cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined surgery, intraoperative brachytherapy, and postoperative external radiation in stage III non-small cell lung cancer.

From March 1977 to December 1980, 318 patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer underwent thoracotomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. One hundred of these patients, considered for this study, were treated by a multimodality approach consisting of resection and/or intraoperative brachytherapy followed by postoperative external irradiation. The criteria for utilizing intraoperative brachytherapy and postoperative external irradiation were either the presence of residual gross disease (47%) or close resection margins suspected to be involved by the tumor (53%). The intraoperative brachytherapy consisted of a temporary iridium 192 implant for subclinical disease in the mediastinum (median dose, 30 Gy in 3–5 days) and a permanent iodine 125 implant for residual gross disease usually at the primary site (median dose, 160 Gy). All patients received postoperative external beam irradiation consisting of 30 to 40 Gy in 2 to 4 weeks. Seven patients (7%) experienced mild to severe complications after these treatments. The local control, when all gross disease had been removed, was influenced by the presence or absence of tumor at the margins of resection (53% and 89%, respectively). The local control in the patients with gross residual disease treated by brachytherapy and postoperative external irradiation, (40 Gy in 4 weeks) was 72%. The actuarial overall 5-year survival was 22%. The 5-year survival was better in patients who had all gross disease removed as compared with patients who had gross residual disease (30% versus 13%). The disease-free survival in these two groups was 27% and 12%, respectively. This review shows that complete resection and moderate doses of postoperative external irradiation achieves a satisfactory local control and improves survival. When all gross disease cannot be removed, then brachytherapy and postoperative external irradiation may achieve similar local control. Distant metastases still remain a major problem in these patients. Cancer 55:1126-1231, 1985.
Regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression

The hepatitis B virus has a compact genome, yet codes for at least seven primary translation products. Not surprisingly, the cis-acting elements that regulate gene expression overlap each other and the open reading frames extensively, rendering dissection of each element difficult. Nevertheless, various groups have identified and characterized four promoters and two enhancers, whose combined actions lead to preferential gene expression in hepatocytes, thereby partially explaining the hepatotropism of the virus. In addition, the X gene product trans-activates transcription from a wide variety of promoters, both cellular and viral, by as yet unclear mechanisms, while a core gene product may negatively regulate gene expression. The HBV genome thus provides a well-defined system for studying complex cis- and trans-regulation of eucaryotic gene expression.
5-fluorouracil modulates the toxicity of high dose methotrexate

Pretreatment with 5-fluorouracil (FU) attenuated the toxicity of high dose methotrexate (MTX) in in vitro and in vivo models. Because dose intensification of the MTX reversed the fluoropyrimidine antagonism of MTX activity in these models, administering FU before the MTX offered the potential advantage of MTX dose intensity and low toxicity without the confounding effects of leucovorin rescue. The current study was conducted to determine the maximum dose of MTX tolerated after a priming dose of FU without leucovorin rescue, and to determine the toxicities of this combination. Subjects (n = 42) received a constant dose of FU followed in 2 hours by MTX; treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. Subjects initially received five doses of leucovorin (10 mg/m2 every 6 hours); this was reduced to two doses, then to zero doses (no rescue) if less than grade 2 toxicity occurred in prior treatments. Cohorts of subjects received escalating doses of MTX in a Fibonacci fashion. At the 1250 mg/m2 dose level, almost all previously untreated subjects tolerated the elimination of leucovorin rescue, without the occurrence of severe toxicity; this was 6 to 8 times the MTX dose that generally requires leucov orin rescue to avoid severe and lethal toxicity. The 24- and 48-hour MTX levels were at a level that usually requires leucovorin rescue. Previously treated subjects were less tolerant; 400 mg/m2 of MTX was the approximate maximum tolerated dose. Prior FU exposure appeared to protect tissues normally susceptible to MTX toxicity, and allowed safe administration of high dose MTX without leucovorin rescue.
Mechanical ventilation-induced oxidative stress in the diaphragm: role of heme oxygenase-1.

Background Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) results in a rapid onset of diaphragmatic atrophy that is primarily due to increased proteolysis. Although MV-induced protease activation can involve several factors, it is clear that oxidative stress is a required signal for protease activation in the diaphragm during prolonged MV. However, the oxidant-producing pathways in the diaphragm that contribute to MV-induced oxidative stress remain unknown. We have demonstrated that prolonged MV results in increased diaphragmatic expression of a key stress-sensitive enzyme, heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Paradoxically, HO-1 can function as either a pro-oxidant or an antioxidant, and the role that HO-1 plays in MV-induced diaphragmatic oxidative stress is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that HO-1 acts as a pro-oxidant in the diaphragm during prolonged MV. Methods To determine whether HO-1 functions as a pro-oxidant or an antioxidant in the diaphragm during MV, we assigned rats into three experimental groups: (1) a control group, (2) a group that received 18 h of MV and saline solution, and (3) a group that received 18 h of MV and was treated with a selective HO-1 inhibitor. Indices of oxidative stress, protease activation, and fiber atrophy were measured in the diaphragm. Results Inhibition of HO-1 activity did not prevent or exacerbate MV-induced diaphragmatic oxidative stress (as indicated by biomarkers of oxidative damage). Further, inhibition of HO-1 activity did not influence MV-induced protease activation or myofiber atrophy in the diaphragm. Conclusions Our results indicate that HO-1 is neither a pro-oxidant nor an antioxidant in the diaphragm during MV. Furthermore, our findings reveal that HO-1 does not play an important role in MV-induced protease activation and diaphragmatic atrophy.
Computing indicators of creativity

