cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of recent research on nanoindentation of polymer composites and their constituents

Abstract Although instrumented nanoindentation testing has been used to characterize the mechanical properties of materials since the 1970s, the vast majority of the research involving nanoindentation of polymer composite materials and their constituents has been done since the early 2000s. The objective of this article is to review recent archival journal publications dealing with nanoindentation of polymer composites and their constituents, with emphasis on publications that have appeared since 2000. Developments in experimental nanoindentation, numerical simulation of nanoindentation and combined experimental/numerical nanoindentation techniques will be discussed. The review will show that nanoindentation has been particularly useful in the characterization of polymer matrix materials, fibers, particles and other constituent materials in polymer composites. Studies of both indirect and direct measurement of elastic, viscoelastic and dynamic mechanical properties of constituents by nanoindentation are reviewed, along with nanomechanical characterization of composite interface and interphase regions and comparisons of bulk and in situ properties measured by nanoindentation. Finally, some general conclusions and recommendations for future studies are offered.
Urges to smoke during the first month of abstinence : relationship to relapse and predictors

The urges to smoke reported by 215 former smokers were measured 1 day, 7 days, 14 days and 30 days after they quit to examine: (a) the time course of smoking urges, (b) the relationship of urges to relapse, and (c) predictors of urges to smoke. Urges to smoke were strongest 1 day after quitting, and decreased at each subsequent measurement point. Urges were a powerful predictor of relapse. At each of the four assessment points, abstinent subjects who reported stronger urges to smoke were more likely to relapse by the next measurement point. Urges to smoke at a given day (e.g., day 1) were consistently the best predictors of the persistence of urges at the next assessment (e.g., day 7). Greater negative emotion (e.g., anxiety, sadness, anger, and confusion) and psychosocial stress also predicted stronger urges to smoke. Nicotine gum significantly reduced urges during week 1 post-cessation. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Benzodiazepine binding to cultured human pituitary cells

Benzodiazepine receptors were investigated in a cell line of human pituitary cells (18-54,SF) grown in serum-free medium. Preparations of 18-54,SF whole cells and cell membranes were shown to possess saturable [3H]diazepam binding sites. Membrane sites were found to have a KD of 20 nM for diazepam while whole cells possessed a twofold higher value. The KD values determined from Rosenthal, Hill, and kinetic analyses were consistent for each preparation. Whole-cell binding of [3H]diazepam was observed to be more stable than binding to membranes at higher temperatures (37 degrees C) and when longer incubation times (60 min) were employed at 4 degrees C. The rank order potency of various benzodiazepines to inhibit [3H]diazepam binding to whole cells and membranes was Ro 5-4864, flunitrazepam, diazepam, and clonazepam. Representatives of other drug classes did not inhibit this benzodiazepine binding. When 18-54,SF cells were grown for 24 h with 100 nM diazepam and then extensively washed membranes prepared, the KD for diazepam increased to 38 nM whereas the Bmax was unchanged when compared with untreated controls. Overall, these findings indicate that pituitary cells possess a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and that the whole cell receptor differs quantitatively when compared with the membrane receptor.
The micro determination of blood sugar by ceric sulfate titration

A procedure for analysis of glucose solutions and blood is given. It involves the use of ferricyanide as an oxidizing agent and the titration of the ferrocyanide produced with standard ceric sulfate solution. The method requires far less standardization than is customary, and gives a constant factor relating glucose to ceric sulfate utilized. It is shown that the method gives about the same values for blood glucose as other commonly-used methods, but has the advantage of a greater rapidity and reproducibility as well as an easier technique.
The geometric and electronic structures of I3− and I5− from effective-potential calculations

Abstract The (ab initio) effective-potential theory developed by Ewig et al. is applied to the structures of the polyiodide ions, I 3 − and I 5 − . The bare ions I 3 − and I 5 − are found by optimization of the geometry to be symmetric and linear. The counterion environment, however, greatly influences the equilibrium structure. A symmetric, flexible counterion environment produces only a slightly altered symmetric, linear equilibrium structure for the I 3 − anion ; whereas an asymmetric, rigid counterion frame leads to unequal bond lengths and bending of the anion. For the I 5 − anion, the potential energy calculated for bending of the central I—I—I angle, α, is very small so that a slight interaction with the lattice will readily lead to the experimental bent structure with α = 94°. At this value of α, the two outer angles are found to be equal and close to the experimental value. The electronic structures of the I 3 − and I 5 − ions are also discussed.
Structural Breaks in Fiscal Performance: Did Fiscal Responsibility Laws Have Anything to do with Them?

