cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of WiMAX and LTE as the next generation mobile enterprise network

WiFi falls short in being a wireless technology for the enterprise due to its limitations in QoS support and coverage range. In comparison, WiMAX and LTE are much more capable, thus presenting themselves as strong candidates as the next generation mobile technologies for the enterprise. Known as 4G wireless technologies, WiMAX and LTE resemble each other in some key aspects including operating in licensed spectrum bands, high capacity, wide coverage range, and strong QoS mechanisms. However, having evolved from different origins, these two technologies also differ from each other in certain aspects. In this paper, we first present the compelling usages of WiMAX and LTE as the next generation mobile enterprise networks and then focus on an analysis of the differences between WiMAX and LTE from a perspective of enterprise network requirements. In particular, by integrating WiMAX with the current enterprise network in a recent effort, we developed detailed knowledge about security mechanisms in the enterprise network today, which allows us to carry out comprehensive comparisons between WiMAX and LTE against enterprise requirements. In WiMAX, the authentication process, which uses either EAP TTLS or EAP TLS, allows an enterprise to use private certificates and enterprise controlled username and password, directly integrated in the authentication process. In LTE, however, the authentication process, which uses either EAP AKA or UMTS AKA, requires new ways to integrate enterprise credentials and authentication server to IT security infrastructure because the AKA authentication method is designed for telecom consumer market and usage. In addition, we will also present overall architectures to illustrate how WiMAX and LTE can fit in an enterprise network environment.
Fostering Science Education in the Developing Countries

Considerable attention is paid to how we teach science and to how our students learn it. Even though similar questions are asked by scientists and science teachers in all countries, one finds that resources available for science education in developing countries are often scarce.
A pattern diversity method for multiple coherent source location

A high resolution pattern diversity method is presented for resolving multiple coherent plane waves impinging on a linear array. In this method, use is made of several different choices for the common pattern of array elements forming the array, allowing the rank of the resulting signal-only covariance matrix to be equal to the number of plane wave arrivals even if multiple coherent sources are presented. The underlying method does not require a uniform array, nor does it require an array in motion. The theoretical development of the method and simulation results are provided. >
Structure and expression of germ line immunoglobulin gamma 2b transcripts.

Abstract We have isolated a cDNA copy of a truncated C gamma 2b transcript produced by Abelson murine leukemia virus transformants that spontaneously switch from mu to gamma 2b. The initiation site of this transcript was 2 kilobases 5' to the gamma 2b switch recombination region, demonstrating its germ line origin. Nucleotide sequence analyses suggest that this transcript does not encode a protein. Expression of germ line gamma 2b transcripts in Abelson murine leukemia virus transformants and in normal spleen cells correlated with endogenous gamma 2b class switch activity.
Share: run-time system for high-performance virtualized routers

The enormous size and scope of today's Internet make the deployment of new network technologies and advanced services difficult. One strategy to address such ossification is to combine two evolving trends in building network services---overlay networks and network virtualization. The combination allows multiple overlay networks providing alternate end-to-end services to co-exist on a shared virtualized substrate. The building blocks of such a substrate---termed virtualized routers---utilize programmable multi-processor hardware to provide the flexibility of hosting diverse services simultaneously, and process packets at high rates. In this dissertation, we describe the design and implementation of ShaRE, the first run-time system for such high-performance, multi-service virtualized routers. ShaRE provides two functionalities. First, ShaRE multiplexes hardware resources among multiple services while preventing damaging interactions and instabilities. Second, ShaRE exposes a packet-processing-oriented resource abstraction layer and includes a set of adaptation mechanisms to simplify the programmability and portability of high-performance network services. Virtualized routers exhibit several unique characteristics that make the above functionalities challenging. First, network services are required to process packets within a small delay from their arrivals. Second, at these time-scales, network traffic is bursty and often hard-to-predict. Third, the overhead of reallocating processors from one service to another in current router hardware is larger than the packet processing time. Finally, to achieve high performance, router hardware (unlike conventional systems) includes a complex array of resources such as multi-core processors, fixed-function co-processors, and inter-processor communication mechanisms. In designing ShaRE, we make three contributions. First, we design Everest, an agile and wary scheduler for allocating processors to services in high-performance routers. Everest's agility and wariness help cope with stringent delay tolerance, and difficult-to-predict and significant fluctuations in packet arrival rates, and large context-switch overheads. Second, we demonstrate that the efficacy of a scheduler depends on various system, workload and service characteristics, and design variants of Everest that perform the best under different characteristics. Finally, to minimize the overhead of replicating services or check-pointing and migrating services from one processor to another, we identify and exploit several unique characteristics of network services. We instantiate our contributions on Intel's IXP2400 programmable router hardware.
Bite: Workflow Composition for the Web

