cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's behavioural reactions to marital conflict as a function of parents' conflict behaviours and alcohol problems

This paper examines how children's previous exposure to destructive marital conflict and parental problem drinking relate to children's immediate and specific behavioural reactions to marital conflict. Data are from 215 second-graders and their families participating in a larger study. Children watched analogues of marital conflict and indicated their behavioural response. Parents completed questionnaire measures of marital conflict and drinking problems. Children's exposure to marital stonewalling was associated with increased child intervention in conflict and decreased avoidance of conflict. Exposure to maternal drinking was related to child caretaking responses to escalated conflict. Exposure to paternal drinking was related to child mediation and avoidance of child-related conflict, but inactive response to escalated conflict. Boys were more likely to mediate and less likely to avoid escalated conflict.
Parent-centered Parenting Values among Latino Immigrant Mothers

This study examined parent-centered parenting values (parenting qualities considered important to be a 'successful' parent) of Latino immigrant mothers in the United States (US) as well as their perception of parenting values in the dominant US culture. Latino mothers (N = 98) living in the US with at least one child between the ages of 1 and 12 years completed a survey on parenting values. Relational qualities, role modeling values, and firm control were highly valued, whereas low parental control and having economic resources were rated relatively low. Participants also indicated that mothers in the dominant culture valued low parental control and having economic resources more than they themselves valued these qualities. Parent-centered values endorsed by Latino mothers in the study were very similar across countries of origin and levels of education. Overall results were consistent with the hypothesis that Latino mothers endorse parent-centered parenting values that adhere to a relational perspective, which emphasizes affection and loyalty towards other family members.
Heterogeneity and immunophenotypic plasticity of malignant cells in human liposarcomas.

Abstract Liposarcomas are tumors arising in white adipose tissue (WAT) with avidity for local recurrence. Aggressive dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLS) may arise from well-differentiated subtypes (WDLS) upon disease progression, however, this key issue is unresolved due in large part to knowledge gaps about liposarcoma cellular composition. Here, we wished to improve insights into liposarcoma cellular hierarchy. Tumor section analysis indicated that the populations, distinguishable based on the expression of CD34 (a marker of adipocyte progenitors) and CD36 (a marker of adipocyte differentiation), occupy distinct intra-tumoral locations in both WDLS and DDLS. Taking advantage of these markers, we separated cells from a panel of fresh human surgical specimens by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Based on chromosome analysis and the culture phenotypes of the composing populations, we demonstrate that malignant cells comprise four mesenchymal populations distinguished by the expression of CD34 and CD36, while vascular (CD31 +) and hematopoietic (CD45 +) components are non-neoplastic. Finally, we show that mouse xenografts are derivable from both CD36-negative and CD36-positive DDLS cells, and that each population recreates the heterogeneity of CD36 expression in vivo. Combined, our results show that malignant cells in WDLS and DDLS can be classified according to distinct stages of adipogenesis and indicate immunophenotypic plasticity of malignant liposarcoma cells.
Reduced Ability to Detect Facial Configuration in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals: Associations With Spatiotemporal Visual Processing

Visual sensitivity decreases with age, and this presumably has an impact on face recognition. However, the relationship between aging in basic visual processing and in the sensory and cognitive mechanisms mediating face recognition is not well understood. Face detection, a foundational step in recognizing faces, relies primarily on sensory information. This study measured the ability to detect facial configuration and contrast detection in young ( 59 years). Performance on both face detection and contrast detection was moderately degraded in the middle-aged group compared with the young group and was further degraded in elderly adults. Face detection was correlated strongly with contrast sensitivities, but only weakly with verbal IQ. The results suggest that face detection ability begins to reduce in early aging, and is associated with spatiotemporal visual processing.
Insulating Materials for Semiconductor Surfaces

A chart is given of comparative physical properties of silicon and the principal insulating films used with silicon, namely, silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, silicon nitride, and aluminum oxide. The interplay of these physical characteristics is discussed. Included is a brief review of methods of forming these films, since the method of formation influences the physical properties of the final film. In the case of silicon dioxide, a comparison is also made between the amorphous or glassy state and the principal crystal form, ?-quartz.
Calcium currents and graded synaptic transmission between heart interneurons of the leech

