cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community food security: Salience and participation at community level

Community food security (CFS) is an incipient movement based on the re-localization of many food system activities in response to values concerning the social, health, economic, and environmental consequences of the globalizing food system. This study examines the salience of these values based on the action agendas and accomplishments emerging from community planning events in six rural counties of New York, and the nature and type of participation and local support. The study finds a high level of agreement between CFS values as articulated by national leaders in this incipient movement and the action agendas. Further evidence of the salience of these themes is seen in the levels and types of activities and accomplishments taking place 8--12 months after the planning events. However, these follow-through activities appear to have been impeded by a variety of government regulations, uneven levels of support from community organizations and agencies, and a policy environment of fiscal austerity, narrow outcome-oriented accountability, and allocation of agency staff toward special-purpose grants and contracts. Many of these constraints are likely to exist in other communities and are beyond the scope of what community volunteers and practitioners can be expected to address on their own.
Naturally occurring antibody to placental protein in human pregnancy.

Abstract Antibody activity directed against human placental lactogen (HPL) preparations has been found primarily in postpartum patients. Immunochemical studies would indicate that the antibody molecule is either IgA or IgM and non-complement-fixing. Because of the lack of maternal antibody activity against the purest preparation of HPL, it is believed that the antibody is directed against trophoblastic antigen(s) which have not been completely separated from earlier preparations of HPL. The possible role of this antibody as a mechanism of defense of the placental allograft is discussed.
Inhibition of granulocyte adherence by lithium: possible relationship to lithium-induced leukocytosis.

Many patients receiving lithium carbonate therapy for psychiatric disorders develop increased neutrophil counts in their peripheral blood (O’Connell, 1970; Shopsin et al., 1971). The mechanism for this neutrophilia is thought to involve the stimulation of increased neutrophil production by the marrow. Addition of lithium carbonate in therapeutic concentrations to soft agar cultures of bone marrow promotes granulocyte colony growth (Tisman et al., 1973) and this promotion has been shown to result from the production of increased colony-stimulating activity (Harker et al., 1977). A recent study of granulocyte kinetics in patients treated with lithium has shown that they develop an increased total blood granulocyte pool, an increased marginal pool, and accelerated granulocyte production (Rothstein et al., 1978). Thus, the mechanism for lithium-induced neutrophilia appears to be the stimulation of increased marrow production, with a resultant increase in total intravascular neutrophil pool.
Sheared lherzolite xenoliths revisited

[1] The microstructures of sheared lherzolite xenoliths from South African kimberlites are investigated using new microstructural analysis techniques and new rheological data. By applying electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods and the M-index technique for quantifying the strength of lattice preferred orientation (LPO), it is demonstrated that olivine and orthopyroxene, after an initial stage of dynamic recrystallization, deformed by different mechanisms: olivine deformed by dislocation creep, while orthopyroxene deformed by a grain-size sensitive mechanism that randomized the preexisting LPO. New rheological data, which incorporate the effects of pressure on deformation, are applied to these xenoliths. The effects of pressure are shown to dramatically reduce the inferred strain rates of these xenoliths in comparison to previous estimates. The contrasting microstructural features of olivine and orthopyroxene are analyzed using the Avrami theory of recrystallization, coupled with microstructural observations and experimental data. This analysis suggests that (1) the difference in the recrystallized grain-size and (2) the difference in the completeness of recrystallization, can be largely explained by the contrast in grain boundary mobility between olivine and orthopyroxene.
Perineural invasion and associated pain in pancreatic cancer

Perineural invasion (PNI) is a prominent characteristic of pancreatic cancer. PNI is a process whereby cancer cells invade the surrounding nerves, thus providing an alternative route for metastatic spread and pain generation. PNI is thought to be an indicator of aggressive tumour behaviour and has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Recent studies demonstrated that some signalling molecules and pathways that are involved in PNI are also involved in pain generation. Targeting these signalling pathways has shown some promise in alleviating pain and reducing PNI, which could potentially improve treatment outcomes for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Phase Impact Factor: A Novel Parameter for Determining Optimal CT Phase in 4D Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning for Mobile Lung Cancer

Due to respiratory motion, lung tumor can move up to several centimeters. If respiratory motion is not carefully considered during the radiation treatment planning, the highly conformal dose distribution with steep gradients could miss the target. To address this issue, the common strategy is to add a population-derived safety margin to the gross tumor volume (GTV). However, during a free breathing CT simulation, the images could be acquired at any phase of a breathing cycle. With such a generalized uniform margin, the planning target volume (PTV) may either include more normal lung tissue than required or miss the GTV at certain phases of a breathing cycle. Recently, respiration correlated CT (4DCT) has been developed and implemented. With 4DCT, it is now possible to trace the tumor 3D trajectories during a breathing cycle and to define the tumor volume as the union of these 3D trajectories. The tumor volume defined in this way is called the internal target volume (ITV). In this study, we introduced a novel parameter, the phase impact factor (PIF), to determine the optimal CT phase for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning for lung cancer. A minimum PIF yields a minimum probability for the GTV to move out of the ITV during the course of an IMRT treatment, providing a minimum probability of a geometric miss. Once the CT images with the optimal phase were determined, an IMRT plan with three to five co-planner beams was computed and optimized using the inverse treatment planning technique.
E. coli minichromosome replication: regulation of initiation at oriC

