cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature-Based Query Expansion

This chapter demonstrates how feature-based models can be extended and used for query expansion using a technique known as latent concept expansion (LCE). The approach has three key benefits, including the ability to go beyond the bag of words assumption, the ability to employ arbitrary features during the query expansion process, and the ability to expand with a variety of concept types beyond unigrams. In addition to the basic LCE model, the chapter also describes a number of powerful extensions, including generalized LCE and LCE using hierarchical MRFs that encode document structure during the expansion process.
Production on burned and unburned sand prairies during drought and non-drought years

Biomass production was determined on burned and unburned sand prairie sites in Illinois during the 1986–89 growing seasons. Severe droughts characterized the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons with precipitation being at least 50% less in these two years than in 1985 and 1986. During the growing season following a fire, in drought and non-drought years, burned sites had higher total green biomass (all species), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) root and shoot biomass, and total grass and forb biomass production than the unburned sites. In 1988 and 1989, production on all sites was frequently significantly lower each month than it was in 1986 or 1987. The differences in productivity between burn and unburned sites were less pronounced during the drought years (1988–1989) than during the non-drought years (1986–87). Grass productivity (all species) declined considerably during drought years. In contrast, forb productivity did not vary significantly among years. Despite the drought, productivity of all species and little bluestem (root and shoot combined) was best predicted by the burn condition of the sites. Unlike many studies where drought alone can have significant effects on productivity, this study shows that on sand prairies the burn condition of sites, or burning regimes, and associated influences, can have a greater substantial impact on productivity than drought. Moisture deficits due to drought may, however, have longer term effects than those detected during the span of this study.
Mycoses and Non-Infectious Diseases

Publisher Summary Out of all the genetic diseases of rabbits, some have “disappeared” through loss of breeding stock or discontinuation of the inbred strain in which the mutation was seen. The chapter includes those inherited diseases of significance that are seen in existing outbred colonies or in inbred strains that are still maintained at one or more global locations. Dermatophytoses are uncommonly encountered in the domestic rabbit. The disorders are comparatively rare under laboratory conditions or in commercial rabbitries with satisfactory hygienic standards. Ringworm is caused by infection of the epidermis and adnexal structures such as hair follicles and hair shafts with pathogenic dermatophytic fungi. Rabbit species of all genera appear to be remarkably resistant to deep or systemic mycotic infections. Only two naturally occurring mycoses seem to be significant: aspergillosis of the domestic rabbit and adiaspiromycosis of several wild lagomorph species. Buphthalmia is recognized as one of the most common inherited diseases of contemporary domestic rabbits. Many congenital malformations have been observed in instances where inbreeding of rabbits has been practiced. The abnormalities include conjoined twinning in Y strain rabbits, thoracogastroschisis in Lurie's C line, hypospadias in the AX strain, and many other conditions that almost certainly have a genetic basis.
Endogenous audits, uncertainty, and taxpayer assistance services: Theory and experiments

Abstract In recent years there has been a sharp rise in the information available to individual income taxpayers, such as through tax preparation software provided by third parties and support available by tax agencies, but the effects of this information on tax reporting are not well understood. Within a setting characterized by an endogenous audit process and taxpayer uncertainty, this study uses theory and laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of taxpayer assistance services that better inform taxpayers about their tax liability and the audit process. The endogenous audit rule we study is simple, yet relative to existing work is more likely to characterize the actual incentives facing taxpayers. Among our findings, and in contrast to the case of purely random audits, in theory the effect of providing more accurate information on tax liability is ambiguous, and we find support empirically for increased tax underreporting even in a setting where theory predicts the opposite. This unanticipated result is mitigated when services provide better information on both liability and the audit process, suggesting that audit information may be more salient to participants.
Expansion of a collisionless hypersonic plasma plume into a vacuum.

Both fully kinetic and hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are performed to investigate the two-dimensional (2D) expansion of a collisionless, hypersonic plasma plume into a vacuum. The fully kinetic PIC simulations are carried out using the real ion-to-electron mass ratios of ${\text{H}}^{+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{+}$, and ${\text{Xe}}^{+}$, while the hybrid PIC model assumes the electrons to be a massless, isothermal fluid. We find that the hypersonic plasma plume exhibits four distinct regions, the unperturbed, quasisteady expansion, self-similar expansion and electron front regions. The behavior of electrons is strongly anisotropic, causing considerably different expansion characteristics between the plume direction and the transverse direction. Along the plume direction, the expansion dynamics is similar to that of the classical one-dimensional (1D) semi-infinite plasma expansion and the electrons are almost isothermal. In the transverse direction, the expansion process can be considered analogous to the 1D expansion of a finite plasma where the effect of electron cooling is important. This anisotropic characteristic is attributed to the amount of electron thermal energy available from the source in different directions. A direct comparison between the hybrid and full PIC simulations shows that the widely used equilibrium isothermal electron fluid model is in general not valid for modeling the expansion of a collisionless plasma plume.
Diachrony of Personal Pronouns in Japanese: A functional and cross-linguistic perspective

