cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Oxidative and Bactericidal Functions in Chronic Granulomatous Disease with 4‐Amino‐4′‐4 Hyndroxylaminodiphenyl Sulphone

In an effort to restore oxidant-dependent capabilities to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), we studied a dapsone derivative, 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS-NOH), known to generate H2O2. After incubation of CGD PMN with 0.2 and 1.0 mM DDS-NOH for 30 min, the rate of glucose-1-14C oxidation via hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt increased 2--4-fold and that of iodination of ingested zymosan particles 1.5--2.7-fold. Both effects could be further enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) but inhibited by catalase. In three patients, 0.2 mM DDS-NOH improved in vitro killing of Staph. aureus. DDS-NOH 0.02 mM induced capping of Concanavalin A (Con A) receptor complexes suggesting interference by the drug with microtubule-associated function. Thus, optimal concentrations of DDS-NOH may be employed as an oxidant to improve metabolic and bactericidal functions of PMN from patients with CGD.
Microencapsulation of hemoglobin in liposomes using a double emulsion, film dehydration/rehydration approach.

Abstract A double emulsion, film dehydration/rehydration approach was developed for encapsulation of hemoglobin (Hb) at high concentration in liposomes. The liposome-encapsulated Hb (LEH) membrane was formulated to contain either phosphatidylinositol (PI) or polyethyleneglycol phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) along with partially hydrogenated egg-PC, cholesterol, and α-tocopherol in a molar ratio of 0.1:1:1:0.02, respectively. The methods introduced in this study followed a multi-step procedure. First, a primary emulsion of Hb in organic solvent containing dissolved lipids was formed. Next, the emulsion was dispersed into an aqueous continuous phase to form a water-in-oil-in-water type double emulsion. Other than the lipids noted above, no surfactants were used in this system. The double emulsion was then converted to LEH by the following steps: evaporating the organic solvent; dehydrating the water to form a dry, thin Hb-lipid film; rehydrating the film in Hb solution to form the LEH; reducing the size of the LEH using ‘microfluidization’ i.e., high pressure/hydrodynamic shear; and lastly washing the down-sized LEH in buffer. Physico-chemical properties of the model LEH were measured, including oxygen content, encapsulated Hb concentration, oxygen affinity and cooperativity, vesicular size distribution, viscosity, and stability. The suitability of LEH prepared in this manner as a red blood cell substitute was shown using continuous isovolemic exchange transfusion techniques in a small animal model: clearance, efficacy and acute toxicity were evaluated.
Bounding Causal Effects Under Uncontrolled Confounding Using Counterfactuals

Common sensitivity analysis methods for unmeasured confounders provide a corrected point estimate of causal effect for each specified set of unknown parameter values. This article reviews alternative methods for generating deterministic nonparametric bounds on the magnitude of the causal effect using linear programming methods and potential outcomes models. The bounds are generated using only the observed table. We then demonstrate how these bound widths may be reduced through assumptions regarding the potential outcomes under various exposure regimens. We illustrate this linear programming approach using data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. These bounds on causal effect under uncontrolled confounding complement standard sensitivity analyses by providing a range within which the causal effect must lie given the validity of the assumptions.
Venous claudication successfully treated by distal superficial femoral—to—greater saphenous venous bypass *

Abstract Chronic venous disease of the lower extremities is a clinical entity that is commonly encountered by practicing physicians. The problem is usually a direct consequence of a previous episode of deep venous thrombosis. Patients so afflicted suffer from a distinct series of symptoms that are grouped under the term "postthrombotic" or "postphlebitic" syndrome. These consist of leg edema, stasis dermatitis, ulceration, and sometimes claudication. The causative pathophysiologic features consist of either valvular incompetence and/or main channel obstruction. This report offers a new method of relieving symptoms caused by a superficial femoral vein obstruction. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:870-3.)
Fragment emission from modestly excited nuclear systems

Abstract Fragment emission patterns occurring in nuclear systems of modest excitation are studied. Exclusive measurement of fragment emission in 14 N+ 197 Au reactions at E A = 100, 130 and 156 MeV allows selection of central collisions where a single source dominates the decay. Low threshold measurement of IMF emission for these events allows investigation of the influence of detector threshold effects. The time scale of fragment emission is deduced using fragment-fragment velocity correlations. Comparisons are made to the predictions of a statistical decay model.
Toward Industrial-Scale Fabrication of Nanowire-Based Devices

Although optical lithography is suited for producing intricate architectures, its combination with “bottom-up” approaches becomes a very challenging issue. The challenge is to electrically address the coordinates of millions of nanoparticles (e.g., nanowires) on a given surface. Here, we describe a method that controls the registries of horizontally grown nanowires (NWs) and advances the current state-of-the-art NW device assembly technology. In this architecture, NWs are grown where the nanodevices will later be fabricated on. There is no need to transfer NWs to a different surface or align them. With the use of only three photolithographic steps, this technique allows industrial-scale production of nanodevices. First, an α-plane sapphire surface is patterned with gold nanodroplets. Next, small-diameter zinc oxide NWs are grown selectively on the predefined gold sites. Growth direction of the NW is controlled using the anisotropic crystal match between zinc oxide and the underlying substrate. Subsequentl...
Activation of Trk Neurotrophin Receptor Signaling by Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptides *

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide that acts through G protein-coupled receptors, exerts neuroprotective effects upon many neuronal populations. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms that account for PACAP's trophic effects are not well characterized. Here we have tested the possibility that PACAP uses neurotrophin signaling pathways. We have found that PACAP treatment resulted in an increase in TrkA tyrosine kinase activity in PC12 cells and TrkB activity in hippocampal neurons. The activation of TrkA receptors by PACAP required at least 1 h of treatment and did not involve binding to nerve growth factor. Moreover, PACAP induced an increase in activated Akt through a Trk-dependent mechanism that resulted in increased cell survival after trophic factor withdrawal. The increases in Trk and Akt were blocked by K252a, an inhibitor of Trk receptor activity. In addition, transactivation of TrkA receptors by PACAP could be inhibited with PP1, an inhibitor of Src family kinases or BAPTA/AM, (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester), an intracellular calcium chelator. Therefore, PACAP can exert trophic effects through a mechanism involving Trk receptors and utilization of tyrosine kinase signaling. This ability may explain several neuroprotective actions of PACAP upon neuronal populations after injury, nerve lesion, or neurotrophin deprivation.
Transparency of Mind: The Availability of Subjective Phenomena

One of the prevailing tendencies in the Anglo-American philosophy of mind holds that any elucidation of mental concepts requires attention to the public conventions and social contexts of their proper use. Conceptual analysts have sought to show how the sense of such concepts must be connected to the ways in which they can be acquired by a speaker of a public language and used routinely in communicative situations. In displaying the logical grammar of our mental concepts (the occasions and modalities of their employment), analysts typically furnish examples of mundane social situations from which such concepts obtain their various senses and (which is the same thing) within which they have a part to play. When considered in abstraction from specific circumstances and forms of conduct, the so-called ‘psychological phenomena’ of understanding, intending, thinking, believing, hoping, expecting and others can so easily be pictured in theoretic reflection as purely inner states or processes.
X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Spectroscopic Characterization of Emissions from Combustion of Fossil Fuels

The application of XAFS spectroscopy is described for the determination of the speciation of sulfur and various hazardous or key metals in both coarse (>2.5μm) and fine (<2.5μm) fractions of particulate matter (PM) emitted in three different fossil-fuel combustion processes. The three processes consisted of (i) combustion of residual oil, (ii) combustion of various eastern and western U. S. coals, and (iii) combustion of diesel fuel formulations in an engine. Sulfur was found to exist in mainly sulfate forms in the emissions from all three processes, although minor to significant fractions of the sulfur were also present as thiophenic sulfur, elemental sulfur, and various other sulfur forms, depending on the fossil fuel, the combustion conditions, and the particle size of the collected fraction. Combustion of residual oil tended to form metal sulfates predominantly, although the coarse fractions (PM2.5+) also contained minor amounts of sulfides of Fe, Cu and Ni, while the fine fractions (PM2.5) contained oxides instead of sulfides as their minor components. Due to the presence of aluminosilicates in the coal, metal species in coal emissions were more complex. Chromium was present entirely as Cr3+ in both fine and coarse PM from combustion of eastern U. S. coals, but significant fractions of the chromium were present as more toxic and carcinogenic Cr (VI) species in fine and coarse PM from combustion of western U. S. coals. In contrast, arsenic was present entirely as arsenate (As043-) species in all coal PM samples (and residual oil PM samples), regardless of origin. No evidence was found for the more toxic As (III) oxidation state in any sample. The zinc speciation in PM samples from combustion of coal samples was also found to vary with geographic origin of the coal. Zinc in PM samples from eastern U. S. coals was present mostly as Zn ferrite (ZnFe2O4), while the Zn speciation in PM from western U. S. coals was more complex. The XANES signatures of Zn in PM from both residual oil and diesel combustion processes were quite different from those of PM from coal combustion and suggestive of anhydrous zinc sulfate.Comparison was also made of sulfur and zinc XANES spectra for PM collected on filters from the ambient atmosphere with those from the fossil fuel combustion processes. Significant differences were observed in both sulfur and zinc speciation.
W.E.B. Du Bois and the women of hull-house, 1895–1899

