cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent alterations of cortical hemodynamic response in asymptomatic concussed patients.

Aim The underlying neurophysiological effects of concussion often result in attenuated cognitive and cortical function. To understand the relation between cognition and brain injury, we investigated the effects of concussion on attentional networks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Materials & methods Healthy controls and concussed patients, tested within 72 h from injury (T1) and after symptoms resolved (T2) completed a computerized attention task during fNIRS imaging. Results T1 patients exhibited slower reaction times and reduced brain activation pattern relative to healthy controls. Interestingly, the cortical oxygenation hemoglobin response at T2 was greater relative to T1 and healthy controls, while reaction time was normative. Conclusion The exploratory findings of this study suggest once asymptomatic, a compensatory hemodynamic response may support the restoration of reaction time despite ongoing physiological recovery.
Detailed characterization of the UMAMITs provides insight into their evolution, functional properties as amino acid transporters and role in the plant

Amino acid transporters play a critical role in distributing amino acids within the cell compartments and between the plant organs. Despite this importance, relatively few amino acid transporter genes have been characterized and their role elucidated with certainty. Two main families of proteins encode amino acid transporters in plants: the Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation superfamily, containing mostly importers, and the Usually Multiple Acids Move In and out Transporter family, apparently encoding exporters, totaling about 100 genes in Arabidopsis alone. Knowledge on UMAMITs is scarce, focused on six Arabidopsis genes and a handful of genes from other species. To get insight into the role of the members of this family and provide data to be used for future characterization, we studied the evolution of the UMAMITs in plants, and determined the functional properties, the structure, and the localization of the 44 Arabidopsis UMAMITs. Our analysis showed that the AtUMAMIT are essentially localized at the tonoplast or the plasma membrane, and that most of them are able to export amino acids from the cytosol, confirming a role in intra- and inter-cellular amino acid transport. As an example, this set of data was used to hypothesize the role of a few AtUMAMITs in the plant and the cell.
Virtual reality and the psychology of climate change.

Abstract Researchers and practitioners have used virtual reality (VR) as a tool to understand attitudes and behaviors around climate change for decades. As VR has become more immersive, mainstream, and commercially available, it has also become a medium for education about climate issues, a way to indirectly expose users to novel stimuli, and a tool to tell stories about antienvironmental activity. This review explicates the relationship between VR and climate change from a psychological perspective and offers recommendations to make virtual experiences engaging, available, and impactful for users. Climate change is perhaps the most urgent global issue of our lifetime with irreversible consequences. It therefore requires innovative experiential approaches to teach its effects and modify attitudes in support of proenvironmental actions.
Considering a function-based approach for reducing disproportional disciplinary practices

Research has suggested that students from underserved and underrepresented backgrounds (e.g., students of color and those with disabilities) have received higher rates of exclusionary discipline (e...
Do simulations of psychosis lower stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia? A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Educational and social contact interventions demonstrate modest effectiveness in lowering stigma towards those with mental illness. More recently, symptom simulations (e.g., hallucinations) are being implemented with high expectations for decreasing stigma, but have yielded mixed outcomes. The absence of a sufficient learning context accompanying a simulation may be undermining its effectiveness. In this study, it was hypothesized that the presentation of social contact would provide an ample learning context and facilitate the effectiveness of a schizophrenia simulation in decreasing stigma. A total of 242 participants were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: 1) social contact, 2) simulation, and 3) social contact followed by simulation and measured on three dimensions of stigma. Immediately and one week later, social contact alone was effective in lowering stigma [F(2,64–67) ​= ​13.58–60.27,p ​ .01]. In the combined intervention, stigma decreased on two of the three dimensions [F(2,74–78) ​= ​6.59–20.21,p ​
Computability in analysis and physics

This book represents the first treatment of computable analysis at the graduate level within the tradition of classical mathematical reasoning. Among the topics dealt with are: classical analysis, Hilbert and Banach spaces, bounded and unbounded linear operators, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and equations of mathematical physics. The book is self-contained, and yet sufficiently detailed to provide an introduction to research in this area.
Inhibition of glucose uptake in lymphosarcoma P1798 by cortisol and its relationship to the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract The biochemical basis for the action of glucocorticoids on lymphoid tissue has been studied using cell suspensions of the cortisol-sensitive and -resistant lines of lymphosarcoma P1798. Comparison of these tumors indicated that exposure to physiological doses of glucocorticoids produces a significant inhibition of thymidine-3H incorporation into tumor DNA and of uniformly labeled glucose-14C uptake only in the sensitive line. Using 2-deoxy-d-glucose-1-14C, it was found that cortisol causes an inhibition of uptake or phosphorylation of this analogue. Impairment of glucose uptake is significant within 1 hour and at this time is greater than the inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA. When glucose is omitted from the medium, thymidine uptake into DNA is reduced by 80 to 90%, and under these conditions the inhibitory action of cortisol on thymidine incorporation is half of that seen in the complete medium. Omission of amino acids from the incubation medium resulted in a 50% decrease of glucose uptake into whole cells and also reduced the inhibition produced by cortisol. These findings provide additional support for the concept that reduced energy utilization may be of significance in mediating the physiological action of glucocorticoids on lymphoid tissues.
Is commissioning once enough

