cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GASOLIN: Global Arbitration for Streams of Data in Optical Links

As an emerging technology to empower on-chip communication of future many-core processors, optical crossbars achieve low uniform latency by providing non-blocking one-hop connectivity. Conventional token-based arbitration limits throughput by token injection rates so that large throughput are delivered by over provisioning optical channels, consuming significant optical power. In this paper, we propose pipelined distributed global arbitration for multiple-write multiple-read optical crossbars to improve energy efficiency without downgrading performance. Multiple requests for the same channel can be granted at the same cycle as long as no traffic conflicts occur. The proposed global arbitration scheme enables a scalable arbiter design which parallelizes the arbitration process and simplifies arbiter logic for low arbitration latency, low power and high network throughput. Our simulation results show that, the proposed design reduces execution time by 5% and power consumption by 20% using only 50% of channels and 75% of micro rings as in the best known baseline.
Crouching Dirichlet, Hidden Markov Model: Unsupervised POS Tagging with Context Local Tag Generation

We define the crouching Dirichlet, hidden Markov model (CDHMM), an HMM for part-of-speech tagging which draws state prior distributions for each local document context. This simple modification of the HMM takes advantage of the dichotomy in natural language between content and function words. In contrast, a standard HMM draws all prior distributions once over all states and it is known to perform poorly in unsupervised and semi-supervised POS tagging. This modification significantly improves unsupervised POS tagging performance across several measures on five data sets for four languages. We also show that simply using different hyperparameter values for content and function word states in a standard HMM (which we call HMM+) is surprisingly effective.
Compiling learning vocabulary from a performance system description

ABSTRACT This paper illustrates how parts of the LEX2 learning system's target concept and domain theory might be automatically compiled from a declarative representation of its problem solving engine. Constraint propagation is shown to be a feasible selection and assembly mechanism for forming new vocabulary terms from primitives in a data flow language.
Transmission signal quality comparison of SCM and OFDM according to the phase noise characteristics of the local oscillator

This paper examines the transmission signal quality differences between SCM (Single Carrier Modulation) method and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) method by analyzing how the phase noise characteristics of the local oscillator influences and by comparing the test results of EVM(Error Vector Magnitude) and ACP(Adjacent Channel Power) using vector signal generator , vector signal analyzer and simulation tool.
Friction-Induced Thermo-Mechanical Cracking in a Coated Medium With a Near Surface Cavity

Etude de la fissuration thermomecanique due au frottement d'une charge mobile sur un milieu revetu avec une cavite a l'interface revetement/substrat. Il est montre que les contraintes thermiques qui determinent la rupture, sont beaucoup plus intenses que dans le cas sans cavite
Natural attenuation potential of tricholoroethene in wetland plant roots: role of native ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms.

Abstract Bench-scale microcosms with wetland plant roots were investigated to characterize the microbial contributions to contaminant degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) with ammonium. The batch system microcosms consisted of a known mass of wetland plant roots in aerobic growth media where the roots provided both an inoculum of root-associated ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms and a microbial habitat. Aqueous growth media, ammonium, and TCE were replaced weekly in batch microcosms while retaining roots and root-associated biomass. Molecular biology results indicated that ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were enriched from wetland plant roots while analysis of contaminant and oxygen concentrations showed that those microorganisms can degrade TCE by aerobic cometabolism. Cometabolism of TCE, at 29 and 46 μg L −1 , was sustainable over the course of 9 weeks, with 20–30 mg L −1 ammonium-N. However, at 69 μg L −1 of TCE, ammonium oxidation and TCE cometabolism were completely deactivated in two weeks. This indicated that between 46 and 69 μg L −1 TCE with 30 mg L −1 ammonium-N there is a threshold [TCE] below which sustainable cometabolism can be maintained with ammonium as the primary substrate. However, cometabolism-induced microbial deactivation of ammonium oxidation and TCE degradation at 69 μg L −1 TCE did not result in a lower abundance of the amoA gene in the microcosms, suggesting that the capacity to recover from TCE inhibition was still intact, given time and removal of stress. Our study indicates that microorganisms associated with wetland plant roots can assist in the natural attenuation of TCE in contaminated aquatic environments, such as urban or treatment wetlands, and wetlands impacted by industrial solvents.
Arcjet Screening of Candidate Ablative Thermal Protection Materials for Mars Science Laboratory

Arc plasma tests of a range of ablative materials considered candidates for the thermal protection system for the Mars Science Laboratory are described. The objective of these tests was to identify ablative thermal protection materials that offer weight, performance, cost, or other advantages relative to SLA-561V. Several low-density silicones with a mixture of low-density fillers and polymer-impregnated ceramics were tested in the Ames Interaction Heating Facility at conditions representative of nominal stagnation point and worst-case conical heating on the Mars Smart Lander forebody. A wide variety of low-density ablatives and impregnated flexible materials were tested in the Ames Panel Test Facility at nominal and worst-case heating for the Mars Smart Lander backshell. The results of these tests have identified several attractive materials worthy of further investigation.
Performance of Open Renal and Bladder Surgery at a Freestanding Pediatric Surgery Center

