cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of idle programs

This paper presents an approach for performance analysis of modern enterprise-class server applications. In our experience, performance bottlenecks in these applications differ qualitatively from bottlenecks in smaller, stand-alone systems. Small applications and benchmarks often suffer from CPU-intensive hot spots. In contrast, enterprise-class multi-tier applications often suffer from problems that manifest not as hot spots, but as idle time, indicating a lack of forward motion. Many factors can contribute to undesirable idle time, including locking problems, excessive system-level activities like garbage collection, various resource constraints, and problems driving load.We present the design and methodology for WAIT, a tool to diagnosis the root cause of idle time in server applications. Given lightweight samples of Java activity on a single tier, the tool can often pinpoint the primary bottleneck on a multi-tier system. The methodology centers on an informative abstraction of the states of idleness observed in a running program. This abstraction allows the tool to distinguish, for example, between hold-ups on a database machine, insufficient load, lock contention in application code, and a conventional bottleneck due to a hot method. To compute the abstraction, we present a simple expert system based on an extensible set of declarative rules.WAIT can be deployed on the fly, without modifying or even restarting the application. Many groups in IBM have applied the tool to diagnosis performance problems in commercial systems, and we present a number of examples as case studies.
New geoscience teachers division for 2‐year colleges

The role of 2-year colleges (2YCs) in geoscience education is growing as the number of students enrolled in Earth and space science courses increases and as these institutions—which include community colleges and junior colleges—provide more students majoring in geoscience at public universities. In recognition of the increasing role of 2YCs in geoscience education, the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT) recently created a Geo2YC division for faculty, administrators, graduate students, and other geoscience professionals who share a professional interest in geoscience education at 2YCs. The mission of the new division, which is NAGT's first national division, is to serve as a forum for exchanging curricular ideas, concerns, and resources; establish a network of geoscience educators at 2YCs and other institutions with shared interests; sponsor NAGT 2YC activities and make recommendations to the NAGT Council in support of 2YC geoscience education; support and coordinate research on 2YC geoscience education; and advocate for 2YC geoscience education within NAGT and with other organizations.
Contribution of water-leaving radiances to multiangle, multispectral polarimetric observations over the open ocean: bio-optical model results for case 1 waters

Multiangle, multispectral photopolarimetry of atmosphere-ocean systems provides the fullest set of remote sensing information possible on the scattering properties of aerosols and on the color of the ocean. Recent studies have shown that inverting such data allows for the potential of separating the retrieval of aerosol properties from ocean color monitoring in the visible part of the spectrum. However, the data in these studies were limited to those principal plane observations where the polarization of water-leaving radiances could be ignored. Examining similar potentials for off-principal plane observations requires the ability to assess realistic variations in both the reflectance for and bidirectionality of polarized water-leaving radiances for such viewing geometries. We provide hydrosol models for use in underwater light scattering computations to study such variations. The model consists of two components whose refractive indices resemble those of detritus-minerallike and planktonlike particles, whose size distributions are constrained by underwater light linear polarization signatures, and whose mixing ratios change as a function of particulate backscattering efficiency. Multiple scattering computations show that these models are capable of reproducing realistic underwater light albedos for wavelengths ranging from 400 to 600 nm, and for chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 3.0 mg/m(3). Numerical results for spaceborne observations of the reflectance for total and polarized water-leaving radiances are provided as a function of polar angles, and the change in these reflectances with wavelength, chlorophyll a concentration, and hydrosol model are discussed in detail for case 1 (open ocean) waters.
Rapid vegetation responses and feedbacks amplify climate model response to snow cover changes