ABSTRACT Over the last decade, the Energy Systems Laboratory has developed a commissioning process called Continuous Commissioning®. This process is used to resolve operating problems, improve comfort, optimize energy use, and sometimes to recommend retrofits. The process has produced average energy savings of about 20 percent without significant capital investment in over 150 large buildings in which it has been implemented. Payback has virtually always been under 3 years, with two years or less in most buildings. This article describes the process and presents a case study that explicitly shows the value of follow-up consumption tracking and commissioning. Examination of 20 building-years of heating and cooling consumption data from commissioned buildings found an overall increase in heating and cooling of 12.1 percent over two years. Almost 75 percent of this increase was caused by significant component failures and/or control changes that did not compromise comfort, but caused large changes in consump...
Interspecific song imitation by a Prairie Warbler

Song development in oscine songbirds relies on imitation of adult singers and thus leaves developing birds vulnerable to potentially costly errors caused by imitation of inappropriate models, such as the songs of other species. In May and June 2012, we recorded the songs of a bird that made such an error: a male Prairie Warbler (Setophaga discolor) in western Massachusetts that sang songs seemingly acquired by imitating the songs of a Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla). Another song type in the bird's repertoire was a near-normal Group A Prairie Warbler song, but the bird used this song in contexts normally reserved for Group B songs. Despite its abnormal singing behavior, the aberrant bird successfully defended a territory and attracted a mate that laid two clutches of eggs. Results of playbacks of the focal bird's heterospecific song suggested that neighboring conspecific males learned to associate the Field Sparrow-like song with the focal male, and responded to the song as if it were a Prairie Warbler song. Our evidence suggests that the focal bird's aberrant singing evoked normal responses from potential mates and rivals. If such responses are widespread among songbirds, the general failure of heterospecific songs, once acquired, to spread through populations by cultural transmission is probably not attributable to a lack of recognition by conspecifics of the songs of heterospecific singers.
Coupling of alcohols to ethers: the dominance of the surface SN2 reaction pathway

Coupling of alcohols to ethers, important high value oxygenates, proceeds on acid catalysts via general pathways that uniquely control product composition, oxygen retention, chirality inversion, and kinetics. The dominant pathway is the SN2 reaction with competition of the alcohols for the surface acid sites. This is exemplified by formation of methyl(ethyl) isobutylether (M(E)IBE) from methanol(ethanol)/isobutanol mixtures, retention of oxygen (18O) of the heavier alcohol, and optimum rate as a function of concentration of either reactant alcohol. The SN2 pathway in the confinement of zeolite pores exhibits additional features of a near-100% selectivity to dimethylether (DME) in H-mordenite and a near-100% selectivity to chiral inversion in 2-pentanol/ethanol coupling to 2-ethoxypentane in HZSM-5. A minor reaction pathway entails olefin or carbenium intermediates, as exemplified by the formation of methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE) from methanol/isobutanol mixtures with oxygen retention of the lighter alcohol. Calculations of transition state and molecular modeling of the oxonium-involving pathways dramatically demonstrate how the reaction path selects the products.
Artificial and self-assembled vortex-pinning centers in superconducting Ba(Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2 thin films as a route to obtaining very high critical-current densities

We report on the superior vortex pinning of single- and multilayer Ba(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ thin films with self-assembled $c$-axis and artificially introduced $ab$-plane pins. Ba(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ can accept a very high density of pins (15--20 vol $%$) without ${T}_{c}$ suppression. The matching field is greater than 12 T, producing a significant enhancement of the critical current density ${J}_{c}$, an almost isotropic ${J}_{c}$(\ensuremath{\theta}, 20 T) g 10${}^{5}$ A/cm${}^{2}$, and global pinning force density ${F}_{p}$ of \ensuremath{\sim}50 GN/m${}^{3}$. This scenario strongly differs from the high-temperature superconducting cuprates where the addition of pins without ${T}_{c}$ suppression is limited to 2--4 vol $%$, leading to small ${H}_{Irr}$ enhancements and improved ${J}_{c}$ only below 3--5 T.
Semiempirical calculations of internal barriers to rotation and ring puckering III. A reparameterization study1

