cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective photocatalytic destruction of airborne VOCs

This article describes a photocatalytic method for selective oxidation of the airborne nitroglycerine (NG), in the presence of ethanol and acetone vapors at high concentrations (exceeding 1% by volume). Process selectivities toward NG photooxidation were examined for various photoreactor configurations and UV lamps and techniques used for the photocatalyst preparation. In addition, we have studied the effect of temperature, residence time, various additives (e.g. ozone, water vapor, nitrogen), and initial concentration of the solvents in air. Our data indicate that modifying TiO2 with silico-tungstic acid (STA) catalyst results in selective NG oxidation without affecting ethanol and acetone significantly. Platinization of TiO2 showed an adverse effect on NG destruction selectivity. In general, low residence times and initial concentration of oxidants and high temperatures and initial concentration of solvents favor selectivity toward NG destruction. In the case of temperature, our observation can be explained by the temperature dependent gas diffusion and surface processes. In most cases, the yield of ethanol oxidation was generally higher than that of acetone. Results from the bench-scale experiments using artificial UV light sources were used to build and test a solar photocatalytic oxidation reactor for selective NG treatment in the presence of ethanol and acetone.
From movements to actions: Two mechanisms for learning action sequences

When other individuals move, we interpret their movements as discrete, hierarchically-organized, goal-directed actions. However, the mechanisms that integrate visible movement features into actions are poorly understood. Here, we consider two sequence learning mechanisms – transitional probability-based (TP) and position-based encoding computations – that have been studied extensively in the domain of language learning, and investigate their potential for integrating movements into actions. If these learning mechanisms integrate movements into actions, then they should create memory units that contain (i) movement information, (ii) information about the order in which movements occurred, and (iii) information allowing actions to be recognized from different viewpoints. We show that both mechanisms retain movement information. However, only the position-based mechanism creates movement representations that are view-invariant and contain order information. The TP-based mechanism creates movement representations that are view-dependent and contain no order information. We therefore suggest that the TP-based mechanism is unlikely to play an important role for integrating movements into actions. In contrast, the position-based mechanism retains some of the types of information needed to represent goal-directed actions, which makes it an attractive target for further research to explore what, if any, role it plays in the perception of goal-directed actions.
A Qualitative Evaluation of Rural Community Coalitions

A multiple case study design was used to evaluate coalitions for community health improvement and promotion in Oklahoma. Data collection in three communities took place in two-day site visits; interviews were conducted with 42 persons. A coalition development model was used to analyze structure, activities and outcomes: mobilization, development of organizational structure, activities, member satisfaction, accomplishments, and maintenance. Each community mobilized a multi-sectoral Steering Committee with a simple organizational structure but had limited success in implementing its plans. The process was truncated in the third community. Member satisfaction was mixed. In particular, they expressed desire for more assistance in leveraging resources to enact their priorities. Because organizational structure and activities were consistent with project design, we attributed the limited success to program design choices. In particular, the organizational structure did not promote community leadership or member...
Enzymic reduction of cystine by subcellular fractions of cultured and peripheral leukocytes from normal and cystinotic individuals.

Enzymic Reduction of Cystine by Subcellular Fractions of Cultured and Peripheral Leukoyctes from Normal and Cystinotic Individuals
The synthesis of polycyclic thiophenes derived from phenanthrene intermediates

The synthesis of benzo[b]triphenyleno[2,1-d]thiophene (9), benzo[b]triphenyleno[1,2-d]thiophene (13), 5-methylbenz[7,8]anthra[2,1-b]thiophene (17), l-methylchryseno[3,4-b]thiophene (18), triphenyleno[1,2-c]dibenzothiophene (22), triphenyleno[2,1-a]dibenzothiophene (26), triphenyleno[1,2-a]dibenzothiophene (29), and triphenyleno[2,1-b]dibenzothiophene (30) is described.
Neverstreaming: Ending learning disabilities before they start

Robert Slavin introduces the idea of ‘neverstreaming’. He rejects the ambulance service approach to dealing with learning difficulties and propounds instead the concept of prevention and early intervetion. He gives five examples of this approach concluding that for children at risk neither special education nor inclusion are sufficient answers to their difficulties. Only when the focus is on prevention can learning failure be reduced to manageable proportions.
ph, serum and Zn++ in the regulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of chick embryo cells

Variations in pH, serum concentration and the availability of Zn++ in the medium markedly influence the initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured chick embryo cells. This report considers the interplay of these factors with one another and with other factors such as type of medium, cell population density and the malignaut transformation in an attempt to better define the variables of the growth control system. Conditioned medium seems to protect the cells against the inhibitory effects of lowered pH. Increased serum concentration has a similar, but more striking effect. Increased serum concentration and pH, as well as decreased population density, which stimulate DNA synthesis, also lower the sensitivity of DNA synthesis to inhibition by Zn++ deprivation. Likewise, cell transformation by infection with Rous sarcoma virus lowers the sensitivity of DNA synthesis to inhibition by Zn++ deprivation and by pH reduction. The response of DNA synthesis to pH varies with the type and concentration of buffer used. It is concluded that there are a number of mutually interacting variables involved in the regulation of animal cell multiplication.
Narrow-band UV radiation (250–260 nm) from intracavity doubling a single-mode ring dye laser