Purpose: More ambulatory urological surgeries are being performed in children due to innovations in techniques and trends in medical care. Pediatric ambulatory surgery centers are seeing more complex procedures that were traditionally hospital based.Materials and Methods: A total of 343 open renal and bladder procedures were performed by a single pediatric urologist at a freestanding pediatric surgery center (12 miles from a pediatric hospital) between July 2003 and October 2009. Charts were analyzed to determine the demographics and complications necessitating hospitalization within 48 hours of discharge home.Results: During the study period 28 children (mean age 1.62 years, range 4 months to 6 years) underwent nephrectomy, 50 (2.92 years, 3 months to 12 years) underwent pyeloplasty, 216 (4.01 years, 8 months to 21 years) underwent simple ureteral reimplantation and 49 underwent complex ureteral reimplantation (2.79 years, 5 months to 12 years). Two children were acutely transferred to the hospital, 1 fo...
Low-temperature dielectric relaxation peaks involving proton tunneling in Ba 1 − x Nd x CeO 3

An investigation of dielectric relaxation at relatively low-temperature (55--225 K) of the protonic conductor ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{x}{\mathrm{CeO}}_{3},$ for $x=0.05,$ has revealed a major dielectric relaxation peak, as well as an associated smaller peak, with characteristics that strongly suggest proton tunneling. In particular, the relaxation rate is almost constant between 55 and 85 K. The nature of the dipolar defect that can give rise to such a peak is considered.
Differential effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on surface glycoproteins of normal and transformed cells.

Abstract Sarcoma virus transformed rat kidney cells, NRK[MSV-MLV] cells, and their non-transformed counterparts, NRK cells, were repeatedly subcultured in medium supplemented with 1 mM 2-deoxy- d -glucose (dGlc). These dGlc-grown cells exhibited alterations in glycosylation of surface proteins. Gel filtration analyses of pronase-treated, trypsin-sensitive, surface fucopeptides indicated a reduction in the average size of the fucopeptides from both dGlc-grown NRK and NRK[MSV-MLV] cells. When the cells were grown in control medium the fucopeptides from the NRK[MSV-MLV] cells were larger than those from NRK cells, i.e. the fucopeptide difference observed in a wide range of transformed versus normal cells. The changes in the fucopeptides of dGlc-grown cells were greater for the NRK cells so that after growth in dGlc-supplemented medium there was an enhancement in the typical fucopeptide differences between normal and transformed cells, namely a larger difference in both size distribution and degree of sialylation. These dGlc-related alterations were readily reversed when the cells were transferred to control medium. The changes in glycosylation were compatible with continued cell replication although there was an increase in doubling time of the dGlc-grown cells, 6–7 h increase for NRK cells, 1–2 h increase for NRK[MSV-MLV] cells.
Use of rhamnolipid to remove heavy metals from wastewater by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF)

Abstract In this research, the rhamnolipid biosurfactant was utilized in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) of heavy metals from contaminated waters. The effects of different major operating conditions on the (MEUF) system performance were investigated for copper, zinc, nickel, lead and cadmium using two membranes. The optimal conditions were successfully applied to treat six contaminated wastewaters from metal refining industries using the two membranes (>99% rejection ratio). To efficiently choose the most influential factors to the MEUF system, optimization by the response surface methodology approach was utilized and data quality was examined. Optimization by the response surface methodology and validation experiments determined that the best operating conditions were a transmembrane pressure of 69 ± 2 kPa, biosurfactant-to-metal molar ratios of approximately 2:1, a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, and pH of 6.9 ± 0.1. The rhamnolipid-enhanced ultrafiltration system was also to shown to treat samples of six contaminated wastewaters from metal refining industries using membranes with molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) of 10,000 Da and 30,000 Da. The resulting heavy metal concentrations in the permeate were all significantly reduced to be in accordance with the federal Canadian regulations.
Variations in small blood vessel hematocrits produced in hypothermic rats by micro-occlusion

Abstract The microcirculation was studied in the mesocecum of hypothermic rats. When capillaries of different types were compressed partially with a microneedle, there was a slowing of the blood flow and a striking fall in the hematocrit. It was possible to vary the hematocrit in the compressed vessel at will by varying the degree of compression. The hematocrit could be reduced almost to zero in situations where the flow in the parent trunk was rapid. This phenomenon was regularly observed when metarterioles and capillaries were compressed. The hematocrit could be reduced only slightly in situations where the flow in the parent trunk was slow, as for example when postcapillaries and venules were compressed. There was no significant change in diameter of the vessel except at the point of compression with the microneedle.
Differentiation of cord blood lymphocytes into IgA-producing cells in response to breast milk stimulatory factor.

