cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UV-LIGA microfabrication and test of an ac-type micropump based on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principle

This paper reports on a research effort to design, microfabricate and test an AC-type magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropump using UV-LIGA microfabrication. The micropump is driven using the Lorentz force and can be used to deliver electrically conductive fluids. In the AC-type MHD micropump developed in our laboratory, a diffuser/nozzle is integrated with a MHD driving chamber. With a magnetic field supplied by an external permanent magnet, and an AC electrical current supplied across two copper side-walls, the distributed body force generated will produce a pressure difference on the fluid in the pumping chamber. The directional dependence of the flow resistance of the diffuser/nozzle allows for a net output flow in response to the oscillating pressure generated by the sinusoidal current. The major advantage of a MHD-based micropump is that it does not contain any moving parts. It may have potential applications in medicine delivery, and biological or biomedical studies. An AC-driven micropump may be used to improve on the performance obtained in tests of a DC-driven prototype micropump, that showed pumping performance was significantly degraded by bubble generation.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economics of energy conservation in health care facilities.

(1979). Economics of Energy Conservation in Health Care Facilities. Hospital Topics: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 32-39.
NEW TAXA OF LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE FROM BAHIA, BRAZIL

Brodriguesia santosii, gen. & sp. nov., from the coastal rain forest of Bahia, is described, illustrated and compared with nearly related genera of the tribe Detarieae. In addition, three new species, Arapatiella emarginata (the second species of the genus), Swartzia oblata, S. pinheiroana and one new variety, Goniorrhachis marginata var. bahiana, are presented.
Theory of Polymer Adsorption and Colloid Stabilization in Supercritical Fluids. 1. Homopolymer Stabilizers

Homopolymer adsorption and stabilization of colloids in compressible supercritical solvents are modeled with the lattice-fluid self-consistent field theory (LFSCF). Adsorption at a single surface i...
Coastal Resource Management and Social Differences in Philippine Fishing Communities

Class, ethnic, and gender differences among fisherfolk powerfully influence how the benefits and costs of coastal resource management programs are perceived and experienced in Philippine fishing communities. These and other social differences also limit the efficacy of community participation in these programs and hence the role that local communities can be expected to play in fisheries co-management regimes. Greater attention to institutional changes is needed if the management potential of such regimes is to be realized.
Review: Rivaroxaban causes less fatal bleeding, but does not reduce mortality, compared with VKAs

Source Citation Wasserlauf G, Grandi SM, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-analysis of rivaroxaban and bleeding risk. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:454-60. 23642380
Prevalence of Third Molars With Caries Experience or Periodontal Pathology in Young Adults

Purpose We assessed the prevalence of caries experience and periodontal pathology on asymptomatic third molars in young adults. Subjects and Methods Healthy subjects with 4 asymptomatic third molars were enrolled in an institutional review board-approved study during a 5-year period. Full mouth periodontal probing, 6 sites per tooth, was the measure of clinical periodontal status. The presence or absence of occlusal caries experience (carious lesions or restorations, including sealants) on third molars and on any surface of the first and second molars were assessed using a visual-tactile examination and panoramic radiographs. The primary outcome measures were at least 1 periodontal probing depth of at least 4 mm versus none and caries experience versus no caries experience. Results The data were analyzed from 409 subjects, who averaged 25 years old. More subjects were female (53%) and white (76%). More subjects had at least 1 periodontal probing depth of 4 mm or deeper on a third molar (55%) than on the distal of a second molar (46%). These findings were more likely to be detected around a third molar in subjects with all third molars at the occlusal plane (72%) than in subjects with at least one third molar below (33%). Overall, fewer subjects were affected by third molar caries experience than first or second molars (24% vs 73%, respectively). Of the subset of subjects with all four third molars at the occlusal plane, 26% were affected by both third molar periodontal pathology and caries experience and 16% were caries and periodontal pathology free. Conclusions In these cross-sectional analyses, periodontal pathology was detected more frequently on third molars than on first and second molars and caries experience was detected more frequently on first and second molars than on third molars.
Possible high-mobility LAGEOS ranging station

