cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Permittivity of Two-Phase Media Containing Monodisperse Spheres: Effects of Microstructure and Multiple Scattering

A numerical modeling approach was developed to predict the dielectric properties of heterogeneous particulate materials with arbitrary microstructures. To test the method, simulation and experimental data were acquired for the effective permittivities of various glass sphere suspensions. Both ordered lattices and random microstructures of up to 3600 spheres were modeled for volume fractions of 0.025-0.60. The electric fields in the suspensions were computed using an iterative multipole method that included multiple-scattering effects. The effective permittivities were obtained by averaging the electric field and electric displacement over a representative volume. Frequency spectra, electric field images, and single-scattering results (i.e., no particle-particle interactions) were additionally generated. The results were compared to experimental data for random close-packed microstructures, to effective-medium approximations, to exact lattice models, and to a perturbation expansion model. The comparisons showed the iterative models agreed with the exact lattice models to within 3.31% for crystalline suspensions. Results for random suspensions agreed with the perturbation expansion model to within 1.76% for volume fractions up to 0.50. Single-scattering models additionally predicted permittivities for the microstructures as well as or better than the Maxwell Garnett approximation, suggesting microstructural effects and multipole moments higher than the dipole are required for more accurate statistical prediction of effective permittivities. The effective permittivities, convergence behavior, and dispersion behavior of the simulations were sensitive to both microstructure and the extent of multiple scattering included in the models, illustrating how the macroscopic properties depend significantly on the microscopic details of the interactions. In contrast to other approaches, the iterative multipole method can model both the frequency and spatial dependencies of the electromagnetic properties of particulate materials, as well as a wide variety of microstructures, including polydisperse and hierarchical systems.
Carafe: an inductive fault analysis tool for CMOS VLSI circuits

Traditional fault models for testing CMOS VLSI circuits do not take into account the actual mechanisms that precipitate faults in CMOS circuits. As a result, tests based on traditional fault models may not detect all the faults that occur in the circuit. This paper discusses the Carafe software package which determines which faults are likely to occur in a circuit based on the circuit's physical design, defect parameters, and fabrication technology. >
Low-power clock distribution in a multilayer core 3d microprocessor

Clock distribution networks are extremely critical from a performance and power standpoint. They account for about 20-30% of the total power dissipated in current generation microprocessors. Many three-dimensional (3D) schemes propose to reduce interconnect length to improve performance and decrease power consumption. In this paper we propose a clock distribution network for a 3D multilayer core microprocessor. The 3D microprocessor floor plan has a single core folded onto multiple layers. A separate layer for the clock distribution network is proposed in the 3D microprocessor. This arrangement of a 3D chip stack reduces (a) power lost in long interconnects at block level and (b) in the clock distribution. Simulation results indicate a 15-20% power saving for this clock distribution scheme as compared to a 2D structure. A methodology for turning off the global clock grid along with the logic for an entire layer in a 3D stack is also proposed. Simulation results indicate an additional 8-10% savings in power with minimal impact on the critical parameters of the clock grid.
Optimal exchange of packets for universal recovery in broadcast networks

Consider an arbitrarily connected broadcast network of N nodes that all wish to recover k desired packets. Each node begins with a subset of the desired packets and broadcasts messages to its neighbors. For the case where nodes must transmit an integer number of packets, this paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions which characterize the set of all transmission schemes that permit universal recovery (in which every node learns all k packets). By relaxing the integer transmission constraint, this paper gives a computable lower-bound on the amount of information required to be broadcast to achieve universal recovery. Furthermore, a network-coding-based scheme (computable in polynomial time) can always achieve this lower bound if packet splitting is permitted. In this way, packet splitting can provide a significant reduction in the amount of communication required for universal recovery. For cliques with N nodes, this paper shows that splitting the packet into N - 1 chunks allows the lower bound to be achieved with high probability.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and yet the mechanisms responsible for it remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in humans suggest that a defect in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is the primary metabolic abnormality in insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes. Fatty acids appear to cause this defect in glucose transport by inhibiting insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. A number of different metabolic abnormalities may increase intramyocellular and intrahepatic fatty acid metabolites; these include increased fat delivery to muscle and liver as a consequence of either excess energy intake or defects in adipocyte fat metabolism, and acquired or inherited defects in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Understanding the molecular and biochemical defects responsible for insulin resistance is beginning to unveil novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
A Statement of the Theory