Abstract Generation of continuous-wave, tunable UV radiation (250–260 nm) by intracavity doubling a coumarin-515 ring dye laser is described. A cooled (200–280 K) ADP crystal with end faces cut at Brester's angle is placed inside the laser ring cavity which has been compensated for astigmatism and coma. UV output powers at 254 nm of 120 μW and 60 μW are achieved with the laser operating multimode (bandwidth ≅ 20 GHz) and single-mode (bandwidth ⪅ 50 MHz), respectively. Continuous single-mode scans over the 253.7 nm mercury profile demonstrate sub-Doppler resolution of the Hg 6s6p 3 P O 1 - 6s 2 1 S 0 transition.
Viral status at the time of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a modern predictor of longterm survival.

Abstract Objectives The impact of pre‐transplant hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well described. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that viral status is an independent predictor of retransplantation rates, graft survival (GS) and overall survival (OS) in patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC. Methods Patients with HCC were identified from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database (2005–2012), and categorized by viral status according to these categories: HBV−/HCV−; HBV+/HCV−; HBV−/HCV+, and HBV+/HCV+. Results Of 7742 patients transplanted for HCC, 7060 had known HBV and HCV status. Five‐year GS and OS were highest in recipients who were HBV+/HCV−, at 75% and 78%, respectively, compared with patients who were HBV−/HCV− (GS = 63%, OS = 66%), HBV−/HCV+ (GS = 64%, OS = 60%) or HBV+/HCV+ (GS = 60%, OS = 62%). In multivariable analyses, HBV−/HCV+ patients were more likely than HBV+/HCV− patients to undergo repeat transplantation. Patients who were HBV−/HCV+ also had poorer GS and OS than both HBV−/HCV− and HBV+/HCV− patients. Other independent predictors of poorer OS included older age, higher Model for End‐stage Liver Disease score, African‐American race, and diabetes. The few HBV+/HCV+ patients ( n = 138) showed trends toward fewer retransplantations, prolonged GS and prolonged OS compared with HBV−/HCV+ patients. In adjusted models, antiviral medications did not impact GS or OS. Conclusions In the era of modern selection criteria, viral status is an independent predictor of outcome following liver transplantation for HCC. Both HBV−/HCV− and HBV+/HCV− patients have superior GS and OS compared with HBV−/HCV+ patients.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL INJURY FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION OF RAT PAROTID GLAND ACINAR CELLS.

Abstract Following X-irradiation with 1600 rad to the head and neck area of rats, parotid glands were examined at 1, 3 and 5 hr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 days for evidence of ultrastructural damage of acinar cells. Damage was evident as early as 3 hours with maximum destruction seen at 2 days. Ultrastructural damage took the form of cytolytic bodies composed of damaged cell organelles and structures called light bodies which may represent autophagic vacuoles to be finally extruded from the cell or inflammatory cells which have invaded the cell. At the 7- and 8-day interval, the most prominent alteration of cellular architecture was the presence of many empty vacuoles. The study demonstrates the early onset of observable damage with doses as low as 1600 rad.
Histological Considerations of Direct Pulp Capping Agents

The results from this study showed a variety of pulpal responses to various calcium hydroxide materials when placed directly on the dental pulp. Two of the materials proved to be more successful at stimulating reparative dentin bridging and healing of the underlying pulp tissue. The remainder of the pulp capping agents were ineffective at healing the pulp and forming a reparative dentin bridge. When teeth were capped with these other agents, the pulp showed necrosis and chronic inflammation.
Effect of viewing distance and disparity on perceived depth

Binocular disparity is used on field-sequential stereoscopic displays to enhance monocular depth cues such as perspective, shading, shadows, and interposition. While the predicted apparent depth may be calculated using geometric equations, the actual apparent depth may not follow predictions due to the influence of accommodation and convergence. A study was performed to determine the effect of viewing distance on subjective rating of apparent depth. Viewing distance significantly influenced subjective depth ratings. Displayed objects viewed from greater distances (2678 mm) portrayed greater differences in depth than equivalent displayed scenes viewed from smaller distances (669 and 1339 mm).© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accumulation of hyporesponsive, calcium extruding memory T cells as a key feature of age-dependent immune dysfunction

In this review I propose a hypothesis with a number of testable predictions: that the age-dependent decline in T lymphocyte function is largely the result of the accumulation of memory T lymphocytes with over-active plasma membrane calcium pumps. This idea is consistent with much, though not all, of the currently available data. I will start by presenting the evidence that suggested and most clearly supports this idea, then discuss apparently contrary data (some of it still difficult to reconcile with the model), and lastly consider the implications of the model for our understanding of late life development of the T cell immune system.
Numerical study of structural phase transitions in a vertically confined plasma crystal

