cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Patterning Materials for Advanced Lithography

The emerging trends in photoresists and advanced patterning materials are described, including functional fluoropolymers, molecular glasses, and imprint resists.
The design of ballantines

The shared variance between two variables can be expressed graphically by overlapping circles. A procedure is presented for locating the circles so that the graphical and statistical relations correspond exactly. The procedure does not generalize to the representation of multiple, part, and partial correlations between three or more variables. The reasons for the nonextension are explained, and some alternative graphical representations are suggested.
Hepatitis C Viral Kinetics in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Agents and Interleukin-28B

In the last decade, hepatitis C virus (HCV) kinetics has become an important clinical tool for the optimization of therapy with pegylated-interferon-α (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). Mathematical models have generated important insights into HCV pathogenesis, HCV-host dynamics, as well as IFN and RBV modes of action. Clinical trials with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against various steps of the HCV-life cycle have revealed new viral-kinetic patterns that have not been observed with (PEG)-IFN+RBV. Very recently, studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene region were associated with race/ethnicity, and with response to PEG-IFN+RBV. Here, we review our current knowledge of HCV kinetics and related mathematical models during (PEG)-IFN+RBV and/or DAA-based therapies, HCV pathogenesis, and the role of IL28B polymorphism on early HCV kinetics. Better understanding of the mode of actions of drugs and viral kinetics may help to develop new, individualized therapeutic regimens that include DAAs in combination with PEG-IFN+RBV.
Studies on lymphocytes IV. Further observations upon the hemopoietic effects of splenectomy in frogs

Total splenectomy in the frog means practically complete extirpation of the erythropoietic apparatus. Out of sixty-four operations it was followed by: 1 Stimulation of erythropoiesis in the kidney (mesonephros), 35 to 46 per cent. 2 Stimulation of erythropoiesis in the fat-bodies, 5 per cent; lymphocytopoiesis, 8 per cent. 3 Stimulation of erythropoiesis in the bone-marrow, 11 per cent. 4 Formation of a new spleen, 8 per cent. 5 No perceptible erythropoletic stimulation, 24 per cent. The latter leads to a condition of anemia followed by death within about sixty days. Partial splenectomy leads to spleen regeneration. The life tenure of the frog erythrocyte is approximately 100 days. Total splenectomy experiments indicate that the chief function of the spleen in the frog inheres largely in its lymphocyte content and in the transformation of lymphocytes into erythrocytes.
Changing the r-Process Paradigm

Supernovae are now known to be far from symmetric. At the very least, rotation and convective instabilities alter the spherically symmetric picture producing asymmetric explosions and leaving behind aspherical neutron stars. These asymmetries may be critical to the mechanism behind supernova explosions. Similarly, asphericities in the core just after the launch of the supernova explosion may well change the yield of r-process nucleosynthesis. Rotation and fallback are two of the major aspherical effects altering the r-process yield. They produce asymmetric winds and can increase the entropy and propogation time of the r-process material. Here review both these processes to show the role they may play in the r-process yields.
Distributed graphical topic-oriented document search system

With the availability of ever increasing numbers of documents from the Internet and other sources, finding what you are looking for is becoming increasingly difficult. This paper presents a new approach to finding documents that relies on compelling and useful graphic presentations to the user. Exploiting techniques first used in the field of Scientific Visualization, this approach is an example of work in the growing field of Information Visualization. By creating compact representations of documents that can be transferred over the Internet, the approach allows the search process to occur on the users desktop, distant from where the original documents are stored or where the indexes are created. Besides allowing searching to scale better to large numbers of information consumers, this allows the full graphical capabilities of the desktop computer to be applied to the problem The ability to search for specific user keywords is replaced by user selection of topics from a list created by expert topic designers. The approach complements keyword searching as a way of finding information.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Carbocyclic Analogues of the Potent Cytidine Deaminase Inhibitor 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one (Zebularine)

Three carbocylic analogues of the potent cytidine deaminase inhibitor (CDA) zebularine [1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one, 1a] were synthesized. The selected pseudosugar templates correspond, respectively, to the cyclopentenyl moiety of neplanocin A (compound 4), the cyclopentyl moiety of aristeromycin (compound 5), and a newly designed, rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety (compound 6). These three carba-nucleoside versions of zebularine were fashioned to overcome the inherent instability of the parent drug. Each target compound was approached differently using either convergent or linear approaches. The immediate precursor to the cyclopentenyl analogue 4 was obtained by a Mitsunobu coupling of pseudosugar 7 with 2-hydroxypyrimidine. The cyclopentyl analogue 5 was linearly constructed from carbocyclic amine 17, and the final target 6 was similarly constructed from the carbobicyclic amine 27. Of the three target compounds, only 5 showed a significant level of inhibition against human CDA, but ...
Absorption and attitude towards hypnosis: a moderator analysis.

