cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The AKT/I kappa B kinase pathway promotes angiogenic/metastatic gene expression in colorectal cancer by activating nuclear factor-kappa B and beta-catenin.

Our laboratory has delineated that the phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3K)/AKT/IκB kinase (IKK) pathway positively regulates NFκB and β-catenin, both important transcriptional regulators in colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, we investigated the effect of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/IKKα pathway in regulating the inappropriate constitutive activation of NFκB and β-catenin in CRC cell lines. SW480 and RKO CRC cell lines demonstrate constitutive activation of AKT as well as both NFκB- and β-catenin-dependent transcription. The constitutive activation of NFκB- and β-catenin-dependent transcription is inhibited by transiently transfecting either kinase dead (KD) IKKα, which blocks IKKα kinase activity, KD AKT, which blocks AKT activity, or wildtype (WT) PTEN, which inhibits PI3K and AKT activity. The ability of KD IKKα, KD AKT or WT PTEN to decrease β-catenin-dependent transcription is independent of their effects on NFκB. Inducible expression of either KD IKKα or WT PTEN strongly inhibits both the constitutive NFκB- and β-catenin-dependent promoter and endogenous gene activation. Targeted array-based gene expression analysis of this inducible system reveals that many of the genes downregulated upon inhibition of this pathway are involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The activation of this pathway and the expression of the three most repressed genes was further analysed in samples of CRC. These results indicate a role of this pathway in controlling gene expression important in tumor progression and metastasis.
Abrogation of IL-6-mediated JAK signalling by the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15d-PGJ(2) in oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Cyclopentenone 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) exerts antineoplastic effects on various types of human cancer. We recently showed that treatment with 15d-PGJ2 induces apoptosis accompanied by downregulation of the oncogenic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signalling in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. The current study examines the effects of 15d-PGJ2 on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Janus Kinase (JAK)-mediated signalling pathways. Inhibition of Stat3 by 15d-PGJ2 was abolished by exogenous stimulation with transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), but not interleukin 6 (IL-6), supporting a selective effect of 15d-PGJ2 on IL-6-mediated signalling. Importantly, 15d-PGJ2 selectively abrogated constitutive and IL-6-mediated JAK phosphorylation without affecting EGFR-activated levels. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ2 on JAK signalling required the reactive α,β-unsaturated carbon within the cyclopentenone ring. Targeting of JAK signalling using a specific JAK inhibitor also abolished Stat3 phosphorylation and resulted in apoptosis in oral SCC cells. Our findings provide the first evidence for 15d-PGJ2–mediated downregulation of constitutive and IL-6-induced JAK signalling in cancer and support that JAK inhibition and suppression of EGFR-independent Stat3 activation by 15d-PGJ2 represent a promising approach for induction of apoptosis in oral SCC cells.
Localization and Quantitative Co-localization of Enamelin with Amelogenin

Enamelin and amelogenin are vital proteins in enamel formation. The cooperative function of these two proteins controls crystal nucleation and morphology in vitro. We quantitatively analyzed the co-localization between enamelin and amelogenin by confocal microscopy and using two antibodies, one raised against a sequence in the porcine 32 kDa enamelin region and the other raised against full-length recombinant mouse amelogenin. We further investigated the interaction of the porcine 32 kDa enamelin and recombinant amelogenin using immuno-gold labeling. This study reports the quantitative co-localization results for postnatal days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mandibular mouse molars. We show that amelogenin and enamelin are secreted into the extracellular matrix on the cuspal slopes of the molars at day 1 and that secretion continues to at least day 8. Quantitative co-localization analysis (QCA) was performed in several different configurations using large (45 μm height, 33 μm width) and small (7 μm diameter) regions of interest to elucidate any patterns. Co-localization patterns in day 8 samples revealed that enamelin and amelogenin co-localize near the secretory face of the ameloblasts and appear to be secreted approximately in a 1:1 ratio. The degree of co-localization decreases as the enamel matures, both along the secretory face of ameloblasts and throughout the entire thickness of the enamel. Immuno-reactivity against enamelin is concentrated along the secretory face of ameloblasts, supporting the theory that this protein together with amelogenin is intimately involved in mineral induction at the beginning of enamel formation.
Protecting groups that incorporate a 4-pentenyl acetal moiety can be cleaved under neutral conditions1

Abstract Alcohols can be protected as their 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM) ethers, and regenerated therefrom by treatment with NBS in CH 3 CN/H 2 O. Ketones and aldehydes are converted into ketals by reaction with 5-hexen-1,2-diol. Regeneration occurs by treatment with NBS or Hg(OAc) 2 in aqueous media. Vicinal diols are converted into acetals by reaction with 4-pentenal. Deprotection is achieved by sequential oxidative and reductive steps.
A novel method for the separation and quantitation of benzene metabolites using high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for the separation of benzene metabolites using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The antoxidant, ascorbic acid is added to an aqueous mixture of 1,2,4-benzenetriol, hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol, to prevent autooxidation. The eluting solvents are equilibrated with nitrogen, degassed, and maintained under a nitrogen atmosphere during the analysis. A highly resolved and reproducible profile of the metabolites is achieved under these conditions. This method should prove useful in a number of pharmacokinetic studies where the biotransformation of the parent compound to autooxidizable species such as polyphenols and quinones precludes analysis under aerobic conditions.
Whose Hands Reach Out to the Homeless? Patterns of Helping Among High and Low Communally Oriented Individuals

