cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep-Target Delivery of Nanosensors with Bacteria-Inspired Coordination

This paper studies a nanosensor coordination scheme to effectively deliver nanosensors to deep targets. Deep targets are far away from the main patrolling paths of nanosensors (e.g. blood vessels) and hence the delivery ratio relying on natural diffusion can be very low. Inspired by the communication and motility capability of bacteria, we devise a decentralized coordination strategy so that once the deep target is identified by a small number of nanosensors, they can effectively recruit far-away nanosensors towards the target. Note that since the target is deep, patrolling nanosensors are typically outside the direct communication range of those nanosensors at the location of the target. Therefore, multi-hop communication is required to recruit replenishing agents from the main paths. We demonstrate that the proposed strategy can successfully pull the patrolling nanosensors to the deep target when the model parameters are properly selected. This suggests a potential solution to the open problem in cancer treatments that therapeutic agents are kept away from the central necrotic core of tumors.
Traumatic Fetal Intracranial Hemorrhage Suggested by Point-of-Care Ultrasound.

While the use of ultrasound to diagnose a fetal intracranial hemorrhage in utero is not a new concept, the emphasis of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) at the initial trauma presentation of the mother to evaluate for fetal injury is novel. A review of the literature failed to reveal a single case report where in POCUS inthe workup of a pregnant trauma patient led to the diagnosis of fetal intracranial hemorrhage. This is such a case.
Near-resonant light propagation in an absorptive spatially anisotropic ultracold gas

A collection of ultracold atoms has an index of refraction that varies depending on the spatial density distribution of the gas. For many confined gases commonly found in ultracold atom experiments, there can be a substantial gradient in the spatial density distribution and hence the index of refraction. In addition, these gases can have a smaller spatial extent than that of the cross section of a laser beam that illuminates them. With a sufficient gradient in density under these conditions, the resulting index variation leads to frequency-dependent focusing or defocusing of incident near-resonant light as demonstrated by the calculations in this work. Nonintuitive intensity pattern formations result within the gas from the combination of refraction and diffraction of the incident light, including focusing effects that substantially increase the intensity of the light as compared to its incident value despite the nominally absorptive nature of the gas.
The Supply Side of Jobless Recoveries

The fraction of unemployed households with revolving credit more than tripled between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, and new evidence suggests that close to 20% of unemployed households use revolving credit to replace lost income while as much as 40% default in response to job loss. Moreover, research by Chetty (2008) suggests that access to liquid assets is an important determinant of job finding. The natural question is, how has access to 'on-demand' credit changed the way labor markets respond to downturns? After exploring the interaction between job loss/credit markets in the data and describing the innate endogeneity associated with any reduced form answer, I build a new model that features risk averse agents who face both search frictions in the labor market (Menzio and Shi, 2011) and the credit market (Eaton and Gersovitz, 1981). The model mechanism is that easy credit conditions provide a safety net which incentivizes agents to search for better-paying but scarcer jobs. While this is welfare improving, the side effect is joblessness. Following a downturn, I find that an economy with easy credit access experiences a 10% larger drop in employment per capita compared to an economy in which credit is tight (e.g. a 2.2% drop in employment per capita with easy credit access versus a 2% drop with tight credit access). I argue that the model rationalizes a portion of jobless recoveries via supply side phenomenon.
Iron-Sulfur Proteins: Combined Mössbauer and EPR Studies

This article discusses some correlations between electron paramagnetic resonance and Mossbauer spectroscopy which can be utilized to unravel some of the complexities of proteins containing many metal atoms. After describing the qualitative features of Mossbauer spectra observed for Kramers and non-Kramers systems recent findings on the MoFe protein of nitro-genase (the biological nitrogen fixing system) will be discussed. Mossbauer and EPR studies of the MoFe protein (30 Fe atoms) have lead to a detailed spectroscopic characterization of two novel spin-coupled metal centers.
Abstract 4849: Targeting the lethal pediatric atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors with the DNA minor-groove binding agent quinacrine

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are rare, incurable, and highly proliferative pediatric brain tumors. Discovering new targets and developing novel therapeutics are urgently needed for this devastating tumor. We have previously shown that AT/RT tumors and cell lines express increased amounts of the epigenetic modifier high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2). HMGA2 is a DNA-binding oncoprotein that regulates transcription during normal embryogenesis and in cancer stem cells. Targeting HMGA2 using short hairpins significantly decreased AT/RT cell growth and increased survival of xenografted mice in our studies. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of HMGA proteins using DNA minor-groove binding drugs will decrease growth of AT/RT cell lines due to displacement of HMGA proteins from the DNA. We used the minor-groove binding agent quinacrine to test our hypothesis in 3 different AT/RT cell lines (BT37, CHLA-06 and CHLA-04). Quinacrine has been used in millions of humans to treat malaria and other parasitic infections and has a well known safety profile. Quinacrine penetrates the brain, and we can achieve micromolar levels of quinacrine in brain after oral administration. Quinacrine causes a dose-dependent reduction in AT/RT cell growth (MTS assay) and proliferation (BrdU incorporation) compared to vehicle-treated cells (P Citation Format: Harpreet Kaur, Huizi Guo, Charles G. Eberhart, Eric H. Raabe. Targeting the lethal pediatric atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors with the DNA minor-groove binding agent quinacrine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4849.
Management of Climacturia During Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Surgery

