cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mating behavior in eight rotifer species : using cross-mating tests to study species boundaries

We characterized the mating behavior of eight freshwater rotifer species from five different families of Monogononts (Asplanchnidae, Brachionidae, Euchlanidae, Lecanidae, and Trichocercidae). Were corded the percentages of male-female encounters resulting in mating attempts and the number of completed copulations. The characterization of mating behavior also included data on: (1) duration of copulation, (2) female and male swimming speed, (3) sites of initial mating attempts, (4) sites of copulation, and (5) sizes of males and females. In the five families investigated, cross-mating tests may be used to assess the ability of males to discriminate conspecifics, establishing limits to gene flow. We also present data on two families, Brachionidae and Lecanidae where we used cross-mating tests to compare discrimination between conspecific females and those of other species. Brachionus calyciflorus males attempted mating with females of the closely related genus Plationus, but did not attempt mating with Keratella Americana females. Males of other three Brachionidae species only attempted mating with nonspecific females. Lecane quadridentata males attempted to mate with females of two different Lecane species besides their own. Percentages of mating attempts and completed copulations were quantified in all crosses. Lower percentages of copulation after a mating attempt were found among brachionids than among non-brachionids. These data demonstrate that male discrimination of females is an effective pre-mating reproductive barrier in several species of Monogonont rotifers. These results, further suggest that investigations of mating behavior are useful for determining species boundaries in rotifers and perhaps other zooplankters.
Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics / Human Factors Engineering, Seventh Edition

This new edition undergraduate introductory textbook follows the motto of the previous versions: "Solid information, easy-to-read, easy to understand, easy to apply." The aim remains the same: "Human engineering" workplaces, tools, machinery, computers, lighting, shiftwork, work demands, the environment, officers, vehicles, the home – and everything else that we can design to fit the human. The new edition is up-to-date in content and language, in data and illustrations. Like previous versions, this book is for students and professionals in engineering, design, architecture, safety and management and to everybody else who wants to make work safe, efficient, satisfying, and even enjoyable.
Steady Flow in a Patient-Averaged Inferior Vena Cava-Part I: Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements at Rest and Exercise Conditions.

Although many previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have investigated the hemodynamics in the inferior vena cava (IVC), few studies have compared computational predictions to experimental data, and only qualitative comparisons have been made. Herein, we provide particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of flow in a patient-averaged IVC geometry under idealized conditions typical of those used in the preclinical evaluation of IVC filters. Measurements are acquired under rest and exercise flow rate conditions in an optically transparent model fabricated using 3D printing. To ensure that boundary conditions are well-defined and to make follow-on CFD validation studies more convenient, fully-developed flow is provided at the inlets (i.e., the iliac veins) by extending them with straight rigid tubing longer than the estimated entrance lengths. Velocity measurements are then obtained at the downstream end of the tubing to confirm Poiseuille inflow boundary conditions. Measurements in the infrarenal IVC reveal that flow profiles are blunter in the sagittal plane (minor axis) than in the coronal plane (major axis). Peak in-plane velocity magnitudes are 4.9 cm/s and 27 cm/s under the rest and exercise conditions, respectively. Flow profiles are less parabolic and exhibit more inflection points at the higher flow rate. Bimodal velocity peaks are also observed in the sagittal plane at the elevated flow condition. The IVC geometry, boundary conditions, and infrarenal velocity measurements are provided for download on a free and publicly accessible repository at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7198703 . These data will facilitate future CFD validation studies of idealized, in vitro IVC hemodynamics and of similar laminar flows in vascular geometries.
Improved survival following transarterial radioembolization of infiltrative-appearance hepatocellular carcinoma.

e15591Background: Infiltrative-appearance hepatocellular carcinoma (IHCC), also known as diffuse HCC, presents a distinct challenge to clinicians as evidence-based treatment guidelines have yet to ...
Insomnia Pharmacotherapies: Pharmacodynamics, Strategies, New Directions, and Key Measures in Clinical Trials

Abstract Insomnia remains a common clinical challenge for which a wide variety of substances and medications have been tried by individuals and recommended by health professionals. This chapter reviews the diagnosis of insomnia disorder and guidelines regarding the use of hypnotic medications. Four broad categories of insomnia pharmacotherapy are discussed: (1) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications indicated for insomnia treatment, (2) FDA-approved medications indicated for alternate disorders but prescribed “off label” specifically for insomnia symptoms, (3) over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine sleep aids, and (4) dietary supplement sleep aids. Key pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of medications commonly prescribed for insomnia are reviewed. The chapter concludes with discussions of the basic elements of clinical trial investigations for insomnia medications and a review of investigational compounds and pharmacological strategies for possible future hypnotic medications.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes of lower extremity peripheral arterial interventions in patients with and without chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease.

