cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertebrate predation on the jack-pine budworm in Michigan.

As one phase of a population dynamics study of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, this investigation on vertebrate predation was earned out (1) to describe the vertebrate predators of the budworm and (2) to assess the importance of vertebrate predation in the insect’s population dynamics. Twenty-eight species of birds and 1 mammal were found to attack the budworm in Michigan. Birds were more important than mammals as budworm predators. The significance of bird predation in the budworm’s population dynamics appears to depend on the population level of the insect and the response of bird predators to gradients in budworm numbers.
Large-scale preparation of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide from [13C]methanol by a one-step process

We have developed a large-scale “one-pot” procedure for the conversion of commercially available [13C]- or [2H3,13C]methanol to [13C]- or [2H3,13C]methyl phenyl sulfide. [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide is a potentially versatile, chemically stable, and nonvolatile labeling precursor. In addition, we report an efficient method for the oxidation of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide to [13C]methyl phenyl sulfone. Finally, we have used [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide to produce 13C-labeled methyl iodide, containing exactly one or two deuterons.
The Effects of Temporal Separation on the Relations between Self-Reported Work Stressors and Strains:

The assumption that a longitudinal design reduces the size of the relationships between work stressors and strains was tested. A comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations suggested that temporal separation of stressors and strains reduced correlations between role ambiguity and primarily attitudinal strains. Cross-sectional correlations between role conflict and strains, as well as correlations involving health-related strains, were practically unaffected by switching to a longitudinal design. A theory-driven approach to the adoption of temporal separation of stressor and strain measures in organizational stress research is outlined.
Hereditary amyloidosis: Evidence against early amyloid deposition

Twelve members of the Indiana hereditary amyloidosis type II kindred were tested for the presence of amyloid deposits. All were young adults (age 26-37), with no evidence of disease and with 1 affected parent. Six were found to be carriers of the variant gene, by DNA testing and/or reduced serum retinol-binding protein levels. Nevertheless, no amyloid could be found in any skin, rectal, or carpal tunnel biopsy specimens. Our results suggest that hereditary amyloidosis type II is a true late-onset disease, in which accumulation of amyloid does not start until late in life--perhaps only a short time before symptoms appear.
Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by the secretion of osteoprotegerin in vitro by rat dental follicle cells and its implications for tooth eruption

Tooth eruption requires the presence of the dental follicle, a loose connective tissue sac that surrounds each unerupted tooth. Early postnatally in the rat, the follicle secretes colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), chemotactic molecules that are probably responsible for the recruitment of mononuclear cells. These cells, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts, which are required for alveolar bone resorption to form an eruption pathway. Recent studies have shown that the osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene is expressed in the dental follicle, but in the first mandibular molar of the rat, that expression is reduced at day 3, the time of maximal osteoclast numbers on the alveolar bone. Inhibition of OPG expression at this time would allow osteoclast formation/activation. To determine if the dental follicle cells do secrete OPG that inhibits osteoclastogenesis, spleen cell cultures were established and soluble osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) and CSF-1 added to some of them to promote osteoclast formation. In other cultures, dental follicle cells were added in an insert, such that they did not touch the spleen cells. Using a quantitative, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay, it was shown that ODF and CSF-1 promoted osteoclastogenesis in the spleen cell cultures, but the addition of the follicle cells inhibited this and returned the TRAP activities to those seen in cultures of spleen cells only. Adding anti-OPG to these cultures, however, negated the effect of the follicle cells, demonstrating that OPG was the inhibitory molecule secreted by those cells. The follicle cells also immunostained for OPG, confirming that they synthesize OPG. These findings, coupled with those of other studies which show that the periodontal ligament (a derivative of the dental follicle) also secretes OPG, indicate that, except for the period of time in tooth eruption, where osteoclast formation is needed to form an eruption pathway, secretion of OPG would be the norm, presumably to prevent resorption of alveolar bone and subsequent disruption of the periodontal ligament.
Professional and economic factors affecting access to mammography: a crisis today, or tomorrow? Results from a national survey.

