cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of research in geriatric psychiatry

During the past 30 years the knowledge base of geriatric psychiatry has grown exponentially to replace the folklore and myths which for many years pervaded the as yet undefined field of geriatric psychiatry. The advances in geriatric psychiatry, as with many areas of medicine, have been fostered by the appearance of sophisticated technologies including analytic chemistry techniques, functional and structural brain-imaging studies and molecular biology. However, many of these advances could not have been achieved without the supported initiatives in education and research in geriatric psychiatry by major agencies such as the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Studies of Mental Health of the Aging and the National Institute for Aging. For example, the number of geriatric specialty training programs in the United States increased to more than 30 between 1978 and 1989 as compared to the existence of only one prior to 1978 in the setting of a medical school (Cohen, 1989). These clinical and research training programs continue to the present day and are not only the source of the future researchers in geriatric psychiatry but also the ‘centres’ of research activity in areas such as the mood disorders, dementias, late onset schizophrenia, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders of the elderly which are reviewed in this issue of the Journal.
Integrated Control of Snails

Snails are vectors of several important diseases and parasites of man, especially schistosomiasis. They can be killed with chemicals such as copper chloride, sodium pentachlorophenate, organic tin derivatives, or niclosamide. Biological control methods include the use of predators such as crayfish, leeches, other snails, ducks, or geese, and the use of parasites such as nematodes and certain Protozoa. Management, practices have also been recommended. These include cleaning ditches, building them with concrete sides or covering them so that plants — the food of snails — will not grow in them, or draining ditches periodically to kill the snails. However, some molluscicides may kill the nitrogen-fixing algae which help fertilize rice paddies, and thermal pollution may raise the temperature of streams and estuaries in the temperate zone enough so that tropical and subtropical schistosomes may be able to propagate. More research is needed to develop the ideal methods of controlling snails.
Dry deposition of ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium, and nitrate to alpine tundra at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Abstract Micrometeorological measurements and ambient air samples, analyzed for concentrations of NH 3 , HNO 3 , NH 4 + , and NO 3 − , were collected at an alpine tundra site on Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The measured concentrations were extremely low and ranged between 5 and 70 ng N m −3 . Dry deposition fluxes of these atmospheric species were calculated using the micrometeorological gradient method. The calculated mean flux for NH 3 indicates a net deposition to the surface and indicates that NH 3 contributed significantly to the total N deposition to the tundra during the August–September measurement period. Our pre-measurement estimate of the compensation point for NH 3 in air above the tundra was 100–200 ng N m −3 ; thus, a net emission of NH 3 was expected given the low ambient concentrations of NH 3 observed. Based on our results, however, the NH 3 compensation point at this alpine tundra site appears to have been at or below about 20 ng N m −3 . Large deposition velocities (>2 cm s −1 ) were determined for nitrate and ammonium and may result from reactions with surface-derived aerosols.
Delay equations with fluctuating delay related to the regenerative chatter II: analysis of reduced bifurcation equation

In this article, we study the reduced bifurcation equations of the nonlinear delay differential equations with periodic delays, which models the machine tool chatter with continuously modulated spindle speed to determine the periodic solutions and analyze the tool motion. Analytical results show both modest increase of stability and existence of periodic solutions close to the new stability boundary.
Error Reduction, Patient Safety and Institutional Ethics Committees

Institutional ethics committees remain largely absent from the literature on error reduction and patient safety. This paper attempts to fill the gap. Healthcare professionals are on the front lines in the defense against medical error, but the changes that are needed to reduce medical errors and enhance patient safety are cultural and systemic in nature. As noted in the Hastings Centers recent report, Promoting Patient Safety, the occurrence of medical error involves a complex web of multiple factors. Human misstep is certainly one such factor, but not the only one. In this paper, I build on the Hasting Centers report on patient safety (HCR) in arguing that institutional ethics committees ought to play an integral role in the transformation of a culture of blame to a culture of safety in healthcare delivery.
Musculoskeletal pain associated with corticosteroid therapy in cancer.

Corticosteroids have multiple uses in the care of the cancer patient. Although they confer benefit to the patient, high doses and extended duration of use may lead to significant adverse effects. Adverse effects such as osteoporosis-induced fractures, osteonecrosis, myopathy and myalgias can cause significant pain and have a negative impact on the patient’s quality of life. In this paper, I will review the mechanisms involved in the toxicity, risk factors, prevalence, prevention, and treatment strategies.
A Diurnal Settling Rhythm in Platymonas subcordiformis Hazen

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Platymonas subcordiformis Hazen, grown in appropriate light-dark cycles, as many as 75% of the cells adhered to the surface of the glass culture vessel toward the end of the light period of each day. Cell division occurred primarily while the cells were attached. Subsequently, motile daughter cells were released into the growth medium by the rupture of the mother cell theca. The settling behavior appears to be an integral part of the life cycle being synchronized to the same extent as cell division.
A Manganese(IV)/Iron(III) Cofactor in Chlamydia trachomatis Ribonucleotide Reductase

