cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal expectations and postpartum emotional adjustment in first-time mothers: results of a questionnaire survey.

AbstractObjective: Several predictors of postpartum mood have been identified in the literature, but the role of maternal expectations in postpartum mental health remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify whether maternal expectations during the postpartum hospital stay predict adjustment and depressive symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum.Methods: The sample included 233 first-time mothers recruited from the postpartum unit of a Midwestern hospital. Participants completed measures of maternal expectations and depressive symptoms (EPDS) at Time 1 (2 d postpartum) and completed EPDS and an Emotional Adjustment Scale (BaM-13) at Time 2 (6 weeks postpartum).Results: A conditional relationship between the expectation that an infant’s behavior will reflect maternal skill and Time 2 outcomes (BaM-13 and EPDS) was found, such that endorsing this belief predicted increased depression and poorer adjustment in those with higher (but not lower) Time 1 EPDS scores. Time 2 BaM-13 scores were also negatively pre...
Cuve a gaz a long parcours utilisée dans l'infrarouge lointain

On decrit une cuve a reflexions multiples dont le parcours geometrique varie de 2,5 m a 22,5 m. Adaptee sur un spectrometre Ebert-Fastie couvrant un domaine de longueur d'onde de 38 a 440 μ cette cuve utilisee sous vide partiel jusqu'a une temperature de 200 °C, a deja permis de nombreuses observations.
Electrospun nanocomposites from polystyrene loaded with cellulose nanowhiskers

Composite microfibers from polystyrene and cellulose nanowhiskers were produced by electrospin- ning. The morphology of the microfibers was examined by using scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Surface porosity, unique ribbon-shapes, and the presence of twists along the fiber axis were observed in the compos- ite microfibers. Thermomechanical properties of processed nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning cal- orimetry and dynamical mechanical analyses. The reinforc- ing effect of cellulose nanowhiskers was confirmed as the glassy modulus of electrospun microfibers increased with nanowhisker load. This effect is explained to be the result of mechanical percolation of cellulose nanowhiskers form- ing a stiff and continuous network held by hydrogen bonding. It is demonstrated that cellulose nanoparticles can be used effectively to reinforce hydrophobic matrices and to produce unique structural properties, enabling new functionalities and properties. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 927-935, 2009
Investigating the reaction of N-carbobenzoxy-O-carbobenzoxy- hydroxylamine with dimethyl sulfoxide: formation of S,S-dimethyl-N-[(phenylmethoxy)- carbonyl]sulfoximine.

N-Carbobenzoxy-O-carbobenzoxyhydroxylamine (1a) underwent a thermally induced reaction in DMSO in which there is net N-α-eliminative oxidation with tandem oxidative incorporation of DMSO to yield S,S-dimethyl-N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]sulfoximine. Mechanisms for the formation of the sulfoximine are presented as well as the product characterizations, including the X-ray crystal structure.
Biases in frontier estimation due to heteroscedasticity

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of heteroscedasticity on the parameters in frontier regression models. A Monte Carlo experiment is employed to determine that heteroscedasticity leads to overestimation of the intercept and underestimation of the slope coefficients.
Custom Codons Come in Threes, Fours, and Fives

Abstract In a laboratory coselection of reporter messages containing a single randomized essential two-, four-, five-, or six-base "codon" with suppressor tRNA Ser libraries whose members possessed randomized anticodon loops of varying sizes, only four- and five-base "codon-anticodon" interactions survived. These suppressor tRNAs accomplish +1 and −1 frameshift suppression, suggesting biological significance. They also display some properties common to serine tRNAs; such properties include a modest excess of Ser anticodons that might assist tRNA charging.
The symbols and meanings of advocacy.

Abstract This article looks at the emergence of mental health advocacy as political reform. It is not an assessment of advocacy programs but rather a more sweeping, less detailed look. (For assessments of advocacy see Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1979; American Bar Association Commission on the Mentally Disabled, 1979.) Over the last few years virtually every group or organization involved in mental health policy has described its activities as being advocacy on behalf of the mentally ill. These groups differed greatly from each other in terms of goals and values. How and why, then, did they all describe their programs and strategies with the same general term? I argue that one reason for advocacy becoming so pervasive a part of the rhetoric of mental health reform is that advocacy has a powerful symbolic content. I further argue that it is this very powerful symbolic character that limits mental health policy makers from seeing some key differences that are crucial to the dynamics of mental health advocacy. The last sections of the article elaborate upon the conflicts in advocacy.
Fault detection in industrial processes using canonical variate analysis and dynamic principal component analysis

