cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Brouwerian Bar Induction

As is well known, Brouwer’s concept of continuum is based on the notion of a choice sequence. In turn, the mathematical treatment of choice sequences is based on two fundamental ideas of Brouwer: the Principle of Continuity and the Principle of Bar Induction. The intuitive meaning of the first principle is quite clear. At the same time intuition backing the Bar Induction is much more sophisticated. This Principle is rather complicated and seems to carry on a touch of the historical development of the intuitionistic concept of a spread. We establish here a more clear version of bar induction in form of an induction over detachable founded trees.
Effects of Mixed-species Foraging Groups on the Feeding and Aggression of Juvenile Parrotfishes

Many parrotfishes (Scaridae) co-occur in mixed-species aggregations as juveniles, but diverge in resource use and social structure as adults. Focal observations of three juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus coeruleus, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, and Sparisoma viride) were conducted on inshore patch reefs in the Florida Keys to determine how feeding and aggressive interactions vary with group participation. All three species spent more time in groups than alone, most often in groups of less than ten individuals. Feeding rates were significantly higher for S. viride when foraging in groups than when alone. All species fed most often from Halimeda, and overall diet composition was similar for fish whether feeding in groups or alone. The frequency of aggressive interactions varied with group participation. Focal S. aurofrenatum were more aggressive when in groups than when alone, and both S. aurofrenatum and S. viride were attacked more often by damselfishes when they were alone than when in groups. In contrast, feeding rates, diet breadth, and aggressive interactions of S. coeruleus were less affected by group participation. Small mixed-species aggregations of coral reef fishes may be large enough for individuals to assume some of the benefits of group participation while at the same time avoiding the costs of competition realized in larger groups.
Hepatic Blood Flow and Protein Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hepatic blood flow and protein synthesis. The hepatic veins constitute a large low-resistance network of poorly scaffolded vessels that are easily compressed by surrounding parenchyma or pressure on the liver itself. Animal data suggests this low-resistance, high-flow arrangement is not fortuitous but serves to supply the liver with the large volume of oxygen and metabolites necessary for its metabolic functions. Total hepatic blood flow is directly proportional to cardiac output in the normal liver. Hepatic clearance of substances from sinusoidal blood is expressed as a proportion, or the percent extraction, of a given substance from blood in a single pass through the liver multiplied by the quantity of hepatic blood flow. Percent extraction is influenced by rate of flow so that it decreases with increased flow and increases with decreasing flow. The complexity of hepatic hemodynamic and cellular dysfunction in advanced human liver disease allows no definite estimate of the role played by fixed pathologic processes as opposed to the potentially reversible consequences of nutrient starvation, hormonal deprivation, or aberrations in blood flow. The favorable human response to ligation of portal vein branches in the treatment of cancer and portacaval shunt for glycogen storage disease or hyper-lipoproteinemia suggests that acute loss of portal flow is accompanied by major hepatic metabolic adjustments but is compatible with normal growth and prolonged survival.
Suspended Attitudes: Exclusion and Emotional Disengagement from School:

We know far less about the unintended social-psychological consequences of out-of-school suspensions on students than we do of the academic, behavioral, and civic consequences. Drawing on theories ...
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Trajectories in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Lessons from the HEMO Study.

Background Long-term patterns of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are poorly characterized among dialysis patients. Objectives To identify different FGF23 trajectories and determine clinical factors that predict distinct FGF23 trajectories and whether FGF23 trajectories differ in regard to their associations with all-cause mortality among prevalent hemodialysis patients. Methods The HEMO study was a randomized multicenter study evaluating the effects of high-dose vs. standard-dose and high-flux vs. low-flux hemodialysis on mortality. We measured intact FGF23 levels in stored serum samples at baseline and annually among 919 HEMO participants and identified FGF23 trajectories using group-based modeling. Logistic regression determined predictors of trajectories. Cox regression models evaluated the association between trajectory and all-cause mortality. Results We identified 5 distinct FGF23 trajectory groups during the initial 24 months: low stable, low increasing, elevated increasing, elevated decreasing, and elevated stable. In multivariable models, diabetes, high dose dialysis, no venous catheter, low serum calcium, phosphorus, and interleukin-6, no vitamin D analog use, and greater residual kidney function were associated with the low stable trajectory group compared to the elevated stable group. High flux dialysis, no venous catheter, and low serum phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were associated with the elevated decreasing trajectory group compared to the elevated stable group. After full adjustment, the low stable trajectory group was associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.61; 95% CI -0.41-0.91) compared to the elevated stable trajectory group. Conclusions We identified 5 distinct FGF23 trajectories over 24 months among HEMO study participants including a decreasing trajectory. The low stable FGF23 trajectory was associated with a reduced HR of all-cause mortality.
Decadal Trends and Variability in Intermountain West Surface Ozone near Oil and Gas Extraction Fields

