cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Law Formalism

A gas can be characterized by a set of state variables. Some, such as temperature, pressure, and volume, are measured directly in the laboratory. Others, such as internal energy and enthalpy, are determined by measuring work and heat transferred or determined from changes in the experimentally observable state variables.
PaksasGate: Lithuania impeaches a president

(2005). PaksasGate : Lithuania Impeaches a President. Problems of Post-Communism: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 16-24.
Calsenilin-Presenilin Interaction in Alzheimer’s Disease

Most early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are caused by mutations in the highly related genes presenilin 1 (PS 1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). Presenilin mutations produce increases in amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) formation and apoptosis in many experimental systems. A cDNA (ALG-3) encoding the last 103 amino acids of PS2 has been identified as a potent inhibitor of apoptosis1. Using this PS2 domain in the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a neuronal protein, calsenilin, which binds calcium and presenilin2. Calcium-binding proteins serve as calcium sensors that transduce calcium signals via specific interactions with intracellular target protein. Here, we will review some of findings from studies of the molecular characterization of calsenilin and its interaction with presenilin.
How are non-numerical prognostic statements interpreted and are they subject to positive bias?

Objectives Frank, clear communication with family members of terminally ill or incapacitated patients has important implications for well-being, satisfaction with care and sound decision-making. However, numerical prognostic statements, particularly more negative ones, have been found to be interpreted in a positively biased manner. Less precise non-numerical statements, preferred by physicians, and particularly statements using threatening terms (dying vs surviving) may be even more subject to such biases. Methods Participants (N=200) read non-numerical prognostic statements framed in terms of dying or surviving and indicated their interpretation of likelihood of survival. Results Even the most extreme statements were not interpreted to indicate 100% likelihood of surviving or dying, (eg, they will definitely survive, 92.77%). The poorness of prognoses was associated with more optimistically biased interpretations but this was not, however, affected by the wording of the prognoses in terms of dying versus surviving. Conclusions The findings illuminate the ways in which commonly used non-numeric language may be understood in numeric terms during prognostic discussions and provide further evidence of recipients9 propensity for positive bias.
BENIGN ACUTE CHILDHOOD MYOSITIS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Over a period of 3 months, 16 cases of benign acute childhood myositis were diagnosed in the Paediatric Emergency Department of the National Children’s Hospital. Objective To present the clinical and laboratory features of the patients diagnosed to have benign acute childhood myositis. Results Ten males and 6 female patients (3–9 years of age, mean 6 years) presented with lower limb pain and/or refusal to walk. This presentation was preceeded in all cases by a febrile illness with or without upper respiratory tract symptoms for a duration of 2–14 days (mean of 4.6 days). Tender calf muscles were seen in 10 cases and 3 refused to walk. Thirteen of these patients could ambulate, 6 had normal gait, 4 had toe-walking and 3 walked with a stiff wide based gait. Neurologic examination findings were normal in all the patients. Creatinine kinase was elevated in all patients (560–15556 IU/ml). Leukopenia and neutropenia were likewise seen. Two patients were admitted to hospital overnight and 14 were sent home. All sixteen cases recovered within 24–72 hours of presentation. Conclusion Benign acute childhood myositis is a self limiting syndrome of lower limb pain and difficulty walking with elevated creatinine kinase. It has an excellent prognosis. This diagnosis should be considered when presented with this clinical picture and with careful explanation and out-patient follow-up unnecessary investigations can be avoided and parental anxiety alleviated.
Perspectives on Peace and Reconciliation: A Final Integration

This chapter provides an overview of the major themes found in qualitative responses of more than 3,400 participants from eight different regions of the world to items related to peace, reconciliation, protest, and apology from the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey. In general, participants from all regions gave more positive than negative definitions of peace, emphasizing not just the end of violence and conflict but achievement of stable foundations for lasting peace (e.g., democracy) and the positive outcomes of peace. Reconciliation was generally seen more as a process than an outcome. More than 80 % of respondents from every region endorsed a right for individuals to protest peacefully against war, and large percentages indicated that they would want to take action against police for beating peaceful protestors. When asked whether an apology from a former aggressor nation to a former victimized nation, there was considerable agreement that the success of an apology depended on a lot of factors, including sincerity, provision of goods and services, a real change in the aggressor, etc.
The Changing Technological Context of Decision Support Systems

Understanding technological change is important for practitioners and academics who want a realistic perspective on information technology’s role in building Decision Support Systems (DSS). To develop this perspective, the DSS technology outlined by Sprague and Carlson (1982) is compared and contrasted with the technological context of current DSS. Their technology framework of dialogue, database, models, and DSS architecture is reviewed. Current technologies like Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), data warehouses, On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP), and client-server technologies are then discussed in terms of that framework. Several examples are used to illustrate the changing technological context of DSS.
Guns, Money and the Muse: New Patronage in the Russian Civil War, 1919–1922

