cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methyl CpG-binding proteins and transcriptional repression.

Since its discovery, methylation of DNA in mammalian cells has been correlated with transcriptional repression and with specialized chromatin structures. Recently, considerable progress has been reported in the identification of protein factors with a highly conserved DNA interaction surface, termed the methyl CpG-binding domain or MBD. A subset has been biochemically linked to histone deacetylases, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the functional properties of methylated DNA. Despite several obvious attractions, the connection between MBD proteins and histone deacetylases fails to explain all the existing data. In fact, the biochemistry and DNA-binding properties of most MBD family members have not been adequately described and considerable evidence exists for alternative mechanisms in the repression of methylated loci. Null mutations have been generated in mice for several MBD family members, the phenotypes of the mutant animals raise important questions regarding the functions of the MBD family. Here, I review the biochemistry, DNA-binding properties, and genetics of the MBD proteins that are linked to transcriptional repression, namely, MeCP2, MBD1, MBD2, and MBD3. Several models to account for the functional properties of methylated DNA are presented.
Case study: Detecting hardware Trojans in third-party digital IP cores

The intellectual property (IP) blocks are designed by hundreds of IP vendors distributed across the world. Such IPs cannot be assumed trusted as hardware Trojans can be maliciously inserted into them and could be used in military, financial and other critical applications. It is extremely difficult to detect Trojans in third-party IPs (3PIPs) simply with conventional verification methods as well as methods developed for detecting Trojans in fabricated ICs. This paper first discusses the difficulties to detect Trojans in 3PIPs. Then a complementary flow is presented to verify the presence of Trojans in 3PIPs by identifying suspicious signals (SS) with formal verification, coverage analysis, removing redundant circuit, sequential automatic test pattern generation (ATPG), and equivalence theorems. Experimental results, shown in the paper for detecting many Trojans inserted into RS232 circuit, demonstrate the efficiency of the flow.
The process and results of an evaluation of a nurse-managed, family-oriented health care center.

Abstract This paper discusses an example of action research, the evaluation of a nurse-managed, family-oriented health care center serving a low-income, black population in an isolated section of a highly industrialized suburban community. The evaluation was the result of many necessary compromises, yet other than lack of cost effectiveness, it brought substantial evidence of the success of the agency. Patients had positive health attitudes, were knowledgeable, and practiced health-inducing behaviors. As compared to other community health centers, the quality of care was found to range from average to excellent. Notable gains in quality of care occurred from pre- to posttest, partially as a result of formative evaluation procedures. Despite the positive nature of the product evaluation, the Center was closed, raising questions as to the utility of evaluation in the decision-making process.
Improved channel‐aware MAC protocols for wireless local area networks

This paper studies the fading properties of the communication channel assumed in wireless local area networks (WLANs) and devises efficient channel-aware protocols for the distributed coordination function (DCF) and the point coordination function (PCF), the two modes of communication defined in the IEEE standard for WLAN. Our simulations show that the proposed PCF protocol improves the channel capacity usage up to 14% and the proposed DCF protocol improves the channel capacity up to 90%, when compared with standard IEEE 802.11 implementations, depending on the loss rate and temporal characteristics of the wireless channel. The proposed protocols introduce minimum computational overhead. We also show that, compared with standard DCF protocol defined in IEEE 802.11, the proposed DCF protocol can lower the SNR requirements for a given packet error rate thus potentially extending the battery life of portable devices that use WLAN.. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of steryl ferulate and p-coumarate esters from corn and rice.

The principal steryl ferulate andp-coumarate esters of different fractions from processed corn brans and corn oils, unrefined and refined, and from rice bran and rice bran oil were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show that hexane-extracted corn oils yield more than five times the amount of esters compared to expeller processed oils. The yields of esters from bran and related products ranged from 0.07 to 0.54 mg/g of bran. Unrefined corn oils had levels from 0.18 to 8.6 mg/g for oil from hexane-extracted bran. By comparison, rice bran had ester levels of 3.4 mg/g of bran, and rice bran oil had levels of 15.7 mg/g of oil. The predominant esters from corn were sitostanyl and campestanyl ferulate, and sitostanyl and campestanylp-coumarate. The principal esters from rice bran were cycloartenyl, 24-methylenecy-cloartanyl, and campesteryl ferulate. Rice bran oils had low levels of 24-methylenecycloartanyl but high levels of cyclobranol esters. The data presented provide a direct comparison of steryl ferulate andp-coumarate levels in the two cereals, and will aid in selecting the most suitable sources for the isolation of these compounds from corn products.
Investigation of the Biodegradation Potential of a Fluoroacrylate Polymer Product in Aerobic Soils

