cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hot Spray Washing on Broiler Carcass Quality

Abstract Broiler carcasses were spray washed with water at 20 or 30 p.s.i. at 21.1°, 54.4°, 60.0°, 65.6°, or 71.1° C. Microbial counts on skin were reduced about 1.0 log and shelf life was extended 1 to 2 days with spray of 65.6° or 71.1° C. Thorough inside-outside washing of carcasses at 71.1° C. added about 1 day shelf life over single-stage outside spray washing at 71.1° C. Net weight gain was greatest at 60.0°and was lowest at 21.1° and 71.1° C.; lowest net weight gain at highest temperature was probably due to melting and washing away of fat. Pressures of 20 and 30 p.s.i. were not significantly different in effect on microbial count or net weight gain. At 71.1° C., carcass appearance was consistently, but not greatly, inferior to appearance at the other wash temperatures.
A modular approach to constructing multi-site receptors for isophthalic acid

New multi-topic receptors which may serve as building blocks for constructing receptor arrays form highly stable complexes with isophthalic acid.
AN EPR STUDY OF π‐CATION RADICALS IN DINUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHATES AND DNA PRODUCED BY PHOTOIONIZATION

— In this work we have produced the π-cation radicals of a number of nucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, and DNA in aqueous glasses (8M NaCIO4) by photoionization and investigated these species by EPR spectroscopy. Results found for nucleotides and dinucleoside phosphates containing one type of DNA base, e.g. TpT, GpG, or dApdA, were used in the analysis of spectra found for mixed dinucleoside phosphates, e.g. TpdG. For TpdG and TpdA in neutral glasses photoionization takes place from the purine base and no transfer of charge to the pyrimidine base is found. In basic conditions both the adenine and thymine π-cations are observed in TpdA. In both neutral and basic conditions the results found for mixed dinucleoside phosphates containing guanine show that the guanine cation is formed preferentially by photolysis. This result was found to extend to DNA. Photolysis of DNA in 8M NaC1O4 produced principally the guanine cation. Computer simulations using parameters determined by other workers from a study of γ-irradiated oriented DNA closely match the spectrum found in this work attributed to the guanine cation in dinucleoside phosphates and DNA. This work thus confirms the presence of the guanine cation in γ-irradiated DNA.
Sex-Specific Assembly of a Dosage Compensation Complex on the Nematode X Chromosome

In nematodes, flies, and mammals, dosage compensation equalizes X-chromosome gene expression between the sexes through chromosome-wide regulatory mechanisms that function in one sex to adjust the levels of X-linked transcripts. Here, a dosage compensation complex was identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that reduces transcript levels from the two X chromosomes in hermaphrodites. This complex contains at least four proteins, including products of the dosage compensation genes dpy-26 and dpy-27. Specific localization of the complex to the hermaphrodite X chromosomes is conferred by XX-specific regulatory genes that coordinately control both sex determination and dosage compensation.
Optical image plane correlator for ambiguity surface computation

An optical image plane correlator is described which computes the ambiguity function for passive, wideband, complex, and basebanded signals. Quadrature input modulation, single-sideband filtering, and a modified image plane correlator requiring no moving parts are used to achieve the required complex correlations. The scenario, theory, and design are provided together with experimental verification on LFM and Barker-coded waveforms as well as synthetic data.
Associating a time-based prospective memory task with an expected context can improve or impair intention completion

Three experiments investigated time-based prospective memory defined here as remembering to fulfil an intention during a later window of time. When people associated the response window with a future context, time-based responding was better if that context expectation was correct as compared with having no context expectation at all. By contrast, if the response window occurred in a context that preceded the expected context, time-based performance was worse than having no context expectation at all. An explicit reminder about the intention was sufficient to ameliorate the decrement found with an incorrect context association. However, successfully completing a different, event-based prospective memory intention was not sufficient to overcome the incorrect context association. The authors assert that possessing such associations alters normal monitoring of the passage of time which in turn leads to the pattern of results obtained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aldose reductase, a key enzyme in the oxidative deamination of norepinephrine in rats

The sympathoneural neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) is deaminated to 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde (DHMAL) and subsequently converted to either 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). In this study, we investigated the relative importance of aldose reductase versus aldehyde reductase in the formation of DHPG from DHMAL. The in vitro incubation of NE with aldose reductase in the presence of monoamine oxidase (MAO) resulted in the formation of DHPG, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Although aldehyde reductase also generated DHPG, its activity was much lower than that of aldose reductase. With northern blotting, the expression of both aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase was detected in rat superior cervical ganglia. However, with western blotting, only aldose reductase was immunologically detectable. Treatment of rats with aldose reductase inhibitors for 3 days increased the plasma level of DHMA. There was no correlation between the selectivity of inhibitors and effects on NE metabolite levels. A significant decrease in DHPG, however, was obtained only with an extremely high dose (9 mg/kg/day) of the nonselective inhibitor AL 1576. The present study confirmed that aldose reductase generates DHPG from NE in the presence of MAO. In rat sympathetic neurons, aldose reductase appears to be more important than aldehyde reductase for the formation of DHPG. However, when aldose reductase is inhibited, it appears that aldehyde reductase can compensate for the conversion of DHMAL to DHPG, indicating redundancy in the reduction pathway.
Radiology Case Reports: A New Peer-Reviewed, Open-Access Journal Specializing in Case Reports