Service composition is core to service oriented architectures. In the Web, mainstream composition is practiced in client-side or server-side mashups, such as providing visual widgets on top of Google Maps results. This paper presents an explicit, workflow based composition model for Web applications called Bite. In contrast with prior attempts to bring workflow capabilities to the Web environment, Bite can deal with data integration as well as interactive, asynchronous workflows with multi-party interactions, and is architected to support protocols currently in use by Web applications. The Bite development model is designed for simplicity and short development cycle by taking a scripting approach to workflow development.
Analysis of planar microstrip antennas using the finite element method

The popularity and usefulness of microstrip antennas has made it increasingly necessary to find a method to accurately determine the radiation patterns of these antennas through the modeling process. One such tool studied was MSC/EMAS and MSC/XL, which are programs that utilize the finite element method. In this paper, these programs are used to construct and analyze several microstrip antennas such as a patch antenna, a square spiral antenna and an equiangular spiral antenna (the spiral antennas have become popular due their very large bandwidth and circular polarization). The far-field patterns were obtained and verified with a suitable reference, such as experimental data and/or theoretical data. The current density distributions on the radiating conductors were also examined to provide insight into the radiation of these antennas.
OP17.02: 2D Estimated Placental Volume (EPV) measurements in first trimester are reliable and correlate with measurements obtained by the 3D VOCAL™ technique

A 3D volume of the placenta was acquired at the time ofﬁrst trimester screening for aneuploidy (11 w0d-14w0d). Ofﬂineevaluation of the volumes was performed independently by 2experienced operators (MR & JG) for EPV from a selected 2Dplane and for 3D volume using VOCAL. Intraclass correlation(ICC) was used to assess inter- and intraobserver variability forEPV. Correlation of mean placental volumes calculated by the EPVmethod to the volume obtained using VOCAL was also assessed.
Emergency and Disaster: Pervasive Risk and Public Bureaucracy in Developing Nations

Developing nations experience pervasive risk of devastation, human and property loss resulting from human and natural disasters. This level of risk is attributable to socioeconomic stress, aging and inadequate physical infrastructure, weak education and preparedness for disaster and insufficient fiscal and economic resources to carefully implement the preparedness, response, mitigation and recovery components of integrated emergency management. This article examines these dynamics using a conceptual framework derived from chaos theory and emergency management theory and raises several critical methodological issues related to inquiries into disaster and emergency management dynamics in developing nations.
Reversion to a previously learned foreign accent after stroke

Foreign accent syndrome occurs rarely after stroke. Most patients with this syndrome develop an aphasia characterized by a new accent. This report presents a 48-year-old man who sustained a left parietal hemorrhagic stroke resulting in right hemiparesis and the inability to speak. As spontaneous speech emerged several weeks later, he was noted to have a Broca's aphasia and a Dutch accent. Analysis of his speech demonstrated final consonant deletion, substitution of "d" for "th" sounds, vowel distortions, additional "uh" syllables added at the end of words, and errors in voicing. This speech pattern has persisted for more than 5 years after the stroke. Elicitation of additional history found that the patient was born in Holland and lived there until the age of 5 years, when he moved to the United States with his family. Before his stroke, he had no foreign accent. This report illustrates the importance of considering foreign accent syndrome during aphasia recovery and suggests several pathogenetic mechanisms that may contribute to the development of this syndrome.
Dissociative hydrogen adsorption on palladium requires aggregates of three or more vacancies

During reaction, a catalyst surface usually interacts with a constantly fluctuating mix of reactants, products, 'spectators' that do not participate in the reaction, and species that either promote or inhibit the activity of the catalyst. How molecules adsorb and dissociate under such dynamic conditions is often poorly understood. For example, the dissociative adsorption of the diatomic molecule H2--a central step in many industrially important catalytic processes--is generally assumed to require at least two adjacent and empty atomic adsorption sites (or vacancies). The creation of active sites for H2 dissociation will thus involve the formation of individual vacancies and their subsequent diffusion and aggregation, with the coupling between these events determining the activity of the catalyst surface. But even though active sites are the central component of most reaction models, the processes controlling their formation, and hence the activity of a catalyst surface, have never been captured experimentally. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy observations of the transient formation of active sites for the dissociative adsorption of H2 molecules on a palladium (111) surface. We find, contrary to conventional thinking, that two-vacancy sites seem inactive, and that aggregates of three or more hydrogen vacancies are required for efficient H2 dissociation.
Turbulence in binary fluid mixtures

Turbulence in binary fluid mixtures is studied. Because concentration gradients can react back on the advecting velocity field, such systems support (overdamped) transverse waves. The primary effect of this coupling in miscible high-Prandtl-number fluids is to shorten the viscous-convective cascade of concentration fluctuations. When concentration fluctuations are injected at short wavelengths, we find at time-dependent inverse cascade with spectrum $C(k)\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{7}{3}}$. This cascade may be related to the dynamics of phase-separating binary mixtures at intermediate times.
A survey of observation units in the United States.

Abstract Observation units have been proposed as a tool in lowering overall health care costs and increasing the quality of care in outpatient facilities. Emergency department (ED) use of these units has been evaluated at single facllities but never at a national level. A survey of 250 facilities across the United States was performed to gather information about the observation unit phenomenon. Of the 250 hospitals in the survey group, 27% had operational observation or holding units and another 16% planned units within 1 year. A statistically significant increase in the use of these units was noted in nonteaching facilities when compared with their teaching counterparts. A trend toward higher use of observation units in suburban/urban settings was noted when compared with rural locations, although the difference was not statistically significant. Of the units in existence, 93% were located within the ED, staffed by emergency physicians, and administrated by the ED director. Most are staffed by ED nurses and ancillary help. No hospital had both an ED unit and a non-ED unit, and many units functioned as both holding and observation areas. The units are perceived to be beneficial in patient care and in lowering health care casts, although objective documentation to validate these beliefs is lacking. Further prospective research is needed to evaluate these units scientifically before broad recommendations can be made.
The mental Universe.

The only reality is mind and observations, but observations are not of things. To see the Universe as it really is, we must abandon our tendency to conceptualize observations as things.
DDT Residues in Pacific Sea Birds: a Persistent Insecticide in Marine Food Chains

THE accumulation and biological concentration of DDT and its metabolites* within food chains of terrestrial1, freshwater2 and estuarine3 ecosystems have been well documented. Significant residue concentrations have occasionally been reported in marine organisms, but these have usually been attributed to local sources of contamination4. The present study, which is based on analyses of collections of birds, fish and invertebrates from Pacific Ocean localities, indicates that DDT is also a component of marine ecosystems and that pelagic species may accumulate high concentrations of DDT residues. The results of the work with fish will be published elsewhere5.
The origin of stark splitting in the initial photoproduct state of MbCO.

Ligand migration and binding in heme proteins have been measured by X-ray diffraction and time-resolved spectroscopy of photoproduct intermediates. In myoglobin (Mb), internal cavities serve as docking sites for carbon monoxide (CO) ligands. In these sites, the CO ligands display characteristic infrared (IR) stretching bands due to interactions with the local electrical field. In the primary docking site, a CO can reside in two opposite orientations, characterized by a doublet of infrared bands, B1 at ∼2130 and B2 at ∼2120 cm-1. To assign these bands to the specific orientations, we have reexamined the effects of mutating His64 and Val68 on the infrared stretching bands associated with the B1 and B2 photoproduct states. Wild-type, H64L, V68F, and H64L−V68F MbCO were selected for experimental and theoretical analyses. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to interpret the effects of the electrostatic environment on the B state bands. The i...
Restricted Primitive Sets and Simplicial Subdivisions with Arbitrary Refinement Factors

We discuss the implementation of a refinement procedure for fixed point computations using Scarf's primitive sets. The procedure, presented in Van der Heyden Van der Heyden, L. 1982. A Refinement procedure for computing fixed points using Scarf's primitive sets. Math. Oper. Res.7 295--313., moves between combinatorial objects called restricted primitive sets. We characterize restricted primitive sets when the vectors in these sets belong to a sequence of regular grids with increasing grid sizes. The refinement factor between successive grids is an arbitrary integer. These restricted primitive sets are associated with a set of easily implementable rules which guide the movement of the refinement procedure. We also present a geometrical interpretation of these restricted sets in terms of simplicial subdivisions.
Acute effects of moderate Fluosol-DA hemodilution on hepatic microsomal and nonmicrosomal metabolism in rats.

Fluosol has been shown to alter the disposition of several drugs immediately after its administration. Investigations in this laboratory established that the disposition of several drug markers requiring the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes was time dependent for 72 hours. It was an additional purpose of the research to determine if the nonmicrosomal sulfation and acetylation pathways were also influenced by Fluosol hemodilution in a time dependent manner. Rats were moderately hemodiluted with Fluosol and received an intravenous dose of a drug marker 24, 48, or 72 hours after hemodilution. The formation clearance (Clp) of specific metabolites was used as the pharmacokinetic measure of a specific enzymatic activity. 3-Hydroxymethyl antipyrine Clp (phenobarbital inducible microsomal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes) increased 300% only at 48 hours. Acetylsulfamethazine ClF (nonmicrosomal acetylation) increased 287% and 162% at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Acetaminophen sulfate ClF (nonmicrosomal ...
Assessment of compressive properties of high performance organic fibers

