cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Variability in the Innate Functional Organization of the Human Brain

The adult brain is organized into distinct functional networks, forming the basis of information processing and determining individual differences in behavior. Is this network organization genetically determined and present at birth? And what is the individual variability in this organization in neonates? Here, we use unsupervised learning to uncover intrinsic functional brain organization using resting-state connectivity from a large cohort of neonates (Developing Human Connectome Project). We identified a set of symmetric, hierarchical, and replicable networks: sensorimotor, visual, default mode, ventral attention, and high-level vision. We quantified individual variability across neonates, and found the most individual variability in the ventral attention networks. Crucially, the variability of these networks were not driven by SNR differences or differences from adult networks (Yeo et al., 2011). Finally, differential gene expression provided a potential explanation for the emergence of these distinct networks and identified potential genes of interest for future developmental and individual variability research. Overall, we found neonatal connectomes (even at the voxel-level) can reveal broad individual-specific information processing units. The presence of individual differences in neonates and the framework for personalized parcellations demonstrated here has the potential to improve prediction of behavior and future outcomes from neonatal and infant brain data.
Glaciers as a Sacred Symbol: An Interaction Ritual Analysis of the Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899

The preservationist John Muir and the railroad magnate Edward H. Harriman developed an unlikely friendship that can be traced to Harriman's Alaska Expedition in 1899. Primary and secondary sources ...
Performance of Multiple Metagenomics Pipelines in Understanding Microbial Diversity of a Low-Biomass Spacecraft Assembly Facility

NASA planetary protection (PP) requires an assessment of the biological contamination of the potential microbial burden on spacecraft destined to explore planetary bodies that may harbor signs of life, like Mars and Europa. To help meet these goals, the performance of multiple metagenomic pipelines were compared and assessed for their ability to detect microbial diversity of a low-biomass clean room environment used to build spacecraft destined to these planetary bodies. Four vendors were chosen to implement their own metagenomic analysis pipeline on the shotgun sequences retrieved from environmental surfaces in the relevant environments at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. None of the vendors showed the same microbial profile patterns when analyzing same raw dataset since each vendor used different pipelines, which begs the question of the validity of a single pipeline to be recommended for future NASA missions. All four vendors detected species of interest, including spore-forming and extremotolerant bacteria, that have the potential to hitch-hike on spacecraft and contaminate the planetary bodies explored. Some vendors demonstrated through functional analysis of the metagenomes that the molecular mechanisms for spore-formation and extremotolerance were represented in the data. However, relative abundances of these microorganisms varied drastically between vendor analyses, questioning the ability of these pipelines to quantify the number of PP-relevant microorganisms on a spacecraft surface. Metagenomics offers tantalizing access to the genetic and functional potential of a microbial community that may offer NASA a viable method for microbial burden assays for planetary protection purposes. However, future development of technologies such as streamlining the processing of shotgun metagenome sequence data, long read sequencing, and all-inclusive larger curated and annotated microbial genome databases will be required to validate and translate relative abundances into an actionable assessment of PP-related microbes of interest. Additionally, the future development of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques could help enhance the quality of these metagenomic analyses by providing more accurate identification of the genetic and functional potential of a microbial community.
The AMIGO1 adhesion protein activates Kv2.1 voltage sensors

Kv2 voltage-gated potassium channels are modulated by AMIGO neuronal adhesion proteins. Here, we identify steps in the conductance activation pathway of Kv2.1 channels that are modulated by AMIGO1 using voltage clamp recordings and spectroscopy of heterologously expressed Kv2.1 and AMIGO1 in mammalian cell lines. AMIGO1 speeds early voltage sensor movements and shifts the gating charge-voltage relationship to more negative voltages. The gating charge-voltage relationship indicates that AMIGO1 exerts a larger energetic effect on voltage sensor movement than apparent from the midpoint of the conductance-voltage relationship. When voltage sensors are detained at rest by voltage sensor toxins, AMIGO1 has a greater impact on the conductance-voltage relationship. Fluorescence measurements from voltage sensor toxins bound to Kv2.1 indicate that with AMIGO1, the voltage sensors enter their earliest resting conformation, yet this conformation is less stable upon voltage stimulation. We conclude that AMIGO1 modulates the Kv2.1 conductance activation pathway by destabilizing the earliest resting state of the voltage sensors.
Right radial nerve decompression for refractory radial tunnel syndrome.

