cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4635: Analysis of post-partum breast tissue to understand early onset breast cancer

Background: Parity reduces risk of late onset breast cancer (BC), but childbirth is associated with a transient rise in BC risk. In a prior analysis of normal breast tissues donated for research to the Komen Tissue Bank (KTB), we reported that numbers of lobules (the primary structures from which BCs arise) are increased among parous versus nulliparous women. To further define the histological features that may be related to the transient rise in post-partum BC risk, we performed an expanded histologic review of 757 breast tissues donated to the KTB by women ≤45 years of age and compared lobule number, acinar count per lobule, and abundance of immune cells, and specifically plasma cells, between nulliparous and parous women. Methods: We assessed digital scans of HE 95% CI: 1.08-3.18, P Conclusion: Histologically, normal breast tissues reveal persistently increased lobule counts and increased plasma cells and inflammation for ≤5 years post-partum compared with nulliparous women, although other lobular features decrease between ≤5 and >5 years after a birth. Future molecular studies will define how these changes in the epithelium and microenvironment during the post-partum period may inform mechanisms that mediate the transient increase in BC risk after childbirth and the reduction in BC risk that occurs later in life. Citation Format: Joshua Ogony, DereK C. Radisky, Amy C. Degnim, Marlene Frost, Tanya L. Hoskin, Michael G. Heckman, Launia J. White, Mark E. Sherman. Analysis of post-partum breast tissue to understand early onset breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4635.
Why "we can't breathe" during COVID-19

Now in the midst of a racial crisis, the United States continues to face challenges from COVID-19. Herein, scholars explain the influence of the virus on health, education, and social interactions ...
Distinguishing Between On-Campus and Off-Campus Sexual Victimization: A Brief Report

Campus sexual victimization has moved to the forefront of the academy's collective awareness, and recent years have seen drastic increases in scholarship and legal reforms directed at the sexual vi...
What is clinical empathy? Perspectives of community members, university students, cancer patients, and physicians.

Abstract Objectives To explore what undergraduates, community members, oncology patients, and physicians consider empathic behavior in a physician. Methods 150 undergraduates, 152 community members, 95 physicians, and 89 oncology patients rated 49 hypothetical physician behaviors for how well they fit their personal definition of physician empathy. Dimensions of empathy were explored and compared across groups. Results Three dimensions of empathy were Conscientious and Reassuring, Relationship Oriented, and Emotionally Involved. Relationship Oriented was the most strongly endorsed, followed by Emotionally Involved, with Conscientious and Reassuring coming in last. There were no group differences for Conscientious and Reassuring, but the Relationship Oriented factor was more endorsed by the clinical groups (physicians and patients) than the non-clinical groups. The Emotionally Involved factor was endorsed by physicians notably more than by patients. Conclusion What is considered clinical empathy is not the same across individuals and stakeholder groups. Practice Implications Physicians and patients differ in how much they include the physicians’ emotionality and emotion-related actions in their definition of empathy. Communication training for physicians that emphasizes behaviors associated with empathy (listening, understanding a person’s feelings and perspectives, and showing interest in and concern for the whole person) may enhance patients’ perception of clinical empathy.
Abstract WP283: Sex Differences in Hipoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy Are Modulated by Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 Signaling

Background: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of cognitive impairment in children. Clinically, male infants are more sensitive to the ischemic insult and have worse lo...
mmWave and sub-THz Technology Development in Intel 22nm FinFET (22FFL) Process

This paper presents the recent mmWave and sub-THz oriented technology developments as part of RF design-technology co-optimization (DTCO) efforts in Intel 22nm FinFET process (22FFL). Several back-end-of-line (BEOL) and front-end-of-line (FEOL) improvements have been implemented for high frequency applications. In the newly developed BEOL, ExpressVia is introduced, which allows direct transistor connection to thick metal. Continuous via and 3+1 thick metal layers are enabled for design flexibility. The high performance RF transistor (RF HP) is optimized with the new BEOL and characterized at top metal. Additional process improvements in high power RF device (HyPowerFF) and varactors are also implemented. These BEOL and FEOL improvements enable high performance, innovative mmWave and sub-THz circuits and systems.
Distributed Multimedia Solutions from the HeiProjects

The HeiProjects are aimed at providing a universal multimedia platform for networked workstations. This platform shall be used to support distributed multimedia applications, e.g., for collaboration support or multimedia kiosks. Its core component is a multimedia transport system spanning several underlying communication networks with different degrees of multimedia support. This paper provides a survey of the system together with proposed solutions for individual components as they appear from today’s perspective.
Anomalous Coronary Artery: Run of a Lifetime

