cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors related to reductions in alcohol consumption among college students: The role of religious involvement

College students most at risk for engaging in binge drinking are members of Greek organizations and athletic teams (Grenier, Borskey, & Folse, 1998; Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, & Castillo, 1995). Membership in religious organizations may moderate binge drinking (O'Hare, 1990). One hundred thirty-nine college students completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey (Presley, Meilman, & Lyerla, 1994), the Group Identification Scale (Hinkle, Taylor, Fox-Cardamone, & Crook, 1989), and the ‘Age-Universal’ I-E - 12 (Maltby, 1999). The results indicate that gender is related to average number of drinks per week. Membership in low alcohol consumption organizations was related to decreases in the frequency of alcohol usage within the previous year, which indicates that decreasing alcohol consumption may be more effective by promoting low alcohol consumption organizations.
Structural control of cytochrome P450-catalyzed ω-hydroxylation

The regiospecific or preferential ω-hydroxylation of hydrocarbon chains is thermodynamically disfavored because the ease of C-H bond hydroxylation depends on the bond strength, and the primary C-H bond of a terminal methyl group is stronger than the secondary or tertiary C-H bond adjacent to it. The hydroxylation reaction will therefore occur primarily at the adjacent secondary or tertiary C-H bond unless the protein structure specifically enforces primary C-H bond oxidation. Here we review the classes of enzymes that catalyze ω-hydroxylation and our current understanding of the structural features that promote the ω-hydroxylation of unbranched and methyl-branched hydrocarbon chains. The evidence indicates that steric constraints are used to favor reaction at the ω-site rather than at the more reactive (ω-1)-site.
A counter-example to Dye's theorem for all non-separable measure algebras

In 1959, H. Dye showed that any two ergodic, measure-preserving automorphisms of a Lebesgue measure algebra were weakly equivalent. In this paper, we study weak equivalence, for ergodic measure-preserving automorphisms on non-separable measure algebras. It is shown that, in general, Dye's Theorem does not hold, and in particular, it holds only on separable, i.e. Lebesgue, measure algebras.
Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean

Particulate aerosols are thought to be the primary source of iron to the oceans, but the factors determining their solubility, and thus bioavailability, are unclear. X-ray absorption analysis reveals that speciation controls the solubility of iron in three large sources of aerosol iron. Although abundant in the Earth’s crust, iron is present at trace concentrations in sea water and is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in approximately 40% of the ocean1,2. Current literature suggests that aerosols are the primary external source of iron to offshore waters, yet controls on iron aerosol solubility remain unclear3,4. Here we demonstrate that iron speciation (oxidation state and bonding environment) drives iron solubility in arid region soils, glacial weathering products (flour) and oil combustion products (oil fly ash). Iron speciation varies by aerosol source, with soils in arid regions dominated by ferric (oxy)hydroxides, glacial flour by primary and secondary ferrous silicates and oil fly ash by ferric sulphate salts. Variation in iron speciation produces systematic differences in iron solubility: less than 1% of the iron in arid soils was soluble, compared with 2–3% in glacial products and 77–81% in oil combustion products, which is directly linked to fractions of more soluble phases. We conclude that spatial and temporal variations in aerosol iron speciation, driven by the distribution of deserts, glaciers and fossil-fuel combustion, could have a pronounced effect on aerosol iron solubility and therefore on biological productivity and the carbon cycle in the ocean.
A Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Locus Modulates Cell Type-Specific Outcomes of Infection

Clinical strains of HCMV encode 20 putative ORFs within a region of the genome termed ULb′ that are postulated to encode functions related to persistence or immune evasion. We have previously identified ULb′-encoded pUL138 as necessary, but not sufficient, for HCMV latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) infected in vitro. pUL138 is encoded on polycistronic transcripts that also encode 3 additional proteins, pUL133, pUL135, and pUL136, collectively comprising the UL133-UL138 locus. This work represents the first characterization of these proteins and identifies a role for this locus in infection. Similar to pUL138, pUL133, pUL135, and pUL136 are integral membrane proteins that partially co-localized with pUL138 in the Golgi during productive infection in fibroblasts. As expected of ULb′ sequences, the UL133-UL138 locus was dispensable for replication in cultured fibroblasts. In CD34+ HPCs, this locus suppressed viral replication in HPCs, an activity attributable to both pUL133 and pUL138. Strikingly, the UL133-UL138 locus was required for efficient replication in endothelial cells. The association of this locus with three context-dependent phenotypes suggests an exciting role for the UL133-UL138 locus in modulating the outcome of viral infection in different contexts of infection. Differential profiles of protein expression from the UL133-UL138 locus correlated with the cell-type dependent phenotypes associated with this locus. We extended our in vitro findings to analyze viral replication and dissemination in a NOD-scid IL2Rγcnull-humanized mouse model. The UL133-UL138NULL virus exhibited an increased capacity for replication and/or dissemination following stem cell mobilization relative to the wild-type virus, suggesting an important role in viral persistence and spread in the host. As pUL133, pUL135, pUL136, and pUL138 are conserved in virus strains infecting higher order primates, but not lower order mammals, the functions encoded likely represent host-specific viral adaptations.
Scatter radiation from chest radiographs: is there a risk to infants in a typical NICU?

