cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput Characterization of Nanoparticle Stability Using Near-field Optical Trapping

Here we demonstrate the direct measurement of the interaction potential energy landscapes between colloidal nanoparticles and surfaces. Measurements are made with high-throughput by measuring the fluctuations in the height of the nanoparticles as they are propelled along an optical waveguide by the optical scattering force and held near the surface by the optical gradient force. This is accomplished by imaging the light scattered by the particles as they interact with the evanescent field using a high frame rate CMOS camera. These measurements characterize the strength of the potential energy barrier preventing nanoparticles from sticking, and therefore give insight into the colloidal stability. This can be performed on metallic, dielectric, and biological materials with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to micrometers.
Metal–Organic Frameworks as Micromotors with Tunable Engines and Brakes

Herein, we report that UiO-type (UiO = University of Oslo) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be transformed into self-propelled micromotors by employing several different metal-based propulsion systems. Incorporation of a bipyridine ligand into the UiO-67 lattice transforms the crystallites, upon metalation, into single-site, metal-based catalytic “engines” to power the micromotors with chemical fuel. The “engine performance” (i.e., propulsion) of the single-site powered micromotors has been tuned by the choice of the metal ion utilized. In addition, a chemical “braking” system was achieved by adding chelating agents capable of sequestering the metal ion engines and thereby suppressing the catalytic activity, with different chelators displaying different deceleration capacities. These results demonstrate that MOFs can be powered by various engines and halted by different brakes, resulting in a high degree of motion design and control at the nanoscale.
A National Cross-Sectional Study of Surgery Residents Who Underreport Duty Hours.

Objective Previous work demonstrates that many surgery residents underreport duty hours. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of these residents and better understand why they exceed duty hours. Design During the winter of 2015 we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited general surgery programs. Setting A total of 101 general surgery residency programs across the United States. Participants A total of 1003 general surgery residents across the United States. Respondents' mean age was 29.9 ± 3.0 years; 53% were male. Results Study response rate was 31.9%. Residents age 40 residents had the highest rates of underreporting (82% vs. 67% in other groups p 90 hours on an average week more frequently cited external pressure (p = 0.0001), guilt (p = 0.006), and feeling it was expected of them (p Conclusions Underreporting and duty-hour violations are a complex issue influenced by many variables including age, sex, and internal and external pressures.
Wind Power Fundamentals

Abstract Wind energy technology is based on the ability to capture the energy contained in air motion. Wind power quantifies the rate of this kinetic energy extraction. Wind power is also the rate of kinetic energy flow carried by the moving air. Because the motion is both the source of the energy and the means of its transport, the efficiency of wind power extraction is a balance of slowing down the wind while maintaining a sufficient flow. This chapter quantifies these fundamental concepts and discusses the nature of wind.
Costs and contexts: factors affecting self-report of concussion in a military academy

Objective To understand the factors affecting the decision to self-report a concussion – particularly among sub-groups like athletes and future pilots. Design Survey. Setting A United States military academy. Participants Voluntarily participatingcadets (n=2,503, 23.9%=female). Assessment of risk factors NCAA Division I athlete status, future pilot status, gender, school year were examined as factors affecting self-report. Outcome measure Anticipated Self-Report (ASR) of concussion on a scale from 1–9 (most to least likely to self-report). Cadets completed a 2-page survey matching ASR to demographic risk factors (above), and to self-report questions assessing Costs, Rewards, Attitude, Subjective Norms, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support. Main results Cadets demonstrated an overall willingness to self-report a concussion – indicated by a mean ASR score of 6.07 (95% CI=5.97–6.17, SD=2.47, median=7.00, n=2.332) above the scale midpoint. Costs (r=−0.61, p F (3,2196)=11.78, p Conclusions Symptom self-report is a crucial factor in all stages of concussion care. Costs and rewards affecting self-report may have unique contexts that drive unexpected self-report patterns. Here, aspiring pilots showed lower self-report behaviour while athletes showed average self-report behaviour – based on perceived costs to career aspirations. These data will be used to design interventions to increase to concussion self-report. Competing interests All authors received funding from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense (NCAA Mind Matters Challenge).
A new fall-inducing technology platform: Development and assessment of a programmable split-belt treadmill