Background Radial tunnel syndrome arises due to compression of the radial nerve through the radial tunnel.[1,5] The radial nerve divides into superficial and deep branches in the forearm. The deep branch travels posteriorly through the heads of the supinator where compression commonly occurs.[3,9,7] This syndrome results in pain in the hand and forearm with no motor weakness.[8] This condition can be treated conservatively with splinting and anti-inflammatory medication.[2,4,6] For cases of refractory radial tunnel syndrome, surgical management can be considered. Herein, we have presented a step-by-step video guide on how to perform a radial nerve decompression with a review of the relevant anatomy and surgical considerations. Case description A 68-year-old right-handed woman presented to the Mayo Clinic (Scottsdale, AZ) with the right elbow pain which radiated to the forearm causing significant difficulties with daily tasks. She had been dealing with worsening symptoms for 4 months. The patient's history of gardening and clinical presentation allowed for diagnosis of radial tunnel syndrome. After conservative measures failed and other differential diagnoses were excluded, surgical decompression was recommended to treat her symptoms. The patient's right arm was marked preoperatively between the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm was identified which allowed for the determination of the interval between the brachioradialis and ECRL. Separation of the two muscles allowed for the identification of the radial sensory nerve. A nerve stimulator was used to confirm the sensory nature of this nerve. The nerve to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) was identified and retracted with a vessel loop. Dorsal to the nerve to the ECRB is the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), which was identified and retracted with a vessel loop. The fascia of the ECRB was divided both longitudinally and transversely and the supinator below was identified. The supinator muscle was carefully divided to further decompress the PIN. Informed consent for publication of this material was obtained from the patient. Conclusion The patient tolerated the procedure well and reported significantly reduced pain at 7-month follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, video tutorials on this procedure have not been published. This video can serve as an educational guide for peripheral nerve specialists dealing with similar lesions.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Following an Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Test.

Importance Prostate cancer screening and diagnosis exhibit known racial and ethnic disparities. Whether these disparities persist in prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization after elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) results is poorly understood. Objective To assess potential racial and ethnic disparities in prostate MRI utilization following elevated PSA results. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study of 794 809 insured US men was drawn from deidentified medical claims between January 2011 and December 2017 obtained from a commercial claims database. Eligible participants were aged 40 years and older and received a single PSA result and no prior PSA screening or prostate MRI claims. Analysis was performed in January 2021. Main outcomes and measures Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between elevated PSA results and follow-up prostate MRI. For patients receiving prostate MRI, multivariable regressions were estimated for the time between PSA and subsequent prostate MRI. PSA thresholds explored included PSA levels above 2.5 ng/mL, 4 ng/mL, and 10 ng/mL. Analyses were stratified by race, ethnicity, and age. Results Of 794 809 participants, 51 500 (6.5%) had PSA levels above 4 ng/mL; of these, 1524 (3.0%) underwent prostate MRI within 180 days. In this sample, mean (SD) age was 59.8 (11.3) years (range 40-89 years); 31 350 (3.9%) were Asian, 75 935 (9.6%) were Black, 107 956 (13.6%) were Hispanic, and 455 214 (57.3%) were White. Compared with White patients, Black patients with PSA levels above 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL were 24.1% (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.89) and 35.0% (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.85) less likely to undergo subsequent prostate MRI, respectively. Asian patients with PSA levels higher than 4 ng/mL (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99) and Hispanic patients with PSA levels above 10 ng/mL (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99) were also less likely to undergo subsequent prostate MRI compared with White patients. Black patients between ages 65 and 74 years with PSA above 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL were 23.6% (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91) and 43.9% (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.91) less likely to undergo MRI, respectively. Race and ethnicity were not significantly associated with mean time between PSA and MRI. Conclusions and relevance Among men with elevated PSA results, racial and ethnic disparities were evident in subsequent prostate MRI utilization and were more pronounced at higher PSA thresholds. Further research is needed to better understand and mitigate physician decision-making biases and other potential sources of disparities in prostate cancer diagnosis and management.
Migraine and Other Primary Headaches

Primary headaches consist of migraine, tension-type headaches, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (e.g., cluster headache). Migraine and tension-type headaches are common and, in chronic form, are major causes of disability. Prospective double-blind and placebo-controlled studies have confirmed the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA (onaA) in chronic migraine (class A evidence). Follow-up of patients in PREEMPT studies with five cycles of onaA injections (over 56 weeks) attests to the tolerability and safety of this drug in chronic migraine and demonstrates progressive improvement of patient’s quality of life. In clinical practice, patients treated with onaA for more than 2 years describe their experience as very gratifying (attached videotapes). Studies using onaA in management of episodic migraine and chronic daily headaches have shown disappointing results and no evidence of efficacy. Investigations using botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in management of tension-type headache have also provided negative results, but the results are confounded by selection of low-dose, suboptimal technique and selection of rigid primary outcome criteria. No blinded studies with BoNTs are available for trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.
Inspiratory occlusion pressure as a measure of hypoxic ventilatory drive (1178.14)

