cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A resistant mutant of Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase uses wild-type neighbors to maintain parasite survival.

Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP) catalyzes an essential step in purine salvage for parasite growth. 4′-Deaza-1′-Aza-2′-Deoxy-1′-(9-Methylene)-Immucillin-G (DADMe-ImmG) is a transition state analog inhibitor of this enzyme, and P. falciparum infections in an Aotus primate malaria model can be cleared by oral administration of DADMe-ImmG. P. falciparum cultured under increasing DADMe-ImmG drug pressure exhibited PfPNP gene amplification, increased protein expression, and point mutations involved in DADMe-ImmG binding. However, the weak catalytic properties of the M183L resistance mutation (∼17,000-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency) are inconsistent with the essential function of PfPNP. We hypothesized that M183L subunits may form mixed oligomers of native and mutant PfPNP monomers to give hybrid hexameric enzymes with properties conferring DADMe-ImmG resistance. To test this hypothesis, we designed PfPNP constructs that covalently linked native and the catalytically weak M183L mutant subunits. Engineered hybrid PfPNP yielded trimer-of-dimer hexameric protein with alternating native and catalytically weak M183L subunits. This hybrid PfPNP gave near-native Km values for substrate, but the affinity for DADMe-ImmG and catalytic efficiency were both reduced approximately ninefold relative to a similar construct of native subunits. Contact between the relatively inactive M183L and native subunits is responsible for altered properties of the hybrid protein. Thus, gene amplification of PfPNP provides adequate catalytic activity while resistance to DADMe-ImmG occurs in the hybrid oligomer to promote parasite survival. Coupled with the slow development of drug resistance, this resistance mechanism highlights the potential for DADMe-ImmG use in antimalarial combination therapies.
TPACK-L: teachers’ pedagogical design thinking for the wise integration of technology

Wise technology integration is not simply a matter of selecting to use, but a matter of how to effectively use technology in context within the curriculum. Technology integration cognition should t...
Are Postoperative Laboratory Studies Following Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Necessary

AbstractIntroduction:We evaluated the necessity of obtaining routine postoperative laboratory studies, such as complete blood count and basic metabolic panel, after robotic assisted radical prostat...
Predictors of continued opioid use 6 months after total joint arthroplasty: a multi-site study.

PURPOSE Continued opioid use after total knee and hip arthroplasty (TKA/THA) is well-documented and associated with both surgical and patient-reported factors. Research examining the combined effects of a multitude of factors on continued, and even chronic, opioid use in a systematic algorithmic manner is lacking. This study prospectively evaluated the combined effect of patient-related and surgical factors associated with continued opioid use after TKA/THA. METHODS From 2016 to 2018, 198 participants undergoing TKA or THA were recruited from two tertiary care facilities. Participants completed surveys before surgery and at 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months following surgery. A LASSO approach, followed by an exhaustive covariate selection procedure, was used to build a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model estimating the odds ratio of continued postoperative opioid use based on surgical factors and patient-reported factors. RESULTS Approximately half of the participants underwent either TKA (49%) or THA (51%). Preoperatively, 15% of participants reported taking opioid medication. Opioid use decreased from 68% at 2-week follow-up to 7% by 6 months. In addition, preoperative opioid use (95% CI 1.07-4.37), increased pain (95% CI 1.21-1.62), elevated preoperative Pain Catastrophizing Scale scores (95% CI 1.01-1.04), lower Physical Function scores (95% CI 0.87-0.95), and participants undergoing TKA, compared to THA, (95% CI 0.25-0.67) were found to be significantly associated with continued postoperative opioid use up to 6 months. CONCLUSION Preoperative opioid use, average pain, reduced physical function, and TKA were significantly associated with continued postoperative opioid use. Findings illustrate the need for preoperative and longitudinal assessment of patient-reported outcomes to mitigate poor postoperative pain outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
The Boundary Element Method for the Diffusion Equation: A Feasibility Study

The use of the boundary element method for solving the mathematical diffusion equation is presented. The boundary integral equation method is used to derive the integral equation. For the numerical solution, there are two basic approaches to the discretization in time, and the issues involved are discussed. The formulation has been extended to handle the case of diffusion problems with moving boundaries. One possible application of this extension, the modeling of the growth of a dendritic crystal, is described.
Low bandwidth desktop and video streaming for collaborative tiled display environments

