cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Lipid Requirement for Photosystem I Activity in Heptane-extracted Spinach Chloroplasts

A lipid requirement for photosystem I activity in Spinacia oleracea chloroplasts has been characterized. The transfer of electrons from tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine through the chloroplast photosystem to viologen dye was used as an assay of photosystem I activity. Activity is diminished by prolonged heptane extraction and is partially restored by readdition of the extracted lipid. Extracted chloroplasts require plastocyanin for maximal restoration of activity. The effect of lipid extract in restoration is partially replaced by triglycerides containing unsaturated, C(18) fatty acids. Various potential redox carriers which occur naturally in chloroplasts do not substitute for extracted lipid. Galacto-lipids, sulfolipids, and phospholipids are not involved in the restoration of activity.
Preclinical jockeying on the translational track of adenosine A2A receptors.

In a recent issue of Experimental Neurology, Hodgson et al. (2010) reported positive results of late preclinical (non-human primate, NHP) studies of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist developed as a neurotherapeutic by Schering-Plough and now Merck. Preladenant (a.k.a. SCH 420814) recently advanced to phase III clinical trials for antiparkinsonian activity in early- as well as later-stage Parkinson disease (PD). Reflecting the therapeutic promise of A2A antagonists for CNS disorders, preladenant is one of at least six independent drug development programs targeting this G-protein-coupled receptor in clinical trials in pursuit of an indication for PD and possibly other neuropsychiatric conditions. Preladenant at the moment appears to have taken the lead in this pack of A2A therapeutic programs, galloping ahead of others that also reached the phase III stage of clinical development on what may be the home stretch of this exciting but tricky translational track.
The biostratigraphy and paleobiology of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the equatorial Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 1218)

Planktonic foraminifera from a continuous Oligocene succession with clear magnetochronology and sediment cycles at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1218 (equatorial Pacific Ocean) were studied in the interval from 27 to 30 Ma. Paragloborotalia taxa are common and we examined their size, relative abundance, and stable isotopes. Multispecies stable isotope data indicate the depth habitats of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera and suggest that “Globoquadrina” venezuelana and Dentoglobigerina globularis were probably mixed-layer dwellers, with paragloborotaliids recording heavier δ 18 O signatures consistent with a thermocline habitat. Cyclic variations in the abundance of Paragloborotalia match eccentricity (100 kyr) variations in percent carbonate and δ 13 C, suggesting orbitally forced upwelling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and that Paragloborotalia were responding directly to changes in surface water productivity. The high-resolution biostratigraphy calibrated to the magnetochronology constrains the extinction of Paragloborotalia opima which marks the top of Planktonic Foraminifera Biozone O5 (P21b) at 27.456 Ma. The highest occurrence of P. opima is associated with a 50% size decrease in Paragloborotalia pseudocontinuosa taxa within Chron 9n. In addition, we find the extinction of Chiloguembelina cubensis is consistent with other deep-sea sections within Chron 10n at 28.426 Ma marking the O4/O5 (P21a/P21b) boundary.
Direct comparisons of inhibitor sensitivities of reverse transcriptases from feline and human immunodeficiency viruses.

Abstract The sensitivities of reverse transcriptases (RTs) from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) were directly compared. The two enzymes had similar sensitivities to three analogs of dTTP, namely, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine 5'-triphosphate. Each of these analogs demonstrated competitive inhibition of both enzymes. Ki values for inhibition of FIV RT by these three inhibitors were 3.3, 6.7, and 1.8 nM, respectively; Ki values for inhibition of the HIV enzyme were 6.5, 5.9, and 8.3 nM, respectively. Ratios of the Ki for the inhibitor to the Km for the substrate were also determined for each inhibitor, and no differences between the two enzymes greater than threefold were observed. Inhibition constants for 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate and 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate were determined for FIV RT, and these were similar to published values for HIV RT. The activities of three dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates against FIV RT were determined; ddGTP was slightly more potent than ddTTP, whereas both were much more effective than ddCTP. The activity of a noncompetitive inhibitor, phosphonoformate, was also examined with the FIV enzyme; it was much more active with poly(rA)-oligo(dT) as the template-primer than with poly(rC)-oligo(dG) or poly(rI)-oligo(dC).
The locally supersymmetric geometrical hierarchy model

We examine the locally supersymmetric geometrical hierarchy model at energies below the unification mass, MGU. The superfield content, for which the theory has acceptable values of MGu and sin20w, is discussed. We show that radiative corrections induce the spontaneous breakdown of SU(2) × U(1) to U(1)EM for a top quark mass of 100-200 GeV. In theories with two color triplet Higgs superfields a lower bound of O(101 s -1016 GeV) on the supersymmetry breaking parameter, #, is derived.
Stability of synchronous oscillations in a periodic network.

