cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Padding Layers Arrangement on Mitigating Head Impacts

In this study the effect of the stiffness sequence of the padding materials of sports equipment, and in particular helmets, on absorbing the impact to the head has been investigated. Specifically, for each arrangement of the padding materials, the strain in the brain has been calculated. In addition, for each impact, the acceleration of the centroid of the head and the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) has also been obtained. As the first preliminary study a simple spherical model of head/brain, including the skull and the brain and three layers of the padding have been generated. The materials of the three layers of padding vary from viscoelastic, soft elastic to a hard elastic material. Then the head was impacted to the padding with the speed of 2 m/s. Finally the sequence of the padding layers was rearranged and the head was impacted to the padding with the same speed. For each case, the HIC value of the impact was determined.The results revealed that when the viscoelastic materials was in the middle (the first case) the HIC was 143.5 and the strain in the brain at the center corresponding to corpus callosum was 0.192%. Also for, the second case, where the viscoelastic materials was directly the contacting layer with the head, the HIC value was 46.8 and the brain strain was 0.15%. The reason that the strain in corpus callosum has been determined in this analysis is due to the fact that the literature reflects that the strain in corpus callosum is a good predictor for the onset of concussion due to an impact.It was concluded that when the viscoelastic padding is located on the outer surface of the protective padding device, the HIC value and the strain in the brain are lower, i.e. it is safer. This study can be employed to analyze head impacts with different layered barriers, i.e., composite materials, sandwich panels, glass, and also the interior trim of a car and as well as many other protective paddings.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
FcγRIIA Mediates the Prothrombotic Role of Monocytes in HIT

Abstract Thrombosis is the most striking complication of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). We have shown that monocytes are preferentially targeted by HIT antibodies because of the higher affinity of monocyte surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for PF4 than the chondroitin sulfate GAGs on platelets. The contribution and mechanism by which monocytes promote thrombosis in HIT have not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that HIT antibodies activate monocytes through FcγRI and then by the MEK1-ERK1/2 intracellular pathway leading to the expression of tissue factor (TF) (Kasthuri et al., Blood 2012 119:5285). While activation of platelets by HIT antibodies through FcγRIIA is well established, the role of this receptor in monocyte activation in HIT is not clear. We examined the role of monocytes and their family of Fcγ receptors in HIT using several in vitro models, including a novel microfluidic system that allowed us to examine the prothrombotic pathways using human- and murine-based systems. Our studies showed that monocytes were key to the prothrombotic state; simply adding monocytes coated with PF4 and pre-activated with KKO, a HIT-like monoclonal antibody, was sufficient to form platelet-fibrin clots in reconstituted blood samples combining isolated red cells, platelets and mononuclear cells. Using three separate approaches, we also found that HIT antibodies bound to surface PF4/GAG complexes activate monocytes via the same Fc receptor that mediates platelet activation, i.e., FcγRIIA. First, using a strategy of blocking individual classes of Fcγ receptors known to be present on monocytes - FcγRI, FcγRIIA and FcγRIII - by monoclonal antibodies, we found that only anti-FcγRIIA decreased fibrin deposition (by 52 ± 8%; p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Molecular Cluster Approach to Some Solid-State Problems

The quantum theory of the solid state is a vast subject which covers manifold phenomena, from optical properties to superconductivity, and from magnetism to surface properties. It is this richness of phenomena, together with its many important practical applications, which has made this subject such an active and fertile area of investigation for over forty years. Unfortunately this very diversity results in the lack of a completely coherent presentation of the theory from a set of fundamental principles—as the perusal of the standard texts of the subject will show. For example, there is at present no practical general way to formulate a theory of the electronic properties of a solid made up of a collection of atoms at arbitrary spatial positions. If these atoms, on the other hand, fall on the vertices of a lattice which can be repeated periodically through all of space, then one may take advantage of this symmetry to formulate a theory—the energy band theory—for the electronic structure of this “perfect” crystalline solid. Ideally one would like to have a practical general approach to the electronic structure of solids for which the “perfect” crystalline solid would be a special case of the “imperfect” or amorphous solid. The lack of such a general theoretical approach must be considered as one of the outstanding challenges which solid-state theory poses to the theorist.
Let's Get Real: Behavioral Realism, Implicit Bias, and the Reasonable Police Officer