Abstract The initiation of Escherichia coli DNA replication is a highly regulated event with many parameters exerting positive and negative effects. The activity of the dnaA protein (the initiator protein) is profoundly influenced by the tight binding of the adenine nucleotides ATP and ADP. Further regulation of dnaA protein activity may occur through dnaA protein-cell membrane associations. A replicatively inactive form of dnaA protein is found aggregated with phospholipids; enzymatic treatment of the aggregates with phospholipase A 2 or dnaK protein liberates dnaA protein with restored replication activity. Proper DNA structure is essential for replication. The energy stored in the DNA's supercoiling is crucial for dnaA protein's ability to initiate replication. Under conditions where strand-opening by dnaA protein is inhibited, such as low free superhelicity, an R-loop formed by RNA polymerase activaties the origin at a distance by aiding strand-opening. A novel protein has been identified as a specific inhibitor of the initiation of DNA replication. This 33-kDa protein binds to the AT rich region of oriC and inhibits strand-opening by dnaA protein.
Examining the practice of beginning teachers’ micropolitical literacy within professional inquiry communities

Abstract This paper investigates beginning teachers collaboratively making sense of and responding to the micropolitical environments of their schools. Drawing on a qualitative multi-case study conducted within the context of a university-sponsored, inquiry-based induction program, this research employs a community of practice frame to examine how novice teachers came to practice “micropolitical literacy.” The paper identifies four dimensions of micropolitical discourse that surfaced in the situated setting of the inquiry groups. The analysis further illustrates how beginning teachers, while participating in inquiry groups, coconstructed understandings of the organizational structures and professional cultures of their schools.
Effects of combined modality therapy of head and neck carcinoma on shoulder and head mobility

One hundred twenty-six patients were evaluated prospectively for head and shoulder mobility following combined treatment of their advanced head and neck carcinoma. In the absence of a pectoral myocutaneous flap reconstruction, the sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve does not appear to be deleterious to overall head and shoulder mobility with the exception of shoulder elevation. The addition of the pectoral myocutaneous flap reconstruction negated the shoulder elevation difference between the modified neck dissection and the classical neck dissection. The administration of postoperative radiation therapy appears to decrease the range of motion of both the head and the shoulder by up to 20%. We conclude that head and shoulder mobility following combined modality treatment for patients with head and neck carcinoma appears to be a multifaceted problem involving more than the presence or absence of the accessory nerve and psychosocial considerations. The multifaceted etiology of this problem should be taken into consideration when developing physical and occupational programs directed specifically at this problem.
AVA analysis and interpretation of a carbonate reservoir: northwest Java basin, Indonesia

A detailed analysis is performed of amplitude variation with angle (AVA) observations in six common‐midpoint gathers with reflection points that are over and beside carbonate reefs in the Parigi Formation in the northwest Java basin. Both empirical analysis and full‐wavefield modeling of the AVA data suggest that the presence of gas affects AVA by reducing the bulk density of the reservoir, decreasing of the overburden Vp/Vs ratio and by local attenuation caused by gas sieving through the overlying sediments. The slopes of AVA curves for reflections from the top of the Parigi are negative for brine saturation and strongly positive for gas saturation.
A sensitive assay for collagenolytic activity using tritiated collagen.

A method i described for the a ay of collagenolytic activity bed on the usc of collagen which has been tritiated by the free-rawcallOterceptor method. he high speci1ic activity of the radioactive collagen aJlow for reater en itivityand horter time of incubation than pre ently available assay for collagenolytic enzymes. The tritiated collagen appears to have underaone little change in its n live tructure and is refractory to proteolytic attack by tryp in, chymotrypsin, and elastn e. Thi assay affords a sensitive mean of measuring the true collagena e a livity of mammalian tumor tissue .
Allocating scarce resources: The distributive principles in China's cadre system and Taiwan's civil service system

Using China and Taiwan as relevant cases, this study intends to compare the patterns that can be distinguished in the principles and mechanisms employed by the two Chinese societies to allocate public offices and to examine the historical, cultural, and political roots of the similarities and differences between them. After 1949, the distributive principles used in China's cadre system and Taiwan's civil service system first diverged from the same pre‐1949 starting point and took different paths, and then began to show a tendency to converge toward the same point. Such dynamic divergence and convergence centered around the rise and fall of two opposing principles—meritocratic egalitarianism and redistributive egalitarianism.
A Counter-Based DPWM Device with Resolution Extension

