cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network science as a method of measuring language complexity

The physical, mathematical, and information sciences have developed a number of ways to measure complexity and complex systems in the social, biological, and physical domains. One way of measuring complex systems that might be useful to language scientists is the set of tools from the interdisciplinary field known as network science. A number of studies that have used the tools of network science to examine various aspects of language and language processing are summarized. It is acknowledged that much work must be done to use the tools of network science to address the debate about the (equal) complexity of languages. However, this work may prove useful to language scientists interested in the (equal) complexity of languages, as well as in other topics about language. Furthermore, the distinct structural characteristics observed in networks of several languages to date may also prove useful to network scientists as they try to understand how certain structural characteristics influence network dynamics in other domains. Language scientists are urged to embrace the techniques of network science to address the question of the complexity of languages
Smaller Fleas: Viruses of Microorganisms

Life forms can be roughly differentiated into those that are microscopic versus those that are not as well as those that are multicellular and those that, instead, are unicellular. Cellular organisms seem generally able to host viruses, and this propensity carries over to those that are both microscopic and less than truly multicellular. These viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs, in fact exist as the world’s most abundant somewhat autonomous genetic entities and include the viruses of domain Bacteria (bacteriophages), the viruses of domain Archaea (archaeal viruses), the viruses of protists, the viruses of microscopic fungi such as yeasts (mycoviruses), and even the viruses of other viruses (satellite viruses). In this paper we provide an introduction to the concept of viruses of microorganisms, a.k.a., viruses of microbes. We provide broad discussion particularly of VoM diversity. VoM diversity currently spans, in total, at least three-dozen virus families. This is roughly ten families per category—bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protist—with some virus families infecting more than one of these microorganism major taxa. Such estimations, however, will vary with further discovery and taxon assignment and also are dependent upon what forms of life one includes among microorganisms.
Proton radiography of magnetic fields in a laser-produced plasma

Abstract Magnetic and electric fields generated by the interaction of long-pulse laser beams with plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion have been measured. A proton beam generated by the interaction of an ultraintense laser with a thin metallic foil is used to probe laser-produced fields. The proton beam is temporally short (on the order of a picosecond at the source position) and highly laminar, and hence equivalent to a virtual point source which makes it an ideal source for point projection radiography. We have investigated, using face-on and side-on radiography, fields due to the non-collinearity of temperature and density gradients at laser intensities around 5 × 1013 W/cm2.
901–46 QT Dispersion Predicts Mortality in Treated Patients with Life-threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

QT dispersion (QTD = QT max – QT min), measured from the 12-lead ECG, reflects regional variations in ventricular repolarization and has been associated with an increased risk of arrhythmic events in some patient (pt) groups, but has not been applied as a predictor in patients at risk for recurrent, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT/VF). Thus, we sought to determine the predictive value of QTD in consecutive pts presenting with life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and treated with antiarrhythmic drugs predicted to be effective by electrophysiologic testing (n = 11) or Holter monitoring (n = 18). Methods The study group comprised 29 pts of age 66 ± 13 years with ejection fraction 37 ± 13%; 24 were males, 23 had coronary artery disease; 22 had failed previous antiarrhythmic therapy; treatment was with class I drugs in 16 and class III (sotalol) in 13. Follow-up lasted up to 5.7 years (x ± SD, 2.1 ± 1.7). Arrhythmia recurred in 15 pts; there were 4 arrhythmic and 7 total deaths. Parameters on 12 lead ECG tested for long-term predictive value included QRS, QT. QTc, JT, JTc, QTD, QTcD, JTD, and JTcD. Measurements were made within 1 mo of initiating “effective” antiarrhythmic therapy by an experienced observer using electronic calipers and blinded to clinical course. Results Only measures of dispersion of recovery were predictors of arrhythmic and total mortality: QTD (p ≤ 0.005, 0.0001), QTcD (p ≤ 0.01, 0.0001), JTD (p ≤ 0.005, 0.0000), and JTcD (p ≥ 0.005, 0.0000). In patients dying vs surviving, QTD was 147 ≤ 42 vs 74 ≤ 34 ms and JTcD, 141 ≤ 33 vs 76 ± 30 ms, respectively. Predictive value was independent of antiarrhythmic therapy (ie, sotalol vS other) in a multivariate model. Thus, excessive dispersion of repolarization is a powerful predictor of arrhythmic and total deaths, despite “effective” drug therapy, in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. QTD should be further tested in larger groups of high-risk pts, including the selection of pts for further therapies (eg, defibrillators).
Variable-Rate Reservoir Limits Testing

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following raview of information contained in an abstract submittad by the author(s).
Growth form and yield responses of four cotton cultivars to ozone.

