cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bacterial gene codA encoding cytosine deaminase is an effective conditional negative selectable marker in Glycine max

Research describes the practical application of the codA negative selection marker in Soybean. Conditions are given for codA selection at both the shooting and rooting stages of regeneration. Conditional negative selection is a powerful technique whereby the absence of a gene product allows survival in otherwise lethal conditions. In plants, the Escherichia coli gene codA has been employed as a negative selection marker. Our research demonstrates that codA can be used as a negative selection marker in soybean, Glycine max. Like most plants, soybean does not contain cytosine deaminase activity and we show here that wild-type seedlings are not affected by inclusion of 5-FC in growth media. In contrast, transgenic G. max plants expressing codA and grown in the presence of more than 200 μg/mL 5-FC exhibit reductions in hypocotyl and taproot lengths, and severe suppression of lateral root development. We also demonstrate a novel negative selection-rooting assay in which codA-expressing aerial tissues or shoot cuttings are inhibited for root formation in media containing 5-FC. Taken together these techniques allow screening during either the regeneration or rooting phase of tissue culture.
A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell

Donald Worster. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xii and 673 pp., maps, photos., illus., notes, biblio., and index. $35.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-5099991-5) Published nearly a century after John ...
Diamond deposition onto WC-6%Co cutting tool material: coating structure and interfacial bond strength

Abstract Diamond coatings were grown on WC-6%Co cutting tool material. Measurements were carried out to investigate the effects of diamond seeding of the substrate before deposition, removal of cobalt from the substrate before deposition, and boron incorporation into the coating during growth on the growth rate, morphology and structure of the coating, and coating-substrate edhesion. Diamond seeding of the substrate resulted in a higher growth rate and diamond fraction of the coating relative to a polished and unseeded surface. Etching of cobalt from the substrate resulted in a higher growth rate, diamond fraction and adhesion strength relative to the unetched surface. Introduction of methanol into the gas phase led to a lower growth rate, diamond fraction and adhesion strength relative to the case when no methanol was injected. Introduction of boron oxide (B2O3) along with methanol into the gas phase did not affect the growth rate but increased both the diamond fraction and adhesion strength relative to the case when only methanol was added. It is believed that adhesion failure occurs at the diamond-substrate interface, possibly within a soft nanocrystalline graphite transition layer.
The burning rate of premixed turbulent flames in divergent flows

Abstract This study presents a means of determining the burning rate of non-one-dimensional premixed turbulent flames based on fundamental conservation principles, which breaks with the convention of using a cold boundary mass flux. The approach is through direct analytical intergration of the balance equation for the mean progress variable, c . A relationship is derived that shows the importance when calculating the burning rate of considering mean velocity gradients and turbulent transport transverse to the mean turbulent flame and mean flame shape. A position in the flame zone can be identified where the local mass flux normal to the mean flame zone equals the mean rate of creation of products through the turbulent flame. Only at this position can the mass flux be related to a one-dimensional turbulent burning velocity and identified with the mass burning rate. Furthermore, all the quantities necessary to determining the burning rate are readily accessible to experimental measurement. The analysis is valid generally but is applied in detail to stagnation flames because of their relatively simple flow geometry. Under conditions of zero turbulent transport transverse to the mean flame orientation, the burning rate of the flame per unit area is the local mass flux weighted by a local gradient in c integrated through the flame. Further analysis shows that ignoring nongradient transport would lead to an underestimation of the burning rate. Two special cases of stagnation flows are considered that allow even greater simplifications in calculating the burning rate. Results of a numerical simulation of stagnation flames stabilized in two opposed reactant streams are used to compare the burning rate determined from the above analysis with the value estimated from the cold boundary mass flux. Large differences are observed, especially when c ⪡ 1 at the stagnation surface.
An Ode to Imre Lakatos: Quasi-Thought Experiments to Bridge the Ideal and Actual Mathematics Classrooms

This paper explores the wide range of mathematics content and processes that arise in the secondary classroom via the use of unusual counting problems. A universal pedagogical goal of mathematics teachers is to convey a sense of unity among seemingly diverse topics within mathematics. Such a goal can be accomplished if we could conduct classroom discourse that conveys the Lakatosian (thought-experimental) view of mathematics as that of continual conjecture-proof-refutation which involves rich mathematizing experiences. I present a pathway towards this pedagogical goal by presenting student insights into an unusual counting problem and by using these outcomes to construct ideal mathematical possibilities (content and process) for discourse. In particular, I re-construct the quasi-empirical approaches of six!4-year old students’ attempts to solve this unusual counting problem and present the possibilities for mathematizing during classroom discourse in the imaginative spirit of Imre Lakatos. The pedagogical implications for the teaching and learning of mathematics in the secondary classroom and in mathematics teacher education are discussed.
The National Cancer Data Base report on cancer in Hispanics. Relationships between ethnicity, poverty, and the diagnosis of some cancers.

