cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between founder background, issue severity, and innovation in social entrepreneurship initiatives

This study examined the characteristics of social entrepreneurship initiatives that were recognised by major foundations and media for their accomplishments, and it explored relationships between these characteristics and outcomes. Organisational theory-based hypotheses predicted that more experienced entrepreneurs and more severe problems will produce more innovative methods and generate more socially favourable outcomes. The sample consisted of the 121 social entrepreneurship initiatives. Older initiatives addressed more severe problems and had more favourable outcomes. Initiatives that were more innovative were more complex and had greater impact. Women were founders of older enterprises and produced greater impact. Problem severity and using new methods and technologies were related to more positive impact, especially for women founders. The results are discussed in terms of understanding factors that contribute to an initiative reaching the stage of world-wide recognition and the need for research to understand processes that contribute to innovative solutions and positive outcomes.
A content analysis study of the use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising

This paper presents the results of a content analysis study that examined the use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising. Advertisements appearing in 37 different magazines representing eight major classification categories were analysed to gain insight into the prevalence of use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising. Only 10% of the magazine ads run during the time period analysed contained a celebrity, which is much lower than estimates of their use often reported in the media. The findings show that the use of celebrities varies by magazine type with their use being highest for sports and teen publications. The use of celebrities also varies by product/service category as does the type of celebrity utilised, such as athletes, actors/actresses, entertainers and supermodels. Celebrity use was based primarily on the source characteristics of popularity/likeability followed by physical attractiveness. Celebrity use based on expertise occurs primarily for athletic products.
Preparing for the technological future: a journey of discovery

By formulating a vision that provides for a solid foundation for the virtual library, we can dramatically improve existing library services and create new ones with added value. The new library paradigm will be built on software and hardware information technology. Related requirements include distributed computing and networking; open architectures and standards; authentication, authorization, and encryption; and billing and royalty tracking. The “virtual library tool kit” will include reduced dependence on word indexing and keyword/Boolean retrieval; development and application of natural language processing; and effective tools for navigation of networks. Carnegie Mellon University offers some helpful examples of how information technology and information retrieval may be used to build the virtual library.
EMG control of a bionic knee prosthesis: Exploiting muscle co-contractions for improved locomotor function

This paper presents the development and experimental evaluation of a volitional control architecture for a powered-knee transfemoral prosthesis that affords the amputee user with direct control of knee impedance using measured electromyogram (EMG) potentials of antagonist muscles in the residual limb. The control methodology incorporates a calibration procedure performed with each donning of the prosthesis that characterizes the co-contraction levels as the user performs volitional phantom-knee flexor and extensor contractions. The performance envelope for EMG control of impedance is then automatically shaped based on the flexor and extensor calibration datasets. The result is a control architecture that is optimized to the user's current co-contraction activity, providing performance robustness to variation in sensor placement or physiological changes in the residual-limb musculature. Experimental results with a single unilateral transfemoral amputee user demonstrate consistent and repeatable control performance for level walking at self-selected speed over a multi-week, multi-session period of evaluation.
Immune thrombocytopenia in AIDS patients: Case report

This article reports a case of an AIDS patient, with no history of platelet dysfunction, who developed late-onset thrombocytopenia which was not present 3 weeks before surgery
Zircon-bearing, crystallized melt inclusions in peritectic garnet from the western Adirondack Mountains, New York State, USA

Crystallized melt inclusions (MI) occur in garnet from metapelitic gneiss extracted from a hydroelectric plant on the Black River at Port Leyden, NY (western Adirondack Highlands). The garnet host grains are small (0.5–1.0 mm), euhedral neoblasts that formed peritectically during biotite melting accompanying the Ottawan phase of the Grenville Orogeny. The crystallized MI are typically 10–25 μm in diameter and occur randomly in garnet. Nearly all of the crystallized MI observed contain a relatively large (3–15 μm), often euhedral, zircon grain surrounded by finer-grained (some <1 μm) phases with energy dispersive X-ray spectra consistent with biotite, K-feldspar, quartz, and albite. The inclusions are similar in size and composition to those described in garnet from other migmatites and are similarly interpreted as crystallized anatectic melt. Low Zr solubility in silicate melt indicates that the large zircon grain in each inclusion must be a trapped solid. It is inferred that micrometer-scale droplets of anatectic melt chemically adhered to occluded zircon grains in biotite while peritectic garnet grew around them.
An infrared spectroscopy study of the adsorption of CO on Fe/MgO

