cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Battery Model for Co-design in Cyber-Physical Systems

We introduce a dynamic battery model that describes the variations of the capacity of a battery under time varying discharge current. This model supports a co-design approach for cyber-physical systems where control laws,online scheduling algorithms and battery management can be designed jointly to balance performance of the plant,the computing device, and the batteries. The input-output relationship of our model is equivalent to the Rakhmatov-Vrudhula-Wallach (RVW) model that has been verified by high fidelity simulations and experiments. The major improvement of our model is that it allows online prediction of battery life. This improvement is significant since for cyber-physical systems, control laws and online scheduling algorithms draw current from batteries according to the state of the plant and the processor, which cannot be determined at the design stage. Using our model, the optimal discharge profile for a square wave current are determined and simulation results are provided to compare battery life for different discharge profiles.
Strategies for the Implementation of Service Innovations

Implementation strategies are the ways in which information about a new service innovation are shared with those employees who must execute on the innovation. This article examines the relationship...
TFTR modifications for D-T shielding

The pending upgrade of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) for D-T operation will require extensive changes to the supporting hardware around its perimeter. The entire machine will be surrounded by 30 in of reinforced concrete, making access to the subsystems on the TFTR nearly impossible. A review and modification of each subsystem will be required to ensure compatibility with the concrete igloo. One of the major changes included a complete redesign of the vacuum vessel heating/cooling system. Relocating the main cable tray system which is presently located around the upper perimeter of the machine was another major task. These trays carry the cables for the bakeout heating system and for numerous diagnostic systems. A system to control the routing of existing and new systems that require a penetration through the new igloo or enclosure walls was set up. These penetration documents will control all items passing through the igloo shield. The process by which TFTR will be prepared and modified so that the new igloo walls can be installed is described. Several of the major subsystems being modified are discussed. >
Nutrition and Protease Activity

Clearly, both the metabolism of many proteins and the size of protein pools are affected or regulated by the nutrient intake. At least some of these effects are probably due to changes in the activities of proteolytic enzymes. Indeed, starvation, protein-calorie malnutrition and protein malnutrition probably increase activities of a number of proteases in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle and heart. Pancreatic secretion of proteases and other enzymes is impaired. However, the changes in proteolytic activities often follow rather than precede alterations in the net rate of protein degradation. Thus, the contribution of the proteolytic enzymes to changes in protein degradation in these conditions is not clear. The effects of nutrition on proteases also are difficult to evaluate because the protease activities have been measured in vitro. These activities may not necessarily reflect the protease activity in vivo, where lysosomes, membrane barriers and transport systems are intact, and inhibitors and facilitators of proteinases may act differently from the in vitro state. Also, proteinase activities often are expressed per weight of tissue or per mg of protein. Tissue weight and protein content often fall during protein and/or calorie malnutrition. Hence, the previous reports of increased protease activities in malnutrition may be incorrect. The observed increase is only relative to the fall in weight and protein content of the tissue. When expressed in terms of total tissue or organ mass, there was no rise in protease activities in many of these studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of uncontrolled seizures. Neural changes in animal models.

Children with epilepsy are at significant risk for a variety of problems involving cognition and behavior. The distribution of IQ scores is skewed toward lower values43,77 and the number of children requiring special education services varies from 10 to 33 per cent.77,78,79 Several authors have observed that seizures beginning in early childhood are associated with a higher risk of intellectual impairment than seizures beginning in late childhood or in the teenage years.36,54,55 Behavioral and psychiatric disorders in children with epilepsy are also higher than in the general population, with surveys demonstrating that the prevalence of psychiatric disease is two to four times greater among children with epilepsy than in controls.77,78,79 While the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities may often be explained by the etiological factors responsible for the epilepsy, there is evidence that some children with poorly controlled epilepsy have progressive declines of IQ on serial intelligence tests60,65,170 and behavioral and psychiatric deterioration over time. Whether this decline is secondary to antiepileptic medications, progression of the underlying encephalopathy responsible for the seizures, or the seizures per se, is not certain.
Turning browsers into buyers: user interface design issues for electronic commerce

The chapter investigates the interaction effects between the search strategy of software agents and the consumers product class knowledge in the context of consumers seeking to purchase cars on the Internet. The research design used was a 2 x 4, between groups, completely randomized, two-factor, factorial design. The independent variables which were manipulated were product class knowledge (HIGH KNOWLEDGE, LOW KNOWLEDGE) and agent search strategy (elimination by aspects (EBA STRATEGY), weighted average method (WAD STRATEGY), profile building (PROFILE STRATEGY), simple hypertext (HYPERTEXT STRATEGY)). The dependent variables which were measured were satisfaction with the decision process (SATISFACTION), confidence in the decision (CONFIDENCE), trust in the agents recommendations (TRUST), propensity to purchase (PURCHASE), perceived cost savings (SAVINGS), and cognitive decision effort (EFFORT). Significant differences were found in the affective reactions of the subjects toward the agent/application depending on the level of product class knowledge possessed by the subjects. Subjects with high product class knowledge had more positive affective reactions towards agents/applications which used the WAD and EBA strategies as compared to the PROFILE strategy. Subjects with low product class knowledge had more positive affective reactions to agents/applications which used the PROFILE strategy as compared to the EBA and WAD strategies. When the
Nuclear magnetic moment of /sup 65/Ni. [E2/M1]

