cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuously updated 12-lead ST-segment recovery analysis for myocardial infarct artery patency assessment and its correlation with multiple simultaneous early angiographic observations

Abstract Early angiography may not adequately subgroup patients with myocardial infarction if cyclic changes in coronary flow occur frequently. From a pilot experience using a new 12-lead ST-segment monitor, a continuously updated, self-referenced ST-recovery analysis method was developed to quantify both instantaneous recovery, as a noninvasive marker of patency, and cumulative ST recovery over time, as a marker of the speed, stability and duration of reperfusion. In 22 patients with acute infarction in whom 44 observations of unique angiographic patency were noted within 6 hours of presentation, serial patency assessments simultaneous with all angiographic observations predicted coronary occlusion with 90% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Of the 22 patients, 11 (50%) had multiple ST trend transitions suggesting cyclic changes in coronary flow before catheterization. Speed, stability and duration of ST-segment recovery were defined by the time to first 50% ST recovery, total number of ST-trend transitions and patent physiology index (percentage of monitoring period showing ST recovery), respectively. Subgrouped angiographically, the median (interquartile range) for cumulative ST parameters with patent (n = 8) versus occluded (n = 14) arteries were, respectively — time to 50% recovery, 1.57 (1.16, 1.70) versus 0.17 (−0.47, 0.32) hours; number of reelevation/recovery events, 1.5 (1, 3) versus 3 (1, 3); and patent physiology index, 52 (47, 59) versus 50 (5, 73). Thus, continuous ST-segment recovery analysis appears to predict simultaneous angiographic patency over serial assessments, whereas cumulative parameters appear to contain independent information, probably because of patency changes before or after angiography.
The receptor TREML4 amplifies TLR7-mediated signaling during antiviral responses and autoimmunity.

Fine-tuning of TLR7 signaling modulates innate inflammatory responses. Means and colleagues identify the receptor TREML4 as an essential positive regulator of TLR7 signaling during antiviral responses and autoimmunity.
Extension of the Repression-Sensitization Hypothesis to Success and Failure Experience

Byrne's (1961) R-S scale was administered to 244 university students. Those scoring in the 75th percentile or above were designated sensitizers; those in the 25th percentile and below, repressers. Forty Ss were selected from each of these two groups and were further sub-divided to form success and failure conditions. Ss then received a success or failure experience followed by a tachistoscopic task where eight critical words (words associated with the tests) and eight neutral words (words not associated) were presented. The following hypotheses were supported. (a) Repressers had higher thresholds than sensitizers for critical words under the failure condition. (b) There was no significant difference between repressers' and sensitizers' thresholds under the success condition. (c) Thresholds to neutral words, although following the same trend as critical words in the four groups, did not differ significantly for repressers and sensitizers under either the success or failure condition.
Expression and characterization of the Neurospora crassa endoglucanase GH5-1

Abstract Filamentous fungi secrete a wide range of enzymes, including cellulases and hemicellulases, with potential applications in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Of the cellulolytic fungi, Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) is the best characterized in terms of cellulose degradation, but other cellulolytic fungi, such as the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, can serve a crucial role in building our knowledge about the fungal response to biomass due to the many molecular and genetic tools available for this organism. Here we cloned and expressed GH5-1 (NCU00762), a secreted endoglucanase in N. crassa. The protein was produced using a ccg-1 promoter under conditions in which no other cellulases are present. Native GH5-1 (nGH5-1) and this recombinant GH5-1 (rGH5-1) were purified to gauge differences in glycosylation and activity; both rGH5-1 and nGH5-1 were similarly glycosylated, with an estimated molecular weight of 52 kDa. On azo-carboxymethylcellulose, rGH5-1 activity was equal to that of nGH5-1, and on cellulose (Avicel) rGH5-1 was 20% more active. The activity of a GH5-1-GFP fusion protein (rGH5-1-GFP-6xHis) was similar to rGH5-1 and nGH5-1. To determine the binding pattern of catalytically active rGH5-1-GFP-6xHis to plant cell walls, Arabidopsis seedlings were incubated with rGH5-1-GFP-6xHis or Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B (S4B), a cellulose-specific dye. Confocal microscopy showed that rGH5-1-GFP-6xHis bound in linear, longitudinal patterns on seedling roots, similar to S4B. The functional expression and characterization of rGH5-1 and its GFP fusion derivative set important precedents for further investigation of biomass degradation by filamentous fungi, especially N. crassa, with applications for characterization and manipulation of novel enzymes.
Tumor deposits in rectal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiation are associated with poor prognosis

