cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytostatic versus cytocidal profiling of quinoline drug combinations via modified fixed-ratio isobologram analysis.

Drug combination therapy is the frontline of malaria treatment. There is an ever-accelerating need for new, efficacious combination therapies active against drug resistant malaria. Proven drugs already in the treatment pipeline, such as the quinolines, are important components of current combination therapy and also present an attractive test bank for rapid development of new concepts. The efficacy of several drug combinations versus chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains was measured using both cytostatic and cytocidal potency assays. These screens identify quinoline and non-quinoline pairs that exhibit synergy, additivity, or antagonism using the fixed-ratio isobologram method and find tafenoquine – methylene blue combination to be the most synergistic. Also, interestingly, for selected pairs, additivity, synergy, or antagonism defined by quantifying IC50 (cytostatic potency) does not necessarily predict similar behaviour when potency is defined by LD50 (cytocidal potency). These data further support an evolving new model for quinoline anti-malarials, wherein haem and haemozoin are the principle target for cytostatic activity, but may not be the only target relevant for cytocidal activity.
Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans

Sleep has been proposed to be a physiological adaptation to conserve energy, but little research has examined this proposed function of sleep in humans. We quantified effects of sleep, sleep deprivation and recovery sleep on whole-body total daily energy expenditure (EE) and on EE during the habitual day and nighttime. We also determined effects of sleep stage during baseline and recovery sleep on EE. Seven healthy participants aged 22 ± 5 years (mean ± s.d.) maintained ∼8 h per night sleep schedules for 1 week before the study and consumed a weight-maintenance diet for 3 days prior to and during the laboratory protocol. Following a habituation night, subjects lived in a whole-room indirect calorimeter for 3 days. The first 24 h served as baseline – 16 h wakefulness, 8 h scheduled sleep – and this was followed by 40 h sleep deprivation and 8 h scheduled recovery sleep. Findings show that, compared to baseline, 24 h EE was significantly increased by ∼7% during the first 24 h of sleep deprivation and was significantly decreased by ∼5% during recovery, which included hours awake 25-40 and 8 h recovery sleep. During the night time, EE was significantly increased by ∼32% on the sleep deprivation night and significantly decreased by ∼4% during recovery sleep compared to baseline. Small differences in EE were observed among sleep stages, but wakefulness during the sleep episode was associated with increased energy expenditure. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that sleep conserves energy and that sleep deprivation increases total daily EE in humans.
Temperature and Flux dependence of ion induced ripple: a way to study defect and relaxation kinetics during ion bombardment

We have measured the temperature and ion flux dependence of the ripple wavelength on a Cu(001) surface during low energy ion sputtering. We analyze these results in terms of a linear instability model and identify different experimentally observed behavior with different mechanisms of relaxation and surface defect kinetics. In a high temperature regime, diffusing species on the surface are mainly thermally induced while in a lower temperature range, the diffusing species are ion beam induced. At even lower temperature, thermal diffusion is deactivated and the surface relaxes through an athermal mechanism. We define a transition between different defects formation kinetics in temperature and flux phase space and discuss how the defect kinetics model can be extended to different materials system.
A new stable pluronic® F68 gel carrier for antibiotics in contaminated wound treatment

Abstract Pluronic® F68 was selected as the gel carrier for antimicrobial agents because of its extensive use as a wound cleanser in humans without discernable side effects. When the concentration of this surfactant is increased to 46%, it forms a water soluble gel that can serve as a carrier for antimicrobial agents. The stability of this gel can be enhanced by immediately cooling (−15°C) the gel for 24 hours before storage and subsequent application. Immediate cooling of the gel causes hydration of the surfactant that is associated with gel strengthening and prolonged shelf life stability. In experimental animals, this stable gel carrier containing 0.2% nitrofurazone significantly reduces the bacterial concentration of Staphylococcus aureus in wounds to a greater degree than silver sulfadiazine. This antimicrobial gel has the same antimicrobial activity as polyethylene glycol carriers containing 0.2% nitrofurazone, but does not carry the potential risk of polyethylene glycol intoxication.
Post-earthquake and tsunami 3D laser scanning forensic investigations

The recent Japanese earthquake and tsunami is one of several recent, destructive events that has provided critical engineering information regarding the performance of buildings, bridges, walls, roadways, etc. during intense loading. 3D laser scanning technology provides a valuable tool to acquire perishable information and preserve the scene digitally for post-disaster assessment. This paper discusses the challenges and benefits for use of 3D laser scanning on post-disaster reconnaissance efforts. This paper also focuses on special considerations when performing scanning work in post-disaster environments. Because of the limited time available to make critical decisions, it is important for personnel to know optimal procedures during planning, field reconnaissance, collaboration, data acquisition, processing, and analysis. Examples from recent events illustrate the power of this revolutionary tool in forensic investigations.
Normal Spinal Anatomy on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Over the past few decades, spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MR imaging) has largely replaced computed tomography (CT) and CT myelography in the assessment of intraspinal pathology at institutions where MR imaging is available. Given its high contrast resolution, MR imaging allows the differentiation of the several adjacent structures comprising the spine. This article illustrates normal spinal anatomy as defined by MR imaging, describes commonly used spinal MR imaging protocols, and discusses associated common artifacts.
Thyroid hormone metabolism and cardiac gene expression after acute myocardial infarction in the rat.