High-resolution display environments built on networked, multi-tile displays have emerged as an enabling tool for collaborative, distributed visualization work. They provide a means to present, compare, and correlate data in a broad range of formats and coming from a multitude of different sources. Visualization of these distributed data resources may be achieved from a variety of clustered processing and display resources for local rendering and may be streamed on demand and in real-time from remotely rendered content. The latter is particularly important when multiple users want to concurrently share content from their personal devices to further augment the shared workspace. This paper presents a high-quality video streaming technique allowing remotely generated content to be acquired and streamed to multi-tile display environments from a range of sources and over a heterogeneous wide area network.The presented technique uses video compression to reduce the entropy and therefore required bandwidth of the video stream. Compressed video delivery poses a series of challenges for display on tiled video walls which are addressed in this paper. These include delivery to the display wall from a variety of devices and localities with synchronized playback, seamless mobility as users move and resize the video streams across the tiled display wall, and low latency video encoding, decoding, and display necessary for interactive applications. The presented technique is able to deliver 1080p resolution, multimedia rich content with bandwidth requirements below 10 Mbps and low enough latency for constant interactivity. A case study is provided, comparing uncompressed and compressed streaming techniques, with performance evaluations for bandwidth use, total latency, maximum frame rate, and visual quality. H.264 video streaming of desktop content to high resolution tiled display systems.Low bandwidth and low latency streaming outperform existing raw RGB techniques.Enables streaming full HD resolution desktop content from wireless laptops.Removes the dependence on 10 Gbps networks in collaborative tiled display systems.Demonstration system delivers 1080P30 desktop content under 10 Mbps, 100 ms latency.
Role of reelin in the control of brain development.

Reeler is an autosomal recessive mutation in mice that results in widespread disruption of laminated regions of the brain. We isolated a gene, reelin, that is mutated in reeler mice. The protein product of reelin has features of extracellular matrix components and it is expressed in a temporal and spatial pattern during embryonic and postnatal development consistent with the phenotypic defects in reeler mice. To understand the molecular basis of the function of Reelin, we constructed a full length reelin clone and used it to direct Reelin expression. Using this clone we found that Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein and that a highly charged C-terminal region is essential for secretion. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an amino acid sequence present in the N-terminal region of Reelin contains an epitope that is recognized by the CR-50 monoclonal antibody. CR-50 was raised against an antigen expressed in normal mouse brain that is absent in reeler mice. The interaction of CR-50 with its epitope has been shown to disrupt neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo. We used CR-50 to precipitate p385 Reelin from reticulocyte extracts programmed with reelin mRNA, from cells transfected with reelin clones and from cerebellar explants. Reelin appears to function as an instructive signal in the regulation of cell patterning during development.
New perspectives on endangered languages, by Flores Farfán, J. A., & Ramallo, F. (Eds.)

The last decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in awareness of language endangerment and revitalization. Across popular culture, this shift is evident in movies such as The Linguists and newspap...
Teaching web-based database application development: an inexpensive approach

At Texas A & M Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC), the university's required database management systems (DBMS) class teaches students the theory and practical skills required to create efficient database systems. In addition to the theory and skills, the DBMS class at TAMU-CC teaches students to become Web database application developers and to configure their own home PC's as Web servers for their databases. Projects are built upon real-world needs and actually implemented. This approach requires little or no expenditure by the university or the student, but gives the student a realistic project using readily available Web tools. This paper gives concrete examples of projects as well as where to obtain supporting components.
Production of Energetic Gamma-Rays and Neutrinos at Binary Systems

Experimental observations indicate that fluxes of high-energy particles, most likely gamma-rays, come from the direction and with the characteristic periodicity of known binary systems. We describe the production of such γ-rays and the accompaning v production at binary sources, discuss the required proton luminosity and the modulation of the signals. We also outline the possible impacts of energetic proton, γ-ray and v beams on the stability and the dynamics of the source system.
Chapter 7 Microbial redox interactions with uranium: an environmental perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses microbial interactions with U, particularly emphasizing the biogeochemical aspects and implications of U reduction. Microbially catalyzed processes have the potential to affect the fate of U profoundly in a variety of environmental settings. Redox interactions are particularly important because the mobility of U in the environment is largely determined by its oxidation state. Reduced U, U(IV), is highly insoluble and is the oxidation state most often associated with U-containing ores. Metal–microbe redox interactions have implications for ore formation and recovery of metals from ore-containing materials. Aerobic, metal-oxidizing bacteria catalyze the oxidation of reduced metals, enhancing metal recovery from ore-containing materials during bioleaching processes. Anaerobic bacteria found in sedimentary environments catalyze metal reduction. The chapter also discusses engineered removal of U from groundwater and waste streams by microbial reduction. Understanding the microbial ecology of anaerobic aquifers can aid the stimulation and control of an in situ process for U immobilization. However, uranium reduction in situ has yet to be attempted at a U-contaminated site.
Cosmology with Clusters of Galaxies

