cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the migraine treatment sumatriptan/naproxen sodium on blood pressure following long-term administration

Anti-inflammatory and pain therapies have been associated with blood pressure (BP) destabilization. Hence, the effects on BP of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium in fixed-dose combination, sumatriptan 85 mg, and naproxen sodium 500 mg administered intermittently for the acute treatment of migraine attacks were assessed. Patients with migraine with or without aura and no history of hypertension were randomized to sumatriptan/naproxen sodium (n=135), sumatriptan (n=136), or naproxen sodium (n=136) to treat migraine attacks for 6 months in a double-blind, parallel-group trial. Following a treated migraine attack, patients performed 2 consecutive days of self-measured BPs beginning ≥24 hours after the last dose of study medication and transmitted them by a transtelephonic modem. The primary end point was the change from baseline in self-measured BP at 6 months. Changes in self-measured BP from baseline to 6 months for sumatriptan/naproxen sodium were -2.1/-1.5 mm Hg (95% confidence intervals, -3.4 to -0.8 for systolic and -2.6 to -0.3 for diastolic). Mean changes from baseline in self-measured BP did not differ among the 3 treatment groups. Additional categorical analyses did not show increases from baseline with sumatriptan/naproxen sodium relative to either of the monotherapy groups. Intermittent acute migraine treatment with sumatriptan/naproxen sodium for up to 6 months was associated with clinically insignificant decreases in self-measured BP that were similar to those with sumatriptan or naproxen alone in normotensive patients with migraine.
Speech Rights in America: The First Amendment, Democracy, and the Media, by Laura Stein Beyond the First Amendment: The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism, by Samuel P. Nelson

What to do when the current constitutionally framed freedom of speech perversely impairs opportunities for communication in a democracy or leaves some speech beyond protected boundaries? Two schola...
Domestic medicine: slaves, servants and female medical expertise in late medieval Valencia

Domestic slaves and servants were ubiquitous figures in the late medieval Mediterranean world, whose health and physical condition were matters of special concern to their masters and mistresses. This concern not infrequently prompted legal action. Fifteenth-century civil court records are rife with suits filed by disgruntled masters protesting that a recently purchased slave was ‘defective’ or an exasperated mistress claiming that a servant was ‘unfit’ for service. To distinguish normal human imperfections from critical defects, the court collected testimony not only from medical ‘professionals’ (male, university-trained physicians) but also laywomen who, on occasion, offered their own alternative diagnoses. Using the rich body of court records extant from fifteenth-century Valencia as its evidentiary base, this article examines the interplay between lay and ‘expert’ understandings of how the body functioned and reveals how in spite of the new valuation of the medical expertise of university-trained physicians and surgeons, fifteenth-century courts continued to solicit and cite the opinions of lay women, reflecting their ongoing importance in the provisioning of healthcare.
A review of measurement and relationships between food, eating behavior and emotion

Emotions evoked by products mainly enhance the pleasure of buying, owning, and using them. More recently, food-elicited emotion is increasingly becoming critical for product differentiation as many food products are produced with similar characteristics, packaging, and price. Attempts to measure emotions have been done in the psychology and sociology fields, but measurement of food-elicited emotions is more recent and not well established. This review paper discusses emotion lexicon development, measurement of food-elicited emotions, some factors affecting emotional responses to foods, how emotions affect eating behavior, and how this information can be utilized for marketing and increasing acceptability of foods.
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and distal myopathy

A family is reported which included a patient with a variant form of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. The patient's son suffered from infantile muscular dystrophy with a distal distribution in the lower extremities and no oculopharyngeal symptoms. Case 1, the father, showed blepharoptosis, but no limitation of ocular movements. Case 2, the son, showed early onset of weakness and more rapid progression of muscle involvement than the father. In both patients EMG, muscle biopsies and elevated serum CPK indicated the myopathic nature of the disorder. A muscle biopsy specimen in Case 2 showed abundant rimmed vacuoles and abnormal filaments 13-19 nm in diameter in the sarcoplasm, usually reported to occur in inclusion body myositis. The findings indicate that oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and distal myopathy are related in their etiology and distal myopathy and inclusion body myositis are regarded as variant forms of the same disease.
Transplantaion of embryonic chick spinal cord into transection adult chicken into transection adult chicken spinal cords: A useful model for transplantation research

Adult chicken spinal cords were completely transected under direct visualization. One week later, embryonic chick spinal cords 6 days, 9 days, or 11 days old were implanted into the site of transection. The animals were allowed to survive for 2 months and then killed and the spinal cords were prepared for histologic analysis. The survival and outgrowth of the embryonic transplants were compared with regard to the age of the implant, and its effects on the host tissue. Six-day embryonic tissue survival and integrated far better than 9-day or 11-day, and adult spinal cord subjacent to the early age embryo showed fewer degenerative changes. The chick embryo may provide a model for use in CNS transplantation.
Modeling of Interfacial Modification Effects on Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Composites

