cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational differences in desired family size and attitudes toward childbearing in Latina women.

Attitudes toward childbearing and desired family size influence women's reproductive choices. This may be especially true in the Latina culture, where motherhood and large families are valued highly. To determine whether these attitudes differ by educational status, Latina women in an OB/GYN clinic (N=351) completed a survey assessing attitudes toward childbearing and desired family size. Attitudes of women with and without a high school education were compared. Respondents without a high school education desired a mean of 3.1 children, while those with a high school education desired a mean of 2.7. Women without a high school education endorsed more attitudes favoring large families. Among women without a high school education, those who wished to have a son to carry on the family name tended to desire larger families. Results suggest that the desire for large families among Latina women with low education may result from traditional cultural attitudes.
Indirect Structural Analysis by Finite Element Method

The method of indirect structural analysis by using influence lines is extended to the analysis of elastic continua plates, shells, or three dimensional solids. Effective incorporation with the finite element method is made possible by a concept similar to the Mueller-Breslau principle. The introduction of equivalent nodal forces makes it possible to find the influence surfaces for every deflection and for every internal stress in the continuum by a single inversion of the global stiffness matrix. With the influence surfaces known, critical live load positioning can then be determined to find the extreme stresses and extreme deflections. Numerical examples are given for the simply supported isotropic plate and a three-span simply supported continuous isotropic plate for accuracy and convergence check. The results are remarkably good.
Compliance with medical regimens during adolescence.

Investigations into the determinants of adolescent noncompliance with prescribed therapy are recent but valuable instruments for the identification of patients at risk for noncompliance and for the design of strategies to improve compliance.
Reading the Mind: Cognitive Science and Close Reading

Helms enters the debate about the usefulness of character criticism, joining critics such as Michael Bristol, Jessica Slights, and Paul Yachnin in arguing for a criticism that considers characters as if they were real people living in recognizable worlds. Mindreading is the human ability to look at a person or a literary character and contemplate what that person is thinking, feeling, and planning. Drawing particularly on the work of Simon Baron-Cohen and Alvin Goldman, Helms reviews contemporary cognitive science and the philosophy of mind to identify two methods of mindreading: inference (the theory-theory of mindreading) and imagination (the simulation theory of mindreading). Helms adds to this conversation by applying cognitive science to discussions of character in Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece.
Novice School Principals' Advice to Educational Administration Students.

This study examines the perceptions of three South Texas novice school principals. In this study, novice principal is defined as a principal or assistant principal who is within the first three yea...
Locomotion recognition using XGBoost and neural network ensemble

Mode of transport recognition is an important part of understanding the context of a person with a mobile phone being the best device on which to do this since a person typically carries it around for most of the day. In this paper, we present a method to understand the mode of transport (also called locomotion recognition) using data collected from Android mobile phones. The method is the submitted solution for "Team Jellyfish" for the Sussex-Huawei Locomotion-Transportation recognition challenge. The goal is to develop a body-position independent classifier that uses data from a set of commonly available sensors on a phone - accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer and barometer. The solution is an ensemble of XGBoost and neural network classifiers. The precision and recall using 5-fold cross validation on the validation set is 0.946 and 0.945 respectively.
Network meta-analysis of His bundle, biventricular, or right ventricular pacing as a primary strategy for advanced atrioventricular conduction disease with normal or mildly reduced ejection fraction

INTRODUCTION Although right ventricular pacing (RVP) may impair ventricular function, it is commonly used for advanced atrioventricular block (AVB) and normal or mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF). We aimed to compare His bundle pacing (HBP), biventricular pacing (BiVP), and RVP for advanced AVB in patients with normal or mildly reduced EF. METHODS AND RESULTS MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Outcomes were all-cause death, heart failure hospitalizations (HFH), EF, left ventricular volumes, 6-minute walk test, and QRS duration. HBP or BiVP was compared with RVP. Subsequently, network meta-analysis compared the three pacing options. Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018094132). Six studies compared BiVP and RVP (704 vs 614 patients) and four compared HBP and RVP (463 vs 568 patients). Follow-up was 6 months to 5 years. There was significantly lower mortality and HFH with HBP or BiVP as compared with RVP (odds ratio [OR], 0.66, [0.51-0.85], P = .002; OR, 0.61 [0.45-0.82], P < .001, respectively]. HBP or BiVP also showed significant increase in EF and decrease in QRS duration (mean difference [MD], 5.27 [3.86-6.69], P < .001; MD -42.2 [-51.2 to -33.3], P < .001, respectively). In network meta-analysis, HBP and BiVP were associated with significantly improved survival compared to RVP, with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probability of 79.4%, 69.4%, and 1.2% for HBP, BiVP, and RVP, respectively. For HFH, SUCRA probability was 91.5%, 57.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION HBP or BiVP were the superior strategies to reduce all-cause death and HFH for advanced AVB with normal or mildly reduced EF, with no significant difference between BiVP and HBP.
Observation of atomic-like transition in Sapphire crystal by deep UV photoluminescence spectroscopy

