cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic retinas of Macaca fascicularis.

Purpose. To identify and isolate cDNAs for the alternatively spliced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNAs present in retina and to compare the relative levels of the splice variants and localization of VEGF mRNA in nonischemic and ischemic adult simian retinas. Methods. Retinas of cynomolgous monkeys were made ischemic by laser occlusion of the main branch retinal veins. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the VEGF coding region of RNAfrom ischemic and control retinas, and amplification products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern blot, and nucleotide sequencing. Analysis of VEGF mRNA expression was accomplished by in situ hybridization. Results. Control and ischemic retinas produce mRNAs that correspond to the 121 and 165 amino acid diffusible isoforms of VEGF, and relatively low levels of VEGF189, the heparinbinding isoform. There was no significant difference in the levels of the alternatively spliced VEGF transcripts between control and ischemic retinas. Cloning and sequencing revealed that simVEGF cDNAs are 99% identical to human VEGFs and are predicted to encode proteins identical to their respective human homologues. In situ hybridization of nonischemic retinas revealed a low level of VEGF mRNA in retinal ganglion cells and in the inner nuclear layer. VEGF mRNA levels were elevated in ischemic retinas as early as 1 day after laser vein occlusion, when there was a small but reproducible increase in signal. The expression peaked at approximately 13 days, coincident with maximal iris neovascularization, and was significantly reduced by 28 days, when the iris vessels largely regressed. Conclusions. The elevation of simVEGFi2i and VEGF165 in ischemic retinas is consistent with a role for diffusible, retina-derived angiogenic factors in the development of ocular neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:1334-1340.
United States societal experiments via the Communications Technology Satellite

The Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) is a cooperative experimental program of the United States and Canadian governments. The CTS uses a high-power transponder at the frequencies of 14/12 GHz for two-way television and voice communication. The United States and Canada have agreed to share equally in the use of CTS. The U.S. program includes a variety of societal experiments. The ground stations for these experiments are located from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The satellite communications capabilities and the antenna coverage for the U.S. are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the U.S. societal experiments in the areas of education, health care, and community and special services; nine separate experiments are discussed.
Gaining Some Perspective in Tort Law: A New Take on Third-Party Criminal Attack Cases

Despite the prominence of the objective "reasonable person standard" in tort doctrine, it is a mistake to conclude that perspective has no place in contemporary tort law. Although explicit perspectival standards, such as the "reasonable woman standard," have gained little acceptance in torts, the perspectives and experiences of non-dominant social groups have sometimes been taken into account in key contexts that involve "culturally polarized understandings of fact" and differing judgments about what constitutes reasonably safe behavior. Notably, the battle has not been over precise formulations of the duty to exercise reasonable care, but over whether to impose a duty to exercise reasonable care in the first instance.This Article examines third-party criminal attack claims against landlords, businesses, employers, and other entities charged with negligence for failing to detect and remedy dangerous conditions and prevent sexual assaults and other criminal attacks on their premises. The victims in these cases are often women, racial minorities, and low-income residents of high-crime areas. The Article describes the lack of consensus in the courts as to whether defendants owe a duty to take reasonable measures to guard against crime and analyzes the recent position taken by the Restatement (Third) of Torts in favor of imposing a duty in all but exceptional cases. The Article endorses the willingness of some courts in sexual assault cases to impose a duty and articulate a concept of reasonable care that requires defendants to make their premises equally safe for men and women. It criticizes the line of cases which rejects a duty of due care in high-crime areas, excuses defendants from taking precautions proportionate to the risk, and thereby fails to express a norm of equal safety regardless of where a person resides.
Face Aging Modeling

One of the challenges in automatic face recognition is to achieve temporal invariance. In other words, the goal is to come up with a representation and matching scheme that is robust to changes due to facial aging. Facial aging is a complex process that affects both the 3D shape of the face and its texture (e.g., wrinkles). These shape and texture changes degrade the performance of automatic face recognition systems. However, facial aging has not received substantial attention compared to other facial variations due to pose, lighting, and expression. We review some of the representative face aging modeling techniques, especially the 3D aging modeling technique. The 3D aging modeling technique adapts view invariant 3D face models to the given 2D face aging database. The evaluation results of the 3D aging modeling technique on three different databases (FG-NET, MORPH and BROWNS) using FaceVACS, a state-of-the-art commercial face recognition engine showed its effectiveness in handling the aging effect.
The aid for trade initiative : a WTO attempt at coherence

