cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic Response of Pressurized Fire Sprinkler Piping Systems I: Experimental Study

This first of two companion articles presents the results of an experimental program designed to evaluate the seismic behavior of fire extinguishing sprinkler piping systems. Three full-scale pressurized sprinkler piping specimens made of different materials and joint arrangements were tested with various levels of seismic bracing under dynamic loading on the University at Buffalo Nonstructural Component Simulator. All three fully braced specimens performed well under a Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) level of loading, validating current code-based requirements for bracing system design. However, unbraced systems, which are typically installed in low to moderate seismic regions or could exist in older construction in active seismic zones, did not perform as well as the fully braced systems. Damage to sprinkler heads, failures of vertical hangers, as well as a complete branch line fracture, were observed during the tests.
Extension of a vortex-lattice method to include the effects of leading-edge separation

Vortex-lattice methods have been used successfully to obtain the aerodynamic coefficients of lifting surfaces without leading-edge separation. It is shown how an existing vortex-lattice method can be modified to include the effects of leading-edge separation. The modified version is then used to calculate the aerodynamic loads on a highly swept delta wing. The results are compared with Peckham's (1958) experimental data.
Irreducible function bases for simple fluids and liquid crystal films

We present a rigorous derivation of the canonical representation of a class of constitutive functions for liquid crystal films which has been widely used in various special forms in the fields of emulsion chemistry and cell-membrane biology. The representation yields the largest class of functions compatible with an appropriate definition of fluidity. The method used also furnishes established representation formulas in the classical theories of capillarity and three-dimensional compressible fluids.
MEDICATION TREATMENTS FOR PANIC DISORDER AND SOCIAL PHOBIA

In this Research Review, several recent clinical trials in panic disorder and social phobia are reviewed. First, two social phobia studies which used the monoamine oxidase type A inhibitors brofaromine and moclobemide are considered. Then, three panic disorder studies which used clonazepam, clomipramine or paroxetine, and citalopram are examined. These studies serve to strengthen the empirical research base regarding which treatments are useful in these disorders.
Weak and electromagnetic interaction symmetry

An analogy between a triplet of quarks and a triplet of leptons is discussed in the framework of a model of weak and electromagnetic interactions possessing local SU(2)L × U(1) symmetry. After the symmetry is broken spontaneously by use of the Higgs-Kibble mechanism, two of the quark masses are non-zero. The relation of the quark masses to the chiral SU(3) × SU(3) model of strong interactions as well as the Cabibbo angle is discussed.
Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance Using a Generalized Conjugate-Gradient Algorithm

Abstract A method is developed that computes an exact nonorthogonal analysis of variance using cell means. The method is iterative and does not require that the non-orthogonal design matrix be stored or formed. At each stage in the process, a balanced analysis of variance problem must be solved. A monotonicity property for the estimates of the regression sum of squares is derived that could be used to minimize iteration in hypothesis testing. An application of the algorithm to the solution of analysis of covariance problems is also given.
The Mathematical Structure of Information Bottleneck Methods

Information Bottleneck-based methods use mutual information as a distortion function in order to extract relevant details about the structure of a complex system by compression. One of the approaches used to generate optimal compressed representations is by annealing a parameter. In this manuscript we present a common framework for the study of annealing in information distortion problems. We identify features that should be common to any annealing optimization problem. The main mathematical tools that we use come from the analysis of dynamical systems in the presence of symmetry (equivariant bifurcation theory). Through the compression problem, we make connections to the world of combinatorial optimization and pattern recognition. The two approaches use very different vocabularies and consider different problems to be “interesting”. We provide an initial link, through the Normalized Cut Problem, where the two disciplines can exchange tools and ideas.
Tunable external cavity diode laser using a micromachined silicon flexure and a volume holographic reflection grating for applications in atomic optics

We present a novel external cavity diode laser design devel- oped for applications in atomic physics that employs a micromachined silicon flexure to sweep the laser frequency and a volume holographic reflection grating VHG to provide the optical feedback. The advantages of using a silicon flexure are its simple microfabrication process and reduction of the overall size of the laser system. The results demonstrate the 87 Rb, 85 Rb rubidium D2 line absorption at 780 nm in an atomic optics test experiment. Our novel laser system design has a size of 28.7620.6512 mm. The wavelength can be tuned and swept from 780.2463 to 780.2379 nm equivalent to 4.14 GHz using piezoelectric transducer PZT actuators integrated on the silicon flexure. A frequency tuning range of 17.149 GHz can be obtained by changing the VHG tem- perature. The deflection of the silicon flexure is 129.19 nm. The advan- tage of combining a VHG and a silicon flexure is that the frequency can be coarsely tuned to 780.24 nm and swept at this center frequency with a range of 4.14 GHz by PZT. Moreover, the frequency fine tuning can be achieved by changing the VHG temperature to observe the rubidium spectrum. The laser output power is measured as 59 mW at 780.2474 nm. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Transition Probabilities for Prominent Ar i Lines in the Near Infrared

