cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of β-fluoroalanine and β-bromoalanine with D-amino acid oxidase

Summary D,L-β-Bromoalanine hydrobromide has been prepared from D,L-β-chloroalanine hydrochloride, and shown to be a good substrate for pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase, undergoing the oxygen independent elimination of HBr oxclusively. D-Fluoroalanine, however, undergoes solely the normal oxidation reaction to fluoropyruvate.
The hydrogenation behavior of various Kentucky coals

Abstract Kentucky coals numbers 6, 9 and 11 and Illinois coal number 6 were hydrogenated with and without a hydrodesulphurization catalyst in a 0.3-liter autoclave. Reaction conditions simulated the syncrude mode of the H-Coal process (pressure of 14 MPa, temperature of 725 K). Conversion of all coals to oil plus asphaltenes was in the 80–85% range, irrespective of seam, mine, use of catalyst or time. Reaction to preasphaltenes was minimal in runs which used a catalyst, except for KY no. 6 coal. Without catalyst about 4% preasphaltenes were isolated in the product. Sulphur balances indicated that the catalyst, Cyanamid HDS-2A, was effective at keeping sulphur in the solid residue. Between 75 and 95% of the sulphur stayed in the residue for catalyzed reaction as opposed to 25 to 45% for the uncatalyzed cases. Actual conversion values were consistently lower than those predicted based on petrographic data. This is postulated as being due to the reaction conditions.
SU-E-J-66: Evaluation of Proton Induced X-Ray Fluorescence from Gold Fiducial Markers for In-Vivo Determination of Proton Range and Energy.

Purpose: To evaluate a method for in‐vivo determination of proton range and post‐Bragg peak straggling by detection of proton induced x‐ray fluorescence of markers placed at known locations. Methods:Therapeutic beams from the UF Proton Therapy Institute were used to excite proton‐induced x‐ray fluorescence emission (PIXE) from cylindrical pure gold fiducial markers. The markers were embedded in a homogeneous water phantom and PIXE was measured using NaI photodetectors with energy dispersive spectral analysis. The geometry of the phantom and marker placement was chosen to model parallel‐opposed beam treatment of prostate cancer by proton therapy. The fluorescence yield from these markers was further modeled using the GEANT4 Monte‐Carlo package with low‐energy corrections. Gold K and L shell fluorescence yield as determined by the GEANT4 simulations was verified quantitatively by comparison to measured Au yield at energies from 1 MeV to 68 MeV, and to semiempiricalmodel calculations covering the energy range from 1 MeV to 15 MeV. Results: The Au K‐shell fluorescence cross section is significantly smaller thanthat of the L‐shell, but the higher yield of the L‐shell fluorescence isoffset by the larger absorption as the x‐ray exits the phantom. The overallrelative detection efficiency of K and L shell fluorescence depends on thedetails of the shape of the phantom and location of the marker. Acharacteristic shape of fluorescence yield as it depends on proton range isfound, which can be used to extract an in‐vivo PDD profile of a spread‐outBragg peak (SOBP). Conclusions: A combination of a specific protocol for delivering a SOBP, geometriclocation of fiducial markers from CT, and simultaneous detection of protoninduced x‐ray fluorescence, can determine the depth range of a primary protonbeam in‐vivo. The fluorescence yield as measured at the Proton Therapy Institute is easily distinguished from background radiation.
Mycophagy in Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) in southern Oregon.

Abstract Our goal was to determine whether Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) eats hypogeous oak-woodland fungi and potentially functions as a vector of mycorrhizal inoculum. Although field guides and species accounts describe T. bottae as strict herbivores, members of the family Geomyidae are possible vectors of mycorrhizal inoculum because many ectomycorrhizal fungi are hypogeous, fruiting underground where Geomyidae live. Some studies have documented that Thomomys species are mycophagous at least seasonally. We removed fecal pellets from the large intestines of three T. bottae trapped in the spring at Whetstone Savanna in southern Oregon and examined them for presence of ectomycorrhizal fungal spores. Using light microscopy, we found spores from eight genera of hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Quercus garryana. These findings confirm that T. bottae is mycophagous and support a role for T. bottae as a spore dispersal vector for oak-obligate fungi. Therefore, T. bottae is potentially ...
Retinoic acid modulates dome formation by MDCK cells in defined medium

