cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition and retention of two operant responses in redwinged blackbirds

In redwinged blackbirds, perch-hopping and keypecking are two responses which differ greatly in their relation to the birds’ natural behavior, in their topographies, and in their operant levels. Using a series of ratio schedules, we trained two redwings first to keypeck for food and then to perch-hop. Two other birds were trained first to perch-hop and then to keypeck. Extinction and CRF reacquisition tests followed a 36-day interim rest period. Perch-hopping had a much higher operant level and was easier to shape as an operant response than keypecking, but both responses were acquired as operants and came under the control of the ratio schedules. In the extinction test all the birds made more perch-hops than keypecks; during reacquisition three birds preferred to perch-hop,. In a second experiment we changed the interim housing conditions to prevent any possible reinforcement of the association between either keypecking or perch-hopping and food, and thus to eliminate one possible explanation of the results of Experiment I. The results were similar to those of the first experiment.
Similarities of Molecular Genetic Changes in Synchronous and Metachronous Colorectal Cancers Are Limited and Related to the Cancers’ Proximities to Each Other

Synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancers are distinct primary neoplasms diagnosed either simultaneously or sequentially in the same patient. Because they arise in a common genetic and environmental background, they offer a unique opportunity to study molecular genetic changes occurring during carcinogenesis. We evaluated tumors from 50 patients with synchronous and five additional patients with metachronous cancers for loss of heterozygosity of the genes APC and DCC, KRAS and BRAF gene mutations, and microsatellite instability and methylation. Standard PCR methods were used. Approximately two thirds of the synchronous tumors that were informative for each of the five primary molecular genetic changes showed the same results when located in the same colon segment. However, there was less consistency of molecular findings for the synchronous pairs separated by one or more colonic segments, with half or more of these pairs showing different molecular results. Metachronous tumors also showed variation of molecular genetic findings, but this was less when the subsequent tumor was close to the segment of the first tumor. Molecular genetic findings between synchronous and metachronous tumors can be different, even for tumors sharing the same microenvironment of the same colon segment. These findings support the concept that a mutagen might produce different genetic pathways in two proximate tumors.
Stereologic evaluation of granular pneumocyte lamellar bodies in different species.

SummaryLamellar bodies in individual pulmonary granular pneumocytes in the species examined (mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog) have virtually the same volume density with respect to the cytoplasmic volume as estimated by stereological techniques. The surface-to-volume ratio for these structures also fail to show any interspecies variation in these species.This investigation was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grant HL-16031 and a grant from the American Lung Association. We thank Dr. D. B. Gail for reviewing the manuscript.
The IPA consonant chart: Mugwumps, holes and therapeutic suggestions

For some time now it has been clear that the International Phonetic Alphabet consonant chart needs to be carefully re-examined, with a view to its intended provision and possible revision. This article appears as part of the current drive (see also Ladefoged (1987a)) to solicit suggestions for the improvement or revision of the chart, from all the manifold users of the IPA alphabet. The focus here is on the consonant chart, for while the representation of vowels has always been more problematic, the theoretical issues are of a different order and should be discussed separately.
Regulated specific protein binding to a conserved region of the 3'-untranslated region of thyrotropin beta-subunit mRNA.

Thyroid hormone (T3) regulates the expression of rat TSH beta-subunit (TSH beta) mRNA, in part, at the posttranscriptional level, by reducing the half-life of TSH beta mRNA. The mechanism(s) mediating this alteration in mRNA stability are unknown, but previous work indicates that labile protein(s) are involved. The majority of cis-acting elements identified to date that have been implicated in the regulated destabilization of mRNAs have been located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the mRNA. The 3'-UTR of rat, murine, and human TSH beta mRNA is highly conserved, and within this region is a 12-nucleotide consensus sequence, which is shared by the 3'-UTR of several other genes with unstable mRNAs. We reasoned that this homologous region could represent a binding motif for specific trans-acting RNA-binding protein(s), and that identification and characterization of such trans-acting factor(s) may provide critical insight into the mechanisms underlying T3-induced changes in TSH beta mRNA stability. U...
A new class of hybrid global optimization algorithms for peptide structure prediction: integrated hybrids

Abstract A novel class of hybrid global optimization methods for application to the structure prediction in protein-folding problem is introduced. These optimization methods take the form of a hybrid between a deterministic global optimization algorithm, the α BB, and a stochastically based method, conformational space annealing (CSA), and attempt to combine the beneficial features of these two algorithms. The α BB method as previously extant exhibits consistency, as it guarantees convergence to the global minimum for twice-continuously differentiable constrained nonlinear programming problems, but can benefit from improvements in the computational front. Computational studies for met-enkephalin demonstrate the promise for the proposed hybrid global optimization method.
Her-2 expression in cutaneous eccrine and apocrine neoplasms

