cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental health and educational outcomes among current and former National Guard and Reserve soldiers

Objective: This study examined the relationships between mental health and educational outcomes among student service members and veterans (SSM/Vs). Participants: Current/former Reserve and Nationa...
Repeated measures vs. repeated plantings in perennial forage grass trials : an empirical analysis of precision and accuracy

Cultivar evaluations of perennial cool-season forage grasses are an integral part of both breeding and extension programs. There is some doubt that a single trial will result in an accurate representation of cultivar means or rankings, even for a single location. The objective of this study was to quantify the additional precision and accuracy accrued in perennial cool-season forage grass cultivar evaluations resulting from collecting data on additional years of a single planting vs. repeated plantings. The study used data on forage yield, maturity, crown rust reaction (caused by Puccinia coronata Corda), and ground cover of 20 trials of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and ryegrass [perennial (Lolium perenne L.) and intermediate (L. hybridum Hausskn.) ryegrasses and festulolium (Festulolium braunii K.A.)]. The study was conducted at Arlington, WI between 1981 and 1991. Common cultivars in pairs of trials, planted in adjacent fields in consecutive years, were analyzed by analysis of variance. Seven hypothetical cultivar evaluation schemes were created, involving various numbers of harvest years of one or two plantings made in consecutive years. Precision of each scheme was measured by the predicted standard error of a cultivar mean (SECM); accuracy was measured by the correlation between cultivar ranks of a scheme with cultivar ranks from means over all 3 years of both plantings. In most cases, there were dramatic reductions in SECM associated with use of a second planting, regardless of the number of harvest years per planting. Forage yield was the only variable for which there was almost no decrease in SECM due to additional harvest years per planting. Rank correlation coefficients for forage yield were high (r ≥ 0.86) for timothy regardless of the evaluation scheme, but increased linearly with additional harvest years for the other three species. For maturity, rust reaction, and ground cover, most rank correlations were greater than 0.9, suggesting a reasonably accurate ranking for all schemes. Because of this and the importance of forage yield per se, the accuracy and precision of forage yield is the primary consideration. An evaluation scheme of two plantings and 3 harvest years for the first planting plus 2 harvest years for the second planting was recommended for this location.
CUBA: (IM)POSSIBILIDADES CUÍR NA ERA DA TOLERÂNCIA

Este trabalho aborda o ostracismo e o ativismo LGBT em Cuba apos a Revolucao de 1959; especialmente, o impacto social, economico e cultural dos desenvolvimentos trazidos pela dissolucao da USSR sobre a populacao LGBT cubana. A medida que Cuba comeca sua virada Neoliberal, abracando a economia de mercado misto em meados de 1990, testemunhamos uma mudanca significativa no enquadramento dos direitos LGBT na ilha. O que causou essa mudanca discursiva e institucional dos direitos LGBT nas ultimas duas decadas? Como a circulacao transnacional de ideias sobre genero e sexualidade influenciaram o ativismo e os estudos LGBT em Cuba, que esteve relativamente isolada dos movimentos e da producao academica globais ate recentemente? E possivel imaginar a cuiridade como algo alem do modelo de governanca binario heteronormativo que, desde os principios da Revolucao, marcou o modelo estatal? Como artistas responderam a essas mudancas? Essas sao algumas das questoes exploradas neste ensaio.
Pushing Pause on the Paclitaxel Debate: Applying Appropriate Scientific Inquiry and Publication Processes to Inform Clinical Decision-Making.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] The desire for rapid and actionable scientific information in the medical community oftentimes demands answers faster than an appropriate critique of new data or further investigations can be completed to address the often complex and nuanced question(s) at
Applying citizen science to gene, drug and disease relationship extraction from biomedical abstracts.

Motivation Biomedical literature is growing at a rate that outpaces our ability to harness the knowledge contained therein. To mine valuable inferences from the large volume of literature, many researchers use information extraction algorithms to harvest information in biomedical texts. Information extraction is usually accomplished via a combination of manual expert curation and computational methods. Advances in computational methods usually depend on the time-consuming generation of gold standards by a limited number of expert curators. Citizen science is public participation in scientific research. We previously found that citizen scientists are willing and capable of performing named entity recognition of disease mentions in biomedical abstracts, but did not know if this was true with relationship extraction (RE). Results In this article, we introduce the Relationship Extraction Module of the web-based application Mark2Cure (M2C) and demonstrate that citizen scientists can perform RE. We confirm the importance of accurate named entity recognition on user performance of RE and identify design issues that impacted data quality. We find that the data generated by citizen scientists can be used to identify relationship types not currently available in the M2C Relationship Extraction Module. We compare the citizen science-generated data with algorithm-mined data and identify ways in which the two approaches may complement one another. We also discuss opportunities for future improvement of this system, as well as the potential synergies between citizen science, manual biocuration and natural language processing. Availability and implementation Mark2Cure platform: https://mark2cure.org; Mark2Cure source code: https://github.com/sulab/mark2cure; and data and analysis code for this article: https://github.com/gtsueng/M2C_rel_nb. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Guaymas Basin, a Hydrothermal Hydrocarbon Seep Ecosystem