Counter-based Digital PWM (DPWM), the simplest DPWM device, can be easily implemented only by a counter and a comparator; however, the resolution of the counter-based DPWM is directly proportional to its input reference clock, and thus the higher clock frequency is required, which means higher dynamic power consumption and noise interference may be incurred. In this paper, without increasing the reference clock frequency, a new design approach using capacitor integration is proposed to extend the resolution of the counter-based DPWM, and it also can reduce the hardware complexity compared with the delay-line DPWM.
Meaningful use of electronic health record systems and process quality of care: evidence from a panel data analysis of U.S. acute-care hospitals.

Objective To estimate the incremental effects of transitions in electronic health record (EHR) system capabilities on hospital process quality. Data Source Hospital Compare (process quality), Health Information and Management Systems Society Analytics (EHR use), and Inpatient Prospective Payment System (hospital characteristics) for 2006–2010. Study Setting Hospital EHR systems were categorized into five levels (Level_0 to Level_4) based on use of eight clinical applications. Level_3 systems can meet 2011 EHR “meaningful use” objectives. Process quality was measured as composite scores on a 100-point scale for heart attack, heart failure, pneumonia, and surgical care infection prevention. Statistical analyses were conducted using fixed effects linear panel regression model for all hospitals, hospitals stratified on condition-specific baseline quality, and for large hospitals. Principal Findings Among all hospitals, implementing Level_3 systems yielded an incremental 0.35–0.49 percentage point increase in quality (over Level_2) across three conditions. Hospitals in bottom quartile of baseline quality increased 1.16–1.61 percentage points across three conditions for reaching Level_3. However, transitioning to Level_4 yielded an incremental decrease of 0.90–1.0 points for three conditions among all hospitals and 0.65–1.78 for bottom quartile hospitals. Conclusions Hospitals transitioning to EHR systems capable of meeting 2011 meaningful use objectives improved process quality, and lower quality hospitals experienced even higher gains. However, hospitals that transitioned to more advanced systems saw quality declines.
Associations between substance use, erectile dysfunction medication and recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men

We conducted a case-control study to compare illicit substance and erectile dysfunction medication (EDM) use between recently HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM). Eighty-six recently (previous 12 months) HIV-infected MSM (cases) and 59 MSM who recently tested HIV-negative (controls) completed computer-assisted self-interviews. There were no statistical differences in demographics or number of sexual partners by HIV status. Cases were more likely than controls to report methamphetamine or nitrite use, but not EDM, gamma hydroxybutyrate, 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cocaine, or marijuana use, in the previous 12 months and with their last three sexual partners in multivariate logistic regression models. Use of nitrites and amphetamine may increase HIV risk among MSM.
Lessons learned from multiple fidelity modeling of ground interferometer testbeds

The MicroPrecision Interferometer Testbed (MIP) at JPL is a dynamically and dimensionally representative hardware model of a future spaceborne optical interferometer.
Contaminant detection on poultry carcasses using hyperspectral data: Part II. Algorithms for selection of sets of ratio features

We consider new methods to select useful sets of ratio features in hyperspectral data to detect contaminant regions on chicken carcasses using data provided by ARS (Athens, GA). A ratio feature is the ratio of the response at each pixel for two different wavebands. Ratio features perform a type of normalization and can thus help reduce false alarms, if a good normalization algorithm is not available. Thus, they are of interest. We present a new algorithm for the general problem of such feature selection in high-dimensional data. The four contaminant types of interest are three types of feces from different gastrointestinal regions (duodenum, ceca, and colon) and ingesta (undigested food) from the gizzard. To select the best two sets of ratio features from this 492-band HS data requires an exhaustive search of more than seven billion combinations of two sets of ratio features, which is very excessive. Thus, we propose our new fast ratio feature selection algorithm that requires evaluation of a much fewer number of sets of ratio features and is capable of giving quasi-optimal or optimal sets of ratio features. This new feature selection method has not been previously presented. It is shown to offer promise for an excellent detection rate and a low false alarm rate for this application. Our tests use data with different feed types and different contaminant types.
[18F]-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography Localizes Residual Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Negative Diagnostic 131I Whole Body Scans and Elevated Serum Thyroglobulin Levels