Cutaneous eccrine and apocrine glands have many histologic and immunologic similarities to ducts and acini of the breast. Thus, differentiating a primary cutaneous process from a metastatic breast carcinoma can be nearly impossible. In all, 10-34% of breast carcinomas overexpress HER-2 protein, a membrane-associated protein that functions in cell differentiation, adhesion and motility. As expression of this gene in cutaneous neoplasms has not been well characterized, we sought to determine HER-2 expression in a sample of benign and malignant cutaneous eccrine and apocrine neoplasms and to determine if there is value in using this protein expression in differentiating primary cutaneous from metastatic breast lesions. Totally, 85 primary cutaneous neoplasms and 11 cutaneous metastases from HER-2-positive breast carcinomas were retrieved from archived material at our institute. All cases were evaluated for HER-2 protein expression using the Dako Hercept Test kit. Membranous HER-2 staining was noted in three of the 85 cutaneous adnexal neoplasms: one hidrocystoma and two nodular hidradenomas. Seven of the 11 cutaneous metastases from HER-2-positive breast carcinomas maintained moderate-to-strong HER-2 expression. In conclusion, while 10-34% of breast carcinomas overexpress the HER-2 protein, only 3.5% of cutaneous apocrine and eccrine neoplasms in this study stained with the HER-2 antibody. These HER-2-positive cutaneous neoplasms typically do not pose a diagnostic dilemma in the setting of differentiation from breast metastasis. Additionally, although histologically these breast and cutaneous lesions may have morphologic similarities, the relative lack of HER-2 overexpression suggests that they are different nosologically. Finally, this study suggests that HER-2 protein expression can be a useful tool in differentiating a primary cutaneous appendageal neoplasm from HER-2 expressing metastatic breast carcinoma.
Conversion of Carbon-14 Dioxide to Starch Glucose during Photosynthesis by Spinach Chloroplasts

THE distribution of carbon-14 in the glucose moiety of sucrose, glucose phosphate and starch formed from carbon-14 dioxide during short-time photosynthesis in Chlorella and the leaves of higher plants has been shown to be asymmetric1. It was proposed that either glucose was not formed by the condensation of two triose phosphates of similar tracer distribution or that a pool of unlabelled dihydroxyacetone phosphate was present in the cell, causing a dilution of the upper three carbon atoms of the hexose. To test the validity of the latter suggestion, the intact spinach chloroplast free of much cytoplasic material was employed.
Solution-adaptive techniques in computational heat transfer and fluid flow

Recent contributions to solution-adaptive grid and solution-adaptive differencing techniques are breifly described in this paper. In solution-adaptive grid techniques, the grid points are dynamically reclustered or refined to improve the resolution in the important regions where the truncation error estimate is high. In solution-adaptive differencing techniques, the order of the differencing scheme in high error estimate region is dynamically increased. Thus both adaptive grid and adaptive differencing techniques represent error-equidistribution procedures. Two strategies for adaptive gridding are described in this paper. In one strategy, termed Global Adaptation, all grid points participate in the grid point redistribution process. In the other strategy, called Local Adaptation, grid refinement is performed only in local regions with high truncation error estimates. Results of various problems are presented which show the improvements obtained with solution-adaptive techniques.
Tur Imdai Rockshelter, Jordan: Debitage Analysis and Historic Bedouin Lithic Technology

Abstract Research of the ethnohistoric Bedouin rockshelter of Tur Imdai, Jordan, indicates that chipped stone industries in combination with ceramic and metal technologies played an important role in the daily life of nomadic peoples from the 17th-19th centuries AD. To gain insight into how the past occupants of Tur Imdai produced striker stones and flintlocks, we compare the debitage patterning of several bipolar experiments with that of the materials from Tur Imdai. Employing Sullivan and Rozen's ( American Antiquity 50, 755-799, 1985) method of debitage analysis, we compare experimental and archaeological assemblages. Examination of these lithic assemblages indicates that the majority of debitage resulted from the bipolar reduction of small cobbles that were then shaped by direct percussion. The result of this study indicates that stone tools in the form of flints for flint lock guns, and fire strikers, continued to be used in the Levant from the 16th century through to the introduction of rifle cartridges.
Normal structure of banach spaces