Relative transition probabilities of 81 infrared Ar i lines in the wavelength range from 9000–24 000 A have been measured with a wall-stabilized arc operating in argon at atmospheric pressure. The large majority of the lines from the 4p–5s and 4p–3d transition arrays has been observed and the measurements are consistent with the J-file-sum rule. The data have been normalized to an absolute scale by utilizing the results of other recent arc and lifetime experiments.
Self-referral for screening mammography.

Patients can obtain screening mammograms without a physician’s referral, leading to potential problems in clinical care. Because of the complexity of self-referral and the limitations of prior studies, we examined this phenomenon in a representative sample of mammography facilities. A questionnaire was given to all women obtaining mammograms at nine Connecticut mammography facilities during a 2-week period. Facilities included mobile sites, urban fixed sites, and rural fixed sites. Responses were categorized according to whether or not the woman had seen a primary care provider within the last year and whether or not she had received a recommendation to obtain a mammogram. The response rate was 62% (732 of 1,189), and the mean age of respondents was 58 years (range, 30–100 years). Self-referred women, defined as those without a recent visit to a primary care clinician and without a clinician’s recommendation for a mammogram, constituted 6% of respondents. Self-referred women were significantly more likely to use mobile facilities (78% vs 33%, p<.01) and be under 50 years of age (44% vs 28%, p=.02) compared with provider-referred women who had recently seen their provider. We conclude that younger women are obtaining screening mammograms without clear evidence of having seen their primary care provider in the previous year or having received a referral from their provider. Self-referral is especially common at mobile mammography facilities. Further study is needed to assess the clinical impact of self-referral on mass screening programs.
Cold atomic gas in the inner Galaxy

A new set of 21 cm H I absorption spectra were obtained toward 21 compact continuum sources in the Galactic plane is presented. The 21 cm line velocity-averaged absorption coefficient as a function of Galactocentric distance is calculated. The result for distances within 2 kpc of the sun agrees with the local value found from absorption toward pulsars of 5-7 km/s/kpc. Overall, the absorption coefficient decreases to about half of its local value inside a Galactocentric radius of about 4 kpc. This decrease is shown to be primarily due to an increase in the mean line-of-sight distance between absorbing atomic clouds. Thus, the cool phase of the atomic gas is less abundant in the inner Galaxy than at the solar circle. The absorption spectra are similar in appearance to existing (C-12)O spectra. The spectral regions which show H I absorption also show CO emission.
Upper-mantle structure in the central United States from P- and S-wave spectra☆

Abstract The upper-mantle structure down to about 220 km in the central United States has been inferred from long-period P- and S-wave spectra of deep earthquakes recorded at three WWSSN stations, by using the re-formulated transfer ratio method. This method has been experimentally shown to be a very powerful means for elucidating the fine configuration of the low-velocity zone. The strong advantage of this method is its ability to determine separately the extent of the velocity decrease and the depth to the bottom of this zone, which is more uncertain by the other methods. From the Interior Plain to the Gulf of Mexico the low-velocity zone shifts to a shallower depth while increasing its thickness and decreasing its velocities. This zone is made up of an approx. 50 km thick layer ranging in depth from about 150 to 200 km under the Interior Plain, an approx. 75 km thick layer from about 120 to 195 km under the Gulf Coastal Plain, and an approx. 80 km thick layer from about 95 to 175 km under the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, all nearly along 89°N longitude. The decrease in S-wave velocity at the top of this zone is about 0.30, 0.45, and 0.70 km/sec under each of the above areas, although the last value may be somewhat an overestimate. Both boundaries of this zone are sharp, the transition occurring over at most ca. 10 km. In this region the existence of the high-velocity lid zone is possible.
Gel versus capillary electrophoresis genotyping for categorizing treatment outcomes in two anti-malarial trials in Uganda