Retinoic acid dramatically increases the size of domes in confluent MDCK monolayers in a hormonally defined medium (medium K-1). After 4-5 days of retinoic acid treatment, enlarged domes began to appear in confluent MDCK monolayers. After 7 days with 3 x 10(-7) M retinoic acid, the majority of the domes in the monolayers were between 27 and 80 x 10(-3) microns 2 in area, whereas in control medium the majority of the domes were between 0 and 9 x 10(-3) microns 2 in area. The dependence of the retinoic acid effect on prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was examined. In normal MDCK cells, the effects of retinoic acid on dome size were observed only in medium K-1 supplemented with PGE1. This observation indicated that retinoic acid did not elicit its effects simply by stimulating PGE production. In contrast, in monolayers of PGE1-independent MDCK cells, retinoic acid treatment resulted in an increase in dome frequency even in medium K-1 lacking PGE1. This observation can be explained by the elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in these PGE1-independent MDCK cells. Dibutyryl cAMP-resistant MDCK cells, which normally do not form domes in medium K-1, were also studied. Remarkably, the dibutyryl cAMP-resistant MDCK cells were observed to form domes at a significant frequency when medium K-1 was supplemented with retinoic acid. However in medium K-1 lacking PGE1, an effect of retinoic acid on dome formation by dibutyryl cAMP-resistant MDCK monolayers was not observed. The inability of dibutyryl cAMP-resistant MDCK cells to form domes in medium K-1 has previously been attributed to their decreased cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. The stimulatory effects of retinoic acid on dome formation may possibly be due to an increase in the activity of a particular cAMP-dependent protein kinase or activation of a separate pathway.
Body composition by bioelectric impedance and densitometry in black women

Limited body composition data are available on the adult black population, particularly women. This study examined the accuracy of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in predicting hydrostatically measured percentage body fat (% fat) in 98 physically active, eumenorrheic black females. BIA values were also compared to a standard anthropometric method using seven skinfolds. Whole-body bioresistance (R) was obtained using an RJL Instrument Model BIA-101. Fat-free mass (FFM) was predicted from the equation of Lukaski et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 60:1327–1332, 1986). Body density was measured by hydrostatic weighing (HW) with residual lung volume determined simultaneously. Percent fat was calculated using the Siri (Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 223–244, 1961) equation. Compared to HW, BIA significantly underestimated mean FFM (42.8 kg vs. 47.0 kg) and overestimated mean % fat (30.2% vs. 23.4%). Conversely, prediction of % fat and FFM from the sum of seven skinfolds were similar to the criterion values from HW (22.7% vs. 23.4%; 47.4 kg vs. 47.0 kg). Although standard errors of the estimate (SEEs) were similar for BIA (±4.0%) and skinfold (±3.5%) methods, the systematic overestimation of % fat with BIA resulted in only 27 out of 98 black women (28%) having a predicted % fat value within ±4 percentage points of the criterion % fat. In a group of white women (n = 116), % fat values (mean ± SD) were similar between BIA and HW (25.6% ± 6.5 vs. 24.3 ± 5.6). An explanation for this observed racial difference is not readily discernible. Probable variables that may contribute to the higher whole body resistance values for black women include racial differences in skin resistance, body shape and proportions, and relative bone and muscle mass. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A preliminary examination of the perceptions of self and others in stutterers and nonstutterers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of self and others in stuttering and nonstuttering groups. Perceptions of these groups were defined by the interaction of their self-descriptions and by their descriptions of each other. The perception of self and the perception of other was measured with the semantic differential devised by Wood and Williams (1976). Results indicated that the stutterers' self-descriptions were remarkably similar to those of the nonstutterers self-descriptions. However, nonstutterers described stutterers with a predominance of negative characteristics whereas stutterers described nonstutterers in a positive manner.
Self Inflicted Injuries among Children in United States – Estimates from a Nationwide Emergency Department Sample

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the current study are to provide nationally representative estimates of hospital based emergency department visits (ED) attributed to self inflicted injuries and attempted suicides among children in United States; and to identify potential methods of such intentional self inflicted injuries and attempted suicides. METHODS: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (year 2007) was used. All ED visits occurring among children (aged ≤18 years) with an External Cause of Injury for any of self inflicted injuries were selected. Outcomes examined include hospital ED charges and hospitalization charges. All estimates were projected to national levels. RESULTS: 77,420 visits to hospital based emergency departments were attributed to self inflicted injuries among children (26,045 males and 51,370 females). The average age of the ED visits was 15.7 years. 134 patients died in ED's (106 males and 28 females) and 93 died in hospitals following in-patient admission (75 males and 18 females). A greater proportion of male ED visits were discharged routinely as opposed to female ED visits (51.1% versus 44%). A greater proportion of male ED visits also died in the emergency departments compared to female visits (0.4% versus 0.05%). 17,965 ED visits necessitated admission into same hospital. The mean charge for each ED visit was $1,874. Self inflicted injuries by poisoning were the most frequently reported sources accounting for close to 70% of all ED visits. CONCLUSIONS: Females comprise a greater proportion of ED visits attributed to self inflicted injuries. 227 children died either in the ED's or in hospitals. The current study results highlight the burden associated with such injuries among children. Language: en
Similar Hormone-Rich Peptides from Thyroglobulins of Five Vertebrate Classes*

