cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of glucose by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis occurs via facilitated diffusion.

Two strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis were indistinguishable by several nucleic acid-based techniques; however, the type strain DSMZ 10140 was glucose utilization positive, while RB 4825, an industrially employed strain, was unable to grow rapidly on glucose as the principal carbon source. This difference was attributed to the presence of a low-affinity facilitated-diffusion glucose transporter identified in DSMZ 10140 but lacking in RB 4825. Uptake of d-[U-14C]glucose in DSMZ 10140 was stimulated by monovalent cations (ammonium, sodium, potassium, and lithium) and inhibited by divalent cations (calcium and magnesium). When competitor carbohydrates were included in the uptake assays, stereospecific inhibition was exhibited, with greater competition by methyl-β-glucoside than methyl-α-glucoside. Significant inhibition (>30%) was observed with phloretin, an inhibitor of facilitated diffusion of glucose, whereas there was no inhibition by sodium fluoride, iodoacetate, sodium arsenate, sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, monensin, or valinomycin, which typically reduce energy-driven transport. Based on kinetic analyses, the mean values for Kt and Vmax were 14.8 ± 3.4 mM d-glucose and 0.13 ± 0.03 μmol glucose/min/mg cell protein, respectively. Glucose uptake by several glucose-utilizing commercial strains of B. animalis subsp. lactis was also inhibited by phloretin, indicating the presence of facilitated diffusion glucose transporters in those strains. Since DSMZ 10140 has been previously reported to lack a functional glucose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system, the glucose transporter identified here is responsible for much of the organism's glucose uptake.
Two students and a professor discover what every business person should know about Industrial Security Firms

Data theft has been a growing global problem for employers for many years. Studies have long recognised that the weakest link regarding corporate theft is company employees. This paper looks at the use of Industrial Security Firms (ISFs) to catch thieving employees and protect companies from future theft. The authors describe the basic functions of ISFs and explain the legal and technical methods that are used by such firms. The authors also discuss employee privacy rights and use a film and case study to emphasise the basic points of the paper.
Organizing pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a steroid-responsive lesion

Summary Background Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a distinct histopathologic lesion that occurs in a variety of clinical contexts. There have been occasional reports of OP occurring in patients with hematologic malignancies. Study objectives To examine the association of OP with hematologic malignancies and to assess the clinical course of affected patients. Design A retrospective review of our institutional experience of unexplained OP developing in patients with hematologic malignancies. Setting Tertiary care, referral medical center. Patients We identified 6 patients with a verified histopathologic diagnosis of OP and antecedent or concomitant diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy from the Mayo Clinic database (1995–2003). Clinical, radiologic, and outcome data were abstracted from records. Results Underlying hematologic disorders included lymphoma (2), acute leukemia (2), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (1), and myelodysplastic syndrome (1). OP was diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy in 4 and bronchoscopic biopsy in 2. Four of the 6 patients had previously been exposed to chemotherapeutic agents, two had not. Three of the 6 patients had bone marrow transplantation prior to development of OP. Five patients were treated with prednisone and all experienced symptomatic improvement with documented radiologic resolution in 4. One patient experienced symptomatic and radiologic resolution with observation alone. Three patients ultimately died from complications of their underlying hematologic disorder and 1 patient died of unknown causes. Two patients were alive without respiratory complaints more than 1 year after lung biopsy. Conclusions OP occurs in patients with underlying hematologic malignancies who may or may not have been treated with chemotherapy and responds favorably to corticosteroid therapy.
Neural Network Modeling of Anisotropic Aggregate Behavior from Repeated Load Triaxial Tests

Determining horizontal specimen response in a repeated load triaxial test is essential to properly characterize the directional dependency of unbound aggregate resilient behavior under anisotropic loading conditions. Recent research has applied artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting, in the absence of lateral deformation data, the anisotropic stiffness properties of granular materials from standard AASHTO tests. Feed-forward backpropagation-type neural networks were successfully trained with two triaxial stresses (confining pressure and applied deviator stress), measured vertical deformation, and two aggregate properties (compacted dry density and crushed particle percentage) used as input variables. The output variables were the horizontal and shear moduli for which the actual (target) values were derived and computed from test results. The ANN models predicted the two moduli, with mean errors of less than 3 percent compared with those computed by using experimental stresses and strains. Both t...
Autonucleation of cavities in thin ceramic films

Abstract We have found that thin films of polycrystalline zirconia, deposited on a sapphire substrate become gradually discontinuous when annealed at high temperature. The nucleation and growth of cavities where zirconia grain boundaries meet the substrate, is identified as the mechanism for this process. An approximate criterion for cavity nucleation that depends on the interfacial energies is proposed. The grain orientations in the as deposited films were textured. Upon beading, the texture, changed, implying that the energy of sapphire-zirconia interface is sensitive to orientation.
Use of salicylate as a probe for .OH formation in isolated ischemic rat hearts.

