cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic normobaric hypoxic and hypercapnic exposure in rats: prevention of experimental chronic mountain sickness by hypercapnia.

A syndrome of experimental chronic mountain sickness can be produced in the Hilltop strain of Sprague-Dawley rats by chronic hypobaric hypoxic exposure. This syndrome is characterized by polycythemia, plasma hemoglobinemia, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy with eventual failure and death. It has generally been assumed that these changes are caused by chronic hypoxemia, not by hypobaric exposureper se. We have now confirmed this directly by showing that chronic normobaric hypoxic exposure (10.5% O2) produces similar hematologic and hemodynamic changes. Further, the addition of hypercapnic exposure to the hypoxic exposure blunted or prevented the effects of the hypoxic exposure probably by stimulating respiration, thus increasing the rate of oxygen delivery to the cells. Changes in the rate-controlling enzymes of hepatic heme metabolism, 5-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase, and in cytochrome(s) P-450, the major hepatic hemoprotein(s), were also measured in hypoxic and hypercapnic rats. Hypoxia decreased 5-aminolevulinate synthase and increased cytochrome(s) P-450, probably by increasing the size of a “regulatory” heme pool within hepatocytes. These changes were also prevented by the addition of hypercapnic to hypoxic exposure.
Intentional Communication Elicits Language-Facilitating Maternal Responses in Dyads With Children Who Have Developmental Disabilities

An experimental test of whether intentional communication elicits maternal responses purported to facilitate language development is presented. Fifty-eight prelinguistic children with disabilities and their mothers participated. Children were randomly assigned to two staff-implemented treatments that were designed to experimentally increase intentional communication ability. We predicted that treatment effects on maternal responses would vary by maternal education level and maternal responsive interaction style at the pretreatment period. We predicted any treatment effect on maternal responses would be mediated by posttreatment intentional communication. Results indicated that treatment effects on maternal responses varied by pretreatment maternal education level. A pattern of results also supports the conclusion that posttreatment intentional communication to mother was, at least in part, responsible for the effect on posttreatment maternal responses.
Oklahoma’s Youth-Driven Tobacco Policy Campaigns

Background Youth engagement is an important component of comprehensive tobacco control programs. Oklahoma has dozens of Students Working Against Tobacco (SWAT) teams throughout the state. Traditionally, SWAT has focused more on community and peer education than policy initiatives. To systematically engage SWAT members in high-impact policy work, Oklahoma launched new training materials and policy-focused campaigns in October 2011. Purpose To examine initial campaign implementation and impact, including outcomes and lessons learned. Methods Youth baseline and post-campaign survey data and program coordinator post-campaign survey data were collected in 2011–2012 and analyzed in 2013. Chi-square analyses and t tests were used to identify differences in youths' attitudes, self-efficacy, and activism behavior. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of coordinator survey data were used to identify barriers to campaign implementation. Copies of passed policies were collected. Results Youths' tobacco-related attitudes ( p p =0.011) and discuss Big Tobacco's lies ( p =0.048) were higher at follow-up. Excepting survey collection ( p =0.019), youth did not engage in new advocacy behaviors during the study period. Seven policies were partly attributed to the campaigns. Timing, lack of training, and material format were identified as barriers to implementation. Conclusions When implementing similar programs, significant planning must go into the timing of the launch. Instruction must be provided to local staff before materials are disseminated. Developed materials must account for short meetings and limited access to technology. With some adjustments, campaigns like these could prove valuable tools for engaging youth in high-impact local tobacco control efforts.
Change or Die: How to Transform Your Organization from the Inside Out

The Inevitability of Change The Great Change Mistakes The Change Agent Solution Change Agents Challenge the Status Quo Change Agents Embrace Conflict Change Agents Manage Risk, Not Avoid It Change Agents Stoke the Fire of Creativity Change Agents Help Create New Change Agents Change Expectations and the New MBA Notes Bibliography Index About the Authors
Maternal factors in dizygotic twinning: evidence from interracial crosses

SummaryIn the USA, Blacks have been shown to have a higher incidence of DZ twinning than Whites. We studied maternal and paternal race determinants of the rates of like-sex and unlike-sex twinning using US live-birth certificate data for 1973–78. After adjustment was made for father's race, Black mothers had a higher rate of unlike-sex twinning than White mothers (odds ratio, OR = 1·74, P<10−8). This maternal race effect persisted after further adjustments were made for maternal age, parity, education, and marital status and did not apply to the rates of like-sex twinning (OR = 1·06). On the other hand, after adjustment was made for mother's race, Black fathers did not have higher rates of unlike-sex (OR = 0·93) or like-sex (OR = 1·11) twinning than White fathers. The study shows that the high rate of DZ twinning in Blacks is associated with maternal race and not paternal race. The data further support the importance of maternal determinants of dizygotic twinning in humans.
On strongly F-regular inversion of adjunction

In this article we give two independent proofs of the positive characteristic analog of the log terminal inversion of adjunction. We show that for a pair (X,S+B) in characteristic p>0, if (Sn,BSn) is strongly F-regular, then S is normal and (X,S+B) is purely F-regular near S. We also answer affirmatively an open question about the equality of F-Different and Different.
A new technique for performing Syed-Neblett template interstitial implants for gynecologic malignancies using transrectal-ultrasound guidance.

