cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accessible Gesture Typing for Non-Visual Text Entry on Smartphones

Gesture typing--entering a word by gliding the finger sequentially over letter to letter-- has been widely supported on smartphones for sighted users. However, this input paradigm is currently inaccessible to blind users: it is difficult to draw shape gestures on a virtual keyboard without access to key visuals. This paper describes the design of accessible gesture typing, to bring this input paradigm to blind users. To help blind users figure out key locations, the design incorporates the familiar screen-reader supported touch exploration that narrates the keys as the user drags the finger across the keyboard. The design allows users to seamlessly switch between exploration and gesture typing mode by simply lifting the finger. Continuous touch-exploration like audio feedback is provided during word shape construction that helps the user glide in the right direction of the key locations constituting the word. Exploration mode resumes once word shape is completed. Distinct earcons help distinguish gesture typing mode from touch exploration mode, and thereby avoid unintended mix-ups. A user study with 14 blind people shows 35% increment in their typing speed, indicative of the promise and potential of gesture typing technology for non-visual text entry.
The effect of educational priming on face recognition from a silver alert.

AbstractIn a between-subjects’ experimental design, we manipulated whether participants viewed an educational video on the importance of Silver Alerts before viewing an older Caucasian female in a ...
Refinement of Cropland Data Layer Using Machine Learning

Abstract. As the most widely used crop-specific land use data, the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) product covers the entire Contiguous United States (CONUS) at 30-meter spatial resolution with very high accuracy up to 95% for major crop types (i.e., Corn, Soybean) in major crop area. However, the quality of early-year CDL products were not as good as the recent ones. There are many erroneous pixels in the early-year CDL product due to the cloud cover of the original Landsat images, which affect many follow-on researches and applications. To address this issue, we explore the feasibility of using machine learning technology to refine and correct misclassified pixels in the historical CDLs in this study. An end-to-end deep learning-based framework for restoration of misclassified pixels in CDL image is developed and tested. By feeding the CDL time series into the artificial neural network, a crop sequence model is trained and the misclassified pixels in an original CDL map can be restored. In the experiment with the 2005 CDL data of the State of Illinois, the misclassified pixels over Agricultural Statistics Districts (ASD) #1760 were corrected with a reasonable accuracy (> 85%). The findings suggest that the proposed method provides a low-cost and reliable way to refine the historical CDL data, which can be potentially scaled up to the entire CONUS.
A robust formulation for prediction of human running

Abstract : A method to simulate digital human running using an optimization-based approach is presented. The digital human is considered as a mechanical system that includes link lengths, mass moments of inertia, joint torques, and external forces. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem to determine the joint angle profiles. The kinematics analysis of the model is carried out using the Denavit-Hartenberg method. The B-spline approximation is used for discretization of the joint angle profiles, and the recursive formulation is used for the dynamic equilibrium analysis. The equations of motion thus obtained are treated as equality constraints in the optimization process. With this formulation, a method for the integration of constrained equations of motion is not required. This is a unique feature of the present formulation and has advantages for the numerical solution process. The formulation also offers considerable flexibility for simulating different running conditions quite routinely. The zero moment point (ZMP) constraint during the foot support phase is imposed in the optimization problem. The proposed approach works quite well, and several realistic simulations of human running are generated.
Abstract 566: Therapeutic targeting of the polyamine pathway and EIF5A1 hypusination in endometrial cancer with DFMO and GC7

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are well-characterized oncometabolites upregulated in cancers and drive their proliferation and spread. Endometrial cancers (ECs) express high levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis and decreased levels of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), a key negative regulator of polyamines. In addition, the deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) enzyme necessary for spermidine-dependent hypusination of eIF5A1 is highly expressed in ECs. Hypusinated EIF5A1 is needed by cancer cells to support their increased protein translation needs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the polyamine pathway is particularly active and necessary in EC. Here we evaluated the effect of ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and DHPS inhibitor N1-Guanyl-1,7-Diaminoheptane (GC7) alone or in combination on the growth of ECs. GC7 and DFMO were effective in suppressing growth in EC cell lines in vitro as measured by MTS viability and proliferation assays. These effects were accompanied by decreased hypusinated EIF5A1 in treated cells. However, neither compound induced apoptotic cell death when applied singly. We did note that when non-apoptotic inducing doses of DFMO and GC7 were combined, EC cells showed a marked combinatorial decrease in viability, proliferation, and hypusinated EIF5A1 levels. Importantly we found that combined DFMO/GC7 treatment caused apoptotic cell death of EC cells as measured by cleaved PARP. Furthermore, levels of cleaved caspases 3 and 7 were increased in these cells while caspases 5 or 9 were not cleaved. In summary we found for the first time that pharmacologically increased depression of the polyamine pathway as measured by decreased hypusinated EIFA1 can lead to apoptotic cell death in ECs. These data suggest that targeting the polyamine pathway and particularly its role in protein translation through EIF5A1 hypusination may be an effective treatment strategy. Citation Format: HongIm Kim, Chad Schultz, Andre Bachmann, John I. Risinger. Therapeutic targeting of the polyamine pathway and EIF5A1 hypusination in endometrial cancer with DFMO and GC7 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 566.
Effectiveness of a Pilot Breastfeeding Educational Intervention Targeting High BMI Pregnant Women.