Salicylic acid was used as a probe for .OH formed during reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. .OH adds to the phenolic ring of salicylate to yield dihydroxybenzoic acid species. The two principal dihydroxybenzoic acids formed are the 2,3- and 2,5-derivatives and can be isolated and quantitated using HPLC combined with electrochemical detection. In these experiments, dihydroxybenzoic acids were detectable in the f molar range. Rat hearts were perfused in the Langendorff mode with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 100 microM salicylate. Following 20 min of global ischemia a 173% increase in tissue content of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was detected after 2.5 min of reperfusion. The duration of ischemia did not significantly affect tissue content of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid peaked at 250 to 300% of control within 2.5 min of reperfusion. The inclusion of 100 microM salicylate in the perfusion buffer had no effect on myocardial function during the duration of the experiments. The results indicate that salicylate can be used as a very sensitive probe for .OH in the isolated ischemic heart.
A Security Preface to 21st-Century Public Administration

The use of lethal technologies by global terror networks has elevated domestic security policy to a central concern of 21st-century public administration. Twentieth-century public administration scholars, influenced by Progressivism, Pluralism, and Public Choice, led the field to believe that it could both develop and administer domestic security policy without a coherent state theory to guide this policy. This scission between security policy and state theory must be repaired. The relevance of the field to pressing 21st-century security questions as well as the security of the public depends on renewing this linkage.
Resolution of clonal origins for endometriotic lesions using laser capture microdissection and the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) assay.

Abstract Objective To determine the clonal origins of endometriotic lesions using laser capture microdissection and PCR-based HUMARA assay. Design Molecular genetic study of human tissue. Setting Molecular genetics laboratory in an academic setting. Patient(s) Twenty patients with endometriosis. Forty specimens of endometriotic lesions from these patients and one specimen of normal endometrium were analyzed. Intervention(s) Laser capture microdissection was used to harvest epithelial cells from single and multifocal endometrial lesions from paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues, and their clonality was determined with the HUMARA assay. Main outcome measure(s) Polymerase chain reaction–based HUMARA assay of clonality. Result(s) Thirty-eight specimens were polymorphic and thus informative. Most specimens were monoclonal, as determined by the HUMARA assay. In four specimens of multifocal lesions, polyclonality was detected, but upon more refined microdissections and further analyses, we found that each focus was monoclonal individually. Conclusion(s) Previously reported polyclonality is very likely to be attributed to the pooling of multifocal lesions or contamination of normal tissues. These results suggest that endometriotic lesions were monoclonal in origin, and in the case of multifocal lesions, each focus originates monoclonally; hence, different foci have independent origins. The monoclonality of endometriotic lesions suggests that they may carry neoplastic potentials, and the apparent independent origins of multifocal lesions suggest that reconstruction of individual lesion histories may help us to understand the initiation and progression of endometriosis.
Positive co-operativity in the membrane receptor mediated response.

Abstract In a hormonal system stimulated by one of the known hypothalamic peptides, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), the biological response seen, when physiologically called for, may be positively cooperative, showing as well the expected dynamics due to a singular or continuing stimulus. Mediation is by a receptor protein which in purified form shows positively co-operative binding and specifically aggregates in solution in the presence of the hypothalamic peptide. An introduced simple amplification receptor model encompassing both kinetic and structural features is based on known biological and biochemical parameters of the hormonal system. A novel feature of the model is an obligatory presence on a cell, at given times, of characteristic molecular forms (assemblies of various order) which all must be fully occupied as a condition of (1) their nontransient existence and (2) stimulus mediated effect. The model relates temporal changes in assemblies' occupancy, conformation and affinity to ligand concentration. It provides for sigmoid dose response curve.
Ets-1 immunohistochemical expression in non-melanoma skin carcinoma