To evaluate the dose of scatter radiation to infants in a NICU in order to determine the minimal safe distance between isolettes. Dose secondary to scattered radiation from an acrylic phantom exposed to vertical and horizontal beam exposures at 56 kVp was measured at 93 cm and 125 cm from the center of the phantom. This corresponds to 2 and 3 ft between standard isolettes, respectively. For horizontal exposures, the dosimeter was placed directly behind a CR plate and scatter dose at 90-degrees and 135-degrees from the incident beam was also measured. Exposures were obtained at 160 mAs and the results were extrapolated to correspond to 2.5 mAs. Four measurements were taken at each point and averaged. At 125 cm and 93 cm there was minimal scatter compared to daily natural background radiation dose (8.493 μGy). Greatest scatter dose obtained from a horizontal beam exposure at 135° from the incident beam was still far below background radiation. Scatter radiation dose from a single exposure as well as cumulative scatter dose from numerous exposures is significantly below natural background radiation. Infants in neighboring isolettes are not at added risk from radiation scatter as long as the isolettes are separated by at least 2 ft.
Ionic-thermocurrent study of the dipole relaxation and equilibrium in Gd-doped SrF/sub 2/

By means of thermal depolarization (ionic thermocurrent) measurements, the population of nearest-neighbor (type-I) and next-nearest-neighbor (type-II) ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ interstitial fluoride ion dipoles have been observed as functions of temperature from 180 to 210 K, the region of the type-II dipole relaxation peak. The ratio of type-II to type-I concentration varies exponentially with reciprocal polarization temperature, indicating that at each temperature the two dipole species reach equilibrium within the polarization period, chosen to be at least six times the type-II dipole relaxation time. The enthalpy difference between the two species was determined to be 0.046 eV. The shift in the populations with temperature suggests that reorientation of the type-II dipole proceeds by means of the fluoride passing through a nearest-neighbor (type-I) site, in accordance with the accepted model. By assuming that the total number of dipoles remains constant, the ratio of the dipole moments of the two species is found to be 2.4.
Deep-sea carbonates: Reading the carbon-isotope signal

The carbon isotope signal in deep-sea sediments reflects a mix of (1) global changes in the rates of exchange of the ocean's carbon reservoir with biosphere, soil, and sediments, (2) global and regional changes in surface water productivity, (3) internal shifts in water-mass structure and circulation (basin-basin fractionation, oxygen minimum development), and (4) organism-specific fractionation effects due to changes in micro-habitat and/or ontogenic fractionation (»vital effects«). Additional complications arise from differential preservation. It is impossible to entirely isolate these various factors. As a rule of thumb, long period signals that are parallel for planktonic and benthic data reflect external (global) fractionation patterns, whilst short-period signals are more likely tied to internal patterns (water-mass fractionation). The various approaches to interpretation are illustrated with three case studies: the Glacial-Holocene transition, the Messinian Carbon Shift, and the Miocene Monterey Excursion.
The U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program

The US. Federal Crop Insurance Program has evolved from a government-run yield insurance program for wheat farmers to a public-private partnership that provides a variety of yield and revenue insurance products to producers of over 100 different crops. US. policy-makers continue to struggle with defining an appropriate role for the federal government in helping crop farmers manage revenue risk. New approaches using area-yield or weather-based options may hold promise for the future
Analysis of Homologous XRCC1 -Linked Zinc-Finger Gene Families in Human and Mouse: Evidence for Orthologous Genes

Genetic and physical mapping studies indicate that hundreds of zinc-finger (ZNF)-containing genes populate the human genome and that many of these genes are arranged in familial clusters. However, the extent to which these tandemly arrayed families are conserved among mammalian species is largely unknown. In a previous study, we identified a conserved cluster of Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)-containing ZNF genes located near the XRCC1 gene in human chromosome 19q13.2 and mouse chromosome 7 and analyzed two members of the murine gene family, Zfp93 and Zfp94, in detail. Here we report the identification and characterization of putative human orthologs of these murine genes. The human genes ZFP93 and ZNF45 are substantially similar to their murine counterparts in overall structure, but two notable differences exist between the sets of genes. First, the human genes encode more ZNF repeats than their murine counterparts. Second, the ZNF repeats that are common to orthologs exhibit varying degrees of conservation. Expression studies indicate that the human genes, like their mouse equivalents, are expressed widely and are coexpressed at similar levels in most adult tissues. These comparative gene sequence and expression studies therefore suggest that at least two members of the mammalian XRCC1-linked KRAB-ZNF gene family were elaborated prior to the divergence of primate and rodent lineages and were well conserved in human and mouse.
Effects of Classroom Context Variables on High School Students' Judgments of the Acceptability and Likelihood of Cheating.