Introduction. Overweight and obesity during pregnancy are associated with adverse health outcomes leading to increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Women with a high body mass index (BMI) also experience low breastfeeding rates. There is limited evidence of effective educational programs that aim to improve length of breastfeeding among this population. The main objective of this pilot educational intervention was to determine knowledge and skills retention at six weeks after completion of a breastfeeding class. Methods. A two-hour breastfeeding class was offered during the second and third trimester of pregnancy targeting high BMI women. A longitudinal, survey study design was conducted using two data collection points. No comparator group was employed. Results. Baseline mean age of respondents was 26.6 years (SD = 5.7). Respondents who completed post-intervention surveys were largely white (69.2%) followed by Hispanic (15.4%) and non-Hispanic black (15.4%), some college (57.1%), earned less than $50,000/year (64.3%), had employer-provided insurance (53.8%), and did not receive WIC benefits (78.6%). Most respondents had a pre-pregnancy BMI category of overweight (28.6%) or obese (57.1%). The intervention appeared to have some impact on responses. The following were observed: an increased understanding that baby may be fussy in the evening hours and wants to nurse more often (p < 0.002), how to bring baby to the breast (p = 0.004), knowing what to do if breastfeeding hurts (p = 0.031), and knowing what to do when baby has trouble breastfeeding (p = 0.021). Conclusion. Consistent with previous findings, all participants in our study reported increased knowledge to breastfeed. Thus, women’s confidence to breastfeed their infant is enhanced through knowledge obtained from breastfeeding education. Additional studies are underway to assess breastfeeding behaviors.
Health care utilization and HIV clinical outcomes among newly enrolled patients following Affordable Care Act implementation in a California integrated health system: a longitudinal study

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has increased insurance coverage for people with HIV (PWH) in the United States. To inform health policy, it is useful to investigate how enrollment through ACA Exchanges, deductible levels, and demographic factors are associated with health care utilization and HIV clinical outcomes among individuals newly enrolled in insurance coverage following implementation of the ACA. Among PWH newly enrolled in an integrated health care system (Kaiser Permanente Northern California) in 2014 (N = 880), we examined use of health care and modeled associations between enrollment mechanisms (enrolled in a Qualified Health Plan through the California Exchange vs. other sources), deductibles (none, $1–$999 and > = $1000), receipt of benefits from the California AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP), demographic factors, and three-year patterns of health service utilization (primary care, psychiatry, substance treatment, emergency, inpatient) and HIV outcomes (CD4 counts; viral suppression at HIV RNA < 75 copies/mL). Health care use was greatest immediately after enrollment and decreased over 3 years. Those with high deductibles were less likely to use primary care (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.49–0.84, p < 0.01) or psychiatry OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37, 0.94, p = 0.03) than those with no deductible. Enrollment via the Exchange was associated with fewer psychiatry visits (rate ratio [RR] = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.18–0.86; p = 0.02), but ADAP was associated with more psychiatry visits (RR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.24–4.71; p = 0.01). Those with high deductibles were less likely to have viral suppression (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.42–1.00; p = 0.05), but ADAP enrollment was associated with viral suppression (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.32–3.66, p < 0.01). Black (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.21–0.58, p < 0.01) and Hispanic (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.29–0.85, p = 0.01) PWH were less likely to be virally suppressed. In this sample of PWH newly enrolled in an integrated health care system in California, findings suggest that enrollment via the Exchange and higher deductibles were negatively associated with some aspects of service utilization, high deductibles were associated with worse HIV outcomes, but support from ADAP appeared to help patients achieve viral suppression. Race/ethnic disparities remain important to address even among those with access to insurance coverage.
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks for Chest