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known data dimensionality technique that has been used to detect faults during the operation of industrial processes. Dynamic principal component analysis (DPCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) are data dimensionality techniques which take into account serial correlations, but their effectiveness in detecting faults in industrial processes has not been extensively tested. In this paper, score/state and residual space PCA, DPCA, and CVA are applied to the Tennessee Eastman process simulator, which was designed to simulate a wide variety of faults occurring in a chemical plant based on a facility at Eastman Chemical. This appears to be the first application of residual space CVA statistics for detecting faults in a large-scale process. Statistics quantifying variations in the residual space were usually more sensitive but less robust to the faults than the statistics quantifying the variations in the score or state space. The statistics exhibiting a small missed detection rate tended to exhibit small detection delays and vice versa. A residual-based CVA statistic proposed in this paper gave the best overall sensitivity and promptness, but the initially proposed threshold for the statistic lacked robustness. This motivated increasing the threshold to achieve a specified missed detection rate.
Lithium incorporation in crystalline and amorphous chalcogenides: Thermodynamics, mechanism and structure

Abstract The reaction of inorganic cathodes in lithium batteries can occur by two major mechanisms, displacement or insertion. At ambient temperatures the latter tend to show varying degrees of reversibility whereas the former tend to be irreversible. This paper discusses the critical roles that thermodynamics and crystal structure play in the reaction path and hence the reversibility of lithium reactions. Emphasis is placed on the titanium sulfides, vanadium diselenide and the molybdenum sulfides.
Inactivation of Neurospora conidia by ultraviolet radiation

Abstract The inactivation of Neurospora conidia by ultraviolet radiation is a consequence of the inactivation of the nuclei. The nuclei exhibit a kinetics of inactivation which is first order with respect to the number of (viable) nuclei. Arguments based on the efficiency of inactivation indicate that only quanta absorbed within a nucleus can lead to its inactivation. There are at least two sets of inactivation processes. One involves the production of lethal mutations, the other is a non-genetic (not inheritable) process. The two processes are apparently intimately connected: they yield the same action spectrum and the effects of each are reduced by photo reactivation. The assumption that the two processes are independent leads to predictions which are at variance with the observed dependence of the frequency of lethal mutations on dose of ultraviolet radiation.
AUGER LIFETIME ENHANCEMENT IN INAS-GA1-XINXSB SUPERLATTICES

We have experimentally and theoretically investigated the Auger recombination lifetime in InAs–Ga1−xInxSb superlattices. Data were obtained by analyzing the steady‐state photoconductive response to frequency‐doubled CO2 radiation, at intensities varying by over four orders of magnitude. Theoretical Auger rates were derived, based on a k⋅p calculation of the superlattice band structure in a model which employs no adjustable parameters. At 77 K, both experiment and theory yield Auger lifetimes which are approximately two orders of magnitude longer than those in Hg1−xCdxTe with the same energy gap. This finding has highly favorable implications for the application of InAs–Ga1−xInxSb superlattices to infrared detector and nonlinear optical devices.
Theory of ligand binding to heterogeneous receptor populations: Characterization of the free-energy distribution function

We present a method for characterizing the free-energy and affinity distributions of a heterogeneous population of molecules interacting with a homogeneous population of ligands, by driving expressions for the moments as functions of experimental binding curve characteristics, and then constructing the distribution as an expansion over a Gaussian basis set. Although the method provides the complete distribution in principle, in practice it is restricted by experimental noise, inaccuracies in data fitting, and the severity with which the distribution deviates from a Gaussian. Limitations imposed by experimental inaccuracies and the requirement of an appropriate analytic function for data fitting were evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations of binding experiments with various degrees of error in the data. Thus a distribution was assumed, binding curves with random errors were generated, and the technique was applied in order to determine the extent to which the characteristics of the assumed distribution could be recovered. Typical inaccuracies in the first two moments fell within experimental error, whereas inaccuracies in the third and fourth were generally larger than standard deviations in the data. The accuracy of these higher-order moments was invarient for experimental errors ranging from 2 to 10% and may thus be limited, within this range, primarily by the curve fitting procedure. The other aspect of the problem, accurate inference of the distribution, is limited in part by inaccuracies in the moments but more importantly by the extent to which the distribution deviates from a Gaussian. The extensive statistical literature on the problem of inference enables the delineation of specific criteria for estimating the efficiency of construction, as well as for deciding whether certain features of the inferred distribution, such as bimodality, are artifacts of the procedure. In spite of the limitations of the method, the results indicate that the mean and standard deviation are obtainable with greater accuracy than by a Sipsian analysis. This difference is particularly important when the distribution is narrow and width detection is beyond the sensitivity of the Sips plot. The method should be more accurate than the latter as an assay for homogeneity as well as for characterizing the moments, though equally easy to apply.
Human cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase is an mRNA binding protein.