Hypothetical vignettes were used to examine the effects of teacher pedagogical skill (good vs. poor), interpersonal caring (caring vs. not), and classroom goal structure (performance vs. mastery) on high school students' judgments about the target of blame for cheating (teacher vs. student), the acceptability of cheating, and the likelihood of cheating. Students' personal goals and academic self-efficacy were also assessed. As hypothesized, poor pedagogy, performance goal structures, and low teacher caring resulted in more teacher blame and less student blame for cheating, and cheating was rated as more justifiable and more likely in these scenarios. The relations between context variables and justifiability were partially mediated by attributions of blame. Although contextual variables had a greater effect than individual motivation variables on participants' judgments of cheating justifiability, judgments about cheating morality were better explained by personal motivation.
2-Bromohydroquinone-induced toxicity to rabbit renal proximal tubules: The role of biotransformation, glutathione, and covalent binding

Abstract 2-Bromohydroquinone (BHQ) is a model toxic hydroquinone and plays an important role in bromobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity. Proximal tubules isolated to contain decreased glutathione (GSH) levels were at least twice as sensitive to the GSH depleting effects of BHQ and BHQ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as were tubules with “normal” (i.e., in vivo ) GSH content. The decrease in tubular GSH content resulted from BHQ-GSH conjugate formation. A mono-GSH conjugate (2-bromo-3-(glutathion- S -yl)hydroquinone) and a di-GSH conjugate (2-bromo-3,5- or 6-(diglutathion- S -yl)hydroquinone) were identified. In addition, a glucuronide conjugate was identified (2-bromo-1- or 4- O -glucuronylhydroquinone). BHQ-GSH conjugates were not responsible sponsible for BHQ-induced toxicity since (1) tubules with normal levels of GSH were more resistant to BHQ-induced toxicity even though they formed more BHQ-GSH conjugates than tubules with decreased GSH levels and (2) inhibition of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase did not prevent BHQ-induced toxicity. BHQ-equivalents bound covalently to tubular protein in a concentration-, time-, and temperature-dependent manner with the majority of the binding (61%) occurring during the first 15 min after exposure to 0.2 m m BHQ. Tubules pretreated with GSH underwent less BHQ-protein alkylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and the amount of BHQ recovered and BHQ-di-GSH conjugate formed increased. These data suggest that BHQ is biotransformed to a reactive intermediate (2-bromoquinone and/or 2-bromosemiquinone) and that this intermediate can react with GSH to form BHQ-GSH conjugates and/or bind covalently to tubular protein which may result in mitochondrial dysfunction and tubular death.
Electron microscopy investigations of ferrous martensites

This paper is concerned with electron metallography of bcc or bet ferrous martensite in which particular attention is paid to, the characterization of substructures., The transformation substructure is complex and new results are reported on multiple {112} twinning. The factors controlling the martensitic substructure are evaluated and it is concluded that the strength and deformation, characteristics of martensite are the most important in determining whether the transformation deformation occurs by slip or twinning (or both). An appraisal is given ofin situ transformations in the electron microscope particularly with regard to the nucleation problem and investigations of the interfacial structures. The potential role of high voltage electron microscopy is also discussed and some recommendations are offered for future investigations.
Systems in Transition: Are We There Yet?

States receiving transition systems change projects from the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) have been field sites for the development and testing of strategies intended to improve the abilities of systems to respond to new and continually changing demands for educational improvement. In this article, we describe results from a multi-year evaluation effort conducted by the National Transition Network. We found that change did occur in the delivery of transition services. Specifically, we found that states were successful in (a) increasing stakeholder awareness of transition needs and issues, (b) increasing the participation of students with disabilities and parents in transition activities, (c) enhancing collaborative relationships among school and community agencies, and (d) establishing and improving policies to support better transition services and outcomes. The strategies that were most likely to be effective in producing this change included (a) inducements and capaci...
Interaction of bovine S100 protein with detergents and phosphatidylcholine vesicles

