cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal preservation after warm ischemia using oxygen free radical scavengers to prevent reperfusion injury

Oxygen free radicals damage kidneys and accumulate during the period of preservation prior to transplantation. We hypothesized that a perfusate containing either an oxygen free radical scavenger such as ceruloplasmin, or an iron-chelating agent such as deferoxamine, would improve kidney preservation. Thirty-eight mongrel dogs underwent autotransplantation of the left kidney after 30 min of warm ischemia and 48 hr of machine perfusion (MOX-100, Water Instruments, Rochester, MN) at 5°C and pH of 7.4. The right kidney was removed at the time of autotransplantation. Four blind code-labeled preservation solutions were tested. SGF-I was used for the control group (Group 1, n = 13), and the remaining animals were transplanted with kidneys preserved with one of three solutions modified from the basic SGF-I solution: Group 2, SGF-I plus deferoxamine (656 mg/liter), n = 8; Group 3, SGF-I ceruloplasmin enriched (72 mg/dl), n = 8; and Group 4, SGF-I ceruloplasmin reduced (3.4 mg/dl), n = 9. Serum creatinine levels were measured daily for 2 weeks and survival curves for each of the four groups were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Peak mean serum creatinine levels ± standard errors in Groups 1 through 4 were 12.6 ± 1.97, 7.8 ± 0.90, 7.1 ± 1.26, and 8.2 ± 1.09, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to their serum creatinine profiles (Wald's test χ2 with 3 df = 22.39, P value < 0.001). The significant differences in serum creatinine profiles were due to the consistently higher daily average values for Group 1 as compared with the other three groups. Survival rates 2 weeks after transplant were 31, 100, 63, and 67% for Groups 1 to 4, respectively. Comparison of the survival curves using the log-rank test showed statistically significant differences between the groups (χ2 with 3 df = 9.42, P value = 0.024). We conclude that deferoxamine and ceruloplasmin reduce the ischemia reperfusion injury that occurs after revascularization of renal transplants and may be useful for clinical kidney graft preservation.
MIMD-an architecture for software systems development: a tutorial on SANDAC V

A discussion is presented of the Sandia Airborne Computer (SANDAC V) multiple-instruction-multiple-data (MIMD) embedded computer hardware and software. Its extensible design and software support tools provide a powerful hardware and software testbed for advanced concepts development. It is capable of throughput greater than 15 equivalent VAX-11/780s in a small, ruggedized, lightweight and low-power package. Its maximum configuration is only 0.3 ft/sup 3/ and its power consumption is less than 100 W. >
Wavelet localized Radon transform

A new transform which combines the key features of the Radon transform with the localization abilities of the wavelet transform is presented. The transform was developed in response to the problem of wake detection in open water synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Consider the fact that wakes are generally small in size relative to the original SAR image. Further, ship wakes have linear features. So even though the orientation and size of the wake is unknown a priori, a transform which has parameters for rotation and spatial localization may aid in the detection of these features.
Oxygen reserve and autoregulation in the cochlea.

Endoiymphatic O2-concentration was measured in the guinea pig cochlea with a microelectrode inserted through the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane and the cells of Claudius, so as not to interfere with the blood supply to the organ of Corti. The O2-level and the amplitude of the cochlear potentials were followed during hypoxia produced by lowering the pO2 of the inspired air. Persistence of a normal endolymphatic O2-Ievel following the fall in arterial pO2 indicated an O2-reserve and an autoregulation of the cochlear circulation.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND CERTAIN RELATED PARAPROTEINS IN MAN.

The antigenic properties of normal 19S γ-globulin, pathologic macroglobulins, β2A-myeloma proteins, and Bence Jones proteins have been compared with 7S γ-globulin and the small 3.5S units derived from it by gel diffusion precipitin techniques. These studies demonstrate that the determinant groups on the 7S γ-globulin molecule responsible for the cross-reaction with each of the other proteins are associated with the two fragments of 7S γ-globulin which have the antibody-combining sites. The antigenic specificity of the 7S γ-globulin which distinguishes it from each of these proteins is associated primarily with the fragment that is richest in hexose and can not combine with antigen. However when compared with certain of the paraproteins additional antigenic specificity was also found to reside in the fragments with antibody-combining activity. The finding of similar antigenic relationships in rabbit γ-globulins suggests that some of the biological properties associated only with the 7S γ-globulins and not with the other immune globulins may reside in the fragment which also carries the antigenic specificity of the protein.
A Brief Comparison of the U.S. and Chinese Middle School Mathematics Programs

