cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting the legacy of offshore oil and gas platforms on fish community structure and productivity.

There are currently thousands of offshore platforms in place for oil and gas extraction worldwide, and decommissioning efforts over the next three decades are estimated to cost more than US$200 billion. As platforms reach the end of their useful lifetime, operators and regulatory agencies will assess the environmental impact of potential decommissioning strategies. Among the many factors that will be weighed in preparation for these major economic and engineering challenges is the fate of the fish and invertebrate communities that inhabit the structures underwater. Offshore platforms act as inadvertent artificial reefs, and some are recognized among the most productive fish habitats in the global oceans. We present a model for forecasting changes to fish communities surrounding offshore installations following a series of decommissioning alternatives. Using 24 platforms off southern California, we estimate fish biomass and somatic production under three possible decommissioning scenarios: leave in place, partial removal at 26-m depth, and complete removal of the platform and underlying shell mound. We used fish density and size data from scuba and submersible surveys of the platforms from 1995-2013 to estimate biomass and annual somatic production. Bottom trawl surveys were used to characterize future fish assemblages at platform sites under the complete-removal decommissioning scenario. Based on a conservatively modeled extrapolation of the survey data, we found that complete removal of a platform resulted in 95% or more reduction in the average fish biomass and annual somatic production at the site, while partial removal resulted in far smaller losses, averaging 10% or less. In the event that all surveyed platforms are completely removed, we estimated a total loss of more than 28,000 kg of fish biomass in the Southern California Bight. Platform habitats, which attract reef-dwelling fish species, had minimal overlap in community composition with the surrounding soft-bottom habitat. To best serve the wide range of stakeholder interests, the site-specific biomass, productivity and species composition information provided in this study should be incorporated into strategic decommissioning planning. This approach could be used as a model for informing "rigs to reefs" discussions occurring worldwide.
The Floral Microbiome: Plant, Pollinator, and Microbial Perspectives

Flowers at times host abundant and specialized communities of bacteria and fungi that influence floral phenotypes and interactions with pollinators. Ecological processes drive variation in microbia...
Spintronic Switches for Ultralow Energy On-Chip and Interchip Current-Mode Interconnects

Energy efficiency and design complexity of long-distance on-chip and interchip data links can be a major bottleneck for high-performance computing systems. As a solution, we propose an ultralow energy interconnect design using nanoscale spin-torque switches. In the proposed method, data is transmitted in the form of current pulses with amplitude of the order of microamperes that flow across a small terminal voltage of <;100 mV. Subnanosecond spin-torque switching of scaled nanomagnets (such as domain wall switch or lateral spin valves) can be used to receive and convert such high-speed current-mode signal into binary voltage levels using magnetic tunnel junction with the help of a simple CMOS inverter. As a result of low-voltage, low-current signaling, and minimal signal-conversion overhead, the proposed technique can facilitate highly compact design of multigigahertz interchip and on-chip datalinks. Such interconnects can be more than ~ 100× energy efficient compared with state-of-the-art CMOS interconnects.
Mini-Laparoscopic Isthmocele Repair

Study Objective Describe excision and repair of uterine isthmocele using mini-laparoscopic instruments. Design Instructional video on technique. Setting Individual case. Patients or Participants The patient is a 35yo g1p1 with prior term cesarean delivery and subsequent secondary infertility. Her workup was unremarkable apart from saline ultrasound showing a significant uterine isthmocele. Prior to moving forward with IVF, her reproductive endocrinologist recommended correction of the isthmocele. Interventions Laparoscopic repair of uterine isthmocele using 5 and 3-mm instruments Measurements and Main Results The isthmocele was completely excised and repaired with postoperative saline ultrasound showing thick myometrium in place of previous uterine defect. Conclusion Robust excision and repair of a uterine isthmocele can be readily accomplished with simply three small laparoscopic incisions.
Workers' Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has sent more than 6.7 million workers to over 140 countries during a period of more than three decades since the mid-1970s. Most of these workers temporarily migrate to work in Middle East and Southeast Asia. This mass movement of temporary migrant workers has, to some extent, eased unemployment pressures on the over-burdened labor market in this highly populated country. More importantly, the remittance transfers received from these migrant workers have reached a phenomenal level of over 10 billion US dollar in 2009, approximately 12 percent of GDP in Bangladesh. This paper analyzes the trends and various other aspects of workers' migration and remittances in Bangladesh. It further discusses the micro and macroeconomic impacts of remittances. While most remittance transfers have been used by migrant-sending households for consumption, there is evidence to show that these transfers have helped reduce poverty in Bangladesh. The analysis presented in this paper further indicates that these remittances may have significant effects on other macroeconomic variables as well.
Determination of Hafnium Zirconium Oxide Interfacial Band Alignments Using Internal Photoemission Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Doped ferroelectric HfO2 is highly promising for integration into complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for devices such as ferroelectric nonvolatile memory and low-power field-effect transistors (FETs). We report the direct measurement of the energy barriers between various metal electrodes (Pt, Au, Ta, TaN, Ti/Pt, Ni, Al) and hafnium zirconium oxide (Hf0.58Zr0.42O2, HZO) using internal photoemission (IPE) spectroscopy. Results are compared with valence band offsets determined using the three-sample X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as the two-sample hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) techniques. Both XPS and IPE indicate roughly the same dependence of the HZO barrier on metal work function with a slope of 0.8 ± 0.5. XPS and HAXPES-derived barrier heights are on average about 1.1 eV smaller than barrier heights determined by IPE, suggesting the presence of negative charge in the HZO.
Palliating Symptoms in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Involving the Inferior Vena Cava With External Beam Radiation Therapy.

