cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multi-layer Physic-based Model for Electric Vehicle Energy Demand Estimation in Interdependent Transportation Networks and Power Systems

Future smart cities pave the path toward global electrification. This trend affects various networks, including transportation systems. Transportation electrifications will increase the interdependence between power systems and transportation networks. Electric vehicles (EVs) and charging stations are the main coupling components. Although EVs are introduced as economic and sustainable means of transportation, they can lead to both traffic congestion and power line congestion. This book chapter first provides a big picture of interdependent transportation networks and power systems. It then introduces a comprehensive EV load model, which takes into physical aspects of electric vehicles. Then, it evaluates the required battery power by investigating the required power to overcome different real-world mechanical resistances, such as aerodynamic drag. The goal of this study is to introduce a framework that investigates the physics of the EVs, and analyzes the behavior of electric vehicle drivers based on a given real-world dataset. The proposed EV load model is based on historical driving cycles for 1000 EVs, and hence, reflects the behavior of drivers. Sub-primary level is also investigated, i.e., how can different driving cycles affect the EV's charging demand. We evaluate the required battery power by investigating the required power to overcome the aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and the force required for a vehicle climbing a hill.
"Unselling" the cigarette.

For decades, advertising agencies in the United States have been willing accomplices in promoting the sale of cigarettes. Years ago, agencies lauded their tobacco company accounts as prime evidence of their creative ability and competitive edge. These accounts were considered to be pearls, as valuable as those with major car manufacturers, soft drinks producers, breweries, and other free spending marketers of mass consumer products. But now all that is changing. Although tobacco marketing still represents a huge source of revenue for agencies, a sizeable countertrend is building as more funds are becoming available for what might be described as the “unselling of the cigarette.” Alex Bogusky, partner and creative director for Crispin Porter and Bogusky in Coral Gables, Florida, told the New York Times : “The reason for cigarettes being among the most powerful brands in America …
Hypercoagulable State in COVID-19: A Case Series of Three Patients

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that originated in China in late 2019, has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although fever, cough, and shortness of breath have been recognized as hallmark symptoms, other lesser known complications continue to be described. We report a series of three patients who presented to the emergency department, who tested positive for COVID-19, and were found to have or subsequently developed thromboembolic complications.
Association of Cell Phone Location Data and Trends in COVID-19 Infections During Loosening of Stay-At-Home Restrictions

We report that during the loosening of stay-at-home mandates, U.S. counties with more county level workplace cell phone activity had a more rapid increase in incidence of COVID-19. Though these results are not applicable at an individual level, they improve estimation of areas at higher risk of COVID-19 surge.
A validated prediction score for having two or more embryos for cryopreservation following freeze-all IVF cycles: an analysis utilizing SART CORS database

To develop and validate a prediction score for having 2 or more embryos cryopreserved following an IVF cycle without a fresh transfer such that an embryo selection method may be applicable. We also developed a counseling tool on the probability of not having any embryos following an IVF cycle without a fresh transfer. We split the data into a development set and a validation set by region within the USA using a coin flip approach and subsequently performed a logistic regression model to identify factors most predictive of cryopreservation of 2 or more embryos in the development set. This model was validated in the validation set. Subsequently, a clinical prediction score was derived using the model coefficients and the predictive accuracy measured with the concordance (c) statistic. A total of 31,537 potential freeze-all cycles were reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology in 2014. Of these, 57.87% produced and cryopreserved two or more embryos. We identified that age, AMH, and the number of eggs retrieved were the most significant predictors of having 2 or more embryos cryopreserved with a validated c-statistic of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.83 to 0.85). A clinical prediction score was derived from the model. 28.9% of freeze-all cycles had no embryos created from the IVF cycle despite a cycle start and an egg retrieval. The number of eggs retrieved was the most significant predictor of having no embryos available for a transfer, with a c-statistic of 0.80 when modeled as the only predictor variable. We derived counseling tools with acceptable discrimination for use in clinical practice (c-statistics > 0.7). Our study further suggests that the number of eggs retrieved from an IVF cycle is most predictive of having 2 or more embryos cryopreserved and not having any embryos after an IVF cycle, suggesting that clinicians should strive to optimize oocyte yield especially in poor prognosis patients. The probability of having two more embryos cryopreserved in a freeze-all IVF cycle such that an embryo selection method is applicable can be predicted with acceptable precision prior to the IVF cycle and excellent precision following egg retrieval using the prediction score.
Influence of the Substrate Temperature on the Texture of MgO Films Grown by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition

The variation in the substrate temperature during ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), which employs the use of energetic ions to bombard a growing film, has been shown to influence the quality of crystalline texture in MgO films. Determining the acceptable deviation from the optimum ion to molecule ratio for different substrate temperatures establishes the optimum MgO deposition conditions. For each fixed deposition temperature, a set of samples was produced by varying the ion assist beam current from sample to sample while keeping the deposition rate constant. In this way, the ion to molecule ratio was modified and the range of achieving well textured films was determined. The investigation of the MgO texture dependence on the substrate temperature reveals that the best in-plane alignment is obtained at ˜ 25°C. At this temperature, MgO films with in-plane orientation distribution as low as 3.7° full width at half maximum (FWHM) have been attained. MgO films deposited at temperatures higher than 100°C have broad in-plane alignment. Although, the deposition at the lowest temperature (-150°C) did not improve the in-plane texture, the acceptable deviation from the optimum ion to molecule ratio for achieving biaxially textured films was the largest. As a trend, the acceptable ion to molecule deviation decreases with increasing substrate temperature. This is especially important for continuous IBAD MgO depositions where less restrictive conditions are desired.
Consensus recommendations for the classification and long-term follow up of infants who screen positive for Krabbe Disease.

Abstract Objective To provide updated evidence and consensus-based recommendations for the classification of individuals who screen positive for Krabbe Disease (KD) and recommendations for long-term follow-up for those who are at risk for late onset Krabbe Disease (LOKD). Methods KD experts (KD NBS Council) met between July 2017 and June 2020 to develop consensus-based classification and follow-up recommendations. The resulting newly proposed recommendations were assessed in a historical cohort of 47 newborns from New York State who were originally classified at moderate or high risk for LOKD. Results Infants identified by newborn screening with possible KD should enter one of three clinical follow-up pathways (Early infantile KD, at-risk for LOKD, or unaffected), based on galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity, psychosine concentration, and GALC genotype. Patients considered at-risk for LOKD based on low GALC activity and an intermediate psychosine concentration are further split into a high-risk or low-risk follow-up pathway based on genotype. Review of the historical New York State cohort found that the updated follow-up recommendations would reduce follow up testing by 88%. Conclusion The KD NBS Council has presented updated consensus recommendations for efficient and effective classification and follow-up of NBS positive patients with a focus on long-term follow-up of those at-risk for LOKD.
3D Systems with Stochastic Architecture

This chapter presents data on the stochastic 3D neuromorphic systems, that can be realized only with organic materials. Essential elements of the system, namely, specially synthesized block-copolymers and functionalized gold nanoparticles, are considered. The method of the network fabrication is described. These systems have demonstrated the possibility of the electrical properties adaptations and mimicking of living beings learning at their early stage of live (baby learning or imprinting) and at the adult stage of life. The application of the mathematical models, developed for the description of animals cognitive activity, to this 3D system has revealed the possibility of its unsupervised learning.
Penicillin V Potassium

Penicillin V, the phenoxymethyl analogue of penicillin G, is a semisynthetic penicillin for oral use; discussed here is the potassium salt of penicillin V (often called Penicillin VK). This drug is more stable in acid than is penicillin G and, thus, it is better absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its actions are the same as those of penicillin G for gram-positive microorganisms and it is, therefore, preferable to penicillin G in cases in which the oral route is desirable, but it is less effective than penicillin G against gram-negative microorganisms, especially Neisseria species. (Thus, it is not recommended for gonococcal infections.) Like penicillin G, this agent is not effective against penicillinase-producing bacteria.
Effectiveness of a smartphone application for testing near visual acuity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discrepancy between the near visual acuity (VA) measurements using the EyeHandBook smartphone application and the conventional method of using the near vision card. Using similar environmental/examinational conditions, near VA measurements were obtained and compared using the near vision card and the EyeHandBook app for IPhone 5 from 100 subjects. The obtained data were changed to LogMAR format and the relationship between the two techniques was analyzed by paired sample t-test and scatterplot. With a P-value of<0.0001, our results indicate that the EyeHandBook application running on IPhone 5 overestimates the near VA compared with the conventional near vision card by an average of 0.11 LogMAR unless the measurement done by the near vision card was 20/20. Owing to vast utilization of portable high-definition screens in VA measurements, eye-care providers have to be mindful of the potential disparity in VA measurement between different platforms, which in our study was likely secondary to the high contrast and brightness levels of the smartphone’s high-definition screen when compared with the near vision card.
Approaches to the Biofunctionalization of Spherical and Anisotropic Iron Oxide Nanomaterials

