cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Firing Patterns of Single Nucleus Accumbens Neurons during Intravenous Cocaine Self-Administration Sessions

Neuropharmacological studies of drug-taking behavior in laboratory animals suggest that drug actions on the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) are integrally involved in drug taking and addiction. Chronic extracellular recording techniques have been used in recent years to record the activity of single nucleus accumbens (NAcc) neurons of rats during intravenous cocaine self-administration sessions. These studies have shown that NAcc neurons exhibit a variety of firing patterns during drug-taking sessions. A large percentage of neurons show firing patterns that mirror changes in drug level and that may therefore be pharmacological. A subset of those neurons exhibit an additional change in firing that appears to be nonpharmacological and that may code various aspects of the behavior and stimulus events associated with drug seeking. The firing patterns that appear pharmacological are consistent with the conclusion that self-administered cocaine inhibits a majority of accumbal neurons. In contrast, the changes in firing most closely associated with the actual occurrence of drug self-infusion behavior consist of increases in firing rate. The latter firing patterns are similar in appearance to phasic firing patterns associated with operant behavior reinforced by natural reinforcers. Drug reinforcement and addiction are hypothesized to be mediated by drug actions on neurons that normally control instrumental behavior. The firing patterns described in this chapter are thus prototypic of what might be expected of neurons that contribute importantly to drug taking and addiction.
Planetary Nebulae, an Introductory Review

The time is long past when we could regard planetary nebulae (PN) as semi-static or even steady state features, anchored in the phase in which we happen to catch them. We must regard them as evanescent phenomena, celestial flowers caught between bud and final loss of petals. Throughout most stages of its existence, a star can be regarded as essentially an equilibrium structure, but a PN and its central star evolve on a time scale comparable with human history.
Silane Coupling Agents for Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Basalt fiber, a new mineral fiber reinforcement comparable in strength and modulus to E-glass fibers, has been produced from naturally occurring basalt rock. The interfacial bond strength in basalt fiber-polymer systems has been investigated using a single fiber pull-out test method.
Age and Sex of Mice Markedly Affect Survival Times Associated with Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury

Mortality associated with acute lung injury (ALI) remains substantial, with recent estimates of 35–45% similar to those obtained decades ago. Although evidence for sex-related differences in ALI mortality remains equivocal, death rates differ markedly for age, with more than 3-fold increased mortality in older versus younger patients. Strains of mice also show large differences in ALI mortality. To tease out genetic factors affecting mortality, we established a mouse model of differential hyperoxic ALI (HALI) survival. Separate genetic analyses of backcross and F2 populations generated from sensitive C57BL/6J (B) and resistant 129X1/SvJ (X1) progenitor strains identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs; Shali1 and Shali2) with strong, equal but opposite, within-strain effects on survival. Congenic lines confirmed these opposing QTL effects, but also retained the low penetrance seen in the 6–12 week X1 control strain. Sorting mice into distinct age groups revealed that ‘age at exposure’ inversely correlated with survival time and explained reduced penetrance of the resistance trait. While B mice were already sensitive by 6 weeks old, X1 mice maintained significant resistance up to 3–4 weeks longer. Reanalysis of F2 data gave analogous age-related findings, and also supported sex-specific linkage for Shali1 and Shali2. Importantly, we have demonstrated in congenic mice that these age effects on survival correspond with B alleles for Shali1 (6-week old mice more sensitive) and Shali2 (10-week old mice more resistant) placed on the X1 background. Further studies revealed significant sex-specific survival differences in subcongenics for both QTLs. Accounting for age and sex markedly improved penetrance of both QTLs, thereby reducing trait variability, refining Shali1 to <8.5Mb, and supporting several sub-QTLs within the Shali2 interval. Together, these congenics will allow age- and sex-specific studies to interrogate myriad subphenotypes affected during ALI development and progression and identify intermediary injury biomarkers that can predict outcome.
New Weapon In The War Against AIDS: Your Mobile Phone

With the growth of mobile technology in the developing world (17.6 billion texts in 2007 to 21 billion texts in 2009 in the African region alone) (Stricher, itnewsafrica.com), experts have proposed healthcare solutions locally and internationally. According to the UNAIDS report, 2.5 million people became newly infected in 2012 and 2.1 million people died of AIDS, making AIDS the lead cause of death in Africa alone (www.unaids.org). Although most organizations recognize the impact of mobile technology, it did not specify how to mobile phones could be used to tackle such a prevalent disease like the HIV/AIDS. Hence my research will establish a culturally adaptable and cost effective theoretical framework for implementing mobile technology to manage HIV in resource limited settings. Second, it will advocate for mobile technology as the tool to tackle the 3 HIV domains of treatment, training and education. Third, it will demonstrate the importance of negotiating the specificities of culture and resources in each setting. This paper therefore seeks to understand both the possibilities and constraints to best establish the tenets of mobile technology design in order to further the movement and inspire future action to tackle the issue of HIV/AIDS.
Complementarity and Cosmology