Abstract Dusty plasmas consists of an ionized gas containing small (usually negatively charged) particles. Dusty plasmas are of interest in both astrophysics and space physics as well as in research in plasma processing and nanofabrication. In this work, the formation of plasma crystals confined in an external one-dimensional parabolic potential well is simulated for a normal experimental environment employing a computer code called BOX_TREE. Such crystals are layered systems, with each layer a two dimensional lattice composed of grain particles. The number of layers is dependent upon the external potential parameter. For constant layer number, the intralayer structure transits from a square lattice to a hexagonal (triangular) lattice as the confining potential decreases. For hexagonal lattices, both hcp and fcc characteristics were found but hcp structures dominate. The relative thickness of the system was also examined. The results were compared with previous experimental and theoretical results and found to agree.
Membranolysis by the ninth component of human complement

Abstract The lytic property of isolated C9 was shown by using heat (48°C) to induce polymerization of C9, which was then exposed to egg lecithin vesicles containing carboxyfluorescein. In this environment, C9 penetrated the vesicles and released the marker. C5b-9 and C5b-8 also released carboxyfluorescein at 48°C, as did C5b-7 to a lesser extent. However, neither isolated C5b-6, C7, C8 nor albumin caused such release. At 30°C, the C9 remained in the monomeric form and could not lyse the vesicles. C9 polymers formed at 48°C were ring-shaped with an internal diameter of approximately 100 A and an outer diameter of approximately 180 A. These rings of C9 polymers strikingly resembled the ultrastructures formed by the membrane attack complex of complement, viewed from the top. Our results indicate that polymeric C9 causes the membranolysis of phospholipid vesicles and, hence, that C9 alone is a cytotoxic molecule.
Purification and N-terminal amino acid sequences of two polypeptides encoded by the mcrB gene from Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract This report provides a purification method for the two proteins, 51 kDa and 33 kDa, both encoded by the same mcrB gene of the McrBC restriction system in Escherichia coli K-12. The two proteins were produced in large quantity using a T7 expression system and copurified to near homogeneity by DEAE-Sepharose and Affi-Gel blue column chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of these purified McrB proteins were the same as those predicted from the mcrB DNA sequence by Ross et al. [J. Bacteriol. 171 (1989b) 1974–1981]. The 33-kDa protein totally overlaps the C-terminal part of the 51-kDa protein.
Polarization of Calcium Signaling and Fluid Secretion in Salivary Gland Cells

The secretion of fluid, electrolytes, and protein by exocrine gland acinar cells is a vectorial process that requires the coordinated regulation of multiple channel and transporter proteins, signaling components, as well as mechanisms involved in vesicular fusion and water transport. Most critical in this is the regulation of cytosolic free [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) in response to neurotransmitter stimulation. Control of [Ca(2+)](i) increase in specific regions of the cell is the main determinant of fluid and electrolyte secretion in salivary gland acinar cells as it regulates several major ion flux mechanisms as well as the water channel that are required for this process. Polarized [Ca(2+)](i) signals are also essential for protein secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. Thus, the mechanisms that generate and modulate these compartmentalized [Ca(2+)](i) signals are central to the regulation of exocrine secretion. These mechanisms include membrane receptors for neurotransmitters, intracellular Ca(2+) release channels, Ca(2+) entry channels, as well Ca(2+) as pumps and mitochondria. The spatial arrangement of proteins involved in Ca(2+) signaling is of primary significance in the generation of specific compartmentalized [Ca(2+)](i) signals. Within these domains, both local and global [Ca(2+)](i) changes are tightly controlled. Control of secretion is also dependent on the targeting of ion channels and transporters to specific domains in the cell where their regulation by [Ca(2+)](i) signals is facilitated. Together, the polarized localization of Ca(2+) signaling and secretory components drive vectorial secretion of fluid, electrolytes, and proteins in the exocrine salivary glands and pancreas. This review will discuss recent findings which have led to resolution of the molecular components underlying the spatio-temporal control of [Ca(2+)](i) signals in exocrine gland cells and their role in secretion.
Optical fine-structure of a meniscus in analytical ultracentrifugation in relation to molecular-weight determinations using the Archibald principle.