Thyroglobulins (Tgs) were purified from five species (rat, chicken, turtle, frog, and goldfish), each representing a different vertebrate class. On reduction with mercaptoethanol, each Tg produced five major iodopeptides, designated A–E, with ranges of estimated molecular mass, in kilodaltons (K), as follows: A, more than 300K; B, 210–280K; C, 30–42K; D, 19–28K; and E, 10–23K. Of these, the two smallest, D and E, had 40–80% of their iodine as iodothyronine, compared with 15–20% for the parent Tgs. They contained 25–63% of Tg’s total iodothyronines but only a few percent of its peptide material. Calculations from amino acid analyses and iodine contents showed approximately 1 mol each of D and E/mol 660,000 dalton Tg. In comparisons of amino acid compositions by cluster analysis, iodopeptides D and E resembled each other and their counterparts in other species more than they resembled their parent Tgs. Also, the Tgs from different species were more similar to each other and to iodopeptides D and E than to n...
High sensitivity moiré interferometry with compact achromatic interferometry

Abstract Experimental observations and measurements are the sources of information essential for correct development of mathematical models of real structural materials. Moire interferometry offers high sensitivity in full-field measurements of in-plane displacements on the surface of a specimen. Although it is a powerful method in experimental stress analysis, it has some shortcomings. One is that existing systems require highly coherent light. The only sufficient source of light for this application is a long cavity laser, which is relatively expensive and at best cumbersome. Another shortcoming is that measurements must be performed in a vibration-free environment, such as that found on a holographic table. These requirements limit the use of existing moire interferometers to a holographic laboratory. In this paper a modified concept of compensation is presented, which permits the use of a chromatic source of light in a compact moire system. The compensator provides order in the angles of incident light for each separate wavelength, so that the virtual reference grating created by each wavelength in a continuous spectrum is identical in frequency and spatial position. The result is a virtual reference grating that behaves exactly like that created in coherent light. With this development the use of a laser diode, which is a non-coherent light source of tiny dimensions, becomes practical. The special configuration of the optics that create the virtual grating allows its synchronization with the specimen grating and leads to an interferometer design that is relatively insensitive to the vibrations found in a mechanical testing laboratory. Sensitivity to relative motion is analyzed theoretically. This development provides the oppurtunity to apply moire interferometry to solid mechanics problems that cannot be studied in an optics laboratory. Experimental verification of the optical concepts is provided. A compact moire interferometer based on the presented idea was developed for measurements of deformation on a testing machine. Its application in both coherent and temporally non-coherent light is demonstrated.
Progress in real-time fault tolerance

This paper discusses progress in the field of real-time fault tolerance. In particular, it considers synchronous vs. asynchronous fault tolerance designs, maintaining replica consistency, alternative fault tolerance strategies, including checkpoint restoration, transactions, and consistent replay, and custom vs. generic fault tolerance.
The Relationship of Alterations in Systolic Time Intervals to Ejection Fraction in Patients with Cardiac Disease

The relationships between the systolic time intervals determined from simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, the phonocardiogram, the carotid arterial pulse tracing, and direct measures of left ventricular performance as assessed angiographically by measurement of left ventricular stroke volume (SV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), and ejection fraction (EF) were studied in 68 patients with a wide variety of cardiac diseases. The systolic intervals, the pre-ejection period (PEP), the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and the ratio PEP/LVET, each correlated significantly with angiographically determined EF and EDV. Closest correlation was observed between PEP/LVET and EF (r = -0.90). The systolic intervals correlated only slightly with the angiographically determined SV. These data lend additional evidence supporting the use of systolic time intervals as a non-invasive measure of left ventricular performance in patients with cardiac disease.
Combined Effects of Tectonic and Landslide-Generated Tsunami Runup at Seward, Alaska During the Mw 9.2 1964 Earthquake

