cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cordierite‐Based Dielectric Thick Films on an Oxidized Copper Layer: Microstructural Evidence of Copper Diffusion

Cordierite-based dielectric thick films deposited by screen-printing on a Cu2O-Cu-96% alumina substrate were investigated with regard to microstructural characteristics, densification, and crystallization. Compared to direct deposition of the cordierite layer on metal Cu, the use of the Cu2O layer as a diffusion barrier caused the cordierite thick film to become more stable without any significant interaction layer at the film interface after firing at 920°C for 30 min in a N2 atmosphere. On the other hand, microstructural observation of the cordierite thick films on the Cu2O revealed some evidence of Cu diffusion into the cordierite thick films, i.e., incorporation of Cu into the cordierite and remaining glass, and as Cu precipitates. Additionally, the diffused Cu was found to significantly affect densification and crystallization of the thick films, resulting in lower densification and crystallization temperatures. An XRD analysis supported the Cu incorporation from the Cu2O layer into the cordierite by showing the disappearance of Cu2O phase at 700°C, which is below densification temperature.
Randomness Buys Depth for Approximate Counting

We show that the promise problem of distinguishing n-bit strings of relative Hamming weight $${1/2 + \Omega(1/{\rm lg}^{d-1} n)}$$ 1 / 2 + Ω ( 1 / lg d - 1 n ) from strings of weight $${1/2 - \Omega(1/{\rm \lg}^{d - 1} n)}$$ 1 / 2 - Ω ( 1 / lg d - 1 n ) can be solved by explicit, randomized (unbounded fan-in) poly(n)-size depth-d circuits with error $${\leq 1/3}$$ ≤ 1 / 3 , but cannot be solved by deterministic poly(n)-size depth-(d+1) circuits, for every $${d \geq 2}$$ d ? 2 ; and the depth of both is tight. Our bounds match Ajtai's simulation of randomized depth-d circuits by deterministic depth-(d + 2) circuits (Ann. Pure Appl. Logic; '83) and provide an example where randomization buys resources. To rule out deterministic circuits, we combine Hastad's switching lemma with an earlier depth-3 lower bound by the author (Computational Complexity 2009). To exhibit randomized circuits, we combine recent analyses by Amano (ICALP '09) and Brody and Verbin (FOCS '10) with derandomization. To make these circuits explicit, we construct a new, simple pseudorandom generator that fools tests $${A_1 \times A_2 \times \cdots \times A_{{\rm lg}{n}}}$$ A 1 × A 2 × ? × A lg n for $${A_i \subseteq [n], |A_{i}| = n/2}$$ A i ⊆ [ n ] , | A i | = n / 2 with error 1/n and seed length O(lg n), improving on the seed length $${\Omega({\rm lg}\, n\, {\rm lg}\, {\rm lg}\, n)}$$ Ω ( lg n lg lg n ) of previous constructions.
Comparison of Nine Programs Predicting pKa Values of Pharmaceutical Substances

Knowledge of the possible ionization states of a pharmaceutical substance, embodied in the pKa values (logarithm of the acid dissociation constant), is vital for understanding many properties essential to drug development. We compare nine commercially available or free programs for predicting ionization constants. Eight of these programs are based on empirical methods: ACD/pKa DB 12.0, ADME Boxes 4.9, ADMET Predictor 3.0, Epik 1.6, Marvin 5.1.4, Pallas pKalc Net 2.0, Pipeline Pilot 5.0, and SPARC 4.2; one program is based on a quantum chemical method: Jaguar 7.5. We compared their performances by applying them to 197 pharmaceutical substances with 261 carefully determined and highly reliable experimental pKa values from a literature source. The programs ADME Boxes 4.9, ACD/pKa DB 12.0, and SPARC 4.2 ranked as the top three with mean absolute deviations of 0.389, 0.478, and 0.651 and r2 values of 0.944, 0.908, and 0.894, respectively. ACD/pKa DB 12.0 predicted all sites, whereas ADME Boxes 4.9 and SPARC 4....
Image of Aging Scale

The development of the Image of Aging Scale is described. It ineludes positive and negative images of elders within nine domains. The scale showed good 1-wk. test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity.
On the scalar curvature of complex surfaces

Let (M,J) be a minimal compact complex surface of Kaehler type. It is shown that the smooth 4-manifold M admits a Riemannian metric of positive scalar curvature iff (M,J) admits a KAEHLER metric of positive scalar curvature. This extends previous results of Witten and Kronheimer.
Asymptotics of Discrete Riesz d-Polarization on Subsets of d-Dimensional Manifolds