Background: Molecular genotyping is performed in anti-malarial trials to determine whether recurrent parasitaemia after therapy represents a recrudescence (treatment failure) or new infection. The use of capillary instead of agarose gel electrophoresis for genotyping offers technical advantages, but it is unclear whether capillary electrophoresis will result in improved classification of anti-malarial treatment outcomes. Methods: Samples were genotyped using both gel and capillary electrophoresis from randomized trials of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) vs. dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) performed in two areas of Uganda: Kanungu, where transmission is moderate, and Apac, where transmission is very high. Both gel and capillary methods evaluated polymorphic regions of the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 and glutamine rich protein genes. Results: Capillary electrophoresis detected more alleles and provided higher discriminatory power than agarose gel electrophoresis at both study sites. There was only moderate agreement between classification of outcomes with the two methods in Kanungu (kappa = 0.66) and poor agreement in Apac (kappa = 0.24). Overall efficacy results were similar when using gel vs. capillary methods in Kanungu (42-day risk of treatment failure for AL: 6.9% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.4; DP 2.4% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.5). However, the measured risk of recrudescence was significantly higher when using gel vs. capillary electrophoresis in Apac (risk of treatment failure for AL: 17.0% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.02; DP: 8.5% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.03). Risk differences between AL and DP were not significantly different whether gel or capillary methods were used. Conclusions: Genotyping with gel electrophoresis overestimates the risk of recrudescence in anti-malarial trials performed in areas of high transmission intensity. Capillary electrophoresis provides more accurate outcomes for such trials and should be performed when possible. In areas of moderate transmission, gel electrophoresis appears adequate to estimate comparative risks of treatment failure.
The effect of a hemicholinium analogue, HC-15, of neuromuscular transmission.

Abstract The bisected hemicholinium molecule HC-15, which is exactly half the HC-3 molecule, was investigated for neuromuscular blocking activity and its action compared to the effect of the parent compound. HC-15 was shown to inhibit neuromuscular transmission by both a pre- and a post-junctional action. Large doses of the compound produced a post-junctional, nondepolarizing block whereas after smaller doses a slowly developing block occured selectively in rapidly stimulated muscles which was not antagonized by anticholinesterase drugs. HC-15 inhibited both acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase but was much less powerful than physostigmine and neostigmine in this respect. HC-15 inhibited acetylcholine (ACh) systhesis by mitochondrial (P 2 ) fractions of guinea-pig cerebral cortex suspended in Tris buffer but had no effect on ACh synthesis by P 2 fractions homogenized in Triton X-100 where the membranes surrounding the choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) enzyme are broken down. HC-15 therefore appears to inhibit ACh synthesis in a similar manner to HC-3 by preventing choline transport to the intracellular sites of acetylation. In the absence of choline HC-15 and HC-3 were acetylated by ChAc. HC-3 has a higher rate of acetylation than HC-15 and this effect parallels the greater activity of HC-3 on neuromuscular transmission. The possibility is suggested that the pre-junctional blocking action of both HC-15 and HC-3 may be in part due to their incorporation into cholinergic nerve endings and their subsequent release as false inactive neurotransmitters.
Metastable H+3 formation and decay in the reaction of highly excited H+2 with H2

This paper presents the detailed results of a quasiclassical trajectory surface hopping study of reaction of highly vibrationally excited H+2 with ground state H2 (and isotopic counterparts H+2 +D2, D+2 +H2, and D+2 +D2 ), with particular emphasis on the formation and decay of metastable H+3 products. A diatomics‐in‐molecules surface is used which has been successful in previous studies of H+2 (v) + H2 at low v. In the present study, we consider v=0–17, and find that metastable H+3 ’s are a major product for v≥13. Some of these metastables decay rapidly, showing exponential lifetime distributions with 2–7 ps lifetimes depending on v and on isotope. The remaining H+3 ’s have much longer lifetimes, and a number of methods are used to determine the origin of their stability. In no cases are any of these molecules found to be quasiperiodic, but a Fourier spectral analysis reveals some decoupling of H+ –H2 orbital motion from H2 rotational motion, and we find that many molecules have long lifetimes even though...
Publishing in Professional Journals: Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity and Beyond

Peer reviewed journals are essential to clinicians and researchers as they represent current empirical knowledge, which informs treatment interventions as well as the direction of future research. This article provides an overview of each stage of the publication process, from preparation to submission, as a guide for authors' who may wish to publish work in Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity or other publications. Stylistic, grammatical, and structural elements of a standard article are described for empirical, theoretical, and clinically-oriented papers. Specific submission instructions for the SAC Journal are included as well.
Dynamics of oxidized and reduced iron in a northern hardwood forest