BACKGROUND Objective data and anecdotal reports have suggested that access to mammography may be declining because of facility closures and difficulty in recruiting and retaining radiologists and radiologic technologists. To gain insight into the practice patterns, use of emerging technologies, and concerns of breast imagers in current practice, the Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) conducted a national survey of breast imaging practices in the U.S. METHODS Between October 2003 and April 2004, the SBI conducted a survey of the SBI membership database, and received completed surveys from 575 breast imaging practices in the U.S. Responses to the survey regarding practice characteristics, the utilization of standard and emerging technologies, staffing, malpractice, finance, and morale were analyzed. RESULTS Job vacancies for radiologists who read mammograms were reported in 163 practices (29%), 59 of which (10%) had 2 or more openings. A higher proportion of practices with job openings had long appointment waiting times for asymptomatic women when compared with fully staffed practices. Unfilled fellowship positions also were common, with 41 of 65 practices that offer fellowships reporting 47 openings. Among 554 responding practices, 55% reported that someone in their practice was sued because of a mammography related case within the past 5 years, and 50% of practices reported that the threat of lawsuits made radiologist staffing “moderately” or “a lot” more difficult. Of 521 responding practices, 35% reported financial losses in 2002. One in 5 respondents reported that they would prefer to spend less time in mammography, and fewer than 1 in 3 would recommend a breast imaging fellowship to a relative or friend. Emerging technologies, such as breast magnetic resonance imaging and screening ultrasound, currently are being performed in many practices. CONCLUSIONS The survey results provide support for anecdotal reports that breast imaging practices face significant challenges and stresses, including shortages of key personnel, a lack of trainees, malpractice concerns, financial constraints, increased workload due to emerging technologies, low appeal of breast imaging as a career specialty, and the steady rise in the population of women of screening age. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Purification and characterization of DNA polymerase alpha of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The major pol α activity of CHO cells was purified 2 800-fold to near homogeneity and was characterized with respect to its physical and catalytic properties. The purified enzyme, upon analysis in denaturing ‘activity’ gels, displayed a major, 120 kilodalton, catalytically active core and two minor, catalytically inactive components of 180 and 135 kilodaltons. The native form of the enzyme behaved in velocity sedimentation and gel permeation experiments as an asymmetric protein of an apparent Mr. of 515 kilodaltons. The purified enzyme displayed catalytic behavior and inhibitor sensitivity typical of that displayed by other mammalian pol alphas. Specifically, the enzyme: (1) was sensitive to n-ethylmaleimide and the pol α-specific inhibitors, BuPdGTP and aphidicolin; (2) was subject to neutralization by specific monoclonal antibodies raised against human pol α; (3) was devoid of detectable 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, and (4) displayed a ribonucleotide-dependent DNA primase activity.
Magnetic properties of induced moment systems with a nonmagnetic doublet crystal-field ground state☆

Abstract Magnetic properties of induced moment systems with a nonmagnetic doublet crystal-field ground state are discussed in the molecular field approximation. Landau's theory of second order phase transition is employed to study the nature of the phase transition. It is found that the phase transition can be either first order or second order.
PARsing the events of myelination.

A recent paper in Science reports that for Schwann cells to initiate myelination, the Par-3 polarity protein must interact with the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR and relocate it to membrane domains of glia-axon contact.
Reflections on the Work and Influence of John Maynard Keynes

I. Introduction, 578. — II. Early beliefs, 579. — III. International proposals 1919–1939, 584. — IV. Domestic proposals 1919–1939, 588. — V. War and postwar proposals, 590. — VI. Appraisal, 593. — VII. Conclusion, 600.
Entrepreneurship in Egypt and the US compared: directions for further research suggested

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurship in Egypt, an Islamic society in transition to a free market, and makes general comparisons with entrepreneurship in the United States, a secular society with a highly developed market economy.Design/methodology/approach – American and Egyptian entrepreneurial differences are discussed within a number of themes related to cultural and environmental factors: the transition to a free market including transparency; money and its cultural meanings; locus of control; attitude towards risk; and work‐life equilibrium.Findings – This paper argues that social and economic changes and environmental adversity, such as competition, which accompany the transition to a free market, create pressure on the emergent market (Egypt) to adopt a model of environment that is hospitable to entrepreneurs who seek to create new organizations or implement change through new organizational and programmatic initiatives.Practical implications – Managers in an emergent ...
From Drops of Blood: Charisma and Political Legitimacy in the translatio of the 'Uthmānic Codex of al-Andalus

The account of the 'Uthmānic mushaf of Cordoba, which passed from generation to generation across the western shores of Islam, has played a prominent role in the history of al-Andalus and the Maghrib. The prized codex appears throughout historiographical and literary discourses, stretching from the Hispano-Umayyad caliphate to the dynasty of the Banū Marīn in North Africa. Brought into battle against Christians and fellow Muslims, decorated with ornate coverings, and made into the object of countless panegyrics, the 'Uthmānic codex of al-Andalus offers a glimpse into a sustained network of meaning and power. The codex came symbolically to align successive Muslim dynasties to the early history of Islam. Drawing attention to the parallel phenomena of the furta sacra and the translatio of relics in medieval Christian tradition, this article explores the broader political, religious, and literary dimensions which silhouette the veneration toward the 'Uthmānic codex.
Discontinuities in technological and natural systems caused by exotic species

