cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'You Don't Have to Be Ludwig Wittgenstein': How Llewellyn's Concept of Agreement Should Change the Law of Open-Quanity Contracts

In this article, Professor Allen Blair examines the preeminent role of exclusivity in open-quantity contracts under the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). Although the text of the UCC does not mandate that open-quantity contracts be exclusive, the vast majority of courts considering the issue have held that exclusivity is necessary to prevent such contracts from failing for lack of mutuality of obligation. The Article traces the historic development of open-quantity agreements, focusing on pre-Code cases recognizing the commercial utility of such agreements but struggling with how to accommodate them under a classical model of contract formation. It was in this historic context that courts forged the requirement of exclusivity. Despite the fact that the UCC was intended to supplant rigid notions of contract formation, thus expanding the range of legally enforceable commercial agreements, post-Code courts have remained con- strained by classic contract law and still require exclusivity. This Article argues that by demanding exclusivity in open-quantity agreements, the majority of courts have relied on an outmoded conception of contract formation, which unduly restricts commercial deal-making and ignores the relational benefits at the heart of the UCC and Karl Llewellyn’s concept of agreement.
Simultaneous multichannel pulse compression for broadband dynamic dispersion compensation

A novel scheme for multichannel dynamic dispersion compensation in an all-fiber device is proposed. Measurements on simultaneous pulse compression at 10 Gb/s with up to 8 channel show no significant crosstalk penalties and demonstrate the feasibility of the concept.
Britain at War: Securitization, Identity, and the War in Iraq

Some in the literature on the Democratic Peace, particularly John Owen, have suggested that the underlying mechanisms of the democratic peace function both with other democracies and with non-democracies. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of the democratic peace remain ambiguous. Constructivist work on the democratic peace, and security in general, has made significant headway in exploring the mechanisms that drive the phenomenon, but significant gaps remain. In particular, while constructivist scholars have shed considerable light on the construction of security within the mind of leaders, little work has been done on how democratic leaders convey those constructions to the public. The paper seeks to address this lacuna. Using the Copenhagen School’s securitization framework, this paper focuses on the role of identity in how democratic political leaders construct security threats. The paper also seeks to link the construction of threat in the mind of policy maker with the construction of threat in the public. To do so, a case study is made of the buildup to British involvement in Iraq. The conclusions are significant. The paper finds that at the personal level, Tony Blair relied on identity as a critical marker indicating potential threat. In turn, Blair used the language of identity in his efforts to securitize Iraq to the public. While there are some indications that he was successful, there are also indications that the democratic identity of Britons also served to block support of unilateral action. For the public, the role of identity is complex, and while the public democratic identity is clearly powerful, it operates in nuanced ways.
A note on obtaining an approximate value for the period of a periodic solution of x-double prime = -V prime /x/

The first integral of x-double prime = - V prime (x) yields an integral for the period of a periodic solution, if such exists. In general, this integral cannot be evaluated. By means of an approximate solution along with the minimization of a mean-square error, one can obtain an approximate value for the period in terms of the amplitude of the motion. The calculated period agrees very well with the period obtained by means of numerical integration for the case of orbit-orbit resonance involving the motion of two satellites of a planet. The same method is applied to obtain an alternative derivation of the first Krylov-Bogoliuboff averaging method in nonlinear mechanics.
Group Techniques for Aging Adults, 2nd ed., by Kathie T. Erwin

Although there are some similarities when it comes to running any type of group, there are unique characteristics and skills needed to do group work with older adults. With the idea of putting geri...
Lights, Camera, Action: Repressive Policies and Minority Images in Media

This ethnography specifically looks at images depicted in media of minorities, using the 1971 Kerner Commission, which charged media to create a more balanced picture of minorities with more realistic and positive representations. Positive images can challenge notions of inferiority and systems of inequality. This research is an overview of stereotypical images of minorities permeating news media today, reflecting how far we have come in eliminating ignorance and discomforting messages. We are especially interested in reviewing the effects of minority images on recently developed and implemented policing policies, such as Stop and Frisk and Stand Your Ground. The improper portrayal of African-Americans in the media may contribute to the use of ungrounded force and mistreatment on innocent bystanders. We believe that W.E.B. DuBois’s maxim about the problems of the color line still resonates within the American ethos in spite of the election of our nation’s first African-American President. It is our hope that this examination adds to our understanding of race and media in the 21st Century.
CONSUMER RATING OF THE SUMINOE OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA ARIAKENSIS, DURING HOME COOKING