Typical technologies for fall reduction/prevention training incorporate mechanical obstacles or cables/pulleys to induce trip or slip perturbations. This paper proposes a technology platform that uses a split-belt treadmill equipped with one force plate underneath each belt and a real-time gait phase detection algorithm. A proof-of-concept study validates the method for inducing trip perturbations in healthy young adults (n=10) by using kinematic measures from a full body motion capture system to characterize the effects of the perturbations. Preliminary results show that the proposed method successfully induces a trip and its congruent postural responses. The major findings have implications for designing intervention programs to reduce or prevent falls by individuals with a high risk of falls.
Trends in Cardiac Mortality in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE To use the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to compare cardiac-specific mortality (CSM) between left- and right-sided locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients treated with definitive radiation therapy; and to stratify these patients over fixed time intervals to assess for differences in events by treatment era. METHODS AND MATERIALS The SEER database was queried for patients with stage III NSCLC who received radiation therapy to compare CSM between left- and right-sided primary cases at 5 time intervals: 1988-1992, 1993-1997, 1998-2002, 2003-2007, and 2008-2012. Cumulative incidence of CSM was compared between left- and right-sided patients using Gray's test. The multivariate Fine and Gray competing risk model was used to compare CSM while accounting for other-cause mortality. RESULTS Of 884,610 lung cancer patients, 52,624 met inclusion criteria; of these, 31,549 (60%) were right-sided and 21,075 (40%) were left-sided. When evaluating CSM in each of the 5 time periods, the overall incidence of CSM decreased over time. There was a statistically significant (P<.05) difference based on laterality in all time periods except 1988-1992 (P=.14). The subdistribution hazard ratio for CSM based on disease laterality in all time periods was 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.18-1.42) and did not discernibly differ by time interval. On multivariate analysis using the Fine and Gray competing risk model, left-sided laterality independently predicted for CSS from 1993 to 2007 (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac-specific mortality has decreased over time, and left-sided disease independently predicted for CSS during 1993-2007 but not 2008-2012. The time course of cardiac mortality seems to be early, consistent with other studies. These findings underscore the importance of minimizing cardiac irradiation during radiation treatment planning.
Cell Transfer Studies with the DK/OR Inbred Chicken Lines

Early cell transfer studies with chickens were hampered by histoincompatibility interactions between allogeneic immunocompetent cells of donors and the hosts. To avoid the host allograft rejection response, immunologically immature embryos and baby chick hosts were employed (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and the growth and function of the allogeneic cells were often improved (7, 8, 9) when the hosts were pre-treated with x-irradiation or cylophosphamide to suppress the host’s responsiveness. However, the immunologic immaturity of the host fostered the graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) and allogeneic enhancement effects (7, 10). Since the major histoincompatibility factors in chickens are associated with the B and C blood cell antigen systems (11, 12, 13), such complications are avoidable with the judicial use of genetically histocompatible donors and hosts. The adverse effects of the GVHR were less when certain inbred lines were used (14, 15) and successful cell transfer and reconstitution experiments have been reported with inbred adult chickens (16) and with genetically uniform chicks and juvenile birds (17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22). With the availability of many inbred lines, several approaching syngeneic level of uniformity according to reports at this conference, cell transfer experiments will be utilized more in avian immunology.
Multivariate analysis, chemometrics, and machine learning in laser spectroscopy

Abstract: Spectroscopic techniques are only as powerful as the information that can be extracted from the resulting spectral data. Machine learning is the study of techniques for the automated extraction of information from raw data. Proper application of machine learning to spectral data allows users to make decisions as data are collected, without human-in-the-loop processing. This chapter provides an overview of the application of machine-learning techniques to spectroscopic data. Topics such as data pre-processing, feature selection, classifier development, and cross-validation are discussed in light of the high dimensional data typical of laser spectroscopy.
The Change-Point Problem for a Sequence of Binomial Random Variables

Abstract Three statistics are presented for detecting a change in a sequence of ordered binomial random variables. The first two are based on the conditional distribution of the random variables given their sum, while the third statistic is based on the empirical logistic transform approach. The use of these statistics is illustrated using data from a lake-sediment core.
The Effects of Land Use Alteration on Tropical Carbon Exchange

