cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning

Knowledge management (KM) is a set of relatively-new organizational activities that are aimed at improving knowledge, knowledge-related practices, organizational behaviors and decisions and organizational performance. KM focuses on knowledge processesknowledge creation, acquisition, refinement, storage, transfer, sharing and utilization. These processes support organizational processes involving innovation, individual learning, collective learning and collaborative decision-making. The "intermediate outcomes" of KM are improved organizational behaviors, decisions, products, services, processes and relationships that enable the organization to improve its overall performance. Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning presents some 20 papers organized into five sections covering basic concepts of knowledge management; knowledge management issues; knowledge management applications; measurement and evaluation of knowledge management and organizational learning; and organizational learning. Volume editor William R. King is the University Professor of Business Administration at the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business and College of Business Administration, University of Pittsburgh. He was the founding president of the Association for Information Systems (AIS) and a past president of The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) (198990), an international professional society with 8,000 members, which he guided to merge with the Operations Research Society of America to form INFORMS. He has twice served as chair of ICISthe annual International Conference on Information Systems (1988; 2005), has served as editor-in-chief of the Management Information Systems Quarterly, the primary journal in the field of information systems, and was the key figure in the founding of a new journal, Information Systems Research.
Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses

Heavy-metal oxide glasses might arbitrarily be defined as those containing over 50 cation percent of bismuth and lead which participate in the glass structure as network formers. Glass systems based on these heavy-metal oxides in silicates, borates, phosphates, germanates, and ferrites are surveyed. Gallate systems are emphasized since they have a unique ability to form stable glasses while maintaining key properties, such as the best infrared transmission and the highest nonlinear optical susceptibilities and diamagnetic Verdet constants for oxide glasses.
The Average of the First Invariant Factor for Reductions of CM Elliptic Curves mod p

Let $E/\mathbb{Q}$ be a fixed elliptic curve. For each prime $p$ of good reduction, write $E(\mathbb{F}_p) \cong \mathbb{Z}/d_p \mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}/e_p \mathbb{Z}$, where $d_p \mid e_p$. Kowalski proposed investigating the average value of $d_p$ as $p$ runs over the rational primes. For CM curves, he showed that $x\log\log{x}/\log{x} \ll \sum_{p \le x} d_p \ll x\sqrt{\log{x}}$. It was shown recently by Felix and Murty that in fact $\sum_{p \le x} d_p$ exceeds any constant multiple of $x\log\log{x}/\log{x}$, once $x$ is sufficiently large. In the opposite direction, Kim has shown that the expression $x\sqrt{\log{x}}$ in the upper bound can be replaced by $x\log\log{x}$. In this paper, we obtain the correct order of magnitude for the sum: $\sum_{p \le x} d_p \asymp x$ for all large $x$.
Scalable Web Content Attestation

The web is a primary means of information sharing for most organizations and people. Currently, a recipient of web content knows nothing about the environment in which that information was generated other than the specific server from whence it came (and even that information can be unreliable). In this paper, we develop and evaluate the Spork system that uses the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to tie the web server integrity state to the web content delivered to browsers, thus allowing a client to verify that the origin of the content was functioning properly when the received content was generated and/or delivered. We discuss the design and implementation of the Spork service and its browser-side Firefox validation extension. In particular, we explore the challenges and solutions of scaling the delivery of mixed static and dynamic content to a large number of clients using exceptionally slow TPM hardware. We perform an in-depth empirical analysis of the Spork system within Apache web servers. This analysis shows Spork can deliver nearly 8,000 static or over 6,500 dynamic integrity-measured web objects per second. More broadly, we identify how TPM-based content web services can scale to large client loads with manageable overheads and deliver integrity-measured content with manageable overhead.
Stereopsis-Inspired Time-Stretched Amplified Real-Time Spectrometer (STARS)

We introduce and demonstrate a single-shot real-time optical vector spectrum analyzer (VSA). This simple and powerful instrument combines amplified dispersive Fourier transform with stereopsis reconstruction algorithm and is inspired by binocular vision in biological eyes. Moreover, a dynamic time-stretch concept is employed to dramatically enhance the phase reconstruction accuracy and dynamic range for ultrashort optical signals (>; 30 times). We show that, using a noniterative analytical expression, the phase profile of the input signal can be reconstructed using intensity-only measurements. The proposed method is experimentally proved by fully characterizing the time-varying amplitude and phase of single-shot THz-bandwidth optical signals, with durations ranging from sub-ps to 35 000 ps, with ultrasmall to ultralarge temporal phase variations and at 25-MHz update rate. We have also used this instrument to characterize the amplitude and phase of a prechirped 40-Gbps DQPSK optical signal using a 1.5-GHz digitizer and without using a reference signal.
Photometric properties of the surface of Io and their influence on line formation in the atmosphere

