cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Star-Shaped MePEGn Polymers as H+ Conducting Electrolytes

Proton conducting electrolytes composed of a mixture of MePEG7SO3H acid and a four-armed, PEG-based, star molecule were prepared. Four MePEGn (n = 3, 7, 12) arms were attached to a pentaerythritol or tetrakis(dimethylsilyl) orthosilicate core to form the star molecules. We have examined the structure of these star electrolytes to observe how the structure of an electrolyte affects the observed ionic conductivity. In terms of structural parameters, these star electrolytes showed large volume fractions of PEG, high fluidities, and large fractional free volumes, all of which predict larger ionic conductivities. Through a comparison of the conductivity and structural parameters in a variety of different star electrolytes, we have shown that each of these three structural parameters are important and can strongly affect the observed ionic conductivity. Walden plots indicated a large extent of ion-pairing in our star electrolytes and that MePEG7SO3H acid was a weak acid in our star electrolytes.
BRAF inhibitor: targeted therapy in hairy cell leukemia.

In this issue of Blood , Dietrich et al report that the low-dose BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, is highly effective in refractory hairy cell leukemia. 1
Learning algorithms for second-price auctions with reserve

Second-price auctions with reserve play a critical role in the revenue of modern search engine and popular online sites since the revenue of these companies often directly depends on the outcome of such auctions. The choice of the reserve price is the main mechanism through which the auction revenue can be influenced in these electronic markets. We cast the problem of selecting the reserve price to optimize revenue as a learning problem and present a full theoretical analysis dealing with the complex properties of the corresponding loss function. We further give novel algorithms for solving this problem and report the results of several experiments in both synthetic and real-world data demonstrating their effectiveness.
One Dimensional Wave Equation

In this chapter we will study the physical problem of the wave propagation. The wave equation usually describes water waves, the vibrations of a string or a membrane, the propagation of electromagnetic and sound waves, or the transmission of electric signals in a cable. The function u(x,t) defines a small displacement of any point of a vibrating string at position x at time t. Unlike the heat equation, the wave equation contains the term utt that represents the vertical acceleration of a vibrating string at point x, which is due to the tension in the string [2, 3, 4, 5].
“Fire in the Belly”: Youth and Exuberance

At age 70, I was a master of the universe. I was riding a motorcycle up the Adriatic coast and playing guitar in a rock band at the House of Blues in New Orleans. I thought I would live and work forever, or until I was found dead slumped in a nurses’ station somewhere. Then, in a few seconds, it all changed. Some of this change was due to bad luck and bad timing, but most of it was due, ultimately, to age.
Net load forecasting for high renewable energy penetration grids

We discuss methods for net load forecasting and their significance for operation and management of power grids with high renewable energy penetration. Net load forecasting is an enabling technology for the integration of microgrid fleets with the macrogrid. Net load represents the load that is traded between the grids (microgrid and utility grid). It is important for resource allocation and electricity market participation at the point of common coupling between the interconnected grids. We compare two inherently different approaches: additive and integrated net load forecast models. The proposed methodologies are validated on a microgrid with 33% annual renewable energy (solar) penetration. A heuristics based solar forecasting technique is proposed, achieving skill of 24.20%. The integrated solar and load forecasting model outperforms the additive model by 10.69% and the uncertainty range for the additive model is larger than the integrated model by 2.2%. Thus, for grid applications an integrated forecast model is recommended. We find that the net load forecast errors and the solar forecasting errors are cointegrated with a common stochastic drift. This is useful for future planning and modeling because the solar energy time-series allows to infer important features of the net load time-series, such as expected variability and uncertainty.
Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law

Contrary to Samuel Williston’s description of the ALI’s formal restatement of contract law as merely presenting the law “as it is, not as a new law,” the doctrine of promissory estoppel set forth in Section 90 thereof does not represent an ancient principle of contract law. Rather, it constitutes a relatively recent and largely artificial innovation by Williston and his colleague Arthur Corbin. To overcome potential objections to such novelty, Williston and Corbin advocated for their new doctrine on the basis of specific claims of historical authority therefor. In particular, they asserted that promissory estoppel was doctrinally and philosophically consonant with the origins of English contract law during the Middle Ages. Those claims are not well-founded.Specifically, Williston, Corbin and other proponents of promissory estoppel have focused on the fact that during the period from roughly 1350 to 1600 litigants and courts incrementally turned for the enforcement of contract to the tort writ of trespass on the case sounding in assumpsit in substitution for the use of well-established, preexisting contractual writs. Yet these proponents of promissory estoppel have ignored the underlying reasons for, and limitations of, that historical development. Contrary to their implication, there occurred no fundamental doctrinal rejection of preexisting contract law, to which the doctrine of promissory estoppel would have been wholly alien. Rather, this circumvention of the preexisting contractual writs by means of assumpsit came to pass as the direct result of specific jurisdictional and procedural limitations that had hobbled the use of those contractual writs.Moreover, and critically, both prior to and during the period of this creative extension of assumpsit the fundamental principle of reciprocity in contract was repeatedly asserted by the courts and commentators. The major extension of assumpsit in the mid-1500s into the realm of the principal preexisting contractual writ for informal contracts, debt upon contract, was temporally coupled with and limited by this principle, which came to be expressed as the doctrine of consideration. Promissory estoppel, which rejects at its core the principle of reciprocity in contract, is antithetical to this history.
Between Title IX and the Criminal Law: Bringing Tort Law to the Campus Sexual Assault Debate