Abstract 1. 1. Ribonuclease sedimenting in 6 M urea is used to show that the apparent molecular weight calculated by the Archibald principle at times less than 3 h at any speed varies about 10% per 0.1 mm error in location of the meniscus on the photographic plate. 2. 2. The main shadow conventionally chosen as the meniscus, instead of being due to the infinite index of refraction gradient casting light out of the system, is probably due to the contact of the meniscus with the top and bottom quartz windows. Since both points cannot be in focus simultaneously, the appearance of their shadows (denoted as the “central shadow”) is extremely dependent upon optical adjustment, especially the position of the light source relative to the optical axis and the camera focus. The central shadow can appear double for off-axis illumination and is a function both of speed and optical properties with pressure of the fluids forming the interface. It is not used in precision location of the meniscus. 3. 3. A double system of diffraction-like bands in the meniscus region is independent of the position of the light source, speed, or the nature of the fluids forming the interface. The bisector between corresponding bands in each half of the double pattern is independent of camera focus, and is chosen to be the location of the interface. The double set of bands are denoted as “flanking fringes” and are probably due to the flat portion of the interface between the windows. The interference causing these fringes may be due to a complex interaction of totally reflecting light and secondary wavelets from the discontinuity. 4. 4. In the absence of detailed optical theory of the fine-structure, the location to + 0.01 mm on the plate of the flanking fringe bisector was indirectly verified as the top of the solution column by test of ribonuclease in acetate buffer. The common intersection of ( ∂c / ∂ / r )/ rc curves occurred at the location of the bisector. 5. 5. Modification of the Spinco Model E ultracentrifuge to enable direct viewing of the image in the plane of the photographic emulsion is described. 6. 6. Special cells are described which are useful in instrumentation studies. In particular, a mirror quartz facilitates alignment of the light source onto the optical axis so that the central shadow approximates the position of the flanking fringe bisector. 7. 7. A channel mask is described which screens out the meniscus from the solvent side when a double sector centerpiece cell is used. This enables simplication of the complex meniscus region in a separate reacceleration of the cell at the completion of a molecular weight experiment.
GI / G / 1 INTERDEPARTURE TIME AND QUEUE-LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS VIA THE LAGUERRE TRANSFORM

Queue length and interdeparture distributions for GI/G/1 are obtained using the Laguerre function expansion of the waiting time distribution. The expansion of the steady state waiting time distribution is obtained here by solving a small set of linear equations in the Laguerre function expansion coefficients. Examples show the accuracy of the results and illustrate purely numerical techniques for obtaining the necessary expansions of the arrival and service distributions.
Trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in Yellowstone

Summary 1. We explored multiple linkages among grey wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervus elaphus), berry-producing shrubs and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Yellowstone National Park. 2. We hypothesized competition between elk and grizzly bears whereby, in the absence of wolves, increases in elk numbers would increase browsing on berry-producing shrubs and decrease fruit availability to grizzly bears. After wolves were reintroduced and with a reduced elk population, we hypothesized there would be an increase in the establishment of berry-producing shrubs, such as serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), which is a major berry-producing plant. We also hypothesized that the percentage fruit in the grizzly bear diet would be greater after than before wolf reintroduction. 3. We compared the frequency of fruit in grizzly bear scats to elk densities prior to wolf reintroduction during a time of increasing elk densities (1968–1987). For a period after wolf reintroduction, we calculated the percentage fruit in grizzly bear scat by month based on scats collected in 2007–2009 (n = 778 scats) and compared these results to scat data collected before wolf reintroduction. Additionally, we developed an age structure for serviceberry showing the origination year of stems in a northern range study area. 4. We found that over a 19-year period, the percentage frequency of fruit in the grizzly diet (6231 scats) was inversely correlated (P <0 001) with elk population size. The average percentage fruit in grizzly bear scats was higher after wolf reintroduction in July (03% vs. 59%) and August (78% vs. 146%) than before. All measured serviceberry stems accessible to ungulates originated since wolf reintroduction, while protected serviceberry growing in a nearby ungulate exclosure originated both before and after wolf reintroduction. Moreover, in recent years, browsing of serviceberry outside of the exclosure decreased while their heights increased. 5. Overall, these results are consistent with a trophic cascade involving increased predation by wolves and other large carnivores on elk, a reduced and redistributed elk population, decreased herbivory and increased production of plant-based foods that may aid threatened grizzly bears.
Analytic modeling of SSD write performance

Solid state drives (SSDs) update data by writing a new copy, rather than overwriting old data, causing prior copies of the same data to be invalidated. These writes are performed in units of pages, while space is reclaimed in units of multi-page erase blocks, necessitating copying of any remaining valid pages in the block before reclamation. The efficiency of this cleaning process greatly affects performance under random workloads; in particular, in SSDs the write bottleneck is typically internal media throughput, and write amplification due to additional internal copying directly reduces application throughput.We present the first precise closed-form solution for write amplification under greedy cleaning for uniformly distributed random traffic, and validate its accuracy via simulation. In addition we also present the first models which predict performance degradation for both LRU cleaning and greedy cleaning under simple non-uniform traffic conditions; simulation results show the first model to be exact and the second to be accurate within 2%. We extend the LRU model to arbitrary combinations of random traffic, and demonstrate its use in predicting cleaning performance for real-world workloads.The utility of these analytic models lies in their amenability to optimization techniques not feasible in simulation. We examine the strategy of separating "hot" and "cold" data, showing that for our traffic model, such separation eliminates any loss in performance due to non-uniform traffic. We show how a system which separates hot and cold data may shift free space from cold to hot data in order to achieve improved performance, and how numeric methods may be used with our model to find the optimum operating point, which approaches a write amplification of 1.0 for increasingly skewed traffic. We examine online methods for achieving this optimal operating point, and show that a control strategy based on our model achieves near-optimal performance for a number of real-world block traces.
Relationship between isokinetic average force, average torque, peak force, and peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor musculature