Background. Previous Commission on Cancer studies have examined time trends in stage of disease, treatment patterns, and survival for special populations. Reported herein are the most current National Cancer Data Base data for Hispanics. Methods. Two Calls for Data have yielded a total of 23,650 cancer reports for Hispanics from hospitals across the country. Results. There were differences in the relative frequency with which different cancer sites were reported among different Hispanic sub–populations. For seven of eight types of cancers studied, Hispanics had a less favorable stage of disease at first diagnosis than non–Hispanic whites. Conclusions. Poverty may be an important factor affecting the outcome of different cancers. Ethnicity may have a different and additional impact on patients with cancer.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Is an Effector of Jak/STAT Signaling and Is Involved in Platelet-derived Growth Factor BB-induced Growth in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is a potent mitogen and chemoattractant for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To understand its mitogenic and chemotactic signaling events, we studied the role of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and the Jak/STAT pathway. PDGF-BB induced the expression and activity of cPLA(2) in a time-dependent manner in VSMC. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a potent and specific inhibitor of cPLA(2), significantly reduced PDGF-BB-induced arachidonic acid release and DNA synthesis. PDGF-BB stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak-2 in a time-dependent manner. In addition, PDGF-BB activated STAT-3 as determined by its tyrosine phosphorylation, DNA-binding activity, and reporter gene expression, and these responses were suppressed by AG490, a selective inhibitor of Jak-2. AG490 and a dominant-negative mutant of STAT-3 also attenuated PDGF-BB-induced expression of cPLA(2,) arachidonic acid release, and DNA synthesis in VSMC. Together, these results suggest that induction of expression of cPLA(2) and arachidonic acid release are involved in VSMC growth in response to PDGF-BB and that these events are mediated by Jak-2-dependent STAT-3 activation.
Concentration polarization in an unstirred batch cell: Measurements and comparison with theory

Abstract Experimental and theoretical results are reported for a model that aids in understanding the performance of desalination equipment based on reverse osmosis. The model consists of a cylinder closed by a semipermeable membrane at one end and connected to a pressurization chamber at the other. The one-dimensional, transient flow in the device is governed by a salt diffusion equation which contains a quadratically nonlinear convective term and which is subject to a quadratically nonlinear boundary condition applied at the surface of the membrane. The salt rejection coefficient R for the membrane and the ratio δ of initial osmotic pressure difference to hydrostatic pressure difference across the membrane occur as parameters. Summaries are given of results from extensions of previous theoretical solutions for the time development of salt concentration profiles and for the time dependence of the rate at which water flows through the membrane. Discussions are given of flow-rate measurements and of the use of specially developed electrical conductivity microprobes for measuring pointwise salt concentration histories directly. Experimental results for flow rates and concentration histories, accurate within 5–10 per cent, are presented and compared with theories for three cases, δ ⪡ 1, 1 − δ ⪡ 1 and intermediate values of δ. Values of R range from 0.8 to 0.99 with MgSO 4 solutions at applied pressures below 150 psi. The experimental results support each theory in its proper range of applicability. They reveal the existence of an intermediate range of time inside which none of the theories agree with experiment within 10 per cent.
Assessing the Shift in Global Market Share of US Multinationals

Based on the US Department of Commerce′s survey data of US direct investment abroad for 1977 and 1985, this study examines the shift in global market share of US multinational manufacturing firms for the 1977‐1985 period. Consolidated global market shares of US multinationals for 26 industries are estimated for 1977 and 1985. The shift in their global market share is analysed from a perspective of three alternative, if not independent, strategic thrusts: namely, home market orientation, export orientation, and foreign production orientation. Contrary to the commonly stated claim that the competitiveness of US manufacturing firms has been declining, findings of this study indicate that, on average, US manufacturing multinationals have maintained global market share on a consolidated basis fairly well.
Dynamics of diffusive bubble growth and pressure recovery in a bubbly rhyolitic melt embedded in an elastic solid

[1] We present a model of gas exsolution and bubble expansion in a melt supersaturated in response to a sudden pressure drop. In our model, the melt contains a suspension of gas bubbles of identical sizes and is encased in a penny-shaped crack embedded in an elastic solid. The suspension is modeled as a three-dimensional lattice of spherical cells with slight overlap, where each elementary cell consists of a gas bubble surrounded by a shell of volatile-rich melt. The melt is then subjected to a step drop in pressure, which induces gas exsolution and bubble expansion, resulting in the compression of the melt and volumetric expansion of the crack. The dynamics of diffusion-driven bubble growth and volumetric crack expansion span 9 decades in time. The model demonstrates that the speed of the crack response depends strongly on volatile diffusivity in the melt and bubble number density and is markedly sensitive to the ratio of crack thickness to crack radius and initial bubble radius but is relatively insensitive to melt viscosity. The net drop in gas concentration in the melt after pressure recovery represents only a small fraction of the initial concentration prior to the drop, suggesting the melt may undergo numerous pressure transients before becoming significantly depleted of gases. The magnitude of pressure and volume recovery in the crack depends sensitively on the size of the input-pressure transient, becoming relatively larger for smaller-size transients in a melt containing bubbles with initial radii less than 10−5 m. Amplification of the input transient may be large enough to disrupt the crack wall and induce brittle failure in the rock matrix surrounding the crack. Our results provide additional basis for the interpretation of volume changes in the magma conduit under Popocatepetl Volcano during Vulcanian degassing bursts in its eruptive activity in April–May 2000.
Interactive numerical flow visualization using stream surfaces