Iron (Fe) is ubiquitous in forest ecosystems and its cycle is thought to influence the development of soil, particularly Spodosols (podsolization), and the biogeochemistry of macronutrients such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), as well as many trace metals. The cycle of Fe in northern hardwood forests remains poorly understood. To address some of these uncertainties, we constructed a biogeochemical budget of Fe for a small catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA. Horizonal, temporal, and elevational patterns of concentrations and fluxes of oxidized and reduced Fe species were assessed in leaf litter, soil, soil solution, and stream water. The chemistry of dissolved Fe was evaluated in the context of its relationship with dissolved organic carbon, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Soil solution fluxes of Fe were highest in the organic (Oa, 52.5 mol ha−1 year−1) horizon and decreased with depth in the mineral (Bh, 50.5 mol ha−1 year−1, and Bs, 19.7 mol ha−1 year−1) horizons, consistent with podsolization theories predicting immobilization of Fe following downward transport to mineral soils. The export of Fe in stream water (1.8 mol ha−1 year−1) was lower than precipitation input (3.5 mol ha−1 year−1). The low stream flux indicates most Fe in drainage waters was immobilized in the soil and retained in the watershed. The portion of total Fe as Fe(II) was ~10–60% in soil solutions, seemingly high for soils that are considered to be well-drained, oxidizing environments. Organic complexes likely stabilized Fe(II) in solution under oxidizing conditions that would otherwise promote considerably higher Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) ratios. Our study indicates that there are organic matter-derived sources of dissolved Fe(II) as well as substantial mobilization of Fe(II), possibly the result of the reduction of Fe-bearing soil minerals.
Film Condensation on a Vertical Flat Plate in a Packed Bed

Film condensation on a vertical isothermal surface submerged in a packed bed was examined experimentally. Results are presented for packed beds consisting of glass beads ranging from 350μm to 5000 μm in diameter. The condensing fluid was saturated R-11. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical results of Cheng (1981) and White and Tien (1987a). The experimental results are in poor agreement with the Cheng (1981) theory due to the effects of surface tension and variable porosity near the surface. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with White and Tien (1987a) theory, which accounts for the wall effects. The results indicate that an improved theory that accounts for surface tension is necessary in order to achieve quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
Social stress and state-to-state differences in smoking and smoking related mortality in the United States

This paper reports on the relationship between the stressfulness of the social environment, smoking and mortality rates for malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A macro-social approach was employed with the 50 states of the United States serving as the units of analysis. A 'State Stress Index' was computed using stressful events in 15 categories (divorce rate, business failures, natural disasters, etc.). Smoking behavior was measured by percentage smokers and the average cigarette sales per capita. Mortality rates for lung cancer and COPD were standardized by age. The percent population living in metropolitan areas, black, below poverty line, and with less than high school education were included as controls in the multiple regression analysis. The results show that populations that experience higher levels of stressful events smoke more heavily and eventually experience higher mortality from lung cancer and COPD. These relationships are robust: they are replicated for different time periods, for different measures of the independent and dependent variables, and with different analytic methods. The pattern of findings is consistent with a 'health behavior' model of stress in which populations under stress engage in behavior which is extremely inimical to health.
Tariff structure and output adjustment in the presence of interindustry flows

Abstract This paper investigates the adjustment of gross and net outputs to a change in tariff structure in models involving interindustry flows. Various conditions for the normal price-gross-output relationship are derived in a two-good, two-primary-factor model. These conditions are expressed in terms of the degree and also the patterns of substitutability and complementarity between different inputs. In the special case where the produced input is not used in its own production, the paper shows that the abnormal relationship between prices and gross outputs can occur only if the two primary factors are complements to each other and their degree of complementarity is sufficiently high. Finally, the response of net outputs due to a change in tariff structure is explored in a general model allowing arbitrary numbers of goods and primary factors.
Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT-3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle

We have investigated the impact of neuromuscular activity on the expression of neurotrophins in the lumbar spinal cord region and innervating skeletal muscle of adult rats. Rats were exercised on a treadmill for 1 day or 5 consecutive days and euthanized at 0, 2 or 6 h after the last bout of exercise. By Day 1, there was no clear evidence of an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in the spinal cord or the soleus muscle. By Day 5, there was a significant increase in BDNF mRNA in the spinal cord at 2 h post-training, and the soleus muscle showed a robust increase between 0 and 6 h post-training. Immunoassays showed significant increases in BDNF protein in the soleus muscle by training Day 5. Immunohistochemical analyses showed elevated BDNF levels in motoneuron cell bodies and axons in the ventral horn. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA was measured to determine whether selected neurotrophins respond with a selective pattern of induction to neuromuscular activity. In the spinal cord, there was a progressive post-training decrease in NT-3 mRNA following a single bout of training, while there was a significant increase in NT-3 mRNA at 2 h post-training by Day 5. The soleus muscle showed a progressive increase in NT-3 mRNA by Days 1 and 5 following training. These results show that neuromuscular activity has specific effects on the BDNF and NT-3 systems, and that repetitive exercise affects the magnitude and stability of these responses.
Anomalies in stiffness and damping of a 2D discrete viscoelastic system due to negative stiffness components