The sections in this article are Introduction Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis Nanoparticle Functionalization Surface Adsorption Ligand Exchange Silanes and Siloxanes Monolayer Reactions Encapsulation Encapsulation: Silica (SiO2) Encapsulation: Metallic and Semiconductor Shells Encapsulation: Polymeric and Carbon Shells Encapsulation: Carbon Shells Lipids and Dendrimers Lipids Dendrimers Conclusions Keywords: nanoparticle; magnetic; encapsulation; monolayer; functionalization; ligand substitution; synthesis
Efficient Asset Management: A Practical Guide to Stock Portfolio Optimization and Asset Allocation

PREFACE XIII 1. Introduction 2. Classic Mean-Variance Optimization 3. Traditional Criticisms and Alternatives 4. Understanding Mean-Variance Efficiency 5. Portfolio Review and Mean-Variance Efficiency 6. Portfolio Analysis and the Resampled Efficient Frontier 7. Portfolio Revision and Confidence Regions 8. Input Estimation and Stein Estimators 9. Benchmark Active Asset Allocation 10. Investment Policy and Economic Liabilities 11. Return Forecasts and Mixed Estimation 12. Avoiding Optimization Errors
Networking knowledge in the sustainable agriculture movement: Some implications of the gender dimension

Knowledge issues are a critical dimension in the politics of the sustainable agriculture movement. Recent research has examined how sustainable farming networks facilitate the creation and exchange of local knowledge about alternative practices and ideas. This article extends those analyses by exploring the role of social location in that knowledge creation and exchange process, based on field research in a sustainable farming network organized by and for women farmers. Different experiences in everyday life may create multiple and partial perspectives from which local knowledge for sustainability is generated and exchanged.
Survival of patients with biventricular devices after device infection, extraction, and reimplantation.

Objectives This study sought to compare outcomes in patients with biventricular device infections who undergo successful treatment including extraction and reimplantation to patients with biventricular devices never known to become infected. Background Infection of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Survival in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device infections undergoing full system extraction is unknown. Methods We extracted data on all patients undergoing extraction of a biventricular pacing device for an infectious indication at the Cleveland Clinic between February 16, 2000, and June 30, 2011. Survival of patients who presented with a CRT device infection, extraction, and successful reimplantation was compared to that of a large cohort of consecutive patients undergoing initial CRT implantation without a known history of subsequent device-related infection. In addition, long-term outcomes were compared between patients who were extracted and deemed to be cured with and without successful biventricular device reimplantation. Results In all, 151 patients underwent biventricular device extraction for infection, of whom 81 were successfully reimplanted. The noninfected cohort consisted of 879 patients. In a multivariate Cox regression model controlling for sex, a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy, creatinine, hemoglobin, beta-blocker use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, and diuretic use, no significant association between subsequent infection with reimplantation and all-cause mortality was noted (p = 0.21). There was a trend toward worse outcomes for patients extracted, deemed cured, and not reimplanted compared to patients with successful CRT reimplantation. Conclusions Patients with a biventricular device infection who are successfully extracted, treated with antibiotics, and reimplanted with a biventricular device have outcomes similar to those of patients with biventricular devices not known to have become infected.
Benefit or Burden: Victims' Reflections on TRC Participation

This research contributes to the expanding literature on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) by focusing on the experiences of victims/survivors who participated in the TRC process. Lengthy semistructured interviews were held with 30 Black South African victims who engaged the TRC process. Qualitative analysis indicated that a small number of those interviewed viewed it as a positive and empowering experience, although for many others it appeared to be a painful and disempowering process filled with unmet expectations and promises. Discussion of the implications of survivors' responses emerging from the thematic analysis and suggestions for improving future policies pertaining to survivors' participation in such TRC mechanisms are offered. The importance of considering the cultural applicability and adaptability of terms such as "amnesty," used in transitional justice scenarios, is also highlighted.
Dynamic regulation of Bcl6 in follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells

Our bodies are continuously exposed to various types of infectious pathogens. Vaccinations are the most cost effective way to protect our bodies against a variety of infectious microbes. The efficacy of most vaccines relies on protective antibody production and generation of memory B cells. These two key components develop mostly from B cells that participate in germinal center reactions. Recent efforts have highlighted the critical role of follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells in the generation of germinal centers. Given that Bcl6 is a major transcription factor for Tfh differentiation, here we review recent developments in the understanding of signaling molecules that regulate Bcl6 expression in CD4 T cells, as a potential target for development of more efficacious vaccines.
Mission-Market Tensions and Nonprofit Pricing

