cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of Human Hematopoietic Cells in Immunodeficient Mice Conditioned with Cyclophosphamide and Busulfan

Human hematopoietic cells survive and proliferate for at least 10 weeks in severe combined immunodeficient mice prepared with the cytotoxic drugs busulfan and cyclophosphamide. The human cells growing in the mice can be detected by in situ hybridization using a probe detecting human repetitive DNA or by staining the cells with antihuman antibodies (anti-CD45 and anti-HLA I). Busulfan/cyclophosphamide-treated mice were injected with a wide range of cell doses, ranging from 5 to 50 million unfractionated bone marrow cells and 2 to 40 million low density bone marrow cells. Animals were killed at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 weeks after transplantation. Human cells were found in many animals and could be detected as early as one week after transplantation. The peak of repopulation was at two to five weeks, but in some animals human cells could be detected for as long as 10 weeks. Many of the human cells expressed high levels of glycophorin, but mature human erythrocytes were not found. The human cells were not uniformly distributed throughout the marrow. They grew in small clusters in the subepiphyseal region. The extent of human hematopoietic repopulation in the mouse was extremely variable. At no time and at no dose was repopulation achieved in all of the animals. Treatment with human growth factors is not necessary for the survival of the human hematopoietic cells but, in their absence, normal hematopoiesis does not occur.
Image analysis for video artifact estimation and measurement

The ultimate goal of vide compression is to maximize picture quality while minimizing bandwidth requirement. In most video storage and communication applications, the constraints are often expressed as limitation in delivery bandwidth or storage capacity. The objective of video encoder development is, therefore, to minimize the amount of distortions introduced by video compression and transmission. As an enabling technology, measurement of compression distortions and quality impact to end-users is crucial to video encoder optimization. While the field is developing quickly, there have been two different paradigms for video quality measurement that are being studied, picture quality models that use reference pictures, and the models that do not. An issue common to picture quality measurement in both paradigms is to obtain accurate measurement of picture distortions. In this paper, we review the requirements of these two measurement paradigms and propose two image analysis methods that address some specific issues of picture distortion measurement. First we describe a fast video alignment approach necessary for picture distortion measurement models that require references. In the rest of the paper, we propose a blur estimation scheme to measure blurring degradation introduced by video compression and imaging systems. We will then review its reference-free distortion measurement performance using data from two experiments.
Influenza vaccination in children with asthma in Health Maintenance Organizations

We assessed vaccination coverage and predictors of influenza vaccination in asthmatic children in four large Health Maintenance Organizations. We studied 68,839 children with asthma at four Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) in the 1995-1996 influenza season and 34,032 children at two HMOs in the 1996-1997 influenza season. In both seasons only 9-10% were vaccinated against influenza. Children who were hospitalized, had an emergency department visit for asthma or a prescription for a beta-agonist prior to the influenza season, were more likely to be vaccinated. Overall, 61% of the unvaccinated asthmatic children had made an outpatient clinic visit during months when influenza vaccination would have been appropriate. Vaccination coverage could be increased by taking advantage of all opportunities to vaccinate children with asthma whenever they make clinic visits in the fall and early winter.
Dynamic-covalent nanostructures prepared by Diels–Alder reactions of styrene-maleic anhydride-derived copolymers obtained by one-step cascade block copolymerization

Macromolecular star formation by Diels–Alder chemistry resulted in dynamic nanomaterials capable of reversibly demonstrating the properties of both linear and highly branched macromolecules. Well-defined block copolymers of maleic anhydride (MAn) and styrene [poly(styrene-alt-MAn)-b-polystyrene (P(S-alt-MAn)-b-PS)] were prepared via a one-pot cascade approach by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Subsequent ring opening of the anhydride groups in the P(S-alt-MAn) segments by amidation with furfurylamine led to the formation of block copolymers with pendant furan functionality. Diels–Alder reactions of the furan-functional block copolymer with a bismaleimide crosslinker resulted in core-crosslinked stars by an arm-first approach. Star-like structures were also prepared by first allowing the furan-functional block copolymers to pre-assemble into polymeric micelles in a solvent selective for the polystyrene block. Subsequent addition of a bismaleimide and heating to allow the Diels–Alder reaction resulted in core-crosslinked micelles with similar structures to the polymeric stars prepared by the arm-first approach. Regardless of the synthetic approach employed, the thermoreversibility of the Diels–Alder linkages within the cores rendered the stars/crosslinked micelles dynamic-covalent, as demonstrated by their ability to reversibly dissociate back to the individual arms on heating.
Best practice guidelines in pediatric/adolescent weight loss surgery.

