cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task Balanced Multimodal Feature Selection to Predict the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

The social and financial costs associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) result in significant burdens on our society. In order to understand the causes of this disease, public-private partnerships such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) release data into the scientific community. These data are organized into various modalities (genetic, brain-imaging, cognitive scores, diagnoses, etc.) for analysis. Many statistical learning approaches used in medical image analysis do not explicitly take advantage of this multimodal data structure. In this work we propose a novel objective function and optimization algorithm that is designed to handle multimodal information for the prediction and analysis of AD. Our approach relies on robust matrix-factorization and row-wise sparsity provided by the $\ell_{2,1^{-}}$ norm in order to integrate multimodal data provided by the ADNI. These techniques are jointly optimized with a classification task to guide the feature selection in our proposed Task Balanced Multimodal Feature Selection method. Our results, when compared against some widely used machine learning algorithms, show improved balanced accuracies, precision, and Matthew’s correlation coefficients for identifying cognitive decline. In addition to the improved prediction performance, our method is able to identify brain and genetic biomarkers that are of interest to the clinical research community. Our experiments validate existing brain biomarkers and single nucleotide polymorphisms located on chromosome 11 and detail novel polymorphisms on chromosome 10 that, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, have not previously been reported. We anticipate that our method will be of interest to the greater research community and have released our method’s code online.11Code is provided at: https://github.com/minds-mines/TBMFSjl
A New-England Kind of “Fetch”: The Vampire-Witch in Edith Wharton’s Gothic Fiction

Recent discussions about Edith Wharton’s contribution to the Gothic have opened the door for additional inquiry into Wharton’s other uses of this genre. For Wharton, setting her ghost fiction within a specific region meant she must also draw from that locale’s history: witches and vampires served that purpose. But to what end? This chapterconsiders the answer to that question, acknowledging the role Wharton’s own experiences among the grounds of her most beloved Berkshire home, The Mount, played in her Gothic fiction. The essay seeks to show how Wharton’s experiences in New England and knowledge of its very real “vampiric” history informed her treatment of witches and vampires that refuse to remain silent, especially as seen in Ethan Frome, “Bewitched,” and “All Souls.”
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a review of current recommendations for surveillance and management

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) comprise of a diverse array of pancreatic cysts, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN), serous cystic neoplasms (SCN), cystic neuroendocrine tumors (cNET), and many others. Increasing use of cross-sectional imaging has resulted in greater numbers of PCNs discovered incidentally. The overall risk of malignancy is low, but can vary considerably between different classes of PCNs. Furthermore, many pancreatic cysts are indeterminate on imaging, and the inability to reliably predict the course of disease remains a challenge for radiologists. Due to the variability in disease course and a lack of high-quality studies on PCNs, there is no universal consensus when it comes to balancing optimal surveillance while avoiding the risk for overtreatment. Currently, there are three widely accepted international guidelines outlining guidelines for surveillance and management of PCNs: the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) in 2015, the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) last revised in 2017, and the European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas (European) last revised in 2018. In 2017, the American College of Radiology released its own comprehensive set of recommendations for managing indeterminate pancreatic cysts that are detected incidentally on CT or MRI. The purpose of this paper is to describe the key differences between the ACR recommendations and the aforementioned three sets of guidelines regarding cyst management, imaging surveillance, performance, and cost-effectiveness.
The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease

Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant in all cell membranes, including neurons. Not only immature axons, but also severed axons in the adult require large amounts of lipids for axon regeneration to occur. Lipids also serve as energy storage, signaling molecules and they contribute to tissue physiology, as demonstrated by a variety of metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in various tissues through the body. Detrimental changes in lipid metabolism and excess accumulation of lipids contribute to a lack of axon regeneration, poor neurological outcome and complications after a variety of central nervous system (CNS) trauma including brain and spinal cord injury. Recent evidence indicates that rewiring lipid metabolism can be manipulated for therapeutic gain, as it favors conditions for axon regeneration and CNS repair. Here, we review the role of lipids, lipid metabolism and ectopic lipid accumulation in axon growth, regeneration and CNS repair. In addition, we outline molecular and pharmacological strategies to fine-tune lipid composition and energy metabolism in neurons and non-neuronal cells that can be exploited to improve neurological recovery after CNS trauma and disease.
Condition, disease, disability: how the label used to describe infertility may affect public support for fertility treatment coverage

To assess public attitudes towards fertility treatment coverage and whether attitudes are influenced by infertility labels. Cross-sectional, web survey-based experiment using a national sample of 1226 United States adults. Participants read identical descriptions about infertility, with the exception of random assignment to infertility being labeled as a “condition,” “disease,” or “disability.” Participants then responded to questions measuring their beliefs and attitudes towards policies related to the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. We measured public support for infertility policies, public preference for infertility labels, and whether support differed by the randomly assigned label used. We also queried associations between demographic data and support for infertility policies. Support was higher for insurance coverage of infertility treatments (p=.014) and fertility preservation (p=.017), and infertility public assistance programs (p=.036) when infertility was described as a “disease” or “disability” compared to “condition.” Participants who were younger, were planning or trying to conceive, had a family member or friend with infertility, and/or had a more liberal political outlook were more likely to support infertility policies. A majority of participants (78%) felt the term “condition” was the best label to describe infertility, followed by “disability” (12%). The least popular label was “disease” (10%). Those preferring “condition” were older (p<.001), more likely to be non-Hispanic White (p=.046), and less likely to have an infertility diagnosis (p<.001). While less commonly identified as the best descriptors of infertility, labeling infertility as a “disease” or “disability” may increase support for policies that improve access to infertility care
Clinicopathologic characteristics of FBXW7-mutated colorectal adenocarcinoma and association with aberrant beta-catenin localization.

Abstract Oncogenic mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/Wnt signaling pathway are well documented. The FBXW7 gene (F-Box And WD Repeat Domain Containing 7) encodes a member of the ubiquitin-proteasome complex that is more recently described to antagonize the oncogenic Wnt pathway by promoting the degradation of β-catenin encoded by CTNNB1 gene. The pathologic significance of FBXW7 mutation in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains underreported. In this study, we report the clinicopathologic and β-catenin immunohistochemical features of a single-institution cohort (83 cases) of FBXW7-mutated CRC compared to CTNNB1-mutated CRC. FBXW7-mutated CRC was more common in older patients (p=0.031) and in the left/distal colon (p=0.022). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic β-catenin localization was identified in a significantly high proportion of FBXW7-mutated CRCs. When compared to CTNNB1-mutated CRC, FBXW7-mutated CRC showed a significantly higher proportion of MSI-stable tumors with intact expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins, and had significantly more frequent co-occurrence of missense TP53 and KRAS mutations. The most frequently mutated FBXW7 residues/hotspots were located within the WD repeat domains (aa 378-659), which were also associated with aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin protein. Our results indicate the unique pathologic characteristics of FBXW7 mutated CRC with frequent co-occurrence of missense mutant TP53, and KRAS. The mutated FBXW7 residues/hotspots and its association with aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic β-catenin localization further support the oncogenic role of FBXW7 in colon carcinogenesis.
The Consequences of Colorism

Colorism is a form of discrimination based on skin tone that routinely privileges light-skinned people of color and penalizes darker-skinned people of color. Slavery in the USA and the Americas and European colonialism around the globe help explain the historical roots of colorism in the USA. Research on skin tone stratification demonstrates that, with few exceptions, light skin tone is privileged and rewarded in many different social settings. In fact, with increased access to racial capital and media technology, it is not unreasonable to suggest that skin tone is more important than ever.
Abstract 291: Multiple Mechanisms for the Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia by Herpes Simplex Virus Strain R7020

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause of vein bypass graft failure. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are a key element of IH as they phenotypically switch from a contractile to a synthetic state which may lead to IH. R7020 is an engineered strain of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 which inhibits IH in animal models. Although it has many characteristics which make it a strong candidate for use as a prophylaxis agent how it inhibits IH is not well understood. IH is multifaceted and R7020 infects a wide range of cell types regulating their cellular functions and pathways. Therefore we hypothesized that R7020 inhibits IH by altering multiple cellular functions and cell types. The objective of this study was to identify mechanisms used by R7020 to function in blood vessels that may contribute to its inhibition of IH. In this study the cytopathic effect of R7020 on SMCs was determined in vitro and in a rabbit IH model. The effects of R7020 on SMC viability and the adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to SMCs were quantified in the absence and presence of TNF-α. Microarray analysis was used to identify genes whose expression was altered by R7020 in vivo. The cytopathic effects which include filopodia positive for R7020 tegument proteins extending from cell to cell and the formation of syncytia suggest that R7020 remains cell associated after egress and spreads cell to cell instead of by diffusion through the extracellular fluid. The directionality of the filopodia in vivo suggests that the virus preferentially travels from the media towards the intima targeting the SMCs that would lead to IH. The formation of syncytia would also inhibit SMC proliferation as cells that form syncytia do not proliferate. In addition, R7020 induced the fusion of PBMCs with syncytia which may limit the effect of macrophages on IH. Furthermore, R7020 inhibited the proliferative effect of TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine associated with increased IH. Microarray analysis detected a significant change in the expression of 58 genes in R7020 infected arteries relative to non-infected at 24 h. The encoded proteins are associated with the immune system, cell death, proliferation/motility and vascular tone. Thus this study identifies multiple mechanisms which R7020 may be using to inhibit IH.
Recruiting High-risk Activists: Exploring the Roles of Structural and Cultural Factors

What motivates activists to leave the security of their country and the comforts of home to risk their lives on someone else's behalf? This paper summarizes the current literature on how individuals get involved in transnational social movements, including those that require them to put their lives on the line. I begin by outlining structural explanations for participation and specifically discuss how prior contacts and biographical availability draw new recruits into activism. Then, I discuss cultural explanations, which emphasize meaning-making and collective identities in the recruitment process. Finally, I outline scholarly attempts to bridge structural and cultural explanations as well as offer recommendations for future research.
United States v. Simon and the New Certification Provisions

issue of whether compliance with GAAP and GAAS is a defense, but instead on the particular fact that Continental was being looted (in response to which, in the court of appeals' view, GAAP and GAAS themselves required the defendants to do more
Approaches to enhancing concrete bridge deck durability

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the recent results on the studies of durability enhancements of concrete bridge deck. Fatigue performance of cementitious material can be significantly improved by adding fibers. With the same maximum load level, the fatigue life can be prolonged by several orders of magnitude depending on the fiber types and content. The fatigue crack growth rate in fiber reinforced cementitious composite is found to be governed by the crack bridging degradation behavior of the composite in the fracture zone. In a composite slab containing both plain concrete and ECC strips, with proper design at the ECC/concrete interfaces, and careful selection of material properties (that is, to assure that the tensile strength of concrete is higher than that of ECC material), it is possible to localize the tensile deformation into the ECC strip instead of cracking in the concrete section. Due to the strain hardening performance of the ECC material with high strain capacity (up to 5%), the overall strain capacity and the integrity as well as the fatigue durability of the composite slab can be significantly improved.
The California Council on Gerontology and Geriatrics

The California Council on Gerontology and Geriatrics (CCGG) is one of the few broadly-based statewide consortia in aging still extant. Some of the reasons for its viability include a focus on both gerontology and geriatrics, an intersegmental and public and private sector governance structure to fit with the State's "Master Plan," incorporated status, and its committed volunteer leadership. Although no longer externally funded, modest reserves enable CCGG to continue serving as an example to others wishing to promote similar state-level prgrams.
Intracellular recordings from rat nucleus accumbens neurons in vitro.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were obtained from rat nucleus accumbens (NAC) neurons in brain slice preparations. Local stimulations evoked depolarizing postsynaptic potential (DPSP). Injections of low density depolarizing currents decreased the amplitude of the DPSP and reversed a later portion of the DPSP into a hyperpolarizing potential. Superfusion of pentobarbital facilitated the reversal of this later portion of DPSP and bicuculline abolished this polarity reversal. These data suggested that the DPSP evoked by local stimulation consisted of a combination of an excitatory and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, and that the latter was probably mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid.
Effects of N-Ethylmaleimide Treatment on the Action Potential Na+-Ionophore of Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells

: Treatment of murine neuroblastoma N18 cells with N-ethylmaleimide under conditions that favor diminution of membrane potential leads to a 65% increase in the rate of veratridine-stimulated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ uptake and to a 50% decrease in the concentration of veratridine required for half-maximal stimulation. This modification does not appear to occur in N18 cells having a normal membrane potential of approx. -40 mV. The data are consistent with the involvement of a sulfhydryl group in the Na+ channel inactivation gate and in the conformational change in this gate which results in closing of the channel.
Micro 3D printing using a digital projector and its application in the study of soft materials mechanics.

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified PμSL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation. A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 μm resolution. This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.
Haematoloechus medioplexus: Light and electron microscope localization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidases I and II in the gastrodermis

Abstract The exopeptidases,dipeptidyl aminopeptidases I and II (EC 3.4.14.1 and EC 3.4.14.2, respectively) were demonstrated cytochemically at light and electron microscope levels in the gastrodermis of adult Haematoloechus medioplexus recovered from the lungs of naturally infected Rana pipiens . Lys-Ala-4-methoxy-β-naphthylamide and Pro-Arg-4-methoxy-β-naphthylamide were used as specific substrates. Reaction products from both enzymes were observed in the gastrodermis in what are believed to be vesicles analogous to secondary lysosomes. The localization of the enzymes in these vesicles coincides with previous reports of the distribution of acid phosphatase and esterase activities. The hydrolases are believed to function both intracellularly by autophagy and extracellularly by digestion of host globin in the cecal lumen. Cathepsin B activity was not observed following the cytochemical protocol used in this investigation.
Efficient design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of 1-(3′-substituted propyl)-4-arylpiperidines as non-peptide antagonists of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor: biological activities, metabolic stabilities and hERG channel bindings

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an endogenous heptadecapeptide that is a metabolite of precursor polypeptide (prepro-N/OFQ), and N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor (or opioid-receptor-like-1 receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is distinct from classical opioid peptide receptors, whereas the receptors share high sequence-similarities. As well, [35S]-guanosine 5′-(γ-thiotriphosphate) binding that was stimulated by N/OFQ–NOP receptor binding was not affected by various GPCR antagonists including opioid receptor antagonists. N/OFQ and NOP receptor are located in the spinal cord, the peripheral nervous systems and other peripheral tissues that are related to pain-inhibitory signal transmissions, and in the corticolimbic regions that are involved in the integration of the emotional components. Indeed, potent and selective new-class NOP receptor agonists as systemically potent analgesic against neuropathic pain and as orally potent anxiolytic with respective unique safe-profiles have been discovered in our studies. Besides, the blockade of N/OFQ actions via N/OFQ–NOP receptor system has been displayed as anti-depression effect, anti-hyperphasia effect and anti-hypotension effect in animal model studies, which might show potential utilities of NOP receptor antagonists to modulate/attenuate N/OFQ activity for regulation of human physiologies in pharmacological and clinical viewpoints. Hence, the design, synthesis, structure–activity relationship in vitro and structure–metabolic stability relationship in vitro of various 1-(3′-substituted propyl)-4-arylpiperidine derivatives were investigated to seek and identify potent and selective new-class NOP receptor antagonists with metabolic stabilities and little hERG ion channel binding affinities by multi-viewpoint and integrated drug-design strategies, with clarifying structural features and physicochemical properties as key factors for the purposes. The unique and efficient studies, and their exclusive results and findings for the analogues are described herein. Efficient and novel methodology of multi-analogue synthesis for 1-[3′-(N,N-disubstituted amino)propyl]-4-arylpiperidine derivatives 3.
Photochemistry in Outer Solar System Atmospheres

The photochemistries of the H2-He atmospheres of the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn and ice giants Uranus and Neptune and Titan’s mildly reducing N2 atmosphere are reviewed in terms of general chemical and physical principles. The thermochemical furnace regions in the deep atmospheres and the photochemical regions of the giant planets are coupled by vertical mixing to ensure efficient recyling of photochemical products. On Titan, mass loss of hydrogen ensures photochemical evolution of methane into less saturated hydrocarbons. A summary discussion of major dissociation paths and essential chemical reactions is given. The chapter ends with a overview of vertical transport processes in planetary atmospheres.
Class of fast methods for processing irregularly sampled or otherwise inhomogeneous one-dimensional data.

With the ansatz that a data set's correlation matrix has a certain parametrized from (one general enough, however, to allow the arbitrary specification of a slowly varying decorrelation distance and population variance), the general machinery of Wiener or optimal filtering can be reduced from $O({n}^{3})$ to $O(n)$ operations, where $n$ is the size of the data set. The implied vast increase in computational speed can allow many common suboptimal or heuristic data analysis methods to be replaced by fast, relatively sophisticated, statistical algorithms. Three examples are given: data rectification, high- or low-pass filtering, and linear least-squares fitting to a model with unaligned data points.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in brain and liver of neonatal pigs

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 1% mixed isomers) on n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) oxidation and biosynthesis were investigated in liver and brain tissues of neonatal piglets. Fatty acid β-oxidation was measured in tissue homogenates using [1-(14)C]linoleic acid (LA) and -arachidonic acid (ARA) substrates, while fatty acid desaturation and elongation were traced using [U-(13)C]LA and GC-MS. Dietary CLA had no effect on fatty acid β-oxidation, but significantly decreased n-6 LCPUFA biosynthesis by inhibition of LA elongation and desaturation. Differences were noted between our (13)C tracer assessment of desaturation/elongation and simple precursor-product indices computed from fatty acid composition data, indicating that caution should be exercised when employing the later. The inhibitory effects of CLA on elongation/desaturation were more pronounced in pigs fed a low fat diet (3% fat) than a high fat diet (25% fat). Direct elongation of linoleic acid to C20:2n-6 via the alternate elongation pathway might play an important role in n-6 LCPUFA synthesis because more than 40% of the synthetic products of [U-(13)C]LA accumulated in [(13)C]20:2n-6. Overall, the data show that dietary CLA shifted the distribution of the synthetic products of [U-(13)C]LA between elongation and desaturation in liver and decreased the total synthetic products of [U-(13)C]LA in brain by inhibiting LA elongation to C20:2n-6. The impact of CLA on brain LCPUFA metabolism of the developing neonate merits consideration and further investigation.
Definitive treatment of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Report of 5 cases with review of literature.

Background To review the treatment outcomes of patients presenting to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods From April 1999 to April 2008, 5 patients with histologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma initially presenting with distant metastasis underwent chemotherapy and definitive radiation therapy at our institution. Each patient received platinum-based chemotherapy concurrently with definitive radiotherapy to the primary region and subsequent consolidation radiotherapy to distant metastases. In addition, 2 patients received induction chemotherapy (cisplatin, fluorouracil), and 3 others received adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin or carboplatin, fluorouracil). Results Of 5 patients initially presenting to our institution with M1 disease, 2 have no evidence of disease as of their last follow-up (29 and 91 months). The remaining 3 patients had progression of disease within 12 months of the start of treatment. Conclusions Long-term disease-free survival is possible in a select group of patients with M1 disease at presentation treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and definitive radiotherapy © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Semantic CSG trees for finite element analysis

Abstract Solid modelling plays an important role in CAD applications, especially in finite element analysis. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is one of the most popular methods used for representing solids. It preserves the three-dimensional structure of the object, and also provides a hierarchical representation which is useful in representing complex objects. Yet the representation is only syntactic. Finite element analysis needs additional information about the objects, such as topological and physical properties. This paper incorporates these properties in a CSG representation of solids and provides semantic constraints for manipulating these properties. Such a CSG tree is called a semantic CSG tree. Preserving the semantic information at the nodes of a CSG tree also guides the designer to reuse the analysis of the substructures of that tree.
State Government Funding of Research on Science and Technology: A Report on Michigan

Abstract The question of this paper is: what factors explain the decisions of state governments to fund research on science and technology? The theoretical problem underlying the research question is patronage in the classical sense, that is, the support by one person or group for the activities of another person or group. Three models of explanation are proposed: “budget incrementalism,” a “rational” model, and a power model. The models are evaluated with information from a case study of a state government program in Michigan. The rational model best explains the state's selection of some proposals out of all the proposals submitted by each state university for funding. The power model best explains the overall allocation of program funds among Michigan's public universities. The budget incrementalism model helps explain the considerable stability from year to year in funding both for the entire program and for each university's share.
A micromechanical study of the evolution of the yield locus of an 1100 aluminium sheet due to rolling

The purpose of the current study is to better understand the cold-rolling process through a micromechanical study. The dominant deformation mechanism is assumed to be the crystallographic slips in crystals. Specifically, the texture development in the metal sheet due to cold-rolling is simulated with a Taylor-type model, and the resultant yield loci are determined by employing Harren's self-consistent formulation to the situation in which the loading directions are not coaxial with the symmetric axes of the metal sheet. The calculations are evaluated with experimental data. Results show that these micromechanical models are quite successful in predicting the plastic behavior of metal sheets subject to moderate cold-rolling.
Modulation of Transmission in Silicon Photonic Crystal Waveguides Using Optically Induced Plasma

We demonstrate modulation of transmission of a silicon photonic crystal waveguide using optically generated plasma. We show a potential for GHz performance and the presence of a slower thermo-optic effect at high optical pump power.
Comment on the paper “Multi person decision analysis in large-scale hierarchical systems—team decision theory”

(1976). Comment on the paper “Multi person decision analysis in large-scale hierarchical systems—team decision theory”. International Journal of Control: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 587-588.
Correlation between corneal epithelial cell outgrowth and monoclonal antibody binding to the cell binding domain of adsorbed fibronectin

The ability of corneal epithelial cells to attach, spread, and migrate on synthetic surfaces is largely determined by the characteristics of the adsorbed protein layer. In previous studies we have described an in vitro model for quantitating epithelial cell outgrowth from explanted corneal buttons onto synthetic materials (Pettit et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 31, 2269 [1990]). We have also described the role of fibronectin (fn) adsorption and binding strength on epithelial cell outgrowth (Pettit et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, 1259 [1992]). In the current study we have used a monoclonal antibody against the RGD cell binding domain of fn (mAb 3E3) to further characterize the role of adsorbed fn in promoting epithelial cell outgrowth. Ten materials of diverse chemical and physical properties were adsorbed with fn (0.1 mg/ml) or mixtures of fn and albumin (concentrations totaling 0.1 mg/ml) and tested for antibody recognition of the cell binding domain. The surface density of bound anti-cell binding domain antibody varied from a low of 0.66 ± 0.11 for fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) to a high of 1.90 ± 0.26 for tissue culture polystyrene dish substrates (units are OD at 450 nm measured in the ELISA technique normalized to polyethylene). A general increase in cell outgrowth areas was noted, with increases in recognizable cell binding domain. However, several exceptions to this trend were noted as well (e. g., low cell outgrowth but high antibody recognizability for glass). These results suggest that, although the number of cell binding domains exposed on adsorbed fn molecules may influence cell outgrowth, other characteristics of the adsorbed protein, such as the binding strength to the underlying substrate, may be equally important in characterizing epithelial cell-substrate interactions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomic-precision multilayer coating of the first set of optics for an extreme-ultraviolet lithography prototype system.

We present our results of coating a first set of optical elements for an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography system. The optics were coated with Mo-Si multilayer mirrors by dc magnetron sputtering and characterized by synchrotron radiation. Near-normal incidence reflectances above 65% were achieved at 13.35 nm. The run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak wavelength was maintained to within 0.4%, and the thickness uniformity (or gradient) was controlled to within ±0.05% peak to valley, exceeding the prescribed specification. The deposition technique used for this study is an enabling technology for EUV lithography, making it possible to fabricate multilayer-coated optics to accuracies commensurate with atomic dimensions.
Improving Program Targeting Through Simulation

Statistical identification of employees with unusual sick leave usage patterns can result in false positive identifications. Such misidentifications weaken confidence in detection methods and may increase reluctance of supervisors to pursue reported unusual sick leave use. A computer simulation model was used to evaluate alternate methods and parameters of unusual sick leave detection. Results of the simulation were used to refine identification parameters and to modify supervisory follow-up procedures.
Multimedia conferencing on local area networks

Management and implementation procedures for data delivery in multiparty, multimedia conferences on local area networks are considered. Earlier results are extended, and the requirements and mechanisms for delivering multiple information types-voice, video, file, memo, screen, and keyboard data-are outlined. The mechanisms presented are appropriate for both intranetwork and (homogeneous and heterogeneous) internetwork conferences. They are also examined for their applicability to networks with and without multicast transmission capabilities. Conference management issues are discussed, and experiences in designing and experimentally implementing voice-only and multimedia conference data-delivery schema are reviewed. >
Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. I. Net photosynthesis and growth

Four replicated factorial experiments were conducted to assess the response of potted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings to combined acid rain, ozone, and soil treatments. The objectives of th...
Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii

Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106±6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.
What Your Best Friend Sees That I Don’t See: Comparing Female Close Friends and Casual Acquaintances on the Perception of Emotional Facial Expressions of Varying Intensities

It is often assumed that intimacy and familiarity will lead to better and more effective emotional communication between two individuals. However, research has failed to unequivocally support this claim. The present study proposes that close dyads exhibit superiority in the decoding of subdued facial cues than in the decoding of highly intense expressions. A total of 43 close friend dyads and 49 casual acquaintance dyads (all women) were compared on their recognition of their partner’s and a stranger’s subdued facial expressions. Dyadic analyses indicate that close friends were more accurate and also improved more rapidly than casual acquaintances in decoding one other’s subdued expressions of sadness, anger, and happiness, especially the two negative emotions, but not in detecting the stranger’s subdued expressions. The results strongly suggest that intimacy fosters more accurate decoding of subdued facial expressions.
Solar wind plasma electron parameters based on aligned observations by ICE and Ulysses

During November-December 1991, the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and Ulysses spacecraft were aligned in solar longitude, with an angular offset as small as 1 deg and a radial offset of 3.8 to 4.0 AU. Both spacecraft carry spectrometers which measure the thermal and suprathermal solar wind electron distributions. During the alignment interval, both spacecraft encountered the declining phase of a high-speed solar wind stream, representing unshocked plasma. We use the aligned observations from ICE and Ulysses to characterized the radial gradients in core and halo electron temperature, relative halo density, and heat flux, as well as the core and total polytropic indices. The thermal properties of the core vary widely in a range from isothermal to adiabatic, while the halo is more nearly isothermal. The halo density falls off more steeply for higher density plasma, and the electron heat flux gradient indicates constant or decreasing distribution skewness.
Pressure broadening of UF6 by argon

Abstract Pressure broadening of the R(6) manifold in ν3 of UF6 at 628.32 cm−1 has been measured at pressures of 0–30 torr of Ar in a long-path cell at 199 ± 1 K. We obtain a pressure-broadening coefficient of 9.0 ± 1.5 MHz/torr (FWHM), which corresponds to 7.3 ± 1.2 MHz/torr at 300 K. The UF6-Ar optical collision diameter is 7.4 ± 0.6 A; this is larger than the hard-sphere kinetic theory collision diameter of 5.2 A obtained from the diffusion coefficient and implies rapid rotational relaxation.
A model compound for nitrosyl cytochrome P-450; further evidence for mercaptide sulfur ligation to heme.

Received 26 December 1975 1. Introduction Cytochromes P-450 comprise a ubiquitous class of hemoproteins, members of which are involved in binding and activation of molecular oxygen and sub- sequent mixed-function oxidation of a wide variety of substrates [ 1,2]. These enzymes were first dis- tinguished by their unusual optical absorption spectrum when in the ferrous oxidation state with carbon monoxide bound as a heme ligand [3,4]. Whereas, carbon monoxide derivatives of heme proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin exhibit Soret absorptions near 420 nm, carbon monoxy cytochromes P-450 absorb near 450 nm. previous e.p.r. studies have demonstrated that sulfur, presumably from cysteine, is a necessary axial ligand in all low-spin
A note on the strategic transmission of endogenous information

Abstract Crawford and Sobel (1982) discuss the role of the transmission of unverifiable information. It is shown that when the information is about the players' actions this kind of communication does not affect the outcome of the game.
Generalizability and Decision Studies: An Example Using Conversational Language Samples.

Observational data collected in ecologically valid measurement contexts are likely to be influenced by contextual factors irrelevant to the research question. Using multiple sessions and raters often improves the stability of scores for variables from such contexts. Generalizability (G) theory can be used to give researchers important information about sources and amounts of error in their observed scores. G theory also can be used to estimate the number of raters and sessions necessary to obtain reliable scores by conducting a decision (D) study. A general overview of G theory is provided in the present paper and its potential application for one type of a two-dimensional, fully crossed observational design is illustrated, using conversational language samples obtained from preschoolers with grammatical and phonological impairments. The paper includes the Internet link to an Excel ™ spreadsheet, which calculates values necessary for the type of G and D studies exemplified here.
An Open Sarcolemmal Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channel Is Necessary for Detrimental Myocyte Swelling Secondary to Stress

Background—Stress (exposure to hyperkalemic cardioplegia, metabolic inhibition, or osmotic) results in significant myocyte swelling and reduced contractility. In contrast to wild-type mice, these detrimental consequences are not observed in mice lacking the Kir6.2 subunit of the sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium (sKATP) channel after exposure to hyperkalemic cardioplegia. The hypothesis for this study was that an open sKATP channel (Kir6.2 and SUR2A subunits) is necessary for detrimental myocyte swelling to occur in response to stress. Methods and Results—To investigate the role of the sKATP channel in stress-induced myocyte swelling, high-dose pharmacological sKATP channel blockade and genetic deletion (knockout of Kir6.2 subunit) were used. Myocytes were exposed sequentially to Tyrode control (20 minutes), test (stress) solution (20 minutes), and Tyrode control (20 minutes). To evaluate pharmacological channel blockade, myocytes were exposed to hyperkalemic cardioplegia (stress) with and without a KAT...
Microstructural characterization of laser cladding of Cu-30Ni

Cu-Ni alloys are known for their corrosion resistant properties and one of the important applications of these alloys is in marine components. Such components can be subject to wear resulting ultimately in failure. Refurbishment of such worn components, particularly in situ, would provide a cost-effective alternative to complete replacement. One such method proposed for refurbishment of large marine components is laser cladding. The successful application of this technique requires some research to establish the optimum processing parameters to be used for particular combinations of substrate and clad materials. We have been investigating the laser cladding of Cu-30Ni alloy plates with a diode laser in order to establish the microstructure of the clad material and the heat affected zone in the substrate as a function of the process parameters. This paper reports on various microstructural observations of these clads and discusses certain undesired features encountered. In the present study, a diode laser (Nuvonyx–ISL system with max. power 4 kW) was used as the heat source. The laser beam has a rectangular cross section which at the focal length is 12 mm × 0.5 mm. A diode laser was chosen since it has the highest output efficiency (ratio of output power to input power) compared to other laser sources such as CO2 or YAG laser. Commercially available Cu-30Ni alloy was used for both substrate and filler material. The substrate plates were 19 mm thick and wires of 0.89 mm diameter were used for the filler material. Chemical compositions for the cladding material and substrate are shown in Table I. The melting temperature range for the alloy from the phase diagram [4] is 1170–1240 ◦C. Cu-30Ni alloy exhibits complete solid solubility down to around 200 ◦C where the phase separation is kinetically constrained due to the low temperature and rapid heat extraction, consequently a single phase microstructure is expected in these laser cladding studies. The microstructure was evaluated with respect to different process parameters: laser power, laser translation speed, wire feed rate and beam angle (angle between the beam and travel direction over the substrate). The range of these parameters is given in Table II. The microstructures were characterized using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrometer) analysis. No clear relationship between so-
Probabilistic approach to estimating indoor air concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds from contaminated groundwater: a case study in San Antonio, Texas.

This paper describes a probabilistic model, based on the Johnson-Ettinger algorithm, developed to characterize the current and historic exposure to tricholorethylene (TCE) and tetrachlorethylene (PCE) in indoor air from plumes of groundwater contamination emanating from the former Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. We estimate indoor air concentration, house by house, in 30 101 homes and compare the estimated concentrations with measured values in a small subset of homes. We also compare two versions of the Johnson-Ettinger model: one used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and another based on an alternative parametrization. The modeled mean predicted PCE concentration historically exceeded PCE screening levels (0.41 ug/m3) in 5.5% of houses, and the 95th percentile of the predicted concentration exceeded screening levels in 85.3% of houses. For TCE, the mean concentration exceeded the screening level (0.25 ug/m3) in 49% of homes, and the 95th percentile of the predicted concentration ...
CATALYTIC PROCESSING OF HEAVY CRUDE OILS AND RESIDUALS II. DIFFUSIONAL LIMITATIONS AND DEACTIVATION PHENOMENA

ABSTRACT In the past two decades, there has been a considerable effort directed towards the development of effective processes for upgrading heavy oil and residual feedstocks. These materials are more difficult to process than lighter feedstocks because of their large molecular size and heteroatom and metals content. Significant diffusional limitations arise because the molecular size of the constituents of these feedstocks is large relative to typical catalyst pore sizes. The high heteroatom and metals content leads to the deposition of coke and metal sulfides on the catalyst surface. These deposits decrease the intrinsic activity of the surface as well as the catalyst pore size which causes a reduction in reactant diffusion rates within the catalyst. A sound understanding of these two important phenomena is necessary for the development of effective catalysts and catalytic processes for hydrotreating these materials. In this article, recent literature dealing with two significant problems In catalytic p...