cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of Thin Layers in Coastal Hawaiian Waters

Thin layers of plankton have been documented in a wide variety of environments. The growing body of observations indicates that these features are a critical component of marine ecosystem dynamics and functioning. In the past two decades, much of the research on thin layers was undertaken in temperate coastal waters. Here, we report the first known observations of thin layers of phytoplankton in tropical Hawaiian waters. We conducted an overnight shipboard study during which time we made high-resolution observations of physical and optical structure in the water column. During the overnight cruise, we observed the greatest number of thin layers in the early evening hours when thermal stratification was strongest and most persistent due to a combination of warm air and surface water, as well as light winds. A comparison of these observations with those from temperate regions leads us to hypothesize that the nature and persistence of the physical structure is very important in determining the persistence of thin layered structures. Because plankton biomass is generally lower in tropical regions, the heterogeneous aggregation of food in thin subsurface layers may be more critical to the marine ecosystem than it is in temperate regions where plankton are generally more abundant.
Selecting effective courseware: Three fundamental instructional factors

Selecting effective courseware from among the multitude of software packages available today can be a difficult and time-consuming task. The author asserts that by focusing on just three fundamental instructional factors—objectives, feedback, and learner control—suitable courseware can be quickly identified. A review of current theory and research about each of the three factors is provided, and a brief guide for selecting effective courseware is presented.
Numerical investigations of an airfoil in a nonuniform stream

The nonlinear differential equation for the flowfield around an airfoil in a two-dimensional nonuniform parallel stream is solved by the finite difference method. The numerical results show that even for a thin airfoil at small angle of attack, the stagnation pressure and the vorticity carried by the streamline passing around the airfoil are significantly different from the corresponding values carried by the undisturbed streamline through the body under the linearized approximation. When the deviation upstream from the uniform flow is represented by a Gaussian profile to simulate the velocity increment behind a propeller, the numerical results show that there is an optimum vertical location of the airfoil relative to the upstream profile for maximum lift. A correlation between the maximum lift and a nonuniformity parameter of the upstream profile is obtained. This parameter is a combination of two parameters, the maximum velocity deviation and the spread of the nonuniformity. When the upstream velocity profile changes from one uniform stream to another through a layer with a steep velocity gradient, there is a significant gain (loss) in lift, if the vorticity is in the same (opposite) sense as the circulation around the wing. A more drastic change in lift occurs, however, when the circulation is in the opposite sense as the vorticity. This occurs when the layer with a steep velocity gradient passes over the upper surface of the airfoil. This phenomenon of a sudden change in lift is of importance when an airplane encounters an atmospheric disturbance.
A Multidomain Model For Electrodiffusion and Water Flow

Fluid flow and its coupling to electrodiffusion is involved in many physiological systems from the kidney to the lens of the eye, where it has been studied in some detail (Journal of Membrane Biology (2007) 216:1-16). We formulate a mathematical model that describes electrodiffusion and water flow in three dimensions with resolution and scale appropriate for analysis of tissues. The mathematical model presented can be seen as a coarse-grained version of a model used in (PNAS(2008) 105:6463-6468) to model cellular and subcellular electrodiffusion. We shall discuss the relationship of the general model to other macroscopic models in electrophysiology, and show preliminary computations and applications.
Temperature Dependence of Microwave Phonon Attenuation

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the attenuation of 9-Gc/sec phonons are presented. They include measurements on crystals of quartz, CdS, GaAs, Ge, Si, Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and MgO in several directions and modes of polarization. The attenuation in most of the materials is proportional to ${T}^{n}$, where the average value of $n=4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2$ for the fast transverse waves, 4.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 for the slow transverse waves, 4.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.4 for the longitudinal waves. For MgO and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the attenuation is proportional to the frequency of the sound between 3 and 9 Gc/sec. An empirical correlation of the data is that the attenuation of 9-Gc/sec phonons is 3 dB/cm when $(\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\Theta}})\ensuremath{\approx}0.1$, where $\ensuremath{\Theta}=\mathrm{Debye}\mathrm{temperature}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{crystal}$. Values of the third-order elastic constants are used to make absolute comparisons of the theory of attenuation by three-phonon processes with the data. The agreement is good in some cases but not in others.
CD95 Is Part of a Let-7/p53/miR-34 Regulatory Network