In a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (MI) produced by coronary artery ligation, thyroid hormone metabolism was altered with significant reductions (54%) in serum triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), ...
Performance guarantee for cluster-based Internet services

As Web-based transactions become an essential element of everyday corporate and commerce activity, it becomes increasingly important for the performance of Web application services to be predictable and adequate even in the presence of wildly fluctuating input loads. In this work we propose a general implementation framework to provide quality of service (QoS) guarantee for cluster-based Web application services, such as e-commerce or directory services, that is largely independent of the Web application and the hardware/software platform used in the cluster. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Web request distribution system called Gage, which is able to guarantee a service subscriber a pre-defined number of generic Web requests serviced per second regardless of the total input loads at run time. Gage is one of the first, if not the first system that can support QoS guarantees which involves multiple system resources, i.e., CPU, disk, and network. The fully operational Gage prototype shows that the proposed architecture can indeed provide a guaranteed level of service for specific classes of Web accesses according to their QoS requirements in the presence of excessive input loads. In addition, empirical measurement on the Gage prototype demonstrates that the additional performance overhead associated with Gage's QoS guarantee support for Web service is merely 3.06%.
2005 synopsis on Canadian environmental legislation and policies affecting active sonar research based in Nova Scotia

Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Atlantic has a number of sonar projects that require the underwater transmission of acoustic energy. Because of potential adverse environmental effects, a number of international and Canadian laws as well as Department of National Defence (DND) policies impact on these research activities. Of particular interest for this paper are the Canadian legislation and departmental policies relating to the potential impact of active sonar research sea-tests on marine mammals.
Modelling and analysis of system robustness

Modelling and analysis of system robustness is of interest to researchers and practitioners for several reasons. Robust systems can minimize product development time, warranty costs, and improve product quality. The problem of attaining system robustness is often not addressed formally because design teams work independently of each other when designing system components. In this paper, a framework is presented for robust system development based upon system modelling, integration analysis, and quality engineering techniques. System robustness is achieved by specifying sub-system configurations within the overall system to minimize subsystem-to-subsystem interactions and overall system sensitivity to noise factors. System modelling represents system structure, captures system requirements and identifies required functional interfaces among system components. Once the interfaces among system components are identified, a component—component interaction matrix of interfaces is developed. Integration analysis...
The Uses and Limitations of the Square‐Root‐Impedance Method for Computing Site Amplification

The square-root-impedance (SRI) method is a fast way of computing approximate site amplification that does not depend on the details from velocity mod- els. The SRI method underestimates the peak response of models with large imped- ance contrasts near their base, but the amplifications for those models is often close to or equal to the root mean square of the theoretical full resonant (FR) response of the higher modes. On the other hand, for velocity models made up of gradients, with no significant impedance changes across small ranges of depth, the SRI method system- atically underestimates the theoretical FR response over a wide frequency range. For commonly used gradient models for generic rock sites, the SRI method underestimates the FR response by about 20%-30%. Notwithstanding the persistent underestimation of amplifications from theoretical FR calculations, however, amplifications from the SRI method may often provide more useful estimates of amplifications than the FR method, because the SRI amplifications are not sensitive to details of the models and will not exhibit the many peaks and valleys characteristic of theoretical full resonant amplifications (jaggedness sometimes not seen in amplifications based on averages of site response from multiple recordings at a given site). The lack of sensitivity to details of the velocity models also makes the SRI method useful in comparing the response of various velocity models, in spite of any systematic underestimation of the response. The quarter-wavelength average velocity, which is fundamental to the SRI method, is useful by itself in site characterization, and as such, is the fundamental parameter used to characterize the site response in a number of recent ground-motion prediction equations.
CMOS stress sensor circuits using piezoresistive field-effect transistors (PIFETs)

CMOS analog stress sensor circuits based upon the piezoresistive behavior of MOSFETs are proposed. On the (100) surface, these circuits provide temperature compensated output voltages and currents that are proportional to the inplane normal stress difference (/spl sigma//sub 11//sup -/-/spl sigma//sub 22//sup -/) and the in-plane shear stress /spl sigma//sub 12//sup -/ The circuits offer high sensitivity to stress, highly localized stress measurement and provide direct voltage or current outputs, eliminating the need for tedious /spl Delta/R/R measurements required with more traditional resistor rosettes.
A note on contact stress and closure in models of rock joints and faults