In recent years, many countries have adopted Fiscal Responsibility Laws to strengthen fiscal institutions and promote fiscal discipline in a credible, predictable and transparent manner. Still, results on the effectiveness of these laws remain tentative. In this paper, we test empirically whether fiscal performance, measured as the level of primary fiscal balances and their volatility, indeed improved after the implementation of Fiscal Responsibility Laws in a sample of Latin American and advanced economies. We show that traditional econometric approaches, which rely on the use of dummies in time series or panel regressions, yield biased estimates. In contrast, our empirical strategy recognizes that, a priori, the timing of the effect of these laws on fiscal performance is unknown, while controlling for the impact of the business and commodity cycles on fiscal outcomes. Overall, we find limited empirical evidence in support of the view that Fiscal Responsibility Laws have had a distinguishable effect on fiscal performance. However, Fiscal Responsibility Laws could still have other positive effects on the conduct of fiscal policy not analyzed here, for instance, through enhanced transparency and guidance in the budget process and lower risk premia.
Design Data Storage and Extraction Using Objects

The problems of data and process decomposition and representation in engineering design are the objectives of this paper. In any typical mechanical design, many very complex interdependencies are generated Interdependencies abound in heuristic rules, physical laws, corporate policies, etc Managing and controling these interdependent links is very difficult, especially in the context of concurrent engineering Design data decomposition needs to be investigated to break up the large design while also providing a framework to manage the linksDesign decomposition is investigated from a data modeling perspective and an object-oriented paradigm (OOP) perspective A data modeling technique, called object-oriented analysis by Coad and Yourdon, is selected to build a data relationship model of the engineering analysis phase of design and results in an object-oriented product model (OOPM). The OOPM is implemented in Smalltalk A major emphasis of the research is to consider the alternative "views" that the design shou...
A Novel Technology for Automatically Obtaining Digital Facial Photographs Near-Simultaneously with Portable Radiographs

Our objective is to design, implement, and phantom-test a device to automatically obtain point-of-care patient photographs along with portable radiographs. Such photographs could help with detection of wrong-patient errors. Our device consists of a camera controller (CC) and a camera that can be mounted on a portable conventional radiography (CR) machine. Radiation from the CR machine triggers an identification module (IM) embedded in the CR cassette. The IM then sends the cassette identifier—Plate_ID—to the CC along with a trigger to activate the camera. This trigger ensures simultaneous acquisition of radiograph and photograph, and the Plate_ID along with a time stamp ensures binding of the two images. We conducted phantom tests to determine if clinical portable radiography exposure settings (90 to 120 kVp and exposure time ranging from 0.63 to 8.0 ms) are sufficient to trigger the IM. Phantom experiments demonstrate acceptable sensor performance for clinical portable radiography exposures. Simultaneous acquisition of photographs is achieved by integrating a low-cost identification module containing a scintillator-detector into the radiographic cassette. Incident X-rays activate the scintillator-detector triggering photograph acquisition by a camera controller.
Drug-induced supraventricular tachycardia: A case report of fluoxetine

We report the occurrence of supraventricular tachycardia and hypotension in a 54-year-old woman after maintenance therapy with fluoxetine. Although cases of tachycardia and palpitations have been reported, supraventricular tachycardia and hypotension have not been directly attributed to fluoxetine.
The EBR-II Probabilistic Risk Assessment: lessons learned regarding passive safety

Abstract This paper summarizes the results from the EBR-II Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) and provides an analysis of the source of risk of the operation of EBR-II from both internal and external initiating events. The EBR-II PRA explicitly accounts for the role of reactivity feedbacks in reducing fuel damage. The results show that the expected core damage frequency from internal initiating events at EBR-II is very low, 1.6 10−6 yr−1, even with a wide definition of core damage (essentially that of exceeding Technical Specification limits). The annual frequency of damage, primarily due to liquid metal fires, from externally initiated events (excluding earthquakes) is 3.6 10−6 yr−1 and the contribution of seismic events is 1.7 10−5 yr−1. Overall these results are considerably better than results for other research reactors and the nuclear industry in general and stem from three main sources: low likelihood of loss of coolant due to low system pressure and top entry double vessels; low likelihood of loss of decay heat removal due to reliance on passive means; and low likelihood of power/flow mismatch due to both passive feedbacks and reliability of rod scram capability.
3H-apomorphine interactions with dopamine receptors in calf brain

Abstract 3H-apomorphine binds to membranes from areas of the corpus striatum and limbic system of calf brain saturable and with a drug specificity indicating that it labels dopamine receptors. In terms of drug specificity, log-logit displacement curve slopes and number of binding sites, 3H-apomorphine interacts with receptors in a manner more like 3H-dopamine than 3H-haloperidol. These properties of 3H-apomorphine binding are those of an apparently “pure” agonist in contrast to the partial agonist effects of apomorphine upon the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.
Physical examination teaching curriculum for senior medical students.