(...) Susceptibility to O 3 -induced yield losses in these cultivars was directly correlated with degree of determinance so that cultivar rank in order of both increasing determinance and susceptibility to O 3 was : SJ-2 < C1 < GC510 < SS2086. Differences among the cultivars in susceptibility to O 3 were not associated with differences in rates of stomatal conductance. Instead, determinate cultivars appeared to be more susceptible to O 3 because periods of peak flowering and boll set coincided with periods of high O 3 concentration (...)
Effective Content Reuse for Business Consulting Practices

The "Holy Grail" for a business consulting company is the ability to effectively reuse content (design documents, functional specifications, code, etc) created for prior projects on current and future projects. Reuse increases productivity and quality. However, despite multiple efforts, consulting companies still struggle to achieve effective reuse. From a business perspective, the primary challenge is in creating a solution that lowers the effort required to find, consume, and create reusable content. From a technical perspective, the main challenge is in building a repository that automates the process and serves the needs of both human consultants and model-based tools. In this paper we present an approach to achieving effective content reuse that has been successfully deployed in IBM's Global Business Service SAP and Oracle practices, achieving greater than 60% content reuse on similar project.
Atomic force microscopy studies of surface and dimensional changes in LixCoO2 crystals during lithium de-intercalation

Abstract An in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) cell was developed to study surface and dimensional changes of individual LixCoO2 crystals during lithium de-intercalation. Discrete Li2CO3 particles having 50–250 nm in diameter and 5–15 nm in height were observed on the surface of stoichiometric LiCoO2 crystals and they were shown to gradually dissolve into the LiPF6-containing electrolyte. The dimensional change of individual LixCoO2 crystals along the chex. axis was monitored in situ during lithium de-intercalation. Evidence of surface instability or structural instability was not found in LixCoO2 single crystals upon de-intercalation to 4.2 V versus Li.
Distributed-rate model analysis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene batch sorption and desorption rates for five natural sorbents

Rate-limited sorption and desorption strongly influence the fate, transport, and remediation of organic pollutants in subsurface environments. In this study, the rates of sorption and desorption were quantified for 1,2-dichlorobenzene to and from five natural sorbents using a batch methodology. Solute/sorbent contact times of 3, 7, 14, 49, and 99 d were studied for the desorption rate experiments. The sorption and desorption data were simulated with a distributed-rate model that used the Γ probability density function to generate the distribution of first-order rate coefficients. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals on the optimal model parameters were developed and translated into 95% confidence intervals on the various rate-coefficient distributions. Development of the confidence intervals on the rate coefficients facilitated a statistically rigorous evaluation of whether the rate of desorption was equal to the rate of sorption for the different sorbents. For three of the five sorbents studied, the ...
Ancient behaviors of larval amphibians in response to an emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Behaviors have evolved in response to various selection pressures over evolutionary time. However, not all behaviors are adaptive. Some presumably “ancient” behaviors, persistent for millions of years, may be detrimental in the face of novel selection pressures in modern times. These pressures include a multitude of emerging infectious diseases which may be stimulated by environmental changes. We examined how a globally emerging amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD), affected two key evolutionarily persistent behaviors displayed by amphibian larvae: aggregation and thermoregulation. Larval aggregation behavior is often essential for foraging, thermoregulation, and antipredator defense, but varies among species. Thermoregulatory behavior speeds larval development in ephemeral habitats. Specifically, we examined whether aggregation and thermoregulatory behaviors changed when exposed to the BD pathogen in two species (Bufo boreas and Rana cascadae) whose larvae aggregate in nature. In laboratory choice tests, larvae of neither species avoided infected conspecifics. BD-exposed B. boreas larvae aggregated, while unexposed R. cascadae larvae associated more frequently with BD-exposed conspecifics. There was no evidence of behavioral fever or altered thermoregulation in larvae of four species we examined (Pseudacris regilla, Rana aurora, B. boreas, R. cascadae). The absence of behavioral fever may suggest an inability of the larvae of some host species to mediate infection risk by this pathogen. Thermoregulatory behaviors may exhibit a high degree of evolutionary inertia in amphibian hosts because they are linked with host physiology and developmental rates, while altered aggregation behaviors could potentially elevate pathogen transmission rates, leading to increased infection risk in social amphibian species.
Vanadium poisoning of cracking catalysts: Mechanism of poisoning and design of vanadium tolerant catalyst system