We have re-examined asperity deformation predicted by joint closure models based on Greenwood and Williamson [1966] which use a statistical representation of loaded, rough surfaces. Although such models assume small elastic strains within contacting asperities (Hertzian contact) and well predict the observed dependence of closure on normal stress, large elastic normal strains measured in experiments violate the model assumptions. This inconsistency between observations and models can be resolved. The model dependence of closure on macroscopic normal stress results primarily from the statistics of the surface topography, and the functional dependence of closure on normal stress can be independent of assumed contact-scale elastic interactions. Thus, a joint model of the Greenwood and Williamson kind, modified to allow a portion of the elastic deformation to occur outside of the asperity contact region, predicts macroscopic behavior consistent with Hertzian models. Contact stresses derived from previously published models of this kind may be in error.
This American Franchise: This American Life, public radio franchising and the cultural work of legitimating economic hybridity

This essay examines the historical formation of public radio program This American Life (TAL) into a media franchise whose production and extension into film, television, live performances, and podcast spinoffs represent an economic hybridity of both public and commercial production cultures. However, due to the value of highbrow intellectualism often articulated with public radio and its supposed separation from commercial media, TAL’s economic hybridity occurs within a specific public radio context that encourages TAL’s producers to legitimate their collaboration with profit-driven media producers. Thus, TAL’s producers attempt to reinforce TAL’s distinction from commercial media through discourses of cinematic allusion, fundraising, and outsiderism in order to retain the cultural capital of public radio across a range of textual extensions. This study of TAL reminds us that media franchising studies needs to account for the participation of public radio within media industries, as well as the cultural ...
An Introduction to Micromechanics

This article provides a brief introduction to micromechanics using linear elastic materials as an example. The fundamental micromechanics concepts including homogenization and dehomogenization, representative volume element (RVE), unit cell, average stress and strain theories, effective stiffness and compliance, Hill-Mandel macrohomogeneity condition. This chapter also describes the detailed derivations of the rules of mixtures, and three full field micromechanics theories including finite element analysis of a representative volume element (RVE analysis), mathematical homogenization theory (MHT), and mechanics of structure genome (MSG). Theoretical connections among the three full field micromechanics theories are clearly shown. Particularly, it is shown that RVE analysis, MHT and MSG are governed by the same set of equations for 3D RVEs with periodic boundary conditions. RVE analysis and MSG can also handle aperiodic or partially periodic materials for which MHT is not applicable. MSG has the unique capability to obtain the complete set of 3D properties and local fields for heterogeneous materials featuring 1D or 2D heterogeneities.
Improving the Performance of Low Self-Esteem Individuals: An Attributional Approach

Low self-esteem individuals, who blame themselves for their failures, perpetuate continued failure and negative self-evaluation. The present study suggests that this “vicious cycle” of low self-est...
Applied ethics in health care administration: A case study of organ donation in an unidentified person

Ethical leadership in health care helps to guide the administrator through difficult decisions, upholding the policy of the institution while putting patient care first. This case study presents an ethical dilemma encountered by the administrator regarding organ procurement in an unidentified person who dies within the hospital. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive literature and concept review of the bioethical considerations of organ donation in an unidentified person, to review the current status of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA), and to provide a review of presumed versus informed consent. These are all aspects that shape ethical decision-making for the health care administrator. Forty-eight states have adopted UAGA legislation governing regulations regarding organ donation. In states where the legislation has been enacted, the authority to consent for organ donation is granted to the custodian of the body. In the case of persons who are unidentified, individual state regulations often grant custodianship to the hospital in which the patient died. Health care administrators may be called upon to consent for hospital procedures in cases of diminished capacity and the absence of a substitute decision maker. The health care administrator needs to be well-informed about the ethical framework for decision making in order to opine regarding organ procurement based on patient autonomy and uphold the current laws and hospital policy with beneficence and integrity.
The paper's archaeological excavation in the 20th century can't negate the paper technology was invented by Cai lun

During the past several decades Chinese archaelolgists excavated some sheet - like remnants made from bast fibres. It raised some problems. For example, was the paper still invented by Cai Lun?To answer this question, some of those remnants have been analysed and extensively studied. It is concluded that the existing information can not negate the invention of paper technology by Cai Lun.
Regional variations in alpha adrenergic receptor interactions of [3H]-dihydroergokryptine in calf brain: implications for a two-site model of alpha receptor function.