The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California combine several microbial ecosystems. Since Guaymas Basin is an active hydrothermal spreading center, it sustains chemosynthetic microbial communities with inorganic electron donors such as sulfide, hydrogen, ammonia, and reduced metals within steep thermal gradients of hydrothermal sediments and chimneys. At the same time, Guaymas Basin is an organic-rich continental margin site, where high sedimentation rates resulting from high phytoplankton productivity and terrestrial runoff produce organic-rich sediments that support abundant heterotrophic microbial populations. Most interesting in the context of hydrocarbon seepage, hydrothermal heating of organic-rich sediments creates hot hydrocarbon seeps in Guaymas Basin. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are generated under high temperature and pressure in the subsurface, and migrate to the sediment surface where they are assimilated and oxidized by hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. This complex habitat mosaic results in unusually diverse microbial communities with new phylogenetic lineages and surprising physiological capabilities. This chapter provides some background and highlights recent microbial discoveries in Guaymas Basin.
Tutorial in Biostatistics: The use of generalized additive models to evaluate alcohol consumption as an exposure variable

Alcohol consumption is a commonly studied risk factor for many poor health outcomes. Various instruments exist to measure alcohol consumption, including the AUDIT-C, Single Alcohol Screening Questionnaire (SASQ) and Timeline Followback. The information gathered by these instruments is often simplified and analyzed as a dichotomous measure, risking the loss of information of potentially prognostic value. We discuss generalized additive models (GAM) as a useful tool to understand the association between alcohol consumption and a health outcome. We demonstrate how this analytic strategy can guide the development of a regression model that retains maximal information about alcohol consumption. We illustrate these approaches using data from the Russia ARCH (Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV/AIDS) study to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and biomarker of systemic inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6). We provide SAS and R code to implement these methods. GAMs have the potential to increase statistical power and allow for better elucidation of more nuanced and non-linear associations between alcohol consumption and important health outcomes.
Automatic Breast Cancer Survivor Detection from Social Media for Studying Latent Factors Affecting Treatment Success

Breast cancer patients often discontinue their long-term treatments, such as hormone therapy, increasing the risk of cancer recurrence. These discontinuations are often caused by adverse patient-centered outcomes (PCOs) due to hormonal drug side effects or other factors. PCOs are not detectable through laboratory tests and are sparsely documented in electronic health records. Thus, there is a need to explore other sources of information for PCOs associated with breast cancer treatments. Social media is a promising resource, but extracting true PCOs from it first requires the accurate detection of breast cancer patients. We describe a natural language processing (NLP) architecture for automatically detecting breast cancer patients from Twitter based on their self-reports. The architecture employs breast cancer-related keywords to collect streaming data from Twitter, applies NLP patterns to pre-filter noisy posts, and then employs a machine learning classifier trained using manually-annotated data (n=5019) for distinguishing firsthand self-reports of breast cancer from other tweets. A classifier based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) showed human-like performance and achieved F1-score of 0.857 (inter-annotator agreement: 0.845; Cohen9s kappa) for the positive class, considerably outperforming the next best classifier--a deep neural network (F1-score: 0.665). Qualitative analyses of posts from automatically-detected users revealed discussions about side effects, non-adherence, and mental health conditions, illustrating the feasibility of our social media-based approach for studying breast cancer-related PCOs from a large population.
The Narrative of the Image

This poster paper explores semiotics and rhetoric as narrative in social media visual culture, specifically with issues of identity and social change on social media platforms such as YouTube. Under the umbrella of semiotics, postmodernism, and poststructuralism, the paper builds upon the work of Roland Barthes, Stuart Hall, and Safiya Umoja Noble by expanding the concepts of visual semiotics, visual rhetoric, postcolonialism, critical race theory, and algorithms to examine the narrative of the image.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and deliberate self-harm among military veterans: Indirect effects through negative and positive emotion dysregulation.

OBJECTIVE Military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit heightened rates of deliberate self-harm, yet few studies have explored underlying mechanisms. Addressing this critical gap in the literature, the present study examined the roles of negative and positive emotion dysregulation in the relation between PTSD severity and deliberate self-harm. METHOD Data were collected from 465 trauma-exposed military veterans in the community (Mage = 38.00, 71.4% male, 69.5% White) who responded to an online survey. RESULTS Findings indicated that PTSD severity was indirectly related to deliberate self-harm through overall positive (but not negative) emotion dysregulation. Secondary analyses indicated an underlying role of the negative emotion dysregulation domains of difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions and lack of emotional clarity and the positive emotion dysregulation domains of nonacceptance of positive emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when experiencing positive emotions, and difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing positive emotions in the association between PTSD severity and deliberate self-harm. CONCLUSIONS This study offers preliminary evidence for specific domains of negative and positive emotion dysregulation as possible pathways linking PTSD severity and deliberate self-harm. Findings highlight new avenues for research and treatment focused on the effects of emotion dysregulation on deliberate self-harm among trauma-exposed military veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The effect of temperature and humidity on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses

Since emerging in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, and it may become an endemic human pathogen. Understanding the impact of environmental conditions on SARS-CoV-2 viability and its transmission potential is crucial to anticipating epidemic dynamics and designing mitigation strategies. Ambient temperature and humidity are known to have strong effects on the environmental stability of viruses, but there is little data for SARS-CoV-2, and a general quantitative understanding of how temperature and humidity affect virus stability has remained elusive. Here, we characterise the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on an inert surface at a variety of temperature and humidity conditions, and introduce a mechanistic model that enables accurate prediction of virus stability in unobserved conditions. We find that SARS-CoV-2 survives better at low temperatures and extreme relative humidities; median estimated virus half-life was more than 24 hours at 10 °C and 40 % RH, but less than an hour and a half at 27 °C and 65 % RH. Our results highlight scenarios of particular transmission risk, and provide a mechanistic explanation for observed superspreading events in cool indoor environments such as food processing plants. Moreover, our model predicts observations from other human coronaviruses and other studies of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the existence of shared mechanisms that determine environmental stability across a number of enveloped viruses.
Impact of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma on Mammography and Bone Density Testing in Women

Women with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are at an increased risk of mortality from breast cancer and osteoporosis. However, the impact of DLBCL on rates of mammography and bone density testing (BDT) is unknown. We compared female DLBCL and non-cancer patients utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare dataset to analyze the predictors of mammography and BDT. Guided by the Social Ecological Model (SEM), we used multivariable logistic regressions with inverse probability treatment weighting to examine the association of intrapersonal, interpersonal, healthcare system, and community factors with mammography and BDT. The rates of mammography (59.8%) and BDT (18.5%) in women with DLBCL were similar to those without cancer (60.2% and 19.6%, respectively). After adjusting for the SEM factors, DLBCL patients were less likely to get mammography and BDT than non-cancer patients. The treatments of radiotherapy and stem cell transplant were not associated with either mammography or BDT. DLBCL diagnosis was associated with lower rates of mammography and BDT rates among women with DLBCL, as compared to non-cancer patients. To reduce the morbidity and mortality from breast cancer and fractures in women with DLBCL, providers should increase their recommendations for mammography in those receiving radiotherapy and BDT in stem cell transplant patients.
Behcet's Disease Unmasked after Heart Transplantation

Introduction Behcet's disease (BD) is an autoinflammatory, multisystem vasculitis. Cardiac involvement is rare and clinical diagnosis is challenging. We present a case of Behcet's disease diagnosed after heart transplantation (HTx). Case Report A 24 year-old female with a history of morbid obesity, unprovoked venous thrombus and nonischemic cardiomyopathy with biventricular systolic dysfunction who presented in cardiogenic shock. Echocardiogram revealed an EF of 10-15%, LVEDD of 4.9cm, LV apical thrombus and severe RV dysfunction. Right heart catheterization showed RA 14 PA 38/23 (29) and wedge of 24 with calculated cardiac index of 1.6 and PAPi of 1.07. She required VA-ECMO and IABP followed by HM3 BiVAD as bridge to HTx. The explanted heart revealed myocyte hypertrophy and severe interstitial fibrosis, no evidence of vasculitis or inflammation. At 10 months post-transplant she presented with new painful oral and genital ulcers. Prednisone at this time was 2.5 mg daily. Complete infectious and viral work-up was negative and there was no resolution with empiric valganciclovir and antibiotics. Pathergy test was positive and treatment for BD was initiated with dapsone 150 mg twice daily and steroids. Two months, later after tapering steroids, she presented with hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed multiple, deep, clean-based ulcers in the terminal ileum, a classic finding in BD (Figure 1). Summary BD presents a diagnostic challenge in the absence of classic clinical findings. Initial presentation is often thrombosis, which was the case in this patient years preceding her severe heart failure. Cardiac involvement is rare and to our knowledge has only been described in case reports with predominantly LV dysfunction. Long term morbidity and outcomes in BD and HTX is not well known. This is the first case reported of BD unmasked after HTx and describing biventricular failure as a possible manifestation of BD.
Financial aid and early admissions at selective need-blind colleges

I study a college-admissions model with two need-blind colleges and heterogeneous students. In a game in which colleges can choose a financial aid policy and either binding, nonbinding, or no early admissions, a unique equilibrium outcome exists. In equilibrium, the more prestigious and wealthier college is more selective, has a more generous financial aid policy, and offers nonbinding early admissions, whereas the other college offers a binding program. Compared to the counterfactual in which only regular admissions are offered, early admissions make the more prestigious college worse off, the other college better off, and students, in the aggregate, better off.
Computational Reverse Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments (CREASE) on Vesicles Assembled from Amphiphilic Macromolecular Solutions.

In this paper we present the development and validation of the "Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments" (CREASE) method for analyzing scattering results from vesicle structures that are commonly found upon assembly of synthetic, biomimetic, or bioderived amphiphilic copolymers in solution. The two-step CREASE method takes the amphiphilic polymer chemistry and small-angle scattering intensity profile, Iexp(q), as input and determines the vesicles' structural features on multiple length scales ranging from assembled vesicle wall's individual layer thicknesses to the monomer-level packing and distribution of polymer conformations. In the first step of CREASE, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the relevant vesicle dimensions from the input macromolecular solution information and Iexp(q) by identifying the structure whose computed scattering profile best matches the input Iexp(q). Then in the second step, the GA-determined dimensions are used for molecular reconstruction of the vesicle structure. To validate CREASE for vesicles, we test CREASE on input scattering intensity profiles generated mathematically (termed as in silico Iexp(q) vs q) from a variety of vesicle sizes with known dimensions. We also test CREASE on in silico Iexp(q) vs q generated from vesicles with dispersity in all relevant dimensions, resembling real experiments. After successful validation of CREASE, we compare the CREASE-determined dimensions against those obtained from the traditional approach of fitting the scattering intensity profile to relevant analytical model in SASVIEW package. We show that CREASE performs better than or as well as the core-multishell analytical model's fitting in SASVIEW in determining vesicle dimensions with dispersity. We also show that CREASE provides structural information beyond those possible from traditional scattering analysis using the core-multishell model, such as the distribution of solvophilic monomers between the vesicle wall's inner and outer layers in the vesicle wall and the chain-level packing within each vesicle layer.
Nominal Body Contour Reconstruction for Millimeter-Wave Characterization of Suicide Bomber Explosives

In order to improve the speed of passenger screening while preserving the effective capability to detect more sophisticated threats, airport security imaging systems must be able to accurately characterize concealed body-worn objects. In addition to improving the passenger experience, this system capability will enhance airport security for the traveling public. This paper presents a real-time, fully-automatic algorithm for the wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radar reconstruction of the nominal human body contours, even in the presence of an affixed weak dielectric object or when a portion of the body cross-section is not captured by the imaging scanner. The algorithm extracts the main contours from a noisy collection of 3D reconstructed reflectivity and approximates the nominal human body cross-section via fitting a low order angular Fourier series. This important step is essential for precise characterization of concealed body-worn explosives. A ranking algorithm is developed as a metric for the nominal body reconstruction accuracy. We verify the developed algorithm by applying it to the actual images of the High Definition-Advanced Imaging Technology (HD-AIT) system, a laboratory prototype mm-wave scanning system developed recently by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The reconstructed body contours may be used to estimate the electric permittivity of the concealed person-worn objects.
Operation-based Collaborative Data Sharing for Distributed Systems.

Collaborative Data Sharing raises a fundamental issue in distributed systems. Several strategies have been proposed for making shared data consistent between peers in such a way that the shared part of their local data become equal. Most of the proposals rely on state-based semantics. But this suffers from a lack of descriptiveness in conflict-free features of synchronization required for flexible network connections. Recent applications tend to use non-permanent connection with mobile devices or allow temporary breakaways from the system, for example. To settle ourselves in conflict-free data sharing, we propose a novel scheme "Operation-based Collaborative Data Sharing" that enables conflict-free strategies for synchronization based on operational semantics.
Cutaneous essential fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids: Modulation of inflammatory and hyperproliferative processes

The first indication that dietary fat may be essential for healthy growing animals was presented in 1918 by Aron, who proposed that butter has a nutrient value that cannot be provided by other dietary components [1]. This report suggested that a nutrient is inherent in fat apart from its caloric contribution and that this nutrient maybe related to the presence of lipids. In 1929 Burr and Burr [2] presented the first in a series of papers that a “new deficiency disease can be produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet”. They suggested that warm-blooded animals in general cannot biosynthesize appreciable quantities of certain fatty acids. In 1930, both investigators added to their earlier work by presenting evidence that the dietary inclusion of linoleic acid (LA) alone could reverse all deficiency symptoms resulting from a fat-free diet, thus, LA or 18:2n-6 was heralded as an “essential fatty acid” (EFA) [3]. This pioneering study contained additional observations which indicated that, besides the visible scaliness of the skin, animals with EFA deficiency also experienced increased water loss through the skin. Thus, in these early studies Burr recognized the two major defects that have been associated with EFA deficiency in cutaneous biology, namely, epidermal hyperproliferation and increased permeability of the skin to water.
P Transposable Elements in Drosophila melanogaster

P transposable elements are one of the best studied eukaryotic mobile DNA elements in metazoans. This chapter focuses on the more recent developments in understanding the mechanism and specificity of P element transposition through detailed biochemical and genetic experiments. With the use of P element transformation to introduce the yeast site-specific Flip recombinase (FLP) and the Flip recombinase target (FRT) recombination sites into the Drosophila genome, it was shown that the FLP recombinase could catalyze DNA strand exchange between FRT sites. Subsequently, it was shown that strand exchange could occur between FRT sites on different chromosomes or sister chromatids. With the development of efficient single P element mutagenesis strategies, many laboratories have undertaken large-scale P element insertional mutation screens. The ability to stimulate recombination at P element sites has had several useful applications in Drosophila genetics. A system for purifying the P element transposase protein from Drosophila tissue culture cell nuclear extracts was developed by using a combination of conventional and affinity chromotography methods. It will be extremely important and interesting for the future to understand how P element mobility might be linked to the cell cycle and DNA repair checkpoints and how P element transposition might be influenced by extracellular stimuli.
Limits to Optimal Consumer Problem Solving: A Framework for Consumer Protection Policy

Consumers typically are not as knowledgeable nor as “rational” as influential theoretical models postulate. Instead, consumers are characterized by certain biological, psychological and social features which not only constrain their ability to achieve their goals in today’s complex shopping environments, but which also limit their ability to specify appropriate goals in the first place. This paper identifies some of the more important constraints on optimal consumer decision making and emphasizes that public policymakers should give explicit and systematic recognition to these limits in devising future consumer policy.
Clinical Application of Computer-Guided Implant Surgery

Rudy’s text is well-suited for the student of neuroscience and should also find an audience among constituents of peripheral fields such as pyschology or biology. The reader will be served well to have some familiarity with the underlying biochemistry, but an ample review of foundational material is provided. It manages to capture the breadth of the subject without becoming too dense. This text provides nearly a full chapter of historical context in the introduction, with additional anecdotal details peppered throughout the remainder of the book; these make for an enjoyable read. Each scientific theory is supported by published experimental findings and case studies. The book strives to remain impartial in the presentation of controversial theories, providing scientific evidence and suggesting interpretations without imposing definitive conclusions when not warranted. Influential experiments and their results are described in detail and copiously illustrated. The topic of memory is covered comprehensively from a neurobiologic perspective, encompassing the full hierarchy of the brain from molecules to complete neuroanatomical structures, under the overarching topics of synaptic plasticity, molecules and memory, and memory systems. While informed by psychological insights, the book makes clear the distinction between the approaches to understanding memory taken by psychologists and neurobiologists. In Part I, the synapse is introduced as a foundational component of memory. The molecular underpinnings of synaptic plasticity are described. The central concepts of long-term potentiation and memory traces are examined, down to the minute details of relevant protein synthesis processes. Part II elucidates how molecules contribute to memory formation, consolidation, and maintenance. In this section, we learn the role of the NMDA, AMPA, and glutamate receptors in memory formation; how the amygdala and hormones such as epinephrine and the glucocorticoids might modulate memory; and memory retrieval and reconsolidation theory. The final part of the text moves up to the level of neural systems, focusing first on the role of the hippocampus in memory formation, segueing into the medial-temporal hippocampal system and the cortico-striatal systems. It covers Ribot's Law, episodic memory, theories of instrumental behavior (how outcomes may modify behavior), and closes by relating fear to memory phenomena. The student or researcher who has made it their mission to understand how memory works will find this text a great resource in orienting them to the current thinking on this topic to date.
RefLink: An Interface that Enables People with Motion Impairments to Analyze Web Content and Dynamically Link to References

We present RefLink, an interface that allows users to analyze the content of webpages by dynamically linking to an online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia. Upon opening a webpage, RefLink instantly provides a list of terms extracted from the webpage and annotates each term by the number of its occurrences in the page. RefLink uses the text-to-speech interface to read out the list of terms. The user can select a term of interest and follow its link to the encyclopedia. RefLink thus helps the users to perform an informed and efficient contextual analysis. Initial user testing suggests that RefLink is a valuable web browsing tool, in particular for people with motion impairments, because it simplifies the process of obtaining reference material and performing contextual analysis.
Problems and Conjectures in the Combinatorial Theory of Ordered Sets

49 questions from the theory of ordered sets are stated, and the present knowledge about each is surveyed.
High pressure synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction study of Sc2Mo3O12 and Al2W3O12

Synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction was used to study Sc2Mo3O12 and Al2W3O12 at high pressure in a DAC. Both compounds adopt the orthorhombic Sc2W3O12 structure under ambient conditions and exhibit anisotropic negative thermal expansion. A phase transition from orthorhombic (Pnca) to monoclinic (P 21/a) symmetry was observed at ~0.25 GPa for Sc2Mo3O12 and at ~0.1 GPa for Al2W3O12 associated with a volume reduction of ~1.5–2%. A second crystalline to crystalline phase transition was clearly seen only for Sc2Mo3O12 (2.5–3.0 GPa). Peak broadening and almost complete amorphization were observed for Sc2Mo3O12 at ~8 GPa, and this was not fully reversible on decompression. At 7 GPa, the amorphization of Al2W3O12 was not as advanced as for the molybdate and on decompression crystalline material was recovered. The compressibility of orthorhombic Sc2Mo3O12 is highly anisotropic, but it is almost isotropic for both monoclinic Sc2Mo3O12 and Al2W3O12. Both compounds show a reduction in their bulk moduli (K0) at the orthorhombic to monoclinic transition: 32(2) GPa for orthorhombic and 16(1) GPa for monoclinic Sc2Mo3O12, and 48 GPa for orthorhombic and 28(1) GPa for monoclinic Al2W3O12. Sc2Mo3O12 displays very similar high pressure behaviour to the previously studied Sc2W3O12.
Using MPI to Implement Scalable Libraries

MPI is an instantiation of a general-purpose programming model, and high-performance implementations of the MPI standard have provided scalability for a wide range of applications. Ease of use was not an explicit goal of the MPI design process, which emphasized completeness, portability, and performance. Thus it is not surprising that MPI is occasionally criticized for being inconvenient to use and thus a drag on software developer productivity. One approach to the productivity issue is to use MPI to implement simpler programming models. Such models may limit the range of parallel algorithms that can be expressed, yet provide sufficient generality to benefit a significant number of applications, even from different domains.We illustrate this concept with the ADLB (Asynchronous, Dynamic Load-Balancing) library, which can be used to express manager/worker algorithms in such a way that their execution is scalable, even on the largestmachines. ADLB makes sophisticated use ofMPI functionality while providing an extremely simple API for the application programmer.We will describe it in the context of solving Sudoku puzzles and a nuclear physics Monte Carlo application currently running on tens of thousands of processors.
Affiliation Goals and Health Behaviors

People are inherently driven by the need to form and maintain relationships, and these affiliation goals can influence health behaviors in two ways: (a) indirectly, by increasing a person’s attention to others and subsequently leaving them more likely to emulate the health behaviors of others (social contagion); (b) directly, by leading people to be more likely to engage in health behaviors they perceive as helping them to form and maintain relationships with others (self-initiated behavioral engagement). In this review, we discuss the evidence for the catalyzing role of affiliation goals in these two processes for a variety of positive (e.g., exercising, smoking-cessation) and detrimental health behaviors (e.g., binge drinking and eating, needle sharing). Additionally, we discuss individual difference factors that may temporarily or chronically activate affiliation goals and ultimately impact health behaviors. Affiliation goals hold many implications for future work, and for improving interventions.
Guideline of guidelines: prostate cancer screening.

Introduction Prostate cancer screening is one of the most controversial topics in urology [1]. On one hand, there is randomised data showing that PSA screening results in earlier stages at diagnosis, improved oncological outcomes after treatment, and lower prostate cancer mortality rates. However, the downsides include unnecessary biopsies due to false-positive PSA tests, over-diagnosis of some insignificant cancers, and potential side-effects from prostate biopsy and/or prostate cancer treatment. The ongoing controversy is highlighted by the divergent recommendations on screening from multiple professional organisations. The purpose of this article is to summarise the recent guidelines on prostate cancer screening from 2012 to present.
The dynamics of femtosecond pulsed laser removal of 20 nm Ni films from an interface

The dynamics of femtosecond laser removal of 20 nm Ni films on glass substrates was studied using time-resolved pump-probe microscopy. 20 nm thin films exhibit removal at two distinct threshold fluences, removal of the top 7 nm of Ni above 0.14 J/cm2, and removal of the entire 20 nm film above 0.36 J/cm2. Previous work shows the top 7 nm is removed through liquid spallation, after irradiation the Ni melts and rapidly expands leading to tensile stress and cavitation within the Ni film. This work shows that above 0.36 J/cm2 the 20 nm film is removed in two distinct layers, 7 nm and 13 nm thick. The top 7 nm layer reaches a speed 500% faster than the bottom 13 nm layer at the same absorbed fluence, 500–2000 m/s and 300–700 m/s in the fluence ranges studied. Significantly different velocities for the top 7 nm layer and bottom 13 nm layer indicate removal from an interface occurs by a different physical mechanism. The method of measuring film displacement from the development of Newton's rings was refined so i...
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates IL-8 induction by the ribotoxin deoxynivalenol in human monocytes

Abstract The effects of the ribotoxic trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated IL-8 expression were investigated in cloned human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). DON (250 to 1000 ng/ml) induced both IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA), an indicator of IL-8 transcription, in the human U937 monocytic cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression of IL-8 hnRNA, mRNA and protein correlated with p38 phosphorylation and was completely abrogated by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. DON at 500 ng/ml similarly induced p38-dependent IL-8 protein and mRNA expression in PBMC cultures from healthy volunteers. Significantly increased IL-6 and IL-1β intracellular protein and mRNA expression was also observed in PBMC treated with DON (500 ng/ml) which were also partially p38-dependent. Flow cytometry of PBMC revealed that DON-induced p38 phosphorylation varied among individuals relative to both threshold toxin concentrations (25–100 ng/ml) and relative increases in percentages of phospho-p38+ cells. DON-induced p38 activation occurred exclusively in the CD14+ monocyte population. DON was devoid of agonist activity for human Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9. However, two other ribotoxins, emetine and anisomycin, induced p38 phosphorylation in PBMC similarly to DON. Taken together, these data suggest that (1) p38 activation was required for induction of IL-8 and proinflammatory gene expression in the monocyte and (2) DON induced p38 activation in human monocytes via the ribotoxic stress response.
Protein intake and development of ovarian follicles and embryos of superovulated nonlactating dairy cows.

Nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 12) were assigned randomly to one of two diets (approximately 30% concentrate) in a crossover design. Urea and soybean meal were used to increase CP content of diet from 12.3 to 27.4%. Mean concentrations of plasma urea were 9.8 and 21.3 mg/dl for respective diets. After 35 d on diets, cows were brought to a synchronized estrus (progestin implant plus PGF2 alpha injection). From d 10.5 to 14.5 following estrus, cows received i.m. injections of decreasing doses of FSH to initiate superovulation. On d 3 of FSH treatment, PGF2 alpha was injected with FSH. Cows were bred twice by AI when detected in estrus. Embryos were collected nonsurgically 6.5 d after breeding, and quality was assessed using visual, microscopic, and staining techniques. Development of follicles throughout this period was monitored using ultrasonography. Using ultrasonography, no differences were detected in the number or percentages of preovulatory, anovulatory, and ovulatory follicles induced during superovulation. Number of recovered embryos averaged eight per cow. Numbers and percentages of normal embryos, abnormal or retarded embryos, and unfertilized ova were similar between diets, as were the numbers and percentages of transferable and nontransferable embryos. Excess intake of CP failed to affect the growth or number of ovarian follicles and health and number of embryos of energy adequate, nonlactating dairy cows.
Direct observation of structural heterogeneity in a beta-sheet.

Structural heterogeneity is thought to be inherent in many proteins and may be important for their folding and/or function. However, it is difficult to detect by conventional methods. Carbon−deuterium bonds are environmentally sensitive, nonperturbative probes of protein environments whose observation and characterization are facilitated by their unique stretching absorption frequency in an otherwise unobscured region of the IR spectrum. We demonstrate that deuterium atoms incorporated at Cα backbone positions (Cα−D bonds) are sensitive to the local backbone structure and thus may be used not only to detect structural heterogeneity but also to help characterize it structurally. Density functional theory calculations are used to predict that Cα−D bonds of glycine are sensitive to their local structure, with the absorptions red-shifted for an extended β-sheet relative to γ- and α-helix-like turns. These predictions are confirmed using the N-terminal Src homology 3 (nSH3) domain from the human CrkII adaptor ...
Is Nuclear Power Also the Key to Economically Clean Coal Gasification

Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere is a major goal and an imperative need for most of the world’s nations, even for those nations such as the USA who are not Kyoto Treaty signatories. A response by the current USA administration is to develop a national transportation economy for automobiles based upon efficient, environmentally sound fuel cells. However, hydrogen is a secondary fuel requiring a primary energy source for production. Nuclear power (or renewables such as hydroelectric, wind or solar) must be the source of the primary energy required to produce hydrogen from water, if the overall energy system is to be free of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. The dissociation of water leaves oxygen as a major byproduct. Currently, there are no existing commercial markets for the large quantities of oxygen that would result from a US transportation economy based upon hydrogen fuel cells. However, Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants operating on pure oxygen for both gasification and combustion produce no greenhouse gas releases. This highly desirable feature results from the combustion output being only water and carbon dioxide. Pure CO2 can be relatively easily captured and delivered to a sequestration site. Also, hazardous trace metal compounds (e.g., Hg, As, Pb, Sn, Sb, Se, U, Th, etc.) that would ordinarily be emitted to the atmosphere could be captured as solids, for environmentally acceptable disposal.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cross-cultural structure of interests: Mexico and the United States

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate two hypotheses. The first stated that the structure of interests was similar across two cultures (United States and Mexico) using two levels (students and professionals) of males in a single occupation (engineering). Thus, holding occupation and gender constant, the cross-cultural similarity of the structure of interests was examined. Support was found for this hypothesis. The second hypothesis investigated three forms of Holland's calculus assumption concerning the specific structure of the six occupational themes. Holland's calculus assumption states that the distance between all adjacent occupational types (e.g., RI) is less than the distance between all alternate types (e.g., RA) which, in turn, is less than the distance between all opposite types (e.g., RS). A more stringent form assumes that the six themes form the vertices of an equilateral hexagon, while a weaker form merely asserts that the structure of the occupational themes is circular. The calculus assumption was supported, thereby also supporting the assumption of a circular structure. Evidence in support of an equilateral hexagonal structure was not found.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: a microsomal-peroxisomal process.

Abstract The synthesis of 22-carbon fatty acids, with their first double bond at position 4, requires the participation of enzymes in both peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the controlled movement of fatty acids between these two cellular compartments. It has been observed that there is generally an inverse relationship between rates of peroxisomal β-oxidation vs those for the microsomal esterification of fatty acids into 1-acyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. With a variety of different substrates it was found that when a fatty acid is produced in peroxisomes, with its first double bond at position 4, its preferred metabolic fate is to move to microsomes for esterification rather than to serve as a substrate for continued degradation. The required movement, and the associated reactions, in peroxisomes and microsomes is not restricted to the synthesis of 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid. When microsomes and peroxisomes were incubated with NAD, NADPH and malonyl-CoA it was found that 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid was metabolized to linoleate. Collectively our findings suggest that there may be considerably more recycling of fatty acids between peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum than was previously recognized.
A Radical Rupture in the Paradigm of Modern Medicine: Conflicts of Interest, Fiduciary Obligations, and the Scientific Ideal

Conflicts of interest serve as a cipher for a radical rupture in the Flexnerian paradigm of medicine, and they can only be addressed if we recognize that health care is now practiced by institutions, not just individual physicians. By showing how "appropriate utilization of services" or "that which is medically indicated" is a function of socioeconomic factors related to institutional responsibilities, I point toward an administrative and organizational ethic as a needed component for addressing conflicts of interest. The argument is developed by reviewing three important books. First, I consider Mark Rodwin's attempt to configure the economic structures of medicine so that classical fiduciary and scientific ideals can be fostered. Second, I consider E. Haavi Morreim's attempt to modify the classical ideals in order to account for new economic realities. Finally, by considering essays in a recent volume on conflicts of interest edited by Spece, Shimm, and Buchanan, I argue for a constructive dialectic between the approaches of Rodwin and Morreim. In order to properly address conflicts of interest, there must be a radical reassessment of medicine that accounts for the interrelation between scientific, ethical, and economic concerns. Until institutions come into view and professional ethics is developed to account for their role, legitimate interests and obligations of diverse parties cannot be harmonized.
A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes

Abstract A meta-analysis was conducted on job demands, resources, and attitudes and their relation with burnout in regard to the COR theory. The version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory used was explored as a moderator of the aforementioned variables. Results suggest that higher demands, lower resources, and lower adaptive organizational attitudes are associated with burnout. In particular, results of the current study show stronger relations than previous meta-analysis (Lee & Ashforth, 1996) have suggested. The scale type also provided some evidence of moderation, with stronger effects found in samples that utilized the MBI-HSS. Implications of the findings in relation to the COR theory and future research directions to clarify the relation between job demands, job resources, organizational attitudes and burnout are discussed.
Hemispheric Laterality and Self-Rated Personality Traits

Cerebral hemispheric lateralization and personality traits were evaluated in 154 undergraduate and nonclinical volunteers. Personality ratings did not differ significantly between groups defined on the basis of hand, eye, or ear preference.
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas in children: surgical intervention strategies based on pathological findings.

Purpose The appropriate surgical intervention strategies for solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas in children are still controversial. The aim of this study was to establish surgical intervention strategies based on the pathological findings.
Elastic Softening and Ferroelastic Instabilities in Alkali Cyanides and Superoxides

It is shown that the competition between short-range repulsion and the interaction between quadrupole moment and fluctuating field gradient strongly influences the elastic softening and ferroelastic instabilities of ionic molecular solids. This theory is applied to explain the ferroelastic properties of alkali cyanides and superoxides.
Threshold production of positive pions and the form of the. pi. NN vertex

Recent measurements of (p,..pi../sup +/) reactions near threshold allow us to restrict substantially the possible forms of the empirical nonrelativistic ..pi..NN vertex. (AIP)