We derived a stability criterion for the totally synchronized state of a periodic network of coupled functional units. The periodicity constraint was the key assumption in deriving our circulant matrix-based stability criterion. The functional units were nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. We assumed exponentially decaying coupling strength versus distance in order to reduce the number of control parameters that would have been introduced due to the functional units’ coupling. As a concrete example, we determined the stability domain of the synchronous state for logistic type functional units.
Theory of Mind Performance in Children Correlates With Functional Specialization of a Brain Region for Thinking About Thoughts

Thinking about other people’s thoughts recruits a specific group of brain regions, including the temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ), precuneus (PC), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). The same brain regions were recruited when children (N = 20, 5–11 years) and adults (N = 8) listened to descriptions of characters’ mental states, compared to descriptions of physical events. Between ages 5 and 11 years, responses in the bilateral TPJ became increasingly specific to stories describing mental states as opposed to people’s appearance and social relationships. Functional activity in the right TPJ was related to children’s performance on a high level theory of mind task. These findings provide insights into the origin of neural mechanisms of theory of mind, and how behavioral and neural changes can be related in development. As human adults, we spend much of our time thinking about the actions and thoughts of others: We predict and explain others’ actions, interpret their speech and gestures, make moral and legal decisions about their actions, and more. What underlies all of these impressive and distinctively human behaviors is the capacity to infer and reason about unobservable mental states, a ‘‘theory of mind’’ (ToM). With the recent advent of noninvasive methods to study the neural basis of human cognitive functions, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have discovered a set of brain regions that are selectively recruited for ToM tasks (Frith & Frith, 2003; Saxe & Kanwisher, 2003), including the bilateral temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ), precuneus (PC), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC).
The First Two Laws of Hsieh Ho

The six conditions for good painting set by Hsieh Ho in the fifth century a.d. were apparently the first Chinese attempt at a systematic approach to the theory of the art. Their primacy ensured them the respect of later centuries; and since they satisfied the general requirements of classical lore by being at once ancient, terse, and superficially simple about a core of mystery, they came as early as T'ang to acquire a unique weight of authority. The emphasis given them, by quotation and long discussion, in the theoretical sections of the first two grand histories of Chinese painting–Chang Yen-yuan's in the ninth century and Kuo Jo-hsu's in the eleventh–is an obvious sign of high esteem. To these instances might be added countless others, throughout the later literature of the art, in which the Six Laws or the name of their author appear in a place of honor.
Dimer acid structures. The dehydro‐dimer from methyl stearate and di‐tertiary‐butyl peroxide

Previous work by Sutton, and by Harrison, McCaleb and Wheeler has shown that methyl stearate is converted to dimers plus higher polymers by the action of di-t-butyl peroxide. The latter suggested that in the dimer, there was considerable linkage at carbon 2, the carbon α- to the COOCH3 group, since the dimer ester was incompletely saponified by the usual procedures.
Pancreas Transplantation in Diabetic Humans Normalizes Hepatic Glucose Production During Hypoglycemia

Although successful pancreas transplantation in humans with type I diabetes mellitus restores glucose-induced insulin secretion, provides freedom from insulin treatment, and normalizes fasting glucose levels, much less is known about its effects on counterregulation of hypoglycemia. To determine whether pancreas transplantation normalizes glucagon secretion and hepatic glucose production (HGP) during hypoglycemia, we performed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps in successful recipients of pancreas allografts. Recipients were found to have glucagon secretory responses during hypoglycemia that were similar to those of control subjects (incremental glucagon response: recipients, 147 +/- 34 ng/L; control subjects, 161 +/- 43 ng/L, NS) but were significantly higher than those of matched subjects with type I diabetes (23 +/- 9 ng/L, P < 0.01). HGP rates at the end of 120 min of hypoglycemia were also significantly higher in recipients and control subjects than in subjects with diabetes (pancreas recipients, 1.92 +/- 0.33 mg.kg-1.min-1; control subjects, 2.05 +/- 0.18 mg.kg-1.min-1; subjects with type I diabetes, 0.58 +/- 0.12 mg.kg-1.min-1). A comparison with a third group of nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients demonstrated that the beneficial effects on glucose counterregulation were a result of pancreas transplantation and not the associated immunosuppressive therapy. We conclude that pancreas transplantation restores hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion and HGP, thereby allowing for normalization of glucose recovery from hypoglycemia.
Prospects for the Elimination of Tastes from Economics and Ethics

De gustibus non est disputandum . This maxim reflects a fundamental problem both for the study of markets and for the concern with morals. The problem is the intractability of tastes coupled with their indispensability for both positive and normative economics. Tastes are indispensable in positive microeconomic theory because, under the label ‘preferences,’ they, together with expectations, determine choice and behavior. Tastes are equally indispensable to welfare economics' conception of morally permissible arrangements, because these arrangements must reflect compromises between competing and conflicting preferences.
The local discontinuous Galerkin method for contaminant transport

