cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
City Sense and Suburban Design: Planners' Perceptions of the Emerging Suburban Form

Problem: As suburbs have grown, become more racially diverse, and become denser in recent years, the planning and design of suburban development has been fundamentally transformed. Is urban design influencing contemporary suburban form, and does this have implications for public policy? Purpose: This article examines how certain urban design ideas, images, and values, that I call city sense because they previously influenced the planning and design of cities rather than suburbs, are now influencing suburban design. Methods: I surveyed and interviewed senior planners in Southern California suburbs, asking them to compare urban design values and physical design elements in both innovative and typical development and redevelopment projects in their municipalities. Results and conclusions: I find considerable agreement among planners that innovative projects are more likely than typical projects to introduce city sense into suburban design and to have a positive impact on suburban form. The surveyed planners ...
Assessing the Role of Calcium-Induced Calcium Release in Short-Term Presynaptic Plasticity at Excitatory Central Synapses

Recent evidence suggests that internal calcium stores and calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) provide an important source of calcium that drives short-term presynaptic plasticity at central synapses. Here we tested for the involvement of CICR in short-term presynaptic plasticity at six excitatory synapses in acute rat hippocampal and cerebellar brain slices. Depletion of internal calcium stores with thapsigargin and prevention of CICR with ryanodine have no effect on paired-pulse facilitation, delayed release of neurotransmitter, or calcium-dependent recovery from depression. Fluorometric calcium measurements also show that these drugs have no effect on the residual calcium signal that underlies these forms of short-term presynaptic plasticity. Finally, although caffeine causes CICR in Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites, it does not elicit CICR in parallel fiber inputs to these cells. Taken together, these results indicate that for the excitatory synapses studied here, internal calcium stores and CICR do not contribute to short-term presynaptic plasticity on the milliseconds-to-seconds time scale. Instead, this plasticity is driven by the residual calcium signal arising from calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels.
Flicker ERG responses to stimuli parametrically modulated in color space.

PURPOSE. To develop methods for recording human electroretinogram (ERG) responses to stimuli that modulate different classes of cones in various ratios, to draw inferences about the combination of cone signals in early retinal processing. METHODS. Subjects viewed large-field temporal modulations presented on a computer-controlled color monitor. A flicker photometric paradigm was used to equate the ERG response elicited by interleaved reference and test modulations. Test modulations were chosen to stimulate the L- and M-cones in various ratios. Results were obtained from color-normal subjects, dichromats, and an anomalous trichromat. RESULTS. Reliable signals were obtained from all subjects to both L- and M-cone-isolating modulations and to intermediate modulations. Signals from color-defective subjects were predominantly determined by the modulation seen by only one cone type, whereas signals from color-normal subjects were sensitive to both L- and M-cone modulations. For most color-normal subjects, the recorded signal was a linear function of the contrasts seen by the L- and M-cones. There was individual variability in how strongly each cone type contributed to the overall signal. CONCLUSIONS. It is straightforward to record signals to color modulations presented on a CRT by using the flicker photometric ERG. For most observers, signals from L- and M-cones combine linearly. The relative contribution of the two cone classes varies across observers, probably because of individual differences in the relative numbers of L- and M-cones.
Defining preterm delivery--the epidemiology of clinical presentation.