Constitutional law is not particularly sophisticated about bias, and so it is not very good at protecting people from it. This is nowhere more evident than in the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence around racial profiling. The Supreme Court has conceptualized racial profiling as something only bad police officers do; it has equated bad stops with bad cops. But in recent years, social psychologists have amassed significant evidence showing that most people possess implicit biases and that these biases can affect our behavior, particularly when certain conditions are present. This means that many instances of racial profiling are likely to be unintentional.Supreme Court jurisprudence makes the Fourteenth Amendment the constitutional vehicle for remedying racial profiling, but the Court has limited that Amendment’s ability to respond to unintentional racial profiling by requiring that plaintiffs show intent to discriminate. I contend that the Fourth Amendment can fill this gap, serving as a powerful tool for addressing contemporary forms of bias. But if the Fourth Amendment is to fill this role, courts must eschew post hoc evaluations of the moral character of the searching and seizing officers in favor of forward-looking, probabilistic assessments of the contexts that are most likely to lead to reasonable outcomes given what we know about human behavior. Rules that constrain officer discretion, encourage restraint rather than action in the face of ambiguity, and hold officers accountable for their choices will lead to more reasonable searches and seizures, because implicit biases will be less likely to be activated with such rules in place.
Influence of Market Competition on Tetracycline Pricing and Impact of Price Increases on Clinician Prescribing Behavior.

Oral tetracyclines are commonly used for acne and other conditions. Recent generic price increases threaten access to these medications. Using the OptumInsight Clinformatics DataMart, we retrospectively evaluated the underlying factors behind these price increases for oral tetracylines using the framework of a competitive market and evaluated the impact of these price increases on prescribing practices. Between 2011 and 2013, the mean cost of doxycycline hyclate prescriptions increased from $7.16 to $139.89 and the mean out-of-pocket cost increased by $9.69. A comparable cost increase was not observed for doxycycline monohydrate or minocycline. There was no significant association between the cost of doxycycline hyclate and market concentration as assessed by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (β = 0.030, 95% confidence interval –0.019 to 0.079, P = 0.213) and the market was highly concentrated throughout the study period. The percentage of prescriptions for doxycycline hyclate decreased by 1.9% from 2011 to 2013. This dramatic increase in the cost of doxycycline hyclate is not easily explained using the framework of a competitive market, suggesting that noncompetitive market forces may be responsible. In addition, clinicians have not altered their prescribing behavior in response to this price increase, suggesting that clinician or pharmacy level interventions could potentially increase the use of less costly substitutes.
Effectiveness of Using Diagonal Yellow Arrows on Lane-Use Control Signals

Lane-use control signals (LUCSs) are important elements of a traffic management strategy for mitigating congestion and enhancing safety, especially during peak travel times. The Manual on Uniform T...
Double-Diels–Alder Approach to Maoecrystal V. Unexpected C–C Bond-Forming Fragmentations of the [2.2.2]-Bicyclic Core

Synthetic studies toward maoecrystal V are reported. An oxidative dearomatization/Diels–Alder cascade to assemble the natural product carbocyclic core in one step is proposed. A facile electrocyclization is shown to suppress the intramolecular allene Diels–Alder pathway. This obstacle is alleviated via a stepwise approach with an allene equivalent to access the key cyclopentadiene-fused [2.2.2]-bicyclic core. Upon treatment with Lewis acid, the proposed intramolecular hetero-Diels–Alder reaction is cleanly and unexpectedly diverted either via C–C bond-forming fragmentation to the spiro-indene product (when R = OMe) or via elimination (when R = H).
Journalists and Communicators’ Perceptions of Their Graduate Training in Environmental Reporting: An Application of Knowledge-Based Journalism Principles

This study explores the educational and post-graduation experiences of graduates of a master’s program with a focus on environmental journalism. The study uses the framework of knowledge-based journalism to qualitatively examine how the competencies of journalistic skills, general and content-specific knowledge, learning communication theory, and developing journalistic values allowed graduates to develop a niche in their professional careers. Results show respondents placed disproportionate emphasis on the importance of journalistic skills and were ambivalent about the value of theory courses. The responses suggest scholars’ idealistic conception of knowledge-based journalism is problematic when applied to the changing realities of journalism and the media industry in the U.S.
Sorting Rotating Micromachines by Variations in Their Magnetic Properties

For the promising class of micromachines that respond to a rotating magnetic field with linear motion, control of large groups has been largely limited to aggregate movement. Unfortunately, techniques to differentiate micromachines do not scale well to large groups, and are not practical for application $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o$. This work presents an open-loop control scheme to sort magnetic micromachines, requiring neither localization of individuals nor a structured environment, and for which sorting time is independent of group size. This work is a step toward enabling magnetic microswimmers to be used in medical applications.
The effects of nonthyroid disease and drugs on thyroid function tests.