The U.S. generally has a less intense mathematics curriculum in the middle school grades than China. Some factors contributing to the lower intensity in the U.S. mathematics curriculum are textbooks with extensive drill, repetition of content, lack of challenging problem solving, lower curricular and cultural expectations, and ability grouping. In comparison, China utilizes challenging problem solving, sequential development of content without repetition, expectations of hard work, high values for mathematics by the curriculum and culture, and a common curriculum for all as aspects of mathematics instruction. The U.S. is taking a positive direction in its mathematics curriculum with the use of technology and reform while compulsory education is mandating that the theoretical depth of middle school curriculums in China be lowered for all of its students in grades 1–9.
Substitution of the Seat-belt Region of the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) β-Subunit with the Corresponding Regions of Choriogonadotropin or Follitropin Confers Luteotropic but Not Follitropic Activity to Chimeric TSH

The region between the 10th and 12th cysteine (Cys88-Cys105 in human thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (hTSHβ)) of the glycoprotein hormone β-subunits corresponds to the disulfide-linked seat-belt region. It wraps around the common α-subunit and has been implicated in regulating specificity between human choriogonadotropin (hCG) and human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH), but determinants of hTSH specificity are unknown. To characterize the role of this region for hTSH, we constructed hTSH chimeras in which the entire seat-belt region Cys88-Cys105 or individual intercysteine segments Cys88-Cys95 and Cys95-Cys105 were replaced with the corresponding sequences of hCG and hFSH or alanine cassettes. Alanine cassette mutagenesis of hTSH showed that the Cys95-Cys105 segment of the seat-belt was more important for TSH receptor binding and signal transduction than the Cys88-Cys95 determinant loop region. Replacing the entire seat-belt of hTSHβ with the hCG sequence conferred full hCG receptor binding and activation to the hTSH chimera, whereas TSH receptor binding and activation were abolished. Conversely, introduction of the hTSHβ seat-belt sequence into hCGβ generated an hCG chimera that bound to and activated the TSH receptor but not the CG/lutropin (LH) receptor. In contrast, an hTSH chimera bearing hFSH seat-belt residues did not possess any follitropic activity, and its thyrotropic activity was only slightly reduced. This may in part be due to the fact that the net charge of the seat-belt is similar in hTSH and hFSH but different from hCG. However, exchanging other regions of charge heterogeneity between hTSHβ and hFSHβ did not confer follitropic activity to hTSH. Thus, exchanging the seat-belt region between hTSH and hCG switches hormonal specificity in a mutually exclusive fashion. In contrast, the seat-belt appears not to discriminate between the TSH and the FSH receptors, indicating for the first time that domains outside the seat-belt region contribute to glycoprotein hormone specificity.
A novel approach for chemically deglycosylating O-linked glycoproteins. The deglycosylation of submaxillary and respiratory mucins.

A new approach for removing O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate side chains from glycoproteins is described. Periodate oxidation of the C3 and C4 carbons in peptide-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues generates a dialdehyde product which, under mild alkaline conditions, undergoes a {beta}-elimination which releases carbohydrate and leaves an intact peptide cores. The pH and time dependence, and intermediates of the elimination, have been extensively followed by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and amino acid analysis using ovine submaxillary mucin (OSM) as the substrate. The deglycosylation of OSM is complete and provides apomucin in high yield with an amino acid composition identical to the starting material. {sup 13}C NMR spectroscopic studies and carbohydrates analysis of the deglycosylation intermediates of the human mucin indicate that certain sialic acid containing and N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligosaccharides have elevated resistance to TFMSA treatment at 0C. By the use of neuraminidase, repeated mild TFMSA treatments, and multiple oxidations and {beta}-eliminations, the human mucin can be nearly completely deglycosylated. It is expected that all mucins and most glycoproteins containing O-glycosidic linkages can be readily and nearly completely deglycosylated using this combined approach.
Microsomal monooxygenase as a multienzyme system: the role of P450-P450 interactions

Introduction: There is increasing evidence of physical interactions (association) among cytochromes P450 in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Functional consequences of these interactions are often underestimated. Areas covered: This article provides a comprehensive overview of available experimental material regarding P450-P450 interactions. Special emphasis is given to the interactions between different P450 species and to the functional consequences of homo- and heterooligomerization. Expert opinion: Recent advances provide conclusive evidence for a substantial degree of P450 oligomerization in membranes. Interactions between different P450 species resulting in the formation of mixed oligomers with altered activity and substrate specificity have been demonstrated clearly. There are important indications that oligomerization impedes electron flow to a fraction of the P450 population, which renders some P450 species nonfunctional. Functional consequences of P450-P450 interactions make the integ...
The Importance of Setting a Target - The EU Ambition of a High Level of Protection

The European Union (EU) aims to ensure a high level of environmental protection. This is a key message of primary EU law. This article explores the purpose and meaning of this explicit ambition. It deciphers its influence on case law and on judicial review of leg- islative and administrative discretion. It argues that the requirement goes beyond window dressing and that its added value lies both in supporting the legitimacy of bold decisions and in preventing a manifest dismissal of the requisites of environmental protection. Although primarily focused on EU law and on its technicalities, the article may offer helpful insights to other transnational or federal systems. It may help to build a better understanding of some of the challenges facing any environmental law regime confronted with the sensitive issue of ‘ambition’.
Critical behaviour of a lattice model of the nematic to smectic-A transition

