cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological burden associated with worse clinical outcomes in sarcoidosis.

Introduction Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disorder. Sarcoidosis is associated with significant morbidity and rising healthcare utilisation. Patients with sarcoidosis report higher psychological symptoms than the general population. We evaluated the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis requiring treatment. Methods Adult patients in the Johns Hopkins Sarcoidosis Clinic diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis on treatment were eligible for enrollment. Questionnaires were administered to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, healthcare utilisation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Results 112 participants were enrolled (57% women, 53% African American, median age: 57 years). 34% of participants screened positive for mild and 20% for moderate–severe depressive symptoms. 25% of participants screened positive for mild and 12% for moderate–severe anxiety symptoms. Participants with moderate–severe psychological symptoms had a higher odds of an emergency department visit in the previous 6 months (8.87 for depressive symptoms and 13.05 for anxiety symptoms) and worse HRQoL compared with participants without psychological symptoms. Participants with moderate–severe depressive symptoms had lower diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide % predicted compared with those without depressive symptoms. There was no association between elevated psychological symptoms and the odds of hospitalisation, forced vital capacity % predicted and forced expiratory volume in 1 second % predicted. Conclusion Psychological symptoms may be associated with worse clinical outcomes in sarcoidosis. Improving the recognition through clinic screening and referral for treatment of depression and anxiety in sarcoidosis may reduce acute healthcare utilisation and improve HRQoL.
Investigating the use of satellite-based precipitation products for monitoring water quality in the Occoquan Watershed

Abstract Study Region The Washington D.C area. Study Focus This work investigates the potential of using satellite-based precipitation products in a hydrological model to estimate water quality indicators in the Occoquan Watershed, located in the suburban Washington D.C area. Three (3) satellite-based precipitation products based on different retrieval algorithms (the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis, TMPA 3B42-V7; the Climate Prediction Center’s CMORPH product; and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks Cloud Classification System, PERSIANN−CCS) are compared to gauge-based records over a 5-year period across the study region. The 3 satellite-based precipitation products and the gauge-based dataset are used as input to the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) hydrology and water quality model. Each satellite precipitation-forced simulation is compared to the reference model simulation forced with the gauge-based observations, in terms of streamflow and water quality indicators, i.e., stream temperature (TW), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). New Hydrological Insights for the Region Results indicate that the spatiotemporal variability observed in the satellite-based precipitation products has a quantifiable impact on both modeled streamflow and water quality indicators. All 3 satellite products present moderate agreements with the reference precipitation and simulation; CMORPH presenting the best overall performance followed closely by TMPA, and PERSIANN presenting a comparatively inferior performance in terms of correlation, root-mean-square error and bias for streamflow and water quality indicators, such as TW, TSS, DO and BOD concentrations.
Dominant Narratives, Subjugated Knowledges, and the Righting of the Story of Disability in K-12 Curricula.

Dominant stories, as upheld through K-12 curricula, are influential in reproducing systems of power and privilege in schools and society. In this article, we suggest that stories of people with dis...
Differential energy profiling: energy optimization via diffing similar apps

Mobile app energy profilers provide a foundational energy diagnostic tool by identifying energy hotspots in the app source code. However, they only tackle the first challenge faced by developers, as, after presented with the energy hotspots, developers typically do not have any guidance on how to proceed with the remaining optimization process: (1) Is there a more energy-efficient implementation for the same app task? (2) How to come up with the more efficient implementation?To help developers tackle these challenges, we developed a new energy profiling methodology called differential energy profiling that automatically uncovers more efficient implementations of common app tasks by leveraging existing implementations of similar apps which are bountiful in the app marketplace. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we implemented such a differential energy profiler, DIFFPROF, for Android apps and used it to profile 8 groups (from 6 popular app categories) of 5 similar apps each. Our extensive case studies show that DIFFPROF provides developers with actionable diagnosis beyond a traditional energy profiler: it identifies non-essential (unmatched or extra) and known-to-be inefficient (matched) tasks, and the call trees of tasks it extracts further allow developers to quickly understand the reasons and develop fixes for the energy difference with minor manual debugging efforts.
Transition-Metal-Mediated and -Catalyzed Reactions

This chapter discusses the fundamental reactions that transition metals undergo, and then discusses the mechanisms of reactions, both stoichiometric and catalytic in transition metals, that are widely used in organic synthesis.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEART FAILURE AND INCIDENT CANCER IN WOMEN: AN ANALYSIS OF THE WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE

There is conflicting evidence whether heart failure (HF) is associated with incident cancer. Despite population-based cohorts demonstrating this association, no association was found in the Physician's Health Study. We aimed to study this in women. In this Women's Health Initiative cohort, 146,817
THYMIATERIA AND THE CULT OF APHRODITE IN OLBIA PONTICA