Abstract. Decadal trends in the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average (A4DM8HA) ozone (O3) were studied over 2005–2015 for 13 rural/remote sites in the U.S. Intermountain West. No trends were observed in A4DM8HA O3 at two reference sites, which are located upwind of and thus minimally influenced by emissions from oil and natural gas (O&NG) basins. Trends, or a lack thereof, varied widely at other 11 sites in/near O&NG basins resulting from different controlling factors rather than a simplistic, uniform one. The decreasing trends at Mesa Verde (−0.76 ppbv/yr) and Canyonlands National Park (−0.54 ppbv/yr) were attributed to a 37 % decrease in natural gas production in the San Juan Basin and 35 % emission reductions in coal-fired electricity generation, respectively. The decreasing trend (−1.21 ppbv/yr) at Wind Cave National Park resulted from reduced solar radiation due to increasingly frequent precipitation weather. The lack of trends at remaining sites was likely caused by the increasing O&NG emissions and decreasing emissions from other activities. Wintertime O3 stagnant events were associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Box model simulations suggested that both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides emission reductions during negative AO years while VOC emission reductions alone in positive AO years could effectively mitigate high wintertime O3 within the O&NG basins. Our findings suggest that emissions from O&NG extraction likely played a significant role in shaping long-term trends in surface O3 near/within O&NG basins and hence warrant consideration in the design of efficient O3 mitigation strategies for the Intermountain West.
Reliability of an Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 MIM Capacitor for 180nm (3.3V) Technology

Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitors are widely used in More-than-Moore technologies, such as RF devices and image sensors. These technologies typically use SiN for the MIM capacitor dielectric, which has good reliability but a relatively low capacitance density. In this report we examine the reliability and performance tradeoffs for a MIM capacitors based on an Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2 dielectrics.
In-Hospital and Postdischarge Mortality Among Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Hospitalizations Ending on the Weekend Versus Weekday: The ARIC Study Community Surveillance.

Background Hospital staffing is usually reduced on weekends, potentially impacting inpatient care and postdischarge coordination of care for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). ...
Unbounded successive-cyclic rightward DP-movement☆

Larson (1989) noted that rightward movement of a DP past a clausal adjunct can necessitate a parasitic gap inside that clausal adjunct. This paper argues that rightward DP-movement beyond certain adjunct clauses is movement beyond typical Heavy-NP Shift that is licensed by the need to bind the parasitic gap. I show that this correctly predicts a number of observations concerning the exceptional nature of the rightward movement involved. In particular, parasitic gaps are able to license rightward movement that is potentially unbounded and successive-cyclic.
A Call to Action: the Need for Standardization in Developing Open-Source Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Microbial Subspecies Discrimination.

The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. In the last decade, there has been a renewed push by academic researchers to create rapid and accurate techniques to differentiate, identify, and prioritize culturable microbial isolates. One such
Systematic approaches to improving the performance of polyoxometalates in non-aqueous redox flow batteries

Abstract Polyoxometalates have been explored as multi-electron active species in both aqueous and non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Although non-aqueous systems in principle offer a wider voltage window for redox flow battery operation, realization of this potential requires a judicious choice of solvent as well as polyoxometalate properties. We demonstrate here the superior performance of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) compared to acetonitrile as a solvent for redox flow batteries based on Li3PMo12O40. This compound displays two 1-electron transfers in acetonitrile but can access an extra quasi-reversible 2-electron redox process in DMF. A cell containing 10 mM solution of Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell voltage of 0.7 V with 2-electron transfers (State of Charge = 60%) and showed a good cyclability. As a means to boost energy density, operation of the redox flow battery at a higher concentration of 0.1 M Li3PMo12O40 produced cells with cell voltage of 0.6 V in acetonitrile and a cell voltage of 1.0 V in DMF; both showed excellent coulombic efficiencies of more than 90% over the course of 30 cycles. Energy density was also increased by employing an asymmetric cell with different polyoxometalates on each side to extend cell voltage. Li6P2W18O62 exhibited 3 quasi-reversible 2-electron transfers in the potential range between −2.05 V and −0.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+. 10 mM Li6P2W18O62/Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell with cell voltage of 1.3 V involving 4-electron transfers (State of Charge = 50%) with coulombic efficiency of nearly 100% and energy efficiency of nearly 70% throughout the test with more than 20 cycles. These promising results demonstrate proof-of-concept approaches to improving the performance of polyoxometalates in non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
Projections for first-wave COVID-19 deaths across the US using social-distancing measures derived from mobile phones

