cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
iSAN: Storage Area Network Management Modeling Simulation

Storage management plays an important role in ensuring the service level agreements (availability, reliability, performance etc..) that are critical to the operation of resilient business IT infrastructure. Also, storage resource management (SRM) is becoming the largest component in the overall cost of ownership of any large enterprise IT environment. Considering these functional requirements and business opportunities, several SRM suites have cropped up in the market place to provide uniform and interoperable management. But, development and test of these suites require access to huge set of heterogeneous multi- vendor storage area network (SAN) devices like fiber channel switches, storage subsystems, tape libraries, servers etc... It's almost impractical for a SRM Suite software manufacturer to own and manage these huge varieties of devices. Management modules of SAN devices have become logically independent components with the emergence of CIM and SMI-S. In this paper, we propose a framework and implementation named iSAN (imitation storage area network) that models the management module of the devices. Our tool can be used to perform a) simulation of management module ranging from individual device to large scale multi-vendor heterogeneous SAN for enterprise b) what-ifanalysis of enterprise IT environment before modeling the changes. This tool provides efficiency and cost- effectiveness with respect to development, test of SRM suites and planning of IT environment by removing their dependence on high cost SAN hardware. We have implemented this tool iSAN, and our experiment results show that one can attain the above mentioned functional objectives and bring significant productivity to enterprise IT environment management.
Mass-frequency influence surface and frequency spectrum of an AT-cut quartz plate

The mass-frequency influence surface is defined as a surface yielding the frequency change due to a small localized mass applied on the plate surface. Finite-element solutions of R.D. Mindlin's (1963) two-dimensional plate equations for thickness-shear, thickness-twist, and flexural vibrations are given. Spectrum splicing and an efficient eigenvalue solver using the Lanczos algorithm were incorporated into the finite-element program. A convergence study of the fundamental thickness-shear mode and its finite-element meshes of increasing fineness. As a general rule, more than two elements must span any half-wave in the plate or spurious mode shapes will be obtained. Two-dimensional mode shapes and the frequency spectrum of a rectangular AT-cut plate in the region of the fundamental thickness-shear frequency are presented. The mass-frequency influence surface for a 5-MHz-rectangular, AT-cut plate with patch electrodes is obtained by calculating the frequency change due to a small-mass layer moving over the plate surface. The frequency change is proportional to the ratio of mass loading to mass of plate per unit area, and is confined mostly within the electrode area, where the frequency change is on the order of 10/sup 8/ Hz/(g/mm/sup 2/)/mm/sup 2/. >
Knowing that Versus Knowing How Toward Achieving Expertise Through Multicultural Training for Counseling

Methods of training counselors and others for intercultural effectiveness are examined as a vehicle for addressing the question of how cultural expertise is utilized in multicultural training. The notion of expertise is explored as a content issue and an outcome criterion in efforts to train counselors to be more widely effective with culturally diverse populations. Operational concepts of expertise are illustrated and suggested as evaluation criteria in research and training for intercultural effectiveness in counseling.
Sodium content of popular commercially processed and restaurant foods in the United States

Purpose The purpose of this study was to provide baseline estimates of sodium levels in 125 popular, sodium-contributing, commercially processed and restaurant foods in the U.S., to assess future changes as manufacturers reformulate foods.
The Life and Career of a Police Commissioner

A high-ranking law enforcement officer falls from grace and moves on to become a popular radio talk show host. This undisguised case brings the reader into the world of politics and power as it examines the life and career of Edward T. Norris.
Surgical decompression of idiopathic facial palsy.

There is no consensus on the cause of Bell’s palsy, just as there is * no proven medical therapy. Disregarding the numerous theoretic causes, preponderant anatomic, electrophysiologic, radiologic, clinical, and pathologic evidence supports entrapment at the medical foramen of the fallopian canal as a final common pathway resulting in facial nerve ischemia and degeneration. Middle cranial fossa decompression of the meatal foramen may benefit those patients most severely affected with Bell’s palsy.
Cystitis cystica: an electron and immunofluorescence microscopic study.