Synaptic transmission between reciprocally inhibitory heart interneurons (HN cells) of the medicinal leech was examined in the absence of Na-mediated action potentials. Under voltage clamp, depolarizing steps from a holding potential of -60 mV elicited 2 kinetically distinct components of inward current in the presynaptic HN cell: an early transient current that inactivates within 200 msec and a persistent current that only partially decays over several seconds. Both currents begin to activate near -60 mV. Steady-state inactivation occurs over the voltage range between -70 and -45 mV and is completely removed by 1-2-set hyperpolarizing voltage steps to -80 mV. The inward currents are carried by Ca2+, Ba*+, or Sr*+ ions, but not by Co2+, Mn*+, or Ni*+. These same inward currents underlie the burst-generating plateau potentials previously described in HN cells (Arbas and Calabrese, 1987a,b). With a presynaptic holding potential of -60 mV, the threshold for transmitter release is near -45 mV. Postsynaptic currents in the contralateral HN cell have a reversal potential near -60 mV. The largest postsynaptic currents (300-400 PA) exhibit an initial peak response that is followed by a more slowly decaying component. The persistent component of Ca*+ current in the presynaptic neuron is strongly correlated with the prolonged component of the postsynaptic current, while the transient presynaptic Caz+ current appears to correspond to the early peak of postsynaptic current. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that voltage-dependent calcium currents contribute to the oscillatory capability of reciprocally inhibitory HN cells by (1) generating the plateau potential that drives the burst of action potentials and (2) underlying the release of inhibitory transmitter onto the contralateral cell. Blood is propelled through the circulatory system of the leech by rhythmic contractions of 2 lateral heart tubes. The timing and coordination of these contractions are controlled by a central neural oscillator comprised of bilateral pairs of rhythmically active heart intemeurons (HN cells) found in the first 7 segmental ganglia (Gl-G7; Thompson and Stent, 1976a; Calabrese, 1977; Peterson and Calabrese, 1982). The rhythmic activity has a cycle period of approximately 10 set and consists
Maximum likelihood decision for recognition of noisy shapes

An algorithm is developed to recognize shapes by a maximum-likelihood decision method after representing the contour of a shape by an autoregressive model. A decision rule is developed to test the similarity of objects pairwise. The rule is given in terms of the parameter estimates. The recognition of an arbitrary number of objects is accomplished by applying the decision rules to all possible pairwise combinations. The contour recognition algorithm developed is applied to contours of seven different machine parts and five different aircraft shapes. Without additive noise, all seven machine parts are classified 100% correctly. Contours of images contaminated by additive white Gaussian noise are tested. The proposed method has performed better than conventional methods on noisy images. >
GENETIC ENHANCEMENT – A THREAT TO HUMAN RIGHTS?

Genetic enhancement is the modification of the human genome for the purpose of improving capacities or ‘adding in’ desired characteristics. Although this technology is still largely futuristic, debate over the moral issues it raises has been significant. George Annas has recently leveled a new attack against genetic enhancement, drawing on human rights as his primary weapon. I argue that Annas’ appeal to human rights ultimately falls flat, and so provides no good reason to object to genetic technology. Moreover, this argument is an example of the broader problem of appealing to human rights as a panacea for ethical problems. Human rights, it is often claimed, are ‘trumps’: if it can be shown that a proposed technology violates human rights, then it must be cast aside. But human rights are neither a panacea for ethical problems nor a trump card. If they are drafted into the service of an argument, it must be shown that an actual human rights violation will occur. Annas’ argument against genetic technology fails to do just this. I shall conclude that his appeal to human rights adds little to the debate over the ethical questions raised by genetic technology.
Composition operators associated with bloch-type spaces

This paper characterizes boundedness, compactness and Besov cut of a composition operator from one Bloch-type space to another such space, answering a question of Madigan.
Status of mid-IR fibers

Fluoride glasses are being considered for use in long distance mid-IR transmitting optical fibers. The multiphonon edge of these fibers is shifted to longer wavelengths compared with silica fibers. The intrinsic loss is, therefore, lower (≤0.01 dB/km) and occurs at −2.5 μm. Uses for these fibers include ultralow-loss communication links, radiation resistant links, remoting of IR focal plane arrays, IR power delivery, low-temperature sensors, and medical and remote spectroscopic analysis. In addition, this ultralow-loss optical fiber may be used for fiber guided missiles with ranges of >500 km. Most of the interest, however, has been focused on development of very long (thousands of kilometers) repeaterless communication links. Such repeaterless links may decrease system cost and cable weight while increasing overall reliability and ease of repair compared to silicate optical fibers.
Hybridization of Localized and Guided Modes in 2D Metal− Insulator−Metal Nanocavity Arrays

This article describes the angle-dependent optical responses of 2D metal–insulator–metal (MIM) nanocavity arrays. Through a combination of soft nanolithography and template stripping, we fabricated arrays of plasmonic MIM nanostructures with subwavelength spacings over square centimeter areas. We controlled the coupling between the localized surface plasmon and guided modes as well as engineered the optical band structure by tuning the insulator thickness. Rabi splitting of hybridized modes strongly depended on the spatial overlap of the near-fields of the localized and guided modes.
A national perspective of adult gangliogliomas