Abstract Adsorption of carbon monoxide on Fe/MgO catalysts has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. These results were compared to the ir spectra for CO adsorbed on Fe powders. These studies show that the CO stretching frequency can be correlated with the oxidation state of the Fe on the supported catalysts; on Fe0 the CO stretch is at 1960 cm−1, on Fe2 the CO stretch is at ca. 2080 cm−1, and on Fe3 the CO stretch is at ca. 2150 cm−1. The results support the hypothesis that MgO stabilizes Fe2+ as the most significant iron species.
X-ray line ratio 3C/3D in Fe xvii

The X-ray line intensity ratio 3C/3D in Fe xvii is potentially one of the most useful plasma diagnostic line ratios for X-ray astronomy. Based on our recent converged and highly accurate atomic calculations for electron impact excitation of Fe xvii using the fully relativistic close-coupling method, we demonstrate that 3C/3D in Fe xvii is not a constant with respect to electron temperature/energy. The cascade effects (including the excitation and recombination population pumping) on 3C/3D as a function of temperature (for Maxwellian plasmas) or electron beam energy (for some laboratory plasmas) are studied and elaborated. For Maxwellian plasmas prevailing in astrophysical sources under the condition of collisional ionization equilibrium, a new and highly accurate 3C/3D line ratio is reported. The values of 3C/3D reported in this work are 2.66, 2.76, 2.81, 2.88 and 2.94 for electron temperatures of 2, 3, 4, 6 and 10 MK, respectively. The uncertainty in our new line ratio is estimated to be about 5 per cent. These new 3C/3D values are expected to have immediate applications for a wide range of X-ray spectra observed from both point sources as well as extended sources.
Does History Have a Future? Forecasting Climate Change Effects on Fisheries by Analogy

Abstract Fisheries represent an important aspect of economic, social, political, and cultural life in developed as well as developing societies. The relationship between biological productivity in the marine environment and climate variability and change has not been adequately addressed. There are many instances in recent times in which climate-related environmental stress (or analogies to such stress) combined to varying degrees with current fisheries management practices to bring about adverse changes in biological productivity. Changes in sea surface temperature, for example, can cause a reduction in biomass or a shift in the location of fish stocks, creating local, national, and international political, economic, and social problems. Assessing societal responses to recent instances of decline in specific fisheries can serve to identify weaknesses as well as strengths that may exist in society's ability to cope with anomalies in biological productivity in the marine environment. Important fisheries fr...
Performance and Lyapunov Stability of a Nonlinear Path Following Guidance Method

Performance and stability are demonstrated for a nonlinear path-following guidance method for unmanned air vehicles. The method was adapted from a pure pursuit-based path following, which has been widely used in ground based robot applications. The method is known to approximate a proportional-derivative controller when following a straight line path, but it is shown that there is also an element of anticipatory control that enables tight tracking when following curved paths. Ground speed is incorporated into the computation of commanded lateral acceleration, which adds an adaptive capability to accommodate vehicle speed changes due to external disturbances such as wind. Asymptotic Lyapunov stability of the nonlinear guidance method is demonstrated when the unmanned air vehicle is following circular paths. The adaptive nature of the guidance method makes its stability independent of vehicle velocity. The stability analysis is also extended to show robust stability of the guidance law in the presence of saturated lateral acceleration, which is an inherent limitation of flight vehicles. Flight tests of the algorithm, using two small unmanned air vehicles, showed that each aircraft was controlled to within 1.6 m root mean square when following circular paths. The method was used to perform a rendezvous of the two aircraft, bringing them into very close proximity, within 12 m of along track separation and 1.4 m root mean square relative position errors.
The effect of general fatigue on isometric strength-endurance measurements and the electromyogram of the biceps brachii

Contraction strength, endurance and the electromyogram of the biceps brachii were examined following treadmill exercise at 50 and 60% of maximum aerobic capacity. Exercise did not exert a significant influence on any of these parameters indicating they are relatively insensitive indicators of general fatigue.
Urban Water Demand Estimates Under Increasing Block Rates

A residential water demand equation is estimated using the only data set on water consumption that contains time series (monthly) observations on individual customers facing an increasing block rate schedule. Because the price of water both determines, and is determined by, usage, ordinary least squares estimation will yield biased estimates. Thus, two-stage least squares and instrumental variables techniques are used. The estimated coefficients on lawn size, weather, house size, and income have the expected signs and are statistically significant. However, there is not any significant response to changes in water price, perhaps due to the relatively low cost of water.
The role of H2O in rapid emplacement and crystallization of granite pegmatites: resolving the paradox of large crystals in highly undercooled melts

Granite pegmatite sheets in the continental crust are characterized by very large crystals. There has been a shift in viewing pegmatites as products of very slow cooling of granite melts to viewing them as products of crystal growth in undercooled liquids. With this shift there has been a renewed debate about the role of H2O in the petrogenesis of pegmatites. Based on data on nucleation of minerals and new viscosity models for hydrous granite melts, it is argued that H2O is the essential component in the petrogenesis of granite pegmatites. H2O is key to reducing the viscosity of granite melts, which enhances their transport within the crust. It also dramatically reduces the glass transition temperature, which permits crystallization of melts at hundreds of degrees below the thermodynamic solidus, which has been demonstrated by fluid inclusion studies and other geothermometers. Published experimental data show that because H2O drastically reduces the nucleation rates of silicate minerals, the minerals may not be able to nucleate until melt is substantially undercooled. In a rapidly cooling intrusion, nucleation starts at its highly undercooled margins, followed by inward crystal growth towards its slower-cooling, hotter core. Delay in nucleation may be caused by competition for crystallization by several minerals in the near-eutectic melts and by the very different structures of minerals and the highly hydrated melts. Once a mineral nucleates, however, it may grow rapidly to a size that is determined by the distance between the site of nucleation and the point in the magma at which the temperature is approximately that of the mineral’s liquidus, assuming components necessary for mineral growth are available along the growth path. Granite pegmatites are apparently able to retain H2O during most of their crystallization histories within the confinement of their wall rocks. Pegmatitic texture is a consequence of delayed nucleation and rapid growth at large undercooling, both of which are facilitated by high H2O (±Li, B, F and P) contents in granite pegmatite melts. Without retention of H2O the conditions for pegmatitic textural growth may be difficult to achieve. Loss of H2O due to decompression and venting leads to microcrystalline texture and potentially glass during rapid cooling as seen in rhyolites. In contrast, slow cooling within a large magma chamber promotes continuous exsolution of H2O from crystallizing magma, growth of equant crystals, and final solidification at the thermodynamic solidus. These are the characteristics of normal granites that distinguish them from pegmatites.
A low-background detector for observing the disintegration of the deuteron by reactor antineutrinos

Abstract A detector is described which is capable of high-precision measurement of the cross sections for the disintegration of the deuteron via neutral and charged-current interactions with reactor antineutrinos ( ν e d → ν e pn (NCD) and ν e d → e + nn (CCD)), as well as the inverse beta-decay reaction ( ν e p → e + n (CCP)). In a previous experiment, the background due to cosmic rays interacting in the materials surrounding the detector was high — around 300 per day, compared to a signal rate of 50 per day. Improvements to the active and passive shielding and to the data collection system have reduced this background rate to less than 50 per day. A new method of searching for neutrino oscillation using the ratio of measured to predicted cross sections for the neutral and charged-current reactions is also discussed. The method consists of measuring the CCP reaction, in addition to the CCD reaction and the NCD reaction, in the same target detector. The CCP reaction has a much higher rate and a higher detection efficiency than the CCD reaction, allowing a more precise measurement of the charged-current branch. With this method, the uncertainty in the ratio of measured cross sections should be reduced to ∼5%.
THE VALIDITY OF THE JOB CHARACTERISTICS MODEL: A REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS

The validity of Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model was assessed by conducting a comprehensive review of nearly 200 relevant studies on the model as well as by applying meta-analytic procedures to a large portion of the data. The evidence indicated that the available correlational results are reasonably valid in light of the issues examined. Results tended to support the multidimensionality of job characteristics, but there was less agreement on the exact number of dimensions. The corrected correlational results of the meta-analysis indicated that job characteristics related both to psychological and behavioral outcomes. Concerning psychological states, the results tended to support their mediating (e.g., intervening) role between job characteristics and personal outcomes. The pattern of correlations between the job characteristics and psychological states was less supportive of the model. Meta-analytic results demonstrated that most of the cross-study variance was due to statistical artifacts. True variance across studies was found for the job characteristics-performance relationship, however, and subsequent analyses suggested that growth-need strength moderates this relationship. Implications for potential revisions of the model and for practice are discussed.
Working with local, state and federal Partners to address Health education needs of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston: a CdC Case study

Abstract For health educators to successfully meet the challenges of responding to public health emergencies, it is important to establish and understand the role of collaborations with local, state and federal partners in identifying potential public health issues and to develop theory-based models or strategies to address these issues before, during and after an event. This paper presents a case study examining the health education and communication response to Hurricane Katrina in Houston, Texas. CDC's Health Education and Communication Teams and the Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services Division of Health Education worked with identified populations, environmental specialists, epidemiologists and other key partners to identify health education needs and develop appropriate messages and then developed and implemented a broad comprehensive health education and promotion plan. The paper discusses lessons learned and how health educators can use the model developed for this response to pl...
Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep.

