cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political science publishers: what do the citations reveal?

This study investigates political science monograph publishing patterns through an examination of journal citations. All citations to monographs in the American Political Science Review and the Journal of Politics for 1974-1975 and 1984-1985 were tallied and categorized. Lists of the most frequently cited publishers for both time periods are resented. Citation frequencies of conference proceedings, unpublished sources, foreign language material, and government documents are explored. Centralization of resource use by scholars is examined by looking at what percentage of all monograph citations are accounted for by the twenty-five most active publishers. The results depict a significant amount of change over time in nearly all areas of political science publishing. The documented increase in the use of what might be called "nontraditional" publishing sources is an important factor in collection development undertakings. Suggestions for further study are offered.
Positioned to expand

The position of trinucleotide repeats relative to adjacent origins of DNA replication can drastically affect repeat expansion. This finding offers insight into the cause of several hereditary diseases in humans.
Imaging of prenatally detected intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration

Intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly which may present as an abdominal mass. We describe a case of intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration detected prenatally as a left suprarenal mass. The ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings are illustrated and correlated with the pathologic findings.
Harnessing the Power of Metabolism for Seizure Prevention: Focus on Dietary Treatments

The continued occurrence of refractory seizures in at least one-third of children and adults with epilepsy, despite the availability of almost 15 conventional and novel anticonvulsant drugs, speaks to a dire need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Cellular metabolism, the critical pathways by which cells access and utilize energy, is critical for normal neuronal function. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests direct links between energy metabolism and cellular excitability. The high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been used as a treatment for drug-refractory epilepsy for almost a century. Yet, the multitude of alternative therapies to target aspects of cellular metabolism and hyperexcitability is almost untapped. Approaches discussed in this review offer a wide diversity of therapeutic targets that might be exploited by investigators in the search for safer and more effective epilepsy treatments.
Evaluating the non-consumptive, positive effects of a predator in the persistence of an endangered species

Failure to consider both the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predators on prey can lead to erroneous conclusions about the net effect of the relationship. The predatory devil crayfish, Cambarus diogenes Girard functions as an ecosystem engineer constructing extensive burrow systems through aquatic habitats. Despite crayfish posing a serious predation threat, preliminary data indicate that the federally endangered Hines Emerald dragonfly larvae, Somatochlora hineana Williamson regularly inhabit crayfish burrows. During late summer, S. hineana larval habitat dries up; leaving crayfish burrows as some of the only wetted habitats. Thus, C. diogenes can affect S. hineana through both direct, negative and indirect positive effects. We examined the positive role of crayfish burrows as drought refuges, and the threat of predation by C. diogenes on S. hineana larvae. Monthly field sampling indicated that S. hineana use open channel areas in spring and early summer moving into burrow systems in mid summer when channel areas normally dry. Laboratory experiments and field observations confirmed that crayfish prey on S. hineana larvae. Adult crayfish were a larger predation threat than juvenile crayfish. Despite their negative predatory impact, removal of crayfish from burrows in the field did not enhance densities of S. hineana larvae. Although S. hineana may face the threat of predation in burrows, they face a greater risk of desiccation if they remain in the open channel. These results lead to the counterintuitive conclusion that the maintenance of a predator is important for conserving an endangered prey species.
Partial dopamine agonists in the treatment of psychosis

The discovery and characterization of dopamine in the mammalian brain earned Dr. Arvid Carlsson the Nobel Prize in 2000. Along with his many insights about dopamine pharmacology, came his proposal of the existence and critical role of dopamine autoreceptors in the overall regulation of dopamine-mediated neurotransmission. In this paper, the rationale, the putative mechanisms, and pertinent clinical data are reviewed to support the idea of the clinical relevance of dopamine agonists, especially partial agonists, in the treatment of psychosis. Evidence was gathered for the usefulness of this strategy in schizophrenia in early trials with apomorphine and N-propylnoraporphine (NPA). But clinical relevance was not a reality before the application of (−)-3PPP. These clinical results are presented. Moreover, now a partial dopamine agonist, aripiprazole, has been developed and will likely be marketed by BMS and Otsuka for the treatment of psychosis and will be the first drug in this class to be commercially available. Partial dopamine agonists represent the next new class of antipsychotic drugs, effective in treating schizophrenia.
Considerations Related to Richardson's Ground Squirrel ( Spermophilus richardsonii ) Control in Montana