Abstract 2 factors which have been found to correlate to a small degree with susceptibility are (a) an individual's attitude toward being hypnotized and (b) an individual's capacity for subjective involvement in an experience (absorption). The present study was an attempt to replicate previous findings by Spanos and McPeake (1975) and to extend these findings to determine if there was a significant interaction between these 2 factors in their relationship to susceptibility. 99 Ss (65 females and 34 males) completed the absorption questionnaire of Tellegen (1979) and the attitude questionnaire of Barber and Calverley (1966). Their hypnotic susceptibility was assessed with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. Orne, 1962). Attitude and absorption were found to have small positive correlations with susceptibility, results which corroborate previous research. The multiple regression analyses indicated that there were no significant interactions between the factors of attitude, ...
The Adoption of Technological, Administrative, and Ancillary Innovations: Impact of Organizational Factors

The influence of six organizationalfactors on the adoption of three types of innovations was examined in public libraries. It wasfound that (a) all factors together were a better predictor of technological than administrative or ancillary innovations, and (b) specialization and organizational slack had a stronger effect on technological innovations than the other two types, whereas administrative intensity and organizational size had a stronger effect on administrative innovations. It is concluded that differentiation between types of innovations and stages of adoption is essential in developing realistic theories of organizational innovations.
A generalization of the Doyen-Wilson theorem for extended triple systems of all indices

Abstract In this paper, it is shown that every extended triple system of order n and index λ > 1 can be embedded in an extended triple system of order v and index λ > 1 if and only if v = n or v ⩾ 2 n . This extends results obtained by Hoffman and Rodger when λ = 1 and gives a generalization of the Doyen-Wilson theorem for extended triple systems of all indices.
Cuprous Chloride Modified Nanoporous Alumina Membranes for Ethylene-Ethane Separation

This paper reports an attempt to synthesize a CuCl-modified {gamma}-alumina membrane for separation of ethylene from ethane. CuCl was effectively coated in the 4 nm pore {gamma}-alumina top layers of disk-shaped and tubular alumina membranes by the reservoir method. Permeation of a single gas and binary mixture of ethylene and ethane was measured to characterize separation properties of the modified membranes. Pure ethylene permeance of the CuCl-modified membrane is 10--40% lower than that predicted from the pure ethane permeance by the Knudsen theory. This result is explained by a model based on the adsorbed layer of ethylene via {pi}-complexation. Such an adsorbed layer hinders the diffusion of ethylene in the nanopores of CuCl-modified {gamma}-alumina. Multiple gas permeation measurements on the CuCl-modified membranes show a separation factor for ethylene over ethane larger than the Knudsen value. This confirms a positive contribution of the surface flow of ethylene to the permeance of ethylene in the multiple gas permeation system. A maximum separation factor for ethylene over ethane of 1.4 is obtained for the CuCl-modified membrane at 60 C.
Dual conservation integrals and energy release rates

Simple derivation of the dual conservation integrals in small strain elasticity is presented, without the aid of Noether’s theorem on invariant variational principles. The derived integrals are related to the release rates of the potential and complementary potential energy associated with the defect motion. The analysis corrects the errors in earlier derivation of the relationship between the dual integrals and the release rates of the complementary potential energy. Selected examples in plane and anti-plane strain illustrate the calculation of dual integrals and their application. It is shown that the evaluation of dual integrals is of similar complexity to that of classical integrals, so that either can be used to determine the stress intensity factors or the forces between defects, without solving the corresponding boundary value problems. An advantage of combining the two calculations is discussed. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy-associated hospitalizations in the United States in 1991 and 1992: A comprehensive view of maternal morbidity

Objective: Our purpose was to update the national estimate of severe pregnancy complications and describe associated maternal characteristics of hospitalizations during pregnancy, applying an expanded definition of maternal morbidity. Study Design: From 1991 and 1992 National Hospital Discharge Survey data, we estimated ratios of hospitalizations per 100 deliveries and compared relative ratios by maternal characteristics. We computed standard errors with the SUDAAN program and estimated 95% confidence intervals for relative ratios. Results: The likelihood of hospitalization for pregnancy complications appeared to decline between the period 1986 and 1987 and the period 1991 and 1992, although primarily for pregnancy loss hospitalizations. In 1991 and 1992 there were 18.0 total pregnancy-associated hospitalizations/100 births (17.2 for whites, 28.1 for blacks). Component ratios were 12.3 for obstetric hospitalizations, 4.4 for pregnancy loss hospitalizations, and 1.4 for nonobstetric hospitalizations; all ratios were higher for blacks than for whites. Conclusions: Maternal hospitalization remains a substantial component of prenatal care. Because of underreporting and changes in medical practice, recent declines in maternal hospitalization may not represent true reductions in maternal morbidity.
Fighting search engine amnesia: reranking repeated results