Currently, the most common measurement of creativity is based on tests of divergence [8]. These creativity tests include divergent thinking, divergent feeling, etc. In most cases the evaluation criteria is a subjective appraisal by a trained “rater” to assess the amount of divergence from the “norm” a particular submitted solution has to a presented or discovered task. The larger the divergence from the standard, the more creative the solution is. Although the quality and quantity of the solutions to the task must be considered, divergence from the accepted “norm” is a significant indicator of creativity.
Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations of White Clover Clones Grown in Three Environments

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is commonly grown in a legume and grass mixture, but most selection for elite clones has been as spaced plants in monoculture. This study estimates (i) population parameters important to breeding white clover when grown with two different grasses or in monoculture, and (ii) the potential for improving yield of clover grown in grasses when selection is made in monoculture. Ramets of 47 randomly selected clones from Southern RegionalVirus Resistant white clover germplasm were space-planted and grown for 3 yr in three environments: in monoculture, in Tifton 44 hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), and in common berbermudagrass. Plant spread, yield, and stolon branching were measured at four harvests
l‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine‐Induced Dopamine Release in the Striatum of Intact and 6‐Hydroxydopamine‐Treated Rats: Differential Effects of Monoamine Oxidase A and B Inhibitors

: Administration of l-DOPA (50 mg/kg) elicits a significant increase in extracellular dopamine in striata of rats treated with the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine but not in striata of intact rats. To assess the role of dopaminergic nerve terminals in determining the effects of exogenous l-DOPA on extracellular dopamine levels in striatum, we examined the relative contributions of monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B to the catabolism of dopamine synthesized from exogenous l-DOPA. Extracellular concentrations of dopamine and its catabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, were monitored with in vivo dialysis in striata of intact rats and of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of striatal dopamine. Clorgyline (2 mg/kg), an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, significantly increased dopamine and decreased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in intact but not in dopamine-depleted striata. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B with either l-deprenyl (1 mg/kg) or Ro 19-6327 (1 mg/kg) did not significantly affect dopamine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in striata of intact or dopamine-depleted rats. In intact rats, administration of clorgyline in conjunction with l-DOPA produced a >20-fold increase in dopamine and prevented the l-DOPA-induced increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Although both l-deprenyl and Ro 19-6327 administered in combination with l-DOPA elicited a small but significant increase in dopamine, levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were not affected. In rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine, clorgyline had no significant effect on the increases in dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid elicited by l-DOPA. Furthermore, neither l-deprenyl nor Ro 19-6327 affected l-DOPA-induced increases in dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in dopamine-depleted striata. The present findings indicate that deamination by monoamine oxidase A is the primary mechanism for catabolism of striatal dopamine, both under basal conditions and after administration of exogenous l-DOPA. Loss of dopaminergic terminals eliminates this action of monoamine oxidase A but does not enhance deamination by monoamine oxidase B. These data support a model in which exogenous l-DOPA elicits enhanced extracellular accumulation of dopamine in the dopamine-depleted striatum because some transmitter synthesis occurs at nondopaminergic sites and the dopamine terminals that normally take up and catabolize this pool of transmitter are absent.
a general formula for fan-beam lambda tomography

Lambda tomography (LT) is to reconstruct a gradient-like image of an object only from local projection data. It is potentially an important technology for medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) at a reduced radiation dose. In this paper, we prove the first general formula for exact and efficient fan-beam LT from data collected along any smooth curve based on even and odd data extensions. As a result, an LT image can be reconstructed without involving any data extension. This implies that structures outside a scanning trajectory do not affect the exact reconstruction of points inside the trajectory even if the data may be measured through the outside features. The algorithm is simulated in a collinear coordinate system. The results support our theoretical analysis.
Methodological problems with Epstein, Flynn, and Martohardjono's research

In this commentary, I examine the experiment reported by Epstein et al. in section 5. What I show here is that the experiment is so poorly executed that little, if anything, can be concluded from it regarding the role of UG in L2 acquisition.
The conformation of 3-endo-arylmethylisobornyl esters.

Abstract The conformation of the benzyl group in 3- endo -benzylisobornyl esters depends on the nature of the ester group, and changes into a position close to coplanar with the ester group as the carbonyl group of the ester becomes conjugated. The potential use of these alcohols as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis is addressed.
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of aza-analogues of furamidine.