Gangliogliomas (GG) are rare tumors of the nervous system. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of low and high-grade GG have been difficult to elucidate in the adult population. This study aims to further elaborate on GG treatment and overall survival utilizing a larger cohort than previously published. The USA National Cancer Database was utilized to evaluate adult (age 18years and older) patients diagnosed with GG between 2004 and 2006. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimates were provided. A total of 198 adult GG patients were diagnosed between 2004 and 2006. Of these, 181 (91.4%) were low-grade and 17 (8.6%) high-grade GG. Overall, the median age was 36years; approximately 50% of patients were female, and 86.5% Caucasian. Most patients (59%) had near/gross total resection. Radiation and chemotherapy were prescribed in 18 (9.1%) and 11 (5.7%) patients, respectively. Radiation (64.7% versus 3.9%, p<.0001) and chemotherapy (47.1% versus 1.7%, p<.0001) were more frequently given to patients with high-grade tumors than low-grade. The median overall survival of high-grade GG was 44.4months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.5-92.5) while the corresponding estimate for low-grade tumors was not reached. Older age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72, 95% CI: 1.26-2.34) and high tumor grade (HR 3.91, 95% CI: 1.43-10.8) were found to be associated with poor survival. Adult GG have a temporal lobe predilection and overall gross total resection rate of 59%. Older patients with high-grade tumors had an increased hazard of mortality. High-grade GG were significantly more likely to be treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Fault tree method and the assessment of the fire risk alarming system failure

The given paper is inclined to introduce its study of relation between the fault tree method and the assessment of the fire risk alarming system failure. As is a matter of fact,with the rapid increase of the high-rises and skyscrapers in our cities,it has become a more and more serious challenge to monitor the potential fire risks and hazards. Therefore,a great problem comes about whether fire alarming system is reliable or not directly actually influences the capability of controlling the fire and quickly stamping it out in order to save the lives and properties of millions of people's masses. Facing the challenge,the key problem is to increase and ensure the reliability of the fire alarming system. And,in turn,to achieve the goal of increase and ensure the reliability of the fire alarming system,we do believe that the fault tree analysis should be the most commonly used and most effective method on failure analysis,which can be applied to analyze the fire alarming system failure risk from the point of view of both the human factors as well as those of materials. As is well known,it is assumed that the traditional fault tree analysis method may take into full account all the probable indexes or factors from the bottom to the top. Though it is difficult to take into full account all the probable indexes or factors to obtain the accurate bottom events probability,even impossible to work out all the statistical data,it would be possible to increase its power to make it comprise the necessary predictable fuzzy elements involved. And,that is why we have introduced the fuzzy mathematics theory into our use of the fault tree method. In so doing,the failure probability of the bottom event can be taken as a fuzzy number and the top event probability can be derived as a fuzzy number. Here,we have introduced what R. K. Bhardwaj has mentioned in the reliability evaluation of fire alarming system. He refused to consider the effects of human factors but rather give a clear calculation model of the fire alarming system reliability. Although the fuzzy fault tree theory has been matured in recent years,only R. K.Bhardwaj used it in the reliability evaluation of fire alarming system but he did not include the influence of human factors into his system when he described his calculation model of the fire alarm system reliability. However,since the fault tree analysis method of the fire alarm system can help to obtain the bottom events leading to the system failure,it can make itself include the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and the important degree of the weight of the bottom events interestingly. Thus,the probability of system failure can be used to judge whether it can meet the demands of the system reliability. And,finally,we have successfully tried to use the fire alarm system failure method in analyzing the library building of the Shenyang Aviation University as a case of alarm system failure risk assessment,which can be taken as a reference to the design and management of the fire alarming system in the future.
Learning to Predict miRNA-mRNA Interactions from AGO CLIP Sequencing and CLASH Data.

Recent technologies like AGO CLIP sequencing and CLASH enable direct transcriptome-wide identification of AGO binding and miRNA target sites, but the most widely used miRNA target prediction algorithms do not exploit these data. Here we use discriminative learning on AGO CLIP and CLASH interactions to train a novel miRNA target prediction model. Our method combines two SVM classifiers, one to predict miRNA-mRNA duplexes and a second to learn a binding model of AGO’s local UTR sequence preferences and positional bias in 3’UTR isoforms. The duplex SVM model enables the prediction of non-canonical target sites and more accurately resolves miRNA interactions from AGO CLIP data than previous methods. The binding model is trained using a multi-task strategy to learn context-specific and common AGO sequence preferences. The duplex and common AGO binding models together outperform existing miRNA target prediction algorithms on held-out binding data. Open source code is available at https://bitbucket.org/leslielab/chimiric.
Disparity and constraint in olenelloid trilobites and the Cambrian Radiation