OBJECTIVE. The present experimental study was designed to determine how breastfeeding from a mother who smokes affects infants in the short-term. METHODS. Fifteen mother-infant dyads were tested on 2 days separated by 1 week. Mothers smoked (not in the presence of their infants) on one test day and refrained from smoking on the other. For the next 3.5 hours, infants breastfed on demand. Sleep and activity patterns were monitored by placing an actigraph on the infants9 leg, and milk intake was determined by weighing the infants before and after each feeding. The nicotine content of the milk was measured to determine the dose of nicotine delivered to the infants. RESULTS. Although there was no significant difference in breast milk intake, despite the taste changes in the milk, infants spent significantly less time sleeping during the hours immediately after their mothers smoked (53.4 minutes), compared with the session when their mothers abstained from smoking (84.5 minutes). This reduction was attributable to shortening of the longest sleep bout and reductions in the amounts of time spent in both active sleep and quiet sleep. With greater doses of nicotine delivered to the infant, less time was spent in active sleep. CONCLUSIONS. An acute episode of smoking by lactating mothers altered infants9 sleep/wake patterning. Perhaps concerns that their milk would taste like cigarettes and their infants9 sleep patterning would be disrupted would motivate lactating mothers to abstain from smoking and to breastfeed longer.
Biotin Status: Which Are Valid Indicators and How Do We Know?

Although estimated average requirements for biotin have been proposed, the human requirements for biotin in specific populations and at various ages remain uncertain, in part because indicators of biotin status have not been validated. With the use of improved methods for measuring biotin and metabolites, a recent study indicated that decreased urinary excretion of biotin and bisnorbiotin is an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency, but decreased serum concentration of biotin is not. Increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-HIA), a leucine metabolite that is excreted in increased quantities with deficiency of the biotin-dependent enzyme β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, is also an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency. When these indicators were assessed longitudinally in 13 pregnant women, biotin excretion was not significantly decreased early in pregnancy but did decrease significantly from early to late pregnancy. Excretion of 3-HIA was abnormally increased in about three-fourths of the women studied in both early and late pregnancy. Thus, each indicator detected biotin deficiency late in pregnancy, but assessment of biotin status for the two indicators conflicted early in pregnancy. Preliminary results from a trial assessing response of 3-HIA excretion to biotin treatment indicate that biotin status is indeed impaired both early and late in pregnancy.
Nanoscale surfacing for regenerative medicine.

Cells in most tissues reside in microenvironment surrounded with specific three-dimensional features. The extracellular matrix or substratum with which cells interact often includes topography at the nanoscale. For example, the basement membrane of many tissues displays features of pores, fibers and ridges in the nanometer range. The nanoscale topography has significant effects on cellular behavior. Knowledge of the cell–substratum interactions is crucial to the understanding of many fundamental biological questions and to regenerative medicine. Rapid advances in nanotechnology enable cellular study on engineered nanoscale surfaces. Recent findings underscore the phenomenon that mammalian cells do respond to nanosized features on a synthetic surface. This review covers the commonly used techniques of engineering nanoscale surface and the techniques which have not been adapted but are of great potential in regenerative medicine, surveys the applications of nanoscale surface in regenerative medicine including vascular, bone, neural and stem cell tissue engineering, and discusses the possible mechanisms of cellular responses to nanoscale surface. A better understanding of the interactions between cells and nanoscale surfacing will help advance the field of regenerative medicine. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 478–495 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
A 1.1V 2y-nm 4.35Gb/s/pin 8Gb LPDDR4 mobile device with bandwidth improvement techniques

The demands on higher bandwidth with reduced power consumption in mobile market are driving mobile DRAM to have advanced design techniques. Proposed LPDDR4 in this paper achieves over 30% improved power efficiency and over 4.3Gbps data rate with 1.1V supply voltage. These are challenging target comparing with that of LPDDR3. This works includes various techniques including multi-channel per die, various trainings, low swing interface, DQS and clock frequency dividing, internal reference voltage for data and command-address signals and so on. This chip was fabricated in a 3-metal 2y-nm DRAM CMOS process.
Lorentz microscopy of giant magnetoresistive AuCo alloys

The magnetic domain structure of melt-spun giant magnetoresistant Au71.6Co28.4 samples in as-prepared and annealed states is determined by means of Lorentz microscopy using the JEOL-1000 atomic resolution microscope (ARM) in a modified diffraction mode. The interpretation of the domain structure is done by comparing magnetic contrasts observed in Fresnel mode with simulated contrasts using a geometrical algorithm based on the Lorentz equation. Cobalt precipitates 50 to 100 nm in diameter are found in a single domain state with a curling-like magnetization, that reduces their magnetic stray fields. Larger precipitates (≈ 200 nm) are multidomain particles. Die magnetische Domanenstruktur von schmelzgesponnenen und ausgelagerten Au71.6Co28.4 Proben mit gigantischem Magnetowiderstand wird mit Hilfe der Lorentzmikroskopie bestimmt. Die dazu notwendigen Experimente werden in dem JEOL-1000 Mikroskop (ARM) mit atomarem Auflosungsvermogen durchgefuhrt. Die Interpretation der Domanenstruktur wird durch Vergleich mit Kontrastsimulationen vorgenommen. Der dazu verwendete geometrische Algorithmus basiert auf der Anwendung der Lorentzkraftgleichung. Es kann nachgewiesen werden, das Kobaltausscheidungen mit Durchmessern von 50 bis 100 nm im Einbereichsteilchenzustand vorliegen, der durch Curling der Magnetisierung und reduzierte Streufelder ausgezeichnet ist. Grosere Teilchen (≈ 200 nm) sind Multidomanenteilchen.
Surfactant and Water Ordering in Triacontanol Monolayers at the Water-Hexane Interface

Our view of molecular ordering in Langmuir monolayers at the water−vapor interface influences our understanding of molecular ordering at other interfaces, including liquid−liquid interfaces for which structural information is scarce. We present a comparative study of a monolayer of a long-chain alkanol at the water−vapor and water−hexane interfaces using X-ray reflectivity to highlight significant differences between these two interfaces. The molecules in the Langmuir monolayer form an ordered phase of nearly rigid rods. In contrast, at the water−hexane interface, the triacontanol molecules form a condensed phase with progressive disordering of the chain from the −CH2OH to the −CH3 group. Surprisingly, at the water−hexane interface, the density in the headgroup region is 10−15% greater than either bulk water or the ordered headgroup region found at the water−vapor interface. It is conjectured that this higher density is a result of water penetration into the headgroup region of the disordered monolayer.
Penetration of Combustion Aerosol Particles Through Filters of NIOSH-Certified Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFRs)

Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are commonly worn by first responders, first receivers, and other exposed groups to protect against exposure to airborne particles, including those originated by combustion. Most of these FFRs are NIOSH-certified (e.g., N95-type) based on the performance testing of their filters against charge-equilibrated aerosol challenges, e.g., NaCl. However, it has not been examined if the filtration data obtained with the NaCl-challenged FFR filters adequately represent the protection against real aerosol hazards such as combustion particles. A filter sample of N95 FFR mounted on a specially designed holder was challenged with NaCl particles and three combustion aerosols generated in a test chamber by burning wood, paper, and plastic. The concentrations upstream (Cup) and downstream (Cdown) of the filter were measured with a TSI P-Trak condensation particle counter and a Grimm Nanocheck particle spectrometer. Penetration was determined as (Cdown/Cup) ×100%. Four test conditions...
Moment-type estimators for the proportional likelihood ratio model with longitudinal data

Luo & Tsai, Biometrika 99, 211–22, 2012, proposed a proportional likelihood ratio model and discussed a maximum likelihood method for its parameter estimation. In this paper, we use this model as the marginal distribution to analyse longitudinal data, where the maximum likelihood method is not directly applicable because the joint distribution is not fully specified. We propose a moment-type method that is an extension of the generalized estimating equation method. The resulting estimators are consistent, asymptotically normal and perform well in our simulation study.
How Do Control-Based Approaches Enter into Biology?

Control is intrinsic to biological organisms, whose cells are in a constant state of sensing and response to numerous external and self-generated stimuli. Diverse means are used to study the complexity through control-based approaches in these cellular systems, including through chemical and genetic manipulations, input-output methodologies, feedback approaches, and feed-forward approaches. We first discuss what happens in control-based approaches when we are not actively examining or manipulating cells. We then present potential methods to determine what the cell is doing during these times and to reverse-engineer the cellular system. Finally, we discuss how we can control the cell’s extracellular and intracellular environments, both to probe the response of the cells using defined experimental engineering-based technologies and to anticipate what might be achieved by applying controlbased approaches to affect cellular processes. Much work remains to apply simplified control models and develop new technologies to aid researchers in studying and utilizing cellular and molecular processes.
Effects of a premolt calcium and low-energy molt program on laying hen behavior and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios

The objectives of this study were to compare the behaviors, postures, and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (H:L) of laying hens housed in a cage system when offered a Ca premolt treatment and low-energy molt diets vs. a traditional feed withdrawal (FW) treatment during and after molt. A total of 144 Hy-Line W-36 hens (85 wk of age), housed 3 hens/cage (413 cm(2)/hen), were used. Hens were allotted to treatments according to a randomized complete block design, with the cage location and initial BW as the blocking criteria. Six treatments were compared in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 Ca premolt treatments (fine or coarse) and 3 low-energy molt diets (FW, soybean hulls, or wheat middlings). The 2 Ca premolt treatments differed only in Ca particle size (fine was 0.14 mm and coarse was 2.27 mm mean diameter). Two postures and 5 behaviors were recorded and H:L was measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 considered significant. There were no differences in behaviors, postures, or H:L during the premolt baseline period. The Ca premolt treatment had no carryover effects during or after molt for behaviors or postures. During molt, hens in the FW treatment were more active, and they ate and drank less compared with hens fed soybean hulls or wheat middlings, but there were no differences in aggression, nonnutritive pecking, or sitting. Drinking and aggression during and after molt were not different, but hens postmolt engaged in more sitting and feeding and less activity, nonnutritive pecking, and preening compared with during molt. There were no differences in H:L during or after molt. In conclusion, a Ca premolt treatment did not affect the behavior of the laying hen. The low-energy molt diets did not adversely affect behavior compared with FW and did not increase H:L; therefore, they could be useful alternatives for inducing molt in laying hens.
Social Belonging and Economic Action: Affection-Based Social Circles in the Creation of Private Entrepreneurship

Most social network studies following Granovetter’s (1985) vision of embeddedness have either focused on instrumental relations or lumped instrumentality and sentimentality together. This study seeks to clarify whether social relations that primarily build on sentimentality can impact economic action. Based on the context of Chinese market transition, this paper found that general managers that had affection-based social circles, that is, small groups in which people enjoy being together, were more likely to start a private firm after being laid off. In contrast, business-based social circles, defined as small groups mainly formed on business interests, did not have a significant interactive effect with layoff. These findings are consistent with the argument that affection-based social circles help managers experiencing job loss maintain a stable and positive self-identity, and that these circles also exert less constraint over radical career change.
Implementing a seventh-order linear multistep method in a predictor-corrector mode or block mode: which is more efficient for the general second order initial value problem.

A Seventh-Order Linear Multistep Method (SOLMM) is developed and implemented in both predictor-corrector mode and block mode. The two approaches are compared by measuring their total number of function evaluations and CPU times. The stability property of the method is examined. This SOLMM is also compared with existing methods in the literature using standard numerical examples. 65L05; 65L06
Gender Bias in the Media? An Examination of Local Television News Coverage of Male and Female House Candidates

Several decades of scholarship suggest that by covering male and female candidates differently, the news media may influence the success of female candidates for higher office. I employ a content analysis to assess gender differences in the local television news coverage of 172 U.S. House candidates in the nation's top 50 media markets in 2002. The results of the study suggest that female candidates for the U.S. House were covered with the same frequency as male candidates, and received equitable issue-based and personal coverage. Related Articles Bode, Leticia, and Valerie M. Hennings. 2012. “Mixed Signals? Gender and the Media's Coverage of the 2008 Vice Presidential Candidates.” Politics & Policy 40 (2): 221-257. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00350.x/abstract Jalalzai, Farida. 2006. “Women Candidates and the Media: 1992-2000 Elections.” Politics & Policy 34 (3): 606-633. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2006.00030.x/abstract Related Media Film Clip: Women's Media Center. 2008. “Sexism Sells—But We're Not Buying It.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-IrhRSwF9U Datasets: Center for American Women and Politics. 2013. http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/
To friend or not to friend: is that the question for healthcare?

Most of us living in 21st century know what social networking is. Or at least, we believe we do. We have heard of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia and maybe even have accounts on some of these...
Body Fat Distribution and 5-Year Risk of Death in Older Women

Objective. —To test the hypothesis that both body mass index (expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms per height in meters squared) and the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference are positively associated with mortality risk in older women. Design. —Prospective cohort study with a 5-year follow-up period. Setting. —General community. Participants. —Random sample of 41 837 Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years. Main Outcome Measure. —Total mortality (1504 deaths). Main Results. —Body mass index, an index of relative weight, was associated with mortality in a J-shaped fashion: rates were elevated in the leanest as well as in the most obese women. In contrast, waist/hip circumference ratio was strongly and positively associated with mortality in a dose-response manner. Adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, education level, marital status, estrogen use, and alcohol use, a 0.15-unit increase in waist/hip circumference ratio (eg, a 15-cm [6-in] increase in waist measurement in a woman with 100-cm [40-in] hips) was associated with a 60% greater relative risk of death. The observed associations were not explained to any great degree by bias from weight loss prior to baseline or higher early deaths among lean participants. Conclusions. —Waist/hip circumference ratio is a better marker than body mass index of risk of death in older women. Waist/hip circumference ratio should be measured as part of routine surveillance and risk monitoring in medical practice. JAMA . 1993;269:483-487)
Science Signaling Podcast: 23 September 2014

This Podcast features an interview with Micael Simons, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 23 September 2014 issue of Science Signaling , about how FGF signaling inhibits TGF-β signaling to prevent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in blood vessels. An important part of vascular homeostasis is maintaining the sheet of endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Endothelial cells are flattened, polarized cells that are tightly connected to one another to form a continuous sheet. Under certain conditions, endothelial cells can undergo an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), in which the cells lose their polarity and become less tightly associated with one another. This change in morphology and cell biology impedes the normal function of blood vessels. Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling can induce EndMT, and signaling through the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway prevents EndMT under normal conditions. Chen et al . found that FGF signaling through the receptor FGFR1 suppressed EndMT by inducing the expression of a microRNA that decreases the abundance of a TGF-β receptor, thus repressing TGF-β signaling.
A field study of use of synchronous chat in online courses

A field study of computer mediated communication (CMC) as used in higher education asks the questions, "Will students take part in synchronous chat sessions if they are scheduled? " and "What do students and faculty perceive to be the problems and the advantages of synchronous chat sessions?" media mode is the independent variable, characterized by four nominal values derived from the mixture of asynchronous discussion forums, here called asynchronous learning networks (ALN), with various levels of synchronous media use. Data were collected from 29 course sections, for which instructors were interviewed, students were surveyed online to investigate their perceptions of the use of chat in online courses, and university records were used to determine grade distributions. The percentage of students participating in scheduled chat sessions varied from 5% to 50% and many of the instructors report problems with organizing the sessions as well as ideas about how to do it better "next time." Instructors were nevertheless generally positive about the potential usefulness of synchronous sessions in terms of their ability to bring the students closer to the instructor. They report some small success in their first chat session and the experience leads to better facilitation in subsequent sessions. Students significantly find chat more 'rewarding' and less 'complex' in classes that scheduled sessions two or more times than students in asynchronous-only classes. The implication is that when students actually use chat they do find it 'rewarding' and not 'complex.' Given the problems with implementation of chat sessions, however, it is not surprising that its use is not significantly related to predicted improvements in outcomes for courses.
A Photometric Machine-Learning Method to Infer Stellar Metallicity

Following its formation, a star’s metal content is one of the few factors that can significantly alter its evolution. Measurements of stellar metallicity ([Fe/H]) typically require a spectrum, but spectroscopic surveys are limited to a few×106 targets; photometric surveys, on the other hand, have detected > 109 stars. I present a new machine-learning method to predict [Fe/H] from photometric colors measured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The training set consists of ~120,000 stars with SDSS photometry and reliable [Fe/H] measurements from the SEGUE Stellar Parameters Pipeline (SSPP). For bright stars (g′ ≤ 18 mag), with 4500 K ≤ t eff ≤ 7000 K, corresponding to those with the most reliable SSPP estimates, I find that the model predicts [Fe/H] values with a root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) of ~0.27 dex. The RMSE from this machine-learning method is similar to the scatter in [Fe/H] measurements from low-resolution spectra.
Simpler bounded suboptimal search

It is commonly appreciated that solving search problems optimally can take too long. Bounded suboptimal search algorithms trade increased solution cost in a principled way for reduced solving time. Explicit Estimation Search (EES) is a recent state-of-the-art algorithm for bounded suboptimal search. Although it tends to expand fewer nodes than alternative algorithms, its per-node expansion overhead is much higher, causing it to sometimes take longer. In this paper, we present simplified variants of EES (SEES) and an earlier algorithm, Ae*(SAe*), that use different implementations of the same motivating ideas to significantly reduce search overhead and implementation complexity. In an empirical evaluation, we find that SEES matches or outperforms classic bounded suboptimal search algorithms, such as WA*, on all domains tested. We also confirm that, while SEES and SAe* expand roughly the same number of nodes as their progenitors, they solve problems significantly faster and are much easier to implement. This work widens the applicability of state-of-the-art bounded suboptimal search by making it easier to deploy.
Subtotal petrosectomy in the management of advanced parotid neoplasms.

Circumferential growth of parotid neoplasms may involve the external auditory meatus posteriorly, the floor of the middle cranial fossa superiorly, and the neurovascular structures of the jugular foramen medially. Inadequate tumor resection in these anatomically complex regions will result in local disease recurrence at the lateral skull base. A subtotal petrosectomy approach has been combined with a standard total parotidectomy in the management of 27 patients with aggressive parotid tumors. Twenty-two patients had malignant lesions and 10 individuals had recurrent disease. The resultant conductive hearing loss is outweighed by the following advantages of this technique: (1) the ability to obtain tumor-free bony margins, (2) proximal intratemporal facial nerve identification, (3) vascular control of the jugular bulb and petrous carotid artery, and (4) the dissection and protection of cranial nerves IX through XII. Our series of 27 patients will be detailed with an emphasis on surgical technique and overa...
Abstract 86: Expanding The Lacunar Infarct: Molecular Reorganization Of Axons Adjacent To Human White Matter Stroke

White matter stroke compromises approximately 25% of all strokes and accounts for significant disability by directly damaging myelin and axons. Patients presenting with white matter stroke often worsen clinically during the acute presentation. MRI studies demonstrate that white matter stroke lesions often expand in size over time. In part, this may be due to progressive expansion of infarcts through functional disruption of adjacent axons. The function of myelinated axons is dependent on molecular clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier. This clustering is partly dependent on the interaction with myelinating oligodendrocytes at axonal regions adjacent to nodes, termed paranodes. Here, we examined 10 autopsy cases of patients with lacunar infarcts and 3 controls for the molecular integrity of axonal microdomains adjacent to stroke. Lacunar infarcts were identified using clinical history and H&E sections. Serial sections were labeled for immunofluorescent markers of nodes and paranodes as well as neurofilaments and myelin basic protein. Compared to controls, there is lengthening of paranodes adjacent to white matter stroke consistent with disrupted axon-oligodendrocyte molecular interactions. In addition, immunolabeling for both voltage-gated sodium channels and their cytoskeletal anchors are disrupted in peri-infarct tissue. These abnormalities of axonal microdomains are present in a region larger than the infarct size as measured by H&E. These results indicate that white matter stroke produces functional disorganization of axons adjacent to the traditional lacune. A white matter stroke peri-infarct marked by molecularly disorganized axons provides a new therapeutic target for the treatment of white matter stroke.
The Mediating Relation between Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Foundations of Math Competence.

This study investigated the relation between symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude processing abilities with 2 standardized measures of math competence (WRAT Arithmetic and KeyMath Numeration) in 150 3rd- grade children (mean age 9.01 years). Participants compared sets of dots and pairs of Arabic digits with numerosities 1–9 for relative numerical magnitude. In line with previous studies, performance on both symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude processing was related to math ability. Performance metrics combining reaction and accuracy, as well as weber fractions, were entered into mediation models with standardized math test scores. Results showed that symbolic magnitude processing ability fully mediates the relation between nonsymbolic magnitude processing and math ability, regardless of the performance metric or standardized test.
Building a Community of Research Practice: Intragroup Team Social Dynamics in Interdisciplinary Mixed Methods

This article explicates the intragroup social dynamics and work of a nursing and education research team as a community of research practice interested in organizational cultures and occupational subcultures. Dynamics were characterized by processes of socialization through reeducation and group social identity formation that enabled members to cross discipline-bordered traditions and produce interdisciplinary mixed methods combinations. Combinations were achieved at the paradigm level through the generation of a shared viewing position and theoretical model. At methods and technique levels, such achievements were accomplished through methodological capitalization and prioritization and the development of a quantitative culture assessment tool that can be used in combination with complementary qualitative observation and interview protocols. Recommendations for other teams are provided.
Aggregations of Alfafa Weevils, Hypera postica , Convergent Lady Beetles, Hippodamia convergens , and Other Insects

A massive aggregation of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville was discovered under rocks forming the riprap of 2 dams near Fort Collins. The insects formed a band from 3 to 5 ft above the edge of the water. Counts of the weevils averaged 13.2 and 56.5/running ft on the 2 dams, respectively. Counts of the lady beetles and other insects were not taken. The beetles may have flown to the sites seeking a greater relative humidity gradient. Lady beetles left the sites by 1 April, whereas the weevils left by 10 April.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: function and regulation in bone and related tissues

ABSTRACTIn this review, we have highlighted work that has clearly demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAPKs, is an important signaling mediator in bone, muscle, and fat tissue homeostasis and differentiation. Further, we examined recent studies with particular focus on MKP-1 overexpression or deletion and its impact on tissues connected to bone. We also summarized regulation of MKP-1 by known skeletal regulators like parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) and bone morphogenic proteins. MKP-1’s integration into the pathophysiological state of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and muscular dystrophy are examined to emphasize possible involvement of MKP-1 both at the molecular level and in disease complications such as sarcopenia- or diabetes-related osteoporosis. We predict that understanding the mechanism of MKP-1-mediated signaling in bone–muscle–fat crosstalk will be a key in coordinating their ...
Pick's Formula via the Weierstrass ℘-Function

(1995). Pick's Formula via the Weierstrass ℘-Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 5, pp. 431-437.