cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Varying Image Processing for 3D Model-Based Video Coding

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a robust and novel approach to real-time feature tracking using a 3D model-based framework. Image understanding and motion analysis of video sequences are two aspects of computer vision that connect and relate to a number of applications ranging from video annotation to video coding to human computer interfaces. In most scenarios, objects are not rigid because their motion, with respect to the scene, is combined with deformations and changes in light conditions. A framework for automatic detection and tracking of moving objects in such complex conditions is very important in time-varying imagery, and would provide a tool for further analysis and understanding of the higher level aspects of the observed scene. A small set of facial features are tracked successfully over a large range of head motion. Nonrigid points are also tracked successfully after compensating for the computed global motion. The combination of the 3D model, head pose estimation, and texture mapping avoids the error accumulation problem and allows better localization of the features. Results confirm that the system is robust, accurate, and can be implemented in real-time. This framework finds applications ranging from model-based video coding and facial expression analysis to face recognition using video sequences.
On Combining Uncertainty Measures

This paper discusses the probabilistic structure in the problem of combination of evidence. We propose to use the theory of random sets as a general framework for combining various types of uncertainty measures such as probability measures, belief functions and possibility distributions.
EEG in Childhood Psychiatric Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on electroencephalograms (EEG) studies in childhood psychiatric disorders. Major psychiatric disorders in childhood include autism, psychosis or thought disorder, manic-depressive or affective illness, and behavioral aberrations. The major therapeutic thrust is to establish communication skills in these patients as early in childhood as possible. Hearing must be evaluated. The EEG may be normal or mildly, nonspecifically abnormal, or may occasionally demonstrate focal and even epileptiform abnormalities, particularly in the temporal regions. Evoked potentials (EP) studies in autistic children and children with other major psychiatric disorders have not yielded results specific for pinpointing neurophysiological dysfunction. Childhood psychosis may be seen in the presence of a normal EEG or mildly nonspecifically abnormal EEG. The EEG serves a useful role in the diagnosis of autism, psychosis, and depression in investigating the possibility of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder or nonconvulsive seizure status. The chapter also discusses abnormal sleep patterns. The EEG, particularly with polygraphic monitoring, may be useful in differentiating breath-holding spells from primary seizure disorders, distinguishing sleep disorders from convulsive phenomena and defining the characteristics of sleep apnea in a particular patient.
A Modular Approach to Programming Multi-Modal Sensing Applications

The growing ubiquity of personal connected devices has created the opportunity for a wide range of applications which tap into their sensors. The sensing requirements of applications often dynamically evolve over time depending on contextual factors, evolving interest in different types of data, or simply to economize resource consumption. The code implementing this evolution is typically mixed with that of the application's functionality. This paper presents ModeSens, an approach to modeling and programming multi-modal sensing requirements of applications. ModeSens enhances modularity and reuse by separating the application's functional concerns from those of the evolution of its sensing requirements, which are modeled separately as transitions between modes. A graphical interface allows programmers to program reusable multi-modal sensing requirements for applications. New modes can be specified explicitly or learned. Particularly, we present a way for new modes to be learned by recognizing mode signatures from examples of sensor data sampled in the mode. Both ModSens and the mode learning system have been prototyped, the latter specifically for Activity Recognition. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that ModeSens incurs low processing overhead and consequently has a small energy footprint. Although the learning system, by design, is for occasional use, we also documented its processing and energy overhead.
Structural and molecular mechanisms for the control of eukaryotic 5′–3′ mRNA decay

5'-3' RNA decay pathways are critical for quality control and regulation of gene expression. Structural and biochemical studies have provided insights into the key nucleases that carry out deadenylation, decapping, and exonucleolysis during 5'-3' decay, but detailed understanding of how these activities are coordinated is only beginning to emerge. Here we review recent mechanistic insights into the control of 5'-3' RNA decay, including coupling between translation and decay, coordination between the complexes and activities that process 5' and 3' RNA termini, conformational control of enzymatic activity, liquid phase separation, and RNA modifications.
Telemedicine Intensive Care Unit Nursing Interventions to Prevent Failure to Rescue

Background Although telemedicine intensive care unit (tele-ICU) nurses are integral to the tele-ICU model of care, few studies have explored the influence of tele-ICU nursing interventions on preventing failure to rescue in critically ill patients. Objective To determine how tele-ICU nurses characterize their interventions to prevent failure to rescue. Methods This qualitative interpretive study recruited a purposive sample from 11 tele-ICU centers across the United States for structured open-ended interviews. An inductive and deductive approach suitable for health services qualitative research was adapted to further explain and extend a relevant conceptual framework for tele-ICU nursing practice. Results Of 33 nurses practicing in tele-ICUs who responded to a recruitment email, 19 participated in this study. Findings included 4 major interrelated themes: (1) fundamental attributes of the tele-ICU nurse, (2) proactive clinical practice, (3) effective collaborative relationships, and (4) strategic use of advanced technology. Conclusion A conceptual framework extending the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses model of success for tele-ICU nursing practice is proposed to prevent failure to rescue. Tele-ICU nurses use systems thinking and integration of complex factors in their practice to prevent failure to rescue. Tele-ICU nurses' perception of their role in preventing failure to rescue and emotional intelligence competence are key to building and maintaining effective relationships with the ICU. Tele-ICU nurses' intentional use of advanced technology, rather than the technology itself, supports and enhances proactive tele-ICU practice to prevent failure to rescue.
Three-dimensional CFD simulation of a circular OWC with a nonlinear power-takeoff: Model validation and a discussion on resonant sloshing inside the pneumatic chamber

Abstract This study presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation of a circular bottom-sitting OWC device for wave energy extraction. The numerical model is based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a modified k-ω turbulence model and a Volume-of-Fluid method to track the air-water surface. The numerical model and setup are validated against a set of wave-flume experimental results. The numerical simulation provides detailed flow-field information, which allows for an analysis of the spatial non-uniformity inside the OWC chamber and the measurement error associated with it. New numerical results show that vortex shedding at the sharp edge of the OWC chamber enhances the spatial non-uniformity inside the OWC chamber through a resonant sloshing mechanism. The enhanced spatial non-uniformity can affect the accuracy of the experimentally-determined quantities such as the extraction efficiency of the OWC chamber and the characteristics of the power take-off device; Suggestions are also provided to improve the accuracy of the experimentally-determined quantities that may be affected by the spatial non-uniformity inside the OWC chamber.
Grape Polyphenols in Heart Health Promotion

Epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between moderate wine consumption and heart disease incidence. Grape wine contains many phytochemicals from grape pomace and seeds. Animal studies suggest beneficial health effects of grape products including antioxidant protection of biomolecules, reduced platelet aggregation, reduced inflammation, and improved vascular reactivity. Recent animal studies also show reduced cardiac pathology with grape product consumption. Data from short-term human trials are limited to altered surrogate markers of cardiac risk. This review summarizes the chemistry and metabolism of grape phytochemicals and the relevant human studies with grape products. Finally, the chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
Wearable Technologies in Lifestyle Medicine

Wearable technologies are electronic computing devices, capable of primarily functioning passively, attached and detached from the body freely, and commonly connected with the internet. These devices can monitor many aspects of lifestyle medicine, including physical activity, nutrition, and sleep, as well as other parameters of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular (e.g., heart rate/rhythm and blood glucose), pulmonary, and sleep. There are data supporting the use of wearables in the elderly, frail, and those with orthopedic, neurologic, and/or neoplastic conditions. Various applications can be developed to improve and personalize the use of these devices, especially for event nudges that can sustain healthy lifestyles in order to decrease the risk for chronic disease. In sum, popularization of wearable technologies and applications, and their routine incorporation in Lifestyle Medicine Center protocols, can optimize primordial, primary, and secondary prevention modalities.
Longitudinal multivariate normative comparisons.

Motivated by the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we develop classification procedures for cognitive impairment based on longitudinal measures. To control family-wise error, we adapt the cross-sectional multivariate normative comparisons (MNC) method to the longitudinal setting. The cross-sectional MNC was proposed to control family-wise error by measuring the distance between multiple domain scores of a participant and the norms of healthy controls and specifically accounting for intercorrelations among all domain scores. However, in a longitudinal setting where domain scores are recorded multiple times, applying the cross-sectional MNC at each visit will still have inflated family-wise error rate due to multiple testing over repeated visits. Thus, we propose longitudinal MNC procedures that are constructed based on multivariate mixed effects models. A χ 2 test procedure is adapted from the cross-sectional MNC to classify impairment on longitudinal multivariate normal data. Meanwhile, a permutation procedure is proposed to handle skewed data. Through simulations we show that our methods can effectively control family-wise error at a predetermined level. A dataset from a neuropsychological substudy of the MACS is used to illustrate the applications of our proposed classification procedures.
Pediatric Chronic Critical Illness, Prolonged ICU Admissions, and Clinician Distress

To gain an in-depth understanding of the experience of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) clinicians caring for children with chronic critical illness (CCI), we conducted, audiotaped, and transcribed in-person interviews with PICU clinicians. We used purposive sampling to identify five PICU patients who died following long admissions, whose care generated substantial staff distress. We recruited four to six interdisciplinary clinicians per patient who had frequent clinical interactions with the patient/family for interviews. Conventional content analysis was applied to the transcripts resulting in the emergence of five themes: nonbeneficial treatment; who is driving care? Elusive goals of care, compromised personhood, and suffering. Interventions directed at increasing consensus, clarifying goals of care, developing systems allowing children with CCI to be cared for outside of the ICU, and improving communication may help to ameliorate this distress.
Surface Material Dataset for Robotics Applications (SMDRA): A Dataset with Friction Coefficient and RGB-D for Surface Segmentation

In this paper, we introduce the Surface Material Dataset for Robotics Applications (SMDRA), a collection of RGB color image, depth data, and pixel-wise friction coefficient data of 10 different materials for computer vision research specifically with robotics applications in mind that require physical contact between the robot and its environment such as robotic manipulators or walking robots. These selected surface materials are both easily accessible around our daily lives and cover a wide range of friction coefficients. Our dataset is unique in that while there is an abundance of RGB-D data due to the popularization of imaging sensors, additional pixel-wise aligned data of a different modality are not readily available. The depth data is collected by an active stereo camera which has shown promise on a variety of different robotic applications, especially in outdoor environments. In addition, this dataset is greatly expanded with the addition of friction coefficient data. Similarly to humans, this additional information can be helpful in ensuing proper decision making in tasks ranging from grasping orientation and strength to path determination in an unstructured environment. A newly developed friction measuring device was used to obtain this data. We verify that existing Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, the Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) and U-Net, can be trained on the SMDRA. This result demonstrates that the SMDRA can be utilized to train a neural network model for segmentation and these different modes are not just additional information, but valuable modes that researchers can incorporate and exploit when applying computer vision algorithms on robotic platforms.
HSF1 is a Direct, Master AMPK Antagonist to Control Protein Cholesteroylation

Through transcriptional control of the powerful heat-shock or, proteotoxic stress, response (HSR/PSR), heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) preserves proteomic stability. Our studies reveal that HSF1, a physiological substrate for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), suppresses this central metabolic sensor directly. By physically evoking conformational switching of AMPK, HSF1 blocks AMP binding to the γ subunits non-competitively, enhances the PP2A-mediated de-phosphorylation and impedes the LKB1-mediated phosphorylation of Thr172, as well as allosterically hinders ATP binding to the α subunits. These manifold regulations empower HSF1 to constrain AMPK activation in response to diverse cues, thereby sustaining cellular lipid content, serum lipid levels, liver and whole-body fat mass, as well as global protein cholesteroylation. In vivo, HSF1 antagonizes AMPK to drive the lipogenic phenotype and growth of melanomas, independently of its intrinsic transcriptional action. Thus, the physical AMPK-HSF1 interaction epitomizes an intriguing reciprocal kinase-substrate regulation whereby lipid metabolism and proteomic stability intertwine.
Groups and Symmetry: A Guide to Discovering Mathematics

Squares, hexagons, and triangles The rigid motions of the plane Finite figures Strip patterns Wallpatterns Finite groups Cayley diagrams Symmetry in the real world Bibliography Index.
Constitutional Self-Government

Introduction 1. The Democratic Functions of Inflexible Constitutions 2. Judicial Review and Democratic Legitimacy 3. Judicial Review and Democratic Flourishing 4. Text and History in Hard Cases 5. Liberty, Strategy, and Tradition 6. Judicial Maintenance of Political Institutions Conclusion Notes Index
Conflict sensitive water supply : lessons from operations

Water, as a resource, is integral to human activities of all kinds. The water sector, as a society's means of ensuring individuals have sufficient water is fundamental to recovery and development. While designing and implementing water supply operations in any societal context is a complicated endeavor, doing so in contexts affected by conflict, fragility and violence is inherently associated with compounded challenges. The objective of this study is to summarize operational lessons from task teams to inform effective water supply and access operations in conflict-affected and fragile situations. This paper defines common operational challenges and describes actions that task teams have taken in Bank projects in order to address those challenges. Further, the paper explores ways to ensure that water supply projects in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) contexts, in addition to achieving technical objectives, can also address perpetual causes of conflict and fragility. The risks of escalating violence and decreasing stability are exacerbated in situations where access to water resources and services is poor, constrained, inequitable, and unsustainable. This knowledge product summarizes lessons from World Bank task teams that have prepared and implemented water supply projects in locations affected by conflict, fragility and violence. The findings intend to support operational problem-solving during water operations that are conducted in these situations. The study engaged task team members and surveyed project documentation, consolidating data on contextual and operational challenges and responsive methods that staff recommend. The findings of this study show that clear priorities in process and organizational capacity, with a focus on access, are needed to ensure that water supply operations in FCS contexts are conflict-sensitive.
Disciplining “Girl Talk”: The Paradox of Empowerment in a Feminist Mentorship Program

ABSTRACT Although empowerment is frequently invoked in social work discourse, it is nevertheless a complicated and contested practice method. A critical minority of social work theorists and practitioners point to the paradox of empowerment practice that reifies power differences and infringes upon client self-determination (Gruber & Trickett, 1987; Hartman, 1992; Pease, 2002; Simon, 1990). Despite the acuity of this critique, it has neither fully penetrated the discourse of social work practice nor been employed in close analyses of empowerment interventions. In order to address this gap, we conducted an ethnographic study of a feminist empowerment program for young adolescent girls. Our findings suggest that despite some evidence of success, there were also noteworthy instances in which program staff subverted the goal of empowering participants' voices and instead disciplined girls' talk along particular discursive lines. This study explores these practices and discourses and based on this illustration...
HAGEMAN FACTOR DEFICIENCY IN A CHILD

A case of Hageman factor deficiency in a 13-year-old white female is presented and the laboratory procedures necessary for identification of this abnormality are outlined. No bleeding was observed at the time of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, confirming the benign nature of the disorder. Decreased Hageman factor activity was found in the plasma of other family members, being in accord with the autosomal recessive nature of the characteristic responsible for this factor.
Parallelism in Current and Future Processors --- Challenges and Support for Designing Optimal Algorithms

Both explicit usable and implicit transparent parallelism is nothing really new in processor technology but has been restricted to high-end computer systems accessible to only a few developers. In recent years, however, parallelism on all levels has found its way into even the cheapest desktop and notebook system and thus every algorithm being developed today should reflect this change to optimally exploit theses additional resources. This session will outline the parallelism offered by current Intel processors and some new parallel enhancements of future architectures including the many-core approach implemented by Larrabee and the coming improvements for data-parallel (SIMD, SSE) execution. Some of these enhancements will introduce new challenges to the algorithm designer and developer. This includes the massive number of available hardware-threads, the increased size of vector operations, and non-uniform memory access. Intel actively looks for new parallel programming models to tackle these challenges including CT, Software Transactional Memory and Concurrent Collections for C++ . While these models might make it into future program development environments, there are multiple developer tools for parallel program development as mature products available today --- including compilers, libraries, thread checker/debugger, performance analysis tools using hardware performance counters etc. The talk will outline how some of these tools as offered by Intel and how they can facilitate the complete development cycle for parallel program development.
A New Proposal for a Commercially-Run Nationwide Broadband System Serving Public Safety

The FCC proposes a basic approach that has great promise, but also potential dangers. This paper will discuss issues that deserve serious attention, and it will propose a new policy that is consistent with many aspects of this NPRM, but has extensions and modifications that would increase the chances of success, and eliminate much of the risk. While the FCC clearly plays a critical role on this issue, no one government agency has the resources and authority needed to make all of the necessary changes. There should be a concerted effort from multiple federal agencies, as well as state and local organizations. By sad necessity, the FCC is proposing in this NPRM to act alone in this NPRM, and that limits the options available. However the FCC has begun an important process, and we can hope that others will follow the FCC’s lead. This paper will also address some of the areas where other federal agencies could make critical contributions, perhaps initiated by an act of Congress or leadership from the Administration.
Variable Mesh Simulator

The Variable Mesh Simulator is an experimental program running on S/360 under MVT OS. It is so named by analogy with the numerical solution of differential equations where finite difference approximations are systematically evaluated at discrete intervals of their variables. The largest intervals consistent with the accuracy of these approximations are used in order to minimize the amount of computation. In areas where greater precision is required, smaller intervals must be used and so we get a picture of an n-dimensional grid whose mesh-size varies according to local needs. In VMS, different language-levels of description of the system (to cater for different objectives) are our approximations, and these levels imply the degree of detail required—our interval sizes. Also, by dividing the system into parts, independently described at different levels, we can concentrate our computer power on those areas needing the most intensive study. Each such “part” is called a region, and each level of description of a region is called a cut. Our overall objective is, then, to be able to simulate economically any or all parts of a system, no matter how large, at any levels of description and for any purpose the user has.
Redefining the incidence of clinically detectable atheroembolism