Abstract The net annual release of carbon from tropical forests of the world is estimated to range from 0.6 to 1.1 × 10 9 tons (Gt), based on computer model simulations. The simulations incorporate the most recent data on tropical land use change, regional differences in biomass and soil carbon density, and the conversion of forest to both shifting cultivation and to permanent agriculture. Carbon accumulation in fallow and immature forests and in organic soil wetlands also is included. The study represents the first attempt to integrate all these factors into an estimate of the tropical forest carbon balance. Model simulations indicate that releases of 0.30 to 0.48 Gt/yr occur in South America, the region with the largest forest area, although its deforestation rates are lower than the global average. In Southeast Asia, where mean regional forest biomass is high, carbon release rates range from 0.17 to 0.34 Gt/yr. Our simulated releases are significantly lower than those resulting from some earlier analyses which evaluated less detailed data on land-use change and carbon densities. The results, which agree with other recent papers, suggest that tropical forests, when compared to fossil-fuel sources, are presently a relatively small carbon source. However, an understanding of the biosphere's role in the global carbon cycle requires further refinement in analysis of the many asynchronous regional, carbon pools.
Characterizing estrus by trans-abdominal ultrasounds, fecal estrone-3-glucuronide, and vaginal cytology in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Abstract The ability to monitor the estrus cycle in wild and captive marine species is important for identifying reproductive failures, ensuring a successful breeding program, and monitoring animal welfare. Minimally invasive sampling methods to monitor estrus in captive populations have been developed, but results suggest these tools can be species-specific in their precision and accuracy. Therefore, the minimally invasive sampling methods of trans-abdominal ultrasounds, a fecal steroid analysis (estrone-3-glucuronide, E1G), and vaginal cytology, were evaluated for their efficacy to characterize and monitor estrus in a captive breeding population of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Three adult females were sampled over five breeding seasons, resulting in six estrus profiles characterized by trans-abdominal ultrasounds, five by fecal E1G, and four by vaginal cytology. Animals were trained to allow trans-abdominal ultrasounds, fecal samples, and vaginal swabs to be collected approximately daily. Of the 76 trans-abdominal ultrasound sessions attempted, 8 successfully visualized both ovaries. From these scans, the chronology of ovarian changes during proestrus and estrus was estimated. The time from the detection of developing follicles to the identification of a dominate follicle occurred in 2–5 days and a corpus hemorrhagicum formed approximately 4 days later. However, because visualization of the ovaries was prevented by the gastrointestinal system in 88% of scans, this tool was overall unreliable for monitoring changes associated with estrus. To detect fine scale physiological changes associated with estrus, we analyzed changes in fecal E1G (n = 62) and vaginal cytology (n = 157) 15 days before and after each female's single copulation event (Day = 0). Changes in fecal E1G had the highest accuracy at detecting Day = 0. Fecal E1G increased leading up to estrus, peaked at Day = 0, and then declined. Although we did observe the characteristic increase in superficial cells associated with impending estrus, the type of cell which peaked closest to Day = 0 was intermediate. The uncertainty around the peak in intermediate cells, indicating estrus, was greater than the uncertainty associated with detecting estrus from fecal E1G. Collectively, these results suggest that changes in fecal E1G and vaginal cytology are viable tools to detect estrus in Steller sea lions, but require daily sampling to detect gradual changes, limiting their applicability to studies of wild populations.
Abaloparatide Treatment for Osteoporosis

Abstract Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) is a paracrine factor produced by osteoblast lineage cells, which has a role in the regulation of bone remodeling and fracture repair. Early preclinical and clinical studies indicated that exogenous administration of PTHrP could have anabolic activity on the skeleton similar to that seen with exogenous PTH, but had potent vasodilatory effects which limited its clinical utility. Abaloparatide (Abalo) is a synthetic PTHrP(1-34) analog with 70% homology to PTHrP and 40% homology with Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Like PTH and PTHrP, Abalo interacts with the PTH1 receptor, however Abalo has higher affinity for the RG subtype of the Receptor and lower affinity for the R0 conformation (vs. PTH), resulting in relatively greater stimulation of bone formation and lesser bone resorption in preclinical models. Short-term clinical studies confirmed that Abalo had potent dose dependent anabolic activity with increases in BMD at the higher doses that were equal to or larger than that seen with PTH. In the Abalo Pivotal Trial, 2463 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to blinded daily subcutaneous Abalo vs. placebo or open label PTH1-34. At 18 months, spine BMD had increased similarly with Abalo and TPTD, however, hip BMD increments were faster and significantly larger with Abalo. Consistent with the BMD effects, over 18 months, Abalo reduced vertebral fracture incidence by 86% and nonvertebral fracture incidence by 43%. The fracture risk reductions were sustained after both groups transitioned to antiresorptive medication. Abalo is a potent anabolic agent for treatment of osteoporosis and can be considered as initial therapy in patients at high risk for fracture.
Detection of Biochar Carbon by Fluorescence and Near-Infrared-Based Chemometrics