Purpose Interstitial brachytherapy plays an important role in the treatment of advanced and recurrent gynecologic malignancies. Unfortunately, the inability to visualize the tumor and surrounding normal structures during the implant has hampered the accuracy and safety of the implant. Transrectal ultrasound guided Syed-Neblett template implantation is a new technique for performing interstitial implants under direct visualization. The details of the technique are presented to demonstrate the ability to accurately guide needle placement into tumor and avoid needle insertion into critical surrounding normal structures. Methods and materials The transrectal ultrasound is positioned so that it can visualize the tumor, and normal surrounding structures in both transverse and longitudinal planes. The Syed-Neblett template is positioned and sutured into the perineum. Needles are inserted into the target area under direct visualization through transverse imaging. The bladder and rectum can be directly imaged and thus avoided. Longitudinal imaging is then used to guide the needles to the appropriate depth. In addition, it can be used to assess the length of the target volume and aid in determining the active length of the sources. Results A total of 12 procedures have been performed on seven patients from August 30, 1995 to April 12, 1996. The presenting diseases included: Stage IIIb cervical cancer in four cases, recurrent endometrial cancer in two cases, and Stage III vaginal cancer in one case. The total length of time for implantation of the needles ranged from 45 to 165 min (median--130 min). Conclusion Transrectal ultrasound guidance provides real-time visualization of the target volume and normal tissues during interstitial implantation of gynecologic malignancies and allows for accurate needle placement.
Tandem mass spectrum of a farnesyl transferase inhibitor--gas-phase rearrangements involving imidazole.

Compound 1 (1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[1-(4-cyanobenzyl)imidazolylmethyl]-2-piperazinone hydrochloride) is a farnesyl transferase inhibitor intended for treatment of cancer. A detailed analysis of the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data of protonated 1 shows that in the gas phase, upon collision-induced dissociation, this ion undergoes complicated rearrangement and fragmentation. These processes include a novel two-step rearrangement. The first step involves a gas-phase intramolecular S(N)2 reaction that forms an intermediate. The second step consists of three competitive rearrangement/fragmentation pathways of the intermediate, giving rise to protonated 2, protonated methylene-imidazole, and a distonic methylimidazole radical cation. Deuterated 1 was studied under the same experimental conditions, and the results strongly support the proposed two-step rearrangement process. It is noted that the unique structure of 1, especially the imidazole ring of 1, plays a critical role in the rearrangement of protonated 1.
Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: a brief report of the results of a national survey in the U.S.A.

A sample (N = 114) of adolescent female binge-purgers were among the respondents to a nationwide survey on body-image. Relative to female controls (N = 114) who were matched on age, height and weight, binge-purgers evaluated their physical appearance, fitness and health much less favourably. However, they reported being more appearance-oriented and fitness-oriented than controls. Regardless of actual weight, binge-purgers more often distorted their body size as heavier than did controls, displayed more anxious preoccupation about their weight and weight gain and reported much more frequent eating restraint to lose weight. Binge-purgers also considered themselves to be more poorly psychosocially adjusted, with a reported childhood history of appearance-related conflicts. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the above variables were very accurate in classifying the two groups.
Silicon Nano-Phoonic Interconnection Networks in Multicore Processor Systems

We explore how recent advances in nanoscale silicon photonic technologies can be exploited for developing on-chip optical interconnection networks that address the bandwidth and power challenges presented for the communications infrastructure in multicore processors.
Design of Nano-Composites for Ultra-High Strengths and Radiation Damage Tolerance

The combination of high strength and high radiation damage tolerance in nanolaminate composites can be achieved when the individual layers in these composites are only a few nanometers thick and therefore these materials contain a large volume fraction associated with interfaces. These interfaces act both as obstacles to slip, as well as sinks for radiation-induced defects. The morphological and phase stabilities of these nano-composites under ion irradiation are explored as a function of layer thickness, temperature and interface structure. Using results on model systems such as Cu-Nb, we highlight the critical role of the atomic structure of the incoherent interfaces that exhibit multiple states with nearly degenerate energies in acting as sinks for radiation-induced point defects. Reduced radiation damage also leads to a reduction in the irradiation hardening, particularly at layer thickness of approximately 5 nm and below. The strategies for design of radiation-tolerant structural materials based on the knowledge gained from this work will be discussed.
George W. Bush, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Use and Abuse of Presidential Signing Statements