Abstract A previous study of semiempirical techniques demonstrated that the present methods are not satisfactory for studying rotational barriers. In this report the parameters for possible reoptimization are studied, and the variables that are determined to be barrier related are the orbital exponents, ζ, and the bonding parameters,βoi. Optimum values of these parameters for hydrogen, carbon and oxygen are determined for ethane, cyclobutane, acetone, cyclobutanone, isobutylene and methylenecyclobutane to predict good barrier heights, good bond angles and good bond distances. Such values are seen to be obtainable, but carbon atoms in these molecules do not have the same parameter values. The ζ and βo values so obtained are applied to a few other molecules and it is observed that these parameters do yield improved barrier heights, bond angles, and bond distances for molecules other than the ones involved in the reparameterization. Several other approaches to a reparameterization scheme are also suggested.
Effect of student involvement on patient perceptions of ambulatory care visits: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patient satisfaction with ambulatory care visits differs when medical students participate in the visit.
The Skyrme model of the spin-orbit force

Abstract We examine the derivation of the spin-orbit force from the Skyrme model. We find substantial agreement with phenomenological potentials. We show that a systematic and simultaneous treatment of all components of the kinetic energy introduces a minus sign relative to previous calculations for the isospin independent part of the interaction. We also explain the smallness of the isospin dependent part of the spin-orbit potential.
Convergence - The pathway to integration

The convergence of computer and telecommunications technologies into an integrated system solution is now widely accepted as an achievable objective. However, the evolutionary passage towards this goal has been somewhat prolonged and tortuous, and there is still some way to go. The article reviews that passage, discusses the meanings and implications of the terms 'convergence' and 'integration', and identifies a number of useful cost-effective techniques which can currently be used to achieve some of the benefits of integration now, in advance of the UK System X architecture. Fully integrated public systems are unlikely to achieve substantial penetration in the UK until System X architecture is widely introduced into the UK network. Until this happens the full benefits of the convergence of telecommunications and computers will not be realized. Computer information is already in digital form, so that little change is envisaged in routing this via System X. Speech is analogue however, and it is here that a number of changes are necessary. The article therefore concentrates on this aspect, leaving scope for a further contribution which could focus on nonvoice information.
Enhancers of site-specific recombination in bacteria

Abstract Enhancers of DNA inversion in bacteria are sites that bind specific proteins. These complexes can act at distances of more than 5 kbp to enhance the rate of site-specific recombination 200-fold. Characterization of the recombination reaction suggests that the enhancer may function to stabilize a synaptic structure that is competent for strand exchange. The role of the enhancer as an element that mediates the stabilization of specific DNA-protein configurations to provide for the action of enzymes such as recombinases is described.
HTTP ’next generation‘

Abstract We report on the results of the Protocol Design Group of the W3C's HTTP `Next Generation' Activity. The group produced and measured a prototype that shows that it is possible, largely using familiar engineering principles, to make simultaneous improvements in the following problem areas of HTTP/1.1: (1) the layering of other application protocols over HTTP; (2) modularity and extensibility; (3) networking performance and fairness; (4) the rigid binding between identifiers and protocol stacks; and (5) the opacity of layered traffic to firewalls. The prototype also suggests that these can be done in a way that may lead to unifying the Web with related middleware systems such as COM, CORBA, and Java RMI.
Performance of Aluminum and Carbon Foams for Heat Transfer Augmentation

The airside heat transfer performance of three aluminum foam samples and three modified carbon foam samples are examined for comparison. The aluminum foam samples have a bulk density of 216 kg/m3 with pore sizes of 0.5, 1, and 2 mm. The modified carbon foam samples have bulk densities of 283, 374, and 403 kg/m3 and machined flow passages of 4 mm in diameter. The samples were placed in a forced convection arrangement using a cartridge heater as the heat source and ambient air as the sink. A constant heat flux of 30.6 kW/m2 is applied throughout the experiments with the mean air velocity ranging from 1 to 9 m/s as the control parameter. The Brinkman extended Darcy momentum model and a two equation non-equilibrium heat transfer model are employed to extract the interstitial heat transfer coefficients. Pressure drop measurements are correlated with the Darcy-Forcheimer relation. Empirical heat transfer correlations for the aluminum and carbon foam samples are provided.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Rapid deployable system for human contact network research

Current sensor network nodes are not designed for a rapid succession of large-scale deployments. While hundreds of nodes have been deployed in static networks (e.g. ExScale, GreenOrb) large-scale, mobile, repetitive deployments are difficult to manage. We developed a new platform, the WREN, to be a low-cost, easy to maintain and rapid to deploy, wireless sensing node for human contact network measurements.
Stochastic crack growth under variable loading for health monitoring and prognosis

