cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rationale for and background of radioimmunotherapy: an emerging therapy for B-cell non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Abstract Objectives To present the rationale for and development of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which culminated in the FDA's approval of yttrium 90 ( 90 Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan in February 2002. Data sources Published clinical trials of 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan and secondary literature on immunotherapy, RIT, and NHL. Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies to the CD20 antigen have become an accepted therapy for NHL. Factors such as the poor vascularization of some tumors and the variable expression of the antigen can mitigate the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies, which prompted the development of a new strategy, RIT. Implications for nursing practice Knowledge of the background and development of RIT is essential for nurses to educate and manage patients with NHL.
Universal approach to predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer in mini/micro-channels – Part I. Dryout incipience quality

Abstract This two-part study concerns the development of a generalized approach to predicting both Nucleate Boiling dominated and Convective Boiling dominated heat transfer in mini/micro-channel flows. Both heat transfer regimes exhibit substantial reduction in the heat transfer coefficient at the location of partial annular liquid film dryout, hence the need to ascertain the occurrence of this important transition point. This first part of the study concerns the development of a correlation for dryout incidence quality. This goal is accomplished by first amassing a consolidated database consisting of 997 dryout data points for mini/micro-channels from 26 sources. The database includes 13 different working fluids, hydraulic diameters from 0.51 to 6.0 mm, mass velocities from 29 to 2303 kg/m 2 s, liquid-only Reynolds numbers from 125 to 53,770, Boiling numbers from 0.31 × 10 −4 to 44.3 × 10 −4 , and reduced pressures from 0.005 to 0.78. The new dimensionless correlation is comprised of Weber, Capillary and Boiling numbers, reduced pressure, and density ratio. The correlation shows good predictions of the entire database, evidenced by an overall MAE of 12.5%, and 93.6% and 98.0% of the predictions falling within ±30% and ±50% of the data, respectively. The predictive accuracy of the new correlation is also fairly even for the 13 different working fluids, and over broad ranges of all relevant parameters.
Religion and its interpretation

Firth, Raymond. Religion: A Humanist Interpretation. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. x + 243 pp. including bibliography and index. $65.00 cloth, $18.95 paper. Mageo, Jeannette Marie, and Alan Howard, eds. Spirits in Culture, History, and Mind. New York and London: Routledge, 1996. viii + 282 pp. including references and indices.
Preventing bile reflux by intussusception gastroduodenostomy.

Abstract Conventional gastroduodenostomy after partial gastric resection allows duodenogastric reflux in a significant number of patients. Such reflux can be correlated with gastritis and complaints of heartburn, epigastric pain, and, occasionally, bile vomiting. Techniques to prevent reflux after gastroduodenal anastomosis were evaluated in dogs. Telescoping gastroduodenostomy (10 dogs) resulted in stenosis of the telescoped stomach and gastric outlet obstruction. Another technique, intussusception gastroduodenostomy (10 dogs), was evaluated by barium X-ray, endoscopy, gastric analysis, and autopsy studies in selected animals at 2, 6, 12, and 15 months. No dog showed signs of gastric obstruction or antral gastritis. No reflux was demonstrated radiographically. One of three dogs examined 1 year after the operation had bile in one of eight samples of gastric aspirate. Stomachs of sacrificed animals were not enlarged. One showed gastritis histologically at the site of gastric mucosal protrusion into the duodenum. An average of 23.5 cm of water pressure in the duodenum was required to force water to reflux through the anastomosis in resected specimens. Water ran freely from the stomach into the duodenum without generating pressure. In dogs surviving as long as 15 months intussusception gastroduodenostomy proved to be a remarkably effective means of preventing duodenogastric reflux. This technique might be clinically useful to prevent postoperative symptoms related to bile reflux and to treat the syndrome of alkaline reflux gastritis.
Mössbauer and Magnetization Studies of Heme-Copper-Bridged Assemblies Pertinent to Cytochrome c Oxidase.

In order to elucidate the structural and electronic properties of the dioxygen-reducing site of cytochrome oxidases, we have studied heme-based molecular assemblies containing the bridge unit FeIII−X−CuII with X = O2-, OH-, and HCO2-. Here we describe the results of Mossbauer and magnetization studies of [(OEP)Fe−O−Cu(Me6tren)]1+ (3), [(OEP)Fe−(OH)−Cu(Me5dien)(OClO3)]1+ (4), [(OEP)Fe−(O2CH)−Cu(Me5dien)(OClO3)]1+ (5), and [(OEP)Fe{(O2CH)Cu(Me6tren)}2]3+ (6). On the basis of magnetization studies, the oxidized binuclear enzyme site has been reported to be strongly coupled, with an S = 2 ground state. For 3 and 4 the Mossbauer data were analyzed for strong antiferromagnetic coupling between a high-spin Fe(III) (S1 = 5/2) and Cu(II) (S2 = 1/2), resulting in an S = 2 ground state. The exchange coupling of hydroxo-bridged 4 is substantial, J = 170 cm-1 (Hex = JS1·S2), but is smaller than J ≥ 200 cm-1 reported for oxo-bridged 3. The collective evidence for synthetic complexes and the oxidized enzymes indicates t...
Molecular aspects of the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by testosterone