Objective: To establish evidence-based guidelines for best practices in pediatric/adolescent weight loss surgery (WLS). Research Methods and Procedures: We carried out a systematic search of English-language literature in MEDLINE on WLS performed on children and adolescents. Key words were used to narrow the field for a selective review of abstracts. Data were extracted, and evidence categories were assigned according to a grading system based on established evidence-based models. Eight pertinent case series, published between 1980 and 2004, were identified and reviewed. These data were supplemented with expert opinions and literature on WLS in adults. Results: Recommendations focused on patient safety, reduction of medical errors, systems improvements, credentialing, and future research. We developed evidence-based criteria for eligibility, assessment, treatment, and follow-up; recommended surgical procedures based on the best available evidence; and established minimum guideline requirements for data collection. Discussion: Lack of adequate data and gaps in knowledge were cited as important reasons for caution. Physiological status, comprehensive screening of patients and their families, and required education and counseling were identified as key factors in assessing eligibility for surgery. Data collection and peer review were also identified as important issues in the delivery of best practice care.
Membrane-Dependent Conformation, Dynamics, and Lipid Interactions of the Fusion Peptide of the Paramyxovirus PIV5 from Solid-State NMR

Abstract The entry of enveloped viruses into cells requires protein-catalyzed fusion of the viral and cell membranes. The structure–function relation of a hydrophobic fusion peptide (FP) in viral fusion proteins is still poorly understood. We report magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR results of the membrane-bound conformation, dynamics, and lipid interactions of the FP of the F protein of the paramyxovirus, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5). 13 C chemical shifts indicate that the PIV5 FP structure depends on the composition of the phospholipid membrane: the peptide is α-helical in palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol-containing anionic membranes but mostly β-sheet in neutral phosphocholine membranes. Other environmental factors, including peptide concentration, cholesterol, membrane reconstitution protocol, and a Lys solubility tag, do not affect the secondary structure. The α-helical and β-sheet states exhibit distinct dynamics and lipid interactions. The β-sheet FP is immobilized, resides on the membrane surface, and causes significant membrane curvature. In contrast, the α-helical FP undergoes intermediate-timescale motion and maintains the lamellar order of the membrane. Two-dimensional 31 P– 1 H correlation spectra show clear 31 P–water cross peaks for anionic membranes containing the α-helical FP but weak or no 31 P–water cross peak for neutral membranes containing the β-sheet FP. These results suggest that the β-sheet FP may be associated with high-curvature dehydrated fusion intermediates, while the α-helical state may be associated with the extended prehairpin state and the post-fusion state. Conformational plasticity is also a pronounced feature of the influenza and human immunodeficiency virus FPs, suggesting that these Gly-rich sequences encode structural plasticity to generate and sense different membrane morphologies.
The effect of exogenous progesterone on the rate of blood flow of the uterus of ovariectomized sheep.

The role of progesterone in producing low blood flow rate with a high oxygen extraction coefficient was explored to determine whether this was a characteristic of the luteal phase and where low estrogenic a ctivity was involved. When the ewes received estrogen alone blood flow went up about 500 ml/kg/minute and coefficient dropped 17%. Concurrent estrogen and progesterone administration raised blood flow about 39 ml/kg/minute and lowered the oxygen extraction coefficient about 4% (p less than .005). Progesterone alone produced no changes from control but was able to inhibit or diminish the response to estrogen when progesterone was given before estrogen. It is concluded that progesterone in the presence of estrogen is able to alter the rate of uterine blood flow.
HAD and LAD rats respond differently to stimulating effect but not discriminative effects of ethanol

The drug discrimination paradigm (DD) was used to evaluate behavioral differences of rats selectively bred for differential ethanol drinking preferences. Seventh-generation high alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats were trained to discriminate between ethanol (0.5 g/kg, IP) and saline vehicle, following a 2-min presession interval (PI), using an FR-10 schedule of reinforcement. The HAD line was more responsive than the LAD line to the stimulating effect of ethanol as measured by total response rates. ED50 values of 0.239 and 0.244 g/kg for the HAD and LAD lines, respectively, do not reflect any difference in the discriminative effects of ethanol. Response rates during DD indicated a dissociation of rate-increasing effects and discriminative performance following ethanol. In addition to differential drinking preference, these data suggest that selective breeding for the HAD and LAD animals also involves the stimulant action of ethanol but not on the discriminative effects.
Single-trial discrimination of truthful from deceptive responses during a game of financial risk using alpha-band MEG signals

We studied whether magnetoencephalography (MEG) could detect deceptive responses on a single-subject, trial-by-trial basis. To elicit spontaneous, ecologically-valid deception, we developed a paradigm in which subjects in a simulated customs setting were presented with a series of pictures of items which might be in their baggage, and for each item they decided whether to `declare (tell the truth) or `smuggle (lie). Telling the truth involved a small but certain monetary penalty whereas lying involved both greater monetary risk and greater potential reward. Most subjects showed decreased signal power in the 8-12 Hz (alpha) range during deceptive responses as compared to truthful responses. In a cross-validation analysis, we were able to use alpha power to classify truthful and deceptive responses on a trial-by-trial basis, with significantly greater predictive accuracy than that achieved using simultaneously recorded skin conductance signals. Average predictive accuracy for spontaneous deception was greater than 78%, and for some subjects, predictive accuracy exceeded 90%. Our results raise the possibility that alpha power modulation during deception may reflect risk management and/or cognitive control.
Copper(I) Complex O2-Reactivity with a N3S Thioether Ligand: a Copper−Dioxygen Adduct Including Sulfur Ligation, Ligand Oxygenation, and Comparisons with All Nitrogen Ligand Analogues