The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the human cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cSHMT) message is alternatively spliced, creating a full-length 5' UTR (LUTR) encoded within exons 1-3 and a shorter UTR (SUTR) that results from excision of exon 2. The role of the 5' UTRs in cSHMT expression was investigated by fusing the cSHMT 5' UTRs to the 5' end of the luciferase gene. Human cSHMT protein at 10 microM inhibits in vitro translation of cSHMT 5' UTR-luciferase fusion mRNA templates by more than 90%, but does not inhibit translation of the luciferase message lacking the UTR. Translation inhibition is independent of amino acid and folate substrate binding to the cSHMT enzyme. The cSHMT SUTR-luciferase mRNA binds to the cSHMT.glycine.5-formyltetrahydrofolate ternary complex with an apparent K(d) of 10 microM. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrate that the human cSHMT protein binds to the cSHMT LUTR-luciferase fusion mRNA in the presence and absence of glycine and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate. The fusion cSHMT SUTR-luciferase message at 65 microM inhibits the cSHMT-catalyzed cleavage of allothreonine as a partial mixed type inhibitor, reducing both k(cat) and K(m) by 40 and 75%, respectively, while tRNA has no effect on cSHMT catalysis. These studies indicate that the cSHMT protein can bind mRNA, and displays increased affinity for the 5' untranslated region of its mRNA.
Evaluation of Finite-Rate Surface Chemistry Models for Simulation of the Stardust Reentry Capsule

in the numerical analysis of entry ows. The rst part of this paper describes the implementation of an existing nite-rate surface chemistry module into a Navier-Stokes solver. The module can simulate the chemical interaction of the hypersonic gas ow with the surface of a planetary entry vehicle, and allows the specication of several dierent surface reaction types, such as adsorption, Eley-Rideal recombination, Langmuir-Hinshelwood recombination, and sublimation. In the second part of the paper, the eects of using two dierent surface chemistry models developed by Driver et al. and Park on the numerical predictions of the ow eld and surface properties of the Stardust return capsule at the 81 km trajectory point are evaluated. Both models include carbon oxidation, and one of the main dierences between the two is that a mechanism for carbon nitridation is included in Park’s model. The production of CN in Park’s model causes the mass blowing rate due to the removal of bulk carbon to be greater by as much as 45% compared to Driver’s model. The heat transfer to the surface for Park’s model is approximately 20% less than for Driver’s model. When the carbon nitridation reaction is excluded from Park’s model, the results show better agreement in the heat ux and blowing rate as compared to Driver’s model.
Comparison of the oxidation state of Fe in comet 81P/Wild 2 and chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles

Abstract The fragile structure of chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs) and their minimal parent-body alteration have led researchers to believe these particles originate in comets rather than asteroids where aqueous and thermal alterations have occurred. The solar elemental abundances and atmospheric entry speed of CP-IDPs also suggest a cometary origin. With the return of the Stardust samples from Jupiter-family comet 81P/Wild 2, this hypothesis can be tested. We have measured the Fe oxidation state of 15 CP-IDPs and 194 Stardust fragments using a synchrotron-based x-ray microprobe. We analyzed ∼ 300 ng of Wild 2 material — three orders of magnitude more material than other analyses comparing Wild 2 and CP-IDPs. The Fe oxidation state of these two samples of material are > 2σ different: the CP-IDPs are more oxidized than the Wild 2 grains. We conclude that comet Wild 2 contains material that formed at a lower oxygen fugacity than the parent-body, or parent bodies, of CP-IDPs. If all Jupiter-family comets are similar, they do not appear to be consistent with the origin of CP-IDPs. However, comets that formed from a different mix of nebular material and are more oxidized than Wild 2 could be the source of CP-IDPs.
Applications of Extraction Chromatography in the Development of Radionuclide Generator Systems for Nuclear Medicine

Numerous methods have been described for the separation and purification of radionuclides for application in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine, among them ion exchange, solvent extraction, and various forms of chromatography. Although extraction chromatography has previously been shown to provide a means of performing a number of separations of potential use in radionuclide generator systems, the application of the technique to generator development has thus far been limited. Recent work directed at improved methods for the determination of radionuclides in biological and environmental samples has led to the development of a series of novel extraction chromatographic resins exhibiting enhanced metal ion retention from strongly acidic media and excellent selectivity, among them materials suitable for the isolation of 212Bi, 90Y, and 213Bi. These resins, along with extraction chromatographic materials employing functionalized supports to improve their physical stability or metal ion retention prop...
The rate of nucleation of supersaturated potassium nitrate solutions

Abstract A technique was developed for continuously producing small droplets of an aqueous solution in mineral oil. The rate of nucleation of supersaturated potassium nitrate solutions was studied by observing the fraction of a large number of these droplets crystallized after varying lengths of time. For ordinary solutions the nucleation appeared to be catalyzed by impurities. By the use of a partial recrystallization technique for removing the catalyzing material a very close approach to the theoretically predicted first-order nucleation rate was obtained.
Seed-specific placement of in-furrow fungicides for control of seedling disease in cotton.