Abstract We propose a Bayesian model for projecting first-wave COVID-19 deaths in all 50 U.S. states. Our model’s projections are based on data derived from mobile-phone GPS traces, which allows us to estimate how social-distancing behavior is “flattening the curve” in each state. In a two-week look-ahead test of out-of-sample forecasting accuracy, our model significantly outperforms the widely used model from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), achieving 42% lower prediction error: 13.2 deaths per day average error across all U.S. states, versus 22.8 deaths per day average error for the IHME model. Our model also provides an accurate, if slightly conservative, assessment of forecasting accuracy: in the same look-ahead test, 98% of data points fell within the model’s 95% credible intervals. Our model’s projections are updated daily at https://covid-19.tacc.utexas.edu/projections/.
Comparison between Midline and Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury in Mice Reveals Prolonged but Divergent Cortical Neuroinflammation

Abstract Animal models are critical for determining the mechanisms mediating traumatic brain injury-induced (TBI) neuropathology. Fluid percussion injury (FPI) is a widely used model of brain injury typically applied either midline or parasagittally (lateral). Midline FPI induces a diffuse TBI, while lateral FPI induces both focal cortical injury (ipsilateral hemisphere) and diffuse injury (contralateral hemisphere). Nonetheless, discrete differences in neuroinflammation and neuropathology between these two versions of FPI remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare acute (4–72 h) and subacute (7 days) neuroinflammatory responses between midline and lateral FPI. Midline FPI resulted in longer righting reflex times than lateral FPI. At acute time points, the inflammatory responses to the two different injuries were similar. For instance, there was evidence of monocytes and cytokine mRNA expression in the brain with both injuries acutely. Midline FPI had the highest proportion of brain monocytes and highest IL-1β/TNFα mRNA expression 24 h later. NanoString nCounter analysis 7 days post-injury revealed robust and prolonged expression of inflammatory-related genes in the cortex after midline FPI compared to lateral FPI; however, Iba-1 cortical immunoreactivity was increased with lateral FPI. Thus, midline and lateral FPI caused similar cortical neuroinflammatory responses acutely and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes was detectable in the brain 7 days later. The primary divergence was that inflammatory gene expression was greater and more diverse subacutely after midline FPI. These results provide novel insight to variations between midline and lateral FPI, which may recapitulate unique temporal pathogenesis.
SMARCB1-deficient carcinomas of the head and neck region: a cytopathologic characterization.

Introduction SMARCB1 encodes for a component of the SWI/SNF complex and is widely implicated in carcinogenesis. In the head and neck, SMARCB1-deficient carcinomas typically arise in the sinonasal tract but can be found at other sites. EZH2 inhibitors have emerged as potential targeted therapy against SWI/SNF-deficient tumors. We sought to characterize the cytomorphology of head and neck carcinomas with SMARCB1 deficiencies to identify potential candidates for targeted therapy. Materials and methods Head and neck carcinomas with SMARCB1 mutations were retrospectively identified and confirmed to be SMARCB1-deficient by both molecular (fluorescent in-situ hybridization or next generation sequencing) and immunohistochemical means. Cases with positive cytology were reviewed and their cytologic features cataloged. Results A total of 19 specimens from 13 patients were reviewed, including 8 specimens from 7 sinonasal carcinomas, 4 specimens from 3 thyroid carcinomas, 3 specimens from 2 skin carcinomas, and 4 specimens from 1 carcinoma of unknown primary origin. High-grade features were common, including mitoses (11 of 19) necrosis (13 of 19) and multinucleation (16 of 19). Tumors showed either dense cytoplasm with distinct cell borders (10 of 19) or delicate cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders (9 of 19). Most tumors showed no distinct epithelial differentiation (12 of 19), while some (7 of 19) showed glandular or signet ring features. A minor cohort demonstrated rhabdoid cells (4 of 19). Conclusions Head and neck carcinomas with SMARCB1 deficiencies have a wide array of morphologies and tend to demonstrate high-grade features. Only a minor cohort demonstrate rhabdoid-type cells. Evaluation of SMARCB1 deficiency for potential targeted therapy should not be limited to tumors with rhabdoid morphology.
Latinx Youth’s Funds of Knowledge: Empowering Activist Identities in a Nuevo South College Access Program:

This paper highlights Latinx youth’s community engagement and activist identities during their participation in CHANCE (Campamento Hispano Abriendo Nuestro Camino a la Educacion), a college access ...
Description of Adverse Events in a Cohort of Dance Festival Attendees with Stimulant-Induced Severe Agitation Treated with Dissociative-Dose Ketamine.

