cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance-Based Vesting Compensation and Debt Contracting

This paper examines whether the risk-taking incentives induced by performance-based vesting (p-v) compensation influence bank loan contracting and credit ratings. Consistent with our risk-shifting hypothesis, we find that the p-v based compensation, as measured by the proportion of grant date fair value of p-v based compensation to total compensation, significantly increases loan spreads and encourages more no price protection such as performance pricing and secured by collateral. We also find that p-v based compensation increases loan maturity while reduces the covenant strictness as a trade-off. Next, we subcategorize p-v based compensation by its performance type, instrument use, and performance metric. Consistent with previous literature, we find that the loan spread is negatively (positively) associated with accounting (stock price)-based compensation. We also find a tradeoff effect between the price- and non-price features of bank loan contracts such as performance pricing and restrictive covenants, as the positive effect of incentives induced by p-v based compensation on the cost of bank loans is offset by more restrictive features in loan contracts. Next, we perform the analysis using the Chief Financial Officer (CFO)’s p-v compensation and obtain the similar results. Last, we perform the analysis to determine the effects of p-v based compensation on firms’ credit rating. We find the incentive induced by p-v based compensation carry out to the credit rating market by reducing the firm’s credit rating.
Planar Maximum Coverage Location Problem with Partial Coverage, Continuous Spatial Demand, and Adjustable Quality of Service.

We consider a generalization of the classical planar maximum coverage location problem (PMCLP) in which partial coverage is allowed, facilities have adjustable quality of service (QoS) or service range, and demand zones and service zone of each facility are represented by two-dimensional spatial objects such as rectangles, circles, polygons, etc. We denote this generalization by PMCLP-PC-QoS. A key challenge in this problem is to simultaneously decide position of the facilities on a continuous two-dimensional plane and their QoS. We present a greedy algorithm and a pseudo-greedy algorithm for it, and provide their approximation ratios. We also investigate theoretical properties and propose exact algorithms for solving: (1) PMCLP-PC-QoS where demand and service zones are represented by axis-parallel rectangles (denoted by PMCLP-PCR-QoS), which also has applications in camera surveillance and satellite imaging; and (2) one dimensional PMCLP-PC-QoS which has applications in river cleanups. These results extend and strengthen the only known exact algorithm for PMCLP-PCR-QoS with fixed and same QoS by Bansal and Kianfar [INFORMS Journal on Computing 29(1), 152-169, 2017]. We present results of our computational experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed exact and approximation algorithms.
A novel approach to model effects of surface roughness parameters on wear

Abstract Engineering surfaces with similar average or RMS roughness exhibit different values of skewness and kurtosis due to different machining processes. As the surfaces evolve during operation and the wear process, the roughness parameters undergo significant changes. To investigate the change in the roughness parameters and their effect on wear rate, it is of significant importance to investigate and simulate deep wear scars. In this study, a novel method to simulate wear on rough surfaces is proposed. The surface is treated as a collection of asperities of different radii at different heights. The method is applied to a linear elastic material model and the contact parameters are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory. Material removal is simulated by a simple truncation model and Archard's wear law is used at asperity level to evaluate wear depth. Surfaces with various values of RMS roughness, skewness and kurtosis are investigated and two distinct wear rates are obtained for each surface, running-in (severe) wear and steady state (mild) wear. It is also predicted that surfaces with high roughness, kurtosis and positive skewness exhibit higher wear rates. This investigation highlights the importance of studying the effects of surface parameters on wear rate and demonstrates that although a linear wear law is assumed at each asperity, a non-linear wear rate of rough surfaces can be obtained computationally, which are similar to trends observed in experiments.
Glucocorticoid-binding macromolecules in normal tissues and tumors. Stabilization of the specific binding component.

Abstract A simple cell-free system was developed for studying specific binding components for glucocorticoids in normal as well as neoplastic tissues of the mouse. The steroid-macromolecular complex was extracted from the lymphosarcoma P1798 as a 27,000 x g supernatant fraction and separated from free steroid by gel chromatography. When 9α-fluoro-11β-16α,21-tetrahydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide (triamcinolone acetonide) was present at the time of cell breakage, the results indicate that the binding process is not complicated by degradation of the binding component. Triamcinolone acetonide protected the binding component from spontaneous degradation. The rate of degradation of the binding component in the presence of this potent synthetic glucocorticoid is approximately one-eightieth of that of the unprotected component. The specificity of the binding component was demonstrated by the finding that 11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (cortisol) depressed the binding of [1,2,4-3H3]triamcinolone acetonide by 90%, whereas the biologically inactive stereoisomer, 11α, 17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (11-epicortisol), reduced the binding by only 20%. The resistant subline of the tumor binds less [1,2,4-3H3]-triamicinolone acetonide in a specific manner in comparison to the sensitive neoplasm. Adrenalectomy causes an increase in specific binding of [1,2,4-3H3]triamcinolone acetonide in the glucocorticoidsensitive lymphosarcoma P1798. A soluble macromolecular fraction from the thymus binds 3 times more [1,2,4-3H3]-triamcinolone acetonide than the corresponding fraction from either the testis or cerebral cortex.
Conversion of glucose-C14 to propionate by the rumen microbiota.

