cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population Genetics of Polymorphism and Divergence for Diploid Selection Models With Arbitrary Dominance

We develop a Poisson random-field model of polymorphism and divergence that allows arbitrary dominance relations in a diploid context. This model provides a maximum-likelihood framework for estimating both selection and dominance parameters of new mutations using information on the frequency spectrum of sequence polymorphisms. This is the first DNA sequence-based estimator of the dominance parameter. Our model also leads to a likelihood-ratio test for distinguishing nongenic from genic selection; simulations indicate that this test is quite powerful when a large number of segregating sites are available. We also use simulations to explore the bias in selection parameter estimates caused by unacknowledged dominance relations. When inference is based on the frequency spectrum of polymorphisms, genic selection estimates of the selection parameter can be very strongly biased even for minor deviations from the genic selection model. Surprisingly, however, when inference is based on polymorphism and divergence (McDonald-Kreitman) data, genic selection estimates of the selection parameter are nearly unbiased, even for completely dominant or recessive mutations. Further, we find that weak overdominant selection can increase, rather than decrease, the substitution rate relative to levels of polymorphism. This nonintuitive result has major implications for the interpretation of several popular tests of neutrality.
Regulation of Gene Expression by PrrA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1: Role of Polyamines and DNA Topology

In the present study, we show in vitro binding of PrrA, a global regulator in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, to the PrrA site 2, within the RSP3361 locus. Specific binding, as shown by competition experiments, requires the phosphorylation of PrrA. The binding affinity of PrrA for site 2 was found to increase 4- to 10-fold when spermidine was added to the binding reaction. The presence of extracellular concentrations of spermidine in growing cultures of R. sphaeroides gave rise to a twofold increase in the expression of the photosynthesis genes pucB and pufB, as well as the RSP3361 gene, under aerobic growth conditions, as shown by the use of lacZ transcriptional fusions, and led to the production of light-harvesting spectral complexes. In addition, we show that negative supercoiling positively regulates the expression of the RSP3361 gene, as well as pucB. We show the importance of supercoiling through an evaluation of the regulation of gene expression in situ by supercoiling, in the case of the former gene, as well as using the DNA gyrase inhibitor novobiocin. We propose that polyamines and DNA supercoiling act synergistically to regulate expression of the RSP3361 gene, partly by affecting the affinity of PrrA binding to the PrrA site 2 within the RSP3361 gene.
A comparative analysis of network dependability, fault-tolerance, reliability, security, and survivability

A number of qualitative and quantitative terms are used to describe the performance of what has come to be known as information systems, networks or infrastructures. However, some of these terms either have overlapping meanings or contain ambiguities in their definitions presenting problems to those who attempt a rigorous evaluation of the performance of such systems. The phenomenon arises because the wide range of disciplines covered by the term information technology have developed their own distinct terminologies. This paper presents a systematic approach for determining common and complementary characteristics of five widely-used concepts, dependability, fault-tolerance, reliability, security, and survivability. The approach consists of comparing definitions, attributes, and evaluation measures for each of the five concepts and developing corresponding relations. Removing redundancies and clarifying ambiguities will help the mapping of broad user-specified requirements into objective performance parameters for analyzing and designing information infrastructures.
Children's Apperception Test Findings with Kibbutz and Non-Kibbutz Preschoolers

(1968). Children's Apperception Test Findings with Kibbutz and Non-Kibbutz Preschoolers. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 420-424.
A survey of the infrastructure for children's mental health services: implications for the implementation of empirically supported treatments (ESTs).

A structured interview survey of directors of a large national sample (n = 200) of mental health service organizations treating children examined the governance, financing, staffing, services, and implementation practices of these organizations; and, director ratings of factors important to implementation of new treatments and services. Descriptive analyses showed private organizations financing services with public (particularly Medicaid) funds are prevalent and that employment of professional staff, clinical supervision and training, productivity requirements, and outcomes monitoring are common. Results of random effects regression models (RRMs) evaluating associations between governance, financing, and organizational characteristics and the use of new treatments and services showed for-profit organizations more likely to implement such treatments, and organizations with more licensed clinical staff and weekly clinical supervision in place less likely to do so. Results of RRMs evaluating relations between director ratings of the importance to new treatment and service implementation of three factors—fit with existing implementation practices, infrastructure support, and organizational mission and support—suggest greater importance to public than private organizations of these factors. Implications for EST implementation and future research are described.
Comments on “Relating the Drag Coefficient and the Roughness Length over the Sea to the Wavelength of the Peak Waves”