Three-dimensional steady fluid flows are often numerically simulated over multiple overlapping curvilinear arrays of sample points. Such flows are often visualized using tangent curves or streamlines computed through the interpolated velocity field. A stream surface is the locus of an infinite number of streamlines rooted at all points along a short line segment or rake. Stream surfaces can depict the structure of a flow field more effectively than is possible with mere streamline curves, but careful placement of the rakes is needed to most effectively depict the important features of the flow. I have built visualization software which supports the interactive calculation and display of stream surfaces in flow fields represented on composite curvilinear grids. This software exploits several novel methods to improve the speed with which a particle may be advected through a vector field. This is combined with a new algorithm which constructs adaptively sampled polygonal models of stream surfaces. These new methods make stream surfaces a viable tool for interactive numerical flow visualization. Software based on these methods has been used by scientists at the NASA Ames Research Center and the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Initial use of this software has demonstrated the value of this approach.
DOES LITHIUM DEPLETION CAUSE ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART-DISEASE?

Abstract High dosage of lithium has an established beneficial influence on at least four of the five most prominent atherosclerotic-heart-disease risk factors (A.H.D.). This observation suggests strongly that these risk factors operate through a common biochemical mechanism in which neuramine metabolism is intimately involved. The recently discovered tentative association between lack of lithium in municipal drinking-water and A.H.D. implies that lithium may be protective in a dosage equal to that received by our phylogenetic ancestors in the seawater. If this speculation turns out to be correct, it would entail a highly cost-effective means for preventing A.H.D. and for improving the quality of middle-aged life through simple enrichment of the municipal water-supply.
Level Structure of Cr(52)

Work supported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation
Radar sensor networks: algorithms for waveform design and diversity with application to ATR with delay-Doppler uncertainty

Automatic target recognition (ATR) in target search phase is very challenging because the target range and mobility are not yet perfectly known, which results in delay-Doppler uncertainty. In this paper, we firstly perform some theoretical studies on radar sensor network (RSN) design based on linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform: (1) the conditions for waveform coexistence, (2) interferences among waveforms in RSN, (3) waveform diversity in RSN. Then we apply RSN to ATR with delay-Doppler uncertainty and propose maximum-likeihood (ML) ATR algorithms for fluctuating targets and nonfluctuating targets. Simulation esults show that our RSN vastly reduces the ATR error compared to a single radar system in ATR with delay-Doppler uncertainty. The proposed waveform design and diversity algorithms can also be applied to active RFID sensor networks and underwater acoustic sensor networks.
Neuronal control of locomotion in the lobster,Homarus americanus

1. Lobsters that are tethered in place on a treadmill (Fig. 3) walk against the direction of belt movement (Table 2). Forward and backward locomotion over the full range of step frequencies can be controlled by this method, even in the absence of visual input. The passive traction provided by a moving substrate is therefore an effective stimulus for walking and presumably operates in parallel with previously described optomotor pathways to provide positive feedback reinforcement of locomotory behavior. 2. The movements (Figs. 1, 6) and muscular anatomy (Fig. 2) of a lobster walking leg are described. On the basis of simultaneous extracellular recording from several leg muscles (Fig. 5), and motion picture analysis, the overall patterns of joint movement and muscular coordination underlying forward and backward walking are described (Figs. 5, 6, 7). 3. Some muscles that are synergic for forward walking are antagonistic for backward walking (Figs. 6, 7). Similarly movements that are synergic for lateral walking on the leading side are antagonistic for lateral walking on the trailing side (Fig. 6). 4. Quantitative analysis of leg movements (Fig. 9) and electromyograms (Fig. 10) have shown that the walking muscles can be subdivided into three different functional classes: return stroke muscles, which exhibit bursts of relatively constant duration irrespective of step frequency (Fig. 10A); power stroke muscles in which burst duration varies linearly with step frequency (Fig. 10B); and bifunctional muscles, which exhibit the discharge characteristics of either return or power stroke muscles, depending on the direction of walking (Fig. 10C). 5. Several lines of evidence (Table 3, Figs. 6, 7, 9, 10, 12) suggest that the limb elevator motoneurones (or their central antecedents) function as the central pacemaker of the walking system, and that other cyclic leg movements are appended to the basic elevation/depression cycle as appropriate to the direction of walking. Evidence is presented that proprioceptive inputs provided by passive traction are capable of controlling the direction of locomotion (Table 2), and determining the periodicity of stepping (Fig. 4), by altering the duration of powerstroke bursts (Figs. 9, 10, 15).
A Numerical Investigation of Pressure-Induced Storm Surges Over the Continental Shelf