The nuclear magnetic dipole moment of /sup 65/Ni has been deduced to be absolute value ..mu.. (0.69 +- 0.06) ..mu../subN/, based on an analysis of the angular distribution anisotropies of the ..gamma.. radiation from the decay of /sup 65/Ni polarized at low temperatures in a Ni host. The E2/M1 mixing ratio of several of the /sup 65/Cu transitions have been deduced. (AIP)
Primary and adaptive resistance to checkpoint blockade in lung cancer

In CT-based lung cancer screening and incidentally detected indeterminate pulmonary nodules, radiomics has shown value in improving diagnostic accuracy to discriminate cancer from benign pulmonary nodules. We have analyzed data from the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST, to identify subjects with cancerous and benign nodules, and have organized them into cohorts based on their screening history. Patients who are diagnosed with cancer following a prior nodule-negative screen have significantly worse outcome than patients who develop cancer following a prior nodule-positive/ cancer-negative screen. In cohorts of patients with nodules not diagnosed as cancer in the first screen, we have identified significant radiomic features that can discriminate those who will subsequently develop cancer from those that remain benign with an accuracy of 80%, and this can be the basis for a “radiomics risk score” to predict subsequent cancer development. However, even the seemingly large “big data” NLST data set is underpowered once cohorts are assembled with similar histories, and co-variates are accounted for. Solutions to the problem of generating sufficiently powered data sets include capturing the radiomic data at the point of care (i.e. by the radiologists) and inter-institutional sharing of images, data, features and algorithms, which have yet to be reliably implemented.
Tailoring indium oxide nanocrystal synthesis conditions for air-stable high-performance solution-processed thin-film transistors.

Semiconducting metal oxides (ZnO, SnO2, In2O3, and combinations thereof) are a uniquely interesting family of materials because of their high carrier mobilities in the amorphous and generally disordered states, and solution-processed routes to these materials are of particular interest to the printed electronics community. Colloidal nanocrystal routes to these materials are particularly interesting, because nanocrystals may be formulated with tunable surface properties into stable inks, and printed to form devices in an additive manner. We report our investigation of an In2O3 nanocrystal synthesis for high-performance solution-deposited semiconductor layers for thin-film transistors (TFTs). We studied the effects of various synthesis parameters on the nanocrystals themselves, and how those changes ultimately impacted the performance of TFTs. Using a sintered film of solution-deposited In2O3 nanocrystals as the TFT channel material, we fabricated devices that exhibit field effect mobility of 10 cm2/(V s) a...
Zero-Point Quantum Fluctuations in Ultra-Thin Superconducting Films

Investigations of the onset of superconductivity in ultra-thin films of Ga and Pb, deposited onto substrates held at low temperatures have been carried out. The measurements have revealed the existence of a threshold for superconductivity in which the normal-state sheet resistance is the only relevant parameter. It is found that only when the normal-state sheet resistance falls below h/4e2 does a film exhibit zero resistance at low temperatures. This value for the threshold is in agreement with recent theoretical models predicting a dissipation driven phase transition. At values greater than this threshold, but nevertheless close to it, a systematic and rapid variation of the low-temperature resistance with normal-state resistance is observed. We interpret this behavior as due to strong zero-point quantum fluctuations and speculate that it can be modelled as a 2-D XY transition in which dissipation rather than temperature is the control -parameter.
Carbon-fiber composite molecular sieves for gas separation

An impressive volume of research and scientific literature has been amassed on the subject of high performance carbon fibers and composites. However, relatively little attention has been given to the synthesis of lower performance, general purpose fibers that can be produced more cheaply from isotropic pitch precursors. More recently still, interest has developed in the activated forms of isotropic carbon fibers, where high surface areas can be produced by partial gasification in steam or other oxidizing gas. This paper describes the development of a rigid activated carbon fiber composite material that can be produced in single pieces to a given size and shape. Because of the potential molecular sieve properties, the composites have been termed activated carbon fiber composite molecular sieves, or CFCMS. Some of the characteristics and properties of activated composites formed from isotropic petroleum pitch fibers and activated in steam will be discussed. Specimens have, to date, been activated as plates of dimensions of 1.5 x 4 x 12 cm and tubes of length 10 cm, inner diameter 3 cm, and wall thickness 0.5 cm.
Standing to Sue: Interest Group Conflict in the Federal Courts*