The recent development of using negative stiffness inclusions to achieve extreme overall stiffness and mechanical damping of composite materials reveals a new avenue for constructing high performance materials. One of the negative stiffness sources can be obtained from phase transforming materials in the vicinity of their phase transition, as suggested by the Landau theory. To understand the underlying mechanism from a microscopic viewpoint, we theoretically analyze a 2D, nested triangular lattice cell with pre-chosen elements containing negative stiffness to demonstrate anomalies in overall stiffness and damping. Combining with current knowledge from continuum models, based on the composite theory, such as the Voigt, Reuss, and Hashin-Shtrikman model, we further explore the stability of the system with Lyapunov's indirect stability theorem. The evolution of the microstructure in terms of the discrete system is discussed. A potential application of the results presented here is to develop special thin films with unusual in-plane mechanical properties.
Endometrial Squamous Cell Carcinoma Following Whole Pelvic Radiation Therapy: Response to Carboplatin

A case of Stage IV endometrial squamous cell carcinoma occurring 8 years after a low anterior resection and whole pelvic radiation therapy for a Dukes D colon carcinoma is presented. Koilocytosis was present in the tumor. There was no evidence of human papillomavirus antigen or DNA in the tumor. The patient was treated with surgery followed by six cycles of carboplatin chemotherapy. At the completion of chemotherapy there was no clinical or radiological evidence of disease. The tumor recurred 9 months postchemotherapy and the patient died of disease 17 months postdiagnosis.
Democracy, Design, and the New Reflective Practice.

This writer calls for the reform of public education to embrace a kind of democ racy that values full and free discussion by all members of the school community.
Classical kinetic theory of drift tube experiments involving molecular ion−neutral systems

Abstract A classical-mechanical kinetic theory is developed for drift tube experiments involving atomic ions in non-vibrating (rigid rotor) diatomic gases and for non-vibrating diatomic ions in atomic or non-vibrating diatomic gases. The relative ease with which classical transport cross sections can be computed makes this theory computationally feasible. First-approximation results of the present theory have the same general forms found previously with a semiclassical theory, and the present work indicates how higher approximations will modify these forms. Experimental implications are discussed, particularly as to how drift tube experiments can be used to quantitatively study the separate effects of internal and translational energy upon molecular ion-molecule reactions.
17α-Allyl estradiol analogues as candidates for development of high-affinity fluorescein-estradiol conjugates☆

In order to develop stable, high-affinity fluorescein-estradiol conjugates, the fluorescein moiety must be leashed to the estradiol molecule at a point which interferes least with estradiol's binding to the receptor. Because of the high affinity of 17 alpha-substituted estradiol (e.g. ethynyl estradiol), we investigated a series of 17 alpha-substituted estradiol compounds to determine the optimal properties of a leash at this position. Twelve estradiol derivatives bearing a three-carbon 17 alpha side chain with or without a terminal functional group and with varying degrees of unsaturation were synthesized. Initial comparison of the receptor binding affinities of some of these derivatives suggested that three factors might reduce affinity: internal hydrogen bonding of the 17 beta-hydroxyl proton with an oxygen atom of the 17 alpha side chain; hydrophilicity of the ligand; or steric interference of the side chain with receptor binding. Further comparisons were designed to evaluate the relative contribution of these factors. The results suggest that the relative affinities of these 17 alpha-substituted estradiol derivatives are influenced primarily by the steric interference of the side chains and also by their hydrophilicity. Internal hydrogen bonding involving the 17 beta-hydroxyl proton does not seem to have a profound effect.
Molecular insights into NRTI inhibition and mitochondrial toxicity revealed from a structural model of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Abstract NRTI-based therapy used to treat AIDS can cause mitochondrial toxicity resulting from the incorporation of NRTIs into mitochondrial DNA by DNA polymerase γ (pol γ). Pol γ has poor discrimination against many of the currently used NRTIs resulting in aborted DNA synthesis and subsequent depletion of mtDNA. Pol γ readily incorporates ddCTP, ddITP and D4T-TP with an efficiency similar to the incorporation of normal nucleotides, whereas AZT-TP, CBV-TP, 3TC-TP and PMPApp act as moderate inhibitors to DNA synthesis. We have sought a structural explanation for the unique selection for NRTIs by the human pol γ. A structural model of the human pol γ was developed to ascertain the role of active site amino acids. One residue in particular, Y951 in motif B, is primarily responsible for the selection of dideoxynucleotides and D4T-TP. Our structural model of the human pol γ should assist in rational design of antiviral nucleoside analogs with higher specificity for HIV-RT and minimal selection and incorporation into mitochondrial DNA.
Coupled Moment‐Axial Force Behavior in Bolted Joints