The compressive properties of five high performance organic fibers with varying degrees of lateral molecular interactions have been analyzed. A novel micro-mechanical technique applies an axial compressive load on a segment of free fiber in order to quantify the axial compressive modulus of single filaments. The data reduction methodology used in the analysis accounts for fiber deviations from a perfectly vertical column through the use of Southwell plots. The resulting ratios of axial compressive to tensile modulus show values ranging between 0.3 and 1.0, depending on the type and degree of intermolecular interactions present in the fiber. Heat treatment of M5 fiber provides enhanced lateral interactions and improved molecular alignment that maintain molecular orientation during compressive deformation, resulting in the compressive modulus of M5 heat treated being statistically equal to its tensile modulus. Fibers lacking strong lateral interactions show considerable damage resulting from axial compressive deformations.
Ductility of Zircaloy-4 Fuel Cladding and Guide Tubes at High Fluences

Zircaloy fuel cladding suffers progressive degradation of ductility as its neutron exposure and hydrogen uptake increase with burnup. The loss of ductility appears to be the key property governing the cladding integrity in service. We report ductility data of Zircaloy-4 fabricated in stress-relief annealed (SRA) and recrystallized (RXA) conditions, covering a range of fluence, hydrogen content, and irradiation and test temperature. The testing was performed on unirradiated and irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding and guide tubes in SRA and RXA conditions, respectively, in the temperature range 25–350°C. These materials had been exposed to an estimated neutron fluence of ∼8 to 10 × 1025 n/m2 (E > 1 MeV) over four cycles of PWR operation. Due to its RXA fabrication condition, the guide tube material was also believed to represent BWR cladding. The hydrogen contents in the irradiated cladding was in the range of ∼200–600 ppm, exhibiting typical radial distribution of circumferential hydrides. By comparison, the hydrogen content in the irradiated guide tube material was in the range of ∼250–1800 ppm, exhibiting fairly uniform through-wall distribution of circumferential hydrides. Tensile tests and hydraulic burst tests were conducted on 130–150 mm long tubular specimens. In addition, smaller specimens machined in the form of 55 mm long curvilinear dog-bone and 10 mm slotted semicircular arc were tested in plane stress and plane strain configurations. Corresponding unirradiated archive materials in as-received condition and with uniform hydrogen charging up to 1200 ppm were also tested by identical methods. In all tests the fracture mode was examined by SEM fractography. The investigations revealed a decrease in ductility of Zircaloy-4, mainly caused by irradiation and only partly by increasing hydrogen content. Unlike the elongation data, the strength data remained nearly constant with increasing hydrogen content in both materials at all test temperatures. The irradiated RXA material showed better ductility than irradiated SRA material at equivalent hydrogen levels, and exhibited a clearer correlation of ductility with hydrogen content, mainly due to its uniform hydrogen distribution. The paper will provide these and other quantitative data, e.g., those correlating ductility with the local (near fracture surface) hydrogen content. The paper synthesizes the experimental results and discusses their possible application to the criteria for hydrogen concentration and ductility limits in high burnup fuel.
Consolidation, effective stress, and fluid pressure of sediments from ODP Site 1073, US mid-Atlantic continental slope

Abstract Fluid pressure interpreted from uniaxial consolidation tests equals 80% of the overburden (total) stress in Pleistocene mudstones at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1073 of the US mid-Atlantic continental slope, offshore New Jersey. The fluid overpressure decreases effective vertical stress and preserves void ratio ( e ) greater than 0.8 in Pleistocene sediments. Overpressure in Oligocene–Miocene sediments is lower even though e is high. Cementation preserves high void ratio of Oligocene–Miocene sediments and therefore the void ratio does not record overpressure and low effective vertical stress. Sedimentation-flow models simulate overpressure and high void ratio in the Pleistocene sediments when fluid flow is coupled with sediment loading at ODP Site 1073. Lateral fluid migration is interpreted to be focused in the Oligocene–Miocene sediments, which are 2.5 times more permeable than the overlying Pliocene–Pleistocene mudstones. The lateral flow provides fluids to ODP Site 1073 to maintain high void ratio, high overpressure, and low effective vertical stress.
High Density Distribution of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins and Mitochondria at Specialized Ca2+ Release Sites in Oligodendrocyte Processes

In oligodendrocyte processes, methacholine-evoked Ca2+ waves propagate via regions of specialized Ca2+ release kinetics (wave amplification sites) at which the amplitude and rate of rise of local Ca2+ signals are markedly higher than in surrounding areas (Simpson, P. B., and Russell, J. T. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33493–33501). In the present study we have examined the effects of other phosphoinositide-coupled agonists on Ca2+ in these cells, and the structural specializations underlying regenerative wave amplification sites. Both bradykinin and norepinephrine evoke Ca2+ waves, which initiate at the same loci and propagate through the cell body and multiple processes via identical wave amplification sites. Antibodies against type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3R2) and calreticulin identify expression of these proteins in oligodendrocyte membranes in Western blots. Immunocytochemistry followed by high resolution fluorescence microscopy revealed that both InsP3R2 and calreticulin are expressed in high intensity patches along processes. Cross-correlation analysis of the profiles of local Ca2+release kinetics during a Ca2+ wave and immunofluorescence for these proteins along cellular processes showed that the domains of high endoplasmic reticulum protein expression correspond closely to wave amplification sites. Staining cells with the mitochondrial dye, MitoTracker®, showed that mitochondria are only found in intimate association with these sites possessing high density endoplasmic reticulum proteins, and they remain in the same locations over relatively long periods of time. It appears, therefore, that multiple specializations are found at domains of elevated Ca2+ release in oligodendrocyte processes, including high levels of calreticulin, InsP3R2 Ca2+ release channels, and mitochondria.
Epileptic discharges occurring in the mesencephalon and thalamus.

