cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mixed Methods Study on Engagement and Satisfaction with a Digitally-Enhanced Pilot Intervention Among African American and Hispanic Women.

African American and Hispanic women report less physical activity (PA) than non-Hispanic White women. As such, a digitally-enhanced 16-week social support pilot intervention was conducted to promote PA among African American and Hispanic women dyads. This study quantitatively and qualitatively examined the engagement and satisfaction of participants (N = 30; 15 dyads) assigned to the intervention. Intervention participants received telephone counseling calls based on motivational interviewing and a Jawbone UP activity monitor. Intervention engagement and satisfaction data were collected from the Jawbone UP, call logs, self-report questionnaires conducted at the 16-week follow-up, and two post-intervention focus groups. Nonparametric tests assessed group differences across engagement and satisfaction measures, and a manually-driven coding scheme was used to evaluate emerging themes from qualitative text. Participants demonstrated high engagement in the telephone counseling sessions and moderate engagement with the Jawbone UP. Friend/co-worker dyads and participants who were 45 years and older were more likely to use the device. Qualitative results emphasized participants’ appreciation for the counseling calls, the Jawbone UP, and the overall dyadic framework of the study to collectively nurture social support and accountability for PA. Overall, the intervention group reacted positively to study components. Additional research is needed to understand the role of technology in facilitating long-lasting PA change via social support in minority populations.
PxdA interacts with the DipA phosphatase to regulate endosomal hitchhiking of peroxisomes

In canonical microtubule-based transport, adaptor proteins link cargos to the molecular motors dynein and kinesin. Recently, an alternative mode of transport known as 9hitchhiking9 was discovered, in which a cargo achieves motility by hitching a ride on an already-motile cargo, rather than attaching to a motor protein. Hitchhiking has been best-studied in two filamentous fungi, Aspergillus nidulans and Ustilago maydis. In U. maydis, ribonucleoprotein complexes, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and endoplasmic reticulum all hitchhike on early endosomes. In A. nidulans, peroxisomes hitchhike using a putative molecular linker, PxdA, that associates with early endosomes. However, whether other organelles use PxdA to hitchhike on early endosomes is unclear, as are the molecular mechanisms that regulate hitchhiking in A. nidulans. Here we find that the proper distribution of lipid droplets, mitochondria and autophagosomes do not require PxdA, suggesting that PxdA is a molecular linker specific to peroxisomes. We also identify two new pxdA alleles, including a point mutation (R2044P) that disrupts PxdA9s ability to associate with early endosomes and reduces peroxisome movement. Finally, we identify a novel regulator of peroxisome hitchhiking, the phosphatase DipA. DipA co-localizes with early endosomes and its early endosome-association relies on PxdA.
Impact of model coupling bias on water flux estimates acquired from a land data assimilation system

Land data assimilation (DA) systems have a well-documented track record of utilizing satellite observations to enhance the estimation of land surface states (e.g., soil moisture and soil temperature). However, evidence that land DA can also improve water and energy flux estimates (e.g., evapotranspiration and runoff) is much less compelling. As a result, the role of land DA in flux-based applications like numerical weather prediction and hydrologic forecasting remains somewhat uncertain. Here we hypothesize that the source of this problem is bias in the representation of state/flux coupling strength (e.g., soil moisture /evapotranspiration and soil moisture/runoff) within existing land surface models. These coupling biases effectively prevent improvements in land surface states (realized during land DA) from propagating into enhanced flux estimates. Prospects for utilizing satellite remote sensing to eliminate these biases and enhance the positive impact of land DA are discussed.
Early stage design for an institutional net zero energy archetype building. Part 1: Methodology, form and sensitivity analysis

Abstract This paper is the first of two that examine the influence of building form, including courtyards, on the energy performance of medium-sized institutional solar net zero energy buildings incorporating building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) roof systems. The inclusion of BIPV/T at the early design stage along with passive design techniques extends to energy flexibility considerations with a smart grid. A two storey 3 000 m2 medium-sized archetype building was considered. Through simulations, different building plan shapes and BIPV/T roof tilt angles supported by a range of related building enclosure variables such as insulation level and window characteristics were analyzed and compared. The design configurations used BIPV/T heat recovery for winter ventilation air preheating in the Montreal region. In this first paper, the methodology is presented. Then, using annual net energy use intensity as the target, a global sensitivity analysis was performed to rank and quantify the most sensitive design variables at different BIPV/T roof slopes. Out of the nine input variables analyzed, the most influential by rank were the orientation, the window to wall ratio for the south and north facades, and the plan shape, for roof tilt angles of 35°, 40°, and 45°. For a roof tilt angle of 30°, the window to wall ratio of the south facade was the most influential, switching rank with the orientation. Although not an input variable to the sensitivity analysis, this indicates as well the influence of the BIPV/T roof tilt angle. Also, there was a significant interaction effect between the plan shape and orientation, highlighting the utility of analyzing interaction effects at the early design stage and the importance of these two factors in solar-enhanced buildings. At the other end of the spectrum, the window type, the wall and roof insulation level, and the window to wall ratios for the east and west facades were the least significant – at least approximately one order of magnitude less sensitive than the first ranked input. In the second paper, the methodology is applied in a case study for early stage design in which relative comparisons are made considering building form, net-zero energy, and extended to the grid considering load matching and energy flexibility.
Macrophage 12(S)-HETE Enhances Angiotensin II-Induced Contraction by a BLT2 (Leukotriene B4 Type-2 Receptor) and TP (Thromboxane Receptor)-Mediated Mechanism in Murine Arteries.