The law of standing—rules by which judges find whether a party may bring suit—has been liberalized in the federal courts to permit interest group disputes not ordinarily possible. Following an historical pattern of conflict containment within judicial-style processes, consumer and environmental groups contest corporate business decisions by challenging the legality of their regulatory or legislative authorization. The vagueness and substantive emphasis of the new rules give groups more influence in determining when courts will intervene in the affairs of the other branches; and the doctrine's recognition of noneconomic injuries logically forces judges to consider whether they may find standing for some “public interest” beyond a specific plaintiff. Changes in standing equalize social power; but the entanglement of courts in the puzzles of interest representation may restrict protections for strictly private litigants, and may further remove the political system from the Rule of Law.
Structure and magnetism of a spin ladder system: (C5H9NH3)2CuBr4.

The crystal structure of bis(cyclopentylammonium)tetrabromocuprate(II) has been determined at room temperature and at −70 °C. The room temperature structure is orthorhombic, space group Pn21a, with a = 12.092(6) A, b = 8.134(4) A, and c = 18.698(10) A. The low temperature structure is also orthorhombic, space group Pna21, with a = 24.111(5) A, b = 8.089(2) A, and c = 18.448(4) A. DSC studies reveal the presence of a weak endotherm at −13 °C. The structures of the two phases are very similar, differing only in the relative orientations of the cyclopentyl rings of the organic cations and slight displacements of the anionic tetrahedra. The CuBr42- anions in the low temperature phase are arranged to define a spin ladder system through Cu−Br···Br−Cu two-halide exchange pathways. Magnetic susceptibility data have been analyzed and yield antiferromagnetic exchange strengths 2Jrail/k = −11.6 K and 2Jrung/k = −5.5 K with a singlet−triplet gap energy Δ/kB = 2.3 K. This is the first report of a spin ladder with a st...
Gender Disparity in Access to the Rwandan Mutual Health Insurance Scheme

ABSTRACTWhile there is a body of research on the gendered penalties of user fees within health systems in low-income countries, what is less well understood is the gendered experience of community-based health insurance (CBI) programs, which have replaced user fees for basic healthcare. This study examines the uptake of a Rwandan CBI scheme five years after the program was scaled up nationwide. Using the Enquete Integrale sur les Conditions de Vie des menages de Rwanda (EICV2) for 2005–6, the study finds evidence that members of female-headed households are less likely than those of male-headed households to be enrolled in the CBI program. Additionally, it finds strikingly different patterns of equity effects of CBI by gender of household head by examining consumption income and wealth. These findings suggest the need for greater attention to equity, particularly gender equity, concerning the way in which voluntary CBI programs are initially implemented and evaluated.
Synergies: effects of source representation and goal instructions on evidence quality, reasoning, and conceptual integration during argumentation-driven inquiry

This study examined how differing instructional scaffolding influenced the actual use of evaluation skills to improve argumentation quality during college science inquiry. Source representation scaffolds supported multi-faceted reflection of complex source properties while managing cognitive load. Students were given an online annotation tool (treatment) in addition to a checklist (control). Goal instructions intended to induce critical task perceptions and evaluation standards. Balanced reasoning goals (treatment) replaced a typical persuasion goal (control). Students from one introductory biology course were assigned to one of the two by two combinations, which was implemented over one academic semester. We examined student arguments during and after interventions respectively to measure evidence quality, reasoning, and conceptual integration. Overall, scaffolds did not influence argumentation independently; rather we detected complex interaction effects across scaffolds and classroom dynamics. For low-prior knowledge groups, annotation increased argumentation quality when complemented by balanced goals. For mixed-prior knowledge groups, annotation alone impacted on argumentation independent of goal instructions. Transfer effects were marginal yet promising for low-prior knowledge groups. The results supported the synergistic integration of two scaffolding functionality, yet suggested possible difficulties in using and sustaining scaffold effects in complex classroom situations.
Marking the Passage of Time (2003-2013): Reflections on ISME at Its 60th Anniversary.

The International Society for Music Education (ISME) celebrated its 60th anniversary on July 7, 2013. This article documents a history of the Society in its sixth decade (2003–2013). Two interrelat...
“She Stopped Me From Killing Myself”: Bullied Bloggers’ Coping Behaviors and Support Sources

ABSTRACTBullying is on the rise, and bullied targets often face consequences when they do not effectively manage their victimization. This study investigates bullied bloggers’ use and evaluations of coping strategies and support sources. Informed by Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) appraisal theory, Tenenbaum, Varjas, Meyers, and Parris’s (2011) model of bullied students’ coping, and social support literature, bullied students’ narratives (N = 100) from five bullying blogs (Pacer’s, I’m Getting Bullied, ReachOut, BullyVille, No Place 4 Hate) are examined. The findings reveal similar negative outcomes with particular coping strategies and support sources for bullied male and female bloggers. These results reinforce coping strategies that many bullying organizations promote in their programs and websites (i.e., do not avoid disclosure, confront bullies, or retaliate), and promote future research about how to improve parents’ and teachers’ supportive communication with bullied youth.
Distributed event-sampled approximate optimal control of interconnected affine nonlinear continuous-time systems