We apply a recently developed and validated numerical model of tsunami propagation and runup to study the inundation of Resurrection Bay and the town of Seward by the 1964 Alaska tsunami. Seward was hit by both tectonic and landslide-generated tsunami waves during the $$M_{\rm W}$$ 9.2 1964 megathrust earthquake. The earthquake triggered a series of submarine mass failures around the fjord, which resulted in landsliding of part of the coastline into the water, along with the loss of the port facilities. These submarine mass failures generated local waves in the bay within 5 min of the beginning of strong ground motion. Recent studies estimate the total volume of underwater slide material that moved in Resurrection Bay to be about 211 million m3 (Haeussler et al. in Submarine mass movements and their consequences, pp 269–278, 2007). The first tectonic tsunami wave arrived in Resurrection Bay about 30 min after the main shock and was about the same height as the local landslide-generated waves. Our previous numerical study, which focused only on the local landslide-generated waves in Resurrection Bay, demonstrated that they were produced by a number of different slope failures, and estimated relative contributions of different submarine slide complexes into tsunami amplitudes (Suleimani et al. in Pure Appl Geophys 166:131–152, 2009). This work extends the previous study by calculating tsunami inundation in Resurrection Bay caused by the combined impact of landslide-generated waves and the tectonic tsunami, and comparing the composite inundation area with observations. To simulate landslide tsunami runup in Seward, we use a viscous slide model of Jiang and LeBlond (J Phys Oceanogr 24(3):559–572, 1994) coupled with nonlinear shallow water equations. The input data set includes a high resolution multibeam bathymetry and LIDAR topography grid of Resurrection Bay, and an initial thickness of slide material based on pre- and post-earthquake bathymetry difference maps. For simulation of tectonic tsunami runup, we derive the 1964 coseismic deformations from detailed slip distribution in the rupture area, and use them as an initial condition for propagation of the tectonic tsunami. The numerical model employs nonlinear shallow water equations formulated for depth-averaged water fluxes, and calculates a temporal position of the shoreline using a free-surface moving boundary algorithm. We find that the calculated tsunami runup in Seward caused first by local submarine landslide-generated waves, and later by a tectonic tsunami, is in good agreement with observations of the inundation zone. The analysis of inundation caused by two different tsunami sources improves our understanding of their relative contributions, and supports tsunami risk mitigation in south-central Alaska. The record of the 1964 earthquake, tsunami, and submarine landslides, combined with the high-resolution topography and bathymetry of Resurrection Bay make it an ideal location for studying tectonic tsunamis in coastal regions susceptible to underwater landslides.
Light Effects on Development of an Indeterminate Plant

The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant is indeterminate in growth habit and day-neutral with respect to flower initiation. The Spanish-type cultivar used in this study begins flowering 3 to 4 weeks from planting under optimum environmental conditions. In this study, irradiance and photoperiod were used to alter the development of the peanut plant. Plants grown at low irradiance (300 microeinsteins per square meter per second) had the same number of leaves as the plants grown at high irradiance (500 microeinsteins per square meter per second), but they had a larger leaf surface area and were taller than plants grown at the high irradiance. However, flowering and other reproductive components (pegs, pods, and seeds) were reduced at low irradiance. Comparison of 8-, 12-, and 16-hour photoperiods at the high irradiance showed that the 16-hour photoperiod produced the largest amount of vegetative, but least amount of reproductive components. The plants grown at 8-hour photoperiod had one-third as much total leaflet area as plants grown at 16 hours, but six times more weight of mature seeds. The larger amount of photosynthetic surface (leaf area) did not result in more reproductive growth. The results indicate that the peanut plant may readily redistribute its available assimilates between vegetative and reproductive growth in response to irradiance and photoperiod.
Space: Time Dynamic Design of Environmental Monitoring Networks

Methods for constructing optimal spatial sampling designs for environmental monitoring networks, widely applied in a large number of disciplines, generally produce static designs that are optimal under models with no explicit temporal structure. However, environmental processes tend to exhibit both spatial and temporal variability; hence, static networks may not capture the essential spatiotemporal variability of the process. Static designs, often necessary due to geopolitical and economic considerations, could be supplemented with mobile monitoring devices. The design problem is to decide where mobile monitors should be located at time t + 1 based on observations through time t. We propose a simple, general, dynamical space-time model that allows estimation of prediction error covariance at time t + 1, given information up to time t. We then seek the optimal spatial locations at time t + 1 that satisfy some design criterion. Several experiments show the importance of spatial and temporal structure in the selection of optimal designs. Data from the Chicago area ozone monitoring network are used to demonstrate potential dynamical designs under realistic space-time dependence assumptions.
Neurologic symptoms in licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study

Exposure to high levels of many pesticides has both acute and long-term neurologic consequences, but little is known about the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to moderate pesticide levels. We analysed cross-sectional data from 18 782 Caucasian, male, licensed pesticide applicators, enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study from 1993 to 1997. Applicators provided information on lifetime pesticide use, and 23 neurologic symptoms typically associated with pesticide intoxication. Increased risk of experiencing >/=10 symptoms during the year before enrollment was associated with cumulative pesticide use, personally mixing or applying pesticides, pesticide-related medical care, diagnosed pesticide poisoning, and events involving high personal pesticide exposure. Greatest risk was associated with use of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides. Results were similar after stratification by pesticide use during the year before enrollment, or exclusion of applicators with a history of pesticide poisoning, or high-exposure events. Use of pesticide application methods likely to involve high personal exposure was associated with greater risk. Groups of symptoms reflecting several neurologic domains, including affect, cognition, autonomic and motor function, and vision, were also associated with pesticide exposure. These results suggest that neurologic symptoms are associated with cumulative exposure to moderate levels of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides, regardless of recent exposure or history of poisoning.
Quality of care indicators for gout management