Andreas (2009) presents statistical analyses of the ‘‘DMAJ’’ dataset (Donelan 1979; Merzi and Graf 1985; Anctil and Donelan 1996; Janssen 1997), which has been assembled from fetch-limited or steady-state wind and wave experiments for the purpose of investigating the similarity relationship of ocean surface friction coefficient through wavelength scaling (Hwang 2004); the data are listed in the appendix. Andreas is interested in the observed high correlation of CDN,l/2(vpu * /g )a ndkpz0(vpu * / g) (approaching 0.95 in both cases), but he is also concerned about the self-correlation (the term ‘‘fictitious correlation’’ is used in his paper) caused by the same variable vp, present in the three dimensionless parameters CDN,l/2, vpu * /g, and kpz0. The definition of variables has been given in his paper and will not be repeated here. Andreas (2009) describes two analysis procedures to support his fictitious correlation hypothesis. The first one assumes that none of the fundamental variables, kp, u * , UN10 ,o rD, are correlated (hereafter referred to as the ‘‘uncorrelated assumption’’). Under the uncorrelated assumption, he derives mathematical formulas to investigate the possibleself-correlation causedby the common variable vp in the dimensionless parameters CDN,l/2, kpz0 and vpu * /g. The conclusion drawn from his analysis regarding the impact of self-correlation on the observed high correlation of CDN, l/2(vpu * /g )a ndkpz0(vpu * /g )i n the DMAJ dataset relies on the goodness of bisector fitting. If additional factors such as covariance and rootmean-square (rms) difference are also taken into account, a quite different conclusion can be reached. The second procedure is randomization of the kp(vp) sequence with respect to u * , UN10, and D in the DMAJ dataset. The scrambling causes kp to be effectively uncorrelated with u * and UN10, and he expects fairly scattered plot of the randomized CDN,l/2(vpu * /g )a nd kpz0(vpu * /g) under normal circumstances. The procedure can be analyzed more quantitatively. The result shows that kp, u * ,a ndUN10 are correlated and that the observed high correlation of CDN, l/2(vpu * /g )a ndkpz0(vpu * /g )i n the DMAJ dataset is not caused by the common presence of vp in the dimensionless parameters. This comment represents an effort to expand on the analysis procedures described by Andreas (2009) in a more quantitative manner for a more objective evaluation of self-correlation. The detail of the discussion is presented in section 2, and section 3 presents conclusions.
TIMING THE SECOND RESPONSE IN TWO‐RESPONSE AVOIDANCE

Rats were trained on a free-operant avoidance task requiring two lever presses within R seconds, with the opportunity for each response distinguished by differing stimuli. Response latencies at a variety of response-shock intervals were found to be proportional to the time available for the response. These results are shown to be consonant with a scalar expectancy model of timing behavior.
Rapid determination of protein folds using residual dipolar couplings.

Over the next few years, various genome projects will sequence many new genes and yield many new gene products. Many of these products will have no known function and little, if any, sequence homology to existing proteins. There is reason to believe that a rapid determination of a protein fold, even at low resolution, can aid in the identification of function and expedite the determination of structure at higher resolution. Recently devised NMR methods of measuring residual dipolar couplings provide one route to the determination of a fold. They do this by allowing the alignment of previously identified secondary structural elements with respect to each other. When combined with constraints involving loops connecting elements or other short-range experimental distance information, a fold is produced. We illustrate this approach to protein fold determination on 15N-labeled Eschericia coli acyl carrier protein using a limited set of 15N-1H and 1H-1H dipolar couplings. We also illustrate an approach using a more extended set of heteronuclear couplings on a related protein, 13C,15N-labeled NodF protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Private collaborative forecasting and benchmarking

Suppose a number of hospitals in a geographic area want to learn how their own heart-surgery unit is doing compared with the others in terms of mortality rates, subsequent complications, or any other quality metric. Similarly, a number of small businesses might want to use their recent point-of-sales data to cooperatively forecast future demand and thus make more informed decisions about inventory, capacity, employment, etc. These are simple examples of cooperative benchmarking and (respectively) forecasting that would benefit all participants as well as the public at large, as they would make it possible for participants to avail themselves of more precise and reliable data collected from many sources, to assess their own local performance in comparison to global trends, and to avoid many of the inefficiencies that currently arise because of having less information available for their decision-making. And yet, in spite of all these advantages, cooperative benchmarking and forecasting typically do not take place, because of the participants' unwillingness to share their information with others. Their reluctance to share is quite rational, and is due to fears of embarrassment, lawsuits, weakening their negotiating position (e.g., in case of over-capacity), revealing corporate performance and strategies, etc. The development and deployment of private benchmarking and forecasting technologies would allow such collaborations to take place without revealing any participant's data to the others, reaping the benefits of collaboration while avoiding the drawbacks. Moreover, this kind of technology would empower smaller organizations who could then cooperatively base their decisions on a much broader information base, in a way that is today restricted to only the largest corporations. This paper is a step towards this goal, as it gives protocols for forecasting and benchmarking that reveal to the participants the desired answers yet do not reveal to any participant any other participant's private data. We consider several forecasting methods, including linear regression and time series techniques such as moving average and exponential smoothing. One of the novel parts of this work, that further distinguishes it from previous work in secure multi-party computation, is that it involves floating point arithmetic, in particular it provides protocols to securely and efficiently perform division.
On the development of a professional identity: engineering persisters vs engineering switchers

