cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-conserving low-order models for three-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

Constructing hydrodynamic low-order models in the form of coupled gyrostats eliminates the possibility of certain unphysical behaviors, such as solutions diverging to infinity, that often appear in models resulting from ad hoc truncations of Galerkin approximations. In this paper, a simple low-order model in a gyrostatic form that conserves energy in the dissipationless limit (Model I) is constructed for three-dimensional (3D) Rayleigh-B\'enard convection. It can be considered an energy-conserving extension of the model by Das et al. [Phys. Rev. E 62, R3051 (2000)] (Model II) that does not conserve energy and possesses solutions diverging to infinity. Also studied here is a smaller but energy-conserving subsystem of Model I that has the form of two coupled gyrostats (Model III). This new system is the 3D analog of the celebrated Lorenz model [J. Atmos. Sci. 20, 130 (1963)]. Stability diagrams and heat transport behavior are calculated and compared for the three models. Model I has improved qualitative agreement with experimental observations compared to that of Model II and Model III.
Aprotinin Protects the Cerebral Microcirculation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background and objective: We have previously reported that administration of aprotinin at a single dose protects the cerebral microcirculation. The current study was designed to identify the optimal dose for protecting the cerebral microcirculation with assessment of neurological and behavioral recovery as well as renal function after circulatory arrest and ultra-low-flow bypass. Methods: Twenty-four piglets were randomly assigned to three bypass groups at risk for postoperative cerebral and renal dysfunction. Cerebral microcirculation was assessed by intravital microscopy. Rhodamine-stained leukocytes were observed for adhesion and rolling. Animals were randomized to one of four aprotinin doses. Neurological deficit score, histological score, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed, both independently for this study as well as in combination with 50 animals who were studied with the same protocol and near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: There was a dose-dependent relationship, resulting in fewer...
Implementation of a Stable PBL Turbulence Parameterization for the Mesoscale Model MM5: Nocturnal Flow in Complex Terrain

The difficulties associated with the parameterization of turbulence in the stable nocturnal planetary boundary layer (PBL) have been a great challenge for the nighttime predictions from mesoscale meteorological models such as MM5. As such, there is a general consensus on the need for better stable boundary-layer parameterizations. To this end, two new turbulence parameterizations based on the measurements of the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign were implemented and evaluated in MM5. A unique aspect of this parameterization is the use of a stability-dependent turbulent Prandtl number that allows momentum to be transported by the internal waves, while heat diffusion is impeded by the stratification. This improvement alleviates the problem of over-prediction of heat diffusion under stable conditions, which is a characteristic of conventional atmospheric boundary-layer schemes, such as the Medium Range Forecast (MRF) and Blackadar schemes employed in MM5. The predictions made with the new PBL scheme for the complex terrain airshed of Salt Lake City were compared with those made with a default scheme of MM5, and with observations made during the VTMX campaign. The new schemes showed an improvement in predictions, particularly for the nocturnal near-surface temperature. Surface wind predictions also improved slightly, but not to the extent of temperature predictions. The default MRF scheme showed a significantly higher surface temperature than observed, which could be attributed to the enhanced vertical heat exchange brought about by its turbulence parameterization. The modified parameterizations reduced the surface sensible heat flux, thus enhancing the strength of the near-surface inversion and lowering the temperature towards the observed values.
Moving-Wire Device for Carbon Isotopic Analyses of Nanogram Quantities of Nonvolatile Organic Carbon

We describe a moving-wire analyzer for measuring 13C in dissolved, involatile organic materials. Liquid samples are first deposited and dried on a continuously spooling nickel wire. The residual sample is then combusted as the wire moves through a furnace, and the evolved CO2 is analyzed by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A typical analysis requires 1 μL of sample solution and produces a CO2 peak ∼5 s wide. The system can measure “bulk” δ13C values of ∼10 nmol of organic carbon with precision better than 0.2‰. For samples containing ∼1 nmol of C, precision is ∼1‰. Precision and sensitivity are limited mainly by background noise derived from carbon within the wire. Instrument conditions minimizing that background are discussed in detail. Accuracy is better than 0.5‰ for nearly all dissolved analytes tested, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, halocarbons, and hydrocarbons. The sensitivity demonstrated here for 13C measurements represents a ∼1000-fold improvement relative to ...
Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) and F. schultzei trybom (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate the morphology and sequential movement of thrips feeding structures in the 2 species, Frankliniella occidentalis and F. schultzei, (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). The mouthcone consists of paired paraglossae, and fringed labral pad, a single, apically fused mandible and a pair of interlocking maxillae. The maxillae are open apically and form a feeding tube. Ten pairs of sensory pegs of 3 distinct morphological types (sensilla basiconica with a cuticular collar, sensilla basiconica without a cuticular collar, and sensilla trichoidea) were found on the paraglossae. The possible function of these sensory structures in host finding and choice are discussed. No structure for rasping the leaf's surface was found on the mouthcone or the ventral surface of the insect. Live specimens were observed feeding through Parafilm on artificial media (sucrose solution) and lettuce leaf tissue. These observations support earlier findings that thrips feed by piercing leaf cells with the mandible and ingesting cell contents through the feeding tube formed by the maxillary stylets. Based on these findings, we suggest that thrips be classified as piercing-sucking rather than rasping-sucking insects.
Efficient Implementation of Extended Finite Element Method