We investigate the response of a climate system model to two different methods for estimating snow cover fraction. In the control case, snow cover fraction changes gradually with snow depth; in the alternative scenarios (one with prescribed vegetation and one with dynamic vegetation), snow cover fraction initially increases with snow depth almost twice as fast as the control method. In cases where the vegetation was fixed (prescribed), the choice of snow cover parameterization resulted in a limited model response. Increased albedo associated with the high snow caused some moderate localized cooling (3–5°C), mostly at very high latitudes (>70°N) and during the spring season. During the other seasons, however, the cooling was not very extensive. With dynamic vegetation the change is much more dramatic. The initial increases in snow cover fraction with the new parameterization lead to a large-scale southward retreat of boreal vegetation, widespread cooling, and persistent snow cover over much of the boreal region during the boreal summer. Large cold anomalies of up to 15°C cover much of northern Eurasia and North America and the cooling is geographically extensive in the northern hemisphere extratropics, especially during the spring and summer seasons. This study demonstrates the potential for dynamic vegetation within climate models to be quite sensitive to modest forcing. This highlights the importance of dynamic vegetation, both as an amplifier of feedbacks in the climate system and as an essential consideration when implementing adjustments to existing model parameters and algorithms.
N-terminal degradation of low molecular weight opioid peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract Opioid peptides are present in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and their levels are reported to change in some pathologic conditions. However, less is known about their degradation in CSF. In the present study, human CSF was found to contain aminopeptidase activity which hydrolyzed alanyl-, leucyl- and arginyl-naphthylamides in a ratio of 100 : 28 : 27. Twelve CSF samples hydrolyzed alanyl-2-naphthylamide and degraded Met 5 -enkephalin (N-terminal hydrolysis) at rates of 188 ± 38 and 420 ± 79 pmol/min/mL respectively. Further, the distribution of alanyl-naphthylamidase activity in individual samples (39–437 pmol/min/mL) was closely correlated with that of Met 5 -enkephalin degradation (37–833 pmol/min/mL). Both alanyl-naphthylamidase and enkephalin degradation were optimal at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and were inhibited by the aminopeptidase inhibitors amastatin ( ic 50 = 20 nM), bestatin (4–7 μM) and puromycin (30–35 μM). Conversely, degradation was unaffected by inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (phosphoramidon), carboxypeptidase N (MERGETPA) or angiotensin converting enzyme (captopril). The K m of Met 5 enkephalin for the CSF aminopeptidase activity was 201 ± 19 μM (N = 4). Rates of hydrolysis of the Tyr 1 -Gly 2 bond of larger opioid peptides decreased with increasing peptide length. Pooled, concentrated CSF hydrolyzed Leu 5 -enkephalin, dynorphin A fragments [1–7], [1–10] and [1–13] and dynorphin A at rates of 2.05 ± 0.27, 1.76 ±0.18, 0.94 ± 0.06, 0.55 ± 0.14 and 0.16 ± 0.03 nmol/min/mL respectively. When analyzed by rocket-immunoelectrophoresis against antisera to aminopeptidase M (EC 3.4.11.2), the concentrated CSF formed an immunoprecipitate which could be stained histochemically for alanyl-naphthylamidase activity. These data are consistent with a significant role for aminopeptidase M activity in the degradation of low molecular weight opioid peptides in human CSF.
A scale to screen for DSM-IV Axis I disorders in psychiatric out-patients: performance of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire.

Background. The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) is a reliable and valid self-report scale designed to screen for the most common DSM-IV Axis I disorders encountered in out-patient mental health settings. The present report is the second large-scale validation study of the PDSQ in psychiatric out-patients. Because some of the sizes of the diagnostic groups in the initial report were modest, it is important to determine whether the recommended cut-off scores to screen for psychiatric disorders remained the same in a replication study.Method. Six hundred and seventy psychiatric out-patients presenting for treatment were evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview after completing the PDSQ.Results. Based on receiver operating curve analysis, the PDSQ performed as well in the replication sample as in the initial validation study. For nine of the 13 PDSQ subscales the recommended cut-off score in the replication study was the same as in the initial study. After combining the data from the two studies (n=1300) the mean sensitivity across the 13 PDSQ subscales was 87% and the mean negative predictive value was 97%.Conclusions. The PDSQ is a diagnostic aid designed to improve the efficiency of conducting initial diagnostic evaluations. From a clinical perspective it is important that a screening tool have good sensitivity so that most cases are detected, and high negative predictive value so that most non-cases on the measure are indeed non-cases. The results of this second large validation study indicate that most of the PDSQ subscales achieved this goal.
The design of an all-optical spatial soliton switch in a lossy nonlinear medium

This design improves the authors' previous work by including losses in the nonlinear medium. Unlike other all-optical switches, the nonlinear region for soliton interaction in this design is much shorter. This provides greater flexibility on the choices of nonlinear material as well as reduction of the threshold soliton power. The coupling between the signal and control beams is included in our numerical experiments. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Temperature affects long-term productivity and quality attributes of day-neutral strawberry for a space life-support system