Large-scale biochar field trials have been conducted worldwide to test for “carbon negative strategy” in the event of carbon credit and if other subsidies become enacted in the future. Once amended to the soil, biochar engages in complex organo-mineral interactions, fragmentation, transport, and other aging mechanisms exhibiting interactions with treatments including the irrigation and fertilizer application. As a result, quantitative tracing of biochar carbon relying on the routinely measured soil parameters, e.g., total/particulate organic carbon, poses a significant analytical uncertainty. This study utilized two biochar field trial sites to calibrate for the biochar carbon structure and quantity based on the infrared- and fluorescence-based chemometrics: (1) slow pyrolysis biochar pellets on kaolinitic Greenville fine sandy loam in Georgia and (2) fast pyrolysis biochar powder on Crider silt loam in Kentucky. Partial least squares-based calibration was constructed to predict the amount of solvent (toluene/methanol)-extractable fluorescence fingerprint (290/350 nm excitation and emission peak) attributed to biochar based on the comparison with the authentic standard. Near-infrared-based detection was sensitive to the C–H and C–C bands, as a function of biochar loading and the particulate organic carbon content (< 53 μm) of the bulk soil. Developed chemometrics could be used to validate tarry carbon structures intrinsic to biochar additives, as the impact of biochar additives on soil chemical properties (pH, electric conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon) becomes attenuated over time.
Classic Mycosis Fungoides

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of skin lymphoma and is the prototype of epidermotropic disorders. The neoplastic lymphocytes of classic MF demonstrate tropism for the epidermis and characteristically exhibit atypical cytologic features with hyperchromatic, cerebriform nuclei. The intraepidermal lymphocytes are arranged as single cells and/or in aggregates (Pautrier microabscesses). Epidermotropism is present in both patch and plaque stages but may be absent in tumor-stage MF. Epidermotropism may also be absent in biopsies of treated lesions of MF, which could lead to misdiagnosis particularly in early-stage disease.
Disentangling the Effects of Race and Place in Economic Transactions: Findings from an Online Field Experiment:

Scholarship on discrimination consistently shows that non–Whites are at a disadvantage in obtaining goods and services relative to Whites. To a lesser extent, recent work has asked whether or not p...
Optimizing Therapies in the Perioperative Management of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is a major health burden worldwide. Only about one-third of all the gastric cancer patients survive beyond 5-years. Management of this deadly disease has evolved over the last few decades due to the incorporation of better staging techniques, surgical approach, effective systemic treatment, and sequencing of different therapeutic modalities. There are some global differences in how local-regional gastric cancer is managed and treated. In the USA and some parts of Europe, perioperative chemotherapy is a preferred management approach. Adjuvant chemoradiation is considered if the surgical resection is performed upfront. However, in Asia, postoperative chemotherapy alone after D2 surgical resection is considered standard of care treatment. Based on recent evidence, perioperative treatment with triplet chemotherapy regimen FLOT (5FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) is the preferred regimen. However, doublet fluoropyrimidine/platinum combination is a reasonable alternative if triplet regimen cannot be given. At present, there are no approved targeted or immunotherapy agents in perioperative setting; however, there are a number of ongoing trials designed to examine the efficacy of targeted therapy and checkpoint inhibitors in various combinations with systemic therapy in perioperative setting.
How well do implicit solvation models represent intermolecular binding energies in organic-inorganic solutions?

Abstract Computational methods, including density functional theory, are proving to be powerful approaches to tame the otherwise overwhelming selection of optimal species and processing conditions to fabricate hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films via solution processing. In that processing, the choice of solvents is known to play a critical role in the quality of the resulting thin film, but their inclusion in a simulation dominates the overall size of the system, and hence the computational effort. This creates an incentive to understand the minimal representation of solvent medium necessary to adequately model the interactions between HOIP building blocks. These building blocks are chiefly the lead salt and cationic species dissolved in the processing solvent, whose interactions, monitored by calculations such as binding energies, govern nucleation and growth into thin films. We show that a simple implicit solvent model is surprisingly effective in terms of representing the intermolecular binding energies between lead salts and cation species in solution. Use of an implicit solvent produces binding energies that are typically within 2–3 kcal/mol of more accurate“all atom” models of solvent molecules. This is an important result since implicit solvents are roughly 100 times more efficient than explicit solvent models in terms of computational resource effort. We find that it is generally sufficient to use a Generalized Gradient Approximation for the DFT calculations, rather than more accurate, but more expensive, PW6B95 models.
Funding conditions and insurance stock returns: Do insurance stocks really benefit from rising interest rate regimes?

We examine funding conditions and U.S. insurance company stock returns. Although constrained funding conditions, signaled by restrictive Federal Reserve monetary policy, correspond with increases in the future payouts of fixed‐income securities held by insurance firms and potentially provide value through the liability side of insurer balance sheets, they also decrease the values of securities currently held in insurer portfolios. Prior research finds that restrictive policy has a negative effect on equity returns in general. Our results suggest the negative impacts of constrained funding environments outweigh the potential positives, as insurance company stock returns are significantly lower during periods of constrained funding. This effect varies within a given funding state and also across insurer type. The effect is strongest during the first 3 months of a constrained funding environment and for life and health insurers—insurer types with longer portfolio durations. For property and liability (P&L) insurers, lower stock return performance only exists in the first 3 months of a constrained funding environment. In the subsequent months, P&L insurers actually have higher stock returns during constrained periods, consistent with their typically shorter duration asset portfolios, which are more quickly rolled over into new higher‐yielding securities.
First Steps: Inclusive or Exclusive?

