cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everybody’s Right, So What’s Left?

Handedness is measured by tests of hand preference, the preferred hand used for one-handed activities like writing, and hand performance, skill, and timing differences between the hands for activities like placing pegs in holes or finger tapping. There are many hand preference questionnaires but issues of questionnaire length, scoring procedure, and classification system make the identification of left-handers problematic. Left-handers are more likely to report the use of the right hand for some activities than right-handers to report the use of the left hand. For this reason, left-handers are at higher risk of misclassification when questionnaire scores are used to form right- and left-handed groups. Left-handers may also show lesser degrees of asymmetry in skilled hand performance when the preferred hand actions are compared to those of the nonpreferred hand. The classification of individuals into right- and left-handed groups is fluid but there are recommended best practices for the measurement of handedness.
APPLICATION OF CERC SPECIAL REPORT NO. 2

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the new manual titled Small Craft Harbors: Design, Construction and Operation, published by the D. S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) as Special Report No. 2 dated December 1974. The objective of the manual is to enable anyone with a basic engineering background to plan and design small craft harbors or do so with the help of one or more specialists. The manual outlines methods of investigating the problems involved and the various engineering, economic and environmental criteria to be applied. It covers much of the planning and design considerations discussed by the A.S.C.E. Committee on Small Craft Harbors in manuals and reports on engineering practice, #50, "Report on Small Craft Harbors 1969". However, it also incorporates a considerable amount of additional information in the form of special design and construction techniques, certain rules of thumb commonly accepted in marina design practice, and observations as to elements of good practice in this field. It provides a compendium of planning data gleaned through a nationwide canvassing of marina operators, marina design engineers, and trades people who provide commonly used marina construction products. Also included in the manual are some of the design and construction requirements of various Federal, state and local government agencies having jurisdiction over, or assisting with the development of small craft harbors.
Design-synthesis co-optimisation using skewed and tapered gates

This paper presents a novel technique to optimize the design of non-conventional tapered and skewed standard cell gates, and the synthesis algorithms for efficient usage of such gates in IBMs high-performance 22nm CMOS SOI technology. The focus is on design considerations to ensure that synthesis can use these gates efficiently, leveraging the resulting timing improvements for faster timing closure of high-performance microprocessor designs. A detailed analysis is presented, where by exposing these gates to synthesis at different points in the process, the optimal point of insertion is identified. Also an efficient algorithm is proposed to handle decisions regarding the conversion of conventional gates to non-conventional gates, after taking into account multiple factors including delay and slew. Results show 25 – 30% improvement in total negative slack of designs and 20 –25% reduction in the total number of negative paths, without any major impact on total power of the designs.
On Economic Law Teaching Reform in Management Major in Independent Colleges

The training objective of management of the independent college is to train compound and practical managing talents who are both good at management and law.However,there are some drawbacks on the current economic law courses of professional management,such as lacking of professional characteristics in teaching content,inflexible teaching methods.The article makes reformatory proposals to current drawbacks of economic law teaching in order to provide reference to improve the effect of economic law teaching of the independent college.
Shortchanged: The Tax Compliance Challenges of Small Business Operators Driving the On-Demand Platform Economy

The last time Congress enacted substantial tax reform — in 1986 — only 8.2% of American households owned personal computers. Today, more than 87% of American adults own a mobile phone and on-demand platforms like Uber, Etsy, Lyft, Airbnb, HomeAway, Amazon, and TaskRabbit have become household names by connecting businesses and consumers. Although millions of Americans are engaging in the on-demand platform economy every day as sellers and service providers, the tax compliance challenges this new frontier presents have gone relatively unnoticed. At the same time, these challenges will grow with this fastest growing segment of the labor economy — creating unnecessary and ongoing burdens for the small business operators who power the on-demand economy.This report, in keeping with the mission of the Kogod Tax Policy Center to conduct non-partisan research on tax issues specific to small businesses and entrepreneurs, identifies the tax compliance challenges the on-demand economy presents for its small business operators. Having spent more than a year investigating this growing problem, we report that:More than 2.5 million U.S. taxpayers are participating in the on-demand platform economy as small business owners every year, and that number is set to more than double in the next few years.At best, these small business owners are shortchanged when filing their taxes; at worst, they fail to file altogether. In addition, these taxpayers face potential audit and penalty exposure for failure to comply with filing rules that are triggered by relatively low amounts of earned income and inconsistent reporting rule adoption.The current tax administration system isn’t working for a significant percentage of these small business taxpayers or Treasury or IRS. The existing tax rules effectively create a $19,399 reporting tax loophole impacting millions of taxpayers (the difference between the income thresholds triggering Forms 1099-K and 1099-MISC reporting), resulting in widespread confusion among taxpayers.The current state of play is one of unnecessary burden, potential audit and penalty exposure for on-demand platform economy players. We can do better.
Monocyte functional and metabolic activity in malignant and inflammatory diseases.