The Aid for Trade Initiative is an answer to developing countries’ requests for technical and financial assistance in the Doha Round negotiations. These requests prompted the WTO to collaborate with donors and development agencies but no attempt at increasing coherence between trade policy, aid policy, and development policy has been made. The main reason is that, while the WTO Secretariat had to collaborate with other institutions, it is not institutionally in a position to influence aid allocation. Aid for trade is delivered on donor’s terms in the same way than any other form of aid and the WTO’s role is largely limited to calling for more financial resources. The stalled Doha Round negotiations made matters worse as not only the Initiative was headless but it lost its initial core purpose of supporting the implementation of a multilateral agreement. As a result, the Initiative has grown increasingly de-linked from the Doha Round and support to trade capacity building and trade reforms has progressively slipped off donors’ priorities list. In its Aid for Trade Work Programme for 2012-13, the WTO implicitly acknowledged this reality. It did not call to increase coherence in policy making or in aid-for-trade delivery but merely asked donors to consider the trade dimension of their emerging new priorities. The Trade Facilitation Agreement reached in 2013 at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Bali is an opportunity to refocus the Initiative on clearly trade-related issues: implementing a multilateral trade agreement and reduce trade costs.
The multifunctional Ebola virus VP40 matrix protein is a promising therapeutic target

ABSTRACT The highly virulent nature of Ebola virus, evident from the 2014 West African pandemic, highlights the need to develop vaccines or therapeutic agents that limit the pathogenesis and spread of this virus. While vaccines represent an obvious approach, targeting virus interactions with host proteins that critically regulate the virus lifecycle also represent important therapeutic strategies. Among Ebola virus proteins at this critical interface is its matrix protein, VP40, which is abundantly expressed during infection and plays a number of critical roles in the viral lifecycle. In addition to regulating viral transcription, VP40 coordinates virion assembly and budding from infected cells. Details of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these essential functions are currently being elucidated, with a particular emphasis on its interactions with host proteins that control virion assembly and egress. This review focuses on the strategies geared toward developing novel therapeutic agents that target ...
Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults from 2002 to 2012

Objective Insomnia is a prevalent disorder in the United States and elsewhere. It has been associated with a range of somatic and psychiatric conditions, and adversely affects quality of life, productivity at work, and school performance. The objective of this study was to examine the trend in self-reported insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults.
Bi nanowires: Magnetism and the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition

Cantilever magnetometry experiments were performed on arrays of Bi nanowires of various diameters both on the semimetal and semiconductor side of the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition (SMSC) that is predicted to occur for diameters of approximately 50 nm. Our 270 nm nanowire samples, which are on the semimetal side of the SMSC transition, exhibit strong dHvA oscillations that can be interpreted by considering crystalline orientation and size effects and a large magnetization. Arrays of wires with diameters near or below the SMSC (60 and 36 nm) have dramatically reduced magnetizations per volume, and do not exhibit dHvA oscillations, consistent with a reduction in free carriers due to the SMSC.
The sodium tail of the Moon

Abstract During the few days centered about new Moon, the lunar surface is optically hidden from Earth-based observers. However, the Moon still offers an observable: an extended sodium tail. The lunar sodium tail is the escaping “hot” component of a coma-like exosphere of sodium generated by photon-stimulated desorption, solar wind sputtering and meteoroid impact. Neutral sodium atoms escaping lunar gravity experience solar radiation pressure that drives them into the anti-solar direction forming a comet-like tail. During new Moon time, the geometry of the Sun, Moon and Earth is such that the anti-sunward sodium flux is perturbed by the terrestrial gravitational field resulting in its focusing into a dense core that extends beyond the Earth. An all-sky camera situated at the El Leoncito Observatory (CASLEO) in Argentina has been successfully imaging this tail through a sodium filter at each lunation since April 2006. This paper reports on the results of the brightness of the lunar sodium tail spanning 31 lunations between April 2006 and September 2008. Brightness variability trends are compared with both sporadic and shower meteor activity, solar wind proton energy flux and solar near ultra violet (NUV) patterns for possible correlations. Results suggest minimal variability in the brightness of the observed lunar sodium tail, generally uncorrelated with any single source, yet consistent with a multi-year period of minimal solar activity and non-intense meteoric fluxes.
Analysis of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in seawater using the Nobias-chelate PA1 resin and magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Abstract A method was developed using the chelating resin Nobias-chelate PA1 in an off-line pre-concentration manifold with magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection for analysis of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. This multi-element method allows for the simultaneous extraction of eight samples in a closed column manifold. Standard additions to seawater demonstrated quantitative recovery and eliminated the need to use isotope dilution to account for non-quantitative recoveries of the metals on the resin. UV-oxidation of seawater samples before extraction was necessary to provide accurate total dissolved concentrations of Co and Cu. Samples (40 mL) were loaded onto the chelating resin column at a pH of 6.2 ± 0.3 after pH adjustment with a basic ammonium acetate (NH 4 Ac) solution. The columns were rinsed after sample loading with a weak (0.05 M) NH 4 Ac solution to remove the bulk of the major ions in seawater. The trace metals were eluted with 3 to 4 mL of 1 N Q-HNO 3 and analyzed on a magnetic sector ICP-MS. This multi-element method is ideal for high sample throughput and quantification over a broad range of element concentrations with low blanks and detection limits. We report results here from the SAFe and GEOTRACES reference samples as well as the U.S. GEOTRACES Atlantic and Pacific Baseline profiles.
Rocketback Trajectory Figures of Merit for a Reusable Booster Technology Flight Demonstrator