This paper formulates a stochastic model of fatigue crack growth in ductile alloys under variable loading of the center wing type. This center wing loading has three different load ratios to depict the most demanding operating conditions. The cumulative distribution function of the crack length estimate is generated by numerically solving a stochastic differential equation describing the physics of the crack growth. The model parameters are obtained by analyzing each load span, and the variable model parameter is used in the corresponding load period. Simulations are used to show that the analytical crack exceedance probability follows the experimental data fairly well.
Fission Product Data Measured at Los Alamos for Fission Spectrum and Thermal Neutrons on 239Pu, 235U, 238U

Abstract We describe measurements of fission product data at Los Alamos that are important for determining the number of fissions that have occurred when neutrons are incident on plutonium and uranium isotopes. The fission-spectrum measurements were made using a fission chamber designed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in the BIG TEN critical assembly, as part of the Inter-laboratory Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Reaction Rate (ILRR) collaboration. The thermal measurements were made at Los Alamos' Omega West Reactor. A related set of measurements were made of fission-product ratios (so-called R-values) in neutron environments provided by a number of Los Alamos critical assemblies that range from having average energies causing fission of 400–600 keV (BIG TEN and the outer regions of the Flattop-25 assembly) to higher energies (1.4–1.9 MeV) in the Jezebel, and in the central regions of the Flattop-25 and Flattop-Pu, critical assemblies. From these data we determine ratios of fission product yields in different fuel and neutron environments (Q-values) and fission product yields in fission spectrum neutron environments for 99Mo, 95Zr, 137Cs, 140Ba, 141,143Ce, and 147Nd. Modest incident-energy dependence exists for the 147Nd fission product yield; this is discussed in the context of models for fission that include thermal and dynamical effects. The fission product data agree with measurements by Maeck and other authors using mass-spectrometry methods, and with the ILRR collaboration results that used gamma spectroscopy for quantifying fission products. We note that the measurements also contradict earlier 1950s historical Los Alamos estimates by ∼5–7%, most likely owing to self-shielding corrections not made in the early thermal measurements. Our experimental results provide a confirmation of the England-Rider ENDF/B-VI evaluated fission-spectrum fission product yields that were carried over to the ENDF/B-VII.0 library, except for 99Mo where the present results are about 4%-relative higher for neutrons incident on 239Pu and 235U. Additionally, our results illustrate the importance of representing the incident energy dependence of fission product yields over the fast neutron energy range for high-accuracy work, for example the 147Nd from neutron reactions on plutonium. An upgrade to the ENDF library, for ENDF/B-VII.1, based on these and other data, is described in a companion paper to this work.
Performance of a V/STOL tilt nacelle inlet with blowing boundary layer control

A scale model of a V/STOL tilt nacelle fitted to a 0.508 m single stage fan was tested in the NASA Lewis 9x15 ft low speed wind tunnel to determine the effect of diffuser blowing on the inlet aerodynamics and aeromechanical performance. The test was conducted over a range of freestream speeds (up to 120 knots) and angles of attack (up to 120 deg). Diffuser blowing had a beneficial affect on all performance parameters. The angle of attack range for separation free flow substantially increased, and the fan face distortion significantly reduced with a corresponding increase in total pressure recovery. Discrete narrow band blade stress peaks which were common to the nonblowing (baseline) configuration were eradicated with diffuser blowing.
Kaposi's disease; report of a case with unusual oropharyngeal manifestations occurring in a full-blooded Negro.

Abstract 1. 1. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in the Negro has been reviewed, and revealed only eight proved cases prior to the one given in this report. 2. 2. Histologically confirmed oral pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions of Kaposi's disease are not common. To the best of our knowledge this case is the only one histologically confirmed of an oral pharyngeal lesion of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in a Negro. 3. 3. The pharyngeal lesions in this Negro were similar in color and in appearance to those found on the thigh. Their unusual size is worthy of record. 4. 4. The lymphadenopathy which preceded the appearance of the cutaneous lesions by approximately seven months made the diagnosis difficult. However, this sequence is not unusual, as already pointed out in literature.
Effects of Augmenting Response Options on MMPI–2 RC Scale Psychometrics

A number of empirical investigations indicate that tests with a greater number of response options tend to yield better psychometric performance. We hypothesized that a version of the MMPI–2 with a polytomous response format would outperform the standard dichotomous format in terms of observed score reliability and validity. Two versions of the MMPI–2 RC scales were administered consecutively in counterbalanced order to 199 undergraduate students attending a large Midwestern university: the standard true–false version, and an experimental version containing 4 response options (very true, mainly true, slightly true, and false, not at all true). After participants completed both versions, 2 scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were administered to assess differences in convergent validity. Results showed enhancements in reliability for all RC scale scores and increases in the convergent validity of scores. Directions for further investigation and potential implications for future...
Energy use efficiency in the Indian manufacturing sector: An interstate analysis

