cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea

Hyaeweol Choi examines the formation of modern gender relations in Korea from a transnational perspective. Diverging from a conventional understanding of 'secularization' as a defining feature of modernity, Choi argues that Protestant Christianity, introduced to Korea in the late nineteenth century, was crucial in shaping modern gender ideology, reforming domestic practices and claiming new space for women in the public sphere. In Korea, Japanese colonial power - and with it, Japanese representations of modernity - was confronted with the dominant cultural and material power of Europe and the US, which was reflected in Korean attitudes. One of the key agents in conveying ideas of “Western modernity” in Korea was globally connected Christianity, especially US-led Protestant missionary organizations. By placing gender and religion at the center of the analysis, Choi shows that the development of modern gender relations was rooted in the transnational experience of Koreans and not in a simple nexus of the colonizer and the colonized.
Extreme Districts, Moderate Winners: Same-Party Challenges, and Deterrence in Top-Two Primaries

In an effort to break the link between districts' lack of competitiveness and the election of ideologues, Washington and California recently adopted the “top-two” primary election system. Among other features, the top-two primary allows members of the same party to run against one another in the general election. Although proponents argue that this system encourages the election of more moderate candidates in highly partisan districts, early reports have uncovered mixed evidence of this effect. This study addresses this puzzle by first disentangling the conditions under which one should expect such primaries to encourage the election of more moderate candidates. Using election returns data from the 2008 through 2014 elections, I find that districts facing same-party general-election competition do elect more moderate legislators than similar districts not subject to same-party competition. However, using an application of a common regression discontinuity diagnostic test, I also find that elite actors appear able to strategically avoid this kind of competition—partially explaining why broader effects of the top-two have not been uncovered. The findings contribute not only to ongoing debates about the effectiveness of the top-two primary, but also to our understanding of how political elites may maneuver institutional changes to their own benefit.
Impacts of parrotfish predation on a major reef-building coral: quantifying healing rates and thresholds of coral recovery

Parrotfishes are important Caribbean herbivores that are believed to indirectly benefit corals by grazing algae; yet, some species also feed on live coral, which may have direct negative impacts on coral growth and survivorship. Caribbean parrotfishes prey upon multiple coral species but have particularly high rates of predation on Orbicella annularis, a major framework building coral and an endangered species. While some researchers have suggested that parrotfishes may have significant long-term impacts on heavily targeted species such as O. annularis, the patterns of coral recovery from parrotfish predation scars remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we tracked the fate of parrotfish bite scars on O. annularis colonies across two Caribbean islands for up to 2 months. We evaluated differences in coral healing between islands in response to a number of variables including the initial scar surface area, scar abundance per coral colony, colony surface area, and water depth. We used these data to develop a predictive model of O. annularis tissue loss from recent parrotfish bite scars. We then applied this model to surveys of the distribution of bite scars at a point in time to estimate long-term tissue loss of O. annularis colonies from a standing stock of bite scars. Our findings suggest that the initial scar surface area is one of the most important predictors of coral tissue loss. The data also indicate that there are thresholds in patterns of coral tissue regeneration: we observed that small scars (≤ 1.25 cm2) often fully heal, while larger scars (≥ 8.2 cm2) had minimal tissue regeneration. The vast majority of observed scars (~ 87%) were 1.25 cm2 or less, and our model predicted that O. annularis colonies would regenerate nearly all the corresponding scar area. In contrast, while scars greater than or equal to 8.2 cm2 were infrequent (~ 6% of all observed scars), our model predicted that these larger scars would account for over 96% of the total tissue loss for grazed colonies. Overall, our results suggest that the immediate negative impacts of parrotfish predation on coral tissue loss appear to be driven primarily by a few exceptionally large bite scars. While further work is needed to understand the long-term impacts of corallivory and quantify the net impacts of parrotfish herbivory and corallivory on Caribbean coral reefs, this study is an important step in addressing factors that impact the recovery of a heavily targeted and ecologically important Caribbean coral from parrotfish predation.
The Conceptions of Sharia and Citizenship in Indonesia and Malaysia