The communal orientation construct (Clark & Mills, 1979), may be useful in determining why people choose to help the homeless. Participants were presented with videotapes (Study 1) or transcripts (Study 2) of interviews with homeless people who were portrayed as having sad or neutral affect. Participants higher on communal orientation were more likely to display attitudes, empathy, and intentions supportive of helping the homeless. Portraying homeless people as being sad had a negative effect on attitudes and intentions to help them. In Study 2, communal orientation interacted with sadness such that for those high in communal orientation, sadness increased positive attitudes; while for those low in communal orientation, sadness decreased positive attitudes.
Conformational stability, structural parameters and virbrational assignment from variable temperature infrared spectra of krypton solutions and ab initio calculations of ethylisothiocyanate

Abstract Variable temperature (−105 to −150 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm−1) of ethylisothiocyanate, CH3CH2NCS, dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded. Additionally the infrared spectra of the gas and solid have been re-investigated. These spectroscopic data indicate a single conformer in all physical states with a large number of molecules in the gas phase at ambient temperature in excited states of the CN torsional mode which has a very low barrier to conformational interchange. To aid in the analyses of the vibrational and rotational spectra, ab initio calculations have been carried out by the perturbation method to the second order (MP2) with valence and core electron correlation using a variety of basis sets up to 6-311 + G(2df,2pd). With the smaller basis sets up to 6-311 + G(d,p) and cc-PVDZ, the cis conformer is indicated as a transition state with all larger basis sets the cis conformer is the only stable form. The predicted energy difference from these calculations between the cis form and the higher energy trans conformer is about 125 cm−1 which represents essentially the barrier to internal rotation of the NCS group (rotation around N C axis). Density functional theory calculation by the B3LYP method with the same basis sets predicts this barrier to be about 25 cm−1. By utilizing the previously reported microwave rotational constants with the structural parameters predicted by the ab initio MP2(full)/6-311 + G(d,p) calculations, adjusted r0 structural parameters have been obtained for the cis form. The determined heavy atom parameters are: r(N C) = 1.196(5), r(C S) = 1.579(5), r(C N) = 1.439(5), r(C C) = 1.519(5) A for the distances and angles of ∠CCN = 112.1(5), ∠CNC = 146.2(5), ∠NCS = 174.0(5)°. The centrifugal distortion constants, dipole moments, conformational stability, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities have been predicted from ab initio calculations and compared to experimental quantities when available. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities of some similar molecules.
Use of porous baffles to enhance heat transfer in a rectangular channel

Abstract An experimental investigation was carried out to measure module average heat transfer coefficients in uniformly heated rectangular channel with wall mounted porous baffles. Baffles were mounted alternatively on top and bottom of the walls. Heat transfer coefficients and pressure loss for periodically fully developed flow and heat transfer were obtained for different types of porous medium (10, 20, and 40 pores per inch (PPI)) with two window cut ratios (Bh/Dh=1/3 and 2/3) and two baffle thickness to channel hydraulic diameter ratios (Bt/Dh=1/3 and 1/12). Reynolds number (Re) was varied from 20,000 to 50,000. To compare the effect of foam metal baffle, the data for conventional solid-type baffle were obtained for (Bt/Dh=1/3). The maximum uncertainties associated with module Nusselt number and friction factor were 5.8% and 4.3% respectively. The experimental procedure was validated by comparing the data for the straight channel with no baffles (Bh/Dh=0) with those in the literature [Publications in Engineering, vol. 2, University of California, Berkeley, 1930, p. 443; Int. Chem. Eng. 16 (1976) 359]. The use of porous baffles resulted in heat transfer enhancement as high as 300% compared to heat transfer in straight channel with no baffles. However, the heat transfer enhancement per unit increase in pumping power was less than one for the range of parameters studied in this work. Correlation equations were developed for heat transfer enhancement ratio and heat transfer enhancement per unit increase in pumping power in terms of Reynolds number.
Immunohistologic techniques for detecting the glycolipid Gb 3 in the mouse kidney and nervous system