Abstract We develop a discontinuous finite element method for advection–diffusion equations arising in contaminant transport problems, based on the Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method of Cockburn B and Shu CW. (The local discontinuous Garlerkin method for time-dependent convection–diffusion systems. SIAM J Numer Anal 1998;35:2440–63). This method is defined locally over each element, thus allowing for the use of different approximating polynomials in different elements. Furthermore, the elements do not have to conform, or “match-up” at interfaces. The method has a built-in upwinding mechanism for added stability. Moreover, it is conservative. We describe the method for multi-dimensional systems of equations with possibly non-linear adsorption terms, and provide some numerical results in both one and two dimensions. These results examine the accuracy of the method, and its ability to approximate solutions to some linear and non-linear problems arising in contaminant transport.
Effects of lesion laterality on the Satz-Mogel WAIS-R short form.

Effects of lateralized brain damage on the Satz-Mogel (1962) WAIS-R short form were examined. Patients (N = 65) were assigned to groups based on diffuse, predominantly left, or predominantly right brain damage. Overall, results supported the validity of the Satz-Mogel short-form IQs with neurological patients, although there were significant ANOVA results for various subtests when original scores were compared to short-form scores. A comparison of groups in regard to the number of deviations (i.e., +/- 3) from original WAIS-R subtests raised questions with regard to the effects of lesion laterality on certain short-form subtest scores. Criteria for evaluating short forms and issues for further research are discussed.
The interdependence between the collapse phenomenon and the avalanche breakdown in AlGaAs/GaAs power heterojunction bipolar transistors

An undesirable phenomenon which can occur in a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) operating at high power density (and thus high junction temperature) is the collapse of current gain. The collapse manifests itself with a significant decrease of collector current in the transistor common-emitter current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Previously, the interaction between the collapse and carrier ionization multiplication in the collector was only qualitatively described. In this study, we present a theoretical analysis modeling such interaction. From the calculated results, we establish that the previous qualitative description of the interdependence of the collapse and the avalanche breakdown, while being mostly accurate, requires modification. >
Relationship Between Students' Emotional Intelligence, Social Bond, and Interactions in Online Learning

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between students’ emotional intelligence, social bond, and their interactions in an online learning environment. The research setting in this study was a 100% online master’s degree program within a university located in the Midwest of the United States. Eighty-four students participated in the study. Using canonical correlation analysis, statistically significant relationships were found between students’ emotional intelligence, social bond, and the interactions that occurred naturally in the educational setting. The results showed that students’ ability to perceive emotion by facial expression was negatively related to the number of text and audio messages sent during synchronous interaction. Additionally, the ability of students to perceive emotion was positively related to peer bonding. Lastly, students’ bond to their online program was associated with management type interaction during synchronous discussion sessions. Several implications for online learning practitioners and researchers are discussed. Keyword Emotional intelligence, Social bond, Online interactions
The Ring Doesn't Mean a Thing: Molecular Data Suggest a New Taxonomy for Two Pacific Species of Sea Hares (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae)

Morphological and molecular data obtained from Hawaiian sea hares identified as Aplysia dactylomela (Rang) and Aplysia pulmonica (Gould) revealed that they belong to the same species. A review of the literature shows that the name A. pulmonica has been used inconsistently, but the specimens we examined match the original description of the species. Two other closely related species, Aplysia kurodai (Baba) and Aplysia oculifera (Adams & Reeve), are distinct. In addition, Caribbean specimens of A. dactylomela are genetically and morphologically distinct from Indo-Pacific A. dactylomela. Because the name A. dactylomela was introduced for Atlantic specimens, it is here proposed that the name Aplysia argus (Ruppell & Leuckart) should be used for Indo-Pacific sea hares previously identified as A. dactylomela.
Emerging Equity Markets in a Globalizing World

Given the dramatic globalization over the past twenty years, does it make sense to segregate global equities into “developed” and “emerging” market buckets? We argue that the answer is still yes. While correlations between developed and emerging markets have increased, the process of integration of these markets into world markets is incomplete. To some degree, this accounts for the disparity between emerging equity market capitalization in investable world equity market benchmarks versus emerging market economies in the world economy. Currently, emerging markets account for more than 30% of world GDP. However, they only account for 12.6% of world equity capitalization. Interestingly, this incomplete integration along with the relatively small equity market capitalization creates potentially attractive investment opportunities. Our research has important policy implications for institutional fund management.
Accuracy of Interpolation between Scale Graduations

This study is concerned with the accuracy with which subjects can interpolate the position of a pointer or index between two scale graduations. Each of 20 subjects estimated the position of a mark on each of 99 5-in, linear, ungraduated scales. Estimates were given in units over the range 0–100 units. The median error was only 1.5% of the distance between the two marked graduations. Accuracy was greatest at the ends and middle of the scale. The data indicate that interpolation of fifths and even tenths will provide accuracy satisfactory for most situations.
Teacher Education Reform: Lessons from the Past Half Century:

