cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disparate Roles for the Regulatory A Subunit Isoforms in Arabidopsis Protein Phosphatase 2A

The heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex comprises a catalytic subunit and regulatory A and B subunits that modulate enzyme activity and mediate interactions with other proteins. We report here the results of a systematic analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) regulatory A subunit gene family, which includes the ROOTS CURL IN NAPHTHYLPHTHALAMIC ACID1 (RCN1), PP2AA2, and PP2AA3 genes. All three A subunit isoforms accumulate in the organs of seedlings and adult plants, suggesting extensive overlap in expression domains. We have isolated pp2aa2 and pp2aa3 mutants and found that their phenotypes are largely normal and do not resemble that of rcn1. Whereas rcn1 pp2aa2 and rcn1 pp2aa3 double mutants exhibit striking abnormalities in all stages of development, the pp2aa2 pp2aa3 double mutant shows only modest defects. Together, these data suggest that RCN1 performs a cardinal role in regulation of phosphatase activity and that PP2AA2 and PP2AA3 functions are unmasked only when RCN1 is absent.
Effect of Gliocladium and Trichoderma on damping‐off and blight of snapbean caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse

Aqueous suspensions of conidia of 285 wild-type strains and mutants of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride were tested against Sclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse. Ten strains of G. virens and four strains of T. harzianum suppressed damping-off of snapbean by 30-50% and blight by 36-74%. All strains of T. hamatum and T. viride tested as conidia were ineffective. In general, strains of G. virens were more effective in suppressing disease in the greenhouse than strains of T. harzianum. Several strains of G. virens and T. harzianum used alone were equal to or more effective than double and triple mixtures of such strains in disease suppression. Of four formulations of G. virens tested, germlings, alginate-bran-fermenter biomass pellets, and Pyrax-fermenter biomass mixtures reduced disease considerably and all three formulations were more effective than conidia in aqueous suspension. Strain G1-3 of G. virens added to soil as Pyrax-fermenter biomass mixtures in amounts to provide colony-forming units ranging from 1 -5 × 103 to 1 -2 × 104 per g soil provided statistically significant protection of the host at all concentrations. The extent of biological control with strains G1-3 and G1-21 of G. virens also depended on the strain of the pathogen used. Both strains effectively suppressed disease caused by strain Sr-1 (small sclerotia) of S. rolfsii. They were partially effective against strain Sr-116 (medium size sclerotia) and ineffective against strain Sr-3 (large sclerotia). Although strains G1-3 and G1-21 colonized the sclerotia of all three strains of S. rolfsii in soil effectively, they only reduced germinability of sclerotia of strain Sr-1.
Measuring Retention of Chromated Copper Arsenate in Conifer Sapwood by Direct-Scan X-Ray Techniques

Abstract This study was designed to indicate how well direct-scan X-raying predicts preservative retention and distribution of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in wafers of conifer sapwood. The intensity of X-rays passed through western hemlock wafers treated with varying concentrations of CCA solutions was inversely proportional to preservative concentration. X-ray intensities predicted 98% of the variation in preservative retention among the wafers. Intensity of direct-scan X-rays passed through selected test materials was consistent over a 9-month span. X-ray intensity over 1000 readings at a single scan point had a coefficient of variation of 0.1%. The strong relationship between direct-scan X-ray intensity and preservative retention, as well as the repeatability of intensity readings over time and the small variation in intensity readings at each data point, indicate that direct-scan X-ray techniques can be used to assess preservative retention and distribution in wood treated with inorganic arsenical...
Implementation and evaluation of scalable vehicle-to-vehicle safety communication control

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications play a critical role in enabling numerous important cooperative safety applications. V2V safety communications rely on broadcast of self-state information (e.g., position, speed, and heading) by each vehicle, which allows a vehicle to track its neighboring vehicles in real time. One of the most pressing challenges in this research is to maintain acceptable tracking accuracy of neighboring vehicles while avoiding congestion in the shared communication channel. In this article we describe the evaluation of a transmission control protocol that adapts the message rate and transmission power for V2V safety communications. This protocol has been implemented on V2V test vehicles with wireless radios and integrated with existing active safety applications. The testing and evaluation results show that proposed communication design works well in practice, its performance matches the observations from previous simulations and shows great promise for a large-scale deployment of V2V cooperative safety systems.
An adaptive multiuser receiver for CDMA systems

A new real-time, digital adaptive multiuser receiver structure is proposed for the uplink in a mobile communications system employing code division multiple access (CDMA). The receiver efficiently implements the decorrelating detector of Lupas and Verdu (1989) and can be adapted to incorporate decision feedback to further improve the detector performance. While the basic receiver design is presented for synchronous CDMA over AWGN channels, experimental evaluation of the receiver for the asynchronous case verifies its robustness for cases when the relative user delays are small compared to the symbol duration as in microcellular scenarios. An efficient decorrelating RAKE combiner for frequency-selective multipath channels is also proposed and analyzed. Performance evaluation of the detector via computer simulation scenarios is conducted in support of analytical results to substantiate its potential for real-time operation. >
Innovations in transesophageal echocardiographic imaging.

Over the last three decades, the continuing development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has represented a major advance in our ability to visualize cardiovascular structures with ultrasound. TEE serves as a valuable complement to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) by allowing: images to be obtained with less attenuation from structures such as the lung, muscle, bone, and soft tissue; high resolution visualization of structures not well seen by TTE, such as left atrial appendage, descending thoracic aorta, and prosthetic heart valves; and assessment of hemodynamics and flow disorders in greater detail. This article provides a brief overview of current as well as emerging clinical applications of transesophageal echocardiography. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, November 2003)
Compensatory growth in immature sheep: III. Feed utilization by sheep subjected to feed deprivation followed by realimentation*

Experimental conditions and design were described in Part I. When compared with continuous growth, there was a 46% increase in rate of gain following refeeding, but no increase in intake per kg0·734 (MBS) per day. Part of the reason for this was the rapid accumulation of body water after realimentation. If the total cost of feed, including that of the weight-loss phase, is used to calculate the feed required per unit of gain, however, the sheep realimented at 26 kg to reach an empty body weight (EBW) of 45 kg had a requirement 27% higher than ad libitum continuously fed sheep taken to the same final EBW.The only treatment effect on digestibility or metabolizability of the diet that was not accounted for by level of intake was a depression immediately after underfeeding commenced. The metabolizable energy (ME) value later decreased markedly as a result of the relatively high proportion of gross energy lost in the urine (14·4%).There were no significant differences between normal growth and refeeding in maintenance requirement or efficiency of energy retention above maintenance. The combined figures were 107 ± 14 kcal ME/kg MBS/day and 52 ± 7% respectively.
Fault detection and identification in Petri net controllers

This paper proposes a methodology for providing fault tolerance to Petri net controllers. In order to provide tolerance against faults that may compromise the functionality of the Petri net controller, we construct a redundant Petri net embedding that allows the detection and identification of place and transition faults. A place fault results in an incorrect token-load of a place, and a transition fault arises when the token-load of either the input or output place-set of a transition is not appropriately updated following the firing of a transition. The resulting Petri net controller implementations use redundant places, connections and tokens to impose invariant conditions that allow the detection and identification of faults via linear parity checks. The proposed methodology is attractive because the redundant Petri net controller makes efficient use of redundancy and allows for the systematic detection and identification of faults. More specifically, the use of d redundant places enables the detection and identification of up to d - 1 transition faults and up to [d/2] place faults.
Symbolic NFA scheduling of a RISC microprocessor

We describe a set of techniques for representing the high-level behavior of a digital subsystem as a collection of nondeterministic finite automata, NFA. Desired behavioral dynamics such as functional dependencies, sequential timing, and sequencing, and control state are similarly modeled. Using techniques similar to that used in formal model checking, we implicitly explore the possible execution sequences of the system, obeying all imposed constraints. This provides a very general, systematic mechanism for performing high-level synthesis of cyclic, control dominated behaviors, constrained by arbitrary sequential constraints. In this paper, we show that these techniques are scalable to practical problem sizes and complexities by constructing a high-level model of a (MIPS IV) RISC microprocessor and then performing exact scheduling and related design tradeoffs on this model. The model is constructed at the level of register transactions to address the majority of contention and arbitration issues of architectural interest.
A 60 GHz high-Q tapered transmission line resonator in 90nm CMOS

This paper presents an integrated high quality factor tapered transmission line resonator for 60 GHz applications, in a 90nm digital CMOS process. The resonator takes advantage of the standing wave properties of shorted quarter wavelength transmission lines to enhance the resonant quality factor by trading off between resistive and conductive losses. The tapered resonator achieves over 70% quality factor improvement over an optimal uniform resonator and can provide even higher gains on lower loss substrates.
Accelerated Evolution of Maribavir Resistance in a Cytomegalovirus Exonuclease Domain II Mutant

A human cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL54 pol exonuclease domain II mutation, D413A, found in a clinical specimen, conferred ganciclovir (GCV) and cidofovir resistance but not foscarnet resistance when incorporated into laboratory strain T2294. After several passages without drug, mutation was observed in five of eight plaques of T2294, and its plating efficiency under foscarnet was increased approximately 30-fold over that of a control strain. When T2294 was serially passed under maribavir (MBV), phenotypic changes and viral UL97 mutations were detected by passage 5, much earlier than previously reported for other CMV strains. By passage 15, mutations included two cases of H411Y, one each of H411L and H411N, three of T409M, five of V353A, and one of L397R. Five instances of codon 409 or 411 mutations evolved into double mutations including V353A. Marker transfer experiments showed H411N/Y/L to confer 9- to 70-fold-increased MBV resistance and combinations of H411L/Y and V353A to confer >150-fold-increased MBV resistance, but no GCV resistance. These findings are consistent with defective exonuclease activity of the pol D413A mutant T2294, leading to the accelerated evolution of UL97 mutations under MBV. This recapitulated the known resistance mutations V353A, L397R, and T409M; suggested their relative frequency; and identified new ones at codon 411. These UL97 mutations predict an MBV binding region overlapping the kinase ATP binding site and located upstream of known GCV resistance mutations. The existence of viable pol D413A mutants may facilitate the selection of additional drug resistance mutations in vivo and the study of these mutations in vitro.
VOLATILITY OF Se AND Te DURING SUBDUCTION-RELATED DISTILLATION AND THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF EPITHERMAL ORES OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

Subduction, partial melting of mantle and magma generation, and ultimately magma degassing can lead to the preferential mobilization of volatile elements and compounds. Research indicates that devolatilization reactions in a subducted slab can cause the overlying mantle to be enriched in volatile ore-forming constituents (water, CO2, sulfur, metal[loid]s). This process of mantle enrichment plays an important role in subsequent magma generation and initiation of ore genesis. Furthermore, the relative volatility of metal(loid)s appears to play a role in the ultimate geochemistry of shallow (epithermal-epizonal) hydrothermal ores in the western United States. For example, there is a general west-to-east geographic zonation of Tertiary ores, from Se rich to Te rich. It is proposed that this geographic-geochemical zonation is the direct result of the higher geochemical volatility of Se as compared to Te. Previously, Au, Ag, Te, Se, Hg, As, Sb, and Tl have been referred to as the epithermal suite of elements. It is suggested here that their geochemical cycles are linked by their similar volatile behavior, through subduction, partial melting in the mantle, and subsequent magma degassing processes. Essentially, specific tectonomagmatic events that affected the western United States (e.g., Oligocene-Eocene magmatism in the Great Basin and southern Rocky Mountains, mid-Miocene magmatism associated with the inception of the Yellowstone hotspot in the Pacific Northwest) were distillation events that drove devolatilization of fertile mantle after the Laramide shallow-slab event. Furthermore, the metal(loid) volatility behavior likely occurs in other regions affected by subduction and may play a fundamental role in the metal endowment of these regions.
Algorithms for determining invertible two‐ and three‐dimensional quadratic isoparametric finite element transformations

This paper presents an algorithm which determines the invertibility of any planar, triangular quadratic isoparametric finite element transformation. Extensions of the algorithm to three-dimensional isoparametric finite element transformations yield conditions which guarantee invertibility of 10-node tetrahedra and 8-node bricks. The mathematical basis for the algorithm focuses on the Jacobian as a continuous function defined over a compact set where the Jacobian attains a maximum and a minimum value. The algorithm then determines whether these values are of opposite sign.
Elevations in circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in three patients with lymphoma-associated hypercalcemia.

Three patients with hypercalcemia associated with malignant lymphoma and elevations in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] are described. In addition to the elevation of circulating 1,25-(OH)2D, these three patients were characterized by suppressed immunoreactive PTH levels and urinary cAMP excretion, elevated fasting urinary excretion of calcium, and absence of adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity in the tumor extracts. Bone marrow biopsy and skeletal radionuclide scans were negative for lymphoma in two patients. Surgical excision of a solitary splenic lymphoma in one patient and medical therapy in another patient resulted in rapid normalization of the serum calcium and plasma 1,25-(OH)2D levels. These findings confirm an earlier observation that elevated plasma levels of 1,25-(OH)2D may occur in certain patients with lymphoma and suggest that this vitamin D metabolite may act as a humoral or systemic mediator of hypercalcemia. Proof that this is the case and identification of the source of 1,...
MTI on-orbit calibration

The Multi-spectral Thermal Imager (MTI) will be a satellite- based imaging system that will provide images in fifteen spectral bands covering large portions of the spectrum from 0.45 through 10.7 microns. An important goal of the mission is to provide data with state-of-the-art radiometric calibration. The on-orbit calibration will rely on the pre-launch ground calibration and will be maintained by vicarious calibration campaigns. System drifts before and between the vicarious calibration campaigns will be monitored by several on-board sources that serve as transfer sources in the calibration of external images. These sources can be divided into two groups: a set of sources at an internal aperture, primarily intended to monitor short term drifts in the detectors and associated electronics; and two sources at the external aperture, intended to monitor longer term drifts in the optical train before the internal aperture. The steps needed to transfer calibrations to image products, additional radiometric data quality estimates performed as part of this transfer, and the data products associated with this transfer will all be examined.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Genome-Wide Analysis of RNA Pseudoknots That Stimulate Efficient −1 Ribosomal Frameshifting or Readthrough in Animal Viruses

Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) and stop codon readthrough are two translational recoding mechanisms utilized by some RNA viruses to express their structural and enzymatic proteins at a defined ratio. Efficient recoding usually requires an RNA pseudoknot located several nucleotides downstream from the recoding site. To assess the strategic importance of the recoding pseudoknots, we have carried out a large scale genome-wide analysis in which we used an in-house developed program to detect all possible H-type pseudoknots within the genomic mRNAs of 81 animal viruses. Pseudoknots are detected downstream from ~85% of the recoding sites, including many previously unknown pseudoknots. ~78% of the recoding pseudoknots are the most stable pseudoknot within the viral genomes. However, they are not as strong as some designed pseudoknots that exhibit roadblocking effect on the translating ribosome. Strong roadblocking pseudoknots are not detected within the viral genomes. These results indicate that the decoding pseudoknots have evolved to possess optimal stability for efficient recoding. We also found that the sequence at the gag-pol frameshift junction of HIV1 harbors potential elaborated pseudoknots encompassing the frameshift site. A novel mechanism is proposed for possible involvement of the elaborated pseudoknots in the HIV1 PRF event.
Decision-Making and the Barriers to Judicious Antibiotic Use

Escalating antibiotic resistance is a “multinational public health crisis.”1 As children are heavy consumers of antibiotics and serve as community reservoirs of resistant organisms, promoting judicious pediatric antibiotic use can have high impact.2 Decreasing prescribing rates over the past decade have recently plateaued; young children still receive, on average, >1 antibiotic prescription per year, most for broad-spectrum drugs, with 25% of antibiotics prescribed for diagnoses for which antibiotics are unlikely to be of benefit.3,4 These data seem to defy rational logic; why is this problem so recalcitrant? Vaz et al,5 in this issue of Pediatrics , address this important question by recognizing that antibiotic prescribing decisions take place within the context of the physician–patient relationship, where the perspectives of individual families and physicians often take precedence over potential future risks of resistance for society at large. Classic decision theory and behavioral economics can help to explain how we make flawed choices. Vaz et al5 demonstrate that many parents have imperfect information; they are mistaken about the indications for antibiotic treatment and remain confused about the distinction between bacterial and viral infections. Although … Address correspondence to Sharon B. Meropol, MD, PhD, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Mailstop 6019, Cleveland, OH 44106. E-mail: sharon.meropol{at}uhhospitals.org
Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges : Bad taste or glass spicules?

Abstract Chemical and physical defenses of sessile organisms against consumers are well described for both terrestrial and marine systems. However, previous studies have focused on chemical or physical defenses in isolation, and have not considered their interaction. Marine sponges provide a model system for testing this interaction. Some sponge species produce secondary metabolites that deter predation; they may also contain siliceous spicules, but previous studies have provided little evidence that spicules in isolation offer any defense against generalist fish predators. To determine whether the two components have an additive, antagonistic, or synergistic interaction, crude organic extracts and spicules from individuals of 8 Caribbean sponge species were isolated and tested in laboratory feeding assays. These included one chemically defended reef sponge ( Agelas clathrodes ) and seven known to be intermediately deterrent: six from reef habitats ( Cinachyrella alloclada , Clathria virgultosa , Cribrochalina infundibulum , Niphates digitalis , Svenzea zeai , and Xestospongia muta ) and one from mangrove habitats ( Tedania ignis ). Extracts and spicules were assayed at various concentrations, both individually and in combination, in laboratory feeding assays with the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum . A SAS based GENMOD procedure based on an isobolographic analysis model was used for statistical comparisons. Four sponges ( A. clathrodes , C. alloclada , C. virgultosa , and one of three individuals of X. muta ) showed evidence of synergisms. Of these, synergy in C. alloclada , C. virgultosa , and X. muta was caused by approximately natural concentrations of extracts and spicules. The extract of A . clathrodes was deterrent, but combination assays required nearly a 3-fold reduction in extract concentration and an 8-fold increase in spicule concentration to show the synergistic effect. Contrary to previous findings, spicules from C. infundibulum and two of three individuals of X. muta were deterrent at natural concentrations. Sponge spicules may be defensive in isolation, or may enhance chemical defenses against consumers, but the lack of synergisms for individuals in 4 of 7 species with intermediate levels of chemical defense suggests that defensive synergy is not the general rule and, when present, may be an example of an exaptation.
Has there been a "feminization" of gambling and problem gambling in the United States?

This paper examines the question of whether there has been a "feminization" of gambling and problem gambling in the United States. Feminization refers to the idea that more women are gambling, developing problems and seeking help for problems related to gambling than in the past. Data from a theoretically derived sample of four states are examined to identify patterns in the distribution of gambling participation and the prevalence of problem gambling in the general population. Despite widespread acceptance of the notion of the feminization of gambling and problem gambling, men remain significantly more likely than women to participate regularly in most types of gambling. Most gambling activities remain highly gendered; however, in the United States, the widespread introduction of gaming machines is associated with increases in gambling and problem gambling among women. The present analysis highlights the importance of taking socio-demographic characteristics besides gender into account when considering the distribution of gambling and problem gambling in the general population.
Emotions And Contentious Politics

In recent years, scholars have come to recognize emotions and emotional processes as central to an understanding of contentious politics. The study of emotions was not absent from early analyses of collective behavior and social movements, but it was typically accompanied by a number of problematic assumptions that no longer inform most research on the subject. This earlier work typically equated emotions with irrationality and assumed that emotions and rationality are incompatible. This often led to a narrow focus on the emotional content of sudden outbursts of crowd behavior. The work represented in this collection rejects the false dichotomy of emotions and rationality and adopts a much broader perspective on the role of emotions. These articles address a wide range of issues, including the role of emotions in sustaining movements over time, the complex and often contradictory nature of emotion work within movements, and the activities that produce the emotional energy needed to forge and maintain collective political identities. They clearly document the centrality of emotions to the process by which people engage in contentious politics. Much of the recent research on emotions and political conflict has entailed micro-level analyses and ahistorical case studies, mainly in the United States and Western Europe. The articles collected here embrace a broader scope, moving across diverse cultures and incorporating attention to long-term and large-scale processes, such as the institutionalization of electoral practices in England, democratization in Mexico and Korea, the global spread of nationalism, and the revolutionary transformation of regimes in China. These articles suggest that the historical study of emotions can lead us to question commonsense understandings, address silences in the existing literature, and rethink conventional categories of analysis. Close historical inspection of the circumstances surrounding the
Femtosecond Transient Absorption Study of Supramolecularly Assembled Metal Tetrapyrrole–TiO2 Thin Films

Photoexcited electron injection and back electron transfer dynamics of metal tetrapyrrole bound to TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces via the metal–ligand axial coordination approach have been investigated using femtosecond pump–probe transient spectroscopic technique. The employed metal tetrapyrroles include zinc and magnesium metalated meso-tetraarylporphyrins having halogen substituents on the peripheral aryl groups, perfluorinated zinc phthalocyanine derivatives, and zinc naphthalocyanine. The employed metal tetrapyrroles covered absorption at different portions of the visible and near-IR region of the spectrum with excited-state reduction potentials ranging between −0.61 eV and −1.34 V, that is, having energy higher than the TiO2 conduction band edge (−0.57 V vs NHE). Two linkers, pyridine and phenylimidazole, have been employed to visualize electronic coupling between the dye and metal oxide surface for optimal electron injection and back electron transfer dynamics. In agreement with the previously reported...
Specification of the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter

The Ionosphere-Thermosphere environment undergoes constant and sometimes dramatic changes due to solar and geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, given that this environment has a significant effect on space infrastructure, such as satellites, it is important to understand the potential changes caused by space weather events.
Familial Torsion of the Spermatic Cord

AbstractFamilial spermatic cord torsion is rare. We present the fifth recorded family with this condition. Due to awareness of the condition and its consequences on the part of the family there was minimal delay in presentation and early testicular salvage occurred in all 4 patients.
Growth of the pulmonary anulus and pulmonary arteries after the Blalock-Taussig shunt

Twenty-one children with tetralogy of Fallot were studied angiocardiographically before a palliative Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (mean age, 15 ± 2.2 months) and again 28.9 ± 8.52 months later. When the initial ratio between the diameter of the pulmonary anulus and that of the descending thoracic aorta (DPA/DDesc Ao) was less than 1.0, it increased by 0.19 ± 0.178 after anastomosis (p = 0.002). When initially it was less than 0.7, it increased by 0.34 ± 0.125. Mean pulmonary artery pressure after shunting (presumably determined by the magnitude of the shunt) is related to the magnitude of increase in the relative size of the pulmonary anulus (r = 0.48; p = 0.07). The ratios of right (DRPA) and left pulmonary artery diameters (DLPA) to DDesc Ao also increased in the interval, 0.14 ± 0.190 for DRPA/DDesc Ao (p = 0.004) and 0.13 ± 0.244 for DLPA/DDec Ao (p = 0.03). The ipsilateral (relative to the Blalock-Taussig shunt) artery enlarged to the same degree as the contralateral pulmonary artery. Calculations using Alfieri and colleagues’ equation indicate that the enlargement of right pulmonary artery and left pulmonary artery was sufficient to predict significantly lower right ventricular peak pressure after intracardiac repair than would have been measured after the initial catheterization. This, plus the increase in DPA/DDesc Ao, suggests that an initial palliative Blalock-Taussig anastomosis in infants with small pulmonary anuli and small right and left pulmonary arteries might allow later complete repair to be done, with the result being a somewhat lower right ventricular pressure after repair and possibly with a lower incidence of transannular patching than if performed primarily.
Are you treating youngsters who are or should be receiving mental health services

Psychiatrists now recognize that the disorders of children are serious, treatable conditions and as precursors of adult psychopathology. These conditions can seriously influence the patient's behavior when undergoing dental treatment. The dentist will probably assume that the behavior problems are directly related to the nature of the dental service, rather than particular underlying personality characteristics of preschool and school-age children. It is important that practitioners recognize and understand these conditions as they attempt to provide adequate treatment. No national epidemiological studies have been conducted in this country that would provide valid indicators of either the prevalence or incidence of mental disorders among children. Local studies, however, have been done that diagnosable disorders in children range from 17.6 percent to 22 percent, including 3 percent to 5 percent who have severe emotional or behavioral problems. The prevalence of many mental disorders is greater in males than in females, ranging from a ratio of 2:1 to 9:1. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders, first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, and adolescence range as high as 15,000 cases per 100,000 persons. It is important for the dentist to recognize that (1) even the youngest of children seen in a dental practice may be in need of mental health services, (2) management problems may stem from mental health problems, and (3) families are unaware or unwilling to admit that a child may need help.
Acute Coronary Syndrome in a 52-Year-Old Woman With Scleroderma

Information about a real patient is presented in stages (boldface type) to expert clinicians (Drs Mauri and Dr MacRae), who respond to the information, sharing their reasoning with the reader (regular type). A discussion by the authors follows. Patient presentation: A 52-year-old woman with a medical history of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and scleroderma presented to outpatient cardiology clinic with chest discomfort. She was in her usual state of health until 1 week before presentation, when she developed fatigue and malaise that persisted throughout the week. On the evening before presentation, she awoke with substernal chest pressure that worsened over the next several hours and prevented her from falling back asleep. She presented to her primary cardiologist the following morning with ongoing chest discomfort. Her medical history was notable for a prior circumflex PCI, diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, mononeuritis multiplex, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Her PCI occurred 1 year earlier, when she presented with atypical chest pain in the setting of a scleroderma flare and was found to have lateral ST depressions on her ECG and an elevated troponin T level of 0.12 ng/mL. Coronary angiography was performed and revealed 99% occlusion of the left circumflex artery (LCx; Figure 1). The lesion was successfully treated with a everolimus-eluting stent. Figure 1. Coronary angiogram in the right anterior oblique view showing 99% occlusion of the middle segment of the left circumflex artery. Her scleroderma was first diagnosed at 29 years of age, when she presented with Raynaud syndrome, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias, and esophagitis and was found to have a positive anticentromere antibody, leading to a diagnosis of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. At 34 years of age, she developed widespread skin thickening and subcutaneous calcinoses, leading to a subsequent diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous systemic …
The demography of tree species response to climate: seedling recruitment and survival

Seedling recruitment and survival are critical bottlenecks in tree population dynamics and are likely to play central roles in shifts in species distributions under climate change. We use data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program to quantify the relationships between two key climate variables—mean annual temperature and growing season water deficit—and rates of seedling recruitment and survival for the 50 most common tree species in the eastern United States. Our statistical models include the positive effects of conspecific adult abundance on recruitment and the potentially negative competitive effects of total canopy abundance on seedling survival. The tradeoff between these two effects creates a range from positive to negative conspecific density dependence, depending on the absolute and relative abundance of conspecific vs. heterospecific adults in a plot. Variation along the climate gradients mirrors patterns found previously in adult distributions. The clearest signal is in variation in the presence/absence of seedlings, while seedling density when present is only weakly related to local climate. The relatively narrow niche breadths for the presence of both seedlings and adults suggest that the frequency of occurrence of species within the landscape, rather than their relative abundance when present, will show the greatest response to climate change. Our analyses predict seedling survival as a function of mean annual temperature independent of the effects of competition and water deficit and thus provide an indication of the fundamental niche for seedling distribution along the temperature gradient. For more than half of the 50 species, their realized seedling niches are displaced to warmer climates. This reflects the prevalence of species in which survival declines with increasing temperature across a significant portion of at least their southern range. Our results show that when the effects of warmer climates are taken into account, seedling survival generally increases with increasing water deficit in the generally humid climates of the eastern United States. This result is consistent with recent global surveys of the relationship between net primary productivity and forest turnover rates, but contrasts with recent studies highlighting the potential impact of drought stress on tree mortality in more arid climates.
Head Injury in Attention Deficit Disorder Patients

Characteristics of injuries in 240 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were reviewed retrospectively, using charts submitted to the National Pediatric Trauma Registry, 1988-96, by investigators from Tufts and Harvard Universities, Boston; Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago; and Johns Hopkins, Baltimore.
Partial Cavity Drag Reduction at High Reynolds Numbers

Air lubrication to reduce hull skin friction is an idea that originated more than a century ago. There are few implementations of this concept, and there are even fewer systematic investigations at high Reynolds numbers. To address this, an experimental investigation was performed at the W. B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel that examined the drag-reducing effects of a ventilated partial cavity at high Reynolds numbers. The design was accomplished using both linear gravity wave theory and a two-dimensional inviscid numerical model via Fluent. The physical model was a 12 m long flat plate with a plenum on the bottom. The plenum was formed by an abrupt step near the nose and a long sloping reattachment region toward the rear. Air was injected from the aft face of the step to create a cavity approximately 17.8 cm deep. Friction loads, air flow, and cavity pressure were measured over a range of air fluxes and speeds near the cavity design speed of 3.4 m/s. Cavities were shown to be stable with respect to large changes in air flux and slow perturbations in tunnel speed and pressure. Stable cavities were produced that reduced the skin drag by more than 95% over the extent of the cavity, including the cavity closure.
Identifying Asian dust with digital imaging of atmospheric laser light scatter

Digital imaging of atmospheric scatter of laser light was used to detect aerosol layers. A CCD camera with wide angle optics and laser line filter was located far (100 m or more) from a vertically pointing 532 nm laser, and imaged the entire laser beam at once. The data image of each exposure was used in conjunction with aerosol phase functions derived from AERONET radiometry data to derive aerosol extinction profiles as a function of altitude and time. These profiles combined with radiosonde data and HYSPLIT atmospheric back-trajectories were used to identify Asian dust aerosol layers.
Micropulse Lidar (MPL) Handbook

The micropulse lidar (MPL) is a ground-based optical remote sensing system designed primarily to determine the altitude of clouds overhead. The physical principle is the same as for radar. Pulses of energy are transmitted into the atmosphere; the energy scattered back to the transceiver is collected and measured as a time-resolved signal. From the time delay between each outgoing transmitted pulse and the backscattered signal, the distance to the scatterer is infered. Besides real-time detection of clouds, post-processing of the lidar return can also characterize the extent and properties of aerosol or other particle-laden regions.
The AAHKS Clinical Research Award: What Are the Costs of Knee Osteoarthritis in the Year Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty?

Abstract Background Despite American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) related to the non-arthroplasty management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, non-recommended treatments remain in common use. We sought to determine the costs associated with non-arthroplasty management of knee OA in the year prior to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and stratify them by CPG recommendation status. Methods The Humana database was reviewed from 2007 to 2015 for primary TKA patients. Costs for hyaluronic acid (HA) and corticosteroid injections, physical therapy, braces, wedge insoles, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and tramadol in the year prior to TKA were calculated. Cost was defined as reimbursement paid by the insurance provider. Costs were analyzed relative to the overall non-inpatient costs for knee OA and categorized based on CPG recommendations. Results In total 86,081 primary TKA patients were analyzed and 65.8% had at least one treatment in the year prior to TKA. Treatments analyzed made up 57.6% of the total non-inpatient cost of knee OA in the year prior to TKA. Only 3 of the 8 treatments studied have a strong recommendation for their use (physical therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, tramadol) and costs for these interventions represented 12.2% of non-inpatient knee OA cost. In contrast, 29.3% of the costs are due to HA injections alone, which are not supported by CPGs. Conclusion In the year prior to TKA, over half of the non-inpatient costs associated with knee OA are from injections, therapy, prosthetics, and prescriptions. Approximately 30% of this is due to HA injections alone. If only interventions recommend by the CPG are utilized then costs associated with knee OA could be decreased by 45%.
Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection.

Coronaviruses (CoV) comprise a large group of emerging human and animal pathogens, including the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains. The molecular mechanisms regulating emerging coronavirus pathogenesis are complex and include virus–host interactions associated with entry, replication, egress and innate immune control. Epigenetics research investigates the genetic and non-genetic factors that regulate phenotypic variation, usually caused by external and environmental factors that alter host expression patterns and performance without any change in the underlying genotype. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs, function as important regulators that remodel host chromatin, altering host expression patterns and networks in a highly flexible manner. For most of the past two and a half decades, research has focused on the molecular mechanisms by which RNA viruses antagonize the signaling and sensing components that regulate induction of the host innate immune and antiviral defense programs upon infection. More recently, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that viruses, even lytic RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, have developed intricate, highly evolved, and well-coordinated processes that are designed to regulate the host epigenome, and control host innate immune antiviral defense processes, thereby promoting robust virus replication and pathogenesis. In this article, we discuss the strategies that are used to evaluate the mechanisms by which viruses regulate the host epigenome, especially focusing on highly pathogenic respiratory RNA virus infections as a model. By combining measures of epigenome reorganization with RNA and proteomic datasets, we articulate a spatial-temporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions that play a crucial role in the host’s innate immune response, thereby defining a new viral antagonism mechanism following emerging coronavirus infection.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Stroke and Strategies for Stroke Prevention.

The pathophysiology of stroke is well characterized, and 9 out of 10 strokes are due to modifiable factors. However, preventive strategies thus far have been relatively ineffective in curbing the global stroke burden, which is projected to increase given the aging of the world's population and epidemiological transition in many low- to middle-income countries. In this review we will summarize our current understanding of behavioral, environmental, and metabolic stroke risk factors not covered elsewhere in this issue. Specifically, we will review the evidence for environmental and household air pollution, smoking, and alcohol use. We will subsequently provide a conceptual framework for stroke prevention strategies, categorizing them as those aimed at changing health care systems and/or provider behavior and those targeting behaviors of patients and/or their caregivers, families, and support networks. The field of stroke prevention is relatively nascent, and little is known about how to optimize health care systems so that providers prescribe evidence-based care for stroke prevention, patients have access to care to receive such services, adherence and control of risk factors are optimized, and patients are empowered to manage their own risk factors and make lifestyle changes, including eating healthy diets (high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and low in sodium and sugar-sweetened beverages), engaging in regular physical activity, not smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption. In the next several years, we will likely develop a better understanding of which strategies are effective for modifying vascular risk factors, and how to design and implement successful interventions. Key questions to be answered include optimal theoretical frameworks, delivery models, team composition, timing, dose, intensity, and frequency, taking into account cultural, sociodemographic, and regional differences in patient populations.
Revealing parallel scans and reductions in sequential loops through function reconstruction

Many sequential loops are actually scans or reductions and can be parallelized across iterations despite the loop-carried dependences. In this work, we consider the parallelization of such scan/reduction loops, and propose a practical runtime approach called sampling-and-reconstruction to extract the hidden scan/reduction patterns in these loops.
Exploring Culturally Relevant/Responsive Pedagogy as Praxis in Teacher Education

For more than 30 years, education scholars have examined teaching practices and developed theories that center the cultural ways of being and knowing for historically marginalized youth (Au & Mason...
Determining Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Five Woody Landscape Plants

Abstract The water use and crop coefficient of five woody landscape species were determined by growing the shrubs both in 56-liter (15 gal) drainage lysimeters and in above-ground 10-liter containers (#3). Water use per plant, crop coefficient and overall growth parameters differed by species and culture system. Of the five species tested, Buddleia davidii ‘Burgundy’ and Nerium oleander ‘Hardy Pink’ had higher water use per plant in the lysimeters than in the containers. Water use per plant for Abelia grandiflora ‘Edward Goucher’, Euonymus japonica and Ilex vomitoria ‘Pride of Houston’ was the same for the two culture systems. Crop coefficient and growth index of A. grandiflora, E. japonica, and I. vomitoria was similar between the two systems. The growth index of B. davidii and N. oleander was much higher in the lysimeters than in the containers. Abelia grandiflora and E. japonica had more growth in the containers than in the lysimeters while I. vomitoria had slightly larger leaf area in the lysimeters t...
Normal Nutrient Requirements

In order to maintain normal body function, humans must maintain a balance between energy requirements and caloric intake. Chemical factors not produced by the body such as minerals and vitamins must be obtained in order to utilize ingested calories for energy. In this chapter the details of nutrition requirements are summarized so that one can have a basic understanding of the art and science of nutrition. Monographs on each nutrient factor are referenced so that the interested reader can extend his scope of understanding as desired.
The Community and Sentencing

In this chapter, we consider the effects that urbanization, economic conditions, and crime have on three sentencing decisions. As will become apparent, the direct influence these characteristics exert is neither strong nor consistent. Indeed, both the magnitude and direction of effects vary, depending on the sentencing decision in question. We also briefly consider an issue that has traditionally concerned criminologists, namely, the extent to which sentences vary as a function of offender attributes and behavior. Consistent with the previous literature, we find that judges give greater weight to factors that can explicitly be construed as legally relevant. Although social background attributes do affect outcomes, there is no evidence that offenders with fewer resources are consistently punished more severely. As was the case for county characteristics, the role case attributes play depends on the sentencing outcome under consideration.