In a conventional class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a diiron(II/II) cofactor in the R2 subunit reacts with oxygen to produce a diiron(III/IV) intermediate, which generates a stable tyrosyl radical (Y*). The Y* reversibly oxidizes a cysteine residue in the R1 subunit to a cysteinyl radical (C*), which abstracts the 3'-hydrogen of the substrate to initiate its reduction. The RNR from Chlamydia trachomatis lacks the Y*, and it had been proposed that the diiron(III/IV) complex in R2 directly generates the C* in R1. By enzyme activity measurements and spectroscopic methods, we show that this RNR actually uses a previously unknown stable manganese(IV)/iron(III) cofactor for radical initiation.
Chronic Diseases and Related Risk Factors among Low-Income Mothers

The aim is to describe the burden of chronic disease and related risk factors among low-income women of reproductive age. We analyzed population-based data from the 2005–2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) for 14,990 women with a live birth in 7 states. We examined the prevalence of selected chronic diseases and related risk factors (preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, obesity, smoking or binge drinking prior to pregnancy, smoking or excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and postpartum depressive symptoms) by Federal Poverty Level (FPL) (≤100% FPL; 101–250% FPL; >250% FPL). Approximately one-third of women were low-income (≤100% FPL), one-third were near-low-income (101–250% FPL), and one-third were higher-income (>250% FPL). Compared to higher-income women, low-income women were significantly more likely to smoke before or during pregnancy (34.2% vs. 14.4%, and 24.8% vs. 5.4%, respectively), be obese (22.2% vs. 16.0%), experience postpartum depressive symptoms (23.3% vs. 7.9%), have 3 or more chronic diseases and/or related risk factors (28.1% vs. 14.4%) and be uninsured before pregnancy (48.9% vs. 4.8%). Low-income women of reproductive age experienced a higher prevalence of selected chronic diseases and related risk factors. Enhancing services for these women in publicly-funded family planning clinics may help reduce disparities in pregnancy and long-term health outcomes in the poor.
Adaptive model architecture and extended Kalman-Bucy filters

In radar systems, extended Kalman-Bucy filters (EKBFs) are used to estimate state vectors of objects in track. Filter models accounting for fundamental aerodynamic forces on reentry vehicles are well known. A general model structure accommodating the dynamics of reentry vehicles in both exoatmospheric and endoatmospheric flight is presented. The associated EKBFs for these various models are described and the resulting associated parameter estimation and identification problems are discussed. The effects of position, velocity, drag, and aerodynamic lift are described within a nested set of EKBF models. >
Ketorolac alters blood flow during normothermia but not during hyperthermia in middle-aged human skin.

In young healthy humans full expression of reflex cutaneous vasodilation is dependent on cyclooxygenase (COX)- and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanisms. Chronic low-dose aspirin therapy...
Malerisaurus, a new eosuchian reptile from the late Triassic of India

Two almost complete skeletons of a new eosuchian reptile, Malerisaurus robinsonae n.sp., were discovered as the presumable gastric contents of ‘twin’ skeletons of Parasuchus hislopi . The specimens are from fluvial flood plain deposits of the late Triassic Maleri Formation of the Gondwana supergroup, India. The osteology of Malerisaurus is described in detail. Malerisaurus was a small, gracile, long-necked eosuchian, facultatively bipedal, and probably able to climb trees or to take to the water when alarmed. It is comparable to modern bipedal lizards in size, proportions and inferred activities. The skull, although showing some carnivorous adaptation, is relatively unspecialized and indicates an insectivorous diet. Because Malerisaurus shows such a combination of primitive and advanced features as a diapsid skull, unossified laterosphenoid, lack of antorbital and mandibular fenestrae, slender limbs, primitive girdles, distinctive elongated cervicals and lack of dermal armour, it is assigned to the suborder Prolacertiformes of the order Eosuchia. A classification of Prolacertiformes indicates four families within this suborder: Petrolacosauridae, Protorosauridae, Prolacertidae and Tanystropheidae. Malerisaurus is tentatively allied to Protorosaurus in the family Protorosauridae; in neither genus is the temporal region of the skull adequately known. Malerisaurus furnishes detailed information about the skeletal morphology of what may be a hitherto undocumented lineage of eosuchian reptiles.
Investigation of how different halos influence pin forces.