A commonly held view among physicists is that there is a qualitative difference between the quantum and classical domains that allows us to ignore the implications of quantum theory in dealing with macroscopic phenomena. The original Copenhagen Interpretation, which featured Niels Bohr’s concept of complementarity, did not recognize that difference. If the principle of complementarity can be seen to apply in macro physics and particularly to cosmology, it could have profound implications for scientific epistemology. In this paper we show how the extension of complementarity to macroscopic phenomena can take place accounting for some puzzling results of observational cosmology.
Prediction in the random effects model with MA (q) remainder disturbances

This paper considers the problem of forecasting in a panel data model with random individual effects and MA (q) remainder disturbances. It utilizes a recursive transformation for the MA (q) process derived by Baltagi and Li (Econometric Theory 1994; 10: 396–408) which yields a simple generalized least-squares estimator for this model. This recursive transformation is used in conjunction with Goldberger's result (Journal of the American Statistical Association 1962; 57: 369–375) to derive an analytic expression for the best linear unbiased predictor, for the ith cross-sectional unit, s periods ahead. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamentals for Team Based Rehearsals and the Differences Between Low Earth and Deep Space Missions

Presentation to be presented at the 2015 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 7-14-2015.Rehearsals are mission level readiness tests that exercise personnel, operational process, and flight products, in a near flight like environment. The program is started 6-9 months prior to launch and is used to ensure the final as built system will meet mission goals (i.e. validation). On Deep Space missions you rehearse cruise activities post launch!Focus on critical activities to the mission, (i.e. propulsive maneuvers, instrument commissioning and any first time events or coordinating activities that involve major stakeholders).
Wide Diversity Of Clostridium Difficile Types At A Tertiary Referral Hospital

Nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection was investigated at a hospital with 15 cases of C. difficile diarrhea per 1000 discharges. From January 1991 to May 1991, patients admitted or transferred to five wards or units had weekly rectal swabs taken for culture; in addition, all cytotoxin-positive stools were cultured. Restriction enzyme analysis (REA) was used for molecular typing. Among 205 isolates from 39 patients with C. difficile diarrhea and 67 asymptomatically colonized, 55 distinct REA banding patterns were identified. Evidence for patient-to-patient transmission was limited, in that numerous strains were found even among clustered cases of diarrhea. Patients who acquired C. difficile in the community or other hospitals constituted 32% of culture-positive patients and contributed 44% of the REA types. Diversity of C. difficile strains was in part the result of patients acquiring C. difficile in the community or other hospitals. High incidences of nosocomial C. difficile diarrhea do not necessarily indicate clonal epidemics.
On the response of the exospheric temperature to the auroral heating impulse during geomagnetic disturbances

Abstract On the basis of an assumed impulse-type energy input at auroral oval due to the particle precipitation, the response of the exospheric temperature T ∞ has been investigated in terms of changes in input energy, geomagnetic indices and latitude under simplified assumptions It is shown that the resulting T ∞ is proportional to the peak heating rate and inversely proportional to the gradient of the atmospheric density. Even during low solar activity and quiet geomagnetic conditions, the precipitated electron energy density in the thermosphere is found in the range of about 1–1.5×10 −6 erg/cm 3 s, reaching to about 3×10 −6 erg/cm 3 s at 2000 K and is easily supported by the solar wind–magnetospheric interaction. The auroral energy inputs lasting less than 2 h or so hardly generate geomagnetic storms. The inhomogeneous energy equation has been solved in horizontal two dimensions in presence of horizontal heat conduction, to study the T ∞ at other latitudes and its time delay with respect to the peak impulse heating time. This time delay is independent of the storm intensity, i.e., proxy geomagnetic indices and is about 6–7 h at low and mid latitudes and about 3 h or less at high latitudes in agreement with recent coupled magnetospheric–ionospheric–thermospheric models and with the available observed values. The diffusion coefficient of horizontal heat conduction deduced is about 7×10 4 m 2 /s. The role of the horizontal heat conduction in the energy budget needs further investigation.
Rashba effect within the coherent scattering formalism

The influence of spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional systems is investigated within the framework of the Landauer-B\"uttiker coherent scattering formalism. After a short review of the features of spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional electron gases, we define the creation and annihilation operators for the stationary states of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling Hamiltonian and use them to calculate the current operator within the Landauer-B\"uttiker formalism. The current is expressed as it is in the standard spin-independent case, but with the spin label replaced by a new label, which we call the spin-orbit coupling label. The spin-orbit coupling effects can then be represented in a scattering matrix that relates the spin-orbit coupling stationary states in different leads. As an example, we calculate the scattering matrix in the case of a four-port beam splitter, and it is shown to mix states with different spin-orbit coupling labels in a manner that depends on the angle between the leads. A noise measurement after the collision of spin-polarized electrons at an electron beam splitter provides an experimental means to measure the Rashba parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}.$ It is also shown that the degree of electron bunching in an entangled-electron collision experiment is reduced by the spin-orbit coupling according to the beam splitter lead angle.
Selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis in HeLa cells by nogalamycin, a dA:dT binding antibiotic