Abstract The Suminoe oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis, is currently under consideration for introduction to the Chesapeake Bay for aquaculture and to restore lost fishery resources once provided by the native Eastern oyster. To assess the suitability of the Suminoe oyster for substitution into native oyster markets, we provided whole triploid oysters for home cooking to consumers in coastal North Carolina and asked them to complete a survey on qualities of the Suminoe oyster. Participants reported the frequency with which they would consume the oyster inside and outside of the existing oyster season, how they would consume the oyster and the price they might be prepared to pay for the Suminoe oyster relative to the native oyster. Because participants prepared the Suminoe oysters themselves, consumer evaluations incorporated not only attributes of the oyster meat but also the ease with which the oysters could be shucked and prepared. Consumers rated the Suminoe oyster's aroma, appearance, texture and flavor ...
RAS and connective tissue in the heart

Circulating angiotensin (Ang) II has well-known endocrine properties in the cardiovasculature. AngII, produced de novo within the heart, has various autocrine and paracrine properties on resident cells expressed via AT(1) receptor-ligand binding. Herein, we review the heart's renin-angiotensin system and its role in connective tissue turnover involving heart valve leaflets and fibrous tissue that appears at sites of injury, such as following myocardial infarction.
GIS-based geospatial infrastructure of water resource assessment for supporting oil shale development in Piceance Basin of Northwestern Colorado

Oil shale deposits of the Green River Formation (GRF) in Northwestern Colorado, Southwestern Wyoming, and Northeastern Utah may become one of the first oil shale deposits to be developed in the U.S. because of their richness, accessibility, and extensive prior characterization. Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts of kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. Water is needed to retort or extract oil shale at an approximate rate of three volumes of water for every volume of oil produced. Concerns have been raised over the demand and availability of water to produce oil shale, particularly in semiarid regions where water consumption must be limited and optimized to meet demands from other sectors. The economic benefit of oil shale development in this region may have tradeoffs within the local and regional environment. Due to these potential environmental impacts of oil shale development, water usage issues need to be further studied. A basin-wide baseline for oil shale and water resource data is the foundation of the study. This paper focuses on the design and construction of a centralized geospatial infrastructure for managing a large amount of oil shale and water resource related baseline data, and for setting up the frameworks for analytical and numerical models including but not limited to three-dimensional (3D) geologic, energy resource development systems, and surface water models. Such a centralized geospatial infrastructure made it possible to directly generate model inputs from the same database and to indirectly couple the different models through inputs/outputs. Thus ensures consistency of analyses conducted by researchers from different institutions, and help decision makers to balance water budget based on the spatial distribution of the oil shale and water resources, and the spatial variations of geologic, topographic, and hydrogeological characterization of the basin. This endeavor encountered many technical challenging and has not been done in the past for any oil shale basin. The database built during this study remains valuable for any other future studies involving oil shale and water resource management in the Piceance Basin. The methodology applied in the development of the GIS based geospatial infrastructure can be readily adapted for other professionals to develop database structure for other similar basins.
Age-Related Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in the Human Larynx

Objective To determine whether age-related mitochondrial DNA mutations occur in the human larynx. Study Design Genetic study of cadaveric larynx specimens. Methods Vocal fold mucosa, thyroarytenoid muscle, and cricoarytenoid joint tissue were harvested from 13 fresh postmortem larynges (age range, 2 d–82 y). DNA was extracted from each sample, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a target DNA sequence resulting from the common age-associated, 4977–base-pair (bp) mitochondrial DNA deletion. PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Automated sequencing determined the sequence of identified PCR products. Subjects Thirteen cadaveric larynges were obtained through the University of Kentucky Medical Center (Lexington, KY). Specimens from patients with a history of head and neck cancer, previous laryngeal trauma, or surgery were excluded. Results Strongly positive bands were identified in samples from three individuals. Weaker bands were seen in samples from four other samples. No band was noted from the two pediatric larynges. Different band patterns were seen among the three different tissue sites in the larynges with positive PCR products, but no consistent pattern was seen. Sequencing of the identified PCR products from selected samples confirmed that they were products of the age-associated, 4977-bp mitochondrial DNA deletion. Conclusions An age-associated mitochondrial DNA deletion was detected in several postmortem human larynges. Its presence seemed to increase in appearance with age. In the larynges in which the deletion occurred, there were individual regional differences in the occurrence of the deletion, but no consistent pattern was noted across all individuals who carried the deletion.
An All-Digital Scalable and Reconfigurable Wide-Input Range Stochastic ADC Using Only Standard Cells

An all-digital programmable and reconfigurable stochastic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented in this work. This ADC directly benefits from scaling by using only digital gates and relying on an increased mismatch between minimum‐sized transistors. The programmability and reconfigurability are achieved by dividing the design into eight channels. The mean of each channel is set independently using a digitally generated analog reference voltage with a 10-bit control word. The output of each channel is linearized using Gaussian linear interpolation. The entire ADC is written in Verilog and synthesized into digital standard cells using regular digital design tools. Fabricated in a 130-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process, the ADC covers signal-to-noise and distortion ratio from 28 to 34.9 dB with a programmable differential input range of 400–800 mVpp at 140 MS/s and 0.7-V supply.
1-Naphthyl phosphate as an enzymatic substrate for enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry

Abstract We demonstrate substitution of the custom-synthesized alkaline phosphatase (AP) substrate, p -aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP), with the commercially available 1-naphthyl phosphate (1-NP) as applied in the enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical (ELIME) detection of the pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli O157:H7. ELIME entails ‘sandwiching’ bacterial analyte between antibody-coated magnetic beads and an AP-conjugated antibody. The beads (with or without bound bacteria) were localized onto the surface of magnetized graphite ink electrodes in a multi-well plate format. Enzyme substrate (pAPP or 1-NP) was added and conversion to an electroactive product was measured using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry. Using this technique, quantitative detection of E. coli O157:H7 bacterial cells was achieved with a minimum detectable level of ≤4.7×10 3 cells ml −1 in buffer or porcine carcass wash water within ca. 80 min.
On-Line Adaptive Control of a Farm Tractor by Compensation of Parameter Variations

An adaptive control technique for the control of a farm tractor during low levels of excitation and at low velocities is presented. An analysis of the data is conducted to determine when it is safe to adapt. A cascaded Kalman Filter is presented to estimate the slope of the DC gain of the steer angle to yaw rate transfer function with respect to velocity and to provide faster updates of position. Given this parameter, the controller gains will be scheduled based on a lookup table of predetermined values that were calculated from system identification tests.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A new implicit review instrument for measuring quality of care delivered to pediatric patients in the emergency department.

Background There are few outcomes experienced by children receiving care in the Emergency Department (ED) that are amenable to measuring for the purposes of assessing of quality of care. The purpose of this study was to develop, test, and validate a new implicit review instrument that measures quality of care delivered to children in EDs.
Rotational epitaxy of a nontriangular structure: The δ phase of oxygen physisorbed on graphite

Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) observations of molecular oxygen physisorbed on graphite are reported. The structure of the low-coverage $\ensuremath{\delta}$ phase is shown to be a centered parallelogram and the rotational epitaxy is determined. At temperatures above 22 K where the LEED study was carried out, we find that the rotational epitaxy changes with coverage (the layer exhibits a Novaco-McTague effect). The possibilities of the structure melting anisotropically and of a low-temperature commensurate phase are discussed. Defect-stabilized or metastable structures are also observed.
The effect of peripheral nerve cross-union on connections of single Ia fibers to motoneurons.

The distribution of Ia terminals to α-motoneurons has been investigated under conditions where a) the Ia fiber innervates a foreign muscle and b) the motor axon innervates a foreign muscle. This distribution has been assessed by examining which motoneurons develop an EPSP in response to stimulation of a single Ia afferent fiber. Cross-union of the medial gastrocnemius and lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerves has been performed in 5–8 day old kittens and the effect of this procedure on Ia connections to α-motoneurons has been investigated in the adult about one year later. No rearrangement of synaptic connections has been observed under these conditions. The connections from self-unioned Ia afferents and to self-unioned motoneurons are also normal. The individual EPSP's in these motoneurons with regenerated axons have normal rise times. The findings of normal Ia connections as well as normal EPSP rise times in α-motoneurons with regenerated motor axons indicates reversibility of the changes seen in axotomized motoneurons.
Out of the frying pan into the goalbox

Using heat as a negative reinforcer was shown to be highly efficient in producing a discriminative response in Long-Evans rats. Heat failed to generate the emotional responses usually associated with shock as an aversive stimulus. In a separate study, using the heat-training procedure, age differences in the learning facility of Swiss/ICR (Ha) mice were detected.
Asymptotic Solutions of the Compound Decision Problem for Two Completely Specified Distributions

A compound decision problem consists of the simultaneous consideration of n decision problems having identical formal structure. Decision functions are allowed to depend on the data from all n components. The risk is taken to be the average of the resulting risks in the component problems. A heuristic argument for the existence of good asymptotic solutions was given by Robbins ([1] Sec. 6) and was preceded by an example (component decisions between N(-1,1) and N(1,1)) exhibiting, for sufficiently large n, a decision function whose risk was uniformly close to the envelope risk function of “simple” decision functions.
Modeling animal-unit-equivalents for beef cattle

Abstract The process of formalizing objectives and defining assumptions in calculating animal-unit-equivalents (AUE) for different classes of beef cattle is discussed. Relationships among energy demand, forage supply, intake and animal-units are examined. An example is presented of an AUE model with two levels of complexity adapted from a model of total digestible nutrient (TDN) requirements. Standardization of approaches is needed in calculating AUE's, and the stocking variables derived from them. Such formalization improves communication, applicability and contributes to scientific grazing management.
Minimizing lifetime of sensitive data in concurrent programs