This discussion focuses on discontinuities in both natural and technological systems caused by the introduction of exotic species into areas which they would not have been able to reach without human assistance or other alterations to native communities. The case histories of both the Asian clam and the zebra mussel are particularly instructive because of their recent introductions and the dramatic impact they have had on both natural and technological systems. Control of these mollusc species in technological systems (e.g. water intake systems) is effective to a degree but requires constant attention and utilization of resources. If control is neglected there could be extremely serious consequences. At present, no inexpensive means exist for controlling their effects, and further geographical distribution in North America is highly probable. The mollusc case histories do not appear to be linear and, in some instances, may not be continuous. Some importations of exotic species were deliberate (such as the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar), but their escape into natural systems has often been ‘accidental’ or, a less charitable person might say, careless. A viable strategy for coping with discontinuities is elusive. Discontinuities will, undoubtedly, have a major effect on the possibility of sustainable use of the planet or, to use the currently popular term, sustainable development.
Decisions of Timing in Conflict Situations of Unequal Power Between Opponents

Games of timing constitute a subclass of two-person, zero-sum, infinite games, where the problem facing each player is not what course of action to take, but rather when to take a prespecified action. The present study is an extension of previous research on games of timing with complete information (noisy duels) and equal accuracy functions, to noisy duels with unequal accuracy functions. The game-theoretic solution of this class of games, which has been recently derived, is briefly presented. Ten pairs of male subjects participated in two sessions each in a computer-controlled noisy duel experiment. Each pair played 256 duels in which both the accuracy functions and the starting number of bullets were varied systematically. The results are analyzed and discussed in terms of predictions derived from the game-theoretic solution.
Wave setup/setdown and longshore current on non-planar beaches

Abstract Wave-induced setup/setdown and longshore currents are examined theoretically for non-planar, concave-up beaches. A beach profile in which the still-water-depth is proportional to the horizontal distance offshore raised to the 2 3 power is examined in detail. The total mean-water-depth, which includes the sum of the still-water-depth for this 2 3 power beach profile plus the wave-induced setup/setdown, may be approximated shoreward of the breaker line in a best least-squares sense by a profile that is proportional to the horizontal distance offshore raised to the 1 2 power. The longshore current profile for this non-planar beach is found to differ significantly from that predicted analytically for a planar beach. The longshore current velocity does not vanish at the shoreline as in the planar beach case. In addition, the peak velocities and the total longshore transport of water are found to be less than for the corresponding planar beach cases. For a given concave-up beach profile, the influence of the lateral mixing increases as the wave height decreases.
Chronic congestive heart failure: Where have we been? Where are we heading?

Chronic congestive heart failure is a frequently occurring disease associated with an impaired quality of life and significant mortality rate. Progress has been made in dissecting the pathophysiologic changes of congestive failure and in using vasodilators, newer positive inotropic agents, and other treatment modalities. Despite these advances, the overall mortality rate from congestive heart failure has not decreased. Further, many unanswered questions remain: How and why does a myocardial cell die? How should quality of life be measured? When should vasodilators and positive inotropic agents be given? What role do receptors play in pathogenesis and therapy? Can sudden death in heart failure be prevented? These and other questions will provide the stimulus for further studies in congestive heart failure.
The Paperwork Reduction Act: Benefits, costs and directions for reform

Abstract Congress passed the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) in 1980. Intended to ensure that the federal government carefully managed information and to reduce the burden of information collection on the American public, it has arguably failed to do either. This article uses a simple analysis of the benefits and costs of the Act to evaluate possible directions for reform. The implementation of the PRA has resulted in the misallocation of government resources. Far too much time is spent at the Office of Management and Budget and at agencies reviewing collections and soliciting input on thousands of information collections that are routine and unchanging. If this time was cut back, both OMB and agencies could devote more time to new information collections that have methodological issues and significant policy impacts. Agencies and OMB could also devote more time to tying information collection to information management as the authors of the PRA initially intended.
Probabilistically configured adaptive composite structures

A composite wing with spars, bulkheads and built-in sensor/control devices is probabilistically configured with a methodology for the probabilistic assessment of smart composite structures. Structural responses such as changes in angle of attack, vertical displacements and stresses in the non-control and control plies are probabilistically assessed to quantify their respective scatter ranges. Sensitivity factors are evaluated to identify those parameters that have the greatest influence on a specific structural response. Results show that smart composite structures can be configured to control distortions and ply stresses, and to have specified scatter ranges in the frequencies, buckling loads in the presence of defects to satisfy specified design requirements.
TANDEM 4+2'/3+2 CYCLOADDITIONS OF NITROALKENES. 9. SYNTHESIS OF (-)-ROSMARINECINE