Background: Ets-1 oncoprotein is a transcription factor known to regulate the expression of numerous genes important in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Up-regulation of Ets-1 has been shown to be important in a variety of human malignancies and to correlate with prognosis. To our knowledge, this oncoprotein has not been examined in non-melanoma skin carcinomas. Design: A series of 26 primary cutaneous skin lesions with patient records were independently examined for diagnosis confirmation and immunohistochemical expression by two dermatopathologists. The immunohistochemical expression for Ets-1 (Novocastra, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK) was scored by an average of the mean labeling intensity (MLI), where no nuclear staining = 0, weak nuclear staining = 1, moderate nuclear staining = 2, and strong nuclear staining = 3. Results: All basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases exhibited negative nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0. Keratoacanthomas, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SIS), and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) exhibited negative to weak nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0.4 ± 0.3. Moderately differentiated SCCs exhibited moderate nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 1.8 ± 0.6. Poorly differentiated SCCs and metastatic SCCs exhibited very strong nuclear staining, with an average MLI of 2.8 ± 0.2. Conclusions: Ets-1 is not expressed in cutaneous BCC or MCC and is weakly expressed in SIS and forms of well-differentiated SCC. Although the intensity of Ets-1 immunostaining distinguished between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated SCC (p < 0.0001), it failed to discriminate between in situ and well-differentiated SCCs. The preliminary data suggests Ets-1 may be important in the pathogenesis of invasive SCC.
Dopant-mediated oxygen vacancy tuning in ceria nanoparticles.

Ceria nanoparticles with 20 and 40 at.% RE (RE = Y, Sm, Gd, and Yb) dopants were synthesized through a microemulsion method. Independently of the dopant nature and concentration, nearly monodispersed nanoparticles of size 3–5 nm were observed in high resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis. The ceria lattice either expands or contracts depending on the dopant cation ionic radii, as indicated by x-ray diffraction studies. X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopic studies were used to quantify the cerium oxidation state and oxygen vacancy concentration. The results show the tunability of the oxygen vacancy and Ce3+ concentrations based on the dopant properties. First principles simulations using the free energy density functional theory method support the observed experimental trends. The reported results establish a relationship between the oxygen vacancies and oxidation states in doped ceria required for tailoring properties in catalytic and biomedical applications.
Sonographic features of inflammatory breast cancer

D t c s i Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is an aggressive form of invasive breast cancer characterized by diffuse erythema and edema (peau d’orange) of the breast, often without an underlying mass. IBC is usually a diagnosed on clinical examination with variable and nonspecific imaging findings. This aggressive cancer takes its name from the associated inflammatory-like symptoms that arise primarily from cancer cells blocking dermal lymphatics.1 The earliest documentation of IBC was in 1814, by Sir Charles Bell, who described a purple color on the skin over a breast tumor and shooting pains that were associated with the tumor.2 In 1924, Lee and Tannenbaum3 described “inflammatory breast cancer.” Dermal lymphatic invasion in IBC was described by Taylor and Meltzer in 1938.4 The possibilty of intraparenchymal lymphatic involvement being diagostic for IBC, in the absence of dermal lymphatic involveent, has also been suggested.5 According to the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, the incidence of IBC in 9 geographic areas of the United States was 6% among white women with breast cancer and 10% among black women with breast cancer between 1975 and 1981.6 Lower percentages were observed by other investigators, ranging from 0.5% to 1.3%.7-10 This difference may be related o the inclusion of locally advanced breast cancer cases mong IBC cases in the SEER database, resulting in an apparntly greater incidence of IBC. In a review of more recent EER data, from 1988 to 2000, investigators reported that BC comprised 2% of all breast malignancies.11 The incidence of IBC increased from 2.0% to 2.5% between 1988 and 1990 and 1997 and 1999, whereas the incidence of locally advanced breast cancers and non-T4 cancers decreased. The cause of the increase in the incidence of IBC is not known, but possible theories include heightened awareness, im-
Immunotherapies for Hodgkin's lymphoma

Multiple immune evasion strategies characterize the pathobiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These must be considered when developing and testing immunotherapeutic approaches for this disease. The clinical experience with adoptive immunotherapy of Epstein-Barr virus positive tumors, and with monoclonal antibodies directed against CD30, CD20, and other antigens, is herein reviewed.
Risk and Protective Factors for HIV/AIDS in Native Americans: Implications for Preventive Intervention

HIV/AIDS has steadily increased in Native American and Alaska Native populations, and despite efforts at control many challenges remain. This article examines historical, biological, social, and behavioral cofactors related to the spread of HIV/AIDS within the context of Native American culture. Special attention is given to vulnerable subgroups and to the need for culturally appropriate efforts at prevention and intervention that respect the unique needs of each group.
Apurinic endonucleases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Three endonuclease activities have been partially purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of their activity against x-irradiated closed-circular supercoiled bacteriophage PM2 DNA. These endonucleases also nick apurinic DNA and two out of the three activities incise DNA UV-irradiated with high doses. The endonuclease activities have also been distinguished on the basis of their magnesium requirement and sensitivity to EDTA.
Discrimination of colors by the black-chinned hummingbird,Archilochus alexandri

