cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
YELLOW ERYTHRONIUMS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES

Variation in the yellow-flowered species of Erythronium (Liliaceae) of the Eastern United States, the Mdwest, and adjacent Canada has for some time been a puzzle to some field taxonomists, and completely overlooked by others. Although these species generally have in common such characteristics as the yellow perianth-segments with red-brown markings; the presence of stolons as one mode of propagation; petal auricles; the general shape of capsule and stigma; and color of anthers, there is usually a great deal of variation in these morphological characteristics. A number of varieties have been described in the past, but most of these were identified on the basis of superficial characteristics such as anther color and perianth markings, which may vary greatly in a single population. A certain amount of this superficial variation is due to the clonal habit. Recently, both diploid and tetraploid types have been found in the yellow-flowered group and the morphological characteristics correlated with the ploidal levels form the basis for the recognition of distinct taxonomic entities. On the basis of morphological and cytolQgical characteristics, therefore, these Erythroniums are treated as five entities. Harper (1941) pointed out that eighteenth-century botanists related the American species of Erythronium to the European E. dens-canis L., even though the flowers of the American plants are basically yellow or white while the European ones are red or purple. Ker in 1808 described E. americanun? and until relatively recently all of the yellow-flowered Erythroniums in the Eastern United States have been considered to be of this species. The only species of the genus listed by Chapman (1860 and later editions), and Small (1933) was Erythronium amerTicanum. Fernald (1950) noted only this one yellow-flowered species but commented that more study needs to be done on this group. In view of the presently known variation, and the entities to be described below, the identity of the plant described vaguely by Ker is seen to be problematical when one realizes that he described the species, E. atmericainum, from plants grown in England, transplanted from an unknown area in the United States. It can only be assumed that the present use of the name is correct. Mohr (1901) reported that only Erythroniumn americanum occurred in Alabama. Plants were reported only from Tuscaloosa County where they were collected by Smith, the State Geologist about 1875 (Wolf 1941). It now appears that Alabama lies within the area of greatest natural variation. In contrast, the widespread species of Erythroniumn in the northern United States is relatively homogeneous. Wolf and Harper began their studies on this genus about 1905 and in the critical area of Alabama. In several publications (Harper 1941, 1945, 1949, 1952; Wolf 1941) they have divided E. americanum (sensu lato) into four species: E. americanum (sensu stricto), E. rostratum, E. harperi, and one other which was not formally named or described but was mentioned by Harper
Tourism dance performances: authenticity and creativity.

Abstract Despite shifts in scale and context, dance performance in tourism settings, unlike some other artistic expressions, remains “authentic” and creative. Possible explanations for this include the manner in which “authentic” and “creative” are defined, the unique properties of dance as expressive behavior, and the particular politico-economic situation of different settings. The data used for this study are cross-cultural, assessing Native American, Oceanic, Caribbean, and African studies of dance performance, primarily those collected during fieldwork in Haiti and Cuba. The analysis is interpretive, based on cultural framing and examination of dance behavior and its affect.
Evaluating population estimates in the United States: Counting the population between the censuses

Abstract Population estimates play an important role in shaping public policy and research. Librarians as well as users need to be proficient in evaluating the limitations of the statistic. This article provides a brief history of population estimates as well as a discussion of general principles for evaluating and understanding population estimates.
Early events in radiation chemistry and in photoionization

Abstract Real-time studies of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by pulse radiolysis and laser photoionization reveal the chemistry of the ionic species in the condensed phase. The occurrence of radical cation reactions with solvent molecules provides the core mechanism capable of explaining a wide range of observations in photoionization and radiation chemistry. The study of products and transients in photoionization of aromatic solutes in hydrocarbon and alcohol solvents illustrates several details of this “high-energy” chemistry. A reaction pathway involving ion-molecule reaction of excited ions is indicated for a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons photoionized using intense excimer laser (248 and 308 nm) pulses in hydrocarbon and alcohol solutions. We have found that condensed-phase ion-molecule reactions in radiolysis are ubiquitous and we speculate on their overall role in hydrocarbon radiolysis.
Hybrid structure: data structuring for data flow

Abstract The asynchronous nature of the data flow model of computations allows exploitation of maximum inherent parallelism in many application programs. However, before the data flow model of computations can become a viable alternative to the control flow model of computations, one has to find practical solutions to some major problems such as efficient handling of data structures. This article introduces a new model for handling data structures in a data flow environment. The proposed model combines constant time access capabilities of vectors as well as the flexibility inherent in the concept of pointers. This allows a careful balance between copying and sharing to optimize the storage and the processing overhead incurred during the operations on data structures. Using simulation, we present a comparative analysis of our model against other data structure models proposed in literature.
Effects of deficiency of the G protein Gsα on energy and glucose homeostasis