An important aspect of W.E.B. Du Bois’s professional socialization is documented; specifically, Du Bois’s professional interactions with women sociologists who practiced in social settlements, notably Jane Addams, Katherine Bement Davis, Florence Kelley, and Isabel Eaton. These women, and their research in Hull-House Maps and Papers, were facilitators and role models for Du Bois’s The Philadelphia Negro, in which Isabel Eaton was a significant collaborator. Addams, Kelley, and their friends joined Du Bois to cofound the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an exemplar of applied sociology and Du Bois’s shared interests with the early Hull-House women. These early sociologists changed American thought and social policy and today provide a rich heritage for contemporary professionals in sociology.
High sensitivity background absorption measurements in semiconductors

Laser cooling in InGaP|GaAs double heterostructures (DHS) has been a sought after goal. Even though very high external quantum efficiency (EQE) has been achieved, background absorption has remained a bottleneck in achieving net cooling. The purpose of this study is to gain more insight into the source of the background absorption for InGaP|GaAs DHS as well as GaAs|AlGaAs DBRs by employing an excite-probe thermal Z-scan measurement.
A comparison of coulometric detectors for catecholamine analysis by LC-EC

An ion-pairing chromatographic method which uses a controlled potential coulometric detector is described. Two coulometric detectors with different electrolytic cell designs have been investigated. The resulting sensitivity can be comparable to the conventional amperometric detector. This technique has been applied to the analysis of catecholamines.
Applying SPHINX-II to the DARPA Wall Street Journal CSR task

This paper reports recent efforts to apply the speaker-independent SPHINX-II system to the DARPA Wall Street Journal continuous speech recognition task. In SPHINX-II, we incorporated additional dynamic and speaker-normalized features, replaced discrete models with sex-dependent semi-continuous hidden Markov models, augmented within-word triphones with between-word triphones, and extended generalized triphone models to shared-distribution models. The configuration of SPHINX-II being used for this task includes sex-dependent, semi-continuous, shared-distribution hidden Markov models and left context dependent between-word triphones. In applying our technology to this task we addressed issues that were not previously of concern owing to the (relatively) small size of the Resource Management task.
Histopathological effects of larval digenea on the digestive epithelia of the marine prosobranch Cerithidea californica: Fine structural changes in the digestive gland

Abstract The effects of natural infections by rediae of the heterophyid Euhaplorchis californiensis on the digestive gland cells of Cerithidea californica (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata) were studied through the use of light and electron microscopy. Pathological changes in secretory and digestive cells, including the disruption of digestive vacuoles and cell-cell junctions, the deformation of lumenal microvilli, the lysis of distal plasma membranes, and nuclear polymorphism, usually accompany the migration of larval trematodes into the digestive gland. Degenerating secretory cells are further characterized by Golgi complexes which assume an inflated appearance and a reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell's perinuclear region. Finally, an increase in excretory and autophagic activities in the digestive gland cells of infected snails may be considered possible mechanisms by which the host is able to compensate for adverse metabolic or nutritional stresses of trematode parasitism.
A postsynaptic Spectrin scaffold defines active zone size, spacing, and efficacy at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction

Synaptic connections are established with characteristic, cell type–specific size and spacing. In this study, we document a role for the postsynaptic Spectrin skeleton in this process. We use transgenic double-stranded RNA to selectively eliminate α-Spectrin, β-Spectrin, or Ankyrin. In the absence of postsynaptic α- or β-Spectrin, active zone size is increased and spacing is perturbed. In addition, subsynaptic muscle membranes are significantly altered. However, despite these changes, the subdivision of the synapse into active zone and periactive zone domains remains intact, both pre- and postsynaptically. Functionally, altered active zone dimensions correlate with an increase in quantal size without a change in presynaptic vesicle size. Mechanistically, β-Spectrin is required for the localization of α-Spectrin and Ankyrin to the postsynaptic membrane. Although Ankyrin is not required for the localization of the Spectrin skeleton to the neuromuscular junction, it contributes to Spectrin-mediated synapse development. We propose a model in which a postsynaptic Spectrin–actin lattice acts as an organizing scaffold upon which pre- and postsynaptic development are arranged.
Determination of the electron affinities of α‐ and β‐naphthyl radicals using the kinetic method with full entropy analysis. The C — H bond dissociation energies of naphthalene