This article publishes the terracotta thymiateria (incense burners) from Olbia Pontica which represent busts of Aphrodite with Erotes on her shoulders. They were used probably in activities related to Aphrodite's cult for diffusing incense and as votives. They derive from excavations at houses, a stoa and the bothroi (sacrificial pits) at the central and western temene; they date to the period between the late third and the first half of the second centuries bc. The publication of such items coincides with ongoing research into the southern sacral precinct in Olbia dedicated to Aphrodite. This article explores the significance of the iconography of these objects and their use in cult activity related to the cult of Aphrodite at Olbia.
Alternative Mitigation to Counter Resource Losses from the Lake Cumberland Drawdown, Kentucky

This article presents a case study of the process of developing and implementing mitigation as the result of adverse effects to cultural resources from the drawdown of Lake Cumberland, Kentucky. Signs of a dam failure in early 2007 triggered the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to implement the emergency drawdown. While the drawdown prevented a life safety catastrophe, it created a new erosion zone and exposed archaeological sites to looters. When it became clear that conventional Section 106 procedures to identify and evaluate these endangered archaeological resources were not an option, alternative and creative mitigation became a necessary approach for the Corps to meet its obligations under the National Historic Preservation Act. This article discusses the creative brainstorming among the Corps, Kentucky state historic preservation officer, and tribes that led to three alternative mitigation measures aimed at educational outreach, raising public awareness, and staff training. Furthermore, the article identifies challenges encountered during the implementation of the mitigation measures. Through the presentation of our mitigation journey, we share some of our lessons learned to improve awareness of the challenges and successes one may encounter during the execution of such alternative measures.
How climate change and fire exclusion drive wildfire regimes at actionable scales

Extreme wildfires are increasing in frequency globally, prompting new efforts to mitigate risk. The ecological appropriateness of risk mitigation strategies, however, depends on what factors are driving these increases. While regional syntheses attribute increases in fire activity to both climate change and fuel accumulation through fire exclusion, they have not disaggregated causal drivers at scales where land management is implemented. Recent advances in fire regime modeling can help us understand which drivers dominate at management-relevant scales. We conducted fire regime simulations using historical climate and fire exclusion scenarios across two watersheds in the Inland Northwestern U.S., which occur at different positions along an aridity continuum. In one watershed, climate change was the key driver increasing burn probability and the frequency of large fires; in the other, fire exclusion dominated in some locations. We also demonstrate that some areas become more fuel-limited as fire-season aridity increases due to climate change. Thus, even within watersheds, fuel management must be spatially and temporally explicit to optimize effectiveness. To guide management, we show that spatial estimates of soil aridity (or temporally averaged soil moisture) can provide a relatively simple, first-order indicator of where in a watershed fire regime is climate vs. fuel-limited and where fire regimes are most vulnerable to change.
Robust Meta Network Embedding against Adversarial Attacks

Recent studies have shown that graph mining models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. This paper proposes a robust meta network embedding framework, RoMNE, which improves the robustness of multiple network embedding on adversarial noisy networks while preserving the utility on original clean ones. First, we propose a generic meta learning based multiple network embedding model that can quickly adapt it to new embedding tasks on a variety of network data with only a small number of parameter and training updates. Second, Gumbel estimator and Gaussian smoothing techniques are introduced to implement differentiable approximation for optimizing non-differential objective of effective adversarial attacks. Last but not least, the adversarial attack and defense models are integrated into a dynamic adversarial training model. The competition of two models helps the latter be robust to adversarial attacks.
Modernizing the Colonial Labor Subject in India

In his article "Modernizing the Colonial Labor Subject in India" Valerian DeSousa discusses how the colonial project in India sought to counter the labor movement's evolving anti-colonial consciousness through law, the primary signifier of British dominance. DeSousa argues that colonial labor law was an instrument of "governmentality," a way of deploying the authority of the state, both in India and in Africa where the law encoded meanings of property and subjectivity. In India, labor law was the means to "reconstruct" the "traditional" worker and to constitute a "modern" and "efficient" labor subject to fit into the new industrial vision taking shape. How was modernity translated in the Indian context? Paradoxically, while the industrial exhibition became the metaphor for modernity for the metropolitan center, colonial rule "undermodernized" Indian skilled workers and constructed them as "static" and unchanging. By looking at the discourses that contextualized labor law in the colonial era, DeSousa examines the restrictive techniques employed to limit the potential of the labor movement and participation in modernity. The "conferral" of modernity and the discourses that celebrated it were embedded in Orientalist frameworks that were unquestioned. Valerian DeSousa, "Modernizing the Colonial Labor Subject in India" page 2 of 11 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12.2 (2010): Thematic issue New Modernities and the "Third World." Ed. V. DeSousa, J.E. Henton, and G. Ramanathan
Local house-price vulnerability: Evidence from the U.S. and Canada

