cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grazing and ingestion rates of nauplii, copepodids and adults of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus

The average grazing and ingestion rates of all stages of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus (Calanoida) from nauplius stage IV to adults were measured experimentally at 15°C in agitated cultures. The chain-forming diatom Lauderia borealis and the unarmoured dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens were offered as food. The food concentrations were close to natural conditions and ranged from 36 to 101 μg of organic carbon per liter. The medium body weights expressed in μg of organic carbon of almost all larval stages raised at 49 μg C/1 were identical with the weight of the same stages caught in the Pacific Ocean off La Jolla, California, USA. In a log-log system, grazing and ingestion rates increased almost linearly with increasing body weight. Grazing rates ranged from 4 to 21 ml/day/nauplius stage IV to 286 ml to 773 ml/day/female. Ingestion rates increased from 0.2 μg to 0.8 μg C/day/nauplius stage IV to 18 μg to 69 μg C/day/female. Grazing and ingestion rates per unit body weight decreased gradually with increasing body weight. The daily ingested amount of food decreased from 292 to 481% of the body weight (μg C) of nauplius stage V to 28–85% of the body weight of adult females. Grazing and ingestion performances of all stages increased with increasing particle size. Grazing rates decreased and ingestion rates increased with increasing food concentrations. The published data on food intake of the different age groups of C. helgolandicus show that the young stages of herbivorous planktonic copepods can play a major part in the consumption of phytoplankton in the sea due to their high grazing and ingestion rates.
CALCULATING THE CROSS-CURVES OF STABILITY USING THE HAND HELD PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR AND PRINTER

This paper describes a three-part program the author has written for the Texas Instruments 59 Programmable Calculator and PC-100A Printer for calculating the cross-curves of stability for a vessel at inclinations of 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg from its offsets. The intended application of this program is in preliminary design studies. The program is based on the following assumptions, discussed in the "Basic Ideas" section of the paper: The intersection of the draft and inclined waterlines at each station can be treated as the origin (0) of an x-y coordinate system; the areas of the immersed and emerged wedges can be approximated by the sums of areas of triangles; the centroid of each of these triangles can be located by calculating the point of intersection of two of its medians; the areas of the two wedges can be made equal by moving the origin a certain direction and distance along the draft waterline; and the vessel's vertical center of gravity lies at the bottom of the keel. The three parts of the program are explained in the paper's "Program" section; they are Offset Encoding, Wedge Equalization and Moment Calculation, and Righting-Arm (GZ) Calculation. "Using the Program" discusses program restrictions and describes how the program is used to compute cross-curves. The "Conclusions" section of the paper describes the advantages to the program user: No wedge or layer corrections are required, the actual or assumed KG is taken into account when the GZ is calculated, program operation is semi-automatic, and no large-scale full-body is required. In addition, the author has included an improved version of his curves-of-form program as an Appendix.
Manipulating the reversible aggregation of protein hormones in secretory granules: potential impact on biopharmaceutical development.

Neuroendocrine cells and other secretory cell types are able to store secretory proteins in a concentrated form for extended periods until the release of large quantities of protein is triggered. The proteins are stored in dense core secretory granules. The dense cores of these granules are made up of large, insoluble aggregates that form by self-association. These aggregates solubilise rapidly into monomeric proteins in their native conformations when released from the cells by exocytosis of secretory granules. Formation of aggregates is an early event in secretory granule formation in at least some cell types. The function of secretory granules containing protein aggregates varies, depending upon the contents. This may occur because recognition of an aspect, such as a surface motif, of the aggregate facilitates correct assembly of the membrane proteins necessary for transport and exocytosis of the granules. Understanding the principles necessary for aggregation of protein hormones may help in the formulation of proteins for clinical use. Formation of aggregates of human prolactin has been investigated both in cells and in solution. In cells, the aggregation of human prolactin requires a mildly acidic pH, and is slowed in the presence of a membrane-permeable chelator of zinc. In solution, the aggregation of human prolactin at mildly acidic pH and physiological concentrations of Zn(2+) resembles that which occurs in cells if the reaction is performed with macromolecular crowding, which will mimic the conditions in cells. The factors causing protein aggregation and the extent to which aggregation plays a role in secretory granule formation are likely to vary with the protein and cell type. Further understanding of the principles involved in forming these aggregates that readily disassociate may enhance the ability to formulate protein preparations. Knowledge of the exact residues involved in the protein : protein interfaces in the aggregates of secretory granule proteins may lead to the ability to use small molecules to interfere with self-association and to regulate the storage of secretory granule proteins.
Cytoreductive Surgery Plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Rectal Cancer