Previous studies have demonstrated that the sympathetic hypogastric ganglia (HG) are dependent upon the continued presence of testosterone for normal development and maintenance of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. The regulation of TH by testosterone has been examined further to determine whether the reduction in TH activity following castration is associated with changes in levels of TH protein and mRNA. TH protein was measured by immunotitration of HG homogenates using a TH-specific antibody, and TH-specific mRNA was detected by hybridization of dot blots of total RNA isolated from HG with a cDNA probe coding for TH. The results show that tyrosine hydroxylase activity, protein and mRNA are coordinately reduced in a graded fashion at 1, 2 and 4 weeks following castration. Testosterone replacement therapy immediately following castration prevents the decrease in TH levels. The results indicate that gonadal steroids regulate the biosynthesis of TH in the HG. Testosterone may control TH either directly by interacting with neurons of the HG, or indirectly by altering levels of trophic factors in the target tissues.
An examination of the cross-ethnic equivalence of measures of negative life events and mental health among Hispanic and Anglo-American children

Recently there has been concern over the need for mental health research within ethnic minority populations, particularly Hispanic populations. Although there has been research focusing upon the similarity of mental health problems among Hispanic and Anglo-American samples, the absence of information regarding the cross-ethnic measurement equivalence of the assessment tools used in these comparisons seriously limits the interpretability of these findings. The two reported studies were designed to (a) examine the cross-ethnic functional and scalar equivalence of several mental health measures by examining the interrelations of these mental health indicators and examining the regression equations using negative life events to predict mental health outcomes; and (b) compare several mental health indicators among Hispanic and Anglo-American 8- to 14-year-old children. Findings suggest considerable cross-ethnic functional and scalar equivalence for the measure of depression, conduct disorders, and negative life events. In addition, findings indicate that the Hispanic children scored higher in depression than did the Anglo-American children, but this difference could be a function of differences in SES. The reader is cautioned that the present samples included only English-speaking and primarily Mexican American children.
Longitudinal cooling of non-neutral plasma by energy exchange

The optimal values of $Q$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}$ $(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Omega})$ for cooling a pure electron plasma with a microwave bath have been calculated. An electron plasma, which has no internal degree of freedom, cannot be cooled below the temperature of a heat bath. However, longitudinal cooling can be achieved by energy transfer from the poorly cooled longitudinal degree of freedom to the well-cooled (by synchrotron radiation) transverse degree of freedom. To do this, a microwave bath is introduced to the electron plasma. A microwave tuned to a frequency below the gyrofrequency forces electrons moving towards the microwave to absorb a microwave photon. The electrons move up one in Landau state and then lose their longitudinal momenta. In this process, the longitudinal temperature of the electron plasma decreases. On the basis that the perpendicular temperature is below the Landau temperature of the plasma, we set up two level transition equations and then derive a Fokker-Planck equation from them. With the aid of a finite element method (FEM) code for the equation, the cooling times for several values of the magnetic field, the microwave cavity $(Q)$, and the relative detuning frequency from the gyrofrequency $(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega})$ are calculated. Thus optimal values of the microwave cavity and the detuning frequency for longitudinal cooling of a strongly magnetized electron plasma with a microwave bath have been found. By applying these optimal values with an appropriate microwave intensity, the best cooling can be obtained. For an electron plasma magnetized to $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, the cooling time to the solid state is approximately two hours.
Surface Wind-Pressure Gradient Relationships in Central Florida

Abstract An extended series of surface observations is used to compare observed surface winds with winds computed using the geostrophic relationship. These computations are done for both steady and unsteady wind regimes. Large differences are found in the comparisons of observed to computed winds. The differences exhibit pronounced seasonal and diurnal variability that appear to reflect both boundary layer stability and small-scale wind and pressure fields-for example, those attending land-sea breezes and thunderstorms. The results of this study may be useful to those engaged in studying global datasets and to modelers, who are continually challenged to improve the treatment of parameterization of turbulent processes. However, it is not obvious that any simple parameterization can be applied to obtain an accurate estimate of the surface wind in central Florida, given only the large-scale pressure gradient or a model-predicted wind above the surface as input. The use of the pressure field to estimate surfa...
Standards for keyboards

Abstract Most Video Display Unit (VDU) standards in force, or in process, concern factors of physical health. Mental health aspects, particularly for keyboards, have been neglected due to failures within the standards bodies. A method of correction is proposed.
Determination of trace levels of benzodiazepine in urine using capillary electrochromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry

This paper details a method for the separation and determination of ten benzodiazepines in urine using CEC-MS(TOF) and an hexyl acrylate-based porous monolith. The TOF mass spectrometer provides an exact mass of protonated benzodiazepines to three decimal places (1-6 ppm). This high selectivity along with the CEC separation, provides an effective method for the identification of benzodiazepines. Linearity is satisfactory for all compounds in the concentration range of 25-500 ng/mL for lorazepam and 12.5-500 ng/mL for the others. The RSDs are between 1.4-2.3% for retention times and 1.1-9.2% for relative areas. Using the monolithic stationary phase, a preconcentration step is achievable and permits an 75-140-fold improvement in sensitivity. This strategy permits the quantification of these drugs down to 1 ng/mL in urine. This method was used for the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked urine samples.
Coding against myopic adversaries

A variant on the arbitrarily varying channel (AVC) is proposed in which the jammer is allowed to base its actions on a noisy version of the transmitted codeword. It is shown via a random coding argument that the capacity is the minimum over all discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) that can be induced by memoryless strategies of the adversary. This generalizes two existing models in the AVC literature: the standard AVC in which the jammer does not know the channel input, and the AVC in which the jammer knows the channel input exactly.
Selbstorganisation und gesteuerte Organisation von Hexaruthenium‐Makrocyclen

Starre Bausteine auf Terpyridinbasis bilden den Schlussel zum leichten Aufbau ausgedehnter Polymetallomakrocyclen (siehe Bild) durch einen Selbstorganisationsprozes. Uber derartige Wege sollten auch Strukturmotive hoherer Ordnung in einstufigen Verfahren zuganglich werden. Daruber hinaus sollten auf diese Weise leichter prazise organisierte Koordinationsnetze hergestellt werden konnen, die als neuartige Energiespeicher von Interesse sind.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aqueous 1,2-Dichlorobenzene by Polyoxometalates Supported on the NaY Zeolite

In this work, we report the effectiveness of the NaY zeolite as a solid support for several photocatalytically active polyoxometalate (POM) salts (H2NaPW12O40, H4SiW12O40, or H3PMo12O40) as indicated by the photodegradation kinetics of the probe compound 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) in water. The photooxidation of DCB was carried out in illuminated (254−370 nm), oxygenated solution at pH 1.0. NaY zeolite-supported POMs exhibited photocatalytic activity over the wavelength range 254−350 nm. Photocatalytic activity did not drop off significantly until λ > 350 nm. At 350 nm, kobs values at an optimum NaY zeolite/POM combination were 1.02 × 10-2 , 6.5 × 10-3 , and 5.1 × 10-3 min-1 for PW12O403-, SiW12O404-, and PMo12O403-, respectively. Unsupported POMs exhibited no detectable photocatalytic activity at λ > 340 nm. At all wavelengths, photooxidation of DCB in the presence of 0.1% NaY zeolite with each of three different 0.5 mM polyoxometalates (POMs) was first order in DCB. The optimum POM/NaY zeolite ratios at ...
The timeline of threat processing in repressors: more evidence for early vigilance and late avoidance

Abstract Evidence is mixed concerning whether individuals with a repressive coping style can actually selectively avoid threatening stimuli. Recent research ( Calvo & Eysenck, 2000 ) on repressors’ threat processing suggests that it is necessary to take into account the timeline of this bias. A spontaneous trait inference paradigm was used here to test the hypothesis that repressors would, relative to others, be less likely to infer unfavorable and threatening traits. However, if pressured to make trait inferences quickly, it was predicted that they would be less likely than others to infer favorable and unthreatening traits. Repressors and nonrepressors were presented with passages that could have supported positive or negative trait inferences. In Study 1, they were asked to respond to trait words as quickly as possible but were not held accountable for doing so. In Study 2, time pressure was increased to capture uncorrected trait inferences. Results indicated that repressors were more likely to make positive trait inferences than others when simply asked to respond quickly. Under time pressure, this bias disappeared. Results point to the importance of taking into account an important moderator between coping style and threat, namely, the stage of processing at which differences in threat processing are being assessed.
Human cardiac gap junctions: Isolation, ultrastructure, and protein composition

