cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altruism and reciprocity among friends and kin in a Tibetan village

Abstract To explain the high level of altruism among unrelated friends, some people propose that friends may apply the feeling and emotions that underlie kin-selected nepotism to each other. Alternatively, altruism among friends may be sustained by an evolved psychology that is sensitive to the dynamic of contingent reciprocity. A recent study (Stewart-Williams, S., 2007. Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 193–198) with North American students showed that the amount of help given and received was less likely to be balanced among friends (as among relatives) than among acquaintances, suggesting that exchange among friends and relatives may rely on similar psychological mechanisms. To assess whether the similar pattern in exchange reflects the similar psychology in exchange, I tested how different types of relationship regulated the amount of help given and received, and people's emotional reaction to non-reciprocation. I asked 45 participants from a Tibetan village in China to imagine how unhappy they would feel if the target person (sibling, cousin, friend or acquaintance) failed to reciprocate their help in various contexts. I found that overall, friends and relatives were more tolerant to non-reciprocation than acquaintances were. For emotional help, friends were more likely to feel unhappy about non-reciprocation than relatives were, but were similar to relatives in responses to other types of help (aid during crisis, labor, and financial help). The study suggests that people may evaluate the importance of reciprocity differently in various situations, and exhibit different levels of sensitivity to the dynamic of reciprocity. Thus it calls for careful distinctions between friends and kin in the everyday lives of individuals.
Surface composition of the ordered binary alloy system: Fe-Co

Abstract A theoretical model of surface segregation is developed for binary ordered alloys with long-range order and pairwise interactions. Based on this model the change in nearest-neighbor coordination in the alloy causes a relatively small degree of surface segregation of either component for the low index planes. The theoretical results are applied to the FeCo alloy, for which the surface composition has been measured by Auger electron spectroscopy.
Image-spectrum signal-to-noise-ratio improvements by statistical frame selection for adaptive-optics imaging through atmospheric turbulence

Adaptive-optics systems have been used to overcome some of the effects of atmospheric turbulence on large-aperture astronomical telescopes. However, the correction provided by adaptive optics cannot restore diffraction-limited performance, due to discretized spatial sampling of the wavefront, limited degrees of freedom in the adaptive-optics system, and wavefront sensor measurement noise. Field experience with adaptive-optics imaging systems making short-exposure image measurements has shown that some of the images are better than others in the sense that the better images have higher resolution. This is a natural consequence of the statistical nature of the compensated optical transfer function in an adaptive-optics telescope. Hybrid imaging techniques have been proposed that combine adaptive optics and postdetection image processing to improve the high-spatial-frequency information of images. Performance analyses of hybrid methods have been based on prior knowledge of the ensemble statistics of the underlying random process. Improved image-spectrum SNRs have been predicted, and in some cases experimentally demonstrated. In this paper we address the issue of selecting and processing the best images from a finite data set of compensated short-exposure images. Image sharpness measures are used to select the data subset to be processed. Comparison of the image-spectrum SNRs for the cases of processing the entire data set and processing only the selected subset of the data shows a broad range of practical cases where processing the selected subset results in superior SNR.
New overlay technique for fabrication of 15 nm zone plates

Soft x-ray zone plate microscopy is a unique and powerful nano-imaging technique. Using our internally developed nanofabrication processes, Fresnel zone plates with 15 nm zonewidth have been successfully fabricated, enabling the microscopy to achieve sub-15 nm resolution.
Proposed recombination X-ray laser at 2 nm based on microstructured plasmas

Summary form only given.We present a model for a recombination XUV laser that is based on our experimental results on irradiating clusters with ultrashort (25 fs) pulses. Previous work has investigated the interaction of longer duration laser pulses with clusters. The heated clusters can be modeled as microstructured plasmas, that are heated by the femtosecond laser,and that cool as a result of expansion and radiation cooling. For certain conditions, population inversions can be created during the cooling of the hot clusters, because recombination can preferentially populate the upper levels.
Nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal region of the LEU2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The 3' terminal region from the LEU2 gene of yeast has been sequenced. Two open reading frames (ORF) have been identified, one of which constitutes the 3 ' terminus of β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, the product of the LEU2 gene. A noncoding spacer region located between the ORFs contains two consensus-type transcriptional terminators. The terminator-like sequences are oriented in opposing directions on opposite DNA strands. The noncoding spacer region may represent a single terminator for the LEU2 gene or two separate terminators involved in blocking convergent transcription from an as yet unidentified yeast gene.
Amplification of a new surface plasma mode in the type-I semiconductor superlattice.