The first formal statement of Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory of differential association appeared in the third edition of his Principles of Criminology, in 1939. Sutherland later pointed out that the idea of differential association was included in an earlier edition of the text, where it was stated that any person can be trained to adopt and follow any pattern of behaviour which he is able to execute, that failure to follow a prescribed pattern of behaviour is due to inconsistencies in the culture, and that “culture conflict” is therefore the fundamental condition to be considered in any explanation of crime.1 He confessed that he was unaware that this statement was a general theory of criminal behaviour.2
Scratchpad Memories in the Context of Process Scaling

Scratchpad memories have been shown to reduce power consumption, but the different characteristics of nanometer scale processes such as increased leakage power motivate an examination of how the benefits of these memories change with process scaling. Awareness of process trends and application characteristics can help designers predict the energy savings likely to result from the use of a scratchpad memory. CACTI simulations show that leakage, as a percentage of total power, may increase, particularly for applications with few memory accesses per second. Measurements from the 0.18 µm and 65 nm versions of the WIMS Microprocessor demonstrate that scratchpad memories will continue to benefit many applications, even with increased leakage energy, for the foreseeable future.
Listeria: Properties and Occurrences

The genus Listeria includes several species (15 currently recognized) of which one, Listeria monocytogenes , is the only human pathogen. L . monocytogenes , a facultative intracellular pathogen, can cause severe foodborne disease (listeriosis) to individuals at risk (pregnant women and their fetuses, elderly, and immunocompromised patients). Deli meats, soft (especially Mexican-style) cheeses, and fresh produce have been implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis. A number of adaptive traits, including ability to grow in the cold, allow the bacteria to colonize food processing environments. Extensive information is available on Listeria 's mechanisms for environmental persistence, food contamination, and interactions with animal hosts.
Maximizing the Utility of Consumption with Reversible Annuities

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the relation between the reversibility of annuities and retirees' reluctance to annuitize. To this end, we assume the existence of reversible annuities, whose surrender charge is a proportion of their purchase value. We model a retiree as a utility-maximizing economic agent who can invest in a financial market with a risky and a riskless asset and who can purchase or surrender reversible annuities. We define the wealth of an individual as the total value of her risky and riskless assets, which is required to be non-negative during her lifetime. We solve this incomplete market utility maximization problem via duality arguments and obtain semi-analytical solutions. We find that the optimal annuitization strategy depends on the size of proportional surrender charge, with lower proportional surrender charges leading to more annuitization. We also find that full annuitization is optimal when there is no surrender charge or when the retiree is very risk averse. Surprisingly, we find that in the case for which the proportional surrender charge is larger than a critical value, an individual behaves as if annuities are not reversible at all. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our results.
What Kind of Corporate Objectives

What are the most effective ways of devising overall corporate objectives?Here are analyses of six different categories of marketing objectives, especially useful to top management.
Immunochemical Characterization of the Polysaccharide Antigens of Group B Streptococci

Mouse monoclonal antibodies were used in the immunochemical characterization of the polysaccharide antigens of group B streptococci (GBS). Monoclonal antibodies specific for the sialylated form of the GBS type III polysaccharide were highly protective in a mouse model of GBS type III infection, whether of IgM, IgG2a, or IgA isotypes, but monoclonal antibodies specific for the nonsialylated form of the type III antigen were not protective, regardless of isotype. Monoclonal antibodies reacting with the type II polysaccharide antigen could be divided into two general antigen binding groups on the basis of the ability of P-methylgalactopyranoside to inhibit their binding to purified type II antigen. Various proportions of antibodies with the two specificities were observed in rabbit and human sera. Although it was previously reported that rabbit antisera could not distinguish between the sialylated and nonsialylated forms of the type Ib polysaccharide, mouse monoclonal antibodies were found to exhibit exclusive specificity for one or the other form of the antigen. Only monoclonal antibodies specific for the sialylated Ib polysaccharide were protective in a mouse model.
GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF GENE FLOW IN THE STREAM DWELLING WATERSTRIDER, AQUARIUS (=GERRIS) REMIGIS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE).