The Cambrian Radiation marks the appearance of representatives of virtually all major skeletonized phyla in the fossil record and clearly represents a fundamental episode in the history of life. Furthermore, the tempo and mode of this evolutionary event have been the subject of intense debate. One area that has been debated is how so many phylum-level body plans can have evolved in such a geologically brief period. Some have argued that there was enhanced morphological flexibility and fewer evolutionary constraints at this time, leading to greater morphological disparity of Early Cambrian faunas. Others have claimed that this is not true because the evolution of most of the animal phyla significantly predates the radiation or because they failed to detect a signature of decreasing morphological disparity through time. At present, the higher-level patterns of diversification during this time period and the relevant implications for Early Cambrian uniqueness are areas of active research interest and debate. Recognizing this debate, we used both a phylogenetic and a morphometric framework to study whether there is a signature of increasing morphological constraint and decreasing flexibility through time within one of the clades that is a significant constituent of the Early Cambrian biota, specifically, the olenelloid trilobites. In this species-rich clade, we found no evidence that morphological changes were becoming either increasingly constrained or less flexible in one of the dominant Early Cambrian metazoan clades as it passed through the Cambrian Radiation.
La colonización de la Alta California: un análisis del desarrollo de dos comunidades misionales

Cuando actuaron en un ambito colonial, las misiones cristia nas desempefiaron una funcion importante en el proceso de aculturacion y control de las poblaciones indigenas. Los mi sioneros, catolicos o protestantes, trabajaron en colaboracion con los funcionarios gubernamentales y, a menudo, con el ejercito colonial para civilizar a los nativos, restructurar las relaciones sociales e incorporar a las poblaciones indigenas a las incipientes economias coloniales como proveedoras de mano de obra barata, productoras de materias primas para la exportation y consumidoras de bienes manufacturados importados.1 Las misiones franciscanas establecidas en la Alta California entre 1769 y 1823 se ajustan al patron gene ral de la actividad misionera cristiana en contextos colonia les. El proposito de los misioneros asignados a las comunida des de las misiones del norte de la Nueva Espana era civilizar a los grupos indigenas, que ellos consideraban primitivos, modificando su vision del mundo y sus relaciones sociales para que se asemejaran mas a los modelos de la America es pafiola colonial. Su proyecto incluia hacer de los conversos
Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treating Food Allergy and Associated Eczema: From Research to Practice Perspective

Food allergy is a growing problem in modern society that deserves an ongoing effort to develop safe and effective treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long human use history and is beginning to play a role in health care in the US, mainly via licensed practitioners. There is also increasing scientific evidence demonstrating the safety and efficacy of TCM for allergic diseases. We developed a herbal formula named food allergy herbal formula-2 (FAHF-2) derived from a classical herbal formula Wu-Mei-Wan that has been used in TCM to treat intestinal parasite infections and food allergy-like symptoms. Over the past years, we have generated a number of publications showing that FAHF-2 can prevent and reverse established peanut allergies in an animal model of peanut anaphylaxis, and that the effect is long lasting. These studies suggest that FAHF-2, and perhaps other Chinese herbal medicines, may have a potential for treating food allergies. FAHF-2 is the first botanical drug that has entered clinical trials as a United States Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug. Our phase I studies showed that FAHF-2 is safe and well-tolerated. Food allergies are often associated with other allergic conditions such as eczema (atopic dermatitis), particularly recalcitrant eczema. Given the growing interest in alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) therapies from both families and physicians, we have established a TCM/integrative medicine clinical program to help children and adults with recalcitrant eczema associated with food allergies. The clinical outcomes have been well received. TCM treatment improved quality of life, reduced food (including peanut) specific IgE levels, can be used long term, and no side effects were observed. TCM as monotherapy or integrative medicine may be an important approach for treating food allergies and associated eczema. It is possible that some of these herbal remedies will progress from dietary supplements to prescription drugs via clinical studies.
Astrophysical particle acceleration mechanisms in colliding magnetized laser-produced plasmas

Significant particle energization is observed to occur in numerous astrophysical environments, and in the standard models, this acceleration occurs alongside energy conversion processes including collisionless shocks or magnetic reconnection. Recent platforms for laboratory experiments using magnetized laser-produced plasmas have opened opportunities to study these particle acceleration processes in the laboratory. Through fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate acceleration mechanisms in experiments with colliding magnetized laser-produced plasmas, with geometry and parameters matched to recent high-Mach number reconnection experiments with externally controlled magnetic fields. 2-D simulations demonstrate significant particle acceleration with three phases of energization: first, a “direct” Fermi acceleration driven by approaching magnetized plumes; second, x-line acceleration during magnetic reconnection of anti-parallel fields; and finally, an additional Fermi energization of partic...
Risk Factors for an Elevated Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure Prior to the Fontan Operation

Systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure (SVEDP) is an important determinant of pulmonary artery pressure in those with a Fontan circulation. Predictors of an elevated SVEDP have been incompletely identified in this population. All who underwent the Fontan operation at our center between 1/2009 and 12/2013 were retrospectively identified. SVEDP at the pre-Fontan catheterization and other patient variables were extracted. We identified 61 patients. Pre-Fontan SVEDP was positively associated with systemic ventricular systolic pressure (β = 0.4, p = 0.004), aortic systolic pressure (β = 0.3, p = 0.007), aortic mean pressure (β = 0.3, p = 0.02), and decreased ventricular systolic function (p = 0.03). Compared to those with pre-Fontan SVEDP ≤ 7 mmHg, patients with SVEDP > 7 mmHg had higher average ventricular systolic pressure (85.0 ± 7.5 vs. 78.7 ± 8.3 mmHg, p = 0.003), higher average descending aorta mean pressure (62.4 ± 4.9 vs. 58.6 ± 8.1 mmHg, p = 0.03), and a higher incidence of decreased ventricular systolic function (36 vs. 15%, p = 0.07). For those with a systemic right ventricle, the SVEDP decreased significantly from the pre-Stage 2 to pre-Fontan measurements (8.7 ± 2.6 vs. 7.3 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.02), but not for those with a systemic left ventricle (7.8 ± 2.0 vs. 7.2 ± 1.8 mmHg, p = 0.3). At pre-Fontan catheterization, decreased ventricular systolic function and markers of systemic afterload were positively associated with the SVEDP. SVEDP decreased significantly after Stage 2 for those with a systemic right ventricle, but not for those with a systemic left ventricle; the systemic right ventricle may be particularly vulnerable to pre-Stage 2 volume loading.
Legally Armed but Presumed Dangerous: An Intersectional Analysis of Gun Carry Licensing as a Racial/Gender Degradation Ceremony:

This article analyzes gun carry licensing as a disciplinary mechanism that places African American men in a liminal zone where they are legally armed but presumed dangerous, even as African America...
Computing an image Phylogeny Tree from photometrically modified iris images

Iris recognition entails the use of iris images to recognize an individual. In some cases, the iris image acquired from an individual can be modified by subjecting it to successive photometric transformations such as brightening, gamma correction, median filtering and Gaussian smoothing, resulting in a family of transformed images. Automatically inferring the relationship between the set of transformed images is important in the context of digital image forensics. In this regard, we develop a method to generate an Image Phylogeny Tree (IPT) from a set of such transformed images. Our strategy entails modeling an arbitrary photometric transformation as a linear or non-linear function and utilizing the parameters of the model to quantify the relationship between pairs of images. The estimated parameters are then used to generate the IPT. Modest, yet promising, results are obtained in terms of parameter estimation and IPT generation.
Influence of Ovarian Hormones on Skeletal Muscle Contractility

There is a loss of skeletal muscle strength around the time of menopause in women, probably due to the decline of ovarian hormone production. The maintenance of muscle strength and contractility with age and with loss of ovarian hormones are critical issues because the risk for disability and dependent living increases with muscle weakness. There is substantial evidence that estradiol is beneficial to muscle strength. Thus, better understanding of the mechanisms by which estradiol affects contractility and how the loss of this hormone is detrimental to skeletal muscle function is critical. This chapter focuses on ovarian hormones, specifically how the lack of estradiol affects skeletal muscle contractility in both postmenopausal women and rodent models.
Development, properties and applications of high-performance biolubricants

Abstract: This chapter provides the fundamental understanding of how the inherent structural features of fatty acid ester derivatives make them suitable for lubrication applications. It provides sources of new triacylglycerol oils, their fatty acid composition, markets and performance compared to regular oils. Also discussed are the general functional requirements of lubricants and how the new functional fluids produced by various chemical modifications of fatty acid esters overcome the shortcomings of oxidative stability and low temperature fluidity. The cost effectiveness and high performance of biobased esters make them useful as base stocks and functional additives. A number of new technologies developed in the last two decades that have potential for commercial applications, their salient features and advantages along with future trends are presented.
On the detection, characterization, and identification of single molecule with nanopores

Proteins that form nanometer-scale pores in cell membranes provide the molecular basis of action for nerve, muscle, and other tissues. For over the past 25 years, we have been developing them for the electronic detection, characterization, quantitation, and identification of single molecules[1]. We will discuss the potential use and limits of this method for practical applications, including DNA sequencing[2-4], sizing individual molecules[5-6], measuring the forces between single molecules[7], therapeutics development[8], and the identification of synthetic nanoparticles[9].
Postoperative Management: Erectile Function

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is among the most common and feared consequences of radical prostatectomy, irrespective of the surgical modality and approach. It can greatly affect the quality of life of both the patient and his partner and without question influences a man’s decision on if and how his prostate cancer will be treated. Improved understanding of surgical anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and biomedical technology has expanded the available options for treating ED, which currently include oral pills, externally applied penile devices, penile injections and suppositories, and penile prosthetic surgery. A relatively recent concept is that of penile rehabilitation, the attempt to, using available treatment options, restore spontaneous erectile function so that the patient may be independent of erectile aids. The employment of ED treatment and/or rehabilitation should be based on the patient’s goals after a thorough explanation of realistic expectations, risks and consequences of each treatment option. Finally, there are a multitude of possible treatment options still in the research phase which may in the future add to the available armamentarium for post-prostatectomy ED treatment and penile rehabilitation.
Developmental pattern and structural factors of dendritic survival in cerebellar granule cells in vivo.

