cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of green chemistry principles for extraction of phytolipids and phenolic compounds

A new era of functional foods has resulted in increased interest in the omega-3 fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and other phytochemicals for preventing and controlling the development of cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases. The focus of the present research is to evaluate the influence of modern sample preparation technologies for extracting crude fat and phytochemicals from plant matrices utilizing fundamental principles of “green” chemistry. Optimization of extraction procedures using modern technologies significantly reduces the quantity of solvent consumed and waste generated during an extraction process. In addition, automation with modern instrumentation reduces exposure to extraction solvents and their vapour. This paper describes extraction of two classes of phytochemicals of extreme polarities, phytolipids (hydrophobic) and phenolics (hydrophilic). It compares five extraction technologies (Butt-tube, soxtec, pressurized liquid extractor, supercritical fluid extractor and Ankom batch extractor) for extraction of crude fat from three soy samples. In addition, this paper outlines a systematic approach for optimization of an extraction procedure for isolation of phytochemicals from different plant matrices using potentially bioactive phenolic compounds as a model. Applications of modern extraction technologies, in conjunction with optimized extraction procedures, will enable chemists and chemical engineers to considerably reduce the quantity of solvents consumed and waste generated during the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from different plant matrices.
Manufacturing process planning in a concurrent design and manufacturing environment

Concurrent design and manufacturing attempts to consider all aspects of the product during the early stage of design to avoid the costly and time consuming downstream traditional design and manufacturing processes. Process planning links design and manufacturing. This paper discusses the roles of manufacturing process planning in a concurrent engineering environment and the research on the development of prototype feature-based automated process planning (FBAPP) system for concurrent design and manufacturing.
Selective lowpass filters realizing finite-frequency transmission zeros

A new approach of implementing stepped-impedance Hairpin lowpass filters is presented. The filters realize finite-frequency transmission zeros located within close proximity to the passband edge leading to highly selective filters with low insertion loss. Several filters were fabricated and tested resulting in very good performance that complied with the presented theory.
The corrective gradient projection method and related algorithms applied to seismic array processing

A general iterative method is described for the problem of optimizing a nonlinear function of multiple parameters subject to a system of linear constraint equations. This scheme, derived by Frost (1972), is called the “corrective gradient projection (CGP)” method. It is obtained by modifying Rosen’s (1960) “gradient projection (GP)” method to correct for any deviation of the parameters from the constraint equations. The CGP method can be applied to the problem of multichannel tapped‐delay‐line (TDL) sensor array processing as used in the fields of seismic, radar and acoustic communications. A variety of algorithms associated with signal processing problems—such as those developed by Frost (1972), Rosen (1960), Booker and Ong (1971), Widrow et al. (1967), and Griffiths (1969)—can be derived from or related to the CGP method. They are obtained by making some basic assumptions and statistical approximations. Comparative simulation experiments have been made using a digital computer to examine the performance...
DNA methylation of BDNF as a biomarker of early-life adversity

Early-life adversity increases the risk for psychopathology in later life. The underlying mechanism(s) is unknown, but epigenetic variation represents a plausible candidate. Early-life exposures can disrupt epigenetic programming in the brain, with lasting consequences for gene expression and behavior. This evidence is primarily derived from animal studies, with limited study in humans due to inaccessibility of the target brain tissue. In humans, although there is evidence for DNA methylation changes in the peripheral blood of psychiatric patients, a fundamental question remains as to whether epigenetic markers in the blood can predict epigenetic changes occurring in the brain. We used in utero bisphenol A (BPA) exposure as a model environmental exposure shown to disrupt neurodevelopment and exert long-term effects on behavior in animals and humans. We show that prenatal BPA induces lasting DNA methylation changes in the transcriptionally relevant region of the Bdnf gene in the hippocampus and blood of BALB/c mice and that these changes are consistent with BDNF changes in the cord blood of humans exposed to high maternal BPA levels in utero. Our data suggest that BDNF DNA methylation in the blood may be used as a predictor of brain BDNF DNA methylation and gene expression as well as behavioral vulnerability induced by early-life environmental exposure. Because BDNF expression and DNA methylation are altered in several psychiatric disorders that are associated with early-life adversity, including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism, BDNF DNA methylation in the blood may represent a novel biomarker for the early detection of psychopathology.
Spread spectrum multiple access for mobile meteor burst communications

The paper considers the application of a direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme to a mobile meteor burst communication network. It is shown that a CDMA scheme solves the significant multiple-access problem caused by low channel diversity when remote station nodes are closely spaced. The CDMA scheme is shown to provide low waiting times and high throughput for networks of many thousands of nodes. A comparison of the CDMA scheme to a random frequency division multiple access scheme is provided where the offered traffic load, network size, system bandwidth, and interference levels are varied. >
Brain evolution in Old World monkeys.

