cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the impact of age and multitasking on motorcycle conspicuity

This poster presents a study to assess one's ability to detect motorcycles under different conditions of conspicuity while performing a secondary visual load task. Previous research in which participants were required to detect motorcycles revealed differences in age (young adults/older adult) as well as differences associated with motorcycle conspicuity conditions. Past research has specifically found motorcycles with headlights ON and modulating headlights (flashing) to be more conspicuous than motorcycles with headlights OFF within traffic conditions. The present study seeks to provide more information on the effects of multitasking on motorcycle conspicuity and safety. The current study seeks to determine the degree to which multitasking limits the conspicuity of a motorcycle within traffic. We expect our results will indicate main effects for distraction task, age, gender, motorcycle lighting conditions, and vehicular DRLs on one's ability to effectively detect a motorcycle. The results have implications for motorcycle safety in general and through this research, a better understanding of motorcycle conspicuity can be established so as to minimize the risk involved with motorcycle operation.
Deletion of TNF-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK) Protects Mice From Adipose and Systemic Impacts of Severe Obesity

Objective To investigate the role of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in pathological adipose tissue (AT) remodeling and complications of obesity. Methods Wild type (WT) and TWEAK knockout (KO) mice were fed normal diet (ND) or a high fat diet (HFD) for up to 17 weeks. Adipocyte death was induced using an established transgenic mouse model of inducible adipocyte apoptosis (FAT-ATTAC). Metabolic, biochemical, histologic, and flow cytometric analyses were performed. Results TWEAK and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14) were upregulated in gonadal (g)AT of WT mice after HFD week 4 and 24 h after induction of adipocyte apoptosis. Phenotypes of KO and WT mouse were indistinguishable through HFD week 8. However, at week 17 obese KO mice had ∼30% larger gAT adipocytes and gAT mass than WT mice, coincident with reduced adipocyte death, enhanced insulin signaling, Th2/M2 immune skewing, fewer thick collagen fibers, and altered expression of extracellular matrix constituents and modulators that is consistent with reduced fibrosis and larger adipocytes. KO mice were less steatotic and became more insulin sensitive and glucose tolerant than WT mice after HFD week 12. Conclusion TWEAK constrains “healthy” gAT expansion and promotes metabolic complications in severe obesity.
Two-weight norm inequalities for the Cesàro means of Hermite expansions

An accurate estimate is obtained of the Cesaro kernel for Hermite expansions. This is used to prove two-weight norm inequalities for Cesaro means of Hermite polynomial series and for the supremum of these means. These extend known norm inequalities, even in the single power weight and unweighted cases. An almost everywhere convergence result is obtained as a corollary. It is also shown that the conditions used to prove norm boundedness of the means and most of the conditions used to prove the boundedness of the Cesaro supremum of the means are necessary.
A highly selective N-protection strategy for the preparation of 1-N-alkylated kanamycin antibiotics

Abstract An O to N acyl migration technique has been used to selectively acetylate the amino groups of the aminosugar rings of kanamycins A and B, leaving the amino groups on the 2-deoxy-streptamine ring unprotected. A formylation-deformylation process then converts these N-acetylated kanamycins to their 3-N-formyl derivatives with high regioselectivity, giving key intermediates for the efficient preparation of 1-N-alkylated kanamycins.
Psychology and groups at the junction of genes and culture

Replacements for the self-interest axiom may posit weak to strong theories of sociality. Strong sociality may be useful for positing social cognitive mechanisms and their evolution, but weak sociality may work better for identifying interesting group-level outcomes by focusing on deviations from self-interested psychological assumptions. Such theoretical differences are likely to be based on disciplinary expertise, and the challenge for Darwinian integration is to keep the conversation flowing.
Antibody and cellular immune responses to microfilarial antigens in ferrets experimentally infected with Brugia malayi.

Eleven of 15 ferrets experimentally infected withBrugia malayi became amicrofilaremic after a brief patency; only four ferrets remained patent after 6 months of infection and two of these ferrets developed a high, persistent microfilaremia. Blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to antigens of microfilariae (mf), assayed in vitro, demonstrated an antigen sensitivity at prepatent, patent and postpatent periods of infection. Lymphocytes from ferrets with high microfilaremia had elevated background responses in culture which were directly correlated with the number of circulating mf. This background response was attributed to antigenic stimulation by mf present in the lymphocyte cultures; addition of mf to cultures of lymphocytes from postpatent ferrets induced responses equivalent to those observed in microfilaremic ferrets. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogen, concanavalin A, did not differ significantly among microfilaremic, amicrofilaremic and uninfected ferrets. Antibody in IgG to antigens of mf measured by ELISA and by immunoblots from SDS-PAGE showed similar patterns of response in ferrets which became amicrofilaremic and in the few ferrets which remained microfilaremic. Prausnitz-Kustner tests demonstrated no consistent differences in titers to microfilarial antigens between patent and amicrofilaremic ferrets. The results suggest a high level of immune responsiveness to antigens of mf in infected ferrets with no evidence of immunosuppression associated with prolonged microfilaremia or of major changes in immune responses with development of amicrofilaremic infections.
The role of sexual preferences in intrasexual female competition