Abstract A nonlinear, two-layer model of pressure-induced surges at the ocean edge is developed. The bottom topography is taken to approximate the continental shelf and continental slope region. The Coriolis parameter is held constant, mixing between layers is assumed negligible, and friction is not explicitly included. An “infinite ocean” offshore boundary condition is approximated by a viscous absorbing region. Attention is confined to disturbances which are uniform along-shore but which allow along-shore flow. The six dependent variables (two velocity components in each layer, the elevation of the free surface, and the interface between layers) are integrated using a modified Lax-Wendroff system. The characteristics of the numerical scheme are investigated both theoretically and in a series of numerical test cases. The response of the system is forced by a moving pressure disturbance approximating the low pressure region of a uniform along-shore storm. Variations in storm speed, layer thickness and str...
Per-Pixel Camera Calibration for 3D Range Scanning

Structured-light rangefinder is distinguished from other range scanning systems by its use of off-the-shelf hardware and fast data acquisition. We propose a novel approach to calibrate such a system, namely, calibrate the camera and the projector of the system. This approach handles all types of distortions and produces results in high accuracy. Basically, camera calibration techniques compute the pixel-ray correspondences and represent them by a mathematic model with limited number of parameters. These parametric models, however, cannot model general distortions while distortions not modelled, sometimes, can greatly affect the quality of further applications. The proposed approach computes and maintains a ray database for all pixels explicitly. By trading memory for accuracy, this approach solves the above problem. The resulting ray database can be directly used for 3D point reconstruction using calibration system. It is also useful for model fitting and other operations.
Tumor markers and treatments for Kaposi sarcoma.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS), in addition to being the most common malignancy among people with AIDS in the USA. [1], has become the most common malignancy overall in entire countries of sub-Saharan Africa [2,3]. AIDS KS prognosis has greatly improved with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [4], bu
Synergistic sensor location for link flow inference without path enumeration: A node-based approach

Abstract Sensors are becoming increasingly critical elements in contemporary transportation systems, gathering essential (real-time) traffic information for the planning, management and control of these complex systems. In a recent paper, Hu, Peeta and Chu introduced the interesting problem of determining the smallest subset of links in a traffic network for counting sensor installation, in such a way that it becomes possible to infer the flows on all remaining links. The problem is particularly elegant because of its limited number of assumptions. Unfortunately, path enumeration was required, which – as recognized by the authors – is infeasible for large-scale networks without further simplifying assumptions (that would destroy the assumption-free nature of the problem). In this paper, we present a reformulation of this link observability problem, requiring only node enumeration. Using this node-based approach, we prove a conjecture made by Hu, Peeta and Chu by deriving an explicit relationship between the number of nodes and links in a transportation network, and the minimum number of sensors to install in order to be able to infer all link flows. In addition, we demonstrate how the proposed method can be employed for road networks that already have sensors installed on them. Numerical examples are presented throughout.
Pulvinar Associative role in cortical function and clinical correlations

The pulvinar is the largest nucleus of the thalamus and has strong connectivity with the visual cortex. The pulvinar is a prototypic association nucleus that participates in reciprocal cortico-cortical interactions and promotes synchronized oscillatory activity in functionally related areas of the cortex. Via its connections with the superior colliculus (SC) and areas of the dorsal visual stream projecting to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), the pulvinar is an important component of the visual attention network. Visual salience is likely an important function of the pulvinar. The pulvinar also participates in mechanisms of social cognition and blindsight. Unilateral lesions of the pulvinar result in a contralateral neglect syndrome resembling that resulting from lesions of the posterior parietal cortex. The pulvinar is susceptible to damage in epilepsy and prion disorders, and may contribute to cognitive and visual manifestations of Lewy body disease. The anatomy, physiology, and putative function of the pulvinar and its involvement in neurologic disorders have been the subject of comprehensive reviews.1–3
A conventional proof of Kerr's theorem

A proof of Kerr's Theorem for generating geodesic and shearfree null congruences in Minkowski space is given in the Newman-Penrose null tetrad formalism.
Possibility of measuring parity nonconservation with a single trapped atomic ion.