The color vision of a population of black-chinned hummingbirds was studied by behavioral methods. Birds were attracted to feeders equipped with tungsten lamps and interference filters. Results are based on counts of approximately 5700 visits by 92 ± 5 birds. Population size was estimated by mistnetting and marking 29 hummingbirds, 22 of which could be recognized individually during the course of the experiments. Following experience with red (620 nm) at all feeders, the birds showed a modest tendency to visit red (620 nm, 650 nm) and blue (490 nm) rather than intermediate greens and yellows. When sugar was presented at only one wavelength, however, choices became much sharper. When positions of the feeders were randomized, trained birds selected feeders on the basis of hue. Brightness was not used as a significant cue. This finding thus provides a more rigorous demonstration of color vision in hummingbirds than has heretofore been available. Either position or color could be learned in several hours (6–22 visits). Red (620 nm) and green (546 nm) were learned at the same rate. Two different (and opposing) color associations could be learned simultaneously at sites approximately 30 m apart. Discrimination of hue was measured following training to each of four wavelengths: 620, 590, 546, and 480 nm. Light from interference filters with transmission maxima at 546 and 550 nm were differentiated by the birds to a statistically significant extent. 546 and 590 nm appear to lie near the boundaries of hues; a boundary near 540 nm is found in pigeon but not human color vision.
Chaotic behavior in the Hénon mapping

In a previous work Henon investigated a two-dimensional difference equation which was motivated by a hydrodynamical system of Lorenz. Numerically solving this equation indicated for certain parameter values the existence of a “strange attractor”, i.e., a region in the plane which attracts bounded solutions and in which solutions wander erratically. In the present work it is shown that this behavior is related to the mathematical concept of “chaos”. Using general methods previously developed, it is proven analytically that for some parameter values the mapping has a transversal homoclinic orbit, which implies the existence of the chaotic behavior observed by Henon.
Stage 1: Creating a New MBA Core with Team Teaching

Following the array of critiques of management higher education, many MBA programs are considering fundamental curricular change. This article describes the initial phases of such a change in the Daniels College of Business at the University of Denver. The resulting integrated, transdisciplinary core, delivered by teams of faculty members across disciplines, and the issues involved in such drastic change are explained.
Purification and characterization of bradykinin-hydrolyzing enzyme from 2-day-old rat epidermis

Abstract Bradykinin-hydrolyzing enzyme was purified 200-fold from a soluble fraction of cornified cells from 2-day-old rat epidermis. The enzyme has an Mr of 80 000 as identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HPLC gel filtration. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 5.05. The enzyme hydrolyzed Phe5-Ser6 of bradykinin and seven bradykinin-related peptides, and Tyr5-Ser6 of Tyr5-bradykinin. Production of bradykinin fragments, Arg-Pro-Prog-Gly-Phe and Ser-Pro-Peh-Arg, proceeded in a stoichiometric fashion. Km and Vmax for bradykinin were 33 μM and 22.2 μmol/min per mg, respectively. The enzyme did not hydrolyze azocasein, denatured hemoglobin or synthetic substrates for other epidermal proteinases. The enzyme activity was enhanced by reducing agnents and inhibited by sulfhydryl-bloking agents and divalent cations. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylfulfonyl fluoride had no effects. The enzynme has a pH optimum of 7.0–7.5 and is stable at 4°C for 1 month, but loses activity completely at 60°C form 10 min. The epidermal endopeptidase differs in several properties from endooligopeptidase A purified from brain which hydrolyzed Phe5-Ser6 of bradykinin.
Nucleotide sequence of the "denaturable" leucine transfer RNA from yeast.

The nucleotide sequence of " denaturable"leucine acceptor transfer RNA (tRNA Leu 3 ) from baker9s yeast was determined on 32 P-labeled material. The molecule is 85 nucleotides long and can be folded into the "cloverleaf" model for secondary structure. The basis on which the sequence was deduced from the products of complete enzymatic digestion, prior to its unambiguous determination, is presented.
Electron-beam deposition of zirconia films stabilized in high temperature phases by different oxides

Abstract Films of ZrO2-X2O3 where X ≡ Al, In, and Sc and of ZrO2-SnO2 were deposited by simultaneous electron-beam evaporation of the respective metal oxides. Films deposited onto substrates at room temperature were initially amorphous, but were transformed and stabilized in either the tetragonal or cubic phases of ZrO2 by annealing at appropriate temperatures over certain ranges of compositions. In the case of the ZrO2-In2O3 system, for example, the substrate was heated to 300 °C during deposition and the ZrO2 was recovered in the cubic phase for indium compositions varying between 3.5 and 11 at.%. However, in the ZrO2-SnO2 system, the as-deposited film remained amorphous (even though the substrate was held at 300 °C). Results of the effect of composition on lattice parameters and phase stability are reviewed and discussed.
Positioning Programs in Professional and Technical Communication: Guest Editor's Introduction

