cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic detection of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression and cellular response in the progression of acute through chronic demyelination and remyelination

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in which neurological deficits result from damage to myelin, axons, and neuron cell bodies. Prolonged or repeated episodes of demyelination impair remyelination. We hypothesized that augmenting Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in chronically demyelinated lesions could enhance oligodendrogenesis and remyelination. Shh regulates oligodendrocyte development during postnatal myelination, and maintains adult neural stem cells. We used genetic approaches to detect Shh expression and Shh responding cells in vivo. ShhCreERT2 or Gli1CreERT2 mice were crossed to reporter mice for genetic fate-labeling of cells actively transcribing Shh or Gli1, an effective readout of canonical Shh signaling. Tamoxifen induction enabled temporal control of recombination at distinct stages of acute and chronic cuprizone demyelination of the corpus callosum. Gli1 fate-labeled cells were rarely found in the corpus callosum with tamoxifen given during acute demyelination stages to examine activated microglia, reactive astrocytes, or remyelinating cells. Gli1 fate-labeled cells, mainly reactive astrocytes, were observed in the corpus callosum with tamoxifen given after chronic demyelination. However, Shh expressing cells were not detected in the corpus callosum during acute or chronic demyelination. Finally, SAG, an agonist of both canonical and type II non-canonical Hedgehog signaling pathways, was microinjected into the corpus callosum after chronic demyelination. Significantly, SAG delivery increased proliferation and enhanced remyelination. SAG did not increase Gli1 fate-labeled cells in the corpus callosum, which may indicate signaling through the non-canonical Hedgehog pathway. These studies demonstrate that Hedgehog pathway interventions may have therapeutic potential to modulate astrogliosis and to promote remyelination after chronic demyelination.
An Interbehavioral Approach to Operant Analysis

By means of a review of some aspects of major works of B. F. Skinner and J. R. Kantor, a rapprochement between radical behaviorism and interbehavioral psychology is posited. In particular an analytic field approach is described as paradigmatic for this reconciliation. The experimental analysis of behavior is presented not as atomistic and deterministic but as analytic and probabilistic. Interbehavioral psychology is extracted from its potentially reifiable biological physicalistic linguistic strictures and is presented as the verbal behavior of the experimentalists as they operate on the data fields produced by their structured behavioral environments. The rapprochement is described as an interbehavioral approach to operant analysis in that events, their iterations (their reproduceability or replicability), and their successive iterations (the experimental program) form interbehavioral fields in which operant analysts function. When products of experimental analyses become part of the data field for other analysts, an interbehavioral field approach to experimentalists’ behavioral products may be undertaken. Hence, an iterative analysis of these products may allow the establishment of an interbehavioral program by which experimentalists’ studies become self-correcting since each becomes “no more than behavior,” not dissimilar from that which they purport to study.
Sunlight Brightens Learning and Memory.

Sunlight can alter mood, behavior, and cognition, but the cellular basis of this phenomenon remains to be fully elucidated. In this issue of Cell, Zhu et al. shed light on a UV-dependent metabolic pathway that leads to increased synaptic release of glutamate and enhanced motor learning and memory in mice.
Effects of fasting and transportation on pork quality development and extent of postmortem metabolism.

One hundred seventy-seven pigs were used to determine the interaction effects of fasting and length of transport prior to harvest on pork muscle quality. The study design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial, which involved two genetic sources, fasting (F) or no fasting (N) of pigs 48-h prior to harvest, and three transport times (0.5, 2.5, or 8.0 h) on a semitrailer to the packing plant. Genetic source was a significant source of variation (P 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in percent lean among fasting and transport treatments. Fasted pigs had higher longissimus dorsi (LD) ultimate pH (pH u ), darker lean color, higher marbling score and lower 7-d purge loss, 24-h drip loss, and cooking loss (P 0.05). Longer transport times resulted in lower GP and higher LD pH u regardless of genetic source. Fasting and length of transport each had positive effects on pork quality, but length of transport effects was greater in magnitude. When pigs were transported for 0.5 h, fasting for 48 h prior to harvest improved pork quality, but when pigs were transported 2.5 or 8.0 h, fasting had little effect on pork quality.
Strategies of ovarian function of importance to gynecologic investigations.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this article was to examine the similarities and differences in ovarian morphology and function that are known to exist among mammalian species. The previous difficulties and present solutions to the characterization of ovarian function in non-domestic or non-laboratory species are discussed.METHODS:The current literature regarding comparative ovarian structure and function was reviewed to identify examples of the diversity found within mammals.RESULTS:Major differences in ovarian anatomy include location in the body cavity; the degree of membranous covering surrounding the ovary; vascularization of the ovary, oviduct, and uterus; and the organization of different cell types within the ovary. The differences in ovarian function are simplified in this review by categorizing the known examples into six groups according to patterns in follicle growth and development, mechanisms of ovulation, response of steroid target cells, and luteal function.CONCLUSIONS: Each mammalian species has...
Developmental and molecular analysis of Deformed; a homeotic gene controlling Drosophila head development.