We prove a conjecture of T. Erdelyi and E.B. Saff, concerning the form of the dominant term (as N → ∞) of the N-point Riesz d-polarization constant for an infinite compact subset A of a d-dimensional C 1-manifold embedded in ℝ m (d ≤ m). Moreover, if we assume further that the d-dimensional Hausdorff measure of A is positive, we show that any asymptotically optimal sequence of N-point configurations for the N-point d-polarization problem on A is asymptotically uniformly distributed with respect to $\mathcal H_d|_A$ . These results also hold for finite unions of such sets A provided that their pairwise intersections have $\mathcal H_d$ -measure zero.
Coalition-based multimedia peer matching strategies for P2P networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of matching users for multimedia transmission in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and identify strategies for fair resource division among the matched multimedia peers. We propose a framework for coalition formation, which enables users to form a group of matched peers where they can interact cooperatively and negotiate resources based on their satisfaction with the coalition, determined by explicitly considering the peer's multimedia attributes. In addition, our proposed approach goes a step further by introducing the concept of marginal contribution, which is the value improvement of the coalition induced by an incoming peer. We show that the best way for a peer to select a coalition is to choose the coalition that provides the largest division of marginal contribution given a deployed value-division scheme. Moreover, we model the utility function by explicitly considering each peer's attributes as well as the cost for uploading content. To quantify the benefit that users derive from a coalition, we define the value of a coalition based on the total utility that all peers can achieve jointly in the coalition. Based on this definition of the coalition value, we use an axiomatic bargaining solution in order to fairly negotiate the value division of the upload bandwidth given each peer's attributes.
Adaptive Model Inversion Control of a Helicopter with Structural Load Limiting

An adaptive control system capable of providing consistent handling qualities throughout the operational flight envelope is a desirable feature for rotorcraft. The adaptive model inversion controller with structural load limit protection evaluated here offers the capability to adapt to changing flight conditions along with aggressive maneuvering without envelope limit violations. The controller was evaluated using a nonlinear simulation model of the UH-60 helicopter. The controller is based on a well-documented model inversion architecture with an adaptive neural network (ANN) to compensate for inversion error. The ANN was shown to improve the tracking ability of the controller at off-design point flight conditions; although at some flight conditions the controller performed well even without adaptation. The controller was modified to include a structural load-limiting algorithm to avoid exceeding prescribed limits on the longitudinal hub moment. The limiting was achieved by relating the hub moment to pitch acceleration. The acceleration limits were converted to pitch angle command limits imposed in the pitch axis command filter. Results show that the longitudinal hub moment response in aggressive maneuvers stayed within the prescribed limits for a range of operating conditions. The system was effective in avoiding the longitudinal hub moment limit without unnecessary restrictions on the aircraft performance.
Temperature Dependent Modal Test/Analysis Correlation of X-34 Fastrac Composite Rocket Nozzle

A unique high temperature modal test and model correlation/update program has been performed on the composite nozzle of the FASTRAC engine for the NASA X-34 Reusable Launch Vehicle. The program was required to provide an accurate high temperature model of the nozzle for incorporation into the engine system structural dynamics model for loads calculation; this model is significantly different from the ambient case due to the large decrease in composite stiffness properties due to heating. The high-temperature modal test was performed during a hot-fire test of the nozzle. Previously, a series of high fidelity modal tests and finite element model correlation of the nozzle in a free-free configuration had been performed. This model was then attached to a modal-test verified model of the engine hot-fire test stand and the ambient system mode shapes were identified. A reduced set of accelerometers was then attached to the nozzle, the engine fired full-duration, and the frequency peaks corresponding to the ambient nozzle modes individually isolated and tracked as they decreased during the test. To update the finite-element model of the nozzle to these frequency curves, the percentage differences of the anisotropic composite moduli due to temperature variation from ambient, which had been used in the initial modeling and which were obtained by small sample coupon testing, were multiplied by an iteratively determined constant factor. These new properties were used to create high-temperature nozzle models corresponding to 10 second engine operation increments and tied into the engine system model for loads determination.
A new higher-spin algebra and the lone-star product

Abstract In two recent papers, we constructed a new N→∞ limit of the WN algebras, which we denote W∞ having generators of conformal spins 2, 3, …, with central terms for all spins. In this paper, we constrct another new algebra, which we denote W1+∞, with generators of conformal spins, 1, 2, 3, …, again with central terms for all spins. The requirement that the algebras be closed requires that one include the spin-1 generators in W1+∞, and prohibits their inclusion in W∞. Paralleling our analogous construction for W∞, we show that the new algebra can also be realised as the antisymmetric part of an associative “lone-star” product, which also closes on the set of generators with conformal spins ⩾1.
Robustness of equilibria in anonymous local games

This paper studies the robustness of symmetric equilibria in anonymous local games to perturbations of prior beliefs. Two priors are strategically close on a class of games if players receive similar expected payoffs in equilibrium under the priors, for any game in that class. I show that if the structure of payoff interdependencies is sparse in a well-defined sense, the conditions for strategic proximity in anonymous local games are strictly weaker than the conditions for general Bayesian games of Kajii and Morris (1998) [11] when attention is restricted to symmetric equilibria. Hence, by exploiting the properties of anonymous local games, it is possible to obtain stronger robustness results for this class.
CHLOROPHYLL ONE-ELECTRON PHOTOCHEMISTRY: FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDIES OF THE CHLOROPHYLL--QUINONE REACTION IN ALCOHOL SOLVENTS.