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli causes hemolytic uremic syndrome, a constellation of disorders that includes kidney failure and central nervous system dysfunction. Shiga toxin binds the amphipathic, membrane-bound glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)) and uses it to enter host cells and ultimately cause cell death. Thus, cell types that express Gb(3) in target tissues should be recognized. The objective of this study was to determine whether immunohistologic detection of Gb(3) was affected by the method of tissue preparation. Tissue preparation included variations in fixation (immersion or perfusion) and processing (paraffin or frozen) steps; paraffin processing employed different dehydration solvents (acetone or ethanol). Perfusion-fixation in combination with frozen sections or acetone-dehydrated tissue for paraffin sections resulted in specific recognition of Gb(3) using immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent methods. In the mouse tissues studied, Gb(3) was associated with tubules in the kidney and neurons in the nervous system. On the other hand, Gb(3) localization to endothelial cells was determined to be an artifact generated due to immersion-fixation or tissue dehydration with ethanol. This finding was corroborated by glycolipid profiles from tissue subjected to dehydration; namely Gb(3) was subject to extraction by ethanol more than acetone during tissue dehydration. The results of this study show that tissue preparation is crucial to the persistence and preservation of the glycolipid Gb(3) in mouse tissue. These methods may serve as a basis for determining the localization of other amphipathic glycolipids in tissue.
Human ARX gene: genomic characterization and expression.

Abstract Arx is a homeobox-containing gene with a high degree of sequence similarity between mouse and zebrafish. Arx is expressed in the forebrain and floor plate of the developing central nervous systems of these vertebrates and in the presumptive cortex of fetal mice. Our goal was to identify genes in Xp22.1–p21.3 involved in human neuronal development. Our in silico search for candidate genes noted that annotation of a human Xp22 PAC (RPCI1-258N20) sequence (GenBank Accession No. AC002504 ) identified putative exons consistent with an Arx homologue in Xp22. Northern blot analysis showed that a 3.3 kb human ARX transcript was expressed at high levels in fetal brain. A 5.9 kb transcript was expressed in adult heart, skeletal muscle, and liver with very faint expression in other adult tissues, including brain. In situ hybridization of ARX in human fetal brain sections at various developmental stages showed the highest expression in neuronal precursors in the germinal matrix of the ganglionic eminence and in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon. Expression was also observed in the hippocampus, cingulate, subventricular zone, cortical plate, caudate nucleus, and putamen. The expression pattern suggests that ARX is involved in the differentiation and maintenance of specific neuronal cell types in the human central nervous system. We also mapped the murine Arx gene to the mouse genome using a mouse/hamster radiation hybrid panel and showed that Arx and ARX are orthologues. Therefore, investigations in model vertebrates may provide insight into the role of ARX in development. The recent identification of ARX mutations in patients with various forms of menta1 retardation make such studies in model organisms even more compelling.
Effect of diethylcarbamazine, oxophenarsine hydrochloride and piperazine citrate on toxocara canis larvae in mice.

Abstract Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) and oxophenarsine hydrochloride (Mapharsen) but not piperazine citrate (Antepar) exhibited a limited degree of effectiveness against the larvae of Toxocara canis in white mice. Diethylcarbamazine used for a protracted period in an established T. canis infection in mice reduced the number of larvae to 35% of those recoverable from infected untreated control mice. However this drug proved ineffective against the larvae during hatching and early migration periods. Oxophenarsine hydrochloride in 1-mg doses either once or twice a week was somewhat effective when given for 6 weeks in an established T. canis infection in mice, reducing the larvae to 77% of the number recoverable from infected untreated controls. Blood eosinophilia was observed to occur during the known periods of larval migration of this ascarid in mice, although the magnitude was variable and apparently was unaffected by the administration of either diethylcarbamazine or oxophenarsine hydrochloride.
Relationship of the basic glycoprotein to the basic proline-rich proteins in human parotid saliva

Abstract The relationship was investigated by chemically deglycosylating the glycoprotein and comparing the protein moiety so obtained with non-glycosylated proline-rich proteins. Deglycosylation of the purified salivary basic proline-rich glycoprotein resulted in three protein moieties. After purification, these fractions were compared biochemically to the non-glycosylated basic proline-rich proteins by amino acid composition, cationic and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoreses, end groups and peptide mapping. The findings indicate that none of the basic proline-rich proteins are precursor proteins to the basic glycoprotein.
A Comparison of Temperature and Precipitation Forecasts Issued by Telecasters and the National Weather Service

Abstract Late evening weather forecasts by telecasters at major network television stations in seven United States cities, and corresponding forecasts from the National Weather Service, were monitored by meteorology students for 6 months in 1985–86. These forecasts were of temperature and precipitation for the three periods of “tonight,” “tomorrow,” and “tomorrow night.” The accuracy of temperature forecasts was evaluated with three indexes: mean absolute error, root mean square error, and percentage of errors over 10°F. For precipitation, the indexes were Brier score (accuracy) and reliability. The accuracy of temperature forecasts was not greatly different for the telecasters and the NWS. Three of 20 pairings show a statistically significant difference according to the sign test; this is not much more than would be expected by chance. For precipitation similar results were obtained: only 1 of 20 Brier score pairings is statistically significant. The NWS has higher reliability scores, although no test ex...
Evaluation of the insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy

Only 2 of 6 patients with myotonic dystrophy had glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. All, however, had markedly reduced insulin binding to specific receptors on circulating monocytes. A significant difference in receptor affinity for insulin was observed, but the difference in affinity was not as marked as that in the amount of 125I-insulin bound per cell, which was sixfold greater in control cells. No evidence for a circulating factor competing with insulin for binding sites could be demonstrated. These alterations in binding did not directly correlate with glucose intolerance or hyperinsulinemia and are consistent with a postulated generalized membrane defect. Study of the insulin receptor in this disorder may uncover regulatory mechanisms in normal and pathological conditions, including myotonic dystrophy.
Diseases of the Veins

Three sets of vessels comprise the circulatory system: arteries, lymphatics, and veins. Arteries bring oxygen-carrying blood from the heart to the tissues. In the normal course of blood circulation, small amounts of fluid and protein leak from arteries and veins. Lymphatic vessels bring this protein-rich fluid back into the circulation. The third type of blood vessel is the vein. Veins bring oxygen-depleted blood from the organs and tissues to the heart and lungs, where it is re-oxygenated. Blood return to the heart tends to be passive and is enabled by muscle contraction in the arms and legs. Because the venous system is a low pressure one, the telltale complaints and physical signs of venous disease on which your physician relies for diagnosis are often subtle and sometimes require further testing. Diseases of the veins fall into two broad categories: blockage from a blood clot (thrombosis) and inadequate venous drainage (insufficiency). The legs are the most common location for blood clot formation (thrombus) in the venous system. Today, the most commonly encountered causes for blood clots include cancer, prolonged immobility, an inherited tendency for blood clotting, pregnancy, and contraceptive use. ### Superficial Thrombophlebitis Blood clots may develop in the veins that lie either just under the skin or deep within the limb. In the skin-deep (superficial) veins, a blood clot commonly appears as a red streak along the course of an affected vein and is often accompanied by inflammation (phlebitis). The vein may feel warm and tender and may be swollen. This combination of clot and inflammation, known as superficial thrombophlebitis, commonly occurs in the setting of varicose veins. Cancer may be the cause for development of many episodes of superficial blood clots; this is known as Trousseau’s syndrome. Superficial thrombophlebitis is typically more annoying than dangerous because the likelihood that the clot(s) will …
Wisdom and the axiom of futility

L'A. defend une theorie deliberative et autoregulatrice de la sagesse, fondee sur la philosophie ancienne de Platon, Aristote, et des Stoiciens, d'une part, et sur l'intelligence multidimensionnelle comme objet de la psychologie moderne, d'autre part. Face a l'exigence de bien-etre et de bonheur, l'A. mesure la valeur pratique de l'axiome de la futilite defini par L. C. Beker dans le sens d'une limite entre ce que l'agent desire et ce qui lui est impossbile d'atteindre.
Significance of nannoplankton.

ATKINS1, in 1945, reported on the productivity of the English Channel as estimated by two independent methods. The silicate turnover indicated a far lower productivity than did the phosphate turnover, and from this he deduced that only a relatively small fraction of the phytoplankton could consist of forms with siliceous skeletons. Knight-Jones and Walne2 later showed that the very small nannoplanktonic form, Chromulina pusilla, was present in English Channel waters in numbers averaging about 1,000 per ml. They quoted other work showing that as much as 90 per cent of the phytoplankton may be small enough to pass through a fine silk tow net, and 40 per cent through a No. 2 Whatman filter paper.
Next stop, unravel: The tangled web of e-consumer research:

Current research in e-consumer behavior is examined to recognize gains in our understanding as well as to identify a much needed alteration in our general research strategy. I call this altered strategy unraveling, and illustrate its use with contributions from extant studies. This suggested strategy calls for a more inclusive framework of explanatory factors, kept disentangled, decompounded, and disaggregated, if we are to move beyond the hitherto largely exploratory research phase toward a more generalizable body of knowledge on e-consumer behavior.
A Study of Relationships among Scores on the Minnesota Paper form Board-Revised Series AA, The Non-Language Section of the California Test of Mental Maturity, and Test 2 of the Non-language Section of the California Test of Mental Maturity

Because of the seeming similarity of the problems contained in the Minnesota Paper Form Board and Test 2 (Manipulation of Areas) of the Non-language section of the California test of Mental Maturity the question arose as to the possible relationship that might exist between the two tests. The same question was raised in regard to the Minnesota Paper Form Board and the Non-language section of the California test of Mental Maturity. So with this in mind, the writer was prompted to make a comparison by means of correlation of scores obtained on the tests mentioned.
Systems analysis and design of dynamically coupled multiscale reactor simulation codes

Chemical reacting systems involve phenomena that span several orders of magnitude in time and length scales, from the molecular to the macroscopic. To account for the multiscale character of these processes, many papers have adopted a simulation architecture that employs coupled simulation codes, in which each code simulates the physicochemical phenomena for a different range of length scales in the reacting system. When dynamically coupling codes, it is possible for the codes that solve the individual continuum or non-continuum models to be numerically stable, while the dynamic linkage of the individual codes is numerically unstable. This paper uses control theory to gain insight into these numerical instabilities as well as to design linkage algorithms that modify the dynamic information passed between the individual codes to numerically stabilize their coupling, and to increase the numerical accuracy of the simulation results. The approach is applied to a coupled KMC-FD code for simulating copper electrodeposition in sub-micron trenches.
Hemoglobin drift after cardiac surgery.

