cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE MITOTIC APPARATUS : Physical Chemical Characterization of the 22S Protein Component and Its Subunits

The major 22S protein of the hexylene glycol-isolated mitotic apparatus has been characterized from spindle isolates and extracts of whole eggs and acetone powders of eggs from the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and Arbacia punctulata. The protein is free of nucleotide, lipid, and ATPase activity. Essentially identical in amino acid composition, proteins from these species show a relatively high content of glutamic and aspartic acids and are fairly rich in hydrophobic amino acids. Optical rotatory dispersion studies indicate a helical content of about 20%, a value consistent with the proline content of the protein. The purified proteins have sedimentation rates in the range of 22–24S, diffusion constants of 2.4–2.5F, intrinsic viscosities of 3.7–4.3 ml/g, a partial specific volume of 0.74, and an average molecular weight of 880,000. Electron microscopy indicates a globular molecule with dimensions of approximately 150 by 200 A; such size and symmetry are consistent with hydrodynamic measurements. The 22S protein yields 6–7S, 9–10S, and 13–14S subunits below pH 4 or above pH 11. The 13–14S component has an estimated molecular weight of 600,000–700,000. A 5–6S particle is formed in 8 M urea or 5 M guanidine hydrochloride, while at pH 12 the 6–7S subunit is seen; each particle has a molecular weight of 230,000–240,000. In 8 M urea plus 2% mercaptoethanol or at pH 13, the molecular weight becomes 105,000–120,000; under these conditions the particle sediments at 2.5–3S and 4S, respectively. On the basis of these molecular weights, the 6–7S, 9–10S, 13–14S, and the parent 22S particle should be dimer, tetramer, hexamer, and octamer, respectively, of the 105,000–120,000 molecular weight subunit. The various subunits will reform the 22S particle when returned to neutral buffer, with the exception of the mercaptoethanol-treated urea subunit where breakage of disulfide bonds results in a polydisperse aggregate. The 22S particle itself is not susceptible to sulfhydryl reagents, implying either that the disulfide bonds are inaccessible or that they are unnecessary for maintenance of tertiary structure once the 22S particle has formed from subunits.
RNA protein interactions governing expression of the most abundant protein in human body, type I collagen

Type I collagen is the most abundant protein in human body. The protein turns over slowly and its replacement synthesis is low. However, in wound healing or in pathological fibrosis the cells can increase production of type I collagen several hundred fold. This increase is predominantly due to posttranscriptional regulation, including increased half-life of collagen messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and their increased translatability. Type I collagen is composed of two α1 and one α2 polypeptides that fold into a triple helix. This stoichiometry is strictly regulated to prevent detrimental synthesis of α1 homotrimers. Collagen polypeptides are co-translationally modified and the rate of modifications is in dynamic equilibrium with the rate of folding, suggesting coordinated translation of collagen α1(I) and α2(I) polypeptides. Collagen α1(I) mRNA has in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) a C-rich sequence that binds protein αCP, this binding stabilizes the mRNA in collagen producing cells. In the 5' UTR both collagen mRNAs have a conserved stem-loop (5' SL) structure. The 5' SL is critical for high collagen expression, knock in mice with disruption of the 5' SL are resistant to liver fibrosis. the 5' SL binds protein LARP6 with strict sequence specificity and high affinity. LARP6 recruits RNA helicase A to facilitate translation initiation and associates collagen mRNAs with vimentin and nonmuscle myosin filaments. Binding to vimentin stabilizes collagen mRNAs, while nonmuscle myosin regulates coordinated translation of α1(I) and α2(I) mRNAs. When nonmuscle myosin filaments are disrupted the cells secrete only α1 homotrimers. Thus, the mechanism governing high collagen expression involves two RNA binding proteins and development of cytoskeletal filaments.
Stabilization of uncertain systems via linear robust control

This paper addresses the problem of stabilization of uncertain systems by means of the linear robust controllers. Dynamic programming and Lyapunov's theory for designing of control algorithms are further developed for plants which contain unknown bounded fluctuations. The link between Bellman's concept and the second method is established. Necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of the robust feedback strategies and the systems stabilizability are derived.
Youth violence perpetration: what protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Purpose To identify individual, family and community-level risk and protective factors for violence perpetration in a national sample of adolescents. Methods Analysis of two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The key outcome variable was Time 2 violence involvement, approximately 1 year after initial data collection, measured by a validated scale of violence perpetration Results Controlling for demographic covariates in multivariate regression models, key Time 1 protective factors against Time 2 violence perpetration included measures related to parental expectations, connectedness with parents and other adults, and school, higher grade point average and religiosity. Significant predictive risk factors included a history of violence involvement and violence victimization, weapon carrying, school problems, substance use, health problems, and friend suicide. Probability profiles then assessed the ability of protective factors to offset known risk factors for violence. For both girls and boys there were substantial reductions in the percentage of youth involved in violence in the presence of protective factors, even with significant risk factors present. Conclusions Findings support the utility of a dual strategy of reducing risk factors while enhancing protective factors in the lives of adolescents.
Gate length scaling in high performance InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs pHEMTs