Clusters constitute one major source of informations for cosmology. In the present paper, I concentrate on the vision on X-ray clusters from a theorist point of view and more specifically on the way they can be used for the determination of the matter density parameter of the universe Ωm. I describe the usual modeling of X-ray clusters for cosmological applications and the scaling relations that are used in this modeling. I then discuss several cosmological tests based on clusters properties. The first method uses the evolution of the abundance of clusters with redshift, the second one make use of the baryon fraction in clusters. The former method needs reliable estimates of the local temperature distribution function as well as at high redshift. The latter can provide a direct estimate of Ω0 provide that we have a reliable estimate of the baryon content of clusters and a good estimate of the primordial baryonic abundance Ωb. Finally, I will illustrate an iconoclast point of view accordingly to which no definitive conclusions have been achieved by these methods. Although low density universes are favored by most authors, I argue that present day observations can also be interpreted as providing evidence for a high density universe.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES III. THE SYMPTOM-COMPLEX IN THE GUINEA PIG AND RABBIT FOLLOWING THE INTRATRACHEAL AND INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF FILTERED NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM CASES OF HUMAN MEASLES.

1. There is present as a causal agent in the nasopharyngeal secretions of measles cases a filter-passing virus. 2. The rabbit and the guinea pig react specifically to the intratracheal and intracirculatory injections of filtered nasopharyngeal secretions secured from cases of human measles. 3. Enanthem, exanthem, and pyrexial disturbances characterize this specific reaction in the rabbit; in the guinea pig the reaction manifests itself by pyrexia, marked leucopenia, and grave nephritis in the fatal cases.
A Review of “Elizabeth and Hazel: Two Women of Little Rock”

On September 4, 1957, the image of two high school girls—one Black, one White—was captured through the lens of photographer Will Counts during the racial maelstrom of a city facing school integrati...
Unexpected ligand lability in condition of water oxidation catalysis

Abstract In the search for rational design of improved water oxidation catalysts, enhanced catalytic activities were reported for single site Ru catalysis with Ru-iodide coordination. As these complexes are not initially capable of proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) and Ru O formation, a proposal was put forward on the generation of catalytically active 7-coordinate Ru species. We tested this hypothesis by EPR and X-ray spectroscopy and found that [Ru II (bpy)(tpy)I] + only serves as a precursor for the formation of [Ru IV (bpy)(tpy) O] 2+ . Upon oxidation with excess of Ce IV the Ru I bond quickly dissociates with the formation of [Ru III (bpy)(tpy)H 2 O] 3+ and [Ru IV (bpy)(tpy) O] 2+ complexes. The catalytic steady state was composed of 95% [Ru IV (bpy)(tpy) O] 2+ species. Thus, introducing the Ru I bond into initial catalysts does not serve to improve catalyst design. This manuscript also shows how EXAFS can directly probe transition metal–halogen interaction for in situ catalysis.
The MADS domain factors AGL15 and AGL18 act redundantly as repressors of the floral transition in Arabidopsis

The developmental roles of AGL15 and AGL18, members of the AGL15-like clade of MADS domain regulatory factors, have not been defined previously. Analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that overexpression of AGL18 produces the same phenotypic changes as overexpression of AGL15, and the two genes have partially overlapping expression patterns. Functional redundancy was confirmed through analysis of loss-of-function mutants. agl15 agl18 double mutants, but not single mutants, flower early under non-inductive conditions, indicating that AGL15 and AGL18 act in a redundant fashion as repressors of the floral transition. Further genetic analyses and expression studies were used to examine the relationship between AGL15 and AGL18 activity and other regulators of the floral transition. AGL15 and AGL18 act upstream of the floral integrator FT, and a combination of agl15 and agl18 mutations partially suppresses defects in the photoperiod pathway. agl15 agl18 mutations show an additive relationship with mutations in genes encoding other MADS domain floral repressors, and further acceleration of flowering is seen in triple and quadruple mutants under both inductive and non-inductive conditions. Thus, flowering time is determined by the additive effect of multiple MADS domain floral repressors, with important contributions from AGL15 and AGL18.
Thorotrast uptake and transit in embryonic glia, heart fibroblasts and neurons in vitro.

Abstract Thorotrast (colloidal ThO 2 ) is incorporated into coated vesicles, various agranular vesicles and sacs, and a surface-associated system of membranous channels in times as short as 1 min by single cultured glial and heart cells. Thorotrast appears in ‘C’-shaped bodies and in small, dense bodies of the lysosomal series within ca. 25 min. With longer chase periods, thorotrast ‘clears’ from all cytoplasmic organelles except the lysosomal series. The technique of applying thorotrast and using varying chase periods fails to distinguish a class of membranous organelles, located close to the cell periphery, that might serve as a source of new cell surface during locomotory activity. Similarly, thorotrast (colloidal ThO 2 ) is incorporated into almost all classes of membrane-bounded organelles of growth cones and axons of single nerve cells in vitro in times as short as 1 min. This includes elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. No thorotrast enters the lysosomal granules in this short time. During various chase periods, the tracer disappears from the initial sites of incorporation and accumulates in dense bodies of the lysosome series within growth cones and axons. ‘C’-shaped bodies may be an intermediate in that process. No unique sites of endocytotic activity or of a complete absence of endocytosis were observed that could be correlated with growth cone function and axonal elongation, though the presence of the tracer in agranular sacs of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in growth cones could reflect hypothesized cycling of cell surface (Bray, 1973).
The demineralization behavior of carbon and chemically-modified carbon electrodes