Deep UV photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was employed to study optical properties of a sapphire substrate sample. The sample was photo-excited by the third harmonic laser of a Ti:sapphire pulse laser at wavelength ~ 266 nm which is a below bandgap excitation. In the low temperature (12 K) PL measurement, we observed two sharp atomic-like emissions in the ultraviolet region with peaks at 3.361 eV and 3.315 eV with spectral line-width of 0.85 and 3.30 nm respectively, in the PL spectrum. We performed temperature and power-dependent PL measurements of the sample and observed that the emission peak positions did not change with changing excitation power and sample temperature. We also performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical composition analysis of the sample to explore the origin of the atomic-like emission that could be used for single photon sources for quantum information technology. We will discuss a possible electronic transition and its origin in sapphire.
Chapter 87 – Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Publisher Summary Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy between birth and four years of age, and for that reason is believed to be caused by exposure to the mother during gestation. The specific causes of this disease are not known. Partly on the basis of analogous diseases in animals, the disease has long been thought due to a virus or viruses. An unknown virus is still a leading hypothesis, although the basis is not any evidence of case-to-case transmission, but the observation that incidence of disease increases among the residents of isolated populations after an influx of outsiders likely to carry viruses not already present in the community. ALL occurs more commonly in persons who have certain rare hereditary or congenital conditions. Along with other forms of childhood leukemia, it occurs more commonly in persons with Down's syndrome, which is caused by a chromosome abnormality. It occurs at roughly the same frequency in Los Angeles County as in other populations across America and Europe. Incidence decreases from a higher level among toddlers to lower levels among middle-aged adults. Incidence among males is higher than among females and does not vary with social class. Latinos generally are at the highest risk, followed by whites and African-Americans. The pattern of ALL in Los Angeles County provides no evidence of specific causation. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation is proposed.
Dimensions of Distress in Lung Cancer.

Objectives To (a) compare the domains of distress between patients who were distressed and patients who were not distressed and (b) examine the relationship between the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer and Problem List for Patients (DT-PL) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with advanced lung cancer. Sample & setting Individuals with advanced lung cancer receiving chemotherapy were recruited from a comprehensive cancer center in the southeastern United States. Methods & variables A cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory design was used. Individuals with lung cancer completed the DT-PL and the HADS. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, and chi-square analysis. Results Significant differences were found between the nondistressed group and the clinically distressed group in three domains of distress. Implications for nursing Distress in individuals with advanced lung cancer goes beyond psychological stressors and includes family problems and physical problems.
Bedside Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Placement in Patients with COVID-19.

Background COVID-19, the syndrome caused by the novel SARS-CoV2, is associated with high rates of acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). It is well known that despite the ease of bedside insertion, the use of nontunneled dialysis catheters (NTDCs) is associated with increased complications compared to tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs). Our objective was to develop a strategy for TDC placement at the bedside to provide effective dialysis access, conserve resources and decrease personnel exposure at our medical center in an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A technique for bedside TDC insertion with ultrasound and plain radiographs in the intensive care unit was developed. Test or clinically COVID-19-positive patients requiring RRT were evaluated for bedside emergent NTDC or nonemergent TDC placement. Patients who underwent NTDC placement were monitored for ongoing RRT needs and were converted to TDC at the bedside after 3–5 days. We prospectively collected patient data focusing on complications and mortality. Results Of the 36 consultations for dialysis access in COVID-positive patients from March 19 through June 5, 2020, a total of 24 bedside TDCs were placed. Only one patient developed a complication, which was pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade during line placement. In-hospital mortality in the cohort was 63.9%. Conclusions Bedside TDC placement has served to conserve resources, prevent complications with transport to and from the operating room, and decrease personnel exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic. This strategy warrants further consideration and could be used in critically ill patients regardless of COVID status.
Assisted Mobile Robot Teleoperation with Intent-aligned Trajectories via Biased Incremental Action Sampling

We present a method to assist the operator in teleoperation of mobile robots by generating trajectories such that the vehicle completes the desired task with ease in unstructured environments. Traditional assisted teleoperation methods have focused on reactive methods to avoid collisions, but neglect the operator’s intention in doing so. Instead, we generate long horizon, smooth trajectories that follow the operator’s intended direction while circumventing obstacles for a seamless teleoperation experience. For mobile robot teleoperation, an explicit goal in the state space is often unclear in cases such as exploration or navigation. Therefore, we model the intent as a direction and encode it as a cost function. As trajectories of various lengths can satisfy the same directional objective, we iteratively construct a tree of sequential actions that form multiple trajectories along the intended direction. We show our algorithm on a real-time teleoperation task of a simulated hexarotor vehicle in a dense random forest environment. By doing so, our approach allows operator to achieve the navigation task while requiring less effort than reactive methods.
Inhaled Selective Pulmonary Vasodilators for Adult Lung Transplantation