The performance of InGaP-based pHEMTs as a function of gate length has been examined experimentally. The direct-current and microwave performance of pHEMTs with gate lengths ranging from 1.0-0.2 /spl mu/m has been evaluated. Extrinsic transconductances from 341 mS/mm for 1.0 /spl mu/m gate lengths to 456 mS/mm for 0.5 /spl mu/m gate lengths were obtained. High-speed device operation has been verified, with f/sub t/ of 93 GHz and f/sub max/ of 130 GHz for 0.2 /spl mu/m gate lengths. The dependence of DC and small-signal device parameters on gate length has been examined, and scaling effects in InGaP-based pHEMT's are examined and compared to those for AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pHEMTs. High-field transport in InGaP/InGaAs heterostructures is found to be similar to that of AlGaAs/InGaAs heterostructures. The lower /spl epsiv//sub r/ of InGaP relative to AlGaAs is shown to be responsible for the early onset of short-channel effects in InGaP-based devices.
Using Chest Radiography in the Intensive Care Unit

To purchase reprints, contact The InnoVision Group, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656. Phone, (800) 809-2273 or (949) 362-2050 (ext 532); fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, reprints@aacn.org. tion that penetrate matter. A radiograph is created when x-rays penetrate a structure and produce images on a piece of photographic film. In a person, the different shades of black and white in the images are due to the way the body structures or tissues absorb the x-ray beam. X-rays that penetrate body tissue produce dark or black areas on the film. Two of the most common radiographs are posteroanterior (PA) and anteroposterior (AP) views of the chest. For PA views, the x-ray beam passes through the chest from the back to the front. For AP views, the beam passes through the chest from the front to the back. For acutely ill patients who cannot stand up for a PA view, AP views are obtained with a portable x-ray machine. AP views obtained with a portable machine have some disadvantages. Structures in the anterior part of the chest are magnified on AP views, so structures such as the heart are not as distinct as on PA views and may even be distorted. This phenomenon occurs because decreased x-ray energy is available when portable x-ray machines are used to create the images. In addition, PA views are sharper and more distinct Using Chest Radiography in the Intensive Care Unit
Proportional-integral control of stochastic gene regulatory networks

We consider the problem of controlling gene expression in a stochastic genetic regulatory network. We introduce a general class of network designs that achieve this task, and that could be implemented in a synthetic biological setting. For our system, we describe the dynamics of the means and covariances of the gene products, and show that their steady states can be prescribed and tuned. We demonstrate the ideas with a series of examples and also discuss how the network design could be implemented with molecular mechanisms such as transcription factors and kinases.
Anti-periodic traveling wave solutions to a class of higher-order Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Burgers equations

We discuss the existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on data, of anti-periodic traveling wave solutions to higher order twodimensional equations of Korteweg-deVries type.
A REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS CALILEPTONETA PLATNICK (ARANEAE, LEPTONETIDAE), WITH NOTES ON MORPHOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Abstract The spider genus Calileptoneta Platnick is revised and all species are described, diagnosed and keyed. A neotype for Calileptoneta californica (Banks) is designated and Calileptoneta sylva (Chamberlin & Ivie) is removed from synonymy with Calileptoneta californica (Banks). The female of Calileptoneta noyoana Gertsch and the male of Calileptoneta sylva (Chamberlin & Ivie) are described for the first time. Three new species are described: Calileptoneta briggsi, Calileptoneta cokendolpheri, and Calileptoneta ubicki. The morphology of Calileptoneta is discussed, and interpretive illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided. The natural history of Calileptoneta is presented with an account of the mating behavior for C. ubicki. The distribution of Calileptoneta species is discussed, and areas of endemism and potentially new Calileptoneta species are noted.
Evaluation of a Microwave SQUID Multiplexer Prototype

As large arrays of ultrasensitive cryogenic detectors of radiant energy are developed, multiplexing schemes are required to manage system complexity. Any such scheme must also meet stringent sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range and power dissipation specifications. We describe preliminary tests of a microwave frequency-division multiplexed readout of SQUID amplifiers. From these initial tests we estimated the number of SQUIDs that can be multiplexed with this scheme and the sensitivity and bandwidth of each SQUID amplifier.
Investigation of several unique tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of NFDEIDR, an orcokinin analog, and its N‐terminal dimethylated form