Bush describes several major attempts at reform that have occurred over the past half century. Efforts to restructure teacher education are not new, asserts the author. What we now need is to crit ically examine all of the reports that have been issued and to determine what next steps are warranted based on historical lessons and the current knowledge base.
Inhibition of p34cdc2 Kinase Activation, p34cdc2 Tyrosine Dephosphorylation, and Mitotic Progression in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Exposed to Etoposide

p34cdc2 kinase, an enzyme essential for mitosis in mammalian cells, may play a role in etoposide-induced G2 phase arrest of Chinese hamster ovary cells. In this study, etoposide is shown to cause inhibition of a specific p34cdc2 kinase activation pathway, that of tyrosine dephosphorylation. Exposure of asynchronously dividing cells to etoposide caused a simultaneous rapid decline of both mitotic index and p34cdc2 kinase activity, suggesting that the kinase was not activated and that the arrest point was in late G2 phase. Using synchronized cells, p34cdc2 kinase exhibited maximal activity at the G2/M transition. Activation of the kinase and the onset of mitosis were accompanied by increased electrophoretic mobility and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the p34cdc2 protein. A 1-h exposure to etoposide during early G2 phase inhibited p34cdc2 kinase activation, its shift in electrophoretic mobility, and its tyrosine dephosphorylation, all of which correlated with a delay in mitotic progression. The interaction between the p34cdc2 and cyclin B proteins appeared unaffected under etoposide exposure conditions which resulted in greater than 70% inhibition of p34cdc2 kinase activity and almost complete cessation of transition into mitosis. These data suggest that mammalian cells express a DNA damage-responsive mechanism which controls mitotic progression at the level of p34cdc2 tyrosine dephosphorylation.
Millions of Life-Years Saved with Potent Antiretroviral Drugs in the United States: A Celebration, with Challenges

gained from multidrug antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) since 1989 [1]. Their finding of ~3 million years of life saved in the United States quantifies ART benefits at the population level, complementing the well-known data on plummeting US death rates and lower AIDS case report rates noted in the era of potent therapy [2, 3]. The authors' detailed sensitivity analyses, varying key estimated parameters in their models, indicate that less-conservative assumptions generate an estimate of>5 million years of life saved, a plausible "higher-end" estimate of benefit. The typical HIV-infected person now receiving potent combination ART lives at least 13-14 years longer than if he or she were to forego this therapy or if it were otherwise unavailable [1]. Quantifying the survival benefits of expanded diagnosis and modern care suggests that the economic and humanitarian benefits are greater than were hitherto appreciated. Developing drugs, testing them without undue delay, accelerating their regulatory approval, and making them widely available have saved lives (table 1). That an average of ~200,000 persons in the United States have lived an additional year in each of the past 15 years suggests the gift given to those in need from the labor of many [1]. Drugs are discovered and developed by biochemists, pharmaceutical developers, animal modelers, formulation chemists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and many others in the pharmaceutical industry, in academia, at research institutes, and in government. Drugs are tested for safety and efficacy by clinical-trials experts, research-study nurses, clinical-trials volunteers, community activists, government scientists and science managers, community workers, health-care providers, pharmacists, ethical-review staff, and allied health workers. After drug approval through the work of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory-oversight experts, implementation depends on health-care workers, blood bankers, social workers, mental-health professionals, substanceabuse treatment providers, journalists, science writers, medical editors, spiritual leaders, corporate and small business leaders, enlightened insurers, and family and friends of patients challenged to receive lifelong polypharmacy. (Of course, our public-health workers in health education and promotion, epidemiology, and community prevention efforts are credited, together with community prevention activists, for laboring to reduce the need for these drugs altogether.) Political and policy leaders influence research and care investments even as health activists push the system to be more responsive and efficient. Central to implementation are the HIVinfected persons themselves, who, by the tens of thousands, keep their appointments, take pills, eliminate or reduce highrisk behaviors, and support peers who struggle with the promising but complex world of daily, lifelong therapy. The model of Walensky et al. gives all of us, from our complementary disciplines, cause for celebration.
Use of pH and pE measurements during methane biosynthesis

Methane biosynthesis within the anaerobic ecosystem results from the diphasic conversion of complex organic substrates through a series of biologically mediated oxidation-reduction reactions which arc pH dependent. Routine parametric analysis of the products emanating from the corresponding acid and methane fermentation phases of the anaerobic digestion process provide a basis for determination of process condition and efficiency. Of these analyses, pH and electrode potential of pE are intensive parameters of considerable significance but for which interpretation is often difficult and misleading. Attention has been focussed on the analogy and distinction between pH and pE determinations and their application to the anaerobic ecosystem. Theoretical and practical limitations are discussed and experimental evidence presented which supports the possible use of pH and pE determinations for process evaluation and control.
Justinian Caire and Santa Cruz Island: The Rise and Fall of a California Dynasty. By Frederic Caire Chiles. (Norman, OK: Arthur H. Clark Company, 2011. Pp. 240. $34.95.)