A Reusable Booster System (RBS) with an expendable upper stage is viewed by the Air Force as being the most likely candidate for the next generation of Ai r Force launch vehicles. A demonstrator program has been proposed to go and test the new technologies that w ill be important to the development of the RBS, inc luding a trajectory employing a rocketback return to launch site (RTLS) maneuver. This paper formulates two Figures of Merit (FOM) that address some of the key challenges facing the demonstrator program, specifically the absence of a finalized RBS design, and the need to study the dynamics of the rocketba ck trajectory at conditions that may be difficult for a demonstrator to emulate.
Horizontal and Vertical Integration‐Diversification in Rural Hospitals: A National Study of Strategic Activity, 1983–1988

Abstract: This study examines both the magnitude of and factors influencing the adoption of 13 horizontal and vertical integration and diversification strategies in a national sample of 797 U.S. rural hospitals during the period 1983–1988. Using organization theory, hypotheses were posed relating environmental and market factors, geographic location, and hospital characteristics to the adoption of horizontal and vertical integration and diversification. Results indicate that only one of 13 strategies was adopted by more than 50 percent of all rural hospitals during the study period, and that most of the directional hypotheses were not confirmed using Cox's proportional hazards models. In particular, environmental and market factors were unrelated to the strategies studied. Issues of methodology and theory are discussed; however, during an historically turbulent period, both relatively low levels of rural hospital strategic activities and lack of predictive power of the theory suggest caution in relying heavily on a policy for rural hospital survival that is dependent on individual market-oriented strategic behavior.
Apparatus for energy, angle, and mass analysis of products from alkali-molecule reactions

Abstract A new crossed-beam experimental apparatus for the study of collisional ionization is described. Mass, angular and energy distributions of both positively and negatively charged ionic products may be obtained. A novel feature is the possibility of simultaneous mass and energy analysis by a time-of-flight technique applied to the electrostatic energy analyzer. Details of the fast neutral beam energy calibration are given and the capabilities of the apparatus are illustrated by new results for collisional ionization of fast Cs atoms by D2O. Two small subsidiary peaks in the Cs+ beam emitted by the alkali source are ascribed to single and double energy losses involving 6s → 6p excitation of neutral Cs atoms by fast Cs+ within the charge exchange cell. The cross-section for this process at a Cs+ laboratory kinetic energy of 100 eV is of the order of 10−16 cm2.
Multispectral sorter for rapid, nondestructive optical bioprospecting for algae biofuels

Microalgal biotechnology is a nascent yet burgeoning field for developing the next generation of sustainable feeds, fuels, and specialty chemicals. Among the issues facing the algae bioproducts industry, the lack of efficient means of cultivar screening and phenotype selection represents a critical hurdle for rapid development and diversification. To address this challenge, we have developed a multi-modal and label-free optical tool which simultaneously assesses the photosynthetic productivity and biochemical composition of single microalgal cells, and provides a means for actively sorting attractive specimen (bioprospecting) based on the spectral readout. The device integrates laser-trapping micro-Raman spectroscopy and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry of microalgal cells in a flow cell. Specifically, the instrument employs a dual-purpose epi-configured IR laser for single-cell trapping and Raman spectroscopy, and a high-intensity VISNIR trans-illumination LED bank for detection of variable photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence. Micro-Raman scatter of single algae cells revealed vibrational modes corresponding to the speciation and total lipid content, as well as other major biochemical pools, including total protein, carbohydrates, and carotenoids. PSII fluorescence dynamics provide a quantitative estimate of maximum photosynthetic efficiency and regulated and non-regulated non-photochemical quenching processes. The combined spectroscopic readouts provide a set of metrics for subsequent optical sorting of the cells by the laser trap for desirable biomass properties, e.g. the combination of high lipid productivity and high photosynthetic yield. Thus the device provides means for rapid evaluation and sorting of algae cultures and environmental samples for biofuels development.
Basic and Applied Research as Problem Solving an Analysis of Constraints