War and revolution 1914–1922 contributed to shaping not only the aesthetic, but also the organizational framework of Soviet culture. The violence of World War 1 forced artistic mobility, creating new networks between East and West and producing aesthetic flourishing on the southwest borderlands of the former Russian empire. More consequential, however, were the frontline encounters between the Red Army and formerly imperial artists. These unexpected connections created new forms of patronage and the beginnings of a new relationship between state institutions and the arts. This chapter discusses this dynamic between art and war through the story of Ukrainian theatre director Les’ Kurbas and his troupe of actors fleeing war-torn Kyiv in 1920. Red Army patronage would enable Kurbas’ group to rise from an unknown avant-garde studio to the most heavily subsidized theatre company of early Soviet Ukraine. Live performance, guns and politics on the borderlands created the beginnings of the new Soviet artistic infrastructure.
NOTCH1 is a mechanosensor in adult arteries

Endothelial cells transduce mechanical forces from blood flow into intracellular signals required for vascular homeostasis. Here we show that endothelial NOTCH1 is responsive to shear stress, and is necessary for the maintenance of junctional integrity, cell elongation, and suppression of proliferation, phenotypes induced by laminar shear stress. NOTCH1 receptor localizes downstream of flow and canonical NOTCH signaling scales with the magnitude of fluid shear stress. Reduction of NOTCH1 destabilizes cellular junctions and triggers endothelial proliferation. NOTCH1 suppression results in changes in expression of genes involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium and proliferation, and preventing the increase of calcium signaling rescues the cell-cell junctional defects. Furthermore, loss of Notch1 in adult endothelium increases hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the descending aorta. We propose that NOTCH1 is atheroprotective and acts as a mechanosensor in adult arteries, where it integrates responses to laminar shear stress and regulates junctional integrity through modulation of calcium signaling.
Browning and the Arabesque

The arabesque is a central figure of the Renaissance, a time of cross-cultural pollination. Through analogy, symmetry, and naming, Browning weaves an arabesque tapestry across cultures, centuries, and borders. At the core of the arabesque lies the ‘Arab’s wisdom,’ which is the centerpiece to Browning’s infatuation with the East. The earliest traces of Browning’s East occur in his 1824 Incondita volume, Browning’s ‘training ground’ for more extensive Eastern literary adventures. In Paracelsus, Browning’s first cast of positively portrayed Oriental characters (Avicenna, Rhasis, Arab, Jew) appear. In Sordello, Browning exhorts his readers to learn ‘Arab lore,’ since it ‘Holds the stars’ secret.’ Additionally, the Arabic names that recur arabesque-like throughout his work are important to Browning’s East, especially within the context of his poetics of heteroglossia.
Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease

With such strong evidence that magnesium deficiency—or other factors that cause subnormal magnesium levels—can lead to functional and morphologic cardiovascular abnormalities, it is surprising that there has been so little clinical application of these findings. It is to be hoped that the detailed case reports published by Chadda et al. (1973b) and Iseri et al. (1975), in which they described rapid correction by magnesium of arrhythmias that had been refractory to the widely accepted therapeutic modalities, will stimulate others to consider magnesium treatment and evaluation of the magnesium status of patients with cardiac, and especially life-threatening arrhythmias. It must be cautioned that severe hypomagnesemia is not a necessary finding. For example, Chadda et al. (1973b, 1976/1980) found only slightly subnormal serum magnesium levels, but histories of diuretic intake and myocardial infarctions (which cause magnesium loss) in patients with a high incidence of ventricular ectopia. Iseri et al. (1975) reviewed the clinical states and drugs associated with magnesium deficiency and loss, and pointed out that magnesium deficiency can clearly exist without hypomagnesemia. They cited a reference (Loeb et al., 1968) that demonstrated that hypomagnesemia can predispose to arrhythmia (which eventually responded to standard therapy without magnesium repletion).
Paraplegia after epidural-general anesthesia in a Morquio patient with moderate thoracic spinal stenosis

Purpose We describe an instance in which complete paraplegia was evident immediately postoperatively after apparently uneventful lumbar epidural-general anesthesia in a patient with Morquio Type A syndrome (Morquio A) with moderate thoracic spinal stenosis.
X-ray observations of the 5 March 1979 gamma-burst field

An extremely intense burst of hard X-rays and gamma-rays that was recorded by the nine interplanetary spacecraft of the burst sensor network and localized by time-of-flight determinations to a position coincident with the supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is analyzed. The region of the sky was observed both before and after the gamma-ray event with the soft X-ray imaging instruments aboard the Einstein Observatory. Coupled with the optical plate material, the soft X-ray data is used to place severe constraints on models for the origin of the transient phenomena.
ATOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS, STRENGTH, PLASTICITY, AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN STRAINED CARBON NANOTUBES