Sulcal patterns of 14 genera of Old World monkeys were analyzed from 107 endocasts. Colobines and cercopithecines differ in patterns of cerebral convolutions, and functional and evolutionary hypotheses are here proposed regarding those differences. The cercopithecine pattern seems to be the more derived since it suggests relative expansion of prefrontal, and inferior temporal integration cortices as compared to the colobine pattern.
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α)-mediated Apoptosis by Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein *

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) putative core protein has displayed many intriguing biological properties. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in controlling viral infection, in this study the effect of the core protein was investigated on the TNF-alpha induced apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells (MCF7). HCV core protein when expressed inhibited TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic cell death unlike the control MCF7 cells, as determined by cell viability and DNA fragmentation analysis. Additionally, HCV core protein blocked the TNF-induced proteolytic cleavage of the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase from its native 116-kDa protein to the characteristic 85-kDa polypeptide. Results from this study suggest that the HCV core protein plays a role in the inhibition of TNF-alpha-mediated cell death. Thus, the ability of core protein to inhibit the TNF-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway may provide a selective advantage for HCV replication, allowing for evasion of host antiviral defense mechanisms.
Ozone and meteorological boundary-layer conditions at Summit, Greenland, during 3–21 June 2000

The temporal and spatial distributions of boundary-layer ozone were studied during June 2000 at Summit, Greenland, using surface-level measurements and vertical profiling from a tethered balloon platform. Three weeks of continuous ozone surface data, 133 meteorological vertical profile data and 82 ozone vertical profile data sets were collected from the surface to a maximum altitude of 1400 m above ground. The lower atmosphere at Summit was characterized by the prevalence of strong stable conditions with strong surface temperature inversions. These inversions reversed to neutral to slightly unstable conditions between B9.00 and 18.00 h local time with the formation of shallow mixing heights of B70–250 m above the surface. The surface ozone mixing ratio ranged from 39 to 68 ppbv and occasionally had rapid changes of up to 20 ppb in 12 h. The diurnal mean ozone mixing ratio showed diurnal trends indicating meteorological and photochemical controls of surface ozone. Vertical profiles were within the range of 37–76 ppb and showed strong stratification in the lower troposphere. A high correlation of high ozone/low water vapor air masses indicated the transport of high tropospheric/ low stratospheric air into the lower boundary layer. A B0.1–3 ppb decline of the ozone mixing ratio towards the surface was frequently observed within the neutrally stable mixed layer during midday hours. These data suggest that the boundary-layer ozone mixing ratio and ozone depletion and deposition to the snowpack are influenced by photochemical processes and/or transport phenomena that follow diurnal dependencies. With 37 ppb of ozone being the lowest mixing ratio measured in all data no evidence was seen for the occurrence of ozone depletion episodes similar to those that have been reported within the boundary layer at coastal Arctic sites during springtime. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scramjet Engines: The First Forty Years

Ageneralreviewoftheemergenceandmaturingofsupersoniccombustionramjet (scramjet)enginetechnologies overthelast 40 years is presented. The review isgiven in terms of theeffortscompleted or proceeding in theUnited States, Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, and other countries. A brief account of the challenges of scramjet combustor development is given, and attention is directed toward other source references for more detailed accounts of technology evolution. Two emerging scramjet applications are identie ed, namely, hydrogenfueledhigh-speed engines foraccess to spaceand hydrocarbon-fueled enginesforhypersonicair-launched missiles.
The Equity Risk Premium in 2015

We analyze the history of the equity risk premium from surveys of U.S. Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) conducted every quarter from June 2000 to March 2015. The risk premium is the expected 10‐year S&P 500 return relative to a 10‐year U.S. Treasury bond yield. We show that the equity risk premium has increased more than 50 basis points from the levels observed in 2014. The current 10‐year risk premium is 4.51%. Similarly, measures of risk such as investor disagreement and perceptions of volatility have increased. Interestingly, the increased premium and risk are not reflected in market‐based measures of risk, such as the VIX and credit spreads. We also link our survey results to measures survey‐based measures of the weighted average cost of capital and investment hurdle rates. The hurdle rates are significantly higher than the cost of capital implied by the market risk premium.
Processing of amorphous Fe–W reinforced Fe matrix composites

Abstract Metal matrix composites in which crystalline Fe was reinforced by 2-phase particulates composed of an amorphous Fe alloy and nanocrystalline W were produced using a two-step mechanical alloying (MA) process. The particulates, which had a composition of Fe-40 at.% W, were prepared first by MA in a SPEX™ mill. The composite powders were then formed by blending crystalline Fe with a range (2.6–33.7) of volume percentages of the reinforcing particulates using MA, employing both SPEX™ and attritor mills. Bulk samples were produced via cold pressing and annealing and analyzed for reinforcement distribution, porosity content, and hardness. The MA blending technique was effective at producing a uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. An increase in sample hardness was seen as volume fraction reinforcement increased. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of the compaction technique decreased with increasing volume fraction reinforcement, for porosity was found to increase monotonically with the volume fraction of the reinforcement.
Technical Note-Improved Bounds for Aggregated Linear Programs