In this paper, a novel distributed near optimal control of an interconnected affine nonlinear continuous-time system with known dynamics is presented by using event-sampled state vector via novel hybrid learning scheme. Neural networks (NN) using event sampled state vector are designed at each subsystem to learn the optimal value function in an online and forward-in-time manner to generate the solution to the infinite horizon Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. The presence of strong interconnections and limited communication among subsystems complicates the controller design. In order to improve the learning rate without explicitly increasing the events during the learning phase, iterative weight updates combined with time driven learning at the event sampled instants is introduced. By using Lyapunov technique, it is shown that the state vector and the NN weights at each subsystem are locally uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical design.
Beware the Ides of March

This article is in response to “Can Tax Deadlines Cause Fatal Mistakes?” by D.A. Redelmeier and C.J. Yarnell in CHANCE 26(2). The authors examined the hypothesis that increased stress stemming from...
93. Development of AAVidua Vector for the Treatment of Cornea Associated Vision Loss in Bone Marrow Treated-Hurler Patients

Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS1), also known as Hurler syndrome, is a genetic lysosomal storage disease that results from the loss-of-function mutations present on the L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene. As a consequence, glycosaminoglycans accumulate aberrantly in lysosomes in multiple organs, leading to hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, mental and psychomotor retardation, life-threatening cardiac and pulmonary complications, several skeletal and ocular manifestations and nervous system problems. Untreated pediatric patients often die at 5-10 years of age from progressive heart and lung involvement. Since the early 1980s, successful treatment of MPS1 patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after myeloablative chemotherapy has been established. The benefits of this therapy rely on cross-correction of IDUA deficient cells with functional IDUA protein produced by a donor cell circulating through the blood and also from engraftment of donor-derived glial cells in the MPS1 patient brain. As a result, if the stem cell transplantation is performed before two years old, the individual manifest cardiac, liver, pulmonary and neurological improvement as well as his lifetime is significantly prolonged. However, still >30% of the patients have progressive corneal clouding, which leads to blindness. Cornea transplantation is not an option for patients with severe hurler disease and the ones that receive a cornea transplant are at the risk of developing future cloudiness. Recently, we have developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) capable of delivering idua cDNA to MPS1 patient fibroblasts and restoring IDUA protein function. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and functional analysis of intrastromal IDUA protein in a normal human cornea showed low levels of the protein. Even though the levels of IDUA that are required to correct the loss of sight in MPS1 patients are relatively low, administration of a >50-fold increase in IDUA activity (over wild type levels) with gene therapy does not result in any detectable cellular toxicity. We then investigated AAV serotype tropism by incubating human cornea with different AAV viral capsids carrying AAV-CMV-eGFP. From this experiment, we have identified certain capsids with higher levels of transduction and GFP expression on the human cornea. Moreover, we determined the optimal injection volume required for complete coverage of the corneal center area, which is sufficient for allowing regain of the vision. Considering that: 1) the eye is an easily accessible, immune-privileged organ; 2) intrastromal injections are commonly performed at the clinic to treat fungal keratitis; 3) gene therapy for eye diseases has been performed for nearly two decades, and 4) there are 127 registered clinical trials currently taken place for gene therapy in the eye; we foresee that injection of AAV delivering idua cDNA directly to the cornea will likely reverse the MPSl-associated vision loss and provide a better quality of life for the patient.
A Semiparametric Transformation Approach to Estimating Usual Daily Intake Distributions

Abstract The distribution of usual intakes of dietary components is important to individuals formulating food policy and to persons designing nutrition education programs. The usual intake of a dietary component for a person is the long-run average of daily intakes of that component for that person. Because it is impossible to directly observe usual intake for an individual, it is necessary to develop an estimator of the distribution of usual intakes based on a sample of individuals with a small number of daily observations on a subsample of the individuals. Daily intake data for individuals are nonnegative and often very skewed. Also, there is large day-to-day variation relative to the individual-to-individual variation, and the within-individual variance is correlated with the individual means. We suggest a methodology for estimating usual intake distributions that allows for varying degrees of departure from normality and recognizes the measurement error associated with one-day dietary intakes. The est...
Esther in Iberia & Constructing a Catholic Nation upon the Judeo-Christian Model

In this chapter, I compare two types of performance: the series of tapestries “Esther and Ahasueros” (1490) displayed in the Palacio de la Seo in Zaragoza, Spain, and the two Iberian autos sacramentales: Auto del Rey Asuero quando desconpuso a Basti and Auto del Rey Asuero quando ahorco a Aman (1501). The central focus of these retellings was to shape the consciousness of a populace. These texts do not celebrate Esther, instead they focus on the wrongdoings of non-gender compliant women and punish those who do not respect the power of the king and his empire.
The DISC modification defines TRAIL resistance in glioblastoma cells

818 BACKGROUND: TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is capable of inducing apoptosis; however, its death machinery is inhibited in the majority of human cancers. TRAIL-induced apoptosis occurs through its binding on the receptors and subsequent formation of intracellular DISC (death-inducing signaling complex). Here, we report that the DISC modification determines TRAIL resistance in glioblastoma cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: TRAIL has four membrane associated receptors: two death receptor DR4/5 and two decoy receptors DcR1/2. Western blot and flow cytometry analysis of nine glioblastoma cell lines and ten tumor tissues detected no DcR1/2 proteins; the result rules out the possible role of DcR1/2 in TRAIL signaling in the tumor. DR5 was detected in all the cell lines and tumor tissues; in contrast, however, DR4 was seen only in a few cell lines and tumor tissues. Non-reducing and reducing Western blots revealed the homotrimer formation of DR5 but not DR4; immunoprecipitation with Flag-TRAIL and anti-Flag M2 antibody identified DR5 but not DR4 in the cell lines. These results indicate that DR5 is the only functional TRAIL receptor in glioblastoma cells. Of the nine cell lines, four were TRAIL sensitive and five were resistant. The sensitive and resistant cells were treated with Flag-TRAIL and anti-Flag M2 antibody and the Flag-TRAIL-induced DISC was immunoprecipitated with anti-M2 antibody agarose. DR5, FADD (Fas-associated death domain) and caspase-8 cleavage products were detected in the DISC in the sensitive cells. Lipid rafts were required for the DISC assembly as inhibition of lipid raft formation prevented TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In addition to DR5, FADD, and caspase-8, RIP (receptorr-interacting protein), c-FLIP (cellular FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein) and PED (phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes) were detected in the non-raft fraction of the resistant cells, leading the inhibition of caspase-8 cleavage and activation of NF-κB. Treatment of the resistant cells with I-κB inhibitor parthenolide eliminated TRAIL-induced NF-κB signaling but not TRAIL resistance. In contrast, however, targeting of either RIP, c-FLIP or PED with siRNA led to the redistribution of the DISC from non-rafts to lipid rafts and thereby eliminated both TRAIL-induced NF-κB signaling and TRAIL resistance in the resistant cells. Conclusions: This study identifies two types of the DISC in glioblastoma cells: i) the DISC formed with DR5, FADD and caspase-8 for TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and ii) the DISC composed of DR5, RIP, c-FLIP, PED, FADD and caspase-8 in TRAIL-resistance. Targeting of either RIP, FLIP or PED eliminates TRAIL resistance and thus provides therapeutic strategies that can overcome the TRAIL resistance in glioblastomas.
Looking beyond the generation of creative ideas: Confidence in evaluating ideas predicts creative outcomes

Abstract Since its inception 15 years ago, creative self-efficacy has been identified as an important predictor of creativity, the generation of new and useful ideas. Over 50 studies examining this relationship suggest a strong, positive correlation. Nevertheless, like most research on creativity, the research on creative self-efficacy has overemphasized its generative aspects and largely ignored the evaluative aspects, both of which are critical to the production of new and useful ideas. To address this, the present effort developed a measure of idea evaluation self-efficacy. Through two studies, evidence is obtained for the construct and incremental validity of this measure. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Simulation of Multispecies Desmoplastic Cancer Growth via a Fully Adaptive Non-linear Full Multigrid Algorithm.

A fully adaptive nonlinear full multigrid (FMG) algorithm is implemented to computationally simulate a model of multispecies desmoplastic tumor growth in three spatial dimensions. The algorithm solves a thermodynamic mixture model employing a diffuse interface approach with Cahn-Hilliard-type fourth-order equations that are coupled, nonlinear, and numerically stiff. The tumor model includes extracellular matrix (ECM) as a major component with elastic energy contribution in its chemical potential term. Blood and lymphatic vasculatures are simulated via continuum representations. The model employs advection-reaction-diffusion partial differential equations (PDEs) for the cell, ECM, and vascular components, and reaction-diffusion PDEs for the elements diffusing from the vessels. This study provides the details of the numerical solution obtained by applying the fully adaptive nonlinear FMG algorithm with finite difference method to solve this complex system of PDEs. The results indicate that this type of computational model can simulate the extracellular matrix-rich desmoplastic tumor microenvironment typical of fibrotic tumors, such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
CD13/APN as a Target for Inhibiting Tumor Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature (angiogenesis) rarely occurs in adults. However, in metastatic tumors, new vessels are actively assembled and directly responsible for the continued expansion and spread of the tumor (Hanahan et al 1996). Regulating vessel formation in tumors is an accepted method of cancer therapy, therefore novel proteins that modulate angiogenesis offer hopeful targets for new therapies.
Kinetics of malachite leaching in alkaline glycine solutions