Abstract Objective Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a greater risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Although individual studies have documented an association between CKD and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing PAD interventions in an era of technological advances in peripheral revascularization, the magnitude of the effect size is unknown. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of PAD interventions for patients with CKD/ESRD with those patients with normal renal function, stratified by intervention type (endovascular vs surgical), reflecting contemporary practice. Methods Five databases were analyzed from January 2000 to June 2019 for studies that had compared the outcomes of lower extremity PAD interventions for patients with CKD/ESRD vs normal renal function. We included both endovascular and open interventions, with an indication of either claudication or critical limb ischemia. We analyzed the pooled odds ratios (ORs) across studies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model. Funnel plot and exclusion sensitivity analyses were used for bias assessment. Results Seventeen observational studies with 13,140 patients were included. All included studies, except for two, had accounted for unmeasured confounding using either multivariable regression analysis or case-control matching. The maximum follow-up period was 114 months (range, 0.5-114 months). The incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR) was greater in those with CKD/ESRD than in those with normal renal function (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.25-2.27; P = .001). The incidence of major amputations (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.37-2.83; P Conclusions Patients with CKD/ESRD who have undergone lower extremity PAD interventions had worse outcomes than those of patients with normal renal function. When stratifying our results by intervention (endovascular vs open surgery), greater rates of TLR for CKD/ESRD were only seen with endovascular and not with open surgical approaches. Major amputations and all-cause mortality were greater in the CKD/ESRD group, irrespective of the indication. Evidence-based strategies to manage this at-risk population who require PAD interventions are essential.
A high-resolution real-time quantification of astrocyte cytokine secretion under shear stress for investigating hydrocephalus shunt failure.

It has been hypothesized that physiological shear forces acting on medical devices implanted in the brain significantly accelerate the rate to device failure in patients with chronically indwelling neuroprosthetics. In hydrocephalus shunt devices, shear forces arise from cerebrospinal fluid flow. The shunt’s unacceptably high failure rate is mostly due to obstruction with adherent inflammatory cells. Astrocytes are the dominant cell type bound directly to obstructing shunts, rapidly manipulating their activation via shear stress-dependent cytokine secretion. Here we developed a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy combined with a microfluidic shear device chip (MSDC) for quantitative analysis and direct spatial-temporal mapping of secreted cytokines at the single-cell level under physiological shear stress to identify the root cause for shunt failure. Real-time secretion imaging at 1-min time intervals enabled successful detection of a significant increase of astrocyte IL-6 cytokine secretion under shear stress greater than 0.5 dyne/cm2, validating our hypothesis and highlighting the importance of reducing shear stress activation of cells. Khodadadei et al. investigate the mechanisms underlying cerebral shunt failure using a microfluidic chip to simulate shear forces in the shunt. Employing total internal reflection fluorescence imaging, their findings indicate that astrocyte interleukin-6 cytokine secretions increase under higher shunt shear stresses, informing future shunt design and potential drug therapies to reduce shunt failure in patients.
Fast Optimal Circular Clustering and Applications on Round Genomes.

Round genomes are found in bacteria, plant chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Genetic or epigenetic marks can present biologically interesting clusters along a circular genome. The circular data clustering problem groups N points on a circle into K clusters to minimize the within-cluster sum of squared distances. Repeatedly applying the K-means algorithm takes quadratic time, impractical for large circular datasets. To overcome this issue, we developed a fast, reproducible, and optimal circular clustering (FOCC) algorithm of worst-case O(KN log2 N) time. The core is a fast optimal framed clustering algorithm, which we designed by integrating two divide-and-conquer and one bracket dynamic programming strategies. The algorithm is optimal based on a property of monotonic increasing cluster borders over frames on linearized data. On clustering 50,000 circular data points, FOCC outruns brute-force or heuristic circular clustering by three orders of magnitude. We produced clusters of CpG sites and genes along three round genomes, exhibiting higher quality than heuristic clustering. More broadly, the presented subquadratic-time algorithms offer the fastest known solution to not only framed and circular clustering, but also angular, periodical, and looped clustering. We implemented these algorithms in the R package OptCirClust (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=OptCirClust).
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in fully vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted immunosuppressed patients, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR). COVID-19-associated mortality among SOTR was estimated at 20.5% in the early phase of the pandemic(1). SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 among SOTR. Under emergency use authorization, the US Food Drug Administration approved two SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccines [BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna)] and an adenovirus vector-based vaccine [Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson and Johnson)].
Self-Determination and the Struggle Against Apartheid

Nelson Mandela’s release after twenty-seven years in prison and the lifting of the bar on the African National Congress and other prohibited organisations on February 2, 1990, propelled the issue of self-determination onto the center stage of the struggle against apartheid. By granting limited civil rights and attempting to curb some of the more extreme violations of human rights which led to apartheid being declared a crime against humanity, South African president F. W. de Klerk is attempting to control the transition away from apartheid to ensure that white minority privileges continue to be guaranteed in a “post-apartheid” South Africa. It is in this context that it becomes urgent that the South African people’s right to self-determination be clarified.
Human herpesvirus 6 and epilepsy.