— Flash photolysis of chlorophyll a alone in CBE (cyclohexanol-t-butanol-ethanol) yields a difference spectrum similar to those obtained upon steady illumination of chlorophyll a-quinone mixtures in this solvent. Decay kinetics in CBE and dimethylsulfoxide are faster at the Soret band than at 460–580 nm and red band regions. This difference is not obtained in other solvents (CHCI3, CCI4, t-butanol, ethanol), implying that two or more species are obtained in CBE and DMSO. β-Carotene in CBE increases the rate of decay of the flash-induced chlorophyll transients at 430 and 660 nm but only decreases the magnitude of the signal at 470 nm. This implies that the 470 nm absorbance is due to a product formed from the triplet state. This effect is not observed in ethanol. Adding quinone to chlorophyll solutions results in slowly decaying species being generated by flash excitation in CBE. Three components can be distinguished: the first (t1/2˜ 0.2 msec) corresponds to the triplet state; the second (t1/2= 5–10 msec) is quinone concentration and species independent; the third (t1/2= several seconds) is dependent upon quinone concentration and species (rate is faster for higher concentrations and lower potential quinones). The ESR signal decay rate is approximately equal to the third component flash decay rate when the chlorophyll and quinone concentrations are equal. With excess quinone, the flash decay rate becomes faster, and the ESR decay rate decreases slightly. These slowly-decaying species are not produced when quinone is added to chlorophyll a in ethanol or t-butanol, or to pheophytin in CBE. One observes merely a decrease in signal height with no accompanying increase in decay rate. Mechanisms to account for all of these phenomena are presented which involve an initial chlorophyll triplet-solvent reaction with the subsequent formation of several species of chloro-phyll-quinone radical complexes.
Properties of phase transitions of a higher order

The following is a thermodynamic analysis of a III order (and some aspects of a IV order) phase transition. Such a transition can occur in a superconductor if the normal state is a diamagnet. The equation for a phase boundary in anH-T (H is the magnetic field,T, the temperature) plane is derived. By considering two possible forms of the gradient energy, it is possible to construct a field theory which describes a III or a IV order transition and permits a study of thermal fluctuations and inhomogeneous order parameters.
Laser Boost of a Small Interstellar Ram Jet to Obtain Operational Velocity: Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρWarm‐Dark‐Matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.
Magnetar-Driven Magnetic Tower as a Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts and Asymmetric Supernovae

We consider a newly born millisecond magnetar, focusing on its interaction with the dense stellar plasma in which it is initially embedded. We argue that the confining pressure and inertia of the surrounding plasma act to collimate the magnetar's Poynting-flux-dominated outflow into tightly beamed jets and increase its magnetic luminosity. We propose this process as an essential ingredient in the magnetar model for gamma-ray-burst and asymmetric supernova central engines. We introduce the "pulsar in a cavity" as an important model problem, representing a magnetized rotating neutron star inside a collapsing star. We describe its essential properties and derive simple estimates for the evolution of the magnetic field and the resulting spin-down power. We find that the infalling stellar mantle confines the magnetosphere, enabling a gradual buildup of the toroidal magnetic field due to continuous twisting. The growing magnetic pressure eventually becomes dominant, resulting in a magnetically driven explosion. The initial phase of the explosion is quasi-isotropic, potentially exposing a sufficient amount of material to 56Ni-producing temperatures to cause a bright supernova. However, if significant expansion of the star occurs prior to the explosion, then very little 56Ni is produced, and no supernova is expected. In either case, hoop stress subsequently collimates the magnetically dominated outflow, leading to the formation of a magnetic tower. After the star explodes, the decrease in bounding pressure causes the magnetic outflow to become less beamed. However, episodes of late fallback can reform the beamed outflow, which may be responsible for late X-ray flares.
Progress in extreme ultraviolet interferometric lithography at the University of Wisconsin

Extreme Ultraviolet Interferometric lithography (EUV-IL) can generate periodic patterns useful to characterize photoresist materials and to create templates for self-assembled geometries. The Center for NanoTechnology has developed a novel EUV-IL beamline dedicated to nanopatterning using radiation from an undulator on the Aladdin storage ring at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The beamline and the EUV-IL system were commissioned in 2006; we have completed several characterization studies, and modified several key components to improve resolution and usability. The EUV-IL system can expose different pitches at the same time producing patterns with a range of halfpitch from 55nm down to 20nm and less on the wafer. We can also introduce a variable image modulation by performing double exposures, overlapping the interference pattern with the transmitted zero order. Recently we have demonstrated down to 20nm half-pitch printed IL image in PMMA resist.
Airbreathing Space Boosters Using In-Flight Oxidizer Collection