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between average force, average torque, peak force, and peak torque produced by the knee musculature. Twenty women were assessed for isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee extensor and flexor muscular strength at a velocity of 90 deg/sec. Correlational analyses showed relationships ranging from r = 0.89 to r = 0.94 for concentric extension, r = 0.92 to r = 0.99 for eccentric extension, r = 0.81 to r = 0.95 for concentric flexion, and r 0.90 to r = 0.96 for eccentric flexion. The strong relationship between the tested variables suggests that any of these variables are appropriate when reporting isokinetic strength data. However, because average values are dependent on the preload and range of motion through which a joint is assessed, it is imperative that these variables remain consistent between and among subjects. If this is not possible, the use of peak measures is recommended.
Nanomechanical Architecture of Strained Bilayer Thin Films: From Design Principles to Experimental Fabrication

Figure 1. SEM image of nanoarchitectures fabricated from strained Si/SiGe bi-layer films. (a) Nanorings with a thickness of 80 nm, radius of ~3.0 μm, and width of 3 μm; (b) nanodrill with a thickness of 110 nm, radius of ~2.4 μm, and width of 10 μm; and (c) nanocoil with a thickness of 110 nm, radius of ~2.4 μm, and width of 2 μm. In general, we can vary the thickness from 10 nm to 200 nm and dimensions from 20 nm to 100 μm. By Minghuang Huang, Carl Boone, Michelle Roberts, Don E. Savage, Max G. Lagally, Nakul Shaji, Hua Qin, Robert Blick, John A. Nairn and Feng Liu
The streptokinase gene of group A streptococci: cloning, expression in Escherichia coli, and sequence analysis.

Summary The gene specifying the group A streptokinase (ska) gene was cloned from an M type 49 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes and shown to express in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment carrying ska was determined and compared to that of the group C streptokinase gene (skc). There is 90% sequence identity between the two genes, with highly conserved transcription and translation control regions. The deduced amino acid sequence of the group A streptokinase (SKA) contains the same number of amino acids as that of group C streptokinase, with 85% sequence identity between the two proteins. Among 440 amino acid residues specified by the coding sequence, there are 62 non-identical residues with 45 conserved and 17 non-conserved residues. The non-identical residues are located in two major regions, spanning residues 174 to 244 and 270 to 290, with 40 and 10 amino acid changes, respectively. The sequence differences provide an explanation at the molecular level for the previous findings of immunological and chemical heterogeneity among streptokinases produced by pathogenic streptococci.
Comparison of Two Methods to Assess Ocean Tide Models

Two methods to assess ocean tide models, the current method and the total discrepancy method, are compared from the perspective of their relationship to the root-mean-square difference of tidal sea surface height (totaldiscrepancy).Thesetwomethodsareidenticallythesamewhenthereisonlyonespatiallocationinvolved. When there is more than one spatial location involved, the current method is the root-mean-square difference of total discrepancy at each location, and the total discrepancy method is the averaged total discrepancy. The result from the current method is always larger than or equal to that from the total discrepancy method. Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the difference between their results increases with increasing spatial variability of total discrepancy. Both of these two methods are then used to compare the two tide models of the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM)/Jason-2. The discrepancy of these two models as measured by the total discrepancy method decreases monotonically from around 11.4 to 2.2 cm with depth increasing from 50 to 1000 m. In contrast, the discrepancy measured by the current method varies from 21.6 to 2.9 cm. Though the discrepancy measured by the current method decreases with increasing depth in general, there are abrupt increases at several depth ranges. These increases are associated with large spatial variability of total discrepancy and their physical explanation is elusive. Because the total discrepancy method is consistent with the rootmean-squaredifferenceoftidalseasurfaceheightanditsinterpretationisstraightforward,itsusageissuggested.
STRUCTURAL REORGANIZATION IN FILMS OF CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES IN THE PRESENCE OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES

Water-cast films of two ethers of cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), with dispersed silica particles, were deposited on flat substrates. X-ray specular reflectivity was used to characterize the structure of these solid ca. 1000 A thick films as a function of the added colloidal fraction. It was shown that the structural changes resulting from increasing amounts of incorporated silica particles pass through distinctively different routes in the case of HPC- and HEC-based films. However, the structures in the two cases are similar at sufficiently high colloidal fraction.
Real time observation of mechanically triggered piezoelectric current in individual ZnO nanobelts