The peritoneum is a common site of metastases from colorectal cancer. The treatment of peritoneal metastases has evolved from palliative care only to a potentially curative approach. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has slowly emerged as an effective locoregional treatment for peritoneal metastases from a variety of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Most studies combine colon and rectal cancer today as one malignancy: “colorectal cancer”. In this respect, the majority of studies evaluating CRS plus HIPEC include only about 10–15% of patients with rectal cancer so that data concerning advanced peritoneal presentations of rectal cancer treated in this manner need to be viewed with caution. The purpose of this chapter is to review the incidence, treatment and outcomes of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer and when relevant from rectal cancer specifically.
A reduction series of neodymium supported by pyridine(diimine) ligands

The synthesis of a redox series of neodymium species bearing the redox active pyridine(diimine) ligand, MesPDIMe, is reported. Spectroscopic and structural characterization supports each compound has a Nd(III) centre, with the MesPDIMe ligand existing in four oxidation states.
Nature Rx: Reemergence of Pediatric Nature-Based Therapeutic Programs From the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Across the United States, physicians are prescribing patients nature. These "Nature Rx" programs promote outdoor activity as a measure to combat health epidemics stemming from sedentary lifestyles. Despite the apparent novelty of nature prescription programs, they are not new. Rather, they are a reemergence of nature-based therapeutics that characterized children's health programs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These historic programs were popular among working-class urban families, physicians, and public health officials. By contrast, adherence is a challenge for contemporary programs, especially in socially disadvantaged areas. Although there are differences in nature prescription programs and social context, historical antecedents provide important lessons about the need to provide accessible resources and build on existing social networks. They also show that nature-and its related health benefits-does not easily yield itself to precise scientific measurements or outcomes. Recognizing these constraints may be critical to nature prescription programs' continued success and support from the medical profession.
Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of cancer cells within tumors. CSCs divide asymmetrically to generate daughter cells that either have CSC characteristics including self-renewal, or differentiation potential to form neoplastic cells which constitute most of the tumor. These characteristics suggest that the cells may play an important role in tumor initiation, and development of chemo-resistance. These characteristics are evident in the ability of CSCs to seed new tumors upon transplantation in experimental animal models. In this chapter, we describe the evidence around the role of CSCs in breast cancer. A brief overview of the methods and markers used to identify these cells is also provided. More importantly, we present the data regarding the signaling pathways that are implicated in the aggressiveness associated with CSCs. Lastly, we discuss the strategies that can be used for targeting these pathways for therapeutic purposes.
The flip side of sirtuins: the emerging roles of protein acetyltransferases in aging.

Protein N-e-lysine acetylation is is an important post-translational modification that plays critical roles in the regulation of many cellular processes. A role for this modification in the process of aging goes back two decades to the discovery that the yeast NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2 regulates lifespan in yeast. While the Sirtuin family of protein deacetylases has been intensively studied in many model systems and is definitively linked to aging, the enzymes responsible for protein acetylation, protein acetyltransferases (KATs), have not received a similar level of attention. However, a series of recent studies have directly explored the role of specific KATs in aging. These studies have shown that modulation of KAT activity can influence cellular pathways important for aging and directly effect organismal lifespan.
Neither Dialogue nor Last Word: Deliberative Separation of Powers III

AbstractThis article is the third and last of a series that tries to understand and reconcile ‘theories of last word’ and ‘theories of dialogue’ with respect to the proper place of constitutional courts within democratic regimes. It claims that there is a complementarity between both approaches: the design of the separation of powers needs to decide, contextually, whether elected parliaments or constitutional courts should bear the burden of the ‘provisional’ last word upon constitutional meaning; it should not neglect, however, the fact that institutions inevitably interact and can challenge each other's decisions over time, a datum that needs to be factored into the discussion about the legitimacy of judicial review. The article further claims that, if some sort of interaction between branches is inevitable over time, constitutional theory should elaborate on which sort is more desirable and legitimate than others. An interaction inspired by a normative ideal of dialogue and of deliberative performance,...
The strength of our stories: a qualitative analysis of a multi-institutional GME storytelling event

Context: Storytelling is a powerful tool for encouraging reflection and connection among both speakers and listeners. While growing in popularity, studying the benefits of formal oral storytelling events within graduate medical education remains rare. Our research question was: could an oral storytelling event for GME trainees and faculty be an effective approach for promoting well-being and resilience among participants?Methods: We used multiple approaches to gather perspectives from physician participants (storytellers and audience members) at an annual oral storytelling event for residents, fellows, and faculty from seven academic health systems in Minnesota. Data sources included short reflections written by participants during the event, an immediate post-event survey exploring participants' experiences during the event, social media postings, and targeted follow-up interviews further exploring the themes of connection and burnout that were raised in post-event survey responses. We performed a qualitative analysis using both deductive and inductive coding to identify themes.Results: There were 334 participants, including 197 physicians. At the event, 129 real-time written reflections were collected. There were also 33 Twitter posts related to the event. Response rate for the post-event survey was 65% for physicians, with 63% of physician respondents volunteering for targeted follow-up interviews. Of those, 38% completed the follow-up interview. Themes that emerged from the multi-modal qualitative analysis included a sense of connection and community, re-connection with meaning and purpose in work, renewal and hope, gratitude, and potential impact on burnout.Conclusion: The large turnout and themes identified show how an oral storytelling event can be a powerful tool to build community in graduate medical education. Qualitative analysis from multiple sources obtained both in real-time at the event and upon deeper reflection afterwards showed the event positively impacted the well-being of participants and that oral storytelling events can be an effective approach for promoting resilience in GME.
Pilot experience using tumor-based next generation sequencing increases compliance and reduces barriers for ovarian cancer genetic testing