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production is limited in Montana due Ground squirrels consume a diet of grasses and forbs to activities associated with Richardson’s ground squirrels (Spermosimilar to that of cattle (Andelt and Hopper 1998; Askphilusrichardsonii),andcontrolisoftenconsideredtobecostprohibiham 1994). The amount of alfalfa removed by ground tive. This study was conducted to document the economic impact of ground squirrel activities on alfalfa yield and demonstrate field effi- squirrels is questionable. Due to favorable soil concacy of available toxicants. Montana alfalfa producers completed a ditions and a nutritious food source, perennial alfalfa survey to determine perceived severity and losses due to ground squir- fieldsprovide idealhabitatforground squirrels.Ground rels. Actual first-harvest forage yield losses were determined at two squirrel population densities in these areas can exceed locations in southwest Montana in 2003 and 2004 using cage exclosures. 330 ha 1 , and reduced yields result from the feeding Chlorophacinone (Rozol), diphacinone (Ramik-Green), and zinc phos- and burrowing of ground squirrels. phide were administered at two locations to determine the efficacy Various control techniques are available to reduce of each treatment. Survey results across Montana indicate alfalfa pro- groundsquirrelnumbers.Culturalcontrolmethodssuch ducers estimate a 24% average reduction in forage yield in areas as tillage, crop rotation, and flooding (Rulofson et al., known to be infested with ground squirrels. First-cut forage yields 1993)are widelypracticed inthe USAtoreduce populawere reduced by 31% in southwest Montana. Rozol was the most eftions of ground squirrels. Light spring disc harrowing fective control agent (84% efficacy) while Ramik-Green was the least effectivecontrolagentinourtrials(29%efficacy).Landownerpercep- is widely practiced in northern areas to level mounds tions of ground squirrel damage are similar to actual yield reduction created by ground squirrels and/or their predators. This and possibly underestimated. The costs associated with the control practice has limited effects on ground squirrels but is of ground squirrels can be quite high, and caution must be exercised detrimental to alfalfa stand longevity if practiced over when implementing a new control program to assure these costs are multipleyears(Weltyetal.,1988).Insevereinfestations, offset by forage gained. growers are forced to rotate to other crops for one or more years before re-establishing alfalfa, which is costly and time-consuming. Biological control consists primar
Adaptive strategies of selective fatty acid deposition in the bone marrow of desert bighorn sheep

Abstract 1. 1. The winter distribution of fatty acids in the fore and hind limb of the desert bighorn, Ovis canadensis cremnobates, increased in unsaturation distally over the length of the leg; the greatest change occurred at the level of the radius and tibia. 2. 2. Summer fatty acid marrow composition decreased significantly in unsaturation distally when compared to winter values. The greatest changes occurred at the metacarpus (metatarsus)-phalanges. 3. 3. The summer distribution of distally accumulated saturated fatty acids could be an adaptation to maintain the limbs as heat dissipators by insulating against conductive heat gain from a hot environment and protecting cell membranes of heterothermic tissues against thermal denaturation.
Salmonella typhimurium metC operator-constitutive mutations

We used an Escherichia coli lac deletion strain lysogenized with a metC-lacZ fusion phage (λClac) to select operator-constitutive mutations in the Salmonella typhimurium metC gene control region. The mutations were located in a region containing 2 tandemly repeated 8 bp palindromes previously proposed to be the MetJ repressor binding site. Lysogens carrying λClac mutant phage exhibit high β-galactosidase levels that are only partially repressible by methionine. The results suggest that the mutations disrupt the methionine control system mediated by the metJ gene product.
REGULATION OF SEX EXPRESSION IN DESERT AND MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS OF AN ANDROMONOECIOUS PLANT (GAGEA CHLORANTHA, LILIACEAE)

ABSTRACT This study examined issues related to the ecology of andromonoecy in Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), a perennial geophyte that grows in desert and Mediterranean-type habitats in Israel. Andromonoecy is a plant sexual system where individuals produce both male and hermaphrodite flowers and is thought to have evolved to optimize resource allocation to male and female function. Individuals of this species produced 1–6 flowers, and flower production was significantly correlated with the size of the storage organ (bulb). Three sexual phenotypes were found to exist: those that made only male flowers, plants that made only hermaphrodite flowers, and those that produced both flower types. Two lines of evidence suggest that hermaphroditic reproduction is more costly than male reproduction: (1) hermaphroditic flowers were heavier than male flowers in terms of dry biomass; (2) bulb size was greater on single-flower plants that were hermaphrodite compared to male. In addition, bulb size was greater on multiple...
A new edge-defined approach for submicrometer MOSFET fabrication

A novel technique employing vertical (anisotropic) dry etching for fabricating edge-defined submicrometer MOSFETs is described, and preliminary results are presented. Three basic process techniques are employed: formation of an edge-defined submicrometer element, pattern transfer of the element into an underlying doped polysilicon gate layer, and passivation of the FET using a sidewall oxide. The submicrometer element formation technique is limited to linewidths in the 0.1 µm to 0.4 µm range. Characterization of MOSFETs, having physical channel lengths ∼0.1 µm to 0.15 µm and believed to be the world's smallest MOSFET's reported to date, is discussed.
PROLACTIN-LIKE PROTEIN-A GENE STRUCTURE AND CHROMOSOMAL MAPPING