Emergency clinicians often treat severe agitation resulting from intoxicants, psychiatric illness, and other CNS or systemic diseases. Recreational drugs–especially stimulants–are frequently used b...
FIRST SCIENCE OBSERVATIONS WITH SOFIA/FORCAST: 6-37 μm IMAGING OF THE CENTRAL ORION NEBULA

We present new mid-infrared images of the central region of the Orion Nebula using the newly commissioned Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy airborne telescope and its 5-40 {mu}m camera FORCAST. The 37.1 {mu}m images represent the highest resolution observations ({approx}<4'') ever obtained of this region at these wavelengths. After BN/KL (which is described in a separate paper in this issue), the dominant source at all wavelengths except 37.1 {mu}m is the Ney-Allen Nebula, a crescent-shaped extended source associated with {theta}{sup 1} D Ori. The morphology of the Ney-Allen nebula in our images is consistent with the interpretation that it is ambient dust swept up by the stellar wind from {theta}{sup 1} D Ori, as suggested by Smith et al. in 2005. Our observations also reveal emission from two 'proplyds' (proto-planetary disks), and a few embedded young stellar objects (YSOs; IRc 9, and OMC1-S IRS1, 2, and 10). The spectral energy distribution for IRc 9 is presented and fitted with standard YSO models from Robitaille et al. in 2007 to constrain the total luminosity, disk size, and envelope size. The diffuse, nebular emission we observe at all FORCAST wavelengths is most likely from the background photodissociation region (PDR) and shows structuremore » that coincides roughly with H{alpha} and [N II] emission. We conclude that the spatial variations in the diffuse emission are likely due to undulations in the surface of the background PDR.« less
Nonresonant Nonlinear Absorption in n-Ge, GaAs, and ZnSe in the Long-wave Infrared

We measure nonlinear absorption in semiconductors using nanosecond and picosecond CO2 laser pulses. Absorption strength scales inversely with band gap energy. Effective absorption coefficients in n-Ge are unchanged over intensities from 0.1-2 GW/cm2.
Measuring policy leakage of Beijing’s car ownership restriction

Abstract In response to severe traffic congestion and air pollution, Beijing introduced a car ownership restriction policy to curb growth in the number of private cars in the city. However, Beijing residents can still purchase and register their cars in neighboring cities and this “leakage” may substantially reduce the policy’s effectiveness. Using city-level data collected from the CEIC China Premium Database, we aim to quantify the spill-over effect: the impact of Beijing’s policy on the growth of private car registrations in neighboring cities. We first deploy a synthetic control method to create a weighted combination of non-treated cities for each treated city. We then employ a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the policy leakage. Our models suggest that the policy resulted in additional 443,000 cars sold in the neighboring cities (within 500 km of Beijing) from 2011 to 2013, compared to if the policy had not been implemented. 35–40% of the car growth reduction stipulated by the policy simply spilled over to neighboring cities. The significance of the policy leakage necessitates positioning Beijing’s urban transportation in a broader context and executing regional collaboration.
Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study sought to advance understanding of the potential long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for child development by characterizing trajectories of maternal perinatal depression, a common and significant risk factor for adverse child outcomes. Data came from 393 women (86% White, 8% Latina; mean age = 33.51 years) recruited during pregnancy (n = 247; mean gestational age = 22.94 weeks) or during the first year postpartum (n = 146; mean child age = 4.50 months; 55% female). Rates of depression appear elevated, relative to published reports and to a pre-pandemic comparison group (N = 155). This study also provides evidence for subgroups of individuals who differ in their depressive symptom trajectories over the perinatal period. Subgroup membership was related to differences in maternal social support, but not to child birth outcomes.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve Prenatal Consults with Illustrated Literature

BACKGROUND: Prenatal consults (PCs) occur in anticipation that a baby will require intensive care. Effective communication is difficult during these stressful discussions. Despite the importance of PCs, compensation for known obstacles of comprehension (i.e. magnesium, pain, language barriers) rarely occurs. Although there is evidence that supplemental modes of communication are beneficial, these tools are rarely used. OBJECTIVE: To determine if addition of an illustrated handout during PCs improves maternal knowledge and decreases anxiety, …
Integrating coordination mechanisms in the sustainability assessment of agri-food chains: From a structured literature review to a comprehensive framework

Abstract The assessment of sustainability at the level of the agri-food supply chain is complex.Achieving sustainability in agri-food chains requires coordinated interaction between chain actors. The aspect of coordination is rarely included in the assessment of sustainability and current assessment methodologies do not allow conclusions about the linkage between coordination and sustainability. This paper analyzes the state of the art in the assessment of agri-food supply chain sustainability based on a structured literature review. Following the structured review that includes category analysis and content analysis, we develop a comprehensive sustainability assessment framework for agri-food chains across multiple stages. The novelty of the framework is to incorporate the dimension of coordination across chain stages as a critical sustainability dimension. The study contributes to research on the assessment of agrifood supply chain sustainability by incorporating the role of coordination across chain stages and its relationship with economic, environmental, and social performance. This essential relationship between coordination and sustainability offers several areas of interest for future research. The study also contributes to practice by providing scholars, chain actors, and policymakers with directions for improving sustainable strategies.
Integration and Assessment of Multimedia Technology in the Principles of Marketing Classroom

As technology pervades higher education, multimedia instruction is being embraced by several academic departments. The purpose of this paper was twofold: (1) examine student perceptions of multimedia tools, and (2) present examples of experiential exercises using the internet.
Race-associated biological differences among Luminal A breast tumors