Indonesia and Malaysia offer comparative perspectives concerning the relationship between loyalties to the Muslim umma, local ethnicity, and the modern nation-state, and how interpretations of the sharia and modern constitution, laws, politics, and policies intersect in multiple and changing ways. This article seeks to compare and contrast some of the contemporary discourses on sharia and citizenship as demonstrated by Indonesian and Malaysian scholars, politicians, and activists. Both Indonesian and Malaysian constitutions were born out of the modern notion of citizenship that recognizes religious diversity. On the one hand, the Constitution of Indonesia does not specify Islam as the state religion, but the government promotes official religions. On the other hand, the Constitution of Malaysia makes it explicit that Islam is the state religion while recognizing religious diversity. The Indonesian government does not conflate particular ethnicity with Islam, whereas Malaysia integrates Islam and Malay ethnicity amidst Malaysian religious and ethnic plurality. Both cases prevent us from categorizing each case as either an Islamic legal conservatism or a modern legal liberalism. These two cases resist the binary opposition between sharia conservatism deemed against citizenship and modern legal liberalism deemed against religious laws. There are ambiguities, contradictions, as well as compromises and integration between conflicting ideas and systems concerning Islam and citizenship.
The Effects of Domestic and International Remittances on Food Insecurity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Despite food insecurity being a key policy priority for aid organisations and governments around the world, the effects of remittances on food insecurity in low- and middle-income countries are lar...
Motivating Literature and Evaluation of the Teaching Practices Game: Preparing Teaching Assistants to Promote Inclusivity

In the US, there are longstanding patterns of underrepresentation in computing (see Table 1). To make CS more inclusive, we can train computer science (CS) teaching assistants (TAs) to create inclusive classrooms. The Teaching Practices Game is a scenario-based card game meant to prepare CS TAs for difficult situations they may encounter and help them promote diversity and inclusion. Game participants (N=86) were surveyed from multiple institutions. The majority of survey respondents (N=86) agreed or strongly agreed that the game taught them new strategies for responding to difficult teaching situations (83%) and for discussing diversity and inclusion (69%). Additionally, respondents reported that the game made them more confident (74%) and more likely (66%) to respond to biased statements. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that there were small and statistically insignificant differences in enjoyment, learning, or likelihood of response to biased statements between participants who do and do not identify as underrepresented in CS. A primary contribution of the research is a review of professional development practices and diversity training strategies that can inform the training of TAs, and we discuss the extent to which best practices from previous research were incorporated in the game.
Growsafe: A Chemical Method To Deactivate Cultivated Microorganisms Using Low-Cost Kitchen Supplies

One limitation to engaging K-12 students and the public with microorganisms is the inability to cultivate and dispose of bacterial and fungal samples safely without expensive equipment or services. This barrier has been amplified with remote learning modalities and laboratory closures driven by safety precautions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At-home lab kits are being used to bring hands-on experience in microorganism cultivation to students learning remotely, but these kits often fail to take into full consideration the safety aspects or the costs associated with microorganism disposal, limiting which experiments can be performed at home. Here, we outline a method that makes cultivating and deactivating microorganisms accessible to the public through low-cost and readily available equipment. This method reduces exposure to microorganisms by forgoing the need to open petri plates for chemical deactivation with sanitizing reagents. This technique may benefit remote K-12 and postsecondary students, students wishing to get hands-on microbiology research experience, and members of the public interested in cultivating microorganisms to contribute to citizen science efforts or for creative art applications.
Relapsed Wilms’ Tumor Presenting as Metastasis to the Zygoma

Abstract Wilms’ tumor accounts for the majority of renal tumors in children. Rarely, Wilms’ tumor may metastasize to the bone. We present a case of a 15-month-old female who presented with severe abdominal distension and signs of cachexia. Abdominal ultrasonography and radiography of the abdomen both demonstrated a large abdominal mass. Follow-up computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a heterogeneous intra-abdominal mass arising from the left kidney which was surrounded by a thin rim of renal parenchyma. Biopsy of the mass revealed findings consistent with Wilms’ tumor. The patient was 14 months status-post nephrectomy and chemoradiation but returned to the clinic with left facial swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging of the face demonstrated a multilobulated, heterogeneously enhancing solitary mass lesion in the left temple centered in the left zygoma with signs of bone breakdown. Despite its rarity, metastatic Wilms’ tumor to bone should be considered in a child presenting with a new focal mass overlying bony-structures.
Dietary quality modifies the association between multimorbidity and change in mobility limitations among older Americans.

Abstract To identify potentially modifiable risk-factors in the age-related disablement process, we examined the association between change in mobility limitations and multimorbidity and how dietary quality moderates this association. Information from 3320 adults aged 65 and older in 2012 was drawn from the Health and Retirement Study and the Health Care and Nutrition Study. Mobility limitations reported in 2012 and change in mobility limitations from 2012 to 2014 were regressed on multimorbidity measured as number of chronic conditions in 2012, dietary quality measured in 2013 using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), and their interaction term using Poisson regression. Respondents reported an average of 2.9 (SD, 2.9) mobility limitations in 2012 and 3.1 (SD, 3.0) mobility limitations in 2014, an average of 2.64 (SD, 1.4) chronic conditions in 2012, and mean AHEI-2010 score in 2013 of 57.1 (SD, 10.9). Greater AHEI-2010 scores were associated with fewer mobility limitations at baseline (p
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of low anterior resection syndrome