The anatomy of the coronary circulation is well described with incidence of congenital anomalies of approximately 0.3% to 1.0%. Although often incidental, 20% are life-threatening. A 25-year-old woman with syncopal episodes collapsed following a 10-km run. Coronary anatomy evaluation showed an anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right sinus of valsalva and following a course between the aorta and the pulmonary outflow tract. Percutaneous coronary intervention was followed by eventual surgical revascularization. Abnormal course of coronary arteries plays a role in the pathogenesis of sudden death on exertion. Origin of the left main coronary from the right sinus of valsalva is a rare congenital anomaly. The expansion of the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk with exertion lead to compression of the coronary artery and syncope. Our patient raises awareness of a potentially fatal coronary artery path. Intraoperative identification of anomalous coronaries by utilizing intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was critical.
Chapter 22 Speculations on the neural basis of islands of blindsight

Blindsight, residual visual function in the absence of conscious awareness, can sometimes be found within the scotomas of patients with lesions to primary visual cortex. However, cases in which blindsight is distributed across large regions of a scotoma are extremely rare. In contrast, blindsight is relatively frequent within small islands of residual visual function. We review the evidence for the existence of these islands. We argue that blindsight is likely to depend on vestiges of geniculostriate function, and that in humans the secondary retinotectal pathway has little functional utility in the absence of geniculostriate support. To account for the frequency of blindsight within residual islands of function, we speculate that patients may be unaware of such islands precisely because they are islands, which are isolated from the integrated network of neural activity that represents visual space. The relationship of blindsight to the hemispatial neglect is considered in this context.
CONFIRMATION OF ERRORS IN HIPPARCOS PARALLAXES FROM HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE FINE GUIDANCE SENSOR ASTROMETRY OF THE PLEIADES

We present absolute trigonometric parallaxes and relative proper motions for three members of the Pleiades, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope's Fine Guidance Sensor 1r, a white-light interferometer. We estimate spectral types and luminosity classes of the stars comprising the astrometric reference frame from R ? 2000 spectra, VJHK photometry, and reduced proper motions. From these we derive estimates of absolute parallaxes and introduce them into our model as observations with error. We constrain the three cluster members to have a 1 ? dispersion in distance less than 6.4 pc and find an average ?abs = 7.43 ? 0.17 ? 0.20 mas, where the second error is systematic due to member placement within the cluster. This parallax corresponds to a distance of 134.6 ? 3.1 pc or a distance modulus of m - M = 5.65 ? 0.05 for these three Pleiades stars, presuming a central location. This result agrees with three other independent determinations of the Pleiades distance. Presuming that the cluster depth systematic error can be significantly reduced because of the random placement of these many members within the cluster, these four independent measures yield a best-estimate Pleiades distance of ?abs = 7.49 ? 0.07 mas, corresponding to a distance of 133.5 ? 1.2 pc or a distance modulus of m - M = 5.63 ? 0.02. This resolves the dispute between the main-sequence fitting and the Hipparcos distance moduli in favor of main-sequence fitting.
Fibrillar collagen genes. Structure and expression in normal and diseased states.

The collagens represent a multigene family whose members are segregated into evolutionarily distinct groups. The largest of these groups (group 1) includes the genes that specify the procollagen precursors of the fibril-forming molecules (types I, 11, 111, V, and XI). To date seven of the group 1 genes have been cloned, and their corresponding loci have been mapped. Despite some important differences, the overall organization of the fibrillar collagen genes is highly similar and remarkably conserved in Deuterostomia. This substantiates the hypothesis that the group 1 collagens arose from a common multi-exon progenitor prior to vertebrates’ radiation. The characterization of several collagenopathies has elucidated some of the selective pressures that have rigidly maintained such a complex organization during evolution. These studies have also defined the metabolic consequences of collagen mutations and the unique contribution of each collagen type to the integrity of the body architecture. In contrast to their structural similarities, the differential expression of the group 1 genes correlates with the presence of distinct networks of interactions between cisacting sequences, as well as between these elements and specific trans-acting nuclear factors. Relevant to this, the finding that fibrillar collagen genes are activated during
Free Radical Additions to Olefins to Form Carbon‐Carbon Bonds

Some of the most useful reactions in synthetic organic chemistry involve the addition of reagents across the double bonds of olefins. These reactions, which can occur by a variety of mechanisms involving electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical intermediates, have been the subject of numerous mechanistic studies. Electrophilic additions involve polar reagents, and in general the direction of addition follows Markownikoff's rule. Nucleophilic additions require rather special and drastic conditions unless the olefin contains strong electron-withdrawing substituents. Radical reactions are very general in scope, but are markedly influenced by light, oxygen, peroxides, and various inhibitors. The direction of addition in free-radical reaction is commonly the opposite of that encountered in the electrophilic ionic (Markownikoff) additions. Hence these free-radical additions have been referred to as Anti-Markownikoff, abnormal or Karasch addition reactions. This chapter is concerned with the synthetic aspects of Kharasch addition reactions that result in the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. Keywords: free-radical additions; olefins; carbon-carbon bonds; mechanism; initiation; experimental conditions; chemical initiators; polyhalomethnes; aldehydes; alcohols; amines; formic acid derivatives; esters; acids; ethers; acetals
Cardiovascular risk perception in women: true unawareness or risk miscalculation?