In the last few years, campus sexual assault has risen to prominence as a national public concern. As policy-makers scramble to figure out how best to address this problem, the contours of the conversation in scholarship, media articles, and policy-making have devolved into two competing adjudicative frameworks: criminal law or Title IX. In this criminal law versus Title IX debate, two questions dominate. First, who can better adjudicate claims of campus sexual assault: criminal courts using criminal laws, or schools using Title IX? Second, if schools do adjudicate sexual assault claims under Title IX, are students entitled to the same procedural protections as criminal defendants? In this Symposium piece, I argue that this criminal law versus Title IX framing is unduly narrow. It ignores a third, important mode of adjudication for sexual assault claims: tort law. In this essay, I show why tort law has been left out of the campus sexual assault debate, and the potential impact of its inclusion. Incorporating tort law into the campus sexual assault debate has three specific benefits. First, conceptualizing campus sexual assault as a tort reminds us that the same wrong can be legitimately framed and addressed in multiple ways. Second, tort law sets a useful standard for determining the scope of procedural protections in campus sexual assault proceedings. Third, tort law suggests that affirmative consent may be appropriate for campus sexual interactions. Ultimately, bringing tort law into the campus sexual assault debate opens up the vast and fertile ground between the two poles of criminal law and Title IX, and creates a space where better institutional design and a more effective solution to this social problem might be found.
Enlargement or Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles Simulating Hydrocephalus

The lateral ventricles have a wide range of appearances that can be considered normal. There may be variations in size between sides or between different regions (e.g., the bodies may be larger than the temporal horns, or vice versa). Such asymmetry occurs in about 5–20 % of the population, depending on what is considered asymmetry and which portions of the ventricle are compared to the opposite side. More commonly, for unknown reasons the right lateral ventricle is larger than the left by about a 3:1 ratio. This may be seen at any age, from the fetus to the elderly population. Such asymmetry should be considered normal as long as the ventricular size and configuration do not fit the criteria for hydrocephalus. Additionally, varying degrees of cerebral atrophy (and particularly adjacent white matter atrophy surrounding the lateral ventricles) can accentuate this appearance and mistakenly lead to the diagnosis of hydrocephalus, leading to unnecessary shunting.
Parent-offspring conflict and the evolution of infant-directed song

Abstract We present a theory of the origin and evolution of infant-directed song, a form of music found in many cultures. After examining the ancestral ecology of parent-infant relations, we propose that infant-directed song arose in an evolutionary arms race between parents and infants, stemming from the dynamics of parent-offspring conflict. We describe testable predictions that follow from this theory, consider some existing evidence for them, and entertain the possibility that infant-directed song could form the basis for the development of other, more complex forms of music.
Radiation protection and mitigation potential of phenylbutyrate: delivered via oral administration.

Purpose: Phenylbutyrate (PB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) has demonstrated radiation protection in both in vitro and in vivo models. Studies previously demonstrated that PB and other HD...
50th Anniversary Perspective: Challenges in the Dynamics and Kinetics of Glass-Forming Polymers

The phenomenology of the glass transition and the associated behavior in the near liquid and glassy states are detailed, including the cooling rate dependence of the glass transition, Kovacs’ three signatures of structural recovery, and enthalpy overshoots. Dynamics in the liquid regime just above Tg and the associated temperature dependences are also covered since this behavior is important to understanding the glassy dynamics. The current models of structural recovery and their shortcomings are presented. A number of important unanswered questions are discussed, including how the relaxation time in the glassy state depends on structure, the relationship between the evolution of different properties, the resolution of the Kauzmann paradox, and the behavior of the equilibrium relaxation time below Tg. New experimental approaches are needed to make breakthroughs, such as two that are described: one involving 20 Ma amber to test whether the Vogel temperature dependence continues for the equilibrium state be...
Monitoring tylosin and sulfamethazine in a tile-drained agricultural watershed using polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)

