cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons

Objective: To test the hypothesis that years of formal education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function. Methods: A total of 130 older Catholic clergy participating in the Religious Orders Study underwent annual cognitive function testing and brain autopsy at the time of death. Individual cognitive function tests were z-scored and averaged to yield a global measure of cognitive function and summary measures of five different cognitive abilities. Neuritic and diffuse plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were counted in separate 1 mm 2 areas of maximal density. Counts were converted to standard scores by dividing by their SD, and combined to yield a global AD pathology score and summary scores of each postmortem index. Linear regression was used to examine the relation of education and AD pathology scores to level of cognitive function proximate to death, controlling for age and sex. Subsequent analyses tested the interaction between education and each AD pathology score to determine whether education modified the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function. Additional analyses examined these associations on five specific cognitive abilities. Results: Both years of formal education (regression coefficient = 0.073, p = 0.0001) and the global AD pathology score (regression coefficient = −0.689, p p = 0.0078) standard unit less for each year of education than the level predicted from the model without the interaction term. Whereas neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles were all strongly related to cognitive function, education only modified the relation of neuritic plaques ( p = 0.002) and diffuse plaques ( p = 0.03) to cognition, but not neurofibrillary tangles. In analyses examining five different cognitive abilities, the interaction between education and the neuritic plaque score was strongest for perceptual speed and weakest for episodic memory. Conclusions: These data provide strong evidence that the relation between senile plaques and level of cognitive function differs by years of formal education.
Surprisingly High Stability of Collagen ABC Heterotrimer: Evaluation of Side Chain Charge Pairs

Type I collagen is a major component of skin, tendon, and ligament and forms more than 90% of bone mass. It is an AAB heterotrimer assembled from two identical α1 and one α2 chains. However, the majority of studies on the effects of amino acid substitution on triple helix stability have been performed on collagen homotrimeric helices. In a homotrimer, it is impossible to determine whether the contribution to stability is from the polyproline II helix propensity of the amino acids or from interhelix amino acid interactions. The presence of amino acids in all three chains further exaggerates their contribution. In contrast, in a heterotrimer, the individual chains may be tailored in order to have the substitution in one, two, or all three chains. Therefore, a heterotrimer can divulge specific information about any interaction based upon the substitutions in individual chains. In this paper, we evaluate the contribution of electrostatic interactions between side chain charge pairs on the stability of heterot...
Creating patterned carbon nanotube catalysts through the microcontact printing of block copolymer micellar thin films.

We report a route for synthesizing patterned carbon nanotube (CNT) catalysts through the microcontact printing of iron-loaded poly(styrene-block-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) micellar solutions onto silicon wafers coated with thin aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layers. The amphiphilic block copolymer, PS-b-PAA, forms spherical micelles in toluene that can form quasi-hexagonal arrays of spherical PAA domains within a PS matrix when deposited onto a substrate. In this report, we dip a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molded stamp into an iron-loaded micellar solution to create a thin film on the PDMS features. The PDMS stamp is then put in contact with a substrate, and uniaxial compressive stress is applied to transfer the micellar thin film from the PDMS stamp onto the substrate in a defined pattern. The polymer is then removed by oxygen plasma etching to leave a patterned iron oxide nanocluster array on the substrate. Using these catalysts, we achieve patterned vertical growth of multiwalled CNTs, where the CNTs maintain...
Competing technologies for Gb logic

Global Gb logic developments involve major technology approaches in GaAs ICs, silicon ICs and Josephson junctions. With major performance advances occurring rapidly in each area, it is important to maintain objective comparisons of the technologies. Valid comparisons require evaluation against extended objectives which include not only power-delay products, but also other measures of total performance including interfacing capabilities, design flexibility, technology investment requirements, product reliability and manufacturability. These objectives will be the context in which recent Gb logic achievements will be surveyed and compared.
Environmentally friendly insulating oil

Due to environmental problems with PCBs, silicone oil and esters were developed as environmentally-friendly insulating oils. Today, mineral insulating oil is still being used because it offers the best compromise between cost and performance and also because of its compatibility with other materials used in the construction of power transformers. Other synthetic fluids are used for specific applications where their higher price can be justified.
Tapping mode scanning force microscopy in water using a carbon nanotube probe

Abstract An improved technique for obtaining tapping mode scanning force microscopy (TMSFM) images of soft samples submerged in water is described. This technique makes use of a carbon nanotube several microns in length mounted on a conventional silicon cantilever as the TMSFM probe. The sample is covered by a shallow water layer and during imaging only a portion of the nanotube is submerged. This mode of operation largely eliminates the undesirable effects of hydrodynamic damping and acoustic excitation that are present during conventional tapping mode operation in liquids and leads to high-quality TMSFM images. Because of their low bending force constants, carbon nanotubes are ideal for gentle imaging of soft samples. Because of their small (5–20 nm) diameter and cylindrical shape they provide excellent lateral resolution and are ideal for scanning high aspect ratio objects.
Diagnosis and Initial Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer

Purpose Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication of cancer and its therapy. The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis and initial treatment of VTE in the patient with cancer. Methods I conducted a survey of the English-language literature on topics relevant to the diagnosis and initial treatment of VTE in patients with cancer. Results Patients with cancer are at increased risk for VTE because of the presence of multiple risk factors for thrombotic disease. The most common signs and symptoms of VTE as well as the utility of clinical prediction rules and D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of VTE in the patient with cancer are reviewed. Duplex ultrasound and computer tomography angiography are the primary objective diagnostic modalities for VTE. Low molecular weight heparin is the preferred initial therapy for VTE. Until further data emerge, thrombolysis and vena cava filters should be reserved for patients in whom anticoagulation is insufficient or contraindicated. Outpatient managem...
The use of Neural Networks for modeling nonlinear mean reversion: Measuring efficiency and integration in ADR markets

We propose the use of a Neural Network (NN) methodology for evaluating models of time series that exhibit nonlinear mean reversion, such as those stemming from equilibrium relationships that are affected by transaction costs or institutional rigidities. Given the vast array of such models found in the literature, the proposed NN procedure represents a useful graphical tool, providing the researcher with the ability to visualize the data before choosing the most appropriate approach for modeling mean-reversion dynamics with either a Threshold Autoregression (TAR), a Smooth Transition Autoregression (STAR), or any hybrid model. Our case study is involved with understanding the nature of cross-listed stocks (ADRs) and the degree of market integration and efficiency, as captured by the NN methodology. This is done through an analysis of the intradaily price discrepancies of cross-listed French, Mexican and American stocks. The results of the NN methodology are relevant in describing the arbitrage forces that maintain the Law of One Price in these ADR markets, and thus provide a more explicit insight on how these markets are integrated.
Hemic Studies in Normal and Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys

Abstract ALTHOUGH many studies have been done to determine the etiology and pathogenesis of bluecomb in turkeys, the disease is still incompletely understood. Since predictable hemic changes accompany certain diseases, the present study was done to provide information on changes in leucocyte counts and plasma protein concentration during bluecomb in turkeys. The etiologic agents have not been identified, although the infectious nature of bluecomb in turkeys, in Minnesota, was first described by Pomeroy and Sieburth (1953). Vibrio spp. (Truscott et al., 1960; Truscott and Morin, 1964; Truscott, 1968) and viral agents (Deshmukh et al., 1969; Fujisaki et al., 1969; Wooley and Gratzek, 1969) have been suspected. Antibiotics are thought to be partially effective in reducing mortality and in improving recovery in some flocks which have had bluecomb (Sieburth and Pomeroy, 1956). The lack of success in identifying etiologic agents has hindered the development of a suitable vaccine or therapeutic regimen. There…
Slower infusion of metoclopramide decreases the rate of akathisia.

Objective: We investigated the difference in incidence of acute akathisia related to the rate of infusion in patients receiving metoclopramide for acute nausea, vomiting, or migraine headache in the emergency department (ED). Methods: Randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial of patients aged 18 years and older who were to receive intravenous metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea, vomiting, or headache were eligible. Patients were excluded if they were taking medications that might mimic or mask akathisia, had a movement disorder, renal insufficiency, or were unable or unwilling to consent. Pregnant women and prisoners were also excluded. Subjects were randomized to receive 1 of 2 accepted metoclopramide administration regimens. The regimens included 10 mg of metoclopramide administered either as a 2minute bolus (BG) or as a slow infusion for 15 minutes (IG). All patients received a normal saline placebo at the opposite rate to maintain blinding. The main outcome was development of akathisia noted at 60 minutes after drug administration as measured either with The Prince Henry Hospital akathisia rating scale or by sudden unexplained departure from the ED during treatment. Results: One hundred twenty-seven patients were eligible for the study. Fifty-nine patients met exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 68 patients, 36 were randomized to the BG and 32 were randomized to the IG. In the BG, 11.1% of patients developed akathisia compared with 0% in the IG (P = .026). Four patients developed akathisia based on the scale and 2 departed suddenly from the ED. Conclusions: Slower infusion of metoclopramide reduces the incidence of akathisia.
Tubular cell HIV-entry through apoptosed CD4 T cells: A novel pathway