Biodegradation of fluorinated polymers is of interest to assess them as a potential source of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in the environment. A fluoroacrylate polymer product test substance was studied in four aerobic soils over two years to assess whether the fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) side chains covalently bonded to the polymer backbone may be transformed to form PFCAs. The test substance itself was not directly measured; instead, nine analytes were determined to evaluate biodegradation. Terminal biotransformation products measured included perfluorooctanoate (PFO), perfluorononanoate (PFN), perfluorodecanoate (PFD), perfluoroundecanoate (PFU), and pentadecafluorodecanoate (7–3 acid). The molar concentration of 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8–2 FTOH) in the test substance, fluoroacrylate polymer and residual unreacted raw materials and impurities (“residuals”) were compared with the molar concentrations of the terminal biotransformation products for mass balance and kinetic assessments. Over the two y...
Treatment of coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients: PTCA vs. stent

This retrospective study examined the utilization of coronary stent placement versus PTCA in hemodialysis patients with obstructive coronary disease. Prior studies have demonstrated suboptimal results with PTCA owing primarily to high rates of restenosis. We identified 19 hemodialysis patients who received a percutaneous coronary intervention who were matched with individuals without renal failure undergoing same vessel revascularization. Our study found that 71% of hemodialysis patients receiving PTCA had a recurrent cardiac event defined by subsequent angina, myocardial infarction, or cardiac death. At follow-up, 30% of patients who received stent placement had recurrent cardiac events. Intracoronary stent placement is both safe and feasible and produces more favorable clinical outcomes in the management of coronary disease in hemodialysis patients.
System for Characterizing Aerosols from Bubbling Liquids

The transfer of materials from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase by the bursting of gas bubbles at the liquid surface is of concern in many industrial and environmental applications, e.g., microorganism generation from wastewater treatment plants and health club whirlpools. Most previous studies have focused on single-bubble bursting, which is rarely found in actual situations. An experimental system has been developed that is large enough to accommodate multiple-bubble bursting and overcomes the difficulties of sampling and analysis of liquid droplets above the surface of a bubbling liquid. The system uses dynamic aerosol spectrometers to provide real-time information on the concentrations and size distributions of the liquid droplets generated and of the materials contained in the liquid droplets after their evaporation. Specially designed impactors are used to size classify the droplets so that the content of the droplets of various size ranges can be evaluated. Examples of measured droplet distrib...
Evidence of Impaired Left Ventricular Systolic Function by Doppler Myocardial Imaging in Patients With Systemic Amyloidosis and No Evidence of Cardiac Involvement by Standard Two-Dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography

We examined the potential role of Doppler myocardial imaging for early detection of systolic dysfunction in patients with systemic amyloidosis (AL) but without evidence of cardiac involvement by standard echocardiography. We identified 42 patients without 2-dimensional echocardiographic or Doppler evidence of cardiac involvement. These patients had normal ventricular wall thickness and normal velocity of the medial mitral annulus. Myocardial images were obtained in these patients and in 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Peak longitudinal systolic tissue velocity (sTVI), systolic strain rate (sSR), and systolic strain (sS) were determined for 16 left ventricular segments. Radial and circumferential sSR and sS were also measured. Compared with controls in this group of patients with AL, peak longitudinal sSR (−1.0 ± 0.2 vs −1.4 ± 0.2, p
The Persian gulf war: The new international order or disorder? 1

(1992). The Persian gulf war: The new international order or disorder? New Political Science: Vol. 11, No. 1-2, pp. 61-67.
Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking

Abstract Background: We examined the role of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in predicting the subsequent onset of daily smoking, smokers’ progression to nicotine dependence, and the persistence of smoking. Methods: The Tobacco Supplement of the National Comorbidity Survey was administered to a representative subsample of 4414 persons 15–54 years of age. DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders and information on age of onset of psychiatric disorders, daily smoking, and smoking cessation were ascertained with the World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Preexisting psychiatric disorders that have not remitted (i.e., active disorders) predicted an increased risk for the first onset of daily smoking and for smokers’ progression to nicotine dependence. The increased risk applied across most of the disorders examined in the study, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Persons with four or more active disorders were at higher risk for daily smoking (2.1 vs. 1.4) and for nicotine dependence (2.9 vs. 1.4) than were persons with one active disorder. With few exceptions, remitted (i.e., past) disorders did not predict the subsequent onset of daily smoking. Preexisting psychiatric disorders did not influence smokers’ potential for quitting; the persistence of smoking in the year preceding the interview was unrelated to history of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: The results suggest the possibility of additional and previously unrecognized public health benefits of early treatment of mental disorders, in that persons with various mental disorders whose illness had remitted were not at increased risk for daily smoking, in contrast with persons with active disorders.
Habitat used by juvenile lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) in the North Channel of the St. Clair River (Michigan, USA)

Abstract Lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) occupy the St. Clair River, part of a channel connecting lakes Huron and Erie in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In the North Channel of the St. Clair River, juvenile lake sturgeon (3–7 years old and 582–793 mm in length) were studied to determine movement patterns and habitat usage. Fourteen juveniles were implanted with ultrasonic transmitters and tracked June–August of 2004, 2005 and 2006. Telemetry data, Geographic Information System software, side-scan sonar, video images of the river bottom, scuba diving, and benthic substrate samples were used to determine the extent and composition of habitats they occupied. Juvenile lake sturgeon habitat selection was strongly related to water depth. No fish were found in 700 mm in length selected sand and gravel areas mixed with zebra mussels and areas dominated by zebra mussels, while fish
Accessibility of electron Bernstein modes in over-dense plasma