It is possible that preterm delivery is not a single entity but a cluster of conditions with different aetiologies that ultimately result in the delivery of an infant before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Whereas some researchers have reported aetiological heterogeneity, others have found no differences between subtypes or have disputed the desirability and utility of classifying preterm birth into subtypes. This study explores the relationship of maternal risk factors to type of preterm delivery in a cohort of over 7000 black and white women delivering singleton infants at the University of California, San Francisco’s Moffitt Hospital between 1980 and 1990. Although the magnitude of the effect of individual risk factors differed between preterm delivery subtypes, the set of risk factors significantly associated with both categories of spontaneous preterm delivery was identical, while that associated with medically indicated preterm births was different. This study indicates that whereas the distinction between spontaneous preterm deliveries and those that are medically indicated seems valid, distinguishing between types of spontaneous preterm births may not lead to useful aetiological inferences.
Protective effects of dihydropyridine Ca-blockers against endothelial cell oxidative injury due to combined nitric oxide and superoxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anions (*O(2)(-) ), which are known to be generated by inflammatory cells under certain pathological conditions, may be cytotoxic to the endothelial cells (ECs) due to peroxynitrite formation. We reported previously that certain lipophilic dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca-blockers exhibit antioxidant activities. In the present study, the extent of antioxidant protection by nisoldipine against combined NO/*O(2)(-) or peroxynitrite-mediated EC injury was assessed and compared with nicardipine, nifedipine and Trolox (water-soluble vitamin E). When confluent bovine aortic ECs were exposed to combined NO/*O(2)(-) (generated from 0.25 mM SIN-1), dramatic loss of cell GSH (53 +/- 8%) occurred in 60 min; cell survival/viability, determined 24 h later by the tetrazolium MTT assay, decreased by 45 +/- 6%. NO alone or O(2)(-) alone were ineffective. Nisoldipine pretreatment (30 min) of the cells concentration dependently (0.3-10 micro M) attenuated the SIN-1-induced GSH loss: the EC(50)value was 4.7 micro M and the corresponding values for nicardipine and nifedipine were 7.8 micro M and >20 micro M, respectively, and that for Trolox was 5.2 micro M. These agents (10 micro M) also protected against the loss of cell viability: nisoldipine, 86 plus minus 8%; nicardipine, 60 +/- 7 %; nifedipine, 35 +/- 5 %, and Trolox, 78 +/- 9%. In addition, significant losses of GSH and viability could be induced by incubation of the EC monolayers with purified peroxynitrite (25 micro M). Attenuation of these peroxynitrite-mediated GSH and viability losses was observed with the following order of efficacy: nisoldipine > or = Trolox > nicardipine >> nifedipine. In a cell-free system containing 0.05 mM GSH, none of the agents (10 micro M) were able to inhibit SIN-1- (0.25 mM) or peroxynitrite- (25 micro M) induced depletion (approximately 50%) of GSH. However, with a purified microsomal membrane system, all four agents inhibited the SIN-1- (or peroxynitrite-) induced lipid peroxidation (TBARS) with the following IC(50)values: nisoldipine, 6.3 micro M; nicardipine, 10.6 micro M; nifedipine, >20 micro M, and Trolox, 6.5 micro M. In conclusion, nisoldipine, a vascular selective DHP calcium channel-blocker, demonstrated the greatest protection against the EC injury induced either by SIN-1 or peroxynitrite. The protective mechanism against the cytotoxicity is most likely through a lipophilic 'chain-breaking' antiperoxidative action against the 'OH-like species' released from peroxynitrite or SIN-1.
A Regulated Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttle Contributes to Bright's Function as a Transcriptional Activator of Immunoglobulin Genes

Bright/ARID3a has been implicated in mitogen- and growth factor-induced up-regulation of immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) genes and in E2F1-dependent G1/S cell cycle progression. For IgH transactivation, Bright binds to nuclear matrix association regions upstream of certain variable region promoters and flanking the IgH intronic enhancer. While Bright protein was previously shown to reside within the nuclear matrix, we show here that a significant amount of Bright resides in the cytoplasm of normal and transformed B cells. Leptomycin B, chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) overexpression, and heterokaryon experiments indicate that Bright actively shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a CRM1-dependent manner. We mapped the functional nuclear localization signal to the N-terminal region of REKLES, a domain conserved within ARID3 paralogues. Residues within the C terminus of REKLES contain its nuclear export signal, whose regulation is primarily responsible for Bright shuttling. Growth factor depletion and cell synchronization experiments indicated that Bright shuttling during S phase of the cell cycle leads to an increase in its nuclear abundance. Finally, we show that shuttle-incompetent Bright point mutants, even if sequestered within the nucleus, are incapable of transactivating an IgH reporter gene. Therefore, regulation of Bright's cellular localization appears to be required for its function.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATIVE VALVULAR DISEASE AND REPAIR

Surgery for valvular heart disease corrects systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the mitral, aortic, or tricuspid valves. The intraoperative echocardiographic assessment of the native heart valve is aimed at defining the pathology of valve disease, determining the mechanism of valve dysfunction, and quantitating the degree (grade) of valvular stenosis or insufficiency.
Structure preserving reduction of frequency-dependent interconnect

A rational Arnoldi method for passivity-preserving model-order reduction (MOR) with implicit multi-point moment matching for systems with frequency-dependent interconnects is described. The structure H(s) = sE - A - K/spl radic/f, which arises from frequency-dependent effects in high speed interconnects, is preserved by the proposed MOR technique. Moment matching using congruence transforms and based on two types of moments that are derivatives of the transfer function w.r.t s and /spl radic/f is described. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can significantly reduce the complexity of systems with frequency-dependent elements, while retaining high accuracy in comparison to the original system in both the time and frequency domains.
Severity of Disease and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Not Influenced by the Presence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene

Background. Patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene have severe clinical presentation and poor clinical outcomes. Antibiotics that suppress toxin production have been suggested for the management of these patients. The objective of this study was to compare the severity of disease and clinical outcomes of patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) infected with MRSA carrying the PVL gene with those patients infected with MRSA strains that do not carry the PVL gene. Methods. This was a multicenter observational study of patients with HAP and VAP. MRSA isolates were subjected to genetic analysis to define the presence of the PVL gene, the USA type and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type. Severity of disease was evaluated with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. The primary clinical outcome was mortality at hospital discharge. Results. Atotalof109casesofMRSAHAP/VAPwereevaluated.TheincidenceofPVL 1 MRSA was 27%. APACHE II score at diagnosis of HAP/VAP was 21 6 8f or PVL 1 MRSA and 20 6 6f or PVL 2 MRSA (P 5 .67). Mortality was 10% (3/29) for patients with PVL 1 MRSA versus 10% (8/80) for patients with PVL 2 MRSA (P . .99). Conclusions. In patients with HAP or VAP due to MRSA, severity of disease and clinical outcomes are not influenced by the presence of the PVL gene. Therapeutic strategies directed to block PVL exotoxin may not impact outcomes in these patients.
Condition assessment techniques for large power transformers