(1 1⁄4 much less comfortable, 5 1⁄4 much more comfortable). Cronbach’s alpha reliability for the OSCE was 0AE84. No differences were noted in OSCE scores between participants and controls in pulmonary (P 1⁄4 0AE40, 2-tailed t-test) or cardiac examinations (P 1⁄4 0AE46). Despite faculty perceptions that the ED was an effective learning environment and student reports that the ED sessions improved their skills competency and increased their comfort in examining patients, these ED experiences did not result in demonstrable improvements in students’ OSCE scores. Although these results suggest that these early clinical experiences may be of limited educational value, further work is needed to strengthen the ED educational programme and to increase the OSCE’s sensitivity to the clinical skills learned in the ED setting.
Hip-simulator ranking of polyethylene wear:Comparisons between ceramic heads of different sizes

We carried out simulator studies on ceramic-polyethylene total-hip combinations to determine the volumetric wear-rates of 22 mm, 26 mm and 28 mm femoral-head sizes. Bovine-serum lubrication and 2 k...
Evolutionary Implications of Metrical Variation in Great Basin Projectile Points

We used a sample of 5285 Great Basin projectile points to test several implications of the general prediction from Neo-Darwinist culture transmission theory that variation in a socially-transmitted behavior will vary inversely with: 1) its complexity; 2) the complexity of the social and technical context in which it occurs; and 3) the number of individuals that contribute to its transmission. Statistical analysis of these points demonstrates that 80% of the variation in metrical attributes (e.g., length, width) is accounted for by the mean of the attribute, suggesting that this variation is independent of the transmission process and primarily due to production in which error tolerances are relative, not absolute. The remaining variation, specifically, metrical variability that is substantially greater or less than normally occurs as a consequence of these relative production tolerances, is only partly consistent with transmission theory expectations. More complex point shapes show less metrical variation than simple forms, and arrow points show less metrical variation than dart points, as predicted. There is substantial variation by section, point type, and measurement, however, that remains unexplained by the transmission hypothesis.
A randomized, controlled investigation of motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) effects on quantitative sensory measures in healthy adults: evaluation of TMS device parameters.

OBJECTIVES There is emerging evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can produce analgesic effects in clinical samples and in healthy adults undergoing experimentally induced pain; and the field of minimally invasive brain stimulation for the management of pain is expanding rapidly. Although motor cortex is the most widely used cortical target for TMS in the management of neuropathic pain, few studies have systematically investigated the analgesic effects of a full range of device parameters to provide initial hints about what stimulation intensities and frequencies are most helpful (or even potentially harmful) to patients. Further, there is considerable inconsistency between studies with respect to laboratory pain measurement procedures, TMS treatment parameters, sophistication of the sham methods, and sample sizes. METHODS This study used a sham-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design to examine the effects of 5 different TMS treatment parameters across several quantitative sensory measures in a sample of healthy adult volunteers. Sixty-five participants underwent quantitative sensory testing procedures pre and post-40-minutes of real and sham motor cortex TMS. TMS was delivered at 1 Hz 80% resting motor threshold (rMT), 1 Hz 100% rMT, 10 Hz 80% rMT, 10 Hz 100% rMT, or 50 Hz triplets at 90% of active motor threshold (intermittent theta-burst). RESULTS The mean painfulness rating of real TMS stimulation itself was 3.0 (SE=0.36) out of 10 and was significantly greater than zero [t(64)=8.17, P<0.0001]. The sham TMS methods used permitted matching between real and sham TMS-induced scalp sensations and participants were successfully blinded to condition (real versus sham). Findings suggest that the effects of motor cortex TMS on quantitative sensory tests in healthy adults vary across different treatment parameters with the smallest observed effect for intermittent theta-burst stimulation (Cohen's d=0.03) and the largest for 10 Hz 100% rMT (d=0.34). DISCUSSION Overall, TMS was associated with statistically significant effects on warm and cool sensory thresholds, cold pain thresholds, suprathreshold stimulus unpleasantness ratings, and wind-up pain. With respect to device parameter effects, higher frequency stimulation seems to be associated with the most analgesic and antisensitivity effects with the exception of intermittent theta-burst stimulation. The present findings support several clinical research findings suggesting that higher TMS frequencies tend to be associated with the most clinical benefit in patients with chronic pain.
A real-time remote rendering system for interactive mobile graphics

Mobile devices are gradually changing people's computing behaviors. However, due to the limitations of physical size and power consumption, they are not capable of delivering a 3D graphics rendering experience comparable to desktops. Many applications with intensive graphics rendering workloads are unable to run on mobile platforms directly. This issue can be addressed with the idea of remote rendering: the heavy 3D graphics rendering computation runs on a powerful server and the rendering results are transmitted to the mobile client for display. However, the simple remote rendering solution inevitably suffers from the large interaction latency caused by wireless networks, and is not acceptable for many applications that have very strict latency requirements.In this article, we present an advanced low-latency remote rendering system that assists mobile devices to render interactive 3D graphics in real-time. Our design takes advantage of an image based rendering technique: 3D image warping, to synthesize the mobile display from the depth images generated on the server. The research indicates that the system can successfully reduce the interaction latency while maintaining the high rendering quality by generating multiple depth images at the carefully selected viewpoints. We study the problem of viewpoint selection, propose a real-time reference viewpoint prediction algorithm, and evaluate the algorithm performance with real-device experiments.
Chapter Two: Meaning‐Oriented Studies of Temporality