A new way of measuring atomic parity nonconservation is proposed that utilizes the remarkable sensitivity inherent in experiments with a single trapped atomic ion. The accuracy may be sufficient to provide a valuable test of electroweak theory. As an illustration, the prospects are analyzed for carrying out such a measurement with ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ by observing the ground state spin rotation induced by an intense laser beam. This technique might also be used to search for T-odd interactions in atomic ions.
Finite-time partial stability and stabilization, and optimal feedback control

Abstract In this paper, we develop a unified framework to address the problem of optimal nonlinear analysis and feedback control design for finite-time partial stability and finite-time, partial-state stabilization. Finite-time partial stability of the closed-loop nonlinear system is guaranteed by means of a Lyapunov function that is positive definite and decrescent with respect to part of the system state, satisfies a differential inequality involving fractional powers, and can clearly be seen to be the solution to the steady-state form of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation guaranteeing both partial stability and optimality. The overall framework provides the foundation for extending optimal linear-quadratic controller synthesis to nonlinear-nonquadratic optimal finite-time, partial-state stabilization. In addition, we specialize our results to address the problem of optimal finite-time control for nonlinear time-varying systems. Finally, we develop optimal feedback controllers for affine nonlinear systems using an inverse optimality framework tailored to the finite-time, partial-state stabilization problem and use this result to address finite-time, partial-state stabilizing sublinear controllers that minimize a derived performance criterion involving subquadratic terms.
The Influence of Long-Term Low Dose Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Infusions on Serum Thyrotropin and Prolactin Concentrations in Man*

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in man the relative thyrotroph and lactotroph response to a 48-h low dose constant TRH infusion. Before, during, and after the 75 ng/min TRH constant infusion, serum samples were obtained every 4 h in six euthyroid ambulating male subjects for measurements of TSH, PRL, T4, and T3. The TSH response, employing a specific and sensitive human TSH RIA, demonstrated a significant rise from the mean basal pre-TRH value of 2.35 ± 0.64 /xU/ml (±SEM) to 3.68 ± 0.80 (P < 0.005) during the TRH infusion; this value fell below the basal level to 1.79 ± 0.47 (P < 0.05) post infusion. Serum T4 values were increased above basal both during (P < 0.025) and after (P < 0.025) TRH infusion, whereas serum T3 values were not significantly changed throughout the entire study period. The daily TSH nocturnal surge was augmented in both absolute and relative terms during the first 24 h of the TRH infusion, unchanged during the second 24 h of infusion, and inhibited during the first p...
Quantitative electron microprobe analysis of commercial microcrystalline phosphor powders

Abstract Quantitative chemical analysis of individual particles from three commercial willemite fluorescent lamp powders (Zn2SiO4:Mn) has been made using an electron microprobe. A simple interference type spectrometer attachment and photomultiplier readout also allowed simultaneous recording of cathodoluminescence spectra of individual particles. There is significant grain-to-grain variation in the Zn/Mn and Zn/Si ratios calibrated against single-crystal material. In addition to the usual green particles, occasional orange and blue luminescing particles are observed in all the samples studied. Spectra of orange particles, which had higher concentrations of Mn, show two broad bands with peaks around 5300 A and 5900 A. Comparison with single crystals, artificially doped with Mn, suggest that the orange particles have a second phase, with tephroite structure, present along with willemite phase. Mn2+ in tephroite is six-fold coordinated, thus luminescence emission from this phase would be in the red region in comparison to Mn2+ in the willemite structure where it is four-fold coordinated.
Labor force reentry by mothers of young children

Abstract Work and childbearing-childrearing are two of the important roles of women in contemporary American society. Using data from the 1960 1 1000 sample of the U.S. Census, this paper examines levels of and differentials in employment of mothers of young children. The overall rate of employment of mothers of 1-year-old children is decomposed into several multiplicative components: Proportion Proportion Proportion who re- who con- Proportion of those turned to tinue to who have with recent work since work at Current ever work birth of census Employment worked experience child × date .17 = .84 × .68 × .52 .57 The same components are examined for various subpopulations defined with respect to age, education, race, number of children, and family economic need. Occupational differentials in returning to work are also investigated.
Some Effects of Gamma Radiation and Apholate on the Fertility of Drosophila melanogaster

Untreated female Drosophila melanogaster Meigen mated to irradiated or apholate-fed males produced about the same number of eggs as females of untreated pairs. Most of the eggs laid by females mated to irradiated or apholate-treated males were nonviable. None of the eggs laid by 9 virgin females, 3 each mated 1-, 5-, or 10-days after treatment to a sterilized male, produced adult flies. Irradiated or apholate-fed females laid fewer eggs, most of which were not viable, than females of untreated pairs. The age of males or females when treated appeared to have little effect on results obtained after radiation exposure. Apholale appeared to induce a higher degree of sterility when males or females were older at the time of treatment. When females producing fertile eggs were mated to irradiated. (16 kr) males, adult emergence was markedly reduced. Females mated first to irradiated (16 kr) males produced nonviable eggs. Subsequent mating with untreated males resulted in the production of fertile eggs.
Validation of the Wild-type Influenza A Human Challenge Model H1N1pdMIST: An A(H1N1)pdm09 Dose-Finding Investigational New Drug Study