This article considers how George W. Bush chose to use the presidential signing statement and the ways in which the administration's application of this tool of direct presidential action in its first term represents a set of important initiatives. The Bush administration has very effectively expanded the scope and character of the signing statement, not only to address specific provisions of legislation that the White House wishes to nullify but also to reposition and strengthen the powers of the presidency relative to the Congress. What is almost as interesting is the fact that so few in Congress, the media, or the scholarly community are aware that anything has happened at all.
Inductor design for cryogenic power electronics

The core losses of a number of ferrite compositions as well as several metallic ferromagnetic materials have been measured at 78 K. From these measurements we can estimate the power dissipation of a conventional inductor (copper windings, magnetic core) at low temperature. It is found that the magnetic losses generally increase on cooling; this counteracts the reduction in copper losses, and the dissipation would not be much different than its room temperature value. If superconducting windings are substituted for the copper, there remains a tradeoff between losses in the core and in the superconductor. Optimization of this combination will require extensive modeling; it may be that the best solution involves no magnetic core at all.
Modeling switching activity using cascaded Bayesian networks for correlated input streams

We represent switching activity in VLSI circuits using a graphical probabilistic model based on cascaded Bayesian networks (CBNs). We develop an elegant method for maintaining probabilistic consistency in the interfacing boundaries across the CBNs during the inference process using a tree-dependent (TD) probability distribution function. A tree-dependent (TD) distribution is an approximation of the true joint probability function over the switching variables, with the constraint that the underlying Bayesian network representation is a tree. The tree approximation of the true joint probability function can be arrived at using a maximum weight spanning tree (MWST) built using pairwise mutual information between switchings at two signal lines. Further we also develop a TD distribution based method to model correlations among the primary inputs which is critical for accuracy in Bayesian modeling of switching activity. Experimental results for ISCAS circuits are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Intergrowth structures in synthetic pyrochlores : implications for radiation damage effects and waste form formulation.

Titanate-based ceramic waste forms are currently under development for the immobilization of excess weapons plutonium. Both Hf and Gd are added to the ceramic formulation as neutron absorbers in order to satisfy a defense-in-depth concept for the waste form. The introduction of significant amounts of hafnium may be responsible for the presence of zirconolite-2M crystals in pyrochlore-based ceramics and the formation of zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore. The zirconolite grows epitaxially on {l_brace}111{r_brace}planes of pyrochlore. Although the zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore are non-cubic, any volume expansion due to radiation damage in the pyrochlore should still be isotropic; in addition, the presence of these intergrowths may allow some stress relief in the ceramic.
Efficacy of Melatonin as a Hypnotic Agent

The seemingly contradictory literature on the use of melatonin in insomnia is best understood by considering issues of time of administration (day or night), dose range (physiological or pharmacological), subject selection (normals or insomniacs), choice of dependent variable (self-report or electroencephalogram), and comprehensiveness of the reported variables (sleep onset or sleep maintenance). Available data on nighttime administration to normals and insomniacs are reviewed. It is concluded that there is not yet a convincing body of evidence, using generally accepted measures, that melatonin administration improves sleep in insomniacs with noncircadian sleep disturbance.
Cosmological challenges in theories with extra dimensions and remarks on the horizon problem

We consider the cosmology that results if our observable universe is a 3-brane in a higher dimensional universe. In particular, we focus on the case where our 3-brane is located at the ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry fixed plane of a ${Z}_{2}$ symmetric five-dimensional spacetime, as in the Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava-Witten model compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold. As our first result, we find that there can be substantial modifications to the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology; as a consequence, a large class of such models is observationally inconsistent. In particular, any relationship between the Hubble constant and the energy density on our brane is possible, including (but not only) FRW. Generically, due to the existence of the bulk and the boundary conditions on the orbifold fixed plane, the relationship is not FRW, and hence cosmological constraints coming from big bang nucleosynthesis, structure formation, and the age of the universe difficult to satisfy. We do wish to point out, however, that some specific choices for the bulk stress-energy tensor components do reproduce normal FRW cosmology on our brane, and we have constructed an explicit example. As our second result, for a broad class of models, we find a somewhat surprising fact: the stabilization of the radius of the extra dimension and hence the four dimensional Planck mass requires unrealistic fine-tuning of the equation of state on our 3-brane. In the last third of the paper, we make remarks about causality and the horizon problem that apply to any theory in which the volume of the extra dimension determines the four-dimensional gravitational coupling. We point out that some of the assumptions that lead to the usual inflationary requirements are modified.
Modified Viterbi detection for recording channels with jitter

