cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chain version of Heckscher-Ohlin theory correctly predicts U.S. trade flows!

Abstract The chain version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem has only been tested by Cavusoglu and Elmslie (2005), with findings that fail to provide empirical support to its predictions. The present paper expands on that study and presents different results. Using data on capital-labor intensities, and exports and imports for ten manufacturing and three service sectors for the U.S. from 1970 to 2009, the predictions of the theory are confirmed by the data. These results are robust to different price indices, labor measures, and weight measures used to construct net export data. The difference in results between the two studies can be explained by the use of different capital stock data, as well as the longer time frame of the current study.
Safety and effectiveness of single- versus double-anastomosis duodenal switch at a single institution.

Abstract Background Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (DS) is known to be superior in weight loss to other bariatric procedures, but with the disadvantage of increased complication rates. Single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is reported to have similar weight loss with lower complication rates compared with traditional DS. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare weight loss and complication rate between SADI-S and double-anastomosis DS at a single institution. Setting Academic hospital, United States. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 185 patients who underwent laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic DS between March 1, 2015 and December 10, 2017. A total of 111 patients had SADI-S, and 74 patients underwent double-anastomosis DS. Results Baseline patient characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups. The mean preoperative body mass index was 56.3 kg/m2 and 54.4 kg/m2 in SADI-S and double-anastomosis DS patients, respectively. Thirteen (11.7%) and 4 (5.4%) patients were readmitted within 30 days after SADI-S and double-anastomosis DS, respectively (P = .16). Percentage of total weight loss was 22.0%, 38.5%, and 44.2% in the SADI-S group and 20.2%, 38.0%, and 48.4% in the double-anastomosis DS group at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The majority of patients had vitamin A and E levels in the normal range. However, 40% to 60% of the patients had low levels of vitamin D after the procedure. Conclusions SADI-S and double-anastomosis DS are comparable in terms of weight loss and complication rate. However, close nutritional follow-up is warranted for both procedures.
Synthetic Model Complex of the Key Intermediate in Cytochrome P450 Nitric Oxide Reductase

Fungal denitrification plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle and contributes to the total N2O emission from agricultural soils. Here, cytochrome P450 NO reductase (P450nor) reduces two NO to N2O using a single heme site. Despite much research, the exact nature of the critical “Intermediate I” responsible for the key N–N coupling step in P450nor is unknown. This species likely corresponds to a Fe-NHOH-type intermediate with an unknown electronic structure. Here we report a new strategy to generate a model system for this intermediate, starting from the iron(III) methylhydroxylamide complex [Fe(3,5-Me-BAFP)(NHOMe)] (1), which was fully characterized by 1H NMR, UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopy (rRaman and NRVS). Our data show that 1 is a high-spin ferric complex with an N-bound hydroxylamide ligand that is strongly coordinated (Fe–N distance, 1.918 A; Fe-NHOMe stretch, 558 cm–1). Simple one-electron oxidation of 1 at −80 °C then cleanly generates the first model syst...
Osteoarthritis year 2012 in review: imaging

Summary Purpose This article reviews original publications related to imaging in osteoarthritis (OA) published in English from September 2011 through March 2012. In vitro data and animal studies are not covered. Methods To extract relevant studies, an extensive PubMed database search was performed using the query terms "osteoarthritis" in combination with "MRI", "imaging", "radiography", "ultrasound", "computed tomography" and "nuclear medicine". Publications were sorted according to relevance based on potential impact to the OA research community with the over all goal of a balanced overview of all aspects of imaging. Focus was on publications in high-impact special-interest journals. The literature will be presented by topics covering radiography, morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compositional and high-field MRI, quantitative MRI, ultrasound, other joints and systematic reviews. Original research that was presented as a podium or poster presentation at osteoarthritis research society international (OARSI) 2012 will not be included. Results and conclusions For the search topics "MRI" and "osteoarthritis" a decrease in overall publications was observed over the 6 months following September 2011 when compared to the previous 6 months (−38.1%). For the terms "radiography" and "osteoarthritis" a decrease of 56.9% was noted. The 6 months since the last OARSI conference were characterized by several MRI-based studies dealing with epidemiologic and methodologic aspects of disease. Other modalities such as radiography or ultrasound received much less attention. Most imaging research is still concentrated on the knee although interest in other sites, especially the hand, has increased since the last OARSI meeting.
Individual heterogeneity in the functional network topography of medial prefrontal cortex

Abstract Human medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are implicated in multiple cognitive functions, including subjective valuation processes and processes linked to the default network (DN). Our ability to interpret these seemingly co-localized effects is constrained by a limited understanding of the individual-level heterogeneity in mPFC/PCC functional organization. Here we used cortical surface-based meta-analysis to identify a parcel in human PCC that was preferentially implicated in DN effects relative to valuation. We then used resting-state fMRI data and a data-driven network analysis algorithm, spectral partitioning, to partition mPFC and PCC into “DN” and “non-DN” subdivisions in individual participants (n = 100 from the Human Connectome Project). The spectral partitioning algorithm efficiently identified individual-level cortical subdivisions that were reliable across test/retest sessions and varied markedly across individuals, especially in mPFC. Our results point toward a new generation of strategies for assessing whether distinct cognitive functions engage common or distinct mPFC subregions.
Patterns of Thermal Sensitivity and Sex-Specificity of Courtship Behavior Differs Between Two Sympatric Species of Enchenopa Treehopper

Predicting how insects will react to future thermal conditions requires understanding how temperature currently affects insect behavior, from performance traits to those involved in mating and reproduction. Many reproductive behaviors are thermally-sensitive, but little is known how temperature affects the behaviors used to find mates and coordinate mating. Here, we investigate how temperature influences courtship activity in two sympatric species of Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Enchenopa use substrate-borne vibrational signals exchanged in male-female duets to facilitate pair formation prior to mating. In a controlled laboratory setting, we assessed the likelihood of males and females to produce courtship signals across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures. We found that changes in courtship activity across temperatures differed between the two species. We also found sex differences within species: in one species males were more likely to signal at higher temperatures, while in the other species females were more likely to signal at higher temperatures. Our results suggest that sex-specific responses to temperature may constrain mating to narrower ranges of temperatures. Furthermore, sympatric species may respond differently to changes in thermal variation despite sharing similar climactic history.
Color illusion as a spatial binding problem

Illusions are often considered to be a misperception of the physical world. We present a different framework for illusions: in non-illusory conditions, healthy brains construct a single, consistent representation from the physiological processes that encode the world; illusions, in contrast, are conditions where the brain constructs conflicting representations of the world. We contend that the conditions for illusions often arise for color vision because of the multifaceted aspects of color in relation to space, and that many color illusions arise from the juxtaposition and selective recombination (i.e. the binding) of these aspects of color/spatial information. We discuss three spatial aspects of color: modes of appearance, color versus color contrast, and information at different spatial scales.
Composite Length of Stay, An Outcome Measure of Postoperative and Readmission Length of Stays in Pancreatoduodenectomy

Postoperative length of stay (PLOS) and readmission rate are pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) outcome measures, which are reported individually but may be interrelated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how well a composite length of stay measure (CLOS) that included PLOS and readmission length of stay describes outcomes. To do so, we evaluated how well CLOS correlated to postoperative complications absolutely and compared to PLOS. A total of 668 PDs performed between 2011 and 2018 were evaluated. CLOS was calculated from PLOS and readmission length of stay. Complication severity was judged by the Modified Accordion Grading System (MAGS). Multinomial logistical regression models (MLRM) were used to investigate the relationship between either PLOS or CLOS and complications. Multilevel and pairwise area under curves (AUC) using SAS macro %MultAUC were provided for both models. A total of 432 of 668 patients (65%) developed complications. One hundred seventy-seven patients (27%) were readmitted. Mean PLOS was 10.2 days (7.1 SD) and mean CLOS was 12.3 days (10.1 SD). PLOS and CLOS both were correlated linearly to MAGS grade. Spearman correlation coefficient for CLOS vs. MAGS of 0.68 was higher than that of 0.49 for PLOS vs. MAGS. Multilevel AUC from MLRM using PLOS was 0.66, but multilevel AUC from MLRM using CLOS was 0.71. CLOS provides an accurate estimate of hospital day utilization per patient for PD, reflecting not only the basal hospital recovery time for PD but the added time needed because of readmissions due to complications. It is tightly correlated to number and severity of postoperative complications.
How Much Crude Oil Should an Oil Exporting Country Produce Annually for Export

In 1985 crude oil price was at $31.75/barrel; and Saudi Arabia increased their production by 3% , hoping to increase their revenue from crude oil exports; but instead in a few months the crude oil price bottomed out at $9.75/barrel. We discuss the international political dealings that led to a repeat of a similar event in 2014–2015. For a crude oil exporting country, several objective functions play a role in making a decision on how much crude oil to produce annually for export. In this chapter we discuss them, and also a procedure to find the best solution.
Deposition of E‐cigarette aerosol in human airways through passive vaping

Secondary exposure to e-cigarette aerosol (passive vaping) will soon become a pressing public health issue in the world. Yet, the current knowledge about respiratory depositions of e-cigarette aerosol through passive vaping in human airways is limited due to critical weaknesses of traditional experimental methods. To fill in this important knowledge gap, this study proposed a special approach involving an upgraded Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA) that consists of a set of human airway replicas including a head airway, tracheobronchial airways down to the 11th lung generation, and a representative alveolar section. In addition to the comprehensive coverage of human airways, the MALDA is easily transportable for providing efficient estimations of aerosol respiratory deposition. In this study, the MALDA was first evaluated in the laboratory and then applied to estimate the respiratory deposition associated with passive vaping in an indoor real-life setting. The results showed that the respiratory deposition data aligned closely with the conventional respiratory deposition curves not only in the head-to-TB region but also in the alveolar region. The strengths of MALDA demonstrate great promise for a wide variety of applications in real-life settings that could provide crucial information for future public health and indoor air quality studies.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Level and Mechanical Ventilation in Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients.

The prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein in Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is unclear. We aimed to explore the potential association between CSF protein level and mechanical ventilation in GBS. We undertook a retrospective study of GBS patients from January 2000 to November 2019 at the University of Michigan. 94 patients were ultimately included for evaluation. After adjusting for the Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Scale (EGRIS), we did not find a significant difference in CSF protein between ventilated and non-ventilated patients. Elevated CSF protein level does not appear to portend an increased likelihood of mechanical ventilation in GBS patients.
Nickel and Chromium Ion Release from Coated and Uncoated Orthodontic Archwires under Different pH Levels and Exposure Times.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine and compare nickel and chromium ion release from traditional stainless steel and nickel titanium wires and newer esthetic archwires under different pH conditions, for different time intervals. METHODS Ten pieces of 10-mm segments of five different orthodontic archwires were submerged in buffer solutions of pH 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0, for 4 and 13 weeks. The sample solutions were analyzed using ICP-MS. First, the results were analyzed by three-way ANOVA to determine any significant differences in metal concentration (ppb) between the different groups. Then, a post-hoc multiple pairwise comparison by Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test was conducted to further compare the different materials and pH conditions. RESULTS For nickel, uncoated NiTi had the highest nickel ion release (ppb), while AO Iconix had the lowest average nickel ion release, with a significant difference (p<0.0001). The average nickel release increased with time and decreased with pH. For chromium, materials with uncoated stainless steel had the highest average chromium ion release, whereas AO Iconix had the lowest average chromium ion release, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). Chromium ion release increased with time and decreased with pH. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in metal ion release between different pH conditions, materials, and time points. The metal ion release increased with increase in time and decrease in pH. Overall, the coated archwires showed less metal ion release than the uncoated wires.
Stability and Long-Time Behavior

Dynamical systems theory aims at an understanding and comprehension of the complete dynamical system not just at documenting the properties of a particular solution. Essential elements of such a comprehension are the stability of orbits and limiting sets. The stability of orbits addresses the question of whether or not two orbits that start out close together stay close together or eventually diverge from each other. Limiting sets address the question of the long-term behavior of non-periodic orbits.
Two Cheers for Freedom of Contract

This is a review of a recent collection of essays on contract theory, "The Fall and Rise of Freedom of Contract" (F.H. Buckley ed. 1999). My review evaluates the "revival" of freedom of contract in contemporary law. I show how freedom of contract ideas can make useful contributions in two doctrinal areas, marriage and conflict of laws. Nonetheless, I argue that it is wrong to overstate the extent of the current revival. Freedom of contract never really went into eclipse, even during the realist period, and its current triumph is far from complete. As long as Americans remain committed both to autonomy and public order, our law of contract will be marked by a profound and inescapable tension.
Enhancing the Relationship of Science and the Courts

Learned Hand, at the opening of this century presented us with our common dilemma. How can a lay jury, which by definition does not have the requisite scientific knowledge and background, judge the credibility of scientific presentations by experts who present opposing conclusions?
Investigations on fluorinated aryloxy tungsten-based catalytic systems for acyclic diene metathesis polymerization

The synthesis of two new WOCl 4 derivatives that contain fluorinated aryloxide ligands are reported, along with a description of their behavior as precatalysts in the metathesis polymerization of hydrocarbon dienes and cycloolefins. Crystal data for trans-bis(2,6-dibromo-4-fluorophenoxy)tungsten (VI) oxychloride (4): Space group P2 1 /c. monoclinic, a = 15.1172 (2) A, b = 7.9837 (1) A, c = 16.6186 (1) A, β 112.7430 (10)°, V=1849.77 (4) A 3 . R 1 = 0.0240 and wR 2 = 0.0598. Complex 4 catalyzes olefin metathesis when activated by Bu 4 Sn or Bu 3 SnH at 85 and 65°C respectively. Bis(pentafluorophenoxy)tungsten (VI) oxychloride (5) decomposes when exposed to the same experimental conditions.
Spontaneous Auxotrophic and Pigmented Mutants Occurring at High Frequency in Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-3275