Although case reports have always had a place at the foundation of medical knowledge, established radiology journals have increasingly focused their efforts on major research studies. This de-emphasis of case reports has resulted in a dearth of opportunities to publish them. Case reports continue to mark the frontiers of what we know as physicians, and have long provided an attainable way for fledging authors to learn the craft of scientific writing. For these reasons and others, we have established Radiology Case Reports (RCR), a peer-reviewed journal specializing in case reports, and have gathered a distinguished Editorial Board to assist us. RCR offers open access (free of subscription fees or access charges) on the internet to the full text of its articles as soon as they are published. We invite interested persons to join us in helping this venerable but valuable form of medical journalism not only survive, but flourish.
Friction and wear of diamond materials and other ceramics against metal

Abstract Utilizing the Falex rotating ring and block technique, we evaluated the performance of several diamond materials and alumina, silicon carbide and a cemented tungsten carbide sliding against hardened steel 4620 and a nitrided 12% Cr steel. All tests were performed at 50 rev min −1 lubricated and unlubricated, in both continuous and 75° oscillating ring motion. The lubricating fluid was mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity of 72 cSt. It was found that ground diamond compacts, irrespective of the grain size in the compacts, resulted in the best combination of low friction and low metallic wear rates under both lubricated and unlubricated conditions. Metal wear resulting from diamond-metal sliding was found to be dependent on the compact surface roughness, and an initial roughness exceeding about 0.36 μm (14 μin) center-line average led to severe wear under some conditions. In the dry condition, all the ceramics showed high frictional forces and some degree of wear in both metal and ceramic, with the exception of alumina which did not itself develop a macroscopic wear scar.
Increased Cell-Intrinsic Excitability Induces Synaptic Changes in New Neurons in the Adult Dentate Gyrus That Require Npas4

Electrical activity regulates the manner in which neurons mature and form connections to each other. However, it remains unclear whether increased single-cell activity is sufficient to alter the development of synaptic connectivity of that neuron or whether a global increase in circuit activity is necessary. To address this question, we genetically increased neuronal excitability of in vivo individual adult-born neurons in the mouse dentate gyrus via expression of a voltage-gated bacterial sodium channel. We observed that increasing the excitability of new neurons in an otherwise unperturbed circuit leads to changes in both their input and axonal synapses. Furthermore, the activity-dependent transcription factor Npas4 is necessary for the changes in the input synapses of these neurons, but it is not involved in changes to their axonal synapses. Our results reveal that an increase in cell-intrinsic activity during maturation is sufficient to alter the synaptic connectivity of a neuron with the hippocampal circuit and that Npas4 is required for activity-dependent changes in input synapses.
Probing mechanisms of catalysis and electron transfer by methylamine dehydrogenase by site-directed mutagenesis of αPhe55

Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) possesses an alpha(2)beta(2) subunit structure with each smaller beta subunit possessing a tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) prosthetic group. Phe(55) of the alpha subunit is located where the substrate channel from the enzyme surface opens into the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis studies have revealed several roles for this residue in catalysis and electron transfer (ET) by MADH. Site-directed mutagenesis of either alpha Phe(55) or beta Ile(107) (a residue in the beta subunit which interacts with alpha Phe(55)) converts MADH into enzymes with specificities for long-chain amines, amylamine or propylamine. Mutation of alpha Phe(55) also affects monovalent cation binding to the active site. alpha F55A MADH exhibits an increased K(d) for cation-dependent spectral changes and a decreased K(d) for cation-dependent stimulation of the rate of gated ET from N-quinol MADH to amicyanin. These results demonstrate that alpha Phe(55) is able to directly participate in a wide range of biochemical processes not typically observed for a phenylalanine residue.
Preliminary evidence on use of DRL schedules in treating childhood enuresis: a case study via parental consultation.