The prolonged lifetime of sensitive data (such as passwords) in applications gives rise to several security risks. A promising approach is to erase sensitive data in an "eager fashion", i.e., as soon as its use is no longer required in the application. This approach of minimizing the lifetime of sensitive data has been applied to sequential programs. In this short paper, we present an extension of the this approach to concurrent programs where the interleaving of threads makes such eager erasures a challenging research problem.
Variations in Quality of Liquid and Frozen Semen at Various Temperatures

Summary Ninety-two ejaculates of bovine semen were split into two portions; one portion was processed as liquid semen, the other as frozen semen. Each portion was further split into three parts which were incubated at 37, 20, and 7° C. The semen was evaluated microscopically for percentage of motile sperm and rate of progressive motility at specified intervals during a 24-hr. incubation period. Both frozen and liquid semen declined more rapidly in percentage of motile sperm and rate of motility at each higher temperature increment. At every incubation temperature, frozen semen showed a more rapid decline in both evaluation characteristics than did the corresponding liquid semen. At an incubation temperature of 37° C., all samples of frozen semen were immotile within 6 hr.
SRC Phosphorylation Regulates the Human Kinesin-5, Eg5, and Disrupts the Binding of Eg5 Inhibitors

The human kinesin-5 motor, Eg5, is required to establish and maintain the mitotic spindle. We show that Src kinase binds to a unique motif in the microtubule-binding interface of the Eg5 enzymatic head domain and phosphorylates three specific tyrosine residues in endogenous Eg5. These tyrosines are located near the nucleotide pocket and the functionally critical Loop 5 region within the Eg5 head. We have also found that phosphomimetic Eg5 motor proteins have altered motility characteristics relative to wild-type and non-phosphorylatable mutant proteins. Furthermore, cells expressing phosphomimetic Eg5 motors have increased spindle polarity defects. These results implicate Eg5 as a potential direct mitotic target of tyrosine kinases, most likely Src family kinases. Phosphomimetic motors also have greatly reduced affinity for the Eg5 inhibitor S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC). In cells with high Src activity, including many types of cancers, the same mechanism may provide rapid resistance to therapy with Eg5 inhibitors.
Induced A-C losses in Steel plates

THE PROBLEM of evaluating power loss is an ever-present one in any field of electrical engineering. In many instances, the current distribution in conducting materials can be evaluated and the corresponding loss determined. In those remaining instances, the physical geometry and field configurations are such that exact analysis is not possible. Loss evaluations for those cases must be based on experience expressed empirically or analytical work modified to agree with experimental data.
Effects of body positioning on swallowing and esophageal transit in healthy dogs.

Background: Contrast videofluoroscopy is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating dysphagic dogs. In people, body position alters the outcome of videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing. Hypothesis/Objective: That esophageal transit in dogs, as measured by a barium esophagram, is not affected by body position. Animals: Healthy dogs (n= 15). Methods: Interventional, experimental study. A restraint device was built to facilitate imaging of dogs in sternal recumbancy. Each dog underwent videofluoroscopy during swallowing of liquid barium and barium-soaked kibble in sternal and lateral recumbancy. Timing of swallowing, pharyngeal constriction ratio, esophageal transit time, and number of esophageal peristaltic waves were compared among body positions. Results: Transit time in the cervical esophagus (cm/s) was significantly delayed when dogs were in lateral recumbency for both liquid (2.58 ± 1.98 versus 7.23 ± 3.11; P= .001) and kibble (4.44 ± 2.02 versus 8.92 ± 4.80; P= .002). In lateral recumbency, 52 ± 22% of liquid and 73 ± 23% of kibble swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. In sternal recumbency, 77 ± 24% of liquid (P= .01 versus lateral) and 89 ± 16% of kibble (P= .01 versus lateral) swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. Other variables were not significantly different. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lateral body positioning significantly increases cervical esophageal transit time and affects the type of peristaltic wave generated by a swallow.
Genetic determination of nectar foraging, pollen foraging, and nest-site scouting in honey bee colonies

Allozyme analyses of honey bee workers revealed significant differences in the intracolonial subfamily composition of groups of nectar foragers, pollen foragers, and nest-site scouts. These differences demonstrate that colony genetic structure influences the division of labor among older foraging-age bees just as it does for younger workers. The maintenance of genetic variability for the behavior of individual workers and its possible effects on the organization of colonies are discussed.
Aerobic MTBE biodegradation in the presence of BTEX by two consortia under batch and semi-batch conditions