Baldwin, R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A. Wood, and R. S. Emery. Conversion of glucose-C(14) to propionate by the rumen microbiota. J. Bacteriol 85:1346-1349. 1963.-Rumen microbiota enriched on three different diets calculated to present different levels of available carbohydrate were incubated with glucose-1-C(14), glucose-2-C(14), and glucose-6-C(14) to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate. The propionate was labeled as though 70 to 100% was formed via the randomizing route and 0 to 30% via the nonrandomizing route. The contribution of the acrylate pathway increased with higher carbohydrate availability of the diet. These results are discussed with respect to earlier data using lactate-2-C(14) and lactate-3-C(14), and a unifying concept for both sets of data is presented.
Labeling of phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar wash of rabbits in utero

Abstract Radioactive palmitic acid, choline, and phosphate were given to rabbits 28 and 30 days pregnant, and the labeling of phosphatidylcholine in the fetal lung and alveolar wash was studied. Labeled phosphatidylcholine was detected initially in the alveolar wash three hours after isotope administration. The three-hour delay was independent of precursor studied or gestational age, and the radioactive phosphatidylcholine continued to accumulate in the wash fluid for at least 18 hours. Each labeled precursor of phosphatidylcholine sequentially labeled the phosphatidylcholine from microsomal, lamellar body and alveolar wash lung fractions of the 30 day fetal animals.
Isogeometric Fatigue Damage Prediction in Large-Scale Composite Structures Driven by Dynamic Sensor Data

Author(s): Bazilevs, Y; Deng, X; Korobenko, A; Di Scalea, FL; Todd, MD; Taylor, SG | Abstract: In this paper, we combine recent developments in modeling of fatigue-damage, isogeometric analysis (IGA) of thin-shell structures, and structural health monitoring (SHM) to develop a computational steering framework for fatigue-damage prediction in full-scale laminated composite structures. The main constituents of the proposed framework are described in detail, and the framework is deployed in the context of an actual fatigue test of a full-scale wind-turbine blade structure. The results indicate that using an advanced computational model informed by in situ SHM data leads to accurate prediction of the damage zone formation, damage progression, and eventual failure of the structure. Although the blade fatigue simulation was driven by test data obtained prior to the computation, the proposed computational steering framework may be deployed concurrently with structures undergoing fatigue loading.
A Review of “HTML5 and CSS3: Develop with Tomorrow’s Standards Today.”

HTML5 and CSS3 is an introduction to some of the new features in the latest standards. Specifically, the book covers how hypertext markup language code can be integrated into the open Web stack, a ...
The Multiculturalism Debate and Social Work Education: A Response to Dorothy Van Soest.

In an article in the Winter 1995 issue of the journal of Social Work Education, Dorothy Van Soest challenged social work professionals to debate competing perspectives on multiculturalism. Van Soest asserted that social work educators have failed to resolve hidden value conflicts about multiculturalism and, consequently, failed to carry out the theme in the social work curriculum. The authors contend that multiculturalism is the wrong construct to debate- that social work educators should be concerned instead with cultural diversity, and that Van Soest’s attack on social work education is unwarranted.
Bioactive Natural Products Derived from Polygonum Species of Plants: Their Structures and Mechanisms of Action

Abstract This review encompasses the natural products literature (with the exception of the patent literature or conference abstracts) of some of the different species of plants in the Polygonum species. Some of the plants in this genus originated in Japan and were later introduced to other parts of the world. These plants are commonly used in Chinese and Japanese folk medicine for the treatment of bronchial and pulmonary disorders, suppurative dermatitis, gonorrhea, and hyperlipemia. The main focus will be on plant species from the genus Polygonum which is also synonymous with the genuses, Fallopia and Reytonouria. A comprehensive analysis detailing the research on the chemistry of the different classes of natural products from extracts of Polygonum plant species and their modes of action will be reported and the structure-activity relationships will be addressed wherever possible. In addition, the evaluations of bioactive compounds of Polygonum species will be discussed in terms of potential biological uses.
Transcriptional activation of cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme expression during trophoblast cell differentiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate P450scc expression during trophoblast differentiation. Biochemical characteristics of P450scc protein and mRNA identified in rat trophoblast tissues were similar to those identified in the rat adrenal gland. Furthermore, P450scc was localized to trophoblast giant cells. This observation prompted an examination of progesterone biosynthesis and P450scc expression in Rcho-1 cells. Rcho-1 cells were derived from a transplantable rat choriocarcinoma, their differentiation can be regulated, and they have the capacity to express the trophoblast giant cell phenotype. Progesterone was produced by Rcho-1 cells and increased approximately 100-fold as the cells progressed from proliferation to differentiation. P450scc protein and mRNA accumulation also increased during trophoblast differentiation. P450scc expression within the Rcho-1 cell line was restricted to trophoblast giant cells. To further investigate the regulation of P450scc expression during trophoblast differentiation, we examined a plasmid construct, containing 894 base pairs of DNA 5' upstream from the P450scc transcriptional start site linked to a human growth hormone reporter gene, following stable transfection into Rcho-1 cells. The transfected P450scc regulatory DNA permitted the expression of human growth hormone which paralleled expression of the endogenous P450scc gene. In conclusion, transcriptional activation of the P450scc gene accompanies trophoblast giant cell differentiation.
Interferometric Lithography with a Desk-Top Size Soft X-Ray Laser

