cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instability, informal control, and criminogenic situations: community effects of returning prisoners

Incarceration, whose putative goal is the reduction of crime, may at higher concentrations actually increase crime by overwhelming neighborhoods with limited resources. The present research poses and provides initial support for an explanation of this paradoxical consequence of a crime control strategy. Specifically, we draw on two different lines of theoretical work to suggest that large numbers of returning prisoners may negatively impact a community’s economic and residential stability, limiting a community’s capacity for informal social control and resulting in labor market conditions conducive to criminal behavior. This study combines data on local social organization processes from a large survey of Seattle residents with contextual, crime, and incarceration data from the US Census, Seattle Police Department, and Washington State Department of Corrections. The results suggest that high concentrations of returning prisoners are associated with a reduced capacity for collective efficacy; the fostering of social situations conducive to criminal behavior; and higher levels of violent crime. The impact of incarceration on these neighborhood processes, however, appears to be largely indirect through the turmoil that concentrations of incarceration create in a neighborhood’s labor and housing markets. We conclude with a call for greater scrutiny of the goals and actual outcomes of incarceration policy.
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by acanthamoeba

Infections arising from free-living amebae are rare. They generally cause recognizable disease only in chronically ill, debilitated patients who are immune suppressed. Only about 70 cases of granulomatous amebic encephalitis have been reported. We present an unusual case of granulomatous encephalitis in a 35-year-old man. Neurologic examination and laboratory tests were inconclusive. CT demonstrated bilateral low-density areas with mild mass effect in the cortex and subcortical white matter, which showed increased signal on T2-weighted MRI. Craniotomy and brain biopsy revealed granulomatous encephalitis with acanthamoeba organisms. Though nonspecific, imaging can support the diagnosis of amebic encephalitis and direct biopsy.
Studies on ACTH-induced changes at the NADP+-binding site of bovine adrenal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract Adrenal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( d -glucose 6-phosphate: NADP + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) was inhibited by metal chelating agents and especially by sulfhydryl-inhibiting agents. Sulfhydryl inhibition at the NADP + -binding center by p -chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) was studied in detail. Compounds having reduced sulfhydryl groups protected the enzyme against PCMB inactivation. Magnesium, barium, or EDTA augmented PCMB inhibition of the enzyme, as did low concentrations of urea, guanidine-HCl, or dodecyl acetate. NADP + and glucose 6-phosphate completely protected the enzyme from PCMB. NAD + , NADH, NADPH, steroid hormones, and fatty acids partially protected the enzyme from PCMB inhibition. ACTH increased the rate of inactivation of the enzyme by PCMB. This inactivation was completely prevented by NADP + and partially prevented by NAD + . Glucose 6-phosphate had no effect on the ACTH augmentation of PCMB inhibition. Amino acid analysis revealed 32 cysteine residues per 238,000 g/mole of enzyme. PCMB titration of the enzyme showed seven to eight sulfhydryl groups in the ureatreated enzyme, four to five sulfhydryl groups in the native enzyme, and only two sulfhydryl groups involved in enzymatic activity. No sulfhydryl groups were titratable when NADP + was present in excess. A mechanism for the binding relationships of substances at the active sites is discussed. The allosteric binding of ACTH to the enzyme induces a change in the NADP + -binding center.
Disciplinary Patterns in Degrees, Faculty and Research Funding

The variations in numbers of faculty, degrees (BS, MS and PhD) and research funding over the last quarter century for eleven engineering disciplines are compared to each other and to engineering as a whole. The engineering disciplines considered are aerospace, bioengineering, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, industrial, materials, mechanical, nuclear and petroleum. Emphasis is given to the cycle experienced by engineering BS degrees during this period. The variation in the mix of BS degrees in individual disciplines which has occurred over the past two decades is analyzed. Emphasis is also given to the rapid growth in graduate programs, especially doctoral, during the last decade. It is shown that essentially all disciplines have contributed significantly to the growth of engineering graduate programs. Research funding is analyzed in terms of total funding, funding per faculty member and funding per doctoral degree; actual and constant (noninflated) dollars are considered. Research funding growth in disciplines generally has kept pace with engineering as a whole. The effect of rapid graduate degree growth on funding available for research support is analyzed for individual disciplines; many disciplines are shown to exhibit degree growth extensive enough to cause declines in constant dollar funding per doctoral degree.
Spin pinning and magnetic surface reconstruction; The effect on standing spin waves in films

Abstract We explore the effect of magnetic surface reconstruction on the spectrum of standing spin waves in magnetic films. We find that the surface spin instabilities produce effective pinning fields that depend strongly on magnetic field, temperature, and the strength of anisotropy fields in the surface.
Internal mammary artery bypass graft--long-term patency rate and follow-up.