Private not-for-profit organizations combine characteristics of a public sector agency with those of a private, proprietary firm. In particular, nonprofits are required to address designated social missions while breaking even financially. This structure underlies the difficulty that nonprofit organizations face in making decisions with important resource implications. Specifically, choices that would achieve maximal mission impact may differ from choices that reward the organization in purely financial terms. As a result, nonprofit managers face a variety of trade-offs between mission responsive and financially rewarding actions. This paper considers some of these tradeoffs in the context of pricing decisions by nonprofit organizations. In particular, the paper draws on alternative theories of nonprofit pricing from the literature. In one theory, nonprofits are viewed as revenue maximizers, pricing their services to garner as much net revenue as possible to support their organizations. In an alternative theory, nonprofits are conceived as mission maximizers, pricing their services to achieve maximum mission impact within the constraint of financial solvency. The efficacy of these theories is explored through five case studies of organizations offering a variety of services within the context of a local social services federation. Evidence from these cases suggests that the forgoing theories apply in some combination for any given nonprofit organization. Several different behavioral patterns are found, including nonprofits seeking to balance financial and mission impacts in the pricing policies for each of their service offerings and others pursuing a strategic mix of pricing policies for profitable and mission-impacting services. It is clear from all cases observed that nonprofit managers struggle with mission-market tensions as they relate to pricing and that they can benefit from metrics to help them sort through these decisions in ways that resolve these tensions.
Incubation behaviour in common terns: Influence of wind speed and direction on orientation of incubating adults

Abstract Wind is an important factor influencing the orientation of incubating birds. This study examined the relationship between wind speed and direction and the orientation of incubating common terns. An index measuring the deviation of bird orientation from wind direction was devised, and this index approached zero (greater uniformity in facing into the wind) as wind speed increased. The relationship was linear over a large range of wind speeds and successfully predicted orientation behaviour observed for birds incubating during a wind storm. These findings provide the basis for further examination of factors such as habitat and social interactions which are likely to be important in influencing incubation behaviour under many circumstances, but which may be overridden as wind speed increases.
Privacy, consent, and the electronic mental health record: The Person vs. the System

As electronic health record systems become widely adopted and proposals are advanced to integrate mental health with general health systems, there is mounting pressure to include mental health information on the same basis as general health information without any requirement for active, individual patient consent to do so. A prime example is the current effort to change the Mental Health Information Act of the District of Columbia, which has, up till now, stood as a model for protection of the privacy of patients with mental illness, the requirement of informed consent for disclosure of health information, and delimitation of minimum necessary disclosure. Mental health information is exceptionally sensitive and potentially damaging if privacy is breached, which makes patients reluctant to seek treatment if they cannot be assured of confidentiality. In addition, there have been spectacular breaches of the security of large electronic health record databases. A subtle but more likely threat is the possibility that mental health information in networks could be fully accessible to all of the patient's providers in a network, not just those for whom it would be necessary to the patient's care. In the 1996 Supreme Court decision in Jaffee v. Redmond, the high court recognized that confidentiality is essential for patients to engage in effective psychotherapy, and HIPAA maintains that special status in the protection of psychotherapy notes as well as explicitly stating that it defers to state laws that are more protective of confidentiality than is HIPAA itself. Highly sensitive information also exists in mental health records aside from psychotherapy notes. Any change in the laws that govern informed consent for disclosure of mental health information must take these factors into account. Specifically, the author opposes any change that would assume tacit consent to release mental health information through an electronic health information exchange in the absence of a patient-initiated request to "opt out"; the requirement that the patient give active, informed and non-coerced consent to disclose information--"opt in"--must be preserved.
Dyeing crystals to dyeing tissues: Congo red in anisotropic media

In the past, we have studied the process of dyeing crystals through measurements of linear optical anisotropies (e.g., linear dichroism and linear birefringence). Techniques for analyzing the optical properties of dyed crystals are readily translated to stained crystalline tissues, countless examples of which have been described by chemical histologists. Moreover, questions pertaining to mechanisms of non-covalent association are comparable whether the structured host is a single crystal or crystalline tissue. Here, the azo dye, Congo red, in two types of anisotropic media, sucrose single crystals and fibrous, proteinaceous amyloid plaques, is described. Optical micrographs of amyloid from the brains of deceased Alzheimer's Disease patients made with a newly developed imaging system reveal previously unrecognized features. As formation of ordered amyloid plaques from their relatively small peptides may well be considered a pathological biocrystallization process, a clear understanding of the deposition mechanism may lead to strategies for crystallization inhibition.
Control of the Interfacial Reactions in Nb-Toughened MoSi2