Aqueous alkaline glycine solutions present technical advantages over acidic solutions for leaching oxidised copper minerals hosted in carbonate mineral matrix phases. In this study, the leaching an...
Abstract TP353: Stroke Alert: A Process That Works

Background and Issues: Stroke, an interruption of blood supply to the brain, can leave patients with devastating neurologic deficits. To diagnose and treat hospitalized patients with stroke, this u...
Predictors of Short Intensive Care Unit Stay for Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis Using a Novel Emergency Department-Based Resuscitation and Critical Care Unit.

Abstract Background The resuscitation and critical care unit is a novel emergency department–intensive care unit designed to provide early critical care to emergency department patients for ≤24 h. Objectives This study sought to identify clinical variables associated with short intensive care unit (ICU) stays in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), who commonly require ICU-level care. Methods We conducted a retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study of DKA patients ≥18 years of age who presented to an academic, urban hospital emergency department over 16 months. Patient demographics and clinical variables extracted from medical records were compared between prolonged ICU stay patients of ≥24 h versus short ICU stay patients (SSPs) of Results One hundred sixty-eight emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of DKA were analyzed. There were 53 prolonged ICU stay patients, 58 SSPs, and 57 patients required no ICU time. SSPs had significantly higher initial serum bicarbonate (13.0 vs. 9.0 mEq/L, p = 0.01) and shorter anion gap closure time (9.8 vs. 14.4 hours, p = 0.003). Medication nonadherence was a significantly more frequent precipitant in SSPs (67.2% vs. 47.2%, p = 0.03). Initial anion gap, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and severity of illness scores were not significantly different between groups. After multivariate logistic regression adjusting for variables significant from univariate analysis, higher initial bicarbonate (p = 0.04) and medication nonadherence (p = 0.03) remained significantly associated with SSPs. Conclusions Patients with DKA with short ICU stays have higher initial bicarbonate levels and are more likely to have medication nonadherence than patients requiring prolonged critical care. These variables may identify patients with DKA who are best treated in an emergency department–intensive care unit to potentially reduce inpatient ICU use.
History of NSAID Use in the Treatment of Headaches Pre and Post-industrial Revolution in the United States: the Rise and Fall of Antipyrine, Salicylic Acid, and Acetanilide

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute a vital class of medications in today’s headache regimen. However, up until the nineteenth century, they were largely unknown to most of the medical community. The purpose of this review is to explore the evolution of NSAIDs in the treatment of headaches spurred on by the Industrial Revolution in the USA. The currently available data on the impact of NSAIDs reflects their significant contribution to headache treatment. The emergence of mass production spurred on by the Industrial Revolution, lead to widespread use of antipyrine, salicylic acid, and acetanilide. However, along with it came the growing awareness of consumer safety, leading to their ultimate downfall, and the subsequent birth of the Food and Drug Act.
In search of growth: Neoliberal and institutional models for economic growth in an age of globalization

The following study is an examination of the effects of globalization, regime type and macroeconomic policy on economic growth. 90 countries are examined between the years 1975-2003. While there are issues with the use of the proxy variable, the general effects can be explored. These effects are found to differ between high-income and low-income countries. The analysis finds that low-income countries should focus on improving inefficient distribution of services. Highincome countries are able to choose from a range macroeconomic policies and are not forced to converge around any one policy.
Resilience for Consensus-based Distributed Algorithms in Hostile Environment †

Consensus-based distributed algorithms have been the key to many problems arising in multi-agent systems including reinforcement learning [1], [2], formation control [3], [4], task allocation [5]and so on. Byconsensushere is meant that all agents in the network reach an agreement regarding a certain quantity of interest [6], [7]. Bydistributedhere is meant that the whole multi-agent system achieve global objectives by only local coordination among nearby neighbors [8]. On one hand, the absence of central controllers in multi-agent systems make them inherently robust against individual agent/link failures. On the other hand, the high dependence of the whole system on local coordination also raises a significant concern that algorithms for multi-agent networks may be crashed down in the presence of even one malicious agent [9]. This has motivated us to develop methodologies to achieveresiliencein order to guarantee nice performance for consensus-based distributed algorithms especially in hostile environment. One challenge along this direction comes from the fact that each agent is usually with locally available information, which makes it very difficult to identify or isolate malicious agents [10]. The authors of [11]–[13]have achieved significant progress by showing that given $N$adversarial nodes under Byzantine attacks, there exists a strategy for normal agents to achieve consensus if the network connectivity is $2 N+1.$These results are usually computationally expensive, assume the network topology to be all-to-all networks, or require normal agents to be aware of non-local information. Most recently the authors of [14], [15]have investigated consensus-based distributed optimizations under adversarial agents. They have introduced a local filtering mechanism which allows each agent to discard the most extreme values in their neighborhood at each step. This is not directly applicable to consensus-based distributed computation algorithms [16]–[19], in which extreme values may come from the local constraints instead of malicious agents. Thus in this talk we will present a new approach developed in [9], which achieves automated resilience without the identification of malicious agents for consensus-based distributed algorithms based on intersection of convex hulls [20].
Exemplary mentorship in action: Harvey Cushing’s trainees from 1912 to 1919