Prolactin-like protein-A (PLP-A) is a member of the prolactin(PRL) gene family and is expressed by trophoblast cells of thedeveloping rat and mouse chorioallantoic placenta (Lin et al. 1997;Mu¨ller et al. 1998). PLP-A has been proposed to participate in thecontrol of maternal immunologic responses prerequisite for theestablishment of pregnancy through its specific interactions withuterine natural killer cells (H. Mu¨ller and M.J. Soares, unpub-lished). In this report, we present data on the structure of the mousePLP-A gene and describe its chromosomal localization.A genomic DNA library generated from a 129/SvEv strainmouse liver and packaged in the Lambda FIX II vector was agenerous gift of Lexicon Genetics, Inc. (Houston, Tex.). Approxi-mately 1 × 10
Organic anion transporting polypeptides expressed in pancreatic cancer may serve as potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for early stage adenocarcinomas.

Purpose Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) are expressed in various epithelial tissues in the body. Because they can be expressed in cancers and because they can transport anticancer drugs, OATPs could be potential targets for cancer therapy. Therefore we examined their expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
Effect of age on the variability and stability of gait: A cross-sectional treadmill study in healthy individuals between 20 and 69 years of age

Falls during walking are a major health issue in the elderly population. Older individuals are usually more cautious, walk more slowly, take shorter steps, and exhibit increased step-to-step variability. They often have impaired dynamic balance, which explains their increased falling risk. Those locomotor characteristics might be the result of the neurological/musculoskeletal degenerative processes typical of advanced age or of a decline that began earlier in life. In order to help determine between the two possibilities, we analyzed the relationship between age and gait features among 100 individuals aged 20-69. Trunk acceleration was measured during a 5-min treadmill session using a 3D accelerometer. The following dependent variables were assessed: preferred walking speed, walk ratio (step length normalized by step frequency), gait instability (local dynamic stability, Lyapunov exponent method), and acceleration variability (root mean square [RMS]). Using age as a predictor, linear regressions were performed for each dependent variable. The results indicated that walking speed, walk ratio and trunk acceleration variability were not dependent on age (R(2)<2%). However, there was a significant quadratic association between age and gait instability in the mediolateral direction (R(2)=15%). We concluded that most of the typical gait features of older age do not result from a slow evolution over the life course. On the other hand, gait instability likely begins to increase at an accelerated rate as early as age 40-50. This finding supports the premise that local dynamic stability is likely a relevant early indicator of falling risk.
Self-consciousness as a moderator of the effect of social drinking motives on alcohol use

This study evaluated self-consciousness as a moderator of the relationship between social drinking motives and alcohol use. Participants included 243 undergraduate students who reported alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, self-consciousness, and social motives. We expected that social drinking motives, private self-consciousness, and public self-consciousness would be positively associated with drinking and that this relationship would be moderated by self-consciousness. Specifically, we expected this relationship to be stronger for people lower in private self-consciousness, based on decreased awareness about their internal states. In addition, we expected that the relationship between social motives and drinking would be stronger among those who were higher in public self-consciousness, given their focus on the self as a social object. Consistent with expectations, the associations between social motives and peak drinking and drinks per week were more strongly associated among those lower in private self-consciousness. However, inconsistent with expectations, the relationship between social motives and drinking was stronger among those who were lower, rather than higher, in public self-consciousness. Overall implications of these research findings extend previous research emphasizing the importance of considering social influences in etiology and prevention of drinking. Moreover, while social motives are a consistent predictor of drinking among young adults, this is not universally true. This study contributes to social cognitive literature seeking to understand and identify individual factors related to drinking and their application to the adaptation of existing intervention approaches.
Reply to comments by G. Foster et al., R. Knutti et al., and N. Scafetta on “Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system”

equilibrium temperature increase for doubled CO2 of 1.9 ± 1.0 K, somewhat lower than the central estimate of the sensitivity given in the 2007 assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, but consistent within the uncertainties of both estimates. The conclusion that global mean surface temperature is in near equilibrium with the applied forcing continues to hold. Forcing over the twentieth century other than that due to greenhouse gases, ascribed mainly to tropospheric aerosols, is estimated as � 1.1 ± 0.7 W m � 2 .
Diffusion from a ground level line source into the disturbed boundary layer far downstream from a fence