Abstract Fungicides are often applied as in-furrow sprays during planting to control cotton seedling disease. To be effective, the fungicide product should cover each seed and the surrounding soil, thus forming a zone of protection for each emerging seedling. Traditional practice has been to apply the product as a solid band along the length of the furrow. However, limiting fungicide application to an area near the cottonseed, and minimizing the amount of chemical applied between seeds, could reduce fungicide inputs significantly while maintaining an acceptable level of disease control. To this end, a seed-specific applicator has been developed to apply discrete pulses of liquid chemical to individual seeds and the surrounding soil at planting. The concept of seed-specific fungicide application was evaluated during 2002 and 2003 using side-by-side, field comparisons of seed-specific and conventional applications of PCNB and etridiazole in plots inoculated with Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani . Cotton was planted at 9.8 seeds m −1 , and seed-specific treatments were applied as spray bands 5.1 cm in length such that fungicide savings of 50% were realized where seed-specific applications were implemented. Seedling disease pressure was present in both years of the study. Stands in the untreated plots averaged less than 25% of that in treated plots. Stand counts in all plots receiving an in-furrow fungicide treatment were significantly greater ( P =0.05) than in untreated plots. There were no significant differences in either year among the seed-specific and conventional treatments. In these tests, seed-specific fungicide applications provided seedling disease control comparable to conventional application while reducing fungicide use by 50%. Seed-specific application equipment has potential to help cotton growers reduce input costs and increase production efficiency.
Sex Composition of Children and Marital Disruption in India

Although it has been suggested that parents of sons are less likely than parents of daughters to divorce few studies have explored this relationship in societies characterized by a strong preference for sons where such an effect should be most pronounced. Using data from 116498 once-married female respondents to the 1992–1993 and 1998– 1999 Indian National Family Health Surveys we found that at lower parities having at least one son is associated with a significantly lower risk of divorce or separation. Moreover with few exceptions the effect of children’s sex composition on the risk of divorce holds for subgroups of Indian women across categories of education religion location (urban vs. rural) caste cohort and region. (authors)
The distribution of hydroxyl in garnets from the subcontinental mantle of southern Africa

166 garnets of dominantly mantle origin were analyzed for OH content by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR spectra in the 3400–3700 cm^(-1) region display consistent absorption patterns attributable to OH structurally bound within the garnet crystal, occasionally contaminated by low intensity OH absorptions from microscopic inclusions. The principal structural OH absorption occurs near 3570 cm^(-1), with the appearance of additional absorptions near 3512 cm^(-1) and 3650 cm^(-1) dependent on garnet composition or paragenesis. Samples derive from a wide variety of rock types occurring as xenoliths in kimberlites of southern Africa. OH abundances, using the best currently available calibration, range from less than 1 up to 135 ppm H_2O, and increase in the general order as follows: on-craton eclogites Group 1 (basaltic) kimberlite>alnoite>alkali basalt. The OH contents of common lithospheric granets from coarse peridotites, including several phlogopite-bearing samples are typically less than 20 ppm H_2O, for tectonic settings of kimberlites both on and off the Archaean Kaapvaal craton. Ti-rich garnets from deformed peridotites are richer in OH, supporting previous suggestions of association of these xenoliths with putative megacryst magmas. Subcalcic Cr-rich xenocrysts, diamond inclusion garnets and garnets from diamondiferous eclogites have very low OH contents, similar to eclogites and depleted peridotites without macroscopic diamonds. The OH content of southern African peridotite and eclogite garnets are significantly lower on average than those previously examined from the Colorado Plateau diatremes. While details of emplacement-related H mobility in garnets remain to be established, our results suggest that garnets record useful information on the role of water or other hydrous volatile species in petrological processes at their source regions in the mantle. Although garnets do not appear to constitute a large reservoir of mantle hydrogen, the large stability range of OH-bearing garnet in the crust and mantle implies wide applicability as a qualitative hydrobarometer.
Detection of fruit fly infestation in pickling cucumbers using a hyperspectral reflectance/transmittance imaging system

Abstract Fruit fly infestation can be a serious problem in pickling cucumber production. In the United States and many other countries, there is zero tolerance for fruit flies in pickled cucumber products. Currently, processors rely on manual inspection to detect and remove fruit fly-infested cucumbers, which is labor intensive and also prone to error due to human fatigue and the difficulty of visually detecting infestation that is hidden inside the fruit. In this research, a laboratory hyperspectral imaging system operated in an integrated mode of reflectance and transmittance was used to detect fruit fly-infested pickling cucumbers. Hyperspectral reflectance (450–740 nm) and transmittance (740–1000 nm) images were acquired simultaneously for 329 normal (infestation-free) and fruit fly-infested pickling cucumbers of three size classes with the mean diameters of 16.8, 22.1, and 27.6 mm, respectively. Mean spectra were extracted from the hyperspectral image of each cucumber, and they were then corrected for the fruit size effect using a diameter correction equation. Partial least squares discriminant analyses for the reflectance, transmittance and their combined data were performed for differentiating normal and infested pickling cucumbers. With reflectance mode, the overall classification accuracies for the three size classes and the mixed class were between 82% and 88%, whereas transmittance achieved better classification results with the overall accuracies of 88–93%. Integration of reflectance and transmittance did not result in noticeable improvements, compared to transmittance mode. The hyperspectral imaging system performed better than manual inspection, which had an overall accuracy of 75% and whose performance decreased significantly for smaller size cucumbers. This research demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging is potentially useful for detecting fruit fly-infested pickling cucumbers.
Legislative Candidate Selection in the Hungarian and Lithuanian Communist Successor Parties