The sources of nonlinearities in the behavior of bolted steel connections are briefly studied, and a connection model is proposed. The model is used to demonstrate the nature of the nonlinear behavior of bolted connections, including coupling effects between moment and axial force. Using double angle connections, the applicability of the model to the analysis of plane frames, including the important problem of predicting the behavior of a specific connection, is examined. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.
Geomechanical Behavior of Caprock and Cement: Plasticity in Hydrodynamic Seals

Abstract The geomechanical behavior of caprock and wellbore systems determines the robustness of the CO2 storage system to disturbances from stress, pressure and temperature. In this study, we conduct triaxial coreflood and x-ray tomography experiments to directly measure permeability of water and supercritical CO2 in caprock (shale and anhydrite), cement and synthetic wellbores. The observed plastic behavior and large deformation that occurred prior to distinct sample failure demonstrates substantial stress accommodation in these systems. Fracture development resulted in total sample permeability ranging from 10-1000 mD depending on sample properties and the applied stress configuration.
levo-alpha-acetylmethadol and metabolites: Some effects on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat

Abstract The behavioral effects of acute IP administration of l-α-acetylmethadol, its metabolites, l-α-noracetylmethadol and l-α-dinoracetylmethadol, and morphine were studied in the rat using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Administration of all compounds produced a dose-related decrease in response rate. The metabolites were approximately three to four times the potency of the parent compound which was approximately five times the potency of morphine. Data obtained from cumulative response records suggested that the onset of effects for the metabolites was more rapid than for the parent compound.
Correlative atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscope study of a chemical transition in a spinel on an oxidized nickel-based superalloy

Complex thermally grown oxides (TGOs) are formed on a single-crystal Ni-based superalloy due to a large fraction of alloying elements. Combining atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy analyses, the three-dimensional elemental distributions of metal oxides of the spinel and refractory metal-oxide regions are presented. A spinel-type oxide, Ni(Cr,Al) 2 O 4 , is formed with a crystallographic orientation relationship with the alloy substrate, which decomposes into other oxides. The sequence of oxides observed in the TGO are NiO → Cr 2 O 3 → Ta 2 O 5 → NiTaO 4 , NiTa 2 O 6 → Ni(Cr,Al) 2 O 4 → Al 2 O 3 .
Comparison of ARESE clear sky surface radiation measurements

Abstract A variety of broadband and spectral surface irradiance measurements from three instrument platforms show significant agreement with one another during three clear sky days (11, 15 and 18 October 1995) during the ARM Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE). This agreement is only possible when carefully considering absolute and angular calibration issues and applying the recommended correction procedures to the raw signals. By removing systematic measurement errors associated with the various instruments, it is possible to achieve consistencies in the various broadband data sets good to about 1–2% accuracy. It is through these careful comparisons that the measurement techniques currently used in determining downwelling surface flux radiances reflect the highest degree of accuracy and certainty.
Embedded computation meets the World Wide Web

Two important trends are converging to bring about a radical transformation in the operation of our world. First, the computer industry’s remarkable ability to squeeze more and more transistors into a smaller and smaller area of silicon is increasing the computational abilities of our devices, while simultaneously decreasing their cost and power consumption. Second, the proliferation of wired and wireless networking spurred by the development of the world-wide web and demands for mobile access are enabling low-cost connectivity among computing devices. It is now possible to connect not only our desktop machines, but every computing device into a true worldwide web that links the physical world of sensors and actuators to the virtual world of information utilities and services. What amazing new applications and services will result? How will ubiquitous computation affect our everyday lives? Will the long envisioned invisible computing paradigm finally be possible? This paper explores these questions while providing an overview of the capabilities of the new wave of embedded devices.
Age Differences and Degree of Acquaintance as Determinants of Interpersonal Distance

(1974). Age Differences and Degree of Acquaintance as Determinants of Interpersonal Distance. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 133-134.
Symmetrical terminal transverse limb defects: Report of a twenty-week fetus