Decline in engineering enrollment continues and renewed efforts are required to improve enrollment and diversity. Herein, we address this problem by conducting research to understand engineering students through the lens of identity theory. Implications of this effort are twofold: (1) to contribute to our basic understanding of engineering students' identities as well as what factors (experiences and settings) foster the formation and transformation of these identities during the undergraduate experience, and from these findings (2) to gain insight into improving recruitment and retention of engineering students, particularly students underrepresented in engineering. By conducting focus groups and interviews, our goal was to understand professional identity development in freshman engineering persisters and freshman engineering switchers. Initial findings suggest that exposure to meaningful engineering-related experiences and engineers are critical in developing an engineer identity. Our future efforts involve understanding the longitudinal nature of professional identity development (from freshman to senior years).
The Final Summation: The Defense Rests

(1997). The Final Summation: The Defense Rests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 178-180.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN A SOYBEAN FIELD: INFLUENCE OF PLANT WATER STRESS*

Baldocchi, D.D., Verma, S.B. and Rosenberg, N.J., 1985. Water use efficiency in a soybean field: influence of plant water stress. Agric. For. Meteorol., 34: 53--65. Measurements were made in 1980 over a fully-developed soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) canopy at Mead, Nebraska to determine how crop water status influences photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. Water use efficiency was calculated in terms of the CO2--water flux ratio (CWFR). Micrometeorological techniques were used to measure the exchange rates of CO2 and water vapor above the crop canopy. Crop water status was evaluated by reference to volumetric soil moisture (0v) , stomatal resistance (rs) , and leaf water potential (~) measurements. Stomatal resistance (rs) was independent of ~ when the latter was greater than -- 1.1 MPa. r s increased sharply as ~ dropped below this threshold. Canopy CO2 exchange (Fc) decreased logarithmically with increasing r s under strong irradiance. Although F c was found to be strongly correlated with rs, the influence of low values of ~ and of high air temperature cannot be discounted since these factors affect the enzymatic reactions associated with photosynthesis. Stomatal closure also reduced evapotranspiration and influenced the partitioning of net radiation. Under strong irradiance the CO2 water flux ratio (CWFR) decreased with increasing stomatal resistance. This observation is at variance with predictions of certain early 'resistance' models, but substantiates predictions of some recent models in which leaf energy balance considerations are incorporated.
Preliminary results of maxillectomy in the dog and cat

Maxillectomy was used in the treatment of 23 dogs and four cats with oral tumours and one dog with osteomyelitis. The major post-operative complication was wound dehiscence. All dehiscences occurred in dogs with tumour epicentres caudal to PM1. Maxillectomy in eight dogs with oral fibrosarcoma gave disappointing results (median survival time of 7 months and a median tumour-free interval of 3½ months). Three of four dogs with squamous cell carcinoma were tumour free after a minimum follow-up period of 6 months; two of these dogs received orthovoltage radiation therapy following surgery. Maxillectomy provided excellent local control of benign tumours: three epulides and one atypical odontogenic tumour did not recur (minimum follow-up period was 10 months); an osteoma recurred after 17 months. Four cats, three with squamous cell carcinoma and one with fibrosarcoma, developed local tumour recurrence within 4 months.
Measurement of cerebral oxidative glucose consumption in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia unawareness using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract The aim of the present study was to use 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the cerebral oxidative metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc[ox]) in patients with diabetes and to compare these measurements with those collected from matched controls. We elected to study a group with type 1 diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia unawareness because we had previously found such patients to have higher brain glucose concentrations than healthy volunteers under steady-state conditions. We sought to determine if this difference in steady-state brain concentrations could be explained by a difference in CMRglc(ox). Time courses of 13 C label incorporation in brain amino acids were measured in occipital cortex during infusion of [1- 13 C]glucose. These time courses were fitted using a 1-compartment metabolic model to determine CMRglc(ox). Our results show that the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle rate ( V TCA , which is twice CMRglc[ox]) in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus was not significantly different from that of healthy controls (0.84 ± 0.03 vs 0.79 ± 0.03 μ mol/[g min], n=5 in each group, mean ± SEM). We conclude that the changes in steady-state brain glucose concentrations that we observed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a previous study ( J Neurosci Res . 2005;79:42-47) cannot be explained by changes in oxidative glucose consumption
Performance of the 100 keV Chopper/Buncher System of the NBS-Los Alamos RTM Injector