Progressive dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer cells leads to a loss of iodine-concentrating ability, with resultant false negative, whole body radioactive iodine scans in approximately 20% of all differentiated metastatic thyroid cancer lesions. We tested the hypothesis that all metastatic thyroid cancer lesions that did not concentrate iodine, but did produce thyroglobulin (Tg), could be localized by [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET). We performed FDG-PET on 37 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after surgery and radioiodine ablation who had negative diagnostic 131I whole body scans during routine follow-up. Serum Tg, Tg autoantibodies, neck ultrasounds, and other clinically indicated imaging procedures were performed to detect residual disease. In those with elevated Tg levels, FDG-PET localized occult disease in 71%, was false positive in one, and was false negative in five patients. The majority of false negative FDG-PET occurred in patients with minimal cervical adenopathy. Surgical resections, biopsies, 131 therapy, and differentiation therapy were performed based on the PET results. The FDG-PET result changed the clinical management in 19 of the 37 patients. In patients with elevated Tg levels, FDG-PET had a positive predictive value of 92%. In patients with low Tg levels, FDG-PET had a negative predictive value of 93%. No FDG-PET scans were positive in stage I patients; however, they were always positive in stage IV patients with elevated Tg levels. An elevated TSH level (i.e. hypothyroidism) did not increase the ability to detect lesions. FDG-PET is able to localize residual thyroid cancer lesions in patients who have negative diagnostic 131I whole body scans and elevated Tg levels, although it was not sensitive enough to detect minimal residual disease in cervical nodes.
Settlement and post-settlement processes limit the abundance of the geniculate coralline alga Calliarthron on subtidal walls

Cover of geniculate coralline algae is significantly greater on subtidal platforms than on vertical walls in a central California kelp forest. To determine the cause(s) of this pattern, settlement and growth of Calliarthron were compared on horizontal and vertical substrata attached to platforms or walls. Recruitment on horizontal substrata attached to reef walls indicated that spores were abundant along the walls. Densities of recruits were significantly smaller on vertical substrata attached to walls than on horizontal substrata attached to platforms, indicating that Calliarthron settlement is reduced on vertical substrata. Growth of basal crusts and the densities of fronds were also significantly greater on horizontal substrata attached to platforms than on vertical substrata attached to walls. Irradiance reaching wall surfaces was less than irradiance reaching platform surfaces. We suggest that light reaching wall surface is low enough to affect Calliarthron growth. These results indicate that the low abundance of Calliarthron on subtidal walls is a result of poor recruitment and slow growth.
TWO NEW TAXA IN DALEA (FABACEAE: AMORPHEAE) FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO AND NORTHERN CHILE

Dalea acracarpica, from Chiapas, Mexico is described, illustrated, and referred to sect. Parosela ser. Lasiostomae: the var. chilensis is a yellow-flowered Chilean counterpart of purple Peruvian D. pennellii var. pennellii.
Tetracriticality of RbMnF3

The boundary between the intermediate and spin‐flop phases of RbMnF3 was determined from magnetostriction and differential susceptibility measurements. The results are in qualitative agreement with the theory of Bruce and Aharony.
A simple and rapid method to isolate rat retinal cells for biochemical analysis

Abstract We have developed a rapid method to enzymatically disperse rat retinae and to separate large quantities of various cell types by centrifugation through a metrizamide density gradient. Seven distinct bands of cells were detected in the gradient (I–VII). Cells from layers III and V were morphologically identified as red blood cells and photoreceptor cells, respectively. [ 125 I]Horseradish peroxidase injected into the lateral geniculate bodies labels the ganglion cells via retrograde transport. This technique allowed us to demonstrate the presence of ganglion cells in layer I of the metrizamide gradient. This method will be useful for biochemical and pharmacological characterization of several types of retinal cells.
A New Design Paradigm Based on Sketch and Retrieval

To improve the efficiency and naturalness of computer-aided design (CAD), this paper introduces a new design paradigm in which a highly interactive sketch-based user interface and a design-knowledge reuse based on retrieval are combined seamlessly. Freehand sketching serves as a cognitive tool to support users’ intuitive abilities by exploring the visual components of a design. Design knowledge reuse is achieved by searching for similar designs in an existing library. To demonstrate the validity of this design paradigm, we have implemented two prototype systems aimed at 2D and 3D design, respectively. They both use the same key components: sketch beautification module, a constraint solver, a 2D&3D search engine, and a sketch-based user interface. The preliminary usability evaluation shows that our proposed design paradigm is more natural for usage and has higher efficiency than the traditional CAD systems.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Type A behavior: Contextual effects within a Southern black community

The relationships among Type A behavior (assessed by the Framingham Type A scale), reported physical symptoms, and blood pressure were examined in a study of an African-American community in the rural southern U.S.A. The study was designed to determine: (a) if the cultural context of a black community altered the definition of Type A behavior; and (b) if the effects of Type A behavior were modified by this cultural context, as well as by socioeconomic and social structural variables. It was found that the patterning of traits characteristic of Type A behavior was different in the black (vs published studies of the majority) community, and that subscales of Type A behavior in turn had different effects on health variables than those observed in published studies. The health effects of these subscales were also moderated by socioeconomic and social structural variables. Future research should examine more closely how the definition of the Type A behavior pattern, and its effects, are modified by social and cultural context.
The preparation and study of some novel glycosides of D-galactose