Background Recent literature suggests that a restrictive approach to red blood cell transfusions is associated with improved outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Even in the absence of bleeding, intravascular fluid shifts cause hemoglobin levels to drift postoperatively, possibly confounding the decision to transfuse. The purpose of this study was to define the natural progression of hemoglobin levels in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Methods All cardiac surgery patients from October 2010 through March 2011 who did not receive a postoperative transfusion were included. Primary stratification was by intraoperative transfusion status. Change in hemoglobin was evaluated relative to the initial postoperative hemoglobin. Maximal drift was defined as the maximum minus the minimum hemoglobin for a given hospitalization. Final drift was defined as the difference between initial and discharge hemoglobin. Results The final cohort included 199 patients: 71 (36%) received an intraoperative transfusion, whereas 128 (64%) did not. The average initial and final hemoglobin levels for all patients were 11.0 ± 1.4 g/dL and 9.9 ± 1.3 g/dL, respectively, giving a final drift of 1.1 ± 1.4 g/dL. The maximal drift was 1.8 ± 1.1 g/dL and was similar regardless of intraoperative transfusion status ( p = 0.9). Although all patients' hemoglobin initially dropped, 79% of patients reached a nadir and experienced a mean recovery of 0.7 ± 0.7 g/dL by discharge. On multivariable analysis, increasing cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly associated with total hemoglobin drift (coefficient/hour, 0.3 [0.1–0.5] g/dL; p = 0.02). Conclusions In this report of hemoglobin drift after cardiac surgery, although all postoperative patients experienced downward hemoglobin drift, 79% of patients exhibited hemoglobin recovery before discharge. Physicians should consider the eventual upward hemoglobin drift before administering red blood cell transfusions.
CD28 and inducible costimulator (ICOS) signalling can sustain CD154 expression on activated T cells

The biological outcome of receptor-mediated signalling often depends on the duration of engagement. Because CD40 signalling is controlled by the regulated expression of its ligand, CD154, the mechanisms that regulate CD154 expression probably determine the strength and duration of CD40 signalling. Here, we demonstrate that CD154 expression on the surface of mouse CD4 T cells can be separated into an early phase, occurring between 0 and 24 hr after T-cell activation, and a later extended phase, occurring after 24 hr. The early phase of CD154 expression did not require costimulation and was probably influenced by the strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling alone. However, later CD154 expression was highly dependent on costimulation through either CD28 or inducible costimulator (ICOS). Although CD28 signalling interleukin (IL)-2 secretion, ICOS not, suggesting that costimulation enhance CD154 expression independently of IL-2 production. In fact, anti-CD28 treatment could still induce late-phase CD154 on anti-CD3-stimulated CD4 T cells expressing a mutated form of CD28 that not lead to the induction of IL-2. However, this CD154 induction was somewhat weaker than that of wild-type CD28-expressing cells, suggesting that direct signalling and IL-2-mediated signalling co-operatively responsible for the levels of CD154 induced by CD28. Finally, we show that the second phase of CD154 expression negatively regulated B-cell terminal differentiation and antibody secretion. These results demonstrate that TCR signalling and costimulation each regulate different phases of CD154 expression and control the biological outcome of CD40 signalling on B cells.
Designer Drug Confusion: A Focus on MDMA

This article discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding the various desgner drugs, but is primarily devoted t o an examination of MDMA, an increasingly popular substance often label...
Effects of turbulence on power generation for variable-speed wind turbines

One of the primary advantages of variable-speed wind turbines over fixed-speed turbines should be improved aerodynamic efficiency. With variable-speed generation, in order to maintain a constant ratio of wind speed to tip speed, the wind turbine changes rotor speed as the wind speed changes. In this paper we compare a stall-controlled, variable-speed wind turbine to a fixed-speed turbine. The focus of this paper is to investigate the effects of variable speed on energy capture and its ability to control peak power. We also show the impact of turbulence on energy capture in moderate winds. In this report, we use a dynamic simulator to apply different winds to a wind turbine model. This model incorporates typical inertial and aerodynamic performance characteristics. From this study we found a control strategy that makes it possible to operate a stall-controlled turbine using variable speed to optimize energy capture and to control peak power. We also found that turbulence does not have a significant impact on energy capture.
Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Use of Modified Ultrafiltration