Introduction Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) and/or right atrium (RA) often experience debilitating symptoms, including lower extremity edema, dyspnea on exertion, shortness of breath at rest, chest pain, and ascites, that impact quality of life. The efficacy of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in palliating these symptoms is unclear. Thus, we sought to assess the effectiveness of EBRT in the palliation of symptoms and treatment outcomes in this patient population. Materials and methods All patients with HCC that compressed or invaded the IVC, received EBRT, and had a two-month follow-up visit to assess clinical response at our institution between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. Patient demographics and clinical features were retrieved from the electronic medical record. Local control, local progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) were measured from the last day of EBRT and calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Twenty-six patients with invasion or compression of the IVC were identified, 11 of whom (42%) had involvement of the RA. The median follow-up was 3.6 months. Five patients (19%) were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (all with five fractions) and 21 patients (81%) were treated with fractionated radiation therapy (range 10-16 fractions), both to a median dose of 3,000 cGy (range 2500-4000 cGy for SBRT, 2500-3750 cGy for fractionated radiation therapy). Significant proportions of patients experienced symptomatic relief from peripheral edema (54%), dyspnea on exertion (57%), shortness of breath (83%), chest pain (67%), and ascites (25%) after receiving EBRT. Additionally, they experienced few toxicities, with zero experiencing grade three or higher toxicities. One-year and two-year local control rates were 11.5% and 7.7%, respectively, and the median local progression-free survival was 4.8 months. One-year and two-year OS rates were 38.4% and 38.4%, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest that EBRT should be considered as a potential treatment option for patients with HCC invading or compressing the IVC with or without involvement of the RA. EBRT was very well-tolerated and effectively palliated a variety of symptoms in patients with advanced disease.
Ignition and Extinction of Hydrogen and Gasoline Blended Methanol Flames

Chemical kinetics effects on fundamental laminar combustion processes were investigated for 20% methanol-blended gasoline and 20% hydrogen-blended methanol for a range of equivalence ratios, \( 0.5 < \phi < 2 \) using a detailed reaction mechanism comprising of 2027 species and 8619 reactions. Fundamental laminar combustion properties—flame speed, flame thickness, minimum ignition energy, ignition, and extinction strain rates of the two fuel blends were compared with base fuels, methanol, gasoline, and hydrogen. Mean extinction strain rates were nearly twice the ignition strain rates which indicated a hysteresis behaviour of laminar flames. An in-depth analysis of the thermal and chemical flame structure of lean fuel blends was conducted to explore the significance of intermediate products and radical species on flame behaviour. Chemical kinetics caused a greater impact on the ignition process compared to extinction. A sensitivity analysis of ignition and extinction strain rates showed the importance of key reactions and their role in the improvement of laminar flame characteristics of fuel blends. The sensitivity coefficients for ignition were greater compared to extinction signifying a stronger influence of chemical kinetics on the ignition process compared to extinction. The knowledge obtained from this study can be leveraged in creating tailored fuel blends with superior laminar combustion competencies enabling higher efficiency and lesser pollutant emission for automotive applications.
Cantil: a previously unreported organ in wild-type Arabidopsis regulated by FT, ERECTA and heterotrimeric G proteins

We describe a previously unreported macroscopic Arabidopsis organ, the cantil, named for its 'cantilever' function of holding the pedicel at a distance from the stem. Cantil development is strongest at the first nodes after the vegetative to reproductive inflorescence transition; cantil magnitude and frequency decrease acropetally. Cantils develop in wild-type Arabidopsis accessions (e.g. Col-0, Ws and Di-G) as a consequence of delayed flowering in short days; cantil formation is observed in long days when flowering is delayed by null mutation of the floral regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T. The receptor-like kinase ERECTA is a global positive regulator of cantil formation; therefore, cantils never form in the Arabidopsis strain Ler. ERECTA functions genetically upstream of heterotrimeric G proteins. Cantil expressivity is repressed by the specific heterotrimeric complex subunits GPA1, AGB1 and AGG3, which also play independent roles: GPA1 suppresses distal spurs at cantil termini, while AGB1 and AGG3 suppress ectopic epidermal rippling. These G protein mutant traits are recapitulated in long-day flowering gpa1-3 ft-10 plants, demonstrating that cantils, spurs and ectopic rippling occur as a function of delayed phase transition, rather than as a function of photoperiod per se.
How J M Keynes Corrected the Only Major Error He Made in His General Theory in His Correspondence with J. Robinson between September and November, 1936: His Mention of Mrs. Joan Robinson in the Preface to the General Theory

