cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of Farm and Ranch Management Data

N GETTING at this subject, perhaps I should define what I think was meant by "multivariate relationships." This might be described as a relationship wherein the behavior of one characteristic or variable (the dependent variable) is influenced by the behavior of two or more characteristics or variables (the independent variables). The problem of multivariate analysis is generally accepted as being that of identifying, isolating, and measuring the influence that each independent factor exerts on the dependent factor.
Corporate Reputation Focusing the Zeitgeist

This article identifies four themes that dominate the literature on corporate reputation and attempts to further distinguish the linkages between the concepts of identity, image, and reputation. Fo...
Exploring Parent Beliefs and Behavior: The Contribution of ADHD Symptomology Within Mothers and Fathers.

Objective: To use a multi-method approach to examine the association of parental ADHD and gender with observed and self-reported parenting beliefs and behaviors. Method: Seventy-nine mother–father dyads completed measures of child behavior and impairment, parenting beliefs and behaviors, and self- and partner ratings of ADHD symptoms and functional impairment. Forty-five parents also completed structured parent–child interactions. Results: A hierarchical linear model suggests impairment in functional domains may be associated with negative emotions about parenting and less effective parenting strategies. For fathers, greater severity of partner-reported symptoms of ADHD may be associated with greater frequency of negative talk during parent–child interactions. Conclusion: Findings suggest that higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms and functional impairment may be associated with reported beliefs and behaviors related to parenting. Differences emerged among mothers’ and fathers’ use of parenting strategi...
Inflammatory and neuropathic cold allodynia are selectively mediated by the neurotrophic factor receptor GFRα3

Tissue injury prompts the release of a number of proalgesic molecules that induce acute and chronic pain by sensitizing pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) to heat and mechanical stimuli. In contrast, many proalgesics have no effect on cold sensitivity or can inhibit cold-sensitive neurons and diminish cooling-mediated pain relief (analgesia). Nonetheless, cold pain (allodynia) is prevalent in many inflammatory and neuropathic pain settings, with little known of the mechanisms promoting pain vs. those dampening analgesia. Here, we show that cold allodynia induced by inflammation, nerve injury, and chemotherapeutics is abolished in mice lacking the neurotrophic factor receptor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of receptors-α3 (GFRα3). Furthermore, established cold allodynia is blocked in animals treated with neutralizing antibodies against the GFRα3 ligand, artemin. In contrast, heat and mechanical pain are unchanged, and results show that, in striking contrast to the redundant mechanisms sensitizing other modalities after an insult, cold allodynia is mediated exclusively by a single molecular pathway, suggesting that artemin–GFRα3 signaling can be targeted to selectively treat cold pain.
A device for the precise transfer of serial sections for electron microscopy.

A device based on a standard stereotaxic instrument, in which a Formvar-dipped loop carrying serial thin sections, and a rotatable grid holder are mounted in separate electrode holders, thus permitting accurate positioning of each with respect to the other and the precise transfer of the sections to the grid, is described and illustrated.
Digital implementation of adaptive synchronous rectifier (SR) driving scheme for LLC resonant converters

In this paper, an adaptive synchronous rectifier (SR) driving scheme for the LLC resonant converters using the ripple counter concept is proposed, along with two methods of implementation. With the proposed scheme, the SR drain to source voltage is sensed to detect the body diode conduction, based on which the SR on-time can be well tuned to eliminate the body diode conduction. One proposed implementation tunes the SR on-time every switching cycle based on the ripple detection; another proposed implementation tunes the SR on-time every nth switching cycle (n = 1, 2, 3 …) based on the ripple counter, which is suitable for the high frequency LLC converters. The proposed SR driving scheme has the simple implementation, requires only low-cost digital controllers and occupies very few controller resources. More importantly, since the digital controllers have already been widely adopted in the control of the LLC converters, the proposed adaptive SR driving method can be embedded into these digital controllers with little extra cost. Furthermore, how to integrate the proposed SR driving method with closed-loop control is explained in details. Experimental results are demonstrated on a 130kHz LLC converter with 100MHz microcontroller (MCU) and a 500kHz LLC converter with a 60MHz MCU and a ripple counter.
Apolipoprotein A-IV synthesis in proximal jejunum is stimulated by ileal lipid infusion.