While search costs have long been understood to affect the evolution of female preference, other costs associated with mating have been the focus of much less attention. Here I consider a novel mate choice cost: female-female intrasexual competition, that is, when females compete with each other for mates. This competition results in cost to female fecundity, such as a reduction in fertility due to decreased direct benefits, sperm limitation, or time and resources spent competing for a mate. I asked if female-female competition affects the evolution of preferences, and further, if the presence of multiple, different, preferences in a population can reduce competitive costs. Using population genetic models of preference and trait evolution, I found that intrasexual competition leads to direct selection against female preferences, and restricts the parameter space under which preference may evolve. I also examined how multiple, different, preferences affected preference evolution with female intrasexual competition. Multiple preferences primarily serve to increase competitive costs and decrease the range of parameters under which preferences may evolve.
The Viscoelastic Properties of Mouse Embryonic Salivary Glands

Normal organ development, function, and repair are coordinated by interactions between the epithelium and the surrounding stromal cell populations. Cellular function and homeostasis are controlled by an array of chemical and physical cues originating from the cells themselves and from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Both the endogenous cell population and ECM modulate and rely on the maintenance of basal level of tension within the tissue as a cue for growth and differentiation [1]. Furthermore, the loss of this tensional homeostasis is synonymous with many pathological conditions including; cancer, wound healing, and degenerative diseases [2].© 2013 ASME
Simulation of Atmospheric Variability

Abstract A spectral atmospheric circulation model is time-integrated for approximately 18 years. The model has a global computational domain and realistic geography and topography. The model undergoes an annual cycle as daily values of seasonally varying insolation and sea surface temperature are prescribed without any interannual variation. It has a relatively low computational resolution with 15 spectral components retained in both zonal and meridional directions. Analysis of the results from the last 15 years of the time integration indicates that, in middle and high latitudes, the model approximately reproduces the observed geographical distribution of the variability (i.e., standard deviation) of daily, monthly and yearly mean surface pressure and temperature. In the tropics, the model tends to underestimate the variability of surface pressure, particularly at longer time scales. This result suggests the importance of processes with long time scales such as ocean–atmosphere interaction, in maintainin...
THE EXCHANGE OF 14CO2 WITH BRANCHED-CHAIN KETOACIDS BY GUINEA-PIG LIVER.

Abstract Guinea-pig liver facilitates the exchange in vitro 14 CO 2 with the ketocacids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The possible implications of this observation in approaching the metabolic anomaly, maple-syrup urine disease, and in understanding normal metabolism of the branched-chain ketoacids are indicated.
K-Shell Photoelectric Cross Sections from 200 keV to 2 MeV

A numerical program has been developed for the calculation of atomic photoelectric differential and total cross sections, including all polarization correlations. The program is designed to calculate relativistic Coulomb wave functions in a screened central potential; the outgoing continuum wave function is obtained in a partial-wave series. Results are presented here for $K$-shell differential and total cross sections in point Coulomb potentials (i.e., unscreened) ranging from charge $Z=13$ to $Z=92$, and covering the range of incident photon energies from 200 keV to 2 MeV. Enough data are presented to permit interpolation throughout these ranges. The total cross sections above 1 MeV are found to be significantly lower than previously accepted values. Further, the angular distributions from heavy elements deviate greatly from the commonly used Sauter distribution. These features are discussed and compared with existing experimental and theoretical work.
Time and companionship: key factors in Hispanic shopping behavior

Examines the situational dimensions affecting purchasing behavior of Hispanic customers in a mall at some distance from their neighborhoods. The Hispanic shopper (which would also include a large segment of immigrants) makes the (shopping) trip worthwhile by travelling with companions, consummating a purchase while at the mall, and buying food or beverage during the visit. The Hispanic shopper also spends more time at the mall and visits more stores while there. This is an example of how marketers have become increasingly interested in the extent to which situational factors influence immigrants’ purchase behavior.
Comparison of chemical, physical, micro-structural, and microbial properties of breads supplemented with sweetpotato flour and high-gluten dough enhancers