Abstract Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) is a constellation of symptoms that includes incontinence to flatus and/or feces, urgency, and frequency. LARS affects up to 80% of patients after low anterior resection. The pathophysiology of LARS is complex, and a variety of mechanisms have been proposed. These mechanisms include disruption of autonomic innervation and the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, internal anal sphincter dysfunction, decreased anal canal sensation, and decreased capacity and compliance of the neorectum. As the management of colorectal diseases such as rectal cancer continues to improve, there is a concomitant increase in organ preservation, survivorship, and attention to quality of life. Therefore, recognition and understanding of LARS is key to the diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating disease process.
A Comparison of Asians’, Hispanics’, and Whites’ Restaurant Tipping

Asians and Hispanics are perceived by many restaurant servers as poor tippers. This study tests the validity of those perceptions using data from a large restaurant chain's online customer satisfaction survey. Findings partially support servers' perceptions—Hispanics but not Asians tipped less on average than Whites after controlling for bill size, the customer's own ratings of service quality, and other variables. Discussion centers around the differences between these findings and those of a previous study and on the practical implications of the findings for restaurant managers.
Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Forests Managed for Timber

All silvicultural interventions have biodiversity impacts, often by design (e.g., freeing future crop trees from species perceived of as weeds). In the case of timber stand management, the magnitude of the tradeoff between production of merchantable wood and retention of pre-intervention biodiversity varies with the intensity of the silvicultural interventions and the care with which they are applied. Given that the most severe silvicultural impacts on tropical forests result from selective logging, substantial biodiversity benefits can be realized by the adoption of environmentally sound timber harvesting practices.
Malformin in Aspergillus niger-Infected Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa)

Malformin was identified, by its biological activity and chromatography, in acetone extracts of the outer scales of onion bulbs infected with Aspergillus niger. Malformin was not detected in tissue underlying the infected areas or in the central portions of the bulbs, nor was malformein liberated from extracts or extracted tissues after reduction with zinc in acetic acid. This is the first report of naturally occurring malformin.
Application of higher-order FEM elements to the analysis of microstrip structures

Microstrip structures, formed by metal traces printed on a dielectric substrate above a reference plane, are frequently the object of electromagnetic modeling. In this paper, hybrid FEM/MoM formulations employing conventional Whitney elements and newly developed linear-tangent/linear-normal (LT/LN) tangential vector finite elements (TVFEs) are applied to the analysis of microstrip structures with thin traces. This paper shows that the variation of the electric field below the trace is a significant issue to be addressed in microstrip structure modeling. Different mesh methods are investigated and the advantages of the LT/LN TVFEs are discussed.
Neuroticism and Cardiovascular Response in Women: Evidence of Effects on Blood Pressure Recovery

Neuroticism is a unifying personality trait that underlies a number of psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease. One means by which Neuroticism may influence health risk is through effects on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. Eighty-six women scoring high or low in Neuroticism took part in a paired interpersonal stressor task with a laboratory confederate. Conditions differed on the basis of the confederate's interpersonal behavior: hostile, neutral, or friendly. Neuroticism interacted with condition to affect blood pressure recovery such that women high in Neuroticism showed less recovery following hostile interactions and greater recovery following friendly interactions. Main effects of Neuroticism on anger and anxiety reactivity were found. Results indicate that Neuroticism is relevant to cardiovascular health in the context of valenced social interactions. Implications for future study of Neuroticism and interpersonal stressors as risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed.
Optimizing adjuvant treatment decisions for stage t2 rectal cancer based on mesorectal node size: a decision analysis.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to optimize treatment decisions for patients with suspected stage T2 rectal cancer on the basis of mesorectal lymph node size at magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and Methods A decision-analytic model was developed to predict outcomes for patients with stage T2 rectal cancer at magnetic resonance imaging. Node-positive patients were assumed to benefit from chemoradiation prior to surgery. Imperfect magnetic resonance imaging performance for primary cancer and mesorectal nodal staging was incorporated. Five triage strategies were considered for administering preoperative chemoradiation: treat all patients; treat for any mesorectal node >3, >5, and >7 mm in size; and treat no patients. If nodal metastases or unsuspected stage T3 disease went untreated preoperatively, postoperative chemoradiation was needed, resulting in poorer outcomes. For each strategy, rates of acute and long-term chemoradiation toxicity and of 5-year local recurrence were computed. Effects of input parameter uncertainty were evaluated in sensitivity analysis. Results The optimal strategy depended on the outcome prioritized. Acute and long-term chemoradiation toxicity rates were minimized by triaging only patients with nodes >7 mm to preoperative chemoradiation (18.9% and 10.8%, respectively). A treat-all strategy minimized the 5-year local recurrence rate (5.6%). A 7-mm nodal triage threshold increased the 5-year local recurrence rate to 8.0%; when no patients were treated preoperatively, the local recurrence rate was 10.1%. With improved primary tumor staging, all outcomes could be further optimized. Conclusions Mesorectal nodal size thresholds for preoperative chemoradiation should depend on the outcome prioritized: higher size thresholds reduce chemoradiation toxicity but increase recurrence rates. Improvements in nodal staging will have greater impact if primary tumor staging can be improved.
A Role Perception Study of School Social Work Practice