This study evaluated the influence of temporal variation on the occurrence, fate, and transport of tylosin (TYL) and sulfamethazine (SMZ); antibiotics commonly used in swine production. Atrazine (ATZ) was used as a reference analyte to indicate the agricultural origin of the antibiotics. We also assessed the impact of season and hydrology on antibiotic concentrations. A reconnaissance study of the South Fork watershed of the Iowa River (SFIR), was conducted from 2013 to 2015. Tile drain effluent and surface water were monitored using polar organic integrative sampler (POCIS) technology. Approximately 169 animal feeding operations (AFOs) exist in SFIR, with 153 of them being swine facilities. All analytes were detected, and detection frequencies ranged from 69 to 100% showing the persistence in the watershed. Antibiotics were detected at a higher frequency using POCIS compared to grab samples. We observed statistically significant seasonal trends for SMZ and ATZ concentrations during growing and harvest seasons. Time weighted average (TWA) concentrations quantified from the POCIS were 1.87ngL-1 (SMZ), 0.30ngL-1 (TYL), and 754.2ngL-1 (ATZ) in the watershed. SMZ and TYL concentrations were lower than the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli. All analytes were detected in tile drain effluent, confirming tile drainage as a pathway for antibiotic transport. Our results identify the episodic occurrence of antibiotics, and highlights the importance identifying seasonal fate and occurrence of these analytes.
Automated point mapping for building control systems: Recent advances and future research needs

Abstract This paper presents a review of recent research and development on methodologies relevant to automating mapping of points in building control systems and between building control systems and external or replacement software and hardware. Manual point mapping is labor intensive and costly, presenting a major impediment to innovations in building control (e.g., automated fault detection and diagnostics, self-healing, and automated commissioning for existing building control systems). The methods reviewed focus on classifying building control system points, especially sensor classifications by sensor type. Fewer publications address other important aspects of the point mapping problem, such as discovering spatial and functional relationships among points, relationships between control system points, physical systems, and equipment, and between various equipment and the systems of which they are part, and discovering metadata, normalizing it to a common namespace, and assigning the metadata to control system points. To motivate further development of new automated point mapping approaches, we identify many research questions organized into four key technical needs: 1) a complete solution and underlying problem formulation, 2) alignment of methods with the actual point mapping problem, 3) test cases, data sets for testing, explicit test procedures, and consistent performance metrics for reporting testing and evaluation results, and 4) understanding of the applicable data space to ensure future adaptability of automated BAS point mapping.
Improving SNP prioritization and pleiotropic architecture estimation by incorporating prior knowledge using graph-GPA.

Summary Integration of genetic studies for multiple phenotypes is a powerful approach to improving the identification of genetic variants associated with complex traits. Although it has been shown that leveraging shared genetic basis among phenotypes, namely pleiotropy, can increase statistical power to identify risk variants, it remains challenging to effectively integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for a large number of phenotypes. We previously developed graph-GPA, a Bayesian hierarchical model that integrates multiple GWAS datasets to boost statistical power for the identification of risk variants and to estimate pleiotropic architecture within a unified framework. Here we propose a novel improvement of graph-GPA which incorporates external knowledge about phenotype-phenotype relationship to guide the estimation of genetic correlation and the association mapping. The application of graph-GPA to GWAS datasets for 12 complex diseases with a prior disease graph obtained from a text mining of biomedical literature illustrates its power to improve the identification of risk genetic variants and to facilitate understanding of genetic relationship among complex diseases. Availability and implementation graph-GPA is implemented as an R package 'GGPA', which is publicly available at http://dongjunchung.github.io/GGPA/. DDNet, a web interface to query diseases of interest and download a prior disease graph obtained from a text mining of biomedical literature, is publicly available at http://www.chunglab.io/ddnet/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cinnamon Gulch revisited: Another look at separating natural and mining-impacted contributions to instream metal load

Abstract Baseline, premining data for streams draining abandoned mine lands is virtually non existent, and indirect methods for estimating premining conditions are needed to establish realistic, cost effective cleanup goals. One such indirect method is the proximal analog approach, in which premining conditions are estimated using data from nearby mineralized areas that are unaffected by mining. In this paper, we combine the proximal analog approach with a quantitative mass balance framework using data from a spatially-detailed synoptic sampling campaign. The combined approach is applied to Cinnamon Gulch, a headwater stream with numerous draining adits. Synoptic sampling results indicate that three of the top five metal sources are affected by mining activities, and stream segments draining these sources account for a large percentage of overall metal loading within the study reach. These initial calculations overestimate the effects of mining, as the affected stream segments were likely acidic and metal rich prior to mining. Premining loads and concentrations were therefore determined through a replacement approach in which the chemistry of each mining-affected stream segment is revised based on proximal analog concentrations. The revised loading profiles indicate that 15–17% of the Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn loads are attributable to mining, whereas the mining contribution for Pb is 40%. Premining concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn are estimated to be in excess of aquatic life standards over the length of the study reach.
Biochemical Aspects of the Function of the Reticulo-Endothelial System