In “What the HEC-C? An Analysis of the Healthcare Ethics Consultant-Certified (HEC-C) Program: One Year In,” Horner et al. (2020) provide an overview of the new HEC-C examination and note many oppo...
Management of special needs patients in dentistry during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Special needs patients and their guardians commonly encounter several difficulties due to delayed provision of oral healthcare services in private and public sectors. They are a vulnerable group and are considered highly susceptible to the repercussions of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The reduction in the availability of operating rooms and the inability to manage routine visits highlight the need to redesign the doctor–patient and dentist–patient relationship for this category of patients. Diagnostic accuracy and adjustments in drug therapies are crucial elements considering that patients with COVID-19 take drugs that can interfere with those usually prescribed for the control of oral pain and infections. This review aimed to provide some guidelines for the management of patients with special needs in dentistry during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.
Reconsidering the Duchenne Smile: Formalizing and Testing Hypotheses About Eye Constriction and Positive Emotion

The common view of emotional expressions is that certain configurations of facial-muscle movements reliably reveal certain categories of emotion. The principal exemplar of this view is the Duchenne smile, a configuration of facial-muscle movements (i.e., smiling with eye constriction) that has been argued to reliably reveal genuine positive emotion. In this paper, we formalized a list of hypotheses that have been proposed regarding the Duchenne smile, briefly reviewed the literature weighing on these hypotheses, identified limitations and unanswered questions, and conducted two empirical studies to begin addressing these limitations and answering these questions. Both studies analyzed a database of 751 smiles observed while 136 participants completed experimental tasks designed to elicit amusement, embarrassment, fear, and physical pain. Study 1 focused on participants’ self-reported positive emotion and Study 2 focused on how third-party observers would perceive videos of these smiles. Most of the hypotheses that have been proposed about the Duchenne smile were either contradicted by or only weakly supported by our data. Eye constriction did provide some information about experienced positive emotion, but this information was lacking in specificity, already provided by other smile characteristics, and highly dependent on context. Eye constriction provided more information about perceived positive emotion, including some unique information over other smile characteristics, but context was also important here as well. Overall, our results suggest that accurately inferring positive emotion from a smile requires more sophisticated methods than simply looking for the presence/absence (or even the intensity) of eye constriction.
Enhanced Tendon-to-Bone Healing via IKKβ Inhibition in a Rat Rotator Cuff Model.

Background:More than 450,000 rotator cuff repairs are performed annually, yet healing of tendon to bone often fails. This failure is rooted in the fibrovascular healing response, which does not reg...
Dynamic file-access characteristics of a production parallel scientific workload

Multiprocessors have permitted astounding increases in computational performance, but many cannot meet the intense I/O requirements of some scientific applications. An important component of any solution to this I/O bottleneck is a parallel file system that can provide high-bandwidth access to tremendous amounts of data in parallel to hundreds or thousands of processors. Most successful systems are based on a solid understanding of the expected workload, but thus far there have been no comprehensive workload characterizations of multiprocessor file systems. This paper presents the results of a three week tracing study in which all file-related activity on a massively parallel computer was recorded. Our instrumentation differs from previous efforts in that it collects information about every I/O request and about the mix of jobs running an a production environment. We also present the results of a trace-driven caching simulation and recommendations for designers of multiprocessor file systems.
Magnitude of Mendelian versus complex inheritance of rare disorders

In medical genetics, the vast majority of patients with a currently known genetic basis harbor a rare deleterious allele explaining its Mendelian inheritance. Increasingly, for these phenotypes, we recognize exceptions to Mendelian expectations from non-penetrance of clinical disease to significant inter-individual variation in clinical manifestations, likely reflecting the actions of additional modifier genes. Despite recent progress, we still remain ignorant about the molecular basis for many rare disorders presumed to be Mendelian. The molecular evidence increasingly suggests a role for multiple genes in some of these cases, but for how many? In this article, I discuss why equating a phenotype as Mendelian or complex may be short-sighted or even erroneous. As we learn more about the functions of the human genome with its genes in networks, we should view the phenotype of an individual patient as arising from his or her total genomic deleterious burden in a set of functionally inter-related genes affecting that phenotype. This can sometimes arise from deleterious allele(s) at a single gene (Mendelian inheritance) creating a specific biochemical deficiency (or excess) but could just as frequently arise from the cumulative effects of multiple disease alleles (complex inheritance) leading to the same biochemical deficiency (or excess).
Reducing Patient Aggression Through a Nonviolent Patient De-escalation Program: A Descriptive Quality Improvement Process.