The use of ultrasound-guided technology has allowed for faster sensory block onset, fewer vascular punctures, faster performance time, and fewer needle passes in upper extremity blocks. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia has also reduced the incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity by up to 65% compared to other nerve localization techniques. Multiple techniques including nerve stimulation and injection pressure monitoring devices have been used as adjuvant techniques to assist in achieving minimal complications during ultrasound-guided injections. Although initially chest wall blocks were intended for breast surgery analgesia, Pecs and serratus plane blocks have also proven to be effective analgesia options following thoracotomy and rib fractures. Additionally, pecs blocks have been proposed as alternative technique to anesthetize operative regions that are not innervated by the brachial plexus including the axilla, proximal medial upper arm, anterior shoulder, and posterior shoulder. The possibilities for novel chest wall block indications with less risks/complications than traditional options are numerous, and the technology and technique safety of these procedures are continuing to advance.
Machine learning and the Gegenbauer Kernel improve mapping of sub-diffuse optical properties in the spatial frequency domain

Analyzing Spatial Frequency Domain Images (SFDI) of tissue in the sub-diffuse domain can reveal optical properties (μs’, γ) of the tissue related to its microstructural composition and shows potential for use in image-guided cancer removal. However, the determination of sub-diffuse optical properties is currently too slow for real-time applications. Recent research has demonstrated the real-time determination of these properties from experimental measurements using machine learning models, but the γ range of these models falls short of the full spectrum of γ values seen in biological tissue, limited by the range of the simulated datasets used to train these models. The Gegenbauer Kernel has previously been employed in SFDI simulations and been show to allow for simulations across an expanded γ range. Models trained on these simulations have shown success in simulation. We present a novel method which translates γ into analogous parameters of the Gegenbauer Kernel and uses this kernel to simulate datasets over an expanded range of γ values. We train a machine learning model on these datasets and use it to render sub-diffuse optical property heat maps from experimental data of tissue-simulating phantoms and ex vivo skin surgical samples across a full range of values in real-time. We compare this method against the current non-linear fit method and show a significant increase in speed with comparable accuracy. These findings enable real-time rendering of sub-diffuse SFDI for potential use within an image-guided surgery system.
Effectiveness and mechanisms of electromagnetic field on reverse osmosis membrane scaling control during brackish groundwater desalination

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness and mechanisms of electromagnetic field (EMF) on reverse osmosis (RO) membrane scaling control during brackish groundwater desalination. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted with different types of groundwater and two configurations of RO skid operated each for 30 days and 55 days without any other pretreatment. The testing results demonstrated EMF was effective for scaling control under typical RO operating conditions. The EMF significantly enhanced the performance of the RO system by reducing membrane scaling, changing the nature of the formed scales, and decreasing the decline rate of the normalized water permeability. In addition, EMF treatment effectively removed the pre-formed scales and precipitates in water pipelines and tanks but had limited efficacy on removing the pre-formed scales on the RO membranes. Membrane autopsy showed that the scales formed on the membrane surface under the influence of EMF were soft and powdery, being easily removed by water rinsing. The mechanisms of the EMF on RO membrane were discussed, and the dominant mechanism was the magnetohydrodynamic effect. This is the first study that demonstrated the EMF as a chemical-free and effective alternative to control membrane scaling and maintain RO performance during brackish groundwater desalination with discussions on detailed mechanisms and perspectives.
Atomically thin telluride multiheterostructures: toward spatial modulation of bandgaps

Lateral multiheterostructures with spatially modulated bandgaps have great potential for applications in high-performance electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices. Multiheterostructures based on transition metal tellurides are especially promising due to their tunable bandgap in a wide range and the rich variety of structural phases. However, the synthesis of telluride-based multiheterostructures remains a challenge due to the low activity of tellurium and the poor thermal stability of tellurium alloys. In this work, we synthesized monolayer WSe2−2xTe2x/WSe2−2yTe2y (x > y) multiheterostructures in situ using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Photoluminescence analysis and Raman mapping confirm the spatial modulation of the bandgap in the radial direction. Furthermore, field-effect transistors with the channels parallel (type I) and perpendicular (type II) to the multiheterostructure rings were fabricated. Type I transistors exhibit enhanced ambipolar transport, due to the low energy bridges between the source and drain. Remarkably, the photocurrents in type I transistors are two orders of magnitude higher than those in type II transistors, which can be attributed to the fact that the photovoltaic photocurrents generated at the two heterojunctions are summed together in type I transistors, but they cancel each other in type II transistors. These multiheterostructures will provide a new platform for novel electronic/photonic devices with potential applications in broadband light sensing, highly sensitive imaging and ultrafast optoelectronic integrated circuits.
Shapley Value And Lindahl Equilibrium For An Economy With A Public Good: An Example

In an economy, there are essentially three approaches to the problem of value and distribution: pure competition (competitive equilibrium), coalition power (the core), and fair division (the Shapley value) [5]. In an economy without public goods but with a continuum of agents, all three approaches are equivalent, in the sense that they lead to the same allocation of goods and the same imputation of utility [1, 2]. For an economy with public goods, competitive equilibrium is replaced by the analogous concept of Lindahl equilibrium, the other approaches remaining the same.
Studies on lysosomes—XIII: Effects of stilbamidine and hydroxystilbamidine on in vitro and in vivo systems☆