We hypothesized that HIV-1 may enter tubular cells by phagocytosis of apoptotic fragments of HIV-1-infected T cells infiltrating tubular interstitium. The study was designed to evaluate the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors on CD4 T cells and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tubular cells (HK2 and HRPTEC, primary tubular cells). Co-cultivation of HIV-1 infected lymphocytes (HIV-LY) with HK2s/HRPTECs resulted in T cell apoptosis, uptake of the apoptosed HIV-LY by HK2s/HRPTECs, tubular cell activation and HIV expression. Cytochalasin-B inhibited tubular cell HIV-LY uptake and anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibited HIV-LY apoptosis and tubular cell HIV-LY uptake, activation and HIV expression. These observations do indicate induction of apoptosis of T cells due to interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 upon co-cultivation and subsequent phygocytosis of HIV-laden apoptotic bodies by tubular cells and thus the transfer of HIV-1 into tubular cells. These findings identify a novel pathway that facilitates HIV-1 entry into tubular cell.
Reversible Intramolecular Hydride Transfer between Tantalum and an Aromatic Ring: An η5-Cyclohexadienyl Complex as a Masked Hydride

The methyl triflate complex (2,6-Mes2C6H3N)(2,6-Mes2C6H3NH)TaMe(OSO2CF3) reacts cleanly with H2 to give the η5-cyclohexadienyl complex 3. Complex 3 therefore results from the insertion of an arene ring into an M−H bond, which has been proposed as the first step in catalytic arene hydrogenations. This insertion is reversible, such that 3 behaves as a “masked hydride” in its reaction chemistry.
Iceberg-type Problems: Estimating Hidden Parts of a Continuum from the Visible Parts

We consider the complex plane as a space filled by two different media, separated by the real axis . We define to be the upper half-plane. For a planar body E in , we discuss a problem of estimating characteristics of the “invisible” part, , from characteristics of the whole body E and its “visible” part, . In this paper, we find the maximal draft of E as a function of the logarithmic capacity of E and the area of E+.
Measurement of electron and pion cascades in a lead-acrylic scintillator shower detector

Abstract We report tests of a lead-acrylic scintillator electromagnetic shower detector whose main purpose was discrimination of hadrons and electrons. Energy resolutions, longitudinal and transverse shower sizes and hadron rejections are discussed. A fast trigger circuit for identifying electrons is presented.
Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the performance of body mass index (BMI) to detect body adiposity. Data sources were MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. To be included, studies must have assessed the performance of BMI to measure body adiposity, provided standard values of diagnostic performance, and used a body composition technique as the reference standard for body fat percent (BF%) measurement. We obtained pooled summary statistics for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). The inconsistency statistic (I2) assessed potential heterogeneity. The search strategy yielded 3341 potentially relevant abstracts, and 25 articles met our predefined inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 32 different samples totaling 31 968 patients. Commonly used BMI cutoffs to diagnose obesity showed a pooled sensitivity to detect high adiposity of 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43–0.57) and a pooled specificity of 0.90 (CI: 0.86–0.94). Positive LR was 5.88 (CI: 4.24–8.15), I2=97.8%; the negative LR was 0.43 (CI: 0.37–0.50), I2=98.5%; and the DOR was 17.91 (CI: 12.56–25.53), I2=91.7%. Analysis of studies that used BMI cutoffs ⩾30 had a pooled sensitivity of 0.42 (CI: 0.31–0.43) and a pooled specificity of 0.97 (CI: 0.96–0.97). Cutoff values and regional origin of the studies can only partially explain the heterogeneity seen in pooled DOR estimates. Commonly used BMI cutoff values to diagnose obesity have high specificity, but low sensitivity to identify adiposity, as they fail to identify half of the people with excess BF%.
Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity studies of amorphous PdSiCu

Abstract Measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and velocity changes have been carried out on the metallic glass Pd0.775Si0.665Cu0.06 as a function of amplitude, in the frequency range 10 to 90 MHz, for 0.3 ≤ T ≤ 10 K. The amplitude dependent attenuation changes observed in these studies are larger by a factor of 100 to 1000 than the values obtained from current two level system tunneling theory, with the use of parameters determined experimentally at higher frequencies by other workers. These attenuation changes have a linear (rather than quadratic) dependence on frequency and very weak T dependence (rather than 1/T). These results are compared with data on vitreous silica obtained in the same range of frequencies and temperature.
SU‐GG‐T‐537: Implementation of a Sector‐Integration Method for Calculating Electron Cutout Factors at Extended Distances

Purpose: To develop a spreadsheet that enables a physicist or dosimetrist to quickly determine electron‐beam cutout factors for irregularly‐shaped apertures at extended distances. Method and Materials: Cutouts with circular apertures from 10cm to 1cm diameter were fabricated to fit inside a 10×10cm electron applicator. The cutout factor for each was measured with 9 MeV electrons at two depths (dmax and R90) and five SSD's (100, 102, 105, 110, and 120cm). A polynomial fit to the data yielded the cutout factor as a function of aperture radius for each SSD‐depth combination. A spreadsheet was written that estimates the cutout factor for an irregularly‐shaped cutout by dividing the cutout into sectors, calculating the cutout factor for each sector, and taking the average. Results: Changes in the cutout factor as a function of SSD were noted. The spreadsheet was tested using 10 electron cutouts from actual patient treatments. For each cutout, the cutout factor was measured for all five SSD's at both depths. The spreadsheet was used to estimate the cutout factor for each cutout at each SSD and depth. Except for cases where the cutout was especially narrow and concave, the spreadsheet estimated the cutout factor to within 1% of the measured value. Conclusion: The spreadsheet correctly estimated the cutout factor for most situations, regardless of depth or distance, and took only a few minutes to use. Using this spreadsheet reduces the need for the physicist to measure the cutout factor directly, which can be a considerable time savings. It also removes any need to use less‐accurate approximations.
Characterization of analytic functions in terms of their wavelet coefficients

This paper investigates the relationship between the analyticity of a function and its wavelet coefficients where , with and ϕ is a Meyer-type mother wavelet. It is shown that if f is analytic in a neighborhood of the real axis, then the wavelet coefficients must satisfy certain growth conditions. Conversely, a sufficient condition on the coefficients is given to ensure that f is analytic in a neighborhood of the real line. Another sufficient condition on the coefficients is given which guarantees that f is an entire function.
Dual-mode tongue drive system: using speech and tongue motion to improve computer access for people with disabilities

In this paper, we are presenting a new wireless and wearable assistive technology called dual-mode Tongue Drive System (dTDS), which is designed to allow people with severe disabilities use computers more effectively with increased speed, flexibility, usability, and independence through their tongue motion and speech. The dTDS detects users' tongue motion using a magnetic tracer and an array of magnetic sensors embedded in a compact, ergonomic, and stylish wireless headset. It also captures users' voice wirelessly using a small microphone on the same headset in a highly integrated fashion. Preliminary evaluation results based on 14 able-bodied subjects indicate that the dTDS headset combined with a commercially available speech recognition software can provide end users with significantly higher performance than either unimodal forms based on tongue motion or speech alone, particularly in completing tasks that require both pointing and text entry.
Early-season Effects of Supplemented Solar UV-B Radiation on Seedling Emergence, Canopy Structure, Simulated Stand Photosynthesis and Competition for Light

Mixtures and monocultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oat (Avena fatua), a common weedy competitor of wheat, were exposed to enhanced solar UV-B radiation simulating a 20% reduction in stratospheric ozone to assess the timing and seasonal development of the UV-B effects on light competition in these species. Results from two years of field study revealed that UV-B enhancement had no detectable effect on the magnitude or timing of seedling emergence in either species. End-of-season measurements showed significant UV-B inhibition of leaf insertion height in wild oat in mixture and monoculture in the second year (irrigated year) but not in the first year (drought year). Leaf insertion height of wheat was not affected by UV-B in either year. The UV-B treatment had no detectable effect on monoculture or total (combined species) mixture LAI but did significantly increase (5–7%) the fractional contribution of wheat to the mixture LAI after four weeks of growth in both years. In addition, the UV-B treatment had subtle effects on LAI height profiles with early season mixtures showing significant reductions in wild oat LAI in lower canopy layers in both years while midseason Year 2 mixtures showed significant reductions in wild oat LAI in upper canopy layers. The changes in canopy structure were found to significantly increase (6–7%) the proportional simulated clear sky canopy photosynthesis and light interception of wheat in mixture. These findings, and others, indicate that the effects of UV-B enhancement on competition are realized very early in canopy development and provide additional support for the hypothesis that UV-B enhancement may shift the balance of competition between these species indirectly by altering competitive interactions for light.
Numerical studies of multimodal phase-sensitive parametric amplification

In the presence of a nonzero idler beam or, equivalently, in the collinear degenerate configuration, optical parametric amplification (OPA) can be phase sensitive. When the photon deamplification mode is selected in the OPA process, amplification of the optical phase occurs instead of the usual amplification of photon number. We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the operation of a spatially multimodal optical parametric amplifier in the phase-sensitive mode can result in a significant redistribution of spatial frequencies and near-ideal beam angle amplification. A numerical model is presented for phase-sensitive parametric amplification via three-wave mixing. The model is applied to monochromatic beams and finite beam apertures. The sensitivity of gain to the incident phase, noncollinear angle, and aperture size is studied in particular. Simple conditions are derived for the operation of the optical parametric amplifier in the phase-sensitive mode. Potential applications of the concept are discussed.
Survey of Kansas Tort Law - Part I

This article surveys developments in Kansas tort law for the time period 1989-2001, and addresses a variety of tort law topics, including the duty of care (with particular attention to developments in medical malpractice law), limited duties, multiple defendant issues, causation, damages and defenses.
Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial (Helianthemum bicknellii) and oak (Quercus) seedlings

Summary • Ectomycorrhizal infection of Quercus seedlings can be low at a distance from established ectomycorrhizal vegetation. Here we investigate whether Helianthemum bicknellii , a herbaceous ectomycorrhizal perennial of prairies and oak savannas, creates patches of elevated ectomycorrhizal infection of Quercus seedlings. •W e performed two studies. First, ectomycorrhizas of H. bicknellii were compared with ectomycorrhizas of Quercus spp. Second, soil bioassays were conducted with Quercus macrocarpa seedlings grown in soils from near H. bicknellii ; near established Quercus spp.; or distant from ectomycorrhizal vegetation. • Eight species associated with H. bicknellii were identified: Cenococcum geophilum , Russula aff. amoenolens , an unknown Pezizalean fungus, Laccaria laccata , Tomentella sp., Lactarius mutabilis , Russula aff. pectinatoides , and Cortinarius sp. Internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS RFLP) patterns of all species except Cortinarius sp. matched to ectomycorrhiza from Quercus . In the bioassay, ectomycorrhizal infection was higher in near- Helianthemum soils than in distant soils, but lower than in near- Quercus soils. • These results demonstrate that H. bicknellii , a common herbaceous plant of oak savannas, shares ectomycorrhizal partners with Quercus and provides patches of increased ectomycorrhizal infection of Quercus seedlings.
Implications of Public Law 94-142 for Physical Therapists

The purposes of this paper is to orient physical therapists to Public Law 94-142 and to reflect upon the implications of this law for therapists in clinical settings and preservice training. Key phrases relative to this law are "least restrictive environment" and "free and appropriate education." Both phrases have direct implications for physical therapists because local educational agencies must provide services and experiences that are deemed appropriate for a child's educational needs. Physical therapists may deal in direct services, consultant roles, or evaluative processes. Public Law 94-142 has created unique opportunities for physical therapists in the public school setting.
Endometriosis of the sigmoid

T HE subject of endometriosis has in recent years received increasing attention. Reviews of Iarge series of cases by Sampson, l Green-Armytage, 2 and Keene and Kimbrough,s are outstanding in the recent Iiterature. The Iast mentioned authors divide the disease into three main groups : (I) intraperitonea1 endometriosis which incIudes lesions of the ovaries, tubes, uterus, peIvic peritoneum and intestines; (2) adenomas of the rectovagina1 septum; (3) transplants or fistuIas Iocated in the umbiIicus or Iaparotomy scars. peritoneum, or is possibIy due to endometria1 emboIi carried by the vascuIar or Iymphatic routes. That endometriosis is actuaIIy a rather common and important disease is evinced by the fact that Green-Armytage reports an incidence of 8.9 per cent of such cases in a series of 1000 consecutive operations (presumabIy gynecoIogica1). The purpose of this communication is to report one of the rather uncommon cases of this group, endometriosis of the sigmoid.
Meloe dominicanus N. SP. (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Phoretic on the Bee Proplebia dominicana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Dominican Amber

Abstract A new species of blister beetle, Meloe (Meloe) dominicanus (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is described from a triungulin in Dominican amber. The new species is characterized by its small size (under 1 mm), large, laterally positioned eyes and antennal structure. The specimen is attached to a hair on the occiput of a worker stingless bee, Proplebia dominicana Wille and Chandler, 1964 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). This is the first official description of a meloid in any amber deposit, the first New World record of a fossil meloid triungulin and the first record of a meloid triungulin associated with a stingless bee.
Difference in proangiogenic potential of systemic and pulmonary endothelium: role of CXCR2

The systemic vasculature in and surrounding the lung is proangiogenic, whereas the pulmonary vasculature rarely participates in neovascularization. We studied the effects of the proangiogenic ELR+ ...
The bispectral index and suppression ratio are very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest

To evaluate the bispectral index (BIS) and suppression ratio (SR) as very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Demographic data, BIS1, and SR1 were recorded from 97 patients after the first dose of neuromuscular blockade, with outcomes blinded, and compared to the discharge Cerebral Performance Category (CPC). Receiver-operator characteristic curves and a multiple logistic regression model were constructed to predict good (CPC 1-2, GO) and poor (CPC 3-5, PO) neurological outcomes. Fourteen patients were excluded from the final analysis; 33 of the remaining 83 patients (40%) were classified as GO. The BIS1 was higher in patients with GO (37 [28–40] vs. 7 [3–15], p < 0.001). BIS1 < 22 predicted PO with a likelihood ratio (LR) of 14.2 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 (95% CI 0.85–0.98, p < 0.001). SR1 ≥48 predicted PO with a LR of 12.7 and an AUC of 0.90 (95% CI 0.83–0.98, p < 0.001). Both BIS1 (ΔAUC 0.16, p = 0.006) and SR1 (ΔAUC 0.16, p = 0.005) predicted outcomes better than the time to return of spontaneous circulation. In our single-center cohort utilizing moderate sedation, the bispectral index and suppression ratio recorded after the first dose of intermittent neuromuscular blockade were accurate and very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.
Effect of martensitic transformation in Ti-15 at% V β-phase particles on lamellar boundary decohesion in γ-tial. Part I : Derivation of interface decohesion potentials

Molecular statics atomistic simulations of the Ti–15 at% V body-centred cubic (bcc) β-phase–γ-TiAl interface and γ–γ lamellar boundary decohesion processes have been carried out to determine the corresponding decohesion potentials. The potentials are subsequently related to the dislocation structure of the interface–boundary. Atomic interactions have been represented using the appropriate embedded atom method (EAM) interatomic potential functions. The results obtained show that the decohesion potential functions are quite complex because they have to account for the instabilities that occur under some modes of interface decohesion and for the periodic character of the interfacial shear. Lastly, the use of decohesion potentials to derive constitutive relations for continuum-type interfacial elements and their implementation in the finite element method are presented. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Continuity and change in dominance relations among female baboons

Female baboons, Papio cynocephalus, in Amboseli National Park establish linear dominance hierarchies in which maternal kin usually occupy adjacent ranks. Previous work had shown that few changes in the relative rank order of matrilines had occurred between 1971 and 1981 (Hausfater et al. 1982). During a 9-month period beginning in December 1982, the rate and magnitude of changes in matrilineal rank order accelerated. Major changes in the relative ranks of members of a few matrilines resulted in changes in the absolute ranks of females of all but one matriline. However, the ordering between many pairs of matrilines did not change and the genealogical structure of dominance relations was generally maintained. This brief period of rapid change was succeeded by a period of slow change and relative stability in dominance relations, lasting at least 27 months. Data from the 15-year period suggest that the rates of change in female dominance relations are variable: long periods of stability are sometimes punctuated by short periods of instability and change. No single explanation accounted for this variability.
Exact closed-form formula for partial mutual inductances of rectangular conductors

In this brief, we propose a new exact closed-form mutual inductance equation for rectangular conductors. We express the mutual inductance between two parallel rectangular conductors as a weighted sum of self inductances. We do not place any restrictions on the alignment of the two parallel rectangular conductors. Moreover, they could be coplanar or reside on different layers. Most important, experimental results show that our formula is numerically more stable than that derived by Hoer and Love.
Understanding Peace within Contemporary Moral Theory

In this essay, I continue Nicholas Wolterstorff’s work of developing a rights-based theory of ethics called eireneism, which maintains the good life only occurs when justice—as a moral state of affairs where agents enjoy the goods to which they have a right—is achieved. As a result, justice is eirenē (the Greek word for peace). In the process of developing eireneism I explain how eirenē differs from other conceptions of peace, and I offer several interpretive arguments for how best to understand eireneism in relation to better-known competing ethical theories, like utilitarianism, virtue ethics, duty ethics, and care ethics.
Accounting for Human Capital and Weak Identification in Evaluating the Epstein-Zin-Weil Non-Expected Utility Model of Asset Pricing

In this paper, I first develop a new approach to estimating the return on the aggregate wealth portfolio that accounts for human capital and financial assets other than stocks. Using the estimated return on the wealth portfolio and the quarterly U.S. aggregate data on consumption and asset returns from 1959 to 2001, I then test the asset pricing and consumption implications of the Epstein and Zin (1991) and Weil (1990) model by employing the weak-identification robust tests of Stock and Wright's (2000) in the context of continuous updating generalized method of moments. In contrast with previous studies that ignored human capital and weak identification in evaluating this model, I find that its asset pricing implications cannot be rejected at conventional significance levels for reasonable parameter values. For example, the 95% confidence sets for unknown parameters include values of the relative risk aversion around 2 or lower, values of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution for consumption closely around 1, and the time discount factor around 0.987. Some of these parameter value combinations are able to simultaneously match the average equity premium and the average riskfree rate in the data. Furthermore, they imply that the dominant determinant of the equity premium is, surprisingly, the volatility of stock returns, the risk factor in the traditional capital asset pricing model.
Double-slit interference with Laguerre-Gaussian beams

The interference of Laguerre-Gaussian beams carrying orbital angular momentum was demonstrated in Young's double-slit geometry. Double-slit interference is shown to be affected by the azimuthal phase dependence of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam. This interference provides new insight into the helical phase structure of the Laguerre-Gaussian beam and has potential applications for measuring the orbital angular momentum of an arbitrary wavefront.
Clinical Surveillance of UHMWPE Using Radiographic Methods

As recounted in Chapter 4, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been the primary bearing material used in total hip arthroplasty since its introduction by Charnley in 1962. UHMWPE is used to create the acetabular component of the reconstruction, and in most cases is coupled with a femoral head made of a cobalt chromium alloy, though other materials such as ceramic femoral heads have also been used. The original UHMWPE acetabular components were cemented into the acetabular bed of the pelvis. This design is still in use today along with a modular design consisting of a metal shell, which can be fixed to the skeleton with either bone cement or by biological fixation.
Human Rights Treaties and Mobilized Dissent against the State

How does state obligation to international human rights treaties (HRTs) affect mobilized dissent? We argue that obligations to protect human rights affect not only state behavior but also the behavior of dissidents. We present a theory in which the effect of HRTs on dissent is conditional on expectations of when it will constrain government behavior. We assume that HRT obligation increases the likelihood that government agents face litigation costs for repression but argue that leaders are only constrained when they would be most likely to repress. The expectation of constraint creates opportunity: citizens are more likely to dissent in HRT-obligated states with secure leaders and weak domestic courts. We find empirical support for the implications of our theory using country-month data on HRT obligation and dissent events from 1990 to 2004.
The roles of hedgehog and engrailed in patterning adult abdominal segments of Drosophila

We present evidence that hedgehog (hh) protein secreted by posterior compartment cells plays a key role in patterning the posterior portion of the anterior compartment in adult abdominal segments. Loss of function of hh in the hh(ts2) mutant causes the loss of posterior tergite characteristics in the anterior compartment, whereas ectopic expression driven by hs-hh or the gain-of-function allele hh(Mir) causes transformation of anterior structures toward the posterior. FLP-out hh-expressing clones in the anterior compartment induce surrounding wild-type cells to produce posterior tergite structures, establishing that hh functions nonautonomously. The effects of pulses of ectopic expression driven by hs-hh indicate that bristle type and pigmentation are patterned by hh at widely different times in pupal development. We also present evidence that the primary polarization of abdominal segments is symmetric. This symmetry is strikingly revealed by ectopic expression of engrailed (en). As expected, this transforms anterior compartment cells to posterior compartment identity. In addition, however, ectopic en expression causes an autonomous reversal of polarity in the anterior portion of the anterior compartment, but not the posterior portion. By determining the position of polarity reversal within en-expressing clones, we were able to define a cryptic line of symmetry that lies within the pigment band of the normal tergite. This line appears to be retained in hh(ts2) mutants raised at the restrictive temperature, suggesting it is not established by hh signaling. We argue that the primary role of hh in controlling polarity is to cause anterior compartment cells to reverse their interpretation of an underlying symmetric polarization. Consistent with this, we find that strong ectopic expression of hh causes mirror-symmetric double posterior patterning, whereas hh loss of function can cause mirror-symmetric double anterior patterning.
Preparing Children for Decision Making

Over the past 20 years, psychologists and legal scholars alike increasingly have recognized the expanding activity of the law (Bermant, Nemeth, & Vidmar, 1976; Konecni & Ebbesen, 1980; Monahan & Loftus, 1982; Sales, 1977; Sarat, 1977; Tapp, 1969, 1976, 1977, 1980). Its role as a primary socializing agent parallel to church, home, and school has been recognized in both the East and the West. With increased recognition of the importance of law and normative ordering, there has been increased study of the acquisition of legal values within and between rule/justice systems (e.g., home, school, union, community) as well as the characteristics of particular legal cultures (e.g., Adelson, 1970, 1971; Friedman, 1971/1977, 1975; Hess & Tapp, 1969; Minturn & Tapp, 1970; Sarat, 1977; Tapp, 1971, 1976). This search has included investigations dealing with the development of legal reasoning patterns and the configuration of legal beliefs (Levine, 1979; Levine & Tapp, 1977; Tapp, 1970, 1974; Tapp & Keniston, 1976; Tapp & Kohlberg, 1971; Tapp & Levine, 1970, 1974, 1977). The reported trends, based on developmental, cross-cultural, and occupational group data, “provide an important key to the structure of legal culture” (Sarat, 1977, p. 453).
Moving Forward: Legal Solutions to Lake Erie's Harmful Algal Blooms

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been plaguing Lake Erie with increasing frequency and intensity in recent years. The problem reached crisis proportions in August 2014 when nearly half a million persons in the Toledo, Ohio area were left without safe drinking water when a toxin produced by HABs in Lake Erie was detected at elevated levels in the city’s public water supply system. Excess nutrients entering the lake, especially phosphorus from nonpoint sources, are the primary contributors to the HABs problem in Lake Erie.This report, commissioned by the Commissioners of Lucas County, Ohio, offers legal solutions to Lake Erie’s HABs problem. After providing some scientific background, the report describes the complex web of federal and Ohio laws applicable to key sources of phosphorus pollution, explores legal tools that other regions such as the Chesapeake Bay are using to combat nutrient pollution, and makes recommendations for using and improving the law in Ohio and the region to reduce HABs in Lake Erie. Grant funding opportunities at the federal and state level also are identified.
Curricular innovation to integrate sustainability for global grand challenges

Educating future generations of engineers and construction managers who will be well prepared to tackle the sustainability grand challenges in the global context will require a paradigm shift from traditional engineering education. There has been much debate in recent years that traditional engineering education has failed to adequately prepare the graduates to face ever-changing complex and multidisciplinary problems in a sustainable and global context. Thus, an innovative transformation of the curricula is needed to educate future engineering graduates to successfully solve sustainable grand challenges. Not only must they be grounded in the latest technical knowledge and tools, future engineers are expected to have adequate understanding of the societal, economical, and political issues and be able to work in diverse team environment and have excellent communication skills. Furthermore, the future generations of engineers and construction managers should possess a highly developed knowledge of the envir...
Dorothy's Wars: School Leadership during the Birmingham Blitz.

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the school leadership experiences of an infant school head teacher in Birmingham, England, during the Second World War. Drawing on the letters of Dorothy Walker, the essay offers insights into school leadership wartime deprivations. The impact of an international war on the home front was not head teacher Dorothy Walker's only challenge. As the youngest and one of the few women head teachers in Birmingham, Dorothy Walker struggled with the traditional masculine hierarchy of the local educational system and with traditional social and familial gender roles. Dorothy Walker also battled with a traditional educational school culture as she promoted progressive educational practices. These three challenges – the war, gender relations, and progressivism – are referred to as ‘Dorothy's Wars’, or the battles that she faced as a woman school leader in Birmingham during the early years of the Second World War.
The Precarious Position of Same-Sex Divorce in Texas

Currently, same-sex couples that are legally married in a jurisdiction that recognizes same-sex marriage may not be able to divorce if they move to Texas. Of the few cases tried in Texas, most courts refused to grant the samesex divorce because the courts refused to recognize the underlying marriage. Because these couples cannot simply return to the granting state due to most states’ divorce residency requirements, they cannot divorce and face untold issues due to this inability. While Texas does offer the opportunity for the couple to declare the marriage void, declaring the marriage void is not an adequate legal remedy and may not prevent property and other legal issues. Instead, Texas should analyze divorce as implicating rights separate from those implicated by marriage. Based on such analysis, Texas should grant same-sex divorces. While several authors have addressed this issue from a national standpoint, this Comment addresses the issue as it stands in Texas, where a jurisdictional split between the courts of appeals makes it ripe for discussion.
Reconciliation, The Relationship and the Teacher as Midwife

According to Paulo Freire, during the teaching-learning process, the teacher and learner roles blur as each one gives to the other. As the roles blur, teacher and learner are liberated. In his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (2012), Paulo Freire discusses the role freedom can play in education.
An instrumentation grade wall shear stress sensing system

This paper describes development of a MEMS wall shear stress sensor system to be used in wind tunnel applications. An analog synchronous modulation and demodulation interface circuit allows for both ac and dc measurement of varying capacitance, yielding real-time dynamic and mean flow information with a low noise floor. Directional information of the input flow is retained throughout the system with minimal phase delay. A sensitivity of 3.45mV/Pa at 1.128kHz and a DC stability of 0.2mV indicate minimum resolution of mean shear values of 58mPa. Physical resonance of 3.5kHz and a pressure rejection ratio of 72dB are also observed.
Novel Calcium/Calmodulin-modulated Proteins

Ca2+/CaM-regulated protein phosphorylation is believed to play a pivotal role in amplifying and diversifying the action of Ca2+-mediated signals (Poovaiah and Reddy 1993). Although Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein phosphorylation is implicated in regulating a number of cellular processes in plants, not much is known about Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases and their role in Ca2+ signaling. A chimeric Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) gene with a neural visinin-like Ca2+-binding domain was cloned and characterized (Patil et al 1995). CCaMK is characterized by the presence of a catalytic domain, a CaM-binding domain, and a neural visinin-like Ca2+-binding domain in a single polypeptide, making it distinctly different from other protein kinases (Takezawa et al 1996a, Ramachandiran et al 1997, Poovaiah et al 1999)
Black Lives Matter: A Theological Response to Racism’s Impact on the Black Body in the United States

After the killing of 18-year-old Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri in August 2014, there has been a renewed movement in the United States and across the world in support of black lives. The movement, under the guiding framework of Black Lives Matter, has resulted in a national conversation on police brutality and racism, and the violent effects these have on the black body. Using the framework of black theological thought on the body, this paper identifies the many ways that racism, as Ta-Nehisi Coates writes, “lands, with great violence, upon the body” across multiple domains and levels throughout history and across the life course. The paper closes with some initial recommendations for historically predominantly white churches to offer an anti-racist response to this violence, as informed by black theology.