The performance of Viterbi detection is degraded in the presence of jitter in magnetic recording. Based on the assumption of Gaussian jitter, the authors propose a new suboptimal detection algorithm, which is essentially Viterbi detection with a modified error metric which takes into account the pattern-dependent nature of jitter noise. Performance analysis and simulation results indicate that for jitter-dominant channels, significant performance improvement over conventional Viterbi detection can be achieved by using the proposed detection scheme. >
Modelling community evacuation vulnerability using GIS

We present a method for systematically identifying neighbourhoods that may face transportation di Yculties during an evacuation. A classi® cation of this nature o Vers a unique approach to assessing community vulnerability in regions subject to fast-moving hazards of uncertain spatial impact (e.g., urban ® restorms and toxic spills on highways). The approach is founded on an integer programming (IP) model called the critical cluster model (CCM). An heuristic algorithm is described which is capable of producing e Ycient, high-quality solu- tions to this model in a GIS context. The paper concludes with an application of the method to Santa Barbara, California.
Attending Rounds: A Patient with Intradialytic Hypotension

Intradialytic hypotension is the most common adverse event that occurs during the hemodialysis procedure. Despite advances in machine technology, it remains a difficult management issue. The pathophysiology of intradialytic hypotension and measures to reduce its frequency are discussed. An accurate assessment of dry weight is crucial in all patients on dialysis and especially those patients prone to intradialytic hypotension. The presence of edema and hypertension has recently been shown to be a poor predictor of volume overload. Noninvasive methods to assess volume status, such as whole body and segmental bioimpedance, hold promise to more accurately assess fluid status. Reducing salt intake is key to limiting interdialytic weight gain. A common problem is that patients are often told to restrict fluid but not salt intake. Lowering the dialysate temperature, prohibiting food ingestion during hemodialysis, and midodrine administration are beneficial. Sodium modeling in the absence of ultrafiltration modeling should be abandoned. There is not enough data on the efficacy of l-carnitine to warrant its routine use.
A certain unfolding problem

Abstract The problem of unfolding a distribution which is a composite of several unknown but identical distributions is considered. A numerical method is developed, based on a smoothing criterion, which, when applied to a sample set of experimental data, yields results in good agreement with previous hand-graphical procedures.
Photocurrent Study of Oxygen-Mediated Doping States in Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors

We have measured and analyzed the gate-bias dependence of the photocurrent in pentacene organic field-effect transistors which have been doped using a UV-ozone treatment and compared these to the response of identical devices produced with no air or ozone exposure. The wavelength-dependent photocurrent spectrum shows intensified photocurrent peaks in oxygen-doped samples in the range of 350-480 nm, which corresponds to energy transitions (2.66, 2.76, 2.95, and 3.15 eV) larger than the pentacene HOMO-LUMO gap. These peaks are attributed to the formation of excitons and improved dissociation into electrons and holes, owing to the trap states formed at the interface between the UV-treated dielectric and the pentacene, which also account for positively shifted threshold voltage in the UV-treated sample. Our results are consistent with the trap-and-release transport model for pentacene. The gate-bias-dependent photocurrent spectrum shows that the photocurrent intensity is proportional to the mobility in the linear region, and this mobility relationship was confirmed via simultaneous transport measurement in the device.
Direct Interaction between a Myosin V Motor and the Rab GTPases Ypt31/32 Is Required for Polarized Secretion

Rab GTPases recruit myosin motors to endocytic compartments, which in turn are required for their motility. However, no Ypt/Rab GTPase has been shown to regulate the motility of exocytic compartmen...
Contrasting histories of three gene regions associated with In(3L)Payne of Drosophila melanogaster.

In the present report, we studied nucleotide variation in three gene regions of Drosophila melanogaster, spanning >5 kb and showing different degrees of association with the cosmopolitan inversion In(3-L)Payne. The analysis of sequence variation in the regions surrounding the breakpoints and the heat shock 83 (Hsp83) gene locus, located close to the distal breakpoint, revealed the absence of shared polymorphisms and the presence of a number of fixed differences between arrangements, indicating absence of genetic exchange. In contrast, for the esterase-6 gene region, located in the center of the inversion, we observed the presence of shared polymorphisms between arrangements suggesting genetic exchange. In the regions close to the breakpoints, the common St arrangement is 10 times more polymorphic than inverted chromosomes. We propose that the lack of recombination between arrangements in these regions coupled with genetic hitchhiking is the best explanation for the low heterozygosity observed in inverted lines. Using the data for the breakpoints, we estimate that this inversion polymorphism is around 0.36 million yr old. Although it is widely accepted that inversions are examples of balanced polymorphisms, none of the current neutrality tests including our Monte Carlo simulations showed significant departure from neutral expectations.
Preparing Novice Teacher Educators in the Pedagogy of Teacher Education