Abstract To quantify downside risks to housing markets, we apply and extend the house price-at-risk methodology to a sample of 37 cities across the United States and Canada using quarterly data from 1983 to 2018. Our findings suggest that downside risks to housing markets in the United States have seemingly fallen after the global financial crisis, while having increased in Canada. Local factors such as supply availability and valuation proxies are found to be significantly associated with future downside risks to major housing markets, but their effect varies across cities and time horizons. We find important spatial dependence in housing risks, with overvaluation in nearby cities increasing downside risks to house prices in a given city. Additionally, macro-financial drivers such as household debt, capital flows, and financial conditions play a key role in forecasting house price risks. Using micro-level data from California, we highlight the heterogeneity of tail risks across counties and the role played by local factors in forecasting housing risks.
Cartsmart: Customer-friendly shopping for modern times

CARTSMART is a human following trolley capable of automatic bill generation. In today’s world where everything is automated and smart, shopping is one of the areas which still follows the traditional path. So, this paper is capable of creating a drastic change in the traditional shopping system. As we know even though shopping is simple and enjoyable what makes it troublesome is the time spent at the billing counter carrying the heavily loaded trolley. Here the human following trolley came as a solution for carrying the heavily loaded trolley whereas the automatic billing system replaces the billing at the counter concept. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system which consists of an RFID reader and tags, forms the automatic billing system, whereas the pi camera along with the ultrasonic sensor contributes to the human following concept as well as the obstacle detection. When the customer places a product in the Cartsmart the Liquid Crystal Display displays the product details along with the price, apart from that data is also given to the main server. The pi camera-based system is capable of the human following mechanism. For obstacle detection purposes the Cartsmart is provided with ultrasonic sensors. At the end of the shopping, the total amount is displayed on the LCD screen. Apart from that, the status of the purchased products is changed automatically in the main server so that the retailer can renew the stock. This whole system is controlled by a Raspberry pi module. By modifying this system, it can be applied in various domains such as industry and even in libraries.
Entrepreneurial Identity in US Book Publishing in the Twenty-First Century

Entrepreneurship underpins many roles within the publishing industry, from freelancing to bookselling. Entrepreneurs are shaped by the contexts in which their entrepreneurship is situated (social, political, economic, and national). Additionally, entrepreneurship is integral to occupational identity for book publishing entrepreneurs. This Element examines entrepreneurship through the lens of identity and narrative based on interview data with book publishing entrepreneurs in the US Book publishing entrepreneurship narratives of independence, culture over commerce, accidental profession, place, risk, (in)stability, busyness, and freedom are examined in this Element.
Single-cell and nucleus RNA-seq in a mouse model of AD reveal activation of distinct glial subpopulations in the presence of plaques and tangles

Multiple mouse models have been generated that strive to recapitulate human Alzheimer′s disease (AD) pathological features to investigate disease mechanisms and potential treatments. The 3xTg-AD mouse presents the two major hallmarks of AD, which are plaques and tangles that increase during aging. While behavioral changes and the accumulation of plaques and tangles have been well described in the 3xTg-AD mice, the subpopulations of neurons and glial cells present throughout disease progression have not been characterized. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to investigate changes in subpopulations of microglia, and single-nucleus RNA-seq to explore subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus and cortex of aging 3xTg-AD as well as 5xFAD mice for comparison. We recovered a common path of age-associated astrocyte activation between the 3xTg-AD and the 5xFAD models and found that 3xTg-AD-derived astrocytes seem to be less activated. We identified multiple subtypes of microglia, including a subpopulation with a distinct transcription factor expression profile that showed an early increase in Csf1 expression before the switch to disease associated microglia (DAM). We used bulk RNA-seq in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice across their lifespan to identify distinct modules of genes whose expression increases with aging and worsening pathology. Finally, scATAC-seq revealed multiple subpopulations of cells with accessible chromatin in regions around genes associated with glial activation. Overall, differences between the main glial groups point to a slower activation process in the 3xTg-AD model when compared to the 5xFAD. Our study contributes to the identification of progressive transcriptional changes of glial cells in a mouse model that has plaques and tangles, thus providing information to aid in targeted AD therapeutics that could translate into positive clinical outcomes.
Single-Cell Genomics: Catalyst for Cell Fate Engineering

As we near a complete catalog of mammalian cell types, the capability to engineer specific cell types on demand would transform biomedical research and regenerative medicine. However, the current pace of discovering new cell types far outstrips our ability to engineer them. One attractive strategy for cellular engineering is direct reprogramming, where induction of specific transcription factor (TF) cocktails orchestrates cell state transitions. Here, we review the foundational studies of TF-mediated reprogramming in the context of a general framework for cell fate engineering, which consists of: discovering new reprogramming cocktails, assessing engineered cells, and revealing molecular mechanisms. Traditional bulk reprogramming methods established a strong foundation for TF-mediated reprogramming, but were limited by their small scale and difficulty resolving cellular heterogeneity. Recently, single-cell technologies have overcome these challenges to rapidly accelerate progress in cell fate engineering. In the next decade, we anticipate that these tools will enable unprecedented control of cell state.
Identification of Salivary Gland Tumors (SGT) at Risk for Local or Distant Recurrence After Postoperative Radiation Therapy (PORT) With or Without Systemic Therapy (ST) Using Clinical Risk Grouping.