Abstract The electrically-induced adsorption of ions by commercial carbons and the effect of several carbon treatments and dispersion additives on finished electrode performance have been investigated. When paired with a working Ag. AgCl electrode, the adsorption capacity of a carbon electrode is a function of the applied potential over the range 0.3 to 1.0 v. For a pair of carbon electrodes the capacity increase with applied potential diminishes at approximately 0.6 v. Most commercial carbons are not highly specific to the charge type of ion which can be adsorbed (under the appropriate polarity). Severe oxidation of the carbon yields a large capacity and high selectivity for cations ( > 1 meq/g) whereas high temperature treatment in an ammonia atmosphere reduces the cation capacity of the carbon. The inclusion of an inert polymeric binder during electrode fabrication results in excellent mechanical stability. The relatively low anion capacity of many commercial carbons can be improved by incorporating additives such as a cationic polyelectrolyte, a quaternary ammonium salt or polyethylenimine during dispersion preparation.
Isolation and characterization of A cDNA and a pseudogene for mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme

A mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A cDNA was isolated and it was shown to contain the 393bp of the protein-coding sequence and 488bp of the 3' untranslated region. The amino acid sequence deduced from its open reading frame provided independent evidence for the sequence of residues 201-331 of mouse LDH-A subunit (muscle). This cDNA clone was used as a probe to isolate a mouse genomic clone containing a truncated, processed LDH-A pseudogene. This pseudogene showed 81.6% homology at 713 positions compared with the LDH-A cDNA sequence. The divergence of this pseudogene was estimated to have occurred 39 million years ago.
Diabetic coma problems of fluid and electrolyte balance

1. Diabetic acidosis and coma develop through the steps of dehydration and starvation; its severity is proportional to the degree of fluid and electrolyte imbalance. 2. Diabetic acidosis and coma are not precipitated by hyperglycemia itself, but only by that type of hyperglycemia which is due to critical insulin deficiency. 3. Critical insulin deficiency may be caused by various mechanisms; these constitute a vicious cycle leading to coma and acidosis. 4. The need for large doses of insulin, for fluid replacement and judicious use of glucose in coma treatment is emphasized.
Microstructural control of fatigue-crack growth in a brittle, two-phase polymer

Fatigue-crack propagation in a brittle, two-phase polymer important in bioengineering applications has been studied. It was found that the polymeric microstructure, although based on PMMA, enhances the fatigue-crack growth resistance of the composite polymer, in comparison with pure PMMA. This enhanced behaviour derives from several micromechanisms, i.e. (1) crack front pinning by constituent particles, (2) a reduction of the intrinsic PMMA crack growth rate within the partially polymerized MMA matrix, and (3) crack-tip wandering and energy absorption through microcrack nucleation at matrix voids lying within the path of the crack.
Changes in stream chemistry and nutrient export following a partial harvest in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA

Abstract Clearcut forest harvesting typically results in large changes in stream water chemistry in northeastern North America. The effects of partial forest harvests on stream chemistry have not received as much attention, even though partial cutting is a more common forestry practice than clearcutting in this region. Changes in stream water chemistry following a partial cut are reported here from a 10 ha study catchment in a northern hardwood forest in the Catskill Mountains of southern New York, and are compared to those of a nearby 48 ha reference catchment. The lower two thirds of the treatment catchment was harvested in February–April 2002 by a shelterwood method, such that 33% of the basal area of the catchment was removed. Stream NO3−, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, and total dissolved aluminum (Alto) concentrations increased significantly after the harvest. Stream Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+ concentrations peaked 5 months after the initiation of the harvest, NO3− and K+ concentrations peaked 6 months after cutting, and Alto concentrations peaked 1 year after cutting. Streamflow was not significantly affected by the harvest when compared to the flow of three nearby streams. Export of NO3− in stream water increased five-fold the year after the cut, and briefly exceeded atmospheric inputs of inorganic nitrogen during 4 months in the fall of 2002. Changes in stream NO3− and K+ concentrations were less than predicted by the relative basal area removed compared with those of a recent nearby clearcut. In contrast, changes in Ca2+, Mg2+ and Alto concentrations were approximately proportional to basal area removal in these two cuts. Stream chemistry returned to values close to those of the pre-cut period and to reference values by early spring of 2003, just over a year after the initiation of the harvest, except for NO3− concentrations, which remained elevated above background 18–20 months after completion of the cut.
The acquisition of notions of qualitative speed: The importance of spatial and temporal alignment