Radical prostatectomy, the preferred treatment option for organ-confined prostate cancer, is associated with a wide variety of sexual dysfunctions including erectile and orgasmic dysfunctions. Climacturia is a type of orgasmic dysfunction that has been reported to occur in 20-60% of men after radical prostatectomy. Several treatment strategies for climacturia have been evaluated and recommended including behavioral changes, use of special devices, medications, specialized therapies, and surgeries. Inflatable penile prosthesis implantation might be the treatment of choice when conservative management approaches fail to treat erectile dysfunction. In this review article, the different options and approaches for the management of climacturia during inflatable penile prosthesis surgery will be discussed.
Court of Appeals of New York State: The Judges, the Selection Process, Making the Current Court and Some Recent Decisions on Governance

This is one of the more recent presentations among several delivered over the past few years at the Rockefeller Institute of Government in Albany, New York by Professor Vincent M. Bonventre on the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court. This presentation explores the ideological composition of the court through an analysis of the judges' voting patterns in criminal law decisions. It then examines and critiques the merit selection process through which governors make appointments to the court. Finally, the presentation details the making of the current court through the gubernatorial appointments of Mario Cuomo, George Pataki, and Eliot Spitzer. The result is a more conservative, law and order court, with Republican Pataki appointees now constituting a majority, and liberal Democratic Cuomo appointees constituting a shrinking minority.
P187 Taste is Everything: Feasibility of Using Sensory Evaluation to Develop Responsive Recipes for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed)

Background Federal nutrition education programs for low-income Americans, such as SNAP-Ed, often include recipes to facilitate healthy eating behaviors; however, little is known about acceptance and sensory evaluation of such recipes among target audiences. Objective To examine the feasibility of using sensory evaluation methodology to assess acceptability including overall liking (OL) and five specific sensory attributes (appearance, flavor, texture, saltiness, and sweetness) of the seven newly developed culturally-tailored recipes for low-income adult Georgians. Study Design, Settings, Participants Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess acceptability of the new recipes in 566 participants (83% ≥ 60 years old; 83% female; 74% African American) in the University of Georgia SNAP-Ed Food Talk Farmers Market program during summer, 2018. Recipes were prepared following standardized instructions for preparation and portion size. Participants were asked to rate for acceptability. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Sensory evaluation ballots used traditional nine-point hedonic scale to evaluate OL and five sensory attributes of the recipes (1=dislike extremely, 5=neither like nor dislike, and 9=like extremely). Standard range of acceptability for a recipe is ≥ 7.0. Descriptive statistics of the scales and their relationship with reported intention to healthy behavior changes were analyzed. Results Overall, the new recipes received favorable acceptability with the highest ratings for recipes containing meat or meat alternatives (eg, Chicken Chili with White Beans, mean OL = 7.34, flavor = 7.11, texture = 7.31) and the lowest ratings for recipes with a fruit (Banana Pudding Overnight Oats, mean OL = 5.18, flavor = 4.92, texture = 6.18). Those with standard acceptability ratings (≥ 7) also reported high intention to follow healthy behaviors. Conclusion The findings suggest the feasibility and utility of sensory evaluation methodology in the development of recipes that are more effective and responsive to the sensory preferences of low-income adults for nutrition education programs. Funding SNAP-Ed.
The hidden curriculum: Undergraduate nursing students’ perspectives of socialization and professionalism:

Background and aimNursing students form a professional identity from their core values, role models, and past experiences, and these factors contribute to the development of their professional iden...
Using discrete-event simulation to find ways to reduce patient wait time in a glaucoma clinic

Long wait times is one of the most common complaints from patients visiting the glaucoma clinic at the Kellogg Eye Center at the University of Michigan (UM). Long wait times have also been reported as a barrier to glaucoma care in other clinics as well. To address this issue, we develop a discrete-event simulation model to identify bottlenecks in the clinic that cause the majority of patient wait time. Different policies in terms of resource supplementation, i.e. adding staff and the corresponding equipment and exam rooms, are then accordingly proposed. We evaluate each of them using our simulation model through a series of what-if experiments. The most beneficial policy, considering the trade-off between patient wait time and resource supplementation expense, is proposed to the clinic to carry out in practice.
Signet ring cell carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: outcomes of patients in the United States.