This well‐written and thoroughly researched history of the Justinian Caire family and their ownership of Santa Cruz Island holds its own against such popular television programs as Dynasty or Dalla...
Diagnostic Tools For The Elevator Business

Although much has been written about elevator maintenance from the engineering perspective, little has been written about elevator maintenance from a business perspective. This paper explores some of the business diagnostic tools useful in evaluating elevator maintenance performance and setting elevator performance objectives. These tools may also be applied to other types of maintenance operations.
Stories and assessments of plausibility

Perhaps the best known model of people's beliefs under uncertainty is that of subjective or personalistic probabilities. A decision theoretic justification for this model is provided by the appeal of Savage's (1954) axioms. In his theory, the objects of choice are acts, functions from a set of possible states to a set of consequences. The agent is assumed to possess preferences---formally a binary relation---over the set of acts. Savage shows that the agent's preference relation satisfies certain normative axioms if and only if she behaves as an expected utility maximizer.
Neoplasms of the Liver and Biliary System

The liver is the site of many epithelial and mesenchymal tumors, both benign and malignant. The commonest benign tumor, the cavernous hemangioma, does not arise from specialized cells of the liver such as hepatocytes or biliary epithelium, but rather from the ubiquitous endothelial cell. Most hemangiomas are incidental findings at autopsy or laparotomy. Similarly, the commonest malignancy of the liver does not arise from specialized cells of the liver; metastatic involvement by tumors from distant sites such as the colon, lung, and pancreas represents the commonest malignant tumor of the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest malignant liver tumor arising in cirrhosis, which is the most important risk factor for development of this tumor. Thus, HCC in cirrhotic livers greater outnumber those in noncirrhotic livers. Certain etiologic agents underlying cirrhosis such as hepatitis B virus, aflatoxin, and tyrosinemia impart additional and independent risk for the development of HCC. HCC comprises 80–90% of all primary liver tumors in adults, while cholangiocarcinoma, a tumor arising from biliary epithelium, comprises 10–20% of such tumors. Hepatoblastoma is the commonest primary malignant liver tumor in children.
Postnatal Development of Ionic Currents in Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes In Situ

Bordey, Angelique and Harald Sontheimer. Postnatal development of ionic currents in rat hippocampal astrocytes in situ. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 461–477, 1997. Developmental changes in ion channel expr...
How Important is the Board of Directors to REIT Performance

Executive Summary. With the emergence of the “new” real estate investment trusts (REITs) over the last decade, the question of corporate governance is of particular interest to investors and managers of REIT portfolios. This paper analyzes the structure of the board of directors for a sample of REITs and examines the relationship between board structure and REIT performance. A board index is constructed that assigns higher scores to boards with good governance—small size, majority outside directors, and not chaired by the CEO. The findings indicate that while good boards are associated with superior average performance, the effect is significant only for the best and worst boards. For firms where the management appears to have traded off positive board attributes against their power and influence on the board, the net effect on performance is insignificant.
Choline-Esterase Activity of Human Sera, with Special Reference to Hyperthyroidism.

SummaryThe acetylcholine esterase activity of the blood serum was determined in 500 individuals including normal and pathological cases. A modification of the Ammon gasometric method was utilized. The acetylcholine esterase was relatively high in cases of untreated hyperthyroidism.The acetylcholine esterase activity may be one of the elements related to the so-called sympathicotonicity or vagotonicity of an individual.
Quantum lithography with classical light

The concept of performing quantum lithography with classical, instead of entangled, light is of great interest for practical implementation. One recent proposal [Hemmer, Muthukrishnan, Scully, and Zubairy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163603 (2006)] to accomplish this was based on the use of frequency selective multiphoton transitions in a two-level atom. To analyze this possibility we investigate a four-level system theoretically and show that a high-resolution lithography is possible. We quantitatively identify conditions under which high-contrast lithography can be performed without sacrificing high resolution. The approach is a perturbative density matrix method. This model identifies the tradeoff between resolution and contrast as being due to higher-order terms from intermediate-level Rabi oscillations. We propose using positive and negative one-photon detunings to suppress this effect. Allowing higher Rabi frequencies means that shorter interaction time can be used, and this overcomes the degradation in contrast due to population decay. Finally, we generalize our scheme to $\mathbit{N}$-photon lithography.
Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation of peptide hormone diastereoisomers