GOSSEZ and LAMI DOZO have obtained a sufficient condition for a Banach space with a Schauder basis to have normal structure. This paper generalizes their theorem to obtain a sufficient condition for an arbitrary Banach space to have normal structure. An example is given to show an application of the theorem.
Relation of Aortic Stiffness and Strain by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Age in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have abnormal aortic properties. It is not known if this increases the risk for aneurysm formation. We sought to identify clinical and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging patient characteristics associated with worsened aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and aortic strain in patients with repaired TOF. In 124 patients with TOF undergoing CMR (median age 24.6 years, interquartile range 17.8 to 34.2), left and right ventricular volumetric data, aortic PWV, and aortic strain were evaluated. Increased PWV positively correlated with age at repair (r = 0.3, p = 0.001) and cross-sectional ascending aortic area (r = 0.34, p
Innovating health care delivery: the design of health services

Purpose – The structure of health care financing, the lack of vertical and horizontal integration, and the slow translation of basic research into meaningful health outcomes for the population conspire to make innovation in health service delivery a difficult task. However, health service organizations that can more effectively and systematically understand patient needs – needs that are now poorly understood and often unarticulated – have an intrinsic advantage in delivering high value care. This ‐paper aims to describe a program for translating those needs into health services innovations.Design/methodology/approach – The Mayo Clinic, a large integrated multispecialty medical group based in Rochester, Minnesota developed an in‐house design program, the SPARC Innovation Program, to bring design thinking and business analysis together to develop innovations in care delivery. A project example is described to illustrate how designers, business strategists, health care professionals, and patients create new...
A Novel Phase of Compressed Bilayers That Models the Prestalk Transition State of Membrane Fusion

The force model of protein-mediated membrane fusion hypothesizes that fusion is driven by mechanical forces exerted on the membranes, but many details are unknown. Here, we investigated by x-ray diffraction the consequence of applying compressive force on a stack of membranes against the hydration barrier. We found that as the osmotic pressure increased, the lamellar phase transformed first to a new phase of tetragonal lattice (T-phase) over a narrow range of relative humidity, and then to a phase of rhombohedral lattice. The unit cell structure changed from parallel bilayers to a bent configuration with a point contact between adjacent bilayers and then to the stalk hemifusion configuration. The T-phase is discussed as a possible transition state in the membrane merging pathway of fusion. We estimate the work required to form the T-phase and the subsequent hemifusion-stalk-resembling R-phase. The work for the formation of a stalk is compatible with the energy estimated to be released by several SNARE complexes.
Quantitative polarized Raman spectroscopy in highly turbid bone tissue

Polarized Raman spectroscopy allows measurement of molecular orientation and composition and is widely used in the study of polymer systems. Here, we extend the technique to the extraction of quantitative orientation information from bone tissue, which is optically thick and highly turbid. We discuss multiple scattering effects in tissue and show that repeated measurements using a series of objectives of differing numerical apertures can be employed to assess the contributions of sample turbidity and depth of field on polarized Raman measurements. A high numerical aperture objective minimizes the systematic errors introduced by multiple scattering. We test and validate the use of polarized Raman spectroscopy using wild-type and genetically modified (oim/oim model of osteogenesis imperfecta) murine bones. Mineral orientation distribution functions show that mineral crystallites are not as well aligned (p 0.05). We provide evidence that simultaneous quantitative measurements of mineral and collagen orientations on intact bone specimens are possible using polarized Raman spectroscopy.
Numerically induced oscillations in finite element approximations to the shallow water equations

Numerical noise has been a problem with finite element solutions to the shallow water equations. Two methods used to reduce the noise level are evaluated, and these results are compared with published results for equal-order interpolations. The two methods are mixed-interpolation (quadratic interpolation for velocity and linear interpolation for sea level) and a spectral form of the wave equation. Whereas mixed interpolation removes the troublesome sea level mode, it can still have considerable noise in velocity. The spectral wave equation is efficient and does not contain the spurious eigenmodes which contribute to high noise levels.
Transient stability of the power system with the effect of the automatic voltage regulator

In this note, the transient stability of the single-machine system with the effect of the automatic voltage regulator is studied, using the direct method of Lyapunov. A new Lyapunov function for stability study of the power system is constructed by the Lagrange-Charpit method. The Lyapunov function is then used to estimate the critical reclosing times for power-system transient stability. The critical reclosing times given by the proposed Lyapunov function are compared to those obtained by numerical integration.
The role of interface structure in controlling high helium concentrations

Abstract Interfaces are good traps for implanted He, but are also susceptible to He-induced embrittlement. Better understanding of the mechanisms of He interactions with interfaces may enable design of interfaces that control He while remaining mechanically sound. We review recent work that aims to gain such insight by determining how interface structure influences He trapping and the equation of state of He in interface bubbles as well as how He-induced hardening depends on interface area per unit volume in composite materials.
Nucleophosmin Serves as a Rate-Limiting Nuclear Export Chaperone for the Mammalian Ribosome