An understanding of kinematics is predicated upon the ability to understand preliminary notions of movement and speed. This study investigated the order of acquisition of intuitive notions of qualitative speed. The results indicated that an array of prerequisite, equivalent, and independent relationships existed among the tasks administered. The levels of difficulty implied within the hierarchy formed confirmed the evolution of reasoning for notions of qualitative speed found by Piaget. The findings also indicated that the concepts investigated were interrelated and separable into distinct categories based upon spatial and temporal aspects of the motion. The alignment or nonalignment of objects, either spatially or temporally, provide an indication of the difficulty of the task presented and explain the order of acquisition of notions of qualitative speed.
Social Work, Advocacy, and Ethics: Opportunities and Challenges in Romania

Abstract Advocacy is an integral component of social work practice and is consistent with the ethical guidelines for the profession. Social work in Romania is a recently revitalized profession. Social workers are challenged to address and remedy population needs while simultaneously confronting infrastructural deficiencies. Nevertheless, through a conscious use of self and a judicious use of resources on the individual and agency levels, social workers may be better equipped to address the needs of individual clients and to effectuate change on a systemic level. The potential roles to be played by social workers in addressing mental health needs and services serve as a case example, using Howe's (1987) paradigm as a framework.
A structured kinetic modeling framework for the dynamics of hybridoma growth and monoclonal antibody production in continuous suspension cultures

A structured kinetic model is developed to describe the dynamics of hybridoma growth and the production of monoclonal antibodies and metabolic waste products in suspension culture. The crucial details of known metabolic processes in hybridoma cells are incorporated by dividing the cell mass into four intracellular metabolic pools. The model framework and structure allow the dynamic calculation of the instantaneous specific growth rate of a hybridoma culture. The steady state and dynamic simulations of the model equations exhibit excellent agreement with experimentally observed trends in substrate utilization and product formation. The model represents the first to include any degree of metabolic detail and structure in describing a hybridoma culture. In so doing, it provides the basic modeling framework for incorporating further details of metabolism and can be a useful tool to study various strategies for enhancing hybridoma growth as well as viability and the production of monoclonal antibodies in suspension cultures.
The Islamic Militants in Egyptian Politics

Because of the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, observers have felt a sense of urgency to analyze the conditions that favored the emergence of Islamic militancy in Egypt. Psychological, political, and socioeconomic categories have been widely used to explain—and even suggest the means to neutralize—the ill effects of sectarian and political violence on social harmony and the stability of the political order. Laudable as these attempts are, they must first be preceded by a clear conception as to whether the militants do represent a social movement whose existence can be supported by empirical data.
Failure modes for polycarbonate under clearance-fit pin-loading

The failure modes and failure sequences for polycarbonate specimens loaded by a clearance-fit pin were investigated. Specimens were tested in various configurations to produce failures by different engineering failure modes. Photographs of the isochromatic fringe patterns were taken at different levels of damage development to examine the failure modes. A finite element stress analysis was used to explain the observed failure onset modes. Damage onset predictions were made based on a modified von Mises criterion. Failures involving net-tension damage initiated in the net-tension mode and failed ultimately in the same mode. Cleavage failures were observed for specimens with very small end-distances. Bearing failures were preceded by damage onset in a net-tension mode. Certain large-hole specimens failed in a buckling failure mode.
Effect of light on the prevalence of simple anisocoria.

Abstract Purpose: Because simple anisocoria is believed to decrease in bright light, the authors determined the prevalence of simple anisocoria under different lighting conditions. Methods: The authors measured the pupil size of 104 healthy subjects with infrared videography at four clinically accessible light levels: darkness; darkness with a hand-held light shining from below; room light; and room light with the hand light shining from below. Results: Of the 104 subjects, 40 (38%) were men and 64 (62%) were women. The ages ranged from 12 to 71 years (mean, 36.3 ± 12.5 years). The mean decrease in pupillary diameter from darkness to the brightest condition was 1.89 mm. Based on the traditional definition of a pupillary diameter difference of 0.4 mm or greater, the prevalence of simple anisocoria decreased from 18% in darkness to 8% in room light with the hand-held light shining from below. The prevalence of anisocoria varied considerably when other definitions were used. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that pupillary area difference decreased with brighter conditions ( P = 0.026). However, the ratio of the pupillary areas did not change with brighter conditions ( P = 0.666). Conclusions: The prevalence of simple anisocoria decreases with brighter conditions based on pupillary diameter difference. However, this decrease is not apparent when anisocoria is expressed as pupillary area ratio. Those clinicians who measure pupils will find that simple anisocoria decreases in bright light. However, with gross observation where perception of an anisocoria may be related more to the ratio of the pupillary areas, simple anisocoria may not seem to change much with brighter conditions.
The fireworks effect: exploring trajectory sets in time