Background Patients commonly display aggressive and violent behaviors toward nursing staff, contributing to severe consequences. Healthcare institutions must develop and implement systems addressing this global safety problem. Aim To improve clinical practice safety for inpatient acute care settings by providing healthcare teams throughout a large academic medical center with a Behavioral Emergency Response Team (BERT) program, that is, a system for reporting and de-escalating aggressive patient encounters. Methods This descriptive quality improvement process took place within two inpatient acute care departments using simulation-based training, patient safety rounds, and a BERT activation system. Participant groups included nursing personnel who completed a baseline survey (n = 302), telecommunication dispatchers (n = 20), BERT responders (n = 78), and bedside nursing staff (n = 43) recipients of BERT program resources. Methods included a baseline questionnaire, pre- and post-intervention surveys, formal reports of aggressive patient encounters, documentation from patient safety rounds, and records of activated BERT responses. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, boxplots, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results This project mitigated patient aggression episodes by successfully designing and implementing an evidence-based BERT program. Findings suggested bedside nursing program participants felt more confident and capable of managing aggressive patient behaviors. A strong partnership between security officers and nursing staff limited the risk of harm to clinical staff by identifying and intervening with 41 potentially aggressive patients. Finally, formal reports of patient aggression episodes did not increase during this project, which may have indicated early prevention and detection of aggression while reflecting the broader problem of aggression under-reporting in nursing. Linking evidence to action Healthcare organizations need to have robust systems to manage aggressive patient encounters. Comprehensive strategies for managing patient aggression include simulation-based training, the use of BERT responders, and a strong partnership between nursing and security officer teams.
Outcomes of Immunotherapy (ICI) Alone vs. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Alone vs. ICI and SRS Combined in Melanoma Brain Metastasis.

Purpose/Objective(s) Melanoma is the third most common cause of metastatic brain tumors. Both Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) and Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) have been used as first line treatment for melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). The efficacy of ICIs alone, SRS alone, or SRS and ICIs combined as treatment is being evaluated. We hypothesize that a combination of SRS and ICIs will lead to an improvement in Overall Survival (OS), when compared to either alone, for patients with MBM. Materials/Methods Patients with MBM treated at our tertiary care center (2010-2020) with either ICIs, SRS, or both were evaluated. OS was measured from initiation of immunotherapy or SRS of MBM to date of death or last follow up. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine differences in OS. Results 368 patients with MBM were included. Of these, 62 were treated with ICIs alone, 151 were treated with SRS alone, and 155 were treated with a combination of ICIs and SRS. For treatment with ICIs alone, the median age at diagnosis was 61 years (Interquartile range (IQR) 26-89), 70% of the patients were male, and 97% were white. For treatment with SRS alone the median age at diagnosis was 59 years (IQR 24-88), 58% of the patients were male, and 100% were white. For ICIs/SRS combination treatment, the median age at diagnosis was 63 years (IQR 23-87), 65% of the patients were male, and 98% were white. Overall Survival for patients treated with ICIs alone, SRS alone, and ICIs/SRS combined had a median of 24.2, 14.5, and 56.1 months and a 2 year rate of 50%, 35%, and 72%, respectively. With ICI treatment alone as a reference, SRS treatment alone had an OS hazard ratio, HR = 1.34 (95% CI = 0.96 – 1.89, P = 0.088), and ICI/SRS combination treatment had an OS hazard ratio, HR = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.40 – 0.81, P = 0.002). Conclusion In patients with MBM, treatment with both ICIs and SRS was associated with an increase in Overall Survival when compared to treatment with either ICIs alone or SRS alone. Further studies need to be done to control for other patient variables such as KPS/ECOG, number of lesions, and extra-cranial metastasis.
RadLib: a radiative property model library for CFD