Abstract A question of recurrent interest is whether pure or basic research and applied research may be meaningfully differentiated. Discussion of the issue typically begins by considering definitions. Subsequently illustrations are provided showing how basic research has led to practical application and how applied research has led to the advancement of theory. These propositions granted, the discussion usually then turns to an analysis of similarities and differences, and finally the discussion ends, typically with minimal resolution. Although in this paper definitions are not considered, and illustrations are not provided which show how one form of research benefits the objectives of the other, the present analysis nevertheless follows the traditional basic vs. applied ‘script’. However, in the present paper, basic and applied research are considered in terms of problem solving, and the question addressed is how basic and applied research vary with respect to the constraints that are placed upon the in...
Cyclotron-resonance line width in InSb in the quantum limit

Abstract The width of the free electron cyclotron resonance in InSb has been studied as a function of resonant magnetic field, by means of laser spectrometers operating at seven different wavelengths. Comparison of the data with theories of line width in the quantum limit, shows that the nature of the field dependence is determined by the size of the parameter l/a , where l is the magnetic length and a the screening length.
Effects of metallic ions and diphosphonates on inhibition of pericardial bioprosthetic tissue calcification and associated alkaline phosphatase activity

This study focused on the association of extrinsic alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity with both early and advanced calcification of glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardial bioprosthetic (GPBP) tissue, and the inhibition of both calcification and AP activity by pre-incubation in diphosphonates (sodium-ethanehydroxydiphosphonate [NaEHDP], aminopropanehydroxydiphosphonate [APD]) and metallic salts (FeCl3, Ga(NO3)3, AICI3). GPBP specimens were implanted subcutaneously in 3 wk old male rats after pre-incubation. Following explantation of the tissue at 72 h and 21 d, calcification was assessed morphologically by light microscopy and chemically by atomic adsorption spectroscopy for calcium content and by molybdate complexation for phosphorus. AP activity was characterized by enzymatic hydrolysis of paranitrophenyl phosphate and by histochemical studies. In both control and pretreated groups, AP levels were greater in 72 h explants than 21 d retrievals, which demonstrated extensive calcification in control explants. All pre-incubations that resulted in inhibition of calcification after 21 d, except for APD, were associated with 72 h AP content which was lower than control specimens. The typical time of initiation of calcification was 72 h, as determined by previous studies with this model system. Covalently bound APD inhibited calcification. Increased AP activity in the APD group may be due to the toxicity of this agent with resultant acute inflammation, or other incompletely understood effects of diphosphonates on calcification and AP. Furthermore, EHDP and Ga3+ incubations were also associated with decreased GPBP AP at 72 h compared to control, but were not effective for inhibiting calcification after 21 d. We concluded that inhibition of peak GPBP AP activity is not necessarily associated with the prevention of GPBP mineralization.
The effects of the psychiatric drug carbamazepine on freshwater invertebrate communities and ecosystem dynamics.

Abstract Freshwater ecosystems are persistently exposed to pharmaceutical pollutants, including carbamazepine. Despite the ubiquity and recalcitrance of carbamazepine, the effects of this pharmaceutical on freshwater ecosystems and communities are unclear. To better understand how carbamazepine influences the invertebrate community and ecosystem dynamics in freshwaters, we conducted a mesocosm experiment utilizing environmentally relevant concentrations of carbamazepine (200 and 2000 ng/L). Mesocosms were populated with four gastropod taxa (Elimia, Physa, Lymnaea and Helisoma), zooplankton, filamentous algae and phytoplankton. After a 31 d experimental duration, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to relate changes in the community structure and ecosystem dynamics to carbamazepine exposure. Invertebrate diversity increased in the presence of carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine altered the biomass of Helisoma and Elimia, induced a decline in Daphnia pulex abundance and shifted the zooplankton community toward copepod dominance. Lastly, carbamazepine decreased the decomposition of organic matter and indirectly altered primary production and dissolved nutrient concentrations. Changes in the invertebrate community occurred through both direct (i.e., exposure to carbamazepine) and indirect pathways (i.e., changes in food resource availability). These data indicate that carbamazepine may alter freshwater community structure and ecosystem dynamics and could have profound effects on natural systems.
Estimating the Binomial Parameter n

Abstract Estimating the parameter n of the binomial distribution on the basis of r independent observations has been considered sporadically over the years. Many questions regarding asymptotic and small sample properties of moment, maximum likelihood, and related estimators either have been ignored or have received inadequate treatment. A unified and comprehensive study of these topics is given here. We also consider the problem of zero-truncated observations.
A formulation for analog behavioral-level sensitivity and steady-state analysis

The synthesis and verification of larger analog systems in the context of mixed signal ASICs requires formulation of simulation and analysis methods at the analog behavioral level. In this paper we present a formulation for sensitivity and steady state analysis of analog systems at the behavioral level. This formulation is useful for analysis and design space exploration of higher-level analog architectures synthesized from behavioral specifications. Conventional methods are formulated within the context of circuit level simulators such as SPICE, forcing the designer to model systems in terms of primitive circuit-level equivalent circuits thereby taking away advantages of higher level system modeling and simulation.
Intelligent Sliding Mode Control of Cutting Force During Single-Point Turning Operations