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the chemical, physical, micro-structural, and microbial properties of breads supplemented with sweetpotato flour and high-gluten dough enhancers. Six breads, with and without dough enhancers (DE) and varying percentages of sweetpotato flour (SPF) were processed. Breads were stored at 22±2 °C, and samples were measured on Days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Moisture, ash, fat, a w , color, loaf volume, specific volume, density, texture, and weight loss were analyzed on Day 0, and β -carotene on the Days 0 and 8. The micro-structural and microbial properties of the sweetpotato breads were also compared. The fresh breads (Day 0) had moisture contents ranging from 36.66 to 41.56. β -Carotene was highest in breads containing 65% SPF. All breads were significantly ( P
Abstract B83: Factors influencing adherence to mammography screening guidelines in Appalachian women participating in a mobile mammography program

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the characteristics (demographic, access to care, health-related behavioral, self and family medical history, psychosocial) of women age 40 years and above who participated in a mobile mammography screening program conducted throughout West Virginia to determine the factors influencing their self-reported adherence to mammography screening guidelines. Methods: The data were collected from 738 women who participated in the Bonnie Wells Wilson Mobile Mammography Program and completed a six-page Preventive Care Survey. Data were analyzed using the Andersen Behavioral Model of Healthcare Utilization framework to determine the factors associated with adherence to mammography screening guidelines in these women. Results: Of the 686 women included in the analysis, 46.2% reported having had a mammogram in the past two years as per current mammography screening guidelines. The unadjusted model showed predisposing factors such as older age and unemployed status, visit to a gynecologist in the past year (an enabling factor) and need-related factors such as having a family history of breast cancer (BC), having had breast problems in the past, having had breast biopsy in the past, having had a Pap test in past two years, and having had all the screenings for cholesterol, blood glucose, bone mineral density and high blood pressure in past two years to be significant predictors of self-reported adherence to mammography guidelines. In the adjusted model, being of age 65 and above (OR=3.787), having a family history of BC (OR=1.909), having had breast problems in the past (OR=1.992) and having had a Pap test (OR=6.035) were significant predictors of self-reported mammography screening adherence. Conclusions: Forty-six percent of the sample reported having had a mammogram in the past two years as per current mammography screening guidelines which is lower than the 70% goal of Healthy People 2010. Breast cancer related events seem to be associated with mammography screening adherence in this rural Appalachian population. Increasing adherence to mammography screening may require targeted, community-based educational interventions that precede and complement visits by the mobile mammography unit. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B83.
Box Dimensions and Topological Pressure for some Expanding Maps

We consider an expanding map defined on an open region of the plane and study the box dimensions of its invariant sets. Under the condition that the map leaves invariant a “strong unstable foliation”\(\), we prove that the box dimension of an invariant set is given by δF+δT, where δT is its dimension transverse to \(\) and δF is the root of a certain function involving topological pressure.
Newspapers as sources of historical information about lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)

As part of an attempt to reconstruct the original distribution and relative abundance of lake sturgeon in tributaries to Lake Michigan, old newspapers were surveyed for accounts of sturgeon captured by sport and commercial fishers. The reliability of this process was assessed in several ways. A historical column in a modern newspaper (De Pere journal) proved useful for identifying the time period during which original accounts of sturgeon were first published (late 1800s–early 1900s) and the season when most historical catches occurred (the spring spawning season), but a complete survey of the original newspapers revealed many more records than resurfaced in the historical column and some significant accounts that were published outside of the spawning season. Independent surveys of De Pere newspapers by different searchers revealed that the average searcher found a majority of known records (more than 90%). The seasonal distribution of catches in the Lower Fox River as revealed by historical newspaper ac...
Influence of soil salt, at levels characteristic of some roadside environments, on the germination of certain tree seeds

Tree seeds were germinated in a greenhouse soil mix amended with varying amounts of sodium chloride. The salt was added in amounts approximating certain roadside soil environments.Betula alleghaniensis, Catalpha bignonioides, Quercus coccinea andQ. cerris seed exhibited reduced germination percentage at the highest salt concentrations. Germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia seed was delayed as salt concentration was increased. Except for slight germination percentage reduction, seed ofAilanthus altissima, Pinus rigida andGleditsia triacanthos were uninfluenced by the salt treatments.
Analyzing Single-Case Data: The Power of Randomization Tests.