The mechanism of vanadium poisoning of cracking catalysts is described. Experimental results identify the poison precursor as volatile vanadic acid, H3VO4 which is formed under FCC regenerator conditions by the reaction V2O5(s) + 3H2O(v) 2H3VO4(v). The concentration of H3VO4 in a typical regenerator (730 °C, 20% H2O, 2 atm total pressure) is 1–10 ppm. Since H3VO4 is a strong acid analogous to H3PO4, it can destroy the zeolite by hydrolysis of the zeolite SiO2Al2O3 framework. A basic solid with reasonable pore structure should be an effective scavenger. Basic alkaline earth oxides such as MgO or CaO are shown to be effective for vanadium scavenging. Microactivity testing shows excellent activity retention when 20% MgO is blended with cracking catalyst at vanadium loadings of 0.67% and 1.34% V by weight on catalyst. However, the SOx, in the regenerator flue gas can form a sulfate that competes with the formation of the vanadate. The degree of competition will be thermodynamically controlled. Since the formation of the vanadate from the oxide expands the lattice, pore structure effects exist similar to those observed for the reaction of calcium oxide with sulfur oxides.
Iron Depletion Enhances Production of Antimicrobials by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a heritable disease characterized by chronic, polymicrobial lung infections. While Staphylococcus aureus is the dominant lung pathogen in young CF patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa becomes predominant by adulthood. P. aeruginosa produces a variety of antimicrobials that likely contribute to this shift in microbial populations. In particular, secretion of 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones (AQs) contributes to lysis of S. aureus in coculture, providing an iron source to P. aeruginosa both in vitro and in vivo. We previously showed that production of one such AQ, the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), is enhanced by iron depletion and that this induction is dependent upon the iron-responsive PrrF small RNAs (sRNAs). Here, we demonstrate that antimicrobial activity against S. aureus during coculture is also enhanced by iron depletion, and we provide evidence that multiple AQs contribute to this activity. Strikingly, a P. aeruginosa ΔprrF mutant, which produces very little PQS in monoculture, was capable of mediating iron-regulated growth suppression of S. aureus. We show that the presence of S. aureus suppresses the ΔprrF1,2 mutant9s defect in iron-regulated PQS production, indicating that a PrrF-independent iron regulatory pathway mediates AQ production in coculture. We further demonstrate that iron-regulated antimicrobial production is conserved in multiple P. aeruginosa strains, including clinical isolates from CF patients. These results demonstrate that iron plays a central role in modulating interactions of P. aeruginosa with S. aureus. Moreover, our studies suggest that established iron regulatory pathways of these pathogens are significantly altered during polymicrobial infections. IMPORTANCE Chronic polymicrobial infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, as the interplay between these two organisms exacerbates infection. This is in part due to enhanced production of antimicrobial metabolites by P. aeruginosa when these two species are cocultured. Using both established and newly developed coculture techniques, this report demonstrates that iron depletion increases P. aeruginosa9s ability to suppress growth of S. aureus. These findings present a novel role for iron in modulating microbial interaction and provide the basis for understanding how essential nutrients drive polymicrobial infections.
Human anti-laminin 5 autoantibodies induce subepidermal blisters in an experimental human skin graft model.

Patients with one form of cicatricial pemphigoid have IgG antibasement membrane autoantibodies against laminin 5 (α3β3γ2). Although passive transfer of rabbit anti-laminin 5 IgG to neonatal mice has been shown to induce subepidermal blisters that mimic those in patients, it has not been possible to directly assess the pathogenic activity of human autoantibodies in this animal model because the latter do not bind murine skin. To address this question, a disease model in adult mice as well as SCID mice bearing human skin grafts was developed. Adult BALB/C mice challenged with rabbit anti-laminin 5 IgG developed, in a concentration-related fashion, erythema, erosions, and crusts surrounding injection sites, histologic evidence of noninflammatory, subepidermal blisters, and deposits of rabbit IgG and murine C3 in epidermal basement membranes. Anti-laminin 5 IgG also induced subepidermal blisters in: adult complement-, mast cell-, and immuno-deficient mice; adult BALB/C mice pretreated with dexamethasone; and human skin grafts on SCID mice. Alterations did not develop in matching controls challenged with identical amounts of purified normal rabbit IgG or bovine serum albumin. Using this adult mouse model, human skin grafts on SCID mice were challenged with purified IgG from patients with α subunit-specific, anti-laminin 5 autoantibodies, or normal controls. Patient (but not control) IgG induced epidermal fragility as well as noninflammatory, subepidermal blisters in grafted human (but not adjacent murine) skin. Moreover, whereas all mice that received patient autoantibodies had anti-laminin 5 IgG in their circulation, deposits of human IgG were present only in the epidermal basement membranes of grafts. Interestingly, these in situ and circulating autoantibodies were predominately of the IgG4 subclass. These studies demonstrate that human anti-laminin 5 autoantibodies are pathogenic in vivo and describe an animal model that can be used to define disease pathomechanisms and biologically important domains within this autoantigen.
Nonoperative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Since scoliosis affects up to 3–4% of the population and is the most common spinal deformity among children and adolescents, many practitioners are faced with decision making regarding these patients. However, since only a fraction of patients with scoliosis have the severe, progressive form of the condition and require surgery, practitioners require a foundation of nonoperative treatment modalities and alternatives. The treatment of any condition should take into account the short- and long-term outcomes as well as the complications of that treatment modality. The 3 generally accepted (and evidence-based) treatment options for scoliosis are observation, use of a brace, and surgical stabilization. Others have proposed that treatment modalities such as electrical muscle stimulation, postural exercises, chiropractic manipulation, nutritional supplementation, and magnet therapy have a role in the care of scoliosis, but evidence to support these modalities is lacking. This article will focus on the evidence-based nonoperative modalities of scoliosis treatment such as school screening, observation, and bracing.
An Analytical Response Model of Neutron Sensors Used in Reactor Instrumentation