The critical behaviour of a lattice version of the de Gennes model of the nematic to smectic-A transition is studied by Monte Carlo simulations. Several features observed in experiments are qualitatively reproduced in the simulations. The model exhibits a continuous phase transition with the specific heat exponent α close to zero. The order-parameter correlation functions show anisotropic critical behaviour as the transition is approached form the nematic side. On the other hand, the observed behaviour of the correlation functions in the superconducting gauge strongly indicates an isotropic critical point for both small and large values of the splay elastic constant. The observed behaviour of the twist and bend elastic constants is consistent with this conclusion. The gauge-dependence of the correlation functions appears to be well-described by the decoupling approximation proposed by Lubensky and co-workers Presentation d'une version sur reseau du modele de Gennes pour la transition citee. Son comportement critique est etudie par des simulations suivant la methode de Monte Carlo
Late pleistocene paleoclimatology: Planktonic foraminiferal analyses of sediment cores from the central North Atlantic

Abstract Planktonic foraminiferal analyses of six deep-sea sediment cores from the central North Atlantic east of the Azores Islands between 37°N and 40°N show distinct oscillations in planktonic foramineferal assemblages during the last 300,000 years. A paleoclimatic curve has been constructed using “Total Fauna Analysis” that reveals three glacial and four interglacial episodes. Relatively minor climatic oscillations are superimposed upon the major glacial-interglacial episodes. The paleoclimatic curve is similar to previous paleoclimatic curves from the Atlantic and adjacent areas. Minor paleoclimatic fluctuations are more distinct in paleoclimatic curves from high latitudes of the Atlantic. The faunal assemblages are transitional between subarctic and subtropical assemblages. During portions of the interglacial episodes, the assemblage is dominated by Globorotalia inflata. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral-coiling) or Globigerina bulloides dominate during the remainder of the interglacial episodes and during the glacial episodes. Glacial episodes are also marked by particularly high frequencies of Globigerina quinqueloba and Globorotalia scitula. Interglacial episodes are also marked by increases in Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Globigerinoides ruber, and Globigerinella aequilateralis. The planktonic foraminiferal faunal oscillations in the cores are complex and cannot be entirely explained by temperature variation. Other parameters such as salinity, nutrients and biological competitin must influence the faunal oscillations. The faunas suggest no major planktonic foraminiferal faunal boundaries migrated across the area between 37°N and 40°N in the central North Atlantic during the last 300,000 years.
The effects of spatial phase on reaction time to spatially filtered images

Many studies of visual perception have used periodic stimuli such as sine-wave gratings and checker-board patterns. It is well known that reaction time (RT) to such stimuli increases with increasing spatial frequency and decreasing contrast. While this is the case with periodic stimuli it is not clear that these relationships obtain for aperiodic stimuli such as natural scenes. A digitized image of an object (a vase) was submitted to two-dimensional Fourier analysis. Four pairs of spatial frequency band-limited images were created for each image. Each pair consisted of a normal-phase (NP) and a scrambled-phase (SP) version, with the magnitude spectrum and space-averaged luminance the same within each pair. Filter band-widths were 1 octave wide. Manual RT was measured for onset and offset of each spatially filtered image. Mean RT for SP images increased significantly with increasing spatial frequency, while no other significant differences were found with the NP images. This suggests that the temporal processing of complex, aperiodic images is influenced by the spatial frequency and contrast of local regions within the image, rather than by the space-averaged contrast of the entire image, and cannot be predicted by global estimates of contrast and spatial frequency.
Efficacy of computed tomographic image--guided endoscopic sinus surgery in residency training programs.

Objective To determine the efficacy of computed tomographic image-guided endoscopic surgery in the hands of inexperienced surgeons. Study Design Four second-year otolaryngology residents, with no prior experience performing ethmoidectomies, performed endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on formalin-fixed human cadaveric specimens with and without the aid of computer-assisted surgery (CAS). Methods Each resident was asked to identify critical sinus, orbital, and skull base structures while performing a total ethmoidectomy and multiple sinusotomies. Their surgical accuracy (percentage of correctly identified structures), total operative time, and incidence of major complications were recorded for each side. A total of 16 sides were evaluated (8 with and 8 without CAS). Statistical significance between groups was determined by means of Pearson's χ2 analysis. Results Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P = .001) in the mean accuracy of identifying critical anatomical landmarks between the CAS (97%) and non-CAS (76.8%) groups. Although not statistically significant, operative time appeared to be longer in the group using CAS (average of 67 vs. 80 min). Three major intracranial complications were documented only in the group not using CAS. Conclusions Although, unquestionably, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy remains essential for performing ESS, CAS improves surgical accuracy and reduces the risk of major intracranial or intraorbital complications for residents. In additional, our data suggest that this technology may enhance surgical efficiency and improve the learning curve by reducing operative time (below one's normal baseline) while maintaining a greater than 90% accuracy in identifying critical anatomical landmarks.
Health care in a web.