AbstractCystitis cystica was studied with the aid of electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. By electron microscopy, the epithelium demonstrated morphologic features suggestive of an active metabolism. Secretory-type granules were seen in the cytoplasm just beneath the luminal membrane of surface columnar cells. Microvilli of the plasma membrane also were seen at the luminal surface. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatuses were present. The cells were rich in mitochondria. By immunofluorescence microscopy, IgA, secretory piece and IgM were localized in the epithelial cells, especially at the luminal surfaces. IgG was occasionally found. These findings contrast markedly with the transitional cells and their relatively scanty content of secretory-type organelles. In addition, they may explain the large amounts of IgA in the urine of patients with cystitis cystica.
Homecare, Technology, and the Management of Respiratory Disease

Patients who are dependent on a wide range of respiratory technology are increasingly being cared for by their families in the home. The advantages and disadvantages for families are discussed, nursing practice in hospital and homecare settings are compared, and the skills needed by homecare nurses are identified.
Virtual Reality Therapy

Abstract Virtual reality therapy (VRT) is an innovative and emerging paradigm that provides effective modality of therapy by allowing clients to be exposed to similar stimuli as their real-world experiences using a computer-generated virtual reality. Extensive empirical research in VRT attests to the effective uses of this technology in treating many psychological disorders. In this chapter, researchers provide a thorough description of VRT and discuss the paradigm, emergence, trends, technologies, and research in this field. Furthermore, researchers provide concise direction and innovative ideas for the next generation of VRT applications.
802 A safer candle project South Africa

Background There are two main causes of shack fires in South Africa: Fallen candles and paraffin-related burns. These fires lead to devastating consequences and huge economic losses. Aim/goal The goal of this project is to facilitate and promote safer use of candles in a glass jar, with the ultimate aim to prevent fires, burn injuries and deaths caused by fallen candles, targeting individuals and families who live in informal homes. Material and methods Childsafe South Africa personnel conducted a number of trials to test the “ Candle in a glass jar ” concept. In 2006, the project was piloted in an informal area that exclusively uses candles as source of light. Further demonstration and educational sessions have taken place and over 100,000 jar units have been distributed to various communities to date. Results The Safer Candle Project has become one of Childsafe’s established out-reach programmes over 10 year period.It has been widely accepted and been approved by World Wide Fund for Nature SA (WWF) for Earth Hour and endorsed by various stakeholders and sponsors. Significance The idea of candle in the glass jar is recommended as its very simple and preventative measure to reduce fires mainly caused by candles tipping. One of its advantages is that it places no financial burden on families, as there are virtually no costs involved.
Oxidative Entry into the Illicium Sesquiterpenes: Enantiospecific Synthesis of (+)-Pseudoanisatin

Illicium sesquiterpenes have been the subject of numerous synthetic efforts due to their ornate and highly oxidized structures as well as significant biological activities. Herein we report the first chemical synthesis of (+)-pseudoanisatin from the abundant feedstock chemical cedrol (∼$50 USD/kg) in 12 steps using extensive site-selective C(sp3)–H bond functionalization. Significantly, this work represents a novel oxidative strategic template for future approaches to these natural products and their analogs.
The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia-A systematic review.

Abstract While gait variability may reflect subtle changes due to aging or cognitive impairment (CI), associated brain characteristics remain unclear. We summarize structural and functional neuroimaging findings associated with gait variability in older adults with and without CI and dementia. We identified 17 eligible studies; all were cross-sectional; few examined multiple brain areas. In older adults, temporal gait variability was associated with structural differences in medial areas important for lower limb coordination and balance. Both temporal and spatial gait variability were associated with structural and functional differences in hippocampus and primary sensorimotor cortex and structural differences in anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, association tracts, and posterior thalamic radiation. In CI or dementia, some associations were found in primary motor cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. In older adults, gait variability may be associated with areas important for sensorimotor integration and coordination. To comprehend the neural basis of gait variability with aging and CI, longitudinal studies of multiple brain areas are needed.
High-Resolution Radio Observations of OH/IR Stars

Interferometric data demonstrate that SiO (43 GHz), H2O (22 GHz) and OH (1612 MHz) • masers occur at increasingly larger radii in the envelopes of OH/IR stars, spanning a range from 5 to 104 AU. The OH(1612) data indicate that the gas in the outer envelope (R≳1000 AU) is radially expanding at a nearly constant velocity which can range from about 3 to 40 km s-1. Possible second-order effects include velocity streaming, radial acceleration, and perhaps rotational components, but the magnitude of any such motion is less than about 10% of the expansion velocity. At smaller radii (≲100 AU), H2O and SiO data provide some evidence for radial expansion but do not rule out significant contributions of other kinematic components.
Crime and Justice in India, N. Prabha Unnithan (Ed.). SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2013), 451 pp.