Although tumor deposits have been associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma, the prevalence and clinical significance of tumor deposits in rectal adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant chemoradiation are relatively unexplored. The aims of this study are to assess the clinical significance of tumor deposits in rectal adenocarcinoma patients, including those receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Pathology slides and medical records from 205 consecutive patients who underwent resection for rectal adenocarcinoma between 1990 and 2010 at a single tertiary care center were reviewed. Patients with tumor deposits had higher tumor grade (P=0.006) and worse tumor stage (P<0.001) at presentation than patients without tumor deposits. Among 110 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation, tumor deposits were associated with higher rates of lymph node involvement (P=0.035) and distant metastases (P=0.006), and decreased survival (P=0.027). These patients had a trend toward lower treatment response scores (P=0.285) and higher local recurrence (P=0.092). Of 52 patients with tumor deposits, those who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation had significantly worse pretreatment stage by endoscopic ultrasound (P<0.001) but interestingly had significantly lower rates of lymphovascular invasion on resection (P<0.001) compared with those who had not received neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Despite treatment with neoadjuvant chemoradiation, tumor deposits were present in over one-fifth of rectal adenocarcinoma patients. Overall, the outcome of patients with tumor deposits in treated and untreated patients were similar, however the association of tumor deposits with deeply invasive tumors and less tumor regression when comparing with treated patients without tumor deposits raises the possibility that these tumors could have a more aggressive biology, possibly explaining the association of tumor deposits with higher rates of recurrence and lower survival after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Overall, tumor deposits appear to be a poor prognostic marker among rectal adenocarcinoma patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and may identify a subset of patients who require aggressive adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence.
Carrier concentration and mobility in n-and p-type ZnTe-Al☆

Abstract Hall coefficient and conductivity measurements have been made at 450–1000°C on zinc telluride crystals heavily doped with aluminum, while the crystals were held in either zinc-rich or tellurium-rich atmospheres. At tellurium pressures close to saturation the crystals are p -type with hole concentrations not much reduced from those in undoped crystals. At zinc saturation on the other hand the crystals are n -type with an electron concentration in excess of 2 × 10 16 cm −3 at the highest temperature. The equilibrium electron concentrations at zinc saturation decreases rapidly with decreasing temperature.
CONFIDENCE IN, AND SELF-RATING OF, DRIVING ABILITY AMONG OLDER DRIVERS

Active drivers (n = 125) in a representative cohort of older individuals age 77 years and older in New Haven, Connecticut were interviewed. Confidence in different driving situations, self-rating of driving ability, and driving patterns were assessed during these in-person interviews. A history of crashes, moving violations and being stopped by police was available for approximately the past 6 years. Concurrent driving performance was assessed in a subsample (n = 35). Analyses focused on determining the relationship of confidence and self-rating of driving ability to: (1) each other; (2) driving patterns; (3) adverse driving events; and (4) driving performance. All participants rated themselves as being average or above average drivers compared to others their age, with the majority rating themselves as above average. Individuals who drove more miles and more frequently were more likely to rate themselves better drivers than same-age peers. Individuals who rated themselves as "much better" drivers than their peers tended to have higher confidence levels than those who rated themselves a "little bit better" or the "same" as other drivers. On-road driving performance and history of adverse events were not associated with self-ratings of driving ability. Confidence was associated with driving frequency and mileage, but not age or education. Although men were more likely to drive under risky conditions, for those conditions in which each drove, men and women were equally confident. No relationship was found between confidence and adverse driving events or driving performance. Understanding the relationship of confidence and self-rating of driving ability to driving patterns, adverse events and driving performance may provide additional insights into identifying older drivers at increased risk for problems and formulating intervention strategies to help lower risk.
A kinetic approach to the effect of prothrombin concentration on the rate of fibrin polymerization.

Abstract The dilution curves used in routine assays of prothrombin concentration have been studied. Clotting times have been expressed as rates of fibrin polymerization and plotted graphically in units of reciprocal seconds vs. prothrombin concentration. The relationship between prothrombin concentration and the rate of fibrin polymerization is not linear in the region of physiological prothrombin concentrations. Assuming that fibrin polymerization is not a rate-limiting step in clot formation, several alternative ideas are proposed to explain the non-linearity of the reaction. A kinetic examination of the proposed mechanisms of inhibition suggests that an inhibitor of the thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of fibrinogen may arise from the prothrombin molecule during its conversion into thrombin. The physiological implications of such a system are discussed.
Structure of the sensor domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknH receptor kinase reveals a conserved binding cleft.