Background. Healthy volunteer wild-type influenza challenge models offer a unique opportunity to evaluate multiple aspects of this important virus. Such studies have not been performed in the United States in more than a decade, limiting our capability to investigate this virus and develop countermeasures. We have completed the first ever wild-type influenza A challenge study under an Investigational New Drug application (IND). This dose-finding study will lead to further development of this model both for A(H1N1)pdm09 and other strains of influenza. Methods. Volunteers were admitted to an isolation unit at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center for a minimum of 9 days. A reverse genetics, cell-based, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)–produced, wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was administered intranasally. Escalating doses were given until a dose was reached that produced disease in a minimum of 60% of volunteers. Results. An optimal dose of 107 tissue culture infectious dose 50 was reached that caused mild to moderate influenza disease in 69% of individuals with mean viral shedding for 4–5 days and significant rises in convalescent influenza antibody titers. Viral shedding preceded symptoms by 12–24 hours and terminated 2–3 days prior to symptom resolution, indicating that individuals may be infectious before symptom development. As expected, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea were most common, but interestingly, fever was observed in only 10% of individuals. Conclusions. This study represents the first healthy volunteer influenza challenge model using a GMP-produced wild-type virus under an IND. This unique clinical research program will facilitate future studies of influenza pathogenesis, animal model validation, and the rapid, efficient, and cost-effective evaluation of efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Clinical Trials Registration. {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01646138","term_id":"NCT01646138"}}NCT01646138.
The effects of various infills, fibre structures, and shoe designs on generating rotational traction on an artificial surface:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of infill material and fibre structure on the rotational traction associated with American football shoes on infill-based artificial surfaces. A mobile testing apparatus with a compliant ankle was used to apply rotations and measure the torque produced at the football shoe—surface interface. The mechanical surrogate was used to compare three infill materials in combination with three fibre structures, creating a total of nine unique surfaces. Infill material, fibre structure, and shoe design were all found to significantly affect rotational traction. The cryogenically processed styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) infill yielded significantly higher peak torques than the ambient ground SBR and extruded thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) infills. An artificial surface with a nylon root zone yielded significantly lower peak torques than similar fibre surfaces without a nylon root zone. The size of infill particles and the presence of a nylon root zone may influence...
Glucose, insulin and lipid parameters in 10,000 m running.

Thirteen conditioned athletes were studied before and 5 min after running 10,000 m. This distance was run in an average of 41±4 min. All runners lost weight and accompanying this weight loss was an increase in the serum osmolality in the six runners in which it was measured. There was a significant increase in serum glucose (96±11 mg-% before run; 170±48 mg-% after run) and this increase was inversely correlated with running time. There was also a small, but significant, increase in serum insulin (15±2 ΜU/ml before run; 19±4 ΜU/ml after run). There was no consistent effect of running 10,000 m on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and on plasma lipoprotein electrophoresis patterns.
Experiments on fluid elastic instability in tube banks subjected to liquid cross flow

An extensive test program was carried out to study fluid elastic instability of tube arrays subjected to cross flow. Critical flow velocities for 12 tube arrays with different spacing, mass ratio, damping, and detuning are established. From the experimental data, a stability map has been prepared; this is useful in design to avoid detrimental fluid elastic instability.
Triple quantum sodium imaging of articular cartilage

Triple quantum (TQ) sodium imaging of bovine articular cartilage is presented. True triple quantum imaging sequence was modified to incorporate asymmetric echo acquisition. Triple quantum signal expression in the presence of residual quadrupolar interaction is presented. The filtering capability of the sequence is first demonstrated on an agarose phantom. Both single and triple quantum images of articular cartilage are compared. The TQ image shows non-zero signal intensity solely from cartilage, indicating complete suppression of signals from bone marrow and saline. The advantages of TQ imaging of articular cartilage, its feasibility in in vivo situations and further improvements in SNR are described.
CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF GONOCOCCEMIA. A REVIEW OF 14 CASES.

The specificity of the cutaneous lesions in gonococcemia has received little or no attention in textbooks of dermatology and internal medicine. Moreover, the English medical literature of the past 20 years contains no report dealing with the characteristic hemorrhagic vesiculopustular exanthem in this disease. Therefore, the purpose of this communication is to record the experience with cutaneous gonococcosis at a general charity hospital and to re-emphasize the diagnostic value of this type of eruption, particularly when the primary infection is not clinically evident or demonstrable. Clinical Material The 14 cases of this survey constitute the largest series reported to date of patients with gonococcal skin lesions. The patients were encountered at the Jefferson Davis Hospital during the period extending from January, 1957, to April, 1963. The sole criterion for the selection of cases was the presence of a characteristic cutaneous eruption. The suporting evidence for the diagnosis of gonococcal disease
Nutrient regeneration and oxygen demand in Bering Sea continental shelf sediments

