cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing for trauma: the roles of ICTD in combating violence against women (VAW)

It is a development axiom that women's empowerment is a critical key to successful, sustainable development. While great strides have been made in recognizing women's needs, both as participants and beneficiaries of development efforts, Violence against Women (VAW) continues to rob women of the agency and opportunity that empowerment strategies aim to offer. Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICTD) interventions have been adopted as mechanisms to support VAW prevention, protection at the point of violence, and post-VAW treatment. This short paper explores these efforts from both a survey and critical lens.
One Academic’s Perspective On The Role Of Health Affairs

Over the past twenty-five years, Health Affairs has become a visibly important source of information for policymakers. In addition, academic readers of Health Affairs have learned that the real wor...
Alterations of lesions of mycosis fungoides lymphoma by direct imposition of delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Plaque lesions of mycosis fungoides lymphoma in six patients sensitized to both 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and S, 2-aminoethylisothiuronium (AET) were treated topically with varying doses of the chemicals to evoke delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Complete or partial clearing of lesions, lasting several months, was observed in 22 of 31 plaques treated. No clinical benefit was observed following applications of a cutaneous irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate, nor with four chemical congeners of DNCB not cross-antigenic with DNCB. Cutaneous lymphoma lesions of one patient anergic to DNCB did not regress following large topical doses of the chemical. This evidence indicates that lesions of the lymphoma mycosis fungoides may be altered significantly by delayed hypersitivity responses, an event of seeming importance to understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.
Mitochondrial maintenance failure in aging and role of sexual dimorphism

Gene expression changes during aging are partly conserved across species, and suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation and proteotoxicity result from mitochondrial malfunction and abnormal mitochondrial-nuclear signaling. Mitochondrial maintenance failure may result from trade-offs between mitochondrial turnover versus growth and reproduction, sexual antagonistic pleiotropy and genetic conflicts resulting from uni-parental mitochondrial transmission, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear mutations and loss of epigenetic regulation. Aging phenotypes and interventions are often sex-specific, indicating that both male and female sexual differentiation promote mitochondrial failure and aging. Studies in mammals and invertebrates implicate autophagy, apoptosis, AKT, PARP, p53 and FOXO in mediating sex-specific differences in stress resistance and aging. The data support a model where the genes Sxl in Drosophila, sdc-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xist in mammals regulate mitochondrial maintenance across generations and in aging. Several interventions that increase life span cause a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and UPRmt is also observed during normal aging, indicating hormesis. The UPRmt may increase life span by stimulating mitochondrial turnover through autophagy, and/or by inhibiting the production of hormones and toxic metabolites. The data suggest that metazoan life span interventions may act through a common hormesis mechanism involving liver UPRmt, mitochondrial maintenance and sexual differentiation.
The association between obstructive sleep apnea and dietary choices among obese individuals during middle to late childhood

Objective Determine whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with the dietary choices of obese individuals during middle- to late-childhood. It was hypothesized that OSA would be associated with increased caloric content of a dinner order, particularly with high carbohydrate food choices. Secondarily, we examined the relationships between sleep duration and dietary choices.
The effectiveness of interventions to increase advance directive completion rates.

Objectives: Despite federal and state laws governing advance directives (ADs), interventions to increase rates of legally completed ADs have not produced significant results. This study synthesizes...
Sodium nitroprusside infusion does not dilate cerebral resistance vessels during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

This study determined whether sodium nitroprusside (SNP) changes cerebral vascular resistance during stable, hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using Xenon clearance in 39 patients anesthetized with fentanyl. In 25 patients (group 1), CBF was measured before and during infusion of SNP at a rate sufficient to reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) approximately 20%. In 14 other patients (group 2), CBF was measured before and during simultaneous infusion of SNP and phenylephrine; SNP was continued at a rate that had reduced MAP approximately 20% while phenylephrine was added in a dose sufficient to restore MAP to preinfusion levels. Patients within each group were randomized to maintenance of PaCO2 approximately 40 mmHg (groups 1a and 2a), uncorrected for body temperature, or to maintenance of PaCO2 approximately 50 mmHg (groups 1b and 2b). The following variables were maintained within a narrow range: nasopharyngeal temperature (26-29 degrees C), pump oxygenator flow (1.7-2.5 l.min-1.m-2), PaO2 (150-300 mmHg), and Hct (22-28 vol%). In each patient, controlled variables varied no more than +/- 5% between measurements. In group 1a (PaCO2 approximately 40 mmHg), MAP was 86 +/- 9 mmHg (mean +/- SD) before and 65 +/- 8 mmHg during SNP infusion (P less than 0.0001). CBF was 12 +/- 3 ml.100g-1.min-1 before and 10 +/- 2 ml.100(-1).min-1 during SNP infusion (P less than 0.01). In group 1b (PaCO2 approximately 55 mmHg), MAP was 86 +/- 11 mmHg before and 66 +/- 13 mmHg during SNP infusion (P less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A formal approach to specifying and testing the interoperation between components