Programs in technical and professional communication are continually challenged by issues of location and dislocation. Historic changes and interdisciplinary initiatives are in progress at colleges and universities worldwide. The five articles of this special issue will offer a portrait of the multiple ways that technical communication programs are positioning themselves to do innovative teaching and research.
Dense water formation on the northwestern shelf of the Okhotsk Sea: 1. Direct observations of brine rejection

late February, while the active brine rejection continued for several more weeks based on indirect evidence from water properties and ice cover. This termination was possibly due to the onset of baroclinic instability of the density front at the polynya edge facilitating offshore eddy transport of the density anomaly. Observed periodic baroclinic tide intensification events are hypothesized to be an indicator of the presence of such baroclinic eddies. No significant density increase was observed at the deeper, offshore mooring, indicating a robust demarcation of the offshore extent of newly formed DSW. The relatively fresh water of the tidally mixed zone inshore of the shelf front was the precursor of the DSW, aided by the late-autumn offshore transition of the front. INDEX TERMS: 4207 Oceanography: General: Arctic and Antarctic oceanography; 4219 Oceanography: General: Continental shelf processes; 4540 Oceanography: Physical: Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes; 4243 Oceanography: General: Marginal and semienclosed seas; KEYWORDS: Okhotsk Sea, brine rejection, dense water formation
Randomized clinical trial of bright light therapy for antepartum depression: preliminary findings.

Background Bright light therapy was shown to be a promising treatment for depression during pregnancy in a recent open-label study. In an extension of this work, we report findings from a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Method Ten pregnant women with DSM-IV major depressive disorder were randomly assigned from April 2000 to January 2002 to a 5-week clinical trial with either a 7000 lux (active) or 500 lux (placebo) light box. At the end of the randomized controlled trial, subjects had the option of continuing in a 5-week extension phase. The Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale-Seasonal Affective Disorder Version was administered to assess changes in clinical status. Salivary melatonin was used to index circadian rhythm phase for comparison with antidepressant results. Results Although there was a small mean group advantage of active treatment throughout the randomized controlled trial, it was not statistically significant. However, in the longer 10-week trial, the presence of active versus placebo light produced a clear treatment effect (p =.001) with an effect size (0.43) similar to that seen in antidepressant drug trials. Successful treatment with bright light was associated with phase advances of the melatonin rhythm. Conclusion These findings provide additional evidence for an active effect of bright light therapy for antepartum depression and underscore the need for an expanded randomized clinical trial.
A FACTOR MODIFYING THE CONCEPT OF ANXIETY AS AN INTERFERING DRIVE.

(1965). A Factor Modifying the Concept of Anxiety as an Interfering Drive. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 43-46.
Macro-Fiber Composite Actuated Piezoelectric Robotic Fish

This chapter is centered on fish-like aquatic robotics using flexible bimorphs made from Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) piezoelectric laminates. Bimorph propulsors employing MFCs offer a balance between the actuation force and velocity response for performance enhancement in bio-inspired swimming, in addition to noiseless and efficient actuation over a range of frequencies, geometric scalability, and simple design. The experimental component of this work first explores the effect of a passive substrate fin extension on the thrust frequency response of MFCs bimorphs in quiescent water along with measurement procedures. Specifically, it is shown that broadband thrust generation can be achieved in the presence of a passive substrate extension. The second part of the experiments is focused on the characterization of an elastically constrained uniform MFC bimorph propulsor (in-air and underwater) as well as the development of a robotic fish prototype combining a microcontroller and a printed circuit board amplifier to generate high actuation voltage for untethered locomotion. A distributed-parameter electroelastic model including the hydrodynamic effects and actuator dynamics is coupled with the elongated-body theory for estimating the mean thrust in quiescent water. For electroelastically nonlinear actuation levels, experimentally obtained underwater vibration response is coupled with the elongated-body theory to predict the thrust output. The measured mean thrust levels in quiescent water (on the order of ~10 mN) compare favorably with thrust levels of biological fish. An untethered robotic fish prototype that employs a single bimorph fin for straight swimming and turning motions is developed and tested in free locomotion. A swimming speed of 0.3 body length/s (7.5 cm/s swimming speed for 24.3 cm body length) is reported at 5 Hz for a nonoptimized main body-propulsor bimorph combination under a moderate actuation voltage level.
MakeMyPage: Social Media Meets Automatic Content Generation