Nanotubes are hollow cylinders consisting of ‘rolled-up’ graphitic sheets. They form spontaneously in the same apparatus as the famed C60 molecule, and have been predicted and/or observed to have even more spectacular properties than C60, including extremely high strength and flexibility, ability to form nanoscale electronic devices consisting entirely of carbon, strong capillary effects, cold cathode field emission, etc. Carbon nanotubes have also been theoretically predicted to be among the strongest materials known. Their strength, which has already been verified experimentally, may enable unique applications in many critical areas of technology. While very high strain rates must lead to tube breakage, nanotubes with (n,m) indices, where n,m < 14, can display plastic flow under suitable conditions. This occurs through the conversion of four hexagons to a 5–7–7–5 defect, which then splits into two 5–7 pairs. The index of the tube changes between the 5–7 pairs, potentially leading to metal–semiconductor junctions. Furthermore, carbon adatoms-induced transformations in strained nanotubes can lead to the formation of quantum dots. The high-strain conditions can be imposed on the tube via, e.g., AFM tip manipulations, and we show that such procedures can lead to intratube device formation. The defects and the index changes occurring during the mechanical transformations also affect the electrical properties of nanotubes. The computed quantum conductances of strained defective and deformed tubes show that the defect density and the contacts play key roles in reducing the conductance at the Fermi energy. The role of bending in changing the electrical properties was also explored. It was found that mechanical deformations do not significantly affect the conductance of bent armchair nanotubes up to substantial bending angles, while a conductivity gap is induced by the bending of chiral nanotubes. These results are in good agreement with recent experimental data.
CHAPTER 12 – Feeding in Birds: Approaches and Opportunities

The exceptional degree of variation in the avian feeding apparatus has stimulated a large and interesting literature on beak and tongue morphology, feeding mechanics, and behavioral aspects of foraging. Much, however, remains to be done. The feeding structures of birds are probably more diverse than those in any animals except insects. This dramatic modification of the feeding structures in birds has attracted a good deal of attention. There is no widely accepted general theory explaining evolution of the observed diversity in avian feeding mechanisms. This is at least partly due to the complete lack of information about many species of birds: detailed analyses of feeding structures and function are lacking for more than half of all families of birds. To date choice of taxa has been largely opportunistic. Significant advances will be made only when a phylogenetic strategy is applied to the problem of choosing study taxa. Further advances will also require the controlled testing of formal hypotheses about the relationship of feeding structures to some aspect of function or performance, and coding of feeding mechanisms in ways that allow cross-taxa comparisons. Although the difficulties inherent in maintaining birds in captivity are not trivial, confidence in the outcome of comparative studies will depend on statistically appropriate sample sizes, however difficult they may be to attain. Some of the tools required to achieve these goals (such as high-speed video cameras and family-level phylogenetic hypotheses) are increasingly available. If these tools are applied widely and properly, they could produce a renaissance in the study of avian feeding.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Energetic Materials

In the field of composite energetic materials, properties such as ingredient distribution, particle size, and morphology, affect both sensitivity and performance. Since the reaction kinetics of composite energetic materials are typically controlled by the mass transport rates between reactants, one would anticipate new and potentially exceptional performance from energetic nanocomposites. We have developed a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. A novel sol-gel approach has proven successful in preparing metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites in which the metal oxide is the major component. Two of the metal oxides are tungsten trioxide and iron(III) oxide, both of which are of interest in the field of energetic materials. Furthermore, due to the large availability of organically functionalized silanes, the silicon oxide phase can be used as a unique way of introducing organic additives into the bulk metal oxide materials. As a result, the desired organic functionality is well dispersed throughout the composite material on the nanoscale. By introducing a fuel metal into the metal oxide/silicon oxide matrix, energetic materials based on thermite reactions can be fabricated. The resulting nanoscale distribution of all the ingredients displays energetic properties not seen in its microscale counterparts due to the expected increase of mass transport rates between the reactants. The synthesis and characterization of these metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites and their performance as energetic materials will be discussed.
Review of The NGO Game: Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in the Balkans and Beyond

In this book, Patrice C. McMahon offers a nuanced look at nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and their involvement in post-conflict peacebuilding processes. Focusing on the Balkan region during t...
Rates of diffusion controlled reactions for one-dimensionally-moving species in 3D space

ABSTRACTThe asymmetry in diffusion dimensionality between self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters and vacancies is a fundamental feature of irradiation damage in crystals, leading to a defect buildup...
A Machine Learning Approach Deciphers the Effects of Immune Parameters on Clinical Outcomes after HLA-Haploidentical and HLA-Matched Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation with Posttransplant Cyclophosphamide