In this article, the author provides a conceptual framework to guide the design of coursework to prepare teacher educators. Given the absence of a stronger research base to inform the preparation of novice teacher educators, the author argues that theoretical perspectives focused on K-12 preservice teacher learning can be a useful heuristic for decision making in a course for novice teacher educators. To illustrate the application of this framework, the author provides examples from a course on the pedagogy of teacher education oriented toward critical, social justice–oriented pedagogies that the author created and taught to a group of doctoral students who were learning to become teacher educators. By illustrating how the preservice teacher learning framework she proposes guided her own course decision making, the author aims to provide others with a guiding framework for facilitating the learning of novice teacher educators.
Coalition Building for Health: A Community Garden Pilot Project with Apartment Dwelling Refugees

Refugees often experience compromised health from both pre- and post-migration stressors. Coalition theory has helped guide the development of targeted programs to address the health care needs of vulnerable populations. Using the Community Coalition Action Theory as a framework, a coalition was formed to implement a community garden with apartment-dwelling refugees. Outcomes included successful coalition formation, a community garden, reported satisfaction from all gardeners with increased vegetable intake, access to culturally meaningful foods, and evidence of increased community engagement. The opportunity for community health nurses to convene a coalition to affect positive health for refugees is demonstrated.
Focal adhesion integrity is downregulated by the alternatively spliced domain of human tenascin

Tenascin, together with thrombospondin and SPARC, form a family of matrix proteins that, when added to bovine aortic endothelial cells, caused a dose-dependent reduction in the number of focal adhesion-positive cells to approximately 50% of albumin-treated controls. For tenascin, a maximum response was obtained with 20-60 micrograms/ml of protein. The reduction in focal adhesions in tenascin-treated spread cells was observed 10 min after addition of the adhesion modulator, reached the maximum by 45 min, and persisted for at least 4 h in the continued presence of tenascin. This effect was fully reversible, was independent of de novo protein synthesis, and was neutralized by a polyclonal antibody to tenascin. Monoclonal antibodies to specific domains of tenascin (mAbs 81C6 and 127) were used to localize the active site to the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin. Furthermore, a recombinant protein corresponding to the alternatively spliced segment (fibronectin type III domains 6-12) was expressed in Escherichia coli and was active in causing loss of focal adhesions, whereas a recombinant form of a domain (domain 3) containing the RGD sequence had no activity. Chondroitin-6-sulfate effectively neutralized tenascin activity, whereas dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate were less active and heparan sulfate and heparin were essentially inactive. Studies suggest that galactosaminoglycans neutralize tenascin activity through interactions with cell surface molecules. Overall, our results demonstrate that tenascin, thrombospondin, and SPARC, acting as soluble ligands, are able to provoke the loss of focal adhesions in well-spread endothelial cells.
The Use of Plasma Fraction I to Maintain Hemostasis Following Amputation for Hemorrhagic Cyst of the Thigh in a Severe Hemophiliac

Subtrochanteric amputation of the lower extremity because of a huge pseudocyst in a patient with severe hemophilia was successfully performed through the use of fraction I to maintain the patient's antihemophilic factor levels between 30 and 50 per cent of the normal.
Lessons Learned from the Development of Component-Based Medical Robot Systems

Over the past two decades, a variety of medical robot systems have been developed and commercial products are actively used in modern operating rooms. These systems often comprise a variety of sensors and devices with the real-time constraints, and the size and complexity of these systems have significantly increased to achieve both desired medical functionality and non-functional requirements such as safety, integrity, and reliability. Medical robot systems, as in other robotics areas, have reached a point that requires careful consideration of strategies for more effective and maintainable system development or rapid prototyping. We have been developing a component-based software framework for computer-assisted intervention systems, called cisst , with a collection of reusable components, that addresses these issues. This paper describes practical problems and challenges that we have faced throughout the development of various medical and surgical robot systems. It also discusses our design approaches and possible solutions, and summarizes the lessons learned. Although the main focus is on medical robot systems, we believe our experience with component-based software development in medical robotics can be shared with the rest of the robotics community.
SRN1, a yeast gene involved in RNA processing, is identical to HEX2/REG1, a negative regulator in glucose repression.