Objective Despite the significant health impact of gout, there is no consensus on management standards. To guide physician practice, we sought to develop quality of care indicators for gout management. Methods A systematic literature review of gout therapy was performed using the Medline database. Two abstractors independently reviewed each of the articles for relevance and satisfaction of minimal inclusion criteria. Based on the review of the literature, 11 preliminary quality indicators were developed and then reviewed and refined by an initial feasibility panel of community and academic rheumatologists. A twelfth indicator was added at the request of the first panel. Using a modification of the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles appropriateness method (bridging teleconference and white-board Internet technology were added), a second expert panel rated each of the proposed indicators for validity using a 9-point scale, in which ratings of 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9 were considered “invalid,” “indeterminate,” and “highly valid,” respectively. Indicators were considered valid if the median panel rating was ≥7 and there was no evidence of panel disagreement (defined to occur when 2 of 6 panelists provided a validity rating of 1–3 and 2 panelists provided a validity rating of 7–9). Results Ten of the 12 draft indicators were rated to be valid by our second expert panel. Validated indicators pertained to 1) the use of urate-lowering medications in chronic gout, 2) the use of antiinflammatory drugs, and 3) counseling on lifestyle modifications. Conclusion Using a combination of evidence and expert opinion, 10 indicators for quality of gout care were developed. These indicators represent an important initial step in quality improvement initiatives for gout care.
The frequency of saccades correlates to peak velocity in symmetrical disparity vergence

A pure vergence stimulus requires the two eyes to turn equally inward or outward theoretically resulting in a pure symmetrical vergence response. However, saccades, a rapid conjugate eye movement, are frequently observed in vergence responses. This investigation sought to systematically quantify whether the occurrence of saccades within symmetrical vergence responses is correlated to vergence peak velocity. Eye movements are quantified using a limbus tracking system from three subjects. Symmetrical convergence and divergence 4° step responses with an initial position located at far or near which are known to evoke different peak velocities are analyzed. Data are quantified via peak velocity. A saccade detecting algorithm is utilized to quantify the frequency of saccades in the transient portion (first second) of vergence responses. Near convergence responses are slower than far convergence and far divergence responses are slower compared to near divergence movements. The occurrence of saccades is negatively correlated to vergence peak velocity. When the velocity is slower, the number of saccades increases. This study suggests that the brain may initiate a saccade to facilitate a slow vergence movement, potentially to allow object recognition before binocular fusion.
Inavtivation of trypsin by antibodies of high affinity

Abstract Antibodies were raised to unmodified trypsin and to trypsin stabilized by soybean trypsin inhibitor or glutaraldehyde cross-linking. The antibody molecules were studied for affinity by measuring the slope of drop-off in binding as a function of antibody dilution in a Farr test. They were also assayed for inactivation of trypsin activity as assayed with a small mol. wt substrate. A positive correlation of affinity and effectiveness of inactivation was found for antibodies prepared against nonstabilized trypsin (presented in Freud's complete adjuvant). Little or no inhibition was found when the antibodies were raised against conformationally-stabilized trypsin. The results suggest that changes in affinity of anti-trypsin antibodies are major determinants of the inhibitory capacity of such antibodies.
Population differences in red and green color vision deficiency: a review, and a query on selection relaxation.

Abstract Prevalence rates of red and green color deficiencies are tabulated for all the population samples found in the literature as estimated by testing males with the Ishihara color cards. Among the lowest rates are those of the aborigines in Australia, Brazil, Fiji, and North America. The highest rates are of samples in Europe and the Far East, including Brahmins of India. Intermediary rates are of Negroes in Africa and the Americas, other groups in India, and various hybrid groups. All of the lower rates are of populations with simple or primitive cultures until recently, for which it might be assumed that color vision deficiency would be a handicap in life in the unmarked wildlands. All of the higher prevalence rates, except for three based on very small samples, are of populations which have had pastoral‐agricultural economies and settled habitats for at least three millenia. It is assumed that in these habitats a colorblind person of either sex could be as successful in living and procreating as a...
On the Irrelevance of Phonological Similarity to the Irrelevant Speech Effect

Irrelevant background speech disrupts immediate recall of visually presented items. Salame and Baddeley (1982) found that increasing the phonological similarity between the irrelevant speech and th...
A model for allocated versus actual costs in assignment and transportation problems