J M Keynes stated the following on p.xii of his General Theory on December 13,1935: “I have also had much help from Mrs. Joan Robinson….who have read the whole of the proof-sheets.” (Keynes,1936, p.xii). In the course of an extensive correspondence with J. Robinson in the months of September, October, and November,1936, over one of her books that she had sent him for review and comment, Keynes discovered that Joan Robinson had (a) no knowledge of basic undergraduate, lower division level training in international trade and exchange rates between two countries and, much, much more seriously, (b) had a serious lack of knowledge about his Liquidity Preference theory of the rate of interest that occupied all or some of chapters 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 21 of the General Theory. It was now quite clear to Keynes that Joan Robinson had not understood what was in the final draft copy of the General Theory that he had given to her to read and comment on in June, 1935 and to which she replied in four days time: “Given Keynes’s ambitions, limitations, and expectations, she could be useful, perhaps even valuable, in finishing the book. As in so many instances, events proved Keynes’s judgment sound even if not precisely in the way he anticipated. Within four days of receiving the second set of galleys, Robinson sent him an extensive and detailed set of comments as well as her general impressions of the book (Keynes 1973a, 638–45). How was this extraordinarily swift and thorough response possible? Keynes sent Harrod the galleys on June 5 but did not hear from him until July 31 (see Keynes 1973a, 526–27). Hawtrey’s set was sent on June 12, and he replied by the end of the month (1973a, 567). In four days, how could Robinson read a difficult and confusing book, digest it, and write elaborate and carefully crafted suggestions, many of which Keynes adopted?”(Aslanbeigui and Oakes, 2009, p.205; boldface added). The correct answer to the question posed by Aslanbeigui and Oakes in 2009, which was “In four days, how could Robinson read a difficult and confusing book, digest it, and write elaborate and carefully crafted suggestions, many of which Keynes adopted?” (Aslanbeigui and Oakes, 2009, p.205; boldface added), in light of her extremely poor performance in the Keynes-Robinson exchanges of September-November, 1936, is that she was not the author who wrote the “…elaborate and carefully crafted suggestions” on the General Theory in four days. The true authors were Richard Kahn and Austin Robinson, just as they were most probably the true authors of The Economics of Imperfect Competition,1933. Keynes now realized that Joan Robinson’s reply to him in 1935 was not her own. This conclusion follows directly from the first two sentences of Keynes’s letter of November 9th,1936 to Joan Robinson: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument, as it stands, is most certainly nonsense.” (Keynes, 1936, CWJMK, Vol. 14, p.147; boldface added).
Supplemental Instruction and Embedded Tutoring Program Assessment: Problems and Opportunities

Many scholars have sought to measure the effectiveness of diverse supplemental instruction programs. Nevertheless, it is difficult to generalize about supplemental instruction or compare data, give...
Epidermal growth factor and a new derivative. Rapid isolation procedures and biological and chemical characterization.

A new procedure has been devised for the preparation of pure epidermal growth factor in high yield. The method involves a two-step column fractionation of crude extracts of the submaxillary gland obtained from adult male mice. Biologically active epidermal growth factor lacking the COOH-terminal Leu-Arg residues was also isolated.
MoSeC: Mobile-Cloud Service Composition

Mobile Cloud computing has shown its capability to support mobile devices for provisioning computing, storage and communication resources. Many existing research has proposed to offload computation tasks from mobile devices to clouds in order to reduce energy consumption, where the offloading service model is usually one-to-one. Due to the development of mobile sensing and location-based mobile cloud services, the cloud edge has been extended to the mobile devices and sensors. As a result, the one-to-one model is not sufficient to model the dynamic changes of mobile cloud-based services. Thus, a many-to-many (or multi-site) mobile cloud service composition is highly desired. In this research, MoSeC is presented to model the many-to-many mobile cloud service composition, where there are multiple surrogates, such as cloud computing nodes, mobile devices, or sensors, and their services (i.e., computation, storage, sensing, etc.) can be composed to fulfill functions required by a mobile service requestor. MoSeC takes into considerations the surrogates' changes due to their mobility and resource constraints. Moreover, MoSeC takes into considerations several service metrics for service mapping (or allocation) through a mobile cloud service topology reconfiguration process. A set of algorithms are presented to address the Service Topology Reconfiguration Problem (STRP) in several mobile cloud representative application scenarios, i.e., they are modeled as finite horizon scenarios, infinite horizon scenarios, and large state space scenarios to represent ad hoc, long-term, and large-scale mobile cloud service composition scenarios, respectively.
Climate Change: The Real Threat to Delaware Corporate Law, Why Delaware Must Keep a Watchful Eye on the Content of Political Change in the Air