The detection of piezoelectric current in one-dimensional semiconductor materials has been a controversial issue due to the possibility of charge annihilation at nanoscale dimensions. We report here, the mechanically triggered electrical current in uniaxially compressed individual ZnO nanobelts under no applied bias. The measurements were carried out in situ by using a transmission electron microscope. In contrast to the bending mode, the magnitude of the electrical current increased with the increase of uniaxial compression, which indicates the load-mode dependency of the detected current. The flow of electrical current through the ZnO nanobelts under applied stress was explained based on the separation of ionic charges along the two ends of the nanobelts due to the applied compressive force. The charge separation is expected to induce an internal electric field inside the nanobelt and facilitate the movement of free charge carriers through the nanobelt. Due to the separation and accumulation of charges, the metal–semiconductor system becomes forward biased when contact is established, leading to the flow of electrons through the Schottky barrier.
The Behavioral Economics of Drunk Driving

This study investigates whether drinker-drivers attributes are associated with imperfect rationality or irrationality. Using data from eight U.S. cities, we determine whether drinker-drivers differ from other drinkers in cognitive ability, ignorance of driving while intoxicated (DWI) laws, have higher rates of time preference, are time inconsistent, and lack self-control on other measures. We find that drinker-drivers are relatively knowledgeable about DWI laws and do not differ on two of three study measures of cognitive ability from other drinkers. Drinker-drivers are less prone to plan events involving drinking, e.g., selecting a designated driver in advance of drinking, and are more impulsive. Furthermore, we find evidence in support of hyperbolic discounting. In particular, relative to non-drinker-drivers, the difference between short- and long-term discount rates is much higher for drinker-drivers than for other drinkers. Implications of our findings for public policy, including incapacitation, treatment, and educational interventions, are discussed.
Genetic Drift in an Infinite Population: The Pseudohitchhiking Model

Selected substitutions at one locus can induce stochastic dynamics that resemble genetic drift at a closely linked neutral locus. The pseudohitchhiking model is a one-locus model that approximates these effects and can be used to describe the major consequences of linked selection. As the changes in neutral allele frequencies when hitchhiking are rapid, diffusion theory is not appropriate for studying neutral dynamics. A stationary distribution and some results on substitution processes are presented that use the theory of continuous-time Markov processes with discontinuous sample paths. The coalescent of the pseudohitchhiking model is shown to have a random number of branches at each node, which leads to a frequency spectrum that is different from that of the equilibrium neutral model. If genetic draft, the name given to these induced stochastic effects, is a more important stochastic force than genetic drift, then a number of paradoxes that have plagued population genetics disappear.
Mathematics Instruction for Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities

Recent research in mathematics instruction requires educators to rethink long-established beliefs about teaching, learning, and assessment. In particular, this research underscores the need for problem solving and higher level thinking in mathematics. Consistent with these recommendations, this article presents and illustrates four promising themes for mathematics instruction that have emerged from research involving students with learning disabilities. These themes—(a) providing a broad and balanced mathematics curriculum; (b) engaging students in rich, meaningful problem tasks; (c) accommodating the diverse ways in which children learn; and (d) encouraging students to discuss and justify their problem-solving strategies and solutions—suggest ways for rethinking the teaching and learning of mathematics in relation to students with learning disabilities.
Found: A New Soaking Solution for Dentures

Although the patient had been wearing the same dentures for about 20 years, they were in good condition. The odd quality about the dentures was their snow white color. The patient said that he soaked his dentures every night, but he denied using any of the commercially available soaking solutions or bleaches.
CFD-based Computations of Flexible Helicopter Blades for Stability Analysis

As a collaborative effort among government aerospace research laboratories an advanced version of a widely used computational fluid dynamics code, OVERFLOW, was recently released. This latest version includes additions to model flexible rotating multiple blades. In this paper, the OVERFLOW code is applied to improve the accuracy of airload computations from the linear lifting line theory that uses displacements from beam model. Data transfers required at every revolution are managed through a Unix based script that runs jobs on large super-cluster computers. Results are demonstrated for the 4-bladed UH-60A helicopter. Deviations of computed data from flight data are evaluated. Fourier analysis post-processing that is suitable for aeroelastic stability computations are performed.
Cold snare piecemeal resection of colonic and duodenal polyps ≥1 cm.

