and the threat of groundwater pollution, landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) is giving way to incineration in many communities. Environmental contamination from particulate and gaseous emissions containing heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatics (PCA), acids and other compounds from such incinerators, as well as safe ash disposal, are of great concern. Concentration ranges of elements and organic toxicants in incinerator ashes, emissions and cooling waters are given. The literature is reviewed concerning the effects of incinerator operating parameters on emissions. Incinerators equipped with modern pollution control devices (electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, dry scrubbers, spray towers) and operated at optimum temperature with sufficient oxygen, turbulence (mixing) and residence time for complete combustion appear to minimize ash, elemental, gaseous and organic emissions. Environmental aspects of MSW incineration are considered and reviewed. The presence of metals and organics in incinerator quench water and in leachates from ash disposed in landfills are reviewed, as well as their toxicity to fish. The behavior and effects of atmospheric emissions in soils and plants are discussed. Research on the effect of ash-derived PCDD and PCDF on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity and the immune system in laboratory animals is cited. The presence of metals, organics and mutagens in the incinerator workplace air and the possible effects of air-borne contaminants on inhabitants nearby is reviewed. Several studies dealing with human risk assessment of MSW incineration are cited.
Safety and Efficacy of Cyproheptadine for Treating Dyspeptic Symptoms in Children

Objective To present our experience using cyproheptadine, a potent serotonin antagonist used to stimulate appetite, to treat dyspeptic symptoms in children. Study design This was a retrospective open-label study conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cyproheptadine in children with refractory upper gastrointestinal symptoms (eg, nausea, early satiety, vomiting, retching after fundoplication, abdominal pain). Response was graded as resolution if symptoms resolved and medication was discontinued, as significant improvement if symptoms resolved with no further interventions, and as failure with any other outcome. Results A total of 80 children (65% females) aged P = .04 and .03, respectively). No associations were found between response to therapy response and gastric emptying, antroduodenal manometry, functional dyspepsia, vomiting, and use of cyproheptadine as first therapy. Early vomiting (occurring within 1 hour after starting a meal) responded better than late vomiting ( P = .03), and patients with retching after undergoing Nissen fundoplication had an 86% response rate. Twenty-four patients (30%) complained of side effects, all mild, including somnolence (16%), irritability and behavioral changes (6%), increased appetite and weight gain (5%), and abdominal pain (2.5%), but only 2 of these patients discontinued therapy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an association between side effects and lack of response to therapy ( P = .04), but no associations with age and sex. Conclusion Cyproheptadine is safe and effective for treating dyspeptic symptoms in children, particularly in young children and those with early vomiting and retching after fundoplication.
A Three-Dimensional Computer Model for Simulation of Light-Trapping Effects in Porous Silicon

It has been demonstrated that porous silicon can be used to enhance the sensitivity, spectral bandwidth, and light acceptance angle of photodiodes. In an attempt to better understand light trapping effects in porous silicon, a three-dimensional model was used to approximate the surface geometry of porous silicon. It was found that the main contributing factor to the observed high efficiencies is the shape of the pores. The general shape resembles cylindrical shaped sections, whose radii are in the micron range. The results of the computer simulation were compared to actual experimental results where porous silicon was tested under variable conditions of lighting and porosity. The comparison shows that the simulation gives a good approximation of the behavior of porous silicon. Although the simulation does not perfectly match experimental values, it does provide the insight that the surface geometry of porous silicon is the main contributing factor to its efficiency in trapping light.
Local/Regional Policies—Acting Globally by Thinking Locally

This paper discusses some relationships between local decision making—that undertaken at a municipal, state, provincial or company level—and global climate change, and presents some preliminary results of some research we are undertaking to improve our understanding of these relationships.
A note on open linear systems

A theorem is given which states a necessary and sufficient condition for the specific activity to be uniform throughout an open compartmental system in the steady state.
AGE-DEPENDENT INCREASE OF INDIGENOUS DNA ADDUCTS IN RAT BRAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH A LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCT

Abstract Indigenous DNA adducts (I-compounds) are considered to be a biomarker of aging tissues. Thus far, few studies have been conducted to investigate the accumulation patterns of I-compounds in the brain during aging. Particularly, identities of age-dependent I-compounds have largely remained unknown. In the current study, we have determined the amounts of I-compounds in the brains of male Fischer 344 rats at ages 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months using a 32p-postlabeling technique. The results indicate that I-compounds increase in the rat brain age dependently from 6 to 24 months of age. Total I-adduct levels (central and upper cutouts) increase 3.5-fold from 6 to 24 months. Contrary to the results of other investigators, brains of I -month-old rats contain the highest level of I-compounds, which may be due to the hypermetabolic status during the infant period. In an effort to characterize I-compounds, different deoxynucleosides were coincubated with malondialdehyde (MDA). The results show that only deoxyguanosine (dGMP)-MDA adducts overlap with I-compounds of the rat brain DNA adducts map. A total of five dGMP-MDA adducts have been identified as responsible for I-compounds in brain tissues. It is known that brain tissue contains high levels of lipids that are susceptible to oxygen free radicals and that MDA is the most abundant and genotoxic product of lipid peroxidation. The present study provides supporting evidence that lipid peroxidation and its product (MDA) may play an important role in endogenous brain DNA modification, which may partly contribute to cerebral aging and age-related degenerative disorders of the brain. The accumulation of I-compounds with aging may serve as an index of indirect oxidative damage to DNA as evidenced by the presence of MDA-DNA adducts.
The relevance of calorimetry to physical organic chemistry

The lecture discusses the unique value of solution calorimetry for the resolution of a variety of problems in physical organic chemistry. The past fifty years have been a Golden Age of enlightenment in providing a clear picture of how and why organic chemical reactions take place. Through the application of simplified notions of the transition state, and a carefully developed characterization of high energy intermediates (e.g. radicals, carbenium ions, and carbanions), organic chemistry developed a language of electron transfer mechanisms so powerful that college sophomores taking their introductory organic course became able to solve problems and make predictions that would have baffled Nobel Laureates in the 1920s. Although most of the fundamental structure/energy relationships through which organic chemistry has been reduced to a rational science have depended on free energy measurements (rates and equilibria), many fundamental problems could be attacked more directly by determination of heat changes using calorimetry. The failure of most organic chemists and most calorimetrists to exploit these opportunities has been somewhat puzzling, but has provided the lecturer and his students with a relatively unchallenged niche from which to attack some fundamental organic chemical problems that will be reviewed in the presentation.
Two‐dimensional superstructure in the (001) plane of Bi2[Ca,Sr]3Cu2O8+δ thin films

Thin films of Bi‐Ca‐Sr‐Cu‐O showing superconductivity above 100 K have been made by electron beam evaporation with oxygen post‐annealing. The major superconducting phase, Bi2[Ca,Sr]3Cu2O8+δ (Tc ∼85 K), is oriented epitaxially with the (100)SrTiO3 substrate. In addition to the one‐dimensional incommensurate superstructure along the b axis, which is characteristic of this phase, we have observed by transmission electron microscopy a two‐dimensional incommensurate superstructure in the a‐b plane with a different periodicity and a different orientation relationship to the subcell.
Effects of microstructure on the oxidation behavior of multiphase Mo–Si–B alloys

Abstract The oxidation behavior of multiphase Mo–Mo 5 SiB 2 (T2)–Mo 3 Si alloys was examined in terms of different starting morphologies and volume fractions of the phases. The multiphase alloys were cast and heat-treated at 1600 °C before performing the cyclic oxidation tests at temperatures between 600 and 1300 °C. Alloys compositions were chosen near the Mo–T2 eutectic trough resulting in microstructures containing either primary Mo-dendrites or primary T2-dendrites. After cyclic oxidation tests at 800 °C, a Mo interfacial layer was found adjacent to the T2 phase along the oxide/matrix interface while a Mo 5 Si 3 interfacial layer was found adjacent to the Mo 3 Si phase. For specimens tested at 1300 °C, a Mo+glass interfacial region was found. The multiphase alloys have a poor oxidation resistance at 800 °C due to the competing oxide formation of the Mo oxides and a silicate glass. However, a protective glass scale can form on these alloys at 1300 °C. The presence of Mo 3 Si was found to be an import source of Si in addition to the T2 phase in controlling the composition of the protective glass scale. The near-eutectic alloys with a fine dispersion of T2, Mo, and Mo 3 Si phases displayed the best overall oxidation resistance for the temperatures tested.
Multivalued functionals and geometrical approach for quantization of relativistic particles and strings