Purpose Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators (iPVD) are commonly used in lung transplant recipients to mitigate the risk of primary graft dysfunction (PGD). While inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is the gold standard for iPVD therapy, inhaled epoprostenol (Veletri®) has been introduced as a cost-conscious iNO-alternative without high-grade evidence. Thus, we conducted a clinical trial to primarily determine if inhaled epoprostenol is equivalent to iNO in the ability to modify grade 3 PGD after orthotopic lung transplantation. Methods Our group has enrolled 200 lung transplant recipients in a triple-blinded (clinician, patient, statistician) randomized controlled trial conducted between June 2017-October 2020 (NCT03081052). Participants were first grouped into strata according to key clinical, prognostic features (Fig.1). Within each stratum, patients were assigned to receive either iNO or inhaled epoprostenol via 1:1 randomization. For our primary outcome analysis, to assess equivalency between the two treatment groups, we will calculate absolute and relative risk estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (CI). If the CI do not contain the margin of difference (15%), then we will conclude there is sufficient evidence that the risk of the primary outcome in each treatment group is similar. For each secondary outcome, we will construct univariable effect estimates and corresponding CI, which will allow for assessment of difference between treatment groups. In the case that patients have switched to the other treatment arm, we will perform the intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis without reclassifying treatment assignment. To verify ITT results, we will perform a per-protocol analysis. Endpoints Primary. PGD-3 as defined by ISHLT 2016 criteria and an adjudicated PGD score at 72-hours after surgery. Secondary. Duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, iPVD duration and cost, ICU and hospital lengths-of-stay, postoperative acute kidney Injury, and early postoperative mortality (in-hospital, 30-days, 90-days).
Antibacterial ent-Rosane and ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids from Sagittaria trifolia var.sinensis

AIM:To investigate the antibacterial components from Sagittaria trifolia var.sinensis.METHODS:The separation was performed over silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column.The structures of the obtained compounds were determined on the basis of NMR data and chemical methods.RESULTS:Ten diterpenoids were isolated.Sagittine H(1),sclareol(2),and 19-β-L-3'-acetoxyarabinofuranosyl-ent-kaur-16-ene-19-oate(3) were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit the growth of three oral pathogens,Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175,Actinomyces naeslundiis ATCC 12104,and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43717,using minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) assays.CONCLUSIONS:sagittine H(1) is a new ent-rosane glycoside and demonstrated MIC of 62.5 μg·mL-1 against both S.mutans and A.naeslundiis.Compound 3 exhibits strong activity against S.mutans and A.naeslundiis with MIC of 15.6 μg·mL-1 for both.
Woodrow Wilson and the Spirit of Liberal Internationalism

Woodrow Wilson is among most influential presidents in U.S. foreign policy history, and the most pious. The challenge for scholars is joining Wilson's faith and his foreign policies. What was the r...
Ambient-Temperature Hydrogen Storage via Vanadium(II)-Dihydrogen Complexation in a Metal-Organic Framework.

The widespread implementation of H2 as a fuel is currently hindered by the high pressures or cryogenic temperatures required to achieve reasonable storage densities. In contrast, the realization of materials that strongly and reversibly adsorb hydrogen at ambient temperatures and moderate pressures could transform the transportation sector and expand adoption of fuel cells in other applications. To date, however, no adsorbent has been identified that exhibits a binding enthalpy within the optimal range of -15 to -25 kJ/mol for ambient-temperature hydrogen storage. Here, we report the hydrogen adsorption properties of the metal-organic framework (MOF) V2Cl2.8(btdd) (H2btdd, bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4',5'-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin), which features exposed vanadium(II) sites capable of backbonding with weak π acids. Significantly, gas adsorption data reveal that this material binds H2 with an enthalpy of -21 kJ/mol. This binding energy enables usable hydrogen capacities that exceed that of compressed storage under the same operating conditions. The Kubas-type vanadium(II)-dihydrogen complexation is characterized by a combination of techniques. From powder neutron diffraction data, a V-D2(centroid) distance of 1.966(8) A is obtained, the shortest yet reported for a MOF. Using in situ infrared spectroscopy, the H-H stretch was identified, and it displays a red shift of 242 cm-1. Electronic structure calculations show that a main contribution to bonding stems from the interaction between the vanadium dπ and H2 σ* orbital. Ultimately, the pursuit of MOFs containing high densities of weakly π-basic metal sites may enable storage capacities under ambient conditions that far surpass those accessible with compressed gas storage.
Leveraging Novel Integrated Single-Cell Analyses to Define HIV-1 Latency Reversal