Personal pronouns in Japanese form a heterogeneous category. This book investigates their historical development from a functional perspective. It shows that while nouns give rise to personal pronouns through semanticization of pragmatic inferences, the use of non-nominal forms such as demonstratives and reflexives for person referents can be resolved within their original functions, offering little reason to treat them as personal pronouns. The cross-linguistic investigation into the common sources of personal pronouns reveals that the development of personal pronouns from nouns is largely consistent with grammaticalization, but that of forms of non-nominal origins requires separate mechanisms such as spatial/empathetic perspectives and displacement of semantic features for politeness, showing that a one-size-fits-all approach to diachrony of personal pronouns is not sufficient. This book will be of special interest to researchers and students in historical linguistics, pragmatics, and Japanese linguistics, who take a functional view of language.
Harnessing Alkylpyridinium Salts as Electrophiles in Deaminative Alkyl–Alkyl Cross-Couplings

A Negishi cross-coupling of alkylpyridinium salts and alkylzinc halides has been developed. This is the first example of alkyl–alkyl bond formation via cross-coupling of an alkyl amine derivative w...
Pharmacology of a Critically Ill Child and Drug Dosing

Pharmacology in critically ill children and drug dosing adjustment during renal replacement therapy is an important aspect. This practical chapter shall focus on factors affecting drug removal during renal replacement therapy followed by a practical approach to drug delivery in renal replacement therapy.
Auto-Gopher-II: an autonomous wireline rotary-hammer ultrasonic drill test results

In-situ exploration the solar system planetary bodies requires the ability to penetrate the subsurface for sample collection. One type of a sampling device used in past missions that is continually being developed is the drill. In these extraterrestrial applications, the drilling systems have mass, volume and energy consumption constraints that limit their depth of penetration. To address the related challenge, a deep drill, called Auto-Gopher II, is currently being developed as a joint effort between JPL’s NDEAA laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Ltd. The Auto-Gopher II is a wireline rotary-hammer drill that combines breaking formations by hammering using a piezoelectric actuator and removing and collecting the cuttings by rotating a fluted bit. The hammering is produced by the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) mechanism that has been developed by the JPL team as an adaptable tool for many drilling and coring applications. The USDC uses an intermediate free-flying mass to convert high frequency vibrations of a piezoelectric transducer horn tip into lower frequency hammering of the drill bit. The USDC concept was used in a previous task to develop an Ultrasonic/Sonic Ice Gopher and then integrated into a rotary hammer device to develop the Auto-Gopher-I. The lessons learned from these developments were implemented into the development of the Auto-Gopher-II, an autonomous deep wireline drill with integrated cuttings management and drive electronics. Subsystems of this wireline drill were developed in parallel at JPL and Honeybee Robotics Ltd. In this paper, we present the latest developments including the integration of the whole drill, laboratory testing and field test results.
Expanding and Repositioning Cognitive Science

Cognitive science has converged in many ways with cognitive psychology, but while also maintaining a distinctive interdisciplinary nature. Here we further characterize this existing state of the field before proposing how it might be reconceptualized toward a broader and more distinct, and thus more stable, position in the realm of sciences.
Father Time's Coffee Breaks

A collection of abstract poetry I wrote when my sibling was having marriage troubles and I had just found someone to love. It takes a new perspective on a first semester of college.
Sharing tacit knowledge in small-medium regional construction companies in the U.S.: the current status and the impact of organizational ecology

The objective of the present study is to investigate the status of tacit knowledge sharing practice and the impact of organizational ecology on the practice in small-medium regional construction co...
Single Center Experience of Clinical Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Purpose Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a technology to evaluate marginal lungs or to preserve standard lungs for logistical reasons. However, the recovery rate for the various indications for EVLP is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the recovery rate when EVLP is performed for various indications and to evaluate outcomes following transplantation. Methods From Feb 2016 to Sep 2019, 441 lung transplants were performed. During this time, 61 pairs of lungs were perfused using the Toronto-EVLP protocol with intent to transplant. EVLP was broadly utilized for 1) Concerns with lung quality or 2) Logistical restrictions with the transplant. Donation after cardiac death (DCD) lungs were perfused when PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio was less than 300 mmHg or agonal time was 60-120 min. Recovery rate was defined as EVLP cases with lung transplant/ all EVLP cases. Post-operative outcomes of EVLP group were compared to those of recipients receiving lungs meeting standard criteria. Results In the EVLP obtained organs, donor age was median 35 (Interquartile range 26-45) years with 50.8% of lungs from DCD. P/F ratio in intensive care unit was 329 (259-391) mmHg. The indications for EVLP included most commonly a low PF ratio 60 min (18%), the presence of edematous lungs (14%) and question of contusion or pulmonary embolism/infarction (13%). Of the 61 perfused lungs, 39 lungs were clinically utilized in 40 lung transplants (recovery rate = 39/61, 63.9%). The recovery rate varied by indication for EVLP with the highest rate occurring when logistics were the reason for EVLP (92%); followed by extended agonal time >60 min (90%), and then when the extent of contusion or pulmonary embolism was in question (62%). Lower recovery rates from EVLP were found when EVLP was used for P/F ratio Conclusion These data demonstrate that EVLP for marginal or logistical indications can result in a recovery rate of 63% with comparable outcomes to transplants with standard lungs. The data also suggest that the indication for EVLP is an important factor in the recovery rate.
Subalpine fir mortality in Colorado is associated with stand density, warming climates and interactions among fungal diseases and the western balsam bark beetle