The death receptor CD95 (APO-1/Fas) mediates apoptosis induction upon ligation by its cognate ligand CD95L. Two types of CD95 signaling pathways have been identified, which are characterized by the absence (Type I) or presence (Type II) of mitochondrial involvement. Micro(mi)RNAs are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. They are important regulators of differentiation processes and are found frequently deregulated in many human cancers. We recently showed that Type I cells express less of the differentiation marker miRNA let-7 and, hence, likely represent more advanced tumor cells than the let-7 high expressing Type II cells. We have now identified miR-34a as a selective marker for cells that are sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis. Both CD95 and miR-34a are p53 target genes, and consequently, both the sensitivity of cancer cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis and the ability to respond to p53 mediated DNA genotoxic stress are linked. Interestingly, while miR-34a was found to positively correlate with the ability of cells to respond to genotoxic stress, let-7 was negatively correlated. The expression level of CD95 inversely correlated with the expression of let-7 suggesting regulation of let-7 expression by CD95. To test a link between p53 and miR-34a, we altered the expression of CD95. This affected the ability of cells to activate p53 and to regulate miR-34a. Our data point to a novel regulatory network comprising p53, CD95, let-7, and miR-34a that affects cancer cell survival, differentiation, and sensitivity to apoptotic signals. The possible relevance of this regulatory network for cancer stem cells is discussed.
Rayleigh Scattering Measurements of Shock Enhanced Mixing

This investigation was concerned with the nuxmg which occurs after the unsteady interaction of a shock wave with a laminar jet of helium. The jet of helium was injected normal to the direction of the propagation of the shock. The primary diagnostic, planar Rayleigh scattering, had sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to resolve the smallest diffusion scales present and allowed helium mole fractions to be measured in twodimensional planes normal to the original jet flow direction. The amount of molecular mixing was evaluated with a mass distribution function at increasing times after the shock interaction. The total masses of helium contained in regions where the molar concentration of helium was at least 30% and 50% were also calculated. The shock Mach number was varied, and the effect of a reflected shock was studied. It was found that shock interactions can significantly increase the mixing between the air and helium. A rough collapse of the mixing data occurs when time is normalized by the jet radius divided by the change in velocity of the air behind the shock. An increase in the enhancement of mixing occurred after the interaction with the reflected shock.
Optimizing conical intersections without derivative coupling vectors: application to multistate multireference second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2).

We introduce a new method for optimizing minimal energy conical intersections (MECIs), based on a sequential penalty constrained optimization in conjunction with a smoothing function. The method is applied to optimize MECI geometries using the multistate formulation of second-order multireference perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2). Resulting geometries and energetics for conjugated molecules including ethylene, butadiene, stilbene, and the green fluorescent protein chromophore are compared with state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) and, where possible, benchmark multireference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction (MRSDCI) optimizations. Finally, we introduce the idea of “minimal distance conical intersections”, which are points on the intersection seam that lie closest to some specified geometry such as the Franck−Condon point or a local minimum on the excited state.
Analogues of (3R)-7-Hydroxy-N-((1S)-1-{((3R,4R)-4-(3- hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)methyl}-2- methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic). Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Opioid Receptor Antagonist Activity

The synthesis of compounds 6, 7a,b, 8a,b, 9a,b, and 10a,b where the amino -NH- group of JDTic (3) was replaced with an aromatic horizontal lineCH-, CH(2), O, S, or SO group was accomplished and used to further characterize the SAR of the compound 3 class of kappa opioid receptor antagonists. All of the compounds showed subnanomolar to low nanomolar K(e) values at the kappa opioid receptor. The most potent compound was 7a, where the amino -NH- group of 3 was replaced by a methylene (-CH(2)-) group. This compound had a K(e) = 0.18 nM and was 37- and 248-fold selective for the kappa relative to the mu and delta opioid receptors, respectively. Similar to compound 3, compound 7a antagonized selective kappa agonist U50,488-induced diuresis after sc administration in rats. In contrast to 3, where kappa antagonist activity lasted for three weeks, compound 7a did not show any kappa antagonist activity after one week.
Unprofessional, Ineffective, and Weak: A Textual Analysis of the Portrayal of Female Journalists on Sports Night

This study investigates the portrayal of five female journalists on the Aaron Sorkin television series Sports Night. The women were depicted as acting unprofessionally, displaying motherly qualities, choosing their personal lives over work, being deferential to men for ethical decisions, and showing a lack of sports knowledge compared to the male characters. The researchers use social responsibility theory to suggest why these portrayals were ethically problematic.
Repetitive behavior and increased activity in mice with Purkinje cell loss: a model for understanding the role of cerebellar pathology in autism.