Communist successor parties have experienced rapid and sudden reversals of their post-transition electoral fortunes. The Hungarian Socialist Party showed an anemic electoral performance in 1990 only to return to power in 1994. The Lithuanian Labor Democratic Party reversed its declining electoral fortunes in 2000 after a fiasco in 1996. A standard explanation in the post-communist democratization literature is that ex-communists do not really win elections so much as center-right incumbent parties lose them. I argue that the Hungarian and Lithuanian communist successor parties did not enjoy happenstance electoral success. The two parties strengthened their electoral performance by decentralizing candidate selection procedures and recruiting mostly those candidates with links to the communist regimes who could convincingly be cast as reformers or liberators.
Unusual source of thromboembolism in a patient with atrial fibrillation: pulmonary vein thrombus due to compressive para-esophageal hernia.

A 68-year-old male presented to the arrhythmia clinic for evaluation of symptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) and typical atrial flutter. Episodes of palpitations were brief and were associated with shortness of breath. He had symptoms suggestive of amarousis fugax that resolved spontaneously one week prior to presentation. His past medical history included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and left inguinal hernia repair. As he was complaining of left lower quadrant pain a 64-slice contrast enhanced CT scan of the chest and abdomen was obtained. A large para-esophageal hernia (type III) was noted in the thoracic cavity (Figure 1A,B) compressing the blood vessels of the left lower lobe. Wedge shaped renal infarcts were noted in the right kidney (Figure 1C). A filling defect suggestive of thrombus was found in the left inferior pulmonary vein (Figure 1D). He was started on oral anticoagulation with Warfarin. Transthoracic echocardiogram suggested normal left ventricular function, normal left atrial size and an echo density near the pulmonary veins. Work up for thrombophilia turned out to be negative for inherited hypercoagulable disorders.
Assessment of lead distribution patterns in urban and rural environments

Abstract The distribution of lead over four (4) square city blocks in a metropolitan area has been determined by analysis of soil, atmospheric particulates, rainwater and vegetation samples taken from four (4) concentric regions. The results revealed that there is a decline in the lead level with increasing distance from the periphery and a sudden increase near the center, suggesting that high levels of lead at the streets are due to vehicular emission while the accumulation near the center of the target area is due to a resulting synergistic buildup. Near the curb the results showed a decrease in lead concentration with distance from traffic lights. However, the profile data revealed some dependency on meteorological conditions, vegetation screening, and traffic light cycling times. Possible consequences of the results with regard to beltways surrounding metropolitan areas are discussed. The lead concentration profile near an isolated highway in a rural area was also determined and results indicated a st...
Withdrawal and reward reallocation as responses to inequity

Three experiments explored the effects of different magnitudes of reward inequity on behavior in a cooperative seeting. Pairs of subjects could work on either cooperative or individual tasks, where rewards for cooperation were greater but inequitable. One subject received either two, three, or five times as much as his partner. In the common part of each experiment, withdrawal from the cooperative to the lower paying individual task was the only rewarding alternative to cooperation and the attendant inequity. The results indicated that a substantial proportion of subjects will forego rewards to avoid inequitable conditions. Both the frequency and length of withdrawal increased with inequity magnitude. At least some withdrawal occurred in 40% of the pairs under large inequity, in 25% of the pairs under moderate inequity, and in 15% under small inequity. In the second part of the moderate inequity experiment, inequity was rectifiable by reward transfer. In half of the pairs subjects could give money to one another; in the other half subjects could take money. Most subjects eventually transferred sufficient amounts to produce partial or total equity. The mode of transfer (giving or taking) had little effect on the likelihood that equity and cooperation would be achieved. The availability of either means of transfer increased the likelihood of withdrawal during periods when no transfers were made.
Pleural pressure changes during exercise do not affect measurement of mean pulmonary vascular pressures

Summary This study was designed to evaluate the influence of pleural pressure on mean pulmonary vascular pressures in exercising horses. Pulmonary artery (Pa), pulmonary wedge (Pw) and oesophageal pressures (Pes) were measured with transducer tip catheters in 6 Standardbred horses at rest and during treadmill exercise at 75, 90 and 100% of maximal heart rate. Oesophageal pressure (Pes) measurements were used to estimate pleural pressure. Vascular pressures were determined in 4 ways: 1) mean transmural vascular pressure (Ptm) at Pes equal to resting end expiratory pressure; 2) mean Ptm at Pes equal to mean Pes for the data collection period; 3) mean Ptm without selection of specific data points and 4) mean pulmonary vascular pressure relative to atmospheric pressure (conventional method). Despite large fluctuations associated with breathing, mean Pes during exercise remained close to zero, suggesting that pleural pressure fluctuates equally about zero. The swings in Pes were associated with approximately equal swings in vascular pressure so that, despite the marked fluctuations, mean Pa and Pw determined with the 4 methods were not significantly different. The results indicate that during exercise it is valid to report mean pulmonary vascular pressures without accounting for the fluctuations in pleural pressure.
Welfare Benefits and Female Headship in U.S. Time Series

Whether welfare benefits affect marriage and fertility decisions of the low-income population has been the subject of much research. The substantial bias in the U.S. welfare system toward female-headed families, relative to either married couples or single childless individuals, provides a clear financial incentive for early nonmarital childbearing, postponement of marriage, divorce, postponement of remarriage, and other behaviors that make eligibility for welfare benefits more likely or that avoid the loss of eligibility after it has been achieved. The findings in the cross-sectional research literature through 1995, summarized in Moffitt (1998), exhibit a clear central tendency pointing toward an effect of welfare on some aspects of family structure, namely, marriage and fertility. However, there is also agreement that the time-series evidence is inconsistent with that from crosssectional data, for real benefits have been falling for over 20 years, while female headship has been rising. Moreover, bringing other programs such as Food Stamps and Medicaid into the picture helps explain rising female headship increases in the late 1960's and early 1970's, when those programs were introduced and solidified, but does less well in explaining the
Morphometric analysis of parietal cell membrane transformations in isolated gastric glands.

Changes in parietal cell membranous structures that accompany the onset of acid secretion were studied with electron microscopy using isolated gastric glands from rabbit. A stereological analysis was performed to quantitate the morphological changes occurring within 5 min following histamine stimulation. These changes were compared to the changes resulting from osmotic expansion of parietal cell components following addition of 1mm aminopyrine (AP) to glands incubated in medium containing 108mm K+ (high-K+). Morphometric analyses, together with measurements of glandular water content, indicated that parietal cells swell in high-K+ medium. Addition of 1mm AP to glands incubated in high-K+ medium resulted in massive distention of the secretory canaliculus but no difference was observed in the amount of tubulovesicular membrane or the relative size of these cytoplasmic structures. In the histamine-treated glands the parietal cells displayed a rapid loss of tubulovesicular membrane and a reciprocal increase in canalicular membrane. These morphological changes were complete long before a maximum level of acid formation was achieved. Taken together, these results indicate that; (i) the morphological change accompanying stimulation does not require acid formationper se; (ii) the site of acid secretion is the intracellular canaliculus and not the tubulovesicles; (iii) there is no preexisting actual or potential continuity between the tubulovesicular space and the canalicular space; and (iv) the AP-induced expansion of the canaliculus in high-K+ medium, while yielding some valuable information, is not an appropriate model for studying the normal stimulus-induced morphological transition, despite a superficial similarity of appearance.
Clinical utility of inappropriate positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging: Test results and cardiovascular events

Appropriate use criteria for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) were developed to categorize scenarios where MPI might be beneficial (appropriate) or not (inappropriate). Few investigations have evaluated the clinical utility of this categorization strategy, particularly with positron emission tomography (PET) MPI. We conducted this retrospective cohort investigation in a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center, on predominantly male subjects who underwent PET-MPI. We correlated appropriateness to test result and cardiovascular events. Of 521 subjects, 414 (79.5%) were appropriate, 54 (10.4%) were uncertain, and 53 (10.2%) were inappropriate. PET-MPI was abnormal more often when appropriate or uncertain (28% and 34.6%, respectively, vs 7.7% for inappropriate, P = .003). Among abnormal inappropriate tests, none detected occult ischemia. By Cox regression, summed difference score ≥5 (HR 5.06, 95% CI 2.72-9.44) and an abnormal test result (HR 4.48, 95% CI 2.19-9.14) were associated with higher likelihood of catheterization. Log-rank analysis demonstrated similar likelihood of catheterization when comparing abnormal vs normal test result (P < .0001) and between appropriate, uncertain, and inappropriate tests (P = .024). Inappropriate PET-MPI was rarely abnormal, associated with low catheterization rates, and failed to detect occult ischemia for any subjects. The clinical utility of inappropriate PET-MPI is negligible.
Stress management through written emotional disclosure improves academic performance among college students with physical symptoms.

