cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stellar Wind Erosion of Protoplanetary Discs

An analytic model is developed for the erosion of protoplanetary gas discs by high velocity magnetized stellar winds. The winds are centrifugally driven from the surface of rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized young stars. The presence of the magnetic eld in the wind leads to Reynolds numbers suciently large to cause a strongly turbulent wind/disk boundary layer which entrains and carries away the disc gas. The model uses the conservation of mass and momentum in the turbulent boundary layer. The time-scale for signicant erosion depends on the disc accretion speed and accretion rate and on the wind mass loss rate and the wind velocity. The time-scale is estimated to be 2 10 6 yr. The analytic model assumes a steady stellar wind with mass loss rate . Mw 10 10 M yr 1 and velocity vw 10 3 km s 1 . A signicant contribution to the disc erosion can come from frequent powerful coronal mass ejections (CMEs) where the average mass loss rate in CMEs, . MCME, and velocities, vCME, have values comparable to those for the steady wind.
Martha E. Rogers: Heretic and Heroine

Rhythms of Martha Rogers' life and work are presented showing her evolution as a heretic and a heroine through her heretical thinking. New concepts of unitariology, energyspirit, wellbecoming, integral presence, and soul are presented with their relevance for advancing Rogers' science of unitary human beings. New dimensions of practice make explicit pandimensional ministering to humankind and living in the universe.
Relationship between Bond Stretching Frequencies and Internal Bonding for [16O4]- and [18O4]Phosphates in Aqueous Solution

A normal-mode analysis is used to show that the fundamental stretching frequency, defined as ν2 = (νs2 + naνa2)/(na + 1) where νs and νa are the symmetric and asymmetric modes, respectively, and na...
Issues in the benchmarking of image analysis algorithms for superresolution microscopy

Superresolution localization microscopy requires accurate and precise localization algorithms. We have developed a plugin for ImageJ, called M2LE, which can localize molecules quickly and distinguish between single-molecule and multiple-molecule images using a shape test that requires only a single iteration. Localization is accomplished via a fast maximum-likelihood algorithm that uses the separable property of the Gaussian to independently fit two 1-D Gaussians along the x- and y-directions. To assess the performance of M2LE, we tested the plugin with realistic simulated images of single and multiple molecule images. We first found the optimal shape test parameters that accept most single-molecule images, and then the optimal signal-to-noise cutoff parameter for identifying potential molecules from noise. These two parameters have the greatest impact on what parts of the image go on to be analyzed. Using these optimal parameters, we then assessed (1) the tendency of the algorithm to find molecules from the tail of a point-spread function in high signal-to-noise cases, (2) the effects of regions-of-interest size and overlap tolerances, (3) the ability of shape tests to identify multi-molecule images as a function of molecular separation and ratio of photon counts from two molecules, and (4) the performance of the entire process{the number of molecules identified and their corresponding localization precision and accuracy. These methods and results can be used to identify the optimal M2LE parameters to use for experiments, as well as to compare the performance with other localization microscopy software.
Diurnal radiant exchange with the sky dome

Abstract Daytime temperatures of surfaces exposed to the sky dome are the result of radiant gains minus radiant and convected losses. At night the formula is convected gains minus radiant losses. To devise diurnal curves describing the patterns of these processes, surface temperatures of black and white metal panels at a variety of vertical and horizontal orientations were measured at Davis, California during the summer. A curve was then plotted for each of 80 different orientations to facilitate comparisons among them. As a result of documenting these patterns, the paper notes that: 1. 1. It is valid and useful to record surface temperatures as differences between measured surface temperatures and simultaneous surrounding air temperatures. 2. 2. Certain irregularities appear at northerly steep orientations at mid-day, at northerly orientations at right angles to the sun at mid-day, and at westerly and easterly steep orientations at sunrise and sunset respectively. 3. 3. Night-time roof and wall temperatures are 4. consistently below the temperatures of the surrounding air. 5. 4. White surfaces sloped toward the north are heat sinks as indicated by a comparison of their average temperatures and that of the surrounding air.
Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and 3JHH Coupling Measurements in the Determination of the Conformation of the Sesquiterpene Antimalarial Arteether in Solution

Abstract The twisting of the A-, B-, and D- rings of β-arteether were determined from dihedral angles derived from 3JHH coupling constants and a Karplus-type equation that takes into account heteroatom substitution. The angles obtained by NMR were also compared to the angles obtained by molecular modeling and to those obtained from the methyoxyl analog (artemether) using x-ray crystallography. The NMR results showed that the A-ring was a relatively undistorted chair conformation with the 14-methyl group in an equatorial position. The NMR data indicated that the B-ring was very distorted and the D-ring was twisted outward because of the steric interactions with the ethoxy group. Two-dimensional NOESY data was used to measure selected proton-proton distances for arteether in solution and these distances were also compared to those obtained by molecular modeling and from the x-ray data for artemether. The NOESY data also indicated that the conformation of the A-ring was fairly normal, the B-ring was twisted,...
Evaluation of PBTS and NBTS in SiC MOS Using In Situ Charge Pumping Measurements