The alpha adrenergic agonists [3H]epinephrine and [3H]norepinephrine the antagonist WB-4101 (2-([29,69-dimethoxy]phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan), and the ergot alkaloid [3H]dihydroergokryptine bind to membranes from various calf brain regions in a fashion that suggests a selective interaction with alpha adrenergic receptors. Binding sites for [3H]alpha agonists appear to predominate in calf cerebellar cortex, while [3H]WB-4101 sites are more plentiful in the pons. Similar numbers of [3H]agonist and [3H]antagonist sites are found in cerebral cortex. Properties of [3H]dihydroergokryptine binding reflect the relative preponderance of [3H]alpha agonist and [3H]antagonist binding sites in these regions. In cerebral cortex, 300 nM (-)-norepinephrine, which completely inhibits binding of [3H]agonists, and 300 nM indoramin, which affords 100% reduction of [3H]antagonist binding, each decrease the maximal number of [3H]dihydroergokryptine binding sites by about half. These agents in combination abolish binding entirely. In contrast, 300 nM (-)-norepinephrine, but not indoramin, eliminates binding to cerebellar membranes. In pons, the maximal number of [3H]dihydroergokryptine binding sites is reduced 64% and 28%, respectively, by 300 nM indoramin and 300 nM (-)-norepinephrine. Compared with cerebral cortex values, the agonists clonidine and (-)-norepinephrine are more potent [3H]dihydroergokryptine inhibitors in cerebellum and less potent in pons; for the antagonists WB-4101 and indoramin, this relationship is reversed. The apparent Ki values for these agents at [3H]dihydroergokryptine binding sites in cerebellum and pons are similar to values obtained for cortical binding of [3H]agonists and [3H]WB-4101, respectively. These findings support the proposed existence of two discrete populations of alpha adrenergic receptors with respective high affinities for agonists and antagonists and differential regional distribution in the brain, both of which may be labeled by [3H]dihydroergokryptine.
The role of digital subtraction angiography in diagnosis of skull-base lesions.

Advances in radiographic diagnosis of skull-base lesions have made it possible to approach lesions formerly considered unresectable. The most important of these are the high-resolution computerized...
Gene signatures of estrogen and progesterone receptor pathways predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer

The associations of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) pathways with the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still controversial. The aim of this study was to readdress these issues by introducing a gene signature-based approach to semiquantitate pathway activity. In this approach, the ER and PR pathway activities in CRC were computed based on the expression profiles of the signature genes of ER and PR pathways, respectively. The results showed that the ER pathway activity was progressively significantly decreased from normal colorectal mucosa, colorectal adenoma to CRC. ER pathway signaling was a favorable factor for the presence of microsatellite stability (MSS) in CRC in seven cohorts tested, while was an unfavorable factor for cancer recurrence in all four CRC cohorts tested (n = 1122; overall HR: 0.311, 95% CI: 0.199-0.488, P < 0.001). Subset stratification in stage II patients showed that ER pathway remained significantly inversely associated with recurrence. PR pathway was also suppressed in colorectal tumors and inversely associated with recurrence of CRC, but to a much lesser extent than ER pathway. Moreover, the inverse association of PR pathway with cancer recurrence was more likely observed in CRC with high ER pathway activity, suggesting the interactions between the two pathways. PR pathway was not associated with MSS in CRC, but it was more significant than ER pathway associated with advance cancer stages and cancer response to adjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggested the potential application of the gene signatures of ER and PR pathways, especially the former, as novel markers for prognosis and management of CRC.
Treatment of High Rectal Cancers: Do We Need Radiation?

Before total mesorectal excision (TME) and radiation therapy/chemoradiation therapy (RT/CRT) were widely adopted in the treatment of rectal cancer, surgery alone was the standard. Therapies have since evolved to neoadjuvant RT or CRT followed by TME as the established paradigm for locally advanced disease. More recently, issues of toxicity and systemic metastasis have risen to the forefront, prompting the exploration of individualized strategies in an attempt to maximize potential cure and local control yet minimize late toxicities. In this article, we will focus on the treatment of high rectal cancers, exploring the specific role of pelvic radiotherapy in this setting.
Can brook trout survive climate change in large rivers? If it rains

