cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of real-time high-resolution MM5 predictions over the Great Lakes region

Real-time high-resolution mesoscale predictions using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) over the Great Lakes region are evaluated for the 2002/03 winter and 2003 summer seasons using surface and upper-air observations, with a focus on near-surface and boundary layer properties that are important for applications such as air quality and fire weather predictions. The summer season predictions produce a cold bias in maximum daily temperature and a warm bias in minimum temperature that together lead to a good prediction of daily mean temperature but a smallerthan-observed diurnal temperature cycle. In winter, the predicted near-surface temperatures are lower both day and night, yielding good agreement with the observed amplitude of the diurnal temperature cycle but relatively large cold bias in daily mean temperature. The predicted temperatures in the boundary layer are also systematically lower than the observed temperatures in the two seasons. The cold bias is consistent with the wetter-than-observed lower atmosphere in the model prediction, which in turn can be attributed to an inadequate specification of soil moisture. In both seasons, the model produced substantially more precipitation in all categories, especially in the heavy precipitation category, and the overprediction is primarily associated with more widespread area coverage in the model prediction. The chances of producing a false precipitation forecast are substantially higher than missing an observed precipitation event. Small systematic errors are found in the predictions of low-level winds, but above the boundary layer, the predicted winds are predominantly from the west, while the observed winds are from the west-northwest. The model is able to capture the general development and evolution of the lake–land breezes in areas surrounding Lake Michigan during summer, although errors exist in the strengths of the breezes and the timing of their transition. Predicted early morning inversions are slightly stronger than observed in winter and weaker than observed in summer. The weak summer morning inversion results in a rapid inversion breakup followed by an earlier growth of a mixed layer after sunrise. Despite the head start, the predicted mixed-layer heights in late afternoon are lower than those observed, suggesting that either the predicted surface sensible heat flux may be too low or the boundary layer flux divergence may be too high. Decreasing horizontal grid spacing from 12 to 4 km results in little improvement in the predictions of near-surface and boundary layer properties except for precipitation, for which the model bias is significantly reduced by the increase in horizontal resolution. The cold and wet biases and errors in inversion strengths and mixed-layer development call for extra caution when using products from mesoscale forecasts in applications such as air pollution and fire weather prediction.
Control of DNA synthesis in tissue culture cells

Eukaryotic DNA is functionally divided into thousands of replicons, each of which may be duplicated at a characteristic time within the DNA synthetic (S) period. Our approach toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms which control orderly eukaryotic DNA synthesis has been: (a) to devise a method of cell synchrony in a suitable tissue culture system wherein all cells in the population enter and traverse the S period with a high degree of synchrony; (b) to determine, utilizing this system, precisely when during the S period critical events and macromolecular syntheses occur; and (c) to examine, by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the spectrum of proteins which become associated with chromatin during the S period in such a way as to suggest their involvement with DNA synthesis. Possible mechanisms for control are discussed based on the results presented here.
The Politics of Survival in Foundations of Education: Borderlands, Frames, and Strategies.

In this article, the authors consider the ways that faculty in the Foundations strategize the placement of Foundations in teacher education in a politics of survival. Drawing on archival and interview data, the authors discuss the strategies invoked as boundary-work. They then situate boundary-work within the broader interpretive lens of cognitive framing. The authors then consider how the very language that faculty members use reveals the cognitive frames that simultaneously inform and shape their strategies. In this way, faculty members strategically invoke and are influenced by larger contemporary discourses. Current strategies, we argue, will tend to reinscribe the existing neoliberal order or substantially dilute the Foundations. The authors call for a new sense of boundary-work by going back to the future and invoking Foundations of disciplines against a current trend of generalism.
The role of deformation and transfer in the analysis of strongly damped collisions

Abstract It is shown that the wide spectrum of final total kinetic energies and the correlation between energy loss and the FWHM of the charge distribution for the reactions Kr + Bi at 712 MeV and Xe + Bi at 1130 MeV can be well accounted for by (a) introducing deformation phenomenologically using different entrance and exit channel potentials, and (b) treating transfer as a random process.
Using seat contour measurements during seating evaluations of individuals with SCI.