In order to contribute to an understanding of the effects of thioether sulfur ligation in copper−O2 reactivity, the tetradentate ligands LN3S (2-ethylthio-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-yl)methylethanamine) and LN3S‘(2-ethylthio-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-yl)ethylethanamine) have been synthesized. Corresponding copper(I) complexes, [CuI(LN3S)]ClO4 (1-ClO4), [CuI(LN3S)]B(C6F5)4 (1-B(C6F5)4), and [CuI(LN3S‘)]ClO4 (2), were generated, and their redox properties, CO binding, and O2-reactivity were compared to the situation with analogous compounds having all nitrogen donor ligands, [CuI(TMPA)(MeCN)]+ and [CuI(PMAP)]+ (TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; PMAP = bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-(2-pyridyl)methylamine). X-ray structures of 1-B(C6F5)4, a dimer, and copper(II) complex [CuII(LN3S)(MeOH)](ClO4)2 (3) were obtained; the latter possesses axial thioether coordination. At low temperature in CH2Cl2, acetone, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), 1 reacts with O2 and generates an adduct formulated as an end-on peroxodicopper(II) complex [{...
A block-corrected subdomain solution procedure for recirculating flow calculations

This paper describes a robust and efficient subdomain solution procedure for two-dimensional recirculating flows. The solution domain is divided into a number of overlapping subdomains, and a direct fully coupled solution is obtained for each subdomain using a sparse matrix form of LU decomposition. An effective parabolic block correction procedure, which calculates global corrections to the tentative solution by a marching technique similar to that used for boundary layer flows, is used to accelerate the convergence of the basic procedure. The use of effective block correction is found to be essential for the success of the subdomain approach on strongly recirculating flows. In a number of laminar two-dimensional flows, the new block-corrected method performed extremely well, rivaling the best direct methods in execution time, while requiring substantially less computer storage. The new method proved to be from two to ten times faster than conventional iterative methods, while requiring only a moderate increase in storage.
Do Patients With Psychosis Experience Loss and Grief As a Result of Their Illness

BACKGROUND: Depression and suicidality are frequently reported in patients with psychosis and schizophrenia, but the grief process that may be associated with this illness has not been systematically studied. In this study, we examined whether patients diagnosed with psychosis identify, grieve, and mourn losses engendered by the illness. METHOD: 24 patients diagnosed with psychosis in the past five years were surveyed to indicate whether their illness led to losses, and to describe their responses to the losses. Psychosis-related perceived losses were surveyed using three subscales of a loss and grief questionnaire (loss of self, self-care, and roles). Their relationship with beliefs about the illness, symptomatology, coping style, and self-efficacy and insight was studied. RESULTS: 23 (96%) patients named specific losses, and 16 patients (67%) reported feelings associated with grief and mourning. More than half reported loss of self-esteem at the onset of illness and only half saw themselves as having im...
Cell separation based on the reversible interaction between calmodulin and a calmodulin-binding peptide

Abstract A cell separation system based on the calcium-dependent interaction of calmodulin (CM) with a calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP) has been developed. The prototype of this system utilizes an indirect method to label the target cell population. Cells are first labeled with a primary monoclonal antibody directed to a specific cell surface antigen, then with a secondary affinity reagent, consisting of a polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG (GAM-IgG) that has been cross-linked to a CBP derived from the sequence of the rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. In the presence of Ca2+, the CBP on the cells labeled with GAM-IgG-CBP binds to biotinylated calmodulin (CM-Biotin) with high affinity. The target cells are then captured with a solid-phase streptavidin. The unbound non-target cells are washed away and the immobilized target cells are released by chelating Ca2+ with EGTA. The specificity of the GAM-IgG-CBP and CM-Biotin and the feasibility of using this system to separate cells was demonstrated using the KG-1 human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line. KG-1 cells were fractionated on the basis of cell surface expression of HLA-DR. The cell selection reagents and the cell separation process did not affect KG-1 cell viability while cells selected by this procedure were 90% pure with a yield of 75%. This cell separation system also was used for rare cell isolation from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T cells expressing the Vβ5 T cell receptor, which represent
Recursively enumerable subsets of R q in two computing models: Blum-Shub-Smale machine and Turing machine

Abstract In this paper we compare recursively enumerable subsets of Rq in two computing models over real numbers: the Blum-Shub-Smale machine and the oracle Turing machine. We prove that any Turing RE open subset of Rq is a BSS RE set, while a Turing RE closed set may not be a BSS RE set. As an application we show that the Julia set of any computable hyperbolic polynomial is decidable in the Turing computing model.
P27 knockout mice: reduced myostatin in muscle and altered adipogenesis.