Abstract Subalpine fir mortality complex has caused significant damage to high elevation forests within Colorado. For the past two decades the climate of spruce-fir forests has trended towards being warmer and drier, which indirectly affects subalpine fir mortality. We examined potential links among abiotic (i.e. deviations in temperature and precipitation), biotic [Armillaria root disease (Armillaria spp.), Western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus), a black stain fungus (Ophiostoma dryocoetidis)] and forest structure factors with mortality in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) dominated forests of Colorado. Sampling was performed in two separate field surveys: 1. Statewide characterization plots and 2. Stand health monitoring plots. The statewide characterization plots were compared to aerial surveys and to establish suitable locations for stand health plots. Stand health monitoring plots collected direct measurements of abiotic and biotic factors affecting forests, with an emphasis on identifying the presence of D. confusus and Armillaria spp. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) Is spruce-fir morality observed at ground level similar to that estimated through aerial surveys? (2) Is the presence dead subalpine fir and Englemann spruce on a plot associated with site and stand characteristics?, (3) What factors are associated with the incidence of Armillaria spp., Dr. confusus, and Dendroctonus rufipennis?, and (4) Do trends in warming temperatures and reductions in precipitation in the past five years influence subalpine fir mortality and/or the presence of biotic agents? Our results suggested that the presence of biotic agents (Dr. confusus, De. rufipennis, Armillaria spp., and O. dryocoetidis) and stand density are associated with spruce-fir mortality, whereas climatic factors had a direct association to the presence of Armillaria and were indirectly associated with mortality via Dr. confusus. Increasing maximum summer temperatures were found to be associated with the presence of Armillaria spp. The climatic variables investigated in this study did not significantly link to incidence of Dr. confusus, yet stand density was associated with increasing prevalence of Dr. confusus. The presence of Armillaria spp. and Dr. confusus were significantly related to tree decline, but several other factors are also associated with subalpine fir mortality, suggesting complex interactions of abiotic and biotic factors are likely involved. We hypothesized that increasing stand density, drought and the presence of Dr. confusus and Armillaria spp. are threatening Colorado spruce-fir forests. Understanding the factors that are involved in subalpine fir mortality are important for management.
Feature—Is a Replicability Crisis on the Horizon for Environmental and Resource Economics?

AbstractEnvironmental and resource economists pride themselves on the credibility of their empirical research. In other disciplines, however, the credibility of empirical research is increasingly b...
The shifting shape and functional specializations of the cell cycle during lineage development

Essentially all cell cycling in multicellular organisms in vivo takes place in the context of lineage differentiation. This notwithstanding, the regulation of the cell cycle is often assumed to be generic, independent of tissue or developmental stage. Here we review developmental-stage-specific cell cycle adaptations that may influence developmental decisions, in mammalian erythropoiesis and in other lineages. The length of the cell cycle influences the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in multiple tissues, and may determine lineage fate. Shorter cycles contribute to the efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotency stem cells and help maintain the pluripotent state. While the plasticity of G1 length is well established, the speed of S phase is emerging as a novel regulated parameter that may influence cell fate transitions in the erythroid lineage, in neural tissue and in embryonic stem cells. A slow S phase may stabilize the self-renewal state, whereas S phase shortening may favor a cell fate change. In the erythroid lineage, functional approaches and single-cell RNA-sequencing show that a key transcriptional switch, at the transition from self-renewal to differentiation, is synchronized with and dependent on S phase. This specific S phase is shorter, as a result of a genome-wide increase in the speed of replication forks. Furthermore, there is progressive shortening in G1 in the period preceding this switch. Together these studies suggest an integrated regulatory landscape of the cycle and differentiation programs, where cell cycle adaptations are controlled by, and in turn feed back on, the propagation of developmental trajectories. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Developmental Biology > Lineages.
Browne, Stephen Howard. The First Inauguration: George Washington and the Invention of the Republic

Stephen Howard Browne has produced a well-written and engaging book on George Washington’s first inauguration. His particular interest concerns Washington’s presidential inaugural address, the firs...
Stages in Early Human Development

The present article comprises a summary of the early development of the human embryo, a discussion of the embryology of twinning, and a few comments on philosophical and ethical implications, particularly with reference to research on the early embryo.
Capacity to Change and Its Influence on Effective IT Use

Successful technology adoption requires are configuration of organizational structures and mind-sets. Tourism organizations with a high capacity to change are more likely to benefit from the opportunities offered by new information technologies because of their ability to immediately integrate IT into the organizational fabric. This paper analyzes the factors that supposedly determine this organizational capacity to adapt to technological innovations and highly volatile environments. In addition, the paper proposes a theoretical model that illustrates the relationships among the factors and is intended to serve as a basis for future empirical studies in the field.
Characterization of Propionibacterium plasmids.

