cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesigenic families: parents' physical activity and dietary intake patterns predict girls' risk of overweight

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether obesigenic families can be identified based on mothers' and fathers' dietary and activity patterns. METHODS: A total of 197 girls and their parents were assessed when girls were 5 y old; 192 families were reassessed when girls were 7 y old. Measures of parents' physical activity and dietary intake were obtained and entered into a cluster analysis to assess whether distinct family clusters could be identified. Girls' skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) were also assessed and were used to examine the predictive validity of the clusters. RESULTS: Obesigenic and a non-obesigenic family clusters were identified. Mothers and fathers in the obesigenic cluster reported high levels of dietary intake and low levels of physical activity, while mothers and fathers in the non-obesigenic cluster reported low levels of dietary intake and high levels of activity. Girls from families in the obesigenic cluster had significantly higher BMI and skinfold thickness values at age 7 and showed significantly greater increases in BMI and skinfold thickness from ages 5 to 7 y than girls from non-obesigenic families; differences were reduced but not eliminated after controlling for parents' BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Obesigenic families, defined in terms of parents' activity and dietary patterns, can be used predict children's risk of obesity.
Dealing with Psychiatric Disabilities in Schools: A Description of Symptoms and Coping Strategies for Dealing with Them

ABSTRACT Despite the large number of children that the Surgeon General of the United States estimated to be suffering from a mental disorder (Office of the Surgeon General, 2000), the majority of childhood disorders are undiagnosed and untreated. The negative effect of childhood disorders on a child's academic, social, and psychological development can be devastating. The child's teacher is often the 1st person to identify that there is a problem and the 1st person to suggest referrals. The teacher is also often able to make adjustments in the classroom that can enable the child to be successful academically, minimize the negative effects of the illness on the child's development, and manage the child's behaviors that can disrupt the classroom. The author describes the most common disorders that teachers have observed in the classroom, including major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and conduct disorder. The author presents the effects of chil...
Integration and miniaturization of thermopile-based pyrometric module construction sets

We present the main applications for contact-less (radiation-) temperature measurement with thermopile sensors and show how the large number of different requirements associated with them can be matched using a low-cost sensor module construction set in a TO39 housing. The main components are: A choice from different MEMS-thermopile sensors or sensor arrays, one of two programmable ASIC’s, IR optical components to be integrated, such as filters, IR lenses, a Winston cone reflector and different caps. Of the latter, a significant innovation is the isothermal cap, which integrates the mechanical functionality of a cap with optical functions such as the reduction of ghost images and most importantly the thermal functionality of a massive heat sink. This way a complete pyrometer can be build into a TO39 housing.
A new model for very low density lipoprotein metabolism—Nomenclature for very low density lipoprotein derivatives

Abstract A new model for the catabolism of very low density lipoprotein will be proposed following a brief discussion of the relevant information about its metabolism. This model is based on the assumption that each very low density lipoprotein derivative has a distinct structural feature which determines its biological fate. Since this unique determinant may reside in only a small portion of the particles, such as apoprotein, the different very low density lipoprotein derivatives may possess similar or even identical electrophoretic mobility or hydrated density. For this reason, we propose that very low density lipoprotein derivatives be defined according to their putative position in the metabolic pathways rather than according to their hydrated density or their electrophoretic behavior. Thus it is recommended that biochemical separation methods based on principles other than electrophoretic mobility or hydrated density be used to isolate, purify and define very low density lipoprotein derivatives. The position that a lipoprotein particle occupies in the catabolic pathways should be determined by its ability to interact with liver cells or its ability to become converted to low density lipoprotein. This new nomenclature would eliminate unnecessary confusion and stimulate more research toward elucidating the unique structural feature of each very low density lipoprotein derivative.
Integrating Health and Vocational Psychology HIV and Employment

This article introduces the Major Contribution on integrating health and vocational psychology, using persons with HIV who have work-related concerns as an example. The authors describe the demographics associated with HIV disease and new treatments that have allowed people with HIV to remain healthy and continue working, or consider returning to work. They also outline the purposes of the Major Contribution and conclude with a call for more focus on traditionally disenfranchised populations, especially those who are members of multiple groups facing discrimination.
A dynamic addressing scheme for wireless media access

The key resource in a wireless LAN is the wireless medium itself. Since the bandwidth in wireless is typically much smaller than in wire, media access control in wireless is of critical importance in the operation of a wireless LAN. This paper proposes a protocol independent dynamic addressing scheme for wireless media access protocols, and discusses related systems and performance issues. Dynamic addressing allows spatial and temporal reuse of MAC addresses, thereby reducing the address size by a factor of 8. This reduces the control overhead in a MACAW style protocol by 30% to 70%, and produces an overall performance improvement of 5% to 33%. Dynamic addressing also serves as an enabling technology for two important features in wireless media access protocols, security and real-time support. We are implementing the dynamic addressing scheme as a part of the LCMACA wireless media access protocol.
Event maps: a collaborative calendaring system for navigating large-scale events