Abstract We provide an assessment of thermal characteristics and climate change vulnerability for brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) habitats in the upper Shavers Fork sub-watershed, West Virginia. Spatial and temporal (2001–2015) variability in observed summer (6/1–8/31) stream temperatures was quantified in 23 (9 tributary, 14 main-stem) reaches. We developed a mixed effects model to predict site-specific mean daily stream temperature from air temperature and discharge and coupled this model with a hydrologic model to predict future (2016–2100) changes in stream temperature under low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) emissions scenarios. Observed mean daily stream temperature exceeded the 21 °C brook trout physiological threshold in all but one main-stem site, and 3 sites exceeded proposed thermal limits for either 63- and 7-day mean stream temperature. We modeled mean daily stream temperature with a high degree of certainty ( R 2 = 0.93; RMSE = 0.76 °C). Predicted increases in mean daily stream temperature in main-stem and tributary reaches ranged from 0.2 °C (RCP 4.5) to 1.2 °C (RCP 8.5). Between 2091 and 2100, the average number of days with mean daily stream temperature > 21 °C increased within main-stem sites under the RCP 4.5 (0–1.2 days) and 8.5 (0 − 13) scenarios; however, no site is expected to exceed 63- or 7-day thermal limits. During the warmest 10 years, ≥ 5 main-stem sites exceeded the 63- or 7-day thermal tolerance limits under both climate emissions scenarios. Years with the greatest increases in stream temperature were characterized by low mean daily discharge. Main-stem reaches below major tributaries never exceed thermal limits, despite neighboring reaches having among the highest observed and predicted stream temperatures. Persistence of thermal refugia within upper Shavers Fork would enable persistence of metapopulation structure and life history processes. However, this will only be possible if projected increases in discharge are realized and offset expected increases in air temperature.
Public Reporting of MRI of the Lumbar Spine for Low Back Pain and Changes in Clinical Documentation.

Abstract Objective OP-8 is the Medicare imaging efficiency metric for MRI of the lumbar spine for low back pain in the outpatient hospital. We studied trends in exclusion criteria coding over time by site of service after implementation of OP-8 to evaluate provider's response to public reporting. Materials and Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis using the Medicare Limited Data Set 5% sample for beneficiaries with MRI lumbar spine and lower back pain during 2009 to 2014. We evaluated the association between excluding condition prevalence and site by using generalized estimating equations regression. We produced model-based estimates of excluding condition prevalence by site and year. As a sensitivity analysis, we repeated the analysis while including additional conditions in the outcome measure. Results We included 285,911 MRIs of the lumbar spine for low back pain. Generalized estimating equations regression found that outpatient hospitals had a higher proportion of MRIs with at least one excluding condition documented compared with outpatient clinics ( P Conclusion Documentation of excluding conditions and other clinically reasonable exclusions for OP-8 increased over time for outpatient hospitals and clinics. Increases in documentation of comorbidities may not translate to actual improvement in imaging appropriateness for low back pain. When accounting for all relevant conditions, the proportion of patients with low back pain considered uncomplicated and being measured by OP-8 would be small, reflecting a small proportion of patients with low back pain.
Drift kinetic effects on plasma response in high beta spherical tokamak experiments

High $$\beta$$ plasma response to the rotating n=1 external magnetic perturbations is numerically studied and compared with National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX). The hybrid magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)-kinetic modeling shows the drift kinetic effects are important to resolve the disagreement of plasma response between the ideal MHD prediction and the NSTX experimental observation when plasma pressure reaches and exceeds the no-wall limit [F. Troyon et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 26, 209 (1984)]. Thus, since the external rotating fields and high plasma rotation are presented in NSTX experiments, the importance of resistive wall effect and plasma rotation on determining the plasma response is also identified, where the resistive wall suppresses the plasma response through the wall eddy current. The inertial energy, due to plasma rotation, destabilizes the plasma. Finally, the complexity of plasma response, in this study, indicates that MHD modeling, including comprehensive physics e.g. the drift kinetic effects, resistive wall and plasma rotation, is essential to reliably predict the plasma behavior in high beta spherical tokamak device.
Self-Organization Neural Networks

There are several types of unsupervised learning schemes: the Hebbian learning, the competitive learning, the differential Hebbian learning, and the differential competitive learning [1]. A self-organization network using competitive learning has the desirable property of effectively producing spatially organized representation of various features of the input signals. Competitive learning depends on competition between output nodes of the neural network. In the competitive learning layer of a self-organized neural network, the winner-take-all (WTA) operation is executed as lateral inhibition operation. In this operation, the node with the largest output value is selected as the winning node and it inhibits all other nodes.
Retrotransposition and Neuronal Diversity

The generation of specialized cell types, such as neurons, derived from stem cells has been proposed as a groundbreaking technology for regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, subtype-specific differentiation of functional neurons is extremely difficult. Understanding the mechanisms of neuronal diversification is not only relevant for the proper differentiation of complex neuronal types but might also shed light on normal brain development and cognitive diversification. The recent finding that LINE-1 (Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements-1, or L1) retroelements are active in somatic neuronal progenitor cells has provided a potential additional mechanism for generating neuronal diversification. L1 retrotransposition in the nervous system challenges the idea of static neuronal genomes, adding a new element for neuronal plasticity. However, the extent of the impact of L1 on the neuronal genome is unknown. In this chapter we will discuss the potential influence of L1 retrotransposition during brain development and the evolutionary pressures that may have selected this unexpected machinery of diversity in neuronal precursor cells.
“It’s Tricky …”: Intimate Partner Violence Service Providers’ Perspectives of Assessments and Referrals by Child Welfare Workers