Orcokinins are a family of myotropic neuropeptides widely present in various decapod crustaceans and insect species. The majority of the orcokinins identified to date share a conserved sequence of NFDEIDR at their N-termini. Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis of doubly charged orcokinin precursor ions reveals the presence of a y(n − 1) + 10 peak, which is more intense than that for the y(n − 1) ion. To elucidate the identity of this novel fragment ion and understand the mechanism underlying this fragmentation, we employed a combined approach involving the use of isotopic N-terminal dimethylation, methyl esterification, and isotope-encoded NFDEIDR. Comparison of the fragmentation patterns of these chemically modified orcokinin analogs allowed the determination of the structure of the y(n − 1) + 10 ion as y(n − 1) + COH2O. The yx + COH2O ions, along with the yx + CO and yx + CONH3 ions, are also present in the MS/MS spectra of NFDEIDR and several other peptides. Additionally, we report two other unusual fragmentation ions in the MS/MS spectra of N-terminal dimethyl NFDEIDR (2+), which yields the novel fragment ions of the y(n − 1) + 38 ion and the [M+2H–59]2+ ion. These two ion series involve the neutral loss of the asparagine side chain. The same sets of ions are also present in other peptides with dimethyl-modified asparagines at the N-terminus. The competition between the side-chain loss and loss of dimethylamine is described. The loss of the side chain of N-terminal dimethyl Asp1 is reported as well. We also report for the first time the neutral loss of ammonia from the N-terminal amino group of Asn1 and the loss of CO2 from the side chain of aspartic acid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least-square pinhole SPECT calibration using a forward projector modeling misalignment

Recent improvements in detector technology allow pinhole SPECT to approach spatial resolutions as low as 50 mum. Such high resolutions require a high accuracy of the imaging gantry for preclinical SPECT systems, and is not easily achieved in a laboratory setting. Analytical calibration methods are deemed to fail due to practical implications such as size and activity concentrations of the required point sources. Thus, we have developed a numerical calibration method based on least-square optimization that incorporates the modeling attributes of a forward projector frequently used in iterative reconstruction. The forward projector is currently capable of modeling detector misalignment such as detector rotation and pinhole translation, and will incorporate the pinhole point spread function as well as the size and shape of the point source. Currently, our calibration phantom consists of a single point source, positioned off-center in the object space. The optimization method involves a sequentially fitting of each individual parameter to the data, followed by fitting multiple parameters simultaneous in consecutive steps including all five parameters for the final fitting. The results of the optimization show an error of expected magnitude considering the relatively coarse sampling grid of our simulations. The relatively slow convergence of the y- and z-tilt require simulation of additional point sources. Further improvements of computational and memory efficiency need to be made, which enable the method to fit high resolution data as well as incorporation of the pinhole point spread function and the shape and size of the point sources.
Bile Salts and Glycine as Cogerminants for Clostridium difficile Spores

Spore formation by Clostridium difficile is a significant obstacle to overcoming hospital-acquired C. difficile-associated disease. Spores are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics, making a contaminated environment difficult to clean. To cause disease, however, spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells. The germination of C. difficile spores has not been examined in detail. In an effort to understand the germination of C. difficile spores, we characterized the response of C. difficile spores to bile. We found that cholate derivatives and the amino acid glycine act as cogerminants. Deoxycholate, a metabolite of cholate produced by the normal intestinal flora, also induced germination of C. difficile spores but prevented the growth of vegetative C. difficile. A model of resistance to C. difficile colonization mediated by the normal bacterial flora is proposed.
Many faces of NF-κB signaling induced by genotoxic stress

The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) family of dimeric transcription factors plays pivotal roles in physiologic and pathologic processes, including immune and inflammatory responses and development and progression of various human cancers. Inactive NF-kappaB dimers normally exist in the cytoplasm in association with inhibitor proteins belonging to the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) family of related proteins. Activation of NF-kappaB involves its release from IkappaB and subsequent nuclear translocation to induce expression of target genes. Intense research effort has revealed many distinct signaling pathways and mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation induced by immune and inflammatory stimuli. These aspects of NF-kappaB biology have been amply reviewed in the literature. However, those that involve DNA-damaging agents are less well understood, and multiple conflicting pathways and mechanisms have been described in the literature. In this review, we summarize the proposed mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by various DNA-damaging agents, discuss the significance of such activation in the context of cancer treatment, and highlight some of the critical questions that remain to be addressed in future studies.
How stable are 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines toward water and oxygen?