Mode-conversion between the ordinary, extraordinary and electron Bernstein modes near the plasma edge may allow signals generated by electrons in an over-dense plasma to be detected. Alternatively, high frequency power may gain accessibility to the core plasma through this mode conversion process. Many of the tools used for ion cyclotron antenna design can also be applied near the electron cyclotron frequency. In this paper, we investigate the the possibilities for an antenna that may couple to electron Bernstein modes inside an over-dense plasma. The optimum values for wavelengths that undergo mode-conversion are found by scanning the poloidal and toroidal response of the plasma using a warm plasma slab approximation with a sheared magnetic field. Only a very narrow region of the edge can be examined in this manner; however, ray tracing may be used to follow the mode converted power in a more general geometry. It is eventually hoped that the methods can be extended to a hot plasma representation. Using antenna design codes, some basic antenna shapes will be considered to see what types of antennas might be used to detect or launch modes that penetrate the cutoff layer in the edge plasma.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxidative cleavage of the metal-metal bond in [M2(CO)10]2−, MCr, Mo and W

Abstract Electrochemically-induced metal-metal bond cleavage in [M2(CO)10]2− (MCr, Mo, W) has been studied using cyclic voltammetry, bulk electrolysis and double potential step chronocoulometry. Metal-metal bond homolysis, which occurs on oxidation in THF, can be modeled with an EC second-order disproportionation mechanism. The key step involves reaction of 2[M2(CO)10]·− to form [M2(CO)10]2− and M(CO)5(THF). Electron transfer rate constants for the homogeneous disproportionation step, kd, were determined by double potential step chronocoulometry: 2.5 ± 0.1 × 103 M−1 s−1 for [W2(CO)10]·− and 5.9 ± 0.3 × 102 M−1 s−1 for [Mo2(CO)10]·− in THF at 20.0 °C. The [Cr2(CO)10]·− radical underwent disproportionation too slowly to observe at room temperature, but a value of kd ⩽ 1.7 × 102 M−1 s−1 was estimated to be the upper limit of the rate constant at 35.0 °C. Activation parameters for kd were determined. For [Mo2(CO)10]·−, ΔH‡=6.9 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1 and ΔS‡=−22.4 ± 1.9 cal K−1 mol−1. For [W2(CO)10]·−, ΔH‡=3.3 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1 and ΔS‡=−31.7 ± 0.5 cal K−1 mol−1. The relative reactivities of the radicals W > Mo ⪢ Cr parallel the driving force for electron transfer, as measured by the potential difference for the oxidation of [M2(CO)10]2− and [M2(CO)10]·−. The kd step is proposed to involve outer-sphere electron transfer.
Cardiomyocyte subdomain contractility arising from microenvironmental stiffness and topography

Cellular structure and function are interdependent. To understand this relationship in beating heart cells, individual neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were analyzed one and 3 days after plating when cultured on different stiffness (100, 400 kPa) and surface structures (flat or $$15\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ high, $$15\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ diameter, microposts spaced $$75 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ apart) manufactured from polydimethylsiloxane. Myofibril structure seen by immunohistochemistry was organized in three dimensions when NRVMs were attached to microposts. On day three, paxillin distribution near the post serving as cellular anchorage was quantified on both soft posts (12.04 % of total voxel count) and stiff posts (8.16 %). Living NRVMs were analyzed using line scans for sarcomeric shortening and shortening velocity, and traction force microscopy for surface stress and surface tension. One day after plating, NRVMs shortened more on soft posts ( $$1.08\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$4.75 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ) compared to either soft flat ( $$0.84 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$3.41 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ), stiff posts ( $$0.66 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$2.88 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ) or stiff flat ( $$0.48 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$1.44 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ). NRVMs have decreased shortening and shortening velocity on soft posts ( $$1.04 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$3.85 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ) compared to soft flat ( $$0.72 \,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ at $$2.36 \,\upmu \hbox {m}/\hbox {s}$$ ) substrates. The surface stress and surface tension increased over time for both soft post ( $$29.12\,\hbox {kN}/\hbox {m}^{2}$$ and $$30.10\,\upmu \hbox {N}/\hbox {mm}$$ to $$42.87\,\hbox {kN}/\hbox {m}^{2}$$ and $$51.68 \,\upmu \hbox {N}/\hbox {mm}$$ ) and flat ( $$15.36\,\hbox {kN}/\hbox {m}^{2}$$ and $$19.00\,\upmu \hbox {N}/\hbox {mm}$$ to $$32.87\,\hbox {kN}/\hbox {m}^{2}$$ and $$37.38\,\upmu \hbox {N}/\hbox {mm}$$ ) substrates. Paxillin displacement during contraction on day three was significantly greater in NRVMs attached to soft posts $$(1.39\,\upmu \hbox {m})$$ compared to flat $$(1.16\,\upmu \hbox {m})$$ substrates. The volume and time creating four-dimensional data, interpreted by structural engineering theory, demonstrate subdomain structure is maintained by the counterbalance between the external load acting upon and the internal forces generated by the cardiomyocyte. These findings provide further insight into localized regulation of cellular mechanical function.
Superfluid 3 He in high magnetic fields: The phase diagram