The effect of functionalization of carbon nanotubes on the thermal conductivity of nanocomposites has been studied using a multi-scale modeling approach. These results predict that grafting linear hydrocarbon chains to the surface of a single wall carbon nanotube with covalent chemical bonds should result in a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of these nanocomposites. This is due to the decrease in the interfacial thermal (Kapitza) resistance between the single wall carbon nanotube and the surrounding polymer matrix upon chemical functionalization. The nanocomposites studied here consist of single wall carbon nanotubes in a bulk poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) matrix. The nanotubes are functionalized by end-grafting linear hydrocarbon chains of varying length to the surface of the nanotube. The effect which this functionalization has on the interfacial thermal resistance is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Interfacial thermal resistance values are calculated for a range of chemical grafting densities and with several chain lengths. These results are subsequently used in an analytical model to predict the resulting effect on the bulk thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite.
Alfred Schutz: Philosopher and Social Scientist

Aron Gurwitsch's critique of Schutz's essay “The Stranger” is the starting point for this consideration of Schutz's relationship with phenomenology. This relationship is based on Schutz's emphasis on the value of the “average” as a phenomenological structure. In opposing sociology to philosophy, Gurwitsch takes this value as inferior in comparison with what he sees as cardinal issues of transcendental phenomenology. What Gurwitsch finds incompatible with phenomenological inquiry – the idea and practice of the natural attitude within the social sphere – Schutz turns into the core of his philosophy. “The phenomenology of the natural attitude” is as essentially philosophical as any reflectively practiced human science. The problem of how everydayness is constituted requires a phenomenological insight that leads the explorer – through reconstructing the meaning in terms of the mundane – straight to the origin.
Level-crossing study of the hyperfine structure of lithium

The method of level-crossing spectroscopy has been employed to measure the hyperfine interaction constants and the lifetimes of the $2^{2}P$ and $3^{2}P$ states of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. The parameters for the ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states were obtained from a conventional level-crossing experiment; it was also possible to measure the magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constant $A$ for ${P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states by using a newer method (similar to level crossing) called the "decoupling" method. With these techniques, it was possible to measure $A$ for the $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$, $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and $3^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. These measurements, together with the measurement of $B$ for the $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state, made it possible to infer the nuclear quadrupole moment of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. In order to check the consistency of the $A$ values obtained from the decoupling runs, data were taken (using the decoupling method) for $A$ for the $2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $3^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$. In addition to the hyperfine data, the lifetimes for the $2^{2}P$ and $3^{2}P$ states were also obtained. The results are: ${A}_{\frac{3}{2}}(^{7}\mathrm{Li}2^{2}P)=\ensuremath{-}2.95(4)$ MHz, ${A}_{\frac{3}{2}}(^{7}\mathrm{Li}3^{2}P)=\ensuremath{-}1.036(16)$ MHz, ${A}_{\frac{1}{2}}(^{7}\mathrm{Li}3^{2}P)=13.7(12)$ MHz, ${A}_{\frac{1}{2}}(^{6}\mathrm{Li}3^{2}P)=5.3(4)$ MHz, ${A}_{\frac{1}{2}}(^{6}\mathrm{Li}2^{2}P)=17.8(3)$ MHz, $B(^{7}\mathrm{Li}3^{2}P)=\ensuremath{-}0.094(10)$ MHz, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2^{2}P)=26.4(8)$ nsec, $\ensuremath{\tau}(3^{2}P)=203(8)$ nsec, and $Q(^{7}\mathrm{Li})=\ensuremath{-}59(8)$ mb.
Molecular cloning of a new intermediate filament protein expressed by radial glia and demonstration of alternative splicing in a novel heptad repeat region located in the carboxy-terminal tail domain.

Abstract In the present study we describe the molecular cloning of transitin, formerly named EAP-300. We show that transitin is an intermediate filament protein with a core domain most closely resembling nestin and tanabin. Transitin also contains a novel heptad amino acid repeat domain, comprising multiple leucine zipper repeats, located in its tail region. Based on these structural motifs we propose that a novel intermediate filament protein that is transiently expressed by radial glia during CNS development has been identified. We also show the existence of splice variants of transitin with splicing occurring in the novel heptad repeat domain to give rise to transitin isoforms that lack this heptad repeat. By in situ hybridization analysis we show that transitin mRNA is expressed by midline radial glial structures, by several axon commissures, and by Bergmann glia of the developing cerebellum. Based on the structural properties of the transitin protein, and expression of its mRNA, we suggest that transitin is a new member of the intermediate filament gene superfamily that is transiently expressed by radial glia.
Boundary values of the thurston pullback map