The title of this presentation was assigned, and it is truly doubtful whether we can present a picture that is consistent with the assignment. The reasons for this are manifold. First, the reticulo-endothelial system per se, as it was defined by Aschoff (1) is a broader group of cells than we are competent to discuss. Indeed, we find ourselves much more comfortable with the concept of the “mononuclear phagocyte system” proposed at the conference on Mononuclear Phagocytes in Leiden, 1969 (18). The system, as described there, is concerned with mononuclear phagocytes, a group of cells that are related in morphology, functions and origin, ranging from the promonocytes through the monocytes of the blood to the macrophages of the tissues, including histiocytes, Kupffer cells, the alveolar macrophages; macrophages of the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, peritoneum and bone tissue; and the microglia of the nervous system. Obviously there is overlap between the two classifications. What we shall have to say in this report will focus largely on the macrophage as it is obtained by simple lavage from the peritoneal cavity; from the peritoneal cavity after elicitation with an agent such as caseinate; or as it is washed out of the alveoli. It is not that biochemical studies have not been performed on other cells of this system--there have been such studies, e.g., on the Kupffer cells of the liver, but these studies are relatively few and perhaps more difficult to interpret than experiments on defined cell populations.
Modeling of electrostatic bell sprayers

Electrostatic painting systems are commonly used in the automotive industry. They achieve significant saving in paint material (50–85% transfer efficiency). The electrostatic attraction of the coated material is greater on the outer edges, thus causing a heavier buildup on the rim than in the center. This excess buildup can however be controlled by appropriate application methods. For general overview of electrostatic spray painting see [1][2].
Intelligent control-operating systems in uncertain environments

Systems operating in uncertain environments with minimum interaction with a human operator, may be managed by controls with special considerations. They result in a Hierarchically Intelligent Control System, the higher levels of which may be modeled as knowledge based system processing various types of information with Entropy as an analytic measure. The concept of Entropy of statistical Thermodynamics, is used to express the average value of the performance criterion of a feedback control, encountered at the lower levels of the system. Thus, the resulting optimal control problem may be recast as an information theoretic one, which minimizes the entropy of selecting the feedback controls. This unifies the treatment of all the levels of a Hierarchically Intelligent Control System by a mathematical programming algorithm which minimizes the sum of their entropies. The resulting "Intelligent Machine" is composed of three levels hierarchically ordered in decreasing intelligence with increasing precision: the organization level, performing information processing tasks like planning, decision making, learning and storage and retrieval of information from a long-term memory; the coordination level, dealing again with information processing tasks like learning, lower level decision making and dealing with short-term memory only and the control level, which performs the execution of various tasks through hardware using feedback control methods.
Habitat Fragmentation Reduces Genetic Diversity and Connectivity of the Mexican Spotted Owl: A Simulation Study Using Empirical Resistance Models

We evaluated how differences between two empirical resistance models for the same geographic area affected predictions of gene flow processes and genetic diversity for the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida). The two resistance models represented the landscape under low- and high-fragmentation parameters. Under low fragmentation, the landscape had larger but highly concentrated habitat patches, whereas under high fragmentation, the landscape had smaller habitat patches that scattered across a broader area. Overall habitat amount differed little between resistance models. We tested eight scenarios reflecting a factorial design of three factors: resistance model (low vs. high fragmentation), isolation hypothesis (isolation-by-distance, IBD, vs. isolation-by-resistance, IBR), and dispersal limit of species (200 km vs. 300 km). Higher dispersal limit generally had a positive but small influence on genetic diversity. Genetic distance increased with both geographic distance and landscape resistance, but landscape resistance displayed a stronger influence. Connectivity was positively related to genetic diversity under IBR but was less important under IBD. Fragmentation had a strong negative influence on the spatial patterns of genetic diversity and effective population size (Ns). Despite habitats being more concentrated and less widely distributed, the low-fragmentation landscape had greater genetic diversity than the high-fragmentation landscape, suggesting that highly concentrated but larger habitat patches may provide a genetic refuge for the Mexican spotted owl.
Irrigation method and application timing effect on potato nitrogen fertilizer uptake efficiency