A novel intelligent control architecture has been developed to regulate cutting forces during single-point turning operations. A self-adapting Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) accounts for parameter variations and unmodeled dynamics in the cutting process. A unique artificial neural network, the 2-Sigma network, statistically bounds modeling uncertainties between a low-order, linear dynamic model and the actual cutting process. These uncertainty bounds provide localized gains for the SMC, thus reducing excess control activity while maintaining performance. Initially, the 2-Sigma networks are trained off-line using experimental data from a variety of operating conditions. In the final implementation, the 2-Sigma networks are updated on-line, allowing the SMC to respond to parameter variations and unmodeled dynamics. Experiments conducted on a CNC lathe demonstrate the exceptional performance and robustness of this control system.
On the evaluation of the Bunch search-based software modularization algorithm

The first part of this paper describes an automatic reverse engineering process to infer subsystem abstractions that are useful for a variety of software maintenance activities. This process is based on clustering the graph representing the modules and module-level dependencies found in the source code into abstract structures not in the source code called subsystems. The clustering process uses evolutionary algorithms to search through the enormous set of possible graph partitions, and is guided by a fitness function designed to measure the quality of individual graph partitions. The second part of this paper focuses on evaluating the results produced by our clustering technique. Our previous research has shown through both qualitative and quantitative studies that our clustering technique produces good results quickly and consistently. In this part of the paper we study the underlying structure of the search space of several open source systems. We also report on some interesting findings our analysis uncovered by comparing random graphs to graphs representing real software systems.
Physicians and addiction.

A report in this issue of the Journal (see pages 1529–1537), describes an outbreak of bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit that was traced to an employee who was suspected of tapping into fentanyl infusions that were being administered to critically ill patients. A sample of the employee's hair showed traces of the narcotic, but he denied wrongdoing. He left the hospital, and the outbreak ceased. What is unusual is that the health care worker in question was a respiratory therapist and not a physician. When narcotics are misappropriated, the person implicated is usually a physician. But substance abuse . . .
On the relationship between differentiability conditions and existence of a strong gradient

It is proved that for any n ≥ 2 there exists continuous function f : ℝn → ℝ which is differentiable almost everywhere, but has no strong gradient almost everywhere.
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING ACCURATELY CATEGORIZES FINDINGS FROM COLONOSCOPY AND PATHOLOGY REPORTS

We randomly selected 500 linked colonoscopy and pathology reports from 10,798 nonsurveillance colonoscopies to train and test the NLP system. By using annotation by gastroenterologists as the reference standard, we assessed the accuracy of an open-source NLP engine that processed and extracted clinically relevant concepts. The primary outcome was the highest level of pathology. Secondary outcomes were location of the most advanced lesion, largest size of an adenoma removed, and number of adenomas removed. RESULTS: The NLP system identified the highest level of pathology with 98% accuracy, compared with triplicate annotation by gastroenterologists (the standard). Accuracy values for location, size, and number were 97%, 96%, and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The NLP can extract specific meaningful concepts with 98% accuracy. It might be developed as a method to further quantify specific quality metrics.
Final Figuring Of A Lightweighted Beryllium Mirror

A lightweighted Beryllium mirror, with a weight of 32 pounds and an elliptical shape of 32 inches by 34 3/4 inches, was fabricated to a flat surface. The final figuring on the mirror was accomplished using computer controlled polishing. The removal tool consisted of small Kemet pads which individually conformed to the surface and were maintained at constant pressure. This tool was rotated at constant velocity as it transversed the piece in a raster scan pattern. Control over material removal was accomplished by varying the linear velocity of the tool along its path. Velocity data for the polisher was derived from analysis of a series of sub-aperture interferograms. The abrasive elements for the polishing operation were diamond particles suspended in a slurry. The lightweighted Beryllium mirror surface was fabricated with a O.03 RMS optical path difference from flat, where λ is 0.6328
Reparations for U.S. war crimes against Iraq

Given the basic tenets of just war theory and those of United States law regarding compensatory justice, it is argued that the U.S. invasion of Iraq from 2003-present is morally unjust and that the U.S. owes substantial reparations to Iraq. Keywords: Compensatory justice, Iraq, Just war theory, reparations, United States, War crimes
Introducing task-based general computer self-efficacy: An empirical comparison of three general self-efficacy instruments

Computer self-efficacy (CSE) operates at multiple levels, including general and specific, although many studies operationalize it at the general level. GCSE, or a judgment of ability across all computing domains, is particularly useful because it can be generalized to all computing environments and it matches the level of specificity for general constructs. However, there have been problems with current instruments, among them the inability to capture the entire computing domain and using levels of assistance instead of task-based items. This study introduces and tests a new method of measuring general CSE, one that is task-based and calculated from specific CSEs, called summated GCSE (SGCSE). This instrument is empirically compared to two other GCSE instruments in their relationship with three common self-efficacy outcomes. Results demonstrate that SGCSE significantly related to all outcomes and that task-based GCSE is the preferred instrument to use for some, but not all outcomes. Implications are discussed.
Serum testosterone in fetal cattle.