A historical review of the development of a propulsion fluid system known as ACES (air collection and enrichment system) is presented. The role of the ACES system is to acquire and store liquid oxygen (LOX) en route to orbit for rocket use beyond the airbreathing envelope. The refrigeration capacity of liquid hydrogen is employed to condense the air and fractional distillation used to extract the oxygen component from the inlet airflow. Earth-to-orbit capability is achieved without carrying LOX from takeoff or relying on scramjets. The development history of the major ACES components is traced and a review of ACES system studies conducted since the 1960s is provided. The payload fractions achievable with ACES are shown to be competitive with scramjet-powered space launch vehicles without relying on airbreathing propulsion beyond the speed of conventional turboramjet engines.
Considering the utility of Altman's Z‐score as a strategic assessment and performance management tool

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide commentary on the utility of Altman's Z‐score as a strategic assessment and performance management tool. This possibility is suggested in the recently published book Measuring Organizational Performance – Metrics for Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management Research (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2006) by Robert B. Carton and Charles W. Hofer.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a corporate manager's analysis of the utility of Altman's Z‐score as a strategic assessment and performance management tool based on published research, with suggestions for further research.Findings – The analysis supports Carton and Hofer's findings with respect to the utility of the Z‐score as a strategic assessment and performance management tool.Practical implications – While the Z‐score is both popular and widely used in the fields of credit risk analysis, distressed investing, M&A target analysis, and turnaround management it has received relatively little attenti...
Holographic Optical Elements

This article is a survey of the characteristics, technology and applications of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs), considered as general elements in an optical system. HOEs function by diffraction of light from a generalized grating structure with nonuniform groove spacing. HOEs provide a system of thin film optics. They are capable of unique system functions and configurations, show a rapid variation of optical power and image characteristics with wavelength, have relatively large amounts of astigmatism and coma, and require special consideration of optical efficiency during system design. Comparison of the aberrations of specific, f/3.3 elements shows that the on-axis HOE and the conventional glass lens element have similar aberration levels, while the off-axis HOE has four times as much astigmatism and twice as much coma. We show that these grating aberrations, which appear for conjugate points that are different from the HOE construction points, are proportional to the average surface grating spatial frequency of an off-axis HOE. HOE technology is similar to conventional optics technology, but is less developed. The relative complexity of optical systems with HOEs, and the lack of a suitable aberration theory, produce a relince on computer-based raytracing for system design and development. We give the basic raytracing equations and discuss the special requirements for hologram recording appara-tus and materials. In applications, HOEs will usually provide unique capabilities rather than replace conventional elements, and will usually operate over narrow spectral bandwidths. The use of HOEs in several types of laser optical systems, and in visual displays, appears to be not only advantageous, but also technically and economically feasible.
Recent progress in ALEGRA development and application to ballistic impacts

ALEGRA is a multi-material, arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) code for solid dynamics being developed by the Computational Physics Research and Development Department at Sandia National Laboratories. It combines the features of modern Eulerian shock codes, such as CTH, with modern Lagrangian structural analysis codes. With the ALE algorithm, the mesh can be stationary (Eulerian) with the material flowing through the mesh, the mesh can move with the material (Lagrangian) so there is no flow between elements, or the mesh motion can be entirely independent of the material motion (Arbitrary). All three mesh types can coexist in the same problem, and any mesh may change its type during the calculation. In this paper we summarize several key capabilities that have recently been added to the code or are currently being implemented. As a demonstration of the capabilities of ALEGRA, we have applied it to the experimental data taken by Silsby.
Do geographic scale economies explain disturbances to Heckscher-Ohlin trade?

This paper examines whether “geographic scale economies” explain the trade that remains unexplained by the Heckscher–Ohlin model. The paper develops a theoretical specification that integrates geographic scale economies into the Heckscher–Ohlin model, and develops a statistical method for detecting geographic scale economies in the distributional features of a disturbance term. The units of analysis are US states. The findings reveal that empirical support for the Heckscher–Ohlin theory is improved by accounting for geographic scale economies within states; geographic scale economies do not generate differences in Rybczynski effects across states; and the scope of geographic scale economies is contained within states.
The Contribution of Field OB Stars to the Ionization of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in M33