Purpose/Objective(s) To identify risk groups and patterns of recurrence after curative treatment of primary SGT treated with PORT +/- ST. Materials/Methods We retrospectively identified consecutive pts with stage I-IVA SGT, excluding adenoid cystic carcinoma (ca), treated with curative-intent surgery and postoperative IMRT with or without radiosensitizing chemotherapy from 12/2008-02/2020 at a tertiary care center. Pts were classified into clinical risk groups based on histologic diagnoses and pathologic features: (1) low-risk = morphologically low grade (LG) tumors (e.g. acinic cell, secretory, LG mucoepidermoid (MEC), epithelial-myoepithelial, basal cell adenocarcinoma), pN0, without lymphovascular invasion (LVI) or perineural invasion (PNI), including minimally invasive/non-invasive carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA); (2) intermediate-risk = intermediate grade morphology (e.g. grade 2 MEC) or LG morphology with PNI or LVI or pN+; (3) high-risk = high grade histology (e.g. salivary duct, high-grade MEC, poorly differentiated ca including invasive CXPA). Kaplan Meier estimates were used for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and univariable predictors. Results 72 pts were included. Median age at surgery was 59.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 49.7,67.7 yrs]. Sites were: 86% parotid (n = 62), 8% submandibular (n = 6), 4% minor salivary (n = 3), and 1% unknown primary. SGT were classified into clinical risk groups: 26% low (n = 19), 25% intermediate (n = 18), and 49% high-risk (n = 35). Concurrent chemotherapy (CRT) was given to 3% of low-risk (n = 1), 13% of intermediate risk (n = 4), and 71% of high-risk pts (n = 25). Regimens included carboplatin + paclitaxel, cisplatin, and concurrent/adjuvant trastuzumab (in 10 pts with HER2-positive SGT). With a median follow-up of 40.5 months, 2-year OS was 95% (85-98%); there were 11 recurrences (9 distant metastasis (DM), 2 in-field local failure (LF) both in pts with gross residual after surgery), with 82% (9 of 11) having received CRT. All recurrences were in the high-risk group with 2-year RFS of 73% (54%-85%) and 2-year cumulative incidence of DM 21% and LF 6%. Factors associated with RFS included positive margins (P = 0.004) and low-neck positive lymph nodes (level III/IV/V vs. level I/II, P = 0.04). Thirteen pts (18%) had targeted genomic sequencing (4 with recurrence); common mutations included TP53 (n = 4), HRAS (n = 3), NFKBIZ (n = 3), and PIK3CA (n = 3). Mutations in NF1 (n = 3) and HNFA1 (n = 2) were observed only in pts that recurred. Conclusion DM are the primary mode of recurrence in pts with resected SGT treated with PORT +/- ST and occurred only in high-risk pts. After randomized trials like RTOG 1008 determine the added benefit of chemo to PORT, DM is likely to remain an unmet need. Further studies incorporating molecular characterization of high-grade SGT may identify potentially actionable targets to prevent distant recurrence.
Collaborative research as boundary work: learning between rice growers and conservation professionals to support habitat conservation on private lands

Multi-stakeholder initiatives for biodiversity conservation on working landscapes often necessitate strategies to facilitate learning in order to foster successful collaboration. To investigate the learning processes that both undergird and result from collaborative efforts, this case study employs the concept of boundary work as a lens to examine learning between rice growers and conservation professionals in California’s Central Valley, who were engaged in a collaborative research project focused on migratory bird conservation. Through analysis of workshop observations, project documents, and interviews with rice growers and conservation professionals, we identified five distinct factors of the collaborative research process that influenced learning amongst these two groups: having mutually beneficial goals, sharing ownership of the collaborative research process, building trust, integrating knowledge, and institutional alignment. We also examined and identified learning outcomes for both rice growers and conservation professionals, which included new knowledge of the social-ecological system, new practices around farming and collaboration, and shifting identities. Our findings suggest that applying these factors and outcomes for learning when structuring collaborative research, and other multi-stakeholder initiatives, can foster learning amongst diverse stakeholder groups to support new approaches for balancing resource use and adaptive management.
Selling the Master (Piece by Piece): Enchanting Technologies and the Politics of Appreciation at the Bill Reid Gallery of Northwest Coast Art