Abstract Serum testosterone (T) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in 122 male and 82 female cattle fetuses at different stages of gestation, as well as 6 bulls and 15 cows. Before the eighth month of gestation male fetuses had a significantly higher T than females. Bulls had higher levels than cows, and pregnant cows had higher values than nonpregnant animals irrespective of fetal sex.
In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of 6-Azido-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurine and N6-Methyl-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine as Prodrugs of the Anti-HIV Nucleosides 2‘-F-ara-ddA and 2‘-F-ara-ddI

In an effort to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of 2‘-F-ara-ddI, two lipophilic prodrugs, 6-azido-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurine (FAAddP, 4) and N6-methyl-2‘,3‘-dideoxy-2‘-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (FMAddA, 5), were synthesized and their biotransformation was investigated in vitro and in vivo, in mice. Compounds 4 and 5 were synthesized via the intermediate 2. For the in vitro studies, FAAddP and FMAddA were incubated in mouse serum, liver homogenate, and brain homogenate. FAAddP was metabolized in liver homogenate by the reduction of the azido to the amino moiety followed by deamination, yielding 2‘-F-ara-ddI. The conversion of FAAddP to 2‘-F-ara-ddA was mediated by microsomal P-450 NADPH reductase system, as shown by the liver microsomal assay. FAAddP was also converted to 2‘-F-ara-ddI at a slower rate in the brain than in the liver. FMAddA, however, was stable in brain homogenate and was slowly metabolized in the liver homogenate. Metabolic co...
Long range order in the anisotropic quantum ferromagnetic Heisenberg model

We study the anisotropic quantum mechanical ferromagnetic Heisenberg model. By anisotropic we mean that thex andy exchange constants are equal but smaller than thez exchange constant. We show that for any amount of anisotropy there is long range order in two or more dimensions at low enough temperature. We also develop a convergent low temperature expansion and use it to prove exponential decay of the truncated correlation functions.
Using the family history method to distinguish relatives of patients with dependent personality disorder from relatives of controls

It has long been established that some psychiatric disorders run in families, and as a result, the family history method has become an established part of clinical and research psychiatry. Although there is much literature on the Axis I disorders, there is relatively little on the personality disorders. There are now reports that dependent personality can run in families. This report demonstrates that a standardized family history method for the DSM-III personality disorder clusters can distinguish relatives of dependent personality disorder patients from relatives of normal controls on the anxious personality disorder cluster, but cannot distinguish them from relatives of a mixed anxiety/depression group who do not have personality disorders. Relatives of the mixed anxiety/depression group did show a different pattern from the relatives of the dependent personality disorder group when all three personality disorder clusters were examined. This is the first such finding reported in the literature. Implications for future research are discussed.
Offshore Banking in the Caribbean by U.S. Commercial Banks: Implications for Government-Business Interaction

The purpose of this article is to analyze the current offshore banking operations in the Caribbean by major U.S. commercial banks and to assess their problems and prospects in the future. Specifically, the study examines the aggregate sources and uses of offshore funds in the Caribbean, analyzes the national regulations and incentives applying to offshore banking, assesses the impact of this market on the economic development of the Southern Hemisphere, explores the factors that will shape the future of Caribbean offshore banking (including the internal dynamics of Eurocurrency operations, the regulatory environment of the market, and the recent proposals to permit offshore banking operations in the United States), and suggests ways for gaining greater economic benefits for the domestic economics of the Caribbean offshore centers.
Utilization of neural stem cell-derived models to study anesthesia-related toxicity and preventative approaches.

Early-life stress has been shown in both preclinical and clinical studies to cause neuroanatomical and biological alterations and disruptions in homeostasis. These alterations can lead to dysfunction in critical regulatory systems and concomitant increases in risk for the development of pathology. The existing data from research using in vivo animal models have implicated some general anesthetics as being toxic to the developing brain and causing cognitive deficits later in life. Because of obvious limitations, it is not possible to thoroughly explore the effects of early-life stress—e.g., prolonged exposure to anesthetic agents—on neurons in vivo in human infants or children. However, the availability of stem cell-derived models, especially human embryonic neural stem cells, along with their capacity for proliferation and ability to differentiate, has provided a potentially invaluable tool for examining the developmental effects of anesthetic agents in vitro. This review focuses on how embryonic neural stem cells, when combined with biochemical, pathological, and pharmacokinetic assessments, might serve as a bridging platform to provide the most expeditious approaches toward decreasing the uncertainty in extrapolating preclinical data to the human condition. This review presents key concepts in stem cell biology with respect to the nervous system, presents an overview of neural development, and summarizes the involvement of neural cell types in developmental neurotoxicity associated with anesthetic exposure.
Examination of mitochondrial protein targeting of haem synthetic enzymes: in vivo identification of three functional haem-responsive motifs in 5-aminolaevulinate synthase

The initial and the terminal three enzymes of the mammalian haem biosynthetic pathway are nuclear encoded, cytoplasmically synthesized and post-translationally translocated into the mitochondrion. The first enzyme, ALAS (5-aminolaevulinate synthase), occurs as an isoenzyme encoded on different chromosomes and is synthesized either as a housekeeping protein (ALAS-1) in all non-erythroid cell types, or only in differentiating erythroid precursor cells (ALAS-2). Both ALAS proteins possess mitochondrial targeting sequences that have putative haem-binding motifs. In the present study, evidence is presented demonstrating that two haem-binding motifs in the leader sequence, as well as one present in the N-terminus of the mature ALAS-1 function in vivo in the haem-regulated translocation of ALAS-1. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase, the antepenultimate pathway enzyme, possesses a leader sequence that is approx. 120 residues long. In contrast with an earlier report suggesting that only 30 residues were required for translocation of the coproporphyrinogen oxidase, we report that the complete leader is necessary for translocation and that this process is not haem-sensitive in vivo. PPO (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) lacks a typical mitochondrial targeting leader sequence and was found to be effectively targeted by just 17 N-terminal residues. Bacillus subtilis PPO, which is very similar to human PPO at its N-terminal end, is not targeted to the mitochondrion when expressed in mammalian cells, demonstrating that the translocation is highly specific with regard to both the length and spacing of charged residues in this targeting region. Ferrochelatase, the terminal enzyme, possesses a typical N-terminal leader sequence and no evidence of a role for the C-terminus was found in mitochondrial targeting.
The Effect of Form of Feed on Growth and Feed Efficiency, Pellets versus Mash versus Granules for Broilers

Abstract THE relative merits of feed for broilers given in pellet, granule (re-ground pellets) or mash form is of current interest. Heywang and Morgan (1944) found that the average live weight of twelve week old cockerels receiving pellets from one day of age was significantly greater than that of those receiving mash. The pelleted form of feed produced more efficient gains than the “mash” form in these experiments. Hoffmann and Poitivent (1947) in one trial stated that it appears that pellets may have certain definite advantages over the conventional all-mash diets for growing out broilers from six weeks to market age. They found that birds fed pellets had a better efficiency of feed utilization and gained more during the test period than mash fed birds. Briggs (1949) in a personal communication, stated, “Wherever birds have had their choice they prefer to eat pellets or granules over mash.” When these three types . . .
Nutritive Properties of Torula Yeast for Poultry

Abstract RECENT years have seen considerable interest in the yeast Torulopsis utilis. Because of its particular growth characteristics Torula yeast is readily adaptable to the conversion of certain agricultural and forest waste products. This paper reports experiments with dried Torula yeast grown on a substrate of spent liquor from the sulphite pulping process employed in the conversion of wood to pulp. The name Torula yeast is a tentative designation for this particular yeast product. Yeasts in general are known to be excellent sources of valuable protein. Such protein has been found by Block (1945) to be closely comparable to milk casein in terms of amino acid content. However, its nutritional completeness for poultry may be open to question. In addition yeasts are rich sources of the water soluble group of vitamins. In this respect yeasts rank along with liver in the number of nutritive factors, both known and unknown, found to . . .
Imaginal experience and attenuation of the galvanic skin response to shock

The effect of imagining shocks or other events on later responding to real shocks was studied. Three groups of college subjects imagined either 10 lights, 10 shocks, or nothing, while a fourth group received 10 real shocks. All subjects then received 10 real shocks. Those subjects who imagined the shocks demonstrated fewer trials to an attenuation criterion than subjects imagining a light or receiving neutral stimulation. The results suggest that imagining shock facilitated attenuation of the response to real shocks. Relationships to previous studies were discussed.
Anthropology, Psychiatry, and Communication1