Component-based development (CBD) has gained in popularity in recent years due to its promise of building applications from reusable and plug-and-playable software components. An ultimate goal of CBD is making plug-and-playable software development not only feasible, but also easy. In order to achieve this goal, techniques for clearly specifying functionality of components and for determining the degree to which two components can interoperate are needed. In this paper, we briefly review the ICM (Interoperable Component Model), and enhance the model by adding a formalism and providing a testing framework based on the formal specification. Each component is accompanied with an interface that describes the component's type and behavior. The component interactions are specified in message protocols. With the specification model, we will define the behavior type conformance rules on components.
Organochlorine pesticide contamination in grassland-nesting passerines that breed in North America

Abstract Organochlorine pesticides and metabolites were measured in grassland-nesting passerines that breed in North America. We also examined testes of male birds for abnormalities that may have resulted from pesticide exposure. Forty-four of 99 individuals contained one or more organochlorine pesticides above the detection limit, representing nine of 10 species. The most prevalent compound detected was p,p′-DDE (minimum-maximum levels: 7.55–285.85 ng/g, carcass concentration). Insectivorous birds had significantly higher levels of p,p′-DDE than both omnivores and granivores. Birds that frequented moist grassland habitats had significantly higher levels of p,p′-DDE than those that frequented drier grassland habitats. No evidence of feminization was observed in any of the testes analyzed; however, other endpoint effects of contamination (e.g. hormone levels and immunological parameters) should be investigated in future studies.
Unnatural random mating policies select for younger age at maturity in hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations.

We explored the long-term consequences of three mating regimes ((1) completely random, (2) completely random but excluding jacks (age 2 males), and (3) male length ≥ female length) on age and sex s...
Effects of heavy gases on the tandem mass spectra of peptide ions in the quadrupole ion trap

Heavy gases (xenon, argon, krypton, methane) have been used to improve the performance of the quadrupole ion trap when performing collision-induced dissociation on peptides. MS/MS spectra reveal that increased amounts of internal energy can be deposited into peptide ions and more structural information can be obtained. Specifically, the pulsed introduction of the heavy gases (as reported previously by Doroshenko, V. M.; Cotter, R. J. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 463) provides greater energy deposition without the deleterious effects that static pressures of heavy gas have on spectra. Internal energy deposition as indicated by a qualitative evaluation of MS/MS spectra shows pulsed introduction of heavy gases enables ions to obtain more internal energy than possible by using static pressures of the same heavy gases. A linear correlation is observed between the percentage of heavy gas added and the ratio of product ions used to reflect internal energy deposition. Results here also show that upon pulsed introduction of heavy gases, empirical optimization of a single frequency resonant excitation signal is no longer needed to obtain good MS/MS spectrometry efficiency. The presence of many low mass-to-charge ratio ions and the absence of side chain cleavages in the MS/MS spectra of peptides suggests that the propensity for consecutive fragmentations is increased with the pulsed introduction of heavy gases. In addition, by varying the delay time between introduction of the gas and application of the resonant excitation signal, the amount of fragmentation observed in MS/MS spectra can be changed.
The deactivation pathway of one-dimensional zeolites, LTL and ZSM-12, for alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene

Abstract This study focused on the deactivation pathway of one-dimensional zeolites, namely LTL and ZSM-12, during alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene at 80 °C and 300 psig. LTL possesses a one-dimensional pore with aperture of 7.1 A connected with large void spaces of 12.6 A, while ZSM-12 possesses a one-dimensional non-interconnecting tubular-like channel structure (pore size 5.6 A ×6.1 A). In the entire feed conditions (isobutane/2-butene molar ratios of 300, 98 and 20), both zeolites displayed different deactivation pathways. The product distribution over LTL sample barely changed even though olefin conversion dropped from 100 to 60%. This is in contrast to the common observation that the product distribution changes with loss of catalytic activity. For the ZSM-12 sample, a variation in the product distribution was observed with catalyst deactivation. This result supported the fact that LTL deactivated mainly by pore blockage but ZSM-12 deactivated due to site coverage. This is believed to be a result of the specific pore architecture of both zeolites. The coking materials deposited inside the spent zeolites after under a relatively severe deactivating condition (isobutane/2-butene molar ratios of 20) were characterized by GC/MS, TGA, and TPO. These results also support the proposed deactivation pathway for both zeolites.
Solution Conformation of a Bizelesin A-tract Duplex Adduct: DNA–DNA Cross-linking of an A-tract Straightens Out Bent DNA