Web search engines frequently show the same documents repeatedly for different queries within the same search session, in essence forgetting when the same documents were already shown to users. Depending on previous user interaction with the repeated results, and the details of the session, we show that sometimes the repeated results should be promoted, while some other times they should be demoted. Analysing search logs from two different commercial search engines, we find that results are repeated in about 40% of multi-query search sessions, and that users engage differently with repeats than with results shown for the first time. We demonstrate how statistics about result repetition within search sessions can be incorporated into ranking for personalizing search results. Our results on query logs of two large-scale commercial search engines suggest that we successfully promote documents that are more likely to be clicked by the user in the future while maintaining performance over standard measures of non-personalized relevance.
A Conformation- and Ion-Sensitive Plasmonic Biosensor

The versatile optical and biological properties of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor that responds to protein conformational changes are illustrated. The sensor detects conformational changes in a surface-bound construct of the calcium-sensitive protein calmodulin. Increases in calcium concentration induce a 0.96 nm red shift in the spectral position of the LSPR extinction maximum (λ(max)). Addition of a calcium chelating agent forces the protein to return to its original conformation and is detected as a reversal of the λ(max) shift. As opposed to previous work, this work demonstrates that these conformational changes produce a detectable shift in λ(max) even in the absence of a protein label, with a signal:noise ratio near 500. In addition, the protein conformational changes reversibly switch both the wavelength and intensity of the resonance peak, representing an example of a bimodal plasmonic component that simultaneously relays two distinct forms of optical information. This highly versatile plasmonic device acts as a biological sensor, enabling the detection of calcium ions with a biologically relevant limit of detection of 23 μM, as well as the detection of calmodulin-specific protein ligands.
Midbrain reticular stimulation produces patterns of metabolic activation and suppression in the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei: a 2-deoxyglucose study.

Abstract Autoradiographic 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) procedures were used to map the activity in the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei during electrical stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) in unrestrained rats. The major finding was a large increase in 2-DG uptake observed in the flocculus of MRF-stimulated rats. The peak of labeling in the flocculus was greater than any other peak of labeling measured in the cerebellum of MRF-stimulated or control rats. Structures showing significant decreases in 2-DG uptake included the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei and the 3 vestibular nuclei. The most pronounced suppressive effects of MRF stimulation were on the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. The changes in metabolic revealed by 2-DG provide a first anatomical demonstration of: (1) the activating effects of MRF stimulation on the flocculus; and (2) the suppressive effects of MRF stimulation on deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. The observed patterns of metabolic activation and suppression were correlated with the known electrophysiological properties of the structures affected by MRF stimulation. The findings are consistent with specific effects of MRF stimulation on floccular-vestibular-visual interactions that may be disruption to learning functions such as adaptability of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The effects of MRF stimulation on the deep cerebellar nuclei are also consistent with a potential disruption of somatomotor learning-related activities in these nuclei. The results support the existence of MRF mechanisms for the modulation of integrative sensory-motor functions in the cerebellum.
A conceptual hydrologic model for a forested Carolina bay depressional wetland on the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA

This paper describes how climate influences the hydrology of an ephemeral depressional wetland. Surface water and groundwater elevation data were collected for 7 years in a Coastal Plain watershed in South Carolina USA containing depressional wetlands, known as Carolina bays. Rainfall and temperature data were compared with water-table well and piezometer data in and around one wetland. Using these data a conceptual model was created that describes the hydrology of the system under wet, dry, and drought conditions. The data suggest this wetland operates as a focal point for groundwater recharge under most climate conditions. During years of below-normal to normal rainfall the hydraulic gradient indicated the potential for groundwater recharge from the depression, whereas during years of above-normal rainfall, the hydraulic gradient between the adjacent upland, the wetland margin, and the wetland centre showed the potential for groundwater discharge into the wetland. Using high-resolution water-level measurements, this groundwater discharge condition was found to hold true even during individual rainfall events, especially under wet antecedent soil conditions. The dynamic nature of the hydrology in this Carolina bay clearly indicates it is not an isolated system as previously believed, and our groundwater data expand upon previous hydrologic investigations at similar sites which do not account for the role of groundwater in estimating the water budget of such systems.
BEST PRACTICES IN SEARCH USER INTERFACE DESIGN

Panel Chairs: Marc L. Resnick and Jennifer Bandos Florida International University Miami, FL resnick@eng.fiu.edu (305) 348-3537 The Internet has become a powerful tool for information search and ecommerce. Millions of people use the World Wide Web on a regular basis and the number is increasing rapidly. For many common tasks, users first need to locate a Web site(s) containing needed information from among the estimated 4 trillion existing web pages. The most common method used to search for information is the search engine. However, even sophisticated users often have difficulty navigating through the complexity of search engine interfaces. Designing more effective and efficient search engines is contingent upon a significant improvement in the search user interface.
Polysaccharide-protein conjugates: a new generation of vaccines.