This review essay is supplemented by a pair of Letters to the Editor-one by George Rammell and one by the author-that appear elsewhere (p. 105-106) in this issue.
DC offset elimination analysis in zero-IF receiver

The most serious problem faced in zero-intermediate frequency (IF) receiver is DC-offset. DC-offset is caused by leakage of the local oscillator (LO) into the down converter input. The receiver performance is significantly degraded due to DC-offset. This paper illustrate, analyze, simulate and compare two digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms which remove this residual DC-offset. In the analysis, the settling time, maximum fluctuation and variance of the two DC estimators were derived.
Secondary Stroke Prevention, and the Role of Antiplatelet Therapies

This review considers treatments of proved efficacy in secondary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on antiplatelet therapy. Most strokes could be prevented, if readily available lifestyle and risk factor modifications could be applied to everyone. In secondary stroke prevention, the same lifestyle and risk factor modifications are also important, along with anticoagulation for patients with cardiac sources of embolus, carotid procedures for patients with significant internal carotid artery stenosis, and antiplatelet therapy. For patients with noncardioembolic ischemic strokes, FDA-approved antiplatelet agents are recommended and preferred over anticoagulants. ASA, clopidogrel, and ASA + ER-DP are recognized as accepted first-line options for secondary prevention of noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. Combined antiplatelet therapy with ASA + clopidogrel has not been shown to carry benefit greater than risk in stroke or TIA patients. Aspirin and extended release dipyridamole appeared to carry a greater benefit over aspirin alone in individual studies, leading to a recommendation of this agent in the AHA guidelines, but the recently completed PRoFESS trial showed no difference in efficacy between clopidogrel and aspirin with extended release dipyridamole, and clopidogrel had better tolerability and reduced bleeding risk.
Practical WAP: Developing Applications for the Wireless Web

Part I. A WAP Primer: 1 Introduction 2 Technical overview 3 Applications 4 Tools Part II. The WAP Development Standards: 5 Wireless Markup Language 6 Wireless Markup Language - beyond the basics 7 WMLScript 8 Push applications Part III. WAP in Practice: 9 Design factors 10 Architectures 11 Usability and testing 12 Application development case study 13 Future of WAP Appendix A. WML 1.3 Reference Appendix B. Source code Glossary.
You Don't Have to Bother Newton for Implied Volatility

The Black-Scholes formula is often used in the backward direction to invert the implied volatility, usually with some solver method. Solver methods, being aesthetically unappealing, are also slower than closed-form approximations. However, closed-form approximations in previous works lack accuracy, often providing option pricing errors well exceeding the bid-ask spreads. We develop a new closed-form method based on the rational approximation. By exploiting the homogeneity in the Black-Scholes formula, we are able to show explicitly our domain of approximation and investigate thoroughly the accuracy of our method. The rational approximation is much faster than typical solver methods and very accurate for both at-the-money and away-from-the-money options. Its accuracy can be further improved by one or two steps of Newton-Raphson iterations.
NKT cells derive from double-positive thymocytes that are positively selected by CD1d

CD1d-reactive NKT cells are a separate T cell sublineage. Instructive models propose that NKT cells branch off the mainstream developmental pathway because of their T cell antigen receptor specificity, whereas stochastic models would propose that they develop from precursor cells committed to this sublineage before variable-gene rearrangement. We show here that immature double-positive (DP) thymocytes form the canonical rearranged Vα gene of NKT cells at nearly equivalent frequencies in the presence or absence of CD1d expression. After interacting with CD1d in the thymus, these cells give rise to expanded populations of NKT cells—including both CD4+ and double-negative lymphocytes in the thymus and periphery—that express this α chain. These results confirm the existence of a DP intermediate for CD1d-reactive NKT cells. They also show that the early developmental stages of these T cells are not governed by a distinct mechanism, which is consistent with the TCR-instructive model of differentiation.
Time‐based management of technology

For corporations competing in a global marketplace, time‐based management of their technology is becoming a significant resource. However, the concept of time in management of technology‐driven industrial organizations is not new. Classical management theorists like Frederick Taylor and others used time‐based management in “scientific” management of operations or for planning, organizing, scheduling, and controlling. However, due to opening of international barriers, fast changing technologies, and rapidly shrinking product life cycles, time‐based management is acquiring an increasing significance in its tactical and strategic roles. Develops a comprehensive taxonomy of time‐based management based on its three dimensions: form, origin and application. Discusses trade‐offs and linking of time‐based management with other strategic criteria, such as quality, performance, and delivery. Outlines six specific ideas for implementation of agility‐based strategy. Discusses some managerial implications for optimal ...
The search for energy: a driving force in evolution and aging