We have demonstrated a compact interferometric lithography nanopattern-ing tool based on an amplitude division interferometer and a 46.9 nm wavelength desk-top size capillary discharge laser. The system is designed to print arrays of lines, holes, and dots with sizes below 100 nm on high resolution photoresists for the fabrication of arrays of nanostructures with physical and biological applications. The future combination of this amplitude division interferometer with high repetition rate table-top lasers operating at shorter wavelengths should allow the printing of arrays with features size only limited by the photoresist resolution in a table top set-up.
How does pragmatic competence develop in bilinguals

This paper aims to discuss how the emerging new language with its own developing socio-cultural foundation affects the existing L1-governed knowledge and pragmatic competence of adult sequential bilinguals. It is assumed that these bilinguals already have an L1-governed pragmatic competence at place, which will be adjusted to accommodate the socio-cultural requirements of the new language. So there is no separate L2 pragmatic competence. What happens is that the existing L1-governed pragmatic competence becomes bilingual pragmatic competence while changing dynamically under the influence of the new language and its socio-cultural requirements and behaviour patterns blending the emerging features and skills with the existing ones. I will argue that there is a basic difference between the development of pragmatic competence in L1 and the sequential development of bilingual pragmatic competence. While the former is controlled mainly by the socio-cultural environment the latter is mostly motivated by individu...
Review of Michael J. Behe's Book: The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism

Michael J. Behe, in "The Edge of Evolution", shows himself to be an evolutionist. He believes in common descent, but he questions the limit of Darwin's theory. Behe sees Darwin's theory as describing only micro evolution. You can find this book at Amazon: The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism .
Changing the Support of a Spatial Covariate: A Simulation Study

Researchers are increasingly able to capture spatially referenced data on both a response and a covariate more frequently and in more detail. A combination of geostatisical models and analysis of covariance methods may be used to analyze such data. However, very basic questions regarding the effects of using a covariate whose support differs from that of the response variable must be addressed to utilize these methods most effi ciently. In this experiment, a simulation study was conducted to assess the following: (i) the gain in effi ciency when geostatistical models are used, (ii) the gain in effi ciency when analysis of covariance methods are used, and (iii) the effects of including a covariate whose support differs from that of the response variable in the analysis. This study suggests that analyses which both account for spatial structure and exploit information from a covariate are most powerful. Also, the results indicate that the support of the covariate should be as close as possible to the support of the response variable to obtain the most accurate experimental results.
Postoperative nomogram for 12-year sarcoma-specific death

PURPOSE: Few published studies have analyzed risk factors for sarcoma-specific death. We developed and internally validated a nomogram that combines the factors to predict the probability of 12-year sarcoma-specific death using a database of 2,136 prospectively followed adult patients treated at a single institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nomogram predictor variables included age at diagnosis, tumor size (≤ 5, 5 to 10, or > 10 cm), histologic grade (high or low), histologic subtype (fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve tumor, synovial, or other), depth (superficial or deep), and site (upper extremity, lower extremity, visceral, thoracic or trunk, retrointraabdominal, or head or neck). Death from sarcoma or treatment complication was the predicted end point. Three prediction methods were compared, Kaplan-Meier analysis of all possible subsets, recursive partitioning, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The concordance index was ...
The pharmacologic basis of antihypertensive therapy: The role of vasodilator drugs.