The stability of 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines toward oxygen and water was investigated as a function of their ring substituents: while generally 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines are compatible with water, their stability toward oxygen is dependent on the boron and the C(3) substituents, and we found that electron withdrawing groups enhanced the heterocycle’s ability to resist oxidative degradation.
SDDA: Sparse and dynamic in-network data aggregation in sensor nets

In-network data aggregation is an effective method to reduce the amount of data transmitted and therefore saves energy consumption in sensor networks. However, data aggregation removes the integrity of original data and thus increases the damage of data falsification attack. This paper proposes four new methods that select a subset of nodes as aggregators in a sparse and dynamic fashion to frustrate the adversary. The criteria for selecting aggregators include security risk, aggregation efficiency gain, and trust relationship among nodes. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the new methods can effectively make tradeoffs between security risk and communications cost.
Recent advances in shoulder research

Shoulder pathology is a growing concern for the aging population, athletes, and laborers. Shoulder osteoarthritis and rotator cuff disease represent the two most common disorders of the shoulder leading to pain, disability, and degeneration. While research in cartilage regeneration has not yet been translated clinically, the field of shoulder arthroplasty has advanced to the point that joint replacement is an excellent and viable option for a number of pathologic conditions in the shoulder. Rotator cuff disease has been a significant focus of research activity in recent years, as clinicians face the challenge of poor tendon healing and irreversible changes associated with rotator cuff arthropathy. Future treatment modalities involving biologics and tissue engineering hold further promise to improve outcomes for patients suffering from shoulder pathologies.
Retrieval of Model Initial Fields from Single-Doppler Observations of a Supercell Thunderstorm. Part I: Single-Doppler Velocity Retrieval

In this two-part study, a single-Doppler parameter retrieval technique is developed and applied to a real-data case to provide initial conditions for a short-range prediction of a supercell thunderstorm. The technique consists of the sequential application of a single-Doppler velocity retrieval (SDVR), followed by a variational velocity adjustment, a thermodynamic retrieval, and a moisture specification step. By utilizing a sequence of retrievals in this manner, some of the difficulties associated with full-model adjoints (possible solution nonuniqueness and large computational expense) can be circumvented. In Part I, the SDVR procedure and present results from its application to a deep-convective storm are discussed. Part II focuses on the thermodynamic retrieval and subsequent numerical prediction. For the SDVR, Shapiro’s reflectivity conservation-based method is adapted by applying it in a moving reference frame. Verification of the retrieved wind fields against corresponding dual-Doppler analyses indicates that the best skill scores are obtained for a reference frame moving with the mean wind, which effectively reduces the problem to a perturbation retrieval. A decomposition of the retrieved wind field into mean and perturbation components shows that the mean wind accounts for a substantial portion of the total retrieved azimuthal velocity. At low levels, where the retrieval skill scores are especially good, the retrieved perturbation azimuthal velocity is mostly associated with the polar component of vorticity. Missing from the retrieved fields (compared to the dual-Doppler analysis) is most of the low-level azimuthal convergence. Consistent with this result, most of the retrieved updraft is associated with convergence of the perturbation radial velocity, which is calculated from the observed radial velocity and directly used in the wind retrieval.
Report: 9th Annual Meeting of the Committee for the History of Bilad al-Sham, Amman

Steve Tamari's report on the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Committee for the History of Bilad al-Sham, held in April 2012 in Amman, Jordan.
Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection: three cases in the United States.

Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection of the intestine produces a syndrome that simulates acute appendicitis. Prodromal malaise and anorexia, abdominal pain and tenderness localized in the right lower quadrant, fever, and leukocytosis are characteristics of the disease. In the typical patient, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes are found at operation. The distal ileum may be thickened and edematous. Histologic sections show ulceration of the ileal mucosa and microabscesses within submucosal and lymph node germinal centers. Clinically, the disease may be distinguished from appendicitis by a test for agglutinating serum antibodies. Although a large number of cases in Europe have been reported, there have been no reports of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection of human beings in the United States. Three such patients, all living in California, are reported with a description of the clinical and anatomic findings.
The Roles of Attorneys in Mediation

Attorneys play a variety of roles as they protect, defend, and promote the interests of their clients. Using the roles of attorneys as articulated in the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, this paper examines how those roles may be in tension when an attorney participates in mediation.
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN TWO MEMBERS OF THE DROSOPHILA ATHABASCA COMPLEX.

One central question of much interest to students of evolution is the amount of genetic change required for speciation. Situations which should provide information of particular interest are those where: (1) the level of phylogenetic relationship between the groups of organisms is unambiguously specified and (2) the process of speciation is not complete or is known to have been recently completed. For this question the concern with partial or recent speciation arises because the divergence of species involves two sources of differentiation: (1) the genetic variation responsible for reproductive isolation may be accompanied by or follow genetic differentiation in ecological preferences or niches of the two incipient species and (2) genetic variation may arise within each species after speciation is complete. Measurement of variation in species which have long been isolated from one another cannot discriminate between the two sources of variation. The application of electrophoresis to the detection of allozyme variability has made further study of speciation possible (see Ayala, 1975, and references therein). However, relatively few studies have been done using subspecific groups or incipient species. These include studies of subspe-. cies of mice (Selander et al., 1969; Hunt and Selander, 1973), studies of subspecies and semispecies in Drosophila (Zouros, 1973; Richmond, 1972; Ayalaetal., 1974; Prakash, 1972; Ayala and Dobzhansky,
Nosocomial tuberculosis: new progress in control and prevention.