This study explores the effect of microbial consortium composition and reactor configuration on methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) biodegradation in the presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylenes(BTEX). MTBE biodegradation was monitored in the presence and absence of BTEX in duplicate batch reactors inoculated with distinct enrichment cultures: MTBE only (MO—originally enriched on MTBE) and/or MTBE BTEX (MB—originally enriched on MTBE and BTEX). The MO culture was also applied in a semi-batch reactor which received both MTBE and BTEX periodically in fresh medium after allowing cells to settle. The composition of the microbial consortia was explored using a combination of 16S rRNA gene cloning and quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the known MTBE-degrading strain PM1T. MTBE biodegradation was completely inhibited by BTEX in the batch reactors inoculated with the MB culture, and severely retarded in those inoculated with the MO culture (0.18 ± 0.04 mg/L-day). In the semi-batch reactor, however, the MTBE biodegradation rate in the presence of BTEX was almost three times as high as in the batch reactors (0.48 ± 0.2 mg/L-day), but still slower than MTBE biodegradation in the absence of BTEX in the MO-inoculated batch reactors (1.47 ± 0.47 mg/L-day). A long lag phase in MTBE biodegradation was observed in batch reactors inoculated with the MB culture (20 days), but the ultimate rate was comparable to the MO culture (0.95 ± 0.44 mg/L-day). Analysis of the cultures revealed that strain PM1T concentrations were lower in cultures that successfully biodegraded MTBE in the presence of BTEX. Also, other MTBE degraders, such as Leptothrix sp. and Hydrogenophaga sp. were found in these cultures. These results demonstrate that MTBE bioremediation in the presence of BTEX is feasible, and that culture composition and reactor configuration are key factors.
The conformal factor and DiffS1/S1

Abstract Two-dimensional gravity coupled with an open string is considered to geometrically construct a string field theory following Bowick and Rajeev. The phase space of this system can be thought of as an extended loop space, and is in fact a Kahler manifold. Each loop carries a conformal factor. Bowick and Rajeev's proposal is modified so that the ghost fields stand on the same footing as the x μ -fields. The closed string field is modified to be the Kahler potential of the extended loop space. The canonical line bundle is not needed for the equation of motion for a closed string field. A covariant (free) open string field theory is constructed as a by-product in this approach.
ADAM SMITH AND NEO-DARWINIAN DEBATE OVER SYMPATHY, STRONG RECIPROCITY, AND REPUTATION EFFECTS

This paper aims to do two things. First, it describes the place that Adam Smith actually occupies in current research occurring at the boundaries of new interdisciplinary social-science fields such as evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology, neuro-economics and behavioral economics. Second, it suggests a way in which Smith's place in the debates with which these subjects are concerned may be more properly defined and conceptualized. Specifically, the paper focuses on the controversial new theory of strong reciprocity, and on the reputation effects that its critics think that theory neglects.
Satellite-Observed Urbanization Characters in Shanghai, China: Aerosols, Urban Heat Island Effect, and Land–Atmosphere Interactions

Urbanization reflects how human-activities affect natural climate system. Accurately assessing the urban system by comparing it with the nearby rural regions helps to identify the impacts of urbanization. This work uses the recent satellite observed aerosol, skin temperature, land cover, albedo, cloud fraction and water vapor measurements to reveal how the city of Shanghai, one of the biggest, dense urban areas in East Asia, affects land surface and atmosphere conditions. In addition, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ground observations from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) is also used to reveal diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations of the heavy aerosol load over Shanghai region. Furthermore, Shanghai reduces surface albedo, total column water vapor, cloud fraction and increases land skin temperature than rural region. These observations prove that Shanghai significantly modifies local and regional land surface physical properties as well as physical processes, which lead to the urban heat island effect (UHI).
Exploiting Uncertainties for Binaural Speech Recognition

Recently several algorithms have been proposed to enhance noisy speech by estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within a local time-frequency region based on binaural cues of interaural time and intensity differences (ITD and IID). However, the accuracy of the estimated SNR often varies widely across time and frequency, causing uncertainties in the enhanced speech features. We estimate this uncertainty based on statistics of ITD and IID and show that it can be effectively exploited to improve robust speech recognition. Systematic evaluations using the estimated uncertainty show significant improvement in recognition performance compared to the baseline performance.
A superconducting quarter-wave resonator for high-brightness ion beam acceleration

Abstract A niobium resonant cavity optimized for phase velocity β 0 = 0.15 was constructed based on a coaxial quarter-wave geometry adapted for high-brightness ion beams. This cavity, which resonates at 400 MHz in the fundamental mode, operated at an average (wall-to-wall) accelerating gradient of 12.9 MV/m under continuous-wave fields. This is the highest average accelerating gradient achieved to date in low-velocity structures designed for cw operation. At this gradient, a cavity Q of 1.4 × 10 8 was measured.
Chromium vaporization of bare and of coated iron–chromium alloys at 1073 K

Abstract Suppression of chromium vaporization from oxidation scales formed on ferritic stainless steel, when used on the cathode side of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), is a most important issue, since gaseous chromium species cause deposition of chromium oxide on electrolyte or electrode materials. This phenomenon leads to deterioration of the cell performance. The chromium vaporization rates of bare and of coated iron–chromium alloys were measured at 1073 K. The effect of ceramic coating layers, deposited by low-cost aerosol spraying or by dip coating, was evaluated and the morphology of the coating layer was observed. Lanthanum strontium manganese oxide (LSM: La 0.65 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 ), lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide (LSCF: La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 ) and manganese cobalt oxide (MCO: MnCo 2 O 4 ) coatings, formed from submicron powders, decreased chromium vaporization by a factor of as much as 21–40 at 1073 K. Manganese cobalt oxide and lanthanum strontium chromium oxide (La 0.7 Sr 0.3 CrO 3 ) coating, formed from powders prepared by a glycine nitrate combustion synthesis, reduced chromium vaporization by factors of only 2–3 because the coating layers were porous.
Market overreach: The student as customer

Abstract This paper explores the market model's influence in redefining the relationship between teachers and students within the college and university. Viewing the student as a customer rather than as a “worker” or “apprentice” is argued to have created several problems. The case is made that with market forces leading to the substitution of purchased commodities for “production for self,” the role of the student in actively participating in the learning process is threatened. Several trends, including grade inflation, shortened contact hours, and the redefinition of study time are offered as evidence that the non-salable components of higher education are declining in importance.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Sensitivity Is Altered in Abl-Myc- and Raf-Myc-Induced Mouse Pre-B-Cell Tumors

Understanding the mechanisms leading to transformation of early B-lineage precursors is an important step leading to rational design of new treatments for precursor (pre)-B-cell leukemia. We used normal mouse pre-B cells to determine if and how transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 affects these precursors to the B-cell lineage and whether transformed pre-B cells respond to TGF-beta1. We found that normal pre-B cells proliferating in the presence of interleukin (IL)-7 enter cell-cycle arrest after exposure to TGF-beta1. However, clonally related IL-7-independent tumors induced by oncogenes abl + myc or raf + myc have reduced sensitivity to TGF-beta1. In contrast, tumor cells induced by myc alone remain sensitive to TGF-beta1 growth suppression. These results suggest that lesions in different molecular signaling pathways can lead to loss of TGF-beta1 sensitivity in a single cell type. The approach of using normal pre-B-cell lines and transformation by overexpression of different oncogenes provides a system to compare and contrast molecular pathways that lead to full malignancy.
Individual recognition by natural concentrations of olfactory cues in mice

Male Mus Musculus were able to discriminate between litter-mates in a situation with natural concentrations of olfactory and other stimuli. The adaptative value of this ability is discussed with reference to mouse social relationships.
Dynamic Testing and Reinforcement of Rubber

Abstract A series of experiments have been run to determine which mechanisms dominate carbon black reinforcement of rubber. A broad range of compounds using oil-extended and non-oil-extended rubbers and carbon blacks covering the spectrum of tread blacks have been tested. The results for measurements made in an all-SBR formulation are reported here. The primary experiment consisted of measurement of the dynamic modulus and hysteresis of the cured and uncured compounds over a broad range of frequencies, temperatures, and strains. Ternperatures ranged from −70°C to +90°C; frequencies varied from 0.01 to 10 Hz; double strain amplitudes varied from 0.5% to 35%. From a discussion of the literature and evaluation of the experimental results, two mechanisms have been found to control the primary effects of carbon black on rubber reinforcement, where reinforcement refers to a general enhancement of properties, such as modulus, as well as the tensile strength of the compound. Hydrodynamic interaction, which is the...
Local fluctuations and global unfolding of partially folded BPTI detected by NMR

Abstract The protein [14–38] Abu is a chemically synthesized variant of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) with the 14–38 disulfide bond intact and cysteines 5, 30, 51, and 55 replaced by α-amino- n -butyric acid (Abu). At 1–6°C and pH 4.5–6.5, [14–38] Abu is partially folded with a native-like core [1]. Heteronuclear NMR spectra contain two, and in a few cases three or four, exchange cross peaks for each 15 N-bound 1 H, reporting the presence of two or more conformations that interconvert on a time scale of ≥ milliseconds. Thermodynamic analysis of 15 N 1 H exchange peak volumes as a function of temperature in the range 1–35°C indicates that partially folded [14–38] Abu undergoes local segmental motions as well as cooperative global unfolding. The relative abundance of more folded versus disordered conformations changes throughout the molecule, indicating that various regions of the partially folded protein are disordered to different extents prior to onset of thermal denaturation. This system is unique in providing a measure of the populations of interconverting partially folded conformations, as well as a microscopic view of cooperative folding of a fluctuating ensemble. Although global thermal denaturation is cooperative, significant deviation from simple two-state behavior is reflected in several parameters, including the difference in T m for thermal unfolding measured by NMR versus circular dichroism.
Nuclear fertility restorer genes map to the same linkage group in cytoplasmic male-sterile bean