The present study explored the perceptions of workers who provide intimate partner violence (IPV) services regarding child welfare workers’ IPV assessment and referral processes. Data from four focus groups was interrogated to find common themes. A total of 27 individuals participated in the focus groups, working in the community, shelters, and prisons/jails. Participants primarily expressed concerns regarding child welfare workers’ practices. IPV providers perceived child welfare workers as incompetent in performing IPV assessments and making referrals. IPV workers also perceived that some child welfare workers engaged in dismissive, manipulative, or coercive behaviors when working with IPV victims. While the present findings are not generalizable, they speak to the tension frequently noted between victim services and child welfare. Child welfare agencies should consider ongoing, trauma-informed training for IPV assessment to help increase worker self-efficacy in performing these tasks. Local, interdisciplinary trainings including both IPV and child welfare providers may be particularly useful to promote better understanding of each provider’s role in cases with co-occurring IPV and child maltreatment concerns, which may help to reduce tensions between the intersecting service systems.
Physiologically-Based Model of Fluid Absorption and Mucociliary Clearance in Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract Dehydration of mucus in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can inhibit mucociliary clearance (MCC), resulting in mucus build-up and blockages. Prior mathematical models have shown differences in MCC from the large airways and airway surface liquid (ASL) absorption dynamics between CF and non-CF patients. The model developed here captures MCC and ASL absorption dynamics over 250 minutes with higher accuracy than previous models.
Kinetics of dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity and distribution of CYP2D in four commonly-used subcellular fractions of rat brain

The purpose of this study was to compare the enzymatic kinetics and distribution of cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) among different rat brain subcellular fractions. Rat brains were used to prepare total membrane, crude mitochondrial, purified mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions, in addition to total homogenate. Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the brain CYP2D activity was estimated based on the conversion of dextromethorphan (DXM) to dextrorphan using UPLC-MS/MS. Protein levels of CYP2D and subcellular markers were determined by Western blot. Microsomal CYP2D exhibited high affinity and low capacity, compared with the mitochondrial CYP2D that had a much lower (∼50-fold) affinity but a higher (∼six-fold) capacity. The apparent CYP2D affinity and capacity of the crude mitochondria were in between those of the microsomes and purified mitochondria. Additionally, the CYP2D activity in the whole homogenate was much higher than that in the total membranes at higher DXM concentrations. A CYP2D immune-reactive band in the brain mitochondria appeared at a lower MW but had a much higher intensity than that in the microsomes. Mitochondrial brain CYP2D has a much higher capacity than its microsomal counterpart. Additionally, brain homogenate is more representative of the overall CYP2D activity than the widely-used total membrane fraction.
Converting Sentiments to Dollars: Scaling and Incommensurability Problems in the Evaluation of Child Support Payments

We examine how ordinary citizens translate intuitions about child welfare and distributive justice into dollar amounts for post-divorce child support payments. Our analyses indicate that child support judgments are quite sensitive to anchoring and question-wording effects. Nevertheless, we find much that is both interpretable and principled in these judgments. For example, the amounts that citizens recommended in an open-ended format ("name") were nearly identical to the amounts other citizens selected from an array of choices in a multiple choice format ("choose").
Evaluation of two outreach tools, an educator program and a mobile tidepool exhibit, in reducing deleterious visitor activities and raising marine protected area awareness in rocky intertidal ecosystems of southern California, USA

Abstract Rocky intertidal habitats in urbanized settings, such as in southern California, USA, are heavily perturbed by human visitors (tidepoolers) through the deleterious activities of collecting, handling, and trampling. To protect rocky intertidal biota, certain locations have been designated as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), yet MPA status can be ineffective when public knowledge of regulations is low and regulations do not protect flora and fauna from the impacts of handling and trampling. To help reduce detrimental activities of visitors, propagate environmentally-safe tidepooling behaviors, and increase public knowledge of MPA regulations, two outreach tools were instituted in southern California, USA: 1) an education program whereby trained educators are on-site, interacting with the public and educating visitors about MPA regulations, and 2) the ISOpod (Interactive Sealife Outreach pod) vehicle, a mobile tidepool exhibit parked near the site for visitors to observe organisms in a controlled setting and where MPA awareness is emphasized. To determine if these tools were effective in reducing deleterious activities, visitors were discretely observed at two sites, counted, and placed into behavior categories under four scenarios based on combinations of the presence and absence of both the ISOpod and educators. A questionnaire was conducted at one site to determine if MPA regulation and conservation knowledge increased with public interaction with outreach programs. The ISOpod and, in part, educators were effective in reducing the frequency of individuals engaged in detrimental activities. This occurred despite high MPA awareness of visitors, which was further increased by public interaction with the ISOpod. Results from this study suggest that outreach programs focused on conservation education can be effective options to assist with protection of coastal ecosystems.
Heterogeneity aware power abstractions for dynamic power dominated FinFET-based microprocessors