Abstract The interaction of bovine S100 protein with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), octaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether (OEGDE), and egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles was followed by fluorescence methods. The monomeric forms of both anionic (SDS) and cationic (CTAB) detergents interact with the protein, producing changes in the tryptophan and tyrosine fluorescence similar to those seen when the protein is exposed to low or high pH. No additional interaction was detected between the S100 protein and the micelles for the charged detergents. No interactions were detected with either the monomeric form or the micelles of the non-ionic detergent OEGDE. Fluorescence polarization studies of S100 protein photo-labelled with azidonaphthalene sulfonate show that the protein binds to egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles, even at neutral pH and in the absence of bivalent or monovalent cations and that the strength of the binding of the protein to the vesicles increases at acid pH. At neutralpH binding of the intact protein results in a 90% increase in tryptophan fluorescence and 60% increase of tyrosine fluorescence. The set of observations supports the type of interaction between S100 and lipid vesicles postulated by Calissano and coworkers (Calissano, P., Alema, S. and Fasella, P. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 4553–4560) to explain the increased leakage of rubidium induced by S100. Superficiai interactions of this type may be at the basis of the actions of many peripheral membrane proteins.
Effective Antibiotic Treatment Prescribed by Emergency Physicians in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock: Where is the Gap?

Abstract Background Antibiotic selection made within the first hour of recognition of severe sepsis and septic shock has been shown to decrease mortality. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine what antibiotics are being prescribed and to identify factors influencing ineffective antibiotic coverage in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. In addition, we explore an alternative method for antibiotic selection that could improve organism coverage. Methods This was a retrospective review of emergency department (ED) patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) over a 12-month period with a culture-positive diagnosis of either severe sepsis or septic shock. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was defined as effective coverage of the offending organism based on final culture results. Results Of the 1400 patients admitted to the ICU, 137 patients were culture positive and met the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock. Effective antibiotic coverage was prescribed by emergency physicians in 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] .74–.88) of cases. Of the 25 patients who received ineffective antibiotics, the majority had infections caused by resistant Gram-negative organisms. Health care-associated pneumonia guidelines were applied to all patients, regardless of the source of infection, and were 100% sensitive (95% CI .93–1) for selecting patients who had infections caused by highly resistant organisms. Conclusion Emergency physicians achieved 82% effective antibiotic coverage in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. The gap seems to be in coverage of highly resistant Gram-negative organisms. An alternative approach to antibiotic prescription, utilizing a set of guidelines for community- and health care-associated infections, was found to be 100% sensitive in selecting patients who had infections caused by the more resistant organisms.
A topographic map of sensory cell terminal arborizations in the cricket CNS: Correlation with birthday and position in a sensory array

The development of a group of club-shaped sensilla called clavate hairs, located on the cerci of the cricket (Acheta domesticus), was examined morphologically. The clavate hairs are located on the base of the cercus and are thought to inform the animal of its orientation with respect to gravity. There are two groups of clavate hairs distinguished from one another by the orientation of their sockets: a dorso-medial group whose sockets are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cercus and a ventro-medial group inclined 45–60° away from the perpendicular. The ventro-medial group consists of a series of rows of sensilla running parallel to the long axis of the cercus. By examining a cast-off exoskeleton in the scanning electron microscope and comparing it with newly developed cuticle of the subsequent instar (Fig. 3), we showed how receptors were added to the ventro-medial array of clavate hairs. The first ventral hair (#10, Fig.1) appeared in the second instar. Three more hairs were added in the third instar: two (#11 and #12) proximal to hair 10 forming the first row and one (#20) medial to 11 and initiating the second row. After the third instar one hair was usually added proximal to each row each time the specimen molted. Because of the regular positioning of hairs and their orderly addition to the array, it is possible to identify uniquely all of the hairs in the three largest rows of ventral hairs (Fig. 4). We developed a simple method for staining the neuron associated with each hair. A hair was injured by cutting off its tip. A bubble of cobaltous acetate was then placed on the hair for 18–20 hours and only the neuron associated with the injured hair took up the stain. The synaptic terminal arborizations of identified neurons examined in this manner were unique and reproducible from specimen to specimen (Fig. 6). Furthermore, there is a topographic order to the terminal arborizations. Within one row the oldest neurons project furthest into the nervous system and arborize over the greatest area, whereas younger neurons arborize in more restricted areas near the entrance of the cercal nerve. Thus it was concluded that birthday was corretated with the morphology of the synaptic arborization. By staining neurons that were the same age but located in different rows, we determined that birthday was not the only variable influencing the morphology of the terminal arbors. The terminal arbors of neurons 11 and 20, both of which first appear in the third instar, were very different from one another. Thus another variable, presumably position on the body surface, was also correlated with the morphology of a neuron's terminal arborization. We concluded from these results that position on the cercus as well as birthday is encoded in the developmental program of these neurons and that the morphology of their terminal arborizations is a joint function of these two variables.
Measurement of activation energies for field evaporation of tungsten ions as a function of electric field

