cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A REPLICABLE MODEL FOR VALUING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS

We use the underlying data of the IMPLAN Pro 3.0 regional economic simulation model to estimate the current economic contribution of Michigan's local food system and explore the chain of transactions giving rise to consumption of locally sourced goods from producer to processor to consumption. The proposed methodology includes both unprocessed and processed foods in the estimation of the local food system's economic value. The model also provides a replicable and consistent approach to estimating the value of local food systems within regional and state economies.
Responses of neurons in the medial temporal lobe during encoding and recognition of face-scene pairs

Associations between co-occurring stimuli are formed in the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Here, we recorded from 508 single and multi-units in the MTL while participants learned and retrieved associations between unfamiliar faces and unfamiliar scenes. Participant's memories for the face-scene pairs were later tested using cued recall and recognition tests. The results show that neurons in the parahippocampal cortex are most likely to respond with changes from baseline firing to these stimuli during both encoding and recognition, and this region showed the greatest proportion of cells showing differential responses depending on the phase of the task. Furthermore, we found that cells in the parahippocampal cortex that responded during both encoding and recognition were more likely to show decreases from baseline firing than cells that were only recruited during recognition, which were more likely to show increases in firing. Since all stimuli shown during recognition were familiar to the patients, these findings suggest that with familiarity, cell responses become more sharply tuned. No neurons in this region, however, were found to be affected by recombining face/scene pairs. Neurons in other MTL regions, particularly the hippocampus, were sensitive to stimulus configurations. Thus, the results support the idea that neurons in the parahippocampal cortex code for features of stimuli and neurons in the hippocampus are more likely to represent their specific configurations.
Appendiceal polyp as a lead point for an appendico-colic intussusception requiring operative reduction

Abstract Intussusception of the appendix is a rare condition. When intussusception occurs in the pediatric age group, the intussusceptum usually involves the ileum, cecum or colon. The majority of cases of pediatric intussusception are idiopathic, without a pathologic lead point, and polyps are an uncommon focus of invagination. In this case report, we describe a three year-old female with known Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS) who presented to our Emergency Department with an appendico-colic intussusception in the right lower quadrant, extending to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The patient underwent a surgical reduction of the intussusception and an appendiceal polyp was noted to be the pathologic lead point. The case highlights a highly unusual presentation of intussusception and the surgical management utilized.
Energy-Efficient Memory Using Magneto-Electric Switching of Ferromagnets

Recent experiments on voltage-driven magneto-electric (ME) switching of ferromagnets has shown potential for future low-energy, high-speed, nonvolatile spintronic memory. In this letter, we first analyze two different ME devices—an ME magnetic-tunnel-junction (ME-MTJ) device and an ME- xnor device—with respect to writability, readability, and switching speed. The basic operational principle of ME devices is the fact that, by applying appropriate voltage pulses on the ME oxides in contact with their respective ferromagnets, a 180° switching of the magnetization direction can be achieved. Our analysis is based on a coupled stochastic magnetization dynamics and electron transport model. Subsequently, we show that the decoupled read/write path of ME-MTJs can be utilized to construct an energy-efficient dual-port memory, which can be instrumental in improving the memory throughput. Furthermore, we also propose a novel nonvolatile, content-addressable, memory that exploits the compact xnor operation enabled by the ME- xnor device.
BMET-17REPEAT RADIOSURGERY FOR LOCALLY-RECURRENT BRAIN METASTASES WITH EXTENSIVE PERI-LESIONAL EDEMA: INCREASED RISK OF RADIATION-RELATED TOXICITY?

BACKGROUND: Extensive peri-lesional edema of brain metastases following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is highly associated with radiation injury confirmed by surgical resection. We hypothesized that repeat SRS (rSRS) to the same lesion would have a higher risk of symptomatic radiation-related toxicity when extensive peri-lesional edema (ExPLE) is present. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 87 patients (105 brain metastases) who were initially treated with SRS followed by rSRS to the same lesion for suspected local-recurrence between 2004-2014. We defined ExPLE as a ratio of edema-volume/tumor-volume of >10. For 98 lesions (93%), MR imaging was available for review, including T1 post-contrast, T2, Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and thin-slice contrast-enhanced spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in steady state sequences. Lesion volumes and FLAIR edema volumes were manually contoured and measured by an investigator blinded to the clinical outcome. Alpha/Beta of 10 was used for biological effective dose (BED). Toxicities and local recurrences were captured from clinical charts; the latter defined by increase in size or re-emergence on serial imaging. Student's t-test and Cox proportional hazards regression were used in assessing statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The median follow-up from time of rSRS was 12.7 months (IQR 5.3-27). Median time between SRS and rSRS was 10.1 months (IQR 7.1-16.0). Thirty-seven (38%) of the lesions had ExPLE. Median tumor volumes and doses were 2.5/2.9cc (p = 0.520) and 57.4/59.1 BED (p = 0.444) for the tumors with/without ExPLE, respectively. There were 10 (9.5%) grade 3 radiation-toxicity events following rSRS for local-recurrence with no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. Using univariate analysis, ExPLE was not statistically associated to a higher risk of radiation-related toxicity (p = 0.651) or to a higher risk of local failure (p = 0.932) following rSRS. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat radiosurgery to locally-recurrent brain metastases with ExPLE did not increase the risk of radiation injury compared to lesions with low peri-lesional edema.
Tumor Budding, uPA, and PAI-1 in Colorectal Cancer: Update of a Prospective Study