An analytical model of neutron sensors of the type used in nuclear reactor instrumentation was developed for the purpose of identifying physical phenomena important to dynamic response and degradation, and for relating the transient response to radiation with the response to high voltage bias transients. The model was experimentally confirmed using Bremsstrahlung x-ray radiation transients with less than 10 nanosecond rise time.
Interaction of K papovavirus with hamster cells: transformation of glial cells in vitro but failure of the virus to produce central nervous system tumors in vivo.

Primary cultures of lungs, kidneys, and glial cells derived from mid-gestation Syrian hamsters were inoculated with 105 hemagglutinating units of murine K-papovavirus and were serially subcultivated to allow appearance of lines of persistently infected or transformed cells. K virus did not replicate in renal cell cultures and produced only transient productive infection of lung cells. Evidence of K virus-induced cell transformation was not detected in either of these cultures. Inoculation of glial cultures with K virus, however, resulted initially in a protracted infection in which 80–100 percent of cells expressed K virus V antigen for 18 subcultivations and in which cloning experiments suggested that all cells in the culture contained the viral genome. After 18 subcultivations numbers of positive cells rapidly dimished, and cells appeared which exhibited altered morphology and density dependence. These altered cells (KVHG3 cells) grew well in serum-free media, could be cloned in soft agar, and were negative for infectious virus or K virus V antigen. Although KVHG3 cells did not exhibit staining when reacted with antisera to K virus T antigen, Southern blot analysis of these cultures demonstrated the presence of K virus DNA integrated into the host chromosomal DNA and indicated that some rearrangement of the viral genome had occurred. Attempts to produce tumors in hamsters with these cells were unsuccessful, as were attempts to induce tumors in newborn hamsters by intracranial inoculation of K virus. The present study demonstrates that K virus is capable of causing productive infection and cell transformation in primary cultures of fetal hamster glial cells but that other hamster cell types are relatively resistant to the virus and that both K virus and K virus-transformed hamster cells are poorly oncogenic for hamstersin vivo.
Methods for the qualitative and quantitative determinations of tetroses by two new specific color reactions

Abstract Two specific color reactions of tetroses, which permit the quantitative determination of between 5 and 50 μg of these sugars are described.
Role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section analysis in the surgical management of thyroid tumors.

Introduction:The role of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and frozen section (FS) in the management of thyroid neoplasms continues to generate considerable controversy. We reviewed our recent experience to determine the clinical utility of FNA and FS in our surgical management and intraoperative decision-making. Methods:All patients who had operations for thyroid disease between January 1996 and June 1999 were identified in our prospective database. Completion and incidental thyroidectomies were excluded. Data obtained from the pathology files included FNA, FS, and the final histologic diagnosis. Results:Five hundred sixty-four patients, including 409 women (73%), with a median age of 50 years (range, 6–94) were identified, of whom 293 (52%) had cancer diagnosed on permanent sections. Three hundred twenty-nine patients (58%) had evaluable FNA, of which 91 (28%) were benign, 94 were malignant (28%), and 144 (44%) were suspicious (46% of these were malignant on final). Frozen section was performed in 397 (70%) patients; of these samples, 170 (43%) were found to be benign, 106 (27%) were malignant, and 121 (30%) were deferred (46% malignant on final). Fine-needle aspiration positively identified 51% of confirmed malignancies; 13% of patients with malignancy had a benign FNA result. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 64% of malignant tumors and 29% of benign thyroid disease (P < .001). Logistic regression revealed no association of extent of surgery with FNA results. A frozen section positive for malignancy was associated with total thyroidectomy (P < .001, RR 6 [CI 3–10]), and a negative frozen section report was associated with lobectomy (P < .05, RR 0.5 [CI 0.3–0.96]). Frozen sections results altered the preoperative plan in only 29 patients (5%). Conclusion:Results of preoperative FNA had no direct impact on the selection of the surgical procedure in this selected cohort. Intraoperative FS added very little to surgical management. The majority of thyroid operations at this institution are planned and performed based on known prognostic factors and intraoperative findings.
Elevated temperature annealing behaviors of bulk resistivity and space charge density (Neff) of neutron irradiated silicon detectors and materials

The bulk resistivity of neutron irradiated detector grade silicon material has been measured under the condition of no or low electrical filed (electrical neutral bulk or ENB condition) after elevated temperature (T = 110°C) anneals (ETA). The ENB resistivity (ϱ) for as-irradiated silicon material increases with neutron fluence at low fluences (Φn 1013 n/cm2). The saturation of the ENB resistivity near the intrinsic value can be explained by the near perfect compensation of all neutron induced deep donors and acceptors in the ENB. After ETA, it has been observed that ϱ increases with annealing time for silicon materials irradiated below the saturation and decreases with annealing time for those irradiated after saturation. For those irradiated near the saturation point, ϱ increases with annealing time initially and decreases thereafter. This ETA behavior of ϱ may be explained by the increase of net acceptor-like deep levels in silicon during the anneal, qualitatively consistent with the observed reverse annealing effect of the space charge density (Neff) in silicon detectors which is an increase of negative space charge density (acceptors) after long term room temperature (RTA) anneal and/or ETA. However, the amount of the increase of net hole concentration (p) of about 5 × 1011 cm−3, corresponding to 20 hours of ETA at 110°C for a fluence of 1.5 × 1014 n/cm2, is still much less than the corresponding increase of Neff of about 1.5 × 1013 cm−3. This suggests that while the ETA restores some of the free carrier concentration (namely holes), there is still a large degree of compensation. The space charge density is still dominated by the deep levels and Neff ≠ p.
Via Hole and Parasitically Coupled Microstrip Antennas of Arbitrary Shape in Multi-Layered Substrates

ABSTRACT Microwave antenna performance optimization may be achieved by shaping the antenna properly, as well as with the correct antenna excitation design. This article presents the theoretical development of an algorithm which is very suitable for the design of microstrip antennas of arbitrary shape in multi-layered substrates. It includes the design of the antenna excitation either through parasitic coupling, or through a via hole transition from a microstrip line. The algorithm is applied for the design of a circularly polarized notched ring microstrip antenna coupled parasitically to a microstrip transmission line. The performance of via hole excitation of a rectangular patch antenna is also discussed.
Hereditary multiple exostoses: one center's experience and review of etiology

Hereditary multiple exostosis is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple osteochondromas that can cause pain, deformity, and potential malignant degeneration. Linkage analysis has identified a family of EXT genes which, if mutated, can lose heterozygosity and potentially cause osteochondromas. A database was established of 43 patients with hereditary multiple exostoses treated at a tertiary pediatric healthcare system. Twenty patients had a known family history of the disorder. All patients were diagnosed between birth and 13 years. Symptoms or deformity were observed in the forearms of 29 patients, the knees of 37 patients, and the ankles of 28 patients. Valgus knee deformity related to hereditary multiple exostoses, previously reported to be attributable to proximal tibial changes alone, resulted from proximal tibial or distal femoral valgus deformities in this series. Twenty-seven patients required between one and five surgeries to address their lesions. No patient had malignant degeneration of an osteochondroma; however, three patients had first-degree relatives with transformation of an osteochondroma to chondrosarcoma. This database now may be a resource for additional analysis. By correlating specific genetic mutations with clinical manifestations, it may be possible to stratify patients into subtypes of hereditary multiple exostoses and identify genetic markers associated with malignant degeneration.
Equine Veterinarians' and Health Care Professionals' Concerns Related to the Implementation of the National Equine Identification System

Abstract The National Animal Identification System (NAIS) is an animal tracking database created to contain the spread of contagious foreign animal diseases. Currently, no studies address the perceived support of the equine veterinary field for NAIS. The objectives of this study were to determine equine veterinarians' level of familiarity with NAIS, perceived effectiveness of NAIS, use of equine microchipping, and extent of disaster planning. A 26-question online survey (Zoomerang zPro, MarketTools, Inc., San Francisco, CA) was designed and administered to a sample (n = 139) drawn from the American Association of Equine Practitioners. SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyze data. Results showed that only 19.4% of practicing veterinarians were “very familiar” with NAIS. Nearly half (49.3%) of the respondents were neutral regarding their opinion of NAIS. However, 55.6% thought that NAIS would efficiently stop the spread of a contagious animal disease. More than 52% reported that they were currently microchipping horses. After microchipping, 66.7% did not verify premises' identification numbers or record information about the horse, and 80.2% did not complete the paperwork to contact the State Department of Agriculture. Approximately 75.2% of respondents reported that they had experienced a contagious disease outbreak. Most (81.6%) veterinarian respondents did not have a plan to deal with clients' horses during a disaster. There is a need for communication and information for veterinarians regarding NAIS, premises registration, emergency planning guidelines, data to collect after microchipping, and how to provide information to clients.
Rational Rehabior Problem-Solving as a career development intervention for persons with disabilities

This article describes a cognitive-behavioral, psycho-educational program entitled Rational Behavior Problem-Solving. Also presented is a review of three research studies investigating its effectiveness in promoting the career development of persons with disabilities.
An improved transverse destaining apparatus for acrylamide gels.

Abstract This paper describes an apparatus for rapid destaining of acrylamide gels by transverse electrophoresis. A removable gel supporting rack allows staining, rapid destaining, and photography of gels without handling the individual gels.
Comparison of Integrins in Human Skin, Pig Skin, and Perfused Skin: An In Vitro Skin Toxicology Model

Integrins alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha6beta4 are expressed in the epidermis, and play an important role in wound healing and/or epidermal-dermal interaction. These integrins may provide a new perspective into the understanding of wound healing and vesication. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) has been shown to be an in vitro model for chemical-induced vesication. In order to determine whether the IPPSF could be utilized to study skin diseases mediated by integrins, the expression of integrins alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha6beta4 was studied in human skin, pig skin, and the IPPSF using immunohistochemical staining. Immunostaining of both alpha2beta1 and alpha3beta1 was primarily located at the periphery of the basal keratinocytes in human skin. Similarly, alpha2beta1 was expressed in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis in both pig skin and the IPPSF after 8 h of perfusion. These antibodies defined the periphery of the pig basal keratinocytes more diffusely than that of human cells. However, the alpha3 antibody outlined the keratinocytes in all epidermal layers of the IPPSF and in the pig skin. In human skin, pig skin, and the IPPSF, alpha6beta4 stained exclusively at the basal pole of the basal keratinocytes, and showed a continuous linear labeling along the epidermal-dermal junction. The IPPSF showed stronger immunoreactivity with the antibody against beta4. Furthermore, the distribution of alpha6beta4 in 5.0 mg/ml of bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (sulfur mustard, HD)-induced blisters was examined in the IPPSF. The alpha6beta4 staining was exclusively located on the epidermal side (roof) of the blister. In addition, alpha6beta4 staining was not linear but disrupted and patchy. These findings suggest that any destruction of alpha6beta4 may weaken the epidermal-dermal junction, thereby leading to HD-induced vesication. This study demonstrates that the IPPSF expresses similar integrins to those of human skin, and the distribution of alpha6beta4 in the IPPSF blisters caused by HD is comparable to that of some human basement membrane blistering diseases. Therefore, the pig and the IPPSF prove to be ideal models to study the role of integrins in wound healing and blistering diseases occurring at the epidermal-dermal junction.
Far-Field Calculations for Turbofan Noise

The development of variable-order mapped infinite wave envelope elements for finite element modeling of acoustic radiation from turbofan nacelles is reviewed. These elements can be used outside of the near field as a nonreflecting boundary condition and as a finite-dimensional discretization of the infinite exterior domain for calculation of far-field acoustic radiation. The Kirchhoff method previously has been investigated in the context of the turbofan inlet radiation problem to extend a near-field solution to the far field. When the results of the mapped infinite wave envelope element analysis are compared with results of the Kirchhoff method, it is found that the mapped element formulation efficiently provides the acoustic far field, obviating the need to carry out an additional Kirchhoff integral formulation. Relative efficiencies are considered, and it is found that finite-dimensional discretization of the far field using mapped infinite elements is superior to the Kirchhoff formulation when radiation directivity in the entire far field is required.
Abstract 1048: DNMT1: An emerging target in the treatment of invasive urinary bladder cancer

Introduction: More than 14,000 people die from invasive transitional cell carcinoma (InvTCC) of the urinary bladder each year in the US, and more effective therapies are needed. Naturally-occurring canine InvTCC very closely resembles the disease in humans and serves as a highly relevant translational model for novel therapy of human InvTCC. Work was undertaken to identify new entry points for anticancer therapy in dogs with the goal of translating successful therapeutic strategies into humans with InvTCC. Methods: Microarray expression analyses were conducted on canine normal bladder from dogs with no urinary tract disease (n=4) and InvTCC tissues (n=4) using Genome Array 1.0 and analyzed by GeneSpring GX 11, with the stringency of p 5µM) and by TSA (at concentrations > 0.1µM). Western blot results were supportive of DNMT1-related effects having a role in the antiproliferative activity. Discussion and Conclusions: Microarray expression analyses on canine tissues identified DNMT1 as a potentially “targetable” gene. Expression of DNMT1 in canine InvTCC was confirmed by IHC, and in vitro studies confirmed that drugs that inhibit DNMT1 have antiproliferative effects. These findings are similar to those recently reported by Wu et al. (Cancer, 2011) in human InvTCC. These findings are also in line with results of a pre-clinical (pre-human) trial of 5-azaC in dogs with naturally-occurring InvTCC, in which remission or cancer control occurred in 72% of dogs. In conclusion, DNMT1 has excellent potential as a target for InvTCC therapy in humans. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1048. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1048
Placental Inflammation and Fetal Hemodynamics in a Rat Model of Chorioamnionitis

The relative contributions of inflammation and ischemia to the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that fetal cardiovascular function and cerebral blood flow velocity (BFV) would be decreased in a rat model of chorioamnionitis. We also tested whether placental inflammation was related to proximity to the cervix in our model of chorioamnionitis [intracervical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle (PBS) injection]. On embryonic d 15, Sprague-Dawley rats underwent baseline maternal and fetal echocardiography, followed by LPS or PBS injection, then serial echocardiographic evaluations until embryonic day (ED) 21. One hour after birth, pups had middle cerebral artery (MCA) BFV measured. Placentas of LPS-exposed pups exhibited uniform, higher inflammation grades (p < 0.001). All fetal BFVs increased with advancing GA (p < 0.001) whereas resistance index (RI) decreased (p < 0.001). There was no difference in fetal BFV between the groups other than a reduced gestation-related increase in descending aorta BFV in LPS-exposed rats (p < 0.05). Newborn pups exposed to LPS had lower heart rate (p = 0.006) and MCA BFV (p = 0.024) and higher RI (p = 0.003) and pulsatility index (PI; p = 0.004). In conclusion, intracervical LPS injection produces an inflammation independent of placental position, a blunted increase in gestation-related aortic BFV, and a decrease in MCA BFV in newborn pups.
Glycinergic Transmission Shaped by the Corelease of GABA in a Mammalian Auditory Synapse

The firing pattern of neurons is shaped by the convergence of excitation and inhibition, each with finely tuned magnitude and duration. In an auditory brainstem nucleus, glycinergic inhibition features fast decay kinetics, the mechanism of which is unknown. By applying glycine to native or recombinant glycine receptors, we show that response decay times are accelerated by addition of GABA, a weak partial agonist of glycine receptors. Systematic variation in agonist exposure time revealed that fast synaptic time course may be achieved with submillisecond exposures to mixtures of glycine and GABA at physiological concentrations. Accordingly, presynaptic terminals generally contained both transmitters, and depleting terminals of GABA slowed glycinergic synaptic currents. Thus, coreleased GABA accelerates glycinergic transmission by acting directly on glycine receptors, narrowing the time window for effective inhibition. Packaging both weak and strong agonists in vesicles may be a general means by which presynaptic neurons regulate the duration of postsynaptic responses.
Development of a Surface Area Dependent Rate Expression for Soot Oxidation in Diesel Particulate Filters

We collected soot from diesel engine exhaust on miniature particulate filter samples and evaluated soot oxidation rates on an automated flow reactor system. A series of isothermal pulsed oxidation experiments quantified reaction rates as a function of gas composition, temperature, flow rate, and soot consumption. An O2 chemisorption method measured the soot active surface area as filter regeneration progressed. We developed a rate law with an explicit dependence on carbon surface area and estimated the associated kinetic parameters from the pulsed oxidation data. The resulting rate expression successfully captures the soot oxidation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions.
Motivating factors, exchange patterns, and reciprocity among caregivers of parents with and without dementia

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of background characteristics, motivating factors, exchange patterns, and diagnosis of dementia on caregiver reciprocity. Adult children of parents with dementia (n = 110) and without dementia (n = 195) completed the Caregiver Reciprocity Scale, Motivating Factors Index, Exchange Patterns Index, and a demographic data sheet. ANCOVA analysis indicated adult children of parents with dementia gave more direct instrumental and supervisory care, received more negative and fewer positive exchanges, and reported significantly lower levels of warmth and regard, intrinsic rewards of giving, and balance within family caregiving when compared to adult children of parents without dementia. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 64% of the variance of warmth and regard; 42% of intrinsic rewards of giving; 48% of love and affection; and 31% of balance within family caregiving was explained by antecedent demographic variables, motivating factors, exchanges given and received, and dementia. Surprisingly, the diagnosis of dementia did not contribute to explained variance in caregiver reciprocity.
Non-precious metal nanoparticle electrocatalysts for electrochemical modification of lignin for low-energy and cost-effective production of hydrogen

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of lignin waste from pulping mills and biorefineries represents a potentially renewable process for generating hydrogen for energy storage with co-generation of industrial chemicals. Such a process could significantly reduce the cost of generating hydrogen by 1) a low voltage (low energy) anodic oxidation process and 2) generation of value-added chemicals that can be sold. To date, the electrochemical oxidation of large organic molecules like lignin has mainly been investigated on either expensive metals like platinum or on bulk metal electrodes (i.e., large, flat electrodes). Nanoparticle electrocatalysts, though, enhance the surface area available for electrochemical reactions and may lead to improved mass transport of reactants and products through the electrocatalyst layer. In addition, nanoparticle electrocatalysts allow for unique alloying and synergistic effects between different metals. We report here on non-precious metal nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the oxidation of lignin in alkaline media, and show that lignin oxidation occurs at lower voltages than oxygen evolution. Such results are a first step toward demonstrating that lignin oxidation at lower overpotentials than required for oxygen evolution could lead to efficient generation of hydrogen. We present 1) electrochemical evidence of lignin oxidation in alkaline media and 2) spectroscopic evidence of electrochemical modification of the lignin biopolymer.
Making decisions: Methods for digital library project teams