Delaware is the corporate law capital of America. However, when the blowing winds of change alter the environment in which it operates, simply maintaining its bearing will not keep Delaware on course. This article outlines the tactics Delaware must execute in a changing political climate to successfully maintain its course as the leader in corporate law. To understand these tactics one must first be familiar with Delaware’s current bearing and the environment in which it navigates by appreciating the origins of Delaware’s preeminence and the strengths of its system. Equipped with this knowledge one will then be prepared to identify and assess potential threats. Section two of this article begins with a discussion of the history of corporate law in America, the origins of Delaware’s rise, and the significance of Delaware’s strengths. Next, section three outlines and evaluates common views of Delaware’s role in corporate law, including the race theories of a race to the top or race to the bottom, and symbiotic federalism. Then, section four discusses and dismisses several potential threats to Delaware corporate law. Section five outlines Delaware’s current strategy to maintain its course of corporate law predominance. A casual navigator of this article may choose to skip these initial sections, opting to dive directly into the deep waters of the new and intriguing perfect storm described in section six. However, even if one begins the voyage of this article well prepared, aware of Woodrow Wilson’s significance and able to quote the works of Kahan and Rock, there is considerable foundational and analytical benefit gained by investing a few moments to enjoy the familiar concepts presented in these introductory sections. Such a reading will ensure smooth passage through the final section with a more precise understanding of the tactics Delaware must execute and the strategic reasons underlying them.
Exports and growth: Critical minimum effort and diminishing returns☆

Abstract This paper provides some extensions and qualifications concerning the empirical evidence for the positive impact of exports on growth, using a model of Feder. In particular, the ideas of ‘critical minimum effort’ and ‘diminishing returns’ with respect to the export sector are given some empirical support.
Effectiveness of splinting for work-related carpal tunnel syndrome: a three-month follow-up study

This study evaluated the effectiveness of splinting in relieving symptoms and improving functional status of clients with work-related carpal tunnel syndrome. The study used a quasiexperimental, time series, within-subject design. Twentytwo participants sampled from a hospital were examined and treated with the modified ulnar gutter wrist splint; they filled out self-administered questionnaires twice before splinting (1‐2 weeks and immediately) and twice after splinting (2 weeks and 10‐12 weeks). Participants showed significant improvement in symptom severity and functional status three months after splinting. Duration of symptoms, other medical conditions, work conditions, and non-compliant to splint wear seemed to be factors associated with the treatment outcome. Future studies are recommended with a longer followup period, a larger number of participants, a randomized sample, and a control group for better generalization and increased validity of the results.
φ-Values for BPTI folding intermediates and implications for transition state analysis

Amino acid replacements were used to probe the roles of 14 sites in two well-characterized intermediates in the folding pathway of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). One of these intermediates contains one of the three disulfides found in the native protein (30–51). NMR studies have shown that approximately two-thirds of this polypeptide has a native-like conformation. The other intermediate contains two native disulfides (30–51 and 5–55) and has a fully folded conformation. The φ-values for a majority of residues were <1, indicating that the native protein was significantly more destabilized than either intermediate even when the altered residue was located in a well-ordered region of the intermediate. These observations suggest that folding intermediates and transition states may generally be more structured than indicated by φ-values alone.
Applications to Wave Propagation

In Chapter 10 we have discussed various properties of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous wave equations in two and three dimensions. We derived their fundamental solutions and studied moving point, line, and surface sources. In Chapter 5 we considered various kinematic and geometrical aspects of the wave propagation in the context of surface distributions. In this chapter we consider some applications of these results and study partial differential equations whose solutions can be defined as regular singular functions. In problems of these kinds, singular surfaces can play two essentially different roles: one relates to the propagation of wave fronts, and the other to regular singular functions that arise in the study of boundary value problems. In the latter case, the surface Σ is given along with some data on it, and the solution is to be found in only some region of the space. A powerful method of attacking these problems is to embed them in the whole space. This is achieved by extending the solution to the other side of the surface in some suitable fashion, as we did in deriving the Poisson integral formula in Chapter 10. We then obtain a regular singular function that satisfies the equation in the complement of Σ.
Opacity of Stellar Matter

New efforts to calculate opacity have produced significant improvements in the quality of stellar models. The most dramatic effect has been large opacity enhancements for stars subject to large amplitude pulsations. Significant improvement in helioseismic modeling has also been obtained. A description and comparisons of the new opacity efforts are given.
Colloidal and Epitaxial Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors: Growth, Performance, and Comparison