The care we give one person can also have positive—or negative—consequences for the health of others around them
Population Characteristics and Group Composition of Capra aegagrus in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan

Population characteristics and group composition of wild goats ( Capra aegagrus ) were studied in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan, January–October 1986. Estimated density was 11.8–16.3/km2. Based upon 5,351 observations, the male: female ratio for adults (0.56:1) and yearlings (0.59:1) differed from parity. Age structure of the population was distributed evenly except for 5- and 6-year-old females. Number of young/100 adult females declined from 46.5 in February to 26.9 during September-October. Size of 283 groups ranged from two to 131, and both size and composition varied seasonally depending on the type of group. Population and group characteristics appear to depend strongly on annual and seasonal levels of precipitation.
The double standard of aging and the social situation: Judgments of attractiveness of the middle-aged woman

Two hundred male and 200 female undergraduates judged pictures of middle-aged women and middle-aged men for their “immediate emotional appeal.” Pictures had been selected to be of middle attractiveness and to represent individuals who appeared to be between 35 and 55 years old. Subjects made judgments under one of the following social conditions: in private, or in small groups which were all male, all female, or half male and half female. Social condition and subjects' sex affected judgments significantly, and there were some significant complex interactions between these two variables and the sex of the stimulus picture. Male and female subjects privately judged middle-aged women to be more attractive than middle-aged men, but the effect was reversed when judgments were made publicly in groups. As predicted, members of all-male groups judged middle-aged women to be considerably less attractive than middle-aged men. Members of all-female groups, and both the men and the women in mixed-sex groups, judged middle-aged women to be only slightly less attractive than middle-aged men.
A phalangeal fracture model—Quantitative analysis of rigidity and failure

Nine types of internal fixation techniques were tested in 4-point bending using a pig metacarpal model for phalangeal fractures. Levels of bending rigidity and bending moments at failure were determined, and the modes of failure are described. Plate and screw fixation afforded the greatest rigidity, and epiphyseal fractures occurred, leaving intact the test section. Flexible wire loop fixation failed by wire cutting into bone when a square knot was used. Twisted wire unraveled when placed in tension. Depending on the fracture type and the wire placement, Kirschner wires failed either by slipping in the bone, twisting in the bone cortex, or bending at the bone cortex interface. Rigidity varied widely depending on the way in which the wires were employed.
Limit-cycle stability study of a feedback control system by a new describing-function technique

A NEW describing-function technique is used in this paper to show the effects of several gain-controlling nonlinearities on the limit-cycle stability of an aircraft roll-stabilization system. The new method leads to a stability diagram which is divided not into the usual two regions of ?stable? and ?unstable? operation but rather into numerous regions each of which is associated with a particular type of limit-cycle oscillation or singular point. Such a diagram gives considerable insight into the mechanism of oscillations often observed in physical equipment. Very satisfactory agreement with analog computer studies is demonstrated for the new technique.
Evaluation of digital community information systems

Community information systems provide a critical link between local resources and residents. While online versions of these systems have potential benefits, a systematic evaluation framework is needed to analyze and document realized impacts. Based on data from a nation-wide study of digital community information systems, an evaluation framework is proposed.
Tunable, fiber coupled spectrometer based on difference-frequency generation in periodically poled lithium niobate

A Yb-fiber amplifier seeded by a 1083 nm DBR diode laser is fiber coupled with an external cavity diode laser (814 nm to 870 nm) and difference frequency mixed in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (3.25 µm to 4.4 µm). Phase matching characteristics and the spectroscopic detection of several trace gases using this compact sensor will be reported.
Estimating brain microvascular blood flows from partial two-photon microscopy data by computation with a circuit model

The cortical microvasculature plays a key role in cortical tissue health by transporting important molecules via blood. Disruptions to blood flow in the microvasculature due to events such as stroke can thus induce damage to the cortex. Recent developments in two-photon microscopy have enabled in vivo imaging of anesthetized rat cortex in three dimensions. The microscopy data provide information about the geometry of the cortical microvasculature, length and diameter of the vessels in the imaged microvasculature network, and blood flow through a subset of those vessels. We demonstrate a model that achieves three goals. First, given a network of interconnected vessels and flow measurements on a subset of those vessels, we can estimate the flows in the remaining vessels. Second, we can determine which and how many vessels should have blood flow measurements taken to provide sufficient information to predict the unmeasured flows. Finally, the model enables us to predict effects of blockages in one or more vessels, indicating which vessels are most important to overall flow in the network.
Reduced Insulin Clearance in Normal Subjects Due to Extreme Hyperinsulinemia