Abstract Between December, 1968, and January, 1974, 814 internal mammary artery and 351 saphenous vein bypass graft procedures were performed in 628 patients. Operative mortality during the past 3 years has been 1.7%. Internal mammary artery bypasses were performed to the anterior descending, circumflex, obtuse marginal, distal right, and posterior descending right coronary arteries. Ninety-one patients having 137 internal mammary artery and 32 saphenous vein grafts were studied angiographically 12 to 36 months postoperatively. All but 2 internal mammary artery bypasses were patent, a patency rate of 98.5%; 27 of the 32 saphenous vein bypasses in this group were patent (84.3%). The majority of the internal mammary artery bypasses were to distal coronary arteries, while the saphenous veins were used primarily for proximal anastomosis. Cineangiographic volume/flow studies were also performed. The average flow in the more distal internal mammary artery bypasses was 61 ml. per minute as compared with 91 ml. per minute in the proximal saphenous vein grafts.
T antigen repression of SV40 early transcription from two promoters

Abstract The SV40 early mRNAs encode large (T) and small (t) tumor antigens. During the lytic cycle, the 5′ termini of the early mRNAs undergo a shift: shortly after infection only an initiation site downstream from the TATA box is utilized; later an upstream initiation site becomes prominent. Both initiation sites are utilized in an in vitro transcription extract. D2T, a T antigen analog, specifically represses transcription in vitro from both initiation sites, but at different concentrations. Binding of D2T to site I suppresses initiation from the site downstream of the TATA box; binding to sites II and I suppresses initiation from the upstream site. The role of T antigen binding in repression of transcription and in the shift of initiation sites on the early strand is discussed.
Size dependence in small-system calculations for fractional quantum Hall states.

We discuss the size dependence of small-system periodic-boundary-condition calculations of ground-state energies and excitation energies for two-dimensional electron systems in a strong magnetic field. The discussion is based on an examination of the Hartree-Fock approximation for a finite-size system. We find that finite-size-system calculations overestimate the magnitude of the ground-state energy and underestimate excitation energies, especially in the case of higher-orbital Landau levels. Numerical estimates of the finite-size corrections are given for 4-, 9-, and 16-electron systems.
A multisite psychotherapy and medication trial for depressed adolescents: Background and benefits

The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) is an NIMH-supported multisite clinical trial that compares the effectiveness of a depression-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), medication management with fluoxetine (FLX), the combination of CBT and FLX (COMB), and medical management with pill placebo (PBO). TADS was specifically designed as a comprehensive effectiveness study, able to answer clinically meaningful questions by including a broad and representative sample of depressed teens, delivering treatment at both tertiary medical centers and community clinics, and assessing functional as well as symptomatic outcomes. This report supports the importance of conducting clinical trials in youth with depression to bridge the gap between science and practice.
Ultrasonic underwater transmission of composite turbine blade structural health

A health monitoring approach is investigated for hydrokinetic turbine blade applications. In-service monitoring is critical due to the difficult environment for blade inspection and the cost of inspection downtime. Composite blade designs provide a medium for embedding sensors into the blades for in-situ health monitoring. The major challenge with in-situ health monitoring is transmission of sensor signals from the remote rotating reference frame of the blade to the system monitoring station. In the presented work, a novel system for relaying in-situ blade health measurements is described and demonstrated. An ultrasonic communication system is used to transmit health data underwater from the rotating frame of the blade to a fixed relay station. Data are then broadcast via radio waves to a remote monitoring station. Results indicate that the assembled system can transmit simulated sensor data with an accuracy of ±5% at a max sampling rate of 500 samples/sec. A power investigation of the transmitter within the blade shows that continuous max-sampling operation is only possible for short durations (~days), and is limited due to the capacity of the battery power source. For a 1000 mA-hr battery to last two years, the transmitter must be operated with a duty cycle of 368, which means data are acquired and transmitted every 59 seconds. Finally, because the data transmission system is flexible, being able to operate at high sample rate for short durations and lower sample rate/high duty cycle for long durations, it is well-suited for short-term prototype and environmental testing, as well as long-term commercially-deployed hydrokinetic machines.
Expandable graphite/polyamide-6 nanocomposites

Polyamide-6 (PA-6)/graphite nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending, using a variety of graphites, including virgin graphite, expandable graphites and expanded graphite. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry, and tensile mechanical analysis. Nanocomposite formation does occur, as denoted by the nanometre dispersion of graphite layers in the polymer matrix, and the dispersion depends on the graphite treatment. The material properties of the resulting composites are improved relative to the virgin/unfilled polymer; in particular, there is an enhancement of the thermal stability without any significant deterioration of the mechanical properties.
Transition probabilities for the helium singly excited states 1snl 1,3L with n = 2–21 and l = 0–5

Theoretical dipole transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, lifetimes, and branching ratios are presented for all transitions between states of the He 1snl series with nless than or equal to21 for singlet and less than or equal to22 for triplet states, and lless than or equal to5. The experimental wavelengths are also tabulated. The calculations were performed by a recently developed approach which combines the traditional Coulomb approximation with the representation of the atomic core by a realistic central-field potential. copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Some Observations of Foul Weather EHV Television Interference

This is the first report to the industry on television interference (TVI) resulting from precipitation on 500 kV transmission lines. The report describes television interference as it relates to corona activity as well as type and intensity of precipitation. Interference evaluation techniques were developed and measurements made on single 2.5" OD, two 1.6" OD and four 0.93" OD conductors.
131 Albumin Displacement of Oleic Acid from Wound Dressings Promotes an Elastase-Lowering Effect in Chronic Wound Fluid

The potential to lower destructively high levels of elastase found in chronic wounds with oleic acid-treated cotton wound dressings was assessed and compared with two types of oleic acid-treated occlusive wound dressings. The ability of albumin to bind oleic acid and transfer elastase inhibitory activity from the dressing material to elastase in solution was examined. Cotton, hydrogel, and hydrocolloid wound dressings were treated with oleic acid and tested for their ability to lower elastase activity. Oleic acid–treated cotton gauzes, hydrogels, and hydrocolloid dressings were found to release oleic acid in the presence of albumin in sufficient quantities to inhibit elastase activity. The order of elastase lowering activity with the three oleic acid-formulated wound dressings was cotton gauze > hydrogel > hydrocolloid. Elastase inhibition by oleic acid displaced from gauze followed a dose response profile. In contrast Cathepsin G, when displaced by albumin, was inhibited within a narrow range of oleic acid formulations. The effect of albumin levels representative of the chronic wound on displacement of oleic acid was determined. Solubilization of cotton bound oleic acid by albumin was found to be most effective at 4% albumin. However, there was sufficient solubilization of oleic acid at the 2% albumin levels found in chronic wound fluid to achieve a significant elastase-lowering effect. Albumin promoted solubilization of oleic acid from cotton with a solubility threshold of 27 mg/g cotton gauze. Equivalent lowering of elastase activity was found with 1%, 2%, and 4% albumin concentrations with oleic acid on cotton at 128 mg oleic acid/gram of cotton.
Cell membranes and multilamellar vesicles: influence of pH on solvent induced damage.

Pigment leakage from sheep and horse erythrocytes and from red beet tissue induced by non-polar solvents was determined as a function of pH. The results were compared to disruption of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) composed of phospholipids with equimolar cholesterol under identical conditions of solvent exposure and pH. Solvent access to cholesterol was used to measure vesicle disruption. MLV were made from 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine sphingomyelin (SP) and various phosphatidylcholines to simulate the major lipid components of membranes. Pigment leakage from erythrocytes caused by petroleum hydrocarbon (b.p. 60–80°C) was maximal at pH 2–4 and at pH 10, but minimal at pH 6.8; alcohols caused less pigment leakage than petroleum hydrocarbon. Betacyanin leakage from beet tissue induced by petroleum hydrocarbon was maximal at pH 2, with very little leakage at pH 4, 6.6 and pH 10. Alcohols caused minimal damage to beet tissue above pH 2. Cholesterol removal by petroleum hydrocarbon from MLV of mixed lipid composition was maximal at pH 2–4, reduced at pH 6.8 and minimal at pH 10. Lipid mixtures in which fatty acyl side chains of one phospholipid were of a different length than the other lost more sterol than mixtures in which the acyl side chains were of identical chain length. MLV with more than 25% SP lost more sterol than those with less or no SP. Results show that in mixtures of phospholipids, SP exposes the hydrocarbon phase of a bilayer to solvent extraction, a property that was also observed in native membranes. Erythrocyte membranes, which contain SP, were more severely damaged by petroleum hydrocarbon than beet cells, which have none. Membranes from erythrocytes were more prone to solvent disruption at pH 10 than MLV, but they were more resistant at physiological pH. It is suggested that conformational changes in membrane proteins due to shifts in pH cause exposure of hydrophobic portions of surrounding lipids to the environment. At neutral pH, the native conformation of proteins is expected to stabilize the bilayer of membranes.
Familial cavernous angioma of the brain stem dominantly inherited in hispanics

A 23-year-old Hispanic woman whose mother had died of a brain hemorrhage developed signs and symptoms of a brain stem lesion. These gradually progressed over the next 30 years. Her computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans show features typical of a cavernous angioma in the brain stem. Her daughter had a transient right hemiparesis at age 25, and at age 28 noted periorbital pain with twitching of the forehead and jaw. The daughter's computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans likewise suggest cavernous angioma of the brain stem. There has been only one other report of familial cavernous angioma of the brain stem, and that also involved a Hispanic family. Hispanics have a known predisposition to familial cavernous angioma, and this diagnosis should be considered when more than one person in a family develops brain stem symptoms.
Retention of lens specificity in long-term cultures of diploid rabbit lens epithelial cells.

Abstract Rabbit lens epithelial cells from newborn animals exhibited limited growth when cultured under standard conditions. Cell lines were generated when explants from individual lenses were cultured in medium supplemented with conditioned medium or untreated rabbit serum. All lines exhibited a stable epithelial morphology. One line, N/ N1003A. was examined extensively with respect to its growth, ploidy, and maintenance of lens-specific functions. Cells at population-doubling level (pdl) 120 exhibited a normal chromosomal banding pattern, were diploid, were non-tumorigenic in vivo, did not grow in suspension culture, and did not exhibit sustained growth in medium supplemented with low concentrations of serum. The shape of the growth curves and the final density for cells at pdl 24 and 181 exposed to various concentrations of serum were identical. The cells showed no diminution in growth as a function of in vitro age. The cells retained lens-specific functions. Proteins were isolated from cells at pdl 40 and 170, and were separated on polyacrylamide gels. Western immunoblot analysis using antiserum to α-crystallin, a tissue-specific protein found in lens epithelial cells in vivo, indicated the presence of α-A- and α-B-crystallin polypeptides. The cells also contained the transcription factors required for activating the murine α-A-crystallin gene promoter. which is known to function with precise tissue specificity. When an expression vector including the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene controlled by the α-A-crystallin gene promoter was introduced into the lens epithelial cells, the CAT gene was expressed. This did not occur when this construct was introduced into cultured rabbit kidney epithelial cells. Cultured lens epithelial cells provide a stable system for investigating the factors that regulate growth, differentiation, and crystallin gene expression in lens epithelial cells.
Visible 2-dimentional photonic crystal laser

Visible 2-dimentional photonic crystal lasers were fabricated within membranes of InGaP/InGaAlP quantum well material emitting around 670 nm. These red photonic crystal lasers with ultra-small mode volumes (~ 0.01mum3) are ideally useful for spectroscopic sources.
Words in my Eyes—the assessment of art and design in GCSE

Summary This paper is concerned with teachers’ ‘criterion‐referenced’ assessment practices in General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) art and design. Case study research has revealed that teachers report some difficulty in assessing art and design through the application of written criteria to visual material. Exemplar material in the form of photographs of students’ work, although one way of providing a visual context for criteria, might also become prescriptive. Furthermore, photographs of art work fail to take account of important aspects of a spectator's aesthetic experience. A programme of annual trial assessments, where teachers are prepared for examining GCSE art and design utilising a discussion technique for making judgements, is seen as one where orthodoxy of viewpoint and the legitimation of a particular view of art activity might be questioned and therefore provide for teachers’ professional development. In such a programme, assumptions could be challenged and the reality of art as a...
Amnesia produced by altered release of neurotransmitters after intraamygdala injections of a protein synthesis inhibitor.

Amnesia produced by protein synthesis inhibitors such as anisomycin provides major support for the prevalent view that the formation of long-lasting memories requires de novo protein synthesis. However, inhibition of protein synthesis might disrupt other neural functions to interfere with memory formation. Intraamygdala injections of anisomycin before inhibitory avoidance training impaired memory in rats tested 48 h later. Release of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin, measured at the site of anisomycin infusions, increased quickly by ≈1,000–17,000%, far above the levels seen under normal conditions. NE and DA release later decreased far below baseline for several hours before recovering at 48 h. Intraamygdala injections of a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist or agonist, each timed to blunt effects of increases and decreases in NE release after anisomycin, attenuated anisomycin-induced amnesia. In addition, similar to the effects on memory seen with anisomycin, intraamygdala injections of a high dose of NE before training impaired memory tested at 48 h after training. These findings suggest that altered release of neurotransmitters may mediate amnesia produced by anisomycin and, further, raise important questions about the empirical bases for many molecular theories of memory formation.
Real-time hostile attribution measurement and aggression in children

Hostile attributions are an important predictor of aggression in children, but few studies have measured hostile attributions as they occur in real-time. The current study uses an interactive video racing game to measure hostile attributions while children played against a presumed peer. A sample of 75 children, ages 10–13, used nonverbal and verbal procedures to respond to ambiguous provocation by their opponent. Hostile attributions were significantly positively related to parent-rated reactive aggression, when controlling for proactive aggression. Hostile attributions using a nonverbal response procedure were negatively related to proactive aggression, when controlling for reactive aggression. Results suggest hostile attributions in real-time occur quickly and simultaneously with social interaction, which differs from the deliberative, controlled appraisals measured with vignette-based instruments. The relation between real-time hostile attributions and reactive aggression could be accounted for by the impulsive response style that is characteristic of reactive aggression, whereas children exhibiting proactive aggression may be more deliberate and intentional in their responding, resulting in a negative relation with real-time hostile attributions. These findings can be used both to identify children at risk for aggression and to enhance preventive interventions. Aggr. Behav. 40:409–420, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measured and predicted field patterns of MF/HF communication antennas on US Coast Guard patrol boats

Measured azimuthal antenna patterns of a US Coast Guard patrol boat show significant variations of 3 to 9 dB in signal strength caused by sea waves. MININEC was used to model the antenna configurations and to predict the azimuthal radiation patterns and impedances for the various frequencies. MININEC can successfully model azimuthal antenna patterns, but cannot model the effects of sea waves and winds. It is noted that the varying 3 to 9 dB ripples in signal strength could mean the difference between communicating and not communicating. This observation has been confirmed by discussions with patrol boat personnel. >
The World Veterinary Poultry Association: the beginnings and first 25 years

The World Veterinary Poultry Association (WVPA) was formed in 1959, the honour of being the first President of the Association going to Professor de Blieck and that of Secretary to Dr R.F. Gordon, who had both championed its formation. The First WVPA Conference (the name “Congress” was not applied until the third meeting) took place in Utrecht in 1960. The second Conference (1962) and the third Congress (1965) were in Cambridge and Paris, respectively. The fourth Congress, in Belgrade (1969), was a landmark one for two reasons: firstly, submitted papers were introduced, and secondly, the notion of a WVPA journal, later to be called Avian Pathology, was first discussed. A year later (1970) the journal came into being, Professor Klimes (Czhechoslovakia), the driving force behind its creation, being the first Editor-in-Chief, with Professor Kosic (Yugoslavia) as production Editor. Due to the ill health of Professor Klimes, Peter Biggs was confirmed as Editor-in-Chief in 1973. A charitable company, Avian Path...
Comparison of human haptic size discrimination performance in simulated environments with varying levels of force and stiffness

The performance levels of human subjects in size discrimination experiments in virtual environments with varying levels of stiffness and force saturation are presented. The virtual environments are displayed with a Phantom desktop three degree-of-freedom haptic interface. Performance was measured at below maximum machine performance levels for two machine parameters: maximum endpoint force and maximum virtual surface stiffness. The tabulated scores for the size discrimination in the sub-optimal virtual environments, except for those of the lowest stiffness, 100 N/m, were found to be comparable to that in the highest-quality virtual environment. This supports previous claims that haptic interface hardware may be able to convey, for this perceptual task, sufficient perceptual information to the user with relatively low levels of machine quality in terms of these parameters, as long as certain minimum levels, 1.0 N force and 220 N/m stiffness, are met.
c-Kit expression in desmoid fibromatosis. Comparative immunohistochemical evaluation of two commercial antibodies.

To determine the frequency of c-Kit staining in desmoids and optimize an assay for clinical use, we stained 19 desmoids from various sites at various dilutions with 2 commonly used rabbit polyclonal, antic-Kit antibodies (A4502, DAKO, Carpinteria, CA; C19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), with and without heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) in citrate buffer. Appropriate external and internal control samples were evaluated for each test condition. At dilutions of 1:50 both antibodies stained substantial numbers of desmoids: with/without HIER, A4502, 89%/63%; C-19, 37%/74%. The staining was cytoplasmic without cell membrane accentuation. However, background stromal staining and nonspecific staining of endothelium and smooth and striated muscle were problematic with both antibodies at 1:50. At higher dilutions, C-19 stained no desmoid; however, diminished staining of external and internal control samples made it unreliable. A4502 similarly stained many fewer desmoids at higher dilutions. However, it retained strong staining of both external and internal control samples and showed much less nonspecific staining. Best results were achieved at 1:250 without HIER; only weak focal staining was present in 1 desmoid. With a simple immunohistochemical method optimized for clinical use, desmoid can be regarded as a c-Kit–negative tumor. Desmoid fibromatosis (desmoid) behaves in a locally aggressive manner, often with multiple local recurrences and substantial patient morbidity. Because local control is known to be difficult, a number of chemotherapeutic interventions have been attempted with variable claims of success. 1-5 To date, however, no agent has proven reliably effective for routine clinical use. Because of its success in treating gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), the drug imatinib mesylate (STI571, or Gleevec, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), a c-Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has piqued the interest of oncologists as a potential therapeutic agent for other mesenchymal neoplasms, including desmoid. Yantiss et al 6 reported c-Kit immunoreactivity in a high
The immune system as the sixth sense

One of the truly remarkable discoveries in modern biology is the finding that the nervous system and immune system use a common chemical language for intra- and inter-system communication. This review will discuss some of the pivotal results that deciphered this chemical language. Specifically the nervous and immune systems produce a common set of peptide and nonpeptide neurotransmitters and cytokines that act on a common repertoire of receptors in the two systems. The paper will also review more recent studies that have delineated hardwired and humoral pathways for such bidirectional communication. This is discussed in the context of the idea that the sharing of ligands and receptors allows the immune system to serve as the sixth sense that notifies the nervous system of the presence of entities, such as viruses and bacteria, that are imperceptible to the classic senses. Lastly, this review will suggest ways to apply the newfound knowledge of the sixth sense to understand a placebo effect and to treat human disease.
Performance analysis of forward osmosis processes from the integral equation theory

Abstract We solved the Ornstein–Zernike integral equation to investigate non-linear behavior of osmotic pressure of solutions containing high concentrations of inorganic salts. Net interactions between molecules are assumed to be Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential, and various force fields were used to determine the potential parameters. Relationship between the LJ parameters and permeate flux are discussed, and relative significance of the osmotic pressure and diffusion coefficient on water flux in forward osmosis was investigated.
Cesium-131 permanent seed brachytherapy: dosimetric evaluation and radiation exposure to surgeons, radiation oncologists, and staff.

Abstract Purpose Cesium-131 (131Cs) radioactive seed is Food and Drug Administration approved for permanent seed implant for all cancers, including lung and head and neck (HN) cancers. We describe the first clinical report of 131Cs dosimetry and exposure rates to treating physicians and staff. Methods and Materials Twenty-eight patients received 131Cs implant for early stage lung and recurrent HN cancers. A nomogram was developed to calculate the number of seeds needed to cover the wedge line with the prescription dose (80 Gy). Final dosimetry was obtained after CT planning a few days following the surgical procedure. Radiation exposure to the treating physicians and staff was measured at the completion of the procedure. Results A nomogram was developed using the variseed software with source data from American Association of Physicists in Medicine TG-43 report. The total volume covered by the prescription isodose line of 131Cs was measured and compared with 125I. The prescription volume was smaller for 131Cs. In addition, the exposure rate with 131Cs was found to be acceptable. Conclusion Our preliminary experience with 131Cs lung and HN brachytherapy has been very encouraging with excellent dosimetric coverage and acceptable exposure to the treating physicians and staff.
MQW wavelength-tunable DBR lasers with monolithically integrated external cavity electroabsorption modulators with low-driving voltages fabricated by selective-area MOCVD

Summary form only given. Recently, lasers with monolithically integrated external modulators fabricated using selective-area epitaxy in the InGaAs-InGaAsP material system have received much attention for applications in long distance fiber communication. As of yet little work has been done on lasers with monolithically integrated modulators in the InGaAs-GaAs material system. Applications for lasers with monolithically integrated external-cavity modulators in the InGaAs-GaAs material system include wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) local area networks and differential absorption LIDAR systems, for both of which low chirp is desired. We present a multiple quantum well (MQW) wavelength-tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser with monolithically integrated external-cavity electroabsorption (EA) modulator.
Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community

Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community. Steven Gregory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. xii. 282 pp., map, illustrations, notes, references, index.
Thy brother's keeper: A review of the literature on correctional officers

(1987). Thy brother's keeper: A review of the literature on correctional officers. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 9-37.
Role of protein and energy in the regulation of energy metabolism and reproductive performance of large white turkey hens.

An experiment was conducted with Nicholas Large White turkey hens to determine the roles of energy and protein in energy efficiency, reproductive performance, and in vitro metabolism. Hens were fed diets containing 2400 or 2850 kcal ME/kg and either 12 or 17% protein. The experiment was conducted in environmentally controlled rooms maintained at 21 C and 50% dew point. The efficiency of energy utilization for both egg and poult production was greater in the 2400 kcal diets, and the efficiency of protein utilization was greater in the 12% protein diets. In vitro lipogenesis was less and plasma uric acid was greater (P less than .05) in hens fed diets containing 17% protein. In contrast, plasma phosphorous and calcium were greater (P less than .05) in hens fed diets containing 2400 kcal ME/kg. Plasma zinc and copper were unaffected by either dietary energy or protein levels. Because the 2400 kcal diets contained 30% wheat middlings, the higher metal levels observed in hens may be related to some component in middlings. Broodiness and mortality were also lower (P less than .05) in the groups fed diets containing 2400 kcal ME/kg.
A planar varactor diode for harmonic generation at gigahertz frequencies

The authors present the development of a planar varactor diode to eliminate whisker contact and thereby create a local oscillator power source for high-frequency, space-based heterodyne receivers. Specifically, the design and fabrication of a planar GaAs varactor diode for use as a 75-GHz-to-225-GHz tripler are described. It is concluded that the excellent electrical characteristics and ruggedness of the planar varactor diodes described here make them ideally suited for use in space-based systems. >
Technical Examination of a Measure of Phonological Sensitivity

This study describes the development and evaluation of an assessment of phonological sensitivity (PS) designed to empower teachers to identify children’s phonological and phonemic awareness levels for meaningful instruction and to aid literacy researchers in advancing current understandings of the developmental continuum of PS skills. The Leveled Assessment of Phonological Sensitivity (LAPS) is based on specific causal, reciprocal, and correlational relationships to literacy skills, including reading. The assessment contains 11 levels of item types divided in two parts synthesizing linguistic complexity and cognitive operation based on the literature: (a) phonological awareness and (b) phonemic awareness for determining a child’s level of PS skill. Technical examination of the LAPS’s reliability and validity are presented, including developmental trends of students (n = 333) in Pre-K, K, and Grades 1 and 2. Internal consistency (α = .93) and split-half reliability (Guttman coefficient = .95) were high. Content validity is discussed based on the historical body of research addressing the PS continuum in comparison with the current construct. Developmental validity, determined via ANOVA, revealed LAPS scores discriminating grade level of participants. Confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling revealed single-factor structure, indicating evidence for discriminant validity across LAPS item types along a single latent variable. All 11 paths contained high correlations (across 10 item types with α = .79) between a single factor with rhyme as the exception (α = .40). Findings support LAPS use for teacher identification of students’ PS and reinforce the PS hierarchy of task difficulty set forth from the body of research that dates back to 1976.
Interactions Between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in U.S. Counties

ABSTRACT Linkages among changes in employment, earnings per worker, and pollution per square mile are estimated for 3,036 U.S. counties for the period 1987 to 1995 using a three-equation disequilibrium adjustment model. Counties with higher shares of African-Americans experienced higher earnings growth rates over the period 1987-1995, as did counties with proportionally more females. Counties in states with higher shares of unionized workers had higher earnings growth rates but generated fewer new jobs. Firm size had a significant and negative effect on earnings growth while higher costs of living were associated with higher earnings growth. Also, metro counties and counties in the Northeastern U.S. experienced higher earnings growth than their non-metro counterparts and counties in other geographic regions. Statistically, faster job growth was found to accelerate the rate of earnings growth per worker. The authors conclude that counties concerned with job growth should recruit or attempt to spawn the creation of larger firms, recognizing that for some firms such a strategy may come at the cost of more rapid increases in pollution. Counties concerned with increasing the rate of growth in per worker earnings should instead focus on the creation of smaller firms.
Heterostructured Ceramic Powders for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Nanostructured TiO2 Shells Surrounding Microcrystalline (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Cores

Heterostructured photocatalysts were prepared to have nanostructured (ns) TiO2 shells surrounding microcrystalline (mc) cores of (Ba,Sr)TiO3. The as-prepared heterostructures were annealed between 400°C and 600°C to improve crystallinity and core-shell interfacial bonding. X-ray di!raction, electron microscopy, and gas adsorption measurements demonstrated that 50 nm thick shells composed of nanocrystalline and nanoporous TiO2 surrounded mc-cores such that the heterostructured particles had surface areas of 50‐100 m 2 /g. The mc-(Ba, Sr)TiO3/ns-TiO2 core-shell photocatalysts annealed at 600°C had slightly reduced surface areas, but had the highest rates of photochemical hydrogen production from water/methanol solutions, rates much greater than those for ns-TiO2 or mc-(Ba,Sr) TiO3 alone. Such heterostructured powders represent a new strategy for the design of e"cient photocatalysts and the use of nanostructured catalytic coatings.
Thermal Stress Analysis of Double-Layered Grids

A simple, rational approach is presented for developing thermoelastic continuum plate models for large repetitive double-layered grids subjected to arbitrary temperature distribution. The continuum plate models are characterized by their thermoelastic strain energy from which the equations of motion and constitutive relations can be derived. The procedure for developing the expression for the thermoelastic strain energy of the continuum involves introducing basic assumptions regarding the variation of the temperature and displacement components in the thickness direction, and obtaining effective thermoelastic coefficients of the continuum in terms of the material properties and geometry of the original lattice structure. The high accuracy of the continuum plate models developed is demonstrated by means of a numerical example of a square inclined double-layered grid.
A Longitudinal Examination of Hope and Optimism and Their Role in Type 1 Diabetes in Youths

OBJECTIVES To test the longitudinal associations between hope and optimism and health outcomes (i.e., HbA1c and self-monitored blood glucose [SMBG]) among youths with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) over a 6-month period. METHODS A total of 110 participants (aged 10-16 years) completed study measures at Time 1, and 81 completed measures at Time 2. Analyses examined hope and optimism as predictors of change in health outcomes, and examined SMBG as a mediator of the relationship between hope and optimism, and HbA1c. RESULTS Change in hope, but not optimism, was associated with change in SMBG and HbA1c. Change in SMBG mediated the relationship between change in hope and HbA1c, but not between optimism and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS It may be beneficial to assess hope in pediatric T1DM patients to identify youths who may be at risk for poor diabetes management, and to test the benefit of hope-based intervention efforts in clinical studies.
Advancing river modelling in ungauged basins using satellite remote sensing: the case of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna basin

ABSTRACTRiver modelling is the process of simulating the water flow dynamics of a stream network against time-varying boundary conditions. Such river models are often an important component of any flood forecasting system that forecasts river levels in flood-prone regions. However, large river basins such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM), Indus, Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong, and Niger in the developing world are mostly ungauged as they lack the necessary and routine in situ measurements of river bed depth/slope, bathymetry (river cross section), flood plain mapping, and boundary condition flows for setting up of a river model. For such basins, proxy approaches relying primarily on remote-sensing data from space platforms may be the only way to overcome the lack of in situ data. In this study, we share our experience in setting up the one-dimensional River Analysis System model of the Hydrologic Engineering Center over the stream network of the GBM basin. Good-quality in situ measurements of rive...
Curriculum granularity

Traditions have us tied to a curriculum delivery format that is no longer viable and is detrimental to the student learning process. For well over a 100 years, undergraduate engineering programs have been structured within the format of academic-year semesters or quarters, and within these, to lumps of learning packages of 3- to 5-credit-hour courses. Such a traditional system developed naturally in that it accommodated the structure of institutional teaching. However, we no longer need be restrained by these traditions. The application of IT permits us to deliver subject material in smaller lumps that accommodate the learner as opposed to the teacher. By using computer-based learning and accommodating such technologies as the CD-ROM and Internet, certain types of courses are best delivered in modules. A typical 3-credit-hour course is best delivered by this technology in smaller lumps of 15 to 20 modules. Each engineering discipline might distribute these learning modules in a course over that program's 4- to 5-year degree where best suited for the students (e.g. chemical engineers need a different delivery pattern than electrical engineering in thermodynamics). Also, a core course in the basics of electronics and electrical systems is needed in an entirely different sequence by those majoring in electrical engineering than by those majoring in industrial engineering. By reducing the lumpiness of the subject material from 3 to 5 credit-hours to smaller modules for each course, subject material can be delivered "just in time". Another advantage is that students experience improved learning using IT.
Mechanism of Iron Gettering by Polycrystalline Silicon Film in P-Type Czochralski (CZ) Silicon

Iron gettering in p-type CZ silicon at 600C has been investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy(DLTS), and the surface photovoltage(SPV) method. A quantitative analysis of the gettering kinetics of iron using the polycrystalline silicon film is presented for the first time. Depth profiles of iron concentration indicated a sharp gradient in the Fe concentration near the polycrystalline silicon/substrate interface. Concurrent decrease in the minority carrier diffusion length was also observed in the same region. The majority of iron gettering from the bulk silicon was found to be associated with the enhancement of the internal gettering. The presence of small oxygen precipitates/nuclei generated by prolonged heat treatment at 600C was found to prevent regeneration of FeB pairs at the room temperature. On the other hand, large precipitates formed at lOOOC do not influence the diffusion or the recombination of Fei with B to form FeB pairs.
A Data-Centric Design Methodology for Business Processes

This chapter describes a design methodology for business processes and workflows that focuses first on “business artifacts”, which represent key (real or conceptual) business entities, including both the business-relevant data about them and their macro-level lifecycles. Individual workflow services (a.k.a. tasks) are then incorporated, by specifying how they operate on the artifacts and fit into their lifecycles. The resulting workflow is specified in a particular artifact-centric workflow model, which is introduced using an extended example. At the logical level this workflow model is largely declarative, in contrast with most traditional workflow models which are procedural and/or graph-based. The chapter includes a discussion of how the declarative, artifact-centric workflow specification can be mapped into an optimized physical realization.
Nonlinear control of a magnetic levitation system

The feedback linearization control approach for a highly nonlinear, magnetic levitation application is presented. Regulation performance has been compared to that achievable by a linear state feedback. In addition, practical issues concerning feedback requirement, computational demands, and robustness with respect to changes in model parameter are discussed. It is concluded that the nonlinear approach yields better performance than the linear state feedback approach, especially in the area of reduced sensitivity to parameter changes. The feedback requirement is not significantly more demanding than the demands of any linear state feedback controller, and the control computations should be easily accomplished by microcontrollers operating at even moderate speeds. >
Electro-optical test collimators for real world systems

The requirements for current and future EO system test equipment demands down-sized, multi-functional, multi-spectral, lightweight, low-cost Test Collimators. Last year's Autotestcon '94 paper titled "Down-Size Multi-Functionar EO Test Collimators" presented the Hughes Test Collimator approach of an all-metal, reflective mirror assembly, combined with an integrated target assembly, utilizing the emissivity target and other Hughes patented technologies. This year's paper will present additional technologies and capabilities, quantify measured performance results, elaborate on many of the advantages of the Hughes approach, and emphasize the multi-system, multi-functional capability.