Activation energies for the field evaporation of tungsten ions have been determined as a function of electric field in the range from 4.70 to 5.90 V/\AA{}. Field-evaporation rates covering 2-3 orders of magnitude were measured as a function of temperature at seven different field strengths with the use of calibrated imaging atom-probe mass spectra, and the activation energies and frequency prefactors were obtained from standard Arrhenius plots. The activation energies were found to decrease from 0.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 to 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV as the electric field was increased from 4.70 to 5.90 V/\AA{}. These experimental results strongly disagree with calculations based on the image-force model of field evaporation, and a correction to the model involving field-induced charge transfer is suggested. As expected, the activation energies for field evaporation of ${\mathrm{W}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{W}}^{4+}$ were found to be the same and give support for recent post-ionization models. Contrary to expectations, the frequency prefactor, which had been assumed to be constant, was found to be field dependent. This report also includes new measurements of the temperature dependence of the W evaporation field and the field dependence of the W evaporation rate. Measurements of the field-evaporation activation energy in background pressures above 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ Torr indicate that very low levels of contamination can reduce the activation energy by more than a factor of 4.
Fibrin glue treatment of low rectal and pouch-anal anastomotic sinuses.

PURPOSE: This report describes a treatment method for patients with persistent anastomostic sinuses in which fibrin glue is used. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of seven patients with radiologically documented sinus tracts after restorative proctocolectomy or low rectal anastomosis was managed with fibrin glue obliteration of the tract. The sinus was gently debrided with a curette and then filled with fibrin glue. Postoperatively, the patients received metronidazole 1.5 g per day in divided doses for one week. Outpatient examination of the internal opening was performed at 1, 3, and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: In all patients, healing of the sinus was observed after one week. After an average of 11.2 months (range, 3–15) of follow-up there were no recurrences and no episodes of pelvic sepsis. CONCLUSION: On the basis of this experience, we believe that fibrin glue injection may be an alternative method of managing pelvic anastomotic sinuses.
Ice nucleation and its application

Abstract Insight into the molecular and biological aspects of biological ice nucleation has advanced greatly over the last few years. Many molecular studies have emerged that contribute to an understanding of the relationship between the structure and expression of the ice-nucleation protein, and especially of the unexpectedly wide range of temperatures at which these proteins cause freezing. Advances have also been made in the applications of biological ice nucleation and the biology of ice nucleating bacteria.
Attending to a misoriented word causes the eyeball to rotate in the head.

Torsional eye movements are triggered by head tilt and a rotating visual field. We examined whether attention to a misoriented form could also induce torsion. Thirty-six observers viewed an adapting field containing a bright vertical Une, and then they viewed a display that was composed of two misoriented words (one rotated clockwise, the other counterclockwise, by 15°, 30°, or 45°). The subjects were instructed to attend to one of the words. The subjects’ adjustments of a reference line to match the tilt of the afterimage showed that attention to a misoriented word produces torsional eye movement (verified with direct measurements on 4 additional subjects). This eye movement reduces the retinal misorientation of the word by about 1°. The results of this study reinforce the linkage between selective attention and eye movements and may provide a useful tool for dissecting different forms of “mental rotation” and other adjustments in internal reference frames. Apparent-motion displays confirming that the eye rotated in the head may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Fractal behavior of multiplicity fluctuations in high-energy collisions

It is shown that the multiplicity fluctuations of the particles produced in high-energy hadron collisions can be systematically quantified by the $G$ moments, which can be defined to suppress the statistical contributions. Expansion in terms of a set of basic functions ${B}_{q,k}(M)$ provides simple fractal interpretation for the asymptotic power-law behavior of $〈{G}_{q}〉$. The connection with the scaled factorial moments is investigated. An extension to nonintegral values of $q$ is considered. The generalized fractal dimension ${D}_{q}$ is determined. Calculations of all quantities involving multiplicity fluctuations are done using a Monte Carlo code (ECCO) based on the geometrical branching model, which has previously been shown to yield the correct degree of intermittency as determined by the NA22 experiment on hadronic collisions.
Solute concentration in the kidney— I. a model of the renal medulla and its limit cases☆

Abstract We develop a general model of the renal medulla that is similar in geometry to the models reported by others. Two solutes are assumed to be present, one to play the role of salt and the other that of urea and similarly handled compounds. The equations from irreversible thermodynamics are used to describe simultaneous solvent and solute flow across tubular membranes and a salt pump, saturable in the cis concentration and inhibited by trans concentrations is included in the AHL. We examine the input limit cases of the model, i.e., those for zero and infinite inflows in vasa rectae, Henle loop and collecting ducts. High inflow to vasa rectae washes out the gradients. For inflow to DHL there is an optimal value for building up the concentration gradients: for zero inflow, no concentration gradients are developed and as inflow increases above the optimal value, the concentration gradients decrease and all concentrations in DHL, AHL and interstitium tend towards those in the inflow to DHL. A central core model, the limit case for zero inflow in vasa rectae, is then described.
Broken chiral symmetry in 2+1 quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature

The nonperturbative theory based on the gauge technique is developed for zero temperature and is then extended to finite temperatures in order to investigate chiral-symmetry breakdown in standard continuum field theory of Quantum Chromodynamics in (2+1)-dimensional space. A linearized approximate Dyson-Schwinger equation of the theory is employed to establish that chiral symmetry is broken for a range of temperatures. We are able to demonstrate that the system of quarks exhibits phase transitions characterized by a deconfinement phase and a chiral-symmetry restoration phase and we derive the gap equation for the dynamical quark mass in the different phases. A detailed study of the gap equation reveals that the critical temperature at which chiral symmetry is restored is determined by the infrared regulator mass of the theory.
Analytical and numerical aspects of certain nonlinear evolution equations. II. Numerical, nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract Various numerical methods are employed in order to approximate the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, namely: (i) The classical explicit method, (ii) hopscotch method, (iii) implicit-explicit method, (iv) Crank-Nicolson implicit scheme, (v) the Ablowitz-Ladik scheme, (vi) the split step Fourier method (F. Tappert), and (vii) pseudospectral (Fourier) method (Fornberg and Whitham). Comparisons between the Ablowitz-Ladik scheme, which was developed using notions of the inverse scattering transform, and the other utilized schemes are obtained.
CENTRAL PLACE DEVELOPMENT IN A TIME‐SPACE FRAMEWORK *

OST scholars in geography and related social sciences have recognized that the locational structure of man’s economic, political and cultural activities is not in a static state. Yet very little attempt has been made to conceptualize the manner by which the spatial arrangement of man’s establishments change over time. This study seeks to provide at least a partial solution for meeting this need. ( 1 )
Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. I. Comparative morphology, cyclical activity, and innervation.

Two types of exocrine rosette glands (called type A and type B), located in the gill axes of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, are described. The type A glands are embedded within the longitudinal median septum of the gill axes, whereas the type B glands typically project into the efferent hemolymph channels of the gill axes. Although both glands have certain common characteristics (i.e., a variable number of radially arranged secretory cells, a central intercalary cell, and a canal cell that forms the cuticular ductule leading to the branchial surface), they differ in the following respects. The type B gland is innervated, but the type A gland is not; axonal processes, containing both granular (ca. 900-1300 A) and agranular (ca. 450-640 A) vesicles, occur at a juncture between adjacent secretory cells and the central cell of the type B gland. The secretory cells of type A and type B glands differ in their synthetic potential and membrane specializations. These differences are more pronounced in well-developed, mature glands, most frequently encountered in larger (24-28 mm, total length) grass shrimp, than in the underdeveloped, immature glands that are most abundant in smaller (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp. Thus, in mature glands, the secretory cells of the type A rosette glands are characterized by extensive RER, abundant Golgi, and numerous secretory granules, whereas the secretory cells of the type B gland are characterized by extensively infolded and interdigitated basal plasmalemmas and by the presence of numerous mitochondria. In general, both types of glands exhibit increased secretory activity soon after ecdysis. The central and canal cells in both glands seem to have a role in the modification of the secreted materials. The possible functions assigned to the type A gland and the type B gland include phenol-oxidase secretion and osmoregulation, respectively.
Prostate carcinoma knowledge, attitudes, and screening behavior among African-American men in Central Harlem, New York City.

BACKGROUND Although the benefits of prostate carcinoma screening in reducing mortality rates have not been proven or shown to be cost-effective, screening, particularly using prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests, is widespread. A better understanding of screening behavior, knowledge of prostate carcinoma risk, and attitudes toward screening among men at high risk, such as African-American men, would be valuable. METHODS A prevalence survey was conducted using 2 samples of African-American men, aged 50–74 years: a clinic sample drawn from all clinics in Central Harlem (n = 404) and a random-digit dial sample from the same geographic region (n = 319). The prevalence of self-reported PSA screening was estimated using a cognitive survey methodology based on the internal consistency of answers to four different questions. Prevalence estimates were adjusted to take into account the high proportion of nontelephone residences. RESULTS The clinic sample, representing a poorer, more ill population (as determined by MOS Physical Function Scores, was less likely to report PSA screening than the community sample (11.1% in clinic sample vs. 25.5% in community). The prevalence of PSA testing in Central Harlem overall in this age group by using two different techniques was estimated to be 24%. In multiple logistic models, self-reported PSA screening was associated with age, education, favorable attitudes toward screening, and knowing someone who had prostate carcinoma. However, the association between these factors and the likelihood of self-reported PSA screening differed between clinic and community samples. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of self-reported PSA screening in Central Harlem was lower than that reported for other populations. These findings may be useful in the design of health education campaigns and for counseling innercity, low-income African-American patients appropriately about the disease. Cancer 2001;91:164–72. Published 2001 American Cancer Society.
A modified beam analysis effect of lateral forces on lithospheric flexure and its implication for post-rift evolution of the Midcontinent Rift system