The Thurston characterization and rigidity theorem gives a beautiful description of when a postcritically finite topological branched cover mapping the 2-sphere to itself is Thurston equivalent to a rational function. Thurston equivalence remains mysterious, but great strides were taken when Bartholdi and Nekrashevych used iterated monodromy groups to solve the "Twisted Rabbit Problem" which sought to identify the Thurston class of the rabbit polynomial composed with an arbitrary Dehn twist. Selinger showed that the Thurston pullback map on Teichmueller space can be extended to the Weil-Petersson boundary. We compute these boundary values for the pullback map associated to f(z) = 3z22z3+1 and demonstrate how the dynamical properties of this map on the boundary can be used as an invariant to solve the twisting problem for f.
Inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin A

Abstract Latrunculin A, a toxin purified from the red sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica , was found previously to induce striking reversible changes in the morphology of mammalian cells in culture and to disrupt the organization of their microfilaments. We now provide evidence that latrunculin A affects the polymerization of pureactin in vitro in a manner consistent with the formation of a 1:1 molar complex between latrunculin A and G-actin. The equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) for the reaction in vitro is about 0.2 μM whereas the effects of the drug on cultured cells are detectable at concentrations in the medium of 0.1–1 μM.
Stability degradation and redundancy in damaged structures

Abstract The objective of this paper is to assess the promise of a novel tool for structural safety decision-making in severe unforeseen hazards. A straightforward measure is put forward for measuring the intensity of unforeseen hazards: the number of connected members “removed” from a structure in a brittle fashion. The tool selected for assessing this severe demand is the reduction in the buckling load capacity (stability) of the structure under service loads. Two examples of planar steel frames quantitatively demonstrate how the stability of structures degrades under this severe damage. Degradation of the buckling load, as members are removed, provides an efficient and unique tool for assessing fragility against unforeseen hazards in buildings. Further, a coarse, but efficient measure of progressive collapse is provided by utilizing the condition number of the stiffness matrix for the damaged structure. Comparison of a moment frame with and without cross-bracing indicates the beneficial role of redundancy as damage increases. Challenges remain, particularly in determining reasonable distributions for the intensity, and improving the computational efficiency of the analysis. A framework for incorporating stability degradation analysis into decision-making, similar to that developed in seismic performance-based design, is provided.
Maternal obesity and risk of cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis.

Summary Despite numerous studies reporting an increased risk of cesarean delivery among overweight or obese compared with normal weight women, the magnitude of the association remains uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of the current literature to provide a quantitative estimate of this association. We identified studies from three sources: (i) a PubMed search of relevant articles published between January 1980 and September 2005; (ii) reference lists of publications selected from the search; and (iii) reference lists of review articles published between 2000 and 2005. We included cohort designed studies that reported obesity measures reflecting pregnancy body mass, had a normal weight comparison group, and presented data allowing a quantitative measurement of risk. We used a Bayesian random effects model to perform the meta-analysis and meta-regression. Thirty-three studies were included. The unadjusted odd ratios of a cesarean delivery were 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34–1.60], 2.05 (95% CI: 1.86–2.27) and 2.89 (95% CI: 2.28–3.79) among overweight, obese and severely obese women, respectively, compared with normal weight pregnant women. The meta-regression found no evidence that these estimates were affected by selected study characteristics. Our findings provide a quantitative estimate of the risk of cesarean delivery associated with high maternal body mass.
Fibrin sheath formation and chemotherapy extravasation: a case report

Fibrin sheath formation around venous access devices (VADs) frequently leads to persistent withdrawal occlusion (PWO). PWO is a common problem encountered with VADs. Although PWO is often easily managed with small doses of thrombolytic therapy (e.g., urokinase), it could result in a more serious complication, such as chemotherapy extravasation. Careful assessment of all VADs is important to identify complications such as fibrin sheath formation, which can potentially lead to extravasation. To rule out fibrin sheath formation, catheter dye studies need to be obtained when fibrinolytic therapy has failed to restore catheter function. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a retrospective case report demonstrating drug extravasation caused by the development of fibrin sheath formation.
Accuracy Of Measurement In Coherent Imaging Of Particulates In A Three-Dimensional Sample

An out-of-focus coherent image of a transilluminated particle in a transparent field is actually an in-line hologram of that particle. In the Fresnel field of the particle's cross-section, direct measurement of the particle diameter can be achieved with considerable effective defocus -- much greater than the depth of focus with an incoherent imaging system.
Insights About Dying from the SUPPORT Project