Toughening of MoSi2 for high-temperature applications can be achieved by incorporating ductile refractory-metal reinforcements, provided that a coating is applied to prevent interdiffusion and reaction between the matrix and the reinforcements. In the present study, three different coating techniques for applying a thin Al2O3 film on Nb reinforcements as a diffusion barrier have been studied. The techniques consisted of (i) sol-gel coating; (ii) physical vapor deposition (PVD); (iii) hot dipping in molten Al, followed by anodizing Al to form Al2O3. The processing parameters for the techniques were evaluated and the effectiveness of each coating as a diffusion barrier was assessed. For the present MoSi2 matrix which contains SiO2, PVD coatings provided the most effective diffusion barrier for processing MoSi2/Nb composites.
Geographical distribution of transitional VGPs: Evidence for non-zonal equatorial symmetry during the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal

Abstract Paleomagnetic records of the Matuyama-Brunhes polarity reversal obtained recently from the northern, equatorial and southern latitudes of the Atlantic sector display a distinct symmetry with respect to the Equator. The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) paths from the mid-latitude sites in the northern and southern hemispheres (DSDP Site 609 and Core V16-58) are nearly coincident, tracking northward through the Americas. The VGP path from the equatorial site (ODP Site 664) tracks northward through eastern Asia, nearly antipodal to the other two paths. Modeling results indicate that superimposing an h 1 3 geometry onto a reversing axial dipole explains the sense of equatorial symmetry exhibited by these three records. These results are consistent with the bulk of the data available from other records of this polarity transition, suggesting that the transitional VGPs during this reversal tend to fall along two distinct longitudinal bands. The grouping of transitional VGPs suggests that there is a strong geographical control over the reversal process. An apparent correlation between the longitudinal bands of transitional VGPs and the location of the major flux concentrations in the radial component of the historical geomagnetic field at the core-mantle boundary [1] suggests that the processes which cause these flux concentrations may have influenced the geometry of the Matuyama-Brunhes transitional field.
The Cook Inc. Gianturco-Roubin Flex-Stent

The Cook Inc. Gianturco-Roubin Flex-Stcnt was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in May 1993 for the treatment of acute and threatened closure following balloon angioplasty or treatment with another percutaneous device. However, the stent is frequently used for additional, nonapproved indications, including the treatment of restenosis lesions, lesions that demonstrate early recoil, high risk lesions, and the treatment of primary (de novo) lesions in an attempt to improve the clinical outcome in these different settings. The aim of this article is to review the available data regarding the use of the Flex-Stent for these approved and nonapproved indications. (J Interven Cardiol 1996;9:145–152)
Forward masking in young children: Rocketship psychophysics

A three-alternative forced choice forward masking procedure was embedded in an arcade-style rocketship video game. Human subjects were categorized into five groups; adults and 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old children. The masker was a 500-msec noise that simulated rocket engines and the 20-msec, 500-Hz sinusoidal signal was achirp from agremlin. The gremlin hid, at random, in one of the three rockets. Subjects responded and interacted with the game by touching the rocket hiding the gremlin. Results revealed that masked thresholds decreased for all groups as a function of the interstimulus interval. The reliability of the psychophysical approach was confirmed and a developmental trend lends support to the hypothesis that auditory processing improves as a function of age. Children’s auditory filters were suggested to be functionally larger than those of adults.
Functional Measure, Topology and Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking

Abstract We present a functional interpretation of a criterion for supersymmetry breaking recently proposed by Witten. We give a functional representation of the index Δ and discuss its properties. A topological explanation of Δs as the winding number of a functional mapping introduced by Nicolai is given. The connection of Δ with the relevant geometric aspects of the non-perturbative physics is discussed.
Enhanced adaptive flux observer for induction motor drive system with mutual inductance adjustment

In this paper, an enhanced scheme of adaptive flux observer of induction motor with mutual inductance adaptation is proposed. This adaptive observer is used with direct field-oriented control of induction machine. It is based on using induction motor model with the estimation of the load torque besides the estimation of the mutual inductance. The robustness of this observer with respect to the mutual inductance variations is studied. The obtained results show performance of estimation and adaptation of mutual inductance using the new adaptive flux observer.
p53 apoptotic response to DNA damage dependent on bcl2 but not bax in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines.

