cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centriole Overduplication is the Predominant Mechanism Leading to Centrosome Amplification in Melanoma

Centrosome amplification (CA) is common in cancer and can arise by centriole overduplication or by cell doubling events, including the failure of cell division and cell-cell fusion. To assess the relative contributions of these two mechanisms, the number of centrosomes with mature/mother centrioles was examined by immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray of human melanomas and benign nevi (n = 79 and 17, respectively). The centrosomal protein 170 (CEP170) was used to identify centrosomes with mature centrioles; this is expected to be present in most centrosomes with cell doubling, but on fewer centrosomes with overduplication. Using this method, it was determined that the majority of CA in melanoma can be attributed to centriole overduplication rather than cell doubling events. As Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is the master regulator of centriole duplication, the hypothesis that PLK4 overexpression contributes to centriole overduplication was evaluated. PLK4 is significantly overexpressed in melanoma compared with benign nevi and in a panel of human melanoma cell lines (A375, Hs294T, G361, WM35, WM115, 451Lu, and SK-MEL-28) compared with normal human melanocytes. Interestingly, although PLK4 expression did not correlate with CA in most cases, treatment of melanoma cells with a selective small-molecule PLK4 inhibitor (centrinone B) significantly decreased cell proliferation. The antiproliferative effects of centrinone B were also accompanied by induction of apoptosis.Implications: This study demonstrates that centriole overduplication is the predominant mechanism leading to centrosome amplification in melanoma and that PLK4 should be further evaluated as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 517-27. ©2018 AACR.
Impact of Breast Cancer on Asian American and Anglo American Women

This pilot study constitutes the first exploration of the impact of breast cancer on Asian American women. Three hypotheses guided this study: (1) Asian American women would choose breast conserving therapy and breast reconstruction at a lower rate than the Anglo American women due to cultural differences in body image, (2) Asian American women with breast cancer would express psychological distress somatically and Anglo American women would express distress emotionally, and acculturation levels of the Asian American women would modify the expressions of distress such that women with high acculturation will express distress more emotionally and less acculturated women would express distress more somatically, and (3) Asian American women would seek assistance for psychosocial problems at a significantly lower rate than Anglo women. Ethnicity, age, and levels of acculturation were found to be significant variables that had to be considered simultaneously. The three hypotheses were only partially supported: (1) Asian American women chose breast conserving therapy and adjuvant therapy at a significantly lower rate than the Anglo American women, (2) Contrary to the hypothesis, somatization did not appear to be a dominant form of symptom presentation for Asian American women regardless of level of acculturation, and (3) Asian American women sought professional assistance for psychosocial problems at a significantly lower rate than Anglo women. Asian American women reported using different modes of help-seeking behavior for emotional concerns and receiving different sources of social support than the Anglo American women. Cultural interpretations of the findings are offered to explain the differences in the physical, emotional, and social responses to the breast cancer experience of Asian American women compared with the Anglo Americans, and notably between the Chinese- and Japanese Americans as well. The findings of this study warrant more refined exploration in order to improve the medical, psychological and social outcomes for Asian American women with breast cancer.
The behavior of animals around twilight with emphasis on coral reef communities

Light, which represents a limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum, is characterized by three primary qualities — spectral frequency, intensity and polarization. Natural ambient light that organisms respond to emanates primarily from astronomical light sources and to a lesser extent from bioluminescence. For both sources, be it due to the earth’s daily rotation and the moon’s monthly procession about earth, or the flashing of fireflies on land or fishes in the deep sea, light is presented to animals with a distinct temporal component. From midday through night-time light intensities on earth’s surface can vary 8 to 9 orders of magnitude, with the most rapid changes of 5 to 6 decades of intensity occurring during twilight (Figure 1) Animals exhibiting visual behaviors over this dynamic range are few, and those that do usually possess duplex visual mechanisms, one sensitive to the ‘bright’ light of day (photopic), and the other sensitive to the ‘dim’ light of night (scotopic).
Hypomagnesemia and exposure to romidepsin: A Research on Adverse Drug events and Reports (RADAR) project.

e14072Background: Romidepsin (R) is indicated for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Hypomagnesemia (HM) is common in these patients and is also listed in the Full Pre...
Superfluidity of Pure 3He and Mixtures of 3He and 4He in Aerogel