Abstract This paper approaches the measurement of energy efficiency from a production theoretic framework and uses Data Envelopment Analysis to measure energy efficiency in the Indian manufacturing sector. Using data from the Annual Survey of Industries for the years 1998–99 through 2003–04, the study compares the energy efficiency in manufacturing across states, based on several models. The results show considerable variation in energy efficiency across states. Comparing the results across our models, we find that the relative pricing of energy does not provide the appropriate incentives for energy conservation. A second-stage regression analysis reveals that states with a larger share of manufacturing output in energy-intensive industries have lower energy efficiency. Also, higher quality labor force associates with higher energy efficiency. Finally, the power sector reforms have not yet had any significant impact on achieving energy efficiency.
Super-exponential method for blur identification and image restoration

Abstract This paper examines a super-exponential method for blind deconvolution. Possibly non-minimal phase point spread functions (PSFs) are identified. The PSF is assumed to he low pass in nature. No other prior knowledgeof the PSF or the original image is necessary to assure convergence of the algorithm. Results are shown usingsynthetically degraded satellite images in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the PSF estimates. In addition, radiographic images are restored with no knowledge of the PSF of the x-ray imaging system. These experimentssuggest a promising application of this algorithm to a variety of blur identification probleins.Keywords: blur identification, cumulants. higher order statistics. higher order spectra, blind deconvolution 1. INTRODUCTION Blur identification is an important and necessary step in the restoration of images having linear, space invariantdegradations. Since the 1960s. research in blind deconvolution, where there is no assumed knowledge of the degra-dation system's point spread function (PSE), has centered around communication signals. Initial research dealt withsystems whose PSF could he modeled parametrically using zero crossing information preserved in the spectrum of theblurred signal. Only certain classes of blurs. such as cylindrical or i-D motion blurs, could be successfully extractedusing these methods. Stochastic methods were soon introduced. Autoregressive Moving-Average (ARMA) modelsalong with maximum likelihood based approaches became successful due to their ability to deconvolve signals withlow to moderate noise [1, 2].Recently, the use of higher order statistics/spectra. (HOS) has become popular in PSF identification in commu-nication channels [3, 4, 5, 6. 7]. HOS preserve important phase information which is lost when using second orderspectra. Another attractive feature is that given enough realizations of a signal containing additive Gaussian noise,the use of HOS allows us to asi1y filter out the noise. These properties permit us to identify non-minimum phasesystems, such as non-causal blurs.In this work we extend and apply a blur identification algorithm based on HOS, which was previously used forthe 1-D communication signal problem [8], to 2-D radiographic images. Our primary motivation in this work is toprovide fast and accurate restorations of blurred radiographs of fatigued aircraft structures. To do this, we use ablind deconvolution algorithm that converges at a super-exponential rate independent of initialization, asproven in[8]. The algorithm can be applied to the blind deconvolutioii of any type of image, such as those obtained by theHubble Space Telescope, satellites, etc.The general blind deconvolution 1)1ohle1i is illustrated in Figure 1. In this model,
Friends’ influence on adolescent theft and minor delinquency: A developmental test of peer-reported effects

Abstract Most theories about adolescent involvement in delinquent behaviors afford a prominent role to peers or friends and their behaviors. In this article I explore the age-graded role that actual friends’ behavior plays in explaining respondents’ theft and minor delinquency during middle and later adolescence, paying special attention to the potentially mitigating effects of social control measures. Results suggest that the influence of friends’ own reported theft and minor delinquency in explaining respondents’ behavior is relatively modest despite employing several different measures of friends’ behaviors. Family influences proved weaker than expected during middle adolescence. The influence of friends’ behavior was only modestly influential, and slightly more noticeable during later adolescence. The sheer amount of time spent with friends, on the other hand, was influential throughout adolescence. The results reinforce skepticism concerning the accuracy of self-reports about peer behavior, and suggest that perceptions of peers’ behavior may be more influential than the behaviors themselves.
Are the credit ratings assigned by bankers based on the willingness of LDC borrowers to repay

Abstract This paper examines whether the credit ratings assigned by the lenders can be explained using a set of explanatory variables selected from the willingness of LDC borrowers to repay their debt service obligations. The results indicate that first, the credit ratings provide a reasonable measure of borrower's creditworthiness and second, the set of the explanatory variables included in the study is significant in explaining variations in the credit ratings. Furthermore, inclusion of dummy variables for geographical location of borrowers, degree of indebtedness, and absolute size of debt suggests that there may be a significant group contagion in assigning credit ratings.
Small mammal community maintains stability through compensatory dynamics after restoration of a ponderosa pine forest