In dynamic power dominated FinFET-based microprocessors, there is significant heterogeneity in the chip power profile induced due to various factors. The workloads the microprocessors operate on are inherently heterogeneous in their switching characteristics. There is also variation in power across the chip, even within the IP block for a given workload. The aim is to provide a comprehensive industry perspective on analysing and mitigating the problems and challenges posed by this heterogeneity in dynamic power signatures in the design of next generation 14 nm FinFET-based microprocessors like IBM POWER9. This broader view of design principles from a modern-day microprocessor like POWER9 is useful for the adoption of the techniques presented and further fuel-related research in the area of dynamic power management of FinFET-based microprocessor designs. Additional focus in the context of clock-gating techniques and other use cases is also placed. New approaches for heterogeneity-aware per clock-gating domain parameterised power abstractions for enabling rapid hierarchical chip power analysis are presented.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pure Copper Wire Produced by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion

The shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE) process can consolidate powdered materials and simultaneously extrude wire or tube with improved properties. We successfully produced copper wire extrusions from powder and solid materials for the first time. The extrusion pressure in the ShAPE process is at least ten times less than that required for conventional extrusion. We used optical microscopy to inspect and validate the integrity of extrudates, revealing that the microstructure was refined and dynamically recrystallized to equiaxial grains. Compared with annealed copper wire, ShAPE-processed wire showed 80% higher yield strength, 15% higher ultimate tensile strength, and 20% higher ductility. These results were correlated with refined grain size and substructuring observed via electron backscatter diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy.
The excess enthalpies of (carbon dioxide + hexane) at 470.15, 510.15, and 573.15 K from 7.50 to 12.50 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies H m E for { x CO 2 + (1 − x )C 6 H 14 } were measured in the vicinity of their critical locus and in the supercritical region. Large positive H m E 's were observed depending on the compositions, pressures, and temperatures of the mixtures, in contrast to large negative H m E 's measured previously at lower temperatures. A modified Soave equation of state was used to correlate H m E over a temperature range of 308.15 to 573.15 K with an average standard deviation of 577 J·mol −1 .
Komnas HAM: Discrepancies Between Its Mandate and the Indonesian Constitutional Framework

Based on some reports of people’s satisfaction and assessment of the Indonesian House of Representatives Commission III on the performance of Komnas HAM in 2016, it was indicated that Komnas HAM was one of the State institution in questions because the Komnas HAM lacks a standard handling of human rights reporting. Besides issues on its internal performance impacting negatively on human rights protection in Indonesia, Komnas HAM has constraints to investigate and monitor past human rights violations as well as some recommendations were often a problem, and many institutions do not follow the recommendations made by Komnas HAM. Some tasks have not been resolved, particularly seven cases of past human rights violations, which are the Trisakti incident, Semanggi I and Semanggi II, the Talangsari, incident, enforced disappearances, mysterious shootings, massacres after the G30S/PKI incident and the May 1998 riots.
Carbon nanotube-based mixed-matrix membranes with supramolecularly engineered interface for enhanced gas separation performance

Abstract In this study, novel nanocomposite membranes were fabricated from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and a triptycene-containing polyimide. The desirable interfacial morphology and homogenous dispersion of SWNTs were achieved by strong π-π stacking and supramolecular shape-fitting interactions between the nanotube and the paddlewheel-shaped triptycene moieties in polymer matrix. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) containing 2–15 wt% of as-purchased SWNTs (AP-SWNTs) were prepared and tested for their gas transport properties. While all MMMs showed greatly enhanced permeabilities with well-maintained selectivities, a non-linear dependence of permeability on filler content was observed. Another series of MMMs with purified SWNTs (P-SWNTs) and acid-treated SWNT (A-SWNTs) were also prepared. The functionalized A-SWNT MMM exhibited the best separation performance at 2 wt% filler content among all MMMs, which can be attributed to the improved interfacial affinity with carboxylic acid functionalized surface of A-SWNTs.
Personalized Chatbot Trustworthiness Ratings

This article contains examples of offensive and abusive language as a necessary part of illustrating its research findings. In this article, we address a setting where a conversation agent, also known as a chatbot, cannot be modified and its training data cannot be accessed, and yet a neutral party wants to assess and communicate its trustworthiness to a user in a way that is tailored to the user’s priorities over the various trust issues (such as bias, abusive language, information leakage, or inappropriate communication complexity). Such a rating can help users choose among alternative chatbots, developers test their systems, business leaders price their offerings, and regulators set policies. We describe a chatbot rating methodology that relies on separate rating modules for each trust issue, and on users’ priority orderings among the relevant trust issues, to generate an aggregate personalized rating for the trustworthiness of a chatbot. The method is independent of the specific trust issues and is parametric to the aggregation procedure, thereby allowing for seamless generalization. We illustrate its general use, integrate it with a live chatbot, and evaluate it on four dialog datasets and representative user profiles, validated with a user survey.
The Urgent Need to Recognize and Reduce Risk of Suicide for Children in the Welfare System.