Granule cells (GCs) in the cerebellar cortex are important for sparse encoding of afferent sensorimotor information. Modeling studies show that GCs can perform their function most effectively when they have four dendrites. Indeed, mature GCs have four short dendrites on average, each terminating in a claw-like ending that receives both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Immature GCs, however, have significantly more dendrites—all without claws. How these redundant dendrites are refined during development is largely unclear. Here, we used in vivo time-lapse imaging and immunohistochemistry to study developmental refinement of GC dendritic arbors and its relation to synapse formation. We found that while the formation of dendritic claws stabilized the dendrites, the selection of surviving dendrites was made before claw formation, and longer immature dendrites had a significantly higher chance of survival than shorter dendrites. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses are transiently formed on immature GC dendrites, and the number of GABAergic, but not glutamatergic, synapses correlates with the length of immature dendrites. Together, these results suggest a potential role of transient GABAergic synapses on dendritic selection and show that preselected dendrites are stabilized by the formation of dendritic claws—the site of mature synapses.
Coating polyvinylchloride surface for improved antifouling property.

AbstractAntifouling surfaces are specifically crucial to cardiovascular applications. In this study, a polyvinylchloride (PVC) surface was modified by coating a biocompatible and hydrophilic polyme...
Spectator injuries in sports.

INTRODUCTION Injury documentation and prevention has largely focused on the athletes participating in the sporting event. However, spectators are at risk for injury as well depending on the sport and venue. No study to date has recorded and analyzed spectator injuries in sports. The purpose of this study was to document spectator injuries across different sports. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Scholarly articles and internet search engines were used to generate a list of spectator injuries across a variety of sports. Information gathered regarding each specific spectator injury included sport type, injury type, and injury mechanism. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 181 spectator injuries were collected. The sport with the most spectator injuries found was automobile/motorcycle racing (N.=123), followed by cycling (N.=25), cricket (N.=12), baseball (N.=10), and hockey (N.=8). The majority of spectator injuries were related to the sport and not the behavior of the surrounding spectators. Among documented injuries sustained by spectators, automobile/motorcycle racing had the greatest number of mortalities (N.=38), followed by cycling (N.=17), hockey (N.=4), baseball (N.=2), and cricket (N.=1). CONCLUSIONS Although uncommon, spectators at sporting events are at risk for injury. Some of these injuries are serious and even fatal. Future work needs to focus on implementing safety measures to protect spectators while still allowing them to enjoy live sporting events.
[Etiologic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing outbreaks and sporadic cases in Guangdong, 2009].

Objective To study the serotypes,virulence features and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemaolyticus isolated in food poisoning cases and surveillance program on diarrhea patients in Guangdong,2009.Methods 95 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from food poisoning cases and 15 strains from surveillance program on diarrhea patients were serotyped and detected for tdh(thermostable direct hemolysin,tdh)and trh(tdh-related hemolysin gene,trh)by PCR.81 sero-variant Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were selected through PFGE subtyping.Results There were 15 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from surveillance program on diarrhea patients and 95 strains were isolated from 11 Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused food poisoning cases in 2009.Among these strains,O3:K6(46.67％ and 44.21％)and O4:K8(33.33％ and 28.42％)were the dominant serotypes,but not the 7 food-borne strains.There were 93(84.54％)tdh +trh-,13(11.81％)tdh-trh-,and 3(3.65％)tdh+ trh + strains.The similarity value was between 57.7％ to 100.0％ of the 81 strains after PFGE sub-typing method and 36 PFGE subtypes were identified.PFGE001 and PFGE029 appeared to be the dominant subtypes.Conclusion O3:K6 and O4:K8 were the most dominant serotypes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused diarrhea and food poisoning cases in Guangdong and tdh were detected in most of the strains.Dominant PFGE subtypes were causing both sporadic and outbreak cases in different areas in Guangdong province. Key words: Vibrioparahaemolyticus; Outbreak; Sporadic; Etiologic characteristics
Does the Stoichiometry of Coupling Necessarily Reveal the Composition of the Ternary Complex