Abstract Randomization tests have been proposed as a valid method for analyzing the data of single-case designs. In this study, the power of randomization tests was systematically examined for typical designs that rely on the random assignment of interventions within the sequence of observations. A 30-observation AB design, a 32-observation ABAB design, and a multiple-baseline AB design with 15 observations on each of four individuals were studied. Four levels of autocorrelation were considered, as well as six effect sizes, ranging from 0.0 to 1.4. For each combination of design, autocorrelation, and effect size, power was estimated by generating data for 1,000 experiments. The power estimates were generally found to be low.
SU‐E‐J‐198: Preliminary Study On Liver Radiation Response to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based On MRI

Purpose: To develop a method to study the MRI response of tumor and hepatic parenchyma to stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Two adult patients with HCC who received SBRT were recruited in this IRB‐approved study. T1‐weighted delayed phase contrast Eovist enhanced MRI were performed immediately prior to and three months after SBRT. The time between contrast injection and MRI acquisition was identical for both pre‐and post‐SBRT imaging sessions. The patients received 3D conformal SBRT with a total dose of 40 Gy in 5 fractions. Both MRI images were rigidly registered to the planning computed tomography (CT) data set and the 3‐dimensional (3D) dosimetry data, focusing on local alignment in the tumor region. The average MRI intensity in the spleen was calculated for the pre‐and post‐SBRT images, and subtracted to reduce the effects of different imaging conditions. For each 4.9mm by 4.9mm by 6mm voxel in a region of interest (ROI) delimited by the liver contour and the 20 Gy isodose line, the difference in MRI intensity between pre‐and post‐SBRT images was generated and correlated to radiation dose deposited in that voxel. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient between MRI intensity change and dose was 0.58 (p<0.0001) for patient A and 0.33 (p<0.0001) for the patient B. Conclusion: We have developed a method to study tumor and hepatic parenchyma response to radiation dose in HCC patients treated with SBRT. Our preliminary data suggest a correlation between the radiologic response and dose in HCC p333atients treated with SBRT, and warrant further study with more patients.
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis in the absence of autoimmune pancreatitis mimicking extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

AbstractAims. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis in extrahepatic bile ducts in the absence of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is rare and is poorly studied. Herein, we present the clinicopathological features of four cases of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. Methods and results. The clinicopathological features of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis were compared with those of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis with AIP (n = 7), extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 29), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 40), and secondary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 12). Several histomorphologic features distinguish IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, including a marked degree of bile duct injury, a higher percentage of lymphoid follicle formation, a higher percentage of perineuritis, and a more diffuse and dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. All four cases of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis occurred exclusively in males. Of these cases, none had IgG4 serology checked preoperatively, and all had a preoperative ...
The Independence of Young Adults and the Rise of Interracial and Same-Sex Unions

Interracial unions and same-sex unions were rare and secretive in the past because U.S. society was organized to suppress such unions. The rise of same-sex and interracial unions in the past few de...
Elementary classical mechanics and the principle of the Composition of Causes

In this paper, I explore whether elementary classical mechanics adheres to the Principle of Composition of Causes as Mill claimed and as certain contemporary authors still seem to believe. Among other things, I provide a proof that if one reads Mill’s description of the principle literally (as I think many do), it does not hold in any general sense. In addition, I explore a separate notion of Composition of Causes and note that it too does not hold in elementary classical mechanics. Among the major morals is that there is no utility to describing classical mechanics in terms of Composition of Causes. This is both because the stated principles do not hold and because when one describes what actually does hold in classical mechanics in terms of the Composition of Causes, one introduces misleading associations that can generate errors just as claimed by Russell (Mysticism and logic, 1981).
Ochratoxin a mycotoxicosis in the guinea-pig

Abstract Ochratoxin A dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide-50% ethanol (1:1, v/v) was administered to male and female guinea-pigs in doses of 5·6, 7·5, 10, 13·3 and 20mg/kg/day by gastric intubation for 14 days. Clinical, clinico-pathological, gross and histopathological observations were made. The 14-day LD 50 was 9·1 mg/kg for males and 8·1 mg/kg for females. The dose of 5·6 mg/kg was essentially a no-effect dose. Loss of body weight was the most consistent clinical change observed and was roughly proportional to the dose of the mycotoxin. Alterations in clinico-pathological values included increased total plasma protein, decreased serum potassium and chloride, proteinuria and increased serum and urinary lactic-dehydrogenase activities. Gross lesions were not striking, but included pale discoloration of the kidneys, fluid contents and petechiae in the caecum, gastric atony, and congested and enlarged lymph nodes. Major histological changes occurred in the kidneys, lymphoid tissues and gastro-intestinal tract. Renal alterations were degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium, involving both straight and convoluted portions of the proximal tubules, together with tubular dilation and hyaline-cast formation. Congestion, necrosis and oedema involved lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and the submucosal lymphoid tissue of the gut. Gastro-intestinal lesions included mucosal hyperaemia, necrosis of mononuclear cells of the lamina propria, and caecal and gastric mucosal ulceration.
Present status and future approach of turbulence modeling.