We present a study of the ionizing stars associated with the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) and H II regions in the nearby spiral galaxy M33. We compare our Schmidt Hα image to the far-ultraviolet (FUV, 1520 A) image from the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT). The Hα/FUV ratio is higher in H II regions than in the DIG, suggesting an older population of ionizing stars in the DIG. Assuming ionization equilibrium, we convert the Hα flux to the number of Lyman continuum photons NLyc. When compared to models of evolving stellar populations, the NLyc/FUV ratio in H II regions is consistent with a young burst, while the DIG ratio resembles an older burst population, or a steady state population built up by constant star formation, which is probably a more accurate description of the stellar population in the field. The UIT data is complemented with archival FUV and optical images of a small portion of the disk of M33 obtained with WFPC2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These images overlap low- and mid-luminosity H II regions as well as DIG, so we can investigate the stellar population in these environments. Using the HST FUV and optical photometry, we assign spectral types to the stars observed in DIG and H II regions. The photometry indicates that ionizing stars are present in the DIG. We compare the predicted ionizing flux with the amount required to produce the observed Hα emission, and we find that field OB stars in the HST images can account for 40% ± 12% of the ionization of the DIG, while the stars in H II regions can provide 107% ± 26% of the Hα luminosity of the H II regions. Due to the limited coverage of the HST data, we cannot determine if stars outside the HST fields ionize some of the DIG located in the HST fields, nor can we determine if photons from stars inside the HST fields leak out of the area covered by the HST fields. We do not find any correlation between leakage of ionizing photons and Hα luminosity for the H II regions in our HST fields. However, the HST fields do not include very luminous H II regions, and it would be worthwhile to see if there is any trend at higher luminosities. If stellar photons alone are responsible for ionizing the DIG, the current results are consistent with no or few ionizing photons escaping from the galaxy.
An interactive computer graphics approach to the design of marching band routines

Abstract The availability of inexpensive minicomputers and low cost digital/analog conversion equipment enables one to use interactive graphics in situations where such techniques were previously infeasible. The University of Tulsa is presently developing an interactive graphics package entitled BANDMARCH to assist the choreography of marching band drills. The graphics hardward consist of a 32K Interdata Model 70 minicomputer, a 5MB Diablo Disc system, a Tektronix 603 monitor with 256 × 256 point display provided by a pair of Detel 8 bit D/A converters. The program enables a band director who is most likely not computer oriented to prepare a routine in an existing language (About Face, Left Flank) and view the result of his ‘design’ in real time. The obvious interactive features of editing, cataloguing and accessing standard functions must be provided in a way that can be easily understood. T.U.'s BANDMARCH (not an acromym) provides such features. Common data structures in a relatively novel environment are a demonstration of the soundness of these techniques to an interactive graphics situation.
Confinement-induced p-wave resonances from s-wave interactions

We show that a purely $s$-wave interaction in three dimensions (3D) can induce higher partial-wave resonances in mixed dimensions. We develop two-body scattering theories in all three cases of 0D-3D, 1D-3D, and 2D-3D mixtures and determine the positions of higher partial-wave resonances in terms of the 3D $s$-wave scattering length assuming a harmonic confinement potential. We also compute the low-energy scattering parameters in the $p$-wave channel (scattering volume and effective momentum) that are necessary for the low-energy effective theory of the $p$-wave resonance. We point out that some of the resonances observed in the Florence group experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 153202 (2010)] can be interpreted as the $p$-wave resonances in the 2D-3D mixed dimensions. Our study paves the way for a variety of physics, such as Anderson localization of matter waves under $p$-wave resonant scatterers.
Constraining Spinning Dust Parameters with the WMAP Five-Year Data

We characterize spinning dust emission in the warm ionized medium (WIM) by comparing templates of Galactic dust and Hα with the five-year maps from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The Hα-correlated microwave emission deviates from the thermal bremsstrahlung (free-free) spectrum expected for ionized gas, exhibiting an additional broad bump peaked at ~40 GHz which provides ~20% of the peak intensity. We confirm that the bump is consistent with a modified Draine and Lazarian spinning dust model, though the peak frequency of the emission is somewhat lower than the 50 GHz previously claimed. This frequency shift results from systematic errors in the large-scale modes of the three-year WMAP data which have been corrected in the five-year data release. We show that the bump is not the result of errors in the Hα template by analyzing regions of high free-free intensity, where the WMAP K-band map may be used as the free-free template. We rule out a pure free-free spectrum for the Hα-correlated emission at high confidence: ~27σ for the nearly full-sky fit, even after marginalizing over the cosmic microwave background cross-correlation bias. We also extend the previous analysis by searching the parameter space of the Draine and Lazarian model but letting the amplitude float. The best fit for reasonable values of the characteristic electric dipole moment and density requires an amplitude factor of ~0.3. This suggests that small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the WIM are depleted by a factor of ~3.
Giant magnetoresistance and related properties of rare-earth manganates and other oxide systems