* Abbreviations: CWS — : child welfare system ED — : emergency department Youth suicide is a global public health crisis. The National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention and the National Institute of Mental Health aim to reduce the suicide rate 20% by 2025.1 To reach this goal, it will be important to implement universal policies and programs and tailor suicide prevention strategies to ensure mental health professionals are meeting the needs of groups at highest risk. In this issue of Pediatrics , Ruch et al2 present data on an understudied, high-risk population of abused and neglected youth. This is the first study in which authors characterize youth in the child welfare system (CWS) who die by suicide and compare them with living CWS controls. These results have potential to inform proactive and integrated approaches to suicide prevention in the CWS, a boundaried setting that serves youth at 3.5-fold higher risk for suicide than the general youth population.3 There is minimal suicide research on youth served in the CWS, a “protected” population, hindering our ability to identify the unique needs and opportunities for suicide prevention in this population. The Ruch et al2 study was a retrospective matched case-control design that included 120 suicide … Address correspondence to Lisa M. Horowitz, PhD, MPH, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 CRC, Room 6-5362, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-1276. E-mail: horowitzl{at}mail.nih.gov
Perioperative Challenges in Patients Transplanted with Livers from Extreme Obese Donors.

The combination of rising rates of obesity and the shortage of deceased donor livers have forced the consideration of marginal liver donors in terms of body mass index (BMI) for liver transplantation (LT). To date, there are still conflicting data on the impact of donor obesity on post-LT outcomes. We analyzed all patients undergoing LT alone in the United States (US) from October 2005 through December 2019 using the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) data set. We categorized donor BMI >40 kg/m2 as extremely obese (EO). Primary endpoints included 30-day perioperative mortality and early graft loss (EGL) within 7 days. A subgroup analysis was performed for the EO donor group to assess how macrovesicular steatosis (MaS) >30% affects 30-day mortality and EGL within 7 days. A total of 72,616 patients underwent LT during the study period. The 30-day perioperative mortality was significantly higher in the EO donor group (P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, recipients undergoing LT with EO donors had a 38% higher 30-day mortality risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.69) and 53% increased risk of EGL (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.22-1.90). MaS >30% was independently associated with a 2-fold increased risk of 30-day mortality (P = 0.003) and 3.5-fold increased risk of EGL within 7 days (P 30% in EGL was 2-fold for all patients transplanted during the study period compared with 3.5-fold in the EO donor group. There is an increased risk of EGL and 30-day perioperative mortality in recipients transplanted with EO donors. Future studies are warranted in morbid and super obese donors to assess the possible effect of obesity-related proinflammatory factors in EGL.
Dynamic control over feedback regulatory mechanisms improves NADPH flux and xylitol biosynthesis in engineered E. coli.

We report improved NADPH flux and xylitol biosynthesis in engineered E. coli. Xylitol is produced from xylose via an NADPH dependent reductase. We utilize 2-stage dynamic metabolic control to compare two approaches to optimize xylitol biosynthesis, a stoichiometric approach, wherein competitive fluxes are decreased, and a regulatory approach wherein the levels of key regulatory metabolites are reduced. The stoichiometric and regulatory approaches lead to a 20-fold and 90-fold improvement in xylitol production, respectively. Strains with reduced levels of enoyl-ACP reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, led to altered metabolite pools resulting in the activation of the membrane bound transhydrogenase and an NADPH generation pathway, consisting of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase coupled with NADPH dependent ferredoxin reductase, leading to increased NADPH fluxes, despite a reduction in NADPH pools. These strains produced titers of 200 g/L of xylitol from xylose at 86% of theoretical yield in instrumented bioreactors. We expect dynamic control over the regulation of the membrane bound transhydrogenase as well as NADPH production through pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase to broadly enable improved NADPH dependent bioconversions or production via NADPH dependent metabolic pathways.
Introduction: Perspectives on Origins and Context

The Germans have not succeeded well when they have tried to apply their genius to the problems of the political process in modem industrial society. The transition from monarchical and oligarchic to representative and democratic forms of government has proved extremely difficult. The distinction between rulers and ruled continued to be upheld longer and more rigidly than in comparable western countries. Under the Empire the attempt was made to preserve an almost static relationship between distinctly separate groups of the population. Those political institutions which tried to bridge the difference, by providing for a wider sharing of responsibility, were prevented from maturing.