Abstract Plasmid DNAs from 15 Propionibacterium strains were characterized by using restriction endonuclease analyses, DNA-DNA hybridizations, and curing experiments. Restriction endonuclease analysis identified seven distinct plasmids (pRGO1 through pRGO7). Detailed restriction maps were constructed for four of these plasmids. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis revealed that plasmids pRGO1 and pRGO2 had extensive sequence homology and that both were homologous to pRGO7 and to similar sequences of pRGO5. Plasmids pRGO4 and pRGO6 did not have any significant sequence homology with any of the other plasmids. Plasmid pRGO3 had partial sequence homology only with pRGO7. Curing of plasmids pRGO1, pRGO2, and pRGO5 was achieved by treatment with acriflavin, but we failed to identify any plasmid-encoded bacteriocin production, carbohydrate fermentation, or antibiotic resistance. However, physical evidence was obtained that tentatively linked the clumping phenotype of Propionibacterium jensenii P38 with plasmid pRGO5.
Opposite Worlds, Singular Mission: Teaching as an ITA

This chapter presents an autoethnography of an international graduate teaching assistant (ITA) at two universities (in a midsize state university in the eastern United States and a large public research university in the southwestern United States). Standpoint and muted group theories are utilized to discuss the experiences of being a female ITA from Africa.
Queering the Teacher as a Text in the English Language Arts Classroom: Beyond Books, Identity Work and Teacher Preparation.

Classrooms reflect and contribute to normative sex, gender and sexuality categories in school culture, rules and rituals. Texts, materials, curriculum and the discourse we employ as educators perpetuate the pervasiveness of these categories. This paper explores some of the less visible ways in which sex and gender categories are constructed in US English Language Arts (ELA) classrooms, and how institutionalised heteronormativity positions students within normative categories of sex, gender and sexuality. These limiting conversations are difficult to identify and even more difficult to challenge. But it is precisely this dynamic – the subconscious reinforcing of sex and gender binaries – that upholds the dominance of the institution of heterosexuality. Merely addressing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) issues in the field of teaching reading, writing and literacy is an incomplete strategy. To disrupt normative narratives in the ELA classroom, educators must first identify the everyday pra...
Single wafer in-situ multiprocessing

A description is given of the development of a novel single-wafer multiprocessing reactor for flexible VLSI manufacturing that combines lamp heating, remote microwave plasma processing, and photo processing in a single cold-wall chamber for multilayer in-situ growth and deposition of dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals. Three examples of multiprocessing technology are discussed: low-temperature growth of ultrathin dielectrics, selective and nonselective chemical vapor deposition of tungsten, and epitaxial growth of silicon and silicon-germanium alloys. >
Experiments on the pressure drop created by a sphere settling in a viscous liquid. Part 2. Reynolds numbers from 0.2 to 21,000

Pressure drop measurements created by spherical particle settling in viscous fluid for wide Reynolds number range
Stability studies of lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot films on glass and GaAs substrates

The stability of colloidal PbS quantum dot (QD) films deposited on various substrates including glass and GaAs was studied. Over a period of months, the QD film sample was re-tested after being left unprotected in air under ambient conditions. Despite exposure to 532 nm laser excitation and cooling to cryogenic temperatures, the initial photoluminescence (PL) remained stable between tests. We also retested a set of samples that had remained under ambient conditions for over 2 years. To track potential changes to the QDs over time, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed. Evidence points towards oxidation enforced shrinking of the active QD volume causing a blue shift of the absorption and photoluminescence. The presented studies are important for reliability expectations of light emitters based on PbS QDs.
Transformation among multimedia schemas in distributed multimedia systems