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is found for manganate perovskites of the formula Ln{sub 1-x}A{sub x}MnO{sub 3} (Ln = rare earth, A = dipositive ion). Changes in GMR near the critical temperature and the insulator-metal transition temperature were quantified as was the relationship between the radius of A and GMR. The electron transport properties of these manganates are discussed.
Solar photo rates for planetary atmospheres and atmospheric pollutants

Unattenuated solar photo rate coefficients and excess energies for dissociation, ionization, and dissociative ionization are presented for atomic and molecular species that have been identified or are suspected to exist in the atmospheres of planets, satellites (moons), comets, or as pollutants in the Earth atmosphere. The branching ratios and cross sections with resonances have been tabulated to the greatest detail possible and the rate coefficients and excess energies have been calculated from them on a grid of small wavelength bins for the quiet and the active Sun at 1 AU heliocentric distance.
A critique of diffusion theory as a managerial framework for understanding adoption of software engineering innovations

Abstract Promoters of new software engineering innovations (e.g., U.S. Government) and managers responsible for facilitating the use of these innovations express the need for a model of technology adoption that enables prediction of outcomes of planned technology-transition efforts. In this paper, the authors provide a brief overview of classical diffusion theory and suggest the potential applicability of this theory to problems related to predicting the adoption of technological innovations, including those related to software engineering. Unlike previous papers advocating the use of diffusion theory, the current paper critically evaluates the theory by presenting elements of the theory which must be extended and modified before it can be applied to technology transition, in general, and software engineering, specifically. Incorporated in this discussion are specific suggestions on ways these limitations might be overcome.
Randomness in tax enforcement

Abstract When there is tax evasion, increased randomness about how much taxable income an auditor would assess generally leads to higher reported income and more revenue. When reducing randomness is costly, optimality requires some randomness in assessed taxable income. Even if reducing randomness is costless, taxpayers may prefer some randomness when the increased revenue can be rebated, so that the government's revenue stays fixed.
An estimate of charge symmetry breaking in nuclear deep inelastic scattering

Abstract We estimate the magnitude of charge symmetry breaking effects in deep inelastic scattering from nuclei. The resulting contribution to systematic uncertainties in hadronic determinations of sin 2 θ W are found to be less than the current experimental accuracy, but may be important in the analyses of more precise future experiments. We expect the largest nuclear charge symmetry breaking effects in the Paschos-Wolfenstein ratio R − , where the resulting uncertainty in the determination of sin 2 θ W reaches 10 −3 .
The Continuing Slow Decline of AG Pegasi

We analyze optical and ultraviolet observations of the symbiotic binary AG Pegasi acquired during 1992–1997. The bolometric luminosity of the hot component declined by a factor of 2–3 from 1980–1985 to 1997. Since 1992, the effective temperature of the hot component may have declined by 10%–20%, but this decline is comparable to the measurement errors. Optical observations of Hβ and He I emission show a clear illumination effect, where high-energy photons from the hot component ionize the outer atmosphere of the red giant. Simple illumination models generally account for the magnitude of the optical and ultraviolet emission-line fluxes. High-ionization emission lines—[Ne V], [Mg V], and [Fe VII]—suggest mechanical heating in the outer portions of the photoionized red giant wind. This emission probably originates in a low-density region ~30–300 AU from the central binary.
pyro: A teaching code for computational astrophysical hydrodynamics

Abstract We describe pyro : a simple, freely-available code to aid students in learning the computational hydrodynamics methods widely used in astrophysics. pyro is written with simplicity and learning in mind and intended to allow students to experiment with various methods popular in the field, including those for advection, compressible and incompressible hydrodynamics, multigrid, and diffusion in a finite-volume framework. We show some of the test problems from pyro , describe its design philosophy, and suggest extensions for students to build their understanding of these methods.
Workers' Remittances and the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate: Theory and Evidence

economic integration in the early twenty-first century is conInternational ventionally thought of in terms of increased openness to trade in goods and services, as well as a dramatic increase in the volume of capital flows. The twenty-first-century experience is sometimes contrasted with that of the last wave of globalization at the end of the nineteenth century, when increased integration in both of those dimensions was also accompanied by large waves of international migration. However, this contrast is probably overdrawn, as increases in international flows of labor services have also been characteristic of the current wave of globalization, and the impact of these factor movements is increasingly being felt in the international economy. A particularly dramatic manifestation of this fact is the sharp recorded increase in flows of worker remittances to the large number of developing countries that have been the source of these flows of labor services. In recent years, many such countries have witnessed significant increases in remittance flows, to the point that their scale has come to dwarf that of other types of resource inflows, whether development assistance, foreign direct investment, or other types of capital flows. In 2007 remittance flows to sub-Saharan Africa were equal in magnitude to flows of official development assistance, for example. Remittance flows now account for some 17 percent of GDP and 77 percent of exports in El Salvador, and over 20 percent of GDP and nearly 50 percent of exports in Honduras. In these countries, remittance flows are more than five times larger than foreign direct investment flows. Unlike capital flows, remittances do not entail the creation of external debt with future repayment obligations; unlike foreign development assistance, they do not come encumbered with a variety of political and economic conditions with which the recipient country must comply. Despite these virtues, however, large inflows of worker remittances have been perceived as posing 45
Ultramicro glass electrode for sodium analysis in biological fluids.