In this review article, the current status of quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) compared to competitive infrared (IR) technologies will be evaluated. Carrier generation and some of the other important physical properties of quantum dots (QDs) will be discussed. Recent design improvements of epitaxial and colloidal QDIPs are presented, followed by a thorough discussion on the growth techniques for both types of QDs. Important figures of merit for QDIPs, including dark current, responsivity, detectivity, and noise equivalent differential temperature (NEDT), will be explained, and a comparison will be made between QDIPs performance and other IR technologies in terms of their figures of merit. Keywords: quantum dot; colloidal quantum dot; epitaxial quantum dot; self-assembled quantum dot; infrared photodetector; quantum dot infrared photodetector; QDIP ; responsivity; detectivity; dark current
A Conference on Culture and Chronic Illness in Childhood: Conference Summary

A focus on disability and chronic illness within the disciplines of health, education, and social services has usually assumed a dominant cultural ethos grounded in European-American values. Indicators of social and psychological competence, normative behavior, response to stress and to illness, and even adaptation to life have been assumed to comprise a relatively homogeneous pattern. "Abnormal" has usually been defined as deviation from this pattern. For the most part, there has been a failure to take into account the reality that there may be many different processes of adaptation utilized by different cultural and ethnic groups. Such adaptation patterns should not be viewed as deviant, but rather as different and comprising strengths, resources, and advantages, as well as potential problems and disadvantages. Unfortunately, the continuing prevalence of racism in our society has contributed to equating different with deviant. Just as children from different cultural, ethnic, and racial groups are too often marginalized by society and experience restricted access or denial to important resources needed for optimal physical, psychological, and social development, so too, children who experience disability and chronic illness are too often marginalized by the attitudes and behaviors of others. The parallels between these two sources of exclusion—minority status and disability status—as well as the interaction of the two factors has received very little attention in research, service delivery, or policy formation. Even though pluralism is inherent in the history of the United States, our orientation has been homogenization—"the great melting pot." This is changing. With awareness of the growing proportion of ethnic minorities comprising tht US population and with a new positive value and emphasis being placed on ethnic diversity, there is renewed interest in cultural variation.
The R&D location decision of the firm and “creative” regions—a survey

Abstract In the flurry of recent concern about and research on high technology firms and economic development, there is relatively little attention paid to the perspective of firms and their location decisions. This paper surveys the literature on the location of R&D facilities and on attempts to establish regions based on innovation and creativity. The locations of R&D facilities are constrained by the labor market for scientists and engineers. The locational needs of the firm revolve around ensuring both that professional labor will be able to be attracted to its R&D locations, and that communication (especially face-to-face communication) will be facilitated. Given these twin concerns, R&D is likely to locate primarily in large urban regions. The corresponding success of regions which hope to become major areas of spin-off and creativity is likewise constrained by the joint preferences of R&D workers, venture capital investors, and high-tech employers.
Imagined, Transcultural, and Colonial Spaces in Print: Newspaper Serialization of Translated Novels in Colonial Korea

Abstract This essay analyzes the Korean ‘relay translation’ of a Japanese adaptation of an English popular novel, entitled Chŏngbuwŏn (A virtuous woman’s resentment) in Korean, which was serialized in a daily newspaper in the mid-1910s. In tandem with the English source text and the Japanese translation, the meaning of the Korean translation was overdetermined by advertisements for the translation, the translator’s preface and footnotes, the readers’ responses, and the serialized novel’s physical coexistence with news carried in the same visual space. Using the prism of space (both tangible and imagined) as a pivot, I argue that the publication of serialized translations of novels in newspapers was situated on the cultural front-line that confronted and negotiated the diverse constructive forces that shaped modern Korean literature. This form of publication thus highlights the characteristics of literature as process, a view that reinstates such seemingly incomplete writings and translations as authentic and legitimate cultural (literary) constituents in modern Korea.
Revegetation of earthen mounds along a topographic‐productivity gradient in a northern mixed prairie

The influence of productivity gradients on plant succession, richness, and community composition is the focus of much interest. Earthen mounds and other soil disturbances are a conspicuous feature of many temperate and semi-tem- perate grasslands. The revegetation of artificial earthen mounds located at different positions along a topographic-productivity gradient was studied in a North American northern mixed- grass prairie over a five year period. Relative stem density increased the most on mounds in low prairie (81% of off- mound density in 1992), followed by mounds in middle (64%) and high prairie (38%). Species richness was significantly different between prairie types by the fifth year of the experi- ment, but there was not a strong correlation between species richness and stem density within prairie-types. Composition on mounds reflected species composition in the surrounding off-mound areas and only three species were sampled regu- larly in all three prairie types. Results of this experiment suggest that models and experiments attempting to relate productivity to species richness and composition should in- clude a spatial component.
Full-information item factor analysis: Applications of EAP scores

The full-information item factor analysis model pro posed by Bock and Aitkin (1981) is described, and some of the characteristics of expected a posteriori (EAP) scores are illustrated. Three simulation studies were conducted to illustrate the model, and an appli cation of full-information item factor analysis to a set of real data is described.
A case of type B lactic acidosis in multiple myeloma.