Establishment of proper guidelines for irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management may lead to higher crop fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE), increasing water conservation and reducing nutrient losses from agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to determine FNUE of potato for three application timings: at planting, emergence and tuber initiation cultivated under three irrigation methods: seepage, subirrigation and sprinkler. A total of 168 kg ha−1 of N was equally split into three applications of 56 kg ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). FNUE from each application timing in all irrigation methods was evaluated substituting the conventional N fertilizer by an isotope labeled-ammonium nitrate (15NH 4 15 NO3) with 1.18% enrichment in excess. Irrigation method had no significant effects on tuber yield and FNUE. The average tuber yield was 32.1 Mg ha−1 and overall FNUE was 41%. Across the N application timing treatments, the lowest FNUE was measured for the at-planting application (18%), followed by the emergence N application (44%) and tuber initiation N application (62%). Unaccounted N fertilizer during the potato season amounted to 98 kg ha−1 from the total 168 kg ha−1 of N applied. N applied at emergence and tuber initiation were important to increase FNUE and tuber yield, however, some N was required at planting, even with the high potential of N losses for that application.
Conflict Resolution Tactics in Japan, India, and the USA*

The Conflict Resolution Tactics between spouses, namely Reasoning, Verbal Aggression, and Violence, in Japan, India, and America were studied. Information concerning family structures reported by 6...
Early outcomes of a high-risk cohort in pancreatic cancer surveillance.

e16258Background: By 2030 pancreatic cancer will become the third leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. Genetic evolution studies have suggested the existence of a window of o...
Giant lateral optical forces on Rayleigh particles near hyperbolic and extremely anisotropic metasurfaces

We report a dramatic enhancement of the lateral optical forces induced on electrically polarizable Rayleigh particles near hyperbolic and extremely anisotropic metasurfaces under simple plane-wave illumination. Such enhancement is enabled by the interplay between the ultraconfined surface plasmons supported by these structures and the out-of-plane polarization spin acquired by the particle. The resulting giant lateral forces appear over a broad frequency range and may open unprecedented venues for routing, trapping, and assembling nanoparticles.
Creating the cosmos, reifying power: A Zooarchaeological investigation of corporal animal forms in the Copan Valley

Throughout Mesoamerica, corporal animal forms (a term encompassing living animals, animal-derived by-products and artifacts made from animal bodies) have long played essential roles in state-level ritualized activities. This paper focuses on three zooarchaeological assemblages from the Classic Period Maya kingdom of Copan, Honduras (ad 426–822), to describe how corporal animal forms were implemented to mediate power, express social identities and encapsulate contemporary socio-political circumstances. Two of these fundamental assemblages relate to world-creation myths associated with the Starry Deer-Crocodile, a mythological entity prominent in both contexts which was materialized into the ritual arena through a formalized process of commingling and translating animal body elements. The third context was deposited some three centuries later during the reign of Yax Pasaj, the last ruler of the Copan dynasty. This assemblage, extravagant with powerful felids conjuring the authority of the royal dynasty, reflects a period of acute socio-political struggle faced by the Copan dynasty. Detailed zooarchaeological analysis of corporal animal forms at Copan facilitates a more comprehensive reconstruction of some of the socio-political power negotiations in play.
An Ecological Approach to Therapy With Gender Minorities

Abstract This special series includes four articles that review important considerations for clinical work with gender minorities, including youth and young adults, individuals who are nonbinary, transgender individuals in inpatient or residential care, and transgender individuals recovering from trauma. These articles provide important insights and concrete suggestions for how to enact affirming practice, spanning across macro, mezzo, and micro levels. Ultimately, a multilevel approach to working with transgender and gender diverse individuals is essential to addressing health disparities in this population, as the work of an affirming provider goes beyond the therapy hour and the therapy office or treatment unit. In this commentary, I review the major themes from these contributions, provide a perspective on how they fit within the existing literature, and provide an overview of pressing future directions in gender minority research.
The Claustrum-Prefrontal Cortex Pathway Regulates Impulsive-Like Behavior