SUMMARY Five clinical cases are presented which clearly support the contention that epilepsy can arise in the mesencephalon and thalamus of man, either spontaneously or as a result of stimulation. These discharges may be associated with motor, sensory, or behavioral changes. In one instance (Case 6), general “fits” occurred in a patient with a brain tumor involving the mesencephalon-diencephalon. These cases are discussed as they relate to the further research in epilepsy. RESUME Cinq cas cliniques sont presentes qui supportent clairement le point de vue suivant lequel une epilepsie peut etre engendree dans le mesencephale ou le thalamus de ľhomme, soit spontanement, soit comme resultat ďune stimulation. Les decharges de cette epilepsie peuvent etre associees a des manifestations motrices, sensorielles ou interessant le comportement. Dans un cas (Cas No. 6) des crises generaliees survenaient chez un patient porteur ďune tumeur interessant le meso-diencephale. Tous ces cas sont discutes quant a leur relation avec des recherches ulterieures en matiere ďepilepsie.
Surface Modification to Enhance Fatigue Performance of Steel: Applications of Deep Rolling

With the development of new steels and processing techniques, there have been corresponding advances in the fatigue performance of steels. Methods to increase fatigue performance are typically designed to produce gradients in surface properties and are based on heat treating operations, including enhanced carburizing and induction hardening, as well as surface mechanical deformation. In this paper selected examples based on recent work on deep rolling is used to illustrate the importance of the base steel properties on the final performance of surface modified materials. The degree of fatigue improvement by deep rolling, a process to mechanically deform fillet surfaces to improve fatigue resistance in cylindrical components, depends on the deformation response of the substrate to the rolling process. Recent results on the behavior of three medium carbon steel alloys deformed at temperatures up to 360 °C, are discussed. Deep rolling increased fatigue resistance, and the degree of improvement was higher when deep rolling was applied in the dynamic strain aging (DSA) temperature range rather than at room temperature. Observed variations in fatigue performance are interpreted based on fundamental deformation mechanisms and are used to present an overall perspective on approaches to increase the fatigue resistance of conventional and newly developed steels.
Spontaneous, evoked and defensively conditioned steady potential changes in the pigeon telencephalon ☆

Abstract 1. 1. Steady potential changes were recorded from the telencephalon in twenty-three pigeons with chronically implanted AgAgCl electrodes. 2. 2. During periods of drowsiness and sleep positive steady potential shifts were recorded. Conversely, on waking and during short periods of paradoxical sleep negative steady potential changes occurred. 3. 3. High frequency midbrain stimulation invariably produced large negative steady potential shifts. In contrast, stimulation at lower frequencies and intensities sometimes evoked small positive shifts. 4. 4. Sensory stimulation also produced negative steady potential changes, and with repeated visual stimulation habituation of evoked shifts was observed. 5. 5. Steady potential changes in birds given defensive conditioning trials (light paired with foot-shock) were found to be of greater magnitude than those in stimulus control (light only) and pseudoconditioning control (unpaired light and foot-shock) birds. 6. 6. It is concluded that steady potential changes in the pigeon telencephalon do not differ from those reported for mammalian cortex. Furthermore, since the telencephalic nuclei of the pigeon do not have laminations characteristic of mammalian cortex, the results indicate that an organized cellular orientation is not necessary for the occurrence of steady potential changes.
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was evaluated in eight patients with alcoholic liver disease. Metronidazole (7.5 mg/kg) was administered to each patient intravenously. Serial blood samples were obtained after the dose. Serum metronidazole concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The following pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- standard deviations) were obtained: half-life, 18.31 +/- 6.06 h; elimination rate constant, 0.042 +/- 0.013 h-1; volume of distribution, 0.77 +/- 0.16 liters/kg; and total body clearance, 0.51 +/- 0.11 ml/min per kg. Compared with subjects with normal liver function, patients with liver disease showed a reduction in drug elimination rate and total body clearance. The half-life of metronizadole in serum and volume of distribution were increased. Large variations of these parameters were also observed among the patients. On the basis of these observations, a reduced dose of metronidazole should be given to patients with alcoholic liver disease to avoid accumulation of metronidazole and its metabolites. Monitoring of drug concentration in serum may also be necessary to optimize therapy.
Determinants of health care use in a population-based leukodystrophy cohort.