An ultramicro open end capillary glass electrode for sodium determination in biological fluids was developed based on a new design.The characteristics of the electrode are as follows:1) The minimal amount of test solution required for an estimation was 0.044 of a microliter, but even smaller electrodes may be constructed without difficulty.2) The open end capillary tubes were inserted into sweat ducts and glands and Na ion concentration of the sweat determined directly as it was being produced.3) Continuous recording of Na ion content of the test solution is possible as the solution flows past the ion sensitive membrane in the capillary.4) The accuracy of determination is greatly increased by readjusting the electrometer with a standard solution after the circuit is completed, especially when the electrode is applied to a living body for sampling and direct measurement.5) In spite of the small size of the electrode the reproducibility of readings made on standard NaCl solutions in the range of concentrations of biological fluids was found to be satisfactory in respect to both intraelectrode and inter-electrode fluctuations.
Normal form, symmetry and infinite dimensional Lie algebra for system of ODE's

Abstract The normal form for a system of ODE's is constructed from its polynomial symmetries of the linear part of the system, which is assumed to be semi-simple. The symmetries are shown to have a simple structure such as an invariant function times symmetries of degree one, called basic symmetries. We also show that the set of symmetries naturally forms an infinite dimensional Lie algebra graded by the degree of the invariant polynomials. This implies that if this algebra is non-commutative then the method of multiple scales with more than two scaling variables is not applicable.
Alfvén waves, alpha particles, and pickup ions in the solar wind

Past studies of the properties of Alfven waves in the solar wind have indicated that (1) the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations is almost always smaller than expected on the basis of the amplitude of the field fluctuations, even when the anisotropy of the plasma is taken into account, and (2) the alpha particles often do not participate in the wave motions because they “surf” on the waves carried by the proton fluid. Ulysses data are used to demonstrate that (1) the discrepancy between the velocity and field fluctuations is greater at high heliographic latitudes than in the ecliptic plane, and (2) the alphas do participate in the waves, being either in phase or out of phase with the proton motions depending on whether the differential flow speed between the alphas and protons is greater than or less than the “observed” wave speed, Vwave=δV Bo/δB, as determined from the ratio of amplitudes of velocity and magnetic fluctuations. The possibility that the modification of Alfven wave propagation speed is due to pressure anisotropies resulting from pickup ion distributions is investigated.
The nonatomic assignment model

We formulate a model with a continuum of individuals to be assigned to a continuum of different positions which is an extension of the finite housing market version due to Shapley and Shubik. We show that optimal solutions to such a model exist and have properties similar to those established for finite models, namely, an equivalence among the following: (i) optimal solutions to the linear programming problem (and its dual) associated with the assignment model; (ii) the core of the associated market game; (iii) the Walrasian equilibria of the associated market economy.
The kinetics of charge-transfer reactions on passive lithium electrodes

Abstract Lithium anodes are covered by LiCl passive films in SOCl 2 solutions. At open-circuit, film growth is controlled by electronic processes within the film. Under discharge, solid-state ionic processes control the kinetic behavior of the electrode. These processes are not independent of each other. In this report, the interaction of electronic and ionic processes in LiCl passive films is reviewed. Special attention is directed to the role of lattice imperfections in establishing and controlling the mechanisms of electronic and ionic charge transport.
A Convenient, Room-Temperature–Organic Base Protocol for Preparing Chiral 3-(Enoyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones

In this study, we developed a new protocol for the preparation of the chiral 3-[(E)-enoyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones under the ultimately simple reaction conditions starting with the corresponding enoyl chlorides and 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones with Et3N/LiCl at room temperature. The method generally allows efficient preparation of various derivatives regardless of the steric and electronic nature of the substituents on both the enoyl or the oxazolidinone sites. Excellent yields, combined with the simplicity of the experimental procedures, render the present method immediately useful for preparing the target compounds.
Consistent histories, quantum truth functionals, and hidden variables

Abstract A central principle of consistent histories quantum theory, the requirement that quantum descriptions be based upon a single framework (or family), is employed to show that there is no conflict between consistent histories and a no-hidden-variables theorem of Bell, and Kochen and Specker, contrary to a recent claim by Bassi and Ghirardi. The argument makes use of `truth functionals' defined on a Boolean algebra of classical or quantum properties.
Regioselective synthesis of highly substituted arylsilanes by the reaction of the trimethylsilyl-substituted vinylallenones with enamines