Measuring the shape of the buttock–cushion interface has been used successfully in research to study tissue loading and as a means to fabricate custom contoured cushions. Seat contours are also able to provide useful clinical information on the weight-bearing surface of the cushion, which can be used to address posture. This article offers specific case studies that demonstrate how the analysis of seat contours can be used to identify pelvic tilt, pelvic obliquity, and areas of high loading. Seat contour measurements complement other clinical measures, such as seat interface pressures and general postural assessments, to form a more complete picture of the buttock–cushion interface. They have become useful in the clinical management of various pressure and posture problems experienced by individuals with spinal cord injury and other wheelchair users.
Charge redistribution at GaN-Ga 2 O 3 interfaces: a microscopic mechanism for low defect density interfaces in remote plasma processed MOS devices prepared on polar GaN faces

Abstract Interfacial defect densities are typically two orders of magnitude higher at [III–V]-dielectric interfaces than at SiSiO 2 interfaces. This paper demonstrates GaN devices with significantly reduced interfacial defect densities using a two step remote plasma process to form the GaN-dielectric interface and then deposit the dielectric film. Separate plasma oxidation and deposition steps have previously been used for fabrication of aggressively scaled Si devices. Essentially the same 300°C remote plasma processing has been applied to GaN metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and field effect transistors (FETs). This paper i) discusses the low temperature plasma process for GaN device fabrication, ii) briefly reviews GaN device performance, and then iii) presents a chemical bonding model that provides a basis for the improved interface electrical properties.
Investigation of Specific Learning Disability and Testing Accommodations Based Differential Item Functioning Using a Multilevel Multidimensional Mixture Item Response Theory Model

The assessment of test data for the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) is a key component of instrument development and validation. Among the many methods that have been used successfully in such analyses is the mixture modeling approach. Using this approach to identify the presence of DIF has been touted as potentially superior for gaining insights into the etiology of DIF, as compared to using intact groups. Recently, researchers have expanded on this work to incorporate multilevel mixture modeling, for cases in which examinees are nested within schools. The current study further expands on this multilevel mixture modeling for DIF detection by using a multidimensional multilevel mixture model that incorporates multiple measured dimensions, as well as the presence of multiple subgroups in the population. This model was applied to a national sample of third-grade students who completed math and language tests. Results of the analysis demonstrate that the multidimensional model provides more c...
Methodology for the Integration of Project Documents in Model-Based Information Systems

This paper describes a research study that investigated methods for the integration of project documents in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) model-based information systems and determined the formalisms and mechanisms needed to achieve this integration during the development and utilization of such systems. The main objectives were (1) to formalize methods to improve the organization and access of large document collections in project management information systems, and (2) to elaborate a methodology to integrate project documents in AEC/FM model-based information systems.
Age of Asian Tektites

Nannofossils in a calcareous crust firmly attached to a tektite dredged from the South China Sea, indicate a minimum age of about 1 m.y. for indochinite tektites on the basis of a 3-m.y. duration for the Quaternary Period.
Synthesis and 2D NMR analysis of a cyclopropane containing analogue of huperzine A

Abstract In order to probe the possible binding site in acetylcholinesterase for huperzine A, a cyclopropane bearing analogue of huperzine A was synthesized, and the stereochemistry of this compound was established by NMR experiments.
Theory and Modeling of Liquid Explosive Detonation

The current understanding of the detonation reaction zones of liquid explosives is discussed in this article. The physical and chemical processes that precede and follow exothermic chemical reaction within the detonation reaction zone are discussed within the framework of the nonequilibrium Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (NEZND) theory of self-sustaining detonation. Nonequilibrium chemical and physical processes cause finite time duration induction zones before exothermic chemical energy release occurs. This separation between the leading shock wave front and the chemical energy release needed to sustain it results in shock wave amplification and the subsequent formation of complex three-dimensional cellular structures in all liquid detonation waves. To develop a practical Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) reactive flow model for liquid detonation, experimental data on reaction zone structure, confined failure diameter, unconfined failure diameter, and failure wave velocity in the Dremin-Trofimov test for ...
Smaller fetal size in singletons after infertility therapies: the influence of technology and the underlying infertility.

Objective To determine whether fetal size differences exist between matched fertile and infertile women and among women with infertility achieving pregnancy through various treatment modalities. Design Retrospective cohort study with propensity score analysis. Setting Tertiary care center and affiliated community hospitals. Patient(s) 1,246 fertile and 461 infertile healthy women with singleton livebirths over a 10-year period. Intervention(s) Infertile women conceiving without medical assistance, with ovulation induction, or with in vitro fertilization. Main Outcome Measure(s) Birthweight; secondary outcomes included crown-rump length, second-trimester estimated fetal weight, and incidence of low birth weight and preterm delivery. Result(s) Compared with matched fertile women, infertile women had smaller neonates at birth (3,375 ± 21 vs. 3,231 ± 21 g) and more low-birth-weight infants (relative risk=1.68, 95% confidence interval, 1.06, 2.67). Neonates conceived via ovulation induction were the smallest among the infertility subgroups compared with the neonates of fertile women (3,092 ± 46 vs. 3,397 ± 44 g). First-trimester fetal size was smaller in infertile versus fertile women (crown-rump length 7.9 ± 0.1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.1 mm). Within the infertility subgroups, no differences in fetal or neonatal size were found. Conclusion(s) The inherent pathologic processes associated with infertility may have a larger impact on fetal growth than infertility therapies.
Validation of an Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of Diabetes Self-Care (IMB-DSC)