This very readable book consists of nineteen chapters distributed amongst four sections. The section titles – Overview of Crime and Justice in India, Policing in India, Criminal Law and Courts in I...
Questionnaire-based problematic relationship to eating and food is associated with 25 year body mass index trajectories during midlife: The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

OBJECTIVE Problematic eating behaviors and attitudes are of public health concern. Questionnaire-based assessment of these behaviors is important for large-scale research on eating behaviors. The questionnaire on eating and weight patterns-revised (QEWP-R) measures potential problematic behaviors and attitudes toward food (including anxieties, compensatory actions, overeating and loss of control, dieting, and shape concerns) that in aggregate may indicate diagnosable eating disorders. An important question regards the prevalence of these issues and their longitudinal associations with body mass index (BMI) in generally healthy middle aged adults. METHOD Based on eight constructs measured on QEWP-R, we created a new problematic relationship to eating and food (PREF) scale by assigning a point for each construct endorsed. Analyses were conducted in 3,892 black and white men and women participating in the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. The QEWP-R was administered in CARDIA year 10, when participants were aged 27-41 years. We used linear regression to model the relationship of individual constructs and the PREF scale to BMI over CARDIA follow-up. RESULTS Fifty-five percent of participants had 1-5 points and 4% had 6-8 points on the PREF scale. Each separate construct was positively associated with BMI, except concern about weight and shape. Adjusting for age, race, sex, education, and study center, mean BMI at CARDIA year 10, the time of PREF assessment, was approximately 1.0-2.5 kg/m2 higher per PREF category. CONCLUSION In middle age, problematic behaviors and attitudes toward food were common and associated with higher BMI.
Innovations in image-guided preoperative breast lesion localization

Screening mammography increases detection of non-palpable breast lesions requiring image-guided localization prior to surgery. Accurate preoperative localization is crucial for successful surgical outcomes. Wire-guided localization is currently the most widely used localization method for non-palpable breast lesions; however, this technique has multiple disadvantages including patient discomfort, possible wire transection and migration, suboptimal surgical incision placement due to wire location and limited scheduling flexibility decreasing operating room efficiency. As a result, promising new techniques including radioactive seed localization, non-radioactive radar localization and magnetic seed localization have been developed as alternatives. In this article, we provide an overview of these techniques and discuss their advantages, drawbacks and currently available outcome data.
Pragmatism and the study of large-scale social phenomena

Pragmatism has recently gained ground as a theoretical perspective in sociology. The approach is not without its critics, however. One common charge is that pragmatism is oriented toward the micro and not well suited for the explanation of meso- or macro-level events, processes, or outcomes. In this paper—a review essay—I consider whether the charge has merit. I examine four studies that draw heavily on pragmatism and give some indication of its explanatory potential. Taken together, these studies suggest that pragmatism has much to offer analysts of large-scale social phenomena. At the same time, key issues remain to be worked out.
Chapter 6 – The Iowa connection

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews Donald J. Burton group's research activities in Iowa. He pursued the aluminum halide-catalyzed rearrangement and disproportionation of fluorohaloalkanes and fluorohaloallyl halides as a PhD topic. Frank Herkes, one of the first graduate students who joined his research group at Iowa in 1962, piqued his initial interest in ylide chemistry. They established a new route to β-phenyl-substituted perfluoroolefins. This venture initiated their work in ylide chemistry. In addition to the fluoromethylene ylides, they also pioneered the preparation and identification of stable fluorinated cyclic ylides. Donald J. Burton also worked on carbenes and organometallic chemistry. Conjugated enynes provide an efficient method for the assembly of multifunctional molecules and one would anticipate that fluorine-containing enynes would be useful building blocks to partially fluorinated multifunctional molecules or partially fluorinated natural products. Interest in the generality of palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of fluorinated vinyl and aryl iodides directed them to investigate the utility of these precursors in enyne and/or alkyne preparations. From the experience in Professor H. C. Brown's laboratory, he carried an interest in metal hydride and borane chemistry with him to the University of Iowa.
Differential regulation of cytokine and receptor transcript expression in human corneal and limbal fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, platelet-derived growth factor B, and interleukin-1 beta.

Purpose To explore further the significance of three patterns of cytokine dialogues that have been characterized between human corneal and limbal epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Methods Northern hybridization of the transcript expression of type I cytokine receptors (EGFR, IL-1R, and PDGFR-beta), type II cytokines (bFGF, LIF, and TGF-beta 1), and type III cytokines (HGF and KGF) by human corneal and limbal fibroblasts was conducted under the modulation of TGF-alpha, PDGF-BB, IL-1 beta, and EGF (type I cytokines). The mechanism of upregulation by IL-1 beta was studied further with respect to proto-oncogene expression and under the treatment of cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Results Results showed that EGF upregulated LIF and HGF but downregulated KGF and M-CSF. Unlike EGF, TGF-alpha upregulated additional EGFR, PDGFR-beta, bFGF, and TGF-beta 1, suggesting that although they share the same EGFR, TGF-alpha, which is produced by epithelium, is more effective in activating fibroblasts than EGF, which is present in tears. The upregulation of PDGF-BB was similar to that of TGF-alpha, except that it further stimulated IL-8, supporting their synergistic roles in promoting wound healing. Uniquely, IL-1 beta upregulated KGF expression by limbal fibroblasts more than corneal fibroblasts and IL-8 and M-CSF expression, but it downregulated PDGFR-beta. In IL-1 beta, the upregulation of cytokines and receptors was preceded by the upregulation of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, and it was inhibited by actinomycin D. Its upregulation of LIF was superinduced, but the upregulation of bFGF and KGF was inhibited, and that of the rest was not affected by cycloheximide. Conclusions These findings suggest that epithelial cells under stress or injury (producing IL-1) might preferentially activate limbal epithelial stem cells indirectly by fibroblasts and simultaneously might promote inflammation during wound healing.
Utilization Patterns of Caregiver Education and Support Programs