Abstract Macrophages or monocytes produce CL upon exposure to ingestible particles such as opsonized zymosan or bacteria. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that activated macrophages from mice produce significantly more CL than do normal macrophages. In the present study, we have utilized the CL assay as well as 14 C-1-glucose utilization to assess monocyte metabolic activity in a variety of malignant, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Monocyte peak CL was significantly increased above control values (20.9 ± 0.5 (S.E.) × 10 3 cpm) in 25 patients with lymphoma (26.7 ± 1.5 × 10 3 ). Markedly increased CL was also seen in inflammatory processes such as bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis (32.2 ± 2.7 × 10 3 ). In contrast, monocytes from patients with solid tumors, including carcinomas of breast and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, had peak CL values (22.4 ± 1.6 × 10 3 ) which were not significantly different from controls. When studied by determining 14 C-1-glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt activity paralleled CL values. Monocyte metabolic activation appears therefore to accompany ongoing infectious or granulomatous processes and may also be present in certain malignancies associated with reticuloendothelial stimulation.
The Gentry Timber Sale: Behavioral Patterning and Predictability in the Upper Cherry Creek Area, Central Arizona

ABSTRACTAn archaeological sample survey of a 3.160 ha timber sale on the Tonto National Forest identified several small Vosberg Mogollon settlements marginal to the larger Vosberg Valley population a few miles to the south. A predictive model developed and tested during the survey indicated that this short term population incursion exploited small localized areas of soil and water resources. The model serves as an attempt to isolate factors involved in the development of economic and organizational patterns observed in the Q Ranch-Vosberg area.
p53 and Mouse Aging Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various mouse models of aging, with a particular emphasis on the potential role of p53 gene in regulating cellular senescence and organismal aging. A primary function of p53 is to protect the normal dividing cells from stress-induced damage. In an unstressed cell, p53 exists at low basal levels in the cytoplasm and is activated by a number of cellular insults, including DNA damage, hypoxia, and aberrant growth signaling. Posttranslational modifications play an important role in activating p53. There are many sites of phosphorylation and acetylation on p53. Many of these phosphorylations can occur rapidly following DNA damage. The ability of p53 to induce transient cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and/or senescence in response to cellular stress is crucial for the prevention of tumorigenesis. In contrast to transient cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that allow for the repair and removal of damaged cells from tissues, respectively, senescence does not remove cells. Thus, cells that are dysfunctional or potentially neoplastic may be permanently retained. Posttranslational modifications of the p53 protein are critical for its stabilization and activation in response to cellular stressors. Both the phosphorylation and acetylation of p53 appear to play an important role in its ability to mediate the induction of cellular senescence.
Advanced Imaging for Vascular TOS

Noninvasive advanced imaging of vascular thoracic outlet syndrome is best performed with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both modalities allow for dynamic imaging of the thoracic outlet and can demonstrate narrowing of the arteries or veins that is induced by positional changes. This chapter focuses on the technical aspects of CT and MR imaging of the thoracic outlet, with particular attention paid to the advantages and limitations of these techniques. In addition, case examples of both arterial and venous thoracic outlet syndrome ­diagnosed with CT or MRI are provided.
Aluminum Film-Over-Nanosphere Substrates for Deep-UV Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

We report here the first fabrication of aluminum film-over nanosphere (AlFON) substrates for UV surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (UVSERRS) at the deepest UV wavelength used to date (λex = 229 nm). We characterize the AlFONs fabricated with two different support microsphere sizes using localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, SERRS of adenine, tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II), and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene, SERS of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (as a nonresonant molecule), and dielectric function analysis. We find that AlFONs fabricated with the 210 nm microspheres generate an enhancement factor of approximately 104–5, which combined with resonance enhancement of the adsorbates provides enhancement factors greater than 106. These experimental results are supported by theoretical analysis of the dielectric function. Hence our results demonstrate the advantages of using AlFON substrates for deep UVSERRS enhancement and contribute to broadening the SERS application range w...
Where no Ras has gone before: VPS35 steers N-Ras through the cytosol