Mode structure and drift velocity thresholds for instability have been investigated for the type-I superlattice, and a new current-induced mode is found to exist for high drifts. Simple separation of the single-layer physics and superlattice geometry has been achieved, leading to an analytical expression for the Giuliani-Quinn mode and universality relations for the instability threshold curves of the new mode.
Vietnam Veterans and the Criminal Justice System A Selected Review

This article considers the incidence of criminal activities and incarceration among Vietnam veterans in the United States. Results are presented from published and unpublished studies. Most studies...
Effects of container transparency and reflectivity upon oxygen consumption of hybrid lobsters

Abstract The effect of intra-specific visual communication on the rate of oxygen consumption of hybrid lobsters ( Homarus americanus × H. gammarus ) was tested in a partitioned metabolic chamber. Three partition linings were tested: opaque rubber, clear plexiglass, and glass mirror. Short-term mean oxygen comsumption rates observed for lobsters separated by rubber-lined partitions were 8% lower than those of lobsters separated by the clear partitions, and 29% lower than those of lobsters separated by mirrored partitions ( P
Safety profiles of leading nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Recently introduced nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have capitalized on new formulations or unique physical and pharmacologic properties in an attempt to provide a greater margin of gastrointestinal (GI) safety. The use of enteric coatings and nonoral or pro-drug formulations have not necessarily provided the expected safety, but other properties have been identified that appear to be more promising. However, as demonstrated by oxaprozin, considered to be one of the least safe NSAIDs but one of the leading drugs on the US market, success may not be dependent on safety. In contrast, the improved tolerability of 2 other new NSAIDs, nabumetone and etodolac, has been established in clinical trials and limited postmarketing surveillance. This improved tolerability is probably associated with several pharmacologic properties that have been suggested to contribute to GI safety: (1) nonacidic pro-drug formulation; (2) lack of enterohepatic recirculation; (3) a short plasma half-life; and (4) preferential inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Although these factors may not improve efficacy, their incorporation into the design of drugs suggests that safer NSAIDs may be a clinical reality. However, the safety and clinical value of any new drug for the general population will be validated only through extensive postmarketing surveillance.
All-optical switching of a single resonance in silicon ring resonators.

We theoretically investigate a wavelength-selective all-optical switch using Raman-induced loss in a silicon resonator add–drop filter. We show that picojoule control pulses can selectively modulate and “erase” a single cavity resonance from full extinction to greater than 97% transmission while leaving adjacent resonances undisturbed. Full switching is achievable in less than 300 ps with only a few hundred femtojoule energy dissipation. This represents, to our knowledge, the first scheme for selective modulation of single resonances of an optical cavity.
The value of interpersonal skills in lawyering

Noting the historical negative public perception held of attorneys, a 2×2 factorial design was created to assess the relative roles of legal competence and relational skill in the formation of client attitudes toward attorneys. Ninety-three subjects viewed a simulated, video-taped attorney-client interview in which the attorney possessed either (a) high legal competence and high relational skill, or (b) low legal competence and high relational skill, or (c) high legal competence and low relational skill, or (d) low legal competence and low relational skill. Analysis of questionnaires completed by the subjects after viewing the tapes revealed the attorney having high legal competence and high relational skill to be viewed as most expert, attractive, trustworthy. probable of satisfying the client, and being recommended and used in the future. The attorney having low legal competence and high relational skill was rated second on sixteen of the seventeen measures employed, indicating that relational skill contributes more to the formation of a client's perception of his or her attorney than does the attorney's level of legal competence. Implications of the results for the training of future attorneys are discussed.
Does Fair Treatment in the Workplace Matter? An Assessment of Organizational Fairness and Employee Outcomes in Government

The purpose of the current study was to investigate how perceptions of organizational fairness may facilitate positive outcomes and prevent negative consequences in government organizations. In that effort, this study examined relationship between perceived organizational fairness and organizational identification, job involvement and turnover intention with data collected through an organizational survey from 764 professional employees working in 65 geographically distributed offices in an agency in state government. The findings indicated that perceptions of procedural and distributive fairness have positive effects on professional employees’ job involvement and negative influences on their turnover intention, though these effects are mediated by their organizational identification. Implications of these findings for public management theory and practice are discussed.
Zinc concentrations in juvenile flatfish

In most demersal and some pelagic marine fish O- and I-group stages are found on inshore nursery grounds which are often situated in coastal indentations and estuarieswhere flushing rates are low and the build up of persistent pollutants can be correspondingly high. Their movements are restricted, only leaving the nursery areas towards the end of their second year (Lockwood, 1974; Riley, 1973). This, coupled with the fact that juveniles may be more susceptible than adults to pollutants, makes them particularly vulnerable to the potential hazards of inshore pollution.The physico-chemical properties of most trace metals, however, generally preclude their occurrence at high concentrations in sea water itself. Instead, most of the metal is transferred to the particulate phase of the water mass and to sedimentary reservoirs (Renfro, 1973) so that concentrations of metals in sea water very rarely reach levels which are known to be acutely toxic to fish. The main risk from direct effects of metals lies in poisoning resulting from internal accumulation.Little information is available on metal concentrations occurring in young fish. Hardisty et al. (1974) and Hardisty, Kartar & Sainsbury (1974) have examined zinc, cadmium and lead levels in O-group and older flounders from the Bristol Channel. Andersen, Dommasnes & Hesthagen (1973) found high concentrations of zinc in O- and I-group herring and sprat from Oslo Fjord, Cross & Brooks (1973) reported on manganese, iron and zinc concentrations in juvenile estuarine fish. Pentreath (1973 b) has reported on zinc concentrations in the organs of I-group plaice.
Engine health monitoring: Towards total prognostics