Purpose – To outline methods for group process within a digital library team. Design/methodology/approach – Literature‐ and practice‐based analysis of seven key methods for making decisions within a group. Findings – One of the many issues that digital library project managers face is getting people to make decisions. Decision making can usually be accomplished in an effective manner if the project manager uses a sound methodology for having the group come to a decision. Using a consistent approach to decision making allows the team to deal with the complexity of issues by providing a structure for organizing issues. Research limitations/implications – The individual context of an organization will require adapting some of the methods to local practice. Practical implications – Provides a methodology for decision making within a group/team‐based context. Originality/value – Provides caveats and guidelines for team leaders/project managers who must facilitate decision‐making processes.
Computer assisted teaching of cardiac arrhythmias.

Abstract A computer program has been designed to assist in the teaching of cardiac arrhythmias at various levels of training. The basic structure and some features of the program are described as well as the advantages derived from its use.
Automated Intersection Control: Performance of Future Innovation Versus Current Traffic Signal Control

Congestion is one of the biggest challenges faced by the transportation community; congestion accounted for an estimated $87.2 billion in losses in 2007 alone. Transportation professionals need to go beyond capacity expansion projects and explore novel strategies to mitigate traffic congestion. Automated intersection management is a novel strategy that has the potential to greatly reduce intersection delay and improve safety. Although the implementation of such a system is contingent on the development of automated vehicles, competitions such as the Grand Challenge and Urban Challenge of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency have shown that this technology is feasible and will be available. Therefore, the development of the infrastructure and associated control methods required to exploit fully the benefits of such technology at the system level is critical. This research explores one such innovative strategy, an automated intersection control protocol based on a first-come, first-served (FCFS) re...
Unmanned Aircraft Flights and Research at the United States Air Force Academy

The United States Air Force Academy is actively involved in unmanned aircraft research across numerous departments involving many projects, aircraft, government agencies, and experimental programs. The importance of these research projects to the Academy, the faculty, the cadets, the Air Force, and to the defense of the nation cannot be understated. In an effort to be proactive in cooperating with recent concerns from the FAA about the growth and proliferation of UAS flights, the Air Force has implemented several new guidelines and requirements. Complying with these guidelines, directives, and regulations has been challenging to the researchers and research activities conducted at USAFA. Finding ways to incorporate these new guidelines effectively and efficiently is critical to research and participation in joint projects and exercises. This paper explores the nature of research at USAFA current restrictions imposed by the various regulations, the current process, short term solutions, and a long term vision for research into UAS at the Academy.
Partial triumph or total failure

These examples show that no conclusions can be drawn about the significance of a false proof even when it comes from the work of first class mathematicians.
Caring for the Patient with Fibromyalgia: The Rehabilitation Nurse's Role

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, potentially disabling, cluster of symptoms that manifests as pain for 3 months or more and pain with pressure on 11 of 18 tender points throughout the body. Because there is no known cause, and therefore, no cure, treatment focuses on the control or relief of symptoms. Many patients are referred to rehabilitation settings for physical or exercise therapy. While exercise is helpful in the control of the pain, stiffness, fatigue, sleep disorders, and mood changes, a holistic approach to treatment is more effective. Rehabilitation nurses provide major support for patients with FM. Validation of the patients' experiences is essential for achieving quality of life. Many patients have a history of being undertreated because of a lack of credibility and invisibility of the illness. This article provides background information about FM, summarizes the FM trajectory, reviews approaches to management, and discusses the role of rehabilitation nurses in a holistic approach to care of clients with FM.
A Democratic Society in the New World

Max Weber in America. By Lawrence A. Scaff (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), xiv + 311 pp. $35.00/£24.95 cloth. This work comes with strong and undiluted recommendations by Joachim...
Commissioning of a UV/time-resolved-FTIR beamline at the Duke FEL laboratory

We describe the commissioning of a novel two-color beamline at the Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory, designed to perform time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy in a pump-probe scheme with sub-nanosecond resolution to measure dynamical processes with durations as long as 10 ns. The UV pump pulses are produced by the tunable (193–700 nm) output of the OK-4 Storage-Ring FEL. The broadband, infrared probe pulses are generated as synchrotron radiation in a bending magnet downstream of the OK-4 wiggler. The repetition rate of the light source (2.79 MHz) is ideal for operating the interferometer in the rapid-scan, asynchronous sampling mode. An investigation of DNA photolyase is proposed. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Digital analysis of transmitral color Doppler M-mode data: a potential new approach to the noninvasive assessment of diastolic function

Color Doppler-M is an echocardiographic technique which reports blood velocity along a single echocardiographic scan line at >