We give a quantitative theory of line formation in an atmosphere above a surface with backscattering properties. Sufficiently high spatial and spectral resolution spectra of resonance lines in Io region A can yield data on the surface scattering properties as well as the number density of scattering molecules. We discuss macroscopically homogenous models of scattering from the surface of Io and conclude that multiple reflection from crystal facets is the most likely cause for the observed geometric albedo and phase variation.
On the Floquet formulation of time-dependent density functional theory

The time-periodic density of a Floquet state of a time-periodic potential does not uniquely determine that potential. A simple example demonstrates this, and the implications are discussed.
The nucleon anapole form factor in chiral perturbation theory to sub-leading order

Abstract The anapole form factor of the nucleon is calculated in chiral perturbation theory to sub-leading order. This is the lowest order in which the isovector anapole form factor does not vanish. The anapole moment depends on counterterms that reflect short-range dynamics, but the momentum dependence of the form factor is determined by pion loops in terms of parameters that could in principle be fixed from other processes. If these parameters are assumed to have natural size, the sub-leading corrections do not exceed ∼30% at momentum Q ∼300 MeV.
Extending sitemaps for ResourceSync

The documents used in the ResourceSync synchronization framework are based on the widely adopted document format defined by the Sitemap protocol. In order to address requirements of the framework, extensions to the Sitemap format were necessary. This short paper describes the concerns we had about introducing such extensions, the tests we did to evaluate their validity, and aspects of the framework to address them.
Wavelength Measurements of Ni L-Shell Lines between 9 and 15 Å

We present accurate wavelength measurements of nickel L-shell X-ray lines resulting from Δn ≥ 1 transitions between 9 and 15 A. We have used the electron beam ion trap, SuperEBIT, at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and a flat-field grating spectrometer to record the spectra. The most significant emission lines of Ni XIX-XXVI in our spectral coverage are identified, and their relative intensities are determined. The resulting data set provides valuable input for the analyses of high-resolution X-ray spectra of stellar coronae sources, including the Sun.
The QUEST Large Area CCD Camera

We have designed, constructed, and put into operation a very large area CCD camera that covers the field of view of the 1.2 m Samuel Oschin Schmidt Telescope at the Palomar Observatory. The camera consists of 112 CCDs arranged in a mosaic of four rows with 28 CCDs each. The CCDs are pixel Sarnoff 600 # 2400 thinned, back-illuminated devices with pixels. The camera covers an area of on the
Therapeutic node dissections in malignant melanoma.

Background: Therapeutic lymphadenectomies involve the dissection and removal of clinically enlarged, histologically positive nodes at the regional nodal basin, in the absence of detectable distant disease. Methods: The literature dealing with therapeutic lymphadenectomies in malignant melanoma was reviewed. Results: The rate of wound complications varies with the particular nodal basin. The 5-year survival varies from 19% to 38%, with an average of 26%. Survival is affected primarily by the number of histologically positive nodes and extracapsular spread, and secondarily by the extent of disease at the various levels of the nodal basin, fixation of the nodes, and, probably, the preceding disease-free interval. Prognostic parameters of the primary lesion, e.g., thickness, ulceration, and location, also may have an effect on survival. The rate of local recurrence at the nodal basin after lymphadenectomy has varied from 0.8% to 52%. Adjuvant therapy with interferon alfa-2b has improved the 5-year disease-free survival from 26% to 37%. Conclusions: Therapeutic node dissections in melanoma provide an appreciable 5-year survival rate, which is further augmented by adjuvant therapy. Many series report a significant rate of local recurrence at the nodal basin following therapeutic dissection. Complete lymphadenectomy reduces the rate of local failure with its attendant morbidity.
Self-limiting growth kinetics of 3D coherent islands

Large 3D coherent islands are found to kinetically resist their further growth during post-deposition annealing of metastable 2D strained films. We reveal that a kinetic energy barrier exists to successive facet-layer growth of 3D strained island at the expense of its surrounding 2D structure. The barrier increases with further growth of the island, which defines a self-limiting behavior of island growth. This self-limiting effect naturally explains a number of relevant features which have been observed experimentally including narrow island size distributions.
Structural Characterization of Oxide layers on Aluminum Formed by Exposure to Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen

Single crystal Al (100) was exposed to 5 eV atomic oxygen beam. The sample was maintained at a temperature of 220°C and the total atomic oxygen fluence was 8×10 19 atom.cm -2 . We have characterized the resulting oxide and interface structures by cross-sectional (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). Our TEM results show that an amorphous aluminum oxide layer with ∼6 nm thickness formed on the aluminum crystal, and a rough alumina/Al(100) interface forms. For a systematic study of the evolution of the oxide, a unique Physical Sciences, Inc. Pitt FAST TM AO laser detonation atomic oxygen source in a UHV chamber is employed. The system is equipped with a Maxtek RQCM TM system, a research quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with a dual-sensor head, to dynamically measure the mass change of an aluminum film coated on the sensor crystal during exposure to atomic oxygen. The Al film initially experiences mass loss, and then parabolic mass gain. To observe the structural evolution of the oxide, a very thin Al (100) single crystal was exposed inside the AO source, characterized by SEM and TEM. The surface morphology changed from flat to rough after 5.5 minutes of exposure. This surface roughening could be related to the initial mass loss measured by QCM.
Pay-to-play politics: Informational lobbying and contribution limits when money buys access☆

Abstract We develop a game theoretic model of informational lobbying between two interest groups and a politician, in which the politician can require political contributions in exchange for access. The analysis considers three claims: (1) the rich have better access to politicians than less-wealthy groups, (2) this access advantage makes the rich better off and skews policy in their favor, and (3) contribution limits can reduce the rich group advantage and result in less-skewed policy. We show that the rich do have better access, with the politician always offering access to the rich groups and only sometimes offering access to the less-wealthy group. This does not, however, mean that the rich group is better off or that policy is biased in its favor. The politician sets access fees to extract the greatest amount of rent from the political process. When only the rich group has access, its expected benefit from gaining access is fully offset by its payment to the politician. In this case, the less-wealthy interest group who is not targeted by the politician is better off. Contribution limits decrease the politician's ability to extract rent, which improves the payoffs of rich interests and decreases politician payoffs. Finally, the paper presents a novel benefit of contribution limits: they can encourage the formation of lobby groups or the search for evidence, which results in more evidence disclosure and better policy.
Microwave-induced local hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy of human malignant tumors

Since 1976, two groups of patients have been treated with local microwave hyperthermia immediately following ionizing radiation. Group A patients had measurable multiple lesions assigned radiotherapy only, microwave hyperthermia only, or combined treatment. Ionizing radiation in 200 to 600 rad fractions was used 2 to 5 times per week to a total of 1800 to 4200 rad in 5 to 14 fractions. Group B patients had combination treatment only, with radiation fractions of 200 to 600 rad 2 to 5 times per week to a total of 200 to 4800 rad total in 6 to 20 fractions. Both groups received hyperthermia (42 to 44 C) 2 to 3 times per week, maximum ten sessions in four weeks. The 19 patients treated have had squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant melanoma, plasmacytoma, epithelioid sarcoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. After more than 150 hyperthermia sessions, we find: (1) local hyperthermia with microwave alone or in combination with ionizing radiation can be used with excellent normal tissue tolerance provided local tissue temperatures are carefully monitored and controlled; (2) a higher level of heat induction in tumor tissue as compared to surrounding normal tissues; and (3) repeated hyperthermia at 42 to 43.5 C for 45 minutesmore » per session immediately following photon irradiation yields a favorable therapeutic result, occasionally dramatic. Local microwave hyperthermia in combination withradiotherapy offers the possibility of substantial impact on clinical cancer therapy, whether of curative or palliative intent.« less
High‐Performance SOFC Cathodes Prepared by Infiltration

Improved cathodes are required for low-temperature operation of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Recent work has shown that electrode fabrication and modification by infiltration of active components into a porous scaffold can result in outstanding electrochemical performance. In this paper we review the literature on this new approach for cathode preparation and discuss the insights that this work has provided for understanding the relationships between the materials properties, electrochemical performance, and electrode stability.
Energy savings for a solar heated and cooled building through adaptive optimal control

This paper describes a study of the applicability of adaptive and optimal control techniques to the control of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of solar heated and cooled buildings. The suitability of optimal and adaptive concepts is discussed and the selected approach is explained. An integral quadratic cost functional to define optimal performance and an identification process to produce a linearized building model are combined to yield an adaptive linear regulator solution. The building model is described and heating system simulations of three versions of the adaptive optimal controller are reported along with a simulation of a conventional controller for comparison. A nonlinear, open-loop, optimal control simulation is also reported and used to indicate an upper bound on achievable performance. Cooling system simulation results are also reported for an adaptive optimal controller and a conventional controller. Substantial savings in auxiliary energy requirements are demonstrated by the adaptive optimal controllers.
Laser-induced fluorescence of phosphors for remote cryogenic thermometry

Remote cryogenic temperature measurements can be made by inducing fluorescence in phosphors with temperature-dependent emissions and measuring the emission lifetimes. The thermographic phosphor technique can be used for making precision, noncontact, cryogenic-temperature measurements in electrically hostile environments, such as high dc electric or magnetic fields. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is interested in using these thermographic phosphors for mapping hot spots on cryogenic tank walls. Europium-doped lanthanum oxysulfide (La2O2S:Eu) and magnesium fluorogermanate doped with manganese (Mg4FGeO6:Mn) are suitable for low-temperature surface thermometry. Several emission lines, excited by a 337-nm ultraviolet laser, provide fluorescence lifetimes having logarithmic dependence with temperature from 4 to above 125 K. A calibration curve for both La2O2S:Eu and Mg4FGeO6:Mn is presented, as well as emission spectra taken at room temperature and 11 K.
On the establishment of distinct identities in overlay networks

We study ways to restrict or prevent the damage that can be caused in a peer-to-peer network by corrupt entities creating multiple pseudonyms. We show that it is possible to remotely issue certificates that can be used to test the distinctness of identities. Our certification protocols are based on geometric techniques that establish location information in a fault-tolerant and distributed fashion. They do not rely on a centralized certifying authority or infrastructure that has direct knowledge of entities in the system, and work in Euclidean or spherical geometry of arbitrary dimension. They tolerate corrupt entities, including corrupt certifiers, collusion by either certification applicants or certifiers, and either a broadcast or point-to-point message model.
The interaction of molten silicon with silicon aluminum oxynitrides

Silicon aluminum oxynitride solid solutions (sialons) based on beta-Si3N4 and Si2N2O behave differently in contact with molten silicon. The Si2N2O-based sialons convert to almost pure Si3N4, apparently through a two-step decomposition and solution-precipitation reaction, whereas the beta-Si3N4 sialons are preferentially attacked at the grain boundaries. The composition of the grain-boundary phase appears to control the rate of reaction.
Atomic Effects in Tritium Beta Decay.

Abstract The electron neutrino mass has been measured in several tritium beta decay experiments. These experiments are sensitive to a small neutrino mass because the energy release of the decay is small. But the very smallness of the energy release implies that the Coulomb interactions of the slowly moving emitted beta electron are relatively large. Using field theoretic techniques, we derive a systematic and controlled expansion which accounts for the Coulomb effects, including the mutual interaction of the beta ray electron and the electron in the final3He+ion. In our formulation, an effective potential which describes the long range Coulomb force experienced by the beta ray is introduced to ensure that our expansion is free of infrared divergences. Both the exclusive differential decay rate to a specific final3He+state and the inclusive differential decay rate are calculated to orderη2, whereηis the usual Coulomb parameter. We analyze the orderη2correction to the beta ray spectrum and estimate how it may affect the neutrino mass squared parameter and the endpoint energy when this corrected spectrum is used to compare with the experiments. We find that the effect is small.
Driver Perceptions and Sources of User Dissatisfaction in the Implementation of Variable Speed Limit Systems

This research explores technical innovation and the impact of resistance to innovation in the implementation of an active traffic management system. Technology-driven change initiatives are often difficult to implement and failure rates are high. Lack of success is often linked to failures in understanding the change environment or failure to account for human factors in the implementation of a new technology. This study explores stakeholder perceptions in the implementation of a variable speed limit (VSL) system in St. Louis, Missouri. Survey data from the driving public and law enforcement officials were analyzed during the first 2 years the VSL system was operational. High levels of dissatisfaction were present in survey results and indicated significant levels of resistance to innovation. Change management theory was used to link sources of dissatisfaction to common resistance factors. This provides an opportunity to develop strategies for the successful implementation of innovative traffic management systems. Decision makers involved with active traffic management will benefit from an understanding of the pervasive nature of resistance to innovation and an awareness of strategies for designing change management processes in innovative traffic systems.
From 30 to 60 Is Not Twice as Hard

Euclid's proof that there are infinitely many primes [3, p. 25] can be modified to yield a proof of a simple inequality: If P1, P2'... is the sequence of prime numbers and n ? 2 then PI P2. Pn > P,l+?I In 1907, Bonse [I] gave an elementary proof of a stronger inequality, now called Bonse's Inequality [4]: If n ? 4 then PI P2 . IN > Pn + I Bonse then used his inequality to prove that 30 is the largest integer mi with the following property:
Predicting the Structure of the Flavodoxin from Eschericia coli by Homology Modeling, Distance Geometry and Molecular Dynamics

Abstract As part of our on-going development of a method, based upon distance geometry calculations, for predicting the structures of proteins from the known structures of their homologues, we have predicted the structure of the 176 residue Flavodoxin from Escherichia coli. This prediction was based upon the crystal structures of the homologous Flavodoxins from Anacystis nidulans, Chondrus crispus, Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Clostridium beijerinckii, whose sequence identities with Escherichia coli were 44%, 33%, 23% and 16%, respectively. A total of 13,043 distance constraints among the alpha-carbons of the Escherichia coli structure were derived from the sequence alignments with the known structures, together with 8,893 distance constraints among backbone and sidechain atoms of adjacent residues, 978 between the alpha-carbons and selected atoms of the flavin mononucleotide cofactor, 116 constraints to enforce conserved hydrogen bonds, and 452 constraints on the torsion angles in conserved residues. An en...
Characteristics of digitized images of technical articles

Document image blocks characterized using projection profiles is proposed. We have collected statistical information on scanned pages of technical articles as a by-product of digitized document analysis. Specifically, in our hierarchical block segmentation and labeling approach (syntactic), 65 training and test pages from two publications were used. Additional information on compression and profiles was also used. Pixel-level information is required as input whether the analyzing tool is an expert system or something else. The issues covered are: (1) Profile characteristics of document objects like text, line drawings, tables, and half-tones, and the variation of these profiles with block size, type size, and direction of scan. (2) Speckle noise: sizes and distribution. (3) For the hierarchical (syntactic) approach, number of tree nodes at each level along with their areas, and comparison with node areas derived from transition-cut trees. (4) CCITT-Group 4 compression statistics on document sub-blocks and whole pages. (5) Size of postscript files and postscript commands used in printing these page files. We believe that these results would allow predicting some characteristics of a printed page digitized at any specified sampling rate.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A characterization of plurality-like rules based on non-manipulability, restricted efficiency, and anonymity

A society needs to decide which issues (laws, public projects, public facilities, etc.) in an agenda to accept. The decision can be any subset of the agenda but must reflect the preferences of its members, which are assumed to be “separable weak orderings”. We characterize a family of plurality-like rules based on strategy-proofness, restricted efficiency, anonymity, and two weak axioms pertaining to the variable agenda feature of our model, called dummy independence and division indifference. We also characterize a wide spectrum of rules dropping anonymity or restricted efficiency.
Energy-conversion properties of vapor-liquid-solid-grown silicon wire-array photocathodes.

Silicon wire arrays, though attractive materials for use in photovoltaics and as photocathodes for hydrogen generation, have to date exhibited poor performance. Using a copper-catalyzed, vapor-liquid-solid–growth process, SiCl_4 and BCl_3 were used to grow ordered arrays of crystalline p-type silicon (p-Si) microwires on p^+-Si(111) substrates. When these wire arrays were used as photocathodes in contact with an aqueous methyl viologen^(2+/+) electrolyte, energy-conversion efficiencies of up to 3% were observed for monochromatic 808-nanometer light at fluxes comparable to solar illumination, despite an external quantum yield at short circuit of only 0.2. Internal quantum yields were at least 0.7, demonstrating that the measured photocurrents were limited by light absorption in the wire arrays, which filled only 4% of the incident optical plane in our test devices. The inherent performance of these wires thus conceptually allows the development of efficient photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical energy-conversion devices based on a radial junction platform.
Automated sampling assessment for molecular simulations using the effective sample size.

To quantify the progress in the development of algorithms and force fields used in molecular simulations, a general method for the assessment of the sampling quality is needed. Statistical mechanics principles suggest the populations of physical states characterize equilibrium sampling in a fundamental way. We therefore develop an approach for analyzing the variances in state populations, which quantifies the degree of sampling in terms of the effective sample size (ESS). The ESS estimates the number of statistically independent configurations contained in a simulated ensemble. The method is applicable to both traditional dynamics simulations as well as more modern (e.g., multicanonical) approaches. Our procedure is tested in a variety of systems from toy models to atomistic protein simulations. We also introduce a simple automated procedure to obtain approximate physical states from dynamic trajectories: this allows sample-size estimation in systems for which physical states are not known in advance.
Seigniorage and the Mexican financial crisis

Abstract Fiscal imprudence and political wavering are frequently cited as the primary causes of Mexico's financial crisis of the 1980's. While these views have merit, they tend to overlook the seigniorage from money creation. Using the Cagan model and an econometric procedure that does not rely on any particular formation of expectations, we find evidence that the government used seigniorage to pursue a revenue-maximizing inflation tax. The results have two implications. First, monetary management had a larger impact on the crisis than suggested in the literature. Second, an analysis of monetary management may yield new insights into the causes and consequences of the crisis.
Diagnostic Measurements of Fuel Spray Dispersion

Plume shape, vaporization, droplet-size distribution, and number density of a solid-cone fuel spray were studied with both conventional and novel measurement techniques. Minor differences in spray plume shape were observed by measurements with photography, pulsed laser shadowgraphy, and in-line infrared spectroscopy. Laser Mie scattering showed the dispersion of small numbers of droplets beyond spray boundaries as determined by other measurements. A new optical method for nonintrusive, local, time-averaged measurement of vapor concentration, droplet-size distribution and number density within an axisymmetric spray is introduced. For the spray studied this method showed that vapor is confined to the spray plume and that vapor concentration and the concentration of small-diameter droplets exhibit analogous behavior.
Hamilton's gradient estimate for the heat kernel on complete manifolds

In this paper we extend a gradient estimate of R. Hamilton for positive solutions to the heat equation on closed manifolds to bounded positive solutions on complete, non-compact manifolds with Re ≥ -Kg. We accomplish this extension via a maximum principle of L. Karp and P. Li and a Berstein-type estimate on the gradient of the solution. An application of our result, together with the bounds of P. Li and S.T. Yau, yields an estimate on the gradient of the heat kernel for complete manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature that is sharp in the order of t for the heat kernel on R".
Partnering for Prevention With Workplace Health Promotion Programs

etween 1995 and 2010, the percentage of Johnson & Johnson employees who smoke declined by more than two-thirds, and the number with high blood pressure or who are physically inactive declined by more than half. In the late 1970s, Johnson & Johnson chairman James Burke established 2 health-related goals: encourage employees to become the healthiest in the world and reduce the cost of health care for the firm. The company's wide-ranging employee health promotion program includes nutrition education, weight management, tobacco cessation, stress management, onsite fitness, and other services. Johnson & Johnson's commitment to being a "healthy company" is paying off. The company estimates that its health promo- tion program has saved $250 million on health care costs during the past decade. 1 We have conducted primary field research to study workplace health promotion (WHP) programs, often called wellness programs, at Johnson & Johnson and 9 other em- ployers. The organizations vary in size and in industry, but all have integrated, successful WHP programs that empha- size whole-person wellness. In these organizations, well- ness extends beyond physical health to include emotional and spiritual health. Stress management and disease pre- vention are priorities. Our research and related literature suggest a link between strategic WHP and lower health risks, lower health care use, and improved productivity for employees. 1-7 A 2008 survey of large manufacturing firms indicates that 77% have a WHP program, although substantially fewer offer comprehensive programs encom- passing whole-person wellness. 2 Small employers are less likely to offer WHP programs. 8
Comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery and brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The patients had either progressive GBM or pathologically proven GBM at recurrence after previous treatment for a lower grade astrocytoma. Thirty-two patients were treated with interstitial brachytherapy, and 86 received treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. Those patients treated with SRS had a median tumor volume of 10.1 cm3 and received a median peripheral tumor dose of 13 Gy. Patients treated with brachytherapy had a median tumor volume of 29 cm3. Median dose to the periphery of the tumor volume was 50 Gy delivered at a median dose rate of 43 cGy/hour. Twenty-one patients (24%) treated with SRS were alive, with a median follow-up of 17.5 months. Median actuarial survival, measured from the time of treatment for recurrence, for all patients treated with SRS was 10.2 months, with survivals of 12 and 24 months being 45 and 19%, respectively. A younger age and a smaller tumor volume were predictive of better outcome. The tumor dose, the interval from initial diagnosis, and the need for reoperation were not predictive of outcome after SRS. Five patients (16%) treated with brachytherapy were alive, with a median follow-up of 43.3 months. The median actuarial survival for all patients treated with brachytherapy was 11.5 months. Survivals of 12 and 24 months were 44 and 17%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
General design of the layout for new undulator-only beamline front ends

Abstract A great majority of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) users have chosen an undulator as the only source for their insertion device beamline. Compared with a wiggler source, the undulator source has a much smaller horizontal divergence, providing us with an opportunity to optimize the beamline front-end design further. In this paper, the particular designs and specifications, as well as the optical and bremsstrahlung ray-tracing analysis of the new APS front ends for undulator-only operation are presented.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking at two loop in 3-d massless scalar electrodynamics

Abstract In three-dimensional Maxwell-Chern-Simons massless scalar electrodynamics with φ 6 coupling, the U (1) symmetry is spontaneously broken at two loop order regardless of the presence or absence of the Maxwell term. Dimensional transmutation takes place in pure Chern-Simons scalar electrodynamics. The beta function for the φ 6 coupling is independent of gauge couplings.
Height Fluctuations in the Honeycomb Dimer Model

We study a model of random surfaces arising in the dimer model on the honeycomb lattice. For a fixed “wire frame” boundary condition, as the lattice spacing ϵ → 0, Cohn, Kenyon and Propp [3] showed the almost sure convergence of a random surface to a non-random limit shape Σ0. In [12], Okounkov and the author showed how to parametrize the limit shapes in terms of analytic functions, in particular constructing a natural conformal structure on them. We show here that when Σ0 has no facets, for a family of boundary conditions approximating the wire frame, the large-scale surface fluctuations (height fluctuations) about Σ0 converge as ϵ → 0 to a Gaussian free field for the above conformal structure. We also show that the local statistics of the fluctuations near a given point x are, as conjectured in [3], given by the unique ergodic Gibbs measure (on plane configurations) whose slope is the slope of the tangent plane of Σ0 at x.
Design of a conductimetric pH microsensor based on reversibly swelling hydrogels

Abstract The design of a conductimetric pH sensor is described. Based on a planar interdigitated electrode structure coated with a pH-sensitive polymer gel, the proposed sensor will detect changes in conductivity of the hydrogel layer resulting from pH-dependent swelling of the gel. A pH-sensitive hydrogel has been synthesized, and the water content and conductivity measured as a function of pH. The measured conductivities are incorporated into a fields model which computes the impedance of an interdigitated electrode array. The effects of gel-layer thickness, device geometry, and interfacial impedance on device sensitivity are analyzed using the model.
Limiting behaviour of the mean residual life

In survival or reliability studies, the mean residual life or life expectancy is an important characteristic of the model. Here, we study the limiting behaviour of the mean residual life, and derive an asymptotic expansion which can be used to obtain a good approximation for large values of the time variable. The asymptotic expansion is valid for a quite general class of failure rate distributions—perhaps the largest class that can be expected given that the terms depend only on the failure rate and its derivatives.
Essentially Unique Representations by Certain Ternary Quadratic Forms

In this paper, we generalize the idea of “essentially unique” representations by ternary quadratic forms. We employ the Siegel formula, along with the complete classification of imaginary quadratic fields of class number less than or equal to 8, to deduce the set of integers that are represented in essentially one way by a given form that is alone in its genus. We consider a variety of forms that illustrate how this method applies to each of the 794 ternary quadratic forms that are alone in their genus. As a consequence, we resolve some conjectures of Kaplansky regarding unique representation by the forms x2 + y2 + 3z2, x2 + 3y2 + 3z2, and x2 + 2y2 + 3z2.
Using market-exclusivity incentives to promote pharmaceutical innovation.

Several federal laws have encouraged the development of new drugs by offering longer market exclusivity. The author discusses unintended consequences of these policies and the need for more carefully designed regulations to encourage pharmaceutical innovation.
Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

“Private Vices by the dextrous Management of a skillful Politician may be turned into Publick Benefits.”—Bernard Mandeville, 1714Corruption, some say, is endemic in all governments. Yet it has received remarkably little attention from students of government. Not only is the study of corruption prone to moralism, but it involves one of those aspects of government in which the interests of the politician and the political scientist are likely to conflict. It would probably be rather difficult to obtain (by honest means) a visa to a developing country which is to be the subject of a corruption study.One of the first charges levelled at the previous regime by the leaders of the coup in the less developed country is “corruption.” And generally the charge is accurate. One type of reaction to this among observers is highly moralistic and tends to see corruption as evil. “Throughout the fabric of public life in newly independent States,” we are told in a recent work on the subject, “runs the scarlet thread of bribery and corruption …” which is like a weed suffocating better plants. Another description of new states informs us that “corruption and nepotism rot good intentions and retard progressive policies.”Others have reacted against this moralistic approach and warn us that we must beware of basing our beliefs about the cause of coups on post-coup rationalizations, and also of judging the social consequences of an act from the motives of the individuals performing it. Under some circumstances Mandeville is right that private vice can cause public benefit.
State Opposition to REAL ID

The REAL ID Act requires states to adopt standardized procedures and formats for state driver's licenses and IDs. Twenty-one states have passed a law or resolution in formal challenge to REAL ID; only seven states have not initiated a formal challenge. Using qualitative and quantitative analyses, we find that relatively less populous and less wealthy states, which are likely to be more impacted by unfunded mandates and more conservative states, which are more likely to be concerned about retaining state control, were more likely to oppose REAL ID. States with stronger privacy orientations also were more likely to pass statutes or resolutions in opposition. Our qualitative analysis also implies that social advocacy coalitions and state associations played important roles in facilitating and leading state resistance. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
THE VALUE OF QUARTERLY INFORMATION IN PREDICTING FUTURE STOCK PRICE CHANGES

THE PURPOSE of this research is to examine published quarterly information available to an investor at the time of his investment decisions in order to evaluate such information's usefulness in explaining future short-run stock price changes and in selecting stocks that will perform well in the short run. The basic hypothesis is that lags have existed in the market in the assimilation of quarterly data, and that investors have not been able to, or did not, adjust instantaneously (or even very quickly) to all financial information. It seems reasonable to argue that quarterly information, because it becomes available for only a few companies each day over approximately a two-month period, is not as well known and as widely circulated as is annual data. Five large samples of companies created from the Quarterly Compustat tapes for the years 1962-1967 are examined using correlation analysis, regression techniques, and sort-rank routines. Nine variables are available for each company, and earnings per share and seasonally adjusted earnings per share are added to the tapes. The results of this research show that recent quarterly E/P ratios are consistently somewhat better in identifying extreme price gainers than are recent annual E/P ratios. It seems logical to argue that this difference in predictive power between the two types of information is due to the under-utilization of quarterly data by the market participants as compared to annual data. As a result of correlating numerous variables (in various combinations) with sixmonth price changes, two conclusions are reached. First, quarterly information which is available to the investor at the time of his investment decisions is of significant value in explaining future short-run price changes. Second, two variables, E/P ratios and average earnings change ratios, are of the most value in developing models which will help to discriminate effectively between extreme price gainers and extreme price losers. The results of ranking stocks, using non-parametric sort-rank routines, on their E/P ratios and their average earnings change ratios are very impressive when compared to the performance of the market as a whole during the same period. A group of twenty-five stocks with the highest E/P ratios, or the highest average earnings change ratios, out of the entire sample of stocks examined showed a simple average annualized price gain of 30 percent or better for the entire period. The form of the average earnings change variable used makes little difference in the average results obtained. It is concluded that, all things considered, the E/P ratio is probably the single most valuable variable to use, with quarterly data, in discriminating between those stocks that will perform well and those that will perform poorly. It is shown that changes in the beliefs of market professionals concerning the intrinsic worth of stocks can generate intermediate stock price trends. The results of this trend analysis are quite good relative to the market, and show once again, using different techniques, the value of quarterly information.
Asymptotics of a Class of Solutions to the Cylindrical Toda Equations

The small t asymptotics of a class of solutions to the 2D cylindrical Toda equations is computed. The solutions, qk(t), have the representation qk(t) = log det (I K k ) log det (I K k 1 ) ; where Kk are integral operators. This class includes the n-periodic cylindrical Toda equations. For n = 2 our results reduce to the previously computed asymptotics of the 2D radial sinh-Gordon equation and for n = 3 (and with an additional symmetry constraint) they reduce to earlier results for the radial Bullough-Dodd equation. Both of these special cases are examples of PainlevIII and have arisen in various applications. The asymptotics of qk(t) are derived by computing the small t asymptotics det (I K k ) b k t n a k ;
A Kirchhoff-like conservation law in Regge calculus

Simplicial lattices provide an elegant framework for discrete spacetimes. The inherent orthogonality between a simplicial lattice and its circumcentric dual yields an austere representation of spacetime which provides a conceptually simple form of Einstein's geometric theory of gravitation. A sufficient understanding of simplicial spacetimes has been demonstrated in the literature for spacetimes devoid of all non-gravitational sources. However, this understanding has not been adequately extended to non-vacuum spacetime models. Consequently, a deep understanding of the diffeomorphic structure of the discrete theory is lacking. Conservation laws and symmetry properties are attractive starting points for coupling matter with the lattice. We present a simplicial form of the contracted Bianchi identity which is based on the E Cartan moment of rotation operator. This identity manifests itself in the conceptually simple form of a Kirchhoff-like conservation law. This conservation law enables one to extend Regge calculus to non-vacuum spacetimes and provides a deeper understanding of the simplicial diffeomorphism group.
Current sheets in the solar corona

Coronal magnetic fields are twisted up by motion of their footpoints in the photosphere. When the twist exceeds a critical amount, kink-ballooning instabilities occur. These instabilities are studied numerically, in long, thin, axially bounded magnetic fields. Nonlinearly, the three-dimensional kinking motion compresses magnetic flux, forming a current sheet. Magnetic energy can be dissipated at a rate orders of magnitude greater than without the current sheets. The energy of footpoint motion can then go into coronal heating, via Ohmic dissipation in the current sheets.
A Large Sky Simulation of the Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Large-scale structure deflects cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons. Since large angular scales in the large-scale structure contribute significantly to the gravitational lensing effect, a realistic simulation of CMB lensing requires a sufficiently large sky area. We describe simulations that include these effects and present both effective and multiple-plane ray-tracing versions of the algorithm, which employs spherical harmonic space and does not use the flat-sky approximation. We simulate lensed CMB maps with an angular resolution of ~0.9'. The angular power spectrum of the simulated sky agrees well with analytical predictions. Maps generated in this manner are a useful tool for the analysis and interpretation of upcoming CMB experiments such as Planck and ACT.
Theoretical study of reaction pathways to borazine.

Four reaction pathways from diborane and ammonia to borazine, (HBNH)3, have been studied computationally at the density functional level (B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)). The cycloaddition of H2BNH2 to 1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabuta-1,3-diene and subsequent elimination of two molecules of H2 was found to be the lowest-energy pathway to (HBNH)3. In the other pathways, the formation and conversion of the intermediates 1,3,5-triaza-2,4,6-triborahexatriene, cyclotriborazane, and 1,3,5-triaza-2,4,6-triborahexa-1,5-diene into (HBNH)3 were investigated. The formation of 1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabuta-1,3-diene and, subsequently, the formation and electrocyclization of 1,3,5-triaza-2,4,6-triborahexatriene and the cycloaddition of H2BNH2 to 1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabuta-1,3-diene are predicted to be the kinetically favored pathways to (HBNH)3 in the gas phase. At low concentrations of 1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabutene, high concentrations of H2BNH2, and a temperature of 298.15 K, the formation of the polyolefins H3BNH2(H2BNH2)nNHBH2...