African-American (AA) women have higher breast cancer-specific mortality rates. A higher prevalence of the worse outcome Basal-like breast cancer subtype contributes to this, but AA women also have higher mortality even within the more favorable outcome Luminal A breast cancers. These differences may reflect treatment or health care access issues, inherent biological differences, or both. To identify potential biological differences by race among Luminal A breast cancers, gene expression data from 108 CAU and 57 AA breast tumors were analyzed. Race-associated genes were evaluated for associations with survival. Finally, expression of race- and survival-associated genes was evaluated in normal tissue of AA and CAU women. Six genes (ACOX2, MUC1, CRYBB2, PSPH, SQLE, TYMS) were differentially expressed by race among Luminal A breast cancers and were associated with survival (HR 1.25). For all six genes, tumors in AA had higher expression of poor prognosis genes (CRYBB2, PSPH, SQLE, TYMS) and lower expression of good prognosis genes (ACOX2, MUC1). A score based on all six genes predicted survival in a large independent dataset (HR = 1.9 top vs. bottom quartile, 95 % CI: 1.4–2.5). For four genes, normal tissue of AA and CAU women showed similar expression (ACOX2, MUC1, SQLE, TYMS); however, the poor outcome-associated genes CRYBB2 and PSPH were more highly expressed in AA versus CAU women’s normal tissue. This analysis identified gene expression differences that may contribute to mortality disparities and suggests that among Luminal A breast tumors there are biological differences between AA and CAU patients. Some of these differences (CRYBB2 and PSPH) may exist from the earliest stages of tumor development, or may even precede malignancy.
Signing Off: Predicting Discontinued ICT Usage Among Older Adults in Assisted and Independent Living

While previous research examining digital inequality among older adults has exposed factors that prevent older adults from using information and communication technologies (ICTs), less has been done focusing on factors that may contribute to ICT discontinuation. This investigation uses data from a randomized controlled intervention study to examine possible predictors of discontinued ICT usage among older adults in assisted and independent living communities. Survival analysis shows that participating in a non-technology activities intervention can increase the odds of stopping the use of ICTs over time. In addition, an increase in the number of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) an individual needs assistance with was associated with increased odds of discontinuing ICT use. Results suggest that those promoting continued usage of ICTs among older adults in assisted and independent living need to address the social activities that may prevent use and account for the increasing frailty of residents over time.
On the State Space of the Binary Neural Network

Analysis of the state space for the fully-connected binary neural network ("the Hopfield model") remains an important objective in utilizing the network in pattern recognition and associative information retrieval. Most of the research pertaining to the network's state space so far concentrated on stable-state enumeration and often it was assumed that the patterns which are to be stored are random. We discuss the case of deterministic known codewords whose storage is required, and show that for this important case bounds on the retrieval probabilities and convergence rates can be achieved. The main tool which we employ is Birth-and-Death Markov chains, describing the Hamming distance of the network's state from the stored patterns. The results are applicable to both the asynchronous network and to the Boltzmann machine, and can be utilized to compare codeword sets in terms of efficiency of their retrieval, when the neural network is used as a content addressable memory.
Optimal Lower Bounds for 2-Query Locally Decodable Linear Codes

This paper presents essentially optimal lower bounds on the size of linear codes C : {0, 1}n ? {0, 1}m which have the property that, for constants ?, ? > 0, any bit of the message can be recovered with probability 1/2 + ? by an algorithm reading only 2 bits of a codeword corrupted in up to ?m positions. Such codes are known to be applicable to, among other things, the construction and analysis of information-theoretically secure private information retrieval schemes. In this work, we show that m must be at least 2?(?/1-2? n). Our results extend work by Goldreich, Karloff, Schulman, and Trevisan [GKST02], which is based heavily on methods developed by Katz and Trevisan [KT00]. The key to our improved bounds is an analysis which bypasses an intermediate reduction used in both prior works. The resulting improvement in the efficiency of the overall analysis is sufficient to achieve a lower bound optimal within a constant factor in the exponent. A construction of a locally decodable linear code matching this bound is presented.
The Vanderbilt cooperative study of maternal and infant nutrition. IV. Dietary, laboratory and physical findings in 2,129 delivered pregnancies.