We present a simple mathematical model which will relate the actual cost spent in accomplishing a task to the dollars budgeted for that task. In the specific instances of assignment and transportation problems we show how to minimize total dollars spent given total dollars allocated. We show furthermore how to quantitatively measure the work done along each arc in such problems. The total work, which will measure how fixed costs are realized across various arcs for a given prescribed effort, can then be minimized. It is shown that this, in general, leads to a third type of optimal solution which is different from those optimal solutions obtained by minimizing either total cost or total dollars allocated.
Balloon-assisted Guglielmi detachable coiling of wide-necked aneurysms: Part I--experimental evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Balloon-assisted technique is a promising technical adjunct to use of Guglielmi detachable coils for embolization of wide-necked aneurysms. In this study using experimental aneurysms in swine, the safety and long-term efficacy of this technique were evaluated. METHODS: Sixteen wide-necked aneurysms (sidewall model) were surgically created in common carotid arteries of swine. In the acute study of eight aneurysms, intra-aneurysmal pressure changes were recorded during balloon inflation in different positions of the balloon relative to the neck of the aneurysm. In the chronic study, eight aneurysms were treated with this technique, and follow-up angiography was performed 14 days postembolization. The animals were then killed for macroscopic evaluation. RESULTS: In the acute study, the systolic intra-aneurysmal blood pressure increased with balloon inflation at the distal portion of the neck and with balloon inflation/occlusion across the entire neck of the aneurysm. In the chronic study, seven of eight cases were embolized with satisfactory occlusion, and six showed no coil displacement on the follow-up angiogram. In five cases, macroscopic evaluation of the aneurysm showed that the coils were compacted at the neck of the aneurysm with a concave shape consistent with the shape of the inflated balloon across its neck. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study indicates that balloon-assisted Guglielmi detachable coiling technology may produce a temporary increase of pressure within the aneurysm while occluding the aneurysmal neck during coil delivery. This sudden change of intra-aneurysmal pressure may potentially be the cause of aneurysm rupture in the clinical setting. The balloon must be inflated and deflated very slowly to minimize these potentially risky hemodynamic changes. Although angiographic follow-up showed successful obliteration of aneurysms, further long-term angiographic studies are necessary to establish the durability of this technique.
Halo occupation distribution modelling of green valley galaxies

We present a clustering analysis of near-ultraviolet (NUV)–optical colour selected luminosity bin samples of green valley galaxies. These galaxy samples are constructed by matching the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 with the latest Galaxy Evolution Explorer source catalogue which provides NUV photometry. We present cross-correlation function measurements and determine the halo occupation distribution of green valley galaxies using a new multiple tracer analysis technique. We extend the halo occupation formalism, which describes the relation between galaxies and halo mass in terms of the probability P(N, Mh) that a halo of given mass Mh contains N galaxies, to model the cross-correlation function between a galaxy sample of interest and multiple tracer populations simultaneously. This method can be applied to commonly used luminosity threshold samples as well as to colour and luminosity bin selected galaxy samples, and improves the accuracy of clustering analyses for sparse galaxy populations. We confirm the previously observed trend that red galaxies reside in more massive haloes and are more likely to be satellite galaxies than average galaxies of similar luminosity. While the change in central galaxy host mass as a function of colour is only weakly constrained, the satellite fraction and characteristic halo masses of green satellite galaxies are found to be intermediate between those of blue and red satellite galaxies.
Dilution of cigarette smoke for real time aerodynamic sizing with a spart analyzer

Abstract A three-stage dilution system has been constructed which mixes a puff of smoke immediately after generation with filtered air without apparent coagulation. Aerosol particles are then serially aspirated and mixed with clean air to achieve dilution of 126,000:1. Using this dilution system, it was possible to analyze the aerodynamic size distribution of cigarette smoke with a single particle aerodynamic relaxation time (SPART) analyzer with minimum coincidence loss. The cigarette smoke leaving the butt end of a cigarette was found to have a particle concentration of 4.2 × 10 9 particles/cm3, with MMAD of 0.43υm. The experimental design and calibration of the dilution is briefly described.
A pilot study to assess attitudes, behaviors, and inter-office communication by psychiatrists and primary care providers in the care of older adults with schizophrenia.

Introduction There is a lack of assessment tools and empirical data concerning clinician attitudes and behaviors with respect to the health care of older adults with schizophrenia. We develop a survey instrument of physician attitudes, behavior, and inter-office communication, and provide preliminary data on physician-related issues in the provision of health care to this population. Methods A semi-structured 20-item survey instrument was administered to a stratified convenience sample of 24 primary care physicians (PCPs) and 27 psychiatrists working in the New York metropolitan area. Using open ended and multiple choice items, scales, summed scores, and case vignettes, we assessed attitudes, experiences, and procedures in treating medical illnesses in older persons with schizophrenia. All scales had internal consistency reliabilities of >0.70. Results There were no differences between PCPs and psychiatrists in reported and anticipated behavior towards older adults with symptoms of schizophrenia, and both groups displayed favorable views. However, both groups had slightly negative stereotypes and attitudes concerning these patients. PCPs reported receiving information from psychiatrists slightly more than 0 to 10 percent of the time. Conclusions Our preliminary findings indicated more favorable attitudes and behaviors by PCPs than had been anticipated based on earlier research with younger patients. The data suggest that the failure of older schizophrenia patients to receive adequate treatment may not be due primarily to clinicians' negative attitudes and behaviors, and that problems with communication may play a more important role. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructure of thermophilic fungi III. Ascocarp morphology of Chaetomium thermophile and C. gracile