Abstract The tert -butyl- and the 2,2,2-trichloroethyl α- and β- D -galactopyranosides were prepared and both α- D -glycosides were selectively benzoylated to give the 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl- D -galactopyranosides. Cleaving of the glycosidic groups is described. The glycosides are useful intermediates for oligosaccharide synthesis where generation of a reducing sugar terminus under mild conditions is necessary.
Alkyl-transition metal compounds V. n- And sec-alkylchromium systems: Reaction with dienes☆

Abstract Tri-n- and -sec-butylchromium react with conjugated and non-conjugated dienes to give hydrogenation and isomerization products. The former arise by hydrogen transfer processes within the alkylchromium/diene complex. The latter are geometric and positional isomers of the starting dienes. The alkylchromium systems are thus excellent catalysts for the selective rearrangement of linear dienes.
Geriatric Psychiatry in the Emergency Department: Characteristics of Geriatric and Non-geriatric Admissions

A study was made of the Emergency Department records of 49 elderly (65 years old or older) and 49 middle-aged (40-64 years old) patients seen in an urban hospital's psychiatric emergency service. The data were compared for demographic and admission information, psychiatric treatment history, presenting complaints, symptoms, diagnoses, and final disposition status. For the elderly patients, the referral was more likely to be their first contact with psychiatric treatment, and they were more likely to be referred (accompanied) by family or friends than to be self-referred. Among the middle-aged patients, "substance abuse" (e.g., drugs, alcohol) disorders and schizophrenic disorders were more common. The elderly, however, were much more likely to be regarded as having an organic brain syndrome of unspecified cause (34.7 per cent vs 0). Access to treatment was fairly consistent for both groups as measured by the hospital's priority code, total time spent in the emergency department, and final disposition. These results raise important issues concerning the unique psychosocial characteristics and psychiatric treatment needs of elderly patients. This applies particularly to the emergency-department medical clearance of elderly patients with symptoms of organic brain syndrome.
Kidney-Induced Cardiac Allograft Tolerance across a Full MHC-Barrier in Miniature Swine

Purpose We have demonstrated previously that isolated hearts transplanted into class I disparate miniature swine treated with a 12-day course of CyA all developed cardiac allograft vaszculopathy and rejected within 55 days. In contrast, hearts co-transplanted with donor-specific kidneys survived indefinitely without CAV. Here, we asked whether tolerance can be induced in heart/kidney recipients across a full MHC barrier, which is more clinically relevant. Methods and Materials Heart/kidneys (n=5) or hearts alone (n=3) were transplanted heterotopically into the abdomen of MGH inbred miniature swine across a full MHC mismatch. Immunosuppression consisted of a 12-day course of tacrolimus. Open biopsies were taken on days 30, 60, and 100 to rule out rejection. CML and MLR assays were performed to determine responsiveness toward donor antigen. Results All control animals rejected their isolated hearts within 40 days. In contrast, all heart and kidney recipients survived for >100 days with no evidence of rejection on serial cardiac biopsies. Heart/kidney recipients were hyporesponsive or unresponsive toward donor antigen by CML/MLR assays and had no detectable alloantibody by flow cytometry. Conclusions Induction of long-term cardiac allograft tolerance is possible across a full MHC- mismatched barrier in large animals co-transplanted with a kidney from the same donor. Elucidating the renal element responsible for cardiac allograft tolerance could provide mechanistic information that could lead to protocols aimed at inducing tolerance in recipients of isolated heart allografts.
HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW PAST A BACKSTEP WITH THE NONLINEAR k-∈ TURBULENCE MODEL AND THE MODIFIED k-∈ TURBULENCE MODEL

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of the standard k-t model, the nonlinear k-∈ model, and the modified k-∈ model utilizing the double-pass procedure. The three models are used to predict the flow and heat transfer past a backstep, and the predictions are compared with selected experimental data. The comparison indicates that the modified and nonlinear k-t models agree better with measurements than the standard k-t model predictions.
Motion Analysis as an Evaluation Framework for Eye-Hand Coordination: A Case Study in Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Insertion