Abstract Background . Hemodilution is a prominent problem in cardiopulmonary bypass in a pediatric population. Ultrafiltration is a method used to reduce fluid volume and tissue edema and to increase hematocrit without the need for blood products. Modified ultrafiltration may offer advantages in comparison with conventional ultrafiltration. Methods . This article reviews the technique of modified ultrafiltration and its use, results, complications, and safety in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass. Results . Modified ultrafiltration in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass reduces total body water and serum levels of inflammatory mediators. It results in an elevated hematocrit without the need for transfusion, improved pulmonary compliance in the immediate postbypass period, and probably improved cerebral metabolic recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Conclusions . Modified ultrafiltration can be performed safely in neonatal patients after cardiopulmonary bypass and offers advantages in comparison with conventional ultrafiltration.
Comparative study of hydrogen, argon, and xenon uptake into a propane hydrate

The rate of absorption of hydrogen, argon, and xenon into a Type II propane clathrate hydrate has been studied. The propane hydrate is synthesized from 250-μm ice grains, is estimated to have a porosity of 65% and has roughly the consistency of chalk. Hydrogen is rapidly absorbed by the hydrate sample and approaches the equilibrium vapor pressure in an hour before a very slow residual absorption process ensues. For an initial hydrogen pressure of 1.5 MPa, about 4.5% of the available 512 cages are occupied by hydrogen after 1 h, and 4.9% after 18 h. In contrast, for both argon and xenon significantly more gas is absorbed by the hydrate but at a much slower rate: about 5% as fast for xenon and 1% as fast for argon. We conclude that hydrogen readily diffuses through the propane hydrate microcrystal structure, while argon and xenon are probably absorbed by growing new double hydrate while consuming the propane hydrate. Although considerably higher pressures would be required to store significant quantities of hydrogen in propane hydrate, it appears that the crystal can be loaded and emptied in relatively short times. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
LATE CRETACEOUS FOSSIL FLOWERS OF ERICALEAN AFFINITY

Fossilized flowers of ericalean affinity are reported from the Turonian (ca. 90 MYBP, million years before present) of New Jersey. The fossils are remarkably well preserved and three-dimensional, and are the oldest known floral remains of Ericales. The series of fossil flower buds, floral fragments, and fruits are not identical to any modern genus of Ericales. The inverted U-shaped anthers with pseudoterminal awns, and the fluted syncarpous ovary of the fossils suggest affinities with basal Ericaceae, probably near extant Enkianthus, a taxon that also shares monadinous pollen with the fossil. Pollen grains were observed clumped on a stigma in one of the fossil flowers. Fossilized acid-resistant strands having characteristics, including similar diameter and sculpture pattern, in common with the muri connect pollen grains and, with scanning electron microscopy, appear continuous with the tectum, supporting the interpretation that they are viscin threads. These are the oldest reported fossilized viscin threads, and the only fossilized viscin threads found in situ in flowers. In modern Ericales and Onagraceae, the presence of viscin threads is associated with highly specific plant-pollinator relationships, raising the possibility that such specific pollinator-plant relationships had developed by the mid-Cretaceous. This is consistent with floral characters in these ericalean fossils, the presence of advanced meliponine bees in slightly younger sediments from the same region, and with the morphology and affinities of other fossil flowers from the same sediments.
Collagenase production by rabbit ligaments and tendon.

Three periarticular connective tissues from normal rabbits were examined for collagenolytic activity. Enzyme activity was secreted by cultures of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and patellar tendon (PT). A lag period of six days or more was often observed prior to the detection of active collagenase. We attributed this to the presence of an excess of inhibitor in the early days of culture. We quantitated the amount of enzyme and inhibitor produced in 13 days. The levels of collagenase in the ACL and MCL were comparable. The PT, however, consistently secreted more enzyme than the two periarticular (ACL and MCL) ligaments. The reaction products were analyzed for all three collagenases and compared to those generated by the rabbit skin enzyme. We observed the characteristic TCA and TCB collagen fragements for MCL and PT enzymes. Collagen cleavage by the ACL cultures resulted in a product with a molecular weight intermediate between the α2 chain and the TCA piece. These data...
Early Starts, Reversals and Catch-up in the Process of Economic Development*

Early states like China and India have been experiencing more rapid economic growth in recent decades. We show that more rapid growth by early starters has been the norm in economic history, and that the "reversal of fortune" associated with the European overseas expansion was both exceptional and temporary. Not only was the post-1500 reversal in the process of being reversed after 1960, but also the advantage conferred by early development in the latter period was considerably greater than the growth rate disadvantage that it conferred during 1500-1960, implying a rapid undoing of the first reversal.
Human Ovarian Enzymes during Pregnancy1

We have studied several ovarian enzymes to determine if they are suitable indices of human luteal function during pregnancy. In the corpus luteum of pregnancy, G-6-PDH, ICDH, and LDH activities remain at relatively high levels throughout gestation and the puerperium. In contrast, 33-βH-SDH activity declines significantly between the first trimester and term, and luteal acid phosphatase activity rises modestly at term. 3α-, 17β-, 20α-, and 20β-OH-SDH activities could not be detected in luteal tissue removed from patients 10–36 weeks pregnant by a spectrophotometric assay. However, 20α-OH-SDH was found to be present when a radiochemical method was employed. Functional death of the human corpus luteum of pregnancy appears to be associated with declining 3β-OH-SDH levels and rising acid phosphatase activity.
Continuously synchronised growth