A 20-week gestation hydropic Thai fetus is reported who had symmetrical absence of each hand and forefoot with persistence of digit-like nubbins on each limb. The histologic studies showed there was calcified acellular material in the digit-like nubbins, consistent with infarcted blood vessels, and cartilaginous structures that represented possibly the distal metacarpal articulating surface. The red blood cell indices of both parents were consistent with their being heterozygous for a hemoglobinopathy, such as α-thalassemia, which is common in Thais. The infarcted blood vessels could be the result of thrombosis of the digital arteries in the fetus due to a hemoglobinopathy such as hemoglobin Bart's, just as rabbit fetuses homozygous for brachydactyly have transverse terminal digit amputations following digital vessel occlusions due to macrocytic anemia. This was the only child with symmetrical absence of the hands and feet identified among 123,489 liveborn and stillborn infants surveyed for major malformations. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate bile duct development in mice

COMMENTARY ON: Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate bile duct development in mice. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1537–45. Journal of Clinical Investigation. Online by Li Z. et al. Copyright 2009 by American society for Clinical Investigation. Reprinted with permission of American Society for Clinical Investigation in the format Journal via Copyright Clearance Center . Abstract: The forkhead box proteins A1 and A2 (Foxa1 and Foxa2) are transcription factors with critical roles in establishing the developmental competence of the foregut endoderm and in initiating liver specification. Using conditional gene ablation during a later phase of liver development, we show here that deletion of both Foxa1 and Foxa2 (Foxa1/2) in the embryonic liver caused hyperplasia of the biliary tree. Abnormal bile duct formation in Foxa1/2-deficient liver was due, at least in part, to activation of IL-6 expression, a proliferative signal for cholangiocytes. The glucocorticoid receptor is a negative regulator of IL-6 transcription; in the absence of Foxa1/2, the glucocorticoid receptor failed to bind to the IL-6 promoter, causing enhanced IL-6 expression. Thus, after liver specification, Foxa1/2 are required for normal bile duct development through prevention of excess cholangiocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that Foxa1/2 function as terminators of bile duct expansion in the adult liver through inhibition of IL-6 expression.
XTP and multimedia

The paper analyses the requirements of multimedia communications in terms of XTP (Xpress transfer protocol). In a first step, multimedia communication requirements are described. Subsequently individual features of XTP relevant for audio and video data transfer are presented. The authors describe the multimedia requirements and provide a possible way to satisfy them using XTP. It turns out that a multimedia capable XTP requires new interpretations of existing mechanisms as well as some extensions. >
StarPlan II: evolution of an expert system

An expert system for satellite anomaly resolution must perform monitoring, situation assessment, diagnosis, goal determination and planning functions in real time. StarPlan is such a system being developed at the Ford Aerospace Sunnyvale Operation. This paper details the evolution of the StarPlan architecture from a rule-based system in which multiple "experts" classified and resolved anomalies to a more generic architecture that utilizes an object model of the domain to perform fault diagnosis using causal reasoning. The StarPlan I architecture is described; the lessons learned in StarPlan I implementation are discussed; and the architecture of StarPlan II is presented.
The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia , flavomicrops , flavosensitiva , foliocrypta , jardinero , levior , monteverdensis , raptor , snellingi , sotobosque , and wardi .
Human Plasma Very Low-Density Lipoproteins Are Stabilized by Electrostatic Interactions and Destabilized by Acidic pH

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are precursors of low-density lipoproteins (LDL, or “bad cholesterol”). Factors affecting structural integrity of VLDL are important for their metabolism. To assess the role of electrostatic interactions in VLDL stability, we determined how solvent ionic conditions affect the heat-induced VLDL remodeling. This remodeling involves VLDL fusion, rupture, and fission of apolipoprotein E-containing high-density lipoprotein-(HDL-) like particles similar to those formed during VLDL-to-LDL maturation. Circular dichroism and turbidity show that increasing sodium salt concentration in millimolar range reduces VLDL stability and its enthalpic component. Consequently, favorable electrostatic interactions stabilize VLDL. Reduction in pH from 7.4 to 6.0 reduces VLDL stability, with further destabilization detected at pH < 6, which probably results from titration of the N-terminal α-amino groups and free fatty acids. This destabilization is expected to facilitate endosomal degradation of VLDL, promote their coalescence into lipid droplets in atherosclerotic plaques, and affect their potential use as drug carriers.
Higher-order statistics for tissue characterization from ultrasound images