Ce travail constitue le second chapitre d'un ouvrage general portant sur l'expression de la temporalite au cours de l'acquisition d'une langue seconde. Cette etude generale rend compte de toutes les possibilites mises en oeuvre par la langue pour referer au temps. Particulierement dans ce chapitre, l'A. presente les etudes qui s'appuient sur une approche orientee vers le sens dans le processus d'acquisition des expressions aspecto-temporelles en L2. Ces etudes portant sur differentes langues (anglais, allemand, francais, italien, hollandais et suedois) mettent l'accent sur le fait que l'emergence de la morphologie aspecto-temporelle constitue uniquement une etape - la derniere - dans l'acquisition de la temporalite. Ce chapitre se focalise ainsi sur les etapes pragmatiques et lexicales anterieures a l'etape morphologique. L'A. apporte enfin des illustrations concretes a partir de deux etudes portant sur l'acquisition de l'anglais langue seconde chez les adultes. La premiere etude se preoccupe de la maniere dont est exprime le passe aux premiers stades de l'acquisition. La seconde etude s'interesse, dans le cas de stades d'acquisition plus avances, aux comptes rendus avec ordre inverse, c'est-a-dire lorsque la sequence chronologique d'evenement n'est pas respectee
The Liberation of Illegitimacy: Women and Rulers in Matthew 1-2

The stigma of suspicion of bearing illegitimate children is the common feature which all the women of Matthew's genealogy share. This theme links the genealogy with the rest of Matthew 1-2, in whic...
Treatment of anorexia and weight loss with megestrol acetate in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Four patients with severe cystic fibrosis lung disease, anorexia and weight loss, received Megestrol Acetate (MA), as an appetite stimulant. The initial dose was 400-800 mg daily and was continued for 6-15 months. Appetite was improved, with significant weight gain in all patients and an increase in their weight for age percentile from <5% at the start of the study to approximately the 25(th) percentile after 6 months of use and improvement in quality of life. One patient discontinued MA after 6 months, and subsequently appetite and weight were depressed.
What factor drives the fibrillogenic association of β-sheets?

The identification of the driving factor for fibril formation is paramount to understand the molecular basis of amyloidogenic disease. Recently, an atomic-detail structure of a fibrillogenic aggregate was reported and revealed a tight packing of β-sheets. However, there is not a single pair-wise interaction of significance between the β-sheets, no hydrogen bond and no hydrophobic interaction. Instead, there is extensive burial of polar groups at the interface. These observations lead to the question: What factor drives the association of β-sheets? This issue is addressed by combining all-atom molecular dynamics with an implicit-solvent analysis. The driving force for the association arises from the mechanical equivalent of the dehydration propensity of pre-formed intra-sheet hydrogen bonds and dipole–dipole interactions.
Echocardiographic Detection of Flail Left Atrioventricular Valve Cusp From Ruptured Chordae Tendineae in 4 Dogs

Echocardiography was used to identify a flail left atrioventricular valve cusp caused by ruptured chordae tendineae in each of 4 dogs; two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in identifying the flail cusps. The following findings on two-dimensional imaging were characteristic: the tip of the flail cusp extended beyond the line of left atrioventricular valve cusp closure and pointed toward the left atrium in systole; the tip was thrust into the left ventricle, and then toward the left ventricular outflow tract in diastole, forming a convex surface to the cusp, which faced toward the left ventricle. The flail motion of the left atrioventricular valve cusp was best observed in the right parasternal long axis or left apical four-chamber views, in a plane parallel to the long axis of the left ventricle and left atrium. Rupture of chordae tendineae leading to flail cusp was attributed to chronic valve degeneration (endocardiosis) in all 4 dogs. Echocardiographic or clinical diagnoses were confirmed by postmortem gross and microscopic studies in all dogs.
Changes in mean esophageal pressure during early recovery in mechanically-ventilated neonates--evidence for airway-closure and gas-trapping?