The nutritional characteristics revealed by records of dietary intake laboratory assessments and physical examinations with respect to the altered physiology of pregnancy are described for an unselected group of 2129 pregnant white women attending the Vanderbilt prenatal clinic. Each patient was requested to keep dietary records for 1 week during each trimester of pregnancy. The data were examined for trends. Calorie consumption decreased between the second and third trimester in women attending the clinic. Women attending the prenatal clinic had a caloric intake 200 calories lower than women at the same point in gestation who entered the clinic at a later date. Seasonal trends were examined. The continuous schedule of acceptance of patients into the study was effective in minimizing the seasonal effect on the various groups. Long-term trends of significant magnitude were absent. The food which supplied the nutrients are indicated. 73% of the subjects were without dietary supplements. Laboratory measurements were made for the following: 1) hematologic and serum protein values 2) fat-soluble vitamins in the serum or plasma 3) serum ascorbic acid levels and 4) urinary excretion of B vitamins following load tests. Analysis of the laboratory values revealed a difference in average levels of some of the measurements depending upon when the woman first visited the clinic. This effect is seen in the values for hemoglobin packed cell volume erythrocyte count serum carotene total serum protein and serum globulin. Long-term trends were apparent in the data on the urinary excretion of thiamine riboflavin and N-methylnicotinamide and on the concentration of albumin in the serum. The gradual upward trend in the median value of riboflavin from the early part of the study to the later part of the study seem to be intrinsic within the persons studied. The expected decrease in hemoglobin concentration erythrocyte count and packed cell volume occured during pregnancy. The postpartum hemotologic values returned to levels somewhat higher than the values observed at the 5th and 9th week of gestation wheras the hemoglobin barely regianed its maximum concentration. Serum ascorbic acid showed a decrease during gestation followed by a further decline by the 5th week postpartum. In the present series the mean serum vitamin-A values decreased during pregnancy and then rose. The postpartum values for serum vitamin-A and carotene were higher than the levels observed for nonpregnant nonlactating women in an adjacent county. There was an early increase in Nmethylnicotinamide. The commonest nutritional disease found was obesity. However examiner differences were responsible for many of the differences noted on physical examination of the patients. Instances of clinically recognizable deficiency disease were absent.
Systems-based analysis of responses to stimulation or inhibition of EGF receptor signaling in breast cancer cells

4427 Comprehensive assessment of molecular and cellular responses to stimulation or inhibition of the EGFR pathway is a prerequisite for the generation and optimization of computerized models of this pathway. Pathway Logic is a rule-based model that uses rewrite logic to symbolically represent biological processes. To expand the rule set of this model, we performed an extensive temporal analysis of molecular and cellular responses to EGF stimulation and MEK inhibition in two breast cancer cell lines (T47D and MBA-MD-231). RNA expression array analyses and reverse-phase protein lysate array analyses were performed. In addition, changes in cell cycle distribution, cell viability, and apoptosis rates were measured. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed and the canonical-pathway based analysis system GenMAPP was used to map observed changes onto known pathways. Expected responses were clearly reproduced, including the early-growth response to EGF stimulation that includes activation of the transcription factors c-Jun/c-Fos or the activation of dual-specificity phosphatases, which are known to be negative regulators of Ras-MEK-ERK signaling. In addition, evidence for pathway crosstalk and feedback loops was found. For example, increased expression of EGF receptor RNA and possible activation of transcripition factors down-stream of PI3-kinase following MEK inhibition were found. Since the time-course experiment was also suggestive of cross-talk between Ras-MEK-ERK signaling and PI3-kinase as well as the TGF-beta pathway, we are currently testing the role of these pathways as mediators of therapeutic resistance to MEK inhibition. Data from these analyses are being used to expand the rule set of the Pathway Logic model thus allowing for better prediction of pathway responses to targeted interventions into signal transduction processes.
Responses of cutaneous A-fiber nociceptors to noxious cold.

Simone, Donald A. and Keith C. Kajander. Responses of cutaneous A fiber nociceptors to noxious cold. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2049–2060, 1997. Responses of cutaneous nociceptors to natural stimuli, par...
Prairie Voices: Process Anthropology in Family Medicine

Prairie Voices: Process Anthropology in Family Medicine. Howard F. Stein. Westport, CT: Bergin & Gavey. 1996. xxii. 137.
Altered GAI activity of hybrid aspen has minimal effects on the performance of a polyphagous weevil, Polydrusus sericeus

Genetically modified plants can have unintended effects on herbivores, even when the transgene is not explicitly devised for pest protection. These effects may lead to altered ecological relationships in areas where transgenic plants are deployed. We tested several genetically-modified hybrid aspen clone INRA 717-IB4 [Populus tremula L. · P. alba L. (Salicaceae)] lines expressing transgenic constructs with altered gibberellic acid expression for their effects on a polyphagous insect, Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Longevity, egg production, and leaf consumption were measured in laboratory assays. Only male longevity was negatively affected by foliage from genetically modified trees, and in no case was oviposition or leaf consumption significantly altered. The importance of males in population dynamics varies among species, but we do not have evidence it is a major driver in this system. Contrary to our hypothesis of increased performance on modified foliage, adult P. sericeus were rarely affected by GM foliage, suggesting that not all genetic modifications that alter secondary metabolism in plants will necessarily have a strong effect on specific insect-plant relations, supporting the view that evaluations continue to require case by case analysis.
Synaptic mechanisms shaping delay-tuned combination-sensitivity in the auditory thalamus of mustached bats