N I RECENT YEARS, the drug therapy of hypertension has centered around pharmacologic methods for inhibition of adrenergic nervous activity. The rationale of this approach has been that the removal or attenuation of the adrenergic outflow will lower blood pressure regardless of the arterial pressor mechanisms responsible for the hypertension, since these nerves are still active and contributing vasoconstrictive stimuli despite the elevated blood pressure. The presence of a normal functional level of activity of the adrenergic nerves in the hypertensive patient has been shown by the excretion of catecholamines in the urine, which is at least equivalent to the excretion in nonhypertensive subjects.’ Indeed, in some of these patients, there may even be an increase of adrenergic activity as shown either by blood catecholamines2 or by an alteration of the pattern of firing of peripheral sympathetic nerves.3 As adrenergic influences on the vascular resistance are reduced by pharmacologic inhibition of neuronal function, there will also be a reduced cardiac output resulting from diminished myocardial contractility and venous pooling,4 and these factors will also contribute to a vasodepressor esponse. In some patients, the therapeutic approach with adrenergicinhibiting drugs is successful, and a hypotensive effect can be achieved with only a moderate disruption of the overall control function of the adrenergic nervous system. However, in others, either the desired vasodepressor effect is not achieved, or it is obtained only at the expense of an unacceptable degree of disruption of adrenergic function such that homeostatic control of the circulation is severely compromised. In these latter patients, it becomes necessary to utilize other mechanisms for blood pressure reduction, and in
Effect of calcium on mitosis in the thymuses of normal and irradiated rats.

THE demonstration that increased levels of calcium in cultures of strain L mouse fibroblasts and rat thymocytes stimulated mitosis and reduced, or prevented, the transient mitotic delay produced by irradiation1,2 led to the hypothesis that a rise in the concentration of calcium in the blood and tissues might also stimulate normal mitosis and reduce post-irradiation mitotic delay in the whole animal.
Debates in dynamics: A dynamical systems perspective on action and perception

Abstract Since the seminal publication by Kugler, Kelso and Turvey (1980), which formulated an agenda for understanding movement coordination based on the merging of Bernstein's insights and modern nonlinear dynamics, and since the classic results on phase transitions in rhythmic bimanual coordination the dynamical systems approach to action and perception has made considerable progress. The special issue collects research presented in a 3-day workshop “Debates in Dynamics” that portrays recent advances in the dynamical systems account to perception and action. As reflected in the wide spectrum of themes, the dynamical systems account has clearly diverged in the issues it addresses, in the levels of analysis, and in the formal concepts and tools it applies, without loosing its common thread of convergent assumptions and language.
Anomalous diffusion and stretched exponentials in heterogeneous glass-forming liquids: Low-temperature behavior

We propose a model of a heterogeneous glass-forming liquid and compute the low-temperature behavior of a tagged molecule moving within it. This model exhibits stretched-exponential decay of the wave-number-dependent, self-intermediate scattering function in the limit of long times. At temperatures close to the glass transition, where the heterogeneities are much larger in extent than the molecular spacing, the time dependence of the scattering function crosses over from stretched-exponential decay with an index $b=1/2$ at large wave numbers to normal, diffusive behavior with $b=1$ at small wave numbers. There is a clear separation between early-stage, cage-breaking $\ensuremath{\beta}$ relaxation and late-stage $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ relaxation. The spatial representation of the scattering function exhibits an anomalously broad exponential (non-Gaussian) tail for sufficiently large values of the molecular displacement at all finite times.
Incinerators, birth defects and the legacy of Thomas Bayes

A paper in this issue of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ( see page 493 ) provides evidence that exposure to emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) increases the risk of urinary tract birth defects.1 These findings raise concern of potentially large health impacts, given the widespread and growing use of this technology. But epidemiologists have learned to interpret any single study, no matter how compelling, with caution and nuance. They will ask: how valid was the exposure model? How serious was the selection bias resulting from inability to interview 38% of the cases? To what extent was the potential confounding by social class variables effectively controlled? Rather than providing my own judgements about these and other questions concerning this study's validity, I would like to address some brief remarks to non-experts who may find Cordier's study and wonder how much weight to give it as they form their own opinions about the health impacts of MSWIs. It is often argued that science should be kept distinct from policy; scientists should conduct their research without prejudice or influence, and should be responsible only for providing data to policymakers or the public. …
Plasma exchange for preeclampsia: III. Immediate peripartal utilization for selected patients with HELLP syndrome.

Objective To explore the potential efficacy of plasma exchange as an ancillary interventive therapeutic tool immediately before or after delivery in the patient with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. Study design Two gravidas with complicated severe preeclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP syndrome were treated emergently in the immediate peripartal period with single-volume plasma exchange and fresh frozen plasma fluid replacement using the IBM 2997 Cell Separator. Results Despite multiple platelet unit infusions, one primigravida in active labor at 5 cm cervical dilation and 39 weeks' gestation remained at a platelet count of 14,000/microL and began to ooze from her guns. A second primigravida remained obtunded, oliguric, and thrombocytopenic with epistaxis and hematuria following cesarean delivery and platelet transfusions. A single expedited 3-liter plasma exchange procedure reversed the rapidly deteriorating clinical situation for each patient and accelerated recovery from HELLP syndrome. Both patients and progeny suffered no permanent sequelae. Conclusion Based on our experience, we believe that the therapeutic modality of plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma can be employed effectively for the pregnant patient with severe atypical HELLP syndrome that progressively worsens during labor or the early puerperium despite the use of conventional transfusion therapy.
International Commerce and Undocumented Workers: Using Trade to Secure Labor Rights

This article explores the rights of illegal immigrants and undocumented workers throughout the world. International treaties have attempted to deal with the rights of undocumented workers, but few countries have been willing to sign on to the treaties. This article argues that undocumented workers should have more expansive rights, and that international trade agreements and institutions should be used where human rights and domestic solutions have failed to guarantee the rights of the most vulnerable workers.
Demonstration of Dual Parallel Jet Interaction in an In Vitro Model of Multivalvular Disease by Use of Optical Visualization and Color Doppler Flow Mapping

Parallel jets, such as those occurring in the heart in multivalvular diseases like combined mitral stenosis and aortic insufficiency, have created difficulty when color Doppler flow mapping or continuous wave Doppler has been used to localize or to measure the jets because they appear to merge. Dual jet interaction was reproduced in an in vitro transparent model by driving two parallel adjacent jets, one lower velocity, higher mass, through a 19 mm 2 orifice, and the other higher peak velocity, smaller mass through two orifices, 0.27 mm 2 and 1.5 mm 2 , by use of a solution of India ink and cornstarch to optically visualize- the jet interaction and image the interaction by color Doppler. Consistent deviation of the lower velocity jet towards the higher velocity jet was observed, and the large jet angled more strongly towards the small jet for the 1.5 mm2 small jet orifice than for the 0.27 mm 2 orifice for constant large and small jet velocities. There was a better linear correlation of the amount of large jet angulation to the ratio of both jets' Reynolds numbers than to the ratio of both flow rates. The jets interacted as close as 1.3 cm from their point of origin, and the region after the jets merged was a highly turbulent mixing zone where neither jet could be separately imaged or visualized. These observations suggest that relative velocity plays a primary role in determining jet interaction which is a recruitment phenomena but that other hydrodynamic parameters, such as flow rate and Reynolds numbers, determine the degree to which the jets deviate.
Triplet‐Triplet Absorption Studies on Aromatic and Heterocyclic Molecules at 77 °K

Triplet‐triplet absorption spectroscopy has been extended both to numerous new molecules of current spectroscopic interest and to lower energy spectral regions (to 10 000 cm−1) of previously investigated molecules. Measurements have been carried out by the method of steady cross illumination using a modified Cary 14 spectrophotometer.Eight new T‐T transitions have been found in the present research. New lower energy bands have been studied in the previously studied molecules triphenylene, phenanthrene, and phenanthrene‐D10; in the latter two molecules, an evaluation was made of the absorption coefficient (e = 675), which has established the forbidden character of the observed bands. A tentative assignment as 3Lb←3La of the new triplet‐triplet transition at 12 075 cm−1 in phenanthrene has been made from theoretical considerations. Some absorptions found previously in the literature for phenanthrene and fluorene have been questioned. Triplet‐triplet absorption has been verified in diphenylamine by lifetime ...
Designing a spatially aware, automated quadcopter using an Android control system

Intelligence gathering is a critical component of military operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an increasingly useful tool due to their surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. However, the use of many of these vehicles is limited to outdoor environments because of their size and reliance on Global Positioning Satellites (GPS). Knowledge of indoor environments is important so that the risk of entering an unsafe or unknown building can be minimized. This paper describes the development of a spatially aware, autonomous quadcopter that uses an Android control system and functions indoors. The system consists of a laser rangefinder for sensory input, a IOIO microcontroller for data communication across platforms, an autopilot system (APM) for flight control, and an Android phone for mission control. The Android Control and Sensor System (ACSS) is currently being developed by the Department of Defense (DOD), MITRE, and academic partners, and will be integrated into the solution. To be considered autonomous, the quadcopter must be able to make a map from the data provided by the laser rangefinder, determine its own location and position in that map, and then execute a set of navigational commands from the Android control system. The success of this project is measured by the system's ability to travel autonomously while simultaneously creating a map and being aware of its location.
Comparing Molecular Variation to Morphological Species Designations in the Deep-Sea Coral Narella Reveals New Insights into Seamount Coral Ranges