Abstract The concentration field is discussed which exists far downstream from a line source of ammonia gas emitting continuously into the boundary layer along a smooth flat plate. The boundary layer is obstructed by an impermeable and sharp-edged fence which extends over the whole width of the plate at a short distance downstream from the source. The basis of discussion is a set of experimental data which was obtained in a wind tunnel. The flow field downstream from the fence exhibits three different zones of velocity distributions. These zones are indicated and a velocity distribution law is given based on the assumption that the disturbed boundary layer consists of two parts: an outer layer for which the parameters of the distribution law depend on the boundary-layer thickness and on the geometry of the disturbing fence, and an inner layer for which the velocity distribution law depends on the roughness of the floor. The vertical distributions of concentrations downstream from the fence follow a similarity law whose shape corresponds to that found in undisturbed boundary layers. The similarity parameters reflect strongly the presence of the fence. The characteristic length λ is found to increase exponentially with the fence height. The characteristic length, the similarity law, and the velocity distribution law, are used to calculate the maximum ground concentrations at large distances downstream from the fence where the presence of the boundary-layer edge limits the growth of the diffusion plume to that of the boundary layer.
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE AND MYCOPLASMOSIS IN DESERT TORTOISES FROM NEVADA

A population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at Yucca Mountain (Nevada, USA) was monitored during four sampling periods using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to determine the percentage of individuals that had been exposed to Mycoplasma agassizii, a causative agent of upper respiratory tract disease. Respiratory tract disease has been considered a significant factor in the decline of desert tortoise populations in the Mojave Desert (USA). Few differences between sexes in ELISA values or percentages testing positive were noted. From 15 to 23% of samples per period tested positive for exposure to the mycoplasma. However, we noted few clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease. This is in contrast to an earlier study which reported a similar proportion of seropositive tortoises as well as a high percentage of tortoises with clinical signs. However, our results are consistent with that study's conclusion that seropositivity for M. agassizii was a poor predictor of the likelihood to ...
Recent interview-based measures of competency to stand trial: a critical review augmented with research data.

Forensic experts are frequently asked to conduct competency-to-stand trial evaluations and address the substantive prongs propounded in Dusky v. United States (1960). In understanding its application to competency evaluations, alternative conceptualizations of Dusky are critically examined. With Dusky providing the conceptual framework, three interview-based competency measures are reviewed: the Georgia Court Competency Test (GCCT), the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (Mac-CAT-CA), and the Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial-Revised (ECST-R). This review has a twin focus on reliability of each measure and its correspondence to Dusky prongs. The current review is augmented by new factor analytic data on the MacCAT-CA and ECST-R. The article concludes with specific recommendations for competency evaluations.
Heat treatment optimization of alumina/aluminum metal matrix composites using the taguchi approach

The paper describes the use of the Taguchi approach for optimizing the heat treatment process of alumina-reinforced Al-6061 metal-matrix composites (MMCs). It is shown that the use of the Taguchi method makes it possible to test a great number of factors simultaneously and to provide a statistical data base that can be used for sensitivity and optimization studies. The results of plotting S/N values versus vol pct, solutionizing time, aging time, and aging temperature showed that the solutionizing time and the aging temperature significantly affect both the yield and the ultimate tensile strength of alumina/Al MMCs. 11 refs.
Characterization of Laboratory Simulated Road Paving-Like Asphalt by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Prolonged, extensive exposure to asphalt fume has been associated with several adverse health effects. Inhaled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from asphalt fume exposure are of concern. The objective of this study was to characterize both qualitative and quantitative differences between fumes generated at 150°C and 180°C using a well-controlled laboratory road paving fume generation system. Fumes were characterized by total volatile and particulate concentration, simulated boiling point profile, and specific PAH content. The mean concentrations of the volatile fractions generated at 180°C and 150°C were 23.3 mg/m3 and 11.2 mg/m3, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant shift in concentration. The mean concentrations of the particulate fractions generated at 180°C and 150°C were 42.4 mg/m3 and 28.0 mg/m3, respectively. The simulated boiling point profile did not show a significant qualitative difference between the fumes generated at the two temperatures. Naphthalene, acenaphthene, ...
Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20-year experiment