Finding out about a topic online can be time consuming. It involves visiting multiple news sites, encyclopedia entries, video repositories and other resources while discarding irrelevant information. MakeMyPage aims to speed this process by combining automatic aggregation of information with social media to build web pages with images, videos and links to important information about a topic. MakeMyPage uses automatic aggregation to provide the initial content of the web pages. This content is organized by type: blogs, news, web links, images, video and a main article. MakeMyPage creates a web page by selecting a few items from each category, plus links to more resources within it. Users can vote on the links and media they like best for a given topic and, based on these votes, the system promotes them to and within the main web page. MakeMyPage can be thought of as a collection of wiki pages where people enhance automatically generated content not by editing the text in it, but by voting and suggesting new links. The system’s focus is on the organization of content that is genuinely useful and on point. MakeMyPage continuously tracks popular search queries and maintains a database of web pages about these topics.
Multiple points of view in modelling programs

An important issue discussed at the workshop on data abstraction is the need to represent multiple, overlapping points of view and relationships between them. The first two sections of this paper motivate the use of multiple and overlapping points of view in modelling programs and data structures. The final section of the paper briefly describes a new formalism, called overlays, which has been developed for this purpose, and which may be of general interest.The overall goal of the research from which this paper is drawn is to compile a library of standard, generally used data and control abstractions to be used in the interactive analysis, synthesis and verification of programs. Multiple points of view were needed in this context is in order to decompose the data and control structures of users' programs in a way which makes explicit their relationship to the library of standard abstractions.
Using the Upper Limit of Vulnerability to Assess Defibrillation Efficacy at Implantation of ICDs

The upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) is the weakest shock strength at or above which ventricular fibrillation (VF) is not induced when the shock is delivered during the vulnerable period. The ULV, a measurement made in regular rhythm, provides an estimate of the minimum shock strength required for reliable defibrillation that is as accurate or more accurate than the defibrillation threshold (DFT). The ULV hypothesis of defibrillation postulates a mechanistic relationship between the ULV-measured during regular rhythm-and the minimum shock strength that defibrillates reliably. Vulnerability testing can be applied at implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implant to confirm a clinically adequate defibrillation safety margin without inducing VF in 75%-95% of ICD recipients. Alternatively, the ULV provides an accurate patient-specific safety margin with a single fibrillation-defibrillation episode. Programming first ICD shocks based on patient-specific measurements of ULV rather than programming routinely to maximum output shortens charge time and may reduce the probability of syncope as ICDs age and charge times increase. Because the ULV is more reproducible than the DFT, it provides greater statistical power for clinical research with fewer episodes of VF. Limited evidence suggests that vulnerability testing is safer than conventional defibrillation testing.
The Influence of Positive Affect on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Facilitating Enjoyment of Play, Responsible Work Behavior, and Self-Control

Two experiments demonstrated that positive affect fosters intrinsic motivation, as reflected by choice of activity in a free-choice situation and by rated amount of enjoyment of a novel and challenging task, but also promotes responsible work behavior in a situation where the work needs to be done. Where there was work that needed to be done, people in the positive-affect condition reduced their time on the enjoyable task, successfully completed the work task, but also spent time on the more enjoyable task. These results indicate that positive affect does foster intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment and performance of enjoyable tasks, but not at the cost of responsible work behavior on an uninteresting task that needs to be done. Implications for the relationship between positive affect and such aspects of self-regulation as forward-looking thinking and self-control are discussed.
Estimation of succinylcholine blood levels.