The pressure generated during the first 0.1 sec of an occluded inspiration (P0.1) has been proposed as a measure of neural ventilatory drive that is independent of respiratory mechanics. We attempted to validate P0.1 as a measure of hypoxic ventilatory drive against traditional measurement of the isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). Ten healthy subjects breathed through a mask and non-rebreathing valve. The HVR ([[Unsupported Character - Symbol Font ]]Ventilation / -[[Unsupported Character - Symbol Font ]]SaO2) was measured when inspired O2 decreased from 30% to 10% and end-tidal PCO2 was held constant 2-3 Torr above the level measured on 30% O2. The change in P0.1 (averaged over 3 randomly occluded breaths) was measured under the same conditions. HVR averaged 0.87 + 0.62 L/(min %) and the change in P0.1 with hypoxia was 0.16 + 0.12 cm H2O/%; the two responses were not correlated across all subjects. HVR was < 0.10 in 3 subjects but only 2 of these subjects had a low P0.1 response...
Methyl CpG binding protein-2 gene disruption augments tonic currents of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors in locus coeruleus neurons: Impact on neuronal excitability and breathing

People with Rett syndrome and mouse models show autonomic dysfunction involving the brain stem locus coeruleus (LC). Neurons in the LC of Mecp2-null mice are overly excited, likely resulting from a defect in neuronal intrinsic membrane properties and a deficiency in GABA synaptic inhibition. In addition to the synaptic GABA receptors, there is a group of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) that is located extrasynaptically and mediates tonic inhibition. Here we show evidence for augmentation of the extrasynaptic GABAARs in Mecp2-null mice. In brain slices, exposure of LC neurons to GABAAR agonists increased tonic currents that were blocked by GABAAR antagonists. With 10 μm GABA, the bicuculline-sensitive tonic currents were ∼4-fold larger in Mecp2-null LC neurons than in the WT. Single-cell PCR analysis showed that the δ subunit, the principal subunit of extrasynaptic GABAARs, was present in LC neurons. Expression levels of the δ subunit were ∼50% higher in Mecp2-null neurons than in the WT. Also increased in expression in Mecp2-null mice was another extrasynaptic GABAAR subunit, α6, by ∼4-fold. The δ subunit-selective agonists 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol hydrochloride and 4-chloro-N-[2-(2-thienyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]]benzamide activated the tonic GABAA currents in LC neurons and reduced neuronal excitability to a greater degree in Mecp2-null mice than in the WT. Consistent with these findings, in vivo application of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol hydrochloride alleviated breathing abnormalities of conscious Mecp2-null mice. These results suggest that extrasynaptic GABAARs seem to be augmented with Mecp2 disruption, which may be a compensatory response to the deficiency in GABAergic synaptic inhibition and allows control of neuronal excitability and breathing abnormalities.
STAT6 Controls the Number of Regulatory T Cells In Vivo, Thereby Regulating Allergic Lung Inflammation

STAT6 plays a central role in IL-4-mediated allergic responses. Several studies indicate that regulatory T cells (Tregs) can be modulated by IL-4 in vitro. We previously showed that STAT6(-/-) mice are highly resistant to allergic lung inflammation even when wild-type Th2 effectors were provided and that they have increased numbers of Tregs. However, the role of STAT6 in modulating Tregs in vivo during allergic lung inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine Treg and STAT6 interaction during allergic inflammation, STAT6(-/-), STAT6xRAG2(-/-), and RAG2(-/-) mice were subjected to OVA sensitization and challenge following adoptive transfer of OVA-specific, wild-type Th2 effectors with or without prior Treg depletion/inactivation, using anti-CD25 (PC61). As expected, STAT6(-/-) mice were highly resistant to airway inflammation and remodeling. In contrast, allergic lung inflammation was partially restored in STAT6(-/-) mice treated with PC61 to levels observed in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice. In some cases, STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice were also given natural Tregs along with Th2 effectors. Adoptive transfer of natural Tregs caused a substantial reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophil composition and suppressed airway remodeling and T cell migration into the lung in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice to levels comparable to those in STAT6(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the STAT6-dependent suppression of Tregs in vivo to promote allergic airway inflammation.
Perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) contains polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and PPO substrates that can reduce post-harvest proteolysis.

Background Studies of perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) suggest its hay and haylage have greater levels of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) than other legume forages such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Greater RUP can result in more efficient nitrogen utilization by ruminant animals with positive economic and environmental effects. We sought to determine whether, like red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), perennial peanut contains polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and PPO substrates that might be responsible for increased RUP. Results Perennial peanut extracts contain immunologically detectible PPO protein and high levels of PPO activity (>100 nkatal mg−1 protein). Addition of caffeic acid (PPO substrate) to perennial peanut extracts depleted of endogenous substrates reduced proteolysis by 90%. Addition of phenolics prepared from perennial peanut leaves to extracts of either transgenic PPO-expressing or control (non-expressing) alfalfa showed peanut phenolics could reduce proteolysis >70% in a PPO-dependent manner. Two abundant likely PPO substrates are present in perennial peanut leaves including caftaric acid. Conclusions Perennial peanut contains PPO and PPO substrates that together are capable of inhibiting post-harvest proteolysis, suggesting a possible mechanism for increased RUP in this forage. Research related to optimizing the PPO system in other forage crops will likely be applicable to perennial peanut. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Lemmings to the Sea: The Inappropriate Use of Financial Ratios in Empirical Analysis

Despite the theoretical underpinnings for the use of equity and earnings in economic analysis, certain financial ratios are not suited for econometric models. In particular, when reported shareholder's equity and/or earnings are less than zero, an inverse relationship can exist between financial ratios and actual firm performance. Although certain earnings ratios can be corrected when this happens, corrections to other ratios, in particular those involving negative book values for equity would result in severe sample bias, erroneous results, and misleading conclusions.
Molecular determinant of Nav1.8 sodium channel resistance to the venom from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus

The scorpion venom from Leiurus quinquestriatus (LQTX) alters the kinetics of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive channels such as the skeletal muscle sodium channel Na(v)1.4. In this study, we tested the effects of LQTX on the TTX-resistant sodium current generated by Na(v)1.8 channels in sensory neurons. Na(v)1.8 current was found to be resistant to LQTX, whereas LQTX slowed inactivation of the current generated by Na(v)1.4 and induced a persistent current. LQTX has been shown to bind the S3-S4 linker of domain four (D4S3-S4) of rat brain Na(v)1.2 sodium channels. Sequence analysis shows that the D4S3-S4 linker is longer in Na(v)1.8 than in Na(v)1.4 by four amino acids: Serine; Leucine; Glutamic acid; and Aspargine (SLEN). Na(v)1.4-SLEN, a chimera construct carrying SLEN at the analogous position in the D4S3-S4 linker, was also found to be resistant to LQTX. Therefore, we conclude that the tetrapeptide SLEN at the D4S3-S4 linker region is sufficient to make Na(v)1.8 resistant to LQTX.
Integral equation group contribution methods

Abstract This note is a report on preliminary calculations for a new group-contributions method. The approach is based on molecular perturbation theory and uses an interaction site model for the intermolecular potential. Sites are associated with functional groups and interact via Lennard-Jones 12-6 potentials. The site-site Ornstein-Zernike integral equation is used to determine the molecular structure of the reference fluid. Experimental data for methane are used to fit group interaction parameters that are then used in a two group model for ethene. The predicted equation of state is compared with experimental data.
The effect of a rapid change in availability of epidural analgesia on the cesarean delivery rate: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to quantitatively estimate the effect of a rapid introduction or withdrawal of on-demand epidural analgesia on the cesarean delivery rate. Study Design: MEDLINE and meeting abstracts were searched for studies reporting the cesarean delivery rate immediately before and after a rapid change in the availability of epidural analgesia. Nine studies reporting data on 37,753 patients were selected. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the means and 95% confidence intervals for the changes in rates of total cesarean deliveries, cesarean deliveries among nulliparous women, cesarean deliveries for dystocia, and operative vaginal deliveries. Results: There was no significant change in the overall cesarean delivery rate with an increase in the availability of epidural analgesia. Similarly, the rates of cesarean deliveries among nulliparous patients, of cesarean deliveries for dystocia, and of operative vaginal deliveries did not significantly differ between periods of high and low epidural analgesia availability. Conclusion: A rapid change in the availability of epidural analgesia is not associated with any increase in the cesarean delivery rate. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:974-8.)
Continuing dental education on the World Wide Web

Continuing dental education (CDE) courses delivered on the World Wide Web (Web CDE) offer numerous advantages over traditional CDE; however, two major issues--location of suitable courses and course quality--need resolution. Locating high-quality courses is difficult due to the lack of the standardized metadata that allows search engines to match courses to practitioners' needs. Web directories created by professional organizations are beginning to show promise, but require further development. Search engines and Web directories are discussed and improvements currently underway summarized. Course quality remains a highly significant concern. A national effort to create Web CDE course quality standards is underway that includes proposed standards. These proposed standards are summarized and used to comment on the current state of Web CDE courses. Examples are given when possible. Three emerging Web CDE technologies and a look to the future of Web CDE are discussed.
Exogenic and endogenic albedo and color patterns on Europa

New global and high-resolution multispectral mosaics of Europa have been produced from the Voyager imaging data. Photometric normalizations are based on multiple-image techniques that explicitly account for intrinsic albedo variations through pixel-by-pixel solutions. The exogenic color and albedo pattern on Europa is described by a second-order function of the cosine of the angular distance from the apex of orbital motion. On the basis of this second-order function and of color trends that are different on the leading and trailing hemispheres, the exogenic pattern is interpreted as being due to equilibrium between two dominant processes: (1) impact gardening and (2) magnetospheric interactions, including sulfur-ion implantation and sputtering redistribution. Removal of the model exogenic pattern in the mosaics reveals the endogenic variations, consisting of only two major units: darker (redder) and bright materials. Therefore Europa's visual spectral reflectivity is simple, having one continuous exogenic pattern and two discrete endogenic units.
Efficacy and Safety of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy in Superficial Bladder Cancer

In the United States, bladder cancer is the fourth most common human malignancy. In the past decade, the incidence of bladder cancer has increased by 36%. However, mortality has declined by 8%. Intravesical chemotherapy was considered to be partially responsible for this improvement in survival, but a recent review of clinical studies shows no reduction in disease progression with intravesical chemotherapy. Fortunately, the results of immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are quite different, and it is expected that patients treated with optimal BCG treatment regimens will have a long-term reduction in tumor recurrence, tumor progression, and cancer mortality.
Deformation twinning of martensite

Low temperature strength properties, deformation modes, and the transition from slip to twinning were studied in Fe-Ni massive-martensites as a function of martensite structural features. Specimens with block widthsd (mm) from coarse (d−1/2 = 1.0) to fine (d−1/2 = 6.5) were tensile tested at 4 and 77 K. Twinning was the dominant mode at 4 K at all block sizes. The twin-yield stress (σT) increased with decreasing block size:σT = σiT + kTd−1/2 At 77 K the mode changed from twinning to slip atd = 0.05. Slip was less sensitive tod than twinning, withkT at 4 K twicekY at 77 K. The initial twin load-drop stress also increased withd−1/2 at 77 K. Twins were thin, banded, undeviated by the substructure, and restricted to specific blocks. The twinning plane was {21l}. Deformation is discussed in terms of the unique massive-martensite substructure as compared with that of other ferrous BCC alloys.
Synthesis and characterization of dual‐functionalized laponite clay for acrylic nanocomposites

Dual-functional laponites were synthesized by a condensation reaction with silane coupling agents followed by cation exchange reaction with quaternary ammonium salts. FTIR and solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR confirmed their structures. Quantitative solid state 29Si DP/MAS NMR spectra indicated that clay silanol groups reacted with silane coupling agents by a decrease in the silanol peak and appearance of a new SiOSi peak. Dual-functionalized laponites showed improved dispersion in organic solvents and vinyl monomers. One dual-functional laponite modified with both photosensitizer and coinitiator photo-initiated polymerization of an acrylate (2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, PEA) and a methacrylate (MHMA, methyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate). TEM showed laponite clay sheets were exfoliated in poly(PEA); while a combination of exfoliated, intercalated and tactoid morphologies was found in poly(methyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate). The other dual-functionalized laponite clay with edge-bound methacrylate units copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and led to a high grafting amount and graft efficiency. PMMA nanocomposites showed higher storage modulus both below and above the glass transition temperature compared to the PMMA control. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Handwriting posture in left-handers: Sex, familial sinistrality and language laterality correlates

Abstract Study 1 examined the incidence of inverted (IHP) and noninverted (NHP) hand postures in normal left-handers. Hand posture was found to be reliably classifiable; males employed the IHP significantly more often than females; and IHP was significantly more frequent in FS + than FS −Ss. In Study 2, Ss, were given a lateralized tachistoscopic color-naming latency task, and in Study 3, lateralized word recognition tasks. The results of these studies suggest that, because of its association with FS, hand posture is not a wholly unique new variable and that hand posture appears less promising than FS for differentiating cerebral asymmetries in left-handers.
The food system as an economic driver: Strategies and applications for Michigan

ABSTRACT Transition to a more local, sustainable food system has the potential to help address many chronic problems facing communities across the country. We present results of an input-output analysis for Michigan measuring income and job impacts of a scenario in which residents meet USDA fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines by eating more seasonally available Michigan grown fresh produce. Our study finds that almost 2000 jobs and $200 million in new income would be created. We relate this to initiatives on the state, regional, and community level engaging broad stakeholder groups and creating opportunity for increased access to locally grown foods.
Series solutions of structural systems subjected to static and dynamic loads

Abstract Solutions of complex structural systems for general boundaries are intractable in closed-form through the classical techniques. However, such structural systems have been analyzed herein with the aid of fast converging Fourier Series solution techniques and the macro flexibility concepts. Specifically, the one- and two-dimensional structural systems under static and dynamic loads have been analyzed. In addition, approximate design formulae for forces and displacements have been developed and validated through the results obtained from other existing techniques. The proposed methodology appears to be direct and lends itself well to solving two-dimensional static and dynamic problems with general boundaries. Also, it is well-suited to arriving at one- and two-term approximations for displacements, forces and eigen values. These values are within a 10% range of the “EXACT” values. For example, displacements of skewed plates from the proposed solution are not only accurate but converge with the decreasing skewed angle. The work presented herein is a summary of the sponsored research applied to practical structural systems. Structural idealizations to physical systems are suggested herein. Simple design formulae are presented for use by the practicing structural engineer.
Multifrequency high-field EPR study of the tryptophanyl and tyrosyl radical intermediates in wild-type and the W191G mutant of cytochrome c peroxidase.

Multifrequency (95, 190, and 285 GHz) high-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been used to characterize radical intermediates in wild-type and Trp191Gly mutant cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP). The high-field EPR spectra of the exchange-coupled oxoferryl−trytophanyl radical pair that constitutes the CcP compound I intermediate [(Fe(IV)O) Trp•+] were analyzed using a spin Hamiltonian that incorporated a general anisotropic spin−spin interaction term. Perturbation expressions of this Hamiltonian were derived, and their limitations under high-field conditions are discussed. Using numerical solutions of the completely anisotropic Hamiltonian, its was possible to simulate accurately the experimental data from 9 to 285 GHz using a single set of spin parameters. The results are also consistent with previous 9 GHz single-crystal studies. The inherent superior resolution of high-field EPR spectroscopy permitted the unequivocal detection of a transient tyrosyl radical that was formed 60 s aft...
Low-energy excitations in the mixed crystal Ba1-xLaxF2+x.

We have studied the evolution of a glasslike distribution and density of low-energy excitations in the mixed crystal ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2+x}$. Increase in the concentration $x$ from 0 to 0.46 gradually changes the behavior of the low-temperature thermal conductivity, specific heat, and internal friction from those of a pure crystal to the characteristic properties of an amorphous solid.
Aspirin sensitivity and desensitization for asthma and sinusitis

NSAIDs-including aspirin (ASA)-that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 induce nonallergic hypersensitivity reactions consisting of attacks of rhinitis and asthma. Such reactions occur exclusively in a subset of asthmatic patients who also have underlying nasal polyps and chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis. We now refer to their underlying inflammatory disease of the entire respiratory tract as aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. This review focuses on descriptions of these patients; methods available to diagnose ASA-exacerbated respiratory disease; the unique ability of all NSAIDs that inhibit COX-1 to cross-react with ASA; lack of cross-reactivity with selective COX-2 inhibitors; an update on pathogenesis; and current thoughts about treatment, including ASA desensitization and daily ingestion of ASA itself.
Activation of Phospholipase D1 by Cdc42 Requires the Rho Insert Region

Members of the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins are implicated in the regulation of phospholipase D (PLD). In the present study, we demonstrate a physical association between a Rho family member, Cdc42, and PLD1. Binding of Cdc42 to PLD1 and subsequent activation are GTP-dependent. Although binding of Cdc42 to PLD1 does not require geranylgeranylation, activation of PLD1 is dependent on this lipid modification of Cdc42. Specific point mutations in the switch I region of Cdc42 abolish binding to and, therefore, activation of PLD1 by Cdc42. Deletion of the Rho insert region, which consists of residues 120–139, from Cdc42 does not interfere with binding to PLD1 but inhibits Cdc42 stimulated PLD1 activity. Interestingly, deletion of the insert region from Cdc42 also inhibits activation of PLD1 by Arf and protein kinase C. With the lack of specific inhibitors of PLD activity, the insert deletion mutant of Cdc42 (designated (ΔL8)Cdc42) is a novel reagent for in vitro studies of PLD1 regulation, as well as for in vivo studies of Cdc42-mediated signaling pathways leading to PLD1 activation. Because the insert region is required for the transforming activity of Cdc42, regulation of PLD1 by this region on Cdc42 is of major interest.
Selective hypothesis testing

A diverse set of biases that have been found to characterize judgment may be similarly mediated by a process of selective hypothesis testing. Our paper begins with a definition of selective hypothesis testing and an explanation of how and when this process leads to error. We then review a diverse and often disconnected set of findings in the person perception, judgment, cognition, attitudes, attribution, and rule discovery literatures that can be explained by this process. Finally, we examine the question of why the selective testing of hypotheses occurs. Although the psychological literature suggests that selective hypothesis testing contributes to a variety of errors, in many contexts it may be a useful and efficient strategy that leads to satisfactory judgment.
Parameterization of Convective Precipitation in Mesoscale Numerical Models: A Critical Review

Abstract Current approaches for incorporating cumulus convection into mesoscale numerical models are divided into three groups. The traditional approach utilizes cumulus parameterization at convectively unstable points and explicit (nonparameterized) condensation at convectively stable points, The fully explicit approach uses explicit methods regardless of stability. The hybrid approach parameterizes convective scale updrafts and downdrafts, but “detrains” a fraction of parameterized cloud and precipitation particles to the grid scale. This allows the path and phase changes of such particles to be explicitly predicted over subsequent time steps. The traditional approach provides the only alternative for numerical models with grid spacing too large to resolve mesoscale structure. As grid spacing falls below 50 km, the traditional approach becomes increasingly likely to violate fundamental scale-separation requirements of parameterization, particularly if mesoscale organization of convection is parameterize...
Surgical stress shifts the intestinal Eschericia coli population to that of a more adherent phenotype: Role in barrier regulation

Background. We have shown that the combination of surgical stress and starvation in mice is associated with a defect in epithelial permeability and increased numbers of mucosa-associated Escherichia coli in the cecum. The aim of this study was to determine the specific role of mucosa-associated E coli on epithelial barrier dysfunction in this model. Methods. Cecal E coli were harvested from mice 48 hours after a sham operation (control mice) or after a 30% surgical hepatectomy with only water provided ad libitum (short-term starvation) after the surgical procedure. Strains were tested for their ability to adhere to and alter the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of cultured young adult mouse colon epithelial cells. TEER changes were further characterized by mannitol fluxes to confirm a defect in paracellular permeability. Results. Strains of cecal E coli harvested from hepatectomy-starved mice adhered to and altered the permeability of young adult mouse colon cells, whereas E coli from the cecum of control mice were less adherent and had no effect on epithelial permeability. The effect of the strains harvested from mice after hepatectomy on the TEER of young adult mouse colon cells was inhibited by mannose and reversed by ciprofloxacin. Conclusion. The combination of surgical stress and short-term starvation is associated with a greater abundance of adherent and barrier-altering strains of E coli in the mouse cecum. (Surgery 2001;130:65-73.)
Compound identification in GC-MS by simultaneously evaluating the mass spectrum and retention index

We report a compound identification method (SimMR), which simultaneously evaluates the mass spectrum similarity and the retention index distance using an empirical mixture score function, for the analysis of GC-MS data. The performance of the developed SimMR method was compared to that of two existing compound identification strategies. One is the mass spectrum matching method without incorporation of retention index information (SM). The other is the method that sequentially evaluates the mass spectrum similarity and retention index distance (SeqMR). For comparison purposes, we used the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library 2005. Our study demonstrates that SimMR performs the best among the three compound identification methods, by improving the overall identification accuracy up to 1.53% and 4.81% compared to SeqMR and SM, respectively.
Management of in situ and minimally invasive breast carcinoma

In situ breast carcinoma represents an early localized stage in the transition to invasive breast carcinoma and has an especially favorable prognosis with appropriate management. The widespread use of mammography has contributed to its increased rate of diagnosis. The two histologic forms of this entity have distinct pathologic and biologic characteristics, with different therapeutic implications. Lobular carcinoma in situ is considered a marker of increased risk for subsequent invasive carcinoma and is most commonly managed by nonoperative surveillance. Ductal carcinoma in situ behaves more as a true anatomic precursor of invasive disease and has the same therapeutic options as invasive breast carcinoma. Minimally invasive breast carcinoma should be considered a fundamentally different entity, primarily because of its potential for systemic metastasis that in situ lesions do not theoretically have. There are still many outstanding issues and dilemmas to be resolved by scientific investigation before the intriguing potential of these early forms of breast malignancy are fully understood.
Thiol esters of long-chain acids and long-chain alkanethiols

n-Nonyl throughn-octadecyl thiol esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are being reported for the first time. The four series of thiol esters show an alternation of melting points. The melting points of the even members fall on a single ascending curve. The melting points of the odd members fall on two separate ascending curves.
Problems and expediencies in human 31P spectroscopy. The definition of localized volumes, dealing with saturation and the technique‐dependence of quantification

Several technological problems in in vivo localized spectroscopy of metabolism are discussed in the context of comparing data obtained by different means. Deficiencies in spectroscopy localization methods can produce spectra that are dominated by artefactual signals derived from outside of selected volumes. Such artefacts are not usually correctly accounted for by representations of the profiles of the transverse magnetization alone. Selected sensitive volumes should be defined in terms of the size of tissue contributing the major fraction of signal to an observed spectrum, which is the integrated response from the sample including any phase cancellation effects. Phase cancellation in one-dimensional localization techniques employing excitation by an RF field with uniform phase distribution and surface coil detection such as depth resolved surface coil spectroscopy, chemical shift imaging (CSI) and rotating frame zeugmatography (RFZ) can significantly alter the effective radius of the sensitive volumes depending on the sample distribution and the extent of the homogeneous region of the magnet. Also, discrete spatial sampling in RFZ and CSI can radiate signal artefacts of around 25% into adjacent elements depending on the location and distribution of signal sources. Acquisition delays between excitation and detection and partial saturation are other major sources of systematic error. Saturation factors for metabolites are not easily obtainable on localized volumes during clinical exams on an individual basis, but may be expediently obtained as larger-volume tissue-averages. Better documentation of saturation effects, acquisition delays and localized volume sizes is needed to compare and validate clinical results and performance.
Incentives, precision technology and environmental protection