The paper discusses the state-of-the-art of turbulence modeling and presents possible ways for improvement in the future turbulence models. Based on a set of turbulence closure postulations, a variation of second-order turbulence models, such as the Reynolds stress model (RSM), the algebraic stress model (k-e-A), and the eddy viscosity model (k-e-E), are obtained. Examples of prediction made are free shear flows, cavity flows, and flows past an off-set channel. Although a complete turbulence model does not exist at the present time, some prediction capability has been achieved by the secondorder turbulence model. The incompleteness of turbulence modeling may be attributed to the inadequacy of isotropic dissipation and single turbulent scale postulations. Use of multiple turbulence scale concepts, including use of fractal dimension of turbulent eddies may improve turbulence prediction.
A REVIEW OF PRODUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING MODELS IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY PART I: SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND PRODUCTION PLANNING

Although the national importance of the semiconductor industry is widely acknowledged, it is only recently that the production planning and scheduling problems encountered in this environment have begun to be addressed using industrial engineering and operations research.techniques. These problems have several features that make them difficult and challenging: random yields and rework, complex product flows, and rapidly changing products and technologies. Hence their solution will contribute considerably to die theory and practice of production planning and control. In a two-part project we present a review of research in this area to date, discuss the applicability of the various approaches and suggest directions for future research. In this paper, Part I, we describe the characteristics of the semiconductor manufacturing environment and review models related to performance evaluation and production planning. Part II will review research on shop-floor control in this industry to date.
Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis due to Campylobacter rectus infection

We report a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a 55-year-old Chinese man who presented with headache, ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. Campylobacter rectus was eventually isolated from the blood cultures. He was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, anticoagulation and steroids with improvement in his condition. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by C. rectus.
The utility of affect expression in natural language interactions in joint human-robot tasks

Recognizing and responding to human affect is important in collaborative tasks in joint human-robot teams. In this paper we present an integrated affect and cognition architecture for HRI and report results from an experiment with this architecture that shows that expressing affect and responding to human affect with affect expressions can significantly improve team performance in a joint human-robot task.
Metabolic syndrome and risk for Type 2 diabetes

The phenomenon of risk factor clustering is known as metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Risk factor clustering occurs in individuals, but its specific cause(s) remain incompletely known. Insulin resistance and central obesity are involved in many cases. There are five current definitions of metabolic syndrome, but they do not identify equivalent phenotypes, and the most widely promoted definition, Adult Treatment Panel 3 metabolic syndrome, is not uniformly associated with insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome appears to increase risk for subsequent Type 2 diabetes by three- to over 30-fold compared with no metabolic syndrome, but metabolic syndrome in the absence of insulin resistance may not be a diabetes risk factor. Metabolic syndrome can discriminate subjects at risk of diabetes, but diabetes prediction models provide more precise estimates of future risk. Whether metabolic syndrome is easier to use than ...
Conservative, liberal and radical viewpoints on the world food problem

Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Food Policy; The Responsibility of the United States in the Life and Death Choices. New York: The Free Press, 1977, viii + 344 pp. Figures, tables, notes, references and index. $14.95 cloth. Frances Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins. Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. xi + 466 pp. Notes, references, recommended bibliography and index. $10.95, cloth.
Escalating dose, multiple binge methamphetamine regimen does not impair recognition memory in rats

Rats exposed to methamphetamine (METH) in an acute high dose “binge” pattern have been reported to exhibit a persistent deficit in a novel object recognition (NOR) task, which may suggest a potential risk for human METH abusers. However, most high dose METH abusers initially use lower doses before progressively increasing the dose, only eventually engaging in multiple daily administrations. To simulate this pattern of METH exposure, we administered progressively increasing doses of METH to rats over a 14 day interval, then treated them with daily METH binges for 11 days. This treatment resulted in a persistent deficit in striatal dopamine (DA) levels of ∼20%. We then tested them in a NOR task under a variety of conditions. We could not detect a deficit in their performance in the NOR task under any of the testing conditions. These results suggest that mechanisms other than or additional to the decrement in striatal DA associated with an acute METH binge are responsible for the deficit in the NOR task, and that neuroadaptations consequential to prolonged escalating dose METH pretreatment mitigate against these mechanisms. Synapse 61:515–522, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An investigation of the chemical stability of arsenosugars in simulated gastric juice and acidic environments using IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS.