Ecosystem stability has been of increasing interest in the past several decades as it helps predict the consequences of anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystems. Species may exhibit stability through compensation, with greatly fluctuating populations year to year but a consistent density response over time. Stability is increased when species with similar functional roles compensate for one another by responding differently to environmental change. In restoration projects, the objective is to restore stability by altering ecosystem composition, structure, and function to resemble natural (‘‘reference’’) conditions. We assessed the success of ecological restoration treatments by examining the structural and functional responses of the small mammal community before and after treatment, and compared to reference conditions. We used Royle density models to examine the responses of eight species of small mammals to restoration (thinning) treatments in ponderosa pine forests to determine if the community maintained total density, biomass, and function (represented by ectomycorrhizal fungi dispersion) after disturbance. Community composition differed in each of 6 years following treatment, but total density and biomass remained constant, suggesting the community is a stable prey base for predators. In addition, goldenmantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) and gray-collared chipmunks (Tamias cinereicollis) appeared to play a similar role in dispersing ectomycorrhizal fungi across different forest structures. Both total species density and biomass were greater after thinning than in unthinned stands, and were similar to reference stands. These results suggest that although species composition changes from year to year after disturbance, restoration treatments can maintain ecosystem stability in terms of small mammal community-level properties.
Parasitization of the cottony-cushion scale in relation to host size.

Measurements of body length of cottony-cushion scales,Icerya purchasi Maskell, are presented. Although length increased markedly with developmental stage, the length distributions of successive stages were found to overlap, making length an imperfect indicator of stage andvice versa. The likelihood of parasitism by the fly,Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston), was found to increase with increasing scale size when scales of different sizes were concurrently made available to the parasites under field conditions. Also, parasite loads (no. of parasites per parasitized host) were found to increase with host size. The size ofC. iceryae pupae was found to depend on the developmental stage of the scale host in which pupation took place — the more developed (larger) the host, the larger the pupa. This result suggests that parasite growth is food limited in the smaller hosts, and that therefore its apparent preference for larger hosts is to the parasite's advantage.
Multi-Tasking with Joint Semantic Spaces for Large-Scale Music Annotation and Retrieval

Abstract Music prediction tasks range from predicting tags given a song or clip of audio, predicting the name of the artist, or predicting related songs given a song, clip, artist name or tag. That is, we are interested in every semantic relationship between the different musical concepts in our database. In realistically sized databases, the number of songs is measured in the hundreds of thousands or more, and the number of artists in the tens of thousands or more, providing a considerable challenge to standard machine learning techniques. In this work, we propose a method that scales to such datasets which attempts to capture the semantic similarities between the database items by modelling audio, artist names, and tags in a single low-dimensional semantic embedding space. This choice of space is learnt by optimizing the set of prediction tasks of interest jointly using multi-task learning. Our single model learnt by training on the joint objective function is shown experimentally to have improved accur...
Ketamine-induced gastroprotection during endotoxemia: role of heme-oxygenase-1.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to lipopolysacharide-induced gastric injury. In contrast, heme-oxygenase-1 has anti-inflammatory effects and is protective against oxidative tissue injury. Ketamine attenuates injury from lipopolysacharide and is associated with changes in oxidative stress proteins, but its effects on the stomach remain to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that ketamine would diminish gastric injury from lipopolysacharide via down-regulation of nuclear factor-κs, activator protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as up-regulation of heme-oxygenase-1. Ketamine up-regulated heme-oxygenase-1 and attenuated lipopolysacharide-induced changes in gastric nuclear factor-κs, activator protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Ketamine negated LPS-induced gastric injury from acidified ethanol, an effect reversed by tin protoporphorin IX. Ketamine diminishes the susceptibility of gastric mucosa to damage from luminal irritants during endotoxemia, which is mediated in part by down-regulation of iNOS and up-regulation of HO-1.
Regulation of herpes simplex virus 1 genes: α gene sequence requirements for transient induction of indicator genes regulated by β or late (γ2) promoters

Abstract This laboratory reported earlier that chimeric genes consisting of the structural sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene fused to the promoter-regulatory domains of late ( γ 2 ) genes were regulated as bonafide γ 2 genes when resident in the herpes simplex virus 1 genome but could not be differentiated from β genes when introduced by transfection and stably integrated into the environment of the host genome ( S. Silver and B. Roizman, Mol. Cell. Biol. , 5 , 518–528, 1985 ). We report here that β-TK and the chimeric γ 2 -TK gene transfected into TK − baby hamster kidney (BHKtk − ) were induced by α4 and α0 but not by the other α genes. Specifically: (i) Both TK genes were induced by cotransfection with DNA fragments carrying an intact α4 or an intact α0 gene, but not by fragments carrying only the promoter-regulatory domain or the structural sequences of the α4 gene or intact α22, α27, and α47 genes. (ii) An α4 gene carrying a 2700-bp deletion in its 3′ coding sequence also induced both genes, although less efficiently. (iii) RNA homologous to the α4 gene recovered from the cytoplasm of cells transfected with either the intact or truncated α4 gene mapped to the bonafide site of transcription initiation of the a4 gene. RNA homologous to the chimeric TK gene extracted from the cytoplasm of cells transfected with both γ 2 -TK and the α4 gene was transcribed from the bonafide γ 2 gene capping site fused to the TK gene. These results indicate that the α4 gene and the α0 gene are each capable of inducing the expression of both β and γ 2 genes resident in the environment of the cellular genome, that the active site responsible for induction is located near the N terminus of the α4 protein, and reinforce the conclusion that γ 2 genes resident in the environment of the host cell cannot be used to identify the authentic determinants of γ 2 gene regulation by currently available tests.
The response of Gymnodinium breve to municipal waste materials

The response of the unarmored dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, which is the causative organism in catastrophic fish kills along the Florida Gulf coast, to enrichment with selected inorganic nutrients, municipal waste materials, and various detergent components has been determined. The biostimulatory effects of the various enrichments were determined by a modification of the Provisional Algal Assay Procedure of the Joint Industry/Government Task Force on Eutrophication. Inorganic nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate, and ammonia) were added individually and in combination, and the results were compared to equivalent enrichments with the effluent from a secondary sewage-treatment plant. The maximum cell population, Nmax, attained could be increased 3-fold by the sew-age-treatment plant effluent or by the equivalent combination of inorganic nutrients; individually, however, the inorganic nutrients had no pronounced effect on maximum cell population, Nmax (except for a 30% increase produced by slight orthophosphate enrichment). The results of these studies indiccate that, at concentrations of orthophosphate typical of Florida coastal waters (ca. 0.10 ppm), the growth-promoting potential (as reflected by Nmax) of the medium was a linear function of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration (0.01 to 0.11 ppm). The sewage-treatment plant effluent was presumably low in detergent phosphate, having been obtained from a treatment plant some 6 months after the enactment of a ban on phosphate-containing detergents. Additions of orthophosphate or detergent-phosphate to the treatment-plant effluent did not significantly increase the observed biostimulatory effect of the waste material.
Research And Development In The Field Of High Power Laser Technology At Battelle

Battelle- Institut e.V., Am Romerhof 35, 6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, GermanyAbstractOver the last 17 years more than 60 lasers have been developed at Battelle- Frankfurt.Part of the corresponding work is described below. In particular we report on the develop-ment of various CO2 TEA lasers and continuous high power CO2 lasers.Preionisation is effected in the TEA lasers by UV light generated in a corona discharge.The TEA lasers of the last generation are particularly compact, reliable and efficient. Theyoperate with pulse frequencies of up to 30 Hz and a mean power of up to 100 W.After the development of a continuous 1.2 kW high power CO2 laser of conventional design,the first gas transport laser was constructed in 1971. Knowledge and experience gained withthis laser were the basis for various patent applications. The new developments in this areaare based on these patents. At present two different gas transport lasers with 1 kW and 2 kWoutput power are being completed and tested. After selection of the most favourable princi-ple a 5 kW system will be built. The new lasers differ from the known systems by the com-plete integration of the various components and the use of particularly efficient blowers.Their volume and weight will be lower by a factor of 3 or more.IntroductionBattelle- Frankfurt has been active in the field of laser development and laser applica-tions since 1967. During this time more than 60 different well operating lasers have beenbuilt. Some of these are single devices for certain applications, others belong to laserfamilies. Special effort has been spent on
Fluorescent conjugate of sLex-selective bisboronic acid for imaging application

Carbohydrate-based biomarkers such as sialyl Lewis X are known to correlate with cancer formation and progression. By targeting sialyl Lewis X, we have developed a boronolectin-fluorophore conjugate, which was able to selectively label and image xenograft (sc) tumor. This represents the very first example that a small molecule capable of recognizing a carbohydrate biomarker was used for optical imaging application.
The effect of ion source temperature on the fragmentation of 2-pentanone

A dramatic source temperature effect is observed in the low collision energy collision-induced dissociation spectra of molecular ions derived via 70 eV electron bombardment of 2-pentanone and via charge exchange. The observation cannot simply be attibuted to the increased thermal energy of the 2-pentanone molecular ions. A number of factors appear to contribute to the observed results, (i) the increase, with temperature, in the ratio of the concentration of enol to keto neutral molecules, (ii) temperature effects on the Franck-Condon factors which control the yields and internal energies of the keto and enol molecular ions, (iii) differences in the relative stabilities of the keto and enol molecular ions, (iv) temperature effects on the equilibrium between the isomeric molecular ions. This last item is probably most important, with the concentration of being most significant. These data highlight the role that ion source temperature can play as a variable in elucidating ion structure problems.
"Two More Throws against Oblivion": Walt Whitman and the New York Herald in 1888

Examines Whitman's complex publishing relationship with the New York Herald from December 1887 through August 1888, when the poet published "a total of thirty-six pieces" there, more than he published in any other periodical, and proposes that this relationship reveals Whitman's understanding of "certain formal qualities" expected of newspaper poetry as he "worked within this poetic tradition, crafting short poems that could be understood by a mass readership and that participated in the public discourse of the community in which they were published."
Oropharyngeal fetus in fetu.

Fetus in fetu is an extremely rare entity and refers to the growth of a “parasitic” twin within a more mature fetus due to its inclusion within cells of the blastocyst. The presence of a vertebral column is considered essential for the diagnosis of a fetus in fetu. The retroperitoneum is the most common location for a fetus in fetu and its location in the mouth is rare. We report a case of oropharyngeal mass detected on antenatal sonography with imaging features consistent with a fetus in fetu. Complete surgical removal of the mass was aided by imaging. Follow-up of these patients is recommended to detect the rare incidence of malignant degeneration.
Why Isn't Everyone a Bayesian?

Abstract Originally a talk delivered at a conference on Bayesian statistics, this article attempts to answer the following question: why is most scientific data analysis carried out in a non-Bayesian framework? The argument consists mainly of some practical examples of data analysis, in which the Bayesian approach is difficult but Fisherian/frequentist solutions are relatively easy. There is a brief discussion of objectivity in statistical analyses and of the difficulties of achieving objectivity within a Bayesian framework. The article ends with a list of practical advantages of Fisherian/frequentist methods, which so far seem to have outweighed the philosophical superiority of Bayesianism.
The theory of induced institutional innovation: a critique

Abstract Neoclassical institutional economics attempts to explain institutional change through the application of modern choice theory based upon an individualistic methodological approach. In development economics this approach has been applied to the study of institutional innovation in the rural areas of less developed countries. This paper critically analyzes this approach and argues that it is inappropriate for studying the problems of less developed nations. Examples drawn from the work of several neoclassical institutional economists are used to illustrate the weaknesses of this approach.
Acyclovir prophylaxis for pregnant women with a known history of herpes simplex virus: A cost-effectiveness analysis

Objective Previous literature has shown acyclovir to be cost-effective as prophylaxis for women with genital symptomatic herpes simplex virus infection recurrence during pregnancy. We extend this analysis by adding quality-adjusted life year measurements and considering women with a diagnosed history of herpes simplex virus infection but without recurrence in pregnancy. Study design A decision analytic model was designed that compared acyclovir prophylaxis versus no acyclovir for women with a history of diagnosed genital herpes simplex virus infection but without recurrence in pregnancy. Sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to test for robustness. Results We found that 22,286 women must be treated to prevent 1 neonatal death, 8985 women to prevent 1 affected child, and 177 women to prevent 1 cesarean delivery. As compared with no acyclovir, acyclovir prophylaxis at 36 weeks of gestation saves approximately $20 per person and increases total quality-adjusted life years by 0.01. In univariate sensitivity analysis, this result was robust to all reasonable probability and quality-adjusted life year estimates. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated acyclovir to be cost-effective 100% of the time and cost saving >99% of the time. Conclusion Acyclovir prophylaxis versus no treatment for pregnant women with a diagnosed history of genital herpes simplex virus infection but without recurrence during pregnancy is cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions.
Cadherin 17 is frequently expressed by 'sclerosing variant' pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour.

Aims Recently, we described a series of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) featuring prominent stromal fibrosis, which we called sclerosing PanNETs. The aim of this study was to examine the pathological, immunophenotypic and clinical differences between sclerosing and non-sclerosing PanNETs. Methods and results One hundred and six PanNETs were identified, of which 15 (14%) were sclerosing NETs. Tissue microarrays containing 44 non-sclerosing and five sclerosing PanNETs, as well as sections from 10 additional sclerosing tumours, were immunohistochemically labelled for serotonin, CDX2, CDH17, and islet 1. Sclerosing PanNETs were smaller (P = 0.045) and more likely to show an infiltrative growth pattern (P < 0.001) than non-sclerosing PanNETs. They were frequently associated with a large pancreatic duct, causing duct stenosis. Additionally, we found significantly increased expression of the small intestinal NET markers serotonin, CDX2 and CDH17 in sclerosing PanNETs (P < 0.001) as compared with non-sclerosing PanNETs. No difference in clinical outcome was found; however, more sclerosing PanNETs were stage IIB or above (P = 0.035), with lymph node metastasis being seen in three of nine sclerosing PanNETs with a tumour size of <20 mm. Conclusions Sclerosing PanNETs have distinct pathological features and biomarker expression profiles. In addition, lymph node metastasis can be present even with small sclerosing PanNETs.