Objectives To determine the costs for children with leukodystrophies and whether high costs are associated with characteristic clinical features or resources use. Study design We determined health care costs in a population cohort of 122 patients with leukodystrophies, including inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department use, during a 9-year period. We analyzed differences in patients with high costs (>85th percentile) and their health care use. Results Patients with leukodystrophy had significant variability in resource use, with the top 15th percentile of patients accounting for 73% of costs ($9.6 million). The majority of costs, 81% ($10.8 million), arose from inpatient hospitalization. High-cost patients had more and longer hospitalizations, increased requirements for intensive unit care and mechanical ventilation, and significantly more infections. Importantly, bone marrow transplantation did not solely account for the difference between high-cost and low-cost groups. Conclusion Inpatient hospitalization is the greatest source of health care resource use in patients with leukodystrophies. A minority of patients account for the majority of costs, primarily attributable to an increased volume of hospitalization. Strategies to improve care and reduce costs will need to reduce inpatient stays and target modifiable reasons for hospitalization.
Electron tunneling in indium-SrTiO3: Nb Schottky barriers☆

Abstract The tunneling characteristics of In-SrTiO 3 : Nb Schottky barriers have been studied at 4°K for different concentrations of free carriers in SrTiO 3 . From the dependence of the incremental resistivity on the applied bias, the Fermi energies and the density-of-states effective mass m d =1.5 m o of free carriers in SrTiO 3 have been determined.
Does Political Advertising Persuade

Well over $1 billion was spent on televised political advertising in the U.S. in 2004. Given the ubiquity of the 30 second spot, one might presume that ads must affect viewers’ vote choices. Somewhat surprisingly, though, scholars have yet to make much progress in confirming this claim. In this paper, we leverage a comprehensive dataset that tracks political ads in the nation’s top media markets and a survey of presidential and U.S. Senate voters in 2004. We ask whether exposure to presidential and Senate advertising influences voters’ evaluations of candidates and the choices that they make at the ballot box. In the end, we find considerable evidence that advertising persuades—and that its impact varies depending on the characteristics of the viewer.
Aspermatogenic antigen from brain.

Antigenetisches Material aus Meerschweinchenhirn extrahiert, rief, wenn es Meerschweinchen injiziert wurde, Aspermatogenese hervor. Hirnantigen verglichen mit demjenigen aus homologen Testikeln liess zahlreiche Ahnlichkeiten in Eiweiss-, Kohlehydrat- und Aminosaurengehalt erkennen. Hirn und Testikel besitzen somit gemeinsame Antigenitat (welche das Aspermatogenese-Antigen einschliesst), und das Aspermatogenese-Antigen kann vom encephalitogenen Faktor abgetrennt werden.
LIGHT PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS WITH RANDOMLY VARYING BIREFRINGENCE

Polarization decorrelation in single-mode fibers with randomly varying birefringence is studied. We find that polarization decorrelation length is minimized for a given beat length if the autocorrelation length of the internal birefringence fluctuation is close to the average beat length. Implications for both soliton and linear communication systems are discussed
Changes in gene expression contribute to cancer prevention by COX inhibitors

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used primarily for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, certain NSAIDs also have a chemopreventive effect on the development of human colorectal and other cancers. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and/or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and considerable evidence supports a role for prostaglandins in cancer development. However, the chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs on colorectal and other cancers appears also to be partially independent of COX activity. COX inhibitors also alter the expression of a number of genes that influence cancer development. One such gene is NAG-1 (NSAID-Activated Gene), a critical gene regulated by a number of COX inhibitors and chemopreventive chemicals. Therefore, this article will discuss the evidence supporting the conclusion that the chemo-preventive activity of COX inhibitors is mediated, in part, by altered gene expression with an emphasis on NAG-1 studies. This review may also provide new insights into how chemicals and environmental factors influence cancer development. In view of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxic side effects of COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective COX inhibitors, respectively, the results presented here may provide the basis for the development of a new family of anti-tumorigenic compounds acting independent of COX inhibition.
Stress, deformation, and martensitic transformation

Martensite formation in ferrous alloys is inextricably connected with local deformation. In order to assess the role of this plastic work in the transformation, the dynamic responses of Fe−Ni−C austenites to imposed changes in deformation variables are investigated. For both stable and metastable compositions direct measurements are made of the separate and combined influences of prestrain and applied stress, and of strain-rate and dynamic strain aging. In addition, new martensite-start temperatures are defined and examined conceptually. A differential form of an energy balance that describes our viewpoint of austenite transformation at stress is then used to interpret the results. Some consequences concerning the importance of plastic work, its structure sensitivity, and the pervasive influence of local stress states are deduced and discussed.
Cellular mechanisms by which oxytocin mediates uterine prostaglandin F2α synthesis in bovine endometrium: role of calcium

The objective of these experiments was to determine the role of Ca2+ during oxytocin-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha release from bovine endometrial tissue in vitro. Uteri were collected from dairy cows on the day after spontaneous luteal regression. Caruncular endometrial explants were dissected and incubated in vitro to determine phospholipase C activity or PGF2 alpha release. A23,187 (a calcium ionophore) and maitotoxin (an activator of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels) stimulated release of PGF 2 alpha in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Thapsigargin (induces accumulation of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+/ATPase pumps) stimulated release of PGF2 alpha in a concentration-dependent manner as well (P < 0.13). Oxytocin (10(-6) M), AIF4- (a nonspecific activator of G-proteins; 10(-5) M), A23,187 (10(-5) M), and melittin (a stimulator of phospholipase A2; 10(-4) M) stimulated PGF2 alpha release when explants were incubated in Ca(2+)-free medium (P < 0.10); however, oxytocin, A23,187, or melittin were unable to stimulate PGF2 alpha release when explants were incubated in Ca(2+)-free medium containing the calcium chelator EGTA (P < 0.10). This treatment did not prevent oxytocin or AIF4- from stimulating phospholipase C activity (P < 0.08). CoCl2 (a nonspecific Ca2+ channel blocker) and methoxyverapamil (a specific voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel blocker) prevented oxytocin from stimulating PGF2 alpha release (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ may be required for oxytocin to stimulate PGF2 alpha secretion in bovine endometrial tissue.
Prior experience affects the visual ability ofRhagoletis pomonella flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to find host fruit

Females of the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella, were allowed for 3 days to alight upon and oviposit in green or red 18- to 20-mm hawthorn host fruit (Crategus mollis) or green or red 45- to 55-mm apple host fruit (Malus pumila) hung from branches of potted host trees in field enclosures. Subsequently, when females were released individually on potted host trees harboring fruit of one of these types, their ability to find fruit of unfamiliar size proved unaffected by prior experience with fruit but their ability to find fruit of unfamiliar color was significantly affected. Specifically, females exposed to red hawthorns or red apples were less able to find green hawthorns or green apples than were females experienced with either of the latter fruit types. Fruit odor was found to have no effect on female ability to find familiar compared with unfamiliar green fruit. In contrast, a difference in size (or surface chemistry) between familiar and unfamiliar fruit but not a difference in fruit color had a significant negative influence on the propensity of alighting females to bore into unfamiliar fruit. Three bouts of experience with alighting upon and ovipositing into fruit over a period of about 1 h had no detectable effect on female ability to find unfamiliar fruit but did reduce propensity to bore into unfamiliar fruit. Our findings are discussed in relation to insect ability to learn visual and chemical stimuli of resources and insect propensity to form host races. We also discuss the potential impact of our findings on nonpesticidal, behavioral methods of managingR. pomonella in commercial apple orchards.
Computer aided solvent design for extractive fermentation

This paper presents a systematic computer aided molecular design (CAMD) framework for designing solvents for a reaction system. One of the functions of such solvents is to enhance the yield by product extraction. A number of solvent characteristics including biocompatibility, inertness, and ability to cause phase splitting, are considered for the reaction system. We employ the group contribution method to quantitatively represent the relationship between the structure and properties of the solvent molecule. The framework is modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem and the outer-approximation method with equality relaxation and augmented penalty (OA/ER/AP) is employed to solve it. We present two case studies on ethanol extractive fermentation to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Rat-bite fever

Summary 1. Three cases of rat-bite fever are reported because of their rarity, their unusual symptoms, and serology. 2. All three gave histories of having been bitten by a rat; and two had typical local swelling, lymphadenitis, typical recurring periodic temperatures. All had positive Kahn and Wassermann reactions during the height of their illness. Two improved under sulpharsphenamine treatment and were discharged as cured and with negative serology. One patient did not report back until recently when the Wassermann and Kahn reactions were positive. She will receive further treatment. No claim is made that all cases will show a positive serology. 3. Any form of arsphenamine may be used in treatment. We prefer sulpharsphenamine for use in children. The prognosis is excellent under a very short period of treatment. 4. We believe that rat-bite fever occurs more frequently than is generally believed and should be brought to the attention of the profession.
Knowledge-based very large scale integration (VLSI) process diagnostic system

One of the most critical issues facing the semiconductor industry is process testing and evaluation. Correcting marginal or faulty processes quickly is essential to maintaining yield and throughput. Simulation, statistical process control, and final circuit electrical tests are the most common methods of approaching the testing and evaluation problem. Statistical process control techniques are used to monitor critical parameters at periodic intervals in the manufacturing process. The variation of the parameters is analyzed to assure the process is within specifications. Although this approach is able to detect and prevent many faults, it is unable to detect other faults that can lead to bad devices. Currently, final electrical and functional tests provide the most comprehensive information in terms of establishing circuit functionality and implementing the necessary process adjustments. However, specific process flaws are generally only detectable by indirect trial and error procedures. These trial and error procedures often require a process engineer to go through a number of iterations between the process and final test data to find the problem.
Disposition kinetics and effects of menthol.