Abstract Condensation of the trimethylsilyl-substituted vinylallenones 6 and 7 with enamines proceeded smoothly and provided highly substituted arylsilanes regioselectively after acidic workup.
Bell’s theory with no locality assumption

We prove versions of the Bell and the GHZ theorems that do not assume locality but only the effect after cause principle (EACP) according to which for any Lorentz observer the value of an observable cannot change because of an event that happens after the observable is measured. We show that the EACP is strictly weaker than locality. As a consequence of our results, locality cannot be considered as the common cause of the contradictions obtained in all versions of Bell’s theory. All versions of Bell’s theorem assume weak realism according to which the value of an observable is well defined whenever the measurement could be made and some measurement is made. As a consequence of our results, weak realism becomes the only hypothesis common to the contradictions obtained in all versions of Bell’s theory. Usually, one avoids these contradictions by assuming non-locality; this would not help in our case since we do not assume locality. This work indicates that it is weak realism, not locality, that needs to be negated to avoid contradictions in microscopic physics, at least if one refuses as false the de Broglie-Bohm hidden variable theory because of its essential violation of Lorentz invariance.
Toward reliable optical flow with subpixel accuracy

When computing optical flow using region-based matching, several problems arise. One is that the optical flow cannot be reliably computed at most locations; particularly troublesome are those with little or no texture. Some confidence measures exist for optical flow, but they either succumb to the aperture problem, or they require that the optical flow be computed, a potentially costly computation with results discarded if unreliable. Another problem is that the normal patch dissimilarity measures do not take image sampling into account, causing the optical flow not to be found in high-contrast areas. I first give an efficient algorithm for determining image locations likely to have reliably correct optical flow. I then derive a patch dissimilarity measure insensitive to image sampling, by extending the work of Birchfield and Tomasi to the computation of two-dimensional optical flow. Finally, I show how to adapt sub-pixel optical flow estimation by quadratic fitting to this new patch dissimilarity measure.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transmittances of Some Optical Materials for Use Between 1900 and 3400 Å

Transmittance curves for samples of materials useful as polarizing prisms, windows, cements, and transmission filters between 1900 and 3400 A are given. New filters were devised which, when used with ASCOP 541F solar-blind detectors, have effective wavelengths of 2640 and 2830 and bandwidths of 225 and 200 A, respectively. A cell for liquid filters is described.
Zone refining of plutonium metal

An experiment demonstrated the possibility of developing a zone refining process that would produce the first plutonium metal of extremely high purity. Plutonium rods containing known amounts of impurities were melted inside tantalum boats and passed horizontally through a three-turn, high-frequency coil so as to cause a narrow molten zone to pass through each rod 10 times. The impurity elements cobalt, chromium, iron, nickel, neptunium, and uranium moved in the same direction as the molten zone, as predicted; the elements aluminum, americium, and gallium moved in the opposite direction of the molten zone, as predicted. As the impure alloy was zone refined, δ-phase plutonium metal crystals formed.
Effects of pressure and partial water saturation on gas permeability in tight sands: experimental results

Effective permeability to gas with various degrees of brine saturation has been measured in the laboratory for several very tight sandstones from the Spirit River formation of Alberta, Canada. Gas permeability as low as 20x10/sup -9/ darcy was measured successfully with a pulse-decay permeameter with nitrogen as the mobile fluid. Results show that gas permeability depends very strongly on the degree of saturation, with 40% saturation causing permeability to decrease an order of magnitude relative to the dry rock. Therefore, accurate knowledge of in-situ saturations is crucial before natural-gas production rates can be estimated in these formations. 9 refs.
Optical sensors for process control and emissions monitoring in industry

Laser-based sensors, currently under development and testing at Sandia National Laboratories for process control, emissions monitoring, and pollution prevention, are discussed.
In defense of defensive measures

Abstract We examine how measures that defend incumbent managers against replacement by rival managers affect the information generated in control contests and how this information is used in subsequent investment decisions. We show that commonly used defensive measures allow shareholders to make better investment decisions than they can make absent these measures. Consequently, the adoption of defensive measures can increase shareholders' wealth. We find that good managers are less defended than poor managers and that managers whose interests are closely aligned with those of shareholders (e.g., via options or bonus plans) are less defended and have more control over firm decisions than managers whose interests are not so well aligned with those of shareholders. We also show that the informational role of defensive measures depends on the relative uncertainty about the quality of both parties to a control contest, and relate the predictions to the empirical evidence in the literature.
The start of the laboratory: the beginnings of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

The author takes a look at the very early days of the MIT Instruments Laboratory and its successor, the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. The discussion ranges over some of the incidents and events as these early instrument developers groped with problems that others had already failed to solve, and for which current solutions were declared adequate. >