Recent experiments from our laboratory have shown that the ultrastructure and protein composition of gap junctions isolated from rat ventricles are tissue specific, i.e., markedly different from gap junctions of liver and lens [2–7]. The differences include a cytoplasmic surface component characteristic for cardiac gap junctions; this component can be visualized by two ultrastructural techniques: as a fuzzy layer in electron micrographs of thin-sectioned junctional pellets [2, 4, 6] and as cytoplasmic surface particles in deep-etched freeze-fractured junctions [9]. The component corresponds to a M r 17 500 cytoplasmic surface domain of each of the six ( M r 47 000) rat heart gap junctional channel protein subunits that make up the gap junctional channel hexamer known as a connexon [2, 4, 6, 7]. The cytoplasmic surface component is localized at the carboxy-terminal of the subunit [5]. Within the cytoplasmic surface components, rat cardiac gap junctions are cross-linked by disulfide linkages between subunits of the same connexon and between subunits of adjacent connexons [7]. By contrast, the M r 28 000 liver gap junctional subunit lacks a comparably large cytoplasmic surface component, cytoplasmic surface fuzz, cytoplasmic surface particles, and intra- and interconnexon disulfide linkages [3, 6, 7]. Most of these unique characteristics of cardiac gap junctions were discovered in junctions isolated from rat ventricles. Unlike liver and lens gap junctions, cardiac gap junctions from humans, non-human, primates, or other large mammals have not previously been isolated and characterized. Here we report the isolation of unproteolyzed gap junctions from the ventricle of a 24 year-old man with advanced cardiomyopathy whose heart was removed for replacement by a transplanted heart. Electron micrographs of the isolated gap junctions showed a fuzzy layer at the cytoplasmic surface and a typical polygonal connexon array; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the junctions yielded major protein bands at M r 44 000 to 47 000. These results indicated that human ventricular gap junctions share the unique ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of rat ventricular gap junctions; the results support the conclusion that these features of mammalian cardiac gap junctions are tissue-specific but not species-specific.
A lattice model for dynamics in a mixed polymer-diluent glass

Abstract A lattice model is developed to interpret NMR lineshape and relaxation data on polymer-diluent systems. The lattice is used to count nearest-neighbor contacts which are assumed to influence local dynamics. When applied to the polymer chain, the presence of one diluent-polymer repeat unit contact is considered to suppress sub-glass transition motion through improved packing. Polymer repeat units in contact with more than one diluent molecule on the lattice are presumed to have enhanced mobility. Polymer repeat units surrounded by other polymer repeat units are thought to have no change in their sub-glass transition dynamics. When applied to the diluent, isotropic rotational motion of diluent surrounded by polymer is considered to commence at the apparent thermal glass transition. For those diluent molecules in contact with other diluent molecules on the lattice, sub-glass transition rotational motion occurs at a temperature determined by the intrinsic mobility of the diluent. The motions of the chain and the diluent are reflected in the modulus and are traditionally discussed in terms of plasticization and antiplasticization.
Aleutian Islands beaked whale echolocation signals

Beaked whales are an elusive group of marine mammals. They are infrequently encountered as they are pelagic, deep diving foragers with short surface intervals between long dives (Tyack et al. 2006). In recent years, research has shown that beaked whales produce frequency modulated (FM) upsweep echolocation signals (Zimmer et al. 2005, Johnson et al. 2006, Gillespie et al. 2009, McDonald et al. 2009, Baumann-Pickering et al. 2010), which appear to be species specific in their spectral and temporal characteristics. Their typical echolocation behavior during foraging consists of FM pulses with very regular interpulse intervals (IPIs) while searching for prey, and discrete click series with short IPIs when closing in on a potential prey target, called a buzz (Johnson et al. 2004, Madsen et al. 2005). Around the Aleutian Islands, only three species of beaked whales are currently known to occur. Sightings or strandings of Baird’s beaked whales (Berardius beardii), Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris), and Stejneger’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) have been reported (Jefferson et al. 2008). Stejneger’s beaked whales are found in cold-temperate and subpolar waters, and they are endemic to the northern North Pacific. Based on stranding records because live sightings are rare, the central Aleutian Islands are considered to be the center of this species’ range (Loughlin et al. 1982, Walker and Hansen 1999). Stejneger’s beaked whale are mostly encountered in small groups of two or three animals and occasionally in larger groups up to 15 animals (Loughlin and Perez 1985). These groups make coordinated dives with a series of five to six short dives, followed by a longer dive of 10–15min (Loughlin et al. 1982). The species is most often found in water depths ranging from 730 to 1,560 m. Their habitat is the steep slope of the continental shelf, which drops off into the Aleutian Basin to the north and into the Aleutian Trench to the south, but they are not likely to occur in the shallow northern or eastern Bering Sea (Mead 1989). Investigative effort to study the behavior of beaked whales has increased due to several mass strandings, which have been linked to military sonar exercises (Cox et al. 2006). Numerous mass strandings of Stejneger’s beaked whales in the Aleutian Islands have been documented since 1975 (Walker and Hansen 1999), yet to date, no correlation between these strandings and human activities has been established. Passive acoustic monitoring provides a cost-effective technique to investigate the behavioral ecology of these animals over long periods and in remote locations, particularly for species whose echolocation signals are distinguishable (McDonald et al. 2009, Baumann-Pickering et al. 2010).
MACHADO DE ASSIS AND BRAZILIAN LITERARY INDEPENDENCE: TOWARD A POSTCOLONIAL NATIONAL AESTHETIC