This study tested whether writing about stressful events improves grade point averages (GPAs) and whether decreases in writing-induced negative mood from the first to last day of writing predicts GPA improvements. College students (n=74) reporting elevated physical symptoms were randomized to write for 4 days about either stressful experiences (disclosure group) or time management (control group). Students rated their mood before and after writing each day, and transcripts provided GPAs for the baseline and subsequent semesters. Compared with the control condition, disclosure led to significantly better GPAs the next semester. Among disclosure students, but not control students, improved mood from the first to last writing days predicted improved GPA. Writing about general life stress leads to improved academic functioning, particularly among those who become less distressed over writing days. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Study of K* production in tau decay

Abstract We report on a study of charged and neutral K ∗ production in tau decay. We obtain a branching ratio value BR (τ − → K ∗- ν τ X 0 ) = (1.43±0.11±0.13)% where X 0 designates possible unobserved neutral particles (charge conjugate modes are implicit). We observe the first signals for inclusive K ∗0 and K ∗0 production in τ − decay, and determine the inclusive branching ratios τ − →K ∗0 K − ν τ X 0 and τ − K ∗0 π − ν τ X 0 to be (0.32±0.08±0.12)% and (0.38±0.11±0.13)%, respectively. We have searched for the decay τ − → K 0 K − ν τ X 0 and set a limit of 8 × 10 −3 at 90% confidence level.
Subsidiary minimum principles for scattering parameters

We denote as a "primary minimum principle" one in which a quantity $B$ of physical interest is represented as the minimum value with respect to variations in a trial function ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t}$ of a functional $F({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t})$; $F$ then provides a variational upper bound on $B$. (The Rayleigh-Ritz principle for the ground-state energy of a system is a familiar example.) If $F$ is quadratic in ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t}$, the variational property of $F$ enables one to determine the linear parameters relatively easily, but the minimum property is required if the nonlinear parameters are to be determined in a way which allows for systematic improvement of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t}$. We show here that for a wide class of problems for which primary minimum principles do not exist, useful and rigorous secondary or "subsidiary minimum principles" are available. That is, we construct a functional ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t})$ whose minimum value is reached for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t}$ equal to some function $\ensuremath{\psi}$ of dynamical interest. (The Rayleigh-Ritz method provides a subsidiary minimum principle for the approximate determination of the ground-state wave function of a system.) If $B=B(\ensuremath{\psi})$, then a study of ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t})$ provides a powerful tool for the estimation of $\ensuremath{\psi}$ and therefore $B$, though $B({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{t})$ is not normally a variational bound on $B(\ensuremath{\psi})$. Subsidiary minimum principles have recently been obtained for the approximation of the auxiliary functions that appear in the variational principle for the matrix element (${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{n}$, $W{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}$), where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{n}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}$ are bound-state wave functions and $W$ is an arbitrary operator. Here we extend the method to the estimation of matrix elements of the Green's function $g(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ of a bound system with $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ below the continuum threshold energy. The response of the system to an external perturbation can be represented by matrix elements of this type. While no new results on the bound-state problem are obtained, our formulation is a convenient starting point for the further extension of the method to continuum problems. The new result obtained here is the derivation of a subsidiary minimum principle for the problem of scattering of a projectile by a target whose bound-state wave function is only imprecisely known. The subsidiary minimum principle allows for systematic improvement of the closed-channel component of the trial scattering wave function that appears in a Kohn-type variational calculation of the scattering amplitude.
Direct index of refraction measurement of silicon and ruthenium at EUV wavelengths

The use of coherent radiation from undulator beamlines has been used to directly measure the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of several metals1. Here we extend the same interferometric technique to slightly higher energies, and measure the indices of refraction of silicon and ruthenium, essential materials for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Both materials are tested at-wavelength (13.4 nm.) Silicon is also measured about its L2 (99.8 eV) and L3 (99.2 eV) absorption edges. This measurement technique is currently being expanded further to soft X-ray wavelengths.
Time Evolution of NMR Proton Chemical Shifts of an RNA Hairpin during a Molecular Dynamics Simulation

We have calculated the time evolution of three nonlocal contributions to the proton chemical shifts of a ribonucleic acid: ring current effects, intramolecular electrostatic shifts, and electrostatic shifts due to solvent. The computation was done on a 1.075 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of a fully solvated RNA hairpin with sodium counterions. The calculated shift components exhibit rapid fluctuations on a subpicosecond time scale. The magnitudes of fluctuations are dependent on two factors: the proximity of a shift source and the dynamics of the local RNA structure. The largest fluctuations were found for the shifts of exchangeable protons due to the electrostatic effects of hydrogen bond acceptors. The magnitudes of the time-averaged shifts differ significantly for the ring current and intramolecular electrostatic contributions in a structure-dependent manner. For the ribose and exchangeable aromatic protons, the major contributor to the total chemical shift is the intramolecular electrostatic effe...
Intelligent and collaborative embedded computing in automation engineering