Since their discovery over 20 years ago, eukaryotic-like transmembrane receptor Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) have been shown to play critical roles in the virulence, growth, persistence, and reactivation of many bacteria. Information regarding the signals transmitted by these proteins, however, remains scarce. To enhance understanding of the basis for STPK receptor signaling, we determined the 1.7-A-resolution crystal structure of the extracellular sensor domain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis receptor STPK, PknH (Rv1266c). The PknH sensor domain adopts an unanticipated fold containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds and a large hydrophobic and polar cleft. The residues lining the cleft and those surrounding the disulfide bonds are conserved. These results suggest that PknH binds a small-molecule ligand that signals by changing the location or quaternary structure of the kinase domain.
Intercontinental Correlation of Late Pleistocene Sea Levels

EUSTATIC variations in sea level are assumed to be world wide and simultaneous. During the Pleistocene, sea level fluctuated in response to the formation and melting of continental glaciers, and interglacial shorelines higher than the present sea level are found in several places. Coastal areas which have been stable since the development of the Pleistocene shorelines have shoreline features at similar elevations. Conversely, the establishment of shorelines at similar elevations in different areas implies stability. Because of the effects of sedimentation, erosion, water loading and tectonic adjustment, no coast is completely stable. The effects of water loading2 on the elevation of the interglacial shorelines (and modern) along a particular coast, however, are usually similar so that the relative elevations are not seriously disturbed.
Angiographic evaluation of post-sternotomy arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary artery and vein

An arteriovenous fistula of the right internal mammary artery and vein following median sternotomy was demonstrated by angiography. This surgical complication has not been previously reported in the literature, despite the recent increase in cardiac surgery via median sternotomy. Clinical and radiologic awareness of this iatrogenic shunt and of its potential delayed appearance and cardiovascular effects are important. Arteriovenous fistulas are usually treated by surgical ligation and excision, or by transcatheter occlusion therapy.
How do design and evaluation interrelate in HCI research

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is defined by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI) as "a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of the major phenomenon surrounding them" [18]. In HCI there are authors that focus more on designing for usability and there are authors that focus more on evaluating usability. The relationship between these communities is not really clear. We use author cocitation analysis, multivariate techniques, and visualization tools to explore the relationships between these communities. The results of the analysis revealed seven clusters that could be identified as Design Theory and Complexity, Design Rationale, Cognitive Theories and Models, Cognitive Engineering, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Participatory Design, and User-Centered Design.
Understanding the factors that affect female enrollment and retention in collegiate STEM programs

There is an ongoing concern over too few females enrolling and persisting in collegiate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degree programs. To address this issue three studies were carried out (1) an investigation of the factors that influence females to enroll in collegiate STEM programs so that more effective outreach can occur, (2) an analysis of changes in female self-efficacy and its relation to class performance, (3) an exploration of student learning styles. The three studies concluded respectively that female enrollment and persistence in STEM programs is greatly influenced by pre-collegiate exposure to career pathways in STEM, personal self-efficacy as it relates to STEM programs, and access to a curriculum program that integrates sensing, visual and sequential learning styles.
The Presence of Water Vapour in the Atmosphere of Mars

IN February and March, 1908, Mr. V. M. Slipher succeeded in photographing the lines due to water vapour in the atmosphere of Mars. It was in the “a” band that its presence stood revealed. The detection was rendered possible by the use of plates specially prepared by him for the purpose—23 Seed, bathed in a mixture of pinacyanal, pinaverdol, dicyanin, water, and ammonia—which enabled the spectrum to be photographed somewhat beyond the “A” band. Comparison spectrograms were made of the moon at approximately the same altitude on the same plates, and with exposures to give a like density for both. Repeated plates of the sort were taken, and their consensus shows unmistakably the “a” band stronger in the spectra of the planet than in those of the moon. In the case of the moon, of course, we are looking through our own atmosphere only; in the case of the planet, through its atmosphere as well.
Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of rodingites in serpentinized ultramafic rocks☆