Repetitive behaviors and hyperactivity are common features of developmental disorders, including autism. Neuropathology of the cerebellum is also a frequent occurrence in autism and other developmental disorders. Recent studies have indicated that cerebellar pathology may play a causal role in the generation of repetitive and hyperactive behaviors. In this study, we examined the relationship between cerebellar pathology and these behaviors in a mouse model of Purkinje cell loss. Specifically, we made aggregation chimeras between Lc/+ mutant embryos and +/+ embryos. Lc/+ mice lose 100% of their Purkinje cells postnatally due to a cell-intrinsic gain-of-function mutation. Through our histological examination, we demonstrated that Lc/+↔+/+ chimeric mice have Purkinje cells ranging from zero to normal numbers. Our analysis of these chimeric cerebella confirmed previous studies on Purkinje cell lineage. The results of both open-field activity and hole-board exploration testing indicated negative relationships between Purkinje cell number and measures of activity and investigatory nose-poking. Additionally, in a progressive-ratio operant paradigm, we found that Lc/+ mice lever-pressed significantly less than +/+ controls, which led to significantly lower breakpoints in this group. In contrast, chimeric mice lever-pressed significantly more than controls and this repetitive lever-pressing behavior was significantly and negatively correlated with total Purkinje cell numbers. Although the performance of Lc/+ mice is probably related to their motor deficits, the significant relationships between Purkinje cell number and repetitive lever-pressing behavior as well as open-field activity measures provide support for a role of cerebellar pathology in generating repetitive behavior and increased activity in chimeric mice.
Geometric Construction of Piecewise Line-Symmetric Spherical Motions Using Quaternion Biarcs

This paper employs quaternion biarcs to interpolate a set of orientations with angular velocity constraints. The resulting quaternion curve represents a piecewise spherical line-symmetric rational motion with C1 continuity. Since a quaternion arc corresponds to the motion of the planet gear in a special spherical epicyclic gear train, each segment of the quaternion biarcs can be realized with such an epicyclic gear train. Quaternion biarcs may be used to approximate B-spline quaternion curves that represent rational spherical motions that have applications in robot path planning, CAD/CAM, mechanism design, and computer graphics.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Workplace, household, and personal predictors of pesticide exposure for farmworkers.

In this article we identify factors potentially associated with pesticide exposure among farmworkers, grade the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature for such associations, and propose a minimum set of measures necessary to understand farmworker risk for pesticide exposure. Data sources we reviewed included Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and AGRI-COLA databases. Data extraction was restricted to those articles that reported primary data collection and analysis published in 1990 or later. We read and summarized evidence for pesticide exposure associations. For data synthesis, articles were graded by type of evidence for association of risk factor with pesticide exposure as follows: 1 = association demonstrated in farmworkers; 2 = association demonstrated in nonfarmworker sample; 3 = plausible association proposed for farmworkers; or 4 = association plausible but not published for farmworkers. Of more than 80 studies we identified, only a third used environmental or biomarker evidence to document farmworker exposure to pesticides. Summaries of articles were compiled by level of evidence and presented in tabular form. A minimum list of data to be collected in farmworker pesticide studies was derived from these evidence tables. Despite ongoing concern about pesticide exposure of farmworkers and their families, relatively few studies have tried to test directly the association of behavioral and environmental factors with pesticide exposure in this population. Future studies should attempt to use similar behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial measures to build a body of evidence with which to better understand the risk factors for pesticide exposure among farmworkers.
Sensor-based cutoff strategy for border check-irrigated fields

AbstractInflow cutoff, or turning off water inflow to an irrigated field based on water advance location downfield, is commonly used by irrigators as a means of reducing tail discharge (runoff) during surface irrigation of forage and range crops. To apply a scientifically sound cutoff strategy using a calculated inflow cutoff time or cutoff advance location, multiple field parameters (e.g., water inflow rate, rate of water advancement) need to be measured using multiple (potentially expensive) sensors and instrumentation. In this study, a sensor-based irrigation inflow cutoff strategy for surface irrigation was developed that deploys simple wireless contact-type sensors to measure wetting-front arrival time and surface water depth along a border check during the advance phase. These data were coupled with a multi-irrigation volume balance model (i.e., separate model parts for initial and subsequent irrigations of growing season) to determine appropriate cutoff times and/or locations, based on user-defined...
The current status of biomarkers for predicting toxicity

Introduction: There are significant rates of attrition in drug development. A number of compounds fail to progress past preclinical development due to limited tools that accurately monitor toxicity in preclinical studies and in the clinic. Research has focused on improving tools for the detection of organ-specific toxicity through the identification and characterization of biomarkers of toxicity. Areas covered: This article reviews what we know about emerging biomarkers in toxicology, with a focus on the 2012 Northeast Society of Toxicology meeting titled ‘Translational Biomarkers in Toxicology.' The areas covered in this meeting are summarized and include biomarkers of testicular injury and dysfunction, emerging biomarkers of kidney injury and translation of emerging biomarkers from preclinical species to human populations. The authors also provide a discussion about the biomarker qualification process and possible improvements to this process. Expert opinion: There is currently a gap between the scienti...
Localizing intracavitary brachytherapy applicators from cone-beam CT x-ray projections via a novel iterative forward projection matching algorithm.