Abstract Background Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the ampulla of Vater is poorly understood, with approximately 22 reported cases. Our study sought to create a comprehensive review of cases in the United States. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program to collect all cases of ampullary adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Results The age-adjusted incidence rate of SRCC of the ampulla of Vater was 1.2 cases per 10,000,000 persons per year, with 50% more cases in males than females. We identified 3448 cases of adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, 81 of which were SRCC (2.3%). SRCC tended to present a later stage than other ampullary cancers, with median survival times of 17 vs. 25 months, (p = 0.07). Survival was significantly worse for SRCC when accounting for other clinical features (HR 1.46, p = 0.01). Factors portending worse prognosis in SRCC of the ampulla of Vater were advanced age, late stage and lack of surgical intervention. Conclusion Our study represents the largest study of SRCC of the ampulla of Vater to date. SRCC has a poorer prognosis compared with other ampullary cancers. Optimal treatment regimen is the most important future area of study.
A Rare Case of Trichilemmal Carcinoma: Histology and Management

Trichilemmal carcinoma (TC) is a rare cutaneous tumor thought to be derived from the follicular outer root sheath (ORS). It often manifests as a nondescript skin-colored or pink papule on the hair-bearing, sun-exposed anatomic sites of elderly patients. Trichilemmal carcinoma shows many histologic features reminiscent of follicular ORS-notably, its glycogen-rich clear cells, trichilemmal keratinization, and similar immunostaining profile. Historically, it has been described as following a relatively indolent clinical course, but cases of recurrence, local aggression, and distant metastases have recently been elucidated. Here, we report the case of a 66-year-old male patient who presented with an asymptomatic, erythematous plaque on his neck; biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of TC. The patient deferred Mohs micrographic surgery in favor of wide local excision and was treated successfully with 3-mm margins. Salient histopathologic features, treatment modalities, and management recommendations are discussed.
Hospital Nurses and Research: Yes or No?:

This is the introduction to the Book Reviews and New Media Column. The controversy being addressed is whether or not hospital-based nurses can do nursing research.
Choledocholithiasis—a new clinical pathway

The incidence of cholecystectomy in children has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Management of gallbladder disease in children must include an awareness of choledocholithiasis treatment strategies. Both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and common bile duct exploration (open or laparoscopic) are accepted management techniques for choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with preoperative or postoperative ERCP is at least a two-procedure process while cholecystectomy with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) can provide definitive treatment in a single procedure under one anesthetic. Despite this, the trend over the last decade continues towards less LCBDE utilization in favor of ERCP. This trend has resulted in decreased familiarity with LCBDE by adult and pediatric surgeons and their trainees. Access to the necessary tools and education on the technical aspects can allow for successful single-stage treatment of choledocholithiasis by surgeons during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This may include a pre-defined stepwise algorithm and understanding of all the equipment and resources necessary to perform a LCBDE. Ultimately, increased understanding of the equipment and procedural steps necessary for LCBDE will result in widened adoption of the technique and thus confer advantages to the patient such as decreased length of stay and fewer required anesthetics.
A general hierarchical flower-shaped cobalt oxide spinel template: facile method, morphology control, and enhanced saturation magnetization

Nanostructures of materials with the spinel structure and AxB3−xO4 stoichiometry have been intensively studied due to their many useful magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties. However, few studies have systematically considered nanostructures of a complete spinel series due to lack of stable and general synthesis strategies. This limits the development of rational structure–property-application pathways. Here, we provide a facile and general method to synthesize hierarchical flower-shaped spinel cobalt oxide (SCO) based materials by a one-step solution-phase thermal decomposition. This SCO material serves as an autonomous template to form bimetallic oxide spinels FexCo3−xO4 (Fe-SCO), MnxCo3−xO4 (Mn-SCO), NixCo3−xO4 (Ni-SCO), and even the ternary Fe–Ni–Co–O (FNC) spinel in a single step. Morphology control was explored by tuning multiple input parameters such as precursors, ligands, additives, and solvents. The ternary FNC spinel achieved the highest saturation magnetization (98.6 emu g−1 at 10 kOe) reported for any cobalt spinel. This complete understanding of the SCO template with well-controlled shape and magnetization provides a general pathway to flower-like nanostructures of Co-dominant spinels. The SCO templated structures considered in detail here are only the tip of the iceberg. We have also produced Cu-, Ag-, Zn-, Pd-, Mo-, Gd-, Pt-, Al-, K-, Li-, and Cr- containing SCO, all showing flower shapes, and combining magnetic properties of Co spinel with properties of the doping elements. We believe this template and approach will be of broad utility for incorporating multiple elements in spinel nanostructures.
Uniform Strong Connectivity is Not Necessary for Non-Bayesian Social Learning on Time-Varying Directed Graphs