The advent of cell synchrony as a refinement in technique for cultivating microbes has given new dimensions to the study of microbial growth. By wedding synchrony to continuous culture, it becomes possible to convert and resolve the invariant (steady state) performance of asynchronous growth in a chemostat into a recognisable pattern of (cell cycle) activity, which repeats continually and occupies the mean doubling time periods of the cells growing in synchrony in a continuously synchronised culture. In this way, microbial growth and metabolism in a culture can be considered in terms of the individual cell instead of being related to the statistical mean of the cell population. Growth, continuous growth and continuously synchronised growth are considered in relation to these developments and an approach is made to account for the “physiological state”.
Enzymatic labelling of actin and tropomyosin with 14C-labelied putrescine

Abstract Transglutaminase, a Ca ++ -activated enzyme first described by Waelsch and co-workers, catalyzes the replacement of the amide groups of protein and peptide bound glutamine residues by primary amines (1, 2). The replaced amide appears as ammononia. Folk and Cole have recently presented a detailed study of this reaction with particular reference to the specificity of transglutaminase (3). Transglutaminase activity has been observed in various animal tissues such as liver, heart, kidney, spleen, lung and pancreas (1, 2, 4). We have confirmed the presence of this enzyme in rabbit and rat heart and further demonstrated transglutaminase activity in other muscle tissues such as the uterus and the skeletal muscle of the rat (5). Since this enzyme is present in muscle tissues the amine acceptor properties of some of the muscle proteins were studied. In this communication we report the transglutaminase catalyzed incorporation of putrescine into actin and tropomyosin. Experiments are also presented which indicate that this enzyme can utilize these muscle proteins not only as amine acceptors but also as amine donors, thereby, connecting these two proteins together with covalent bonds.
“Clearer Than Real”: A History of Mediated Realities in Pynchon's Against the Day

This essay explores the trajectory of popular media in Thomas Pynchon's 2006 novel Against the Day, from print all the way to the Internet. In his piece “Genre as History,” Brian McHale asserts that Against the Day pastiches several literary genres from the turn of the twentieth century, but this essay argues that Against the Day deals more broadly with the history of emergent media that come to shape reality according to capitalist interests. Merle Rideout, a character linked to camera technologies, and Lew Basnight, who represents print media, remain strangers for the first thousand pages of an eleven-hundred-page novel. Their meeting in 1920s Hollywood demonstrates not only the historical collision of print and visual media but also the latter's eclipse of the former. Reading Merle's Integroscope as anticipating later Internet technology, this essay ends by grappling with the persistence of print media in the twenty-first century that Against the Day consciously embodies.
Applications of the Augmented van der Waals Theory of Fluids.: I. Pure Fluids

The relation for the compressibility of hard convex bodies (Boublik, 1975) is combined with the power series in (u/k T) and (V°/V) (Alder et al., 1972) to obtain the most general and accurate equation of state of fluids. 24 universal constants of the series were fitted to the internal energy and PVT data for argon. The equation also contains 5 characteristic constants that were fitted to the properties of 11 fluids to show its validity at all densities ranging from zero (second virial coefficients) to the liquid density at T/Tc = 0.55 that corresponds to the triple point of argon. The interaction energy u/k appears to be equal to the critical temperature Tc for small molecules but it becomes a function of the temperature for non-spherical molecules, in agreement with the theory of non-central forces.
A real-time multiuser foreground, single-user background system for the PDP-9 computer

We have developed a software system for a PDP-9, with fixed head disk, to allow up to 16 remote laboratories to use the central PDP-9 facility for their experimental data acquisition and control needs. Timesharing is performed on a “demand” basis, using the hardware automatic priority-interrupt option. The real-time acquisition and control aspects are separated from the data reduction in the foreground by using a batch process foreground mainstream. The background is used primarily as a systems device for program updates and communications with a CDC terminal connected to a CDC 6600 computer. The philosophy, both software and hardware, developed for this heterogeneous user environment will be discussed.
Mean oscillation of functions and the Paley-Wiener space

The oscillatory behavior of functions with compactly supported Fourier transform is characterized in a quantified way using various function spaces. In particular, the results in this article show that the oscillations of a function at large scale are comparable to the oscillations of its samples on an appropriate discrete set of points. Several open questions about spaces of sequences are answered and applications in the study of commutator operators on the Paley-Wiener space are shown.
A Linear Estimator Optimized for the Structural Similarity Index and its Application to Image Denoising

We use a perceptual distortion metric -the structural similarity (SSIM) index, to derive a new linear estimator for estimating zero-mean Gaussian sources distorted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We use this estimator in an image denoising application and compare its performance with the traditional linear least squared error (LLSE) estimator. Although images denoised using the SSIM-optimized estimator have a lower peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to their LLSE couterparts, the SSIM-optimized estimator clearly outperforms the LLSE estimator in terms of the visual quality of the denoised images.
Oöstatic hormone production in houseflies, Musca domestica, with developing ovaries.

