cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HAS THE WORK ETHIC IN THE USA DECLINED? EVIDENCE FROM NATIONWIDE SURVEYS

In a purely secular sense, the term work ethic means "a desire to work hard and kffective~~ for the sake of the work itself" (Yankelovich & Immerwahr, 1983, p. 4). A common theme in the popular and scholarly literature is that the work ethic in the United States has deched. For instance, Yankelovich and Immenvahr (1983, pp. 3-4) reported that among Americans, 73% believe motivation to work hard has deteriorated, 78% believe workers take less pride in their work, and 62% believe workers do not work as hard as they used to. Moreover, Kanter and hh~is (1989) reported that only 30 percent of the American population strongly embraces all aspects OF the work ethic, while another 44 percent believes in the value of work but is less committed to the necessity of workmg as an end in itself. Finally, 27 percent of the work force rejects the value of work out of hand (p. 189).
Autosomal Dominant Cerebrovascular Amyloidosis: Properties of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Selected properties of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from five ambulatory affected individuals of a kindred with autosomal dominant cerebrovascular amyloidosis were studied. The percentage of PBLs bearing surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg+ cells) was increased in the patient group (30 +/- 3% versus 20 +/- 2%; p less than 0.05). The percentage of PBLs forming early and total E-rosettes was comparable in patient and control groups. Mitogenic response to concanavalin A (Con A) was suggestively reduced in the patient group, measured both by total 3H-thymidine incorporation and by comparison of stimulation indices. Mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed was comparable in the two groups. Capping of Con A by PBLs was significantly reduced in the patient group compared with the controls (13 +/- 1% versus 26 +/- 2%; p less than 0.01). The findings of reduced Con A response and increased SmIg+ cells support the hypothesis that immune dysfunction contributes to the development of amyloidosis. The reduced capping suggests altered membrane properties in this autosomal dominant disorder.
Limits on the abundance and coupling of cosmic axions at 4.5<ma<5.0 microeV.

We report preliminary results from a search for galactic axions in the frequency range 1.09${f}_{a}$1.22 GHz. For an axion linewidth ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{a}$\ensuremath{\le}200 Hz we obtain the experimental limit (${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/${m}_{a}$${)}^{2}$${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}$. The theoretical prediction is (${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/${m}_{a}$${)}^{2}$${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$=3.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}44}$ with ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$=300 MeV/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. We have also searched for the presence of a continuous spectrum of light pseudoscalar particles; if we assume that the above ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$ is contained between the upper and lower frequencies of our search, then we find that ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}30}$ ${\mathrm{MeV}}^{1/2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3/2}$\ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
The nucleolar protein, B-36, contains a glycine and dimethylarginine-rich sequence conserved in several other nuclear RNA-binding proteins.

The amino terminal sequence of the 34 kD nucleolar protein B-36 isolated from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum has been determined. This portion of B-36 is rich in glycine, phenylalanine and the modified amino acid asymmetrical dimethylarginine (DMA) and is 65% identical to that for fibrillarin, a similar and potentially homologous 34 kD nucleolar protein from rat. The terminus of B-36 contains an interesting nine amino acid sequence, Gly-DMA-Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly-Gly-DMA-Gly, which is precisely repeated three times in the 110 kD nucleolar protein nucleolin. Similar sequences have also been reported in a yeast nucleolar protein (SSB-1) and several hnRNP proteins (rat Al and brine shrimp GRP33). The conserved nature of this unusual sequence is suggestive of an important function which may include RNA-binding since several of these proteins share this feature.
Why Leipzig? ‘Exit’ and ‘voice’ in the East German revolution

Albert Hirschman's exit‐voice scheme provides a useful starting point for making sense of the East German revolution. Following Hirschman, it is argued that the conjunction of emigration and protest was key to the mass upheaval of 1989. Going beyond Hirschman, however, ‘exit’ is seen as relevant not only as the cumulative effect of individual emigration, but also as a political force in its own right. Different constellations between voice and exit groups then help to explain why the revolutionary upheaval originated not in East Berlin, but in Leipzig.
Recent mortality of Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation in an urban city of Tokyo.