Purpose: To present a novel method for reconstructing the 3D pose (position and orientation) of radio-opaque applicators of known but arbitrary shape from a small set of 2D x-ray projections in support of intraoperative brachytherapy planning. Methods: The generalized iterative forward projection matching (gIFPM) algorithm finds the six degree-of-freedom pose of an arbitrary rigid object by minimizing the sum-of-squared-intensity differences (SSQD) between the computed and experimentally acquired autosegmented projection of the objects. Starting with an initial estimate of the object’s pose, gIFPM iteratively refines the pose parameters (3D position and three Euler angles) until the SSQD converges. The object, here specialized to a Fletcher–Weeks intracavitary brachytherapy (ICB) applicator, is represented by a fine mesh of discrete points derived from complex combinatorial geometric models of the actual applicators. Three pairs of computed and measured projection images with known imaging geometry are used. Projection images of an intrauterine tandem and colpostats were acquired from an ACUITY cone-beam CT digital simulator. An image postprocessing step was performed to create blurred binary applicators only images. To quantify gIFPM accuracy, the reconstructed 3D pose of the applicator model was forward projected and overlaid with the measured images and empirically calculated the nearest-neighbor applicator positional difference for each image pair. Results: In the numerical simulations, the tandem and colpostats positions ( x , y , z ) and orientations ( α , β , γ ) were estimated with accuracies of 0.6 mm and 2°, respectively. For experimentally acquired images of actual applicators, the residual 2D registration error was less than 1.8 mm for each image pair, corresponding to about 1 mm positioning accuracy at isocenter, with a total computation time of less than 1.5 min on a 1 GHz processor. Conclusions: This work describes a novel, accurate, fast, and completely automatic method to localize radio-opaque applicators of arbitrary shape from measured 2D x-ray projections. The results demonstrate ∼ 1 mm accuracy while compared against the measured applicator projections. No lateral film is needed. By localizing the applicator internal structure as well as radioactive sources, the effect of intra-applicator and interapplicator attenuation can be included in the resultant dose calculations. Further validation tests using clinically acquired tandem and colpostats images will be performed for the accurate and robust applicator/sources localization in ICB patients.
Library networks and resource sharing in the united states: An historical and philosophical overview

This paper discusses the origins of library networks and traces their development in the United States in the late 1960s through the present. The concept of resource sharing, with particular attention to the interlibrary loan and programs for the cooperative acquisition and storage of materials, is examined in relationship to library networks. In particular, attention is given to the question of how these two major components of library cooperation, which have tended to be separate, might become more closely integrated.
Laminar, nonisothermal flow of fluids in tubes of circular cross section

Numerical solutions of the equations of motion and energy are presented in the form of pressure-loss, flow-rate relationships for the laminar, nonisothermal flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids being heated and cooled in tubes at constant wall temperature. The flow properties are represented by a temperature-dependent form of the power law equation. The numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data for a wide range of fluid properties and flow conditions.
Expanding the Product Realization Process to Incorporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation

This paper outlines our experiences in the implementation and evolution of the Product Realization Process (PRP) in industry sponsored capstone team design projects with an emphasis on developing business plans. Particular emphasis is placed on the incorporation of innovation and entrepreneurship since the Innovation Center was established two years ago. In 1996 we began using the PRP in our capstone courses with 6 projects from 3 companies. We now implement over 60 projects each year. The total number of companies that have sponsored projects is now over 80. Approximately 10 projects per year are related to innovation and entrepreneurship and include elements of market studies, patent searches, intellectual property investigations, cost estimating, manufacturing and the development of a business plan. This paper will address the following: • The evolution to multidisciplinary projects; • The enhancement of the conceptual design process to emphasize innovation; • The migration from a one semester course to a two semester sequence; • The development of partnerships with faculty and students in the School of Business and the Law School; • The parallel phases in the projects that include technical development and the development of a business plan.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The physician's license: an Achilles' heel?

(1991). The physician's license: An Achilles' heel? Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 201-220.
Coping strategies and patterns of alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected patients in the United States Southeast.