Serious nonthyroid illness and caloric deprivation, which so often accompany systemic illness, have diverse and still incompletely understood effects on thyroid hormone economy. We have discussed the pathophysiologic basis for the most common pattern of alterations in routine thyroid function tests: a decreased serum T3 concentration; normal or, in critically ill patients, a low total serum T4 level; and a normal free T4 concentration. Another, less frequent pattern (high total and free T4 with a normal serum T3) can be encountered transiently in the acutely ill medical or psychiatric patient. With the recent advent of sensitive assays for TSH and better methods for serum free T4, it is now possible to define more quickly and accurately the thyroid-metabolic status of most of these sick patients; the vast majority are euthyroid. Certain drugs confound the picture. The most important of these include dopamine and high-dose glucocorticoids, both of which suppress TSH secretion from the pituitary and may actually cause a state of central hypothyroidism. Other drugs have multiple effects on thyroid hormone indices (e.g., amiodarone). Knowledge of all of the ways in which systemic illness, starvation, and certain drugs may influence thyroid function tests is crucial in assessing the thyroid status of patients with serious nonthyroid disease.
Tissue Engineering: Growing Replacement Human Tissue in the Lab

In the last few chapters, we have discussed the state-of-the-art treatments for resolving missing or diseased tissues and organs. For the most part, synthetic or processed natural materials are used to design implants, etc. None of the treatments resemble or approach the sophistication of the body’s own original tissue. Over the past two decades or so, scientists and engineers have begun to create tissues and organs in the laboratory, with the aim of eventually using those constructs for treatment of disease. Although simple tissues like skin substitutes are already available, more complex tissues and organs are still under development. Nevertheless, this field of tissue engineering or regenerative medicine holds the promise of someday being capable of producing body parts which will be fully integrated into the patient’s body and alleviate the shortage of transplantable organs.
Disparities in the Use of Intravenous t-PA among Ischemic Stroke Patients: Population-based Recent Temporal Trends.

Abstract Objective: To explore a 5-year comparison of disparities in intravenous t-PA (IV t-PA) use among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients based on race, gender, age, ethnic origin, hospital status, and geographic location. Methods: We extracted patients’ demographic information and hospital characteristics for 2010 and 2014 from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS). We compared disparities in IV t-PA use among AIS patients in 2010 to that in 2014 to estimate temporal trends. Multiple logistic regression was performed to compare disparities based on demographic variables, hospital designation, and geographic location. Results: Overall, there was approximately a 2% increase in IV t-PA from 2010 to 2014. Blacks were 15% less likely to receive IV t-PA compared to Whites in 2014, but in 2010, there was no difference. Patients aged 62-73 had lower odds of receiving IV t-PA than age group ≤61 in both 2010 and 2014. Designated stroke centers in the Lower New York State region were associated with reduced odds of IV t-PA use in 2010 while those located in the Upper New York State region were associated with increased odds of IV t-PA use in both 2010 and 2014, compared to their respective nondesignated counterparts. Gender, ethnic origin, and insurance status were not associated with IV t-PA utilization in both 2010 and 2014. Conclusion: Overall IV t-PA utilization among AIS patients increased between 2010 and 2014. However, there are evident disparities in IV t-PA use based on patient's race, age, hospital geography, and stroke designation status.
Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism in Tube Blennies (Teleostei: Chaenopsidae)

The study of sexual differences provides insights into selective factors operating on males and females, especially for clades exhibiting varied levels of dimorphism. Sexual differences in morphology and coloration (melanophores) were compiled for 66 of the 89 species of tube blennies (Blenniiformes, Chaenopsidae) from the systematic literature and examination of preserved specimens. Chaenopsids include essentially monomorphic species and those in which males and females differ in as many as 17 morphological and 14 coloration features. While the sexes of most species differ in coloration (at least at the time of breeding), they are morphologically similar in Acanthemblemaria, Hemiemblemaria, and Lucayablennius. While other genera exhibit an intermediate level of dimorphism, species of Coralliozetus, Cirriemblemaria, and Emblemaria are dramatically dimorphic. Character maps on a phylogenetic hypothesis indicate that this extreme level of dimorphism evolved independently in these genera. A complex history of evolution is implied by examination of jaw length with both increases and decreases in one or both sexes leading to either dimorphism or monomorphism. Several features related to shelter defense are monomorphic in species where both sexes inhabit shelters, but dimorphic where only males occupy shelters. Other dimorphic features increase the conspicuousness of male courtship and aggressive displays.
Treatment of Acute Sports-Related Concussion

Here, we summarize the current scientific literature on the management of sports-related concussion (SRC) in the acute period (< 6 weeks post-injury) with a focus on rest, return to learn, return to play, and emerging treatments. While relative rest is recommended for the first 24–48 h following acute SRC, the most recent guidelines highlight the lack of evidence for complete rest and in fact show that prolonged cognitive and physical rest can be detrimental. Gradual return to learn and play is recommended. Return to sport should only occur once the patient is symptom free. While there are no FDA-approved medications for acute treatment of concussion, there is preclinical data for the benefit of omega 3 fatty acids. Evidence is limited around the benefits of treating sleep disorders, vestibular-ocular dysfunction, and neck pain in the acute period. After 24–48 h of rest, SRC patients may gradually resume cognitive and physical activity. More research is needed to determine if any supplements, medications, and/or physical therapy are indicated in the management in acute SRC.
Describing Connections between Science Content and Future Careers: Implementing Texas Curriculum for Rural at-Risk High School Students Using Purposefully-Designed Field Trips.