Knockout of the P27kip gene, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor involved in cell proliferation regulation, results in growth enhancement in mice. To investigate how p27 deficiency affected adipogenesis and myogenesis, levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and the myogenesis inhibitor, myostatin, were measured in p27−/− (n=14), p27+/− (n=18), and p27+/+ mice (n=11). Body weight and gastrocnemius muscle (GC) mass were increased in p27−/− mice (P<0.05), but there were no differences in fat depot weights, percent body fat or serum leptin concentrations among genotypes. PPARγ, but not C/EBPα, was markedly increased in p27−/− mice (P<0.05). There was also a higher incidence of inguinal fat apoptosis (P<0.01) in p27−/− mice. Myostatin levels were reduced in GC muscle of p27−/− mice (P<0.05). These findings suggest that in p27 deficient mice, increased skeletal muscle mass is mediated in part through decreased myostatin. Although total adiposity was not changed, increased PPARγ levels suggest an alteration in adipogenesis.
War gaming: in need of context

Because of the accelerated pace of change in the world 's political environment since 1985, war game scenarios quickly became obsolete. Rather than rewrite computer programs to accommodate another conflict somewhere else that eventually will become obsolete by the changing nature of world events, it is recommended that computer programmers write software establishing world environments (known as "contexts") in which player-derived scenarios are installed just prior to game execution. Advantages include greater credibility of the war game to its participants, thereby enhancing the quality of participation, and a new source of inputs regarding future paths to war for military intelligence analysis and exploitation. Suggested war game contexts include the Korean Peninsula, the Middle East, the Balkan Peninsula, and border or ethnic wars between republics of the former Soviet Union.
Epilepsy Emergencies: Diagnosis and Management

Seizures and status epilepticus are epilepsy emergencies with high morbidity and mortality. Early treatment is crucial, and the identification of an underlying etiology informs both continued treatment and prognosis. Many patients have underdiagnosed nonconvulsive seizures or nonconvulsive status epilepticus, particularly the comatose or critically ill. Timely EEG can be useful for diagnosis, management, optimizing treatment response, and determining prognosis in these patients. Refractory conditions can be quite complicated with limited evidence-based guidance, but treatment should not be restricted by nihilism even in the most prolonged cases, especially if there is not widespread irreversible brain injury.
The temporal priority of team learning behaviors vs. shared mental models in service management teams.

Abstract This study investigated the temporal priority of shared mental models (SMMs) on team learning behaviors using a longitudinal study design. Twenty-seven field-based teams (173 participants) performing a restaurant management task participated in the study. Panel data on SMMs and learning behaviors were collected in two waves across the 16-week lifespan of the teams. Results from cross-lagged models showed that team learning behaviors had a positive effect on the formation of shared mental models, whereas shared mental models did not predict team learning behaviors. Additionally, SMMs and team learning behavior had a significant positive effect on team performance. The results of the current study contributed to the team literature by showing that team processes (team learning behavior) may impact the development of SMMs, which consequently impacts team performance. The current work also demonstrates that teamwork is essential for success of hospitality organizations and suggests ways to improve team effectiveness. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Longshore sediment transport rates on a microtidal estuarine beach

Longshore sediment transport rates were estimated on a microtidal estuarine beach in Great South Bay, N.Y., during two dyed sand tracer experiments using a temporal sampling method. Mean onshore wind speeds of 5.8 and 9.9 m/s resulted in root-mean-square wave heights of 0.07 and 0.08 m and wave angles of 3.0 and 10.1, causing transport rates of 0.468 and 0.972 m3/h. Rates were 3.1 to 6.5 times greater than predicted by existing equations using standard coefficients. Greater rates are attributed to the concentration of sediment transport in the energetic swash zone under plunging breakers.
Porous polymer films templated by marangoni flow-induced water droplet arrays

In this article, we report the development of a novel, simple, and cost-effective method for fabricating porous polymer films with controllable interpore distances, pore sizes, and arrangements using water droplets induced by Marangoni flow as templates. First, a spread-thin ethanol film on a partially water-wettable substrate is exposed to a humid airflow, facilitating the evaporation and recession of the ethanol film. Meanwhile, water in the airflow condenses on the ethanol film and accumulates near the receding contact line, which induces the formation of water fingers at the receding contact line and, finally, ordered arrays of water droplets after detachment. The formation of the hexagonal and square arrays of water droplets is due to the pinning and sliding of the water fingers on the silicone oxide (SiOx) and silicon (Si) substrates, respectively. By varying the thickness of the ethanol film spread on the Si substrate, the sliding velocity of water fingers can be tuned, subsequently leading to the ...
On wave breaking and the equilibrium spectrum of wind-generated waves

A theoretical calculation is made of the loss of energy by wave breaking in a random sea state in terms of the spectral density function. In the special case of the equilibrium spectrum F(σ) = αg 2 σ -5 the proportion ɷ of energy lost per mean wave cycle is found to be given by ω ≑ e -1/8α irrespective of the low-frequency cut-off in the spectrum. Assuming that in the equilibrium state the loss of energy by breaking is comparable to that supplied by the wind, one can estimate the constant α in terms of the drag coefficient of the wind on the sea surface. It is found that α≑ -1/8/ln[1600C 3/2 ( ρ air/ ρ water)]. Taking a representative value of C one finds α ≑ 1.3 x 10 -2 , which falls within the range of observed values of α. The above equation for α is rather insensitive to the various assumptions made in the analysis. There is some evidence, derived from observation, that α may not in fact be quite constant, but may decrease slightly as the wave age ( gt/U ) or the non-dimensional fetch ( gx/U 2 ) is increased. It is suggested that the drag coefficient may behave similarly.
Alternative Strategies: The Evolution of Switch Points

The evolution of conditional, alternative strategies is a major factor in adaptation. In animals, the frequency of alternative morphs, characterized by different morphologies and mating tactics, can be both condition-dependent and subject to rapid evolutionary change.
The Technology and Economies of Hydrogen Production from Fusion Reactors

The technology, economics, and environmental effects of producing synthetic fuels (H2 gas, H2 liquid, and methanol) based on fusion (CTR) reactors are assessed. Four United States energy systems (2020 A.D.) with different degrees of CTR implementation are compared: in System A, no CTR input is assumed; in System B, CTRs replace 50 percent of nuclear fission electric; in System C, CTRs supply all electrical demand, produce synthetic fuels to re-place all oil and gas imports, and eliminate strip mining; and in System D, CTRs supply all electrical demand and virtually all fuel demand. CTR reactor costs are analyzed in detail for a range of containment parameters, reactor outputs, and first well loadings for DT and catalyzed DD fuel cycles.
Molecular dynamics of the hydrogeniodine reaction system

Abstract The molecular dynamics of the hydrogeniodine exchange reaction, H 2 + I 2 ⇄ 2 HI, have been examined in a classical trajectory analysis with trajectories selected within the transition region. The results yield the overall mechanism, the rate and the energy distributions of reactants and products for reaction at 700°K.
Does dissociation offer a useful explanation for psychopathology

Background: Dissociation is often conceptualised as an altered state of consciousness, a trance-like state in which normal barriers between conscious and unconscious memories, desir
Safety of capsule endoscopy in patients with pacemakers.

Abstract Background Capsule endoscopy, a new technology, allows visualization of the entire small intestinal mucosa. The main indication for capsule endoscopy at present is the evaluation of GI bleeding of obscure origin. Studies to date suggest that capsule endoscopy is safe and is associated with few adverse events. One concern, which has not been studied, is the potential effect of the capsule on cardiac pacemakers and other electromedical devices. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the safety of capsule endoscopy in patients with cardiac pacemakers who are being evaluated for GI bleeding of obscure origin and to determine whether pacemakers have any effect on the images captured by the capsule endoscope. Methods Patients with cardiac pacemakers referred for evaluation of GI bleeding of obscure origin were entered into the study. Before the procedure, an electrocardiogram was obtained, and pacemaker functions were checked. Capsule endoscopy was performed in a hospital setting to allow closer monitoring, instead of the outpatient clinic, which is our routine. Cardiac rhythm was assessed simultaneously during capsule endoscopy with a Holter monitor. Post-procedure pacemaker function was again checked for any disturbance. When the capsule endoscopy studies were reviewed, observations were made with particular reference to technical difficulty or interference with imaging. Observations Five consecutive patients (4 men, 1 woman; mean age, 73 years, range 56-92 years) with cardiac pacemakers were studied. In all patients, the indication for capsule endoscopy was GI bleeding of obscure origin. A cardiologist and pacemaker nurse specialist reviewed the Holter monitor recordings and evaluated pacemaker function after the procedure for each patient. No arrhythmia or other adverse cardiac event was noted during capsule transmission. No pacemaker-induced interference on the capsule endoscopy images was observed. Conclusions Capsule endoscopy appears to be safe in patients with cardiac pacemakers and does not appear to be associated with any significant adverse cardiac event. Pacemakers do not interfere with capsule imaging.
The nature of the Mādhyamika trick

This paper evaluates several recent efforts to interpret the work of Nāgārjuna through the lens of modern symbolic logic. An attempt is made to uncover the premises that justify the use of symbolic logic for this purpose. This is accomplished through a discussion of (1) the historical origins of those premises in the Indian and Tibetan traditions, and (2) how such assumptions prejudice our understanding of Nāgā rjuna’s insistence that he has no “proposition” (pratijnā). Finally, the paper sets forth an alternative interpretation that takes into account the literary dimensions of Nāgārjuna’s writing.
Knowledge translation of the American College of Emergency Physicians’ clinical policy on syncope using computerized clinical decision support

To influence physician practice behavior after implementation of a computerized clinical decision support system (CDSS) based upon the recommendations from the 2007 ACEP Clinical Policy on Syncope. This was a pre-post intervention with a prospective cohort and retrospective controls. We conducted a medical chart review of consecutive adult patients with syncope. A computerized CDSS prompting physicians to explain their decision-making regarding imaging and admission in syncope patients based upon ACEP Clinical Policy recommendations was embedded into the emergency department information system (EDIS). The medical records of 410 consecutive adult patients presenting with syncope were reviewed prior to implementation, and 301 records were reviewed after implementation. Primary outcomes were physician practice behavior demonstrated by admission rate and rate of head computed tomography (CT) imaging before and after implementation. There was a significant difference in admission rate pre- and post-intervention (68.1% vs. 60.5% respectively, p = 0.036). There was no significant difference in the head CT imaging rate pre- and post-intervention (39.8% vs. 43.2%, p = 0.358). There were seven physicians who saw ten or more patients during the pre- and post-intervention. Subset analysis of these seven physicians’ practice behavior revealed a slight significant difference in the admission rate pre- and post-intervention (74.3% vs. 63.9%, p = 0.0495) and no significant difference in the head CT scan rate pre- and post-intervention (42.9% vs. 45.4%, p = 0.660). The introduction of an evidence-based CDSS based upon ACEP Clinical Policy recommendations on syncope correlated with a change in physician practice behavior in an urban academic emergency department. This change suggests emergency medicine clinical practice guideline recommendations can be incorporated into the physician workflow of an EDIS to enhance the quality of practice.
Management of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures

A variety of strategies are utilized for management of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures, depending chiefly on the age of the patient. Other factors that can influence the selection of a technique—which range from skeletal traction with spica casting to immediate spica casting, flexible intramedullary nailing, rigid intramedullary rodding, or plate fixation—are weight, fracture severity, associated injuries, and underlying medical or musculoskeletal conditions. The available evidence regarding technique, outcomes, and complications of the aforementioned treatment options remains largely insufficient, and, at times, conflicting, which contributes to the challenges in management decisions. Considerable controversy has arisen over several topics, particularly the optimal treatment for patients aged 5 to 12 years and accepted standards of treatment. This review is designed to provide perspective for some of the most recent influential literature on pediatric diaphyseal femur fracture treatment in light of established evidence and evolving controversies.
Amphetamine-induced rotation in rats without lesions.

Abstract After administration of (+)-amphetamine, normal rats rotated (turned in circles) in a stereotypic manner. The results suggest that there may exist an intrinsic bilateral neurochemical asymmetry of the nigro-striatal systems of normal rats.
Reversal of Fortune: When Does Increased Distance from an Initial Negligent Act Make One More Blameworthy?

Early investigations into the effect of distance between negligent acts and subsequent harm demonstrated a causal proximity bias in judgments of blame. Specifically, fewer mediating steps between a negligent act and subsequent harm resulted in more blameworthy defendants. However, we reasoned that sometimes extra steps in a causal chain could be viewed as additional opportunities for the defendant to intervene and prevent a harmful outcome. Therefore, extra steps, or increased causal distance, without intervention by the defendant would make the defendant seem more blameworthy. Across three studies (N = 338), we demonstrated that although reversing the causal proximity bias is relatively easy, obtaining the original causal proximity bias is surprisingly difficult. We argue that increasing the number of causal steps to an outcome can be perceived as missed opportunities for the perpetrator to take corrective action. Therefore, the more steps to an outcome, the more blameworthy a defendant is judged.
Experience of bone-anchored hearing aid implantation in children younger than 5 years of age

Abstract Objective To assess the practicality and benefit of Bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA®) implantation in children younger than 5 years of age. FDA approval for use of BAHA® only exists for children 5 years of age and older. Their use in Australia is also rare, however their use for younger children is approved by the European Union. We wish to share our experience of implantation in an antipodean setting in this age group. Methods Institutional board approval was obtained for this study. All children undergoing BAHA® implantation under 5 years old were included from our prospective database. We examined the variety of surgical techniques, (including skin grafting, limited soft tissue reduction and no soft tissue reduction), BAHA® implants and abutments used, and use of the new series 400 hydroxyapatite coatings. Demographic data obtained included age at surgery, follow up duration, gender, ethnicity and indication for surgery. Anonymous benefit questionnaires (Glasgow children's benefit inventory (GCBI) and parents’ evaluation of aural performance of children (PEACH)) were completed online as well as a questionnaire on device use. Complications recorded included soft tissue reactions, implant loss/removal, abutment replacement/removal. We also assessed whether patient weight, ethnicity or socioeconomic status were risk factors for these complications. Results 24 Children (26 ears/26 implants) under five years were identified from the database and included in the study. There was a 14:10 male to female ratio. Patient caregivers reported subjective benefit and improved quality of life (QOL) despite setbacks and complications related to BAHA® usage. 10/24 (42%) of children required treatment for significant peri-implant skin reactions whilst 25% required replacement of their abutments and/or implants. An increased risk of major complication was associated with socioeconomic deprived backgrounds and in patients of New Zealand Maori and Pacific Island ethnicity but not in patients with increased weight centiles. Conclusions The BAHA® implant and hearing aid system is of value to children under age 5 years. Parents tolerate the skin reactions and complications because of the perceived benefit in hearing and quality of life. Careful counselling of parents of potential young BAHA® implant candidates is necessary in light of this.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of β‐naphthoflavone–inducible cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2 in rat intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells

Although intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells are targets for certain hepatotoxic chemicals, including some procarcinogens, their ability to monooxygenate, and thereby bioactivate and inactivate xenobiotics, remains to be established. Thus, the present study was undertaken to immunohistochemically determine if cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1A2 is present and can be induced within these nonparenchymal liver cells. Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining for CYP1A1/1A2 was detected within intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells as well as hepatocytes of control rats and was markedly enhanced in both cell types by beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). Color confocal laser microscopic analyses of dual immunofluorescent staining for CYP1A1/1A2 and cytokeratins 6 and 9 (56 and 64 kd, respectively) provided unequivocal evidence for the presence and induction of CYP1A1/1A2 within intrahepatic bile duct epithelia. Moreover, microdensitometric analyses of immunoperoxidase staining intensities for CYP1A1/1A2 revealed that intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells of control rats contain 44%, 56%, and 58% as much CYP1A1/1A2 as do centrilobular, midzonal, and periportal hepatocytes, respectively. These analyses further revealed that BNF increased the content of CYP1A1/1A2 in biliary epithelial cells by approximately 120%, while CYP1A1/1A2 levels in centrilobular, midzonal, and periportal hepatocytes were increased by 82%, 159%, and 160%, respectively. The results of this study represent the first in situ demonstration that mammalian intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells contain a CYP isoform, and further that CYP1A1/1A2 can be induced in these cells by BNF. These findings therefore indicate that intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can oxidatively metabolize xenobiotics in situ and that their ability to bioactivate and inactivate xenobiotics can be significantly enhanced by CYP1A1/1A2 induction.
The effect of simulating a leg-length discrepancy on pelvic position and spinal posture.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine how a leg-length discrepancy contributes to the pelvic position and spinal posture. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 20 subjects (10 males, 10 females) were examined during different artificially created leg-length inequalities (0–4 cm) using a platform. The pelvic tilt and torsion and the sagittal deviation of the spine were measured using the rasterstereographic device formetric 4D. [Results] Changes in platform height led to an increase in pelvic tilt and torsion, while no changes in the spinal posture were found with the different simulated leg-length inequalities. [Conclusion] Our study showed that a leg-length discrepancy may cause pelvic deviation and torsion, but may not lead to kyphosis and lordosis. Therefore, we consider that an artificially created leg-length discrepancy has a greater effect on pelvic position than spine position.
Boiling incipience and convective boiling of neon and nitrogen

The data reported herein were obtained in support of a design study for a 30-T cryomagnet described by Prok and Brown [1]. Because the coolant channels of the magnet coils are too small to handle vapor flow, it was necessary to determine boiling incipience and convective boiling coefficients under the operating conditions of the magnet system. Forced convection heat transfer data obtained for this design were correlated and are presented elsewhere [2].
Effects of transition metal ion coordination on the collision-induced dissociation of polyalanines

Transition metal–polyalanine complexes were analyzed in a high-capacity quadrupole ion trap after electrospray ionization. Polyalanines have no polar amino acid side chains to coordinate metal ions, thus allowing the effects metal ion interaction with the peptide backbone to be explored. Positive mode mass spectra produced from peptides mixed with salts of the first row transition metals Cr(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), and Cu(II) yield singly and doubly charged metallated ions. These precursor ions undergo collision-induced dissociation (CID) to give almost exclusively metallated N-terminal product ions whose types and relative abundances depend on the identity of the transition metal. For example, Cr(III)-cationized peptides yield CID spectra that are complex and have several neutral losses, whereas Fe(III)-cationized peptides dissociate to give intense non-metallated products. The addition of Cu(II) shows the most promise for sequencing. Spectra obtained from the CID of singly and doubly charged Cu-heptaalanine ions, [M + Cu − H]+ and [M + Cu]2+, are complimentary and together provide cleavage at every residue and no neutral losses. (This contrasts with [M + H]+ of heptaalanine, where CID does not provide backbone ions to sequence the first three residues.) Transition metal cationization produces abundant metallated a-ions by CID, unlike protonated peptides that produce primarily b- and y-ions. The prominence of metallated a-ions is interesting because they do not always form from b-ions. Tandem mass spectrometry on metallated (Met = metal) a- and b-ions indicate that [bn + Met − H]2+ lose CO to form [an + Met − H]2+, mimicking protonated structures. In contrast, [an + Met − H]2+ eliminate an amino acid residue to form [an-1 + Met − H]2+, which may be useful in sequencing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching concepts of transesophageal echocardiography via Web-based modules.