Abstract Alcohol and drug use are common among HIV-infected patients and are important determinants of secondary transmission risk and medication adherence. As part of the Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast (CHASE) Study, 611 HIV-infected patients were consecutively recruited from eight clinical care sites in five southeastern U.S. states in 2001–2002. We examined the distribution and predictors of alcohol and drug use in this sample with an emphasis on psychosocial predictors of use. In the prior 9 months, 27% of participants drank alcohol and 7% drank to intoxication at least weekly. The most common drugs used at least weekly were marijuana (12%) and crack (5%); 11% used a non-marijuana drug. 7% reported polysubstance use (use of multiple substances at one time) at least weekly. Injection drug use was rare (2% injected at least once in the past 9 months). There were few differences in alcohol and drug use across sociodemographic characteristics. Stronger adaptive coping strategies were the most consi...
Accuracy of preoperative electrocardiographic and chest radiographic screening for prediction of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the reliability of electrocardiography (ECG) and chest radiography (CXR) in predicting left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) undergoing preanesthetic evaluation for muscle biopsy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 255 patients with a preliminary diagnosis of NMDs based on history, physical examination, and laboratory testing underwent preanesthetic screening before muscle biopsy. The screening included various combinations of ECG, CXR, and transthoracic echocardiography (Echo) to assess perioperative risk associated with potentially undiagnosed LV dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to ascertain whether CXR and ECG were independently predictive of LV dysfunction. In addition, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of each test and the combination of CXR and ECG in differentiating LV dysfunction from normal function based on Echo "gold standard" data. RESULTS: The study consisted of 255 patients who had a transthoracic Echo, and among these patients, 235 had CXR and 237 had ECG. Forty-four patients were diagnosed by transthoracic Echo to have LV dysfunction (17.3%). Of the 255 patients in the study population, 24 were found to have mild LV dysfunction (9.4%) and 20 had moderate to severe LV dysfunction (7.8%) on Echo. With Echo providing the definitive standard for the diagnosis of LV dysfunction, we found that a CXR alone was predictive in 37% of cases of LV dysfunction, an ECG alone was predictive in 14% of cases, and the combination of both was predictive in 81% of cases. The combination of ECG and CXR test offered the highest diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve of 0.95, P < 0.0001) for differentiating moderate to severe LV dysfunction from normal LV function. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with suspected neuromuscular disease, CXR and ECG provided low independent diagnostic prediction for the presence or absence of LV dysfunction. The combination of both tests can identify cardiomyopathy with relatively high accuracy in children with suspected NMDs independent of age and gender, particularly in patients with moderate to severe LV dysfunction. Although our findings suggest that combination ECG and CXR screening is a reliable means of detecting LV dysfunction, this approach fails to differentiate the severity or type of cardiomyopathy that may exist. Therefore, the decision to obtain a perioperative Echo before muscle biopsy should involve careful consideration of the disease suspected, ECG and CXR results, laboratory studies, patient age, physical examination, and family history.
Investigation of localized deformation in NiAl single crystals

Deformation of NiAl single crystals was studied using finite element analysis to investigate the modes of localized deformation. Constitutive parameters and hardening characteristics of the active slip systems were estimated by comparing numerical simulation results with experimental results. Deformation of tensile specimens of NiAl single crystal was simulated when loaded along different crystal orientations to understand the deformation mechanism that results in various localized modes of deformation. In particular, the formation of shear bands and kink bands was studied and the material and geometric characteristics that influence the formation of such localization were investigated.
Creep deformation of fully lamellar TiAl controlled by the viscous glide of interfacial dislocations

Abstract Creep mechanisms of fully lamellar TiAl with a refined microstructure ( γ lamellae: 100–300 nm thick, α 2 lamellae: 10–50 nm thick) have been investigated. A nearly linear creep behavior (i.e. the steady-state creep rate is nearly proportional to the applied stress) was observed when the alloy was creep deformed at low applied stresses ( γ and α 2 lamellae are very limited in a low stress level as a result of the refined lamellar microstructure, creep mechanisms based upon glide and/or climb of lattice dislocations become insignificant. Instead, the motion of interfacial dislocation arrays on γ / α 2 and γ / γ interfaces (i.e. interface sliding) has found to be a predominant deformation mechanism. According to the observed interfacial substructure caused by interface sliding and the measured activation energy for creep, it is proposed that creep deformation of the refined lamellar TiAl in the intermediate-temperature and low-stress regime is primarily controlled by the viscous glide of interfacial dislocations.
Deuterium excess reveals diurnal sources of water vapor in forest air

An understanding of atmospheric water vapor content and its isotopic composition is important if we are to be able to model future water vapor dynamics and their potential feedback on future climate change. Here we present diurnal and vertical patterns of water isotope ratios in forest air (d 2 Hv and d 18 Ov) not observed previously. Water vapor observed at three heights over 3 consecutive days in a coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, shows a stratified nocturnal structure of d 2 Hv and d 18 Ov, with the most positive values consistently observed above the canopy (60 m). Differences between 0.5 m and 60 m range between 2-6% for d 18 O and 20-40% for d 2 H at night. Using a box model, we simulated H2O isotope fluxes and showed that the low to high d 2 Hv and d 18 Ov profiles can be explained by the vapor flux associated with evaporation from the forest floor and can- opy transpiration. We used d-excess as a diagnostic tracer to identify processes that contribute to the diurnal variation in atmospheric moisture. Values of d-excess derived from water vapor measurements showed a repeated diel pattern, with the lowest values occurring in the early morning and the highest values occurring at midday. The isotopic composition of rain water, collected during a light rain event in the first morning of our experiment, suggested that considerable below-cloud secondary evaporation occurred during the descent of raindrops. We conclude that atmo- spheric entrainment appears to drive the isotopic variation of water vapor in the early morning when the convective boundary layer rapidly develops, while evapotranspiration becomes more important in the mid-afternoon as a primary moisture source of water vapor in this forest. Our results demonstrate the interplay between the effects of vegetation and boundary layer mixing under the influence of rain evaporation, which has implications for larger-scale pre- dictions of precipitation across the terrestrial landscape.
Abstract IA2: Navigating the balance of INK4/ARF expression in cancer: ncRNAs as sensors and regulators of transcription