Gsα is a ubiquitously expressed G protein α-subunit that couples receptors to the generation of intracellular cyclic AMP. The Gsα gene GNAS is a complex gene that undergoes genomic imprinting, an epigenetic phenomenon that leads to differential expression from the two parental alleles. Gsα is imprinted in a tissue-specific manner, being expressed primarily from the maternal allele in a small number of tissues. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is a monogenic obesity disorder caused by heterozygous Gsα mutations but only when the mutations are maternally inherited. Studies in mice indicate a similar parent-of-origin effect on energy and glucose metabolism, with maternal but not paternal mutations leading to obesity, reduced sympathetic nerve activity and energy expenditure, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with no primary effect on food intake. These effects result from Gsα imprinting leading to severe Gsα deficiency in one or more regions of the central nervous system, and are associated with a specific defect in melanocortins to stimulate sympathetic nerve activity and energy expenditure.
Microstructure and properties of CVD tungsten carbide from tungsten hexafluoride and dimethyl ether

Tungsten carbide was deposited from tungsten hexafluoride, dimethyl ether, and hydrogen using a horizontal, cold-wall reactor. The effects of substrate temperature, reactor pressure, and reagent ratio on the coating growth rate, morphology, composition, and microhardness were studied. Under most conditions, the solid deposit was primarily W[sub 3]C with minor amounts of W. The tungsten carbide growth rate data fit an Arrhenius rate expression for temperatures from 425 to 550 C and had an activation energy of 24 kcal/mol at 70 mmHg total pressure and a WF[sub 6]/DME ratio of 6.3. A variety of surface morphologies and microstructures were observed. The microhardness of the coated substrates increased with coating thickness to a maximum value of 2,400 kg/mm[sup 2].
Late Miocene exhumation and uplift of the Washington Cascade Range

The Washington Cascade Range is a complex, polygenetic mountain range that dominates the topographic, climatic, and cultural configurations of Washington State. Although it has been the locus of ongoing arc magmatism since the Eocene, most of the range is distinct from the southern part of the arc in Oregon and California in that bedrock uplift has produced high surface elevations and topographic relief, rather than volcanic burial or edifice construction. (U-Th)/He and fission-track ages of bedrock samples on the east flank of the range record relatively rapid cooling in the early Tertiary, but slow exhumation rates (∼0.2 km/m.y.) through most of the Oligocene. Samples on the west flank suggest rapid cooling in the late Miocene (8–12 Ma), and age variations in vertical transects are consistent with a pulse of rapid exhumation (0.5–1.0 km/m.y.) at that time. Apatite He ages as young as 1–5 Ma in several areas suggest that high cooling and possibly exhumation rates persist locally. Accelerated exhumation rates ca. 10 Ma are also observed in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and southeast Alaska, ∼1500 km to the north, suggesting a large-scale mechanism for the exhumation pulse at that time.
Effect of sample inhomogeneity in KAr dating

Abstract Error in K-Ar ages is often due more to deficiencies in the splitting process, whereby portions of the sample are taken for potassium and for argon determination, than to imprecision in the analytical methods. The effect of the grain size of a sample and of the composition of a contaminating mineral can be evaluated, and this provides a useful guide in attempts to minimize error. Rocks and minerals should be prepared for age determination with the effects of contaminants and grain size in mind. The magnitude of such effects can be much larger than intuitive estimates might indicate.
Modeling feature sharing between object detection and top-down attention

Visual search and other attentionally demanding processes are often guided from the top down when a specific task is given (e.g. Wolfe et al. Vision Research 44, 2004). In the simplified stimuli commonly used in visual search experiments, e.g. red and horizontal bars, the selection of potential features that might be biased for is obvious (by design). In a natural setting with real-world objects, the selection of these features is not obvious, and there is some debate which features can be used for top-down guidance, and how a specific task maps to them (Wolfe and Horowitz, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004). Learning to detect objects provides the visual system with an effective set of features suitable for the detection task, and with a mapping from these features to an abstract representation of the object. We suggest a model, in which V4-type features are shared between object detection and top-down attention. As the model familiarizes itself with objects, i.e. it learns to detect them, it acquires a representation for features to solve the detection task. We propose that by cortical feedback connections, top-down processes can re-use these same features to bias attention to locations with higher probability of containing the target object. We propose a model architecture that allows for such processing, and we present a computational implementation of the model that performs visual search in natural scenes for a given object category, e.g. for faces. We compare the performance of our model to pure bottom-up selection as well as to top-down attention using simple features such as hue.
Hydrodynamic Segregation, Entrainment and Rejection of Oil in Emulsion Lubrication Problems