A method of Kallio for improving bounds on the optimal value of a linear program calculated from an intermediate iteration is used to improve Zipkin's bounds for an aggregated linear program. Both theoretical and computational results are given, demonstrating the improvement due to these new bounds.
A modern analog of Schizosporis reticulatus

Abstract Empty tests of a modern analog of Schizosporis reticulatus Cookson and Dettmann 1959 (Early to mid Cretaceous) were discovered in sediments from a small freshwater lake on the Stanford University campus. The ovoidal palynomorphs possess a complex wall that has a dense inner portion overlain by an outer portion of closely packed cell‐like units, an equatorial suture which extends along approximately 75% of the circumference, and a single pore in each cell. One hemisphere is distinguished by two elongate areas of larger and taller cells parallel to the greatest dimension of the specimen. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and study of serial thin sections provide the basis for comparison of the modern species of S. reticulatus. The biological affinity of the modern species has not yet been determined.
Primary care for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now the seventh leading cause of death in U.S. chldren 1 to 14 years of age and the leading cause of death in children 2 to 5 years of age in many U.S. cities. The key to enhancing the quality and duration of life in HIV-infected children is to recognize and diagnose HIV infection as early as possible and to initiate prophylactic and antiretroviral therapies. Most of the medical treatment of these children can be conducted in a primary care setting if (a) primary care practitioners are informed of current treatment regimens and (b) adequate pediatric HIV consultation service is available. This article reviews the primary care of HIV-infected chlldren including early diagnosis, current treatment options, and the complex psychosocial issues associated with caring for these children.
Anthropogenic Noise Exposure in Protected Natural Areas: Estimating the Scale of Ecological Consequences

The extensive literature documenting the ecological effects of roads has repeatedly implicated noise as one of the causal factors. Recent studies of wildlife responses to noise have decisively identified changes in animal behaviors and spatial distributions that are caused by noise. Collectively, this research suggests that spatial extent and intensity of potential noise impacts to wildlife can be studied by mapping noise sources and modeling the propagation of noise across landscapes. Here we present models of energy extraction, aircraft overflight and roadway noise as examples of spatially extensive sources and to present tools available for landscape scale investigations. We focus these efforts in US National Parks (Mesa Verde, Grand Teton and Glacier) to highlight that ecological noise pollution is not a threat restricted to developed areas and that many protected natural areas experi- ence significant noise loads. As a heuristic tool for understanding past and future noise pollution we forecast community noise utilizing a spatially-explicit land-use change model that depicts the intensity of human development at sub-county resolution. For road noise, we transform effect distances from two studies into sound levels to begin a discussion of noise thresholds for wildlife. The spatial scale of noise exposure is far larger than any protected area, and no site in the continental US is free form noise. The design of observational and experimental studies of noise effects should be informed by knowledge of regional noise exposure patterns.
Rationale of transcatheter intra-arterial therapies of hepatic cancers

SUMMARY: Transcatheter, intra-arterial therapies for primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies comprise angiographically guided procedures that provide for the administration of tumoricidal agents directly to liver tumors. These locoregional therapies have demonstrated encouraging clinical outcomes for liver tumors that are otherwise not amenable or not responsive to standard surgical or systemic treatments. This article provides a review of transcatheter therapies for hepatic cancers and reported clinical outcomes.
Destination-driven routing for low-cost multicast

We present a destination-driven algorithm that optimizes for applications, such as group video or teleconferencing, that require multicast trees with low total cost. The destination-driven algorithm uses a greedy strategy based on shortest-path trees and minimal spanning trees but biases routes through destinations. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed through extensive simulation and compared with several Steiner tree heuristics and the popular shortest-path tree (SPT) method. The algorithm is found to produce trees with significantly lower overall cost than the SPT while maintaining reasonable per-destination performance. Its performance also compares well with other known Steiner heuristics. Moreover, the algorithm does not suffer from high complexity common to most Steiner tree heuristics and builds a route by querying only incident links for cost information.
Effects of the Implementation of Electronic Medical Records in Small Internal Medicine Practices on Healthcare Objectives in the United States