Event Maps is a novel, rich and interactive web-based system targeted at improving the experience of attending and organizing large, multi-track conferences. Through its zoomable Tabular Timeline, users can navigate the conference schedule, seamlessly moving between global and local views. Through a compact decoration widget named Active Corners, Event Maps enables contextual asynchronous collaboration before, during, and after the conference. Organizers can easily create or import conference schedules via a backend interface, and also use the provided analytic toolkits to get insights from visiting patterns and statistics.
Pro-Dopamine Effects of Neurotensin on Sensorimotor Gating Deficits

Neurotensin is a neuropeptide which coexists with mesolimbic dopamine and has exhibited neuroleptic-like activity in the nucleus accumbens. This study examined the effects of neurotensin infused into the nucleus accumbens on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the rat's acoustic startle reflex, a measure which is relevant to the sensorimotor gating deficits seen in schizophrenia. Neurotensin (5 micrograms) had no effect on the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex nor on baseline PPI, but it potentiated the disruption of PPI produced by amphetamine and apomorphine. This is the first report of a pro-dopamine action for intra-accumbens neurotensin, and suggests that a complex behavioral pharmacology is associated with this neuropeptide.
Dietary fiber and gender: effect on postprandial lipemia.

The ability ofguar gum and oat bran to alter postprandial lipemia and lipoprotein composition when added to a test meal (42% total calories as carbohydrate, 16% as pro- tein, and 42% as fat) was examined in six males and six females who consumed both low- (0.4 g) and high- (15.4 g) fiber test meals on separate days. After an overnight fast participants consumed the test meal, and blood samples were obtained hourly for 8 h. Plasma glucose concentrations did not increase markedly after either meal in any of the subjects. In males, postprandial triglyceridemia was unaffected by fiber supple- mentation. In females, postprandial triglyceridemia was greater for the high- than for the low-fiber meal at 2, 3, and 4 h. After both meals triglyceridemia was higher in males than in females, which may be related to the lower ratio of high-density lipoprotein2 (HDL)2 to HDL3 in males vs females. Fiber sup- plementation and gender influence postprandial glycemia, li- pemia, and lipoprotein composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:837-45.
Inherited Dysfunctional Nitric Oxide Signaling and the Pathobiology of Atherothrombotic Disease

Dysfunctional nitric oxide signalling increases risk of myocardial infarction Erdmann et al Nature. 2013;504:432–436. A recent article in Nature by Erdmann et al studies a family with excessive cardiovascular disease in younger adults and identifies mutations in 2 functionally related genes that may be linked to atherothrombotic disease. Using genome-wide association studies and exome sequencing, large numbers of genetic loci conferring an increased risk of a wide variety of diseases have been identified, revealing new genes and pathways not previously suspected to be relevant in pathobiology. For common complex diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure, single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased risk typically have small effect sizes and seem to only account for a small fraction of the genetic risk. These data suggest that the majority of patients likely to develop common diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are unlikely to be identified by currently defined single nucleotide polymorphisms. A recent article in Nature 1 diverges from the population-wide approach to elucidate select variants by studying a family with excessive cardiovascular disease in younger adults and identifies mutations in 2 functionally related genes that may be linked to atherothrombotic disease. Cardiovascular disease continues to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in North America and a growing problem in most other parts of the world. Recent data have shown that cardiovascular disease accounts for more than one third of deaths in the United States annually.2 Thrombus formation within a coronary vessel is the precipitating event in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Rupture of atheromatous plaque in relatively mildly stenosed vessels and subsequent thrombosis are responsible for most acute coronary syndromes. Both superficial and deep intimal injuries lead to the adherence of platelets to the subendothelium and, subsequently, platelet activation. Common diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are polygenic, …
Chloroquine-Resistant Malaria

The development of chloroquine as an antimalarial drug and the subsequent evolution of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains had major impacts on global public health in the 20th century. In P. falciparum, the cause of the most lethal human malaria, chloroquine resistance is linked to multiple mutations in PfCRT, a protein that likely functions as a transporter in the parasite's digestive vacuole membrane. Rapid diagnostic assays for PfCRT mutations are already employed as surveillance tools for drug resistance. Here, we review recent field studies that support the central role of PfCRT mutations in chloroquine resistance. These studies suggest chloroquine resistance arose in > or = 4 distinct geographic foci and substantiate an important role of immunity in the outcomes of resistant infections after chloroquine treatment. P. vivax, which also causes human malaria, appears to differ from P. falciparum in its mechanism of chloroquine resistance. Investigation of the resistance mechanisms and of the role of immunity in therapeutic outcomes will support new approaches to drugs that can take the place of chloroquine or augment its efficiency.
Radar detection sensitivity as a function of target dimensionality