The purpose of the chopper/buncher system for the RTM injector is to chop a 100 keV 5 mA dc electron beam into 60/sup 0/-long pulses at 2380 MHz and then bunch these beam pulses to 10/sup 0/ at insertion into the 5 MeV injector linac. These beam manipulations must contribute a minimum increase in the phase space of the beam such that, at the entrance to the injector linac, the transverse emittance is less than 5..pi.. mm-mrad. Phase-shift measurements on the chopped beam indicate that the bunching fields are sufficient to achieve the required longitudinal compression. Beam envelope measurements, using wire scanners on the chopped and bunched beam, show that the emittance remains within design goals.
DEFENDING THE INDEFENSIBLE? CULTURE'S ROLE IN THE PRODUCTIVE/UNPRODUCTIVE DICHOTOMY

Abstract The purpose of this article is to reveal the justifications for different production boundaries historically. It finds that the boundaries were and are predicated on an untenable productive/unproductive dichotomy that was justified on select and shifting cultural norms. Furthermore, the production boundary informed other categories like labor, capital, income, and wealth. Hence, this article exposes the degree to which economic categories were and are unstable, fragile, contested, and culturally embedded constructs. It then explores feminist-inspired production boundaries based on third-person criterion and finds that these boundaries are likewise culturally contingent. However, these new production boundaries merely do what economics has always attempted to do, which is to theorize production under different cultural circumstances. This article reaffirms the mutually constitutive role of culture and economic categories.
Computer simulation of FEL sidebands in a strongly dispersive waveguide

A set of coupled equations suitable for the study of the radiation spectrum of an FEL (free-electron laser) is described. These equations include all the effects of waveguide dispersion. A computer simulation that numerically integrates these equations is used to study sideband growth and saturation in the regime of strong dispersion. The computer simulations seem to confirm that the sideband instability is a process similar to stimulated scattering. Simulations performed in highly dispersive waveguides show that dispersion can have a large effect on the location and gain of FEL sidebands. In the case where the electron velocity and the radiation group velocity become equal, the sideband instability is completely suppressed. >
Evaluation of Preventive Treatments in Low-Density Gypsy Moth Populations Using Pheromone Traps

Pheromone traps can be used for evaluating the success of treatments that are applied to either eradicate or delay the growth of isolated low-density populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). We developed an index of treatment success, T, that measures the reduction in moth counts in the block treated adjusted by the change in moth counts in the reference area around it. This index was used to analyze the effectiveness of treatments that were conducted as part of the USDA Forest Service Slow-the-Spread of the gypsy moth project from 1993 to 2001. Out of 556 treatments that were applied during this period, 266 (188,064 ha) were selected for the analysis based on several criteria. They included 173 blocks treated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) variety kurstaki and 93 blocks treated with racemic disparlure. Analysis using general linear models indicated that disparlure treatments were significantly more effective than B. thuringiensis treatments in reducing moth captures. The frequency of repeated treatments in the same area was higher after B. thuringiensis than after disparlure applications. Treatments were more successful if the pretreatment moth counts outside of the block treated were low compared with moth counts inside the block.
Bringing The Special Perspective Of The Family Physician To The Teaching Of Clinical Ethics

BACKGROUND Medical ethics has traditionally been taught using dramatic, out-of-the-ordinary cases to illustrate principles. Little attention has been focused on the ethical decisions family physicians make routinely in the course of their practice. METHODS As part of a multidisciplinary course in medical ethics at the University of Washington School of Medicine, one class section was taught by a family physician using cases from her primary care practice. Cases were presented up to the point of decision making. Students were then encouraged to consider what action they would take. Each case was concluded with the family physician sharing the outcome of the case. RESULTS Five case examples were presented. A comprehensive, context-sensitive approach to patient problems was modeled. Ethical issues explored included financial constraints, resource utilization, substance abuse, truth telling, confidentiality, and patient autonomy. CONCLUSIONS Case-based teaching by a family physician was very effective at generating interest and enthusiasm among students and in encouraging their own thinking about ethical decisions. Students also valued the exposure to the family physician's style of practice. This teaching method created an excellent opportunity for learning about ethics and primary care that is applicable to many teaching settings.
Corporate Governance: Indeterminate or Schizophrenic Choices in the Form and Operation of Legal Entities