6-[5-(4-Amidinophenyl)furan-2-yl]nicotinamidine (8a) was synthesized from 6-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)furan-2-yl]nicotinonitrile (4a), through the bis-O-acetoxyamidoxime followed by hydrogenation. Compound 4a was prepared via selective bromination of 6-(furan-2-yl)nicotinonitrile (2a) with N-bromosuccinimide, followed by Suzuki coupling with 4-cyanophenylboronic acid. In a similar way, diamidines 8b and 8c were prepared from the dicyano derivatives 4c and 4d, respectively. N-Methoxy-6-{5-[4-(N-methoxyamidino)phenyl]-furan-2-yl}-nicotinamidine (6a) was prepared via methylation of the respective diamidoxime 5a with dimethylsulfate. Prodrugs 6b and 6c were also prepared by methylation of the respective diamidoximes 5b and 5d. The symmetrical diamidines 14a,b were synthesized through the corresponding bis-O-acetoxyamidoxime followed by hydrogenation. The key compounds 11a,b were conveniently obtained by Stille coupling between 2,5-bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)furan and the corresponding heteroaryl halides. These compounds ...
A cross-national validation study toward the development of a selection battery for research and development professional employees

A selection battery of seven personality traits and educational level (R.T Keller and W.E. Holland, 1979) has shown validity in predicting performance in a sample of American applied research and development professional employees. The present study examines the selection battery for validity in a sample of 51 Mexican applied research and development professional employees, and similar results are found. These results suggest that subcultural similarities of research and development goals, norms, tasks, and education may be more important than national cultural differences.
Spying on HIV with SPR

The application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors has contributed extensively to our understanding of functional aspects of HIV. SPR biosensors allow the analysis of real-time interactions of any biomolecule, be it protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate or small molecule, without the need for intrinsic or extrinsic probes. As such, the technology has been used to analyze molecular interactions associated with every aspect of the viral life cycle, from basic studies of binding events occurring during docking, replication, budding and maturation to applied research related to vaccine and inhibitory drug development. Along the way, SPR biosensors have provided a unique and detailed view into the inner workings of HIV.
Characterizing the effects of ambient aging on the mechanical and physical properties of two commercially available bacterial thermoplastics

Physical aging of commercial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) films has been investigated in this work. Aging-related changes in mechanical properties and crystalline matrix morphology were characterized using mechanical tensile tests, gas chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. Both PHB and PHBV samples, which were verified to contain a heterogeneous mixture of processing additives, experienced significant embrittlement upon aging in a desiccated isothermal (15°C) environment set moderately above their glass transition temperatures. Significant increases in the tensile modulus of elasticity were accompanied by decreases in ultimate strain; however, the aged samples exhibited no sizable variation in ultimate tensile strength after 168 days. Melt extrusion and ambient aging did not lead to any significant reduction in polymer molecular weights. Calorimetry results suggested that aged samples exhibited only a slight increase in overall degree of crystallinity, and multiple melting peaks were observed, indicating the presence of crystals of multiple thermal stabilities. Upon aging, the major melting peaks shifted to lower melting temperatures in both PHB and PHBV. The results demonstrate that physical aging of the two industrial biopolyesters can induce substantial changes in physical and mechanical properties in PHB and PHBV when stored just above their respective glass transition temperatures, and that the governing mechanism for embrittlement in both biopolymers is restricted to the non-crystalline phase.
Location and Appropriation in the Arctic: An Integrative Zooarchaeological Approach to Historic Inuit Household Economies

Dans cet article l'A fait une approche zooarcheologique de l'economie interieure des Inuits, en Arctique. L'A tente donc d'elargir les structures theoriques existantes en incluant l'aspect socioculturel. Il propose ainsi d'etudier les mechanismes internes d'une societe qui maintient une autonomie socioeconomique de par la presence croissante d'entites coloniales. L'A presente tout d'abord les concepts d'ecologie et d'economie l'aspect ethnographique dans cette region du monde puis etudie l'interaction Nugumiut-europeenne sur l'ile de Baffin (production, echanges economiques, preuves zooarcheologiques de l'existence d'une economie interieure, saisonnalite et procuration de ressources, transport et consommation de phoques).
Introduction: The Elusive Concept of Culture and the Vivid Reality of Personality

As the articles in this special issue demonstrate, a central challenge for political psychology as a field of study is the question of how to go from our rich knowledge of individual psychology to the analysis of collective behavior, ranging from that of groups to whole nations. The powerful but also elusive concept of culture provides a promising bridge. However, the intellectual history of political culture has been one of wide swings in its popularity. After initially building on what turned out to be the over-sold promises of cultural anthropology, there was a sharp drop in the status of political culture studies, but this special issue shows that there is now a revival of interest in the approach, brought about by more disciplined uses of the concept.
QTc prolongation in the intensive care unit: a review of offending agents.

Because of the routine use of medications that can have proarrhythmic effects, critically ill patients are at an increased risk of acquiring drug-induced cardiac conduction abnormalities, specifically drug-induced QT prolongation. Approximately 69% of critically ill patients are estimated to meet at least 1 criterion for QT monitoring as recommended by the American Heart Association. These criteria include the use of a QT-prolonging medication, the presence of cardiac dysrhythmias causing severe bradycardia or long pauses, and patients with hypomagnesemia or hypokalemia. 1 Drug-induced QT prolongation can lead to the development of torsade de pointes (TdP), a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia. The presentation of TdP can include syncope, palpitations, dizziness, seizures, and ventricular tachycardia. However, it is important to note that patients may exhibit no symptoms at all. 2 The QT interval, a measurement from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, is a surrogate marker for the cardiac myocyte action potential. Prolongation of the QT interval is a result of delayed repolarization of the ventricular myocardium. Many cardiac medications have been implicated in causing this delay in ventricular myocardium repolarization, resulting in prolongation of the QT interval. However, an increasing number of noncardiac medications have also been associated with QT interval lengthening. Druginduced QT prolongation is the most common reason noncardiac medications have required Food and Drug Administration (FDA) relabeling or have been withdrawn from the market in the last decade. 3
Effects of water deprivation, NaCl injection, and seven aversive taste stimuli on drinking in two normal mouse strains and one with diabetes insipidus.

Abstract Water deprived SWR/J mice, with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, lost more weitht and, subsequently, drank more water in a 60 min test period than did two normal strains, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J. An injection of 2 percent NaCl produced significant drinking in SWR/J mice, but not in the normal strains. In spite of the high water needs of the SWR/J strain, extreme finickiness was observed in a single-tube solution acceptance test when different solutions were offered, even though large weight losses and hyperosmolality of plasma accompanied abstinence from drinking. For the two normal strais, 3 different patterns of solution acceptance were seen for the 7 solution test which included sodium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium chloride, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, calcium chloride, and quinine hydrochloride.
The axial anomaly and anti-symmetric tensor fields☆

Spin-12 fermions are coupled to external axial vector and rank-2 anti-symmetic tensor fields. The chiral U(1) Ward identity is shown to have anomalous structure given by FμνFμν only with Fμν the axial vector field strength tensor. No Additional axial anomalied are introduced due to the presence of the anti-symmetric tensor fields.
New UNOS rules: historical background and implications for transplantation management

The algorithm for the allocation of donor hearts used by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) was changed in January 1999. The new scheme alters the medical urgency criteria from a 2-tiered to a 3-tiered system. Blood type O and blood type B candidates are less disadvantaged and pediatric candidates are somewhat advantaged with regard to adolescent donors. The new allocation algorithm allows an individual with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias to be listed in the highest urgency status. Increased regulation will occur with the establishment of a review for the highest urgency status and the establishment of regional review boards.
Thermal Inactivation of Residual Milk Clotting Enzymes in Whey

Abstract Cheddar cheese whey from milk clotted with six milk clotting enzymes ( Mucor miehei, Mucor pusillus var Lindt , and Endothia parasitica proteases; calf rennet, porcine pepsin, and chymosin-free bovine pepsin) were adjusted from pH 5.2 to 7.0 prior to heating at 68.3 and 73.9C for .25, .5, 1, 5, and 10min. Enzyme activities were measured before and after heating. Mucor miehei protease was the most heat stable at all pH values followed by Mucor pusillus protease, calf rennet, bovine pepsin, Endothia parasitica protease, and porcine pepsin. The heat stability of all enzymes increased with decreasing pH except Endothia parasitica protease was most heat stable at pH 7.0. Whey from cheese milk clotted with Mucor miehei protease was adjusted from pH 4.2 to 6.4 at .2 intervals of pH and subjected to high-temperature short-time pasteurization at 73.9, 76.6, and 79.5C for 25 s. Milk clotting activity was determined before and after pasteurization. All measurable activity was destroyed above pH 5.4 by pasteurization at 79.5C, above pH 5.8 at 76.6C, and above pH 6.0 at 73.9C.
Primary malignancies of the thyroid: epidemiologic analysis of the Florida Cancer Data System registry.

Abstract PURPOSE: Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Florida. METHODS: The Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) registry was used to identify patients with the different histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer occurring in Florida from 1981 through 1993. RESULTS: The FCDS recorded 5746 primary malignancies of the thyroid. The average annual incidence of all types of thyroid cancer was 37.0 cases/1,000,000 population. One type of thyroid cancer (papillary carcinoma) accounted for the overall increase during the 13 years of this study. There was no difference in incidence based on Hispanic ethnicity, but the incidence in Blacks was half that of Whites, and Blacks showed less advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in incidence of only one histologic type of thyroid cancer suggests that the increasing rate is not an artifact related to the utilization of new diagnostic technologies. The lower incidence and tendency to have less advanced thyroid cancer in Blacks would indicate that racial differences in thyroid cancer are not likely explained by socioeconomic factors such as access to medical care. A substantial amount of the difference in incidence between Whites and Blacks is explained by differences in age distribution.
Optical testbed for comparative analysis of wavefront sensors

An optical testbed has been developed for the comparative analysis of wavefront sensors based on a modified Mach Zender interferometer design. This system provides simultaneous measurements of the wavefront sensors on the same camera by using a common aberrator. The initial application for this testbed was to evaluate a Shack-Hartmann and Phase Diversity wavefront sensors referenced to a Mach-Zender interferometer. In the current configuration of the testbed, aberrations are controlled using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, and corrected using a deformable mirror. This testbed has the added benefit of being able to train the deformable mirror against the spatial light modulator and evaluate its ability to compensate the spatial light modulator. In the paper we present results from the wavefront sensors in the optical testbed.
Variability, measuring the spice of life.

ventilatory control instability forms the theoretical basis for respiratory control disorders ranging from apnea to weaning failure from mechanical ventilation. While ventilatory arrhythmia has multiple mechanisms, an underlying issue is quantifying the arrhythmia. The article by Nemati et al. ([14
A Novel Innate Immune-Enhancement Strategy Combined with IVIG Rescues Mice from Fatal Staphylococcus aureus Septicemia

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a major community-acquired pathogen. The emergence of drug-resistant strains like, methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA), poses stiff challenges to therapeutic intervention. Passive immune-therapy with specific antibodies is being actively examined to treat fulminant infections with limited success. In this study, we demonstrate that P4, a 28-amino acid peptide, derived from pneumococcal surface adhesin A along with pathogen-specific antibody (IVIG; P4 therapy) is successful in enhancing the opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) of S. aureus in vitro. We questioned if it is possible to expand P4 therapy to treat staphylococcal infections in vivo. P4 therapy in combination with IVIG rescued 7/10 morbidly ill S. aureus-infected mice while only 2/10 survived in the control group.
Influence of temperature on the voltammetric response of thermal ruthenium oxide electrodes

Thermal ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrodes were voltammetrically cycled in 0.1 M H2SO4 at varying solution temparatures from 22 to 65°C. A systematic increase in the voltammetric charge (q) with temperature was noted the magnitude of which was dependent on the oxide loading of the Ti substrate. This increase obeyed an Arrhenius temperature dependence and activation enthalpies of ∼4–5 kJ mol−1 were deduced from plots on ln qvsT−1. The magnitude of the activation enthalpy was insensitive to oxide loading in the range 0.7–4.0 mg cm−2 and the switching potential at the upper limit from 0.40 to 0.90V (vs sce). In stark contrast to the behavior in acidic electrolytes, cyclic voltammograms in 0.1 M K2SO4 revealed negligible temperature dependence at potentials below the O2 evolution reaction. These results are interpreted in terms of two time-constant model for charge storage/transport in RuOx involving the external and interior surfaces of the oxide micropore structure. The temperature dependence in tentatively assigned to a diffusion or hopping mechanism involving protons at the external surfaces of the oxide micropore structure.
Understanding the local-level costs and benefits of ERP through organizational information processing theory

Using organizational information processing theory (OIPT), we suggest several factors that influence some of the enterprise resource planning (ERP) costs and benefits that organizations are experiencing. Though we do not attempt to address all important factors that contribute to an ERPs impact, we suggest two organizational characteristics that may have received insufficient attention in other ERP literature: interdependence and differentiation. High interdependence among organizational sub-units, contributes to the positive ERP-related effects because of ERPs ability to coordinate activities and facilitate information flows. However, when differentiation among sub-units is high, organizations may incur ERP-related compromise or design costs. We provide a case study that explores the viability of this framework. The case describes some local-level impacts of ERP and provides some evidence of the validity of the model. Unexpected findings are also presented.
Silent Spill: The Organization of Industrial Crisis: Thomas D. Beamish; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 144 pages

As we write this review, there is an article on the front page of The New York Times describing an oil tanker with 20 million gallons of oil that has broken in half and sunk to the bottom of the oc...
Bond-randomness-induced Néel order in weakly coupled antiferromagnetic spin chains

Quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnetic (AF) quantum spin systems show a wide range of interesting phenomena such as the spin-Peierls transition and disorder driven long-range ordering. While there is no magnetic long-range order in strictly one-dimensional systems, in real systems some amount of interchain coupling is always present and AF long-range order may appear below a N\'eel ordering temperature ${T}_{N}.$ We study the effect of bond randomness on N\'eel ordering in weakly coupled random AF $S=1/2$ chains, both with and without dimerization (or spin-Peierls order). We use the real space renormalization group method to tackle the intrachain couplings, and a mean-field approximation to treat the interchain coupling. We show that in the nondimerized chain, disorder (represented by bond randomness) enhances the N\'eel order parameter; in the dimerized chain which shows no magnetic ordering in the weak interchain coupling limit without randomness, disorder can actually lead to long range order. Thus disorder is shown to lead to, or enhance the tendency toward long range order, providing another example of the order-by-disorder phenomenon. We make a qualitative comparison of our results with the observed phenomenon of doping induced long-range ordering in quasi-one-dimensional spin systems such as ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}.$
Analytical Approach to Attack Graph Analysis for Network Security

An attack graph increasingly plays an important role in network security. It shows possible paths of actions consisting of the network vulnerability exploits that can lead to security breaches. Because most attack graphs are very large and complex, much research has focused on how these graphs can be automatically and efficiently generated. However, little has been done on attack graph analysis, namely how we can use attack graphs to better protect the network. This paper addresses the latter issue. We present a suit of systematic approaches to statically analyzing attack graphs by means of reasoning mechanisms based on logical expressions and conditional preference networks. The proposed approaches are general and theoretically grounded. The paper describes the approaches in details. We show how the resulting analysis can help derive many useful decisions. For example, it can assist a security administrator in selecting most cost-effective countermeasures, based on his preference criteria, to improve the security flaws found in the attack graph. For understandability, we illustrate our approach by presenting a study of a simple and small but realistic case scenario.
The role of fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field in determining the magnitude of substorm activity

Abstract When hourly averages of interplanetary magnetic-field parameters are compared to the AE index, it is found that, although the time-integral of the southward component is important in determining whether there will be a substorm, the magnitude of storm activity as measured by AE is related to the level of the variance of the field. For a given value of the time-integral of the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field, the AE index increases as the variance increases. For periods immediately following storm sudden commencements, this simple relationship apparently breaks down indicating that a different triggering process or storm-generation mechanism may be at work. These observations imply that although it is impossible to differentiate between substorms at the Earth's surface, it may be possible to differentiate between the conditions in the solar wind that lead to a certain magnitude of magnetic activity.
Influence of optical heterogeneities on reconstruction of spatial phosphorescence lifetime distributions

We have previously demonstrated that phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLI) allows for unbiased determination of absolute oxygen levels in homogeneously absorbing/scattering media. We computationally show that tomographic PLI can perform equally well in heterogeneous environments relying only on surface measurements of phosphorescence.
On the equivalence of Goodman’s and Hempel’s paradoxes

Abstract Historically, Nelson Goodman’s paradox involving the predicates ‘grue’ and ‘bleen’ has been taken to furnish a serious blow to Carl Hempel’s theory of confirmation in particular and to purely formal theories of confirmation in general. In this paper, I argue that Goodman’s paradox is no more serious of a threat to Hempel’s theory of confirmation than is Hempel’s own paradox of the ravens. I proceed by developing a suggestion from R. D. Rosenkrantz into an argument for the conclusion that these paradoxes are, in fact, equivalent. My argument, if successful, is of both historical and philosophical interest. Goodman himself maintained that Hempel’s theory of confirmation was capable of handling the paradox of the ravens. And Hempel eventually conceded that Goodman’s paradox showed that there could be no adequate, purely syntactical theory of confirmation. The conclusion of my argument entails, by contrast, that Hempel’s theory of confirmation is incapable of handling Goodman’s paradox if and only if it is incapable of handling the paradox of the ravens. It also entails that for any adequate solution to one of these paradoxes, there is a corresponding and equally adequate solution to the other.
Rabbit facial nerve regeneration in autologous nerve grafts after antecedent injury.

OBJECTIVE The effect of incomplete antecedent injuries on subsequent facial nerve regeneration within cable graft repairs is not known. The purpose of this study is to compare facial nerve regeneration after an immediate and delayed neural cable graft repair. METHOD Rabbit facial nerve regeneration after complete transectional injuries of the buccal division was compared in two experimental models. In one, a 10-mm segment of the nerve was transected, rotated 180 degrees, and immediately repaired as a cable graft (N=8). In the second, a preliminary nerve crush was allowed to recover over a 4-week period and a 10-mm segment of nerve centered on the crush site was then transected, rotated 180 degrees, and delay repaired as a cable graft (N = 7). Data are presented as total numbers of regenerating myelinated axons that traverse the surgical repair to innervate the cable graft and distal nerve stumps, as well as the percentage of regenerating neurites compared with preoperative pooled and individual controls. Subpopulations of regenerating neurons are delineated to quantify the pattern of neural innervation. RESULTS Five weeks after cable graft repair both groups had similar myelinated outgrowth from the proximal nerve stump across the proximal anastomosis to innervate the cable graft (3995 +/- 1209 vs. 3284 +/- 651; P = .89). However, the delayed repair group had more intrafascicular regeneration within cable grafts (2261 +/- 931 vs. 1660 +/- 1169; P = .02) and distal nerve stump (1532 +/- 281 vs. 445 +/- 120; P = .004) than the immediate repair group. The immediate repair group had greater extrafascicular nerve regeneration in the cable graft (2335 +/- 1954 vs. 437 +/- 236; P = .001) and more myelin and axonal debris in pre-existing neural fascicles of the cable graft (P = .02) and distal nerve stump (463 +/- 187 vs. 103 +/- 87; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Antecedent priming lesions do not enhance axonal survival as determined by regenerating myelinated axonal counts. However, antecedent injuries enhance the efficiency of neural innervation of the affected mimetic musculature by increasing the number of myelinated intrafascicular neural regenerants in the cable graft and distal nerve stump. This is accomplished by two factors: increased perineural fibrosis and decreased intrafascicular myelin and axonal debris.
High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of tobacco and marijuana sterols

Abstract Components of the sterol fraction of tobacco and marijuana were resolved as trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography with glass capillary columns. Ten phytosterols in tobacco and five in marijuana were identified by comparisons of their retention with authentic compounds on three different stationary phases and through mass-spectral data.
PYRENE MICROPARTITIONING AND SOLUBILIZATION BY SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE COMPLEXES WITH POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)

We examine the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on pyrene solubilization behaviors in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions. These solutions display strong polymer−surfactant complexa...
From humanized mice to human disease: guiding extrapolation from model to target

Extrapolation from a well-understood base population to a less-understood target population can fail if the base and target populations are not sufficiently similar. Differences between laboratory mice and humans, for example, can hinder extrapolation in medical research. Mice that carry a partial or complete human physiological system, known as humanized mice, are supposed to make extrapolation more reliable by simulating a variety of human diseases. But what justifies our belief that these mice are similar enough to their human counterparts to simulate human disease? I argue that, unless three requirements are met in the process of humanizing mice, very little does. My requirements are not meant to provide necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee a particular outcome. Instead, they serve as a heuristic for guiding scientific judgments involving extrapolation. In developing each requirement, I engage with philosophical issues concerning the nature of model-based science and the mechanistic approach (and its limits) to making generalizations in the life sciences.
A simple method for the purification of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase.

Abstract A simple procedure for the isolation and purification of the high-molecular-weight type NADH dehydrogenase from beef heart mitochondria is reported.
Synthesis and peptide bond orientation in tetrapeptides containing L -azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and L -proline

The role of the amino acid proline in influencing the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and polypeptides has been an area of active study for many years. We have investigated this problem by incorporating the four-membered ring amino acid, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, into some proline polypeptides. An adjunct to the synthesis of the peptides was the synthesis of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and its resolution. We developed an improved synthesis of N-benzhydryl-2-carbobenzyloxy azetidine, an essential intermediate required for the synthesis of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. This amino acid was subsequently obtained via the partial hydrogenation of the N-benzhydryl compound, under mild conditions. Our ability to isolate the intermediate N-benzhydryl-2-carboxylic acid demonstrated that the rate of cleavage of the O-benzyl ester group in this molecule is faster than the cleavage of the N-benzhydryl group. The tetrapeptides, Boc-(L-Pro)3-L-Aze-Opcp, and Boc-(L-Aze-L-Pro)2-Opcp (Boc: t-butoxycarbonyl; Pro: proline; Aze: azetidine-2-carboxyl acid; Opcp: pentachlorophenyl), were prepared using traditional solution peptide synthesis. They were characterized by direct chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, CD spectra, and 13C- and 1H-nmr spectroscopy. The assessment of the secondary structure of the two peptides using the methods noted above has led us to conclude that the compound Boc-(L-Aze-L-Pro)2-Opcp, in trifluoroethanol, has an all-cis peptide bond conformation with phi and psi torsion angles compatible with a left-handed helix. The secondary structure assessment of the peptide Boc-(L-Pro)3-L-Aze-Opcp, in chloroform or trifluoroethanol, leads to an assignment of both cis and trans peptide bonds as being present in the peptide. We have interpreted this latter finding as indicating that the introduction of the azetidine group into a peptide containing three consecutive proline residues in a linear sequence perturbs the normal proline peptide secondary structure in this tetrapeptide.
Mechanism-independent method for predicting response to multidrug combinations in bacteria

Drugs are commonly used in combinations larger than two for treating bacterial infection. However, it is generally impossible to infer directly from the effects of individual drugs the net effect of a multidrug combination. Here we develop a mechanism-independent method for predicting the microbial growth response to combinations of more than two drugs. Performing experiments in both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, we demonstrate that for a wide range of drugs, the bacterial responses to drug pairs are sufficient to infer the effects of larger drug combinations. To experimentally establish the broad applicability of the method, we use drug combinations comprising protein synthesis inhibitors (macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, and chloramphenicol), DNA synthesis inhibitors (fluoroquinolones and quinolones), folic acid synthesis inhibitors (sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines), cell wall synthesis inhibitors, polypeptide antibiotics, preservatives, and analgesics. Moreover, we show that the microbial responses to these drug combinations can be predicted using a simple formula that should be widely applicable in pharmacology. These findings offer a powerful, readily accessible method for the rational design of candidate therapies using combinations of more than two drugs. In addition, the accurate predictions of this framework raise the question of whether the multidrug response in bacteria obeys statistical, rather than chemical, laws for combinations larger than two.
Work Motivation: Advancing Theory and Impact

RUTH KANFERGeorgia Institute of TechnologyItisnotoftenthatonegetstheopportunitytoengage other scholars in lively written dia-logueonatopicclosetohis/herprofessionalheart. So I felt honored to provide the targetarticle on work motivation (Kanfer, 2009),and I looked forward to reading my col-leagues’ commentaries. As I had hoped,each commentary was quite stimulating.Some commentaries were also provocative,whereas others were more instructive.Regardless of orientation and issue, how-ever, each commentary reﬂected a posi-tive, forward-looking tone. That is, from aReichenbach (1951) perspective, the com-mentaries seem to emphasize discovery(e.g., building new perspectives and ap-proaches) over justification (e.g., extending,refining,and reconciling extanttheories thatdominated much of the late 20th century).Althoughparadigmaticworkremainsimpor-tant,itsroleiscastmoreintheserviceofnewadvances rather than the other way around.As the commentaries also demonstrate,many new ideas and research directions areemerging. Their traction and utility for workmotivationscientistsandorganizationalper-sonnel raise exciting, empirical questions.Several commentaries focused on corequestionsthathavelurkedinthebackgroundof our ﬁeld for some time, such as the roleof implicit motives in action regulation(JohnsonT namely, the role of the individualin managing his/her motivation (StamovRosnagel, 2009) and the impact of motiva-tional patterns on personal well-being(Gillespie, 2009). Yet other commentariesfocusedontopics thathave cometothefore-front as a function of pragmatic concerns. Inrecognition of the aging workforce, Truxillo(2009)exploredthepotentialinﬂuenceofageon trait–performance relations. Building onrecent work on generativity motives in otherareas of psychology, Grant (2009) describedanewapproachtoenhancingprosocialmoti-vation.Consistentwiththechangingzeitgeistdirected toward understanding person–situa-tion dynamics over time, Vancouver (2009)discussed methods for identifying the criticalperson characteristics involved in situatedperformance over time. Given the multitudeoftopicsaddressed,Iwaspleasedtonotethatthe3Cframework(Kanfer,Chen,&Pritchard,2008) offered a common starting point forthesecommentariesandaplatformforshow-casing new ideas and research directions inwork motivation.Each commentary makes different note-worthy points and offers insights into differ-ent issues in work motivation. As such, Iwas initially uncertain about how best to
Damage initiation and propagation modeling using Energy Partitioning Damage Evolution model for Pb-free solder materials

Thermo-mechanical fatigue and damage has always been an issue for solder joint materials used in micro-electronic devices. Accurate prediction of the damage and crack is essential in order to predict the life of these joints. This paper presents a finite element modeling approach that is used in conjunction with Energy Partitioning Damage Evolution (EPDE) model to determine the state of damage, update the constitutive properties of material and determine the crack initiation and propagation site and time in BGA solder joints. A non-linear visco-plastic finite element modeling is used to successively initiate and propagate the crack. Constitutive properties of elements are updated based on the amount of damage that they accumulate in each step. Elements with excessive damage are eliminated from the structure. Finite element results show that as elements accumulate damage, they are softened and thus can stand more strain. Therefore, the damage accumulation rate decreases. It also shows the initiation site and propagation path very accurately which is confirmed with experiments.
Concurrent Segmentation and Estimation of Transmission Images for Attenuation Correction in Positron Emission Tomography

When transmission images are obtained using conventional reconstruction methods in stand alone PET scanners, such as standard clinical PET, microPET, and dedicated brain scanners, the results may be noisy and/or inaccurate. For example, the popular penalized maximum-likelihood method effectively reduces noise, but it does not address the bias problem that results from the incorporation of a penalty function and contamination from emission data due to patient activity. In this paper, we present an algorithm that simultaneously reconstructs transmission images and performs a ldquosoftrdquo segmentation of voxels into the classes: air, patient bed, lung, soft-tissue, and bone. It is through the segmentation step that the algorithm, which we refer to as the concurrent segmentation and estimation (CSE) algorithm, provides a means for incorporating accurate attenuation coefficients. The CSE algorithm is obtained by applying an expectation-maximization like formulation to a certain maximum a posterior objective function. This formulation enables us to show that the CSE algorithm monotonically increases the objective function. In experiments using real phantom and synthetic data, the CSE images produced attenuation correction factors and emission images that were more accurate than those obtained using a popular segmentation based attenuation correction method, and the penalized maximum likelihood and filtered backprojection methods.
Bibliography of Cross-Cultural Studies: Supplement II:

The second supplement to O'Leary's 1969 bibliography of cross-cultural studies is presented.