While suppressive antiretroviral therapy can effectively limit HIV-1 replication and evolution, it leaves behind a residual pool of integrated viral genomes that persist in a state of reversible nonproductive infection, referred to as the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection models were established to investigate HIV-1 latency and its reversal; recent work began to probe the dynamics of HIV-1 latency reversal at single-cell resolution. Signals that establish HIV-1 latency and govern its reactivation are complex and may not be completely resolved at the cellular and regulatory levels by the aggregated measurements of bulk cellular-sequencing methods. High-throughput single-cell technologies that characterize and quantify changes to the epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome continue to rapidly evolve. Combinations of single-cell techniques, in conjunction with novel computational approaches to analyze these data, were developed and provide an opportunity to improve the resolution of the heterogeneity that may exist in HIV-1 reactivation. In this review, we summarize the published single-cell HIV-1 transcriptomic work and explore how cutting-edge advances in single-cell techniques and integrative data-analysis tools may be leveraged to define the mechanisms that control the reversal of HIV-1 latency.
Pseudocritical and Precritical States in Brain Dynamics

Scale-free brain dynamics under external stimuli raises an apparent paradox since the critical point of the brain dynamics locates at the limit of zero external drive. Here, we demonstrate that relaxation of the membrane potential removes the critical point but facilitates scale-free dynamics in the presence of strong external stimuli. These findings feature biological neural networks as systems that have no real critical point but bear critical-like behaviors. Attainment of such pseudocritical states relies on processing neurons into a precritical state where they are made readily activatable. We discuss supportive signatures in existing experimental observations and advise new ones for these intriguing properties. These newly revealed repertoires of neural states call for reexamination of brain9s working states and open fresh avenues for the investigation of critical behaviors in complex dynamical systems.
An Overview of Multiplexed Analyses of CAR T-cell Therapies: Insights and Potential.

Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field with exponential advancement in engineered immune cell-based therapies. For instance, an engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can be introduced...
Antioxidants Inhibit Cytokine Production and Suppress NF-κB Activation in CAPAN-1 and CAPAN-2 Cell Lines

Interleukin (IL) -6 and IL-8 are cytokines that have been shown to play a role in several pancreatic diseases, including acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Previously, we have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulate production of IL-6 and IL-8 and activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in the well-differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines CAPAN-1 and CAPAN-2. In these studies we have examined the effect of chain-breaking and glutathione-enhancing antioxidants on NF-κB activation and production of IL-6 and IL-8 in these cell lines. Generally, suppression of NF-κB activation correlated well with inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. In the CAPAN-2 cell line, antioxidants inhibited both NF-κB activation and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. In the CAPAN-1 cell line, antioxidants generally failed to suppress both NF-κB activation and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. The single exception was the chain-breaking antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), which markedly inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, but had no effect on NF-κB activation. These findings may have implications for the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
Chapter 5 Systemic Acquired Resistance

Abstract Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of induced resistance that is activated by pathogens that induce localized necrotic disease lesions or a hypersensitive response. A major characteristic of SAR is the broad spectrum nature of the protection it confers against a wide range of pathogens, although recent studies suggest that the resistance is most effective against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens and less effective against necrotrophs. SAR is dependent on salicylic acid signaling and is typically associated with systemic expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and other putative defenses. Once induced, SAR-expressing plants are primed to respond to subsequent pathogen infection by induction of defenses that are localized at the site of attempted pathogen ingress. Finally, SAR typically does not provide full resistance to disease indicating that the practical application of this form of resistance will require the use of other disease management tools. On the basis of these types of observations, it is likely that SAR and other forms of induced resistance are based on the enhanced ability to express basal defenses.
Diesel Fuel Injection System Simulation and Experimental Correlation

A theoretical digital simulation of a conventional diesel fuel injection system was developed to study the problem of after-injection in diesel engines which results in increased exhaust emissions. The influence of wave propagation phenomena, pipe friction, and cavitation were included in the study. Computer results were compared with transient pressures measured on an actual fuel injection system operated on a test bench, and the comparisons showed the accuracy and validity of the simulation method. Analytical control methods were developed to help determine design means to control after-injection. One design change consisted of the addition of a control valve in the pump delivery chamber, while another involved the modification of the pump spill port. Pressures and flows were not significantly altered during the main injection period with either design change. The simulation program confirmed the ability of both design changes to control after-injection, and experimental data from a system with the pump spill port modified in accordance with theoretical design calculations provided satisfactory confirmation of the analyses.
A Comprehensive Modeling Approach Towards Understanding and Prediction of the Alaskan Coastal System Response to Changes in an Ice-diminished Arctic