Extended finite element method (or XFEM) locally enriches the finite element solution using a priori known analytical solution. XFEM has been used extensively in fracture mechanics to compute stress concentration at crack tips. It is a mesh independent method that allows crack to be represented as an equation instead of using the mesh to approximate it. When this approach is used along with Implicit Boundary Finite Element Method (IBFEM) to apply boundary conditions, a fully mesh independent approach for studying crack tip stresses can be implemented. An efficient scheme for blending the enriched solution structure with the underlying finite element solution is presented. A ramped step function is introduced for modeling discontinuity or a crack within an element. Exact analytical solution is used as enrichment at the crack tip element to obtain the stress intensity factor (SIF) directly without any post processing or contour integral computation. Several examples are used to study the convergence and accuracy of the solution.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
First-principles calculations of steering forces in epitaxial growth

Although atoms deposited during epitaxial growth strongly prefer to bind to step bottoms of existing islands, the geometrical proximity of step tops can lead to atoms landing there instead, significantly altering film morphology and contributing to growth instabilities. To shed light on such steering effects, we have mapped out the three-dimensional static potential-energy surface (PES) for Cu atoms approaching a stepped Cu(100) surface using density-functional theory (DFT). Depending on the kinetic energy of incident atoms, surface relaxations may be too sluggish, and we have therefore computed the PES both with and without allowing substrate relaxations. While a comparison with the corresponding embedded-atom-method (EAM) results indicates relatively good agreement, the DFT calculations suggest that the steering effect is slightly weaker than predicted by EAM calculations. These results also support a previous comparison with experiment, which indicated that the overall funneling probability for deposition at a [110] step edge on the Cu(100) surface is close to but slightly lower than that predicted via EAM simulations.
Thirty Years of Research in Kibale National Park, Uganda, Reveals a Complex Picture for Conservation

Kibale National Park, Uganda, has a rich and abundant primate community and a complicated history of anthropogenic disturbance. Moreover, it has been the focus of over 30 yr of research and has received considerable attention from nongovernmental and governmental conservation organizations. As a result, Kibale serves as a valuable case study with which to evaluate the factors that regulate primate population density and the challenges of deriving generalizations for conservation. We review the impact of logging and forest fragmentation on primate population density and trace the efficacy of various conservation strategies. A 28-yr comparison of primate abundance in logged and unlogged forests and a 10-yr study of forest dynamics showed that primate recovery in logged areas is generally slow or not occurring at all for some species, which is likely driven by the fact that the forest is not recovering as expected. No primate species characteristic predicted their ability to live in forest fragments around Kibale. While a nutritional model was useful to predict the abundance of colobus in forest fragments outside of Kibale, a 5-yr study revealed that human land-use practices are more fundamentally shaping population dynamics. We evaluate data on primate abundance in light of Milton’s protein/fiber model to predict colobine biomass. We demonstrate that while the model can predict colobus biomass in pristine habitats, the 2 colobus species respond differently to disturbance. We offer suggestions for future conservation research and consider strategies to conserve forested national parks based on experiences gained over 30 yr.
Detection of Verbal Threat in Older Adults

An anger superiority effect in the rapid detection of emotional faces has been supported by a variety of researchers using both photographic and schematic faces. The current research attempts to test this effect in a sample of older adults and extend this effect from faces to words. Fifty-four older adults and 42 younger adults were compared on their reaction times to same/different decisions for emotion word stimuli (i.e., happy, sad, angry, neutral) presented in horizontal 3-word triplets. Younger adults detected all word types more quickly than the older adults, and both younger and older adults detected angry words faster than both happy and sad words. An interaction between age and stimuli was observed for percent correct (with the greatest age differences found for sad items) but not for reaction time. These results indicate that both older and younger adults detect angry words faster than happy and sad words. This is consistent with previous research indicating that initial detection of emotional visual stimuli may not be affected by age.
Learning to Be: Reflections of a Social Work Student on a Pediatric Hospice Internship

End-of-life and hospice care challenges the emotional strength of all social workers who provide care to dying individuals and their family members. These challenges may be amplified for social wor...
Approaches to the Study of Women and Landscape