Gene flow, in combination with selection and drift, determines levels of differentiation among local populations. In this study we estimate gene flow in a stream dwelling, flightless waterstrider, Aquarius remigis. Twenty-eight Aquarius remigis populations from Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Iowa, North Carolina, and California were genetically characterized at 15 loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Sampling over two years was designed for a hierarchical analysis of population structure incorporating variation among sites within streams, streams within watersheds, watersheds within regions, and regions within North America. Hierarchical F statistics indicated that only sites within streams maintained enough gene flow to prevent differentiation through drift (Nm = 27.5). Above the level of sites within streams gene flow is highly restricted (Nm ≤ 0.5) and no correlation is found between genetic and geographic distances. This agrees well with direct estimates of gene flow based on mark and recapture data, yielding an Ne of approximately 170 individuals. Previous assignment of subspecific status to Californian A. remigis is not supported by genetic distances between those populations and other populations in North America. Previous suggestion of specific status for south-eastern A. remigis is supported by genetic distances between North Carolina populations and other populations in North America, and a high proportion of region specific alleles in the North Carolina populations. However, because of the high degree of morphological and genetic variability throughout the range of this species, the assignment of specific or subspecific status to parts of the range may be premature.
Depression Trajectories of Antenatally Depressed and Nondepressed Young Mothers: Implications for Child Socioemotional Development.

Abstract Objectives This study explores the longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms in young mothers and investigate the consequences of maternal depression for children's birth outcomes and behavioral adjustment. Hypothesis Antenatal depression puts children of young mothers at risk for adjustment difficulties by adversely impacting birth outcomes and maternal symptoms after birth. Methods Data were drawn from a three-wave randomized, controlled trial of a statewide home visiting program for young primiparous women. A subsample of women ( n = 400) who were prenatal at intake was used in the analysis. Mothers were divided into an antenatally depressed group (ADG; 40%) and a healthy group (HG) based on their symptoms at intake. Mothers reported depressive symptoms at intake and 12- and 24-month follow-up, and filled out a checklist of child behavior problems at 24 months follow-up. Perinatal and birth outcomes were derived from the Electronic Birth Certificate collected by the State Department of Public Health at discharge from the hospital. Results ADG and HG had similar pregnancy characteristics and birth outcomes, but ADG reported more child behavioral problems. Multigroup latent growth curve analysis provided evidence for distinct depression trajectories. A mediation hypothesis was not supported. In both groups, steeper increase in symptoms over time predicted more mother-reported child behavioral problems. Conclusions Findings are consistent with studies linking antenatal depression with post-birth symptoms, underscoring the importance of prenatal screening for depression.
Abstract IA02: Molecular pathogenesis of IDH mutant cancers and evolving treatment strategies

IDH1 and IDH2 mutations have now been described in a variety of cancers including gliomas, acute myelogenous leukemias, chondrosarcomas, cholangiocarcinomas, and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Tumor-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutants produce large amounts of the R enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), which accumulates to mM levels in IDH mutant tumor cells. R-2HG modulates (usually inhibits) various 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes, including various 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Examples of such dioxygenases include the JmjC family of histone demethylases and the TET methylcytosine hydroxylases. The challenge for the field has been to determine which enzymes, when modulated by R-2HG, drive transformation and which are simply bystanders. We developed a cell-based assay for hematopoietic transformation by mutant IDH and showed that transformation in this setting is indeed mediated by R-2HG and that its effects are reversible. Moreover, we and others provided evidence that inhibition of TET2 by R-2HG contributes to leukemic transformation in cells carrying IDH mutations. Small molecules that block R-2HG production appear promising based on early Phase 1 data in IDH1 and IDH2 mutant leukemias. We also developed a model of astrocytic transformation by IDH. We found that activation of the EglN prolyl hydroxylases, which target the HIF transcription factor for destruction, by R-2HG promotes soft agar growth by immortalized astrocytes but is not sufficient to promote tumor growth in immunocompromised mice. More recently we have developed an oncogene cooperation assay in which mutant IDH promotes tumor growth in mice. In addition, we have identified an enzyme in glioma cells that, when inhibited by R-2HG, creates a distinctive metabolic profile and renders IDH mutant cells dependent on glutaminase activity for survival. Citation Format: William G. Kaelin, Jr. Molecular pathogenesis of IDH mutant cancers and evolving treatment strategies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radiographs for Evaluation of Carpal Osteoarthritis