Abstract : The main science hypothesis to be addressed in this project can be formulated as follows. The recently observed dramatic decrease of summer sea ice cover in the western Arctic Ocean is driven by two main, primarily local factors: (1) the oceanic heat advection of summer Pacific Water via the Alaska Coastal Current and (2) the positive ice-albedo feedback. To understand physical processes and air-sea-ice interactions involved in these two driving factors, detailed studies, including historical and new observations and very high-resolution modeling, of the Alaska coastal environment are required. The following five specific science goals are proposed to address those requirements in support of the main hypothesis of this project: 1. Explore feedback processes among sea ice, ocean and atmosphere leading to recent and possible future summer decreases of sea ice cover in the Western Arctic Ocean; 2. Quantify impacts of oceanic and atmospheric forcing on regional sea ice cover and its variability; 3. Determine effects of changing sea ice, ocean dynamics and atmospheric circulation on the Alaskan coastal ecosystem (due to temporal and spatial variability); 4. Establish numerical requirements for an optimal hindcast and prediction of environmental conditions in the Alaskan coastal system; 5. Provide guidance for optimal design of an integrated observing system of the Alaskan coastal environment.
The real impact of financial shocks : evidence from the Republic of Korea

To what extent did tightening monetary policy magnify the East Asian crisis through its adverse effects on credit supply? In the Republic of Korea, interest rate spreads, which capture credit channel effects, influence economic activity, and these effects are disproportionately larger for small and medium-size enterprises. So policymakers who neglect credit channel effects might be overkilling the economy and altogether overlooking the disproportionate effects of monetary and financial shocks on some sectors. The debates surrounding the recent East Asian crisis have focused not only on causes but also on policy actions in the wake of the initial shock. This has raised questions about the relationship between monetary policy and market confidence. Specifically, would rising interest rates bolster or depress market confidence? To answer this question requires assessing whether, and to what extent, monetary and financial shocks are magnified through the economy via the credit channel. Domac and Ferri focus on the Republic of Korea - a particularly good case for testing credit channel effects - with two objectives: - To ascertain whether and to what extent interest rate spreads could help predict subsequent fluctuations in real economic activity. - To test whether small and medium-size enterprises suffer more than other businesses do from the adverse effects of the credit channel. The authors' empirical findings support the hypothesis that spreads that capture credit channel effects do indeed influence economic activity. Specifically, spreads contain significant information for predicting the future course of industrial production. The effect is, as one might have assumed, disproportionately larger for small and medium-size enterprises. Thus policymakers, in Korea and elsewhere, who neglect credit channel effects might be overkilling the economy and altogether overlooking the disproportionate effects of monetary and financial shocks on various segments of the economy. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit and the Financial Sector Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the patterns and consequences of the East Asian crisis, with particular reference to the link between the real and financial sectors. The authors may be contacted at idomac@worldbank.org or gferri@worldbank.org.
Direct enantioselective radiosynthesis of PET tracers bearing [18F]fluorohydrins utilizing chiral cobalt reagents

2 Objectives PET tracers containing aliphatic C-18F labels are typically prepared using a substitution reaction with activated alcohol derivatives (i.e. tosylate, mesylate) and [18F]KF in the presence of cryptands such as Kryptofix 2.2.2. (K222). This strategy offers no opportunity for setting stereochemistry during the labeling event. Furthermore, substrates possessing protic functional groups (e.g. alcohols), epimerizable stereocenters, and functionality prone to elimination are generally not tolerated under these reaction conditions due to the high temperatures (>100 °C) necessary for labeling and the basicity of [18F]KF/K222. Thus, the generation of stereocenters during labeling is typically avoided. Utilizing a chiral cobalt catalyst, we were able to develop the first example of an asymmetric, no-carrier-added radiosynthesis of [18F]fluorohydrins by ring opening of epoxides. In addition to offering direct access to single enantiomer tracers in the last synthetic step, the method also addresses many of the noted deficiencies associated with aliphatic labeling using [18F]KF. Methods Utilizing a chiral dimeric Co(III)OTs salt dissolved in MeOH, we directly obtained an [18F]Co(III)F by ion exchange on a QMA cartridge. Following removal of MeOH at 60 °C (5 mins), a solution of epoxide (5-10 mg) in MeCN was added followed by heating for 10-20 mins. Results Utilizing this protocol we successfully prepared [18F]THK-5105 (25% RCY, 85% ee), [18F]FETNIM (74% RCY, >96% ee), [18F]isatin sulfonamides (66% RCY, >20:1 dr), and [18F]fluorothreonine (60% RCY, >99:1 d.r.). Additionally we could prepare [18F]FMISO using a remote controlled liquid handler (10.3% RCY non-decay corrected, 3.7 Ci/umol, 5 ppb Co) indicating this method is capable of producing PET tracers for in vivo imaging. Conclusions The described approach enables the direct enantioselective radiosynthesis of known PET tracers. Research Support National Science Foundation (CAREER-1148750), National Institute of Health (CA164490 and DK081342).
Chapter 52 The Bootstrap