12/15-LO (12/15-lipoxygenase), encoded by Alox15 gene, metabolizes arachidonic acid to 12(S)-HETE (12-HETE). Macrophages are the major source of 12/15-LO among immune cells, and 12/15-LO plays a cr...
Educational training for healthcare professionals about sexual health and behaviour in later life: a scoping review

Older adults’ sexual health is often overlooked and unaddressed by healthcare professionals, though sexuality is a central and life-long aspect of being human. Healthcare professionals cite lack of...
Technology and Narratives of Continuity in Transgender Experiences

This essay examines narratives of fundamental change, which portray a break in the continuity between a pre-transition and post-transition transgender subject, in accounts of transgender transitions. Narratives of fundamental change highlight the various changes that occur during transition and its disruptive effects upon a trans subject’s continuous identity. First, this essay considers the historical appearance of fundamental change narratives in the social sciences, the media, and their use by families of trans people, partners of trans people, and trans people themselves. After this is a consideration of Mark Johnson’s account of narrative as a meaning-making activity that occurs in the context of social norms. Johnson’s account is then applied to narratives of fundamental change to explain why these narratives occur, especially in relation to social norms and lived experience. The essay concludes by considering the trajectory of fundamental change narratives, looking at emerging transgender narratives, which stress a more integrated, complex account of transgender lives.
Estimating the Cost of Social-Democratic Government by Regression-Discontinuity Analysis of Close Elections

This paper employs a regression-discontinuity (RD) design to ascertain the effects of social-democratic government on fiscal policy (budget deficits) and monetary policy (as reflected in inflation) and on currency and bond prices (i.e., exchange rates and yields). The RD design exploits the essentially random application of a treatment - in this case, social-democratic parties gaining government - near a discontinuous break in the probability of receiving that treatment - in this case, a discontinuous rise in the probability of entering government occurs as the social-democratic party seat-share crosses the plurality threshold - to identify and estimate the causal effect of the treatment (social-democratic government). One advantage of the RD design for researching these questions is that RD does not require, as have previously employed strategies, strong assumptions about if, how, or when market actors form political expectations, or about the quality and dissemination of political information, or about functional forms or explanatory-variable selection. Instead, the strategy relies on balancing observed and unobserved characteristics of the cases near the discontinuity on either side. Our findings suggest no or small and insignificant partisan-government effects except for a small and very short-term (one month), but statistically significant, currency-depreciation resulting from assumption of governmental power of social-democratic parties following close elections.
On Force in Cartesian Physics

There does not seem to be a consistent way to ground the concept of “force” in Cartesian first principles. In this article, I first review the literature on the subject. Then, I offer an alternative interpretation of force—one that seems to be coherent and consistent with Descartes’ project. Not only does the new position avoid the problems of previous interpretations, but it does so in such a way as to support and justify those previous interpretations.
Increased all-terrain vehicle crash accidents in older riders.

OBJECTIVE:: Recent reports on all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accidents cite high injury and death rates, disproportionately affecting younger riders. We sought to determine whether serious injuries at a level 1 trauma center have increased among older riders. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Using the trauma registry, 300 ATV accidents from March 1, 1997 through March 30, 2007 were identified. A total of 250 patients admitted over the last six years (2001 through 2007) were stratified into earlier and later three-year time periods and by age groups. A Student t test was used for continuous variables and a chi-square for categorical variables. A P value Language: en
Systematicity and specialization in semantics

Most models of cognitive processing assume a considerable amount of built-in structure in the cognitive system, such as modality-specific semantic systems. Such structural distinctions are thought to be necessary to account for various neuropsychological dissociations, including the selective impairment of visual object naming with spared tactile naming and visual gesturing, known as optic aphasia. A distributed connectionist simulation is presented in which optic aphasia occurs following damage as a result of more graded representational specialization. This specialization emerges through learning under the combined influence of two general factors: the relative systematicity of mappings between input and output modalities, and a topographic bias favoring short connections. The results raise the possibility that much of the structure of the lexical/semantic system can be derived from general learning principles and need not assumed a priori.
EFFECTS OF 20-OH-ECDYSONE ON DROSOPHILA CELLS: REGULATION OF ENDOGENOUS AND TRANSFECTED GENES

Drosophila cell lines respond to physiological doses of 20-OH-ecdysone by entering mitotic arrest and differentiating morphologically. The cells also exhibit changes in gene expression. Several enzyme activities are induced, and the synthesis of cytoplasmic actin and of the four small heat-shock proteins (hsp) is initiated. Hybrid genes, containing the 5′ region of Drosophila heat-shock protein genes ligated to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (tk), have been transfected into cells of the Drosophila cell line S3. Constructions containing sequences upstream from hsp 70, or from any of the small hsp genes, show heat-inducible tk expression. Ecdysterone-inducible tk expression is seen only in transfections with small hsp-tk hybrid genes. This transient expression system can be used as an assay for function to define regions of DNA, flanking the coding region of inducible genes, which are necessary for normal gene expression and gene regulation in cultured cells.
Displacement and Diffusion

Evaluations of crime prevention typically focus on changes in the level of the targeted crime, fear of crime, and/or citizen behavior. The fact that most prevention programs are place specific means that evaluations usually focus only on changes within the target, neighborhood, or community. At the same time, crime prevention programs could have an impact beyond that which is intended. The other changes could be either positive or negative. The crime prevention techniques in one area may unintentionally displace crime and result in increased crime in another area, on other targets, or at different times. In essence, levels of crime or fear may have simply shifted in response to the prevention efforts. Conversely, crime prevention efforts targeted at a specific problem in one location may have a positive impact on other locations or crimes. That is, there may be a diffusion of benefits. Unfortunately, evaluations generally fail to consider the possibility of either displacement or diffusion. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the concepts of crime displacement and diffusion, discuss the potential of offenders to shift their crime-related activities, and review the literature on displacement and diffusion.
Insulators for YBa2Cu3O7 Josephson Junction Technology

Because ideal PrBa2Cu3O7 superconducts at ≈90 K, it should be replaced by RBa2−u Sr u Cu2MO8 (where R is a light-mass rare earth and M is Nb or, preferably, Ta) as the insulator of choice for YBa2Cu3O7 Josephson junction or microstructure technology. Furthermore, (110)- or (100)-oriented substrates of RSr2Cu2MO8 may provide an opportunity for optimal device fabrication.
Stemming the red tide: Free speech and immigration policy in the case of Margaret Randall

Margaret Randall, an alien residing in the United States, faces deportation by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) because of her allegedly pro‐leftist writings. This essay examines her case and the INS's case against her in light of the 1952 McCarran‐Walter Immigration and Nationality Act. It analyzes the conflict between the McCarran‐Walter statute and the First Amendment, and the legal and constitutional ramifications suggested by this case. The essay concludes by describing the theoretical extensions of the First Amendment that emerge from this interface of that Amendment and American immigration law and policy.
Signal formation on a serpentine delay-line electrode patterned on the CdZnTe detector

Abstract Delay-line electrodes can simplify the readout hardware and reduce the power requirements of a nuclear radiation detector by replacing dozens or hundreds of readout circuits with only one or two time-sensitive readouts per detector face. The simplified means of lateral position-sensing with micrometer-range resolution was previously validated upon high-resistivity silicon, with the ultimate goal of mapping the recoil electrons from gamma-ray events, thereby increasing the angular resolution of gamma-cameras. However, the effect of the induced current on non-collecting legs of the meander pattern was not evaluated, a deficiency addressed in this paper, in which a Cd0.9Zn0.1Te (CZT) bulk crystal was used as the substrate. We present simulations of: (1) the electric field distribution, as calculated with MAXWELL® 12.0, within the CZT detector with the delay-line electrode, (2) the charge carrier drift motion within the semiconductor, and (3) the propagation of the induced charge signal along the meandering electrode pattern. CZT detectors purchased from ORBOTECH were reprocessed for studying various metal-semiconductor contacts, and with optimized interfaces, the fabrication of the delay-line electrode was performed using photolithographic processes in the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility in the University of Michigan. Current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curves were obtained for performance evaluation and compared with pre-processing data. Readout circuits were connected to the fabricated CZT detector to test the lateral position-sensing, and the overlay design used to balance the transmission line electrode is discussed.
Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

The sinonasal region is the site of several hamartomatous lesions, the majority of which are mesenchymal, with vascular hamartomas predominating. The occurrence of hamartomas in the nasal cavity of infants and children is especially rare. Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) is a rare lesion of the intranasal sinuses generally diagnosed in the newborn period, with the eldest reported patient presenting at 16 years of age. This neoplasm is composed of mesenchymal-stromal and chondroid tissue in varying proportions. It is felt to be analogous to the mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall, a lesion of similar histology generally involving the ribs and chest wall of neonates. To the best of our knowledge, only 14 cases of NCMH have been reported to date. We report a case of NCMH in an 11-year-old boy.
Globalization, the world system, and “democracy promotion” in U.S. foreign policy

In any society the dominant groups are the ones with the most to hide about the way society works. Very often therefore truthful analyses are bound to have a critical ring, to seem like exposures rather that objective statements . . . . For all students of human society sympathy with the victims of historical processes and skepticism about the victors' claims provide essential safeguards against being taken in by the dominant mythology. A scholar who tries to be objective needs these feelings as part of his working equipment. Barrington Moore
Regional effects of ethanol on limbic afterdischarge activity.

Abstract This study assessed the effects of acute administration of ethanol on afterdischarge (AD) activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the amygdala, septum and hippocampus. Limbic AD thresholds, duration and propagation were determined in cats following intravenous infusions of saline or ethanol (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g/kg). Ethanol administrations significantly increased septal and amygdalar, but not hippocampal AD thresholds. This effect was dose-related and most pronounced at the septum. Reductions in AD duration followed ethanol treatment and demonstrated similar regional differences. In addition, projected discharges were reduced, propagation of AD from stimulation sites to limbic and neocortical projections sites were suppressed and ictal episodes were attenuated following ethanol treatment. Afterdischarge activity was affected even by the 0.4 g/kg dose which produced no observable change in behavior. These findings indicate that ethanol reduces the responsiveness of limbic structures to electrical stimulation—suppressing the initiation, maintenance and propagation of limbic afterdischarges. The amygdala, septum and hippocampus proved differentially sensitive to ethanol.
Energy Dependence of Plutonium and Uranium Average Fragment Total Kinetic Energies

Abstract A simple method has been developed to extrapolate measured first-chance fission-product average fragment total kinetic energies to higher energies where second-, third-, and fourth-chance fission are of importance. A prediction is made for the average total kinetic energy of 239Pu(n,f) and 235U(n,f) fission fragments up to a neutron energy of 20 MeV. These predictions will be tested over the next few years by the SPIDER collaboration at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Sphincter pharyngoplasty for the surgical management of speech dysfunction associated with velocardiofacial syndrome.

Abstract There are no reports in the literature that document the effectiveness of sphincter pharyngoplasty as a surgical alternative to pharyngeal flap for management of velopharyngeal dysfunction in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome. A retrospective review of patients with velocardiofacial syndrome was undertaken at our tertiary cleft care centre. All patients were managed between 1984 and 1996 at the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St Louis Children's Hospital. Subjects ( n = 19) underwent velopharyngeal surgical management on the basis of perceptual speech evaluations and instrumental assessments of inadequate velopharyngeal closure. All patients had a molecular diagnosis of velocardiofacial syndrome based on fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and independent evaluation by a medical geneticist. Surgical outcome was classified as successful if perceptual speech assessment indicated elimination of hypernasality, nasal emission and turbulence, and instrumental assessment indicated 100% velopharyngeal closure. Results showed that 18 of 19 patients were managed successfully with sphincter pharyngoplasty. Our data corroborate that sphincter pharyngoplasty is a reasonable alternative to pharyngeal flap in patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction secondary to velocardiofacial syndrome.
Percutaneous Retinoid Absorption and Embryotoxicity

A single application of 17 micrograms/kg or 8.7 mg/kg all-trans-[10,11-3H2]-retinoic acid dissolved in acetone to shaved dorsal hamster skin resulted in rapid absorption and dose-dependent rates of elimination. An equation describing a two-compartment open model with a very brief lag time and first-order uptake and elimination was used to describe the central plasma compartment kinetics. Unchanged all-trans-retinoic acid represented less than or equal to 4% of the total circulating radio-activity. Peak circulating concentrations of parent all-trans-retinoic acid were less than those observed after an equivalent oral dose, but prolonged absorption from the skin appears to contribute to high total bioavailability of topical retinoid. Topical administration to intact skin of up to three consecutive doses of 10.5 mg/kg/d all-trans-retinoic acid or a single 5 mg/kg dose of etretinate (Ro 10-9359) during a critical stage of embryogenesis in hamsters caused erythema and/or dose-dependent epidermal hyperplasia at the site of application, but failed to induce a significant teratogenic response. Topical application of 0.01-1.0 mg/kg arotinoid Ro 13-6298 resulted in dose-dependent mucocutaneous toxicity and an increase in the numbers of dead embryos and malformed offspring. The marked skin toxicity and attenuated concentrations in maternal blood, compared to the oral route, limit the amounts of retinoid that can reach the hamster embryo. It is thus more important to compare the retinoid systemic values (absorbed dose) than it is to compare the oral or topical (applied) dose, when interpreting the results of conventional teratogenicity bioassays. The data suggest that in the human it is skin toxicity that limits the amounts of retinoid that can be applied and subsequently reach the embryo. In the rodent, overt skin toxicity under continued dosing could increase the amounts of retinoid penetrating the skin and reaching the embryo.
Representationalism and Husserlian Phenomenology

According to contemporary representationalism, phenomenal qualia—of specifically sensory experiences—supervene on representational content. Most arguments for representationalism share a common, phenomenological premise: the so-called “transparency thesis.” According to the transparency thesis, it is difficult—if not impossible—to distinguish the quality or character of experiencing an object from the perceived properties of that object. In this paper, I show that Husserl would react negatively to the transparency thesis; and, consequently, that Husserl would be opposed to at least two versions of contemporary representationalism. First, I show that Husserl would be opposed to strong representationalism, since he believes the cognitive content of a perceptual episode can vary despite constancy of sensory qualia. Second, I then show that Husserl would be opposed to weak representationalism, since he believes that sensory qualia—specifically, the sort that he calls “kinesthetic sensations”—can vary despite constancy in representational content.
Effectiveness and feasibility of pharmacist-led admission medication reconciliation for geriatric patients.

Purpose: Pharmacists have been shown to improve medication reconciliation at hospital admission. Limited resources may obligate pharmacy departments to target resources for medication reconciliatio...
Modeling the thermal evolution of an active geothermal system

Abstract Temperature inversions at shallow to moderate depths have been observed commonly in boreholes drilled in geothermal areas. The inversions result from thermal disequilibria generated by steam and/or hydrothermal fluids invading shallow horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, or permeable horizons, from a deep vertical, or sub-vertical feeder-fracture. Subsurface distribution of temperatures in Momotombo geothermal area of Nicaragua, Central America, indicates that the anomaly is generated by steam and water, convecting in a narrow feeder-fracture-zone located at the western edge of the field. The north-trending zone of the feeder-fracture is bound on the west by the area of massive, impermeable andesitic rocks, and is capped by an impermeable, approximately 300 m. thick silica-cap, which seals if from the ground surface. The thermal fluids penetrate a system of horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, extending east of the feeder-fracture beneath the silica cap. The flow of thermal fluids eastward through the system of the horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures is generating a plume-like geothermal anomaly, which is expressed by the temperature inversion zone pervasive in the boreholes to the east of the feeder-fracture. A time-dependant model for a semi-infinite half-space (z > 0) in contact with a hot, well stirred, isotropic fluid flowing through an aquifer overlain by a finite space of constant thickness is solved for the data collected from the Momotombo geothermal boreholes. Curve fitting between the simulated and observed temperature/depth profiles suggests that the thermo-tectonic events which caused the present-day Momotombo hydrothermal system occurred approximately 5,500 years ago, following development of vertical, or subvertical fractures along a N5°E trending faultline. Hot fluids emerging from these fractures move eastward through a system of horizontal, or sub-horizontal fractures, with a velocity of 11 to 20 m/yr.
The influenza C virus CM2 protein can alter intracellular pH and its transmembrane domain can substitute for that of the influenza A virus M2 protein and support infectious virus production

The influenza C virus CM2 protein and a chimeric influenza A virus M2 protein (MCM) containing the CM2 transmembrane domain were assessed for their ability to functionally replace the M2 protein. While all three proteins could alter cytosolic pH to various degrees when expressed from cDNA, only M2 and MCM could at least partially restore infectious virus production to M2-deficient influenza A viruses. The data suggest that while the CM2 ion channel activity is similar to that of M2, sequences in the extracellular and/or cytoplasmic domains play important roles in infectious virus production.
Recognizing a class of bicircular matroids

Abstract This paper presents a polynomial-time algorithm for solving a restricted version of the recognition problem for bicircular matroids. Given a matroid M, the problem is to determine whether M is bicircular. Chandru, Coullard and Wagner showed that this problem is NP-hard in general. The main tool in the development of the algorithm as well as the main theoretical contribution of the paper is a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a given matroid to be the bicircular matroid of a given graph. As a final result, the complexity result of Chandru is strenghtened.
Low-cycle fatigue behavior of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper at 300°C in high vacuum

Abstract In-vacuum fatigue tests were performed on commercially pure OFHC copper and 35% Au-65% Cu brazing filler metal at 300°C. Excessive recrystallization due to exposure in the 1025°C brazing temperature cycle was detrimental to the fatigue life of the base metal; cold work was beneficial to the fatigue resistance. Triple-point cracking and grain boundary sliding were the prevailing modes of fatigue failure observed in the full-size specimens. However, a mixed morphology of ductile and cleavagelike fracture was observed on the fracture surface of the subsize specimen in which the grain structure appeared to have undergone a change because of the presence of surface cold work. The braze has superior fatigue resistance, but to exploit the maximum strength, the brazed joint must be devoid of defects such as cavities and cracks.
On upper continuous and semimodular lattices

Four well known semimodularity conditions are considered: Birkhoff condition, upper semimodularity, MacLane condition,M-symmetry. It is shown that, for upper continuous strongly atomic lattices, these conditions are equivalent. It is also shown that, for lower continuous strongly coatomic lattices,M-symmetry and upper semimodularity coincide, but are different from the MacLane condition; this is so even for lower continuous lattices with ACC. An example of a nonalgebraic upper continuous strongly atomic lattice is given.
Effect of alkyl-β,d-glucopyranosides on hypertonic haemolysis of erythrocytes

Abstract The effect of temperature (5–20 °C) and treatment with phenylhydrazine on the hypertonic lysis of erythrocytes in the presence of alkyl-β, d -glucopyranosides was studied. The results highlight an important role for the cytoskeleton-membrane complex, which allows the cells to both withstand hypertonic stress within the temperature range studied and facilitate the protective effect of alkylglucopyranosides at low temperatures (5 °C).
3H-dopamine binding to rat striatal D-2 and D-3 sites: Enhancement by magnesium and inhibition by guanine nucleotides and sodium

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated high affinity 3 H-dopamine binding sites on mammalian striatal membranes. These putative dopamine receptors of unknown physiological significance have been termed D-3 sites. Such studies have failed, however, to demonstrate high affinity 3 H-dopamine binding to D-2 sites, which can be labeled by 3 H-butyrophenones, and which represent the putative dopamine receptors most stronly implicated in the behavioral correlates of dopaminergic CNS activity. We now report that preincubation of membrane homogenates with Mg ++ and inclusion of Mg ++ (1–10mM) or other divalent metal cations during binding allows high affinity D-2 specific 3 H-dopamine binding in rat striatal membranes, and that these ions also increase the Bmax of D-3 specific 3 H-dopamine binding. GTP, GDP, and GppNHp can completely abolish all D-2 specific 3 H-dopamine binding, while only a magnesium-dependent portion of D-3 sites appears to be GTP sensitive. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the striatal D-2 receptor exists in two agonist affinity states whose interconversion is effected by guanine nucleotides and divalent metal cations. The GTP sensitive/magnesium dependent nature of 3 H-dopamine binding to so-called D-3 sites suggests that some such sites may in fact represent a high agonist-affinity state of the D-1 adenylate cyclase stimulating dopamine receptor also found in this tissue.
Asymptotic distributions of estimators of the derivative of a density and the score function

Let Y1,·,Yn (Y1<Y2<·<Yn) be the order statistics of a random sample from a distribution F with density f on the real line. Asymptotic distributions of the estimator of f′(x), proposed by Kim and Van Ryzin (1980a) are given in this paper. A new estimator of f′(x)/f(x) is proposed, and its asymptotic distribution is also studied. These estimators (called ‘histogram-type estimators’) are simple functions of the order statistics. These results can be applied to give a point and interval estimate to the quantity f′(x)/f(x) arising in Nadaraya's (1965) regression curve and in empirical Bayes estimation, to select a proper score function in nonparametric scores tests, and to study the asymptotic relative efficiency of the kernel-type and the histogram-type estimators. Some comparisons are made between the kernel-type and the histogram-type estimators.
Body-fat composition of male Ascaris lumbricoides before and after starvation

Abstract The body-fat composition of male Ascaris lumbricoides before and after starvation was studied by gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Identification of long-chain fatty acids from the total lipid of male ascarids revealed the following 14 acids: 14:0, 14:1, 15:0, 16:0, 16:1, 17:0, 17:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:0, 18:3, 20:2, and 20:4. Occasional samples had traces of 15:1 and 20:1 acids. Quantitative analysis of the thin-layer lipid fractions from unstarved male ascarids indicated that cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and phospholipids represented 7.4%, 19.2%, 4.6%, 0.5%, and 52.5% of the total lipid, respectively. The mono- and diglycerides were estimated at less than 1%. The fat from starved and unstarved ascarids was separated into five fractions and the fatty acids from each fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between starved and unstarved worms in any of the long-chain fatty acids except the 16:1 acid. This acid was found in greater amounts in the free-fatty-acid fraction of unstarved worms.
New Hypothesis of the Cause of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Culex pipiens L.

IF males of one strain of C. pipiens are crossed with females of a strain from a different geographical area, the number of offspring may be either normal or small, or there may be none at all1. These three results have been called compatible, partially compatible and incompatible, respectively. Reciprocal crosses may give the same or different results. For example, strain A males may be fully compatible with strain B females, but strain B males may be compatible, incompatible, or only partially compatible, with strain A females.
Transport in fractured porous media with time-periodic boundary conditions

We study a one-dimensional model of transport of a chemical tracer in a porous media with fracture zones. The medium is modeled by porous blocks separated by fracture channels that conduct water via advection and dispersion; the channels communicate with each other by diffusion. We obtain an analytic solution in the case of periodic Dirichlet and periodic flux-type (Robin) boundary conditions.
SPECIFIC ACTION OF BARIUM

In order to arrive at a satisfactory theory of living matter it is necessary to know the specific manner in which individual substances affect metabolism. Usually our attempts to arrive at this kind of knowledge are very unsatisfactory. When plants grow in water cultures we can say what elements are indispensable but as a rule we can not tell with certainty by inspecting a plant what particular element is lacking in the nutrient medium in which it grew. Similarly when plalnts are killed or injured by poisons we can seldom by inspection say exactly what particular agent produced the effect. It would seem however that precisely this sort of knowledge should be sought for on account of its theoretical and practical importance. In the course of investigations in the action of salts the writer has found cases in which this kind of information is apparently obtainable. One of the most striking of these is observed when certain species of Spirogyra are subjected to the action of barium. The Spirogyra used in most of these investigations was a large form of the crassa type. On placing this in .OOOI M BaC12 there was a peculiar and very characteristic contraction of the chloroplasts in the center of the cell. In the neighborhood of the nucleus the chloroplasts contracted so strongly that they formed a very compact green mass, like a closely twisted rope. The diameter of this mass was about one fourth to one third of that of the cell. At the ends of the cell little or no contraction occurred. At the same time the wavy outline of the chloroplasts disappeared so that their edges became relatively even and smooth (this however is not a specific effect of barium). An interesting feature of this process is that the protoplasm does not contract away from the cell wall but remains in place. It is
Compact OH megamaser and probable quasar activity in the galaxy Arp 220

Arp 220 is the prototype far-infrared ultraluminous galaxy, and the origin of its luminosity—a burst of massive star formation or a quasar obscured by a layer of dense gas and dust—has been the subject of much debate. It also contains the prototypical OH megamaser—an extremely luminous version of masers (microwave lasers) commonly found in our own galaxy. It has been thought that the dense gas in the inner few hundred parsecs of megamaser galaxies acts as a low-gain masing screen, pumped by the far-infrared radiation, which amplifies background continuum emission from the nuclear regions. Here we show, using new very-long-baseline interferometry observations, that the OH line peak in Arp 220 originates in a structure ≤1 pc across, position-ally aligned with a weak continuum feature, and that most of the emission originates on scales of ≤10 pc. These results imply that the maser is physically 10–100 times smaller than previously thought, strongly suggesting that much of the far-infrared radia-tion from Arp 220 arises in a very small region, possibly a dense molecular torus, surrounding a quasar nucleus.
Three varieties of causal overdetermination

Causal overdetermination worries arise in a number of domains, but most notably in the philosophy of mind. In discussions of such worries, alleged examples of causal overdetermination are uniformly viewed as prima facie problematic. While all alleged cases of overdetermination might (or might not) be problematic, I aim to show that they are so for different reasons. Examples of causal overdetermination neatly divide into three varieties, corresponding to the connections between the mechanisms and the properties of the causes. Future debates over overdetermination, and mental causation in particular, should pay heed to this distinction.
Computer simulation of the effect of coherency strain on cluster growth kinetics

To understand clustering behavior under the influence of a coherency strain, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for both two-dimensional (2-D) square and three-dimensional (3-D) simple cubic lattices. In the Monte Carlo model, each solute was assumed to exert coherency stress owing to a tetragonal misfit strain and to have surface energy when in contact with solvent atoms. To account for the coherency strain of a cluster whose morphology continuously changes during aging, exact expressions for both the self-strain energy and elastic interaction term for rectangular parallelepipeds were derived. Strong elastic interactions among platelike clusters are shown to develop a stabilized structure with a tendency for bridging the clusters at a right angle. In the early stage of evolution, solute atoms were found to diffuse into regions of stress concentration. Morphological changes revealed step movements on the edge of a cluster, and some steps were moving in the direction of dissolution (rather than growth) for the cluster, thus displaying a dynamic nature of step movement. When an initial shape was an elastically unstable one, a large cluster was found to dissolve into its solid solution, while, in the same environment, a cluster of the same size with a stable morphology sustained growth. During dynamic evolution, some clusters showed concave, instead of convex, surfaces, even though the former are highly nonequilibrium shapes.
Consideration of patient preferences and challenges in storage and access of pharmacogenetic test results

Purpose:Pharmacogenetic testing is one of the primary drivers of personalized medicine. The use of pharmacogenetic testing may provide a lifetime of benefits through tailoring drug dosing and selection of multiple medications to improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce adverse responses. We aimed to
Analytic forms of the deuteron wave function

Recently Gartenhaus (Phys. Rev. 100, 900(1956)) calculated a deuteron wave function from the cut-off meson theory. Since the theoretical background of his calculations is perhaps more reliable than the basis of the make use of this new wave function in various calculations. For this purpose, it is desirable to approximate the Gartenhaus wave function, which is given in a numerical form, by an analytic expression which is simple enough to be useful in the various integrals which arise when one calculates phenomena involving the deuteron. Three such approximations of varying degrees of accuracy are proposed. (A.C.)
Concentration of parathyroid hormone activity by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose

Abstract A method for the further purification of a fraction salted-out from a dilute hot hydrochloric acid extract of untreated ground bovine parathyroid glands is described. Chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose using a NaCl gradient rising to I M at pH 4.68 results in an active Ca-mobilizing fraction with a 6-fold increase in specific activity in moderate yield. This can be further increased 2- to 6-fold by recycling and eluting with a gradient rising to 0.5 M salt. The method is applicable to starting material containing either high or low amounts of activity.
Oxidation-liquid scintillation radioassay of phenolics from cellulose thin-layer chromatography plates

Abstract A new technique is described for the radioassay of 14 C labeled phenolics removed from thin-layer chromatographic plates using cellulose nitrate solution. Samples are transferred to liquid scintillation vials for direct oxidation and 14 CO 2 absorption preparatory to counting. High-efficiency counting results are recorded for the low-activity-level phenols with and without selective chromagenic spray detection. The method includes greater economy, and superior sample preparation and handling characteristics as advantages over other methods currently in use.
Bone marrow involvement by marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of different types

We compared the morphologic findings of different types of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) involving the bone marrow (BM), including 18 splenic (SMZL), 6 extranodal (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma), and 6 nodal cases. The median percentage of BM involvement was 15%, and multiple overlapping patterns of infiltration were observed in all MZL types. The most frequent patterns were nodular (87%) and interstitial (63%). A focal sinusoidal pattern of involvement was found in one third of SMZLs and rarely in MALT lymphoma. Germinal centers (GCs) were uncommon in routinely stained BM biopsy sections and were observed only in SMZL. However, antibodies specific for CD21 and CD23 highlighted follicular dendritic cells in most MZLs of all types. MZLs cannot be distinguished from each other by examining BM sections alone. However, a sinusoidal pattern or presence of GCs is suggestive of SMZL. Furthermore, correlation with the CBC count can further enhance the reliability of diagnosing SMZL.
Incoherence, Quantum Fluctuations, and Noise

An examination is made of the relationship between the uncertainty principle and minimum amplifier noise. First, the concept of coherence is discussed, and an incoherence parameter is defined in terms of the uncertainty that enters into the uncertainty principle. Harmonic oscillator states are examined for coherence. The concept of noise is then discussed and contrasted with incoherence, noise referring to behavior in time of a single system while incoherence involving comparison among members of an ensemble. It is shown, with illustrations, that the two concepts are different, and that an incoherent field of a cavity mode need not exhibit noise. In particular, the zero-point field in a lossless cavity is not noise. The superposition of many incoherent effects, however, usually leads to noise. Spontaneous emission is examined both for coherence and noise. It is shown that the spontaneous emission field of a single molecule is incoherent but does not exhibit noise; the (low order) spontaneous emission from a molecular beam, however, does constitute noise. Spontaneous emission from complex systems is also discussed. The origin of fundamental noise in an amplifier is investigated and is shown to come from spontaneous emission by the amplification mechanism. It is concluded that fundamental noise cannot be determined by a consideration of quantum fluctuations of---or by the application of the uncertainty principle to---the electromagnetic field only, as has been done in several recent articles. The physical significance of the zero-point field is analyzed, and is shown to lie in a formal contribution to spontaneous emission by the mechanism coupled to the field, provided this mechanism is treated quantum mechanically.
The Making of Evidence-based Practice: The Case of Project ALERT

Evidence-based practice has been enthusiastically embraced within the field of drug prevention during the past decade. Project ALERT, a school-based universal prevention program, is among the most widely advocated evidence-based interventions. We examined the results of three large-scale evaluations of Project ALERT, and concluded that assessment of data from the total samples shows that the program has little effect on drug use. Despite this, Project ALERT is included on evidence-based drug prevention lists because the criteria for inclusion are extremely weak. We discuss the implications of this for drug prevention evaluation research and the creation of evidence-based practice lists.
Effect of softening precipitate composition and surface characteristics on natural organic matter adsorption.

Natural organic matter (NOM) removal during water softening is thought to occur through adsorption onto or coprecipitation with calcium and magnesium solids. However, details of precipitate composition and surface chemistry and subsequent interactions with NOM are relatively unknown. In this study, ζ potentiometry analyses of precipitates formed from inorganic solutions under varying conditions (e.g., Ca-only, Mg-only, Ca + Mg, increasing lime or NaOH dose) indicated that both CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 were positively charged at higher lime (Ca(OH)2) and NaOH doses (associated with pH values above 11.5), potentially yielding a greater affinity for adsorbing negatively charged organic molecules. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images of CaCO3 solids illustrated the rhombohedral shape characteristic of calcite. In the presence of increasing concentrations of magnesium, the CaCO3 rhombs shifted to more elongated crystals. The CaCO3 solids also exhibited increasingly positive surface charge from Mg ...