This paper presents an overview of the the novel technologies that we are experiencing today in the automation industries. We present the opportunities and challenges of having tightly coupled collaborative networks of embedded systems for controlling complex physical processes. Our objective is to motivate the targeted design automation community to tackle some of the grand challenges in the area of such a distributed, intelligent, and collaborative embedded computing platform.
Feedback Stabilization of a Corkscrew Istabilty

An application is made of lumped feedback to achieve stability of a distributed electromechanical system. A conducting elastic wire, placed in an axial magnetic field and carrying a current, exhibits instability at a certain threshold of magnetic pressure. The two dimensional transverse displacement of the wire is sampled and these signals are used to produce proportional feedback forces which allow stable equilibrium to be restored. A stability diagram is determined indicating the minimum feedback force to prevent static instability. For one station feedback, there is a maximum allowable feedback to prevent overstabil1 ity. In addition, the maximum value of destabilizing force which can be stabilized is somewhat less than that required for the second mode to become unstable. The wave dynamics of this corkscrew instability are related to several types of electromechanical interaction. The pinch confinement of a plasma, proposed as a scheme for containing a controlled thermonuclear reaction, suffers from a similar corkscrew instability.
Distribution of zeptomole-abundant doxorubicin metabolites in subcellular fractions by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment of NS-1 mouse hybridoma cells results in the formation of zeptomole amounts of metabolites per cell that are difficult to determine by confocal microscopy or HPLC. The native fluorescence of DOX and its metabolites together with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) has previously been used to detect a maximum of four components. In this study, we use capillary electrophoresis with postcolumn LIF (CE-LIF) to separate and detect 12 components attributed to DOX metabolism, resulting from treatment of NS-1 cells with 25 μM DOX for 8 h. The so-called metabolites 8 and 10 have been identified as doxorubicinone (DOXone) and 7-deoxydoxorubicinone (7-deoxyDOXone), respectively, by comigration with the corresponding synthetic standard. Due to comigration of DOX with doxorubicinol (DOXol), the presence of DOXol had to be determined separately by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The rest of the metabolites remain unidentified and are refer...
It's all right to read your speech — and here's how

When speakers must convey precise technical material or keep within a specified time limit, they may need to read their speeches. Unfortunately, those who read speeches often read them badly. Oral presenters can, however, read their speeches effectively by following a few simple steps in writing the material and preparing the manuscript and by observing some principles of good oral delivery. This paper offers practical suggestions to those who want to read their speeches and, except for typesize and spacing, provides an example of a speech written for reading aloud.
Psychological and sympatho-adrenal status in patients with cystic acne

Abstract Background Patients with cystic acne (CA) frequently report feeling self conscious, anxiety and social isolation. Methods Mood characteristics as well as self-esteem scores of 38 patients with CA were evaluated before and after 30 days treatment with isotretinoin. A high pressure, liquid chromatography method was used for the evaluation of catecholamines (epinephrine (E) and nor-epinephrine (NE)) in the blood of the patients at the time of the study and in controls (n=30) after their psychological testing. Moreover, E and NE were measured in the blood of eight healthy volunteers before and after 1 month ‘treatment’ with the drug. Results The CA subjects evidenced anxiety and high catecholamine plasma levels (E=98.0±0.8 pg/ml, NE=250.8±56.6 pg/ml) before treatment compared to controls (E=71.8±23.0 pg/ml, NE=190.0±52 pg/ml, P Conclusions It is suggested that not only the psychological status is influenced in subjects with CA but also their sympathoadrenal system.
Selenium uptake by larval Chironomus decorus from a Ruppia maritima-based benthic/detrital substrate

Elevated levels of selenium have led to the contamination of several aquatic ecosystems. Much of the selenium contamination has resulted from agricultural irrigation and drainage of seleniferous soils. Disposal of selenium contaminated drainwater in evaporation ponds has led to selenium bioaccumulation and toxicity in waterfowl and shorebirds using these ponds. Studies have demonstrated that it is a seleno-amino acid that causes the observed toxicity. However, selenate is the dominant form of selenium in agricultural drainwater, and the biotransformation of selenate into seleno-amino acids has been shown to be greatly limited relative to the more reduced selenium species. We hypothesize that it is in the benthic zone, where the reducing environment facilitates conversion of selenate to selenium forms more conducive to biotransformation, that most biotransformation and subsequent bioaccumulation of seleno-amino acids takes place, and that movement of selenium into the benthic-detrital food chain is a key pathway leading to selenium bioaccumulation. This hypothesis was investigated by conducting laboratory benthic-detrital food chain experiments using the common evaporation pond macrophyte Ruppia maritima as the benthic-detrital substrate. Larval Chironomus decorus were reared on the contaminated Ruppia substrate, and the resulting bioaccumulation and toxicity in the larvae were determined.