The bootstrap is a method for estimating the distribution of an estimator or test statistic by resampling one’s data or a model estimated from the data. Under conditions that hold in a wide variety of econometric applications, the bootstrap provides approximations to distributions of statistics, coverage probabilities of confidence intervals, and rejection probabilities of hypothesis tests that are more accurate than the approximations of first-order asymptotic distribution theory. The reductions in the differences between true and nominal coverage or rejection probabilities can be very large. The bootstrap is a practical technique that is ready for use in applications. This chapter explains and illustrates the usefulness and limitations of the bootstrap in contexts of interest in econometrics. The chapter outlines the theory of the bootstrap, provides numerical illustrations of its performance, and gives simple instructions on how to implement the bootstrap in applications. The presentation is informal and expository. Its aim is to provide an intuitive understanding of how the bootstrap works and a feeling for its practical value in econometrics.
Sequence polymorphisms in the chemokines Scya1 (TCA-3), Scya2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1), and Scya12 (MCP-5) are candidates for eae7, a locus controlling susceptibility to monophasic remitting/nonrelapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal animal model of multiple sclerosis, is genetically controlled. To date, 13 disease-modifying loci have been identified in the mouse by whole genome scanning using an F2 intercross between EAE-susceptible SJL/J and EAE-resistant B10.S/DvTe mice. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL), eae6 and eae7, on chromosome 11 were identified by classical marker-specific linkage analysis and interval mapping. Both QTL were reported to be associated with severity and duration of clinical signs. eae7 was subsequently shown to be a unique locus controlling the development of monophasic remitting/nonrelapsing EAE. In this study, composite interval mapping resolved eae6 into two linked QTL: eae6a at 0-13 cM is associated with disease severity, and eae6b at 19-28 cM associated with the duration of clinical signs. Additionally, composite interval mapping significantly refined the locations of eae6a, eae6b, and eae7, thereby facilitating systematic candidate gene screening by cDNA sequencing of SJL/J and B10.S/DvTe alleles. Sequence polymorphisms were not seen in Lif and IL12 beta, candidate genes for eae6a and eae6b, respectively. Similarly, cDNA sequence polymorphisms in Nos2, Scya3, Scya4, Scya5, Scya6, Scya7, Scya9, Scya10, and Scya11 were excluded as candidates for eae7. However, multiple sequence polymorphisms resulting in significant amino acid substitutions were identified in Scya1 (TCA-3), Scya2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1), and Scya12 (MCP-5). Given the role of chemokines in EAE, these sequence polymorphisms are promising candidates for eae7, a locus associated with severity of clinical signs and susceptibility to the shorter, less severe monophasic remitting/nonrelapsing form of disease.
Mixer: mixed-initiative data retrieval and integration by example

Office administrators are frequently asked to create ad hoc reports based on web accessible data. The web contains the desired data but does not allow efficient access in the way the administrator needs, prompting a tedious and labor-intensive task of retrieving and integrating the required data. Mixer is a programming-by-demonstration (PBD) tool empowering administrators to construct ad hoc reports from diverse web sources without tedious piecemeal labor. Mixer's design builds on the exploration into end user conceptualization of data retrieval tasks from our previous Wizard-of-Oz study [39], and incorporates insights from mixed-initiative researchers into collaboration between end users and software agents. This paper justifies the design decisions that drive Mixer, focusing on general lessons for designers of programming-bydemonstration systems targeting nonprogrammers. We evaluate Mixer by performing a user study showing that administrators are able to accomplish programming tasks without needing to understand programming concepts for data retrieval and integration.
How Form Constrains Function in the Human Brain

In neural systems, form and function are intimately linked; the communication dynamics across networked areas depends on the organization and integrity of the connections between them (i.e., axons and tracts). With the growth of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography tools over the past decade, it has become possible to visualize the physical architecture of the human brain at an unprecedented resolution. This information has provided the first glimpses into the component circuitry supporting cognition, presenting a unique opportunity for cognitive neuroscientists. For the first time we can visualize the connections in the living brain, allowing us to measure individual differences in anatomical connectivity, relate this connectivity to brain function, and gain insights into the link between white matter architecture and behavior. In many ways, this technology is still in its infancy and its full potential has not yet been realized. Here, I outline the importance of understanding neuroanatomical connectivity as a hard constraint on neural computation. Beginning with an overview of the typical patterns of connectivity seen in neural systems, I go on to show how current neuroimaging tools can visualize several different types of connectivity in the brain. By highlighting recent findings showing how neuroanatomical organization and brain function are related during cognitive tasks, I emphasize the utility that structural brain mapping approaches can have for the broader social and behavioral sciences. Keywords: Connectivity; network architectures; diffusion weighted imaging; cognitive neuroscience
A Graph Drawing and Translation Service on the WWW

Both practitioners and researchers can take better advantage of the latest developments in graph drawing if implementations of graph drawing algorithms are made available on the WWW. We envision a graph drawing and translation service for the WWW with dual objectives: drawing user-specified graphs, and translating graph-descriptions and graph drawings from one format to another. As a first step toward realizing this vision, we have developed a prototype service which is available at http://loki.cs.brown.edu:8081/graphserver/home.html.
Acute cerebral phycomycosis (mucormycosis). Report of a pediatric patient successfully treated with amphotericin B and cycloheximide and review of the pertinent literature.

The incidence of infections caused by fungi of the class Phycomycetes has increased significantly in recent years. Grave impairment of the patient's immunologic resistance appears to be an essential predisposing factor for the development of this group of diseases; diabetes mellitus and leukemia are the 2 predisposing factors most frequently encountered in the United States. A classical example of acute cerebral phycomycosis in a 15-year-old girl who was debilitated by diabetic acidosis is presented. This well-defined syndrome, which is seldom recognized antemortem, has been associated with a mortality rate approaching 100 per cent. The favorable outcome of this case stresses, the value of early diagnosis and therapy and suggests that control of the basic disease, adequate surgical drainage, and the administration of antifungal agents should be effective in lowering this high mortality rate. The current status of phycomycosis is reviewed, including mycologic aspects, classification, pathophysiology, predisposing factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
The Profiles of H-Beta and [OIII] 5007 in Radio-Loud Quasars

Moderate-resolution spectra of the H$\beta$--[O III] $\lambda$5007 region have been obtained for 41 radio-loud quasars in order to investigate relationships among their broad- and narrow-line profiles, radio structures, and X-ray properties. Spectra from the literature have been included to form a data set of 60 radio-loud quasars. A variety of statistical analyses have been performed, identifying several strong, related trends. The FWHM, equivalent width, and degree of redward asymmetry of H$\beta$ increase with decreasing radio core dominance (an orientation indicator), whereas the FWHM of [O III] $\lambda$5007 increases with luminosity and $\alpha_{ox}$. These and other effects are briefly discussed.
Ampullary Pancreatoblastoma in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Pancreatoblastoma, generally regarded as a pediatric malignant tumor, is rarely found in the adult population. Only 13 adults with pancreatoblastoma, ranging in age from 19 to 68 years, have previously been reported in the world literature. A diagnosis of pancreatoblastoma relies on characteristic histologic features, including epithelial differentiation and, more importantly, squamoid differentiation. Despite aggressive therapy, adults with pancreatoblastoma have a poor outcome. We describe a 78-year-old woman who presented with painless jaundice and was found on abdominal computed tomographic scan to have a 2.7-cm ampullary mass. The patient underwent successful pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pathologic examination of the resected tumor revealed findings characteristic of pancreatoblastoma. The tumor formed acinar and glandular structures, solid areas, and contained many “squamoid corpuscles,” a defining feature of pancreatoblastoma. The tumor cells also showed acinar and ductal phenotype by immunohi...
Structural Characteristics for Set Functions

Up to now, we have used some structural characteristics such as nonnegativity, monotonicity, additivity, subadditivity, λ-rule, f-additivity, continuity, etc. to describe the features of a set function. Since the fuzzy measures in general lose additivity, they appear much looser than the classical measures. Thus it is quite difficult to develop a general theory of fuzzy measures without any additional condition. Before 1981, it was thought that fuzzy measures additionally possessed subadditivity (even f-additivity), or satisfied the λ-rule. But these conditions are so strong that the essence of the problem is concealed in most propositions. Since 1981, many new concepts on structural characteristics, which fuzzy measures (or the monotone set functions) may possess (e.g., null-additivity, autocontinuity and uniform autocontinuity) have been introduced. As we shall see later, they are substantially weaker than subadditivity or the λ-rule, but can effectively depict most important fuzzy measures and are powerful enough to guarantee that many important theorems presented in the following two chapters will be justified. In several theorems, they go so far as to be a necessary and sufficient condition. In fuzzy measure theory, these new concepts replace additivity and thus play important roles.
Planar and Vertical Signals Control Cellular Differentiation and Patterning in the Mammalian Cochlea

The sensory epithelium of the mammalian cochlea is composed of a regular mosaic of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells. During development, differentiation occurs in a gradient that progresses along the axis of the cochlea from base to apex. To begin to identify some of the factors that regulate this developmental process, the potential roles of planar and vertical signals were examined during early stages of cochlear development. We demonstrate roles for both underlying mesenchymal cells and adjacent epithelial cells in the differentiation and patterning of the sensory epithelium, and in particular in the development of mechanosensory hair cells. As development proceeds, the requirements for both planar and vertical signals decrease, and development of the sensory epithelium becomes essentially independent from these cues. Finally, we demonstrate that the temporal gradient of cellular differentiation is not dependent on planar signals within the developing sensory epithelium.
Genomic prediction of seedling root length in maize (Zea mays L.).