OBJECTIVES: The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT) project was a study of 9105 seriously ill patients, 4274 of whom died within 6 months. HELP, the Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project, was an ancillary study, in four of the five SUPPORT hospitals, of 1286 persons aged 80 years and older, 321 of whom died within 6 months. This paper reviews the SUPPORT and HELP literature to bring together insights concerning the time near death of seriously ill patients. METHODS: We reviewed published reports from SUPPORT and HELP, specifically, demographics of dying; characteristics of a prognostic model to estimate survival; patient symptoms near death; patient preferences and decision-making near death; ineffectiveness of the SUPPORT intervention; costs of dying while seriously ill; and the impact of serious illness on the family. We also compared and contrasted the experience of patients with different conditions. RESULTS: Patients in SUPPORT who died were typically younger than age 75. Most SUPPORT patients who died were male and most had an income of less than $11,000, although the older patients in HELP were even more likely to have had such low incomes. Patients with cirrhosis were much younger than most decedents, and patients with cancer were less often poor. Most had serious symptoms close to death. The place of death was more closely related to hospital bed supply than to decisions made by healthcare providers or individual patient preferences or characteristics. Prognosis near death was quite uncertain, especially in patients with heart and lung failure. CONCLUSIONS: Although SUPPORT aimed to describe and compare decision-making affecting seriously ill patients, it also illuminated many other aspects of their course near death. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:S199-S205, 2000.
Evolution of strain in aluminum gallium nitride/gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors under on-state bias

On-state degradation of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) was quantified as a function of defect generation and strain evolution using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Observation of devices under on-state stress conditions elucidated defect formation mechanisms, which is known to be caused by hot electrons. Geometric phase analysis indicated a ∼25% decrease of the in-plane tensile strain in the AlGaN barrier after extended bias. Changes in sheet polarization charge density were estimated based on observations of the defect formation and resulting strain relaxation. We propose three regimes of degradation during HEMT device operation, and suggest the presence of a critical point at which defects become stable or permanent.
Developmentally Responsive Curriculum and Standards-Based Reform: Implications for Middle Level Principals:

The need for middle level principals skilled in curricular and instruc tional reform and school restructuring has never been more important. The hope for highly implemented and fully functioning programs lies in the principal's ability to facilitate comprehensive restructuring, restructuring that has broad-based involvement in establishing new visions of teaching and learning and collaborative decision making.
Nike’s Commercial Solution: Girls, Sneakers, and Salvation

In this article I critically examine the ways in which Nike has situated itself as an active participant in current cultural conversations about girls' and women's participation in sport through three television commercials: `If you let me play', `There's a girl being born in America', and `The Fun Police'. In these advertisements, Nike positions itself as helping girls get a chance to play sports, helping them lead healthier and happier lives, helping them learn the rules of the game, and helping them to have fun. However, I argue that Nike's suggestion that girls can be empowered through sport (and through Nike's efforts) occurs within a framework of discourses appearing in the commercials that, in effect, constrains girls by representing them as lacking their own agency.
Males with epilepsy, complete subcortical band heterotopia, and somatic mosaicism for DCX

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is seen predominantly in females, resulting from mutations in the X-linked doublecortin (DCX) gene, and can present with mild mental retardation and epilepsy. Males carrying DCX mutations usually demonstrate lissencephaly and are clinically much more severely affected. This article reports two cases of males with SBH indistinguishable from the female phenotype, both resulting from somatic mosaicism for DCX mutation.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF 32 STRAINS OF VAUCHERIA (XANTHOPHYCEAE) USING THE rbcL GENE AND ITS TWO FLANKING SPACER REGIONS1

The complete rbcL gene was sequenced for 21 species and 32 strains of Vaucheria and for five other Xanthophyceae (Asterosiphon dichotomus (Kutzing) Rieth, Botrydium becharianum Vischer, B. cystosum Vischer, B. stoloniferum Mitra, Tribonema intermixtum Pascher). The psbA-rbcL spacer, upstream of the rbcL gene, and the RUBISCO spacer between the rbcL and rbcS genes were also completely sequenced for the Vaucheria strains and Asterosiphon. The psbA-rbcL spacer was the most variable region that was sequenced, and only the 3' end of the spacer could be aligned. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood) were conducted using the DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence for the rbcL gene, and a second analysis was conducted using a portion of the psbA-rbcL spacer + rbcL gene + RUBISCO spacer. All analyses showed that Vaucheria species formed monophyletic clades that corresponded with morphologically based subgeneric sections, including the section Racemosae. Species producing a gametophore (= fruiting branch, bearing both an antheridium and oogonium) formed a monophyletic clade in all analyses. The nongametophore species sometimes formed a monophyletic clade but other times formed a basal grade. Pair-wise comparisons of nucleotides and amino acids showed that for some species, numerous nucleotide changes resulted in relatively few amino acid changes. Consequently, phylogenetic analysis of the amino acids produced numerous trees, which in a strict consensus tree resulted in numerous polychotomies. An original strain of V. terrestris that was deposited in two culture collections over 25 years ago had identical sequences, suggesting no rapid change was occurring in the sequenced regions. Two strains of V. prona, isolated from Europe and North America, had identical sequences. Other species, for which two or more strains were examined, had different sequences. These results suggest that cryptic species complexes exist within Vaucheria because the rbcL gene is a conservative gene that is identical in other protists.
Correlation between cell cycle duration and RNA content.

The metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange was used to differentially stain DNA and RNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes during their progression through the cell cycle. Green and red fluorescence of individual cells, representing cellular DNA and RNA, respectively, was measured by flow cytometry. CHO cells were synchronized by selective detachment at mitosis. Their rate of progression through G1 and subsequently through S phase correlated with the content of stainable RNA. The mean duration of the G1 phase was 5.2 hours for cells with high RNA content (highest 25 percentile population) and 8.1 hours for cells with low RNA (lowest 25 percentile). The duration of S phase was 5.9 and 7.5 hours for high- and low-RNA, 25 percentile subpopulations, respectively. Lymphocytes synchronized at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine showed extremely high intecellular variation with respect to content of stainable RNA. After release from the block they traversed S phase at rates linearly proportional to the content of stainable RNA. The duration of S phase was five hours for cells with high RNA-, six to nine hours for cells with moderate RNA- and up to 27 hours for cells with minimal RNA-content. The data suggest that the rate of progression the cell cycle of individual cells within a population may be correlated with the number of ribosomes per cell.
Callias' index theorem, elliptic boundary conditions, and cutting and gluing

It is shown that elliptic boundary conditions play the same role in Callias' index theorem as spectral boundary conditions do in the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem. This is used to generalize Callias' index theorem to arbitrary complete spin-manifolds.
Space-Time Structure of Hadronic Collisions and Nuclear Multiple Production

Nuclear interactions at high energy are sensitive to the space-time structure of basic hadronic collisions. A model of this structure is proposed; it provides a parameter-free account of National Accelerator Laboratory and cosmic-ray emulsion data, which shows that the multiplicity of mesons produced in nuclei exceeds that in hydrogen by an energy-independent ratio remarkably close to unity.
The Skeletal Muscle System II

Like other overlearned behaviors, adults tend to take their own perceptual-motor skills for granted and are often mystified by the obvious difficulty infants and young children display when they attempt to perform “simple” motor movements. Yet, even “simple” physical movements are actually extremely complex acts. Fitts (1964), for example, noted that the motor movements needed to hit a baseball are so complex that the computer program needed to command a robot arm to perform the same act would be as sophisticated as a computer program designed to play chess.
Synthesis of Gold Microplates Using Bovine Serum Albumin as a Reductant and a Stabilizer

Gold microplates were synthesized in aqueous solutions by reducing HAuCl(4) with the hydroxyl groups in both serine and threonine of bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is a globular protein in its native state. In this article, we systematically investigated the effects of temperature, pH value, the concentration of BSA, and ionic species on the reduction kinetics and thus the size and morphology of the final product. The optimal experimental conditions for producing uniform Au microplates include the following: an elevated temperature in the range of 55-65 degrees C, an acidic solution with pH approximately 3, and the presence of NaCl (0.14 M). We found that if any one of these parameters was deviated from the optimal condition, Au microplates would not be formed in high yields. We also found that the surfaces of the as-synthesized Au microplates were covered by a dense array of BSA bumps.
Poland's Protracted Transition: Institutional Change and Economic Growth, 1970-1994

In this book, first published in 1997, Kazimierz Z. Poznanski offers an integrated study of institutional change in the Polish economy since 1971. He examines the economic peak of the communist phase, the decline of the system, and the post-communist transition since 1989. Taking his analytical framework from evolutionary economics, he provides a complete re-evaluation of conventional views of communist economies and the post-communist transition. The book presents the communist economy as subject to major changes, particularly due to political pressures, and interprets its economic difficulties as related to underlying political decay. The economic 'shock therapy' of 1990 is seen as very much a continuation of earlier trends and pressures, which has led to probably an even deeper, though brief, economic collapse. This book will be of interest to economists and political scientists concerned with institutional transitions, as well as to students of East European and post-Soviet studies.
Shoreline erosion: Management case history from southeast Florida

Abstract This paper addresses the hierarchy of decision analysis that has been implemented over the past 25 years to control shoreline erosion at Delray Beach, Florida. A critical review of results serves as a reference case history for the manager faced with a similar assignment. Early management efforts included the use of rock rubble protection. This was subsequently replaced by an interlocking concrete revetment. The sole objective of these coastal defense options was the protection of a state road on the beach dune paralleling the shoreline. Initially, the question of beach conservation was ignored. Both of these structures failed. Information feedback led to a more holistic management program of beach renourishment, commenced in 1973. This not only has proved successful in protecting the road, but has been cost-effective in terms of creating a recreational beach which has become a major economic asset.
Static and dynamical structure of confined polymer films

Abstract The static and dynamical structure of confined polymer films are discussed by considering recent measurements of (i) the static forces required to compress polymer films to nanometer-level thickness and (ii) the associated dynamic oscillatory shear response. The static force-distance profiles, unlike those typical of small molecules, are monotonically repulsive. In addition, the storage and loss shear moduli follow patterns that are qualitatively similar to entanglement effects in bulk isotropic polymer melts, with the exception that entanglements appear to be enhanced in the confined films. Speculative interpretations are advanced.
Active Hydrodissection Might Optimize Cryosurgical Ablation of the Prostate

