cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central Sensitivity Syndromes: A New Paradigm and Group Nosology for Fibromyalgia and Overlapping Conditions, and the Related Issue of Disease versus Illness

Objectives To discuss the current terminologies used for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and related overlapping conditions, to examine if central sensitivity syndromes (CSS) is the appropriate nosology for these disorders, and to explore the issue of disease versus illness. Methods A literature search was performed through PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect using a number of keywords, eg, functional somatic syndromes, somatoform disorders, medically unexplained symptoms, organic and nonorganic, and diseases and illness. Relevant articles were then reviewed and representative ones cited. Results Terminologies currently used for CSS conditions predominantly represent a psychosocial construct and are inappropriate. On the other hand, CSS seems to be the logical nosology based on a biopsychosocial model. Such terms as “medically unexplained symptoms,” “somatization,” “somatization disorder,” and “functional somatic syndromes” in the context of CSS should be abandoned. Given current scientific knowledge, the concept of disease–illness dualism has no rational basis and impedes proper patient–physician communication, resulting in poor patient care. The concept of CSS is likely to promote research, education, and proper patient management. Conclusion CSS seems to be a useful paradigm and an appropriate terminology for FMS and related conditions. The disease–illness, as well as organic/non-organic dichotomy, should be rejected.
Boundary conditions based upon a modified Maxwellian velocity distribution for flows of identical, smooth, nearly elastic spheres

We focus attention on the rapid flows of identical, smooth, nearly elastic spheres and introduce a statistical description of the spheres' velocities. Based upon a velocity distribution function that contains improvements to the Maxwellian, we calculate the rate at which momentum and energy are transferred across bumpy boundaries and obtain conditions that ensure the balance of momentum and energy at such boundaries. Using these conditions we carry out an approximate analysis of a granular shear flow driven by bumpy boundaries to obtain an explicit dependence of the slip velocity and resulting stresses on boundary roughness. Finally, we compare these results to those obtained by employing a theory based on a simple Maxwellian velocity distribution.
American Cultural Pluralism and Law

What are the limits of cultural difference that have been tolerated in our nation's history? How have these diverse cultural groups, who have come into conflict with society, used the law to protect and preserve their cultural integrity? How has the law been used to further dominant cultural and economic interests? American Cultural Pluralism and the Law is a chronological examination of the interaction of law and cultural pluralism in the United States. The text is based on materials drawn from court decisions, statutes and codes, essays and legal ethnographies. This book is also relevant to the current debate in the academic community about the content of undergraduate core curriculum. Should that curriculum by exclusively Western in its canon or should students be exposed to the history and values of many different cultures? It is an American society text that offers a measure of each, examining the legal interactions of diverse cultural groups with the dominant culture.
Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus effects of venlafaxine, a potential antidepressant, in rhesus monkeys

The discriminative stimulus effects of the novel antidepressant venlafaxine were examined in rhesus monkeys. Separate groups of monkeys discriminated either 0.56 or 1.0 mg/kg (i.g.) d-amphetamine (N = 3) or 10 mg/kg (i.g.) pentobarbital (N = 4) from saline, in a discrete-trials shock avoidance/escape paradigm. In d-amphetamine-trained monkeys, 10–17 mg/kg venlafaxine occasioned only saline-appropriate responding and had minimal effect on response latency in alll monkeys. The highest dose of venlafaxine tested (30 mg/kg) occasioned at least 95% d-amphetamine-lever responding in two of three monkeys. Following this dose, the average latency to respond after the onset of a trial increased substantially in both monkeys; in one monkey avoidance responding was disrupted and shocks were occasionally received. In the third monkey, 30 mg/kg venlafaxine occasioned only saline-lever responding and had no effect on response latency. In pentobarbital-trained monkeys, venlafaxine (3.0–30 mg/kg) occasioned primarily saline-lever responding and these doses had minimal effects on response latency. In general, venlafaxine was more potent in d-amphetamine-trained monkeys than in pentobarbital-trained monkeys in its effects on response latency. Drug discrimination procedures in animals have been shown to differentiate compunds in a manner that is consistent with their subjective effects. Thus, result from the present experiment suggest that venlafaxine may produce subjective effects similar to d-amphetamine in some individuals, but only at high doses.
Bone marrow mononuclear cells have neurovascular tropism and improve diabetic neuropathy

Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMNCs) have been shown to effectively treat ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Because diabetic neuropathy (DN) is causally associated with impaired angiogenesis and deficiency of angiogenic and neurotrophic factors in the nerves, we investigated whether DN can be ameliorated by local injection of BMNCs. Severe peripheral neuropathy, characterized by a significant decrease in the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (NCVs), developed 12 weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin in rats. The injection of BMNCs restored motor and sensory NCVs to normal levels and significantly improved vascular density and blood flow in diabetic nerves over 4 weeks. Fluorescent microscopic observation revealed that DiI-labeled BMNCs preferentially engrafted in sciatic nerves. Whole-mount fluorescent imaging and confocal microscopic evaluation demonstrated that many of the BMNCs localized following the course of the vasa nervorum in close proximity to blood vessels without incorporation into vasa nervorum as endothelial cells at a detectable level. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the levels of angiogenic and neurotrophic factors were significantly increased in the nerves by BMNC injection. Local transplantation of BMNCs improved experimental DN by augmenting angiogenesis and increasing angiogenic and neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerves. These findings suggest that BMNC transplantation may represent a novel therapeutic option for treating DN.
Auxology Is a Valuable Instrument for the Clinical Diagnosis of SHOX Haploinsufficiency in School-Age Children with Unexplained Short Stature

SHOX (short stature homeobox-containing gene) mutations causing haploinsufficiency have been reported in some individuals with idiopathic short stature and in many patients with Leri-Weill-dyschondrosteosis. Around 80% of SHOX mutations are complete gene deletions, whereas diverse point mutations account for the rest. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of SHOX mutations in children with idiopathic short stature and to give an unbiased characterization of the haploinsufficiency phenotype of such children. We recruited 140 children (61 girls), in our clinic, with idiopathic short stature, which was defined by the presence of normal IGF-I and free T(4); a normal karyotype in females; the absence of endomysium antibodies, of chronic organic, psychological, or syndromatic disease; and by the lack of clear signs of any osteodysplasia. Height, arm span, and sitting height were recorded, and subischial leg length was calculated. Two highly polymorphic microsatellite markers located around the SHOX coding region (CA-SHOX repeat and DXYS233) were PCR-amplified with fluorescent primers and separated in an automatic sequencing machine. Analysis of parental DNA was performed in the probands who had only one fragment size of each of both markers. SHOX haploinsufficiency caused by a SHOX deletion was confirmed in three probands (2%), all females, who carried a de novo deletion through loss of the paternal allele. Their auxological data revealed a significant shortening of arms and legs in the presence of a low-normal sitting height, when compared with the other 137 children tested. Therefore, the extremities-trunk ratio (sum of leg length and arm span, divided by sitting height) for total height was significantly lower in the three SHOX haploinsufficient probands, in comparison with the whole group. This observation was confirmed with the auxological data of five additional patients (four females) previously diagnosed with SHOX haploinsufficiency; all but the youngest girl had height-adjusted extremities-trunk ratios more than 1 SD below the mean. All children with SHOX haploinsufficiency exhibited at least one characteristic radiological sign of Leri-Weill-dyschondrosteosis in their left-hand radiography, namely triangularization of the distal radial epiphysis, pyramidalization of the distal carpal row, or lucency of the distal ulnar border of the radius. Our observations suggest that it is rational to limit SHOX mutation screening to children with an extremities-trunk ratio less than 1.95 + 1/2 height (m) and to add a critical judgment of the hand radiography.
Knowledge State Algorithms and the 2-Server Problem☆

Abstract We introduce the novel concept of knowledge states. A knowledge state simply states conditional obligations of an adversary, by fixing a work function, and gives a distribution for the algorithm. When a knowledge state algorithm receives a request, it then calculates one or more “subsequent” knowledge states, together with a probability of transition to each. The algorithm then uses randomization to select one of those subsequents to be the new knowledge state. Although the formal definition of knowledge state algorithms appears, as yet, in no publication, many well-known algorithms can be viewed as knowledge state algorithms. We have used optimization techniques to construct a non-trivial knowledge state algorithm for the 2-server problem on the line with competitive ratio 71 36 ≈ 1.972 . As much as one avenue of investigation might be to further improve this result for the line, what we really envision is to use this technique to finally settle the question of whether there exists an online algorithm with competitive ratio better than 2 for general spaces – a notorious open problen in online algorithms. For progress in that direction, we consider the class of metric spaces M 2 , 4 , which consists of all metric spaces where every distance is either 1 or 2, and where the perimeter of every triangle is either 3 or 4. Using the knowledge state approach we are able to obtain the result that there exists a C-competitive randomized online algorithm for the 2-server problem in the space M 2 , 4 with C = 173 + 137 112 ≈ 1.649149106 .
Design strategies and innovations in the medical expenditure panel survey.

Background.Recent efforts to provide an annual profile of the health care quality of the nation's health care delivery system and to identify health care disparities in the population's access to and use of health care services have served to stimulate design innovations and content enhancements to
Cholesteryl esters as a depot for very long chain fatty acids in human meibum

Human meibomian gland secretions (also known as meibum) were analyzed for the presence of cholesteryl esters (Chl-E) using HPLC in combination with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A special procedure based on detection of the in-source generated ion m/z 369 was developed to monitor all Chl-E simultaneously. The structures of the detected compounds were studied using in-source and postsource fragmentation of the precursor (M+H)+ ions. In concordance with previous studies, Chl-E were found in all of the tested samples and comprised ∼31% of the entire lipid pool (w/w, dry weight). There were at least 20 different saturated and unsaturated Chl-E species observed, whose fatty acid residues ranged from C18 to C34. Monounsaturated fatty acids were the most visible components of the Chl-E pool. The eleven most prominent compounds were: C20:0-, C22:1-, C22:0-, C24:1-, C24:0, C25:0-, C26:1-, C26:0-, C28:1-, C28:0-, and C30:1-Chl-E. Other Chl-containing compounds were detected but not identified at the time. Therefore, Chl-E are a depot for very long chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in human meibum.
Synthetic-Aperture Radar Based on Nonsinusoidal Functions: V-Look-Down Radar

The use of radar signals without a sinusoidal carrier permits one to design all-weather radars that operate below a frequency of about 10 GHz, but still use a bandwidth of almost 10 GHz. This statement implies that one obtains about two orders of magnitude more information than with a radar that operates with the same restriction on the highest used frequency, but uses a sinusoidal carrier. The increase in information shows up primarily in a better time resolution, but time resolution can be translated into range resolution, angular resolution, and Doppler resolution. This paper investigates the exploitation of the Doppler resolution for a look-down radar. The radar is assumed to be at an altitude of 30 km, and to look down to the Earth to find low-flying aircrafts or cruise missiles flying with subsonic velocity at an altitude of 20 to 40 m. The problem for such a radar is the cancellation of the enormous ground-clutter signal which masks the weak signal returned by the target.
Shut up! Representations of the Latino/a body in Ugly Betty and their educational implications

This article examines the first two seasons of the US television program Ugly Betty through a critical analysis of the show's text to see where and how the program reifies, subverts, complicates or destabilizes stereotypes of Latino/as. It specifically examines the Latina and the Latino body in terms of gender and sexuality, and also analyzes the choice of Mexican bodies. This article analyzes this program with an eye toward its potential educational impact, focusing on how media (as one of many educational agents) can reinforce – or counter – stereotypes, and contribute to individuals building images of others and of their own identity.
Stabilization of Biodiesel Fuel at Elevated Temperature with Hydrogen Donors: Evaluation with the Advanced Distillation Curve Method† † Contribution of the United States government; not subject to copyright in the United States.

Recently, we introduced the concept of an advanced distillation curve measurement. The new metrology features several important aspects. First, we incorporate a composition explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for both qualitative, quantitative, and trace analysis). The temperature, volume, and pressure measurements are of low uncertainty, and the temperatures are true thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state. These two features make the measurements suitable for equation of state development. The approach also provides consistency with a century of historical data, an assessment of the energy content of each distillate fraction, and where needed, a corrosivity assessment of each distillate fraction. We have applied the new method to fundamental work with hydrocarbon mixtures and azeotropic mixtures, and also to real fuels. The fuels we have measured include rocket propellants, gasolines, jet fuels, diesel fuels (including oxygenated diesel fuel and biodiesel...
Type and cotype of Musielak-Orlicz sequence spaces

Let φ = (φn) be a Musielak–Orlicz function and lφ the Musielak–Orlicz sequence space generated by φ. It is shown that φ satisfies condition δqiff φ is equivalent to aq-concave function ψ = (ψn). It is also proved thatlφis of cotypeq(typep) if and only if φ satisfies condition δq(δ2and δ*pconditions, respectively). As applications we obtain characterization of the type and cotype of various sequence spaces: Nakano, weighted Orlicz, and Orlicz sequence spaces. Furthermore, a relation betweenq-concavity (p-convexity), lowerq-estimate (upperp-estimate), and cotype (type) of lφ is given.
Comparing methods for design follow-up: revisiting a metal-cutting case study

Adding another fraction to an initial fractional factorial design is often required to resolve ambiguities with respect to aliasing of factorial effects from the initial experiment and/or to improve estimation precision. Multiple techniques for design follow-up exist; the choice of which is often made on the basis of the initial design and its analysis, resources available, experimental objectives, and so on. In this paper, we compare four design follow-up strategies: foldover, semifoldover, D-optimal, and Bayesian (MD-optimal) in the context of a metal-cutting case study previously utilized to compare fractional factorials of different run sizes. Follow-up designs are compared for each of a 2III6−3, 2IV6−2, and Plackett–Burman initial experiments. Our empirical results suggest that a single follow-up strategy does not outperform all others in every situation. This case study serves to illustrate design augmentation possibilities for practitioners and provides some basis for the selection of a follow-up experiment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Podophyllotoxin, Colcemid and Cold Temperature Interfere with Cilia Regeneration in Stentor*

SYNOPSIS Stentor coeruleus, induced to shed their ciliary membranellar bands, regenerate these and associated oral structures within a few hours after treatment. In cells placed in media containing optimal concentrations of mitotic spindle inhibitors, regeneration of the ingestive organelles is reversibly inhibited. Inhibitory effects of Colcemid, podophyllotoxin, and cold temperature reported here are compared with previous results using colchicine, griseofulvin and isopropyl-n-phenyl carbamate on regenerating oral membranellar cilia and cell growth.
Numerical Harmonic Analysis on the Hyperbolic Plane

Results are reported of a numerical implementation of the hypcrbolic Fourier transform and the geodesic and horocyclic Radon transforms on the hyperbolic plane, and of their inverses. The study is motivated by the hyperbolic geometry approach to the linearized inverse conductivity problem, suggested by C. A. Berenstein and E. Casadio Tarabusi.
Ovariectomy fails to affect rats' quinine aversion

Abstract Three studies investigated the effects of ovariectomy on the intake of quinine solutions. Despite significant elevations of body weight due to surgery, no change in quinine preference was noted. Varying the age of surgery (prepuberty, postpuberty, and adulthood), age of testing, and time between these events did not alter the basic findings.
The Intensity of X-ray Reflection from Powdered Crystals

IN the May number of the Philosophical Magazine which has just reached us, Mr. C. G. Darwin has presented a most valuable discussion of the reflection of X-rays from imperfect crystals. He shows that, on account of the difficulty in determining the effective extinction coefficient of the X-rays in such crystals, it is very difficult to calculate with accuracy the intensity of the reflected beam. Hence he is unable to make a satisfactory comparison between the theoretical formulae and the existing experiments on the intensity of X-ray reflection. This result is in general agreement with the conclusion reached by one of us (Physical Review, July 1917) on the basis of somewhat similar considerations.
Dopaminergic input is required for increases in serotonin output produced by behavioral activation: an in vivo microdialysis study in rat forebrain

Previous research has demonstrated that pharmacological stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors produces increases in serotonin output. The present study explored whether this relationship also holds under physiological conditions. Accordingly, we examined the effects of D2 receptor blockade or unilateral dopamine depletion on behaviorally induced increases in extracellular serotonin levels in the corpus striatum and prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats using in vivo microdialysis. Extracellular levels of dopamine and serotonin, as well as behavioral activity, were increased by both mild tail pinch and the light-dark transition. Tail pinch-induced increases in serotonin levels (39+/-3% and 53+/-5% in the corpus striatum and prefrontal cortex, respectively), but not the accompanying behavioral changes, were blocked by local application of the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (10 microM). D2 receptor blockade also disrupted the positive relationship between striatal serotonin levels and behavioral activity of animals across the light-dark transition (r=0.93 without raclopride, r=0.24 in presence of raclopride). Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system also abolished increases in striatal serotonin output induced by both tail pinch and light-dark transition. A negative correlation was observed between the degree of striatal dopamine depletion and tail pinch-induced increases in serotonin efflux (r= - 0.88). Thus, both a local blockade of postsynaptic D2 receptors and striatal dopamine depletion prevented increases in serotonin output that normally accompany behavioral activation. These data indicate that the increases in the forebrain serotonin output produced by two distinct physiological/environmental manipulations appear to be largely dependent upon intact local dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Microchannel size effects on local flow boiling heat transfer to a dielectric fluid

Abstract Heat transfer with liquid–vapor phase change in microchannels can support very high heat fluxes for use in applications such as the thermal management of high-performance electronics. However, the effects of channel cross-sectional dimensions on the two-phase heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop have not been investigated extensively. In the present work, experiments are conducted to investigate the local flow boiling heat transfer of a dielectric fluid, Fluorinert FC-77, in microchannel heat sinks. Experiments are performed for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1600 kg/m2 s. Seven different test pieces made from silicon and consisting of parallel microchannels with nominal widths ranging from 100 to 5850 μm, all with a nominal depth of 400 μm, are considered. An array of temperature sensors on the substrate allows for resolution of local temperatures and heat transfer coefficients. The results of this study show that for microchannels of width 400 μm and greater, the heat transfer coefficients corresponding to a fixed wall heat flux as well as the boiling curves are independent of channel size. Also, heat transfer coefficients and boiling curves are independent of mass flux in the nucleate boiling region for a fixed channel size, but are affected by mass flux as convective boiling dominates. A strong dependence of pressure drop on both channel size and mass flux is observed. The experimental results are compared to predictions from a number of existing correlations for both pool boiling and flow boiling heat transfer.
Identification of radionuclide partitioning in soils and sediments: Determination of optimum conditions for the exchangeable fraction of the nIST standard sequential extraction protocol

Abstract We are developing the NIST standard sequential extraction protocol for identifying the fractionation of radioactive elements in soils and sediments. The procedure is designed to partition a soil or sediment sample into six operationally-defined fractions. A full-factorial experimental design/data analysis methodology was used to establish the optimum conditions for the first of these six fractions, called “exchangeables”. Reaction time, reagent concentration and reaction temperature were chosen as experimental variables. The criteria for choosing optimum conditions were the maximum extraction of 238 U combined with a minimum dissolution of non-targeted geochemical phases. Reagent concentration (i.e. ionic strength) is shown to be the controlling factor in the extraction of exchangeable 238 U. The optimum (exchangeable) conditions, based on these experiments are: time=1 h; temperature=25°C and concentration=0.4 M MgCl 2 .
Growth of single crystal bismuth telluride

Abstract Single crystals of bismuth telluride have been grown by the Teal-Little method to prepare material suitable for the evaluation of the physical properties. The non-cubic symmetry of the crystals is evident from the lamellar shape in which they grow. Crystals were pulled perpendicular to the c -axis. Crystals grown from an initially stoichiometric melt were all p -type. Crystals of n -type material were successfully grown using iodine doping. Some of the problems encountered in growing the crystals are discussed. They included various types of polycrystalline growth, scum formation on melt surfaces, and difficulty in pulling more than 4 or 5 single crystals from one charge.
Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase η transcript and protein

RAD30-encoded DNA polymerase η functions as a translesion polymerase that can bypass the most frequent types of UV-induced pyrimidine photoproducts in an error-free manner. Although its transcript is UV-inducible in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rad30 (studied as a Rad30-Myc fusion) is a stable protein whose levels do not fluctuate following UV treatment or during cell cycle progression. Rad30 protein is subject to monoubiquitination whose level is upregulated in G1 and downregulated during S-phase reentry. This downregulation is accelerated in UV-treated cells. A missense mutation (L577Q) of the ubiquitin binding domain (UBZ) confers a reduced degree of ubiquitination outside of G1 and a complete failure to stably interact with ubiquitinated substrates. This mutation confers a phenotype resembling a complete RAD30 deletion, thus attesting to the significance of the UBZ motif for polymerase η function in vivo.
Birth Defects Among Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Protocols 219 and 219C

Background: Some studies have detected associations between in utero antiretroviral therapy (ARV) exposure and birth defects but evidence is inconclusive. Methods: A total of 2202 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed children enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219 and 219 C protocols before 1 year of age were included. Birth defects were classified using the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program coding. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between first trimester in utero ARV exposure and birth defects. Results: A total of 117 live-born children had birth defects for a prevalence of 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] : 4.4, 6.3). Prevalence did not differ by HIV infection status or overall ARV exposure; rates were 4.8% (95% CI: 3.7, 6.1) and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.2, 7.8) in children without and with first trimester ARV exposure, respectively. The defect rate was higher among children with first trimester efavirenz exposure (5/32, 15.6%) versus children without first trimester efavirenz exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.31 [95% CI: 1.56, 11.86]). Protective effects of first trimester zidovudine exposure on musculoskeletal defects were detected (aOR = 0.24 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.69]), while a higher risk of heart defects was found (aOR = 2.04 [95% CI: 1.03, 4.05]). Conclusions: The prevalence of birth defects was higher in this cohort of HIV-exposed children than in other pediatric cohorts. There was no association with overall ARV exposure, but there were some associations with specific agents, including efavirenz. Additional studies are needed to rule out confounding and to evaluate newer ARV agents.
Precision line parameter measurements for selected K = J inversion lines of ammonia

Abstract Using a computer controlled microwave spectrometer, the self-broadened linewidth and -shift parameters have been simultaneously measured for the K = J inversion lines of ammonia. It is shown that the Δ F = ±1 quadrupole hyperfine components make appreciable contributions to the observed widths. With the exception of the J , K = 5, 5 line, the observed linewidths are in agreement with those calculated from both the Anderson and Murphy-Boggs theories. However, the line-shift parameters are not in agreement with the Anderson theory predictions.
Bureaucracy and Venture Failures

The venture team is an attempt to avoid bureaucratic obstacles to new product innovation. A study of 21 venture team failures revealed that concerns with financial costs, marketing problems, and personnel or organizational factors were among the major causes for failures. In-depth field interviews revealed many of the underlying operational reasons for the venture failures.
Numerical analysis of combustion/self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis dynamics

Abstract A systematic numerical investigation of the influences of the enthalpy of combustion reaction (Q), activation energy (E), diluent, pre‐exponential factor (Ko ), and initial temperature (To ) on temperature/distance profiles in self‐propagating combustion synthesis of NiAl intermetallic compound is presented. The average propagation velocity of the combustion front is increased when the enthalpy, initial temperature, or pre‐exponential factor is increased, or the activation energy or diluent is decreased. The effect of porosity, which is related to the initial compaction pressure, is also considered in this study. It is shown that the change of the porosity significantly affects the thermal conductivity, the length of the reaction/ pre‐heat zones, the temperature patterns, and the propagation velocities. The density and reacted fraction plotted through the reaction and pre‐heat zones show the influence of the melting of the various phases, which also affect the combustion parameters. It has been s...
Language Choice among Ghanaians.

NETIAMOman Ghana Kasa Baako PawAdesua yi botae ne se: Amamuifo be ye nhenhee a ebema abibirim kasa horow no bi abeye aman-aman no bi kasa.Adenimfo de logit statistical model asua Ghana kasa horow no bi de ayenhweso. Adesua no kyere nhehyee no ye 3+1. (Saa nhehyee no kyerese: obiara besua oman kasa biako, ananafo kaso baako, ne mpoten kasa baaka.) Farabae no kyerese won a anafokasa yewon kurom kasa no besua kasa abien aka ho, na won a wonno so no besua kasa ahorow baasa de aka won kurom kasa ho.Nhyehyee a wonam so bema won a esese wosua kasa horow pii worenfano se asisi no beye amanmuisem a ede abotoyem beba.RESUMOLingva elekto inter ganaanojLa sercado de praktika lingva politiko, kiu donu oficialan statuson al indigenaj lingvoj en multlingvaj afrikaj statoj, estas la fokusopunkto de la nuna studo. Specimena enketo inter ganaanoj estas raportata kaj analizata per logita statistika modelo. La modelo montras, ke lingva politiko 3±1, en kiu unuopuloj devas lerni nacian lingvon, internacian lingvon kaj lokan lingvon, konsistigas ekvilibrorezulton. (La rezulto postulas du lingvojn por ganaanoj, kies gepatra lingvo estas la nacia, kaj kvar lingvojn por minoritatanoj, kiuj devas lerni indiĝenan lingvon alian ol la gepatra lingvo.) La aŭtoroj analizas mekanismojn por instigi lernadon al "malvenkantoj" kiel publikpolitikajn ilojn por helpi Ganaon atingi la bezonatan ekvilibron.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BONE PARTICLES FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED MEAT

BONE PARTICLES from five lots of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) from beef neck bones were characterized with regard to size and stability. The largest bone particle diameters were close to the theoretical limit of 460μ but average bone particle diameters ranged from 76.6μ (S.D. = 37.4) to 111.7μ (S.D. = 49.1). Bone particles were stable in MDM but they were readily solubilized in 0.018 – 0.15M HCl.
On the separability of structural classes of communities

Three major factors govern the intricacies of community extraction in networks: (1) the application domain includes a wide variety of networks of fundamentally different natures, (2) the literature offers a multitude of disparate community detection algorithms, and (3) there is no consensus characterizing how to discriminate communities from non-communities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of community properties through a class separability framework. Our approach enables the assessement of the structural dissimilarity among the output of multiple community detection algorithms and between the output of algorithms and communities that arise in practice. To demostrate this concept, we furnish our method with a large set of structural properties and multiple community detection algorithms. Applied to a diverse collection of large scale network datasets, the analysis reveals that (1) the different detection algorithms extract fundamentally different structures; (2) the structure of communities that arise in practice is closest to that of communities that random-walk-based algorithms extract, although still siginificantly different from that of the output of all the algorithms; and (3) a small subset of the properties are nearly as discriminative as the full set, while making explicit the ways in which the algorithms produce biases. Our framework enables an informed choice of the most suitable community detection method for a given purpose and network and allows for a comparison of existing community detection algorithms while guiding the design of new ones.
An application of Mean–Covariance Structure Models for the analysis of group lending behavior

Abstract Understanding the influence of group dynamics (such as group homogeneity and the domino effect) on loan repayment is key to strengthening microfinance institutions in developing countries that employ the group lending methodology. Empirically, these conceptual variables have no perfect proxies and are suited for latent variable models. Mean and Covariance Structure Models (MECOSA) are a useful methodology for the incorporation of latent variables with metric, censored metric, dichotomous and ordinal indicators. Data from 140 groups from a group lending program in Burkina Faso were used to demonstrate the application and interpretation of MECOSA.
The Need for Determining the Bioavailability of Quartz in Coal Mine Dust Samples

Abstract A 3-year project focusing on the depth profiling of particles and giving their elemental characterizations at various depths has suggested that the reaction of lung tissues to coal mine dust exposures may be dependent upon coal rank-related surface coating of the particles, and ultimately upon specific quartz bioavailability. Previous research clearly indicates a coal rank relationship for the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis and a hypothesized inhibitory role of clays on quartz fibrogenicity. Specifically, epidemiological studies conducted in 1961 and 1963 showed a greater disease incidence for a given cumulative dust exposure among Pennsylvania coal miners who worked in higher rank coal seams. Workers in anthracite mines had a higher incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis than miners who worked in lower rank coal at equal cumulative exposures. This rank effect in Pennsylvania extended to all ranks of coal seams, that is, the lower the rank, the lower...
Nucleotide-Sequence Encoding the Snake-Venom Fibrinolytic Enzyme Atroxase Obtained from a Crotalus atrox Venom Gland cDNA Library

Abstract Atroxase, isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake), is a nonhemorrhagic protease which has fibrinolytic activity in vivo . The primary structure of atroxase was deduced from the cDNA encoding the atroxase protein. The venom glands of Crotalus atrox were used to prepare a cDNA library. Degenerate oligonucleotides mere synthesized based on the partial amino acid sequence of atroxase and were used as primers in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify overlapping cDNA fragments from the C. atrox cDNA library. The resulting cDNA fragments were subcloned, sequenced, and translated. The final nucleotide sequence shows high homology to previously described primary structures of nonhemorrhagic fibrinolytic proteases isolated from snake venom.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate depletion fails to affect neurosteroid modulation of GABAA receptor function.

Rationale Neurosteroids and likely other lipid modulators access transmembrane sites on the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) by partitioning into and diffusing through the plasma membrane. Therefore, specific components of the plasma membrane may affect the potency or efficacy of neurosteroid-like modulators. Here, we tested a possible role for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid that governs activity of many channels and transporters, in modulation or function of GABAARs.
Diabetes Burden and Diabetes Distress: the Buffering Effect of Social Support

Few studies have examined protective factors for diabetes distress. This study aimed to examine the moderating role of social support in the relationship between the burden of diabetes and diabetes distress. Adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 119; 29 % Latino, 61 % Black, 25 % White) completed validated measures of diabetes distress and social support. Multiple linear regression evaluated the moderating role of social support in the relationship between diabetes burden, indicated by prescription of insulin and presence of complications, and distress. Greater support satisfaction was significantly associated with lower distress after controlling for burden. Support satisfaction and number of supports significantly moderated the relationship between diabetes burden and distress. Post hoc probing revealed a consistent pattern: Insulin was significantly associated with more diabetes distress at low levels of support but was not at high levels of support. Findings support the stress-buffering hypothesis and suggest that social support may protect against diabetes distress.
The Humanity Game: Art, Islam, and the War on Terror

This essay examines the connections between art and politics in Middle East arts events in the U.S. since 9/11/2001. It critiques the universalist assump tions about humanity and the agentive capacity of art to build bridges of understanding in contexts of so-called civilizational conflict?assumptions that have strong roots in anthropology. By juxtaposing evidence of how the notion of "humanity" is deployed in exhibitions of Palestinian art with an analysis of the three more predominant types of arts events (historical Islamic art, Sufi arts, and contemporary art by Muslim women), the essay demonstrates how American secular elite discourse on Middle Eastern art corresponds to that of the "War on Terror." [Keywords: art, Islam, Middle East, U.S. nationalism, humanism]
Ab initio computations of one and two hydrogen or deuterium atoms in the palladium tetrahedral site

We report ab initio cluster computations of deuterium atoms in a tetrahedral palladium site, performed at the UHF level with extended basis sets. An interstitial deuteron is found to be energetically favored over an interstitial deuterium atom. Computations with one interstitial deuterium atom or with one deuteron reveal an increase in electron density near the deuteron. Not only valence electrons but also inner core electrons of the palladium atoms are present in the vicinity of the deuteron. A potential energy curve is calculated with two deuterium atoms approaching each other, with one deuterium fixed at the center of a tetrahedral site. With regard to the environment provided by molecular deuterium, our results show that the tetrahedral site does not favor a closer deuteron encounter. No metastable dimer geometry is found. The two deuterons repel each other despite the screening. These computations represent more than 250 CPU h of a new-generation biprocessor vector computer.
Smoking and adulthood: Risky business in a nursing home

Abstract Smoking is a ubiquitous yet rarely examined behavior in nursing homes. Data derived from observations, document reviews, and formal interviews, are used to explore the concept of autonomy underlying staff's management of smoking by elderly residents. Central themes in staffs discussion of management issues are: safety, health, autonomy, and quality of life. Management practices vary widely and may abrogate, uphold or enhance the autonomy of residents. When various polarities of autonomy are examined (i.e., decisional vs. executional, direct vs. delegated, competent vs. incapacitated, authentic vs. inauthentic, immediate vs. long range, and positive vs. negative), then staffs concept of autonomy is revealed as unidimensional, overly simplified, and taken-for-granted. Re-conceptualizing autonomy not only broadens the debate but calls into question some basic assumptions and practices on which long-term care depends. The issue is larger than smoking. A fundamental re-thinking of the concept of custodial care is required.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients Who Seek Appearance-Enhancing Medical Treatments

Most patients who seek appearance-enhancing medical treatments report some degree of body image dissatisfaction, which is believed to motivate the pursuit of these treatments. However, patients with extreme body image dissatisfaction may be suffering from a psychiatric disorder known as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This article reviews BDD, including its clinical features and prevalence in medical settings. Although patients with BDD frequently seek cosmetic treatments to address their appearance-related distress, such treatments are rarely beneficial. The article concludes with recommendations for patient and provider safety.
Effect of recombinant canine interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 on tissue factor procoagulant activity in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified canine monocytes.

Background Inflammation is a major cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs, but underlying mechanisms for its initiation are unknown. We hypothesized that pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, induce tissue factor (TF) expression on canine monocyte surfaces, which may contribute to DIC initiation. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine if (1) IL-6 and IL-8 would induce TF activity on canine monocytes, (2) fetal bovine serum or autologous plasma was required for IL-6– or IL-8–induced TF responses in canine monocytes, and (3) these pro-inflammatory cytokines would enhance TF activity on canine monocytes in response to low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods Canine monocytes were isolated from EDTA-anticoagulated blood as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by double-density gradient centrifugation and adhesion to plastic. Adherent cells were stimulated for 4 hours with recombinant canine (rc)-IL-6 or rc-IL-8 (10–5000 pg/mL) with or without 10% heat-inactivated (HI) fetal bovine serum, untreated autologous canine plasma (ACP), or HI-ACP. Lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) served as a positive control. Cells were also costimulated with either cytokine (100 pg/mL) or low concentrations of LPS (0.1 and 1 ng/mL). Monocytes immunopurified from PBMC with anti-CD14 antibodies were also stimulated with both cytokines (100 and 5000 pg/mL). TF activity on cell surfaces was measured by a 2-stage amidolytic assay, based on activated factor X generation. Results Neither rc-IL-6 nor rc-IL-8 consistently stimulated TF procoagulant activity in canine PBMC or purified monocytes after 4 hours. Serum, plasma, or low concentrations of LPS did not enhance the TF response to these cytokines. Conclusions IL-6 or IL-8 at evaluated concentrations may not play major roles in coagulation activation by induction of TF expression on monocytes in dogs with inflammation.
Equimolar doses of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and urodilatin have differential renal actions in overt experimental heart failure.

A hallmark of overt congestive heart failure (CHF) is attenuated cGMP production by endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) with renal resistance to ANP. ANP and brain natriuretic peptides (BNP...
Diagnostic tools for hierarchical linear models

Hierarchical structures are omnipresent in today's society—this is reflected in the data that we collect on all aspects of this society. Hierarchical linear models allow a representation of structural levels in a statistical modeling framework. Diagnostic tools are used to assess the quality of model estimation and explore features of the data not well described by the model. Residual and influence diagnostics are familiar tools for the classical regression model with independent observations. For hierarchical linear models, these diagnostic tools must be adjusted to reflect the dependence introduced by the nested data structure. Residual analysis now includes the assessment of distributional assumptions at each level of the model. This requires the use of level-dependent residual quantities. Similarly, the parameter estimates may be influenced at each level of the model, requiring influence diagnostics that can pinpoint specific levels of the model, as well as specific aspects of the model. We present an overview of the diagnostic tools available for hierarchical linear models that are familiar from linear models. Additionally, we discuss the utility of the lineup protocol for residual analysis with complex models. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:48–61. doi: 10.1002/wics.1238
HERITAGE SPEAKERS' EXPERIENCES IN NEW LATINO DIASPORA SPANISH CLASSROOMS 1

Despite the growing interest in Spanish heritage language (HL) instruction, little empirical work has focused on world language education in “new Latino diaspora” areas with no previous history of educating HL students. This study used a longitudinal case study perspective to document the experiences of two Latino students in high school Spanish classrooms in rural southeastern U.S. schools. The study shows how broader school, community, regional, and national language ideologies influence and are recreated in classrooms where the legitimacy of students' language was questioned. It also documents how power relations in the school and community shaped the curriculum and educators' interactions with Latino students, marginalizing them through an essentialized and elitist orientation to culture and the privileging of predominantly white monolingual background students in their classes. The article concludes with recommendations for Spanish educators and curricula that are more responsive to an increasingly d...
Targeted quantitative amniotic cell profiling: A potential diagnostic tool in the prenatal management of neural tube defects

Abstract Purpose We sought to determine whether amniotic cell profiles correlate quantitatively with neural tube defect (NTD) type and/or size. Methods Sprague–Dawley fetuses exposed to retinoic acid (n=61) underwent amniotic fluid sample procurement before term. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of cells concomitantly expressing Nestin and Sox-2 (neural stem cells, aNSCs), and cells concomitantly expressing CD29 and CD44 (mesenchymal stem cells, aMSCs). Statistical analysis included ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni adjusted comparisons ( P Results There was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of aNSCs in fetuses with spina bifida (6.78%±1.87%) when compared to those with exencephaly (0.64%±0.23%) or with both spina bifida and exencephaly (0.22%±0.09%). Conversely, there was a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of aMSCs in fetuses with exencephaly, either isolated (1.09%±0.42%) or in combination defects (2.37%±0.63%) when compared with normal fetuses (8.83%±1.38%). In fetuses with isolated exencephaly, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the proportion of aNSCs and defect size. Conclusions The proportions of neural and mesenchymal stem cells in the amniotic fluid correlate with the type and size of experimental NTDs. Targeted quantitative amniotic cell profiling may become a useful diagnostic tool in the prenatal evaluation of these anomalies.