One of the challenges in the design of a distributed multimedia system is to devise suitable specification models for various schemas in different levels of the system. Another important research issue is the integration and synchronization of heterogeneous multimedia objects. In this paper, we present our models for different multimedia schemas and transformation algorithms that transform high-level multimedia objects into schemas that can be used to support the presentation and communication of the multimedia objects.
Pathophysiological effects of glucocorticoids on nasal polyps: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The exact mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their beneficial effects on nasal polyps are not clearly defined. Nasal polyps, asthma and allergic rhinitis share common features such as mucosal infiltration with eosinophils and mast cells as well as local IgE production. The present review is an update on the pathophysiological mechanisms of glucocorticoids on nasal polyps described during the last 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS: The reduction of leukocyte numbers in nasal polyps following glucocorticoid treatment depends on several mechanisms, for example altered balance between the two isoforms of the human glucocorticoid receptors, GRalpha and GRbeta. Another explanation may be inhibition of CD4+ T by CD8+ T cells. Increased expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta may contribute to this. A DNA microarray study which examined the expression of some 22 000 genes showed increased expression of several antiinflammatory genes in nasal polyps after treatment with glucocorticoids. The antiinflammatory gene that increased most was uteroglobin (also known as Clara cell protein 16) which is abundantly expressed in airway secretions and thought to have an important role in regulating inflammation. SUMMARY: Glucocorticoids affect both pro and antiinflammatory pathways in nasal polyps. Upregulation of antiinflammatory genes such as transforming growth factor beta and uteroglobin may play an important role. Elucidation of these mechanisms may help us to understand not only the effects of glucocorticoids on nasal polyps, but also on related disorders such as allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Effect of strength on environment-assisted cracking of Ti–8V–6Cr–4Mo–4Zr–3Al in aqueous NaCl: Part 1: Age hardening vs. work hardening

Abstract The objective of this research is to understand the effect of yield strength on the environment-assisted cracking (EAC) susceptibility of a β Ti alloy, Ti–8V–6Cr–4Mo–4Zr–3Al (Beta-C), precracked and stressed actively in aqueous NaCl. Isothermal aging renders immune, β -solution treated Beta-C susceptible to severe EAC coincident with strengthening by α precipitates. The threshold for EAC decreases to 40% of the air fracture toughness, subcritical crack growth rate approaches 100 μm s −1 , and the crack path becomes fully intergranular for aging times in excess of several hours. In contrast, solution treated and cold-worked single-phase β Beta-C retains immunity to EAC for similar high strengths. For several levels of cold work, Beta-C cracks by transgranular microvoid processes, with equal values of EAC threshold stress intensity and air fracture toughness. Cold work reduces the air fracture toughness of β -phase Beta-C compared to values for β/α microstructures at similar strengths. The strength increase due to α precipitation does not uniquely promote EAC susceptibility.
Comparison of immunolocalization patterns for the synaptic vesicle proteins p65 and synapsin I in macaque monkey retina

The distributions of the two synaptic vesicle proteins p65 [Matthew et al. (1981) J. Cell Biol., 91:257–269] and synapsin I [De Camilli et al. (1983) J. Cell Biol., 96:1337–1354] were compared in macaque monkey retina using pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for both light and electron microscopy. The monoclonal antibody AB-48 against p65 labeled ribbon-containing synaptic terminals of cone, rod, and bipolar cells as well as many conventional synapses of amacrine cells. In contrast, a polyclonal antiserum against synapsin I (SYN I) labeled many amacrine conventional synapses but no photoreceptor or bipolar ribbon synaptic terminals. Horizontal cell pre- and post-synaptic profiles in the outer plexiform layer were not labeled by either antibody. At the light microscopic level, the banding patterns in the inner plexiform layer also differed for the two antibodies, with four bands of AB-48 immunoreactivity in sublayers S1, S2, S4, and S5 but only three bands of SYN I immunoreactivity in S1, S3, and S5. SYN I also labeled varicose fibers in both the inner nuclear layer and the outer plexiform layer that are probably processes of dopaminergic and GABAergic interplexiform cells. Varicose fibers in the ganglion cell layer were labeled by both antibodies. These results provide the first electron microscopic immunocytochemical labeling for AB-48 and SYN I in intact retina and confirm that AB-48 labels both ribbon and conventional synaptic terminals, whereas SYN I labels only conventional synapses. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hypomethylation and ADA gene expression in mouse CAK cells.

The adenosine deaminase (ADA)locus appears to be under complex transcriptional control since levels of ADA enzyme activity vary greatly between different tissues and stages of development. Evidence that a trans-acting factor may be involved with the regulation of this locus came from previous experiments where fusion of ADA-negative human JEG cells and mouse ADA-positive cells led to the trans-activation of human ADAin a hybrid nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that the near euploid mouse embryo fibroblast cell line, CAK, also lacks detectable ADA enzyme activity due to altered gene regulation. We further demonstrate that ADAin CAK cells is not amenable to activation by somatic cell fusion. Following treatment with 5-azacytidine and Xyl-A selection (for ADA),however, CAK clones were obtained that stably express the ADAgene. Molecular analysis of the parental CAK cells and the ADA-positive derivative clones demonstrated that both 5′ and 3′ regions of the ADAgene had become hypomethylated in the ADAM+clones. We conclude that methylation is another element involved with the transcriptional control of the ADAgene and that ADAmight serve as a useful model for studying the interaction of cis-and trans-acting regulational elements.
Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Nicardipine

Abstract The voltammetric behavior and measurement of nicardipine at the glassy carbon, carbon paste and hanging mercury drop electrodes are discussed. Cyclic voltammetry is used to elucidate the redox mechanism. Nicardipine is shown to adsorb on carbon electrodes, with the surface species retaining its electroactive characteristics. The adsorptive accumulation serves as a preconcentration step which improves the voltammetric measurement with respect to selectivity and sensitivity. Coupling this with a medium-exchange step eliminates interferences due to solution-phase electroactive species and permits direct measurement in urine. The inherent sensitivity of differential pulse voltammetry at the mercury electrode permits convenient measurement at the submicromolar level, with detection limit of 2 × 10−8M. Amperometric detection for a flow injection system is illustrated.
A note on the kapitza resistance

Kinetic theory model for heat transfer across liquid He 2 boundary in contact with metal, noting agreement with Kapitza thermal resistance theory
Characterization and localization of two forms of active Ca2+ transport in vesicles derived from rat submandibular glands.

Abstract Energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake was characterized in vesicles derived from rat submandibular salivary glands. Ca2+ transport was stimulated by submicromolar levels of Ca2+, reached a plateau at 1–20 μM Ca2+ then again increased as the Ca2+ concentration rose to millimolar levels. Ruthenium red (2.5 μM) was used to resolve this pattern of uptake into two components: ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ transport occurs in the presence of the dye, is stimulated by submicromolar Ca2+ concentrations and reaches a maximum steady state at about 1 μM Ca2+. The distribution of ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ uptake in membrane subfractions obtained by differential centrifugation is positively (r = 0.717) and significantly (p = 0.0001) correlated with the distribution of membrane-bound RNA in the same subfractions. Ca2+ uptake which is abolished by ruthenium red is greatest at millimolar Ca2+ concentrations. Its distribution is positively (r = 0.828) and significantly (p = 0.0001) correlated with the cytochrome-c oxidase activity of the membrane subfractions but is unrelated to the distribution of particulate RNA and is negatively correlated with Na+-K+ ATPase activity. We conclude that vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum of rat submandibular glands actively transport Ca2+ by a ruthenium red-insensitive mechanism which is stimulated at Ca2+ concentrations typical of the cytosol. Membranes derived from mitochondria also sequester Ca2+ but by a mechanism which is inhibited by ruthenium red and which reaches its maximum steady state capacity at relatively high Ca2+ concentrations.
Making Academic Presentations—Effectively!

This article excerpts topics from an AERA minicourse in San Francisco: It teaches how to improve the quality of both the content and the delivery of paper presentations.
Determination of vitamin D2 in emulsified nutritional supplements by solid-phase extraction and column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection.

Abstract This paper deals with a method for solid-phase extraction of trace amounts of vitamin D 2 (VD 2 , 19 ng/g) from emulsified nutritional supplements, which contain 50 kinds of compounds, followed by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 265 nm. VD 2 is present at 1000–20 000 000 times lower concentration than other components. Bond Elut C 18 cartridge was chosen as for the emulsified nutritional supplements after comparison with eight other types. A sample solution was applied to the solid-phase extraction cartridge and VD 2 was eluted by methanol followed by HPLC. The effects of sample pH, eluent composition and eluate volume on the retention and elution of VD 2 on Bond Elut C 18 cartridge were examined. The resulting method was simple, rapid (analysis time: ∼20 min), sensitive (detection limit: ∼0.1 ng per injection (200 μl) at a signal-to-noise ratio 3:1), and reproducible (relative standard deviation: ∼6.2%, n =5). The calibration graph for VD 2 was linear in the range of 0.1–3 ng per injection (200 μl). Recovery of VD 2 was ∼80% by the standard addition method.
European American stratification in ovarian cancer case control data: The utility of genome-wide data for inferring ancestry

We investigated the ability of several principal components analysis (PCA)-based strategies to detect and control for population stratification using data from a multi-center study of epithelial ovarian cancer among women of European-American ethnicity. These include a correction based on an ancestry informative markers (AIMs) panel designed to capture European ancestral variation and corrections utilizing un-thinned genome-wide SNP data; case-control samples were drawn from four geographically distinct North-American sites. The AIMs-only and genome-wide first principal components (PC1) both corresponded to the previously described North or Northwest-Southeast axis of European variation. We found that the genome-wide PCA captured this primary dimension of variation more precisely and identified additional axes of genome-wide variation of relevance to epithelial ovarian cancer. Associations evident between the genome-wide PCs and study site corroborate North American immigration history and suggest that undiscovered dimensions of variation lie within Northern Europe. The structure captured by the genome-wide PCA was also found within control individuals and did not reflect the case-control variation present in the data. The genome-wide PCA highlighted three regions of local LD, corresponding to the lactase (LCT) gene on chromosome 2, the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) on chromosome 6 and to a common inversion polymorphism on chromosome 8. These features did not compromise the efficacy of PCs from this analysis for ancestry control. This study concludes that although AIMs panels are a cost-effective way of capturing population structure, genome-wide data should preferably be used when available.
Host and viral genetic determinants of the behavioral effects of scrapie encephalopathy.