SUMMARY 1 A method of estimating serum concentrations of succinylcholine using a modification of the frog rectus abdominis technique is described. 2 Serum levels after single intravenous injections of 100–500 mg succinylcholine were measured in 21 patients. Concentrations were determined in 14 additional patients who received continuous intravenous infusions of the drug. 3 Regardless of the magnitude of the initial dose, the serum concentrations of succinylcholine fell to very low levels within 30 seconds of administration. Following the first half minute the reduction in concentration was gradual and took 4 minutes to reach minimally detectable levels (1 μg/ml). 4 Additional in-vitro experiments, which eliminated diffusion distribution effects, were used to study the rate of destruction of succinylcholine by freshly drawn blood. 5 It was concluded that the in-vivo decay curve of succinylcholine may be considered to be representing two partially overlapping events: rapid enzyme destruction of succinylcholine during the steep fall, and diffusion and distribution during the gradual drop. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 1 Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Serumkonzentration von Succinylcholin beschrieben, die eine Modifikation der Frosch-Rectus-Technik darstellt. 2 Bei 21 Patienten wurde der Serumspiegel nach Einzel-i.v.-Injektionen von 100–500 mg Succinylcholin gemessen. Bei weiteren 14 Patienten wurden die Konzentrationen wahrend der Verabreichung einer kontinuierlichen i.v. Infusion des Mittels bestimmt. 3 Ohne Rucksicht auf die Grosse der Initialdosis fielen die Serumkonzentrationen von Succinylcholin innerhalb von 30 Sekunden nach der Verabreichung auf sehr niedrige Niveaus. Nach der ersten halben Minute war die Konzentrationsverminderung nur mehr eine schrittweise und es dauerte 4 Minuten, um einen gerade noch feststellbaren Serumspiegel (1 μg/ml) zu erreichen. 4 Zusatzliche in-vitro-Experimente, die den Verteilungseffekt durch Diffusion vermieden, wurden angestellt, um die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Succinylcholin in frisch abgenommenem Blut zu studieren. 5 Es konnte der Schluss gezogen werden, dass die Abbaukurve von Succinylcholin in-vivo sich aus 2 einander teilweise uberschneidenden Komponenten zusammensetzt: rasche enzymatische Zerstorung von Succinylcholin wahrend des steilen Abfalles und Diffusion und Verteilung in den Geweben wahrend des schrittweisen Absinkens.
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Knockouts

All treatments for obesity, including dietary restriction of carbohydrates, have a goal of reducing the storage of fat in adipocytes. The chief enzyme responsible for the mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue, i.e., lipolysis, is thought to be hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Studies of HSL knockouts have provided important insights into the functional significance of HSL and into adipose metabolism in general. Studies have provided evidence that HSL, though possessing triacylglycerol lipase activity, appears to be the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesteryl ester and diacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipose tissue and is essential for complete hormone stimulated lipolysis, but other triacylglycerol lipases are important in mediating triacylglycerol hydrolysis in lipolysis. HSL knockouts are resistant to both high fat diet-induced and genetic obesity, displaying reduced quantities of white with increased amounts of brown adipose tissue, increased numbers of adipose macrophages, and have multiple alterations in the expression of genes involved in adipose differentiation, including transcription factors, markers of adipocyte differentiation, and enzymes of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. With disruption of lipolysis by removal of HSL, there is a drastic reduction in lipogenesis and alteration in adipose metabolism.
Review of recent experiments and calculations relevant to the kinetics of the HF laser

An abbreviated review of rate coefficients relevant to HF laser kinetics modeling is presented. The literature has been surveyed from the last published review in 1983 to the present. Updated HF Einstein emission coefficients are tabulated. This brief summary of a more detailed review addresses rate coefficients relevant to HF generation, reactive quenching, self-relaxation, and vibrational relaxation by a selection of atoms and molecules. In addition, a review of recent experiments and theoretical calculations relevant to the role of rotational non- equilibrium in HF lasers is presented. A list of recommended temperature dependent expressions for critical reaction rate coefficients is given.
Identifying the Source of BW Failures in High-Frequency Linear Analog Circuits Based on S-Parameter Measurements

High-frequency linear analog circuits are widely used in high-speed and wireless radio frequency communication circuits as front-end devices. The small-signal model of transistors is typically used to evaluate the bandwidth (BW) of such devices during design iterations. However, since such devices typically push the boundaries of the manufacturing processes, small-signal parameters are not entirely reliable, leading to systematic silicon failures due to inadequate BW. With increasing uncertainties in the modeling and processing of semiconductor devices, it is essential that the sources of BW failures be identified immediately once the devices are manufactured. This paper presents a methodology to diagnose the systematic BW failures in linear broadband analog circuits. The most important small-signal parameters of internal transistors are determined to enable the redesign process. An evolutionary algorithm specifically designed to mimic the expected errors is used to ensure fast convergence to the correct solution. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the set of the most impactful small-signal parameters and to guide the evolutionary search. A weighed average approach is also used to improve the accuracy for large-scale systems. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm determines the parameters accurately and scales well in terms of accuracy and computation time
Hierarchical brushing in a collection of video data