As a mulatto who was both black and white, yet neither, Machado de Assis developed a keen sensitivity to what Santiago refers to as "o entre-lugar", that is to say, the liminal or in-between space that shapes human existence. Machado gave artistic expression to this phenomenon in a manner that encompassed broader contradictions and questions of multiplicity and ambiguity in terms of Brazil's national literary identity. His writings do not display a national consciousness or brasilidade(Brazilianness) expressed through the use of racial types, external descriptions of local flora, fauna, or idioms, as was the case with the anticolonial writings of many of his contemporaries and successors, which fostered a superficial cultural essentialism. In keeping with Bhabha's conceptualtization of postcolonial thought, Machado searched for a radical nationalism generated within a liminal space that contested the terms and territories of both colonialism and anticolonial nationalism. He sought to achieve this without belonging to a neocoloniality that reduced Brazilian intellectual and cultural production to second-order copies incapable of articulating any originality. Rather, Machado elucidated a mark of differentiated repetition that borrowed from the finest, most enduring exemplars of European literature yet transformed these into something uniquely Brazilian.
Visual agnosia in an artist

This report describes a 73 year old left-handed male artist who presented with agnosic symptoms following an occipital cerebral vascular accident. Against a background of a memory disturbance, but otherwise essentially intact linguistic and cognitive capacities, the patient was generally unable to identify single objects on visual presentation, and displayed marked difficulty in interpreting complex objects, depicted scenes, and partially occluded figures. The patient's preserved ability to recognize geometric forms, to perceive optical illusions, and to copy designs, and objects with considerable accuracy suggested the clinical picture of visual agnosia. An examination was undertaken of the effects of this recognition disorder on the artist's capacity to draw. Despite an inability to recognize an object or scene, the patient retained various techniques (perspective, shadowing, designation of texture) which allowed him to copy the display in a veridical fashion. When displays were recognized, or when the patient was given only the name of the object and asked to draw it, he adopted a less slavish approach, characteristic of his pre-morbid artwork. While his post-morbid drawings bore a strong similarity to his earlier works, such features as insufficient differentiation of figure from ground, over-elaboration of detail, and areas of neglect revealed the debilitating effects of the recognition disorder. Moreover, an examination of the patient's strategies revealed numerous compensatory verbal and motor procedures which guided his drawing. Acknowledgments. We wish to acknowledge Dr. Prather Palmer, J.R.'s neurologist, for his cooperation and for making available his very thorough examination notes. Thanks also to Dr. Kent Stevens for providing the stereograms, and to Dr. Frank Benson and Dr. Edgar Zurif for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
Influence of Teeth Damage on Rotordynamic Instability of Impeller Eye Seals in Centrifugal Compressors

This paper investigates the influence of labyrinth seal teeth damage due to rotor impacting on the performance and the rotordynamic characteristics of impeller eye seals in centrifugal compressors. A well-established CFD-perturbation model was employed to predict the rotordynamic coefficients. The inclusion of at least an approximate shroud leakage path chamber is prefered for accurate prediction of seal-inlet swirl velocity and flow-induced rotordynamic forces. Impeller eye seals with teeth damage: (a) suffer significant leakage increases due to the increased seal clearance and (b) produce higher seal-inlet swirl velocity as well as larger rotordynamic forces, which tend to cause the system to become unstable. It was also found that distorted teeth tip geometries have an insignificant influence on both leakage and rotordynamic coefficients. The leakage path influence on seal-inlet swirl velocity W0 was also explored to thoroughly understand the rotordynamic characteristics of the eye seal subject to various degrees of teeth damage.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) preference among laboratory mice: understanding of a previously "unreplicated" report.

In two-bottle preference tests aversion to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) develops over a period of days. Thus, as previously reported, following experience with appropriate concentrations of PTC, mice of the BALB inbred strain display an aversion in contrast to C57BL inbred mice. It is suggested that differential learning in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm might be responsible for the phenotypic strain contrast. The difference in PTC aversion phenotype among mice could be due to differences in any mechanism contributing to differential flavor toxicosis conditioning instead of, or in addition to, strain differences in sensitivity to the sensory attributes of PTC.
Vibrational Spectra of HfO2–ZrO2 Solid Solutions

Vibrational spectra were measured and analyzed for HfO2–ZrO2 solid solutions. Some Raman bands in the high–wave–number region shift almost linearly with changes in ZrO2 concentration between the pure end–members; their band locations can be used to determine ZrO2 concentrations in annealed solid solutions. The Raman bands of pure ZrO2 and HfO2 can be correlated using the band shifts of the solid solutions. Induced stress causes band shifts for the solid solutions.
Integrated structures/controls optimization of a smart composite plate with segmented active constrained layer damping

ABSTRACT A rigorous multi-objective optimization procedure, is developed to address the integrated structures/control design ofcomposite plates with surface bonded segmented active constrained layer (ACL) damping treatment. The Kresselmeier-Steinhauser function approach is used to formulate this multidisciplinary problem. The goal is to control vibration withoutincorporating a weight penalty. Objective functions and constraints include damping ratios, structural weight and naturalfrequencies. Design variables include the ply stacking sequence, dimensions and placement of segmented ACL. The optimaldesigns show improved plate vibratory characteristics and reduced structural weight. The results of the multi-objectiveoptimization problem are compared to those of a single objective optimization with vibration control as the objective.Results establish the necessity for developing the integrated structures/controls optimization procedure.Keywords: integrated design, optimization, smart composites, segmented active constrained layer, hybrid displacement field
The use of 14C-labeled bacteria as a tracer of ingestion and metabolism of bacterial biomass by microbial grazers