Aims. The prognostic role of the proteases uPA and PAI-1, as well as tumor budding, in colon cancer, has been investigated previously. Methods. We provide 6-year follow-up data and results of the validation set. The initial test set and validation set consisted of 55 colon cancers and 68 colorectal cancers, respectively. Tissue samples were analyzed for uPA and PAI-1 using a commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Tumor budding was analyzed on cytokeratin-stained slides. Survival analyses were performed using cut-offs that were determined previously. Results. uPA was not prognostic for outcome. PAI-1 showed a trend towards reduced cancer specific survival in PAI-1 high-grade cases (68 versus 83 months; P = 0.091). The combination of high-grade PAI-1 and tumor budding was associated with significantly reduced cancer specific survival (60 versus 83 months; P = 0.021). After pooling the data from both sets, multivariate analyses revealed that the factors pN-stage, V-stage, and a combination of tumor budding and PAI-1 were independently prognostic for the association with distant metastases. Conclusions. A synergistic adverse effect of PAI-1 and tumor budding in uni- and multivariable analyses was found. PAI-1 could serve as a target for anticancer therapy.
Respiratory System Physiology

This chapter will cover basic concepts of lung physiology in health and disease. The concepts we present are aimed toward the anesthesiologist, focusing on the topic to a degree of detail to encourage recall and practical knowledge. Understanding the respiratory system physiology is a key element in the work of the anesthesiologist. Not only does the anesthesiologist rely on the respiratory system to ensure appropriate gas exchange, but it is the means for drug delivery and allows us to obtain information about the body status with simple measurements.
Combat Helmet Suspension System Stiffness Influences Linear Head Acceleration and White Matter Tissue Strains: Implications for Future Helmet Design

Combat helmets are expected to protect the warfighter from a variety of blunt, blast, and ballistic threats. Their blunt impact performance is evaluated by measuring linear headform acceleration in drop tower tests, which may be indicative of skull fracture, but not necessarily brain injury. The current study leverages a blunt impact biomechanics model consisting of a head, neck, and helmet with a suspension system to predict how pad stiffness affects both (1) linear acceleration alone and (2) brain tissue response induced by both linear and rotational acceleration. The approach leverages diffusion tensor imaging information to estimate how pad stiffness influences white matter tissue strains, which may be representative of diffuse axonal injury. Simulation results demonstrate that a softer pad material reduces linear head accelerations for mild and moderate impact velocities, but a stiffer pad design minimizes linear head accelerations at high velocities. Conversely, white matter tract-oriented strains were found to be smallest with the softer pads at the severe impact velocity. The results demonstrate that the current helmet blunt impact testing standards' standalone measurement of linear acceleration does not always convey how the brain tissue responds to changes in helmet design. Consequently, future helmet testing should consider the brain's mechanical response when evaluating new designs.
Identification of bone structure from effective measurements

The talk deals with the recovery of the microstructural parameters characterizing the microgeometry of bone from measured effective torsional complex modulus. We assume that the bone is modeled as a porous cylinder filled with a viscoelastic material as in case of trabecular porous bone filled with bone marrow. The torsional moments are applied at the opposite ends of the cylinder. We assume that the microstructure is finely scaled. The response to the harmonically oscillating moments can be calculated using homogenized equations [1]. The effective torsional modulus µ* has a Stieltjes analytic representation [1],[3] with the spectral measure v. Structural information about the microgeometry is incorporated in the moments v n of the measure v. For instance, the volume fraction of one of the components is given by the zero-order moment v 0. Hence, reconstructing v 0 we can estimate the porosity of the bone, which is one of the most important structural parameters for osteoporosis monitoring.
Should Floating Continue