Summary Background In Japan, the recent status of the mortality of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is still unclear. Methods and results We used a single-hospital based cohort database in an urban city (Tokyo) in Japan, including all the new visitors from 2004 to 2009 (n = 13,228). The non-adjusted death rates of AF patients for all-cause, stroke, and cardiovascular death were 1091, 97, and 727 per 100,000 patient-years, and the age-adjusted ones were 317 (95% CI, 316–318), 16 (95% CI, 16–16), and 238 (95% CI, 237–239), respectively. The age-adjusted relative risk of AF on all-cause mortality was 1.7 in the particular population. Conclusions The present study provides the most recent data about the characteristics and the mortality of AF patients in Tokyo, thus serving as the basic information for finding problems to solve regarding Japanese AF patients.
On the evaluation of investment proposals having multiple attributes

A framework is developed for analyzing the likelihood of acceptance of an investment project proposal when objectives are uncertain. The foundation is a utility model of top management's choice process, modified if need be through a Bayesian approach which takes into account any apparent inconsistency in the history of past proposal acceptances and rejections.
The nasopalatine ducts and associated structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): Topography, prenatal development, function, and phylogeny

Morphological and developmental characteristics of the rhesus monkey nasopalatine duct system and associated primary palatal structures are described along with functional and phylogenetic considerations. Examination of five adult palates and coronal sections of 13 fetal palates together with dissections of a sixth adult specimen and of a 119-day-old fetal palate reveal that the lateral lobes of the tripartate incisive papilla cover clefts leading into the ducts. The ducts pierce the bony palate to enter the nasal fossae in proximity to the incisive suture. The ontogenetic stability of the duct path reflects the retention of ancient duct and primitive choanae relationships and functionally maintains an optimal oral odorant-to-receptor channel. Sixteen timed pregnancy specimens (35–100 days) provided histological material for documenting rostral nasopalatal development. Duct primordia, identified at 35 days, had by 40 days formed the medial duct walls (conjoined septum-papilla from the primary medial palatal component), the lateral duct walls (maxillary processes), and the rostral walls (fused maxillary-intermaxillary components). The caudal walls derive from the fusion of palatal shelves with the papilla (45 days), thus distinguishing primary and secondary fusion modes. Duct epithelial maturation occurs between 70 and 100 days. The absence of a vomeronasal system is attributed to reduction of olfaction in reproductive behavior, while the presence of the coevolved nasopalatine ducts is linked to the persistence of epiglottal-velar valving. The ducts serve as oral food-odor conduits in otherwise functionally separated respiratory and digestive tracts.
Types and Amounts of Information Used by Efficient Consumers

This paper describes a research methodology which assesses the efficiency of consumer decision-making based on the types and amounts of informational cues used. A simple operational method is used to classify consumers into three levels of consumer efficiency based on how well they perform in assessing the optimal choice. The information chosen by perfectly efficient consumers, or those scoring at the maximum level of efficiency, is examined for indicators of optimal information seeking and decision-making techniques.
Extending the Negative Consequences of Media Internalization and Self-Objectification to Dissociation and Self-Harm

Self-objectification is often understood as a consequence of internalizing unrealistic media ideals. The consequences of self-objectification have been well studied and include depression and self-harm. We argue that body surveillance, a component of self-objectification that involves taking an observer’s perspective on oneself, is conceptually related to dissociation, a variable related to depression and self-harm. We hypothesized that the normative experience of self-objectification may increase the risk that young women dissociate in other contexts, providing an additional indirect path between self-objectification, depression, and self-harm. Snowball sampling begun with postings on Facebook was used to recruit 160 women, believed to be primarily from the U.S., to complete an online survey about the effects of media on young women. All participants ranged in age from 18–35 (M = 23.12, Median = 22, Mode = 21). Using this sample, we tested a path model in which internalization of media ideals led to body surveillance and body shame, body surveillance led to dissociation and body shame, body shame and dissociation led to depression, and dissociation and depression led to self-harm. This model, in which we controlled for the effects of age, had good fit to the data. Our findings suggest that self-harm and dissociation, both outcomes associated with the literature on trauma, are related to self-objectification. These relationships are discussed in terms of conceptualizing objectification and self-objectification as a form of insidious trauma or microaggression. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Performance characteristics of a 5-bit optical receive beamformer

This paper describes implemented methods for characterizing a 5-bit programmable dispersion matrix (PDM) that is built to control a two-channel Receive beamformer in the 1550 nm region. The architecture of the PDM, is based on an array of 5 delay lines each having two spliced fiber Bragg gratings. Phase measurements for 32 possible delay configurations of the PMD are presented. Beam-patterns of this Receive beamformer at RF frequencies of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 GHz agrees well with the theoretical calculations. The main lobe of the beam pattern is shown to be independent of frequency for several target positions thus demonstrating a 'squint-free' characteristic of this optical processor.
High-fat diet-induced changes in body mass and hypothalamic gene expression in wild-type and leptin-deficient mice