Abstract An oostatic hormone is produced by houseflies with eggs in stages 4 to 10. This hormone suppresses the development rate of stages 2 to 4 eggs. Complete inhibition of the second gonotropic cycle at stage 4 occurs when mature eggs from the first cycle are retained. Extracts from mature female flies inhibited ovarian development when injected into 24-hr-old flies with eggs in stage 2 of development. The oostatic hormone is soluble in 95% ethanol, chloroform-methanol (2 : 1), 20% glycerol, and water. The oostatic hormone maintains the cycle of egg production in the housefly.
Not every bulb is a rose: a functional comparison of bulb suction devices.

Background Not all closed drainage suction bulbs are equivalent, and there may be a discrepancy between purported and observed clinical efficacy. We evaluated four popular bulb suction apparati to directly compare their maximum attainable suction, maximum volume collected, and negative pressure maintained relative to volume collected. Methods Employing a developed-calibrated digital collection system, the relative function of the Surgidyne 100cc (SD100), Jackson-Pratt 100cc (JP100), Jackson-Pratt 400cc (JP400), and HemoVac 400cc (HV400) drains were compared. For these analyses, three separate drains of each type (JP100 utilized 6 drains) were tested in triplicate (alpha =0.05). Results The SD100 bulbs achieved the greatest negative pressure (-167.4 mmHg) while the HV400s the least (-80.5mm Hg). Only the SD100s pulled at or above purported volume. All other types obtained volumes significantly less than their described volumes: for each bulb type, the obtained volumes were statistically different. Of note, 66.7% (4 of 6) of JP100 bulbs collected only half the purported volume. Conclusions The use of the SD100 bulb demonstrated superior maximum attainable suction, maintained suction to a higher volume; they were the only bulbs tested that collected volumes at or above those purported. The HV400 bulbs demonstrated the lowest suction and volume collected. Nevertheless, when used clinically, all such drain bulbs must be emptied long before achieving maximum volume to maintain reliable suction.
Sur la pression de radiation en acoustique

On presente une etude critique de la notion de pression de radiation. On y met en evidence, d'abord pour le cas d'un fluide parfait sans viscosite, le caractere tensoriel de cette pression, et on etudie ses rapports avec le flux de quantite de mouvement associe a l'onde. On montre que les deux definitions, par Langevin et par Rayleigh, de la pression de radiation sont etroitement liees et decoulent des proprietes tensorielles mentionnees plus haut. La discussion est ensuite etendue au cas d'un fluide visqueux. On etudie aussi l'interaction entre les ondes sonores et un obstacle rigide de forme simple. On calcule dans certains cas la pression de radiation sur de tels obstacles et on recherche les relations entre cette pression et la section de diffusion de l'obstacle. On passe en revue les meilleures methodes experimentales de mesure des pressions de radiation et on examine leur precision a la lumiere des discussions precedentes.
Nucleic acid base and carcinogen metabolite specificities during intercalative interactions between DNA and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.

Abstract Intercalation of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) or its metabolic intermediate forms, probably precedes the covalent bond formation of the ultimate carcinogenic form with DNA. A ‘complete’ empirical-potential energy description of the base-sequence and metabolite specificities of the 4-NQO intercalation process is presented in this work. The important force and structural interaction components are depicted via decomposed energy functions. Energy-minimized intercalated complexes are presented and indicate several interesting characteristics. It is clear that the various intercalated quinoline-metabolites do not generally enter into ‘strictly’ parallel-planar stacked orientations (unlike the structurally rigid ethidium-intercalated complexes). Intercalation is energetically permitted for six of seven quinoline-metabolites (QMS) studied, although, intercalation into Pyr(3′-5′)Pur sequences is preferred over Pur(3′-5′)Pyr sequences. The three quinoline-metabolites that are more energetically favoured to undergo intercalation than the parent form are also known to enter into the greatest amount of covalent interactions with DNA and its constituents. Thus the present work further suggests the existence of a two-step binding mechanism: intercalation followed by covalent reaction.
Local atomic structure of semiconductor alloys using pair distribution functions. II.

A method of calculating the pair distribution function in semiconductor alloys has been extended to the differential and the partial pair distribution functions, and applied to pseudobinaries of the form ${A}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{B}_{x}C$ with the zinc-blende structure. We have used a simple valence force model with bond-stretching and bond-bending forces. Results of calculations are presented for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.5}\mathrm{As}.$ The differential pair distribution function provides a useful experimental way of determining the structural distortions in semiconductor alloys---specifically the mean nearest-neighbor and second-neighbor distances and widths can be obtained for chemically specific pairs of atoms.