Abstract Strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa L.) is a promising candidate crop for space life-support systems with desirable sensory quality and health attributes. Day-neutral cultivars such as ‘Seascape’ are adaptable to a range of photoperiods, including short days that would save considerable energy for crop lighting without reductions in productivity or yield. Since photoperiod and temperature interact to affect strawberry growth and development, several diurnal temperature regimes were tested under a short photoperiod of 10 h per day for effects on yield and quality attributes of ‘Seascape’ strawberry during production cycles longer than 270 days. The coolest day/night temperature regime, 16°/8 °C, tended to produce smaller numbers of larger fruit than did the intermediate temperature range of 18°/10 °C or the warmest regime, 20°/12 °C, both of which produced similar larger numbers of smaller fruit. The intermediate temperature regime produced the highest total fresh mass of berries over an entire production cycle. Independent experiments examined either organoleptic or physicochemical quality attributes. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that fruit grown under the coolest temperature regime tended to score the highest for both hedonic preference and descriptive evaluation of sensory attributes related to sweetness, texture, aftertaste, and overall approval. The physicochemical quality attributes Brix, pH, and sugar/acid ratio were highest for fruits harvested from the coolest temperature regime and lower for those from the warmer temperature regimes. The cool-regime fruits also were lowest in titratable acidity. The yield parameters fruit number and size oscillated over the course of a production cycle, with a gradual decline in fruit size under all three temperature regimes. Brix and titratable acidity both decreased over time for all three temperature treatments, but sugar/acid ratio remained highest for the cool temperature regime over the entire production period. Periodic rejuvenation or replacement of strawberry propagules may be needed to maintain both quality and quantity of strawberry yield in space.
UV Photooxidation of a Homologous Series of n-Alkanethiolate Monolayers on GaAs(001): A Static SIMS Investigation

We have investigated the UV photooxidation of a homologous series of methyl-terminated self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers adsorbed on GaAs(001) using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We observe that for undecanethiol (UDT) and tetradecanethiol (TDT), the reaction kinetics are well-described by pseudo-first-order rate constants. For hexadecanethiol (HDT), octadecanethiol (ODT), and eicosanethiol (ECT), there is a change in the apparent kinetics from first-order to second-order. In agreement with previous studies of the photooxidation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) adsorbed on metals, for short-chain alkanethiols (n ≤ 15) adsorbed on GaAs(001), the rate determining step is the penetration of oxygen to the substrate/S interface. However, for longer-chain alkanethiols, the photooxidation rate is not solely determined by the penetration of the active oxygen species to the interface. The kinetic analyses indicate that the reaction proceeds via the simultaneous photooxidation of the alk...
DEVICES FOR IMPROVING COLOR DEVELOPMENT IN GLYCOALKALOID DETERMINATION

An automatic shaking device was made for improving color development in glycoalkaloid determination. The device comprises two basic parts. The stationary part includes two kinds of special constant volume burettes which were calibrated to deliver 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid in exactly 3 min and 2.5 ml of, 1% formaldehyde in exactly 2 min. The moving part consists of 12 reaction tubes mounted on a rocker plate which was coupled to a shaker with a connecting rod. Optimum speed of shaking was 4/set. The device worked six times faster than that by conventional manual operation.
The effects of coarse ground corn, whole sorghum, and a prebiotic on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbial populations in broilers fed diets with and without corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Abstract Two experiments were conducted from 0 to 21 d of age and evaluated diets containing combinations of fine or coarse ground corn (557 or 1,387 μm, respectively), whole sorghum, 15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or a prebiotic-type product containing yeast cell wall, lactose, citric acid, and other fermentable carbohydrates. In experiment 1, feed efficiency was decreased (P
Ammonium uptake by heterotrophic bacteria in the Delaware estuary and adjacent coastal waters

Uptake of NH4+ by heterotrophic bacteria and the relative importance of NH,+ and dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) as nitrogen sources for bacterial production were examined in the Delaware estuary and adjacent coastal waters during 1988 and 1990. Although total uptake of NH,+ and bacterial production were -4-fold higher in 1988 than in 1990, percent NH,+ uptake by bacteria in the upper and lower estuary was similar for both years. Bacterial uptake rates were highest at the mouth of the bay in summer and represented lo-25% of total uptake of NH,+. Less than 5% of NHd+ uptake was by bacteria at salinities <207& In contrast to NH4+ uptake, DFAA uptake was greatest in the upper estuary and often exceeded nitrogen requirements for bacterial growth. Bacteria accounted for 15-35% of total NH,+ uptake at coastal and offshore stations in 1990. About 50% of bacterial nitrogen demand was supported by NH4+ at the mouth of the bay and in coastal waters during summer, when DFAA concentrations were generally lowest. Although DFAA concentration and uptake did not explain all variability, they appeared to explain large-scale features in NH,+ uptake by heterotrophic bacteria. Ammonium uptake by bacteria was lowest in the estuary, where DFAA concentrations and uptake were highest; at an offshore station, where DFAA concentrations and uptake were low, relative NH,+ uptake by bacteria was highest. These and other results suggest that NH,+ uptake by bacteria is relatively high in oligotrophic water and low in eutrophic systems, which has important implications on the role of heterotrophic bacteria in the N cycling of marine environments.
Decision-making strategies: ignored to the detriment of healthcare training and delivery?