In the last two or three years the present system, or nonsystem as its critics say, of loosely managed floating has come under increasing criticism. The latest blast came from a totally unexpected source. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, in his Encyclical “The Social Concerns of the Church,” says, “The world monetary and financial system is marked by excessive fluctuations of exchange rates and interest rates, to the detriment of the balance of payments and the debt situation of the poorer countries.”1 Naturally, the Pope does not make concrete proposals for change. The Encyclical says, “The Church does not have technical solutions to offer for the problem of underdevelopment as such.... For the Church does not propose economic and political systems or programs.” Still the statement has been widely interpreted as a rejection of the present system of floating exchange rates.
Subjectivism, Philosophical Reflection and the Husserlian Phenomenological Account of Time

One of the standard objections to transcendental phenomenology as it was developed by Edmund Husserl is subjectivism. As is well-known, Husserl’s development from the descriptive phenomenology of the Logical Investigations and his early lectures to the transcendental idealism of the Ideas left even many of his early followers endorsing this charge. In its strongest form, this charge of subjectivism finds Husserl’s methodological turn to the ego, the transcendental ego, as solipsism. On this view Husserl is inescapably entwined in the very strictures that enmeshed the Cartesian cogito. Husserl, unlike Descartes, invokes no veracious God to save his effort. No deus ex machina appears in the Husserlian philosophical drama. His transcendental phenomenology, on this view, is subjectivistic, solipsistic, and unable to satisfy its own demands for well-founded and ultimately grounded truth. Though this essay cannot fully address this substantive critique, an examination of Husserl’s treatment of time contributes substantially toward an understanding of the role of the subject within transcendental phenomenology and, thereby, toward an assessment of the charge of subjectivism. Let us look first at the role of the subject in transcendental phenomenology and then turn to the theme of time.
A meta-analysis of growth rate in diploid and triploid oysters

Abstract Around 34 years ago, the first reports on the performance of triploid oysters were published. Since then, triploid oysters have offered many benefits to the oyster industry, such as faster growth, improved meat quality, partial sterility, and increased survival due to disease resistance. However, the extent of a triploid growth advantage, in particular, can vary across studies, measurement parameters, environmental conditions and husbandry practices. To quantitatively compare diploid and triploid oyster growth rates, a meta-analysis was performed with 29 published studies using triploid oysters produced by chemical induction or by crossing diploid and tetraploid oysters (i.e., “mated triploids”). The difference in growth rate between ploidy was evaluated using natural log transformed response ratios (ln[3n/2n]) in a random-effects model weighted by sample size. The positive response ratios in 126 of the 148 independent experiments showed a significant growth advantage of the triploid over the diploid. On average, mated triploids grew 20% faster than diploids in shell height and 49% faster in whole wet weight. While chemically induced triploids had marginally less growth advantage than mated triploids, growing on average 8% faster than diploids in shell height and 31% faster in whole wet weight. Response ratios for experiments using mated triploids and measuring whole wet weight was significantly affected by species and length of study, while response ratios for experiments using chemically induced triploids and measuring whole wet weight was significantly affected by initial size at deployment. Conversely, response ratios for experiments using mated triploids or chemically induced triploids and measuring shell height were not affected by any tested moderator. The lack of a triploid growth advantage in 15% of the experiments (22/148) could have been influenced by a variety of factors including intraspecific variation, differences in sampling, husbandry practices, and environmental conditions.
Educational game design: an empirical study of the effects of narrative

Integrating narrative elements into a game is a key element in designing an immersive experience. Narrative has been hypothesized to improve engagement, motivation, and learning within educational environments. While empirical results have been produced to show that narrative enhances engagement and motivation, its effects on learning were shown to either be insignificant or negative. We, therefore, aim to address the question of how to integrate narrative in a game to improve learning. We address this through the design of May's Journey, an educational game that teaches basic programming concepts where a story is integrated. The game design seamlessly integrates learning goals, core mechanic and narrative elements. In this paper, we discuss the game design as well as a study we conducted to compare two game versions, one with rich narrative and the other with light narrative. Results demonstrate that participants who interacted with the rich narrative version had fewer programming errors and increased engagement within the game. We present our contributions in the form of educational design principles for narrative integration supported by our study and results.
Correction to: The Therapy of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes.

The third paragraph in the left column of page 256 of the article pertaining to the treatment of congenital choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) deficiency states that “Because apneic attacks occur suddenly in infants and children, the parents should be provided with an inflatable rescue bag.”
Indigenous Psychologies: A Contestation for Epistemic Justice

This chapter reviews cultural and scientific processes of colonization and Indigenous Psychologies as systems of knowledge and revolutionary movements that promote decolonization. A review of indigenous research methodologies is followed by the description of some examples of Indigenous Psychologies around the world.
Quantifying bias reduction with fixed-duration versus all-available covariate assessment periods.