Nogalamycin is known to bind to DNA and inhibit its use as a template for RNA synthesis. Since the antibiotic has been reported to bind to the dA:dT pair of the DNA double helix, it was explored as a possible selective inhibitor of the synthesis of DNA-like RNA. A concentration of 1.39·10−7 M was found to produce close to 50% inhibition of cytidine incorporation into the nucleic acids of HeLa cells; 30 times this concentration had no significant immediate effect on protein synthesis. The concentration of 1.39·10−7 M nogalamycin produced some inhibition of the synthesis of all nucleic acids in increasing order of magnitude DNA < DNA-likeRNA < tRNA, 5-S RNA < rRNA. The selectivity for rRNA was pronounced but a little less than that of actinomycin D. No evidence of a marked increase in the rate of degradation of any nucleic acid was found, nor did it prevent the maturation of the small amount of ribosomal precursor RNA formed in its presence. Various hypotheses concerning the unique sensitivity of rRNA synthesis to these drugs were evaluated.
Antiradiation Compounds: XXI. Metal Ion Complexation of Bis(Methylthio) and Methylthio Amino Derivatives of 1-Methylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic Acids

With the assumption that the radiation-protective ability (whole body protection of mice) of the bis(methylthio) and methylthio amino derivatives of the 1-methylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acids may be due to complexation of copper or zinc ions in vivo, the ability of these compounds to form stable metal complexes has been observed. Metal ion stability constants have been determined for three of the compounds with Al(lll), Cu(ll), Fe(lll), and Zn(ll) ions, and stabilities somewhat larger than those for simple peptides were found. Structures of the Cu(ll) and Fe(lll) complexes are proposed, based on elemental analyses and infrared absorption. The Cu(ll) complexes are 1:1 ligand:metal structures that precipitated as double salts with CuCl2, and the Fe(lll) complexes are 2:1 structures in which the ligands incorporated an additional sulfur atom.
Guaranteed computable bounds for the exact error in the finite element solution. Part I : One-dimensional model problem

Abstract This paper addresses the computation of guaranteed upper and lower bounds for the energy norm of the exact error in the finite element solution, and the exact error in any bounded linear functional. These bounds are constructed by employing approximate solutions of the element residual problems with equilibrated residual loads. The one-dimensional setting is used for the clarity of the ideas. All the arguments employed can be extended to the higher-dimensional case which will be discussed in Part II of this paper. The main result presented here is that the computed bounds are guaranteed for the exact error and not the error with respect to an enriched finite element solution, like the bounds proposed by other investigators and the bounds are guaranteed for any mesh, however coarse it may be. The quality of the bounds can be controlled by employing an inexpensive iterative scheme.
Equality and equal opportunity for welfare

This chapter argues that the idea of equal opportunity for welfare is the best interpretation of the ideal of distributive equality. It considers a distributive agency that has at its disposal a stock of goods that individuals want to own and use. The problem to be considered is: How to divide the goods in order to meet an appropriate standard of equality. The chapter discusses that some goods are legitimately available for distribution in this fashion, hence that the entitlements and deserts of individuals do not predetermine the proper ownership of all resources. The discussion to this point has explored two independent distinctions: straight equality versus equal opportunity and welfare versus resources as the appropriate basis for measuring distributive shares. Amartya Sen holds that the distribution of resources should be evaluated in terms of its contribution to individual capabilities to function in various ways deemed to be objectively important or valuable.
Electron response in laser-irradiated microclusters

It is shown that a two-component electron distribution can emerge in a cluster under an intense laser pulse. The bulk of the internal electrons adjusts adiabatically to the laser field, whereas a smaller electron population at the cluster edge can undergo stochastic heating. A self-consistent equilibrium has been found for the confined electrons.
EQUATIONS GOVERNING THE ENERGETICS OF THE LARGER SCALES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE IN THE DOMAIN OF WAVE NUMBER

Abstract By considering the Fourier analysis of the planetary field of motion in the atmosphere, it is possible to define “scales” of motion and to write equations which govern the behavior of these separate scales of motion. Specifically, equations for the rate of change of the kinetic and available potential energy of a disturbance of a given wave number are presented. Such equations, which include the effects of the generation and release of potential energy, friction, and the transfer of energy among the various scales of eddies and the mean flow, can serve as a basis for studying the day-to-day variations of the spectral distribution of kinetic energy and for computing the “steady-state” atmospheric energy cycle in the domain of wave number, with the use of daily hemispheric data.
Role of IL-5 during primary and secondary immune response to acetylcholine receptor

To analyze the role of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-5 (IL-5) in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) pathogenesis, we induced clinical EAMG in C57BL/6 and IL-5 gene-knockout (KO) mice in the C57BL/6 background. IL-5 KO mice had a significantly reduced incidence and severity of EAMG. Despite their increased resistance to EAMG, IL-5 KO mice displayed intact secondary antibody and lymphoproliferative responses to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) after immunization with this molecule. However, the relative resistance of IL-5 KO mice was associated with a reduced primary lymphocyte response to AChR, and reduced C3 levels in muscle extracts compared to those in C57BL/6 mice.
Multivalent Cations Depress Ligand Binding to Cell-Associated Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 on Human Glioblastoma Cells*

The current studies quantified the effect of the multivalent cations zinc, cadmium, lanthanum, chromium, and gold (Zn2+, Cd2+, La3+, Cr3+, and Au3+) on [125I]-insulin-like growth factor ([125I]-IGF) binding to T98G human glioblastoma cells. The major binding site for the IGFs on T98G cells is IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5), as determined by affinity labeling. Competitive binding studies, using either [125I]-IGF-I or[ 125I]-IGF-II, indicated that La3+ and Cr3+ did not affect [125I]-IGF-I or[ 125I]-IGF-II binding to cell-associated IGFBP-5. Zn2+, Au3+, and Cd2+ depressed binding of both [125I]-IGF-I and[ 125I]-IGF-II. [125I]-IGF-I and[ 125I]-IGF-II binding resulted in nonlinear concave-down Scatchard plots, indicating the presence of high- and low-affinity equilibrium constant of association (Ka) sites. Assuming a preexisting asymmetric model with independent high (KaHi) and low (KaLo) sites; Zn2+, Cd2+, and Au3+ eliminated KaHi and Zn2+, and Au3+ lowered KaLo, compared with control values. The same result...
The Ultrastructure of the Ductus Deferens in Man

Specimens of the ductus deferens from normal adult men of proven fertility were examined with the light and electron microscope. The wall of the ductus deferens is made up of a mucosa, three codcentric layers of smooth muscle and an adventitia. The epithelium, together with the underlying connective tissue of the lamina propria, is thrown up into longitudinal folds. The pseudostratified epithelium covering the folds is composed of small basal cells which form a discontinuous layer along the basement membrane and tall thin columnar cells which extend from the base of the epithelium to the lumen. In addition to basal cells, at least three different types of columnar cells can be distinguished in the electron microscope: principal cells, pencil cells and mitochondrion-rich cells. Lymphocytes are found scattered amongst the epithelial cells. The morphological complexity of the epithelium of the ductus deferens suggests that the epithelial cells of this region of the genital ducts, like those of more proximal regions, perform functions of importance to the spermatozoa.
Therapeutic effects of exercise: wheel running reverses stress-induced interference with shuttle box escape

Exercise can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in humans, but therapeutic effects of exercise in an animal model of stress-related mood disorders have yet to be demonstrated. In the current study, the authors investigated the ability of wheel running to reverse a long-lasting interference with shuttle box escape produced by uncontrollable stress. Rats who remained sedentary following uncontrollable foot shock demonstrated robust conditioned freezing behavior to the stressor environment and deficits in shuttle box escape learning. Voluntary access to running wheels for 6 weeks, but not 2 weeks, following uncontrollable foot shock reduced the expression of conditioned freezing and reversed the escape deficit. Results demonstrate a long-lasting interference with shuttle box escape that can be reversed by exercise in a duration-dependent fashion.
Radiation heat transfer using mean photon path lengths

Abstract An approximate approach to radiative heat transfer in an isotropically scattering and non-gray absorbing medium is presented. The absorption and scattering by the scattering constituents are gray and the gaseous non-gray absorption is banded. The approximate solutions are based upon mean photon path lengths of the photon path length distribution which is determined directly from the transport in a gray medium. The predictions for the radiative heat flux and intensity are shown to be accurate over large ranges in optical depth and scattering albedo.
Schedulability Analysis of Transactions in Software Transactional Memory Using Timed Automata

Software Transactional Memory (STM) is a mechanism for controlling access to shared resources in memory using an abort-restart preemption model for tasks which share data objects. This execution model of STM is different from the classical preemptive or non-preemptive models and currently the only method to determine schedulability is through an exhaustive search through the state space of all release scenarios of higher priority tasks. The existing method is costly and scales exponentially with the number of tasks making its use limited in practical situations. Timed Automata has been proven as an expressive formalism for time based systems. This paper presents a methodology for developing Timed Automata encodings for the schedulability analysis of STM systems. We validate our models using the model checker UPPAAL, and show that Timed Automata offers an efficient alternative for schedulability analysis in real-time STM.
Reflections on beauty

Abstract We present an overview of the b or beauty quark—its place in the Standard Model and its role in characterizing it. Some relevant experimental measurements are described.
Identification of the murine firefly luciferase-specific CD8 T-cell epitopes

In vivo bioluminescence imaging of reporter enzymes has proven to be a uniquely powerful tool that allows the study of the biology of viral and nonviral gene transfer agents. Cost-effective, noninvasive, longitudinal gene transfer studies in individual animals yield important information, which can influence the design of subsequent preclinical studies. The broad and expanding use of luciferase transgenes, specifically firefly luciferase, has prompted the study of luciferase-specific T-cell activation following in vivo gene transfer. Herein, we report the mapping of the dominant T cell epitope in C57BL/6 mice (LMYRFEEEL) and the mapping of the dominant and minor T-cell epitopes in BALB/c mice (GFQSMYTFV and VPFHHGFGM, VALPHRTAC, respectively). These CD8 T-cell epitopes can be used to monitor cellular responses in vivo as well as be important tools in studies designed to suppress transgene-specific T cells.
Managing oral chemotherapy: The healthcare practitioner’s role

Pupose. Management of the side effect profiles of the new oral cancer chemotherapeutic agents differs from those of traditional oral chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. The healthcare practitioner’s role in counseling and managing these toxicities as well as methods for assessing and promoting adherence is reviewed. Summary. Many side effects from traditional oral cancer chemotherapeutic agents are the result of their effects on healthy cells as well as cancer cells. The side effects from the novel targeted therapies differ from those of traditional chemotherapy. Managing side effects and patient self-administration in non-traditional settings without supervision may affect patient adherence, especially with the newer agents. Social and psychological factors also can affect adherence. Various methods are available to assess adherence, including obtaining prescription refill histories and performing pill counts. Counseling patients, asking patients to keep a diary of doses and side effects, and following up with patients at clinic visits or through telephone contact are all methods that promote adherence. Patient education should address the proper dose, frequency, timing with respect to food and other medications, what to do if a dose is missed, side effects to anticipate, and what to do if side effects occur. Conclusion. Healthcare practitioners play an important role in educating patients regarding potential side effects to oral chemotherapy and assessing and promoting adherence to the treatment regimen.
Sensory training as treatment for focal hand dystonia: A 1-year follow-up

In a prior study, 10 patients with focal hand dystonia learned braille reading as sensory training for 8 weeks. Practice time was 30 to 60 minutes daily. They improved both their spatial acuity using the Grating Orientation Discrimination Task (GOT) and their dystonia using the Fahn scale. Three patients continued training for 1 year. Patients showed further improvement in the GOT, writing a standard paragraph, and self-rating scales. Sensory training lasting longer than 8 weeks may lead to continued improvement.
Pharmacological Treatment of Psychotic Agitation

The presentation of agitated psychotic patients to psychiatric emergency services is a common occurrence. The traditionally accepted treatment for such patients involves the use of a typical antipsychotic, generally haloperidol. More recently benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, have been used in combination with antipsychotics due to their sedative properties and relatively benign adverse effect profiles. Standard clinical protocol at many institutions involves the intramuscular administration of 5 to 10mg of haloperidol and 1 to 2mg of lorazepam. Atypical antipsychotics have gained acceptance as first-line treatments for psychotic disorders. These drugs are seen as an improvement over traditional antipsychotics because of their increased efficacy and reduced extrapyramidal effects. The utility of atypical antipsychotics in the emergency setting has been relatively unexplored because slow titration schedules or dose-limiting adverse effects for some members of the class have made this form of treatment impractical. However, the recent availability of oral liquid and rapidly dissolving tablet preparations of some atypical agents has provided useful alternatives in some cases. Nevertheless, for many patients a parenteral drug is the only desirable or feasible treatment option. Intramuscular preparations of the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and ziprasidone have been developed, and are close to launch in the US. The availability of a rapid-acting intramuscular preparation of an atypical antipsychotic could represent a significant advancement in the treatment of agitation associated with psychosis.
Diurnal variation in continuous measures of the rat EEG power spectra.

Abstract EEG measures that vary on a continuous scale, without separating behavior into discrete states, may complement sleep staging as a means of characterizing diurnal variation in level of arousal. The object of the present study was to evaluate diurnal variation in the EEG power spectrum averaged independently of sleep state, and to determine which parameters best reflect this variation. The EEG from rats maintained with chronic cortical electrodes was continuously digitized at 256 Hz, and power spectra computed by fast Fourier transformation every four seconds. Artifact-free spectra occurring over one-hour periods were averaged. Spectral edge, calculated from 66 percent of the area of spectra, and relative power in delta and theta bandwidths derived from averaged spectra vary in a consistent and highly significant diurnal pattern. The trend of relative delta power over the daytime, inactive period (when sleep occurs in nocturnal rodents) resembles that seen in human subjects during sleep, with peak levels occurring at the onset, followed by a steady decline during remaining hours of the daytime rest period.
A Quantitative Immunostaining Method for the Measurement of UDP-galactose:lactosylceramide Galactosyltransferase for the Synthesis of Globotriaosylceramide in Rabbit Small Intestine and HeLa Cells

Galactosyltransferase is required for the addition of galactose to lactosylceramide (galactose beta 1-4 glucose beta 1-1 ceramide), resulting in the synthesis of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). We describe a quantitative more sensitive and specific method for the measurement of UDP-galactose:lactosylceramide galactosyltransferase activities in rabbit small intestine and HeLa cell which utilizes the specific binding of Shiga toxin to the product, Gb3. Intestinal microsomal or HeLa cell sonicate preparations were incubated in the presence of lactosylceramide and [14C]UDP-galactose. The lipid reaction products were extracted on C18 Bond-Elut columns, separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and exposed to Shiga toxin followed by polyclonal rabbit anti-Shiga toxin antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Gb3 was visualized with NBT and BCIP and quantitated by densitometry. These data were compared with a standard assay in which, following incubation and lipid extraction, radioactivity was measured by scintillation counting of the isolated lipids. There was a 22-fold increase in enzyme activity by the immunostaining method compared to the usual scintillation counting technique. This is attributable to the exclusion of radioactive lipids other than Gb3 in calculating enzyme activity and the correction for endogenous UDP-galactose. Thus, the immunostaining method provides increased accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the assay of galactosyltransferase activity.
THE RESPONSE TO RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE : A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS PRODUCED BY PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY PHASES OF RESPIRATION.

1. A study has been made of the effects of resistance to respiration in the inspiratory and expiratory phases. 2. Resistance to inspiration caused an increase in respiratory rate, a decrease in tidal air, and in most instances a severe limitation of the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and acidosis accompanied these changes. 3. When resistance was removed the respiratory rate continued to be rapid, but the tidal air and minute volume increased. As a result of this there was a fall in pCO2, a rise in pH, and in some cases a complete disappearance of anoxemia. 3. Resistance to expiration slowed the respiratory rate and produced a constant decrease in the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and carbon dioxide retention occurred, but were less pronounced than in the inspiratory experiments. Release of resistance to expiration resulted in a return of all functions to their normal, or approximately normal, levels. 4. A difference in the gross pulmonary pathology found at autopsy in these two types of experiments has been described, and an attempt has been made to correlate changes in function with changes in structure. 5. No direct evidence has been supplied for the liability to fatigue of the respiratory center.
COMPARISON OF TIME AND CROSS‐SECTIONAL AGGREGATION UNDER A TIME SERIES RANDOM COMPONENT MODEL

. Small-area estimation under a stationary time series random component model is considered. Cross-sectional aggregation and varying degrees of time aggregation are treated as competing prediction methods. An estimated mean-squared prediction error criterion is used to compare these methods. Some exact and asymptotic properties of this criterion are developed, a consistent estimator of the associated asymptotic variance is presented and simultaneous approximate confidence intervals for the mean-squared prediction errors are discussed. Time aggregation of a single series is considered as a special case. In addition, an extension to the assessment of mean-squared prediction errors of synthetic small-area predictors is outlined.
Stress-related changes in cerebral catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism: lack of effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone.

The concentrations of catecholamine and indoleamine metabolites were measured in intact and adrenalectomized mice to determine whether adrenal hormones mediate or modulate the stress-induced responses. Thirty minutes of footshock resulted in significant increases of the ratios of the dopamine (DA) catabolite, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), to DA in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem, and of homovanillic (HVA)/DA ratios in nucleus accumbens, striatum, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Ratios of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol to norepinephrine (NE) were also increased in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, septum, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem. The concentration of NE was decreased in amygdala. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) ratios and free tryptophan were also increased in every brain region. Very similar data were obtained from mice restrained for 30 min. Adrenalectomy resulted in increased HVA/DA ratios in prefrontal cortex and striatum, and 5-HIAA/5-HT in septum. The stress-related changes were largely similar in adrenalectomized mice. Significant interactions between adrenalectomy and footshock treatment occurred in prefrontal cortical DOPAC/DA and hypothalamic NE which was depleted only in adrenalectomized mice, suggesting tendencies for these measures to be more responsive in adrenalectomized mice. Corticosterone administration (0.5-2.0 mg/kg s.c.) which resulted in plasma concentrations in the physiological range did not alter the concentrations of the cerebral metabolites measured in any region. We conclude that adrenal hormones do not mediate cerebral catecholamine or indoleamine metabolism in stress, although adrenalectomy may affect HVA and 5-HIAA metabolism, and there was a tendency for catecholamines to be more sensitive to stress in adrenalectomized animals.
Associations between palliative chemotherapy and adult cancer patients’ end of life care and place of death: prospective cohort study

Objectives To determine whether the receipt of chemotherapy among terminally ill cancer patients months before death was associated with patients’ subsequent intensive medical care and place of death. Design Secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-institution, longitudinal study of patients with advanced cancer. Setting Eight outpatient oncology clinics in the United States. Participants 386 adult patients with metastatic cancers refractory to at least one chemotherapy regimen, whom physicians identified as terminally ill at study enrollment and who subsequently died. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes: intensive medical care (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, or both) in the last week of life and patients’ place of death (for example, intensive care unit). Secondary outcomes: survival, late hospice referrals (≤1 week before death), and dying in preferred place of death. Results 216 (56%) of 386 terminally ill cancer patients were receiving palliative chemotherapy at study enrollment, a median of 4.0 months before death. After propensity score weighted adjustment, use of chemotherapy at enrollment was associated with higher rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, or both in the last week of life (14% v 2%; adjusted risk difference 10.5%, 95% confidence interval 5.0% to 15.5%) and late hospice referrals (54% v 37%; 13.6%, 3.6% to 23.6%) but no difference in survival (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.90 to 1.38). Patients receiving palliative chemotherapy were more likely to die in an intensive care unit (11% v 2%; adjusted risk difference 6.1%, 1.1% to 11.1%) and less likely to die at home (47% v 66%; −10.8%, −1.0% to −20.6%), compared with those who were not. Patients receiving palliative chemotherapy were also less likely to die in their preferred place, compared with those who were not (65% v 80%; adjusted risk difference −9.4%, −0.8% to −18.1%). Conclusions The use of chemotherapy in terminally ill cancer patients in the last months of life was associated with an increased risk of undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation or both and of dying in an intensive care unit. Future research should determine the mechanisms by which palliative chemotherapy affects end of life outcomes and patients’ attainment of their goals.
The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings

The prevalence of elder mistreatment with respect to race and ethnicity was examined in an unweighted sample of 5,777 participants (5,776 participants in weighted sample). Random Digit Dialing methodology was used to select a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults, and the survey was available in English and Spanish. Mistreatment types included emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Race- and ethnicity-based differences were largely absent, and the only observed increase was for physical mistreatment among non-White older adults; however, this association was not sustained in multivariate analyses controlling for income, health status, and social support. Findings are in contrast to prior reports of increased risk of mistreatment in minority populations and point to correlated and modifiable factors of social support and poor health as targets for preventive intervention.
A Community-Based Participatory Health Information Needs Assessment to Help Eliminate Diabetes Information Disparities

This article describes the participatory research process, results, action plan, and implications of the community health information needs assessment conducted within the African American community in two South Carolina counties. The REACH 2010: Charleston and Georgetown Diabetes Coalition library program is a partnership among community organizations, public and health sciences libraries, and lay community health advisors. A planning committee studied digital divide issues related to health information, designed and implemented a survey, held focus groups, analyzed data, identified needs and assets, and formulated an action plan to increase the dissemination of diabetes information. Key survey findings show that older (older than 60) and less educated (fewer than 12 years of education) African Americans in Charleston and Georgetown counties lack skills to access Internet and library services and suffer disparities in health information. Based on assessment evidence, the community plans to increase Inter...
The effect of age on the infection and immunoresponsiveness of mice to Babesia microti

5he effect of age on the immunological responses to Babesia microti infection in the mouse was investigated. Aged mice experienced reduced and delayed peak parasitemias compared to younger animals; however, the old mice failed to clear the parasites from the blood and experienced fluctuating parasitemias until death. Babesiosis produced suppression of responses to nonspecific B and T cell mitogens concomitant with rising autoantibody plaque forming cells reactive with untreated and bromelain modified mouse erythrocytes. Similar observations of increased susceptibility to babesiosis with age and immunosuppression have been made in human babesiosis. Thus, the murine model for this hemoprotozoan infection is faithful to the human immunological responses.
H+-ATPase on the Respiratory Epithelium Helps to Regulate Acidification of Lung Liquid During Fetal Development. † 225

In fetal sheep, the liquid that fills the lung lumen has a pH of ≈6.3. Recent studies in our laboratory showed that inhibition of H+-ATPase slowed the rate of acidification of lung liquid. We therefore hypothesized that the fetal lung epithelium contains H+- ATPases that help to regulate acidification of liquid within the lung lumen. To test this hypothesis, we used lung tissue from 5 fetal lambs (126 ± 6 d gestation; 2.63 ± 0.68kg) to identify the cellular distribution of H+-ATPase. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-bovine H+-ATPase polyclonal antibody to the B1 subunit isoform (1:1000 and 1:2000 in phosphate buffered saline). Antigen detection was done by the avidinbiotin-horseradish peroxidase method. Immunostaining controls included omission of the primary antibody, omission of the secondary antibody (biotinylated IgG), and immunostaining of kidney sections obtained from the same fetal lambs. We used the fetal kidney tissue as a positive immunostaining control because the H+-ATPase polyclonal antibody specifically stains intercalated cells of renal collecting tubules. The immunostaining pattern of the H+-ATPase antibody in fetal lamb lung was limited to epithelial cells of the small airways and distal airspaces. Many of the airway epithelial cells had immunoperoxidase staining that was localized to the luminal membrane. Similar polarization of immunoperoxidase staining was seen among the cuboidal epithelial cells in the corners of the developing distal airspaces. There also was some evidence of patchy immunostaining of the luminal surface of the squamous epithelial cells that lined the developing distal airspaces. These results indicate that H+-ATPases are present on the respiratory epithelium of fetal sheep, where they provide an important mechanism for acidification of liquid within the lung lumen during development.
Considerations for the use of quasi-static testing

Abstract While advances in servo‐hydraulic technology and computer simulation are making real‐time pseudo‐dynamic and shake table testing more feasible for research in earthquake engineering, quasi‐static testing will remain the most prevalent form of testing for the foreseeable future. This paper describes the evolution of quasi‐static testing, discusses by means of an example the main issues involved in developing a quasi‐static testing program, and describes some of the advantages and limitations of this mode of testing.
Optimization of the electron hole bilayer tunneling field effect transistor

In order to reduce the power consumption of modern electronics, the operating voltage needs to be significantly reduced. The electron hole bilayer tunneling field effect transistor (bilayer TFET) has the potential for reduced voltage operation. [1, 2] The device structure is shown in Fig. 1. Recent simulations of the bilayer TFET show poor on-state current [1] and electrostatic gate efficiency [2]. In this work we propose a new biasing scheme to improve gate efficiency by exploiting quantum capacitance and create a new model to analyze the tradeoff between gate efficiency and on-state current to find the optimal device design.
Experimental Infection of Koi Carp with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb

Abstract Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) type IVb has a wide host range that includes at least three cyprinid species: Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides, and Bluntnose Minnow P. notatus. To date, VHSV IVb has only been found in wild fish. However, the possibility of infection in culture facilities remains. Koi Carp Cyprinus carpio are a major ornamental aquaculture species in the United States; however, their potential to become infected with VHSV IVb has not yet been examined. In this study, we exposed Koi to 3 × 106 PFU VHSV Great Lakes isolate MI03 by intraperitoneal injection. While we observed low mortality (0–5%), VHSV was isolated in cell culture from the majority of fish up to 28 d postexposure (DPE) and was detected by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay up to 90 DPE, when the trial was terminated. The results of this study strongly suggest that Koi are at risk for VHSV infection, although their susceptibi...
Influence of Surface Modifiers on the Thermal Decomposition of Methanethiol on Fe(110)

The reactions of methanethiol (CH3SH) on clean, sulfur-covered, and oxygen-covered Fe(110) have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction. On clean Fe(110), the S-H bond in methanethiol breaks below 100 K, affording methylthiolate (CH 3 S a ) and H a . Heating to 600 K results in C-S bond cleavage near 290 K, leading to the evolution of methane and dihydrogen, and a p(2 x 2) sulfur overlayer. On the oxygen-covered surface (θ O = 0.25 ML), adsorbed methylthiolate and hydroxyl are formed. The amount ofirreversible thiol reaction is essentially the same on the O-covered and clean Fe(110) surfaces. The amount of irreversibly bound thiol is reduced by approximately half on the (2 x 2)-S overlayer (θ S = 0.25 ML). The C-S bond in methylthiolate is stabilized more by surface sulfur than by surface oxygen, based on the methane formation temperature shifts of +55 and +20 K, respectively. Oxygen coverages greater than 1 monolayer form an FeO thin film, weakening the interaction of methanethiol with the surface, further reducing the methane yield which now reacts above 400 K.
Checking in on Cds1 (Chk2): A checkpoint kinase and tumor suppressor.

Together, DNA repair and checkpoint responses ensure the integrity of the genome. Coordination of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair are especially important following genotoxic radiation or chemotherapy, during which unusually high loads of DNA damage are sustained. In mammalian cells, the checkpoint kinase, Cds1 (also known as Chk2) is activated by ATM in response to DNA damage. The role of Cds1 as a checkpoint kinase depends on its ability to phosphorylate cell cycle regulators such p53, Cdc25 and Brca1. A role for Cds1 in repair is suggested by the finding that it interacts with the Holliday junction resolving activity Mus81. This review focuses on the many questions generated by recent progress in understanding the function and regulation of human Cds1.
A novel technique for the removal of well-fixed, porous-coated acetabular components with spike fixation

The removal of well-fixed, porous-coated acetabular components at the time of revision total hip arthroplasty can be challenging. The presence of spike fixation can increase the difficulty of removing an acetabular component because traditional methods of component removal, such as the use of curved gouges, may not be possible. We report a novel technique for the removal of well-fixed, porous-coated acetabular components with adjunctive spike fixation. This technique uses an overlay template that targets the spikes for removal with a high-speed, carbide-tipped bur.