Woodland loss is a major cause of biodiversity decline in African savanna parks. Decisions about whether remedial steps are possible and warranted depend on the cause. Climate, fire, elephants and human impact, often in combination, have been cited as major causes. The almost complete extinction of woodland in Amboseli National Park since 1950 has been at the centre of such debate. A 20-year study based on an experimental design to test overgrazing, pathogen, climate and elephant browsing theories of woodland loss was established in 1981. The experiment showed that elephants alone are preventing regeneration. Based on the outcome of the experiment, a woodland refuge was restored in the centre of the park to maintain biodiversity and demonstrate the management prospects for habitat restoration. A strong interaction of elephants and pastoralists, played out across the ecosystem over many decades, probably accounts for the habitat mosaic and high biological diversity of the ecosystem prior to the establishment of the national park. The restoration of biodiversity in the park will therefore depend on mimicking the shifting mosaic of habitats created by their interaction. Resume La perte de zones boisees est une des causes majeures du declin de la biodiversite dans les parcs de savane africains. Savoir s'il est possible de prendre des mesures pour y remedier et si elles seraient garanties depend des causes impliquees. Le climat, les feux, les elephants et l'impact humain, combines le plus souvent, ont ete cites comme des causes principales. La disparition quasi complete des zones boisees du Parc National d'Amboseli depuis 1950 est au centre d'un tel debat. Une etude de plus de vingt ans a ete lancee en 1981, basee sur un projet experimental destinea tester les theories impliquant le surpâturage, les agents pathogenes, le climat et les prelevements par les elephants dans la perte de la foret. L'experience a montre que ce sont les elephants seuls qui empechent la regeneration. Suite aux resultats de l’etude, un refuge forestier a ete restaure au centre du parc pour maintenir la biodiversite et montrer quelles pourraient etre les perspectives de restauration de l'habitat en cas de gestion adequate. La forte interaction entre les elephants et les pasteurs qui a dure de nombreuses decennies a travers tout l’ecosysteme explique probablement la mosaique de l‘habitat et la grande biodiversite de l’ecosysteme avant la creation du parc national. La restauration de la biodiversite dans le parc dependra donc de la facon dont on pourra reproduire la mosaique changeante des habitats creee par leur interaction.
Calcium–Calmodulin-Dependent Myosin Phosphorylation by Pancreatic Islets

Pancreatic islets contain enzyme activity which catalyzes the phosphorylation by MgATP of cardiac, skeletal, or smooth muscle myosin light chains. The enzyme is activated by calcium (Ka = 10 μM) and calmodulin (Ka = 2 μ M) and inhibited by trifluoperazine ( Ki = 10 μM), a known inhibitor of calmodulin and of insulin secretion. The enzyme binds to a calmodulin affinity column when Ca2+ is present and is eluted when Ca2+ is omitted. These are the properties of myosin light chain kinase. Since phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin is necessary for its activation by actin, the kinase may have a key role in coupling stimuli that increase intracellular calcium to the contractile processes involved in insulin secretion.
Intermediate and long-acting insulins: a review of NPH insulin, insulin glargine and insulin detemir.

ABSTRACTObjective: To review intermediate- and long-acting insulins with specific emphasis on the newer insulin analogs.Methods: A MEDLINE search, in English, was conducted with a cut-off of June 30, 2006, using the terms ‘NPH insulin’, ‘insulin analogs’, ‘insulin glargine’, ‘insulin detemir’ and ‘long-acting insulins’. All clinical trials from within the search period were included.Results: The insulin analogs, insulin glargine and insulin detemir, were introduced in an attempt to improve glycemic control among patients with diabetes, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. This review indicates that both insulin analogs demonstrate better glycemic control than NPH insulin, based on measurements of HbA1c, fasting glucose and intra-subject variability in blood glucose. This was accomplished with similar or reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Also, insulin detemir appears to be associated with less body weight increase than NPH insulin or insulin glargine.Conclusion: The newer long-acting insulin analogs, i...
Dynamic nuclear polarization at the edge of a two-dimensional electron gas

We have used gated GaAs/Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}As heterostructures to explore nonlinear transport between spin-resolved Landau level edge states over a submicrometer region of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The current I flowing from one edge state to the other as a function of the voltage V between them shows diodelike behavior{emdash}a rapid increase in I above a well-defined threshold V{sub t} under forward bias, and a slower increase in I under reverse bias. In these measurements, a pronounced influence of a current-induced nuclear-spin polarization on the spin splitting is observed, and supported by a series of NMR experiments. We conclude that the hyperfine interaction plays an important role in determining the electronic properties at the edge of a 2DEG. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Environmental Drivers of Streamflow Change in the Upper Rio Grande

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in streamflow in the Upper Rio Grande (URG) basin, as it exits the San Luis Valley (SLV) at the Lobatos gauge station, in relation to changes in local environmental drivers. Irrigation-dependent agriculture accounts for more than 85% of surface and ground water withdrawals in the SLV. Inflows of the Rio Grande and the Conejos and Los Pinos rivers were aggregated into a single inflow into the SLV. Streamflow data were taken from gauges above all major diversions. Results of the analysis indicated annual streamflow at Lobatos declined by 400 hm3 after 1924, coinciding with increases in surface water extractions. Additional reductions of about 50 hm3 in annual streamflow, not accounted for by inflow reductions during the period 1925–1964, coincided with increases in groundwater extractions. In contrast, an increase of 12.5 hm3 in annual streamflow occurred during 1965–2007. The increases coincided with several changes, but were primarily related to extreme peak flow years during the period 1985–1987 and increased water deliveries in compliance with the Rio Grande Compact.
Rich language and refinements of cheap-talk equilibria

Abstract I formalize the notion of equilibrium language, define the relation of having a richer language, and show the existence of equilibria with maximally rich language. I also study the stability of equilibria with respect to inflows of messages that can enrich their language, and provide examples of implausible cheap-talk equilibria, not refined away by the existing refinements, which can be refined away on the grounds of stability properties.
Keynote talk: Embedded vision systems

Summary form only given, as follows. While machine vision research has continued to improve multi-fold over the past few decades, it still significantly falls short of the abilities and efficiencies of the primate visual cortex system. The primate brain is especially superior as pertains to comprehending and interacting with complex natural environments. In energy-efficiencies, the brain is estimated to be five to six orders better than current machine vision solutions. While there is much consensus on the superiority of biological vision systems over machine systems on most vision tasks, the approaches leading to the better efficiencies and flexibility akin to the visual cortex are still widely debated. In this talk, I will highlight recent efforts at architecting customized digital hardware systems using neuromorphic algorithms as one successful approach to achieving better energy efficiencies. I will also outline emerging embedded visions applications.
Wide-Angle Imaging Lidar (WAIL): theory of operation, cross-platform validation, and potential applications

The Wide-Angle Imaging Lidar (WAIL), a new instrument that measures cloud optical and geometrical properties by means of off-beam lidar returns, was deployed as part of a multi-instrument campaign to probe a cloud field at ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) Southern Great Plain (SGP) site on March 25, 2002. WAIL is designed to determine physical and geometrical characteristics using the off-beam component of the lidar return that can be adequately modeled within the diffusion approximation. Using WAIL data, we estimate the extinction coefficient and geometrical thickness of a dense cloud layer; from there, we infer optical thickness. Results from the new methodology agree well with counterparts obtained from other instruments located permanently at the SGP ARM site and from the WAIL-like airborne instrument that flew over the site during our observation period.
Follow-up of Children Infected in a Coxsackievims B-3 and B-4 Outbreak: No Evidence of Diabetes Mellitus

One hundred twenty children infected with coxsackieviruses B-3 and B-4 in the fall of 1968 were later studied for evidence of diabetes mellitus. Specimens of fasting plasma were obtained from 94 of the children and were tested for glucose and insulin levels and, in many cases, for residual antibody to B-3 and B-4. There were no instances of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or hypoinsulinism. Five children with slightly elevated insulin levels were given the oral glucose tolerance test, and all displayed normal tolerance. Twenty-two children had histories of diabetes in their families, and seven children had shown evidence of reinfection by B-3 and B-4 in the 1968 study; yet none of the 94 subjects with complete data and none of the 26 who had serum samples taken in 1969 and current histories had any record of diabetes symptoms or positive tests. Our data do not support the hypothesis that these viruses are related to the onset of juvenile diabetes.
Series-type enzyme deactivations: Influence of intermediate activity on deactivation kinetics

Abstract A series-type enzyme deactivation model involving an active enzyme precursor is proposed wherein the enzyme activity is a weighted function of the active enzyme states. The active enzyme precursor may be less active, as active or more active than the initial enzyme form. The proposed model is shown to fit the soluble and immobilized enzyme deactivation data presented reasonably well. Some enzymes exhibit a ‘compensation-like’ effect. In other enzymes, if the deactivation rate coefficient for the second step, k 2 , is zero, then the activity may stabilize to a value that depends upon the relative activities of the two active enzyme states.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloys 600 and 690 and Nos. 82 and 182 Weld Metals in High Temperature Water

Abstract The relative susceptibilities of Alloy 600 and 690 base metals and I-82 and I-182 weld metals to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in pure water at 288 C were evaluated. A co...
Analyzing Distributed Functions in an Integrated Hazard Analysis

Large scale integration of today's aerospace systems is achievable through the use of distributed systems. Validating the safety of distributed systems is significantly more difficult as compared to centralized systems because of the complexity of the interactions between simultaneously active components. Integrated hazard analysis (IHA), a process used to identify unacceptable risks and to provide a means of controlling them, can be applied to either centralized or distributed systems. IHA, though, must be tailored to fit the particular system being analyzed. Distributed systems, for instance, must be analyzed for hazards in terms of the functions that rely on them. This paper will describe systems-oriented IHA techniques (as opposed to traditional failure-event or reliability techniques) that should be employed for distributed systems in aerospace environments. Special considerations will be addressed when dealing with specific distributed systems such as active thermal control, electrical power, command and data handling, and software systems (including the interaction with fault management systems). Because of the significance of second-order effects in large scale distributed systems, the paper will also describe how to analyze secondary functions to secondary functions through the use of channelization.
Non-contact thermoacoustic detection of embedded targets using airborne-capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

A radio frequency (RF)/ultrasound hybrid imaging system using airborne capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) is proposed for the remote detection of embedded objects in highly dispersive media (e.g., water, soil, and tissue). RF excitation provides permittivity contrast, and ultra-sensitive airborne-ultrasound detection measures thermoacoustic-generated acoustic waves that initiate at the boundaries of the embedded target, go through the medium-air interface, and finally reach the transducer. Vented wideband CMUTs interface to 0.18 μm CMOS low-noise amplifiers to provide displacement detection sensitivity of 1.3 pm at the transducer surface. The carefully designed vented CMUT structure provides a fractional bandwidth of 3.5% utilizing the squeeze-film damping of the air in the cavity.
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ATTRIBUTES OF METHODS OF SURFACE TEXTURE MEASUREMENT

MEASUREMENTS OF SKID RESISTANCE (BRAKING FORCE COEFFICIENT (BFC) HAVE BEEN MADE USING TRAILER AND FRONT WHEEL BRAKING TECHNIQUES. THE FIVE SETS OF SMOOTH TREADED TIRES DIFFERED ONLY IN THE TREAD POLYMERS WHICH WERE CHOSEN TO COVER A RANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE TIRES WERE TESTED AT SPEEDS RANGING FROM 1 KM/H(0.4 MPH) TO 160 KM/H(100 MPH) ON EIGHT SURFACES HAVING A WIDE RANGE OF TEXTURES. MACROTEXTURE WAS MEASURED BY SANDPATCH "TEXTURE DEPTH" AND STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC "PROFILE RATIO" TECHNIQUES. COMPARSION OF THE MEAN BFC/SPEED CURVES FOR EACH POLYMER SHOWS A SIMILARITY OF SPEED DEPENDENCE, INDICATING THAT ON THE HIGHWAY PENETRATION OF THE WATER, FILM IS THE OVERRIDING FACTOR RATHER THAN A SPEED DEPENDENT VISCOELASTIC EFFECT WHICH HAS BEEN POSTULATED FROM LABORATORY FRICTION MEASUREMENTS. HOWEVER THE ORDER OF THE BFC SHOWS EVIDENCE OF VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR, THE MORE RESILIENT POLYMERS GIVING THE LOWER VALUES. A HYPOTHESIS RELATING TO A CHANGE IN THE TIRE/PAVEMENT CONTACT CONDITIONS AT HIGH SPEEDS IS PUT FORWARD THAT THE HIGH VALUES OF BFC ON SURFACES WITH LARGE TEXTURE DEPTH ARE PARTLY DUE TO MODIFICATION OF THE CONTACT CONDITIONS BY CHANGES IN THE VISCOSITY OF THE LUBRICANT BROUGHT ABOUT BY HEATING. /ASTM/
Cache performance of combinator graph reduction

The threaded Interpretive Graph Reduction Engine (TIGRE) was developed for the efficient reduction of combinator graphs in support of functional programming languages and other applications. Results are presented of cache simulations of the TIGRE graph reducer with the following parameters varied: cache size, cache organization, block size, associativity, replacement policy, write policy, and write allocation. As a check on these results, the simulations are compared to measured performance on real hardware. From the results of the simulation study, it is concluded that graph reduction in TIGRE has a very heavy dependence on a write-allocate strategy for good performance, and very high spatial and temporal locality. >
Opportunities to Reduce Children’s Excessive Consumption of Calories From Beverages

Objective. To describe children’s consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juice (FJ), and identify factors that may reduce excessive consumption. Design. A total of 830 parents of young children completed a 36-item questionnaire at the pediatricians’ office. Results. Children consumed soda (62.2%), other SSBs (61.6%), and FJ (88.2%): 26.9% exceeded the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommended daily FJ intake. 157 (18.9%) children consumed excessive calories (>200 kcal/d) from beverages (median = 292.2 kcal/d, range 203.8-2177.0 kcal/d). Risk factors for excessive calorie consumption from beverages were exceeding recommendations for FJ (odds ratio [OR] = 119.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 52.2-274.7), being 7 to 12 years old (OR = 4.3, 95%CI = 1.9-9.9), and having Medicaid insurance (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.1-6.0). Parents would likely reduce beverage consumption if recommended by the physician (65.6%). Conclusions. About 1 in 5 children consumes excessive calories from soda, other...
Soviet Foreign Policy Studies and Foreign Policy Models

American academic literature on foreign policy witnessed, in the 1960's, a continuing flow of studies of the Soviet case, as indeed of other cases. It also witnessed a flow of studies of another, newer, and broader type—studies of theoretical bent concerned with the construction of general analytical models of foreign policy behavior.
Joint Gait-Cadence Analysis for Human Identification Using an Elastic Shape Framework