The claustrum connects with a broad range of cortical areas including the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the function of the claustrum (CLA) and its neural projections remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidated the role of the neural projections from the CLA to the PFC in regulating impulsivity in male rats. We first identified the CLA-PFC pathway by retrograde tracer and virus expression. By using immunofluorescent staining of the c-Fos-positive neurons, we showed that chemogenetic activation and inhibition of the CLA-PFC pathway reduced and increased overall activity of the PFC, respectively. In the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), we found that chemogenetic activation and inhibition of the CLA-PFC pathway increased and reduced the impulsive-like behavior (i.e., premature responses), respectively. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of the CLA-PFC pathway prevented methamphetamine-induced impulsivity, without affecting methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity. In contrast to the role of CLA-PFC pathway in selectively regulating impulsivity, activation of the claustrum disrupted attention in the 5-CSRTT. These results indicate that the CLA-PFC pathway is essential for impulsivity. This study may shed light on the understanding of impulsivity-related disorders such as drug addiction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The claustrum is one of the most mysterious brain regions. Although extensive anatomical studies demonstrated that the claustrum connects with many cortical areas, the function of the neural projections between the claustrum and cortical areas remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that the neural projections from the claustrum to the prefrontal cortex regulates impulsivity by using the designer drugs (DREADDs)-based chemogenetic tools. Interestingly, the claustrum-prefrontal cortex pathway also regulates methamphetamine-induced impulsivity, suggesting a critical role of this neural pathway in regulating impulsivity-related disorders such as drug addiction. Our results provided preclinical evidence that the claustrum-prefrontal cortex regulates impulsivity. The claustrum-prefrontal cortex pathway may be a novel target for the treatment of impulsivity-related brain disorders.
Impact of Arterial BRT-Lite Green Dwell Time on General Traffic and Intersection Capacity

AbstractThis paper studies the effect dwelling mixed-traffic arterial Bus Rapid Transit (BRT-“Lite”) buses have on general traffic conditions and intersection capacity. Queue length and flow rate d...
Bone metastases in thyroid cancer

Whereas preemptive screening for the presence of lymph node and lung metastases is standard-of-care in thyroid cancer patients, bone metastases are less well studied and are often neglected in thyroid cancer patient surveillance. Bone metastases in thyroid cancer are, however, independently associated with poor/worse prognosis with a median overall survival from detection of only 4 years despite an otherwise excellent prognosis for the vast majority of thyroid cancer patients. In this review we summarize the state of current knowledge as pertinent to bony metastatic disease in thyroid cancer, including clinical implications, impacts on patient function and quality of life, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities, proposing approaches to patient care accordingly. In particular, bone metastasis pathogenesis appears to reflect cooperatively between cancer and the bone microenvironment creating a "vicious cycle" of bone destruction rather than due exclusively to tumor invasion into bone. Additionally, bone metastases are more frequent in follicular and medullary thyroid cancers, requiring closer bone surveillance in patients with these histologies. Emerging data also suggest that treatments such as multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) can be less effective in controlling bone, as opposed to other (e.g. lung), metastases in thyroid cancers, making special attention to bone critical even in the setting of active MKI therapy. Although locoregional therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and ablation play important roles in palliation, antiresorptive agents including bisphosphonates and denosumab appear individually to delay and/or lessen skeletal morbidity and complications, with dosing frequency of every 3 months appearing optimal; their early application should therefore be strongly considered.
Multimodal Pain Management Strategies in Total Joint Arthroplasty

While the dramatic shift in the perioperative management of patients undergoing same-day total joint arthroplasty has played a substantial role in the increasing frequency of these procedures today, adequate pain management remains paramount to rapid recovery protocols. Effective multimodal pain regimens should enable patients to “get ahead and stay ahead” of pain throughout all phases of the perioperative period. Preoperatively, this involves the administration of medications aimed at reducing nerve fiber sensitization and limiting the inflammatory response. The method of anesthesia employed intraoperatively should provide reliable sensory and motor blockade for the duration of the procedure, but its effects should not persist after completion of surgery so as not to impede rapid recovery. Adjunctive analgesic modalities such as peripheral nerve blocks and periarticular injections should be utilized liberally, but in a manner that provides effective pain relief without compromising early ambulation. Postoperatively, opioids should be used sparingly, and the number of narcotics prescribed to patients at discharge should be limited and in accordance with local state laws. The employment of comprehensive multimodal pain regimens in same-day total joint arthroplasty can successfully facilitate same-day discharges without compromising patient safety or satisfaction.
A Biopsychosocial Framework to Examine Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Pacific Islander Immigrants

There is large disparity in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) for Asian Pacific Islanders (APIs), one of the fastest growing minority populations in the United States. It is critical to examine biopsychosocial pathways and vulnerability factors that intensify risk for T2D in API. Increasing evidence links chronic stress to poor health outcomes and accelerated development and progression of diseases of aging, such as diabetes. Immigrant populations face unique life stressors, including the challenges associated with the process of adapting to a new environment, new language, and cultural differences. In addition, immigrants experience high levels of psychological distress related to changes of identity and values, loss of support, discrimination, and disempowerment. The purpose of this article is to propose a biopsychosocial framework to explicate potential mechanistic pathways that link cumulative life stress to risk for T2D in the API immigrant population. Unique to the proposed framework is the emphasis on inflammatory processes and accelerated cellular aging (telomere biology). A deeper understanding of biopsychosocial pathways can lead to tailored and targeted interventions to reduce the incidence of T2D in the API immigrant population.
Voz, afecto y representación nahua en la canción vernácula del siglo XVII