Objectives: Although hereditary risk assessment is advised for all ovarian/tubal/peritoneal (OTP) cancer patients, a variety of barriers limit universal compliance. A workflow using tumor-based next generation sequencing (NGS) germline testing implemented by the pathologist at the time of primary or interval debulking surgery. The objective of this study is to report compliance and turnaround time of a pilot workflow of germline testing via tumor-based NGS in OTP cancer. may reduce some of these barriers. Methods: We identified all patients with a new diagnosis of epithelial OTP carcinoma who underwent primary or interval debulking surgery from January to August 2020. All patients were recommended to undergo tumor and germline sequencing, either through our institutional NGS platform or through commercial sequencing. We compared time to results as well as influence of results on maintenance/second-line therapy. Results: We identified 35 patients with a median age of 61 (range 29-78) and a median follow-up time of 5 months (range 0-13). Our stage breakdown included 8 Stage I, 4 Stage II, 20 Stage III, and 3 Stage IV patients. A total of 24 patients had high grade serous carcinoma, with 5 endometrioid, 3 clear cell, 2 mucinous, and one high grade NOS tumor. A total of 11 patients underwent interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All but 2 (94.2%) of patients received a genetic counseling referral. A total of 2 patients did not have sequencing performed, while 1 patient did not have enough tumor for sequencing at the time of interval debulking surgery. A total of 10 patients had both tumor and germline sequencing performed at the time of tumor testing, while 20 others had tumor only sequencing. For those patients who did not have a known hereditary germline mutation prior to surgery, the mean turnaround time for germline genetic testing results was 26.5 days (range 19-51) in the NGS + germline group whereas the median turnaround time after commercial testing was 75 days (regardless of primary or interval debulking, range 19-202), p=0.006. A total of 5 patients were identified as germline carriers of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, with 1 addition germline finding of a pathogenic variant in ATM. An additional 5 patients had somatic pathogenic mutations in homologous recombination repair pathway genes, all of whom are receiving or being considered for PARP inhibitor maintenance after primary treatment. Conclusions: Combining somatic and germline tumor testing at the time of staging/debulking surgery requires upfront coordination with pathology and patient consent, but streamlines the genetic testing process to improve testing rates allow timely results for treatment planning. This approach may also identify additional patients with homologous recombination deficient tumors through simultaneous somatic mutation assessment.
Drug Induced Mesenteric and Retroperitoneal Diseases

Although uncommon, mesenteric and retroperitoneal complications of pharmacologic agents and drugs of abuse are serious and potentially life-threatening adverse drug events. Drug-induced non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, mesenteric edema, retroperitoneal and mesenteric fibrosis and mesenteric involvement in drug and toxin-induced pancreatitis have all been described. A summary of these conditions and putative causes are provided in this chapter.
Digesting agriculture development: nutrition-oriented development and the political ecology of rice–body relations in India

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) has emerged as a major development paradigm that works to diversify crops and diets throughout the Global South in order to improve nutritional outcomes. Drawing on a conceptual framework from political ecologies of health that looks at political economic factors, social discourse, and embodied, material experiences of food, I analyze qualitative and ethnographic data from an integrated NSA intervention in Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand, India. The analysis shows that while embodied experiences of differing rice varieties (either indigenous or improved) were central to research participants’ conceptions of bodily health, mainstream NSA metrics had trouble ‘seeing’ these relations in meaningful ways. Moreover, although material experiences of rice cultivation and consumption anchored participants’ rice preferences, structural economic realities along with notions of social identity were always interwoven. Yet, while villagers expressed divergent perceptions around how the different rice cultivars shaped their bodily health, agricultural officers tended to view rice experiences as a product of culture, rather than as material and socio-ecological food-body interactions. In sum, this paper argues more deeply engaging with the political economic, socially symbolic, and embodied ways that communities relate to food production and consumption would allow NSA research to develop more grounded and inclusive understandings of agriculture-nutrition linkages.
The person in medicine