A more quantitative extraction of arsenic-containing compounds from seafood matrices is essential in developing better dietary exposure estimates. More quantitative extraction often implies a more chemically aggressive set of extraction conditions. However, these conditions may result in undesirable chemical changes in the native arsenicals which may further complicate the toxicological risk assessment. This balance between quantitative extraction and species-specific integrity may be best addressed by using simulated gastric juice as an extraction solvent to mimic ‘bioavailability’. This, conceptually, should extract the bioavailable fraction and induce any chemical changes that would occur because of ingestion. The most chemically labile species associated with seafood are thought to be the arsenosugars and for this reason their chemical stability is investigated in this study. Four arsenosugars (3-[5′-deoxy-5′-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropylene glycol, As(328); 3-[5′-deoxy-5′-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, As(392); 3-[5′-deoxy-5′-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl hydrogen sulfate, As(408); and 3-[5′-deoxy-5′-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl-2,3-hydroxypropyl phosphate, As(482)) were isolated from seaweed extracts and subjected to simulated gastric juice and acidic conditions which mimic the stomach’s pH of 1.1. Three acid solutions were used to test the chemical stability of the arsenosugars: simulated gastric juice, 78 mM nitric acid and 78 mM hydrochloric acid. The composition of the solutions was monitored over time (up to 48 h) using IC-ICP-MS for detection. The arsenosugars were found to degrade at the rate of 1.4% per h at 38 °C and 12.2% per h at 60 °C. The plots of percent conversion versus time were found to be independent of the starting arsenosugar and all had r2 values of greater than 0.97. A single common degradation product was observed in all the stability studies. A mass balance between the starting arsenosugar (As(392), As(408) and As(482)) and the degradation product was conducted with each set of experiments. This mass balance indicated that the degradation process did not produce any unchromatographable species. This degradation product was tentatively identified as As(254) as determined by ESI-MS/MS spectral data. An acid hydrolysis mechanism was proposed for the formation of As(254) from each of the native arsenosugars by hydrolysis at the C-1 carbon on the ribose ring.
The lifetime of (1Δg) oxygen in solution

Abstract The lifetime of O2(1Δg) in solution is determined by any of several different bimolecular loss processes which may be dominant in a given experimental situation. By laser pumping of an oxygen absorption band under high oxygen pressure in freon 113, O2(1Δg) may be produced. The dominant loss process is quenching by ground state oxygen which if it has the same value as measured for low pressure oxygen would produce a rate constant for quenching of O2(1Δg) by triethylamine in good agreement with a recently revised gas phase estimate. For β-carotene, however, a rate constant of 1.4 × 109 l mole−1 sec−1 is measured, which would predict an O2(1Δg) solution lifetime of 200 μsec in clear disagreement with the 7 μsec estimate recently reported by Merkel and Kearns.
Process factors in knowledge acquisition

: Knowledge acquisition (KA) is often characterised as a crucial bottleneck in the development of expert system applications. General definitions of KA view it as a collection of subprocesses such as elicitation, analysis and representation, but in actual practice, each KA occurrence may involve one or all of these subprocesses in varying sequences and combinations. No model or framework currently exists for describing the many possible variations in KA processes as they actually occur. This article presents a new way of characterising knowledge acquisition processes that is not tied to one particular technique or approach to KA. Three nested levels are proposed to characterise the many possible variations and combinations of KA dynamics: the process, episode and transaction levels of analysis. Each of these is further delineated in a top-down manner. Not only does this scheme provide a fairly comprehensive means for viewing KA dynamics as a whole, but it suggests several factors that have heretofore drawn little research attention. The suggested constructs capture more accurately what actually occurs in the practice of KA. In so doing they also provide the foundation for structuring future research into how KA processes may unfold.
On the role of figural organization perceptual transparency

Metelli (1974) made an important contribution by identifying order and magnitude restrictions for a pattern of intensities and showing that when they are satisfied the perception of transparency readily occurs. These restrictions were derived from a physical model of transparency. We argue that the visual system does not use intensity information to compute indices of transmittance and reflectance analogous to what an optical engineer might do in describing a physical instance of transparency. Rather, a lightness pattern affects perceptual transparency, just as geometric properties do, through processes that impose an organization on sensory information rather than through processes that recover quantitative descriptions. In the absence of depth cues, such as stereopsis and motion parallax, the perception of transparency occurs when the lightness relations in a pattern favor the perception of a continuous boundary across x-junctions. We present evidence for two kinds of violations of the order and magnitude restrictions: simple and strong. Transparency judgments, although reduced in number, still occur for simple violations of the order and the magnitude restrictions. Transparency judgments occur relatively infrequently for strong violations. A physical model of transparency fails to capture the difference between simple and strong violations of the order and magnitude restrictions. We discuss (1) the basis for differentiating between simple and strong violations of the order and magnitude restrictions, (2) the effect simple and strong violations have on the perception of transparency, and (3) the occurrence of transparency with and without color constancy (i.e., the color seen through the transparent surface looks or fails to look the same as the color seen directly).
The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists LY 277359 and granisetron potentiate the suppressant action of apomorphine on the basal firing rate of ventral tegmental dopamine cells.