Measurements of the pressure and magnetic field dependence of the ${A}_{1}$ and ${A}_{2}$ transitions in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ are reported. The ${A}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{A}_{2}$ splitting, ${T}_{{A}_{1}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{{A}_{2}}$, is nearly a linear function of field over the range 0-9.4 T. For a given field, the observed increase of ${T}_{{A}_{1}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}$ with increasing pressure is in accordance with a recent theory by Bedell and Quader.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Zinc Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions

Electronic properties of the passive film formed on nominally smooth Zn electrodes in aqueous KOH solutions were investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Measurements performed in 1 M KOH, in which the potential, E, of Zn electrodes was stepped from E = -1.6 V (fully reduced state) into the passive region, i.e., E > -1.2 V vs. saturated calomel electrode, revealed a significant increase in the intensity of the Raman peak attributed to the E 1 longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes of ZnO at ca. 565 cm -1 , with respect to that of one of the E 2 modes of the same material at 436 cm -1 , as the passivation potential was made more positive. In analogy with observations made for sputtered ZnO films under high vacuum conditions (G. J. Exarhos and S. K. Sharma, Thin Solid Films, v. 270, p. 27-32, 1995; and M. Tzolov et al., Thin Solid Films, v. 379, p. 28-36, 2000), such unusually intense LO phonon features have been ascribed to the presence of interstitial Zn and oxygen deficiency in the lattice, affording rather convincing evidence that the electronic characteristics of Zn passive films in alkaline solutions are influenced by the conditions under which the films are formed. A similar behavior was found for electrochemically formed films in 0.1 M KOH solutions, in which case small amounts of Ag were electrodeposited on the bare Zn surfaces prior to potential step passivation to enhance the otherwise weak Raman signals found for the Zn passive film in this medium.
Experimental Study on Lump Iron Ores as Sintering Hearth Layer

In the laboratory condition, a series of experiments were carried out in a sintering pot when Hamersley, Niuman and Hainan lump iron ore were used as sintering hearth layer instead of the recycled sinter. The results show that the sintering productivity is increased by 1.3%, 2.6 % and 13.2 %, and the fuel consumption is decreased by 4.4%, 2.0 % and 6.6 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the tumbler strength and the reduction disintegration index of sinter are also improved. During sintering experiments, the crack of two lump iron ores used as hearth layer didn’t happen. Through using the new technology, the combined water and the sulfur impurity were effectively decreased in the sintering products. Furthermore, the micro-porosity of the sintering products was found to increase, which will contribute to improve the metallurgical properties of sinter.
130 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AMP DEAMINASE AMPLICON IN COFORMYCIN-RESISTANT RAT MYOCYTES

Coformycin resistance in Chinese hamster fibroblasts is associated with co-amplification of four unknown genes (i.e. W, X, Y1, Y2) presumably closely linked to the target gene, AMP deaminase (Debatisse et al, Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 1776, 1986). The recent cloning of rat AMP deaminase cDNA (Sabina et al, J. Biol. Chem. 262: 12397, 1987) has provided the opportunity to further analyze this presumed amplicon. In order to accomplish this goal a coformycin-resistant rat myocyte subline was established from the parental L6 cell line. One stably resistant clonal isolate (i.e. clone 17) exhibits a 7-fold increase in AMP deaminase gene sequences. Hybridization with the four hamster cDNA's for genes W, X, Y1, and Y2 indicates that all are co-amplified and over-expressed in clone 17. These results delineate the AMP deaminase amplicon in the rat and document its similarity to the hamster amplicon. Another clonal isolate (i.e. clone 18) exhibits increased abundance of AMP-D, W, X, and Y2 transcript, yet none of these genes are amplified. This clone, therefore, represents an example of transcriptional activation without gene amplification and establishes that non-target (i.e. W, X, Y2) as well as target (i.e. AMP-D) genes are subject to this phenomenon. Experiments are in progress to determine if transcriptional activation always precedes gene amplification and whether the pattern of transcriptional activation predicts those genes that will ultimately be amplified. Finally, developmental analysis of rat myocytes indicates regulated expression of some of these amplicon genes during myogenesis.
Impacts of noise barriers on near-road air quality