Summary: We studied transmission of a constant mean airway pressure through the lungs to the pleural space in nine mechanically-ventilated neonates with low-compliance lung disease. Infants were studied for 3.1 ± 1.6 hr during a period of clinical improvement, but at a time when lung compliance was still markedly reduced. Two of our infants were studied during recovery from fluid overload, while seven infants with hyaline membrane disease were studied at a stage of disease during which maximal diuresis has been found to occur. During the study period, mean esophageal pressure decreased in all infants from 5.6 ± 1.3 to 4.2 ± 1.8 cm H2O (P < 0.001) while total compliance increased slightly. Speculation: Edema of the pulmonary interstitium may contribute to airway-closure and gas-trapping. We propose that a loss of fluid from the interstitium during early recovery from low-compliance lung disease may lead to less gas-trapping and a fall in mean esophageal (pleural) pressure.
Molecular heterogeneity of the bdellovibrios: Metallo and serine proteases unique to each species

1. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, B. starrii, andB. stolpii each produce at least two or three extracellular proteolytic enzymes. One enzyme (metallo enzyme) is inhibited by 10 mM EDTA and the other (serine protease) is inhibited by 1 mM phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride. Separation of the two major enzymes was achieved only by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Bands of protease activity were developed on casein agar and each species produced a unique zymogram. Under standard growth and assay conditions, the decreasing order of enzyme units was:B. starrii>B. stolpii>B. bacteriovorus in about a 10∶5∶1 ratio. Each species produced its own unique amount of metallo- and serine proteases. 3. Knowledge of the enzyme units/109 PFU appears to be a useful criterion for classifying newBdellovibrio isolates to the species level.
Theoretical analysis of the SABUL congestion control algorithm

Several new protocols such as RBUDP, User-Level UDP, Tsunami, and SABUL, have been proposed as alternatives to TCP for high speed data transfer. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of SABUL congestion control algorithm on SABUL performance metrics such as bandwidth utilization, self-fairness, aggressiveness and average packet losses. We propose simple deterministic and stochastic models of SABUL congestion control algorithm and use the models to assess these metrics. Our results explain SABUL throughput oscillations, derive bounds on its aggressiveness/responsiveness, show that SABUL can be self-fair, and identify conditions under which SABUL connections may experience excessive packet losses.
Freeze-dried fresh onion powder prevents green discolouration (greening) in macerated garlic

Abstract Green discolouration (greening) of macerated garlic products is a major concern in the garlic-processing industry, and is caused by reactions between free amino acids and 2-propenyl 1-propenyl (2-Pe/1-Pe) thiosulphinates in the garlic. Efficacy of freeze-dried fresh onion powder that contains the active onion enzyme lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS) to prevent greening in processed garlic was evaluated. LFS converts 1-propenesulphenic acid to the volatile lachrymatory factor (LF). We hypothesised that this conversion would decrease the production of 2-Pe/1-Pe thiosulphinates, and thus, would reduce the subsequent discolouration of the garlic. Cooked onion powder added to fresh garlic, which was equivalent to adding crude 1-PeCSO, resulted in intensified green discolouration and increased 2-Pe/1-Pe thiosulphinate levels. On the other hand, fresh onion powder added to fresh garlic (0.5 g powder to 100 g fresh garlic) prevented greening and decreased the 2-Pe/1-Pe thiosulphinate levels. Similarly, a crude onion enzyme solution prevented greening in a garlic homogenate. The 2-propenyl 2-propenyl thiosulphinate (allicin) content was inconsistently altered by the addition of onion powder. However, the expected production of LF by the fresh onion powder or enzyme solution was not detected by gas chromatography, possibly due to changes in the sample matrix. This method using fresh onion powder is an effective technique for preventing greening of fresh garlic that does not use artificial food additives or cause safety concerns.
Gender and Labor in Asian Immigrant Families

This article explores the effects of employment patterns on gender relations among contemporary Asian immigrants. The existing data on Asian immigrant salaried professionals, self-employed entrepreneurs, and wage laborers suggest that economic constraints and opportunities have reconfigured gender relations within contemporary Asian America society. The patriarchal authority of Asian immigrant men, particularly those of the working class, has been challenged due to the social and economic losses that they suffered in their transition to the status of men of color in the United States. On the other hand, the recent growth of female-intensive industries—and the racist and sexist “preference” for the labor of immigrant women—has enhanced women's employability over that of some men. In all three groups, however, Asian women's ability to transform patriarchal family relations is often constrained by their social positions as racially subordinate women in U.S. society.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of frankfurters by acid treatments

Abstract Small numbers of Listeria monocytogenes can be isolated from packaged frankfurters. Based on previous work from this laboratory, these L. monocytogenes cells undoubtedly represent surface recontamination during peeling and packaging. We investigated organic acid dips just prior to packaging as a secondary lethal step to destroy L. monocytogenes and observed both bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic effects depending on the concentration of acid used. Acetic acid when combined with citric acid (at 2·5% each) restricted the growth and development of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters stored vacuum-packaged at 5°C for up to 90 days. Other acids individually, such as lactic acid (5%) and acetic acid (5%), also suppressed the organism. A dose response effect was observed for all acids tested. A simple 2 min surface rinse in saline was adequate to remove L. monocytogenes from frankfurter surfaces and gave recoveries similar to a stomacher method. The acid treatments appeared to be lethal and did not injure the organism. Overall, organic acid treatments appear to provide a secondary lethal step in frankfurter processing and could be an additional factor in limiting the presence of L. monocytogenes in frankfurters.
Models Based on Dynamical Features of the Wall Layer

Recent experimental and theoretical results related to the turbulence production process near a wall are reviewed. It is argued that the principal element of boundary-layer turbulence is the convected hairpin vortex and that bursting of the wall-layer flow is a viscous-inviscid interaction provoked by the adverse pressure gradient due to the vortex. The consequences of this picture for the development of models for the mean near-wall flow are discussed. Recent models for the mean wall-layer velocity profile, in both two- and three-dimensional boundary layers, which are based on the dynamical picture presented here, are reviewed.
Polymeric microstructure arrays consequence of Marangoni flow-induced water droplets

This paper describes a cost-effective approach to fabricate intricate arrays of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymeric microstructures based on porous polystyrene (PS) films generated from arrays of water droplets. To start, a thin layer of ethanol film is exposed to a humid air flow. Upon the evaporation of ethanol and simultaneous condensation of water as the ethanol phase recedes, a Marangoni flow causes the flow of liquid from the ethanol phase into water fingers emerged along the receding contact line, which finally detach to form ordered water droplet arrays behind the receding contact line. The water droplet arrays are subsequently used as templates to generate porous PS films. The porous PS films are then used as sacrificial layers and masters to fabricate various arrays of PDMS dots and PDMS stamps with posts, respectively. The PDMS stamps containing various microstructures are further utilized to create polymer rings, PDMS dots, porous PDMS films, and PDMS aperture rings, and for contact printing of patterns of self-assembled monolayers.
Hydrothermal jarosite and hematite in a pyroxene-hosted melt inclusion in martian meteorite Miller Range (MIL) 03346: Implications for magmatic-hydrothermal fluids on Mars

Low-temperature aqueous processes have been implicated in the generation of jarosite and hematite on the martian surface, but little is known regarding the role that high-temperature magmatic fluids may have played in producing similar assemblages on Mars. We have identified jarosite and hematite in a clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusion in martian meteorite MIL 03346 that shows evidence of having been hydrothermally precipitated. In addition to jarosite and hematite, the melt inclusion contains titanomagnetite, pyrrhotite, potassic-chlorohastingsite, an iron-rich silicate glass and possibly goethite. These phases were identified and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), con-focal Raman-spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Based on observed textural relationships and the compositions of the hosted phases, we report that the jarosite-bearing melt inclusion in MIL 03346 has recorded a fluid-rich history that began in the magmatic stage and continued to low-temperatures. This history begins at entrapment of a volatile-rich silicate melt that likely reached fluid-saturation after only minor crystallization within the melt inclusion. This fluid, rich in chlorine, reacted with surrounding silicate material to produce the potassicchlorohastingsite. As cooling proceeded, the liquid phase eventually became more oxidized and reacted with the pyrrhotite. Sulfide oxidation resulted in SO4 2 formation and concomitant acid production, setting the stage for jarosite formation once the fluid cooled beyond the upper thermal stability of jarosite (200 C). As the fluid cooled below 200 C, jarosite continued to precipitate with hematite and/or goethite until equilibrium was established or reactions became kinetically unfavorable. This work suggests an additional jarosite–hematite formation pathway on Mars; one that may be important wherever magmatic-hydrothermal fluids come into contact with primary sulfide grains at the martian surface or subsurface. Moreover, hydrothermal fluids rich in chlorine, sulfur, and iron are important for ore-forming processes on Earth, and their indirect identification on Mars may have important implications for ore-formation on Mars.
An Indentation Method for Measuring Matrix‐Fiber Frictional Stresses in Ceramic Composites

A simple method for measuring frictional stresses between the mairix and individual fibers in a ceramic composite is described. A standard microhardness indenter is used to apply a force to the end of the fiber and depress it below the matrix surface. The frictional stress is calculated from measurement of the applied force and the amount of slipping between the fiber and matrix.
Disruption of Spinal Noradrenergic Activation Delays Recovery of Acute Incision-Induced Hypersensitivity and Increases Spinal Glial Activation in the Rat

Abstract Results of clinical studies suggest that descending inhibitory controls from the brainstem are important for speeding recovery from pain after surgery. We examined the effects of destroying spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons via intrathecally administered antibody to dopamine β-hydroxylase conjugated to saporin (DβH-saporin) on recovery in an acute incisional pain model. Mechanical and thermal paw withdrawal thresholds and nonevoked spontaneous guarding scores were tested for several weeks postoperatively and analyzed using mixed effects growth curve modeling. DβH-saporin treatment resulted in a significant prolongation in the duration of mechanical and to a lesser degree thermal hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral paw of incised rats but did not increase the duration of spontaneous guarding. DβH-saporin treatment was also associated with increased microglial and astrocyte activation in the ipsilateral spinal cord 21 days after incision compared with immunoglobulin G-saporin treated controls. Chronic intrathecal administration of the α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist atipamezole (50–200 μg/d) produced similar effects. These data suggest that spinally projecting noradrenergic pathways and spinal α2 adrenergic receptor activation are important for speeding recovery from hypersensitivity after surgical incision possibly by reducing spinal glial activation. Interventions that augment the noradrenergic system might be important to speed recovery from pain after surgery. Perspective Endogenous descending spinal noradrenergic activation promotes resolution of incision-induced hypersensitivity and inhibits spinal microglial and astrocyte activation in part through α2 adrenergic receptors.
Conductive Differences in Electrodes Used with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Devices

The purpose of this study was to document conductive differences among commercially available electrodes used with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices. Impedance within a model system involving a human subject was calculated from oscilloscopic tracings of the pulse waveform for each of 25 different electrode types. Impedance values ranged from 1,000 to 7,800 Ω. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. The observation that electrodes vary in their impedance and can thereby affect the stimulus applied to the skin raises the question of whether electrode choice might affect the clinical effectiveness of TENS. Attention is drawn to the skin electrodes as a variable that may affect the results of clinical and basic studies involving TENS.
Hypoglycemia in ketotic cows.

Abstract Two types of hypoglycemia have been differentiated in ketotic cows by tracer parkinetics. One is associated with fasting kebetosis and is characterized by decreases in the mass of glucose in rapid exchange with plasma glucose and in the rate of glucose transport through this pool. The other occurs in cows with spontaneous ketosis and is characterized by undiminished glucose transport or mass and by changes in glucose distribution. Similar changes follow insulin administration and opposite changes follow glucocorticoid administration. These differences in glucose kinetics between fasting ketosis and spontaneous ketosis are complemented by a dozen other demonstrated differences between the two conditions, mainly concerning ruminal, hepatic and mammary metabolism. These metabolic differences suggest the desirability of distinguishing between different types of ketosis for designing and testing control measures.
System processes are software too

This talk explores the application of software engineering tools, technologies, and approaches to developing and continuously improving systems by focusing on the systems' processes. The systems addressed are those that are complex coordinations of the efforts of humans, hardware devices, and software subsystems, where humans are on the "inside", playing critical roles in the functioning of the system and its processes. The talk suggests that in such cases, the collection of processes that use the system is tantamount to being the system itself, suggesting that improving the system's processes amounts to improving the system. Examples of systems from a variety of different domains that have been addressed and improved in this way will be presented and explored. The talk will suggest some additional untried software engineering ideas that seem promising as vehicles for supporting system development and improvement, and additional system domains that seem ripe for the application of this kind of software-based process technology. The talk will emphasize that these applications of software engineering approaches to systems has also had the desirable effect of adding to our understandings of software engineering. These understandings have created a software engineering research agenda that is complementary to, and synergistic with, agendas for applying software engineering to system development and improvement.
A Continuum Approach to Introductory Biomechanics

An introduction to biomechanics based on a continuum mechanics approach is described. This approach introduces a spectrum of material behavior that has Hookean solids at one extreme, and Newtonian fluids at the other, with many interesting combinations such as biomaterials in between. By building progressively from one-dimensional to higher dimension formulations, this approach makes continuum concepts such as the Cartesian stress tensor accessible to early undergraduate students. From this gradual development of ideas, with many illustrative case studies interspersed, students develop both physical intuition for how bioengineering materials behave, and the mathematics used to describe this behavior.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Advantages of converting Diesel engines to run as dual fuel ethanol–Diesel

The paper considers the option to convert a Diesel engine to work as dual fuel with Diesel and ethanol following the experience of the Diesel heavy duty truck engines conversion to dual fuel Diesel and LNG. This opportunity requires the development of dedicated dual fuel injectors for the Diesel and the ethanol in small bore applications, or the simple addition of a second ethanol injector in large bore engines. Then, proving a second fuel tank is added, a car or a truck could run with either all Diesel or a small Diesel and the most part ethanol, typically 5% and 95% in fuel energy. For this latter operation, prior, concurrent or post injection of the Diesel may permit operation Diesel-like, mixed gasoline/Diesel or mixed gasoline/HCCI of the engine to achieve even better fuel conversion efficiencies than the Diesel only over the full range of speeds and loads with all the advantages of the renewable ethanol in terms of environment and energy security.
P02.161. A randomized, active-controlled trial of school-based mindfulness instruction for urban middle-school male youth

Purpose Our research of MBSR for mostly female urban youth showed reductions in conflict, anxiety, and stress, as well as increased self-regulation. Reviews of mindfulness instruction suggest benefit but call for increased methodological rigor, particularly active control conditions. Here, we explore the specific effects of MBSR compared with an active control on stress and coping among young urban males.
Copper-binding-site-null SOD1 causes ALS in transgenic mice: aggregates of non-native SOD1 delineate a common feature

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a crucial cellular antioxidant, can in certain settings mediate toxic chemistry through its Cu cofactor. Whether this latter property explains why mutations in SOD1 cause FALS has been debated. Here, we demonstrate motor neuron disease in transgenic mice expressing a SOD1 variant that mutates the four histidine residues that coordinately bind Cu. In-depth analyses of this new mouse model, previously characterized models and FALS human tissues revealed that the accumulation of detergent-insoluble forms of SOD1 is a common feature of the disease. These insoluble species include full-length SOD1 proteins, peptide fragments, stable oligomers and ubiquitinated entities. Moreover, chaperones Hsp25 and alphaB-crystallin specifically co-fractionated with insoluble SOD1. In cultured cells, all 11 of the FALS variants tested produced insoluble forms of mutant SOD1. Importantly, expression of recombinant peptide fragments of wild-type SOD1 in cultured cells also produced insoluble species, suggesting that SOD1 possesses elements with an intrinsic propensity to aggregate. Thus, modifications to the protein, such as FALS mutations, fragmentation and possibly covalent modification, may simply act to augment a natural, but potentially toxic, propensity to aggregate.
A Roadside Scattering Model for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Channel

Achieving accurate and effective modeling of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication channel has proven to be a challenging task, particularly owing to the highly dynamic nature of vehicular environments. V2V channels generally may have contributions from the line-of-sight path, reflections from large stationary and moving objects such as bridges and other vehicles, and a diffuse base from large numbers of small stationary objects in the environment. We propose a new geometrical model for the diffuse component based on scattering objects distributed along the roadside, and use this model to predict the Doppler spectrum and angle-of-arrival distribution associated with this component for various V2V scenarios. In contrast with previous roadside scattering models that sum the contributions from large numbers of randomly-generated scattering objects, our model assumes a uniform linear distribution along the roadside. This permits a computationally efficient, closed-form model. Comparisons with on-road measurement data as well as the double ring model demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Single virus detection using integrated optofluidics

Detection and analysis of single enterobacteria phage Qbeta nucleocapsids on an integrated optofluidic chip are presented. Diffusion coefficient and flow velocity of the capsids were measured to be 16.4plusmn0.5 mum2/s and 60-225 mum/s respectively.
Analysis of On-Board Hazard Detection and Avoidance for Safe Lunar Landing

Landing hazard detection and avoidance technology is being pursued within NASA to improve landing safety and increase access to sites of interest on the lunar surface. The performance of a hazard detection and avoidance system depends on properties of the terrain, sensor performance, algorithm design, vehicle characteristics and the overall all guidance navigation and control architecture. This paper analyzes the size of the region that must be imaged, sensor performance parameters and the impact of trajectory angle on hazard detection performance. The analysis shows that vehicle hazard tolerance is the driving parameter for hazard detection system design.
Distinct pathways for norepinephrine- and opioid-triggered antinociception from the amygdala

Background The amygdala has an important role in pain and pain modulation. We showed previously in animal studies that α2-adrenoreceptor activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) mediates hypoalgesia produced by restraint stress, and that direct application of an α2-agonist in this region produces analgesia. Aims In the present animal experiments, we investigated the pathways through which α2-sensitive systems in the CeA produce behavioural analgesia. The CeA has dense connections to a descending pain modulatory network, centred in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), which is implicated in various forms of stress-related hypoalgesia and which mediates the antinociceptive effect of morphine applied in the basolateral amygdala. We investigated whether this circuit mediates the hypoalgesic effects of α2-adrenergic agonist administration into the CeA as well as the contribution of endogenous opioids and cannabinoids. We also tested the possibility that activation of α2-receptors in the CeA produces antinociception by recruitment of noradrenergic pathways projecting to the spinal cord. Results Hypoalgesia resulting from bilateral application of the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine in the CeA was not reversed by chemical inactivation of the RVM or by systemic injections of naloxone (μ-opioid antagonist) or rimonabant (CB1 antagonist). By contrast, spinal α2-receptor blockade (intrathecal idazoxan) completely prevented the hypoalgesic effect of clonidine in the CeA, and unmasked a small but significant hyperalgesia. Conclusion In rats, adrenergic actions in the CeA mediating hypoalgesia require spinal adrenergic neurotransmission but not the PAG–RVM pain modulatory network, or opiate or cannabinoid systems.
Block diagram-based modeling of manufacturing systems using max-plus algebra

A novel approach to modeling of manufacturing systems is proposed. The model is based on block diagrams. The block can be a single machine, a single part or a factory. The interconnection of blocks in the block diagram correspond to routing of parts and resources through the manufacturing subsystems. The model is hierarchial - a network of blocks can be combined into one block that has the same input/output structure. The model is described using max-plus algebra, which provides means for calculating system's performance characteristics.