Abstract We have use a discretized form of the equation resulting from the elastic Beam Theory to investigate the effect of lateral forces on lithospheric deformation. This technique, the Beam Element Technique (BET), allows the application of a lateral load as a function of distance (i.e., basal shear can be applied in addition to the lateral end forces). Such loading is useful in studying the effects of lithosphere–asthenosphere coupling on lithospheric deformation. The BET also allows for laterally varying the elastic properties and geometry of the beam. By applying laterally varying elastic properties it is possible to investigate the influence an anomalous zone (e.g., rift zone or fault zone) may have on the pattern of lithospheric deformation. Similarly, laterally varying beam geometry (i.e., thickness) permits incorporation of blocks of various ages (older rocks being thicker than younger by virtue of cooling with age) and investigation of their effect on lithospheric deformation. We also derived a beam deflection equation for a laterally varying load. The finite difference formulation of this equation is used to verify the solutions from the BET. Our analysis using the BET shows little difference between the solutions for negative (i.e., opposite to the end load) and positive (i.e., in the direction of the end load) basal tractions. Solutions from the weak zone analysis have allowed investigation of the effect of Grenville tectonism on the post-rift evolution of the Midcontinent Rift system (MCR). We propose that spatially it is possible that compressive forces from the Grenville Tectonic Zone may have caused post-rift thrusting along the MCR. Moreover, it is possible that a single compressive event may have affected both the arms of the MCR, simultaneously.
Is social interaction based on guile or honesty

Von Hippel & Trivers suggest that people enhance their own self-views as a means of persuading others to adopt similarly inflated perceptions of them. We question the existence of a pervasive desire for self-enhancement, noting that the evidence the authors cite could reflect self-verification strivings or no motive whatsoever. An identity negotiation framework provides a more tenable approach to social interaction.
Left-sided gastroschisis: higher incidence of extraintestinal congenital anomalies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to present 3 cases of left-sided gastroschisis and review the literature concerning this rare condition. METHODS: Charts of 3 previously unreported patients with left-sided gastroschisis were reviewed. A literature review of all cases of left-sided gastroschisis was completed. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with left-sided defects were identified, only 12 of whom had classic periumbilical defects. We present 3 additional patients. Eleven of 15 patients were female, with 1 patient's sex not reported. Forty percent had extraintestinal anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Left-sided gastroschisis is more common in females and associated with a higher incidence of extraintestinal anomalies compared with right-sided lesions. Although the etiology remains unknown, it may differ from that of right-sided gastroschisis.
Prion strains and amyloid polymorphism influence phenotypic variation.

The deposition of protein aggregates is a unifying feature of a large class of diseases known as protein conformational disorders, which includes Alzheimer disease and prion diseases. One of the most fascinating and puzzling aspects of such diseases is the phenomenon of amyloid polymorphism, whereby a single disease-associated protein forms different types of ordered aggregate structures. This is best exemplified in prion diseases, in which these different structures, called prion strains, are responsible for much of the variation in pathology and disease transmission. Here, we review the current knowledge of prion strains and amyloid polymorphism, highlighting how diversity in amyloid structure relates to phenotypic differences.
The role of salvage surgery in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to comprehensively review overall survival, functional outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients who underwent salvage surgery for locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP) after initial radiotherapy. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 1681 consecutive patients who completed definitive therapy for primary SCCOP and identified 168 patients with locally recurrent SCCOP who underwent salvage surgery (41 patients), reirradiation or brachytherapy (18 patients), palliative chemotherapy (70 patients), or supportive care (39 patients). RESULTS: Twenty-six of 39 patients (67%) developed a second recurrence after salvage surgery. The 3-year overall survival rate for patients who underwent salvage surgery or received reirradiation, palliative chemotherapy, or supportive care were 48.7%, 31.6%, 3.7%, and 5.1%, respectively. For patients who underwent salvage surgery, older age (P = .03), the absence of a disease-free interval (P < .01), and advanced recurrent tumor stage (P = .07) were associated with lower overall survival. Patients with recurrent neck disease (P = .01) and positive surgical margins (P = .04) had higher rates of recurrence after salvage surgery. Postoperative complications occurred in 19 patients (46%), and there were no perioperative deaths. Functionally, 71% of patients demonstrated ≥80% speech intelligibility, 68% were able to tolerate some oral intake, and 87% who required a tracheotomy subsequently were decannulated. CONCLUSIONS: Age, disease-free interval, recurrent tumor stage, recurrent neck disease, and surgical margin status influenced overall survival or recurrence rate after salvage surgery for recurrent SCCOP. Although most patients had good functional outcomes, only a select group of patients with recurrent SCCOP achieved long-term survival after salvage surgery. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Developmentally regulated mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated transport of a lysosomal enzyme across the blood-brain barrier.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from inherited deficiency of β-glucuronidase (GUS). Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII is characterized by glycosaminoglycan storage in most tissues, including brain. In these disorders, enzyme delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main obstacle to correction of lysosomal storage in the CNS. Prior studies suggested mouse brain is accessible to GUS in the first 2 weeks of life but not later. To explore a possible role for the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor in GUS transport across the BBB in neonatal mice, we compared brain uptake of phosphorylated GUS (P-GUS) and nonphosphorylated GUS (NP-GUS) in newborn and adult mice. 131I-P-GUS was transported across the BBB after i.v. injection in 2-day-old mice. The brain influx rate (Kin) of 131I-P-GUS in 2-day-old mice was 0.21 μl/g·min and decreased with age. By 7 weeks of age, transport of 131I-P-GUS was not significant. Capillary depletion revealed that 62% of the 131I-P-GUS in brain was in brain parenchyma in 2-day-old mice. In addition, uptake of 131I-P-GUS into brain was significantly reduced by coinjection of unlabeled P-GUS or M6P in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the Kin of 131I-NP-GUS (0.04 μl/g·min) was significantly lower than 131I-P-GUS in 2-day-old mice. Transcardiac brain perfusion confirmed that neither 131I-P-GUS nor 131I-NP-GUS crossed the BBB in adult mice. These results indicate that 131I-P-GUS transport into brain parenchyma in early postnatal life is mediated by the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor. This receptor-mediated transport is not observed in adult mice.
The transgenic arteriovenous fistula in the rat: an experimental model of gene therapy for brain arteriovenous malformations

Objective To introduce the transgenic arteriovenous fistula model in the rat, constructed by interposing mouse aorta in a fistula between the common carotid artery and external jugular vein in a nude rat, and to describe the model's technical feasibility, long-term patency, and expression of reporter genes. Methods Carotid-jugular fistulae were surgically created in 112 rats. In 25 immunodeficient nude rats, wild-type mouse thoracic aorta (TAo) was interposed in the fistula; in 10 immunocompetent rats, TAo was interposed; in 19 nude rats, transgenic TAo with reporter genes for beta-galactosidase or green fluorescent protein was interposed; in 18 nude rats, wild-type mouse ascending aorta was interposed; and in 40 rats, a simple fistula was constructed without an interpositional graft. Host tolerance and graft viability were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry for CD31 (mouse endothelial cell marker), endothelial nitric oxide synthase, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, beta-galactosidase, and green fluorescent protein. Results The transgenic arteriovenous fistula was technically feasible and immunologically tolerated in nude rats but not in immunocompetent rats. The overall angiographic patency rate was 41% with TAo grafts and 56% with ascending aorta grafts, both lower than the 98% patency rate in fistulae with a single anastomosis and no interpositional graft. Mouse endothelium survived on the graft for 3 months according to CD31 staining, but longer survival by transgenic smooth muscle cells resulted in continued expression of beta-galactosidase for 6 months and green fluorescent protein for 4 months. Endothelium and smooth muscle in the fistula were functional, with normal expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase as well as smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, respectively. Conclusion The transgenic arteriovenous fistula model enhances other carotid-jugular fistula models by integrating transgenic tissue, thereby creating an experimental system for investigating the molecular biology of and gene therapies for arteriovenous malformations.
Closure techniques for large pelvic wounds

Large pelvic wounds may result from cancer resection, trauma, and pressure necrosis and can greatly affect patient morbidity. Often, healing in the pelvic area may be complicated by poor vascularity, edema, bacterial colonization, infection, and radiation therapy. Surgical resection may create a large perineal hernia or remove functional areas such as the vaginal vault. Early consultation with plastic surgery in the planning and management of these difficult cases in a multispecialty fashion will provide the best patient outcomes. Primary use of myocutaneous flaps will improve vascularity, prevent herniation, restore function, and improve overall healing, thus limiting patient morbidity and improving patient outcomes. Flap indications, flap options, and patient management are discussed.
Synthesis of 2,4,5-triaminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid as a novel 2-deoxystreptamine mimic

Abstract Since aminoglycosides have been known to exert their antibacterial activities by binding to various RNA targets, 2-deoxystreptamine served as a particularly important model in understanding RNA-small molecule interaction. Herein, 2,4,5-triaminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid was prepared as a novel 2-deoxystreptamine (2-DOS) mimic, which replaces highly flexible glycosidic bonds of aminoglycosides with amide bonds and may improve binding selectivity toward RNA targets through increased rigidity and additional hydrogen-bonding capability. This unnatural g-amino acid can also be used as a potential component for synthetic foldamers.