Emulsions are widely used as metal rolling and ironing lubricants, but their application is still an art in that no widely accepted and robust models of emulsion lubrication exist. Of particular confusion to date is the mechanism through which oil particles penetrate an inlet zone and serve as a lubricant. This paper addresses hydrodynamic behavior of emulsions and addresses topics such as droplet segregation in the inlet zone and the forces acting upon individual droplets in a worst case analysis of entrainment. In segregation, a phenomenon first noted in Poiseuille tube flows, neutrally buoyant particles will cross flow streamlines to an equilibrium position a finite distance from the edge of the flow. This paper includes an analysis of segregation using the empirical results obtained elsewhere, and describes the relevance of segregation to metal forming inlet zones. If a droplet does penetrate the inlet zone to a point near the edge of contact, and it has not adhered to a roll or strip surface, hydrodynamic forces will determine whether or not the particle will become entrained. This paper analyzes the forces involved using a foil bearing analogy. The situations under which a droplet is entrained or rejected are described, and the important parameters to achieve entrainment are discussed.
Functional Diversity and Its Impact on Distributed Groups: An Exploratory Study

Work groups have become diverse and will continue as such in the coming years, in as much as nations and organizations themselves become more diverse. Diversity studies have focused on social categorization, such as ethnicity, gender, culture, sexuality and anything that makes two entities different from one another, or on functional diversity that involves task-related knowledge, skills, opinions and perspectives. This paper examines functional diversity in the context of virtual groups that work together in an online environment and its effect on group performance. A longitudinal experiment involving online classes was conducted and the results are reported. Our research revealed that functionally diverse groups are not good for ad-hoc tasks but perhaps good for on-going tasks. In addition, the research shows that groups become more trusting and cohesive over time. Future research areas are also discussed.
Transition metal‐catalyzed tandem isomerization and cationic polymerization of allyl ethers. I. Discovery and scope

Allyl ethers are readily polymerized using a new polymerization reaction termed: transition metal-catalyzed tandem isomerization and cationic polymerization. Employing dicobalt octacarbonyl in combination with organosilanes, polymerization takes place rapidly and exothermically to give high molecular weight polymers. In this first article, the concepts leading to the discovery of this novel type of polymerization are presented along with the results of initial studies.
Using stroop task to assess cognitive load

Motivation -- Assessment of cognitive load on user tasks is useful for characterizing user interfaces and tasks with respect to their demands on the user's mental effort. Research approach -- We conducted a controlled experiment with 48 subjects. The primary task involved information search. Stroop-like task was used as a secondary task. Reaction time to the secondary task events was used to assess cognitive load. Findings/Design -- Reaction time on the secondary task differentiated between the primary task stages and the user interfaces. Higher cognitive load component of the secondary task performance discriminated primary task stages, while lower cognitive load component discriminated user interfaces. Research limitations/Implications -- Results presented in this short paper were an unexpected finding. They are thus preliminary and need to be confirmed in further experiments. Originality/Value -- This finding promises a method that separates extraneous cognitive load from intrinsic load. Take away message -- Secondary task can be designed to yield separate assessment of intrinsic and extraneous load.
Robert Blatchford: Neglected Socialist

Alexander Library has recently acquired thirty books written by the English socialist, Robert Blatchford (1851â€“1943). Blatchford was a journalist whose best known book, Merrie England, sold over two million copies after its publication in 1893. He had considerable influence at the turn of this century on the founders of the Labour Party; at that time his name was more familiar than that of Karl Marx. Yet since Blatchford's death only one biography has been published, and perhaps no one of comparable importance in modern British history has been as neglected.
TREATMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING THERAPY FOR CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER: PATIENT REPORTED USE AND OUTCOMES FROM THE SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND END RESULTS PROSTATE CANCER OUTCOMES STUDY

ABSTRACTPurpose: Erectile dysfunction (ED) persists for years following curative therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer. We report use and treatment outcomes in a 5-year interval in a population based cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study.Materials and Methods: A sample of 1,977 men with localized prostate cancer who received external beam radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy in 1994 to 1995 were surveyed for 5 outcome measures of ED treatment, namely treatment, perceived helpfulness, erectile sufficiency, sexual activity frequency and erection maintenance. Subjects were surveyed 6, 12, 24 and 60 months after prostate cancer diagnosis.Results: Overall 50.5% of men ever used ED treatment. The use of ED treatments increased during the study course. Subject age, regular sexual partner and baseline sexual activity were factors positively associated with ED treatments. While it was used uncommonly (1.9%), a penile prosthesis was perceived a...
Uniform representations of bivariate distributions