Nucleophosmin (NPM) (B23) is an essential protein in mouse development and cell growth; however, it has been assigned numerous roles in very diverse cellular processes. Here, we present a unified mechanism for NPM's role in cell growth; NPM directs the nuclear export of both 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits. NPM interacts with rRNA and large and small ribosomal subunit proteins and also colocalizes with large and small ribosomal subunit proteins in the nucleolus, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The transduction of NPM shuttling-defective mutants or the loss of Npm1 inhibited the nuclear export of both the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, reduced the available pool of cytoplasmic polysomes, and diminished overall protein synthesis without affecting rRNA processing or ribosome assembly. While the inhibition of NPM shuttling can block cellular proliferation, the dramatic effects on ribosome export occur prior to cell cycle inhibition. Modest increases in NPM expression amplified the export of newly synthesized rRNAs, resulting in increased rates of protein synthesis and indicating that NPM is rate limiting in this pathway. These results support the idea that NPM-regulated ribosome export is a fundamental process in cell growth.
A high-resolution, multi-stop, time-to-digital converter for nuclear time-of-flight measurements

A high-resolution, multi-stop, time-to-digital converter (TDC) was designed and developed to precisely measure the times-of-flight (TOF) of incident neutrons responsible for induced fission and capture reactions on actinide targets. The minimum time resolution is ±1 ns. The TDC design was implemented into a single, dual-wide CAMAC module. The CAMAC bus is used for command and control as well as an alternative data output. A high-speed ECL interface, compatible with LeCroy FERA modules, was also provided for the principle data output path. An Actel high-speed field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip was incorporated with an external oscillator and an internal multiple clock phasing system. This device implemented the majority of the high-speed register functions, the state machine for the FERA interface, and the high-speed counting circuit used for the TDC conversion. An external microcontroller was used to monitor and control system-level changes. In this work we discuss the performance of this TDC module as well as its application.
The impact of emotional intelligence on work team cohesiveness and performance.

In this paper it is argued that the degree of emotional competence demonstrated by members of a team will determine whether member interactions build cohesiveness and high performance. The study presented examines the relationship between the average score of team members on thirteen emotional intelligence (EI) competencies, and ratings of team cohesiveness and performance in 18 teams in an Executive MBA program. Results showed EI competencies of influence, empathy, and achievement orientation were positively related to student and faculty ratings of team cohesiveness. Empathy was positively related to student and faculty ratings of team performance, and achievement orientation was positively related to student ratings of team performance. Implications are discussed.
The charge flow model applied to the vibrational circular dichroism of oriented species

Abstract The charge flow model is applied to the vibrational circular dichroism associated with oriented species. Expressions are derived for the three rotational strengths associated with light propagating along three orthogonal axes. The relevance of these expressions for the determination of the vibrational electric quadrupole transition moment is discussed.
Adenosine A2A receptor mediates microglial process retraction

Cell motility drives many biological processes, including immune responses and embryonic development. In the brain, microglia are immune cells that survey and scavenge brain tissue using elaborate and motile cell processes. The motility of these processes is guided by the local release of chemoattractants. However, most microglial processes retract during prolonged brain injury or disease. This hallmark of brain inflammation remains unexplained. We identified a molecular pathway in mouse and human microglia that converted ATP-driven process extension into process retraction during inflammation. This chemotactic reversal was driven by upregulation of the A(2A) adenosine receptor coincident with P2Y(12) downregulation. Thus, A(2A) receptor stimulation by adenosine, a breakdown product of extracellular ATP, caused activated microglia to assume their characteristic amoeboid morphology during brain inflammation. Our results indicate that purine nucleotides provide an opportunity for context-dependent shifts in receptor signaling. Thus, we reveal an unexpected chemotactic switch that generates a hallmark feature of CNS inflammation.
Progress report on a digital experiment in spiral turbulence.

Digital hot-wire techniques have been used to measure the tangential variation of the vector mean velocity and the six Reynolds stresses at one radial position in a statistically stationary mixed laminar-turbulent flow between counterrotating concentric cylinders.
Magnetoconductance due to parallel magnetic fields in silicon inversion layers.