Introduction Type B lactic acidosis is rare in patients with malignancies. We report a case of a 58-year-old man who was admitted for dyspnea, and was found to have severe lactic acidosis from relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). The degree of lactic acidosis transiently improved with chemotherapy and hemodialysis and worsened when therapies were withdrawn. We also present a brief review of literature on type B lactic acidosis occurring with MM and its proposed mechanisms. This case highlights the importance of recognizing lactic acidosis as a manifestation of an aggressively relapsing hematologic malignancy. Type A lactic acidosis occurs secondary to tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism, whereas type B lactic acidosis is a rare condition related to underlying diseases, errors in metabolism, medications, or intoxication. Review of published cases documents that most cases f type B lactic acidosis were associated with hematological maligancies, predominantly lymphomas (Table 1). There have only been 2 reported cases of type B lactic acidosis-associated MM.
Theoretical Study of Interaction of Urate with Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ Metal Cations

The geometries and energetics of complexes of Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Be(2+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)metal cations with different possible uric acid anions (urate) were studied. The complexes were optimized at the B3LYP level and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Complexes of urate with Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)metal cations were also optimized at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level. Single point energy calculations were performed at the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level. The interactions of the metal cations at different nucleophilic sites of various possible urate were considered. It was revealed that metal cations would interact with urate in a bi-coordinate manner. In the gas phase, the most preferred position for the interaction of Li(+), Na(+), and K(+) cations is between the N(3) and O(2) sites, while all divalent cations Be(2+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) prefer binding between the N(7) and O(6) sites of the corresponding urate. The influence of aqueous solvent on the relative stability of different complexes has been examined using the Tomasi's polarized continuum model. The basis set superposition error (BSSE) corrected interaction energy was also computed for complexes. The AIM theory has been applied to analyze the properties of the bond critical points (electron densities and their Laplacians) involved in the coordination between urate and the metal cations. It was revealed that aqueous solvation would have significant effect on the relative stability of complexes obtained by the interaction of urate with Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)cations. Consequently, several complexes were found to exist in the water solution. The effect of metal cations on different NH and CO stretching vibrational modes of uric acid has also been discussed.
EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF AND BLOOD FLON TO THE PELVIC LIMB OF FETAL SHEEP

Previous studies have demonstrated a constant fetal cerebral O2 consumpsion over a range of arterial O2 content (CaO2) from 5 to 1 mM. To determine the effect of such hypoxia on the “nonvital” tissues, we measured hindlimb O2 consumption (VO2) in 5 fetal sheep (8-16 days post-op). Four to six sample sets for hemoglobin concentration expressed as oxygen capacity and O2 saturation were drawn from the external iliac artery (IA) and vein during a control period and after equilibration at progressively decreasing levels of arterial O2 saturation (SaO2, %). Hypoxia was produced by maternal common internal iliac artery occlusion yielding fetal CaO2 from 4.93 to 0.95 mM. Blood flow (F, ml/min) to the pelvic limb was measured continuously with an ultrasonic blood flow transducer(Transonics Systems, Inc) placed around the IA. CaO2 (mM) and VO2 (μm/min) were calculated for each set. Hindlimb F had a tendency to increase while VO2 remained constant to a CaO2 ∼ 1.5 mM (SaO2 ∼ 25%), below which both F and VO2 fell sharply. We compared control with severe hypoxia (CaO2 <1.5 mM) by paired t-test. Results for the 5 animals expressed as mean ± sem are as follows: We conclude that 1) the fetus decreases F and VO2 to the pelvic limb in the face of severe hypoxia in order to preserve VO2 of vital organs such as brain, and 2) this decrease occurs at a well-defined level of fetal oxygenation.
Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques to Renal Epithelial Neoplasms

The application of molecular and cytogenetic techniques to the study of renal neoplasia has resulted in improved understanding of the biologic mechanisms that are responsible for tumor development and progression. It also revealed that several different and specific genetic events are responsible for tumorigenesis in the various categories and subcategories of renal tumors. The ultimate goal of research on the molecular pathology of renal neoplasms is a complete understanding of the genetics of these tumors, which will, in turn, aid in making the correct diagnosis, accurately assessing prognosis, and selecting appropriate and targeted therapeutic options.
Failure of Gymnema extract to inhibit the sugar receptors of two invertebrates.

Abstract 1. 1. Tests have been made to determine if the inhibitor of sweet reception man, gymnemic acid, would affect the responses of two invertebrates, the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and fly, Sarcophaga sp. 2. 2. In behavioral tests involving both these animals, as well as electrophysiological recordings from chemoreceptive hairs of flies, Gymnema extract produced no measurable inhibition of sugar chemoreception. 3. 3. Given the high degree of structural and conformational specificity of the crayfish and fly sugar receptors, as compared to those of man, competitive inhibition by Gymnema may not be sufficiently strong to overcome the binding of sugars to the invertebrate receptor membranes.
High Operability 1024 $\,\times\,$ 1024 Long Wavelength Type-II Superlattice Focal Plane Array

Electrical and radiometric characterization results of a high-operability1024 × 1024 long wavelength infrared type-II superlattice focal plane array are described. It demonstrates excellent quantum efficiency operability of 95.8% and 97.4% at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively. The external quantum efficiency is 81% without any antireflective coating. The dynamic range is 37 dB at 81 K and increases to 39 dB at 68 K operating temperature. The focal plane array has noise equivalent temperature difference as low as 27 mK and 19 mK at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively, using f/2 optics and an integration time of 0.13 ms.
Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Caenorhabditis elegans, mutations that reduce the activity of an insulin-like receptor (daf-2) or a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (age-1) favour entry into the dauer state during larval development and extend lifespan in adults. Downregulation of this pathway activates a forkhead transcription factor (daf-16), which may regulate targets that promote dauer formation in larvae and stress resistance and longevity in adults. In yeast, the SIR2 gene determines the lifespan of mother cells, and adding an extra copy of SIR2 extends lifespan. Sir2 mediates chromatin silencing through a histone deacetylase activity that depends on NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) as a cofactor. We have surveyed the lifespan of C. elegans strains containing duplications of chromosomal regions. Here we report that a duplication containing sir-2.1-the C. elegans gene most homologous to yeast SIR2-confers a lifespan that is extended by up to 50%. Genetic analysis indicates that the sir-2.1 transgene functions upstream of daf-16 in the insulin-like signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that Sir2 proteins may couple longevity to nutrient availability in many eukaryotic organisms.
Bovine costimulator. I. Production kinetics, partial purification, and quantification in serum-free Iscove's medium

Abstract Bovine peripheral blood leukocytes were examined for blast transformation in response to T-cell lectins in serum-containing RPMI 1640 medium and serum-free Iscove's medium. Phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis was significantly greater in Iscove's medium than in RPMI containing ten percent fetal calf serum. Concanavalin A-induced blast transformation was equivalent in both media. However, the kinetics of lectin response and the quantity of lectin required for optimum blastogenesis was considerably different in the two culture media. Concanavalin A-induced blast transformation of bovine thymocytes in Iscove's medium revealed that at a concentration of 10 6 cells/ml, inconsequential blastogenesis ensued; but at 10 7 cells/ml blast transformation was significant and dose-dependent. Therefore, conditioned media from concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, prepared in serum-free Iscove's medium, were assayed for costimulator activity using bovine thymocytes at 10 6 cells/ml in Iscove's medium as indicator cells. Both optimum lectin requirements and cell concentrations for production of costimulator activity were found. Conditioned medium, generated with the total exclusion of serum and with optimal costimulator activity, was fractionated via gel exclusion chromatography. A quantitative assay was described, and results indicated that bovine costimulator had an approximate molecular weight of 20,000 daltons.
Raman spectroscopy of Co ( OH ) 2 at high pressures: Implications for amorphization and hydrogen repulsion

Raman spectra of cobalt hydroxide $\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{2}$ were recorded to 31 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. In contrast to a previous infrared (IR) spectroscopic study, our Raman data show no sharp change in the O-H stretch peak width near 11 GPa, ruling out the possibility of abrupt hydrogen sublattice amorphization at this pressure. This is consistent with neutron diffraction data for $\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{OD}{)}_{2}$ to 16 GPa which shows no evidence for such amorphization but instead indicates a possible change in local D ordering in response to $D\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\cdot}D$ repulsion. However, in agreement with the IR work, we find that the peak width of the OH stretch mode increases significantly over a broad pressure interval from 10 to 25 GPa and reaches $\ensuremath{\sim}200{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 25 GPa. An energy dispersive x-ray diffraction study carried out to 48 GPa indicates that $\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{2}$ remains crystalline to at least this pressure, although evidence for some anomalous broadening of x-ray peaks is observed at $\ensuremath{\sim}26\mathrm{GPa}.$ The peak widths $(g200{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ of both the Raman and infrared stretching vibration of $\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{2}$ are indicative of a high degree of disorder of the H positions while only minimal disordering of the Co-O substructure is allowed by the x-ray data. Thus, the possibility of substructure amorphization remains viable, but through a process of continuous disordering over a broad pressure interval rather than as a discrete discontinuity. Repulsion between neighboring H atoms is likely to be an important driving force for this disordering as suggested by previous neutron and theoretical studies, but it remains uncertain whether such a model can quantitatively describe the range of observed peak widths at high pressures.
Topical hemostatic agents and dressings in the prehospital setting.