This chapter analyzes the utilization patterns of caregiver education and support programs with an emphasis on psychoeducational support groups and respite. An overview of the issues, definitions, conceptual frameworks, and evidence from research and current practice is provided. The structure of utilization patterns reviewed in this chapter includes (1) who attends education and support group programs, (2) what specific interventions are used, (3) implications of attendance at these programs, and (4) their beneficial outcomes. Studies reviewed in this chapter include those that focus on utilization patterns as well as outcome studies that examine utilization. Some of the later include studies of service use such as health-care utilization and cost outcomes. This chapter also discusses the status of educational and supportive interventions for caregivers in the future along with their attendant research, practice, policy, and advocacy implications. Families increasingly are caring for frail older adults with the assistance of community-based education and supportive programs. As more baby boomers enter retirement and become chronically ill over the next several decades, the incidence and prevalence of frail older persons needing supportive educational services will increase (National Alliance for Caregiving-NAC, AARP, & Metlife, 2009; NAC & AARP, 2005).
96 – Urinary Incontinence

This chapter summarizes current knowledge about urinary incontinence (UI). UI is defined by symptoms that are caused by a number of underlying pathologies. In recognition of the two major types of UI, the International Continence Society definition also includes definitions of stress and urge types of incontinence. Symptoms of urge incontinence are UI associated with a strong and sudden desire to void. Urge incontinence often results from involuntary contractions of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall that can be identified through uro-dynamic testing. Symptoms of stress urinary incontinence are UI associated with physical activities such as coughing, sneezing, and laughing that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Stress urinary incontinence typically is caused by a weak sphincter or by displacement of the urethra and bladder neck during exertion. Surgery can be an appropriate treatment for selected incontinent women (and men) for whom more conservative measures are not feasible or were not successful. It is generally reserved for patients with obstruction or with stress incontinence due to urethral hypermobility and/or intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Surgery for the management of urge incontinence is not common and is usually considered only for highly symptomatic patients for whom other options have failed.
Forecasting Up to Year 2000 on Shanghai's Environmental Quality

The capabilities of third world countries in dealing withenvironmental problems are often limited by available resources and the tremendous costs of environmental monitoring.This paper attempts to introduce a newmethodology that can be used to derive information aboutenvironmental quality in its spatial and temporal dimensions.This methodology, based on an inquiry-feedback network of 8,000families and iteration with controlled-feedback of expertcommunity, has been first tested in Shanghai, China andprocedurally can be divided into two steps: Base-year evaluationand forecasting. Fuzzy pattern recognition is introduced for thesubjective assessment of the citizens' feelings theirperceived environment and a four-round Delphi-Cross Impactanalysis is conducted for forecasting the environmental changesup to 2000. Results show that the base-year environmentalsituations were poor. In the foreseeable future, the conditionsfor housing, social services, public health, greenspace anddrinking water will be substantially improved. Due to the rapidgrowth of manufacturing, the city will continue its deteriorating trend of air and water quality into the next century according to the forecast.
Toward Making the Italians

In this closing chapter, the author argues that debate on the Questione del Mezzogiorno has begun to lose the harsh tone of the past and that the North–South gap has narrowed considerably. He highlights the country’s most recent efforts to improve the South’s living conditions, demonstrating that the area has made significant strides in overcoming cultural hurdles, including crime and illiteracy. He credits exterior forces, such as the European Union, with pressuring Rome to do away with cultural and bureaucratic practices that have discouraged investors from doing business in the country. The stage appears set for North and South to forsake their respective regionalism and see themselves as one, united people. With calculated optimism, DiMaria concludes that the ever-elusive goal of “making the Italians” is finally within reach.
Plasma cell proliferation by SynKii multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for clinical use in multiple myeloma (MM).

