cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APSA Fund Successfully Mentoring Latino Scholars

Recent census estimates place the percentage of Americans who are of Latino/Hispanic origin at more than 14%, up from 12.5% in the 2000 census. Despite comprising this large and increasing proportion of the population, Latinos continue to be severely underrepresented in the discipline. Today Latinos comprise fewer than 2% of all political scientists in the United States. This significant under-representation reflects the many barriers that continue to exist in terms of educational attainment among Latinos. In turn, our discipline is impacted by this trend as our ability to adequately assess the political incorporation and impact of this increasingly important minority population is seriously limited.
Injection locked VCSELs for microwave photonic applications in analog RF links and real time arbitrary waveform generation

In this paper, we show recent results in the use of injection locked vertical cavity semiconductor lasers (VCSELs) as novel modulators and narrowband optical filters that can be exploited for applications relevant to microwave photonics. Specifically, we exploit the phase modulation that is imparted onto the injection locked signal by modulating the current to the VCSEL. Optical filtering is realized by noting that there exists a ‘locking range’ which determines the amount of optical detuning from the free running VCSEL and the injection seed signal allowed for the injection locked process to work. Using these two salient properties of injection locked VCSELs, we show that one can simultaneously select single components from a frequency comb and realize either modulation or detection functionality. Furthermore, we show how injection locked VCSELs can be used in highly linear RF analog links and how VCSELs can be used with an optical comb to perform real time waveform generation [1].
Splash-cup plants accelerate raindrops to disperse seeds

The conical flowers of splash-cup plants Chrysosplenium and Mazus catch raindrops opportunistically, exploiting the subsequent splash to disperse their seeds. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we elucidate their mechanism for maximizing dispersal distance. We fabricate conical plant mimics using three-dimensional printing, and use high-speed video to visualize splash profiles and seed travel distance. Drop impacts that strike the cup off-centre achieve the largest dispersal distances of up to 1 m. Such distances are achieved because splash speeds are three to five times faster than incoming drop speeds, and so faster than the traditionally studied splashes occurring upon horizontal surfaces. This anomalous splash speed is because of the superposition of two components of momentum, one associated with a component of the drop's motion parallel to the splash-cup surface, and the other associated with film spreading induced by impact with the splash-cup. Our model incorporating these effects predicts the observed dispersal distance within 6–18% error. According to our experiments, the optimal cone angle for the splash-cup is 40°, a value consistent with the average of five species of splash-cup plants. This optimal angle arises from the competing effects of velocity amplification and projectile launching angle.
Composite sandwich beams under low-velocity impact

Sandwich construction is widely used in aerospace and marine structures because the concept is very suitable and amenable to the development of lightweight structures with high in-plane and flexural stiffness. The basic idea behind these structures is the separation of relatively stiff and thin facesheets by a lightweight and thicker flexible core. A comprehensive work on composite sandwich structures that includes fabrication, testing and analysis of these structures under static and impact loading was performed. The experimental and theoretical aspects of the behavior of composite sandwich structures under low-velocity impact are presented here. An analytical model that predicts the impact force based on the mechanical properties and geometrical dimensions of the constituents and contact law was also developed. Carbon composites, PVC foams and various other core materials were considered and their influence on the structural behavior was well documented The contact law and failure mechanisms were also analyzed in detail and will be presented in subsequent publications.
Airplane Accidents, Murder, and the Mass Media: Towards a Theory of Imitation and Suggestion

This paper presents evidence indicating that imitation and suggestion have a powerful impact on social behavior. The major findings of the paper are: (1) After publicized murder-suicide stories there is an increase in noncommercial plane crashes and an increase in airline crashes. (2) This increase in crashes persists for approximately nine days, and then the level of crashes returns to normal. (3) The greater the publicity given by the mass media to a murder-suicide story, the greater the increase in airline crashes and the greater the increase in noncommercial plane crashes. Alternative explanations for the findings are tested. The best available explanation is that publicized murder-suicide stories trigger additional, imitative murder-suicides, some of which are disguised as airplane accidents. The second half of the paper moves from the empirical findings towards a modern sociological theory of imitation and suggestion. Some nineteenth century sociologists began to theorize upon this topic, but modern sociologists have virtually ignored it. Both the empirical evidence and the theoretical discussion presented in this paper suggest that it may be worth reopening a line of research which has been closed since the turn of this century. Despite the classic contributions of Tarde, LeBon, and Mead, modern sociology has very largely neglected the concepts of imitation and suggestion. Sociologists' neglect of these concepts is somewhat surprising, because there has been widespread interest in imitation, suggestion, and modeling outside of sociology, particularly in the fields of psychology and economics.1 The effect of imitation has been extensively documented by psy
Adenine nucleotide efflux in mitochondria induced by inorganic pyrophosphate.