Study Design. This study investigated the effect of the size and material of halo rings on the pin force produced at the halo pin-calvarium complex. Summary of Background Data: loosening of halo pins has been a problem with using the halo-vest apparatus to stabilize cervical spine fractures. Methods. One standard halo pin and seven different halo rings were used to test the anterior pin hole of each ring at a constant torque of 8 inch-pounds (0.9 Nm). Results. Pin force fluctuated from halo to halo, and decreased as the nut was tightened. Conclusions. Identical torques applied to different halos will not guarantee the same magnitude of pin force for halo fixation
Magnetoconductivity of a Fermi Ellipsoid with Anisotropic Relaxation Time

An extremely simple expression is obtained for the isothermal conductivity tensor for an arbitrarily oriented Fermi ellipsoid in an arbitrarily oriented magnetic field. The relationship between a simple kinetic equation and a vector form of the Boltzmann equation is demonstrated, and this relationship is used to show how to include the relaxation time as a tensor quantity. One again obtains a simple result which possesses the general characteristics shown to be required by other workers dealing in a different approximation.
Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of singe words

PET images of blood flow change that were averaged across individuals were used to identify brain areas related to lexical (single-word) processing, A small number of discrete areas were activated during several task conditions including: modality-specific (auditory or visual) areas activated by passive word input, primary motor and premotor areas during speech output, and yet further areas during tasks making semantic or intentional demands.
Sulfhydryl group reactivity in the Escherichia coli CoA transferase.

Abstract The acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase of Escherichia coli has the subunit structure α2β2 The enzyme contains six sulfhydryl groups, one per α chain and two per β chain, and no disulfides. The rates and extent of sulfhydryl group reactivity with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) were compared in the free enzyme, the enzyme-CoA intermediate in the catalytic pathway, and a substrate analog-enzyme Michaelis complex. The analog used was acetylaminodesthio-CoA, a competitive inhibitor with respect to acetyl-CoA; the analog is not a substrate. The reactions were studied in the presence and absence of 10% glycerol. In the absence of glycerol, one sulfhydryl group reacted rapidly in the free enzyme and enzyme-CoA intermediate; relative to the free enzyme, the rate and number of subsequently reacting sulfhydryl groups were increased in the enzyme-CoA intermediate. In the presence of 10% glycerol, one sulfhydryl group reacted rapidly in the free enzyme, while two reacted rapidly in the enzyme-CoA compound; the rates and extents of subsequently reacting sulfhydryl groups were also enhanced in the enzyme-CoA compound. The data strongly suggested subunit interactions in the free enzyme and intermediate; glycerol abolished those interactions in the enzyme-CoA intermediate. In the absence of glycerol, sulfhydryl group reactivity in the Michaelis complex, enzyme-acetylaminodesthio-CoA, was similar to that in the free enzyme with one exception: One of the more slowly reacting sulfhydryl groups in the free enzyme reacted at a rate characteristic of the enzyme-CoA intermediate. The results obtained with N-ethylmaleimide were qualitatively similar. The fractional inactivation of the enzyme with N-ethylmaleimide as a function of sulfhydryl groups modified and the subunit location of those sulfhydryl groups indicated that the same sulfhydryl groups react in both enzyme species; however, those sulfhydryl groups reacted more rapidly in the enzyme-CoA compound. The data indicate both subunit interactions in the enzyme and characteristic conformational changes upon formation of an acyl-CoA-enzyme Michaelis complex and the enzyme-CoA intermediate.
Commentary: Overcoming the Challenges of Post-disaster Planning in New Orleans Lessons from the ACORN Housing/University Collaborative

This article describes how New Orleans ACORN members established a highly productive partnership with more than ninety urban planning students and faculty from Cornell, Columbia and Illinois in 200...
Jackson on counterfactuals

(1980). Jackson on counterfactuals. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 62-65.
Thrombin Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth in Association with Up-regulation of p21 waf/cip1 and Caspases via a p53-independent, STAT-1-dependent Pathway

Thrombin, a multifunctional protein, has been found to be involved in cellular mitogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis, in addition to its well known effects on the initiation of platelet aggregation and secretion and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form blood clots. These properties of thrombin rely on its action as a serine protease, which cleaves the N-terminal region of a 7-transmembrane G protein receptor (protease-activated receptor, PAR-1), thus exposing a tethered end hexapeptide sequence capable of activating its receptor. Little is known about its effect on genes that regulate the cell cycle. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible mechanisms by which thrombin regulates tumor cell growth in several tumor cell lines: human CHRF megakaryocyte, DU145 prostate, MDAMB231 and MCF7 breast, U3A fibrosarcoma, and 2 murine fibroblast cell lines, MEFp53(-/-) and CD STAT(-/-). We have found that thrombin under the conditions of culture employed inhibits cell growth by both up-regulation of p21(waf/cip1) and induction of caspases via its PAR-1 receptor. The increased expression of p21(waf/cip1) by thrombin was p53 independent, STAT1 dependent, and protein synthesis independent. This was associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1, and nuclear translocation of STAT1. Induction of apoptosis is also PAR-1-specific, STAT1-dependent, and associated with up-regulation of caspases 1, 2, and 3. Our study establishes, for the first time, a link between PAR-1 receptor activation with the STAT signal pathway, which leads to cell cycle control and apoptosis. This observation broadens our understanding of the mechanism of PAR-1 activation and its effect on cell growth, and could possibly lead to therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer.
Scaling law describes Earth's electromagnetic environment

The electromagnetic environment surrounding Earth, including the geomagnetic field and atmospheric electric fields, varies on all time scales, but this frequency dependence has not been well studied. Analyzing observations compiled from several published sources,Fullekrug and Fraser-Smith found that the energy density of the electromagnetic fields at the surface of the Earth follows a simple, fundamental scaling law: The energy density of the fields at a given frequency is inversely proportional to the square of the frequency. This relationship extends over a wide range of frequencies—16 orders of magnitude. The authors note that this is somewhat surprising, given the many different processes that cause electromagnetic field variations, including lightning discharge in the atmosphere, geomagnetic storms in the ionosphere, and many other electromagnetic effects, such as sprites in the middle atmosphere.
Child sexual abuse: Very young perpetrators

Three cases of child sexual abuse by child perpetrators are presented showing that sexual abuse of a child by a child may result in the victim becoming a perpetrator, thereby contributing to a potential reservoir of adolescent and adult perpetrators. Sexual play between children requires increased attention from caretakers to determine whether it is abusive, imitated from prior experience, and potentially transmissible to other children. Parents need to be informed, possibly through schools, that incidents of sexual interaction between children should be reported. To punish children for such behavior may protect the perpetrator and silence the victim(s).
Nonlinear oscillations of pendant drops

Whereas oscillations of free drops have been scrutinized for over a century, oscillations of supported (pendant or sessile) drops have only received limited attention to date. Here, the focus is on the axisymmetric, free oscillations of arbitrary amplitude of a viscous liquid drop of fixed volume V that is pendant from a solid rod of radius R and is surrounded by a dynamically inactive ambient gas. This nonlinear free boundary problem is solved by a method of lines using Galerkin/finite element analysis for discretization in space and an implicit, adaptive finite difference technique for discretization in time. The dynamics of such nonlinear oscillations are governed by four dimensionless groups: (1) a Reynolds number Re, (2) a gravitational Bond number G, (3) dimensionless drop volume V/R3 or some other measure of drop size, and (4) a measure of initial drop deformation a/b. In contrast to free drops whose frequencies of oscillation ω decrease as the amplitudes of their initial deformations increase, the...
Functional Analysis of the Human Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Promoter in Duarte and LA Variant Galactosemia

Human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme central to D-galactose metabolism. The impairment of hGALT causes galactosemia. One missense mutation, an aspartate to asparagine substitution at amino acid 314 (N314D), impairs 50% activity in the homozygous state in some patients but gives near normal activity in others. The former condition is called Duarte (D) and the latter, Los Angeles (LA). The D allele is linked to hGALT polymorphisms including a deletion 5'to the translation start site (-119 to -116delGTCA), g1391G --> A and g1105G --> C. The LA allele is linked to a g1721C --> T transition. To investigate possible mechanisms for differences in hGALT activity between the D and LA alleles, we sequenced 3951 nucleotides of genomic DNA 5' to the hGALT translation start site. Using a dual-luciferase reporter system to express deletion constructs of the hGALT promoter, we noted both positive and negative regulatory regions. Two putative positive regulatory domains overlap with the naturally occurring -119 to -116delGTCA linked to Duarte. One is an E-box motif (CACGTG) at -117 to -112 bp. The second is an AP-1 motif (TCAGTCAG) at -124 to -119 bp. The delGTCA mutation confers reduced luciferase activity to transfected cell lines derived from human ovarian and liver neoplasms. Additionally, human lymphoblasts derived from patients with the Duarte allele have reduced GALT mRNA. We conclude that the human GALT gene is regulated in the first -165 bp of its promoter region by positive regulators of GALT gene expression. The -119 to -116delGTCA reduces hGALT transcription resulting in reduced GALT activity in the Duarte allele.
Competitive immunoassay for microliter protein samples with magnetic beads and near-infrared fluorescence detection.

A competitive immunoassay with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence detection to analyze microliter biological samples with an amol limit of detection (LOD) is described. An important feature about this technique is that the immunoreaction and fluorescence detection are separated into two distinct steps, allowing for independent optimization. In the immunoreaction step, NIR fluorescence-labeled antigen (Ag*) competes with the unlabeled analyte (Ag) for antibodies (Ab) immobilized on the surface of paramagnetic beads. A magnet is then used to separate the bound antigen from the free in the supernatant. As the amount of Ag in the sample increases, there is less binding between Ag* and immobilized Ab; therefore, the amount of Ag* in the supernatant is proportionally related to the amount of Ag in the sample. In the fluorescence detection step, aliquots of the supernatant are concentrated onto a protein binding membrane by a capillary blotting technique with an optimized 33 nL/min flow rate. The fluorescence of t...
The Khachaturyan theory of elastic inclusions: Recollections and results

In keeping with the assignment, this paper has two parts. The first is a personal recollection of my interactions with Professor Armen Khachaturyan since he first visited Berkeley in the 1970s. The second part is a review of the Khachaturyan formulation of the theory of elastic inclusions, with emphasis on results found since his classic monograph on the Theory of Structural Transformations in Solids [Wiley, New York, 1983]. The focus here is on the shapes and habits of coherent inclusions. The basic theory is presented, briefly, to exhibit Khachaturyan's results for the strain and energy within a coherent inclusion and show that the elastic energy is minimal for a thin-plate morphology with a definite habit. The preferred habit of the thin-plate inclusion is then discussed and computed for inclusions with dyadic strain (including the dislocation loop) and coherent inclusions with orthorhombic or simpler symmetry. This is followed by a discussion of the evolution of precipitate shape during coarsening, in...
Development of Biodegradable and Injectable Latices for Controlled Release of Potent Drugs

AbstractA new dosage form designed to provide parenteral drug delivery over a prolonged period of time following a standard injection has been investigated using testosterone as the model drug. The drug carrier consists of a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer in which the drug is dispersed on a molecular level. The polymer itself is formulated as a pseudolatex with high solid content (40.0%). The formulation has a low viscosity (97 cps) which can be injected easily through a hypodermic needle. The histopathology study showed good tissue compatibility of the pseudolatices and in-vivo tests on rats confirmed a prolonged release of drug over a 14 day period. The stability of the biodegradable poly-d, l-lactic acid latex was found not to be significantly changed over 120 days of storage at room temperature (25°). A six month study showed a slight increase (10%) in the viscosity of the parenteral product when stored at room temperature. The increase was attributed to partial coalescence of the polymer partic...
Fate and expression of simian virus 40 DNA after introduction into murine cells under nonselective conditions

When SV40 infects mouse cells, it does not replicate but instead causes neoplastic transformation of a small percentage of the cells. It is unknown, however, what happens to the virus in those cells that do not become transformed. We introduced SV40 into mouse cells by nonselective means, either by cotransfection of SV40 DNA with a selectable marker or by random cloning of SV40-infected cells. We analyzed the fate of viral DNA sequences, expression of T antigens, and transformation properties of these cells. We found that, upon infection, viral DNA integration occurs at a frequency that is at least 10-fold higher than the frequency of transformation. The majority of these cells are not transformed due to lack of expression of T antigen. One cell line which expresses a truncated T antigen is not transformed. We have mapped the viral sequences in the genome of these cells and find that integration in the large T intron is probably responsible for the defect. Lack of transformation can therefore be attributed to both cellular and viral factors, namely, introduction of viral DNA into cells that are resistant to transformation or integration of viral DNA in such a way that T antigen expression is prohibited.
Intercalation of polymerization initiators into montmorillonite nanoparticle platelets: free radical vs. anionic initiator clays

We have investigated the properties of clay surface bound initiators for the preparation of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposite materials: one for anionic and two for free radical polymerization. These organic cations were intercalated into the galleries of montmorillonite clay by cation exchange. The structural, thermal, and compositional properties of the three types of initiator clays were studied and compared. X-ray diffraction studies showed that all three systems were swelled after initiator intercalation and the increase of interlayer d-spacing was dependent on the structure and molecular chain length of the initiators. Thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy traces indicated the presence of the initiator on clay and a complete cation exchange process was achieved only by adding excessive amounts of initiator. Infrared spectra compositionally confirmed the successful initiator intercalation into the clay platelets. Important differences were found between surface bound mono and dicationic free radical initiators.
Differential regulation by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 trans-activating genes

Abstract Transient expression assays were performed in Vero cells in order to compare varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-encoded trans -activating proteins [defined by the products of open reading frames (ORF) 4 and 62) with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) trans -activating proteins, ICP4 and ICP0, with respect to activation of gene expression. We demonstrate that the product of VZV ORF4 and ORF62 (which are the HSV-1 analogs of ICP27 and ICP4, respectively) stimulate a variety of viral and cellular gene promoters, including the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (tk) promoter. On the other hand, expression of a recombinant vector containing the VZV tk promoter could not be stimulated, by HSV-1 infection or by the HSV-1 ICP4 or ICP0 proteins expressed during cotransfection experiments. These data suggest different mechanisms of activation of the VZV and the HSV-1 tk gene promoters by “ trans -activating” factors.
The hybrid approach for large scale network access and querying

Geospatially querying and analyzing large high-resolution spatial networks is critical to most of defense and security applications to support military intelligence. However, the majority of existing solutions either store the entire network in memory, which is not scalable, or adopt a disk-based network representation (i.e., SNDB), where routing and spatial queries may incur high I/O overhead and hence are inefficient. In this paper, we present a flexible architecture for large spatial network storage using quadtree. In particular, this hybrid approach preserves network connectivity and proximity within each partition for local search while enabling heuristics to minimize the I/O overhead for queries of large scale. We further develop efficient algorithms to process spatial queries based on this hybrid storage schema.
Towards the National Institutes for the Environment

Abstract This report describes ongoing efforts to organize a new US environmental institution that promises to become a model for global change research and policy initiatives. The Committee for National Institutes for the Environment came into being in December 1989 since when it has established a network of participants throughout the USA, given testimony in the US Senate and House of Representatives, called for an evaluation of the state of all environmental sciences and testified in various Environmental Protection Agency panels. Problems encountered and plans for the future are outlined.
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Azacitidine (5-azacytidine, Vidaza™) for Injectable Suspension

On May 19, 2004, azacitidine (5-azacytidine; Vidaza(trade mark); Pharmion Corporation, Boulder, CO, http://www.pharmion.com) for injectable suspension received regular approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of all subtypes of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). This report summarizes the basis for this approval. Effectiveness was demonstrated in one randomized, controlled trial comparing azacitidine administered s.c. with best supportive care (observation group) and in two single-arm studies, one in which azacitidine was administered s.c. and in the other in which it was administered i.v. The dose of azacitidine, 75 mg/m2/day for 7 days every 28 days, was the same in all three studies. In the randomized trial, study participants were well matched with respect to age, sex, race, performance status, MDS subtype, and use of transfusion during the 3 months before study entry. Patients in the observation arm were permitted by protocol to cross over to azacitidine treatment if their disease progressed according to prespecified criteria. During the course of the study, more than half of the patients in the observation arm did cross over to the azacitidine treatment arm. The primary efficacy end point was the overall response rate. Response consisted of complete or partial normalization of blood cell counts and of bone marrow morphology. The response rate in the azacitidine arm was about 16%; there were no responses in the observation arm. The response rates in the two single-arm studies were similar (13% and 19%). The responses were sustained, with median durations of 11 months and 17 months respectively. Responding patients who were transfusion dependent at study entry lost the need for transfusions. In addition, about 19% of patients had less than partial responses (termed improvement), and two-thirds of them became transfusion independent. Common adverse events associated with azacitidine treatment were gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and anorexia), hematologic (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), fevers, rigors, ecchymoses, petechiae, injection site events, arthralgia, headache, and dizziness. Liver function abnormalities occurred in 16% of patients with intercurrent hepatobiliary disorders and in two patients with previously diagnosed liver cirrhosis. Renal failure occurred in patients during sepsis and hypotension. There were no deaths attributed to azacitidine. Azacitidine, the first drug approved by the U.S. FDA for MDS, has a favorable safety profile and provides a clinical benefit of eliminating transfusion dependence and complete or partial normalization of blood counts and bone marrow blast percentages in responding patients.
Should Pediatric Echocardiography Be Performed in Adult Laboratories

Objectives . Current health care management has resulted in a change in referral patterns. The present study was undertaken to define the efficacy and value of pediatric echocardiography performed and interpreted in adult laboratories. Methods . We reviewed the findings in 100 consecutive pediatric patients 1 month to 18 years of age referred for possible heart disease and evaluated previously by echocardiography performed in an adult laboratory. Technical adequacy and interpretation of the echocardiogram at the outside facility was correlated with our final diagnosis. Results . Of the studies, 32 (32%) were performed in hospital laboratories, and 68 (68%) in physician offices. A total of 52 (52%) of the 100 patients arrived with an outside diagnosis in agreement with our final diagnosis. Technical difficulties were reported in 14 (14%) studies by the original laboratory; we felt that 32 (32%) studies were inadequate. Interpretation or communication between the outside echocardiography laboratory, primary care physicians, and patients9 family was erroneous in 32 (32%) cases. Repeat echocardiography was necessary in 38 (38%) patients (6 because of planned surgery). If initial referral had been to our own institution, 25 to 30 patients would not have undergone echocardiography. Conclusions . Slightly more than half of echocardiography studies performed in pediatric patients in adult laboratories were technically adequate and interpreted correctly with proper physician–family communication. Many patients require repeat studies on further referral. A significant number would be spared echocardiography if they were sent to a pediatric cardiology center initially.
Fully dense Sm-Co-Fe-Cu and Sm-Co-Fe-Ga nanocomposite magnets by hot compaction

Fully dense Sm-Co-Fe-Cu and Sm-Co-Fe-Ga nanocomposite magnets were produced by high-energy ball-milling (HEBM), followed by hot consolidation and hot deformation. Cu and Ga were observed to promote the formation of fully dense magnets. However, no texture has been observed after about 75% hot deformation at 800/spl deg/C.
Folding landscapes of ankyrin repeat proteins: experiments meet theory.

Nearly 6% of eukaryotic protein sequences contain ankyrin repeat (AR) domains, which consist of several repeats and often function in binding. AR proteins show highly cooperative folding despite a lack of long-range contacts. Both theory and experiment converge to explain that formation of the interface between elements is more favorable than formation of any individual repeat unit. IκBα and Notch both undergo partial folding upon binding perhaps influencing the binding free energy. The simple architecture, combined with identification of consensus residues that are important for stability, has enabled systematic perturbation of the energy landscape by single point mutations that affect stability or by addition of consensus repeats. The folding energy landscapes appear highly plastic, with small perturbations re-routing folding pathways.
Employment of Youth with and without Handicaps Following High School Outcomes and Correlates

Factors associated with the employment status of students with and without handicaps were investigated in a sample of 133 youths from nine Vermont school districts. Students with handicaps who exited high school in 1984-85, and who had been receiving special education services, were identified and compared to non-college-bound, vocationally oriented students without handicaps. Two sets of interviews were conducted, one in 1986 and one in 1987. During these interviews, information was obtained on current employment status, employment and training history, social service utilization, and residential status. Additional information regarding educational history, age, and community demographics was obtained through individual student records. Employment, educational, and residential experiences were compared across both groups of former students. Results indicated that students without handicaps had more favorable post-high-school employment outcomes than students with handicaps. Across groups, males were more...
Is Radiation Indicated in Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Close or Positive Mastectomy Margins

Purpose Resection margin status is one of the most significant factors for local recurrence in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with breast-conserving surgery with or without radiation. However, its impact on chest wall recurrence in patients treated with mastectomy is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine chest wall recurrence rates in women with DCIS and close ( Methods and Materials Between 1985 and 2005, 193 women underwent mastectomy for DCIS. Fifty-five patients had a close final margin, and 4 patients had a positive final margin. Axillary surgery was performed in 17 patients. Median follow-up was 8 years. Formal pathology review was conducted to measure and verify margin status. Nuclear grade, architectural pattern, and presence or absence of necrosis was recorded. Results Median pathologic size of the DCIS in the mastectomy specimen was 4.5 cm. Twenty-two patients had DCIS of >5 cm or diffuse disease. Median width of the close final margin was 2 mm. Nineteen patients had margins of Conclusions The risk of chest wall recurrence in this series of patients is 1.7% for all patients and 3.3% for high-grade DCIS. One out of 20 (5%) patients undergoing skin sparing or total skin-sparing mastectomy experienced a chest wall recurrence. This risk of a chest wall recurrence appears sufficiently low not to warrant a recommendation for postmastectomy radiation therapy for patients with margins of
Simulating Decision Support Systems: A Laboratory Experiment

This study implements decision support systems (DSS) in a business simulation game. Fifty-Eight companies, consisting of about 300 senior graduate students participating in a business game, developed DSS and reported on the systems developed. We later evaluated a number of variables related to their DSS: use of systems, contribution of systems, and user satisfaction. Our findings validate the use of the simulation exercise as a practical tool for measuring DSS effectiveness.
Selective inhibition of cell proliferation by lycopene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro: a proteomic analysis

Lycopene, a red pigmented carotenoid present in many fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, has been associated with the reduced risk of breast cancer. This study sought to identify proteins modulated by lycopene during cell proliferation of the breast cancercell line MCF-7 to gain an understanding into its mechanism of action. MCF-7 breast cancercells and MCF-10 normal breast cells were treated with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10mM of lycopene for 72h. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tetrazolium reduction assay was used to measure cell proliferation and twodimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis to assess the changes in protein expression, which were identified using MALDI-ToF/ToF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight) and Mascot database search. MTTand cell proliferation assays showed that lycopene selectively inhibited the growth of MCF-7 but not MCF-10 cells. Difference gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins in the MCF-7 cells respond differently to lycopene compared with the MCF-10 cells. Lycopene altered the expression levels of proteins such as Cytokeratin 8/18 (CK8/18), CK19 and their post translational status. We have shown that lycopene inhibits cell proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancercells but not intheMCF-10 mammaryepithelial cells. Lycopenewas shown to modulatecell cycleproteins such as beta tubulin, CK8/18, CK19 and heat shock proteins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an integrated life-cycle cost assessment model