Objective To produce lower temperatures safely in the prostate, and better protect the rectum , as well as maximize the technique of cryosurgical ablation to better eradicate prostate cancer. Methods A total of 10 consecutive patients underwent total, subtotal, or focal cryosurgical ablation, with saline hydrodissection. We found lethal prostate temperatures and safer rectal temperatures. One patient developed a very small rectourethral fistula that healed with catheter drainage alone, prompting a revised technique. The prostate-specific antigen values at short follow-up were very low. Results Temperatures of −10°C to −76°C were achieved outside the prostate at the neurovascular bundle. Post-operative prostate-specific antigen values were 0.10 to 3.4 if total or focal therapy, respectively, was used. A small rectal fistula healed with catheter drainage alone. Conclusions This technique appears to hold great promise and should be investigated further in a larger group of patients with longer follow-up.
The Second Messenger, Cyclic AMP, Is Not Sufficient for Myelin Gene Induction in the Peripheral Nervous System

The adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathway has been proposed to regulate myelin gene expression ; however, a clear correlation between endogenous cAMP levels and myelin-specific mRNA levels has never been demonstrated during the induction or maintenance of differentiation by the myelinating Schwann cell. Endogenous cAMP levels decreased to 8-10% of normal nerve by 3 days after crush or permanent transection injury of adult rat sciatic nerve. Whereas levels remained low after transection injury, cAMP levels reached only 27% of the normal values by 35 days after crush injury. Because P 0 mRNA levels were 60% of normal levels by 14 days and 100% by 21 days after crush injury, cAMP increased only well after P 0 gene induction. cAMP, therefore, does not appear to trigger myelin gene induction but may be involved in myelin assembly or maintenance. Forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, increased endoneurial cAMP levels only in the normal nerve, and in the crushed nerve beginning at 16 days after injury, but at no time in the transected nerve. Only by treating transected nerve with 3-isobutyl-1 -methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterases, in combination with forskolin was it possible to increase cAMP levels. No induction of myelin genes, however, was observed with short- or long-term treatment with IBMX and forskolin in the transected nerve. A threefold increase in phosphodiesterase activity was observed at 35 days after both injuries, and a nonmyelinated nerve was shown to have even higher activity. These experiments, therefore, suggest an important role for phosphodiesterase in the inactivation of this second messenger-dependent stimuli when Schwann cells are non-myelinating, such as after sciatic nerve injury or in the nonmyelinated nerve, which again implies that cAMP may be required for the maintenance of the myelin sheath.
Regent books in speech rehabilitation

RECOVERY FROM APHASIA. By Joseph M. Wepman. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1951; pp. xii+276. $4.50. SPEECH CORRECTION ON THE CONTRACT PLAN. By Ruth B. Manser. (Third Edition). New York: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1951; pp. xvi+ 408. $4.75. SPEECH THERAPY WITH CHILDREN. By Ollie Backus and Jane Beasley. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1951; pp. viii+441. $3.00. SPEECH HABILITATION IN CEREBRAL PALSY. By Marion T. Cass. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951; pp. x+212. $3.00.
Interfacial mass transfer—permeation of hard spheres through hard disc monolayers

Abstract An energy barrier model for permeation through condensed monomolecular films has been used to correlate molecular parameters with transport rates across the monolayer. Permeation probabilities, which are directly proportional to the diffusive mass transfer coefficient through the monolayer, are evaluated as a function of the total intermolecular energy between the permeant and the monolayer. In the prototype model, the monolayer has been simulated by Monte Carlo configurations of hard disc particles and the diffusing species is modeled as a permeating hard sphere. The dependence of the permeation probabilities on monolayer density and ratio of permeant radius to monolayer cross-sectional radius has been determined. The general form of the model system allows extension to particle systems with more sophisticated intermolecular potential functions between permeant and monolayer.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates cAMP accumulation in cultured rat cardiac myocytes