The DNA cross-linker bizelesin has been previously shown to form interhelical interstrand cross-links with adenine residues six base-pairs apart (including the modified adenine residues). Sequence specificity studies have shown that the ligand has a high affinity for the intrinsically bent A-tract sequence [d(CGTTTTTACG):d(CGTAAAAACG)]. However, gel retardation studies have shown that the cross-linked duplex retains none of the characteristic A-tract bending observed within the unmodified duplex. Two-dimensional 1H-NMR experiments have not only confirmed the sites of cross-linking into the duplex, but have also shown the loss of inherent A-tract characteristics, including reduced crosspeak intensities between the H2s of the central adenine residues and the cross-strand H1' of the base one base removed to the 3' side. This observation suggests loss of propeller twisting within these central adenine residues and provides insight into the controversial origin of A-tract bending. This study is important because it validates the use of bizelesin as a probe for determining the importance of A-tract-induced bending in transcriptional and replicational elements.
Uniaxial stress dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in p-type silicon☆

Abstract The attenuation of transverse ultrasonic waves along the [100] direction in p -Si increases rapidly with decreasing temperature in the liquid helium region. This increase is removed by the application of uniaxial static stress along the [001] direction. The observed stress dependence is explained qualitatively by a bound hole model.
Syntheses and characterization of iridium and rhodium ethylene complexes containing a doubly linked cyclopentadienyl ligand

Abstract The dimerization of 6,6-dimethylfulvene with Ni(cod) 2 yields the 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-3a,4,7a,8-tetrahydro- s -indacene isomer ( 1a ). Heating a solution of 1a converts it to the 1,4,5,8 ( 1b ) and 1,4,7,8 ( 1c ) tetrahydro- s -indacene isomers. The activation energy for the isomerization is 23(1) kcal/mol. 1b and 1c can be deprotonated with n -BuLi and the reaction of the dianion with [ClIr(C 2 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 gives two isomers, cis -[(η 5 -C 5 H 3 )(CMe 2 )Ir(C 2 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 ( cis - 2 ) and trans -[(η 5 -C 5 H 3 )(CMe 2 )Ir(C 2 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 ( trans - 2 ). Reaction of 1b and 1c with RhCl 3 · x H 2 O in refluxing methanol yields a red-orange solid, which was consistent with the empirical formula, [(C 5 H 3 )(CMe 2 )RhCl 2 ] n ( 3) . Reaction of 3 with C 2 H 4 in a Na 2 CO 3 /ethanol mixture afforded cis -[(η 5 -C 5 H 3 )(CMe 2 )Rh(C 2 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 in 5% yield.
Accumulation of glycolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine in erythrocyte stroma of patients with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (HEMPAS).

Ceramide trihexoside from Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type II (HEMPAS) erythrocyte stroma contains approxomately equimolar amounts of galactoseβl→4 galactoseβl→4 glucosyl ceramide and N-acetylglucosamineβl→3galactoseβl→4 glucosyl ceramide. The latter compound is not chemically detectable in normal stroma. 25% of the ceramide tetrahexoside fraction of HEMPAS stroma is composed of a glycolipid containing N-acetylglucosamine, presumably paragloboside (galactoseβl4 N -acetylglucosamineβl→ N galactoseβl→4 glucosyl ceramide).
Electric potential of the Moon in the solar wind

Acceleration and detection of the lunar thermal ionosphere in the presence of the lunar electric field yields a value of approximately +10 V for the lunar electric potential for solar zenith angles between 20° and 45° and in the magnetosheath or solar wind. The ion number density of the thermal ionosphere observed is compatible with a surface neutral number density of about 105 atoms cm−3.
Dynamic body charge modulation for sense amplifiers in partially depleted SOI technology

We present a dynamic body charge modulation technique to improve the matching of CMOS device threshold voltage (V/sub t/) characteristics in the partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. For a latch-type sense amplifier in the SRAM complementary bitline structure, a pair of-charging FETs are employed to bring the bodies of cross-coupled sensing devices to the voltage rail. In doing so, operating history-dependent body potential mismatches are eliminated for every access cycle. Body-contacted FETs are returned to their floating body states when the charging action is completed. This technique achieves repeatable low-V/sub t/ and high-performance operation simultaneously. The pulse signal controlling body charging is not constrained by a stringent timing requirement. Therefore, its effectiveness is insensitive to the body contact quality of sensing FETs. This technique demonstrates a significant leverage for high-performance RAM circuits. It also offers the advantages of speed and noise immunity in the low-voltage low-power operating regime.
Neutrophil inhibition with L-selectin-directed MAb improves or worsens survival dependent on the route but not severity of infection in a rat sepsis model

Both route and severity of infection may influence immunomodulator agents in sepsis. We studied the effect of each variable on HRL-3, an L-selectin-directed MAb that inhibits neutrophil function, i...
Segmentation and target recognition in SAR imagery using a level-sets-multiscale-filtering technique