A study conducted in an intermediary educational agency examined principals' and special education teachers' perceptions of actual and ideal performance of school social work tasks. Those services seen as provided most frequently are directed toward individuals. Although respondents want these services to continue, they also want more group work services. The study contained several recommendations, including one for the development of individualized building service plans and another on the development of a screening process for special education assessments.
Phonons in nanostructures. By Michael A. Stroscio and Mitra Dutta. Pp. 288. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Price GBP 65.00. ISBN 0 52 179279 7.

three speci®c areas prominent in recent years. Chapter 9 deals with superionic conductors including silver iodide and various uorite-related phases, Chapter 10 considers molecular systems including ice, C60, plastic phases, phases of various solidi®ed gases, and Chapter 11 discusses framework structures, particularly in the context of the silica polymorphs. My only slight criticism is that the book ends rather abruptly! Perhaps this is because the topic is one that is very much ongoing and the book relates only the `story so far'. A brief chapter devoted to possible future developments and directions would have nicely rounded off what is otherwise a really excellent volume.
Polymer texture: The arrangement of crystallites

This is a study of the structural arrangement in a polymer which is on a size level larger than the crystallite but smaller than the spherulite. It is based on the data from x-ray diagrams at small angles, combined with crystallite dimensions measured from wide-angle x-ray patterns. The earlier interpretations of polymer texture by Hess and Kiessig which describe alternating regions of order and disorder appear to be most probable. However, those earlier interpretations are extended by showing that oriented crystalline polymers can be thought of as having aligned elementary fibrils which consist along their length of a regular alternation of bulky and condensed regions. The width of these elementary fibrils is proportional to the width of the crystallites. The amount of regularity of crystallite positions along an elementary fibril and the length of the repeat period are both variable; they depend on the manner of original nucleation and the thermal treatment after nucleation. The length of the long period is a function of the length of the crystallites. These elementary fibrils can pack closely to form a higher state of ordered texture. The amount of close packing is variable; it is optimal after a relaxation treatment. Elongated voids exist between the elementary fibrils. The difference between the effects of original nucleation and thermal after-treatment is emphasized. Elementary fibrils are proposed as a basic unit of aggregation in polymer melts, solutions, and fibers.
The Blame Game: How to Evade the Cost Problem

The Congressional Budget Office recently issued a report laying out in stark detail the seriousness of escalating health care costs. Earlier reports by the Commonwealth Fund and the Kaiser Family Foundation and sundry analyses by many health care economists also stressed the unsustainability of rising costs, and public opinion sur veys show that controlling costs is now taken to be as impor tant as achieving universal health care. But earlier this year, President Bush got a taste of what taking costs seriously leads to. In the 2008 federal budget request, he proposed cutting a number of government health programs?reducing spending on Medicare and Medicaid by $31 bil lion over five years, for example. He was assaulted when he first proposed these ideas, and he is under further attack now that Congress is consider ing them. The language of the criti cism has ranged from "unreasonable" and "unrealistic" to "disastrous."
Regge-Pole Models for Pion Exchange Reactions

The problem of obtaining a satisfactory Regge-pole model for the pion-exchange reactions $\mathrm{np}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pn}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}N$, $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}{N}^{*}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n$, and $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{N}}^{*}{N}^{*}$, is discussed with particular emphasis on the dynamics as seen in the $s$ channel. It is pointed out that (i) satisfactory models can be obtained using a modified conspiracy model; (ii) pion exchange should provide the dominant contribution to the forward cross sections for incident momenta up to 30-50 GeV/c; and (iii) the energy dependence of the differential cross sections should change from that characteristic of pion exchange for $t\ensuremath{\sim}0$, to that characteristic of the exchange of vector or tensor mesons at large momentum transfers $t\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{-}0.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$.
An empirical assessment of entrepreneurial behaviour: the case of Italy

General agreement exists on Italy's strong entrepreneurial tradition. It is also customarily believed that the large majority of entrepreneurial firms are located in the Northern part of the country. Recent years however, have seen an increasing number of small ventures being initiated by younger Italians in the South. Using an original data set collected in Italy during spring 2001, the paper documents the shift taking place in the Italian entrepreneurial landscape. In addition to demographic factors, previous managerial experience and alertness to unexploited opportunities are shown to be among the main reasons for the redistribution of entrepreneurial activity across the country.
Effect of estradiol on oocyte development.

