cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new model for Quaternary lava dams in Grand Canyon based on 40Ar/39Ar dating, basalt geochemistry, and field mapping

The geomorphic response to volcanic incursions is spectacularly documented in western Grand Canyon, where numerous Quaternary lava flows dammed the Colorado River. This paper uses new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages, geochemistry, paleomagnetism, and field relationships to suggest 17 damming events, requiring major revision to previously published intracanyon flow sequences. From ca. 850 to 400 ka and at ca. 320 ka, numerous lava dams formed near the modern-day Lava Falls area. Starting around 250 ka, major volcanism shifted to the Whitmore Wash area, where additional dams formed. From ca. 200 to 100 ka, cascades flowed over the north rim in areas between Lava Falls and Whitmore Wash to form the youngest set of lava dams. Field observations and new dam reconstructions require a new model for how the Colorado River interacted with ephemeral lava dams in Grand Canyon. Specifically, the structure of lava dams, the position, character, and provenance of basaltic gravels within and above dams, and cooling structures in intracanyon flows suggest that unstable upstream dam portions failed quickly, while stable downstream dam segments were dismantled by the Colorado River more slowly. Time scales of dam removal are hard to assess, but we infer that lava dams that are overlain by monomictic basalt gravels were removed by the river in tens of years to centuries. In contrast, dams overlain by far-traveled gravel may have persisted for millennia.
Spectral and angular response of metal-dielectric nano-cylinders

Numerical simulations are use to determine the optical response of nano-cylinders. The wavelength dispersion caused by plasmon resonances is investigated as the means to decouple the angular response of diffractive elements from their spectral response.
Contribution of Particle-Size-Fractionated Airborne Lead to Blood Lead during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008

The objective of this work is to examine associations between blood lead (PbB) and air lead (PbA) in particulate matter measured at different size cuts by use of PbB concentrations from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and PbA concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for 1999-2008. Three size fractions of particle-bound PbA (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) data with different averaging times (current and past 90-day average) were utilized. A multilevel linear mixed effect model was used to characterize the PbB-PbA relationship. At 0.15 μg/m(3), a unit decrease in PbA in PM10 was significantly associated with a decrease in PbB of 0.3-2.2 μg/dL across age groups and averaging times. For PbA in PM2.5 and TSP, slopes were generally positive but not significant. PbB levels were more sensitive to the change in PbA concentrations for children (1-5 and 6-11 years) and older adults (≥ 60 years) than teenagers (12-19 years) and adults (20-59 years). For the years following the phase-out of Pb in gasoline and a resulting upward shift in the PbA particle size distribution, PbA in PM10 was a statistically significant predictor of PbB. The results also suggest that age could affect the PbB-PbA association, with children having higher sensitivity than adults.
Parametric Optimization of Control for a Post-Stall Airfoil Using Pulsed Jets

The performance of active flow control on a NACA 643-618 laminar airfoil at post-stall angles of attack is evaluated using discrete, wall-normal pulsed jets. Actuation is implemented near the leading edge of the airfoil. The effect of actuation duty cycle and blowing ratio on lift coefficient are studied for an actuation period equal to the convective period of the flow. Lift coefficient shows a large dependence on both blowing ratio and duty cycle for α ≥ αstall, and improvements increase as the duty cycle is reduced for a given blowing ratio. Phase-locked particle image velocimetry shows the development of two vortices associated with the onset and termination of actuation. For low duty cycle forcing, the early interaction of the two vortices cause a roll up of the separated shear layer, and increased mixing and momentum entrainment in the boundary layer. Data taken at a higher Reynolds number (128,000 vs. 64,000) suggest that the same mechanisms for control exist.
Is cortical connectivity optimized for storing information

Cortical networks are thought to be shaped by experience-dependent synaptic plasticity. Theoretical studies have shown that synaptic plasticity allows a network to store a memory of patterns of activity such that they become attractors of the dynamics of the network. Here we study the properties of the excitatory synaptic connectivity in a network that maximizes the number of stored patterns of activity in a robust fashion. We show that the resulting synaptic connectivity matrix has the following properties: it is sparse, with a large fraction of zero synaptic weights ('potential' synapses); bidirectionally coupled pairs of neurons are over-represented in comparison to a random network; and bidirectionally connected pairs have stronger synapses on average than unidirectionally connected pairs. All these features reproduce quantitatively available data on connectivity in cortex. This suggests synaptic connectivity in cortex is optimized to store a large number of attractor states in a robust fashion.
Peephole optimization

Redundant instructions may be discarded during the final stage of compilation by using a simple optimizing technique called peephole optimization. The method is described and examples are given.
Development of the Norumbega fault system in mid-Paleozoic New England, USA: An integrated subducted oceanic ridge model