We study non-Bayesian social learning on time-varying directed graphs and show that under mild assumptions on the agents’ prior beliefs and observation structures, all the agents almost surely learn the true state of the world asymptotically in time if the sequence of the associated weighted adjacency matrices belongs to Class ${\mathcal{P}^{\ast}}$ (a broad class of stochastic chains that subsumes uniformly strongly connected chains), and if certain periods of network connectivity called γ-epochs occur infinitely often. We argue that this connectivity assumption is weaker and hence more realistic than the popular assumption of uniform strong connectivity. On the other hand, we show that the latter is sufficient to ensure that all the agents’ beliefs converge to a consensus almost surely even when the true state is not identifiable. In addition, we provide a few corollaries of our main result, including two known results on non-Bayesian learning on time-varying graphs. We also show by proof and an example that if the network of influences is balanced in a certain sense, then asymptotic learning occurs almost surely.
Around Us: A Friend for Visually Impaired Individuals

We all experienced quarantine in 2020 and this experience is especially challenging for visually impaired individuals. I aim to develop a robot to enhance their lives during their isolation from society. Around Us is a human interactive robot that uses sensor input to inform them of surrounding information at home through touch and sound, so users can be in a safe, entertaining, and comfortable living environment.
Evaluation of the COVID-19 Shock on STEM Laboratory Courses

Universities across the U.S. have moved to various virtual teaching models in response to the health threats caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. When converting to an online-only mode, STEM and related fields face additional challenges over the lab portion of courses because laboratory courses and active-learning projects frequently require specialized equipment and manual dexterity interactions. In this paper, we report the results of a study on students’ perceptions about online learning during the initial phase of the pandemic at a public university in California, U.S. We focus on the overall reaction to the rapid conversion to online, the negative impressions created, “structural” concerns that would be difficult to mitigate, concerns readily amenable to mitigation, and side effects such as impact on equity. Twenty-five recommendations for those factors deemed improvable are provided.
Adaptive Robust Optimization

In Chap. 2, we have studied static robust optimization with the following robust inequality constraint $$\displaystyle \begin{aligned} f(\boldsymbol {x},\boldsymbol {\xi })\le 0, \quad \forall \boldsymbol {\xi }\in \mathcal {U},{} \end{aligned} $$ where \(\mathcal {U}\) is an uncertainty set, ξ is the uncertain parameter taking values in \(\mathcal {U}\), and x is the decision. This robust model seeks one robust decision x that is feasible for all uncertainty realizations in \(\mathcal {U}\). This embodies the canonical meaning of “robustness” in decision making. We call such a robust decision a static policy. However, in many situations, static policy may not be the best choice. More specifically, (1) we may need to deal with equality constraints involving uncertain parameters, or (2) the uncertainty may have some dynamic structures that call for the decisions to adapt accordingly. Both situations can be illustrated by examples from electric power systems. For the first situation, we know that the electricity supply must be equal to the electricity demand all the time. In other words, there is an equality constraint between supply and demand. As the electricity demand, viewed as an uncertain parameter, fluctuates between peaks and troughs everyday, the generation decision must also follow the demand, i.e., must be a function of the demand. A static policy for electricity generation in this case would amount to a fixed supply for all varying levels of demand, which clearly would lead to violation of the balance between generation and consumption.
Effects of High-Temperature Annealing in Air on Hi-Nicalon Fiber-Reinforced Celsian Matrix Composites

BN/SiC-coated Hi-Nicalon fiber-reinforced celsian matrix composites (CMC) were annealed for 100 h in air at various temperatures to 1200 C, followed by flexural strength measurements at room temperature. Values of yield stress and strain, ultimate strength, and composite modulus remain almost unchanged for samples annealed up to 1100 C. A thin porous layer formed on the surface of the 1100 C annealed sample and its density decreased from 3.09 to 2.90 g/cu cm. The specimen annealed at 1200 C gained 0.43 wt%, was severely deformed, and was covered with a porous layer of thick shiny glaze which could be easily peeled off. Some gas bubbles were also present on the surface. This surface layer consisted of elongated crystals of monoclinic celsian and some amorphous phase(s). The fibers in this surface ply of the CMC had broken into small pieces. The fiber-matrix interface strength was characterized through fiber push-in technique. Values of debond stress, alpha(sub d), and frictional sliding stress, tau(sub f), for the as-fabricated CMC were 0.31+/-0.14 GPa and 10.4+/-3.1 MPa, respectively. These values compared with 0.53+/-0.47 GPa and 8.33+/-1.72 MPa for the fibers in the interior of the 1200 C annealed sample, indicating hardly any change in fiber-matrix interface strength. The effects of thermal aging on microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Only the surface ply of the 1200 C annealed specimens had degraded from oxidation whereas the bulk interior part of the CMC was unaffected. A mechanism is proposed explaining the various steps involved during the degradation of the CMC on annealing in air at 1200 C.
The Use of a Quarantine to Control Scleroderris Canker in New York

