cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Variation in Temporal Dynamics of Post-release Habitat Selection

Translocated animals undergo a phase of behavioral adjustment after being released in a novel environment, initially prioritizing exploration and gradually shifting towards resource exploitation. This transition has been termed post-release behavioral modification. Post-release behavioral modification may also manifest as changes in habitat selection through time, and these temporal dynamics may differ between individuals. We aimed to evaluate how post-release behavioral modification is reflected in temporal dynamics of habitat selection and its variability across individuals using a population of translocated female greater sage-grouse as a case study. Sage-grouse were translocated from Wyoming to North Dakota (USA) during the summers of 2018–2020. We analyzed individual habitat selection as a function of sagebrush cover, herbaceous cover, slope, and distance to roads. Herbaceous cover is a key foraging resource for sage-grouse during summer; thus, we expected a shift from exploration to exploitation to manifest as temporally-varying selection for herbaceous cover. For each individual sage-grouse (N = 26), we tested two competing models: a null model with no time-dependence and a model with time-dependent selection for herbaceous cover. We performed model selection at the individual level using an information-theoretic approach. Time-dependence was supported for five individuals, unsupported for seven, and the two models were indistinguishable based on AICc for the remaining fourteen. We found no association between the top-ranked model and individual reproductive status (brood-rearing or not). We showed that temporal dynamics of post-release habitat selection may emerge in some individuals but not in others, and that failing to account for time-dependence may hinder the detection of steady-state habitat selection patterns. These findings demonstrate the need to consider both temporal dynamics and individual variability in habitat selection when conducting post-release monitoring to inform translocation protocols.
Cerebrovascular response to exercise interacts with individual genotype and amyloid-beta deposition to influence response inhibition with aging

The etiology of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and dementia is multifactorial. Yet, mechanistic interactions among key neurobiological factors linked to AD pathology are unclear. This study tested the effect of interactions between cerebrovascular function, individual genotype, and structural brain pathology on response inhibition performance, an early and sensitive indicator of cognitive executive dysfunction with aging. We quantified cerebrovascular response (CVR) to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise using transcranial doppler ultrasound and global amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition using positron emission tomography in a group of cognitively normal older adults genotyped as APOE4 carriers and noncarriers. We quantified response inhibition during a cognitive Stroop test. Individuals with blunted CVR possessed greater Aβ deposition. There was CVR-by-carrier status-by-Aβ interaction on response inhibition. Blunted CVR was associated with impaired response inhibition specifically in carriers. Despite having greater Aβ deposition, carriers with higher CVR demonstrated better response inhibition. Cerebrovascular interactions with individual genotype and structural brain pathology may provide a physiologically-informed target for precision-medicine approaches for early treatment and prevention of cognitive dysfunction with aging.
Analysis of Covariance in a pretest-posttest experiment†

The analysis of covariance is a model-based method of reducing bias and controlling nuisance variation in experiments, quasi-experiments, and observational studies. When appropriately used, it can facilitate the interpretation of group comparisons and greatly increase power relative to the corresponding analysis of variance model. Keywords: analysis of covariance; bias reduction; change scores; difference scores; nuisance variables
Chapter 10 Dimensions of event perception

The essence of rhythm is the fusion of sameness and novelty; so that the whole never loses the essential unity of the pattern, while the parts exhibit the contrast arising from the novelty of detail. A mere recurrence kills rhythm as surely does a mere confusion of differences. A crystal lacks rhythm from excessive pattern, while a fog is unrhythmic in that it exhibits a patternless confusion of detail. (Alfred North Whitehead, 1919, Principles of Natural Knowledge). We should begin thinking of events as the primary realities and of time as an abstraction from them... It is the same with space as with time... There is always some degree of recurrence and some degree of nonrecurrence in the flow of ecological events.(James J. Gibson, 1979, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception)
The GMIN-αBB Approach : Theory and Computations

This chapter presents the General structure Mixed Integer Nonlinear αBB global optimization approach, GMIN-αBB, for general nonconvex MINLP problems. Section 22.1 describes the mathematical models that the GMIN-αBB can address. Section 22.2 focuses on the generation of valid lower bounds. Section 22.3 discusses the generation of upper bounds. Section 22.4 outlines the strategies for the selection of the branching variables. Section 22.5 describes the updates of the variable bounds through an optimization-based approach and an interval analysis based approach. Section 22.6 presents the algorithmic steps of the GMIN-αBB approach and a small illustrative example. Finally, in section 22.7 computational studies are reported on (i) small literature problems, (ii) pump configuration problems, and (iii) trim loss optimization problems. The material of this chapter is based on the work of Adjiman et al. (1997c), (1998d).
Study of peroxidase mechanisms by pulse radiolysis: I. Spectra of horseradish peroxidase transients☆

Abstract 1. 1. The basic principles for application of pulse radiolysis to the study of peroxidase (donor:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) mechanisms are discussed and illustrated on the horseradish peroxidase-ascorbic acid-H2O2 system. 2. 2. The onset and course of the entire enzymatic cycle is shown in an ascorbic acid-horseradish peroxidase solution after H2O2 is formed during a 10-μs electron pulse. 3. 3. Spectral changes with time in the range between 310 and 480 nm show the characteristic absorption maximum of Compound II (418 nm). 4. 4. A transient with an absorption maximum at 355 nm has been observed in the presence and absence of ascorbate. 5. 5. At low ascorbic acid concentration the enzyme disappears at pH 4 by reaction with H2O2, with a rate constant k1 = 1.19 · 107M−1 · s−1.
Posterior fossa anomalies diagnosed with fetal MRI: associated anomalies and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between intracranial and extracranial anomalies and neurodevelopmental outcome for fetuses diagnosed with a posterior fossa anomaly (PFA) on fetal MRI. Methods Cases of Dandy–Walker malformation, vermian hypogenesis/hypoplasia, and mega cisterna magna (MCM) were identified through the Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati between January 2004 and December 2010. Parental interview and retrospective chart review were used to assess neurodevelopmental outcome. Results Posterior fossa anomalies were identified in 59 fetuses; 9 with Dandy–Walker malformation, 36 with vermian hypogenesis/hypoplasia, and 14 with MCM. Cases with isolated PFAs (14/59) had better outcomes than those with additional anomalies (p = 0.00016), with isolated cases of MCM all being neurodevelopmentally normal. Cases with additional intracranial anomalies had a worse outcome than those without intracranial anomalies (p = 0.00017). The presence of extracranial anomalies increased the likelihood of having a poor outcome (p = 0.00014) as did the identification of an abnormal brainstem (p = 0.00018). Conclusion Intracranial and extracranial anomalies were good predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in this study. The prognosis was poor for individuals with an abnormal brainstem, whereas those with isolated MCM had normal neurodevelopmental outcome. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open Data: Reverse Engineering and Maintenance Perspective

Open data is an emerging paradigm to share large and diverse datasets—primarily from governmental agencies, but also from other organizations—with the goal to enable the exploitation of the data for societal, academic, and commercial gains. There are now already many datasets available with diverse characteristics in terms of size, encoding and structure. These datasets are often created and maintained in an ad-hoc manner. Thus, open data poses many challenges and there is a need for effective tools and techniques to manage and maintain it. In this paper we argue that software maintenance and reverse engineering have an opportunity to contribute to open data and to shape its future development. From the perspective of reverse engineering research, open data is a new artifact that serves as input for reverse engineering techniques and processes. Specific challenges of open data are document scraping, image process- ing, and structure/schema recognition. From the perspective of maintenance research, maintenance has to accommodate changes of open data sources by third-party providers, traceability of data transformation pipelines, and quality assurance of data and transformations. We believe that the increasing importance of open data and the research challenges that it brings with it may possibly lead to the emergence of new research streams for reverse engineering as well as for maintenance.
Relative decreases in knee extension torque with increased knee extension velocities in stroke patients with hemiparesis.

I examined the isokinetic knee extension torque (KET) produced by the paretic and nonparetic lower limbs of 27 stroke patients, with hemiparesis, at knee extension velocities (KEVs) of 30°, 60°, 120°, and 180°/sec. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relative decreases in KET at velocities greater than 30°/sec were different on the two sides. To further investigate this relative decrease, the relationship between the torque at 30°/sec and those at higher speeds also was examined on each side. Relative decreases in KET differed between speeds, but not between sides. Torques at speeds greater than 30°/sec were correlated significantly with the torque at 30°/sec. These findings suggest that patients with hemiparesis and minimal muscle spasticity may have difficulty moving forcefully at higher speeds because they are weak. Therapeutic interventions, therefore, might be most beneficial when they are directed toward helping patients with hemiparesis activate their weak muscles.
Lack of correlation between taurine levels in 16 brain regions and paroxysmal discharges in the thalamocortical circuit.

Abstract Status epilepticus was induced in cats with a penicillin focus in their motor cortex. Taurine content was determined in the penicillin focus and in 15 other brain regions. Under this condition taurine levels were prominently decreased in some cats and remained unchanged, or significantly increased in others. In the experimental group, the average concentration of taurine was not significantly different from that of the control group. Thus data in this study fail to support the hypothesis that decreased levels of taurine in the epileptic focus or in supraspinal structures are causally related to penicillin epileptogenesis.
Clinical, demographic and social characteristics of psychotic depression

The goal of this study was to compare the clinical, demographic and social characteristics of psychotic and non-psychotic depression in the elderly and younger age groups. Depressed patients (n = 674) meeting DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive episode were classified into two groups, psychotic and non-psychotic, based on the presence of delusions or hallucinations. The patients with psychotic and non-psychotic depression were compared on clinical, demographic, and social characteristics. Bivariate analyses revealed that younger age, psychomotor retardation, guilt, feelings of worthlessness, history of delusions in the past, and increased suicidal ideation and intent were found more commonly in psychotic as compared to non-psychotic depression. A fully adjusted logistic regression model also confirmed younger age, history of past delusions, and increased feelings of worthlessness to be associated more with psychotic than with non-psychotic depression. Trends were observed for psychotic depression to be associated with poor subjective social support and with bipolar illness. Cerebrovascular risk factors and gender composition did not differ significantly in the psychotic vs. non-psychotic groups. The study confirms previously described findings such as increased guilt, increased psychomotor retardation and increased suicidality in psychotic depression in a large sample of depressed patients. The study also introduces the concept of age as an important variable influencing psychotic depression. The limitation of this finding is that it is applicable to tertiary care samples. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding in other subgroups.
Lack of association of KIF6 genotype with vascular disease and statin response.

### Study Hypothesis A common polymorphism in the kinesin-like protein 6 ( KIF6 ) gene, the Trp719Arg variant, was reported in multiple exploratory studies to be associated with both vascular risk and response to statin therapy. The clinical implication of these findings was that noncarriers of the Trp719Arg variant receive little benefit from statin therapy, suggesting clinical utility for a KIF6 pharmacogenetic test to predict the suitability of statin therapy for individual patients. More recent publications have disputed the reported associations. The authors of both studies described here (Hopewell et al1 and Ridker et al2) sought to definitively confirm or reject the hypothesis that the Trp719Arg variant affects the response to statin therapy with respect to incident vascular disease. ### How Was the Hypothesis Tested? Hopewell et al1 performed a retrospective analysis of data from the Heart Protection Study (HPS), in which more than 20 000 patients with established vascular disease or risk factors for vascular disease were randomly assigned to the use of 40 mg simvastatin daily versus placebo. Genotyping of the KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism (also designated rs20455) was successfully performed in 18 348 HPS participants of self-reported white ethnicity, with almost equal numbers from the simvastatin arm (n=9167) and the placebo arm (n=9181). The primary outcome was incident major vascular events (defined as …
Solid particle erosion of mullite

Abstract The solid particle erosion of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2 plus approximately 12% glass phase) was investigated using angular A12O3 particles whose mean diameters D were varied between 23 and 270 μm. A range of impact angles α between 15° and 90° was used and the impact velocity V was varied from 60 to 100 m s−1. The results of these experiments are in agreement with the general predictions of the two models developed to describe erosion in brittle materials on the basis of the formation of lateral cracks. The velocity exponent of the steady state erosion rate ΔW is between 2.2 and 2.8, being larger for smaller particles. For normal incidence, ΔW ∝ D 2 3 in accord with both theories. For α > 15° only the normal component of velocity need be considered, but for smaller α there is evidence of plasticity both in the α dependence of ΔW and as observed using scanning electron microscopy.
Renal Calcium Reabsorption Caused by Bicarbonate and by Chlorothiazide in Patients with Hormone Resistant (Pseudo) Hypoparathyroidism

The responses to infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), bicarbonate, PTH plus bicarbonate, and chlorothiazide, were determined in 3 patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and compared with responses of normal subjects to all 4 infusions, and of hyperparathyroid patients to PTH. A decrease in the ratio of calcium to sodium clearances (Cca/CNa) was used as an index of renal calcium reabsorption. The patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism had negligible decreases in CCO/CNO in response to PTH. Infusion of bicarbonate, bicarbonate plus PTH, and chlorothiazide resulted in greater decreases of Cca/CNa in each patient. In response to PTH infusion, the normal subjects had significantly greater responses than patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism, whereas normal subjects had a significantly lesser response to chlorothiazide. There was no significant difference in the decrease in Cca/CNa of normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism in response to bicarbonate or bicarbonate plus PTH. The impaired p...
INTERFACIAL STRESS FIELDS AND THE ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICAL BOUNDARY CONDITION

The boundary between two fluid media, one a conducting liquid and the other an insulator, is taken to be under the influence of an electric field, and its mechanics is studied by treating it as a thin boundary layer, so that there is continuous, if rapid, change, on passing from one medium to the other. These considerations lead to a different result from the classical one for the pressure difference between the two sides
Extraction of linear features based on beamlet transform

Over the past few decades, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have been widely used to estimate the various features on the ground. As SAR is a radar system, its images are degraded by noise which limits the application of SAR images. Therefore, extracting features from SAR images with noise is an important issue. The goal of this paper is to develop and implement a beamlet based method to extract the linear features from SAR images with noise and a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The proposed method uses digital image pre-processing techniques to offset the noise and low-contrast problems and to recalculate pixel values. Linear features such as a road network are then extracted by applying the beamlet transform based algorithm. The algorithm recursively partitions the image into sub-squares to build a beamlet dictionary to perform the transform. The complete linear features are then obtained with the post-processing algorithm to link the discontinuities. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
Preparation of flexible models of hollow gastrointestinal organs

Flexible models of hollow gastrointestinal organs can be easily prepared by coating air-dried organs with a commercially available clear plastic compound. The plastic infiltrates the full thickness of organ walls to support and protect internal as well as external structures. Models are flexible, resistant to fluids, and lightweight. This plasticizing technique is particularly useful for the preservation and study of large animal gastrointestinal tracts.
VLSI architecture for discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a new VLSI architecture for computing the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The architecture is systolic in nature and utilizes a frequency doubler, which enables it to perform all coefficient calculations with only one set of multipliers, in contrast to the approaches presented in the literature. The architecture is simple, modular, and cascadable, and hence can be implemented in VLSI. >
HR 375: A potential antipsychotic drug that interacts with dopamine D2 receptors and σ-receptors in the brain

Abstract The potential antipsychotic HR 375 (3-(4-(3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-propyl-piperazino-l-yl-isoquinolino-hydrochloride) inhibited [3H]spiperone binding to dopamine D2 receptors and (+)-[3H]SKF-10047 binding to σ-receptors. The drug was, however, almost inactive in phencyclidine and μ-, κ- and δ-opioid receptor binding assays. HR 375 inhibited binding of (+)-[3H]SKF-10047 to σ-sites in a competitive manner. The dissociation constant of (+)-[3H]SKF-10047 binding to σ-receptors was increased from 62 nM (47–91 nM) to 263 nM (204–370 nM) in the presence of 33 nM HR 375. The number of binding sites (Bmax) was, however, not affected. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of HR 375, at least in part, may be attributable to its interaction with σ-receptors.
Fourier transform techniques for measuring absorption of transient species in optical limiting materials

We have developed methods of measuring absorption of transient species utilizing stepped-scan Fourier transform interferometry that allows a combination of broad spectral coverage (10,000 - 15,000 cm-1 per spectrum), good spectral resolution, and up to ns temporal resolution with possibilities of extension to the ps domain. Nanosecond, psec or fsec laser systems, tunable from UV to IR can be used as the pump source to prepare the transient species. The absorption of that species is measured with broadband, incoherent light and can be simultaneously time and frequency resolved.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Monte Carlo study of the molecular beam epitaxy process for manufacturing magnesium oxide nano-scale films

This article presents a Monte Carlo-based factor-wise sensitivity analysis conducted on the performance variables of a Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) process. Using lab-scale MBE equipment, magnesium oxide (MgO 111) films are grown on a hexagonal silicon carbide 6H-SiC (0001) substrate. The thin film surface chemistry in terms of O‒Mg and OH‒Mg bonding states is examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A multi-layer perceptron is used to model the process. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted on the process model to study the causal relationship between the critical process control variables and the key performance indicators. The sensitivity of O‒Mg and OH‒Mg bonding states in MgO films to each of the four process control variables (growth time, substrate temperature, magnesium source temperature, and percentage starting oxygen) is examined. Each control variable is varied individually while keeping other control variables constant at their mid values in one case and randomly varying in another ca...
Spin labeled cysteines as sensors for protein-lipid interaction and conformation in rhodopsin.

— In stoichiometric amounts, the spin label N-tempoyl-(p-chloromercuribenzamide) reacts rapidly with one cysteine residue in membrane-bound bovine rhodopsin. This residue is distinct from the two reactive cysteines previously used as attachment sites for spectroscopic labels, and is on the external surface of the protein near the cytoplasmic membrane/aqueous interface. The spin-labeled side chain has revealed a light-induced conformational change in membrane-bound rhodopsin that is apparently not associated with protein aggregation. The changes are reversible upon the addition of 11-cis retinal, and the magnitude of the change is dependent on the identity of the phospholipid in the surrounding bilayer. Alteration of lipid composition has a much larger effect on bleached rhodopsin than rhodopsin itself, indicating that the former is more readily deformable in response to changes in bilayer properties. This is consistent with the loss of 11-cis retinal binding energy in opsin compared to rhodopsin. These results provide direct structural evidence that the conformation of a membrane protein can be modulated by the lipid properties.
A new rapid technique for the localization of abnormalities in migration of the thyroid gland

Summary Three children with abnormal migration of the thyroid are presented. Anomalies of migration of the thyroid can present the physician with confusing clinical findings due to the abnormal position of the gland, which results in false 131 I-uptake results and athyroidic scans done by conventional techniques. We are introducing a new method of study called the dynamic thyroid study, utilizing 99m Tc pertechnetate and the scintillation camera; it is fast and accurate and subjects the patient to less radiation than does the conventional technique.
Accounting laboratory experiments on human judgement: Some characteristics and influences

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to assess characteristics and influences associated with accounting experiments on human judgment. A sample of published articles was examined in terms of the growth, topics, designs and subjects that characterize this research area. The sample studies also provided the basis for assessing the influence of certain disciplines, journals, articles, authors and institutions upon accounting laboratory experiments on human judgment. The assessment involved the use of the method of citation analysis, and included comparisons with contemporary accounting research in general.
Funding at-risk compensatory programs: An urban high school case study

A Texas urban high school with a 98 percent minority student enrollment was selected to conduct a micro-finance analysis on site-based at-risk per pupil costs. A process was developed to define site-based state compensatory education (SCE) and to account for all students receiving direct and indirect state compensatory education services. Program costs data were analyzed to develop a relationship between full-time equivalent (FTE) state categorical program costs and regular education program costs. At-risk student background characteristics were defined using a parent home survey, conducted with a sample of twenty at-risk students and twenty regular education students. The data revealed that 68 percent of the students exhibited one or more of the state-defined at-risk variables; the highest program costs produced the highest achievement: and based on student backgroud characteristics, all of the students, including regular funded students, were at risk.
Effects of Trace Elements on the Corrosion Behavior of Flue Gas Desulfurization Materials

Abstract In a laboratory test in simulated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) environments, the effects of 13 trace elements on the corrosion behavior of Ferralium 255, Hastelloy G3, AISI 317L stainless (SS), Monit and Ti Grade 2 immersed in an aerated baseline solution containing chlorides and sulfates at pH 1 or 4 with SO2 present have been studied previously using electrochemical techniques. A Plackett-Burman test matrix was used to determine which of the trace elements has a significant accelerating or inhibiting effect. The concentration dependence of corrosion rates for the five alloys has subsequently been studied for those species in which a significant effect was observed in the first test series. For Ferralium 255, Hastelloy G3, AISI 317L SS and Monit, an accelerating effect of Cu and Fe was observed when a certain threshold concentration was exceeded. For Ti, fluoride additions of 1000 ppm produced surface etching at pH 1. A comparison with the results of the first test series reveals that Al addit...
Cytomembrane Differentiation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Apparatus-Vesicle Complex

Diversity of cytomembrane types is confirmed in hyphae of the fungus Pythium ultimum by electron microscopy. A transition in membrane morphology across stacks of dictyosome cisternae (from endoplasmic reticulumlike at one pole to plasma membrane-like at the opposite pole) suggests that dictyosomes of the Golgi apparatus are sites of membrane interconversion.
Progesterone enhances motor, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antidepressive behavior of wild-type mice, but not those deficient in type 1 5α-reductase

The importance of progesterone's (P4) metabolism by the 5α-reductase type I enzyme was examined in homozygous and heterozygous 5α-reductase type I knockout mice and their wild-type siblings. P4 (1.0 mg) or vehicle was administered and effects on motor, anxiety, nociceptive, and depression behavior were observed. After testing, whole-brain progesterone and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Motor behavior in the horizontal crossing and open field tasks of 5α-reductase-deficient mice administered P4 was similar to vehicle control mice and significantly reduced compared to wild-type mice administered P4. In the open field, 5α-reductase-deficient mice administered P4 had a similar number of central entries as did vehicle control mice, both were lower than central entries of P4-administered wild-type mice. However, in the plus maze, P4 to 5α-reductase-deficient or wild-type mice significantly increased open arm activity compared to vehicle-administered control mice. P4 to wild-type, but not 5α-reductase-deficient mice, significantly increased latencies to lick front and back paws in response to radiant heat stimuli compared to vehicle administration to control mice. In the forced swim test, 5α-reductase-deficient mice administered P4 were similar to vehicle control mice and the latency to immobility was significantly decreased, and the duration of immobility was significantly increased, compared to wild-type mice administered P4. Thus, these data suggest metabolism by the 5α-reductase type I enzyme may mitigate P4's effects on some tasks of motor, anxiety, nociception, and depression behavior.
Partial sex reversal in adult axolotls developing from cold‐treated eggs

Of 12 adult (4-year-old) axolotls (Siredon mexicanum) develoing from cold-treated eggs, three were originally male, and the other nine were originally female. Only two of the animals, one male and one female, were normal. The second male was underdeveloped, with very small testes and abortive development of sex cells, which included only spermatogonia. The third male was greatly underdeveloped, with vestigial testes, complete degeneration of all germ cells, and entire absence of cloacal glands. The remaining eight females were greatly underdeveloped, with ovaries of almost microscopic size and partial sex reversal. In three of these females, only male cells could be observed, and the oviducts were very much diminished. In the other five females, the sexual glands were vestiges of hermaphrodite glands, with cells of both sexes (oogonia and spermatogonia) close together. The chief abnormalities observed in the great majority of the animals, partial sex reversal and development of hermaphrodite sex glands, were evidently due to triploidy developing as a result of cold treatment of the eggs. The normal male and female were most likely diploid. The under-developed male with only spermatogonia was probably triploid, and the male with complete degeneration of the germ cells could have been triploid. All of the females with sex reversal were undoubtedly triploid.
Comprehensive study of blue and green multi-quantum-well light-emitting diodes grown on conventional and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN

Growths of blue and green multi-quantum wells (MQWs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are realized on lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) GaN, and compared with identical structures grown on conventional GaN. Atomic force microscopy is used to confirm the significant reduction of dislocations in the wing region of our LEO samples before active-region growth. Differences between surface morphologies of blue and green MQWs are analyzed. These MQWs are integrated into LEDs. All devices show a blue shift in the electroluminescence (EL) peak and narrowing in EL spectra with increasing injection current, both characteristics attributed to the band-gap renormalization. Green LEDs show a larger EL peak shift and a broader EL spectrum due to larger piezoelectric field and more indium segregation in the MQWs, respectively. Blue LEDs on LEO GaN show a higher performance than those on conventional GaN; however, no performance difference is observed for green LEDs on LEO GaN versus conventional GaN. The performance of the green LEDs is shown to be primarily limited by the active layer growth quality.
Flow-Independent Viscoelastic Response of Bovine Articular Cartilage Under Dynamic Tensile Loading

The objective of the current study was to characterize the mechanical response of bovine articular cartilage under dynamic tensile loading. Testing was performed under an applied stress magnitude of 1.3 MPa and frequencies from 10−4 Hz to 10 Hz. The dynamic tensile modulus ranged from 20.1±7.0 MPa at 10−4 Hz to 64.0±9.7 MPa at 10 Hz. The phase angle derived from the area under the stress-strain hysteresis loop changed from 21.4±6.9° at 10−4 Hz to 1.1±0.2° at 10 Hz. Based on earlier theoretical predictions, the observed viscoelastic response in tension may be attributed to the intrinsic viscoelasticity of the collagen-proteoglycan matrix.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Histochemical localization of monoamine oxidase in whole-body, freeze-dried sections of mice

Monoamine oxidase was investigated histochemically in tissues of the mouse by incubating freeze-dried, whole-body sections with tryptamine, serotonin, tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, or benzylamine as substrate and Nitroblue tetrazolium as the final electron acceptor. The most intense staining with tryptamine was exhibited by intestinal epithelium and adrenal cortex; moderate staining was noted in the epithelium of the nose, bronchi, oesophagus, and upper stomach and in preputial gland, pancreas, nerve, spinal cord and brain. Weak staining was seen in the lung, spleen, liver and kidney. The distribution of the formazan deposition was similar, but much less intense, when serotonin and tyramine were used as the substrates. Only very weak staining was observed when β-phenylethylamine was the substrate; no staining was seen with benzylamine. Monoamine oxidase activities with tryptamine were greatly inhibited by pretreatment with clorgyline (10 μm), while deprenyl (10 μm) slightly inhibited activities in all tissues except liver. This staining technique should be useful in further studies on the identification of the multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in tissues of the mouse. Nicotine and nitrosonornicotine were not substrates in any of the tissues; consequently, this enzyme system does not appear to produce the proximal carcinogen from this nitrosamine.
Free-jet Testing of a REST Scramjet at Off-Design Conditions

Scramjet flowpaths employing elliptical combustors have the potential to improve structural efficiency and performance relative to those using planar geometries. NASA Langley has developed a scramjet flowpath integrated into a lifting body vehicle, while transitioning from a rectangular capture area to both an elliptical throat and combustor. This Rectangular-to-Elliptical Shape Transition (REST) scramjet, has a design point of Mach 7.1, and is intended to operate with fixed-geometry between Mach 4.5 and 8.0. This paper describes initial free-jet testing of the heat-sink REST scramjet engine model at conditions simulating Mach 5.3 flight. Combustion of gaseous hydrogen fuel at equivalence ratios between 0.5 and 1.5 generated robust performance after ignition with a silane-hydrogen pilot. Facility model interactions were experienced for fuel equivalence ratios above 1.1, yet despite this, the flowpath was not unstarted by fuel addition at the Mach 5.3 test condition. Combustion tests at reduced stagnation enthalpy indicated that the engine self-started following termination of the fuel injection. Engine data is presented for the largest fuel equivalence ratio tested without facility interaction. These results indicate that this class of three-dimensional scramjet engine operates successfully at off-design conditions.
Nesting Ecology of McKay's Buntings on St. Matthew Island, Alaska

Abstract The McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) is one of the rarest passerine species in North America and breeds solely on St. Matthew and Hall islands in the remote Bering Sea, Alaska. We examined the nesting ecology of this poorly studied species on St. Matthew Island in 1982, 1983, and 2003. We found that the high breeding density of the McKay's Bunting may account for the lower clutch size and number of young fledged per successful nest compared to its sister species, the Snow Bunting (P. nivalis). The proportion of eggs that successfully hatched was higher for McKay's Buntings than Snow Buntings breeding at other Arctic locations in North America. Daily nest survival declined during egg-laying and incubation and increased throughout the nestling period. Nesting chronology was earlier in 2003 compared to the 1980s; however, daily nest survival was similar between decades. To assess how McKay's Buntings are responding to climate-mediated changes to physical and biotic conditions, we recommen...
A British View of African Colonialism

THIS GRACEFULLY WRITTEN LITTLE BOOK1 is a highly competent and persuasive presentation of what might be called the contemporary orthodox British view of colonialism in Africa. Sir Andrew Cohen speaks authoritatively, for he has played a major role in formulating and implementing Britain's African policies: he has been a highly regarded head of the Colonial Office's Africa Division and a respected governor of the Trust Territory of Uganda. Before getting to the body of this review article-which is quite critical of the book-it is pleasant to mention that an enticingly wide range of topics is considered in this slim volume, and that the discussion of each is illuminated by Sir Andrew's broad experience. His estimation of tribalism gains force from his personal involvement with the phenomenon in Uganda. Although tribalism may sometimes make for progress, the author believes that it more often is "the focus for reaction" (p. 55), that it is frequently the resort of those who want to preserve the status quo, and "is a great complicating element in the process of nation-building." (p. 56) How far responsible British opinion has advanced beyond the attitudes of only a decade or two ago is illustrated by the book's balanced discussion of the nationalists. Rather than regarding them as irresponsible and dangerous agitators, Sir Andrew points out, inter alia, that "we should realize that nationalists provide some of the dynamic force in societies which in Africa are often static or inert," that "we should be cautious in describing a national party as non-representative just because it is relatively small in numbers" and "that successful working with nationalists is the smoothest way of helping a country to self-government." (p. 61) An extensive and enlightening discussion of the British officer in the field is suffused with Sir Andrew's admiration and affection for such men. He speaks of their "patient diplomacy and firm leadership," their "flexibility and resourcefulness." "They care tremendously about what they are doing. . ." (p. 76) There is also
Administration of low doses of MK-801 during ethanol withdrawal in the developing rat pup attenuates alcohol's teratogenic effects.

Background Alcohol exposure during development can produce severe and long-lasting central nervous system damage and consequent behavioral alterations. Recent evidence suggests that NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity during periods of withdrawal may contribute to this damage. We have demonstrated that blocking the NMDA receptor with MK-801 during alcohol withdrawal can attenuate ethanol's adverse effects on behavioral development in the rat. This study examined the dose dependency of MK-801's ability to mitigate ethanol's teratogenic effects. Methods Neonatal rat pups were exposed to 6.0 g/kg of ethanol in a binge-like manner on postnatal day (PD) 6, a period of brain development equivalent to a portion of the human third trimester. Alcohol administration was accomplished with an artificial rearing procedure. Twenty-one hours after ethanol treatment, pups were injected intraperitoneally with one of four doses of MK-801 (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg) or saline vehicle. An artificially reared control and a normally reared control group were included. On PD 18–19, activity level was monitored, and on PD 40–42, serial spatial discrimination reversal learning was assessed. Results Alcohol exposure on PD 6 produced significant increases in activity level and deficits in reversal learning. These alcohol-induced behavioral alterations were significantly attenuated in subjects treated with one of the three lower doses (0.05–0.5 mg/kg) of MK-801 during withdrawal. The performance of ethanol-exposed subjects treated with the high dose of MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg) did not differ from that of the Ethanol Only group. Conclusions These data suggest that alterations in NMDA receptor activation during alcohol withdrawal contribute to the neuropathology and consequent behavioral alterations associated with developmental alcohol exposure. These data have important implications for pregnant women and newborns undergoing ethanol withdrawal.
Calorimetric study of amorphization in planar, binary, multilayer, thin-film diffusion couples of Ni and Zr.

We have utilized differential scanning calorimetry to monitor the solid-state reaction of crystalline metals to form an amorphous alloy in multilayered thin-film diffusion couples of elemental Ni and Zr. The heat of formation of amorphous Ni68Zr32 alloy from the elemental metals is measured directly and found to be 35 ± 5 kJ/mole. The kinetics of these reactions has been examined. The activation energy for interdiffusion in the amorphous phase is determined to be E=1.05±0.05 eV.
Higher education leadership roles in knowledge processing

Purpose – To examine the critical roles of leadership in higher education and to define how such roles enable an environment that embraces the demands of a knowledge‐based organization.Design/methodology/approach – Through interviews with executive leadership in several higher education institutions, the ontology of knowledge management was established and the methods by which knowledge gaps were resolved were explored. The question of how leadership behaviors, policies, and programs enable or inhibit knowledge‐processing activities was analyzed.Findings – Leadership influence in six key areas emerged as significant in the study: environment manager, network manager, policy manager, crisis manager, knowledge gap manager, and future leader preparation. The authors confirmed that the leader has tremendous control over the knowledge‐processing environment and the role of leadership has broader influence than the resolution of knowledge gaps.Originality/value – By understanding leadership roles in knowledge m...
Recent advances in aspheric and conformal grinding at the Center for Optics Manufacturing

Deterministic microgrinding (DMG) process technology, developed by the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) at the University of Rochester, has been extended with the development of two new computer-controlled contouring microgrinders that can produce highly accurate aspheric and conformal optical surfaces in minutes. The NanotechTM 150AG Asphere Grinder was designed and built by Moore Tool Company (Bridgeport, CT) with input from the COM Machine Technical Advisory Board. Funded by DARPA, the scope of this COM-led machine development project was to create a cost- effective, high precision machine that would deterministically microgrind aspheric optical components in brittle glass materials. A critical performance requirement dictated that the ground surfaces produced by the NanotechTM 150AG be compatible with the COM and QED-developed magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process. With the new capabilities of this grinder and the magnetorheological finishing process, COM has demonstrated a potential 10X reduction in the cost of asphere fabrication. The NanotechTM 150AG is a CNC controlled, ultra-precision machining system that is capable of deterministically generating axisymmetric aspheric optical surfaces up to 100 mm in diameter in a production environment. The contouring DMG process produces aspheric surfaces within 1 micrometer of the intended surface shape with significantly lower surface roughness and less subsurface damage than conventional grinding processes. Grinding results on a variety of glasses, crystal and polycrystalline brittle materials are reported in this paper. The NanotechTM 500FG ultra- precision Freeform Generator is the second next-generation deterministic microgrinder. Also developed under a DARPA funded program, the NanotechTM 500FG was designed and built by Moore Nanotechnology Systems, LLC with input from a COM-led Machine Technical Advisory Board. The NanotechTM 500FG is a multi-axis, deterministic microgrinding platform capable of generating non-axisymmetric and axisymmetric optical surfaces in brittle materials. This paper reports the first results from this machine.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adult Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of the Head and Neck: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

Background. Alveolar soft part sarcomas (ASPS) of the head and neck are rare, aggressive soft-tissue malignancies. This study describes the clinical course and management of two patients presenting with ASPS in very rare head and neck locations, the larynx and parotid gland. Methods. We identified two patients presenting with ASPS of the head and neck and treated at the University of North Carolina. We compared our results to the literature from 1987 to 2013. Results. Patient ages at diagnosis were 27 and 39 with presenting symptoms of hoarseness and parotid swelling, respectively. Mean follow-up was 87 months. All patients received surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. There were no recurrences or evidence of distant metastatic spread during the series. Disease-free survival time for the patients was 4 months and 168 months, respectively. Conclusions. Our study suggests that a combined-modality approach is important in the treatment of ASPS of the head and neck even in these rare locations. Continued research into new therapies is necessary to improve historically poor outcomes.
The doctrines of American foreign policy: Their meaning, role, and future

said about limited war. An indication of the problem here is given in the author's own words: "There are at least three areas, discussed by Machiavelli, that could be perceived as being related to a theory of limited warfare, although it is not suggested that Machiavelli himself articulated such a doctrine or that he would be at all sympathetic to many of the ideas associated with limits to war" (p. 71). The reader justifiably wonders whether what follows says more about Clark than Machiavelli. The next chapter more fully develops the three models introduced earlier by examining historical events and commentaries on these three ways of limiting war. This is followed by the most useful and rigorous chapter, which analyzes theories of nuclear war limitation presented by numerous strategists since 1945. The discussions in this and the succeeding critical chapter make the book worth reading because they do a thorough job of discrediting those theories and pointing out the wishful thinking implicit within many of them. The main problem here is that the most important point receives very short notice. The author raises that point when he notes: "Perhaps the main objection that is raised against the prospect of successful limitation of nuclear war is the possibility of Soviet non-reciprocation" (p. 219). However, this observation then only receives four pages of discussion, despite the fact that the Soviet Union has specifically denied the efficacy of such a concept and therefore it is highly unlikely even if the United States can figure out some rational way to limit nuclear war that both countries will do so simultaneously. Nevertheless, the rest of the discussion in these two chapters is worth the price of the book alone.