Background We previously demonstrated comparable immune reconstitution after HLA-matched sibling (MSD), HLA-matched unrelated (MUD), and HLA-haploidentical (haplo) bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy). Here, we use machine learning algorithms to identify predictive immunologic variables, providing insight for future translational interventions. Methods We assessed 11 pre-transplant factors, 22 immune subsets, and 7 serum markers at day 28 and day 56 post-BMT in 70 patients who engrafted after myeloablative conditioned (MAC) haplo BMT with PTCy (50mg/kg on days +3 and +4), mycophenolate mofetil (days +5-35), and tacrolimus (days +5-180) and 74 patients who engrafted after MAC HLA-matched BMT with PTCy (50mg/kg on days +3 and +4). Classification and regression tree machine based learning with nodal selection was applied to detect risk groups for four outcomes: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Results When compared with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative recipients, CMV seropositive recipients had higher CD3+ T cells, effector memory (EM) CD4+ T cells, T effector memory expressing RA (TEMRA) CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, EM CD8+ T cells, and TEMRA CD8+ T cells at early time points after both BMT platforms (not shown). Pre-BMT disease status and natural killer (NK) cell count at day 28 emerged as predictive variables for survival. Two-year OS and PFS for patients in complete remission (CR) with NK cells >54 cells/µL were 98% and 89%, in CR with NK cells 55 cells/µL, the CuI of aGVHD was 18% in those with CXCL-9 Conclusion Machine learning using immune cellular and soluble markers can be successfully applied to identify risk factors for BMT outcomes. High CD4+ counts and CXCL-9 levels at day 28 predicted aGVHD and high reg3α at day 56 predicted cGVHD. Both CXCL-9 and reg3α represent potential therapeutic targets. Finally, disease status and NK cell counts at day 28 predicted OS and PFS. These data support research to determine what influences NK cell recovery as well as to investigate NK cell therapy for recipients with active disease or for those with poor early NK cell reconstitution.
The relative roles of skill and luck within 11 different golfer populations

Drawing on the golf-related example of regression to the mean as presented by Kahneman in his best-selling book, Thinking Fast and Slow, this study shows how the regression-to-the-mean phenomenon is revealed in first- and second-round scoring in 11 different golfer populations, ranging from golfers with the highest level of skill (professional golfers on the PGA TOUR) to amateur groups of much lower skill. Using the mathematics of truncated normal distributions, the study introduces a new method for estimating the mix between variation in scoring due to differences in player skill and that due to luck. Estimates of the skill/luck mix are very close to those obtained using the regression-based methodology of Morrison and are nearly identical to those implied by fixed effects regression models where fixed player and round effects are estimated simultaneously. The study also sheds light on the “paradox of skill,” originally suggested by Gould and developed further by Mauboussin, as it relates to golf by showing that luck plays a more important role in determining player scores in higher-skilled golfer groups compared with lower-skilled groups.
Sīdhu (Śīdhu): the Sugar Cane “Wine” of Ancient and Early Medieval India

This article considers the nature of one particular drink made from sugar cane called sīdhu (usually m., also śīdhu), exploring the evidence from textual sources. Other drinks were made with sugar cane products, such as āsavas, medicinal ariṣṭas, and the drink called maireya, but I will not consider those here. As I argue, sīdhu was the basic fermented sugar cane drink, not strongly characterized by additives—“plain” sugar-wine as it were. Though in a manner typical of premodern Indic alcohol culture, even this one drink was a complex and variable affair. Rather than consider this drink in medical sources alone—important as that evidence may be—my methodology here is to examine the history of this drink in the light of a wide range of textual evidence, placing this drink in the broad context of pre-modern South Asian drinking culture.
Targeted CRISPR screening identifies PRMT5 as synthetic lethality combinatorial target with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells

ABSTRACT Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most challenging cancer to treat. Due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease and ineffective drug treatment modalities, the survival rate of PDAC patients remains one of the lowest. The recurrent genetic alterations in PDAC are yet to be targeted; therefore, identifying effective therapeutic combinations is desperately needed. Here, we performed an in vivo CRISPR screening in a clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model system to identify synergistic drug combinations for PDAC treatment. Our approach revealed protein arginine methyltransferase gene 5 (PRMT5) as a promising druggable candidate whose inhibition creates synergistic vulnerability of PDAC cells to gemcitabine. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition results indicate that of PRMT5 depletion results in synergistic cytotoxicity with Gem due to depleted replication protein A (RPA) levels and an impaired non-homology end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. Thus, the novel combination creates conditional lethality through the accumulation of excessive DNA damage and cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. The findings demonstrate that unbiased genetic screenings combined with a clinically relevant model system is an effective approach in identifying synthetic lethal drug combinations for cancer treatment. STATEMENT of SIGNIFICANCE Identify synergistic drug combinations for PDAC is a significant unmet need. Through CRISPR screening, we discovered and validated that PRMT5 depletion creates synergistic vulnerability of PDAC cells to gemcitabine. Mechanistically, the combination impairs DNA repair, synergistic accumulation of DNA damage and cell death in vitro and in vivo.
Association between immune-related adverse events and clinical outcomes to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background The development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) has been associated with improved efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with urothelial cancer, melanoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Whether this association exists in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is currently unknown. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the relationship between irAEs and immunotherapy efficacy in SCLC. To account for the lead-time bias resulting from the time-dependent nature of irAEs, the development of irAEs was considered as a time-varying covariate in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results Among 183 patients treated with immunotherapy, 73 (39.9%) experienced at least one irAE. Forty-two (22.9%) patients had grade 1-2 irAEs, while 31 patients (16.9%) had grade 3-4 irAEs. The median time of onset to the first irAE was 24 days (IQR: 14-55). Baseline clinicopathologic features were well balanced between patients with and without irAEs. At a median follow-up of 24 months (95%CI:17.0-31.6), the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was significantly longer in the irAE group compared to the non-irAE group (3.8 versus 1.3 months, P Conclusions The development of irAEs is associated with improved clinical outcomes to immunotherapy in patients with advanced SCLC.
BRCA1 effects on estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ activity are ligand dependent