The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets quarantine, initiated in 1977, effectively monitors the movement of Scleroderris infectable commodities. Infected materials are not allowed out of the quarantine area. The area of the quarantine has not substantially increased since 1977.
Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures: Meshes and Pyramids

Part 1 Overview: models of computation forms of input problems data movement operations sample algorithms further remarks. Part 2 Fundamental mesh algorithms: definitions lower bounds primitive mesh algorithms matrix algorithms algorithms involving ordered data further remarks. Part 3 Mesh algorithms for images and graphs: fundamental graph algorithms connected components internal distances convexity external distances further remarks. Part 4 Mesh algorithms for computational geometry: preliminaries the convex hull smallest enclosing figures nearest point problem line segments and simple polygons intersection of convex sets diameter iso-oriented rectangles and polygons voronoi diagram further remarks. Part 5 Tree-like pyramid algorithms: definitions lower bounds fundamental algorithms image algorithms further remarks. Part 6 Hybrid pyramid algorithms: graphs as unordered edges graphs as adjacency matrices digitized pictures convexity data movement operations optimality further remarks.
Identification of the cleavage site and determinants required for poliovirus 3CPro-catalyzed cleavage of human TATA-binding transcription factor TBP.

Abstract Host cell RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription is inhibited by poliovirus infection. We have shown previously that the human TATA-binding protein (TBP), a general transcription factor required for transcription of all RNA polymerase II genes, is directly cleaved both in vitro and in vivo by the virus-coded protease 3CPro. 3CPro specifically cleaves glutamine-glycine bonds in the viral polyprotein. Cellular transcription factor TBP contains three glutamine-glycine sites, at amino acids 12, 18, and 108. By using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that the glutamine-glycine bond at amino acid 18, but not that at amino acid 12 or 108, is cleaved by the viral protease. Both the glutamine and the glycine appear to be important for the cleavage. Further mutations around the glutamine-glycine site at position 18 suggest that determinants other than the glutamine-glycine bond in TBP are also required for 3CPro-induced cleavage. An alanine at position P4 and a proline at position P2, proximal to the scissile glutamine-glycine pair, appear to be important for 3CPro-mediated cleavage of TBP. Our results suggest that the cleavage specificity of 3CPro for a cellular transcription factor is very similar to its mode of cleavage of viral polyproteins.
Error correction in constructive induction

ABSTRACT This paper reports on MIRO, a constructive induction method that achieves substantive noise resistance with a small training set. It is possible to regard MIRO as a learning method that constructs and then performs induction in an abstraction space. After outlining the concept formation algorithm, we describe a postprocessor which identifies positive instances that are likely to contain noise, corrects them, and repairs noise-induced errors in the concept description.
Utility accrual real-time scheduling: models and algorithms

This dissertation first presents an uniprocessor real-time scheduling algorithm called the Gbeneric Bbenefit Sbcheduling algorithm (or GBS). GBS solves a previously open real-time scheduling problem: scheduling activities subject to arbitrarily shaped, time/utility function (TUF) time constraints and mutual exclusion resource constraints. A TUF specifies the utility of completing an application activity as an application- or situation-specific function of when that activity completes. GBS considers the scheduling objective of maximizing system-wide, total accrued utility, while respecting mutual exclusion constraints. Since this problem is NP -hard, GBS heuristically computes schedules in polynomial-time. The performance of the GBS algorithm is evaluated through simulation and through an implementation on a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)-compliant real-time operating system. The simulation studies and implementation measurements reveal that GBS performs close to, if not better than existing algorithms for the cases that they apply. Further, the results verify the effectiveness of GBS for its unique model. We also analytically establish timeliness and non-timeliness properties of GBS including bounds on activity utilities and mutual exclusion. GBS targets real-time systems that are subject to significant non-determinism inherent in their operating environments e.g., completely unknown activity arrivals. When system uncertainties can be stochastically characterized (e.g., stochastic activity arrivals and execution times), it is possible to provide stochastic assurances on timeliness behavior. The dissertation also presents algorithmic solutions to fundamental assurance problems in TUF-driven real-time systems, including stochastically satisfying individual, activity utility lower bounds and system-wide, total utility lower bounds. The algorithmic solutions include algorithms for processor bandwidth allocation and TUF scheduling. While bandwidth allocation algorithms allocate processor bandwidth share to activities to satisfy utility lower bounds, TUF scheduling algorithms schedule activities to maximize accrued utility. The algorithmic solutions and analysis are extended with a class of lock-free and lock-based resource access protocols to satisfy mutual exclusion constraints. We show that satisfying utility lower bounds with lock-based resource access protocols does not imply doing so with the lock-free scheme, and vice versa. Finally, the dissertation presents a rule-based framework for trading off assurance requirements on utility lower bound satisfaction.* *This work is partially supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grant N00014-99-1-0158 and N00014-00-1-0549, the MITRE Corporation under Grant 52917, and the QNX Software Systems Ltd. (SSL) through a software grant. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of ONR, MITRE, or QNX SSL.
DNA Virus Replication