We perform human identification by gait recognition where subjects' gait is represented by silhouettes which are elements of a manifold of Square-Root Velocity functions. Gait cycles become stochastic processes on this manifold; cadence its rate of execution. Using geometry of this manifold, we compute mean gait cycle templates for subjects. An observation model, where test sequences are random perturbations of templates, produces likelihood functions for classification. We perform temporal registration—linear and nonlinear—of cycles with templates, removing cadence effects. In an experiment on 26 individuals, linear registration, preserving cadence, performs better than nonlinear registration, which removes cadence.
Antimalarials for treating rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES To assess the short-term efficacy and toxicity of antimalarials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group's trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline and Embase up to and including August 2000. We also carried out a handsearch of the reference lists of the trials retrieved from the electronic search. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing antimalarials against placebo in patients with RA DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data abstraction was carried out independently by two reviewers. The same two reviewers using a validated checklist (Jadad 1996) assessed the methodological quality of the RCTs and CCTs. Rheumatoid arthritis outcome measures were extracted from the publications for the 6-month endpoint. The pooled analysis was performed using standardized mean differences for joint counts, pain and global assessments. Weighted mean differences were used for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Toxicity was evaluated with pooled odds ratios for withdrawals. A chi-square test was used to assess heterogeneity among trials. Fixed effects models were used throughout. MAIN RESULTS We found four trials, with 300 patients randomized to hydrochloroquine and 292 to placebo. Only trials evaluating hydroxychloroquine could be pooled in the analysis. A statistically significant benefit was observed when hydroxychloroquine was compared to placebo. The standardized mean differences for the various outcome measures ranged from -0.33 to -0.52, and were statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were also observed for ESR. Overall withdrawals and withdrawals due to lack of efficacy were significantly more frequent in the placebo group. No differences were observed in withdrawals due to toxicity. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Hydroxychloroquine appears to be efficacious for the treatment of RA. Its overall effect appears to be moderate, but its low toxicity profile should be considered when treating patients with RA.
A Framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of nationwide health information exchange.

Objective The nationwide health information network (NHIN) has been proposed to securely link community and state health information exchange (HIE) entities to create a national, interoperable network for sharing healthcare data in the USA. This paper describes a framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of nationwide data exchange as the NHIN moves toward a production state. The paper further presents the results of an initial assessment of the framework by those engaged in HIE activities. Design Using a literature review and knowledge gained from active NHIN technology and policy development, the authors constructed a framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of data exchange between an HIE entity and the NHIN. Measurement An online survey was used to assess the perceived usefulness of the metrics in the framework among HIE professionals and researchers. Results The framework is organized into five broad categories: implementation; technology; policy; data; and value. Each category enumerates a variety of measures and measure types. Survey respondents generally indicated the framework contained useful measures for current and future use in HIE and NHIN evaluation. Answers varied slightly based on a respondent's participation in active development of NHIN components. Conclusion The proposed framework supports efforts to measure the costs, effort, and value associated with nationwide data exchange. Collecting longitudinal data along the NHIN's path to production should help with the development of an evidence base that will drive adoption, create value, and stimulate further investment in nationwide data exchange.
Phrasal and clausal comparatives in Greek and the abstractness of syntax

Greek phrasal and reduced clausal comparatives di! er in that the former, but not the latter, show island sensitivities. In neither case, however, is the material that constitutes the island pronounced. " is paper argues that such facts can only be captured by positing abstract unpronounced syntactic structures; the comparison between the two kinds of comparatives further shows that reducing the island e! ects to semantic or other ill-formedness is not possible: the island e! ects are irreducibly syntactic. Such facts provide support for syntactic architectures that countenance this kind of abstractness, and against surfacist syntactic theories.
Low Thyroid Function Leads to Cardiac Atrophy With Chamber Dilatation, Impaired Myocardial Blood Flow, Loss of Arterioles, and Severe Systolic Dysfunction

Background— Although thyroid dysfunction has been linked to heart failure, it is not clear whether hypothyroidism alone can cause heart failure. Methods and Results— Hypothyroidism was induced in adult rats by treatment with 0.025% propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 weeks (PTU-S) and 1 year (PTU-L). Echocardiographic measurements, left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics, isolated myocyte length (KOH method), myocardial blood flow (fluorescent microspheres), arteriolar morphometry, and gene expression (Western blot) were determined. Heart weight, heart rate, LV systolic blood pressure, LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, and systolic wall thickness were reduced in PTU-S and PTU-L rats. LV internal diameter in systole increased by 40% in PTU-S and 86% in PTU-L. LV internal dimension in diastole was increased in PTU-S and PTU-L rats, but only PTU-L rats showed a significant increase in myocyte length due to series sarcomere addition. Resting and maximum (adenosine) myocardial blood flow were reduced in both...