Biosynthesis of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is stimulated by dietary lipid, but the precise mechanisms involved are not clearly understood. Using an intestinally infused rat model, we compared t...
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase deficiency in acute leukemia: Pathologic, cytogenetic, and clinical features

Blast cells from 100 cases of acute leukemia were evaluated for the presence of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAase), an enzyme important in polyamine metabolism. Ten cases (10%) had undetectable levels of MTAase activity. Of the 10, 5 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3 had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and 2 expressed mixed lineage markers as determined by immunophenotyping. A relatively high frequency (38%) of MTAase deficiency was seen in ALL of T-cell origin. Nonmalignant hematopoietic cells from three patients with MTAase-deficient leukemias had readily detectable enzyme activity. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in four of the seven MTAase- deficient cases in which karyotypic analysis was performed. No consistent karyotypic defect was apparent, and only one case displayed changes in chromosome 9, the putative location of the MTAase structural gene. The clinical findings among the enzyme-deficient cases were unremarkable except that all patients were male (P less than .01). Only one patient had “lymphomatous” features. We conclude that MTAase deficiency occurs in a wide variety of acute leukemias, that the lack of enzyme activity is specific to the malignant cells, and that an increased incidence occurs in ALL of T-cell origin. Furthermore, no specific gross chromosomal abnormality is associated with the enzyme deficiency. The marked male predominance in patients with MTAase- deficient acute leukemias suggests involvement of the X chromosome in the loss of enzyme activity. The absence of MTAase in some leukemias may be therapeutically exploitable.
The role of computed tomography in following up pediatric skull fractures

Abstract Background Despite the added radiation exposure and costs, the role of computed tomography (CT) in following pediatric skull fractures has not been fully evaluated. Methods We reviewed the radiology reports and images of the initial and follow-up head CT examinations of children with skull fractures to determine whether any interval changes in the fracture morphology and associated complications necessitate a change in clinical management. Results A total of 316 pediatric cases of skull fractures were identified, including 172 patients with and 144 without follow-up scans. At follow-up, 7% of skull fractures were unchanged, 65% healing, and 28% healed. No patient showed findings to cause a change in clinical management or a need for further medical or surgical intervention regardless of the number and patterns of the fractures or the initial intracranial complications such as intracranial hemorrhage, pneumocephalus, and traumatic brain injuries. Conclusions Head CT may be unnecessary in following pediatric skull fractures in asymptomatic patients to avoid added radiation exposure and cost.
Demonstration of 8×40-Gb/s wavelength-striped packet switching in a multi-terabit capacity optical network test-bed

We report on the successful and error-free routing of 8×40-Gb/s wavelength-striped packets in a transparent optical network test-bed, supporting multi-terabit switching capacity. A 0.5-dB power penalty per switch hop is shown at 40 Gb/s.
Full size and prototype cable performance of various insulants

Extruded dielectric cables employing cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) have been gaining increasing acceptance for voltages up to 138 kV in the USA, Japan, and some European countries. The successful introduction of this type of cable has been largely made possible by certain cost advantages, e.g., ease of installation, repair and simplified cable accessories.
Trajectory of Improvement in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Migraine: Results From the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Amitriptyline Trial.

Abstract We compared headache frequency trajectories between clinical trial participants who received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and amitriptyline (CBT+A) or headache education (HE) and amitriptyline (HE+A) to determine if there was a differential time course of treatment response between the groups. One hundred thirty-five patients (age 10–17 years) diagnosed with chronic migraine participated, attending 8 one-hour one-on-one CBT or HE sessions with a trained psychologist for 8 weekly sessions, 2 sessions at weeks 12 and 16, and a post-treatment visit at week 20. Participants kept daily headache diaries and completed take-home assignments between visits. Data from daily headache diaries are presented for each day and according to 28-day periods. Trajectories of improvement indicate initial decrease in headache days began during the first month of treatment, for both groups, and continued to decrease throughout treatment. The CBT+A group had greater daily improvement than the HE+A group. A significantly greater proportion of the CBT+A group had a ≥50% reduction in headache days each month, and a significantly greater proportion of the CBT+A group had ≤4 headache days per month in months 3 through 5. Results indicate the trajectory of decrease in headache days is significantly better for patients receiving CBT+A versus HE+A. Perspective This article presents daily information about headache frequency over a 20-week clinical trial. Youth with chronic migraine who received CBT+A improved faster than those in the control group. Findings provide clinicians with evidence-based expectations for treatment response over time and ways of monitoring treatment success. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00389038 .
Mixed Library — Bridging Real and Virtual Libraries

New technologies, especially mixed reality devices, such as Microsoft HoloLens, are blurring the difference between the real and virtual worlds. These developments provide an exciting opportunity to re-define virtual library while maintaining utility and effectiveness. Developing a mixed library system requires identifying the set of services to be supported by the system and identifying well-defined service protocols. We describe a mixed reality based system, a prototype mixed library, that provides a variety of affordances to support embodied interactions and improve the user experience. By leveraging embodiment and context awareness, a mixed reality based user interface can provide many ways to aid a user. We use Microsoft HoloLens device to augment the user’s experience in the real library and to provide a rich set of affordances for embodied and social interactions. In addition, the user can also access services of the virtual library when not in the real library.
Chiral Measurement of Aspartate and Glutamate in Single Neurons by Large-Volume Sample Stacking Capillary Electrophoresis

d-Amino acids (d-AAs) are endogenous molecules found throughout the metazoan, the functions of which remain poorly understood. Measurements of low abundance and heterogeneously distributed d-AAs in complex biological samples, such as cells and multicellular structures of the central nervous system (CNS), require the implementation of sensitive and selective analytical approaches. In order to measure the d- and l-forms of aspartate and glutamate, we developed and applied a stacking chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection method. The achieved online analyte preconcentration led to a 480-fold enhancement of detection sensitivity relative to capillary zone electrophoresis, without impacting separation resolution or analysis time. Additionally, the effects of inorganic ions on sample preconcentration and CE separation were evaluated. The approach enabled the relative quantification of d-aspartate and d-glutamate in individual neurons mechanically isolated from the CNS of...
Introduction: Spamming the Renaissance

The introduction defines humanism as an inherently stupid philosophy and offers stupid humanism as the more fitting term for a philosophy that takes seriously, and literally, the idea of living a full life. Spam, both the noun and the verb, is offered as a useful metaphor for copia as overacting, overdoing, overselling, overstuffing. To contemplate spam is to consider how and why we develop an appetite for what cannot sustain us, fails to satisfy us and even threatens to make us sick. Spam is, by definition, unsolicited and uncalled for material, and for modern internet-users, spam is also unavoidable. But even sixteenth-century audiences could not avoid encounters with spam—not if they practiced copious rhetoric. Copia teaches eloquence through exercises in over-abundance. It recognizes variety—and the controversy that stems from it—as the beating heart of humanism.
Experimental study of dynamic contact angles on rough hydrophobic surfaces

Rough hydrophobic surfaces have many applications in industry and technology. An experimental study was done on the spreading dynamics of different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions on rough Teflon plates with different roughness. The experiments were conducted using Wilhelmy plate method. The advancing dynamic contact angle was found to be weakly dependent of capillary number. However, the receding dynamic contact angle decreases with increasing capillary number. The degree of roughness on rough Teflon surface has an important role on dynamic contact angle. The dynamics of receding motion was found to follow the molecular-kinetic theory. A power law relation between the receding dynamic contact angle and the capillary number was also obtained.
Molecular and biophysical analysis of apoptosis using a combined quantitative phase imaging and fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscope.

Apoptotic mechanisms are often dysregulated in cancerous phenotypes. Additionally, many anticancer treatments induce apoptosis and necrosis, and the monitoring of this apoptotic activity can allow researchers to identify therapeutic efficiency. Here, we introduce a microscope which combines quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with the ability to detect molecular events via fluorescence (or Forster) resonance energy transfer (FRET). The system was applied to study cells undergoing apoptosis to correlate the onset of apoptotic enzyme activity as observed using a FRET-based apoptosis sensor with whole cell morphological changes analyzed via QPI. The QPI data showed changes in cell disorder strength during the initiation of apoptotic enzymatic activity.
1.01 – Aziridines and Azirines: Monocyclic

A survey of the chemical literature published between 1995 and 2007 dealing with the chemical reactivity and synthesis of monocyclic aziridines and 2H-azirines is presented. The reactivity of monocyclic aziridines is discussed first, specifically including sections on nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, reactions of N-unsubstituted aziridines, rearrangement chemistry, radical reactions, [3+2] cycloadditions, [3+3] annelations, ring-expansion chemistry, metal-catalyzed reactions, and aziridinyl carbanion chemistry. The synthesis of monocyclic aziridines, covering both non-enantioselective and enantioselective methods, is reported. Examples describing the metal-catalyzed nitrenation of alkenes and the methylidenation of imines are outlined in some detail. The chemistry of 2H-azirines is dominated by processes in which the strain of the three-ring system is relieved. 2H-Azirines undergo reactions in which they can function as a nucleophile or as an electrophile. They can also participate in cycloaddition reactions as 2π-components and undergo selective cleavage of the ring when subjected to thermolysis or photolysis. This chapter includes more than 370 references taken from the recent literature.
An Open Trial of Morning Bright Light Treatment Among US Military Veterans with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of a home-based morning bright light treatment on pain, mood, sleep, and circadian timing in US veterans with chronic low back pain. DESIGN An open treatment trial with a seven-day baseline, followed by 13 days of a one-hour morning bright light treatment self-administered at home. Pain, pain sensitivity, mood, sleep, and circadian timing were assessed before, during, and after treatment. SETTING Participants slept at home, with weekly study visits and home saliva collections. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven US veterans with medically verified chronic low back pain. METHODS Pain, mood, and sleep quality were assessed with questionnaires. Pain sensitivity was assessed using two laboratory tasks: a heat stimulus and an ischemia stimulus that gave measures of threshold and tolerance. Sleep was objectively assessed with wrist actigraphy. Circadian timing was assessed with the dim light melatonin onset. RESULTS Morning bright light treatment led to reduced pain intensity, pain behavior, thermal pain threshold sensitivity, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and improved sleep quality (P < 0.05). Phase advances in circadian timing were associated with reductions in pain interference (r = 0.55, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Morning bright light treatment is a feasible and acceptable treatment for US veterans with chronic low back pain. Those who undergo morning bright light treatment may show improvements in pain, pain sensitivity, and sleep. Advances in circadian timing may be one mechanism by which morning bright light reduces pain. Morning bright light treatment should be further explored as an innovative treatment for chronic pain conditions.
Building number sense among English learners: A multisite randomized controlled trial of a Tier 2 kindergarten mathematics intervention

Abstract English learners (ELs) represent a rapidly growing subgroup in US schools. Yet, converging evidence suggests that a concerning number of ELs struggle to reach proficient levels in mathematics. The purpose of this multi-site randomized controlled trial was to examine the treatment effects of a Tier 2 mathematics intervention on the mathematical outcomes of kindergarten ELs with mathematics difficulties (MD). Additionally, recognizing that students differently benefit from early mathematics interventions, the study also examined whether specific student-level variables predicted ELs’ differential response to the intervention. A total of 295 ELs from 138 kindergarten classrooms participated in the study. Findings indicated overall treatment effects on five mathematics outcome measures. Results also suggested that the intervention worked equally well across a diverse sample of at-risk ELs with varying mathematics skills and English proficiency levels. Implications in terms of using principles of explicit instruction to improve the design of mathematics interventions and furthering the knowledge base of effective instruction for ELs with MD are discussed.
Investigating Microtopographic and Soil Controls on a Mountainous Meadow Plant Community Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing and Surface Geophysical Data

Author(s): Falco, N; Wainwright, H; Dafflon, B; Leger, E; Peterson, J; Steltzer, H; Wilmer, C; Rowland, JC; Williams, KH; Hubbard, SS | Abstract: This study aims to investigate the microtopographic controls that dictate the heterogeneity of plant communities in a mountainous floodplain-hillslope system, using remote sensing and surface geophysical techniques. Working within a lower montane floodplain-hillslope study site (750 m × 750 m) in the Upper Colorado River Basin, we developed a new data fusion framework, based on machine learning and feature engineering, that exploits remote sensing optical and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate the distribution of key plant meadow communities at submeter resolution. We collected surface electrical resistivity tomography data to explore the variability in soil properties along a floodplain-hillslope transect at 0.50-m resolution and extracted LiDAR-derived metrics to model the rapid change in microtopography. We then investigated the covariability among the estimated plant community distributions, soil information, and topographic metrics. Results show that our framework estimated the distribution of nine plant communities with higher accuracy (87% versus 80% overall; 85% versus 60% for shrubs) compared to conventional classification approaches. Analysis of the covariabilities reveals a strong correlation between plant community distribution, soil electric conductivity, and slope, indicating that soil moisture is a primary control on heterogeneous spatial distribution. At the same time, microtopography plays an important role in creating particular ecosystem niches for some of the communities. Such relationships could be exploited to provide information about the spatial variability of soil properties. This highly transferable framework can be employed within long-term monitoring to capture community-specific physiological responses to perturbations, offering the possibility of bridging local plot-scale observations with large landscape monitoring.
Subthreshold Fear Conditioning Produces a Rapidly Developing Neural Mechanism that Primes Subsequent Learning.

Abstract Learning results in various forms of neuronal plasticity that provide a lasting representation of past events, and understanding the mechanisms supporting lasting memories has been a primary pursuit of the neurobiological study of memory. However, learning also alters the capacity for future learning, an observation that likely reflects its adaptive significance. In the laboratory, we can study this essential property of memory by assessing how prior experience alters the capacity for subsequent learning. Previous studies have indicated that while a single weak fear conditioning trial is insufficient to support long-term memory (LTM), it can facilitate future learning such that another trial delivered within a protracted time window results in a robust memory. Here, we sought to determine whether or not manipulating neural activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) during or after the initial learning trial would affect the ability of the initial trial to facilitate subsequent learning. Our results show that inhibiting the BLA in rats prior to the first trial prevented the ability of that trial to facilitate learning when a second trial was presented the next day. Inhibition of the BLA immediately after the first trial using DREADDs was not effective, nor was pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) or the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These findings indicate that the neural mechanisms that permit an initial subthreshold fear conditioning trial to alter later learning develop rapidly and do not appear to require a typical post-learning consolidation period.
Measuring the Welfare Gains from Optimal Incentive Regulation

I empirically measure the welfare gains from optimal incentive regulation in the context of electric utilities facing both emissions and rate of return regulation (RORR). I provide evidence that RORR induces lower fuel efficiency, leading to greater coal consumption and higher emissions abatement costs. Replacing RORR with the optimal mechanism of Laffont and Tirole (1986) yields annual welfare gains of $686 million or a 11% reduction in electricity prices. I construct a much simpler two-contract menu that can achieve more than 65% of these welfare gains.
Language, Culture, and the Culture of Language : International JD students in U.S. Law Schools

Although international students have been routinely admitted to U.S. law schools over the last few decades, there is little known about this demographic outside of specific programs aimed to admit these students like the LLM or the SJD. This Chapter extends this literature to focus on a rising trend of students within more the “mainstream” law school program, the JD. Our past research shows that the proportion of JDs who are international students has increased over the last decade, with the increase being most notable at elite law schools. Still, little is known about the experience of these students. In this Chapter, drawing from interview data with approximately 50 international students, as well as supplemental data from law school faculty and administrators, we suggest, in line with other research, that language is crucial to framing these students’ experiences. However, we do not limit our analysis to direct language proficiency. Instead, we argue that beyond technical language markers like vocabulary and syntax, it is the culture of language that determines the quality of students’ interactions and their institutional choices. International students, like all students, are constantly engaging in interactions that determine their perceived “fit” within sites in which they are embedded (e.g. classrooms, student groups, study groups, etc.) and across these contexts, expectations and presumptions of their abilities and identities shape the ways in which they are treated and allowed to assimilate. In concentrating on language and its interaction with students’ lived experience, these data give us important insights into understanding the creation and experience of law school cultures and their systemic reproduction of hierarchy.
Teaching School Counselors to Use Evidence-Based Practice to Advance Social Justice: A Case Study:

School counselors are called to advocate for social justice in education and use evidence-based practice (EBP) to meet the diverse needs of students in schools today. This conceptual article descri...
Optical Response of Ultrathin Periodically Aligned Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films

We present a semi-analytical expression for the dielectric response function of quasi-2D ultrathin films of periodically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. We derive the response function in terms of the individual nanotube conductivity, plasma frequency, and the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes in the film. The real part of the dielectric response function is negative for a sufficiently wide range of the incident photon energy, indicating that the film behaves as a hyperbolic metamaterial. Inhomogeneous broadening increases the effect.
A study of fomotidine preventing weight gain olanzapine-induced

Objeetive To study the therapeutic effect of the H2 antagonist fomotidine on preventing weight gain olanzapine-induced.Methods Forty first-episode CCMD-3 schizophrenia patients were randomly allocated to received either famotidine or placebo in addition to olanzapine for 8 weeks.Their body weights and heights were measured before treatment and 2 weeks,4 weeks,8 weeks after treatment to calculate the body mass index and the percentage of patients gained more than 7% of initial bpdy weight after 8 weeks.SAPS and SANS were selected to evaluate the therapeutic effect.Results While the weight and the body mass index of patients in two groups after 2 weeks,4 weeks,8 weeks post-treatment increased significantly compared with those of pre-treatment(P＜0.05).The weight of patients in two groups gained 3.7kg at the edd of 8 weeks,and the BMI increased 2.5 or 2.6 kg/cm2,reapectively.However 8 weeks later,the difference between two groups wan not significant(P＞0.05).The difference between two groups on the percentage of patients gained more than 7% of initial body weight at the end of 8 weeks Wan not significant(P＞0.05).The sCOres of SAPS and SANS at the end of 8 weeks decreased significantly compared with those of the baseline(P＜0.05),but the difference between two groups was not significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion Allocated to the H2 antagonist fomotidine could not reduce weight gain olanzapine-induced. Key words: Famotidine; Olanzapine; Weight
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Versus Alternative Pacing Strategies in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Background The hemodynamic effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are uncharacterized. We aimed to quantify the hemodynamic effects of...
Complex Layered Trauma

The negative effects of layered relational trauma, particularly as experienced through childhood abuse and neglect, have long been recognized as contributing factors toward the development of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD), a diagnostic entity included in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11). According to the ICD-11, C-PTSD is associated with a broad spectrum of psychopathological symptoms and is conceptualized as including the core elements of PTSD such as re-experiencing the trauma, deliberate avoidance of internal and external traumatic reminders, and a sense of current threat expressed as hypervigilance and hyperarousal. The ICD-11 has also identified additional C-PTSD symptoms, including emotional regulation difficulties, persistent negative views of the self, and interpersonal problems characterized by difficulties forming and maintaining relationships with others. Endorsement of the ICD-11 definition of C-PTSD will come into effect on January 1, 2022. This chapter provides an overview of the emergence of C-PTSD, including an overview of symptoms and an explanation of how it is unique from other diagnoses. The chapter examines insecure attachment and relational trauma as diathetic factors in the development of C-PTSD. Following this overview, the neuroscience of complex trauma, with specific attention to the mind-body connection, will be critically explored. Subsequently, this chapter presents a measurement tool utilized to assess the impact of trauma in a clinical setting.
Thermomechanical Coupling of a Hyper-viscoelastic Truck Tire and a Pavement Layer and its Impact on Three-dimensional Contact Stresses:

A thermomechanical coupling between a hyper-viscoelastic tire and a representative pavement layer was conducted to assess the effect of various temperature profiles on the mechanical behavior of a ...
Distributed Optimal Scheduling in Community-Scale Microgrids

Secondary and tertiary control of microgrids is often centralized and requires system-wide measurements and communication between entities. Such approaches can be susceptible to single points of failure especially when communication infrastructure is not reliable. Self-organizing local electrical energy network (SOLEEN) is a secondary control framework which ensures operational sufficiency of the network without any central control or communication. Higher layers of control can be overlaid on SOLEEN for optimal operation. This paper presents a distributed approach for realizing tertiary control of SOLEEN-based dc community microgrids through an optimal scheduler at each entity for local loads and energy exchange with the network. The scheduler uses integer linear programming to meet the objectives of the entity such as revenue generation and maximizing service to critical loads. The model provides parameters to account for socio-economic differences across participating entities which can result in different objectives. It is independent of network topology, variations in local power sources, making it a plug-n-play option for resource-constrained deployments in rural communities. The model is verified through computer simulations and experiments on a hardware-in-the-loop setup.
Arc detection and interlock module for the PEP-II low level RF system

A new arc detection and interlock generating module for the SLAC PEP-II low-level RF VXI-based system has been developed. The system is required to turn off the RF drive and high voltage power supply in the event of arcing in the cavity windows, klystron window, or circulator. Infrared photodiodes receive are signals through radiation resistant optical fibers. Gain and bandwidth are selectable for each channel to allow tailoring response. The module also responds to interlock requests from other modules in the VXI system and communicates with the programmable logic controller (PLC) responsible for much of the low-level RF system's interlock functionality.
Meet Scribes - A Society that Promotes Legal Writing Excellence

Since its inception more than 50 years ago, Scribes - The American Scoiety of Legal Writers has advanced the twin goals of encouraging legal authors and improving legal writing. Bar journals and legal newsletters are continually in need of timely and informative articles. And the need for clear and compelling legal writing of all kinds - including articles and books, court briefs, and legal documents - is widely recognized. The article describes how Scribes works to advance its goals by sponsoring awards that recognize legal writing excellence, conducting programs for legal writers, and sponsoring publications. Among its publications are the book Classic Essays on Legal Advocacy (Lawbook Exchange, 2010) and the highly regarded Scribes Journal of Legal Writing. Despite these efforts, the need remains for more legal authors and better legal writing.
HFS SEPARATIONS AND HFS ANOMALIES IN THE $sup 2$P/1 OVER 2/ STATE OF Ga$sup 69$, Ga$sup 71$, Tl$sup 203$, AND Tl$sup 20$$sup 6$

By use of the method of atomic beam magnetic resonance, the ground-state hyperfine structure splittings in the two common gallium and thallium isotopes have been measured. The measured values are: $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Ga}}^{69})=(2677.9875\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Ga}}^{71})=(3402.6946\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0013)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Tl}}^{203})=(21105.447\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Tl}}^{205})=(21310.835\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A comparison of the ratio of the dipole coupling constants in the ground state of the two isotopes with the ratio of the nuclear ${g}_{I}$ factors yields the hfs anomaly. Theoretical and experimental values of the anomaly are compared.
Antibiotics and ERCP: In Vitro Activity of Aminoglycosides When Added to Iodinated Contrast Agents

Abstract In an in vitro study, the antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics was evaluated after they were added to iodinated contrast agents and bile under conditions simulating their use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The study was done in two parts: First, tobramycin was mixed with sterile bile and iodotholamate meglumine. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for tobramycin in this solution were determined against three representative bacteria. To test for interference by iodotholamate with tobramycin activity, the minimum bactericidal concentration of tobramycin in the mixture was compared with minimum inhibitory concentrations for tobramycin when used alone in broth cultures of the same organisms. The stability of tobramycin in bile-contrast mixture was determined at 1 and 24 hr by radioimmunoassay. In the second part of the study the bactericidal activity of another aminoglycoside, gentamicin, was determined. Gentamicin was mixed with two other contrast agents, meglumine diatrozoate and diatrozoate sodium, and diluted with broth to simulate concentrations expected after injection of the pancreaticobiliary tree. Cultures were then performed. After mixture with contrast agents, both tobramycin and gentamicin prevented growth of all test organisms. There was no evidence of tobramycin inactivation by iodotholamate, and no evidence of biochemical deterioration of tobramycin over 24 hr as determined by radioimmunoassay. The theoretical advantages of adding antibiotics to contrast agents are reviewed. The results of these experiments confirm that the antibacterial activity of aminoglycosides is not altered in an environment which simulates endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Although they do not establish clinical efficacy, our results provide a logical experimental basis for the empirical clinical practice of adding aminoglycosides to contrast agents to be used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
Parallelization by the divide-and-conquer method

A precise characterization for problems to be parallelized by the divide-and-conquer method is obtained. A parallel algorithm for such problems, which is likely to cluster data such that a substantial amount of computation is carried out within sites and communication cost is manageable, is developed. The characterization turns out to be very simple, yet general enough to cover concrete problems in many disciplines, such as sorting, computing the transitive closure of a binary relation, and computing a minimal cover in decomposing relations into 3NF forms. A linear recursive program is given to describe problems to be parallelized. >
Toward evolvable hardware chips: Experiments with a programmable transistor array

Evolvable hardware is reconfigurable hardware that self-configures under the control of an evolutionary algorithm. The search for a hardware configuration can be performed using software models or, faster and more accurate, directly, in reconfigurable hardware. Several experiments have demonstrated the possibility to automatically synthesize both digital and analog circuits. The paper introduces an approach to automated synthesis of CMOS circuits, based on evolution on a programmable transistor array (PTA). The approach is illustrated with a software experiment showing evolutionary synthesis of a circuit with a desired DC characteristic. A hardware implementation of a test PTA chip is then described, and the same evolutionary experiment is performed on the chip demonstrating circuit synthesis/self-configuration directly in hardware.
Expatriation: A Last Refuge for the Wealthy?

Emigration by the rich may increase substantially as persons seek to avoid home country taxation. Until recently those with high income and wealth could evade taxes through the use of secret foreign investment. Recent policy initiatives from the Obama Administration and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with the G20 promise to reduce such evasion. The US stands virtually alone in its insistence on global taxation of its citizens at home and abroad. Other countries tax only residents and often levy only modest penalties for indefinite departure from the home country. Modern technology coupled with increased international cooperation makes citizenship-based taxation feasible. In a world of sharply varying income – and especially wealth – taxation, states will need to devote increased policy attention to the tax-motivated international mobility of the rich. The attractions of citizenship-based taxation will grow. It should not be abandoned by the US, and its efficacy should be studied by other states.
Autofluorescence in the retina of a snail, Helix aspersa.

Microvilli (presumed photoreceptoral organelles) and masses of microvesicles, called photic vesicles, in the eyes of a garden snail (Helix aspersa) autofluoresce under u.v. illumination. The fluorescence lasts 20–30 sec. Under the same experimental conditions and procedures the outer segments of rods and cones of the frog Xenopus laevis (control) autofluoresce briefly. It is concluded that the autofluorescence of the photic vesicles is probably due to some form of vitamin A that is involved with the chromophore of a photopigment.
953-31 Modified Ultrafiltration Reduces Myocardial Edema and Reverses Hemodilution Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes a significant increase in total bodywater (TBW) resulting in organ edema and dysfunction. Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) performed following CPB significantly reduces the increase in TBW. The effects of (MUF) on myocardial edema were investigated in 9 children undergoing CPB with cardioplegic arrest for the repair of congenital heart disease. The mean age at the time of surgery was 2.8 ± 3.7 years and the mean weight was 11.4 ± 9.1 kg. Five children were under 1 year of age and 5 weighed less than 10 kg. The myocardial short axis cross-sectional area (MYOCSA) measured by epicardial echocardiography pre-CPB, post-CPB, and post-MUF was used to assess changes in myocardial wall thickness. The filtrate volume removed by MUF was 470 ± 240 mls. The hematocrit (HCT) increased from 24 ± 4% post-CPB to 39 ± 8% following MUF (p l 0.0001). MYOCSA increased from 5.6 ± 0.7 to 6.5 ± 0.9 cm2(p = 0.011) during CPB. Following MUF, MYOCSA decreased to 5.9 ± 0.8 cm2(p = 0.013), which was not significantly different from control (p g 0.1). MUF performed following CPB in children reverses hemodilution increasing the HCT and reduces myocardial edema.
Online lecture capturing system: Expected and actual effects of implementation in a problem-based learning medical curriculum.

AbstractContext: An online lecture capturing system (OLCS) was implemented in a medical school integrating problem-based learning curriculum. An academic investigation examining how medical students used OLCS and what were its educational effects were required.Aims: This study examined medical students’ perceptions of OLCS, actual usage of OLCS, and the effects on learning.Methods: An online questionnaire asking about the perceptions of OLCS was distributed to first and second year medical students. Individual student’s OLCS usage was analyzed descriptively. Cluster analysis was conducted based on the OLCS usage and students’ prior academic performance to reveal the academic effects of OLCS.Results: Most students (82 out of 106) perceived OLCS as an effective educational tool. Their actual use of OLCS, however, was low and quite variable depending on their needs and preferences. Reviewing the captured lectures did not affect students’ performance on exams of knowledge.Conclusions: This study calls for fol...
Immersive user environments in rehabilitation robotics and mechatronics

Advances in software, computing, control architectures, and design practice have led to rehabilitation robots with high-bandwidth, bidirectional user interfaces that allow people to interact with mechatronic systems in highly realistic, cognitively and biomechanically coupled scenarios. Immersive and graphic interfaces to real-time systems such as robots require, robust control environments and high-speed computing to provide safe, human-scale motions and interfaces with sufficient quality to be usable in functional environments. This paper illustrates some emerging applications in rehabilitation, spanning assistive technology, simulation/design aids, and smart therapy devices. Examples will be drawn laregly from work done at the VA Palo Alto Rehabilitation R&D Center.
Generalized Pancyclic Properties in Claw-free Graphs

The property $$(k, m)$$(k,m)-pancyclicity, which generalizes the notion of a vertex pancyclic graph, was defined in Faudree et al. (Graphs Comb 20:291---310, 2004) Given integers $$k$$k and $$m$$m with $$k \le m \le n$$k≤m≤n, a graph $$G$$G of order $$n$$n is said to be $$(k, m)$$(k,m)-pancyclic if every set of $$k$$k vertices in $$G$$G is contained in a cycle of length $$r$$r, for each $$r \in \{ m, m + 1, \ldots , n \}$$r?{m,m+1,?,n}. Faudree et al. (Graphs Comb 20:291---310, 2004) established sharp Ore-type bounds which guarantee that a graph is $$(k, m)$$(k,m)-pancyclic for certain integers $$k$$k and $$m$$m. In particular, they proved that if $$\sigma _2(G) \ge n + 1$$?2(G)?n+1, then $$G$$G is $$(k, 2k)$$(k,2k)-pancyclic for each $$k \ge 2$$k?2. We show that if $$G$$G is claw-free and $$\sigma _2(G) \ge n$$?2(G)?n, then $$G$$G is $$(k, k + 3)$$(k,k+3)-pancyclic for each $$k \ge 1$$k?1. Other minimum degree sum conditions for nonadjacent vertices that imply a claw-free graph is $$(k, m)$$(k,m)-pancyclic are established, and examples are provided which show that these constraints are best possible.
An ultracentrifugation-chloroplast membrane preparatory method for the fine-structural localization of polyphenol oxidase

Abstract Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been localized at the fine structural level in whole plant chloroplasts (Czaninski and Catesson, 1972; Henry, 1976). It is assumed that the PPO of chloroplast thylakoids and lamellae can be either latent or active depending upon specific cellular metabolism, plant treatment, and exposure conditions. Detergents, such as digitonin, accelerate tthe activation of spinach thylakoid membrane-bound PPO (Lieberei and Biehl, 1976). As any PPO activity localized by ultrastructural procedures, would be expected to possibly exist on the outer surfaces of the thylakoids and lamellae, a comprehensive methodology was defined for the isolation of sorbitol disrupted spinach chloroplast membranes, with subsequent ult ultrastructural localization of PPO (Henry et al., 1981). Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves were homogenized in 0.33M sorbitol-Hepes buffer, pH 7.6, followed by filtration through cheesecloth. 1) The filtrate was centrifuged at 300xg for 5 min. 2) The chloroplast pellet was then recentrifuged at 1,200xg for 10 min. The combined filtrates were layered on a discontinuous sucrose gradient and centrifuged at 20,000xg for 6 . Thirty separate 1-ml fractions were recentrifuged at 60,000xg for 20 min, giving individual pellets, each of which were prepared for ultastructural PPO enzyme localization (Henry et al., 1981). PPO is localized in the grana lamellae membranes of the sorbitol disrupted chloroplasts (Fig. 1), using 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as the substrate. In the presence of the L-DOPA substrate, plus the PPO inhibitor, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), the grana lamellae do not show a positive staining reaction for PPO (Fig. 2). There is also an absence of positive PPO staining in control tissue, lacking pretreatment with either L-DOPA or DDC (Fig. 3). To summarize, sorbitol-disrupted chlorolast membranes have been isolated via discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugaion and subsequently stained for the presence of PPO. The grana lamellae show positive PPO reaction product (Figs. 1–2). It is suggested that PPO is an integral part of the grana lamellae, even after sorbitol treatment; however, there is a release of a small amount of PPO into the soluble fractions (Henry et al., 1981). It is suggested that the grana lamellae may represent the possible sites of origin of PPO biosynthesis.
Deride, abide or dissent: On the ethics of professional conduct

In the professions of today are ethical concerns of no overwhelming importance? Are these concerns less important in certain professions rather than others? Do some practitioners carry a blase attitude regarding ethics within their profession?