Abstract D H , 18 O 16 O and 13 C 12 C analyses were made of 14 whole rock and 28 mineral samples of rodingites associated dominantly with lizardite-chrysotile serpentinites from the West Coast of the U.S.A., New Zealand, and the Northern Appalachian Mtns. The δD values of the rodingite minerals are in three groupings: 5 monomineralic veins of pectolite, −281 to −429; 8 monomineralic veins of xonotlite, −112 to −135; all other minerals, including hydrogarnet, idocrase, prehnite, actinolite, nephrite, and chlorite, −34 to −80. Most calcites in rodingites have δ18O (+9.3 to +14.4) and (δ13C (−6.7 to +0.9) values similar to calcites in other Franciscan rocks, but distinct from the very low temperature calcite veins in serpentinites. The D H data, combined with δ18O values of xonotlite (+5.7 to +10.9) and pectolite (+8.9 to +12.4) suggest formation from meteoric-type waters at low temperatures; the D H depletion of pectolite, however, is anomalous. Rodingite whole rock values range from δ18O = +4.1 to +11.5 and δD = −50 to −86; one sample containing minor amounts of lizardite-chrysotile serpentinite has δD = −92, outside this range. However, most rodingites of basaltic or gabbroic parentage are more restricted in δ18O (+4.1 to +8.6). Such a wide range in δ18O is consistent with the idea that most rodingites form over a relatively broad range of hydrothermal temperatures. Hydrogen isotopic data for most rodingite minerals (except xonotlite and pectolite) and for whole rocks are suggestive of non-meteoric waters. These D H data overlap those observed for veins of hydrous minerals found in Franciscan igneous rocks studied by Margaritz and Taylor (1976, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 215–234), possibly suggesting evolved D-enriched, connate type metamorphic waters generated during high P, low T Franciscan-type metamorphism at temperatures (250–500°C) comparable to estimates based on mineral stabilities. Such an interpretation is supported by the 18 O 16 O and 13 C 12 C data for calcite in rodingites. The isotope data appear to contradict some of the conclusions derived from geologic and petrologic studies that indicate concomitant metasomatism and serpentinization of their presently observed host rock. These data appear most consistent with the interpretation that most rodingite minerals, with the exception of late-stage veins of xonotlite and possibly pectolite, may involve metasomatism in association with antigorite serpentinization of ultramafic rock. Subsequent upward tectonic transport in many instances may result in incorporation of the rodingites into their presently observed lizarditechrysotile host rock during or subsequent to pervasive shallow level serpentinization by meteoric waters.
Calculating Trade Damages in the Context of the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Process

Since its inception in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system has received over 250 notifications of trade disputes. While most have been settled, in a few cases the WTO arbitrators had to approve damage awards. This paper will use one of these cases (Hormones) to explain the methodology arbitrators use to calculate damages and how this methodology differs from an efficiency-based measure of welfare that economists would instinctively provide. Yet, there are rational reasons for this difference and the arbitrator's methodology does a better job of providing incentives for countries not to violate trade agreements.
Conformational studies on a diastereoisomeric pair of tricyclic nonclassical cannabinoids by NMR spectroscopy and computer molecular modeling.

Among the nonclassical cannabinoids, CP-55,244 (4), which incorporates an axial 14β-hydroxymethyl group, is pharmacologically 30 times more potent than its prototype CP-47,497 (2) and 300 times more potent than Δ9-THC (1). It has a high degree of stereoselectivity (about 120:1) with respect to its diastereoisomer, CP-97,587 (5), which differs structurally by having the 14-hydroxymethyl group equatorial. Conformational studies of 4 and 5 were carried out using 2D NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling in order to define and compare the similarities and differences between them. Specific structural features of interest are the conformation of the 1‘,1‘-dimethylheptyl (DMH) side chain, the conformation of the cyclohexyl rings, the orientation of the phenolic ring (A ring) relative to the cyclohexyl ring (C ring), and the orientation of the hydroxymethyl group as well as the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Our results show that the conformations of the phenolic hydroxyl (Ph-OH) and DMH side cha...
The impact of settlement period on sales price

This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of “settlement period” on sales price while controlling for “marketing period” and standard explanatory variables. The hypothesized positive relationship between “settlement period” and sales price is confirmed by the results of this study. The estimated coefficient on “settlement period” is 0.0008 meaning that our market, on average, exacts a premium of 0.08 percent per day of “settlement period” beyond a “norm” of 60 days. The estimated coefficient on “marketing period” (a control variable) is −0.0003 meaning that our market, on average, requires a discount of 0.03 percent per day of “marketing period.” Our findings show the relative importance of “settlement period” in making real estate pricing decisions.
The Buttressed Blue Marble Tree: Wood and Growth Characteristics of Elaeocarpus angustifolius (Elaeocarpaceae)

Abstract Elaeocarpus angustifolius, a forest tree native to Australia, was introduced into the Hawaiian Islands and is now naturalized locally. The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a radial increase in wood specific gravity was present in trunk wood of these trees, which grow quite large (diameter at breast height=200 cm) and have massive buttress systems. Information on buttress height and number and specific gravity of the outer trunk wood (sampled at breast height), as well as anatomical characteristics pertaining to conduction (vessel diameter and density), was obtained from a range of different-sized trees. Both buttress height and number increase with increasing tree diameter. Wood specific gravity has a median value of 0.49 and increases more than 50% over the range of tree diameters studied. Vessel diameter increases over two-fold and vessel frequency decreases with increasing tree diameter, although very large trees (diameters>70 cm) exhibit more variability. Trees have buttresses spaced evenly around the circumference (maximum of 15–20) and exhibit no difference in wood specific gravity on the leeward and windward sides in spite of their location in the trade wind belt. Radial increases in specific gravity of the type documented here may be important in evaluating the carbon present in forest stores.
Inhibition of Rift Valley Fever Virus Replication and Perturbation of Nucleocapsid-RNA Interactions by Suramin

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging infectious pathogen that causes severe disease in humans and livestock and has the potential for global spread. There are currently no proven safe and effective treatment options for RVFV infection. Inhibition of RNA binding to RVFV nucleocapsid protein (N) represents an attractive antiviral therapeutic strategy because several essential steps in the RVFV replication cycle involve N binding to viral RNA. In this study, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the drug suramin by showing that it functions well as an inhibitor of RVFV replication at multiple stages in human cell culture. Suramin has been used previously to treat trypanosomiasis in Africa. We characterize the dynamic and cooperative nature of N-RNA binding interactions and the dissociation of high-molecular-mass ribonucleoprotein complexes using suramin, which we previously identified as an N-RNA binding inhibitor in a high-throughput screen. Finally, we elucidate the molecular mechanism used by suramin in vitro to disrupt both specific and nonspecific binding events important for ribonucleoprotein formation.
Physical activity barriers and facilitators among working mothers and fathers

The transition to parenthood is consistently associated with declines in physical activity. In particular, working parents are at risk for inactivity, but research exploring physical activity barriers and facilitators in this population has been scarce. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine perceptions of physical activity among working parents. Working mothers (n = 13) and fathers (n = 12) were recruited to participate in one of four focus group sessions and discuss physical activity barriers and facilitators. Data were analyzed using immersion/crystallization in NVivo 10. Major themes for barriers included family responsibilities, guilt, lack of support, scheduling constraints, and work. Major themes for facilitators included being active with children or during children’s activities, being a role model for children, making time/prioritizing, benefits to health and family, and having support available. Several gender differences emerged within each theme, but overall both mothers and fathers reported their priorities had shifted to focus on family after becoming parents, and those who were fitting in physical activity had developed strategies that allowed them to balance their household and occupational responsibilities. The results of this study suggest working mothers and fathers report similar physical activity barriers and facilitators and would benefit from interventions that teach strategies for overcoming barriers and prioritizing physical activity amidst the demands of parenthood. Future interventions might consider targeting mothers and fathers in tandem to create an optimally supportive environment in the home.
Time varying mathematical model for water quality

Abstract By means of a mathematical model and an electronic digital computer, the variation of quality with distance and time was simulated for a 50 mile long stream. For a specified station, time profiles were traced in terms of BOD, DO, coliforms and chlorides. Input consisted of the types of data which are typically obtained from records and sanitary field surveys. Results may be used to predict the effectiveness of water pollution control programs and to study the suitability of a stream for fish propagation or other designated purpose.
Biplane regional wall motion analysis: optimal method for identification of left ventricular akinesis/dyskinesis with quantitative cineangiography in man.

Abstract Computer-assisted biplane regional wall motion analysis of left ventriculography has been shown to allow accurate, reproducible identification of normal vs abnormal patients. Recently, however, it has become evident that further quantitation of the degree of regional wall motion abnormality is necessary for optimal clinical evaluation, particularly in assessing the results of “Intervention Ventriculography”. Six commonly utilized methods adapted for ease in desk-top computer analysis were tested on 58 patients with healed myocardial infarctions undergoing biplane left ventriculography. A method utilizing radial chords constructed at 30° intervals from an origin at the centre of the end diastolic long axis proved most successful in both localizing regional wall motion abnormalities and quantifying the degree of abnormality.
STUDY OF POOL BURNING SELF-EXTINGUISHMENT MECHANISMS IN AQUEOUS DIESEL FUEL MICROEMULSIONS∗

Abstract The development of aqueous fire-resistant diesel fuel micro-emulsions has been reported previously. Flammability and ballistic tests reveal diminished mist flammability, and such tests demonstrate rapid self-extinguishment of pool fires even at temperatures above the base fuel flash point. A basic study has been conducted to develop an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which such self-extinction occurs. An ignition-limits apparatus was developed, utilizing an evacuatable autoclave at one atmosphere. Measurements made with diesel fuel vapors in air, diluted with various amounts of water vapor, established that such mixtures containing more than about 24 mole% water vapor cannot burn. Vapor pressure measurements, made in a modification of the same apparatus, confirmed that diesel fuel systems containing 10 vol% water and 6 vol% surfactant are blanketed by equilibrium vapors containing at least 24 mo lei water for liquid temperatures greater than about 70°C. The flash points of diesel fuel...
Lesbians and Hate Crimes

ABSTRACT This paper challenges the assumption that because lesbians report fewer hate crimes, they experience few hate crimes compared to gay men. Through content analysis of congressional hearings and personal accounts, five themes emerged that will help practitioners and researchers understand how lesbians' experiences of hate crimes differ from gay men's experiences. These themes are (1) lesbian visibility: identification of victims; (2) creating an atmosphere for hate crimes; (3) places and types of hate crimes: private spaces; (4) response to perpetrators of hate crimes; and (5) police and other professionals' response to victims of hate crimes.
Adaptive control design for hysteretic smart systems