Abstract The efflux of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide which is induced by addition of PP i to suspensions of rat liver mitochondria has been investigated. This efflux of adenine nucleotide is greatly stimulated by the uncoupler FCCP at 1 μM, V max being 6.7 nmol/min per mg protein as compared to 2.0 nmol/min per mg protein in its absence. The depletion process is inhibited by carboxyatractyloside. The K m for PP i of 1.25 mM is essentially unchanged when uncoupler is added. Quantitation of the individual adenine nucleotide species (ATP, ADP and AMP) and their relationship to the rate of efflux suggests that ADP is the predominant species being exchanged for PP i .
Study on Optimization Control Method of the Pickling Process

The pickling process is the important metallurgical production process. Based on pickling process prediction model, considering the max economic efficiency as the optimized objective, and seeing the operating variables as the decision variables, this paper establishes the pickling process optimization model and makes the optimized calculation to get the value of each key control circuit. At the same time, considering the pickling process prediction model error brings the uncertainty to the optimization results, based on iterative optimization control thoughts do pickling process optimization control, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method.
Testosterone and the Aging Male

The number and magnitude of studies involving testosterone-supplementation therapy in older men are limited. In addition, many studies to date have not been blinded or controlled, were reported in abstract form only, and had involved a variety of androgen-replacement regimens and outcomes measurements. Nonetheless, an overview of the data suggests there is real potential for supplementation therapy to improve bone mass and muscle mass and strength in this age group. Affects on mood, sexual function, and cognition are less clear but may be meaningful in certain men. Questions still remain, however, on the magnitude and longevity of the beneficial effects of testosterone supplementation in the older man and whether only certain subgroups of men would truly benefit from therapy. More importantly, the long-term risks of androgen therapy in this age group really are not known, especially in the areas of cardiovascular disease and prostate diseases. Presently, men who use androgen-supplementation therapy for age-related "testosterone deficiency" should consider this as a gamble.
Addressing burstiness for reliable communication and latency bound generation in wireless sensor networks

As wireless sensor networks mature, they are increasingly being used in real-time applications. Many of these applications require reliable transmission within latency bounds. Achieving this goal is very difficult because of link burstiness and interference. Based on significant empirical evidence of 21 days and over 3,600,000 packets transmission per link, we propose a scheduling algorithm that produces latency bounds of the real-time periodic streams and accounts for both link bursts and interference. The solution is achieved through the definition of a new metric Bmax that characterizes links by their maximum burst length, and by choosing a novel least-burst-route that minimizes the sum of worst case burst lengths over all links in the route. A testbed evaluation consisting of 48 nodes spread across a floor of a building shows that we obtain 100% reliable packet delivery within derived latency bounds. We also demonstrate how performance deteriorates and discuss its implications for wireless networks with insufficient high quality links.
Aluminum interlayers in layer silicates; Effect of OH/ Al ratio of Al solution, time of reaction, and type of structure

Aluminum intertayers were synthesized under the same experimental conditions in a number of vermiculites and montmorillonites from different sources to determine the effects of the degree of neutralization of AI solutions, the time of reaction, and the' type of structure. Vermiculite fixed AI as well as hydroxy-Al ions in its interlayers, producing a stable 14 ,~ spacing and decreasing its cation exchange capacity considerably. Heating the Al-interlayered vermiculite at 300~ produced an interstratified mixture, indicating that some interlayers collapsed while others did not. The different collapse was attributed to different charge on vermiculite layers. Neither the aging of vermiculite in AI solutions nor their OH/AI ratios changed the stability of the interlayers appreciably. Montmorillonites, on the other hand, did not fix AI ions but fixed appreciable amounts ofhydroxy- AI ions. In addition, the stability of the interlayers in montmorillonite increased on aging in hydroxy- A1 solutions and exceeded the stability of the interlayers produced in vermiculite. To explain the greater stability of montmorillonite interlayers, it was postulated that the more expanded interlayer space in montmorillonite provides a favorable locale for the organization of hydroxy-A1 ions into gibbsite structure while the restricted expansion in vermiculite prevents it.
D/H amide kinetic isotope effects reveal when hydrogen bonds form during protein folding.

We have exploited a procedure to identify when hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) form under two-state folding conditions using equilibrium and kinetic deuterium/hydrogen amide isotope effects. Deuteration decreases the stability of equine cytochrome c and the dimeric and crosslinked versions of the GCN4-p1 coiled coil by ~0.5 kcal mol-1. For all three systems, the decrease in equilibrium stability is reflected by a decrease in refolding rates and a near equivalent increase in unfolding rates. This apportionment indicates that ~50% of the native H-bonds are formed in the transition state of these helical proteins. In contrast, an α/β protein, mammalian ubiquitin, exhibits a small isotope effect only on unfolding rates, suggesting its folding pathway may be different. These four proteins recapitulate the general trend that ~50% of the surface buried in the native state is buried in the transition state, leading to the hypothesis that H-bond formation in the transition state is cooperative, with α-helical proteins forming a number of H-bonds proportional to the amount of surface buried in the transition state.
Movement of lipids into and out of the blood during hyperlipidemia induced in rabbits by pituitary extract and fraction H.