Abstract The application of the coherent state method combined with the method of orbits to the Feynman path integral formulation of quantum problems with a dynamical symmetry group is presented and used for the quantization of relativistic spinning particles and strings. The action of a spinning string considered as a quantization of the Kac-Moody group based on the Poincare group is expressed in terms of the extrinsic geometry of the embedding of the surface into the flat space-time. The geometrical quantization and Feynman path integral formulation of some models known in condensed matter physics is also presented.
Economists' Models of Learning

Abstract Economic theorists have intensively studied learning in games and decisions over the last decade. This essay puts some of the work in perspective and offers opinions about what still needs to be learned. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C73, D83.
Housing is positively associated with invasive exotic plant species richness in New England, USA

Understanding the factors related to invasive exotic species distributions at broad spatial scales has important theoretical and management implications, because biological invasions are detrimental to many ecosystem functions and processes. Housing development facilitates invasions by disturbing land cover, introducing nonnative landscaping plants, and facilitating dispersal of propagules along roads. To evaluate relationships between housing and the distribution of invasive exotic plants, we asked (1) how strongly is housing associated with the spatial distribution of invasive exotic plants compared to other anthropogenic and environmental factors; (2) what type of housing pattern is related to the richness of invasive exotic plants; and (3) do invasive plants represent ecological traits associated with specific housing patterns? Using two types of regression analysis (best subset analysis and hierarchical partitioning analysis), we found that invasive exotic plant richness was equally or more strongly related to housing variables than to other human (e.g., mean income and roads) and environmental (e.g., topography and forest cover) variables at the county level across New England. Richness of invasive exotic plants was positively related to area of wildland-urban interface (WUI), low-density residential areas, change in number of housing units between 1940 and 2000, mean income, plant productivity (NDVI), and altitudinal range and rainfall; it was negatively related to forest area and connectivity. Plant life history traits were not strongly related to housing patterns. We expect the number of invasive exotic plants to increase as a result of future housing growth and suggest that housing development be considered a primary factor in plans to manage and monitor invasive exotic plant species.
Successful implementation of cognitive interviews in special populations

The cognitive interview, with a focus on debriefing methods, was developed in the 1980s to identify sources of potential response error in surveys or questionnaires. With the release of the final US FDA guidance, titled ‘Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims’, cognitive interviews have gained importance and relevance both for concept elicitation and debriefing purposes in the context of instrument development. This article is intended as a guide for the researcher working with special populations in methods to foster successful cognitive interviews that meet FDA standards. While many of these techniques are broadly applicable, specific recommendations are provided for working with pediatric and cognitively challenged populations, as well as with individuals with communication difficulties.
Nine episodes of CPD-associated peritonitis with vancomycin resistant enterococci

Nine episodes of CPD-associated peritonitis with vancomycin resistant enterococci. Nine episodes of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD)-associated peritonitis with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) were described between November 1993 and February 1996 in our dialysis unit. During the time period, 216 patients were treated for 227 episodes of peritonitis. Of the patients developing peritonitis with VRE the mean age ± SD was 56.3 ± 9.7 years. There were 5 females, 4 males, 5 Caucasians and 4 African-Americans. Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disease were present in 7, 8 and 7 of the 9 patients with VRE peritonitis, respectively. Patients were maintained on CPD therapy for an average of 29.9 ± 19.2 patient months before developing VRE peritonitis. The prior rate of CPD associated peritonitis in the patients developing VRE peritonitis was significantly higher than the rate noted in the CPD patients not developing peritonitis with VRE (1 episode in 6.3 patient months vs. 1 episode in 12.5 patient months, P
Effects of skeletal muscle sarcomere length on in vivo capillary distensibility.

Abstract The structural integrity of the capillary wall is such that capillary luminal distensibility is largely determined by support provided by the tissue in which it is located. Given that O 2 flux density is greatest across the skeletal muscle capillary endothelium, any changes in capillary diameter ( d c ) would be expected to affect O 2 diffusing capacity as well as hemodynamic resistance. We used intravital microscopy techniques to study the maximally vasodilated rat ( n = 5) spinotrapezius muscle microcirculation in vivo within the physiological sarcomere length range, at high and low mean arterial pressures (MAP) systematically altered by blood withdrawal and infusion. We tested the hypothesis that in vivo capillary diameter alterations in response to changes of MAP would be reduced at extended sarcomere lengths. At 2.4-μm sarcomere length, mean d c ( d c ) within the spinotrapezius increased from 5.6 ± 0.1 to 5.9 ± 0.1 μm ( P d c in response to changes in MAP at 3.2-μm sarcomere length. Furthermore, at sarcomere lengths P d c ( n = 40) as MAP increased, whereas d c ( n = 49) remained unchanged with alterations of MAP when sarcomere length was ≥2.8 μm ( P > 0.05). These data suggest that pressure-induced alterations in capillary luminal diameter and thus “ in vivo capillary distensibility” are dependent upon the presiding sarcomere length. Furthermore, we conclude that the MAP-induced increases in capillary luminal diameter at the shorter sarcomere lengths are modest (∼5%) and unlikely to affect O 2 diffusing capacity and vascular resistance appreciably.
Measurements of multiple mole fraction fields in a turbulent jet by simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence and planar Rayleigh scattering