Background We sought to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for grading of osteoarthritis in patients with scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC), and to determine whether MRI is more likely than radiographs to detect carpal osteoarthritis. Methods Radiographs and MR studies of 46 patients with SLAC and SNAC arthritis were reviewed by two hand surgeons and two radiologists and were graded according to severity of osteoarthritis at seven carpal joints. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was assessed using a weighted kappa analysis. Odds ratios were calculated to compare the likelihood of MRI versus radiographs in the determination of moderate or severe osteoarthritis. Results Measures of reliability were higher for MRI than radiographs. For radiographic assessment of all patients combined, interobserver agreement was moderate and intraobserver agreement was also moderate. For MRI, interobserver agreement was substantial and intraobserver agreement was almost perfect. In all joints combined for patients with SLAC and SNAC, MRI was 2.42 times more likely to demonstrate moderate osteoarthritis compared with radiographs. In patients with SLAC, MRI was 11.73 times more likely than radiographs to show moderate osteoarthritis at the radiolunate joint. In patients with SNAC, there was no difference in demonstration of moderate osteoarthritis on MRI compared with radiographs. Conclusion Carpal osteoarthritis can be more reliably assessed on MRI than radiographs. MRI is more sensitive at demonstrating moderate changes of osteoarthritis than radiographs, especially at the radiolunate joint in patients with SLAC arthritis. This has implications for surgical management of SLAC/SNAC arthritis and preoperative planning. MRI should be included in the diagnostic workup and evaluation of patients with SLAC and SNAC arthritis. Level of Evidence Diagnostic III.
IoT smart parking system for reducing green house gas emission

Rapid climate change results natural calamity and severe economic impact and threats to the life. Burning fossil fuels by the medium of transportation contributes 1/3 of portion in increasing greenhouse emission and leading to raise surface temperate. Commuters in and around the developed cities faces difficulties in finding parking lot due to lack of notification process and autonomous parking systems. This causes commuters to take multiple rounds trips to get the parking slot which causes burning additional fuel and ultimately producing excessive CO 2 emission. This paper describes solution to smart parking system using Internet of Things (IoT) to override parking hazards and explains how does it helps to minimize emitting greenhouse gases. IoT enables smart parking system using the system of interconnected Raspberry Pi, Distance Sensor, Pi Camera devices together. This hardware reacts to one another collects data and transmits to cloud storage.
Black Intellectuals and Black Studies: A Macrostory

Black intellectual history has continually shifted between the poles of integration and separation (both voluntary and involuntary) since the founding of the country. Prior to the Civil War it was impossible for most African Americans to gain literacy. Following the Civil War a great debate rose between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois on the utility of vocational education versus liberal arts. Although Washington won the initial battle for resources, Black pursuit of liberal arts increased dramatically after World War II. However, by the 1960s a new generation of Black students and some Black scholars began to question the utility of a liberal arts that excluded their history and showed little interest in solving the problems of their communities.
Dual phase Tc-99m sestamibi planar, SPECT and SPECT/CT for localization of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

47 Objectives: Pre-operative parathyroid imaging in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is increasingly being used to localize parathyroid adenoma and to guide surgeons during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Although different protocols are in use, few direct comparisons exist. This study sought to determine the optimal imaging protocol for pre-operative parathyroid adenoma localization comparing single and combined early and delayed Tc-99m sestamibi planar, SPECT and SPECT/CT methods. Methods: Between 4/2003 and 7/2005, 210 patients had Tc-99m sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy; 108 diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism who had no prior neck surgery were analyzed. At 15 minutes and 2 hours post-injection, 10 minute anterior, 35 degree RAO and 35 degree LAO planar images were acquired; planar imaging was immediately followed by SPECT/CT. Studies were acquired on a GE Millenium VG or Infinia. Six image sets were anonymized: early and delayed planar, early and delayed SPECT and early and delayed SPECT/CT. Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians interpreted the 6 single image sets and combinations of 2 image sets (19 different readings) to determine the presence or absence of an adenoma at 13 locations. Each image set or combination was scored using a 5 point scale for certainty of focus and certainty of location. Surgical location was the gold standard. Data were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy (AUC of ROC curve), PPV and NPV, and correlation with patient characteristics. Scores of 1-3 were considered negative and 4-5 positive. Results: There were 33 males and 75 females; mean age was 60.0 yrs (28.2-94.0). Overall kappa value was 0.69; lowest kappa values were for planar images while highest kappa values were for combinations. Overall lateralization AUC, PPV and NPV were 80.5%, 96.7% and 69.8%, respectively. Overall precise localization AUC, PPV and NPV were 73.3%, 78.9% and 95.1%, respectively. When inferior and inferior-posterior locations were combined, overall precise localization AUC, PPV and NPV were 77.3%, 89.9% and 95.0%, respectively. Highest AUC and PPV were found in dual phase image sets which included combinations of early SPECT/CT with any late image set. Significant correlations were found between certainty of focus and adenoma mass (p Conclusions: Addition of SPECT/CT imaging to dual phase parathyroid planar scintigraphy using Tc-99m sestamibi demonstrates significant increases in accuracy and PPV when compared to single time point planar and SPECT studies.
Thermal stress weathering and the spalling of Antarctic rocks

Using in situ field measurements, laboratory analyses, and numerical modeling, we test the potential efficacy of thermal stress weathering in the flaking of millimeter-thick alteration rinds observed on cobbles and boulders of Ferrar Dolerite on Mullins Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV). In particular, we examine whether low-magnitude stresses, arising from temperature variations over time, result in thermal fatigue weathering, yielding slow crack propagation along existing cracks and ultimate flake detachment. Our field results show that during summer months clasts of Ferrar Dolerite experience large-temperature gradients across partially detached alteration rinds (>4.7°C mm−1) and abrupt fluctuations in surface temperature (up to 12°C min−1); the latter are likely due to the combined effects of changing solar irradiation and cooling from episodic winds. The results of our thermal stress model, coupled with subcritical crack growth theory, suggest that thermal stresses induced at the base of thin alteration rinds ~2 mm thick, common on rocks exposed for ~105 years, may be sufficient to cause existing cracks to propagate under present-day meteorological forcing, eventually leading to rind detachment. The increase in porosity observed within alteration rinds relative to unaltered rock interiors, as well as predicted decreases in rind strength based on allied weathering studies, likely facilitates thermal stress crack propagation through a reduction of fracture toughness. We conclude that thermal stress weathering may be an active, though undervalued, weathering process in hyperarid, terrestrial polar deserts such as the stable upland region of the MDV.
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structure: nailing down a moving target

Structure determination of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) presented a number of challenges, but several high-resolution structures have now become available. In 2013, cryo-EM and x-ray structures of soluble, cleaved SOSIP Env trimers from the clade A BG505 strain provided the first glimpses into the Env trimer fold as well as more the variable regions. A recent cryo-EM structure of a native full-length trimer without any stabilizing mutations had the same core structure, but revealed new insights and features. A more comprehensive and higher resolution understanding of the glycan shield has also emerged, enabling a more complete representation of the Env glycoprotein structure. Complexes of Env trimers with broadly neutralizing antibodies have surprisingly illustrated that most of the Env surface can be targeted in natural infection and that the neutralizing epitopes are almost all composed of both peptide and glycan components. These structures have also provided further evidence of the inherent plasticity of Env and how antibodies can exploit this flexibility by perturbing or even stabilizing the trimer to facilitate neutralization. These breakthroughs have stimulated further design and stabilization of Env trimers as well as other platforms to generate trimers that now span multiple subtypes. These Env trimers when used as immunogens, have led to the first vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies for structural and functional analyses.
An FPGA-based design for joint control and monitoring of permanent magnet synchronous motors

We present an FPGA-based design approach that will allow motor control and on-board condition monitoring to be achieved in parallel using the same set of physical variables. The key idea lies in exploiting the parallelism of FPGAs to achieve the joint objectives of control and monitoring using common physical variables, namely motor phase currents. For illustration, a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) governed by Field Oriented Control (FOC) and health monitoring using Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is considered. Since FOC is computationally intensive, the control algorithm is optimized for speed using distributed pipelining and an FFT-core is utilized for MCSA. The design stage uses MATLAB/Simulink for the reference control coupled with HDL coder for VHDL generation. The synthesis and timing analysis are done with Altera's Quartus II. The tool-chain allows easy analysis and optimization of model-based motor control algorithms. The results show that the joint objectives can be obtained with decreased current and torque ripple at the expense of modest increases in resource utilization.
Total-variation regularized Fourier ptychographic microscopy with multiplexed coded illumination

We propose an iterative Total-variation (TV) regularized reconstruction method for inverse problem of Fourier Ptychography with coded illumination. Our simulated and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new model.
The Structure and Comparison of Three Real-Time Operating Systems for Process Control

Abstract The central core of a real time computer control system is the operating system which handles the allocation of the computer resources. Any realtime operating system can be shown to have a fundamental structure and data base which will be discussed in this paper. In implementing such a system for a given application, a subset of the general form and data base is used in order to efficiently handle the given application, decrease the time spent in the executive and reduce the size and storage requirements. However, in doing so one changes the flexibility and how the system operates. It is these tradeoffs and assumptions which we study in this paper. We shall look at three systems: the GE Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System (RTMOS), the IBM 1800 Multiprogramming Executive (MPX) and the XDS Sigma 5 Real-Time Batch Monitor (RBM-2). It will be shown that each of these three systems has certain parts which are more flexible than the others. However, it would not be economical, desirable nor practical for a process control size system to have the same degree of flexibility in all parts. It is shown that each of these systems has a balance between capability, flexibility, and time response. The discussion will primarily show that there exists a commonality of structure and of necessary information even though the three systems were developed completely independently of each other.
Enacting high reliability principles while caring for people with Ebola Virus Disease.

Background Fear surrounds Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) because it is highly infectious. Yet members of the Serious Communicable Diseases Unit (SCDU) at Emory University Hospital (EUH) had to overcome that fear when caring for patients with EVD. Purpose The analysis reported here illustrates how the members of EUH's SCDU tacitly enacted high reliability (HR) principles while caring for patients with EVD. Methods A qualitative study was conducted to describe the experience of members of the EUH SCDU who worked with EVD patients in 2014. We completed 17 semi-structured interviews involving registered nurses, physicians, and support personnel (eg, laboratory technicians). Interview recordings were transcribed and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Exploring HR principles was not among the questions guiding this exploration, but the participants repeatedly described concepts related to HR. Results The goal of the SCDU team was to save patients' lives while protecting their own lives. Rigorous training and meeting high standards were required to make the team. The fear surrounding EVD set in motion the enactment of HR principles. HR principles served to alleviate failures or breakdowns in infection prevention and control, thus keeping patients and staff safe. Conclusions These findings illustrate that it is possible to move HR principles from theory to practice in high-risk situations. HR principles were essential to safety and to infection prevention and control.
Reflections on Identity, God and Lawyers

In this essay, we argue that a public sphere that welcomes identity and values offers a way to bolster liberal democracy against the challenge from populist nationalism. We further suggest that religious lawyering offers a preliminary way to assess this proposition. We build on two of Michael Sandel's insights -- that the dominant elite understanding of the Procedural Republic excludes identity and values from the public sphere and that when globalization and technological change cause anxiety, the Procedural Republic lacks the capacity to cultivate the civic virtues necessary to protect liberal democracy from anti-liberal and anti-democratic ideologies. In addition to Sandel's observation that the Procedural Republic fails to promote civility and social solidarity, we suggest that it also encourages an indifference to others, facilitates lawlessness, masks systemic injustices, and promotes demonization of those with differing comprehensive philosophies. As an alternative to the Procedural Republic, we propose an open public sphere. It provides liberal democracy with the resources found in identities and values, encourages dialogue rather than demonization, and exposes systemic injustice. To examine the advantages and disadvantages of the open public sphere, the Essay uses the example of the religious lawyering literature. Religious lawyering challenges the Procedural Republic's dominant conception of the lawyer's role that seeks to exclude identity and values from a lawyer's work. We suggest that a conception of role that includes identity and values provides resources to support the professional values of treating clients respectfully, acting civilly toward all, and promoting equal rights and equal justice. For example, religious conceptions such as the Golden Rule and the creation of all people in God's image provide the basis for a dialogue inviting those with religiously grounded illiberal values to embrace equal respect for all people.
Nonconvex Quadratic Programming, Semidefinite Relaxations and Randomization Algorithms in Information and Decision Systems

Nonconvex quadratic optimization problems and the methods for their analysis have been on the center stage of information and decision systems for the past 50 years. Although most of these problems are very complex in general, all of them may be relaxed to semidefinite programs. In many cases, this relaxation is tight or it may be bounded. The solution to those programs facilitates the solution to the original nonconvex problem, notably via efficient randomization techniques. Engineering applications of nonconvex quadratic programming and related solution techniques are virtually infinite. Examples extracted from the current literature on information and decision systems are provided. These examples include network optimization problems, linear and nonlinear control problems and important linear algebra problems.
Sociocultural Issues in Soviet Psychological Research

This chapter by Professor L. A. Venger touches on most of the high points of Soviet developmental theory over the past seven decades. Given the richness of this tradition, his chapter is quite an accomplishment. Venger has managed to summarize a set of major ideas in such a way that readers are not short changed of anything; instead, they are encouraged to read more of the writings cited (several of which are now translated from Russian into other languages). Of particular importance in my opinion is the fact that Venger has gone into some detail on the contributions of psychologists such as Zaporozhets, Elkonin, Poddiakov, and Venger himself. These are authors whose names are familiar to Western audiences, but their work is not as well known as that of figures such as Vygotsky, Leontiev, and Luria. This lacuna in our knowledge is clearly our loss.
[17] Hadamard’s formula and variation of domain-functions

In this important paper, Schiffer opens new pathways for the variational method. He had previously introduced a generalization of the classical formula of Hadamard (Memoires presentes par divers savants a l’Academie de Sciences, 33(4), 1–128, 1908) for variation of Green’s function. Hadamard’s analysis relied on normal displacement of the boundary and required that the domain be smoothly bounded. Recognizing the need for greater generality for application to extremal problems, Schiffer (Amer. J. Math., 65, 341–360, 1943) developed the method of interior variation and applied it to the coefficient problem for univalent functions. In Schiffer (Amer. J. Math., 68, 417–448, 1946), he turns attention to a variety of extremal problems involving quantities expressible in terms of Green’s function: transfinite diameter, harmonic measures, canonical mappings of multiply connected domains, the Bergman kernel function, etc. Here the insight is that a variation of Green’s function induces a variational formula for any such quantity.
Solving equations via algebras

This chapter studies algebras obtained as the quotient of a polynomial ring by an ideal of finite codimension. These algebras have a rich supply of interesting linear maps whose eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and characteristic polynomials can be used to solve systems of polynomial equations. We will also discuss applications to resultants, factorization, primary decomposition, and Galois theory.
Biodiversity requirements for self-sustaining space colonies

Abstract Human colonization of space or other planets is often justified as a bet-hedging strategy, an effort to avert human extinction in the event of a catastrophe on Earth. To fulfill this bet-hedging role, space colonies would need to be self-sustaining in the sense of providing long-term support for human life in the absence of material or technological inputs from Earth. Existing life support systems and experiments with closed ecological systems have demonstrated the difficulty of attaining such self-sufficiency. Natural ecological systems persist in the long-term by incorporating a high level of biodiversity, providing functional redundancy and adaptability in the face of changing conditions. Humans will invariably bring a diverse assemblage of microbial species with them into space, and macroscopic species can serve a variety of resource-provisioning or ecosystem-regulating roles. I suggest that a high degree of biodiversity will be required to assemble truly self-sustaining ecological systems capable of providing for long-term persistence of human populations. The spread of Earth's biodiversity carries ethical implications which deserve careful consideration.
Computers in Critical Care

This article reviews the current state-of-the-art and future applications of computers in critical care, with particular attention to ventilator and drug-delivery applications. Automated charting, alerts and alarms, and tools for decision support (such as expert systems and closed-loop control) are discussed also.
Does Empathy Have a Cost? Older Adults and Social Partners Experiencing Problems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Empathy underlies older adults' awareness and responses to their social partners' needs, but it is unclear whether such awareness is beneficial or harmful to older adults' well-being. We examined whether older adults' empathy was associated with having encounters with social partners incurring problems and their own well-being throughout the day. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were adults aged more than 65 years from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study. These older adults (n = 313) rated empathy and indicated social partners' problems (e.g., health, emotional, and financial problems) in a baseline interview. They also reported encounters with social partners and their mood every 3 hr over 5-6 days. RESULTS Multiple regressions showed that more empathic older adults reported a greater proportion of social partners with major life problems than less empathic older adults. Older adults' empathy was not associated with their contact or negative encounters with social partners experiencing problems. Multilevel models revealed that encounters with these social partners had negative consequences for older adults' mood throughout the day; however, these consequences were reduced in more empathic older adults. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study emphasizes the importance of empathy in late life and refines our understanding of older adults' social lives and well-being. Findings carry implications for interventions that aim to protect older adults' well-being when their close others incur crises.
F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis

Objective: We previously demonstrated that plasma levels of F-actin and Thymosin Beta 4 differs among patients with septic shock, non-infectious systemic inflammatory syndrome and healthy controls ...
Endovascular and Surgical Treatment Is Predictive of Readmission Risk After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a debilitating disease process accounting for 5% of strokes. Although improvements in care have reduced the case-fatality rates, patients have an increased risk of neurological and medical complications after discharge. Additionally, the readmission rates have been increasingly used as a metric for patient care quality. Methods In the present study, we reviewed the medical records of 206 patients who had been treated for aSAH at the University of Virginia from 2011 to 2018 to identify the causes and predictors of readmission. Results The all-cause readmission rate was 9.8%, 15.3%, and 21.3% within 30, 60, and 180 days, respectively. The readmission rate for neurologic causes was 7.7%, 12.6%, and 18.0% within 30, 60, and 180 days, respectively. The neurologic causes of readmission included aneurysm retreatment, cranioplasty, a fall, hydrocephalus, stroke symptoms, and syncope. Surgical treatment (odds ratio [OR], 4.11–6.30) and endovascular treatment (OR, 3.79–8.33) of vasospasm were associated with an increased risk of all-cause readmission. Endovascular aneurysm treatment (OR, 0.22) was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause readmission. The average interval to the first follow-up appointment at our institution was 55.3 ± 63.3 days. Of the patients who had been readmitted from the emergency room, 65% had not had follow-up contact with physicians at our institution until their readmission. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to have examined the readmission rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage >90 days after treatment. Our results have suggested that the readmission rates >90 days after treatment could still be predicted by the hospital and treatment course during admission and that follow-up appointments with patients earlier in the clinic could identify those patients with a greater risk of readmission.
Accessible Online Meetings and Presentations

In our current situation, conferences, classes, and meetings are moving online. What steps can you take to ensure that your activities are welcoming to a diverse audience, including people with disabilities? This presentation will look at proactive strategies you can take to ensure that your meetings and presentations are accessible to a wide audience. We'll talk about communication with participants, preparation, presentation materials, technology, and accommodations.
Managing Climate Change Risks: Sea Level Rise and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large sample over the period 1986 to 2017, we show that companies with higher exposure to climate change risk induced by sea-level rise (SLR) tend to acquire firms that are unlikely to be directly affected by SLR. We find that acquirers with higher SLR exposure experience significantly higher announcement-period abnormal stock returns. Post-merger, analyst forecasts become more accurate and environmental-related as well as overall ESG scores improve.
Gene Expression and Data Analysis Pipeline Using Cancer BioPortal in the Classroom

At institutions with an emphasis on authentic research experiences as an integral part of the biology curriculum, COVID created a huge challenge for course instructors whose learning objectives were designed for such experiences. Moving such laboratory experiences online when remote learning became necessary has resulted in a new model for CUREs that utilizes free online databases to provide not only a novel research experience for students, but also the opportunity to engage in big data analysis. Cancer BioPortal (cBioPortal) is an open-access collective cancer research resource for storing and exploring clinical, genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic data. cBioPortal eliminates the computational barrier of interpreting complex genomic data by providing easily understandable visualization that can be interpreted and translated into relevant biological insights. Because no prior computational knowledge is required, cBioPortal is an ideal educational tool for either in-person or distance learning environments. We developed a pedagogical approach, video tutorials, and data analysis workflows centered on using cBioPortal. Pedagogically, students develop an initial research outline that is continually updated and graded throughout the project. Progress during the project or course is assessed by a series of student presentations that are 5 to 15 minutes in length and are aimed at explaining the approach used in data acquisition, interpretation of the data, and relevance to the initial hypothesis. While cancer-specific, this analysis platform appeals to a wide range of classes and student interests. Further, the project has been successfully done both as an independent research experience and as part of a virtual class-based research project.
Association between pre-diagnostic circulating adipokines and colorectal cancer and adenoma in the CLUE II cohort

Obesity is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) and adenoma. Obese individuals have higher circulating concentrations of certain endocrine and immune factors produced by adipocytes thought to partially underlie the association between obesity and colorectal neoplasia. Thus, we evaluated the association of plasma concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (sTNFR2) with CRC and adenoma. We ascertained 193 CRC cases and 193 matched controls, and 131 colorectal adenoma cases and 131 matched controls who had had an endoscopy nested in the CLUE II cohort of Washington County, MD. Plasma markers were measured using ELISA. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from conditional logistic regression for quartiles of the plasma markers separately for CRC and adenoma. Adjusting for leptin and adiponectin, sTNFR2 was positively associated with CRC only in men (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.11–8.86), which was unchanged adjusting for BMI (3.46, 95% CI 1.19–10.06). Leptin and adiponectin were not associated with CRC risk overall or in men or women. Adiponectin, leptin, and sTNFR2 were not associated with adenoma risk overall or in men or women. In this study, leptin and adiponectin were not associated with colorectal carcinogenesis and thus do not appear to underlie the association between obesity and colorectal carcinogenesis. sTNFR2, which we measured as a correlate of TNF-α, was positively associated with CRC in men adjusting for BMI, suggesting that TNF-α may influence colorectal carcinogenesis independent of adipocyte production.