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) are a collection of patient health data which is retained in a digitally shareable format with global accessibility. Correlations can be developed by studying the digital information in aggregate form, which allows for national and regional health trends to be better understood and projected. In addition, the universality of this data allows for seamless transfer of patient data between different health facilities. This only occurs with medical facilities that have EMR software operational. Because EMR failures that were identified nine years ago have still not been remediated, small medical practices still encounter tremendous failures implementing EMR. This prevents the completion of the larger patient data network, leaving the larger goals of EMR systems incomplete and diminishing their usability. A failed implementation of EMR software conducted this year yielded the same failures that prior research has identified; furthermore, smaller medical practices are particularly susceptible to these vulnerabilities.
Approximating Nash Equilibria and Dense Bipartite Subgraphs via an Approximate Version of Caratheodory's Theorem

We present algorithmic applications of an approximate version of Caratheodory's theorem. The theorem states that given a set of vectors X in Rd, for every vector in the convex hull of X there exists an e-close (under the p-norm distance, for 2 ≤ p
New reflector materials in SMD-LED package application

In recent years, LED devices have been developed and widely used in display, display backlight module and general lightings. In this study, three unsaturated polyester (UP) polymers were used as LED reflector materials. PLCC-3030 with low power single blue led was designed as a test vehicle to evaluate two new UP type reflectors (UP-A1, UP-A2) and three commercial reflector materials (UP-B, EP, PCT). Commercial transparent encapsulants were used in this package. Red ink soak test for PLCC-3030 package after encapsulation of five reflector materials to check the adhesion between reflectors and lead frames have been evaluated. Optical and electrical performance has been checked after encapsulation, MSL test and reliability test. There is no obvious crack of encapsulant was observed or catastrophic failure was occurred after MSL level 3. The lumen decay of LEDs with UP materials is around 5% after MSL level 3 test. New reflector materials of UP-A1, UP-A2 and commercial materials of UP-B, EP and PCT could be passed the red ink test after MSL level 3 tests. The lumen decay of LEDs with UPs and the other commercial reflector materials is between 4%∼7% after 110°C/ 1000 hrs test, and between 10%∼18% after 85°C/85% R.H./ 1000 hrs test. The lumen decay of LEDs is only about 1∼3% after TCT test. The lumen decay of LEDs with UPs and the other commercial reflector materials is between 9%∼13% after HAST for 264 hrs test. The new reflector materials, UP-A1 and UP-A2, show good package performance and show good optical and electrical performance after encapsulation and reliability test.
Crystal structure and stability of gyrase-fluoroquinolone cleaved complexes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one-third of the world’s population and in 2013 accounted for 1.5 million deaths. Fluoroquinolone antibacterials, which target DNA gyrase, are critical agents used to halt the progression from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to extensively resistant disease; however, fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging and new ways to bypass resistance are required. To better explain known differences in fluoroquinolone action, the crystal structures of the WT Mtb DNA gyrase cleavage core and a fluoroquinolone-sensitized mutant were determined in complex with DNA and five fluoroquinolones. The structures, ranging from 2.4- to 2.6-A resolution, show that the intrinsically low susceptibility of Mtb to fluoroquinolones correlates with a reduction in contacts to the water shell of an associated magnesium ion, which bridges fluoroquinolone–gyrase interactions. Surprisingly, the structural data revealed few differences in fluoroquinolone–enzyme contacts from drugs that have very different activities against Mtb. By contrast, a stability assay using purified components showed a clear relationship between ternary complex reversibility and inhibitory activities reported with cultured cells. Collectively, our data indicate that the stability of fluoroquinolone/DNA interactions is a major determinant of fluoroquinolone activity and that moieties that have been appended to the C7 position of different quinolone scaffolds do not take advantage of specific contacts that might be made with the enzyme. These concepts point to new approaches for developing quinolone-class compounds that have increased potency against Mtb and the ability to overcome resistance.
Self-Neglect: On the CREST of New Discoveries

(2006). Self-Neglect: On the CREST of New Discoveries. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1-3.
Percepção de docentes e discentes de Enfermagem sobre cuidado integral: estudo descritivo-exploratório

Aims: To understand the perceptions of comprehensive care on the part of teachers and students involved in a nursing course; to identify whether comprehensive care is being discussed in the academic training and, if so, how it has been approached. Method: This is an exploratory and descriptive study, in which a qualitative approach was used. This study was conducted with six students and seven nursing teachers of a higher education institution located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, between the months of December, 2010 and January, 2011. Results: Three major themes have emerged: the construction of completeness; full care of understanding and; nursing education with regard to comprehensive care. Conclusion: Comprehensive care is a gradual construction that emerges from the relationships and the deconstruction of linear practices focused on technicist actions. Full and comprehensive care must permeate the actions, the knowledge and the practice of nurses. For this reason it must be addressed during academic training.
IBD: Vitamin D and IBD: moving towards clinical trials

A new study reports that low vitamin D levels are associated with increased morbidity and severity of IBD. A number of issues must now be addressed to enable the optimal design of interventional studies to test whether vitamin D supplementation can improve outcomes in this disease.
Performance limits of single-agent and multi-agent sub-gradient stochastic learning