The C - H bond dissociation energies for naphthalene were determined using a negative ion thermochemical cycle involving the gas-phase acidity (Delta H (acid)) and electron affinity (EA) for both the alpha- and beta-positions. The gas-phase acidity of the naphthalene alpha- and beta-positions and the EAs of the alpha- and beta-naphthyl radicals were measured in the gas phase in a flowing after glow-triple quadrupole apparatus. A variation of the Cooks kinetic method was used to measure the EAs of the naphthyl radicals by collision-induced dissociation of the corresponding alpha- and beta-naphthylsulfinate adducts formed by reactions in the flow tube portion of the instrument. Calibration references included both pi and sigma radicals, and full entropy analysis was performed over a series of calibration curves measured at collision energies ranging from 3.5 to 8 eV (center-of-mass). The measured EAs are 33.0 +/- 1.4 and 31.4 +/- 1.0 kcal mol(-1) (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) for the alpha- and beta-naphthyl radicals, respectively. The gas-phase acidities for naphthalene were measured by the DePuy silane cleavage method, which utilizes the relative abundances of aryldimethylsiloxides and trimethylsiloxide that result from competitive cleavages from a proposed penta coordinate hydroxysiliconate intermediate. The measured acidities are 394.0 +/- 5.0 and 397.6 +/- 4.8 kcal mol(-1) for the alpha- and beta- positions, respectively. The C - H bond dissociation energies calculated from the thermochemical cycle are 113.4 +/- 5.2 and 115.4 +/- 4.9 kcal mol(-1) for the alpha- and beta-positions, respectively. These energies are, to within experimental error, indistinguishable and are approximately the same as the first bond dissociation energy for benzene.
Auditory Discrimination: The Relationship Between Psychophysical and Electrophysiological Measures

AbstractObjectives: This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between the acoustic change complex (ACC) and perceptual measures of frequency and intensity discrimination, and gap detection; and (2) examine the effects of acoustic change on the amplitudes and latencies of the ACC. Design: Psychophysical thresholds for frequency and intensity discrimination and gap detection, as well as ACCs elicited by stimuli containing increments in frequency, or intensity or gaps, were recorded from the same group of subjects. The magnitude of the acoustic change was systematically varied for the ACC recording. Study sample: Twenty-six adults with normal hearing, ranging in age between 19 and 39 years. Results: Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures for frequency and intensity discrimination were significantly correlated. Electrophysiological thresholds were comparable to psychophysical thresholds for intensity discrimination but were higher than psychophysical thresholds for gap detection and frequ...
Self-consistent generation of MSTIDs within the SAMI3 numerical model

In this study, we use the three-dimensional, physics-based numerical model, SAMI3 (Sami3 is Another Model of the Ionosphere), to self-consistently generate nighttime, electrified, medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) at midlatitudes. These are the first numerical simulations to use the fundamental, physics-based equations in a full flux tube model for the self-consistent generation of MSTIDs. We show that a random perturbation results in the development of modes consistent with the Perkins instability and that the growth rate of a specified k perturbation agrees well with linear theory. We also present synthetic observations of MSTIDs: total electron content, integrated 630.0 nm airglow emission, E × B drift, and electron density. The modeling results show the signature of the instability in the geomagnetic conjugate hemisphere, which has been previously observed experimentally. The qualitative descriptions of the E × B drift and electron density profiles of the MSTIDs provided by SAMI3 are found to be consistent with experimental studies of MSTIDs found in the literature.
The γ -Tubulin Complex Protein GCP4 Is Required for Organizing Functional Microtubule Arrays in Arabidopsis thaliana

Microtubule (MT) nucleation and organization depend on the evolutionarily conserved protein γ -tubulin, which forms a complex with GCP2-GCP6 (GCP for γ -Tubulin Complex Protein). To date, it is still unclear how GCP4-GCP6 (the non-core GCPs) may be involved in acentrosomal MT nucleation in plant cells. We found that GCP4 was associated with γ -tubulin in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana. When GCP4 expression was repressed by an artificial microRNA, transgenic plants exhibited phenotypes of dwarfism and reduced organ size. In mitotic cells, it was observed that the γ -tubulin signal associated with the mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast was depleted when GCP4 was downregulated. Consequently, MTs failed to converge at unified spindle poles, and the bipolar phragmoplast MT array frequently had discrete bundles with extended minus ends, resulting in failed cytokinesis as reflected by cell wall stubs in leaf epidermal cells. In addition, cortical MTs in swollen guard cells and pavement cells of the leaf epidermis became hyperparallel and bundled, which was likely caused by frequent MT nucleation with shallow angles on the wall of extant MTs. Therefore, our results support the notion that GCP4 is an indispensable component for the function of γ -tubulin in MT nucleation and organization in plant cells.
Ceftriaxone ameliorates tau pathology and cognitive decline via restoration of glial glutamate transporter in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, is the major Na+-driven glutamate transporter to control glutamate levels in synapses and prevent glutamate-induced excitotoxicity implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Significant functional loss of GLT-1 has been reported to correlate well with synaptic degeneration and severity of cognitive impairment among AD patients, yet the underlying molecular mechanism and its pathological consequence in AD are not well understood. Here, we find the temporal decrease in GLT-1 levels in the hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mouse model and that the pharmacological upregulation of GLT-1 significantly ameliorates the age-dependent pathological tau accumulation, restores synaptic proteins, and rescues cognitive decline with minimal effects on Aβ pathology. In primary neuron and astrocyte coculture, naturally secreted Aβ species significantly downregulate GLT-1 steady-state and expression levels. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that GLT-1 restoration is neuroprotective and Aβ-induced astrocyte dysfunction represented by a functional loss of GLT-1 may serve as one of the major pathological links between Aβ and tau pathology.
Investigation of copper sorption by sugar beet processing lime waste.