Although B cells with IgA, IgG, and IgM surface immune globulins are identified in the peripheral blood by 14 weeks gestation, only IgM differentiation has been noted when cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) were studied in vitro. These data suggest that CBL differentiation may be a regulated process. To investigate this possibility, CBLs were incubated with both pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and an IgA-specific stimulatory factor produced in culture by breast milk cells. Further, to roughly determine the molecular size of this milk cell factor, adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated with factor preparations which had been filtered to remove all proteins greater than 50,000 molecular weight. The release of IgA, IgG, and IgM by the lymphocytes in culture was quantitated using double-antibody (Ab) competitive radioimmunoassays. The milk cell factor stimulated IgA synthesis in 1521 CBL cultures with a median IgA production of 400 ng above that measured in the unstimulated control cultures (P < 0.001). PWM did not stimulate IgA synthesis and had minimal effect on IgG or IgM production by CBLs. In contrast, PWM stimulated a significant increase (P < 0.001) in IgA, IgG, and IgM synthesis by PBLs. Finally, unfiltered milk cell preparations induced a significant (P < 0.02) increase in IgA synthesis by PBLs which was abolished following removal of proteins having a molecular weight greater than 50,000. Therefore, it is postulated (1) that CBLs are capable of differentiating into immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells, (2) that CBLs differentiate in response to appropriate immunoglobulin class-specific stimuli, (3) that CBLs are unresponsive to PWM, and (4) that the soluble mediator of immunologic regulation released by human milk cells has a molecular weight greater than 50,000.
Design study of a high resolution soft X-ray monochromator with a movable variable groove density grating

Abstract We discuss the design and optimization of a fixed slit, single element spherical grating monochromator. A novel scheme utilizes the translation and rotation of a grating with a polynomial groove density variation. Optimization of the grating parameters minimizes the major aberration terms and linearizes the total energy resolution over the scan range. With a grating slope error of 0.2 the resolving power ranges from E / Δ E ≥ 10 4 to 5×10 3 over the energy range of 500 to 1100 eV.
Astronomy: relic of the dawn of time.

Elements heavier than helium are synthesized in stars. But could there be stars, created soon after the Big Bang, that contain almost no heavy elements? The discovery of such a star gives new clues to this early time.
Acquisition with partial and continuous reinforcement in rat magazine approach

Partial reinforcement, compared with continuous reinforcement, is widely considered detrimental to Pavlovian conditioned responding. However, time-accumulation models predict an invariance in acquisition when learning is assessed as a function of number of reinforcements, not trials, and intertrial interval is held constant. Three experiments examined this prediction in a rat magazine-approach procedure. All experiments showed superior responding with continuous reinforcement. Experiments 1 and 3 used common tests in between- and within-subject designs, respectively. Experiment 2 showed the same pattern in a discrimination. Earlier results are reanalyzed informally and in a meta-analysis. Contrary to previous summaries of the literature, evidence points to superior conditioned responding with continuous reinforcement in a number of procedures. Results are generally consistent with traditional associative models of learning.
Prenatal screening for Down syndrome Current and future methods

Second-trimester serum screening for Down syndrome has had a relatively long clinical life, beginning in the mid-1980s and continuing to the present day. In the past few years, however, new screening methods that involve testing just a few weeks earlier and the integration of first-trimester and second-trimester markers have been proposed and are being used. These improved methods have begun the transition to better and, hopefully, safer prenatal screening. In the past, as many as 1 in 10 pregnant women learned that they were at increased risk of having a baby with a serious birth defect and had to decide whether to have an invasive diagnostic procedure. Now, screening methods are at the point where as few as 1 in 50 or 1 in 100 pregnant women are found to be at increased risk. The ultimate goal in screening is to make noninvasive testing methods so safe that only those few women who are found to be at the very highest risk will need to face the uncertainty of invasive procedures. In the next few years, that goal will probably be achieved.
Structure Development in Cyanate Ester Polymerization

We present results on the product distribution obtained from the polymerization of the dicyanate monomer of bisphenol A carried out under different reaction conditions. Small quantities of side-products were observed using both size exclusion chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography for samples polymerized under an inert atmosphere. Despite the presence of side-products, the oligomer distribution from SEC, after correcting for differences in refractive index, was found to agree well with random branching predictions. Results from HPLC also confirm good agreement with the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, a gel conversion of approximately 0·51(-0·01, +0·03) was measured for the inert atmosphere product, which is within experimental error of the ideal value of 0·50. The monomer content of a polymerization carried out open to the atmosphere, however, showed significant disagreement with theory. ©1997 SCI
The orientation of a heme of cytochrome c oxidase in submitochondrial particles

The electron paramagnetic resonance of the low spin signal from oxidized cytochrome c oxidase has been studied in oreinted multilayers of submitochondrial and electron transport particles. Measurements of the angular variation of the EPR spectra with the multilayer plane orientation allow the determination of the heme orientation in the multilayer. The heme normal lies in the membrane plane and the y-axis of the heme makes an angle of 30 degrees with the membrane normal. Analysis of the line shape reveals the presence of mosaic spread in the multilayer almost half of which is attributable to deviations of protein orientation within the membrane.
Isolation and characterization of Euglena gracilis cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes and their ribosomal RNA components

Abstract 1. 1. Euglena gracilis cytoplasmic and chloroplast polysomes have been isolated and characterized by their s-values relative to rat-liver polysomes and Escherichia coli ribosomes. 2. 2. Euglena contains 87-S ribosomes in the cytoplasm and 68-S ribosomes in the chloroplasts. 3. 3. The Euglena cytoplasmic ribosome contains two rRNA components sedimenting as 24-S and 20-S molecules, while the chloroplast ribosome is composed of two slightly smaller rRNA molecules, 22 S and 17 S. The four rRNA molecules are sufficiently distinct to be separable in a sucrose gradient. 4. 4. When compared with other eucaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes the Euglena cytoplasmic ribosome is unique in overall s values and RNA composition. The Euglena chloroplast ribosome is similar to other 70-S type ribosomes in both size and RNA content. 5. 5. These results are in contradiction to earlier reports regarding Euglena cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes and their respective rRNA components.
Explorations of an Incremental, Bayesian Algorithm for Categorization

An incremental categorization algorithm is described which, at each step, assigns the next instance to the most probable category. Probabilities are estimated by a Bayesian inference scheme which assumes that instances are partitioned into categories and that within categories features are displayed independently and probabilistically. This algorithm can be shown to be an optimization of an ideal Bayesian algorithm in which predictive accuracy is traded for computational efficiency. The algorithm can deliver predictions about any dimension of a category and does not treat specially the prediction of category labels. The algorithm has successfully modeled much of the empirical literature on human categorization. This paper describes its application to a number of data sets from the machine learning literature. The algorithm performs reasonably well, having its only serious difficulty because the assumption of independent features is not always satisfied. Bayesian extensions to deal with nonindependent features are described and evaluated.
Biosynthesis of the Apoptolidins in Nocardiopsis sp. FU 40

The apoptolidins are 20/21-membered macrolides produced by Nocardiopsis sp. FU40. Several members of this family are potent and remarkably selective inducers of apoptosis in cancer cell lines, likely via a distinct mitochondria associated target. To investigate the biosynthesis of this natural product, the complete genome of the apoptolidin producer Nocardiopsis sp. FU40 was sequenced and a 116 Kb region was identified containing a putative apoptolidin biosynthetic gene cluster. The apoptolidin gene cluster comprises a type I polyketide synthase, with 13 homologating modules, apparently initiated in an unprecedented fashion via transfer from a methoxymalonyl-acyl carrier protein loading module. Spanning approximately 39 open reading frames, the gene cluster was cloned into a series of overlapping cosmids and functionally validated by targeted gene disruption experiments in the producing organism. Disruption of putative PKS and P(450) genes delineated the roles of these genes in apoptolidin biosynthesis and chemical complementation studies demonstrated intact biosynthesis peripheral to the disrupted genes. This work provides insight into details of the biosynthesis of this biologically significant natural product and provides a basis for future mutasynthetic methods for the generation of non-natural apopotolidins.
Role of calcium in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated release of prolactin from pituitary cells in culture.

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or 50 mM K + stimulated the acute release of prolactin from the GH 4 C 1 strain of rat pituitary cells in culture. The enhanced release of prolactin was inhibited in a dose-related manner by the Ca +2 antagonist Co +2 (2.0 to 0.5 mM) as well as by the Ca +2 chelator EGTA (1.0 mM). Co +2 also reduced spontaneous basal prolactin release. There was partial reversal of the inhibitory effect of Co +2 (2.0 mM) by Ca +2 (2.0 mM) and complete reversal of the inhibitory effect of EGTA (1.0 mM) by Ca +2 (2.0 mM). The enhanced release of prolactin stimulated by 50 mM K + was maximal by 10–20 minutes in medium containing 0.67 to 0.74 mM Ca +2 . Na + (50 mM) did not mimic the effect of high K + . We conclude that Ca +2 is an essential cation in mediating the actions of high external K + and TRH on the release of prolactin by GH 4 C 1 cells.
Quantum optics: Beyond single-photon counting

The ability to distinguish how many photons comprise a particular state of light leads to significant benefits in practical quantum information processing and quantum cryptography. Superconducting nanostructures provide an effective solution at telecom wavelengths.
Wellness perception in persons with traumatic brain injury and its relation to functional independence

Abstract Bezner JR, Hunter DL. Wellness perception in persons with traumatic brain injury and its relation to functional independence. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:787-92. Objectives: To test the reliability and validity of a perceptual wellness measure in persons after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine whether a relation exists between functional independence and wellness perceptions in the same population. Design: Survey research. Setting: A private, residential brain injury program. Participants: A convenience sample of 49 patients (43 men, 6 women) with TBI whose mean age was 32.1 years (range, 18-61yr) and mean time since injury was 10.47 years (range, 1-21yr). Main Outcome Measures: The Perceived Wellness Survey (PWS) assessed wellness. The PWS has 6 subscales measuring physical, psychologic, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social wellness. The FIM™ instrument was used to measure functional status. Results: The mean PWS score (15.99) for the sample was comparable to published samples of adults (mean, 15.31-16.51); however, the reliability of the composite score (α =.58) and the subscales (α =.32-.64) was less than that obtained in previous samples (composite α = 0.91; subscale α =.64-.81). The correlations between the PWS and the FIM scores were not significant. Conclusions: The PWS in its composite form is a reliable measure for use with persons with TBI. The finding that perceived wellness and functional independence were not related suggests that these constructs are unique and thus should both be measured. The measurement of perceptions will enable the provider to consider a client holistically and to develop programs that address quality of life issues. Further, because perceptions influence behaviors, understanding a person's perceptions in multiple dimensions may provide a useful and necessary framework for developing intervention programs that address behavioral and cognitive issues that are important to that person.
Alignment and reordering of a block copolymer by solvent-enhanced thermal laser direct write

Abstract Block copolymer (BCP) thin films have shown high potential as a pattern transfer medium for ultra-fine ( tens of millisecond time scale by creating a very large driving thermal gradient (estimated as 100–750 K/μm or, temporally, 3000–75,000 K/s), enhanced by incorporation of solvent vapor (here toluene) swelling of the BCP film. The extent of the thermal effects suggests that the role of solvent may extend beyond increasing the mobility of the BCP film to enhancing both the thermal gradient and also potentially the surface energy gradients, providing a thermocapillary shear mechanism. Further, enhanced domain alignment is greatest at higher scan speed, indicating as well the importance of the temporal thermal gradient.
High temperature rearrangement of disordered nanoporous carbon at the interface with single wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract Composites of nanoporous carbon and single wall carbon nanotubes were heat treated in vacuum at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 2000 °C. The resultant interface between the two allotropes of carbon was characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. At the interface between the nanoporous carbon and the nanotube, the nanotube served as a template for ordering and orientation of the normally disordered nanoporous carbon along the nanotube axis during high temperature treatment. When annealed at 2000 °C, the nanoporous carbon transformed to graphitic nanoribbon which in turn crushed the nanotube to form a nanoscale carbon “bulb”. This result is interesting since at these temperatures, the native nanoporous carbon is well known to resist ordering and is therefore referred to as being a “non-graphitizing” carbon. That the nanotube should act as a template for the incipient graphitization suggests that bonding and strength for load transfer may be developed at these interfaces.
Note on Hartree models of the superfluid helium film

Abstract Phenomenological models of the superfluid helium film are discussed. It is shown that a recent Hartree model due to Gross and Amit cannot lead to a completely realistic description of such films.
Death mechanism of chronologically aged yeast

Abstract Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two distinct lifespans. The replicative lifespan is defined as the number of progeny cells that a mother cell can have prior to senescence while the chronological lifespan is a measure of the time nondividing cells remain viable. Mechanisms for cells to choose the type of lifespans appropriate to environmental conditions to minimize DNA damage should be critical for maintenance of viability, an interesting question worthy of further investigation. To this end, we hypothesize that chronologically aged cells are defective in the lifespan choosing mechanism so that DNA replication, characteristic of the replicative lifespan, initiates near end of the chronological lifespan. Replication may frequently stall due to the limited resources and oxidative stress, leading to replication fork stall and fatal DNA damage. We will use the 2D DNA gel electrophoresis to examine replication initiation and stall at rDNA in the chronologically aged cells.
Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Octogenarians

Abstract Background . Reports on octogenarians undergoing coronary revascularization, valve replacement, and abdominal aneurysmorrhaphy demonstrate little increase in operative risk during elective procedures. However, the mortality in this group of patients increases rapidly when urgent or emergent procedures are performed. We analyzed the outcome of patients in their ninth decade of life undergoing repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Methods . A retrospective review of 39 consecutive octogenarians undergoing repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Results . Thirty-nine of the past 900 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (5.2%) repaired by us were between the ages of 80 and 89 years. The median age was 84 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3. Two of 39 patients (5%) had acute type III dissections, and the remainder had chronic aneurysms. Twelve patients had Crawford extent I aneurysms, whereas 7, 10, and 10 patients were extent II, III, and IV, respectively. The overall in-hospital mortality was 10.3% (4 of 39 patients). Major postoperative complications included paraperesis/paraplegia, 5% (n = 2); renal failure, 18% (n = 7) including hemodialysis in 3 patients; stroke, 5% (n = 2); myocardial infarction or arrhythmia, 18% (n = 7); and respiratory insufficiency, 36% (n = 14) including 4 patients requiring tracheostomy. A univariate analysis of perioperative risk factors was performed using the Fisher's exact test. The need for hemodialysis ( p = 0.035), a tracheostomy ( p = 0.0001), or a perioperative myocardial infarction ( p Conclusions . Repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in octogenarians can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. However, survival decreases dramatically with even single system organ failure. An extended period of recovery is usually required in these elderly, high-risk patients.
Phytochrome modulation of blue-light-induced phototropism

Red light enhances hypocotyl phototropism toward unilateral blue light through a phytochrome-mediated response. This study demonstrates how the phytochromes modulate blue-light-induced phototropism in the absence of a red light pre-treatment. It was found that phytochromes A, B, and D have conditionally overlapping functions in the promotion of blue-light-induced phototropism. Under very low blue light intensities (0.01 µmol m−2 s−1) phyA activity is necessary for the progression of a normal phototropic response, whereas above 1.0 µmol m−1 s−2 phyB and phyD have functional redundancy with phyA to promote phototropism. PhyA also contributes to attenuation of phototropism under high fluence rates of unilateral blue light, which was previously shown to be dependent on the phototropins and cryptochromes. From these results, it appears that phytochromes are required to develop a robust phototropic response under low fluence rates, whereas under high irradiances where phototropism may be less important, phyA suppresses phototropism.
Oxygen affinity in the blood of sheep.

The oxygen affinity in the blood of adult Dorset sheep with HbB was studied by determining several oxygen equilibrium curves under different conditions of pH and PCO2 by a method that allowed strict control of pH, PCO2, and HCO3- concentration over the entire curve. Nomograms and equations were derived that allowed the estimation of the oxygen saturation in a sample of blood in the range 0 to 100%, either from pH, PCO2 and PO2, or from PO2 and known P50. The advantage of this approach is that no assumptions about the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve need be made (i.e. the Hill parameter, n, is not required to be constant), since the entire curve was measured.
Intellect and Power: Some Notes on the Intellectual as a Political Type

A NY DISCUSSION of the intellectual as a political type must I inevitably begin with the complex problem of definitions. Who are the intellectuals? There is no easy answer. At best there is a body of overlapping definitions which serve to illuminate broad tendencies in the life-style of the intellectual. These tendencies must in turn be understood as they are filtered through the circumstances of the individual intellectual and take on their particular social implications in terms of the body of ideas and traditions inherent in the surrounding culture. The very task of making distinctions under these circumstances of definition often seems overwhelming. The literature on intellectuals has responded by usually attempting to understand them in terms of definitions so broad as to be of only limited usefulness. There are those who have sought their definition in terms of the broad intellectual function, among them Jacques Barzun's focus on those who "consciously and methodically employ the mind."' Others, like Seymour M. Lipset, focus on what intellectuals do: "create, distribute and apply culture, that is the symbolic world of man, including art, science and religion."2 Reinhold Niebuhr is both more narrow in describing the social role of the intellectual and more general in describing where they are to be found; intellectuals for him are "the more articulate members of the community, more particularly those who are professionally or vocationally articulate, in church and school, in journalism and the arts."3
Acronyms in Angioplasty and Restenosis: A Summary of Recent and Ongoing Clinical Randomized Trials

Trials that pertain to angioplasty and restenosis are a major focus of clinical research in cardiology at present. Investigators, especially those involved in multicenter studies, have become experts in the derivation of acronyms to identify these trials. Meant to capture the spirit of the trial and the attention of those reading the eventual publication of the results, these abbreviations have proliferated in recent times. This article summarizes the major trials with acronym titles, spells out what they stand for, defines what was investigated, and reviews the reported results. (J Interven Cardiol 1992; 5:29–37)
Rab and Arl GTPase Family Members Cooperate in the Localization of the Golgin GCC185

GCC185 is a large coiled-coil protein at the trans Golgi network that is required for receipt of transport vesicles inbound from late endosomes and for anchoring noncentrosomal microtubules that emanate from the Golgi. Here, we demonstrate that recruitment of GCC185 to the Golgi is mediated by two Golgi-localized small GTPases of the Rab and Arl families. GCC185 binds Rab6, and mutation of residues needed for Rab binding abolishes Golgi localization. The crystal structure of Rab6 bound to the GCC185 Rab-binding domain reveals that Rab6 recognizes a two-fold symmetric surface on a coiled coil immediately adjacent to a C-terminal GRIP domain. Unexpectedly, Rab6 binding promotes association of Arl1 with the GRIP domain. We present a structure-derived model for dual GTPase membrane attachment that highlights the potential ability of Rab GTPases to reach binding partners at a significant distance from the membrane via their unstructured and membrane-anchored, hypervariable domains.
The rise and fall of candidate Perot: The outsider versus the political system—part ii

This article uses Ross Perot's campaign for president in 1992 as a case study in how two key political institutions—the conventional political press and the party system—mediate the effects of political communication. Reporters allocated positive and negative coverage to Perot according to the same rules that they normally follow, and voters were as responsive to this coverage as they were to media coverage of two earlier “outsider” candidates for president, Jimmy Carter and Gary Hart. Part I of this article, which appeared in the previous issue of Political Communication, dealt with the earliest, relatively unmediated phase of Perot's campaign and the takeoff phase of the mediated campaign. Part II deals with the remainder of the campaign, including the general election.
Nematic LC modes and LC phase gratings for reflective spatial light modulators

Single-domain nematic liquid crystal (LC) devices based on the polarization-rotation effect, the birefringent effect, or both have been investigated for reflective spatial light modulators (SLMs) which use a polarizing beam splitter to separate the input light beam from its orthogonal output beam. We have evaluated each LC mode in terms of its contrast ratio, optical efficiency, operating voltage, and tolerance to cell-gap nonuniformity. We studied the hybrid-aligned and the 0°-, 45°-, and 63.6°-twisted nematic LC modes, which can be operated either normally white (NW) or normally black (NB). We have also investigated the mixed twisted nematic (MTN) and self-compensated twisted nematic (SCTN) modes in NW and the tilted homeotropic mode in NB. Two-dimensional simulations have also been carried out for both NW and NB modes implemented in active-matrix-driven reflective SLMs to elucidate the effect of fringe fields, which tend to generate disclination lines in high-field on-pixels adjacent to low-field off-pixels. Numerical examples are given to illustrate that, for the NB modes, the disclination lines occurring in the field-on bright state appear dark and reduce the optical efficiency. However, for the NW modes, the disclination lines occurring in the field-on dark states generate a light leakage which degrades the contrast ratio. To improve optical efficiency, we have also studied polarization-independent LC phase gratings using patterned alignment with opposite twist angles for reflective SLMs. The basic equations for the diffracted and nondiffracted intensities have been derived. The device parameters, operating voltage, and optical efficiency are given for various cases with a twist angle equal to or less than 90°.
Energy-aware mapping for tile-based NoC architectures under performance constraints

In this paper, we present an algorithm which automatically maps the IPs/cores onto a generic regular Network on Chip (NoC) architecture such that the total communication energy is minimized. At the same time, the performance of the mapped system is guaranteed to satisfy the specified constraints through bandwidth reservation. As the main contribution, we first formulate the problem of energy-aware mapping, in a topological sense, and then propose an efficient branch-and-bound algorithm to solve it. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very fast and robust, and significant energy savings can be achieved. For instance, for a complex video/audio SoC design, on average, 60.4% energy savings have been observed compared to an ad-hoc implementation.
Transient thermo-mechanical behavior of a direct-drive target during injection in an inertial fusion energy chamber

Abstract During injection in an inertial fusion energy (IFE) chamber, a direct-drive target is subject to heat loads from chamber wall radiation and energy exchange from the chamber gas constituents. These heat loads can lead to the deuterium–tritium (DT) reaching its triple point temperature and even undergoing phase change, leading to unacceptable non-uniformity based on target physics requirements for compression and ignition of the DT fuel pellets using multiple laser beams. A two-dimensional bubble nucleation mode was added to the previously presented thermo-mechanical model to help better define the design margin for direct-drive IFE targets. The new model was validated by comparison with analytical results for controlled cases. It was then used to simulate heating experiments on DT targets conducted at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), where the 3He present in the DT due to tritium decay was found to affect the nucleation process. The previous requirement for target survival was for the temperature of the DT to remain below triple point of DT (19.79 K). If the existence of a melt layer does not violate the symmetry requirements on the target for successful implosion, the constraint could be relaxed by assuming a limit based on the avoidance of bubble nucleation. This study shows that the thresholds for melting and bubble nucleation are significantly different, allowing for extra margin in target survival under this assumption.
Applicability of graphite nanofluids in direct solar energy absorption

Abstract Applications of nanofluids in direct absorptions of solar radiation in volumetric solar collector have been investigated in this research. Radiative transport equations along with mass, momentum and energy equations are solved together to simulate operating characteristics of direct absorption solar collector. Different diameter and volume fractions of graphite nanoparticles are investigated and for each case, efficiency of solar receivers in absorption of solar energy, impacts on the harvested solar energy, irradiation spectrum distribution and irradiation energy level versus the depth of the flow have been studied. Moreover, for a proposed low-temperature solar collector, increase in outlet temperature, convective losses, and costs are evaluated. Results of this study show that by using graphite nanofluids having volume fraction around 0.000025%, it will be possible to absorb more than 50% of incident irradiation energy by just about 0.0045 $/L increase in cost, while pure water solar collector can only absorb around 27% of incident irradiation energy.
Modulating the activity of neural crest regulatory factors

Substantial progress has been made in defining the regulatory factors involved in generating multipotent neural crest cells at the neural plate border of vertebrate embryos, controlling the onset of their migratory behavior, and directing their differentiation into one of a diverse array of derivatives. Growing evidence suggests that these factors function as a complex network, in some cases displaying overlapping functions and cross-regulatory interactions. Mechanisms are emerging for how some of these regulatory components are controlled post-translationally and the extent to which their activities are conserved across species.
Lady Elinor Davies: The prophet as publisher

Abstract Lady Elinor Davies, who published between 1625 and 1652 more works than any other Englishwoman before her, believed herself to be the prophet of the apocalypse, divinely chosen to reveal that the apocalypses of Daniel and St John find their fulfillment in the events of the seventeenth century and thereby to proclaim the coming of the judgement and the end of time. Empowered by confidence in her gift and compelled by the urgency of her mission, Lady Elinor defied patriarchal authority when in 1633 she published prophecies attacking church and king, an act that brought her to trial and to prison and her prophecies to the bonfire. Lady Elinor then mythologized this trial: She, the woman-prophet-publisher, becomes the apocalyptic Woman in Travail, who triumphs over the monstrous embodiments of patriarchal power that persecute her and seek to destroy her work.
Synthetic, spectroscopic and structural studies of two novel phosphanyl(organyl)borane compounds

Abstract The titanium (II) complex, Cp2Ti(HBcat)2, catalyzes the hydroboration of diphenylvinylphosphine by catecholborane and pinacolborane to afford exclusive anti-Markovnikov phosphanyl(organyl)boranes cleanly, rapidly and in good yields. Spectroscopic and X-ray studies of the phosphanyl(organyl)borane products show no evidence of boron–phosphorus interaction, indicating that the compounds preclude formation of Lewis pairs.
A polymer-based MEMS differential scanning calorimeter

We present a flexible, polymer based MEMS differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) device combining integrated microfluidic channels, highly sensitive thermoelectric sensing, and real-time temperature monitoring for thermodynamic characterization of biomolecular samples with minimized sample consumption. The device uses an inexpensive, commercially available polymer substrate and a novel fabrication approach to create a microstructure consisting of a pair of microchannels (containing the sample and reference buffer, respectively), which are integrated with resistive temperature sensors (for in-situ measurement of sample temperature) and an antimony-bismuth (Sb-Bi) thermopile (for measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and reference channels). We demonstrate the utility of this MEMS DSC device by measuring the unfolding of lysozyme in a small volume (1 μL), and at practically relevant protein concentrations (approaching 1 mg/mL). Thermodynamic properties including the total enthalpy change per mole of protein (ΔH) and melting temperature (Tm) at different protein concentrations during this conformational transition are determined and found to agree with published data.
Correction Formulas for Correlations Restricted by Selection on an Unmeasured Variable

In discussions of range-restricted correlation coefficients, two situations are most often addressed. The first is the case where restriction has occurred directly on one of the two variables of interest. The other is termed indirect range restriction to designate the situation where direct restriction has occurred on some third variable. The Thorndike (1947) Case 3 formula provides a means of correcting correlations that have arisen in this latter case when information on the third variable is available. Bryant and Gokhale (1972) gave a formula for correcting such indirectly restricted correlations when no information is available on the third (directly restricted) variable. This note shows that the Bryant and Gokhale (1972) formula is accurate only in one special instance of indirect range restriction. The more general correction formula is given and demonstrated. Throughout the discussion, r' and S' will refer to the range-restricted correlation and standard deviation, and r and S to their unrestricted counterparts. Consider the trivariate normal X-Y-Z distribution where the correlation of
Intraoperative microvascular Doppler sonography in aneurysm surgery

OBJECTIVE:The goal was to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of intraoperative microvascular doppler sonography for the assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in aneurysm surgery.METHODS:For 35 patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of 42 intracranial aneurysms, microvascular doppler sonog
Evaluating the rate and risk factors for fetal loss after chorionic villus sampling.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the fetal loss rate in our center and evaluate the risk factors associated with such losses after chorionic villus sampling (CVS).METHODS:This is a retrospective cohort study including all women undergoing chorionic villus sampling and a control group that had no invasive proce
Regular use of aspirin and prostate cancer risk (United States).

It has been hypothesized that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can decrease the risk of developing prostate and other cancers, although observational studies have not been very conclusive. The current study examined the effects of regular aspirin use on prostate cancer risk in 1,029 patients with primary, incident cancer of the prostate and 1,029 hospital controls frequency-matched to cases by 5-year age group and period of questionnaire completion. Patients who reported use of aspirin for at least once a week for at least 6 months were classified as regular users, with others classified as non-users. Results indicate that regular aspirin use may not be associated with decreased prostate cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89–1.25], frequency of use (OR for at least seven/week 0.91, 95% CI 0.73–1.13), duration of use (OR for at least 10 years of use 1.17 95% CI 0.93–1.46) or tablet years (defined as tablets per day x years of use). A similar lack of association was observed when analyses were performed examining stage of the cancer. These data suggest that aspirin use may not be associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer.