cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus demonstrate thiol-independent metabolism of methylglyoxal: Implications toward browning prevention in Parmesan cheese

ABSTRACT Endogenous production of α-dicarbonyls by lactic acid bacteria can influence the quality and consistency of fermented foods and beverages. Methylglyoxal (MG) in Parmesan cheese can contribute toward undesired browning during low temperature ripening and storage conditions, leading to the economic depreciation of affected cheeses. We demonstrate the effects of exogenously added MG on browning and volatile formation using a Parmesan cheese extract (PCE). To determine the influence of Lactobacillus on α-dicarbonyls, strains were screened for their ability to modulate concentrations of MG, glyoxal, and diacetyl in PCE. It was found that a major metabolic pathway of MG in Lactobacillus is a thiol-independent reduction, whereby MG is partially or fully reduced to acetol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. The majority of lactobacilli grown in PCE accumulated the intermediate acetol, whereas Lactobacillus brevis 367 formed exclusively 1,2-propanediol and Lactobacillus fermentum 14931 formed both metabolites. In addition, we determined the inherent tolerance to bacteriostatic concentrations of MG among lactobacilli grown in rich media. It was found that L. brevis 367 reduces MG exclusively to 1,2-propanediol, which correlates to both its ability to significantly decrease MG concentrations in PCE, as well as its significantly higher tolerance to MG, in comparison to other lactobacilli screened. These findings have broader implications toward lactobacilli as a viable solution for reducing MG-mediated browning of Parmesan cheese.
Microporous crystalline membranes for Kr/Xe Separation: Comparison between AlPO-18, SAPO-34, and ZIF-8.

Herein we demonstrate the separation ability of AlPO-18 membranes for Kr/Xe gas mixtures. AlPO-18 membranes separated Kr/Xe mixtures with average Kr/Xe separation selectivity of 6.4 and unprecedented high average Kr permeance of 1.6 × 10–7 mol/m2·s·Pa. Diffusivity difference between Kr and Xe was identified as the dominant separation mechanism. We compared the separation performance of AlPO-18 membranes versus two other types of microporous crystalline membranes, namely, SAPO-34 and ZIF-8. SAPO-34 membranes displayed the best overall separation performance, while AlPO-18 membranes displayed the highest Kr permeances. We identified the key factors affecting both the separation selectivity and permeance. For these three distinctive types of microporous materials, the presence of rigid micropores with size lying between Kr and Xe atomic sizes, lower Xe/Kr uptakes (adsorption selectivity), and lower concentration of nonselective pores led to the highest observed s Kr/Xe separation selectivities among these th...
Material hardening of a high ductility aluminum alloy from a bulge test

Abstract This study employs the hydraulic bulge test in combination with analysis to extract the stress–strain response of an anisotropic Al-6022-T43 sheet metal. Tests are performed in a facility with a 150 mm aperture and the deformation of the bulge is continuously monitored via 3D digital image correlation. The relatively high ductility of this alloy enabled the bulge to deform well past a pressure maximum, reaching a strain of 0.66 at rupture. After the pressure maximum, deformation localized around the apex and the strain profile acquired an increasingly conical shape. Anisotropy is modeled with Barlat's Yld04-3D yield function, calibrated through a set of independent experiments. The measured strains and curvatures at the apex are used in conjunction with membrane equilibrium and Yld04-3D to extract the material stress–strain response. The procedure adopted does not assume an equibiaxial state of stress or strain. A finite element model of the bulge test that includes the draw bead and clamping hardware is used to simulate the experiments. The model accurately reproduces all aspects of the experiment including the strain profile and its localization after the pressure maximum. A parametric study of the problem revealed that the particular anisotropy of the analyzed sheet did not influence the overall behavior of the bulge, but affects the onset of failure in the presence of MK-type thickness imperfections. The amount of material slipping over the draw bead during pressurization, however, is shown to have a more significant impact on the bulge response and the extracted stress–strain response.
Hydromagnetics and Hydromagnetic Stability

This chapter discusses hydromagnetics—the properties of dense, well-conducting plasma imbedded in a magnetic field, with particular regard to the interaction between the magnetic field and macroscopic slow motions of the fluid. The essense of hydromagnetic approximation in plasma physics consists of the assumption that collisions are dominant in the medium. There is a strong interaction between the velocity and the magnetic fields when there is a strong coupling between the equation of motion and that of the magnetic field in the system of equations describing the process. The velocity field will be substantially affected by the magnetic field if the magnetic term is comparable to the acceleration term, that is, if the acceleration is mostly a result of magnetic forces. Such a field is characterized by an extreme value of magnetic energy in an isolated hydromagnetic system with infinite electrical conductivity. In a system with finite but large conductivity, a force-free field is a natural final state of the system. Such a field can decay without causing any motions in the system, and it is characterized by a minimum dissipation of the magnetic energy for a given value of that energy.
The Father-in-law’s Relationship with His Son-in-law: A Preliminary Understanding

Little information is available about fathers-in-law and their relationship with their sons-in-law. The authors draw from a mixed-methods study of 35 fathers-in-law to describe how three fathers-in...
ASTR: Friends and relations

Since the formation of our club in the middle 1950s through the development of a full society status in the middle 1960s to our current status there have been numerous. important friends and relations. These can be roughly categorized into the academic. the College of Radiology and the federal government. The easiest group to identify and define is the academic societies. From the prospective of age. the Association of University Radiologists (AUR) is the oldest organization, being founded in 1953. This is a unique organization of young Turks currently numbering some 600. Membership is limited to those in academic radiology not beyond 50 years of age at time of acceptance. This organization meets annually to promote the development of academic radiology in all of its aspects. In 1966. there developed a club of the chairmen of academic radiology departments later formalizing into the Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments (WARD). They currently meet regularly with the AUR. Their primary goal is that of developing methods of graduate and undergraduate education leading to fostering of radiologic research. and improvement of patient care. Their meetings are generally a forum for free and uninhibited exchange. In the early 1970s a series of meetings were held in conjunction with the San Francisco cancer meetings sponsored by the College of Radiology. They reviewed and evaluated the teaching of therapeutic radiology at all levels. This original group of Teachers of Academic Radiation Therapy (TART) then formalized into the Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiation Oncology Programs (SCAROP), which currently meets in conjunction with the annual ASTR meetings. Their major interests relate to the development and support of radiation oncology training programs. An overall umbrella society was formed in 1972 as the American Federation of Clinical Oncologic Societies. This federation now embraces over 4000 members and is dedicated to facilitate and promote multidisciplined efforts in cancer. Its governing body consists of the primary officers of each of the participating societies. In addition to the ASTR, the other participating societies include the American Radium
Target Firms’ Board Interlocks and M&A Outcomes

This paper proposes that target boards may transmit target-related information through interlocking networks and potentially remedy information asymmetries between acquiring and target firms, there...
Biomechanics of Pathology

Martha Mainstream’s twin sister Matilda also had pain in her groin and in the thigh, but this had been a problem for only a couple of months. The discomfort was so persistent at night that she had great difficulty turning over in bed. Matilda had no cats to feed; she simply fell in her kitchen &or more accurately, her leg collapsed, causing her to fall. When she arrived at the hospital, the orthopaedic resident took a careful medical history before examining her and learned that she had had a mastectomy five years earlier but otherwise had had no serious medical problems. Unfortunately, the roentgenogram of the femur showed a large lucent lesion with a pathologic fracture that was most likely a metastatic focus related to her mastectomy. Many complex biochemical and biological activities are associated with such a fracture, but some are straightforward biomechanical ones, and the question arises, “How does replacement of bone by tumor weaken the bone?”
Satisfaction and Fuzzy Decision Functions

This paper is interested in the question of multi objective decision making using fuzzy sets. In particular, we introduce a methodology in which a decision maker can modulate a decision function by some measure of his satisfaction with this function. We also discuss the question of selecting a most preferred fuzzy subset over the unit interval.
Brugada pattern exposed with administration of amiodarone during emergent treatment of ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract Background Brugada pattern is a well-known pathological finding on electrocardiogram (ECG) which increases the likelihood of cardiac arrest due to ventricular arrhythmia. These cases generally present in younger patients without evidence of an electrolyte abnormality, structural heart disease, or cardiac ischemia. In many instances, this pattern is either hidden on initial presentation or presents as an incidental finding on an EKG. Often times the Brugada syndrome leads to sudden cardiac death or more rarely can be unmasked with a class 1A or 1C anti-arrhythmic agent. Here, we present a distinctive case in which the pattern was exposed by amiodarone during the emergent treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia (VT). Case report A 34-year-old female, without significant cardiac history, presented to the Emergency Department after multiple near syncopal episodes at home. Initial ECG showed VT vs. SVT. After a failed trial of adenosine, the patient was treated with 150 mg amiodarone and became hypotensive needing an electrical cardioversion. After becoming bradycardic, the amiodarone drip was discontinued and she was admitted to the MICU. An echocardiogram and left heart catheterization showed no evidence of coronary artery disease or decreased ejection fraction. The patient's ECG now showed a subtle Brugada Type 3 pattern and she received a dual chamber AICD upon discharge. Conclusion This case emphasizes the awareness needed to seek out this pattern on subsequent ECG's. With the high lethality of Brugada, the emergency physician must recognize that multiple drugs can evoke this pattern after initial presentation.
Impact of Approach and Hospital Volume on Cardiovascular Complications After Pulmonary Lobectomy.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular complications contribute significantly to the morbidity and resource utilization after pulmonary resections. Maturation of less-invasive technologies, such as video and robot–assisted thoracoscopic surgery, aims at improving postoperative outcomes by reducing the trauma of surgery. The present work aimed to evaluate changes in cardiovascular complications after open and minimally invasive lobectomies in the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients having elective open, video-assisted, and robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy during 2008-2014. Logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest (CA), and postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE). Results A total of 201,226 patients underwent pulmonary lobectomy over the study period. Open thoracotomy (OPEN) approach has steadily decreased from 75%-52% (P Conclusions MIS lobectomies increased without a concurrent reduction in perioperative MI, CA, or PE incidence. High hospital lobectomy volume and MIS approach decrease odds of failure to rescue. Improved perioperative management of cardiovascular risk is warranted to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization associated with these complications.
Teaching to Teach: An Effective and Feasible Teaching Curriculum for Internal Medicine Interns.

OBJECTIVES New competency requirements from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education have prompted greater emphasis on developing residents' teaching skills. Many residents make their first foray into teaching during internship, making it an important yet underrecognized opportunity to develop basic teaching skills. In addition, in the current graduate medical education climate, residents' tasks are compressed into an even shorter time, which has caused teaching opportunities and expectations to be balanced with the need for efficiency. After performing needs assessment surveys of medicine interns and medical students, we developed an interns-as-teachers curriculum to equip internal medicine interns with skills specific to their unique role as medical student teachers. METHODS We conducted a workshop focused around four specific skills: role modeling, using teachable moments (ie, teaching on the fly), thinking out loud, and coaching. We evaluated the curriculum by comparing pre- and postcurricular teaching knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported teaching behaviors among 51 interns in the intervention group with 20 interns in the comparison group from the previous year's class. RESULTS Sixty-one interns participated in the curriculum, and 51 (84%) completed both surveys. Knowledge and several self-reported teaching behaviors improved significantly among the intervention group, but not in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Interns participating in a half-day interns-as-teachers workshop aimed at preparing them to teach medical students in clinical settings achieved significant improvement in teaching knowledge and in several core, self-reported teaching behaviors.
Structural and electronic properties of nanocrystalline silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by hot wire and ECR-plasma CVD techniques

Nanocrystalline silicon has become the material of interest recently, for solar cell applications and also in the fabrication of thin film transistors. The material contains crystalline grains surrounded by amorphous tissues and when used as intrinsic layer in solar cell devices, greatly enhances the device stability against the light induced degradation which is a critical problem with amorphous silicon solar cells. The conventional PECVD techniques used for the deposition of high efficiency devices have a major drawback of very low growth rates. This project deals with a systematic study of structural and electronic properties of nanocrystalline Si:H films and devices fabricated using a relatively new technique called the Hot Wire CVD (HWCVD). In addition, we study the influence of ions on the crystalline ratio, grain size and orientation of the nanocrystalline films. Our apparatus allows us to add plasma ions separately from the primary growth process, which is growth using only radicals that are generated by the thermal dissociation of silane and hydrogen at the hot wire. In this way, we have also deposited the first ever nanocrystalline silicon solar cells by the combined HWCVD and Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) PECVD technique. While hot wire deposition of nanocrsytalline Si:H has been studied in the past, virtually all previous work utilized a close-proximity hot wire deposition condition that creates a varying temperature profile during deposition because of the intense heating of the growing film due to radiation from the filament. In contrast, in this work, we use a remote filament to minimize sample heating, a conclusion verified by experimental measurements of surface temperatures during growth conditions. We have found that low energy ion bombardment, by either inert (helium) or reactive (hydrogen) ions significantly helps in
Fracture diagnostic using distributed temperature measurements during a pause in flow-back period

Abstract The significant temperature difference between the fractured and non-fractured regions during the stimulation fluid flow-back period can be very useful for fracture diagnosis. The recent developments in downhole temperature monitoring systems open new possibilities to detect these temperature variations to perform production logging analyses. In this work, we derive a novel analytical solution to model the temperature signal associated with the shut-in during flow-back and production periods. The temperature behavior can infer the efficiency of each fracture. To obtain the analytical solution from an existing wellbore fluid energy balance equation, we use the Method of Characteristics with the input of a relevant thermal boundary condition. The temperature modeling results acquired from this analytical solution are validated against those from a finite element model for multiple cases. Compared to the warm-back effect in the non-fractured region after shut-in, a less significant heating effect is observed in the fractured region because of the warmer fluid away from the perforation moving into the fracture (after-flow). Detailed parametric analyses are conducted on after-flow velocity and its variation, flowing, geothermal, and inflow temperature of each fracture, surrounding temperature field, and casing radius to investigate their impacts on the wellbore fluid temperature modeling results. The inversion procedures characterize each fracture considering the exponential distribution of temperature based on the analytical solutions in fractured and non-fractured regions. Inflow fluid temperature, surrounding temperature field, and after-flow velocity of each fracture can be estimated from the measured temperature data, which present decent accuracies analyzing synthetic temperature signal. The estimations are independent on each cluster, which can be combined to analyze the entire production section. The outputs of this work can contribute to production logging, warm-back, and wellbore storage analyses to achieve successful fracture diagnostic.
Percutaneous leverage technique for reduction of radial neck fractures in children: technical tips.

Abstract Purpose Paediatric radial neck fractures are challenging to treat. Multiple strategies exist for reduction and fixation; there is no clear consensus on the best surgical technique to achie...
Evaluation of a Modified Version of the Norton Scale for Use as a Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Instrument in Critical Care: A Quality Improvement Project.

Purpose No risk assessment scale exists in the United States specifically designed for use among patients with critical illness. The aim of this project was to modify the Norton Scale for Pressure Sore Risk to improve its predictive power when used in the critical care setting. Participants and setting The setting for this quality improvement project was a 1157-bed academic medical center in the Southeast United States. Data were collected from 114 clinicians; 111 were critical care nurses and 3 were certified wound care nurses. Methods Participants assessed the pressure injury risks of a video-simulated critical care patient using the optimized Norton Scale (oNS); this instrument was modified from the Norton Scale. Data were collected on reliability, validity, usability, and preference. Outcomes All 114 participants accurately predicted a patient's severe high risk for pressure injury using the oNS. Predictive validity and reliability of the oNS were excellent based on a correlation coefficient of more than 0.6 and a Cronbach α = 0.944, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.933 (95% confidence interval, 0.911-0.950). From 71.2% to 84.9% of the participants agreed that the oNS represented the desired characteristics for optimal usability in the critical-care setting. Preference for the oNS was associated with perceptions that it was easier, quicker, and more critical-care-specific than the Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk currently used in critical care units in the project facility. Implications for practice The oNS offered critical care nurses in our facility a quick, easy-to-use, critical care- specific risk assessment tool that focused on the unique vulnerabilities of patients with critical illness.
An experimental study on learning and memory functions of mice with subchronic poisoning by deltamethrin

Objective To study the learning and memory functions of mice with subchronic poisoning by deltamethrin.Methods Mice were randomly divided into high-dose poisoning group,middle-dose poisoning group and low-dose poisoning group with different poisoning doses of deltamethrin by mouth for 30 d.After poisoning,the Y model maze test and diving tower test were carried out in each group.Results In the learning test of Y model maze test,the total electric shock period were(39.10±16.21)s,(34.54±12.19)s and(28.99±11.72)s,the total training times were(70.35±28.07)times,(66.24±27.10)times and(60.58±23.49)times,and the error reaction times were(34.89±14.64)times,(31.31±11.29)times and(28.62±9.28)times,respectively in high-dose poisoning group,middle-dose poisoning group and low-dose poisoning group.Compared with control group,the total electric shock period,the total training times,the error reaction times of and the rate of right reaction in high-dose poisoning group and middle-dose poisoning group(except for the index of the total training times in middle-dose poisoning group)increased significantly(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)In the diving tower test,compared with control group,the error latent period shortened and the error times and total short electric shock periods increased significantly in high-dose poisoning group and middle-dose poisoning group(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Conclusion Subchronic poisoning by dehamethrin could result in decrease of the learning and memory functions of mice. Key words: Deltamethrin; Subchronie poisoning; Learning; Memory
Culturally Responsive Perceptions and Practices of Instructors at a Minority-Serving Institution: A Mixed Methods Study.

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine the culturally responsive perceptions and practices of instructors at a public, minority-serving institution located in the southeast quadrant of the United States. Survey data were collected from 34 undergraduate and graduate faculty participants. Findings from a hierarchical regression analysis indicated that race or ethnicity and deficit ideology were predictive of instructor-student relationships and effectively communicating expectations. Additionally, a thematic analysis of participant responses suggested instructors believe students do not value higher education, and academic advisors should take on a more expansive role. Participants minimized the role they play in promoting student success. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that universities develop strategic plans to address inequitable policies and practices. Furthermore, instructors must challenge beliefs that are detrimental to culturally responsive instruction. A discussion of the findings and implications for culturally responsive instruction in higher education, particularly at minority serving institutions, are included.
Patch augmentation of small ascending aorta during stage I procedure reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality.

Objectives Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with aortic atresia (AA) patients are prone to coronary insufficiency due to a small ascending aorta. Prophylactic patch augmentation of the small ascending aorta during the stage I procedure (S1P) may reduce the risk of coronary insufficiency as marked by ventricular dysfunction, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support or mortality. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with HLHS with AA who underwent an S1P was completed. Baseline ascending aorta size, right ventricular (RV) function and outcome variables of transplant-free survival, ECMO support after the stage 1 operation and RV function at the time of the bidirectional Glenn and latest follow-up were collected. Results Between January 2010 and April 2020, 11 patients underwent prophylactic ascending aorta augmentation at the time of the S1P as a planned portion of the procedure. A total of 125 patients underwent S1P during this period as a comparison. Overall survival was 100% for the augmented group and 74% for the control group (P = 0.66). A composite end point of transplant-free survival, no post-S1P ECMO and less than moderate RV dysfunction was created. At the time of BDG, this composite end point was 100% for the augmented group and 61.8% for the control group (P = 0.008) and at most recent follow-up was 100% for the augmented group and 59.3% for control (P = 0.007). Eight patients required a rescue procedure for the clinical evidence of coronary insufficiency following S1P that included ascending aorta patch augmentation or stent placement. When comparing these rescue versus prophylactic ascending aortic augmentations, there were also differences in the composite outcome 100% for augmented and 60% for rescue (P = 0.009) and at the time of most recent follow-up 100% for augmented and 50% for rescue (P = 0.029). Conclusions Prophylactic patch augmentation of the ascending aorta in HLHS patients with AA may reduce the risk of mortality, ECMO and reduced RV function. Patients not initially undergoing augmentation but then requiring a rescue procedure have particularly poor outcomes. Patch augmentation for smaller ascending aortic diameters should be considered and further clinical experience may help delineate aorta diameter threshold for augmentation.
A Comparison of Fiber Based Material Laws for Myocardial Scar

The mechanics of most soft tissues in the human body are determined by the organization of their collagen fibers. Predicting how mechanics will change during growth and remodeling of those tissues requires constitutive laws that account for the density and dispersion of collagen fibers. Post-infarction scar in the heart, a mechanically and structurally complex material, does not yet have a validated fiber-based constitutive model. In this study, we tested four different constitutive laws employing exponential or polynomial strain-energy functions and accounting for either mean fiber orientation alone or the details of the fiber distribution about that mean. We quantified the goodness of fit of each law to mechanical testing data from 6-week-old myocardial scar in the rat using both sum of squared error (SSE) and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to account for differences in the number of material parameters within the constitutive laws. We then compared their ability to prospectively predict the mechanics of independent myocardial scar samples from other time points during healing. Our analysis suggests that a constitutive law with a polynomial form that incorporates detailed information about collagen fiber distribution using a structure tensor provides excellent fits with just two parameters and reasonable predictions of myocardial scar mechanics from measured structure alone in scars containing sufficiently high collagen content.
CryoMem: A 4–300-K 1.3-GHz Hybrid 2T-Gain-Cell-Based eDRAM Macro in 28-nm Logic Process for Cryogenic Applications

This letter demonstrates the first CMOS logic compatible cryogenic memory solution operating from 4 to 300 K designed in the 28-nm high-K metal gate (HKMG) CMOS. With the growing applications of cryogenic systems from quantum computing to space electronics, there is a need for memory capable of reliable functionality. While the prevailing low-temperature memories suffer from temperature scalability and integrability, the proposed test chip of 1-kb 2T hybrid gain cell-based embedded DRAM macro overcomes these issues while providing $10^{6} \times $ better retention time, 1.3-GHz peak frequency at 4 K, sub nW/kb array refresh power, and $1.7\times $ energy efficiency at 4 K compared to 300 K. This is due to the near absence of leakage, improved ON current, and subthreshold slope which leads to enhanced performance of critical path circuits at lower temperatures.
How does fast reconnection work

Considerable controversy exists as to whether Petschek's solution for fast reconnection actually occurs in nature or even whether it is a valid solution of the MHD equations. This paper argues that Petschek's mechanism is a mathematically consistent solution, though not necessarily a stable one. Furthermore, Petschek's mechanism is not the only type of fast reconnection which can occur, and it may very well be that it does not typically occur in nature. Other types of reconnection such as flux-pile-up, where the field is strongly compressed by an external flow, may be more common. Even the slow type of reconnection originally proposed by Sweet and Parker may be fast if the effective electrical resistivity is determined by turbulent processes rather than laminar ones.
Venus mesosphere and thermosphere: II. Global circulation, temperature, and density variations

Recent Pioneer Venus observations have prompted a return to comprehensive hydrodynamical modeling of the thermosphere of Venus. Our approach has been to reexamine the circulation and structure of the thermosphere using the framework of the R. E. Dickinson and E. C. Ridley (1977, Icarus 30, 163-178), symmetric two-dimensional model. Sensitivity tests were conducted to see how large-scale winds, eddy diffusion and conduction, and strong 15-/xm cooling affect day-night contrasts of densities and temperatures. The calculated densities and temperatures are compared to symmetric empirical model fields constructed from the Pioneer Venus data base. We find that the observed day-to-night variation of composition and temperatures can be derived largely by a wavedrag parameterization that gives a circulation system weaker than predicted prior to Pioneer Venus. The calculated mesospheric winds are consistent with Earth-based observations near 115 km. Our studies also suggest that eddy diffusion is only a minor contributor to the maintenance of observed day and nightside densities, and that eddy coefficients are smaller than values used by previous one-dimensional composition models. The mixing that occurs in the Venus thermosphere results from small-scale and large-scale motions. Strong COz 15-/xm cooling buffers solar perturbations such that the response by the general circulation to solar cycle variation is relatively weak. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Effects of chronic social stress during lactation on maternal behavior and growth in rats

Maternal mood disorders such as depression and chronic anxiety can negatively affect the lives of not only mothers, but also of partners, offspring, and future generations. Chronic exposure to psychosocial stress is common in postpartum mothers, and one of the strongest predictors of postpartum depression is social conflict. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of chronic social stress (CSS) during lactation on the maternal behavior (which consists of maternal care and aggression toward a novel conspecific) of lactating rats, as well as on the growth of the dams and their offspring. It was hypothesized that chronic daily exposure to a novel male intruder would alter the display of maternal behavior and impair growth in both the dam and offspring during lactation due to the potentially disruptive effects on maternal behavior and/or lactation. The data indicate that CSS during lactation attenuates maternal care and the growth of both dams and pups, and increases self-grooming and maternal aggression toward a novel male intruder. These results support the use of CSS as a relevant model for disorders that impair maternal behavior and attenuate growth of the offspring, such as postpartum depression and anxiety.
Comparison of Cbln1 and Cbln2 functions using transgenic and knockout mice.

Cerebellin precursor protein 1 (Cbln1) is a secreted glycoprotein (Urade et al. 1991; Bao et al. 2005) essential for normal synaptic structure and function in the cerebellum (Hirai et al. 2005). In cerebellum Cbln1 acts as a bi-functional ligand bridging pre-synaptic β-neurexins on granule neurons to post-synaptic Grid2 in Purkinje cells (Uemura et al. 2010; Matsuda et al. 2010). However, this cannot be the sole mechanism of action of Cbln1 as it is expressed in neurons in many brain regions (Mugnaini et al. 1987; Miura et al. 2006; Wei et al. 2007) whereas Grid2 expression is largely confined to cerebellum (Araki et al. 1993). In particular, Cbln1 deficiency in glutamatergic neurons of the parafascicular nucleus (PF) of the thalamus results in increased synaptic spine density on dendrites of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN), the recipients of axonal projections from the Cbln1-positive PF neurons (Kusnoor et al. 2010). As MSNs and PF neurons lack Grid2 this implies that additional membrane proteins mediate the function of Cbln1 in the thalamo-striatal projection. The dissection of the mechanisms underlying Cbln1 function is further complicated by the fact that Cbln1 is also the prototype of a family of structurally related proteins (Cbln1-4) of largely unknown function (Bao et al. 2005). These proteins have broad, sometimes overlapping, distributions in brain (Miura et al. 2006; Wei et al. 2007) and notably in situ hybridization indicates that Cbln1 and Cbln2 are both expressed in PF neurons (Miura et al. 2006). Besides having the potential to assemble into homomeric complexes all Cbln1 family members are capable of assembling into heteromeric complexes with each other (Bao et al. 2005). This might provide a mechanism to regulate or modify receptor binding specificities, as well as protein turnover, trafficking or function of Cbln1 family members in vivo. For example, Cbln1 and Cbln3 are co-expressed in cerebellar granule cells and are found in heteromeric complexes in vivo (Bao et al. 2006). Moreover, genetic elimination of either Cbln1 or Cbln3 has profound effects on the turnover of the other family member (Bao et al. 2006). Therefore, it is important to determine whether family members have redundant function and underpin similar aspects of neurobiology. As Cbln1 and Cbln2 have broad expression in the adult nervous system, are able to associate with each other in heteromeric complexes, and are co-expressed in PF neurons we have used transgenic and knockout mouse strategies to determine whether they have identical or independent functions in vivo.
The nature of adolescent learner interaction in a virtual high school setting

This study used survey data to measure the effect of learners' reported interactions with content, peers, and instructors on several course outcomes in two virtual high school courses that emphasized interactive learning. Surveys found that the large majority of students viewed all investigated types of interaction as educational and motivational. Students perceived learner–instructor and learner–content interactions to have significantly higher educational value (α < 0.01) than learner–learner interactions, and viewed learner–instructor interaction to be significantly more motivational (α < 0.01) than learner–content interaction. Furthermore, nine significant correlations were found involving the time students reported spending on human interaction and course outcomes. Seven of the significant correlations were related to the time students reported spending in human interaction and the more affective outcomes, such as course satisfaction and disposition towards the subject area. Outcomes also indicate that learner–learner interaction had higher correlations with course outcomes than learners' interactions with the content or their instructor. Students' perceived learning was not significantly correlated with any type of interaction, and only students' total reported time spent on learner–learner interaction and students' social learner–learner interaction were significantly correlated with their grade.
Doing the difficult and dangerous: the community program practice scale.

The CPPS uses staff respondents to portray practices and program climate of nonresidential mental health programs. We report psychometric analyses of 1,533 respondents in 165 programs. Confirmatory factor and partial credit analyses identified eight practice and five climate subscales, all of which show adequate psychometric properties. Program types are distinguished better by practices (R 2 values .37 to .52) than by climate (R 2 values .09 to .23), as expected. Multiple discriminant analysis and K-means cluster analysis illustrate how well the CPPS distinguishes program differences. The CPPS offers a promising, economical approach to measuring program practices in clinical trials comparing service programs.
The effect of x-irradiation on incorporation of orthophosphate-32P and acetate-2-14C into rabbit erythrocyte stroma.

Abstract 1. 1. Exposure of rabbits to 600 r of X-rays depresses 32 P-activity in the circulating red cell stroma for a period of six days after irradiation. 2. 2. No similar changes could be detected in the 14 C-activity of erythrocyte stroma of irradiated animals after injection of acetate-2- 14 C.
Two-cell theory to measure membrane resistance based on proton flow: Theory development and experimental validation

Abstract A two-cell theory is developed to measure proton exchange membrane (PEM) resistance to proton flow during conduction through a PEM fuel cell. The theoretical framework developed herein is based upon fundamental thermodynamic principles and engineering laws. We made appropriate corrections to develop the theoretical model previously proposed by Babu and Nair (B.V. Babu, N. Nair, J. Energy Edu. Sci. Technol. 13 (2004) 13–20) for measuring membrane resistance to the flow of protons, which is the only ion that travels from one electrode to the other through the membrane. A simple experimental set-up and procedure are also developed to validate the theoretical model predictions. A widely used commercial membrane (Nafion ® ) and several in-house membranes are examined to compare relative resistance among membranes. According to the theory, resistance of the proton exchange membrane is directly proportional to the time taken for a specific amount of protons to pass through the membrane. A second order differential equation describes the entire process. The results show that theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. It is our speculation that the investigation results will open up a route to develop a simple device to measure resistance during membrane manufacturing since electrolyte resistance is one of the key performance drivers for the advancement of fuel cell technology.
Attention demands of movements as a function of their duration and velocity.

Abstract The attention demands of initiating and controlling discrete movements were examined as a function of their movement time (MT) and average movement velocity. Experiment 1 showed that the attention required to execute a movement decreased as MT decreased, although Experiment 2 through independently manipulating MT and movement velocity, revealed that movement velocity is the key determiner of attention demands rather than MT. The attention demands of preparing a high velocity movement are greater than during its execution with the reverse being the case for relatively slow velocity movements. The results are compatible with the view that it is the initiation of error corrections that are attention demanding (Keele 1973).
Trends in Federally Mandated Warning Labels for Consumer Products

Consumer products currently sold in the United States often come with extensive safety information, but the presentation of large amounts of such material was not always the case. We reviewed federally mandated hazard labeling as it evolved during the 20th century by documenting changes in labeling requirements for home-use products prescribed by federal statutes. Our review indicated that during the course of the 20th century, there was a dramatic change in the presence, prevalence and specificity of hazard warning requirements. In the early years, Congress concentrated on truth in labeling of contents and quality. This labeling identified hazardous agents in some products. However, as the century progressed, Congress gradually added requirements that could include descriptions of the mechanisms, consequences, and means for avoidance of such hazards. Moreover, the 1960's and especially the 1970's brought a dramatic expansion in the number and types of products required to bear hazard labels.
Infra-red Spectroscopy of Ceramics from Tell Brak, Syria

Abstract Infra-red microspectroscopy (IR), in both reflectance and transmission geometries, can be successfully applied to archaeological ceramics. This non-destructive technique provides constraints on the mineralogic make-up of both ceramic bodies and coatings. Using a combination of IR, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma analysis, we examine select samples from Tell Brak, Syria, from three periods, the Halaf/Ubaid, Akkadian and 2nd millennium, in terms of their mineralogy and thus firing temperature. Utilising this technique, “local” and “imported” categories of samples are proposed, and developments in firing technology can be identified.
Feature Weighting and Selection Using Hypothesis Margin of Boosting

Utilizing the concept of hypothesis margins to measure the quality of a set of features has been a growing line of research in the last decade. However, most previous algorithms have been developed under the large hypothesis margin principles of the 1-NN algorithm, such as Simba. Little attention has been paid so far to exploiting the hypothesis margins of boosting to evaluate features. Boosting is well known to maximize the training examples' hypothesis margins, in particular, the average margins which are known to be the first statistics that considers the whole margin distribution. In this paper, we describe how to utilize the training examples' mean margins of boosting to select features. A weight criterion, termed Margin Fraction (MF), is assigned to each feature that contributes to the average margin distribution combined in the final output produced by boosting. Applying the idea of MF to a sequential backward selection method, a new embedded selection algorithm is proposed, called SBS-MF. Experimentation is carried out using different data sets, which compares the proposed SBS-MF with two boosting based feature selection approaches, as well as to Simba. The results show that SBS-MF is effective in most of the cases.
Sleep deprivation as a model experimental antidepressant treatment: Findings from functional brain imaging

This paper reviews the functional brain imaging studies in depressed patients treated with sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is an excellent experimental model of antidepressant treatments which offer new opportunities to understand the basic neural mechanisms. Its antidepressant effects are efficacious and rapid; sleep deprivation is easy to administer, inexpensive, and relatively safe; it can be studied in patients, normal controls, and animals; and it may lead to new treatments and new paradigms for antidepressant therapies. Seven published papers, coming from five different research centers, using either positron emission tomography (PET) with 18fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) or single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) with Technetium-99-bexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) have relatively consistent findings. First, before sleep deprivation, responders have significantly elevated metabolism compared with non-responders, and usually the normal controls, in the orbital medial prefrontal cortex, and especially in the ventral portions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Secondly, after sleep deprivation, these hyperactive areas normalize in the responders. The magnitude of the clinical improvement was significantly correlated with decreased local glucose metabolic rate or cerebral blood flow in three studies. The results are consistent with some but not all functional brain imaging studies of antidepressant medications in depressed patients. Finally, a SPECT study using a radioactively labeled D2 receptor antagonist suggests that the antidepressant benefits of sleep deprivation are correlated with endogenous release of dopamine.
Radiology Resident Recruitment: A Study of the Impact of Web-based Information and Interview Day Activities

Rationale and Objectives Residency recruitment is a critical and expensive process. A program's Web site may improve recruitment, but little is known about how applicants use program sites or what constitutes optimal content. The importance of an interview day and interactions with a program's residents has been described, but candidate preferences for various activities and schedules have not been widely reported. We investigated contemporary use and perceived utility of information provided on radiology program Web sites, as well as preferences for the interview day experience. Materials and Methods Using an anonymous cross-sectional survey, we studied 111 candidates who were interviewed between November 1, 2012 and January 19, 2013 for a diagnostic radiology residency position at our institution. Participation in this institutional review board–approved study was entirely voluntary, and no identifying information was collected. Responses were sealed and not analyzed until after the match. Results A total of 70 candidates returned a completed survey (63% response rate). Optimal content considered necessary for a “complete” Web site was identified. The most important factor in deciding where to apply was geographical connection to a program. “AuntMinnie” was the most popular source of program information on social media. Candidates overwhelmingly preferred one-on-one faculty interviews but had no preference between a Saturday and weekday schedule. The ideal interview experience should include a “meet and greet” with residents off campus and a personal interview with the program director. The overall “feel” or “personality” of the program was critical to a candidate's rank order decision. Conclusions Our findings offer insight into what factors make programs appealing to radiology applicants. This information will be useful to medical educators engaged in career counseling and recruitment.