Diastereoisomers of specifically labeled oxytocin derivatives were resolved using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The peptides [1-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [6-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [2-DL-[alpha-2H]tyrosine]oxytocin and[8-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin were readily separated using the conditions described. The diastereoisomers of the oxytocin analog [3-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin also demonstrated baseline resolution under the same conditions. The procedure offers the investigator a rapid method for screening synthetic oxytocin peptides for undesirable diastereoisomeric by-products.
Fractal characteristic of the Chinese stock market complex network

By using the threshold method,this paper constructs the Chinese stock market complex network and analyzes the fractal characteristics of the network from the dimensions of time and space.Firstly,the static network is analyzed with the fractal geometry theory,from which the fractal dimension of the network is obtained.The result shows that the fractal dimension decreases with the threshold.Then,based on the R/S analysis method,this paper analyzes the time series of the clustering coefficient of network.The result illustrates that the time series show the long memory and persistence.And in the long time window,this result is more trustworthy.Approximately,the Hurst index increases when the time window and the threshold increase.The cycle increases when the time window increases and the threshold decreases.It illustrates that in the real market,the trader's group behavior inertia is stronger in the case of long time window and high correlation stocks,and the cycle of the trader's group behavior inertia is longer in the case of long time window and low correlation stocks.
Rotation Flaps-Principles and Locations.

Background The rotation flap is a classic method of tissue rearrangement. It is a simple yet effective tool for recruiting tissue from areas of laxity and redirecting vectors of tension to reconstruct wounds not amenable to primary closure. Objective This article presents the basic design principles and specific applications of the rotation flap in dermatologic surgery. Methods A Medline search of articles describing rotation flaps published prior to April 1, 2015 was performed, and several prominent texts in dermatologic surgery were reviewed. Results Information gathered from the above sources is combined with the clinical experience of the author and editors to present surgeons with a guide for planning and executing various rotation flaps. Conclusions Mastering the technique of the rotation flap will allow a surgeon to repair a wide variety of cutaneous defects.
The ecological and physiological costs of lead shot and immunological challenge to developing western bluebirds.

We investigated the interacting effects of a nonpathogenic immunological challenge and exposure to lead shot early in the development of nestling western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana). Nestlings were randomly assigned to each of six treatments of an incomplete block design with two antigen treatments, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and four lead shot treatments (no shot, one shot – 0.05 g, 2 shots – 0.1 g, or three shots – 0.15 g). Survival functions did not differ between the lead treatment groups, and there were no effects of lead treatments on weight, growth rates, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or antibody response. NDV- and SRBC-treated birds survived better than control birds which may be due to an adjuvant-activation of the entire immune system. However, FA was greater in individuals in the NDV and SRBC treatment groups, suggesting a tradeoff between growth and immunocompetence. Cell-mediated response to phytohemagglutinin of the high-lead treatment groups was significantly less than other groups. Hematocrit increased with age and weight, and was not affected by lead or antigen. While in this study the shape of the growth curve, FA, cell-mediated immunity, and behavior were affected by the higher dose of lead shot, actual lead concentrations in blood are needed to verify this process. Antigenic stress was documented in nestling developmental stability and there were no measured effect of both the lead shot and immunological challenge in combination.
Rethinking Asylum: Asylum, Temporary Protection, and the Refugee Policy Toolkit

I have so far argued that asylum is a distinctive mode of refugee relief because it is expressive rather than merely palliative. That sets it apart from other refugee policy tools, such as humanitarian protection and in situ relief aid. This chapter further explores asylum's place in the refugee policy toolkit. In particular, I address two questions. First, what is the nature of the remedy that asylum offers to persecuted people? Should they be entitled to remain indefinitely in the state of refuge? Should they be eligible to become citizens? Or should asylum instead be granted for a presumptively temporary period? I argue that persecuted people should receive membership in the state of refuge, and that the necessity of that remedy further distinguishes asylum from other refugee policy tools. I also explore the proper scope of humanitarian protection available to non-persecuted refugees. Second, how should states, which have limited resources to devote to refugee policy, allocate them among various refugee policy tools? If the ultimate goal of refugee policy is to save the most lives possible, one might question whether resources expended on asylum are well spent. First, asylum has a “proximity bias”: it is available only to refugees who manage to enter the territory of the state of refuge. But those refugees might not be the most in need of help.
VDI: Third Times a Charm When Comes to Digital Signage.

Starting in 2010 and culminating in 2015, the College of Business at the University of Oregon implemented Digital Signage. This process began in 2010, with Virtual Desktops and ended in 2015 with Virtual Desktops. However, during the middle three years, Digital Signage ran on Mac Minis. This poster will show you how we display digital signage today. In person you will see a current sign, working remotely, via a Virtual Desktop. The paper that accompanies this poster will outline our three step process, why we made the mistakes we did, and where we sit today.
Infliximab for the Treatment of Neurosarcoidosis: The Mayo Clinic Experience (P2.164)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if infliximab is potentially efficacious as a rescue therapy for neurosarcoidosis. BACKGROUND: The mainstay of treatment for neurosarcoidosis has been corticosteroid therapy. High dose corticosteroid therapy carries undesirable side effects. There has been increasing use of the tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF α) antagonist antibody, infliximab, for treatment of neurosarcoidosis, but there are no controlled trials. This study reports a series of 30 cases of neurosarcoidosis treated with a standardized dose of infliximab therapy at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients treated with infliximab for the diagnosis of probable or definite neurosarcoidosis, and corticosteroid refractory disease, corticosteroid intolerance, or personal concerns about corticosteroid side effects. The primary end point was the ability to achieve a positive biological response after infliximab treatment. A "positive biological response", was defined as meeting at least one of three criteria after receiving infliximab: 1) clinical improvement, as documented on serial neurological examination 2) improvement or resolution of contrast enhancing lesions due to neurosarcoidosis on MRI, and/or 3) resolution of pleocytosis on repeat cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The standard infliximab infusion regimen was 5 mg/kg at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, followed by monthly infusions thereafter, for a minimum of 5 doses, or 3 months. RESULTS: 26 of the 30 patients meeting inclusion criteria (86[percnt]) received a positive biological response after the initial treatment course. After the standard course of infliximab, 25 of 30 showed documented neurological exam improvement, 21 of 28 showed improvement of contrast enhancement on MRI, 5 out of 5 patients showed resolution of CSF pleocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that infliximab produces a biological response for exacerbations in patients with neurosarcoidosis. A controlled trial to see if infliximab as a single agent therapy is efficacious for rescue therapy for neurosarcoidosis is warranted. Disclosure: Dr. Stitt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aksamit has nothing to disclose. Dr. Utz has nothing to disclose.
Differenzen im Verstehen: Die Kulturelle Heterogenität mentaler Repräsentationen und Emotionen. Eine Pilotstudie an Migranten und Nichtmigranten.

Der Ausgangspunkt unserer Uberlegungen waren Untersuchungen, die kulturelle Unterschiede im Denken, Handeln und Fuhlen nachwiesen. Die zentrale Frage-stellung unseres Projektes war, ob Emotionen und mentale Reprasentationen kulturspezifische Unterschiede aufweisen, die die Wahrnehmungs- und Ver-stehensprozesse beeinflussen. Um diese kulturelle Heterogenitat auf neuronaler Ebene nachzuweisen, wurde eine fMRT-Untersuchung geplant und Probanden aus zwei unterschiedlichen Kulturkreisen gesucht. Unser Ansatz verfolgte das Ziel, kulturelle Pragungen festzustellen, da wir davon ausgehen, dass die Kultur, in der wir sozialisiert sind, auch die Areale unseres Gehirns beeinflusst und ver-andert. Auch wenn die menschliche Grundausstattung uberwiegend gleich ist, verandern kulturelle Prozesse das Verstandnis unserer Wirklichkeit und haben Einfluss auf Denken, Fuhlen und Handeln.
Nature, Nurture and Juvenile Delinquency

Studies have found that heredity (nature) predisposes people to genetic diseases and traits both physiological and psychological. However, nurture which is the environmental sequence or social factor that jump-starts negative genetic predispositions when it comes to psychopathology. Therefore, most modern psychologists see juvenile delinquency as a multifactor problem based upon nature (heredity & predisposition) and nurture (environment; learning and maladaption).
Representative day selection using statistical bootstrapping for accelerating annual distribution simulations

Capturing technical and economic impacts of solar photovoltaics (PV) and other distributed energy resources (DERs) on electric distribution systems can require high-time resolution (e.g. 1 minute), long-duration (e.g. 1 year) simulations. However, such simulations can be computationally prohibitive, particularly when including complex control schemes in quasi-steady-state time series (QSTS) simulation. Various approaches have been used in the literature to down select representative time segments (e.g. days), but typically these are best suited for lower time resolutions or consider only a single data stream (e.g. PV production) for selection. We present a statistical approach that combines stratified sampling and bootstrapping to select representative days while also providing a simple method to reassemble annual results. We describe the approach in the context of a recent study with a utility partner. This approach enables much faster QSTS analysis by simulating only a subset of days, while maintaining accurate annual estimates.
Addendum and corrigendum to “Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase by PUGNAc is dependent upon the oxime stereochemistry”: [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (2006) 837–846]

Addendum and corrigendum to ‘‘Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase by PUGNAc is dependent upon the oxime stereochemistry’’ [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (2006) 837–846] Melissa Perreira, Eun Ju Kim, Craig J. Thomas* and John A. Hanover Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Comparative analysis of respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor.

Purpose To present and evaluate a straightforward implementation of a marker-less, respiratory motion-tracking process utilizing Kinect v2 camera as a gating tool during 4DCT or during radiotherapy treatments. Methods Utilizing the depth sensor on the Kinect as well as author written C# code, respiratory motion of a subject was tracked by recording depth values obtained at user selected points on the subject, with each point representing one pixel on the depth image. As a patient breathes, specific anatomical points on the chest/abdomen will move slightly within the depth image across pixels. By tracking how depth values change for a specific pixel, instead of how the anatomical point moves throughout the image, a respiratory trace can be obtained based on changing depth values of the selected pixel. Tracking these values was implemented via marker-less setup. Varian's RPM system and the Anzai belt system were used in tandem with the Kinect to compare respiratory traces obtained by each using two different subjects. Results Analysis of the depth information from the Kinect for purposes of phase- and amplitude-based binning correlated well with the RPM and Anzai systems. Interquartile Range (IQR) values were obtained comparing times correlated with specific amplitude and phase percentages against each product. The IQR time spans indicated the Kinect would measure specific percentage values within 0.077 s for Subject 1 and 0.164 s for Subject 2 when compared to values obtained with RPM or Anzai. For 4DCT scans, these times correlate to less than 1 mm of couch movement and would create an offset of 1/2 an acquired slice. Conclusion By tracking depth values of user selected pixels within the depth image, rather than tracking specific anatomical locations, respiratory motion can be tracked and visualized utilizing the Kinect with results comparable to that of the Varian RPM and Anzai belt.
Community Organizing and Educational Change

As recently as the late 1990s, the concept of community organizing for educational change would scarcely have registered a blip on the proverbial screen of most change theorists. The first foray into research on this topic, documenting the origins, growth, and impacts of the “Alliance Schools” of the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) in Texas (Shirley, 1997), generated some interest, but many considered the Alliance Schools to be an idiosyncratic appearance on the educational landscape and expected community organizing for educational change to dissipate as had so many other change efforts before it. After all, what were the chances that a network of schools organized through community-based organizations (CBOs) founded by the flamboyant, willfully adversarial Saul Alinsky, with institutional membership made up of inner-city African American and Latino churches, could have any lasting impacts on low-achieving schools in a state as famously conservative as Texas? Furthermore, unlike the Accelerated Schools, the Comer Schools, or the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Alliance Schools lacked a powerful, well-positioned academic leader such as Hank Levin (at Stanford), James Comer (at Yale), or Ted Sizer (at Brown) heading the network, with a resultant diminished impact on education anticipated.
Collaborative Manufacturing for Mass Customization

This chapter examines the role of supply chain collaboration in a manufacturing environment where products are mass customized. Specifically, we look at how the structure of the supply chain influences performance where decisions between tiers are coordinated and when product differentiation is postponed through product and process design. We submit that the resulting component commonality has a beneficial effect on the bullwhip effect and on overall performance, and investigate the planning conditions under which these benefits are realized.
What Impedes Oil and Gas Companies’ Transparency?

We examine determinants of oil and gas companies’ transparency in reporting on business activities in host countries where they operate. We find that our index of transparency across host countries...
Some Substantial Exercises

We shall not use the contents of this section until the chapter on series, and even then we use only the estimate of (n!)1/n. Thus this chapter may be skipped entirely. We include it mostly for reference, and to provide some good exercises for those interested.
The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is a Critical Regulator of HIV Latency in Human Microglial Cells

We have developed models of HIV latency using microglia derived from adult human patient brain cortex and transformed with the SV40 T large and hTERT antigens. Latent clones infected by HIV reporter viruses display high levels of spontaneous HIV reactivation in culture. BrainPhys, a medium highly representative of the CNS extracellular environment, containing low glucose and 1% FBS, reduced, but did not prevent, HIV reactivation. We hypothesized that spontaneous HIV reactivation in culture was due to the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, taking place in the absence of the natural inhibitory signals from astrocytes and neurons. Indeed, expression and secretion of TNF-α is strongly reduced in HIV-latently infected microglia compared to the subset of cells that have undergone spontaneous HIV reactivation. Whereas inhibitors of NF-κB or of macrophage activation only had a short-term silencing effect, addition of dexamethasone (DEXA), a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist and mediator of anti-inflammation, silenced the HIV provirus in a long-term, and shRNA-mediated knock-down of GR activated HIV. DEXA also decreased secretion of a number of cytokines, including TNF-α. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that DEXA strongly increased GR occupancy at the HIV promoter, and reduced histone 3 acetylated levels. Moreover, TNF-α expression inhibitors in combination with DEXA induced further HIV silencing and increased the histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylated epigenetic mark of repression at the HIV promoter region. We conclude that GR is a critical repressor of HIV transcription in microglia, and a novel potential pharmacological target to restrict HIV expression in the CNS.