Viewing “mental illness” as behavior comprehensible in terms of communication and interaction within social systems—especially the family—rather than as individual “pathology” has recently led to revolutionary developments in psychiatric thinking and practice. Anthropologists have been central in developing the conception of communication underlying this advance and the general ideas about behavior and social interaction involved closely parallel anthropological views, yet there has been little feedback from psychiatry to anthropology during this period. This paper outlines the basic features of this communicational viewpoint, describes its significance for psychiatry, and suggests related potential applications in anthropology.
Coronary artery restenosis: vascular biology and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents is currently the preferred approach to the treatment of obstructive coronary stenoses. Large, randomized trials have demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of restenosis after drug-eluting stent placement compared with balloon angioplasty or bare metal stents across a wide range of lesions. Furthermore, these stents have appeared to be effective in maintaining the luminal patency at follow up for up to 2–4 years. Concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of drug-eluting stents, such as aneurysm formation in arteries secondary to drug toxicity or hypersensitivity, as well as the overdependence on antiplatelet therapy for a protracted period to prevent subacute thrombosis, have been raised. However, evidence from large studies has not demonstrated any significant increase in the incidence of such adverse events. Future approaches to treating coronary stenoses involve technical modifications, such as direct stenting, accelerati...
Relationship of age with eligibility for thrombolytic therapy and mortality among patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.

Objective: To determine the relationship of age and the percentage of patients presenting to the emergency department with myocardial infarction who meet conventional electrocardiographic and time-to-presentation criteria for thrombolytic therapy. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Emergency departments of three university hospitals and four community hospitals. Patients: Patients enrolled in the Multicenter Chest Pain Study, an investigation of patients aged 30 years or older presenting to the emergency department with the chief complaint of anterior, precordial, or left lateral chest pain unexplained by obvious local trauma or abnormalities on the chest radiograph. Interventions: None. Measurements: The frequency of patients who presented with conventional electrocardiographic and time-to-presentation criteria for thrombolysis. Main Results: Of a total of 12,140 patients who were enrolled in the Multicenter Chest Pain Study, 10,850 had information about their electrocardiogram and their time-to-presentation. Acute myocardial infarction occurred in 1,584 patients, 746 of whom were over age 65. Among patients presenting to the emergency department with acute myocardial infarction, the proportion who arrived within 6 hours of the onset of pain and had ST-segment elevation or pathologic Q-waves not known to be old decreased significantly with increasing age, from 34% in patients under 65 years to 18% for those 75 years and older. In addition, comorbidities that would have contraindicated thrombolytic therapy were present in an additional 12% of myocardial infarction patients who were older than 65 years. Conclusion: Although other analyses have shown that thrombolytic therapy is cost-effective for eligible elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, only a small percentage of very elderly patients who present to the emergency department with acute myocardial infarctions meet current eligibility criteria to receive it, so thrombolysis is unlikely to narrow the difference in mortality rates for young as compared with elderly patients with acute infarctions.
Rauvolfia serpentina—Its history, botany and medical use

This small shrub, native to the Orient from India to Sumatra, has for centuries been used in Indian medicine. In 1952 reserpine, one of several alkaloids in the plant, was isolated from its root and has since been evaluated in western medicine as one of the most valuable druǵs for treatinǵ hiǵh blood pressure.
Using qualitative physics to create articulate educational software

Qualitative physics captures the kinds of representations and reasoning techniques that people use in dealing with the physical world. Using qualitative physics, developers can create educational software that is fluent, supportive, generative and customizable.
Energy subsidies in California's electricity market deregulation

Deregulation and re-regulation of California's electricity market not only failed in terms of anticipated cost reductions, improved customer service and higher competition, it also led to the introduction of various additional energy subsidies. This paper analyzes California's electricity market deregulation process from a subsidy viewpoint. Under deregulation in California, investor-owned utilities were not allowed to pass their energy procurement costs fully on to their customers, and therefore subsequently, and inevitably, ran into severe financial problems. Such retail price regulation is an energy subsidy that is both economically and environmentally unfavorable, because it veils true price signals to electricity consumers and, in this way, discourages energy conservation. Other policies implemented in California that represent perverse energy subsidies are the purchase of power by the state of California, the suspension of retail competition, and the potential misuse of money from the recovery of stranded costs. Many interventions implemented by the state to smooth out the impacts of the energy crisis insulated electricity consumers from market realities, supported the existing structure of California's electricity market, which is predominantly based on fossil fuels, and suppressed market incentives to improve energy conservation.
Morris Cohen: A memorial tribute

Abstract The following is the text of an oral presentation delivered at the opening of ICOMAT ’05 in Shanghai on 14 June 2005 in memory of the late Morris Cohen, senior leader of the materials discipline and the science of martensite.
Centennial Symposium Plenary Session Papers

The proceedings of the APS/URSI Plenary Session held in Boston on June 27, 1984 are described. Invited papers covering early developments in antennas and propagation were presented by five pioneering experts who participated in the developments. Speakers were encouraged to give anecdotal presentations that made specific reference to their own contributions. The speakers were Joseph B. Keller, William E. Gordon, John D. Kraus, George Sinclair, and Harold A. Wheeler. Chairman of the special session was Edward C. Jordan. Manuscripts were compiled by Y. T. Lo and E. C. Jordan.