Rabbits were rendered hyperlipidemic by the subcutaneous injection of an alkaline aqueous extract of mam- malian pituitary gland or a partially purified, concentrated fraction derived therefrom, designated Fraction H. Eight hours after the injection of Fraction H, arteriovenous (A-V) dif- ferences in plasma triglyceride (TG) were measured across five body areas. A large negative A-V difference in plasma TG was con- sistently found across the liver (increase in plasma concentra- tion), and a moderate positive A-V difference across the perirenal fat depot (decrease in plasma concentration). Most values obtained across the intestines and mesentery and the leg were positive. Differences across the kidney were mostly small and almost equally divided between positive and nega- tive values. Similar results were obtained 7-12 and 16-18 hr after injection of the pituitary extract. It is concluded that the liver is the principal source of the TG for this kind of hyper- lipidemia, and that the plasma TG levels are reduced princi- pally in passage through adipose tissue. A consistent negative A-V difference in plasma free fatty acid concentration (net increase) was found across the kidney 7-1 2 hr after injection, suggesting that the kidney hydrolyzes its accumulated TG and mobilizes it in the form of free fatty acids.
DIGESTIVE EFFICIENCY OF COLLARED PECCARIES AND WILD PIGS

Abstract Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and wild pig (Sus scrofa) exist in sympatry in southern Texas. These species vary in the structure of the digestive system and in adult body size, which might influence digestive performance. Our objective was to assess differences in digestive system efficiency between these species, controlling for body size. Four peccaries and 4 young pigs of similar size were fed a standardized amount of a commercial feed (38% neutral detergent fiber, 12% crude protein) based on metabolic body weight (kg0.75) for 8 days. Feed consumed and feces produced were measured during the last 5 days of the trial. No differences were found for digestive performance between the 2 species, although pigs excreted 95% of chromium-marked fiber sooner than peccaries. Although peccaries have a complex stomach in which fermentation occurs, they apparently do not gain a significant benefit in digestibility of dry matter, energy, or fiber relative to a hindgut fermenter of similar body size when ...
FGF2 mediates hepatic progenitor cell formation during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation by inducing the WNT antagonist NKD1

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required to specify hepatic fate within the definitive endoderm through activation of the FGF receptors (FGFRs). While the signaling pathways involved in hepatic specification are well understood, the mechanisms through which FGFs induce hepatic character within the endoderm are ill defined. Here we report the identification of genes whose expression is directly regulated by FGFR activity during the transition from endoderm to hepatic progenitor cell. The FGFR immediate early genes that were identified include those encoding transcription factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules. One of these immediate early genes encodes naked cuticle homolog 1 (NKD1), which is a repressor of canonical WNT (wingless-type MMTV integration site) signaling. We show that loss of NKD1 suppresses the formation of hepatic progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells and that this phenotype can be rescued by using a pharmacological antagonist of canonical WNT signaling. We conclude that FGF specifies hepatic fate at least in large part by inducing expression of NKD1 to transiently suppress the canonical WNT pathway.
Genome wide methylome alterations in lung cancer

Aberrant cytosine 5-methylation underlies many deregulated elements of cancer. Among paired non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), we sought to profile DNA 5-methyl-cytosine features which may underlie genome-wide deregulation. In one of the more dense interrogations of the methylome, we sampled 1.2 million CpG sites from twenty-four NSCLC tumor (T)–non-tumor (NT) pairs using a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme- based HELP-microarray assay. We found 225,350 differentially methylated (DM) sites in adenocarcinomas versus adjacent non-tumor tissue that vary in frequency across genomic compartment, particularly notable in gene bodies (GB; p<2.2E-16). Further, when DM was coupled to differential transcriptome (DE) in the same samples, 37,056 differential loci in adenocarcinoma emerged. Approximately 90% of the DM-DE relationships were non-canonical; for example, promoter DM associated with DE in the same direction. Of the canonical changes noted, promoter (PR) DM loci with reciprocal changes in expression in adenocarcinomas included HBEGF, AGER, PTPRM, DPT, CST1, MELK; DM GB loci with concordant changes in expression included FOXM1, FERMT1, SLC7A5, and FAP genes. IPA analyses showed adenocarcinoma-specific promoter DMxDE overlay identified familiar lung cancer nodes [tP53, Akt] as well as less familiar nodes [HBEGF, NQO1, GRK5, VWF, HPGD, CDH5, CTNNAL1, PTPN13, DACH1, SMAD6, LAMA3, AR]. The unique findings from this study include the discovery of numerous candidate The unique findings from this study include the discovery of numerous candidate methylation sites in both PR and GB regions not previously identified in NSCLC, and many non-canonical relationships to gene expression. These DNA methylation features could potentially be developed as risk or diagnostic biomarkers, or as candidate targets for newer methylation locus-targeted preventive or therapeutic agents.
Paracolocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlockian) of New York

A new genus and species of disparid inadunate crinoid, Paracolocrinus paradoxicus, is described from the Upper Silurian (Wenlockian) Rochester Shale of western New York, and the family Acolocrinidae is proposed to include Paracolocrinus n. gen. and Acolocrinus Kesling and Paul, 1971. Paracolocrinus differs from the Ordovician Acolocrinus primarily in its total lack of respiratory pores. Absence of these structures in Silurian acolocrinids suggests a reduced need for auxiliary respiratory systems. Various possible causes for this change are discussed, including development of alternate respiratory organs, occurrence in different environmental settings, and changes in absolute atmospheric oxygen levels. There is no evidence in support of the first two hypotheses. However, an increase in global 0. levels during the early Paleozoic is suggested by previous phytoplankton and isotopic studies. The Acolocrinus-Paracolocrinus transition parallels reduction in pore-systems of other pelmatozoan echinoderms in the Late Ordovician and supports a hypothesis of generally low oxygen levels in Ordovician seas.
3D-Printing Crystallographic Unit Cells for Learning Materials Science and Engineering

Introductory materials science and engineering courses universally include the study of crystal structure and unit cells, which are by their nature highly visual 3D concepts. Traditionally, such topics are explored with 2D drawings or perhaps a limited set of difficult-to-construct 3D models. The rise of 3D printing, coupled with the wealth of freely available crystallographic data online, offers an elegant solution to materials science visualization problems. Here, we report a concise and up-to-date method to easily and rapidly transform actual crystallography files to 3D models of diverse unit cells for use as instructional aids.
Farming systems for sustainable agriculture and environmental quality

Field studies were initiated in 1992 to investigate the impacts of eight integrated crop and chemical management systems on crop production and groundwater quality. The tillage and chemical management systems included the use of late spring NO3-N test (LSNT) in a corn and soybean rotation respectively, with either no-till or chisel ploughing, and broadcast and banding of herbicides under no-till and chisel ploughing. All experimental plots were instrumented for sampling subsurface drainage water for quantity and quality. An automatic data collection system was used to collect water samples for water quality analyses during the 1993, 1994 and 1995 growing seasons from 36 field plots (size 0.4ha). Results of this study indicate that the use of LSNT resulted in equal or better yields and lower NO3-N concentrations in the drainage water for both tillage practices. The LSNT resulted in NO3-N concentrations of 9.3, 8.0 and 8.9 mg l−1 under no-till, and 11.1, 7.1 and 11.4mg l−1 under chisel plough for 1993, 1994 and 1995 respectively. The highest corn yields were obtained with LSNT for both tillage systems in 1993, 1994 and 1995. Also, banding of herbicides resulted in lower herbicide losses to shallow groundwater. The overall results of this study show that alternative chemical and crop management systems are important to the preservation of environmental quality and increased crop productivity.
Choosing to lead: Success characteristics of Asian American academic library leaders

Purpose – Asian Americans (AAs) are underrepresented in leadership roles in academic libraries in the USA. Instead of exploring the factors contributing to their under-representation, the purpose of this paper is to focus on exploring the major factors that have helped AA academic librarians, albeit small in number, to attain, maintain, and advance further into leadership positions in academic libraries. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted to garner responses from AAs who have held or currently hold senior leadership positions in American academic libraries. In total, 12 participants participated in the study: five women and seven men. The participants included three retired deans/directors/university librarians; seven deans/directors/university librarians; one associate dean/associate director/associate university librarian; and one assistant dean/assistant director/assistant university librarian. The participants represented a multiplicity of institutions, including community colleges, ...
The Roles of Family Factors and Relationship Dynamics on Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among College Men and Women in Emerging Adulthood

Using data from the International Dating Violence Study, this study examined the roles of early socialization, family social structure, and relationship dynamics factors on physical aggression in dating among U.S. college students in emerging adulthood. The interaction effects between these three domains of interest (early socialization, family social structure, and relationship dynamics) were explored to understand the underlying mechanisms that influenced victimization and perpetration in dating. In general, we found that family and relational variables associated with dating victimization and perpetration were fairly similar. Among the early socialization variables, experience of childhood neglect and having witnessed domestic violence were significantly related to victimization and perpetration. Living in a two-parent household appeared to exert a protective effect, although associations with parental education were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the participants were more likely to experience victimization or impose aggression in dating relationships which were characterized by conflicts, distress, dominance, or psychological aggression. Overall, for the participants who came from a two-parent household, dominance in dating was linked to less violence. When the participants faced higher levels of psychological aggression, adverse early socialization factors were associated with higher levels of dating violence victimization and perpetration. Research and practice implications were discussed.
Predicting participation and adherence to a home environmental intervention among family caregivers of persons with dementia

We examined predictors of participation and adherence to a home environmental intervention with 100 dementia family caregivers. Participation was measured as the number of home visits, adherence as the number of problems addressed, and strategies used. Being older and female predicted participation. Adherence was predicted by older age, lower depression, and having a less dependent person to care for We speculate that depression should be viewed as a moderator of treatment, not an outcome.
Structural Characterization of Individual Vesicles using Fluorescence Microscopy

Extrusion of hydrated lipid suspensions is frequently employed to produce vesicles of uniform size, and the resulting vesicles are often reported to be unilamellar. We describe a method for the quantitative fluorescence image analysis of individual vesicles to obtain information on the size, lamellarity, and structure of vesicles produced by extrusion. In contrast to methods for bulk analysis, fluorescence microscopy provides information about individual vesicles, rather than averaged results, and heterogeneities in vesicle populations can be characterized. Phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing small fractions of biotin-modified phospholipid and fluorescently labeled 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD) phospholipid were immobilized through biotin–avidin–biotin binding to the surface of a biotin-modified glass coverslip. Biotin was attached to the surface in a mixed cyano-terminated silane monolayer. Initial fluorescence intensities for each immobilized vesicle were recorded, and a solution of membran...
ANALYZING CONFORMANCE MONITORING IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL USING FAULT DETECTION APPROACHES & OPERATIONAL DATA

Conformance monitoring is a critical function in air traffic control to ensure that aircraft adhere to assigned trajectories. New air traffic control (ATC) technologies such as decision support tools and enhanced surveillance systems are being developed which may enable more effective conformance monitoring. There is, therefore, a need to develop analysis techniques that help identify effective conformance monitoring approaches. A technique to address these needs is described in this paper using fault detection methods. The implementation and utility of the technique is demonstrated through analysis of data from commercial aircraft flight tests and ground surveillance systems. Additional conformance monitoring insights provided by the data are also discussed.
Application of RoF Technology in Power Line Condition Surveillance System

As an important part of smart grid,the power line condition surveillance system plays an important role in safe operation of power equipments.After the introduction of basic principles and technical characteristics of the RoF technology,a new architecture and implementation scheme of the communication network are proposed.Furthermore,the key technologies adopted in the scheme are also investigated.The application of RoF technology can not only meet the requirements of different power line environments,but also improve the real-time of services and the security and reliability of network.
Rule of Law and Conflict Prevention in Cameroon

This paper discusses how a solid rule of law system could prevent the out break of war in Cameroon. Except for Boko Haram insurgency in the Northern part of the country, which is a foreign war from Nigeria, Cameroon has experienced all forms of conflict except for war which is only an atom of direct violence as described by Prof. Johan Galtung.
Drift-flux model for upward two-phase cross-flow in horizontal tube bundles

Abstract In relation to void fraction prediction of cross-flow in horizontal tube bundle of shell-tube heat exchangers, a drift-flux correlation has been developed to meet the demand on the study of two-phase flow gas and liquid velocities, two-phase pressure drop, heat transfer, flow patterns and flow induced vibrations in the shell side. Two critical parameters such as distribution parameter and drift velocity have been modeled. The distribution parameter is obtained by constant asymptotic values and taking into account the differences in channel geometry. The drift velocity is modelled depending on the density ratio and the non-dimensional viscosity number. The relationship between the channel averaged and gap mass velocity has been discussed in order to obtain the superficial gas and liquid velocities in the drift-flux correlation. The newly developed drift-flux correlation agrees well with cross-flow experimental databases of air-water, R-11 and R-113 in parallel triangular, normal square and normal triangular arrays with the mean absolute error of 1.06% and the standard deviation of 4.47%. In comparison with other existing correlations, the newly developed drift-flux correlation is superior to other studies due to the improved accuracy. In order to extend the applicability of the newly developed drift-flux correlation to void fraction of unity, an interpolation scheme has been developed. The newly developed drift-flux correlation is able to calculate the void fraction of cross-flow over a full range with different sub-channel configurations in shell-tube type heat exchangers.
Classification of breast masses using Tactile Imaging System and machine learning algorithms

In this study, we used Tactile Imaging System (TIS) and machine learning algorithms to classify breast masses in vivo as malignant or benign. When the silicone probe at the front end of TIS is compressed against the breast mass, the indentation profile of this waveguide is captured by a CCD camera. Then TIS algorithm determines the size and stiffness of inclusions based on the acquired tactile images. The size and stiffness results are then used as the input features for breast tumor classification algorithms. We compared three tumor classification algorithms: k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, and Naive Bayes, which are known to work well for limited data set. We tested these algorithms on twelve human breast tumors. The results were evaluated using the leave-one-out cross validation technique. Among the three algorithms, k-nearest neighbor classifier performed the best with sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 100%.
Suspected Fetal Growth Restriction at 37 Weeks: A Comparison of Doppler and Placental Pathology

Objective. Our objective was determining if abnormal Doppler evaluation had a higher prevalence of placental pathology compared to normal Doppler in suspected fetal growth restriction (FGR) of cases delivered at 37 weeks. Study Design. This retrospective cohort study of suspected FGR singletons with antenatal Doppler evaluation delivered at 37 weeks had a primary outcome of the prevalence of placental pathology related to FGR. Significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results. Of 100 pregnancies 46 and 54 were in the abnormal and normal Doppler cohorts, respectively. Placental pathology was more prevalent with any abnormal Doppler, 84.8% versus 55.6%, odds ratio (OR) 4.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55, 13.22, and p = 0.002. Abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler had a higher prevalence: 96.2% versus 54.8%, OR 20.7, 95% CI: 2.54, 447.1, and p < 0.001. Conclusion. Abnormal Doppler was associated with more placental pathology in comparison to normal Doppler in fetuses with suspected FGR. Abnormal MCA Doppler had the strongest association.
Causal Coding and Feedback in Gaussian Sensor Networks

Varaiya and Walrand found an elegant insight regarding the use of feedback in a causal coding context: While generally useful, feedback becomes useless when the channel is sufficiently symmetric. The goal of this note is to extend this insight to scenarios inspired by sensor networks. Specifically, two such scenarios are considered: a situation with a single sensor but where the source is observed through a noisy channel, and a genuine network scenario where all source and noise distributions are assumed to be Gaussian. For the latter, it is shown that feedback is useless if source and channel bandwidth are equal, but that, if the latter is larger, feedback is strictly useful. Varaiya and Walrand establish their results via dynamic programming arguments. It is unclear to date whether such arguments can be extended to the distributed scenario considered in the present chapter. Instead, our results are established via information-theoretic bounds.
A survey of pediatric surgeons' practices with enhanced recovery after children's surgery

Abstract Purpose Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols have been shown to improve outcomes in adult abdominal surgical populations. Our purpose was to survey pediatric surgeons' opinions regarding applicability of individual ERAS elements to children's surgery. Methods A survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association was conducted electronically. Using a 5-point Likert scale, respondents rated their willingness to implement 21 adult ERAS elements in an adolescent undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Results Of an estimated 1052 members, 257 completed the survey (24%). The majority of the respondents (n=175, 68.4%) rated their familiarity with ERAS as "moderately", "very", or "extremely familiar". However only 19.2% (n=49) replied that they were "already implementing" an ERAS protocol in their practice. Most respondents replied that they were "already doing" or "definitely willing" to implement 14 of the 21 (67%) ERAS elements. For the remaining 7 elements, >10% of surgeons answered that they were only "somewhat willing" to, "uncertain" about or "unwilling" to implement these interventions. Conclusions Most respondents were willing to implement the majority of adult ERAS concepts in children undergoing abdominal surgery. However, we identified 7 elements that remain contentious. Further investigation regarding the safety and feasibility of these elements is warranted before applying them to children's surgery. Level of evidence Level V.
Post-biopsy MRI changes in the size and enhancement of intramuscular myxomas: A report of two cases

Intramuscular myxomas are benign soft-tissue tumors, characterized by bland spindle-shaped cells and fibroblasts within an abundant mucoid matrix on histologic examination. Classically, these are slowly enlarging masses which may occasionally cause pain, paresthesia, and muscle weakness secondary to mass effect. We present an interesting phenomenon of two histologically confirmed cases of intramuscular myxomas that exhibited size and enhancement changes on follow-up imaging after image-guided biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe size and enhancement changes of intramuscular myxomas after biopsy.
Why youth run: Assessing run function to stabilize foster care placement

Abstract Youth running away from foster care placements is a serious problem that can significantly impact health and well-being. Given the severity of the problem, it is important to identify reasons youth run away because this information could help to identify effective intervention strategies. This paper describes results from focus groups conducted with child welfare providers, educational personnel, and youth with histories of running away from foster care placements. The qualitative analysis revealed that youth's motivation for running, or the function of running away, fell into two general categories: running “to” something (friends, activities, etc.) or running “away” from something (aversive placements, etc.). Suggestions are provided for how understanding the reason for running away could help in determining successful prevention and intervention strategies that result in stable placements.
Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Brucite [Mg(OH)2(cr)] in Na2SO4 Solutions with Borate to High Ionic Strengths: Interactions of MgB(OH) 4 + with Na2SO4

In this work, a solubility study on brucite [Mg(OH)2(cr)] in Na2SO4 solutions ranging from 0.01 to 1.8 mol·kg−1, with 0.001 mol·kg−1 borate, has been conducted at 22.5 °C. Based on the solubility data, the Pitzer interaction parameters for MgB(OH) 4 + − SO 4 2− and MgB(OH) 4 + − Na+ along with the formation constant for MgSO4(aq) are evaluated using the Pitzer model. The formation constant ( $$ \log_{10} \beta_{1}^{0} $$ = 2.38 ± 0.08) for MgSO4(aq) at 25 °C and infinite dilution obtained in this study is in excellent agreement with the literature values. The experimental data on the solubility of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), at 25 °C, in aqueous solutions of MgSO4 with ionic strengths up to ~ 11 mol·kg−1 were analyzed using models with and without considering the MgSO4(aq) species. The model incorporating MgSO4(aq) fits better to the experimental data than the model without MgSO4(aq), especially in the ionic strength range beyond ~ 4 mol·kg−1, demonstrating the need for incorporation of MgSO4(aq) into the model to improve the accuracy.
Online Ratings of the Patient Experience: Emergency Departments Versus Urgent Care Centers.

Study objective Individuals increasingly use online rating platforms to rate and review hospitals. We seek to describe and compare publicly available online review content and ratings of emergency departments (EDs) and urgent care centers. Methods We analyzed Yelp reviews of EDs and urgent care centers to identify topics most correlated with 1- and 5-star ratings. Latent Dirichlet Allocation, a method of identifying groups of co-occurring words in narrative text, was used to identify and label 25 topics across 1- and 5-star reviews of urgent care centers and EDs. Differential Language Analysis was then used to measure the correlation of these topics with 1- and 5-star reviews for urgent care centers and EDs. Results We analyzed 100,949 Yelp reviews, 16,447 from 1,566 EDs and 84,502 from 5,601 urgent care centers. There were significantly more 5-star urgent care center reviews (n=43,487; 51%) than 5-star ED reviews (n=4,437; 27%). Themes associated with 5-star reviews among EDs and urgent care centers were similar for comfort, professionalism, facilities, pediatric care, and staff interactions. Themes associated with 1-star reviews among EDs and urgent care centers were similar for communication, telephone experience, waiting, billing, pain management, and diagnostic testing. Themes unique to 5-star ED reviews included bedside manner, care for family members, and access. Themes unique to 5-star urgent care center reviews were based on recommendation and prescription refills. Themes unique to 1-star ED reviews were service and speed of care. Themes unique to 1-star urgent care center reviews were lack of confidence and reception experience. Conclusion Understanding drivers for high and low online ratings and what patients value in their ED and urgent care center experiences offers insights for health systems and providers to improve acute care delivery. Patients' perspectives may become increasingly important as they seek care in the expanding urgent care markets.
Spatial Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing using Coherently Coupled Beams with Orbital Angular Momentum

This paper demonstrates a system for spatial switching of two coherently coupled orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes for a free space optical link based on 32-QAM. In addition, coherent mode detection is accomplished using passive optics in a correlation receiver optical setup.
3D MRI of whole-brain water permeability with intrinsic diffusivity encoding of arterial labeled spin (IDEALS).

Abstract This work proposes a novel MRI method – I ntrinsic D iffusivity E ncoding of A rterial L abeled S pin (IDEALS) – for the whole-brain mapping of water permeability in the human brain without an exogenous contrast agent. Quantitative separation of the intravascular and extravascular labeled water MRI signal was achieved in arterial spin labeling experiments with segmented 3D-GRASE acquisition by modulating the relative sensitivity between relaxation, true diffusion, and pseudodiffusion. The intrinsic diffusivity encoding in k-space created different broadening of the image-domain point spread functions for intravascular and extravascular labeled spins, from which blood-brain barrier (BBB) water extraction fraction (Ew) and water permeability surface area product (PSw) were estimated. The feasibility and sensitivity of this method was evaluated in healthy subjects at baseline and after caffeine challenge. The estimated baseline Ew and PSw maps showed contrast among gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM). GM Ew was significantly lower than that of WM (78.8% ± 3.3% in GM vs. 83.9% ± 4.6% in WM; p
Plant Seeds as Biosorbents for the Purification of Water

Water purification is essential to overcome drinking water problem. This study was carried out to find out suitable low cost biosorbents for the purification of physiochemical parameters of water. Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Nelli (Phyllanthus acidus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), java plum (Syzygium cumini) and mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) seeds were used and their efficiency was compared with activated charcoal as a reference. Water samples were collected from a selected drinking well at Vantharumoolai, Chenkalady. 100 mg/L dosage of dried seeds powder was taken, and they were mixed with the collected water samples and were left for 2 hours. The treated water samples with seeds and activated charcoal were examined for different physiochemical parameters such as fluoride, conductivity, pH, hardness, chloride, Total dissolved solids (TDS), cadmium, calcium, iron, magnesium, colour and odour. Among the tested seeds, Moringa seed showed the highest ability to reduce pH (8.31 to 7.30), chloride (62.73%), hardness (23.07%), calcium (38.27%), magnesium (10.63%), cadmium (80%) & Iron (75.10%) whereas activated charcoal reduced those parameters (8.31 to 8.08), 56.92%, 30.76%, 49.25%, 15.61%, 82%, and 82.09% respectively. Mangrove apple seed has reduced the conductivity (21.67 %) and TDS (23.28 %) significantly whereas activated charcoal reduced it by 21.29% and 22.28% respectively. Nelli seed has reduced the fluoride in the contaminated water significantly (24.45%) whereas activated charcoal reduced it by 7.26% and all seeds have shown the ability to remove the colour of water samples. Moringa seeds were found to be the best seeds to purify contaminated water in this study. The use of moringa seeds as natural adsorbent could be proposed for environmentally friendly, simplified water purification for rural communities in cost effective manner.
Racial bias in legal language