We tested whether diet-induced obesity results from increased energy consumption, is associated with changes in expression of genes involved in leptin signal transduction, and is altered by hyperleptinemia. C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 15 weeks. HFD mice weighed significantly more than LFD controls by 3 weeks, despite consuming less energy. HFD mice had significantly greater leptin, insulin, and glucose levels than LFD mice, suggesting leptin and insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels declined with age but were unaffected by diet. HFD was associated with altered hypothalamic expression of genes whose products regulate the activity or nuclear translocation of STAT3, an important mediator of leptin actions. Expression of two isoforms of the leptin receptor decreased at 15 weeks in hypothalami of HFD mice in a tissue-specific manner. The type of fat (saturated versus unsaturated) did not influence weight gain on an HFD, but animals on LFD gained significantly more weight and adiposity if the dietary fat consisted mostly of saturated fats; this occurred despite no difference in energy consumption or absorption. Replacement of leptin to leptin-deficient ob/ob mice decreased hypothalamic leptin receptor expression and did not prevent HFD-induced weight gain. It is concluded that (1) increased energy consumption is not required for HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice, (2) HFD results in weight gain partly by modulating hypothalamic leptin-signaling pathways, (3) saturated fats induce weight gain even when total fat content of the diet is low, and (4) the effects of HFD are manifest in the presence or absence of circulating leptin.
Nutrient losses in subsurface drainage water from dairy manure and urea applied for corn

Land application of dairy (Bos taurus) manure has generated concern regarding the downward movement of nutrients and pathogens from the manure through the soil profile into subsurface drainage water and ultimately to surface waters. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dairy manure and urea applied at equivalent rates of available N on (i) NO 3 -N, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-P, NH 3 -N, and Escherichia coli losses to subsurface tile drainage; (ii) corn (Zea mays L.) production; and (iii) changes in soil test phosphorus (STP) and soil test potassium (STK). Liquid dairy manure and urea fertilizer were broadcast applied at equivalent total available N rates ranging from 154 to 224 kg ha -1 yr -1 each fall during 1993-1996. The soil was a poorly drained Webster clay loam (fine loamy, mixed, superactive, Typic Endoaquoll). Nitrate N, TP, and ortho-P concentrations and NO 3 -N losses in the subsurface drainage water were not different between the two N sources. Total P exceeded the minimum detection limit in 40 and 52% of the drainage samples from the urea and manured plots, respectively, while only 22 and 35% of the samples had detectable levels of ortho-P. Losses of TP and ortho-P were very small and averaged 31 and 10 g ha -1 yr -1 , respectively, from the manured plots or <0.02% of the manure-P applied. Four-year average corn yields were 0.7 Mg ha -1 greater for the urea treatment compared with dairy manure. Soil test P and STK in the top 20 cm were increased 1 mg kg -1 for every 12 kg P ha -1 and 10 kg K ha -1 applied as manure. We conclude that dairy manure, when applied at optimal rates and incorporated immediately, does not lead to greater losses of N and P in subsurface drainage water on this fine-textured soil compared with urea.
Immunopathology in RSV Infection Is Mediated by a Discrete Oligoclonal Subset of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells

Abstract Vaccination with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment (G) protein results in immune-mediated lung injury after natural RSV infection with pathogenic features characteristic of an exaggerated Th2 response. Here we demonstrate that approximately half of the CD4 + T cells infiltrating the lungs of G-primed mice utilize a single Vβ gene (Vβ14) with remarkably limited CDR3 diversity. Furthermore, elimination of these Vβ14-bearing CD4 + T cells in vivo abolishes the type 2-like pulmonary injury. These results suggest that a novel subset of CD4 + T cells may be crucial in the development of pathology during human RSV infection and that genetic or environmental factors prior to or at the time of G antigen exposure may affect the commitment of this discrete antigen-specific T cell subset to Th2 differentiation.
KRAMERS-LIKE TURNOVER IN ACTIVATIONLESS RATE PROCESSES

The activationless escape of a free Brownian particle from a unit interval is analyzed over the entire range of friction coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. Approximate analytic expressions that compare favorably with simulations are derived for the effective and asymptotic rate constants $k$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ that describe the escape kinetics. Both rate constants show a turnover behavior as functions of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, qualitatively similar to the rate constant in the Kramers theory of activated rate processes. It is found that $k\ensuremath{\sim}1/\mathrm{ln}(1/\ensuremath{\gamma})$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{1/3}$ as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ while both rate constants vanish as ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$.
Generalized intestinal dysmotility in a patient with syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a rare degenerative disorder of the spinal cord that causes progressive neurological dysfunction. Patients with syringomyelia have a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms although there are limited data on the frequency or the severity of these complaints. In this case report we describe a 65-yr-old man with syringomyelia and gastrointestinal dysmotility at multiple levels as documented by esophageal motility study, gastric emptying scan, antroduodenal motility study, and anorectal manometry. The patient's nausea, recurrent vomiting, and fecal incontinence were treated successfully with dietary changes, a promotility agent, and a bowel training regimen. This report highlights the need for more objective studies of gastrointestinal motility in patients with syringomyelia.
On Early Applications of Psychology in Music Education.

Granville Stanley Hall, founder of the American Psychological Association and president of Clark University, was the first American psychologist to speak and write about music's place in the educational curriculum. An examination of his published writings reveals Hall based his theory of music education on principles of Social Darwinism and Child Study perspectives on education. Hall's theories are referenced and paraphrased in several song series textbooks and music appreciation texts published by music educators during his professional career. These sources indicate that Hall influenced the thinking of certain music educators and was important to music education, in general, in developing a receptivity toward psychological processes in music education practice.
Group signature entanglement in e-voting system

In any security system, there are many security issues that are related to either the sender or the receiver of the message. Quantum computing has proven to be a plausible approach to solving many security issues such as eavesdropping, replay attack and man-in-the-middle attack. In the e-voting system, one of these issues has been solved, namely, the integrity of the data (ballot). In this paper, we propose a scheme that solves the problem of repudiation that could occur when the voter denies the value of the ballot either for cheating purposes or for a real change in the value by a third party. By using an entanglement concept between two parties randomly, the person who is going to verify the ballots will create the entangled state and keep it in a database to use it in the future for the purpose of the non-repudiation of any of these two voters.
Multi-agent control of community and utility using Lagrangian relaxation based dual decomposition

Abstract In multi-agent based demand response program, communities and a utility make decisions independently and they interact with each other with limited information sharing. This paper presents the design of multi-agent based demand response program while considering ac network constraints. This project develops two types of information sharing and iterative decision making procedures for the utility and communities to reach Nash equilibrium. The distributed algorithms of decision making are based on Lagrangian relaxation, duality, and the concept of upper and lower bounds. The first algorithm is subgradient iteration based distributed decision making algorithm and the second algorithm is based on lower bound and upper bound switching. The two algorithms require different information flow between the utility and communities. With the adoption of distributed algorithms, the utility solves optimal power flow at each iteration while considering ac network constraints, and the communities also conduct optimization. Through information sharing, the utility and the communities update their decisions until convergence is reached. The decision making algorithms are tested against three test cases: a distribution network IEEE 399 system, two meshed networks (IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 300-bus system). Fast convergence is observed in all three cases, which indicates the feasibility of the demand response design.
Host serum malic dehydrogenase activity associated with Trypanosoma lewisi infection.

Abstract A significant reduction in host serum malic dehydrogenase was demonstrated in Trypanosoma lewisi-infected rats. This prevailed during the active (reproductive) state of parasitemia, after which the serum MDH activity resumed normal levels. In vitro incubation studies involving trypanosome extracts and immune or normal rat sera indicated that the reduction was not a direct effect but of a more complex nature.
Measuring the value of community

Abstract This paper presents a method for obtaining quantitative measures of the value of a community environment in terms of the change in income which would equalize utility across locations. It is applied in a longitudinal study of factory workers. The evaluations of community are presented both as changes in weekly wage income and as the present discounted value of the changes over the subject's future work life. The evaluations are substantially greater than the tangible costs of migration (e.g., moving expenses). Results are examined by race, sex, age, income, and homeownership. Analysis of the end-period data on the actual migration trends of the sample support the reliability of the measures.
The stark effect in porphyrins

Abstract We have measured the influence of an electric field upon the absorption spectrum of porphyrin dissolved in polystyrene. Absorbante changes induced by an alternating field (500 cps) of 10 6 V/cm are detected by “lock-in” techniques at the second harmonic (1000 cps) of the applied field. The data indicates that the Soret band is shifted to longer wavelengths by the field, as well as decreasing in amplitude and broadening, with a net loss of integrated intensity in the electric field.
31P-Nmr as a Probe for Drug-Nucleic Acid Interactions

The structural impact of covalent and noncovalent interactions of drugs with DNA is an important component for understanding the biochemical and biological consequences of DNA damage. Work in this laboratory has focused on a number of potentially therapeutically important drugs that distort DNA by unwinding, bending DNA into the major or minor groove. These lead to enhanced recognition of DNA by proteins involved in transcription and replication. In this paper, we will present the structures of one of these complexes and show how 31P-NMR can be used to monitor these distortive effects.
Behavioral, hormonal and neurochemical characteristics of aggressive α-mice

The present study examined the behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characteristics of aggressive, male alpha-mice. These mice inflict severe bite marks on other male mice in their cage, but are not attacked themselves. The characteristics of the alpha-mice were compared with those of submissive mice, and of control mice taken from cages in which no severe fighting was observed. The behavioral tests used were Porsolt's swim test of behavioral 'despair', a plusmaze test of anxiety, a holeboard test of exploration and locomotor activity, and a test of seizure threshold to bicuculline. The alpha-mice were found to be immobile in the swim test for a shorter time than the submissive and control mice, and the submissive mice for a longer time than the controls. In the holeboard, the alpha-mice spent less time making exploratory head-dips than the other mice. Submissive mice had elevated 5-HIAA levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and brainstem, and the alpha mice had reduced concentrations of dopamine in the brainstem. There were no significant differences in plasma corticosterone or testosterone concentrations between the groups. These findings indicate that in alpha-mice, a number of behavioral and neurochemical characteristics appear together with the unusually high aggressiveness towards cage-mates.
Conceptual Model for the Block-Fault Origin of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin Geosyncline