Abstract The influence of virus and host genetics on the nature of the behavioral effects of scrapie encephalopathy were examined in two studies. In the first study the qualitative nature of the effects of the virus on open-field and Y-maze exploration were found to depend upon the host (mouse strain) genotype. In the second study these same behaviors were found to be influenced by the viral genetics. Thus qualitative effects of scrapie encephalopathy on host behavior depend upon both the viral and host genotypes.
Spectroradiometric Characterization of the NIST Pulsed Solar Simulator

The spectroradiometric characterization of the NIST indoor pulsed solar simulator is described. The solar simulator has a flash duration of 36.4 ms and is designed for solar panels having a maximum size of 2.0 m by 1.6 m. As per industry standards, the performance of the solar simulator is evaluated on the basis of three criteria: spatial uniformity, temporal stability, and spectral irradiance. Results from evaluating the NIST solar simulator on all three criteria is reported, but a greater focus is given to the spectral characterization. Reported spectral irradiance measurements were made using a high-speed, diode-array spectroradiometer that was calibrated using NIST standards. An uncertainty analysis of the spectral irradiance measurements is developed, and the extent that the calibrated spectroradiometer can be used to improve solar module measurements is explored.
Effects of Feeder Space on Body Weight Uniformity of Broiler Breeder Pullets During an Alternate Day Feeding Program

The effect of feeder space on body weight uniformity of adolescent broiler breeder females during a feed restriction program was evaluated. From 2 to 20 wk of age, broiler breeder pullets were fed a starter/developer diet containing 16.0% protein and 2,944 kcal ME/kg feed. Feed allocations, predicated on mean pen body weight, were fed on an every other day basis. Feeder space was 45 or 90% of that recommended for use with a feed restriction program. The mortality, feed efficiency and body weight uniformity data all support the hypothesis that it is not necessary to provide enough feeder space to enable all birds to eat simultaneously. Broiler breeder pullets provided only 45% of the recommended feeder space responded as well as, or better than, those given 90% of the recommended feeder space.
Die and Let Die: Exploring Links between Suicide Terrorism and Terrorist Use of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Weapons

The use of suicide bombings by some organizations is often presented as evidence of eroding constraints among terrorists to use chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons. Besides a possibly more reckless approach to violence resulting from the weakened instinct of self-preservation, it is clear that suicide delivery of such weapons would have great tactical advantages over other forms of delivery. This article explores the often neglected nuances of contemporary suicide terrorism to explain why this practice does not necessarily make a mass-casualty chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear attack by a terrorist group more likely.
Evidence that the hinge region plays a role in maintaining serum levels of the murine IgG1 molecule

The site of the murine IgG1 molecule that regulates catabolism has recently been shown to encompass amino acids that are located at the CH2-CH3 domain interface. The CH2 and CH3 domains are connected to each other by a relatively flexible "mini-hinge" region, and flexibility in this region could clearly affect the orientation of the domains with respect to each other. The internal movement of the CH2 domain depends on the absence/presence of the hinge disulphide. The increased mobility of the CH2 domain relative to the CH3 domain in a hinge less IgG or Fc fragment may result in a conformational change at the CH2-CH3 domain interface and alter the accessibility of the residues that are involved in catabolism control. To investigate this possibility, four Fc fragments which differ in the presence/absence of hinge disulphides and hinge sequences have been analysed in both in vivo pharmacokinetic studies and in vitro by limited proteolysis with pepsin. The data show that the presence of hinge disulphide(s) in the Fc fragment results in a longer intravascular half life but a higher susceptibility to pepsin attack. This, taken together with the knowledge that pepsin cleaves close to the CH2-CH3 domain interface, suggests that the longer half life of disulphide linked Fc fragments relative to unlinked fragments may be due to conformational differences in this region of the IgG molecule, and these conformational changes may affect the accessibility of the catabolic site for binding to putative protective Fc receptors.
Issues in accelerated electromigration of solder bumps

Abstract The relentless progress of semiconductor integration is reducing the area required for circuits. As die size shrinks the area available for power and ground bumps on wafer-level chip-scale packages (WLCSPs) also shrinks and, with fewer power bumps, the bump current density is now approaching levels where electromigration is a significant reliability concern. Package designers need guidelines on the minimum number of power and ground bumps for a given application and reliability requirement. The failure rate due to electromigration depends on many factors such as alloy composition, operating temperature, and current density. Some of these have time-dependant components including grain structure, current distribution, and alloy component distribution. It has been found that these, in turn, are also dependent on other factors such as thermomigration and strain-induced coarsening. In such a dynamic system the time-dependant materials properties so obfuscate the extrapolation parameters as to render accelerated testing indeterminate.
Glucocorticoid regulation of metallothionein during murine development.