Abstract RadLib is a C++ library of radiation property models that can be applied to variety of systems involving radiative heat transfer, including CFD simulations. RadLib includes three major radiation property models—Planck Mean (PM) absorption coefficients, the weighted sum of gray gases (WSGG) model, and the rank-correlation spectral line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RCSLW) model. RadLib includes C++, Python, and Fortran interfaces and can be expanded to include additional models. Several example cases illustrate use of the models with an included ray-tracing solver, compare their accuracy relative to line-by-line (LBL) solutions, and examine their computational costs. Additionally, an integrated CFD example of an ethylene burner configuration using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is provided. RadLib provides researchers with convenient access to validated radiation property models and a framework for further development. Program summary Program Title: RadLib CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/rs5kvnr86r.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/BYUignite/radlib Code Ocean capsule: https://codeocean.com/capsule/0997975/tree Licensing provisions: MIT Programming language: C++, Fortran, Python Nature of problem: Radiative heat transfer in combustion CFD problems is typically neglected or oversimplified, resulting in significant error and inaccuracy in combustion simulations. Radiation modeling, however, often requires a high degree of specialization due to its complexity and the challenges associated with implementation in existing CFD codes, which presents a substantial obstacle to researchers who wish to address the inaccuracies introduced by insufficient radiative heat transfer modeling in combustion simulations. Solution method: We present RadLib, an open-source C++ library of validated radiation property models that can be applied alongside various RTE solution methods to ease some of the obstacles associated with radiation modeling for combustion CFD. The package includes C++, Fortran, and Python interfaces, several illustrative examples with a provided ray-tracing solver and an integrated example using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). RadLib can also be expanded to include additional radiation property models and interfaces. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The library is intended to be used in Linux-like terminal applications.
The Efficient Deterrence of Market-Power Manipulation

The previous chapters show that ex post deterrence of manipulation has been severely hampered by the poor reasoning in several important cases but that this failure is not inevitable. Armed with a firm understanding of the economics of corners, it is possible to identify market-power manipulation with considerable precision. This allows courts to sanction comerers and thereby deter market-power manipulation by making it unprofitable.
Superconductivity and magnetism in Eu 1 − x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

Measurements of the electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho} as a function of temperature T, and low-temperature specific heat C as a function of T and magnetic field H, have been performed for Pr concentrations 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1 in the ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Pr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ system (\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.05). The superconducting critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(x) in the metallic phase (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5) was determined from the resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(x,T), while the N\'eel temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$(x) in the insulating phase (${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\le}1) was inferred from specific-heat anomalies due to antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the Pr ions. The effect of ``chemical'' pressure on ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(x) in the ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Pr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ system is opposite to that of applied hydrostatic pressure. The Pr contributions to the specific heat in the insulating phase have the form C(T)=${\mathit{MT}}^{3}$ for T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$, characteristic of three-dimensional AFM magnons. In contrast, the Pr contribution to C(T) in the metallic phase takes the form of a broad anomaly that can be described by a spin-1/2 Kondo model. The entropy associated with the Pr specific-heat anomalies in both the metallic and insulating phases is close to R ln2, indicative of a doublet ground state for Pr in the crystalline electric field and a Pr valence close to 4+.
National Tourism Organizations: A Promotional Plans Framework

Abstract This paper explores the promotional plans of the Italian National Tourism Organization (NTO) and delineates the evolution of its strategic approach to the marketing of tourism destinations from the 1980s to the present. The Italian NTO's performance is explored through content analysis of its plans. The major changes in the formulation of promotional plans gear towards two major issues: return on the invested capital and increased focus on traveler behavior. A framework is presented to assist NTOs' management in their strategic decisions.
LEARNING‐BY‐DOING AND MARKET STRUCTURE*

Applying the Olley-Pakes estimation technique to an augmented production function, we estimate rates of learning-by-doing in over 250 SIC4 industries in the U.S. manufacturing sector. We then examine the link between learning and producer concentration using Sutton's bounds approach. We find that the lower bound of concentration is higher in high-learning industries, which suggests that learning-by-doing has characteristics of an endogenous sunk cost.
The 5515 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ Electronic Transition and the Geometric Structure of s-Tetrazine

The electronic absorption spectrum of gaseous s-tetrazine (H$\_2$C$\_2$N$\_4$) in the visible region has been examined under high resolution, and rotational analyses of the J-structure have been performed for bands of six isotopic species. The results have permitted the determination of the molecular structure of s-tetrazine, both in the $^1$A$\_g$ ground state and in the A$^1$B$_{3u}$ excited state. The s-tetrazine molecule in its ground state is not as distorted from the hexagonal conformation as previous X-ray data suggest: the principal parameters are $\widehat{\mathrm{NCN}} = 124^\circ\cdot6; \quad r(\mathrm{C-N}) = 1\cdot338 \overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}; \quad r(\mathrm{N-N}) = 1\cdot330 \overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}; \quad r(\mathrm{C-H}) = 1\cdot07 \pm 0\cdot02 \overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}.$ On electronic excitation the N-N bond lengths are reduced by 0$\cdot$11 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ and the separation of the carbon atoms increases by 0$\cdot$10 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$. It does not seem possible to understand the considerable change of geometry on excitation on the basis of simple Huckel $\pi$-electron theory.
Comparison of frozen and RNALater solid tissue storage methods for use in RNA expression microarrays