Purpose Implementing a cohort study in longitudinal healthcare databases requires looking back over some covariate assessment period (CAP) preceding cohort entry to measure confounders. We used simulations to compare fixed-duration versus all-available CAPs for confounder adjustment in the presence of differences in available baseline time between exposure groups. Methods We simulated cohorts of 10 000 patients with binary variables for a single confounder, exposure, and outcome. Baseline time was simulated based on the observed distribution in a claims-based comparison of statin users versus nonusers. We compared bias after measuring confounders using fixed-duration and all-available CAPs, both when exposure groups had similar and discrepant amounts of available baseline time. Results When the comparison groups had similar amounts of baseline time, an all-available CAP was less biased than a fixed-duration CAP. When baseline time differed between comparison groups, the preferable CAP approach depended on the direction of confounding and which exposure group had higher covariate sensitivity. These findings were consistent in direction across sensitivity analyses. Conclusion In certain settings of differential available baseline time between exposure groups, the all-available CAP was more biased than the fixed-duration CAP. The relative directions and strengths of confounding and misclassification biases are an important consideration when choosing between a fixed-duration or all-available CAP, but they are often unknown. Therefore, we recommend comparing the amount of available baseline time between exposure groups. When there is a large discrepancy, despite appropriate design choices, we recommend a fixed-duration approach to avoid potential increases in bias because of differential data availability.
National Identity, Nationalism, and the Organization of the European Union

Based on in-depth interviews and document analysis examines the relationship between cultural identification and the process of European integration. It shows that French and Spanish people's culural attachments to Europe as a common social organization is still very limited and reflects a concern for the defense of a national identity. This research contributes to our understading of the European integration and to the theory of cultural identity by suggesting a dynamic paradigm that articulates the constitution of a formal organization with the process of cultural identity formation
Striving for Perfect Vision: Insights from Refractive Surgery

Refractive surgery involves the surgical correction of the refractive errors of the eye such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, and cataracts. As one of the rapidly evolving fields in ophthalmology, it has come along a long way since 1948 when Father Waclaw Szuniewicz pioneered the concept of refractive surgery by experimenting to change the shape of the corneal curvature. Today, femtosecond lasers have revolutionized the surgical procedure by providing precision, safety, and reproducibility like never before. The major milestones of refractive surgery include the introduction of keratomileusis in 1964, the invention of radial keratotomy in 1970, the invention of the excimer laser between 1973 and 1983, the first excimer laser use for corneal ablation in 1987, the first LASIK use in the 1990s, the approval of PRK and LASIK by the FDA in 1995 and 1996, respectively, the approval of wavefront technology in 2003, and the evolution of the femtosecond laser for refractive surgery in 2001 [1].
Attribute grammars and the teaching of compiler design and implementation

Attribute grammars can help separate issues of language semantics from issues of compiler implementation. We have found that a judicious use of attribute grammars fits very well with our goals for our Compiler Design course. This paper describes the goals of our course and the role attribute grammars play in achieving these goals.
WIP1 dephosphorylation of p27Kip1 Serine 140 destabilizes p27Kip1 and reverses anti-proliferative effects of ATM phosphorylation

The phosphoinositide-3-kinase like kinases (PIKK) such as ATM and ATR play a key role in initiating the cellular DNA damage response (DDR). One key ATM target is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibit...
Liver Transplant at the University of Pennsylvania 2015.

In this brief report, we summarize activity and trends in liver transplantation within the Penn Liver Transplant Program, including total program activity, recipient characteristics, waitlist time to transplant, graft and patient survival, rate of retransplantation, and multi-organ transplantation activity, as well as post-transplant hospital length of stay. RESULTS Penn Transplant has performed 2478 total adult liver transplants to date, consisting of 2382 deceased-donor liver transplants and 96 living-donor liver transplants. Recipient race is approximately 70% white, 20% black, and 10% "other" races including Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian/Alaskan Native. Non-cholestatic cirrhosis is the leading indication for liver transplantation, accounting for more than half of all cases throughout the selected time interval. Most patients are not hospitalized at the time of transplantation, and there has been a reduction in the number of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit at the time of transplant in the past five years. The median time to transplant is 13.2 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) for graft failure after one month, one year, and three years post-transplant were reported as: 0.54, 1.05, 1.01 (adult deceased donor) and 0.58, 0.57, 1.16 (adult living donor); HRs for patient survival were reported as: 0.44, 1.03, 1.04 (adult deceased donor) and 0.73, 0.74, 0.69 (adult living donor) for the same time increments. Penn averaged a 2.3% retransplantation rate and a total multi-organ transplant volume of 13. The mean length of hospital stay following transplantation was 8.83 days. CONCLUSION Our program activity data mirrors trends that are seen in many of the established busy liver transplant centers in the United States. There is greater recognition that liver transplantation can be offered to a larger number of candidates who are diagnosed with progressive liver failure of primary cancer in the setting of liver cirrhosis, and there is an increase in donor organs from either extended criteria cadaveric donors or living donors. Despite more complex candidate populations and increased utilization of extended criteria donors, Penn's outcomes continue to be excellent. We postulate that the future depends on an increase in organ procurement organization activity, redesign of the national organ allocation system, and expansion of living donor activity.
Measuring the Prevalence of Multipartner Fertility Independent of Fertility Level

The prevalence of multipartner fertility (W) depends on both the level of fertility (TFR) and the likelihood (s) that a woman has a birth of parity 2 or higher by a different partner. The relationship between those factors is analyzed, and the joint variability of W with TFR and s is shown for a range of contemporary values. Similar calculations are made for the fraction of children with a maternal half sibling. Index S is then proposed as a measure that can approximate the probability that a woman has a birth by a different partner based on the TFR and the observed prevalence of multipartner fertility or children with half siblings.
Generation learning framework: Applying Margaret Mead's typology to agenda-setting stage of policy diffusion

The prompt development of the world's South and the stagnation in the evolution of the world's North altered the directions of policy diffusion. Up to date, the literature lacks a clear framework that captures these changes. This article contributes to research by offering a Generation Learning Framework to study the new paths of policy and technology dissemination around the globe. Anthropological propositions of Margaret Mead are adapted to capture a higher demand and popularity of the South-South transfers over the less frequent South-North transfers. Illustrating the framework with the examples of South-Korean lesson-drawing, the study concludes that the era of knowledge transfer exclusively from the North to South is over. The proposed framework can be further applied to the fast-growing experiences in the learning practices that take place in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Africa.
Effect of Stochasticity, Capacity and Lend Time Cost Drivers on WIP and Throughput in a Pull Production Environment

Using a simulation approach, the effect of stochasticity, capacity, and lead time on WIP and throughput is examined in a pull production environment. In this dynamic environment production variation, capacity, and lead time are found to be significant cost drivers in terms of their effect on WIP inventory and throughput. The effects of these cost drivers do not necessarily follow from the logic used in earlier push production environment research. There are trade-offs among these cost drivers and their effect on WIP and throughput. Some excess capacity is found to be optimal in a stochastic environment. As a result there are significant strategic cost management implications that may impact the entire value chain. Management may need to model pull production environments to assess the strategic trade-offs between these cost drivers and the actions needed to minimize their effect on WIP and throughput.
How Africa Can Unite

The concept of a united Africa, or pan-Africanism, can be traced back a long way, and efforts to unite the vast continent continue today. The African Union (AU) was formed on 26 May 2001, intending to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU), but the union has a long way to go in achieving a united Africa. This chapter discusses the various reasons why Africa must unite and how it must do so, organized as a series of proposed policies and discussing their benefits and feasibility for achieving a workable, united Africa. Among the important strategies are the formation of economic unions to create regional market and production networks; the establishment of a principled continental parliament; promotion of good education; the use of sports and music to facilitate mutual understanding; the strategic use of languages to build continental cohesion and promote communication among Africans; and full participation in the benefits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Riding on dissonance, playing off-beat: A jazz album on joy

Inspired by jazz’s epistemologies and structures, this article was written as a Black liberatory jazz album on Black Boy Joy. Threaded through musical tracks, Black Boy Joy is conceptualized as a B...
The Corporate Contract and the Internal Affairs Doctrine

In the landmark ruling Salzberg v. Sciabacucchi, the Delaware Supreme Court upheld the validity of a corporate charter provision restricting the rights of shareholders to bring federal securities law claims. Although rights arising under federal securities law lie beyond the internal affairs doctrine, which has traditionally defined the boundaries of state corporate law, the Salzberg court ruled that such rights may be regulated by the “corporate contract,” created by state corporate law and comprised of a corporation’s charter and bylaws. Embracing contractarian precepts, the Salzberg court thus rejected the lower Chancery Court’s concession theory of the corporate contract as inextricably bound by the internal affairs doctrine. Salzberg’s contractarianism has wide-ranging implications for the role of the internal affairs doctrine, the reach of the corporate contract, and the rights of shareholders arising under both state corporate law and federal securities law. For one, Salzberg suggests that the corporate contract may be used to impose all types of restrictions to deter shareholders from bringing federal securities class actions. Most significantly, the decision opens the path to using the corporate contract to compel bilateral arbitration for all shareholder claims. In this respect, Salzberg reflects a growing divergence in corporate law between a judicial rhetoric wedded to contractarianism and a statutory framework that still bears concessionary hallmarks of state power. Whether a mandatory arbitration provision set forth in a corporation’s governing documents is enforceable against shareholders will turn on how the Delaware legislature or the federal courts ultimately resolve this contract-concession tension.
Pitfalls and recommended strategies and metrics for suppressing motion artifacts in functional MRI

In resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), artefactual signals arising from subject motion can dwarf and obfuscate the neuronal activity signal. Typical motion correction approaches involve the generation of nuisance regressors, which are timeseries of non-brain signals regressed out of the fMRI timeseries to yield putatively artifact-free data. Recent work suggests that concatenating all regressors into a single regression model is more effective than the sequential application of individual regressors, which may reintroduce previously removed artifacts. This work compares 18 motion correction pipelines consisting of head motion, independent components analysis, and non-neuronal physiological signal regressors in sequential or concatenated combinations. The pipelines are evaluated on a dataset of cognitively normal individuals with repeat imaging and on datasets of studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Parkinson9s Disease. Extensive metrics of motion artifact removal are measured, including resting state network recovery, Quality Control-Functional Connectivity (QC-FC) correlation, distance-dependent artifact, network modularity, and test-retest reliability of multiple rs-fMRI analyses. The results reveal limitations in previously proposed metrics, including the QC-FC correlation and modularity quality, and identify more robust motion correction metrics. The results also reveal limitations in the concatenated regression approach, which is outperformed by the sequential regression approach in the test-retest reliability metrics. Finally, pipelines are recommended that perform well based on quantitative and qualitative comparisons across multiple datasets and robust metrics. These new insights and recommendations help address the need for effective motion artifact correction to reduce noise and confounds in rs-fMRI.
Original contributionAchalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings

OBJECTIVE: Dysphagia is the hallmark of achalasia, and when frequent or marked, it is believed to be a good predictor of the clinical and radiographic severity of disease. We aimed to evaluate the presence and severity of dysphagia and other symptoms in achalasia and to correlate these symptoms with findings on barium studies. METHODS: The symptoms and radiographs of 38 patients with confirmed achalasia were reviewed, 20 prospectively, 18 retrospectively. The number of typical and atypical symptoms both initially and at the time of the barium esophagogram was tallied. The severity of typical symptoms at the time of the barium esophagogram was scored on a point system. A scoring system was also devised to rate the severity of the radiographic findings. Symptoms and radiographic findings were compared. RESULTS: Dysphagia was the initial symptom in only 39% of patients, whereas heartburn, regurgitation, and slow eating occurred initially in 24%, 24%, and 16% of patients, respectively. At the time of the barium esophagogram, all symptoms were reported by a greater percentage of patients than at presentation. The median time period between initial symptoms and symptoms reported at the time of the barium esophagogram was 48 months (range 2–360 months). At the time of the barium esophagogram, the most frequently reported symptoms were slow eating and regurgitation (79% each), followed by dysphagia (76%), and stereotyped movements (including arching of the neck and shoulders, raising of the arms, standing and sitting straight, and walking) with meals (60%). The mean number (±SD) of initial achalasia-related symptoms per patient was 1.34 (±0.67) and increased to 5.50 (±2.05) at the time of the barium esophagogram. The mean typical symptoms score at the time of the barium esophagogram was 3.4 (±1.5). Most patients (97%) reported a greater number of achalasia symptoms at the time of the barium esophagogram than initially, despite a mean total radiological score of only 2.58 (out of a maximum of 10 points). There was no statistically significant relationship between the total number of symptoms at the time of the barium esophagogram and the total radiographic score (r = −0.05, and p = 0.77) and between the typical symptom score at the time of the barium esophagogram and the total radiographic score (r = −0.11, and p = 0.51) by Spearman coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: Achalasia is a disease with many atypical and subtle symptoms, both initially and over time. Dysphagia is initially present in only 39% of patients and is not the most frequently reported symptom over time. Neither the severity nor the total number of achalasia-related symptoms correlates with the severity of radiographic findings.
RIGHT VENTRICULAR ANEURYSM, A COMPLICATION OF TRANSVENTRICULAR PULMONARY VALVULOTOMY. REPORT OF TWO CASES, ONE ASSOCIATED WITH GONADAL AGENESIS.

Abstract Two cases of right ventricular aneurysm which developed in young patients after transventricular valvulotomy for pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum are presented. The pathogenesis of this unusual complication appears to be related in part to the incomplete relief of the pulmonary stenosis and the consequent residual high right ventricular pressure. That such is not the sole cause is indicated by the rarity of such aneurysms in patients who require reoperation for pulmonary stenosis. Infection may have also been a factor in the first patient, since he was suspected of having had subacute bacterial endocarditis. The second patient had ovarian agenesis, as well as an unusual calcification of the pulmonary valve even at the time of the first operation. The relationship of these factors to the formation of the aneurysm is unknown. A diagnosis of aneurysm of the right ventricle was suspected on the basis of a visible and palpable precordial bulge and was confirmed by fluoroscopy and angiocardiography. Although both patients died after surgical treatment entailing excision of the aneurysm and relief of the pulmonary stenosis, surgical correction appears to be the only possible treatment.
Modeling the transplant waiting list: A queueing model with reneging

Motivated by the problem of organ allocation, we develop a queueing model with reneging that provides a stylistic representation of the transplant waiting list. The model assumes that there are several classes of patients, several classes of organs, and patient reneging due to death. We focus on randomized organ allocation policies and develop closed-form asymptotic expressions for the stationary waiting time, stationary waiting time until transplantation, and fraction of patients who receive transplantation for each patient class. Analysis of these expressions identifies the main factors that underlie the performance of the transplant waiting list and demonstrates that queueing models can prove useful when evaluating the organ allocation system.
Imaging in vivo herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene transfer to tumour-bearing rodents using positron emission tomography and [18F]FHPG

Radiolabelled ganciclovir analogues have shown promise as imaging agents to detect herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) expression. This study evaluated the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 9-[(3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([18F]FHPG) to assess gene transfer into tumours. HSVtk-positive and HSVtk-negative cell lines were first treated in vitro with [18F]FHPG. To assess the efficacy of PET in detecting HSVtk expression following in vivo gene transfer, mice were injected intravenously with an adenovirus encoding HSVtk (Ad.HSVtk), a control vector (Ad.Bgl2) or saline. Subcutaneous human glioma xenografts were grown in mice and treated by direct injection of Ad.HSVtk or Ad.Bgl2. Imaging was performed 48 h after transduction. Similar experiments were performed using Fischer rats implanted with syngeneic tumours. The presence of the HSVtk protein was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Biodistribution studies were also obtained in 14 naive mice. In vitro studies showed high and specific uptake of [18F]FHPG in HSVtk-positive cell lines, with an uptake ratio of up to 27:1. PET imaging and direct counting of major organs demonstrated HSVtk-specific tracer retention. In mice, HSVtk-positive tumours retained 3.4% dose/gram as compared to 0.6% for control tumours (P=0.03). They were clearly seen on the PET images as early as 100 min post injection. Similar results were obtained with syngeneic rat tumours. Biodistribution studies demonstrated the rapid distribution and clearance of the tracer in all major organs. Our results demonstrate that PET imaging of HSVtk gene transfer to tumours is feasible and is highly specific for HSVtk expression.
A Review of “Growing the Virtual Workplace: The Integrative Value Proposition for Telework”

Working a traditional 9-to-5 job is quickly becoming a thing of the past. Many jobs are requiring more hours and/or different work schedules that can negatively affect worker productivity and satis...
The Evolving Rationality of Rational Expectations: An Assessment of Thomas Sargent's Achievements

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Accommodating randomness 3. Accommodating prediction 4. Accommodating symmetry 5. Accommodating learning 6. An interview with Thomas Sargent 7. Conclusion Notes References Index.
The Children of Frankenstein: A Primer on Modern Technology and Human Values, Herbert J. Muller

HERBERT J. MULLER, Distinguished Service Professor of English and Government in Indiana University, presents in The Children of Frankenstein a history and criticism of culture and technology. Muller is concerned with man and his values, giving attention primarily to problems arising from those interests which have supported the emergence and extension of civilization as the "urban revolution". He recognizes that values are distinctively human and contends that all values have their root in human desire or interest. In Muller's words, "Like Spinoza, I assume that people do not desire something because it is good, but that it is considered good because people desire it." (p. 4) There are, accordingly, no "false" values. But inasmuch as values are distinguishable as ends and means, means may be confused with ends. It is from such confusion that the threat of technology to man's existence (with the abuse of "essential human values") arises. The harm of technology, as "neglect or even contempt of elementary human values," has been apparent in western culture from the time of the Industrial Revolution and this harm has been accentuated in the succeeding "neotechnic" and "post-industrial" phases of modern society.
A mathematical inequality related to theH theorem based on coarse graining

TheH theorem based on coarse graining may be considered as a particular case of a more general mathematical theorem. Since both theorems are very similar caution is necessary not to confuse them. The mathematical theorem may possibly have some other physical applications.
Learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers: national system of innovation and the development of the Japanese and Korean DRAM industries

Summary form only given. The DRAM market the US created and dominated had been captured by Japanese firms by the mid-1980s. However, by the mid-1990s, Korean firms have taken more than 30% of world share, Japan less than 50% and the US only 15%. The competitive scene is still changing. Taiwanese and Chinese firms are poised to compete in the DRAM market. The catch-up observed in the DRAM industry does not follow the traditional model of innovation, channeling knowledge from R&D to production. Such catch-up strategies depend primarily on successful techniques for rapid learning, and have been demonstrated particularly clearly in the case of East Asian nations. A particular form of learning, learning-by-doing, is widely believed to play a key role in development of high-technology industries in those nations. However, the history of DRAM industry development in Japan and Korea suggests that the mechanisms by which learning takes place are not uniform across the countries involved in DRAM sectors. It is important to understand the differences in learning-by-doing capacity (LBDC) at the firm, agency, and national levels. This paper examines the example of LBDC development that has proven effective in the creation of the semiconductor industries in Japan and Korea. Both of these countries pursued catch-up strategies in the DRAM industry. The DRAM examples reinforce our understanding of differences in development patterns between Asian countries, especially Japan and the NICs, and Western developed world. Spillover effect of DRAM development may also be understood in the light of changes in LBDC.
Principal Geodesic Analysis on Symmetric Spaces: Statistics of Diffusion Tensors

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is emerging as an important tool in medical image analysis of the brain. However, relatively little work has been done on producing statistics of diffusion tensors. A main difficulty is that the space of diffusion tensors, i.e., the space of symmetric, positive-definite matrices, does not form a vector space. Therefore, standard linear statistical techniques do not apply. We show that the space of diffusion tensors is a type of curved manifold known as a Riemannian symmetric space. We then develop methods for producing statistics, namely averages and modes of variation, in this space. In our previous work we introduced principal geodesic analysis, a generalization of principal component analysis, to compute the modes of variation of data in Lie groups. In this work we expand the method of principal geodesic analysis to symmetric spaces and apply it to the computation of the variability of diffusion tensor data. We expect that these methods will be useful in the registration of diffusion tensor images, the production of statistical atlases from diffusion tensor data, and the quantification of the anatomical variability caused by disease.
Climate change research and analysis in India: An integrated assessment of a South-North divide.

Abstract For more than a decade climate change has been the focus of much research and analysis. Despite the global implications of the problem, the overwhelming majority of the researchers involved worldwide in studying the problem and its possible solutions are from industrialized countries, and participation of lesser-industrialized countries has been limited. While the wide-ranging implications of this South–North divide are sometimes recognized, there is little analysis on the reasons for this divide, why it continues to exist, and what steps might be required to narrow it. Towards this end, this paper analyzes how climate change research and analysis is performed in India, a major lesser-industrialized country. Based on detailed interviews, it explores the factors that play a role in shaping the capability of India to perform, and respond to, climate-change analyses. Drawing on the Indian case study, the paper examines developing-country participation in the international climate science and assessment enterprise. This allows some reflection on the potential pitfalls for international discussions on climate change and what the international community and countries of the South can do to overcome them in order to address this conspicuous South–North divide.
Ion—molecule reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract The ion—molecule reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide include protonation and methylsulfinylation reactions and solvation of protonated molecules. A symmetry between ionic and molecular reactants before passing to product is deduced from labeling studies of the protonation and methylsulfinylation reactions. The fraction of collisions leading to reaction for simple proton transfer from CH3SO+ is greater than that for reactions of CH3SOCH3+−. Because of this complexity, methylsulfinylation is a much less effective ionization method for neutral molecules than the previously studied acetylation by 2,3-butanedione.
Use of polarized light to discriminate short-path photons in a multiply scattering medium

We describe a method for discriminating short- and long-path photons transmitted through a multiply scattering medium that is based on the relationship between the polarization states of the incident and forward-scattered light. Results of Monte Carlo simulations and experiments show that if the scattering anisotropy of the scatterers is sufficiently small, absorbing barriers embedded in optically dense suspensions of polystyrene spheres can be resolved with good contrast by selectively detecting a component of the scattered-light intensity that has preserved its incident circular polarization state.The principles of operation of a polarization-modulation system capable of measuring small polarization fractions are explained. Using this system we were able to measure polarized light in a depolarized background over 1000 times as large.
ANCIENT THERAPEUTIC ARTS IN THE GOUT.

This is an illustrated account of the early measures employed in the treatment of gout, comprising magical and religious cures and various forms of counter-irritation, including cautery, moxibustion, acupuncture, setons and issues, as well as blood-letting and galvanism. Certain of these latter practices, founded on the ancient humoral theory of disease, continue to be used in their orginal form to the present day while others have served as the foundation for some current methods of physical therapy. Isto es un illustrate reporto del ancian mesuras usate in le tractamento de gutta, incluse curas magic e religiose e varie formas de contra-irritation, tal como cauterio, moxibustion, acupunctura, setones e exutorios, e etiam sanguisugation e galvanismo. Certes de iste practicas, basate in le ancian theoria humoral del morbos, persiste in lor forma original in nostre dies, durante que alteres ha servite como le fundation del un o del altere methodo currente de therapia physic.