Purpose of review Death from exsanguinating hemorrhage remains a priority in the management of combat casualties and civilian trauma patients with truncal and junctional injuries. Appropriate use of hemostatic agents and dressings in the prehospital setting may allow for earlier control and an improved survival rate. Recent findings Third-generation chitosan-based hemostatic agents and dressings appear to be equally efficacious to the dressing currently deployed by the US military forces in the management of hemorrhage not amenable to tourniquet placement. Unfortunately, a lack of clinical trials places a heavy reliance on anecdotal reports and laboratory studies in agent selection and application. Summary Efficacy of currently available hemostatic agents and dressings appears to have plateaued in recent years although new agents and delivery mechanisms under development may improve control in cases of severe hemorrhage.
Things to do with brands: Creating and calculating value

How is the dollar value of commercial brands calculated and marks of distinction thus paradoxically made commensurable? And what does this calculation assume and enact with regard to, in Marx’s terms, the creation of value and surplus value? I discuss the emergence of brand valuation as a market device that has recently become more prominent and standardized. I use the annual Interbrand/ BusinessWeek survey to demonstrate how global brands such as Coca-Cola® are assigned a precisely measured monetary figure. This measurement invites brand managers and critical theorists alike to treat the heterogeneous uses to which consumers put brand-name products as a source of the exchange-value of brands and of risks to generating profits from brands.
Ordered phases of diblock copolymers in selective solvent.

The authors propose a mean-field model to explore the equilibrium coupling between micelle aggregation and lattice choice in neutral copolymer and selective solvent mixtures. They find both thermotropic and lyotropic transitions from face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic ordered phases of spherical micelles, in agreement with experimental observations of these systems over a broad range of conditions. The stability of the nonclosed packed phase can be attributed to two physical mechanisms: the large entropy of lattice phonons near crystal melting and the preference of the intermicelle repulsions for the body-centered cubic structure when the lattice becomes sufficiently dense at higher solution concentrations. Both mechanisms are controlled by the decrease of micelle aggregation and subsequent increase of lattice density as solvent selectivity is reduced. These results shed new light on the relationship between micelle structure—“crewcut” or “hairy”—and long-range order in micelle solutions.
Introduction: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science

The Caucus for a New Political Science (CNPS), which publishes this journal, was formed in 1967 in response to the myopic commitments of the political science discipline to behavioralism and a valu...
Isothermal Kinetic Study of the Decomposition of Nitric Oxide over Rh(111) Surfaces

Abstract The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of NO on Rh(111) surfaces was probed both by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments and by isothermal measurements using an extension of the so-called King and Wells collimated beam method. The TPD studies corroborated previously reported results, including the existence of two distinct N 2 desorption peaks, the first of which displays apparent first-order kinetics. The isothermal work proved that the adsorption of NO is precursor mediated at low temperatures, and that it is not affected significantly by the presence of coadsorbed nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms at any temperature below 900 K. The rate of molecular nitrogen production was found to be significant above 450 K and to be controlled by the recombination of atomic nitrogen below 600 K, but the experimental data could not be reproduced in a satisfactory manner by any empirical rate law unless the order in nitrogen coverage was set to be less than unity. Such an observation is interpreted here as being the result of the slow diffusion of nitrogen atoms across the surface prior to their recombination. A strong additional effect due to lateral repulsion between nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms was also inferred from the data.
Synthesis and investigation of the metal–metal interactions in heterobimetallic Cr/Rh and Cr/Ir complexes

Abstract The chromium(III) tris(phosphinoamide) precursor Cr(iPrNPiPr2)3 (1) has been used to synthesize Cr/Rh and Cr/Ir heterobimetallic complexes. Treatment of [MCl(COD)]2 with 1 affords the open shell S = 3/2 complexes ClCr(μ-iPrNPiPr2)2M(η2-iPrNPiPr2) (M = Rh (2), Ir (3)). Instead of simple coordination of the late transition metal fragment to the C3-symmetric tris(phosphinoamide) binding pocket, the preference of RhI and IrI for a square planar environment leads to a chloride/amide ligand exchange process. Complexes 1–3 have been structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography, revealing short Cr–Rh and Cr–Ir distances (2.6095(3) A (2); 2.6064(4) A (3)) indicative of metal–metal bonds. A computational investigation of the electronic structures of 2 and 3 reveals substantial metal–metal orbital overlap, but the high spin nature of the CrIII center leads to population of metal–metal antibonding orbitals and relatively weak metal–metal bonding. The effects of the metal–metal interaction on the redox properties of the CrIII center are investigated using cyclic voltammetry.