Recent studies have countered the paradigm of seamount isolation, confounding conservation efforts at a critical time. Efforts to study deep-sea corals, one of the dominant taxa on seamounts, to understand seamount connectivity, are hampered by a lack of taxonomic keys. A prerequisite for connectivity is species overlap. Attempts to better understand species overlap using DNA barcoding methods suggest coral species are widely distributed on seamounts and nearby features. However, no baseline has been established for variation in these genetic markers relative to morphological species designations for deep-sea octocoral families. Here we assess levels of genetic variation in potential octocoral mitochondrial barcode markers relative to thoroughly examined morphological species in the genus Narella. The combination of six markers used here, approximately 3350 bp of the mitochondrial genome, resolved 83% of the morphological species. Our results show that two of the markers, ND2 and NCR1, are not sufficient to resolve genera within Primnoidae, let alone species. Re-evaluation of previous studies of seamount octocorals based on these results suggest that those studies were looking at distributions at a level higher than species, possibly even genus or subfamily. Results for Narella show that using more markers provides haplotypes with relatively narrow depth ranges on the seamounts studied. Given the lack of 100% resolution of species with such a large portion of the mitochondrial genome, we argue that previous genetic studies have not resolved the degree of species overlap on seamounts and that we may not have the power to even test the hypothesis of seamount isolation using mitochondrial markers, let alone refute it. Thus a precautionary approach is advocated in seamount conservation and management, and the potential for depth structuring should be considered.
Pfiesteria : review of the science and identification of research gaps. Report for the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

In connection with the CDC National Conference on Pfiesteria, a multidisciplinary panel evaluated Pfiesteria-related research. The panel set out what was known and what was not known about adverse effects of the organism on estuarine ecology, fish, and human health; assessed the methods used in Pfiesteria research; and offered suggestions to address data gaps. The panel's expertise covered dinoflagellate ecology; fish pathology and toxicology; laboratory measurement of toxins, epidemiology, and neurology. The panel evaluated peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature available through June 2000 in a systematic conceptual framework that moved from the source of exposure, through exposure research and dose, to human health effects. Substantial uncertainties remain throughout the conceptual framework the panel used to guide its evaluation. Firm evidence demonstrates that Pfiesteria is toxic to fish, but the specific toxin has not been isolated or characterized. Laboratory and field evidence indicate that the organism has a complex life cycle. The consequences of human exposure to Pfiesteria toxin and the magnitude of the human health problem remain obscure. The patchwork of approaches used in clinical evaluation and surrogate measures of exposure to the toxin are major limitations of this work. To protect public health, the panel suggests that priority be given research that will provide better insight into the effects of Pfiesteria on human health. Key gaps include the identity and mechanism of action of the toxin(s), the incomplete description of effects of exposure in invertebrates, fish, and humans, and the nature and extent of exposures that place people at risk.
Treatment contracts in long-term groups with alcoholic outpatients: A group case study

This paper describes the process of treatment contracting in a long-term group with alcoholic outpatients — relating the contracting process to the dynamics of the group and to the total treatment context. The material presented highlights the ways in which the contracting process (in particular, grappling with the issue of who should set the terms of the contract) may serve as a model for helping group members better understand and cope with problems in assertiueness and limit setting.
Computational flowfields for static testing of powered hypersonic aftbody models

Two-dimensional CFD analyses are presented related to the ground testing of hypersonic, air-breathing models which feature scramjet exhaust flow simulation. CFD analysis indicates that it is possible to test aftbody powered hypersonic airbreather configurations in a static, pumped-down environment to obtain aftbody aerodynamic performance data.
Anwendung elektro-optischer Effekte zur Analyse des elektrischen Leitungsvorganges in CdS-Einkristallen

Es werden elektro-optische Methoden beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe es moglich ist, bei hohen elektrischen Feldern direkt den Verlauf des Stromes oder des elektrischen Feldes sichtbar zu machen. Dabei zeigt sich, das das elektrische Feld im Durchschlagsbereich stark inhomogen ist. Vor der Kathode, von dieser jedoch deutlich getrennt, bildet sich im allgemeinen ein ringformiger Bereich maximaler Feldstarke. Das anodenseitig angrenzende Gebiet zeigt betrachtlich erhohte Leitfahigkeit.
Strategic directions in computer science education

Public support for universities and thetraditional balance between researchand teaching have each come under in-creased scrutiny and criticism. At thesame time, modern society grows evermore dependent on computing technol-ogy and many sectors of science andindustry anticipate ongoing shortages ofwell trained computer scientists and en-gineers.The distance between the foundationsof computing and its research and appli-cation frontiers is considerably shorterthan in many other fields. As a result,the curriculum in computer science andengineering (CS&E) faces constant evo-lutionary pressure to integrate new crit-ical developments. The rapid changes intechnology, however, also affect the pro-cess of educational delivery. Recent ad-vances in networking and graphics, forexample, make it possible to developeffective pedagogical tools and sharethem among many different educationalinstitutions.CS&E educators must play a key rolein responding to these changes. To re-main effective, CS&E education mustevolve in both method and content asour discipline progresses. Educatorsneed to champion new technologies thatincrease the quality of education, pro-vide opportunities to a wider class ofstudents, and prepare graduates to par-ticipate in the development of technolo-gies that ensure the safety, privacy, em-powerment, and competencies of futurecitizens. Meeting this challenge will re-quire fundamental changes in the wayin which faculties represent the princi-ples and practice of CS&E at all educa-tional levels.
Optimum Driving Control Based on Throttling Mechanism Design

The performance of a racing engine is most dependent on the control of airflow entering the air intake manifold. In order to improve drivability and throttle response, the throttle angle within the throttle body must be precisely tuned with engine airflow. The actuation motion must be set as a direct function of the accelerator pedal position if this direct relationship is to be achieved.Many of the current throttling mechanisms are designed with a variable pedal-to-throttle response, meaning simply that a certain distance of pedal displacement does not necessarily result in a defined amount of throttle rotation. This setup, in most cases, is created by design in order to fit the type of vehicle being discussed. Known as brand DNA, this practice would, for instance, prescribe a smaller pedal-to-throttle ratio for a sports car than it would for a luxury car. This setup is acceptable for the common driver; however, in a racing situation a more precise relationship is needed.The airflow through a standard automotive throttle body is not exactly proportional to the displacement of the accelerator pedal. Therefore, another method is needed to open the butterfly valve in order to ensure that airflow through the throttle body is metered equal to pedal displacement. This paper finds that the implementation of a cam-type pulley is necessary to achieve this prescribed goal.© 2012 ASME
Regulation of gluconeogenesis by norepinephrine, vasopressin, and angiotensin II: A comparative study in the absence and presence of extracellular Ca2+

Abstract In hepatocytes isolated from fasted rats, vasopressin and angiotensin II stimulate the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate or pyruvate in a Ca2+-dependent manner similar to that previously reported for norepinephrine. Actions of the peptide hormones on gluconeogenesis from glycerol or sorbitol, reduced substrates that require oxidation before they enter the gluconeogenic pathway at triosephosphate, also resemble those of norepinephrine. Stimulation of glucose production from these substrates is observed only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Actions of the peptide hormones on gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone or fructose, the oxidized counterparts of glycerol and sorbitol, respectively, do not resemble those of norepinephrine. While norepinephrine enhances rates of glucose production from dihydroxyacetone or fructose in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, vasopressin and angiotensin II are ineffective either in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. When the oxidation-reduction state in hepatocytes metabolizing dihydroxyacetone is altered by adding an equimolar concentration of ethanol (to provide cytosolic reducing equivalents), the results are similar to those obtained when cells are incubated with the reduced counterpart of dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, i.e., the peptide hormones cause an apparent increase in the rate of glucose production in a Ca2+-dependent manner. If, on the other hand, hepatocytes are incubated with glycerol or sorbitol and an equimolar concentration of pyruvate (to provide a cytosolic hydrogen acceptor), the peptide hormones, unlike norepinephrine, are ineffective in stimulating gluconeogenesis in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. These results indicate that whereas many of the actions of vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar to those of α1-adrenergic agents, there are major differences in the manner in which the hormones act at various sites to regulate gluconeogenesis.
Observational assessment of Arctic Ocean sea ice motion, export, and thickness in CMIP3 climate simulations

[1] We compare the CMIP3 model fields with observations of sea ice motion, export, extent, and thickness and analyze fields of sea level pressure and geostrophic wind of the Arctic Ocean. These variables play important roles in the distribution and annual balance of sea ice volume within the basin. While it is not expected that uninitialized simulations agree completely with observations, these assessments serve to summarize ensemble behavior, as baselines for measuring improvements, and to evaluate reliability of CMIP3 simulations (and potentially CMIP5) for projection of decline rates of Arctic sea ice coverage. We find the model-data differences and intermodel scatter in summarizing statistics are large. In a majority of model fields the mean high-pressure pattern in the southern Beaufort is significantly displaced toward the central Arctic Basin, leading to difficulties in reproducing the mean spatial patterns of sea ice circulation, thickness, and ice export. Thus, even though the CMIP3 multimodel data set agrees that increased greenhouse gas concentrations will result in reductions of Arctic sea ice area and volume, these comparisons suggest considerable uncertainties in the projected rates of sea ice decline.
Subset of neurons characterized by the presence of NADPH-diaphorase in human substantia innominata