We investigated the association between human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in 87 patients who had surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. Fifty-four had MTS, 22 focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), four tumors, three vascular malformations, and three a history of encephalitis. We extracted DNA from fresh brain tissue immediately after surgery and performed viral detection with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or digital droplet PCR specific for HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Tissue was studied with standard clinical techniques, including hematoxylin and eosin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and NeuN stains. Twenty-nine of 54 patients with MTS, six of 23 with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), and one of three with a history of encephalitis were positive for HHV-6 (P < .02). Febrile seizure history was not associated with HHV-6 detection. Patients with MTS had significantly lower seizure onset age than those with other pathologies. Thirteen patients had positron emission tomography with [11C]PBR28, a marker for reactive astrocytes and activated microglia; there was a trend for HHV-6-positive patients to have higher binding in their seizure foci, suggesting inflammation. Our study supports a potential role for HHV-6 in the etiology of MTS.
Evaluation of microcolumn stability in ultrafast affinity extraction for binding and rate studies.

Ultrafast affinity extraction (UAE) has recently been developed and employed for measuring non-bound (or free) fractions and binding or rate constants for drugs and other targets with soluble binding agents such as serum proteins. This study examined the long-term stability of 10 mm × 2.1 mm i.d. affinity microcolumns when used in UAE at both low and high flow rates (e.g., 0.5 and 3.5 mL/min) over an extended series of injections. This stability was investigated by using immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) and samples containing the drug warfarin with or without soluble HSA as a model system. The free warfarin fractions measured at 0.5 mL/min in the presence of soluble HSA were stable up to 150 injections and changed by <10% at 3.5 mL/min. The association equilibrium constant for warfarin with HSA that was estimated by UAE at 3.5 mL/min had no significant change over 50 injections and a change of only ∼18-22% over 100-150 injections. The dissociation rate constant for warfarin from HSA was found by combining UAE results at 0.5 and 3.5 mL/min and employing a new two-point approach, with no significant changes in this value being seen even after 200 injections. The effects of extended microcolumn use on the retention time, peak width, and peak asymmetry for warfarin, and on the backpressure of the microcolumn, were also considered. These results indicated that UAE and HSA microcolumns could be used to provide consistent values for free solute fractions, binding constants, and rate constants over a large series of injections. These results should be useful in future work by providing guidelines for the assessment, further development, and use of UAE in characterizing interactions involving other drugs and binding agents in solution-based samples.
Modeling the Ease of Entry in Merger Analysis: Can Financial Analysis Move the Ball?

In merger analysis, ease of entry, when present, trumps competitive concerns and allows market behavior, such as a merger, to proceed unchallenged. Thus, entry plays a key role in every antitrust study. That said, it is surprising that entry analysis is inconsistently defined, both in the courts and at the Agencies. Research suggests that the key problem revolves around the analysis of the likelihood of entry. This paper addresses the likelihood problem head-on, suggesting the question be addressed with a discounted cash flow analysis of a hypothetical entry designed to deter or defeat the potential anticompetitive effects caused by the merger. We present a comprehensive discounted cash flow model and broaden the analysis to evaluate the major risks of the project. We also discuss how to evaluate the results of the model and discuss various objections to and limitations of the modeling technique. Our approach provides antitrust practitioners and even business managers with a useful tool to aid in the evaluation of the likelihood of entry in the context of a merger.
Personal Meaning and Vocational Differentiation: Reversing the Decrement Effect.

Kelly's (1955) personal construct psychology is concerned with the ways in which individuals organize their perceptions of experiences into networks of personal meaning, or personal construct systems. As one important aspect of these cognitive structures, or "vocational construct systems" (p. 740, Kelly, 1955), the concept of vocational differentiation has received considerable attention in the career counseling and development literatures (see Neimeyer, 1988; 1992 for reviews). Vocational differentiation refers to the number of alternative perspectives that an individual brings to bear in making career judgments and decisions. Each perspective, or personal construct, is defined as a perceived difference among elements of experience, a basis of contrast (e.g., high vs. low salary) that helps an individual to order and anticipate relevant experience. More highly differentiated individuals have a greater fund of such distinctions, enabling them to understand the multidimensional aspects of relevant occupational experiences. Beginning with Bodden (1970), a continuous line of research has investigated the relation between individual differences in vocational differentiation and vocational behavion In that initial work Bodden (1970) reasoned that "if cognitively complex [differentiated] persons are able to make finer discriminations among stimulus information input . . . then they should be more likely to make appropriate vocational decisions" (p. 364). Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with better differentiated vocational construct systems tended to
Free space terahertz optoelectronics