The four Nahuatl Christmas carols composed by Gaspar Fernandez in Puebla between 1610 and 1614 have enjoyed a renewed popularity in recent decades, but little attention has been paid to their singular representation of natural Indians or their possible meanings. In these songs, Indians are represented as humble shepherds who sympathize with Christ’s suffering, a particularly interesting image when put into the context of the intense debate on the exploitation of the indigenous population in the textile industry, which was undermining the legitimacy of the overseas expansion of the Spanish Empire in the late 16th Century.The artistic representation of marginalized groups in New Spain offers a valuable opportunity to reflect on the possible motivations that inspired these devotional songs, whether they be theological, political or social. This article shows the way in which the conditions imposed upon the region’s natural Indians were reflected in certain poetic/musical genres in the early 17th Century. Beyond the identification of evident stereotypes or literary conventions, a detailed analysis of these four Nahuatl songs composed by Fernandez sheds new light on the use of poverty and suffering as emblematic of the natural Indian in vernacular devotional songs.
Wireless Encryption and WPA2 Weaknesses

Encryption is prevalent in many forms of modern communications. Still, wireless communications security holds higher priority since any device can easily intercept the data in its range. This paper will focus specifically on IEEE 802.11 wireless communication and the evolution of its encryption protocols from WEP to the current WPA3 to identify current weaknesses and methods for improvement. There are mechanisms to offer better protection for wireless network communications, such as RADIUS servers, certificates, and new exchange approaches from WPA3. However, some of these solutions not only entail resource overhead, but vulnerabilities have also been discovered in the WPA2 and even in the newest WPA3 protocols. Therefore, this paper includes the cryptography algorithms selected and the overhead required to implement them, such as computational resources, certificates, and external server requirements.
SBGNview: Data Analysis, Integration and Visualization on All Pathways

Pathway analysis is widely used in genomics and omics research, but the data visualization has been highly limited in function, pathway coverage and data format. Here we develop SBGNview a comprehensive solution to address these needs. By adopting the standard SBGN format, SBGNview greatly extend the coverage of pathway based analysis and data visualization to essentially all major pathway databases beyond KEGG, including 5200 reference pathways and over 3000 species. In addition, SBGNview substantially extends current tools in both design and function, including standard coherent input/output formats, high quality graphics convenient for both computational and manual analysis, and flexible and open-end workflow. In addition to pathway analysis and data visualization, SBGNview provides essential infrastructure for SBGN data manipulation and processing. SBGNview is available online: https://github.com/datapplab/SBGNview.
Removal of a Penetrating Tree Branch in the Orbitofrontal Region-A Unique Application of an Orbitofrontal Craniotomy Through a Supraciliary Brow Approach.

Background and importance Orbitocranial penetrating injury (OPI) is associated with neurological, infectious, and vascular sequalae. This report describes unique application of an orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary approach to remove a wooden stick penetrating through the orbit and frontal lobe, postoperative management, and antimicrobial therapy. Clinical presentation A 51-yr-old male presented after a tree branch penetrated beneath his eye. He had no loss of consciousness and was neurologically intact with preserved vision and ocular motility. Computed tomography (CT) and CT angiogram revealed an isodense hollow cylindrical object penetrating though the left orbit and left frontal lobe. The object extended into the right lateral ventricle, abutting the left anterior cerebral artery. There was minimal intraventricular hemorrhage without arterial injury. The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. The foreign body was removed and the dural defect repaired via an orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary eyebrow incision. He was treated with an extended course of antimicrobial therapy, and after 18 mo remained neurologically intact. Conclusion OPI are a subset of penetrating brain injuries with potential for immediate injury to neurovascular structures and delayed complications including cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection. Treatment includes attempted complete removal of the foreign body and antimicrobial therapy. An orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary eyebrow incision may be effective in selected patients.
Legal Proof: Foundherentism and Statistical Evidence