Context: People do not always make health-related decisions which reflect their best interest – best interest being defined as the decision they would make if they carefully considered the options and fully understood the information available. A substantial literature has developed in behavioral economics and social psychology that seeks to elucidate the patterns in individual decision-making. While this is particularly relevant to healthcare, the insights from these fields have only been applied in a limited way. To address the health challenges of the twenty-first century, healthcare providers and healthcare systems designers need to more fully understand how individuals are making decisions. Methods: We provide an overview of the theories of behavioral economics and social psychology that relate to how individuals make health-related decisions. The concentration on health-related decisions leads to a focus on three topics: (1) mental shortcuts and motivated reasoning; (2) implications of time; and (3) implications of affect. The first topic is relevant because health-related decisions are often made in a hurry without a full appreciation of the implications and the deliberation they warrant. The second topic is included because the link between a decision and its health-related outcomes can involve a significant time lag. The final topic is included because health and affect are so often linked. Findings: The literature reviewed has implications for healthcare training and delivery. Selection for medical training must consider the skills necessary to understand and adapt to how patients make decisions. Training on the insights garnered from behavioral economics and social psychology would better prepare healthcare providers to effectively support their clients to lead healthy lives. Healthcare delivery should be structured to respond to the way in which decisions are made. Conclusions: These patterns in decision-making call into question basic assumptions our healthcare system makes about the best way to treat patients and deliver care. This literature has implications for the way we train physicians and deliver care.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL DEFENSE IN LYMPH NODES : I. PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE BACTERIAL LYMPHADENITIS

Acute pneumococcic lymphadenitis produced in rats by intradermal inoculation of the foot-pad is characterized by rapid infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the intermediary sinuses of the node, and prompt phagocytosis of pneumococci by both the macrophages of the sinuses and the recently arrived leucocytes. After 5 to 7 hours the polymorphonuclear leucocytes are found densely congregated about the hilar region, and 9 hours after inoculation most of the phagocyted organisms have been digested. At the end of the 24 hour period the popliteal node presents the picture of a subsiding inflammation with a marked macrophage reaction and regenerating lymph follicles. Phagocytosis of encapsulated pneumococci in the foot-pad and popliteal node occurs in less than 30 minutes after inoculation. It is assumed that this prompt phagocytosis is effected by the non-antibody mechanism of "surface phagocytosis." The majority of polymorphonuclear leucocytes that enter the sinuses of the inflamed node appear to come from capillaries within the node itself rather than from the primary site of inflammation in the foot-pad. The prompt inflammatory response of the nodal tissues serves as an active defense against lymph-borne infection. Macrophages invade nodal sinuses only after most of the pneumococci have been destroyed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It is suggested that the macrophage reaction follows removal of the primary inflammatory stimulus by the granulocytes, and thus constitutes only a late phase of recovery. Fibrin formation in the sinuses of the lymph node is rare during acute lymphadenitis. This finding may be related to the observation that within 5 minutes after entrance of bacteria into the node, heparin-containing granules from mast cells are strewn throughout the sinuses.
Association between hospital process performance and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes.

ContextSelected care processes are increasingly being used to measure hospital quality; however, data regarding the association between hospital process performance and outcomes are limited.ObjectivesTo evaluate contemporary care practices consistent with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline recommendations, to examine how hospital performance varied among centers, to identify characteristics predictive of higher guideline adherence, and to assess whether hospitals' overall composite guideline adherence was associated with observed and risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAn observational analysis of hospital care in 350 academic and nonacademic US centers of 64 775 patients enrolled in the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative between January 1, 2001, and September 30, 2003, presenting with chest pain and positive electrocardiographic changes or cardiac biomarkers consistent with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Main Outcome MeasuresUse of 9 ACC/AHA class I guideline-recommended treatments and the correlation among hospitals' use of individual care processes as well as overall composite adherence rates.ResultsOverall, the 9 ACC/AHA guideline-recommended treatments were adhered to in 74% of eligible instances. There was modest correlation in hospital performance among the individual ACS process metrics. However, composite adherence performance varied widely (median [interquartile range] composite adherence scores from lowest to highest hospital quartiles, 63% [59%-66%] vs 82% [80%-84%]). Composite guideline adherence rate was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality, with observed mortality rates decreasing from 6.31% for the lowest adherence quartile to 4.15% for the highest adherence quartile (P<.001). After risk adjustment, every 10% increase in composite adherence at a hospital was associated with an analogous 10% decrease in its patients' likelihood of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.97; P<.001).ConclusionA significant association between care process and outcomes was found, supporting the use of broad, guideline-based performance metrics as a means of assessing and helping improve hospital quality.
Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates increased renal renin content induced by low- sodium diet

We hypothesized that neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, which both exist in the renal cortex, predominantly in the macula densa, play a role in the control of renal renin tissue content. We studied the possible role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in regulating renal renin content by using mice in which the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene has been disrupted (nNOS -/-) compared with its two progenitor strains, the 129/SvEv and the C57BL/6, to determine if the absence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase would result in decreased renal renin content or blunt the increase observed during low sodium intake. Renal renin content from cortical slices was determined in adult mice from all three strains maintained on a normal sodium diet. Renal renin content was significantly reduced in the nNOS -/- mice compared with the 129/SvEv and the C57BL/6 mice (3.11±0.23 versus 5.66±0.50 and 7.55±1.17 μg angiotensin I/mg dry weight, respectively; P P
The Social Context of Western Water Development

: Social scientists were included in the planning and design for an integrated, trans-basin water resource project. Within this complex project, a socioeconomic impact assessment (SIA) concentrated on identifying the social, political, and economic issues and potential impacts inherent in developing a city's water rights. Before the SIA began, some of the development alternatives had already generated widespread hostility and organized opposition from communities within the watershed. The SIA involved residents of affected communities in the study design and project planning. The study found a number of components that constituted the concerns, beliefs, and expectations about perceived, potential impacts that might result from the different alternatives. In most cases these issues constituted threats to valued environmental resources, valued community resources, the social environment, the economic base, and a secure future. The social science component was a key factor in the ultimate decision to pursue a particular alternative which was sensitive to the social and political issues, minimized environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and ultimately had support among the communities potentially affected. The experience from this case study suggests that the approach used can be applied successfully in the planning of other water development projects and result in cooperation from the wide range of interest groups that often present costly obstacles to such projects.
Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index on Infant Breastfeeding Behaviors and Exclusive Direct Breastfeeding

Abstract Objective To describe the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) on infant breastfeeding behaviors (poor, steady,vigorous) and the transition of the mother-infant dyad to exclusive, direct breastfeeding during the first month of life. Design Longitudinal descriptive investigation. Setting Tertiary-level southeastern medical center and follow-up telephone calls. Participants One hundred sixteen healthy, racially diverse, breastfeeding mother-infant dyads (77 full-term and 39 late-preterm infants). Main Outcome Measure(s) Breastfeeding outcomes were classified as exclusive direct or partially breastfed. The effect of maternal BMI was compared to results from weekly mother's reports of infant breastfeeding behaviors. Results Significant breastfeeding differences were observed based on maternal BMI and infant gestational age. Mothers with BMIs greater than 25 who described their infants as a vigorous breastfeeders were less likely to exclusively direct breastfeed ( p Conclusion Maternal BMI had limited negative influence on exclusive direct breastfeeding during the first 4 weeks after discharge. Mothers should be educated that many infants need 3 to 4 weeks after discharge to learn how to breastfeed, infant feeding demands change during this time, and this time is important to the infant's neurologic and overall development.
A retrieval technique for high-dimensional data and partially specified queries

While the persistent data of many advanced database applications, such as OLAP and scientific studies, are characterized by very high dimensionality, typical queries posed on these data appeal to a small number of relevant dimensions. Unfortunately, the multi-dimensional access methods designed for high-dimensional data perform rather poorly for these partially specified queries. The retrieval technique proposed in this paper uses a combination of two complementary measures to support efficient processing of partial queries over high-dimensional data. First, an elaborate storage organization, called the inverted space, allows the system administrator to control the size of individual indexes in order to avoid the negative impact of extremely high data dimensionality on the retrieval performance. Second, a new indexing structure, which is designed to support the inverted-space storage organization, enables efficient query processing in projected spaces with moderate dimensionality. This indexing mechanism is a general-purpose point access method that effectively attacks the limitations of KDB-trees in spaces with many dimensions, while preserving the simplicity and relatively good performance of the later structure in low-dimensional spaces. The analytical and experimental results show that the new indexing scheme outperforms two other variants of KDB-trees investigated in the paper for both fully and partially specified queries.
Bicycleworks: Task-centered group work with high-risk youth

ABSTRACT This study examined the effectiveness of “Earn-A-Bike,” a group task-oriented program for environmentally at-risk youths, offered by BicycleWORKS, a community-based organization residing in an ethnically diverse neighborhood. Effectiveness was determined through baseline and post-test (12 weeks) evaluations of participants across three domains: (a) self esteem, (b) ability to work with others, and (c) problematic behaviors. Quantitative data were collected for three conditions: (1) graduates of previous Earn-A-Bike programs who continued to participate in other BicycleWORKS programs; (2) participants in other BicycleWORKS programs who had never participated in Earn-A-Bike; and (3) participants in the current Earn-A-Bike program only. The main study design was quasi-empirical, with baseline and post-tests administered to a convenience sample of 21 active members. In addition to the quantitative data, a focus group was conducted for a subset of study participants (n = 11). While quantitative findin...
Support, challenge, and the two-way street: Perceptions of a beginning second grade teacher and her quality mentor

While mentoring programs continue to increase in number, the field still knows little about what kinds of interventions mentors do and the impact they have on beginning teachers. This article shares a case study example of a positive mentoring relationship—beginning teacher Madeleine, and her mentor, Kelly—extracted from a larger qualitative study investigating elementary beginning teachers and their mentors. Because of the complex nature of beginning teacher mentoring, more case studies of positive experiences need to be available for stakeholders to read. Teachers that are already mentors may learn from Kelly’s approach and can see the potential impacts they can have on a 1st-year teacher. Equally important, teacher educators, policymakers, administrators, and other prospective mentors can become aware of the tremendous amount of time, energy and requisite skills required to be a quality mentor. A beginning teacher, Madeleine, and her mentor, Kelly—both classroom teachers in an urban elementary school i...
Transmission coefficient correction for DACs

Many digital-to-analog converters achieved as integrated circuits by CMOS and bipolar technologies have a transmission coefficient error, often called full scale error. The article presents circuits to correct for such error in DACs with resistive ladder network R/2R and separate resistor, r.
The dartmouth green grid

The Green Grid is an ambitious project to create a shared high performance computing infrastructure for science and engineering at Dartmouth College. The Green Grid was created with the support of the Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences to promote collaborative computing for the entire Dartmouth community. We will share our design for building campus grids and experiences in Grid-enabling applications from several academic departments.
A Place in the Family An Historical Interpretation of Research on Parental Reactions to Having a Child with a Disability

A review of research was conducted on family reactions to having a child with a disability. From this review, a conceptual framework was developed to locate the major research orientations that developed over the last century. Two new strands have emerged in more recent research, and the review explores how these approaches promise more useful interpretive frames for efforts to improve linkages between families and schools.
Effect of Light Regime and Age on Reproduction of Turkeys 2. Restricted vs. Unrestricted Light

Abstract INFORMATION on the effect of date of hatch on age at sexual maturity for the turkey is meager. Asmundson (1939a, b, 1941) stated that date at first egg, as determined by the number of days after January 1 was a better measure of sexual maturity than age at first egg for females which start their breeding season during the spring. Investigations by Whitson et al. (1944), Dearstyne et al. (1945), Harper (1949), and Asmundson and Moses (1950), all appeared to be measuring the rapidity with which turkeys responded to light rather than sexual maturity per se. Date at first egg during the spring breeding season varied little among physically mature turkeys under similar environmental conditions, and its effect on spring egg production was negligible except in those cases where supplemental artificial light was not used. Siegel and Howes (1959) showed that days to first egg after lighting increased and egg…
Parallel structure among environmental gradients and three trophic levels in a subarctic estuary

We assessed spatial and temporal variability in the physical environment of a subarctic estuary, and examined concurrent patterns of chlorophyll abundance (Xuorescence), and zooplankton and forage Wsh community structure. Surveys were conducted in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, during late July and early August from 1997 through 1999. Principle components analysis (PCA) revealed that spatial heterogeneity in the physical oceanographic environment of lower Cook Inlet could be modeled as three marine-estuarine gradients characterized by temperature, salinity, bottom depth, and turbidity. The gradients persisted from 1997 through 1999, and PCA explained 68% to 92% of the variance in physical oceanography for each gradient–year combination. Correlations between chlorophyll abundance and distribution and the PCA axes were weak. Chlorophyll was reduced by turbidity, and low levels occurred in areas with high levels of suspended sediments. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to order the sample sites based on species composition and to order the zooplankton and forage Wsh taxa based on similarities among sample sites for each gradient–year. Correlations between the structure of the physical environment (PCA axis 1) and zooplankton community structure (DCA axis 1) were strong (r D 0.43–0.86) in all years for the three marine-estuarine gradients, suggesting that zooplankton community composition was structured by the physical environment. The physical environment (PCA) and forage Wsh community structure (DCA) were weakly correlated in all years along Gradient 2, deWned by halocline intensity and surface temperature and salinity, even though these physical variables were more important for deWning zooplankton habitats. However, the physical environment (PCA) and forage Wsh community structure (DCA) were
On the redshift of spectral lines through interstellar space

It is known that very distant nebulae, probably galactic systems like our own, show remarkably high receding velocities whose magnitude increases with the distance. This curious phenomenon promises to provide some important clues for the future development of our cosmological views. It may be of advantage, therefore, to point out some of the principal facts which any cosmological theory will have to account for. Then a brief discussion will be given of different theoretical suggestions related to the above effect. Finally, a new effect of masses upon light will be suggested which is a sort of gravitational analogue of the Compton effect.
Basic concepts in cellular cardiac electrophysiology: Part II: Block of ion channels by antiarrhythmic drugs.