Many students in physics and engineering courses often grapple with the mathematics they encounter and struggle to extract meaning from the analytic material they are learning, Much can be done computationally at this level to ask questions about and explore analytic functions or results in a numeric environment. Much can be done to help explain the analytic material that students must master if they gain some facility with software that provides a rich numeric environment, such as Mathcad or MATLAB. Often, approaching the same subject from different angles (here, analytic and numeric) helps the bridge-building process of learning. As an example of such an approach, where the opportunity for exploration is always present, I consider here two basic problems: trajectories under a constant force (where the behavior of a trajectory set illuminates the collective motion of a fireworks display) or under a Hooke's law force. The solutions for these examples are well known, yet the material is sufficiently rich so as to offer new insights when new questions are asked and explored.
175 DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN TRANSPORT WITH AGE IN THE CONSCIOUS LAMB

175 DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN TRANSPORT WITH AGE IN THE CONSCIOUS LAMB
Ornate plumage of male red junglefowl does not influence mate choice by females

Abstract Males of the polygynous red junglefowl, Gallus gallus , possess specialized, highly ornate plumage that previous correlational studies weakly implicated as a factor in mate choice by female junglefowl. To test more directly for a role of male plumage, pairs of males, one with normal, wildtype plumage and the other with mutant plumage, were presented to female pure red junglefowl. One set of mutant males exhibited silver, rather than the normal orange and red, coloration, while the other exhibitec cryptic, brown plumage identical to that of female red junglefowl. In neither case did females show a preference for the normal-plumaged males. However, other manipulative choice tests showed that the same females strongly preferred males with large combs. These results indicate that although females do discriminate between males, the plumage is not the target of the females' attention.
Theoretical and numerical analysis of polarization for time-dependent radiative transfer equations

Abstract We consider the matrix-valued radiative transfer equations for the Stokes parameters for the propagation of light through turbulent atmospheres. A Monte Carlo method is introduced to solve the time dependent matrix-valued radiative transfer equations in 3D geometry. The Monte Carlo method is based on a probabilistic representation of the radiative transfer equations involving an augmented scalar transport equation where the polarization parameters are independent variables. The linear moments of the augmented transport equation with respect to the polarization parameters solve the matrix-valued radiative transfer equations. We show how polarization and depolarization effects develop in time for isotropic and unpolarized point sources, considered for concreteness in spherical and half-space geometries. We analyze in detail the creation of polarization by single- and multiple-scattering effects.
Uneven development of the sustainable city: shifting capital in Portland, Oregon

Portland, Oregon, is renowned as a paradigmatic “sustainable city.” Yet, despite popular conceptions of the city as a progressive ecotopia and the accolades of planners seeking to emulate its innov...
Waiting for a sign: extended incubation postpones larval stage in the beach spawning California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres)

Unlike most embryos that hatch on a predetermined timetable, California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis can prolong the embryonic period up to three times longer than the time required for hatching readiness. L. tenuis are teleosts that spawn tidally around the highest spring tides of spring and summer, incubating eggs above the water line. Embryos are competent to hatch in 10 days, however they do not hatch until triggered by an environmental cue, agitation in seawater, as the next spring tides rise. This study examined the growth and survival of L. tenuis embryos and larvae that were all fertilized on the same day, then triggered to hatch after different durations of incubation, up to 35 days post fertilization. L. tenuis embryos that survive extended incubation had decreased yolk reserves and did not advance appreciably in morphological development, even when incubation time was extended to its upper limit. After extended incubation, length of hatchlings was significantly longer than hatchlings from the primary incubation time. Regardless of the duration of incubation, larvae provided food ad libitum grew rapidly and were not significantly different in length at three weeks post hatch. Dry mass increased over time and was not significantly different between larval groups within any post-hatch age. Larval growth and survival after one additional tidal cycle of incubation are not adversely affected, but longer incubation significantly decreases embryonic and larval survival. Large reproductive output, environmentally cued hatching, and plasticity in incubation duration enable L. tenuis to reproduce successfully in the unpredictable sandy intertidal ecosystem.
COMPARATIVE THEOLOGY AFTER LIBERALISM

This article first identifies two reasons for the current marginality of the theological sub-discipline of “comparative theology.” The first is an awareness of the imperialistic character of the universalist (inclusivist and pluralist) theologies of the recent past. The second is the assumption that Christianity's relations with other religious are extrinsic to Christian identity. Drawing on Kathryn Tanner's critique of postliberalism, it argues that interreligious comparison is integral to a theology that recognizes the essentially relational nature of Christian identity. This recognition implies a continuous revision of Christian identity that checks the tendency to essentialize and thereby exclude religious “others.”
Long-range interactions of metastable helium atoms

The electric dipole, quadrupole, and octupole polarizabilities of a helium atom and the associated dispersion coefficients for the interaction of two helium atoms are calculated for the atomic $n=2$ singlet and triplet states, respectively, $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)$ and $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)$. The calculations utilize highly accurate, variationally determined, wave functions composed of doubled basis sets. The effects of retardation due to the finite speed of light are calculated for the dispersion potentials of two $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)$ or two $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)$ atoms and for the atom-surface interaction potentials of a $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)$ or a $\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)$ atom with a perfectly conducting or a dielectric wall.
The effect of polypeptide hormones on lipid monolayers. ii. The effect of insulin analogues, vasopressin, oxytocin, thyrocalcitonin, adrenocorticotropin, and 3',5'-cyclic AMP on the uptake of Ca2+ by monomolecular films of monooctadecyl phosphate.

Abstract 1. 1. Like insulin, some analogues of insulin inhibited the adsorption of Ca2+ at a monooctadecyl phosphate monolayer; the inhibition was, in all cases, less than the inhibition by intact insulin. 2. 2. Facilitation of release of Ca2+ from the monolayer by insulin required that the insulin molecule be intact, as release was facilitated only very slightly when des-A1-glycine-des-B1-phenylalanine1-insulin or insulin B-chain-S-sulfonate replaced insulin, and did not occur at all in the absence of alanine in position B30. 3. 3. Vasopressin and oxytocin inhibited Ca2+ adsorption. In addition, vasopressin facilitated Ca2+ release. 4. 4. Thyrocalcitonin profoundly inhibited Ca2+ adsorption but facilitated only slightly its release. 5. 5. 3′,5′-cyclic AMP facilitated slightly the adsorption of Ca2+. 6. 6. It is suggested that the biphasic action of insulin and vasopressin on Ca2+ uptake depends upon the concurrence of a 6-membered disulfide ring at or near the N-terminus of the molecule, and a proline followed by a positively charged amino acid (arginine or lysine) in the two positions preceding the C-terminal amino acid.
The varieties of cyberspace: Problems in definition and delimitation

The term “cyberspace” is characterized by a multiplicity of meanings, and the purpose of this article is to provide a taxonomy of these “cyberspaces.” Three levels of cyberspace are identified, the first being ontology, which includes notions of cyberspace as a paraspace or nonspace, as well as the concept of cyberspacetime. The second level includes building blocks such as physical conceptual and perceptual space or virtual space. The third level is that of synthesis, including varieties of cyberspace such as media space, aesthetic space, dataspace, and personal and social space.
Public information and education sections of the report of the presidential commission on drunk driving: A critique and a discussion of research implications

This is a critique of the Report of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, with special attention to those sections dealing with public information and education. Emphasis is given to the role of research in public action against drinking and driving. The question of deterrence vis a vis education and rehabilitation is examined. School-based programs, beginning in the early years, are viewed as promising preventive measures, along with public information programs that target high-risk groups and are combined with grass-root community support and intervention. Criteria are studied for formative evaluation of school-based programs, and recommendations are made for research to combat drunk driving in both school-based and public information programs.
A fuzzy relation space for group decision theory

Abstract In this paper reciprocal relations over n alternatives are defined, and their efficacy as a model of the group decision process is investigated. Several measures of individual preference and group consensus are defined and analyzed, and are used to generate associated measures of distance to consensus. Various decision oriented goals are identified, and we characterize these goals geometrically as subsets of a convex subset of a hyperplane in Rn. An application of this model for assessing degree of consensus is given.
Reaching the end of the FUSE

The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) space telescope will be turned off on 18 October, after its pointing system failed. The NASA mission, which has been managed by a team of researchers with the Johns Hopkins University, in Maryland, produced spectrographs at short ultraviolet light wavelengths below the range in which the Hubble Space Telescope operates. By analyzing FUSE data, astronomers were able to measure temperatures, densities, and chemical compositions of many objects. The 8-year mission, extended from its original 3 years, resulted in numerous discoveries, including a glimpse into molecular hydrogen in Mars's atmosphere and a first-ever observation of molecular nitrogen outside our solar system. While FUSE'S scientific data will remain available to astronomers for years, the science team will close out the mission in less than a year. After 30 years or so, FUSE'S orbit is expected to decay and the satellite will burn up in the atmosphere.
Despite Increased ATF4 Binding at the C/EBP-ATF Composite Site following Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response, System A Transporter 2 (SNAT2) Transcription Activity Is Repressed in HepG2 Cells