Fertility restoration in cytoplasmic malesterile plants (CMS) by nuclear restorer genes is one of the few useful systems for studying nuclear-mitochondrial interactions in higher eukaryotes. In CMS bean there exist multiple independently identified nuclear genes that restore fertility. Two restorer genes (Fr and Fr 2) have been characterized previously. We have genetically characterized two additional restorer genes; both restorers are single genes that behave similarly to Fr 2. We compared the linkage relationship of all four independently identified restorer genes to understand the relationship among these loci further. All four genes map to the same linkage group. It was not possible to distinguish between the two newly identified restorer genes and Fr 2. We suggest that they may be allelic.
Development of pharmacy services overseas

Clinical pharmacy services in Europe, according to a 2005 survey, have not changed significantly from their status in 1995, when the first European survey was conducted.[1][1] In 85% of the hospitals surveyed, pharmacists performed clinical services from the confines of the pharmacy department, only
Computing for biologists: lessons from some successful case studies

My presentation will be online at the address http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/shasha/papers/sigmodtut05.ppt in addition to at the SIGMOD site. The presentation discusses computational techniques that have helped biologists, including combinatorial design to support a disciplined experimental design, visualization techniques to display the interaction among multiple inputs, and the discovery of gene function through the search through related species, and others.In this writeup, I confine myself to informal remarks describing both social and technical lessons I have learned while working with biologists. I intersperse these comments with references to relevant papers when appropriate.The tutorial is meant to appeal to researchers and practitioners in databases, data mining, and combinatorial algorithms as well as to natural scientists, especially biologists.
Ideological Variations in the Structure of Deviant Types: A Multivariate Comparison of Alcoholism and Heroin Addiction

The alcoholic and the heroin addict are compared using survey measures of Freidson's threedimensional typology of deviance and indicators of major ideological images of deviance. Ratings by respondents in independent subsamples reveal substantial similarity in the social typing of these two forms of deviance. Respondents holding medical images of deviance are less likely than those holding moralistic images to impute personal responsibility, stigma, and noncurability to the alcoholic and addict. However, evidence from a multivariate analysis of the full Freidson typology suggests that the increasing influence of the medical ideology on alcoholism may have the undesirable consequence of locking the alcoholic into a nonresponsible, but stigmatized deviant type. The societal reaction perspective emphasizes that deviance is a process by which social audiences categorically label and treat certain persons as deviant types (Lorber; Rubington and Weinberg; Schur; Simmons, a). The application of particular deviant types to particular actors is basically a situational matter (Kitsuse). However, several theorists have argued that the nature and availability of these social categorizations can be linked to broader, ideological stocks of knowledge which transcend specific situations (Aubert and Messinger; Quinney; Stoll). Ideologies of deviance, which may vary across time and social space, define the reality of certain types (e.g., Salem witches) as well as their content (e.g., the "dirty drunk" versus the "sick alcoholic"). Erikson, for example, points out that
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

To the Editor: I was pleased to see that the report by Pearson et al. (June 14 issue)1 supports the findings of my colleagues and me that nitric oxide synthesis and plasma arginine levels are reduc...
The Historical Context of Small Claims Courts

The conception of simple, informal, lawyerless courts where ordinary people can settle their affairs amicably without expense, delay, technicality, or contentiousness has fascinated Americans since colonial times. This theme can be seen running through the movements to codify the law, simplify legal procedure, open the practice of law to Everyman, create conciliation courts; the creation of the small claims courts and administrative tribunals; and attempts in the 1960s and 1970s to divert small matters out of the courts altogether and into Neighborhood Justice Centers and other informal dispute resolution mechanisms. The long and complex history of reform has been characterized by cyclical shifts in emphasis between two principal modes of characterizing small claims. One mode characterizes small claims as petty private quarrels and has led to attempts to supply justice by aiding fair outcomes between the particular parties. Since no broader social impact of the dispute is seen, the most efficient possible individual level response is viewed as appropriate. The other mode perceives small claims as particular instances of important systematic injustices between social groups or classes and has led to attempts to use small claims processing as the forum for making important policy. Perceiving broad social impact of the resolution of small claims, one will see a mobilization of aggregate resources to deal with them as important social problems as appropriate. As a result, entire classes of cases and issues may be skimmed off and dealt with collectively as important social-legal problems. When this occurs the perception of the small claims that remain shifts to the other mode, and they are viewed as less important residual petty quarrels meriting less attention and resources. This periodic skimming off of certain claims and waning of collective attention to the remaining mass of claims has introduced a cyclical element into the development of small claims courts (and other legal reforms). Thus the mode of preceiving small claims itself conditions the mode of legal response which is advocated.
Charge asymmetry of the πD scattering length

Abstract The gauge-generation of Coulombic interaction in models of S-wave π-nuclear interaction enables the determination of the charge asymmetry of the πD scattering length in terms of the three-body term embodying this extension. One finds the contribution to the charge asymmetry of the πD scattering length from this internal Coulomb correction to be somewhat larger ( Δa π ≡ a π − gauge − a π + gauge = −0.0015 m π −1 ) than the sum of three-body terms exhibiting chiral cancellation. The value of the latter contribution used in the comparison is that recently reported by Weinberg, a chiral cancellation = −0.0005 m π −1 .
The effectiveness of seat belt legislation in reducing driver-involved injury rates in Maryland