We have previously shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments cAMP accumulation in the heart and stimulates cardiac adenylyl cyclase via a G protein mediated mechanism (Nair et al., 1989). More recently, employing an antibody against the carboxy-terminus decapeptide of Gs alpha, we have demonstrated that Gs alpha mediates the effects of EGF on cardiac adenylyl cyclase (Nair et al., 1990). Since the heart comprises of a variety of cell types, the purpose of the studies presented here was to determine whether or not the effects of EGF on adenylyl cyclase were mediated in cardiac myocytes or noncardiomyocytes. Therefore, cultures of ventricular cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes from neonatal rat hearts were established and characterized. Apart from the differences in cellular morphology, cardiomyocytes but not the noncardiomyocytes employed in our studies expressed the alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA and the beta-MHC protein. Additionally, as described previously, treatment of cardiomyocytes with thyroid hormone increased alpha-MHC mRNA and decreased the expression of beta-MHC mRNA, indicating that the cardiomyocytes employed in our studies were responding in a physiologically relevant manner. EGF in a time-dependent manner increased cAMP accumulation in the cardiomyocytes but not in noncardiomyocytes. Maximum and half-maximum effects were observed at 100 nM and 2 nM concentrations of EGF, respectively. As determined by the presence of immunoreactive EGF receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation of the 170 kDa protein in membranes of cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes, both the cell populations contained functional EGF receptors. Therefore, the differential effects of EGF on cAMP accumulation in the two cell populations appear to be due to differential coupling of the EGF receptors to the adenylyl cyclase system rather than the absence of EGF receptors in noncardiomyocytes. Consistent with our previous findings in isolated membranes and perfused rat hearts, EGF-elicited increase in cAMP accumulation in cardiomyocytes did not involve activation of beta-adrenoreceptors and was abolished by prior treatment of cells with cholera toxin. Overall, our findings demonstrate that EGF-elicited increase in cAMP accumulation in the heart is the reflection of changes in cAMP content of cardiomyocytes and not noncardiomyocytes.
POETICS, DRAMATICS, AND TRANSGRESSIVE VALIDITY: The Case of the Skipped Line

This article presents three social-science writing transgressions: writing an in-depth interview as a poem, writing field notes as a drama, and the article, itself, which deploys diverse genres, pe...
An elastic-plastic analysis of non-axisymmetric structures

Abstract Previously a method of analyzing elastic non-axisymmetric problems was developed. This method involved dividing the structure into segments in the r − θ plane and performing an axisymmetric analysis. The displacements were then forced to match at selected nodes. This yields a set of perturbation displacements for each segment. The total displacement in the structure is the axisymmetric displacement plus the perturbation displacement. In this study this method is expanded to include elastic-plastic material behavior with strain hardening effects. For the elastic-plastic analysis the von Mises-Hencky yield condition and the Prager, or kinematic, strain hardening rule are used. The method is applied to a number of examples to test its accuracy. Numerical results are presented and discussed.
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients with Severe versus Mild or Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Followed in an Academic Outpatient Pulmonary Clinic

Background: The prevalence of some electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in severe versus mild or moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been reported. Methods: ECGs were interpreted blindly in 63 patients with severe COPD (group 1) versus 83 patients with mild or moderate COPD (group 2). Results: Right atrial enlargement (RAE) occurred in 44% of group 1 and 15% of group 2 patients (P < 0.001). Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) occurred in 29% of group 1 and 4% of group 2 patients (P < 0.001). Right bundle branch block (RBBB) occurred in 29% of group 1 and 11% of group 2 patients (P < 0.01). Marked clockwise rotation of heart occurred in 40% of group 1 and 18% of group 2 patients (P < 0.005). Low voltage in limb leads occurred in 24% of group 1 and 11% of group 2 patients (P < 0.05). A QS pattern in leads III and aVF occurred in 16% of group 1 and 4% of group 2 patients (P < 0.01). Left axis deviation (LAD) occurred in 16% of group 1 and 4% of group 2 patients (P < 0.01). Premature atrial complexes (PACs) occurred in 19% of group 1 and 7% of group 2 patients (P < 0.05). Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTs) occurred in 16% of group 1 and 5% of group 2 patients (P < 0.025). Conclusions: RAE, RVH, RBBB, marked clockwise rotation of heart, a QS pattern in leads III and aVF, LAD, PACs, and SVTs were significantly more prevalent in patients with severe COPD than in patients with mild or moderate COPD. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16(1):30–32
The effect of mucin on bacterial translocation in I-407 fetal and Caco-2 adult enterocyte cultured cell lines.

Although the intestinal mucosa forms a crucial barrier between the host and the environment, bacterial translocation (BT) occurs frequently in neonates and may be a source of sepsis. The intestinal mucous gel layer is thought to be a vital component of the gut barrier and is composed, in part, of a family of glycoproteins known as mucins. Our aim was to study the effects of mucin on BT in an enterocyte cell-culture model using a fetal (I-407) and an adult (Caco-2) intestinal cell line. I-407 and Caco-2 cells were grown to confluence on porous filters in a two-chamber Transwell system. The integrity of the monolayers was confirmed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability using the macromolecule dextran blue. Cells were treated with mucin (40 mg/ml) prior to inoculation of 1 × 106Escherichia coli C25. The magnitude of BT was determined quantitatively by culturing the samples from the basal chamber of the wells and was expressed as log 10 [Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml]. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test with statistical significance at P < 0.05. Mucin inhibited BT across both fetal and adult cultured enterocyte monolayers; however, the inhibitory effect was less on the fetal cells compared to the adult cells. Dextran-blue studies showed that monolayers were intact throughout the experiments. Despite 98% inhibition of BT, mucin had a statistically significant effect on post-bacterial inoculation TEER in Caco-2 cells and no effect in I-407 cells. The ability of mucin, a mucous-barrier glycoprotein, to inhibit BT across immature intestinal enterocytes, as in the neonate, may be diminished compared to mature adult enterocytes.
Viral inactivation in platelet concentrates.

Summary Although the current risk of posttransfusion infection is very low in North America and Western Europe, there continues to be considerable interest in measures to inactivate residual viruses in blood components. The human immunodeficiency virus is of greatest concern, but hepatitis C virus is also considered to be a significant problem. HTLV-I and -II and HBV may also be transmitted by transfusion, although infrequently. It is likely that effective inactivation methods will have to reduce viral titers by about 6 orders of magnitude, including both viruses found free in plasma and those in intracellular compartments. Although it would be most desirable to have a single procedure to inactivate viruses in all blood components, it appears that different methods may be required for plasma, red cells and platelets. To date, the most promising approach for platelets appears to be photochemical inactivation. In general, photoactive compounds fall into two major groups: photodynamic dyes which are activated by visible light and act by oxygen dependent generation of reactive molecular species; and ultraviolet-activated intercalating compounds which form covalent adducts with nucleic acids. We have found that photodynamic inactivators are unable to inactivate viruses in platelet concentrates without damaging the platelets. On the other hand, we have shown that aminomethyl trimethyl psoralen (AMT), when activated by long-wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA) can inactivate more than 5 logs of model viruses and HIV while platelet in vitro properties are maintained. Further, unlike photodynamic inactivators, AMT is able to inactivate cell-associated and intracellular viruses and also prevents the replication of integrated HIV genome sequences, as demonstrated by PCR. Platelets which have been exposed to antiviral treatment with AMT and UVA also retain their hemostatic effectiveness in an animal model system. One problem with AMT is that it is mutagenic and thus may be inappropriate for infusion into patients. Thus, implementation of a psoralen/UVA inactivation protocol may require the removal of residual drug from the platelet concentrate. An alternate strategy might be to seek psoralens which are non-mutagenic. Finally, in the past year or so, much progress has been made in the use of methylene blue for viral inactivation of plasma. Methylene blue is capable of inactivating free virus in conditions which retain the integrity of platelets. However, it appears to be unable to achieve inactivation of intracellular viruses. Consequently, it is unclear when an inactivation method for platelet concentrates could be available for routine use.
The interplay between physical activity and anxiety sensitivity in fearful responding to carbon dioxide challenge.

Objective—Physical activity may confer protective effects in terms of the development of anxiety and its disorders. These effects may be particularly strong among individuals who have elevated levels of anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the fear of somatic arousal; AS), an established cognitive-based risk factor for anxiety and its disorders. The present study performed a laboratory test of the interplay between physical activity and anxiety sensitivity. Methods—Participants were adults free of Axis I psychopathology (N = 145) who completed measures of physical activity and AS prior to undergoing a recurrent 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air (CO2) challenge. Results—Consistent with hypothesis, physical activity was significantly related to CO2 challenge reactivity among persons with elevated levels of AS, at high levels of physical activity (p < .001) but not at low levels of physical activity (p = .90). Also consistent with hypothesis, irrespective of the level of physical activity, physical activity did not relate significantly to CO2 challenge reactivity among persons with normative levels of AS (p = .28). Conclusions—These findings provide novel empirical insight into the role that physical activity may play in terms of resiliency for the development of anxiety disorders. Specifically, the protective effects of physical activity may only be evident at higher doses and among persons who are at increased risk of developing anxiety disorders because they have elevated anxiety sensitivity.
The effects of nonshared environments on adolescent depression: findings from a sample of monozygotic twins.

Abstract Purpose Behavioral genetic research has revealed that nonshared environments are associated with depression and depressive symptomatology. Research examining specific nonshared environments related to adolescent depression remains relatively limited. To address this gap in the published data, we analyzed a sample of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine the effects of nonshared environmental variables on adolescent depression. Methods We used the MZ-twin-difference-scores method on data from MZ twins (n = 289 twin pairs) drawn from the Add Health to examine the effect of specific nonshared environments on adolescent depression. Results Findings from the MZ-difference-scores analyses revealed that between-twin differences in maternal disengagement were significantly related to differences in adolescent depression. Additional analyses revealed that the association between adolescent depression and maternal disengagement was largely a child-driven effect. Conclusion Compared with previous research that has implicated maternal socialization in the development of depression among adolescents, the results of the current study revealed that differences in maternal socialization were a response and not a cause of adolescent depression.
Unusual sequences of two old, inactive human Alu repeats.

Abstract Two human Alu repeats terminating in an oligo(T) run rather than the usual A-rich 3′ tail were isolated by library screening. Base sequence comparisons reveal that these unusual Alus are also exceptionally divergent from other Alu family members implying that they are evolutionarily old. Unlike other members of the family, they are not transcribed in vitro by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) suggesting a partial explanation for how Alu source genes might become inactive with age.