8056Background: PC proliferation correlates with outcomes in MM. Increased proliferation identifies asymptomatic patients with an 80% probability of progression to symptomatic disease within 2 year...
3 – Composite mechanics

This chapter introduces the basic mechanics of composites. It starts by presenting a brief review on the laminate structure of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and classical laminate theory. Only basic mechanics equations are reviewed in this chapter, but more advanced topics can be found in the references. It then discusses a new type of fiber reinforcement, namely textile fabrics. Textile fabrics are distinctly different from more commonly used unidirectional tapes and possess many advantages over unidirectional tapes. General mechanics issues are then discussed. Attention is given to several dominant failure modes and factors affecting FRP durability. Finally, a discussion of finite element method (FEM) simulations is included. Using a FRP-bonded concrete beam as an example, relevant approaches to FEM and simulation results are discussed.
Design of an Auto-associative Neural Network with Hidden Layer Activations that were used to Reclassify Local Protein Structures

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the design of an auto-associative neural network with hidden layer activations used to reclassify local protein structures. Most artificial neural network models are trained to perform a specific task. This is done by presenting a series of input patterns to the network. For each pattern, the network calculates an output pattern that is compared to the desired output pattern for this input. The hidden unit values of a properly trained auto-associative neural network represent the important features of the networks inputs. If the hidden unit values are used as the canonical representation of the inputs, the input layer to hidden layer portion of the trained network can be used as an encoder for the representations and the hidden layer to output layer portion as a decoder. An auto-associative network should have the smallest hidden layer that allows the network to learn the auto-association task. This forces the hidden unit values vector to become a concise representation of the information in the inputs.
The Oldest Molecular Ancestor Finally Brought into the Light

Until now, helonium (HeH+), probably the first molecule ever, had not been observed astrophysically despite decades of searching. In the April 17 issue of Nature, Gusten et al. finally report the detection of HeH+, opening the door for a better understanding of this molecule and what that means for the origin of chemistry.
Rate of Postoperative Return Visits on Adenotonsillectomy Patients at Age of 3

Background: The American Academy of Otolaryngology guidelines state that any patient under the age of 3 should be admitted for observation postoperatively from adenotonsillectomy. There is no literature or suggestions on the postoperative management of 3 year olds. As a result, admission rates vary between physicians for this age range Objectives: To compare the incidence of postoperative return rates among otherwise healthy 3 year old patients after adenotonsillectomy/tonsillectomy who were either kept for 24 hour postoperative observation (24HR group) or were discharged same day of surgery …
The Impact of Multi-character Story Distribution and Gesture on Children’s Engagement

Effective storytelling relies on engagement and interaction. This work develops an automated software platform for telling stories to children and investigates the impact of two design choices on children’s engagement and willingness to interact with the system: story distribution and the use of complex gesture. A storyteller condition compares stories told in a third person, narrator voice with those distributed between a narrator and first-person story characters. Basic gestures are used in all our storytellings, but, in a second factor, some are augmented with gestures that indicate conversational turn changes, references to other characters and prompt children to ask questions. An analysis of eye gaze indicates that children attend more to the story when a distributed storytelling model is used. Gesture prompts appear to encourage children to ask questions, something that children did, but at a relatively low rate. Interestingly, the children most frequently asked “why” questions. Gaze switching happened more quickly when the story characters began to speak than for narrator turns. These results have implications for future agent-based storytelling system research.
Shear strength of homopolymer and copolymer aramid fibers

Abstract Novel shear experiments with homopolymer and copolymer high performance aramid fibers were conducted via a custom designed MEMS device to examine the correlation between shear and tensile strength. A finite element analysis was utilized to design the shear test fiber specimen geometry in order to eliminate the stress singularity at the notch tip and ensure uniform shear stress in the majority of the test shear zone. The experimental results from individual aramid fibers pointed to the significantly higher shear strength of the copolymer fibers: the average shear strength values of the homopolymer and the copolymer fibers were 85 ± 7.6 MPa and 169 ± 17 MPa, respectively. In comparison, the tensile strength of the homopolymer fibers was 3.97 ± 0.3 GPa, and of the copolymer fibers 5.1 ± 1.2 GPa, namely a 100% increase in shear strength resulted in 25% higher tensile strength. This drastic difference in fiber shear strength is attributed to stronger intermolecular interactions stemming from improved crystallite order in copolymer aramid fibers with 2–4° misorientation angles, as opposed to an average 16.7° misorientation angle in the homopolymer fibers. The shear failure surfaces of copolymer fibers were smooth, comprised of highly oriented fibrils, compared to the wavy failure surfaces of homopolymer aramid fibers, which were characterized by interfibrillar splitting.
CMIP5: a Monte Carlo assessment of changes in summertime precipitation characteristics under RCP8.5-sensitivity to annual cycle fidelity, overconfidence, and gaussianity