Nosocomial cases of tuberculosis have affected both health care workers and hospitalized patients, and each group has transmitted the infection to the other. This situation has been exacerbated by increases in the number of patients concurrently infected with human immunodeficiency virus and organisms resistant to multiple drugs ; by inadequate implementation of procedures for the recognition, isolation, and treatment of patients with tuberculosis in health care and correctional facilities ; and by a lack of practical engineering interventions for the control of airborne transmission. Epidemics at several hospitals have been controlled by the implementation of multiple measures listed in recent federal guidelines. Rapid recognition of cases and their effective isolation should be a priority at public hospitals, which can least afford the expensive engineering changes and personal respirators that are now mandated. Lacking are data on engineering controls (especially for retrofitting of existing facilities) and requirements for mask use that are both effective and financially practical. If relevant programs are to be developed, new methods are needed for the direct measurement of airborne transmission of tuberculosis. Fortunately, new federal guidelines allow individual hospitals and health care systems the flexibility to assess likely risk and to act in accordance with their findings to develop system-wide control programs.
Exometabolites of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. I. Isolation and initial characterization.

SummaryTwo exometabolites have been demonstrated to accumulate in protein free culture medium in which log phase promastigotes of L. donovani are metabolizing. These molecules demonstrate gel filtration characteristics suggesting a molecular weight in the range of 800-1900. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the exometabolites suggest the presence of peptide bonds with tyrosine present in one and tryptophan in the other. Sugar was demonstrated to be associated with both Fractions A and B, suggesting the exometabolites are glycopeptides. The exometabolite in Fraction B did not react with specific antibody to form precipitates unless it was in combination with serum protein. The data strongly suggest that the exometabolite conjugates with protein forming a multivalent entity.
HR at a crossroads

No one doubts the unprecedented pace of change in today's business world. For organizations to succeed in this changing world, they need to rely even more on HR insights. The HR profession is at a crossroads. On the one hand, it can remain focused on providing services that produce more efficient organizations. Or, it can respond to the opportunities of change and create ever more market value. To create market value, HR can deliver innovative talent, leadership, and organization solutions. This article lays out specific ways to improve HR outcomes. To make these solutions happen, HR will need to redefine how it is organized and demonstrate new HR competencies. Asian markets and organizations are a unique setting for HR to respond to new opportunities and generate market value.
iNOS-induced CLIC4 nuclear translocation regulates macrophage deactivation and TGF-β signaling

The intracellular chloride channel protein, CLIC4, localizes mainly to the cytosol of normal, proliferating cells but translocates to the nucleus in response to diverse stimuli, including stress-induced apoptosis and TGF- β , and is regulated by S-nitrosylation of the protein. We have recently reported that CLIC4 is induced concurrently with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and is S-nitrosylated in LPS/IFN γ -stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Chemical inhibition or genetic ablation of iNOS inhibits S-nitrosylation and nuclear translocation of CLIC4. iNOS-induced nuclear CLIC4 coincides with the pro- to anti-inflammatory transition of macrophages. IL-1 β and CXCL1 mRNA remain elevated in CLIC4 and iNOS knockout macrophages at late time points. Active IL-1 β remains elevated in CLIC4 knockout macrophages, and in macrophages in which CLIC4 nuclear translocation is prevented by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. We show that CLIC4 and iNOS knockout pro-inflammatory macrophages have reduced TGF- β signaling at the later time points post stimulation, including reduced p-Smad3 and Smad4. Indeed, TGF- β -induced inhibition of IL-1 β and iNOS is also reduced in CLIC4 knockout macrophages. Moreover, over expression of nuclear targeted CLIC4 increases TGF- β signaling, as seen by increased Smad4, and down regulates IL-1 β and iNOS. Thus iNOS-induced nuclear CLIC4 is likely essential for TGF- β mediated deactivation of macrophages.
Experimental Study of the Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Gas Content in a Small Channel Based on Image Processing

By using a high speed video camera,real-time photographed and image acquired were the flow patterns of a gas-liquid two-phase flow in a small regular triangular channel with a hydraulic radius of 1.15 mm.On this basis,a method for inspecting and measuring gas-liquid two-phase slug flow volumetric gas content in a small channel by utilizing digital image processing technology was proposed.By utilizing the advantage that the bubbles in two-phase flow in small channels are not covered with each other and such processing methods as noise elimination,edge detection,binarization,zone marking and filling etc.,the volumetric gas content was obtained based on the three-dimensional gas phase volume calculation model.Finally,a comparison was made with the results calculated by using the drifting flow model.Both the comparison and the test results show that for a slug flow,the method in question has a relatively high measurement precision with the error between the gas content obtained by using the method and the practical value being in a range of ±15% and a gas content formula in a section being obtained by regression analyzing the test data.The above-mentioned method can be used for on-line testing the parameters of a gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channels,thus,offering reference for studying two-phase flow characteristics in small channels.
Base on the Study of Flexible Body in ADAMS Software