The state of Texas has an ‘essential knowledge’ component in some high school science courses indicating that students be able to describe connections between academic science content and future jobs or training through effective exposure to course content. The participants in this study were from a small rural high school in central Texas. Each was labeled as ‘at-risk’ and self-identified an inability to describe those types of connections after earning credit in more than one science course with that ‘essential knowledge’ component. A career-focused field trip to a local vocational/technology training center was designed to address that particular deficit. This study followed a narrative multiple-case case study design. Data included school records, surveys, individual and focus group interviews, and field notes from observations during the field trip. The effectiveness of the field trip was evident as each participant was able to describe connections immediately following the excursion.
Yaw Torque Authority for a Flapping-Wing Micro-Aerial Vehicle

Flapping-wing micro-aerial vehicles rely on subtle changes in the kinematics of high-frequency wing flapping to produce roll, pitch, and yaw torques. To generate yaw torque, the Harvard RoboBee changes the ratio of upstroke to downstroke speed (“split-cycling”) by applying a second harmonic to the fundamental flapping signal for each wing. However, since flapping typically occurs near resonance (for efficiency), these higher harmonics are filtered out by the transmission and actuator dynamics. Therefore, reliable yaw control authority has proven elusive. We propose a method to generate yaw torque sufficient for in-flight control by using split-cycle flapping in an “iso-lift” regime, to mitigate resonant filtering by decreasing the flapping frequency and increasing the drive voltage, which produces lift identical to typical flight conditions. We model the expected torque at iso-lift conditions and apply this method to the physical RoboBee, achieving reliable, controllable yaw torque. Finally, we demonstrate yaw control with a simple heading controller, achieving a step response with a time constant an order of magnitude faster than previous attempts.
Weight gain and integrase inhibitors.

Purpose of reviewWeight gain and obesity among people living with HIV (PLWH) is a serious problem that occurs often after initiation of antiretroviral therapy but may be worse with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This article comprehensively reviews available data and summarizes our c
The mediating role of child-teacher dependency in the association between early mother-child attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood

This study examines child-teacher dependency in preschool as a pathway through which mother-child attachment is associated with children’s behavior problems across middle childhood. Data include di...
Pedagogy as empowerment and the uniqueness of the “Hood” student

This article highlights a new student-led initiation at Northern Arizona University that addresses the needs of students from environments rich with structural injustice. It examines initial result...
Interface Flux Recovery coupling method for the ocean–atmosphere system

Abstract Component coupling is a crucial part of climate models, such as DOE’s E3SM (Caldwell et al., 2019). A common coupling strategy in climate models is for their components to exchange flux data from the previous time-step. This approach effectively performs a single step of an iterative solution method for the monolithic coupled system, which may lead to instabilities and loss of accuracy. In this paper we formulate an Interface-Flux-Recovery (IFR) coupling method which improves upon the conventional coupling techniques in climate models. IFR starts from a monolithic formulation of the coupled discrete problem and then uses a Schur complement to obtain an accurate approximation of the flux across the interface between the model components. This decouples the individual components and allows one to solve them independently by using schemes that are optimized for each component. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, we apply IFR to a simplified ocean–atmosphere model for heat-exchange coupled through the so-called bulk condition, common in ocean–atmosphere systems. We then solve this model on matching and non-matching grids to estimate numerically the convergence rates of the IFR coupling scheme.
Sugar Production from Hybrid Poplar Sawdust: Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Wet Explosion Pretreatment.