A new anomalous magnetoconductance in parallel magnetic fields has been observed in a two-dimensional electron system formed in n-channel silicon field-effect transistors in fields up to 1.5 T and in a temperature range 1--4.2 K. The magnetoconductance is positive at electron concentrations ${N}_{S}$g2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ electrons/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and has been interpreted as an effect of suppression of the weak-localization correction to the conductivity. The experiment deduces the presence of an electron random walk in the direction perpendicular to the Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface with the rms value \ensuremath{\delta}z\ensuremath{\le}2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 A\r{}. At lower electron densities the magnetoconductance changes sign and has a magnitude much larger than predicted by the current electron-electron interaction theory. The enhancement has been explained by including the spin fluctuations induced by disorder.
Pentobarbital inhibits extracellular release of dopamine in the ischemic striatum

We examined whether pentobarbital (PB) inhibited the acute extracellular release of dopamine that occurs in the striatum following the onset of ischemic injury in the gerbil model of stroke. The cerebral dialysis technique was employed to monitor striatal extracellular dopamine concentrations before and after carotid artery occlusion while perfusing either a control solution of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or a 1 mM solution of pentobarbital in CSF (PB/CSF). During perfusion with CSF, extracellular dopamine increased from a baseline concentration of 0.40±0.09 (SEM) pmoles/10 minute collection interval to 30.0± 9.0 pmoles/10 minutes after carotid artery occlusion. In contrast, during perfusion with PB/CSF, dopamine levels increased from a baseline of 1.37±0.3 pmoles/10 minutes to 8.30±2.6 pmoles/10 minutes; this increase was significantly less than the increase in controls. In animals with established ischemia, repeatedly alternating the perfusion fluid between CSF and PB/CSF demonstrated that dopamine concentrations were significantly increased with CSF alone and decreased with PB/CSF. These findings demonstrate that pentobarbital perfusion either before or following the onset of ischemia inhibits extracellualr release of dopamine in the striatum. Inhibition of neurotransmitter release may, in part, be responsible for the protective effect of pentobarbital in ischemic brain injury.
Variability and its sources in infant categorization

Abstract Variability of infants’ categorization performance and potential sources of this variability were investigated. Using data from 13 categorization studies employing a habituation-of-looking paradigm with infants 3, 5, 6, and 9 months of age, a method for establishing a categorization criterion was developed and then used to classify individual infants as “categorizers” for particular tasks. Logistic regression analyses were then used to identify demographic and information-processing variables that predicted “categorizer” classification. Variables that increased the odds of being classified as a categorizer were gender, number of habituation trials, and duration of peak look during habituation; total looking time during habituation decreased the odds of categorizer classification. These findings are discussed in the context of individual differences in information processing.
Effects of porcine relaxins upon uterine hypertrophy and protein metabolism in mice.

Two variant forms of porcine relaxin (B and C) are active in producing relaxation of the guinea pig pubic symphysis and in effecting uterine growth in rats. Only relaxin B, however, is active in the mouse pubic ligament assay. These two hormones were compared in mice for their effects upon uterine growth and incorporation of radioactively labeled proline into soluble protein and collagen in vitro and in vivo. Both relaxin B and relaxin C produced an early (3-hr) elevation in in vitro protein synthesis and a later (6-hr) increase in collagen incorporation of proline at the time when the uterotrophic effect was maximal. In vivo effects of relaxin C on the uterus were in some cases greater than relaxin B in contrast to the complete inactivity of the former upon the pubic ligament of the mouse. These findings suggest a high degree of tissue specificity for relaxin stimulation, a variability in responsiveness among tissues in the same animal, and perhaps a primary role of relaxin in uterine function with pelvic relaxation representing a secondary function which has developed in certain species. o 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. In order to accommodate the growing fetus, the gravid uterus undergoes an increase in size and distensibility and more than triples its mass during the latter half of gestation. In ro- dents, the coincidence of the appearance of relaxin in plasma and its increase during the period of rapid uterine growth (1, 2) as well as the reported occurrence of uterine relaxin receptors in mice and rats (3) suggest a signif- icant role for relaxin in uterine growth and maintenance during gestation. Porcine relaxin exhibits trophic and glycogenic effects in the uteri of ovariectomized, estrogen-primed mice and rats (4, 5) and also induces protein ana- bolic effects in rat uteri (6). Collagen synthesis has been implicated as a major target of the latter response, since proline incorporation into rat uterine collagen is stimulated by re- laxin treatment to a significantly greater degree than is the incorporation of phenylalanine or proline into noncollagen (soluble) protein (6). The major forms of relaxin which can be isolated from pregnant sow ovaries (CM-B,
Coating barium titanate nanoparticles with polyethylenimine improves cellular uptake and allows for coupled imaging and gene delivery.