Landscape study is approached from humanistic, aesthetic, and scientific perspectives, motivated by quests to understand, to appreciate, and to manipulate. It is concerned with human experience and with the values and ideologies shaping both that experience and the landscapes we create. There are important ethical issues to address what should be our responsibility to the landscape, and how should the landscape be shaped so that it best meets the needs of all segments of the population? Within such an enterprise lies ample scope and need for examining relationships between gender and landscape. Yet, as I will illustrate, research has emphasized men's interactions with landscape and we know relatively little about how women respond to landscape, how they represent it in their creative work, how they shape the landscapes of their lives, or how their lives are affected by the landscapes they experience. The purpose of this brief review is to provide examples of the limitations of traditional landscape research with respect to its treatment of gender, to identify work that is emerging on women and landscape, and to suggest approaches and themes for future exploration. Before proceeding, I should comment on the concept of "landscape" identified as an ambiguous and elusive term even by those devoted to its study. ' Nevertheless, certain key ideas recur in the writings, the most important of which are that landscape incorporates the natural and cultural featureswe see around us, and that it has personal and cultural meaning.2 Meinig has identified landscape as "an intimate intermingling of physical, biological, and cultural features."3 For Relph it is the "visual context of our lives."s4 Landscape, however, is not a passive context it communicates to us and provides stimuli that influence our behavior.' Fur-
Extinction after aversive conditioning: An associative or nonassociative process?☆

Abstract A series of three eyelid-conditioning experiments with rabbits examined the traditional extinction procedure in which the CS is presented in the absence of US presentations. The first study employed a savings test to demonstrate that the rate of reacquisition is faster after a conventional extinction procedure than after a procedure in which the CS and US have been unpaired. The second experiment indicated that this readiness to respond in reacquisition was related to a carry-over effect from the initial acquisition trials. The third study demonstrated that acquisition and reacquisition are similar when the US is maintained in extinction but not when it is omitted. These results imply that procedures which retain the US during extinction are more effective than the conventional CS-alone extinction procedure in eliminating or inhibiting the associative connection between the CS and the US.
Endoscopic electrode implantation for enhanced stimulation of the hamstring branches of the sciatic nerve in paralyzed subjects

Summary Seven hamstring branches of the sciatic nerves in eight posterior thighs of four paraplegics were implanted with electrodes endoscopically. Strong initial responses were obtained in each case on continuous electrical stimulation. Three of the implants were removed immediately due to rapid decay in the response to stimulation; two had muscle power reduced to grade IV and two to grade III over 2-week period postoperatively. We believe the reduction in strength was partly due to hematoma surrounding the electrode and partly due to migration of the electrode away from the target nerves. Further work needs to be done to improve the technique and implant designs to improve results. Due to the excellent visual control it offers, this technique has the potential for accurate implantation of electrodes without massive exposures and its attendant morbidity.
Morinda citrifolia (noni) reduces cancer risk in current smokers by decreasing aromatic DNA adducts

Quantitative determination of aromatic DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of current smokers is an useful surrogate biomarker for the evaluation of environmental carcinogen exposure or chemopreventive intervention. In this study, we examined the impact of Tahitian Noni Juice (TNJ) on the aromatic DNA adducts of PBLs, before and after a 1-mo intervention, using (32)P postlabeling assay. Of 283 enrolled, 203 smokers completed the trial. Aromatic DNA adducts levels in all participants were significantly reduced by 44.9% (P < 0.001) after drinking 1 to 4 oz of TNJ for 1 mo. Dose-dependent analyses of aromatic DNA adduct levels showed reductions of 49.7% (P < 0.001) in the 1-oz TNJ group and 37.6% (P < 0.001) in the 4-oz TNJ group. Gender-specific analyses resulted in no significant differences in the 4-oz TNJ groups. Interestingly, the 1-oz TNJ group showed a reduction of 43.1% (P < 0.001) in females compared with 56.1% (P < 0.001) in males. The results suggest that drinking 1 to 4 oz of TNJ daily may reduce the cancer risk in heavy cigarette smokers by blocking carcinogen-DNA binding or excising DNA adducts from genomic DNA.
A Comparison of Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) Effectiveness in Pulmonary Nodule Identification Using Different Methods of Bone Suppression in Chest Radiographs