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of energy acquisition and utilization in evolution and aging. Life revolves around the acquisition of energy and its use in the multitude of cellular processes required for animals and plants to survive and reproduce. Many of the structural and functional systems of all cells and organisms are therefore concerned with seeking, ingesting, and utilizing energy. The multitude of molecular interactions, necessary to sustain cells and allowing them to carry out their various functions within an organism, are fueled by the high-energy bonds of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced mainly from the metabolism of glucose in glycolytic and mitochondrial respiratory chain pathways, and organisms must therefore obtain or produce sufficient supplies of glucose and more complex glucose-containing molecules to sustain their functions. Single-celled organisms and small multicellular organisms develop cell surface receptors that sense glucose or molecules specifically associated with the energy source. The adaptations that enhance successful competition for a limited supply of energy resources are selected during evolution. The ability of dietary restriction to increase the life spans of a range of organisms provides evidence that a longer life span is favored by adaptations that allow tolerance of such restricted diets.
Defining the targets of Dengue virus infection in human skin (VIR8P.1069)

Dengue is the most important arboviral infection of humans. Dengue virus (DENV) is introduced into human skin by the bite of infected mosquitoes. While Langerhans cells (LCs) have been implicated as the main targets of DENV infection the dynamics of infection of human skin remain ill-defined. Here, we exposed skin explants from healthy human donors to DENV to determine the targets of infection. Skin explants were inoculated with DENV and analyzed by immunofluorescence after intervals of incubation using antibodies to cell-specific markers and viral protein NS3. Time course experiments showed that the first targets of DENV infection were basal keratinocytes, with infection detected within 8 h. From 12-48 h of infection abundant virus replication was detected in epidermal LCs and dermal macrophages (MOs) as well as tubular structures consistent with lymphatic endothelium. Quantitative analysis indicated that exposure to DENV resulted in significant infiltration of MOs into dermis. These preliminary data suggest that DENV initially infects basal keratinocytes which may release factors promoting the mobilization of infected LCs out of the epidermis, and the influx of MOs into the dermis, which subsequently replicate DENV to high levels. Ongoing experiments are designed to determine the mechanism for MO recruitment. These studies are revealing that DENV infection of human skin is a dynamic process involving sequential infection and recruitment of distinct cellular targets.
Money or Nothing: The Adverse Environmental Consequences of Uncompensated Land-Use Controls

The conventional wisdom holds that requiring compensation for environmental land-use controls would severely limit environmental protection efforts. There are increasing reasons to question this assumption. Both economic theory and recent empirical research demonstrate that failing to compensate private landowners for the costs of environmental regulations discourages voluntary conservation efforts and can encourage the destruction of environmental resources. The lack of a compensation requirement also means that land-use regulation is underpriced as compared to other environmental protection measures for which government agencies must pay. This results in the "overconsumption" of land-use regulations relative to other environmental protection measures that could be more cost-effective at advancing conservation goals. While any specific compensation proposal would present implementation questions, there are reasons to believe that a compensation requirement could improve environmental conservation efforts.
Music: an intervention for pain during chest tube removal after open heart surgery.

Background Pain associated with chest tube removal is a major problem for patients who undergo open heart surgery. Because this pain is short-lived, timing the administration of pharmacological agents for pain relief is difficult and is therefore done inconsistently. Objective To examine the effect of music as an intervention for pain relief during chest tube removal after open heart surgery. Methods In an experimental design, 156 subjects (mean age, 66 years; 69% men) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control, white noise, or music. All subjects preselected the type of music they preferred hearing. Ten minutes before the chest tube was removed, the patient's heart rate and blood pressure were measured, the patient rated pain intensity by using a numeric rating scale, and the prerecorded audiotape of music was begun. The patients rated their pain again immediately after chest tube removal and 15 minutes later. Physiological variables were assessed every 5 minutes until 15 minutes after the chest tubes were removed. Results Self-reported pain intensity, physiological responses, and narcotic intake after chest tube removal did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Conclusions Although the findings were not statistically significant, most subjects enjoyed listening to the music, and therefore the use of music as an adjuvant to other therapies may be an appropriate nursing intervention.
Oxygen Non‐Stoichiometry and Thermal–Chemical Expansion of Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9−δ Electrolytes by Neutron Diffraction

A dense tubular solid electrolyte with the composition Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9−δ (CY20) was prepared. In situ time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction (TOF-ND) was performed at 900°C in the oxygen partial pressure pO2 range from 10−1–10−18 atm, and TOF-ND data were analyzed by the Rietveld method. Diffraction data showed that the lattice parameter moderately increased with decreasing pO2 in the range of pO2>10−14 atm, while a dramatic expansion (∼0.6%) of the fluorite structure occurred at a pO2 of 10−18 atm. By refining all reasonable structural parameters, an approximately linear relationship between lattice parameter and oxygen vacancy δ was observed, resulting in ɛc/δ=0.08 and corresponding to δ=0.10 at a pO2 of 10−18 atm, all in agreement with the data published in the literature. The relative change in lattice parameter Δa/a followed a −1/4 power relation with pO2 in a low-pO2 regime. As several (often strongly correlated) structural parameters can affect the intensities in ND profiles, care was taken to select refinement variables. It was found that O atom thermal factors for CY20 increased as the oxygen vacancy concentration and lattice expansion increased.
Molecular association of benzene with a new cyclophane receptor