Ras is the best-studied member of the superfamily of small GTPases because of its role in cancer. Ras proteins transmit signals for proliferation, differentiation and survival. Three RAS genes encode 4 isoforms. All Ras isoforms have long been considered membrane bound, a localization required for function. Our recent study revealed that N-Ras differs from all other isoforms in being largely cytosolic even following modification with a prenyl lipid. Endogenous, cytosolic N-Ras chromatographed in both high and low molecular weight pools, a pattern that required prenylation, suggesting prenyl-dependent interaction with other proteins. VPS35, a coat protein of the retromer, was shown to interact with prenylated N-Ras in the cytosol. Silencing VPS35 results in partial N-Ras mislocalization on vesicular and tubulovesicular structures, reduced GTP-loading of Ras proteins, and inhibited proliferation and MAPK signaling in an oncogenic N-Ras-driven tumor cell line. Our data revealed a novel regulator of N-Ras trafficking and signaling.
Noise Equalization for Ultrafast Plane Wave Microvessel Imaging

Ultrafast plane wave microvessel imaging significantly improves ultrasound Doppler sensitivity by increasing the number of Doppler ensembles that can be collected within a short period of time. The rich spatiotemporal plane wave data also enable more robust clutter filtering based on singular value decomposition. However, due to the lack of transmit focusing, plane wave microvessel imaging is very susceptible to noise. This paper was designed to: 1) study the relationship between ultrasound system noise (primarily time gain compensation induced) and microvessel blood flow signal and 2) propose an adaptive and computationally cost-effective noise equalization method that is independent of hardware or software imaging settings to improve microvessel image quality.
Postnatal colonization shapes the immunologic development of the neonatal intestinal barrier. (MUC9P.751)

Microbial colonization of the newborn intestines begins immediately following birth and continues gradually over a period of weeks in both mice and humans. Many preterm infants are unable to secure their intestinal barrier against opportunistic pathogens, resulting in Late-Onset Sepsis (LOS). Here we present a novel murine model of Gram-negative LOS that mimics the natural disease course seen in premies-colonization absent tissue destruction, translocation across the intestines, and bacteremia resulting in sepsis and death. We find that maternal exposure to broad-spectrum Gram-negative (Gentamicin), but not Gram-positive (Vancomycin) antibiotics profoundly affects survival following infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae . Concordantly, neonates from Gentamicin-exposed dams show marked decrease in IL-22 production from Innate Lymphocytes and decreased Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results offer a novel model to study bacterial translocation in the neonatal gut and suggest possible mechanisms through which the intestinal barrier is maintained during the physiologic colonization of the mammalian intestines.
Interlanguage Pragmatic Development and L2 Request Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature for emergent use of “Polite” Requests

The way we ask for something, or request, is hardly the same across all contexts. The degree to which we show politeness in these instances is closely related to a number of contextual factors (Brown & Levinson, 1987), manifested in the linguistic features that we employ (Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper, 1989; Searle, 1975). However, the issue becomes particularly thorny when evaluating perceived pragmatic transgressions among English language learners (ELLs). Is the issue their misunderstanding of social expectations (i.e., sociopragmatic) or the language used (i.e., pragmalinguistic)? Past research in second language assessment (SLA) has focused on how learners develop the ability to perform requests (e.g., Kasper & Rose, 2002). However, what has been left under-addressed is the emergent ability among ELLs to request in a manner considered polite and contextually appropriate. With that issue in mind, this article reviews the literature on second language (L2) developmental patterns in the performance of requests with an eye for evidence of emergent awareness of politeness.
Introduction to Simple Linear Regression

So far, when we have studied a random variable, say Y, we’ve ruled out any effect of other variables. In this chapter, we study a model which accommodates the systematic effect on Y of one other variable, X— the ONLY systematic effect on Y. We think of X as known or under our control. This X is sometimes called the “explanatory” variable in view of its role as a known or controlled “effect” on Y. So Y is the variable in question and X plays the role of input information relevant to Y. Sometimes, Y is described as the “response” to the “factor” X. In itself, X might or might not be a random variable, but from the point of view of the model, X is not random because the model focuses on particular values of X which are known or in some sense controlled. In other words, it’s a model for the conditional distribution of Y given X.
Hotspots and coldspots

Species richness varies across the Earth’s surface, on a wide range of scales. It tends to follow grand latitudinal and climatic gradients, as we explored in Chapter 2. And it also shows local-scale patchiness (Chapter 1) on the scale of a piece of forest or meadow, or a hillside. Against this background, there is also a certain broader patchiness in species richness that is too large-scale to be local, fitting in more at a geographical scale, and complicating the latitudinal trends.
Evidence-Based Dentistry Update on Silver Diamine Fluoride

This article reviews current evidence on the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a caries arresting and preventive agent. It provides clinical recommendations around SDF's appropriate use as part of a comprehensive caries management program. Systematic reviews confirm that SDF is effective for caries arrest on cavitated lesions in primary teeth and root caries in the elderly. It may also prevent new lesions. Application is easy, noninvasive, affordable, and safe. Although it stains the lesions dark as it arrests them, it provides clinicians with an additional tool for caries management when esthetics are not a primary concern.
Smart Microwave Oven with Image Classification and Temperature Recommendation Algorithm