Background: Endoscopic removal of duodenal and colorectal adenomas is currently considered to be the standard of care for prevention of adenocarcinoma. The use of cautery carries a risk of delayed bleeding, post-polypectomy syndrome, and perforation. We examined the safety and feasibility of removing colonic and duodenal polyps ≥ 1 cm using a piecemeal cold snare polypectomy technique. Patients: The study included 15 patients with duodenal polyps ≥ 1 cm and 15 patients with colonic polyps ≥ 1 cm. Main outcome measurements: Bleeding, perforation, abdominal pain, or hospitalization occurring within 2 weeks of polypectomy. Results: Between 24 August 2011 and 29 April 2013, 15 patients had removal of duodenal polyps ≥ 1 cm. Mean patient age was 64 years and 9/15 patients were male. The mean polyp size was 24 mm (10 – 60 mm). All polyps were removed with a cold snare and some required cold biopsy forceps. One patient required hospitalization for gastrointestinal blood loss 7 days post-polypectomy; this patient was using Coumadin. Between 27 February 2012 and 30 May 2013, 15 patients underwent resection of a ≥ 1 cm colonic polyp. Mean patient age was 68 years and 9/15 were male. The mean polyp size was 20 mm (10 – 45 mm). All polyps were primarily removed with a cold snare. None of the patients required hemostatic clips for control of immediate bleeding. One patient presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain 1 day after initial endoscopy. CT scan showed no abnormalities and the patient was discharged. Conclusions: Cold snare polypectomy for large duodenal and colonic polyps is technically feasible and may have a favorable safety profile compared to standard electrocautery-based endoscopic resection. Comparative trials are required to determine the relative safety and efficacy of cold snare techniques for complete and durable resection of large polyps compared to standard hot snare methods.
Conceptual and Historical Errors in Tort Law

The history of tort law is ancient. The earliest recorded laws show relatively sensitive tort laws. Misconceptions about tort law and its history affect the integrity and reform of today's tort laws. More research and instruction on the history and foundation of tort law would lead to more reliable administration, evaluation, and reform of tort laws.
District Diversity and Descriptive Representation by Center-Left and Center-Right Parties

In this paper, we explore how the ideological differences between center-left and center-right parties lead to different approaches in nominating candidates for ethnically diverse districts. Previous work has explored differences in the ethnic diversity of parties’ national slates of candidates, but we extend this work by conducting a district-level analysis. We find that even when both types of parties are nominating similar numbers of ethnic minority candidates, center-left parties consistently do so in a way that is more responsive to district demographics. Ethnically diverse districts attract center-left descriptive representation, but center-right parties do not fit this pattern. We look at multiple countries and multiple elections, and find that this consistent across time trends, and differences in electoral institutions. From this comprehensive analysis, we conclude that district demographics are far more important for center-left party strategies than they are to center-right parties.
Alcoholic blackouts. Some conflicting evidence

Blackouts are generally thought to be an early symptom of alcoholism. A study whose results conform with this is compared with one whose findings do not. Some possible reasons for the differences a...
Preparing for Deployment: Examining Family and Individual-Level Factors

Deployment can be a significant source of stress for military families. Understanding how families prepare in the face of such stress, and which families are more versus less likely to prepare, is ...
The Korean War, Memory, and Nostalgia

In his article "The Korean War, Memory, and Nostalgia" Won-Chung Kim investigates how the imagination of (im)migration still governs the consciousness of the Korean people by examining Wonil Kim's 1979 도요새에 관한 명상 (Dreaming of the Snipe / Meditation on a Snipe) and Hui-jin Kang's 2011 유령 (The Ghost). Because of the war as many as ten million Koreans were displaced and separated from their families and they struggle with war trauma. Won-Chung Kim's analysis of the two texts suggests the interconnectedness of life writing and the trauma of war. Further, as the recent surge of the North Korean defectors shows, the (im)migration of the Korean War diaspora and interKorean (im)migration is still an ongoing process. These (im)migrants' life writing demonstrates that memory works in an opposite way for each group providing a lifeline through which the war diaspora sustains life while hindering the defectors in relocating themselves to the South successfully. Won-Chung Kim, "The Korean War, Memory, and Nostalgia" page 2 of 6 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 17.3 (2015): Thematic Issue Life Writing and the Trauma of War. Ed. Louise O. Vasvari and I-Chun Wang
Increased membrane binding of erythrocyte catalase in hereditary spherocytosis and in metabolically stressed normal cells

Normal red blood cell (RBC) membranes were compared with (1) RBC membranes from six patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS), (2) normal membranes after hemolysis of the RBC in the presence of calcium, or (3) normal membranes after incubation of RBC for 24 hr in phosphate- buffered saline containing calcium without added glucose. When compared with normal controls, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (PAGE SDS) of all three preparations showed an increase in membrane binding of globin and protein band 4.5 (60,000 molecular weight). In an attempt to identify band 4.5, 14 enzymes were assayed in the RBC membranes. Of these, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased in membranes from HS RBC and from normal cells exposed to calcium. Only catalase, however, was present in sufficient quantity and had the correct subunit molecular weight on PAGE SDS and calcium- dependent membrane binding to account for an appreciable portion of 4.5. Caralase was further identified with a component of band 4.5 by double immunodiffusion using a specific anti-catalase antibody.
RNA Fluorescence with Light-Up Aptamers

Seeing is not only believing; it also includes understanding. Cellular imaging with GFP in live cells has been transformative in many research fields. Modulation of cellular regulation is tightly regulated and innovative imaging technologies contribute to further understand cellular signaling and physiology. New types of genetically encoded biosensors have been developed over the last decade. They are RNA aptamers that bind with their cognate fluorogen ligands and activate their fluorescence. The emergence and the evolution of these RNA aptamers as well as their conversion into a wide spectrum of applications are examined in a global way.
Phase II clinical trial of biomarker-directed therapy for localized pancreatic cancer.