The second subject on which I have been asked to make a summary comment is the stoichiometry of the flux of an alkali-metal ion, on the one hand, and of an organic metabolite, on the other. Most of the results I will present depart from those reported for System A of the Ehrlich cell, and also from those just discussed by Dr. Curran. These departures do not, however, bring the alkali-metal ion-gradient hypothesis into question. Instead they show us that we must not always expect energy transfer to accompany linkage of fluxes, and also warn us that we must take precautions that we are examining a homogeneous transport process.
Numerical investigations of key aspects influencing CO2 foam performance in fractured carbonate system using CO2 soluble surfactants

Abstract Experimental studies have showed that CO2 soluble surfactants were more effective than aqueous soluble surfactant as supercritical CO2 foaming agent in fractured carbonate cores, in terms of higher foam strengths and oil recoveries. This paper aims to reveal the potential causes responsible to those superiorities and probe the impacts of key aspects during this complex process. Variable surfactants are examined to investigate the presence of optimal partition coefficient. The impact of surfactant structure on critical foaming concentration is also studied. Effect of reservoir pressure is investigated through stepwise independent manipulations attempting to decouple its influences on miscibility between CO2/oil, free gas phase availability and surfactant partition coefficient between CO2/brine. Effect of injection foam quality (gas volumetric fraction) is probed at constant liquid injection rate. It is found that the optimal partition coefficient for selected system is affected by multiple practical conditions including injection periods and surfactant structure relevant model parameters, but not determined by absolute coefficient values. The results of increasing system pressure and injection foam quality are combination of multiple aspects, including miscibility between CO2/Oil, local pressure drop, foam apparent viscosity, among of CO2 injection, gaseous CO2 available for surfactant delivery, and interplay between faster surfactant propagation and reduced local pressure gradient (“spreading” effect). The contribution of promoted or suppressed spreading effect could depend on magnitude of individual partition coefficient. The findings here reveal the complex interactions of multiple key aspects affecting CO2 soluble surfactant foams performance and promote the understandings to apply this novel technology in fractured systems.
Unsubstantiated Conclusions: A Scoping Review on Generational Differences of Leadership in Academic Libraries

Abstract The academic library profession is experiencing a large turnover in leadership. To date, information on differences in the generational expectations about how to lead is scarce and the research is contradictory. This article presents a scoping review of the literature on generational expectations of academic library leaders. Based on predefined eligibility criteria, the authors searched twelve bibliographic databases and performed a broad web search. 5435 articles were located and considered for inclusion, however, only four eligible articles were identified and included for analysis. There is little empirical evidence that generational differences are evident in the academic library setting or in individual leadership expectations. There is a lack of original research on generational differences in leadership in libraries, however, anecdotal and opinion literature is drawing attention to this topic in ways that cannot be validated.
CONFIGURATIONAL FORCE EXERTED ON AN INHOMOGENEITY BY A PILEUP OF SCREW DISLOCATIONS

Configurational forces exerted by a screw dislocation pileup on a circular inhomogeneity or a bimaterial interface are determined for a given number of dislocations, the level of remotely applied stress, and a specified degree of material inhomogeneity. The interface shear stress is also evaluated and discussed.
Unifying Remedies: Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Startling Rules

Imagine that B complains about pollution spewing forth from a factory owned by her neighbor, A. A generation of law students has now learned that ZTs possible remedies traverse the boundaries normally drawn between legal subject areas, much as the previous generation of lawyers learned to lower the divide between law and equity. The educational watershed was surely Calabresi and Melamed's justly celebrated article of twenty-five years ago, suggesting a grand theory of remedies and concentrating on what it called property rules and tort liability rules.1 By focusing on (and moving between) property rights, damage awards, and private bargains around these rights and awards, Calabresi and Melamed vaporized the inherited barriers between private law rights and remedies. In retrospect, that article is at least as interesting for what it missed as for what it wrought. Readers of law reviews know that a good deal of attention had been paid to the question of when judges should assign property rights or liability awards, and Calabresi and Melamed can be said to have anticipated and initiated that inquiry?which I largely avoid in the present Essay.2 Some readers also know that Calabresi and Melamed might be described as having produced something less than a grand theory of remedies?if "grand" implies completeness?because subsequent innovators have shown remedies not anticipated twenty-five years ago. My aim here is, first, to learn about
Domestic well vulnerability to drought duration and unsustainable groundwater management in California's Central Valley