Although racial bias in the law is widely recognized, it remains unclear how these biases are in entrenched in the language of the law, judicial opinions. In this article, we build on recent resear...
Ceapins block the unfolded protein response sensor ATF6α by inducing a neomorphic inter-organelle tether

The unfolded protein response (UPR) detects and restores deficits in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding capacity. Ceapins specifically inhibit the UPR sensor ATF6α, an ER-tethered transcription factor, by retaining it at the ER through an unknown mechanism. Our genome-wide CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen reveals that Ceapins function is completely dependent on the ABCD3 peroxisomal transporter. Proteomics studies establish that ABCD3 physically associates with ER-resident ATF6α in cells and in vitro in a Ceapin-dependent manner. Ceapins induce the neomorphic association of ER and peroxisomes by directly tethering the cytosolic domain of ATF6α to ABCD3's transmembrane regions without inhibiting or depending on ABCD3 transporter activity. Thus, our studies reveal that Ceapins function by chemical-induced misdirection which explains their remarkable specificity and opens up new mechanistic routes for drug development and synthetic biology.
Exploring Family Decisions to Refuse Organ Donation at Imminent Death

Communication about organ donation at the time of imminent death is a meaningful, yet less understood, area of health communication. We employed a multiple goals framework to explore family normative perceptions of organ donation and the conversational goal tensions experienced during a family member's imminent death. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 family members who refused to donate when approached by an organ procurement coordinator (OPC) upon the imminent death of a family member. Thematic analysis revealed that family members described their decisions to refuse donation as (a) last acts of love, (b) responses to unnecessary requests, and (c) consistent with the known beliefs of the patient. Participants described several goal tensions operating within the organ donation conversation itself, including (a) the management of frequent requests, (b) pressure to donate, and (c) enduring unwanted requests from the OPC. Communication goals frameworks offer practical insights for improving organ-related conversations.
Tri-4C: efficient identification of cis-regulatory loops at hundred base pair resolution

Abstract Here we present Tri-4C, a targeted chromatin conformation capture method for ultrafine mapping of chromatin interactions. Tri-4C quantitatively reveals cis-regulatory loops with unprecedented resolution, identifying functional enhancer loops devoid of typical epigenomic marks and uncovering allele-specific loop alterations in enhancer interaction networks underlying dynamic gene control. The Tri-4C approach is applicable to general 3C-derived methods for the study of single-allele enhancer loop networks.
Gastrointestinal lymphoma: The New mimic

Background Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas comprise a group of distinct clinicopathological entities of B- or T- cell type, with primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin lymphoma being extremely uncommon. The GI tract is the predominant site of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for 30–40% of all extranodal lymphomas. In the Western world, the stomach is the most commonly involved site followed by the small bowel. Several chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders which predispose to accelerated cell turnover may lead to the malignant transformation of gut lymphocytes and ultimately manifest as GI lymphoma. The challenge for the clinical gastroenterologist is that these tumors may have varied presentations, ranging from nonspecific symptoms such as dyspepsia or bloating to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss or bowel obstruction. Objective We illustrate the range of presentations of GI lymphoma with examples based on consecutive cases evaluated at our institution over a 6-month period. These cases demonstrate how appropriately directed endoscopic evaluation with biopsies has the potential to provide a definitive diagnosis and allow the patient to proceed to definitive therapy. Conclusions The GI tract is the most commonly involved site for extranodal lymphoma with the stomach being most frequently involved organ.Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune disorders may predispose to GI lymphoma. This heterogenous group of diseases has varied presentations that may mimic several other GI clinico-pathologic entities. GI lymphomas may be diagnosed with appropriately directed endoscopic evaluation coupled with generous tissue sampling and expert pathologic assessment. Management may range from antibiotic therapy, in the case of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric MALT lymphoma, to chemotherapy with or without radiation and, in rare instances, surgery. There are presently no guidelines to direct endoscopic surveillance of GI lymphomas following treatment.
Impact and Award

Presents the introductory editorial for this issue of the publication. Also reports on the impact factor associated with this publication.