A model is presented for what may be the first recognized ancient analogue of migration of a Mendocino-style triple junction, exposed at mid-crustal levels in the eastern New England Appalachians (northeastern United States). In the model, the mid-Paleozoic subvertical crustal-scale dextral transpressive Norumbega fault system formed as a result of subduction of an oceanic ridge and associated transform fault, similar to the evolution of the modern San Andreas fault system in western North America. Ridge subduction in eastern New England started in the latest Silurian at the latitude of the Coastal Volcanic belt in eastern Maine, causing bimodal plutonism and volcanism in the area. Subduction of an associated transform fault, and the transition from convergence between the northern Rheic Ocean plate and Laurentia to dextral transpression between the southern Rheic Ocean plate and Laurentia, resulted in development of the Norumbega fault system starting in the Middle to Late Devonian. The Norumbega triple junction gradually moved ∼200 km southwestward throughout the Devonian, similar to northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction at the northern end of the San Andreas fault system over the past ∼30 m.y. The ridge subduction model explains why convergent tectonics was ongoing until the latest Devonian or earliest Carboniferous in eastern Massachusetts, analogous to motion along the modern Cascadia subduction zone (western North America), while to the north, a progressive southwestward transition from predominantly convergent tectonics to predominantly strike-slip movement along an active Norumbega fault system occurred, reflecting migration of a triple junction similar to the Mendocino triple junction.
Large Dipolar Spin-Spin Interaction in a Photogenerated U-Shaped Triradical.

Transient electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy has been used to study the spin–spin interactions in a novel U-shaped electron donor–chromophore–acceptor–radical (D–C–A–R•) system in which a xanthene bridge holds a tert-butylphenyl nitroxide (BPNO•) radical in close proximity to a naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) acceptor. Photoexcitation of the 4-aminonaphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide (ANI) chromophore results in rapid, two-step electron transfer to generate the triradical (D+•–C–A–•–R•). The large through-bond distance between A–• and R• makes their spin–spin exchange interaction (2JAR) negligibly small, whereas their short through-space distance results in a strong dipolar interaction (DAR), which is observed as a set of broad lines in the TREPR spectra of D+•–C–A–•–R• in solid toluene solution at 85 K. Transient nutation experiments show that these transitions belong to a species with spin S = 1, whereas experiments on D+•–C–A–•–R• in the oriented nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-...
NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON BLACK NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY ULTRASONICALLY AIDED EXTRUSION

ABSTRACT Significant efforts have been made in rubber research to improve the dispersion of carbon black (CB) in rubbers to achieve better processibility and performance of tires and rubber products. In addressing these issues, the present study is an attempt to further improve the processibility and dispersion by means of application of ultrasonic waves. Natural rubber (NR)/CB nanocomposites at loadings from 15 to 60 phr were prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion at ultrasonic amplitudes up to 7.5 μm. A die pressure significantly decreased with an increase of amplitude, especially at higher loadings, indicating an improvement in processibility. Ultrasonic power consumption was almost insensitive to loadings. The complex dynamic viscosity, storage, and loss moduli of compounds and vulcanizates at loadings of 15, 25, 35, and 60 phr were reduced by the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, indicating NR chain scission. Bound rubber in compounds decreased by the ultrasonic treatment. The maxim...
Reading to make a decision or to reduce cognitive dissonance? The effect of selecting and reading online reviews from a post-decision context

This research challenges the presumption that reading online reviews solely affect reader attitudes toward a prospective decision. Instead, readers may strategically select and read reviews after a decision. This research advances and tests hypotheses proposing that: (1) post-decision readers select decision-supportive reviews earlier and more frequently; and (2) the reviews they read affect the subsequent cognitive dissonance they experienced. Two studies employed an original post-decision experiment and demonstrated that readers expressed biased review selection. Interestingly, the reviews they read affected and increased their cognitive dissonance. The findings contributed to understanding the complex dynamic of online reviews in a post-decision context.
Throughput/energy aware opportunistic transmission control in broadcast networks

We address throughput/energy aware opportunistic transmission control in broadcast networks, under incomplete channel state information. The channels are modeled as i.i.d two-state Markov chains and the transmission controller makes transmit/idle decisions based on past 1-bit feedback from the broadcast users. With a reward structure that captures the trade-off between sum throughput gain (transmit) and energy savings (idle), we formulate the transmission control problem as an infinite horizon, discounted reward, partially observable Markov decision process. For special cases of the system parameters, we show that the optimal control policy is either greedy or partially greedy. For the general case, we follow an indirect approach towards the control problem. We first establish thresholdability properties of the optimal control policy in a two-user broadcast. We then extrapolate these properties to the general broadcast and propose a simple threshold control policy. Extensive numerical results suggest near-optimal performance of the proposed policy. In addition, the proposed threshold policy is easy to implement with complexity being polynomial in the number of broadcast users.
Self-disclosure and Response Behaviors in Socially Stigmatized Contexts on Social Media: The Case of Miscarriage

I investigate self-disclosure and the ways in which social computing systems can be designed to allow people to disclose sensitive or stigmatized experiences and find and provide support in their online social networks. My prior work has given me insight about online disclosures of mental illness and sexual abuse, the role of anonymity in support seeking, the ways that people respond to such disclosures, and nuances of supportive interactions. In my dissertation I focus on miscarriage as a context to investigate online disclosure and response behaviors around often stigmatized and traumatizing topics with the goal of improving both theory and social media design practices.
Fan violence: Social problem or moral panic?

Abstract The author reviews the theoretical and empirical resources available for social scientists who study fan violence. Reviews of fan violence typically discuss the phenomenon from psychological, psychosocial, and sociological approaches. In this review, the author uses social problem and moral panic approaches to organize theories of and research into fan violence. The social problem approach focuses on what causes the “problem” of fan violence. The moral panic approach focuses on how fan violence becomes translated into a social problem. Moral panics are rapid and righteous appeals from the media and other agents of control that “something must be done” to extinguish a social menace. It is argued that both the social problem and moral panic approaches signify the importance of “we-group” versus “they-group” antagonisms in the creation and maintenance of fan violence.
The relationship between sleep disturbance and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: An integrative review

Aims and objectives To explore and synthesise current research to assess the state of science about the relationship between sleep disturbance and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Background Sleep disturbance is suggested a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes alone is a leading cause of death, but when coupled with sleep disturbance poses additional health risks. However, little is known about the relationship between sleep disturbance and glycaemic control in people with overt diabetes. Design An integrative review. Methods Whittemore and Knafl's methodology guided this integrative review. Original studies published before October 2016 were identified through systematic searches of seven databases using terms: diabet*; sleep or insomnia; glycem* or glucose or A1C or HbA1c or sugar; and their combinations. The matrix and narrative synthesis were employed to organise and synthesise the findings, respectively. The Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool was used to evaluate the study quality. Results A total of 26 studies were identified; 17 of which reported significant relationships between sleep measures and glycaemic control. In 13 studies, sleep duration was associated with glycaemic control in both linear (n = 2) and nonlinear (n = 3) relationships; however, eight studies reported no significant relationships. Sleep quality was significantly related to glycaemic control in 14 of 22 studies. Nine studies found no relationship between any measure of sleep and glycaemic control. Conclusions There is strong evidence supporting the relationship between sleep quality and glycaemic control but further examination of the relationship between sleep duration and glycaemic control is warranted. Sleep disturbance, particularly impaired sleep quality, could potentially influence glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses who treat patients with diabetes should include assessment of sleep, education for healthy sleep, and referral for treatment of sleep disturbance in order to maximise the potential for achieving good glycaemic control.
Prototype Tool and Focus Group Evaluation for an Advanced Trajectory-Based Operations Concept

Trajectory-based operations (TBO) is a key concept in the Next Generation Air Transportation System transformation of the National Airspace System (NAS) that will increase the predictability and stability of traffic flows, support a common operational picture through the use of digital data sharing, facilitate more effective collaborative decision making between airspace users and air navigation service providers, and enable increased levels of integrated automation across the NAS. NASA has been developing trajectory-based systems to improve the efficiency of the NAS during specific phases of flight and is now also exploring Advanced 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) operational concepts that will integrate these technologies and incorporate new technology where needed to create both automation and procedures to support gate-to-gate TBO. A TBO Prototype simulation toolkit has been developed that demonstrates initial functionality of an Advanced 4DT TBO concept. Pilot and controller subject matter experts (SMEs) were brought to the Air Traffic Operations Laboratory at NASA Langley Research Center for discussions on an Advanced 4DT operational concept and were provided an interactive demonstration of the TBO Prototype using four example scenarios. The SMEs provided feedback on potential operational, technological, and procedural opportunities and concerns. This paper describes an Advanced 4DT operational concept, the TBO Prototype, the demonstration scenarios and methods used, and the feedback obtained from the pilot and controller SMEs in this focus group activity.
Delving into the Kinetics of Reversible Thermal Decomposition of Solids Measured on Heating and Cooling

This work explores the differences in the kinetics of reversible thermal decomposition measured respectively during heating and cooling. The kinetics of the process is measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal dehydrations of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaC2O4·H2O) and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) are studied as examples of reversible decomposition. The kinetics is analyzed by an advanced isoconversional method that demonstrates that on cooling the activation energy decreases with decreasing temperature, whereas on heating it decreases with increasing temperature. This qualitative difference can be understood by modifying an earlier proposed kinetic model to account for a dependence of the equilibrium pressure on conversion. The model is applied to the thermal dehydration of CaC2O4·H2O, CaSO4·2H2O, and lithium sulfate monohydrate (Li2SO4·H2O) studied previously. The results indicate that in the reversible decomposition on cooling the e...
Proboscidea louisianica: An Unreported Host of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was found to be strongly attracted to devil's claw, Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung, plants. Of 160 larvae collected from the plants in 1992, 99.4% were H. virescens, 0.6% were Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), 42.5% died from infection by undetermined disease pathogens, and 11.3% H. virescens were parasitized by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick. Of 112 larvae collected from P. louisianica in 1994, 90.2% were H. virescens, 9.8% were H. zea, 59.8% died from infection by undetermined pathogens, and 26.7% H. virescens were parasitized by C. nigriceps. Feeding studies showed that P. louisianica was a nutritionally poor host for H. virescens, backcrosses of H. subflexa X H. virescens, and H. zea; when compared with their development on semisynthetic diet, development was much slower, pupal weights were lower, and survival rates were lower for larvae fed P. louisianica than for those fed semisynthetic diet. None of the backcross or H. zea and only one H. virescens f...
Does Early and Appropriate Antibiotic Administration Improve Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Background Severe sepsis and septic shock remain significant public health concerns. Appropriate emergency department management includes early recognition, hemodynamic resuscitation, source control, and prompt antibiotic administration. Current international guidelines strongly recommend administration of early and appropriate antibiotics for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Interestingly, a recent Cochrane Review found insufficient evidence to provide a similar recommendation on antibiotic administration. The goal of this literature search was to systematically review the available literature on early and appropriate antimicrobial therapy and provide emergency physicians an evidence-based approach to antibiotic therapy for septic patients. Methods Four PubMed searches were completed to identify abstracts of relevant interest. We limited studies to those completed in adult humans that were composed in English between 2005 and 2015. Included studies were randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, prospective trials, and retrospective cohort studies. These studies were identified by a rigorous search methodology. No review articles, case series, or case reports were included. Predefined criteria were used to evaluate the quality and appropriateness of selected articles as part of a structured review. Results A total of 1552 abstracts were evaluated for inclusion. After the review of these studies, 14 were included for formal review. The authors then systematically evaluated each study, which formed the basis for this clinical statement. Conclusions Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock should receive early and appropriate antibiotics in the emergency department. Patients with septic shock who received appropriate antimicrobial therapy within 1 h of recognition had the greatest benefit in mortality.
Brush border enzyme-cleavable linkers: Evaluation for reducing renal uptake of radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen inhibitors.

Abstract Introduction Radiolabeled, low-molecular-weight prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors based on the Glu-ureido pharmacophore show promise for the detection and treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer; however, high renal retention of activity, related in part to overexpression of PSMA in kidneys can be problematic. The goal of the current study was to investigate the use of brush border enzyme-cleavable linkers as a strategy for reducing kidney activity levels from radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors. Methods PSMA-769 (6), a derivative of the prototypical PSMA inhibitor (((S)‑1‑carboxy‑5‑(4‑iodobenzamido)pentyl)carbamoyl)glutamate (12) modified to contain a Gly-Tyr linker, and its protected tin precursor (11) were synthesized starting from the basic pharmacophore molecule Lys-urea-Glu. An analogue of 6 containing d ‑tyrosine in lieu of l ‑tyrosine (PSMA-769- d -tyrosine) and the corresponding tin precursor ( d -11) also were synthesized. Both radioiodinated and 211At-labeled 6 were synthesized by radiohalogenation of 11 and deprotection in situ. Similarly, radioiodinated d -6 was synthesized from d -11. Paired label biodistribution of [125I]12 and [131I]6 was performed in normal mice and in SCID mice bearing both PC3 PIP (PSMA+) and PC3 flu (PSMA−) subcutaneous prostate carcinoma xenografts. The biodistribution of [131I]6 and [211At]6 was also evaluated in this tumor model. Biodistribution of the two radioiodinated diastereomers of 6 was evaluated in normal mice and urine samples were analyzed for the presence of 4‑iodohippuric acid. Results Compounds [131I]6 and [211At]6 were synthesized from 11 in overall radiochemical yields of 32.5 ± 0.1% (n = 4) and 22% (n = 1), respectively; radiochemical purity was >95%. In normal mice, renal uptake of [131I]6 was 1.4-, 2.8- and 161-fold lower than that seen for co-injected [125I]12 at 1 h, 4 h and 21 h, respectively. In tumor-bearing mice, kidney uptake of [131I]6 was similar to that for [125I]12 (P > 0.05) at 1 h and 4 h but was 6- to 7-fold lower at 21 h; however, [131I]6 uptake in PC3 PIP tumors was also lower than that seen for [125I]12 at 21 h (12.6 ± 3.4%ID/g vs. 36.8 ± 12.4%ID/g). Uptake of [211At]PSMA-769 in PC3 PIP tumors was slightly higher than that seen for [131I]PSMA-769 at 4 h (9.6 ± 1.6%ID/g versus 7.8 ± 1.6%ID/g; P = 0.002); its uptake in a number of normal tissues also was higher. In normal mice, kidney uptake of [125I]PSMA-769 at 4 h was about 73% of that seen for [131I]PSMA-769- d -tyrosine. Activity in the urine of mice receiving [125I]PSMA-769 contained mainly 4‑[125I]iodohippuric acid while unmetabolized intact molecule was present in the case of [125I]PSMA-769- d -tyrosine. Conclusion Use of this brush border enzyme-cleavable linker reduced kidney uptake and resulted in improved tumor:kidney uptake ratios. Although further structural improvements are needed, this linker approach might be useful as a component in strategies for reducing renal uptake of radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors.
Assessment of Electronic Authentication Policies using Multi-Stakeholder Multi-Criteria Hierarchical Decision Modeling