Abstract A method for radiolabeling marine bacteria with d -[U- 14 C] glucose and a radiotracer method for measuring ingestion and metabolism of bacterial biomass by ciliated protozoa and other microzooplankton are presented. Problems associated with using live bacterial tracers, i.e., label retention, label recycling, tracer cell size and morphology, and intracellular distribution of label are evaluated. Bacterioplankton assemblages collected from field samples incorporated and retained label as efficiently as coastal isolates which were selected for glucose incorporation. Under grazing experimental conditions, labeled bacteria retained a high proportion of the label (hourly net loss = 1.2%). Bacterial recycling of released dissolved organic 14 C (DO 14 C) was 0–2.2% of total 14 C per h. Addition of labeled assemblages to nearshore water samples did not detectably alter mean cell size or size frequency distribution of the attendant bacterioplankton assemblages. In grazing experiments with cultured ciliates ( Euplotes sp. and Uronema sp.), radioassay parameters varied as direct functions of predator and prey concentrations. Microautoradiographic analysis corroborated that 14 C incorporation measured in the radioassay by filtration techniques primarily represented ingested bacterial biomass and that problems associated with attached and adsorbed labeled bacteria were minimized. Grazing experiments conducted with bacteria labeled with [U- 14 C]glucose yielded ingestion rates comparable to bacteria labeled with [U- 14 C]thymidine and additionally provided respiration and exudation rates.
Vanishing of modular forms at infinity

We give upper bounds for the maximal order of vanishing at oo of a modular form or cusp form of weight k on Γ 0 (Np) when p N is prime. The results improve the upper bound given by the classical valence formula and the bound (in characteristic p) given by a theorem of Sturm. In many cases the bounds are sharp. As a corollary, we obtain a necessary condition for the existence of a non-zero form f ∈ S 2 (Γ 0 (Np)) with ord ∞ (f) larger than the genus of X 0 (Np). In particular, this gives a (non-geometric) proof of a theorem of Ogg, which asserts that oo is not a Weierstrass point on X 0 (Np) if p + N and X 0 (N) has genus zero.
Saturation effects on phosphorescence anisotropy measurements at high laser pulse energies

Triplet spectroscopic methods such as time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy permit successful measurement of slow rotational diffusion of membrane proteins. However, these methods are potentially subject to saturation phenomena. We present theoretical and experimental studies of how high excitation energy densities can complicate measurements of phosphorescence intensity and anisotropy. Increases in excitation laser pulse energy initially increase phosphorescence intensity. Further increases then lead to phosphorescence saturation. As a consequence, the initial phosphorescence anisotropy decreases and approaches zero at very high excitation energies. The relative standard deviation of anisotropies measured in any system reaches a minimum at some particular excitation energy density. These results allow us to define optimum experimental conditions for time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy measurements. For example, for excitation of erythrosin chromophores at typical wavelengths by the center of a Gaussian laser beam, optimum pulse energies in microjoules are approximately 5.0R 2, whereR is the beam 1/e2 radius in mm.
The supermolecular structure of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers

The supermolecular structures, as measured by small-angle light scattering, were determined as a function of branching content and quenching temperature for a series of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. The morphological pattern that evolved was similar to that of random ethylene-1-alkene copolymers and long-chain branched polyethylenes. The structure of the lamellar crystallites determines whether spherulites develop and how well they are organized.
Specific decreases in ethanol- but not water-reinforced responding produced by the 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205-930.

The serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205-930 has been shown to block the discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol and decrease voluntary intake, suggesting a possible role for 5-HT3 systems in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. ICS 205-930 (0.56, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, and 17.0 mg/kg i.p.) was examined on ethanol and water self-administration in an operant paradigm. Following a sucrose-fading procedure, two groups of nondeprived rats responded on either a concurrent fixed ratio 4 schedule for ethanol (10% v/v) and water (CONC FR4 FR4), or a single FR4 schedule for ethanol (10% v/v). ICS 205-930 dose-dependently decreased ethanol-reinforced responding in the concurrent condition without decreasing water-reinforced responding, suggesting a specific effect on ethanol. Ethanol-reinforced responding was also dose-dependently decreased in the single FR4 condition, but the dose effect curve was shifted to the left. These data support the conclusions that 5-HT3 systems may play a specific role in ethanol self-administration that is independent of general appetitive and motor processes, and that 5-HT3 antagonists may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of alcohol abuse when multiple reinforcers are available.
Effect of cooling rate and cryoprotectant on the cryosurvival of equine spermatozoa