Iowa State University Summary.-The effects of a treatment package used with~n the context of three DRL schedules of reinforcement (DRL 40%, DRL 20%, and DRL 0%) were evaluated with an 8%-yr.-old boy who evrdeoced regressive enuresis. Although it could not be concluded that the DRL schedules per se were responsible for the elimination of enuretic behavior, the data suggest that the total package of procedures eliminated this behavior. The advantages of consultation with parents were discussed and better-controlled research using DRL schedules to treat enuresis was advised.
The Radio Spectrum of Solar Activity

Observations of the solar radio spectrum have been made at the Harvard Radio Astronomy Station, Fort Davis, Texas, daily from sunrise to sunset since September, 1956. The equipment comprises three separate receivers covering the total range 100-580 mc, and these are attached to a 28-foot-diameter paraboloid antenna. The outputs of the receivers are displayed on intensity modulated, high resolution cathode-ray tubes, and these are photographed by a continuous motion camera. Over-all, the system is approximately ten times more sensitive than any sweep frequency equipments used previously for solar observations. Examples of the records showing the four main types of radiation from active areas on the sun are given, and brief comments are made on the existing theories to account for them.
Involvement of Tyrosinase in Melanin Formation in Murine Melanoma

The possibility that peroxidase is functional in melanogenesis in the murine S-91 melanoma has been investigated. It was found that, as in the normal mouse, tyrosinase is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of melanin formation in the malignant melanocyte. Tyrosinase was capable of utilizing tyrosine as a substrate, as well as dopa, although the Vmax with dopa was much higher than with tyrosine. Conversely, the affinity of the enzyme for tyrosine is higher than for dopa, and this relationship may in part be responsible for the occasional misinterpretation of the functional capability of this enzyme.
Neurotrauma: The role of CT angiogram

Cerebrovascular injuries can occur in blunt or penetrating head and neck trauma. A high index of suspicion based on mechanism of injury and clinical assessment warrants screening for intracranial and extracranial vascular lesions. Conventional angiogram has been and remains the gold standard for diagnosis of these injuries, but computerized tomography angiography offers a fast, noninvasive method of imaging for neurotrauma patients. Advantages and disadvantages of each modality are discussed.
247 Infusion Rate of Glucose is The Major Predictor of Hyperglycemia in Very Premature Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition

247 Infusion Rate of Glucose is The Major Predictor of Hyperglycemia in Very Premature Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition
Ultrastructural observations on tissues processed by a quick-freezing, rapid-drying method: Comparison with conventional specimen preparation

Abstract A quick-freeze, rapid-dry method for processing unfixed tissue for electron microscopy has been developed. The technique employs freezing on a cryogenchilled metal surface and drying in a cryosorption vacuum apparatus that allows osmium-vapor fixation and epoxy-resin embedment under high vacuum. Liver, kidney, bone marrow, and monolayer cultures of ventricular myocytes were selected as tissue specimens representing a wide range of physical properties, to demonstrate the practical aspects of achieving good ultrastructural morphology by freeze drying. A comparison was made between freeze drying and conventional processing using aldehyde fixation and alcohol dehydration. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure achieved by freeze drying allowed the identification of specific cell types within each specimen. Membranous organelles were well preserved, surrounded by cytoplasmic ground substance devoid of ice crystal damage. Electron-dense material was observed within the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and vesicles of frozen-dried, but not conventionally processed cells. This suggests the preservation by freeze drying of cytoplasmic components otherwise extracted from the cell by solvent exposure.
Detection of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis using two-dimensional, high-resolution transthoracic echocardiography.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether two-dimensional high-resolution transthoracic echocardiography (HR-2DTTE) can detect changes in arterial wall thickness and size associated with subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Arterial wall thickening, compensatory arterial enlargement and a preserved arterial lumen characterize subclinical atherosclerosis. Detection of these changes during the asymptomatic stage of CAD may allow early treatment and prevention of acute coronary events. METHODS Twenty-six patients with angiographically proven CAD and 29 normal volunteers underwent HR-2DTTE evaluation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) using an ATL 5000 echograph (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, Washington) with a 4 to 7 MHz transducer. Significant (>70%) LAD stenosis was present in 15 patients (mean 82%); 11 patients did not have significant LAD stenosis (mean 26%) and represented a surrogate for subclinical LAD disease. Wall thickness, maximal luminal diameter and external diameter of the LAD were measured. RESULTS Left anterior descending coronary artery wall thickness was larger in patients (1.9 ± 0.4 mm) than it was in volunteers (0.9 ± 0.1 mm, p 70% LAD stenosis. CONCLUSIONS Left anterior descending coronary artery wall thickness and external diameter are significantly increased in patients with CAD as compared with normal subjects, and HR-2DTTE is sensitive enough to detect these differences. Wall thickness and external diameter are increased to the same extent in patients with obstructive and subclinical LAD disease.
Molecular cloning of the delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.

A transformant of Bacillus megaterium, VB131, was isolated which carries a 6.3-kb XbaI segment of the crystal toxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI) cloned in a vector plasmid pBC16 to yield pVB131. The chimeric plasmid DNA from VB131 was introduced into a transformable Bacillus subtilis strain by competence transformation. Both the B. megaterium VB131 strain and the B. subtilis strain harboring the chimeric plasmid produced irregular, parasporal, phase-refractile, crystalline inclusions (Cry+) during sporulation. The sporulated cells as well as the isolated crystal inclusions of the pVB131-containing B. megaterium and B. subtilis strains were highly toxic to the larvae of Aedes aegypti. Also, the solubilized crystal protein preparation from VB131[pVB131] showed clear immuno cross-reaction with antiserum to the BTI crystal toxin. 32P-labeled pVB131 plasmid DNA showed specific hybridization with a 112-kb plasmid DNA of Cry+ strains of BTI, and no hybridization with other plasmid or chromosomal DNA of either Cry+ or Cry- variants. These results are in agreement with our previous findings (Gonzalez and Carlton, 1984) that the 112-kb plasmid of BTI is associated with the production of the crystal toxin.
PHARYNGEAL ACID REFLUX IN PATIENTS WITH SINGLE AND MULTIPLE OTOLARYNGOLOGIC DISORDERS

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of pharyngeal acid reflux (PAR) events in single and multiple otolaryngologic disorders.METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with otolaryngologic symptoms and objective findings and 34 healthy control subjects were studied with an ambulatory 24-hour, 3-site pharyngoesophageal pH monitoring technique. Otolaryngologic diagnosis included isolated Posterior laryngitis (PL) in 28 patients, isolated chronic rhinosinusitis (SIN) in 12, combined PL and SIN (PL+SIN) in 6, PL plus laryngotracheal stenosis (PL+LTS) in 12, and PL plus vocal cord nodules (PL+VCN) in 9.RESULTS: PAR events were documented in 68% of patients with PL, 34% of patients with SIN, 67% of patients with PL+SIN, 67% of patients with PL+LTS, 78% of patients with PL+VCN, and 21% of controls. The prevalence of PAR events in patients with isolated PL as well as those with PL combined with other disorders was significantly higher than that in patients without PL and that in c...
The complement protein properdin binds apoptotic T cells and promotes complement activation and phagocytosis

Apoptotic cells must be rapidly eliminated to avoid harmful inflammatory and autoimmune reactions. Innate immunity is designed/poised to identify dying cells by their unique surface-associated molecular patterns. Here we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that the human complement protein properdin binds to early apoptotic T cells and initiates complement activation, leading to C3b opsonization and ingestion by phagocytic cells. Properdin binding was facilitated by the glycosaminoglycan chains of surface proteoglycans. Properdin released by activated neutrophils was particularly effective at recognition of apoptotic T cells, whereas the binding activity of properdin in the serum appeared to be inhibited. “Properdin tagging” of apoptotic T cells also induced their uptake by phagocytes independent of complement activation or other complement proteins. Although our findings were made primarily with apoptotic T cells, they suggest that properdin could play a similar role during apoptosis of other cell types.
Making stereo photo cropping easy

The increasing popularity of stereoscopic 3D brings the demand for tools for editing and authoring stereoscopic images and videos. This paper shows that even a simple task like cropping is difficult for amateur users with little stereoscopic photography knowledge. Unlike regular monocular (2D) images, cropping a stereoscopic image needs to be carefully executed to avoid stereoscopic violations, which otherwise cause an unpleasant stereoscopic viewing experience. In this paper, we present a system that assists in stereoscopic photo cropping by automatically measuring the stereoscopic photography violations and alerting users with the potential violations. Our study shows that compared to a popular stereoscopic photo editing system, our system makes stereoscopic photo cropping easier even for amateur users with little stereoscopic photography knowledge and provides a good user experience.
Differentiation of factor C-LHIH and the synthetic contraceptive polypeptide, H-Thr-Pro-Arg-Lys-OH.

Summary The contraceptive polypeptide designated by Kent and shown by him to be H-Thr-Pro-Arg-Lys-OH has been synthesized by a solid-phase procedure, and the tetrapeptide was purified and characterized. Factor C-LHIH, partially purified from porcine hypothalami, which inhibits the luteinizing hormone from basal release and from the synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and the synthetic H-Thr-Pro-Agr-Lys-OH are different by cation exchange and by other high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. At high dosage, H-Thr-Pro-Arg-Lys-OH released FSH and to a lesser extent LH, but the tetrapeptide showed no antagonist activity against synthetic LHRH, even at very high levels.
Synovial metastasis: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytologic investigation

Synovial metastases are a rare occurrence. Only 28 cases have been reported in the literature, 10 of which were diagnosed by fluid cytologic evaluation. We discuss 2 additional cases in which the diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration cytologic investigation. The first case is of a 47-yr-old man with small-cell carcinoma of the lung metastatic to the right knee joint; the second is of a 71-yr-old man with non-Hodgkin's mixed-cell nodular lymphoma also involving the right knee joint. The clinical features of these cases are similar to previously published instances of secondary synovial tumor, namely in regard to sex distribution (14 male and 16 female patients), age range (13–96 yr, mean 59 yr), and histologic types (adenocarcinoma, 13 cases; squamous-cell carcinoma, 4; lymphoma, 3; renal clear-cell carcinoma, 3; unknown origin, 2; rhabdomyosarcoma, 1; melanoma, 1; chordoma, 1; pulmonary clear-cell carcinoma, 1; and Ewing's sarcoma, 1). The condition usually has poor prognosis, with average patient survival of <5 mo. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:334–337. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Processes of Sedimentation Associated with Fault-Controlled Trough Across a Shelf: ABSTRACT

Western North America was a rapidly subsiding, passive continental margin during the Cambrian. During the Middle Cambrian, a belt of carbonate deposition dominated the central shelf. It was bounded by fine-grained terrigenous sediments that accumulated in deep water to the west and in shallow water to the east. Movement along a high-angle fault that extended across the shelf produced a conspicuous embayment into the carbonate belt in Nevada and Utah during the middle Middle Cambrian. This fault movement controlled basin geometry and distribution of carbonate and shale lithofacies on the shelf for at least the next 40 m.y. The embayment was an asymmetrical trough that deepened and widened as it extended some 400 km westward toward the edge of the continent. South of its abrupt southern margin, which marked the position of the fault, shallow subtidal and peritidal sediments accumulated throughout the Middle Cambrian. The northern flank of the embayment was a drowned platform that sloped gently southward into the trough axis. On this ramp, a carbonate platform was rapidly reestablished through vertical accretion and progradation. In the trough axis, which lay near the faulted margin, sediments representing anoxic and deep-water environments accumulated throughout the middle and late Middle Cambrian. Sedimentation rates in this axial region were inadequate to reestablish a shallow-water depositional settin because of reactivation of faulting and because the trough acted as a sediment bypass zone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 300------------
ON HEISENBERG INEQUALITY

A Heisenberg inequality, involving a differentiation operator, its adjoint, and the second quantization operator of a unitary operator, is proved in the context of white noise analysis.
Inhibitory properties of 1,3-propanediols in cutting fluids

Abstract It has been shown that 1,3-propanediol compounds exhibit antimicrobial properties in cutting fluids, two of the most active compounds being 2-nitro-2-bromo-1, 3-propanediol and 2-nitro-2-ethyl-1, 3-propanediol (nepd). Since the former chemical is well known as an antimicrobial agent, nepd was selected for additional studies. It was found that the antimicrobial properties of nepd were increased by the presence of edta, that it did not markedly interfere with the antimicrobial properties of cutting fluid preservatives and that it combines well with certain amines — such as ethanol-amines, propanolamines, butanolamine and butylamines — to produce mixtures with improved inhibitory properties.
The human λ immunoglobulin enhancer is controlled by both positive elements and developmentally regulated negative elements

We have recently reported the localization of the first transcriptional enhancer in the human lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chain locus. Enhancer activity was contained on a 1.2 kb SstI fragment, with partial activity retained on a core 111 bp PstI-SstI fragment. This enhancer is located 11.7 kb downstream of Cλ7, the most 3′ lambda constant region gene. Using a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assay system, we have now determined the boundaries of the complete enhancer and find it is two- to four-fold as active as the core fragment in both pre-B and B cell lines. Interestingly, a larger fragment, containing the complete enhancer as well as 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences has four- to eight-fold reduced activity when tested in pre-B cell lines, but full activity in B cell lines. This suggests the presence of developmentally regulated negative elements flanking the human λ enhancer which prevent or reduce its activity at a developmentally incorrect time. By using in vivo footprinting we have begun to examine the protein interactions within this enhancer in a more physiologically relevant manner and have identified motifs which are shared with the myrine λ enhancers, as well as motifs unique to the human λ enhancer.
High frame-rate multichannel beam-scanning microscopy based on Lissajous trajectories

A simple beam-scanning optical design based on Lissajous trajectory imaging is described for achieving up to kHz frame-rate optical imaging on multiple simultaneous data acquisition channels. In brief, two fast-scan resonant mirrors direct the optical beam on a circuitous trajectory through the field of view, with the trajectory repeat-time given by the least common multiplier of the mirror periods. Dicing the raw time-domain data into sub-trajectories combined with model-based image reconstruction (MBIR) 3D in-painting algorithms allows for effective frame-rates much higher than the repeat time of the Lissajous trajectory. Since sub-trajectory and full-trajectory imaging are simply different methods of analyzing the same data, both high-frame rate images with relatively low resolution and low frame rate images with high resolution are simultaneously acquired. The optical hardware required to perform Lissajous imaging represents only a minor modification to established beam-scanning hardware, combined with additional control and data acquisition electronics. Preliminary studies based on laser transmittance imaging and polarization-dependent second harmonic generation microscopy support the viability of the approach both for detection of subtle changes in large signals and for trace-light detection of transient fluctuations.
Space environmental interactions with biased spacecraft surfaces

Large, high-voltage space power systems are being proposed for future space missions. These systems must operate in the charged-particle environment of space, and interactions between this environment and the high-voltage surfaces are possible. Ground simulation testing has indicated that dielectric surfaces that usually surround biased conductors can influence these interactions. For positive voltages greater than 100 V, it has been found that the dielectrics contribute to discharges. Using these experimental results a large, high-voltage power system operating in geosynchronous orbit was analyzed with the NASCAP code. Results of this analysis indicated that very strong electric fields exist in these power systems. A technology investigation is required to understand the interactions and develop techniques to alleviate any impact on power system performance.
Heat-Induced Paralysis in the Adult Boll Weevil : Effect on Reproduction and Longevity

Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, remained paralyzed for 1–60 h following 5-min exposures to temperatures between 46° and 51°C. Males were slightly more tolerant than females. The 28-day survival of males that had remained comatose for ca. one day after exposure to 50°C was no different than that of the controls. Females treated at this temperature remained paralyzed for 1–2 days, but then resumed normal feeding activity and laid almost as many viable eggs as the controls by the 7th day posttreatment.
Fermi-surface properties of alpha-phase alloys of copper with zinc

%'e consider the Fermi-surface properties of the a-Oui 0 Zn, system over the composition range 0&c &0.3. Our calculations are based on the application of the self-consistent coherent potential approximation to the muffin-tin Hamiltonian. The predictions of the theory with respect to the radii k„„„,k lpo and k „0, and the size and shape of the alloy Fermi surface in several planes in the Brillouin zone are in good agreement with the available positron annihilation measurements and with the predictions of the rigid-band model. %e discuss how the hitherto unmeasured disorder smearing of the alloy Fermi surface may be amenable to a direct experimental determination in concentrated alloys. The dilute impurity limit is considered in detail. The computed changes in areas for several orbits are in good accord with the corresponding results of de Haas-van Alphen experiments. The predicted Dingle temperatures, however, agree with measurements only to within a factor of 2. It is hoped that the present work will encourage further measurements, especially of the disorder smearing of the Fermi surface in concentrated alloys.
Single explosions at Stromboli in 2002: Use of clast microtextures to map physical diversity across a fragmentation zone

Abstract A combination of fortuitous eruptive and wind conditions at Stromboli volcano in September 2002 enabled the collection of samples of multiple lapilli from individual observed explosions. These ejecta present the first opportunity to analyze the vesicularity of material ejected in a single Strombolian explosion. Samples of between 40 and 92 lapilli were collected from each of six sequential explosions on 30 September 2002, and 28 lapilli were obtained from a single explosion ∼ 24 h later (1 October). Density measurements and microtextural observations show that considerable heterogeneity existed within each of the seven samples. Centimeter to millimeter size bubble-rich and bubble-poor zones are present and are, in places, mingled together. These data confirm that the shallow conduit at Stromboli is a texturally diverse environment at the instant of a single explosion, and that a similar range of heterogeneity can persist through closely-spaced sequences of explosions on a timescale of hours and, probably, days, despite the dynamic processes of ascent of melt and decoupled gas phases.
Welfare to Work: Solutions or Snake Oil?.

The development and implementation of a call center training program, to include the training of welfare recipients, is the focus of this chapter. Components of this program and its effects on both the consumer and corporate community are discussed.
Description of the sphingolipid content and subspecies in the diabetic cornea.

AbstractPurpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Long term complications include but not limited heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and ocular damage. An estimated 382 million people are diagnosed with Type 2 DM accounting for 90% of the cases. Common corneal dysfunctions associated with DM result in impaired vision due to decreased wound healing, corneal edema, and altered epithelial basement membrane. Lipids play a fundamental role in tissue metabolism and disease states. We attempt to determine the role of sphingolipids (SPL) in human Type I and Type II diabetic corneas.Materials and Methods: Cadaver corneas from healthy (non-diabetic/no ocular trauma), Type I (T1DM), and Type II diabetic (T2DM) donors were obtained and processed for lipidomics using LC-MS/MS.Results: Our data show significant differences in the SPL composition between control, T1DM and T2DM corneas. Both T1DM and T2DM showed a 10-folddownregulation of sphingomyelin(SM), 5...
Measurement of induction periods in inhibited free-radical oxidation by infrared chemiluminescence at 1270 nm

— Infrared chemiluminescence at 1.27 µ. appears after the consumption of phenolic inhibitors in solutions of 1-tetralyl hydroperoxide in tert-butylbenzene (BPh), initiated with di-tert-butyl hyponitrite (BHN) at 68oC. The induction periods with phenols were in excellent agreement with ones calculated from rates of decomposition of the initiator. Di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate, benzhyd-rol, a derivative of benzhydrol, and di-rerr-butyl ketoxime under these conditions showed no inhibition or a weak effect. Initiated solutions 2.5 mM in p,p′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine showed no detectable emission at 1270 nm because of efficient quenching of 1O2 by diaryl nitroxides formed from the amine, and because the oxidation products of the amine are peroxy scavengers (Thomas, J. R. 1960, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82, 5955). The relative yields of IR luminescence from several alkyl hydroperoxides and oxygen-hydrocarbon mixtures, initiated in each case by BHN, were found to vary substantially with the structure of the hydrocarbon and with the solvent.
Plasma Jet Studies via the Flow Z-Pinch

The ZaP sheared-flow Z-pinch produces high density Z-pinch plasmas that are stable for up to 2000 times the classical instability times. The presence of an embedded radial shear in the axial flow is correlated with the observed stability, and is in agreement with numerical predictions of the stability threshold. The case is made that using a higher-Z working gas will produce supersonic plasma jets, consistent with dimensionless similarity constraints of astrophysical jets. This would allow laboratory testing of some regimes of astrophysical jet theory, computations, and observations.
Synthesis and degradation of xanthine dehydrogenase in chick liver In vivo and in vitro studies

Abstract The present study describes the (xanthine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.37) synthesis and degradation of chick liver xanthine dehydrogenase in vivo and in organ cultures. The results indicate that control of xanthine dehydrogenase activity is mediated by changes in the rate of enzyme synthesis, but that degradation rates are unaffected. The results also suggest that xanthine dehydrogenase synthesis occurs through a previously unreported intermediate. Detected in cultures of liver tissue, this intermediate apparently is not converted into an active enzyme. A model of synthesis and degradation for xanthine dehydrogenase proposes that the synthesis of the enzyme is proportional to messenger RNA and includes an inactive enzyme precursor and a second inactive intermediate prior to degradation. Integrated mathematical solutions describing the concentration of intermediates as a function of time can be found explicitly for simple models. The appendix to this paper extrapolates solutions for one, two- and three-step models to generate a mathematical solution for an ‘n’- step model containing ‘n’ intermediates. The rate constants in the solutions can be found experimentally.
Enabling and empowering practices of Kentucky's school-based family resource centers: a multiple case study

Abstract This paper describes a component of a multimethod evaluation of a statewide school-based Family Resource Center (FRC) program in Kentucky. The FRC program is a multisite statewide initiative consisting of school-based centers that were intended to establish linkages among schools, communities and families; and, to provide or broker wraparound services for families that would enhance children's readiness to learn. The evaluation is a utilization-focused (Utilization-focused evaluation: The new century text 1997) study that employed a multiple case study design to identify and understand family support interventions that enabled and empowered families to access resources on their own behalf and participate in the educational process. Results from the case studies provided a description of coordinators' enabling and empowering interventions and their impact on families. The results also contributed to a Coordinator Training Institute and a Survival Manual for new coordinators.
Vibrational spectroscopic studies of asbestos and comparison of suitability for remote analysis

Abstract Raman, mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic methods have been applied to the analysis of fibrous (asbestos) and non-fibrous forms of serpentine and amphibole minerals. This paper describes the first application of NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to the study of asbestos minerals. In addition, a more generally applicable Raman spectroscopic study, in terms of multiple excitation wavelengths and asbestos materials, than has previously been made is reported. Improvements in spectral quality (especially in the OH stretching region) over previously published MIR spectroscopic data are also reported. The results of this work indicate the NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy appears to be the preferred method for the remote analysis of asbestos due to the relatively simple spectra in the wavenumber range 7400-6900 cm −1 , the high signal-to-noise ratio and spectral contrast of the spectra, the capability of using silica fiber-optics cables, and the time required to perform the analysis relative to the other vibrational spectroscopic techniques.
Relative Sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Cognitive Function Among Nondemented Individuals Infected with HIV

In the present study, we examined the relationships among cognitive function, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) brain metabolite indices measured in the basal ganglia, and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the caudate nucleus and the putamen in the earliest stages of HIV-related cognitive involvement. Participants included 22 HIV-positive individuals and 20 HIV-negative individuals. HIV-positive individuals performed significantly more poorly than the HIV-negative individuals on several cognitive measures. In addition, the choline/creatine ratio was significantly higher and the N-acetyl aspartate/choline ratio was significantly lower among HIV patients. The caudate and putamen sizes were smaller among HIV-positive patients compared with controls; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance. Correlation analyses revealed associations between cognitive function and select MRS indices. In addition, caudate size was significantly correlated with performances on higher-order thinking tests whereas putamen size was significantly correlated with performances on motor tests. The results suggest that MRS differences are more pronounced than area size differences between seropositive and seronegative individuals in mild stages of HIV-related cognitive impairment. However, basal ganglia size remains an important contributor to cognitive status in this population. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the evolution of these imaging correlates of HIV-cognitive impairment in HIV.
Matrix inversion: a computational algebra approach

The most widely used computer‐based approach is to use Gauss—Jordan (GJ) row operations. One problem with this approach is that the necessary row operations must be performed on an augmented matrix of order (nby 2n)which becomes very tedious for hand calculations for both instructors as well as their students. We present a new approach based on the GJ row operations principle with considerable reduction in the number of columns. The augmented matrix in the proposed method is of order (n by n +1). A short summary of the algorithm is as follows: Place the matrix A n x n which is to be inverted, along side a column vector R with ri as its ith row element, 1 ≤ i ≤ n,where ri is an unspecified variable. Then perform the same GJ row operation on A and R in such a way that A changes to an identity matrix. It is shown that the matrix of coefficients of r i becomes A‐1. In addition, implementation of this approach on the MAPLE computer algebra system is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this new method is n...
Vibrational control of nonlinear time lag systems with bounded delay: averaging theory, stabilizability, and transient behavior

This paper develops the theory of vibrational control of nonlinear time lag systems with arbitrarily large but bounded delay. Averaging theory for fast oscillating, differential delay equations is presented and then applied to vibrational control. Conditions are given which ensure the existence of parametric vibrations that stabilize nonlinear time lag systems. Transient behavior is also discussed. Illustrative examples are given which show 1) the feasibility of the theory to important applications and 2) the differences in the theory presented and the existing known theory for vibrational control of ordinary differential equations. >
Myofibroblastic cells function as progenitors to regenerate murine livers after partial hepatectomy

Objective Smoothened (SMO), a coreceptor of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, promotes fibrogenic repair of chronic liver injury. We investigated the roles of SMO+ myofibroblast (MF) in liver regeneration by conditional deletion of SMO in α smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ cells after partial hepatectomy (PH). Design αSMA-Cre-ER T2 ×SMO/flox mice were treated with vehicle (VEH) or tamoxifen (TMX), and sacrificed 24–96 h post-PH. Regenerating livers were analysed for proliferation, progenitors and fibrosis by qRT-PCR and quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results were normalised to liver segments resected at PH. For lineage-tracing studies, αSMA-Cre-ER T2 ×ROSA-Stop-flox-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mice were treated with VEH or TMX; livers were stained for YFP, and hepatocytes isolated 48 and 72 h post-PH were analysed for YFP by flow cytometric analysis (FACS). Results Post-PH, VEH-αSMA-SMO mice increased expression of Hh-genes, transiently accumulated MF, fibrosis and liver progenitors, and ultimately exhibited proliferation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In contrast, TMX-αSMA-SMO mice showed loss of whole liver SMO expression, repression of Hh-genes, enhanced accumulation of quiescent HSC but reduced accumulation of MF, fibrosis and progenitors, as well as inhibition of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte proliferation, and reduced recovery of liver weight. In TMX-αSMA-YFP mice, many progenitors, cholangiocytes and up to 25% of hepatocytes were YFP+ by 48–72 h after PH, indicating that liver epithelial cells were derived from αSMA-YFP+ cells. Conclusions Hh signalling promotes transition of quiescent hepatic stellate cells to fibrogenic MF, some of which become progenitors that regenerate the liver epithelial compartment after PH. Hence, scarring is a component of successful liver regeneration.
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variant B accounts for the majority of symptomatic primary HHV-6 infections in a population of U.S. infants.

Two variants of human herpesvirus 6 were identified. To assess their epidemiology and disease association, we analyzed viral isolates and/or uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 76 infants with symptomatic primary infection. In 97% of cases, human herpesvirus 6 variant B was detected, but variant A was not.
Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass Using Radial Artery Grafting for Complex Skull Base Tumors: Technical Note

The management of complex skull base tumors that incorporate large intracranial vessels poses challenging questions. Patients who fail initial surgical resection and adjunctive therapies (i.e., radiosurgery) who present with tumor regrowth may be candidates for parent vessel occlusion and total tumor resection in combination with extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass to augment the sacrificed vessel territory. In this technical report, we delineate the surgical technique of performing an EC-IC bypass using a radial artery graft. Our protocol of simultaneous cranial, neck, and forearm dissections by the surgical team to perform this procedure is described in detail.
Evaluation of tropical and extratropical Southern Hemisphere African aerosol properties simulated by a climate model

[1] We compare aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) simulated by updated configurations of a version of the atmospheric model (AM2) component of the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model over Southern Hemisphere Africa with AOD and SSA derived from research aircraft measurements and NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations and with regional AOD from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite. The results of the comparisons suggest that AM2 AOD is biased low by 30–40% in the tropics and 0–20% in the extratropics, while AM2 SSA is biased high by 4–8%. The AM2 SSA bias is higher during the biomass burning season, and the monthly variations in AM2 SSA are poorly correlated with AERONET. On the basis of a comparison of aerosol mass in the models with measurements from southern Africa, and a detailed analysis of aerosol treatment in AM2, we suggest that the low bias in AOD and high bias in SSA are related to an underestimate of carbonaceous aerosol emissions in the biomass burning inventories used by AM2. Increases in organic matter and black carbon emissions by factors of 1.6 and 3.8 over southern Africa improve the biases in AOD and especially SSA. We estimate that the AM2 biases in AOD and SSA imply that the magnitude of annual top of the atmosphere radiative forcing in clear-sky conditions over southern Africa is overestimated (too negative) by ∼8% while surface radiative forcing is underestimated (not negative enough) by ∼20%.