Using salient features to drive image filtering is an important problem in image analysis and computer vision. The notion of a scale space has as a result gained popularity on account of its advantage in providing a dynamic description of image features. Object or shape information is inherently contained in level sets or level curves of an image, and its preservation while removing noise can be done reliably through processing of level sets of an image instead of directly working on its intensity values. Following this argument, and the fact that SAR images are impulsive in nature, we propose a level-set-based multiresolution filtering technique for segmentation of SAR imagery. Extracted target information of images, from various radar view angles are integrated to build up an overall target silhouette, which is then used for classification of two main target vehicle types.
Research Note: Bioavailability of Zinc-Methionine for Chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of zinc from zinc oxide and zinc-methionine complex in 560 chicks fed semipurified diets (Experiment 1) or corn and soybean meal-based diets (Experiment 2). Zinc intakes varied from 8 to 88 μg zinc/g diet The source of zinc did not affect growth; tibiotarsus and liver zinc, copper, and iron concentrations; or immune function. Pancreatic zinc tended to be greater when the zinc-methionine complex rather than zinc oxide was fed. Levels of zinc intake affected growth, tibiotarsus and pancreatic zinc concentrations, and tibiotarsus copper concentrations.
An Innovative Project in Educational Technology:: the Panama‐Venezuela Project

Abstract This article presents the characteristics of an innovative project which is being implemented in the field of educational technology in Panama and Venezuela. The report refers to those actions which have taken place in Venezuela and to the general design which is appropriate to both countries. The project emphasizes in‐service training of a cadre of professionals who will direct efforts to identify and resolve significant problems in education. The results of the project are the resolution of a specific problem, the training of a nucleus of highly qualified people and the development of a diffusion system for the general approach.
Flexibility in the species-typical songs of gibbons

Flexibility, or a capacity for situational variation, is an important characteristic of gibbon vocalization—one which may be seen as necessary to the functional effectiveness of species-typical songs. This paper reviews literature reporting flexibility of gibbon vocal behavior in relation to reinforcement contingencies, the singing of neighboring gibbons, development of pair coordination in the duet-singing of siamang gibbons, sequential progression in the elaboration of organizing sequences in siamang gibbons, and “repairs” of organizing and great-call sequences. A theoretical framework to account for the development of flexibility in species-typical behaviors is drawn on the basis ofGlickman's andSchiff's (1967) proposal of the reinforcing power of species-typical behaviors and associated feedback and consequent stimuli.
Prevalence, Course, and Predictors of Emotional Distress in Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents.

This study examines trajectories and correlates of emotional distress symptoms in pregnant adolescents (n = 203) and nulliparous adolescents (n = 188) from economically disadvantaged communities over an 18-month period. For both groups, the prevalence of significant emotional distress exceeded expectation based on adolescent norms; however, the severity of symptoms did not differ between the 2 groups. Results from growth curve modeling revealed a significant decline in symptoms during the study period for both groups, but pregnant adolescents experienced a different pattern of decline. Also, certain interpersonal factors (e.g., history of physical maltreatment, partner support) appeared to play a more important role in the emotional well-being of pregnant and parenting adolescents relative to nulliparous adolescents. Implications for early identification and intervention are discussed.
Wide-angle beam steering for infrared countermeasures applications

This paper explores two beam steering systems for Infrared Countermeasures applications in the Mid-Wave Infrared range. One system involves the use of decentered achromatic doublet lenses to steer the beam of interest. The second system involves rotating achromatic prisms. The structure of each system is addressed along with the possible materials that could be used in constructing each system. Each system avoids an internal focus. The two systems are compared against one another in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.
Repeated cocaine administration alters extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area.

Abstract: The present study determined if repeated cocaine injections alter the effect of cocaine on extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). All rats were treated with daily cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p. × 2 days, 30 mg/kg i.p. × 5 days) or saline for 7 days. At 21 days after discontinuing the daily injections, a dialysis probe was placed into the VTA and the extracellular levels of glutamate were estimated. A systemic injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.) elevated extracellular glutamate in the VTA of rats pretreated with daily cocaine but not in the daily saline-pretreated subjects. No significant change in glutamate was produced by a saline injection in either pretreatment group. In a group of rats pretreated with daily cocaine, the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (30 µM) was infused through the dialysis probe prior to the acute injections of saline and cocaine. SCH-23390 prevented the increase in extracellular glutamate associated with the acute administration of cocaine. Behavioral data were collected simultaneously with the measures of extracellular glutamate. The behavioral stimulant effect of cocaine was greater in cocaine-pretreated than saline-pretreated subjects, and the behavioral augmentation in cocaine-pretreated rats was partly blocked by SCH-23390. These data support the hypotheses that repeated cocaine administration produces an increase in the capacity of D1 receptor stimulation to release glutamate in the VTA and that this mechanism partly mediates behavioral sensitization produced in rats treated with daily cocaine injections.
Development of Eye Colors in Drosophila: Fat Bodies and Malpighian Tubes as Sources of Diffusible Substances.

From the work of Ephrussi and Beadle (see Ephrussi and Beadle [1] and Beadle and Ephrussi [2] for summaries) it is known that three diffusible substances are involved in the production of wild type eye color in Drosophila melanogaster. This paper is concerned with the normal sources of two of these, v+ and cn+ substances. Under certain conditions of genetic constitution these two substances may be produced by eye tissue itself [1,2]. Sturtevant's studies of mosaics of D. simulans indicated that v+ substance must have another normal source in the fly [3]; and it has been supposed, but not proved, that this was likewise true of cn+ substance. Tests for the production of v+ and cn+ substances by a given organ can be made conveniently by transplanting the organ in question into gentically vermilion (v) and cinnabar (cn) flies, respectively. Such tests can be made in the late larval stages as shown by positive results from certain eye transplants made at this time [1,2]. In practice, tests for these substances are more sensitive if test animals carrying an eye color "dilution" gene are used. The double recessive apricot vermilion (wa v) and apricot cinnabar (wa; cn) have been used extensively. In many of the tests reported here, vermilion brown (v; bw) and cinnabar brown (cn bw) are used. All of these double recessive eye colors are very light; there is only, at the most, a tinge of color. A positive test is indicated by a modification in the direction of apricot or brown; the maximum change is represented by phenotypes as dark as apricot or brown. In preliminary tests, effects are roughly graded as strong, medium, weak or none: "Strong" represents a complete or nearly complete change. In certain experiments an attempt was made to use a system of numerical grades.
Mass measurement errors caused by “local” frequency perturbations in FTICR mass spectrometry

One of the key qualities of mass spectrometric measurements for biomolecules is the mass measurement accuracy (MMA) obtained. FTICR presently provides the highest MMA over a broad m/z range. However, due to space charge effects, the achievable MMA crucially depends on the number of ions trapped in the ICR cell for a measurement. Thus, beyond some point, as the effective sensitivity and dynamic range of a measurement increase, MMA tends to decrease. While analyzing deviations from the commonly used calibration law in FTICR we have found systematic errors which are not accounted for by a “global” space charge correction approach. The analysis of these errors and their dependence on charge population and post-excite radius have led us to conclude that each ion cloud experiences a different interaction with other ion clouds. We propose a novel calibration function which is shown to provide an improvement in MMA for all the spectra studied.
Effects of propranolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Abstract Propranolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate, three different classes of pharmacological agents used clinically in various conditions related to atherosclerosis, were shown not to have any intrinsic potentiating effects on the development of atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques fed an atherogenic diet. We did obtain, however, some results that suggest that clofibrate and propranolol may exert some beneficial actions.
RFID: a brief overview

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has emerged as a technology that promises many desirable benefits to consumers as well as businesses. The technology has the capability of tracing the product throughout its entire life cycle. The technology has also been perceived by some as one of the most invasive surveillance technology raising concerns about consumer privacy and health. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the RFID technology, its applications in selected areas, along with some challenges it faces as it makes further inroads into present and emerging application areas.
Some theoretical considerations concerning the interchange of metabolites between capillaries and tissue

The author's previous treatment of diffusion of oxygen from an idealized capillary is made more exact; the treatment here is valid for any substance which diffuses between blood and tissue, though the physical situation is still somewhat idealized. A general equation is derived but not solved. Then follows an approximate treatment of the case in which all capillaries within a certain sphere have ceased to flow; conditions are discussed under which cells at the center of this sphere will die.
Unreliability of Rotazyme ELISA test in neonates.

Le test ELISA au rotazyme n'est pas fiable chez les nouveau-nes exclusivement; seulement 7% des examens positifs au rotazyme se sont averes aussi positifs aux tests de confirmation. On preconise de confirmer la positivite des selles ou rotazyme chez les nouveau-nes asymptomatiques ou ceux avec des reactions faiblement positives, a l'aide de la microscopie electronique d'un ELISA de confirmation ou de l'hybridation de l'ARN
Command Shaping Under Nonsymmetrical Acceleration and Braking Dynamics

The conventional unity magnitude zero vibration (UM-ZV) command shaping technique is an effective means for eliminating vibration in linear mechanical systems with on-off actuators. This paper discusses how the UM-ZV command shaping technique is affected by a common nonlinearity: nonsymmetrical accelerating and braking dynamics. Two approaches for creating new types of UM-ZV shaped commands are presented: a closed-form analytic solution and a numerical optimization approach. Both methods reduce residual vibration of the nonlinear system more effectively than the conventional UM-ZV shaped commands. Simulations and experiments on a bridge crane confirm the effectiveness of the new commands.
Postjunctional changes induced by partial interruption of axoplasmic flow in motor nerves

Abstract When the nerve to a fast muscle in a rat is exposed to colchicine there is a partial block of axoplasmic flow which results in slowing of the muscle's twitch relaxation. This biomechanical change is thought to represent a transsynaptic metabolic effect caused by loss of some presynaptic trophic substance. The colchicine blockade is temporary, and, though the muscle briefly stops growing, it recovers and gains weight normally. Even while the contraction is temporarily slowed the muscle behaves differently from a denervated or a dystrophic one.
Magnetic amplifiers using magnetically soft material

Magnetic amplifiers post regulators are often used in multiple output power supplies to achieve independent regulation of the additional outputs. This paper describes a method of constructing saturable reactor regulators which eliminates the square loop requirements and allows the use of magnetically soft materials. The resulting structure is tolerant of small gaps which allows construction using E-E cores and conventional bobbin winding techniques. A simple control scheme using shorted turn flux trapping is shown which provides a very linear control transfer function.
Role of low-bandwidth open-loop control of combustion instability using a high-momentum air jet—mechanistic details

Low-frequency modulation of a high-momentum air jet is shown to be effective in controlling combustion oscillations in a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. The oscillations in the combustor studied are dominated by a longitudinal acoustic mode (235 Hz) with a self-excited low-frequency (13 Hz) bulk mode (of the upstream cavity) superimposed. In this paper, the mechanisms leading to control using external low-frequency modulation of a high-momentum air jet are studied. It is shown that low-frequency modulation periodically alters the phase relation between pressure and heat release, and for unstable conditions, this periodic alteration of the phase leads to a reduction in pressure oscillations.
A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone.

Abstract A non-Chromatographic radioimmunoassay has been developed for determining plasma aldosterone. Endogenous plasma proteins were used to bind corticosteroids while aldosterone was adsorbed to fuller's earth in an initial purification step. An antiserum to an aldosteronebovine serum albumin conjugate was used for a second purification step. Finally, radioimmunoassay of the purified material was performed using an antiserum prepared against a different aldosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Two ml plasma samples were used for duplicate determinations. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory throughout the analytic range of the method (2.5 to 50 ng/100 ml). Comparison of results using this method with those obtained using an established radioimmunoassay containing a chromatographic purification step indicates that there is a small but tolerable degree of non-specific interference. Twenty-four samples can be assayed in 1 1/2 working days.
Journal review: Including the critical‐social function into psychology

PsychCritique: The International Journal of Critical Psychology and Psychoanalysis, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1985. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
1,2,3-Thiadiazoles as potential antineoplastic agents. I. Synthesis of novel 4-monosubstituted and 4,5-disubstituted derivatives†

1,2,3-Thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid (IV) has been synthesized by oxidation of 5-(2-furyl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid (IIb), and converted via the acid chloride (V) to the amide (VI), ethyl ester (VII) and azide (IX). Rearrangement of the azide (IX) in ethanol led to ethyl N-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)carbamate (X) and in benzene or toluene to a complex substance, possibly N,N,N-tris-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)-isocyanurate (XI). Ethyl 5-phenoxy-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylate (XIII), prepared from ethyl (phenoxy-acetyl)diazoacetate (XII), has been converted to ethyl 5-formyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-car-boxylate methyl phenyl acetal (XVI) via the α -halo ether (XIV). The acetal (XVI) underwent partial hydrolysis in dilute acid to yield ethyl 5-formyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-car-boxylate phenyl hemiacetal (XVII) as an oil. Vacuum distillation of XVII gave ethyl 5-formyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylate (XVIII) as an oil. The aldehyde XVIII, but not the hemiacetal XVII, formed a crystalline oxime (XIX) with hydroxylamine.
Understanding and Managing the Services Supply Chain

SUMMARY Services have become increasingly important as the driving force in the U.S. economy. However, there has been little research to date on services supply chains. It is believed that service businesses can benefit by applying some best practices from manufacturing to their processes. However, the inherent differences in services create a need for supply chain management tools specific to the services sector. This article documents the growing importance of the services sector and of services purchasing. Next, it develops a supply chain framework appropriate for a services supply chain by comparing and contrasting the applicability of three product-based manufacturing models: Global Supply Chain Forum Framework, SCOR and Hewlett-Packard's Supply Chain Management Model. Finally, this research describes the challenges for procurement professionals managing purchases for a services supply chain and provides suggestions for use of supply chain management theory, and practices for improvement.
Prostaglandin F2α inhibits the differentiation of adipocyte precursors in primary culture

Influence of arachidonate metabolite pathway on adipose differentiation was investigated using primary culture of adipocyte precursors in defined medium. Treatment of the cells with cyclooxygenase inhibitors stimulates adipose differentiation by at least 2-fold. Among the various arachidonate metabolites tested, only prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was found to inhibit the differentiation of adipocyte precursors in a dose dependent fashion. Other eicosanoids tested did not have any effect. A 50% inhibition of adipose differentiation was observed with a dose of PGF2 alpha of 3 x 10(-9)M to 7 x 10(-9)M according to the strain of rats used. Maximal inhibition occurred at PGF2 alpha concentrations equal or higher than 10(-8)M. PGF2 alpha inhibited not only the expression of late markers of adipose differentiation such as G3PDH and triglycerides accumulation but also the mRNA expression of early markers of adipose differentiation such as clone 154, lipoprotein lipase and ap2 gene. These results indicate that PGF2 alpha represents a physiological negative modulator of adipose differentiation.
Prospects for conserving biodiversity in Amazonian extractive reserves

Non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction is a popular alternative to timber extraction that figures prominently in efforts to utilize tropical forests sustainably. But the ability to conserve biodiversity through NTFP management, particularly in extractive reserves in Amazonia, has remained untested. We found that intensive management of Euterpe oleracea (Palmae) fruit, one of the most important extractive products in the Amazon, has substantial impacts on biodiversity, whereas moderate management does not. We mimicked traditional levels of fruit harvest in a replicated experiment over one fruiting season. High-intensity harvest (75% of fruits removed) reduced avian frugivore species diversity by 22%. Low-intensity harvest (40% of fruits removed), however, had no effect on diversity. On a larger scale, we found that forests with enriched densities of E. oleracea supported more fruit-eating birds but fewer non fruit-eating birds than non-enriched forests. Taken together, these results suggest that intensive NTFP management to meet market demands may trigger substantial ecological impacts, at least at the level of our study. E. oleracea harvest should be limited where conservation of biodiversity is a goal.
Thirty Two Edge Theorem for the Robust Stability of Time Delay and Distributed Parameter Systems with an Interval Uncertainity Model

This paper extends recent results on the parametric approach to robust stability of time delay and distributed parameter systems. A new edge type result is given for uncertain systems described by a family of characteristic quasipolynomials being a particular polytope: a sum of N interval polynomials each multiplied by an analytic function in the right halfplane. The result is: To chek the robust stability it is sufficient to check the stability of only 4NN predetermined edges of the multidimensional polytope. In an important particular case of an interval rational plant with input delay this means checking 32 distinguished edges.
Autonomic testing in healthy subjects: preliminary observations.

Introduction Autonomic testing is used clinically. Yet, the prevalence of “abnormal” variants in the healthy population has not been reported.
A case study of a successful health advocate program.

Abstract This case study describes the health advocate program of Olin Health Center at Michigan State University. The health advocates are the peer branch of the university's health education/public health service. Since initiation of the program in January 1986, more than 125 students have participated in the training and service, for which they receive academic credit. This case study describes the background, development, and evaluation strategies of the health advocate program and offers recommendations to those who are interested in developing a similar program.
Secondary reinforcement property of a stimulus paired with morphine administration in the rat

Abstract Rats learned to run to the correct arm of a Y-maze. Correct responses were reinforced with morphine injection paired with a conditional tone stimulus. After the maze response was well established, extinction trials were run. During extinction half of the animals received neither morphine nor tone as a consequence of a correct response, while the other half received the tone but no morphine. Rats receiving the tone during extinction required significantly more trials to reach the extinction criteria than rats not receiving tone presentations. Extinction with the tone also facilitated relearning of the maze response. The results support the view that morphine is a potent reinforcer, and that stimuli paired with morphine administration acquire the properties of a secondary reinforcer.
ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN CUBIC METALS HAVING ELONGATED, ORIENTED GRAINS

Abstract The attcntuation of ultrasonic waves propagating in polycrystalline metals is a subject which has received considerable experimental and theoretical attention. Important recent contributions include the work of Hirsekorn and of Stanke and Kino. In this paper, we extend the approach of the latter authors to a particular problem motivated by the cast stainless steels that are utilized in the piping of nuclear reactors. In those materials, large columnar grains often are found as a result of the directional solidification occurring in the casting. To model the effects of these grains on the ultrasonic attenuation, we consider a medium consisting of ellipsoidal grains with the axes of revolution all parallel to a preferred direction and having an arbitrary aspect ratio. In each grain, one of the axes of the cubic lattice is assumed to lie parallel to the preferred direction while the rotation about this axis is random. The unified theory of Stanke and Kino, based on an anisotropic extension of the Ke...
Frequency sensitivity of the deep-sea climatic record

Attempts to explain quasiperiodic glacial/interglacial transitions1 in the Pleistocene 18O deep-sea stratigraphic record have focused on spectral analysis of palaeoclimatic data and comparisons with Milankovitch-type calculations of variations in isolation caused by periodicities of the Earth's orbit around the Sun2–6. Periods close to those of orbital eccentricity (100 kyr), obliquity (41 kyr), and precession (22 kyr) can be identified in deep-sea cores, but their relative strengths are very different from those of solar insolation and other peaks are also present. Mixing of sediment by deposit-feeding infauna significantly perturbs stratigraphic boundaries in deep-ocean sediments7. Although mixing models8–11 have been proposed to describe quantitative effects of bioturbation no formulation of the effect of this process on the spectrum of the climatic record has been presented. Using the signal processing model11, the suppression of recorded climatic variation over the past 700 kyr is estimated. In the frequency range where changes in the Earth's orbital path affect incident solar radiation the results support an appreciably larger role for astronomical ‘forcing’ of climate than previously estimated.
Cortical Abnormalities Associated With Subcortical Lesions in Vascular Dementia: Clinical and Positron Emission Tomographic Findings

Objective: To examine the effects of subcortical lesions on cortical metabolic rate and clinical symptoms in patients with vascular dementia. Method: Eleven elderly patients with vascular dementia who demonstratednolesion involving the cerebral cortex on magnetic resonance imaging underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to assess global cortical metabolism and metabolic activity in each cortical lobe. Subcortical lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (periventricular hyperintensities, deep white matter hyperintensities, and subcortical lacunar infarcts) were measured using a graded scale of severity. Cognitive and noncognitive symptoms were assessed with the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale. Results: Reduced cortical metabolism was generally associated with the severity of subcortical pathologic changes, but there was substantial heterogeneity in the relationship between subcortical lesions and cortical metabolic activity. Mean global cortical metabolism was lower in patients with periventricular hyperintensities in anterior subcortical regions than in those without such lesions. The metabolic rate in the frontal cortex was lower in patients with a lacunar infarct of the basal ganglia or thalamus than in those without. Neurobehavioral Rating Scale total score, the Verbal Output Disturbance factor score, and the Anxiety/Depression factor score were correlated with the severity of white matter lesions. Conclusions: Cortical metabolic dysfunction is related to ischemic subcortical lesions in patients with vascular dementia. Metabolism in the frontal cortex may be particularly dependent on pathologic alterations of subcortical nuclei. Anxiety, depression, and the overall severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms in vascular dementia are associated with the extent of white matter ischemia.
Ultraviolet bleaching of synchronized Euglena.

— The bleaching response to u.v. was examined in synchronized populations of Euglena gracilis. Cells were most resistant during interphase, with increasing sensitivity during the division period. Maximum sensitivity occurred at the end of the division period, irnpyling that the S period for chloroplastic DNA occurs during or shortly after cytokinesis.
Benactyzine increases alarm call rates in the squirrel monkey

The effects of benactyzine (0.01–3.0 mg/kg) were examined on the frequency of alarm calls of squirrel monkeys in a laboratory setting. Under baseline conditions, few calls occurred, and neither saline nor a low dose (0.01 mg/kg) of benactyzine increased calling. Higher doses (0.03–3.0 mg/kg) of benactyzine significantly increased call rate (to 1–2 calls per s) in a dose-dependent manner. The rate-increasing effect of benactyzine on alarm calls appears to be related to a central antimuscarinic effect, as it could be partially blocked by 0.01 mg/kg physostigmine, completely blocked by 0.1 mg/kg physostigmine, but was not blocked at all by 0.1 mg/kg neostigmine. Neither of these cholinomimetics increased call rates when given alone. These findings show that benactyzine can increase alarm call rates in squirrel monkeys under defined laboratory conditions, and may serve as a useful pharmacological probe to study neurochemical mechanisms mediating the production of this type of vocalization. In the squirrel monkey, one such mechanism apparently involves a cholinergic substrate.
Intermediate-term Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial of the 350- versus- the 500-mm2 Baerveldt Implant

Background: The Baerveldt glaucoma implant is a large equatorial aqueous shunting device that is installed through a single-quadrant conjunctival incision. The intermediateterm results of a randomized study comparing the 350- and 500-mm 2 Baerveldt implants are reported. Methods: Seventy-three patients with medically uncontrollable, nonneovascular glaucomas associated with aphakia, pseudophakia, or failed filters were enrolled in a randomized, prospective study comparing 350- and 500-mm 2 Baerveldt implants. Surgical success was defined as 6 mmHg ≤ final intraocular pressure ≤ 21 mmHg without glaucoma reoperation or devastating complication. Results: Of patients with 350- and 500-mm 2 implants, 93% and 88%, respectively, achieved surgical success (18-month life-table analysis, P = 0.93). The 500-mm 2 implants afforded intraocular pressure control with significantly fewer medications (0.7 versus 1.3; P = 0.006). The postoperative visual acuities remained within one line of the preoperative visual acuities or improved in 62% and 66% of patients in the 350- and 500mm 2 groups, respectively (P = 0.93). Complication rates were statistically similar. The most frequent ones in the 350- and 500-mm 2 groups, respectively, were serous choroidal effusion (16% and 32%), strabismus (16% and 19%), anterior uveitis (14% and 11 %), and corneal or corneal graft edema (11 % each). Conclusion: The intermediate-term results of the 350- and 500-mm 2 Baerveldt implants were statistically comparable with respect to surgical and visual outcomes, as well as complications, although the larger implant was associated with a higher rate of some complications. However, the 500-mm 2 Baerveldt implant afforded intraocular pressure control with fewer medications than the 350-mm 2 implant.