Broth cultures of Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-3275 (BpB1) grown at 25, 30, or 37 C contain 1 to 2% spontaneous auxotrophic mutants in both the exponential and stationary phases of growth. Of 70 such mutants isolated from cultures grown at 37 C, approximately two-thirds reverted at such a high frequency as to preclude their study. Of the remaining 22 mutants, 18 required a single amino acid, 1 required adenine, and 1 required uracil. Two of the auxotrophs each required two unrelated amino acids resulting from two independent mutations. All of the mutations reverted spontaneously. Enhanced reversion of approximately one-third of the mutations was obtained with nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methane sulfonate, or diethyl sulfate, or with more than one of these mutagens. The reversion of one mutation was enhanced by 2-aminopurine. The reversion of the remaining mutations was not enhanced by the above mutagens, nor by mutagens known to induce (and revert) frameshift mutations in other bacterial systems. Nine of 10 mutants examined did not show a selective growth advantage over the parents. All but three of the mutations could be linked by PBS1 transduction to one of the previously described auxotrophic markers in strain BpB1. No evidence was obtained for clustering of the mutations on the BpB1 genome. Six of the mutations conferred a requirement for serine. One linked by transduction to trp-2 , three linked to argA1 , and two ( ser-2, -3 ) linked to argO1 . Pigmented mutants (containing a carotenoid-like pigment), which occur spontaneously in BpB1 cultures at a frequency on the order of 1 to 5 mutants per 10 4 cells, link by transduction to ser-2, -3 . Spontaneous mutants of strain BpB1 resistant to rifampin, streptomycin, erythromycin, 5-fluorouracil, or 5-methyltryptophan occur at a frequency similar to that of strains of B. pumilus which do not exhibit a high rate of spontaneous mutation to auxotrophy. It is suggested that certain sites or regions of the BpB1 genome exhibit a high rate of spontaneous mutation. Images
Neurosteroids and behavior.

Abstract Neurosteroid production may be a mechanism to counteract the negative effects of stress and return organisms toward homeostasis. Stress induces an increase in neurosteroid production. Neurosteroids affect two of the most widely distributed neurotransmitter and receptor systems in the central nervous system (CNS): γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. This ability of this class of compounds to affect both the primary excitatory and the inhibitory systems in the CNS allows the modulation of a wide array of behaviors. For example, neurosteroids modulate anxiety, cognition, sleep, ingestion, aggression, and reinforcement. In general, neurosteroids that are positive modulators of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors enhance cognitive performance and decrease appetite. Neurosteroids that are positive modulators of GABA A receptors decrease anxiety, increase feeding and sleeping, and exhibit a bimodal effect on aggression that may be secondary to effects on anxiety and cognition. Some data suggest that neurosteroids have reinforcing effects, which could affect their clinical utility. Drug discrimination studies are helping scientists to dissect more closely the receptor systems affected by neurosteroids at the behavioral level.
Enhancing the dispersion of catalysts in direct coal liquefaction

Publisher Summary This chapter enhances the dispersion of catalysts in direct coal liquefaction (DCL). Most iron-based catalysts are in fact the catalyst precursors as the catalysts convert to Fe 1-x S (pyrrhotite) under DCL reaction conditions. Therefore, a desirable catalyst must be able to maintain its dispersion and transform to an active pyrrhotite phase under DCL reaction conditions. Ferrihydrite is a naturally occurring iron oxyhydroxide and is regarded as one of the eight major iron oxides by geologists. Using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, it is observed that the iron atoms in the bulk are octahedrally coordinated, as in goethite, a significant number of surface iron atoms are coordinated by four OOH, and they become coordination unsaturated (CUS) after dehydroxylation. These CUS sites adsorb water molecules to fill the coordination that link the small particles to form particle aggregates.
Tissue-specific alternative splicing of the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene is affected by heat shock

The Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene, Ddc, is expressed in the hypoderm and in a small number of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The unique Ddc primary transcript is alternatively spliced in these two tissues. We investigated whether Ddc splicing in the CNS is a general property of the CNS or a unique property of the cells that normally express Ddc by expressing the Ddc primary transcript ubiquitously under the control of an Hsp70 heat shock promoter. Under basal expression conditions, Ddc splicing shows normal tissue specificity, indicating that the regulation of Ddc splicing in the CNS is tissue specific rather than cell specific. Previous studies have shown that severe heat shock blocks mRNA splicing in cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells. Our results show that splicing of the heat shock-inducible Hsp83 transcript is very resistant to heat shock. In contrast, under either mild or severe heat shock, the splicing specificity of the heat shock-induced Ddc primary transcript is affected, leading to the accumulation of inappropriately high levels of the CNS splice form in non-CNS tissues. The chromosomal Ddc transcript is similarly affected. These results show unexpected heterogeneity in the splicing of individual mRNAs as a response to heat shock and suggest that the Ddc CNS-specific splicing pathway is the default.
Academic Instruction for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

1. The term means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which adversely affects educational performance: (a) An inability to learn which cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors; (b) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; (c) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; (d) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or (e) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. 2. The term includes children who have schizophrenia. The term does not include children who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they have an emotional disturbance. (Section 300.7(b)(9))
Taxol and taxotere in bladder cancer: in vitro activity and urine stability.