Business, mutual benefit and charitable entities often choose a sub-optimal legal form. Alternatively, entities choose one form, only to operate as another, often running afoul of the law, at least historically. A trust may operate as if it were a partnership when, in reality, a corporate governance structure would suit it better. At the extreme, corporations under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, for example, have acted as corporations, charities, political subdivisions, trusts, or tribes of Native Americans, as time passes and their needs change. Prompted by a book (SAMUEL KING & RANDALL W. ROTH BROKEN TRUST (2006)) chronicling mismanagement at the United States's largest charitable trust, the Bishop Estate, whose trustees acted as though they were partners of a small firm, this article inquires into this common but overlooked matter. One conclusion is that differences in the law applicable to differing legal forms have narrowed. Another is that corporate governance best practices may in reality be governance best practices, as suitable for a large trust, charity, or mutual benefit corporation as for a business entity.
Effects of fructose feeding on blood parameters and blood pressure in impaired glucose-tolerant subjects

Abstract The effects of fructose and glucose on selected blood parameters and blood pressure after 4 weeks of oral ingestion were investigated in nine impaired glucose-tolerant subjects (IGTS) and nine normal glucose-tolerant subjects (NGTS). The criteria for IGTS were (1)1- or 2-hour postprandial glucose levels between 160 and 200 mg/dL (8.8 to 11.1 mmol/L); (2) compliance with the diet; and (3) no cardiac or renal complication. The mean increment in the area under the plasma glucose and insulin curves after a glucose load was significantly greater following glucose than following fructose ingestion in both IGTS and NGTS (p
Abstract LB-108: Formation and maintenance of mesenchymal and stem-cell states in the breast by paracrine and autocrine signals

Passage through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with the acquisition of migratory and self-renewal abilities in human mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The signaling mechanisms that induce and then maintain these properties have remained unclear. We describe three signaling pathways, involving Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta as well as canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling, that collaborate to induce epithelial MECs to enter into a mesenchymal and SC-like state. Acting as autocrine signaling loops, these pathways then maintain migratory and self-renewal abilities in normal MECs and control tumorigenicity and metastasis in their transformed derivatives. Autocrine signaling is enabled, at least in part, through downregulation of secreted Wnt antagonists and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Like immortalized and transformed MECs, the maintenance of migratory and self-renewal abilities in primary human MECs is dependent on these autocrine loops, suggesting that similar mechanisms regulate biological properties of normal tissue stem cells and tumor-initiating cells in the breast Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-108. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-108
Flow perfusion culture of MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cells on gradient calcium polyphosphate scaffolds with different pore sizes.

Calcium polyphosphate is a biodegradable bone substitute. It remains a challenge to prepare porous calcium polyphosphate with desired gradient porous structures. In this study, a modified one-step gravity sintering method was used to prepare calcium polyphosphate scaffolds with desired-gradient-pore-size distribution. The differences of porous structure, mechanical strength, and degradation rate between gradient and homogenous calcium polyphosphate scaffolds were evaluated by micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical testing. Preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded onto gradient and homogenous calcium polyphosphate scaffolds and cultured in a flow perfusion bioreactor. The distribution, proliferation, and differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 cells were compared to that of homogenous calcium polyphosphate scaffolds. Though no significant difference of cell proliferation was found between the gradient and the homogenous calcium polyphosphate scaffolds, a much higher cell differen...
Robert W. Williams: Forgotten Pioneer of Spinal Мicrosurgery.

Abstract In the 1970's many neurosurgeons gradually adapted microsurgical techniques to spine surgery as the benefits of magnification, illumination and use of fine instruments in cranial surgery became apparent. In the early 1970 s, Robert W. Williams, а neurosurgeon in private practice in Las Vegas, Nevada, independently began to devise spinal microneurosurgical techniques with the goal of improving surgical outcome in lumbar and cervical surgery. Much of his initial work with microlumbar discectomies and microcervical foraminotomies was presented at annual meetings of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) in the 1970's and 1980's. An outsider to organized academic Neurosurgery, Dг. Williams found his work was received cautiously and with significant skepticism. He found the orthopedic spine surgery community and journals more receptive, thus much of his earlier work was published in the orthopedic literature. This resulted in an orthopedic as well as neurosurgical following which was unique at that time. Dr. William's interesting career and contribution to spinal microsurgery is outlined, demonstrating the contributions to organized surgery, both neurological and orthopedic, that can be achieved by a neurosurgeon in private practice. N/A.
Hyperinsulinemia elicited by interleukin-1 and nonlethal endotoxemia in rats.

Nonlethal endotoxemia was produced in conscious fasted rats by the intravenous (i.v.) administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 30 micrograms/100 g together with the typical acute-phase response of fever at 4 hr post-LPS. Also at 4 hr post-LPS both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia were manifested, the (insulin:glucagon) (I:G) molar ratio was not different from saline control animals, and normoglycemia was maintained. The monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is synthesized de novo and then released by macrophages and monocytes following LPS phagocytosis, has been implicated in the typical responses to endotoxemia. Therefore, human natural IL-1 was injected i.v. at a dose of 50 U into conscious fasted rats. IL-1-induced fever occurred at 30 min postinjection. Hyperinsulinemia equal to two times the saline control value was also present at 30 min after monokine injection, with plasma insulin levels declining to below control values by 60 min and remaining depressed for up to 12 hr. In contrast, plasma glucagon concentrations were not significantly altered at any time between 15 min and 12 hr post-IL-1. Despite IL-1-elicited hyperinsulinemia with unchanged glucagon, which elevated the I:G molar ratio, normoglycemia was maintained after monokine administration. The coincident onset of fever and hyperinsulinemia at 30 min after i.v. administration of IL-1 suggests a common mediator for both responses.
How de Holy Grail ended up in O Cebreiro, Galicia

Una leyenda moderna dice que el Santo Grial fue escondido a O Cebreiro en Galicia. Me encontre con una posible explicacion de esta en la realizacion de investigaciones sobre San Gerardo de Aurillac, santo frances del siglo decimo. Habia en la Edad Media un convento dedicado a el, mas tarde abandonado. Fue tambien un milagro recordado por haber tenido lugar alli, donde un sacerdote, no convencido de la transubstanciacion, vio el pan y el vino ritual transforma en carne y sangre. Cuando San Gerardo se menciono a los peregrinos que pasaran por O Cebreiro, cofundaron su nombre –Sant Gral en gallego– con el caliz del milagro y lo mal identificaron como el Santo Grial-Sant Grial en gallego. La leyenda se elaboro por Ramon Cabanillas, poeta gallego moderno, de manera nostalgica que recuerda San Gerardo y sus biografias medievales: una mezcla de devocion religiosa con un codigo marcial.
The Leaf and Transpiration

The vegetative shoot system of vascular plants is usually composed of two organs, stems and leaves. Stems may occur as horizontally oriented underground organs or rhizomes but more commonly are vertically positioned, cylindrical, above-ground structures bearing leaves. Leaves of the vascular plants occur in a fantastic array of sizes and forms. In the vast majority of cases, the leaves seem well adapted to photosynthesis, accounting for the spectacular success of this process in the land plants, but leaves are also important in other processes as well (e.g., transpiration, and photoperiodism — response to daylength). In general, based on the evolutionary history of foliar organs, two basically different types of leaves are recognized, microphylls and megaphylls.
An 18K Bipolar Dynamic Random Access Memory Chip

A 2K × 9 bipolar dynamic random access memory (RAM) experimental chip is described with a 75ns and 300ns access and cycle time, respectively. The design is based on a two device cell of 800μm size and all chip input and output signals are TTL compatible.
Literacy Learning Cohorts: Content-Focused Approach to Improving Special Education Teachers’ Reading Instruction

Two professional development (PD) models for teachers were compared on teacher and student outcomes. Special education teachers participated in Literacy Learning Cohorts (LLC), a PD innovation designed to improve content and pedagogical knowledge for providing reading instruction to upper elementary students with learning disabilities. The LLC, based on Desimone’s (2009) framework, included 2 days of initial PD with follow-up meetings, coaching, and video self-analysis. A comparison group received only 2 days of PD. Results of independent t tests and analyses of covariance indicated that LLC teachers demonstrated significant change in instructional time allotted to, and quality of, word study and fluency instruction. LLC teachers also made significantly greater gains on the fluency knowledge measure as compared with the comparison group, but they did not differ in word study knowledge. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed that students of LLC teachers made significantly greater gains on word attac...
Rhetorical dimensions of social network analysis visualization for public health

This presentation describes how social network analysis (SNA) can be applied and used in technical communication. We focus on using SNA diagrams for public health communication. SNA diagrams convey the dynamics of the transmission of disease and other complex networked relationships. We discuss three key connection patterns of relevance to public health applications: degree centrality, Eigenvector centrality, and betweenness centrality. This is followed by an overview of existing literature on disease transmission patterns and SNA. Using Gephi, an open-source software package, simple and clear renderings of the three centrality patterns are illustrated. We then describe how technical communicators can appropriately emphasize key features using visual rhetoric, and discuss the need to be mindful of how any graphics producing technology has its own built-in biases that may have rhetorical effects.
Abstract 4982: Increased core fucosylation, a glycan alteration associated with cancer, is the result of hepatocyte dedifferentiation

Alterations in N-linked glycosylation have been associated with the development of cancer. One such modification, core fucosylation has been observed in many cancers and is actually used clinically in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the reason why core fucosylation is increased in cancer is unclear. In this study, we show that the activation of specific cancer-associated cellular signaling pathways can increase core fucosylation and induce additional glycoform alterations on hepatocyte proteins. Specifically, we were able to determine that increased levels of protein sialylation and alpha-1,6-linked core fucosylation were observed following activation of the beta catenin pathway. Activation of the AKT pathway or induction of hypoxia also resulted in increased levels of fucosylation and sialylation. Furthermore, we show that increased core fucosylation was directly associated with de-differentiation of hepatocytes and with the transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. In conclusion, we show that increased core fucosylation, a modification of N-linked glycoproteins associated with HCC, occurs as a result of the process of cellular de-differentiation. We believe that this knowledge may help in the use of this glycan modification in the management of those with HCC. Citation Format: Anand S. Mehta, Mary Ann Comunale, Siddhartha Rawat, Jessica Garner, Lucy Betesh, Mengjun Wang, Laura Steel, Michael Bouchard. Increased core fucosylation, a glycan alteration associated with cancer, is the result of hepatocyte dedifferentiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4982. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4982
In-situ technology development for Nasa Mars missions

Abstract The successful landings of Spirit and Opportunity has signaled a new phase of in-situ exploration of the planet Mars. In this phase, hypotheses based on data from orbiter missions are investigated via close up missions. The complexity of lander missions is an order of magnitude greater than that of orbiter missions, particularly for those that carry mobility assets such as rovers, drills, and aerial vehicles. A brief history of Mars exploration will be presented in this talk, followed by an overview of the technical challenges that Mars poses for mission designers. Then a technical overview of the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission will be provided, including a description of a number of new technologies that have been successfully developed and integrated into the mission. The planned missions for this decade, particularly the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), will be discussed. The Mars Technology Program is a critical enabler for this mission, as it is presently developing many capabilities for MSL. This talk will provide a description of these technology developments. The technology challenges for second decade missions (2010-2020) will be reviewed next. These missions are designed to carry out scientific investigations to further explore hypotheses that arise from the current decade's missions. Depending on the outcome of earlier missions, the scientific objectives of the next decade's missions will most likely emphasize the search for past and present life, implemented by in-situ and sample return missions.
Using concept mapping as a tool for conducting research: An analysis of three approaches

Researchers in a variety of disciplines pursue creative ways to explore complex areas of inquiry. This literature review examines the use of concept maps as a unique tool for conducting research. T...
Incorporation of a recombinant Eimeria maxima IMP1 antigen into nanoparticles confers protective immunity against E. Maxima challenge infection

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if conjugating a recombinant Eimeria maxima protein, namely EmaxIMP1, into 20 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) could improve the level of protective immunity against E. maxima challenge infection. Recombinant EmaxIMP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a poly-His fusion protein, purified by NiNTA chromatography, and conjugated to 20 nm polystyrene NP (NP-EmaxIMP1). NP-EMaxIMP1 or control non-recombinant (NP-NR) protein were delivered per os to newly-hatched broiler chicks with subsequent booster immunizations at 3 and 21 days of age. In battery cage studies (n = 4), chickens immunized with NP-EMaxIMP1 displayed complete protection as measured by weight gain (WG) against E. maxima challenge compared to chickens immunized with NP-NR. WG in the NP-EMaxIMP1-immunized groups was identical to WG in chickens that were not infected with E. maxima infected chickens. In floor pen studies (n = 2), chickens immunized with NP-EMaxIMP1 displayed partial protection as measured by WG against E. maxima challenge compared to chickens immunized with NP-NR. In order to understand the basis for immune stimulation, newly-hatched chicks were inoculated per os with NP-EMaxIMP1 or NP-NR protein, and the small intestine, bursa, and spleen, were examined for NP localization at 1 h and 6 h post-inoculation. Within 1 h, both NP-EMaxIMP1 and NP-NR were observed in all 3 tissues. An increase was observed in the level of NP-EmaxIMP1 and NP-NR in all tissues at 6 h post-inoculation. These data indicate that 20 nm NP-EmaxIMP1 or NP-NR reached deeper tissues within hours of oral inoculation and elicited complete to partial immunity against E. maxima challenge infection.
Nitrate reduction pathways in the presence of excess nitrogen in a shallow eutrophic estuary