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic effectiveness of computer-aided detection (CAD) software (OnGuard™ 5.2) in combination with hardware-based bone suppression (dual-energy subtraction radiography (DESR)), software-based bone suppression (SoftView™, version 2.4), and standard posteroanterior images with no bone suppression. A retrospective pilot study compared the diagnostic performance of two commercially available methods of bone suppression when used with commercially available CAD software. Chest images from 27 patients with computed tomography (CT) and pathology-proven malignant pulmonary nodules (8–34 mm) and 25 CT-negative patient controls were used for analysis. The Friedman, McNemar, and chi-square tests were used to compare diagnostic performance and the kappa statistic was used to evaluate method agreement. The average number of regions of interest and false-positives per image identified by CAD were not found to be significantly different regardless of the bone suppression methods evaluated. Similarly, the sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency were not found to be significantly different. Agreement between the methods was between poor and excellent. The accuracy of CAD (OnGuard™, version 5.2) is not statistically different with either DESR or SoftView™ (version 2.4) bone suppression technology in digital chest images for pulmonary nodule identification. Low values for sensitivity (<80 %) and specificity (<50 %) may limit their utility for clinical radiology.
Nucleosynthesis in Stars: Recent Developments

The development of new observational, experimental, and computational technologies is changing our understanding of the origins of the elements by thermonuclear burning in stars. Gamma-ray lines from newly made radioactive nuclei have been identified using instruments onboard low-Earth orbiting satellites. Grains in meteorites have isotopic anomalies which suggest that the grains were put together in a stellar explosion such as a supernova. Computer simulations allow such anomalies to be used to probe how these events happen. The simulations are being independently tested by experiments with high-energy density lasers. These developments are beginning to provide a quantitative diagnostic of galactic evolution, and of the epoch of formation of the first stars and galaxies.
Application systems development: a communication model for business users and DP personnel

Computer system utilization in business has increased in recent years. Computer systems are commonly an integral part of accounting, finance, management, marketing, and production information systems. These computer systems in conjunction with the major business functions have developed into information systems, decision support systems, and business data processing applications. These systems for decision support were routinely developed by data processing (and computer science) personnel. As more systems were developed and system utilization increased, problems in system acceptability and performance have surfaced.
Return to work and productive activities following a spinal cord injury: the role of income and insurance

We analyzed longitudinal data on secondary outcomes from participants in a telerehabilitation study. To examine the factors affecting return to productive activities and employment and the time to these events following a spinal cord injury (SCI). A large southeastern rehabilitation hospital in the United States. We used hazard regression models to analyze data from newly injured people (n=111) participating in an educational intervention post discharge who were followed for up to 2 years. Outcomes were time to return to productive activities and employment. Increasing age and being on Medicaid significantly decreased the likelihood of returning to productive activities (P<0.01), while being white (P<0.05) and having a higher median income (P<0.001) significantly increased this probability. The same factors, bar being on Medicaid, affected the return to employment. Whites returned to productive activities 2.5 times sooner than African Americans and employment twice as fast (P<0.001). Being in the 75th income percentile compared with the 25th shortened time to employment by 209 days. Findings here suggest that income and race affect the time to return to productivity and employment, while being on Medicaid also has a role in general post injury productivity.
Reprint of: CO2/CH4, CH4/H-2 and CO2/CH4/H-2 separations at high pressures using Mg-2(dobdc)

Abstract High-pressure separations of binary and ternary mixtures of CO2, CH4, and H2 are relevant to carbon dioxide capture as well as hydrogen and natural gas purification. Metal–organic frameworks represent a class of porous materials that could be used to accomplish these separations, and Mg2(dobdc) (dobdc4− = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate), also sometimes referred to as Mg–MOF-74 or CPO-27–Mg, is an especially lightweight metal–organic framework with a high concentration of coordinatively-unsaturated metal sites decorating its interior surfaces. High pressure CH4 adsorption isotherms presented here, together with CO2 and H2 adsorption behavior, are analyzed using the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory to model CO2/CH4, CH4/H2, and CO2/CH4/H2 mixture separations using Mg2(dobdc). The selectivities, working capacities and breakthrough performances for these three mixtures are reported, and Mg2(dobdc) is shown to outperform zeolite 13X in each scenario.
Perirenal hemorrhage in newborn

An unusual cause of a palpable abdominal mass in the newborn is adrenal hemorrhage with a secondary perirenal hematoma. All the urologic diagnostic modalities including sonography can be used to diagnose this benign condition. Surgical exploration should be considered when the possibility of a malignancy cannot be excluded.
The role of calcium ions in the suppression of the photoresponse during anoxia and application of metabolic inhibitors.