Using 5-day averaged precipitation from all initial condition realizations of 33 CMIP5 models for the Historical and RCP8.5 scenarios, we performed an assessment of summer precipitation in terms of amount, onset date, withdrawal date, and length of season using probability distributions of interannual anomalies. Climate change projections were generated using all models, one model per modelling group to account for overconfidence, and sub-selecting models on annual cycle fidelity. Compared to using all models, sub-selecting on annual cycle fidelity has a large impact on the climate change perturbation of the fractional change in precipitation, with differences between the two projections of up to ± 50%, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Sensitivity testing indicates that the Gaussian t-test and the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test (the latter using Monte Carlo sampling) yield consistent results for assessing where the climate change perturbation is significant at the 1% level, even in cases where skewness and excess kurtosis indicate non-Gaussian behavior. Similarly, in terms of climate change induced perturbations to below-normal, normal, and above-normal categorical probabilities, the Gaussian results are typically consistent with the non-parametric estimates. These sensitivity results promote the use of Gaussian statistics to present global maps of the lower-bound and upper-bound of the climate change response, given that the non-parametric calculation of confidence intervals would otherwise not be tractable in a desktop computing environment due to its CPU intensive requirement.
An essay on proof, conviction, and explanation: multiple representation systems in combinatorics

There is a longstanding conversation in the mathematics education literature about proofs that explain versus proofs that only convince. In this essay, we offer a characterization of explanatory proofs with three goals in mind. We first propose a theory of explanatory proofs for mathematics education in terms of representation systems. Then, we illustrate these ideas in terms of combinatorial proofs, focusing on binomial identities. Finally, we leverage our theory to explain audience-dependent and audience-invariant aspects of explanatory proof. Throughout, we use the context of combinatorics to emphasize points and to offer examples of proofs that can be explanatory or only convincing, depending on how one understands the claim being made.
Does Maternal Support Mediate or Moderate the Relationship between Sexual Abuse Severity and Children's PTSD Symptoms?

Maternal support and abuse severity are often considered to be vital factors in predicting children’s functioning following childhood sexual abuse (CSA); however, much of the prior research has exa...
Clinical and etiological study of hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Kunming area in 2011

Objective To explore the clinical and pathogenic characteristics of children with hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)of Kunming area in 2011 and offer more evidence for clinical diagnosis.Methods The clinical features,etiology,epidemiology,treatment and outcome of 1449 hospitalized patents with HFMD were analyzed retrospectively.Results Peak infection months of HFMD was from April to July.The sex ratio of male to female patients was 1.27∶1.Most of the patients (92.62％) were under five years old.The feces of 1400 patients were detected by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR.The results showed that 1018 cases were pathogen poeitive (72.71％),915 cases (89.88％) were EV71 positive,103 cases (10.11％) were CoxA16 positive.There were 1186 severe cases (81.85％)in 1449 inpatients.Three cases died,2 cases improved,the other 1444 cases were cured.Conclusions Peak months of HFMD in Kunming area in 2011 is from April to July.Most cases are under the age of five.The main pathogen which can cause severe HFMD and death is EV 71.Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce disabled rate and mortality of HFMD. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Etiology; Complications; Treatment
Does Implicit Color Bias Reduce Giving? Learnings from Fundraising Survey Using Implicit Association Test (IAT)

This article explores the relationship between implicit (unconscious) color bias and giving by answering the research question: How does a donor’s implicit color biases affect giving to beneficiaries living in developing countries? The study draws from a fundraising survey consisting of 750 participants measuring their implicit biases using the Skin-tone Implicit Association Test (IAT) and their willingness to give along with their sociodemographic data. The findings show higher implicit color biases reduce the probability of giving a higher donation (more than $10). The results provide important new evidence about the negative relationship between implicit color bias and giving and highlight ethical concerns regarding the portrayal of beneficiaries in fundraising advertisements.
Discovery of an insulating ferromagnetic phase of electrons in two dimensions

The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) realized in semiconductor heterostructures has been the focus of fruitful study for decades. It is, in many ways, the paradigmatic system in the field of highly correlated electrons. The list of discoveries that have emerged from such studies and have opened new fields of physics is extraordinary, including discoveries related to the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, weak localization, metal–insulator transitions (MITs), Wigner crystallization, mesoscopic quantum transport phenomena, etc. Now, two studies (1, 2) on ultraclean modulation-doped aluminum arsenide (AlAs) quantum wells have uncovered a set of ordering transitions associated with the onset of ferromagnetism and electron nematicity (or, equivalently, orbital ordering). The 2DEG in the current generation of “ultraclean” AlAs quantum wells has been gate tuned over a range of electron density from n = 1.1 × 1 0 10 to n = 2 × 1 0 11 cm − 2 . The electrons occupy two valleys—one located about the ( 0 , π ) and the other about the ( π , 0 ) point in the two-dimensional (2D) Brillouin zone; so in addition to two spin polarizations, the electrons carry a valley “pseudospin” index. In the absence of shear strain, the 2DEG has a discrete C 4 rotational symmetry that interchanges the valleys. Older studies of the 2DEG in silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (Si MOSFETs) and modulation-doped galium arsenide (GaAs) quantum wells have explored the same general range of correlation strengths; while there is considerable overlap in results—for instance, concerning the existence and character of an MIT—a number of new aspects have been seen here. Since each realization of the 2DEG differs in some details (e.g., the character and strength of the disorder, the geometry of the device, the existence of a valley pseudospin, and the effective mass anisotropy of each valley), … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: kyungsu{at}stanford.edu or kivelson{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Case series of metal allergy following Nuss procedure: Not only for stainless steel bars.