Background Menthol is widely used in a variety of commercial products and foods, but its clinical pharmacology is not well studied. To determine the disposition kinetics and to examine subjective and cardiovascular effects of menthol, we conducted a crossover placebo-controlled study that compared pure menthol versus placebo, along with an uncontrolled exposure to menthol in food or beverage. A novel assay for the measurement of menthol in biological fluids was also developed. Methods Twelve subjects were studied; each received a 100 mg l-menthol capsule, a placebo capsule, and 10 mg menthol in mint candy or mint tea on three different occasions. Plasma and urine levels of menthol and conjugated menthol (glucuronide), cardiovascular measurements, and subjective effects were measured at frequent intervals. Results Menthol was rapidly metabolized, and only menthol glucuronide could be measured in plasma or urine. The plasma half-life of menthol glucuronide averaged 56.2 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.0 to 61.5) and 42.6 minutes (95% CI, 32.5 to 52.7) in menthol capsule and mint candy/mint tea conditions, respectively (P < .05). The plasma area under the plasma concentration–time curve ratios for menthol capsule to mint candy/mint tea treatment averaged 9.2 (95% CI, 8.2 to 10.1). Urinary recovery of menthol as the glucuronide averaged 45.6 and 56.6% for menthol capsule and mint candy/tea, respectively (difference not significant). After menthol capsule dosing, the decrease in heart rate was less than the decrease after placebo administration (P < .05). Menthol reduced subjective vigor value at 30 minutes. Conclusions We conclude that pure menthol and menthol in food or beverages have a similar systemic bioavailability and that menthol has a small cardioaccelerating effect. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 128–135; doi: 10.1053/cp.1999.v66.100455001
Return to work after inguinal hernia repair

Abstract Background. There is much variation in the time when a patient returns to work after inguinal hernia repair. Most surgical research has focused on the type of operation performed, but other factors may be equally or more important. This study attempted to identify these factors. Methods. We prospectively studied the return to work after inguinal hernia repair in a convenience sample of 235 patients who were operated on by one surgical group. Ninety-three of these subjects, who were working and had complete data, were included in this analysis. Data were gathered through personal interviews, written surveys, and medical record reviews. The main outcome measures were actual and expected return to work. Results. Primary tissue repair was done in 94% of the patients. The mean age was 49 years; 90% were male. The expected return to work was 10 days; the actual mean return to work after operation was 12 days (median, 7 days; range, 2 to 60 days) and was unrelated to preoperative functional status. Bivariate analysis showed that age, educational level, income level, occupation, symptoms of depression, and the expected return to work accounted for 61% of the variation in actual return to work. Conclusions. Factors other than operative technique, including patient expectations, are strongly associated with return to work after inguinal hernia repair. Depression significantly delayed return to work. More research is needed to understand how expectations are formed and how decisions are made regarding return to work, and whether these can and/or should be influenced by surgeons, employers, or others to promote earlier return to work. (Surgery 2001;129:128-35.)
HSS--A High-Speed Simulator

The High-Speed Simulator (HSS) is a fast and flexible system for gate-level fault simulation. Originally limited to combinational logic, it is being extended to handle sequential logic. It may also prove useful as a functional simulator. The speed of HSS is obtained by converting the cycle-free portions of a circuit into optimized machine code for a general-purpose computer. This compiled code simulates the circuit's response for 16 or 32 test patterns in parallel. Faults are injected into the circuit by changing the machine instruction corresponding to the fault location. From the range of speeds seen in recent measurements, we take 240 million gates per second as a fair general estimate of the speed of 2-valued simulation running on a 3081/K computer. For 3-valued simulation, divide by 2.9. The paper discusses the merits and drawbacks of the HSS strategy. It also sketches the extensions of HSS to model sequential logic and the various applications of HSS. These include functional verification, design for testability, good machine signatures, and accurate simulation of transistor-level defects in certain CMOS technologies. Finally, there is some discussion of how the simulation requirements of future designs can be met, and of the lessons to be drawn from long-term experimentation with HSS.
Increased adenylosuccinase activity in hepatomas and kidney tumors.

Abstract Adenylosuccinase activity was measured in adult, neonatal and regenerating liver, in nine transplantable hepatomas of different growth rates, and also in kidney cortex and 2 transplantable kidney tumors in the rat. The activity was increased 1.4 to 2.2-fold in all the tumors, irrespective of the growth rate or the degree of histological differentiation of the neoplasms. Adenylosuccinase activity in the average liver cell of one-day-old rats was 21% of the adult value. In the rapidly-growing regenerating adult liver the enzyme activity did not change. It is concluded that the consistent elevation of adenylosuccinase activity in the tumors was linked with the neoplastic transformation and the increase was specific to neoplasia.