Helping resident surgeons quickly and accurately develop expertise in clinical skills is crucial for improving patient safety and care. Because most surgical skills require visually aided device manipulations, developing effective eye-hand coordination is a crucial component of most surgical training. While eye-hand coordination has typically been evaluated on the basis of time to complete a task and number of errors, growing evidence suggests that task performance can be distinguished by detecting eye gaze patterns and movement planning. However, few studies have explored methods for collecting and evaluating gaze patterns without significantly impeding the user (e.g. goggle eye trackers), reducing the utility of this approach. Therefore, the current study was developed to propose and test a framework for evaluating the quality of eye-hand coordination using a novel motion analysis technique. To validate the framework, three expert and three novice resident surgeons were video-taped during ultrasound-guided central-venous catheter insertion procedures and compared. Our method was able to show that experts demonstrate distinguished patterns in adjusted accuracy, movement trajectories and time allocation. The results also showed that expert performance in eye-hand coordination appears to be characterized by goal-oriented adjustment. This research framework can be used to characterize individual differences and improve surgical residence training and can also be applied in other domains where eye-hand coordination needs to be studied without impeding user performance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Using Character Concordance to Define Taxonomic and Conservation Units

Conservation biologists often apply evolutionarily defensible definitions of conservation units, such as evolutionarily significant units (ESU; Moritz 1994, 1995; Vogler & DeSalle 1994), when assessing the conservation status of populations (Legge et al. 1996; Britten et al. 1997; Pichler et al. 1998; Waits et al. 1998; Zhu et al. 1998; Roman et al. 1999). Conversely, taxonomists often do not explicitly invoke any definition when delineating their fundamental units, species. For example, only 4 of 74 species descriptions (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles) published in Copeia since 1995 identify an underlying species definition. We can only assume, based on the morphological emphasis, that a morphological species concept is applied in most of these instances. Three problems can result from taxonomic practices that delineate species without an operational evolutionary framework. First, the characteristics of species (e.g., reproductively isolated arrays or monophyletic assemblages) are not adequately defined to prevent these evolutionary units from becoming simple arrays of individuals that are distinct along one or a few axes (e.g., families). Second, a fundamental partition (diagnostic character) frequently frames analyses of character variation in subsequent studies, an operational flaw in taxonomic practice (Wilson & Brown 1953) from which population geneticists are not immune. Third, conflicting patterns of "distinctiveness" among individual characters lead to taxonomic confusion and inevitable controversy over what constitutes a good characteristic for taxon-level descriptions. These problems contribute to taxonomic and conservation controversies such as that outlined by Karl and Bowen (this issue) that consume limited conservation resources. Examining variation among genetically independent characters for common patterns (character concordance) might reduce taxonomic controversy by providing an evolutionary framework within which character variation can be objectively evaluated. The black-green turtle debate illustrates the problem of taxonomy without an evolutionary framework, the inevitable controversy that ensues, and the advantage of a character concordance approach. Black turtles were first recognized as taxonomically distinct because they are not green but nonetheless resemble green turtles in other attributes (Bocourt 1868). Under many species concepts, species are distinct units, but distinctness is a relative assessment that can apply to a variety of hierarchical levels, including individuals (Vogler & DeSalle 1994). Also, arrays of organisms can be distinct for reasons other than a shared history of divergence, for example, when the phenotype is largely determined environmentally. When our expectation is that species constitute distinctive arrays of individuals and our focus is a single trait-color, for example-we risk delineating nonevolutionary units as species.
Characteristic Patterns of Gait in the Healthy Old

If the influences of aging processes on gait are to be understood, gerontologists must become better versed in experimental methodology appropriate to locomotion research. They must also begin to conduct experiments that move beyond mere description. Systematic research efforts that are interdisciplinary in nature and that incorporate several types of gait analyses will be needed to discover the causes of adaptations and impairments of gait in the aged. Certainly, this will not be easy to accomplish; however, we hope that the work reported here demonstrates this approach is possible and worthwhile.
Childrens' and adolescents' use of diaries for sickle cell pain.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To evaluate the characteristics of vaso-occlusive episodes, home management of pain and its impact on the daily activities, and a diary as a method of data collection. DESIGN AND METHODS. Forty-six adolescents and 75 children were asked to complete daily diaries during the intervention period of a larger study. RESULTS. Mild pain was recorded 95% of the time; moderate pain, 3%; and severe pain, 1%. The pattern and location of pain varied greatly. Adolescents used more interventions than did children. When pain intensity was mild, 80% of the children/adolescents maintained school, social, and home activities, but decreased play/sport activities. When pain intensity was high, they decreased their participation in all activities. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Sickle cell pain episodes are unpredictable and highly variable. Diaries can enhance children's and adolescents’documentation and communication about their pain experiences.
Seizure severity is associated with quality of life independent of seizure frequency.

Abstract Objective The goal of the work described here was to determine whether seizure severity is associated with quality of life and if this association exists independent of seizure frequency. Methods We administered a survey questionnaire to patients followed at the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, University of Florida Health Sciences Center/Jacksonville. Results The study population comprised 142 subjects. On univariate analysis, increased seizure severity (as measured with the revised Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale, LSSS) and seizure frequency were significantly associated with poorer Quality of Life in Epilepsy-10 (QOLIE-10) scores. Most items on the LSSS were significantly associated with QOLIE-10 scores, as well as the various scales of the QOLIE-10. Likewise, all QOLIE-10 scales were significantly associated with overall LSSS scores. The correlation between seizure severity and frequency was insignificant. On multiple linear regression, both seizure severity and frequency were independently associated with QOLIE-10 scores. Conclusion Seizure severity is associated with quality of life and this association exists independent of seizure frequency.
Polymorphism of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP.

Using UV, CD, and NMR, we demonstrate that the important bacterial signaling molecule involved in biofilm formation, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), exists as a mixture of five different but related structures in an equilibrium that is sensitive both to its concentration and to the metal present. At the lower concentrations used for UV and CD work (0.05−0.5 mM), Li+, Na+, Cs+, and Mg2+ favor a bimolecular self-intercalated structure, while K+, Rb+, and NH4+ favor formation of one or more guanine quartet complexes as well. At the higher NMR concentrations (∼30 mM), the bimolecular structures associate and rearrange to a mixture of all-syn and all-anti tetramolecular and octamolecular quartet complexes. With K+ the octamolecular complexes predominate, while with Li+ the tetramolecular and octamolecular quartet complexes are present in approximately equal amounts, along with the bimolecular structure. We also find that both guanine amino groups in c-di-GMP are essential for formation of the quar...
Jung's Conception of the Holy Ghost.

Carl Jung saw the Holy Ghost as the crowning figure in God's revelation of Himself. For Jung, the Holy Ghost is that mysterious force which unites opposites and allows the transcendent to enter space and time. Through a process called “continuing incarnation”, the Holy Ghost makes it possible for ordinary people to participate in “the sonship of God”.
Influence of Carbohydrate and Supplemental Fat Source on the Metabolizable Energy of the Diet

Abstract An experiment involving 60 Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens was conducted to measure the influence of the carbohydrate source and supplemental fat on nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) of the diet. Twelve diets with the same calculated metabolizable energy (ME) and protein levels were arranged in a 2 × 6 factorial composed of two different yellow grease to soy oil ratios (6%:0% and 4%:2% of the diet) and 6 corn starch to sucrose ratios (from 49%:0% to 0%:49%). The diets were assayed for MEn content by using the total feces collection method. There was a positive linear relationship between sucrose level and MEn of the diet. When sucrose replaced corn starch, the MEn of the diets increased more than expected, and these increments were statistically significant (P
Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine in women with overactive bladder

We assessed fesoterodine efficacy and tolerability in women with overactive bladder (OAB). This post hoc analysis of pooled data from two clinical trials included 1,548 women with OAB randomized to placebo, fesoterodine 4 or 8 mg, or tolterodine extended release (ER) 4 mg (in 1 trial) for 12 weeks. Subjects completed 3-day bladder diaries at baseline and weeks 2 and 12 and rated Treatment Response at weeks 2 and 12. By weeks 2 and 12, all active-treatment groups showed significant improvements in all five bladder diary variables assessed and greater Treatment Response rates vs placebo. Fesoterodine 8 mg was significantly more efficacious than fesoterodine 4 mg and tolterodine ER in improving urgency urinary incontinence episodes and continent days per week. The most common adverse events were dry mouth and constipation, which were predominately mild or moderate. Fesoterodine is efficacious and well tolerated in women with OAB.
A survey of faculty computer experience, usage, needs, literacy and attitudes

The faculty were surveyed concerning their computing experience, usage, needs and attitudes. The respondents were divided into two groups, users and non-users of computing facilities. Responses concerning computers in curriculum and computer attitudes in general were compared between the two groups. Statistical tests show significant differences in opinions between the two groups on various subjects. Results of the survey on computer usage, experience and needs from the users group is also reported in this paper.
Dawn and dusk: Gadamer and Heidegger on truth

Understanding certainly does not mean merely the taking over of traditional opinion or the acknowledgment of what has been enshrined by tradition. Heidegger, who had first identified the concept of understanding as a universal determination of Dasein, means thereby precisely the character of understanding as project, which is really to say, Dasein in its orientation toward its own future. At the same time, I do not wish to deny that I for my part have emphasized within the universal matrix of the elements of understanding its direction toward the appropriation of what is past and has been handed-down. Heidegger, too, like many of my critics, may here feel the absence of an ultimate radicality in drawing out consequences. What does the end of metaphysics as a science mean? What is the significance of its ending in science? If science climaxes in a total technocracy and brings on with it the “cosmic night” of the forgetfulness of being, the nihilism foretold by Nietzsche, is one then permitted to look back toward the last rays of dusk as the sun sets in the evening sky instead of turning to watch out for the first shimmer of its return?
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Influence of Solid Interfaces on Poly(ethylene oxide) Structure and Dynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of the interface between poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and TiO2 have been performed at 423 K using a quantum chemistry-based force field. MD simulations revealed that the PEO density is significantly perturbed by TiO2 surfaces, forming layers of highly dense polymer (compared to the bulk melt) that persisted up to 15 A from the surface. Conformational and structural relaxations of the interfacial PEO were found to be dramatically slower than those of bulk PEO. These effects are attributed to an intrinsic slowing down of PEO dynamics and increased dynamic heterogeneity of the interfacial polymer. The surface structure and electrostatic interactions between PEO and TiO2, rather than the increased polymer density at the TiO2 surface, determine the nature of PEO relaxation at the TiO2 interface.
Abstract LB-208: Small interfering RNA library screen to identify therapeutic transcription factor.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Post-genomic analyses of major transcription factor families, in both malignant and non-malignant cell types, have resulted in a broader revision of understanding the biology of transcription factor families. A number of oncogenic transcription factors, such as activator protein (AP)-1, estrogen receptor(ER) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3/STAT-5, are overactivated in human carcinomas. Up to now, three main groups of transcription factors are known to be important in human cancer. Transcription factor-directed anticancer drug development has focused on membrane or cytosolic targeting of molecules acting as ligand receptors. Recent technologies, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), have shifted transcription factor targeting toward a more sophisticated rationale to elucidate the mechanisms that govern gene expression by analyzing the functions of proteins commonly over-expressed in transformed and malignant cells. In this study, we've applied a cell spot microarray (CSMA) method which provides reproducible multi-parametric phenotypic readouts for large-scale gene knockdown genetic screens. A human transcription factor siRNA library including 350 transcription factor genes which were significantly overexpressed in human breast cancer was screened against 6 breast cancer cell lines including (Triple negative breast cancer, HER2 positive ER positive) SUM149, BT20, HCC1569, SKBR3, MDAMB361 and MCF7 for measuring cell proliferation using EdU incorporation, cell apoptosis with c-PARP staining. We ranked the candidate gene list by the change of the rate of EdU or level of c-PARP or the combination of both. Our data showed that the silencing of LHX1, BCL6, GABPA or SMAD1 increased the c-PARP levels in most of cell lines. The Knockdown of ZNF215, NFATC1, HOXD4 or ZNF169 reduced the levels of EdU staining. Selected siRNAs were then tested on more different breast cancer cell lines to confirm the spectrum of activity. In the near future, based on this pilot screen, a complete siRNA library of transcription factors including 1000 gene list will be tested on our panel of 50 breast cancer cell lines. Our screen will provide comprehensive information on the central role of transcription factor in breast cancer, and will lead to the identity of novel therapeutics selectively against transcription factors. Citation Format: Zhi Hu, Shenda Gu, Joe Gray, Juha Rantala. Small interfering RNA library screen to identify therapeutic transcription factor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-208. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-208
Belongingness and Temporal Bracketing in Personal Accounts of Changes in Self-Esteem

Abstract First-person accounts of events that raised or lowered self-esteem were collected from a sample of middle-aged women. Descriptions of events that raised self-esteem tended to emphasize the achievement of social belongingness, whereas accounts of losing self-esteem featured failures to connect with others, and these patterns were especially pronounced among people whose trait self-esteem was low. The accounts of raising self-esteem had more inclusive, integrative time spans than the accounts of lowering self-esteem. This could mean that it takes longer to lower self-esteem than to raise it. It also suggests that people seek to separate past losses of self-esteem from their present selves.
Through the lens of Merleau‐Ponty: advancing the phenomenological approach to nursing research

Phenomenology has proved to be a popular methodology for nursing research. I argue, however, that phenomenological nursing research could be strengthened by greater attention to its philosophical underpinnings. Many research reports devote more page space to procedure than to the philosophy that purportedly guided it. The philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty is an excellent fit for nursing, although his work has received less attention than that of Husserl and Heidegger. In this paper, I examine the life and thought of Merleau-Ponty, with emphasis on concepts, such as perception, intentionality and embodiment, which have particular relevance to the discipline of nursing.
Labor force plans and labor force status: U.S. women of the college class of 1957

Many U.S. women who were in their late 60s at the turn of the century were still employed. These women graduated from college in the 1950s, an era when women’s labor force participation was low. Data from the U.S. Department of Labor Women's Bureau Survey of the college class of 1957 was used to examine labor force expectations of these women when they completed college. Logit analysis was applied to four labor force categories: full-time, part-time, unemployed, and not in the labor force. In 1957, many women underestimated their future labor force participation. By 1964, though, the trend toward increasing future work expectations may have begun. After examining the retirement literature and factors encouraging older women to continue working, Current Population Survey data on college-educated women aged 65 to 69 in 2003 were used to explore the labor force participation of this cohort later in life.