This paper is one of several papers initially presented at a conference in March 2020 at the University of Girona, in Spain, in honor of Susan Haack, which will be published after translation into Spanish by Marcel Pons. This paper discusses (i) Haack's important work on proving causation or any other alleged facts, which focuses on case law and academic doctrine in the USA, and (ii) recent important work on the standard of proof in civil cases in Europe collected in Standards of Proof in Europe (Lubos Tichy ed., Mohr Siebeck, 2019). The standard of proof for civil cases in civil law jurisdictions is generally considered to be much higher than the standard of proof stated in common law jurisdictions. In both types of jurisdiction, and especially in civil law jurisdictions, the standard of proof in civil cases generally requires the formation of an at least minimal belief in the truth of the relevant facts, based on the concrete facts in the particular case. Statistical frequencies, no matter how high, will not suffice.
Replica plating and detection of antigen variants.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes how to use polyester cloth to make replicas of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell colonies and to process the replicas to screen for cells lacking a particular antigen. Same technique have been used for human HeLa S3 cells, mouse NIH 3T3, and Kirsten virus transformed NIH 3T3 cells and for monkey CV-1 cells. Each cell type has a different efficiency of replica plating but CHO cells give the best efficiency of replica formation. The chapter also illustrates the procedure for making replicas. Work in other laboratories using several other types of mammalian cells and a variety of methods for analyzing the replicas are described in the chapter. These groups used a variety of different cell lines and assay systems to isolate mutants. A few of the different cell lines and assay strategies that have been used successfully are described in the chapter for the general versatility of the technique. CHO cells appear to form the most reliable replicas and are very amenable to genetic manipulations. Another advantage of the CHO cells is the ability to make multiple high fidelity copies with the polyester.
Inception and Philosophy: Ideas To Die For

Review: Inception and Philosophy: Ideas To Die For Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten, ed. Inception and Philosophy: Ideas to Die For. Chicago: Open Court, 2011. ISBN: 978-0-8126-9733-9
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the low temperature photolytic behavior of oxidized hydrogenase I from Clostridium pasteurianum

The effects of CO and O2 on the EPR spectrum of oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum hydrogenase I have been investigated both before and after prolonged exposure to white light at 8 K and 30 K. Low concentrations of O2 were found to induce analogous changes in the EPR spectrum as CO, i.e. conversion of the rhombic signal with g approximately 2.10, 2.04, 2.00, a characteristic of the novel H2-activating center in oxidized Fe-hydrogenases, to an axial signal with g approximately 2.07, 2.01, 2.01. The results suggest a common binding site and mode of coordination for CO and O2 and permit rationalization of conflicting reports from different laboratories concerning the EPR properties of oxidized Fe-hydrogenases. The CO- and O2-induced axial EPR signals were found to be light-sensitive at low temperatures. Moreover, they exhibited indistinguishable and unusual photolysis behavior with the dominant photo-product being dependent on the temperature at which illumination was performed. At 8 K, photodissociation of CO or O2 occurs, resulting in an EPR signal identical with that of the oxidized enzyme in the absence of CO or O2. However, at 30 K, the dominant photoproduct is a rhombic EPR signal with g approximately 2.26, 2.12, 1.89. While the origin of this new EPR signal is uncertain, the g-value anisotropy and relaxation characteristics resemble those of a low spin Fe(III) center. These two photoproducts cannot be thermally or photolytically interconverted, but both are quantitatively reconverted to the original axial EPR signal on warming in the dark to 200 K. A tentative working hypothesis for the nature of the H2-activating center of Fe-hydrogenases is presented that is consistent with the available physiochemical data and permits rationalization of the novel photolysis behavior.
Expression of a Synthetic Porcine α-Lactalbumin Gene in the Kernels of Transgenic Maize

The main nutritional limitation of maize used for feed is the content of protein that is digestible, bioavailable and contains an amino acid balance that matches the requirements of animals. In contrast, milk protein has good digestibility, bioavailability and amino acid balance. As an initial effort to create maize optimized as a source of swine nutrition, a codon-adjusted version of a gene encoding the milk protein porcine α-lactalbumin was synthesized. Maize expression vectors containing this gene under the control of the Ubi-1 promoter and nos 3 � terminator were constructed. These vectors were used to transform maize callus lines that were regenerated into fertile plants. The α-lactalbumin transgenes were transmitted through meiosis to the sexual progeny of the regenerated plants. Porcine α-lactalbumin was detected in callus and kernels from transgenic maize lines that were transformed by two constructs containing the 27-kDa maize gamma-zein signal sequence at the 5 � end of the synthetic porcine α-lactalbumin coding sequence. One of these constructs contained an ER retention signal and the other did not. Expression was not observed in kernels or callus from transgenic maize lines that were transformed by a construct that does not contain an exogenous protein-targeting signal. This suggests that the signal peptide might play an important role in porcine α-lactalbumin accumulation in transgenic maize kernels.