Abstract The INK/ARF (CDKN2A) locus expresses p15 Ink4B , p16 Ink4A , p14 Arf and is under control of Polycomb Repressive Complexes PRC1 and PRC2 to impose transcriptional silencing to bypass cellular senescence upon oncogenic stress. Previously, we had identified a constituent member of human PRC1, known as the chromobox protein 7 (CBX7), is endowed the capacity to bind specifically to elements of the long non-coding RNA identified as the non-coding an ti-sense R NA of the I NK l ocus (ANRIL) RNA transcript as a mature processed polyadenylated RNA transcript. ANRIL represent a large heterogeneous population of individual transcripts and their isoforms arising from the localized genomic region overlapping INK/ARF. These transcripts reveal independent patterns of expression dependent on the state of cell growth and differentiation. Moreover, specific transcripts overlapping the ANRIL region of chromosome 9p21.3 provide strict correlation to human embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal versus differentiation. We recently identify specific ANRIL transcripts and isoforms that are correlative with human prostate tumor stages and states of malignancy. We had previously shown that certain transcripts correlate with PRC1 is organized on the INK/ARF locus through the interaction between CBX7 and the nascent ANRIL transcript to help establish and maintain repressive histone H3K27 methylation and H2AK119 monoubiquitination. Both PRC1 and PRC2 can interact with different ANRIL transcript regions and it remains unclear whether this activity is cooperative. This activity is abrogated in the absence of RNA polymerase II activity thereby requiring nascent transcription of anti-sense transcripts of INK/ARF by RNA polymerase II (RNA POLII). Interestingly, TAF15/TAFII68 can be tethered to CBX7 in prostate carcinoma cells where the ANRIL ncRNA transcripts are elevated. Our recent finding is that specific ANRIL transcripts directed by RNAPOLII are influenced by RNA polymerase III (RNA POLIII) as measured through the depletion of the core RNA POLIII factor BRF1. This evidence suggests that RNA POLIII may populate RNA synthesis of shorter transcripts to influence PRC1 and PRC2 binding thereby instructing the behavior of RNA POLII synthesis. This provides a rational mechanism whereby RNA POLIII with RNAPOLIII provide the genomic RNA context to instruct PRC1 and PRC2 to exert antisense transcription at the expense of transcriptional activity of INK/ARF . Citation Format: Martin J. Walsh, Francesca Aguilo, SiDe Li, Kyoko Yap, Jesus Gil, Ming-Ming Zhou. Navigating the balance of INK4/ARF expression in cancer: ncRNAs as sensors and regulators of transcription [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA2.
Analyzing software data: after the gold rush (a goldfish-bowl panel)

Over the past few years, the volume and types of data related to software engineering has grown at an unprecedented rate and shows no sign of slowing. This turn of events has led to a veritable gold rush, as researchers attempt to mine raw data and extract nuggets of insight. A very real danger is that the landscape may become a Wild West where inexperienced software "cowboys" sell hastily generated models to unsophisticated business users, without any concern for best or safe practices. Given the current enthusiasm for data analysis in software engineering, it is time to review how we using those techniques and can we use them better. While there may be no single best "right" way to analyze software data, there are many wrong ways. As data techniques mature, we need to move to a new era where data scientists understand and share the strengths and drawbacks of the many methods that might be deployed in industry. In this highly interactive panel skilled practitioners and academics can (a) broadcast their insights and (b) hear the issues of newcomers in this field.
Assay of dehydroascorbic acid in bread and dough added as a crystalline dimer

ABSTRACT The assay of dehydro-l-ascorbic acid (DHAA) in dough and bread was done by reduction of DHAA to l-ascorbic acid (AA) in aqueous dithiothreitol (DTT) at pH 6–7 followed by quantitation of the AA using HPLC with electrochemical detection. At room temperature and pH 6.6, with 4.0 equivalents of DTT, the conversion of DHAA to AA was stoichiometric after 5 min. In mixograms on flour-water doughs, DHAA added in dimeric form at 200 ppm had no effect on absorption but increased mixing time by 9–19% with the same effects occurring in full-formula doughs. AA added to doughs did not affect mixing peak time or absorption. Mixing bread doughs with an initial level of 25–200 ppm of AA based on flour (14% mb) produced DHAA in the freshly mixed doughs at concentrations of 20–51 ppm, or from 80 to 26% of AA added. During ≈120 min of fermentation and proofing, the levels of AA in the doughs increased by 4–10 ppm. Mixing bread doughs with an initial level of 25–200 ppm of DHAA produced no AA in the freshly mixed do...
Parahydrogen Induced Polarization: A New Magnifying Glass for Examining Reactions with Hydrogen

Parahydrogen-included polarization (PHIP), its occurrence and mechanistic implications in homogeneous hydrogenation chemistry, and its appearance in the oxidative addition of H2 to transition metal centers are described and analyzed. The PHIP phenomenon, which is characterized by unusual NMR absorptions and emissions in product spectra, arises when para-enriched H2 is employed in hydrogenation of unsaturated organic substrates with a homogeneous metal catalyst or when para-enriched H2 is added to a metal complex to form a metal dihydride. Examples of PHIP are found in ruthenium phosphine-catalyzed hydrogenations, catalysis by binuclear rhodium complexes, and in H2 oxidative addition to Ir(I) complexes. The decay of polarization has been shown in the case of asymmetric hydrogenation catalyzed by Rh(chiraphos)+ to correlate well with the measured rate of reaction. For asymmetric hydrogenation of aprotic substrates using Noyori's Ru(BINAP)(OAc)2 catalyst (1), PHIP is observed indicating a pairwise hydrogen transfer mechanism. Through the signal enhancement of PHIP, it has been possible to observe Rh hydride species never previously detected including binuclear complexes in the reaction of H2 with RhCl(CO)(PR3)2 (R = Ph, Me) and in hydrogenation catalysis promoted by RhCl(PPh3)3. Also observed in the hydrogenation catalysis is the putative olefin dihydride catalytic intermediate.
A Generalized Geometric Error Model for Multi-Axis Machines

Abstract A methodology has been presented to build a generalized error model of a multi-axis machine of arbitrary configuration. It is based on the assumption of rigid body motions and utilizes homogeneous transform matrices. The developed error model accounts for errors due to inaccuracies in the geometry and mutual relationships of the machine's structural elements as well as for errors resulting from the relative motion between these elements. The model is particularly useful for identifying the dominant contributors to the overall error within the machine's working volume.
Evidence that GABA and glycine-like inputs inhibit vasodepressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rabbit

Local microinjections of muscimol and glycine into the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rabbit, caused an acute increase in arterial blood pressure. Bicuculline and strychnine, antagonists of these agents, acutely decreased arterial pressure when microinjected into the same region. Control injections placed 1.5 mm medially did not affect arterial pressure. The pressure changes were independent of heart rate changes and were prevented by prior cervical cord transection. Results suggest that vasodepressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla are themselves inhibited by GABA and glycine-like inputs.
Rudimentary geometric particle theory.

Abstract A particle theory is sketched on the classical level, in which all the additive particle labels are defined in terms of geometry already present in a Yang-Mills type gauge theory and general relativity, without an action principle and without using particle fields. The internal particle labels are constructed from conserved currents determined by the internal curvature, i.e., the gauge fields. The step from local to integral conservation laws is considered with care, casting some doubt on the conventional procedure and indicating an apparent possibility for geometric breaking of conservation laws. The concept of holonomy groups has been used freely; one of the remaining questions concerns the asymptotic behavior of internal holonomy groups at large distances from a physical system. Part of the dynamics is proposed to be carried by a postulate linking event space with internal space, and defining a map between the holonomy groups for these spaces. Several candidates for such a postulate have group theoretical implications similar to higher symmetry schemes. The translation group is absent here however, since the energy-momentum vector is constructed from the Einstein tensor in Riemannian event space. Spin angular momentum has been tentatively identified with a geometric construct as well.
Exocrine ductal pCO2 in the rabbit pancreas.

An improvedpCO2 microelectrode has been evaluated and used to investigate whether a significant barrier to diffusion of CO2 exists in the rabbit pancreas. The results of this study show the improved Carter and CaflischpCO2 microelectrode to be an accurate and reliable tool for measuring pancreatic venous and ductalpCO2. The similarities betweenpCO2 values from the pancreatic ducts and small pancreatic veins suggest that there is no barrier to CO2 diffusion between small veins and exocrine ducts in the rabbit pancreas, and that ductalpCO2 is probably strongly influenced by the CO2 tension of the small pancreatic blood vessels.
Influence of incorporated cerebrosides on the interaction of liposomes with HeLa cells

Abstract The presence of synthetic N- palmitoyl dihydrolactocerebroside in preparations of neutral multilamellar liposomes enhances their fusion interaction with cultured HeLa cells some 5–7-fold. The effect appears to be carbohydrate-specific, and is probably not attributable to a change in the physical characteristics of the liposome bilayer due to the presence of the cerebroside.
Distribution and Abundance of Saprolegnia in the Water System of a Chinook Salmon Hatchery

Abstract A pour-plate fungal assay was used to monitor the abundance of Saprolegnia fungi in the water supply of a hatchery for Columbia River chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that was supplied with both single-pass creek water and 90% reuse well water. Hatchery production records were used to explore the relationship between the hatchery environment and fungal abundance. Saprolegnia was not detected in well water supplying the hatchery. Only minimal levels of Saprolegnia were detected in raceways receiving singlepass creek water. However, significant levels of Saprolegnia were observed in raceways receiving water from the 90% reuse system during the hatchery production cycle. During 1993, Saprolegnia in the reuse system increased from 33.5 colony-forming units per liter (cfu/ L) upon the introduction of fish to the raceways to 592.5 cfu/L just prior to the final release of fish as smolts. Similar results were observed during the 1994 production cycle in which Saprolegnia increased from 141.6 cfu/L...
Simulating adaptive service-oriented software systems

Simulation of dynamic service-based software systems is important for studying services that may change their composition and thus interactions at run-time. An approach based on Service Oriented Architecture-compliant DEVS (SOAD) and Dynamic Structure DEVS (DSDEVS) modeling approaches is developed to support structural changes in service model composition. To achieve this goal, a broker-executive model is devised based on the broker model defined for SOAD and the executive model defined for DSDEVS. The capability to simulate dynamic services is incorporated to the DEVS-Suite simulator. To demonstrate modeling of dynamic service-based software systems, a real voice communication system and a model of this system have been developed. The importance of enabling simulation-based design for adaptable systems is briefly discussed.
Fatherhood and incident prostate cancer in a prospective US cohort.

Background Fatherhood status has been hypothesized to affect prostate cancer risk but the current evidence is limited and contradictory. Methods We prospectively evaluated the relationship between offspring number and the risk of prostate cancer in 161 823 men enrolled in the National Institues of Health – American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Participants were aged 50–71 years without a cancer diagnosis at baseline in 1995. Analysing 8134 cases of prostate cancer, Cox regression was used to estimate the association between offspring number and prostate cancer incidence while accounting for socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Results When examining the entire cohort, there was no relationship between fatherhood and incident prostate cancer [hazard ratio (HR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86–1.02]. However, after stratifying for prostate cancer screening, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) unscreened childless men had a lower risk of prostate cancer (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58–0.91) compared with fathers due to the interaction between PSA screening and fatherhood (P for interaction < 0.01). A trend for the lower risk of prostate cancer among unscreened fathers compared with childless men was seen for low-grade prostate cancer (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61–1.01), high-grade prostate cancer (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.37–1.04) and even fatal prostate cancer (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.07–1.12). The number of children fathered was not related to prostate cancer (Ptrend = 0.17). In addition, men’s inability to sire female offspring showed a weak positive association with prostate cancer in the PSA unscreened study subjects. Conclusions Our findings suggest fatherhood status and offspring gender is associated with a man’s prostate cancer risk.
Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, enhances the healing of a cutaneous wound in the rat

The effect of the anabolic steroid oxandrolone on the healing rate of a standardized full thickness linear wound on the back of the rat was studied. Oxandrolone was given orally by gavage in peanut oil at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. A placebo powder in peanut oil was given at the same dose to a control group. Parameters monitored were time to complete wound closure, wound hydroxyproline content and tensile strength, as well as histology. We found that wounds closed completely in 12 ± 3 days with oxandrolone, compared to 18 ± 3 days for a placebo, a statistically significant difference. The rate of body weight gain was identical in both groups. Hydroxyproline content of the healed incision site was 23 ± 4 mg/g tissue vs. 17 ± 3 mg/g tissue, while the tensile strength increased to 185 ± 13 g/mm2 vs. 102 ± 18 g/mm2 in the oxandrolone and placebo groups, respectively. Both parameters were significantly increased with the anabolic steroid. Histologic examination showed a wound that contained more mature and densely packed collagen and was also hypercellular with oxandrolone treatment. We conclude that the anabolic steroid oxandrolone significantly enhanced wound healing unrelated to any generalized increase in protein mass as would be reflected in body weight.
Simultaneous Media Experience and Synesthesia

The findings demonstrate that simultaneous media usage is a fact, undermining typical media measurements done in isolated environments that neglect the everyday patterns of media users. More importantly, the simultaneous media experience points to the concept of synesthesia as an experiential integrator of differing sensory fields. The experience of simultaneous media foreground/background relationship needs to be incorporated into the media planning and allocation mix if we are to actually address the consumers' media experience with multitasking.
CB2-05: Chemotherapy Treatment Patterns Among Advanced Colon Cancer Patients

Background/Aims Chemotherapy for advanced (stage III/IV) colon cancer has changed with new drugs and combination regimens. Treatment guidelines for advanced disease are broad thus allowing for treatment variation. We evaluated cases enrolled at 7 HMO Research Network sites through the Comparative Effectiveness in Genomic and Personalized Medicine for Colon Cancer (CERGEN) study to describe characteristics and patterns of chemotherapy treatment by geographic site and patient characteristics.