Abstract Numerous health studies conducted worldwide suggest an increase in the occurrence of adverse health effects for populations living, working, or going to school near large roadways. A study was designed to assess traffic emission impacts on air quality near a heavily traveled highway. The portion of highway studied included a section of open field and a section with a noise barrier adjacent to the road. In addition, the section containing the noise barrier included a portion with vegetation in the vicinity of the barrier. Thus, this field study provided an opportunity to evaluate near-road air quality with no barriers, with a noise barrier only, and with a noise barrier and vegetation adjacent to the road. Pollutants measured under these scenarios included carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). Measurements showed the effects of a noise barrier on near-road air quality. The presence of this structure often led to pollutant concentration reductions behind the barrier during meteorological conditions with winds directionally from the road. CO and PM number concentrations generally decreased between 15 and 50% behind the barrier. However, conditions occurred when pollutant concentrations were greater behind the barrier than when no barrier was present. These results imply that the presence of a noise barrier can lead to higher pollutant concentrations on the road during certain wind conditions. In addition, the study results suggested that the presence of mature trees in addition to the barrier further lowered PM number concentrations.
Oxidase uncoupling in heme monooxygenases: Human cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 in Nanodiscs

The normal reaction mechanism of cytochrome P450 operates by utilizing two reducing equivalents to reduce atmospheric dioxygen, producing one molecule of water and an oxygenated product in an overall stoichiometry of 2 electrons:1 dioxygen:1 product. However, three alternate unproductive pathways exist where the intermediate iron-oxygen states in the catalytic cycle can yield reduced oxygen products without substrate metabolism. The first involves release of superoxide from the oxygenated intermediate while the second occurs after input of the second reducing equivalent. Superoxide rapidly dismutates and hence both processes produce hydrogen peroxide that can be cytotoxic to the organism. In both cases, the formation of hydrogen peroxide involves the same overall stoichiometry as oxygenases catalysis. The key step in the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450 involves scission of the oxygen-oxygen bond of atmospheric dioxygen to produce a higher valent iron-oxo state termed "Compound I". This intermediate initiates a radical reaction in the oxygenase pathway but also can uptake two additional reducing equivalents from reduced pyridine nucleotide (NADPH) and the flavoprotein reductase to produce a second molecule of water. This non-productive decay of Compound I thus yields an overall oxygen to NADPH ratio of 1:2 and does not produce hydrocarbon oxidation. This water uncoupling reaction provides one of a limited means to study the reactivity of the critical Compound I intermediate in P450 catalysis. We measured simultaneously the rates of NADPH and oxygen consumption as a function of substrate concentration during the steady-state hydroxylation of testosterone catalyzed by human P450 CYP3A4 reconstituted in Nanodiscs. We discovered that the "oxidase" uncoupling pathway is also operating in the substrate free form of the enzyme with rate of this pathway substantially increasing with the first substrate binding event. Surprisingly, a large fraction of the reducing equivalents used by the P450 system is wasted in this oxidase pathway. In addition, the overall coupling with testosterone and bromocryptine as substrates is significantly higher in the presence of anionic lipids, which is attributed to the changes in the redox potential of CYP3A4 and reductase.
IMS 1976–1979: New Concepts in International Scientific Cooperation

What do all the strange new cosmological objects discovered in the last decades—radiogalaxies, radio and X ray stars, pulsars—have in common with solar flares and the ionized envelopes of earth, Jupiter, and Mercury? They all feature different variations of one theme: whenever nature creates a hot gas, she also arranges for magnetic fields and for acceleration processes in which magnetic field energy accumulated in large portions of space is suddenly released and transferred in the form of kinetic energy to a limited fraction of particles. The earth's magnetosphere, representing the outer limits of man's immediate environment, can be considered as our private ‘backyard universe,’ where we can study in situ, quantitatively and repeatedly, a small-scale version of related fundamental physical mechanisms that govern the behavior of matter in the vast regions of our universe. The earth's magnetosphere may be defined as the region of near-earth space that is threaded by magnetic field lines linked to the earth and in which ionized gas predominates over the neutral atmosphere. It is populated with ions and electrons from the earth's upper atmosphere, with plasma captured from the impinging solar wind, and with high-energy particles trapped in the radiation belt. During the past 17 years the study of the magnetosphere has gone through a highly successful stage of discovery and exploration. Investigators have obtained a morphological description of the magnetospheric field, the particle population embedded in it, and its interface with the solar wind and have identified and are beginning to understand many of the physical processes involved. During this study it has become increasingly evident that the magnetosphere behaves as a single system of strongly interacting regions, governed by the streaming solar wind as the external energy source and by the dissipative ionosphere as an internal load. Magnetospheric physics is now ripe for a transition from the exploratory stage to one in which satellite missions and ground-based observations are planned with the specific objective of achieving a comprehensive quantitative understanding of the cause-and- effect relationships among the dynamical processes involved.
The presence of the glycolysis operon in SAR11 genomes is positively correlated with ocean productivity

