cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submerge in Detroit: Techno's Creative Response to Urban Crisis

The Detroit electronic music (DEM) community is a group of urban residents who, since the 1980s, have used new technologies in music production as well as changing communications technologies to create a transnational arts community. This article is a result of ethnographic research of the DEM community conducted from 1999 to 2007 and is focussed on the city's biggest independent distribution company, Submerge. The phrase “electronic music” refers to both house and techno music. Techno music and house music are African American music genres created in Detroit and Chicago respectively during the early 1980s. Recent concerns in the field of American studies – transnationalism, community collaboration, issues of technology and global communication – can be seen in a group of urban residents who have been exploring similar issues, in some cases by necessity, for the past three decades. It is important for the study of American urban places to include a clear picture of heterogeneous urban populations in places of crisis. With a richer idea of what life is really like in cities in crisis, we can better plan, develop, and encourage urban revitalization.
In-room technology trends and their implications for enhancing guest experiences and revenue

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a benchmark for hotel operators to understand in-room technology trends and the impact of in-room technology on business performance. Design/methodology/approach – The survey questions are based on existing literature and suggestions from the American Hotel and Lodging Association Technology and E-commerce Committee. The authors collected 206 usable samples from managers, vice presidents, presidents, owners and executives from hotel companies and utilized cross-tab analysis and multiple regression analysis. Findings – The results demonstrate that installing specific in-room technologies can have a significant effect on enhancing the customer experience and increasing revenue. The study also presents the most commonly installed in-room technologies those hoteliers plan to install in the near future. Research limitations/implications – Proper strategies are recommended to help hospitality managers understand the impact of different in-room technologies on th...
Paradoxical Stabilization of the Neutral Flavin Semiquinone of Xanthine Dehydrogenase at High pH

The pH dependence of the behavior of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase in the course of reductive titrations with sodium dithionite has been examined. Below pH 8.5, the behavior of xanthine dehydrogenase is similar to that of the much better understood milk xanthine oxidase, with the amount of neutral semiquinone accumulating transiently in the course of the titration increasing somewhat as the pH decreases. At pH 10, however, an anomalously large accumulation of the neutral semiquinone is observed by both UV/visible and EPR spectroscopy. Treatment of xanthine dehydrogenase with the thiol reagent iodoacetamide significantly diminishes the ability of the enzyme to stabilize the neutral flavin semiquinone at high pH. These data are consistent with the presence of a protein thiol in the immediate vicinity of the flavin, whose ionization above pH 8.5 results in thermodynamic stabilization of the neutral flavin semiquinone over the anionic form.
Predation on chaetognaths by typhloscolecid polychaetes: one explanation for headless specimens

The Phylum Chaetognatha consists of morphologically and biologically similar species and its relationship with other invertebrate groups is obscure (Hyman, 1959; Ghirardelli, 1968). The possibility of regenerative power has been investigated as one of the clues to the affinity of the phylum. Kulmatycki (1918) made cross-sectional and diagonal cuts through the body and tail fin of Spadella cephaloptera Busch and reported that this species could regenerate the whole caudal section including the body proper. Further support for regenerative ability came from Pierce (1951) who caught 26 specimens of Sagitta enflata Grassi and Sagitta helenae Ritter Zahony which appeared to be in the process of regenerating their heads (presumably lost to a large predator). He noted that the loss of this section of the body did not kill the animal. Both Kulmatycki and Pierce are cited in Hyman's (1959) important review of the phylum and headless chaetognaths have been referred to as animals with regenerating heads (e.g. Almeida Prado, 1968).
Ranking animal carcinogens: a proposed regulatory approach

The nature and extent of positive evidence associated with animal carcinogens vary widely, yet present regulatory policy does not permit adequate discrimination among the many carcinogenic substances. Most are treated as if they pose equal potential risk to humans, and this is not consistent with the available data. Without knowledge of carcinogenic mechanisms, the evaluation of responses in intact mammalian surrogates best reflects the potential levels of human risk. An example of a scoring system is proposed by which animal carcinogens are ranked according to the most relevant toxicological evidence derived from animal and genotoxicity studies. Different classes of animal carcinogens could thus be recognized and would permit several regulatory options and provide a means to establish priorities for public and scientific concerns.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Two cases studied by electron microscopy

Abstract Clinical, physiologic and light and electron microscopic observations were made in two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Apart from the occurrence of hemoptysis in one instance, the clinical features were similar to those frequently encountered in this condition. No certain etiologic agent was identified by light or electron microscopy. Endobronchial lavage was associated with improvement in one patient but had no effect in the other. The typical physiologic defect of alveolar-capillary block was present in both. Under the electron microscope the blood-air barrier was normal in width and in structure, and the laminated bodies previously observed in the alveoli with the light microscope appeared to be disintegrating alveolar cells. Fragmentation of basement membranes could be seen in some areas, and the material in the alveoli was made up of osmiophilic densities of varions sizes, some of them vacuolated, and myelin figures as well as mononuclear cells. The origin and fate of the lipid material remains uncertain.
Simulation of Spin Torque Devices with Inelastic Spin flip Scattering

In this paper we present simulation results for spin torque devices. Our simulation is based on self consistent solution of non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method, which is used to describe the transport mechanism, and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation, which accounts for the magnetization dynamics. In addition to purely barrier dependent reflection/transmission, which is normally considered to be the sole contributor to spin torque, we also study the effects of spin flip scattering. From this, we show here, for the first time, that the presence of spin flip scattering may explain experimentally observed values for both (i) tunneling magneto resistance (TMR) and (ii) critical current at the same time, which, otherwise, cannot be explained in a coherent manner.
High-efficiency all-dielectric strip-coated beam splitters for the equipartition of infrared input power

We describe efficient beam splitters for the equi-partition of infrared input power using combined reflection and transmission by a strip-coated all-dielectric slab. Because no metal coating is used, high efficiency is achieved. The beam splitters use a fused silica parallel-slab that is strip coated with germanium on the front and back sides. Specific designs for operation at 1.55, 2.02 and 5.0 µm wavelengths are presented.
Electronic band dispersion and pseudogap in quasicrystals: Angular-resolved photoemission studies on icosahedral Al70Pd21.5Mn8.5.

Angular-resolved photoelectron spectra from the fivefold surface of single-grain icosahedral ${\mathrm{Al}}_{70}$${\mathrm{Pd}}_{21.5}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{8.5}$ exhibit a quasiperiodic dispersion of 300 meV at 2.3 eV binding energy. Low energy electron diffraction studies confirm quasicrystalline order at the surface. A distinct pseudogap feature is observed with a density of states near the Fermi level decreasing as a square-root power law.
An assessment of the use of the continuity correction for sparse data in meta-analysis

A problem which occurs in the practice of meta-analysis is that one or more component studies may have sparse data, such as zero events in the treatment and control groups. Two possible approaches were explored using simulations. The corrected method, in which one half was added to each cell was compared to the uncorrected method. These methods were compared over a range of sparse data situations in terms of coverage rates using three summary statistics:the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and the dersimonian and Laird odds ratio and rate difference. The uncorrected method performed better only when using the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio with very little heterogeneity present. For all other sparse data applications, the continuity correction performed better and is recommended for use in meta-analyses of similar scope
Masculine generics=sexist language: A review of literature and implications for speech communication professionals

This article reviews empirically based studies demonstrating gender‐biased perceptions resulting from use of “man”‐linked words (e.g., “mankind”) and third‐person‐singular masculine pronouns. Contrary to commonsense beliefs, neither of these linguistic conventions has been found to he associated with equal likelihood perceptions of female and male referents. Specific suggestions are made for the adoption of alternatives to masculine generics in speech and communication teaching and research reportage. Also, suggestions are made for research and development activities.
RNA virus vectors: Where are we and where do we need to go?

Equally exciting has been the progress in the development of genetic engineering methods for nonretroviral RNA viruses. The paper by Rice and coworkers in this issue of the Proceedings (8) is the most recent example of a highly imaginative approach to using RNA viruses (or components of RNA viruses) to express foreign genes. The foundation of the system described here goes back to 1987 …
Full jet reconstruction in d + Au and p + p collisions at RHIC

The STAR detector is well suited for investigating jet production at RHIC. It has a large acceptance for both charged particles and electromagnetic radiation, so that reconstructed jets contain a large fraction of the particles descending from an initial hard scattered parton. Inclusive jets can be used to measure jT, which characterizes the transverse jet shape. Di-jet angular distributions in d+Au and p+p collisions at RHIC provide a determination of intrinsic and nuclear kT. The most recent results from this analysis based on year 2003 d+Au and p+p data are presented and compared to results of a di-hadron correlation study.
Effects of Weight on ChildrenAS Educational Achievement

In this paper, we investigate the association between weight and children's educational achievement, as measured by scores on Peabody Individual Achievement Tests in math and reading, and grade attainment. Data for the study came from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which contains a large, national sample of children between the ages of 5 and 12. We obtained estimates of the association between weight and achievement using several regression model specifications that controlled for a variety of observed characteristics of the child and his or her mother, and time-invariant characteristics of the child. Our results suggest that, in general, children who are overweight or obese have achievement test scores that are about the same as children with average weight.
Traumatic Injury: Mechanical Response of Porcine Liver Tissue Under High Strain Rate Compression Testing

The injury metrics for dummies in car crash scenarios are typically force and acceleration; however, real injuries in humans are characterized by damage and fracture (rupture) processes of internal tissues and organs. An accurate prediction of the risk of these injuries using modeling and simulation requires knowledge of the mechanical properties of different human tissues/organs under various loading conditions. Especially in high-impact situations, quasi-static biomechanics may not be sufficient in characterizing the actual mechanical response of a tissue; therefore, high-strain rate testing becomes an area of interest [1].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Orexins and appetite: The big picture of energy homeostasis gets a little bigger

The discovery of orexins adds to a rapidly evolving picture of how food intake and body fat are regulated.
Lysosome Transport as a Function of Lysosome Diameter

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles responsible for the transport and degradation of intracellular and extracellular cargo. The intracellular motion of lysosomes is both diffusive and active, mediated by motor proteins moving lysosomes along microtubules. We sought to determine how lysosome diameter influences lysosome transport. We used osmotic swelling to double the diameter of lysosomes, creating a population of enlarged lysosomes. This allowed us to directly examine the intracellular transport of the same organelle as a function of diameter. Lysosome transport was measured using live cell fluorescence microscopy and single particle tracking. We find, as expected, the diffusive component of intracellular transport is decreased proportional to the increased lysosome diameter. Active transport of the enlarged lysosomes is not affected by the increased lysosome diameter.
Adaptive power amplifiers for military and commercial communications

Architectures are discussed in which power amplifiers are able to vary their performance characteristics in response to changing output power levels, frequencies, load impedance levels and linearity constraints. Necessary elements for implementation of such systems are reviewed, including sensors to detect changes in the external environment, actuators to adapt the amplifier characteristics, and algorithms to implement the associated control functions. An example is described of a power amplifier for cell phone applications that measures the load impedance provided by the antenna and varies its output impedance match accordingly, in order to preserve output power, efficiency and linearity as the external antenna is handled. The system automatically provides output tuning for a 1W linear amplifier, and can accommodate output standing wave ratios up to 8:1. It improves output power and efficiency by x2 in representative mismatch scenarios. The insertion loss of the system is comfortably low at 0.5dB.
Anionic photopolymerization of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate and simultaneous color formation

Anionic polymerization of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate initiated by photoinduced heterolysis of crystal violet leuconitrile (CVCN) and of malachite green leucohydroxide (MGOH) is demonstrated. Polymerization is accompanied by color formation.
Use of e‐rater® in Scoring of the TOEFL iBT® Writing Test

Alternative approaches are discussed for use of e-rater® to score the TOEFL iBT® Writing test. These approaches involve alternate criteria. In the 1st approach, the predicted variable is the expected rater score of the examinee's 2 essays. In the 2nd approach, the predicted variable is the expected rater score of 2 essay responses by the examinee on a parallel form. This 2nd approach is related to prediction of the expected rater score of 2 essay responses on an actual form taken later by an examinee. The relationship of e-rater scores to scores on other sections of TOEFL® is also considered. These alternative approaches suggest somewhat different procedures for scoring.
The sick role--illness and pregnancy.

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with whether the social position occupied by pregnant women in Western society can be regarded as the same as that occupied by the sick. After an introductory discussion of some important sociological concepts consideration is given to the idea of a sick role as conceptualized principally by Talcott Parsons. It is suggested that for a variety of reasons, the state of pregnancy is in some ways different from “ordinary” illness and cannot be viewed in terms of any of the four expectations thought to be associated with the sick role. Intercultural and intracultural variations in conceptions of illness and pregnancy along with the unstructuredness of the state in Western societies are also briefly touched upon. It is argued that, although women who are pregnant occupy a special position in society and in certain situations fulfill unique expectations, this normal state cannot be considered a form of illness, and cannot ordinarily be viewed in terms of Parson's sick role paradigm.
Editors and auditors.

On March 3, 1987, JAMA received a manuscript entitled "Increased Seizure Frequency With Generic Primidone." The authors, Wyllie, Pippenger, and Rothner from The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, described the case of a 16-year-old girl who had had seizures since birth, but who, while receiving antiepileptic drugs that included Mysoline (primidone produced by Ayerst Laboratories, New York, NY) and Clonopin (now Klonopin, clonazepam produced by Hoffman—La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ), had a seizure frequency of one or two per week. The patient had been stable with regular use of these medications for 9 years, but on two occasions, when she was switched from Mysoline to the generic form of primidone (Bolar Pharmaceutical Company, Copiague, NY), she got into difficulties. On the first occasion there was a "dramatic rise in seizure frequency" that was reversed by a switch back to Mysoline. On the second occasion "there was a precipitous drop in morning trough
Probability distribution of the equilibrium orbit displacement in an AG synchrotron due to random errors in magnet locations

Abstract The probability distributions of certain random variables chosen to estimate the deviation of the equilibrium orbit from its ideal position due to random magnet location errors in an alternating-gradient synchrotron are investigated. The distributions are determined in a unified form which lumps the details of orbit theory into two parameters. Initial steps are taken on the basis of orbit theory to express these parameters in terms of the matrices which correlate the random errors in magnet locations.
Berkeley's Half‐Way House

George Berkeley's New Theory of Vision is frequently read as a simple precursor or “half-way house” to his later metaphysics. As a result, some allege the value of the New Theory has been overlooked as critics judge it by its association with immaterialism. In this piece I examine the ongoing debate over the nature of the connection between Berkeley's early work on perception and his later immaterialist tracts. I identify four principal positions on the nature of the connection that have been advanced in the scholarly literature, critically engage the evidence for and against them, and finally weigh in by arguing that an excellent case can be made for thinking that the New Theory is a half-way house to immaterialism after all.
Ion channel enzyme in an oscillating electric field

To explain the electrical activation of several membrane ATPases, an electroconformational coupling (ECC) model has previously been proposed. The model explained many features of experimental data but failed to reproduce a window of the field intensity for the stimulated activity. It is shown here that if the affinities of the ion for the two conformational states of the transporter (one with binding site on the left side and the other on the right side of the membrane) are dependent on the electric field, the field-dependent transport can exhibit the observed window. The transporter may be described as a channel enzyme which opens to one side of the membrane at a time. It retains the energy-transducing ability of the earlier ECC models. Analysis of the channel enzyme in terms of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics has been done. The model reproduced the amplitude window for the electric field-induced cation pumping by (Na,K)-ATPase.
A model undergraduate research institute for study of emerging non-contact measurement technologies and techniques

The Infrared Development and Thermal Structures Laboratory (IDTSL) is an undergraduate research laboratory in the College of Integrated Science and Technology (CISAT) at James Madison University (JMU) in Harrisonburg, Virginia. During the 1997-98 academic year, Dr. Jonathan Miles established the IDTSL at JMU with the support of a collaborative research grant from the NASA Langley Research Center and with additional support from the College of Integrated Science and Technology at JMU. The IDTSL supports research and development efforts that feature non-contact thermal and mechanical measurements and advance the state of the art. These efforts all entail undergraduate participation intended to significantly enrich their technical education. The IDTSL is funded by major government organizations and the private sector and provides a unique opportunity to undergraduates who wish to participate in projects that push the boundaries of non-contact measurement technologies, and provides a model for effective hands-on, project oriented, student-centered learning that reinforces concepts and skills introduced within the Integrated Science and Technology (ISAT) curriculum. The lab also provides access to advanced topics and emerging measurement technologies; fosters development of teaming and communication skills in an interdisciplinary environment; and avails undergraduates of professional activities including writing papers, presentation at conferences, and participation in summer internships. This paper provides an overview of the Infrared Development and Thermal Structures Laboratory, its functionality, its record of achievements, and the important contribution it has made to the field of non-contact measurement and undergraduate education.
Aortoenteric fistula in a 25-year-old man.

Abstract Background Aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a rare diagnosis that is often considered only in older patients with histories of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Objectives To remind emergency physicians that traumatic injury and repair put patients at risk for formation of AEF. Case Report We discuss the case of a 25-year-old man who developed an aortoduodenal fistula weeks after a stab wound to the abdomen. AEF can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and can therefore present as either upper or lower tract bleeding. The expected triad of pain, pulsatile mass, and gastrointestinal bleeding is unfortunately rarely present, making diagnosis difficult. Patients often present with a self-limited herald bleed that precedes the fatal exsanguination by hours to days. Diagnosing the fistula at the time of the herald bleed can be difficult but lifesaving. Imaging studies are often misleading and only delay definitive operative treatment. Even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, mortality is high; without repair, it is 100%. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of suspecting and quickly recognizing AEF based on history and physical examination alone. After extensive preoperative imaging to confirm the diagnosis, this patient nearly died in the operating room as surgeons took down adhesions trying to reach the fistula to repair it.
Asymmetry in auditory and spatial attention span in normal elderly genetically at risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Some studies of elderly individuals with the ApoE-e4 genotype noted subtle deficits on tests of attention such as the WAIS-R Digit Span subtest, but these findings have not been consistently reported. One possible explanation for the inconsistent results could be the presence of subgroups of e4+ individuals with asymmetric cognitive profiles (i.e., significant discrepancies between verbal and visuospatial skills). Comparing genotype groups with individual, modality-specific tests might obscure subtle differences between verbal and visuospatial attention in these asymmetric subgroups. In this study, we administered the WAIS-R Digit Span and WMS-R Visual Memory Span subtests to 21 nondemented elderly e4+ individuals and 21 elderly e4- individuals matched on age, education, and overall cognitive ability. We hypothesized that a) the e4+ group would show a higher incidence of asymmetric cognitive profiles when comparing Digit Span/Visual Memory Span performance relative to the e4- group; and (b) an analysis of...
Temperature Excursions during Soot Combustion in a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

A major technological challenge in the operation of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is prevention of the occasional melting of the ceramic filters during regeneration (combustion of accumulated particulate matter). The cause of this melting is still an established question. Experiments and simulations indicate that during stationary regeneration (fixed feed conditions) the temperature rise is not sufficiently high to cause this melting. We conjecture that the melting is due to a transient temperature excursion caused by a rapid shift of a car from normal driving to idle during regeneration. Infrared imaging was used to follow the response of the spatiotemporal temperature on a planar DPF to sudden changes in the feed conditions. As conjectured, the peak transient temperature was higher than that corresponding to stationary operation under either the initial or final conditions. The amplitude of the temperature excursion was sensitive to the direction in which the temperature front moved and to the period between the initiation of the temperature front and the change in the feed conditions.
A comparison of hydrogen, methanol and gasoline as fuels for fuel cell vehicles: implications for vehicle design and infrastructure development

All fuel cells currently being developed for near term use in electric vehicles require hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen can be stored directly or produced onboard the vehicle by reforming methanol, or hydrocarbon fuels derived from crude oil (e.g., gasoline, diesel, or middle distillates). The vehicle design is simpler with direct hydrogen storage, but requires developing a more complex refueling infrastructure. In this paper, we present modeling results comparing three leading options for fuel storage onboard fuel cell vehicles: (a) compressed gas hydrogen storage, (b) onboard steam reforming of methanol, (c) onboard partial oxidation (POX) of hydrocarbon fuels derived from crude oil. We have developed a fuel cell vehicle model, including detailed models of onboard fuel processors. This allows us to compare the vehicle performance, fuel economy, weight, and cost for various vehicle parameters, fuel storage choices and driving cycles. The infrastructure requirements are also compared for gaseous hydrogen, methanol and gasoline, including the added costs of fuel production, storage, distribution and refueling stations. The delivered fuel cost, total lifecycle cost of transportation, and capital cost of infrastructure development are estimated for each alternative. Considering both vehicle and infrastructure issues, possible fuel strategies leading to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles are discussed.
Evolving heterogeneous social fabrics for the solution of real valued optimization problems using cultural algorithms

A question of interest to those studying the emergence of social systems is the extent to which their organizational structure reflects the structures of the problems that are presented to them. In a recent study [14] used Cultural Algorithms as a framework in which to empirically address this and related questions. There, a problem generator based upon Langton's model of complexity was used to produce multi-dimensional real-valued problem landscapes of varying complexities. Various homogeneous social networks were then tested against the range of problems to see whether certain homogeneous networks were better at distributing problem solving knowledge from the Belief Space to individuals in the population.The experiments suggested that different network structures worked better in the distribution of knowledge for some optimization problems than others. If this is the case, then in a situation where several different problems are presented to a group, they may wish to utilize more than one network to solve them. In this paper, we investigate the advantages of utilizing a heterogeneous network over a suite of different problem. We show that heterogeneous approaches begin to dominate homogeneous ones as the problem complexity increases.
Role of multiple minijets in high-energy hadronic reactions.

The multiplicity distributions of charged particles in high-energy hadron collisions including the production of multiple minijets are considered in the framework of the eikonal formalism. Large-multiplicity events at high energies are found to be dominated by the production of many jets with 2{le}{ital P}{sub {ital T}}{le}4 GeV. The contributions from larger-{ital P}{sub {ital T}} minijets become prevailing for high-multiplicity fluctuations in narrow rapidity intervals.
Association of microtia with maternal nutrition.

BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the potential association of maternal dietary intake and risk of microtia among offspring. METHODS The study included deliveries from 1997 to 2005 from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Nonsyndromic cases of microtia were compared to nonmalformed, population-based, live-born control infants by estimating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression models that included maternal race or ethnicity, education, folic acid–containing supplement intake, fertility treatment, study site, and total energy intake. RESULTS Comparing intake in the lowest 10th percentile versus the 10th to 90th percentiles, lower maternal intakes of carbohydrate (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.07–2.38) and dietary folate (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.09–2.25) were associated with elevated risk of microtia. In addition, results suggested that higher diet quality (as measured by the Diet Quality Index, and comparing the highest with the lowest quartile) was protective, but the CI did not exclude one (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.50–1.07). Results were similar among obese and nonobese women. CONCLUSIONS These data contribute to the limited body of evidence regarding the potential contribution of maternal nutrition to the etiology of microtia. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Space Station Based Operations And Maintenance Support To Spacecraft, Platforms, And Orbit Transfer Vehicle (0TV)

The orbital servicing concepts developed for several existing and planned spacecraft are reviewed to illustrate the evolution and capabilities of Shuttle-based support services, and the potential range of future services are categorized by several criteria including transportation systems requirements, supporting facilities and equipment options, and servicing locations. Implications of Space Station-basing the services are described, along with possible implementing systems. In particular, the technique of 'formation flying' by means of which spacecraft may be physically isolated from each other while maintaining reasonable propellant requirements for maneuvers between them is explored by representative examples. OTV mission support is described as an evolutionary augmentation of the basic Space Station services.
Minor and trace element concentrations in carbonates of carbonaceous chondrites, and implications for the compositions of coexisting fluids

Abstract Abundances of Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, Na, B, and Ba in meteoritic calcites and dolomites have been determined using the ion microprobe. The compositions of these carbonates are consistent with their precipitation from, or recrystallization in equilibrium with, aqueous solutions at low temperatures. Coexisting calcites and dolomites in CM chondrites are not in equilibrium and presumably formed in distinct events. Calculated molar element/Ca ratios for fluids in equilibrium with these carbonates suggest that dolomites in CM and Cl chondrites formed from compositionally similar brines. Calcite solutions were also saline but lower in Mg, Fe, and Mn; calculations suggest that these solutions became more like dolomite solutions with increasing alteration of the host CM meteorite, reflecting progressive evolution of solution compositions. Asteroid brines may have formed by membrane nitration after the formation of compacted phyllosilicates lowered permeability, by addition of components to fluids during phyllosilicate-forming reactions, or through low-pressure boiling. Occurrences of vein-filling calcite, followed by dolomite and later by sulfates, in carbonaceous chondrites represent the final stages of a protracted aqueous alteration sequence.
Effects of molybdate on the sulfation of harmol and α-naphthol

Sulfation requires the activity of sulfotransferases to transfer the sulfuryl group to the substrate from the activated form of sulfate, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Inhibition of the sulfate reaction is an important aspect in evaluating the role of sulfation in toxicology. Molybdate decreases hepatic PAPS and its precursor, inorganic sulfate, and could be used as a tool to inhibit the sulfation reaction. The present study was designed to determine the effect of molybdate on the sulfation of two compounds (harmol and alpha-naphthol), for which sulfation is the predominate pathway of biotransformation. Molybdate (7.5 mmol/kg; p.o.) given 4 h prior to the start of harmol infusion (2.5 micromol/kg/min) decreased serum harmol-sulfate concentrations by 32 and 45%, at 45 and 60 min, respectively. This was paralleled by decreases in the cumulative biliary excretion of harmol-sulfate of 37 and 43%, at 45 and 60 min, respectively. Molybdate (5.0 mmol/kg, p.o.) decreased the 24-h cumulative urinary excretion of naphthyl-sulfate by 55% for a 125-micromol/kg i.p. dose of alpha-naphthol, with the greatest decrease (63%) occurring during the first 4 h. These results suggest that molybdate can inhibit the sulfation of compounds that are highly sulfated. Thus, molybdate may prove useful in future studies to examine the pharmacological and toxicological significance of sulfation of xenobiotics.
Dempster-Shafer theory and connections to Choquet's theory of capacities and information theory

The axiomatic development of information theory, during the 1960's, led to the discovery of various composition laws. The Wiener-Shannon law is well understood, but the Inf law holds particular interest because it creates a connection with the Dempster-Shafer theory. Proceeding along these lines, in a previous paper, I demonstrated the connection between the Dempster-Shafer theory and Information theory. In 1954, Gustave Choquet developed the theory of capacities in connection with potential theory. The basic concepts of capacity theory arise from electrostatics, but a capacity is a generalization of the concept of measure in Analysis. It is well known that Belief and Plausibility in the Dempster-Shafer theory are Choquet capacities. However, it is not well known that the inverse of an information measure is a Choquet capacity. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the connections among the Dempster- Shafer theory, Information theory and Choquet's theory of capacities.
Azimuthally correlated ablation between z-pinch wire cores

Azimuthally correlated wire core ablation was compared for closely spaced versus widely spaced wires in a 1 MA Z-pinch. X-ray point-projection diagnostics revealed that 240 μm spaced wires exhibited a correlation coefficient approaching unity in both real space and in k-space. This correlated ablation between wires at a fixed axial location is believed to occur due to an enhanced, localized Joule heating. Wires separated by 2.47 mm or greater were uncorrelated in real space, but correlated in k-space, indicating the ablation structure between wires was shifted in phase.
Numerical Analysis Of The Temperature Distribution In A Liquid-Cooled Rotating X-Ray Anode

A numerical analysis of the steady-state temperature profile in a thin, liquid-cooled rotating x-ray anode is presented. The numerical solution accounts for two-dimensional conduction and the possibility of a non-uniform electron flux. Use of the numerical solution yields important information about temperatures and temperature gradients in the anode.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Who Counts? On Democracy, Power, and the Incalculable

The intention of this paper is to discuss the notion and word "democracy" as a Greek legacy and then to pose the question of the specific challenges to that conception of democracy presented by this historical present, which Heidegger characterizes as the Gestell. Questions concerning the sources of power, the relation of power to peoples and individuals, as well as the shift from power to violence are addressed. Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Lincoln, Derrida, and Heidegger are the key figures in this discussion.
Mutant RecA proteins which form hexamer-sized oligomers

We have analyzed the oligomeric properties of a number of mutant RecA proteins containing single amino acid substitutions within one region of the subunit interface. In contrast to wild-type RecA, which forms a heterogeneous population of different-sized oligomers, we find that many of these mutant proteins exist in a more homogeneous oligomeric form, which approximates to the size of a RecA hexamer. Some of these mutants have a significant level of activity in vivo for recombinational DNA repair and thus represent the first mutant RecA proteins identified which retain activity yet can exist in a discrete oligomeric state as free protein.
Method of Correlated Quasiparticles. II. 0 + Particle-Particle Residual Interactions

The method of correlated quasiparticles is extended to treat the problem of attractive particle-particle matrix elements in the generalized ${0}^{+}$ mode. A computationally convenient approach to the problem is presented. Sample calculations are performed and compared with the results of pairing model calculations. It is concluded that the nonpairing ${0}^{+}$ matrix elements play an important role in determining the ground-state properties of deformed nuclei.
Reducing Death and Disability From Stroke The Role of Governmental Advocacy

Governmental actions affect our lives and the lives of our fellow citizens in a variety of ways. This is certainly true for both the conduct of biomedical research and the provision of medical care. Governmental policy-makers require accurate information upon which to base their decisions. Stroke researchers and clinicians are uniquely suited to provide the facts, figures and statistics to help these officials weigh alternative options, and need to become actively involved in the advocacy efforts of their professional organizations. Although written from the perspective of the United States, the issues raised are relevant throughout the world.
Effect of acute lead intoxication on the ultrastructure of neutrophils in the peripheral blood of the rat.

Summary The influence of lead acetate on the ultrastructure of peripheral neutrophils was investigated in adult male rats. It was found that a single intraperitoneal administration of lead at dose 150 mg Pb/kg b.w. led to ultrastructural changes in the neutrophils at 3 and 6 h post injection. At the time of testing the exposed population had a mean (± SD) blood lead concentration from 206.2 ± 24.8 µg/100 ml to 75.2 ± 9.9 µg/100 ml compared with a mean value of 4.0 ± 0.7 µg/100 ml for the control groups. The ultrastructural alterations such as irregular nuclei with deep invaginations, plasma membrane pockets, the presence of vacuoles with a heterogeneous material and an increasing amount of RER cisternae, were most clearly expressed 6 h after lead administration. In addition there appeared sometimes nuclear pockets, and a prominent crystalline inclusion placed in the cytoplasmic matrix of some neutrophils. No differences in the mitochondrial morphology and cytoplasmic granule pattern between exposed and control rats were observed.
D1 receptor agonists reverse the subchronic phencyclidine (PCP)-induced novel object recognition (NOR) deficit in female rats

Development of dopamine (DA) D(1) receptor agonists is a priority to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS). This study examined the dose-response relationship of the selective D(1) agonist, SKF38393 (0.5-40 mg/kg), to reverse the deficit in novel object recognition (NOR), an analog of declarative memory in man, produced by subchronic phencyclidine (PCP), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor non-competitive antagonist, and the ability of the D(1) antagonists, SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg) and SKF83566 (0.15 mg/kg), to impair NOR in normal Long-Evans female rats. We also examined the ability of tandospirone, a serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor partial agonist, and LY341495, a mGluR2/3 receptor antagonist, to potentiate or block the effects of SKF38393 on NOR, respectively. SKF38393 reversed the persistent NOR deficit produced by subchronic PCP; the dose-response curve for SKF38393 was an inverted U-shape, with the peak effect at 6 mg/kg. SKF83566 and SCH23390 impaired NOR in normal rats. Co-administration of sub-effective doses of SKF38393 (0.25 mg/kg) and tandospirone (0.2 mg/kg) improved the PCP-induced NOR deficit, while LY341495 (1 mg/kg) blocked the ameliorating effect of SKF38393 (6 mg/kg), respectively. These data provide the first evidence that the reversal of the PCP-induced NOR deficit by D(1) agonism has an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve and that 5-HT(1A) and mGluR2/3 receptor signalling facilitates the efficacy of D(1) agonism to improve these deficits. These data suggest that although D(1) agonists may be useful to improve CIS, these agents, particularly higher doses, may also worsen cognitive function in some patients, because of an inverted U-shaped dose response curve.
Error Analysis in the Computer Simulation of Dynamic Systems: Variational Aspects of the Problem