Insulin clearance was assessed in five normal subjects infused with insulin at a rate of 10 mU·kg−1min−1 for 12-16 hours, which produced insulin levels of 1500-2000 μU/ml (~10−8 M). This level approximates the Kd of low affinity insulin binding sites, whereas previous clearance studies had been performed at insulin concentrations of 10−9 M or less, approximating the Kd of the high affinity insulin receptor. The metabolic clearance rate for insulin during the infusion averaged 214 ± 29 ml·min−1·m−2, which is half of that reported previously when lower insulin levels were achieved. Upon termination of the insulin infusion, the disappearance of insulin was markedly prolonged with an average “half-life” of 62 minutes. The rapidity with which hyperinsulinemia altered clearance suggested that down-regulation of insulin receptors was probably not the explanation for the reduced clearance. To elucidate the cause for the observed decrease in insulin clearance, five additional subjects were studied. If insulin was infused for 3.0-4.5 hours, the half-life of insulin disappearance was intermediate between that for an insulin bolus dose and that for a 12-16-hour insulin infusion. Administration of an insulin bolus dose at the end of a 12-hour infusion, while the insulin concentration was still ~10−8 M, or 140 min later, when the insulin concentration was 10−9 M, was followed by rapid disappearance with half-lives of 1.5 and 6-8 minutes, respectively. The extraordinarily short half-life of the insulin bolus dose administered at a steady-state insulin concentration of 10−8 M is compatible with a greater volume of distribution for insulin at that concentration. The prolonged rate of insulin disappearance following termination of a 12-16-hour insulin infusion suggests that clearance may have been altered as a result of reentry of insulin from a low affinity, high capacity System into the vascular compartment, since the disappearance rate was prolonged even at an insulin concentration of 10−9 M when a simultaneously administered insulin bolus dose was cleared normally. These observations suggest that low affinity binding sites served as a high capacity “reservoir” in which insulin could accumulate and from which insulin could subsequently recycle into the circulation, thereby decreasing apparent clearance rates.
Adenosine for temporary flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a single-center retrospective review.

BACKGROUND Clip application for temporary occlusion is not always practical or feasible. Adenosine is an alternative that provides brief periods of flow arrest that can be used to advantage in aneurysm surgery, but little has been published on its utility for this indication. OBJECTIVE To report our 2-year consecutive experience with 40 aneurysms in 40 patients for whom we used adenosine to achieve temporary arterial occlusion during aneurysm surgery. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed our clinical database between May 2007 and December 2009. All patients who underwent microsurgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms under adenosine-induced asystole were included. Aneurysm characteristics, reasons for adenosine use, postoperative angiographic and clinical outcome, cardiac complications, and long-term neurological follow-up with the modified Rankin Scale were noted. RESULTS Adenosine was used for 40 aneurysms (10 ruptured, 30 unruptured). The most common indications for adenosine were aneurysm softening in 17 cases and paraclinoid location in 14 cases, followed by broad neck in 12 cases and intraoperative rupture in 6 cases. Troponins were elevated postoperatively in 2 patients. Echocardiography did not show acute changes in either. Clinically insignificant cardiac arrhythmias were noted in 5 patients. Thirty-six patients were available for follow-up. Mean follow-up was 12.8 months. The modified Rankin Scale score was 0 for 29 patients at the time of the last follow-up. Four patients had an modified Rankin Scale score of 1, and scores of 2 and 3 were found in 2 and 1 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Adenosine appears to allow safe flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery. This can enhance the feasibility and safety of clipping in select circumstances.
The differential diagnosis of organic based psychiatric disturbance in the emergency department.

The e m e r g e n c y p h y s i c i a n frequently encounters pat ients with behavioral abnormal i t ies including severe ag i ta t ion , wi thdrawal , confusion, extreme fear or anxiety, disruptire, combative, psychotic, bizarre, or inappropriate behavior. The physiclan must first establish control over the pa t ien t ' s behavior by reassurance, ta lk ing and, if necessary, physical restraint• He must then determine whether the patient 's abnormal behavior is a resul t of a psychological ("functional") process, an acute or chronic organic based disorder, or both. Many poten t ia l ly l i fethreatening organic disorders may have a behaviora l d i s t u r b a n c e as t he i r most obvious and s t r iking symptom.
Aerodynamics of Linearly Arranged Rad-Rad Swirlers, Effect of Number of Swirlers and Alignment