Wet explosion pretreatment of hybrid poplar sawdust (PSD) for the production of fermentable sugar was carried out in the pilot-scale. The effects of pretreatment conditions, such as temperature (170–190 °C), oxygen dosage (0.5–7.5% of dry matter (DM), w/w), residence time (10–30 min), on cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility after enzymatic hydrolysis were ascertained with a central composite design of the experiment. Further, enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized in terms of temperature, pH, and a mixture of CTec2 and HTec2 enzymes (Novozymes). Predictive modeling showed that cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility of 75.1% and 83.1%, respectively, could be achieved with a pretreatment at 177 °C with 7.5% O2 and a retention time of 30 min. An increased cellulose digestibility of 87.1% ± 0.1 could be achieved by pretreating at 190 °C; however, the hemicellulose yield would be significantly reduced. It was evident that more severe conditions were required for maximal cellulose digestibility than that of hemicellulose digestibility and that an optimal sugar yield demanded a set of conditions, which overall resulted in the maximum sugar yield.
Partnerships with Governments to Implement In-Country Science Programmes in the South Pacific Region

This paper essays the design of a new cohort-based model to deliver science programmes for high school graduates and teachers teaching science in the high schools in the South Pacific. The aim is to increase the number of skilled science teachers and ultimately the number of science graduates qualified to work in not only the public-private sectors but also find solutions to unique problems faced in the South Pacific. Sustaining such programmes depends heavily on the culminated tripartite efforts between students, respective regional countries and higher education institutes. The University of the South Pacific offers selected undergraduate degree programmes through its Science Teachers Accelerated Programme (STAP) and the In-country Science Programme (ISP) in its member countries. The government bodies decide upon the discipline combinations of programme based on their countries’ priority areas. The first STAP launched in Samoa in 2014 had 60 science teachers enrolled in Bachelor of Science with 5 different combination of majors. The partnership achieved well and in turn paved the way for STAP offers in Samoa (second cohort), Tonga and Vanuatu. Ideally, science students would travel to the main USP Campus in Fiji for further studies; however, with programmes like STAP and ISP, the university is able to deliver science to its various member countries at much lower costs. This paper will highlight the design and implementation of the new cohort based science model, together with the successes and opportunities for the future.
Automatic Communication Error Detection Using Speech Recognition and Linguistic Analysis for Proactive Control of Loss of Separation

Losses of separation (LoS) are breaches of regulations that specify the minimum distance between aircraft in controlled airspace. Erroneous communications between air traffic controllers (ATCs) and...
Hospital outcomes and early readmission for the most common gastrointestinal and liver diseases in the United States: Implications for healthcare delivery

Hospital outcomes and early readmission for the most common gastrointestinal and liver diseases in the United States: Implications for healthcare delivery
The Subfloor-Pit Tradition in the United States: A Florida Case Study and Critical Reappraisal of Its Origins

Subfloor pits, or root cellars, associated with African American housing and dating from the 17th through the 19th centuries, have been documented archaeologically in the Mid-Atlantic states and upland South. Excavations in 2014 and 2015 at the Bulow Plantation in Florida exposed the footprint of an early 19th-century slave cabin containing a stone-lined subfloor pit, which represents the only well-documented archaeological example of its type identified south of South Carolina. Two conflicting interpretations exist regarding the cultural origins of subfloor pits: that the subfloor-pit phenomenon, writ large, is an African tradition that was simply continued under enslavement in the United States, or, alternatively, subfloor pits are not African in origin at all, but were innovated in the British American colonies in the early years of enslavement. The combined archival and archaeological evidence gathered here entirely support the latter interpretation.
Leveraging health information technology to collect family cancer history: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Collection of an accurate and comprehensive family cancer history (FCH) can help to identify millions of individuals at risk-for familial cancer syndromes. However, there are no formal guidelines for FCH collection and, as a result, there is wide variability in in strategies employed and accuracy of family health history across medical systems. Information technology (IT) provides a promising solution, a tool that has been shown to improve clinical documentation, workflows, quality of care, patient safety, communication and clinical decision support, and that can be completed remotely and safely during a pandemic. The aim of this study is to evaluate the literature on existing strategies whereby medical providers utilize information technology (IT) to assemble FCH. Methods: A systematic search of online databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library) between 1980 and 2020 was performed. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled results across studies. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed through the chi-square test (i.e., Cochrane Q test) and the inconsistency statistic (I2). A random effects analysis was used to calculate the pooled proportions and means. Results: The comprehensive search produced 4005 publications. Thirty-two peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven distinct IT tools were evaluated which included the following categories: electronic survey administered prior to visit (21, 65.6%), electronic survey administered via tablet in the medical office (6, 18.8%), electronic survey via kiosk (4, 12.5%) and animated virtual counselor (1, 3.1%). Among the 196,566 included patients, 87.0% completed the FCH tool (electronic survey prior to the visit - 85.0 %; electronic survey in the medical office - 89.0 %). The time required for survey completion was 35.2 minutes (CI 14.3 -56.2). Twelve percent of patients (n=11,093) were referred for genetic assessment based on the output of the FCH tool. Among the studied methods of FCH collection, 7 (21.9%) had the capacity to interface directly with the patient's electronic medical record. Download : Download high-res image (220KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: The rapidly advancing field of germline cancer genetics coupled with a growing emphasis on disease prevention and incorporation of technology into medical care algorithms prior to and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic make utilization of IT strategies for collection of FCH a promising option. Our systematic review and meta-analysis found that electronic FCH collection can be completed successfully by patients in a time efficient manner. This information may be useful as many healthcare systems continue to restructure the way in which patients interact with their healthcare teams.
Arginyltransferase (Ate1) is a Pro-apoptotic Enzyme Essential for Stress Response

Arginylation consists of addition of an extra arginine to an existing peptide chain, thus changing the de facto primary sequence as well as the surface change. This process is evolutionarily conser...
Cystathionine-β-Synthase cDNA Transfection Alters the Sensitivity and Metabolism of 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine in CCRF-CEM Leukemia Cells in Vitro and in Vivo: A Model of Leukemia in Down Syndrome

The significantly higher event-free survival rates of Down syndrome (DS) children with acute myeloid leukemia compared with non-DS children is linked to increased sensitivity of DS myeloblasts to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and the enhanced metabolism of ara-C to ara-C triphosphate (J. W. Taub et al., Blood, 87: 3395-3403, 1996). The cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) gene (localized to chromosome 21q22.3) may have downstream effects on reduced folate and S-adenosylmethionine pathways; ara-C metabolism and folate pools are linked by the known synergistic effect of sequential methotrexate and ara-C therapy. We have shown that relative CBS transcripts were significantly higher in DS compared with non-DS myeloblasts, and CBS transcript levels correlated with in vitro ara-C sensitivity (J. W. Taub et al., Blood, 94: 1393-1400, 1999). A leukemia cell line model to study the relationship of the CBS gene and ara-C metabolism/sensitivity was developed by transfecting CBS-null CCRF-CEM cells with the CBS cDNA. CBS-transfected cells were a median 15-fold more sensitive in vitro to ara-C compared with wild-type cells and generated 8.5-fold higher [3H]ara-C triphosphate levels after in vitro incubation with [3H]ara-C. Severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with CBS-transfected CEM cells demonstrated greater responsiveness to therapy, reflected in significantly prolonged survivals after ara-C administration compared with mice implanted with wild-type cells and treated with the same dosage schedule. The transfected cells also demonstrated increased in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to gemcitabine. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) activity was approximately 22-fold higher in transfected CEM cells compared with wild-type cells. However, levels of dCK transcripts on Northern blots and protein levels on Western blots were nearly identical between CBS-transfected and wild-type cells. Collectively, these results suggest a posttranscriptional regulation of dCK in CBS-overexpressing cells that contributes to increased ara-C phosphorylation and drug activity. Further elucidating the mechanisms of increased sensitivity of DS cells to ara-C related to the CBS gene may lead to the application of these novel approaches to acute myeloid leukemia therapy for non-DS patients.
Effect of NKG2D ligand expression on host immune responses

Natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor present on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, some NKT cells, CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, gammadelta T cells, and under certain conditions CD4(+) T cells. Present in both humans and mice, this highly conserved receptor binds to a surprisingly diverse family of ligands that are distant relatives of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. There is increasing evidence that ligand expression can result in both immune activation (tumor clearance, viral immunity, autoimmunity, and transplantation) and immune silencing (tumor evasion). In this review, we describe this family of NKG2D ligands and the various mechanisms that control their expression in stressed and normal cells. We also discuss the host response to both membrane-bound and secreted NKG2D ligands and summarize the models proposed to explain the consequences of this differential expression.
Transcriptional Regulation: Evolution

Changes in transcriptional regulation can result from mutations in cis (within regulatory sequences) or trans (in the structure or expression of transcription factors). Modifications in transcription can have a profound impact on gene function and constitute an important class of evolutionary change within genomes. Keywords: cis-regulatory sequence; enhancer; polymorphism; promoter; transcription factor
Vitamin D receptor-DNA interactions

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the steroid and nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors and binds target DNA, or response elements, as a homodimer or heterodimer with the 9-cis retinoid X receptor (RXR). In this chapter, we survey the current understanding of VDR-DNA interactions, emphasizing recent structural insights. We highlight the stereochemical interactions that dictate DNA binding and hexameric half-site sequence affinity as well as the protein-protein interactions that account for preferential binding to a direct repeat of half-sites with three base pairs of spacer DNA (DR3). In addition, we review alternative response element arrangements other than those with DR3. Finally, the chapter discusses the VDR DNA binding domain (DBD) and suggests that it violates classical canons because it does not heterodimerize with the RXR DBD. This unique behavior of VDR is considered in light of recent results demonstrating the formation of VDR DBD-DNA and DR3 DBD-DNA complexes with RXR using a mutant VDR protomer.
Theory of Multiperiodic Rr Lyrae Stars

The subject “Multiperiodic RR Lyrae Stars” encompasses two entirely different types of phenomena: 1) long-term modulation of amplitude known as the Blazhko-effect and 2) simultaneous excitation of several radial modes. In the first category the observational material is now quite extensive, but very little theoretical analysis has been undertaken. In the second case the results of pulsation theory are applicable, but only one such object has been found. Much progress in our understanding of RR Lyrae stars has been made in recent years, however, and many results do have a bearing on the present problem. Several excellent reviews of current pulsation theory are available (see Iben 1971c, or Cox 1974a,b). I will therefore restrict my comments to those results bearing directly on choice of mode for RR Lyrae stars.
Some Thermal Fatigue Characteristics of Mild Steel for Heat Exchangers

Thermal fatigue of mild steel has received little attention until recently even though this material is used extensively in heat exchangers for gas-fired appliances. A survey of the thermal fatigue problem of thin shell mild steel structures subjected to arbitrary temperature fields is given. Data from end-constrained thermally cycled test specimens is also presented. These data have been validated through use in developing production heat exchangers.
Synthesis and Characterization of All Four Diastereomers of 3,4-Dichloro-2-pentanol, Motifs Relevant to the Chlorosulfolipids

All four diastereomers of 3,4-dichloro-2-pentanol were synthesized by anti-dichlorination of the precursor allylic alcohols; their stereochemistry was elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis of tosylate derivatives. Complete NMR data is provided in the hope that this information will facilitate structural elucidation and synthesis studies on the chlorosulfolipid family of natural products, such as malhamensilipin A.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Dimensional Anxious Depression: A Review

Objective: To review the pharmacologic treatment of dimensionally defined anxious depression. Data Sources: English-language, adult human research articles published between 1949 and February 2013 were identified via PUBMED and EMBASE. The search term was treatment of anxious depression. Study Selection: We identified and reviewed 304 original articles. Of these, 31 studies of patients with anxious depression, who were treated with an antidepressant or antipsychotic, are included in this review. Data Extraction: All studies explicitly used a dimensional definition of anxious depression. All patients were treated with either antidepressants or antipsychotic medications. Results: Of the 31 relevant psychopharmacologic studies identified, 7 examined patients receiving only 1 medication, 2 studied cotherapeutic strategies, 1 examined antipsychotic augmentation, and 21 compared multiple medications. Eleven were pooled analyses from several studies. All studies were of adults (18–92 years old). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Anxiety/Somatization Factor Score was used to define anxious depression in 71% of the studies, and 77.4% were post hoc analyses of previous datasets. Seventeen studies found selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and/or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) to be useful for successfully treating anxious depression. However, patients with anxious depression were less likely to experience sustained response or remission. Furthermore, baseline anxious depression puts patients at greater risk for side effect burden. Conclusions: Despite achieving response with SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs, patients with dimensionally defined anxious depression do not maintain response or remission and often report a larger burden of side effects compared to nonanxious depressive patients, suggesting that it is a harder-to-treat subtype of major depressive disorder.
THE SMALL GYRO-COMPASS

Summary This paper surveys briefly the manner in which gyroscopic principles gravity, and the earth’s rotation are used to create a north-seeking device. This discussion is followed by a description of engineering developments which now make it possible to increase the accuracy of the gyro-compass while at the same time decreasing its size.
Anaplastic ganglioglioma of the brainstem in an adult.

Gangliogliomas are neoplasms with neuronal and glial components. The most common location is the temporal lobe and for that reason those patients have seizures as the major complaint. Ganglioglioma...
Aerosol sampling inlets and inhalable particles

Abstract The problem of sampling aerosols from the ambient atmosphere has been considered from a theoretical point of view. Following a review of the various samplers and inlets used in ambient sampling, the factors contributing to high sampling efficiency for large particles are discussed. It is pointed out that the major mechanisms for particle loss in sampling inlets are impaction on external surfaces, and impaction, turbulent deposition, and sedimentation on internal surfaces. Therefore, an efficient inlet is one for which these losses are minimized. Based on these theoretical considerations, a new inlet for sampling inhalable particles (particles with aerodynamic diameter of 15 μm or less) has been designed, constructed and tested. The external geometry of the inlet has been selected to allow the efficient entry of large particles into the inlet opening. An impactor is then used to remove the coarse, non-inhalable particles. The inlet has been found to have essentially wind speed independent characteristics for wind speeds of up to 9 km h −1 , the maximum wind speed used in the tests. The impactor used has also been found to have sharp cut-off characteristics with a sharpness of cut parameter, σ g , of 1.18.
Optimizing the Performance of the Wavelet-Correlation system identification method

The Wavelet-Correlation method of system identification is derived as adaptation of the Correlation method. The Wavelet-Correlation method of identification has proven to be effective in estimating transfer functions particularly when a system is influenced by a disturbance. In order to optimize the accuracy of the transfer function estimates created by the Wavelet-Correlation method, the order of the filters to be identified, the number of offspring wavelets used to compute the wavelet functions, the scale parameters, and the type of filters were varied. Through the changing of various parameters, optimum identification can occur.
A synonymous mutation in TCOF1 causes Treacher Collins syndrome due to mis-splicing of a constitutive exon†

Interpretation of the pathogenicity of sequence alterations in disease-associated genes is challenging. This is especially true for novel alterations that lack obvious functional consequences. We report here on a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) found to carry a previously reported mutation, c.122C > T, which predicts p.A41V, and a novel synonymous mutation, c.3612A > C. Pedigree analysis showed that the c.122C > T mutation segregated with normal phenotypes in multiple family members while the c.3612A > C was de novo in the patient. Analysis of TCOF1 RNA in lymphocytes showed a transcript missing exon 22. These results show that TCS in the patient is due to haploinsufficiency of TCOF1 caused by the synonymous de novo c.3612A > C mutation. This study highlights the importance of clinical and pedigree evaluation in the interpretation of known and novel sequence alterations.
Environmental and Human Influences on Trumpeter Swan Habitat Occupancy in Alaska

Abstract. Approximately 70–80% of the entire population of the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) depends for reproduction on wetlands in Alaska. This makes the identification of important habitat features and the effects of human interactions important for the species' long-term management. We analyzed the swan's habitat preferences in five areas throughout the state and found that swan broods occupied some wetland types, especially larger closed-basin wetlands such as lakes and ponds, at rates much higher than they occupied other wetland types, such as shrubby or forested wetlands. We also found a negative effect of transportation infrastructure on occupancy by broods in and around the Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, and Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge. This finding is of particular interest because much of the Minto Flats refuge has recently been licensed for oil and gas exploration and parts of the Kenai refuge have been developed in the past. We also investigated the po...
A review of Society for Adolescent Medicine abstracts and Journal of Adolescent Health Care articles

Abstract Adolescent medicine research has dramatically increased over the past 20 years. The object of this study was to assess the status of design in adolescent health care research. All abstracts of presentations at the 1978–1985 Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAM) Meetings are included as well as all articles from the Journal of Adolescent Health Care (JAHQ) from 1980 through September of 1985. The abstracts were analyzed for basic design, subject, sample size, study site, number of authors, and type of statistical analysis. A descriptive design comprised 32.8% of the SAM abstracts and 62.9% of the JAHC articles. An observational design comprised 57.8% of the SAM abstracts and 35.5% of the JAHC articles. An experimental design comprised 9.3% of the SAM abstracts and 1.6% of the JAHC articles. Of the 203 abstracts, 46% involved medical and 45.6% psychosocial topics. The JAHC articles were also fairly equally divided. Descriptive studies have decreased from 1978 to 1985 whereas observational studies have increased. The medium sample size of SAM abstracts increased from 1978 (83) to 1985 (100). Statistical methods were only analyzed for JAHC articles. Sixty-one percent used either no methods or used descriptive statistics only. The major statistical tests used were contingency tables, t -tests, analyses of variance, and Pearson correlations. Adolescent medicine research from these two sources usually involves descriptive and observational designs. The few clinical trials conducted involved small sample sizes. An increase in experimental and collaborative projects is needed.
Memory for the time of past events.

Laboratory and autobiographical studies of normal adults'memory for the time of past events are reviewed, and the main phenomena that have been discovered are described. A distinction is introduced among several kinds of information on which this knowledge could be based: information about distances, locations, and relative times of occurrence. The main theories of memory for time are classified in these terms, and each theory is evaluated in light of the available evidence
Nitrogen Mineralization of Grass Clippings — A Case Study in Fall Cabbage Production

In this three-year field study, grass clippings were applied to fall cabbage to determine the effectiveness of using this common yard waste as a nutrient supplement for crops. Objectives of this research were: 1) To determine the characteristics of grass clippings used in this study; 2) To monitor soil NH4-N and NO3-N dynamics in the upper 30-cm soil layer over time; and 3) To determine fall cabbage yield at various grass clippings application rates. The grass clippings used were heterogeneous in their chemical and physical characteristics. Even at the same application rate, soil NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations and yields were very different for each year. To avoid over- and underfertilization, targeted N supply from grass clippings should be less than necessary to grow fall cabbage. Additional N fertilizer can be applied based on the PSNT (pre-sidedress soil nitrate test).