Abstract The eutrophication of estuaries results from increasing anthropogenic nutrient inputs to coastal waters. Ecosystem recovery from eutrophication is partly dependent on the ability of a system to assimilate or remove nutrients, and denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are important pathways for nitrogen (N) removal or retention. We measured rates of denitrification and DNRA over an annual cycle at two stations in Weeks Bay, AL, a shallow microtidal estuary receiving freshwater from two rivers with agricultural watersheds and high N inputs. We hypothesized that rates of DNRA would exceed denitrification in the sulfidogenic sediments in this estuary. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that DNRA (44.4 ± 5.5 μmol N m−2 hr−1) exceeded in situ denitrification (0.9 ± 2.3 μmol N m−2 hr−1) and that even in the presence of abundant water column nitrate DNRA was favored over denitrification by a factor of two. DNRA is estimated to provide N to the water column at a rate equivalent to 15% of the N input that is retained within the estuary and is a significant component of the N budget in this highly impacted estuary. DNRA by retaining N in the system contributes to the N demand by primary producers and can impact this estuary through enhanced rates of primary production. Weeks Bay, like many coastal estuaries, experiences periods of hypoxia, blooms of harmful algae and fish kills. Future management efforts should focus on reducing nutrient input to this estuary without which the significant retention of N in this system through DRNA will contribute to the undesirable ecosystem attributes associated with eutrophication.
Functional Anatomy and Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Fundamentally, clinical cardiac electrophysiology is the study of the normal and abnormal functional properties of the electrically excitable tissues of the heart. While an appreciation for the anatomy of the discrete components of the cardiac conduction system is certainly important, cardiac electrophysiologists are generally less concerned with the precise anatomical details than the functional behavior of electrical conduction within and through these structures. The anatomic conduction system is best viewed as a physiological continuum through which electrical current flows within three-dimensional structures. At different points along the course of the conduction system there occur normal variations in conduction pattern, velocity, and direction. Clinically significant disruptions of cardiac rhythm may develop when altered anatomy (structure) leads to abnormal alterations of conduction pattern, velocity, and direction (function).
Solid-state NMR triple-resonance backbone assignments in a protein.

Triple-resonance solid-state NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated to sequentially assign the 13C′ and 15N amide backbone resonances of adjacent residues in an oriented protein sample. The observed 13C′ chemical shift frequency provides an orientational constraint complementary to those measured from the 1H and 15N amide resonances in double-resonance experiments.
Protein Determination by the Biuret Method

The biuret reaction, used for the quantitative determination of proteins, is based upon the formation of a copper chelate with the peptide bonds of the protein at alkaline pH. In this complicated reaction one copper atom forms a complex with four peptide nitrogens.
Cognitive Assessment of Mentally Retarded Infants and Preschoolers

All definitions of mental retardation that have been proposed over the years have included one central feature: deficits in the intellectual (or cognitive) capacity of the mentally retarded person. Professionals working in the field of mental retardation have disagreed on almost every other possible aspect of the definition (e.g., age of onset or diagnosis, etiology, degree of cognitive deficit, other concomitant deficits, and permanence), but all agree that, in order for a person to be considered mentally retarded, he or she must be shown to have a deficit in cognitive functioning. Thic characteristic of mentally retarded persons is so basic that reliable and valid instruments must be available for determining whether cognitive deficits exist.
Interpreting Figurative Meaning: Models of Figurative Language Comprehension

The experimental research on figurative language comprehension is often difficult to categorize because of the diverse ways scholars describe their work and its theoretical implications. Several researchers clearly aim to present broad models of figurative language comprehension and attempt to show how their specific theories can possibly explain understanding of many different kinds of tropes. Even if these research programs do not always provide empirical evidence related to each kind of figurative speech typically studied in the field, there is still an overt attempt to apply the findings of various empirical tests to broader conceptions of how figurative language, and language in general, is comprehended. There are other researchers, however, who typically focus on one or two tropes in their empirical studies. Although this latter group of psycholinguists does not usually provide full-scale models of figurative language comprehension, they sometimes suggest how their empirical findings bear on enduring issues in the study of figurative language processing. Finally, there are scholars, and their empirical studies, that focus exclusively on specific tropes and aim only to construct theories appropriate for understanding those figures. It should also come as no surprise that some psycholinguists flow back and forth among these various research strategies, and summarizing these scholars’ contributions can be challenging. Our aim in this chapter is to evaluate different traditional and contemporary models of figurative language comprehension. The emphasis here is on research that bears on general issues related to the ease or difficulty of comprehending figurative language as a general form of linguistic meaning. Following the traditional belief about differences between literal and figurative language (see Chapter 2), psycholinguists have focused a great deal on examining the possibility that figurative language is understood after some sort of preliminary, default analysis of an expression's literal meaning. Psycholinguistic research over the past 40 years, however, has struggled to create adequate accounts of sentence parsing, and discourse processing, even for so-called literal language. Although there has been significant progress in the study of different aspects of online sentence processing in regard to specific topics (e.g., the interaction of syntax and semantics in sentence parsing, reference assignment, ambiguity resolution, establishing coherence relations in text), there is no single, coherent agreed-on position as to what people ordinarily do when they encounter language word-by-word in speech and reading. Thus, there is not one single position on so-called literal meaning processing, even among scholars who embrace traditional views of literal meaning. This state of affairs highlights some of the problems with theories of interpreting figurative meaning that are based on unverified assumptions as to how so-called literal language is usually understood.
Aviation Curriculum Design

Historically, aviation education has been in the hands of the pilot poorly qualified as an educator. With the explosion of knowledge in the past quarter century, it is imperative that aviation education be addressed by professional aviation educators.