Abstract This paper calls for a reevaluation of the pollution problem in order to devise efficient strategies for its control. It contends that a fundamental cause of pollution is inefficiency in input-use during the production process. This inefficiency manifests itself as input-waste and polluting residues. Precision technologies can increase the effectiveness of inputs used in production and reduce pollution generation. Despite their potential economic and ecological benefits, adoption of precision technologies has been slow. This paper presents a conceptual framework to identify and analyze the specific factors that affect their diffusion among microunits. These include various heterogeneous characteristics of microunits, prices which do not reflect the relevant scarcities due to distortionary regulatory policies and lack of institutional mechanisms for efficient allocation of inputs and outputs. It rationalizes the observed variations in the appropriate choice of technology across microunits and argues for the need to broaden the range of incentive-based instruments for environmental protection beyond pollution taxes.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems as active filters under unbalanced load conditions

The present paper investigates the performance of a Wind Energy Conversion System controlled to operate as an Active Filter when unbalanced loads are supplied by the same feeder. The control strategy named ‘compensation by means of Combined Modulation’ [1] is applied. This control methodology has been designed to sink the harmonic currents injected by balanced Non-Linear Load, and the connection of unbalanced loads to the PCC results in additional harmonic current flows within the WECS components and other detrimental effects. This paper is intended to analyze these effects and to determine the unbalanced load conditions that can be withstood by the WECS without compromising the components' integrity.
Negotiating Family Obligations and Educational Goals Among College‐Enrolled Youth on Jeju Island, Korea

This survey study examined the role of parents in the educational goals of 265 college-enrolled youth (19–27 years; M = 22 years; 64% female students) on Jeju Island, Korea. A model of shared agency was applied to identify the processes through which associations between family assistance and adjustment can be explained. Four factors of parental educational involvement were found: coactivity (consisting of autonomy support and collaboration), accommodation, noninvolvement, and directing. Results indicated that family assistance was positively related to adjustment and only coactivity was positively correlated to both family assistance and adjustment. Mediation analyses also indicated that youth's provision of family assistance was associated with lower levels of depression and higher satisfaction with life and educational progress through coactivity.
Impacts of DBCP on participants in the agricultural industry in a third world nation (an industrial health, safety case study of a village at risk)

Abstract Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) was developed in the early 1950s as a highly efficient anti-helminth that penetrates the soil and kills microscopic worms that attack the root systems of plants. The first indication of a problem with DBCP was when exposure to laboratory rats resulted in testicular atrophy. Prolonged exposure resulted in liver and kidney function failure. Though no longer produced in North America, the product is currently produced in several Central and South American countries. Many agricultural workers have succumbed to kidney disorders after prolonged exposure to this pesticide. This case study focuses on one specific village ( village ‘X’ ) in an underdeveloped Latin American country where the only employment is in the agricultural industry. Of the 134 family units living in village ‘ X ’, 65 workers have been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. When the creatinine level reaches 1.7 mg/dl, the workers are released and placed on terminal disability. Eight of these workers have died from complications of chronic renal insufficiency, within the past five years. In March 2005, 26 diagnosed workers were interviewed and the following demographic statistics were obtained: mean age was 42.7 years ( δ =2.73 years), age released from work for high creatinine levels was 38.7 years ( δ =2.59 years), and years worked before being released was 16.9 years ( δ =2.60 years). In January 2006, blood samples from 72 subjects from each of the following four groups were taken: not employed by the plantation (male), not employed by the plantation (female), workers currently employed (male) whose creatinine levels were within the plantations criteria, and former workers (male) medically released for creatinine levels equal to or above 1.7 mg/dl. The medically released men had creatinine levels significantly higher than the other three groups. Forty-five current workers and medically released workers volunteered to participate in follow-on blood samples and sonograms. Again creatinine levels for the medically released workers were significantly higher than those who had not been released. Sonograms showed statistically significant smaller kidney volumes for those who had been medically released than for those who had not been medically released. Sonograms and analysis also determined that the medically released workers do have significant kidney damage. It can be inferred from this case study that high creatinine levels in the workers in village ‘ X ’ are likely directly attributed to the agricultural company's continued use of the chemical DBCP. It is the intention of the researchers that a longitudinal study be conducted on medically released workers whom have been exposed to this specific chemical. This study should include kidney tissue biopsy. It is also recommended that international health and safety institutions take appropriate action to ban the production and use of DBCP.