Ferroelectric and ferromagnetic actuators are being considered for a range of industrial, aerospace, aeronautic and biomedical applications due to their unique transduction capabilities. However, they also exhibit hysteretic and nonlinear behavior that must be accommodated in models and control designs. If uncompensated, these effects can yield reduced system performance and, in the worst case, can produce unpredictable behavior of the control system. In this paper, we address the development of adaptive control designs for hysteretic systems. We review an MRAC-like adaptive control algorithm used to track a reference trajectory while computing online estimates for certain model parameters. This method is incorporated in a composite control algorithm to improve the tracking capabilities of the system. Issues arising in the implementation of these algorithms are addressed, and a numerical example is presented, comparing the results of each method.
Two phosphorylation sites on eIF-2α

Protein synthesis in mammalian cells can be regulated through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the α subunit of initiation factor 2, eIF-2. Two specific kinases have been identified that apparently phosphorylate the same site(s). Controversy exists as to whether serine-48 is a phosphorylation site in addition to serine-51. A recent publication is discussed that, in this author's view, answers the question of the phosphorylation sites. It is suggested that phosphorylation procedes sequentially with serine-51 being the first and serine-48 the second phosphorylation site. Phosphorylation of both sites is required for inhibition of protein synthesis.
Dual-mode quantitative imaging of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion

Accurate assessment of wound oxygenation and perfusion is important for evaluating wound healing/regression and guiding following therapeutic processes. However, many existing techniques and clinical practices are subjective and qualitative due to background bias, tissue heterogeneity, and inter-patient variation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a dual-modal imaging system for in vivo, non-invasive, real-time quantitative assessment of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion. The imaging system integrated a broadband light source, a high-resolution CCD camera, a highly sensitive thermal camera, and a liquid crystal tunable filter. A user-friendly interface was developed to control all the components systematically. Advanced algorithms were explored for reliable reconstruction of tissue oxygenation and appropriate co-registration between thermal images and multispectral images. Dual-mode oxygenation and perfusion imaging was demonstrated on both benchtop models and human subjects, and compared with measurements using other methods, such as Laser Doppler and tissue oximeter. The test results suggested that the dual-modal imaging system has the potential for non-contact real-time imaging of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
A Survey of Test Problems and Solutions

The past two decades have seen a steady stream of challenges and responses in the test field. This paper surveys selected key problems and the progression of their solutions, in both topical and intrinsic aspects, with the aim of performing a meta-analysis of the nature of test innovation. The significant track record of success demonstrated by the industry will be put under serious pressure as technology advances
Sex differences in retention of passive avoidance behavior in rats

Male and female rats were trained on a passive avoidance task that involved inhibition of an approach response rewarded by food. Rats of both sexes rapidly suppressed responding when punishment was initiated, but females resumed approach responding sooner than did males on nonshocked food-rewarded retention tests.
Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase65 immunoreactive puncta on pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in hippocampus of schizophrenic brain

Recent studies have reported an increase in GABAA receptor binding activity in several key corticolimbic regions, including the hippocampal formation, of postmortem schizophrenic brain. Because this change has been postulated to represent a compensatory upregulation of this receptor, the current report has sought to determine whether a decrease of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of GABA, may also be present in the hippocampus of schizophrenic subjects. A standard immunoperoxidase technique, together with a computer-assisted microscopic analysis, has been employed to evaluate the distribution of the 65 kDalton isoform of GAD (GAD65) in 12 normal controls and 13 schizophrenic subjects matched for age and postmortem interval (PMI). The results show no significant difference in the density of GAD65-immunoreactive (-IR) puncta in contact with pyramidal neurons (PN), nonpyramidal neurons (NP), or neuropil (NPL) in sectors CA1–4 and their various sub-laminae. When the data were considered in relation to neuroleptic exposure, a significant positive correlation between the density of GAD65-IR puncta and drug dose was found on both PNs (r = 0.814, P = 0.002; r = 0.777, P = 0.005, respectively) and NPs (r = 0.673, P = 0.023; r = 0.672, P = 0.024, respectively) in sectors CA4 and CA3. A similar result was found in the stratum oriens of CA3 (r = 0.704, P = 0.016) and CA2 (r = 0.774, P = 0.009). In each instance, two neuroleptic free schizophrenics showed the lowest density of GAD65-IR puncta. There was no significant relationship between the density of GAD65-IR puncta with either age or PMI. Taken together with previous data showing an upregulation of GABAA receptor activity in sectors CA3 and CA2, particularly the stratum oriens, this study provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that an intrinsic defect of GABAergic activity may occur in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenic patients and show dose-related increases in relation to neuroleptic exposure. Synapse 29:323–332, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Properties of polycrystalline silicon grown on insulating substrates by electron beam gun evaporation