The substantia innominata encompasses an area of the basal forebrain that is ventral to the lenticular nucleus and anterior commissure, medial to the claustrum and external capsule, and lateral to the hypothalamus. The nucleus basalis of Meynert consists primarily of large acetylcholinesterase (AchE)-positive neurons embedded within the substantia innominata. Damage to these neurons may be important in the pathogenesis of cortical dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. In order to characterize other neuronal elements in the substantia innominata and their relationship to the nucleus basalis, we chose to study a biochemically distinct neuronal subset containing the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d). The substantia innominata was blocked from six normal brains obtained postmortem and fixed in neutral-buffered formalin at 4°C for 48 hours. Free-floating 50-μm sections from several levels were stained for NADPH-d or AchE activities. Selected sections were double stained for NADPH-d and AchE. NADPH-d activity was present in a network of pleomorphic neurons that extended through all levels of the substantia innominata and into the striatum and amygdala. NADPH-d neurons were particularly numerous at the level of the anterior commisure and were closely associated with the cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis. They were not seen in the ventral pallidum, or the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca or in the islands of Calleja. The cell bodies of NADPH-d neurons were quite varied in shape, ranging from ovoid to fusiform, and about half the cells were bipolar. Where neuronal density was high, their dendrites formed an interlacing pattern. NADPH-d-positive fibres were seen coursing through the external capsule, hypothalamus, and amygdala. This novel set of neurons in the substantia innominata may be part of a more extensive network that interacts with the magnocellular basal fore-brain system at the level of the nucleus basalis. Whether other neurotransmitters are present within these neurons and whether NADPH-d neurons are involved in Alzheimer's disease remain to be elucidated.
NEOTROPICAL BIRD MIGRATION DURING THE ICE AGES: ORIENTATION AND ECOLOGY

ABsTRAcr.-Reconstruction of breeding habitat of North American Neotropical migrants 18,000 years ago and 9,000 years ago indicated major shifts in both location and composition of plant communities relative to present conditions. Increased vegetation in xeric areas may have compensated, at least in part, for the reduction in breeding habitat due to glaciation. Autumnal flights of Neotropical passerine migrants flying on constant headings from North America to Central and South America were simulated under present wind conditions and for winds during periods of glaciation at 18,000 and 9,000 years ago. The 1550 average headings currently observed for Atlantic migrants were found to function well during periods of glaciation and may have been more generally useful during those times than at present. Received 15 June 1994, accepted 27 January 1995.
Discovery and pharmacological characterization of a selective delta opiate receptor antagonist (CP-646,777)

CP-646,777 (compound 2a) is identified as a potent and selective delta opioid receptor antagonist. The synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, disposition characteristics and pharmacokinetic properties of this compound are reported herein. An approach for reducing clearance as measured by human liver microsomes is demonstrated. The significance of p-glycoprotein efflux on CNS disposition and on the pharmacological action of CP-646,777 is also discussed.
Mechanism and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic hemodialysis patients

We monitored, by the Holter method, 23 clinically stable maintenance hemodialysis patients for 5 +/- (SEM) 2 hours before hemodialysis, 5.0 +/- 0.5 hours during hemodialysis, and 13 +/- 3 hours after hemodialysis. Of 23 patients, 9 (39%) had unexpected frequent or complex ventricular arrhythmias recorded and after hemodialysis with a potassium dialysate bath concentration of 2.0 mEq/liter. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias were more likely to be using digoxin (8/9 vs. 1/4) and to have evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (9/9 vs. 7/4 than were those patients without arrhythmias. Of these 9 patients with arrhythmias, 6 underwent repeat Holter monitoring during multiple dialysate protocols. Of the 6 patients, 4 had a significant reduction in the frequency of ventricular ectopy when a dialysate of 3.5 mEq/liter potassium was used (P < 0.05), but of these 6, 3 still had complex arrhythmias. The use, however, of a 3.5 mEq/liter potassium dialysate plus the administration of a 400-mg dose of quinidine sulfate orally 45 min prior to hemodialysis was successful in reducing ventricular ectopic frequency and complexity in all the patients studied. Conclusion. Maintenance hemodialysis patient using digoxin and with left ventricular hypertrophy have an unexpectdly high indicence of occult, potentoial serious, ventricular arrhythmias during and after hemodialysis, revealed by Holter monitoring. There is preliminary evidence that a low-potassium bath concentration may play a role in predisoposing patients to these arrhythmias. Further prospective studies with largaer number of patients will be needed, however, to evaluate the significance of these findings.
PyDipSi: A General and Easily Modifiable/Traceless Si-Tethered Directing Group for C−H Acyloxylation of Arenes

A new general and easily installable silicon-tethered pyridyl-containing directing group (PyDipSi) that allows for highly efficient and regioselective Pd-catalyzed ortho C−H acyloxylation of arenes has been developed. It has also been demonstrated that this directing group can efficiently be removed as well as converted into a variety of other valuable functional groups. In addition, the installation of the PyDipSi directing group along with pivaloxylation and quantitative conversion of the PyDipSi group into a halogen functionality represents a formal three-step ortho oxygenation of haloarenes.