Abstract A relatively low-cost system for determining both the vertical and horizontal coordinates of several dozen points per year with an accuracy of about 2 cm appears feasible. One approach considered is to use a subnanosecond pulse length laser with a few millijoules per pulse output energy and to employ single photoelectron detection of the returned signal. The single photoelectron approach has been thoroughly tested in the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment. With a laser average power of about 50 mW, a 30-cm diameter transmit-receive aperture, 10 arc sec pointing accuracy and a beam divergence of 20 arc sec, the expected returned signal level is about 70 pulses in a 3-min interval. If the differences between the observed ranges and those calculated from a reasonably good LAGEOS ephemeris over a 3-min interval are considered, the expected standard deviation of the mean is The calibration procedure used in lunar ranging appears capable of reducing any bias due to the photomultiplier or timing system to 0.5 cm. The other main error source we have considered for the measured optical transit time is a possible difference in arrival time in different parts of the far field pattern because of laser mode structure. This effect needs to be checked experimentally, but we expect it to be 0.5 cm or less for a laser pulse length of about 200 psec. Based on these error estimates, simulations for one week of observations from the high-mobility station have been carried out for us at the National Geodetic Survey. When a refraction model error of 0.15% was used, the uncertainty of the high-mobility station position with respect to a reference station 500 km away was found to be 2.4 cm or less in each coordinate. After the gravity-field uncertainties have been reduced, the station location accuracy will be improved further and the limitation of measuring with respect to a regional reference station can be relaxed.
An improved clearing and mounting solution to replace chloral hydrate in microscopic applications.

Premise of the study: This study presents Visikol™, a new proprietary formulation that can be used as an efficient replacement for chloral hydrate as a clearing agent for microscopic examination. In the United States, chloral hydrate is regulated and therefore difficult to acquire. Methods and Results: Fresh and dry samples of the following plants: ginger (Zingiber officinale), mate (Ilex paraguariensis), lime basil (Ocimum americanum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and mouse-ear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), were cleared using Visikol or chloral hydrate solution and compared using a light microscope. Conclusions: This new method can be used successfully to clear specimens, allowing identification of diagnostic characteristics for the identification of plant materials. Visikol is as effective as chloral hydrate in providing clarity and resolution of all tissues examined. Tissues become transparent, allowing observation of deeper layers of cells and making it effective in research, botanical and quality cont...
Spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in quasi-cubic manganites: A brief review

Abstract The rich phase diagram of La 1 - x Ca x MnO 3 is the consequence of the interplay of spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom, giving rise to several magnetic phases, Jahn–Teller distortions, spin-canting and phase separation, and orbital and charge order. Each Mn ion is in a mixed valent state of two magnetic configurations, Mn 4 + and Mn 3 + . We study the phase diagram using mean-field slave bosons for the itinerant e g -electrons in two orbitals with excluded multiple occupancy of each site, Hund's rule interaction between the e g and t 2 g states and Jahn–Teller coupling of the e g orbitals to the lattice.
An internal equilibrium preorganizes the enzyme-substrate complex for hydride tunneling in choline oxidase.

The hydride transfer reaction catalyzed by choline oxidase under irreversible regime, i.e., at saturating oxygen, was shown in a recent study to occur quantum mechanically within a highly preorganized active site, with the reactive configuration for hydride tunneling being minimally affected by environmental vibrations of the reaction coordinate other than those affecting the distance between the α-carbon of the choline alkoxide substrate and the N(5) atom of the enzyme-bound flavin cofactor [Fan, F., and Gadda, G. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 17954−17961]. In this study, we have determined the effects of pH and temperature on the substrate kinetic isotope effects with 1,2-[2H4]choline as substrate for choline oxidase at 0.2 mM oxygen to gain insights on the mechanism of hydride transfer under reversible catalytic regime. The data presented indicated that the kinetic complexity arising from the net flux through the reverse of the hydride transfer step changed with temperature, with the hydride transfer r...
Onset of long-range order in a paramagnet.

The onset of long-range order in a paramagnet is studied using an expansion in powers of 1/z, where z is the number of nearest neighbors. Rather than expand the correlation function itself, we expand the self-energy in powers of 1/z. For both the Ising and Heisenberg models of ferromagnetism, the long-range correlations diverge at the true, shifted Curie temperaure. Therefore, the magnetic and paramagnetic results of the 1/z expansion are consistent.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Early vs Late Reconstruction of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries

Background Controversy exists regarding the optimal timing of repair after iatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDI). Several studies advocate late repair (≥6 weeks after injury) with mandatory drainage and resolution of inflammation. Others indicate that early repair ( Study Design A Markov model was developed to evaluate primary surgeon repair (PSR), late repair by a hepatobiliary surgeon (LHBS), and early repair by a hepatobiliary surgeon (EHBS). Baseline values and ranges were collected from the literature. Sensitivity analsyses were conducted to test the strength of the model and variability of parameters. Results The model demonstrated that EHBS was associated with lower costs, earlier return to normal activity, and better quality of life. Specifically, 1 year after repair, PSR yielded 0.53 quality adjusted life years (QALYs) ($120,000/QALY) and LHBS yielded 0.74 QALYs ($74,000/QALY); EHBS yielded 0.82 QALYs ($48,000/QALY). Sensitivity analyses supported these findings at clinically meaningful probabilities. Conclusions This cost-effectiveness model demonstrates that early repair by a hepatobiliary surgeon is the superior strategy for the treatment of BDI in properly selected patients. Although there is little clinical difference between early and late repair, there is a great difference in cost and quality of life. Ideally, costs and quality of life should be considered in decisions regarding strategies of repair of injured bile ducts.
Particle identification in a liquid argon calorimeter