Assessing the ‘accuracy’ of cardiovascular risk perception is a worthy scientific goal that may lead to targeted interventions aimed at improving risk communication and health outcomes. Current cardiovascular risk scores, however, have shown poor calibration when used in populations that differ temporally and/or geographically from the derivation sample, limiting their reliability as the reference standard for absolute risk. In addition, accurately assessing risk awareness is challenging, with few available validated tools for effectively accounting for the outcomes assessed (coronary heart disease vs. cardiovascular disease), the time span of prediction (10-year vs. lifetime risk), and concepts of absolute versus relative risk. In this context, assessing patient awareness of the role of age as the key, non-modifiable driver of absolute risk can be particularly challenging. This commentary will examine each of these issues, providing context for the interpretation of studies on ‘discordance’ between calculated and perceived cardiovascular risk, such as the one recently published by Oertelt-Prigione et al. Moreover, we explore alternative approaches aimed at overcoming those limitations, enhancing understanding of the factors and true magnitude associated with such discordance.
FAT-TAILED UNCERTAINTY, LEARNING, AND CLIMATE POLICY

Low-probability, high-impact risks are critical features of climate change economics; however, there are many unanswered policy and modeling questions about the implications of fat-tailed uncertainty. This paper examines the impact of fat-tailed uncertainty about the climate sensitivity on abatement decisions using a sequential decision-making framework. The results demonstrate how policy prescriptions from integrated assessment models are sensitive to the specifications of uncertainty, learning, and damages. Fat tails alone do not merit immediate and stringent mitigation but require strongly convex damages and slow learning. The analysis illustrates the potential value of midcourse corrections on reducing consumption risks imposed by uncertain damages from climate change and focuses attention on the dynamics of learning.
Mistreatment and Victimization of LGBT Elders

The mistreatment and victimization of older LGBT adults is slowly coming to light in both practice and research. However, at this point, few studies examine this phenomenon. What is certain is that being LGBT may place elders at increased risk for mistreatment due to factors such as isolation, previous exposure to a traumatic event, and reticence to seek assistance from informal and formal networks. Penalties for elder mistreatment must be utilized by law enforcement more frequently, and statues that explore elder mistreatment as a hate crime also explored. It is critical that advocates, practitioners, researchers, and policy makers understand, intervene in, and prevent the mistreatment of LGBT elders.
Correcting behaviour in mealworms (Tenebrio) and the rejection of a previous hypothesis

Abstract 1. 1. Tenebrio larvae when forced to make a turn in a maze show a tendency, already observed in other insects, to make a second opposite turn. If not forced to make a turn prior to a choice point, they will proceed straight ahead instead of taking one of the turns there. 2. 2. The frequency of this correcting behaviour increases as the distance from the start to the forced turn increases. 3. 3. The frequency of correcting decreases as the distance from the forced turn to the choice point is increased. This decrease is not a function of the time it takes to traverse that distance. 4. 4. Because of 2 and 3 above I have rejected “reactive inhibition” as an explanation of the behaviour observed. 5. 5. As in boxelder bugs, the tendency to alternate turns is apparently the result of an interaction between events occurring at the forced turn and an excitatory state accumulated prior to the forced turn.
Dietary sodium and plasma volume levels with exercise

Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and has a potent influence on fluid movement. Sodium has been likened to a sponge that draws fluids into the extracellular space, including the plasma volume, to equalize gradients in concentration. Conventional wisdom suggests limiting dietary intake of Na+ to decrease risk of hypertension. However, there are some extreme occupational or exercise-related conditions where sweat losses are great and Na+ losses may exceed normal dietary intake. This can occur acutely such as in an ultra-endurance event or chronically as in hard manual work in the hear. In such cases, additional Na+ in the form of a higher Na+ diet or adding Na+ to beverages used for fluid replacement may be warranted. A higher Na+ diet also appears to accelerate the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adaptations that accompany heat acclimation or short term exercise training. Saline ingestion before exercise causes an expansion of plasma volume at rest and throughout the subsequent exercise bout. This expansion of plasma volume alters cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to exercise in ways that may lead to beneficial changes in endurance exercise performance. Plasma volume expansion also occurs with saline infusion during exercise, but exercise performance advantages have yet to be reported. The purpose of this article is to review the literature concerning dietary sodium and its influence on fluid balance, plasma volume and thermoregulation during exercise. It contains 2 major sections. First, we will discuss manipulations in daily Na+ intake initiated before or throughout an exercise regime. Second, we will examine studies where an acute Na+ load was administered immediately before or during an exercise trial. The dependent variables that we will discuss pertain to: (i) body water compartments, i.e. plasma volume; (ii) thermoregulatory variables, i.e. core temperature and sweat rate; (iii) cardiovascular variables, i.e. heart rate and stroke volume; and (iv) performance, i.e. time trial performance and time to exhaustion. Particular attention will be given to the route by which Na+ was administered, the environmental conditions, the level of acclimation of the participants and specifics relating to Na+ administration such as the osmolality of the Na(+)-containing beverage.
Lederberg on bacterial recombination, Haldane, and cold war genetics: an interview

Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008), was one of the pioneers of molecular genetics perhaps best known for his discovery of genetic recombination in bacteria which earned him a Nobel Prize in 1958 (shared with George Beadle and Edward Tatum). Lederberg's interests were broad including the origin of life, exobiology (a term that he coined) and emerging diseases and artificial intelligence in his, later years. This article contains the transcription of an interview in excerpts, docu- menting the interactions between Lederberg and fellow biologist J.B.S. Haldane wlich lasted from 1946 until Haldane's death in Kolkata (then Calcutta) in 1964.
Friction between Alkylsilane Monolayers: Molecular Simulation of Ordered Monolayers

The adhesion and friction between two ordered self-assembled monolayers of alkylsilane chains on a silicon dioxide surface are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations focus on the alkylsilanes, which are a surface coating commonly used in microelectromechanical systems. We have investigated chain lengths of 6−18 carbon atoms for systems with 100−1600 molecules on each surface. The adhesion force between monolayers at a given tail atom separation is found to increase monotonically with decreasing chain length. For each chain length the friction simulations were performed for a range of shear velocities at separation distances corresponding to pressures of 0.2 and 2 GPa. Stick−slip motion is observed at all velocities, chain lengths, and separations for the fully packed and well-ordered systems studied here. At high pressures the average friction force is independent of chain length and velocity, while at low pressures there is a weak dependence of the friction force on shear velocit...
Optimal structural design for given dynamic deflection

Abstract This paper is concerned with optimal design of structures of various types that are excited to harmonic vibrations by a single load, the intensity of which varies harmonically with time. Amplitude and frequency of this load are prescribed as well as the “dynamic response” of the structure, which is defined as the virtual work of the load amplitude on the displacement amplitude of its point of application. Subject to this “design constraint” the structure is to use the smallest possible amount of a given structural material. Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are given for rods and beams with continuously varying or segmentwise constant cross sections, and for trusses where all masses are lumped at the joints. Examples are presented, which illustrate the possible saving in structural weight.
Investigations of the State of Fe in H–ZSM-5

The state of Fe dispersion in Fe–H–ZSM-5 was investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed NO, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NO, TPD of NH3, and H2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). For samples with a low loading of Fe [e.g., Fe/Al ratio ≤ 0.56], Fe cations exchange with Bronsted acid protons on a one-to-one basis, while at Fe/Al ratios above this level small particles of FeOx are formed. Results of H2 TPR and NO uptake experiments on Fe–ZSM-5 samples following a He pretreatment suggest that the primary form of Fe present on samples with an Fe/Al ratio less than or equal to 0.19 is Fe3+ [i.e., Fe3+(OH−)2]. An increase in the Fe loading above this level results in an increase in the concentration of Fe2+ cations formed via the autoreduction of Fe3+(OH−)2 which is present at highly reducible α sites in ZSM-5. Three types of Fe2+ sites are observed on Fe–ZSM-5 during the room temperature adsorption of NO. They are defined as type I, II, and III sites. Type I sites adsorb NO as mononitrosyls (1767 cm−1) and dinitrosyls (1917 and 1806 cm−1). Types II and III sites adsorb NO solely as mononitrosyl species (1876 and 1856 cm−1, respectively). While types II and III sites are found to be relatively resistant to oxidation and reduction, type I sites are significantly affected by these pretreatments. The most notable change occurs for the high-weight-loaded Fe–ZSM-5 sample in which CO reduction results in the redispersion of FeOx to type I sites.
Cost versus reliability sizing strategy for isolated photovoltaic micro-grids in the developing world

Abstract For many isolated regions in the developing world micro-grids which combine photovoltaic electricity generation and battery storage may represent the most reliable and least expensive form of energy service. Due to climate induced solar resource variations, achieving high reliability levels necessitates excess generation and storage capacity which can significantly increase the end consumer cost of energy. Due to severe financial limitations, many consumers in the developing world may prefer cost versus reliability trade-offs, as long as their basic energy needs are met. Defining reliability as the percent of electricity demand a grid can deliver, we utilize a time series energy balance algorithm at hourly resolution to create cost versus reliability curves of micro-grid performance. We then propose a micro-grid sizing strategy which enables designers with knowledge of local energy needs to determine the acceptability of potential micro-grids. Our strategy relies on visualizing simulation data at increasing levels of temporal resolution to determine where energy shortfalls occur and if they interfere with high priority energy demand. A case study is presented which utilizes the proposed methods. Results suggest that the methodology has the potential to reduce the cost of service while maintaining acceptable consumer reliability.
Demand functions for museum services

Museums Worldwide are facing financial exigencies and are being forced to rely on earned income, including admission fees, to finance their activities. Using data from the 1989 Museum Surveywe esti...
Group Theoretical Discussion of Relativistic Wave Equations.

The wave functions, ψ, describing the possible states of a quantum mechanical system form a linear vector space V which, in general, is infinite dimensional and on which a positive definite inner product (φ, ψ) is defined for any two wave functions φ and ψ (i.e., they form a Hilbert space). The inner product usually involves an integration over the whole configuration or momentum space and, for particles of higher spin, a summation over the spin indices.
Multipoint analysis for radiation hybrid mapping.

Radiation hybrid mapping is a somatic cell genetic technique that permits construction of fine-structure maps of human chromosomes. Radiation hybrid mapping uses X-ray breakage of chromosomes to or...
STUDY OF NANO-STRUCTURED SILICON-PHENYL NANOCLUSTERS TOWARDS SINGLE MOLECULE SENSING

A new approach for the development of nano-sized spectroscopic-based early-warning sensors using molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) and molecular vibronics (MV) was presented. The use of MEPs allow us to sense and detect specific molecules in elaborated arrays of logical gates which provide the signature of the trapped species and a decision signal of the results of the sensing operation. Molecular vibronics is used to activate/deactivate, control and program the detection process as well as to transmit the information to and from nano-micro interfaces that allow the interaction with microelectronic systems. In order to develop this scenario, it is needed to explain the exact reasons, from an atomistic point of view rather than using phenomenological models the effects of molecules on nanoclusters. We present here a study of silicon-phenyl complexes.
An irrational trial equation method and its applications

An irrational trial equation method was proposed to solve nonlinear differential equations. By this method, a number of exact travelling wave solutions to the Burgers-KdV equation and the dissipative double sine-Gordon equation were obtained. A more general irrational trial equation method was discussed, and many exact solutions to the Fujimoto-Watanabe equation were given.
Changes in the sensory characteristics of mango cultivars during the production of mango purée and sorbet.

Abstract: The effects of processing on the flavor and texture properties of 4 mango cultivars available in the U.S. were studied. Descriptive panelists evaluated fresh mango, mango puree, and mango sorbet prepared from each cultivar. Purees were made by pulverizing mango flesh, passing it through a china cap, and heating it to 85 °C for 15 s. To prepare the sorbets, purees were diluted with water (1:1), sucrose was added to increase the total soluble solids (TSS) to 32 ± 2 °Brix, and bases were frozen in a batch-type ice cream freezer. Processing fresh mangoes into mango puree generally decreased fruity character and mango identity and led to the appearance of a cooked note. Many of the flavor distinctions among cultivars carried over from fresh to puree samples, but much of the texture variation was lost. Thermal processing had differing effects on the flavor of the cultivars, and therefore, results suggest that mango cultivars for purees should be selected based on properties after thermal treatment. Processing purees into sorbets minimized flavor variation among cultivars, although Tommy Atkins sorbet was relatively high in green and green-viney character and low in caramelized flavor compared to the other cultivars in sorbet. Based on the current study only very distinct flavor properties of mango cultivars may carry over to sorbets. Practical Application: Findings from the present study will help mango puree and sorbet manufacturers select appropriate cultivars for their products by understanding the transformation that mango undergoes as it is processed into mango puree and subsequently to mango sorbet.
Changes in Lipids During Matrix: Induced Endochondral Bone Formation