Abstract During the second half of gestation in the mouse there is a rise in both fetal (4-fold) and maternal (10-fold) metallothionein-I (MT-I) mRNA in the liver (but not in the kidney). There is a large increase in plasma corticosterone (the predominant murine glucocorticoid hormone), as well as an increase in hepatic zinc, which is coincident with the induction of MT-I mRNA. Considering that both of these compounds are known to be effective inducers of MT-I mRNA, we set out to determine whether either one or both were involved in the developmental regulation of MT-I genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that corticosterone is the principal inducer of fetal MT-I mRNA: (1) The induction of MT-I mRNA in the liver, but not in the kidney, mimics glucocorticoid regulation but not metal regulation. (2) Reduction of maternal corticosterone levels by treating mice with metyrapone lowered MT-I mRNA levels but had no effect on zinc levels. (3) A line of transgenic mice carrying a metallothionein-growth hormone fusion gene that is responsive to metals but unresponsive to glucocorticoids was not developmentally regulated. Based on these observations, we propose that corticosterone is responsible for the induction of MT-I mRNA and that the resulting MT sequesters zinc and copper which may be used later in development.
Establishment of human colon carcinoma lines in nude mice.

After subcutaneous inoculation into nude mice of 24 human colon adeno-carcinomas, growth, defined as histopathologically confirmed tumor growth which has been passed, was observed in 13 cases (54%). T
Blood-sucking Flies And Primate Polyspecific Associations

PRIMATE polyspecific associations are likely to be an effective means of reducing the number of fly bites individual monkeys receive1. The probability of acquiring a vector-borne disease, and the severity of that disease increases with the number of fly bites an animal receives2–4. Bait animals placed in groups are known to attract fewer individual mosquitoes per bait individual than are bait animals placed singly3,5. Mean group size of the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena is about 13 in Kibale Forest, Uganda, and the mean group size of Colobus badius and Cercopithecus ascanius are 50 and 35 respectively6. Associations of groups of these species are likely to reduce significantly the number of dipteran bites individual monkeys receive1,7. Other explanations proposed for primate polyspecific associations include increased food location abilities, and increased predator detection and avoidance8,9. I report here the correlation of the temporal occurrence of C. albigena polyspecific associations with the activity of biting and sucking flies, C. albigena feeding and other activities, and the temporal occurrence of attacks by the crowned eagle-hawk (Stephanoaetus coronatus) (eagles are the only known predator of these monkeys). The study was carried out in the Kibale Forest, Ngogo Reserve.
35 GHz f/sub max/ InP JFET grown by non-hydride MOCVD

High performance InP JFETs were fabricated for the first time by MOCVD using tertiary-butyl phosphine (TBP) as alternative for the phosphine source. Devices within a gate length of 1 μm showed very high transconductance of 130 mS/mm, gate-drain breakdown voltage exceeding 20 V, current density of >450 mA/mm with record high fT and fmax of 15 and 35 GHz, respectively.
Localization of the ammonium transporters, Rh B glycoprotein and Rh C glycoprotein, in the mouse liver

Abstract Background & aims: Hepatic ammonium metabolism is critical for maintenance of normal health. Three mammalian members of an ammonium transporter family have recently been identified: Rh A glycoprotein (RhAG), Rh B glycoprotein (RhBG), and Rh C glycoprotein (RhCG). This study examined which of these are expressed in the mouse liver and in which cells they are expressed. Methods: Normal Balb/c mice were used. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was detected using either conventional or real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression was examined using immunoblot analysis and either immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent microscopy. Results: We confirmed hepatic RhBG mRNA expression using real-time RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis identified expression of a ∼45-kilodalton protein. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent microscopy identified basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity in 1–2 cell layers of hepatocytes surrounding central veins. No immunoreactivity was identified in periportal or midzonal hepatocytes. Perivenous hepatocyte-specific expression was confirmed by colocalization with glutamine synthetase. A second ammonium transporter, RhCG, was expressed but at substantially lower levels. Real-time RT-PCR quantified hepatic RhCG mRNA expression at ∼0.4% of RhBG mRNA expression. Immunoblot analysis confirmed RhCG protein expression, and immunofluorescence microscopy identified RhCG expression in bile duct epithelia. In contrast to RhBG and RhCG, RhAG mRNA was not identified by RT-PCR. Conclusions: RhBG and RhCG are expressed by the mouse liver. Basolateral RhBG is expressed by perivenous hepatocytes, where it may mediate ammonium uptake, and RhCG immunoreactivity is present in bile duct epithelial cells, where it may contribute to ammonium secretion into bile fluid.