Abstract This paper discusses a longitudinally segmented allene doped liquid argon detector used as a range telescope for identification of stopping particles. The detector is capable of isotopic identification at energies from 1 GeV/nucleon for atomic mass less than 150. It is meant to be flown on a long duration balloon flight for observation of heavy cosmic rays and high energy gamma rays, and for use at accelerators in identification of fragmentation products from high energy nuclear interactions.
Dispersal and persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in a contaminated aquatic ecosystem, Bayou Meto, Arkansas

Abstract During the late 1970s, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) from a chemical plant contaminated sediments and fishes for more than 250 km of Bayou Mete, a warmwater lowland stream in east-central Arkansas. During the mid-1980s, TCDD concentrations ranged as high as 2,500 ppt (parts per trillion, ng/kg) in sediments and 1,900 ppt in fishes, resulting in a limited ban on sportfishing and total ban on commercial fishing in that stream. In 1991, a study was initiated to determine the persistence of TCDD in Bayou Meto fishes and sediments and the extent of its dispersal from the point source. Concentrations of TCDD in food fish fillets exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's foodstuff levels (25 ppt) for more than 20 km below the point source and young bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and sediments exceeded detectable limits (1 ppt) throughout the river. Highest TCDD concentrations in fish (296 ppt) and sediment (276 ppt) were found immediately below the source, but those levels were lower ...
Early events required for induction of chromosome abnormalities in human cells by herpes simplex virus

Abstract Studies on chromosome abnormalities induced in human diploid cells by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were undertaken to determine the period of the viral replication cycle during which these abnormalities occur. When cells pretreated for 16–18 hr with human interferon were inoculated with HSV-2 for 4 hr, chromosome abnormalities did not occur except at low levels found in control cultures. Thus, HSV-2 induced chromosome damage occurs following viral uncoating and requires some translation of the viral genome. Other experiments were performed to determine whether these abnormalities occur prior to synthesis of viral DNA. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), which is known to inhibit herpes simplex viral DNA synthesis, was used in these experiments. Although ara-C produced a 99.9% inhibition of HSV-2 multiplication, it did not prevent induction of chromosome damage by HSV-2. These results indicate that HSV-2 induced chromosome damage occurs in the absence of extensive viral DNA replication. In fact, ara-C acted synergistically with HSV-2 in the induction of multiple chromosome breaks. The nature of this synergism is unknown.
Network vulnerabilities and strategic intelligence in law enforcement

(1991). Network vulnerabilities and strategic intelligence in law enforcement. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 255-274.
Increasing the Complexity of Young Adolescents’ Beliefs About Poverty and Inequality: Results of an 8th Grade Social Studies Curriculum Intervention

Poverty and economic hardship remain a reality for many of America’s children. Although the causes of poverty are varied, Americans strongly endorse individual responsibility as a primary cause. Because beliefs about poverty originate in childhood and adolescence, intervention efforts targeting young people may be particularly effective in shifting attitudes about the poor and policies designed to help the disadvantaged. To test this proposition, the current study evaluated the efficacy of a 1-week 8th grade social studies curriculum focusing on poverty and inequality. Study participants were upper middle-class youth enrolled in multiple sections of a Social Studies course taught by a single teacher. Participants had little direct contact with marginalized groups such as poor and homeless individuals in their communities. Students (N = 66) completed a survey assessing their attitudes and beliefs about poverty and poor people prior to, and 1 week and 6 months post-instruction. Results indicated that the curriculum was partially effective in increasing the complexity of students’ beliefs about poverty. Students were more likely to emphasize fatalistic causes and less likely to list individualistic causes for poverty following instruction than before, but rarely emphasized structural causes for poverty and rated individual effort as the most influential factor in determining one’s success. Implications of the study findings for curriculum efforts targeting young adolescents’ reasoning about economic inequality and inequity and directions for future studies are discussed.
Synthesis of amorphous boron nitride from the molecular precursor ammonia-monochloroborane

Ammonia-monochloroborane, NH3BH2Cl, has been synthesized from the reaction of ammonia-borane with HCl in Et2O. Decomposition of the solid under NH3 to 600 °C produced amorphous BN in 97% yield. The 11B magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the amorphous BN is indicative of boron in the same environment as in hexagonal BN. Subsequent pyrolysis of the amorphous BN to 1000 °C produced turbostratic BN. Pyrolysis of NH3BH2Cl under vacuum to 1100 °C led to the formation of turbostratic BN as confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Gas evolution during this pyrolysis confirmed that the precursor loses H2 and HCl.
Effect of CO on Pt-catalyzed decomposition of formic acid in ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract Previous work has established that Pt(111) catalyzes the decomposition of formic acid via a formate intermediate, ultimately yielding CO2 and H2 as gas-phase products in the environment of ultrahigh vacuum. In this work, we describe the effect of CO, which is a known poison in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid at Pt surfaces. We find that CO exerts two main effects. First, it prevents conversion of molecular acid to the formate intermediate and promotes desorption of the molecular acid, both as monomers and oligomers. Presumably this is due to blocking of sites necessary to accommodate the dissociation products. Second, CO promotes a new but minor decomposition pathway by which up to 0.04 monolayers of the acid reacts. These results are compared with the electrochemical literature.
FATCA’s Impact on Structured Products