For the processing of target-distance information, delay-tuned auditory neurons of the mustached bat show facilitative responses to a combination of signal elements of a biosonar pulse-echo pair with a specific echo delay. They are initially produced in the inferior colliculus by facilitative responses based on the coincidence of the rebound response following glycinergic inhibition to the first harmonic of the pulse and a short-latency response to the 2nd-4th harmonics of its echo. Here, we report that further facilitative responses to pulse-echo pairs of thalamic delay-tuned neurons are mediated by glutamate receptors (NMDA and non-NMDA receptors), and that GABAergic inhibition shortens the duration of facilitative responses mediated by NMDA-receptors, without changing the delay tuning of thalamic delay-tuned neurons. Different from collicular delay-tuned neurons, thalamic ones respond much more to pulse-echo pairs than individual signal elements. The neural mechanisms involved in shaping thalamic delay-tuning support a model of hierarchical signal processing in the auditory system.
Dynamics of hot carrier relaxation, carrier recombination, and band gap renormalization in the ternary semiconductor Al x Ga 1 _ x As

The dynamics of hot carrier relaxation and carrier recombination in the ternary semiconductor AlxGa1−xAs are investigated by time-resolved measurements of the photoluminescence and transmission following intense picosecond excitation. We also examine the modifications of the band structure introduced by high carrier densities, i.e., band gap renormalization due to exchange and correlation effects in the interacting carrier system. Experimental parameters are the alloy composition, the lattice temperature, and the initial density and excess energy of the excited carriers.
The spatial and temporal evolution of contributing areas

Predicting runoff source areas and how they change through time is a challenge in hydrology. Topographically induced lateral water redistribution and water removal through evapotranspiration lead to spatially and temporally variable patterns of watershed water storage. These dynamic storage patterns combined with threshold mediation of saturated subsurface throughflow lead to runoff source areas that are dynamic through time. To investigate these processes and their manifestation in watershed runoff, we developed and applied a parsimonious but spatially distributed model (WECOH—Watershed ECOHydrology). Evapotranspiration was measured via an eddy-covariance tower located within the catchment and disaggregated as a function of vegetation structure. This modeling approach reproduced the stream hydrograph well and was internally consistent with observed watershed runoff patterns and behavior. We further examined the spatial patterns of water storage and their evolution through time by building on past research focused on landscape hydrologic connectivity. The percentage of landscape area connected to the stream network ranged from less than 1% during the fall and winter base flow period to 71% during snowmelt. Over the course of the 2 year study period, 90% of the watershed areas were connected to the stream network for at least 1 day, leaving 10% of area that never became connected. Runoff source areas during the event shifted from riparian dominated runoff to areas at greater distances from the stream network when hillslopes became connected. Our modeling approach elucidates and enables quantification and prediction of watershed active areas and those active areas connected to the stream network through time.
Scour effect on a single pile and development of corresponding scour monitoring methods

Bridge scour is a major cause of bridge failures and has emerged as a significant concern for bridge engineers. Most previous studies focus on investigating causes of the scour but not on its consequences, in other words, very few studies have been carried out on the response and feature changes of structures due to scour. Therefore, the present paper mainly studied the scour effect on a single pile or pier. A theoretical solution was derived first to obtain the relationship between the scour depth and the pile response, including static and dynamic responses. Since the expression of the solution is tedious and not easy to understand, two examples were used for the demonstration and parametric study. Based on the numerical observation, the present study proposed three possible methods for detecting and monitoring the bridge scour. Finally, a monitoring system using fiber optic sensors was designed and tested in the laboratory to verify the theoretical and numerical results and the monitoring mechanisms.
Rational suicide: a test of the prescriptions of Epicurus concerning suicide.

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that the individual who believes death is the end and who expects to experience more displeasure than pleasure over the remainder of his life will choose suicide. College students (N = 272) completed questionnaires measuring their beliefs about after-life, expectations of pleasure and displeasure should certain negative events happen to them, and expectations of suicide should these negative events happen to them. Support was not found for the hypothesis. The students who believed that death was the end stated that they would choose to live even if negative events promised them a life of greater displeasure than pleasure. Language: en
Recall of importance ratings of completed and uncompleted tasks as a function of depression

The primary purpose of this study was the evaluation of the effects of successful completion of tasks versus failure in completion of tasks on the subsequent recall of these tasks by depressed and nondepressed college students. Also of interest was the relative importance these students would assign to these completed and uncompleted tasks. Subjects were asked to complete 20 paper-and-pencil tasks, 10 of which were terminated by the experimenter prior to completion. Subjects were then asked to recall as many of the tasks as possible and then to rate each task as to the relative importance of the skill(s) measured in the task. Depressed subjects recalled more uncompleted tasks than completed tasks, while the reverse was observed in nondepressed subjects. These findings were interpreted as consistent with, but extensions of, research on recall of frequency of reinforcement. Nondepressed subjects, but not depressed subjects, also rated the completed tasks as measuring more important skills than the uncompleted tasks. These results were seen as suggestive of the utilization of self-enhancing distortions by nondepressed but not by depressed subjects.
Lack of uniform diagnostic criteria for inflammatory breast cancer limits interpretation of treatment outcomes: a systematic review