An important task for electric utilities is to maintain the reliability of their power systems whilst minimising the necessity for capital expenditure on asset replacement. To achieve this, the best possible knowledge of the plant condition and likely future problems is required. Effective assessment techniques are required, and this is especially so for power transformers since these are very often the single most expensive items of plant. Here, the authors describe condition assessment techniques for such power transformers. The detail how condition assessment encompasses a wide range of activities and many complementary techniques are required, and how condition assessment tests should be easy to perform and should provide useful information from one test to be cost effective. Ideally, diagnoses should not depend on the analysis of trends.
Macrocell multiple-input multiple-output system with local-to-mobile and local-to-base scatterers

We develop a semi-deterministic semi-stochastic channel model for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system under the macrocell environment with local-to-mobile and local-to-base scatterers, and show that the channel capacity, multiplexing gain and diversity gain are multipath limited in the sense that they are limited by the number of multipaths around the base station. We derive a lower bound on the ergodic capacity and an upper bound on the average pairwise error detection probability. It is shown that the base-station array affects the two different information theoretic measures through the same metric, and the fading correlation matrix also appears in the two bounds with the same form. Numerical examples show the tightness of the two bounds.
Resolvin D2 restores neutrophil directionality and improves survival after burns

Following severe burns and trauma injuries, the changes of neutrophil migratory phenotype are a double-edged sword. Activated neutrophils migrate into injured tissues and help contain microbial infections, but they can also enter normal tissues and damage vital organs. Depleting the neutrophils from circulation protects vital organs against neutrophil-induced damage but leaves the body exposed to infectious complications. Here we show that restoring normal neutrophil migratory phenotype in rats with burn injuries correlates with improved survival in a classical double-injury model of sequential burn and septic insults. We uncovered that the directionality of neutrophils from burned rats can be restored both in vitro by 1 nM resolvin D2 (RvD2) and in vivo by RvD2 for 7 d, 25 ng/kg body mass (8-10 ng/rat). Restoring neutrophil directionality dramatically increases survival after a second septic insult at d 9 postburn. Survival of RvD2-treated animals increases from 0 to 100% after lipopolysaccharide injection and is extended by 1 wk after cecal ligation. Survival does not significantly increase when the restoration of neutrophil directionality is incomplete, following shorter regimens of RvD2. We conclude that restoring neutrophil directionality using RvD2 could have prophylactic value and delay lethal complications after burn injuries.
QueRIE: A Query Recommender System Supporting Interactive Database Exploration

This demonstration presents QueRIE, a recommender system that supports interactive database exploration. This system aims at assisting non-expert users of scientific databases by generating personalized query recommendations. Drawing inspiration from Web recommender systems, QueRIE tracks the querying behavior of each user and identifies potentially “interesting” parts of the database related to the corresponding data analysis task by locating those database parts that were accessed by similar users in the past. It then generates and recommends the queries that cover those parts to the user.
Effects of motion, ambient light, and hypoperfusion on pulse oximeter function

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the performance of five pulse oximeters during hypoperfusion, probe motion, and exposure to ambient light interference. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Laboratory facility at a university medical center. Patients: 8 unanesthetized, ASA physical status I volunteers. Interventions: We evaluated five common pulse oximeters with respect to three scenarios: (1) an operating room light was shone on oximeter probes, (2) a motion generator was used to generate 2 Hz and 4 Hz hand motion, and (3) a pneumatic compression device overlying the brachial artery was used to simulate hypoperfusion. Electrocardiographic (ECG) and arterial blood gas values were considered gold standards for heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) respectively. SpO 2 nondisplay and values greater than 4% from simultaneous arterial SaO 2 -oximeter values were defined as errors. Nondisplay of HR, or HR greater than 5% from ECG values, were also considered errors. Measurements and Main Results: The Ohmeda and Nellcor N200 with finger probe had the highest total failure rates with respect to both SpO 2 and HR due to ambient light interference ( p 2 during 2 Hz and 4 hz. motion ( p 2 ( p Conclusion: There are significant differences in the accuracy of commercially available pulse oximeters during nonideal circumstances, with failure rates varying from approximately 5% to 50% depending on the oximeter and source of interference. Furthermore, no single oximeter performed the best under all conditions.
Surface energy characteristics and impact of natural minerals on aggregate-bitumen bond strengths and asphalt mixture durability