Host/guest interactions in the cyclophane-2/benzene system have been investigated by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in dichloromethane. The cyclophane serves as a host and the benzene as a guest. Absorption and fluorescence titration experiments are carried out by holding either the concentration of the host or guest constant while varying the concentration of the other component. When the concentration of benzene is kept constant, an isostilbic point at 288 nm is observed in the fluorescence spectral data, suggesting that only two absorbing species are present in equilibrium. Keeping the concentration of cyclophane-2 constant while increasing the concentration of benzene results in a hyposchromic shift of the emission peaks in the range 275–360 nm. The shift is attributed to interaction of the cyclophane with benzene. The average association constant of cyclophane-2 with benzene, Ka = 425 ± 54 M−1, obtains from fitting the absorption and the fluorescence spectral data to the Bourson et al. equation using non-linear regression analysis.
Advancing islet transplantation: from engraftment to the immune response

The promise and progress of islet transplantation for treating type 1 diabetes has been challenged by obstacles to patient accessibility and long-term graft function that may be overcome by integrating emerging technologies in biomaterials, drug delivery and immunomodulation. The hepatic microenvironment and traditional systemic immunosuppression stress the vulnerable islets and contribute to the limited success of transplantation. Locally delivering extracellular matrix proteins and trophic factors can enhance transplantation at extrahepatic sites by promoting islet engraftment, revascularisation and long-term function while avoiding unintended systemic effects. Cell- and cytokine-based therapies for immune cell recruitment and reprogramming can inhibit local and systemic immune system activation that normally attacks transplanted islets. Combined with antigen-specific immunotherapies, states of operational tolerance may be achievable, reducing or eliminating the long-term pharmaceutical burden. Integration of these technologies to enhance engraftment and combat rejection may help to advance the therapeutic efficacy and availability of islet transplantation.
Evaluation of Methods for Thermal Management in a Coal-Based SOFC Turbine Hybrid Through Numerical Simulation

Managing the temperatures and heat transfer in the fuel cell of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) gas turbine (GT) hybrid fired on coal syngas presents certain challenges over a natural gas based system, in that the latter can take advantage of internal reforming to offset heat generated in the fuel cell. Three coal based SOFC/GT configuration designs for thermal management in the main power block are evaluated using steady state numerical simulations developed in ASPEN Plus. A comparison is made on the basis of efficiency, operability issues and component integration. To focus on the effects of different power block configurations, the analysis assumes a consistent syngas composition in each case, and does not explicitly include gasification or syngas cleanup. A fuel cell module rated at 240MW was used as a common basis for three different methods. Advantages and difficulties for each configuration are identified in the simulations.
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Glucose and Mixtures of Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose

The aldose-ketose equilibrium in dilute alkali is utilized to transform a reproducible fraction of glucose to fructose; e.g., 0.20 N NaOH, 40°, 3.5 hr. Acid treatment, e.g., 1.0 N HCI, 80°, 10 hr., of this alkaline equilibrium solution results in the production of spectrophotometrically assayable hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (λmax. = 283 mμ) from the fructose produced. Glucose yields negligible HMF under these acid conditions prior to alkaline treatment. These two techniques permit the assay of fructose and glucose in mixtures. After 30 hr. of alkaline treatment under the stated conditions, fructose and glucose do not yield any HMF on acidification. However sucrose is stable under these conditions and on acidification hydrolyzes to fructose which yields a proportional amount of HMF. These facts permit the assay of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in mixtures. This assay is sensitive to concentrations for all three sugars as low as 10−4M.
Plasma Adrenocorticoid Response to Corticotropin in Dairy Cattle Fed High Silage Diets

Responses of plasma corticoids to adrenocorticotropic hormone (.32 U/kg body weight) administered during early lactation were measured in dairy cattle consuming large amounts of concentrate feeds and one of the following forage diets: alfalfa-timothy hay plus corn silage, alfalfa-timothy hay crop silage plus corn silage, or corn silage. Concentrations of plasma corticoids increased to maximum in all groups within 60 to 90 min. Concentrations remained at near maximum for 4 to 5 h and then declined to baseline. Maximum corticoid concentrations following adrenocorticotropic hormone injection differed among forage treatment groups. Responses of corn silage and hay crop silage groups (46.7 +/- 1.1 and 50.1 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) did not differ but were less than those in the hay group (65.5 +/- 2.9 ng/ml). Response measured as area under the curve of plasma corticoid response also differed among forage treatments: hay 443 +/- 17 h (ng/ml) is greater than hay crop silage 334 +/- 34 is greater than corn silage 245 +/- 36. Results are discussed in terms of stress susceptibility in dairy cattle consuming diets containing large amounts of silage.
In vitro fertilization and embryo rescue