Abstract This study makes use of econometric models to evaluate the effect of the Maryland seat belt law (SBL) on various driver-involved injury rates. Models are developed for various types of injuries using a large data set from the US Department of Transportation's State Traffic Accident Files. Models are normalized for vehicle damage levels and account for the general impact of the SBL in Maryland as well as its dynamic effects. The models also account for seasonal factors, unemployment rates, companion effects and other relevant factors. The analysis is conducted for single vehicle accidents, multiple vehicle accidents, as well as their combination. The results indicate that the effectiveness of Maryland's SBL vary depending on the type of injury rates examined.
FFT based algorithms for high accuracy analog measurements

Abstract FFT based algorithms are discussed for the purpose of making multiparameter measurements upon a periodic analog signal. It is shown that the eight pertinent measurements, including fundamental frequency, phase and its amplitude, can be made with considerably enhanced accuracy compared to some existing algorithms. These measurements are useful in a variety of applications ranging from analog testing of printed circuit boards to the measurement of doppler signal in radar detection.
"What shall we do with the inebriate?" Asylum treatment and the disease concept of alcoholism in the late nineteenth century

During the late nineteenth century a number of physicians, sometimes called inebriety specialists, combined a narrowly physicalistic disease concept of alcoholism with a high regard for the curative power of asylum treatment to advocate the development of specialized asylums for the treatment of alcoholism. Central to the idea of such an inebriate asylum was the belief that the power to detain the alcoholic was necessary to cure his disease. This article considers why inebriety specialists held this belief as well as why others opposed it. It also describes alternative approaches to alcoholism and the fate of efforts, during this period, to treat the alcoholic by confining him.
THE ONTOGENY OF PARIETAL CELL RESPONSE TO ACID SECRETAGOGUES

In vivo acid secretion by immature animals is less than that of the mature. To evaluate the ontogeny of parietal cell responsiveness to secretagogues, a guinea pig gastric mucosal model was used. Dose response curves (DRC) to Gastrin (G), Histamine (H), & Carbachol (C) were established. CoSO4 staining for OH− production (HIP) & H+ secretion was used to quantitate mucosal response. Animals 3, 7, 10d and mature (M) were studied. Responsiveness to H (3d) developed prior to C (7d) & G (10d). The DRC of H in 7d & 10d was shifted to the left of the M. The DRC of C was similar for 7d, 10d & M. G was the most potent secretagogue in M, but the DRC was nearly flat at 3 & 7d and blunted at 10d. The Dmax (molar dose) of each secretagogue is shown below. The # in ( ) is the ratio of immature to M, HIP. In summary the parietal cell of the immature animal can increase H+ secretion in response to secretagogues, however responsiveness to G, H, & C develops independently with age. Unlike the M animal, H not G is the most potent secretagogue & the development of H's response is biphasic.
Processing of carcinoembryonic antigen by Kupffer cells: recognition of a penta-peptide sequence.

Abstract Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binds to an 80-kDa cell surface receptor on Kupffer cells via the peptide sequence PELPK (residues 108–112) located at the hinge region between the N and A1 immunoglobulin-like domains. This study is aimed at analyzing the specificity of the peptide binding, determining biodistribution of 80-kDa receptor, and processing of CEA by this receptor. We synthesized a number of bovine serum albumin (BSA) derivatives carrying PELPK and related sequences. A series of peptides (YPELPK, YPDLPK, YPDLPR, and YPELGK) were conjugated to bovine serum albumin usingN-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate. When125I peptide conjugates, CEA, and BSA were injected intravenously into rats CEA and the PELPK–albumin conjugate were cleared rapidly. The other peptide conjugates and BSA cleared at a much slower rate. Activity of125I-labeled CEA and PELPK–albumin conjugate per gram of tissue was highest for the liver and spleen. Clearance of125I-CEA was inhibited by the presence of higher concentrations of the PELPK–albumin conjugate. With isolated rat Kupffer cells, only CEA and the PELPK–albumin conjugate were bound and internalizedin vitroand CEA binding was inhibited by higher concentrations of the PELPK–albumin conjugate. Similarly, binding of the PELPK–albumin conjugate was inhibited by the presence of unlabeled CEA. Use of a heterobifunctional cross linking agent demonstrated reaction of the PELPK–albumin with an 80-kDa protein on the Kupffer cell surface by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). This semisynthetic ligand (PELPK-albumin) allows us to examine the function of the 80-kDa receptor without interference due to other properties of CEA including its ability to bind lectins and to cause homotypic aggregation of cells. The consequences of CEA binding to the 80-kDa receptor may have implications in the development of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer.