cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinase signaling pathways: potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson's disease

There is substantial preclinical evidence that the mixed-lineage kinase–JNK–c-jun signaling pathway plays a role in programmed cell death in neurons, including dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, which degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, this pathway is a likely target for therapeutics. However, a recent large, double-blind clinical trial, the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP-1347 Trial (PRECEPT), of a mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor, CEP1347, has failed to demonstrate efficacy in preventing the progression of the disease, and has brought this approach to a crossroads. There are many considerations related to the implementation of the trial and our limited knowledge about the neural basis of the progression of the disease, which preclude a conclusion from this negative outcome that inhibition of this kinase pathway is a failed strategy. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the molecular basis of Parkinson’s disease, derived from investigations of genetic causes, including mutations in DJ-...
An MMPI Scale to Predict Premature Termination from Inpatient Alcohol Treatment.

This study developed an MMPI scale to predict premature termination of patients from inpatient alcohol programming. MMPI responses of 93 male veterans hospitalized in a 4-week alcohol treatment program were item analyzed, and 21 items that differentiated Completers from Dropouts were selected. A classification accuracy rate of 91.36% was achieved in the standardization sample using a cut-off score of 8 and comparing only valid profiles. Classificatory accuracy of a cross validation sample (N = 90) was somewhat lower (75.34%). Face validity was absent, an indication of the scale's subtlety, and an analysis of scale items' Social Desirability Scale Values indicated that social desirability did not appear to influence item endorsement. Consistent differences between Completers and Dropouts were noted on Scales F and Sc, but not over other MMPI clinical scales, age, and race. Methodological issues and the use of the scale in alcohol treatment programming also were discussed.
Characterization of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Objective In this study, we use time-locked video and electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings to characterize acute seizures and EEG abnormalities in an animal model that replicates many salient features of human neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) including the brain injury pattern and long-term neurologic outcome.
Quark condensation in quantum chromodynamics

Working within a limited Fock-space approximation (LFSA), we argue that if the running coupling constant of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) exceeds a critical value of order 1 the vacuum becomes a condensate of quark-antiquark pairs. To evaluate the critical coupling constant we use a Mellin-transform technique which is first illustrated with a Schroedinger equation problem. We then apply it to scalar and spinor QED, as well as to QCD, using the LFSA.
Further data on the slit-lid mutant in mice and the effect of cortisone and doca on its development.

The development of a mutant with eyelids open at birth that appeared in our laboratory was described previously (Stein et al., '67). It differed from similar mutants described in the literature and was called slit-lids. Later Ricardo and Miller ('67) reported that complementarity tests between our mutant and another, called lid-gap, indicated they were identical or allelic. They found that cortisone injected prenatally reduced the frequency of the lid-gap phenotype (also reported by Watney and Miller, '64), but not of the slit-lid mutants supplied by us. In our hands, however, cortisone did correct the defect in a large proportion of the slit-lid progeny of injected pregnant females (Stein and Nichols, '68). Further experiments, reported here, confirmed our earlier results, and data from both series are combined in this paper. Injections of a mineralocorticoid, deoxycorticosterone, magnified the defects characterizing the untreated slit-lid mutant. Histological data have been reviewed and supplemented for comparison with those of Harris and Fraser ('68) who reported no evidence in lid-gap of the excessive vacuolation of the lens described by us in our mutant, but noted evidence of injurious adhesion of eyelids to cornea. In both respects the slit-lid mutant appears to differ from lip-gap.
A Toolkit for Ethical and Culturally Sensitive Research: An Application with Indigenous Communities

Given the complex historical context of research with indigenous communities, there is an ethical imperative to ensure cultural sensitivity in research with these populations. Despite this need, there is a lack of practical guidance based on empirical results to conduct culturally sensitive research. The purpose of this qualitative inquiry is twofold. First, Part 1 identifies strategies for culturally sensitive research with indigenous communities in the USA. Second, Part 2 applies culturally sensitive strategies to a specific research setting with an indigenous community. Part 1 uses a qualitative descriptive study with 13 indigenous and non-indigenous researchers to identify strategies for cultural sensitivity in research. Part 2 applies identified strategies to a rigorous critical ethnography with indigenous communities. Emergent themes from Part 1 include the impact of history, relational research, incorporating cultural sensitivity and strengths, demonstrating patience, and negotiating multiple persp...
Mechanisms in tissue-specific regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in humans

In humans, aromatase P450, which catalyses conversion of C(19)-steroids to estrogens, is expressed in several tissues, including gonads, brain, adipose tissue, skin and placenta, and is encoded by a single-copy gene (CYP19); however, this does not hold true for all species. The human gene is approximately 130 kb and its expression is regulated, in part, by tissue-specific promoters and by alternative splicing mechanisms. Using transgenic mouse technology, it was observed that ovary-, adipose tissue- and placenta-specific expression of human CYP19 is directed by relatively small segments of DNA within 500 bp upstream of each of the tissue-specific first exons. Thus, the use of alternative promoters allows greater versatility in tissue-specific regulation of CYP19 expression. Characterization and identification of transcription factors and crucial cis-acting elements within genomic regions that direct tissue-specific expression will contribute to improved understanding of the regulation of CYP19 expression in the tissues that synthesize estrogens under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Crack nucleation in saline ice with interacting inhomogeneities

Abstract The analysis of crack nucleation in saline and sea ice is complicated by the presence of local inhomogeneities such as grains and brine pockets. These inhomogeneities play an important role in the initiation of cracks from defects (precursors) located in the material. An approximate model of crack nucleation in a random microstructure which takes into account the inhomogeneities of grains and brine pockets is presented in this paper. The theoretical modeling combines an approximate method for computing microstructural stresses due to the grain elastic anisotropy and a technique for analyzing brine pocket interactions. Using these theoretical stress fields, crack nucleation is investigated with the mixed mode maximum principal stress criterion. Numerical simulations for uniaxial tensile loading show that: (i) the nucleation stresses decrease from ∼0.8 to 0.2 MPa as the porosity increases from ∼20 to 60 ppt, which are in agreement with test data for Alaskan Beaufort sea ice, (ii) precursors at triple points are subjected to a greater degree of fracture mode mixity than those on brine pockets, (iii) the circumferential stresses around brine pockets are larger than those around triple points, except for distances extremely close to the triple points where stress singularities may exist, (iv) brine pockets located at triple points may be subjected to smaller stress concentrations than those located within grains due to the complex interactions between inhomogeneities, and (v) crack nucleation is more likely to occur from brine pocket precursors but nucleation from sufficiently long triple point precursors is also possible when the brine pocket pressure is small.
Unbalanced Institutional Commitments and Delinquent Behavior An Individual-Level Assessment of Institutional Anomie Theory

Institutional anomie theory (IAT) argues that crime results from a value complex that elevates the economy over other institutions. Though most assessments of IAT have been conducted at the macro level, the key relationships can also be evaluated among individuals. Using a national survey of high school seniors, we examine whether violence, theft, and substance use are related to individual commitments to economic and noneconomic institutions. Results show that adherence to economic values is positively related to certain forms of delinquency and that commitments to noneconomic institutions reduce delinquent behavior. Moreover, commitment to noneconomic institutions often reduces the effect of economic commitment on delinquency.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines

This article reviews the literature on the plasma concentration-effect relationships for benzodiazepines, in humans and in experimental animals. Only literature that explicitly links pharmacokinetics to pharmacodynamics is included. The following questions are evaluated. Can concentration-effect relationships be demonstrated? If so, are these relations stable? Are the influences of specific factors such as age and disease on these relationships established? It is clear that, when studies are conducted and interpreted appropriately, relations can be found for a wide range of benzodiazepine effects. These include objective measures such as electroencephalography, semisubjective measures such as psychomotor performance, and subjective measures such as mood/sedation scales. A generally applicable model of the relationship which will allow prediction of effect is, however, not yet established. The relationship appears to be dependent on route and rate of administration, because of factors such as distributional delay, formation of active metabolites and, probably, acute tolerance. Furthermore, intra- and interindividual variability is considerable, probably due to varying experimental conditions and intrinsic interindividual differences. The limited data available on factors influencing the plasma concentration-effect relationships for benzodiazepines demonstrate clear changes in the pharmacodynamics after multiple doses, suggesting the development of tolerance, and a subsensitivity in patients with panic disorder. The influence of factors such as age, disease and drug interactions on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship remains less clear.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide in High‐Pressure Processing on Pectinmethylesterase in Single‐strength Orange Juice

High-pressure processing (HPP) in combination with added CO 2(g) was examined for efficacy in inactivating Valencia orange juice pectinmethylesterase (PME). Noncarbonated juice and carbonated juice were subjected to a range of conditions from 200 to 600 MPa, 30 to 300 s dwell time at pressure, and 15 to 50 °C at final processing temperature. Processing pressure magnitude, temperature, and dwell time were significant factors (p < 0.001) in the inactivation of PME. At 600 MPa and 25 °C final processing temperature, the addition of 12 psig carbon dioxide resulted in a decrease of pressure processing time from 346 s to 111 s, while achieving an equivalent reduction in PME activity.
Characterization of MLH1 and MSH2 DNA mismatch repair proteins in cell lines of the NCI anticancer drug screen

Purpose and methods: The lack of a functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway has been recognized as a common characteristic of several different types of human cancers due to mutation affecting one of the MMR genes or due to promoter methylation gene silencing. These MMR-deficient cancers are frequently resistant to alkylating agent chemotherapy such as DNA-methylating or platinum-containing compounds. To correlate drug resistance with MMR status in a large panel of human tumor cell lines, we evaluated by Western blot the cellular levels of the two MMR proteins most commonly mutated in human cancers, MLH1 and MSH2, in the NCI human tumor cell line panel. This panel consists of 60 cell lines distributed among nine different neoplastic diseases. Results: We found that in most of these cell lines both MLH1 and MSH2 were expressed, although at variable levels. Five cell lines (leukemia CCRF-CEM, colon HCT 116 and KM12 and ovarian cancers SK-OV-3 and IGROV-1) showed complete deficiency in MLH1 protein. MSH2 protein was detected in all 57 cell lines studied. Absence of MLH1 protein was always linked to resistance to the methylating chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. This resistance was independent of cellular levels of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase. Based on data available for review in the NCI COMPARE database, cellular levels of MLH1 and MSH2 did not correlate significantly with sensitivity to any standard anticancer drug or with any characterized molecular target already tested against the same panel of cell lines. Conclusion: Based on evaluation of 60 tumor cell lines in the NCI anticancer drug screen, MLH1 deficiency was more common than MSH2 deficiency and was always associated with a high degree of temozolomide resistance. These data will enable correlations with other drug sensitivities and molecular targets in the COMPARE database to evaluate linked processes in tumor drug resistance.
A simplified thermal analysis of a nuclear waste repository

Abstract A parametric thermal analysis of a radioactive waste repository has been performed for comparison of two fuel cycles and four repository host rocks. Several parameters have also been analyzed for their impact on the densities of disposal attainable in the different media. Simplified models have been used to keep computing time and expenses low. The thermal model has been separated into three regions, selected according to their proximity to the heat sources. The analysis has been carried out for the uncoupled three regions and the results have been merged. In general terms, higher densities of disposal can be achieved for reprocessed waste both in terms of mass and heat per unit surface. Salt proves to be the most restrictive medium for spent fuel disposal, whereas basalt is the worst for reprocessed waste. While permissible mass loadings for spent fuel disposal increase with age of the waste at disposal, initial thermal loadings decrease, because longer-lived nuclides produce a larger fraction of the total heat for aged waste. This effect is not seen for reprocessed waste, for it does not contain a large proportion of long-lived products. The thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient of the host rock are the parameters to which the thermal loadings are most sensitive.
Stimulation of gastrin secretion in the pig by parathyroid hormone and its inhibition by thyrocalcitonin.

Gastrin secretion was studied in 16 young anesthetized pigs weighing 14–26 kg. Test substances were infused (0.1 ml/min i 10–20 min) directly into the gastric antrum via a catheter in the right gastroepiploic artery. Samples were collected from a catheter in the right gastroepiploic vein and plasma gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The following results were observed: 1) basal gastrin in antral venous blood was 10-15 times that in peripheral blood (620 ± 222 pg/ml vs. 41 ± 10 pg/ml, 2) native bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) and synthetic human 1–34 PTH (0.02–4 U/min) produced rapid (within 10-30 min) and pronounced (approximately 10-fold) increases in gastrin release with no increase in plasma calcium and, in several animals, in the face of a falling plasma calcium concentration, 3) neither acute thyroidectomy nor infusion of porcine thyrocalcitonin (TCT), 0.5–2.5 U–min) consistently altered basal gastrin secretion (N = 3 – 6), and 4) infusion of TCT (0.5 U/min) along with PTH (2 U/min) significa...
The CCAAT Box Binding Factor, NF-Y, Is Required for Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Rat Liver S14 Gene Transcription*

Triiodothyronine (T3) activates rat liver S14 gene transcription through T3 receptors (TRbeta) binding distal thyroid hormone response elements located between -2.8 and -2.5 kilobase pairs upstream from the transcription start site. Previous studies suggested that proximal promoter elements located between -220 to -80 base pairs upstream from the 5' end of the S14 gene were involved in hormone activation of the S14 gene. This report identifies an inverted CCAAT box (or Y box) at -104ATTGG-100 as a core cis-regulatory element. Gel shift studies using rat liver nuclear proteins show that at least three CCAAT-binding factors interact with this region as follows: NF-Y and c/EBP-related proteins formed major complexes, whereas NF-1/CTF forms a minor complex in gel shift assay. Mutation of the Y box indicated that loss of NF-Y binding, but not c/EBP or NF-1, correlated closely with a decline in basal activity and a loss of T3-mediated transactivation. Substitution of the S14 Y box in reporter genes with elements binding only NF-Y elevated basal activity and T3-mediated transactivation, whereas substitution with elements binding c/EBP-related proteins or SP1 displayed low basal activity and T3-mediated transactivation. These studies indicate that NF-Y and TRbeta functionally interact to confer T3 control to the S14 gene.
The argon contact laser scalpel: a study of its effect on atherosclerosis.

A new argon laser scalpel (ALS) that delivers radiation to tissue by direct contact was used to perform endarterectomies on atherosclerotic rabbit aortas in vivo. The resultant effects were compared to those induced by CO2 laser (CO2) and conventional surgical endarterectomy (END) to determine whether this instrument might be useful in the treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Light microscopy of the treated aortic segments revealed significantly more atheroma removed and less damage to the underlying media in the ALS segments compared to the CO2 segments. Electron microscopy showed that the ALS surface and distal intima-media interface were smoother and more even than those of the CO2 or END groups. Prostacyclin synthesis, as measured by 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a levels, was significantly reduced in the ALS compared to the END and control segments. These results indicate that the ALS is superior to CO2 in performing open laser endarterectomies, but such treatment places the atherosclerotic blood vessel at greater risk for thrombotic complications during the early postoperative period that does surgical endarterectomy. It is conceivable that a contact laser may be useful in the smooth welding of the distal edge of an atheroma (i.e., during carotid endarterectomy) and for the transcatheter ablation of surgically inaccessible obstructions of the cerebral circulation.
Prognostics Health Monitoring (PHM) for Prior Damage Assessment in Electronics Equipment Under Thermo-Mechanical Loads

Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring (HM) can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Presently, HM approaches such as the built-in self-test are based on reactive failure diagnostics and unable to determine residual-life (RL) or estimate residual-reliability. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the prefailure-space of the electronic system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Applications for the presented PHM framework include, consumer and defense applications such as automotive safety systems including front and rear impact protection systems, chassis-control systems, x-by-wire systems, and defense applications such as avionics systems, naval electronic warfare systems. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by the interrogation of the system state for systems in which the prior stress-history may be unknown or unavailable. The primary focus is on thermo-mechanical stresses. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system's residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Previously, we have developed several leading indicators of failure. In this paper, a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data have been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential applications of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based on interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. The test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of -40 οC to 125 οC and isothermal aging at 125 οC.
Geršgorin variations IV: A left eigenvector approach

Abstract We use the left vanishing eigenvector to prove various well-known conditions for determining the nonsingularity of matrices via row sums. This is in contrast to the classical approach of using the right vanishing eigenvector. We show that on occasion this approach results in simpler proofs and generalizations of well-known results. We also present a simple proof of a generalized Gudkov's theorem.
Measurements of acoustic responses of gaseous propellant injectors

Results are presented for an investigation intended to provide experimental data that can quantitatively describe the way in which various coaxial injector designs affect the stability of gaseous propellant rocket motors. The response factors of configurations that simulate the flow conditions in a gaseous-fuel injector element and a gaseous-oxidizer injector element are measured by using a modified impedance-tube technique and under cold-flow conditions simulating those observed in rocket motors with axial instability. The measured injector response factor data are presented and discussed. It is shown that there is reasonable agreement between the measured injector response factors and those predicted by the Feiler and Heidmann model (1967), and that the orifice length can be varied to shift the resonant frequency of the injector without any change in the magnitude of the response factor at resonance. A change in the injector open-area ratio is found to have a significant effect on the characteristics of the injector response factor.
The contribution of various positions in a mediation paradigm to mediated responding

To determine the relative contribution of the items in the A, the B, or the C positions of a mediation set to mediated responding, items in one position of a mediation set, B-C, B-A, A-CDE, or of a control set, X-C, B-A, A-CDE, were varied while the items in the other positions were held relatively constant. The items varied were trigrams which had been scaled for both meaningfulness and pro-nunciability. The “nonvarying” items were bigrams. One group of Ss spelled all items and another group of Ss pronounced the trigrams as words and spelled the bigrams. Varying the item in the C position appeared to increase the availability of this item on the test-trials but did not influence mediated responding, whereas varying the item in the B position increased mediated responding. Manipulations of the meaningfulness and of the pronunciability of the items did not affect test-trial performance.
Multiple subunits of a voltage-dependent potassium channel contribute to the binding site for tetraethylammonium

Abstract RNAs encoding a wild-type (RBK1) and a mutant (RBK1(Y379V,V381 T); RBK1 ∗ ) subunit of voltage-dependent potassium channels were injected into Xenopus oocytes. When expressed separately, they made homotetrameric channels that differed about 100-fold in sensitivity to tetraethylammonium (TEA). Mixtures of channels having one, two, or three low affinity subunits were expressed by injecting various proportions of RBK1 and RBK1 ∗ RNAs. The affinity for TEA of these three channel species was deduced by fitting concentration-response curves for the inhibition of potassium currents. DNAs were also concatenated to construct a sequence that encoded two connected subunits, and channels that contained four, two, or no TEA-sensitive subunits were expressed. The results suggest that bound TEA interacts simultaneously with all four subunits.
Abstract 4691: Rationale for combining PARP inhibitors with topotecan or irinotecan: taking advantage of the alternative DNA repair pathways involving XPF-ERCC1 and PARP-TDP1

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Poly(ADP-Ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors represent an important class of novel anticancer agents. The present study explores the molecular rationale for combining veliparib (ABT-888) with camptothecin (CPT) and its clinical derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan. ABT-888 inhibited PAR induction by CPT and increased CPT-induced cell killing and DNA damage measured by histone gamma-H2AX and comet assays. Notably, increased DNA breaks by ABT-888 was not associated with a corresponding increase of topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (Top1cc). Also, ABT-888 failed to further enhance the gamma-H2AX response in tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase (TDP1) knockout cells, which indicates that PARP inhibition no longer enhances Top1-induced DNA damage once TDP1 is inactivated. To explore alternative endonuclease pathway for the repair of Top1cc upon PARP inhibition, we tested the role of the 3′-flap endonuclease XPF-ERCC1. XPF-ERCC1 inactivation reduced the ABT-888-induced gamma-H2AX response both in non-replicating and replicating cells, and further enhanced the antiproliferative effect of ABT-888 in CPT-treated cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that XPF-ERCC1 acts as an alternative endonuclease pathway for the repair of Top1-induced DNA damage. Its function becomes critical when the PARP-TDP1 excision repair pathway is inactivated. Our study suggests the rationale for combining Top1 and PARP inhibitors in tumors with XPF-ERCC1 deficiency. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4691. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4691
The role of periphyton abundance and quality in the microdistribution of a stream grazer, Helicopsyche borealis (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

SUMMARY. 1. A series of laboratory and field experiments was performed to determine if the preference of larvae of Helicopsyche borealis (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) for exposed rock surfaces in streams was related to patchiness of periphyton food. 2. At low current velocities in the laboratory larvae preferred food-saturated as opposed to food-depleted portions of substrata and drifted off the substratum in response to low food levels. 3. When offered a choice of three potential foods—a diatom, a green filamentous or a blue-green filamentous alga—larvae showed no preference. 4. Larval densities on artificial subtrata in field experiments were highest in areas of high algal chlorophyll a. 5. In laboratory experiments more adults emerged from cultures containing green algae or diatoms than cultures with blue-green algae or bacteria alone. 6. Periphyton quality was not as important as abundance in controlling H. borealis microdistribution. By selecting exposed surfaces of rocks, H. borealis larvae place themselves in the microhabitat most likely to contain both abundant and high quality food patches.
Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature

Abstract Potentiometric measurements of the stoichiometric constants on the seawater pH scale for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater (K1⁎ = [H+][HCO3−]/[CO2] and K2⁎ = [H+][CO32−]/[HCO3−]) have been made as a function of salinity (1 to 50) and temperature (0 to 50 °C). The results have been fitted to the equations (T/K) p K i − p K i 0 = A i + B i / T + C i ln ⁢ T . The values of pKi0 in pure water are taken from the early work of Harned and Davis (1943) and Harned and Scholes (1941) p K 1 0 = − 126.34048 + 6320.813 / T + 19.568224 ⁢ ln ⁢ T p K 2 0 = − 90.18333 + 5143.692 / T + 14.613358 ⁢ ln ⁢ T . The value of the adjustable parameters Ai, Bi and Ci for pK1⁎ are given by (σ = 0.0054 and N = 466) A 1 = 13.4191 S 0.5 + 0.0331 ⁢ S − 5.33 ⁢ E − 05 S 2 B 1 = − 530.123 S 0.5 − 6.103 ⁢ S C 1 = − 2.06950 S 0.5 . For pK2⁎ the parameters are given by (σ = 0.011 and N = 458) A 2 = 21.0894 S 0.5 + 0.1248 ⁢ S − 3.687 ⁢ E − 04 S 2 B 2 = − 772.483 S 0.5 − 20.051 ⁢ S C 2 = − 3.3336 S 0.5 . The values of pK1⁎ and pK2⁎ determined in this study are in good agreement with the seawater (SW) measurements of Mehrbach et al. (1973) and Mojica-Prieto and Millero (2002) from S = 15 to 45 and 0 to 40 °C. The values of pK1⁎ near S = 35 are also in reasonable agreement with the measurements in artificial seawater (ASW) of Goyet and Poisson (1989) and Roy et al. (1993) from 0 to 35 °C. The values of pK2⁎ in real seawater, however, do not agree with the measurement made in artificial seawater at temperatures above 5 °C. Calculations of pK1⁎ and pK2⁎ near 25 °C using an ionic interaction model (Millero and Roy, 1997) suggest that the pK2⁎ results in SW are more reliable than in ASW. The equations from this study should be valid from S = 0 to 50 and t = 0 to 50 °C for most estuarine and marine waters (check values at S = 35 and t = 25 °C are pK1⁎ = 5.8401 and pK2⁎ = 8.9636).
Effect of the size and affinity for water of excluded ions on interparticle forces

Abstract The influence of non-adsorbed (excluded), indifferent electrolyte cations (Li+, Na+, K+ and Cs+ and tetralkylammonium cations; alkyl=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) on the viscosity of silica and alumina slurries was studied. Silica and alumina slurries were studied at and below the pH of the isoelectric point where the indifferent electrolyte cations would not be expected to adsorb significantly on the surface. Slurries prepared with ions with the highest affinity for water (such as lithium) always exhibited the highest viscosity. It appears that a lyotropic sequence effect for excluded ions exists and is correlated to the hydration of ions and surfaces. Direct spectroscopic measurements are needed to test this assumption.
The origin and evolution of magmas from the San Pedro-Pellado volcanic complex, S. Chile: multicomponent sources and open system evolution

The San Pedro-Pellado volcanic complex is located at 36° S in the Chilean Andes. The eruptive rocks of the complex record the development and collapse of a caldera, followed by voluminous, largely basaltic andesite, volcanism. At each stage of evolution, crystal fractionation was accompanied by variable degrees of contamination and mixing. Large variations in incompatible element ratios cannot be produced by closed system evolution. Correlations between indices of differentiation and incompatible element ratios, together with high δ 18O values, indicate that basaltic andesites have assimilated crust to generate the evolved volcanic rocks at San Pedro-Pellado. Even in the most mafic rocks, however, incompatible element characteristics are variable as a result of source heterogeneity and deep level processes. The restricted ranges in isotope ratios of Sr, Nd and Pb among San Pedro-Pellado rocks are due to the small contrast in isotopic compositions between magma and wallrock. Three source components are recognized as contributing to parental magmas at San Pedro-Pellado. Although the relative contributions of each cannot be quantified, the volumetrically dominant source component is the sub-arc asthenospheric mantle (MORB source). The major source of LILE is thought to be slab-derived fluids which modified the sub-arc mantle. Other incompatible elements may also have been enriched by interaction with the continental lithosphere (mantle and/or lower crust) during ascent.
Insulin therapy for the management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients

It has long been established that hyperglycemia with or without a prior diagnosis of diabetes increases both mortality and disease-specific morbidity in hospitalized patients and that goal-directed insulin therapy can improve outcomes. This article reviews the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia during illness, the mechanisms for increased complications and mortality due to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and beneficial mechanistic effects of insulin therapy and provides updated recommendations for the inpatient management of diabetes in the critical care setting and in the general medicine and surgical settings.
Derivative expansion and the chiral anomaly at finite temperature.

We discuss how the derivative-expansion method can be used to study the chiral anomaly in the Schwinger model. In particular we rederive the temperature independence of the anomaly in this method.
Development Of A Normal Incidence Multilayer, Imaging X-Ray Microscope

This paper describes the design, analysis, and fabrication of a normal-incidence multilayer 20x Schwarzschild imaging X-ray microscope. The microscope is being fabricated using much of the technology implemented in the Multispectral Solar Telescope Array. Results of diffraction analysis show that better than 400 A spatial resolution in the object plane up to a 1-mm field of view can be achieved with 125 A radiation. Other microscope systems for use in conjunction with X-ray telescopes are analyzed and designed.
Effects of Alcohol on the Acoustic-Phonetic Properties of Speech: Perceptual and Acoustic Analyses

This report summarizes the results of a series of studies that examined the effects of alcohol on the acoustic-phonetic properties of speech. Audio recordings were made of male talkers producing lists of sentences under a sober condition and an intoxicated condition. These speech samples were then subjected to perceptual and acoustic analyses. In one perceptual experiment, listeners heard matched pairs of sentences from four talkers and were required to identify the sentence that was produced while the talker was intoxicated. In a second perceptual experiment, Indiana State Troopers and college undergraduates were required to judge whether individual sentences presented in isolation were produced in a sober or an intoxicated condition. The results of the perceptual experiments indicated that groups of listeners can significantly discriminate between speech samples produced under sober and intoxicated conditions. For acoustic analyses, digital signal processing techniques were used to measure acoustic-phonetic changes that took place in speech production when the talker was intoxicated. The results of the acoustical analyses revealed consistent and well-defined changes in speech articulation between sober and intoxicated conditions. Because speech production requires fine motor control and timing of the articulators, it may be possible to use acoustic-phonetic measures as sensitive indices of sensory-motor impairment due to alcohol consumption.
FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

This review discusses a practical approach to the patient with possible fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis come from the nonspecific clinical syndromes (subacute meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and brain abscess) and the low isolation rate of fungi from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Helpful diagnostic clues often come from knowledge of the patient's geographic travels, risk factors, evidence of systemic organ infection, and fungal serologic tests. Standard and new antifungal agents are evaluated and the initial and suppressive drug management of the common fungal infections is presented.
High-Protein Diets Augment Albuminuria in Rats with Heymann Nephritis by Angiotensin II- Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms

Urinary albumin excretion (U(alb)V) increases following dietary protein augmentation (DPA) in nephrotic humans and rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) blunt, but do not entirely prevent, increased U(alb)V at doses that reduce blood pressure and entirely block the pressor effect of exogenously administered angiotensin I (Ang-I), suggesting that angiotensin II (Ang-II) might not mediate the effect of DPA on U(alb)V. We determined the effect of losartan (Los), a specific Ang-II receptor antagonist, and compared its effect to that of enalapril (En), an ACEI, on DPA-induced increase in U(alb)V in rats with passive Heymann nephritis (HN). When Los was administered to HN rats for 48 h prior to DPA from 8.5 to 40% casein. U(alb)V increased in an identical fashion in treated and untreated rats, even though Los caused hypotension and prevented the pressor effect of infused Ang-II. Only on day 6 after DPA did U(alb)V decrease. We then measured the effect of duration of pretreatment with Los on Ang-II binding to isolated glomeruli. Maximal inhibition of Ang-II binding required treatment with Los for 6 days. We then pretreated HN rats with either En or Los for 6 days prior to DPA. In contrast to administration of Los for 2 days prior to DPA, pretreatment with either Los or En for 6 days entirely prevented any increase in U(alb)V. We then increased dietary NaCl from 0.2% to 2% (HS) to determine whether En or Los would modulate U(alb)V after DPA when Ang-II activity was suppressed. En reduced the DPA-mediated increase in U(alb)V regardless of dietary NaCl, while Los was effective only in when dietary NaCl was reduced (0.2%), suggesting that under these conditions ACEI reduces U(alb)V by a mechanism that is independent of inhibition of Ang-II and that high protein diets augment U(alb)V by both Ang-II-independent and Ang-II-dependent mechanisms.
AN AHP FRAMEWORK FOR PRIORITIZING CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS IN QFD: AN INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING APPLICATION

Abstract Construction of housing in the United States is highly decentralized. There is an increasing use of manufactured components and modules constructed off-site at a manufacturing facility and assembled at die building site. However, there has been little use of modern manufacturing processes and controls. In an effort to develop energy efficient, affordable industrialized housing, a total engineering design approach is needed. This study uses a concurrent engineering approach to examine the production of an essential component in industrialized housing, a manufactured exterior structural wall panel. In particular, we apply Quality Function Deployment to fully integrate the customer's requirements. This paper focuses on the identification and prioritization of those customer requirements. We integrate the Analytic Hierarchy process with QFD to establish a framework for prioritizing customer requirements.
Contemplative practices in higher education: powerful methods to transform teaching and learning

With Contemplative Practices in Higher Education, Daniel P. Barbezat and Mirabai Bush offer both an introduction to contemplative pedagogy and an invitation for academic developers and teaching sta...
Hidradenitis suppurativa: Mammographic and sonographic manifestations in two cases

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic debilitating disorder of the skin manifested by recurrent, painful, inflammatory, subcutaneous nodules. The lesions occur most commonly in the apocrine-gland-bearing skin sites such as the axillae and inguinal regions; they cause scarring and disfigurement from the formation of multiple abscesses and fistulous tracts within the skin. We report the radiologic manifestations of two cases of hidradenitis suppurativa in women who presented for breast imaging.
Distributive Justice and Treaty Efficiency: Impact of Dual-use Research Restrictions on bwc Implementation

This article evaluates the security value of controls over biotechnology transfers and of new restrictions on the spread of scientific results: to what extent do they improve the implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention (bwc)? Although the questions of justice that have plagued the bwc regime since its creation in 1972 have been analyzed extensively, the effects of current controls over dual-use research and the propagation of scientific results on the implementation of the bwc have not been fully addressed. It is argued that although controls over biotechnology transfers increase security because they delay covert programs by creating integration challenges, controls on the spread of scientific results have no security value. They instead may lead to a decreased implementation of the bwc.
Fresh frozen plasma for the treatment of hereditary angioedema.

Background Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) has been used as a treatment option for patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) because it contains C1 esterase inhibitor, and alternate therapies are not yet available in the United States. However, because FFP also contains other substrates, it has been hypothesized to have the potential to worsen or precipitate an acute attack of HAE. Objective To research patient records and the medical literature to determine whether FFP can exacerbate symptoms or precipitate an attack of HAE. Methods The following keywords were searched in PubMed and OVID: hereditary angioedema , angioedema and fresh frozen plasma , angioedema and FFP , and hereditary angioneurotic edema . English-language articles were searched from 1966 to the present. Also, after institutional review board approval, the medical records of patients with HAE at our institution who have received FFP since 1990 were reviewed to determine if there was evidence that FFP exacerbated the symptoms of HAE. Results The English-language literature review and our patient medical record review failed to identify instances when FFP exacerbated symptoms of HAE or precipitated an attack. Several reports and our experience suggest that FFP is an effective prophylactic agent before surgery and for treatment of acute HAE attacks without evidence of exacerbation or initiation of symptoms. Conclusions FFP seems to be safe and effective in preventing exacerbations of HAE before surgery and for acute exacerbations of HAE without evidence of it initiating an attack or worsening a preexisting attack.
Weakly bound carbon monoxide at catalytically active sites on Cu(111)/Pd(111) thin films

Abstract Epitaxial Cu(111)/Pd(111) thin films were formed on mica substrates by vacuum evaporation in UHV. The films were characterized by LEED, AES, thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), work-function (WF) change and their catalytic activities relative to that of a Pd(111) film. AES, WF, and TDS of CO adsorbates were used to show that Cu grew by atomic layers on epitaxial Pd(111) films formed on mica. LEED measurements indicated that the Cu overgrowth was epitaxial and that it was pseudomorphic with its Pd(111) substrate up to ∼3–5 monolayers (ML) of Cu. TDS measurements on CO adsorption indicated that the saturation coverage dropped by ∼25% for each 0.5 ML Cu that was deposited and that almost no CO adsorbed on 2 ML Cu/Pd bilayers. The WF change on CO adsorption, however, decreased much more rapidly as the Cu overlayer thickened, indicating that the charge transfer per CO molecule decreased correspondingly. The difference between the normalized TDS and WF change curves for saturation CO adsorption is a measure of the density of weakly bound (lower charge transfer) CO molecules on the bilayer surface. This difference curve peaks at 0.5 ML Cu. Catalytic activity measurements at atmospheric pressure for the CO oxidation reaction on these Cu(111)/Pd(111) bilayers had two peaks, one at 0.5 ML Cu and the other at 3 ML Cu. The peak at 0.5 ML Cu is shown to be due to catalytically active sites located in the vicinity of the edges of the monolayer high Cu islands. The peak at 3 ML Cu is due to the generation of misfit dislocations from threading dislocations which leave steps on the surface. The atomic displacements associated with the generation of these steps bring certain Cu atoms ∼ 1 ML closer to Pd atoms, thereby increasing the catalysis rate at these steps. Further thickening of the Cu overlayer nullifies the effects of steps since Cu has a much lower activity than Pd.
The synthesis and characterization of phenylacetylene tripodal compounds containing boroxine cores

A convergent synthesis of phenylacetylene tripodal compounds containing boroxine cores has been accomplished. The boroxine cores are assembled in high yield either by chemical dehydration or ligand-facilitated trimerization of the corresponding monomeric boronic acids.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions for neutral dynamic equations on time scales

We investigate the boundedness and asymptotic behavior of a first-order neutral delay dynamic equation on arbitrary time scales, extending some results from difference equations.
Some factors causing variation in the texture of similar muscles from comparable animals.

This paper reviews recent studies on pre- and postmortem changes in muscle tissue that cause variation in quality of similar muscles from animals of equal age, similar breeding and rearing, and processed under identical conditions. These studies indicate that the nervous state of the animal and struggling at death cause an undesirably high rate of glycolysis and breakdown of high-energy phosphates immediately before or after death in some animals. This results in a low pH at death or shortly after death and a rapid onset of rigor when the temperature of the carcass is still high. These conditions cause denaturation of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins and excessive shortening-and consequently toughness and loss of water-holding capacity. The extent of these changes varies widely between similar muscles from comparable animals which leads to concomitant variations in tenderness and juiciness of the meat. Another causal factor in this variation is the lack of activation of an intrinsic enzyme system which dissociates the Z-lines and improves tenderness.
Ultrasonic characterization of slurries in an autoclave reactor at elevated temperature

The application of the three-phase slurry reactor system for coal liquefaction processing and chemical industries has recently received considerable attention. To design and efficiently operate a three-phase slurry reactor, the degree of dispersion of the solid (catalyst) in the reactor must be understood and controlled. An ultrasonic technique was developed to measure the concentration of solids in an autoclave reactor. Preliminary measurements were conducted on slurries consisting of molten paraffin wax, glass beads, and nitrogen bubbles at 189 C. The data show that the velocity and attenuation of the sound are well-defined functions of the solid and gas concentrations in the molten wax. The results suggest possibilities for directly measuring solids concentration during operation of a three-phase slurry reactor.
Assessing the performance of a new depression screener for primary care (PC-SAD).

Abstract As many as 50% of patients with major depression seen in primary care settings are not diagnosed. To facilitate efficient identification of primary care patients with depression, we developed a new patient-administered depression screening instrument (PC-SAD