In this study the antimicrotubular agents taxol, taxotere, and vinblastine were compared for their ability to inhibit the clonal growth of human bladder tumor cell lines using a soft-agar clonogenic assay. The stability of taxol and taxotere was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography over a range of pH in human urine. Both taxol and taxotere were shown to maximally inhibit the clonal growth of human bladder cell lines within 1 h of drug incubation. The most active agent in the panel of tumor lines was taxotere, with 6 of 12 lines being sensitive to the agent at 0.01 μM and all cell lines being sensitive at 0.1 μM. Taxol was active in 1 of 12 lines at 0.01 μM and in 11 of 12 at 0.1 μM. Only 2 of 12 cell lines were sensitive to vinblastine over the 0.01- to 0.1-μM dose range. Taxol and taxotere were found to be stable in human urine for 4 h over a pH range of 5–7. At least 85% of both drugs were present during this period of drug incubation. Our findings suggest that both taxol and taxotere may be clinically useful agents for systemic and intravesical use in bladder cancer.
Method for increasing the residual efficacy of insecticides on the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) using adult settling behavior

Most cigarette beetle adults (Lasioderma serricorne) readily get into pipe rows of corrugated paper, and then settle there for a long time. Therefore, an insecticide application technique that takes advantage of this behavior was evaluated in the laboratory. Four strips of corrugated paper (23 cm in length, 2 cm in width) treated with the insecticides were arranged in a square on the floor of an insect cage (35 cm×35 cm, 50 cm in height), and then the insect adults were released. Residual efficacies of the corrugated papers treated with chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, and fenitrothion (dosage: 125 mg AI/m2) on the insect adults consistently achieved almost 100% mortality. The minimum AI dosages which achieved more than 90% mortality after 4-months storage under conditions of 27°C and 60% RH were in 250 mg AI/m2 of chlorpyrifos-methyl, 500 mg AI/m2 of pirimiphos-methyl and 1,000 mg AI/m2 of fenitrothion. The corrugated paper treated with these three insecticides showed no repellency to the insect adults immediately after treatment. These results suggest that corrugated paper treated with these insecticides would provide an excellent residual efficacy on the cigarette beetle adults. In contrast, corrugated paper treated with permethrin showed a low mortality of, and high repellency to, the insect adults.
Sidewinding on slopes

Sidewinding is an efficient translation gait used by snakes over flat ground. When implemented on snake robots, it retains its general effectiveness, but becomes unstable on sloped surfaces. Flattening the sidewinding motion along the surface to provide a more stable base corrects for this instability, but degrades other performance characteristics, such as efficiency and handling of rough terrain. In this paper, we identify stability conditions for a sidewinder on a slope and find a solution for the minimum aspect ratio of the sidewinding pattern needed to maintain stability. Our theoretical results are supported by experiments on snake robots. In constructing our stability analysis, we present a new, tread-based model for sidewinding that is both consistent with previous models and provides new intuition regarding the kinematics of the gait. This new interpretation of sidewinding further admits a symmetry-based model reduction that simplifies its analysis. Additionally, an intermediate stage of the theoretical work contains a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of an ellipse in rolling contact with a sloped surface.
A note on Bernoulli polynomials and solitons

Abstract The dependence on time of the moments of the one-soliton KdV solutions is given by Bernoulli polynomials. Namely, we prove the formula expressing the moments of the one-soliton function sech2(x-t) in terms of the Bernoulli polynomials Bn(x). We also provide an alternative short proof to the Grosset-Veselov formula connecting the one-soliton to the Bernoulli numbers (D = d/dx) published recently in this journal.
Sazetidine-A, a selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand: effects on dizocilpine and scopolamine-induced attentional impairments in female Sprague–Dawley rats