Abstract Background Pectus excavatum is often managed with the Nuss procedure. Metal allergies to pectus bars occur in 5% of patients, though pre-operative testing is not generally routine. Objectives This study describes our experience with pre-operative metal allergy testing and post-operative allergic reactions to pectus bars. Methods A retrospective study of patients who underwent a Nuss procedure at our institution from 2010–2020 was performed. Patients with documented “metal” allergy, defined by the need for and positive response to steroid treatment and the absence of infection, were included. Data on patient characteristics and clinical course were analyzed. Results Five of 204 patients (2.5%) identified developed allergic metal reactions. Three of five patients developed allergic reactions to titanium bars, with two requiring early removal of the bar ( Conclusions Pectus bar metal allergies occur with both stainless steel and titanium bars. Properly selected patients for pre-operative FinnⓇ Chamber testing may reduce the overall incidence of stainless-steel allergies but may miss titanium bar allergies. Early recognition and treatment of bar allergies may salvage the bar and avoid premature removal.
Quantifying the Effect of the Wind on Forest Canopy Height Estimation Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

The global forests play a significant role in local and global ecosystems and as a result are the subject of remote sensing campaigns. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a proven technology and is used to image foliage in a variety of daylight and weather conditions. InSAR relies on the collection of multiple SAR images either simultaneously with a single transmitter and multiple receivers separated in space or over time with a single transmitter and receiver observing a forest stand at different times. It is this repeat-pass operation that is of interest in this study as the delay between passes enables an observation of temporal deformations in a forest stand including the impact of wind. We present an approach to quantify the effect of wind on an InSAR system's ability to accurately estimate the canopy height of a forest stand. We propose to create a set of simulated trees and expose each to an impulse wind field. The geometry of each tree as it reacts to the incident wind field will be recorded and imaged by an InSAR simulator such that a temporal history of wind-affected geometries and their corresponding InSAR measurements will be recorded. From these measurements, a relationship between the tree height, mass, density, the simulated scattering phase center, incident angle, and incident wind field will be developed.
Age-Related Risk Factors in Ventral Hernia Repairs: A Review and Call to Action.

Abstract Background As the population ages, the incidence of ventral hernias in older adults is increasing. Ventral hernia repairs (VHR) should not be considered low risk operations, particularly in older adults who are disproportionately affected by multiple age-related factors that can complicate surgery and adversely affect outcomes. Although age-related risk factors have been well established in other surgical fields, there is currently little data describing their impact on VHR. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify studies that examine the effects of age-related risk factors on VHR outcomes. This was conducted using Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed (Medline), and Google Scholar databases, all updated through June 2020. We selected relevant studies using the keywords, multimorbidity, comorbidities, polypharmacy, functional dependence, functional status, frailty, cognitive impairment, dementia, sarcopenia, and malnutrition. Primary outcomes include mortality and overall complications following VHR. Results We summarize the evidence basis for the significance of age-related risk factors in elective surgery and discuss how these factors increase the risk of adverse outcomes following VHR. In particular, we explore the impact of the following risk factors: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, functional dependence, frailty, cognitive impairment, sarcopenia, and malnutrition. As opposed to chronological age itself, age-related risk factors are more clinically relevant in determining VHR outcomes. Conclusions Given the increasing complexity of VHR, addressing age-related risk factors pre-operatively has the potential to improve surgical outcomes in older adults. Preoperative risk assessment and individualized prehabilitation programs aimed at improving patient-centered outcomes may be particularly useful in this population.
Structural Zero Data of COVID-19 Discovers Exodus Probabilities