Error analysis in the computer simulation of dynamic systems is fundamentally a variational problem. The computing errors are small variations of the computed solutions with respect to the exact solution of the differential equations being integrated. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of the mathematical tools used to perform error analysis in the computer simulation of dynamic systems are similar to those used in the variational or perturbational analysis of those systems themselves. Fundamental papers in this direction have been published previously [8], [9], [13]. The present paper, however derives the error-propagation equations in a more basic form, which makes it easier to apply such variational mathematical tools as Liapunoff's second method to analyze error stability, and Pontryagin's maximum principle to study ``worst-case'' errors in computation.
Geographic variation in social organization of Galápagos mockingbirds: ecological correlates of group territoriality and cooperative breeding

To investigate ecological influences on cooperative social organization, I studied the four allopatric species of mockingbirds (Nesomimus spp.) endemic to the Galapagos archipelago on four islands. On three small, low and arid islands (Genovesa, Champion and Espanola), mockingbird territories filled all terrestrial habitat, mean group size varied from 4.5 to 14.2 adults, maximum group size ranged from seven to 24 birds, and 70–100% of groups contained more than two birds. San Cristobal is larger and higher, and it supports a broader range of habitats. At one highland and two coastal sites on this island, mockingbirds did not hold territories in all available habitats, group size averaged 2.2 adults, only 25% of groups were larger than two, and none included more than three adults. Adults dispersed into vacant habitat to establish new territories only on San Cristobal. Helping behavior has not yet been observed on San Cristobal, but it occurs on the other three islands. These results support the hypothesis that social groups and cooperative breeding are maintained where limited availability of preferred habitat constrains dispersal. The mechanism relaxing habitat saturation on San Cristobal, however, remains undetermined. Predation by introduced rats and cats may reduce survival and indirectly reduce group size; these predators are absent from Genovesa, Champion and Espanola. Differences in food supplies could also affect interand intra-island variation in population density. Variation in social organization among arid coastal sites on the four islands, and similarity between climatically different sites on San Cristobal, suggest that climatic conditions are less important as determinants of dispersal and breeding. Skews in adult sex ratios also fail to account for inter-island variation in sociality. Although they live in a climatically variable environment, territorial behavior and the physical limits of suitable habitat have an overriding influence on cooperative social organization in Galapagos mockingbirds.
Acidic mucin in the prostate: Can it differentiate adenosis from adenocarcinoma?

Numerous reports have claimed that because acidic mucin is absent in benign prostatic glands and is present in some prostatic adenocarcinomas, this stain may be an adjunctive aid in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. However, adenosis that mimics low-grade adenocarcinoma has not been evaluated to date. We studied 28 foci of adenosis for the presence of high iron diamine-alcian blue (HID-AB). Fifteen foci of adenosis (54%) showed strong staining for HID-AB; staining was diffuse in 11 cases and focal in four cases. An additional two cases (7%) showed equivocal staining. The remaining 11 cases (39%) lacked positivity. All cases of adenosis were verified with immunohistochemistry for keratin 903, a basal cell-specific antibody. This study demonstrates the limited use of acid mucin staining in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. The finding of HID-AB positivity in occasional isolated benign small prostatic glands within hyperplastic nodules suggests that acid mucin secretion may be a reflection of gland size or proliferation rather than evidence that adenosis is related to adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Latina Mothers’ and Daughters’ Expectations for Autonomy at Age 15 (La Quinceañera)

American children gain more autonomy as they progress through adolescence, however, autonomy-granting for Latina adolescent girls from immigrant families is a relatively unexplored question. In this study, we identified behaviors that Mexican mothers and their daughters deemed to be appropriate when they reach the age of La Quinceanera, a cultural rite of passage at age 15. Daughters hoped for rules regarding social activities to become less strict whereas mothers intended to continue to exert control, especially in the areas of peer and social activities, household duties, and homework responsibilities. The mothers were open to granting more independence in personal areas such as physical appearance and they were also willing to allow their daughters to group date. Although the mothers and daughters expected the mothers to continue to engage in a controlling and protective parenting style, both mothers and daughters anticipated more mutual decision-making and open communication when daughters turned 15 y...