Abstract At concentrations between 5 × 10 −5 M and 5 × 10 −4 M, stilbamidine and hydroxystilbamidine retarded the release of aryl sulfatase and cathepsin from lysosomerich fractions of rabbit liver in 0.25 M sucrose. At these concentrations, the stilbamidines had no effect upon the free activity of lysosomal hydrolases in soluble form, while at 10 −3 M the drugs inhibited lysosomal β-glycerol phosphatase, β-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase. Hydrolase release was inhibited by stilbamidines whether induced by simple incubation at 37° with solvents (ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide), by addition of 5 × 10 −4 M retinol or 5 × 10 −4 M diethylstilbestrol, or by ultraviolet irradiation. Stilbamidine also retarded release of soluble malate dehydrogenase from mitochondria present in the liver granule fraction. Stilbamidine (25 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally antagonized the collapse of rabbit ears induced by vitamin A palmitate (500,000 i.u./kg); stilbamidine and hydroxystilbamidine inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The effects of stilbamidines in each of these systems resemble those of equivalent concentrations of cortisol and chloroquine.
Players' Perceptions of Leadership Qualities for Coaches

Abstract This study was a quasi-experimental investigation of the relationship between players' perceptions of ideal and actual leadership behavior, team performance outcome, skill level, and educational level. The hypotheses were based on the path-goal leadership theory, proposed by House and Mitchell, and the life-cycle theory, proposed by Hersey and Blanchard. The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (Stogdill, 1963) was used to score 12 subscales of leader behavior. A 2 × 2 and a 2 × 4 analysis of variance were used to test the hypotheses. The results supported the path-goal theory demonstrating that losing coaches may not have clearly identified the path to success for their team members. The results did not support the life-cycle theory, but demonstrated that the range represented by educational level may not have been broad enough to allow for differences in maturity.
PDGFRA -mutant syndrome

Germline PDGFRA mutations cause multiple heterogeneous gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors. In its familial form this disease, which was formerly termed intestinal neurofibromatosis/neurofibromatosis 3b (INF/NF3b), has been included among familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) because of its genotype, described when GIST was the only known PDGFRA-mutant gastrointestinal tumor. Shortly afterwards, however, inflammatory fibroid polyps also revealed PDGFRA mutations. Subsequently, gastrointestinal CD34+ 'fibrous tumors' of uncertain classification were described in a germline PDGFRA-mutant context. Our aim was to characterize the syndrome produced by germline PDGFRA mutations and establish diagnostic criteria and management strategies for this hitherto puzzling disease. We studied a kindred displaying multiple gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors, comparing it with published families/individuals with possible analogous conditions. We identified a novel inherited PDGFRA mutation (P653L), constituting the third reported example of familial PDGFRA mutation. In adult mutants we detected inflammatory fibroid polyps, gastric GISTs and gastrointestinal fibrous tumors of uncertain nosology. We demonstrate that the syndrome formerly defined as INF/NF3b (exemplified by the family reported herein) is simplistically considered a form of familial GIST, because inflammatory fibroid polyps often prevail. Fibrous tumors appear variants of inflammatory fibroid polyps. 'INF/NF3b' and 'familial GIST' are misleading terms which we propose changing to 'PDGFRA-mutant syndrome'. In this condition, unlike KIT-dependent familial GIST syndromes, if present, GISTs are stomach-restricted and diffuse Cajal cell hyperplasia is not observed. This restriction of GISTs to the stomach in PDGFRA-mutant syndrome: (i) focuses oncological concern on gastric masses, as inflammatory fibroid polyps are benign; (ii) supports a selective role of gastric environment for PDGFRA mutations to elicit GISTs, justifying the known predilection for stomach of sporadic PDGFRA-mutant GISTs. An awareness that inflammatory fibroid polyps, relatively common among gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors, may be the prevailing tumor in PDGFRA-mutant syndrome could eventually reveal an unsuspected prevalence of this condition.
Ryan A. Malphurs, Rhetoric and Discourse in Supreme Court Oral Arguments: Sensemaking in Judicial Decisions (Book Review)

Dear Chief Justice Roberts: Please Tell Justice Scalia to Be Quiet A review of Ryan A. Malphurs, Rhetoric and Discourse in Supreme Court Oral Arguments: Sensemaking in Judicial Decisions (Routledge 2013), 224 pages. I am not the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. I would be willing to bet that you are not the Chief Justice, either. Unfortunately, therefore, neither of us is the intended audience for Rhetoric and Discourse in Supreme Court Oral Arguments: Sensemaking in Judicial Decisions (2013), a book that is “directed towards a single individual” — Chief Justice John G. Roberts.
Legacies, Change and Transformation in the Post-Apartheid City: Towards an Urban Sociological Cartography

The post-apartheid city represents an important test case for assessing how the spatial dimensions of social inequality shape the dynamics of urban transformation. Most analyses of urban segregation have focused on race or class as key drivers of mobility or maintenance, for instance in the classic spatial assimilation versus place stratification debate. Yet the mechanisms of segregation and mixing play themselves out differently according to urban spatial structure. We use the case of Durban, South Africa, to show that the spatial legacies of apartheid are powerful, and much of the city has undergone little change since apartheid. Through a spatial analysis at the neighbourhood level, we also find that even in the short time between 1996 and 2001 a significant number of neighbourhoods experienced measurable shifts in their racial and socio-economic composition. We develop what we call a sociological cartography of the city, which shows how race, class and space have combined to generate three distinct but interconnected types of stasis and transformation: the racialized city, the class-stratified city and the transformed city. The racialized city is the most direct legacy of apartheid spatial development, encompassing neighbourhoods composed of essentially a single race group. In the class-stratified city, multiple race groups of similar class status are represented. Finally, the transformed city represents new configurations that cut across both race and class divisions of the apartheid city.
Distributed-shared-memory support on the Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus

This paper examines the performance of distributed-shared-memory systems based on the Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus (SOME-Bus) using queueing network models and develops theoretical results which predict processor utilization, message latency and other useful measures. It also presents simulation results which compare the performance of the SOME-Bus, the mesh and the torus. The SOME-Bus is a low-latency, high-bandwidth, fiber-optic interconnection network which directly links arbitrary pairs of processor nodes without contention. It contains a dedicated channel for the data output of each node, eliminating the need for global arbitration and providing bandwidth that scales directly with the number of nodes in the system. Each of N nodes has an array of receivers, with one receiver dedicated to each node output channel. The entire N-receiver array can be integrated on a single chip at a comparatively minor cost resulting in o(N) complexity. The SOME-Bus supports multiple simultaneous broadcasts of messages allowing cache consistency protocols to complete much faster. Compared to the networks considered here, the SOME-bus is the interconnection network whose performance is least affected by large message communication times.
Altered Eating Behaviors in Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Little is known about altered eating behaviors that are associated with the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Our aim was to explore the experiences and perspectives of IPV victims regarding their eating behaviors and their attitudes toward and use of food. We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 25 IPV victims identified at a domestic violence agency and asked them about their eating behaviors and how, if at all, these behaviors related to their experience of IPV. Qualitative analysis of the transcribed encounters identified themes explicating the relationship between their eating behaviors and experiences of IPV. All women described altered eating behaviors related to IPV that were categorized into several major themes: (a) somatization (victims experience significant somatic symptoms as a result of abuse); (b) avoiding abuse (victims modify their eating behaviors to avoid abuse); (c) coping (victims use food to handle the psychological effects of abuse); (d) self-harm (victims use food to hurt themselves as a reaction to the abuse); and (e) challenging abusive partners (victims use their eating behaviors to retaliate against their abusers). IPV can provoke altered eating behaviors in victims that may be harmful, comforting, or a source of strength in their abusive relationships. Understanding the complex relationship between IPV and victims' altered eating behaviors is important in promoting healthy eating among victims.
When is a Preannounced New Product Likely to be Delayed

Abstract Consider that a firm announces a deadline for a new product introduction. Conditional on such a preannouncement, how must an external observer evaluate whether the product will be delayed beyond that deadline? Using data collected from managers in the computer hardware, software, and telecommunications industries, the authors present an analysis that demonstrates that delays in new product introductions beyond preannounced deadlines can be jointly explained by factors related to (1) the firm’s motivations to delay the product, (2) the presence of constraints that prevent delay (or the availability of opportunities to delay the product), and (3) the firm’s abilities pertaining to product development.
Matching in networks with bilateral contracts: extended abstract