Since power devices such as DMOSFETs will operate at higher temperatures with accelerated degradation mechanisms, it is essential to understand the effects of typical operating conditions for power electronics applications. We have found that SiC MOSFETs when gate-biased at 150 °C show an increasing charge pumping current over time, suggesting that interface traps (or perhaps near-interface oxide traps) are being created under these conditions. This trapping increase occurs slightly above linear-with-log-time and mimics previously observed threshold voltage instabilities, though a causal relationship has not yet been determined. We found the charge trapping after 104 s of BTS increased at a rate of 1x1011 cm-2/dec for NBTS (-3 MV/cm), 0.7x1011 cm-2/dec for PBTS (3 MV/cm), and 0.3x1011 cm-2/dec when grounded. The observed increase in charge trapping has negative implications for the long term stability and reliability of SiC MOS devices under operating conditions.
Dopamine-glutamate interactions in methamphetaminc-induced neurotoxicity

Repeated administration of methamphetamine (m-AMPH) to rats induces dopamine (DA) terminal damage, and coadministration of antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or dopamine D1 or D2 receptors are protective. Striatal microdialysis of rats given a neurotoxic regimen of 4 × m-AMPH (4 mg/kg, s.c.) treatments revealed a dramatic and prolonged elevation of extracellular DA after the final m-AMPH administration. Neuroprotective regimens of MK-801, SCH 23390, or eticlopride greatly attenuated the overflow of DA resulting from the fourth m-AMPH treatment. By itself, MK-801 had no significant influence on striatal DA overflow, whereas either DA antagonist given alone elevated dialysate DA concentrations. A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of the m-AMPH-induced DA overflow of individual microdialyzed rats and their striatal DA content at sacrifice one week later.
A Review of Interference Criteria for Various Radio Services

Minimum-acceptable ratios of RF carrier to interference at the input terminals of receiving equipment, commonly called protection ratios, are dependent upon a multitude of parameters. For a given type of radio service, primary considerations are the quality of service demanded, receiver characteristics, propagation conditions, the nature of the interference, and the frequency separation between desired and undesired signals. Representative values used are scattered throughout CCIR and other literature. Cochannel values are gathered together in this paper for convenient reference.
Punishing from a Sense of Innocence: An Essay on Guilt, Innocence, and Punishment in America

This essay explores the connections between, on the one hand, how Americans conceive of their society’s moral culpability for historical transgressions like slavery and Jim Crow segregation and, on the other hand, the hyper-punitive policies and practices which have come to define the American criminal justice system over the past four decades. The essay offers two arguments. First, it submits that, beginning in the late 1960s, the politics and everyday rituals of punishment functioned to reaffirm a “sense of innocence” about American society in the wake of what arguably was and still remains the society’s most self-critical moment. Second, the essay contends that this sense of collective innocence, once reestablished, has functioned as a firm ideological foundation for hyper-punitive criminal justice policies. In essence, the society that imagines itself as innocent may punish offenders with impunity, since neither it nor the criminal justice machinery that operates on its behalf has to trouble itself with guilty second-guessing.
Comparison of Aquifer Characteristics Derived from Local and Regional Aquifer Testsa

A comparison of the aquifer parameter values obtained through the analysis of a local and a regional aquifer test involving the same area in southeast Georgia is made in order to evaluate the validity of extrapolating local aquifer-test results for use in large-scale flow simulations. The case study involves an increase in pumpage of 6.3 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) for the local test and a reduction in pumpage of 66 Mgal/d for the regional test, each involving the same well field. The test involved the Floridan aquifer system, a limestone sequence characterized predominantly by secondary permeability in this area. Time-drawdown and time-recovery data were analyzed by using both graphical and least-squares fitting of the data to the Theis curve. Additionally, directional transmissivity, transmissivity tensor, and angle of anisotropy were computed for both tests. The major and minor axes of the transmissivity ellipse determined from the regional test show general agreement with those determined from the local test. A slightly higher ratio of anisotropy was observed on the regional scale: 2.1:1, than on the local scale: 1.5:1. Regional storage coefficients ranged from 3.4 × 10−4 to 7.2 × 10−4 as compared with local storage coefficients ranging from 1.8 × 10−4to 5.3 × 10−4.
Formaldehyde production from methanol using a porous Vycor glass membrane reactor

Abstract The feasibility of using a membrane reactor to shift the equilibrium of formaldehyde production from methanol is investigated. Formaldehyde production from methanol over a silver catalyst is an endothermic, reversible, and conversion-limited dehydrogenation reaction. In the membrane reactor, the equilibrium is further shifted by removing the hydrogen through the membrane. This enables the membrane reactor to be operated economically at a lower temperature. The permeabilities are measured using a porous Vycor glass membrane. The reaction kinetics are investigated over the temperature range of 300-400°C at atmospheric pressure in a fixed-bed differential reactor over 99.998% silver needle catalyst. The membrane reactor performance is experimentally analyzed at atmospheric pressure to study the effect of changing operating variables such as temperature, space velocity, air/methanol feed ratio, and membrane surface area. A theoretical model is derived and a computer simulation is carried out based on the Runge-Kutta method to verify the above experimental data. Using an isothermal cocurrent model, a parametric study is conducted to provide basic information regarding scale-up and optimum operating conditions. The experimental study and parametric analysis of the present study point to the necessity of developing an improved permselective inorganic membrane material. Such a new membrane will make the membrane reactor method an attractive alternative in many industrial applications.
Naloxone does not antagonize general anesthesia in the rat.

The administration of naloxone 2, 10, 50, or 250 mg/kg intravenously did not alter halothane requirement (MAC) in Sprague-Dawley rats (12 rats per group). Two rats convulsed when given 50 mg/kg while anesthetized with halothane. In a separate group of awake rats, seven of nine animals convulsed when
Highly excited (J = 16 to 15) rotational transitions of CO, at 162.8 µm, in the Orion cloud

The first observations of the J = 16 to J = 15, 162.8 microns transition of CO from an astronomical source are reported. Measurements were carried out on the Kleinmann-Low Nebula. The intensity observed is in good agreement with predictions from previous spectroscopic work carried out in the far infrared. The observation strengthens the previous claim that approximately 1.5 solar mass of molecular hydrogen is heated to a temperature above 750 K within the shocked region in the Nebula. Upper limits to he OH intensity in the F2 (2Pi 1/2) transitions J = 3/2 to J = 1/2 which fall into two groups centered respectively at 163.12 and 163.40 are presented.
Arthroscopic-assisted reduction of distal radius fractures

The outcomes of seven patients with severe comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal radius treated by arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous external fixation (ARPEF) were retrospectively reviewed. All of the fractures were classified as C3 types using the AO classification scheme. Outcomes were evaluated using the Gartland and Werley functional criteria, an objective wrist examination, a radiographic analysis, and a self-assessment outcome form at an average follow-up of 27 months (range, 12 to 45 months). All patients were free of pain and had returned to their prior occupations. No patient had articular incongruency of greater than 1 mm, and there was no evidence of radiocarpal degenerative change. Active range of motion and maximal grip strength averaged 92% and 98%, respectively, of the uninjured wrist. The technique of arthroscope-assisted reduction and percutaneous external fixation yielded excellent results in a small group of patients, with minimal complications.
Irradiation swelling, creep, thermal shock and thermal cycling fatigue analysis of cylindrical controlled thermonuclear reactor first wall

Abstract The irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, and thermal shock and thermal cycling fatigue developed in the first wall of the cylindrical controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) are analyzed theoretically on the basis of experimental results. The first wall will suffer heavy radiation damage from fast neutrons, primary γ- (or X-) rays, and high energy charged particles produced in the thermonuclear reactions. The void formation, void density, mean void diameter, and volume change due to nuclear irradiation in the first wall will increase or vary with the neutron fluence, irradiation temperature, helium production, and atom displacement damage of the wall material. Irradiation swelling can greatly enhance the irradiation creep rate. The relationships between the irradiation creep strain, neutron fluence, and radiation-induced creep stress are introduced on the basis of experimental data. Computed results of the principal stresses and strain rates obtained from the radiation, thermal, and creep analysis are depicted by graphs. Correlation equations for thermal shock and thermal cycling fatigue are derived on the basis of analytical and experimental results. From experimental data analysis the effects of hold time and crack initiation, propagation, and growth on cyclic fatigue life of the first wall can be predicted. It is postulated that the shearing stress can nucleate cracks and that the maximum principal stress can propagate and extend cracks along the failure plane normal to the principal stress. The damage resistance criterion for irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, and thermal shock and thermal cycling fatigue is proposed. The theoretical analysis and experimental results can be correlated, compared, and verified in the development of a CTR first wall when equivalent uniaxial tests (instead of multiaxial complicated experiments) of the first wall material are conducted.
Growing neglect of American children

In the 2 years that have elapsed since I prepared my article on the growing neglect of American children for the May 1991 issue of the AJDC , 1 children have continued to bear the brunt of our nation's health care crisis. Unless there is a change in the current health insurance system for children, by the decade's end more than half of the children in America will not have health insurance through a parent's employer. The Medicaid program, which is supposed to provide medical care for the poor, will not be a big enough safety net to catch the growing number of children whose families cannot afford private health insurance. As the number of children without health insurance soars, preventive health care is taking a back seat to costly crisis care. Uninsured children are 50% more likely to suffer health problems than children in families who have insurance, as uninsured
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN A TYPE OF HUMAN ALLERGY (HAY FEVER): SEROLOGIC RESPONSE OF NON-SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS TO POLLEN INJECTIONS

Large injections of ragweed pollen extract into normal non-sensitive volunteers did not produce a sensitization to ragweed. Group 1 volunteers in whose skin many reactions were induced by injections of ragweed extract mixed with ragweed sensitive serum failed to show any serological changes. The theory that the immune substance found in the serum of treated ragweed sensitive cases was due to the reaction or to some substance created by it and not to the ragweed per se was not upheld. On the contrary in group 2, volunteers who received larger amounts of ragweed but no sensitive serum, serological changes were induced resembling those previously observed to occur in ragweed sensitive patients after treatment. They were demonstrable by an inhibition of the immediate reaction and by interference with the neutralization of sensitive serum by its antigen. These serological changes are therefore independent of the specific reaction characteristic of this type of allergy. The inhibiting factor was found to be related to the pseudoglobulin fraction of the serum and was shown to be specific.
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia

A 5-year-old boy aff ected with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, diagnosed aged 1 year, was referred to us after having an acute ischaemic cardiac event. He presented with an LDL-cholesterol concentration of 26 mmol/L, and tendon xanthomas at the wrists, knees, and achilles (fi gure A–C). He had been treated with colestyramine. Coronary angio graphy showed a complete obstruction of the left coronary artery (fi gure D; see also webvideo) and a partial obstruction of the right coronary artery, which required stent placement. After the
Evidence that the activity of elastase is not dependent on the ionization of its N-terminal amino group.

Abstract N-benzoyl-L-alanine methyl ester was found to be an excellent esteratic substrate for elastase. The activity of elastase towards this substrate is independent of pH between pH 8 and 10 and is unaffected by acetylation of the enzyme's N-terminal valyl α-amino group.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulation of Glial Cells Protects Dopamine Neurons from 6-Hydroxydopamine Toxicity: Involvement of the Glutathione System

Neurotrophic factors have been shown to support the survival and promote the recovery of injured neurons both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated whether glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) could modify the damage to dopamine (DA) neurons in mesencephalic cultures caused by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The data show that bFGF, but not GDNF, effectively protected DA neurons from 6-OHDA toxicity. Because bFGF is a glial mitogen, whereas GDNF is not, we tested whether glial cells participated in bFGF neuroprotection. Inhibition of glial cell proliferation completely prevented the protective effect of bFGF. Because oxidative events have been associated with 6-OHDA-induced damage, we examined the levels of glutathione (GSH) in control and bFGF-treated cultures. Cultures treated with bFGF had higher levels of GSH, which increased even further in response to 6-OHDA exposure. Control cultures failed to up-regulate GSH levels after 6-OHDA, suggesting a relationship between increased GSH levels and protection from 6-OHDA. Inhibition of glial cell proliferation prevented the rise in GSH in bFGF-treated cultures and abolished the increase after 6-OHDA treatment. Protection from 6-OHDA by bFGF was also diminished when GSH levels were decreased by the GSH synthesis inhibitor L-buthionine sulfoximine. Our study shows that stimulation of glial cells by bFGF allows the up-regulation of antioxidant defenses and supports cell survival during oxidative stress.
Cutting Edge: IL-10–Mediated Tristetraprolin Induction Is Part of a Feedback Loop That Controls Macrophage STAT3 Activation and Cytokine Production

In activated macrophages, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 inhibits expression of molecules that propagate inflammation in a manner that depends on transcription factor STAT3. Expression of IL-10 is regulated posttranscriptionally by the RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP), which destabilizes IL-10 mRNA in activated macrophages. Using LPS-activated bone marrow-derived murine macrophages, we demonstrate that TTP is a negative regulator of the IL-10/STAT3 anti-inflammatory response. LPS-stimulated TTP-deficient macrophages overproduced IL-10, contained increased amounts of activated STAT3, and showed reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines, including cytokines encoded by TTP target mRNAs. Thus, in LPS-stimulated TTP-deficient macrophages, increased IL-10/STAT3 anti-inflammatory control was dominant over the mRNA stabilization of specific TTP targets. The TTP gene promoter contains a conserved STAT3 binding site, and IL-10 induces STAT3 recruitment to this site. Correspondingly, STAT3 was required for efficient IL-10–induced TTP expression. Hence, by inducing TTP expression, STAT3 activates a negative regulatory loop that controls the IL-10/STAT3 anti-inflammatory response.
From the Editor: The Lifestyle Medicine Movement Continues to Grow and Thrive

We at the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (AJLM) are delighted to devote an entire issue of AJLM to the Proceedings of the National Meeting of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, which was held from October 27 to 30, 2013, in Washington, DC. I had the pleasure of chairing a plenary session and also moderating an Expert Panel discussion at this annual meeting. Based on what I saw and experienced, I am pleased to report that the lifestyle medicine movement is alive and well and growing exponentially! The theme of the ACLM conference was “The Treat the Cause Movement.” It is clear from the diversity and expertise of the assembled speakers and the passion and knowledge of the audience that the field of lifestyle medicine has grown both broader and deeper over the past 5 years. There is no longer any serious question that the practices and habits that each of us has in our daily lives profoundly affect both our short-term and long-term health and quality of life. It is also clear that for the field of lifestyle medicine to continue to grow and have the impact that it deserves, it must be tied directly to the overwhelming evidence that exists in these areas. We must articulate the important messages of lifestyle medicine to multiple audiences including our patients, the health care medical professions, the media, and public policy makers in the most dynamic and thoughtful way possible. These, of course, were key issues that we had in mind when we founded the American
Androgen Receptors in the Cerebral Cortex of Fetal Female Rhesus Monkeys

The present study characterizes putative androgen receptor activity in the cerebral cortex cytosol of the female fetal monkey (Macaca mulatto) on days 125–135 postconception. Binding activities were compared using tritiated 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and methyltrienolone (R1881) as ligands. Receptor concentration and association constants (Ka) were estimated from bound/total vs. total ligand binding curves. For R1881 and DHT, Ka values were 4.3 × 109 and 7.0 × 109 m−1, respectively. Receptor concentrations using the two ligands were estimated to be 5.5 × 10−15 mol/mg protein (R1881; n = 2) and 1.7 × 10−15 mol/mg protein (DHT). Analysis of receptor binding on DEAE-cellulose columns (KCl gradient) revealed multiple binding peaks (0.05–0.3 m KCl); similar elution profiles were obtained for the two ligands. Competition with either R1881 or DHT significantly reduced [3H]DHT binding throughout the KCl gradient, while triamcinolone acetonide had no effect. In contrast, [3H]R1881 binding was reduced by all thre...
A discrete search technique for global optimization

We have developed a new algorithm which uses the trajectories of a discrete dynamical system to sample the domain of an objective function in search of global minima. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm by applying it to a model geometry optimization problem. Significant improvements in optimization efficiency are demonstrated, in that our algorithm returns lower minima than conventional line minimization in 79% of the optimization runs we made. The method is orders of magnitude less computationally intensive than simulated annealing, while returning good minima for functions possessing many local minima. The method is simple to program, and requires only two-point gradient calculations for its implementation.
Representative Bureaucracy and Harder Questions: A Response to Meier, Wrinkle, and Polinard

In an article in the November 1999 issue of this journal, Meier, Wrinkle, and Polinard reach the tantalizing conclusion that increases in the representation of minority teachers in the public school bureaucracy actually enhance the academic achievement of both minority and Anglo groups of students. However, diagnostic and statistical tests on their data suggest that their analysis may suffer from specification, selection, and categorization limitations. When corrections for these problems are introduced into the analysis, the results that are the basis for the Meier, Wrinkle, and Polinard conclusions change significantly, thereby undermining our confidence in the validity of their claims.
A FUMARATE REDUCTASE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI DISTINCT FROM SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE.

We found that in another facultative anaerobe, Escherichia coli,’ the levels of these two activities also varied in a nonparallel manner when aerobically and anaerobically grown cells were compared. To determine unequivocally whether two distinct enzymes were produced for these reactions, we sought to dissociate the enzymes by eliminating one through mutation. Since these activities are particle-bound in E. coli (lo), this approach circumvents the difficulties and possible artifacts of solubilizing for fractionation. It also permits one to determine definitively the physiological role of an enzyme, since one can observe the effect in viva that results from its loss. The desired mutant was obtained, making possible the separation and characterization of two succinate-oxidizing and fumarate-reducing enzymes in E. coli.
Abstract coding of audiovisual speech: beyond sensory representation

Summary Is there a neural representation of speech that transcends its sensory properties? Using fMRI, we investigated whether there are brain areas where neural activity during observation of sublexical audiovisual input corresponds to a listener's speech percept (what is "heard") independent of the sensory properties of the input. A target audiovisual stimulus was preceded by stimuli that (1) shared the target's auditory features (auditory overlap), (2) shared the target's visual features (visual overlap), or (3) shared neither the target's auditory or visual features but were perceived as the target (perceptual overlap). In two left-hemisphere regions (pars opercularis, planum polare), the target invoked less activity when it was preceded by the perceptually overlapping stimulus than when preceded by stimuli that shared one of its sensory components. This pattern of neural facilitation indicates that these regions code sublexical speech at an abstract level corresponding to that of the speech percept.
Living Well With Medical Comorbidities: A Biopsychosocial Perspective

Objectives. We take a biopsychosocial perspective on age-related diseases by examining psychological correlates of having multiple chronic conditions and determining whether positive psychological functioning predicts advantageous profi les of biological risk factors. Method. Respondents to the national survey of Midlife in the United States who participated in clinical assessments of health and biological processes ( n = 998) provided information on chronic medical conditions and multiple domains of psychological functioning. Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined from fasting blood samples. Results. Life satisfaction declined with increasing comorbidity while negative affect increased. In contrast, positive affect, purpose in life, and positive relations with others were unrelated to comorbidity status. Signifi cant interactions showed that although IL-6 and CRP increased with increasing number of chronic conditions, respondents with higher levels of purpose in life, positive relations with others, and (in the case of CRP) positive affect had lower levels of infl ammation compared with those with lower well-being scores. Discussion. The results suggest that many older adults with medical comorbidities maintain high levels of positive psychological functioning that are in turn linked to better profi les of biological disease risk.
Resection margins, extrapleural nodal status, and cell type determine postoperative long-term survival in trimodality therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma: Results in 183 patients

Abstract Objectives: Our aim was to identify prognostic variables for long-term postoperative survival in trimodality management of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Methods: From 1980 to 1997, 183 patients underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results: Forty-three women and 140 men (age range 31-76 years) had a median follow-up of 13 months. The perioperative mortality rate was 3.8% (7 deaths) and the morbidity, 50%. Survival in the 176 remaining patients was 38% at 2 years and 15% at 5 years (median 19 months). Univariate analysis identified 3 prognostic variables associated with improved survival: epithelial cell type (52% 2-year survival, 21% 5-year survival, 26-month median survival; P = .0001), negative resection margins (44% at 2 years, 25% at 5 years, median 23 months; P = .02), and extrapleural nodes without metastases (42% at 2 years, 17% at 5 years, median 21 months; P = .004). Using the Cox proportional hazards, the relative risk of death was calculated for nonepithelial cell type (OR 3.0, CI 2.0-4.5; P P = .0082), and metastatic extrapleural nodes (OR 2.0, CI 1.3-3.2; P = .0026). Thirty-one patients with 3 positive variables had the best survival (68% 2-year survival, 46% 5-year survival, median 51 months; P = .013). A previously published staging system using these variables stratified survival ( P Conclusions: (1) Multimodality therapy including extrapleural pneumonectomy is feasible in selected patients with malignant pleural mesotheliomas, (2) pre-resectional evaluation of extrapleural nodes may select patients for radical therapy, (3) microscopic resection margins affect long-term survival, highlighting the need for further investigation of locoregional control, and (4) patients with epithelial, margin-negative, extrapleural node–negative resection had extended survival. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:54-65)
Detection of stochastic processes

This paper reviews two streams of development, from the 1940's to the present, in signal detection theory: the structure of the likelihood ratio for detecting signals in noise and the role of dynamic optimization in detection problems involving either very large signal sets or the joint optimization of observation time and performance. This treatment deals exclusively with basic results developed for the situation in which the observations are modeled as continuous-time stochastic processes. The mathematics and intuition behind such developments as the matched filter, the RAKE receiver, the estimator-correlator, maximum-likelihood sequence detectors, multiuser detectors, sequential probability ratio tests, and cumulative-sum quickest detectors, are described.
Policy Evaluation versus Explanation of Outcomes in Education: That Is, Is It the Teachers? Is It the Parents?

Education reform advocates who base policy decisions on empirical research often face the argument that because background variables explain so much of student outcomes, it follows that policy interventions cannot be effective. This policy brief explains the logical fallacy in the argument, illustrating with two examples, one taken from the teacher quality literature and one taken from the class size literature.
Altered knee kinematics in ACL‐deficient non‐copers: A comparison using dynamic MRI

Kinematics measured during a short arc quadriceps knee extension exercise were compared in the knees of functionally unstable ACL-deficient patients, these patients' uninjured knees, and uninjured control subjects' knees. Cine phase contrast dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, in combination with a model-based tracking algorithm developed by the authors, was used to measure tibiofemoral kinematics as the subjects performed the active, supine posture knee extension exercise in the terminal 30 degrees of motion. Two determinants of tibiofemoral motion were measured: anterior/posterior location of the tibia relative to the femur, and axial rotation of the tibia relative to the femur. We hypothesized that more anterior tibial positioning, as well as differences in axial tibial rotation patterns, would be observed in ACL-deficient (ACL-D) knees when compared to uninjured knees. Multifactor ANOVA analyses were used to determine the dependence of the kinematic variables on (i) side (injured vs. uninjured, matched by subject in the control group), (ii) flexion angle measured at five-degree increments, and (iii) subject group (ACL-injured vs. control). Statistically significant anterior translation and external tibial rotation (screw home motion) accompanying knee extension were found. The ACL-D knees of the injured group exhibited significantly more anterior tibial positioning than the uninjured knees of these subjects (average difference over extension range=3.4+/-2.8 mm, p<0.01 at all angles compared), as well as the matched knees of the control subjects. There was a significant effect of interaction between side and subject group on A/P tibial position. We did not find significant differences in external tibial rotation associated with ACL deficiency. The changes to active joint kinematics documented in this entirely noninvasive study may contribute to cartilage degradation in ACL-D knees, and encourage more extensive investigations using similar methodology in the future.
TU-SAM-BRB-02: HDR Intra-Cavitary Approaches to APBI: Basic Physics and Limitations

A rationale for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) will be given together with a brief historical introduction in intra‐cavitary modalities, with emphasis on breast. Five different devices will be presented in the intra‐cavitary category: four balloon‐based ones (MammoSite, MammoSite ML, Contura MLB and Xoft eBx balloon device) and a strut‐based device (SAVI). Devices will be discussed relative to the radioactive sources employed in each case, with advantages and disadvantages and comparisons between them reviewed in a number of published articles. While TG‐43 and its updated version continues to be the bread and butter for everyday computation in HDR brachytherapy, novel modalities using Monte‐Carlo methods, as well as the first commercial platform —Acuros —a deterministic Linear Boltzman Transport Equation based method, are emerging and becoming of importance in the clinic. State of the art dose computation for APBI will be presented and pertinent published literature will be reviewed. Elements of NSABP B39 / RTOG 0413 protocol will be introduced, emphasizing the definition of structures used for planning and evaluation of APBI, together with dosimetric parameters defining treatment appropriateness. Since some of the latest devices contributing on the intra‐cavitary APBI arena were not available when the Randomized Phase III Study started accruing patients, updates and comments will be presented relative to the pertinence of the limiting dosimetric parameters previously defined for current treatment plans. Next, a number of interesting topics will be presented: Dose perturbations due to contrast medium and air, Probabilistic aspects of brachytherapy treatments, The effect of patient inhomogeneities, Dose to skin, Chest wall dose, allowing the audience to become comfortable with these somehow more difficult issues. At last, a brief presentation of the optimization methods currently used and available, with emphasis on platform dependency and efficiency. A comprehensive view of the Quality Assurance methods employed for APBI treatments will wrap‐up the Intra‐cavitary APBI presentation.
PORTENTS OF A DISCIPLINE: THE STUDY OF RELIGION BEFORE RELIGIOUS STUDIES

Academic disciplines, including departments of history, emerged slowly and unevenly in the second half of the nineteenth century. Professional societies, including the American Historical Association (AHA) at its founding in 1884, were generally tiny organizations, a few would-be specialists collecting together to stake a claim on a distinct scholarly identity. Fields of study were necessarily fluid—interdisciplinary because they remained, to a large degree, predisciplinary. As fields went, the study of religion appeared especially amorphous; it was spread out across philology, history, classics, folklore, anthropology, archaeology, psychology, sociology, and oriental studies. Adding to the complexity more than simplifying it was the persisting claim that the study of religion belonged specifically (if not exclusively) to theology and hence to seminaries and divinity schools. Elizabeth A. Clark's Founding the Fathers illuminates the importance of Protestant theological institutions in shaping the study of religion in nineteenth-century America, suggesting, in particular, how well-trained church historians pointed the way toward disciplinary consolidation and specialization. Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay's Science of Religion , by contrast, explores the leading British intellectuals responsible for extending the study of religion across a broad swath of the new human sciences. Together these two books offer an excellent opportunity to reflect on what religion looked like as a learned object of inquiry before religious studies fully crystallized as an academic discipline in the middle third of the twentieth century. Clark opens the introduction to her book with an epigraph from Hayden White: “The question is, What is involved in the transformation of a field of studies into a discipline?” (1). What indeed?
Effects of Listeners' and Performers' Race on Music Preferences:

This study's purpose was to examine the effects of black and white listeners' and performers' race on music preferences. On a Likert-type rating scale, middle-school (n = 102) and university (n =11...
Heat-Induced Fibrillation of BclXL Apoptotic Repressor

The BclXL apoptotic repressor bears the propensity to associate into megadalton oligomers in solution, particularly under acidic pH. Herein, using various biophysical methods, we analyze the effect of temperature on the oligomerization of BclXL. Our data show that BclXL undergoes irreversible aggregation and assembles into highly-ordered rope-like homogeneous fibrils with length in the order of mm and a diameter in the μm-range under elevated temperatures. Remarkably, the formation of such fibrils correlates with the decay of a largely α-helical fold into a predominantly β-sheet architecture of BclXL in a manner akin to the formation of amyloid fibrils. Further interrogation reveals that while BclXL fibrils formed under elevated temperatures show no observable affinity toward BH3 ligands, they appear to be optimally primed for insertion into cardiolipin bicelles. This salient observation strongly argues that BclXL fibrils likely represent an on-pathway intermediate for insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane during the onset of apoptosis. Collectively, our study sheds light on the propensity of BclXL to form amyloid-like fibrils with important consequences on its mechanism of action in gauging the apoptotic fate of cells in health and disease.
Zinc-induced envelope stress diminishes type III secretion in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Dietary supplementation with zinc has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhoeal disease caused by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, common in infants in developing countries. Initially this therapeutic benefit was attributed to the correction of zinc deficiency in malnourished individuals, but recently evidence has emerged that zinc significantly impacts the pathogens themselves: zinc concentrations achievable by oral supplementation can reduce the expression of key virulence-related genes in EPEC and related organisms. Here, we investigate three possible mechanisms for such zinc-induced changes in expression of EPEC virulence: direct interaction of zinc with regulators of LEE operons; genetic interaction of LEE operons with known regulators of zinc homeostasis; and finally, downregulation of LEE transcription associated with activation of the σEenvelope stress response by zinc. We find evidence only for the latter mechanism, including zinc-induced down-regulation of type III secretion in EPEC similar to that caused by ammonium metavanadate, another known inducer of the σEstress response. We conclude therefore that envelope stress is a major mechanism by which zinc attenuates the virulence of EPEC and related pathogens.
Symmetry-breaking in mammalian cell cohort migration during tissue pattern formation: role of random-walk persistence.

Coordinated, cohort cell migration plays an important role in the morphogenesis of tissue patterns in metazoa. However, individual cells intrinsically move in a random walk-like fashion when studied in vitro. Hence, in the absence of an external orchestrating influence or template, the emergence of cohort cell migration must involve a symmetry-breaking event. To study this process, we used a novel experimental system in which multiple capillary endothelial cells exhibit spontaneous and robust cohort migration in the absence of chemical gradients when cultured on micrometer-scale extracellular matrix islands fabricated using microcontact printing. A computational model suggested that directional persistence of random-walk and dynamic mechanical coupling of adjacent cells are the critical control parameters for this symmetry-breaking behavior that is induced in spatially-constrained cell ensembles. The model predicted our finding that fibroblasts, which exhibit a much shorter motility persistence time than endothelial cells, failed to undergo symmetry breaking or produce cohort migration on the matrix islands. These findings suggest that cells have intrinsic motility characteristics that are tuned to match their role in tissue patterning. Our results underscore the importance of studying cell motility in the context of cell populations, and the need to address emergent features in multicellular organisms that arise not only from cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but also from properties that are intrinsic to individual cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 61:201–213, 2005. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Best cases from the AFIP. Juvenile polyposis of the stomach. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Editor’s Note.—Everyone who has taken the course in radiologic pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) remembers bringing two beautifully illustrated cases for accession to the Institute. In recent years, the staff of the Department of Radiologic Pathology has judged the “best cases” by organ system, and recognition is given to the winners on the last day of the class. Beginning with the July 2001 issue of RadioGraphics, one of these cases is published with each issue of the Journal, written by the winning resident. Radiologic-pathologic correlation is emphasized, and the causes of the imaging signs of various diseases are illustrated. Diego J. Covarrubias, MD ● James E. Huprich, MD
Normative geographies and the 1940 Land Transfer Regulations in Palestine

In recent years, there have been several calls for geographers to engage more closely with the normative in their work. This paper supplements those calls by suggesting that geographers turn their attention to popular understandings of and discourses about justice. In the first part of the paper, I make a case for such scholarship and argue that it should be undergirded by two premises. The first premise is that understandings of justice depend not only on abstract ideas about the just, but on the geographical and historical frames – geographical imaginaries – through which we understand the world; the second is that understandings of justice (including both abstract ideas and geographical imaginaries) are deeply historical and social. In the second part of this paper, I demonstrate the centrality of historical and social geographical imaginaries to assessments of justice by examining the discourse surrounding the controversial 1940 Land Transfer Regulations in Palestine. Put in place at the behest of British Colonial Secretary Malcolm MacDonald, the Regulations restricted the areas in which Jews could buy land in Palestine. While Jews in Palestine condemned the Regulations as racially discriminatory, MacDonald defended them as necessary if the British were to fulfil the British Mandate Government's obligations to the Palestinians as well as to the Jews. A close look at the positions of each side reveals that their differences lay not in their abstract principles of justice but in the geographical imaginaries through which they viewed Palestine and the Palestinians.
Hydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine)rhodiuma,b

[1828-36-1] C72H61P4Rh (MW 1153.12) InChI = 1S/4C18H15P.Rh.H/c4*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;;/h4*1-15H;;/q;;;;+1;-1 InChIKey = GXPDZBINBPPNJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes2 and hydrosilylation of alkynes3) Physical Data: mp 162–163 °C. Solubility: slightly sol benzene, toluene, THF, acetone. Form Supplied in: yellow crystals. Preparative Methods: from Rhodium(III) Chloride or rhodium(III) acetylacetonate by reduction with Triethylaluminum in the presence of Triphenylphosphine.1a,b Purification: by recrystallization from toluene or benzene. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: solid material is moderately sensitive to oxygen, but in solution it is easily decomposed by air.