The surface free energy of a solid is a material property that influences its interaction with other solids, liquids, and gases. Mineral aggregates are mixed with bitumen in the production of asphalt mixtures, and the interaction of aggregates with bitumen, water, or chemical modifiers affects the overall performance of the mixtures and, in turn, the pavement structure. A comprehensive characterization of the minerals that make up these aggregates can be used to explain the interactions between the aggregates and components used to bind the aggregates including bitumen, water, and chemical additives. This paper combines several techniques to quantify and describe or catalog mineral properties. These properties primarily include surface free energy, specific surface area, and surface carbon content of some of the most common minerals found in aggregates. The paper presents data that exemplify how this information can be used to characterize the moisture-induced stripping potential for bitumen-mineral combi...
Cholinergic Receptor-Mediated Phosphorylation and Activation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

We have identified a 5dkilodalton protein in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells that is phos- phorylated when catecholamine secretion is stimulated. Immunodetection on Western blots from both one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels indicated that this protein was tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting en- zyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from un- stimulated cells revealed small amounts of phosphory- lated protein with a molecular weight of 56K and PI values of 6.37 and 6.27 which were subunits of tyrosine hydroxylase. Nicotinic stimulation of chromaffh cells caused the phosphorylation of three proteins of 56 kilo- daltons with PI values of approximately 6.37, 6.27, and 6.15 which were tyrosine hydroxylase. The immuno- chemical analysis also revealed that there was unphos- phorylated tyrosine hydroxylase 56 kilodaltons with a PI of 6.5 which may have decreased on nicotinic stimulation. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase was asso- ciated with an increase in in situ conversion of ()H)tyrosine to (3H)dihydroxyphenylalanine (r3H)D0PA). Muscarinic stimulation also caused phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, but to a smaller extent than did nicotinic stimulation. The secretagogues, elevated K+ and Ba2 + , stimulated phosphorylation of tyrosine hy- droxylase and ('HIDOPA production. The effects of nic- otinic stimulation and elevated K+ on tyrosine hydrox- ylase phosphorylation and (3H)DOPA production were Ca2+-dependent. Nicotinic agonists also raised cyclic AMP levels in chromaffin cells after 2 min. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin, which have little effect on cat- echolamine secretion, also caused phosphorylation of ty- rosine hydroxylase. These stimulators of cyclic AMP-de- pendent processes caused the appearance of two phos- phorylated subunits of tyrosine hydroxylase with PI values of 6.37 and 6.27. There was also a small amount of phosphorylated subunit with a PI of 6.15. Both agents stimulated (3H)DOPA production. The experiments indi- cate that tyrosine hydroxylase is phosphorylated and ac- tivated when chromaffin cells are stimulated to secrete. The data suggest that the earliest phosphorylation of ty- rosine hydroxylase induced by a nicotinic agonist occurs through stimulation of a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase. After 2 min phosphorylation by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may also occur. Phosphorylation of tyro- sine hydroxylase is associated with an increase in in situ tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Key Words: Tyrosine hy- droxylase-Cholinergic receptor-3,4- Dihydroxyphe- nylalanine-Cyclic AMP-Phosphorylation-Bovine
1H, 15N, 13C, and 13CO assignments of human interleukin-4 using three-dimensional double- and triple-resonance heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The assignment of the 'H, I5N, 13C0, and 13C resonances of recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4), a protein of 133 residues and molecular mass of 15.4 kDa, is presented based on a series of 11 threedimensional (3D) double- and tripleresonance heteronuclear NMR experiments. These studies employ uniformly labeled 15N- and 15N/13C-labeled IL-4 with an isotope incorporation of >95% for the protein expressed in yeast. Five independent sequential connectivity pathways via one-, two-, and three-bond heteronuclear J couplings are exploited to obtain unambiguous sequential assignments. Specifically, CO(i)- N(i+l),NH(i+l) correlations are observed in the HNCO experiment, the C"H(i),C*(i)-N(i+l) correlations in the HCA(C0)N experiment, the C"(i)-N(i+l),NH(i+ 1) correlations in the HNCA and HN(C0)CA experiments, the C"H(i)-N(i+ l),NH(i+l) correlations in the H(CA)NH and HN(C0)HB experiments, and the C%(i)-N(i+ l),NH(i+ 1) correlations in the HN(C0)HB experiments. The backbone intraresidue C"H(i)-15N(i)-NH(i) correlations are provided by the 15N-edited Hartmann-Hahn (HOHAHA) and H(CA)NH experiments, the C@H(i)-15N(i)-NH(i) correlations by the "N-edited HOHAHA and HNHB experiments, the l3C"(i)-l5N(i)-NH(i) correlations by the HNCA experiment, and the C"H(1)- 13Ca(i)-13CO(i) correlations by the HCACO experiment. Aliphatic side-chain spin systems are assigned by 3D 1H-13C-'3C-1H correlated (HCCH-COSY) and total correlated (HCCH-TOCSY) spectroscopy. Because of the high resolution afforded by these experiments, as well as the availability of multiple sequential connectivity pathways, ambiguities associated with the limited chemical shift dispersion associated with helical proteins are readily resolved. Further, in the majority of cases (88%), four or more sequential correlations are observed between successive residues. Consequently, the interpretation of these experiments readily lends itself to semiautomated analysis which significantly simplifies and speeds up the assignment process. The assignments presented in this paper provide the essential basis for studies aimed at determining the high-resolution three-dimensional structure of IL-4 in solution.
Federal air pollution efforts, the early years