Summary Cryosurvival of cells is reduced if the cooling rate used is suboptimal. If cells cool too rapidly, intracellular water will freeze, causing intracellular ice crystals. However, if spermatozoa are cooled too slowly, excessive cellular dehydration occurs, causing irreversible damage to cellular compartments. In addition, cryoprotectants are added to the freezing diluent to protect cells from damage during cryopreservation. This study was conducted to determine the optimal cooling rate for stallion spermatozoa frozen in the presence of three different cryoprotectants. Spermatozoa were frozen in a skim milk, egg yolk diluent containing 4% glycerol, and ethylene glycol or dimethyl formamide at 10 different cooling rates ranging from 5°C/min to 50°C/min. The percentage of viable spermatozoa was higher for spermatozoa cooled at 10°C/min than at 50°C/min ( P P
μGC Multicapillary Columns with Mono-Layer Protected Gold as a Stationary Phase

This paper reports the first MEMS-based stationary phase coating technique for ultra-narrow single capillary (SCC) and multicapillary (MCC) microfabricated gas chromatography (μGC) columns yielding the highest separation performance reported to date. The conventional coating methods are mainly based on the solvent evaporation of a polymeric solution. These methods, which are developed for fused silica capillary tubing, cannot afford conformal coating in the rectangular-shaped μGC columns with high-aspect-ratio structures. The proposed wafer-level coating technique overcomes this traditional challenge by merging MEMS and nanotechnology. The new μGC stationary phase has been achieved by depositing a uniform functionalized gold layer with an adjustable thickness (μm) in μm-wide single columns as well as in four-capillary MCCs.
INTERVENOR FUNDING AT THE FTC: BIOPSY OR AUTOPSY?

Intervenor funding, an innovative method for encouraging public participation in government rule-making, is examined by focusing on the experience of the Federal Trade Commission. The paper reviews the program's goals, the arguments of critics, and the perceptions of individuals and groups who applied for intervenor funding. The program's effects on both agency decision-making and on the applicants themselves are evaluated.
Patterns of use, sequence of onsets and correlates of tobacco and cannabis

Abstract Background While most individuals initiate their use of tobacco prior to onset of cannabis use, recent reports have identified a smaller subset of youth who report onset of cannabis use prior to tobacco use. In this study, we characterize patterns of cannabis and tobacco use (tobacco but not cannabis, cannabis but not tobacco or both) and compare the factors associated with onset of tobacco before cannabis and cannabis before tobacco. Methods Data on 1812 offspring aged 12–32 years, drawn from two related offspring of Vietnam Era twin studies, were used. Individuals were divided into tobacco but not cannabis (T), cannabis but not tobacco (C) and users of both substances (CT). Those who used both could be further classified by the timing of onset of tobacco and cannabis use. Multinomial logistic regression was used to characterize the groups using socio-demographic and psychiatric covariates. Furthermore, data on parental smoking and drug use was used to identify whether certain groups represented greater genetic or environmental vulnerability. Results 22% (N = 398) reported T, 3% (N = 55) reported C and 44% reported CT (N = 801). Of the 801 CT individuals, 72.8% (N = 583), 9.9% (N = 77) and 17.3% (N = 139) reported onset of tobacco before cannabis, cannabis before tobacco and onsets at the same age. C users were as likely as CT users to report peer drug use and psychopathology, such as conduct problems while CT was associated with increased tobacco use relative to T. Onset of tobacco prior to cannabis, when compared onset of cannabis before tobacco or reporting initiation at the same age was associated with greater cigarettes smoked per day, however no distinct factors distinguished the group with onset of cannabis before tobacco from those with initiation at the same age. Conclusion A small subset of individuals report cannabis without tobacco use. Of those who use both cannabis and tobacco, a small group report cannabis use prior to tobacco use. Follow-up analyses that chart the trajectories of these individuals will be required to delineate their course of substance involvement.
Apparent dependence of α-particle induced L-subshell ionization on outer-electron configurations

Abstract Measurements are reported for positive-ion induced L-subshell ionization cross sections ratios. For α-particle projectiles, the L III /L II low-energy behavior for Au and Pt differs dramatically from that for Ta and Bi. Correlation with the outer electron configurations of these atoms is suggested.
Preparing history teachers to work with English learners through a focus on the academic language of historical analysis

Abstract This article reports empirical evidence about the influence of embedding language-based strategies into a history methods course to prepare novice history teachers to teach English learners (ELs). Mixed methods were used in an action research cycle to analyze participants' attitudes and preparedness to teach ELs history before and after being exposed to strategies for teaching the academic language of historical analysis. Data sources included surveys, interviews, observations, and student work. Findings suggest participants recognized a specialized language of history and their role as teachers of the language of history. Modifications to the infusion that increased language-based and literacy-focused activities seemed to contribute to an increased sense of preparedness for the second cohort. Participants found using language analysis to 'do history' helpful, but few could articulate how to utilize specific strategies. One implication is the language of history needs to be made visible to history teachers before they can teach language demands of history. A second implication is infusing language-based strategies in content methods classes is one component of a comprehensive approach to preparing teachers to teach ELs. Further research is recommended to follow participants into early teaching experiences, provide site-based coaching, observe transfer of teaching skills, and assess pupil learning.
Photophysical studies of the trans to cis isomerization of the push-pull molecule: 1-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(N-methylpyrrol-2-yl)ethene (mepepy).

Organic molecules possessing intramolecular charge-transfer properties (D−π−A type molecules) are of key interest particularly in the development of new optoelectronic materials as well as photoinduced magnetism. One such class of D−π−A molecules that is of particular interest contains photoswitchable intramolecular charge-transfer states via a photoisomerizable π-system linking the donor and acceptor groups. Here we report the photophysical and electronic properties of the trans to cis isomerization of 1-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(N-methylpyrrol-2-yl)ethene ligand (mepepy) in aqueous solution using photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) and theoretical methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate a global energy difference between cis and trans isomers of mepepy to be 8 kcal mol−1, while a slightly lower energy is observed between the local minima for the trans and cis isomers (7 kcal mol−1). Interestingly, the trans isomer appears to exhibit two ground-state minima separated by an energy barrier of...
A tailored multi-media campaign to promote the human papillomavirus cohort study to young women.

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease, is now recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. The Cancer Research Center of Hawaii developed a low-cost and culturally sensitive multimedia campaign to recruit Oahu women to their HPV cohort study, specifically targeting women 18 to 35 years of age. Methods Initial promotions and enrollment revealed the highest prevalence of HPV among women ages 18–35. Promotional content was restructured to recruit this age group, based on focus group findings that these women may be motivated by information pertaining to the sexual transmission of HPV rather than its role as a risk factor for cervical cancer. Data obtained during initial triage of participants were used to assess the efficacy of the campaign. Results The number of women, 18–35, who responded to study promotions increased by 54%. At the conclusion of recruitment, 77% of the 508 HPV-positive women were between 18 and 35 years of age. E-mail and newspaper articles and advertisements generated the biggest response and were cost- and time-efficient. Conclusions Although not as effective as personal recruitment during clinic visits, a media campaign which targets the desired demographic can both increase study participation as well as promote cancer prevention and health education.
Cognitive Simplicity and Out-Group Stereotyping

The hypothesis that cognitive simplicity is positively related to out-group stereotyping was tested with data on college students. Cognitive complexity-simplicity was estimated by the accuracy with which suibjects perceived the attitudes of others and by the similarity of own attitudes to those attributed to others. Simple anld refined measures of stereotyping were used. Significance of relationships wZas determined by the chi square and coefficient of contingeincy tests. Both estimates of cognitive simplicity were found to be directly related to the two measures of stereotyping. The association was weak, but statistically significant in three of the four tests. esearclh on race relations provides sociologists with excellent opportunities to combine practical and theoretical work. This paper reports on the theoretical aspects of one in a series of studies into the nature of prejudice, stereotyping, and their correlates.' A study of student attitudes toward the desegregation of tlaeir own campus was tlhe vehicle. Findings of fact were used by the university's administrators in planning and justifying a program of desegregation. In addition, the study attempted to explore the relation of cognitive simplicity to out-group stereotyping. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN PREJUDICE AND
Managed Care Is Not the Problem, Quality Is

The purpose of this article is to describe what is happening in the provision of health care throughout the Western world and to make a case, although briefly, for using both economic and clinical incentives to change the health system so that more health is produced from it. In this formulation, the quality of care provided, as opposed to the way services are organized or reimbursed, becomes of central concern. Despite evidence from health services research studies that the level of the quality of health care is a major crisis throughout the Western world, this fact is rarely acknowledged by most elements of society. An exception to this statement is the American concern, based mostly on individual case reports, that managed care will adversely affect quality of care. Yet even this concern is focused on the potential evils of managed care and not on major problems in producing quality care
Binding of ATP to tubulin

Microtubules are present in all eukaryotic cells and participate in a variety of cellular processes1. From recent studies it has become clear that nucleotides have a central role in the assembly of tubulin into microtubules2–5. The tubulin dimer binds two moles of guanine nucleotide: one (at the E-site) which can exchange with exogenous nucleotide and one (at the N-site) which does not exchange6. E-site GTP is hydrolysed during the assembly process4,7,8. Microtubule assembly can be induced by ATP through a contaminating nucleoside diphosphokinase activity that regenerates GTP following its hydrolysis—this is associated with tubulin polymerization4,9,10. Recent reports suggest that ATP has other effects on the assembly kinetics11–13, and we have shown14,15, using tubulin preparations lacking the nucleoside diphosphokinase activity, that ATP may play a critical part in the regulation of microtubule formation by binding to tubulin at a site which is distinct from the N- and E-sites. Kinetic data suggest a model in which ATP can act at the level of nucleation to stimulate assembly15. We now report the first direct evidence for the binding of ATP to tubulin and show that the corresponding dissociation constant is in a range of physiological significance.