Abstract Measurements of seabed oxygen demand and nutrient regeneration were made on continental shelf sediments in the southeast Bering Sea from 1 to 15 June 1981. The mean seabed oxygen demand was relatively modest (267 μM O2 m−2 h−1), equivalent to a utilization of 60 mg organic carbon m−2 day−1. The seasonal build up of ammonium over the mid-shelf domain was generated at least in part by the bottom biota, as previously suggested ( Whitledge et al., 1986 , Continental Shelf Research, 5, 109–132), but on the outer shelf nitrate replaced ammonium as the dominant inorganic nitrogen compound that was regenerated from the sediments. Comparison of oxygen consumption with the organic matter in sedimenting particulate matter (sampled with sediment traps) could imply that benthic processes were not accounting for the fate of considerable quantities of organic matter. Benthic oxygen demand rates, however, probably lag behind the input of the spring bloom to the bottom, thus extending the remineralization process out over time. Consumption by small microheterotrophs in the water column was also a likely sink, although shelf export and advective transport north were possible as well. Estimated nitrification rates in surface sediments could account for only a small fraction of the abrupt increase in nitrate observed in the water column over the shelf just prior to the spring bloom.
The type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase at three sites

IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) receptors form tetrameric, IP3-gated Ca2+ channels in endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and are substrates for several kinases, including PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). Activation of PKA has been reported to either enhance or inhibit type III IP3 receptor Ca2+-channel activity, but, as yet, the sites of phosphorylation remain unknown. Here, we reveal that PKA phosphorylates the type III IP3 receptor at Ser916, Ser934 and Ser1832, and that, intriguingly, each site is located close to a putative surface-exposed peptide loop. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ser934 is considerably more susceptible to PKA-dependent phoshorylation than either Ser916 or Ser1832. These findings define the sites at which the type III IP3 receptor is phosphorylated by PKA, and provide the basis for exploring the functional consequences of this regulatory event.
Metal and hydrogen-ion binding properties of cycloserine.

Abstract 1. 1. Evaluation of data from spectral measurements and titration at varied temperature and solvent composition show that cycloserine in neutral aqueous solutions exists as a zwitterion. These measurements are in full agreement with the results of previous investigators (1, 2). In organic solvents an increasing proportion of the molecule is present in the neutral uncharged state. 2. 2. Cycloserine exhibits appreciable binding avidity for certain bivalent metallic cations. Under the experimental conditions employed, chelate compounds containing two residues of antibiotic per metal ion were formed. The order of binding strength is CU ++ > Zn ++ > CO ++ . The binding of Fe ++ , Mn ++ , Mg ++ , and Fe +++ was too weak to be measured. 3. 3. The decreased stability of chelates of cycloserine contrasted to those of serine is concluded to be mainly a consequence of the unfavorable steric relationship of the ligands contributed by the antibiotic.
The induction of erythema, edema, and the polyamine synthesis enzymes ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in hairless mouse skin by psoralens and longwave ultraviolet light.

— The cutaneous toxicities of the furocoumarins 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CP), and 5-methylisopsoralen (5-MI) administered topically (2 or 4 mg) or orally (25 mg/kg) followed by irradiation with longwave ultraviolet light (UVA) (50 kJ/ m) were compared in hairless mice. Parameters measured were the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, a potential marker for skin-carcinogens, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, (SAMDC) activity, and the induction of skin edema (increase in dorsal skin fold thickness) and erythema, both indicators of acute phototoxicity. Edema and erythema, and epidermal ODC activity were induced by topical and oral 5-MOP, 8-MOP and 5-MI when given with UVA. The erythema found after topical 5-MI + UVA was less than after 8-MOP + UVA or 5-MOP + UVA. and first occurred at 48 h. Edema and epidermal ODC activity were also induced at later times, being maximal at 48 h or more. 3-Carbethoxypsoralen given orally (25 mg/kg) or topically (4 mg) with UVA did not have a consistent effect on the parameters measured, and appeared to be non-toxic under these conditions. These results of these studies suggest that the low toxicity of 3-CP + UVA is not necessarily related to its ability to form only monoadducts with DNA. The ability to crosslink with DNA is not a prerequisite for ODC induction and the induction of skin edema since 5-MI, which can only form monoadducts with DNA, gave a similar response to 8-MOP and 5-MOP.
Understanding the “what should be condition” in needs assessment data

Abstract In needs assessment (N/A), the calculation of discrepancies is based on the assumption the “what should be” condition is a reasonable representation of respondent perceptions. That assumption may be erroneous and requires a closer inspection. This paper examines the use of importance scores in NA and some of the problems that can arise when they are used as a proxy to measure the “what should be” condition. A review of the literature and ways of dealing with importance scores are presented, followed by a discussion of the problems and issues that can arise. Some solution strategies are offered along with recommendations for practice and research. The paper provides guidance for others interested in improving needs assessment procedures.
Intravenous indomethacin therapy in premature infants with persistent ductus arteriosus-a double-blind controlled study