Abstract In these experiments, it was found that anoxia could abolish (reversibly) the generator potential of Limulus ventral photoreceptors in the absence of extracellular calcium. When the photoreceptors were poisoned with the metabolic inhibitor DNP, which has similar effects to anoxia, it was found that intracellular injection of the calcium chelator EGTA could restore the amplitude of the generator potential. Anoxia and DNP may exert their effects by raising the intracellular calcium ion concentration.
Vaginal Microbicide Film Combinations of Two Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, EFdA and CSIC, for the Prevention of HIV-1 Sexual Transmission

Purpose EFdA is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against a wide spectrum of wild-type and drug resistant HIV-1 variants. CSIC is a tight-binding non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with demonstrated anti-HIV properties important for use in topical prevention of HIV transmission. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize film-formulated EFdA and CSIC for use as a female-controlled vaginal microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of HIV.
Use of a Three‐Dimensional, Nonfluoroscopic Mapping System for Catheter Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter

Recent studies have shown that typical atrial flutter (AFL) results from right atrial reentry around the tricuspid annulus (TA), constrained between the TA and crista terminalis (CT) on the free-wall and the TA and eustachian ridge (ER) on the septum. Creation of a complete line of conduction block across the subeustachian isthmus, between the TA and ER, eliminates AFL. The accuracy of fluoroscopy in localizing the anatomical boundaries and previous radiofrequency application sites is limited. This article describes an approach for utilizing a new three-dimensional nonfluoroscopic electroanatomical mapping system (CARTO) to examine the global right atrial activation pattern in patients during AFL, localize the anatomical boundaries, and create a complete line of conduction block by ablation across the subeustachian isthmus. During AFL, the locations of CT and ER are identified by double atrial potentials recorded along the intercaval region and between the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus ostium, respectively. Radiofrequency ablation across the subeustachian isthmus is performed during coronary sinus pacing. Beginning at TA, the ablation electrode is moved toward ER in 2-3 mm increments. Each movement is marked on the right atrial map to visualize the ablation line. In the event of residual conduction across the ablation line, defects in the ablation line are located by mapping along the previous ablation sites guided by CARTO system to locate the transition from the double atrial potentials (indicating block) to a single atrial potential (indicating conduction). Radiofrequency ablation to the site showing the single atrial potential along the ablation line produces complete conduction block across the subeustachian isthmus. In conclusion, the new electroanatomical mapping system allows precise 3-D localization of the anatomical boundaries of the AFL reentrant circuit, and facilitates ablation by accurately locating defects in the ablation line.
Allee effects, extinctions, and chaotic transients in simple population models.

Abstract Discrete time single species models with overcompensating density dependence and an Allee effect due to predator satiation and mating limitation are investigated. The models exhibit four behaviors: persistence for all initial population densities, bistability in which a population persists for intermediate initial densities and otherwise goes extinct, extinction for all initial densities, and essential extinction in which “almost every” initial density leads to extinction. For fast-growing populations, these models show populations can persist at high levels of predation even though lower levels of predation lead to essential extinction. Alternatively, increasing the predator's handling time, the population's carrying capacity, or the likelihood of mating success may lead to essential extinction. In each of these cases, the mechanism behind these disappearances are chaotic dynamics driving populations below a critical threshold determined by the Allee effect. These disappearances are proceeded by chaotic transients that are proven to be approximately exponentially distributed in length and highly sensitive to initial population densities.
Locomotor recovery after deafferentation of one side of the cat's trunk

Abstract To distinguish the effects of a “purely postural” abnormality of the trunk upon phasic limb movements in cats, dorsal roots T5 through T13 were cut extradurally on one side. A profound deficit was seen in posture (trunk curvature, loss of pelvic fixation, fixed limb postures), phasic limb responses (loss of placing, hopping) and in locomotion, (both free and conditioned) which was abolished initially. The basic deficit appeared to be a loss of body-contact-righting, resulting from the imbalanced projection of impulses from the trunk. Locomotor recovery occurred in two stages: (i) recovery of generalized, poorly controlled locomotion and (ii) recovery of accurate locomotion. Postural deficits ameliorated but persisted. During recovery, cats compensated for impaired postural control by improved phasic limb movements, e.g., recovery of accurate locomotion was always preceded by return of tactile placing. The role of limb movements in recovery from trunk deafferentation was tested, after recovery had taken place, by deafferenting the ipsilateral hind limb. The initial deficit in posture reappeared plus a hind limb deficit due to deafferentation. Recompensation followed again in two stages, with increasing activity of descending supra- and propriospinal reflexes, suggesting that a different pathway was responsible for this second recovery. After trunk deafferentation the first stage (generalized movements) of recovery might be mediated by unmasking of latent synapses or denervation supersensitivity. The second stage (accurate movements) may depend on sprouting of hind limb afferents which would act to increase hind limb reflex input and substitute for impaired postural control.
Critical slowing of chemical reactions.

Procaccia and Gitterman have suggested that the reaction rates of chemically reacting binary mixtures are drastically reduced near their thermodynamic critical points and that this reduction is responsible for anomalies observed in a series of experiments performed more than 15 years ago. A more detailed analysis shows that this suggestion is untenable, that spatially uniform composition fluctuations are not drastically retarded at thermodynamic critical points, and that spatially varying composition fluctuations are at best slowed down over a small range of wavenumbers that will be difficult to detect experimentally. A qualitative picture is provided by mean-field and Van Hove theory. Quantitative corrections are obtained with use of renormalization-group techniques. At small and large wavenumbers, the hydrodynamic modes most affected near the critical point are, respectively, thermal and particle diffusion. The mode-couplings relevant in these regimes differ from the mode couplings relevant at intermediate wavelengths where the critical slowing of a reaction might be observable.
Characteristics of Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure Being Served in Preschool Special Education Programs in New York City

This study examined the behavioral characteristics of 49 children in preschool special education programs in New York City. Twenty-nine of these children had been prenatally exposed to drugs, whereas 20 had no record of such exposure. The study employed three methods of data collection: participant observation, time sampling, and interviews with teaching staff. The observations and interviews focused on seven behavioral categories frequently referred to in literature on young children with prenatal drug exposure: mood, attachment (relationships), aggression, attention, movement (activity) level, organization and level of play, and language usage. The study found that the two groups differed in the hypothesized direction on total number of stereotypic characteristics. The drug-exposed group also displayed more anger, aggression, and unoccupied behavior. The most striking finding was the great variability within the drug-exposed group, with about half that sample bearing little or no resemblance to the ster...
Increased Levels of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes are Associated with Improved Recurrence-Free Survival in Stage 1A Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been found to increase survival in many forms of cancer, including, endometrial, bile ductal, colonic, esophageal, and urothelial cancers, as well as melanoma and follicular lymphoma. The relevance of TILs in the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, still remains controversial. We compared the outcomes of stage 1A NSCLC with and without tumor infiltrating lymphocytes to evaluate the effects of TILs on recurrence and survival patterns. Materials and Methods From 2000 to 2009, 273 anatomic segmentectomies and lobectomies were performed on stage 1A NSCLC. Patients were stratified into TIL– and TIL+ cohorts based on pathologic evaluation. Further investigation was conducted on the effects of TILs in patients with and without angiolymphatic invasion. Variables analyzed include overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and type of recurrence. Results Overall 5-y survival was not affected by TIL status (65% versus 60%, P = 0.469). Five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was significantly increased in the TIL+ group versus the TIL– group (87% versus 73%, P = 0.011), most significantly in women (P = 0.016). The presence of angiolymphatic invasion (ALI) was associated with decreased 5-y RFS versus patients without ALI (61% versus 85%, P Conclusions High levels of intratumoral TILs are associated with improved recurrence-free survival in stage 1A NSCLC patients as well as a reduced likelihood of systemic recurrence. When angiolymphatic invasion is not present, the beneficial effects of TILs become even more profound.
Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin in Holstein heifers exposed to a cool environment.

Abstract Ten Holstein heifers acclimated to either –2.7 or 19.1 C were used to determine glucocorticoid concentrations in plasma following injection of adrenocorticotropin (200 IU). Environmental treatments did not change glucocorticoids following adrenocorticotropin. Adrenocorticotropin injection elevated mean glucocorticoids to 41.6 ng/ml plasma at −2.7 C and 42.8 ng/ml at 19.1 C. Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin in Holstein heifers was not altered by low environmental temperature.
Cellular immune competence in the human fetus.

Abstract Thymocytes from eight human fetuses of gestational ages 13–28 weeks were studied in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Seven of the eight thymocyte preparations recognized and responded to foreign histocompatibility loci on normal adult peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thymocytes from human fetuses as young as 13 weeks' gestation appear to be capable of initiating this immunologic response. These fetal cells are to be considered immunologically mature and potentially capable of initiating a graft vs host reaction if transplanted into immunoincompetent recipients.
Temporal variations in heavy metal partitioning and loading in urban highway pavement sheet flow : Implications for in situ treatment design

In situ treatment design for pavement storm water runoff continues to pose unique challenges because of the unsteady nature of processes such as rainfall runoff, mobilization, partitioning, and delivery of heavy metals. Storm water from pavements and roadways transports dissolved, colloidal, and suspended solids in a heterogeneous mixture, and along with pH, alkalinity, traffic levels, and residence time, influences the partitioning of heavy metals. For effective in situ treatment design, an understanding of heavy metal partitioning and temporal wash-off during a rainfall runoff event is a prerequisite. This study investigates zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) partitioning, cumulative loadings, and wash-off in storm water pavement sheet flow from a heavily traveled urban interstate pavement site. Results are presented for a series of eight rainfall runoff events at the instrumented site. Results from partitioning analysis (heavy metal mass transfer) between the dissolved and particulate-...
Sigmoid volvulus associated with colonic neuronal dysplasia type B in an adolescent