Harvey Cushing overcame tremendous obstacles to his personal and professional development from 1912 to 1919. These trials could have jeopardized the early and necessary formation of the Society of Neurological Surgeons in 1920. War separated young neurosurgeons pursuing the advancement of this "special field," but Cushing's principled mentoring of these aspiring surgeons in the midst of this demanding time was unwavering. This historical vignette is a collection of stories composed to highlight certain trainees during this period in his career. It also puts the mentoring relationship into a context that is often encountered today. There is much to learn from those who endure trials of any kind, but there is much more to learn from those, like Cushing, who inspire perseverance in others during their trials.
Mapping language from MEG beta power modulations during auditory and visual naming.

Abstract Evaluation of language dominance is an essential step prior to epilepsy surgery. There is no consensus on an optimal methodology for determining language dominance using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Oscillatory dynamics are increasingly recognized as being of fundamental importance for brain function and dysfunction. Using task-related beta power modulations in MEG, we developed an analysis framework for localizing and lateralizing areas relevant to language processing in patients with focal epilepsy. We examined MEG responses from 29 patients (age 42±13 years, 15M/14F) during auditory description naming (ADN) and visual picture naming (PN). MEG data were preprocessed using a combination of spatiotemporal filtering, signal thresholding, and ICA decomposition. Beta-band 17-25Hz power decrements were examined at both sensor and source levels. Volumetric grids of anatomical source space were constructed in MNI space at 8mm isotropic resolution, and beta-band power changes were estimated using the dynamic imaging of coherent sources beamformer technique. A 600ms temporal-window that ends 100ms before speech onset was selected for analysis, to focus on later stages of word production such as phonologic selection and motor speech preparation. Cluster-based permutation testing was employed for patient- and group-level statistical inferences. Automated anatomic labeling atlas-driven laterality indices (LIs) were computed for 13 left and right language- and motor speech-related cortical regions. Group localization of ADN and PN consistently revealed significant task-related decrements of beta-power within language-related areas in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes as well as motor-related regions of precentral/premotor and postcentral/somatomotor gyri. A region-of-interest analysis of ADN and PN suggested a strong correlation of r=0.74 (p 0.1) for most individuals (93% and 82% during ADN and PN, respectively), with average LIs of 0.40±0.25 and 0.34±0.20 for ADN and PN, respectively. Source analysis of task-related beta power decrements appears to be a reliable method for lateralizing and localizing brain activations associated with language processing in patients with epilepsy.
A Taxonomy of Public Research Bodies: A Systemic Approach

Nowadays the governments of industrialised countries, in the presence of reduced public resources, have to assign clear objectives to public research laboratories to increase the competitiveness of firms. The purpose of this article is to analyse the public research bodies of the National Research Council of Italy in order to pinpoint the main typologies operating in the national system of innovation (NSI). This research shows four main types of research institutes as drivers of NSI. The results can supply useful information to policy makers on the behaviour of these structures and on their strengths and weaknesses.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Between November, 1986, and August, 1991, 35,100 clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were confirmed histopathologically by the staff of the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Weybridge, England. It is not known how many cases of BSE went unreported during this time period, but informal estimates range from several hundred to several thousand. These losses occurred within the prime production population of the United Kingdom's dairy and beef herds which number approximately four million adult animals (twelve million total cattle) in a geographic area approximately the size of Oregon. During the same period, novel spongiform encephalopathies were confirmed in nine zoo animals of various species, but all from the family bovidae. Also, spongiform encephalopathy was confirmed in nineteen domestic cats during the last sixteen months, and BSE was identified in native-born dairy cattle in Switzerland (7 cases confirmed) and France (4 cases confirmed) during the past ten months. The advent of a novel, progressive, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and its rise to epidemic levels in the United Kingdom has caused substantial economic hardship for the dairy, beef, and rendering industries of that country. In addition, it has led to increased public concern about the quality of agricultural products in general and the effectiveness of the government agencies that regulate the production and consumption of those products. These concerns have been transmitted internationally such that a recurring question in Europe and the Americas is "Can BSE happen here?". A simple answer to this question is not available, but awareness on the part of U.S. bovine practitioners of the disease characteristics and the factors that contributed to the problem in the U.K. will help prevent a BSE-like epidemic from occurring in the United States.
Supports for Maternal Communication About Peer Pressure to Have Sex Among Puerto Rican Families.