Background. In many tumors, the p53 gene has been mutated or deleted. p53 null mutant mice are prone to development of a variety of neoplasms at an early age. In head and neck cancer, p53 mutations are detected in most cases. p53 has been shown to induce growth arrest, differentiation, and death when overexpressed in cancer cell lines. p53 responds to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle in G1 or G2 phase until repair can be completed. If DNA damage is severe, p53 may trigger programmed cell death by means of proapoptotic genes such as bax. Studies have suggested that p53 target genes must be intact for proper functioning of the tumor suppressor. Methods. We stably expressed transcriptionally active p53 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lines in which the endogenous gene was inactivated by mutation. We performed proliferation, cell death, cell cycle, and gene expression analysis in control clones and those treated with the DNA damaging agent etoposide. Results. These clones proliferated slowly with accumulation of cells at the G1/S phase boundary but did not undergo growth arrest or apoptosis. Coexpression of the proapoptotic gene bax (a known target of p53) failed to induce apoptosis in these clones. However, p53 expression sensitized these cells to DNA damage–induced apoptosis by means of inhibition of bcl2 protein levels. Conclusion. We concluded that the p53 apoptotic response to DNA damage was dependent on bcl2 but not bax in head and neck SCC lines. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals Inc. Head Neck27: XXX–XXX, 2005
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Current insights in a molecular age with emphasis on clinical oral and maxillofacial pathology practice

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) commonly involves the oral and maxillofacial region, and comes to the attention of dental practitioners when a patient presents with orofacial pain and a bony or soft tissue lesion. This is a relatively rare entity, which has made it difficult to investigate the clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects of the disease. Treatment protocols are not well defined, particularly in adults. During the past decade, the Histiocyte Society has formulated various LCH categories, based on risk stratification, and treatment protocols for the pediatric population. Adult trials are currently available through the Histiocyte Society. Although there has been considerable controversy, the neoplastic nature of LCH has been established by demonstrating clonality. LCH symptoms and the development and persistence of LCH lesions have been ascribed to a "chemokine/cytokine storm" due to autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Discovery of biologic, cytogenetic, and molecular abnormalities in LCH have already affected treatment by providing novel therapeutic targets.
Involvement of δ- and μ-opioid receptors in the potentiation of brain-stimulation reward

Abstract A rate-free method of determining brain-stimulation reward thresholds was used to identify the rewarding effects of the δ-opioid receptor and μ-opioid receptor agonist peptides, [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE) and [ d -Ala 2 -MePhe 4 -Gly(ol) 5 ]enkephalin (DAMGO). The nucleus accumbens-delivered opioid receptor agonists produced marked lowering of the threshold for ventral tegmental area brain-stimulation reward. No change in baseline thresholds was seen after peripheral administration of the nonpeptide δ-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole. However, an unexpected finding was that naltrindole blocked the threshold-lowering effects of both DPDPE and DAMGO. These data demonstrate nucleus accumbens activation of δ- and μ-opioid receptors and ventral tegmental area brain-stimulation reward share common brain substrates. In addition, the interference of both δ- and μ-opioid receptor mediated reward by naltrindole may have implications for therapeutic use.
The Effectiveness of “Typical-User” Testimonial Advertisements on Black and White Browsers' Evaluations of Products on Commercial Websites: Do They Really Work?

ABSTRACT This study tests the effectiveness of testimonial advertisements on black and white browsers9 evaluations of a high-end product on a commercial website. The results demonstrate that, although white browsers in general respond no differently to a commercial site whether it features a black character testimonial advertisement, white character testimonial advertisement, or no testimonial advertisement, black browsers do respond differently to commercial sites based on the race of the character used in the testimonial advertisements. Specifically, the findings indicate that black browsers identified more strongly with black character testimonials, were more likely to believe a site was targeting them when the site contained black testimonials, and recalled more product information from a site that featured black character testimonials vis-a-vis a site with either white character testimonials or no testimonials. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Linear Algebra Problem Book

Linear Algebra Problem Book can be either the main course or the dessert for someone who needs linear algebraand nowadays that means every user of mathematics. It can be used as the basis of either an official course or a program of private study. If used as a course, the book can stand by itself, or if so desired, it can be stirred in with a standard linear algebra course as the seasoning that provides the interest, the challenge, and the motivation that is needed by experienced scholars as much as by beginning students. The best way to learn is to do, and the purpose of this book is to get the reader to DO linear algebra. The approach is Socratic: first ask a question, then give a hint (if necessary), then, finally, for security and completeness, provide the detailed answer.
APE: Average potential evaluation software for the LAB-8 system

A paper-tape software system is described which allows the addition and/or subtraction of signal averaging data from the DEC advanced averager program. This pooled averaging data may be plotted, printed, or punched. A DEC LAB-8 system with 4K memory and high-speed reader/punch are required. Several examples of the application of the system to human evoked brain response data are presented, and the application of the system to other problems is discussed.
Automated video summarization using speech transcripts

Compact representations of video data can enable efficient video browsing. Such representations provide the user with information about the content of the particular sequence being examined while preserving the essential message. We propose a method to automatically generate video summaries for long videos. Our video summarization approach involves mainly two tasks: first, segmenting the video into small, coherent segments and second, ranking the resulting segments. Our proposed algorithm scores segments based on word frequency analysis of speech transcripts. Then a summary is generated by selecting the segments with the highest score to duration ratios and these are concatenating them. We have designed and performed a user study to evaluate the quality of summaries generated. Comparisons are made using our proposed algorithm and a random segment selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the user study results. Finally we discuss various issues that arise in evaluation of automatically generated video summaries.
RISC state-swapping processing overhead in an ISDN environment

Abstract The processing overhead of the RISC state-swapping operation is evaluated in an ISDN software environment. A model for ISDN application tasks is introduced to simulate the processing of ISDN user-network interface protocols. A simple approach is developed to arrive at an estimate for this overhead. Measurement of the processing is calculated for two ISDN applications tasks, the Q.931 basic call control and the TEL assignment. The overhead cost is measured in relation to the total memory references and to the total machine instruction processing time. Results presented show that this overhead is significant, and is particularly so if the number of ISDN messages being processed during task execution is small.
Diffusion-controlled termination in free radical polymerizations†

The theory of Kuhn and Kuhn for the diffusion of polymer chain ends has been applied to the termination mechanism for free radical polymerizations, proposed by Benson and North. By using the dimensions for a Gaussian chain, an expression for this diffusion-controlled termination rate constant in terms of solvent viscosity, polymer chain flexibility, and chain length has been derived. The theory predicts that the termination rate constant is inversely proportional to solvent viscosity for flexible polymer chains and independent of solvent viscosity for very stiff polymer chains. Several previously reported effects of solvent viscosity on the termination rate constant may be explained with the present theory. The effect of polymer chain length on the termination rate constant depends upon the range of chain lengths considered and upon the relative chain stiffness. The necessity of taking into account the frequency distribution of radicals which exists during polymerization is discussed. Calculated values of the termination rate constant have been carried out with the use of values for the various parameters which are believed to be typical of vinyl polymers in solution. These calculated values are in general agreement with those which are usually obtained experimentally.
Reconstructing Bellour: Automating the Semiotic Analysis of Film

This article discusses automating the semiotic analysis of film, including visual representation, search and retrieval, and ways of seeing.
Electrochemical oxidation of 6-thioguanine

Abstract The electrochemical exidation pathway of 6-thioguanine was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, constant-potential electrolysis, coulometry, UV/VIS spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Experimental evidence indicates that the oxidation pathway depends on potential. At less positive potentials, 6-thioguanine is oxidized at the 6-thio group forming a dimeric product. At more positive potentials, 6-thioguanine is further oxidized in a process which involves the thio group and the purine ring. The final products of the electrochemical oxidation are 5-guanidinohydantoin and 1-hydoxy-2,4,6,8 tetraaza-3-7-dioxo-5-ene-bicyclo3,3,0]octane. The significance of the electrochemical results is discussed.
The design of a Chinese classic poetry wizard

The forms of Chinese classic poetry have been developed through thousands years of history and are still current in today's poetry society. A re-classification of the rhyming words, however, is necessary to keep the classic poetry up to date in the new settings of modern Chinese language. In order to maintain the continuation of the poetry forms, computing technology can be used to help the readers as well as poetry writers to check the compliance of poems in accordance to the forms and composite poems without the effort to learn the old grouping of rhyming words. This work will help revive Chinese classic poetry in modern society and promote its writability.
An algorithm for the solution of ill-posed linear systems arising from the discretization of Fredholm integral equation of the first kind

Abstract An algorithm for obtaining approximate solutions of ill-posed systems of linear equations arising from the discretization of Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is described. The ill-posed system is first replaced by an equivalent consistent system of linear equations. The method calculates the minimum length least squares solution of the consistent system. Starting from rank = 1 of the consistent system, the rank is increased by one in succession and a new solution is calculated. This is repeated until a certain simple criterion is satisfied. Linear programming techniques are used for which successive solutions are the basic solutions in the successive simplex tableaux. The algorithm is numerically stable. Numerical results show that this method compares favorably with other direct methods.
Pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is caused by the aggregation of insoluble fibrous deposits of misfolded proteins. Cardiac deposition can lead to diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and ischaemia. In this Review, Gertz et al. summarize the pathophysiology of the condition, and how best to achieve early diagnosis and treatment, before advanced heart failure occurs.
Weeping: Evidence for a cognitive theory