Abstract Purpose Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. No randomized controlled trial or systematic review with an IBC-only cohort that evaluates interventions has been published. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to characterize the reporting of clinical criteria and response to neoadjuvant therapy for IBC. Patients and Methods We searched MEDLINE and other sources for the following: previously untreated patients with IBC without metastasis in cohort studies; utilized chemotherapy; and reported clinical outcomes. The following 4 groups were analyzed: no anthracycline induction, low-dose anthracycline induction, moderate-dose anthracycline induction, and high-dose chemotherapy requiring stem cell support. Weighted averages for the overall response rates were calculated using a random effects model. Results Twenty-seven studies met all criteria, totaling 1232 patients. Clinical description of IBC eligibility criteria and reported response assessments varied significantly among studies. The response rates and 3- and 5-year overall survival for all 27 studies ranged from 14% to 100%, 22% to 84%, and 32% to 75%, respectively. Pathologic complete response rates after no anthracycline induction, low-dose anthracycline induction, moderate-dose anthracycline induction, and neoadjuvant high-dose chemotherapy subgroups were 4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1%-18%), 11% (95% CI, 7%-17%), 14% (95% CI, 8%-22%), and 32% (95% CI, 24%-41%), respectively. Conclusion The criteria and reporting of IBC and treatment response was notably variable, with significant potential for subject heterogeneity. Pathologic complete response rates appear to be related to intensity of neoadjuvant treatment; however, this analysis is not based on randomized data. Future clinical trials should define and report the criteria for IBC diagnosis and response assessment to enhance interstudy comparisons.
A spiroligomer α-helix mimic that binds HDM2, penetrates human cells and stabilizes HDM2 in cell culture.

We demonstrate functionalized spiroligomers that mimic the HDM2-bound conformation of the p53 activation domain. Spiroligomers are stereochemically defined, functionalized, spirocyclic monomers coupled through pairs of amide bonds to create spiro-ladder oligomers [1]. Two series of spiroligomers were synthesized, one of structural analogs and one of stereochemical analogs, from which we identified compound 1, that binds HDM2 with a Kd value of 400 nM. The spiroligomer 1 penetrates human liver cancer cells through passive diffusion and in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner increases the levels of HDM2 more than 30-fold in Huh7 cells in which the p53/HDM2 negative feed-back loop is inoperative. This is a biological effect that is not seen with the HDM2 ligand nutlin-3a. We propose that compound 1 modulates the levels of HDM2 by stabilizing it to proteolysis, allowing it to accumulate in the absence of a p53/HDM2 feedback loop.
The 22-year solar cycle - A heliospheric oscillation

A new mechanism is proposed for the origin of the 22-year solar cycle in which the solar cycle is caused by a large scale oscillation of the heliosphere. In its simplest terms the oscillation is directly analogous to an LC oscillator, with the heliospheric current system providing the inductance, and accumulated charge near the heliosphere boundary providing the capacitance. Estimates of the oscillation period using reasonable parameters are close to 22 years.
Reversibly Altering Electronic Conduction through a Single Molecule by a Chemical Binding Event

This letter presents experimental evidence that the electrical conductance of a single molecule can be altered by a chemical binding event. Self-assembled monolayers of electron donor tetramethyl xylyl dithiol (TMXYL) have been synthesized and chemically switched to a conducting state by reaction with an electron acceptor tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). Low bias conductance measurements obtained by scanning tunneling spectroscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions show a change from insulating to ohmic behavior as a result of the electron donor/acceptor interaction.
Students with disabilities: Doing what's right

Providing equal educational access to students with disabilities is both a legal and a moral obligation. It is also an important component of the educational experience of all students. The authors offer suggestions for creating inclusive, accessible campus environments.
Use of nanoimprinted surface patterns to mitigate colloidal deposition on ultrafiltration membranes

Flux decline due to membrane fouling prevails in almost all pressure-driven liquid separations. The factors controlling fouling, ranging from surface chemistry to topographic roughness, have been extensively investigated. However, the role of surface patterns, particularly at a submicron scale, on membrane fouling remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that submicron patterns can be successfully imprinted onto a commercial polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane surface using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) without sacrificing its permeability properties. The presence of these patterns led to significantly improved deposition resistance during filtration of colloidal silica particle suspensions, as evidenced by a 19–45% increase in the apparent critical flux, with the magnitude dependent on particle size. Post-filtration visualization reveals an intriguing anisotropy in the particle deposition, whereby the degree of anisotropy depends on the orientation angle between the surface pattern and the flow direction of the feed. These results suggest a chemical-free route to post-formation, membrane surface modification.