cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in energy balance following exenatide administration

Exenatide is a medication similar in structure and effect to native glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin hormone with glucose-lowering properties. The aim of the study was to measure the change in total energy expenditure (TEE) and body composition during exenatide administration and by deduction the relative contributions of energy expenditure and energy intake to exenatide-induced weight loss. Forty-five obese (body mass index, 30-40 kg·m⁻²) subjects were identified. After exclusion criteria application, 28 subjects entered into the study and 18 subjects (12 female, 6 male) completed the study, which consisted of 6 visits over 14 weeks and injection of exenatide for an average of 84 ± 5 days. Respiratory gas analysis and doubly labeled water measurements were performed before initiation of exenatide and after approximately 3 months of exenatide administration. The average weight loss from the beginning of injection period to the end of the study in completed subjects was 2.0 ± 2.8 kg (p = 0.01). Fat mass declined by 1.3 ± 1.8 kg (p = 0.01) while the fat-free mass trended downward but was not significant (0.8 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.14). There was no change in weight-adjusted TEE (p = 0.20), resting metabolic rate (p = 0.51), or physical activity energy expenditure (p = 0.38) and no change in the unadjusted thermic effect of a meal (p = 0.37). The significant weight loss because of exenatide administration was thus the result of decreasing energy intake. In obese nondiabetic subjects, exenatide administration did not increase TEE and by deduction the significant weight loss and loss of fat mass was due to decreased energy intake.
Validation of Cleaning Procedures for Highly Potent Drugs. I. Losoxantrone

The validation of a procedure designed to clean glass and stainless steel surfaces after exposure to the experimental anticancer drug losoxantrone is described. The cleaning procedure, using water and hypochlorite bleach, was validated using a wipe test and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed to quantitate low levels of losoxantrone. The HPLC method is shown to be linear and reproducible (relative standard deviation (RSD): 7.1% or less), with a detection limit of 2 ng/ml. Recoveries of 71.0%, 50.1%, and 57.6% were reproducibly obtained from the wipe pads, glass plates, and stainless steel plates, respectively, at levels of 70-140 ng per 100 cm2. The cleaning procedure is shown to clean glass and stainless steel plates to less than 20 ng and 17 ng losoxantrone per 100 cm2, respectively. These results demonstrate the need to fully characterize the recovery of drugs from surfaces and swabs in order to properly validate cleaning procedures.
Frontiers of strategic management research: introduction to the special issue

Scholars working in the field of strategic manage ment are fundamentally concerned with developing an understanding of how firms compete and how they can create competitive advantage. In addressing this overarching issue we ask questions about such diverse topics as the relationship between firms and industry conditions, the origins and consequences of heterogeneity among firms, how the scope of a firm's activities affects how it competes, and factors that affect inter-organizational relationships. Strategic management research is characterized by eclecticism in approach, both theoretical and methodological. Scholars draw theory and meth ods from economics, sociology, behavioral science, and to a lesser extent, other social sciences. Our own bias is toward an approach that draws on economic theory for its underpinnings because, in our view, economic reasoning provides a strong basis for addressing many issues related to how firms compete. The concepts and language of economics lend themselves to framing problems and questions about competition and to defining outcomes in competitive terms. The papers in cluded in this issue reflect that bias. Having said that, and as some of the papers here demonstrate, it can be beneficial to supplement economic reasoning with perspectives drawn from other theoretical domains to better address the complex issues that strategy scholars tackle. For many strategic management problems, both market and social environments are germane; accordingly, carefully combining multiple perspectives can generate richer insights. In this issue, we present a sampling of research that covers a broad swath of terrain within the strategy field. The topics are among those attract ing the most attention from strategy scholars working at the research frontiers. There are papers that examine environmental change and its im pact, recognizing the interplay between factors outside the firm and firm-level choices and out comes (Tripsas; Peteraf and Reed; Chacar and Hesterly). Another set of papers considers different aspects of economic exchange among cooperating firms (Dyer, Singh and Kale; Mayer and Bercov itz; Gulati and Sytch; Hansen, Hoskisson and Barney). There are also papers that focus on the role of firm-level differences in the determination of competitive outcomes, drawing a link between firm heterogeneity and rent generation (Folta and O'Brien; Maritan and Florence; Bingham and Eisenhardt). Finally, there are papers that examine competition in a global context and the effect of that context on outcomes (Jacobides; Sakakibara and Yamawaki). A brief introduction to these topic domains and the papers included in this special issue follows.
Using Gender to Undo Gender: A Feminist Degendering Movement

Women’s status in the Western world has improved enormously, but the revolution that would make women and men truly equal has not yet occurred. I argue that the reason is that gender divisions stil...
Avoiding Ceramic Problems by the Use of Chemical Techniques

As the title of this meeting suggests, a paradigm change is underway in the ceramic community; methods of synthesis and use of ceramic powders are being hurriedly reappraised. The imperative for change was all in place by an important meeting that took place in 1977 [1].
Infectious Nature Of Leprosy by Juan De Azua

Abstract In this article by Juan de Azua, published in the second issue of Actas Dermosifiliograficas in 1909, the author reports his experience in 139 patients, most of them from Hospital San Juan de Dios, Madrid, Spain, and states he is sure that leprosy is a contagious disease. He discusses the factors related to contagion, which occurs in a closed and family environment, emphasizing socioeconomic factors such as hygiene and promiscuity. He considers direct contact to be important, though also recognizing indirect contact through drinks and food; he totally rejects a hereditary mechanism. Epidemiologically, he draws attention to the higher prevalence of the disease in Andalusia, though not forgetting “ La Lepra de Ultramar [leprosy from distant lands]”—32 cases in Spaniards in Cuba and the Philippines. He believes isolation in hospitals or special sanatoriums, such as San Juan de Dios or San Lazaro in Santiago, Granada, and Seville, to be the best prophylaxis, and he considers it would be appropriate to create “Hospitals for poor lepers.”
Maternal Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Family Functioning and Parenting

Prior research links poor maternal emotion regulation to maladaptive parenting and child behaviors, but little research is available on these relationships during the adolescent period. We use structural equation modeling to assess the influence of poor maternal emotion regulation, measured as emotional reactivity and distancing, on adolescent behaviors (measured as aggression and prosocial behaviors) among 478 adolescents (53 % female; baseline age 10-13 years) and their mothers over a 5 year period. We also tested the possible mediating roles of family functioning and parenting behaviors between maternal emotion regulation and adolescent behaviors. Results indicated that higher baseline maternal emotional distancing and reactivity were not directly predictive of adolescents' behaviors, but they were indirectly related through family functioning and parenting. Specifically, indulgent parenting mediated the relationship between maternal emotional reactivity and adolescent aggression. Maternal-reported family functioning significantly mediated the relationship between maternal emotional distancing and adolescent aggression. Family functioning also mediated the relationship between emotional distancing and regulation parenting. The results imply that poor maternal emotion regulation during their child's early adolescence leads to more maladaptive parenting and problematic behaviors during the later adolescent period. However, healthy family processes may ameliorate the negative impact of low maternal emotion regulation on parenting and adolescent behavioral outcomes. The implications for future research and interventions to improve parenting and adolescent outcomes are discussed.
Three Essential Analytical Techniques for the Behavioral Marketing Researcher: Median Splits, Mean-Centering, and Mediation Analysis

Three Essential Analytical Techniques for the Behavioral Marketing Researcher: Median Splits, Mean-Centering, and Mediation Analysis
Predicting Barrett's esophagus in Families: An Esophagus Translational Research Network (BETRNet) Model Fitting Clinical Data to a Familial Paradigm

Background: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is often asymptomatic and only a small portion of BE patients are currently diagnosed and under surveillance. Therefore, it is important to develop risk prediction models to identify high-risk individuals with BE. Familial aggregation of BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and the increased risk of EAC for individuals with a family history, raise the necessity of including genetic factors in the prediction model. Methods to determine risk prediction models using both risk covariates and ascertained family data are not well-developed. Methods: We developed a Barrett's Esophagus Translational Research Network (BETRNet) risk prediction model from 787 singly ascertained BE pedigrees and 92 multiplex BE pedigrees, fitting a multivariate logistic model that incorporates family history and clinical risk factors. The eight risk factors age, sex, education level, parental status, smoking, heartburn frequency, regurgitation frequency, and use of acid suppressant, were included in the model. The prediction accuracy was evaluated on the training dataset and an independent validation dataset of 643 multiplex BE pedigrees. Results: Our results indicate family information helps to predict BE risk, and predicting in families improves both prediction calibration and discrimination accuracy. Conclusions: Our model can predict BE risk for anyone with family members known to have, or not have, had BE. It can predict risk for unrelated individuals without knowing any relatives' information. Impact: Our prediction model will shed light on effectively identifying high risk individuals for BE screening and surveillance, consequently allowing intervention at an early stage and reducing mortality from esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among Midwestern Rural Adolescents

ABSTRACTPrescription drug misuse has been an increasing problem in the United States, yet few studies have examined the protective factors that reduce risk of prescription drug abuse among rural adolescents. Using social control theory as a theoretical framework, we test whether parent, school, and community attachment reduce the likelihood of lifetime and 30-day prescription drug misuses among rural youths in Nebraska (N = 18,050). Results indicated that higher levels of parental and school attachment and having fun and legal things to do in the community were significantly associated with reduced odds of using. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Anaerobic degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in granular activated carbon fluidized bed and batch reactors.

In this study, an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) was used to treat a synthetically produced pink water waste stream containing trinitrotoluene (TNT). The synthesized waste consisted of 95 mg/l-TNT, the main contaminant in pink water, which was to be co-metabolized with 560-mg/l ethanol. Granular activated carbon was used as the attachment medium for biological growth. TNT was reduced to a variety of compounds, mainly 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (2,4,6-TAT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DA-6-NT), 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DA-4-NT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-4,6-DNT), and 4-amino-2, 6-dinitrotoluene (4-A-2,6-DNT). These conversions resulted through the oxidation of ethanol to carbon dioxide under anoxic conditions, or reduction to methane under methanogenic conditions. The anaerobic reactor was charged with 1.0 kg of 16×20 U.S. Mesh Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and was pre-loaded with 200g of TNT prior to the addition of the mixed seed culture. During the first three weeks of operation, ethanol was completely degraded and no methane was produced. Effluent inorganic carbon revealed stoichiometric conversion of the feed ethanol to dissolved inorganic carbon with accumulation of carbon dioxide in the headspace of the reactor. GAC extraction showed incremental reduction of the nitro groups to amino groups, with 2,4,6-TAT as the final product. After three weeks, the oxygen from the nitro groups was depleted and methane production commenced. The reproducibility of this phenomenon was confirmed by repeating the experiment in the same manner using an identical AFBR. Furthermore, serum bottle tests were conducted using TNT loading ratios of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 g-TNT/g-GAC as well as experiments in the absence of GAC. Similar behavior to that of the columns was observed, with degradation rates varying according to the particular condition. GAC greatly enhanced the degradation rates and the higher TNT loading resulted in slower degradation rates of ethanol.
Achieving Low-Delay and Fast-Convergence in Stochastic Network Optimization: A Nesterovian Approach

Due to the rapid growth of mobile data demands, there have been significant interests in stochastic resource control and optimization for wireless networks. Although significant advances have been made in stochastic network optimization theory, to date, most of the existing approaches are plagued by either slow convergence or unsatisfactory delay performances. To address these challenges, in this paper, we develop a new stochastic network optimization framework inspired by the Nesterov accelerated gradient method. We show that our proposed Nesterovian approach offers utility-optimality, fast-convergence, and significant delay reduction in stochastic network optimization. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: i) we propose a Nesterovian joint congestion control and routing/scheduling framework for both single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks; ii) we establish the utility optimality and queueing stability of the proposed Nesterovian method, and analytically characterize its delay reduction and convergence speed; and iii) we show that the proposed Nesterovian approach offers a three-way performance control between utility-optimality, delay, and convergence.
Metallothionein and its importance relative to glutathione in cardiac protection against doxorubicin toxicity

Controversial results have been reported regarding whether metallothionein (MT) functions in doxorubicin (DOX) detoxification in the heart. To determine unequivocally the role of MT in this cardiac function, a primary culture of myocardial cells was established from 3-day-old transgenic mouse hearts in which MT was over-expressed more than 40-fold higher than normal. DOX was added directly into the cultures to a final concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 µM after the cells were cultured for 6 days. As compared to nontransgenic controls, trans-genic myocardial cells displayed a significant resistance to DOX cytotoxicity as measured by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 72 h after treatment, and by cell survival using a tetrazolium colorimetric (MTT) assay 12 h after treatment. To determine the importance of MT relative to glutathione (GSH) in cardiac protection against DOX toxicity, seven-week-old mice from the same transgenic line were treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) by ip injection at 5 mmol/kg, two times with a 12-h interval, before being treated with DOX at a single dose of 15 mg/kg for 4 days. Cardiac GSH was depleted by about 70% in both transgenic and non-transgenic mice. The blood level of creatine kinase released from the heart, an important indicator of cardiac toxicity, was dramatically increased in the BSO-treated non-transgenic mice. This increase was completely inhibited in the BSO-treated transgenic mice. These results thus demonstrated that cardiac MT overexpressing transgenic mice are resistant to DOX cardiotoxicity, and this resistance remains the same under the condition of cardiac GSH depletion. Therefore, MT can compensate for the loss of protection from depletion of GSH in the heart. Selective modulations of decreasing DOX resistance in tumors by BSO and increasing cardioprotection by MT induction may provide an alternative approach to the improvement of DOX chemotherapeutic efficacy.
A Framework for Individualized Prognosis of Disease Trajectories in Complex, Chronic Diseases: Application to Scleroderma, an Autoimmune Disease

Precision medicine aims to prevent and treat diseases by tailoring management using individual-specific characteristics. Such approaches are especially poised to make an impact in diseases with heterogeneous presentation where treatment plans must vary based on the individual’s disease course. For example, patients with scleroderma, a systemic autoimmune disorder, show a variety of different patterns of disease activity. Individuals can develop complications of the lungs, skin, GI tract, heart, and kidneys to varying extents and at varying rates of progression [1]. Therefore, clinicians must guess which organs should be targeted with aggressive therapy (with potentially harmful side-effects). In many diseases, few biomarkers currently exist to accurately predict an individual’s course. Thus, we propose a computational framework that integrates diverse (static and time-varying) markers to predict the trajectory of a patient’s scleroderma-related lung disease. In addition to tailoring predictions, this dynamic inference procedure implements the vision of a learning health system that adapts and adjusts itself over time.
Institutional Crowding Out? FDI and Centralized Wage Bargaining in Ireland

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is widely seen as an indicator of economic health and is much sought after by developed and developing nations alike. I present here a theoretical basis for the possibility of perverse effects of FDI-oriented development on the institutional underpinnings of the economy, even where FDI's first order economic effects appear positive. In a preliminary empirical application, furthermore, I suggest that Ireland’s highly successful strategy of attracting FDI has had such an effect by altering the dramatis personae of its political economy so as to constrain the margins and methods of adjustment available to it during its recent economic crisis. Specifically, the tendency of (mostly American) multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Ireland to adopt the industrial relations practices of their origin country rather than those of their host country has contributed to the development of a trade union movement that is disproportionately dominated by sheltered, and in particular public sector unions – more so than might be the case in the absence of an FDI-oriented development strategy. This "institutional crowding out" has in turn undermined the capacity of Irish “neo-corporatism” to maintain (or regain) national competitiveness whether through wage-setting or fiscal policy – the two chief margins of national adjustment available to policymakers following Ireland’s entry into Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Instead the Irish system of centralized tripartite wage- and policy-bargaining – “neocorporatism” – that emerged to much surprise in response to one profound economic crisis in the 1980s, has collapsed in the face of one in the 2010s.
Description of Hydration Water in Protein (Green Fluorescent Protein) Solution

The structurally and dynamically perturbed hydration shells that surround proteins and biomolecules have a substantial influence upon their function and stability. This makes the extent and degree of water perturbation of practical interest for general biological study and industrial formulation. We present an experimental description of the dynamical perturbation of hydration water around green fluorescent protein in solution. Less than two shells (∼5.5 A) were perturbed, with dynamics a factor of 2–10 times slower than bulk water, depending on their distance from the protein surface and the probe length of the measurement. This dependence on probe length demonstrates that hydration water undergoes subdiffusive motions (τ ∝ q–2.5 for the first hydration shell, τ ∝ q–2.3 for perturbed water in the second shell), an important difference with neat water, which demonstrates diffusive behavior (τ ∝ q–2). These results help clarify the seemingly conflicting range of values reported for hydration water retardat...
Improving the therapeutic efficacy of neural progenitor cell transplantation following spinal cord injury.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There have been a wide range of preclinical studies testing cellular therapies to repair the injured spinal cord, yet they remain a challenge to translate because of inconsistencies in efficacy, limited number of patients with acute/subacute SCI and the high costs of clinical trials.Area covered: This paper focusses on the therapeutic potential of neural precursor cells (NPCs) because they can provide the cellular components capable of promoting repair and enhancing functional improvement following spinal cord injury (SCI). The authors discuss the challenges of NPC transplantation with respect to different populations of NPCs of glial and neuronal lineages, the timing of treatment relative to acute and chronic injury, and the progress in ongoing clinical trials.Expert commentary: Preclinical research will continue to elucidate mechanisms of recovery associated with NPC transplants, including increasing the partnership with related fields such as spinal atrophies and multiple sclerosi...
Mechanical degradation of lubricating grease in an EHL line contact

Abstract Mechanical degradation of grease in an EHL line contact between two steel rollers is studied. Three successive lubricating phases involving “fully grease covered rollers,” “slippage and grease separation,” and “formation of liquid lubricant reservoirs” are observed and characterized. Traction results are presented for a grease undergoing long-term mechanical degradation process. To gain further insight, a prediction model for assessment of reduction of grease consistency is applied. It is shown that both high shear rate and shear stress cause significant and rapid mechanical degradation within the EHL contact. However, grease tends to accumulate on either side of the contact and forms two “side walls” that tends to block the lubricant from leakage, akin to a soft seal. The edges of the side walls are subjected to much slower degradation rate and are capable of providing lubrication to the contact over a relatively long time.
To Seek, to Strive, to Find, and Not to Yield: A Look at Current Conceptions of Vision in Education

What do educators most hope children will experience, understand, and master in their classrooms and schools, and why? What do educators envision are the most powerful, exciting, and inspiring settings in which that kind of learning can take place; and what activities can foster such experiences? The answers to these questions about what schooling, teaching, and learning might be, or could look like, are at the core of one’s educational vision. These “visions of the possible” serve as a source of inspiration and motivation for many teachers and school leaders. Indeed, some have chosen to work in education because of their hopes to enact the educational visions they hold for schooling and children.
Triplet transport in thin films: fundamentals and applications

Triplet excitons are key players in multi-excitonic processes like singlet fission and triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion, which may be useful in next-generation photovoltaic devices, photocatalysis and bioimaging. Here, we present an overview of experimental and theoretical work on triplet energy transfer, with a focus on triplet transport in thin films. We start with the theory describing Dexter-mediated triplet energy transfer and the fundamental parameters controlling this process. Then we summarize current experimental methods used to measure the triplet exciton diffusion length. Finally, the use of hierarchically ordered structures to improve the triplet diffusion length is presented, before concluding with an outlook on the remaining challenges.
The ACL injury response: A collagen-based analysis.

Abstract Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries do not effectively heal. Tendon graft tissue after reconstruction shows rapid tissue turnover and ‘ligamentization.' It is unknown whether native torn ACL tissue undergoes significant collagen turnover after injury or is arrested by the intraarticular environment. It is also unknown whether injury mechanism or chronicity affect torn ligament tissue turnover. Methods Thirty-three mid-substance ACL biopsies were obtained during primary arthroscopic ACL reconstruction (n=31; nine contact injuries, 22 non-contact injuries, 22 males, 11 females; mean age 28.5 years; median injury to surgery time 12 weeks), or from cadavers as uninjured ACL (n=2). As a marker for collagen turnover, immature collagen cross-link content was determined by ninhydrin reagent assays. The immature cross-link content was assessed against injury mechanism, patient age, and injury to surgery time. Histochemical analysis was conducted on two uninjured ACL cadaveric controls, a four-week-old ACL tear, and a four-year-old ACL tear. Results Contact and non-contact groups were not demographically different with respect to sex, patient age, injury to surgery time, and activity involvement prior to injury, which ranged from basketball to logging. Collagen crosslink content was very low across all samples, suggesting high tissue turnover between injury and surgery regardless of injury mechanism (non-contact: 1.68ng/mol, CI 0.48-2.89; contact: 1.50ng/mol, CI 0.14-2.86; p=0.842). Conclusion Collagen turnover occurs rapidly after ACL injury regardless of contact or non-contact mechanism. Robust tissue turnover starts within the first several weeks after injury and persists to some extent throughout the life of the torn ACL.
Parallel Optical Pyramidal Image Processing

Pyramidal processing is a form of multiresolution image analysis in which a primary image is decomposed into a set of different resolution image copies. Pyramidal processing aims to extract and interpret significant features of an image appearing at different resolutions. Digital pyramidal image processing, because of the large number of convolution type operations, is time-consuming. On the other hand, optical pyramidal processors, because of their ease in performing convolution operation, are preferable in real-time image understanding applications. Two methods of optical pyramidal image generation, a Fourier spectrum filtering based, and a local averaging using 2D lens array, are presented. Preliminary experimental results for optical Gaussian, Laplacian and other fivadtree pyramidal image processing are shown. Experimental results, using commercial lifiuid crystal TVs, for a real-time pyramid image generation are presented.
Extracting Spatiotemporal Objects From Raster Data To Represent Physical Features and Analyze Related Processes

Abstract. Numerous ground-based, airborne, and orbiting platforms provide remotely-sensed data of remarkable spatial resolution at short time intervals. However, this spatiotemporal data is most valuable if it can be processed into information, thereby creating meaning. We live in a world of objects: cars, buildings, farms, etc. On a stormy day, we don’t see millions of cubes of atmosphere; we see a thunderstorm ‘object’. Temporally, we don’t see the properties of those individual cubes changing, we see the thunderstorm as a whole evolving and moving. There is a need to represent the bulky, raw spatiotemporal data from remote sensors as a small number of relevant spatiotemporal objects, thereby matching the human brain’s perception of the world. This presentation reveals an efficient algorithm and system to extract the objects/features from raster-formatted remotely-sensed data. The system makes use of the Python object-oriented programming language, SciPy/NumPy for matrix manipulation and scientific computation, and export/import to the GeoJSON standard geographic object data format. The example presented will show how thunderstorms can be identified and characterized in a spatiotemporal continuum using a Python program to process raster data from NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid Refresh v2 (HRRRv2) data stream.
Using Government Programs to Encourage Employment, Increase Earnings, and Grow the Economy

There has been a steady decline over six decades in the share of adult men in the labor force. After five decades of historic increases, in 2000 the share of women in the labor force peaked and has declined slightly since. The 1996 welfare reform law imposed work requirements on mothers on welfare and increased employment among single mothers. But the work rate of single mothers has declined or stagnated since 2000. Millions of households have no earnings and are dependent on public benefits. Other public benefit programs also have provisions designed to increase work rates, but they have met with only modest success. The major purpose of this paper is to propose a new system of experiments, coordinated by a federal board with representation from cabinet agencies, to encourage state demonstration programs that would develop and test new ways to promote work and training across welfare programs and, thereby, increase the labor force participation rate of men and women, especially parents.
Unilateral Restless Leg and Stuttering Speech as Acute Presentation of Pontine Stroke (P4.348)

As acute stroke management continues to evolve, early recognition of stroke symptoms and clinical diagnosis becomes increasingly important. In this case report, we present a 53 year-old right handed male with a history of HIV who presented with acute onset restless leg-type symptoms affecting the right leg, stuttering speech, and decreased level of consciousness. MRI revealed an acute stroke of the left pons. A literature search revealed a small number of case reports and case series linking both acute onset restless leg syndrome and stuttering to pontine strokes. However, the simultaneous acute onset of these two esoteric symptoms attributed to pontine infarct demonstrates a novelty among previously described cases. We present this case to highlight the important principle of isolating distinguishing symptoms to aid in quickly arriving at a correct diagnosis. Disclosure: Dr. Treister has nothing to disclose. Dr. Claycomb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Modir has nothing to disclose.
Distribution of ovigerous American lobsters near the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire

Aggregations of egg bearing (ovigerous) American lobsters, Homarus americanus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837), have been documented throughout the species range, but it is not clear why they tend to accumulate in these areas. One such aggregation occurs near the Isles of Shoals (IOS), New Hampshire, USA. The overall goal of our study was to determine if reproductive status, depth, temperature, and/ or current might explain their presence in this area. In 2013 and 2014, research traps were fished at three depth strata (5– 15, 16–25, and 26–35 m), on similar substrates, on both the eastern and western side of the IOS to quantify population demographics. Traps fished on the eastern side of the IOS caught significantly larger female lobsters and approximately 3 times more ovigerous lobsters than those on the western side. Interestingly, the catch rate of females carrying eggs that were hatching was significantly higher in the deep-water stratum (26–35 m) compared to shallow areas (5–15 m), when combining data from both sides of the IOS. In contrast, late stage prehatch animals were significantly more abundant in shallow water. Thus, it appears that female lobsters move to deeper water prior to to the time when their eggs are due to hatch. We hypothesize that lobsters accumulate in specific areas, like IOS, to brood their eggs in part because of their proximity to preferred deep water and high-current hatching locations.
Perspectives on therapeutic HPV vaccines: Where are we now?

The role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as the key etiological factor for cervical cancer has spurred the development of preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines for the control of HPV-associated malignancies. While the commercial preventive HPV vaccines Gardasil and Cervarix represent promising breakthroughs for the control of HPV-associated cancers through prevention, they do not exert therapeutic effects on existing lesions. In addition, their prohibitive cost and limited availability in developing countries, which account for >80% of cervical cancers, make it unlikely for the current preventive HPV vaccines to generate an immediate impact on the prevalence of cervical cancer. Thus, there is an urgent need for therapeutic HPV vaccines. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins represent ideal targets for therapeutic intervention because of their constitutive expression in HPV-associated tumors and their crucial role in the induction and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. This chapter focuses on the clinical development of various therapeutic HPV vaccines targeting E6 and/or E7 antigens, with perspectives on their future prospects for the control of HPV-associated malignancies.
Fractals in Fracture of Solids

The revolution in geometry, which has recently led to the notion of the fractional dimension of real world bodies and the creation of fractal geometry, has substantially influenced fracture science. In the present chapter, the methods of the theory of fractals are applied to fracture phenomena. A brief overview of practical fractal geometry and some general work on fractals is given in the Introduction, Section 8.1. In Section 8.2, Fractal Analysis in Fracture Mechanics, a description of some experimental measurements of the fractality of fractures is provided for some metals and rocks. In Section 8.3, Fractal Cracks in Solids, the methods of fractal geometry are applied to brittle cracks with irregular and complicated structures. In Section 8.4, Nanofracture, some basic relations for nanoscale, which can serve as a reference scale in scaling laws, are given. An application of the methods of fractal geometry to fatigue and creep is treated in Section 8.5, Fatigue and Creep. Fractal geometry is treated in many books, some of which are indicated in the Introduction. However, for the mastering of the simplest methods, a reading of this chapter suffices; to feel so the reader is encouraged to solve the problems at the end of the chapter.
Case 3: Stellate Corneal Laceration from a Motor Vehicle Accident

An 18-year-old man presented with a Zone I open globe injury of his right eye caused by glass from a windshield as a passenger in a motor vehicle accident. During the open globe repair he was found to have a complex stellate corneal laceration with several triangular components. Care was taken to align all of the apices of the triangles during the surgical repair. Given the complex nature of the corneal laceration, his sutures were removed slowly in a staged fashion over the course of several visits with 2–3 week intervals in between visits. His course was complicated by post-operative photophobia, even after suture removal, which very slowly improved over months.
Disulfide reductase systems in liver

Intermediary metabolism and detoxification place high demands on the disulfide reductase systems in most hepatocyte subcellular compartments. Biosynthetic, metabolic, cytoprotective and signalling activities in the cytosol; regulation of transcription in nuclei; respiration in mitochondria; and protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum all require resident disulfide reductase activities. In the cytosol, two NADPH-dependent enzymes, glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, as well as a recently identified NADPH-independent system that uses catabolism of methionine to maintain pools of reduced glutathione, supply disulfide reducing power. However the necessary discontinuity between the cytosol and the interior of organelles restricts the ability of the cytosolic systems to support needs in other compartments. Maintenance of molecular- and charge-gradients across the inner-mitochondrial membrane, which is needed for oxidative phosphorylation, mandates that the matrix maintain an autonomous set of NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems. Elsewhere, complex mechanisms mediate the transfer of cytosolic reducing power into specific compartments. The redox needs in each compartment also differ, with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial inter-membrane space and some signalling proteins in the cytosol each requiring different levels of protein oxidation. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of the disulfide reductase systems in major subcellular compartments of hepatocytes, integrating knowledge obtained from direct analyses on liver with inferences from other model systems. Additionally, we discuss relevant advances in the expanding field of redox signalling. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc.
Managing Vendor Relationships in Professional Service Firms that Outsource

With increasing number of professional service firms using outsourcing as a business strategy there is a need for firms to have a comprehensive risk evaluation in order to identify the factors that...
Reputation Deflation Through Dynamic Expertise Assessment in Online Labor Markets

Current reputation systems in online labor markets (e.g., Freelancer, PeoplePerHour) experience three major shortcomings: (1) reputation inflation (i.e., reputation scores are inflated to “above average” values) (2) reputation attribution (i.e., attribution of reputation scores to individual skills is unfeasible) and (3) reputation staticity (i.e., reputation scores are uniformly averaged over time). These shortcomings render online reputation systems uninformative, and sometimes even misleading. This work proposes a data-driven approach that deflates reputation scores by solving the problems of reputation attribution and saticity. The deflating process starts with projecting any random set of skills to a set of competency dimensions. For each competency dimension, a Hidden Markov Model estimates a contractor's current (but latent) competency-specific expertise. Aggregation of competency-specific estimates provides expertise predictions for any given set of required skills. Empirical analysis on 61,330 completed tasks from a major online labor market shows that the resulting estimates are deflated and they better predict contractor performance. These results suggest a series of implications for online (labor) markets and their users.
RIGHT HEART, NO RESPECT: THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY RECOGNITION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE

Prompt characterization of hemodynamics and early use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in cardiogenic shock can stabilize a patient before significant end-organ dysfunction has occurred. This allows time for recovery or escalation to more durable MCS or transplant. A 46 year old male
An Emergent Sociology of Global Health and DevelopmentAn Introduction

Sociologists have much to contribute to the study of global health and development. Our discipline9s fundamental concerns with power and inequality uniquely position us to leverage theoretical, conceptual, substantive, and empirical insights for the understanding of engines, outcomes, and processes of global health and development. This special issue highlights the diversity and depth of sociological engagements with the topics of global health and development. In this introduction to this special issue, I briefly outline how sociologists have approached the study of global health and development despite the fact that this is a nascent and not yet fully coalesced field. While medical sociologists and political sociologists have historically studied these topics, they have also marginalized them. Exciting sociological research is, however, underway. The challenge is in ensuring that scholarship on global health and development is in conversation across subfields in order to propel research on global health and development forward, both substantively and theoretically.
The rise of Islamic political movements and parties: Morocco, Turkey, and Jordan

Islamic-oriented political groups are commonplace throughout the Muslim world. They are also markedly diverse. Not only do different actors subscribe to different ‘types’ of Islam, but they also pu...
Snow White: Robustly Reconfigurable Consensus and Applications to Provably Secure Proof of Stake

We present the a provably secure proof-of-stake protocol called Snow White. The primary application of Snow White is to be used as a “green” consensus alternative for a decentralized cryptocurrency system with open enrollement. We break down the task of designing Snow White into the following core challenges: 1. identify a core “permissioned” consensus protocol suitable for proof-of-stake; specifically the core consensus protocol should offer robustness in an Internet-scale, heterogeneous deployment; 2. propose a robust committee re-election mechanism such that as stake switches hands in the cryptocurrency system, the consensus committee can evolve in a timely manner and always reflect the most recent stake distribution; and 3. relying on the formal security of the underlying consensus protocol, prove the full end-to-end protocol to be secure—more specifically, we show that any consensus protocol satisfying the desired robustness properties can be used to construct proofs-of-stake consensus, as long as money does not switch hands too quickly.
Distinct affective responses to second- and third-party norm violations

Social norm violations provoke strong emotional reactions that often culminate in punishment of the wrongdoer. This is true not only when we are the victims of the norm violation (second-party), but also when witnessing a complete stranger being victimized (third-party). What remains unclear, however, is whether second- and third-party punishments are associated with different emotions. To address this question, here we examine how subjects respond affectively to both second- and third-party norm violations in an economic game. Our results indicate that while second- and third-parties respond to norm violations by punishing wrongdoers similarly, they report experiencing distinct emotional states as a result of the violation. Specifically, we observed a cross-over interaction between anger and moral outrage depending on the party's context: while anger was more frequently reported for second- than for third-party violations, moral outrage was more evoked by third-party than second-party violations. Disgust and sadness were the most prevalently reported emotions, but their prevalence were unaffected by party contexts. These results indicate that while responses to second- and third-party violations result in similar punishment, they are associated with the expression of distinct affective palettes. Further, our results provide additional evidence that moral outrage is a critical experience in the evaluation of third-party wrongdoings.
It Is About the Time! Incorporate Entrepreneurship Education in Fashion Merchandising Curriculum

Entrepreneurship is a major contributor to economic development of most nations (Kuratko, 2005). In the United States, entrepreneurship has been respected as a way to accelerate innovation and create competition (Holmgren & From, 2005). Universities play an important role in creating entrepreneurial climate and providing new inventions and knowledge (Edmondson & McManus, 2007). Entrepreneurship education seeks ways to provide students with entrepreneurial skills to encourage professional success in a variety of settings (Potter & Storey, 2007). In recent years, entrepreneurship programs and courses in fashion education have steadily increased in the United States. However, there is a gap between the growing demand for fashion entrepreneurship education and the understanding of how best to approach the teaching and learning of entrepreneurship.
Unusual locations for differentiated thyroid cancer nodal metastasis

Lymph node metastasis is common in differentiated thyroid cancer especially papillary thyroid cancer. Presence of lymph node metastasis does not have an impact on survival in younger patients. Therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection in the presence of clinically or radiologically evident lymph nodes has resulted in good overall survival. However, disease persistence in the lymph node/early recurrences may be seen in patients owing to lymph nodes that may be missed during the initial neck dissection. These observed locations are retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal nodal location, retro carotid location, sublingual, axillary, and intraparotid locations, supraclavicular and superficial to the sternothyroid muscle. We aim to highlight these locations with the goal to minimize persistence or early recurrence of disease at these locations.
Biliary Enteric Reconstruction After Biliary Injury: Delayed Repair Is More Costly Than Early Repair.

Abstract Background Bile duct injury (BDI) during cholecystectomy requiring biliary enteric reconstruction (BER) is associated with increased risk of postoperative mortality and substantive increases in costs of care. The impact of the timing of repair on overall costs of care is poorly understood. Materials and methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Florida State databases (2006-2015) were queried to identify patients undergoing BER within 1-y of cholecystectomy performed for benign biliary disease. Patients were then categorized by the time interval between cholecystectomy to BER: early (≤3 d), intermediate (4 d to 6 wk), or delayed (>6 wk). By repair timing strategy, 1-y outcomes were aggregated, including charges, inpatient costs, aggregate length of stay, and inpatient mortality. Results Of 563,887 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, 1168 required a BER (0.21%) within 1-y of cholecystectomy. Early BER was performed in 560 patients (47.9%), intermediate BER in 439 patients (37.6%), and delayed BER in 169 (14.5%) patients. On multivariable analysis adjusting for patient, procedure, and facility factors, intermediate BER demonstrated an increased risk of mortality (odds ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-3.56) and increased aggregate inpatient cost (+$12,472; 95% CI: $6421-$18,524) relative to early BER. There was no notable difference in adjusted risk of inpatient mortality between the early and delayed BER cohorts (odds ratio 0.90; 95% CI: 0.32-1.25), but delayed BER was associated with increased aggregate inpatient costs (+$45,111; 95% CI: $36,813-$53,409). Conclusions When compared with delayed BER, early repair was associated with shorter aggregate inpatient hospitalization without increased postoperative mortality. Intermediate timing of repair is associated with increased costs and risk of mortality.