Summary Genotypes with extreme phenotypes are valuable for studying ‘difficult’ quantitative traits. Genomic prediction (GP) might allow the identification of such extremes by phenotyping a training population of limited size and predicting genotypes with extreme phenotypes in large sequences of germplasm collections. We tested this approach employing seedling root traits in maize and the extensively genotyped Ames Panel. A training population made up of 384 inbred lines from the Ames Panel was phenotyped by extracting root traits from images using the software program aria. A ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction strategy was used to train a GP model. Genomic estimated breeding values for the trait ‘total root length’ (TRL) were predicted for 2431 inbred lines, which had previously been genotyped by sequencing. Selections were made for 100 extreme TRL lines and those with the predicted longest or shortest TRL were validated for TRL and other root traits. The two predicted extreme groups with regard to TRL were significantly different (P = 0.0001). The difference in predicted means for TRL between groups was 145.1 cm and 118.7 cm for observed means, which were significantly different (P = 0.001). The accuracy of predicting the rank between 1 and 200 of the validation population based on TRL (longest to shortest) was determined using a Spearman correlation to be ρ = 0.55. Taken together, our results support the idea that GP may be a useful approach for identifying the most informative genotypes in sequenced germplasm collections to facilitate experiments for quantitative inherited traits.
Assessment of magnetic field exposures for a mortality study at a uranium enrichment plant.

A survey of workplace exposures to 60-Hz magnetic fields was carried out at a large uranium enrichment facility to assign exposures for an updated mortality study. Stratified random selection was used to choose workers for measurement in all jobs and areas, to determine whether consistent distinctions could be made between job groups based on average magnetic field exposures. A total of 252 workdays was measured with a personal monitor, and individual average magnetic field exposures ranged from 0.20 to 82.6 mG. A priori job groups showed significant differences between geometric mean exposures, which ranged from 0.80 to 3.51 mG. Most of these groups showed widely ranging exposures, so they were subdivided based on location and job title to improve the precision of the exposure assignments for the mortality study. These final assignments were made up of 26 groups having arithmetic means ranging from 0.43 to 24.9 mG, with most groups defined by location in addition to job title. In general, electrical main...
Hypometria and bradykinesia during drawing movements in individuals with Parkinson’s disease

To address the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have deficits in controlling acceleration, a drawing task was used in which target size, frequency, and weight of pen were manipulated. In accordance with previous results, it was found that, relative to controls, PD patients produced movements at the required frequency, but moved significantly slower, produced less acceleration, and drew smaller-than-required stroke sizes. This resulted in smaller-than-required movement amplitudes, suggesting that hypometria and bradykinesia in drawing and/or handwriting are related. Patients were found to perform similarly to controls when the target size was 1 cm. However, their performance became more dissimilar at greater stroke lengths. In addition to the aforementioned effects it was found that movement amplitude error was less when the pen was 20 times heavier than the normal pen and that the increased load may dampen abnormal limb-stiffness characteristics induced by PD.
Optical Metrology In Length And Mechanical Standards

Optical Metrology in Length and Mechanical StandardsG.D. ChapmanDivision of Physics, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6AbstractA review is presented of the introduction and development of optical techniques and devices in thebroad area of metrology in length and mechanical standards. Emphasis is placed upon those techniqueswhich have been made possible by the use of lasers, or which have substantially increased accuracy andreduced work loads on a routine basis. In particular, the use of optical fourier transform techniques inmetrology applied to disciplines as diverse as standards, engineering, plasma physics, and biology are
The buffer value of weak acids and bases: origin of the concept, and first mathematical derivation and application to physico-chemical systems. The work of M. Koppel and K. Spiro (1914).

Abstract A translation is offered of a paper by M. Koppel and K. Spiro, published in 1914, and entitled: ‘On the action of moderators (buffers) in the shift of the acid-base equilibrium of biological fluids’. In this work, which appeared in Vol. 65 of the Biochemische Zeitschrift , the authors introduced the modern concept of buffer value and, for the first time, quantified the buffering power of weak acids and bases, ampholytes, dibasic acids, and mixtures of buffers. The circumstances that surround the eclipse of this trailblazing research have been critically examined, and biographical details have been provided.