TPS4147 Background: Several candidate biomarkers exist for the common chemotherapeutic agents used to treat pancreatic cancer (PC) (Table). The predictive value of these markers in the treatment of...
Performing Detailed Design Reviews of a US Navy Surface Combatant within an Integrated Data Environment

Between November 2006 and March 2009, the US Navy's first Zumwalt class guided missile destroyer, DDG 1000, underwent detailed design. According to a Government Accountability Office shipbuilding study in 2005, late changes to a ship's design is recognized as the primary factor contributing to increasing ship construction costs. Therefore, a strict detailed design review process was implemented for DDG 1000 that included improved computer-aided design tools and more efficient communication methods than previous ship detailed design efforts. The actual benefit of the design reviews of the ZUMWALT class will not truly be known until after the lead ship has been commissioned; however, the design reviews, along with the unprecedented involvement by stakeholders via an integrated data environment, have already proved to be an effective means for reducing the probability that setbacks will be encountered at the waterfront.
Beyond Histologic Staging: Emerging Imaging Strategies in Colorectal Cancer with Special Focus on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging plays an increasingly important role in the staging and management of colorectal cancer. In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has supplanted transrectal ultrasound as the preferred modality for the locoregional staging of rectal cancer. Furthermore, the advent of both diffusion-weighted imaging and hepatobiliary contrast agents has significantly enhanced the ability of MRI to detect colorectal liver metastases. In clinical practice, MRI routinely provides prognostic information, helps to guide surgical strategy, and determines the need for neoadjuvant therapies related to both the primary tumor and metastatic disease. Expanding on these roles for MRI, positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI is the newest clinical hybrid imaging modality and combines the metabolic information of PET with the high soft tissue contrast of MRI. The addition of PET/MRI to the clinical staging armamentarium has the potential to provide comprehensive state-of-the-art colorectal cancer staging in a single examination.
Pulse-shape discrimination and energy quenching of alpha particles in Cs2LiLaBr6:Ce3+

Abstract Cs 2 LiLaBr 6 :Ce 3+ (CLLB) is an elpasolite scintillator that offers excellent linearity and gamma-ray energy resolution and sensitivity to thermal neutrons with the ability to perform pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) to distinguish gammas and neutrons. Our investigation of CLLB has indicated the presence of intrinsic radioactive alpha background that we have determined to be from actinium contamination of the lanthanum component. We measured the pulse shapes for gamma, thermal neutron, and alpha events and determined that PSD can be performed to separate the alpha background with a moderate figure of merit of 0.98. We also measured the electron-equivalent-energy of the alpha particles in CLLB and simulated the intrinsic alpha background from 227 Ac to determine the quenching factor of the alphas. A linear quenching relationship L α = E α × q + L 0 was found at alpha particle energies above 5 MeV, with a quenching factor q = 0.71 MeVee / MeV and an offset L 0 = − 1.19 MeVee .
Microbiological and Sensory Quality Changes in Unwrapped and Wrapped Sliced Watermelon.

Experiments were done to determine the major genera and groups of microflora which grow on unwrapped and wrapped slices of watermelon stored at 5 and 25°C for up to 8 d. Changes in sensory qualities of stored watermelon were also monitored. Pseudomonas , Escherichia coli , Enterobacter and micrococci comprised the predominant microflora, regardless of storage temperature. Growth was slower on wrapped watermelon than on unwrapped watermelon. Subjective ratings for color, aroma, appearance, flavor and texture of unwrapped watermelon stored at 5°C decreased more rapidly than ratings for wrapped slices. Results from objective measurements of color suggested that dulling and darkening was most rapid on the surface of unwrapped watermelon, and this was attributed to more rapid oxidation of pigments when exposed to air. Objective measurement of firmness showed that wrapped watermelon retained structural integrity for a longer time than unwrapped watermelon; however, subjective ratings for texture were not correlated with these values, indicating that texture is less critical than color and flavor when overall judgments are made on sensory quality of stored watermelon.
House 3M Cochlear Implant: Surgical Considerations

The cochlear implant is now available widely as a treatment alternative for carefully selected patients with profound sensorineural deafness for whom other treatments or prostheses have been unsucc...
Rudy Kalman, As I Knew Him [Historical Perspectives]

Rudy Kalman's work had an enormous impact on the field of automatic control. Although his papers on estimation theory are the best known, in terms of word count, they represent a rather small part of his published oeuvre and are certainly not the only mark he left on the field. His definitive work on the structure of linear systems, his work on least-squares optimal control, and his contributions linking the steady-state solutions of the Riccati equation to frequency-response ideas would have assured him a special place in the history of the subject, even without his work on recursive estimation. His most creative years coincided with the beginning of the new wave of control research motivated by problems in aerospace engineering and enabled by newly available computing technology. He was at the forefront of these developments.