In this study, we examined the effect of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists LY 277359 and granisetron on the suppressant action of the dopamine receptor agonist (±)-apomorphine on spontaneously active dopamine cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC or A9) and ventral tegmentum area (VTA or A10) in the rat. This was accomplished using the standard extracellular single unit recording techniques. The i.v. administration of (±)-apomorphine (1–64 μg/kg) produced a dose-dependent suppression of the basal firing rate of spontaneously active A9 and A10 dopamine cells. The i.v. administration of LY 277359 at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg, but not 1 or 10 mg/kg, potentiated the suppressant action of (±)-apomorphine on A10 dopamine cell firing. In contrast, (±)-apomorphine's suppressant action on the firing rate of A10 dopamine neurons was potentiated by all doses of granisetron except the 10 mg/kg dose. The suppressant action of (±)-apomorphine in control and pretreated rats was reversed by the i.v. administration of haloperidol (0.05–0.1 mg/kg). In contrast, the suppressant action of (±)-apomorphine on the firing rate of A9 dopamine cells was not altered by any dose of LY 277359 or granisetron. Overall, our results suggest that LY 277359 and granisetron selectively potentiate the response of A10 dopamine cells to (±)-apomorphine.
Native and Spanish Language Proficiency in a Bilingual Education Program

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the Spanish learning outcomes for two linguistically different groups of limited English proficient (LEP) Hispanic subjects in a bilingual program. One linguistic group consisted of fluent Spanish speakers (n = 274), and the other group consisted of nonfluent Spanish speakers (n = 88) as determined by a measure of oral Spanish proficiency. The groups participated in a Grade 1 through 8 maintenance bilingual education (MBE) program during the 1985–86 school year. Spanish reading and mathematics achievement were analyzed independently, in relation to the test's state norms (based on the population from Texas) for each linguistically different group, for three grade clusters including primary (1–3), intermediate (4–6), and junior high (7–8) grades. Obtained data indicate that both groups performed at or above the test's Texas norms for 11 of 12 gradecluster comparisons for either Spanish reading or mathematics achievement. In addition, five of six significant...
Generalized gravity gradient analysis for 2-D inversion

Gravity gradient profiles across subsurface structures that are approximately 2-D contain diagnostic information regarding depth, size, and structure (geometry). Gradient space plots, i.e., plots of horizontal gradient versus vertical gradient, present the complete magnitude and phase information in the gradient profiles simultaneously. Considerable previous work demonstrates the possibility for complete structural interpretation of a truncated plate model from the gradient space plot. The qualitative and quantitative diagnostic information contained in gradient space plots is general, however. Examination of the characteristics of gradient space plots reveals that 2-D structures are readily classified as extended or localized. For example, the truncated plate model is an extended model, while the faulted plate model is a localized model. Comparison of measured or calculated gradient space plots to a model gradient space plot catalog allows a rapid, qualitative determination of structure or geometry. “Cor...
Synthesis of d1-N-ethyltramadol as an internal standard for the quantitative determination of tramadol in human plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) assay for the determination of tramadol in human plasma is presented. The synthesis of an N -ethyl analogue of the drug is described and its use as an internal standard for the quantitative measurement of tramadol in human plasma is described. The method involves extraction at plasma pH and analysis of the underivatized drug by gas chromatography–electron ionization mass spectrometry using m / z 58 and 73 for detection of tramadol and internal standard, respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5–640 ng/ml plasma ( r =0.9999). The method was validated in the abovementioned calibration range. Data on solution stability, long- and short-term stability of tramadol in plasma samples, freeze–thaw-stability, as well as inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy have been evaluated and are presented. The application of the method to the pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug is demonstrated.
Regulation of FOXO3a by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

FOXO3a is a ubiquitously expressed mammalian forkhead transcription factor with a high expression level in adult brain. The activity of FOXO3a is inhibited by growth factors through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, which phosphorylates FOXO3a and decreases the level of FOXO3a in the nucleus. In the present study, we examined the regulation of FOXO3a by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. BDNF caused a rapid and time-dependent decrease of nuclear FOXO3a with a corresponding increase of cytosolic FOXO3a. The rate of the BDNF-induced nuclear/cytosolic redistribution was consistent with the time course of BDNF-induced threonine32-phosphorylation of FOXO3a, and was mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Active FOXO3a rapidly increased the level of Bcl-2-interacting mediator (bim) in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, and BDNF decreased the FOXO3a-induced increase of bim through activation of both PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling pathways. Thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing agent, significantly decreased threonine32-phosphorylation of FOXO3a, and increased nuclear and decreased cytosolic FOXO3a, suggesting that thapsigargin activates FOXO3a. Treatment with BDNF completely reversed and blocked the thapsigargin-induced dephosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of FOXO3a. In addition, protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitors increased threonine32-phosphorylation of FOXO3a, decreased nuclear FOXO3a, and blocked thapsigargin-induced activity of FOXO3a. The regulatory effect of BDNF on FOXO3a and its target genes may play a significant role in the BDNF-mediated neuronal survival, differentiation, and plasticity.
Cost inefficiency and hospital health outcomes