Millions of Californians access drinking water via domestic wells, which are vulnerable to drought and unsustainable groundwater management. Groundwater overdraft and the possibility of longer drought duration under climate change threatens domestic well reliability, yet we lack tools to assess the impact of such events. Here, we leverage 943,469 well completion reports and 20 years of groundwater elevation data to develop a spatially-explicit domestic well failure model covering California's Central Valley. Our model successfully reproduces the spatial distribution of observed domestic well failures during the severe 2012-2016 drought (n = 2,027). Next, the impact of longer drought duration (5 to 8 years) on domestic well failure is evaluated, indicating that if the 2012-2016 drought would have continued into a 6- to 8-year long drought, a total of 4,037 - 5,460 to 6,538- 8,056 wells would fail. The same drought duration scenarios with an intervening wet winter in 2017 lead to an average of 498 and 738 fewer well failures. Additionally, we map vulnerable wells at high failure risk and find that they align with clusters of predicted well failures. Lastly, we evaluate how the timing and implementation of different projected groundwater management regimes impact groundwater levels and thus domestic well failure. When historic overdraft persists until 2040, domestic well failures range from 5,966 - 10,466 (depending on the historic period considered). When sustainability is achieved progressively between 2020 and 2040, well failures range from 3,677 - 6,943, and from 1,516 - 2,513 when groundwater is not allowed to decline after 2020.
Comparison of 2 single incision slings on the vagina in an ovine model.

Abstract Background Stress Urinary Incontinence carries a significant healthcare burden for women worldwide. Single incision slings are minimally invasive mesh devices designed to treat stress urinary incontinence. For prolapse repair, meshes with higher porosity and lower structural stiffness have been associated with improved outcomes. Objective We compared the higher stiffness, lower porosity Altis sling (SIS-B; Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) to the lower stiffness, higher porosity Solyx sling (SIS-A; Boston Scientific ,Marlborough, MA) in an ovine model. We hypothesized that SIS-B would have a negative impact on the host response. Study Design 13 SIS-A and 11 SIS-B were implanted sub-urethrally into sheep according to the manufacturer’s instructions on minimal tension. The mesh-urethral-vaginal complex and adjacent ungrafted vagina (no mesh control) were harvested en bloc at 3 months. Masson’s trichrome and picrosirius staining of 6μm thin sections was performed to measure inter-fiber distance and tissue integration. Smooth muscle contractility to a 120mM KCl stimulus was performed in an organ bath to measure myofiber driven contractions. Standard biochemical assays were used to quantify glycosamingoglycan, total collagen and elastin content, and collagen subtypes. Bending stiffness was performed in response to a uniaxial force to define susceptibility to folding/buckling. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney, Gabriels’ pairwise post-hoc, Wilcoxon matched pairs and Chi-Square tests. Results Animals had similar age (3-5 years), parity (multiparous) and weight (45-72 kg). Trichrome cross sections showed that the SIS-B buckled in a “C” or “S” shape in most samples (8/11), while buckling following SIS-A implantation was observed in only a single sample (1/13, P = 0.004). Tissue integration, as measured by the presence of collagen or smooth muscle between mesh fibers on Trichrome 4x imaging, was increased in SIS-A implanted samples as compared to SIS-B (P Conclusions The structurally stiffer SIS-B had decreased tissue integration and increased propensity to buckle after implantation. Increased collagen I and III following implantation of this device suggests that these changes may be associated with a fibrotic response. In contrast, SIS-A largely maintained a flat configuration and had improved tissue integration. The deformation of SIS-B is not an intended effect and is likely caused by its lower bending stiffness. Both meshes induced a decrease in collagen content and smooth muscle contractility similar to previous findings for prolapse meshes and consistent with stress shielding. The long term impact of buckling warrants further investigation.
Rescue Treatment With High-Dose Gaseous Nitric Oxide in Spontaneously Breathing Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Treatment options are limited for patients with respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019. Conventional oxygen therapy and awake proning are options, but the use of high-flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure are controversial. There is an urgent need for effective rescue therapies. Our aim is to evaluate the role of inhaled nitric oxide 160 ppm as a possible rescue therapy in nonintubated coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Design Retrospective evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 patients in respiratory distress receiving nitric oxide gas as rescue therapy. Setting Massachusetts General Hospital, between March 18, 2020, and May 20, 2020, during the local coronavirus disease 2019 surge. Patients Coronavirus disease 2019 patients at high risk for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with worsening symptoms despite use of supplemental oxygen and/or awake proning. Interventions Patients received nitric oxide at concentrations of 160 ppm for 30 minutes twice per day via a face mask until resolution of symptoms, discharge, intubation, or the transition to comfort measures only. Measurements and main results Between March 18, 2020, and May 20, 2020, five patients received nitric oxide inhalation as a rescue therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 at Massachusetts General Hospital. All received at least one dosage. The three patients that received multiple treatments (ranging from five to nine) survived and were discharged home. Maximum methemoglobin concentration after 30 minutes of breathing nitric oxide was 2.0% (1.7-2.3%). Nitrogen dioxide was below 2 ppm. No changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate were observed during or after nitric oxide treatment. Oxygenation and the respiratory rate remained stable during and after nitric oxide treatments. For two patients, inflammatory marker data were available and demonstrate a reduction or a cessation of escalation after nitric oxide treatment. Conclusions Nitric oxide at 160 ppm may be an effective adjuvant rescue therapy for patients with coronavirus disease 2019.