Bacteria in the SAR11 clade are highly abundant in marine surface waters, but currently little is known about the carbon compounds that support these large heterotrophic populations. To better understand the carbon requirements of these organisms, we conducted a multiphasic exploration of carbohydrate utilization among SAR11 isolates from the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the Sargasso Sea. A comparison of three SAR11 genomes showed they all lacked a recognizable PTS system, the oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate shunt (zwf-, pgl-), genes for the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (pfk-, pyk-) and Entner-Doudoroff (eda-) pathways of glycolysis. Strain HTCC7211, isolated from an ocean gyre, was missing other glycolysis genes as well. Growth assays, radioisotopes, metagenomics and microarrays were used to test the hypothesis that these isolates might be limited in their abilities to transport and oxidize exogenous carbohydrates. Galactose, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, ribose and mannose could not serve as carbon sources for the isolates tested. However, differences in glucose utilization were detected between coastal and ocean gyre isolates, with the coastal isolates capable of transporting, incorporating and oxidizing glucose while the open ocean isolate could not. Subsequent microarray analysis of a coastal isolate suggested that an operon encoding a variant of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is likely responsible for the observed differences in glucose utilization. Metagenomic analysis indicated this operon is more commonly found in coastal environments and is positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations. Our results indicated that glycolysis is a variable metabolic property of SAR11 metabolism and suggest that glycolytic SAR11 are more common in productive marine environments.
Disegno and desire in Pontormo's Alessandro de’ Medici

Pontormo's portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici (c. 1534–35), showing the duke drawing a portrait of his beloved, cleverly engages with the history and fictive nature of art-making. Pliny's tale about the invention of drawing forms one resonance, Castiglione's praise of the noble art of drawing another, the theorization of disegno by Vasari and others yet a third. Poetic conventions about the picturing of the beloved inform the image of a ruler who is presented as a courtly lover, adept observer, discerning patron, Medicean loyalist, and cultivated prince. Layers of presence and absence, naturalism and idealism are at work in the image, which addresses the perspicacity of sight and the poetics of its very making. The duke adopts a mythic persona but so too does the painter endow his craft with a distinguished pedigree, ranging from Pliny, Petrarch and poets like Lorenzo de’ Medici to the era's notions of perceptual psychology, amorous imprinting and the conceptual basis of disegno.
The vibrational spectra and structure of organogermanes—II. C6D5GeCl3

Abstract The infrared spectrum of liquid pentadeuterophenyltrichlorogermane has been recorded from 4000 to 33 cm −1 . The Raman spectrum of the liquid has also been recorded and depolarization values have been measured. The phenyl vibrations have been assigned assuming C 2v symmetry. All the spectra have been interpreted in detail, and the 39 fundamental vibrations have been assigned based on previous assignments of hexadeuterobenzene and monosubstituted pentadeuterobenzenes as well as expected band positions and depolarization values. By means of the Teller-Redlich product rule the assignments are shown to be consistent with those presented earlier for the hydrogen containing compound.
How to Improve Error Analysis and Classification System

An existing system for human error analysis and classification is discussed. The lack of a comprehensive model of human error for this system decreases the quality of human error investigation and, as a result, the quality of recommendations that addressed safety-related deficiencies. The model suggested in the present paper is based on theory of frames, modal logic and psychological experiments and permitted the construction of meaningful description for error-provocative situation. The database for such situations gives the opportunity to find the most frequent causes, and therefore to mitigate the deficiencies. On the basis of the described model, the new decision support system for analysis and classification of error is proposed. This system provides both the data collecting for human error investigation and analyzing the most frequent causes through the database. The suggested system demonstrated a higher performance level than the existing classification system in analyzing the most frequent causes...
Currently Available Antiepileptic Drugs

Many new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have become available over the past 15 years. At the same time, the emphasis on treating patients with epilepsy has grown from stopping seizures to avoiding side effects and maximizing quality of life. This review summarizes currently available AEDs, and presents general treatment principles and guidelines for AED selection. Unfortunately, despite the increased treatment options of today, seizure freedom without side effects remains unattainable for too many patients with epilepsy. Consequently, there remains a significant need for further development of new therapies.
Toward a general model of the process of radical conversion: An interactionist perspective on the transformation of self-identity

This paper develops the concept of radical conversion of self-identity as a moral career. Following the theoretical orientation of symbolic interactionism, the concept is explicated and differentiated from other forms of self-change. A critical review of the model developed by Lofland inDoomsday Cult is offered, through which a revised statement of the sequences of radical conversion that is conceptually applicable to cases of diverse content is constructed. Lastly, the revised model is tested using secondary case material and the logic of analytic induction. The findings indicate the model is consistent with the empirical descriptions contained in each case. Suggestions for further analysis are then discussed.
Uterine rupture, perioperative and perinatal morbidity after single-layer and double-layer closure at cesarean delivery.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the risks and benefits of single-layer uterine closure at cesarean delivery on the index and subsequent pregnancy. Study design A retrospective study of women delivered of their first live-born infants by primary low transverse cesarean delivery (1989-2001) and their subsequent pregnancy at our institution was performed. Results Of 768 women studied, 267 had single-layer and 501 had double-layer uterine closures in the index pregnancy. Single-layer closure was associated with slightly decreased blood loss (646 vs 690 mL, P P P P P =.30), or other maternal or infant morbidities. Prior single-layer closure was associated with increased uterine windows (3.5% vs 0.7%, P =.046) at subsequent cesarean delivery. Conclusion Single-layer uterine closure is associated with decreased infectious morbidity in the index surgery, but not uterine rupture or other adverse outcomes in the subsequent gestation.
Disruption or Convention? A Process-based Explanation of Divergent Repertoires of Contention Among Opponents to Low-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites

Violence, disruption and convention constitute three well established categories of collective action repertoires available to contemporary social movements. What factors shape differences in repertoire selection across social movement groups? I take a process-based approach to answer this question, examining two grassroots opposition movements to the disposal of low-level radioactive waste in the United States. The two rural New York State counties I consider each faced a state-imposed low-level radioactive waste site proposal in 1988. Activists in each county mounted vigorous collective opposition to the proposed facility, while exhibiting distinct repertoires of collective action. Activists in Allegany County pursued disruptive civil disobedience, while activists in Cortland County pursued a conventional repertoire of citizen lobbying and litigation efforts. Similarities across a variety of demographic, political, and social characteristics in these two counties leave the standard explanations for repe...
Making sense of haul videos: self-created celebrities fill a fashion media gap

Fashion and beauty videos, particularly haul videos- those that summarize a recent shopping trip- have quickly grown into a YouTube phenomenon. Creators share the fashion and beauty products they buy and detail how they use them to create a look. Today, over 50 million people devote more than 1.6 billion minutes watching these videos. Despite the size of this online practice, little research exists investigating how this new content fits within the world of fashion media. This paper offers initial insights into the complex network of stakeholders and explores opportunity areas to develop products, services, or systems that support YouTube creators and consumers, retailers, and other media channels involved.
Sturge-Weber Disease With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A healthy adult with a nevus flammeus presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral arteriography demonstrated vascular anomalies typical of encephalofacial angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber disease). A review of the literature failed to disclose a welldocumented case of subarachnoid hemorrhage in this condition.
Nonselfadjoint resonance problems with unbounded perturbations

Soit Ω un domaine borne de R N (N≥1) a frontiere de classe C 2+ δ pour δ∈(0,1). Soit Lu=−Σ i=1 N Σ j=1 N a idj (x)∂ 2 u/∂x i ∂x j +Σ i=1 N b i (x)∂u/∂x i +a 0 (x)u ou a ij (x)=a ji (x), 1≤i, j≤N, a 0 (x)≥0 sur Ω et Σ i=1 N Σ j=1 N a ij (x)ξ i ξ j >0 pour x∈Ω et ξ∈R N −{0}. On considere le probleme Lu=λ 1 u+g(u)−h, u/∂Ω=0, ou λ 1 est la valeur propre principale de L, h∈Cδ(Ω), et g est localement lipschitzien sur (−∞,∞)
Performance of the TFTR moveable limiter tiles

Abstract The movable limiter for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is composed of an Inconel X-750 backing plate covered with titanium carbide coated graphite tiles. It has been used for ohmic heating discharges at input powers up to about 2 MW for durations up to 3 s. Even though these levels were well within the design requirements, discharges showed high levels (up to 1%) of titanium contamination. It was observed that certain tiles were showing substantial coating removal which became progressively worse as more discharges were made. After about 800 discharges the tiles were removed. A few of the tiles were examined in the Sandia external beam facility. This analysis showed that the TiC coating was completely removed over large areas. There was also evidence of plasma deposited material on the tiles. The thickness of the remaining coating from this beam analysis agreed with the thickness determined from sectioning control coupons from the production runs. There was a weak correlation between damage and coating thickness. The correlation was such that there was a higher probability of coating failure as the coating thickness increased from 15 μm to 40 μm. Test were done using the ASTM-C-633 procedure for measuring coating bond strength. The adhesion strength agreed well with the behavior observed in TFTR. The coating has been removed, and the tiles reinstalled.
HOW THE GEYSERS, TIDAL STRESSES, AND THERMAL EMISSION ACROSS THE SOUTH POLAR TERRAIN OF ENCELADUS ARE RELATED

We present the first comprehensive examination of the geysering, tidal stresses, and anomalous thermal emission across the south pole of Enceladus and discuss the implications for the moon's thermal history and interior structure. A 6.5 yr survey of the moon's south polar terrain (SPT) by the Cassini imaging experiment has located ~100 jets or geysers erupting from four prominent fractures crossing the region. Comparing these results with predictions of diurnally varying tidal stresses and with Cassini low resolution thermal maps shows that all three phenomena are spatially correlated. The coincidence of individual jets with very small (~10 m) hot spots detected in high resolution Cassini VIMS data strongly suggests that the heat accompanying the geysers is not produced by shearing in the upper brittle layer but rather is transported, in the form of latent heat, from a sub-ice-shell sea of liquid water, with vapor condensing on the near-surface walls of the fractures. Normal stresses modulate the geysering activity, as shown in the accompanying paper; we demonstrate here they are capable of opening water-filled cracks all the way down to the sea. If Enceladus' eccentricity and heat production are in steady state today, the currently erupting material and anomalous heat must have been produced in an earlier epoch. If regional tidal heating is occurring today, it may be responsible for some of the erupting water and heat. Future Cassini observations may settle the question.
Supercritical Dynamics of Baroclinic Disturbances in a Free-Surface Model