We describe new torsional oscillator experiments on3He confined in 98.2% open aerogel. In one, we monitored the superfluid fraction of pure3He at T << Tcwhile we gradually changed the sample pressure. The resulting change in density alters ξ0of the superfluid3He relative to the distribution of the length scales (correlations) of silica in the aerogel. We observed a T = 0 normal-to-super fluid transition at a pressure of about 6.5 bar, in marked contrast to the bulk where liquid3He is superfluid at all pressures. In the second experiment, we measured the temperature dependence of the3He ρsat a pressure of 21.6 bar with different amounts of4He present in the cell. Adding 2-3%4He slightly increases both Tcand ρs. We found that for4He concentrations between 2% and 34%, the3He Tcincreases by a very small amount. However, ρs, which for pure3He in aerogel at 0.5Tcis no more than 11%, falls by another factor of 7. This behavior (constant Tc, reduced ρs) is similar to that observed in granular superconducting films where the long-range order is controlled by phase coherence between adjacent grains.
Long-term treatment patterns of prophylactic and acute migraine medications and incidence of opioid-related adverse events in patients with migraine.

ObjectivesTo describe long-term treatment patterns in migraine patients initiating prophylactic therapy and to evaluate acute medication use and adverse events associated with opioids.MethodsThis s...
Elimination of spurious absent sweat response in QSWEAT recordings.

Abstract Introduction Forearm QSWEAT recordings are occasionally absent in females, likely due to high skin resistance. Methods We identified consecutive subjects with no sudomotor abnormalities but absent/markedly reduced QSWEAT forearm volume, and repeated QSWEAT at the same site after gentle abrasion. Results QSWEAT volumes were absent for 4 subjects and markedly reduced for the other 4 (median 0.01, IQR 0–0.03). After gentle skin abrasion, repeat volumes were significantly higher for all subjects and became normal in 7 of 8 subjects. Discussion Skin abrasion restores QSWEAT volumes in previously absent/markedly reduced site suggesting that skin preparation using abrasion is more effective.
A Path for Psychiatry to Thrive.

Exciting changes have the potential to reshape the tools used to treat mental illness, promote mental health, and bring this country’s too-long fragmented and specialist-centered mental health syst...
Dissatisfaction with Medical and Surgical Residency Training Is Consistently Higher for Women than for Men.

In an attempt to balance service and education, there is a renewed focus on trainee work experiences and job satisfaction. Overall measures of dissatisfaction likely disguise differences across defined subgroups, particularly men and women, known to experience job satisfaction and burnout differently across professions.1 A previous study showed gender differences in satisfaction during surgical residency training.2 The objective of this study was to determine gender differences in dissatisfaction with specific aspects of the institutional environment and with trainee wellbeing during both medical and surgical residency training using data from two clinical trials which investigated the effects of removing resident shift length limitations during residency training.3, 4
Eye blink and reward prediction error response in anorexia nervosa.

Background Functional brain imaging has been used to study brain reward function and behavioral traits in anorexia nervosa (AN). Here we tested whether eye blink relates to behavior and brain imaging response as a method that is less costly and more accessible. Method We recruited 26 women with AN and 50 healthy matched controls. All underwent a reward-learning prediction error task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, eye blink was measured for spontaneous blink rate, baseline blink amplitude, and startle response to an auditory stimulus. Results Baseline blink rate, amplitude and startle response were similar between groups. In AN, there were significant positive correlations between spontaneous blink rate and bulimia symptoms, and baseline blink amplitude and prediction error response in right-sided caudate, insula, and nucleus accumbens. Correlations between eye blink measures and body dissatisfaction or harm avoidance were no longer significant after multiple comparison adjustments. Discussion This study provides evidence that measures of eye blink response can be related to brain prediction error response and eating disorder behavior in AN. The catecholamine dopamine contributes to both eye blink and prediction error response providing indirect evidence that it could be a neurobiological correlate that contributes to behaviors relevant to AN.
The single pass membrane protein MRAP2 regulates energy homeostasis by promoting primary cilia localization of the G protein-coupled receptor MC4R

Author(s): Bernard, Adelaide; Naharros, Irene Ojeda; Bourgain-Guglielmetti, Florence; Ciprin, Jordi; Yue, Xinyu; Zhang, Sumei; McDaid, Erin; Nachury, Maxence; Reiter, Jeremy; Vaisse, Christian | Abstract: ABSTRACT The G protein-coupled receptor MC4R (Melanocortin-4 Receptor) and its associated protein MRAP2 (Melanocortin Receptor-Associated Protein 2) are both essential for the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans and mice. MC4R localizes and functions at the neuronal primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that senses and relays extracellular signals. Here, we demonstrate that MRAP2 is critical for the ciliary localization and weight-regulating function of MC4R. Our data reveal that GPCR localization to primary cilia can require specific accessory proteins that may not be present in heterologous cell systems. Our findings also demonstrate the essential role of neuronal primary cilia localization of MC4R for adequate control of energy homeostasis and the obesity-promoting effect of genetic disruption of this pathway.
More than acinar identity? A novel cystic phenotype suggests broader roles for NR5A2 in pancreatic cancer†

The prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains dismal. Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated the nuclear receptor NR5A2 in modulating PDAC risk, but mechanisms for this association are not understood. NR5A2 is a transcription factor that maintains acinar cell identity, and heterozygous loss of Nr5a2 in mice accelerates oncogenic Kras-driven formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a PDAC precursor derived from acinar cells. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Cobo et al characterize a novel mouse model that uses Ptf1a:Cre to drive oncogenic Kras as well as heterozygous Nr5a2 inactivation. In addition to the expected PanIN lesions, these mice exhibited a surprising phenotype: large pancreatic cystic lesions which have not been previously reported. Comparing expression of oncogenic Kras and heterozygous Nr5a2 in various mouse models reveals several possible explanations for these cystic lesions. Importantly, these differences across mouse models suggest that NR5A2 may contribute to PDAC precursors in ways beyond its previously characterized acinar cell-autonomous role. These observations highlight that pathways implicated by GWAS may have roles in unexpected cell types, and an understanding of these roles will be critical to guide new preventive and treatment strategies for PDAC. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting a Ring on It: Men’s Work in the Underground Economy and the Decision to Marry

Men’s employment is an important predictor of union formation and couples’ transitions to marriage, but previous research has not investigated the extent to which the type of men’s employment affec...
Finding the right balance

Despite intensive research in the development of lithium-metal batteries, combining high energy density and long cycle life is still a great challenge. Now, a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms at play in realistic cells may pave the way for practical applications of these batteries.
Resolution Exchange with Tunneling for Enhanced Sampling of Protein Landscapes

Simulations of protein folding and protein association happen on timescales that are orders of magnitude larger than what can typically be covered in all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Use of low-resolution models alleviates this problem but may reduce the accuracy of the simulations. We introduce a replica-exchange-based multiscale sampling technique that combines the faster sampling in coarse-grained simulations with the potentially higher accuracy of all-atom simulations. After testing the efficiency of our Resolution Exchange with Tunneling (ResET) in simulations of the Trp-cage protein, an often used model to evaluate sampling techniques in protein simulations, we use our approach to compare the landscape of wild type and A2T mutant Abeta 1-42 peptides. Our results suggest a mechanism by that the mutation of a small hydrophobic Alanine (A) into a bulky polar Threonine (T) may interfere with the self-assembly of Abeta - fibrils.
How Tooth Loss Disrupts the Education Gradient in Mortality Risk among US-Born and Foreign-Born Adults

In this study, we examine the impact of a severe health condition—complete tooth loss—on educational gradients in adult mortality risk among racial/ethnic groups by nativity in the United States. We use the 1999–2014 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (NHIS-LMF) to estimate Cox proportional hazards models of the risk of death for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and other-Hispanic populations, considering both Mexican-origin and other-Hispanic adults (N = 373,041). We find that although White, Black, and other-Hispanic adults have significant education gradients in mortality risk, these gradients disappear for individuals who have experienced complete tooth loss. Both foreign-born and US-born Mexican adults show no significant relationship between education and mortality risk, regardless of tooth loss status. Our results indicate that policies that focus on preventing tooth loss may be more effective at reducing disparities than those that improve care for adults with existing tooth loss.
Filter architectures and adaptive algorithms for 2-D adaptive digital signal processing

A 2-D adaptive filter structure based on the McClellan transformation design technique for 2-D FIR (finite impulse response) filters is proposed as a means of achieving improved performance. Performance is compared with that of a direct-form 2-D LMS (least mean squares) structure in terms of learning characteristics and computational efficiency. It is shown that if the transformation structure is constrained by a priori knowledge of contour shapes in the frequency domain, the 2-D adaptive algorithm greatly reduces computational requirements and improves the learning characteristics, as compared with the direct form. The transformation filter is then generalized by including the contour parameters in the adaptive parameter set to eliminate the constraints on the frequency domain contours. It is shown how an orthogonal transformation can be included to improve the convergence rate of the constrained transformation structure. >
Rapid Complement Fixation Technique for Estimating Complement-Fixing Antigen Elution Profiles of Viruses from Gel Filtration Columns

The complement fixation elution profiles of dengue-2 virus-infected suckling mouse brain supernatant fluids from Sephadex G-200 columns were compared by the antigen end-point titration procedure and by a complement dilution technique. The latter technique was found to be a quick method for approximating the complement-fixing antigen in eluates.
The Stellar Distribution above the Galactic Plane: An Introduction

This paper will truly be an introduction — a presentation and a discussion of the basic problems, to set the stage for detailed research results that will be reported by others.
Incorporating relaxivities to more accurately reconstruct MR images.