A double-blind controlled trial of intravenous indomethacin therapy was performed using a group of 55 premature infants (27 placebo, 28 indomethacin) with a significant persistent ductus arteriosus. Indomethacin administration at a mean postnatal age of 8.9 days was followed by a significant effect on PDA in 89%; 75% of successes were attributable to indomethacin and 25% to spontaneous effects, an improvement by indomethacin of 86% in infants not undergoing spontaneous improvement. The short-term side effects of indomethacin were transient; urinary output and serum sodium concentration decreased and serum potassium concentration increased. Indomethacin administration was associated with a decreased need for assisted ventilation and a decreased need for surgical closure of PDA. There was no significant difference between the placebo and indomethacin groups in mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia morbidity. The infants who developed BPD had higher RDS scores and lower PO2 values, requiring higher FIO2s within four hours of birth than those who did not develop BPD, indicating a more severe underlying pulmonary disability present birth.
Effects of lorazepam treatment for multiple ethanol withdrawals in mice.

Background: Although many alcohol-dependent patients present with a history of prior detoxifications, the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy in the context of multiple ethanol withdrawal experiences have not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of lorazepam treatment for multiple withdrawals to prevent or blunt the development/expression of sensitized central nervous system hyperexcitability during a subsequent untreated withdrawal episode. A mouse model of withdrawal sensitization involving repeated ethanol withdrawals was used. Methods: Adult male C3H/He mice were exposed to different patterns of chronic ethanol vapor in inhalation chambers. One group received four cycles of 16 hr of ethanol exposure separated by 8-hr withdrawal periods, another group was tested after a single 16-hr exposure period, and a final group served as ethanol-naive controls. These groups were further divided into lorazepam dosage (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) conditions. Lorazepam was administered 1 hr into each of the first three withdrawal cycles (or equivalent times); no drug injections were given during the final (fourth) withdrawal cycle. The ability of lorazepam treatment to alter development and expression of sensitized handling-induced convulsions (HIC), as well as changes in pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold dosage during an untreated withdrawal episode, was examined. Separate animals were used to assess the effects of lorazepam treatment on blood ethanol clearance and plasma levels of the benzodiazepine during the test withdrawal cycle. Results: Lorazepam dose-dependently reduced HIC activity during successive withdrawal cycles, and this resulted in attenuated expression of the sensitized HIC response during the acute phase of a subsequent untreated withdrawal episode. However, HIC activity was exacerbated at later time points during this final test withdrawal in mice that had received lorazepam treatment for earlier withdrawals. A similar pattern of results was obtained for changes in pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold dosage. These results do not seem to be due to pharmacokinetic factors, because peak blood ethanol levels, rate of ethanol elimination, and plasma levels of lorazepam did not significantly differ among groups during the final test withdrawal cycle. Conclusions: Blocking central nervous system hyperexcitability during repeated ethanol withdrawals with lorazepam effectively blunts the development and expression of sensitized seizure activity during the acute phase of a subsequent unmedicated withdrawal episode. At later time points, withdrawal-related seizure activity was exacerbated, and this is possibly reflective of an interaction between protracted ethanol withdrawal and withdrawal from the benzodiazepine. The clinical implications of these findings suggest that repeated use of benzodiazepines for treatment of multiple ethanol withdrawals may have some initial beneficial effects, but such treatment may also place patients at increased risk of seizures at later time points.
Physiological heterogeneity of metaphosphate in yeast.

It has been shown that when yeast is fractionated by repeated extractions with cold trichloracetic acid a species of phosphate, found in both the acid-soluble and the residue fractions, is identifiable as metaphosphate1,2. The co-existence in a yeast cell of metaphosphate in both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble forms suggests the possibility that these two may differ in their metabolic and physiological function. It is the purpose of the present note to report some recent observations which indicate that this is the case.
Adopting Global Marketing Strategy: Factors That Will Contribute to Business Success of the Transitional Economies

ABSTRACT Going global has become the economic aspiration of many organizations. It is important to be aware of the fact that the world is so technologically complex and fast changing that it is difficult to identify the current level of global marketing changes facing transitional economies. It is also important to recognize that businesses often respond to changes in technology through the effect of market and economic forces. They also have a great deal to do with the changes in our society. We already know that strategic alliances and affinity with different countries worldwide bring new capabilities, capacities, technologies and new strategic business ideas to these new markets. Transitional economies that are embracing global societal strategies to enter the world market will need to recognize the importance of other countries' social and cultural complexities. The intricacies of globalization and constant competitive shifts have increased the volatility of corporate posture both in domestic and glob...