A series of experiments have been conducted to study the aerodynamic characteristics of a confined swirling flow generated by multiple rad-rad swirlers arranged linearly. The rad-rad swirlers used in this study are identical, and consist of an inner, primary swirler generating counter-clockwise rotation and an outer, secondary swirler generating clockwise rotation. A two-component Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) system was employed to measure the velocity in the flow field. Initial measurements were conducted on unconfined and confined flow generated by a single swirler to serve as the baseline reference for the multi-swirler arrangements. Tests were conducted for 3 and 5 swirlers arranged in a line, with a spacing of 2D between the swirler centers, where D is the swirler exit diameter. An additional 5 swirler configuration was tested, where the exit plane of the center swirler was shifted 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) in the streamwise direction.The flow field generated by the multi-swirler arrangement is very complex, due to the interaction between the swirling jets of adjacent swirlers. The number of swirlers is seen to have a clear impact on the entire flow structure, as well as each recirculation zone. For the 3 swirler arrangement, a weak CTRZ is observed for the center swirler, whereas strong CTRZs are observed for the two outer swirlers. For the 5 swirler arrangement, the CTRZ pattern for the 3 inner swirlers is the same strong-weak-strong as seen for the 3 swirler arrangements, with weak CTRZs observed for the two outer swirlers. Higher interaction between swirlers is observed for the 5 swirler arrangement, as compared to the case with 3 swirlers. Since the swirlers are identical, the region between swirlers features merging of two opposing swirling jets, producing high turbulence intensity in the near field region.For the case with the offset center swirler, the swirling jet from this swirler did not merge with its neighbors in the near field region. This resulted in strong CTRZ for the center swirler, accompanied by weaker CTRZs at its immediate neighbors, which is reverse of the CTRZ strength pattern observed for the initial 5 swirler arrangement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Computational Study on the Mechanism and Selectivity of C–H Bond Activation and Dehydrogenative Functionalization in the Synthesis of Rhazinilam

The key platinum mediated C–H bond activation and functionalization steps in the synthesis of (−)-rhazinilam (Johnson, J. A.; Li, N.; Sames, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2002, 124, 6900) were investigated using the M06 and B3LYP density functional approximation methods. This computational study reveals that ethyl group dehydrogenation begins with activation of a primary C–H bond in preference to a secondary C–H bond in an insertion/methane elimination pathway. The C–H activation step is found to be reversible while the methane elimination (reductive elimination) transition state controls rate and diastereoselectivity. The chiral oxazolinyl ligand induces ethyl group selectivity through stabilizing weak interactions between its phenyl group (or cyclohexyl group) and the carboxylate group. After C–H activation and methane elimination steps, Pt–C bond functionalization occurs through β-hydride elimination to give the alkene platinum hydride complex.
The Relationship Between the Theory of Evolution and the Social Sciences, Particularly Psychology

Abstract: The application of the theory of evolution to human social behavior has, along with some illumination, produced friction that occasionally bursts into flame. In this paper we will examine the relationship between the theory of evolution and the social sciences, psychology in particular. We will identify some of the sources of friction between proponents and opponents of applying evolutionary theory to the social sciences, and we will suggest that listening carefully to both sides in the debate points the way to an enriched understanding of human social behavior.
Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous polycaprolactone membranes via thermally- and nonsolvent-induced phase separations for biomedical device application

Abstract A constant and well-controlled drug release rate is of paramount importance to implantable drug delivery systems in finding the remedy against chronic diseases. This paper describes the synthesis and potential application of nanoporous poly(caprolactone) (PCL) membranes to achieve the zero-order release rate. Nanoporous PCL membranes were prepared via the combination of thermally- and nonsolvent-induced phase separations. In the membrane preparation, 1,4-dioxane and 2-methoxyethanol were used as solvent and nonsolvent, respectively, resulting in uniform nanoporous membranes and consistent lysozyme diffusion using a Teflon plate for membrane casting. Pore connectivity was improved significantly when coagulation bath temperature was lowered from 35 to 5 °C. By using a 5 °C water coagulation bath in the wet-process precipitation, the average pore size reduced from about 90 to 55 nm while increasing the casting solution concentration from 15 to 25 wt% PCL. Thus, by varying the polymer concentration of the casting solution, the lysozyme release rate was well controlled. The potential of nanoporous PCL membranes for an implantable drug delivery device to achieve the zero-order release rate was demonstrated in this study.
Riccati Equations for the Bolza Problem Arising in Boundary/Point Control Problems Governed by C0 Semigroups Satisfying a Singular Estimate

We establish solvability of Riccati equations and optimal feedback synthesis in the context of Bolza control problem for a special class of control systems referred to in the literature as control systems with singular estimate. Boundary/point control problems governed by analytic semigroups constitute a very special subcategory of this class which was motivated by and encompasses many PDE control systems with both boundary and point controls that involve interactions of different types of dynamics (parabolic and hyperbolic) on an interface. We also discuss two examples from thermoelasticity and structure acoustics.
Interannual Variation in Long-Term Center Pivot–Irrigated Maize Evapotranspiration and Various Water Productivity Response Indices. II: Irrigation Water Use Efficiency, Crop WUE, Evapotranspiration WUE, Irrigation-Evapotranspiration Use Efficiency, and Precipitation Use Efficiency

AbstractQuantification of various water use efficiency (crop water productivity) indices for different irrigation regimes can aid in making effective in-season water management decisions and developing crop water productivity models. However, these critical variables can be affected by interannual variation in climatic conditions, and long-term research that provides such data and information is extremely rare. Maize (Zea mays L.) irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), crop water use efficiency (CWUE), evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE), annual precipitation use efficiency (ANNPUE), growing season precipitation use efficiency (GRSPUE), and the newly developed growing season precipitation use efficiency with respect to rainfed yield (GRSPUErainfed) were measured under full and limited irrigation and rainfed conditions from 2005 to 2010 in south-central Nebraska. An additional new irrigation efficiency term [irrigation-evapotranspiration use efficiency (IRRETUE)] was developed and tested to ev...
Abstract P6-02-09: Role of HGF in obesity-associated tumorigenesis: C3(1)-Tag mice as a model for human basal-like breast cancer

Obesity is associated with basal-like breast cancer (BBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype. The objective of this study was to determine whether high fat diet-induced obesity promotes BBC onset in adulthood and to evaluate the role of stromal-epithelial interactions in obesity-associated tumorigenesis. Specifically, we hypothesized that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a promoting role in BBC, which tends to express the HGF receptor, c-Met. In C3(1)-Tag mice, a murine model of BBC, we demonstrate that obesity leads to a significant increase in HGF secretion and an associated decrease in tumor latency. By immunohistochemical analysis, normal mammary tissue exhibit obesity-induced hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in stroma and corresponding epithelial expression of c-Met. HGF secretion was also increased in primary mammary fibroblasts isolated from normal mammary and tumors of obese mice compared to lean. These results show that diet-induced elevation of HGF expression is a stable phenotype, maintained after several passages and after removal of dietary stimulation. In cocultures, neutralization of HGF blunted tumor cell migration; further linking diet-mediated HGF-dependent effects in tumor aggressiveness. In sum, these results suggest that HGF plays an important role in obesity-associated carcinogenesis and raise the hypothesis that diet may affect lasting changes in stroma, potentially through epigenetic means. Understanding the effects of obesity on risk and progression is important given epidemiologic studies that imply half of BBC could be eliminated by reducing obesity. Our findings suggest the possibility that reducing obesity may be useful in preventing obesity-associated breast cancer mediated by the HGF/c-Met pathway. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-09.
Assessing Brazil's carbon budget: I. Biotic carbon pools

Abstract Brazil contains the world's largest expanse of tropical forest, but its forests are experiencing high levels of conversion to other uses. There is concern that releases of CO2 and other greenhouse gases resulting from deforestation will contribute to global climate change. The total amount of C that could be released by deforestation depends upon the amount currently contained in the terrestrial biota and soils. Knowledge of the areas of Brazil's major ecosystems and land use types and their C densities was used to estimate the total amount of C stored in vegetation, litter and coarse woody debris, and soils. The total estimated C pools were (58–81) × 109 Mg C in vegetation, (6–9) × 109 Mg C in litter and coarse woody debris, and about 72 × 109 Mg C in soil. Over 80% of the vegetation pool was contained in the closed tropical moist forests of Brazil.
Equivalent Circuit for Imperfect Transmission Line Connectors

An exact equivalent circuit for a pair of imperfect transmission line connectors is developed. New reference planes are chosen in such a way that all imperfections in the connector pair can be lumped into one connector or the other. This makes it possible to calibrate out imperfections in test port connectors when calibrating network analyzers.
Duodenal and jejunal diverticula causing a pneumoperitoneum.

ABSTRACT A 73-year-old man had vague, mild epigastric discomfort and was subsequently noted to have a nonsurgical pneumoperitoneum, probably from duodenal and jejunal diverticulosis. We suggest a similarity between the formation of gas-filled cysts in pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and the pneumoperitoneum with jejunal diverticulosis. Bacterial gas production may have an important etiologic role.
Improved regional gravity fields on the Moon from Lunar Prospector tracking data by means of localized spherical harmonic functions

[1] An approach to enhance regional gravity fields of the planets using the line-of-sight (LOS) Doppler range-rate measurements is presented. Instead of representing the gravity fields as nonlocalized spherical harmonic functions, I introduced a lumped harmonic representation for obtaining regionally concentrated orthogonal basis functions. Without any regularization or spectral power control, the gravity fields over the four spherical cap regions with the radius of 20° on the nearside of the Moon to degree and order 200 were estimated using all 8 months of the extended mission data from Lunar Prospector. The regional models are variations on the initial global gravity model LP100J. It was found that the regional estimates significantly improve the initial gravity model at all four regions of interest. My improved gravity models fit the LOS Doppler range-acceleration data better than any other global lunar gravity model, especially the data for when the satellite was at low altitude (40 km or less). In addition, a better cross correlation with the topography was obtained from the regional model. The regional enhancement of the correlation was prominent in degrees greater than 100 and in polar regions characterized by clusters of medium- or small-size craters that are presumably uncompensated.
Elucidating brain connectivity networks in major depressive disorder using classification-based scoring