Abstract The characteristic morphology of many elements of the Drosophila body plan is crucially dependent upon the proper spatial expression of homeotic selector genes. The Deformed locus, which we isolated by virtue of its homology to the homeo box, is a candidate for a homeotic selector in the head region of the developing embryo. Here we show that null mutants of Deformed result in a loss of pattern elements derived from the maxillary and mandibular segments, and a duplication of a cuticular element of the larval head skeleton. Molecular analysis of the locus shows that Dfd transcripts are encoded in five exons distributed over 11 kb. The major transcript of 2.8 kb contains a 1758-bp open reading frame that would translate to yield a 63.5-kd protein containing a homeo domain and conspicuous regions of monotonic amino acid sequences. The Dfd protein exhibits extensive homology to a protein encoded by a Xenopus homeo box gene, Xhox 1A, suggesting that the Xenopus gene is the frog homologue of Dfd.
Forms of Multidimensional Relationships

This chapter briefly considers the question of extending the traditional scalar methods of dimensional analysis,56 used for deriving the forms of scalar relationships, to methods for deriving the forms of multidimensional equations; it is intended to be exploratory and provocative. As a multidimensional form of dimensional analysis, we want to develop techniques of multidimensional analysis in which the dimensional structures of vectors and matrices are used not just in checking consistency and expressing dimensional forms, but also for deriving new results.
Compound, Cascading, or Complex Disasters: What's in a Name?

How should we characterize catastrophic events like the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, or Hurricane Harvey in Houston, or Hurricanes Irma/Maria in Puerto Rico? Are these singular events? Multihaz...
Do not bet on your favourite football team: the influence of fan identity-based biases and sport context knowledge on game prediction accuracy

Research question: While the influence of sport context knowledge, such as home advantage and team ranking, on prediction accuracy has been discussed in the previous literature, the role of identit...
What Are the Odds

Financial industry standards, and corresponding regulations, thoroughly address the concepts of cybersecurity threat, vulnerability, consequences, and costs. Aspects of the threat landscape are communicated by organizations such as the FS-ISAC and through various public sector warnings and briefings. Vulnerabilities are both systemic and individual and becoming more widespread as technology evolves, and there is mounting evidence that withstanding or recovering from a cyber attack can be extremely expensive. Yet for many executives, a core question remains: what are the odds a cybersecurity attack will impact my institution? The question may at first seem suspect, given the large and growing array of relevant financial industry guidance on cyber. It would seem that any risk so obviously deemed critical by multiple overseeing bodies must of course have tangible impact on all financial institutions, but financial industry management has reason to think otherwise. That is, given all the standards and guidance on cybersecurity available to financial institutions, should we not be ahead of the curve?
Antibody-dependent and -independent mechanisms of inflammatory arthritis

Inflammatory arthritis encompasses a set of common diseases characterized by immune-mediated attack on joint tissues. Most but not all affected patients manifest circulating autoantibodies. Decades of study in human and animal arthritis have identified key roles for autoantibodies in immune complexes and through direct modulation of articular biology. However, joint inflammation can arise because of pathogenic T cells and other pathways that are antibody-independent. Here we review the evidence for these parallel tracks, in animal models and in humans, to explore the range of mechanisms engaged in the pathophysiology of arthritis and to highlight opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention.
Automatic Cross Carrier-Envelope Phase Locking Within a Dual-Peak Mode-Locked Quantum-Dot Diode Laser

We demonstrated automatic cross carrier-envelope phase locking between two synchronized pulse trains at different wavelengths generated within a single InAs/InP quantum-dot diode laser cavity. The resulting waveforms, verified by optical auto-/cross-correlation and explained by a theoretical model, show multipeaks or quasi-periodic subpulses with a central-subpulse pulse duration of about 183 fs.
America’s “Whiz Kids”? Ambivalence and the Model Minority Stereotype

Asian Americans are commonly stereotyped as the “model minority”: smart, diligent, quiet, and conformist. While at the outset the model minority stereotype appears to be positive, consensus in acad...
Effects of Oral Ginger Supplementation on the INR

Although there are competing options for anticoagulation, many Americans remain on warfarin. Concurrently, the use of alternative medicines is on the rise. With that, the potential for interactions between them is increasing. Ginger has gained popularity in its use. The literature has sparse recent information about the potential conflict between warfarin and ginger. This brief case report discusses the potential scope of the problem as well as the proposed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between these two commonly used agents.
Emergency Room and Hospital Utilization Among Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD): OT’s Role in Prevention