We introduce a new matching model in which firms trade goods via bilateral contracts which specify a buyer, a seller, and the terms of the exchange. This framework subsumes all classical matching models, including that of Ostrovsky [5]. The generality our model affords allows us to make two substantial contributions.First, we show that two theoretical restrictions are necessary for classical matching theory: acyclicity - no agent may both buy from and sell to another agent, even through intermediaries, an.full substitutability - upon being endowed with an additional item, an agent's demand for other items is lower, both in the sense of a reduced desire to buy additional items and an increased desire to sell items he currently owns.1If either condition is violated, then existence of stable allocations cannot be guaranteed.2 Intuitively, if a contracting relationship contains a cycle, and if a firm in the cycle has an outside option which is preferred to one contract in the cycle, then both the outside option and the complete trading cycle are unstable; the necessity of acyclicity follows. The necessity of full substitutability is more technical, but follows closely upon prior results of Hatfield and Kominers [2].Second, in the presence of acyclicity and fully substitutable preferences, we fully generalize the key results of classical matching theory. We prove that under these conditions stable allocations correspond bijectively to fixed points of an isotone operator; Tarski's fixed point theorem then guarantees the existence of a lattice of stable allocations. We also prove a generalization of the classical rural hospitals theorem of Roth [6] and the strategy-proofness results of Hatfield and Milgrom [3] and Hatfield and Kojima [1].3 These latter results display a surprising structure which can only be elicited within a framework as general as ours: in particular, we show that the difference between the numbers of buy- and sell-contracts held, rather than the absolute number of contracts held, is invariant across stable allocations for each agent.In light of our necessity results, our work establishes a frontier of matching theory. Without acyclicity and fully substitutable preferences, stable allocations are not guaranteed to exist in general, and hence the results of classical matching theory fail. Up to the failure of these conditions, however, all of the results of classical matching theory hold.
Inducible lineage tracing of Pax7‐descendant cells reveals embryonic origin of adult satellite cells

We have generated a mouse strain carrying a Cre-ER(T2) knock-in allele at the Pax7 locus, the Pax7(CE) allele (Lepper et al., 2009, Nature 460:627-631). Combining Pax7(CE) and the R26R(LacZ) Cre reporter allele, here we describe temporal-specific tamoxifen (tmx)-inducible lineage tracing of embryonic Pax7-expressing cells. In particular, we focus on the somitic lineage. Tmx-inducible Cre activity directed by the Pax7(CE) allele is similar to the endogenous Pax7 expression pattern. The somitic Pax7-expressing cells selectively marked at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) give rise to dorsal dermis and brown adipose tissue, in addition to dorsal aspects of trunk muscles and the diaphragm muscle. However, they do not contribute to ventral body wall and limb muscles. After E12.5, marked Pax7-expressing cells become lineage restricted to muscles. Descendants of these early marked Pax7-expressing cells begin to occupy sublaminal positions associated with the myofibers around E16.5, characteristic of embryonic satellite cells. Furthermore, they contribute to adult myofibers and regeneration competent satellite cells in the tibialis anterior muscle, providing evidence that some adult satellite cells are of embryonic origin.
On the nonexistence of global solutions to a nonlinear Euler-Poisson-Darboux equation☆

Abstract In this paper, we show that the initial boundary value problem for the (singular) nonlinear EPD (Euler-Poisson-Darboux) equation does not possess global solutions for arbitrary choices of u(x, 0). (x ϵ Ω ⊆ R n , Ω bounded , Δ n = n dimensional Laplacian ) when 0 T , which includes all the even powers of u and the functions u2n + 1, n = 1, 2,…. The solutions are assumed to vanish on the “walls” of the spacetime cylinder and satisfy ∂u ∂t(x, 0) = 0, x ϵ Ω . The result is independent of the space dimension.
An improved non‐sequential multi‐input multi‐output quantitative feedback theory design methodology

This paper presents an improved non-sequential multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) design methodology for uncertain systems. A non-sequential MIMO QFT stability theorem is derived that serves as the basis for an improvement of the design methodology, whereby it can be successfully applied to non-minimum phase systems, albeit with a degree of conservatism partially inherent in independent and decentralized design methodologies. The results reduce the conservatism in a non-sequential MIMO QFT design and provide insight into the plant cases for which the methodology can be successfully applied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of legislative success in House committees

We examine the factors that are associated with whether a bill passes the committee stage in the U.S. House of Representatives. Probit results for the 97th and 98th Congresses show that a bill is more likely to pass (1) if the sponsor chairs the committee that considers the bill or a sub- committee of that committee; (2) the higher the number of Democratic cosponsors who sit on the committee; (3) if the bill has bipartisan cosponsorship from members who sit on the committee that considers the bill. However, in the multivariate probit model including the above mentioned variables, other variables previously found to be important, e.g., the total number of cosponsors, whether or not the sponsor sits on the committee that considers the bill, and the party affiliation of the sponsor, are not statistically significant. Also a variable related to a public choice model of committee behavior, the difference between the sponsor's ideology (as measured by ADA score) and the ideology of the committee's median member, has no effect on a bill's probability of com- mittee passage.
Eastward and Westward Dispersal Across the Tropical Atlantic Ocean of Larvae Belonging to the Genus Bursa (Prosobranchia, Mesogastropoda, Bursidae)†

