cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of hierarchical software metrics

One of the main goals of software engineering is to assess the quality of the software we develop, however this is to be measured. A software metric, assigning a number to each piece of program text, will generally attempt to address one or more quality attributes in its assessment. These might include software reliability, testability, maintainability, and the like, and, in general, a kind of complexity of the software in some specific and restricted sense. In this tutorial a new cubic flowgraph model is introduced and shown to be useful in exploring a whole range of software metric design and analysis techniques, specifically in reference to the subclass of software metrics that are said to be hierarchical. In particular, the cubic flowgraph model leads to the discovery of certain inequalities among existing metrics, serves to provide a new characterization of the important class of prime flowgraphs, and points the way to an. effective method for counting and enumerating the primes.
Discrete-time models for statistically self-similar signals

Wide-sense statistical self-similarity in continuous-time random processes is defined through invariance of its first-order and second-order statistics to scaling in time. Since scaling has an unambiguous definition in continuous-time but not in discrete-time, researchers have provided various definitions of discrete-time self-similarity without reference to scaling. This paper proposes a discrete-time continuous-dilation scaling operator and develops a framework based on it for formulating statistical self-similarity from first principles in a manner analogous to the continuous-time development. Relationship between the resulting model and fractional order transfer function systems is presented. The potential for using this model in applications involving long-range dependent phenomena is explored.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINIMUM-WAGE INCREASES IN REDUCING POVERTY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Extending the work of Card and Krueger, we find minimum-wage increases (1988–2003) did not affect poverty rates overall, or among the working poor or among single mothers. Despite employment growth among single mothers, most gainers lived in nonpoor families and most working poor already had wages above the proposed minimums. Simulating a new federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, we find 87% of workers who benefit live in nonpoor families. Poor single mothers receive 3.8% of all benefits. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit would far more effectively reduce poverty, especially for single mothers. (JEL J21, J31, J38)
The effect of internet-based cognitive rehabilitation in persons with memory impairments after severe traumatic brain injury.

Primary objective: The current study examined whether cognitive rehabilitation delivered over the Internet was associated with improvements in functioning.Research design: A total of 14 individuals with medically documented traumatic brain injury completed this study. Participants completed 30 sessions of an active calendar acquisition intervention and 30 sessions of a control diary intervention in a cross-over study design for a total of 60 online sessions. All sessions were completed using an instant messaging system via the Internet. Measures of cognitive functioning, ratings of memory and mood and frequency of use of common memory and cognitive compensation techniques were gathered from participants and family members.Main outcomes and results: There were no significant differences between the active and control conditions on the primary outcome measure of memory functioning. However, significant improvements in use of compensatory strategies as well as family reports of improved memory and mood were ...
A phase II trial of image-guided radiofrequency ablation of small invasive breast carcinomas: use of saline-cooled tip electrode.

Local ablative therapy of breast cancer represents the next frontier in the evolution of minimally-invasive breast conservation therapy. We performed this Phase II trial to determine the efficacy and safety of Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of small invasive breast carcinomas. Seventeen patients with biopsy-proven invasive breast cancer, ≤ 1.5 cm in diameter were enrolled in this trial. Under ultrasound guidance, the tumor and a 5 mm margin of surrounding breast tissue were ablated with saline-cooled RF electrode followed by surgical resection. Pathologic and immunohistochemical stains were performed to assess tumor viability. We examined whether loss of ER, PR receptor and pancytokeratin expression following RF ablation would correlate with non-viability. Fifteen patients completed the treatment. The mean tumor size was 1.28 cm. The mean ablation time was 21 minutes using a mean power of 35.5 watts. During ablation, the tumors became progressively echogenic that corresponded with the region of severe electrocautery injury at pathological examination. Of the 15 treated patients, NADPH viability staining was available for 14 patients and in 13 (92.8%), there was no evidence of viable malignant cells. ER, PR expression and pancytokeratin immunohistochemistry analysis were unreliable surrogates for determining non-viability. Following RF ablation, 2 patients developed skin puckering. RF ablation is a promising minimally invasive treatment of small breast carcinomas, as it can achieve effective cell killing with a low complication rate. Further research is necessary to optimize this image-guided technique and evaluate its future role as the sole local therapy.
A recent look at the factors influencing workforce retention in public child welfare

Abstract Consistency of services to children and their families continues to be an ongoing problem in public child welfare agencies. Worker turnover is high, thus affecting the availability of a well trained, experienced workforce. It is critical that we continue to explore the factors associated with worker turnover and retention in public child welfare agencies. Such knowledge will allow us to determine the needs of workers, administrators, and the agency in general, in an effort to create an environment that will result in worker retention, and a better quality of services. Children and their families will be major benefactors of such knowledge as the consistency and quality of services will be enhanced. Existing research has found that outcomes for families and children are affected by the workload and training of frontline workers, and organizational characteristics (GAO, 2003, NASW, 2004, and Milner, 2003). This study describes personal and organizational factors relative to worker retention for public child welfare workers in the northwest corridor of Georgia.
Intestinal protein loss in shigellosis

Abstract Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease with an invasive bacterial pathophysiology resulting in loss of serum and blood into the feces, which probably contributes to the substantial mortality and growth stunting demonstrated to occur with the illness. Loss of serum into the feces was measured in adults with shigellosis using clearance of α 1 -antitrypsin, a serum protein that is not normally excreted in the feces and is resistant to proteolysis. The median loss of serum was 277 ml per day and ranged to greater than one liter. Loss of serum proteins, immune factors and micronutrients during shigellosis is likely to play an important role in malnutrition, risk of subsequent infectious diseases, and mortality.
SPECIFICITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI LYSINE AUXOTROPH GROWTH KINETICS AND LYSINE ASSAY RESPONSE TO VARIOUS SOLUBLE MAILLARD REACTION PRODUCTS

Lysine availability in foods or feeds can be rapidly assessed by an Escherichia coli lysine auxotroph (lys - ) based assay. The overall objective of these studies was to examine if the accuracy of this lysine assay was affected by the presence of different soluble Maillard reaction products (MRP) in a model system. The standard curve without addition of MRP was parallel to the standard curves with addition of histidine-MRP (histidine with glucose) or arginine-MRP (arginine with glucose). The y-axis intercept of the standard curve without addition of MRP was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the y-axis intercepts of the standard curves with addition of MRP. This data indicated that MRP inhibited lys - growth when limited by lysine concentration, and accurate determination of lysine availability in food or feed sample may require an internal standard curve where known lysine increments are added to the samples to be analyzed.
Fluence- and time-dependant lysosomal and mitochondrial damage induced by LS11 PDT characterized with light scattering

Light scattering from cells originates from sub-cellular organelles. Our measurements of angularly resolved light scattering have demonstrated that at 633 nm, the dominant scattering centers within EMT6 cells are mitochondria and lysosomes. To assess their specific contributions, we have used photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce organelle-specific perturbations within intact cells. We have developed a coated sphere scattering model for mitochondrial swelling in response to ALA- and Pc 4-PDT, and in the case of Pc 4-PDT we have used this model to map the scattering responses into clonogenic cell survival. More recently, we demonstrated the ability to measure the size, scattering contribution, and refractive index of lysosomes within cells by exploiting the localization and high extinction of the photosensitizer LS11 and an absorbing sphere scattering model. Here we report on time- and fluence-dependant scattering measurements from cells treated with LS11-PDT. LS11-PDT causes rapid lysosomal disruption, as quantified by uptake of acridine orange, and can induce downstream effects including release of mitochondrial cytochrome c preceding the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Reiners et al., Cell Death Differ. 9:934, 2002). Using scattering and these various methods of analysis, we observed that the induction of lysosomal morphology changes requires a fluence significantly higher than that reported for cell killing. At lower fluences, we observe that at 1 h after irradiation there is significant mitochondrial swelling, consistent with the onset of cytochrome c-induced cell death, while the morphology of lysosomes remains unchanged. We also expand on the ideas of lysosomal staining to demonstrate the sensitivity of scattering measurements at different wavelengths to different organelle populations.
“A Maturity of Thought Very Rare in Young Girls”: Women’s Public Engagement in Nineteenth-Century High School Commencement Essays

Though largely debarred from public rhetorical performance as adult women, young women in the nineteenth-century US received rhetorical training and performed their original compositions before large public audiences as high school students. Their access to the academic platform stemmed in part from their politically contained position as students and “girls” in this context. But students used these opportunities to intervene in political debates and to comment on their experiences as women and students. These rhetorical interventions represent an important part of our rhetorical history, shedding light on a significant rhetorical opportunity for many young women across the US.
Improved microwave-transistor structure

An improved microwave-transistor structure, in which the active and inactive base regions are formed by separate processes, is described. In this structure, a low base resistance is obtained by the use of a heavily doped inactive base region, which has a low sheet resistance and which also, by lateral diffusion, reduces the effective width of the emitter. At the same time, the active base region, formed by ion implantation, is separately optimised to improve the current-gain cutoff frequency. Transistors with the improved structure have noise factors of 2.3 dB at 4 GHz, compared with 3.6 dB for transistors with the same geometry but fabricated by the conventional double-diffusion process.
222 THE LOCALIZATION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE AND INSULIN RECEPTORS IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA

The interactions of hormones with plasma membranes in the human placenta have not been characterized for specific maternal and fetal components. The human placenta is exposed to maternal blood at the microvillus brush border membrane (MVBB) and to fetal blood at basal plasma membranes (BPM). In order to clarify possible hormone membrane interactions at these two sites, hormone sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC), insulin receptor and marker enzyme analyses were compared in MVBB and in BPM from 10 term human placentas. MVBB was 12 fold enriched in alkaline phosphatase, 5′nucleotidase, Mg-ATPase and in specific insulin binding. Adenylate cyclase could not be demonstrated in the MVBB. Basal plasma membranes, prepared after removal of the MVBB, were rich in AC; basal activity was 46±5.6pmolesmg-1 min-1 ≥ and sensitivity was demonstrated for epinephrine, fluoride, prostaglandins E1, and F2α. Enzyme analysis of this fraction showed no enrichment with MVBB markers or insulin receptors. In the MVBB, insulin receptor concentration was 242±42nmoles 10-6 mg-1 compared to 20.7±2.9 in the BPM (p<.01). Alkaline phosphatase was 3.02±.43 in MVBB compared to .30±.032 in the BPM (p<.01). Micro-villous plasma membrane is rich in insulin receptors suggesting interaction with maternal insulin but does not contain adenylate cyclase. Basal membrane, presumably exposed to fetal hormonal influence, is rich in adenylate cyclase but not in insulin receptors.
Uracil DNA Glycosylase Activity on Nucleosomal DNA Depends on Rotational Orientation of Targets

The activity of uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs), which recognize and excise uracil bases from DNA, has been well characterized on naked DNA substrates but less is known about activity in chromatin. We therefore prepared a set of model nucleosome substrates in which single thymidine residues were replaced with uracil at specific locations and a second set of nucleosomes in which uracils were randomly substituted for all thymidines. We found that UDG efficiently removes uracil from internal locations in the nucleosome where the DNA backbone is oriented away from the surface of the histone octamer, without significant disruption of histone-DNA interactions. However, uracils at sites oriented toward the histone octamer surface were excised at much slower rates, consistent with a mechanism requiring spontaneous DNA unwrapping from the nucleosome. In contrast to the nucleosome core, UDG activity on DNA outside the core DNA region was similar to that of naked DNA. Association of linker histone reduced activity of UDG at selected sites near where the globular domain of H1 is proposed to bind to the nucleosome as well as within the extra-core DNA. Our results indicate that some sites within the nucleosome core and the extra-core (linker) DNA regions represent hot spots for repair that could influence critical biological processes.
Amphibian Cell Culture: Permanent Cell Line from the Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

A line of fibroblast cells has been established from tongue tissue of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The cells are near-triploid and were subcultured 57 times during the 22/3 years of their existence. Some of their characteristics are described.
Complications after pancreas transplantation.

Purpose of reviewThe history of transplantation of the pancreas, unlike that of transplantation of other abdominal organs, has largely been shaped by the associated surgical complications. After more than three decades of progress, surgical-technical pancreas graft failure rates have decreased to ap
A study of morphology and texture of natural levees—Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract Field investigations of natural levees were conducted in the developing avulsion belt of the lower Saskatchewan River. Surveyed transects show that levees adjoining main-thread and crevasse channels vary considerably in size, shape, and slope away from the channel. A slope value of 0.01 was used to define the boundary between levees and adjoining backswamps. Morphometric analyses show that, in general, narrower levees tend to be steeper, and levees adjoining recently developed crevasse channels are considerably steeper and narrower than those adjoining main-thread active or abandoned channels. Levees along main-thread active channels display the largest variety of shapes and slopes. Levee deposits become finer grained from the channel towards the backswamp. This variation can be expressed quantitatively either as an exponential decrease of median diameter or as a linear increase of the percentage of sediment finer than 0.016 mm (fine silt to clay). Correlation between topographic inflections and lateral variations in the percentage of coarse sediment (mainly sand-sized), and relationships between the slope of the levee and percentage of proximally deposited sand, suggest that non-uniform deposition of coarse overbank sediment is primarily responsible for the shape and slope of the levee. Initially, banks along newly formed channels (e.g., crevasse channels) have low relief and are readily submerged by floods. Coarse sediment transferred out of the channel is deposited within a short distance from the channel margin and leads to formation of initially narrow and steep levees. As overbank deposition continues, the banks become higher, and it becomes increasingly difficult for the coarser fraction to be transferred out of channel. In contrast, finer suspended sediment is more easily transferred over the banks and across the entire floodplain; deposition in distal portions of the levee reduces the slope. Following abandonment, the channel no longer receives significant amounts of sediment; distal portions of the levee, however, continue to receive finer sediment supplied by nearby active channels during floods, and slope is further reduced. Thus, as overbank sedimentation proceeds, natural levees tend to become wider with more gentle slopes because of the different transport mechanisms and settling velocities of coarse and fine suspended sediment.
EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION ON THE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF TRICUSPID REGURGITATION SEVERITY

Despite the fact that venous return augments with inspiration, current guidelines do not specify during which phase of the respiratory cycle tricuspid regurgitation (TR) should be measured. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether imaging of the vena contracta (VC) using 2D and 3D transthoracic
Small molecule annotation for the Protein Data Bank.

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is the single global repository for three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules and their complexes, and its more than 100 000 structures contain more than 20 000 distinct ligands or small molecules bound to proteins and nucleic acids. Information about these small molecules and their interactions with proteins and nucleic acids is crucial for our understanding of biochemical processes and vital for structure-based drug design. Small molecules present in a deposited structure may be attached to a polymer or may occur as a separate, non-covalently linked ligand. During curation of a newly deposited structure by wwPDB annotation staff, each molecule is cross-referenced to the PDB Chemical Component Dictionary (CCD). If the molecule is new to the PDB, a dictionary description is created for it. The information about all small molecule components found in the PDB is distributed via the ftp archive as an external reference file. Small molecule annotation in the PDB also includes information about ligand-binding sites and about covalent and other linkages between ligands and macromolecules. During the remediation of the peptide-like antibiotics and inhibitors present in the PDB archive in 2011, it became clear that additional annotation was required for consistent representation of these molecules, which are quite often composed of several sequential subcomponents including modified amino acids and other chemical groups. The connectivity information of the modified amino acids is necessary for correct representation of these biologically interesting molecules. The combined information is made available via a new resource called the Biologically Interesting molecules Reference Dictionary, which is complementary to the CCD and is now routinely used for annotation of peptide-like antibiotics and inhibitors.
Social skins Orthodoxies and practices of dressing in the early colonial lower Mississippi Valley

While current anthropological interpretations employ notions of agency to interpret social practices in contact and early colonial period contexts, the interplay of doxa, orthodoxies and heterodoxies is often overlooked. When doxic (or unquestioned) beliefs were challenged during culture contact, attempts were made to reestablish colonial order through the creation of orthodoxies - laws and mandates - meant to police the daily routines of colonial subjects, many of which were viewed as heterodoxies (or inappropriate practices). Implicated in this discourse was the body and practices of dressing, which implied status, race and gender, as well as political, social and sexual interactions. In the case study presented here, I consider how both Native American and French subjects in the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century lower Mississippi Valley created social identities at the intersection of doxic beliefs, orthodoxies regarding clothing and actions and the practices of dressing.
Surfaces and interfaces of lattice models: Mean-field theory as an area-preserving map

Mean-field theory for one-dimensionally inhomogeneous magnetic systems is formulated as an area-preserving map. The map and its associated boundary conditions are derived for nearest-neighbor Ising interactions. The corresponding continuum theory is also constructed. These mappings are two dimensional. Their phase portraits are exhibited and applied to the study of a representative set of surface and interface phenomena, including interfacial structure, surface phase transitions, wetting, prewetting, and layering. The methods developed lend themselves to easy and physical visualization of the types of solutions which the mean-field theory can have, even in rather complex situations. They also make explicit the fundamental differences between continuum mean-field theory (which is integrable) and discrete mean-field theory (which is not).
A digital electronic thermal integrator for monitoring charge ageing

Abstract An instrument for monitoring rocket motor ageing is described. The unit measures temperatures in a magazine and produces an electrical output proportional to the rate of deterioration of the charge. This signal is integrated and the accumulated data stored in a memory which can be interrogated by an external readout unit to yield an “effective age” of the charge. The low cost long life instrument is accurate and versatile and offers substantial labour savings over present methods.
Brownian sampling in an unbounded space.

As a particle undergoes translational Brownian motion in an unbounded space, the particle samples the space. Traditionally the sampling in N dimensions is quantified in terms of average squared distance traversed ( ). However, another quantitative measure of the sampled space is the total number (n) of equispaced regions (of size LN) sampled after a particle moves with a diffusion coefficient (D) for a time (t). Calculations show that the average =a(Dt/L2)b. Results are given for a and b for 1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensions.
Heat of complexing of boric acid from hydrolysis of methyl borate

Abstract Heats of solution of methyl borate and H3BO3 in aqueous methanol and aqueous ethanol indicate that the actual heat of hydrolysis of methyl borate is negligibly small. The apparent heat of hydrolysis of methyl borate in water and water-rich alcohol solutions probably arises from exothermic complexing of nascent H3BO3 to a dimer having a pair of 4·6 kcal H-bonds. Methyl borate in acetone with small amounts of added H2O gives a quantitative yield of H3BO3 on evaporation. In aqueous methanol mixtures, however, both methyl borate and H3BO3 produce appreciable quantities of a volatile B species. The evidence suggests that in acetone and H2O, H3BO3 is a non-volatile dimer and, although it forms some methyl borate in methanol, it is present mainly as a volatile solvated monomer in aqueous alcohol solutions.
On node isolation in directional sensor networks

Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks (WSNs) consist of randomly and densely deployed nodes which self-organize to cooperatively maintain multi-hop network connectivity [1]. The nodes act as both environmental sensors and network routers. The ability to set up distributed sensor networks inexpensively, in large-scale, quickly, and without fixed infrastructure makes them a promising candidate for a host of applications, including military surveillance and disaster relief.
The Surface of Language and Humanities Computing

Recent articles have noted that humanities computing techniques and methodologies remain marginal to mainstream literary scholarship. Mark Olsen's paper discusses this phenomenon and argues for large scale analyses of text databases that would incorporate a shift in theoretical orientation to include greater stress on intertextuality and sign theory. Part of Olsen's argument revolves on the need to move away from the syntactic and overt grammatical elements of textual language to more subtle semantics and meaning systems. While provocative and important, Olsen's stance remains rooted in literary theoretical constructs. Another level of language, the cognitive, offers equally interesting challenges for humanities computing, though the paradigms for this type of computer-based exploration are derived from disciplines traditionally removed from the humanities. The riddle, a nearly universal genre, offers a window onto some of the cognitive processes involved in deep level language function. By analyzing the riddling process, different methods of computational modelling can be inferred, suggesting new avenues for computing in the humanities.
MEASURING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE SPINS IN AGN

Measuring the spins of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGN) can inform us about the relative role of gas accretion vs. mergers in recent epochs of the life of the host galaxy and its AGN. Recent theoretical and observation advances have enabled spin measurements for ten SMBHs thus far, but this science is still very much in its infancy. Herein, I discuss how we measure black hole spin in AGN, using recent results from a long Suzaku campaign on NGC 3783 to illustrate this process and its caveats. I then present our current knowledge of the distribution of SMBH spins in the local universe. I also address prospects for improving the accuracy, precision and quantity of these spin constraints in the next decade and beyond with instruments such as NuSTAR, Astro-H and future large-area X-ray telescopes.
The genetic dynamics of disease.

The notional principles of the genetics of disease are broadly discussed. Disease is an intrinsically vague term that represents the incongruity between the inner milieu of the organism and the environment. Its dynamics, then, cannot be reduced to naive statements about selection which may operate, and operate conflictingly, on several different levels of organization. Evolutionary selection results from the advantage of complexity, and the fundamental theorem of genetic dynamics — that mutational debts must eventually be paid in full — may be false or, at best, approximate. The traditional models (mendelian, galtonian, and threshold) are set in a context that identifies certain features of disease that hitherto have been totally ignored. Neither invention nor traditional analysis has been adequate. Models should be made individually adequate for the study of diseases; the diseases should not be trimmed to fit the models.
The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole

Abstract The evidence for the presence of the pyrrole moiety in electro-chemically prepared polypyrrole is reviewed together with structural and IR data obtained for the crystalline dimer and trimer of pyrrole. The modification of the mechanical properties of polypyrrole by formation of graft copolymers with polystyrene, by polymerization of the pyrrole monomer within the matrix of a swellable polymer film and by polymerization of the pyrrole on vitreous carbon electrodes is described.
Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations

Regional 3-D seismic velocity models used for broadband strong motion simulations must include compressional-wave velocity (Vp), shear-wave velocity (Vs), intrinsic attenuation (Qp, Qs), and density. Vs and Qs are the most important of these parameters because the strongest ground motions are generated chiefly by shear- and surface-wave arrivals. Because Vp data are more common than Vs data, many researchers first develop a Vp model and convert it to a Vs model. I describe recent empirical relations between Vs, Vp, Qs, Qp, and density that allow velocity models to be rapidly and accurately calculated.
Renal outer medullary potassium channel knockout models reveal thick ascending limb function and dysfunction.

The renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) is an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive inward-rectifier potassium channel (Kir1.1 or KCNJ1) highly expressed in the cortical and medullary thick ascending limbs (TAL), connecting segment (CNT) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) in the mammalian kidney, where it serves to recycle potassium (K+) across the apical membrane in TAL and to secrete K+ in the CNT and CCD. ROMK channel mutations cause type II Bartter’s syndrome with salt wasting and dehydration, and ROMK knockout mice display a similar phenotype of Bartter’s syndrome in humans. Studies from ROMK null mice indicate that ROMK is required to form both the small-conductance (30pS, SK) K channels and the 70pS (IK) K channels in the TAL. The availability of ROMK−/− mice has made it possible to study electrolyte transport along the nephron in order to understand the TAL function under physiological conditions and the compensatory mechanisms of salt and water transport under the conditions of TAL dysfunction. This review summarizes previous progress in the study of K+ channel activity in the TAL and CCD, ion transporter expression and activities along the nephron, and renal functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions using ROMK−/− mice.
Grannies, Mothers and Babies: An Examination of Traditional Southern Appalachian Midwifery

Although the transition from midwife- to doctor-attended childbirth ended around 1920 in most parts of the United States, some groups, including ethnic minorities and rural dwellers, continued to rely on the midwife for delivery assistance well into the 1930s and 1940s. Interviews conducted with the members of one of these groups, the people of the southern Appalachian Mountains, yields information concerning the techniques and training of traditional Appalachian midwives, midwifery succession patterns, reasons for the lengthy persistence of this midwifery system, and, lastly, characteristics that may be compared and contrasted to the midwifery system used by rural southern blacks during the same time period (roughly 1920-1950).
Finding and understanding bugs in C compilers

Compilers should be correct. To improve the quality of C compilers, we created Csmith, a randomized test-case generation tool, and spent three years using it to find compiler bugs. During this period we reported more than 325 previously unknown bugs to compiler developers. Every compiler we tested was found to crash and also to silently generate wrong code when presented with valid input. In this paper we present our compiler-testing tool and the results of our bug-hunting study. Our first contribution is to advance the state of the art in compiler testing. Unlike previous tools, Csmith generates programs that cover a large subset of C while avoiding the undefined and unspecified behaviors that would destroy its ability to automatically find wrong-code bugs. Our second contribution is a collection of qualitative and quantitative results about the bugs we have found in open-source C compilers.
dachsous and frizzled contribute separately to planar polarity in the Drosophila ventral epidermis

Cells that comprise tissues often need to coordinate cytoskeletal events to execute morphogenesis properly. For epithelial tissues, some of that coordination is accomplished by polarization of the cells within the plane of the epithelium. Two groups of genes – the Dachsous (Ds) and Frizzled (Fz) systems – play key roles in the establishment and maintenance of such polarity. There has been great progress in uncovering the how these genes work together to produce planar polarity, yet fundamental questions remain unanswered. Here, we study the Drosophila larval ventral epidermis to begin to address several of these questions. We show that ds and fz contribute independently to polarity and that they do so over spatially distinct domains. Furthermore, we find that the requirement for the Ds system changes as field size increases. Lastly, we find that Ds and its putative receptor Fat (Ft) are enriched in distinct patterns in the epithelium during embryonic development.
Aviation English: a review of the language of International Civil Aviation

English has been chosen as the official language of flight in the United States and continues to be the recommended lingua franca for international use. In some cases, a lack of English proficiency in pilots or controllers has led to disastrous and even fatal catastrophes. While miscommunications between flight crews and air traffic control (A TC) personnel may have been only one aspect of these incidents and accidents, the lack of ability for all parties involved to understand crucial directions via a common English may have been the most important contributing factor leading to these tragedies. Without agreed upon standards for English proficiency and common phraseology, the aviation industry continues to be at risk for future language-related accidents. Air traffic communications often deviate from standard phraseology in emergency situations towards a more conversational style. English proficiency beyond the basic understanding of aviation phraseology may be necessary. In addition, a cultural awareness of the variety of English spoken in countries encountered during flight may help avoid misunderstandings and miscommunications. This work addresses the historical decisions about English language use, language related miscommunications, incidents, and accidents, and current International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) initiatives for revision of language policies.
Face recognition with support vector machines: global versus component-based approach

We present a component-based method and two global methods for face recognition and evaluate them with respect to robustness against pose changes. In the component system we first locate facial components, extract them and combine them into a single feature vector which is classified by a Support Vector Machine (SVM). The two global systems recognize faces by classifying a single feature vector consisting of the gray values of the whole face image. In the first global system we trained a single SVM classifier for each person in the database. The second system consists of sets of viewpoint-specific SVM classifiers and involves clustering during training. We performed extensive tests on a database which included faces rotated up to about 40/spl deg/ in depth. The component system clearly outperformed both global systems on all tests.
Transcribing the Cross-Talk of Cytokine-Induced Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthesis in Endothelial Cells

(iNOS) gene expression has been observed in the presence of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that basal levels of GTPCH I and BH4 are not adequate for optimal iNOS function. Individual cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF), interferon- (INF-), or interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been shown to induce little GTPCH I mRNA or protein expression. However, the combination of these cytokines have been shown to induce a robust activation of GTPCH I mRNA, protein, and BH4 production both in vivo and in vitro. It is important to note that these observations were made on vascular smooth muscle cells whereas in endothelium, induction of GTPCH I was not associated with induction of iNOS.14,16 Whether high production of BH4 in endothelium activated by cytokines is designed to provide additional support for iNOS enzymatic activity in smooth muscle cells or it has some other functions remains to be determined. In this issue of Circulation Research, Huang and col
Congestion Control for Self‐Similar Network Traffic

Analytical and empirical studies have shown that self-similar network traffic can have a detrimental impact on network performance including amplified queueing delay and packet loss rate. Given the ubiquity of scale-invariant hurstincss observed across diverse networking contexts, finding effective traffic control algorithms capable of delecting and managing self-similar traffic ha'> become an important problem. In this paper, we study congeslion control algorithms for improving throughput under self-similar traffic conditions. Although scale-invariant burstiness imposes a limit on the ability to conjointly achieve high quality of service (QoS) and utilization, the long-range dependence associated with self-similar traffic leaves open the possibility that the correlation structure may be exploited for performance enhancement purposes. We use a form of predictive congestion control called Selective Aggressiveness Control (SAC) to show that long-range dependence can be on-line detected and exploited to improve throughput. ""e show that the correlation structure present in long-range dependent traffic can be used to predict future traffic levels over time scales that are relevant to feedback congestion control. This on-line detected correlation structure is then used to drive a variable aggressiveness control which throttles the data rate upward if the future contention level is predicted to be low, being more aggressive the lower the predicted contention level. The predictive congestion control module runs on top of a generic rate-based linear increase/exponential decrease feedback control and is easily portable to other contexts. \Ve show that a significant improvement in throughput can be obtained if SAC is active and we show that the relative performance improvement increases as long-range dependence is increased. Lastly, we show that as the number of connections engaging in SAC increases both fairness and efficiency are preserved. 'Supported in part by NSF grant NCR-9714707. tConlact author; leI.: (765) 494-7821, fax.: (765) 494-0739.
Miscible blends of a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer with aliphatic polyesters

A copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride containing 13.5% by weight of the latter has been solution blended with four aliphatic polyesters: poly(ϵ-caprolactone), poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate), poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene succinate), and poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate). Each blend was examined visually and by differential scanning calorimetry. All blends with the copolymer form a single miscible amorphous phase at all compositions and all temperatures except for the latter mentioned polyester, which exhibits liquid–liquid phase separation at temperatures above a measured cloud point curve. Information about interactions between the components in each blend is estimated from melting point data and discussed.
Review of the Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism

Some of us researching pastoralism in Africa have felt that despite divergent paths to food production in the Americas, the Southwest Asian archaeological sequence often still serves as a universal template against which the African evidence is measured, thereby constraining interpretations (Gifford-Gonzalez 2005; Neumann 2005). It is, therefore, refreshing to see Near Easternists and other Eurasianists interrogate the received wisdom on the emergence and nature of pastoralism in their own research areas. This thought-provoking anthology results from a symposium at the 2004 Society for American Archaeology meetings and the Fourth Advanced Seminar of UCLA's Cotsen Institute. It exemplifies the institute's goal of stimulating interchange between anthropological archaeologists and archaeologists working in text-aided traditions.
Flowering time plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana: a reanalysis of Westerman & Lawrence (1970)