Background Challenges to manage, mitigate, or prevent the COVID-19's pandemics are felt by medical, healthcare professionals and governing agencies. Health researchers conduct survey among the citizens to capture their opinion on COVID-19. In such surveys like in Hanafiah and Wan (2020), structural-zero (different from sampling zero) category occurs as they question about perception, knowledge, and communication regarding COVID-19. Materials The data were collected in a survey conducted among Malaysians by Hanafiah and Wan regarding COVID-19. The survey focused on people's response about the public communication, knowledge, and perception. Methods One of the four question categories in the survey is mutually exclusive with the other three questions. Consequently, there will be no entry in that category. Such group is called structurally zero category in the literature. The literature never probed the migrative split to other categories of the unknown proportion belonging to the structural zero category. In this article, the probability-based new and innovative method configures what proportion in that mutually exclusive category and it is the essence of our method. Results The mutually exclusive nature of subquestions manufactured structural zero in their data. A careful analysis of the data has created so far unknown probability concepts in the literature, which we named as "Exodus probabilities" in this article. Its discovery and utility are illustrated and elaborated with application in COVID-19. This methodology is also useful in applications in engineering, epidemiology, marketing, communication networking, etc. Conclusion What is quite novel about the discovery of the exodus probability in this article is the evolution of the concepts from the structural-zero category. In such situation, when a category is eliminated, the proportions of the sample might have uncommunicatively transited to other viable categories and our research question is all about configuring their proportions. This is an innovative approach.
An annotated vascular flora and floristic analysis of the southern half of the Nature Conservancy Davis Mountains Preserve, Jeff Davis County, Texas, U.S.A.

The Nature Conservancy Davis Mountains Preserve (DMP) is located 40 km northwest of Fort Davis, Texas, in the northeastern region of the Chihuahuan Desert and consists of some of the most complex topography of the Davis Mountains, including their summit, Mount Livermore, at 8378 ft (2554 m). The cool, temperate, "sky island" ecosystem caters to the requirements that are needed to accommodate a wide range of unique diversity, endemism, and vegetation patterns, including desert grasslands and montane savannahs. The current study began in May of 2011 and aimed to catalogue the entire vascular flora of the 18,360 acres of Nature Conservancy property south of Highway 118 and directly surrounding Mount Livermore. Previous botanical investigations are presented, as well as biogeographic relationships of the flora. The numbers from herbaria searches and from the recent field collections combine to a total of 2,153 voucher specimens, representing 483 species and infraspecies, 287 genera, and 87 families. The best-represented families are Asteraceae (89 species, 18.4% of the total flora), Poaceae (76 species, 15.7% of the total flora), and Fabaceae (21 species, 4.3% of the total flora). The current study represents a 25.44% increase in vouchered specimens and a 9.7% increase in known species from the study area’s 18,360 acres and describes four endemic and fourteen non-native species (four invasive) on the property. The subsequent analysis of the results, compared to those of previous regional-flora catalogues, presents the flora of the DMP as one that is unique to the higher elevations and igneous substrates of western Texas and the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Multiple influences from overlapping and neighboring ecoregions, including the Great Plains, Madrean, and Sonoran provinces, are all seen to have varying degrees of authority in regards to the shaping of the modern-day vegetation.
Xanthohumol Inhibits Notch Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Despite improvement in therapeutic strategies, median survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains less than one year. Therefore, molecularly targeted compounds with less toxic profiles are needed. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in various cancers types in vitro. XN treatment in healthy mice and humans yielded favorable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Therefore, we determined to study the effects of XN and understand the mechanism of its action in HCC. The effects of XN on a panel of HCC cell lines were assessed for cell viability, colony forming ability, and cellular proliferation. Cell lysates were analyzed for pro-apoptotic (c-PARP and cleaved caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic markers (survivin, cyclin D1, and Mcl-1). XN concentrations of 5μM and above significantly reduced the cell viability, colony forming ability and also confluency of all four HCC cell lines studied. Furthermore, growth suppression due to apoptosis was evidenced by increased expression of pro-apoptotic and reduced expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, XN treatment inhibited the Notch signaling pathway as evidenced by the decrease in the expression of Notch1 and HES-1 proteins. Ectopic expression of Notch1 in HCC cells reverses the anti-proliferative effect of XN as evidenced by reduced growth suppression compared to control. Taken together these results suggested that XN mediated growth suppression is appeared to be mediated by the inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. Therefore, our findings warrants further studies on XN as a potential agent for the treatment for HCC.
Simulation of Raman scattering from nonequilibrium phonons in InP and InAs

Excitation of semiconductors by intense sub-picosecond laser beams has been a major method of studying the dynamics of far-from-equilibrium electron and hole systems. The thermalization of the initial distributions of these carriers probes the details of the band structure and the dynamics of electron-phonon interactions. We have used 0.6 ps laser pulses at 1.952 eV to study the generation of nonequilibrium LO phonons in both InP and InAs. These two materials provide a contrast in that the thermalization (relaxation) of the Raman signal probes different decay mechanisms. In InP, for example, we find that the decay of the Raman signal is dominated by the lifetime of the LO phonons. To the contrary, in InAs, our studies show that the decay of the Raman signal is dominated by the time required for particles to return to the /spl Gamma/ valley from the L valleys of the conduction band. This time is much larger than the LO phonon lifetime.