Simulation analysis of flexible body is a difficult problem in system mechanism dynamics analysis.Introduce the basic speculative knowledge of ADAMS software and ADAMS flexible body,focal point of study is the simulation of flexible body of the hand part in the oil tube moving automation system.The simulation result of flexible systems could reflect the actual motion characteristics of hoisting system more truth and accurate.
Designing for Movement in Public Life with Itinerant Probes

This pictorial illustrates how objects can illuminate people's experience of public space, an approach we call itinerant probes. Itinerant probes are not individualized, mediated artifacts, but instead dynamic events that en- liven people's personal and collective memories. Building on the probes literature and recent ecological perspectives, we describe three probes related to lighting that we investigated at three public sites. Our explorations with these probes highlight the intimate histories associated with public spaces.
N-Acetyl-l-cysteine: An alternative to 2-mercaptoethanol in the reduction of Udenfriend's chromophore used for the determination of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

The routine laboratory technique for the determination of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in urine relies on the original observation of Udenfriend et al [ 11, which is based on measurement of the violet chromophore formed by the reaction of I-nitroso-2-naphthol and 5-HIAA in the presence of nitrous acid. Later studies by Udenfriend et al [2] and by others [3,4] confirmed both the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the technique. Goldenberg noted a marked increase in the specificity of the nitrosonaphthol reaction for 5-HIAA when 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) is added to the reaction mixture [5]. The colours produced by other phenols and phenol carboxylic acids, some of which are of biological interest, are discharged; at the same time the violet SHIAA chromophore suffers a bathochromic shift with a two-fold increase in extinction at the new absorption maximum (645 nm). The new method, although simpler and more specific than the previous methods, is still plagued with disadvantages viz. the notorious odour of 2-mercaptoethanol, the relatively low sensitivity because colour measurement is done at 590 nm instead of 650 nm where Beer’s Law is not obeyed, and the need for an incubator at 37’C to complete the determination which takes about 2 h. In view of the above mentioned shortcomings of the Goldenburg technique, we proceeded to investigate the use of other reducing agents of comparable efficiency, but with no untoward effects. Our results show that N-acetyl-L-cysteine is a better alternative to 2-mercaptoethanol. The reduction is faster and complete in 4 min at room temperature. Furthermore, inclusion of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the reaction mixture, makes it possible for the first time to read the extinction at 650 nm where Beer’s Law is obeyed at high concentrations of SHIAA.
Double-resonance spectroscopies of highly vibratiomally excited molecules

Two double-resonance spectroscopic schemes incorporating vibrational overtone excitation have been implemented to investigate the intramolecular energy transfer and unimolecular dissociation dynamics of several small molecules. In the first case, an infrared-optical double-resonance scheme simplifies the room-temperature vibrational overtone spectra of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxylamine and prepares highly excited reactant molecules in single rotational states above their respective dissociation thresholds.
The Best and Worst of Times: The U.S. War against Vietnam, October 1961–November 1963

General, I don't think you understand. I didn't come for a briefing. I came to tell you what we have decided. Alain Enthoven Having decided to maintain and increase the American commitment to the RVN but defer on combat troop deployments, John Kennedy would spend the next two years of his presidency, and his life, groping for an effective response to the southern rebellion and political turmoil in Saigon. Despite political and military problems recognized by all, the president would authorize an 800 percent increase in U.S. advisors to Vietnam, extend American participation in operations against the VC, begin to consider troop withdrawals because of perceived improvements in the fight against the insurgency, and ultimately help coordinate the overthrow of the Diem government. By November 1963, the United States would be well on its way toward creating and intervening in a major war in Southeast Asia. At the same time, U.S. military officials would express conflicting views regarding Vietnam policy. Service leaders generally supported the president's expansion of the American role in Vietnam, especially after Kennedy replaced holdover military leaders with his own generals and because of the president's embrace of military Keynesianism, with projected defense budget increases of $17 billion over five years. Optimism grew within military circles with General Paul Harkins's arrival in Saigon in 1962, just as U.S. resources were pouring into the RVN and American aircraft appeared to be containing the VC.
A Review of Uptake and Translocation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Food Crops Irrigated with Treated Wastewater