2863 Convincing evidence links diet on cancer risk. However, the specific mechanisms by which individual constituents of the diet affect carcinogenesis are not fully understood. In an attempt to explain the associations of some dietary components with breast cancer risk, we have focused on two molecular pathways with known links to breast cancer: ER signaling and BRCA1 function. Estradiol (E2), phytoestrogens and other estrogenic compounds regulate the expression of BRCA1, ERα, and ERβ both in vitro and in animal models. Recently, BRCA1 has been found to inhibit E2 signaling by the activated ERα, suggesting that a function of wtBRCA1 protein may be to suppress estrogen-dependent mammary epithelial proliferation. BRCA1’s effect on ERβ signaling is not known. We assessed the effect of BRCA1 on E2 and genistein (Gen) -induced responses through ERα and ERβ in a breast cancer cell line. Gen, present in soy, has weak estrogenic properties and binds preferentially to ERβ. The ERα-negative, E2-independent human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was transfected with an ERα or ERβ expression plasmid, along with a wtBRCA1 gene and an E2-responsive reporter plasmid. We determined the E2- or Gen-induced reporter activity in the presence or absence of the BRCA1 gene. Both E2 and Gen caused dose-dependent stimulation of the reporter activity in the presence of ERα or ERβ with concentrations of E2 and Gen between 1 nM and 1 μM. Co-transfection with wtBRCA1 inhibited E2-induced ERα activity, but had no significant effects on E2-induced ERβ activity. In contrast, co-transfection with wtBRCA1 decreased Gen-induced ERβ signaling, but had no effect on Gen-induced ERα signaling. We propose a model where E2 down-regulates ERα and up-regulates BRCA1 expression that, in turn, inhibits ERα transcriptional activity. On the other hand, E2 up-regulates ERβ protein, and ERβ modulates ERα transcriptional activity limiting the estrogenic stimulation of mammary epithelial cell proliferation. This model changes when the ligand is the phytoestrogen genistein, because BRCA1 inhibits ERβ activity instead. Thus far, we have found that BRCA1’s effects on ERα and ERβ signaling differ depending on the ligand. However, other variables, such as the relative expression of the two ER isoforms, or concentration of the ligand, may also affect the outcome. Further studies are required to identify these other factors.
Itineraries, iconoclasm, and the pragmatics of heritage:

Recent calls across the world for removing monuments to White supremacy have brought widespread attention to the power of images and the role of heritage in society. A more careful examination of h...
How to Use Natural Experiments to Measure Misallocation

We propose a method to estimate the effect of firm policies (e.g., bankruptcy laws or subsidized credit) on allocative efficiency using (quasi-) experimental evidence. Our approach takes general equilibrium effects into account and requires neither a structural estimation nor a precise assumption on how the experiment affects firms. Our aggregation formula relies on treatment effects of the policy on the distribution of output-to-capital ratios, which are easily estimated in (quasi-) experimental data. We show that this method is valid as long as the true data-generating process belongs to a large class of commonly-used models in macro-finance. Finally, we apply this method to the French banking deregulation episode of the mid-1980s and find that this reform led to an increase in aggregate TFP of 2.7%.
In Silico Multi-Compartment Detection Based on Multiplex Immunohistochemical Staining in Renal Pathology.