Free-space terahertz electro-optic sampling and magneto-optic sampling provide new methods for the measurement of freely-propagating pulsed electromagnetic radiation. Our recent experimental results of electro-optic detection of THz beams demonstrate an oscillation period of a mid-infrared THz beam as short as 31 fs. The upper-limit of frequency bandwidth reaches to 37 THz (8 /spl mu/m). We also demonstrate, for the first time, the concept and preliminary experimental results of a free-space ultrafast magneto-optic sampling system to measure propagating transient magnetic pulses.
Differences between ASCAT, OSCAT and QuikSCAT derived vorticity: Implications on spatial resolution

Scatterometer derived area-averaged vorticity is calculated and compared for the ASCAT, OceanSat-2 (OSCAT) and QuikSCAT scatterometers. All scatterometer capture similar large scale features. There are two key differences; (1) coverage, and (2) small scale features. Differences in noise of the vorticity and rain-flagging (for low quality observations) are identified in images and through spectral analysis. Noise is shown to be an uncomfortably large player when the vorticity is averaged over the two smallest spatial scales. Averaging over a rough circle with a diameter of three grid cells greatly reduces the noise. Consequently, the averaging scale and noise must be considered when combining data from different scatterometers.
Financial Crises and the Challenges for Future Research

The main causes of the crisis could be ascribed to the global liquidity equilibrium, political interference in the credit market, bank credit standards, securitization and credit ratings. In order to better understand the crisis development and effects, the infectious leverage and the role of the financial innovation had to be considered.When house prices grow and financial intermediaries work in a competitive environment, a financial crisis will be more probable and so a better supervisory approach is necessary.
Fifty State Series: LLC & Partnership Transfer Statutes

This table reflects the statutory transfer language of all fifty states. The table covers LLCs and all forms of partnerships. All links are live to Westlaw. The table is updated as new legislative activity occurs.
Growth hormone, cortisol, or both are involved in defense against, but are not critical to recovery from, hypoglycemia

We tested the hypotheses that growth hormone, cortisol, or both are involved in defense against but are not critical to recovery from prolonged hypoglycemia and that the putative roles of these hormones in defense against prolonged hypoglycemia are permissive rather than direct. To do so we studied control subjects (n = 10) and patients with growth hormone and cortisol deficiencies resulting from hypopituitarism both in the untreated state (n = 7) and with prestudy and basal intrastudy growth hormone and cortisol replacement (n = 6). Postabsorptive plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine concentrations were no different in the untreated patients and controls. Twelve-hour insulin infusions, in low doses adjusted over the 1st 2 h to produce plasma glucose concentrations of 3.6 mmol/l (65 mg/dl) and then fixed at that dose, resulted in significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower late plasma glucose concentrations in the patients, without and with replacement. The 12-h plasma glucose concentrations were 2.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (53 +/- 1 mg/dl) in the control subjects, 2.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (43 +/- 2 mg/dl; P less than 0.001 vs. control) in the deficient patients, and 2.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (45 +/- 2 mg/dl; P less than 0.01 vs. control) in the replaced patients. Rates of glucose recovery from hypoglycemia after discontinuation of insulin were identical in all three studies. Thus growth hormone, cortisol, or probably both play a demonstrable role in defense against prolonged, in contrast to short-term, hypoglycemia in humans. This does not appear to be the result of permissive actions of the hormones and is therefore best attributed to their increments during hypoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Towards stoichiometric silver staining of proteins resolved in complex two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels: Real‐time analysis of pattern development

Toward the ultimate goal of deriving quantitative protein data from silver-stained proteins resolved in complex two-dimensional electrophoresis gels we have performed computerized real-time analysis during pattern protein "silver stain" development. Three points emerged from this study: (i) Development time is a far more important variable than originally envisioned. (ii) Previous studies which, on the basis of a single development time, sought to relate silver stain slope and threshold properties to amino acid composition are non-informative since it will be shown that slope values change markedly with development time. (iii) The combination of real-time analysis and total protein load consideration allows, for the first time, protein "spots" to be grouped into categories, which in turn aid in quantification.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Capabilities of Interactive Test Strategies in Automated Perimetry

Simple strategies for visual field screening with automated perimeters can detect abnormalities at acceptable rates. However, the information available from a screening field chart is often insufficient to assign the field into a diagnostic category, and further field testing is necessary. Automated perimeters can be programmed to alter the suprathreshold stimulus intensity based on patient response or do further testing in areas of detected abnormality. Two such programs were compared to a simple screening method using a single automated perimeter in 75 eyes. The charts generated by the interactive programs were more diagnostically useful than those produced by the simple strategy. However, these interactive strategies produced an increased rate of false alarms and testing time which substantially reduced their value as screening visual field tests.
Improved acoustic modeling with the SPHINX speech recognition system

The authors report recent efforts to further improve the performance of the SPHINX system for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition. They adhere to the basic architecture of the SPHINX system and use the DARPA resource management task and training corpus. The improvements are evaluated on the 600 sentences that comprise the DARPA February and October 1989 test sets. Several techniques that substantially reduced SPHINX's error rate are presented. These techniques include dynamic features, semicontinuous hidden Markov models, speaker clustering, and the shared distribution modeling. The error rate of the baseline system was reduced by 45%. >
Sensitive and convenient quantitation of antibody binding to cellular antigens using glutaraldehyde preserved cells.

Abstract As a preliminary step in the identification and isolation of antibodies to human cancers, we have developed a sensitive and convenient assay for antibody binding to cellular antigens. The basis for the method is antibody binding to glutaraldehyde-fixed cells (AbGfC) and quantitation with radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Glutaraldehyde fixation of intact cells, which does not appear to affect the ability to form antigen-antibody complexes, provides a convenient and standard supply of target cells which may be stored at 4°C and used in the assay over a period of several months. The amount of antibody specifically bound to the cells is quantitated by the addition of 125I-labeled SpA. The sensitivity of the method was compared with two complement-dependent cytotoxicity methods (trypan blue exclusion and 51Cr release assays) and tested with two antisera to human lung cancer and one antiserum to a membrane antigen of a murine lymphoma. These comparisons indicated much greater sensitivity when compared with the trypan blue exclusion assay and equivalent sensitivity with greater dose response characteristics when compared with the 51Cr release assay.
Solution Structure of the ε Subunit of the F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli and Interactions of This Subunit with β Subunits in the Complex

The solution structure of the e subunit of theEscherichia coli F1-ATPase has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. This subunit has a two-domain structure with an N-terminal 10-stranded β sandwich and a C-terminal antiparallel two α-helix hairpin, as described previously (Wilkens, S., Dahlquist, F. W., McIntosh, L. P., Donaldson, L. W., and Capaldi, R. A. (1995) Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 961–967). New data show that the two domains interact in solution in an interface formed by β strand 7 and the very C-terminal α-helix. This interface involves only hydrophobic interactions. The dynamics of the e subunit in solution were examined. The two domains are relatively tightly associated with little or no flexibility relative to one another. The e subunit can exist in two states in the ECF1F0 complex depending on whether ATP or ADP occupies catalytic sites. Proteolysis of the e subunit in solution and when bound to the core F1 complex indicates that the conformation of the polypeptide in solution closely resembles the conformation of e when bound to the F1 in the ADP state. Chemical and photo-cross-linking show that the e subunit spans and interacts with two β subunits in the ADP state. These interactions are disrupted on binding of ATP + Mg2+, as is the interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains of the e subunit.
Inflammatory myopathy with cytochrome oxidase negative muscle fibers: Methotrexate treatment

Inflammatory myopathy with cytochrome oxidase negative muscle fibers (IM/COX-) is characterized by slowly progressive weakness, most prominent in the quadriceps, muscle fibers with reduced COX staining and mitochondrial DNA mutations, and a poor response to corticosteroid treatment. We reviewed records of quantitative measurements of muscle strength in 7 IM/COX- patients to evaluate the outcomes after treatment with oral, once weekly, methotrexate for an average of 15 months. We compared the results to 6 patients with IM/COX- who received no long-term immunosuppression, and to 4 with inclusion body myositis (IBM) who received methotrexate during the same period. Methotrexate treatment of IM/ COX- was followed by improved muscle strength in 5 of 7 patients, averaging 17+/-5%. In contrast, there was no improvement in the strength of 6 untreated IM/COX- patients (-6+/-4%; P=0.003), or 4 methotrexate-treated IBM patients (1+/-2%; P=0.03). We conclude that, despite clinical similarities to inclusion body myositis, which is usually refractory to immunosuppressive therapy, strength in IM/COX- appears to improve with methotrexate treatment. Biopsy studies of inflammatory myopathies with evaluation of muscle for mitochondrial changes and vacuoles can help to direct the choice of appropriate immunomodulating treatments.
RELATION BETWEEN THE GROWTH PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE PITUITARY AND THE THYROID HORMONE1

ALTHOUGH it is clearly established that hypophysectomy in young i i animals leads to abrupt and complete cessation of growth and that anterior pituitary implants or extracts restore this growth, considerable confusion exists as to the participation of the thyroid in these phenomena. That dwarfism follows the complete thyroidectomy of young animals has also been securely established, a remarkable dwarfism following thyroidec tomy of the new born (1,2). Thyroid-parathyroid medication of such animals led to the restoration of normal growth. A partial analogy with such animals is furnished by the rare genetic strain of silver dwarf mice investigated by Smith and MacDowell (3, 4), MacDowell and Laanes (5), Bates, Laanes and Riddle (6), Kemp and Marx (7), and others, for such animals can be induced to grow with thyroid substance. They also respond to growth promoting extracts of the pituitary as do thyroidectomised rats (8).
Simultaneous aberrations in MØ and T cell function adversely affect trauma patients' clinical outcome: A possible faulty IL-13 feedback loop

Possible defective trauma patients' Mphi-T-cell feedback interactions between T cell IL-13 production and IL-1beta and IL-18 Mphi secretion were assessed. Mphi produced IL-1 and IL-18 augment T cell IL-13, which in turn limits excessive macrophage activation. Immunodepressed patients' T cells (depressed proliferation to alphaCD3 + alphaCD4) had decreased IL-13 production concomitant to aberrant Mphi activities ( upward arrow mTNFalpha, downward arrow IL-10) and consequent multiple organ failure (MOF). Decreased IL-13 levels in patients' T cell and diminished Mphi supernatant augmentation of healthy controls' T cell IL-13 production appeared concomitantly, suggesting patients' aberrant monokine levels might intensify in vivo T cell dysfunction severity. Patients' Mphi supernatants, which failed to augment controls' T cell IL-13 production, had depressed IL-1beta and lower induction of IL-18 than immunocompetent patients' Mphi, but combined addition of IL-1beta and IL-18 restored these Mphis' IL-13 enhancing activity. These data suggest that immunodepressed patients' aberrant monokine and depressed T cell IL-13 production are independent but synergistic contributors to emergence of MOF.
What might be right about the causal theory of time

A causal theory of time, or, more properly, a causal theory of spacetime topology, might merely be the claim that according to some scientific theory (the true theory? our best confirmed theory to date?) some causal relationship among events is, as a matter of law or merely as a matter of physically contingent fact, coextensive with some relationship defined by the concepts of the topology of the spacetime. A strongest version of such a causal theory would be one which demonstrated such a coextensiveness between some causally definable notion and some concept of topology (such as ‘open set’) sufficient to fully define all other topological notions. Given such a result, one would have demonstrated that for each topological aspect of the spacetime, a causal relationship among events could be found such that that causal relationship held when and only when the appropriate topological relationship held.
Multichannel data acquisition system for recording the acoustic brainstem response.

Abstract A system has been developed to sample and average multichannel ABR data. All channels are sampled simultaneously. The simple design incorporates one sample-and-hold amplifier and one analog-to-digital converter in each channel. For sampling of 13 channels or less, sampling interval must exceed 36 μsec for full 10-bit resolution. For sampling more than 13 channels, data transfer to the host computer limits minimum sampling interval to 20+(1.2× N ) μsec, where N is the number of channels sampled.
Competitive mass spectrometry binding assay for characterization of three binding sites of tubulin

Tubulin is an attractive and established target for anticancer therapy. To date, the only method to determine the binding of inhibitor to tubulin has been competitive radioligand binding assays. We developed a non-radioactive mass spectrometry (MS) binding assay to study the tubulin binding of colchicine, vinblastine and paclitaxel and to identify which of these three binding sites that a novel inhibitor binds. The method involves a very simple step of separating the unbound ligand from macromolecules using ultrafiltration. The unbound ligand in the filtrate can be accurately determined using highly sensitive and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The assay was validated using podophyllotoxin, vincristine and docetaxel, drugs that compete to the colchicine-, vinblastine- and paclitaxel-binding sites in tubulin, respectively. This competitive binding assay allowed the reliable detection of interactions of these drugs with three binding sites on tubulin. This method was subsequently applied to determine the tubulin-binding site of 4-substituted methoxylbenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles (SMART-H), a potent antitubulin agent developed in our laboratory. The results indicated that SMART-H specifically and reversibly bound only to the colchicine-binding site, but not to vinblastine- or paclitaxel sites. This new non-radioligand binding method to determine the binding site on tubulin will function as a useful tool to study the binding sites of tubulin inhibitors.
Parental Attitudes toward Mainstreaming Young Children with Disabilities

(1993). Reviews of Research: Parental Attitudes toward Mainstreaming Young Children with Disabilities. Childhood Education: Vol. 69, Teachers' Stories: Reflections on Teaching, Caring and Learning, pp. 293-297.
Thin-Gate Front Side--illuminated versus Back Side--illuminated Charge-coupled Devices for X-Ray Astronomy

We present a comparison of the spectroscopic capabilities of a front side-illuminated thin-gate CCD and the AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer back side-illuminated CCD for two simulated astrophysical observations below 1 keV. The thin-gate CCD has superior energy resolution but inferior (although nonnegligible) quantum efficiency over this bandpass. We show that the low-noise, thin-gate CCD design provides superior determination of confidence intervals for spectroscopy below 1 keV.
Pediatric Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Anatomy of Failures

Deborah K. VanderVeen, Dwight T. Jones, Robert A. Petersen; Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA Introduction: We previously reported our technique and success rates for pediatric endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Here we review a larger series of patients, including patients with acquired NLDO, and discuss causes of failure. Methods: Endoscopic DCRs performed from 1997 to 2004 on patients. Abnormalities in the area of the lacrimal system, site of the DCR, time until tube removal, and time to success/failure were recorded. Success was defined as complete resolution of tearing by physician evaluation and parental history. Results: Thirty-four patients aged 11 months to 14 years (43 ducts) were identified. Follow-up data were available for 33 patients. Seven patients had congenital syndromes associated with craniofacial abnormalities, and two patients had acquired craniofacial abnormalities. Overall, 64% of patients (60% ducts) showed complete resolution of symptoms. Excluding patients with congenital craniofacial abnormalities, 74% of patients (77% ducts) were cured, and additionally excluding acquired cases, 79% of patients (82% ducts) were cured. Discussion: Endoscopic DCR is effective for relieving persistent NLDO in children with apparently normal craniofacial anatomy, even when complete bony obstruction of the lacrimal duct is present. For patients with abnormal facial anatomy, clinical failure is common (86%). Even if patency of the system is established, symptoms may persist due to chronic nasal congestion and small nasal cavities. Half of the failed craniofacial patients never showed improvement of symptoms; patients with normal anatomy usually failed only after tube removal. Conclusion: Endoscopic DCR is safe and effective for most children, though patients with craniofacial abnormalities or syndromes are extremely difficult to cure.
Impact of oxygen source parameters on homoepitaxial ZnO films grown at low-temperature on Zn-polar substrates

Abstract ZnO thin films were epitaxially grown on Zn-polar (0 0 0 1) ZnO substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy at a low temperature of 610 °C. The influence of Zn/O ratio on the epitaxial growth of ZnO was investigated. By optimizing the Zn/O ratio, a surface root mean square roughness of 0.277 nm with one or two monolayer height steps was achieved at a low growth temperature by growing on ZnO substrates with 0.5° miscut angle toward the [ 1 1 ¯ 0 0 ] axis. Electrostatic ion trapping of the oxygen plasma was found crucial to deflect etching oxygen species at an oxygen flow rate of two standard cubic centimeters per minute, resulting in fewer surface defects and a longer photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of 217 ps. The impact of oxygen source gas purity was studied by high resolution X-ray diffraction and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements of resultant epilayers and higher gas purity was found necessary to reduce non-radiative centers.
Study of endothermic reactions involving transition metal ions: The FTMS analogy of the ion-beam experiment

Abstract Thresholds for endothermic reactions of laser-generated Co + with cyclopropane, ethene, and ethane are determined using FTMS. D 0 (Co + -CH 2 ) = 81 ± 7 kcal mol −1 and 75 ± 18 kcal mol −1 are determined from thresholds for cyclopropane and ethene, respectively, and D °(Co + -CH 3 ) = 46 ± 14 kcal mol −1 is determined from ethane. These values compare favorably with D 0 (Co + -CH 2 ) = 85 ± 7 kcal mol −1 and D 0 (Co + -CH 3 ) = 61 ± 4 kcal mol −1 determined from ion beam experiments. Endothermic reactions of Fe 2 + generated in situ with ethane are explored and D 0 (Fe 2 + -H) = 52 ± 16 kcal mol −1 is determined. ScH + is generated in an endothermic reaction of Sc + with ethane to demonstrate the additional capability of this method for generating interesting species difficult to form directly by exothermic reactions.
Non-stirred synthesis of Na- and Mg-doped, carbonated apatitic calcium phosphate

Abstract Hydroxyapatite-like (apatitic) calcium phosphate (Ap-CaP) powders are usually synthesized in stirred solutions containing the highly soluble salts of calcium, such as calcium nitrate, calcium acetate and calcium chloride as the Ca-source. The current study tested the ideas of simultaneously using (i) precipitated calcite (CaCO3) powders as the Ca-source and (ii) non-stirred, static solutions for synthesizing carbonated, Na+- and Mg2+-doped apatitic calcium phosphate (Ap-CaP) powders. 0.5 M phosphate buffer (non-saline) solutions were used as the sole phosphate source. The synthesized Ap-CaP powders were found to consist of micron-size carnation-like crystalline particles. Samples were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-AES, dynamic light scattering (DLS), carbon percentage and BET surface area analyses.
Epitaxial crystallization of polyphenylene sulfide on sodium chloride

Epitaxial crystallization of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) from 1-chloronaphthalene solution on NaCl (001) surface has been studied using electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques. Three different epitaxial morphologies were observed: (1) conventional rodlike structures (fold plane epitaxy); (2) platelet structures (fold surface epitaxy); and (3) roselike structures whose growth mechanism and molecular packing are not completely understood at present. Of primary importance is the fact that a possible new crystal structure β-phase) of PPS was formed in the fold surface epitaxy through a true two-dimensional lattice matching by lateral lattice dimensional adjustment of PPS. Lattice match criterion again shows its merit in explaining the formation of fold surface epitaxy and the new crystal structure of PPS. Solution concentration, crystallization temperature, and time have significant influence on crystal growths, orientations, molecular packing, and morphological arrangements.
An organizational communications perspective on knowledge-based mail systems