Abstract Sigmoid volvulus is the third leading cause of colon obstruction in adults and is usually associated with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and chronic intractable constipation. In children, it is exceedingly rare, with only sporadic cases reported within patients with Hirschsprung's disease, prune belly syndrome, pathological aerophagia, chronic constipation and chronic recumbence in neurologically impaired children. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) type B is a disease of the submucosal plexus of intestine manifesting chronic intestinal obstruction or severe chronic constipation, causing a large bowel dilatation over the years. We report a case of sigmoid volvulus in an adolescent, treated by resection with pathologic findings consistent with NID type B.
Population estimation of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) based on larval production

We estimate the stock size of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) in the Southern California Bight based on the production of larvae. Area-weighted total length compositions of preflexion larvae in 200...
The Utility of Measuring Explanatory Flexibility in PTSD Research

This study explored how explanatory style and explanatory flexibility were related to each other and to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sixty-eight college students who had endorsed DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criteria A1 and A2 on the Life Events Checklist completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire as well as self-report measures of PTSD and depression. Explanatory flexibility demonstrated independence from explanatory style. In addition, explanatory flexibility, but not explanatory style, was associated with PTSD symptoms such that lower flexibility corresponded with higher levels of PTSD. In regressional analysis, explanatory flexibility also appeared to have the ability to predict outcome above and beyond other known predictors of PTSD. These results suggest that the malleability of one’s causal explanations for adversity may be more adaptive than habitual explanatory style.
Crime at sexually oriented businesses

Debate about whether crime is associated with sexually oriented businesses (SOBs) shows mixed results. However, previous research focuses only on crime (measured generally) in the neighborhoods surrounding such businesses. The present study examines all crime reported at the premises of all SOBs in Louisville, Kentucky. Analyses show that crime (violent, property, disorder and total) is higher at SOBs than a control group of bars, crime (especially violent crime) is significantly higher at strip clubs than adult bookstores, and across adult bookstores those with private video viewing booths have higher rates of crime than stores without such booths. Results are discussed and explained within the context of SOBs’ culture, daily flows of activity and typical patron characteristics.
Surgical treatment of tumors of the proximal stomach with involvement of the distal esophagus: a 26-year experience with Siewert type III tumors.

Objective A paucity of outcome data exists regarding patients with proximal stomach cancer involving the distal esophagus (Siewert type III tumors). This is especially true with regard to long-term survival rates after surgical intervention. Methods Medical records were reviewed of all patients who underwent total gastrectomy and distal esophagectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy for Siewert type III tumors from January 1975 through December 2000. Results There were 116 patients (93 men and 23 women). The median age was 66 years (range, 22-87 years). Pathologic stage was 0 (carcinoma in situ) in 1 patient, IB in 13 patients, II in 17 patients, IIIA in 34 patients, IIIB in 10 patients, and IV in 41 patients. Complete resection was achieved in 69 (59.5%) patients. Eleven (9.5%) patients were treated with neoadjuvant therapy, 49 (42.2%) received adjuvant therapy, and 6 (5.2%) received intraoperative radiation. Follow-up was complete in 114 (98.3%) patients, ranging from 1 to 281 months (median, 14 months). Operative mortality was 5.2%. Complications occurred in 51 (43.9%) patients. Clinically significant anastomotic leaks occurred in 15 (12.9%) patients. Median hospitalization was 13 days (range, 8-70 days). Median follow-up was 14 months (range, 1-281 months). Overall median survival was 434 days, with 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals of 56.2%, 19.0%, and 13.5%, respectively. The only factor associated with increased hospital mortality was anastomotic leakage (P = .002). Incomplete resection, increased tumor stage and grade, and splenic involvement significantly worsened long-term survival. Conclusions Total gastrectomy and distal esophagectomy for Siewert type III tumors is associated with reasonable mortality and significant morbidity. Although often palliative, surgical intervention can provide long-term survival, especially in patients with completely resected, early-stage, low-grade tumors.
Phosphate-Fertilizer-Induced Salt Toxicity of Newly Planted Apple Trees

Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) or triple superphosphate (TSP) added to planting holes often stimulates early growth of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.); however, high rates may stunt or kill trees. A greenhouse study was conducted on a Quincy sand (a mixed, mesic Xeric Torripsamment) and a Cowiche silt loam (a fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argixeroll) to examine effects of soil type, P source (MAP or TSP), and P rate (0–2.75 kg P/m³) on soil salinity, soil acidity, and apple tree growth in nonleaching soil systems during a 56-d period after planting. Rootstock and old scion masses were not affected by soil type or P treatments. In the Quincy sand, new scion mass and root mass were inversely related to P rate in both MAP- and TSP-amended soil; tree death occurred at P rates above 1.65 kg/m³. In the Cowiche soil, root mass was independent of and new scion mass was inversely related to P rate. At equivalent P rates, TSP produced lower soil salinity and greater soil acidity than MAP. For a given P source, soil salinity and acidity were positively related to P rate. Soil salinity decreased and soil pH increased over time. Relative new scion mass was inversely related to time-integrated soil salinity; however, the relationships were soil-specific. Total exchangeable soil acidity was positively related to P rate and was soil-dependent. Exchangeable soil Al was detected only at the two highest TSP rates in the Quincy soil. Indirect evidence suggested that Mn, NH₃, and NO₂ phytotoxicities and any nutrient deficiencies were absent. The results suggest that transient soil salinization is the primary mechanism for MAP- and TSP-induced apple tree phytotoxicity. Dep. Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Paper no. 89-23, Project 0747, College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Pullman, WA 99164.
A 42,000-Da protein in rabbit tissues and in a glycogen synthase preparation cross-reacts with antibodies to glycogenin.

Abstract Rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen previously has been shown to be covalently bound to a 40,000-Da protein (“glycogenin”) via a novel glucosyl-tyrosine linkage [ I. R. Rodriguez and W. J. Whelan (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 132, 829–836 ]. Antibodies raised against rabbit skeletal muscle glycogenin cross-react with a similar protein present in rabbit heart and liver glycogens, as well as with a 42,000-Da “acceptor protein” present in high-speed supernatants of rabbit muscle, heart, retina, and liver. This 42,000-Da protein incorporates [U-14C]Glc when an ammonium sulfate fraction prepared from the tissue supernatants is incubated with UDP-[U-14C]Glc. The [U-14C]-Glc incorporated can be removed quantitatively by treatment with amylolytic enzymes, indicating that the [U-14C]Glc incorporation represents elongation of a preexisting glucan attached to the acceptor protein. Furthermore, a commercial preparation of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase contains this 42,000-Da protein. We propose that the 42,000-Da protein represents the free form of glycogenin in tissues, with its covalently attached glucan chain(s) providing a “primed” elongation site for glycogen synthesis.
Impeachment Affiliation and Levels of Response to Lost Letters

Su~n,na~.-A study using 75 "lost" lerrers was designed to cest the hypothesis that the rates of return would not vary with the addressees' affiliation, while the level of response would. 30 letters (40%) were returned in the mail to a Posr Office Box in Pensacola, Florida. Returns to a Control addressee, Committee to Support the Impeachment of President Bill Clinton, and Committee Opposed co the Impeachment of President Bill Clinton aff'iares were 56.0%, 20.0%, and 44.0%, respectively. Of 314 responses recorded for 30 returns, more passersby chose to "ignore" an apparently lost letter than passersby who "responded to an apparently lost letter but did not take it." Addressees' affiliations significantly were associated with both rules of retzrrrz and levels of response, as measures of public response using the lost-letter technique. Milgram, Mann, and Harter (1965) developed the lost letter technique as a research method for accurately indicating public opinion toward various institutions, political groups, and candidates. It was assumed that a passerby would either ignore the letter, respond to it but not take it, or pick it up and take it with him possibly to return in the mail. Johnson and Powell (1975) reported that "studies which have used only return rates to measure public response to lost letters may have missed a more salient measure of public response, the number of passersby who chose to ignore the apparently lost letter" (p. 378). The present purpose was to test the hypothesis that the level of response would vary with impeachment affiliates as addressees, while rates of return would not. The present experiment modified the design of Johnson and Powell (1975) by adbg new addressee affiliations for the lost letters. The control addressee was renamed Committee to Study the Vote-by-Mail Election Process; the affiliations of other addressees were changed to the Committee to Support the Impeachment of President Bdl Clinton and the Committee Opposed to the Impeachment of President BLU Clinton. The content of the letters, dated February 1, 1999, indicated that a $250 contribution was available if someone from one of the respective committees would drop by and pick it up. Each letter was signed by hand above the name and residential mahg address of one of the researchers who lived in Pensacola.
Sexist language and person perception: Evaluation of candidates from newspaper articles

Use of sexist language significantly affects the evaluation and perception of candidates for office. Simulated newspaper articles describing a candidate were presented to subjects who rated candidates on evaluation and gender-stereotyping measures. Variables of degree of linguistic sexism, stimulus person sex, gender appropriateness of elective office, and subject sex were manipulated in a 2×2×3×2 factorial design. A significant three-way evaluation interaction indicated that linguistic sexism causes women to be negatively evaluated when seeking a “masculine” or “neutral” office. A significant two-way stereotype interaction suggested that linguistic sexism made more salient the gender appropriateness of the offices — candidates running for the “masculine” offices were perceived as more “masculine,” and candidates for the “feminine” offices as more “feminine.”