A brief description of what is a person is followed by a brief description of what sickness is. It is apparent that virtually every aspect of the person is altered to some degree by serious illness. It is a circumstance of the ascendant theory of sickness (‘when a person is sick it is because of disease’), history, and a result of the development of science that the physical manifestations of sickness are so prominent. Because persons are of a piece, whatever happens to one part happens to the all. Because of this, if a determinant of the illness is personal, psychological, social, or spiritual there will necessarily be physical manifestations as well. If these are given the most attention (as at present) that might not be true to the patients experience or offer the best opportunities for intervention. Sickness makes itself known by interferences in functioning that prevent persons from pursuing their goals and purposes. Healing should be directed toward restoration of functioning and a consequent return of well-being
Co-ordination compounds of thallium(III)-VII[1]: The low frequency Raman spectra of crystalline complexes of thallium(III) chloride, bromide and iodide with pyridine, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1:10-phenanthroline and 2,2′,2″-terpyridyl

Abstract The Raman spectra of fifteen crystalline complexes of the thallium(III) halides with pyridine(py), 2,2′-bipyridyl(bipy), 1:10-phenanthroline(phen) and 2,2′,2″-terpyridyl(terpy) have been recorded in the low frequency region (below 400 cm −1 ). From a study of the vibrational frequencies associated with the thallium-halogen stretching modes, definite conclusions are possible concerning the molecular structures of these species. In particular, whether the solid-state species contain the [Tl X 4 ] − or [Tl X 6 ] 3− anions can be established from the presence or absence of the characteristic vibrational frequencies of these anions. For example, TlCl 3 ,2py, TlCl 3 ,bipy and TlCl 3 ,phen give spectra suggesting they have non-centrosymmetric halogen-bridged dimeric structures, whereas Tl X 3 , B ( X = Br or I, B = bipy or phen) are probably ionic [Tl X 2 B 2 ] + [Tl X 4 ] − . The new complexes TlBr 3 ,terpy and (TlBr 3 ) 2 ,terpy have been prepared. TlCl 3 ,3py can be isolated as a by-product from the preparation of TlCl 3 ,2py. It is probably iso-structural with cis -InCl 3 ,3py.
CYTOPATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO HUMAN TUMORS. I. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.

Abstract Armstrong, D. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), G. Henle, N. L. Somerson, and L. Hayflick. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. I. Isolation and biological aspects. J. Bacteriol. 90:418–424. 1965.—Mycoplasmas were isolated from cell cultures of two benign human tumors. The first isolate contained two mycoplasmas, one a well-known human species (Mycoplasma hominis type I) and frequent tissue culture contaminant, and the other a recently reported new type. The second isolate was a mycoplasma of the newly described type. The mycoplasmas could be reisolated, after one or more passages through tissue culture, from extracts of the original tumor tissue. The relationship of the organisms to the neoplasms remains obscure. Both isolates produce cytopathic effect (CPE) and acidification of medium in a variety of tissue cultures. The CPE may be diminished, but not abolished, by increasing concentrations of arginine in the tissue culture media. Infection of various tissue cultures with the mycoplasmas did not result in interference to super-infection with vesicular stomatitis virus.
Abstract 1818: ERBB3/HER2 signaling limits the effectiveness of EGFR blockade in head and neck and colorectal cancer models

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: EGFR blocking antibodies are approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, responses to single agent EGFR blocking antibodies are relatively infrequent and transient. Thus, there is a clear need for agents that can enhance the benefit of EGFR blockade. While ERBB3 signaling has been proposed to limit the effectiveness of EGFR inhibitors, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this report, we employ blocking antibodies against ERBB3 (REGN1400) and EGFR (REGN955), as well as a HER2 blocking antibody, to investigate the role of ERBB3 in modulating the response to EGFR inhibition. Experimental procedures and results: We show that EGFR and ERBB3 are co-activated in multiple HNSCC cell lines and that combined blockade of EGFR and ERBB3 inhibits the growth of these cell lines more effectively than blockade of either receptor alone. Western blotting analysis shows that REGN955 strongly inhibits activation of ERK, but not Akt, while REGN1400 strongly inhibits activation of Akt, but not ERK, consistent with the more potent effect of the combination on cell growth. In addition, using a colorectal cancer cell line with low endogenous ERBB3 activity, we show that neuregulin 1 treatment significantly increases ERBB3 phosphorylation and reverses the inhibitory effect of REGN955 on cell growth. To further understand the mechanism of ERBB3 activation, we employed a HER2 blocking antibody to show that ERBB3 phosphorylation in HNSCC and CRC cells is strictly dependent on association with HER2, but not EGFR, and that neuregulin 1 activates ERBB3/HER2 signaling to reverse the effect of EGFR blockade on CRC cell growth. Finally, while REGN1400 and REGN955 as single agents slowed the growth of HNSCC and CRC xenografts, the combination of REGN1400 plus REGN955 caused significant tumor regression. Summary and conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that ERBB3 partners with HER2 to activate the Akt survival pathway and to limit the effect of EGFR blockade on the growth of HNSCC and CRC cell lines and tumor xenografts. These findings suggest that REGN1400, which is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial, could provide clinical benefit when combined with EGFR blocking antibodies. Citation Format: Li Zhang, Carla Castanaro, Bo Luan, Katie Yang, Amy Fan, John Rudge, Nicholas Papadopoulos, Gavin Thurston, Christopher Daly. ERBB3/HER2 signaling limits the effectiveness of EGFR blockade in head and neck and colorectal cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1818. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1818
Situating Feminisms, Patent Law, and the Public Domain

This Article contributes to theorizing of the public domain by identifying and examining different conceptions of the public domain, while pointing to the benefits and limitations of each. These conceptions include the open public domain, hybridized public domain, protective public domain, and egalitarian public domains. The goal of this Article is to analyze these various conceptions of the public domain in order to build a more robust theoretical toolkit for investigating patent law struggles over genetic and biological material and how they relate to the lives of women, particularly Indigenous women. It also offers a new conceptual analytic of “situated public domains” as a way of understanding scientific/cultural knowledge production within the public domain as complex, contradictory, and partial. This Article, therefore, breaks open debates over intellectual property and the public domain by offering a new way of theorizing the public domain that requires a more contextualized approach and requires attention to social inequalities including gender discrimination. Thus, it argues for a decidedly critical race feminist approach to the theorizing of the public domain and patent law. To support this new conception, the Article also discusses qualitative research findings from recent fieldwork in South Africa around issues of patent law, biotechnology, and Indigenous knowledge.
“Respiratory” turbinates in endotherms and ectotherms

For thirty years respiratory turbinates have been hailed as unequivocal indicators of endothermy in mammals and birds, but their validity as osteologic correlates of metabolic rate is limited to extant mammals. The nasal cavity contributes to heat and water conservation in extant birds, but their trachea also plays an important role. Efficiency of countercurrent heat exchange in the avian trachea increases when cartilaginous conchae are surgically removed. Respiratory turbinates and ectothermy are not mutually exclusive - recent re-examination of the nasal cavity of extant crocodilians reveals presence of a prominent turbinate-like preconcha. Vascularised surface area of the preconcha in the American alligator scales with positive allometry. A larger-than-predicted preconcha provides additional respiratory surface for evaporative cooling in bigger animals, in which cutaneous heat loss is made difficult by the reduced surface area:volume ratio. Thermographic imaging and in vivo measurements of upper respir...
Micro-Enterprise Training (MET) Program: An Innovative Response to Welfare Reform

ABSTRACT In this paper, I present a case study of a Micro-Enterprise Training program (MET) that was designed especially for people trying to leave welfare, and to do so by starting their own very small businesses earning at least $7 per hour. Before presenting the case study, I briefly review the literature on welfare reform, wage employment, and micro-enterprise development. Then I discuss the MET program-an innovative response to welfare reform-in its details, capturing the “voices” of the major stakeholders. Finally, I share the barriers and the successes faced by the program as well as the lessons learned, that allow identification of best practices at individual micro-entrepreneur and program levels for running successful micro-enterprise programs. I intend for this paper to teach social work practitioners and students more about micro-enterprise development as a strategy for economic advancement, and encourage more social work involvement in micro-enterprise development programs.
Complications of Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a relatively invasive modality for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal disease and for the prevention or early detection of colorectal neoplasia. Millions of colonoscopies are performed each year in the United States by endoscopists with varying levels of skill in colons that present varying levels of challenge. Although better scope technology has made colonoscopy gentler and more accurate, the sheer number of examinations performed means that complications inevitably occur. This article considers the most common complications of colonoscopy, and advises how to minimize their incidence and how to treat them if they do occur.
A theoretical model for simulating the outcome of mechanism based in vitro toxicity testing strategies

In order to investigate the fundamental principles that influence the optimal selection of toxicity test methods for the evaluation of chemical hazards, it is useful to have a design model to explore possible alternative testing strategies. In general, our lack of detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of toxicity (including not only the early events in the interaction of chemicals with biological systems, but the sequence of events that lead to experimentally measurable toxicity) limits the development of realistic dynamic models of the toxicological process for individual chemicals. We report here the development of a theoretical model that includes two independent hypothetical mechanisms of toxicity. The mechanisms are designed to be qualitatively similar to known mechanisms of action. The model is exercised to simulate the experimental data that would be obtained for a collection of "test" and "validation" chemicals using a single or a combination of two toxicity tests. The data generated are used to evaluate the "relevance" of the testing strategy based on the two proposed in vitro toxicity tests.
Monte Carlo error estimation for multivariate Markov chains

Abstract In this paper, the conservative Monte Carlo error estimation methods and theory developed in Geyer (1992a, Statist. Sci. 7, 473–483) are extended from univariate to multivariate Markov chain applications. A small simulation study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed estimators.
TrpC3 regulates hypertrophy-associated gene expression without affecting myocyte beating or cell size.

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with an increased risk of heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Calcium (Ca2+) -regulated gene expression is essential for the induction of hypertrophy, but it is not known how myocytes distinguish between the Ca2+ signals that regulate contraction and those that lead to cardiac hypertrophy. We used in vitro neonatal rat ventricular myocytes to perform an RNA interference (RNAi) screen for ion channels that mediate Ca2+-dependent gene expression in response to hypertrophic stimuli. We identified several ion channels that are linked to hypertrophic gene expression, including transient receptor potential C3 (TrpC3). RNAi-mediated knockdown of TrpC3 decreases expression of hypertrophy-associated genes such as the A- and B-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) in response to numerous hypertrophic stimuli, while TrpC3 overexpression increases BNP expression. Furthermore, stimuli that induce hypertrophy dramatically increase TrpC3 mRNA levels. Importantly, whereas TrpC3-knockdown strongly reduces gene expression associated with hypertrophy, it has a negligible effect on cell size and on myocyte beating. These results suggest that Ca2+ influx through TrpC3 channels increases transcription of genes associated with hypertrophy but does not regulate the signaling pathways that control cell size or contraction. Thus TrpC3 may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Dynamic fluorescence investigations of the effect of osmotic shocks on the microenvironments of charged and uncharged dipalmitoyl-D,L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Abstract Neutral methylanthracene (MA), anionic trisodium 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate, (pyranine), and cationic 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride (acriflavine), have been used as fluorescence probes to investigate effects of osmotic shrinkage on neutral, cationic and anionic dipalmitoyl-D,L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The determined fluorescence polarizations in the liposomes and in solvents of known viscosities afforded the estimation of the microviscosities of the environments of these probes. The viscosity reported by pyranine for anionic and that by acriflavine for cationic single compartment liposomes, ∼1.0 cP, indicate the aqueous environments of these probes. Increased viscosities following osmotic shrinkages have been rationalized in terms of changing the nature of the liposome entrapped water. Following the release of free water, some bound water is also released as the result of osmotic shrinkage. The determined shrinkage rates support this postulate. The viscosity of the environment of pyranine in cationic, 9.6 ± 0.3 cP, and that of acriflavine in anionic single compartment liposomes, 74 ± 5 cP, indicate electrostatic attractions of the probes to the charged liposome surface. Osmotic shrinkage results in lowering the viscosity of the environments of the probes presumably because the more concentrated sodium chloride replaces them from their sites. The high viscosities reported by MA, ∼ 1000 cP, suggest the intercalation of this probe in the phospholipid bilayers. Osmotic shrinkage does not alter the environment of MA. However, in the presence of cholesterol, the viscosities reported by MA are greater than in its absence. These data contradict previous NMR, ESR and X-ray results as well as those obtained in the present work from osmotic shrinkage rates. The need for care in interpreting data obtained by the use of fluorescence probes is emphasized.
Response of a Dual-Spin Spacecraft with Flexible Appendages via Modal Analysis

-• 0.33 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 (X6 I 2 4 6 10 k/hcS Fig. 5 Required insulation thickness for embedded combustor case. tain this solution, the same input is required as for the other configuration with the addition of r, pC p I liner, and pC p I case; and the exception of e and h 0. Figure 5 is the parametric solution to this problem. For any given insulation thickness and flight environment, the coor- dinates of a point in the figure can be computed, either with or without pC p I case. This point will fall above the Mach number curve if the insulation is insufficient, and below it if excessive insulation is present. For singular parameter changes, the point moves in the direction indicated by lines passing through the reference point marked " — incr S", "incr k — > ,"
de Haas–van Alphen spectra of the shape-memory alloy AuZn

Abstract The martensitic transition (MT) is found in a wide range of biological, chemical and condensed-matter systems. In spite of technological interest in the MT, many fundamentals remain unclear. In this paper, we use de Haas–van Alphen oscillations to study the martensitic phase of AuZn. The oscillations show that there is a single-variant low-temperature phase, and that the AuZn samples are exceptionally pure; hence, the MT is an intrinsic, rather than an extrinsic effect. Taken with other data that indicate that there are no precursor phases, this suggests that AuZn is an excellent “model” MT system, and that it should be possible to describe the transformation in terms of a free-energy model requiring only simple input parameters.
A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: VIII. The galerkin/least-squares method for advective-diffusive equations

Abstract Galerkin/least-squares finite element methods are presented for advective-diffusive equations. Galerkin/least-squares represents a conceptual simplification of SUPG, and is in fact applicable to a wide variety of other problem types. A convergence analysis and error estimates are presented.
Human satietin: rapid development of tolerance and its specificity to feeding behavior in rats.

Abstract Semipurified human satietin (SP hSAT) significantly (p 0.01). In a third study, injection of purified human satietin (p hSAT) (2 mg/kg, IP) in fasted rats (24 hr) had no effect on water consumption either during fast or 24 hr postfast (p>0.05). In a fourth study p hSAT was continuously heated to 37°C. Aliquots were taken each day and injected (IP) into 4 naive rats (total of 24 rats) for a total of 6 days of heating (120 hr). The p hSAT remained fully active after 120 hr of heating to 37°C. We conclude that tolerance to satietin develops rapidly but that it can partially reduce daily food intake below saline-treated animals when injected intraperitoneally or continuously infused at doses of at least 1 mg/kg/day. Food intake was specifically reduced both by Sp hSAT and p hSAT while water intke changed only in response to changes in food intake. We, therefore, conclude that satietin specifically inhibits food intake.
Rad23 Provides a Link between the Png1 Deglycosylating Enzyme and the 26 S Proteasome in Yeast

In addition to a role in DNA repair events in yeast, several lines of evidence indicate that the Rad23 protein (Rad23p) may regulate the activity of the 26 S proteasome. We report evidence that a de-N-glycosylating enzyme, Png1p, may be involved in the proteasomal degradation pathway via its binding to Rad23p. Interaction of Rad23p and Png1p was first detected by two-hybrid screening, and this interaction in vivo was confirmed by biochemical analyses. The Png1p-Rad23p complex was shown to be distinct from the well established DNA repair complex, Rad4p-Rad23p. We propose a model in which Rad23p functions as an escort protein to link the 26 S proteasome with proteins such as Rad4p or Png1p to regulate their cellular activities.
The Use of Biologic DMARDS Identifies Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with More Optimistic Expectations of Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background Preoperative expectations of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) correlate with postsurgical satisfaction, and are linked to outcomes. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other chronic diseases, may lower expectations, although new biologic medications have greatly enhanced patients’ quality of life.
HIV diagnosis and fertility intentions among couple VCT clients in Ethiopia.

Abstract In Ethiopia, most HIV-affected couples are in serodiscordant relationships and must weigh any childbearing desires against the risk of transmitting the virus to a partner or child. This analysis investigates the relationship between HIV diagnosis and fertility intentions among couple voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clients in Ethiopia and whether this relationship differs between men and women. Data come from the Ethiopia Voluntary Counseling and Testing Integrated with Contraceptive Services (VICS) study, which collected information from men and women attending VCT at eight public sector health facilities in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. VCT clients were asked about their fertility intentions before (pre-test) and after (post-test) receiving their HIV test results. Sex-stratified logistic regression was used to find characteristics, such as the couple's HIV status, associated with ceasing to desire children between pre-test and post-test versus desiring children at both time points. Wome...
The h‐index for countries in Web of Science and Scopus

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of recent experiments in determining the h‐index at the country level for the 10 Ibero‐American countries of South America.Design/methodology/approach – The three citation index components (Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index) of the Web of Science system of Thomson‐Reuters and the Scopus database of Elsevier are used to gauge the comparability of the h‐indexes reported by the two systems.Findings – The results show that in spite of the significant differences in the content of the two databases in terms of their source base and the extent of cited reference enhancement of records, the rank correlation of the ten countries based on the h‐index values returned by Web of Science and Scopus is very high.Originality/value – For this sample, in spite of differences between WoS and Scopus in the number of papers from each country, the rank position of the countries by the h‐index is almost the s...
Response of Brook, Rainbow, and Brown Trout to Various Dosages of Sulfamerazine

Abstract During experiments in 1945 and 1946 in which sulfamerazine in the food was found to be effective in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), it was observed that fish grew faster on untreated food and that when the dosage rate was heavy they did not eat all the food and showed a dislike for it. To determine the effect of sulfamerazine treatment on growth and to learn whether the drug injures various trout species, brook trout and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) were tested in 1946 and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in 1947. The daily dosage rates chosen were 0, 5, 10, and 15 grams of the drug per 100 pounds of fish (0, 11, 22, 33 grams per 100 kilograms). It was observed from this experiment that: (1) sulfamerazine was not lethal; (2) the drug had no apparent injurious effect; (3) retardation of growth was caused by reduced consumption of food containing the drug; (4) there was great variation among the three species of trout in their response to sulfamerazine, e.g., the...
336 RELATIONSHIP OF UMBILICAL VENOUS PO 2 TO UMBILICAL BLOOD FLOW

Experiments to reduce umbilical blood flow have demonstrated varying PO2 results in the umbilical vein ranging from no significant change to increases in umbilical vein PO2. A clarification of these observations is important in order to understand the respiratory function of the placenta. Eleven paired experiments in 5 sheep were performed with an occluder around the fetal abdominal aorta (Group I). Eight paired experiments in 4 sheep were performed with an occluder around one umbilical artery (Group II). PO2 and O2 content were measured across the umbilical and uterine circulations. Umbilical and uterine blood flow were determined by application of the Fick Principle. Umbilical blood flow was reduced up to 30% of normal. Fetal O2 consumption decreased up to 60% of normal. In Group I, when fetal O2 consumption was unchanged by occlusion, PO2 in the umbilical vein remained constant. When fetal O2 consumption decreased, umbilical vein PO2 increased. In Group II, there was a consistent decrease in umbilical vein PO2 (ΔPO2 = -5.4 ± 1.2 torr). These data demonstrate that the magnitude and direction of changes in umbilical venous PO2 depends upon several factors, i.e., whether the reduction in umbilical blood flow occurs evenly (Group I) or unevenly (Group II) and whether fetal O2 consumption remains constant or decreases.
Destination of the Meal and the Effect of a Previous Sugar or Blood Meal on Subsequent Feeding Behavior in Female Tabanus nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae)

The crop was the main destination for 1 M sucrose, whereas blood ingested from a restrained rat or water fed alone and at room temperature was directed to the midgut in female Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart. These results are consistent with previous reports for other dipteran species and for field-collected female T. nigrovittatus. Satiation on a previous meal failed to inhibit the immediate response to stimuli associated with feeding on the other substance. When two meals were taken, regardless of the sequence, the total amount ingested remained the same.
Changes of lipid composition and saturation level in leaves and roots for heat-stressed and heat-acclimated creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Abstract Changes in membrane lipid compositions and saturation levels during high temperature acclimation and heat stress were investigated in leaf and root tissues for three cultivars of creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) that differ in heat tolerance. ‘L-93’ (heat tolerant), ‘Penncross’ (heat sensitive) and ‘Crenshaw’ (intermediate) showed differential decreases in grass visual quality (leaf color and shoot density), increases in TBARS (a measure of oxidative damage), increases in membrane leakage and decreases in chlorophyll content of leaves during 28 days of heat stress (35 °C) in a growth chamber study. Total lipid extracts from the leaves of all three cultivars showed that the lipid saturation level increased over time under heat stress, with the change being predominantly due to decreases in linolenic acid and increases in linoleic and palmitic acids. The only significant difference in leaf lipid saturation between the three cultivars was that L-93 extracts contained a higher proportion of saturated lipids prior to heat stress than the other two cultivars. No cultivar differences in lipid composition were detected during heat stress. Penncross plants given a mild heat pre-treatment (30 °C) (heat acclimated) prior to being exposed to heat stress (35 °C) showed increased saturation of leaf lipids at the initiation of heat stress. There were no significant differences in root lipid composition between heat-acclimated and non-acclimated plants. Penncross plants which had acquired thermotolerance through heat acclimation, and heat tolerant L-93 plants showed similar leaf lipid composition at the initiation of heat stress, and similar levels of thermotolerance during heat stress. These results imply that there may be some connection between the degree of saturation of leaf membrane lipids prior to heat stress and the ability of that plant to limit heat-induced damages during the stress period. Root lipid extracts from the three cultivars showed no change in saturation levels during heat stress. However, Penncross root extracts contained a lower proportion of saturated lipids than L-93 or Crenshaw. These results suggest that lipid composition or saturation level of roots could be an important factor in controlling plant tolerance to heat stress.
Shikimate-derived metabolites. 14.1 chiral synthesis of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate

Abstract The title compound, a key biosynthetic intermediate in the shikimate metabolic pathway, has been synthesized in good yield from (−)-shikimic acid ( 1 ).
The effects of sex-role consistent and inconsistent information on the social perceptions of complex, noncomplex, androgynous, and sex-typed women☆

Abstract The present study was an attempt to examine the effects of differences in cognitive complexity and sex-role orientation on the person perceptions or impressions formed by young college women when they were presented with information deliberately varied in terms of consistency of sex-role appropriate behavior. The subjects were 88 undergraduate females beteween 18 and 23 years old. They were categoriezed according to their scores on the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The experimental condition presented subjects with one of two taped vignettes about a “college female” which differed in the sex-role appropriateness of her descriptive attributes. The subjects' impressions of the stimulus person were rated on dimensions of differentiation and level of organization. The results support previous research in which RCQ-complex subjects produced more differentiated final impressions than RCQ noncomplex ones. The final impressions of complex feminine-sex-type perceivers were significantly higher than those of noncomplex feminine-sex-type perceivers ( p