This paper explores the representation of bivariate distributions in terms of their bivariate uniform trsnslates. It is shown that this natural rapresentation in terms of bivariate distributions whose marginals are uniform allows us to study easily cartain properties of bivariate distributions. We demonstrate the invariance under translation of some well-known measures of dependence. Finally it is shown how this approach allows us to find new bivarariate distributions and simpler derizations of known bivariate distributions.
Citrobacter koseri septicaemia in a Holstein calf

A 4-day-old male Holstein calf with dull mentation, nystagmus and blindness was humanely destroyed and subject to necropsy examination. Gross lesions included severe suppurative meningitis characterized by diffuse cloudy thickening of the meninges, bilateral hypopyon and fibrinosuppurative polyarthritis affecting the hocks. Citrobacter koseri was isolated from the meninges, ocular fluid, synovial fluid, spleen and small intestine. Microscopically, there was neutrophilic and histiocytic meningitis with intralesional bacilli, endophthalmitis, neutrophilic splenitis and multiple renal microabscesses. Failure of passive transfer of colostrum was confirmed. This appears to be the first characterization of septicaemia in a calf caused by C. koseri, with lesions comparable with those described in human neonates.
Twin traveling wave tube amplifiers driven by a single backward-wave oscillator

Recent results of this novel amplifier-oscillator system are reported. Parameterization of the TWT's gain and amplification bandwidth as well as the phase coherence between the two TWT's rf outputs as a function of BWO operating frequency are presented. The experimental apparatus is designed to simultaneously generate three intense annular electron beams and propagate them through twin Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) amplifiers and a Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO). The high power BWO and TWTs are composed of cylindrical waveguide with a sinusoidally varying wall and are designed to operate in the X-band frequency range at a total system power level of a few 100 MWs. A broad-band microwave coupler built into the system is used to extract the spontaneously generated microwave radiation from the BWO and redirect it into two TWTs for amplification. The system is frequency tuned by independently varying the parameters of the electron beam driving the BWO while maintaining constant beam conditions for the TWTs. The performance of each amplifier is individually investigated for gain and amplification bandwidth as a function of BWO operating frequency and for gain as a function of beam current. Since the TWTs operate below device saturation levels, the gain and amplification bandwidth results are compared to linear theory. The two TWT output signals are further compared for phase coherence. Techniques used to eliminate mode competition between the TWT's primary TM01 amplifier mode and higher modes which behave as oscillators are also reviewed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A tandemly–oriented late gene cluster within the vaccinia virus genome

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a 5.1 kilobase-pair fragment from the central portion of the vaccinia virus genome has been determined. Within this region, five complete and two incomplete open reading frames (orfs) are tightly-clustered, tandemly-oriented, and read in the leftward direction. Late mRNA start sites for the five complete orfs and one incomplete orf were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. The two leftmost complete orfs correlated with late polypeptides of 65,000 and 32,000 molecular weight previously mapped to this region. When compared with each other and with sequences present in protein data banks, the five complete orfs showed no significant homology matches amongst themselves or any previously reported sequence. The six putative promoters were aligned with three previously sequenced late gene promoters. While all of the nine are A-T rich, the only apparent consensus sequence is TAA immediately preceeding the initiator ATG. Identification of this tandemly-oriented late gene cluster suggests local organization of the viral genome.
Wide area network performance modeling of distributed energy management systems

A distributed energy management system consists of networked hardware and software capable of monitoring and controlling the operations of an electric utility. When several of these distributed systems are connected to each other via wide area network connections, then a truly geographically distributed environment exists where data between systems can be shared. Heavy communication network loads and transit time constraints on these large amounts of shared data are significant design considerations, especially in light of the fact that most power utilities have existing private networks or use leased voice grade circuits. Modeling of the wide area network aspects of interconnected energy management systems was seen as a way to identify potential communications problem areas between systems early in the design process. Modeling would also help verify that the hardware and software designs would accommodate the communications load and ensure that transit times were within the system's functional requirements. System stress case data was used in each model to simulate a worst-case data acquisition and dissemination environment. This paper describes the modeled configuration and provides specific details about the system simulation techniques used and the conclusions provided by the model to estimate transit times and line rates for WAN connections. >
Stereoselective Photochemical 1,3-Dioxolane Addition to 5-Alkoxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone: Synthesis of Bis-tetrahydrofuranyl Ligand for HIV Protease Inhibitor UIC-94017 (TMC-114)

A convenient synthesis of (3R,3aS,6aR)-3-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan, a high-affinity nonpeptidal ligand for HIV protease inhibitor UIC-94017, is described. This inhibitor is undergoing advanced clinical trials. The synthesis utilizes a novel stereoselective photochemical 1,3-dioxolane addition to 5(S)-benzyloxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone as the key step. The requisite furanone derivative was prepared in high enantiomeric excess by an immobilized lipase-catalyzed selective acylation of (+/-)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-buten-2-ol and a ring-closing olefin metathesis with Grubbs' catalyst. Optically active bis-THF was converted to protease inhibitor 2 (UIC-94017).
Exploring the social aspects of goose bumps and their role in awe and envy

Both awe and envy are emotions that can result from observing a powerful other, but awe should stabilize social hierarchies while envy should undermine them. Three studies explored how the physiological reaction of goose bumps might help in understanding these distinctive reactions to powerful others, as goose bumps should be associated with awe rather than envy. In Study 1, participants kept a four-week journal and made a detailed entry each time they experienced goose bumps. Goose bumps resulting from the emotion of awe were the second most frequently occurring type after reactions to cold. Consistent with understanding awe as an emotional reaction to powerful or superior others (Keltner and Haidt in Cogn Emot 17:297–314, 2003), many of these experiences had social triggers. In Study 2, accounts of goose bumps resulting from exposure to powerful or superior others contained greater awe than envy. Also, the intensity of goose bumps was positively correlated with awe and negatively correlated with envy. In Study 3, accounts of awe contained more goose bumps than accounts of envy, and goose bumps were positively correlated with awe.
Trombosis bilateral de venas renales e insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a trombosis de un filtro en vena cava inferior

Bilateral renal vein thrombosis is an unusual etiology of acute renal failure and usually is associated with nephrotic syndrome. We report a 77-year-old man, consulting in the emergency room for anuria that appeared 24 hours after a syncope. The patient was carrier of an inferior vena cava filter prophylactically installed 17 months earlier and was not receiving anticoagulation. Serum creatinine on admission was 5.45 mg/dl and blood urea nitrogen was 54 mg/dl. Computed tomography and Doppler ultrasonography showed an extensive thrombosis of inferior vena cava and both renal veins. Heparin therapy was started with a rapid recovery of renal function and diuresis.
Optimization of material processing profiles

Abstract A definitive examination of the processing optimization of SiC/Ti-21S composite material is presented. Through the combination of a piecewise exact inelastic multiple concentric cylinder micromechanics model, a constitutive relation specifically designed for titanium alloy composites, and a nonlinear search optimization algorithm, a good overview of the advantages and problems of varying the processing parameters of time, temperature, and pressure is seen without any compromising assumptions. Four different failure modes are examined with respect to their material processing histories. By constraining the problem sufficiently to assure that complete consolidation of the composite takes place, the ‘optimum’ processing histories for each of the four objective functions is determined. In each case, only a limited improvement in the residual stress state is achieved. Of the four objective functions considered, the maximum change in any one stress component is approximately 12.5%, with the average change being around 8.0%. While this saving is significant, it may not be sufficient to alleviate all the problems associated with metal matrix composites. Similarly, the resulting stress savings may not be enough to warrant a redesign of the consolidation process hardware currently used in industry.
Penetration of pesticides into the bulb miteRhizoglyphus echinopus (Acari: Acaridae)

Bulb mites,Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumoze and Robin), were exposed for 10 min in vials precoated with 23 radiocarbon-labeled pesticides, and the kinetics of penetration were assessed following post-exposure periods of 320 min or 24h, depending upon the compound. With all pesticides, penetration was biphasic and consisted of a rapid initial component (alpha phase) followed by a much slower secondary component. The alpha phase of penetration was analyzed with a linear model, and the entire penetration curve was analyzed with a non-linear model. Correlation analyses of ten mass balance and penetration parameters and partition coefficients yielded 14 combinations that were significant atP<0.05. It was found that compounds with the fastest penetration rates had the highest dosing coefficients and the lowest octanol-water partition coefficients. Thus, fastest penetration was associated with relatively polar compounds such as oxythioquinox, promecarb, methomyl, aldicarb, and chlordimeform, whereas slowest penetration was observed with lipophilic compounds such as DDT, diflubenzuron, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and the pyrethroids. However, the polar formetanate hydrochloride penetrated very slowly and was an exception to this generalization. These results provide a basis for suggesting that pesticide penetration proceeded at a faster rate in bulb mites than in two-spotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch, in other studies.
Preparation and morphological characterization of microscopic composite particles

Monodisperse microscopic poly (methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene composite particles of 1–10 μm diameter were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene in poly (methyl methacrylate) seed particles which were initially prepared by dispersion polymerization. The resulting composite particles were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The unique morphology of the composite particles comprised three types of polystyrene domains embedded in a continuous poly (methyl methacrylate) matrix: the dispersed “internal” domains in the interior, the interconnected “subsurface” domains that from a crust beneath the surface, and the separated “surface” domains at the surface. In addition to thermodynamics and kinetics, the phase separation in composite particles is affected by polymerization mechanism. The complicated particle morphology found is attributed to the coexistence of bulk polymerization and emulsion polymerization (radical absorption and desorption) mechanisms. An explanation of the formation of the observed morphology is proposed. With varying poly (methyl methacrylate)/styrene ratio, the internal viscosity and the competition between the two polymerization mechanisms resulted in a series of interesting morphologies.
The Unique Challenges Posed by Mock Trial: Evaluation and Assessment of a Simulation Course

Simulations in political science and pre-law courses are used as a tool for student engagement and classroom interaction and to get students interested in politics and law by engaging them in either the political or legal process. Much of the literature addresses how to conduct various simulations for particular classes, what the students learned from this hands-on experience, and how the simulation compares to a more traditionally taught course. Student assessment is typically based on a reflective paper or may include questions on an exam. This paper diverges from “student reaction” assessments and attempts to fill a gap in the literature by building an assessment and evaluation model in order to assign a fair grade for Mock Trial, a simulation-based course that spans two semesters and January term.
Trajectories of pragmatic and nonliteral language development in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Abstract Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties with understanding pragmatic language and also nonliteral language. However, little is understood about the development of these two language domains. The current study examines pragmatic and nonliteral language development in 69 typically developing (TD) children and 27 children with ASD, ages 5–12 years. For both groups, performance on pragmatic language and nonliteral language scores on the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language increased significantly with chronological age, vocabulary, syntax, and theory of mind abilities both for children with ASD and TD children. Based on a cross-sectional trajectory analysis, the children with ASD showed slower rates of development with chronological age relative to TD children for both the pragmatic language and nonliteral language subtests. However, the groups did not show significant differences in the rate of development for either pragmatic language or nonliteral language abilities with regard to their vocabulary abilities or TOM abilities. It appears that children with ASD may reach levels of pragmatic language that are in line with their current levels of basic language abilities. Both basic language abilities and theory of mind abilities may aid in the development of pragmatic language and nonliteral language abilities. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader will understand: (1) the relation between basic language abilities (vocabulary and syntax) and advanced language abilities (pragmatic and nonliteral language), (2) how the cross-sectional trajectory analysis differs from traditional group matching studies, and (3) how pragmatic and nonliteral language development for children with autism shows both similarities and differences compared to typically developing children.
Compactifications of symmetrizable spaces

In response to questions of Arhangel'skil, we present examples of (1) (MA + -iCH) a symmetrizable space which is not metrizable but has a completely normal compactification and (2) (CH) a symmetrizable space which is not metrizable but has a perfectly normal compactification. In the construction of (2), a technique is developed which can be used to obtain first countable compactifications of many interesting examples.
A data-acquisition system for electronic identification, monitoring and control of group-housed pigs

This paper describes a data-acquisition system which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a group, their body temperature and physical activity. This multitude of signals originating from physiological and behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis. A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more extended data management system. A periodical and complete automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other networks. The availability of an electronic identification system combined with various sensors will provide opportunities to study possible improvements of handling, housing and transport of farm animals.
Effects of σ ligands on rat cerebellar purkinje neuron firing: An iontophoretic study

Abstract The electrophysiological responses of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons to selective σ ligands applied iontophoretically was examined in urethane anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. 1,3-Di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), dextrallorphan (DEX), (+)-pentazocine((+)-PENT), (+)-3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)- N -propylpiperidine ((+)-3-PPP), and the novel diamine BD1008, were ejected from multibarrel pipettes onto individual Purkinje cells. In some neurons, cell firing was inhibited following ejections of all compounds. These inhibitory effects were dose dependent and occurred without changes in spike amplitude or duration, thus ruling out local anesthetic effects as a mechanism. (+)-3-PPP and DEX increased firing rate in 27% and 14% ( n = 15, n = 14, respectively) of cells studied. The results of this study indicate that σ ligands significantly alter the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neurons, consistent with previous work suggesting motor effects of σ ligands via the rubro-cerebellar circuitry.
Design considerations and preliminary characterizations of a kilowatt-plus microwave-induced plasma

A high-powered helium microwave-induced plasma was developed, and preliminary characterizations are presented. This kilowatt-plus microwave-induced plasma (KiP-MIP) was contained in a helical flow quartz torch. Power was transferred via waveguides from a 3.0-kW, 2.45-GHz, 120-pulses-per-second microwave generator to a waveguide-to-coaxial converter. A modified Beenakker TM010 resonator cavity was used to focus the energy. Effects of the magnitude of applied power on helium line emission intensities were studied, as well as comparisons of the temporal output of generator output and helium line emission. Introduction of gaseous halogens (Cl2, CBr4) produced intense ion emission which follows the intensity ratios commonly observed in He-MIPs.
Reoccurrence of Rose Bloom Caused by Exobasidium oxycocci in Cranberry in Massachusetts.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) vines (cv. Howes) from a commercial cranberry bed on Nantucket Island displayed typical symptoms of rose bloom disease in June, 1997. The affected area (1.5 × 30.0 m) consisted of less than 1% symptomatic uprights and was not covered by sprinkler heads of the chemigation system. The same area that did not receive insecticides or fungicides was damaged by black-headed fireworm (Rhopobota naevana) feeding during the 1996 growing season. The surface of the leaves on the abnormal branches displayed the typical white, powdery external appearance, which consisted of basidia and basidiospores of the pathogen Exobasidium oxycocci Rostr. ex Shear that were hyaline, fusiform with a slight curvature, and measured 14 to 18 × 2 to 3 μm, matching a previous description (2). Plants showing symptoms had been infected during 1996. Abnormal lateral shoots with swollen pink leaves grew from infected axillary buds on the previous year's wood (3). Cranberry plants were inoculated with basidiospores but symptoms may take longer than 1 year to develop. Rose bloom was formerly a common disease affecting cranberry in Massachusetts and control strategies were addressed in the disease management recommendations sent out by the Cranberry Experiment Station to growers through 1954. Bergman (1) reported that the disease was found almost every year before 1945, but since then there were no serious outbreaks, possibly due to changes in cultural practices. The fungicide ferbam (ferric dithiocarbamate) largely replaced Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide to combat fruit rot in the late 1940s. The disease was not brought in with imported vines from the Pacific Northwest, where the disease is common, because the vines in this bed were planted in 1910. The disease has not been observed in either wild or abandoned cranberry beds that have not received fungicide applications. This is the first report of this disease in Massachusetts in nearly 50 years. References: (1) H. F. Bergman. 1953. Yearbook of Agriculture, p. 792. (2) F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) C. L. Shear et al. 1931. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 258.
Expressed emotion: A review of the critical literature☆

Abstract Expressed Emotion (EE) reflects the attitude of a close relative towards a schizophrenic family member. Work carried out over the last decade has provided good evidence that the concept of EE is both valid and reliable. It is, moreover, an accurate predictor of relapse in schizophrenic patients. Since Kuipers's review of the area 6 years ago (Kuipers, 1979), research into EE has progressed rapidly. Not only have there been additional studies replicating, the previously well documented relationship between EE of family members and relapse in schizophrenic patients, but issues relating to the interaction of EE with life events, its psychophysiological correlates, and to intervention procedures have also been explored. In view of these recent developments a reevaluation of the area is necessary. This article will, therefore, review the progress made in the field to date and, in addition, suggest new directions for subsequent research.
Hyper-reguli and non-André quasi-subgeometry partitions of projective spaces

A question raised by Ostrom on the existence of hyper-reguli that are not Andre hyper-reguli is completely determined for hyper-reguli of order $q^{t}$ where t is composite. Various new types of ‘generalized Andre replacements’ are constructed that produce many new classes of generalized Andre planes. In general, for t=ds, new non-Andre quasi-subgeometry partitions are constructed of ${\it PG}(s-1,q^{d})$ by quasi-subgeometries isomorphic to PG$(ds/e-1,q^{e})$, for various divisors e of d. When $d=2$, this produces new non-Andre sub-geometry partitions of PG $(2s-1,q^{2})$ by subgeometries isomorphic to PG $(2s-1,q)$ and PG$(s-1,q^{2})$.
The political consequences of transitions out of marriage in Great Britain

This article uses British Household Panel Survey data to estimate the effects of divorce and widowhood on political attitudes and political behavior. In contrast to previous research, which mostly relied on cross-sectional data, a matched propensity score analysis does not find any effects of transitions out of marriage on policy preferences, party identification, or vote choice. The results also show that divorce (but not widowhood) substantially reduces electoral participation. Some preliminary evidence suggests that this effect of divorce on turnout is partially attributable to the increased residential mobility that accompanies divorce.
Neutron capture chains in heavy element synthesis

Abstract This paper is concerned with stellar neutron capture processes which occur at a rate slow compared to the intervening beta decays, the so-called s-process in the synthesis of the elements. An approximate method of high reliability has been devised to solve for the abundance distributions resulting from the exposure of seed nuclei, such as Fe56, to a weak neutron flux in stars. The capture chain differential equations are solved by approximately matching the Laplace transforms of the exact solutions to the Laplace transform of an easily calculable function. From the sequence of abundance distributions generated in this manner for specified numbers of neutrons per initial seed nucleus, one can estimate the superpositions of neutron exposures required to reproduce the experimentally observed abundance distribution for the s-process isotopes of the elemments. Not only can the validity of the s-process model of heavy element synthesis in stellar interiors be demonstrated in this way, but certain inferences about the “history” of stellar neutron processes also appear. Special attention is paid in this regard to the “terminal” exposures which have synthesized lead and bismuth at the end of the line in the s-process. An analysis is appended of neutron capture cross sections near 25 kev for the s-process nuclei, including interpolations based upon empirical cross sections guided where necessary by isotopic and elemental abundances. A complete correlation between neutron capture cross sections and s-process abundances cannot be made at the present stage of knowledge, but the methods described will lead to an eventual solution as more empirical information becomes available.
Synthesis of Amorphous Lepidocrocite Thin Films via Spin-Spray Ferrite Plating

Amorphous lepidocrocite thin films have been grown on Kapton, utilizing a spin-spray ferrite plating technique (a.k.a. spin-spraying). Spin-spraying relies on the surface adsorption of metal hydrox...
Severe cholestasis related to itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis

We describe a case of prolonged cholestasis temporally associated with the use of itraconazole for onychomycosis. Peak bilirubin level of 32.0 mg/dl was documented approximately 2 months after discontinuation of the patient's itraconazole therapy, with symptoms of cholestasis persisting more than 1 month after the peak in bilirubin. Physicians should be aware of the potential for severe cholestasis associated with itraconazole usage.
Radionuclide concentrations, fluxes, and residence times at Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins

Our participation in the California Basin Study (CaBS) in 1986–1988 has produced a radionuclide data base that allows us to trace the particle and water movement in the Santa Monica and the San Pedro Basins. These data enable us to calculate the radionuclide inventories in the three compartments of the basin, the water column, the settling particles, and the sediments. We have also determined the fluxes of several radionuclides associated with the sinking particles, the residence time in the water column, and the rate of deposition in the sediments. The biogeochemical environment of the Santa Monica Basin is uniquely suited to the application of tracer techniques to study the sedimentation processes. Subtle, but measurable changes in the distribution of fallout of 137Cs from 1977 to 1988 were noted in the water column. Compared to the decay corrected measurement in 1973–1977 at the GEOSECS and Farallon Islands stations off the coast of California, 137Cs inventory in the water column in Santa Monica Basin has not changed significantly for the past decade. Increases in the deep water concentration profiles of 137Cs particle transport and diagenetic release of cesium in the deep water. The major 137Cs inventory (>70%) resides in the upper 400m of water, with a mean residence time of 480 ± 90 years. Less than 11% of the total 137Cs inventory was found in the sediments at water depths of 900m in 1987. Unlike 137Cs, more than 80% of the fallout 239+240Pu has been deposited in the Santa Monica Basin sediments. A mean residence time of 13 ± 2 years was measured for 239+240Pu in the basin water. The ubiquitous 239+240Pu subsurface concentration maximum observed in the Pacific oceanic waters at about 350m depth is also evident in the basin water. We have no definitive explanation for the persistence of the subsurface maximum except that it appears to be correlated with the density gradient at 26.5 to 26.9 sigma-t. The 239+240Pu flux for settling particles correlates remarkably well with mass flux, and it increases with depth in the water column. Plutonium deposition in anoxic sediments also appears to be useful as a time marker for age-dating of sediments and estimating the sediment-accumulation rates. The sedimentation rates determined by plutonium are shown to be comparable to those estimated by excess 210Pb in the cores. Radionuclide fluxes measured from sediment trap particles in 1986–1988 were lower by a factor of 0.6 ± 0.2, compared to the average fluxes determined from the box core samples. Radionuclides, such as 210Pb, 137Cs, and 239+240Pu have been shown to be useful tools in the study of biogeochemical processes in the Santa Monica Basin.