With the rapid advancement in multiplex tissue staining, computer hardware, and machine learning, computationally-based tools are becoming indispensable for the evaluation of digital histopathology. Historically, standard histochemical staining methods such as hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid- Schiff, and trichrome have been the gold standard for microscopic tissue evaluation by pathologists, and therefore brightfield microscopy images derived from such stains are primarily used for developing computational pathology tools. However, these histochemical stains are nonspecific in terms of highlighting structures and cell types. In contrast, immunohistochemical stains use antibodies to specifically detect and quantify proteins, which can be used to specifically highlight structures and cell types of interest. Traditionally, such immunofluorescence-based methods are only able to simultaneously stain a limited number of target proteins/antigens, typically up to three channels. Fluorescence-based multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) is a new technology that enables simultaneous localization and quantification of numerous proteins/antigens, allowing for the possibility to detect a wide range of histologic structures and cell types within tissue. However, this method is limited by cost, specialized equipment, technical expertise, and time. In this study, we implemented a deep learning-based pipeline to synthetically generate in silico mIHC images from brightfield images of tissue slides-stained with routinely used histochemical stains, in particular PAS. Our tool was trained using fluorescence-based mIHC images as the ground-truth. The proposed pipeline offers high contrast detection of structures in brightfield imaged tissue sections stained with standard histochemical stains. We demonstrate the performance of our pipeline by computationally detecting multiple compartments in kidney biopsies, including cell nuclei, collagen/fibrosis, distal tubules, proximal tubules, endothelial cells, and leukocytes, from PAS-stained tissue sections. Our work can be extended for other histologic structures and tissue types and can be used as a basis for future automated annotation of histologic structures and cell types without the added cost of actually generating mIHC slides.
Hygroscopic larval provisions of bees absorb soil water vapor and release liquefied nutrients

Larvae of most bee species consume individual provision masses composed of pollen mixed with nectar. For simple metabolic reasons, mature larvae should weigh less than their consumed provision. However, past research reported a remarkable result: mature larvae of three ground-nesting halictid bees weighed 60% more than their original provision masses. This surprising paradox could result from the expected hygroscopic nature of nectar. Sugar solutions absorb water vapor at rates defined by their osmolarity and ambient humidity. Our experiments tested this hypothesis, showing that larval provisions of a ground-nesting bee, Nomia melanderi, are strongly hygroscopic. They consequently absorbed substantial water vapor from this bee’s preferred nesting soil. Mature larvae weighed 65% more than their original provision because hygroscopy had greatly augmented available dietary water. Liquid accumulating around isolated provisions was a sweet nutritious broth that included amino acids leached from the pollen. Hygroscopy was most intense during the egg and early larval stages. However, provision liquefaction (and possible drowning) was partly offset by rapid hydration of cached pollen, whose weight could double after absorbing free water. Larval provisions of two cavity-nesting Osmia species also readily absorbed water vapor from a soil atmosphere. However, at humidities measured within tunnels of their natural deadwood nesting substrates, they gained little weight via hygroscopy. Consequently, their mature larvae weighed less, not more, than the provision that they ate. These new insights explain some nesting traits shared by many ground-nesting bees, such as why females do not waterproof the earthen cell caps of their nest cells, or why many colletids cache liquid provisions. Progressive hygroscopy and resulting sugar dilution may also mediate succession of microbial mutualists and pathogens in provision masses of ground-nesting bees.
Igs from Patients with Graves’ Disease Induce the Expression of T Cell Chemoattractants in Their Fibroblasts

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and dermopathy are connective tissue manifestations of Graves' disease (GD). Tissue remodeling is a prominent feature of both and is apparently driven by recruited T cells. In this study, we report that IgG isolated from patients with GD (GD-IgG) up-regulates T lymphocyte chemoattractant activity in GD-derived fibroblasts from orbit, thyroid, and several regions of skin. This chemoattractant activity, absent in fibroblasts from donors without known thyroid disease, is partially susceptible to neutralization by anti-IL-16 and anti-RANTES Abs. IL-16 is a CD4(+)-specific chemoattractant and RANTES is a C-C-type chemokine. IL-16 and RANTES protein levels, as determined by specific ELISAs, are substantially increased by GD-IgG in GD fibroblasts. Addition of the macrolide, rapamycin, to fibroblast culture medium blocked the up-regulation by GD-IgG of IL-16, implicating the FRAP/mTOR/p70(s6k) pathway in the induction of IL-16 expression. These findings suggest a specific mechanism for activation of fibroblasts in GD resulting in the recruitment of T cells. They may provide insight into a missing link between the glandular and extrathyroidal manifestations of GD.
A perfect marriage: optics and silicon

While computing systems in general and their central processing units (CPUs) in particular continue to experience performance gains, the connections between them are nearing their physical limits. The current workaround – adding a vastly increasing number of copper cables to connect and support a computing environment – has resulted in performance bottlenecks, thermal and airflow issues as well as maintenance and cost ramifications. Although wired connections will always have a prominent role within and between computing devices, many systems and applications will soon demand interconnects that support greater bandwidth across longer distances. Thus forthcoming computing requirements will soon exceed the capabilities of current copper-based links, requiring the need for optical transmission in the future.
Justice Peters' Contribution to Family and Community Property Law