(−)-Rosmarinecine (2) is the necine base portion of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (−)-rosmarinine. (−)-Rosmarinecine is a representative of the group of pyrrolizidines that show a cis relationship between adjacent stereocenters C(1), C(7), and C(7a), in addition to a highly oxygenated skeleton. (−)-Rosmarinecine (2) has been synthesized in eight steps and 14.8% overall yield, as an illustration of a general approach for the construction of pyrrolizidines having this stereochemical feature. The key step in the asymmetric synthesis is a Lewis acid-promoted, tandem inter-[4 + 2]/intra-[3 + 2] cycloaddition between a fumaroyloxy nitroalkene and a chiral vinyl ether.
Is Kierkegaard an Irrationalist? Reason, Paradox, and Faith

If some philosophers had not existed, the history of philosophy would have to invent them. After all, what would the introduction to philosophy teacher do without good old Berkeley, the notorious denier of common sense, or Hume, the infamous sceptic. In some cases, in fact, philosophers have been invented by the history of philosophy. I don't mean to suggest that historians of philosophy have actually altered the past by bringing into being real flesh and blood philosophers. Rather, I mean to say that the textbook caricatures of famous philosophers are often a creation of the tradition, encrusted layers of hoary myths and legends which often hold the actual philosopher prisoner, the myths of Berkeley and Hume which I just alluded to being excellent examples.
Copper ligands isolated from estuarine water by immobilized metal affinity chromatography: temporal variability and partial characterization

Copper ligands were isolated from estuarine water using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Seasonal and diurnal variation of copper ligand concentrations as measured by IMAC peak areas were determined. Apparent molecular weight and UV-visible spectra of IMAC-isolated ligands were characterized. The effects of sample pH, flow rate, volume and storage (4 °C) on ligand recovery were determined. Removal of ligands of the L1 and L2 class from water samples by IMAC was measured using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Removal of IMAC ligands from acidified water samples by XAD resin was evaluated in order to determine whether IMAC-isolated ligands are humic substances. Considerable variation was observed in IMAC peak areas over a 12-month period. Maximum peak areas of the high-affinity ligand (peak B) were observed in late summer corresponding to maxima in picoplankton abundances in the vicinity of the sample site. Diurnal variation was minimal. Molecular filtration indicated that IMAC-isolated ligands were primarily of low (< 10,000 Da) molecular weight. Spectral analysis of ligands contained in IMAC peaks showed significant heterogeneity on different sampling dates. Characteristic spectra exhibited absorbance peaks around 280 nm suggestive of the presence of proteins or peptides containing aromatic amino acids. No DNA was detected in IMAC fractions. Removal of humic substances from water samples using XAD prior to IMAC reduced IMAC peak areas ~ 50%, indicating that a significant portion of IMAC-isolated material was humic substances. The results show that copper ligands isolated and recovered by IMAC are a heterogeneous group of compounds that exhibit significant temporal variation, are primarily low molecular weight and contain humic substances. Temporal variation observed for the high-affinity ligand class suggests that the ligands may be a product of picoplankton in the water column. The data suggest that IMAC may be a useful method for preparative isolation of high-affinity copper ligands of the L1 and L2 class.
A Sky Radiation Model For The Ocean Environment

Applications involving surveillance, tracking, identification, and modeling of objects on the ocean surface require a knowledge of the visible and infrared radiation incident on that surface. This model allows the user to compute the spectral and band-averaged radiance from the sky for any view angle. The model formulations are based upon an analytic solution of the radiative-transfer equation using an advanced two-stream approximation for the up-welling and downwelling radiation fields. The boundary condition at the lower surface is fulfilled by the use of a diffuse spectral reflectance and a diffuse spectral emissivity. Single and multiple scattering and emission by the maritime aerosols are included by the use of a three-component Navy aerosol model for the boundary layer. The vertical aerosol density profiles are characterized by Fermi-Dirac and exponential distributions with scale heights that are different for each of the three aerosol components. The indices of refraction as well as the sizes of the particulates are functions of the wavelength and the relative humidity. A subroutine in the computerized version of the model explicitly computes the volume attenuation coefficients, the single-scattering albedo, and the single-scattering phase function for use in the sky radiance formulas. The user has the option of implementing any of six standard vertical temperature profiles or he can use his own temperature data. The multiple scattering of the atmospheric and sea-surface thermally emitted radiation is treated in a mathematically exact way by fitting the Planck radiance to a series of exponential functions in optical depth. The model input parameters consist of: current wind speed, 24-hour average wind speed, relative humidity, air mass, ocean temperature, air temperature profile, wavelength, the day of the year, Sun angles, and view angle. Output quantities are: sky radiance and solar irradiance for any wavelength from the visible to 40 micrometers.
Walking speed and vestibular disorders in a path integration task

The goal of this study was to determine if parameters of gait are related to the path integration deficits in some people with vestibular disorders. We tested normals, and two groups of vestibularly impaired people, with unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and with unilateral weakness. Each group had 20 subjects. They walked straight ahead for 7.62 m, with eyes open or closed, to the beat of a metronome at 60 beats/min, 120 beats/min and 176 beats/min. When adjusted for age and sex, normals veered significantly less and walked significantly further before veering than the unilateral weakness group; all groups veered significantly less at 120 beats/min than the slower or faster cadences. Older patients walked slightly but significantly slower than younger patients at the faster speeds. Step length did not differ among diagnostic groups. These data confirm the involvement of vestibular function in path integration, suggest a differentiation by type of vestibular impairment, and suggest some differences by cadence.
STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN A SIMPLE LABOR MARKET

A simple model of the labor market is analyzed using the concept of statistical equilibrium. Involuntary unemployment is revealed to be an equilibrium phenomenon in this approach. The consequences of wage subsidies depend critically on whether they are paid to workers or to employers.
Effect of Histamine on Intestinal Absorption of Gamma Globulin in Newborn Calves

Abstract Newborn calves were isolated from their dams before they were suckled and within 3 hr of birth were fed 1 liter of cow's milk containing either: a) no additives, b) 75.0 g gamma globulin, or c) 75.0 g gamma globulin and 2.0 mg histamine. Additional feedings were at 7 and 15 hr after the initial meal. Serum gamma globulin was determined before and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 23 hours after the first feeding. Differences in serum gamma globulin between calves that received histamine-supplemented milk and gamma globulin and those that received only added protein in milk were insignificant. In all calves receiving gamma globulin, serum gamma globulin increased after the first two feedings, but the values plateaued thereafter. The gamma globulin in serum of calves fed only milk remained negligible.
Mainstreaming Electronic Journals Through Improved Indexing

One of the most interesting developments in serial publishing in recent years is the explosive growth of electronic journals.11 Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King, “Trends in Scientific Scholarly Pub...
Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on tupelo honey production from AD 1800 to 2010

Abstract We reconstructed tupelo honey yield-per-hive from AD 1800 to 2010 using tree-ring data from the long-lived nectar-source species, Nyssa ogeche . The composite N. ogeche radial growth chronology and honey yield-per-hive were significantly correlated ( r = 0.556; α = 0.009; n = 21), suggesting optimal growth conditions are coincident with increased nectar production and that tree-ring data can be used to reconstruct crop history. Tupelo honey yield-per-hive has oscillated between multidecadal-length periods of low and high yields during the past 211 years and is associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The expansion of the honey record suggests that the current decline is within the natural range of variability prior to record-keeping. Multidecadal-length variations in tupelo honey yield illustrate how naturally occurring climatic cycles affect crop productivity beyond the length of high-quality agricultural yield records and may offer additional information to better understand interactions between oceanic and atmospheric climate drivers, non-climatic anthropogenic impacts, and yield variability.
Psychometric Properties of the Race-Related Events Scale

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of the Race-Related Events Scale (RES). The RES is a brief screening measure used to assess exposure to stressful and potentially traumatizing experiences of race-related stress and was designed to be both consistent with standard diagnostic definitions of traumatic events and applicable to diverse ethnic groups. Its psychometric properties were assessed in an ethnically diverse sample of undergraduate students (N!408). The measure showed good internal consistency ( "! .86) and adequate 1-month test‐retest reliability (r s ! .66). Its validity was supported by findings that Whites reported significantly less race-related stress than other ethnic groups and African Americans reported significantly more race-related stress than Asian Americans. A subset of participants who reported ongoing distress following a race-related stressor (n! 91) also completed posttraumatic stress disorder measures. Close to one-third of these participants reported a race-related stressor involving exposure to threat of injury or death to self or others and almost half reported fear, helplessness, or horror during a race-related stressor. Participants who met these DSM‐IV‐TRcriteria for trauma exposure reported significantly more race-related stressors and more severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Greater exposure to race-related stressors was associated with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among ethnic minority but not White respondents. These findings suggest that the RES is a useful screening measure of potentially traumatizing race-related experiences across diverse ethnic groups.
Chemical Control of Tobacco and Southern Potato Wireworms on Flue-Cured Tobacco During 1964-68

The order of effectiveness of the various insecticides tested was similar against the tobacco wireworm, Conoderus vespertinus (F), and the southern potato wire C. falli Lane, but the latter was slightly easier to During 1964-68 no appreciable change was noted in the degree of wireworm control obtained with diazinon, but wireworms developed a 2-fold tolerance to Wireworm resistance to aldrin increased to the that 2 lb/acre of this material was virtually ineffective. The following treatments were as effective as 1 lb/acre of diazinon in both preliminary and advanced tests: 1 lb of Dyfonate® ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate, thioate), phorate, and Zinophos®( O, O -diethyl 0-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate, 2 Ib of Bay-37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate), Dasanit, it® ( O-O -diethyl O -[ p -(methylsullinyl) phenyl] phosphorparathion_othioate), and Mocap® ( O -ethyl S, S -dipropyl phosphoropoint-dithioate), and 4 lb of carbofuran. effective.
U.S. psychologists' suicide rates have declined since the 1960s

In the 1960s and early 1970s, proportionately more professional women committed suicide than did women in the general population, while professional men committed suicide at rates similar to men in the general population. To provide more recent information, this study explored suicide rates among U.S.-resident American Psychological Association members during the years 1981 to 1990. The suicide rate for women in the Association was found to be 7.6 per 100,000 population per year, a rate that is lower than in the 1960s and similar to women in the general population. The rate for men was found to be 7.8 per 100,000 population per year, a rate that is lower than in the 1960s and lower than among men in the general population. Effects of increasing numbers of women in the professions in general, or in psychology in particular, may explain the decline in suicide rates.
Conservation of Angular Momentum in the Statistical Theory of Nuclear Reactions

The conservation of total angular momentum $J$, $z$-component of angular momentum $m$, and parity $p$ are considered in connection with the statistical theory of nuclear reactions. Results are obtained for the angular distribution of a single group of outgoing particles and for the cross section as a function of the spin of the residual nucleus. The energy and angular distributions are also considered for the case in which many groups are observed simultaneously. The density of nuclear states as a function of spin affects results appreciably.
A synaptic model for spatial frequency adaptation.

Abstract A model for visual adaptation to spatial grating is developed based on the assumption that inhibitory synapses within the visual system may be temporarily modified as a function of recent usage. Specifically, it is hypothesized that inhibitory synaptic weights are altered as a function of the correlation between recent presynaptic and postsynaptic activity. When such modifiable synapses are incorporated into a simple neural network model having the spatial filtering properties of the human visual system, two coupled equations are obtained which may be solved analytically. The model accounts for experimental data on adaptation to sinusoidal gratings, square wave gratings, single bars, and tilted gratings. The relationship of the model to single and multiple channel models of the human visual system is discussed.
Synthesis, characterization, and structural analysis of (1:2) mixed cationic lanthanide potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) tetrahydrate

Abstract The crystal structural investigation of 1:2 ( La Pr ) KFe ( CN ) 6 ·4 H 2 O (I) has been determined from three-dimensional, single-crystal, X-ray diffraction data and refined by least-squares method to yield a final reliability (R) factor of 0.016 based on 363 unique reflections. The title compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6 3 m (No. 176) with a = 7.381 (1), c = 13.855(3) A . For Z = 2, the calculated density is 2.354 Mg m−3 (exp., 2.347(4) Mg m−3). The coordination about the lanthanide central atoms is nine, and the geometric polyhedron is a tricapped trigonal prism (TTP). Cyanide bridging links the octahedral FeC6 groups to the 9-coordinated ( La Pr ) N 6 ( H 2 O ) 3 groups. The uncoordinated water molecule and the potassium ion occupy holes in the lattice along the threefold axis above and below the lanthanide atoms. Selected bond distances and angles are presented as well as discussions of the synthesis, TGA, IR, and digital SEM/EDS results, and other peripheral studies of I.
Antiretroviral treatment interruptions and risk of non-opportunistic diseases

Structured treatment interruptions have been studied as a strategy to reduce antiretroviral toxicities and expenditures in the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Paradoxically, in addition to the increased incidence of death and opportunistic infections, these interruptions in therapy have resulted in the development of a number of non-opportunistic diseases, including cardiovascular events, renal insufficiency, hepatic failure, and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Hypotheses regarding these findings suggest that the augmented stimulation of the host response to unabated viral replication may contribute to these comorbidities. Increased expression of chemokine receptor 5 and proinflammatory cytokines, disruption of immune cell function, and reduction in key inflammatory cells have been studied as potential mechanisms. Additionally, the increased inflammatory response has been shown to increase intracellular levels of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, resulting in increased toxic manifestations. Structured treatment interruptions should be avoided in the management of HIV-infected individuals.
Are Voltaire and Rousseau now wrong

The odious, but perhaps apt, assertion that physicians use drugs about which they know nothing to treat an organism about which they know less has challenged the medical profession for centuries. In few areas has it applied as much as in the management of cancer, predicated on scientific method and an understanding of basic biology, bu t often punctuated by a fundamental lack of understanding of the molecular regulators of cancer growth and of resistance to treatment (Creaven and Raghavan). The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) inhibit the function of the mitotic spindle by stabilising microtubule assembly and promoting apoptosis. They cause regression of many cancers. McGuire appears to have defmed a potential new standard of treatment for advanced ovarian cancer in a randomised trial--paclitaxel plus cisplatin improved survival, compared with the established standard of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. Gemcitabine, a fluorinated derivative of cytosine arabinoside, has shown remarkable antitumour activity in preclinicat models. It appears to be useful in the management of cancers of the lung, urothelium, breast, and ovary, and has some activity against cancer of the pancreas (Gatzmeier). This prodrug is metabolised intracellularly into forms that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase or compete with dCTP for incorporation into DNA. Topotecan and irinotecan, old compounds that target DNA topoisomerase type I and form single strand breaks in DNA, have been reformulated and have shown promising anticancer efficacy, although more toxic than the taxanes and gemcitabine. Topotecan appears to have a role in the management of relapsed ovarian cancer, paediatric sarcomas, and lung cancer (J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 503). Irinotecan induces sustained growth regression in advanced colorectal cancer, including new cases and those previously treated with 5-fluorouracil ~ Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 709), and in cancers of lung, cervix, and ovary. The P53 suppressor gene is now known to affect response to chemotherapy and radiation, a paradox since exposure to chemotherapy may increase the expression of P53. Although the mechanism is not clear, some tumours that overexpress P53 nuclear protein appear to have a shorter survival (,7 Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2696), with the critical balance between expression of wild type and mutant P53 governing outcome. Similarly Hockhauser has shown that increased levels of cyclin D1, a cell-cycle regulator, alter cell-cycle distribution with consequent changes in expression of dihydrofolate reductase (a target enzyme for methotrexate) and resultant resistance to this drug. The epidermal growth factor receptor, in addition to
EFFECTS OF FLOW ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOUTHERN OYSTER DRILL STRAMONITA HAEMASTOMA IN RESPONSE TO EXUDATES FROM OYSTERS AND OYSTER REEF FAUNA

Stramonita haemastoma, the southern oyster drill, is a predatory gastropod that locates prey using waterborne chemical cues. These cues move by advection and are subjected to hydrodynamic forces such as turbulence, which can have significant effects on both the delivery of cues and on the efficiency and success of organisms that use chemical cues to find prey. We investigated how flow velocity and turbulence would affect oyster drill foraging behavior in a laboratory flume, and found that oyster drills would move upstream toward exudates from fouled oyster clumps but not toward seawater controls. We then measured foraging behavior in a range of flow conditions and did not find significant differences in either foraging success or efficiency among the flow treatments. We also found that a significant number of oyster drills would continue to move upstream even if cue delivery was stopped midway through the trial. Oyster drills placed their siphon near the sediment when oyster reef exudates were delivered through the sediment, and in turbulent flows when greater momentum delivered cues to the sediment. In all flow treatments, oyster drills spent ;2.5 min motionless before proceeding upstream. Based on these observations, we posit that when first detecting an attractive cue, oyster drills evaluate the cue and flow direction using cues in the sediment and water column before making a decision to move upstream. While moving toward an attractive cue source, oyster drills will continue to move upstream even when the attractive cues are no longer being released, which allows them to find oyster reef habitats successfully in a range of flow conditions.
Empathy and narcissism in a sample of child abuse perpetrators and a comparison sample of foster parents

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this research was to study the personality variables of empathy and narcissism in a sample of child abuse perpetrators and a comparison sample of foster parents, conceptualized as nonabusive parents, in order to gain further understanding of perpetrators and to provide clues for intervention. Method: The sample consisted of two groups: physically and emotionally abusive parents (n=52) and foster parents (n=101). Participants responded to three instruments: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), an instrument measuring individual differences in empathy, and two instruments measuring narcissism: the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Hypersensitivity Narcissism Scale (HSNS). Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on three of the four subscales of the IRI: perspective-taking, empathic concern, and personal distress. Based on the definition of these subscales, the abusive parents as compared to the foster parents were not able to take the perspective of another or see things from another’s viewpoint, showed less warmth, compassion and concern for others, and experienced difficulty in tense interpersonal situations. Statistically significant differences were found for the two groups on three of the six subscales of the NPI: authority, exhibitionism, and superiority, and on the HSNS. The abusive parents demonstrated less self-confidence, a greater lack of impulse control and were more narcissistic than their foster parent counterparts. Conclusions: The results suggest that it is how the perpetrators experience aversive behavior in their children that may provoke them to physically and emotionally abuse their children. Their self-centeredness in addition to their deficiencies in empathy may cause them to experience their children’s misbehavior as an affront to their authority. Implications for treatment are made from this conceptualization of parental abuse.
Dynamic decoupling of spin-lattice-charge excitations in iron pnictides using time-resolved laser ellipsometry