This research tests the independent contribution of social capital and the use of the internet to obtain health information to support maternal-child communication about peer pressure to have sex a...
Risk Stratification in Primary Care: Value-Based Contributions of Provider Adjudication.

In primary care risk stratification, automated algorithms do not consider the same factors as providers. The process of adjudication, in which providers review and adjust algorithm-derived risk scores, may improve the prediction of adverse outcomes. We assessed the patient factors that influenced provider adjudication behavior and evaluated the performance of an adjudicated risk model against a commercial algorithm. (1) Structured interviews with primary care providers (PCP) and multivariable regression analysis and (2) receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) with sensitivity analyses. Primary care patients aged 18 years and older with an adjudicated risk score. (1) Themes from structured interviews and discrete variables associated with provider adjudication behavior; (2) comparison of concordance statistics and sensitivities between risk models. 47,940 patients were adjudicated by PCPs in 2018. Interviews revealed that, in adjudication, providers consider disease severity, presence of self-management skills, behavioral health, and whether a risk score is actionable. Provider up-scoring from the algorithmic risk score was significantly associated with patient male sex (OR 1.24, CI 1.15–1.34), age > 65 (OR 2.55, CI 2.24–2.91), Black race (1.26, CI 1.02–1.55), polypharmacy >10 medications (OR 4.87, CI 4.27–5.56), a positive depression screen (OR 1.57, CI 1.43–1.72), and hemoglobin A1c >9 (OR 1.89, CI 1.52–2.33). Overall, the adjudicated risk model performed better than the commercial algorithm for all outcomes: ED visits (c-statistic 0.689 vs. 0.684, p < 0.01), hospital admissions (c-statistic 0.663 vs. 0.649, p < 0.01), and death (c-statistic 0.753 vs. 0.721, p < 0.01). When limited to males or seniors, the adjudicated models displayed either improved or non-inferior performance compared to the commercial model. Provider adjudication of risk stratification improves model performance because providers have a personal understanding of their patients and are able to apply their training to clinical decision-making.
Basic Concepts and Mathematical Notation

In this chapter we introduce some basic concepts and mathematical notation, which should be known to every survey statistician. The meaning and the use of these terms is supported by using them in the subsequent chapters.
Conditions for ideological production: The origins of Islamic modernism in India, Egypt, and Iran

Cet article fait part d'une recherche concernant les conditions d'emergence d'un discours islamique moderne au XIXeme siecle dans trois pays traditionnels l'Iran, l'Egypte et l'Inde. L'A. examine les conditions economiques et culturelles et le contexte sociopolitique qui ont permis le processus de production ideologique par rapport au conservatisme des interpretations existantes a l'epoque
Pretest Market Models

A manager, planning to commercialize a new product, requires market information to decide whether to launch the product and to make marketing-mix decisions. Full-scale test markets, in which the product is sold under real conditions for a length of time, are costly and risky. Many managers will begin with a pretest market method to obtain good quality information from customers in a relatively short period of time and at much lower cost. The pretest market filters out likely failures and allows the manager to focus on better market opportunities. While there are several variants, a typical pretest market involves simulating the customer's purchase behavior in a controlled setting. The customer usually takes the product home for trial, and likely repeat purchase rates are assessed. Here, we profile ASSESSOR and BASES, two of the most popular pretest market procedures. We conclude with a discussion of some of the newest trends in pretest markets, including the use of information acceleration in the forecasting of big-ticket items such as automobiles, and a mention of the most common criticisms of pretest markets. Keywords: pretest market models; awareness–trial–repeat model; information acceleration; ASSESSOR; BASES; NEWS
KXtractor: an effective biomedical information extraction technique based on mixture hidden markov models

We present a novel information extraction (IE) technique, KXtractor, which combines a text chunking technique and Mixture Hidden Markov Models (MiHMM). KXtractor overcomes the problem of the single Part-Of-Speech (POS) HMMs with modeling the rich representation of text where features overlap among state units such as word, line, sentence, and paragraph. KXtractor also resolves issues with the traditional HMMs for IE that operate only on the semi-structured data such as HTML documents and other text sources in which language grammar does not play a pivotal role. We compared KXtractor with three IE techniques: 1) RAPIER, an inductive learning-based machine learning system, 2) a Dictionary-based extraction system, and 3) single POS HMM. Our experiments showed that KXtractor outperforms these three IE systems in extracting protein-protein interactions. In our experiments, the F-measure for KXtractor was higher than for RAPIER, a dictionary-based system, and single POS HMM respectively by 16.89%, 16.28%, and 8.58%. In addition, both precision and recall of KXtractor are higher than those systems.