Neuronal nicotinic receptor systems have been shown to play key roles in cognition. Nicotine and nicotinic analogs improve attention and nicotinic antagonists impair it. This study was conducted to investigate the role of α4β2 nicotinic receptors in sustained attention using a novel selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor ligand, sazetidine-A. Female rats were trained to perform the signal detection task to a stable baseline of accuracy. The rats were injected with saline, sazetidine-A (0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mg/kg), dizocilpine (0.05 mg/kg), or their combination; or, in another experiment, the rats were injected with the same doses of sazetidine-A, scopolamine (0.02 mg/kg), or their combination. Percent hit and percent correct rejection showed that dizocilpine caused significant (p < 0.025) impairments in performance, which were significantly reversed by each of the sazetidine-A doses. Response omissions were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by dizocilpine, and this was also significantly reversed by each of the sazetidine-A doses. None of the sazetidine-A doses had significant effects on hit, correct rejection, or response omissions when given alone. Scopolamine also caused significant (p < 0.0005) impairments in percent hit and percent correct rejection and increased response omissions, which were significantly attenuated by all the sazetidine-A doses for percent hit and response omissions and by the highest dose of sazetidine-A for percent correct rejection. Both scopolamine and dizocilpine significantly (p < 0.0005) increased response latency, an effect which was significantly attenuated by sazetidine-A coadministration. These studies imply an important role for α4β2 nicotinic receptors in improving sustained attention under conditions that disrupt it. Very low doses of sazetidine-A or drugs with a similar profile may provide therapeutic benefit for reversing attentional impairment in patients suffering from mental disorders and/or cognitive impairment.
The Global Demographics of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal

The demographics of the Renewal are best understood by its constituent parts, namely, the three waves: Pentecostals, Charismatics, and neocharismatics. Each of these waves has different strengths in various countries around the world. Thus one finds that while Renewalists are numerous in China, Brazil and the USA, there are relatively few Pentecostals in China; Charismatics dominate in Brazil; and Independent Charismatics (neocharismatics) are most numerous in China and the USA.
Shear test of the off-axis surface with an axis-symmetric parent

Interferometers with additional test optics are frequently used for measuring aspherical optical surfaces. In optical testing it is desirable to separate the figure measurement errors due to the test surface from figure errors that arise in the test equipment. For axially symmetric optics this is accomplished by rotating the surface being measured with respect to the test system. The data can then be processed to separate the non-axially symmetric errors that are fixed in the test system and those that rotate with the part. The axially symmetric errors cannot be distinguished with this technique. In this paper we present a variation of this technique for off-axis aspheric optics. The rotation is performed by rotating the test surface about the optical axis of its parent asphere, which may be outside the physical boundary of the test surface. As these rotations cannot be large, this motion is better described as a shear of the optical surface with respect to the test optics. By taking multiple measurements with different amounts of rotational shear and using maximum likelihood estimation methods, one can separate the errors in the test optics from the irregularity in the optical surface.
Surgical management of ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer affects over 25,000 women each year in the United States. The performance of appropriate surgery for ovarian cancer is critical in directing further therapies and improving survival. Systematic surgical staging must be performed in patients who appear to have early stage ovarian cancer because a significant proportion of these women have occult metastases. A marked improvement in survival has been demonstrated in patients with bulky disease if all masses larger than 2 cm can be surgically removed. Despite the dramatic effect of surgery on the subsequent course of the disease, recent studies show that only a minority of women with ovarian cancer receive appropriate initial surgery. We review the evidence and rationale for systematic surgical treatment of ovarian cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 17:173–180, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nature of a colored by-product found in crude inosose phenylosazones

Abstract Long treatment (6 to 14 days) of mono- or di-ketoinositols with phenylhydrazine at room temperature produces, in addition to the corresponding osazone, a red enolic by-product of known structure, namely, DL - xylo -2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)-cyclohexane-4,5,6-triol. Thus, the oxidation mixture from D -inositol affords the red product in 22% yield; the yields of red by-product from other stereoisomers are as follows: from L -inositol (24%), from myo -inositol (15%), and from epi -inositol (8%). Treatment of mono- or di-ketoquebrachitol with phenylhydrazine gives a new, red enolic compound, L - xylo -4- O -methyl-2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclohexane-4,5,6-triol in 3% yield; mono- or di-ketopinitol gives D - xylo -5- O -methyl-2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclohexane-4,5,6-triol in 5% yield. The possible reaction pathways for their formation are discussed.
Hydration Structure and Shear Viscosity of Water Nanoconfined Between Mica Surfaces

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to investigate the structure, shear viscosity and dynamics of hydration layers of the thickness of D = 0.61 ∼ 2.44 nm confined between two mica surfaces. For D = 0.92 ∼ 2.44 nm films, water O density distributions indicate that the hydration layers are in liquid phase. The corresponding shear responses are fluidic and similar to those observed in surface force balance (SFB) experiment. However, further increase in confinement leads to the formation of a bilayer ice (D = 0.61 nm) which shows significant shear enhancement and shear thinning over a wide range of shear rate in MD regime, consistent with recent experimental results by shear resonant apparatus for the two mica surfaces in registry.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A parallel architecture and algorithms for optical computing

Abstract A new parallel optical architecture is introduced for computing massively data-parallel applications. The system processes two-dimensional binary images as basic computational entities. The processing is based on the optical symbolic substitution (SS) technique. New optical SS rules are introduced as well as a technique for designing and mapping data-parallel algorithms onto the proposed architecture. Implementation issues and performance analysis are also considered.
CAML Is a p56Lck-Interacting Protein that Is Required for Thymocyte Development

Calcium modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) is a ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in T cell signaling, although its mechanism and physiologic role in the immune system are unknown. We show here that CAML is essential for peripheral T cell development. Inactivation of CAML in mouse thymocytes lowered the numbers of double-positive and single-positive thymocytes, concomitant with reduced positive and enhanced negative selection. We found that CAML interacts with p56Lck and appears to regulate subcellular localization of the kinase in both resting and T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated cells. CAML-deficient cells displayed enhanced p56lck and ZAP-70 phosphorylation and increased IL2 production and cell death after TCR stimulation, suggesting that CAML may act as a negative regulator of p56lck. Our data establish a novel role for CAML as an essential mediator of T cell survival during thymopoiesis and indicate that its loss deregulates p56Lck signaling.
Tetrahymena thermophila contains a conventional γ-tubulin that is differentially required for the maintenance of different microtubule-organizing centers

The gene (GTU1) encoding Tetrahymena thermophila gamma-tubulin was cloned and analyzed. GTU1 is a single-copy, essential gene encoding a conventional gamma-tubulin. HA-tagged GTU1p localizes to four microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in vegetative cells: basal bodies (BBs), macronuclear envelopes, micronuclear envelopes, and contractile vacuole pores. gamma-Tubulin function was studied by placing the GTU1 gene under control of an inducible-repressible promoter. Overexpression of GTU1 had no detectable effect on cell growth or morphology. Depletion of gamma-tubulin resulted in marked changes in cell morphology and in MT bundling. MTOCs showed different sensitivities to gamma-tubulin depletion, with BBs being the most sensitive. gamma-Tubulin was required not only for the formation of new BBs but also for maintenance of mature BBs. BBs disappeared in stages, first losing gamma-tubulin and then centrin and glutamylated tubulin. When GTU1 expression was reinduced in depleted cells, BBs reformed rapidly, and the normal, highly organized structure of the Tetrahymena cell cortex was reestablished, indicating that the precise patterning of the cortex can be formed de novo.
Improved efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells by treatment of the dyed titania electrode with alkyl(trialkoxy)silanes

Abstract Dye sensitized cells are improved by passivation of the dyed titania electrode by silanizing the dyed surface with alkyl(trialkoxy)silanes. In cells utilizing the ruthenium dye bis(4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine)bis(thiocyanato)ruthenium (II) (N3) optimum performance is produced by treating the dyed electrode with octyl(trimethoxy)silane in dry toluene. Such treatment increases efficiency as much as 66%, raising cells utilizing an ionic liquid electrolyte with high [I 3 − ] from 1.7% to 2.8% (1 sun AM1.5). The effect on dark currents and on cell efficiencies of this silanization and of dyeing both the FTO and TiO 2 surfaces is discussed for ionic liquid and acetonitrile based electrolytes.
ANTACID ANTICHOLINERGIC REGIMENS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTIVE CAESAREAN SECTION

The pH and volume of gastric contents were examined in 60 patients undergoing elective Caesarean Section under thiopentone, nitrous oxide-oxygen, succinylcholine anaesthesia. All patients received Gelusil® 30 ml per os preoperatively, while 20 were given atropine 7 μg.kg-1 and another 20 glycopyrrolate 4 μg.kg-1 intramuscularly along with Gelusil®. Following tracheal intubation, gastric fluid was sampled through an orally placed 18 French Salem Sump tube.
15.1: Invited Paper: Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistors: Performance & Manufacturability for Display Applications

Various types of metal-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are under development for next-generation display applications. We advocate the use of amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) for this purpose. The objective of this presentation is to: (i) briefly compare the AOS approach to that of the binary metal-oxide TFT strategy, and (ii) assess AOS channel layer materials options in terms of their performance and manufacturability in the context of pertinent economic, environmental, and technology constraints.
Grassmannian-Euclidean superposition for MIMO broadcast channels

In multiantenna broadcast channels without channel state information at transmitter (CSIT), orthogonal transmission (e.g., TDMA) is known to achieve maximal degrees of freedom either with perfect channel state information at receiver (CSIR), or when no receiver has CSIR. Recently, it has been shown [1] that TDMA is no longer optimal in cases of unequal CSIR, e.g., when one receiver has CSIR and another does not. This paper proposes a multiplicative superposition that attains degrees of freedom uniformly higher than [1] and TDMA. The proposed scheme uses coherent signaling for the receiver with CSIR, and Grassmannian signaling for the receiver without CSIR. This signaling structure is shown to attain the optimal degrees of freedom under a wide set of antenna configurations.
The pathology of peroxisomal disorders with pathogenetic considerations.