The changes in lipids occurring during the process of endochondral ossification have been characterized by studying the discrete phases of matrix-induced endochondral bone formation in the rat. Calcium-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes were shown to increase in concentration during cartilage calcification (day 9) and to peak in content during early bone formation (day 11–13), the times during which the rate of mineral deposition, as indicated by the change in ash weight was greatest. These data support the hypothesis that the calcium-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes play a role in thein vivo initiation of hydroxyapatite deposition. The overall lipid composition of the induced matrix newly formed cartilage (days 7–9) was comparable to that of normal cartilage, with the phospholipid composition matching that of chondrocyte plasma membranes. Times of vascular invasion and formation of marrow cavities were marked by elevated total lipid and triglyceride contents.
Edward Jackson, MD—A Historical Perspective of His Contributions to Refraction and to Ophthalmology

Edward Jackson died October 29, 1942, at 86 years of age. He served as president of the major national ophthalmologic organizations and was professor and chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Colorado. He established the first graduate course for ophthalmologists, suggested the formation of the instruction courses of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and was the principal founder of the American Board of Ophthalmology. He founded and edited the Yearbook of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Literature. In 1918, he became editor of the third series of the American Journal of Ophthalmology, which consolidated five ophthalmic periodicals. In 1885, he popularized retinoscopy in the United States and was mainly responsible for making it a practical refraction tool. Two years later, he described the cross cylinder to determine the presence or absence of astigmatism. In 1907, he described the use of the cross cylinder to refine the axis of a correcting cylinder in astigmatism. He lectured and wrote widely and published over 700 scientific articles, book chapters, and books.
Comparison of the morbidity associated with maxillary fractures treated by maxillomandibular and rigid internal fixation.

Objective. To compare the type and incidence of morbidity encountered by two groups of patients with maxillary fractures, one treated by closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation and the other by open reduction and rigid internal fixation. Study design. This was a retrospective review of records for all patients with maxillary fractures treated over a 10-year period. Age, sex, mechanism of injury, anatomic location of fracture, treatment modality, and complications were identified. Two populations of patients, those treated with closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation and those treated with open reduction and rigid internal fixation, that were similar in size (n=50), age, sex, and anatomic distribution of fractures were compared. Results and conclusions. This study indicates that patients with maxillary fractures treated with either closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation or open reduction and rigid internal fixation will encounter postoperative problems with a near equal frequency (60% to 64%). Regardless of the technique used, no relationship could be established between age, sex, or cause of injury. The more superior the level of the fracture, the higher the rate of adverse sequelae.
Optimization of Ohmic Contacts to ZnSe by Parabolic Grading of ZnSe1-xTex Composition

A new type of grading, namely, parabolic grading, for the purpose of improving ohmic contacts to p-type ZnSe is presented. The valence band profiles as well as the critical grading length for a 1kT barrier are calculated for a parabolically graded Zn(Se, Te) structure. Comparison of our results with those of linearly graded structures shows the clear advantage of parabolic grading.
New developments in the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.

The development of new treatments to slow or arrest the progression of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) has increased the importance of the early and accurate identification of this complication. It is likely that effective intervention will be possible only during the subclinical or early phase of dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis of DPN is a formidable task because of the diversity of presentations, involvement of different nerve fiber types, and the common dissociation of symptoms from objective measures of neural function. Several diagnostic tools are available or in development, each with strengths and limitations. Electrophysiology is a sensitive, objective, and targeted measure of DPN, but it reflects, almost exclusively, the activity of large-caliber, myelinated axons. Newly refined skin-punch biopsy procedures use morphometric and immunohistochemical methods to examine thinly myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The integrity, density, and distribution of these fibers may provide a sensitive index of small-fiber distal axonopathy. Improvements in quantitative sensory testing include better control of stimulation characteristics and the use of computer-assisted testing algorithms (e.g., CASE IV), as well as the ability to examine a distal to proximal gradient of sensation (Physitemp NTE-2a). Composite scales, which combine the assessment of signs, symptoms, electrophysiology, and specific quantitative sensory measures, have also been proposed and, in some cases, validated. The existing diagnostic tools and newly emerging methods provide a battery of tests that can be used to assess multiple aspects of neural function and increase sensitivity to detect the onset and progression of DPN.
Social skills training for an extremely shy young adolescent: An empirical case study*

Few reports exist on social skills training for young adolescents. In the current study, a behavioral intervention was used to improve the conversational skills of an extremely shy 14-year-old. The effectiveness of training was assessed by subject performance during extended, unstructured conversations, always with persons he never before met. In addition to multiple baseline, objective skill changes in these conversations, the subject was rated more favorably on several dimensions at posttreatment by significant others who knew him and by a panel of popular adolescents.
Toward a translational model of Stroop interference.

Models of the Stroop effect that postulate single, centralized processing stations are fundamentally incorrect. A translational model is proposed in which parallel processing systems are hypothesized that are linked by a translation mechanism. Each system processes information using its own internal code specifically linked to the type of information the system processes. Information is passed between these systems via the translation mechanism. Evidence supporting this model comes from both the literature and the experiments reported in this article. Of primary importance is the demonstration that the pattern of interference that emerges is dependent upon the cognitive system used to process the information.
The central role of leadership in rural tourism development: a theoretical framework and case studies.

In the unique environment of rural tourism, leadership is often credited for the initiation and governance of sustainable development, but has received little empirical examination. Rural tourism leaders face many challenges, such as managing factions and enclaves within communities, re-assuring new entrants about risk and vulnerability, securing long-term commitment amongst leaders, establishing continuity from one leader to the next, and coordinating cooperative governance across numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations. This article uses the case study method to provide sketches of three rural tourism leaders who have been successful in their communities. Each leader utilizes a different approach, including Servant, Shared/Community-Based, and Authentic Leadership. The Networks View of social capital is utilized to analyze each case to help discover the sources of success of these three individuals and their communities. While this approach has been previously utilized at the community ...
Developmental Modulations of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability as an Indicator of Changing Nutritional Requirements in the Brain

The intracarotid injection technique has been utilized to examine blood-brain barrier function in studies of newborn (greater than 24 h), 7, 14, 21 and 28 day-old, as well as adult rabbits. The age-related modulations in blood-brain barrier transport of adenine, arginine, choline, lactate and tryptophan were defined and demonstrated to be independent of each other. Lactic acid uptake was unusual in that the brain uptake index (BUI) was found to be greatest at 7 days postpartum. Elevated lactate uptake continues until 14 days and is then reduced. As indicated below, for all of the other metabolites examined, a maximal BUI was observed in the newborn brain and BUIs typically showed some sort of inverse relationship to animal age. The BUI of arginine is apparently halved in the first 7 days postnatally, and continues to decrease, reaching the value seen for the adult rabbit by an age of 21 days. In contrast, the brain uptake of adenine is unusual in that there appears to be a very gradual reduction in brain uptake occurring throughout the suckling period. A 3-fold decrease in the BUI of choline was observed during the first 2 wk postpartum. Tryptophan uptake undergoes a 4-fold reduction in the first 4 wk postnatally . Only minor variations in the uptakes of glucose and butanol (a reference substance which is completely cleared by brain over a wide range of blood flow rates) were observed over the range of ages examined. Therefore modulations in adenine, arginine, choline, lactate and tryptophan permeability are not attributable to blood flow alterations.
A new technique for flexible endoscopic foreign body removal in infants

Most foreign bodies may be extracted from the gastrointestinal tract with flexible fiber-optic endoscopes. Endoscopic overtubes (flexible conduits inserted over the fiberoptic endoscope) permit safe extraction of sharp or pointed objects. We report a technique of foreign body removal for use in infants and small children in whom a standard pediatric gastroscope and overtube is too large.
Milne's problem for two-dimensional transport in a quarter space

Abstract Double Fourier transformation of the one-speed transport equation is used to determine a family of solutions to the homogeneous (Milne's) problem for the quarter space. All contributions to the density asymptotically away from the corner are determined explicitly by considering two appropriate half-space problems and by extensive use of contour integration in two complex variables. An iterative scheme previously derived may be used to determine the correction near the corner.
Finding the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche in the Placenta

The origin of definitive hematopoiesis poses a fundamental biological question. In this issue of Developmental Cell, two groups have independently found a novel hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the extraembryonic placenta, in addition to previously identified alternative locations of hematopoiesis at different developmental stages.
Kinetic Analysis of Zinc Ligand Mutants of Mammalian Protein Farnesyltransferase

Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the prenylation of several proteins that are important in cellular regulatory events. A specific residue of FTase, Cys299 in the β subunit previously identified as essential for zinc binding and catalysis, had been tentatively assigned as one of the zinc ligands. This assignment was subsequently confirmed in the X-ray structure of FTase, which also identified two additional residues, Asp297 and His362 in the β subunit, as the remaining protein-derived metal ligands. To more fully explore the role of zinc in the catalytic mechanism of FTase, site-directed mutagenesis was performed on these two zinc ligands. Although the abilities of all the mutants to bind the farnesyl diphosphate substrate were similar to that of the wild-type enzyme, all the mutants displayed markedly reduced enzymatic activities and zinc affinities. Steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic analyses of the residual activities indicated that the rate-limiting step...
Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: an evaluation of research quality.

Abstract Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders; however, the overall quality of the VRET RCT literature base has yet to be evaluated. This study reviewed 27 VRET RCTs and the degree of adherence to 8 RCT research design criteria derived from existing standards. Adherence to the study quality criteria was generally low as the articles met an average 2.85 criteria (SD = 1.56). None of the studies met more than six quality criteria. Study quality did not predict effect size; however, a reduction in effect size magnitude was observed for studies with larger sample sizes when comparing VRET to non-active control groups. VRET may be an effective method of treatment but caution should be exercised in interpreting the existing body of literature supporting VRET relative to existing standards of care. The need for well-designed VRET research is discussed.
Sirtuin-mediated nuclear differentiation and programmed degradation in Tetrahymena

The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, known as "sirtuins", participate in a variety of processes critical for single- and multi-cellular life. Recent studies have elucidated the importance of sirtuin activity in development, aging, and disease; yet, underlying mechanistic pathways are not well understood. Specific sirtuins influence chromatin structure and gene expression, but differences in their pathways as they relate to distinct chromatin functions are just beginning to emerge. To further define the range of global chromatin changes dependent on sirtuins, unique biological features of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila can be exploited. This system offers clear spatial and temporal separation of multiple whole genome restructuring events critical for the life cycle. Inhibition with nicotinamide revealed that sirtuin deacetylase activity in Tetrahymena cells promotes chromatin condensation during meiotic prophase, differentiation of heterochromatin from euchromatin during development, and chromatin condensation/degradation during programmed nuclear death. We identified a class I sirtuin, called Thd14, that resides in mitochondria and nucleoli during vegetative growth, and forms a large sub-nuclear aggregate in response to prolonged cell starvation that may be peripherally associated with nucleoli. During sexual conjugation and development Thd14 selectively concentrates in the parental nucleus prior to its apoptotic-like degradation. Sirtuin activity is important for several functionally distinct events requiring global chromatin condensation. Our findings suggest a novel role for sirtuins in promoting programmed pycnosis by acting on chromatin destined for degradation. The sirtuin Thd14, which displays physiological-dependent differential localization within the nucleus, is a candidate for a chromatin condensation enzyme that is coupled to nuclear degradation.
Ontogeny of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, and thyroid hormone receptor RNA levels in rat kidney and changes in those levels induced by early thyroxine treatment.

ABSTRACT: Ontogenic changes in the mRNA levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α, EGF receptor, and thyroid hormone receptor (rerbA) were examined in developing rat kidneys. The mRNA levels of both EGF and thyroid hormone receptor rose dramatically during the postnatal period with the rise in thyroid hormone receptor message preceding the rise in EGF message. In addition, we examined renal mRNA levels in 1-wk-old rats treated with thryroxine (T4) from birth through d 6. Neonatal T4 treatment augmented the renal mRNA levels of EGF but decereased the levels of EGF-receptor and transforming growth factor-α. T4 treatment did not significantly affect the levels of renal mRNA for thyroid hormone receptor. Although the EGF and transforming growth factor-α peptides are similar and interact with the same receptor, our findings indicate that these homologous growth factors are regulated differently during development. In addition, hormones that influence growth and development, such as T4, may function both as positive and negative regulators of growth factor expression.
Immunogenetic factors in beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease.

Exposure to beryllium in the workplace can cause beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. Sensitization to beryllium can be detected in the laboratory using the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test. It was shown that anti-HLA antibodies could block the beryllium-specific response in the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test, thereby implicating HLA genes in chronic beryllium disease. A supratypic genetic marker, HLA-DPB1*E69, was found to be strongly associated with immunologic sensitization to beryllium and chronic beryllium disease in beryllium workers. However, there are 40 HLA-DPB1 gene variants that have E69 but that also have other DNA sequence variations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the evidence for potential differential susceptibility that may be associated with the physical characteristics of HLA protein molecules for which different HLA-DPB1*E69 variants code; that is, do some HLA-DPB1*E69 variants convey higher risk of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease than others. To do this, two approaches were pursued: first, detailed analysis of the findings from the published literature was performed, and second, computational chemistry was used to seek clues concerning the physical properties of the HLA protein molecules for which these alleles code. Among the 40 HLA-DPB1 gene variants that code for E69, molecular epidemiological studies have suggested a risk hierarchy, where some variants appear to convey low to moderate risk of chronic beryllium disease (e.g., HLA-DPB1*0201, ∼3-fold increased risk), some convey an intermediate risk (e.g., HLA-DPB1*1901, ∼5-fold) and others convey high risk (e.g., HLA-DPB1*1701, >10-fold). Molecular modeling has been used to further investigate a potential mechanistic basis for these observations. We found a strong correlation between the hierarchical order of risk of chronic beryllium disease associated with specific alleles and the predicted surface electrostatic potential and charge of the corresponding isotypes. Therefore, when alleles were grouped by the relative negative charge on the molecules for which they code, the data suggest that those alleles associated with the most negatively charged proteins carry the greatest risk of beryllium sensitization and disease.