In the western US, sugar beet processing for sugar recovery generates a lime-based waste product (~250,000 megagrams/yr) that has little liming value in the region’s calcareous soils. This area has recently experienced an increase in dairy production, with dairies utilizing copper-based hoof baths to prevent hoof diseases. A concern exists regarding soil copper accumulation as spent hoof baths may be disposed of in waste ponds with pond waters utilized for irrigation. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the ability of lime waste to sorb copper. Lime waste was mixed with increasing copper-containing solutions (up to 100,000 mg/kg), at various buffered pH values (6, 7, 8, 9), and shaken over various time periods (up to 30 days). Copper sorption phenomenon was quantified using sorption maximum fitting and sorption mechanism was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that sorption onto lime waste increased with decreasing pH, and the maximum copper sorption of ~40,000 mg/kg occurred at pH 6. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that copper hydroxide was the probable species present, although the precipitate existed as small multinuclear precipitates on the surface of the lime waste. Such structures may be precursors for larger surface precipitates that develop over longer incubation times. Findings suggest that sugar beet processing lime waste can viably sorb Cu from liquid waste streams, and thus it may have the ability to remove Cu from spent hoof baths.
Particle therapy and treatment of cancer

The desire of radiation oncologists and medical physicists to maximise the radiation dose to the tumour while minimising that to healthy tissues has led to attempts to improve the dose distributions and biological effects achievable with photons and electrons. Protons, neutrons, pions, boron-neutron capture therapy, and charged-nuclei therapy (with argon, carbon, helium [alpha particles], neon, nitrogen, and silicon) have been assessed for their physical, biological, and clinical effects. In the 90 years since protons and neutrons were discovered, investigations of particle therapy for cancer have helped to elucidate many fundamental radiobiological ideas, such as linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness, oxygen effect, and oxygen enhancement. Particle therapy has contributed to our understanding of medical ethics when neutron therapy became intertwined with the debate over standards of informed consent in radiation experiments in humans during the cold war era. Particle teletherapy and brachytherapy continue to show promise in some clinical situations. In the future, the insights of molecular biology might clarify the ideal particles for clinical situations.
Cerebrospinal fluid to brain transport of manganese in a non-human primate revealed by MRI

Manganese overexposure in non-human primates and humans causes a neurodegenerative disorder called manganism thought to be related to an accumulation of the metal in the basal ganglia. Here, we assess changes in the concentration of manganese in regions of the brain of a non-human primate (the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus) following four systemic injections of 30 mg/kg MnCl2 H2O in the tail vein using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compare these to changes in the rat following the same exposure route and dose. The doses were spaced 48 h apart and we imaged the animals 48 h after the final dose. We find that marmosets have significantly larger T1-weighted image enhancements in regions of the brain compared to rats, notably in the basal ganglia and the visual cortex. To confirm this difference across species reflects actual differences in manganese concentrations and not variations in the MRI properties of manganese, we measured the longitudinal relaxivity of manganese (chi1) in the in vivo brain and found no significant species' difference. The high manganese uptake in the marmoset basal ganglia and visual cortex can be explained by CSF-brain transport from the large lateral ventricles and we confirm this route of uptake with time-course MRI during a tail-vein infusion of manganese. There is also high uptake in the substructures of the hippocampus that are adjacent to the ventricles. The large manganese accumulation in these structures on overexposure may be common to all primates, including humans.
Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Finite Apertures

Closed mathematical expressions are developed for the Fabry-Perot interferometer with finite apertures for both noncoherent and coherent illumination. For most practical cases these expressions are substantially equivalent but reveal more serious aperture effects than the approximate theoretical treatment of Geiger. The effects expected are of particular importance in problems involving either compound interferometers or high reflection coatings. However, even at low reflectivities significant reductions in peak intensity and resolution are to be expected. The conditions for obtaining a 99% efficient interferometer are expressed in terms of the reflectivity and aperture parameters. These expressions, still limited by the assumptions of smooth, plane parallel films, suggest modifications to the usual applications of the interferometer.
Why 5 percent? An analysis of optimal endowment spending rates

Purpose – Some members of Congress in the USA have expressed serious concern that endowment spending rates of major American universities are too low. The purpose of this paper is to derive optimal spending rates and compare them with actual rates to determine if this concern is warranted.Design/methodology/approach – A Cobb‐Douglas utility function is used to represent the trade‐off between current spending and endowment (which allows more future spending). Maximization of this function subject to relevant constraints yields a formula for the optimal endowment spending rate, which takes the form of a difference equation. The steady‐state solution to this difference equation is explored, along with the nature of convergence to the steady‐state. Relevant data are obtained from American universities with endowments over $500 million in 2007 to determine the optimal spending rates implied by the theory. These optimal rates are then compared with actual average spending rates.Findings – Actual average spendin...
Primary coronary angioplasty after transfer versus on-site thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

108 Primary coronary angioplasty after transfer versus on-site thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis F Aslam Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA
Pica in Pregnancy: New Ideas About an Old Condition

Pica, the purposive consumption of nonfood substances, is a millennia-old nutritional enigma. Its worldwide ubiquity, prevalence among pregnant women and children, and association with both positive and negative health outcomes, especially micronutrient deficiencies, underscore the importance of understanding this behavior. Multiple proposed etiologies of pica are reviewed, including cultural expectations, psychological stress, hunger, dyspepsia, micronutrient deficiencies (Fe, Zn, and Ca), and protection against toxins and pathogens. Currently available data, although limited, best support the protection hypothesis as a cause of most types of pica, although some evidence suggests that pagophagy (ice consumption) may occur during iron deficiency. It is possible that the binding capacity of pica substances explains the association with micronutrient deficiencies; earth, starch, etc. may render micronutrients in ingesta unavailable for absorption. Increased research efforts are warranted and must be hypothesis driven, interdisciplinary, and permit the testing of multiple causal inferences.
NUCLEOLAR NECKLACES IN CHICK EMBRYO MYOBLASTS FORMED BY LACK OF ARGININE

The round nucleoli of chick embryo myoblasts, when grown in a culture medium devoid of arginine, unravel in several days into 5–20 µ long, beaded strands termed nucleolar necklaces (NN). Addition of arginine reverses this change. The NN contain protein, RNA, and traces of DNA as determined cytochemically by enzyme digestion and by acridine-orange fluorescent staining. When a cell containing the beaded strand is treated with agents, such as actinomycin D, that prevent rRNA polymerase action, the strand collapses and condenses into a small dense nucleolus with segregated regions of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP). The properties of the NN appear to resemble those of the nucleolar necklaces of amphibian oocytes. Cycloheximide or puromycin inhibition of general protein synthesis does not lead to NN formation. We suggest that NN formation during arginine starvation may be a result of a singular depletion of some rapidly turning over, arginine-rich proteins that normally attach to ribosomal RNA precursor molecules during their synthesis in the processing towards maturation of the ribosomes.
NF-κB p50 facilitates neutrophil accumulation during LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation

Background: Transcription factors have distinct functions in regulating immune responses. During Escherichia coli pneumonia, deficiency of NF-κB p50 increases gene expression and neutrophil recruitment, suggesting that p50 normally limits these innate immune responses. p50deficient mice were used to determine how p50 regulates responses to a simpler, non-viable bacterial stimulus in the lungs, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: In contrast to previous results with living E. coli, neutrophil accumulation elicited by E. coli LPS in the lungs was decreased by p50 deficiency, to approximately 30% of wild type levels. Heatkilled E. coli induced neutrophil accumulation which was not decreased by p50 deficiency, demonstrating that bacterial growth and metabolism were not responsible for the different responses to bacteria and LPS. p50 deficiency increased the LPS-induced expression of κBregulated genes essential to neutrophil recruitment, including KC, MIP-2, ICAM-1, and TNF-α suggesting that p50 normally limited this gene expression and that decreased neutrophil recruitment did not result from insufficient expression of these genes. Neutrophils were responsive to the chemokine KC in the peripheral blood of p50-deficient mice with or without LPSinduced pulmonary inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), previously demonstrated to decrease LPSinduced neutrophil recruitment in the lungs, was increased by p50 deficiency, but LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment was decreased by p50 deficiency even in IL-6 deficient mice. Conclusion: p50 makes essential contributions to neutrophil accumulation elicited by LPS in the lungs. This p50-dependent pathway for neutrophil accumulation can be overcome by bacterial products other than LPS and does not require IL-6.
Hybrid sensor deployment for surveillance and target detection in wireless sensor networks

Random sensor deployments following Poisson or Gaussian distribution are the most widely adopted deployment strategies for hostile and unpredictable application scenarios such as environment surveillance and malicious mobile target detection. In the literature, researchers assume either Poisson distributed or Gaussian distributed sensors in modeling wireless sensor networks for performance evaluation. This paper instead examines the performance of a wireless sensor network that employs a hybrid random sensor deployment where a set of the sensors are deployed following Poisson distribution and others follow Gaussian distribution around hot spot(s), which are more important than elsewhere and require higher surveillance and target detection capability. The performance of the hybrid wireless sensor network is evaluated in terms of surveillance and target detection probability theoretically and by simulations. The simulation outcomes match with the theoretical results.
Generation of THz pulses in Teflon bonded periodically inverted GaAs structures

A novel technique for low-temperature bonding of GaAs wafers using an interboundary Teflon film is developed. A 2 x 2 cm2 quasi-phase matched structure of 5 wafers pumped by CO2 laser lines generated the narrow-band THz radiation.
G.709 hierarchy optical transport core network design, requirements and challenges

This paper provides an operator view on G.709 core optical network design for use in a multi-vendor/operator environment. It also highlights the G.709 enhancement in Tandem Connection Monitoring and automatic protection switching technique and requirements.
The level of induced DNA double-strand breaks does not correlate with cell killing in X-irradiated mitotic and G1-phase CHO cells.

SummaryThe neutral (pH 9·6) filter elution technique was used to evaluate DNA damage induced in CHO cells irradiated at mitosis or in G1-phase under various incubation and postirradiation treatment conditions. Mitotic and G1/S border cells were more sensitive to radiation than G1 cells with respect to cell killing, but showed similar (G1/S) or lower (M) DNA elution dose–response curves. Similar cell survival and DNA/elution dose–response curves were obtained with plateauphase cultures containing mainly G1-cells, as well as with G1 cells obtained after division of mitotic cells in either fresh or conditioned medium. However, survival of plateau-phase cells could be modified substantially by delayed-plating or postirradiation treatment with araA. These results, together with previously published observations, indicate that induction of DNA dsb cannot be invoked as an explanation for the variations in radiosensitivity observed through the cycle, or as an explanation for the formation of the survival curve sh...
Former partners and new rivals as threats to a relationship: Infidelity type, gender, and commitment as factors related to distress and forgiveness

The overall aim of this study was to examine differences in responses to relationship infidelity when the infidelity involves a former romantic partner as opposed to a new rival. Participants indicated, for either sexual or emotional infidelity, whether they would be more upset if their partner were involved with a former partner or a new person, and whether they would be forgiving. Men and women saw the former partner as a greater threat when the infidelity was sexual. However, for emotional infidelity, only women selected the former partner more frequently. Ratings of the degree of distress and likelihood of forgiveness followed a similar pattern. For women, measures of relationship commitment were related to distress and forgiveness. For men, these measures were related to forgiveness only. The gender differences in distress may be related to differences between men and women in beliefs about the importance of commitment.
Effects of integrated flight path and terrain displays on controlled flight into terrain

This paper describes research on the development of a prototype integrated display for terrain avoidance in the terminal phase of flight. The display combines auto pilot-coupled flight path data overlaid onto a terrain grid map using a primary flight display format. >
Context-dependent modulation by D(1) receptors: differential effects in hippocampus and striatum.

Place-specific firing by hippocampal and striatal neurons was recorded simultaneously following injection of a D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) and during spatial working memory task performance. SCH23390-induced changes in unit responses were observed during light and dark test conditions. Although hippocampal place field locations were altered by the contextual change, the reliability and specificity of place fields was disrupted only by combining D1 antagonism and a change in context. Striatal place field locations were reorganized after either contextual change or D1 antagonism, without altering place field reliability and specificity. Disrupted velocity encoding by place cells in both regions was induced by darkness, whereas greater stability in acceleration encoding followed removal of D1 receptor activity. Dopamine may differentially regulate hippocampal context learning and striatum-based predictive codes.
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) in the Study of Clays and Soils

This review is intended for those soil scientists who have little or no previous knowledge of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our objective here is to introduce the usefulness and the limitations of high-resolution TEM(HRTEM) in the studies of soils and clays. Information is presented as to how far HRTEM (with accelerating voltages of 100 to 200 kV) can be extended to gather useful pieces of structural, physical, and chemical information of soil minerals, especially layer silicates, which are not obtainable by other techniques.
Collaborative Analytics and Brokering in Digital Humanitarian Response

During large scale humanitarian crises, relief practitioners identify data used for decision making and coordination, as critical to their operations. Implicit in this need is the required capabilities for analyzing data. Given the rapidly evolving systems of collaborative data management and analysis in digital humanitarian efforts, information scientists and practitioners alike are keen to understand the role of data analytics in response operations. Through a case study of a digital humanitarian collaborative effort, we examine the processes for big and small data analytics, specifically focusing on data development, sharing, and collaborative analytics. Informed by theories of articulation work and collaborative analytics, we analyze data from in-depth interviews with digital humanitarians. Our findings identify key practices and processes for collaborative analytics in resource constrained environments, particularly the role of brokering, and in turn generate design recommendation for collaborative analytic platforms.
On the complexity of d - dimensional Voronoi diagrams

Abstract : For n points p1,..., pn of Euclidean d-space E superscript d, the associated Voronoi diagram V(p1,...,pn) is a sequence (P1,...,Pn) of convex polyhedra covering E superscript d, where pi consists of all points of E superscript d that have pi as a nearest point in the set (p1,...,pn). Voronoi diagrams in E superscript 2 have been of interest because of their use by Shamos and others in providing efficient algorithms for a number of computational problems. The efficiency depends on the fact that the diagram itself can be computed efficiently (in time O(n log n) when d = 2). The present paper deals with the complexity of Voronoi diagrams based on n points of E superscript d.
Epidemiological investigation on AIDS in Zhangjiagang City from 2002-2011

[Objective] To analyze the epidemic status and main risk factors of AIDS in Zhangjiagang City,provide the basis for further establishing Jiangsu infectious disease prevention and treatment demonstration area(major national science and technology project) and perfecting the prevention countermeasures.[Methods]The data of HIV/AIDS cases and epidemic surveillance in Zhangjiagang City from 2002-2011 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.[Results]Since the first case of HIV infection was reported in Zhangjiagang City in 2002,there were a total of 190 HIV/AIDS cases with 39 AIDS patients at the end of 2011.The case number showed an upward trend,most of cases were floating population,and the proportion of local infections has increasing in the recent years.The ratio of male-to-female was 3.32∶1,and a majority of cases were people aged 20-49 years old and with the education level of junior middle school or below.The sexual transmission route accounted for 79.47%,and the route of men who have sex with men(MSM) accounted for 29.47%.The routine screening of medical institutions,provider-initiated testing and counseling(PITC) and voluntary counseling and testing(VCT) played an important role in discovery of HIV infections.[Conclusion]The epidemiological characteristics of AIDS have changed significantly in Zhangjiagang City.It is important to strengthen the publicity,intervention,discovery,management and treatment,to control the AIDS rapid spread.
Lithium granular injector operational experience triggering ELMs in H-mode on DIII-D

An injector device to trigger frequent edge localized modes (ELMs) was developed at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and subsequently installed and operated on DIII-D, to inject lithium spherical granules to launch into tokamak plasmas. One size granule per shot, selectable between shots, of four different spherical lithium granule sizes are available to launch horizontally into the plasma mid-plane at speeds up to 120 m/s. Pre-sorted granules are stored in a 4-chamber reservoir containing granules at various sizes, 900, 700, 500, and 300 micron. A manually controlled gating device opens the subject reservoir compartment channeling granules to a piezo crystal with a central aperture. The disk is then electrically vibrated at its resonant frequency causing granules to fall through the aperture into a vertical tube that terminates slightly above a rotating impeller strike zone. The variable speed rotating impeller, hits the granules through an aperture gated drift tube into the plasma. The 44 cm vertical drop imparts sufficient vertical speed to the granules to reach to the impeller center. A high-speed camera records granule/impeller interaction events to provide the injection count. Another on-axis high-speed camera records the plasma edge ablation events. Impeller speed is monitored via a photodiode using an external illumination system. Initial operations injected granules at frequencies up to 120 Hz (900 micron) and >600 Hz (300 micron). ELM triggering efficiency approached 100% for 700 and 900 micron in ELMing H-mode plasmas. The injector can be used to inject other materials e.g. boron, tungsten, carbon, etc. The system and planned upgrades are discussed.
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific for staphylococcal alpha haemolysin in bovine milk.

Six lactating cows were inoculated in the external inguinal lymph node region with a staphylococcal cell- toxoid preparation. An additional three cows were inoculated with saline as control animals. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for detection of IgG antibodies in the milk, specific for staphylococcal alpha haemolysin. The positive EIA response in the inoculated cows was followed over an 84 day period. Saline controls showed no response.
Single-ended mid-infrared laser-absorption sensor for simultaneous in situ measurements of H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, and temperature in combustion flows

The development and demonstration of a four-color single-ended mid-infrared tunable laser-absorption sensor for simultaneous measurements of H2O, CO2, CO, and temperature in combustion flows is described. This sensor operates by transmitting laser light through a single optical port and measuring the backscattered radiation from within the combustion device. Scanned-wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection and first-harmonic normalization (scanned-WMS-2f/1f) was used to account for variable signal collection and nonabsorption losses in the harsh environment. Two tunable diode lasers operating near 2551 and 2482 nm were utilized to measure H2O concentration and temperature, while an interband cascade laser near 4176 nm and a quantum cascade laser near 4865 nm were used for measuring CO2 and CO, respectively. The lasers were modulated at either 90 or 112 kHz and scanned across the peaks of their respective absorption features at 1 kHz, leading to a measurement rate of 2 kHz. A hybrid demultiplexing strategy involving both spectral filtering and frequency-domain demodulation was used to decouple the backscattered radiation into its constituent signals. Demonstration measurements were made in the exhaust of a laboratory-scale laminar methane-air flat-flame burner at atmospheric pressure and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.7 to 1.2. A stainless steel reflective plate was placed 0.78 cm away from the sensor head within the combustion exhaust, leading to a total absorption path length of 1.56 cm. Detection limits of 1.4% H2O, 0.6% CO2, and 0.4% CO by mole were reported. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of a mid-infrared laser-absorption sensor using a single-ended architecture in combustion flows.