When food is warmed in a microwave oven, the user guesses the estimated time for the heating. This cognitive process of guessing can be incorrect - resulting the final food temperature to be too hot or still cold. In this research, a novel closed-loop microwave oven is designed which automatically suggests the target temperature of a food by learning from previous experiences and the heating stops automatically when the food temperature reaches the target temperature. The proposed microwave captures and classifies the food image, and recommends the target temperature, thus the user does not need to remember the target food temperature each time the same food is warmed. The algorithm gradually learns the type of foods that are used in that household and becomes smarter in the recommendation. The proposed algorithm can recommend target temperature with an accuracy of 86.31% for solid food and 100% for liquid food. A prototype of the proposed microwave is developed using the embedded system and tested.
A Pilot Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial of MC5-A Scrambler Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN).

Background:Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) affects 30% to 40% of patients with cancer with long-lasting disability. Scrambler therapy (ST) appeared to benefit patients in uncontro...
Evaluating causes of screen failure (SF) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) clinical trials requiring specific biomarker (BioM) results for enrollment.

7517 Background: Trials for NSCLC have increasingly targeted specific molecular abnormalities. This approach has led to approval of multiple drugs based on results in specific BioM populations prio...
Blockchain Design for Supply Chain Management

Blockchain related research is still in its infancy, and is mostly focused on security and scalability. Very little of this research examines at its impact and design issues from management perspectives, especially from the perspective of Supply Chain Management (SCM). To investigate the impact of blockchain technology (BCT) on SCM and the inherent design issues, we consider a generic stochastic model, where a firm seeks to maximize the total expected discounted profit, by jointly managing (i) blockchain design, (ii) production and ordering decisions, and (iii) dynamic pricing and selling. We first show that the deployment of BCT can assist firms in reducing order quantities, lowering selling prices and reducing target-inventory levels. It is also shown that volatility of either supply or demand lowers the expected profit. The analysis is robust with some major extensions, such as lost-sales of demand and random capacity. Finally, our numerical study accumulates useful managerial insights. For example, subject to tech-savvy customer behavior, some types of goods (e.g., credence goods and experience goods) greatly benefit from the adoption of BCT, but it may not prove beneficial to leverage BCT for certain others (e.g., search goods). Considering the lifecycle of a typical good, it is recommended to adopt BCT as early as possible and to adopt it to a higher degree at an earlier stage.
Solving Bayesian inverse problems from the perspective of deep generative networks

Deep generative networks have achieved great success in high dimensional density approximation, especially for applications in natural images and language. In this paper, we investigate their approximation capability in capturing the posterior distribution in Bayesian inverse problems by learning a transport map. Because only the unnormalized density of the posterior is available, training methods that learn from posterior samples, such as variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks, are not applicable in our setting. We propose a class of network training methods that can be combined with sample-based Bayesian inference algorithms, such as various MCMC algorithms, ensemble Kalman filter and Stein variational gradient descent. Our experiment results show the pros and cons of deep generative networks in Bayesian inverse problems. They also reveal the potential of our proposed methodology in capturing high dimensional probability distributions.
Online misinformation: from the deceiver to the victim

This paper presents our on-going research on studying the actors responsible for misinformation spread and identifying potential victims. Preliminary results show that (i) there is a correlation between fake news publisher bias and its credibility and (ii) social network properties help in identifying active fake news spreaders. Moreover, we discuss the most vulnerable victims of fake news and report on our experience in educating seniors about online misinformation.
An electronic patient-reported outcomes measurement system in paediatric orthopaedics

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the reliability, review differences and assess patient satisfaction of electronic patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) compared with p...
Evaluating the Aerodynamic Impact of Circumferentially Grooved Fan Casing Treatments With Integrated Acoustic Liners on a Turbofan Rotor

NASA is investigating the potential of integrating acoustic liners into fan cases to reduce fan noise, while maintaining the fans aerodynamic performance. An experiment was conducted to quantify the aerodynamic impact of circumferentially grooved fan cases with integrated acoustic liners on a 1.5 pressure ratio turbofan rotor. In order to improve the ability to measure small performance changes, fan performance calculations were updated to include real gas effects including the effect of humidity. For all fan cases tested, the measured difference in fan isentropic efficiency was found to be less than the measurement repeatability for a torque-based efficiency calculation (approx. = 0.2%), however, an unintended tip clearance difference between configurations makes it difficult to determine if circumferentially grooved fan cases degraded fan performance. Fan exit turbulence measurements showed a 1.5% reduction in total turbulence intensity between hardwall and circumferentially grooved fan cases in the tip vortex region, which is attributed to a disruption in the formation of the tip leakage vortex. This decrease in fan exit turbulence could potentially lead to a 1-2dB reduction in broadband rotor-stator interaction noise. Reduced aerodynamic performance losses associated with over-the-rotor liners could enable further fan noise reduction.
Recurrent visual loss in a 64-year-old man.

A 64-year-old Indian man presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of worsening blurred vision in his right eye. This was accompanied by dull right periocular pain exacerbated by eye movement. Ten days before the onset of visual loss, he had developed malaise, fever and productive cough, treated with ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. There was no recent history of weight loss, rash, shortness of breath, joint pain or other systemic symptoms. He reported two prior episodes of bilateral visual loss at age 56 and 59 years, of similar temporal evolution and severity to the current episode. Both previous episodes had also been preceded by symptoms suggesting a viral illness and had been diagnosed as bilateral optic neuritis based on the clinical profile and presence of optic nerve enhancement on MR scan of brain. His serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (associated with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)) were negative during each prior episode. He was treated with intravenous corticosteroids on both prior occasions and his vision had recovered to normal within days. Other pertinent medical history included hypothyroidism and intestinal tuberculosis (TB) infection 35 years previously that had manifested with fevers, weight loss and an abdominal mass, and treated with antituberculous therapy for a few months. On examination in the emergency department, we noted symmetric pupils, with slow right pupillary reaction and a subtle right afferent pupillary defect. High contrast visual acuity via snellen chart was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. He could correctly identify 1 of 10 Ishihara plates with each eye. Dilated slit lamp examination showed bilateral symmetric cataracts but no abnormalities of the optic nerve heads or retina. There was no ophthalmoplegia, but extremes of horizontal gaze provoked right retro-orbital pain. The remaining neurological examination (including detailed examination of other cranial nerves) was entirely normal. …
Time, Access, Context and Beliefs: A Survey of Electronic Media in Early Childhood Settings.

Electronic media are ever-present for young children; yet, far more is known about media at home than in child care settings. This two-part survey study examined early childhood teachers’ beliefs, ...
Preventing inpatient falls with injuries using integrative machine learning prediction: a cohort study.

Patient falls during hospitalization can lead to severe injuries and remain one of the most vexing patient-safety problems facing hospitals. They lead to increased medical care costs, lengthened hospital stays, more litigation, and even death. Existing methods and technology to address this problem mostly focus on stratifying inpatients at risk, without predicting fall severity or injuries. Here, a retrospective cohort study was designed and performed to predict the severity of inpatient falls, based on a machine learning classifier integrating multi-view ensemble learning and model-based missing data imputation method. As input, over two thousand inpatient fall patients’ demographic characteristics, diagnoses, procedural data, and bone density measurements were retrieved from the HMH clinical data warehouse from two separate time periods. The predictive classifier developed based on multi-view ensemble learning with missing values (MELMV) outperformed other three baseline models; achieved a cross-validated AUC of 0.713 (95% CI, 0.701–0.725), an AUC of 0.808 (95% CI, 0.740–0.876) on the separate testing set. Our studies show the efficacy of integrative machine-learning based classifier model in dealing with multi-source patient data, which in this case delivers robust predictive performance on the severity of patient falls. The severe fall index provided by the MELMV classifier is calculated to identify inpatients who are at risk of having severe injuries if they fall, thus triggering additional steps of intervention to prevent a harmful fall, beyond the standard-of-care procedure for all high-risk fall patients.
The Serviceable Texts of International Commercial Arbitration: An Embarrassment of Riches

International commercial arbitration as an institution owes much to the endeavor of comparative law technicians whose consensus-based texts have significantly unified the basic international arbitration model. This essay describes some leading examples of such formula and briefly suggests the role they have already played in the relatively new context of NAFTA investment arbitration. The penultimate section introduces certain newly published texts and works in progress that are likely to exert a further unifying influence. Taken together, they illustrate how, over time, international commercial arbitration – a largely private, autonomous mechanism – has been edified and refined by the steady introduction of new sources of normative guidance.
Temperature Measurement of Laser-Irradiated Metals Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Accurate noncontact surface-temperature measurements during laser-based materials processing remain challenging due to the difficulty of establishing reliable emissivity values as a function of temperature and wavelength. Direct measurement of emissivity is difficult, as the emissivity may be changing constantly in the laser-material interaction region, where the temperature gradients are extreme and surface displacement can complicate the measurement. Here, we present a hyperspectral imaging method using a multiwavelength camera to capture the spectral radiance in eight different bands and fit the wavelength-dependent radiance to Planck's law. Time-resolved temperature measurements during microsecond pulsed-laser irradiation of a metal plate made of the titanium alloy $\mathrm{Ti}$-6$\mathrm{Al}$-4$\mathrm{V}$ provide temperature information about the irradiated surface with an estimated accuracy of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\mathrm{%}$. The extracted wavelength-dependent emissivity slope compares well with reported results for macroscale titanium melts obtained using IR spectroscopy, which measure temperature without any built-in assumptions about the emissivity. The results are directly applicable to temperature monitoring during welding, additive manufacturing, and semiconductor growth.
Lessons from Archives: Strategies for Collecting Sociocultural Data in Machine Learning

A growing body of work shows that many problems in fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in machine learning systems are rooted in decisions surrounding the data collection and annotation process. We argue that a new specialization should be formed within machine learning that is focused on methodologies for data collection and annotation: efforts that require institutional frameworks and procedures. Specifically for sociocultural data, parallels can be drawn from archives and libraries. Archives are the longest standing communal effort to gather human information and archive scholars have already developed the language and procedures to address and discuss many challenges pertaining to data collection such as consent, power, inclusivity, transparency, and ethics privacy. We discuss these five key approaches in document collection practices in archives that can inform data collection in sociocultural machine learning.
Climate Change and Health Justice: New Perspectives on Pressing Challenges

In 2017, AJPH launched a new section on "Climate Change and Health Justice," reflecting growing evidence of the near-term effects of climate change on public health and the substantial disparities in those effects AJPH invites research articles as well as other contributions that provide empirical evidence of and relevant commentary on the effects of climate change or climate action on health before, during, and after a global pandemic Racial and health justice clearly extend well beyond COVID-19, and we are interested in numerous public health topics with a similar lens on informing or evaluating interventions that address root causes of disparities Because many of these root causes are related to longstanding racist policies such as redlining, the Journal is interested in both contemporary empirical evidence and history essays that are relevant to understanding current conditions and developing an antiracist public health agenda
Is it Time to Expand Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use for Weight Loss in Patients Without Diabetes?

The obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics demonstrate that simply emphasizing a healthy lifestyle is insufficient. While weight loss medications have historically been considered “cosmetic”, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) also reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we assessed whether GLP1-RAs warrant use in patients who are overweight (body mass index 27.0–29.9 kg/m2) without weight-related comorbidity. We reviewed trials of available GLP1-RAs with a natural GLP1 backbone given their trend toward cardiovascular benefit and excluded trials requiring concurrent antidiabetic agents associated with weight gain. We assessed 20 phase III trials of GLP1-RAs studied in cardiovascular outcome trials. The GLP1-RAs consistently produced weight loss. Hypoglycemia risk with GLP1-RAs was generally low without other precipitating factors, whereas gastrointestinal adverse effects were common. Dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly did not produce sufficient weight loss to support its use specifically for weight loss, while data supporting dulaglutide 3.0 or 4.5 mg weekly were limited to a single trial. Weight loss was sufficient with liraglutide 1.8 mg daily in one trial and was consistently sufficient with liraglutide 3.0 mg daily. Oral and injectable semaglutide at both doses consistently produced weight loss, though demonstrated a potential increased risk for retinopathy. Overall, we suggest five GLP1-RAs can be used in the treatment of overweight (body mass index 27.0–29.9 kg/m2 without weight-related comorbidity) with shared decision making to address each medications’ key limitation: liraglutide 1.8 mg daily (less demonstrated weight loss), liraglutide 3.0 mg daily (no cardiovascular outcome trial at this dose), and oral and injectable semaglutide at both doses (uncertain retinopathy risk and pending cardiovascular outcome trial of high-dose semaglutide). Use should be limited to patients who fail, refuse, or cannot access lifestyle interventions for weight loss, and should be accompanied by standard restrictions on and monitoring of weight loss medications. We expect additional and earlier use of weight loss therapies to help clinicians curb the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemics.
Unraveling the Relationship between ESG and Corporate Financial Performance - Logistic Regression Model with Evidence from China