This work examines the performance of stochastic sub-gradient learning strategies, for both cases of stand-alone and networked agents, under weaker conditions than usually considered in the literature. It is shown that these conditions are automatically satisfied by several important cases of interest, including support-vector machines and sparsity-inducing learning solutions. The analysis establishes that sub-gradient strategies can attain exponential convergence rates, as opposed to sub-linear rates, and that they can approach the optimal solution within O(p), for sufficiently small step-sizes, p. A realizable exponential-weighting procedure is proposed to smooth the intermediate iterates and to guarantee these desirable performance properties.
Binding of Yeast Cytochrome c to Forty-Four Charge-Reversal Mutants of Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry.

Previously, we constructed, expressed, and purified 46 charge-reversal mutants of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) and determined their electronic absorption spectra, their reaction with H2O2, and their steady-state catalytic properties [Pearl, N. M. et al. (2008) Biochemistry 47, 2766−2775]. Forty-four of the mutants involve the conversion of either an aspartate or glutamate residue to a lysine residue, while two are positive-to-negative mutations, R31E and K149D. In this paper, we report on a calorimetric study of the interaction of each charge-reversal mutant (excluding the internal mutants D76K and D235K) with recombinant yeast iso-1 ferricytochrome c(C102T) (yCc) under conditions where only one-to-one yCc/CcP complex formation is observed. Thirteen of the 44 surface-site charge-reversal mutants decrease the binding affinity for yCc by a factor of 2 or more. Eight of the 13 mutations (E32K, D33K, D34K, E35K, E118K, E201K, E290K, E291K) occur within, or on the immediate periphery, of the crystallogr...
Idealization, Inference to the Best Explanation, and Scientific Realism

In this chapter we will finally make good on the promises made in Chapters 2 and 3. In effect it will be argued here that scientific realism can be saved from both of Cartwright’s idealization-based attacks. This goal will be achieved by showing specifically what is wrong with the argument from unconfirmability and with the argument from misrepresentation. To this end it will first be demonstrated that the presence of idealizations in the sciences neither forces us to concede the empirical nature of science nor to conclude that idealized theories are unconfirmable. Second, it will be argued that a variety of forms of scientific realism are comfortably compatible with the theory of idealization presented in Chapters 1 and 2. Since these arguments constitute the main result of the book, we will take nothing for granted in order to make the case for the compatibility of scientific realism and the use of idealization in the sciences. So, some of the discussion that follows will involve concepts and ideas with which the more sophisticated reader will already be familiar, but this will help to prevent any potential misunderstandings. Let us then begin the defense of scientific realism by turning our attention to the argument from unconfirmability.
ICE on the road to auditory sensitivity reduction and sound localization in the frog

Frogs and toads are capable of producing calls at potentially damaging levels that exceed 110 dB SPL at 50 cm. Most frog species have internally coupled ears (ICE) in which the tympanic membranes (TyMs) communicate directly via the large, permanently open Eustachian tubes, resulting in an inherently directional asymmetrical pressure-difference receiver. One active mechanism for auditory sensitivity reduction involves the pressure increase during vocalization that distends the TyM, reducing its low-frequency airborne sound sensitivity. Moreover, if sounds generated by the vocal folds arrive at both surfaces of the TyM with nearly equal amplitudes and phases, the net motion of the eardrum would be greatly attenuated. Both of these processes appear to reduce the motion of the frog's TyM during vocalizations. The implications of ICE in amphibians with respect to sound localizations are discussed, and the particularly interesting case of frogs that use ultrasound for communication yet exhibit exquisitely small localization jump errors is brought to light.
Steps to achieving high-resolution NMR spectroscopy on solutions at GPa pressure