Objectives Teaching transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) remains challenging. The authors hypothesized that using online modules with live teaching in an echo training course would be feasible and result in superior knowledge acquisition to live teaching only. Design In this prospective cohort study, the authors implemented a TEE course with online modules and live teaching and compared it to a live-teaching-only version. Setting The online-and-live-teaching version of the course consisted of online modules and live sessions at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), an academic medical center. The live-teaching-only version consisted of live sessions at BIDMC. Participants Course participants included anesthesia trainees at BIDMC. Interventions Trainees taking the online-and-live-teaching version viewed online modules before live review lectures and simulation. Trainees taking the live-teaching-only version viewed live lectures before simulation. Measurements and Main Results Twenty-seven trainees completed the online-and-live-teaching version; six completed the live-teaching-only version. Trainees took a course exam after the first and last live sessions. For the online-and-live-teaching version, average pretest and posttest scores were 62.0%±13.7% and 77.5%±8.1%, respectively; pretest and posttest passing (≥70%) rates were 29.6% and 85.2%, respectively. Compared to the live-teaching-only version, the average pretest score was not significantly different (p = 0.17), but the average posttest score was significantly higher (p = 0.01). Trainee comfort with, and knowledge of, TEE increased after both versions. Trainees rated the utility of the live lectures and online modules similarly. Conclusions A multimodal TEE curriculum increased trainees’ knowledge of TEE concepts and had a positive reception from trainees.
Lipid Deficiencies, Leukocytosis, Brittle Skin—a Lethal Syndrome Caused by a Recessive Mutation, Edematous (OED), in the Mouse

A new neonatal lethal mutation in the mouse with pleiotropic effects, edematous (oed), arose spontaneously in the phocomelic strain and has been shown to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The external phenotypic characteristics include a generally bloated appearance, shiny cellophane-like skin, and distal hematomata of the extremities. Internally, no gross or histological abnormalities could be identified, with the exception of a striking leukocytosis. Biochemical analysis revealed a severe disturbance of lipid metabolism. Deficiencies in the VLDL, LDL, and the HDL lipoprotein fractions have been found in the mutant plasma. In addition, all serum lipids are markedly decreased. However, in the mutant liver, only triglycerides are significantly decreased; total liver cholesterol and phospholipid values are within normal limits. The primary biochemical defect as well as the causal relationship between the striking abnormalities of lipid metabolism and those of skin and blood are unknown at this time.
Serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of Collinsia sparsiflora associate with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages.

Although plant adaptation to serpentine soils has been studied for several decades, the mechanisms of plant adaptation to edaphic extremes are still poorly understood. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are common root symbionts that can increase the plant hosts’ establishment and growth in stressful environments. However, little is known about the role plant–AMF interactions play in plant adaptation to serpentine. As a first step towards understanding this role, we examined the AMF assemblages associated with field populations of serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of California native plant Collinsia sparsiflora. We sampled roots of C. sparsiflora from three serpentine and three non-serpentine sites in close proximity (110 m to 1.94 km between sites) and analysed the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene amplified from root DNA extracts using AMF-specific primers. A total of 1952 clones from 24 root samples (four from each site) were sequenced. We used sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis to determine operational taxonomic units (OTU) resulting in 19 OTUs representing taxa from six AMF genera, including one serpentine-specific OTU. We used Bray–Curtis similarity, multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity to compare root sample AMF assemblages. These analyses clearly showed that plant ecotypes associated with distinct AMF assemblages; an Acaulospora OTU-dominated serpentine, and a Glomus OTU-dominated non-serpentine assemblages. Species diversity and evenness were significantly higher in serpentine assemblages. Finally, RELATE analysis showed a relationship between ecotype AMF assemblages and soil nutrients. This study reveals a strong relationship between AMF associates and plant adaptation to edaphic extremes.
An analysis of imperfect RFID visibility in a multi-echelon supply chain

This study investigates how imperfect inventory information provided by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology can be used in inventory management. A simulation-based approach is utilised to understand the potential uses and impacts of imperfect RFID data in multi-echelon retail supply chains. The results reveal that when used as the primary decision-making tool, RFID could be a valuable technology even without perfect visibility. However, unforeseen trends and system behaviours are observed on the level of inventory record inaccuracy. When RFID is used to monitor the inventory as a supporting technology, the information provided can be used to trigger inventory correction activities.
The JECFA and Alternate Approaches for Determining ADIs for Antimicrobial Residues

The use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals may result in low levels of the drugs or their metabolites being present as residues in food. The ingestion of antibiotic residues has been considered to affect the balance of the human intestinal microflora, although there is a paucity of epidemiological evidence to support this hypothesis. Recently additional concern has been raised about selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract caused by the ingestion of antimicrobial residues. To assess the safety of ingested antimicrobial residues to the consumer, national and international committees evaluate data on the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and antimicrobial properties of the veterinary drugs derived from studies of experimental animals and observations in humans.