Graph theory is increasingly used in the field of neuroscience to understand the large-scale network structure of the human brain. There is also considerable interest in applying machine learning techniques in clinical settings, for example, to make diagnoses or predict treatment outcomes. Here we used support-vector machines (SVMs), in conjunction with whole-brain tractography, to identify graph metrics that best differentiate individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) from nondepressed controls. To do this, we applied a novel feature-scoring procedure that incorporates iterative classifier performance to assess feature robustness. We found that small-worldness, a measure of the balance between global integration and local specialization, most reliably differentiated MDD from nondepressed individuals. Post-hoc regional analyses suggested that heightened connectivity of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) in MDDs contributes to these differences. The current study provides a novel way to assess the robustness of classification features and reveals anomalies in large-scale neural networks in MDD.
Exact Solution of Generalized Percus-Yevick Equation for a Mixture of Hard Spheres

The Percus-Yevick approximate equation for the radial distribution function of a fluid is generalized to an $m$-component mixture. This approximation which can be formulated by the method of functional Taylor expansion, consists in setting $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)]{C}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)$ equal to ${g}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)[{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)}\ensuremath{-}1]$, where ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}$, ${g}_{\mathrm{ij}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ are the direct correlation function, the radial distribution function and the binary potential between a molecule of species $i$ and $a$ molecule of species $j$. The resulting equation for ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ and ${g}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ is solved exactly for a mixture of hard spheres of diameters ${R}_{i}$. The equation of state obtained from ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)$ via a generalized Ornstein-Zernike compressibility relation has the form $\frac{p}{\mathrm{kT}}={[\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{i}][1+\ensuremath{\xi}+{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}]\ensuremath{-}\frac{18}{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{ilj}^{}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{i}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{j}{({R}_{i}\ensuremath{-}{R}_{j})}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}[{R}_{i}+{R}_{j}+{R}_{i}{R}_{j}(\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{l}R_{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})]}{(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\xi})}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, where ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{i}=\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{6}$ times the density of the $i\mathrm{th}$ component and $\ensuremath{\xi}=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{l}R_{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}$. This equation yields correctly the virial expansion of the pressure up to and including the third power in the densities and is in very good agreement with the available machine computations for a binary mixture. For a one-component system our solution for $C(r)$ and $g(r)$ reduces to that found previously by Wertheim and Thiele and the equation of state becomes identical with that found on the basis of different approximations by Reiss, Frisch, and Lebowitz.
Electric charge modulation of aerosol scavenging in clouds: Rate coefficients with Monte Carlo simulation of diffusion

[1] The effects of electric charge on the scavenging by droplets of aerosol particles, particularly cloud condensation nuclei, appear to have a significant effect on cloud properties and climate. The effects on scavenging are calculated here in a trajectory model relative to the falling droplets, with a Monte Carlo simulation of particle diffusion along the trajectory. The charges are in the range 5–100 elementary charges, consistent with the measured and modeled deposition of small amounts of charge by the flow everywhere of atmospheric electric current density (part of the global circuit) through clouds. Particles move through a corrected Stokes flow field, under the influence of gravitational, phoretic, electric, and drag forces while diffusing. For the general situation of like charges on droplets and aerosol particles, the model simulates the long-range electrical repulsive force that has a net effect of reducing the collision rates for small particles (radii less than about 0.1 μm) below the values for combined Brownian diffusion and phoretic forces. It also simulates the net effect for larger particles of the short-range attractive electric forces in increasing the rate coefficients above the Brownian and phoretic values. Initial validation is provided by treating the case of ventilation in pure Brownian diffusion, for which new and more accurate ventilation coefficients are obtained as a function of the Peclet number. These are applicable to combined diffusion and phoretic scavenging with pure inverse square scavenging forces. The rate constants obtained for the electrical effects, comparable to those for Brownian and phoretic scavenging process, lead to time scales for scavenging in clouds of a few hours, consistent with observations of significant electrical effects on clouds associated with modulation of the global circuit.
Environmental Moderators of Genetic Influences on Adolescent Delinquent Involvement and Victimization

A growing body of empirical research reveals that genetic factors account for a substantial amount of variance in measures of antisocial behaviors. At the same time, evidence is also emerging indicating that certain environmental factors moderate the effects that genetic factors have on antisocial outcomes. Despite this line of research, much remains unknown about the specific environments that may moderate genetic influences on adolescent delinquent involvement and victimization. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether 13 criminogenic environments alter the extent to which genes influence delinquency and victimization. Analysis of sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed significant environmental moderation of genetic influences on measures tapping serious delinquency, violent delinquency, and personal victimization. In general, greater exposure to criminogenic risk factors increases the effects that genetic factors have on these three antisocial outcomes. The implications that these findings have for criminological theory and research are discussed.