Preliminary experiments have been conducted comparing the detection sensitivities of zero-dimensional (0-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) displays, and of 2-D and three-dimensional (3-D) images. The 0-D scenes were created by adding a signal of known strength to a randomly selected pixel in a field of ground clutter. The clutter was from farmland, and was obtained in ground-to-ground imaging experiments with the 83 m X-band VFRC array. The 0-D and 2-D comparison is shown. The target-to-clutter ratio (TCR) is 2 dB. The 2-D and 3-D comparison is given. Exactly the same clutter and targets were used, although they were suitably randomized to avoid providing helpful clues to the observers. The ratio of the total target energy to the total clutter energy is unambiguous and identical in the two cases. The performances are the averages of the scores of eight observers, each of whom viewed 120 images. The 3-D detection sensitivity is about 7 dB better. The net gain in detection sensitivity from 0-D to 3-D is 18 dB. >
Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis

Background There is a lack of consensus about whether the initial imaging method for patients with suspected nephrolithiasis should be computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography. Methods In this multicenter, pragmatic, comparative effectiveness trial, we randomly assigned patients 18 to 76 years of age who presented to the emergency department with suspected nephrolithiasis to undergo initial diagnostic ultrasonography performed by an emergency physician (point-of-care ultrasonography), ultrasonography performed by a radiologist (radiology ultrasonography), or abdominal CT. Subsequent management, including additional imaging, was at the discretion of the physician. We compared the three groups with respect to the 30-day incidence of high-risk diagnoses with complications that could be related to missed or delayed diagnosis and the 6-month cumulative radiation exposure. Secondary outcomes were serious adverse events, related serious adverse events (deemed attributable to study participation), pain (assess...
Nest placement, nest-site fidelity and nesting movements in midland painted turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata) on Beaver Island, Michigan

Abstract We studied nest-site fidelity (1995–2000) and nest predation (1997–2000), and nesting movements (1999–2000) in a population of Chrysemys picta marginata at Miller's Marsh on Beaver Island, Michigan. On average, turtles nested farther (mean = 122.3 m) from the marsh than turtles in previously studied populations, possibly because of the relatively large nesting areas (n = 5) of our study. Nest predation was 17.4% over all years and was independent of nest location (distance from water, road vs. field nests, nesting field). Many turtles showed nest-site fidelity between years in that they favored one or two nesting areas and had annual inter-nest distances (ID) that were positively skewed and significantly less (mean = 88.7 m) than IDs of randomly paired nests of different individuals. Radiotelemetry indicated that most turtles emerged during the mid-afternoon and nested during the evening hours. Nesting excursion duration averaged 11.6 h and 75% remained on land overnight after nesting. The use of...
Difficulties Experienced by Women in Prison

This article assembles data that identify some problems experienced by women incarcerated in prisons in the United States. Inequalities in occupational and educational programs offered in women's prisons in comparison with those offered in prisons for men are discussed. The impact of inadequate health and mental health services on the lives of these women is explored, and separation problems encountered by the woman prisoner and her family are examined. Some recommendations for change are suggested.
A unified framework of HMM adaptation with joint compensation of additive and convolutive distortions

In this paper, we present our recent development of a model-domain environment robust adaptation algorithm, which demonstrates high performance in the standard Aurora 2 speech recognition task. The algorithm consists of two main steps. First, the noise and channel parameters are estimated using multi-sources of information including a nonlinear environment-distortion model in the cepstral domain, the posterior probabilities of all the Gaussians in speech recognizer, and truncated vector Taylor series (VTS) approximation. Second, the estimated noise and channel parameters are used to adapt the static and dynamic portions (delta and delta-delta) of the HMM means and variances. This two-step algorithm enables joint compensation of both additive and convolutive distortions (JAC). The hallmark of our new approach is the use of a nonlinear, phase-sensitive model of acoustic distortion that captures phase asynchrony between clean speech and the mixing noise. In the experimental evaluation using the standard Aurora 2 task, the proposed Phase-JAC/VTS algorithm achieves 93.32% word accuracy using the clean-trained complex HMM backend as the baseline system for the unsupervised model adaptation. This represents high recognition performance on this task without discriminative training of the HMM system. The experimental results show that the phase term, which was missing in all previous HMM adaptation work, contributes significantly to the achieved high recognition accuracy.
Finite horizon model reduction of a class of neutrally stable systems with applications to texture synthesis and recognition

In this paper we address the problem of finite-horizon model reduction for a class of neutrally stable discrete-time systems. The main result of the paper shows that this problem can be solved by considering suitable defined Hankel operators and Grammians, leading to an algorithm similar to the well known balanced truncation. However, in this case the structure of the problem can be exploited to obtain tighter truncation error bounds. These results are illustrated with a non-trivial practical example arising in the context of image processing: texture synthesis and recognition.
Children, Armed Conflict, and Peace