On March, 18, 2010, President Obama signed the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (HIRE Act) into law. While the main focus of the law is to provide incentives for hiring and retaining unemployed workers, it also contains provisions to address offshore tax evasion. These provisions, commonly referred to as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), add an entirely new and significant U.S. withholding and information reporting tax regime to the Internal Revenue Code. FATCA was enacted to ensure there is no gap in the ability of the U.S. government to determine the ownership of U.S. assets in foreign accounts and to prevent offshore tax abuses by U.S. persons—in particular to prevent a U.S. person from escaping U.S. tax liability by owning U.S. assets through foreign accounts. During the last decade, U.S. persons, including financial institutions, corporations, and individuals, have invested trillions of dollars into global loan syndications and participations, as well as multi-party repos and swap or derivative products. Now banks and other financial sponsors will have to determine how FATCA and the preexisting U.S. tax information reporting and withholding rules interact and are applied to cross-border structured financial products. This article explores the impact of FATCA on cross-border loan participations, syndications or multi-party repo transactions, and on notional principal contracts or derivatives.
Copy number and sequence variants implicate APBA2 as an autism candidate gene

We recently reported an autistic proband and affected sibling with maternally inherited microduplications within the 15q13.1 and 15q13.3 regions that contain a total of 4 genes. The amyloid precursor protein-binding protein A2 (APBA2) gene is located within the 15q13.1 duplication and encodes a neuronal adaptor protein essential to synaptic transmission that interacts directly with NRXN1 at the presynaptic membrane. We interpreted this as evidence for a putative role of APBA2 in autism as larger maternal duplications of 15q11-q13 are the most common known cause of autism. We therefore resequenced 512 subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 463 controls, and identified 7 novel nonsynonymous coding variants in ASD subjects compared with 4 in controls. Five of the seven variants in the ASD group were predicted to affect protein function, alter residues conserved across 18 species, or both. All of the variants for which parental DNA was available were inherited. We also found two different nonsynonymous variants in two siblings with autism: (1) a paternally inherited heterozygous 6 bp deletion and (2) a maternally inherited heterozygous missense mutation, the latter also found in a single control. These results indicate compound heterozygous mutations of APBA2 in this autism sibship. The co-occurrence of two nonsynonymous mutations in both affected siblings in a single family, each transmitted from a different unaffected parent, suggest a role for APBA2 mutations in rare individuals with ASD.
Fundamental Approach to Equivalent Systems Analysis

CRITICAL review is presented, and an alternate extended procedure is offered, for the equivalent system technique1 for evaluating aircraft handling qualities. In the equivalent systems approach, a numerical search algorithm has been employed to find the reduced-order model, of "classical" aircraft form, such that the frequency response of the higher-order system (aircraft) is well approximated over a specified frequency range. Questions have been raised, however especially when a good approximation is not obtained with the method, and are related to the following2: 1) the nonuniqueness of solutions, 2) the interpretation of the matching cost, 3) the "goodness of fit" required, 4) the uncertainty as to whether to fix or free parameters in the lower order transfer functions, 5) the appropriate treatment of the multi-input/multi-output case, and 6) the concept of effective system dynamic order. The origins of some of these problems may be generated by the reduction procedure, while others may result from not considering certain aspects of closed-loop system analysis or from the inability to accurately define the task. And still others may arise because each system possesses an effective order, often times higher than that desired. Because of some of these fundamental difficulties, the reduced-order modeling objective of approximating the aircraft's frequency response is re-examined, and when and how to match multiple frequency responses will be reviewed. An alternate state-space model-reduction approach will be proposed. The original transfer function (matrix) G(s) of dynamic order n is to be reduced, via a state-space transformation T. The construction of T involves no numerical search algorithm. Furthermore, the resulting model Gr is unique for the selected dynamic order >. The least effective dynamic order is determined a priori by evaluating a set of frequency-domain matching error bounds. These error bounds, furthermore, are applicable to each i-j element of [G(s) — Gr(s)]s=J(0 over all CD. These error bounds may naturally be interpreted on a Bode plot. Finally, the approach is applicable to multi-input/multioutput systems.
Subcellular Localization of Presenilins: Association with a Unique Membrane Pool in Cultured Cells

We have investigated the subcellular distribution of presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) in a variety of mammalian cell lines. In Iodixanol-based density gradients, PS1 derivatives show a biphasic distribution, cofractionating with membranes containing ER-resident proteins and an additional population of membranes with low buoyant density that do not contain markers of the Golgi complex, ERGIC, COP II vesicles, ER exit compartment, COP II receptor, Golgi SNARE, trans-Golgi network, caveolar membranes, or endocytic vesicles. Confocal immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies fully supported the fractionation studies. These data suggest that PS1 fragments accumulate in a unique subcompartment(s) of the ER or ER to Golgi trafficking intermediates. Interestingly, the FAD-linked PS1 variants show a marked redistribution toward the heavier region of the gradient. Finally, and in contrast to PS1, PS2 fragments are detected preponderantly in more densely sedimenting membranes, suggesting that the subcellular compartments in which these molecules accumulate are distinct.
Hexanuclear and higher nuclearity clusters of the Groups 4–7 metals with stabilizing π-donor ligands

Abstract The chemistry of early transition element clusters with π-donor ligands is growing rapidly. We review the syntheses of these compounds, with an emphasis on progress in the last 6 years. The predominant synthetic routes to such clusters are spontaneous self-assembly, apparent fragment condensation, excision from solids, and global ligand substitution. Mechanistic conclusions about cluster-forming reactions are discussed where possible. We conclude with prospects for future research.
Theory of medium‐rank second‐order calibration with restricted‐Tucker models

If an analytical instrument or instrumental method gives a response matrix when analyzing a pure analyte, the instrument or instrumental method is called a second-order method. Second-order methods that generate a response matrix for a pure analyte of rank one are called rank-one second-order methods. If the response matrix of a pure analyte is not rank one, essentially two cases exist: medium rank (between two and five) and high rank (greater than five). Subsequently, medium- and high-rank second-order calibration tries to use medium- and high-rank second-order methods to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture. A particular advantage of second-order methods is the ability to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture which contains unknown interferences. Keeping this advantage is the challenge on moving away from rank-one second-order calibration methods. In this paper a medium-rank second-order calibration method is proposed based on least-squares restricted Tucker models. With this method the second-order advantage is retained.
Leadership and Micro-Managing: What are the consequences?

Leadership is a people business. It offers an immense opportunity to lead people toward change, toward the organization's vision and toward enhanced opportunity for the leader's personal and professional growth and development. It also presents a unique challenge to guide, promote and have a positive influence and effect on the growth and development of subordinates. In order for subordinates to grow however, a relationship of trust must exist between the leader and subordinate. Trust is not readily given to any leader; trust must be earned.
Teaching Psychiatry in Medical School

Considerable dissatisfaction of students and educators exists in regard to the teaching of psychiatry in medical school. This paper recommends that the liaison model of teaching directed to house and attending staffs be applied to the teaching of medical students during their clerkships throughout the general hospital, with a concomitant de-emphasis of training solely on the psychiatric service.
Centrosome hyperamplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a potential phenotypic marker of tumor aggressiveness.

Objectives/Hypothesis There is currently no single histological or genotypic marker that reliably predicts the biological behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While multiple genetic mutations have been investigated, no single genotypic alteration has consistently correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Phenotypic markers may prove more predictive, because they can represent many different genetic alterations. We investigated the frequency of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC and examined its usefulness as a marker for tumor recurrence. Study Design Analysis of archived paraffin blocks using immunohistochemistry. Methods Eighteen patients who underwent resection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed. Ten patients had cancers that recurred locally within 1 year of resection, and 8 patients were tumor free at 5 years. The amount of centrosome hyperamplification in the cancer specimens and all surgical margins was graded as follows: 0, none; 1+, rare hyperamplification; 2+, greater than 10% of cells per high-powered field; and 3+, greater than 20% of cells per high-powered field. Results Centrosome hyperamplification was found in 17 of 18 tumors (94%). Grade 2+ or 3+ hyperamplification was found more in cancers that recurred (9 of 10) than in those that did not (3 of 8) and was more prevalent in the histologically normal margins of patients with recurrence (8 of 10) than in those without recurrent cancer (3 of 8). Conclusions Our results demonstrate the e-tremely frequent occurrence of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC. Centrosome hyperamplification is a phenotypic marker for HNSCC and can reflect multiple genotypic changes. Its presence in histologically normal margins suggests that it may be useful for analysis of primary tumors and tumor margins.
Effects of Steroids and ACTH on Pyruvate and Acetate Metabolism by the Sheep Adrenal Cortex in Vitro1

Fasciculate-re ticular slices of sheep adrenal cortex were incubated for 1 hr in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing glucose 5 mM and then for 3 hr in solution containing pyruvate-3-14C. Adrenal tissue from sheep treated for 1 week with triamcinolone acetonide, 0.1 mg/kg/day, showed a significant decrease in 14C incorporation into tissue cholesterol. A direct effect of steroids on adrenal lipid metabolism was studied by incubating adrenal cortical slices with cortisol sodium succinate 6.7×10−4m. The addition of cortisol was accompanied by a significant increase in 14C incorporation into medium bicarbonate and by significant decreases in 14C incorporation into fatty acids and cholesterol. ACTH in concentrations of 1.0 and 0.1 U/ml resulted in similar effects—increased 14C incorporation into medium bicarbonate, decreased 14C incorporation into adrenal cortical fatty acids and cholesterol. Modified pulse-labeling studies with acetate-2-14C revealed an early phase of disproportionate labeling of adrenal corti...
Sleep apnea considered as a control system instability

In the present study a mathematical model of the chemical control of respiration is described which attempts to simulate periodic breathing during sleep. The model is an extension of an earlier model which has been shown to successfully reproduce the transient effects of CO2 inhalation on breathing, controlled changes in ventilation on arterial gas tension, and Cheyne-Stokes breathing. Included in the extended model are the effects of chemical stimuli during sleep on both chest wall and upper airway muscle activity. Data is presented indicating that simulations from the model reproduce reasonably well the essential features of the resulta obtained in eight subjects with periodic respiration during sleep when breathing room air, O2, or low concentrations of CO2. Simulations from the model and the experimental data suggest that periodic breathing during sleep results from unstable operation in the respiratory control system analogous to the seen during instabilities in physical control systems. The model indicates that obstructive as well as central apneas can be produced by control system instability. Furthermore, central apneas increase the likelihood of obstructive apneas while obstructive apneas tend to aggravate the control instability. The model results predict that the characteristics of the periodic breathing seen during sleep, such as apnea length, will depend on circulation time and the sensitivity of both upper airway and chest wall muscles to hypercappia and hypoxia.
Growth mechanism of YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films on vicinal MgO

Abstract YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films have been grown on vicinal MgO substrates by pulsed-laser ablation. The substrate topography has been shown to affect the microstructure of the film. The step edge act as preferential sites for island nucleation, controlling the in-plane alignment of the islands. The resulting microstructure consists of c-axis oriented grains which have a large aspect ratio. The formation of a well-defined substrate surface enables the growth of highly oriented YBa2Cu3O7-δ films, on a substrate where there is a large lattice mismatch. The films have been characterized by both X-ray diffraction techniques and transmission electron microscopy.
Dependence of the Firearm-Related Homicide Rate on Gun Availability: A Mathematical Analysis

In the USA, the relationship between the legal availability of guns and the firearm-related homicide rate has been debated. It has been argued that unrestricted gun availability promotes the occurrence of firearm-induced homicides. It has also been pointed out that gun possession can protect potential victims when attacked. This paper provides a first mathematical analysis of this tradeoff, with the goal to steer the debate towards arguing about assumptions, statistics, and scientific methods. The model is based on a set of clearly defined assumptions, which are supported by available statistical data, and is formulated axiomatically such that results do not depend on arbitrary mathematical expressions. According to this framework, two alternative scenarios can minimize the gun-related homicide rate: a ban of private firearms possession, or a policy allowing the general population to carry guns. Importantly, the model identifies the crucial parameters that determine which policy minimizes the death rate, and thus serves as a guide for the design of future epidemiological studies. The parameters that need to be measured include the fraction of offenders that illegally possess a gun, the degree of protection provided by gun ownership, and the fraction of the population who take up their right to own a gun and carry it when attacked. Limited data available in the literature were used to demonstrate how the model can be parameterized, and this preliminary analysis suggests that a ban of private firearm possession, or possibly a partial reduction in gun availability, might lower the rate of firearm-induced homicides. This, however, should not be seen as a policy recommendation, due to the limited data available to inform and parameterize the model. However, the model clearly defines what needs to be measured, and provides a basis for a scientific discussion about assumptions and data.
Generation of two-dimensional concentration-gradient droplet arrays on a two-layer chip for screening of protein crystallization conditions

We developed a two-layer microfluidic chip for the generation of two-dimensional concentration-gradient droplet arrays. All of the channels, including a concentration-gradient formation channel network, an oil phase channel network, and droplet generators, were ingeniously arranged on a single polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, which facilitates the fabrication of the chip. Ninety-six lines of subnanoliter droplets with concentration gradients can be formed on a 6-inlet PDMS chip. With the aqueous phase flow rate of 1.0 μL/min and the oil phase flow rate of 35 μL/min, relative standard deviation of the droplet sizes in the same channel was below 5.0 %, while in the 96 channels was 7.0 %. Multiparameter screening of protein crystallization conditions was demonstrated by using the two-dimensional concentration-gradient droplet arrays. Protein, precipitant, and buffer each at 16 concentrations for lysozyme crystallization were tested simultaneously in one 6-inlet chip, and five precipitants each at eight concentrations were screened at the same time in one 10-inlet chip. The concentration-gradient droplet chip proved to be a useful tool for screening crystallization conditions, characterized by low consumption, high throughput, convenience, and automatization.
A MicroRNA Cluster at 14q32 Drives Aggressive Lung Adenocarcinoma

Purpose To determine whether different subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma (AC) have distinct microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles, and to identify miRNAs associated with aggressive subgroups of resected lung AC. Experimental design miRNA expression profile analysis was performed in 91 resected lung AC and 10 matched nonmalignant lung tissues using a PCR-based array. An independent cohort of 60 lung ACs was used for validating by quantitative PCR the top 3 prognostic miRNAs. Gene-expression data from 51 miRNA profiled tumors was used for determining transcript-specific miRNA correlations and gene-enrichment pathway analysis. Results Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 356 miRNAs identified 3 major clusters of lung AC correlated with stage (P = 0.023), tumor differentiation (P Conclusions Different morphologic subtypes of lung AC have distinct miRNA expression profiles, and 3 miRNAs encoded at 14q32 (miR-411, miR-370, and miR-376a) were associated with poor survival after lung AC resection.
Do Multiple Micronutrient Interventions Improve Child Health, Growth, and Development?

Micronutrient deficiencies are common and often co-occur in many developing countries. Several studies have examined the benefits of providing multiple micronutrient (MMN) interventions during pregnancy and childhood, but the implications for programs remain unclear. The key objective of this review is to summarize what is known about the efficacy of MMN interventions during early childhood on functional outcomes, namely, child health, survival, growth, and development, to guide policy and identify gaps for future research. We identified review articles including meta-analyses and intervention studies that evaluated the benefits of MMN interventions (3 or more micronutrients) in children ( 25) and 2 meta-analyses that MMN interventions improve hemoglobin concentrations and reduce anemia, but the effects were small compared to providing only iron or iron with folic acid. Two recent meta-analyses and several intervention trials also indicated that MMN interventions improve linear growth compared to providing a placebo or single nutrients. Much less is known about the effects on MMN interventions during early childhood on motor and mental development. In summary, MMN interventions may result in improved outcomes for children in settings where micronutrient deficiencies are widespread.
A separable linear algorithm for hydropower optimization

A deterministic, separable, linear algorithm is presented for maximizing aggregate hydropower production. The method is iterative and amenable to solution using standard LP software. The utility of the technique is demonstrated using several test applications involving a hypothetical single-purpose hydropower reservoir and a monthly increment 20-year flow record from the Gunpowder River in Maryland. The separable linearized forms solved quickly using MPSX on a variety of IBM hardware: 3090-400 VF, 3084 QX, dual processor 4381-3, and an AT/370 personal computer. For comparison purposes, the original nonlinear nonseparable version of the model was also solved using MINOS. This yielded a value of aggregate hydropower marginally higher than that using MPSX. The separable, linearized methodology proved to be a useful and an efficient means of generating good starting points for MINOS. The use of these warm starts effected substantial reductions in MINOS execution times.
An analysis of delamination in angle-ply fiber-reinforced composites

An analytical investigation of the mechanics and failure modes of delamination initiated from a service-induced surface flaw in angle-ply fiber reinforced composites is presented. The analysis employs a hybrid-stress finite element method including a crack-tip singular element with its field variables expressed by Muskhelishvili's complex stress functions. Solutions are obtained for delaminated composites with various laminate parameters. The results elucidate unique and important characteristics of delamination crack-tip response and interlaminar stress transfer mechanisms. Of particular interest are the mixed-mode stress intensity factors associated with the delamination crack. The influence of ply orientation on KI and KII and their effects on subsequent crack extension are discussed.
Aerobic and strength training reduces adiposity in overweight Latina adolescents.

DAVIS, J. N., A. TUNG, S. S. CHAK, E. E. VENTURA, C. E. BYRD-WILLIAMS, K. E. ALEXANDER, C. J. LANE, M. J. WEIGENSBERG, D. SPRUIJT-METZ, and M. I. GORAN. Aerobic and Strength Training Reduces Adiposity in Overweight Latina Adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 1494–1503, 2009. Purpose: To date, no study has examined the synergistic effects of a nutrition and combination of aerobic and strength training (CAST) on both adiposity and metabolic parameters in overweight Latina adolescent females. The goal was to assess if a 16-wk nutrition plus CAST pilot study had stronger effects on reducing adiposity and on improving glucose/insulin indices compared with control (C), nutrition only (N), and a nutrition plus strength training (N + ST) groups. Methods: In a 16-wk randomized trial, 41 overweight Latina girls (15.2 T 1.1 yr) were randomly assigned to C( n = 7), N (n = 10), N + ST (n = 9), or N + CAST (n = 15). All intervention groups received modified carbohydrate nutrition classes (once a week), whereas the N + ST also received strength training (twice a week) and the N + CAST received a combination of strength and aerobic training (twice a week). The following were measured before and after intervention: strength by one repetition maximum, physical activity by the 7-d accelerometry and the 3-d physical activity recall, dietary intake by 3-d records, body composition by dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), glucose/insulin indices by oral glucose tolerance test, and intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Across intervention group, effects were tested using ANCOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons. Results: There were significant overall intervention effects for all adiposity measures (weight, body mass index [BMI], BMI z-scores, and DEXA total body fat), with a decrease of 3% in the N + CAST group compared with a 3% increase in the N + ST group (P e 0.05). There was also an intervention effect for fasting glucose with the N group increasing by 3% and the N + CAST group decreasing by 4% (P e 0.05). Conclusion: The CAST was more effective than nutrition alone or nutrition plus strength training for reducing multiple adiposity outcomes and fasting glucose in overweight Latina girls. However, further research investigating and identifying intervention approaches
Euglossine bees (Hymenoptera Apidae Euglossina) on an inselberg in the Atlantic Forest domain of southeastern Brazil

Inselbergs (rocky outcroppings in predominantly plain areas) in the Atlantic Forest domain in Brazil are of interest for studies on faunal and floral because they are mostly isolated from other forested areas through fragmentation processes. In order to describe the importance of a remaining inselberg forest to euglossine bee communities, we studied the composition, diversity and seasonality of the forest on the Morro do Itaoca, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and compared it to other forested areas. Eleven euglossine species belonging to four genera were sampled, the most frequent and abundant being Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus 1758) (45%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier 1841 (42%), and Eulaema cingulata Fabricius 1804 (8%). Abundance peaks in the community were strongly determined by Eulaema nigrita during the rainy season and Euglossa cordata during the dry season. There was high similarity in species composition with the other euglossine bee communities studied in northern Rio de Janeiro State. No particular euglossine fauna exists in the area, which instead serves, as a type of refuge for regionally abundant species. Our data demonstrate the importance of this remaining forest area for the maintenance and preservation of bees.
The Chief Information Security Officer: An Analysis of the Skills Required for Success

The aim of this study is to determine a set of skills needed for a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) in a competitive business today. To this end, a review of the literature and IT security executive interviews were conducted to identify a set of relevant skills. This list was then compared to a set of job listings for CISOs. Ultimately, a set of skills were developed that organizations can use when defining the CISO position and seeking new CISOs.
Numerical solution of linear Volterra integral equations of the second kind with sharp gradients

Collocation methods are a well-developed approach for the numerical solution of smooth and weakly singular Volterra integral equations. In this paper, we extend these methods through the use of partitioned quadrature based on the qualocation framework, to allow the efficient numerical solution of linear, scalar Volterra integral equations of the second kind with smooth kernels containing sharp gradients. In this case, the standard collocation methods may lose computational efficiency despite the smoothness of the kernel. We illustrate how the qualocation framework can allow one to focus computational effort where necessary through improved quadrature approximations, while keeping the solution approximation fixed. The computational performance improvement introduced by our new method is examined through several test examples. The final example we consider is the original problem that motivated this work: the problem of calculating the probability density associated with a continuous-time random walk in three dimensions that may be killed at a fixed lattice site. To demonstrate how separating the solution approximation from quadrature approximation may improve computational performance, we also compare our new method to several existing Gregory, Sinc, and global spectral methods, where quadrature approximation and solution approximation are coupled.
Explicating and Measuring Social Relationships in Social Capital Research

The authors examine how the construct social capital is explicated and measured by communicationscholarsincontemporaryresearchandarguethatlinkagesbetweenconcepts and measures are not always clear and operationalizations of social capital are far from uniform in empirical studies. The authors also note that the measures of social capital fall along 2 dimensions: a static–dynamic continuum and an informal–formal path, which are largely ignored. The authors challenge communication scholars to reexamine the theoretical underpinnings of social capital research articulated by Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman and to reconsider how the role and functions of communication might drive social capital. We explore the construct social capital with particular attention to the way communication scholars have explicated and measured the concept. Researchers in our field have, on balance, concentrated on social ties as indicators of social capital, attending to the strength, amount, and frequency of ties that are best described as ‘‘social relationships.’’ Our examination, therefore, focuses on how such social relationships have been conceptualized and measured. We found that social relationships reveal underlying dimensions that allow us to offer a typology of ties, thus clarifying how variables are constructed. We then consider how such measures both illuminate and ignore social capital as conceptualized by scholars who introduced the term and how communication researchers have added to the body of knowledge on social capital.