This paper presents two-dimensional measurements of all individual mole fractions in a three-species, non-reacting turbulent flow, using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar laser Rayleigh scattering. The flow is an axisymmetric jet of acetone and helium in an air coflow. PLIF measures the acetone mole fraction, while Rayleigh scattering measures a linear combination of the acetone and helium mole fractions. The simultaneous implementation of these techniques allows for the calculation of the helium and air mole fraction fields. The results of this diagnostic method are being used for the study of multicomponent molecular transport effects in turbulent fluid mixing.
Epidermal Wnt Controls Hair Follicle Induction by Orchestrating Dynamic Signaling Crosstalk between the Epidermis and Dermis

A signal first arising in the dermis to initiate the development of hair follicles has been described for many decades. Wnt is the earliest signal known to be intimately involved in hair follicle induction. However, it is not clear whether the inductive signal of Wnt arises intradermally or intraepidermally. Whether Wnt acts as the first dermal signal to initiate hair follicle development also remains unclear. Here we report that Wnt production mediated by Gpr177, the mouse Wls ortholog, is essential for hair follicle induction. Gpr177, encoding a multipass transmembrane protein, regulates Wnt sorting and secretion. Cell type–specific abrogation of the signal reveals that only epidermal, but not dermal, production of Wnt is required. An intraepidermal Wnt signal is necessary and sufficient for hair follicle initiation. However, the subsequent development depends on reciprocal signaling crosstalk of epidermal and dermal cells. Wnt signals within the epidermis and dermis and crossing between the epidermis and dermis have distinct roles and specific functions in skin development. This study not only defines the cell type responsible for Wnt production, but also reveals a highly dynamic regulation of Wnt signaling at different steps of hair follicle morphogenesis. Our findings uncover a mechanism underlying hair follicle development orchestrated by the Wnt pathway.
Agricultural trade and poverty in Chile: a spatial analysis of product tradability

Many questions have arisen about the relationship between international agricultural trade and poverty in developing countries. This article explores these questions by analyzing local agricultural tradability indices, which measure the degree to which commodities produced in a particular region are traded internationally. Data are examined for Chile, a middle-income country with a history of international agricultural trade over the last decades. Empirical results indicate that a higher agricultural tradability index is associated with lower poverty rates across Chilean comunas.
A Dusty Fluid Model for Predicting Hydroxyl Anion Conductivity in Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes

Advances in metal-cation-free, quaternary ammonium, polymer alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) have provided a recent resurgence of interest in the alkaline fuel cell (AFC). The alkaline environment supported by the AAEM offers several potential advantages, including opportunities for the use of non-noble metal catalysts with high energy density and logistically favorable fuels and oxidants, such as methanol and air. However, recent experimental literature has shown that the AAEM derived AFCs have considerable resistive losses that can be attributed to the AAEM. This work describes a dusty fluid model used to predict AAEM conductivities as a function of relative humidity and membrane properties in an initial attempt at forming a framework for understanding the processes at work. A percolation model is used to account for the membrane structure. The model is validated using Nafion 115 conductivity data.
On “Theoretical Framework and Tests” of Early Hominid Meat and Marrow Acquisition: A Reply to Shipman

'For influencing (the clan?) ethnolinguists, I would suspect that Hymes (1964:167) has been more important than the works discussed by Martin. Hymes got the number (four) right, and succinctly stated the consensus view (from which I doubt that Boas, Whorf, Hall, or Brown would depart) that "cultural categories are lexically expressed not automatically, but selectively." In four years of ethnolinguistics courses, I do not recall terms for snow being mentioned (and Martin does not provide any evidence of the "oral transmission" she claims). 2Brown 1976; Murray 1983:222. In the American Anthropologist (61 [3]), George Trager was even more caustic than Martin about
Humanoid synthesis using Clifford algebra

One of the challenges in the simulation of human motion, either applied to humanoid robots or avatars in virtual environments, is to design a kinematics structure and a set of joint trajectories that move a robot or avatar in a human-like manner. In this paper, a technique is introduced to create accurate human-like motion with a simplified topology as a reference. Using an optical motion capture system, a finite number of key poses are captured from different subjects performing full body articulated movements. Motion is modeled using the Clifford algebra of dual quaternions and dimensional synthesis techniques are applied to generate the kinematic skeleton of a 3D avatar or robot. The synthesized kinematic skeleton provides location of joints and dimensions of the links forming the limbs, as well as the joint trajectories. Five serial chains constitute our approximation to the human skeleton. Revolute, universal and spherical joints are employed, although other topologies can be used in a similar fashion. Several real datasets are evaluated and results demonstrate that good accuracy can be obtained at interactive rates using the presented methodology. The results show that using simple serial chains in combination with dimensional synthesis suffices to generate the mechanical structure and trajectories of a humanoid robot or 3D avatar mimicking human motion
Role of Rules in Paired-Associate Learning

14 students in each of four groups learned a single unmixed list of 19 CVC pairs for 12 anticipation trials followed by a free recall of the pairs. In three of the four lists a single rule applied to all of the pairs. The rule was that the words in each pair changed first letter (rhymed), changed middle letter, or changed last letter. A fourth list contained only pairs of unrelated words. Mean number of correct anticipations per trial showed rhyming and end-change rules to be equally beneficial, although not as effective as the middle-change rule. Free recall of the pairs showed no differences among lists. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that rules facilitate retrieval by restricting the number of responses to be considered for each stimulus.
Communication about opioid versus nonopioid analgesics in the emergency department.

Objective: The Medication Communication Index (MCI) was used to compare counseling about opioids to nonopioid analgesics in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. Design: Secondary analysis of prospectively collected audio recordings of ED patient visits. Setting: Urban, academic medical center (>85,000 annual patient visits). Participants: Patient participants aged >18 years with one of four low acuity diagnoses: ankle sprain, back pain, head injury, and laceration. ED clinician participants included resident and attending physicians, nursing staff, and ED technicians. Main outcome measures: The MCI is a five-point index that assigns points for communicating the following: medication name (1), purpose (1), duration (1), adverse effects (1), number of tablets (0.5), and frequency of use (0.5). Recording transcripts were scored with the MCI, and total scores were compared between drug classes. Results: The 41 patients received 56 prescriptions (27 nonopioids, 29 opioids). Nonopioid median MCI score was 3 and opioid score was 4.5 (p = 0.0008). Patients were counseled equally about name (nonopioid 100 percent, opioid 96.6 percent, p = 0.34) and purpose (88.9 percent, 89.7 percent, p = 0.93). However, patients receiving opioids were counseled more frequently about duration of use (nonopioid 40.7 percent, opioid 69.0 percent, p = 0.03) and adverse effects (18.5 percent, 93.1 percent, p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, opioids ( β = 0.54, p = 0.04), number of medications prescribed ( β = − 0.49, p = 0.05), and time spent in the ED ( β = 0.007, p = 0.006) were all predictors of total MCI score. Conclusions: The extent of counseling about analgesic medications in the ED differs by drug class. When counseling patients about all analgesic medications, providers should address not only medication name and purpose but also the less frequently covered topics of medication dosing, timing, and adverse effects.
Branching on attribute values in decision tree generation

The problem of deciding which subset of values of a categorical-valued attribute to branch on during decision tree generation is addressed. Algorithms such as ID3 and C4 do not address the issue and simply branch on each value of the selected attribute. The GID3* algorithm is presented and evaluated. The GID3* algorithm is a generalized version of Quinlan's ID3 and C4, and is a non-parametric version of the GID3 algorithm presented in an earlier paper. It branches on a subset of individual values of an attribute, while grouping the rest under a single DEFAULT branch. It is empirically demonstrated that GID3* outperforms ID3 (C4) and GID3 for any parameter setting of the latter. The empirical tests include both controlled synthetic (randomized) domains as well as real-world data sets. The improvement in tree quality as measured by number of leaves and estimated error rate is significant.