In most analyses of armed conflict, children are invisible and are typically regarded as passive, incidental victims or inconsequential actors. In current intrastate, ethno-political conflicts, however, children play an increasing role both as soldiers and, along with other non-combatants, as targets and victims in fighting at the community level. New evidence from the recently completed UN Study Impact of Armed Conflict on Children documents that significant numbers of children are soldiers in conflicts fought in the post-Cold War era. The increasing participation in political violence of children, many of whom have little schooling, job training, or other means of meeting their basic needs, presents profound obstacles to the construction of peace. Furthermore, current patterns of community-level fighting victimize children, enabling soldiering and the continuation of cycles of armed conflict. Peace research needs to examine the scale and consequences of children's involvement in armed conflict, and it also needs to develop an understanding of the wider psychosocial impact of armed conflict on children. Using the UN Study as a point of departure, this essay reviews current knowledge about the psychological impact of political violence on children, identifying key methodological and ethical challenges that confront research in this area. Recognizing that children comprise approximately half the population of war-torn countries, this essay also develops the theme that the construction of peace requires action research aimed at constructing culturally appropriate intervention and prevention efforts that assist children and families and that contribute to broader programs of post-conflict reconstruction and development.
The growing commercialism of zoos and aquariums

Although the mission of zoos and aquariums (species preservation, exhibition, education, and research) has not changed, the weights attached to their multiple goals and the means to accomplish them have. In particular, these institutions have undertaken costly programs to preserve endangered species. Through an examination of alternative revenue sources we demonstrate that institutions accredited by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) have experienced no change in the structure of demand. Although more money could be raised through higher admission fees, these institutions have not exploited this alternative to full advantage, despite the Reagan-era tax rate reductions that resulted in fewer donations. Almost all the limited subsidies zoos and aquariums receive come from local governments; federal subsidies (through the Endangered Species Act) have been allocated to purchase critical habitat in the wild. Zoos and aquariums have turned increasingly to ancillary commercial activity such as food service and gift shops.
Consumer shopping orientations, non-store retailers, and consumers' patronage intentions: A multivariate investigation

Over the last few years, nonstore retailing has become an important and integral part of the American retailing scene. However, very little published research exists regarding these new methods of retailing. This study examines the role of consumers' shopping orientations, and type of nonstore method on consumers' patronage intentions of a set of selected products. The results are supportive of the two research hypotheses. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Intervention Mapping to Adapt Evidence-Based Interventions for Use in Practice: Increasing Mammography among African American Women

This paper describes and demonstrates the use of the systematic planning process, Intervention Mapping, to adapt an evidence-based public health intervention (EBI). We used a simplified version of Intervention Mapping (IM Adapt) to increase an intervention's fit with a new setting and population. IM Adapt guides researchers and practitioners in selecting an EBI, making decisions about whether and what to adapt, and executing the adaptation while guarding the EBI's essential elements (those responsible for effectiveness). We present a case study of a project in which we used IM Adapt to find, adapt, implement, and evaluate an EBI to improve mammography adherence for African American women in a new practice setting in Houston, Texas. IM Adapt includes the following (1) assess needs and organizational capacity; (2) find EBIs; (3) plan adaptations based on fit assessments; (4) make adaptations; (5) plan for implementation; and (6) plan for evaluation of the adapted EBI. The case study shows an example of how public health researchers and practitioners can use the tool to make it easier to find and use EBIs, thus encouraging greater uptake. IM Adapt adds to existing dissemination and adaptation models by providing detailed guidance on how to decide on effective adaptation, while maintaining the essential elements of the EBI.
Plant essential oils and components on growth of spoilage yeasts in microbiological media and a model salad dressing

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) and EO components have been widely tested for their antimicrobial properties against microorganisms. However, less is known about the inhibitory properties of essential oil components against microorganisms in foods and, more specifically, spoilage yeasts in a food matrix. Clove bud, cinnamon bark, and thyme oils, and the EO components, trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol first were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against yeasts in microbiological media. The yeasts tested included Torulaspora delbrueckii, Candida krusei, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. The most efficacious EO components in media were applied to a model mayonnaise-based salad dressing as a food model to determine the effect on spoilage yeast growth. Trans-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon bark oil were the most effective against yeasts in microbiological media among the compounds tested with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 50 mg/L. Thymol and carvacrol had the next most inhibitory activity against yeasts with MICs of 200 mg/L. In a model salad dressing at pH 4.2, trans-cinnamaldehyde at 500 mg/L was most effective among the EO components inhibiting S. pombe and Z. bailii during 4- and 5-day storage, respectively, at 22 °C.
Thanks to O. C. McSwite