Life-cycle analytic techniques include emerging tools that help users integrate holistic perspectives into the decision making process. One such technique, life-cycle assessment (LCA), provides decision makers valuable information on inputs, outputs, and associated environmental impacts of a defined system throughout its entire life cycle-from the acquisition of raw materials to recycling or final disposal of waste materials. Although LCA is useful for environmental decision making, it typically lacks information on costs. Including cost information in LCA would make it a more powerful overall decision making tool. This paper provides background on state-of-the-art LCA and cost assessment techniques with the objective of building an integrated, user-based life-cycle cost assessment (LCCA) model. The foundation for the model is the existing LCA framework, as developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). Working definitions for key LCCA terms are provided, and a conceptual framework for the LCCA model is outlined. >
A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer’s Oak Persisting in Southern California

Background: The distribution of Palmer’s oak (Quercus palmeri Engelm.) includes numerous isolated populations that are presumably relicts of a formerly larger range that has contracted due to spreading aridity following the end of the Pleistocene. Principal Findings: We investigated a recently discovered disjunct population of Palmer’s oak in the Jurupa Mountains of Riverside County, California. Patterns of allozyme polymorphism, morphological homogeneity, widespread fruit abortion, and evidence of fire resprouting all strongly support the hypothesis that the population is a single clone. The size of the clone and estimates of annual growth from multiple populations lead us to conclude that the clone is in excess of 13,000 years old. Conclusions: The ancient age of the clone implies it originated during the Pleistocene and is a relict of a vanished vegetation community. Range contraction after climate change best explains the modern disjunct distribution of Q. palmeri and perhaps other plants in California.
Energy-Delay Trade-offs in Wireless Networks

In many wireless networks energy management is an important issue for reducing the size and cost of communication devices and/or extending a device's usable life-time. Often, the required transmission power is one of the main energy consumers in a wireless device; consequently, there has been much interest in efficiently utilizing this resource. A basic technique is transmission power control, i.e. adapting the transmission power over time in an attempt to not use any more energy than needed to communicate reliably. With data traffic, in addition to adjusting the transmission power, energy efficiency can be further improved by adjusting the transmission rate or equivalently the transmission time per packet, for example, by using adaptive modulation and coding. Such approaches exploit the well-known fact that the required energy per bit needed for reliable communication is decreasing in the number of degrees of freedom used to send each bit. In a fading channel, another benefit of adapting the transmission rate and power is that it enables the transmitter to be "opportunistic" and send more data during good channel conditions, which again reduces the required average energy per bit.
Issues in risk management of water networks against intentional attacks

The water infrastructure system is one of the eight key infrastructures that provide essential services to our society. The water distribution system typically consists of multiple subsystems in grid or network patterns. In addition, water network configurations vary based on geographical layout and water sources. Since water subsystems are interconnected, proper functioning of a particular component is highly dependent on other components. An intentional attack on a well-selected set of components can result in catastrophic disruption of water service. This paper discusses the development of a framework that can be used for the design, operation, and maintenance of robust water systems. The framework considers the vulnerabilities of the water network to intentional attacks and evaluates the consequences of such attacks. The paper also examines potential mitigation strategies to either eliminate the risk or to reduce the level of risk of the system in instances of intentional attack. Such an approach can help water infrastructure asset managers to plan and allocate their budgets when security is included as a significant factor in asset management.
Single-spatial mode coincidence measurement of photon pairs from a highly nondegenerate PPLN downconverter

We have analyzed the mode structure of the 800-nm signal output from a PPLN parametric downconverter and achieved a signal-conditioned 1600-nm-idler detection probability of 5.2% with single-mode fiber coupling for both outputs.
Monitoring of temporal and spatial variability of the East-Antarctic plateau using passive microwave data

The Antarctic plateau is a part of Antarctica extending for a few hundred kilometers around the South Pole with an average elevation close to 3000 m a.s.l.. This area provides unique opportunities for various scientific disciplines including Glaciology, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences. In this paper temporal and spatial variability of multi-frequency microwave emission from the East Antarctic plateau by using AMSR-E data collected from 2005 to 2007 is analyzed.
The Social Capital of Global Ties in Science: The Added Value of International Collaboration

The globalization of science is demonstrated in the mobility of scientists across national boundaries, the composition of the U.S. scientific workforce, and increased collaboration across national boundaries. While studies based on bibliometric and other data have been useful in identifying trends, collaborative clusters, and other patterns in international collaboration, they do not reveal the social dynamics behind those collaborations. This paper addresses the human and social capital factors that explain whether or not an academic researcher in science and engineering has an international collaborator. Further, through detailed statistical models, the analysis also addresses the factors that differentiate the specific resources derived from those international ties. Results show that non-U.S. citizens are more likely to have close international collaborators, but that a range of factors explain this relationship. Further, results show that U.S. academic faculty mobilize different collaborative resources from international collaborators, versus their domestic collaborators.