Peroxisomal disorders are rare systemic maladies in which specific major organ systems are typically involved: most importantly the central nervous system (CNS), but also the peripheral nervous system, eyes, liver, adrenal, kidney and skeleton. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is the most severe of the generalized types and exhibits major neocortical migration defects, less severe and non-inflammatory white matter lesions, and dysmorphic features. In adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) the major lesion again is in the CNS, but consists of extensive dysmyelination/inflammatory demyelination without neuronal migration defects or dysmorphism. In adrenomyeloneuropathy long tract degeneration of spinal cord, peripheral neuropathy, and variable CNS dysmyelinative to inflammatory demyelinative lesions are the dominant nervous system lesions. Saturated very long chain fatty acids, either free in the cytoplasm of affected endocrine cells or as components of membrane lipids (e.g. gangliosides, glycerophospholipids, and proteolipid protein) in axons or myelin, may be central to the pathogenesis of these neuronal migration defects, dysmyelination/inflammatory demyelination and spinal tract degeneration. Cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and delayed cellular hypersensitivity appear to be major secondary pathogenic factors in ALD.
InfoGather: entity augmentation and attribute discovery by holistic matching with web tables

The Web contains a vast corpus of HTML tables, specifically entity attribute tables. We present three core operations, namely entity augmentation by attribute name, entity augmentation by example and attribute discovery, that are useful for "information gathering" tasks (e.g., researching for products or stocks). We propose to use web table corpus to perform them automatically. We require the operations to have high precision and coverage, have fast (ideally interactive) response times and be applicable to any arbitrary domain of entities. The naive approach that attempts to directly match the user input with the web tables suffers from poor precision and coverage.Our key insight is that we can achieve much higher precision and coverage by considering indirectly matching tables in addition to the directly matching ones. The challenge is to be robust to spuriously matched tables: we address it by developing a holistic matching framework based on topic sensitive pagerank and an augmentation framework that aggregates predictions from multiple matched tables. We propose a novel architecture that leverages preprocessing in MapReduce to achieve extremely fast response times at query time. Our experiments on real-life datasets and 573M web tables show that our approach has (i) significantly higher precision and coverage and (ii) four orders of magnitude faster response times compared with the state-of-the-art approach.
Differences between attractive diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), sex pheromone lures are not determinable through analysis of emissions

1 Conjoint comparisons were made between trap captures of male diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella (L.), and gas chromatographic measures of sex pheromone emissions from grey and red rubber septa. The objective was to correlate trap captures with emissions. 2 Irrespective of their composition, all mixtures that were released from grey septa effected the capture of more males than the same mixtures released from red septa. There was no difference between captures by any of the mixtures when emitted from grey septa. However, when emitted from red septa, a nominal 50 : 50 ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Al) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) effected the capture of more males than either nominal 70 : 30 or 67 : 23 ratios. Generally, the emitted ratios of Z11–16:Al and Z11–16:Ac from both types of septa were variable, ranging between 6 : 10 to about 40 : 10. 3 No statistical correlation was found between the emissions and trap captures by any single component, group or ratio of components. These results suggest that the environment substantially affects the emission of sex pheromone components from rubber septa. As a result, the demonstration of geographical biotypes of diamondback moths and other insects may be difficult.
Lung cancer rates as an index of tobacco smoke exposures: Validation against black male ∼non-lung cancer death rates, 1969-2000

Background. Researchers use lung cancer death rates (rates) as an index of the cumulative burdens of smoking. That index lacks direct validation and calibration. So this study directly validates and calibrates that index against annual∼non-lung (all-sites minus lung and stomach) rates from 1969 to 2000 in United States black men, then estimates their cancer death rate smoking-attributable fractions (SAFs). Methods. This study uses linear regression, age-adjusted rates from http://www.seer.cancer.gov/canques, and the formula SAF = (1− ((rate in the unexposed) / (rate in the exposed))). Estimated rates in the unexposed range between the 1969 rate and the rate predicted for a population with no smoking-attributable lung cancers. Stomach and lung cancer rate SAFs were based on published cohort studies. Results. Lung cancer death rates predicted 98% and 97% of the variances in∼non-lung cancer death rates throughout their 1969–1990 34% rise and subsequent declines, respectively (each P < 0.0001). The findings suggest that the SAF of the all-sites cancer death rate in black men peaked at 66% in 1990. Conclusions. Lung cancer death rates were a good index of smoke exposure for predicting∼non-lung cancer death rates in black men. Smoking may cause most premature cancer deaths in black men.