cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory response to intraarticular suture placement in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction: A case report

Rearthroscopy after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) as the result of significant postoperative inflammation lacking bacterial or fungal infection after single bundle reconstruction are commonly reported in techniques using artificial ACL augmentation devices. Recently, novel techniques of ACL double-bundle reconstructions were introduced. However, most of these techniques require a significant modification in the graft preparation of the semitendinosus and the gracilis tendon. Compared with ACL single-bundle reconstructions, the prepared tendon grafts for ACL double-bundle reconstructions are much shorter since the grafts are not only used for restoration of the anteromedial bundle but also for the posterolateral bundle. Therefore, the sutures of the tibial suture-postfixation may be located intra-articularly. We present a case of an intra-articular location of the tibial fixation suture causing a significant synovitis 3 weeks after anatomic ACL double bundle reconstruction. The inflammation was successfully treated by arthroscopic debridement and irrigation. The suture and the post-fixation were preserved because of incomplete incorporation of the graft at the time of rearthroscopy.
Complex regulation of the muscle-specific contractile protein (troponin I) gene.

Abstract A cloned quail troponin I contractile protein gene, stably transfected into a mouse myogenic cell line, exhibits appropriate developmental activation and quantitative expression during myoblast differentiation. Deletion mutagenesis analyses reveal that the troponin I gene has two distinct cis regulatory elements required for its developmental expression, as measured by mRNA accumulation and nuclear runoff transcription assays. One element in the 5' flanking region is required for maximum quantitative expression, and a second larger regulatory element (1.5 kilobases) within the first intron is responsible for differentiation-specific transcription. The upstream region is highly sensitive to negative repression by interaction with pBR322 sequences. The larger intragenic region retains some activity when moved to the 5' and 3' flanking regions and when inverted but is maximally active in its native intragenic site. The concerted activities of these two regulatory regions produce a 100- to 200-fold transcriptional activation during myoblast differentiation. The conserved 5' exon-intron organization of troponin I and other contractile protein genes suggests a possible mechanism by which intragenic control elements coordinate contractile protein gene regulation during skeletal myogenesis.
Achieving Desired Results and Improved Outcomes: Integrating Planning and Assessment Throughout Learning Activities

Most physicians believe that to provide the best possible care to their patients, they must commit to continuous learning. For the most part, it appears the learning activities currently available to physicians do not provide opportunities for meaningful continuous learning. At the same time there have been increasing concerns about the quality of health care, and a variety of groups within organized medicine have proposed approaches to address issues of physician competence and performance. The authors question whether CME will be accepted as a full partner in these new approaches if providers continue to use current approaches to planning and assessing CME. A conceptual model is proposed for planning and assessing continuous learning for physicians that the authors believe will help CME planners address issues of physician competence, physician performance, and patient health status.
Individual freedoms versus collective responsibility: immunization decision-making in the face of occasionally competing values

Modern public health strives for maximizing benefits for the highest number of people while protecting individual rights. Restrictions on individual rights are justified for two reasons-for the benefit of the individual or the benefit of the community. In extreme situations there may be a need to protect the health of an individual and particularly a child; even by overriding individual/parental autonomy. However, The American Academy of Pediatrics recently concluded that "Continued (vaccine) refusal after adequate discussion should be respected unless the child is put at significant risk of serious harm (as, for example, might be the case during an epidemic). Only then should state agencies be involved to override parental discretion on the basis of medical neglect". Many countries have compulsory immunization requirements. These laws curtail individual autonomy in order to protect the community from infectious diseases because unvaccinated individuals pose risk to the community – including vaccinated individuals (since vaccines are not 100% efficacious), children too young to be vaccinated, and persons who have medical vaccine contraindications. There are situations where there can be a real or perceived divergence between individual and community benefits of vaccination. This divergence may occasionally be based upon current scientific evidence and may exemplify the need for overriding individual autonomy. A divergence between individual and community benefits may also exist when there are ideological beliefs incongruent with vaccination or individuals are unaware of or do not accept available scientific evidence. When the state curtails individual freedoms for the collective good, it should address several issues including the magnitude of the individual and community risk, the strength of the individual's conviction, wider and long-term consequences of restricting individual autonomy, effective risk communication, best available scientific evidence, and transparency of the decision making process.
GENDER DISPARITY IN EDUCATION ENROLLMENT IN PAKISTAN

The paper examines the determinants of school enrollment in Pakistan. The likelihood of school enrollment is estimated using separate logistic regression models for three different age groups. The empirical results indicate severe gender disparity in school enrollment across all age groups, particularly among the older age groups. Although the rate of school enrollment is positively associated with household income, the gender disparity actually deteriorates with an increase in household income for the middle-income households. This study failed to find any evidence that gender disparity can be attributed to discrimination in intra-household resource allocation.
ECONOPHYSICS: WHAT CAN PHYSICISTS CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMICS?

In recent years, a considerable number of physicists have started applying physics concepts and methods to understand economic phenomena. The term “Econophysics” is sometimes used to describe this work. Economic fluctuations can have many repercussions, and understanding fluctuations is a topic that many physicists have contributed to in recent years. Further, economic systems are examples of complex interacting systems for which a huge amount of data exist and it is possible that the experience gained by physicists in studying fluctuations in physical systems might yield new results in economics. Much recent work in econophysics is focused on understanding the peculiar statistical properties of price fluctuations in financial time series. In this talk, we discuss three recent results. The first result concerns the probability distribution of stock price fluctuations. This distribution decreases with increasing fluctuations with a power-law tail well outside the Levy stable regime and describes fluctuations that differ by as much as 8 orders of magnitude. Further, this non stable distribution preserves its functional form for fluctuations on time scales that differ by 3 orders of magnitude, from 1 min up to approximately 10 days. The second result concerns the accurate quantification of volatility correlations in financial time series. While price fluctuations themselves have rapidly decaying correlations, the volatility estimated by using either the absolute value or the square of the price fluctuations has correlations that decay as a power-law and persist for several months. The third result bears on the application of random matrix theory to understand the correlations among price fluctuations of any two different stocks. We compare the statistics of the cross-correlation matrix constructed from price fluctuations of the leading 1000 stocks and a matrix with independent random elements, i.e., a random matrix. Contrary to first expectations, we find little or no deviation from the universal predictions of random matrix theory for all but a few of the largest eigenvalues of the cross-correlation matrix.
Hemorrhagic Neoplasms: MR Mimics of Occult Vascular Malformations

The MR scans of 24 patients who had findings previously reported to be characteristic of occult cerebral vascular malformations were reviewed to demonstrate that such findings may also occur in primary or secondary neoplasms. Eighteen of the 24 patients were found to have hemorrhagic neoplasms. Additional criteria, such as multiplicity of lesions and the presence of edema, were of some help in differentiating between occult vascular malformation and hemorrhagic neoplasm. In certain cases, CT was necessary to provide further information, such as the presence of calcification; however, an absolute and accurate diagnosis was impossible in several cases. The striking similarity on MR between cryptic vascular malformation and some hemorrhagic neoplasms is most likely due to the unifying mechanisms that underlie the evolution of extravascular intracerebral blood. Although the preponderance of neoplastic etiologies in our series may be partly due to the strong bias in our sample population toward patients with tumors, it seems clear that when an MR scan discloses findings “typical” of an occult vascular malformation, consideration must also be given to the generally more serious possibility of underlying neoplasm.
Exxonmobil and the Chad/Cameroon Pipeline

This case presents the dilemma of a multinational oil and gas company, ExxonMobil, as it factors in the ethics issues related to the environment and cultural differences in deciding whether to proceed with building a pipeline in Chad and Cameroon, two of the poorest and most corrupt developing countries in West Africa. The many players in this project included the World Bank, which cofinanced the project and put restrictions into place that would hopefully prevent government corruption in both Chad and Cameroon and many environmental and human rights groups that warned of potential disaster. The case also covers the environmental and social analysis of the areas that would be affected by the pipeline.
Hybrid formation of influenza virus at 25 .

SummaryIt is clear that “cold hybrids” of influenza virus can be obtained at 25° by recombination of two live influenza virus, of human and animal origins, one of which is cold-adapted. The presently described “cold hybrids” contain the hemagglutinin of the current human or equine strains and the neuraminidase of the established “cold variant”. These derived lines can grow at 25° in tissue culture and embryonated eggs and are also able to form plaques at 25°. They can grow in mouse lungs and are temperature sensitive. The Hong Kong “cold hybrid” (CHI) is attenuated for animals and highly immunogenic. Since only about four weeks were required to obtain these strains, it is evident that the procedures used offer potential practical advantages for production of live influenza vaccine strains.The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mrs. Jeanne Thompson.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND FITNESS VARIATION IN A POPULATION OF SMALLMOUTH BASS, MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEUI (PISCES: CENTRARCHIDAE).

Monogamy is often presumed to constrain mating variance and restrict the action of sexual selection. We examined the reproductive patterns of a monogamous population of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and attempted to identify sources of within-season fitness variation among females and known-age males. Many males did not acquire a nest site, and many territorial males were unsuccessful in acquiring a mate. The likelihood that territorial males mated depended on several aspects of nest sites. Mated males of age three were larger than the average size of age-three males in the population. The mean sizes of age-four and age-five mated males were not different from the average of same-age males in the population. Thus, selection resulting from the acquisition of a mate favored large size among only age-three males. Timing of nest construction and breeding among territorial males was negatively related to male size and did not depend on male age after taking male size into account. Indirect evidence (numbers of eggs deposited in nests) suggests that the timing of spawning among females was also negatively related to female size. Fertility selection favored early reproduction within the season by males of all ages, but large male size was favored among only age-four males. The combined early breeding of fecund females and female mate choice of large males may explain the positive correlation between the size of age-four males and the number of eggs acquired. Despite large differences of female fecundity, however, the variance of relative mate number contributed about two times more than the variance of relative fertility among females to the total variance of relative fitness within each sex.
Modelling management of chronic illness in everyday life: A common-sense approach

The Commonsense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) has a history of over 50 years as a theoretical framework that explicates the processes by which individuals form cognitive, affective, and behavioral representations of health threats. This article summarizes the major components of individuals' "commonsense models", the underlying assumptions of the CSM as a theory of dynamic behavior change, and the major empirical evidence that have developed these aspects of the CSM since its inception. We also discuss ongoing changes to the theory itself as well as its use in medical practice for optimizing patients' self-management of chronic health threats. The final section focuses on future directions for the theory and its application.
A Systematic Review of the Cervical Plexus Accessory Innervation and Its Role in Dental Anesthesia.

Abstract Introduction Accessory innervation (AI) may account for the persistent sensation perceived after successful mandibular anesthesia in the adult patient. The purpose of this systematic review was to record the quality of evidence pertaining to the cervical plexus (CP) AI in dental anesthesia. Materials and methods Electronic and manual searches were conducted using Ovid and Medline of articles published from 1922 to March of 2015. Studies written in any language were included as long as they involved: (i) humans, animals, and/or cadavers AND (ii) anatomical and/or research anesthetic-technique approaches and/or clinical approaches. Exclusion criteria were (i) maxillary buccal infiltration, (ii) no abstract/paper available, (iii) studies that do not comprise the description of the branches of the CP branches in dentistry and (iv) duplicated articles. The articles were reviewed and graded by levels of evidence (LOE) through a methodological scoring index (MSI). Results Forty-four out of 185 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. One randomized control trial, 3 comprehensive reviews, 1 cohort study, 5 case series/reports, 16 poor-quality cohort and case series/reports and 18 reviews/case, reports/expert opinions were found. Of the 44 publications, there were 4 LOE 1, 1 LOE 2, 5 LOE 3, 20 LOE 4 and 14 LOE 5 studies. Conclusions The MSI helped to classify papers LOE in a standardized and objective approach. The objective evidence quality occurrence recorded was found to be LOE 4 (n = 20) > LOE 5 (n = 14) > LOE 3 (n = 5) > LOE 1 (n = 4) > LOE 2 (n = 1). The anatomy of the CP needs to be reexamined and understood in the anatomical literature.
Stroke mortality disparities in the population of the Appalachian Mountain region.

OBJECTIVES: Racial and rural-urban differences in stroke were previously reported in demographically and socioeconomically heterogeneous populations. However, it is not clear whether they exist in more homogeneous populations. Compared to the rest of the United States, the Appalachian region is highly rural and more homogeneous, with a predominantly White and socioeconomically disadvantaged population. The goal of our study was to investigate whether racial disparities in stroke mortality exist among the Appalachian population. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Patterns of stroke mortality for a seven-year period (2000-2006) were investigated in the Appalachian adult population of > or = 25 years. Data on stroke deaths were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risks (RR), adjusting for confounding factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Stroke death rates. RESULTS: Stroke mortality in Appalachia was 20.5% higher than outside Appalachia (96.67 and 80.25 per 100,000 person-years, P < .001). Stroke mortality was statistically significantly higher in African Americans than in other racial groups: Caucasians (adjusted RR = 1.428, P < .001), Asians (adjusted RR = 2.821, P < .001), and Native American Indians (adjusted RR = 3.571, P < 0.001). Rural-urban stroke mortality disparities were statistically significant outside Appalachia but not within Appalachia. CONCLUSIONS: Racial disparities in stroke mortality exist in the Appalachian region. Further studies are warranted to investigate the rationale for possible health policy interventions and socioeconomic measures. ( Ethn Dis. 2013;23[3]:286–291)
Flash Burns While on Home Oxygen Therapy Tracking Trends and Identifying Areas for Improvement

The objective was to analyze reported flash burns experienced by patients on home oxygen therapy (HOT) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) using a qualitative, retrospective review of VHA root cause analysis reports between January 2009 and November 2015. Of 123 cases of reported adverse events related to flash burns, 100 cases (81%) resulted in injury, and 23 (19%) resulted in death. Although 89% of veterans claimed to have quit smoking (n = 109), 92% (n = 113) of burns occurred as a result of smoking. The most common root cause was risk identification issues. Recommended actions were standardized risk assessment policies, patient education, and the adoption of fire stop valves. Patients with a history of smoking who are on HOT should be considered for fire stop valves and offered consistent counseling and follow-up using a combination of harm reduction and shared decision-making techniques. Standardization of risk identification and documentation is recommended.
New Multi-task Learning Model to Predict Alzheimer’s Disease Cognitive Assessment

As a neurodegenerative disorder, the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) status can be characterized by the progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. Thus, it is an important topic to use neuroimaging measures to predict cognitive performance and track the progression of AD. Many existing cognitive performance prediction methods employ the regression models to associate cognitive scores to neuroimaging measures, but these methods do not take into account the interconnected structures within imaging data and those among cognitive scores. To address this problem, we propose a novel multi-task learning model for minimizing the k smallest singular values to uncover the underlying low-rank common subspace and jointly analyze all the imaging and clinical data. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated by the clearly improved prediction performances in all empirical AD cognitive scores prediction cases.
Angular Dependence of Ionization by Circularly Polarized Light Calculated with Time-Dependent Configuration Interaction with an Absorbing Potential.

The angular dependence of ionization by linear and circularly polarized light has been examined for N2, NH3, H2O, CO2, CH2O, pyrazine, methyloxirane, and vinyloxirane. Time-dependent configuration interaction with single excitations and a complex absorbing potential was used to simulate ionization by a seven cycle 800 nm cosine squared pulse with intensities ranging from 0.56 × 1014 to 5.05 × 1014 W cm–2. The shapes of the ionization yield for linearly polarized light can be understood primarily in terms of the nodal structure of the highest occupied orbitals. Depending on the orbital energies, ionization from lower-lying orbitals may also make significant contributions to the shapes. The shapes of the ionization yield for circularly polarized light can be readily explained in terms of the shapes for linearly polarized light. Averaging the results for linear polarization over orientations perpendicular to the direction of propagation yields shapes that are in very good agreement with direct calculations o...
Loss of PI3K p110α in the Adipose Tissue Results in Infertility and Delayed Puberty Onset in Male Mice.

Deletion of PI3K catalytic subunit p110α in adipose tissue (aP2-Cre/p110 , α−/− hereafter) results in increased adiposity, glucose intolerance, and liver steatosis. Because this endocrine organ releases hormones like leptin, which are important in reproductive physiology, we investigated the reproductive phenotype of α−/− males. Compared to controls, α−/− males displayed delayed onset of puberty accompanied by a reduction in plasma LH levels and testicular weight. At postnatal day 30, α−/− mice exhibited normal body weight but elevated fasted plasma leptin levels. Testicular leptin gene expression was increased, whereas expression of the cholesterol transporter StAR and of P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme was decreased. Adult α−/− males were infertile and exhibited hyperandrogenemia with normal basal LH, FSH, and estradiol levels. However, neither sperm counts nor sperm motility was different between genotypes. The mRNA levels of leptin and of 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3, and enzyme important for testosterone production, were significantly higher in the testis of adult α−/− males. The mRNA levels of ERα, an important regulator of intratesticular steroidogenesis, were lower in the testis of adult and peripubertal α−/− males. We propose that chronic hyperleptinemia contributes to the negative impact that disrupting PI3K signaling in adipocytes has on puberty onset, steroidogenesis, and fertility in males.
Elfamycins: inhibitors of elongation factor-Tu

Elfamycins are a relatively understudied group of antibiotics that target the essential process of translation through impairment of EF-Tu function. For the most part, the utility of these compounds has been as laboratory tools for the study of EF-Tu and the ribosome, as their poor pharmacokinetic profile and solubility has prevented implementation as therapeutic agents. However, due to the slowing of the antibiotic pipeline and the rapid emergence of resistance to approved antibiotics, this group is being reconsidered. Some researchers are using screens for novel naturally produced variants, while others are making directed, systematic chemical improvements on publically disclosed compounds. As an example of the latter approach, a GE2270 A derivative, LFF571, has completed phase 2 clinical trials, thus demonstrating the potential for elfamycins to become more prominent antibiotics in the future.
Operatoren und Abgeleitete Funktionen

In diesem Kapitel werden die Elementaroperatoren des APL2, sowie die durch sie erzeugten abgeleiteten Funktionen behandelt.
Decision Support Algorithm for Evaluating Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Electricity Generation in the United States

This article presents an algorithm to aid practitioners in determining the most appropriate method to estimate carbon dioxide emissions from an electricity load. Applications include sustainability assessments of products, processes, energy efficiency improvements, changes in generation infrastructure, and changes in electricity demand. Currently, there is no consensus on appropriate methods for calculating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from specific electricity loads. Previous research revealed significant differences in emissions when different methods were used, a situation that could result in divergent sustainability or policy recommendations. In this article, we illustrate the distribution of emissions estimates based on method characteristics such as region size, temporal resolution, average or marginal approaches, and time scales. Informed by these findings, a decision support algorithm is presented that uses a load's key features and an analyst's research question to provide recommendations on appropriate method types. We defined four different cases to demonstrate the utility of the algorithm and to illustrate the variability of methods used in previous studies. Prior research often employed simplifying assumptions, which, in some cases, can result in electricity being allocated to the incorrect generating resources and improper calculation of emissions. This algorithm could reduce inappropriate allocation, variability in assumptions, and increase appropriateness of electricity emissions estimates.
Defect States Emerging from a non-Hermitian Flat Band of Photonic Zero Modes

We report the emergence of a defect state in a photonic flat band with non-Hermitian particle-hole symmetry, which can be viewed as an unconventional alignment of a pseudo-spin in a complex magnetic field.
Rebound Hypersomnolence, Stimulant Abuse, and DAT-Mediated Dopamine Release

NOT MUCH ATTENTION HAS BEEN PAID TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM IN THE REGULATION OF SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE, IN CONTRAST to those of other monoamines such as norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and histamine. This is mostly due to the fact that dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra, the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei that project to forebrain, do not change their firing rates across sleep cycles, yet there are changes in their firing patterns.1 Pharmacological studies however, consistently reported that modes of action of most currently available wake-promoting agents such as amphetamines and modafinil are mediated by stimulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission.2
Addressing inequity through youth participatory action research: Toward a critically hopeful approach to more equitable schools:

In this paper, we explore how youth participatory action research methods serve as a means of uncovering and addressing hidden curricula in schools. To illuminate, we present an example of one scho...
Elastic ellipsoidal inhomogeneity with imperfect interface: Complete displacement solution in terms of ellipsoidal harmonics

Abstract The complete, infinite series solution has been obtained for the elastic ellipsoidal inhomogeneity imperfectly bonded to the matrix. By combining Papkovich–Neuber representation of general displacement solution in terms of scalar harmonic potentials, their expansion in terms of solid ellipsoidal harmonics and accurate fulfilling the interface conditions, the boundary value problem is reduced to an infinite system of the linear algebraic equations. Maxwell homogenization scheme has been extended to the elastic ellipsoidal particle composites with imperfect interface. The scheme takes into account the volume content and elastic moduli of constituents, shape, size and orientation statistics of inhomogeneities and contact stiffness of interface. The numerical algorithm of the method provides fast and accurate analysis of the problem for a whole range of the structure parameters. The reported numerical data illustrate the convergence rate of solution and the interface stiffness effect on the stress field and macroscopic elastic moduli of the ellipsoidal particle composite.
Flame-synthesized nickel-silver nanoparticle inks provide high conductivity without sintering

Abstract A new concept for the synthesis of conductive metal nanoparticle inks (nano-inks) is introduced using a one-step continuous flame-based process. Bimetallic nickel (Ni)-silver (Ag) nanopowders are simultaneously produced and functionalized in a High Temperature Reducing Jet (HTRJ) reactor. The HTRJ process allows rapid aerosol (gas phase) formation of multicomponent metal nanoparticles with relatively high production rates from low-cost metal precursors. Octylamine, a volatile aliphatic amine, is sprayed into the reactor effluent after the particle formation zone to cap nanoparticles as they form. Ni-Ag Functionalized Nano Powders (FNPs) were characterized and compared with Bare Nano Powders (BNPs) to verify that in situ ligand attachment was successful. Nano-inks were prepared by dispersing FNPs in an organic solvent. Conductive films were fabricated using different nano-ink compositions starting from pure Ni to 50 wt% Ni. With the use of a small capping agent, films containing 50 wt% (65 at%) Ni provide an electrical conductivity of 5.14 × 104 S m−1 without any post-processing. Conductivity increased to 4.22 × 105 S m−1 after thermal annealing in an inert environment. These sintering-free bimetallic conductive nanoparticles can be used as a lower cost replacement for current silver inks for single-step printing of conductive traces without post-processing.
SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions: The Conundrum in Assessing the Therapy Response of Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

In 2018, the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (iwCLL) updated the guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Included were definitions for response, which incorporated consideration of the significance of minimal residual disease. Here we discuss the clinical significance of complete response or partial response, as defined in the 2018 iwCLL guidelines, and the relative value of assessing for minimal residual disease.
Study on Mounting Position of IMU for Better Accuracy of ZUPT-Aided Pedestrian Inertial Navigation

We present a study on the effect of mounting position of IMU to a foot on the navigation accuracy of ZUPT-aided pedestrian inertial navigation. In this study, we compared two IMU mounting positions, forefoot and heel, in terms of the length of the stance phase, velocity uncertainty, and the shock level during the stance phase. Circular Error Probable (CEP) of localization was experimentally demonstrated to be reduced by about 50%, when mounting the IMU on the forefoot rather than behind the heel. The conclusion was demonstrated by investigating different walking paces, types of floors (hard floor, grass lawn, and sand), trajectories (upstairs and downstairs), and gait patterns produced by different persons. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to investigate the velocity uncertainty during the stance phase in pedestrian navigation, a critical characteristic of ZUPT-aided algorithms.
Simulation of Asteroid Impact on Ocean Surfaces, Subsequent Wave Generation and the Effect on US Shorelines

Abstract As part of a larger effort involving members of several other organizations, we have conducted numerical simulations in support of emergency-response exercises of postulated asteroid ocean impacts. We have addressed the problem from source (asteroid entry) to ocean impact (splash) to wave generation, propagation and interaction with the U.S. shoreline. We simulated three impact sites. The first site is located off the east coast by Maryland's shoreline. The second site is located off of the West coast, the San Francisco bay. The third set of sites are situated in the Gulf of Mexico. Asteroid impacts on the ocean surface are conducted using LLNL's hydrocode GEODYN to create the impact wave source for the shallow water wave propagation code, SWWP, a shallow depth averaged water wave code. The GEODYN-SWWP coupling offers unique capabilities to address the full scale interactions of asteroids with the ocean and the interactions of the water waves with the shorelines.
Electromagnetic Position Measurement System Immune to Ferromagnetic Disturbances

This paper develops an electromagnet-based position measurement system for industrial actuators which offers significant advantages compared with traditional position measurement systems. These advantages include low cost, non-contacting operation, easy installation, and robustness to magnetic disturbances. In the first embodiment of the sensor, the electromagnet is located on the stationary actuator housing while the sensor is mounted on the actuator’s moving piston rod. This requires power to be supplied to the electronics on a moving object, and therefore a second embodiment that eliminates this disadvantage is developed. The second embodiment locates both the electromagnet and the powered sensor on the stationary housing. A mu-metal film of high magnetic permeability is located on the moving piston. Due to its high magnetic permeability, a significant fraction of the magnetic field measured by the sensor is coupled through the piston of the actuator. Hence, as the piston position changes, the magnetic field measured by the sensor changes. This leads to an excellent position measurement system with high sensitivity. The experimental results show that the second position sensor embodiment can provide 1% accuracy in position measurement, can reject the influence of disturbances from magnetic objects and can measure positions for stroke lengths up to 20 cm. Longer stroke lengths can be handled using additional daisy-chained sensors.
Chemo-mechanical coupling and material evolution in finitely deforming solids with advancing fronts of reactive fluids

A new stabilized method is presented for coupled chemo-mechanical problems involving chemically reacting fluids flowing through deformable elastic solids. A mixture theory model is employed wherein kinematics is represented via an independent set of balance laws for each of the interacting constituents. A significant feature of the mixture model is the interactive force field in the momentum balance equations that couples the constituents implicitly at the level of the governing system of equations. The constitutive relations for the constituents in the mixture model are based on maximization of the rate of entropy production. Since each constituent is not discretely modeled and the interactive effects are mathematically coupled at the local continuum level, the resulting system serves as a physics-based reduced-order model for the complex microstructure of the material system. When constitutive equations are substituted into the balance laws, they give rise to a system of coupled nonlinear PDEs. Evolving nonlinearity and coupled chemo-mechanical effects give rise to spatially localized phenomena, namely boundary layers, shear bands, and steep gradients that appear at the reaction fronts. For large reaction rates, the balance of mass of the fluid becomes a singularly perturbed equation (reaction-dominated), which may exhibit boundary and/or internal layers. Likewise, for large reaction rates and/or low diffusivity, the balance of linear momentum for the fluid constituent also becomes a singularly perturbed PDE. Presence of these features in the solution requires stable numerical methods, and we present a variational multiscale (VMS)-based stabilized finite element method for the initial-boundary value problem. Mathematical attributes of the method are investigated via a range of numerical test cases that involve diffusion of chemically reacting fluids through nonlinear elastic solids. Enhanced stabilization features and higher spatial accuracy of the models and the methods are highlighted.
Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology

There has been a significant advancement in pediatric pharmacology after 2002 when the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and Pediatric Equity Act became a law. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reauthorized the Safety and Innovation Act with the goal of encouraging the pharmaceutical industry to perform pediatric studies to improve labeling of drugs used in children by incentivizing an added 6 months patent exclusivity. This also encouraged the National Institute of Health to prioritize unmet needs in pediatric clinical analgesic research. Many trials have been conducted, and data on efficacy and safety are now included in product labels. However, barriers to conduct pharmacokinetic trials for new drugs and opioids in the pediatric population remain a challenge with regard to recruitment, need for frequent blood sampling, limitations among patient subgroups such as premature infants, and lack of funding prioritization.
Shaping Attitudes Toward Science in an Introductory Astronomy Class

At many universities, astronomy is a popular way for non-science majors to fulfill a general education requirement. Because general-education astronomy may be the only college-level science course taken by these students, it is the last chance to shape the science attitudes of these future journalists, teachers, politicians, and voters. I report on an attempt to measure and induce changes in science attitudes in my general-education astronomy course. I describe construction of the attitude survey, classroom activities designed to influence attitudes, and give numerical results indicating a significant improvement. In contrast, the literature on attitudes in introductory physics courses generally reports stagnation or decline. I briefly comment on some plausible explanations for this difference.
"No somos máquinas" (We are not machines): Worker perspectives of safety culture in meatpacking plants in the Midwest.

Background Meatpacking is dangerous, dirty, and demanding (3-D) work-much of which is done by immigrant workers. It is characterized by high rates of occupational injuries and illnesses due to the speed of the production line, repetitive motions, and other inherent exposures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore perceptions of safety culture among Hispanic/Latino meatpacking workers in the Midwest. Methods Five focus groups with a total of 28 participants were conducted between March 2019 and February 2020 with Hispanic/Latino meatpacking workers in Nebraska. Workers were asked about the type of work performed, how the work was physically done, and perceptions of health risks and exposures. Thematic analysis was used to build a description of safety culture within the meatpacking industry. Results Three main themes were found: (1) workers depicted a culture where companies cared more about production than people; (2) workers felt powerless in improving their situation; and (3) workers noted that the work was precarious, both dangerous and one where much of the responsibility for safety was shifted to the individual workers. Conclusions The meatpacking industry has a poor safety culture. Safety culture within the industry may be improved by ensuring that organizational values and artifacts are aligned with safety by addressing the critical role of supervisors, providing culturally and linguistically appropriate consistent safety training and messaging to the workforce, and enforcing and strengthening safety regulations.
A retrospective cohort study assessing acute kidney injury and renal recovery among septic patients empirically treated with vancomycin piperacillin-tazobactam versus vancomycin cefepime.

Vancomycin plus piperacillin–tazobactam (VPT) is a commonly used antimicrobial regimen for septic patients. VPT is more nephrotoxic than other regimens such as vancomycin plus cefepime (VC) when given over several days. This risk of nephrotoxicity is less clear when VPT is given for initial empiric therapy in sepsis and de-escalated quickly based on evolving clinical information. The objective of this study was to assess nephrotoxicity among septic patients empirically treated with either VPT or VC at initial clinical presentation. We conducted a retrospective study of septic patients who received VPT or VC within 12 h of presentation to the emergency department. The primary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal recovery 72 h after presentation. For the total of 418 patients, 306 received VPT and 112 received VC. Rates of AKI at 72 h were 15.2% for VPT patients and 11.0% for VC patients [p = 0.44]. Among patients with AKI at presentation, 16.3% of VPT patients had AKI at 72 h compared to 8.9% of VC patients [p = 0.19]. Among those without AKI at presentation, 14.2% VPT patients and 16.7% VC patients had AKI at 72 h [p = 0.71]. Renal recovery rates for patients with AKI at presentation were 42.3% for VPT patients versus 40.3% for VC patients [p = 0.78]. In-hospital renal replacement therapy occurred in 6.2% VPT patients and 0.9% VC patients [p = 0.024]. Therefore, initial empiric therapy with VPT in sepsis may not confer increased risk of AKI when de-escalated appropriately.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 22

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies are presented for 22 C, 22 N, 22 O, 22 F, 22 Ne, 22 Na, 22 Mg, 22 Al, and 22 Si. This evaluation for A = 22 supersedes the earlier one by R. B. Firestone (2005Fi16).
Sentence Reduction as a Remedy for Prosecutorial Misconduct

Current remedies for prosecutorial misconduct, such as reversal of conviction or dismissal of charges, are rarely granted by courts and thus do not deter prosecutors effectively. Further, such all-or-nothing remedial schemes are often problematic from corrective and expressive perspectives, especially when misconduct has not affected the trial verdict. When granted, such remedies produce windfalls to guilty defendants and provoke public resentment, undermining their expressive value in condemning misconduct. To avoid such windfalls, courts must refuse to grant any remedy at all, either refusing to recognize violations or deeming them harmless. This often leaves significant non-conviction-related harms unremedied and egregious prosecutorial misconduct uncondemned. This Article accordingly proposes adding sentence reduction to current all-or-nothing remedial schemes, arguing that this would provide courts with an intermediate remedy that they would be more willing to grant. It argues that several prosecutorial incentives combine to make sentence reduction an effective deterrent. Moreover, because sentence reduction could be tailored to the magnitude of the violation, it could resolve the windfall dilemma and serve as an effective corrective and expressive remedy.
Vaginal hysterectomy as a sterilization procedure

Abstract Vaginal hysterectomy for sterilization was performed on 100 patients at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. These patients were compared to an equal number of age- and gravidity-matched patients undergoing puerperal tubal ligation. While the blood loss, morbidity, and hospital stay were all slightly increased in the vaginal hysterectomy group, several distinct advantages of this procedure were noted. Hysterectomy precludes the possibility of sterilization failure associated with tubal ligation, and removes the source of future uterine disease. The incidence and probabilities of occurrence of such future problems are discussed. It is concluded that vaginal hysterectomy may well be the procedure of choice when surgical sterilization is desired by the indigent multiparous patient who is most susceptible to the future development of benign and malignant uterine disease and who probably will not return for adequate postoperative follow-up.
Ecosystem Policy and the Problem of Power

The purpose of ecological policy is to introduce environmental considerations into human decision making so as to protect the environment, which is really to say, so as to protect mankind against environmental disasters and to enable man to live in a comfortable symbiotic relationship with his metabolic and physical environment. The thrust of ecological concern is that man has abused and damaged his environment in ways and to an extent that can only further redound to damage man’s own well-being. Man should instead think out the ecological implications of his behaviour and adjust his activities so as to reflect environmental considerations and to inflict the minimum damage, especially the minimum irreversible damage, on his environment. The result of this current position has been a widespread call for the design and management of environmental protection systems. Such suggested solutions have varied extensively, and include the mandatory imposition of waste disposal, the creation of pollution rights as a new subset of property rights, the creation of new organizations and institutions, citizen education, and so on.
Gamma Ray Induced Gaseous Phase Polymerization and Copolymerization of Vinyl Monomers in Bagasse

Gamma-ray induced gaseous phase in situ polymerization of vinyl chloride and copolymerization of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate in bagasse have been investigated and discussed. The prepared bagasse-plastic combinations were not improved of its mechanical strength owing to the deposited PVC powder and the low copolymer loading in bagasse-board. The viscosity average molecular weight of PVC formed in bagasse-board was found to be slightly higher than that of PVC formed in the in situ liquid polymerization system. No graft reaction of PVC onto bagasse cellulose was observed, while low grade of graft reaction was confirmed with PVC-PVAc copolymer system.
Energy thresholds for ATP synthesis in chloroplasts

Abstract We have investigated the ATP synthesis associated with acid-base transitions in chloroplast lamellae under conditions which allow simultaneous control of the thermodynamic variables, ΔpH, membrane potential and ΔGATP. These variables have been directly imposed rather than simply inferred. Since the initiation of labeled Pi incorporation seems to measure accurately the initiation of net ATP synthesis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The proton-motive force which is just sufficient for ATP synthesis provides almost exactly the required energy for ΔGATP if the efflux of three H+ is required for each ATP molecule formed. (2) The membrane potential and the ΔpH contribute to the proton-motive force in a precisely additive way. Thus, the threshold can be reached or exceeded by a ΔpH in the absence of a membrane potential, by a membrane potential in the absence of a ΔpH, or by any combination of membrane potential and ΔpH. With a large enough membrane potential, ATP synthesis occurs even against a small inverse ΔpH. In each instance the combined ΔpH and membrane potential necessary for initiation of ATP synthesis represent the same threshold proton-motive force.
Selective adaptation of vowels

Two experiments investigating the selective adaptation of vowels examined changes in listeners’ identification functions for the vowel continuum [i-I-∈] as a function of the adapting stimulus. In Experiment I, the adapting stimuli were [i], [I], and [∈]. Both the [i] and [∈] stimuli produced significant shifts in the neighboringand distant phonetic boundaries, whereas [I] did not result in any adaptation effects. In order to explore the phonetic nature of feature adaptation in vowels, a second experiment was conducted using the adapting stimuli [gig] and [g ∈ g], which differed acoustically from the [i] and [∈] vowels on the identification continuum. Only [gig] yielded reliable adaptation effects. The results of these experiments were interpreted as suggesting arelative rather than a stableauditory mode of feature analysis in vowels and a possibly more complex auditory feature analysis for the vowel [i].