Abstract Knowledge-based mail systems (KMS) have been developed to surmount the communication barriers of traditional electronic mail systems. However, little attempt has been made to ground these systems in organizational communication (OC) theory. We have reviewed 14 existing KMSs; they provide a framework for classifying these systems in terms of the mechanistic, psychological, systems interaction, and interpretive- symbolic perspectives in OC theory. This framework provides a basis for resolving e-mail usage problems.
Exotic Exchange or Kinematical Reflection

Recently observed peripheral peaks in reactions where single-meson exchange is forbidden are explained as kinematical reflections. Experimental and theoretical implications are discussed.
English Secular Clergy in the Early Dominican Schools: Evidence from Three Manuscripts

As part of their mission to preach faith and morals, the medieval Dominicans often served as allies of parochial clergy and the episcopate. Scholars such as M. Michele Mulchahey have shown that on the Continent, the Order of Preachers often helped to educate parish priests. We have evidence that thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Dominicans were allowing parochial clergy to attend their schools in England as well. Much of this evidence is codicological. Two English codices of William Peraldus's sermons provide evidence of a provenance relating to a parish church: London Gray's Inn 20, a collection of his sermons on the Gospels, was owned by a parish priest, and Cambridge Peterhouse 211, a manuscript of his sermons on the Epistles, contains an act issued by the rector of a parish church. Another manuscript of Peraldus's sermons contains synodal statutes. As the Order of Preachers was outside of the diocesan chain of command, these statutes point to the use of these sermons by those who were subject to the episcopate.Since the Dominicans were normally forbidden from sharing their model sermon literature with secular clergy, these codices suggest a program on the part of the English province of the Order of Preachers to make sure that diocesan clergy could attend Dominican schools in order to gain the skills necessary to preach the basic doctrines and morals of the Christian faith to England's laity.
Dynamical theory of thermal neutron scattering. II. Pendellösung in inelastic peaks

A theory is presented in which the effect of the dynamical theory of diffraction on inelastic one-phonon peaks is taken into account to the first order in neutron-phonon interaction. In this theory, the distorted-wave Born approximation for the neutron-lattice Hamiltonian is used; the inelastic scattering amplitude for a phonon is then shown to be a coherent sum of the inelastic amplitudes due to all the plane-wave components of the Bloch waves that form the neutron wave function in the crystal under the stationary lattice condition. For this purpose, all the plane-wave components of the dynamical theory of the elastic scattering are on equal footing in determining the inelastic amplitude. The result is then a wavelength- and thickness-dependent structure in one-phonon peaks. An experimental configuration is suggested for observing Pendell\"osung effects in one-phonon peaks.
Diagnostics for the 5 MeV electron cooling system

Abstract A prototype of a novel electron cooling system that will operate in the MeV energy range is now being built at Fermilab. This system will have very stringent beam optics requirements. To meet these requirements, beam diagnostics that allow measuring a beam position to 50 μm in 1 Hz BW and a beam diameter to 0.1 mm out of 1 cm needs to be developed. In this paper we describe various possible diagnostics, discuss their limitations and preliminary test results.
Regulated proteolysis of the IFNaR2 subunit of the interferon-alpha receptor

The type I interferons (IFNs) bind surface receptors, induce JAK kinases and activate STAT transcription factors to stimulate the transcription of genes downstream of IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs). In this study, we demonstrate that IFNaR2, a subunit of the type I IFN receptor, is proteolytically cleaved in a regulated manner. Immunoblotting shows that multi-step cleavage occurs in response to phorbol ester (PMA) and IFN-α, generating both a transmembrane ‘stub’ and the intracellular domain (ICD), similar to Notch proteolysis. Isolated membrane fractions process IFNaR2 to release the ICD. A chimeric receptor construct is utilized to show that cleavage requires the presenilins and occurs in response to epidermal growth factor and protein kinase C-δ overexpression, as well as PMA and type I IFNs. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that a green fluorescent protein–ICD fusion localizes predominantly to the nucleus. A fusion between the ICD and the Gal4 DNA-binding domain represses transcription, in a histone deacetylase-dependent manner, of a Gal4 upstream activating sequence-regulated reporter, while overexpression of the ICD alone represses transcription of a reporter linked to an ISRE. Proteolytic cleavage events may facilitate receptor turnover or, more likely, function as a mechanism for signaling similar to that employed by Notch and the Alzheimer's precursor protein.
Tungsten whiskers by vapor-phase growth

Abstract Laboratory studies were made to produce whiskers of tungsten over a wide range of operating temperatures. Hydrogen reduction of tungsten hexachloride in a vacuum furnace at temperatures from 2,700 °C to 3,300 °C yielded a small quantity of tungsten whiskers, provided a low degree of supersaturation was maintained. Direct measurements of 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 p.s.i. were obtained for the ultimate tensile strengths of individual whiskers averaging 3 to 4 microns in diameter with average aspect ratios of 1,000. This compares with strengths of 300,000 to 400,000 p.s.i. for 13-micron-diameter commercial filaments.