According to a two-factor cognitive theory of weeping, schema-incongruent information and efforts to assimilate it create arousal; resolution, giving up of the schema, and cessation of the assimilation efforts result in arousal reduction and may be associated with emotional tears. To assess these predictions, female subjects were shown an emotional film under one of two conditions. In one condition only schema-induction and incongruity phases were viewed, while the other condition viewed the complete film (i.e., schema-induction, incongruity, and resolution). Consistent with expectations, incongruity was associated with increased stress and depressed mood. Only subjects who viewed the complete film reported significant decreases in these states. The final scene, assumed to trigger schema change, produced the greatest amount of weeping.
Host diapause status and host diets augmented with cryoprotectants enhance cold hardiness in the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis

Boosting cold hardiness in parasitoids is a goal that is particularly attractive for increasing shelf life and shipment of biological control agents. In the experiments reported here we use the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis as a model to evaluate manipulations that may be capable of enhancing the wasp's cold tolerance. We altered the parasitoid's cold tolerance by manipulating the wasp's diapause status, the diapause status of the host fly (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), and the diet of the host. Larval diapause in N. vitripennis dramatically increased cold tolerance and the diapause status of the host also exerted a positive, although less dramatic, effect. Augmenting the host fly's diet with supplements of putative cryoprotectants (alanine, proline and glycerol) enhanced cold tolerance in parasitoids that fed on the flies, thus indicating a tri-trophic effect on parasitoid cold tolerance. The most pronounced improvement in cold tolerance was noted in parasitoids fed on fly hosts that had received a diet augmented with proline. These results suggest mechanisms that could be exploited for enhancement of cold tolerance in parasitoids of commercial interest.
The Chronically Mentally 111 on a General Hospital Consultation-Liaison Service: Their Needs and Management

The consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrist often sees chronic mentally ill patients when they are admitted to the medical-surgical services of the general hospital. Little research has been directed to the special needs and concerns of these patients in the general hospital. This area has become more relevant now that many of these patients are no longer cared for in the safety of the state hospital setting, often making baseline medical histories inaccessible. They have an overall higher mortality rate than the general population, cannot give adequate histories, and their psychotic illness can mask an underlying medical illness. In this preliminary investigation of the problems of this special population, the authors examined the issues concerning nursing needs, length of hospital stay, medical diagnosis, and possible complicating problems encountered during these patients' hospital stays in the setting of an urban university hospital. The authors discuss the implications of the role of the C-L psychiatrist in addressing their patients' acute problems.
Reply to Gauthier and Gibbard

I am very grateful to David Gauthier and Allan Gibbard for their thoughtful responses to my book, which are challenging and extremely helpful at the same time. They raise many points that I will have to think about, and I will be able to address only some of them here. I will begin with a few points about reasons and then go on to discuss some of the questions they raise about my version of contractualism.
Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Human α-defensin Potentiate Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1 gp41 Pre-Hairpin Intermediates in the Presence of Serum

Human defensins are at the forefront of the host responses to HIV and other pathogens in mucosal tissues. However, their ability to inactivate HIV in the bloodstream has been questioned due to the antagonistic effect of serum. In this study, we have examined the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of human α-defensin HNP-1 on the kinetics of early steps of fusion between HIV-1 and target cells in the presence of serum. Direct measurements of HIV-cell fusion using an enzymatic assay revealed that, in spite of the modest effect on the extent of fusion, HNP-1 prolonged the exposure of functionally important transitional epitopes of HIV-1 gp41 on the cell surface. The increased lifetime of gp41 intermediates in the presence of defensin was caused by a delay in the post-coreceptor binding steps of HIV-1 entry that correlated with the marked enhancement of the virus' sensitivity to neutralizing anti-gp41 antibodies. By contrast, the activity of antibodies to gp120 was not affected. HNP-1 appeared to specifically potentiate antibodies and peptides targeting the first heptad repeat domain of gp41, while its effect on inhibitors and antibodies to other gp41 domains was less prominent. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of HNP-1 also promoted inhibition of HIV-1 entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells by antibodies and, more importantly, by HIV-1 immune serum. Our findings demonstrate that: (i) sub-inhibitory doses of HNP-1 potently enhance the activity of a number of anti-gp41 antibodies and peptide inhibitors, apparently by prolonging the lifetime of gp41 intermediates; and (ii) the efficiency of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies is kinetically restricted. This study thus reveals an important role of α-defensin in enhancing adaptive immune responses to HIV-1 infection and suggests future strategies to augment these responses.