With growing awareness of sustainability, the field of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), has been attracting mainstream investors and researchers. Many previous studies have found inconclusive or mixed results on the relationship between ESG ratings and firms’ financial performance, which are mainly attributed to their varied markets, time horizons, and sources of ESG rating. Based on evidence from an emerging market, namely China, this paper examines whether ESG is an adequate indicator for firms’ future financial performance. Given the divergence in ESG rating methodologies, we use ESG data from two ESG rating agencies, one based in China (SynTao) and the other based in Switzerland (RepRisk), for robustness. Specifically, we investigate 377 China A-share companies covered by both agencies and find that ESG rating, albeit divergent due to disparate methodologies, is instrumental in predicting the trend of corporate financial performance (CFP). This work verifies that the forward-looking nature of ESG makes it crucial for firms’ long-term valuation and financial performance in emerging markets. Throughout the research, we observe four issues in the current ESG rating process: the opacity and inaccessibility of source data, the obscurity of ESG rating methodologies adopted by rating agencies, the lack of automated pipeline, and the unannounced historical data rewriting. We believe that the public blockchain ecosystem is promising to address these issues, and we propose future research on the ESG framework for blockchain to call for sustainability focus on this emerging technology.
Management of the Dairy Calf Prior to Weaning

The calf and heifer enterprise is an important component of most dairy operations. On average, 25 to 35% of the dairy herd is culled each year and must be replaced. In addition, 10 to 12% of calves born, die within the first two years of life (USDA:APHIS, 1992). Thus, a ready source of high quality heifers is necessary. Unfortunately, calf and heifer management is often overlooked in the dairy enterprise, which leads to increased mortality and morbidity followed by delays in growth, breeding and delayed age at calving. Calves are born with a predetermined genetic potential, which may be permanently affected by environmental factors and management decisions implemented throughout the rearing period. A calf's genetic potential may be considered an upper limit that is expressed only if proper decisions are implemented at the appropriate time. Studies have shown that the level of management, estimated as herd milk production average, has a profound effect on calf morbidity and mortality (Curtis et al., 1985; James et al., 1984; Jenny et al., 1981; Waltner-Toews et al., 1986a, 1986b). Proper management of young stock, particularly during the neonatal period, can markedly reduce morbidity and mortality, whereas improper management will lead to economic losses from increased cost of veterinary intervention, death losses, growth retardation, and poor reproductive performance. Ultimately, poor management of calves and heifers can reduce the lifetime productivity of the individual cow and the herd as a whole.
Compact Neutrino Source

Some evidence for sterile neutrinos has been found in short baseline observations where the measured neutrino flux did not agree with expectations. Systematic uncertainties from the expected values have limited the sensitivity of this approach. Observation at multiple distances can remove the normalization uncertainty by isolating the distance dependence. This does not work for high-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{m}^{2}$ sterile neutrinos since they are fully mixed at most observation distances and only shift the normalization of the flux. A compact intense source of neutrinos based on a subcritical fission reactor would permit observation of oscillations on submeter distance scales and clearly distinguish between a systematic normalization and the $L/E$ dependence expected from oscillations.
Evaluation of Augmented Reality Systems for the Enhancement of Voluntary Geographic Information

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) describes the volunteering of geographic information by users of systems that enhance their ability to produce data. Web 2.0 and mobile technologies enhanced the adoption of VGI. Similarly emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) may further enhance VGI. AR may provide a novel means for enhancing VGI and the types of contributions users are able to make. To explore this, a literature review is provided that examines both VGI and AR. Factors that may contribute to the adoption of VGI are identified along with ways AR may enhance VGI. These factors are then examined in commercial AR applications and the results are presented. An additional pilot study is also performed to gauge user perceptions of VGI in AR. The results suggest that while progress is being made in AR that may enhance VGI, current AR systems still do not take advantage of their full potential.
Development and Validation of the Online Student Connectedness Survey (OSCS)

With the growth of online courses and programs in higher education, considerable concerns emerge about student feelings of isolation and disconnectedness in the online learning environment. A research study was conducted to develop and validate an instrument that can be used to measure perceptions of connectedness of students enrolled in online programs or certification programs in higher education. The instrument consists of 25 items and has four scales: (a) community, (b) comfort, (c) facilitation, and (d) interaction and collaboration. One hundred and forty-six online learners who were enrolled in courses at a Turkish university completed the online questionnaire. Results of a factor and reliability analysis confirmed that the instrument is a valid and reliable measure of students’ perceived connectedness in an online certificate program.
Abstract W P258: Alpha-2-antiplasmin Inactivation Reduces Brain Injury, Hemorrhage and Death Following Ischemic Stroke