As advanced aircraft gas turbines are developed with increased performance and service life, emphasis is placed upon engine health monitoring (EHM) to reduce direct costs such as hardware, labour, fuel and logistics. The ultimate goal for EHM has been set by the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) program for the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) aircraft. The vision is a combined monitoring system that will enable the aircraft to report its own engine problems, thereby minimising operational and support costs. This is a highly advanced concept, which necessitates significant evolution from the current state of the art. As the first step towards total engine prognostics, a suite of EHM systems has been identified for monitoring the different aspects of the engine's health. These include new and emerging technologies, which are essential if a full picture of the engine's condition is to be determined. The suitability and maturity of the EHM systems are to be proved by means of two seeded fault engine tests (SFET), funded by the JSF development program. This paper details three emerging technologies selected for the JSF SFET program. The EHM systems described offer potential monitoring capabilities that are not easily achievable with existing technology. The key functionality of each system is described together with a review of its performance during the first SFET.
A prospective study of treatment techniques to minimize the volume of pelvic small bowel with reduction of acute and late effects associated with pelvic irradiation

The volume, distribution, and mobility of opacified pelvic small bowel (PSB) were determined by fluoroscopy and orthogonal radiographs in 150 consecutive patients undergoing pelvic irradiation. Various techniques including uteropexy, omental transposition, bladder distention, inclining the patient, and anterior abdominal wall compression in the supine and prone treatment position were studied for their effect on the volume and location of small bowel within the pelvis. Abdominal wall compression in the prone position combined with bladder distention was selected for further investigation because of its simplicity, reproducibility, patient comfort, and ability to displace the small bowel. Factors correlating with the volume of pelvic small bowel (PSB) included prior pelvic surgery, pelvic irradiation (XRT), and body mass index. After pelvic surgery, especially following abdominoperineal resection (APR), there was a greater volume of PSB which was also less mobile. The severity of acute gastrointestinal effects positively correlated with the volume of irradiated small bowel. Overall, 67% of patients experienced little or no diarrhea, 30% developed mild diarrhea, and no patient required treatment interruption. Late gastrointestinal effects correlated with the prior pelvic surgery and with the volume of small bowel receiving greater than 45 Gy. Small bowel obstruction was not observed in 75 patients who had no previous pelvic surgery. However, following pelvic surgery excluding APR, 2/50 patients and following APR, 3/25 patients developed small bowel obstruction.
Experimental studies of the dissolution of gas bubbles in whole blood and plasma. I. Stationary bubbles.

Abstract Gas bubbles of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are injected into the degassed plasma and whole blood. The bubble size is measured at time intervals until the bubble is completely dissolved in the liquid. Physical quantities governing the dissolution of gas bubbles are identified and their effects are examined. The applications of the study include the dissolution of gas emboli in human body and the extracorporeal oxygenation of the blood during open heart surgery.
Moisture Losses During Chilling from the Skin Surface of Scalded Pork Carcasses

The proportion of cooler shrinkage attributable to moisture loss from the skin of scalded, dehaired pork carcasses was estimated. Mean carcass cooler shrinkage was 1.91% during a 24 hr chill at —2°C. Approximately 80% of the cooler shrinkage was moisture endogenous to the skin. Thus, only 20% of total cooler shrinkage originated from the muscle and adipose tissue. Moisture was not absorbed in significant quantities by the skin during the scalding, dehairing and carcass washing process. Greater cooler shrinkage reported for scalded than for skinned pork carcasses was mostly a consequence of the widely different moisture content of the skin surface of scalded carcasses versus that of the adipose tissue surface of skinned carcasses.
A model for quantitation of peritumoral brain edema

A model system is described which is suitable for quantitation of peritumoral brain edema. The temporal development of peritumoral brain edema in dexamethasone-treated rabbits and untreated controls was evaluated following the implantation of VX2 carcinoma cells into the frontal lobe of New Zealand White rabbits. A colorimetric assay of Evans blue (EB) extravasation was used to quantitate edema. Animals receiving a sham tumor injection contained an equal amount of EB compared to control animals. Dexamethasone was found to significantly reduce the extravasation of EB in rabbits with VX2 brain tumors and to delay the onset of neurologic deficits. These results are consistent with events occurring in patients with brain tumors. Studies of new drugs or physiologic aspects of peritumoral edema can be conducted with this model system.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of RU-59863, A C-7 catechol substituted cephalosporin