Larvae of the genus Bursa are commonly found in the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Identification of Bursa veliger larvae in the plankton of such tropical waters is made possible by a comparison of larval shells with protoconchs of juvenile and well-preserved adult specimens. The relationship between the average current velocity and the estimated minimum duration of larval development of Bursa thomae suggests that there is sufficient time to account for successful trans-Atlantic transport of its veligers in either direction between West Africa and South America. The dispersal of veliger larvae explains the wide geographical distribution attained by the genus Bursa.
Recent developments in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of semiconductor surfaces

Several recent developments in scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) of semiconductor surfaces are reviewed. First, the normalization of spectra is discussed, which for the Si(111)2×1 surface is found to produce a small shift in the apparent position of band edges. With this correction, the surface band gap measured by STS is found to be in good agreement with that obtained by other experimental and theoretical techniques. Second, it is shown for the SiC(0001)√3×√3 surface that the tunneling spectra show a remarkable evolution with decreasing current, and at pA levels they reveal a Mott-Hubbard gap for the surface states, in agreement with that seen by other methods. Finally, a detailed discussion is presented on the absence of electronic effects for the tunnel current into empty states of III-V (110) cleaved surfaces. From this result it is demonstrated that one can use observed strain induced displacements of such surfaces to yield information on the chemical composition of the underlying material.
On the integrability problem in discrete spatial activity systems with site and network externalities

Abstract This paper addresses the standard ‘integrability problem’ of microeconomics, in the case of discretely spatially distributed consumers, each with a randomly valued utility function, and consuming a fixed amount of a given activity/product, and in the presence of demand externalities, due, for instance, to congestion at the supply sites and/or on the access network. The aggregate direct utility of the ‘representative consumer’ representing all the individual consumers is identified. It is shown how the representative consumer's direct utility maximization provides a rigorous mathematical programming model of spatial activity allocation and travel. Also, the representative consumer's indirect utility, which explicitly measures externality effects on social welfare, is also obtained. Several areas for further investigation are identified.
Photoprotective effect of botanicals and vitamins: A systematic review of clinical trials.

AbstractBackground: Overexposure to solar radiation is a major contributor to skin cancer development and premature skin aging. Botanical extracts and vitamins may represent novel photoprotective agents. Objective: We sought to systemically review clinical evidence for the use of botanically derived agents and vitamins as photoprotective agents. Methods: We systematically searched Embase and PubMed databases. Two independent reviewers reviewed abstracts for inclusion. Additional relevant studies were identified by a manual review of reference lists. Data from eligible studies were extracted independently and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Results: A total of 51 studies met inclusion criteria. Limited available evidence indicates that several botanical agents and vitamins in topical or oral forms may have promising photoprotective effects. However, generalizability of results is limited by small sample sizes. Conclusion and relevance: Botanical extracts and vitamins may add to the armamentarium ...
Navier-Stokes Heating Calculations for Benchmark Thermal Protection System Sizing

A study was carried out to identify, select, and benchmark simulation techniques needed for thermal protection material selection and sizing for reusable launch vehicles. Fully viscous, chemically reacting, Navier-Stokes solutions for the flow around a sphere are generated and compared using three different flow solvers. The effects of grid resolution, algorithm, transport modeling, and surface boundary conditions on the magnitude and convergence of the predicted heat transfer rate are examined. A third-order Van Leer inviscid upwind flux formulation was found to be a good method for surface heat transfer predictions. A number of three-dimensional, chemically reacting, Navier-Stokes flow solutions are generated for the nose of a single-stage-to-orbit rocket at angle of attack. A methodology for thermal protection system material selection is demonstrated. The strong influence of thermal protection system material selection on predicted heat transfer rates and surface temperatures is demonstrated. Further, it is shown that the changes in surface emissivity and catalycity at the interfaces between different thermal protection system concepts can produce large jumps in the predicted surface temperature. These gradients must be accounted for in the thermal protection system and vehicle design process.
New algorithms for calculating 3n‐j symbols

Compact expressions are presented for the 3n-j symbols, where 1 ⩽ n ⩽ 4, which feature sums over products of binomial coefficients, and certain integer triangular coefficients. The triangular coefficients in turn can be expressed as products of binomial coefficients. Thus in the formulas presented for the 3n-j symbols, the dependence on numerous factorials, formally as well as computationally, has been completely eliminated. While formulas which incorporate summations over products of binomial coefficients have been known for the 3- j and 6- j symbols, the introduction of the triangular coefficients, and the application of the binomial/triangular scheme to 3n-j symbols with n > 2, provide important new results. The new formulas are simpler, and they permit more efficient computations of the 3n-j symbols, both in exact and in floating point format, than most schemes which are currently in use. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A stone's throw and its launch window: Timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains

Did bigger brains for more precise throwing lead to language, much as feathers for insulation may have set the stage for bird flight? Throwing rocks even at stationary prey requires great precision in the timing of rock release from an overarm throw, with the "launch window" narrowing eight-fold when the throwing distance is doubled from a beginner's throw. Paralleled timing neurons can overcome the usual neural noise limitations via the law of large numbers, suggesting that enhanced throwing skill could have produced a strong selection pressure for any evolutionary trends that provided additional timing neurons. This enhanced timing circuitry may have developed secondary uses for language reception and production.
Complex regional pain syndrome—1: history, diagnostic criteria and etiology

Abstract Physical therapists and other health care providers frequently evaluate and treat patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The term CRPS replaces the previous terms reflex sympathetic dystrophy (now referred to as CRPS Type I) and causalgia (CRPS Type II). Part 1 of this paper describes the diagnostic criteria for CRPS and the clinical features and etiology of both CRPS Types I and II. CRPS is a multifactorial syndrome with overlapping symptoms. Although much progress has been made in the understanding of CRPS, many questions remain unanswered. CRPS is probably a disease of the central nervous system. Yet, peripheral inflammatory processes, abnormal sympathetic-afferent coupling, and adrenoreceptor pathology may also be part of the picture. It is likely that in the near future the current concepts of CRPS will be replaced by a new mechanism-based term or group of terms leading to improved clinical guidelines. Part 2 in this series reviews the physical therapy management of patients with CRPS.
Appearance of dissociable and cross-linked hemoglobins in the renal hilar lymph.

Abstract Unlike unmodified dissociable bovine hemoglobin (UHb), cross-linked hemoglobins do not dissociate into dimers, do not cross the glomerular filter, and are retained in the plasma for a longer time. Renal peritubular capillaries, which are different from the glomerulus, allow the passage of molecules as large as albumin into the renal interstitium. Cross-linked hemoglobins should pass across these capillaries, enter the renal interstitium, and drain through the renal lymphatics. The pres-ent experiments were done in anesthetized rats to determine the appearance of UHb, an intramolecularly cross-linked tetrameric hemoglobin (DECHb), and a polymerized bovine hemoglobin (PHb) of larger molecular size into the renal hilar lymph. Renal hilar lymph samples were obtained before and after an isovolemic exchange of 2 mL/100 g rat weight of a 6% solution of each hemoglobin for blood. The behavior of a 5% solution of Evan's blue–labeled albumin was also determined for comparison. After exchange, the initial plasma concentration of each of the proteins was in excess of 20 mg/mL. UHb appeared both in urine and lymph. DECHb, PHb, and albumin were absent from the urine but appeared promptly in the renal hilar lymph and reached concentrations at least 30% that of plasma. PHb had a significantly smaller lymph clearance (in microliters per minute) and longer plasma half-time than the other nondissociable proteins. These findings indicate that DECHb and PHb, although not filtered, pass across peritubular capillaries and readily enter the renal interstitial space. The passage of the larger molecularsized PHb may be hindered relative to the other proteins in passage across peritubular and other systemic capillaries. (J Lab Clin Med 2000;135:459-64)
Prevalence of gastric cancer versus colorectal cancer in Asians with a positive fecal occult blood test

Prior studies have reported conflicting results on the yield of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in patients with a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Our aim was to compare the yield between EGD and colonoscopy performed in a racially diverse population with a positive FOBT. A retrospective, cross-sectional study of FOBT positive patients who underwent EGD and colonoscopy from January 1, 1999 to November 1, 2008. Endoscopic lesions deemed responsible for GI bleeding were identified. Two hundred and eighty-seven patients met entry criteria, among which, 63% were Asian and 81% were immigrants to the U.S. Forty-four patients had EGD findings deemed responsible for a positive FOBT, the most common being esophagitis (25.0%) and gastric ulceration (15.9%). Forty-two patients had colonoscopic findings likely responsible for a positive FOBT with the most frequent lesion being colonic polyps ≥9 mm in diameter (76.2%). Prevalence of lower and upper GI tract lesions responsible for positive FOBT was similar (14.6% vs. 15.3%, p = 0.2). There was no association between a patient reporting upper GI symptoms, or the presence of anemia and the detection of upper GI tract lesions on endoscopy. Gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 3) was as prevalent as colorectal adenocarcinoma (n = 4). All three patients with gastric adenocarcinomas were Asian (prevalence 1.6%). In our racially diverse population evaluated for a positive FOBT, gastric adenocarcinoma was as prevalent as colorectal adenocarcinoma; however, gastric adenocarcinoma was limited to Asian patients. EGD and colonoscopy should be considered in the evaluation of patient populations similar to ours, particularly Asian immigrants.