This study explores the association between cost inefficiency and health outcomes in a national sample of acute-care hospitals in the US over the period 1999-2001, with health outcomes being measured by both mortality and complications rates. The empirical analysis examines health outcomes as a function of cost inefficiency and other determinants of outcomes, using stochastic frontier analysis to obtain hospital cost inefficiency scores. The results showed no systematic pattern of association between cost inefficiency and hospital health outcomes; the basic results were unchanged regardless of whether cost inefficiency was measured with or without using instrumental variables. The analysis also indicated, however, that the association between cost inefficiency and health outcomes may vary substantially across geographical regions. The study highlights the importance of distinguishing between 'good' costs that reflect the efficient use of resources and 'bad' costs that stem from waste and other forms of inefficiency. In particular, the study's results suggest that hospital programs focused on reducing cost inefficiency are unlikely to be associated with worsened hospital-level mortality or complications rates, while, on the other hand, across-the-board reductions in cost could well have adverse consequences on health outcomes by reducing efficient as well as inefficient costs.
Meeting the expectations of the Global Standards A status report on the IASSW membership

English Although the Global Standards are described as aspirational, it was assumed that many members of IASSW met the standards as stipulated. With 36 percent of the membership reporting, the 147 respondents from 28 countries in this membership survey confirmed meeting at least one expectation out of seven of the nine standard statements. French Bien que les Standards Mondiaux soient decrits comme 'ambitieux', on pensait generalement que beaucoup de membres de l'AIETS appliquaient les standards stipules. Representant 36 pour cent du rapport d'adhesion, les 147 repondants de 28 pays dans cette etude d'adhesion confirment etre en conformite avec au moins une exigence dans sept sur neuf des declarations de standards. Spanish A pesar de que los Estandares Globales son descritos como aspiracionales, se asumio que muchos de los miembros de la IASSW cumplieron los estandares segun fueron estipulados. Con reportes del 36 percent de los miembros, los 147 respondientes de 28 paises de esta Encuesta de Miembros con...
Functional interaction of plant ribosomes with animal microsomal membranes.

Abstract Translation of mRNA for the light chain of murine immunoglobulin in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of stripped microsomal membranes from canine pancreas resulted in co-translational proteolytic conversion of the precursor of the light chain, reducing it to the size of the authentic light chain of immunoglobulin, and in co-translational segregation of the processed chains in a proteolysis resistant space of the heterologous microsomal vesicles.
One Central Link Between Merleau-Ponty's Philosophy of Language and His Political Thought

Through much of his career, Merleau-Ponty was concerned both with the topic of language and with the topic of politics. But he himself never explicitly connected these two strands of thought. Nonetheless, at least one central link binds these strands together and, in so doing, strengthens each of them. This link is provided by his recognition of the importance of the phenomenon of silence.
Antibacterial activity of vegetables and juices.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the antibacterial activities of various fruit and vegetable extracts on common potential pathogens including antibiotic-resistant strains. Methods Standardized bacterial inocula were added to serial dilutions of sterile vegetable and fruit extracts in broth, with final bacterial concentrations of 10 4–5 cells/mL. After overnight incubation at 35°C, antibacterial activity was measured by minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal dilutions (for raw juices) or concentrations (for tea). Results Among the vegetable and fruit extracts tested, all green vegetables showed no antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae . All purple and red vegetable and fruit juices had antibacterial activities in dilutions ranging from 1:2 to 1:16. Garlic juice had significant activity, with bactericidal action in dilutions ranging up to 1:128 of the original juice. Tea also had significant activity, with bactericidal action in concentrations ranging up to 1.6 mg/mL, against a spectrum of pathogens including resistant strains such as methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Conclusion Tea and garlic have the potential for exploration of broader applications as antibacterial agents.
The Common Optimization INterface for Operations Research: Promoting open-source software in the operations research community

The Common Optimization INterface for Operations Research (COIN-OR, http://www.coin-or.org/) is an initiative to promote open-source software for the operations research (OR) community. In OR practice and research, software is fundamental. The dependence of OR on software implies that the ways in which software is developed, managed, and distributed can have a significant impact on the field. Open source is a relatively new software development and distribution model which offers advantages over current practices. Its viability depends on the precise definition of open source, on the culture of a distributed developer community, and on a version-control system which makes distributed development possible. In this paper, we review open-source philosophy and culture, and present the goals and status of COIN-OR.