Primary human tissues are an invaluable widely used tool for discovery of gene expression patterns which characterize disease states. Tissue processing methods remain unstandardized, leading to unanswered concerns of how to best store collected tissues and maintain reproducibility between laboratories. We subdivided uterine myometrial tissue specimens and stored split aliquots using the most common tissue processing methods (fresh, frozen, RNALater) before comparing quantitative RNA expression profiles on the Affymetrix U133 human expression array. Split samples and inclusion of duplicates within each processing group allowed us to undertake a formal genome-wide analysis comparing the magnitude of result variation contributed by sample source (different patients), processing protocol (fresh vs. frozen vs. 24 or 72 hours RNALater), and random background (duplicates). The dataset was randomly permuted to define a baseline pattern of ANOVA test statistic values against which the observed results could be interpreted. 14,639 of 22,283 genes were expressed in at least one sample. Patient subjects provided the greatest sources of variation in the mixed model ANOVA, with replicates and processing method the least. The magnitude of variation conferred by processing method (24 hours RNALater vs 72 hours RNALater vs. fresh vs frozen) was similar to the variability seen within replicates. Subset analysis of the test statistic according to gene functional class showed that the frequency of "outlier" ANOVA results within each functional class is overall no greater than expected by chance. Ambient storage of tissues for 24 or 72 hours in RNALater did not contribute any systematic shift in quantitative RNA expression results relative to the alternatives of fresh or frozen tissue. This nontoxic preservative enables decentralized tissue collection for expression array analysis without a requirement for specialized equipment.
Audiologists’ Role in Assessing Risk of Falls

Falls are a significant problem for older individuals and a growing medical concern with the projected increase in individuals over the age of 65. Falls can result in serious consequences such inju...
Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics in Molecular Cluster Ions

Robert Parson and James Faeder Chemical reactions can be affected greatly by their surroundings: Even a solvent that perturbs the reactants weakly can have a strong influence on the course of the reaction. In their Perspective, Parson and Faeder discuss results reported in the same issue by Greenblatt et al. in which ultrafast laser pulses were used to study the effects of argon atoms on the dissociation of iodine molecules. With a single experiment, the entire progress of the reaction can be observed.
Maros Funerary Differentiation

The configuration of remains found archaeologically within a mortuary context is but the final step in a process of unknown duration that began at, or immediately prior to, the time of an individual’s death. This process involved the preparation of the body for funerary disposal, but also may have included ritual and feasting, construction of a funerary monument or facility, and a range of other acts designed to reaffirm social relations and positions within the community and beyond. This range of potential activities is subsumed here under the heading of treatment variables, or formal treatments, as distinct from grave accompaniments or offerings that are placed with the dead.
Introduction to the Ethical Issues in Organizational Information Systems Minitrack

This is a short introduction to the mini-track "Ethical Issues in Organizational Information Systems at HICSS 2015. It discusses the relevance and scope of the mini-track, the paper (s) to be presented, and thoughts on future academic research on ethical issues in IS.
Optimal Age for Palatoplasty to Facilitate Normal Speech Development: What Is the Evidence?

There is certainly reason to be optimistic that we will come closer to making reasonable decisions about the best timing for palatal surgery, taking into account both maxillofacial growth and speech development. More options are now available in terms of surgical techniques that may help to protect growth. Significant palatal scarring and its subsequent effects on growth are not inevitable consequences just because palatal surgery is carried out early enough to protect normal communication development. With all the advances in physical management of clefts, the expectation for every otherwise-normal child should be normal speech development.
THE MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between mathematics and the quantum theory of physics. After the development of noncommutative algebra, it was connected with dynamics by means of an analogy between the commutator and the Poisson bracket of the Hamiltonian form of mechanics and thus, a general quantum mechanics was set up. An important feature of the theory was the wave equation, which had to be linear, and thus treated the time dimension differently from the space coordinates. With the fundamental principle of quantum mechanics—that is, the principle of the superposition of states—the states of any quantum system provide a representation of the Poincare group, which is a mathematical representation of the quantum theories. The study of the group requires working with the infinitesimal operators of which 10 are independent operators where 4 are translation operators and 6 are rotation operators. They satisfy certain definite commutation relations. Any representation of the Poincare group provides the independent operators satisfying these commutation relations. Conversely, any set of 10 operators satisfying these relations gives a representation of the Poincare group.