Standards allow society to be efficient, and interconnected. For expediency, a country may adopt a policy of domestic standards which may require reconsideration to conform to international ones to support global markets. However, the policy reform process is complex because adopting standards involves not only technological, but also political, economic, and social perspectives. Also, there may be conflict and dissent between the transition winners and losers. An effective method to rationally assess and rank policy alternatives is with a hierarchical decision model (HDM) that includes competing perspectives and their respective criteria. In the early 2000s, the South Korean government standardized and mandated electronic authentication technologies to mitigate technological gaps in e-commerce. However, this standardization also created problems causing Korea to lag in online security and being limited to a Microsoft-specific monoculture. Internationally, other de facto standards have been adopted such as secure sockets layer (SSL), and blockchain is being considered. In 2015, the Korean government eventually changed its policy by eliminating the e-commerce mandate to enable banks and other institutions to adopt different standards. This policy reform took sixteen years because of its pervasiveness. In this study, a HDM is developed specifically for Korea to assess the post-reform policy options.
Partial Differential Equations

In partial differential equations (PDEs), the unknown function is dependent on more than one independent variable. While many linear PDEs can be solved analytically, the nonlinear PDEs may not be amenable to analytical solutions. Also, the computational challenge may become rather demanding when solving nonlinear PDEs. Second-order linear PDEs can be classified as parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic which may describe a diffusion process, wave propagation, and steady-state (time independent) phenomena, respectively. This chapter presents either implicit or explicit solutions to the following linear parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic equations and nonlinear elliptic equations:
Extreme oncoplasty: Expanding indications for breast conservation.

Abstract Introduction Presence of multiple lesions and/or tumor span ≥5 cm are traditional indications for mastectomy. Patient desire for breast conservation has increased the interest in extreme oncoplastic breast conserving surgery (EOBCS) to avoid mastectomy; however, perioperative outcomes in this population have not been well described. Methods This is an observational cohort of breast cancer patients with multiple lesions and disease span ≥5 cm who underwent EOBCS. Patient demographics, disease span, margin width, mastectomy and re-excision rates, and cosmesis were evaluated. Results One hundred-eleven patients underwent EOBCS between 2012 and 2017. Eighty-two patients presented with multifocal or multicentric disease with an average of 3.2 lesions per breast spanning 57.1 ± 23.6 mm. Eighteen patients presented with unifocal tumors measuring an average of 67.6 mm (range 50–160 mm) on imaging. Eleven patients with an imaging size of Conclusion EOBCS can allow for breast conservation in patients who are traditionally counseled to undergo mastectomy. Although the re-excision rate was significant, most patients ultimately achieved breast conservation with adequate margins. Further study is warranted to determine the long-term oncologic outcomes of this approach.
A catalytic enantioselective synthetic route to the important antidepressant sertraline

Abstract An efficient catalytic enantioselective synthesis of the important antidepressant sertraline is described (Scheme I).
Deaths Associated with Emicizumab in Patients with Hemophilia A

Deaths Associated with Emicizumab Since the approval of emicizumab for patients with hemophilia A, a few deaths have been reported without sufficient detail to assess their relationship with the an...
Neutron activation analysis of ancient Italian tile samples

Fifteen tile samples from archaeological digs in central Italy were analyzed for trace element content using comparative neutron activation analysis. To accommodate the simultaneous irradiation of a large number of samples and standard reference materials, we designed a custom sample holder for the Penn State Breazeale Reactor 2″ × 6″ tube and characterized the thermal and epithermal neutron flux across all sample locations. Analysis of sample irradiation data produced concentration values for 14 elements. Statistical analyses of the data set using agglomerative hierarchical clustering indicated that the samples are from two distinct sites, which was confirmed by provenance information received after analysis.
Understanding the Needs and Preferences of Domestic and Sexual Violence Education for Health Profession Students.

This study examined health profession students’ comfort levels, perceived knowledge, attitudes, and preferences for domestic and sexual violence education at an academic medical center. Students in...
Outpatient care for opioid use disorder among the commercially insured: Use of medication and psychosocial treatment.

Abstract Background Evidence-based outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) consists of medications that treat OUD (MOUD) and psychosocial treatments (e.g., psychotherapy or counseling, case management). Prior studies have not examined the use of these components of care in a commercially insured population. Methods We analyzed claims data from a large national commercial insurer of enrollees age 17–64 identified with OUD (2008–2016, N = 87,877 persons and 122,708 person-years). Multinomial logistic regression models identified factors associated with receiving in a given year: 1) both MOUD and psychosocial visits, 2) MOUD without psychosocial visits, 3) psychosocial visits without MOUD, or 4) neither. We estimated predicted probabilities for key variables of interest. Results Identification of OUD nearly tripled during the observation period (0.17% in 2008, 0.45% in 2016). Among person-years identified as having OUD, 36.3% included MOUD (8.1% both MOUD and psychosocial visits and 28.2% MOUD without psychosocial visits). In adjusted analyses, women had a lower probability of receiving either treatment alone or in combination (e.g.,MOUD plus psychosocial visits: women = 6.7% [6.5%–6.9%] vs. men = 9.2% [9.0%–9.4%]). Moderate/severe vs. mild OUD was associated with a higher probability of receiving MOUD (e.g., MOUD plus psychosocial visits: 8.7% [8.6%–8.9%] vs. 0.9% [0.7%–1.0%]). In contrast, an OUD overdose was associated with a greater probability of receiving neither treatment (78.2% [77.4%–79.0%] vs. 55.5% [55.2%–55.8%]). Over time, the probability of receiving each MOUD and psychosocial treatment category increased relative to 2008, but reached a peak and then plateaued or declined, by the end of the study period. Conclusions A significant treatment gap exists among individuals identified with OUD in this commercially insured population, with greater risks of receiving no treatment for women and for individuals with mild versus moderate or severe OUD. Overdose is associated with receiving neither MOUD nor psychosocial treatment. While treated prevalence initially increased relative to 2008, rates of treatment subsequently plateaued. Additional study and monitoring to elucidate barriers to OUD treatment in commercially insured populations are warranted.
Concurrent giant sialoliths within the submandibular gland parenchyma and distal segment of Wharton’s duct: Novel case report

Objective This article discusses the clinical significance of an unusual case of the simultaneous occurrence of 2 giant sialoliths within the ipsilateral submandibular gland and distal aspect of Wharton's duct in a 63-year-old patient. Background The majority of submandibular gland sialoliths are found in Wharton's duct, with fewer within the gland parenchyma. Giant sialoliths (exceeding 15 mm in size) are rare. Materials and methods An asymptomatic, otherwise healthy older patient sought dental care and underwent a comprehensive oral and radiographic examination. Results A panoramic radiograph revealed 2 incidental radiopaque structures, representing giant sialoliths within the submandibular gland and along the distal segment of Wharton's duct. This synchronous finding apparently represents the first case reported in the geriatric literature. Conclusions The detection of 1 salivary stone should heighten the scrutiny for additional stones. Practitioners should carefully weigh the risk of sialolith removal versus deferment of treatment in older medically compromised patients.
Fine Structure of X-Ray Absorption Edges

IN the issue of the Zeitschrift fur Physik for July 2, 1924, Dr. Coster reports the existence of a white line on the long wave-length side of the absorption edge in the case of the higher valence forms of various elements. Evidence has been obtained in this laboratory that iodic acid and potassium permanganate, two of the substances for which he reports this line, are slowly reduced by X-rays. If this occurs in the absorbing screen, it seems reasonable to expect that the photographic plates will show not only the absorption edge of the original compound, but also that of the reduced portion. According to Lindh's results with phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorine, the absorption edge of the reduced form might be expected to fall on the long wave-length side of the main edge. It seems reasonable, therefore, to raise the question whether the white line Dr. Coster reports may not be the absorption edge of that part of the material in the absorbing screen reduced by the X-ray.
Validation of a Next-Generation Sequencing-Based T-Cell Receptor Gamma Gene Rearrangement Diagnostic Assay: Transitioning from Capillary Electrophoresis to Next-Generation Sequencing.

Assessment of T-cell receptor γ gene (TRG) rearrangements is an importants consideration in the diagnostic workup of lymphoproliferative diseases. Although fragment analysis by PCR and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is the current standard of such assessment in clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories, it does not provide sequence information and is only semi-quantitative. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assays are an attractive alternative to the conventional fragment size–based methods, given that they generate results with specific clonotype sequence information and allow for more accurate quantitation. The present study evaluated various test parameters and performance characteristics of a commercially available NGS-based TRG gene-rearrangement assay by testing 101 clinical samples previously characterized by fragment analysis. The NGS TRG assay showed an overall accuracy of 83% and an analytical specificity of 100%. The concordance rates were 88% to 95% in the Vγ1–8, Vγ10, and Vγ11 gene families, but lower in the Vγ9 gene family. This difference was mostly attributed to the incomplete polyclonal symmetry resulting from the two-tube CE assay versus the one-tube design of the NGS assay. The NGS assay also demonstrated strengths in distinguishing clonotypes of the same fragment size. This clinical validation demonstrated robust performance of the NGS-based TRG assay and identified potential pitfalls associated with CE assay design that are important for understanding the observed discrepancies with the CE-based assay.
Genetic and epigenetic regulation of two imprinted tumor suppressor genes - ARHI and PEG3 - in ovarian cancer

1573 Genomic imprinting plays an important role in mammalian development, growth, cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. Imprinted tumor suppressor genes may be particularly important in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer where strong chemical or viral carcinogens have not been implicated. In this study, we have documented decreased expression, CpG island hypermethylation and LOH for two imprinted tumor suppressor genes, ARHI and PEG3, in human ovarian cancers. Expression was measured by real time RT-PCR, methylation was quantitated by pyrosequencing and LOH was detected by electrophoresis and allele scoring with intragenic TA repeats and other polymorphic markers in 10 ovarian cancer cells lines, 42 pairs of normal and ovarian cancer tissues from the same patients, 3 normal ovarian epithelial cell cultures and epithelial scrapings from 5 normal ovaries. ARHI was downregulated in 8 of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines and 72.5% of 40 evaluable cases. As an imprinted gene, both CpG islands of the ARHI promoter were partially methylated in all normal ovarian epithelial cells and normal tissues. ARHI CpG island I and II were hypermethylated in 28.6% and 10% cases of ovarian cancers respectively. ARHI expression was reduced in 11 of 12 cases (91.7%) of ovarian cancer with CpG island I hypermethylation, and all 4 cases with CpG island II hypermethylation. LOH was found in 8 of 35 (23%) informative cases. The 4 cases with CpG island II hypermethylation had LOH, suggesting that hypermethylation and silencing could result from loss of the functional paternal allele. PEG3 expression was downregulated in 6 of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines and in 77.5% of 40 evaluable ovarian cancer cases. As a maternally imprinted gene, PEG3 was partially methylated in all normal ovarian epithelial cells. PEG3 was hypermethylated in 8 of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines and 31% of 42 ovarian cancers; 2 ovarian cancer cases (4.76%) were hypomethylated. PEG3 expression was downregulated in 12 of 13 hypermethylated cases (92.31%). In 25 informative cases, we found LOH in 5 cases (20%). PEG3 expression was downregulated in 4 of these 5 cases. Thus, a majority of ovarian cancers had downregulation of two imprinted tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant methylation and loss of heterozygosity were associated with decreased expression of these genes.
Riparian Vegetation of the Northern Range, Yellowstone National Park; Classification, Succession, and Environmental Relationships

For many years interest in and research concerning wetlands has lagged behind the more extensive efforts put furth in upland and aquatic ecosystems. Recent years have seen wetlands featured in several symposia (Johnson and Jones 1977; Johnson and others 1985; Ratliff 1985; Brosz and Rodgers 1986). Within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and contiguous areas several studies both intensive (Norton, et al 1981; Tuhy 1981; Mattson 1982; Mutz and Queiroz 1983)and extensive (Tuhy and Jensen 1982; Youngblood, et a1 1985; Pierce and Johnson 1986) have been completed. The climate of northern Yellowstone is a hybrid between continental and inland maritime. There is a gradient in precipitation and temperature between the lowest recording station Gardiner (1616 m) and the Northeast Entrance station (2244 m). Gardiner, by virtue of its low elevation, is the warmest and driest location with only 277 mm mean annual precipitation, of which most occurs in the late spring-early summer. The Northeast Entrance, the highest reporting station in this Northern portion of the park, is the wettest (670 mm) and coldest. However, precipitation at the Northeast Entrance is more evenly distributed throughout the year with distinct peaks in early summer and mid winter. Of potentially greater importance than climate to understanding wetland composition is water chemistry. Streams originating to the east of the study area in the Absaroka Range drain predominately extrusive igneous (andesitic) rock and glacial till. Streams originating to the south of the study area drain oligotrophic tephra and rhyolitic substrates. To the west and north a mix of sedimentary and glacial till substrates are represented. Groundwater from these distinct geologic substrates, in addition to water from unique thermal features producing a complexity of groundwater environments in this "northern range".
Mutual Understanding: The Basis of Respect...and Ethical Education

We are convinced that it is ignorance, not knowledge, that makes enemies of men. Assertions such as these are common in both politics and multicultural education, in part because they contain important truths about social relations. But the often implicitly accepted converse — mutual understanding fosters social harmony— does not bear up under scrutiny. Sometimes, the more we know about someone else, the more familiar we are with their way of life, the less inclined we are to co-exist peacefully. Greater understanding amidst ethical difference does not necessarily lead to more harmonious relations. Nevertheless, mutual understanding is a vital goal of civic/multicultural education — but the argument is more appropriately grounded in a conception of mutual respect I defend here: in order to respect others, we must understand their ethical frameworks, the narrative structures that shape their visions of the good life. Such understanding is a necessary, but not sufficient, element of mutual respect. As I will explain, the depth of understanding required for respect varies according to social context; the less ethical common ground we share, the greater our civic burden of understanding others becomes. In our contemporary society marked by great diversity of ethical projects, mutual respect requires significant effort toward understanding those projects, and points to the need for students to learn how to engage thoughtfully across ethical difference.
Need for a New Paradigm for the Clinical Trials of Antidepressants

The current clinical trials model for antidepressants (AD) was developed in the 1960s. It views major depression as a unitary disorder, and "antidepressants" as having illness-specific therapeutic actions. The established efficacy measures are the Hamilton symptom rating scale and the CGI, which provide summary measures of improvement. In contrast, the DSM IV defines depression as heterogeneous, with such broad classes as unipolar and bipolar showing different response to treatments. Research further indicates depression to be comprised of major affective and behavioral components which vary in intensity across patients, and the tricyclic ADs to have multiple actions that affect various components sequentially. "New" ADs, products of rapid advancements in the neurosciences, are more precise in their actions on brain monoamine systems, targeted to affect behaviors with greater specificity. A new trials model sensitive to the varied behavioral effects needs to be developed to adapt to these quicker acting, targeted antidepressants. A componential model is recommended that employs an array of behavioral methods, and subtype classification and statistical approaches to estimate onset and sequence of multiple drug actions. The NIMH can intervene to accelerate improvements by initiating funding programs to implement more effective clinical methods and models.
Locke’s Problem Concerning Perceptual Error

For perceptions of shape can falsely represent their objects. Consider a time-honoured example: when I look at a square tower from far away, it looks round. Thus, on a theory that holds that perception is a matter of having ideas, I have a false idea of the shape of the tower. Locke does not explicitly endorse this claim. Indeed, as has frequently been noted,1 his Essay Concerning Human Understanding2 contains surprisingly little discussion of perceptual error. However, given how obvious perceptual error is in everyday life, and given that Locke never denies that there is perceptual error, it is prima facie reasonable to assume that Locke recognizes its existence. Conjoining (1) with two other theses for which the Essay provides significant textual evidence and which are almost universally attributed to Locke raises a problem. For the triad consisting of (1) and the following two theses is inconsistent:
The AMP-binding domain on adenylate kinase. Evidence for a conformational change during binary-to-ternary complex formation via photoaffinity labeling analyses.

Abstract The topological location of the nucleotide substrate binding environments on adenylate kinase has been explored with the fluorescent molecule [4-benzoyl]benzoyl-1-amidofluorescein (BzAF) and the nucleotide analog 3'-O-[4-benzoyl]benzoyl-ATP (BzATP), which are site-directed photoaffinity probes that bind covalently at the individual nucleotide sites. The MgBzATP substituted for MgATP as a substrate for this enzyme, whereas BzAF, which is neither a substrate nor a nucleotide, behaved as a competitive inhibitor for each nucleotide site independently. BzAF could be directed specifically to either of the nucleotide sites by near saturation of the second site with its natural nucleotide substrate. Using this second site blocking approach, each nucleotide site, in turn, could be protected competitively from BzAF-induced photoinhibition by the presence of its natural substrate. This strategy showed that under photolysis, the Kd(BzAF) of 0.1 mM (for the MgATP site) and 0.2 mM (for the AMP site) were nearly identical with the Km(app) values determined for MgATP and AMP, respectively. Pseudo first-order photolysis kinetics with [3H]BzAF revealed covalent binding stoichiometries for full inhibition of 1 mol of probe/mol of enzyme at either site. Thus, we prepared the binary complex ([3H]BzAF-enzyme) by photo-labeling the MgATP site-blocked enzyme with [3H]BzAf to 1:1 molar stoichiometry. Tryptic digestion followed by partial sequencing of the [3H]BzAF-labeled enzyme disclosed that BzAF was bound specifically within the peptide span Gly64-->Arg77. This amino acid domain therefore probably constitutes the neighborhood identifiable with AMP binding. Furthermore, we also achieved double photocovalent labeling of adenylate kinase with both photoprobes, by first cross-linking with approximately 1 mol of MgBzATP, followed by approximately 0.9 mol of [3H]BzAF, thus generating a ternary covalent complex. Comparison of the fluorescence of the binary species and the ternary (BzATP-enzyme-[3H]BzAF) complex revealed altered fluorescence emission profiles, which could indicate that a conformational change occurs during formation of the ternary (or transition state) complex.
Usability enforcer and dottie software tools: promoting e-government accessibility for older adults

Several software tools are demonstrated that have been developed with the objective of making Web sites more accessible to adults sixty years or older. The Usability Enforcer tool dynamically transforms a Web page into a more usable one by applying rules associated with usability and accessibility guidelines from previous research. The DOTTIE tool provides a report of HTML source code violations by applying the Web accessibility guidelines for older adults, as specified by the National Institute on Aging. These tools may be downloaded at: (http://www.cba.nau.edu/facstaff/becker-a/Accessibility/main.html).
Broad-zone active-enzyme chromatography. Keto-acid dehydrogenases as associating systems.

Abstract We have extended the method of active-enzyme chromatography to include the use of broad zones of enzyme. This allows examination of interacting systems in a way formally analogous to sedimentation velocity so that simulation of the observed activity profiles is possible. The method has been applied using pyridine nucleotide-linked active enzyme assays. At the concentrations presently accessible by this technique, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, both associating systems, show single symmetrical boundaries, as does isolated diaphorase, while pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases show more complex patterns, with the position of the reaction boundary for diaphorase activity being dependent on enzyme concentration.