We report distinct dynamics of magnetic, electronic anisotropy and charge excitations in parent and weakly Co-doped BaFe 2 As 2 , which identify the manifestation of the Ising nematic symmetry and, its contribution to magneto-structural phase transition.
Finite-element solution of the Maxwell equations for absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a coated sphere

ABSTRACT The problem of scattering and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by parti-des can be solved analytically for only the simplest cases, but established numericalmethods allow a straitforward extension to particles with arbitrary homogeneities, arbitray shapes, and nonlinear response. In this paper a recently developed fre- quency domain method involving CFD techniques is reviewed and applied to theproblem of a dielectric coated sphere of arbitrary size parameter. Numerical results are in good agreement with analytical solutions. The problem is solved via the Debye amplitude formulation and then the field observables such as the heat gen- eration are calculated. Results obtained suggest that finite element methods have promise for analytically intractable scattering/absortion problems.Two layered particles are involved in many applications. Pulverized coal par- tides wetted by water are combusted in furnaces. In the polluted atmosphere sootand dust are coated with water. A simple model to investigate these systems is a
Quenched bond randomness: Superfluidity in porous media and the strong violation of universality

The effects of quenched bond randomness are most readily studied with superfluidity immersed in a porous medium. A lattice model for3He-4He mixtures and incomplete4He fillings in aerogel yields the signature effect of bond randomness, namely the conversion of symmetry-breaking first-order phase transitions into second-order phase transitions, the λ-line reaching zero temperature, and the elimination of non-symmetry-breaking first-order phase transitions. The model recognizes the importance of the connected nature of aerogel randomness and thereby yields superfluidity at very low4He concentrations, a phase separation entirely within the superfluid phase, and the order-parameter contrast between mixtures and incomplete fillings, all in agreement with experiments. The special properties of the helium mixture/aerogel system are distinctly linked to the aerogel properties of connectivity, randomness, and tenuousness, via the additional study of a regularized “jungle-gym” aerogel. Renormalization-group calculations indicate that a strong violation of the empirical universality principle of critical phenomena occurs under quenched bond randomness. It is argued that helium/aerogel critical properties reflect this violation and further experiments are suggested. Renormalization-group analysis also shows that, adjoiningly to the strong universality violation (which hinges on the occurrence or non-occurrence of asymptotic strong coupling—strong randomness under rescaling), there is a new “hyperuniversality” at phase transitions with asymptotic strong coupling—strong randomness behavior, for example assigning the same critical exponents to random-bond tricriticality and random-field criticality.
GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN FERNS

The fern gametophyte has interested plant biologists for the past century because its structure and development is simple and amenable to investigation. Past studies have described many aspects of its development, including germination of the spore, patterns of cell division and differentiation, photomorphogenic or light-regulated responses, sex determination and differentiation of gametangia, hormone and pheromone responses, and fertilization. Several genes that are predicted to regulate some of these processes have been recently cloned, making it possible to analyze how these processes are controlled at a molecular level. The emergence of the fern Ceratopteris richardii as a model organism for readily identifying and characterizing mutations that affect key developmental processes in gametophytes makes it a powerful tool for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. If advances in gene cloning techniques and transformation are forthcoming in Ceratopteris, it is likely that the study of developmental processes in ferns will significantly contribute to our understanding of plant development and evolution beyond that which can be learned solely from studying angiosperms.
Cerebellum Can Serve As a Pseudo-Reference Region in Alzheimer Disease to Detect Neuroinflammation Measured with PET Radioligand Binding to Translocator Protein.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with an increase in the brain of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), which is overexpressed in activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Measuring the density of TSPO with PET typically requires absolute quantitation with arterial blood sampling, because a reference region devoid of TSPO does not exist in the brain. We sought to determine whether a simple ratio method could substitute for absolute quantitation of binding with 11C-PBR28, a second-generation radioligand for TSPO. Methods:11C-PBR28 PET imaging was performed in 21 healthy controls, 11 individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and 25 AD patients. Group differences in 11C-PBR28 binding were compared using 2 methods. The first was the gold standard method of calculating total distribution volume (VT), using the 2-tissue-compartment model with the arterial input function, corrected for plasma-free fraction of radiotracer (fP). The second method used a ratio of brain uptake in target regions to that in cerebellum—that is, standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). Results: Using absolute quantitation, we confirmed that TSPO binding (VT/fP) was greater in AD patients than in healthy controls in expected temporoparietal regions and was not significantly different among the 3 groups in the cerebellum. When the cerebellum was used as a pseudo-reference region, the SUVR method detected greater binding in AD patients than controls in the same regions as absolute quantification and in 1 additional region, suggesting SUVR may have greater sensitivity. Coefficients of variation of SUVR measurements were about two-thirds lower than those of absolute quantification, and the resulting statistical significance was much higher for SUVR when comparing AD and healthy controls (e.g., P