Author(s): Augustine, MP; Ochoa, G; Casey, WH | Abstract: Recent theoretical advances and molecular-dynamic estimates of the dielectric constant of water have extended the HKF model for aqueous solution chemistry up to 6.0 gigapascals (GPa), which are conditions well beyond the capabilities of conventional NMR spectroscopy (Pan and others, 2013; Sverjensky and others, 2014, see also Wasserman and others, 1995). These developments provide strong motivation to design a simple NMR probe that allows experiments on solutions, at high resolution, to pressures of a few GPa (Pautler and others, 2014; Ochoa and others, 2015, 2016). Here we describe the performance of a compact NMR probe that can reach several GPa pressures. The probe is made by placing a solenoid microcoil inside of a standard piston-cylinder device used in solid-state physics. High pressures are achieved in the sample by applying force to a coaxial piston. Early designs of the probe, although useful, were limited in sample size to 10 to 15 L. Here we describe modifications that allow greatly improved resolution and sensitivity, including 1H-1H NMR correlation spectroscopy, on solutions at 2.8 GPa pressure. Sample sizes can be expanded if, instead of a standard NMR spectrometer that is built around a superconducting magnet, one employs a magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) system that is built around a permanent magnet. The MRI systems can apply larger magnetic field gradients than conventional spectrometers, and thus have more robust shimming capability, which is needed because of the juxtaposition of different alloys in the pressure cell. More importantly, these systems can have magnetic fields that are oriented perpendicular to the magnet bore, which allows rotation of the coil within the axis of the pressure cell to increase sample volumes and pressure. Sensitivity is improved by replacing the traditional, but reduced-volume, closed sample container mounted in the center of the NMR detection coil with an open NMR coil that dangles freely in solution, thus making the sample solution itself the pressure-transmission fluid. The efficacy of these modifications are demonstrated by measuring 1H NMR spectra for ethyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol/methyl alcohol mixtures at pressures up to 2.8 GPa. Further developments are discussed that will allow geochemists to acquire aqueous solution NMR spectra at higher 3 to 4 GPa pressures.
Look Who’s Talking To Our Kids: Representations of Race and Gender In TV Commercials On Nickelodeon

There is a paucity of research examining the representations of race and gender in television commercials featured on popular children’s programs. The few studies that do exist tend to emphasize Saturday morning cartoon ads from decades ago. With that in mind, a systematic content analysis of commercials on the popular U.S. children’s cable network Nickelodeon was conducted. This study analyzed the frequency of gender, race, and appearance characteristics of lead presenters (i.e., central characters) in TV commercials featured as part of the weekday after-school programming on Nickelodeon. The analysis of 196 lead presenters suggests that females are underrepresented both as lead presenters and as voiceover actors relative to their real-life population numbers; Asians and Hispanics are grossly underrepresented relative to their real-life population numbers; African Americans are overrepresented; and Indigenous Peoples are absent.
Adsorbed Hydroxide Does Not Participate in the Volmer Step of Alkaline Hydrogen Electrocatalysis

The sluggish kinetics of the alkaline hydrogen electrode have been attributed to the need to adsorb both H and OH optimally. In this work, single-crystal voltammetry and microkinetic modeling show that an OH-mediated mechanism is not viable on Pt(110). Only a direct Volmer step can explain observed kinetic trends with OH adsorption strength in KOH and LiOH electrolytes. Instead, OH behaves as a rapidly equilibrated spectator species that decreases available surface sites and slows hydrogen kinetics. These results identify kinetic barriers from interfacial water structure, not adsorption energies, as key to explaining changes in hydrogen kinetics with pH.
Special session: Fostering metacognition development in a STEM context

An educational incubator in Purdue University's Polytechnic Institute has been experimenting with highly integrated methods to facilitate, assess, and evaluate student learning. Comprised of transdisciplinary faculty and students, one of the basic covenants is to intentionally and repeatedly balance Humanities and STEM concepts by way of open-ended problems affecting humanity and the planet. The learning experience environment tries to integrate faculty and students from widely different disciplines in scenarios where cognitive and metacognitive development is encouraged and explored. This special session will engage attendees in examples of activities that can help students become self-aware of the power of music on their physiology and imagination while also integrating problem-solving and other STEM related concepts. Participants will take away ideas and techniques that they can add to their own palette for fostering integrated learning and metacognitive development. This session aligns with FIE's focus on innovations in classroom techniques.
Race, Ideology, and Academic Ability: A Relational Analysis of Racial Narratives in Mathematics.

Background/ContextThere is evidence that race affects students’ learning experiences in mathematics, a subject typically thought of as “race-neutral” and “culture-free.” Research in psychology and ...
Long‐term outcomes of liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma: A single‐center 14‐year experience

HB is the most common primary liver tumor in children. Complete tumor excision, either by partial resection or by total hepatectomy and liver transplantation, in combination with chemotherapy provides the best chance for cure. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent liver transplantation for HB and herein present our 14-year single-institution experience. Twenty-five patients underwent liver transplantation for HB at a median age of 26 months (IQR: 15-44). Graft survival was 96%, 87%, and 80% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. There were four patient deaths, three of them due to disease recurrence within the first year post-transplant. Ten-year overall survival was 84%. Three recipients initially presented with pulmonary metastases and underwent resection of metastatic disease, of which two are alive at 3.9 years. Of three patients who underwent salvage transplants, two are alive at 1.5 years after transplant. Non-survivors were associated with lower median alpha fetoprotein value at presentation compared to survivors (21 707 vs 343 214; P = .04). In conclusion, the overall long-term outcome of primary liver transplantation for HB is excellent. Tumor recurrence was the highest contributor to mortality. Even patients with completely treated pulmonary metastases prior to transplant demonstrated a favorable survival.
Rheumatoid pannus of the cervical spine: a case report of an unusual cause of dysphagia.