Objective To determine whether elevated serum estradiol (E2) concentrations in oocyte donors affect assisted reproduction outcome.
Circulating C-21 Steroids in Relation to Reproductive Condition of a Viviparous Marine Teleost, Sebastes rastrelliger (Grass Rockfish)

Abstract Plasma concentrations of free, glucuronidated, and sulfated steroids were measured in grass rockfish (Sebastes rastrelliger) at identified stages of ovarian development and pregnancy using radioimmunoassays validated for the detection of individual steroids or compounds with a particular configuration. Changes in reproductive status were most clearly reflected in concentrations of free C-21 steroids. Previtellogenic, vitellogenic, and postspawn fish exhibited uniformly low concentrations of circulating C-21 steroids while pregnant fish showed a pronounced and significant increase in a series of free 17,20β-dihydroxylated steroids together with 17,20α-P. Among individual steroids, the compound exhibiting the greatest fluctuation in relation to reproductive condition was 17,20β-P-5β, which during pregnancy showed a 22-fold increase from basal concentrations. Smaller relative increases in association with pregnancy were also seen in 17,20β-P, 17,20β,21-P, and 17,20α-P (3.5-, 3.5-, and 5.5-fold increases, respectively). Fish in the final stages of pregnancy or which had recently spawned exhibited uniformly low concentrations of the C-21 steroids, indicating a drop in circulating amounts of these compounds around the time of parturition. The hormone profiles established during the annual reproductive cycle of the grass rockfish suggest that C-21 steroids may contribute to the endocrine mechanisms which regulate viviparity in this highly fecund marine teleost. The C-21 steroids characterized in this study may provide appropriate reference compounds in the future evaluation of this concept.
Enhanced activity of a red tide (ptychodiscus brevis) cytolytic fraction (aponin) from the green alga, nannochloris SP

Abstract Aponin (an acronym for apparent Oceanic naturally occurring cytolyin) has been isolated from the green alga Nannochloris sp. following a previously described procedure, chloroform extraction of the cell‐free media. The crude material is cytolytically active toward the red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis, an unarmored dinoflagellate responsible for red tides in west Florida coastal waters. The crude aponin was purified by means of reverse‐phase (C18) liquid column chromatography, and was tested by an improved bioassay. Under these conditions, a single‐step purification increases the specific activity (units/mg) to 2.5 × 105. The results are significant because some calculations of amount of aponin to treat a red tide have appeared that were based upon earlier work using crude aponin. Such calculations, obviously, give an incorrect, inaccurate, and biased view of the potential for management of a red tide.
The mechanical behavior of silicon during small-scale indentation

The mechanical behavior of crystalline silicon during small-scale indentation has been studied using a Nanoindenter. Tests were performed on bothp-type andn-type materials in the (100), (110), and (111) orientations at peak loads ranging from 0.5 to 120 mN. The indentation load-displacement curves exhibit two features which appear to be unique to silicon. First, at large peak loads, a sharp discontinuity in displacement is observed as the indenter is unloaded. Second, at small peak loads, a large, non-degenerative hysteresis is exhibited. Possible mechanistic origins for the discontinuity and hysteresis are discussed.
Calcium alginate gels : formation and stability in the presence of an inert electrolyte

The effects of a simple salt (1:1 electrolyte, KCl) on the calcium alginate gel formation and the gel stability of alginates varying in molecular weight and mannuronate/guluronate (MG) ratio were investigated by an equilibrium dialysis technique. There was no significant dependence of the calcium binding capacity among the alginates. However, the G residues exhibited a stronger affinity for Ca2+ than M residues. The addition of a simple salt to the dialysis solution resulted in displacement of bound Ca2+ and swelling of the calcium alginate gel that increased with concentration of the simple salt. Even the Ca2+ bound with the G block was displaced by monovalent cations at high salt concentration.
Fragrance material review on 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl salicylate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl salicylate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Optical Properties of Substitutional H- and Li-Atom Impurities in Solid Argon and Neon

A tight-binding formalism is presented for the calculation of the excitation energies and oscillator strengths for low-lying excitations, and of the ground-state polarizabilities, of substitutional impurities in rare-gas solids. The formalism is applied to hydrogen- and lithium-atom impurities in solid neon and in solid argon at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and numerical results are presented.
The association of body mass index with time to target temperature and outcomes following post-arrest targeted temperature management ☆