Important areas of California's family tort and marital property law as well as aspects of its divorce and annulment law have been shaped by Justice Peters' incisive pen. Perhaps his most dramatic contribution is the judicial pronouncement that a major part of California's quasi-community property legislation is constitutional. This article first discusses this significant development, as well as Justice Peters' holdings concerning the revival of community property. It then analyzes his important decisions on interspousal tort immunity. Finally, it reviews a number of significant opinions by the Justice on damages for loss of consortium, child support, and decisions relating to public policy and the termination of marriage.
Measurement of free-space THz pulses via long-lifetime photoconductors

We present the ultrafast measurement and analysis of sub-picosecond freespace THz pulses using long lifetime (=1 ns) photoconducting antennas. We then directly correlate these results with those obtained using typical ultrashort lifetime photoconducting antennas. At low optical gating intensities GaAs based antennas exhibit a higher responsivity and signal-to-noise ratio than typical antennas based on radiation-damaged silicon-on-sapphire. Our power scaling results indicate the potential use of these devices with amplified optical pulses, large-aperture detectors, and THz antenna array.
On the Ideological Foundations of Supreme Court Legitimacy in the American Public

Conventional wisdom says that individuals’ ideological preferences do not influence Supreme Court legitimacy orientations. Most work is based on the assumption that the contemporary Court is objectively conservative in its policymaking, meaning that ideological disagreement should come from liberals and agreement from conservatives. Our nuanced look at the Court's policymaking suggests rational bases for perceiving the Court's contemporary policymaking as conservative, moderate, and even liberal. We argue that subjective ideological disagreement—incongruence between one's ideological preferences and one's perception of the Court's ideological tenor—must be accounted for when explaining legitimacy. Analysis of a national survey shows that subjective ideological disagreement exhibits a potent, deleterious impact on legitimacy. Ideology exhibits sensible connections to legitimacy depending on how people perceive the Court's ideological tenor. Results from a survey experiment support our posited mechanism. Our work has implications for the public's view of the Court as a “political” institution.
Días de emoción espectacular - choque cultural, intriga política y la huelga de choferes de Bogotá en 1937

espanolGeneralmente considerado tan solo como un momento incomodo en la vida politica de Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, la huelga de los choferes bogotanos de 1937 y su resolucion precipitada generaron un agudo debate publico que ilustro procesos politicos y temas historicos que animaban la vida nacional en ese periodo. La interpretacion convencional de la crisis sostiene que Gaitan, al decretar que los choferes debian vestir uniformes en lugar de ruanas, perdio el apoyo de las clases trabajadoras y, como consecuencia de ello, su cargo politico como alcalde de Bogota. Sin embargo, no es dificil demostrar que el ?alcalde del pueblo? conto en realidad con un gran apoyo de los trabajadores colombianos antes, durante y despues de la huelga. Apreciar el conflicto desde esta perspectiva tiene implicaciones profundas para la interpretacion del gaitanismo y sus choques en la izquierda liberal en los anos 40. EnglishGenerally regarded as little more than an awkward moment in the career of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, the Bogota drivers? strike of 1937 illustrated broader processes at work in Colombia. Historians have maintained that Gaitan (then mayor of Bogota) lost the support of the working class (and his political position) because of his decree insisting that the drivers shed their traditional ruanas and wear uniforms. It is not difficult, however, to show that the ?mayor of the people? commanded a large amount of working class support before, during, and after the strike. Understanding the strike in this light has profound implications for the interpretation of gaitanismo and its struggles on the Liberal left in the 1940s.
Critical amino acids in the active site of meprin metalloproteinases for substrate and peptide bond specificity.

Abstract The protease domains of the evolutionarily related α and β subunits of meprin metalloproteases are ∼55% identical at the amino acid level; however, their substrate and peptide bond specificities differ markedly. The meprin β subunit favors acidic residues proximal to the scissile bond, while the α subunit prefers small or aromatic amino acids flanking the scissile bond. Thus gastrin, a peptide that contains a string of five Glu residues, is an excellent substrate for meprin β, while it is not hydrolyzed by meprin α. Work herein aimed to identify critical amino acids in the meprin active sites that determine the substrate specificity differences. Sequence alignments and homology models, based on the crystal structure of the crayfish astacin, showed electrostatic differences within the meprin active sites. Site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues demonstrated that replacement of a hydrophobic residue by a basic amino acid enabled the meprin α protease to cleave gastrin. The meprin αY199K mutant was most effective; the corresponding mutation of meprin βK185Y resulted in decreased activity toward gastrin. Peptide cleavage site determinations and kinetic analyses using a variety of peptides extended evidence that meprin αTyr-199/βLys-185 are substrate specificity determinants in meprin active sites. These studies shed light on the molecular basis for the substrate specificity differences of astacin metalloproteinases.
Oral Introduction of the Flexible Bronchoscope