Dysphagia as an initial complaint in rheumatoid arthritis is rare. We describe the case of a 69-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who presented with a 2-day history of acute dysphagia. Our e...
Applications of the Theory of Postformal Thought to Education

In what ways might we apply all this information about the Theory of Postformal Thought to the activity of education in its formal or informal, institutional or casual, primary or secondary or postsecondary forms? There are five areas to which Postformal Theory applies: its relation to the concept of “learning,” the methods and philosophies by which teachers teach, how master teachers reason, the structure of learning institutions, and how adult learners learn (or fail to learn). The Theory of Postformal Thought applies to all these areas, since it describes one kind of person who might teach and a kind of institution in which teaching might take place. In Part IV, Chapter 21, we will examine educational interventions that facilitate the development of postformal thought both in students and in teachers in training.
Cellular organization and boundary formation in craniofacial development

Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly dynamic process that requires changes in the behaviors and physical properties of cells in order to achieve the proper organization of different craniofacial structures. Boundary formation is a critical process in cellular organization, patterning, and ultimately tissue separation. There are several recurring cellular mechanisms through which boundary formation and cellular organization occur including, transcriptional patterning, cell segregation, cell adhesion and migratory guidance. Disruption of normal boundary formation has dramatic morphological consequences, and can result in human craniofacial congenital anomalies. In this review we discuss boundary formation during craniofacial development, specifically focusing on the cellular behaviors and mechanisms underlying the self-organizing properties that are critical for craniofacial morphogenesis.
Association of melanoma expression of matrix metalloproteinase-23 with blunted tumor immunity and poor responses to immunotherapy.

e20057 Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-23 (MMP-23) can inhibit T cell activation by selectively blocking the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, and may also alter T cell activity and pheno...
Binary Assembly of PbS and Au Nanocrystals: Patchy PbS Surface Ligand Coverage Stabilizes the CuAu Superlattice.

Self-assembly of two sizes of nearly spherical colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) capped with hydrocarbon surface ligands has been shown to produce more than 20 distinct phases of binary nanocrystal superlattices (BNSLs). Such structural diversity, in striking contrast to binary systems of micron-sized colloidal beads, cannot be rationalized by models assuming entropy-driven crystallization of simple spheres. In this work, we show that the PbS ligand binding equilibrium controls the relative stability of two closely related BNSL structures featuring alternating layers of PbS and Au NCs. At an intermediate size ratio, as-prepared PbS NCs assemble with Au NCs into CuAu BNSLs featuring orientational coherence of PbS NCs across the lattice. Measurement of interparticle separations within CuAu and modeling of the structure reveal that PbS inorganic cores are nearly in contact through (100) NC surfaces in the square tiling of the CuAu basal plane. On the other hand, AlB2 BNSLs with PbS NCs packed in random orientatio...
Structural, Biochemical, and In Vivo Characterization of MtrR-Mediated Resistance to Innate Antimicrobials by the Human Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae

ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae responds to host-derived antimicrobials by inducing the expression of the mtrCDE-encoded multidrug efflux pump, which expels microbicides, such as bile salts, fatty acids, and multiple extrinsically administered drugs, from the cell. In the absence of these cytotoxins, the TetR family member MtrR represses the mtrCDE genes. Although antimicrobial-dependent derepression of mtrCDE is clear, the physiological inducers of MtrR are unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of an induced form of MtrR. In the binding pocket of MtrR, we observed electron density that we hypothesized was N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPS), a component of the crystallization reagent. Using the MtrR-CAPS structure as an inducer-bound template, we hypothesized that bile salts, which bear significant chemical resemblance to CAPS, are physiologically relevant inducers. Indeed, characterization of MtrR-chenodeoxycholate and MtrR-taurodeoxycholate interactions, both in vitro and in vivo, revealed that these bile salts, but not glyocholate or taurocholate, bind MtrR tightly and can act as bona fide inducers. Furthermore, two residues, W136 and R176, were shown to be important in binding chenodeoxycholate but not taurodeoxycholate, suggesting different binding modes of the bile salts. These data provide insight into a crucial mechanism utilized by the pathogen to overcome innate human defenses. IMPORTANCENeisseria gonorrhoeae causes a significant disease burden worldwide, and a meteoric rise in its multidrug resistance has reduced the efficacy of antibiotics previously or currently approved for therapy of gonorrheal infections. The multidrug efflux pump MtrCDE transports multiple drugs and host-derived antimicrobials from the bacterial cell and confers survival advantage on the pathogen within the host. Transcription of the pump is repressed by MtrR but relieved by the cytosolic influx of antimicrobials. Here, we describe the structure of induced MtrR and use this structure to identify bile salts as physiological inducers of MtrR. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for antimicrobial sensing and gonococcal protection by MtrR through the derepression of mtrCDE expression after exposure to intrinsic and clinically applied antimicrobials.
Crystal structures of two charge-transfer com-plexes of benzo[1,2-c:3,4-c':5,6-c'']tri-thio-phene (D3h -BTT).

Benzo[1,2-c:3,4-c′:5,6-c′′]tri­thio­phene (D3h-BTT) is an easily prepared electron donor that readily forms charge–transfer complexes with organic acceptors. We report here two crystal structures of its charge–transfer complexes with 7,7,8,8-tetra­cyano­quinodi­methane (TCNQ) and buckminsterfullerene (C60). The D3h-BTT·TCNQ complex, C12H6S3·C12H4N4, crystallizes with mixed layers of donors and acceptors, with an estimated degree of charge transfer at 0.09 e. In the D3h-BTT·C60·toluene complex, C12H6S3·C60·C7H8, the central ring of BTT is `squeezed' by the C60 mol­ecules from both faces. However, the degree of charge transfer is low. The C60 unit is disordered over two sites in a 0.766 (3):0.234 (3) ratio and was refined as a two-component inversion twin.
The Relationship Between Social Risks and the Mental Health of School-Age Children in Primary Care.

Abstract Background and Objective The study's goal was to measure the association between social risks and the mental health of school-age children in primary care. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in an urban safety-net hospital-based pediatric clinic using data collected from 2 standardized screening tools administered at well-child care visits for children age 6 to 11. Psychosocial dysfunction was measured with the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17), and 6 social risks (caregiver education, employment, child care, housing, food security, and household heat) were measured with the WE CARE screener. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to measure the association between scores while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Among N = 943 patients, cumulative social risks were significantly associated with a positive PSC-17 total score (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.5; P = .02), indicating psychosocial dysfunction. Children with ≥3 social risks were 2.4 times more likely to have a positive PSC-17 total score compared to children with Conclusion Number of risks on a social risk screener was associated with psychosocial dysfunction in school-age children. Food insecurity was the only individual risk associated with psychosocial dysfunction, in particular attention problems. Screening tools for social risks could be used to identify at-risk children whose mental health may be adversely impacted by their social conditions.
PKC signaling contributes to chromatin decondensation and is required for competence to respond to IL-2 during T cell activation.

The clonal proliferation of antigen-specific T cells during an immune response critically depends on the differential response to growth factors, such as IL-2. While activated T cells proliferate robustly in response to IL-2 stimulation, naive (quiescent) T cells are able to ignore the potent effects of growth factors because they possess chromatin that is tightly condensed such that transcription factors, such as STAT5, cannot access DNA. Activation via the T cell receptor (TCR) induces a rapid decondensation of chromatin, permitting STAT5-DNA engagement and ultimately promoting proliferation of only antigen-specific T cells. Previous work demonstrated that the mobilization of intracellular calcium following TCR stimulation is a key event in the decondensation of chromatin. Here we examine PKC-dependent signaling mechanisms to determine their role in activation-induced chromatin decondensation and the subsequent acquisition of competence to respond to IL-2 stimulation. We found that a calcium-dependent PKC contributes to activation-induced chromatin decondensation and that the p38 MAPK and NFκB pathways downstream of PKC each contribute to regulating the proper decondensation of chromatin. Importantly, we found that p44/42 MAPK activity is required for peripheral T cells to gain competence to properly respond to IL-2 stimulation. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms that control the clonal proliferation of antigen-specific peripheral T cells during an immune response.
Immigrant Status, Offending, and Desistance: Do Relationship Characteristics Matter?

Though prior research has established the separate effects of romantic relationships and immigrant status on offending, few studies have combined these areas to assess how immigrant status may condition the effect of romantic relationships on crime. Further, fewer studies strive to uncover the potential mechanisms of the relationship effect. Using data from the Pathways to Desistance study, this study examined the effects of relational quality, monitoring, and tolerance of deviance on later offending and if these effects differed among first-generation, second-generation, and native-born youth. While tolerance of deviance and monitoring were found to predict decreased offending among the second-generation and native-born youth, only tolerance of deviance predicted decreased offending for the first-generation youth. Although there were no meaningful differences between the second-generation and native-born youth with respect to desistance mechanisms, relational monitoring was not associated with desistance among the first-generation youth. Relational quality was not associated with desistance for any subgroup. These findings have important implications for social control theories and suggest individual differences such as immigrant status may condition the effects of social bonds on offending. Potential cultural differences such as “familismo” may help explain these effects and are worthy of further consideration.
The Illusion of Time: Testing the Bidirectional Relationship Between Belief in Free Will and Temporal Horizons:

The current research examined the bidirectional relationship between belief in free will and perceptions of time. Studies 1 and 2 explored the association between free will beliefs (FWB) and future...