The amount of digital video and associated metadata being generated and stored is increasing rapidly. Given the complex spatial and temporal structure of video information it is a formidable challenge to provide compact and human-readable representations of such content. The solution has to be versatile in order to satisfy different user needs, such as browsing, zooming (looking for something specific), discovering or recording access patterns performing partial searches that can be re-used later, etc. We present a new approach that addresses many of the difficulties. Our representation provides at-a-glance high-level overview of the video collection and also serves as a navigational tool in that collection. While the user navigates to finer-level representations in the video collection our visualization allows him to maintain a sense of location and context within the collection. We introduce the movieDNA as an abstraction to visualize interesting features in a video. Our compact, yet flexible, representation is applicable to any type of linear data. In order to access even larger amounts of data in one view and to express several levels of granularity and compactness we extend the movieDNA to a hierarchical movieDNA. Hierarchical brushing enables browsing, navigating and visualizing several semantic levels of video content. We discuss hierarchical brushing of video content for various user scenarios and present examples demonstrating the versatility of our approach.
RC Interconnect Optimization under the Elmore Delay Model

An efficient solution to the wire sizing problem (WSP) using the Elmore delay model is proposed. Two formulations of the problem are put forth: in the first, the minimum interconnect delay is sought, while in the second, we minimize the net delay under delay constraints at the leaf nodes; previous approaches solve only the former problem. Theoretical results on these problems are proved, and a sensitivity-based algorithm is devised. It is shown experimentally that the second formulation provides significantly better engineering solutions.
Correlation time analysis of delay-Doppler waveforms generated from ocean-scattered GPS signals

The ocean-scattered Global Positioning System (GPS) signal can be used, in a bistatic radar configuration, for estimating the ocean surface roughness. This requires fitting a scattering model to the distribution of reflected power in delay and Doppler. The delay-Doppler map, or waveform, is generated through the cross-correlation of a local copy of the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code assigned to each GPS satellite with the reflected signal over increments in Doppler frequency equal to the pre-detection bandwidth. The correlation time of the reflected signal voltage sets an upper limit on the pre-detection integration time. Correlation time was estimated from experimental data through fitting a model Gaussian function to the magnitude of the complex autocorrelation of the time series of the waveform. Range bins were taken 1.1 chips prior to the averaged waveform peak in the leading edge and 2.5 chips after the averaged waveform peak in the trailing edge. Doppler bins were set at -500, 0, and +500 Hz relative to the Doppler frequency of the corresponding direct GPS signal. The direct GPS signal was tracked using a frequency locked loop (FLL). Results showed that maximum correlation time occurs approximately 0.72 code chips prior to the averaged waveform peak. The correlation time was found to vary with the elevation angle of the satellite, with lower elevation satellites showing longer correlation time. Some experimental results were compared with model predictions. A good comparison was usually found for delay bins near the specular point and both the model and experiment showed a decrease in the correlation time for longer delays. In the higher range bins the model tended to predict longer correlation times than those observed in the experimental data
Resource Efficient Survivable Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we address both lifetime and survivability issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We present an easy-to-implement clustering method called DED (distributed, energy-efficient, and dual-homed clustering) which promises robustness for WSNs without relying on the redundancy of sensors, i.e., without depending on node density. DED uses the information already gathered during clustering to determine additional alternate routes from sources to observers, thus incurring low message overhead. It does not make any assumptions about network dimension, node capacity, or location-awareness; and terminates in a constant number of iterations. The correctness of the algorithm is proved analytically. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach is effective both in prolonging the network lifetime and in providing survivability.
Quantitative single-cell gene expression measurements of multiple genes in response to hypoxia treatment

Cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene transcription plays a central role in a variety of vital cell processes. To quantify gene expression heterogeneity patterns among cells and to determine their biological significance, methods to measure gene expression levels at the single-cell level are highly needed. We report an experimental technique based on the DNA-intercalating fluorescent dye SYBR green for quantitative expression level analysis of up to ten selected genes in single mammalian cells. The method features a two-step procedure consisting of a step to isolate RNA from a single mammalian cell, synthesize cDNA from it, and a qPCR step. We applied the method to cell populations exposed to hypoxia, quantifying expression levels of seven different genes spanning a wide dynamic range of expression in randomly picked single cells. In the experiment, 72 single Barrett’s esophageal epithelial (CP-A) cells, 36 grown under normal physiological conditions (controls) and 36 exposed to hypoxia for 30 min, were randomly collected and used for measuring the expression levels of 28S rRNA, PRKAA1, GAPDH, Angptl4, MT3, PTGES, and VEGFA genes. The results demonstrate that the method is sensitive enough to measure alterations in gene expression at the single-cell level, clearly showing heterogeneity within a cell population. We present technical details of the method development and implementation, and experimental results obtained by use of the procedure. We expect the advantages of this technique will facilitate further developments and advances in the field of single-cell gene expression profiling on a nanotechnological scale, and eventually as a tool for future point-of-care medical applications.