Abstract Barium titanate nanoparticles (BT NP) belong to a class of second harmonic generating (SHG) nanoprobes that have recently demonstrated promise in biological imaging. Unfortunately, BT NPs display low cellular uptake efficiencies, which may be a problem if cellular internalization is desired or required for a particular application. To overcome this issue, while concomitantly developing a particle platform that can also deliver nucleic acids into cells, we coated the BT NPs with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI)–one of the most effective nonviral gene delivery agents. Coating of BT with PEI yielded complexes with positive zeta potentials and resulted in an 8-fold increase in cellular uptake of the BT NPs. Importantly, we were able to achieve high levels of gene delivery with the BT-PEI/DNA complexes, supporting further efforts to generate BT platforms for coupled imaging and gene therapy.
Error correction, interleaving and differential pulse position modulation

This paper discusses the interaction of error, correction, interleaving and modulation format in relation to intersatellite communication by optical technologies, concentrating on the performance and design of pulse position modulation and a variant, differential pulse position modulation with Reed—Solomon codes, helical interleaving and various forecast strategies.
Intracardiac thrombus formation and pulmonary thromboembolism immediately after graft reperfusion in 7 patients undergoing liver transplantation

Intravascular and/or intracardiac thrombus formation followed by pulmonary thromboembolism with right ventricular dysfunction immediately after graft reperfusion during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is described in 7 patients. This complication may have been related to excessive activation of the coagulation system by graft reperfusion, which overwhelmed anticoagulation mechanisms and was disproportionate to fibrinolysis. Activation of the coagulation system may be more pronounced in patients who receive less than optimal grafts, require massive transfusion, or have septic complications at the time of OLT. It is unclear whether antifibrinolytic therapy during the anhepatic stage had a role. Transesophageal echocardiography was useful in diagnosing and managing intracardiac thrombus and pulmonary thromboembolism.
Delayed inhibition of DNA synthesis in mouse jejunum by low doses of Actinomycin D

Actinomycin D (0.008 μg/gm of body weight) injected intraperitoneally every two hours, produced a prompt 50% inhibition of RNA synthesis in the jejunum of mice, and a delayed inhibition of DNA synthesis, that reached its maximum inhibition (68% of control values) 4.5 hours after the first injection of actinomycin D. Autoradiographic studies indicated that this low level of actinomycin D inhibited a step in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, preventing the initiation, but not affecting the continuation, of DNA biosynthesis. The activity of DNA polymerase was not affected under these conditions. The results are substantially similar to those previously obtained with Ehrlich ascites cells growing in the peritoneal cavity of mice and can be interpreted as indicating that in the G1 phase of dividing cells there is an actinomycin sensitive step whose inhibition prevents the entrance of cells into the DNA-synthesis phase.
Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane

A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.
Synthesis and crystal structure of nickel and cobalt complexes with tetraazamacrocyclic ligand attached four dangling pyridinyl groups

Abstract The reaction of 1,4,8,11-tetrakis(3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecane with nickel and cobalt nitrate in methanol at 1:1 molar ratio afforded two new crystals. Both of them are isotructural analogues. Nickel complex crystallized in triclinic space group P-1 with a=10.050(3), b=12.599(4), c=18.267(6) A, α=109.595(3)°, β=103.829(7)°, γ=93.376(6)°, V=2091.2(12) A 3, and Z=2. The Ni(II) ions are five-coordinated by four nitrogen atoms and one phenolic oxygen atom. Their coordination geometry can be described as square pyramid, with short Ni–O distance. (1.984(3) A ) Cobalt complex crystallized in triclinic space group P-1 with a=9.9479(9), b=12.4441(11), c=18.2620(16) A, α=108.0730(10)°, β=104.5780(10)°, γ=93.2030(10)°, V=2057.8(3) A3, and Z=4. The Co(II) ions are also five-coordinated by similar atoms as found in copper complex.
Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by 2-chloroacetophenone and the resultant effects on the catabolism of norepinephrine in brain

Abstract Rabbit brain cortex slices were incubated with 14 C-norepinephrine and the amounts of 14 C-phenolic acids and 14 C-phenolic glycols formed were measured. Pretreatment of rabbits with 2-chloroacetophenone, 300 mg/kg, results in an inhibition of the formation of phenolic acids (especially dihydroxymandelic acid) and a corresponding stimulation of the formation of phenolic glycols. Similar results were observed when the 2-chloroacetophenone was incubated in vitro with brain tissue slices. The concentrations of 2-chloroacetophenone required to inhibit an isolated enzyme preparation of aldehyde dehydrogenase and to inhibit the production of dihydroxymandelic acid in brain tissue slices are similar, which suggests that the effect of 2-chloroacetophenone on norepinephrine metabolism is due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The decrease in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity leads to an increase in substrate available for reduction to phenolic glycols and probably accounts for the observed stimulation of phenolic glycol formation. The effect of 2-chloroacetophenone on norepinephrine metabolism or on isolated aldehyde dehydrogenase could be prevented with glutathione. In addition, the effect on aldehyde dehydrogenase could be reversed with sulfhydryl reagents. This suggests that the interaction of 2-chloroacephenone with sulfhydryl groups may be important in the inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
The impact of primary school quality on learning in Egypt

Abstract In many industrialized societies it is suggested that school quality has less than the anticipated impact on student achievement once the influence of the family has been considered. Since schools are more easily amenable to government intervention, the ambiguous showing of schools has not augered well for a public philosophy which portrays schools as agents of social change. This report re-examines the relationships among home, school and achievement performance in the Egyptian context by assaying the relative impact of families and schools on student test performance. This re-examination is undertaken, in part, because in LDCs one of the strongest associations with level of per capita income is the proportion of school age population enrolled in primary classes. This link between primary school attendence and national development places importance on the need to improve the quality of numeracy/literacy skills in order to further increase the efficiency of the Egyptian economy. Similar to findings in other third world primary school systems, the impact of school quality on achievement performance explains more variance than does the influence of the home. Apparently, Egyptian primary schools do provide a learning milieu independent of home resources which affects pupil test performance on basic literacy skills. Given the impact of separate home and school inputs to achievement performance mentioned above, the last question raised in the paper asks whether school quality in Egypt affects the learning of socially disadvantaged children more than others. This can be checked by examining the interactive term between home and school when a regression is performed on student achievement. Findings reveal that indeed the incremental effects of school quality on the poor are greater than those found for children of advantaged backgrounds. Apparently, Egypt's longstanding egalitarian ideology espousing educational opportunity has paid some dividents to those children of the poor who have remained in school.
Stress confinement, shock wave formation, and laser-induced damage

The concept of confinement is that if energy deposition into a system occurs during durations shorter than a confinement time, the response of the system depends only on the total energy deposited and not on the deposition time. For stress confinement, the relevant response is the pressure that is produced. We have shown previously that for laser absorption by a spherical absorber, stress confinement is not valid at the core of the absorber and the tensile stresses continue to grow as the pulse duration shrinks well below any characteristic response time of the system. We have now calculated the pressure response in the cellular medium outside the absorber. We find that for a variety of energies, stress confinement is valid. We find that the characteristic confinement time agrees well with that expected for pressure transmission across the absorber. We show that even though the peak pressure that is produced varies slowly as a function of pulse duration, there is a sudden onset of shock wave production when the pulse duration is shortened below the confinement time. Since damage results from pressure gradients, the sudden onset of shock waves implies a sharp increase in the potential for damage.
Periodic dynamics in a two-stage Allee effect model are driven by tension between stage equilibria.

Abstract Single species difference population models can show complex dynamics such as periodicity and chaos under certain circumstances, but usually only when rates of intrinsic population growth or other life history parameter are unrealistically high. Single species models with Allee effects (positive density dependence at low density) have also been shown to exhibit complex dynamics when combined with overcompensatory density dependence or a narrow fertility window. Here we present a simple two-stage model with Allee effects which shows large amplitude periodic fluctuations for some initial conditions, without these requirements. Periodicity arises out of a tension between the critical equilibrium of each stage, i.e. when the initial population vector is such that the adult stage is above the critical value, while the juvenile stage is below the critical value. Within this area of parameter space, the range of initial conditions giving rise to periodic dynamics is driven mainly by adult mortality rates. Periodic dynamics become more important as adult mortality increases up to a certain point, after which periodic dynamics are replaced by extinction. This model has more realistic life history parameter values than most ‘chaotic’ models. Conditions for periodic dynamics might arise in some marine species which are exploited (high adult mortality) leading to recruitment limitation (low juvenile density) and might be an additional source of extinction risk.
Using patient engagement in the design and rationale of a trial for women with depression in obstetrics and gynecology practices.

Abstract Introduction Significant health disparities exist among socioeconomically disadvantaged women, who experience elevated rates of depression and increased risk for poor depression treatment engagement and outcomes. We aimed to use stakeholder input to develop innovative methods for a comparative effectiveness trial to address the needs of socioeconomically disadvantaged women with depression in women's health practices. Methods Using a community advisory board, focus groups, and individual patient input, we determined the feasibility and acceptability of an electronic psychosocial screening and referral tool; developed and finalized a prioritization tool for women with depression; and piloted the prioritization tool. Two intervention approaches, enhanced screening and referral using an electronic psychosocial screening, and mentoring using the prioritization tool, were developed as intervention options for socioeconomically disadvantaged women attending women's health practices. We describe the developmental steps and the final design for the comparative effectiveness trial evaluating both intervention approaches. Conclusions Stakeholder input allowed us to develop an acceptable clinical trial of two patient-centered interventions with patient-driven outcomes.
A nonuniform electrical field electroporation chamber design

We show an inexpensive design for an electroporation chamber which subjects electroporated cells to a nonuniform electrical field. Our design, which we call an electroporation cylinder, improved transfection efficiency over that of a uniform field design (electroporation cuvettes) by about sixfold when tested in five mouse cell lines with a transient gene expression assay. Electroporation cylinders subjected cells to electrical field strengths at least as powerful as those of electroporation cuvettes, as judged by comparing the percentages of cells killed by electroporation. Cylinder and cuvette designs were similar in their effect on the variability of transfection efficiency. Electroporation cylinders may be particularly useful when the optimal electrical field strength for a cell line is not known or is unattainable with a given power supply.
Thin film BaxSr1-xTiO3 ku- and k-band phase shifters grown on MgO substrates

Abstract We report measurements of gold circuits fabricated on four BaxSr1-xTiO3 ferroelectric films doped with 1% Mn grown on MgO substrates by laser ablation. Low frequency (1 MHz) measurements of σT and tanδ on interdigital capacitors are compared with high frequency measurements of phase shift and insertion loss on coupled microstrip phase shifters patterned onto the same films. The variation in temperature of both high and low frequency device parameters is compared. Annealed with amorphous buffer layer and unannealed films are compared. Room temperature figures of merit of phase shift per insertion loss of up to 58.4°/dB at 18 GHz and 400 V dc bias were measured.
Should Deflationists Be Dialetheists

Our answer to the title question is affirmative: deflationists should be dialetheists, where dialetheists hold that some truths have true negations. (We discuss dialetheism further below.) Why should deflationists be dialetheists? The answer rests on the Liar (and related) paradox. In his comparative study of disquotational and correspondence truth [10] Marian David completely neglects the Liar paradox. Why? David's answer is clear:
Analytical representations of the Mössbauer recoilless fraction, Debye-Waller factors, lattice energies, and heat capacities

Simple analytical expansions are given for the recoilless fraction in Mossbauer spectroscopy, the Debye-Waller factor in X-ray scattering, and the lattice energy and heat capacity of solids. While this problem has been discussed in an earlier paper [1], computer technology has now advanced to the point that direct evaluations of the simple expansions of these quantities are useful for quick curve fitting to experimental data at any desired temperature, and these expansions are easier to evaluate than using graphs to estimate recoilless fractions and Debye temperatures. We compare this approach with a polynomial expansion in terms of Bernoulli numbers, which has only a limited domain of convergence. We explicitly evaluate the convergence of these Debye integral expansions as a function of the number of terms used and the time required.
Detection, localization and characterization of damage in plates with an in situ array of spatially distributed ultrasonic sensors

Permanently attached piezoelectric sensors arranged in a spatially distributed array are under consideration for structural health monitoring systems incorporating active ultrasonic methods. Most damage detection and localization methods that have been proposed are based upon comparing monitored signals to baselines recorded from the structure prior to initiation of damage. To be effective, this comparison process must take into account any conditions other than damage that have changed the ultrasonic signals. Proposed here is a two-step process whereby damage is first detected and is then localized and characterized. The detection strategy considers the long time behavior of the signals in the diffuse-like regime where distinct echoes can no longer be identified. The localization strategy is to generate images of damage based upon the early time regime when discrete echoes from boundary reflections and scattering sites are meaningful. Results are shown for an aluminum plate with artificial damage introduced in combination with temperature variations. The loss of local temporal coherence combined with an optimal baseline selection procedure is shown to be effective for the detection of damage, and a delay-and-sum imaging method applied to the residual signals both localizes the damage and provides characterization information.
Laser Spectroscopy of Conformationally Constrained α/β-Peptides: Ac-ACPC-Phe-NHMe and Ac-Phe-ACPC-NHMe†

Single-conformation ultraviolet and infrared spectra have been recorded under the isolated molecule conditions of a supersonic expansion for three conformationally constrained α/β-peptides, Ac-l-Phe-ACPC-NHMe (αLβACPC), Ac-ACPC-l-Phe-NHMe (βACPCαL), and Ac-ACPC-d-Phe-NHMe (βACPCαD). These three molecules are close analogues of the hAla-containing α/β-peptide counterparts Ac-l-Phe-β3-hAla-NHMe, Ac-β3-hAla-l-Phe-NHMe, and Ac-β3-hAla-d-Phe-NHMe, which have been studied recently by James et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6574). Incorporation of the β-amino acid trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) constrains the β-peptide backbone via the cyclopentane ring, producing clear changes in the conformational preferences relative to the unconstrained analogues. The conformational control is manifested most obviously in the complete absence of C6 H-bonded rings, which were dominant in the unconstrained α/β-peptides. The most stable C6 ring structure (C6a) in the absence of the ACPC ring cannot be formed...