Date Presented 04/05/19 Emergency room and hospital utilization among adults with IDD are significant contributors to rising healthcare costs. This study identified predictors of utilization for a sample of 597 adults with IDD. Using a retrospective survey of medical charts, logistic regressions were conducted. This study found risk factors unique to adults with IDD that should be addressed with tailored OT and primary-care interventions. Primary Author and Speaker: Meghan Blaskowitz
Effect of written instructions on accuracy of self-reporting medication regimen in glaucoma patients

PurposeOur purpose was to evaluate the accuracy of self-reporting of the prescribed medication regimen in a glaucoma population, identify contributing factors, and assess the effect of written instructions.Methods and MaterialsAll patients at an urban resident glaucoma clinic were offered participat
Lumbar Artery Perforator Flap: Initial Experience with Simultaneous Bilateral Flaps for Breast Reconstruction.

The lumbar artery perforator (LAP) flap is a useful alternative for patients who are not a candidate for breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Due to the positioning and concerns for prolonged ischemia time, bilateral breast reconstruction using LAP flaps is frequently performed in separate stages. We present our early experience performing simultaneous LAP flaps for bilateral breast reconstruction. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent breast reconstruction with LAP flaps from December 2018 to September 2019. Demographics, flap data, and complication data were collected. Surgical sequence is presented. Results A total of 30 simultaneous bilateral breast reconstruction were performed with LAP. We experienced 1 flap loss in an undiagnosed hypercoagulable patient. The average patient age was 52.7 years, and the average body mass index was 26.9. Most patients had a surgically absent abdominal donor site (66.7%). The average operative time was 510 minutes and ischemia time was 90.3 minutes. All flaps were performed using a composite deep inferior epigastric arterial/venous graft. Conclusions The LAP flap is an innovative, yet technically challenging, choice for autologous breast reconstruction. In our experience, simultaneous bilateral breast reconstruction using LAP flaps can be safely performed in a single surgical stage; however, we recommend caution and a coordinated team approach. With simultaneously performing bilateral LAP flaps, there is an inherent prolonged ischemia time and, thus, an increased possibility for vasospasm and intraoperative revisions. This experience represents the first series of bilateral LAP flaps performed simultaneously.
Clinical features and surgical management of infantile calcified cephalohematoma

Objective To explore the clinical features and surgical management of infantile calcified cephalohematoma.Methods A total of 14 infants with calcified cephalohematoma treated at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.Their clinical features,operative procedures and outcomes were analyzed.Skin flap was opened under galea aponeurotica or periosteum by an arc incision.The blood in cyst was removed by aspiration through drilling a hole through calcified cephalohematoma.Neoformative abnormal bone was snipped off rapidly to reduce bleeding.Then periosteum was attached to atrophic bone.Periosteum and dura were protected throughout operation.All cases were followed up for 3 months to 2 years.Results Calcified cephalohematoma was a result of either failed absorption or no early aspiration.Their mean age was 2 months.The locations were at uni or bi-lateral parietal regions.Bone resection and periosteum sticking were employed.A key was restoring anatomical apposing of skull bone and periosteum.Skull deformity was corrected and cranial bone atrophy recovered.Conclusions Infantile calcified cephalohematoma may be cured by bone resection and periosteum sticking.And the best preventive method is early aspiration and pressure dressing. Key words: Infant, newborn; Scalp; Hematoma; Surgical procedures, operative
Modeling of a Far-Field Automotive Antenna Range Using Computational Electromagnetic Tools

Vehicle-level antenna performance standards are being established for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications that support safety of life applications for automobiles. Once these antenna performance standards are established, there must be confidence that automotive antenna measurement systems can make accurate and repeatable measurements. In this paper, a full-wave, three-dimensional electromagnetic field solver based on the method of moments (MOM) was utilized to create a simulation model of the antenna measurement process at Oakland University’s outdoor automotive antenna range. Initial results for the comparison of this model against measurements are provided in this paper for a directive monopole antenna on a one-meter diameter ground plane. This type of tool will be useful to establish uncertainty levels for vehicle-level antenna gain measurements.
Quantifying surface roughness on UO2 fuel pellets using optical techniques

Rapid, non-destructive nuclear forensic techniques can aid in signature development and provide valuable information for provenance assessments. Using optical profilometry and digital microscopy, we studied the surface roughness of fuel pellets to probe its usefulness as a forensic signature and its relationship to a given producer's grinding techniques. Arithmetic average areal (Sa) surface roughness measurements provide a rapid, non-destructive technique, producing efficient measurements with smaller standard uncertainties relative to 2D, arithmetic average profile (Ra) surface roughness measurements. Digital microscopy proved to be the superior technique over optical profilometry, in part due to its higher image quality, faster data acquisition capabilities, and multi-purpose potential in physical surface characterization. Using digital microscopy, fuel pellet Sa surface roughness varies in commercial reactor fuel pellets from 1.54±0.17μm to 2.11±0.12μm and does not appear to depend solely on the use of wet versus dry grinding techniques. Populations of pellets produced at three different commercial reactor fuel production facilities were distinguishable on the basis of Sa. Complementary to other key forensic characteristics, such as dimensions and enrichment, Sa measurements provide a promising nuclear forensic signature for sintered UO2 fuel pellets.
Lossy Microwave Filters With Active Shape Correction

Obtaining the prescribed microwave filter response is highly desirable for proper frequency selectivity in RF transceivers. As the traditional microwave filter design methods do not take into account finite unloaded quality factors, lossy resonators cause significant deviations from the prescribed filter response, especially in filters with narrow bandwidths or of high orders. This deviation gets more severe as the resonator losses increase. Building on the lossy filter design techniques by using an active shape correction mechanism, this paper proposes a new approach to recover the filter response when the filter has moderately-to-highly lossy resonators. Being different than most active filter topologies, where all of the resonators are loss-compensated, this study aims at achieving the shape correction with $N-2$ active elements. To characterize the design, a novel lossy-active coupling matrix is introduced by extending the $(N+2) \times (N+2)$ lossy coupling matrix. The proposed theory is verified with the design and fabrication of two $3^{rd}$ order 5 % bandwidth filters operating at 1 GHz and employing resonators with quality factors of 100 and 28, respectively. It has been shown that the method can recover the response in both designs and the theoretical and measured responses are in good agreement.
Physics Informed Deep Learning for Flow and Transport in Porous Media

We present our progress on the application of physics informed deep learning to reservoir simulation problems. The model is a neural network that is jointly trained to respect governing physical laws and match boundary conditions. The methodology is hereby used to simulate a 2-phase immiscible transport problem (Buckley-Leverett). The model is able to produce an accurate physical solution both in terms of shock and rarefaction and honors the governing partial differential equation along with initial and boundary conditions. We test various hypothesis (uniform and non-uniform initial conditions) and show that with the proper implementation of physical constraints, a robust solution can be trained within a reasonable amount of time and iterations. We revisit some of the limitations presented in previous work \cite{Fuks2020} and further the applicability of this method in a forward, pure hyperbolic setup. We also share some practical findings on the application of physics informed neural networks (PINN). We review various network architectures presented in the literature and show tips that helped improve their convergence and accuracy. The proposed methodology is a simple and elegant way to instill physical knowledge to machine-learning algorithms. This alleviates the two most significant shortcomings of machine-learning algorithms: the requirement for large datasets and the reliability of extrapolation. The principles presented can be generalized in innumerable ways in the future and should lead to a new class of algorithms to solve both forward and inverse physical problems.
Victimized in many ways: Online and offline bullying/harassment and perceived racial discrimination in diverse racial-ethnic minority adolescents.

Objectives: Racial-ethnic minority youth face multiple types of victimization associated with negative developmental outcomes. The present study examined the interplay of youth experiences of online and offline bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination across three waves. Methods: Racial-ethnic minority adolescents aged 10-19 (N = 735) at Midwest schools were surveyed yearly on Internet usage and experiences, mental well-being, and related risk and protective factors. We analyzed offline and online bullying/harassment, offline and online racial-ethnic discrimination, and time online in an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. Results: Youth who reported more of one type of victimization also reported more of other victimization types and more time online concurrently. Our results show some (but not consistent) influences over time. Youth who experienced more offline bullying/harassment at wave 1 were more likely to report more wave 2 victimization in another context (online bullying/harassment) and in other content (offline racial-ethnic discrimination), although these associations did not appear in the second wave. Youth who reported more online bullying/harassment at wave 2 also experienced increased risk for offline bullying/harassment at wave 3. Youth who reported more time online were not more likely to experience later victimization, though youth who experienced more wave 1 offline bullying/harassment were more likely to report more next-wave time online. Conclusions: Racial-ethnic minority youth simultaneously and persistently face multiple types of victimization. Offline bullying/harassment interventions may have the added benefit of reducing other forms of victimization down the road, while reducing time online alone is unlikely to protect youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Vitamin B12 status is a risk factor for bone fractures among vegans.

Abstract Several studies consistently showed vegans having a higher risk of bone fractures compared to individuals from other diet groups. While researchers have focused on several factors as possible explanation of these findings, both dietary (e.g. calcium) and non-dietary (e.g. weight/BMI status), the widespread inadequate vitamin B12 (B12) status among vegans as a risk factor for bone fractures has not received adequate scrutiny. The detrimental impact of inadequate B12 status on bone tissue is both direct, via the impairment of the insulin-like growth hormone 1 and taurine synthesis, and indirect, induced through its hyperhomocysteinemic effect, via at least the following mechanisms: 1) reducing bone mineral content and density by accumulating in the extracellular matrix, 2) reducing osteoblasts and increasing osteoclasts function, 3) reducing blood flow to bone tissue, 4) inducing apoptosis via the reactive oxygen-species-mediated mitochondrial pathway, and 5) obstructing the formation of collagen cross-links, impeding lyslyl oxidase, and hampering insolubility of fibrils. Considering the widespread B12 deficiency prevalence among vegans, its role in bone fracture risk should not be overlooked.
Design of 500 kHz, 18 kW Low Leakage Inductance Intraleaved Litz Wire Transformer for Bi-directional Resonant DC-DC Converter

This paper focuses on the design of a 18 kW, 500 kHz, 8:4 planar E core litz wire transformer for a bi-directional CLLC resonant dc-dc converter. In order to reduce gain variance around the resonant frequency, the transformer design focuses on minimizing leakage inductance. Multiple winding topologies are surveyed and the selected P-S1-P-S2 winding topology achieves primary leakage inductance of 747 nH and secondary leakage inductance of 120 nH. In order to improve current sharing among two parallel windings, an "intra-leaved" winding structure is proposed which achieves a current distribution of 42 APeak for S1 and 38 APeak for S2 while maintaining the low leakage inductance benefits of the P-S1-P-S2 structure. The transformer winding is potted in thermal epoxy to improve winding heat spreading and peak winding temperature is 126°C at 18 kW load. An easy-to-use ac core loss measurement technique is demonstrated which minimizes measurement error due to transformer ac resistance. The designed transformer achieves 99.6% efficiency at 18 kW load and a power density of 1720 W/in3.
Comments on The clinical meaningfulness of a treatment's effect on a time-to-event variable

Some years ago, Snapinn and Jiang[1] considered the interpretation and pitfalls of absolute versus relative treatment effect measures in analyses of time-to-event outcomes. Through specific examples and analytical considerations based solely on the exponential and the Weibull distributions they reach two conclusions: 1) that the commonly used criteria for clinical effectiveness, the ARR (Absolute Risk Reduction) and the median (survival time) difference (MD) directly contradict each other and 2) cost-effectiveness depends only the hazard ratio(HR) and the shape parameter (in the Weibull case) but not the overall baseline risk of the population. Though provocative, the first conclusion does not apply to either the two special cases considered or even more generally, while the second conclusion is strictly correct only for the exponential case. Therefore, the implication inferred by the authors i.e. all measures of absolute treatment effect are of little value compared with the relative measure of the hazard ratio, is not of general validity and hence both absolute and relative measures should continue to be used when appraising clinical evidence.
Evaluating Perceived Impact of Utah’s Online Divorce Education Program

Using data collected from parents who participated in a brief, online divorce education program (n = 2,584), the goal of this study was to evaluate the program’s impact in terms of improving parent...
The relation of protein metabolism to disease.

Publisher Summary The nutritional state of patient is considered an important factor in determining patient's response to disease. Proteins are essentially administered as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. This chapter discusses the scientific background for the concepts concerned with the therapeutic use of proteins and the practical application of these concepts. Proteins are the principal nitrogenous constituents of all tissues and are important in extracellular body processes. Antibodies, vital to the preservation of the organism against disease, are proteins. Proteins are thus concerned with the maintenance of the homeostasis of the body's internal environment. The ubiquitous role of protein in mammalian economy makes it obvious that alterations in protein metabolism are intimately concerned with all disease states. Protein deficiency or a disturbed protein metabolism in humans and animals often lead to difficulty in wound healing, lowering of resistance to infection, and making the liver vulnerable to numerous toxic agents. The end result is that the patient with protein deficiency becomes more susceptible to secondary complications and that the recovery is delayed or prevented. Some of the diseases act directly on the metabolism of proteins. Others act in a less direct manner by bringing about a decreased protein intake or interfering with digestion or absorption. Mechanical loss of proteins through diseased kidneys, burns, or exudates can also result in a state of imbalance or disequilibrium.
A study of on-chip FPGA system with 2D mesh network

The advance in fabrication technology hugely increases the number of available transistors on a single chip. It allows the industry to build the entire system on a single chip which was only realizable on a board in the past. On-chip System not only reduces the computer physical size, but also increases the computation performance because modules/cores/intellectual properties (IPs) are packed closely together. When simply increasing the clock frequency to increase the computer performance becomes harder because of the wire delay, putting more computation units on a single chip becomes a good alternative for improving computer performance. Building more cores on a chip in the future is expected. With many IPs on a chip, traditional bus is no longer able to provide enough bandwidth to support the communication between IPs. Providing a high performance on-chip network infrastructure for the IP communication becomes a key to high performance on-chip computation. This thesis focuses on an on-chip network supporting on-chip system. This thesis is composed of two main parts. In the first part, a high performance deadlock free dual-coded on-chip router using adaptive multicast routing is built. Compared with the traditional deterministic XY unicast router, this router can reduce both packet latency and energy consumption. In the second part, a co-processor placement algorithm for an on-chip system built from FPGAs with an on-chip network is proposed. The algorithm aims to place the communicating modules as close as possible. In addition, an algorithm for sharing a FPGA by multiple coprocessors and an algorithm for supporting polymorphic co-processor are proposed to increase on-chip FPGA system throughput.
Comment on “ASEAN's New Frontiers: Integrating the Newest Members into the ASEAN Economic Community”

Pomfret (2013) is a highly informative, well-written paper and a very useful introduction to the recent economic histories of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) emphasizing the role of regional and subregional integration. On one of the paper’s broad themes, the mix of unilateral action and involvement in broader regional and global organizations which characterized the development experiences of the traditional Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies, the contrast with CLMV is striking. When the organization was founded in the 1960s, with the exception of the small emirate of Brunei, the other original ASEAN members or ASEAN5 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) all were pursuing import substituting industrialization strategies. Following the examples of Taiwan and South Korea, Singapore subsequently changed tack and adopted an outward oriented approach which was then emulated by the other ASEAN members. This outward-oriented development strategy was by no means the global norm in the 1970s, but the region’s openness paved the way for the development of a horizontal division of labor and the creation of the highly articulated cross-border supply chains collectively dubbed Factory Asia today. An open question is whether the ASEAN5’s relationship with the private sector, specifically their openness to the large multinational enterprises from outside the region that have played such a large role in the region’s supply chains, is likely to be reproduced in CLMV, or whether the latter will remain in a more defensive crouch. The tension created by the divergence in the attitudes and capacities of the old and new ASEAN members may become more acute as the organization tries to deepen its level of formal commitment while at the same time integrating the new members which are at a much lower level of development than the old members on virtually every metric. The risks are that ASEAN will adopt, but not consistently enforce, more rigorous standards, calling into question the organization’s integrity, or explicitly adopt a multispeed model with derogations and exceptions. Either option poses its own risks, as the example of the European Union vividly demonstrates. Arguably, demonstration effects and emulation have been more important in Southeast Asia’s contemporary economic history than in formal institutions. Nevertheless, the
Architecture aware resource allocation for structured grid applications: flood modelling case

Numerous problems in science and engineering involve discretizing the problem domain as a regular structured grid and make use of domain decomposition techniques to obtain solutions faster using high performance computing. However, the load imbalance of the workloads among the various processing nodes can cause severe degradation in application performance. This problem is exacerbated for the case when the computational workload is non-uniform and the processing nodes have varying computational capabilities. In this paper, we present novel local search algorithms for regular partitioning of a structured mesh to heterogeneous compute nodes in a distributed setting. The algorithms seek to assign larger workloads to processing nodes having higher computation capabilities while maintaining the regular structure of the mesh in order to achieve a better load balance. We also propose a distributed memory (MPI) parallelization architecture that can be used to achieve a parallel implementation of scientific modelling software requiring structured grids on heterogeneous processing resources involving CPUs and GPUs. Our implementation can make use of the available CPU cores and multiple GPUs of the underlying platform simultaneously. Empirical evaluation on real world flood modelling domains on a heterogeneous architecture comprising of multicore CPUs and GPUs suggests that the proposed partitioning approach can provide a performance improvement of up to 8× over a naive uniform partitioning.
Cold Cranking Team: Battery, Cables, Cranking Motor, Engine Oil

Cranking performance not only depends upon the power available, but also upon the amount of load, which is largely controlled by the viscosity of the engine oil. Because of these two conditions, cold cranking performance is primarily determined by the interrelationship of a team composed of battery, cables, cranking motor, and engine oil.
Digital PWM control: application in voltage regulation modules

Conventionally, controllers for DC/DC converters have relied on analog circuit techniques for implementation. While analog based systems have proven successful, several reasons make digital control attractive. Digital control allows for the implementation of more functional control schemes. Digital circuits are potentially less susceptible to noise and parameter variations. With the explosion of cheap computing power, and availability of advanced integrated circuit design and synthesis tools, a digital controller design can be ported to new integrated circuit technology generations with little additional effort. Current trends in microprocessor designs lead toward decreasing supply voltages and increasing current demands. Future microprocessors are projected to require between 30-60 Amps of static current and impose di/dt requirements on the power supply in the order of 5 A/ns. In this paper, we focus on the design of a digital controller for an interleaved DC/DC buck converter to supply power for microprocessor loads. Digital logic makes the generation of identical, but delayed, gate drive signals for the various phases of the interleaved converter simple.
Traffic types, protocols, and system performance in wireless networks

In the portable and mobile information age, the services delivered to the user will be primarily determined by the user. The radio and wireless network technologies used to deliver these services should enable them, not limit them. Thus, it is necessary to understand the demands of wireless products, applications, and services from a top-down, layered point of view. The objective of the paper is to discuss how to usefully model the performance of wireless applications and their protocols without having to construct models so detailed in a layer by layer sense as to be impractical.
The Debate on Contractual Freedom in Corporate Law

The subject of this symposium issue - based on a conference sponsored by the Columbia Law School Center for Law and Economic Studies - is contractual freedom in corporate law. The resulting debate can be usefully divided, in my view, into two debates: one concerning contractual freedom in the charter amendment stage, and one concerning contractual freedom at the initial charter. Accordingly, Part II discusses and evaluates the debate on opting out by charter amendment, and Part III does the same for the initial charter stage. In discussing contractual freedom in corporate law, both deregulators, and the first critics of their position, focused on opting out in the initial charter - the natural context for thinking about contractual freedom. THE DEBATE ON CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM AT THE INITIAL CHARTER STAGE Also, Kornhauser discusses the possibility that some shareholder-manager arrangements have externalities with respect to bondholders. If the chosen arrangement is going to be mandatory, then efficiency would be indeed served by the officials' choosing A. Because opting out of the chosen arrangement will not be possible, the officials must assume that this arrangement will govern even if the alternative arrangement is actually the efficient one. Clearly, when a corporate law issue is to be governed by a mandatory rule, the quality of that rule - and thus the selection of the institution making that rule - is of greater significance.
Studies of the intercellular matrix of growth plates from dwarf and homozygous nonaffected Alaskan Malamutes: collagen and hexosamine.

This study was performed to compare the extractability of dwarf growth plate collagen and hexosamine with that of homozygous nonaffected Malamutes and to measure the activity of three of the enzymes involved in the post-translational modifications of the collagen molecule. No significant differences were found in the activity of prolyl hydroxylase or lysyl oxidase in the dwarf growth plates. Lysyl hydroxylase activity in the dwarf was decreased to 22% and 33% that of the activity present in the homozygous nonaffected growth plates. Amino acid analysis of the collagen isolated from dwarf growth plates failed to reveal any decrease in hydroxylysine content. Growth plates were extracted with either 1 M sodium chloride or 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. The extracts were applied to a DEAE-cellulose column. Amino acid analyses of the material which did not bind to DEAE revealed a slight decrease in the amount of guanidine-extractable hydroxyproline in the dwarf but a 60-fold increase in the amount of salt-extractable hydroxyproline in the dwarf growth plates. Material which eluted with 1 M sodium chloride was analyzed for hexosamine. There was a 10-fold increase in the amount of salt-extractable hexosamine present in the dwarf growth plates, whereas no significant differences were observed in the guanidine-extracted material. Hexosamine analysis of the growth plates revealed a significant increase in the total amount of hexosamine present in the dwarf growth plates. SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the material which did not bind to DEAE as well as the pepsin digested, 0.9M sodium chloride precipitated collagen demonstrated the presence of only type II collagen.
Klebsiella ozaenae Cholecystitis

The authors report a case of Klebsiella ozaenae septicemia, cholecystitis and urinary tract infection in a 65-year-old morbidly obese woman with diabetes. Klebsiella ozaenae is considered a nonpathogen or colonizer rarely causing septicemia. This is the first reported case of cholecystitis due to this agent.
Fragmentation of the octupole strength in 205Tl(p,p′)205Tl

Abstract In addition to the octupole transitions to the apparent weak-coupling doublet [3 s 1 2 −1 , 206 Pb 3 − ] at 2.62–2.71 MeV, three other strong octupole transitions to nearby states are observed in the inelastic scattering of 20 MeV protons from 205 Tl. Two of these extra states, at 3.21 and 3.26 MeV, may arise from the [2 d 3 2 −1 , 206 Pb 3 − ] configuration. It is not likely that the other transition (2.48 MeV) can be described by the simple weak-coupling model.
Airway responses to histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol in anaphylactic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs☆☆☆

Abstract Using changes in tidal volume and dynamic lung compliance, airway responses to histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol were investigated in different groups of guinea pigs before and after active or passive sensitization. The threshold doses to inhaled histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol were identical before and after sensitization. Similarly, the slope of dose response curves to these drugs and the time course of recovery from airway constriction were comparable in control and sensitized animals. The slopes of dose response curves to histamine and acetylcholine were parallel. Threshold doses to acetylcholine (T ACH ) and histamine (T H ) were proportional. The average ratio TACHTH was 7.7. There was no correlation between threshold doses and slopes of dose response curves for propranolol and those for histamine or acetylcholine. Antigen challenge resulted in decreases of dynamic lung compliance and in increases of airway resistance and frequency, which were maximal 60 to 130 seconds after challenge. When functional parameters after antigen challenge had returned to normal, bronchial responses to histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol were exaggerated. These exaggerated responses were reproducible, transient, variable from animal to animal, and related to the antigen dose. Guinea pig anaphylaxis does not lead to the prolonged hypersensitivity to chemical mediators, which characterizes human reaginic asthma, but to a temporary enhancement of responses to acetylcholine, histamine, and propranolol.
Isolation of NAD(P)H: Nitrate Reductase from the Scutellum of Maize

Summary A nitrate reductase has been isolated from the scutellum of corn seedlings using affinity chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose. The 140 fold purified nitrate reductase had maximal activity with NADPH as electron donor. A second fraction of nitrate reductase isolated from the affinity column was most active with NADH as electron donor.
Changes in urban land values: 1836–1970 ☆

Abstract A model is developed for measuring the return to holding land and those returns are examined using a random coefficient estimation procedure for specific periods from 1836 to 1970. This statistical model provides a mean rate of return for land and a predictor for each time period. The results suggest that the long-term return to holding land is no higher than the rate of return to holding high-grade bonds. For shorter holding periods, the returns vary significantly.
Therapies for Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The mainstays of therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in children are adenotonsillectomy and positive airway pressure. Nonsurgical therapies, including anti-inflammatory medications, dental devices, and weight loss, may be useful in specific circumstances. Airway surgery has been shown to be effective in children with craniofacial abnormalities, but not in the general pediatric population. Children with Down syndrome, craniofacial abnormalities, obesity, or Prader-Willi syndrome are at increased risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and may require more frequent polysomnography and specific therapies.
The Cambridge introduction to modernism

More than a century after its beginnings, modernism still has the power to shock, alienate or challenge readers. Modernist art and literature remain thought of as complex and difficult. This introduction explains in a readable, lively style how modernism emerged, how it is defined, and how it developed in different forms and genres. Pericles Lewis offers students a survey of literature and art in England, Ireland and Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century. He also provides an overview of critical thought on modernism and its continuing influence on the arts today, reflecting the interests of current scholarship in the social and cultural contexts of modernism. The comparative perspective on Anglo-American and European modernism shows how European movements have influenced the development of English-language modernism. Illustrated with works of art and featuring suggestions for further study, this is the ideal introduction to understanding and enjoying modernist literature and art.
Multiplicity reactivation of bacteriophage inactivated by ionizing radiations.

Abstract Phage T2 inactivated by gamma rays gives multiplicity reactivation. Host bacteria from actively growing cultures are much more favorable to the occurrence of this process than bacteria from cultures nearing saturation. No multiplicity reactivation is detected with phage T2 inactivated by soft X-rays (irradiation of the phage prior to its adsorption on the host). Efficient multiplicity reactivation with soft X-rays is however observed when phage is adsorbed to the bacteria prior to irradiation (of the phage-bacterium complexes). Multiplicity reactivation is also obtained when phage irradiated with soft X-rays is adsorbed onto previously irradiated bacteria.
Initiation of a Sarcocystis neurona expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing project: a preliminary report.

To accelerate genetic and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis neurona, the primary causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), a sequencing project has been initiated that will generate approximately 7000-8000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from this apicomplexan parasite. Poly(A)(+) RNA was isolated from culture-derived S. neurona merozoites, and a cDNA library was constructed in a unidirectional lambda phage cloning vector. Sixty phage clones were randomly picked from the library, and the cDNA inserts were amplified from these clones using the T3 and T7 primers that flank the multi-cloning site of the lambda vector. This analysis demonstrated that 100% (60/60) of the clones selected from this library contained recombinant cDNA inserts ranging in size from 0.4 to 4.0 kilobases (kb) with an average size of 1.23kb. Single-pass sequencing from the 5' end of the 60 amplified cDNAs produced high-quality nucleotide sequence from 53 of the clones. Comparison of these ESTs to the current gene databases revealed significant matches for 10 of the ESTs, six of which are similar to sequences from other Apicomplexa (i.e., Toxoplasma gondii). Importantly, none of the ESTs were of obvious mammalian origin, thus indicating that the cDNAs in this library were derived primarily from parasite mRNA and not from mRNA of the bovine turbinate host cells. Collectively, these data indicate that the described cDNA library will provide an excellent substrate for generating a portion of the ESTs that are planned from S. neurona. This sequencing project will greatly hasten gene discovery for this protozoan pathogen thereby enhancing efforts towards the development of improved diagnostics, treatments, and preventatives for EPM. In addition, the S. neurona ESTs will represent a significant contribution to the extensive database of sequences from the Apicomplexa. Comparative analyses of these apicomplexan sequences will likely offer a multitude of important information about the biology and evolutionary history of this phylogenetic grouping of parasites.