We model tissue as a collection of point scatterers embedded in a uniform media, and show that the higher order statistics (HOS) of the scatterer spacing distribution can be estimated from digitized RF scan line segments and be used in obtaining tissue signatures. Based on our model for tissue microstructure, we estimate resolvable periodicity and correlations among non-periodic scatterers. Using higher-order statistics of the scattered signal, we define as tissue "color" a quantity that describes the scatterer spatial correlations, show how to estimate it from the higher-order correlations of the digitized RF scan line segments, and investigate its potential as a tissue signature.
Early references to collective punishment in an excavated Chinese text: analysis and discussion of an imprecation from the Wenxian covenant texts

This is the publisher's official version, also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X1100036X.
The Gnostic Influence on Psychology: Effects of the Common Heresy:

Judeo-Christian theology has been plagued throughout its history by heresy concerning, among many things, the doctrine of God and of human nature. Psychology, possessing a generally fluid doctrine of human nature –- from the dualistic to the holistic, from the analytical to the existential, from the “dark shadow” to the supreme good –- has also been plagued by anthropological heresy. This article tentatively suggests that historical psychology has built its anthropology upon philosophical presuppositions in the tradition of the Gnostic heresy.
An Aphid-Dip Bioassay to Evaluate Susceptibility of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Pyrethroid, Organophosphate, and Neonicotinoid Insecticides

Since the discovery of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in North America in 2000, chemical control has been the most effective method to manage aphid outbreaks. Increased insecticide use in soybean raises the possibility of developing insecticide resistance in soybean aphid, and monitoring insecticide susceptibility is essential to maintain pesticide tools. We developed a simple and reliable aphid-dip bioassay by using a tea strainer that resulted in ≥90% survival in controls. Using this technique, we tested susceptibility of a greenhouse strain of soybean aphid that has never been exposed to insecticides, and field-collected aphid strains from two counties in Michigan. Aphid susceptibility was tested for five insecticides by dipping groups of five aphids in each insecticide dose for 10 s. After 48 h, aphids were classified as dead or alive, and counted. Aphids from all strains were highly susceptible to chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and dimethoate, with LC50 and LC90 values well below the recommended application rates. However, aphids showed less susceptibility after 48 h to neonicotinoid imidacloprid, with higher LC90s and wider fiducial limits. This illustrated the potential limitation of using a 48-h assay to evaluate insecticides with longer-term, sublethal impacts. Nevertheless, this study made use of a simple aphid-dip method to test and compare insecticide susceptibility of soybean aphid. In the event of a field failure, the aphid populations involved can be tested in comparison to a susceptible greenhouse strain to determine the extent of resistance development.
ARCH MODELS: PROPERTIES, ESTIMATION AND TESTING

Abstract. The aim of this survey paper is to provide an account of some of the important developments in the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model since its inception in a seminal paper by Engle (1982). This model takes account of many observed properties of asset prices, and therefore, various interpretations can be attributed to it. We start with the basic ARCH models and discuss their different interpretations. ARCH models have been generalized in different directions to accommodate more and more features of the real world. We provide a comprehensive treatment of many of the extensions of the original ARCH model. Next we discuss estimation and testing for ARCH models and note that these models lead to some interesting and unique problems. There have been numerous applications and we mention some of these as we present different models. The paper includes a glossary of the acronyms for the models we describe.
Kinetics of interferon-gamma producing cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the risk of subsequent CMV viremia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background. Deficiencies in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T lymphocytes impair the immunologic response against CMV reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods. A time-dependent analysis was conducted to determine the association between the percentages and kinetics of interferon-gamma-producing CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and CMV viremia among 30 allogeneic HSCT recipients. Results. Higher percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes activated with CMVpp65 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.18–3.6; P=0.011) and CMV lysate (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.99–1.42; P=0.072), and higher percentages of CD8+ T lymphocytes activated by CMV immediate early-1 (HR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01–1.43; P=0.038) and CMVpp65 (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.0–1.27; P=0.060) were associated with time-to-CMV viremia. Furthermore, a higher degree in the decline of CMV lysate-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.96–1.36; P=0.125) and CMVpp65-activated CD8+ T lymphocytes (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.03–1.78; P=0.031) was suggestive of or significantly associated with time-to-CMV viremia. Conclusions. Higher levels of CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were associated with subsequent CMV viremia after HSCT. The association between CMV viremia and the degree of decline in CMV-specific T lymphocytes suggests that severe disruption in homeostatic CMV-specific immune environment contributes to the immunopathogenesis of CMV after allogeneic HSCT.