Abstract Nonlinear dynamics of unstable baroclinic disturbances are examined in the context of the Eady model modified by Ekman dissipation at the lower boundary while the upper boundary remains stress-free. Three approaches are used: the asymptotic approach which pivots about the constraints of strong bottom dissipation and weak supercriticality, the ad hoc approach which neglects wave-wave interactions by truncating the wave field to a single wave, and the spectral numerical approach. The time evolution of the disturbance is generally characterized by a “single hump” pattern consisting of a growth stage to a maximum amplitude followed by a decay stage. During the decay stage, the spectral solution develops an amplitude vacillation which, for most parameter settings, becomes chaotic in nature and persists at a mean level substantially below the “hump” maximum and of the order of the initial amplitude. The exceptions are moderate or long waves in a strongly viscous fluid, for which the vacillation decays ...
Driving Forces for Transmembrane α-Helix Oligomerization

We present what we believe to be a novel statistical contact potential based on solved structures of transmembrane (TM) α-helical bundles, and we use this contact potential to investigate the amino acid likelihood of stabilizing helix-helix interfaces. To increase statistical significance, we have reduced the full contact energy matrix to a four-flavor alphabet of amino acids, automatically determined by our methodology, in which we find that polarity is a more dominant factor of group identity than is size, with charged or polar groups most often occupying the same face, whereas polar/apolar residue pairs tend to occupy opposite faces. We found that the most polar residues strongly influence interhelical contact formation, although they occur rarely in TM helical bundles. Two-body contact energies in the reduced letter code are capable of determining native structure from a large decoy set for a majority of test TM proteins, at the same time illustrating that certain higher-order sequence correlations are necessary for more accurate structure predictions.
Thoughts About Conceptual Models, Theories, and Quality Improvement Projects

This essay focuses on how a conceptual model of nursing can be the basis for identification of the phenomenon of interest for a quality improvement project and how a theory of quality improvement or a theory of change is the methodological guide for the project. An explanation and examples of conceptual-theoretical-empirical structures for quality improvement projects are given.
Influences of vestibular and visual motion information on the spatial firing patterns of hippocampal place cells

Hippocampal place cells show location-specific firing as animals locomote in an environment. A possible explanation for these place fields is that each cell is simply driven by environmental sensory inputs available in its field. This cannot provide the full explanation, however, since cells can maintain stable place fields even in the absence of reliable environmental orienting cues. This suggests the cells are also influenced by movement-related information, since this is the only available, ongoing indicator of current location when external orienting cues are not present. Two candidates for the movement-related information are vestibular activation, and visual motion. To test for these influences, place cells were recorded as animals locomoted in a cylindrical apparatus that was made so that its wall (painted with vertical black and white stripes) and floor could be independently rotated, to provide visual motion and vestibular inputs, respectively. The results showed that both these inputs could influence place fields. Sometimes they caused a predictable locational shift, so that the field rotated its location on the apparatus floor in a way that was compatible with the movement indicated by the vestibular and/or visual motion input. This updating was most reliably obtained when the two inputs were presented in combination. In other cases, the apparatus rotations caused unpredictable changes in firing characteristics, so that cells either stopped firing, or developed place fields that were altered in overall size, shape, and eccentricity. Interestingly, the probability of these changes increased with experience with the rotational manipulations, suggesting a learned component.
Pollen competition in a natural population of Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae).

The pollen competition hypothesis predicts that when the number of pollen grains deposited onto stigmas exceeds the number of ovules, selection can operate in the time frame between deposition and fertilization. Moreover, because of the overlap in gene expression between the two phases of the life cycle, selection on microgametophytes may alter the resulting sporophytic generation. The extent to which pollen competition occurs in nature has been unclear, because tests of the predictions of the pollen competition hypothesis have used cultivars and/or artificial growth conditions and hand-pollination techniques. In this study we used a wild species, Cucurbita foetidissima, in its natural habitat (southern New Mexico) to determine the amount and timing of the arrival of pollen onto stigmas, the relationship between pollen deposition and seed number, and the effects of the intensity of pollen competition on progeny vigor. We found that ;900 pollen grains are necessary for full seed set and that a single visit by a pollinator results in the deposition of 653.0 6 101.8 pollen grains. About 29% of the flowers receiving a single pollinator visit had 900 or more pollen grains on its stigma. Moreover, within 2 h of anthesis, .4000 pollen grains were deposited onto a typical stigma, indicating that multiple pollinator visits must have occurred. Fruits produced by multiple visits had greater seed numbers (206 vs. 147) than fruits produced by a single visit. Finally, the progeny produced by multiple pollinator visits were more vigorous than those produced by single visits with respect to five measures of vegetative growth (MANCOVA, Wilks’ lambda 5 0.96, F6,370 5 2.54, P , 0.02. These data demonstrate that conditions for pollen competition exist in nature and support the prediction that pollen competition enhances offspring vigor.