Summary Antiarrhythmic drugs have relative specificity for blocking each of the major classes of ion channels that control the action potential. The kinetics of block is determined by the state of the channel. Those channel states occupied at depolarized potentials generally have greater affinity for the blocking drugs. The kinetics of the drug-channel interaction is important in determining the blocking profile observed clinically. The increased mortality resulting from drug treatment in CAST and several atrial fibrillation trials has resulted in a shift in antiarrhythmic drug development from the Na+ channel blocking (Class I) drugs to the K+ channel blocking (Class III) drugs. While both Classes of drugs have a proarrhythmic potential, this may be less for the Class III agents. Their lack of negative inotropy also make them more attractive. It is important that the potential advantages of these agents be evaluated in controlled clinical trials. In several laboratories, the techniques of molecular biology and biophysics are being combined to determine the block site of available drugs. This information will aid in the future development of agents with greater specificity, and hopefully greater efficacy and safety than those currently in clinical use.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated heterozygous knockout of the autism gene CHD8 and characterization of its transcriptional networks in neurodevelopment.

Disruptive mutation in the CHD8 gene is one of the top genetic risk factors in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Previous analyses of genome-wide CHD8 occupancy and reduced expression of CHD8 by shRNA knockdown in committed neural cells showed that CHD8 regulates multiple cell processes critical for neural functions, and its targets are enriched with ASD-associated genes. To further understand the molecular links between CHD8 functions and ASD, we have applied the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout one copy of CHD8 in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to better mimic the loss-of-function status that would exist in the developing human embryo prior to neuronal differentiation. We then carried out transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses of neural progenitors and neurons derived from the CHD8 mutant iPSCs. Transcriptome profiling revealed that CHD8 hemizygosity (CHD8 +/−) affected the expression of several thousands of genes in neural progenitors and early differentiating neurons. The differentially expressed genes were enriched for functions of neural development, β-catenin/Wnt signaling, extracellular matrix, and skeletal system development. They also exhibited significant overlap with genes previously associated with autism and schizophrenia, as well as the downstream transcriptional targets of multiple genes implicated in autism. Providing important insight into how CHD8 mutations might give rise to macrocephaly, we found that seven of the twelve genes associated with human brain volume or head size by genome-wide association studies (e.g., HGMA2) were dysregulated in CHD8 +/− neural progenitors or neurons. We have established a renewable source of CHD8 +/− iPSC lines that would be valuable for investigating the molecular and cellular functions of CHD8. Transcriptomic profiling showed that CHD8 regulates multiple genes implicated in ASD pathogenesis and genes associated with brain volume.
Towards efficient dynamic surface gateway deployment for underwater network

In underwater acoustic sensor network, deploying multiple surface-level radio capable gateways is an efficient way to alleviate the burdens of high propagation delay and high error probability during transmission. However, the locations of gateways need to be carefully selected to maximize the benefit in a cost-effective way. In this paper, we present our formulation of the surface gateway deployment problem as an integer linear programming (ILP) and we solve the problem with heuristic approaches to provide a realtime solution for large scale deployment problems. By applying the proposed heuristic algorithms to a variety of deployment scenarios, we show that they are nearly optimal for practical cases, which opens the door for dynamic deployment. Therefore, we extend our solution to a dynamic case and propose a modified framework that integrates Aqua-sim, a NS2-based underwater wireless sensor network simulator. Our simulation result shows the benefits of dynamic gateway redeployment over static deployment.
Survey of Folk Beliefs About Induction of Labor

Background: Many folk beliefs concerning the induction of labor are circulated among women in their final months of pregnancy. This study sought to identify the prevalence of some of these beliefs and whether or not they were more commonly shared in certain subsets of the community.Method: A survey was conducted of women receiving prenatal care at a group of Midwestern urban prenatal clinics. Women were asked about exposure to certain recommendations about inducing labor and to what extent each recommendation was believed.Results:One hundred and two women responded to the survey. Walking and having sex were the activities most commonly believed to hasten labor. These beliefs were equally prevalent across ages, parities, and levels of education.Conclusions:Folk beliefs about the induction of labor are varied and pervasive in an urban community. A review of scientific evidence relating to these beliefs can alert perinatal caregivers to potential benefit and harm that could ensue if certain recommendations are followed.
Target localization with binary observations: Effect of censoring non-detecting sensors

The problem of localization of an uncooperative target with binary detectors is considered. The effect of neglecting data from (censoring) non-detecting sensors, assumed in most existing algorithms, is studied. A general analysis of the percentage of Fisher information lost due to censoring is presented. This provides a quantitative measure for deterioration of the Cramer-Rao bound due to this censoring strategy. The results are then used to quantify this loss for the case of Rayleigh fading.
Export Performance: A Meta-Analytical Integration

Export performance has been a popular topic for research, especially during the last decade. Understanding the determinants of export performance has improved. However, in a recent summary of the literature, Bilkey (1987) suggests that to this date, research has not been able to explain the variance in export performance beyond fairly low levels. This paper uses a meta-analysis to examine the explanation of variance in studies of export performance. The analysis indicates that approximately one third of the variance in export performance has been explained. The paper identifies characteristics of prior research that enhance its potential to explain performance.
The Application of a Predictive S Corporation Premium Model and the Behavioral Considerations in Acquisitions of Private Corporations

The valuation of S Corporations has been a source of great controversy since the beginning of the recent decade when the US Tax Court ruled in Gross v. Commissioner that the net income of S Corporations should not be tax-affected in the valuation process. The benefit of removing a level of taxation has been translated by the Tax Court as an inherent increase in value for S Corporations regardless of transaction specific conditions that may or may not warrant a valuation premium. This paper addresses the issue of when an S Corporation premium exists though the application of a moderated multiple regression model developed by this author in prior research using actual transaction data. The objective of this paper is to introduce the application of the model in various transaction specific conditions when valuing S Corporations.
Use of Bootstrapping to Evaluate Infrequent Genetic Abnormalities as Prognostic Factors for Survival in Human Acute Leukemias

The distributional properties of a summary random variable in a two-sample test involving a small group can be investigated through bootstrapping. With data from a prospective Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 8461) study of the prognostic significance of cytogenetic abnormalities on human acute leukemias, survival data involving an infrequent genetic abnormality was bootstrapped using Cox’s proportional hazards regression model. Eight of 578 cases in the survival analysis exhibited trisomy 13 as the sole cytogenetic abnormality. Although the bootstrap results agree with the classical log-rank test, the distribution of bootstrap regression coefficients deviates from normality (P< 0.01, Kolmogorov-Smirnov). This bootstrap methodology can be of value for exploratory studies of survival involving a small group to assess the reasonableness of the log-rank statistic when the asymptotic assumption is questionable.
Gone with the Wind: Federalism and the Strategic Placement of Air Polluters

In federal systems both state governments and firms have incentives to strategically locate polluting facilities where the environmental and health consequences will be borne as much as possible by residents of other jurisdictions. We analyze air polluter location in the United States using a spatial point pattern model, which models where events occur in latitude and longitude. Our analyses indicate that major air polluters are significantly more likely to be located near a state’s downwind border than a control group of other industrial facilities, results that are robust to a wide variety of model specifications and measurement strategies. This effect is particularly pronounced for facilities with toxic air emissions. The observed pattern of polluter location varies systematically across states and time in ways that suggest it is responsive to public policy at both the national and state levels.
Thin-Flame Theory for Droplet Combustion at Low Grashof Numbers

The weakly-buoyant, quasi-steady burning of a spherical droplet (of radius a) in an infinite medium is studied theoretically for unity Lewis number and infinite chemical reaction rate, using the Boussinesq model. Approximate solution is given to the non-linear outer equations by applying the Oseen linearization to the unbounded low Grashof number (Gr) flow. This outer solution (scaled as aGr -1/2 ) is then matched to the inner convective-diffusive solution treated with the Schvab-Zeldovich formulation. Half-order asymptotic expansions are adopted to describe the temperature and mass-fraction profiles. The flame-sheet position, as a function of polar angle and radial position, and mass burning rate are determined. The results compare favorably with experiments. In our perturbation analysis for small normalized density difference e, flame characteristics are found to scale with Gr 1/2 . ∗ a = radius of fuel droplet ∗ c = sound speed, i.e. ∗ ∗ − T cP ) (1 γ ∗ P c = mass specific heat capacity ∗ g = magnitude of gravitational acceleration ∗ ∆ c H = mass specific heat of combustion based on fuel ∗ p = pressure arising from fluid motion ∗ U = characteristic speed, i.e. ∗ ∞ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∞ µ ρ ( 2 ) (a g ∗ W = molecular weight ∗ µ ( = shear viscosity coefficient ∗ ρ = density
New Drug Therapy in Peripheral Vascular Disease

New drug therapy for peripheral vascular disease includes the use of nifedipine or sympathetic blocking agents for Raynaud's phenomenon and the use of lower doses of warfarin to prevent recurrence of thromboembolic disease. In prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis, minidose heparin with or without dihydroergotamine and pneumatic boots are effective. Exercise regimens and the cessation of smoking remain the best therapy for intermittent claudication.