Abstract Growth of polycrystalline silicon on insulating substrates such as glass, silicon dioxide and fused quartz was studied using an electron beam gun evaporation technique. Growth characteristics were studied as a function of substrate temperature. The results of scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction studies on various films are presented. Hall mobility, resistivity and carrier concentration measurements are also presented. Growth of polycrystalline films (as determined by X-ray diffraction studies) on glass substrates at as low a temperature as 525 °C were observed. Below this substrate temperature, films became amorphous. The grain size increased with the increase in the substrate temperature. The highest value of the Hall mobility measured was about 10 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . Both n-type and p-type films were obtained.
Thermal stabilities of slabs and hollow spheres with internal heat generation and variable thermal conductivity. II: Thermal stability of hollow spheres

Abstract The analysis of thermal stability of hollow spheres with internal heat generation is rendered mathematically feasible by allowing the thermal conductivity of the sphere material to vary inversely as the fourth power of the radius. Subjected to five combinations of boundary conditions, a hollow sphere is critically examined for its thermal stability, and the best critical parameters for thermal stability are determined therefore. Because of the many critical solutions available for each combination of boundary conditions, the best critical parameter is chosen by exercising common sense, correspondence principle and naturalness considerations.
Counting single native biomolecules and intact viruses with color-coded nanoparticles.

Nanometer-sized particles such as semiconductor quantum dots and energy-transfer nanoparticles have novel optical properties such as tunable light emission, signal brightness, and multicolor excitation that are not available from traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Here we report the use of color-coded nanoparticles and dual-color fluorescence coincidence for real-time detection of single native biomolecules and viruses in a microfluidic channel. Using green and red nanoparticles to simultaneously recognize two binding sites on a single target, we demonstrate that individual molecules of genes, proteins, and intact viruses can be detected and identified in complex mixtures without target amplification or probe/target separation. Real-time coincidence analysis of single-photon events allows rapid detection of bound targets and efficient discrimination of excess unbound probes. Quantitative studies indicate that the counting results are remarkably precise when the total numbers of counted mol...
In-flight effective area calibration of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

We present the in-flight effective area calibration of the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS), which comprises the High Resolution Camera Spectroscopic readout (HRC-S) and the Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Previous studies of the LETGS effective area calibration have focused on specific energy regimes: 1) the low-energy calibration for which we compared observations of Sirius B and HZ 43 with pure hydrogen non-LTE white dwarf emission models; and 2) the mid-energy calibration for which we compared observations of the active galactic nuclei PKS 2155-304 and 3C 273 with simple power-law models of their seemingly featureless continua. The residuals of the model comparisons were taken to be true residuals in the HRC-S quantum efficiency (QE) model. Additional in-flight observations of celestial sources with well-understood X-ray spectra have served to verify and fine-tune the calibration. Thus, from these studies we have derived corrections to the HRC-S QE to match the predicted and observed spectra over the full practical energy range of the LETGS. Furthermore, from pre-flight laboratory flatfield data we have constructed an HRC-S quantum efficiency uniformity (QEU) model. Application of the QEU to our semi-empirical in-flight HRC-S QE has resulted in an improved HRC-S on-axis QE. Implementation of the HRC-S QEU with the on-axis QE now allows for the computation of effective area for any reasonable Chandra/LETGS pointing.
Toxicity of silver to steelhead and rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia Magna

Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and steelhead (Salmogairdneri) trout and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to silver for 96 h in replicated flow-through tests. Rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia magna were exposed to silver in replicated static acute tests. Steelhead trout embryo-larval stages were tested in a flow-through system for 60 d, and D. magna were exposed through complete life cycles in replicated static-renewal tests. All silver concentrations were measured values. No differences were seen between flow-through and static LC50 values. Rainbow trout 96-h flow-through LC50 values were 8.6 and 9.7 μg/L silver; static values were 10.9 and 8.5 μg/L. The 96-h LC50 for steelhead trout in the flow-through test was 9.2 μg/L. Fathead minnow 96-h flow-through LC50 values were 5.6 and 7.4 μg/L silver; static values were 9.4 and 9.7 μg/L. The absence of food in static tests with D. magna caused silver to be about 10 times more toxic; the 48-h static mean EC50 value for D. magna without food was 0.9 μg/L, compared to 12.5 μg/L in the test with food. The early-life-stage test with steelhead trout, from newly fertilized eggs to post-swimup juveniles, showed complete mortality at 1.3 μg/L and significant reduction in fish survival at 0.5 μg/L silver. Mean weight and length at end of test were greatly reduced at 1.1 μg/L, and were significantly different from controls at 0.1 μg/L. The mean 21-d EC50 value for the D. magna test with food was 3.5 μg/L. The 21-d lowest significant (α = 0.05) effect on survival occurred at 4.1 μg/L. The mean silver concentration at which there was a significant decrease in total Daphnia young/female/day after 21 d, compared to the control was 10.5 μg/L silver.
All-ceramic surveyed crowns for removable partial denture abutments

All-ceramic restorations may have limitations when used in combinations with other treatment modalities. Removable partial denture (RPD) abutment crowns are typically shaped to provide guide planes, rest seats, and retentive areas. Porcelain-to-metal crowns are routinely fabricated with retentive contours in the veneering porcelain, but until recently, the contours of the other portions of the restoration were developed in metal. This article describes the fabrication of all-ceramic crowns for RPDs with rest seats and guide planes in densely sintered aluminum oxide and retentive areas in veneering porcelain. Within the limitations outlined, this procedure allows the practitioner to use all-ceramic crowns in situations previously reserved for metal or metal-ceramic restorations.
Green chemistry and lanthanide-based crystal engineering

Abstract The concept of ‘Green Chemistry’ has received much recent attention due to increased environmental regulations and concerns. This concept is currently being applied to industrial processes as an attempt to help reduce hazardous discharges into the environment. The opportunities to practice green chemistry, however, are abundant in modern science and technology. Here we discuss the concepts of green chemistry as related to crystal engineering, a promising field that may lead to more environmentally-friendly processes and help aid in environmental clean-up by the design of functional solid state materials. Lanthanides with their rich stereochemistry and abundant nature are currently underutilized in crystal engineering development.
Progress towards monodisperse single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes tend to be produced in polydisperse mixtures with different lengths, diameters and electronic properties. This review article surveys the various techniques that have been developed for producing monodisperse samples from these mixtures. Selective growth techniques are also covered.
Pollution abatement with limited enforcement power and citizen suits

Federal environmental laws in the U.S. can be enforced by government agencies or by private parties through citizen suits against polluters. Here, I extend the standard enforcement model to examine the role played by citizen suits. The main results from the paper suggest that in a model with limited enforcement power and citizen suits the regulator fully exercises his enforcement power when the expected penalty from a citizen suit is low, but increases his reliance on citizen suits as the expected penalty rises. Whether an enforcement regime that allows private enforcement is efficient depends not only on the relative costs of private and agency enforcement, but also on the changes in inspection costs that may be caused by private enforcement and the expected penalty from losing a citizen suit. These results suggest that in practice private enforcement may lower social costs as long as relatively inexpensive agency enforcement options, such as administrative proceedings, do not preclude citizen suits.
ADHD and Smoking

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tobacco smoking are among the most common and costly psychiatric and behavioral problems. The rates of co-occurrence of these two common problems are larger than expected by chance. Despite progress in identifying the neural and genetic substrates of each, the mechanisms underlying the high rates of comorbidity between ADHD and smoking remain largely unknown. We propose that ADHD and smoking involve dysregulation of dopaminergic and nicotinic-acetylcholinergic circuits and that these aberrations are likely to arise, at least in part, from genetic variations. This review describes an integrative model of the ADHD–smoking comorbidity, with an emphasis on shared neuropharmacological mechanisms. We first describe the prevalence of smoking among ADHD patients. We then describe how ADHD influences stages of smoking behavior (e.g., initiation, maintenance, and relapse). We review common potential genetic substrates of ADHD and smoking, focusing on genes that regulate monoaminergic neurotransmission. We review the behavioral and neuropharmacological bases of smoking and ADHD, focusing on the modulatory roles of nicotine on attention and behavioral control. Finally, we discuss the implications of this model for prevention and clinical outcomes.
Fracture and Fatigue Tolerant Steel Pressure Vessels for Gaseous Hydrogen

Fatigue crack growth rates and rising displacement fracture thresholds have been measured for a 4130X steel in 45 MPa hydrogen gas. The ratio of minimum to maximum load (R-ratio) and cyclic frequency was varied to assess the effects of these variables on fatigue crack growth rates. Decreasing frequency and increasing R were both found to increase crack growth rate, however, these variables are not independent of each other. Changing frequency from 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz reduced crack growth rates at R = 0.5, but had no effect at R = 0.1. When applied to a design life calculation for a steel pressure vessel consistent with a typical hydrogen trailer tube, the measured fatigue and fracture data predicted a re-inspection interval of nearly 29 years, consistent with the excellent service history of such vessels which have been in use for many years.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
“Bananatrode” — An electrochemical biosensor for dompamine

A new type of biocatalytic membrane electrode utilizing banana pulp tissue slices for sensing catecholamine neurotransmitters is described. This amperometric-based probe for the measurement of dopamine exhibits high biocatalytic activity, good time stability, and favorable selectivity.