The in vitro activity of RU-59863, a so-called "fifth generation" catechol cephalosporin, was evaluated against 606 bacterial isolates and compared with the activities of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefpirome. RU-59863 demonstrated a broad spectrum of inhibition and superior overall activity than comparators when tested against Enterobacteriaciae (MIC90s, 0.015 to 2 micrograms/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90, 0.5 microgram/ml), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), Acinetobacter ssp. (MIC90, 4 micrograms/ml), and oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus ssp. (MIC90s, 0.5 to 8 micrograms/ml). Potent RU-59863 activity was also observed against beta-haemolytic and viridans gr. streptococci (MIC90s, 0.12-0.5 microgram/ml), Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90s, 0.03 to 0.5 microgram/ml), Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, 0.06 microgram/ml), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90, 0.06 micrograms/ml). RU-59863 demonstrated marginal potency against Enterococcus faecalis (MICs 2 to 16 micrograms/ml) and was inactive against Enterococcus faecium (MIC90, > 128 micrograms/ml). Oxacillin-resistant staphylococci were not inhibited by RU-59863 (MIC90s, 32 to 128 micrograms/ml). Among the cephalosporins tested, RU-59863 performed best versus ceftazidime-resistant Bush group 1 isolates and strains producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases. RU-59863 was also effective against many fluoroquinolone-, aminoglycoside-, and imipenem-resistant isolates. RU-59863 seems to be a significant advance in cephalosporin chemistry and activity, especially against Gram-negative pathogens resistant to current beta-lactam therapeutic agents. Further studies of human pharmacokinetics and against clinical infections are encouraged.
Analysis of camel gate FET's (CAMFET's)

The performance of camel gate GaAs FET's and its dependence on device parameters has been described. In particular, the dependence of the performance on the doping-thickness product of the p+layer was examined. Theoretical calculations indicate that using large p+doping-thickness products provides relatively voltage-independent transconductances and large reverse breakdown voltages, both of which are desirable in large signal applications. Decreasing the p+doping increases the transconductance, which is desirable in logic applications. Comparison with performance of fabricated devices indicates good agreement between theory and experiment over a wide range of structural parameters. Microwave measurements on CAMFET's have yielded a gain of 10 dB at 9 GHz.
Theoretical consideration of a possible mechanism in the conduction process of thin-sheathed nerve fibers

The propagation of a transverse disturbance along a tubular membrane enclosing a fluid medium and embedded in another is considered. It is shown that the velocity of propagation of such a disturbance can be identified with the velocity of the conduction process of thin-sheathed nerve fibers. The required values of the associated parameters, tension and pressure, appear not unreasonable. The results obtained indicate that experimental observations on the relation between the conduction velocity and the fiber diameter, as well as the effects of longitudinal stretching and transverse squeezing on the velocity of the conduction process in nerve, may be correlated on such a basis.
Quantification of myocardial blood flow and flow reserve in children with a history of kawasaki disease and normal coronary arteries using positron emission tomography

Objectives. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether myocardial blood flow and flow reserve, based on quantitative measurements derived from positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging, would be globally impaired in children with a previous history of Kawasaki disease and normal epicardial coronary arteries. Background. Kawasaki disease is an acute inflammatory process of the arterial walls that results in panvasculitis in early childhood. Children with a history of Kawasaki disease and normal epicardial coronary arteries were previously considered to have normal coronary flow reserve. However, recent studies have reported exercise-induced regional perfusion abnormalities on single-photon positron emission tomograhic (SPECT) imaging. Methods. We assessed myocardial blood flow and flow reserve at rest and during adenosine stress with nitrogen-13 ammonia and PET in 10 children with a history of Kawasaki disease and in 10 healthy young adult volunteers. All children had acute Kawasaki disease 4 to 15 years before the PET study. None of the children had epicardial coronary artery abnormalities at the acute stage of the disease or during follow-up, as assessed by echocardiography. Results. Rest blood flows normalized to the rate-pressure product, an index of cardiac work, were similar in both the patients with Kawasaki disease and healthy adult volunteers (82 ± 14 vs. 77 ± 16 ml/100 g per min [mean ± SD], p = NS). However, hyperemic blood flows were significantly lower in the patients with Kawasaki disease than in the control subjects (263 ± 64 vs. 340 ± 57 ml/100 g per min, p = 0.01). As a result, estimates of myocardial flow reserve were lower in the patients with Kawasaki disease than in the healthy young adult volunteers (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 4.6 ± 0.9, p = 0.003). In addition, total coronary resistance was higher in the patients with Kawasaki disease than in the healthy adult volunteers (33 ± 11 vs. 24 ± 5 mm Hg/ml per g per min, p = 0.04). Quantitative analysis of perfusion images demonstrated no evidence of regional perfusion abnormalities. Conclusions. Children with a previous history of Kawasaki disease and normal epicardial coronary arteries exhibit normal rest myocardial blood flows but reduced hyperemic flows and flow reserve. The abnormal hyperemic blood flows and flow reserve suggest an impaired vasodilatory capacity, possibly due to residual damage of the coronary microcirculation.
Rise in water vapor due to anthropogenic warming

The rise in atmospheric water vapor—a significant greenhouse gas—over the past 30 years can be tied to human activities, according to a new paper (doi:10.1073/pnas.1409659111) published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Exploring patient-pharmacist interaction differences between the drive-through and walk-in windows

Abstract Objective To preliminarily determine whether interactions between pharmacists and patients during drive-through service encounters differed significantly from those observed during walk-in service encounters at one community chain pharmacy. Methods Two student pharmacist observers timed interactions and recorded observations on a standardized form at the drive-through and walk-in windows. Results More than 200 encounters were documented at both the drive-through and walk-in windows. Patients using the two locations were similar in terms of gender, age, and proportion of mobility impaired. Of patients using the drive-through window, 35% had passengers in their car and 1% were smoking. Drive-through window encounters were more likely to involve at least one "more confidential" prescription compared with walk-in window encounters (17.7% vs. 11.3%). The proportion of patients with limited English proficiency was greater at the walk-in window compared with the drive-through window. Patients were acknowledged more frequently when they came to the walk-in window and accepted counseling more often when offered. While the length of total personnel time was greater, the proportion of time with the pharmacist was significantly less with patients at the drive-through window, indicating that drive-through interactions at this pharmacy are primarily with technicians. Conclusion This pilot project suggests that the interaction between pharmacists and patients may be richer and lengthier when the walk-in window is used, particularly for patients with limited English proficiency.
Crystal Formation on Graphite/Polymer Composites

Two graphite/polymer composites were directly coupled with mild steel and immersed in natural seawater for intervals up to three months. Ensuing crystal growth in the form of aragonite was observed on both composites. It is proposed that local changes in the environment by corrosion processes were responsible for the crystal formation.
Developments in neuroimaging for acute ischemic stroke: Diagnostic and clinical trial applications

Over the past several years, active investigation into neuroimaging in the setting of acute ischemic stroke has improved our understanding of and ability to visualize the dynamic pathophysiology of acute cerebrovascular disease. Efforts surrounding the application of multimodal CT and MRI have resulted in a growing body of data from systematic evaluations of different parameters, experience in the use of these techniques in guiding clinical decision making, and clinical trials employing neuroimaging for patient selection, for proof of principle, and as a surrogate outcome measure.
The complexity of scheduling for data cache optimization

Abstract The performance of the memory hierarchy, and in particular the data cache, can significantly impact program execution speed. Thus, instruction reordering to minimize data cache misses is an important consideration for optimizing compilers. In this paper, we prove that the problem of instruction reordering for data cache miss minimization belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. The framework that we develop for the proof exposes the symbiotic relationship among the references to the cache. This symbiosis exists because a single cache reference lengthens the life span of its neighbors in the cache, and thus provides opportunity for additional cache hits through reference to the neighbors. We present a greedy heuristic designed to exploit this symbiotic relationship to improve data cache performance for general-purpose programs. Experiments with a prototype implementation of the heuristic show that we can improve data cache performance in many cases.
A genetically encoded probe for cysteine sulfenic acid protein modification in vivo.

All organisms have defense mechanisms to combat the deleterious effects of oxidative damage produced by reactive oxidative species (ROS). Although it is known that ROS play a major role in oxidative damage, increasing evidence reveals that ROS have wider cellular effects through their role in many signal transduction pathways. Here we have adapted a redox-regulated domain from the Yap1 transcription factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to function as a general trap for proteins that form cysteine sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) in vivo. In response to H2O2, the Yap1 probe forms mixed disulfide bonds with a variety of proteins. The formation of these protein complexes is time dependent and peroxide concentration dependent. Disulfide-bonded complex formation can be attenuated by the addition of dimedone, a compound that specifically reacts with Cys-SOH, indicating the specificity of the probe toward Cys-SOH. An efficient one-step purification procedure was developed for proteins trapped by the Yap1 probe, and the con...
Granulosa Cell Desensitization: Effects of Gonadotropins on Antral and Preantral Follicles*

The present studies examine the time course, hormonal specificity, and reversibility of gonadotropin-induced desensitization in rat granulosa cells in vivo and relate these events to changes in FSH and LH/hCG receptor availability. To these ends, desensitization to gonadotropins was compared in granulosa cells of preantral and antral follicles. Granulosa cells from antral follicles of estradiol- and FSH-primed hypophysectomized rats possess receptors for both FSH and LH/hCG. These cells appeared to exhibit heterologous desensitization of gonadotropin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in vivo; refractoriness initiated by either gonadotropin (5 μg human FSH or 5–50 IU hCG, administered iv) was communicated to both gonadotropin/adenylate cyclase response systems and prevented a secondary hormone-stimulated increase in cAMP accumulation. Heterologous desensitization was demonstrable within 120 min and occurred in the absence of detectable changes in the binding of 125I-labeled heterologous hormone to isolated gran...
Design of Node System in Wireless Sensor Network

In the procedure of the wireless sensor network experiment a large amount of real-time wireless sensor network nodes are required to apperceive, collect and process the parameters of the surrounding environment in real time so that we can get detailed and accurate information about the substantial world. However, the existing nodes are expensive and complex, and they are not suitable for large-scale experimental testing. Additional, some experiments do not demand much on the type of sensing data. This paper introduces the design and accomplishment of a low-cost wireless sensor node based on modularization. The hardware structure is designed. For the limits of nodes in WSN, ATmegal28L and CC2420 are applied as processing unit and wireless communication unit. This kind of node is more suitable for experiments on routing protocol, query algorithm, QoS analysis, and et al. Energy consumption is shown in the part of evaluation.
Dynamics of mixed alkali metaphosphate glasses and liquids

Dynamic mechanical, stress relaxation, and oscillatory shear experiments were performed to examine relaxation processes in a series of mixed alkali metaphosphate glasses and liquids. At temperatures less than the glass transition temperature, T g , dynamic processes are dominated by hopping of alkali ions and local network relaxations that accommodate the motion of the cations. The average relaxation times associated with these dynamic processes were sensitive to the molar ratio of alkali ions in the glass. For T > T g , viscous relaxations were controlled primarily by the translational dynamics of P-O-P chains. These longer time viscous relaxation processes also appear to be affected by the dynamics of the alkali ions. The high frequency elastic modulus, Go, the fragility of the liquid, the heat capacity changes at T g , Δc p (T g ), and the breadth of the distribution of relaxation times, W, were all dependent on the molar ratio of the alkali oxides. Correlations between the fragility, Wand Δc p (T g ), which were found to describe the effects of single alkali oxide modified glasses, failed to describe related properties in these mixed alkali metaphosphates.
The MIDAS database system

Abstract The Molecular Interactive Display and Simulation (MIDAS) database system is a hierarchical database specifically designed for complex macromolecular models, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Each molecular model consists of one or more molecules made up of a linear sequence of smaller units that we refer to loosely as “residues.” Each of these residue units, in turn, is composed of one or more even smaller units called “atoms.” The complete model might consist of a single component molecule, as in the case of a water molecule, or it might be a long chain of more complex residue components, such as in the case of amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. Complex functional groups, such as heme and NADH, can also be specified as single subunit components, and the user can then incorporate these groups into a larger model to form a single complex. The various model component types are defined as arbitrary graphs of atoms with defined starting and ending points. The component type thus defines the connectivity of atoms for that component, as well as the linkage atoms to adjacent model components. Molecular “data” are stored in the “leaves” of the database hierarchy and are therefore directly associated with the atoms of a particular residue component, the component having been specified by type and position in the sequence of residues making up the chain. Individual atom data, however, are not restricted to a specific format or quantity, thereby allowing both flexibility and future extensions to easily be made to the database.
4749 Endoscopic versus surgical palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a retrospective analysis.

Background: Palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction is usually achieved surgically. Recently, endoscopic palliation using expandable metal stents has been employed with good anecdotal success. Aim: To compare clinical success rates, hospitalization days, and treatment costs of endoscopic versus surgical approaches to palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Methods: Over the last 12 months, 10 consecutive patients underwent placement of expandable metal stents (enteral Wallstent, 20 or 22mm diameter) for palliation of malignant gastric oultet obstruction. These patients were compared with an equal number of patients who underwent open surgical gastrojejunostomy. The surgical patients were randomly selected from a surgical billing database from the last four years. Patients and/or families in both groups were interviewed by phone using a symptom questionnaire. Successful palliation was defined as ability to maintain adequate oral intake without need for parenteral supplementation. Medical records were reviewed to determine hospital days from the time of intervention to initial discharge. Cost of palliation was determined by adding hospital day and procedural costs. The distribution of underlying malignancies was similar in the two groups. Nonparametric methods were used to compare hospital days and costs between the two groups. Results: No statistically significant difference in clinical success rates was demonstrable given small sample sizes. Endoscopically treated patients had significantly shorter hospitalizations (p
Personality and High-Maintenance Employee Behavior

We applied the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) model (Hofstee, de Raad, & Goldberg, 1992; Johnson & Ostendorf, 1993) to examine the intertwined influence of conscientiousness and agreeableness on high-maintenance employee behavior. Specifically, we investigated whether these two traits help to mutually paint a portrait of individuals who engage in chronic and annoying behavioral responses in the workplace. Results of hierarchical regression analyses on matched data collected from 338 clerical workers indicated, as hypothesized, that among highly conscientious employees, those low in agreeableness received higher supervisory ratings of high-maintenance behavior than workers high in agreeableness. Implications for research and practice are highlighted.
The politics of race and juvenile justice: The "due process revolution" and the conservative reaction