Environmental variation in temperature can have dramatic effects on plant morphology, phenology, and fitness, and for this reason it is important to understand the evolutionary dynamics of phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature. We investigated constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in response to a temperature gradient in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by applying modern analytical tools to the classic data of Westerman & Lawrence (1970). We found significant evidence for two types of constraints. First, we detected numerous significant genetic correlations between plastic responses to temperature and the mean value of a trait across all environments, which differed qualitatively in pattern between the set of ecotypes and the set of mutant lines in the original sample. Secondly, we detected significant costs of flowering time plasticity in two of the three experimental environments, and a net pattern of selection against flowering time plasticity in the experiment overall. Thus, when explored with contemporary methods, the prescient work of Westerman & Lawrence (1970) provides new insights about evolutionary constraints on the evolution of plasticity.
Advances in Hepatobiliary Pathology: Update for 2010

Recent publications on hepatology and hepatic pathology provide a wealth of new information on wideranging topics. Morphologic aspects of liver disease associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, autoimmune hepatitis, and HIV infection were addressed, as was the prevalent problem of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Advances in diagnosis and pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and the increasingly complex spectrum of IgG4 hepatobiliary diseases were also reported. The histologic and immunohistochemical features of the rare "calcifying nested stromal-epithelial tumor" of the liver were described in a 9-case series. For benign and malignant liver tumors, immunohistochemistry plays a major diagnostic role, and several recent studies demonstrate the value of immunostains in distinguishing between liver-cell adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation for Patients With Advanced Cancer

Purpose Inpatient palliative care consultation (IPCC) may help address barriers that limit the use of hospice and the receipt of symptom-focused care for racial/ethnic minorities, yet little is known about disparities in the rates of IPCC. We evaluated the association between race/ethnicity and rates of IPCC for patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods Patients with metastatic cancer who were hospitalized between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010, at an urban academic medical center participated in the study. Patient-level multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and IPCC. Results A total of 6,288 patients (69% non-Hispanic white, 19% African American, and 6% Hispanic) were eligible. Of these patients, 16% of whites, 22% of African Americans, and 20% of Hispanics had an IPCC (overall P < .001). Compared with whites, African Americans had a greater likelihood of receiving an IPCC (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.44), even after adjust...
Vaccines for pneumonia and new antiviral therapies

Pneumonia and influenza infections are the sixth leading cause of mortality in the United States. 42 Populations at risk for serious complications of respiratory infections are very young, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Although considered less severe than lower respiratory infections, infections of the upper respiratory tract have a major impact on health because they are the leading cause of acute illness worldwide. Upper respiratory infections are responsible for millions of visits to hospital emergency departments, outpatient clinics, and physicians' offices. Many microorganisms that cause lower respiratory infections and upper respiratory infections either are preventable with immunization or are treatable with medication. This article includes immunizations for viral and bacterial respiratory infections and medications for viral respiratory infections. This article does not discuss antibacterial agents for treatment of respiratory infections. That subject is covered elsewhere in this issue. With the increasing recognition of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in the United States, Spain, and elsewhere, the ability to prevent pneumococcal disease with vaccination is particularly attractive.
Wide-Stripe Distributed Bragg Grating Lasers With Very Narrow Spectral Linewidth

Gain-guided lasers with distributed Bragg reflector gratings that exhibit narrow emission linewidths of under 500 kHz are demonstrated. Partial coverage of a facet with a grating is found to be sufficient to ensure single-wavelength laser operation. Narrow linewidth operation in 40 and 150-μm wide lasers with partial gratings is demonstrated. The use of antireflection coatings to suppress spurious Fabry-Perot modes is also presented. Linewidths as low as 200 kHz that are insensitive to drive current are observed.
Patterns of Devonian Sand on the North American Craton and Their Interpretation

Quartz sand of fine to medium size, well sorted, rounded, and frosted is common and widespreadin many units of Early and Middle Paleozoic age in the central part of North America. A detailed study of its distribution in Silurian and Devonian rocks in the region extending from the Cincinnati arch across the Illinois basin to the Wisconsin and Ozark Highlands shows that, except as cavity filings, sand is not present in the Middle and Upper Silurian (Niagaran and Cayugan) or in Devonian rocks equivalent to or older than the Camden and Clear Creek Cherts. Characteristically, sand occurs in varying concentrations in Middle Devonian rocks immediately overlying the erosion surface that truncates Silurian and Lower Devonian (Clear Creek and earlier) strata. It also occurs in shoreline concentrations marking subsequent retreats and advances of the Devonian sea and in the extent of each onlap over the older rocks. The vertical repetition of similar-appearing sandstones and sandy zones has led to misidentification and iniscorrelation of stratigraphic units at many places in the area studied. The patterns of distribution identify the sources of the sand and aid in interpreting the behavior of a part of the North American craton during much of Devonian time.