A new interpretation of the basement structure of the Atlantic continental margin is proposed. The basins of the geosyncline are believed to be isolated fault-bounded troughs with alignments more or less paralleling that of the continental slope. Fundamental basement faults can be inferred from linear magnetic anomalies and from linear hinge zones in the basement surface. Three distinguishable tectonic systems can be identified from the strike of the fundamental faults and the tension-type hinge zones forming the boundaries of the basins. One stress system is associated with the northwest-striking, right-lateral shear faults of the Atlantic Ocean fracture zones, and with north-striking tensional faults such as those of the Blake Plateau basin. Another stress system is associated with the nearly north-striking White Mountain magma series, taken to manifest a right-lateral fault zone, and with northeast-trending tensional faults of the Georges Bank basin. Finally, a third stress system is manifest in the northeast-striking, right-lateral shear faults of the Labrador Sea fracture zones and the nearly east-striking tensional faults of the Labrador shelf basin. Conceptually, such a stress pattern can be explained by the clockwise rotation of a unit structural block encompassing the entire North American continental margin from Labrador to the Bahamas. The differential opening of the Labrador Sea would result in clockwise rotational couple in the unit block; the differential opening of the Atlantic Ocean would further contribute to this clockwise rotational couple. East-west tension with north-south compression of the Atlantic stress system within the unit block and north-south extension with east-west compression of the Labrador system would be compatible with such a rotation. The White Mountain stress system is thought to be a result of the combination of the other two systems in the presence of possibly preexisting fundamental fractures.
4-Chloro-2,6- bis (hydroxymethyl)pyridinium Chloride and 4-Dimethylamino-2,6- bis (hydroxymethyl)pyridinium Chloride Hemihydrate

Two substituted pyridinium chloride salts, namely 4-chloro-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium chloride (triclinic, P-1, a = 6.0651(8) A, b = 8.4393(8) A, c = 8.6554(9) A, α = 78.845(1)°, β = 83.156(1)°, γ = 89.047(1)°; V = 431.55(8) A3; Z = 2) and 4-dimethylamino-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium chloride hemihydrate (orthorhombic, Aba2, a = 17.2179(14) A, b = 17.6332(15) A, c = 7.2068(6) A; V = 2188.0(3) A3; Z = 4), have been structurally characterized. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals contacts are evident in both structures. Furthermore, the 4-dimethylamino derivative features a trigonal planar dimethylamino group with some π interaction between the nitrogen atom and the pyridine ring. Two compounds, namely 4-chloro-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium chloride and 4-dimethylamino-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium chloride hemihydrate, have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized.
The politics of deportation and the restrictionist movement in the post-9/11 era

The first reports that the Obama administration had deported a record number of people came as a surprise to many. As both Presidents Obama and Bush have attempted to pass moderate immigration reform laws that allowed for legalization, we must ask from where the impetus for driving up the deportation rate has come. The explanation leads to the passage of Secure Communities in 2008, which allowed state and local law enforcement to identify undocumented immigrants through federal information sharing. I seek to explain the social dynamics behind the passage of Secure Communities starting with a review of previous cycles of rapid deportation in US history. I then examine the political activities of the contemporary immigrant restrictionist movement for an understanding of their role.
Emotional distress in mothers of preterm hospitalized infants: a feasibility trial of nurse-delivered treatment.

Emotional distress in mothers of preterm hospitalized infants: a feasibility trial of nurse-delivered treatment
The infiltration approach to the calculation of surface runoff

Some future historian of the development of scientific hydrology will probably be tempted to call the present period the “era of infiltration.” At any rate, the preoccupation of contemporary hydrologists with “the infiltration theory of runoff,” and the vast amount of energy they have expended in an effort to turn this concept to practical account, will certainly be put down as a distinctive feature of our times There have, of course, been logical reasons for this remarkable interest in the subject. As in all sciences, many have been attracted to it simply because of its newness. Another class—and the one that has participated most eagerly—is composed of those intrepid practicing engineers who are obliged to make the runoff estimates upon which depend the failure or success of costly flood control, water supply, and similar works. Still another group has been intrigued by a purely scientific interest, sharpened by the fact that the calculation of runoff is the central problem of the science of hydrology and involves all phases of the hydrologic cycle. Among these are scientists in the fields of soils, plants, and meteorology. As a result of these various motivations, vast amounts of labor have been expended—much of it misdirected—and many exaggerated claims have been made, to be countered, naturally, by the disparaging murmurs of the “old guard,” and other important lines of investigation have been temporarily slighted. But real progress has been made. Better estimates of runoff are now possible than could be made previously. Problems that would not yield at all to earlier methods are now soluble, albeit the solutions are sometimes only rough approximations. The inescapable conclusion is that a tool of considerable practical value has been added to the equipment of the hydrologist.
On the Historical Relationship Between the Sciences and the Humanities: A Look at Popular Debates That Have Exemplified Cross-Disciplinary Tension

This article discusses popular and academic debates that turned on the merit of either science or the humanities. The author uses four cases to provide this history: the Huxley-Arnold debate of the 1880s, the science education reformation (and neglect-of-science) debates in Britain in the 1920s, the two-culture debate of the 1960s, and the science wars of recent years. Each of those debates (on one side, at least) sought to establish the supremacy of science for society’s welfare, and the first three (on both sides) necessarily excised interdisciplinary approaches from their proposed solutions. More recently, the science wars have drawn comparison to the two-culture debate, even though this recent skirmish cannot be distinguished from a concern over the effects of interdisciplinary scholarship. The purpose of this article is to trace the relationship of the debates and comment on their role for the future of STS.
Variability Of Particulate Spectral Absorption Coefficients In The Eastern Pacific Ocean

As part of the Optical Dynamics Experiment (ODEX), the spectral absorption coefficient (400-700 nm.) was measured for marine particles sampled at stations in the California current and the eastern edge of the North Central Pacific Gyre. By normalizing the spectral absorption coefficients to the concentration of chlorophyll plus phaeopigments, variability in both the spectral shapes and magnitudes of the specific coefficient can be assessed. Comparisons between samples indicated large variability vertically (mixed layer versus deep euphotic zone), horizontally (near shore versus central gyre) and seasonally (fall versus spring). When compared to chlorophyll specific absorption coefficients for healthy cul-tures, the field data suggest that a large, and variable fraction of particulate absorption in the ocean is due to detrital components. Because the origin of particulate organic material (POM) for these regions can be assumed to be derived from in situ biogenic process-es, the deviation of field spectra from those observed for cultures must in large part be due to the previous history of biological dynamics within a particular water mass.
New coding scheme for ISI channels: modulated codes

In this paper, we systematically study modulated codes (MC) that are encoded after the binary-to-complex symbol mapping. The main advantage of modulated codes is that their encoding arithmetic operations and the intersymbol interference (ISI) channel arithmetic operations are all defined on the complex field and therefore can be algebraically combined together. With MC, the ISI is not treated as distortion but diversity gain. The performance analysis and simulation results of MC over the ISI channel are presented.
Panel data from time series of cross-sections

Abstract In many countries, there are few or no panel data, but there exists a series of independent cross-sections. For example, in the United Kingdom, there are no panel data on consumers' expenditure or on household labor supply, but there are several large household surveys carried out every year. Samples for these surveys are drawn anew each year, so that it is impossible to track individual households over time. This paper considers the possibility of tracking ‘cohorts’ through such data. A ‘cohort’ is defined as a group with fixed membership, individuals of which can be identified as they show up in the surveys. The most obvious example is an age cohort, e.g. all males born between 1945 and 1950, but there are other possibilities (Korean war veterans or founding members of the Econometric Society). Consider any economic relationship of interest that is linear in parameters (but not necessarily in variables). Corresponding to individual behavior, there will exist a cohort version of the relationship of the same form, but with cohort means replacing individual observations. If there are additive individual fixed effects, there will be corresponding additive cohort fixed effects. Further, the sample cohort means from the surveys are consistent but error-ridden estimates of the true cohort means. Hence, provided errors-in-variables techniques are used (and error variances and covariances can be estimated from the surveys), the sample cohort means can be used as panel data for estimating the relationship. Such data are immune to attrition bias and can be extended for long time periods. There is also evidence to suggest that the errors in variables problems may be just as severe for genuine panel data; in the created panels considered here, the problem is controllable. The paper discusses appropriate errors in variables estimators, with and without fixed effects.
Beam-homogenization and space-charge-broadening calibration for accurately measuring high-intensity laser pulses using a high-speed streak camera

An anamorphic diffuser-based beam-homogenizing system and a space-charge-broadening calibration method were developed to accurately measure 8- to 250-ps pulses using a high-speed optical streak camera on kilojoule, petawatt-class laser systems.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases in schizophrenia.

Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important mediators of signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus and have been implicated in the integration of a variety of physiologic processes in most cells, including neurons. To investigate the possible involvement of MAPKs in schizophrenia, we compared the levels of the MAPK intermediates in postmortem brain tissue obtained from schizophrenic and control subjects. Our focus was on the cerebellar vermis because of evidence suggesting that schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities of structure, function, and signal transduction in this brain region. Methods: Cytosolic proteins were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blot analysis using polyclonal MAPK antibody, which detects total extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 levels, and monoclonal MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) 2 antibody. Results: Schizophrenic subjects had increased levels of ERK2 [2763 ± (SD) 203 vs. 2286 ± 607 arbitrary units, U = 17, p < .05] in cerebellar vermis. The levels of a dual specificity tyrosine phosphatase, MKP2, were significantly decreased in cerebellar vermis (1716 ± 465 versus 2372 ± 429 arbitrary units, U = 12, p < .02) from schizophrenic patients. ERK1/MKP2 and ERK2/MKP2 ratios in cerebellar vermis, but not in other brain regions, were significantly different in schizophrenic subjects as compared to control subjects (U = 15, p ≤ .027; U = 3, p < .001, respectively). Conclusions: MAPK levels are elevated in the cerebellar vermis of schizophrenic subjects. This could result from a protein dephosphorylation defect in vivo and might be involved in the pathology of the disease.
Development of sidebands in tapered and untapered free-electron lasers.

A time-dependent, axisymmetric code is employed to examine the development of sidebands in a free-electron laser. For the case where the input signal undergoes an extended period of exponential growth, a broad spectrum of sidebands with growth rates comparable to that of the signal is excited. In general, in an untapered system the optical field displays considerable modulation after several synchrotron periods. An analytical model, in qualitative agreement with a number of features of the simulations, is discussed. In a tapered system the amplitude of the sidebands approaches a quasisteady level that is several orders of magnitude below that of the untapered case, and the output optical field displays only a slight modulation. The optimal rate of tapering employed, to maximize efficiency, leads to substantial reduction in the growth rate of sidebands. This result is discussed in connection with the nonadiabatic nature of particle motion in the tapered system.
New and developing drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain in diabetes.

A number of agents from diverse pharmacological classes are used to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Only three of these have regulatory approval for this indication in the U.S. In this focused article, I will discuss selected drugs, newly approved or in development, to treat neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic neuropathy. These will include agonists and antagonists of the transient receptor potential channels, a family of receptor proteins that play a role in the transduction of physical stress; sodium channel isoform specific antagonists; a recently approved dual-action opioid receptor agonist–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; gene therapy for neuropathic pain; and anti-nerve growth factor molecules. Mechanisms of action, preclinical supporting data, clinical trial evidence, and adverse effects will be reviewed.
Optical delay with spectral hole burning in Doppler-broadened cesium vapor

Abstract The full frequency dependence of the optical delay in the Cs D 1 (6 2 S 1/2 − 6 2 P 1/2 ) line has been observed, including all four hyperfine split components. Pulse delays of 1.6 ns to 24.1 ns are obtained by scanning across the hyperfine splitting associated with the lower 2 S 1/2 state. Optical control of pulse delays in cesium vapor was demonstrated by pumping the D 2 (6 2 S 1/2 − 6 2 P 3/2 ) transition and observing resulting holes in the D 1 delay spectrum. For a pump at four times the saturation intensity, the pulse delays are reduced by a maximum of 78% in a narrow region of 110 MHz. The frequency dependence of the delays of the probe laser in the vicinity of the spectral holes agrees with a Kramers–Kronig model prediction.
Some remarks on the analyticity of minimizers of free discontinuity problems

In this paper we give a partial answer to a conjecture of De Giorgi, namely we prove that in dimension two the regular part of the discontinuity set of a local minimizer of the homogeneous Mumford–Shah functional is analytic with the exception of at most a countable number of isolated points.
Characterization of oil shales by differential scanning calorimetry

Oil shale blocks were cored to suitable dimensions (nominally 2.5 cm diameter and 1 cm thick). Specific gravity measurements were then carried out on these cylindrical cores to determine the organic content. Selected samples were also assayed at Laramie Energy Technology Center, WY, by the pulsed NMR technique. Oil yields obtained by the two methods on identical cores were in agreement with the limits of experimental error (vide infra). The cored shale samples were crushed to particles which passed through 100-mesh sieves. Ten to fifteen milligram batches of these crushed shale particles were then subjected to enthalpy measurements in the differential scanning calorimetry assembly. A sample of kerogen concentrate was obtained from Laramie Energy Technology Center. DSC measurements were carried out on a DuPont 990 thermal analysis system fitted with the DSC accessory module. All measurements were carried out in a flowing atmosphere of prepurified N/sub 2/. A heating rate of 10/sup 0/C/min was employed for the enthalpy determinations. The fusion endotherm of zinc (mp 419.4/sup 0/C, ..delta..H/sub f/ = 27.05 cal/g) was used as the calibration standard. The linear correlation that was observed between the enthalpy of decomposition of the organic matter (..delta..H) and oil yields for Green rivermore » oil shales suggests that this technique might be useful as a rapid screening tool for resource evaluation of an oil shale deposit.« less
Nanografting versus Solution Self-Assembly of α,ω-Alkanedithiols on Au(111) Investigated by AFM

The solution self-assembly of alpha,omega-alkanedithiols onto Au(111) was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A heterogeneous surface morphology is apparent for 1,8-octanedithiol and for 1,9-nonanedithiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared by solution immersion as compared to methyl-terminated n-alkanethiols. Local views from AFM images reveal a layer of mixed molecular orientations for alpha,omega-alkanedithiols, which evidence surface structures with heights corresponding to both lying-down and standing-up orientations. For dithiol SAMs prepared by solution self-assembly, the majority of alpha,omega-alkanedithiol molecules chemisorb with both thiol end groups bound to the Au(111) surface with the backbone of the alkane chain aligned parallel to the surface. However, AFM images disclose that there are also islands of standing molecules scattered throughout the surface. To measure the thickness of alpha,omega-alkanedithiol SAMs with angstrom sensitivity, methyl-terminated n-alkanethiols with known dimensions were used as molecular rulers. Under conditions of spatially constrained self-assembly, nanopatterns of alpha,omega-alkanedithiols written by nanografting formed monolayers with heights corresponding to an upright configuration.
Management of wound and left ventricular assist device pocket infection

Our patient developed a wound infection that involved an implanted left ventricular assist device. At surgery, the pump was washed with a detergent-containing bacteriocidal solution, then antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads were placed around the pump. The wound was revised using rectus muscle to cover the pump. The incisions have healed and the patient is now at home. She is on no systemic antibiotics and has no evidence of infection 11 months postoperatively.
Customizable scientific web portal for fusion research

Abstract Web browsers have become a major application interface for participating in scientific experiments such as those in magnetic fusion. The recent advances in web technologies motivated the deployment of interactive web applications with rich features. In the scientific world, web applications have been deployed in portal environments. When used in a scientific research environment, such as fusion experiments, web portals can present diverse sources of information in a unified interface. However, the design and development of a scientific web portal has its own challenges. One such challenge is that a web portal needs to be fast and interactive despite the high volume of information and number of tools it presents. Another challenge is that the visual output of the web portal must not be overwhelming to the end users, despite the high volume of data generated by fusion experiments. Therefore, the applications and information should be customizable depending on the needs of end users. In order to meet these challenges, the design and implementation of a web portal needs to support high interactivity and user customization. A web portal has been designed to support the experimental activities of DIII-D researchers worldwide by providing multiple services, such as real-time experiment status monitoring, diagnostic data access and interactive data visualization. The web portal also supports interactive collaborations by providing a collaborative logbook, shared visualization and online instant messaging services. The portal's design utilizes the multi-tier software architecture and has been implemented utilizing web 2.0 technologies, such as AJAX, Django, and Memcached, to develop a highly interactive and customizable user interface. It offers a customizable interface with personalized page layouts and list of services, which allows users to create a unique, personalized working environment to fit their own needs and interests. This paper describes the software architecture of this scientific web portal and its implementation to include deployment experiences during the 2009 DIII-D Experimental Campaign.
Preschoolers' Social Behavior: Teachers' and Parents' Assessments

This study explored the use of a multi-rater social behavior scale with a diverse sample of preschoolers to test the influence of demographic, family status, and language ability variables on the rated frequency and functional importance of prosocial and problem behaviors. Major results from the teachers' ratings of behavior indicated (a) significant differences between boys and girls in that the average girl exhibited more prosocial behaviors and the average boy more problem behaviors; (b) significant differences for language ability; those preschoolers with excellent language ability showed more prosocial skills and fewer problem behaviors than did children with average or poor language; and (c) differences among families depending on the work status of mothers and fathers. The results of the parents' ratings indicated similar patterns as teachers and also suggested differences in social behavior between White and Black preschoolers. Although the overall perceptions of preschoolers' social behavior were...
Effects of leptin on cardiovascular physiology.

Since the discovery of leptin, numerous studies have established a central role for this adipose tissue hormone in the regulation of body weight. Further it is now recognized that obesity is a state of hyperleptinemia resulting from increased synthesis and release of leptin from the greater adipose tissue mass present in this condition. Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of a number of physiological processes in addition to body weight homeostasis, and in many cases the hyperleptinemia of obesity may result in pathologic consequences. Leptin appears to have a central role in the development of obesity related hypertension and a number of observations implicate leptin as contributing to atherogenesis and atherosclerosis. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathologic effects of leptin on cardiovascular function, additional work remains to be done to fully understand the consequences of hyperleptinemia on cardiovascular physiology.