Through the prism of race, this article analyzes the social structural and political context of juvenile justice law reforms over the past half century. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Supreme Court imposed national legal and equality norms on recalcitrant southern states that still adhered to a segregated Jim Crow legal regime, and these norms provided the impetus for the Supreme Court's juvenile court “due process” decisions in the 1960s. The article then analyzes sociological, criminological, racial factors, media coverage, and political dynamics of the 1970s and 1980s that contributed to the “get tough” legislative reformulation of juvenile justice policies in the 1990s. During this period, conservative Republican politicians pursued a “southern strategy,” used crime as a code word for race for electoral advantage, and advocated “get tough” policies, which led to punitive changes in juvenile justice laws and practices and have had a disproportionate impact on racial minorities.
PTSD Compromises Battered Women's Future Safety

Intimate partner violence continues to be a social crisis that results in a complex array of physical and mental health problems. Although resources to counteract the effects of the violence are sometimes available, the posttrauma sequelae may prevent access by those in need. Using the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study, a naturalistic longitudinal study of 320 abused women, the current study examined the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression on battered women's safety at follow-up. Participants completed both a baseline and follow-up interview, including data on abuse experiences. Results suggest symptoms of PTSD predict severity of violence at follow-up over the impact of help-seeking behaviors, perceived helpfulness of these behaviors, and social support. Implications of results are discussed.
The Contribution of Activated Factor XIII to Fibrinolytic Resistance in Experimental Pulmonary Embolism

Background—The resistance of thrombi to fibrinolysis induced by plasminogen activators remains a major impediment to the successful treatment of thrombotic diseases. This study examines the contribution of activated factor XIII (factor XIIIa) to fibrinolytic resistance in experimental pulmonary embolism. Methods and Results—The fibrinolytic effects of specific inhibitors of factor XIIIa–mediated fibrin-fibrin cross-linking and α2-antiplasmin–fibrin cross-linking were measured in anesthetized ferrets with pulmonary emboli. Five experimental groups were treated with heparin (100 U/kg) and/or tissue plasminogen activator (TPA, 1 mg/kg) and the percent (mean±SD) lysis of emboli was determined: (1) control, normal factor XIIIa activity (14.1±4.8% lysis); (2) inhibited factor XIIIa activity (42.7±7.4%); (3) normal factor XIIIa activity+TPA (32.3±7.7%); (4) inhibited factor XIIIa activity+TPA (76.0±11.9%); and (5) inhibited α2-antiplasmin–fibrin cross-linking+TPA (54.7±3.9%). Inhibition of factor XIIIa activity ...
Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy using the argon-beam coagulator: pilot data and comparison to laparotomy

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the feasibility and outcome of total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage I cervical cancer using the argon-beam coagulator. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients with FIGO stage IA1–IB1 cervical cancer who underwent a total laparoscopic approach for definitive surgical treatment. Comparison was made to a cohort of 195 patients who were treated with laparotomy. Results Between 12/2000 and 12/2002, 19 patients were offered the laparoscopic approach. The procedure was completed laparoscopically in 17 patients (89.5%). Two patients, in the beginning of the study, underwent conversion to laparotomy, 1 due to parametrial bleeding and 1 due to pelvic adhesions and cystotomy. Mean age was 42.6 years (range, 30–69 years); mean body mass index was 23.1 (range, 18–30); FIGO stage included IA1 with LVI (2), IA2 (6), IB1 (11). Mean pelvic lymph node count was 25.5 (range, 15–39), and 1 patient (5.3%) had positive nodes. Mean estimated blood loss was 301 cc (range, 75–1500 cc) compared to 693 cc in the laparotomy group ( P P P Conclusions Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for selected patients with stage I cervical cancer is feasible, safe, and associated with a low morbidity in the pilot phase. Estimated blood loss and postoperative hospitalization appear shorter than historical controls, at the cost of longer operating time. Oncologic outcome requires longer follow-up.
Role of endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the development of nitrate tolerance

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide plays a role in the development of nitrate tolerance. Isolated rat aortic rings were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. The rings were incubated with (tolerant) and without (control) nitroglycerin (10− 4 M) for 90 min, followed by repeated rinsing for 1 h. Hydrogen peroxide release in control and tolerant tissues was measured fluorimetrically using amplex red. Nitroglycerin (10− 9–10− 4 M) caused concentration-dependent relaxations in control (− logEC50 = 7.15 ± 0.1) and tolerant rings (− logEC50 = 5.83 ± 0.1) contracted with norepinephrine. Nitrate tolerance was evident by a > 20-fold rightward shift in the nitroglycerin concentration–response curve in tissues exposed previously to nitroglycerin for 90 min. Incubation of the rings with the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic, tempol (10− 4 M), during the 90-min exposure period to nitroglycerin caused a leftward shift in the nitroglycerin concentration–response curve in tolerant rings (− logEC50 = 6.84 ± 0.2), but had no effect on the response to nitroglycerin in control rings. Treatment of the rings with catalase (1200 U/ml) or ebselen (1.5 × 10− 5 M), a glutathione peroxidase-mimetic, during the 90-min exposure period to nitroglycerin resulted in a further rightward shift in the nitroglycerin concentration–response curve in tolerant rings (− logEC50 = 5.41 ± 0.1 and 4.98 ± 0.1; catalase and ebselen respectively), without altering the response to nitroglycerin in control rings. In the presence of catalase, the effect of tempol on nitrate tolerance was abolished (− logEC50 = 5.46 ± 0.1). Hydrogen peroxide release was reduced by ∼ 64% in nitrate tolerant tissues when compared to control. The decrease in hydrogen peroxide release was completely reversed by treatment with tempol, whereas treatment with ebselen caused a further decrease in hydrogen peroxide release in nitrate tolerant tissues. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (3 × 10− 5 M) to nitrate tolerant rings caused a leftward shift in the nitroglycerin concentration–response curve in tolerant rings (− logEC50 = 7.18 ± 0.3), but had no effect on the response to nitroglycerin in control rings. These results suggest that nitrate tolerance is associated with decreased endogenous formation of hydrogen peroxide, which attenuates nitrate tolerance development. SOD-mimetics may reduce nitrate tolerance, in part, by increasing the formation of hydrogen peroxide.
New numerical approaches to the solution of the N‐well Schrödinger equation

Two new numerical methods for solving the Schrodinger equation for an N-well periodic potential are presented. One is a diagonalization method based on Floquet–Bloch formalism, and the other is a renormalized Numerov–Cooley method with periodic boundary conditions. The numerical superiority of these methods over the standard diagonalization technique is demonstrated. The methods are illustrated by applications to internal rotation.
Conjugated estrogens IV. Separation of urinary estrogens by gel-filtration and the effect of endogenous inhibitor on the rate and extent of hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase

Abstract A method is described for separating conjugated estrogens in urine into six major fractions by gel-filtration on Sephadex. Removal of inhibitors of β-glucuronidase is not complete by this procedure. Strong evidence is presented showing that saccharolactone is an inhibitor of both rate and extent of hydrolysis and that it is a major cause of incomplete hydrolysis of estrogen-glucuronosides in urine. At the concentration of saccharolactone reported to be present in urine, the hydrolysis of some estrogen-glucuronosides was completely inhibited while the hydrolysis of others was unaffected. This apparent selectivity could lead to serious errors in data on the urinary excretion of estrogens and probably other steroids as well.
A series of Hamiltonian cycle-based solutions to provide simple and scalable mesh optical network resilience

A mesh optical resilience solution has many requirements, some of which conflict with others. This article highlights the issues relevant to mesh optical resilience and the challenges of meeting the myriad requirements. A series of Hamiltonian cycle-based solutions with different efficiency, complexity, and scalability trade-offs are introduced. Solutions for moderate-sized and large networks are differentiated with the former emphasizing simplicity and efficiency, and the latter stressing resilience from multiple simultaneous failures and isolation of failure events.
Role of Translation Initiation Factor 2B in Control of Cell Survival by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Signaling Pathway

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathway is an important mediator of growth factor-dependent survival of mammalian cells. A variety of targets of the Akt protein kinase have been implicated in cell survival, including the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta). One of the targets of GSK-3beta is translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), linking global regulation of protein synthesis to PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Because of the central role of protein synthesis, we have investigated the involvement of eIF2B, which is inhibited as a result of GSK-3beta phosphorylation, in programmed cell death. We demonstrate that expression of eIF2B mutants lacking the GSK-3beta phosphorylation or priming sites is sufficient to protect both Rat-1 and PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by overexpression of GSK-3beta, inhibition of PI 3-kinase, or growth factor deprivation. Consistent with these effects on cell survival, expression of nonphosphorylatable eIF2B prevented inhibition of protein synthesis following treatment of cells with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Conversely, cycloheximide induced apoptosis of PC12 and Rat-1 cells, further indicating that protein synthesis was required for cell survival. Inhibition of translation resulting from treatment with cycloheximide led to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, similar to the effects of inhibition of PI 3-kinase. Expression of nonphosphorylatable eIF2B prevented cytochrome c release resulting from PI 3-kinase inhibition but did not affect cytochrome c release or apoptosis induced by cycloheximide. Regulation of translation resulting from phosphorylation of eIF2B by GSK-3beta thus appears to contribute to the control of cell survival by the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, acting upstream of mitochondrial cytochrome c release.