The activated amino acid response (AAR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) stress signaling pathways converge at the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α. This eIF2α modification suppresses global protein synthesis but enhances translation of selected mRNAs such as that for activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). An ATF4 target gene, SNAT2 (system A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 2), contains a C/EBP-ATF site that binds ATF4 and triggers increased transcription during the AAR. However, the present studies show that despite increased ATF4 binding to the SNAT2 gene during UPR activation in HepG2 human hepatoma cells, transcription activity was not enhanced. Hyperacetylation of histone H3 and recruitment of the general transcription factors at the HepG2 SNAT2 promoter occurred in response to the AAR but not the UPR. In contrast, the UPR did enhance transcription from a plasmid-based reporter gene driven by a SNAT2 genomic fragment containing the C/EBP-ATF site. Simultaneous activation of the AAR and the UPR pathways revealed that the UPR actually suppressed the increased SNAT2 transcription by the AAR pathway, demonstrating that the UPR pathway generates a repressive signal that acts downstream of ATF4 binding.
The Accuracy of Determining Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Effects in Cumulus Clouds Using Ground-Based Profiling Instruments

Abstract Three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations are accurate, though computationally expensive, if the spatial distribution of cloud properties is known. The difference between these calculations and those using the much less expensive independent column approximation is called the 3D radiative transfer effect. Assessing the magnitude of this effect in the real atmosphere requires that many realistic cloud fields be obtained, and profiling instruments such as ground-based radars may provide the best long-term observations of cloud structure. Cloud morphology can be inferred from a time series of vertical profiles obtained from profilers by converting time to horizontal distance with an advection velocity, although this restricts variability to two dimensions. This paper assesses the accuracy of estimates of the 3D effect in shallow cumulus clouds when cloud structure is inferred in this way. Large-eddy simulations provide full three-dimensional, time-evolving cloud fields, which are sampled eve...
Dicing with reality

Laws of the Game: How the Principles of Nature Govern Chance. By Manfred Eigen and Ruthild Winkler. Translated by Robert Rita Kimber Pp.350. US ISBN 0-394-41806-9; UK ISBN 0-7139-1484-X. (Knopf/Allen Lane: 1982.) $19.95, £14.95.
Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of Postmenopausal Women with Epilepsy

Abstract Postmenopausal women with epilepsy represent an understudied patient population. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to characterize the impact of menopause on seizure activity and to conduct a health risk assessment. We conducted telephone interviews of 40 postmenopausal women with epilepsy concerning the effect of menopause on seizure frequency. We surveyed use of hormone replacement therapy, postmenopausal bone fractures, use of vitamins, and frequency of exercise. The average age and mean seizure duration were 55.8 and 27.6 years, respectively. Twenty-six women had onset of seizure activity before menopause. Of these 26, 3 reported fewer seizures after menopause, 7 reported more seizures, 11 reported no change, and 5 were unsure whether menopause affected their seizures. Only 30% of the 40 women were currently taking hormone replacement therapy. The impact of menopause on seizure activity was variable. Osteoporotic and cardiovascular preventive measures are underutilized. Patient education on these protective measures should be part of the comprehensive treatment approach in this “at-risk” patient population.
Response of balanced network models to large-scale perturbation: Implications for evaluating the role of small pelagics in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract Exploring the response of an ecosystem, and subsequent tradeoffs among its biological community, to human perturbations remains a key challenge for the implementation of an ecosystem approaches to fisheries (EAF). To address this and related issues, we developed two network (or energy budget) models, Ecopath and Econetwrk, for the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. These models included 31 network “nodes” or biomass state variables across a broad range of trophic levels, with the present emphasis to particularly elucidate the role of small pelagics. After initial network balancing, various perturbation scenarios were evaluated to explore how potential changes to different fish, fisheries and lower trophic levels can affect model outputs. Categorically across all scenarios and interpretations thereof, there was minimal change at the second trophic levels and most of the “rebalancing” after a perturbation occurred via alteration of the diet matrix. Yet the model results from perturbations to a balanced energy budget fall into one of three categories. First, some model results were intuitive and in obvious agreement with established ecological and fishing theory. Second, some model results were counter-intuitive upon initial observation, seemingly contradictory to known ecological and fishing theory; but upon further examination the results were explainable given the constraints of an equilibrium energy budget. Finally, some results were counter-intuitive and difficult to reconcile with theory or further examination of equilibrium constraints. A detailed accounting of biomass flows for example scenarios explores some of the non-intuitive results more rigorously. Collectively these results imply a need to carefully track biomass flows and results of any given perturbation and to critically evaluate the conditions under which a new equilibrium is obtained for these types of models, which has implications for dynamic simulations based off of them. Given these caveats, the role of small pelagics as a prominent component of this ecosystem remains a robust conclusion. We discuss how one might use this approach in the context of further developing an EAF, recognizing that a more holistic, integrated perspective will be required as we continue to evaluate tradeoffs among marine biological communities.