Automobile Emissions were first regulated nation-wide on 1968 models and the Federal activities were shifted to Willow Run and later Ann Arbor, Michigan. The paper deals with the Federal efforts leading to the period of early emissions regulation
Hayek and Cowboys

The settlement of the American West during the nineteenth century produced a flourishing Hayekian legal because of the extended absence of state-based legal systems from large parts of the West. Without the crowding out of private law that accompanies the state's assertion of a monopoly over some areas of the law and subsidized competition in others, individuals created dispute resolution mechanisms and rules based on custom and contract. These examples of systems built by not-particularly-well-educated cowboys, gold miners, and migrants suggest that Hayekian legal orders can serve as effective, complete substitutes for state-provided law. This paper surveys Hayek's legal theory, primarily as set forth in Law, Legislation, and Liberty, and then examines three customary law institutions from the nineteenth century West: mining camps, cattlemen's associations, and vigilance committees. The paper concludes that all three showed some of the key characteristics of a Hayekian legal institution. The Western experience suggests three lessons for reviving Hayekian legal institutions. First, steps that reduce the state's attractiveness as a means of plunder will diminish the plunder interest group's demand for the state's crowding out of private legal institutions. The Takings Clause, for example, restricts the ability to plunder by requiring the state to pay market prices for resources it takes. [1] Interpreting restrictions on takings broadly can thus reduce the lure of plunder and provide a greater space for the development and survival of Hayekian legal institutions. Second, ending the subsidization of state provided legal services (e.g. the minimal charges for filing law suits) will prevent crowding out of private efforts to provide the same services. Third, these examples flourished on the frontier. The frontier is a difficult place. Conditions are harsh, social capital spread thin, and many of the institutions we take for granted are missing or scarce. Yet the frontier is also a place where Hayekian legal institutions flourish. Moreover, those institutions were lost as civilization advances on the frontier. This suggests that looking on current frontiers is a good place to find Hayekian legal institutions. The larger conclusion is that the Western experience confirms some important aspects of Hayek's legal theory. Spontaneous legal orders are present in societies of great wealth, with cultures not overly dissimilar from today's, not only in medieval Iceland and Anglo-Saxon England. For all the real problems that exist in Hayekian legal theory, it accurately describes real institutions not just utopias. [1] See Richard A. Epstein, TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN (1985).
On Misusing 'Reform' and 'Revolution': Procedural Due Process and the New Welfare Act

Prompted by the welfare-reform abolition of AFDC and the Supreme Court's potentially momentous decision in Sandin v. Connor, Richard Pierce wrote a provocative article (published in Columbia) prophesying the well-deserved end of the Goldberg procedural due process revolution. Professor Farina's essay, which will appear in a symposium on welfare reform, accepts Professor Pierce's invitation to revive the debate about the direction of due process law. It challenges his account of the history and significance of Goldberg and Roth, and shows the several different meanings of "entitlement" that are possible -- and confused in the cases and in the literature. Seeing what "entitlement" can mean permits one also to conclude that welfare reform has not destroyed the procedural due process entitlement of welfare beneficiaries. Professor Farina also argues that the simultaneous necessity and impossibility of crafting a meaningful due process doctrine for the regulatory state gives the Court little incentive to engage in radical doctrinal revision; hence, she predicts that Sandin will become a doctrinal enclave.
Evolution of pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback fish : a test of competing hypotheses

Reimchen hypothesized that pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback is favored by an absence of piscivorous fishes and the resulting increase in predation by insects, but Giles hypothesized that the predation regime is unimportant and that a low dissolved calcium concentration favors evolution of pelvic reduction. Substantial pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback sampled from 179 lakes around Cook Inlet, Alaska is strongly associated both with an absence of predatory fishes and a low calcium concentration. However, the association of pelvic reduction with low calcium concentration appears to be contingent on the absence of predatory fishes. These results emphasize the importance of interactions between seemingly unrelated environmental variables for selection of a single trait. However, these results also conflict with some observations elsewhere and do not rule out the possibility that other environmental factors are important for selection for pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback.
Basement influences on dolomite-hosted vertical sedimentary intrusions in marine erg-margin deposits from the Pennsylvanian of Northern Wyoming (USA)

Abstract Understanding soft-sediment deformation structures and their triggers can help in assessing the influence of tectonics, climate, and diagenesis on the stratigraphic record. Such features commonly record processes that would not otherwise be preserved. The description of soft-sediment deformation in Pennsylvanian deposits of the western United States, characterized by orbitally driven alternations between eolian sandstones, marine dolomites, and shales, has been limited to contorted cross-beds. We document discordant, sheet-like sedimentary intrusions in three marine intervals over a 45-km-wide area. Intrusions consist of very well to moderately cemented, very fine to fine-grained quartz sandstone. Body widths range from 5 to 50 cm, and heights up to 2 m. The orientations of 103 vertical bodies were measured. Based on upward- and downward-tapering, and the presence of deformed, microfractured fragments of host rocks, these intrusions are interpreted to result from seismically induced fluidization of water-saturated sands. Their sheet-like morphology indicates injection through fractures. Two predominant directions (WNW-ESE and N-S) were recognized and interpreted as pre-injection fracture sets. Folding of surrounding layers around the intrusions suggests negligible compaction prior to injection, indicating penecontemporaneous or shallow burial fluidization. The intraplate location of Wyoming implies that seismicity did not originate at a plate boundary. The area within which intrusions are found is crossed by a zone characterized by localized development of thick eolian stories at the top of the formation, interpreted to reflect the rejuvenation of a basement lineament. The seismically active character of lineaments may explain overpressure and fluidization, substantiating the notion that Precambrian structures repeatedly affected Phanerozoic sedimentation. Similar intrusive features may be wrongly identified or overlooked in deposits of arid environments, but their recognition provides insights into structural context during deposition and burial.
New Evidence on What Works in Effective Public Reporting.

Objective To describe the current state of the public reporting field and provide guidance to public report producers based on the evidence. Principal Findings Public reports should address the questions and priorities that consumers actually have; present information credibly and in a way that is understood by the intended audience; reach the intended audience; and enable consumers to act on the information. Conclusions Public reports have advanced greatly in recent years, but there remains much room for improvement. Report producers should continually evaluate their reports and apply the latest evidence to maximize their usefulness and impact.
Natural killer cellular cytotoxicity against herpes simplex virus-infected cells in Igh-1-disparate mice.

Susceptibility to Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) stromal keratitis (HSK) in the mouse has previously been linked to the Igh-1 locus. The role of natural killer cells (NK) in resistance to viral infections is controversial. The authors studied the influence of the Igh-1 locus on in vitro murine NK activity against HSV-1 infected cell lines. The HSV-1 infected targets were lysed better than uninfected cells by murine splenic lymphocytes. Strain had no influence on virus-augmented cell lysis. Spleen cells from naive HSK-susceptible CAL-20 (Igh-1d) and BALB/c (Igh-1a) mice lysed YAC-1 targets better than HSK-resistant C.B-17 (Igh-1b) mice. The reverse was seen 24 hours after in vivo infection intraperitoneally with HSV-1. In contrast, CAL-20 splenocytes lysed PU5-1R targets better than BALB/c and C.B-17 splenocytes 24 hours after intraperitoneal (IP) infection. No significant differences were detected in interferon (IFN) levels after IP challenge with HSV-1 among the Igh-1 congenics. The data show that differences in NK activity were determined by both the Igh-1 genotype and the uninfected target cell. Susceptibility to HSK in these Igh-1-disparate congenics thus cannot be explained simply by differences in NK activity against HSV-1-infected targets.
The Wisdom of Solomon and the Solomon of Wisdom: Tradition's Transpositions and Human Transformation

Scripture offers readers not a prescriptive printout but a recital behind our experience, invites a transformative engagement between text and life. The main insight available from Wisdom of Solomon is that Wisdom, intimate of God and structuring element of all creation, saves her friends into Life, not without their collaboration; the alternative is Death. Processes of transposition and transformation are the hermeneutical key to the book, both as authored and as read. The book's few central claims shift from genre to genre and from section to section for fresh and illustrative presentation. Transformation is also the challenge offered to readers: reappropriate the heritage afresh and thus survive. The envisioned transposition implies not simply change but growth out of a profound fidelity to something valued. What is at stake in the book is the “mother of transformations”: the journey from life through death, either to Life or to nothingness (Death), but also the survival of the Jewish community in Alexandria in the first century C.E.
X-Ray Image Chain for A Computed Tomography Approach to Intravenous Coronary Arteriography

A prototype x-ray image chain was developed and tested for use in the fast, multislice CT scanner — the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR). The imaging characteristics appear to be adequate for imaging major epicardial coronary arteries in adults following a right-sided injection of roentgen contrast agent.
The State and the Global City: Notes towards a Conception of Place-Centered Governance:

Re-examines the proposition of a declining signficance of the state in the global economy. Argues that this proposition has been fed by an over-emphasis on the hypermobility of capital and a concep...
Multi-asymmetric cryptographic RSA scheme

In this paper, we propose a version of RSA encryption that uses the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) for the purpose of concealing multiple plain-texts in one cipher-text. This scheme allows the sender to possibly send different information to multiple receivers, and each receiver is only able to decrypt the message intended for them. We prove the algorithm mathematically. Furthermore, we prove our algorithm secure against the chosen plain-text (CPA) attack. We also compare textbook RSA against our algorithm and show the security and size advantages. The new algorithm can also take advantage of current methods that speed up the decryption process of RSA. This scheme will become a basis for further one to many public key cryptosystems.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) and the Etiology of KS

New molecular techniques now play a tremendous role in the field of emerging infectious disease, as evidenced by the discovery of KSHV in 1994. Within only two years the entire genome of this new human herpesvirus was sequenced. Although initial studies were inconclusive about the role of KSHV in KS, the accumulation of more methodologically sound studies provides strong evidence of the causal association. Other noninfectious cofactors are certain to contribute to KS pathogenesis, however, as the current epidemiological evidence demonstrates KSHV is almost certainly the causative infectious agent for KS.
The Bathroom Case: Creating a Supportive School Environment for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Students:

The recent federal guidance and litigation on transgender students have increased public awareness of the legal rights of transgender students. Title IX regulations have long permitted school districts to segregate male and female students in separate but comparable toilet, shower, and locker room facilities, but the legal issue presented by transgender students is how to gain access to facilities that match their gender identity. This case examines the nuances of accommodating transgender student needs, while examining the legal requirements for schools, and the practical implications of these requirements.
The Genealogy of Dementia Praecox I: Signs and Symptoms of Delusional Psychoses From 1880 to 1900.

We can trace, with high congruence, the clinical syndromes of depression and mania as described over the 20th century in psychiatric textbooks back to 1880 and to the earliest writing of Kraepelin published in 1883. However, this is not the case for Kraepelin's 2 delusional syndromes central to his overall nosology: Dementia Paranoides (later paranoid schizophrenia) and Paranoia. A detailed examination of 28 textbook descriptions of delusional psychoses from 1880 to 1900 reveals a diverse and partially overlapping set of syndromes with an admixture of symptoms and signs that would later be considered indicative of Dementia Paranoides and Paranoia. A similar pattern in seen in Kraepelin's own description of "Primare Verrucktheit" from the first edition of his textbook (1883). No clear prototypes emerged in these textbooks or in Kraepelin's early writings for the 2 distinct delusional syndromes that would later evolve in his mature writings. Rather, the nosologic approach taken in these writings was symptom based and assumed that a viable diagnostic category could be constituted by including all delusional patients once those suffering from organic or mood disorders were excluded. While Kraepelin used the historical syndromes of mania and depression, with no appreciable change, as building blocks for his category of manic-depressive insanity, his nosologic system for the psychotic disorders-the syndromes of Dementia Praecox and Paranoia-was more innovative and without clear precedent in the prior psychiatric literature.
Stirrups to Minimize Complications of Prolonged Dorsal Lithotomy Positioning

AbstractWe evaluated the incidence of postoperative complications associated with positioning in 150 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy or radical cystectomy with urinary diversion in the modified dorsal lithotomy position. English stirrups were used in the first 75 patients, whereas a new type of stirrup modified from a Krauss arm support was used in the second 75 patients. Use of the new stirrups in the second group significantly decreased the postoperative morbidity associated with the dorsal lithotomy position from 13.3 to 2.6per cent (p less than 0.05).
Adaptive lasso for accelerated hazards models

The important feature of the accelerated hazards (AH) model is that it can capture the gradual effect of treatment. Because of the complexity in its estimation, few discussion has been made on the ...
Adjustments of the Oxygen Transport System During Residence at High Altitude

The systemic O2 transport (product of arterial O2 content and cardiac output) is decreased after ascent to high altitude. The ability to supply the O2 consumption with a lower systemic O2 transport is most marked in individuals who have resided at high altitude for 2 days or more. The development of the capability to lower the mixed venous O2 content to very low values coincides with the development of a rightward shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve.
The Technical Infrastructure of a Modern Radiation Oncology Department

The style of radiation therapy practice has evolved drastically since the early days when the field was first established. The technical advancement has played a decisive role in this evolution. Whatever the changes might have been, the objective remains the same: to eradicate tumors and to eliminate all cells in the regions at risk with minimized normal tissue toxicity. All along, this objective has been the guiding principle in the progress of radiation therapy. The clinical and technical aspects of radiation oncology equally govern the structure of its operation. In this chapter, we briefly update our readers on the current technical status in a rather general form and then postulate in some detail the configuration of a typical radiation therapy center — albeit small in size, the principles demonstrated throughout can be easily generalized.
Regulation of Endothelial No Synthase Activity by Estrogen Receptors in a Steroid Receptor Fast-Action Complex (SRFC) in Caveolae

The hormone estrogen has atheroprotective and vasoactive properties that are at least partially due to direct actions on the vascular endothelium. Although estrogen classically exerts its effects by modifying gene expression through the activation of estrogen receptors (ER) which serve as transcription factors (1), estrogen also has rapid effects on endothelial cell function, including the stimulation of NO production by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), which are mediated by novel nongenomic actions of ER (2, 3, 4). This article will review our recent investigations which have localized eNOS activation by estrogen to the plasma membrane of endothelial cells, and additional experiments implicating a subpopulation of plasma membrane-associated ERα. The further localization of ERα-eNOS coupling to endothelial cell caveolae will then be addressed. Recent studies implicating comparable functions of caveolae-associated ERβ will also be reviewed. Lastly, the role of G proteins in ERα coupling to eNOS will be considered. By demonstrating the critical role of cell surface-associated receptors in estrogen modulation of NO production, the studies being summarized provide evidence for a Steroid Receptor Fast-action Complex, or SRFC, in endothelial caveolae.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL LOAD ON HEALING INCISIONS

ABSTRACT Full thickness skin incisions were made on the back of a young domestic pig. During the period of fibroplasia, the incisions were mechanically loaded with a subcutaneous tissue expander. Mechanical and histological evaluation of mechanically loaded and control incision areas indicated that the mechanical stress encouraged healing and remodeling of dermal tissue.
Alles Bisherige zusammengepackt

Zum Ende dieses Buchteils mochte ich die Ergebnisse des Denkens kurz zusammenfassen. Ich schreibe fur viele meiner Leser, besonders fur die gradlinigen richtigen Menschen, zu spiralig, zu assoziativ, langsam ausholend und immer mehr ins Zentrum pendelnd. Die mehr intuitiven Leser geniesen das eher, wenn ich den E-Mails an mich glauben darf. Richtige Menschen atmen nicht so gerne nur Ideen. Sie mochten ein Executive Summary, eine Kurzzusammenfassung. Was will der Autor auf den Punkt gebracht nun eigentlich sagen?
Charmonium and ϒ systems with small hyperfine splittings

The parameters of the simple Coulomb plus linear effective potential with lowest-order relativistic corrections are determined by the charmonium states other than the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ states and by the leptonic decay widths of J/psi and psi'. The effective coupling constant ..cap alpha../sub s/ is found to be 0.21. Within this framework the hyperfine splittings are small and so are the consequent M1 transitions (well below the experimental upper limit of 1.2 keV). The /sup 1/S/sub 0/ partners of psi and psi' are predicted to be eta/sub c/(3020) and eta/sub c/' (3638) and are not to be identified with the experimentally uncertain X (2830) and chi (3450). The same effective potential, changing only the constituent quark mass, gives a good description of the UPSILON system. The spin-independent relativistic corrections play an important role in obtaining the equality m/sub Upsilonprime/ - m/sub Upsilon/ approx. = m/sub psiprime/ - m/sub psi/.
Imagining Experiencing an Event in the Future Inflates Certainty That It Occurred in the Past

Imagination inflation occurs when participants increase their certainty that they have experienced an event after they imagine the event occurring. Two experiments (with a total of 291 participants...
Self-Initiated Microwave Plasma Formation and Interaction Within a 2D Photonic Crystal

The ability for a 2D photonic crystal with a point defect to cause self-initiated gas breakdown within the defect is demonstrated experimentally. The point defect forms a highQ resonant cavity which, when an electromagnetic wave is incident, enhances the electric field within the cavity facilitating gas breakdown and the formation of a stable freespace microwave plasma within the cavity. We demonstrate that self-initiated plasma formation is possible in lowpressure argon (10 Torr) using as low as 1.4 W of microwave power when applied at the resonant frequency of the cavity (8.614 GHz). Plasma formation within the defect cavity decreases the transmission of energy through the photonic crystal by approximately two orders of magnitude. Plasma formation time is shown to be a function of gas pressure and input power, with transient times measured to be as fast at 100 ns at low pressure (5 Torr) and relatively high input powers (9 W). Using power transmission through the photonic crystal as a diagnostic tool, electron densities of the microwave plasma are shown to be 1016 – 1017 m−3 for argon pressures between 10 and 50 Torr. Experimental results suggest that a self-initiated plasma within a photonic crystal has an application as a simple power limiter. Simulations also suggest device scaling to a 45 GHz resonance is possible with even greater enhancement of the electric field.
Video Annotation Software in Teacher Education: Researching University Supervisor’s Perspective of a 21st-Century Technology:

Video recordings for student teaching field experiences have been utilized with student teachers (also known as teacher candidates) to (a) capture the demonstration of their lesson plans, (b) criti...