Contributions to science and to the practice of medicine are built on the shoulders of our predecessors. For us, the shoulders of Dr. Maxwell Finland were singularly broad and strong: In addition to his skills as a physician and a teacher, he was a visionary and a scientist. Dr. Finland started his career by caring for and studying patients with pneumooccal pneumonia [1,2]. He realized the need for understanding the immunologic properties of the pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides (CP) and their relation to clinical disease caused by this pathogen. Some of his contributions that guided our efforts to develop effective vaccines for prevention of systemic infections due to capsulated bacterial pathogens are cited in table 1 [3-16]. Our main interest has been toward preventing meningitis and other systemic infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Progress by us and by other laboratories toward developing Hib conjugates has been rapid, and vaccines manufactured by three companies have been licensed recently for children ^18 months of age. The advent of Hib conjugates licensed for universal immunization of infants, administered concurrently with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP), is imminent. We are confident that chemists and engineers will continue to improve these first Hib conjugates and that even more effective products will be available soon. Accordingly, in addition to reviewing our contributions and those of our colleagues with these new Hib vaccines, we will illustrate how the development of polysaccharide-protein conjugates may provide opportunities for studying the pathogenesis of other bacterial diseases and ultimately for preventing them through new vaccines. Surface polysaccharides may serve both as virulence factors and as protective antigens for bacteria whose invasion of the blood is their primary pathogenic event [17]. These
Behavior of hypoglossal inspiratory premotor neurons during the carbachol-induced, REM sleep-like suppression of upper airway motoneurons.

In individuals with compromised upper airway anatomy, genioglossus (GG), the main protruder muscle of the tongue, is an important upper airway dilator which helps prevent upper airway obstructions. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, both the tonic and inspiratory-modulated components of GG activity are suppressed in parallel with the characteristic postural atonia. We tested whether the REM sleep-related reduction in the respiratory activity of GG may, in part, result from a reduced inspiratory drive relayed to hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons from their premotor medullary inspiratory neurons. In 15 urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized and artificially ventilated rats, we recorded XII nerve activity and the extracellular activity of medullary inspiratory-modulated neurons antidromically activated with latencies of 0.8 ms±0.3(SD) from within (n=19) or adjacent to (n=11) the XII nucleus. Carbachol (10–20 nl, 10 mM), a cholinergic agonist, was microinjected into the dorsomedial pons. Such injections trigger a REM sleep-like state in chronically instrumented, intact animals and, in anesthetized rats, produce respiratory and electrocortical changes similar to those of REM sleep. Following the injections, the respiratory component of XII nerve activity was depressed by 51±22%, while the mean inspiratory firing rate of the neurons decreased by only 7.4±13.8% (from 69±34 Hz to 65±37 Hz; P<0.02; n=30). The activity of ventral respiratory group (VRG) and reticular formation inspiratory neurons with axons within the XII nucleus was reduced by10±14% (P<0.005; n=19), whereas the activity of neurons located near the VRG that had axons passing below the XII nucleus did not change (n=5). Thus, the depressant effect of carbachol on medullary inspiratory neurons was slightly more pronounced in reticular formation and VRG cells premotor to XII motoneurons than in other medullary inspiratory cells. For all cells, the magnitude of the decrease of cell activity was not related to the magnitude of depression of XII nerve activity, the simultaneously occurring decrease in respiratory rate or the cell's control firing rate. Since the magnitude of this depressant effect on all cell types was disproportionately small when compared with the depression of XII nerve activity, the REM sleep-like decrease in GG activity must be mainly mediated by non-respiratory premotor pathways.
An Efficient Distributed Key Generation Protocol for Secure Communications with Causal Ordering

In this paper, we propose an elliptic curve based distributed key generation protocol in communication systems with causal ordering semantics on broadcast messages
Eye on diabetes: a multidisciplinary patient education intervention.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of usual care to an intervention emphasizing patient education targeted at a multicultural adult patient population with diabetes seeking eye care in an academic health center. Methods Ninety patients were randomized to usual care or to the intervention. All patients received a comprehensive eye health and vision examination and completed a demographic survey, a patient satisfaction survey, and a diabetes eye health pretest and posttest administered by a masked examiner at 1 week and 3 months. A multidisciplinary (optometry, pharmacy, endocrinology) patient education curriculum was developed for patients randomized to the intervention. Because the dependent variable was measured at 3 points on a nominal scale, a binary generalized estimating equation was employed. Results The assessment of patient knowledge at baseline revealed misconceptions about diabetic eye disease. While most patients recognized that people with diabetes should have regularly scheduled eye examinations through dilated pupils (90.0%), most patients incorrectly reported that diabetic eye disease usually has early warning signs (75.6%). While controlling for age, gender, race, education, and HbA1c level, subjects who participated in the intervention were 2 times more likely to score higher on the posttest (chi(2) = 45.51, P > .00). No differences between pretest and posttest scores were found for patients who did not participate in the intervention (chi(2) = 11.67, P > .11). Conclusions Patients who participated in the educational intervention demonstrated an increase in knowledge across time. Patients may benefit from education emphasizing the importance of dilated eye examinations in the absence of ocular symptoms.
Intelligibility of conversational speech produced by children with cochlear implants.

Abstract The intelligibility of conversational speech produced by six children fitted with cochlear implants before age 3 years was measured longitudinally. Samples were obtained every 3 months during periods of 12–21 months. Intelligibility was measured using both an utterance-by-utterance approach and an approach to the sample as a whole. Statistically significant differences were observed between the two approaches, but the differences were all within the realm of measurement error. Findings indicated that intelligible speech emerges quite rapidly in these children. Conversational intelligibility appears to be superior to that reported in the literature for similar children who use hearing aids but not necessarily as good as in children with normal hearing. Both intelligibility measures were significantly correlated with chronological age, hearing age, and amount of implant use, but were most strongly correlated with chronological age. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to (1) describe some of the issues involved in measuring speech intelligibility in children with cochlear implants and (2) describe the pattern of outcomes for the intelligibility of speech produced by children receiving cochlear implants before age 3 years.
Computing the nonabelian tensor squares of polycyclic groups

Abstract In this paper we develop a theory for computing the nonabelian tensor square and related computations for finitely presented groups and specialize it to polycyclic groups. This theory provides a framework for making nonabelian tensor square computations for polycyclic groups and is the basis of an algorithm for computing the nonabelian tensor square for any polycyclic group.
Resveratrol content in seeds of peanut germplasm quantified by HPLC

trans-Resveratrol (trans-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound uniquely identified in plants, is believed to greatly contribute to human health. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds of 20 germplasm accessions were harvested from the same field and used for resveratrol analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. trans-Resveratrol content in air-dried peanut seeds was on average about 0.5mg/g and a statistically significant variation (from 0.125 to 1.626mg/g, at least a ten-fold difference) was detected among the accessions analysed. The average weight for 100 seeds was 52.84 g. A statistically significant variation in seed weight (from 22.30 to 87.94 g, at least a four-fold difference) was observed. There was no significant correlation between trans-resveratrol content and seed weight. The information about the levels of trans-resveratrol in peanut seeds will be useful for peanut cultivar development and peanut product processing. Breeders could use germplasm accessions containing a high amount of resveratrol to develop new nutritionally improved peanut cultivars and food processors could use these new cultivars to manufacture high resveratrol peanut products.
Neonatal Cholestasis as Initial Manifestation of Type 2 Gaucher Disease: A Continuum in the Spectrum of Early Onset Gaucher Disease

Gaucher disease type 2 [OMIM #230800] is a rare lysosomal storage disorder with usual onset between 3 and 6 months of age leading to progressive neurodegeneration and death within the first 2 years of life. Rarely it may lack the characteristic symptom-free period and initially manifest prenatally or in the neonatal period. The early course of neonatal onset classic type 2 variants is not well known, and reports of early histological changes in the liver of type 2 Gaucher disease patients are scarce. We describe a patient who presented in the immediate postnatal period with cholestasis without hepatomegaly associated with hepatocellular giant-cell transformation on liver biopsy, thrombocytopenia, and failure to thrive. This was initially thought to represent neonatal giant-cell hepatitis and the correct diagnosis was not made until the age of 6 months. Hepatocellular giant transformation has not been described in the classic acute neuronopathic form of GD. However, it has been reported in congenital GD with nonimmune hydrops and neonatal hepatitis, an example of perinatal lethal Gaucher disease (PLGD), which sometimes is regarded as an entity separate from GD type 2. Our case illustrates that neonatal cholestasis may be part of a spectrum of manifestations which spans a continuum between the PLGD and classic type 2 GD. Giant cells are a nonspecific finding but may reflect the presence of a systemic inflammatory process that recently has been implicated in the brain stem degeneration associated with acute neuronopathic GD.
Resource Description and Access and Ohio Public Libraries

This study examines the current state of knowledge about Resource Description and Access (RDA), the new cataloging standard, among Ohio public library catalogers. Data were collected through an online survey from a representative sample of these catalogers. While a majority of catalogers know about RDA, their working knowledge about it is minimal. There are major differences in this knowledge based on geographic location of Ohio catalogers and educational attainment. The authors propose further training and education opportunities for Ohio catalogers. Further similar research is needed to determine if this lack of knowledge of the new descriptive standard among public library catalogers is a national challenge.
Value as a Determiner of Subjective Probability

This study explored the manner in which the desirability of an event influences its judged probability. Ss gave probability estimates for each of 5 events, only one of which could occur. Monetary payoffs, ranging from lose $5 to win $5, were contingent upon which event did occur. Desirability was found to bias probability estimates in a complex manner which varied systematically between Ss and between estimation trials. In general, it made estimates less reasonable. Rewards for accuracy did not reduce value biases. Instead, they encouraged ``risk-reducing pessimism.'' Individual differences were an important source of variance. Some Ss were consistently optimistic. Others were quite pessimistic.
Computational model to predict two-photon absorption resonances

A model for calculating two-photon absorption intensities in conjugated systems is presented. The semiempirical package am1 is used to generate energies and transition moments via a configuration interaction involving single and double excitations. The evaluation of two-photon absorption cross-section data is carried out by the sum-over-states approach. The linewidth parameters associated with the inhomogeneous-broadening effects are estimated from the one-photon absorption cross-section data. The model is then illustrated by applications to some organic systems.
Observed Trip Chain Behavior of Commercial Vehicles

Results are presented from a comprehensive analysis of the observed trip chain behavior of commercial vehicles in the Denver, Colorado, region on the basis of data collected by the Denver Regional Council of Governments. These analyses may provide the foundation for further research into commercial vehicle trip chain models. Trip chain behavior is characterized by number of trip chains, length of trip chains, and conditional probability of trip purpose. For this analysis, trip purposes were grouped as freight transportation; transport of people; service calls; fuel, service, and so forth; and return to base or home. Commercial vehicles were grouped as automobile, pickup van, single-unit truck, combination truck, and sports utility vehicle. The conditional probabilities were analyzed for a fixed length of trip chain and were conditioned on stop number. Although most vehicles were found to make one trip chain per day, one of four commercial vehicles made more than one trip chain per day. The analyses also i...
Histopathologic features and MIB-1 labeling indices in recurrent and nonrecurrent meningiomas.

Abstract Background.—Predicting the behavior of meningiomas based on histopathologic features alone has remained problematic. Design.—This study retrospectively compared several histopathologic features and MIB-1 labeling indices (LIs) in recurrent meningiomas with those of nonrecurrent meningiomas. Six histopathologic features, including mitoses, necrosis, loss of architectural pattern, hypervascularity/hemosiderin deposition, prominent nucleoli, and nuclear pleomorphism, were compared between 32 recurrent and 27 nonrecurrent meningiomas using Fisher exact tests. MIB-1 LIs (% positive tumor cell nuclei) were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results.—The patients in the recurrent group included 26 women (mean age, 55 years), who developed 1 to 5 recurrences. Time intervals to the first recurrence ranged from 5 to 183 months (mean, 55 months). The nonrecurrent group included 21 women (mean age, 56 years), with follow-up ranging from 88 to 124 months (mean, 109 months). Of the histopathologic feat...
Input-output relations for a countercurrent dialyzer by the method of invariant imbedding☆

Abstract A quasistatic treatment of the input-output relations for a countercurrent dialyzer transferring a single substance gives rise to a pair of linear first-order differential equations. These equations are solved by way of an invariant imbedding treatment suited to the associated two-point boundary conditions, which allows variable coefficients and is oriented toward numerical or computer calculations of the solutions. Explicit analytical solutions are given for cases involving constant coefficients.
Pilot study of lorazepam and tiagabine effects on sleep, motor learning, and impulsivity in cocaine abstinence.

Objectives: To test the effects of mechanistically different GABA modulating agents on the disrupted sleep and cognitive function associated with abstinence from cocaine. Methods: We examined the effects of lorazepam and tiagabine on polysomnographically measured sleep and cognition in six cocaine dependent persons. Participants were studied during the first and second week of controlled abstinence following intravenous, laboratory cocaine administration. Results: Lorazepam and tiagabine decreased sleep latency, but whereas lorazepam markedly increased light sleep, tiagabine caused a dramatic shift toward slow-wave sleep. Despite increasing total sleep time, lorazepam impaired sleep dependent learning and increased next day impulsivity. Conclusions: These results introduce the possibility of different, sleep-related cognitive effects of mechanistically distinct GABAergic sedative hypnotics.
What is community informatics?: a global and empirical answer

Various definitions of community informatics have been advanced [1, 2, 3], each relatively prescriptive but all centered on the interaction between local, historical community and either information or information technology. The IT revolution continues to unfold and intersect in new ways with local communities, leaving the field in a state of flux. We are carrying out a systematic collection and analysis of the literature in order to obtain an empirical (rather than prescriptive) definition of the field. Moreover, librarians and LIS scholars participated in early "community information systems" work [4, 5], but what role do they play today? To the best of our abilities, we are seeking global rather than country-bounded answers, and we invite others to join us in order to complete this task.
Neuro-fuzzy system to monitor uniaxial nematic liquid crystal profile

This paper developed a neuro-fuzzy network to track the deformation of uniaxial liquid crystal (LC) film in partially disorder state. The theory for modeling the capacitance of interdigitated structure in the prepense of anisotropic LC film is presented. The use of the neuro-fuzzy to track the director axis as well as the order parameter via capacitive sensing is investigated. Three capacitance calculations at different molecular profiles are required to train the neuro-fuzzy system. Three capacitance measurements are required to track the average molecular orientation using the trained neuro-fuzzy systems.
HELIOSEISMIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE SUBSURFACE MERIDIONAL FLOW

We measure the mean frequencies of acoustic (p-mode) waves propagating toward and away from the poles of the Sun from observations made with the Solar Oscillations Investigation‐Michelson Doppler Imager on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatoryand the ground-based Global Oscillations Network Group. We demonstrate that there is a significant frequency shift between poleward- and equatorward-traveling waves measured over solar latitudes 207‐607, which is consistent with the Doppler effect of a poleward meridional flow on the order of 10 m s 21 . From the variation of the frequency shifts of p-modes with degree between 72 and 882 as a function of the lower turning point depth, we infer the speed of the meridional flow, averaged over these latitudes, over a range in depth extending over the top half of the solar convection zone. We find no evidence for a significant equatorward return flow within this depth range.
Batteries, Big Red, and Busses: Using Critical Theory to Read for Social Class in Eleanor & Park

Boyd, A. & Pennell, S. (2015). Batteries, big red, and busses: Using critical theory to read for social class in Eleanor & Park. Study and Scrutiny 1(1), 95-124. Available at https://journals.shareok.org/studyandscrutiny.
Website Forgery: Understanding Phishing Attacks and Nontechnical Countermeasures

Website Forgery is a type of web based attack where the phisher builds a website that is completely independent or a replica of a legitimate website, with the goal of deceiving a user by extracting information that could be used to defraud or launch other attacks upon the victim. In this paper we attempt to identify the different types of website forgery, phishing attacks, and non-technical countermeasure that could be used by users, (mostly by non-IT users) that lack the understanding of how phishing attack works and how they can prevent themselves from these criminals.
Struggle on the Path of Al Rahman: Rethinking Jihad in the Cause of Mercy

This paper seeks to explore the possibility of interpreting "jihad" as a holistic approach to the working out of God's mercy in history. Drawing from the works of Mohamed Arkoun and Nasr Abu Zayd, it establishes the nature of revelation as an integral dialogue with God on both transcendent and immanent planes. While the Qur'an constitutes a "closed official corpus," to borrow a phrase from Arkoun, according to Abu Zayd, it engages the ever-active human mind along a path of increased understanding which necessarily entails a constant re-examination of religious teaching and belief in light of greater knowledge. The next stage of the investigation examines jihad in terms of a "human theodicy," as a force of mercy in a pluralistic global culture in which religion is increasingly devoid of geographical barriers. The convergence of various traditions in the same space invites a consideration of the "goals" or "intentions" (maqasid) of the Qur'an regarding human felicity. This implies a larger sphere of action in the modern world since it allows for possible alliance with like-minded groups who have similar goals. An example of this line of thought is found in the work of Farid Esack as he considers the role of Muslims in the struggle against Apartheid in South Africa. This study contributes to the notion of jihad, or religious effort, as a constructive force in a pluralistic society. A new vision of jihad as an active and inclusive struggle for human dignity reflecting God's mercy is particularly relevant in an age when political Islam has come to the forefront of the Arab Spring. Rooted in the notion of a divinely-ordained dignity of all humanity, the struggle can prove genuinely liberatory.
Top-Gated Indium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors With In Situ Al 2 O 3 /HfO 2 Gate Oxide

We report on top-gated indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a 3-nm layer of aluminum between the IZO active layer and high-k HfO 2 gate insulator. A series of anneals at 300°C was used to convert the Al metal into Al 2 O 3 , resulting in high-performance top-gated TFTs. The 8-h-annealed TFT with Al layer has a threshold voltage |V T | <; 0.5 V, an ON/OFF ratio of 1 × 10 7 , a subthreshold slope (SS) of 0.14 V/decade, and a saturation mobility μs ~115 cm 2/ V · s in devices with L G = 50μm gate length. For smaller devices with L G = 5 μm, the threshold voltage and SS are similar, but the ON/OFF ratio and mobility are lower. Cross-sectional TEM images and C-V G characteristics with little hysteresis confirm that the thin Al layer, converted in situ into Al 2 O 3 , can protect the IZO channel during processing and produce a good high-k gate-stack.
Photonic Thermal Conductance in Multi-layer Photonic Crystals

Photonic thermal conductance of a multi-layer photonic crystal, when normalized with the corresponding thermal conductance of vacuum at each temperature, can be significantly below unity. The minimum of this normalized thermal conductance occurs at the high-temperature limit, and the conductance value at this limit is independent of the layer thicknesses. We give an analytic theory to explain such independence, and show that it is related to the ergodic nature of the distribution of photonic bands in frequency space.
Mapping divided households and residency changes: the effect of couple separation on sexual behavior and risk of HIV infection

Using census data we identify geographic patterns in residency changes in Lesotho over a decade. Using kriging to spatially interpolate data from 8,510 households we identify regions where households have members temporarily living away from home (divided households). Further, using a multivariate analysis and data from 2,026 couples we determine whether a partners’ absence increases the likelihood of having extramarital partners and/or risk of HIV infection. Approximately 40% of individuals moved between 2001 and 2011; mainly to, and within, urbanized regions. Many households are divided: ~40% have members elsewhere in Lesotho, ~30% in South Africa (SA). Geographic patterns are apparent; they differ based on where the household member is living. Many couples were temporarily separated: ~50% of wives, ~20% of husbands. Separation was not a risk factor for HIV. Only men were more likely to have extramarital partners if their spouse was away: ~1.5 times if in Lesotho, ~3 times if in SA. The high degree of geographic mixing necessitates synchronizing interventions within Lesotho, and with SA, to successfully reduce transmission. It will be challenging to reduce concurrency in men with wives away from home. Our results are generalizable to other sub-Saharan countries where residency changes are common.
Generation of solitons in transient stimulated Raman scattering by optical phase shift

Several groups1,2 are studying the use of optical phase shifts to initiate soliton formation in transient stimulated Raman scattering. Our experiments use a generator-amplifier Raman laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. The Raman medium is hydrogen at 1-100 atm. We use an electrooptic crystal to place a π phase shift in the Stokes beam between the generator and amplifier. This shift momentarily reverses the direction of gain. The phase shift is produced by modulating the amplitude of the Stokes envelope through zero using polarizers and a Pockels cell. Numerical calculations indicate that solitons can be initiated by switching the Pockels cell voltage over a time of several nanoseconds. Development of the temporal pulse is shown in Fig. 1. Once initiated the soliton pulse can narrow to a width of a few picoseconds if the collisional dephasing time (1/Γ) is 60 ps. The width W (HWHM) of the evolving pulse is shown in Fig. 2 (⨉). The solid curve is the pulse width predicted by steady- state theory, which is initially valid because the field envelopes change slowly compared with 1/Γ.
Analysis on Lead Content in Fetal Hair by Synchrotron Radiation XRF

By synchrotron radiation micro-beam XRF analysis of multiple cases of fetal hair,the changes of Pb content in the birth period can be understood,even the daily changes of Pb content can be detected.Therefore,by analyzing the curves of Pb in hair,a certain period of Pb exposure history can be tracked.
Volatile profile, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation of irradiated ready-to-eat cured turkey meat products

Abstract Irradiation had little effects on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in ready-to-eat (RTE) turkey meat products, while it increased protein oxidation at 4.5 kGy. The volatile profile analyses indicated that the amount of sulfur compounds increased linearly as doses increased in RTE turkey meat products. By correlation analysis, a positive correlation was found between benzene/ benzene derivatives and alcohols with lipid oxidation, while aldehydes, ketones and alkane, alkenes and alkynes were positively correlated with protein oxidation. Principle component analysis showed that irradiated meat samples can be discriminated by two categories of volatile compounds: Strecker degradation products and radiolytic degradation products. The cluster analysis of volatile data demonstrated that low-dose irradiation had minor effects on the volatile profile of turkey sausages (
Molecular Genetics of Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Publisher Summary Biochemically, 21-hydroxylation is a component step in the biosynthesis of the potent corticosteroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone. The presence of a glucocorticoid hormone in blood plasma is essential for the balanced maintenance of many metabolic functions. The cortisol levels circulating in the blood are regulated by the negative feedback system between the adrenal gland and the anterior pituitary gland, in the system called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Five enzymatic steps govern the biosynthesis of cortisol from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex. Inadequate cortisol biosynthesis might be caused by some degree of blockage of any one of the five enzymatic steps, as a result of which the HPA responds with exaggerated release and high plasma levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). The general histopathological manifestation consequent to chronic high ACTH is hyperplasia of the steroid-synthesizing adrenal cells and increased expression of all ACTH-inducible cell factors, reflected in increased steroidogenesis at all possible steps. Specific to each enzyme defect, there is an abnormal adrenal steroid profile, certain steroids being produced in deficiency, and others in excess. Metabolic and developmental disturbances resulting from altered hormonal actions and biochemical and clinical findings allow the specific enzyme defect to be identified.
Considerations in the design of parallel plate lüneburg beamformers and cylindrical arrays

We present a new concept for a low-profile, low cost integrated multi-beam cylindrical array. It consists of a parallel plate 2D Luneburg beamformer feeding a cylindrical aperture. The concept incorporates a number of novel features, such as low profile, and highly directive excitations. All these features are introduced in order to reduce volume, weight and ultimately cost. The paper discusses the various challenges this concept presents, and ways to mitigate these difficulties.