The versatility of the flexible bronchoscope (FB) has resulted in the use of several methods for its introduction. A method is described for the oral introduction of the FB after oral intubation using the FB as a guide for insertion of a flexible oral endotracheal tube, a procedure that has been performed in more than 2,500 patients without known complications.
Genetics of Alcoholism: an Overview

There is little doubt that human alcoholism carries a significant genetic risk factor. Studies in Scandinavia over many years and more recently elsewhere have clearly shown this relationship. However, we do not know what characteristics or determinants of alcoholism are inherited and this is the focus of current research. Animal genetic studies have contributed to the field and promise to be even more important in the future in defining the neurochemical basis of behavior observed in human alcoholics. The premise that understanding the enzymology and genetics of alcohol metabolism alone would solve the alcoholism problem has not materialized in spite of major advances in the understanding of the enzymes responsible for ethanol metabolism.
The R-Shell approach - Using scheduling agents in complex distributed real-time systems

Large, complex real-time systems such as space and avionics systems are extremely demanding in their scheduling requirements. The current OS design approaches are quite limited in the capabilities they provide for task scheduling. Typically, they simply implement a particular uniprocessor scheduling strategy and do not provide any special support for network scheduling, overload handling, fault tolerance, distributed processing, etc. Our design of the R-Shell real-time environment fcilitates the implementation of a variety of sophisticated but efficient scheduling strategies, including incorporation of all these capabilities. This is accomplished by the use of scheduling agents which reside in the application run-time environment and are responsible for coordinating the scheduling of the application.
The systematics of the Landau theory of hot rotating nuclei

Abstract The Landau theory of hot rotating nuclei, which was recently introduced to explain the universal features of the shape transitions, is shown to describe well many nuclei at moderate temperatures ( T ≳ 1 MeV) and spin. The Landau parameters are extracted from microscopic calculations. Their systematics as a function of temperature and neutron numbers is demonstrated for the neodynium isotopes with even number of neutrons. An extended Landau theory is introduced to describe better nuclei at lower temperatures and /or higher spins.
A role for glutamate transmission in addiction to psychostimulants

Abstract Psychostimulant addiction results in the emergence of undesirable behaviors such as drug craving and paranoia. Using animal models of addiction the neurobiological substrates mediating these behaviors have been examined. Studies have focused on cellular adaptations within the motive circuit that contains the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, ventral pallidum and prefrontal cortex. While long-term alterations in dopamine transmission have been clearly characterized, more recent studies reveal that important neuroadaptations are also produced in glutamate transmission.This short review provides a description of these neuroadaptations and a discussion of how these psychostimulant-induced changes may synergize to elicit addiction-related behaviors.
Auditory temporal processing performance of young adults with reading disorders.

The present study investigated the temporal processing abilities of college students with diagnosed reading disorders. A behavioral test battery was used that involved discrimination of the pattern...
Out of the Darkness: Three Waves of Family Research and the Emergence of Family Therapy for Lesbian and Gay People

Like family relationships themselves, the history and treatment of lesbian and gay people and their families is complicated. For this paper, three waves of research on the families of gay and lesbian individuals are described. During the first wave, gay and lesbian sexual orientation was seen as a disease and family dynamics were blamed for its genesis. Subsequently in the second wave it was believed that, fearing rejection many gay and lesbian people either distanced or were rejected from their own families and established friendship networks that have been described as families of choice. More recently, in the third wave, the family has been identified as a resource for lesbian and gay youth whereby open relationships with parents can help protect them from mental illness, substance abuse, and HIV risk. Furthermore, an increasing number of same-sex couples are choosing to become parents, overcoming biological and social obstacles. In this article these shifting views of the role of family in the lives of lesbian and gay people will be described along with case material that illustrates the historic influences, current developments and future directions of family treatment for this population. To be maximally effective with gay and lesbian people and their families, clinical social workers and other mental health professionals must understand how family therapy has been influenced by a progression of ideas that continue to evolve. In this paper, research examining the role of the family in the lives of lesbian and gay people will be described in three waves; as a source of blame, to an impediment to gay and lesbian happiness and ultimately a resource that can enhance lesbian and gay well-being. The influences of research on family therapy with this population will be described and case examples will demonstrate how to harness the strengths of family relationships identified in the most recent wave.
Emerging strategies in the treatment of testis cancer

The state of the art in the study and therapy of germ-cell tumors of the testis is reflected in this year's literature. For the majority of patients with germ-cell tumors, the therapeutic dilemma no longer relates to cure. For such patients with low-volume non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testicle and those with a pure seminoma, therapeutic dilemmas relate more to selection of the appropriate therapy to achieve cure, the toxicity of therapy, and the precise prediction of outcome. However, a high cure rate cannot be anticipated with equal frequency in those patients with high-volume non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testicle.