Abstract Embryo rescue and culture is a technique that has found wide acceptance and utilization. Many interspecific and intergenetic hybrid plants have been produced by culturing immature embryos that normally do not survive to maturity in situ. Embryo culture techniques also are used to rescue embryos from early maturing fruit varieties, to hasten maturation in some species and to overcome dormancy requirements in others. In ovulo embryo culture is a newly-developing area. In some incidences embryos can develop from the zygote stage to maturity when the ovule is cultured. This technique has been particularly useful in making interspecific hybrids of Gossypium. In vitro fertilization techniques are beginning to receive attention. A few interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been made by first accomplishing fertilization in vitro, then culturing the ovules to maturity. Self-incompatibility in some species can be circumvented with these techniques. The potential of in vitro fertilization and ovule culture is promising and in some situations may be a viable alternative to parasexual hybridization and somatic embryogenesis.
Sample unit sizes and shapes for quantitative sampling of earthworm populations in crop lands

Abstract Quantitative study of earthworm (Oligochaeta) populations involves time consuming excavation and sorting of large volumes of soil. Although sampling efficiency has been shown to vary widely between sample unit sizes and shapes for other organisms (Clapham, The Journal of Ecology 20 , 192–197, 1932), no statistical evaluation of sample units for earthworm sampling has been made. During April and May 1987, soil pits along 42 m transects at two unfilled sites under a corn ( Zea mays ) and soya bean ( Glycine max ) rotation were divided horizontally into four unequal parts (sub-pits) and excavated. Earthworms ( Aporrectodea tobercolata and Lumbricus rubellus ) present in each sub-pit were sorted from the soil and counted. By adding the sub-pit counts together in various combinations, counts from a total of nine sample unit size-shapes were obtained. All count distributions appeared to be Poisson and spatial distribution was frequently non-random (patchy). After suitable transformation, row and interrow counts were compared and requisite sample sizes were calculated using the t distribution. There was no systematic difference in counts due to row position. Distribution symmetry and total requistie sampling area were the criteria used to compare the various sample unit size-shapes. As much as a 3-fold difference in the efficiency of sampling existed within the range of sample unit size-shapes examined. The pattern of relative efficiencies for sampling of adults and juveniles together was consistent between sites. The most efficient, acceptable sample unit size-shape was 10 cm along the row (the shortest increment in the experiment) by 45 cm across the row (slightly over one-half of the row spacing). The least efficient size-shape was also the largest, 30 cm along the row by 75 cm across the row (equivalent to the row spacing). Cocoon counts were made concurrently at one site. The most efficient size-shape for cocoon population estimation was square (30 cm along and across the row), and the least efficient was the most elongated (10 cm along the row and 75 cm across the row).
Reproductive Status of Overwintering Rice Water Weevils

Based on atrophy of ovaries and hypertrophy of fat bodies, it is concluded that the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, overwintered in diapause in Louisiana. Weevils collected during Oct.–May and exposed to simulated summer conditions showed differences in duration of preoviposition and oviposition periods and in fecundity. More than 50% of weevils collected on or after the 3rd wk of Feb. oviposited, whereas less than 45% collected prior to this period oviposited. It is concluded that weevils were in diapause of variable intensity. About 1/7 of the overwintering females were mated and some contained resorbed eggs.
Summary and Implications

A large percentage of both childbearing and nonchildbearing women had experienced a major depression (36% to 40%) at some point prior to their entry into our study. Rates of other psychiatric disorders were substantially lower, yet in the aggregate, these results suggest that psychological suffering was very common in the lives of the women in our study despite the fact that they averaged only about 27 years of age.
Volatile composition of certain Amazonian fruits

Abstract The volatile constituents of several Amazonian fruits—bacuri, cupuacu, maruci and tapereba—were isolated by steam distillation-extraction of pulp or juice from the canned fruits. Essences were subjected to gas chromatographic analysis in high resolution wall-coated open tubular glass capillary columns; identification of the volatile constituents was based on mass spectral analysis, supported by gas chromatographic retentions under linearly temperature-programmed conditions. Considered individually, none of the compounds identified duplicates the aroma of any of these fruits. Many of them do, however, contribute fruity notes. This indicates that the typical aroma for each individual fruit is due not to one compound, but is probably the result of an integrated response to the contribution of a wide spectrum of compounds.
Lexical Semantics and Memory for Words in Aphasia

Aphasic and non-neurological patients were assessed on a word recognition memory task. On any one trial, some words were instances of the same superordinate category, thus presupposing a common abs...