Abstract Concerns and knowledge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) presence in agricultural soils have led to research efforts to assess the uptake and translocation of PPCPs into edible parts of crops. This interest stems because PPCPs can be transferred from soils to food crops due to the use of treated wastewater, also called reclaimed or recycled water, for irrigation. We identified and reviewed 28 plant uptake studies relevant to food crops irrigated with reclaimed water to better understand how PPCPs are taken and translocated in food crops. The food crops included bulb vegetables, cole crops, cucurbits, cereal grains, fruiting and leafy vegetables, herbs and spices, and roots and tuber vegetables. Of the 28 studies of reclaimed water use, 22 were conducted in controlled or greenhouse settings and 6 were field studies. The data from these studies collectively showed that PPCPs can be taken up and then translocate into edible parts of food crops at detectable levels. However, human exposure of PPCPs from food crops is expected to be low due to the smaller concentrations found in food crops. Our major knowledge gap in current understanding of PPCPs uptake by crops irrigated with reclaimed water are lack of sufficient field data as only a limited number of field studies have been conducted. As reclaimed water use is anticipated to increase to meet agriculture water demands, we suggest that additional field studies are needed to better understand the uptake and translocation of PPCPs by crops over multiple growing seasons in different parts of the world.
X-ray bursts puzzle theorists

Most of the brightest sources in the X-ray sky are binary systems in which a small, dense neutron star and a companion star orbit around each other. The neutron star, which has a strong gravitational field, accretes matter from its companion. As this matter falls into the neutron star, it is heated to temperatures high enough to radiate predominantly at X-ray wave lengths. The accreted matter also has angular momentum, and if sufficient matter is accreted the spin rate of the neutron star can increase to millisecond periods. If the magnetic axis of the neutron star is not aligned with the rotational axis, these X-ray pulses are seen every time the magnetic axis crosses our line of sight (Physics World February p25).
Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas stutzeri strain RCH2 isolated from a Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] contaminated site

Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] is a widespread contaminant found in soil, sediment, and ground water in several DOE sites, including Hanford 100 H area. In order to stimulate microbially mediated reduction of Cr(VI) at this site, a poly-lactate hydrogen release compound was injected into the chromium contaminated aquifer. Targeted enrichment of dominant nitrate-reducing bacteria post injection resulted in the isolation of Pseudomonas stutzeri strain RCH2. P. stutzeri strain RCH2 was isolated using acetate as the electron donor and is a complete denitrifier. Experiments with anaerobic washed cell suspension of strain RCH2 revealed it could reduce Cr(VI) and Fe(III). The genome of strain RCH2 was sequenced using a combination of Illumina and 454 sequencing technologies and contained a circular chromosome of 4.6 Mb and three plasmids. Global genome comparisons of strain RCH2 with six other fully sequenced P. stutzeri strains revealed most genomic regions are conserved, however strain RCH2 has an additional 244 genes, some of which are involved in chemotaxis, Flp pilus biogenesis and pyruvate/2-oxogluturate complex formation.
Short infrared laser pulses increase cell membrane fluidity

Short infrared laser pulses induce a variety of effects in cells and tissues, including neural stimulation and inhibition. However, the mechanism behind these physiological effects is poorly understood. It is known that the fast thermal gradient induced by the infrared light is necessary for these biological effects. Therefore, this study tests the hypothesis that the fast thermal gradient induced in a cell by infrared light exposure causes a change in the membrane fluidity. To test this hypothesis, we used the membrane fluidity dye, di-4-ANEPPDHQ, to investigate membrane fluidity changes following infrared light exposure. Di-4-ANEPPDHQ fluorescence was imaged on a wide-field fluorescence imaging system with dual channel emission detection. The dual channel imaging allowed imaging of emitted fluorescence at wavelengths longer and shorter than 647 nm for ratiometric assessment and computation of a membrane generalized polarization (GP) value. Results in CHO cells show increased membrane fluidity with infrared light pulse exposure and this increased fluidity scales with infrared irradiance. Full recovery of pre-infrared exposure membrane fluidity was observed. Altogether, these results demonstrate that infrared light induces a thermal gradient in cells that changes membrane fluidity.
Design and evaluation of a stand-up motorized prone cart.

Background/Objective: Prone carts are used for mobility by individuals with spinal cord injury in whom seated mobility (wheelchair) is contraindicated due to ischial or sacral pressure ulcers. Currently available prone carts are uncomfortable, subjecting the user to neck and shoulder strain, and make social interaction and performing activities of daily living difficult. A better design of prone carts is needed. In addition, standing devices have shown some medical benefits. The objective was to design and evaluate an improved prone cart that facilitates standing.Design: Engineering development project with user feedback through questionnaire. Users selected by convenience sampling.Methods: A marketing survey was performed of nurse managers of spinal cord injury units. Then 2 prototype carts were designed and built. These carts are able to tilt up to 45° and have a joystick-controlled motor for propulsion and other design features, including a workspace storage shelf and rearview mirrors. The cart...
Business models for distributed energy resources: A review and empirical analysis