1 Introduction 2 General Principles of DNA Replication 3 Polyomaviruses 4 Papillomaviruses 5 Parvoviruses 6 Adenoviruses 7 Herpesviruses 8 Poxviruses 9 Host–Virus Interactions Keywords: DNA virus replication; general principles of DNA replication; polyomaviruses infect; SV40 viral genome; large T antigen; mechanism of SV40 DNA synthesis; papillomaviruses; papillomavirus genomes
Lessons from the Financial Crisis

Efforts to attribute the recent financial crisis to “exotic” mortgages, “risky” derivatives, “loose” central bank policies, or global saving imbalances overlook an important issue: Why did short-term credit suddenly seize up in September 2008, in the wake of Lehman Brothers’ failure, but didn’t contract earlier when Bear Stearns collapsed? This article argues that the credit markets retained confidence following the Bear Stearns collapse because federal policymakers employed the “too big to fail” policies they usually adopt when a financial giant is in trouble, but they later did not use these same policies to rescue Lehman. This policy conflict injected uncertainty into the markets, resulting in a massive flight to safety. Going forward, policymakers should be consistent and prohibit themselves from employing too-big-to-fail policies.
Recognizing Probabilistic Opponent Movement Models

In multiagent adversarial domains, team agents should adapt to the environment and opponent. We introduce a model representation as part of a planning process for a simulated soccer domain. The planning is centralized, but the plans are executed in a multi-agent environment, with teammate and opponent agents. Further, we present a recognition algorithm where the model which most closely matches the behavior of the opponents can be selected from few observations of the opponent. Empirical results are presented to verify that important information is maintained through the abstraction the models provide.
DFT studies of the molecular nanomagnet Fe8 and the V15 spin system - Electronic structure and magnetic ordering

Based on first-principles all-electron density-functional calculations we report the electronic structure and magnetic ordering of the molecular magnet Fe8 and the V15 spin system. The ferrimagnetic ordering with total spin S = 10 of the eight iron atoms in the Fe8 cluster agrees well with experimental results from polarized neutron data. In comparison the low spin system V15 shows a spin S = 1/2 ground state which is also found from our calculations.
Banerjee awarded 2006 John Adam Fleming Medal

Subir Kumar Banerjee was awarded the John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006, in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences. Since his arrival in the early 1960s—holding degrees in physics and exploration geophysics from Indian universities, and a Cambridge University (U.K.) Ph.D. in geophysics—Subir Banerjee has maintained an eminent position in the world community of rock magnetists and paleomagnetists. His unique role began with seminal works on the physics of magnetism in natural and synthetic materials, revealing an uncanny insight into the nature of magnetic materials. These early works were instrumental in creating a greater understanding and appreciation of the importance of rock magnetism to problems in paleomagnetism. Over subsequent decades Subir has instilled in all of us who research the records gleaned from rocks of Earth's past magnetic field a fundamental awareness, namely, the need for any solid paleomagnetic conclusion to be anchored in a thorough understanding of the relevant rock magnetic conditions both at the time of and subsequent to the acquisition of remanence.
Scattering of a spherical wave by a small sphere: An elementary solution

Wave scattering by objects that are small compared to the wavelength (Rayleigh scattering) is usually studied for plane incident waves. However, knowledge of the full Green’s function of the problem becomes necessary when the separation of scatterers from either an interface or each other is comparable to the scatterers’ dimensions. Here, an elementary analytic solution is derived for diffraction of a spherical sound wave by a small, soft sphere. The approximate solution is obtained from asymptotic expansions of an exact solution, holds everywhere outside the sphere, and reduces to classical results due to Kelvin and Rayleigh in appropriate special cases.
Review: Vibration testing and monofilament testing are most accurate for diagnosing large-fiber peripheral neuropathy in diabetes

Source Citation Kanji JN, Anglin RE, Hunt DL, Panju A. Does this patient with diabetes have large-fiber peripheral neuropathy? JAMA. 2010;303:1526-32. 20407062
Extended School Year: Legal Issues and Implications

Much of the research and material published on the extended school year (ESY) to date has failed to provide comprehensive and accurate information on determining eligibility and the need for ESY services for children with disabilities. Eligibility for ESY can be based on several criteria, including individual need, nature and severity of the disability, educational benefit, regression and recoupment, self-sufficiency and independence, and failing to meet short-term goals and objectives. An examination of the ESY case law history reveals that it is difficult to determine “judicially manageable standards” for the various categories of eligibility. Therefore, decisions regarding ESY are based on an assimilation of criteria, particularly when considering ESY for children with severe disabilities. This article provides a thorough (exhaustive) review of the legal issues, including statutory and case law, and practical guidelines that will assist educators in their efforts to comply with federal statutes.
How does the amount of surgical insult affect bone around moving teeth

Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine how the amount of surgical insult affects the quantity and maturity of dentoalveolar bone around teeth that have been orthodontically moved. Methods A split-mouth design with 8 foxhound dogs was used to evaluate bone surrounding maxillary second premolars that were protracted for 15 days and retained for 7 weeks. The maxillary first premolars were extracted, and the interseptal bone was removed to within 1 mm of the second premolars; on the insult (lesser surgical insult) side, buccal and lingual vertical grooves were made in the extraction socket to undermine the mesial root of the second premolar; the insult+ (greater surgical insult) side was flapped and had modified corticotomies extending to, but not through, the lingual cortex 1 mm distal to the distal root, and 3 to 5 mm apical to both roots. Microcomputed tomography analyses were used to evaluate the material density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular characteristics of surrounding bone. Hematoxylin and eosin sections were used to determine osteoclast numbers, bone surface areas, and bone volumes. Results After 7 weeks of consolidation, there was significantly ( P Conclusions Increased surgical insults produce less dense and less mature bone but have no effect on bone volume at 9 weeks after surgery.
Cardiac myofibroblasts isolated from the site of myocardial infarction express endothelin de novo

Recently it was demonstrated that treatment with a nonselective endothelin (ET) receptor antagonist significantly reduces myocardial infarct size, which suggests a major role for ET in tissue repai...
A Michael Alternative to Cyclopentene Annulations

Abstract Intramolecular cyclopentene annulations involving carbenoidmediated cyclopropanations (Eq. 1), followed by the nucleophilic ring opening of vinylcyclopropanes have been studied extensively2 and have been applied successfully to the synthesis of triquinane terpenes.3 More recently, intermolecular [2 + 3] annulations of enones (Eq. 2), have also been studied4 and applied in the synthesis of these terpenes.5
Serum and lymphocyte, aluminum and nickel in chronic renal failure

In the past decade, aluminum has been recognized as a toxic metal in patients with chronic renal failure. It is, however, possible that other trace metals, such as nickel, may also have toxic actions in these patients. The plasma concentration of a metal, such as aluminum or nickel, may not provide a valid index of either tissue content or total body burden. In the study reported here, the aluminum and nickel content of lymphocytes was measured and compared with plasma concentrations in normal controls and patients with chronic renal failure. The findings suggest that lymphocytes may be of value as a nucleated 'tissue' for the assessment of trace metal status.
Implementation of Recommended Guardianship Practices and Outcomes of Hearings for Older Persons

We analyzed 1,160 court records to determine whether implementation of recommended procedural safeguards and guardianship practices was associated with outcomes of hearings for older persons. The presence of the proposed ward at the hearing was not related to decisions about guardianship. Proposed wards who retained their own counsel were more likely to receive limited guardianships or have the petition denied. Wards with undefined court-appointed counsel more often received full guardianships than those without representation.
A Design for Type-Directed Programming in Java

Type-directed programming is an important and widely used paradigm in the design of software. With this form of programming, an application may analyze type information to determine its behavior. By analyzing the structure of data, many operations, such as serialization, cloning, adaptors and iterators may be defined once, for all types of data. That way, as the program evolves, these operations need not be updated-they will automatically adapt to new data forms. Otherwise, each of these operations must be individually redefined for each type of data, forcing programmers to revisit the same program logic many times during a program's lifetime. The Java language supports type directed programming with the instanceof operator and the Java Reflection API. These mechanisms allow Java programs to depend on the name and structure of the run-time classes of objects. However, the Java mechanisms for type-directed programming are difficult to use. They also do not integrate well with generics, an important new feature of the Java language. In this paper, we describe the design of several expressive new mechanisms for type-directed programming in Java, and show that these mechanisms are sound when included in a language similar to Featherweight Java. Basically, these new mechanisms pattern-match the name and structure of the type parameters of generic code, instead of the run-time classes of objects. Therefore, they naturally integrate with generics and provide strong guarantees about program correctness. As these mechanisms are based on pattern matching, they naturally and succinctly express many operations that depend on type information. Finally, they provide programmers with some degree of protection for their abstractions. Whereas instanceof and reflection can determine the exact run-time type of an object, our mechanisms allow any supertype to be supplied for analysis, hiding its precise structure.
The mechanism of pattern reconstruction by dissociated imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster.

A new analysis of the process of pattern reconstruction by dissociated imaginal disc cells of Drosophila is presented. Imaginal leg discs of two genotypes were dissociated and reaggregated in the presence of increasing quantities of wing discs. The leg disc cells cooperated to reconstruct vesicles of leg tissue surrounded by wing. Some vesicles contained leg cells of both genotypes (mosaics), but a substantial proportion contained only one of the two genotypes of leg (monotypic). The high frequency of monotypic vesicles indicates that pattern reconstruction does not occur by the migration of individually determined cells to preassigned positions in the pattern, as has been previously suggested. A more likely interpretation is that a considerable amount of “repatterning” occurs among the randomly reassociated cells.
High molecular weight adiponectin inhibits proliferation of hepatic stellate cells via activation of adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase†

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic adipocytokine that is present in serum as 3 isoforms. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are closely associated with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. This study was designed to elucidate a role of adiponectin and its mediator adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) on proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the key cells promoting fibrosis. Immortalized human HSC line hTERT and primary rat HSCs were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) with or without pretreatment with AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR), metformin, or high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin. HMW adiponectin dose-dependently suppressed PDGF-induced HSC proliferation. Adenoviral transduction with dominant-negative AMPK (DN-AMPK) abolished the suppressive effect of adiponectin in HSCs. AICAR, metformin, or transduction of constitutively active AMPK attenuated PDGF-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation, which was abolished by either a chemical AMPK inhibitor or transduction of DN-AMPK, consistent with an antiproliferative effect of AMPK. The suppressive effect of AMPK on HSC proliferation is mediated through multiple mechanisms, including (1) an inhibition of the AKT pathway, (2) inhibition of NADPH oxidase–dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via induction of antioxidant enzymes, and (3) an increase in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27kip1 and p21cip1. Conclusion: Adiponectin inhibits HSC proliferation via activation of AMPK. AMPK activation by AICAR or metformin inhibits HSC proliferation via suppression of ROS production and subsequent inhibition of AKT pathway. Thus, adiponectin and AMPK inhibit HSC proliferation and hepatic fibrosis via multiple molecular mechanisms. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;47:677–685.)
A review of computer and Internet-based interventions for smoking behavior

This article reviews studies of computer and Internet-based interventions for smoking behavior, published between 1995 and August 2004. Following electronic and manual searches of the literature, 19 studies were identified that used automated systems for smoking prevention or cessation, and measured outcomes related to smoking behavior. Studies varied widely in methodology, intervention delivery, participant characteristics, follow-up period, and measurement of cessation. Of eligible studies, nine (47%) reported statistically significant or improved outcomes at the longest follow-up, relative to a comparison group. Few patterns emerged in terms of subject, design or intervention characteristics that led to positive outcomes. The "first generation" format, where participants were mailed computer-generated feedback reports, was the modal intervention format and the one most consistently associated with improved outcomes. Future studies will need to identify whether certain patients are more likely to benefit from such interventions, and which pharmacological and behavioral adjuncts can best promote cessation.
The Determinants of Regional Differences in Strike Rate in the U.S., 1971–77

Abstract The regional distribution of strike rates from 1971–77 shows high rates in the northern industrial states and a mixture of low, medium, and high rates elsewhere. This paper investigates the four likely causes of this distribution: industrial mix, wages and unemployment, unionization and other organizational-political factors, and militant community or regional attitudes. A Poisson regression model of strike rate shows that industrial mix is the most important factor, accounting for almost 85 percent of the unexplained null model deviance. State levels of unemployment, unionization, and the presence of right-to-work legislation also have significant effects. Little evidence is found to support the idea of militant or docile regions.
Momentum reorientation of photo-excited carriers in GaAs

Momentum relaxation of photo-excited carriers in GaAs was investigated using the Monte Carlo approach. A laser of 1.51 eV photon energy and 9 fs width was assumed. Simulations were performed for excitation densities ranging from 1016 cm-3 to 8 X 1017 cm-3. For nexc equals 8 X 1017 cm-3, the distribution of the carrier momentum was found to approximate a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 25 fs after laser excitation, which concurs with recent experimental data. The relaxation time was shown to increase with decreasing carrier density and to be shorter when the carrier-carrier scattering was treated dynamically rather than statically.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermionic constants and electron reflection for Ta (100) by the shelton retarding field method

Abstract The Shelton retarding field method has been employed to determine the thermionic constants of the (100) surface of tantalum in the temperature range 1500 to 1730 K: φ* = = 4.16 ± 0.05 V, dφdT= 56 ± 5 μ V/K, and AR = 122 ± 26 A/cm2K2.φ = 4.24 ± 0.05 V at300 K. A refined analysis of the Shelton method shows the importance of four reflection coefficients, because of which, AR cannot be identified unambiguously as the preexponental constant appearing in the Richardson equation. The dependence on incident energy of the electron reflection coefficient of Ta(100) was observed in the range 0–100 eV. The positions at 4.5, 8.0, 11.3, and 17.0 eV of relative reflection maxima agree closely with those observed by others for W(100). Advances are described in instrumentation, in experimental technique, and in acquisition and analysis of data.