Ascocarps of C. thermophile consisted of well-defined perithecia. Special attention was given to the structure of the peridium; the structure of the basal ascocarp hyphae; the structure and development of the centrum and the structure of the terminal hairs. Comparative studies were also carried out on perithecia of C. gracile . It was suggested that a two-layered peridium may be a structural adaptation of thermophilic Ascomycotina which protects the ascocarp centrum from desiccation until the process of ascosporogenesis has been completed.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AFRICAN SUGARBIRDS (PROMEROPS)

Summary Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E. 1974. The relationships of the African sugarbirds (Promerops). Ostrich 45: 22–30. Certain characters of the sugarbirds (Promerops) seem to suggest that the genus may be a geographically isolated derivative of the Australo-Papuan Meliphagidae or a separate group of unknown ancestry, the Promeropidae. Both theories have received support to the present day. New data from comparisons of the egg whi te and red blood cell proteins, using the technique of isoelectric focusing in acrylamide gel, indicate that Promerops is a specialized starling and that an appropriate taxonomic treatment is to include the subfamily Promeropinae in the Sturnidae. This discovery not only explains the characters of Promerops but solves one of the most contentious zoogeographic problems in ornithology.
Silanization of Low-Temperature-Plasma Synthesized Silicon Quantum Dots for Production of a Tunable, Stable, Colloidal Solution

We present a method for grafting silanes onto low-temperature-plasma synthesized silicon quantum dots. The resulting solution of dots is characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and determined to be a colloidal suspension. The silane is attached at a single point on the quantum dot surface to avoid cross-linking and multilayer formation, and photoluminescence spectroscopy shows the colloidal suspension of dots is stable for over two months in air. The hydroxyl-terminated surfaces required for silanization are created by wet chemical etch, which can be used to tune the luminescence of the silicon dots in the green- to red-wavelength range. We find, however, that the wet etch cannot move the emission into the blue-wavelength range and discuss this observation in terms of the nature of etching process and origin of the emission. In addition, we discuss the photoluminescence quantum yield in the context of other passivation and synthetic techniques.
Does patellar eversion in total knee arthroplasty cause patella baja

Several proponents of minimally invasive surgery-total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA) have suggested patellar eversion during a standard exposure of the knee may cause shortening of the patellar tendon and poorer outcomes secondary to acquired patella baja. To explore this suggestion, we retrospectively reviewed 135 consecutive TKAs in 110 patients to ascertain the effect of TKA on the postoperative Insall-Salvati ratio. All surgeries were performed using standard TKA techniques with a midline incision, medial parapatellar arthrotomy, partial excision of the fat pad, and routine eversion of the patella. One patient developed a postoperative patella baja, defined as an Insall-Salvati ratio of less than 0.8. The Knee Society score for knee and function in this patient was 75 and 70, respectively. Five additional patients had a decrease in Insall-Salvati ratio by 10% or more but without patella baja. Mean Knee Society score for knee and function in these five patients was 94 (range, 73–99) and 96 (range, 90–100), respectively, as compared with 93 (range, 37–99) and 94 (range, 40–100) in the remaining 104 patients. Our data suggest the incidence of patella baja is low after TKA despite routine patellar eversion. Furthermore, a 10% or more decrease in the Insall-Salvati ratio without patella baja was not associated with a worse clinical outcome. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Stability of nonautonomous second-order partial differential equations

Abstract Existence, uniqueness, and three sufficient stability criteria will be established for a class of differential equations of the form: d 2 u(t) dt 2 + C(t) du(t) dt + K(t) u(t) = 0 . The stability criteria emphasize the situations where the nonautonomous portion of the linear operators C(t) and K(t): (a) have small magnitudes, (b) have small derivatives (slowly varying), and (c) have small integrals (rapidly varying). Although this paper directs attention only to the second-order equation, corresponding stability results for the first-order equation could be obtained utilizing similar arguments.
Depolarization effects in stripping a polarized negative ion beam

Abstract A study has been made of the way in which charge exchange phenomena in the residual gas can induce depolarization in the terminal of a tandem accelerator. Depolarization effects are found to be less than ≈0.2% under most conditions. A simple technique for evaluating an upper limit on the magnitude of the depolarization prevailing under operating conditions is developed.
Altered responses to potassium in cerebellar neurons from weaver heterozygote mice.