INTRODUCTION: High levels of a2-antiplasmin (a2AP) have been linked to failure of tissue plasminogen activator therapy, but the overall role of a2AP in ischemic stroke is poorly understood. HYPOTHESIS: We examined the hypothesis that a2AP may contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. METHODS: The effects of a2AP blood levels and a2AP inactivation on stroke outcomes were examined in a model of middle cerebral artery thromboembolism. RESULTS: There was a dose-dependent relationship between a2AP blood levels and stroke outcomes. Deficiency of circulating a2AP had protective effects in ischemic stroke; it increased dissolution of the culprit middle cerebral artery thromboembolus (p<0.001), enhanced hemispheric blood flow and markedly reduced brain injury (p<0.001). Increased a2AP levels had opposite and harmful effects; it reduced middle cerebral artery thrombus dissolution (p<0.001), worsened brain injury (p<0.001) and swelling (p<0.001). Higher levels of a2AP significantly increased, and a2AP deficiency significantly reduced, microvascular thrombosis in the ischemic hemisphere. Treatment of mice with a monoclonal antibody that inactivated a2AP, either in the form of whole IgG or Fab, significantly reduced brain infarction, swelling and hemorrhage by comparison to controls, or to treatment with tissue plasminogen activator. Treatment with an a2AP inactivating antibody after cerebral thromboembolism also prevented death and disability. CONCLUSIONS: In cerebral thromboembolism, a2AP has dose-related, injurious effects that increase ischemic brain injury, hemorrhage, microvascular thrombosis and brain swelling. Therapeutic inactivation of a2AP markedly reduced these injurious effects and saved lives after ischemic stroke.
The power of comics: history, form and culture, by Randy Duncan and Matthew J. Smith

‘McCloud was easier’ is the typical answer I get from my students when they consider the usage of both McCloud's (1993) Understanding Comics and Duncan and Smith's book in my ‘Comics in American Cu...
A gonococcal homologue of meningococcal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase gene is a new type of bacterial pseudogene that is transcriptionally active but phenotypically silent

Background It has been speculated that the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) gene is present only in Neisseria meningitidis and not among related species such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria lactamica, because N. meningitidis is the only bacterium with GGT activity. However, nucleotide sequences highly homologous to the meningococcal ggt gene were found in the genomes of N. gonorrhoeae isolates.
Satisfiability-Based Functional Delay Fault Testing

Functional delay fault testing is concerned with propagating a transition from a primary input to a primary output of a combinational circuit. Since it does not consider individual paths in the circuit, it can overcome the biggest limitation of path delay fault testing: the explosion in the size of fault lists. Functional delay fault testing can also be used to derive test sets for IP (Intellectual Property) circuits whose implementation details are not provided. Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and BDDs have been widely used for a variety of EDA (Electronic Design Automation) applications. Even though there have been few experimental studies to conclude the superiority of one to the other, they have been compared for a number of specific tasks in the EDA field. In this paper we show that SAT–based functional delay fault testing can yield very competitive results with careful construction of the CNF formulas for the target faults. In particular, using simple structural analysis of the circuit formulas of minimum size can be easily generated. CNF formula construction based on the circuit consistency function is presented and experimental results for ISCAS 85 and 89 circuits are reported.
A Simulink-based microturbine model for distributed generation studies

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of a microturbine generation system suitable for isolated as well as grid-connected operation. The system comprises of a permanent magnet synchronous generator driven by a microturbine. A brief description of the overall system is given, and mathematical models for the microturbine and permanent magnet synchronous generator are presented. Also, the use of power electronics in conditioning the power output of the generating system is demonstrated. Simulation studies have been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink under different load conditions.
The effects of magnetic fields on the winds from luminous hot stars

Here we explore three types of models in which the combination of magnetic fields with line driving forces leads to faster winds than line forces alone. The fields can change the flow geometry; they can couple with rotation and transmit angular momentum; and they can carry transverse Alfven waves. All three can lead to a deposition of momentum beyond the critical point and accelerate winds. Some history of the attempts to use magnetic fields to understand hot star winds is discussed and several new models for magnetic rotator B[e] winds are presented.
In vivo and in vitro analysis of ptl1, a yeast ts mutant with a membrane-associated defect in protein translocation.

Abstract Mutants defective in the ability to translocate proteins across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum were selected in Trp- Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of their ability to retain a fusion protein in the cytosol. The fusion comprised the prepro region of prepro-alpha-factor (MF alpha 1) N-terminal to phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase (TRP1). The first of the protein translocation mutations, called ptl1, results in temperature-sensitivity of growth and protein translocation. At the non-permissive temperature, precursors to several secretory proteins accumulate in the cytosol. Using this mutant, we demonstrate that the prepro-carboxypeptidase Y that had been accumulated in the cytosol at the non-permissive temperature could be post-translationally translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum when cells were returned to the permissive temperature. This result indicates that post-translational translocation of preproteins across endoplasmic reticulum membranes can occur in vivo. We have also determined that the temperature-sensitive component is membrane-associated in ptl1, and that the membranes derived from this strain show a reversible temperature-sensitive translocation phenotype in vitro.