O.C. McSwite is retiring, as you know. Orion White is retiring from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Cynthia McSwain is retiring from George Washington University. Although they will continue to write together (as O.C. McSwite), we will miss them badly. Orion and Cynthia, for me and for many others, are central within the soul of PA Theory. Their contributions to PA Theory are pearls?beyond price. Each year O. C. McSwite (O.C.M.) teaches a session in my doctoral class, and I (D.J.F.) have had the privilege to reciprocate. This year, Orion and Cynthia came to my class on March 22. After the class, we had a long chat, and the following are snippets:
Solvent-Slaved Motions in the Hydride Tunneling Reaction Catalyzed by Human Glycolate Oxidase

Enzyme motions facilitate many hydride-transfer reactions involving quantum mechanical (QM) tunneling. The evidence mainly comes from the determination of kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and their temperature dependence that have been used to reveal interesting characteristics of human glycolate oxidase (HsGOX). Previous studies have shown that HsGOX oxidizes glycolate to glyoxylate via a hydride-transfer mechanism to an enzyme-associated FMN. Here, we investigate the temperature effect on the anaerobic rate of flavin reduction (kred) for HsGOX with glycolate and [2R-2H]glycolate. While the kred values for HsGOX are temperature-dependent, their KIEs on the kred values (Dkred) do not change as the temperature is varied. This is consistent with the involvement of QM hydride tunneling in the highly optimized active site of HsGOX. We show that the enzyme motions are slaved by the fluctuations in the bulk solvent after determining the kred and Dkred for HsGOX at various solvent viscosities and constant temperat...
Clusters of Cholera Toxin B Subunit on the Outer Leaflet Stabilize Lipid Heterogeneity on the Inner Leaflet of B Cell Membranes

Protein sorting based on liquid-ordered or liquid-disordered phase preference is readily observed in giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) at low temperatures but is not observed directly in the intact cells from which they are derived. Here we utilize two-color super-resolution microscopy to quantify the sorting of two minimal inner leaflet anchored-peptides proximal to clusters of cholera toxin B subunit (CTxB) in chemically fixed CH27 B cells. One peptide, called PM, is anchored through saturated palmitoyl and myristoyl acylations, giving it a strong preference for more ordered lipids, while the second peptide, called GG, is anchored through an unsaturated and branched geranylgeranyl modification that gives it a strong preference for more disordered lipids. We find that the local density of PM is increased in the vicinity of CTxB clusters while the local density of GG is reduced in the vicinity of CTxB clusters when compared to the average density of peptides on the cell surface. These results indicate that clustering of CTxB on the outer leaflet affects the lateral organization of proteins anchored to the inner leaflet in a way that depends on the anchoring structure. Ongoing work is aimed at probing the membrane's ability to sort proteins based on the phase preference of their membrane anchor in response to biochemical perturbations and changes in temperature, with the goal of distinguishing possible physical bases of this lipid-mediated membrane heterogeneity.
Effects of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 agonist G-1 on spatial memory in adult female rats

Ovarian hormones such as estradiol are known to have a complex relationship with spatial cognition. Despite many inconsistencies within the literature, estradiol can enhance spatial memory consolidation on a water maze task when administered during a critical period post-training. While the rapid effects of estradiol on consolidation have been established, the mechanism responsible for them is still unknown. The primary objective of the current study was to determine if activation of the membrane bound G-protein-receptor 30 (GPR30) by estradiol is responsible for the enhanced consolidation. Data were collected from forty adult ovariectomized female rats, divided into three groups that were treated either with the GPR30 specific agonist G-1 immediately following training, G-1 two hours following training, or sesame oil vehicle immediately following training. Rats underwent eight training trials on a water maze task with a fixed hidden escape platform. Twenty-four hours after the completion of training and treatment, all subjects completed four retention trials on the same task. Latency to reach the platform and percent of pathlength spent in the quadrant containing the platform during the first probe trial were used as measures of successful consolidation of spatial learning. There was no significant difference in performance on the probe trials between rats treated with G-1 and sesame oil, indicating that GPR30 activation is not sufficient to enhance consolidation of spatial memory. However, it is important to interpret these results against a backdrop of differences in experimental design between the existing literature and the current study including G-1 dose, type of vehicle, and administration regime, spatial cognition task, and the component of cognition studied. This study offers insight into potential receptor specific therapies for treatment of memory loss in post-menopausal women.
Synthesis and photochemistry of the three isomeric Si2C2 diiron complexes FpCH2SiR2SiR2CH2Fp, FpCH2SiR2CH2SiR2Fp, and FpSiMe2CH2CH2SiMe2Fp (Fp = (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2): Stereospecific formation of 1,3-disilacyclobutanes

Photolysis of FpCH2SiMe2SiMe2CH2Fp (1; Fp = (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2) for 4 h resulted in the quantitative formation of 1,3-tetramethyldisilacyclobutane (9) and Fp2. Similar irradiation of meso-FpCH2SiMePhSiMePhCH2Fp (2a) led to trans-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3-disilacyclobutane (10t), while photolysis of the racemic isomer (2b) afforded only cis-1,3-disilacyclobutane (10c) and Fp2. Photolysis of a mixture of 1 and 2a proved that the process was intramolecular. Irradiation for 35 h of FpCH2SiMe2CH2SiMe2Fp (3), an isomer of 1, led to clean conversion to 9 and Fp2 and irradiation of FpCH2SiMePhCH2SiMePhFp, a 1:1 mixture of the two diastereomers 6a and 6b, afforded a mixture of 10t and 10c (1:1). The third isomer of 1, FpSiMe2CH2CH2SiMe2Fp (7), is photochemically inert. Photolysis of the tungsten analogue of 1, WpCH2SiMe2SiMe2CH2Wp (8; Wp = (η5-C5H5)W(CO)3), produced a complex mixture of products.
A Missed Opportunity: FDA and Mitochondrial Manipulation Technology

A Missed Opportunity: FDA and Mitochondrial Manipulation Technology On February 25th and 26th2014 the Federal Drug Administration(FDA) convened a Cellular, Tissue and Gene Advisory Committee meeting in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The stated purpose of this meeting was to review basic and clinical research related to “Oocyte modification in Assisted Reproduction for the Prevention of Mitochondrial Disease or Treatment of Infertility”, in order to make recommendations regarding the proper conduct of proposed future clinical trials. The meeting was public, and in addition to the invited presentations of expert scientists in the field, an Open Public Session forum in which participants were given 4 minutes to speak was included. The national press corps was also in attendance and the meeting was highly reported in both written and visual media outlets. .
Current directions in physiological modeling for environmental health sciences: an overview.

associated with exposure to environmental pol? lutants has historically followed the model of toxicology, namely, observing the incidence of pathology in experimental animals consequent to exposure at several doses. The incidence of the response was then (usually linearly) extrapolated from the experimental doses to exposures typical in the environment and occupational settings. Regulatory agencies esti? mate doses in humans that would produce the extrapolated response by scaling the extrapolated dose for animals by the two-thirds power of body weight. Owing to lack of knowledge and in order to protect human health, humans are assumed to be as sensitive to the toxicant as
A spontaneous epizootic of mouse encephalomyelitis.

SummaryA spontaneous epizootic of encephalomyelitis which killed 62%percnt; of 240 uninoculated mice is described. A virus was isolated which resembles GD VII virus in its properties, and which is ...
Study of peony and licorice decoction on habitual constipation

Objective To study the effect of peony and licorice decoction on habitual constipation.Methods The mechanism and therapeutic effect of peony and licorice decoction was judged by 3 indicators:the water content of night soil of mice,the rabbit's intestine in vito experiment,and the push rate of carbon powder in small intestine.Results There was significant difference in the push rate of carbon powder between high dosage group and control group,and the difference between low dosage group and control group was not significant.Peony and licorice decoction had inhibiting effect on the rabbit's intestine in vito.Conclusion Peony and licorice decoction is effective by carbon powder experiment in small intestine.
The Buddhist Temple and the Transmission of Novels in the Tang Dynasty

Buddhist temples were main places where the novels were transmitted widely in the Tang Dynasty. Inthe Tang Dynasty's Buddhist temples, a plenty of novels were transmitted by word of mouth, such as the monk's narra-tion, the literary men's chat, or the artistes' performance of "shuo - hua"and "zhuan - bian". And then, The Buddhistmonk in Buddhist temples made novel copies by writing or incorporated novels into the works which specially provide forthe Buddhists.
An Explanation for the Persistence of Residual Urine After External Sphincterotomy

AbstractAfter external urethral sphincteroionry 7 patients were found to have residual urine in excess of 80ml. By measurement of the urethral pressure and analysis of the cystometrogram it was found that these patients fail to sustain bladder contraction and, thereby, fail to empty the bladder completely.
Chapter 4 – THIN FILM NANOFABRICATION BY ALTERNATE ADSORPTION OF POLYIONS, NANOPARTICLES, AND PROTEINS

This chapter deals with the thin film nonfabrication by alternate adsorption of polyions, nanoparticles, and proteins. The assembly of organized macromolecular and nanoparticle films has become increasingly important. The methods used for the assembly of ultrathin films with various degrees of molecular order and stability include—namely, spin coating and solution casting, thermal deposition, polyion layer-by-layer assembly, chemical self-assembly, the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, and free-standing films. The optimal combination of molecular order and stability of films determines the practical usefulness of these technologies. Another method that can be applied to surface modification is monolayer self-assembly, based on thiol or silane compounds. The chapter concludes that molecularly organized films can be produced, similar to the ones obtained with the highly sophisticated and expensive molecular beam epitaxy technology used for metals and semiconductors.
Kant's Theory of Taste: Beauty, Purposiveness, and Form

Following the “guiding thread” of the table of judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason , the third moment in the Analytic of the Beautiful is that of relation. Unlike the logical functions of relation or the relational categories, however, the relation in question is between the judging subject and the object judged and/or its representation. Thus, for the first time in the Analytic, the aesthetic object, which up to this point has been largely left out of the picture, becomes an explicit focus of attention. Nevertheless, it is clear from both the inclusion of this discussion in the moment of relation and the emphasis placed on the representation of the object that the concern is not with the inherent nature of such an object, not even considered as phenomenon, but rather with the object qua represented, that is, apprehended in mere reflection, and its aesthetic, and therefore noncognitive and nonpractical, relation to the subject. Although it is never explicitly formulated as such, the basic question underlying the discussion is how we are to characterize this relation, such that it can account for the possibility of a universally communicable pleasure in the harmony of the faculties. Thus, as I shall try to show, the third moment presupposes and builds upon the results of the second in much the same way as the latter presupposes and builds upon the results of the first. It is also in this context that Kant introduces the essential, yet deeply problematic, notions of a “purposiveness without purpose” and “form” (including both a “form of purposiveness” and a “purposiveness of form”) into the analysis of taste.
One-Pot Strategy for Thiazoline Synthesis from Alkenes and Thioamides

A convenient synthesis of a privileged pharmaceutical motif, thiazoline is accomplished. This reaction utilizes simple and readily available alkene and thioamide substrates in an intermolecular fashion via a simple one-pot procedure. A wide range of functional groups is tolerated, and the thiazoline product has been further utilized for the synthesis of the corresponding β-aminothiol and thiazole from routine hydrolysis and oxidation protocols.
Activated Protein C-Resistance Induced by a Low Molecular Weight Inhibitor.

Activated protein C (APC) inactivates factor Va (fVa) following three cleavages in the heavy chain at R 506 , R 306 and R 679 . Cleavage at R 506 precedes cleavage at R 306 . Cleavage at Arg 306 is strictly lipid-dependent and results in total inactivation of the factor Va molecule with dissociation of fragments from the A2 domain from the rest of the molecule. Factor V Leiden is associated with an R→Q substitution at position 506 and is present at approximately 8% of the Caucasian population. The heterozygous presentation of factor V Leiden results in delayed inactivation of factor Va and “APC-resistance” with attendant increased risk of venous thrombosis. However, not all cases of “APC-resistance” are explained by factor V Leiden . We observed “APC-resistance” in a patient displaying heterozygous factor V Leiden , Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinenemia, systemic lupus erythrematosus (anticoagulant) and a history of coronary artery disease. The patient’s plasma resistance to APC inactivation was not repaired by immunodepletion of his factor V Leiden and replacement by normal plasma factor V. Conversely when the patient’s fVa was returned to factor V immunodepleted normal plasma it did not display APC-resistance. Cleavage of the patient’s plasma fVa at R 306 was not detected following prolonged incubation of his clotted plasma at 37°C even when 2 nM APC was added following clotting. These data suggested that the APC-resistance observed in the patient was not due to the presence of factor V Leiden , but due to some property which inhibited the lipid dependent cleavage at Arg 306 . The patient’s plasma was depleted of IgG/IgM and the purified immunoglobulin fraction assessed for inhibition of APC cleavage and inactivation of fVa in a system using purified reagents. The data were compared with the inhibition of fVa inactivation by APC by an IgG/IgM fraction obtained from normal plasma under similar experimental conditions. No inhibition of APC cleavage and inactivation of fVa by the IgM/IgG fraction obtained from either plasma were observed. In addition, the fVa molecule contained in the IgM/IgG-depleted patient plasma was still resistant to cleavage and inactivation by APC. Following dialysis the patient’s plasma lost its ability to inhibit fVa cleavage and inactivation by APC. Overall these studies indicate that inhibition of fVa cleavage and inactivation by APC in the patient’s plasma is caused by a hitherto undescribed metabolite of low molecular weight. The mechanism of action of this metabolite is not yet known, but the evidence suggests that the metabolite interferes with the lipid-dependent cleavage and inactivation of fVa by APC at R 306 . These data demonstrate the existence of an as yet unknown APC inhibitor of low molecular weight in the plasma of a patient with lupus anticoagulant and severe thrombotic symptoms.
Don't forget peripheral arterial disease in diabetic foot osteomyelitis.

Drs. Mutluoglu and Lipsky provide five things to know about an important and common affliction that can lead to severe illness and limb loss.[1][1] Number six should be to assess for peripheral arterial disease. Ankle brachial index measurements are often falsely elevated (and so can appear falsely
Randomness Index for complex network analysis

The high-level contribution of this paper is a quantitative measure (called Randomness Index) to assess the extent of randomness in the topology of a complex real-world network. We exploit the observation that the local clustering coefficient (LCC) for a node in a truly random network is independent of the degree of the node and is simply the probability for a link to exist between any two nodes in the network. On the other hand, for real-world networks that are not truly random, nodes with a larger degree are more likely to have a lower LCC value and vice versa. For any complex real-world network, we propose to determine the Randomness Index as the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (ranging from −1 to 1) of the degree versus average LCC of the nodes with the particular degree. We evaluate the Randomness Index values for a suite of 48 real-world networks of diverse degree distribution and observe the median value to be −0.72.
Psychophysiological responses to fixed-ratio reinforcement

GSR, heart rate, respiration, forearm muscle potential, and volume pulse of the finger were recorded for six human Ss during 7 sessions in which a simple operant task was performed under a fixed-ratio schedule of positive reinforcement. Physiological response to reinforcement was assessed by comparison of responses to reinforced lever presses with responses to non-reinforced lever presses. All Ss showed a very consistent GSR to reinforcement. Among the remaining physiological variables the only reliable responses to reinforcement were a volume pulse decrease in two Ss, an increase of forearm tension in one S, and some suggestion of a decrease in respiration duration in four Ss.
Student Perceptions of Teacher Evaluations: A Proposed Model

Students hold multifaceted perceptions of end-of-course teacher evaluations may guide their response behaviors when completing these evaluative measures. Research shows that student perceptions typ...
Cell-Based Therapies: A New Frontier of Personalized Medicine

Abstract Based on the concept of harnessing the inherent strength of the immune system and redirecting it to target cancer cells, cellular therapies have shown tremendous promise in the fight against cancer. Frequently incorporating a “personalized” approach, as the redirected cells are often derived from the cancer patient, the approach to early-phase trials of cellular therapy is intrinsically complex. In contrast to drug development—where there are formulaic trial designs for early-phase studies, utilization of a uniformly developed product, an ability to assess pharmacokinetics and well-established criteria to evaluate toxicity; testing of a cellular therapy requires a highly complex infrastructure to develop and implement, especially if gene modification is involved, where significant regulatory oversight is required. Accordingly, the focus of this chapter will be to provide a global overview of the many steps and challenges involved in the implementation of early-phase studies of cellular therapy.
Mechanisms of Memory Formation and Storage in Hermissenda

Cellular studies of associative learning indicate that changes in synaptic strength and intrinsic enhanced cellular excitability are basic mechanisms supporting the formation and expression of memory within the nervous system. An analysis of Pavlovian conditioning in the marine mollusk Hermissenda has led to the identification of molecular mechanisms contributing to the acquisition of short-, intermediate-, and long-term memory. The neural circuit supporting the generation of the conditioned response has been identified, and provides for the opportunity to understand how an example of procedural memory is expressed by cellular and molecular modifications at specific sites within a neural network reorganized by associative learning.
Models of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement

Research on self-regulated academic learning has grown out of more general efforts to study human self-control or self-regulation. Promising investigations of children’s use of self-regulation processes, like goal-setting, self-reinforcement, self-recording, and self-instruction, in such areas of personal control as eating and task completion have prompted educational researchers and reformers to consider their use by students during academic learning. In this initial chapter, I will discuss self-regulation theories as a distinctive approach to academic learning and instruction historically and will identify their common features. Finally, I will briefly introduce and compare six prominent theoretical perspectives on self-regulated learning—operant, phenomenological, social cognitive, volitional, Vygotskian, and cognitive constructivist approaches—in terms of a common set of issues. In the chapters that follow, each theoretical perspective will be discussed at length by prominent researchers who have used it in research and instruction.
Automatic Processing: Implications for Job Training of Individuals with Mental Retardation

Historically, individuals with mental retardation have often been designated as being rigid and inflexible. Because of this designation, these individuals are frequently given entry-level jobs requiring repetitive actions, such as assembly-line type tasks. The focus of this review is on issues related to training individuals with mental retardation on these types of tasks. Specifically, the implications of the development of automatic processing and the consequences of automatic processing are discussed in relation to job training.
Electrometabolic Pathways: Recent Developments in Bioelectrocatalytic Cascades

In biological systems, the majority of chemistry occurs in enzymatic pathways. Pathways are essentially cascades of protein catalysts used for catabolism or metabolism. However, in cellular-free systems, catalytic cascades have been rarely studied until recently. This review will introduce the lessons that can be learned from in vivo enzymatic pathways and novel enzymatic pathways that have been developed for synthetic biology of electrochemical energy production and conversion. This review will also discuss the recent bio-inspired developments to utilize catalytic cascades for non-biological applications ranging from energy conversion to biosensing and the electrochemical production of important chemicals such as methanol from carbon dioxide and ammonia from agricultural waste runoff.