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that more rapid attainment of target temperature (32–34°C) improves neurologic outcome following cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management (TTM). It is unclear to what extent body mass index (BMI) is associated with the time to reach target temperature and subsequent clinical outcomes. Objective We sought to determine whether the time to target temperature was affected by BMI. In addition, we wished to determine whether the incidence of skin breakdown, survival to discharge and neurologic outcomes were associated with BMI. Methods Multicenter retrospective cohort study of cardiac arrest patients who underwent TTM between July 2007 and December 2012. We examined the association between BMI and the time from initiation of cooling to attainment of target temperature (32–34°C). Results Of 236 patients treated with TTM, 184 were included in the study. Mean age was 57.8±17.0 years; 78/184 (42%) were female and 48/184 (26%) had VF/VT as the initial rhythm. Median time to reach target temperature from ROSC was 6.4 (4.1, 9.8)h and median time from initiation of TTM to target temperature was 3.4 (2.1, 5.8)h. Cooling duration was a median of 24.0 (23.0, 24.0)h and median rewarming time was 12.0 (9.5, 18.0)h. Overall, 104/184 (56.5%) achieved target temperature within 4h and 128/184 (69.6%) within 6h. Increased BMI was associated with a longer time to achieve target temperature from initiation of TTM ( p =0.01). There was no significant difference across BMI groups in time to achieve target temperature from ROSC (0.07), skin breakdown ( p =0.35), survival ( p =0.21), nor rate of good neurologic outcome ( p =0.32). Conclusions Target temperature was frequently achieved within 4–6h; as BMI increased, the time to reach target temperature from initiation of TTM was prolonged. There was no significant difference across BMI groups for survival or good neurologic outcome.
Goals and Means The Problem of Specification in the Development of Effective Public Policy

This article explores the dynamic interaction between goals and means in public policy. In particular, it identifies the inability of most public programs to develop workable adjustments between goals and means as a major source offailure in public policy. The tension between goals and means is seen as an integral, potentially constructive aspect of the policy process which, however, needs to be anticipated and incorporated into this process. Specification is defined as a mechanism for creating a viable fit between goals and means. Its role within the policy process is examined briefly in two case studies in the implementation of educational policy. Observations drawnfrom this comparison of the uses of specification in practice are used to present a model of specification as it operates within the effective policy process.
Early hearing-impairment results in crossmodal reorganization of ferret core auditory cortex.

Numerous investigations of cortical crossmodal plasticity, most often in congenital or early-deaf subjects, have indicated that secondary auditory cortical areas reorganize to exhibit visual responsiveness while the core auditory regions are largely spared. However, a recent study of adult-deafened ferrets demonstrated that core auditory cortex was reorganized by the somatosensory modality. Because adult animals have matured beyond their critical period of sensory development and plasticity, it was not known if adult-deafening and early-deafening would generate the same crossmodal results. The present study used young, ototoxically-lesioned ferrets () that, after maturation (avg. = 173 days old), showed significant hearing deficits (avg. threshold = 72 dB SPL). Recordings from single-units () in core auditory cortex showed that 72% were activated by somatosensory stimulation (compared to 1% in hearing controls). In addition, tracer injection into early hearing-impaired core auditory cortex labeled essentially the same auditory cortical and thalamic projection sources as seen for injections in the hearing controls, indicating that the functional reorganization was not the result of new or latent projections to the cortex. These data, along with similar observations from adult-deafened and adult hearing-impaired animals, support the recently proposed brainstem theory for crossmodal plasticity induced by hearing loss.
The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia

Segmentary state was the concept coined to fit Alur society into the theory of political anthropology of the 1940s. Fortes and Evans-Pritchard made the first giant step in the comparative analysis of African political systems, but supposedly centralized states and stateless segmentary lineage systems were the only ones to receive full consideration. Nadel had already distilled the voluminous Eurocentric literature on the theory and philosophy of the state, overburdened as it was with Hegelian growth, to produce a precise empirically oriented and workable definition of the state for anthropologists. Alur society did not fit or even approximate anywhere within the range of the model provided. But the model formulated in 1956 under Alur inspiration was an awkward and cumbersome derivation of Nadel's rather than a clear model in its own right. It would be simpler and better to define the segmentary state as one in which the spheres of ritual suzerainty and political sovereignty do not coincide. The former extends widely towards a flexible, changing periphery. The latter is confined to the central, core domain.
Visualizing large-scale RDF data using Subsets, Summaries, and Sampling in Oracle

The paper addresses the problem of visualizing large scale RDF data via a 3-S approach, namely, by using, 1) Subsets: to present only relevant data for visualisation; both static and dynamic subsets can be specified, 2) Summaries: to capture the essence of RDF data being viewed; summarized data can be expanded on demand thereby allowing users to create hybrid (summary-detail) fisheye views of RDF data, and 3) Sampling: to further optimize visualization of large-scale data where a representative sample suffices. The visualization scheme works with both asserted and inferred triples (generated using RDF(S) and OWL semantics). This scheme is implemented in Oracle by developing a plug-in for the Cytoscape graph visualization tool, which uses functions defined in a Oracle PL/SQL package, to provide fast and optimized access to Oracle Semantic Store containing RDF data. Interactive visualization of a synthesized RDF data set (LUBM 1 million triples), two native RDF datasets (Wikipedia 47 million triples and UniProt 700 million triples), and an OWL ontology (eClassOwl with a large class hierarchy including over 25,000 OWL classes, 5,000 properties, and 400,000 class-properties) demonstrates the effectiveness of our visualization scheme.
IDENTIFYING FREQUENT USERS OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT RESOURCES

Abstract Background There is growing focus on frequent users of acute care resources. If these patients can be identified, interventions can be established to offer more consistent management plans to decrease inappropriate utilization. Objective To compare a hospital-specific approach with a region-wide approach to identify frequent Emergency Department (ED) users. Methods A retrospective multi-center cohort study of hospital ED visits from all 18 nonmilitary, acute care hospitals serving the San Diego region (population 3.2 million) between 2008 and 2010 using data submitted to the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Frequent users and super users were defined as having 6 to 20 and 21 or more visits, respectively, during any consecutive 12 months in the study period. Comparisons between community-wide and hospital-specific methods were made. Results There were 925,719 individual patients seen in an ED, resulting in 2,016,537 total visits. There were 28,569 patients identified as frequent users and 1661 identified as super users, using a community-wide approach. Individual hospitals could identify 15.6% to 62.4% of all frequent users, and from 0.3% to 15.2% of all the super users who visited their facility. Overall, the hospital-specific approach identified 20,314 frequent users and 571 super users, failing to identify 28.9% of frequent users and 65.6% of super users visiting San Diego County EDs that would otherwise have been identified using a community-wide approach. Conclusions A community-wide identification method resulted in greater numbers of individuals being identified as frequent and super ED users than when utilizing individual hospital data.
The Perceived Responsibilities of the Departmental Chairperson: A Note of a Preliminary Study.

A small survey in one department revealed surprising differences in perception amongst faculty and students of the role of the chairperson as departmental executive officer. Though styles of leadership vary, the role of the chairperson in higher education requires further investigation and clarification since the quality of a department is, it is claimed, a reflection of the qualities of the chairperson.
Capital regulation and insured banks choice of individual loan default risks

Abstract How bankers choose the riskiness of their individual assets is an important question. It is well known that fixed-premium deposit insurance leads a bank to prefer a high-variance asset portfolio, but its effect on individual asset choice has not been carefully evaluated. This paper demonstrates how bank examination procedures and capital adequacy standards can make the value of a bank's deposit insurance contract concave in individual asset risks. Insured bankers may therefore have a rational preference (ceteris paribus) for relatively safe individual loans, even while they prefer risky portfolio returns. The model's implications for loan securitization and the Federal regulators new risk-based capital standards are discussed.
Interactive, culturally sensitive education on colorectal cancer screening.

Background Increasing colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) can have a substantial positive impact on morbidity and mortality. Objectives The purpose of this report is to describe the development and feasibility testing of a computer-based, theory-guided educational program designed to increase CRCS. Research design This mixed-methods study used focus groups and subsequent randomized controlled trial design. Subjects Participants (N = 199) were randomized to an intervention or control group; 75% were African American; mean age was 57.36 (SD = 6.8); 71% were male. Measures Previously validated measures on knowledge, beliefs, and screening test adherence were used to establish pre- and post-intervention perceptions. Feasibility was measured by response and completion rates, and participants' perceptions of the program. Results Before feasibility testing, the program was presented to 2 focus groups. Changes were made to the program based on discussion, leading to a visually appealing, easy to understand and navigate, self-paced program. In the RCT pilot test that followed, of the participants in the intervention group, 80% said the education helped them decide to get CRCS; 49% agreed it helped them overcome barriers; 91% agreed it was useful, 68% thought it raised new concerns about cancer, but only 30% said it made them worry about CRC; 95% agreed their doctor's office should continue giving such education, and 99% said they would inform family about the program. Conclusions The response rate of 83% demonstrated feasibility of conducting colorectal cancer education in the primary care setting; overall the program was well received; participants averaged 23 minutes to complete it. Participants sought no help from attending data collectors and navigated the revised touch screen program with ease. Computer-based education is feasible in primary care clinics.
A Dynamic Transport Control System of Freight Trains: Environment, Layout, Workstations, Interface Design

This study presents once again the necessity of synoptic panel as a fundamental tool to the dispatchers work. Based upon the data collected in a railway freight control room, where a change is occurring in the control and management systems, where it was decided get out of the synoptic panels.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Concentrations in Relation to Active and Passive Smoking

Objective: To determine the association between various forms of tobacco exposure and ovarian status, as measured by FSH concentrations, in women 38–49 years old. Methods: Two hundred ninety women between 38–49 years old, who had not had hysterectomy or oophorectomy, completed a self-administered questionnaire that included information on tobacco exposure and had serum FSH levels measured on days 2–4 of the menstrual cycle. Linear regression was used to assess the relation between FSH and tobacco exposure. Results: Controlling for age and other factors, FSH concentrations were 66% higher among current smokers (geometric mean FSH 14.0 mIU/mL) and 39% higher among nonsmokers with passive smoke exposure (11.7 mIU/mL), compared to nonsmoking women without passive smoke exposure (8.4 mIU/mL). The estimated increase in FSH for each year of age was greater for current smokers than for nonsmokers (16 versus 6%, respectively). Ex-smokers did not have higher FSH concentrations, and there was no association between prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke and FSH. Conclusion: Both active and passive smoking are associated with elevated FSH concentrations in women 38–49 years old. The effect, limited to women with current exposure, is consistent with a shorter duration of the menopausal transition period.
Rationality, norms and identity in international relations

This article examines major debates between rationalism and constructivism. It presents that there are politically significant motives of social actions, including norms and identity, which cannot be completely subsumed by the concept of instrumental rationality. These ideational or social-psychological motivations are governed primarily by thymos or affect (the moral or emotional part of the human personality) and/or value-oriented rationality. We need more flexible assumptions about main actors and their motives than those of rationalism to explain appropriately the politics of anger, loyalty and a sense of justice at international levels. However, constructivism’s emphasis on ideational motivations cannot totally replace rationalism in explaining international political life. Constructivism maintains that identity or norms are causally prior to actors’ interests. Yet when there is conflict between pursuit of interests and maintenance of identity or norms, actors’ strong and well-defined self-interests can overrule their contested or unstable identity or norms. In short, causal arrows can flow in either direction between identity or norms and interests. This implies that rationalism and constructivism are complementary rather than competitive in explaining international political life.
Scalable Scheduling Policy Design for Open Soft Real-Time Systems

Open soft real-time systems, such as mobile robots, must respond adaptively to varying operating conditions, while balancing the need to perform multiple mission specific tasks against the requirement that those tasks complete in a timely manner. Setting and enforcing a utilization target for shared resources is a key mechanism for achieving this behavior. However, because of the uncertainty and non-preempt ability of some tasks, key assumptions of classical scheduling approaches do not hold. In previous work we presented foundational methods for generating task scheduling policies to enforce proportional resource utilization for open soft real-time systems with these properties. However, these methods scale exponentially in the number of tasks, limiting their practical applicability.In this paper, we present a novel parameterized scheduling policy that scales our technique to a much wider range of systems. These policies can represent geometric features of the scheduling policies produced by our earlier methods, but only require a number of parameters that is quadratic in the number of tasks. We provide empirical evidence that the best of these policies are competitive with exact solution methods in small problems, and significantly outperform heuristic methods in larger ones.
Bidirectional log-polar mapping for invariant object recognition

The representation of visual information in human striate cortex is of significance to machine vision. Invariance to certain geometrical transformations in the field-of-view may be provided by the computational anatomy of the visual cortex. For example, there is evidence that the retino-cortical mapping is closely approximated by a log-polar transform. When combined with the foveation response, log-polar mapping can provide a basis for translation, rotation, and scale-invariant perception. There is also evidence that the visual system is sensitive to the spatial frequency content of its input. Although a Fourier transform is physiologically implausible, some authors have suggested its use for invariant object recognition because the magnitude of the Fourier transform is shift invariant. The Fourier transform magnitude operation followed by log-polar mapping can also provide a basis for translation, rotation, and scale-invariant perception. Both of these image-transform (feature mapping) algorithms give mathematical invariance to translation, rotation, and dilation. For an automatic recognition system, however, the feature mapping module has to be robust to discretization error, noise, and possible obscuration. Robustness considerations led to the development of the bi- directional log-polar mapping (BPM) algorithm. The BPM algorithm overcomes the pixel- dropout problems associated with conventional approaches to log-polar mapping. The authors evaluate several feature mapping models, both biologically and mathematically inspired, for their effect on recognition performance when embedded in a neural-network-based, object- recognition system. The modular recognition system, consisting of image restoration, detection, segmentation, feature extraction, invariant mapping, and classification, is being developed to classify objects in laser radar range imagery. Synthetic laser radar range images of four vehicles rotated in the field-of-view, scaled to various ranges, and corrupted by increasing levels of sensor noise are used for this evaluation. This study indicates that feature mapping based on the bi-directional log-polar map provides translation, rotation, and scale- invariant recognition capabilities as well as robustness to noise and discretization.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.