This paper presents a novel, empirical analysis of the most common business models for the deployment of demand response and energy management systems, electricity and thermal storage, and solar PV distributed energy resources. We classify the revenue streams, customer segments, electricity services provided, and resources for 144 business models. We use this assessment to identify a set of business model “archetypes” in each resource category. Our analysis leads us to five observations that have important implications for policymakers and regulators. First, our analysis highlights that business models are deeply embedded in myriad policy and regulatory frameworks. Second, current DER business models are driven more by regulatory and policy factors than by technological factors. Third, the relatively small set of well-defined DER business model archetypes suggests that the determinants of success within a given archetype may include executional capabilities, culture, and other activities that are not captured in our framework. Fourth, continued cost declines, technological innovation, and changing policy and regulatory landscapes mean the business models of tomorrow will likely look very different than the business models of today. Finally, DER business models compete within archetypes for market share in providing a limited set of electricity services.
Index Endoscopic Malabsorptive Procedures in Obesity Treatment: Techniques and Outcomes

The obesity epidemic is one of the world’s most daunting problems. According to the World Health Organization, there are more than 1.9 billion adults who are overweight, of which 600 million are obese. Mortality increased significantly throughout the overweight range. Additionally, every 5 units of higher BMI above 25 kg/m2 was associated with ~31% higher risk of premature death. Due to the continued need for alternative therapy, transoral/endoscopic approaches to weight loss are gaining traction as they bridge the gap between need and eligibility. This may allow bariatric procedures to be performed in those individuals who are currently precluded due to multiple comorbidities, older age, mild obesity, atypical anatomy (e.g., adhesions secondary to previous abdominal surgery, a history of gastric resection, or bowel resection), or disease states that affect the bowel. Given the surge in endoscopic therapies for obesity, the purpose of this chapter is to review the techniques and outcomes of specific malabsorptive procedures designed to induce weight loss and/or improve metabolic profiles.
Physiology of the Chronic Wound

Chronic wounds are a heterogenous group of disorders which are frequently associated with a small number of well-defined clinical entities, particularly chronic venous stasis, diabetes mellitus, and pressure necrosis. Successful treatment of these wounds requires a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Although many phenomena remain unexplained, a clear understanding of the facts presently available should provide the clinician with a good scientific basis for rational clinical interventions.
Application to Elasticity Problems

From a mathematical perspective, both two-dimensional vectors and complex numbers can be characterized as ordered pairs of real numbers. It is therefore a natural step to represent the two components of a vector function V by the real and imaginary parts of a complex function. In other words, $$V \equiv iV_x + jV_y $$ (19.1) is represented by the complex function $$V = V_x + iV_y.$$ (19.2)
The Role of Neutrophils in Transplantation

Lymphocytes and acquired immune responses play a key role in allograft rejection, but innate immunity also plays a significant role in injury and host alloimmune responses to organ transplants. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils comprise about two thirds of circulating peripheral blood leukocytes and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in normal individuals. These phagocytic granulocytes comprise an important arm of innate immunity and rapidly respond to foreign microbes and particles. Neutrophils not only possess potent antimicrobial constituents and play a vital role in host defense against many pathogens, but they are also recruited to sites of injury and inflammation, even in the absence of infection. Neutrophils play a key role in reperfusion injury following organ transplant. They likely also play an important role in severe forms of acute rejection and in chronic rejection, especially bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in lung transplant recipients. While neutrophils are likely involved in the rejection of all types of organ allografts, their role in the pathogenesis of post-transplant graft inflammation and injury has been more extensively investigated in lung transplantation. Therefore, this chapter will focus on the role of neutrophils in lung allograft rejection.
Myoblast Mediated Gene Therapy

A novel approach to drug delivery in the treatment of disease involves using cells to introduce genes into the body that express therapeutic proteins continuously (Friedman, 1989; Miller, 1990; Anderson, 1992; Miller, 1992). Myoblasts appear to be well suited for this purpose due to their unique biological properties. By contrast with other cell types, myoblasts become an integral part of the tissues into which they are injected. As a result, myoblasts are currently primary candidates as cellular vehicles for gene delivery in the treatment of both muscle and nonmuscle disorders. Transplanted myoblasts may be used to correct defects in well characterized inherited myopathies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (Gussoni et al., 1992). In addition, myoblasts may provide genes to correct myopathies that are not understood at the molecular level. Finally, and perhaps most exciting, is the finding that genetically engineered myoblasts can be used to deliver nonmuscie recombinant proteins to the circulation (Dhawan et al., 1991; Barr and Leiden, 1991). Candidates for delivery include hormones, coagulation factors, and antitumor agents that could have broad applications ranging from the treatment of inherited hormone deficiencies to symptoms of aging, hemophilia, and cancer.
Economic Analysis of On-Route Fast Charging for Battery Electric Buses: Case Study in Utah:

Battery electric buses (BEBs) are increasingly being embraced by transit agencies as an energy-efficient and emission-free alternative to bus fleets. However, because of the limitations of battery ...