Purpose To develop a mathematical model that incorporates the magnetic resonance relaxivities into the image reconstruction process in a single step.
Gamma-rays emitted in the alpha-decay of 245Cm

It has been observed that the intensities of the gamma-rays emitted in the alpha-decay of 245Cm reported in the literature result in calculated concentrations that do not agree with those obtained via other methods. In this work, a 245Cm sample was chemically isolated from a sample of 249Cf, and the gamma-ray intensities were measured relative to the alpha-particle emission rate of the resulting source; there is a systematic bias relative to the literature intensities of approximately 8%. In addition, gamma-rays that have never before been observed in the decay of 245Cm are placed in the level scheme of the decay product, 241Pu.
Single-Molecule Enzymology of Chymotrypsin Using Water-in-Oil Emulsion

Single-molecule studies allow the study of subtle activity differences due to local folding in proteins, but are time consuming and difficult because only a few molecules are observed in one experiment. We developed an assay where we can simultaneously measure the activity of hundreds of individual molecules. The assay utilizes a synthetic chymotrypsin substrate that is nonfluorescent before cleavage by chymotrypsin, but is intensely fluorescent afterward. We encapsulated the enzyme and substrate in micron-sized droplets of water surrounded by silicone oil where each microdroplet contains <1 enzyme on average. A microscope and charge-coupled device camera are used to measure the fluorescence intensity of the same individual droplet over time. Based on these measurements, we conclude that enzymatic reactions could occur within this emulsion system, the statistical average activity of individual chymotrypsin molecules is similar to that measured in bulk, and the activity of individual chymotrypsin is heterogeneous.
The Radioactive Isotopes of Nickel and Their Assignments

As a result of discrepancies in the reported methods of production and in the assignments of the radioactive isotopes of nickel the following reactions were investigated: $\mathrm{Fe}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$, $\mathrm{Co}(d,2n)$, $\mathrm{Ni}(d,p)$, $\mathrm{Ni}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$, and $\mathrm{Ni}(n,2n)$. The relative yields of the known 2.6-hour and 36-hour periods from fast and slow neutrons on nickel were compared with other neutron reactions. The results obtained are in agreement with the assignment of the 2.6-hour period to ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{63}$ and the 36-hour period to ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$. The possible existence of a short period in nickel, reported as a result of an $\mathrm{Fe}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ reaction, is not established since it would be masked by the 2.1-minute oxygen period formed from the carbon present in iron. In the attempted separation of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ activity it was observed that under the prevailing experimental conditions the rate of removal of oxygen from bombarded iron approached the rate of decay of ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$.
Divergent Selection for Phosphorus Concentration in Reed Canarygrass

Phosphorus is a vital nonrenewable natural resource that is essential for plant and animal growth. Grass swards and buffer strips can be used to reduce P losses that occur by soil erosion, surface runoff, or leaching. The objec- tive of this study was to conduct one cycle of divergent selection for P concentration in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and to evaluate the effects of selection on P concen- tration, forage yield, and P uptake (the product of P concentration and forage yield). Divergent selections and original populations were eval- uated in sward plots, harvested three times per year for 2 yr at three locations. Selection responses indicated that P concentration is a heritable trait in reed canarygrass; that genetic gains were highly repeatable across harvests, locations, and years; and that there is a negative genetic correlation between P concentration and sward-plot forage yield. Future selection efforts must be based on genotypic selection methods, in which half-sib families are evalu- ated for forage yield, P concentration, and P uptake in sward plots.
OUT FRONT AND STRONG: LOCAL WOMEN OF THE TENNESSEE COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

This article explores the history of the Tennessee Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (TNCOSH) as it formed in East Tennessee in 1979, specifically addressing how local women contributed to the organization at the grassroots. Based largely on oral history research, the article lays out the early goals of TNCOSH as a democratic, alternative labor organization and addresses how the organization's structure affected the roles of rank-and-file women who participated in it. Ultimately, the bottom-up structure of TNCOSH made it possible for women to participate in various roles, including leadership positions that have often been closed to women in traditional trade unions.
Characterization of coke on coal catalysts by an oxidation technique

Abstract A temperature-programmed oxidation technique was developed to characterize coke on aged catalysts used in coal processing. Differences in CO 2 -temperature profiles were obtained for catalysts and coal samples. Processing conditions had little effect on the nature of the coke on the catalyst. The aged catalysts did not appear to have any significant amounts of entrapped coal present.
Hot Forging of Mullite‐Based Ceramics Prepared from Kaolin–Alumina

Mullite-based ceramics prepared from a mixture of kaolin and alumina were plastically deformed in uniaxial compression tests at high strain rates (e = 10 -2 -10 -3 s -1 ) at 1450° and 1500°C. Deformation occurred with barreling in tests that used SiC platens coated with h-BN. This study shows that more-suitable lubricants and molds (platens) must be found, to reduce friction between the mullite-based ceramics and molds. However, this hot-working method can be used to give a fine, textured surface to mullite-based ceramic substrates for polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells.
Electric Field FT-IR: Analysis of a Liquid Crystalline Polymer

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in a reflective mode has been utilized to study the dynamics of molecular structure in a polymeric liquid crystalline melt. The experimental setup included a thermo-electric cell which allows heating, melting of the sample, and also application of an electric (E) field during spectroscopic observation. It was therefore possible to monitor orientation of dipolar groups as a function of time during thermal and electrical treatments. The material studied was a liquid crystalline copolyester, and orientation was monitored through absorbance associated with stretching of carbonyl bonds. Measurements taken on a melt of this material reveal an orientational response of carbonyl groups which begins immediately upon application of a relatively low E-field (3750 V cm−1) and continues over a period of approximately one hour. It was somewhat surprising that a measurable change in dipolar orientation was observed. Cooperative dipolar phenomena and the torque-transmitting elasticity of the mesomorphic fluid are thought to be important factors in the observed behavior.
Some links between successful implementation of primary health care interventions and the overall utilization of health services.

Abstract All societies have need of a sick care system into which the general population has easy access. Such a system is required for the coherent organization of any health care service which is to be effective. Virtually all people want curative care when ill, but generally are less interested in preventive activities. It follows that a sick care service should be as widely available as it is hoped will be a preventive one. An effective sick service provides the basis of sufficiently regular contact with the bulk of the population so as to allow for the successful fulfillment of preventive health care goals. A shift is required from conventional input planning methods—more doctors, more health centers, etc.—to output planning; that is, actual utilization by the population of the services offered. The concern here is with the overall contact rate between the health service and the entire (relevant) population and not just the rate for any one particular health care program. Planning for additional inputs should be based on the expected outputs (contacts) which are expected to flow from those inputs. An average, well distributed annual utilization level of three to four contacts per capita should provide an adequate basis for fulfillment of preventive (and curative) goals in the health sector.
FPGA-Based Pulse Pile-Up Correction With Energy and Timing Recovery

Modern field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are capable of performing complex discrete signal processing algorithms with clock rates well above 100 MHz. This, combined with FPGA's low expense, ease of use, and selected dedicated hardware make them an ideal technology for a data acquisition system for a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. The University of Washington is producing a high-resolution, small-animal PET scanner that utilizes FPGAs as the core of the front-end electronics. For this scanner, functions that are typically performed in dedicated circuits, or offline, are being migrated to the FPGA. This will not only simplify the electronics, but the features of modern FPGAs can be utilized to add significant signal processing power to produce higher quality images. In this paper we report on an all-digital pulse pile-up correction algorithm that has been developed for the FPGA. The pile-up mitigation algorithm will allow the scanner to run at higher count rates without incurring large data losses due to the overlapping of scintillation signals. This correction technique utilizes a reference pulse to extract timing and energy information for most pile-up events. Using pulses acquired from a Zecotech Photonics MAPD-N with an LFS-3 scintillator, we show that good timing and energy information can be achieved in the presence of pile-up utilizing a moderate amount of FPGA resources.
The change in weight perception of weight status among the overweight: comparison of NHANES III (1988–1994) and 1999–2004 NHANES

This study seeks to determine whether perception of weight status among the overweight has changed with the increasing overweight/obesity prevalence. The perception of weight status was compared between overweight participants (BMI between 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) from NHANES III (1988–1994) and overweight participants from NHANES 1999–2004. Perception of weight status was assessed by asking participants to classify their weight as about the right weight, underweight or overweight. Comparisons were made across age groups, genders, race/ethnicities and various income levels. Fewer overweight people during the NHANES 1999–2004 survey perceived themselves as overweight when compared to overweight people during the NHANES III survey. The change in distortion between the survey periods was greatest among persons with lower income, males and African-Americans. The increase in overweight/obesity between the survey years (NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2004 has been accompanied with fewer overweight people perceiving themselves as overweight.
Piecewise training for structured prediction

A drawback of structured prediction methods is that parameter estimation requires repeated inference, which is intractable for general structures. In this paper, we present an approximate training algorithm called piecewise training (PW) that divides the factors into tractable subgraphs, which we call pieces, that are trained independently. Piecewise training can be interpreted as approximating the exact likelihood using belief propagation, and different ways of making this interpretation yield different insights into the method. We also present an extension to piecewise training, called piecewise pseudolikelihood (PWPL), designed for when variables have large cardinality. On several real-world natural language processing tasks, piecewise training performs superior to Besag's pseudolikelihood and sometimes comparably to exact maximum likelihood. In addition, PWPL performs similarly to PW and superior to standard pseudolikelihood, but is five to ten times more computationally efficient than batch maximum likelihood training.
Specificities of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors

Antisera to acetylcholine receptor purified from the electric organs of Torpedo and Electrophorus were highly species specific, but showed limited cross-reaction with receptors from all mammalian species tested. Antisera to receptor purified from rat muscle cross-reacted extensively with receptor from the muscles of other mammals. Antibodies to receptor from Electrophorus cross-reacting with receptor from Torpedo were affinity purified. Subsequently these showed increased cross-reaction with receptor from mammalian muscle. Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis reacted best with receptor from human muscle, but such sera also cross-reacted with receptor from other mammals, especially squirrel monkeys. These sera cross-reacted slightly with receptor from Torpedo, but not detectably with receptor from Electrophorus,
Regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5→4-isomerase expression by adrenocorticotropin in bovine adrenocortical cells

In the steroidogenic pathway, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (3βHSD) catalyzes the formation of hormonally active Δ4-3-ketosteroids from Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids. In the present study the regulation of 3βHSD by ACTH action on bovine adrenocortical (BAC) cells in primary culture was evaluated. Western blot analysis was accomplished using an antibody against human placental 3βHSD. The relative molecular mass of 3βHSD in these cells was 45K, which was similar to that in human placenta. A significant effect of ACTH was not detected until day 6 of culture due to the high basal levels of the enzyme in BAC cells. Treatment of cells with ACTH on day 8 of culture resulted in a marked increase in the amount of 30HSD protein, and this effect was correlated directly with enzymatic activity. The effects of ACTH were time and dose dependent, with an increase detectable only after 48 h of treatment; the maximal response was obtained with 10-9 M ACTH. As demonstrated by Northern analysis, ACTH action was manifest...
A Review of Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Severe Poisoning by Cardiotoxic Drugs

Cardiovascular collapse remains a leading cause of death in severe acute drug intoxication. Commonly prescribed medications such as antidysrhythmics, calcium channel antagonists, and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists can cause refractory cardiovascular collapse in massive overdose. Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB), a modality originating in cardiac surgery, is a rescue technique that has been successfully implemented in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest unresponsive to traditional medical interventions. More recently a growing number of animal studies, case reports, and case series have documented its use in refractory hemodynamic collapse in poisoned patients. This article will review current ECPB techniques and explore its growing role in the treatment of severely hemodynamically compromised poisoned patients.
Management of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures With Severe Bone Loss Using Impaction Bone Grafting Technique

We present a technique of femoral impaction grafting used for the treatment of periprosthetic femur fractures with severe bone loss after total hip arthroplasty. Seven patients with femoral fractures with compromise of the femoral isthmus were treated with femoral component revision using the impaction grafting bone technique. The average age was 64 years (range, 44-72 years), and 2 patients required mesh augmentation at the time of surgery. The average follow-up for this group of patients was 56 months (range, 39-92 months). Radiographic evaluation revealed healed fractures in all patients and no evidence of implant loosening at a mean of 56 months (range, 39-92 months). There were no cases of infections or dislocations in this series. Impaction grafting technique can be useful in the treatment of periprosthetic femur fractures when bone loss and canal geometry preclude the use of fully coated femoral components.
Microbiology: Wealth management in the gut

People whose guts contain a low diversity of bacteria are found to have higher levels of body fat and inflammation than those with high gut-microbial richness. But dietary intervention can help. See Article p.541 & Letter p.585 Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and other conditions including some cancers. Other influences must be at work to determine which, if any, metabolic diseases obese individuals will suffer, and two papers in this issue of Nature look at the role one of these factors, the richness of the gut microbiome. Le Chatelier et al. analysed the gut microbial gene composition in non-obese and obese individuals and found marked differences in gene and species richness. Individuals with low richness exhibited increased adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and inflammation. Obese individuals with low microbial richness tended to gain more body weight than those with high microbial richness. The authors also demonstrate that analysis of just a few bacterial marker species was sufficient to distinguish between high and low bacterial richness. Cotillard et al. monitored gut microbe profiles during diet-induced weight loss and weight stabilization interventions in obese or overweight individuals. They report that increased consumption of high-fibre foods, such as fruit and vegetables, leads to an increase in bacterial richness and improves some clinical symptoms associated with obesity. This finding supports previous work linking diet to the composition of gut microbe populations, and suggests that a permanent change might be achieved by appropriate diet.
The Effects of Firm Size and Industry on Corporate Giving

Recent downward trends in corporate giving have renewed interest in the factors that shape corporate philanthropy. This paper examines the relationships between charitable contributions, firm size and industry. Improvements over previous studies include an IRS data base that covers a much broader range of firm sizes and industries as compared to previous studies and estimation using an instrumental variable technique that explicitly addresses potential simultaneity between charitable contributions and profitability. Important findings provide evidence of a cubic relationship between charitable giving and firm size and evidence of strong industry effects. The plus-minus-plus regression coefficient sign pattern for the cubic firm size model suggests that small and large firms give more relative to total receipts with lower giving ratios among medium size firms. One interpretation for this finding is that small firms are close to the communities they serve while high visibility creates a need for large firm philanthropy. Strong industry effects provide evidence of inter-industry differences in giving culture and/or different public relations requirements across industries.
Clinical acceptability and immunogenicity of CVD 908 Salmonella typhi vaccine strain

Abstract An attenuated Salmonella typhi strain has been sought as an improved oral typhoid vaccine and as a carrier of protective antigens of other pathogens to make hybrid vaccines. Ideally, such a strain would be safe and induce protective immune responses after a single oral dose. CVD 908 is a mutant of S. typhi wild-type strain Ty2 with recombinant deletions in two genes, aro C and aro D. In phase 1 testing to date, this strain has not produced febrile responses or other significant adverse reactions in adult volunteers given doses of 5 × 10 4 to 5 × 10 7 organisms with sodium bicarbonate. In addition, after just a single oral dose of 5 × 10 7 colony-forming units, this strain induced IgG seroconversion to S. typhi lipopolysaccharide in 83% of vaccinees and stimulated specific IgA-secreting gut-derived lymphocytes in 100% of vaccines. CVD 908 is a new oral typhoid vaccine that should be further investigated as a carrier for expressing foreign antigens in recombinant vaccine constructs.
The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. However, basic information about how the prevalence of ADHD varies by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and socio-economic status remains poorly described. One reason is that difficulties in the diagnosis of ADHD have translated into difficulties developing an adequate case definition for epidemiologic studies. Diagnosis depends heavily on parent and teacher reports; no laboratory tests reliably predict ADHD. Prevalence estimates of ADHD are sensitive to who is asked what, and how information is combined. Consequently, recent systematic reviews report ADHD prevalence estimates as wide as 2%-18%. The diagnosis of ADHD is complicated by the frequent occurrence of comorbid conditions such as learning disability, conduct disorder, and anxiety disorder. Symptoms of these conditions may also mimic ADHD. Nevertheless, we suggest that developing an adequate epidemiologic case definition based on current diagnostic criteria is possible and is a prerequisite for further developing the epidemiology of ADHD. The etiology of ADHD is not known but recent studies suggest both a strong genetic link as well as environmental factors such as history of preterm delivery and perhaps, maternal smoking during pregnancy. Children and teenagers with ADHD use health and mental health services more often than their peers and engage in more health threatening behaviors such as smoking, and alcohol and substance abuse. Better methods are needed for monitoring the prevalence and understanding the public health implications of ADHD. Stimulant medication is the treatment of choice for treating ADHD but psychosocial interventions may also be warranted if comordid disorders are present. The treatment of ADHD is controversial because of the high prevalence of medication treatment. Epidemiologic studies could clarify whether the patterns of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in community settings is appropriate. Population-based epidemiologic studies may shed important new light on how we understand ADHD, its natural history, its treatment and its consequences.
A SURVEY OF THE GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING OF AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS: A REPORT TO GEOGRAPHERS

(1981). A SURVEY OF THE GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING OF AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS: A REPORT TO GEOGRAPHERS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 237-245.
The Prevalence of Marital Transitions in Military Families

Abstract Department of Defense (DoD) surveys were examined to develop a demographic profile of military families affected by divorce and remarriage. It appears that a substantial portion of military personnel have experienced divorce, are in remarriages, and have nonresidential children, particularly given the young average age of military personnel. Compared to the U.S. population, service members marry, divorce, and remarry earlier. Divorced and remarried service members are slightly over-represented among the enlisted ranks, joint service couples, and lower education categories. Notably, the proportions of female service members who have experienced divorce and remarriage in different age categories are substantially greater than the proportions of male service members and women in the U.S. Implications are discussed.
MEMS- and NEMS-based complex adaptive smart devices and systems

The microelectronics industry has seen explosive growth during the last thirty years. Extremely large markets for logic and memory devices have driven the development of new materials, and technologies for the fabrication of even more complex devices with feature sizes now down at the sub micron and nanometer level. Recent interest has arisen in employing these materials, tools and technologies for the fabrication of miniature sensors and actuators and their integration with electronic circuits to produce smart devices and systems. This effort offers the promise of: 1) increasing the performance and manufacturability of both sensors and actuators by exploiting new batch fabrication processes developed including micro stereo lithographic and micro molding techniques; 2) developing novel classes of materials and mechanical structures not possible previously, such as diamond like carbon, silicon carbide and carbon nanotubes, micro-turbines and micro-engines; 3) development of technologies for the system level and wafer level integration of micro components at the nanometer precision, such as self-assembly techniques and robotic manipulation; 4) development of control and communication systems for MEMS devices, such as optical and RF wireless, and power delivery systems, etc. A novel composite structure can be tailored by functionalizing carbon nanotubes and chemically bonding them with the polymer matrix e.g. block or graft copolymer, or even cross-linked copolymer, to impart exceptional structural, electronic and surface properties. Bio- and mechanical-MEMS devices derived from this hybrid composite provide a new avenue for future smart systems.
Optimization of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors for current gain, cutoff frequency and maximum frequency

Abstract The intrinsic HBT configurations (e.g. doping concentrations and layer thicknesses) are optimized for the current gain, cutoff frequency, and maximum oscillation frequency. The optimization is carried out based on an analytical HBT model which includes the high-current and thermal effects. The effects of the emitter, base and collector doping concentrations and layer thicknesses on the HBT performance are calculated and discussed. Optimal HBT intrinsic configurations, together with the corresponding HBT performance, are also suggested for both high-current and low-current regions.
The vibrational spectra of some cyanoethylenes—I trans-dicyanoethylene and tricyanoethylene

Abstract Three molecules of the cyanoethylene series, namely acrylonitrile, trans -dicyano-ethylene and tricyanoethylene, have been subjected to a vibrational analysis. The infrared spectra of these molecules have been measured along with the Raman shifts in trans -dicyanoethylene. The observed spectra were tentatively assigned by comparison with frequencies calculated from a transferred set of Urey-Bradley force constants. These assignments, as well as one made previously for acrylonitrile, were used to determine an average set of force constants for the molecular series by applying the overlay technique for the least-square fitting of force constants to the vibrational frequencies of the three molecules. By use of this technique the thirty-five directly observed in-plane vibrational frequencies were reproduced within an average 1·2 per cent by only sixteen unique force constants.
Electroless Plating of Thin Silver Films on Porous Al2O3 Substrate and the Study of Deposition Kinetics

Abstract A novel concept has been developed to coat the inner pore surfaces of reticulated alumina with a thin silver film by an electroless-plating method. As a result of coating, the porous alumina sample exhibits a sharp transition from insulating to conducting due to a thin silver layer on the inner pore surfaces. Systematic studies have been carried out to investigate the coating kinetics by employment of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and computer simulation. Both coating procedures and effects of processing parameters on the quality of films are reported. Also, this paper presents the film bonding strength to the substrate, effects of sintering, and conduction mechanism of coated composite. The fundamental silver electroless-plating mechanism has been identified based on computer modeling. The simulation results indicate an excellent agreement between the silver deposition behavior and the physical model applied.
Technical Development in Cotton Manufacturing Since 1860

Outline of the manufacturing process, 110. — Improvements in the various departments since 1860, 112. — I. Preliminary processes: opening, picking, carding, and drawing, 112. — Relative importance of contributions by American and by English inventors, 120. — II. Ring spinning and mule spinning compared, 121. — Reasons why former predominates in United States and the latter in Great Britain, 129. — III. Preparation of warp yarn, 133. — Spooling, 133. — Warping, 134. — And Sizing, 136. — IV. Weaving, 140. — Plain looms, 143. Automatic looms, 144. — Comparison with methods of weaving in Europe, 147. — V. Variety of methods and machines for finishing the cloth, 152. — Bleaching, 152. — Printing, 153. — Dyeing, 153. — Mercerizing, 156. — Finishing, 157. — Significance of the improvements in the machinery and processes for manufacturing cotton cloth during the last fifty years, 158.
First results on radiation damage studies using n+/p/p+ diodes fabricated with multi-guard ring structures

Abstract First measurements of silicon PIN diodes and multi-guard structures, fabricated from 10 k Ω cm p-type material in an n + /p/p + configuration are presented. Studies of the effects of irradiation with 2.0×10 14 p/cm 2 at 63.3 MeV on the charge collection efficiency, leakage current, and breakdown are presented, along with studies of different guard ring configurations.