Abstract The yeast RNA1 gene encodes a cytosolic protein that affects pre-tRNA splicing, pre-rRNA processing, the production of mRNA, and the export of RNA from the nucleus to the cytosol. In an attempt to understand how the RNA1 protein affects such a diverse set of processes, we sought second-site suppressors of a mutation, rna1-1, of the RNA1 locus. Mutations in a single complementation group were obtained. These lesions proved to be in the same gene, SRN1, identified previously in a search for second-site suppressors of mutations that affect the removal of intervening sequences from pre-mRNAs. The SRN1 gene was mapped, cloned, and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis and the phenotype of disruption mutations showed that, surprisingly, SRN1 is identical to HEX2/REG1, a gene that negatively regulates glucose-repressible genes. Interestingly, SRN1 is not a negative regulator of RNA1 at the transcriptional, translational, or protein stability level. However, SRN1 does regulate the level of two newly discovered antigens, p43 and p70, one of which is not glucose repressible. These studies for the first time link RNA processing and carbon catabolite repression.
Quantitative Assessment of the Multiplicity of Carbon–Halogen Bonds: Carbenium and Halonium Ions with F, Cl, Br, and I

CX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and CE bonding (E = O, S, Se, Te) was investigated for a test set of 168 molecules using the local CX and CE stretching force constants ka calculated at the M06-2X/cc-pVTZ level of theory. The stretching force constants were used to derive a relative bond strength order (RBSO) parameter n. As alternative bond strength descriptors, bond dissociation energies (BDE) were calculated at the G3 level or at the two-component NESC (normalized elimination of the small component)/CCSD(T) level of theory for molecules with X = Br, I or E = Se, Te. RBSO values reveal that both bond lengths and BDE values are less useful when a quantification of the bond strength is needed. CX double bonds can be realized for Br- or I-substituted carbenium ions where as suitable reference the double bond of the corresponding formaldehyde homologue is used. A triple bond cannot be realized in this way as the diatomic CX+ ions with a limited π-donor capacity for X are just double-bonded. The stability of halonium i...
CFD validation issues in transition modeling

Laminar-turbulent transition is highly initialcondition and operating-condition dependent. Finding careful, archival experiments for comparison is the main validation issue; few exist. The CFD formulations validated to date demonstrate that if the environment and operating conditions can be modelled and input correctly, the computations (nonlinear PSE and DNS) agree quantitatively with the experiments. Future challenges for validation include: Successful CFD simulations of available complete databases; CFD leadership in the identification, cataloging, and modeling of the effects of freestream disturbances; CFD leadership in the determination of relevant validation experiments for supersonic and hypersonic flows; careful validation experiments and CFD solutions for complex 3-D geometries; and simulations and validations for the high Reynolds numbers of flight.
Practical Nanoscale Silicon Light Emitters

Impressive advances have been made over the last few years in teaching silicon how to emit light. Recently, light-emitting devices made of porous silicon and other forms of nanoscale silicon have been demonstrated with specifications that start to make them attractive for commercial applications. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in the materials science and device properties of nanoscale silicon-based LEDs, including their integration with microelectronic circuits.
241 EFFECTIVENESS OF PREOPERATIVE CHEMOEMBOLIZATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN LIVER TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES PRE- AND POST MODEL FOR END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) at our center before and after the implementation of the MELD organ allocation system. Methods A single-center retrospective review of transplant candidates with HCC treated with HACE. Primary end points included transplantation versus progression beyond transplant criteria/death. Secondary end points included incidence of HACE-related complications and survival. Parameters studied included clinical stage at the time of HACE, findings of imaging and explant pathology, as well as the interval from HACE to a primary end point. Patients were categorized according to the transplant listing date relative to February 27, 2002, as pre-MELD and post-MELD era. Statistical comparisons were made using a two-tailed t-test and survival was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method (GraphPad Prism® v4.0c). Results Of 26 pre-MELD era patients, 19 (73%) were transplanted (mean wait = 357.2 days), with 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivability of 73%, 55%, and 44%, respectively. Seven (27%) were removed from the waiting list due to increased tumor burden or death at a mean time of 185.3 days, with 1- and 3- year survivability of 17% (p = .0096). Of the 35 post-MELD era patients, 17 (48%) were transplanted (mean = 161.7 days) with 1- and 3-year survivability of 87%. Nine (26%) were removed from the list (mean wait = 218.4 days) with a 1-year survivability of 0% (p = .0032). Nine (26%) patients remain listed in stable condition (mean = 332 days). No serious HACE-related complications were reported in either group, and survival was excellent (100%). Conclusions HACE was associated with significant tumor necrosis in both pre- and post-MELD era patients, as evidenced by imaging and pathology. This study shows that although pre- and post-MELD era patients experienced almost identical progression of disease precluding transplantation, post-MELD patients had improved survivability following transplantation. Given the efficacy of HACE, this therapy continues to have a positive impact on pretransplant candidates.
Seeing Corals with Darwin’s “Eye of Reason”: Discovering an Image of a Tropical Atoll in the English Countryside