Abstract Objective Comprehensive behavior change frameworks are needed to provide guidance for the design, implementation, and evaluation of diabetes self-care programs in diverse populations. We applied the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills (IMB) model, a well-validated, comprehensive health behavior change framework, to diabetes self-care. Methods Patients with diabetes were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Information gathered pertained to demographics, diabetes knowledge (information); diabetes fatalism (personal motivation); social support (social motivation); and diabetes self-care (behavior). Hemoglobin A1C values were extracted from the patient medical record. Structural equation models tested the IMB framework. Results More diabetes knowledge ( r =0.22 p r =−0.20, p r =0.27, p r =−0.20, p Conclusions Consistent with the IMB model, having more information (more diabetes knowledge), personal motivation (less fatalistic attitudes), and social motivation (more social support) was associated with behavior; and behavior was the sole predictor of glycemic control. Practice implications The IMB model is an appropriate, comprehensive health behavior change framework for diabetes self-care. The findings indicate that in addition to knowledge, diabetes education programs should target personal and social motivation to effect behavior change.
Effects of soil and mycorrhizae from native and invaded vegetation on a rare California forb.

Exotic annual grasses have invaded most California grasslands, but the degree of invasion varies, as do the mycorrhizal communities associated with different grasslands. When restoring species to grasslands, it is important to consider the role mycorrhizal fungi and soil environmental conditions can play in affecting restoration success. For edaphic endemics soil properties will also likely be an important factor dictating the growth of the target species. We investigated how the rare forb, Erodium macrophyllum, grows in three different soils with associated mycorrhizal inocula in full factorial design. Soil and inocula came from a grassland dominated with the native grass, Nassella pulchra, a grassland dominated with exotic grasses, and from a clay soil in which E. macrophyllum is currently found. We found that E. macrophyllum responded differentially to soil textural classes and inocula, but there were no interactions; growth was greatest in loamy soil from the invaded grassland and inoculum from the invaded grassland increased growth the most regardless of soil characteristics. When restoring E. macrophyllum to different areas, soil characteristics will likely have the greatest affect on growth, but inocula will likely increase growth also.
Reduction in number of nerve membrane sodium channels in pyrethroid resistant house flies

Abstract Neurotoxicity of pyrethroids, DDT, and certain steroidal alkaloids is due to modification of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Knockdown resistant (kdr) insects are resistant to pyrethroids and DDT insecticides due to decreased nerve sensitivity to these toxins. Using nerve membrane preparations from wild-type and kdr house flies, I have characterized sodium channels by [3H]saxitoxin binding and acetylcholine receptors by 125I-labeled α-bungarotoxin binding. Results indicate that while acetylcholine receptor content is identical in the two strains, kdr flies contain a decreased content of sodium channels as compared to wild-type flies. As assessed by saxitoxin binding characteristics, sodium channels from wild-type and kdr flies are identical. These results suggest that a reduction in the number of voltage-dependent sodium channels is a mechanism of resistance to neurotoxins that cause persistent channel activation.
Cocaine-but not food-seeking behavior is reinstated by stress after extinction

Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior after extinction constitutes a potential animal model of relapse to drug abuse. In a typical reinstatement experiment, previously drug-trained rats undergo extinction during which responding is no longer followed by drug delivery. After significant extinction is observed, rats are then exposed to an event expected to reinstate drug-seeking behavior. Using this procedure, it has been recently reported that footshock stress leads to reinstatement of drug-seeking in heroin-trained, presently drug-free rats. The purpose of the present study was to assess the generality of this effect of stress. Here we report that 15 min of intermittent footshock (0.86 mA; 0.5 s on, with a mean off period of 40 s) reinstated selectively cocaine-seeking behavior after 14 extinction sessions (rats were previously trained on a FR1 TO 20 s to obtain cocaine at a dose of 0.25 mg/infusion). In contrast, under similar experimental conditions, the same stressor did not reinstate food-seeking in food-trained rats after seven extinction sessions (rats were previously trained on a FR1 TO 20 s to obtain six food pellets). Rather, when the basal level of responding was sufficiently high, footshock stress induced a significant suppression of the instrumental performance. These data are discussed in light of several behavioral mechanisms which may explain the specificity of stress in reinstating drug-seeking behavior and not food-seeking behavior.
Regulation of Sox6 by cyclin dependent kinase 5 in brain.

Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed Ser/Thr kinase involved in various biological functions during normal brain development and neurodegeneration. In brain, Cdk5 activity is specific to post-mitotic neurons, due to neuronal specific expression of its activator p35. The biological functions of Cdk5 have been ascribed to its cytoplasmic substrates, however not much is known in nucleus. Here, we show that nuclear transcription factor Sox6 is a direct nuclear target of Cdk5. Sox6 is expressed in Tuj1 positive neurons, suggesting that Sox6 is expressed in differentiating neurons. The expression of Sox6 is high in mitotic nuclei during embryonic day 12 (E12) and gradually decreases during development into adult. On the other hand, Cdk5 expression gradually increases during its development. We show that Sox6 is expressed in mitotic nuclei in embryonic day 12 (E12) and in migrating neurons of E16. Sox6 is phosphorylated in vivo. Sox6 was detected by phospho-Ser/Thr and phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro and MPM-2 (Mitotic protein #2) antibodies in brain. Furthermore, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) digestion resulted in faster migration of Sox6 band. The GST-Sox6 was phosphorylated by Cdk5/p35. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Sox6 is phosphorylated at T119PER motif. We show that Sox6 steady state levels are regulated by Cdk5. Cdk5 knockout mice die in utero and Sox6 protein expression is remarkably high in Cdk5−/− brain, however, there is no change in mRNA expression, suggesting a post-translational regulation of Sox6 by Cdk5. Transfection of primary cortical neurons with WT Cdk5 reduced Sox6 levels, while dominant negative (DN) Cdk5 and p35 increased Sox6 levels. Thus, our results indicate that Cdk5 regulates Sox6 steady state protein level that has an important role in brain development and function.
Open-processional change: Three principles of reciprocal-relational power

Abstract Scholars see organizational change processes unfolding in different ways. One way is to distinguish between ‘planned’ (rational-intentional) and ‘performative’ (open-processional) change processes. What distinguishes rational-intentional from open-processional change is the focus of each and is how control and power are perceived and used. In rational-intentional change models, the exercising of control through managerial dominance prevails. In open-processional change models, power and its use become more reciprocal-relational and emerge from the participants' interactions, allowing for the managing of continuous change. That is, once the cultural change initiative is well on its way in being implemented, the effort is no longer an external force imposed from the outside but internalized by the employees' in accomplishing daily work practices. To enact open-processional change, however, often requires critical insight. In adopting a critical/ postmodern perspective, findings from this study surf...
Segmental dilatation of the ileum

Three new cases of congenital segmental dilatation of the ileum are presented and added to 12 cases of segmental dilatation found in the literature. The aspect of the condition which is of particular interest is the presence in 3 of the dilated segments of heteroplastic foregut derivatives of unusual varieties. The etiology of the condition is discussed; it does not appear to be a single distinct pathological entity.
Accounting for water molecules in drug design.

Importance of the field: Water molecules often appear around ligands in protein crystal structures. Reliable prediction of the effects of water on ligand binding remains a challenge. Solvation effects are crucial for lead optimization where a 100-fold difference in binding affinity is significant but correspond to only ∼3 kcal/mol in binding free energy. Well-known examples, such as nonpeptidic urea inhibitors of HIV protease, prove that careful examination of water molecules and their energetics can contribute significantly to a successful drug design campaign. Areas covered in this review: In this review, we examine methods to account for the effect of water in ligand binding at two stages of drug discovery: lead identification via docking calculations and lead optimization. We provide a survey of the models and techniques available to account for water in drug design. What the reader will gain: The reader will become aware of common practices and pitfalls in dealing with water molecules in structure-ba...
MO-E-M100F-02: Marker-Less Intra-Fraction Position Verification of Lung Tumors with An EPID in Cine Mode

Purpose: Patient positioning represents one of the most challenging problems in radiation therapy, especially for some thoracic and abdominal target locations that are under the influence of respiratory motion. To monitor the target during treatment, we have developed an algorithm using a conventional EPID in cine mode and a prior 4DCT scan. A study based on patient data is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Materials and Methods: Based on the 4DCT recorded prior to treatment, a digitally reconstructed fluoroscopic (DRF) series is produced for each of the treatment fields. During the treatment, a cine EPID acquisition is performed for each field as it is delivered. Post‐treatment, we produce an image mask for the individual EPID and DRF images based on the MLC leaf positions. The masks are spatially registered and the required changes are induced so that the two images have consistent field shape and size. Following the image processing, the two image series are passed through a correlation algorithm that identifies the closest DRF image for each EPIDimage. This enables us to associate a 4DCT predetermined breathing phase to the EPID series of images, hence allowing us to recover the tumor position during the treatment relative to the planned position. Results: Depending on the number of acquired EPIDimages per treatment field (depending on the prescribed treatmentdose per field) we were able to recover between 70% (4 images per field) and 91% (6 images) of the 4DCT prerecorded tumor motion. Conclusion: Based on a prior 4DCT and a cine EPIDimagesequence taken during the treatment, we have developed a computational algorithm that enabled us to quantify the differences between the tumor motion within the 4DCT that was used to plan the dose distribution on and the actual tumor motion during the treatment.
Maintaining the public trust in clinical research.

Financial conflicts of interest are present in many types of medical research. Until recently there has been no unified effort to address the many problems that arise because of such conflicts. The Association of American Medical Colleges recently approved guidelines for dealing with individual, as opposed to institutional, conflicts of interest. In this Sounding Board article, Kelch outlines the many features of the guidelines and urges their widespread adoption.
An oxygen-humidity-aerosol unit for infants

Summary A new type of equipment is described which provides oxygen, humidity,and aerosol antibiotics for infants. It is possible to produce appreciable levels of serum penicillin and the relatively high oxygen content with a high humidity is felt to be valuable.
Dynamics of molecular and polymeric interfaces probed with atomic beam scattering and scanning probe imaging

The scattering of atomic and molecular beams from well-characterized surfaces is a useful method for studying the dynamics of gas-surface interactions, providing precise information on the energy and momentum exchange which occur in such encounters. We apply this technique to new systems including disordered films of macromolecules, complex interfaces of macromolecular systems, and hybrid organic-semiconductor interfaces. Time-lapse atomic force microscopy studies of diblock copolymer structural evolution and fluctuations complement the scattering data to give a more complete understanding of dynamical processes in these complex disordered films. Our new scattering findings quantitatively characterize changes in interfacial dynamics including confinement in thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) and changes in the physical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films as they transform from the glassy to their semicrystalline phase. Further measurements on a hybrid organic-semiconductor interface, methyl-terminated silicon (111), reveal that the surface thermal motion and gas-surface energy accommodation are dominated by local molecular vibrations while the interfacial lattice dynamics remain accessible through helium scattering. High temperature atomic force microscopy allows direct, real-time visualization of structural reorganization and defect migration in poly(styrene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) films, revealing details of film reorganization and thermal annealing. Moreover, we employed lithographically created channels to guide the alignment of polymer microdomains. This, in turn, allows direct observation of the mechanisms for diffusion and annihilation of dislocation and disclination defects. In summary, this paper elaborates on the power of combining atom scattering and scanning probe microscopy to interrogate the vibrational dynamics, energy accommodation, energy flow, and structural reorganization in complex interfaces.
Respiratory long-term facilitation following intermittent hypoxia requires reactive oxygen species formation

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits a form of respiratory plasticity known as long-term facilitation (LTF). LTF is a progressive and sustained increase in respiratory motor output as expressed in phrenic and hypoglossal (XII) nerve activity. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in several forms of neuroplasticity, and ROS production is increased by intermittent hypoxia, we tested the hypothesis that ROS are necessary for phrenic and XII LTF following AIH. Urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized and pump-ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to AIH (11% O2, 3, 5 min episodes, 5 min intervals), and both phrenic and XII nerve activity were monitored for 60 min post-AIH. Although phrenic and XII LTF were observed in control rats, i.v. manganese (III) tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP), a superoxide anion scavenger, attenuated both phrenic and XII LTF in a dose dependent manner. Localized application of MnTMPyP (5.5 mM; 10 microl) to the intrathecal space of the cervical spinal cord (C4) abolished phrenic, but not XII LTF. Thus, ROS are necessary for AIH-induced respiratory LTF, and the relevant ROS appear to be localized near respiratory motor nuclei since cervical MnTMPyP injections impaired phrenic (and not XII) LTF. Phrenic LTF is a novel form of ROS-dependent neuroplasticity since its ROS-dependence resides in the spinal cord.
Use of sliding mode controller functions in a TSK-type FLC

In this paper, a TSK type fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with sliding mode controllers (SMC) as its rule consequents is developed, namely a fuzzy sliding controller (FSC). As FSC is a nonlinear controller and its parameters can be easily decided through an analysis of the desired slope and the boundary layer's thickness of the SMC in different regions in the state space. Moreover, the FSC can provide a nonlinear static mapping with fewer rules, and its stability can be analyzed through the sliding condition of the SMC. The derivation of gradient descent based update equations for learning the parameters in each rule of the FSC is included in this paper. Simulation results with an inverted pendulum model are presented. Comparisons between the FSC and a TSK type FLC with linear output functions are also included in this paper.
Desensitization of PGE1 receptors in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells.

Abstract Prostaglandin E 1 receptor sites were measured in homogenates of NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells after exposure of intact cells to PGE 1 . Scatchard analysis of competitive binding studies showed that incubation of NG108-15 cells in the presence of 2.5 μM PGE 1 for 16 h resulted in a loss of PGE 1 receptors and an increase in the dissociation constant of the remaining receptors. Thus, cells challenged with PGE 1 not only lose adenylate cyclase activity, but also lose PGE 1 receptors and decreased the affinity of the remaining receptors for PGE 1 .
Experimental investigation of the energy-size reduction relationship in comminution using fractal theory

Abstract On the basis of Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's theories, this paper shows that the three traditional expressions based on these theories are generally stated as follows: dE =- C dx / x 4− D s , where E is energy input, C is a costant, x is the particle size, and D s is the fractal dimension of a rock-fractured particle surface; and that three expressions may be derived as special cases of this general equation and Rittinger's theory is obeyed for common comminution systems. Semi-automatic image analysis was used for fractal dimension measurement of 450 rock-fractured particle profiles chosen from 45 samples obtained by different fracture methods, such as high static compression, impact, jaw crushing and ball mill grinds. The experimental data show good agreement between the authors' equation and the empirical equations derived from the experiments of Charles, Hukki, Kwong et al and Brown et al; and also indicate that the smaller the particle size, the slightly bigger is the fractal dimension D s ; in other words, the more irregular is the particle surface. This investigation shows that values of D s are different for different size reduction methods, and ball mill grinds can produced the smoothest partiale surfaces. A conclusion of this paper is that the actual particle surface area may be more than 1.26 times that of traditional estimates.
Spatially Discrete, Light-Driven Protein Expression

Transgene-based inducible expression systems offer the potential to study the influence of any gene at any point during an organism's lifetime. However, the expression of individual genes is both temporally and spatially (i.e., cell/tissue)-regulated. The inducible gene expression systems devised to date do not offer fine spatial control over gene expression. We describe herein the creation and study of a light-activatable, ecdysone-inducible gene expression system. We have constructed the first example of a caged ecdysteroid, which is virtually inactive as an inducing agent in a luciferase-based gene expression system. However, upon exposure to brief illumination, the caged ecdysteroid is rapidly converted into active β-ecdysone. Caged β-ecdysone is cell permeable, can be intracellularly photouncaged, and, in combination with spot illumination, can be used to drive spatially discrete protein expression in a multicellular setting.
A field guide to eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA viruses: insights gained from metagenomics

Despite their small size and limited protein-coding capacity, the rapid evolution rates of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have led to their emergence as serious plant and animal pathogens. Recently, metagenomics has revealed an unprecedented diversity of ssDNA viruses, expanding their known environmental distributions and host ranges. This review summarizes and contrasts the basic characteristics of known circular ssDNA viral groups, providing a resource for analyzing the wealth of ssDNA viral sequences identified through metagenomics. Since ssDNA viruses are largely identified based on conserved rolling circle replication proteins, this review highlights distinguishing motifs and catalytic residues important for replication. Genomes identified through metagenomics have demonstrated unique ssDNA viral genome architectures and revealed characteristics that blur the boundaries between previously well-defined groups. Metagenomic discovery of ssDNA viruses has created both a challenge to current taxonomic classification schemes and an opportunity to revisit hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of these viruses.
"Hella Ghetto!": (Dis)Locating Race and Class Consciousness in Youth Discourses of Ghetto Spaces, Subjects and Schools.

Based on analysis of interviews conducted during 2008-2009 in Oakland, California, this paper examines how narratives of inner-city youth reinforce and destabilize mainstream conceptions of 'ghetto.' The paper demonstrates that inner-city youth discourses regarding 'ghetto' spaces, subjects and schools often exemplify a consciousness informed by both counter-hegemonic insights and internalized psychological trauma. In other words, the interviewed youth reconstitute the term 'ghetto' to signify structural and cultural processes of dislocation occurring in their neighborhood through narratives characterized by contradiction. This finding is significant because it questions how to analyze non-white narratives and offers 'dislocated consciousness' as an interpretive lens grounded in the contradictions of subaltern consciousness theorized by W.E.B. Dubois, Frantz Fanon and Antonio Gramsci. By developing the concept of 'dislocation' to illuminate how such youth negotiate, resist and internalize the material and ideological structures that condition their existence, this study contributes to the existing literature on race and class consciousness of urban youth. The paper concludes by exploring how strategies urban youth utilize to come to terms with their lives can provide new understandings of urban communities and schooling.
Yucca Mountain Project Structural Fragility Estimates for Impact Loading of Waste Packages

A methodology is presented for estimating the ultimate structural capability (fragility) of metallic nuclear waste disposal containers (waste packages) subject to impact events. The LS-DYNA finite element analysis (FEA) computer code and massively parallel processing (MPP) is used for nonlinear, dynamic-plastic, large-distortion impact simulations. The fragility estimate for risk assessments uses strain energy concepts, a ductile-rupture damage criterion and tri-linear stress-strain curves adjusted for material cold-forming triaxiality and weldment toughness scatter. FEA examples are provided for waste package impacts on ground support structures.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On the classical trapping problem

We consider the problem of finding the probability density for the location of an untrapped pest satisfying a diffusion equation with the scaled Laplacian. Then by taking the initial data to the diffusion process to be in some Lp spaces, we establish the existence and uniqueness of local solutions in these spaces and the existence and uniqueness of weak global solutions in Lp,q; p,q greater than 3. The interest of this method relies on the fact that it is by successive approximations and hence amenable to numerical treatment.
SPIN UP IN NEUTRON STARS: THE FUTURE OF THE VELA PULSAR.

Assuming that the speed up of the Vela pulsar was caused by a “starquake”, a number of predictions can be made, and the event can be taken as evidence that the interior of the pulsar is a superfluid.
Experimental test of two marking methods on survival, growth, mark retention and readability on young-of-year pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)

Abstract Ecological studies often require marking individuals or cohorts. However, different marks may have inherent advantages and disadvantages which should be considered before designing studies that use them. Visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags and liquid-nitrogen cold brands are two techniques commonly used with fishes, but their effects on growth and survival, and their retention rates and mark readability have not been explicitly tested on pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), an ideal model organism due to its high abundance and tractability. We used a controlled mesocosm experiment to test for mark-induced differences in survival and growth rates, and growth-induced differences in mark retention and readability, between VIE-tagged and cold-branded juvenile pinfish. Neither VIE tags nor brands affected survival or growth in pinfish. Furthermore, growth did not affect retention or readability of either type of mark. However, retention rates were higher in cold-branded individuals while readability was better for VIE-tagged fish. Thus, both methods appear to satisfy the criterion of not affecting basic biological processes, an important assumption in all studies that use marking techniques, while also differing in other regards. We discuss some of the competing advantages and disadvantages of each that investigators must consider before the onset of a marking program.
Temperament measures of African‐American infants: change and convergence with age

Studies of infant temperament are inconsistent with regard to convergence across measurement sources. In addition, little published work is available that describes temperament in minority infants. In this study, measures of temperament at three and six months were made for 24 African‐American infants. Although maternal ratings of activity and fussiness did not correlate with more objective measures at three months of age, ratings and the more objective assessments were significantly correlated at six months.
The synthesis of some alkyl p-N-alkyl amidinobenzoates.

Since it was previously shown that marked local anesthetic activity is possessed by some simple n‐alkyl, alicyclic, aromatic, and halogenated n‐alkyl esters of p‐carboxybenzamidine, alkyl groups were introduced into the amidiae groups of some simple esters of p‐carboxybenzarnidine. The new compounds are to be tested for local anesthetic, antibiotic, and antispasmodic properties.
Technology: Ultrafast imaging takes on a new design

An imaging technique has been developed that can record non-repetitive ultrafast phenomena without strobe or flash illumination. The approach could find applications in biomedicine and security technologies. See Letter p.74 With the advent of fast electronic imaging sensors in the late 1960s, ultrafast photography became possible. Events even faster than a nanosecond can be captured with a streak camera — a device that records a single extended frame rather than a sequence of frames. However, this technique is inherently one-dimensional: to capture a two-dimensional image, the camera needs to scan the scene stepwise, requiring the event to be repetitive. Gao et al. now demonstrate a technique based on compressed imaging with a streak camera that can video record non-repetitive transient events in two dimensions at 100 billion frames per second, a temporal resolution down to tens of picoseconds. To demonstrate the potential of the technique, dubbed compressed ultrafast photography or CUP, the authors demonstrate ultra-fast imaging of laser pulses being reflected and refracted, and of photons racing in two media, as well as apparent faster-than-light propagation of non-information. It should be possible to couple CUP to anything from microscopes to telescopes.
Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis

Background The dramatic increase in the use of cellular phones has generated concerns about potential adverse effects, especially the development of brain tumors. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effect of cellular phone use on the risk of brain tumor development.
A 16-year-old boy with multifocal, painless osseous lesions.

A 16-year-old boy presented with left wrist pain of 8 months’ duration. There was a remote history of a hyperextension injury to the wrist while weight lifting. He denied all constitutional symptoms. He had taken NSAIDs intermittently with no resolution of symptoms. He was an otherwise healthy adolescent with no significant medical history. His family history was noncontributory. The patient had been seen by an orthopaedist who suspected triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear and ordered MRI without contrast. The MRI showed several welldefined intramedullary lesions in the distal radius and carpal bones that were suggestive of leukemia. The orthopaedist then obtained a bone marrow biopsy which showed normocellular marrow with trilineage hematopoiesis and no evidence of acute leukemia. The patient then was referred for orthopaedic oncology evaluation for additional workup of the lesions seen on the MR images. On examination, the patient was a healthy-appearing teenager with stable vital signs. Focused examination of the wrist showed tenderness to palpation at the TFCC. Ulnar deviation of the wrist provoked ulnar-sided wrist pain. There were no palpable masses, deformities, swelling, or bony tenderness. He had no lymphadenopathy. The rest of his physical examination was normal. Laboratory examinations showed a slightly increased white blood cell count of 11.0 (10/L) with a differential of 61% neutrophils, 28% lymphocytes, 8.7% monocytes, 1.4% eosinophils, and 0.3% basophils. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased at 35 mm/hour. Total protein electrophoresis was increased in the a1-globulin region to 0.56 g/dL (normal, 0.19–0.46 g/dL) and in the a2-globulin to 1.19 g/dL (normal, 0.48–1.05 g/dL). Plain radiographs of the wrist showed no abnormalities. Based on these imaging studies, further workup, including contrast enhanced MRI (Fig. 1), CT scan (Fig. 2) of the left wrist, and a whole-body bone scan (Fig. 3), were performed. Based on the history, physical examination, laboratory studies, and imaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis at this point? Each author certifies that he or she, or a member of his or her immediate family, has no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. Each author certifies that his or her institution approved the reporting of this case report, that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research, and that informed consent for participation in the study was obtained. This work was performed at The Mount Sinai Hospital/Mount Sinai School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.
Organic polymers in seawater: changes with depth in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Ultrafiltration has been used to concentrate dissolved organic macromolecules from seawater. Partial characterization of the macromolecular material shows that it differs markedly from its supposed biological source materials. Changes in the amounts in different molecular weight fractions with depth seem to define several layers. The significance of these changes in light of current theories of the nature and cycling of organic matter in the sea is discussed.
Studying harmonic generation enhancement in wavelength scale spheres

We explore a model proposed by Ostling et. al. for harmonic enhancement of second and third harmonic in an attempt to produce experimentally verifiable signatures
Inversion of technical and communication emphasis in an engineering product design class

In order to situate first year technical writing students in engineering practice, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Experimental Study Group (ESG) has piloted a section of a first year writing curriculum subject, 21W.732, Scientific Writing and New Media, in which the communication deliverables are based on mechanical engineering product design. The ESG section of the 21W.732 writing subject inverts the communication and technical emphases found in upper-level engineering design subjects: in the ESG 21W.732, the emphasis is on communication rather than product design. The ESG 21W.732 curriculum asks students to work together both individually and in teams to conceive, design, prototype, and evaluate products; the communication assignments are coupled directly to this design cycle or to the humanistic aspects of engineering. Results suggest that students are engaged in this novel subject and value the experience. This interdisciplinary, hands-on, project-based, team-based communication class offers students a number of benefits above and beyond situated communication instruction, including the opportunity for first year students to explore engineering as a major, to learn (some) technical content driven by the projects, and to engage in genuine team project work.
Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions on HIV-positive persons' mental health and immune functioning.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) for improving the mental health and immune functioning of people living with HIV (PLWH). Design: Comprehensive searches of electronic databases from 1988 to 2005, hand searches of journals, reference lists of articles, and contacts with researchers. Meta-analytic approaches were used in synthesizing findings. Main Outcome Measures: Intervention effects on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, stress, and CD4 cell counts were assessed. Results: Data from 15 controlled trials were analyzed. Significant intervention effects were observed for improving symptoms of depression (d 0.33), anxiety (d 0.30), anger (d 1.00), and stress (d 0.43). There is limited evidence suggesting intervention effects on CD4 cell counts (d 0.08). The aggregated effect size estimates for depression and anxiety were statistically significant in trials that provided stress management skills training and had more than 10 intervention sessions. Conclusion: CBIs are efficacious in improving various psychological states of PLWH. Future research should examine the relationship among interventions, psychological states, medication adherence, and immune functions, and identify other relevant factors associated with intervention effects.