The pleiotropic weaver disease is caused by the mutation of a single amino acid in the G-protein-linked inwardly rectifying K+ channel, GIRK2. In homozygous (wv/wv) animals, the disease is characterized by loss of cerebellar and dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons as well as testicular cells, which produce ataxia, fine tremors, and sterility, respectively. Heterozygous (wv/+) animals show no obvious motor impairments, although some loss of both cerebellar and dopaminergic neurons is observed and wv/+ males become sterile at 3.5 months of age. Abnormal influxes of Na+ and Ca2+ have been linked to cerebellar cell death in wv/wv animals, but it’s not clear whether similar changes are observed in wv/+ animals. To discover whether changes in K+-channel function or intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) play a role in the augmented cell loss observed in wv/+ animals when compared with +/+ animals, we studied cultured cerebellar granule cells prepared from either wv/+ or +/+ animals. Resting [Ca2+]i was elevated in wv/+ relative to +/+ animals. Further, depolarizations of cells with elevated K+ solutions elicited much smaller changes in [Ca2+]i in wv/+ animals than in +/+ animals, presumably due to altered GIRK2 channel function. Both wv/+ and +/+ cells showed similar changes in [Ca2+]i when cells were depolarized by glutamate (1 mM), suggesting that both glutamate receptors and Ca2+ channels were unchanged in wv/+ animals. In summary, our results suggest that wv/+ cerebellar granule cells exhibit elevated resting [Ca2+]i levels and altered K+-channel function, which may contribute to the developmental abnormalities and increased cell death observed.
Collagenase production by lymphokine-activated macrophages

Macrophages incubated with products (lymphokines) secreted by stimulated spleen cells produced collagenase. Active lymphokines were obtained both from mitogen- and antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. These observations suggest that the degradation of collagen in chronic inflammatory lesions may be caused by macrophage collagenase.
Personality Hardiness and Burnout in Female Staff Nurses

This study examined the burnout-moderating effects of personality hardiness among female nurses. Hardiness is defined as personality disposition that functions as a moderator variable to mitigate the effects of stressful events. One hundred staff nurses completed the Kobasa and Maddi Hardiness Scale, the Jones Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS-HP), and measures of selected demographic variables. The results showed that burnout and hardiness were inversely related (r =−.39, p < .001) and that 41 percent of the variation in burnout scores could be accounted for by the linear combination of low hardiness and younger age. A 2×2 analysis of variance demonstrated that effects of personality and age in burnout appear to be independent and additive rather than interactive. It was concluded that hardy nurses are more burnout resistant than are nonhardy nurses.
Unified communications as an enabler of workplace redesign

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine how advances in unified communications (UC) technologies are enabling radical changes in workplace redesign. Low-cost and readily available technologies allow individuals to participate in work in ways that they could not before. Mobile hardware, networking infrastructure and robust UC platforms are making work less location- and time-dependent. Whereas these technologies provided the catalyst for the reimagining of the workplace in the early to mid-2000s, it was the explosion of BYOD (bring your own device) in recent years that has caused organizations to reconsider innovative workplace usage. Design/methodology/approach – In this case study on the Microsoft Corporation, business motivators for workplace innovation, driven by performance metrics, are examined. Findings – Included in the findings are increased productivity, talent attraction and retention, reduced sick leave, reduced communications costs, reduced IT and administration costs, reduced carbon...
Neutral impurity scattering in semiconductors

The drift mobility and ratio of Hall to drift mobility are computed for the scattering of carriers by a hydrogenic neutral impurity. The scattering is treated using the almost exact values of the phase shifts for scattering of electrons by neutral hydrogen scaled for the effective mass and dielectric constant of the semiconductor.
I-V maps [educational circuit simulation]

A graphical circuit mapping technique is introduced for purposes of visualization and instruction. The technique is oriented toward mainly planar circuits which operate from fixed power supply rail voltages, and which are typical of most integrated circuit designs. The I-V map allows a simultaneous representation of all voltages, currents and power dissipations, and can be constructed to scale, which then gives accurate magnitude information. The I-V map proves valuable to recognizing current and voltage distributions, elements of high power dissipation, and as a classroom instructional tool for Kirchhoff's laws.
Relational similarity and the nonindependence of features in similarity judgments.

Four experiments examined the hypothesis that simple attributional features and relational features operate differently in the determination of similarity judgments. Forced choice similarity judgments (“Is X or Y more similar to Z?”) and similarity rating tasks demonstrate that making the same featural change in two geometric stimuli unequally affects their judged similarity to a third stimulus (the comparison stimulus). More specifically, a featural change that causes stimuli to be more superficially similar and less relationally similar increases judged similarity if it occurs in stimuli that already share many superficial attributes, and decreases similarity if it occurs in stimuli that do not share as many superficial attributes. These results argue against an assumption of feature independence which asserts that the degree to which a feature shared by two objects affects similarity is independent of the other features shared by the objects. The MAX hypothesis is introduced, in which attributional and relational similarities are separately pooled, and shared features affect similarity more if the pool they are in is already relatively large. The results support claims that relations and attributes are psychologically distinct and that formal measures of similarity should not treat all types of matching features equally.