In the leafy town of Orpington, at the southeastern edge of London’s suburban sprawl, and about 5 m from Charles Darwin’s home in Downe Village, there sits a medieval stone hall called the Priory, which is now the Bromley Museum. Among its local-history memorabilia, the Priory contains a treasure trove of nineteenth-century watercolors that were commissioned in 1869 by Darwin’s wealthy neighbor: the banker-scientist John Lubbock (1834–1913), later Lord Avebury, who lived up the hill in his father’s 22 room mansion called High Elms. Their relationship was a special one, with Lubbock being Darwin’s one and only student, his “apprentice.”
Southeastern United States wood pellets as a global energy resource: a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment derived from empirical data

ABSTRACTGiven increased policies driving renewable electricity generation and insufficient local production of woody biomass, many countries are reliant upon the importation of wood pellets. Of current wood pellet exports, the vast majority originates from the Southeastern United States (US). In this paper we present results from a cradle-to-gate, attributional process life cycle assessment in which two production scenarios of wood pellets were modelled for the Southeastern US: one utilising roundwood from a silviculture operation and the other utilising sawmill residues. The system boundary includes all steps from harvesting of the wood biomass, through delivery of the finished wood pellets to a US port facility. For each of the impact categories assessed, wood pellets from sawmill residues resulted in higher values, ranging from 5% to 31%. In relation to Global Warming Potential, roundwood pellets resulted in a 13–21% lower value than pellets produced from sawmill residues, depending upon the allocation...
Honokiol Inhibits DNA Polymerases β and λ and Increases Bleomycin Sensitivity of Human Cancer Cells

A major concept to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damaging agents is by inhibiting proteins in the DNA repair pathways. X-family DNA polymerases play critical roles in both base excision repair (BER) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). In this study, we examined the effectiveness of honokiol to inhibit human DNA polymerase β (pol β), which is involved in BER, and DNA polymerase λ (pol λ), which is involved in NHEJ. Kinetic analysis with purified polymerases showed that honokiol inhibited DNA polymerase activity. The inhibition mode for the polymerases was a mixed-function noncompetitive inhibition with respect to the substrate, dCTP. The X-family polymerases, pol β and pol λ, were slightly more sensitive to inhibition by honokiol based on the Ki value of 4.0 μM for pol β, and 8.3 μM for pol λ, while the Ki values for pol η and Kf were 20 and 26 μM, respectively. Next we extended our studies to determine the effect of honokiol on the cytotoxicity of bleomycin and temozolomide in human cancer cell lines A5...
Global warming potentials : 2. Accuracy

This paper exposes flaws in the mathematical structure of the Global Warming Potential (GWP) concept. These lead to errors when emissions changes in different greenhouse gases are compared. The most fundamental problem is that the unit impulse response functions from which GWPs, and many of their proposed alternatives, are constructed provide an incomplete representation of the relationship between emissions and radiative forcing. Additional errors occur when GWPs are used to compare finite-length emissions changes.
Improved protection scheme for data attack on strategic buses in the Smart Grid

Determining voltage phase angles of buses in a Smart Grid is a critical operation in the power system state estimation process. Invalid state estimate of strategic buses can cause a severe socioeconomic impact. In this paper, we present an optimal protection scheme to protect the voltage phase angle estimation of strategic buses in a Smart Grid against data spoofing attacks. We discuss the limitations of the protection scheme presented by Deka et al by identifying a class of attack vectors which cannot be defended against using their protection scheme. We then provide an improved protection scheme to find the minimal set of measurements to protect in order to secure the set of strategic buses against any data spoofing attack. Finally, we discuss tradeoffs and differences in our protection scheme compared with the protection scheme presented by Deka et al.
Multiple Symbol Differential Detection for Noncoherent Communications With Large-Scale Antenna Arrays

For communications over large-scale antennas, noncoherent differential detection is an attractive option for avoiding expensive channel estimation, but it cannot maximally collect the performance benefits as the antenna number increases. For a desired performance-complexity tradeoff, this letter develops multiple symbol differential detection (MSDD) with simple implementation for single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems, which jointly detects a block of symbols within the channel coherence time. The generalized likelihood ratio test criterion is adopted that maximizes the likelihood function over both the information symbols and the unknown channels. Simple formulas of the MSDD-SIMO detector are derived, whose performance is competitive to training-based coherent detection.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Dynamics: The Yin and Yang of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cancer Progression

Mitochondria are organelles with a highly dynamic ultrastructure maintained by a delicate equilibrium between its fission and fusion rates. Understanding the factors influencing this balance is important as perturbations to mitochondrial dynamics can result in pathological states. As a terminal site of nutrient oxidation for the cell, mitochondrial powerhouses harness energy in the form of ATP in a process driven by the electron transport chain. Contemporaneously, electrons translocated within the electron transport chain undergo spontaneous side reactions with oxygen, giving rise to superoxide and a variety of other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrially-derived ROS can mediate redox signaling or, in excess, cause cell injury and even cell death. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial ultrastructure is tightly coupled to ROS generation depending on the physiological status of the cell. Yet, the mechanism by which changes in mitochondrial shape modulate mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis is less clear. Aberrant mitochondrial morphology may lead to enhanced ROS formation, which, in turn, may deteriorate mitochondrial health and further exacerbate oxidative stress in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Here, we review the latest findings on the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production, focusing mainly on its role in malignant disease.
Rudimentation and duplication of the radius in the duplicate mutant form of Fowl

The duplicate mutation (Po d) of fowl is responsible for preaxial polydactylism of hand and foot Malformations of the radius occur frequently in association with finger duplication, These abnormalities can be arranged in series which in one direction lead by imperceptible steps from a slight hypoplasia to aplasia of the radius and which in the opposite direction proceed from the occurrence of small supernumerary rudiments to complete radius duplication. The duplicated radius may have a grossly abnormal, broad and flat shape with irregular outline.
Determination of Regional Area Stroke Work with High Spatial Resolution in the Heart

Coronary artery disease generally leads to regional myocardial dysfunction. This necessitates a high spatial resolution technique that is able to determine whole-field regional myocardial function. We have therefore developed the technique of computer-aidedspeckle interferometry (CASI) for measuring myocardial function in the beating heart. Six isolated rabbit hearts were perfused in a modified Langendorff apparatus, which allowed for the hearts to be perfused in the working mode. A pressure transducer was inserted through the apex into the left ventricular (LV) cavity to measure LV pressure. Silicone carbide particles were placed on the anterior surface of LV and used as displacement markers. The anterior surface of the left ventricle was imaged with a CCD camera at 50 frames per second. The CASI technique was used to determine the displacementof regions of myocardium on the basis of the deformation distribution (via displacement vectors) within the region of interest. From this information, changes in regional area were determined as a function of LV pressure, leading to the determination of regional area stroke work (RASW; the integral of LV pressure with respect to regional area). The average region of interest in the six hearts was 19.7 ± 5.9 mm2. The average RASW over the regions of interest was 3.1 ± 0.7 mmHg (with the regional area normalized to end-diastolic area). The region of interest was further divided into subregions, each representing an average of 1 mm2 of myocardium. Within a subregion, more than 20 displacement vectors were determined, which were used to calculate the change in regionalarea and RASW for a given subregion. CASI is an effective whole-field technique to determine regional function with better than 1-mm spatial resolution in the isolated beating heart.
Physical Studies of Azurin and Some Metal Replaced Derivatives

The insight into the nature of the blue copper site in azurin that has been obtained using physical methods is briefly reviewed. The additional insight that has come from studies of the cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) derivatives of the protein is then sketched. It is shown that in combination these results have yielded a resonable description of the electronic and geometric structure of the metal binding site. In accord with a recent crystallographic report, it is concluded that the site involves a cysteine sulfur, a methionine sulfur, and two imidazole nitrogens disposed in a pseudotetrahedral fashion.
Enhancing statistical moment calculations for stochastic Galerkin solutions with Monte Carlo techniques

Abstract In this work, we provide a method for enhancing stochastic Galerkin moment calculations to the linear elliptic equation with random diffusivity using an ensemble of Monte Carlo solutions. This hybrid approach combines the accuracy of low-order stochastic Galerkin and the computational efficiency of Monte Carlo methods to provide statistical moment estimates which are significantly more accurate than performing each method individually. The hybrid approach involves computing a low-order stochastic Galerkin solution, after which Monte Carlo techniques are used to estimate the residual. We show that the combined stochastic Galerkin solution and residual is superior in both time and accuracy for a one-dimensional test problem and a more computational intensive two-dimensional linear elliptic problem for both the mean and variance quantities.
Air Puff System Fundamentals for Reproducible Eyeblink Conditioning Research.

Air puff systems are at once trivially straightforward and dauntingly complex. On the one hand, they are little but a pressure source, valve, and tube connected together. On the other, the air passing through them is a compressible medium, expanding approximately adiabatically while travelling at high velocity through a compliant tube, and exiting as a turbulent jet with velocity peak and profile varying non-linearly in its near-field. This complexity puts precise mathematical prediction of puff properties out of reach of most labs. There are, however, a number of phenomena fundamental to air puff system design that are worth understanding to a first order of approximation, or at least qualitatively. Using a simplified, “electronic–hydraulic analogy” model, this paper discusses these phenomena in just enough depth for the reader to confidently specify parts for an air puff delivery system, to measure its key parameters, and/or to describe a given system unambiguously in publications, thus maximizing reproducibility.