Background and objectives Atheroembolism, caused by peripheral embolization of small cholesterol crystals that fracture off of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in the major vessels, leads to multifocal ischemic lesions and progressive tissue loss. The end result is often ischemic injury in the skin, kidney, brain, myocardium, and intestine, but any organ distal to the culprit lesion may be affected. The precise incidence of this serious clinical syndrome has been difficult to ascertain from the available literature, but it appears to be much more common than has been assumed. The objective of the present study is to clarify the incidence of atheroembolism among inpatients in an acute hospital setting. Patients and methods We surveyed inpatient nephrology consultations during a 7-month period from January through July 1994. From a pool of 402 consultation charts, 99 were identified with two or more substantive risk factors for atheroembolism. The records of 85 of these patients were available for careful review. More than 300 additional patients were found to have ICD-9 discharge codes for other vascular conditions, but we were unable to confirm that any of these were in fact cases of atheroembolism, since there is no specific ICD-9 discharge code for this entity. In the 85 cases reviewed, a diagnosis of atheroembolism was made only if the patient had identifiable substantive risk factors, suggestive physical findings, and supporting laboratory results. Results Eleven of the 85 surveyed records documented strong evidence supporting a "probable" diagnosis of atheroembolism. Tissue was examined in 4 of these 11, resulting in definitive histologic confirmation in 3. Another 5 of the 85 surveyed records were "suggestive" of atheroembolism. Altogether, atheroembolism was a likely diagnosis in a total of 16 cases during this 7-month period, or 1 case every 2 weeks. These cases comprised 19% of nephrology consultations in which 2 or more risk factors were present, or 4% of all nephrology consultations. The patients' records confirmed the serious implications of clinically detectable atheroembolism. Several patients underwent lower extremity amputation, nearly half required acute or chronic dialysis, and more than half died within several months of diagnosis. Conclusions The present study suggests that at least 4% of all inpatient nephrology consultations, representing approximately 5% to 10% of the acute renal failure encountered, involve clinically significant atheroembolism. Patients with atheroembolism appear at a rate of at least 1 case every 2 weeks. They often have identifiable substantive risk factors at initial consultation, and probably represent only the most severe cases of atheroembolism. In view of the serious implications of this basically untreatable syndrome, heightened awareness and preventive maneuvers in the population at risk are essential.
Diallel analysis of adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in wheat

Adult-plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal] in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been documented as being more durable than hypersensitive resistance. However, little is known about the inheritance and diversity of this resistance. Combining abilities and gene effects for APR to powdery mildew were studied in a diallel cross involving one susceptible and six APR cultivars. Parents, F 1 , and F 2 populations were evaluated in replicated field trials under natural epidemics of powdery mildew [...]
Comparison of regional brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA content in flexor and extensor rats

Hindlimb extension (HLE) induced by maximal electroshock seizures (MES) can be markedly affected by drugs which affect CNS 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Consequently, it has been proposed that the natural resistance of certain rats (flexor rats) to HLE is due to elevated levels of 5-HT. We have tested the hypothesis that the increased resistance of flexor rats to MES-induced HLE is due to elevated serotonergic levels in some region(s) of the CNS by examining 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in 8 regions of the CNS in rats classified by MES as either flexors or extensors. Furthermore, we compared the in vivo synthesis rate of 5-HT between flexor and extensor rats in 6 regions of the brain by measuring the accumulation of 5-HTP following aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibition with NSD-1015. All neurochemical analyses were carried out on rats sacrificed one week after their last seizure test. No differences in 5-HT, 5-HIAA or 5-HTP synthesis rate were detected between flexor and extensor rats for any of the regions examined, suggesting that enhanced serotonergic levels are not responsible for the unusual resistance of flexor rats to HLE.
TR-SAR: Time Reversal Target Focusing in Spotlight SAR

We develop time reversal spotlight synthetic aperture radar (TR-SAR) for target focusing and ghost images removal in SAR. Conventional SAR is not designed for imaging targets in a rich scattering environment. In this case, ghost images due to secondary reflections appear in the SAR images. We show in this paper, how, from a rough estimate of the target location obtained from a conventional SAR image and using time reversal, TR-SAR focuses on the target with improved resolution, and reduces or removes ghost images. Verification with experimentally measured electromagnetic data demonstrates the success of TR-SAR.
An IR study of the monoperoxo molybdate complexes K2[MoO(O2)F4] and [(NH4)3F][MoO(O2)F4]

Abstract IR studies of K 2 [MoO(O 2 )F 4 ] and [(NH 4 ) 3 F][MoO(O 2 )F 4 ] are reported as a function of exposure to air. Results are compared with two previous IR studies for K 2 [MoO(O 2 )F 4 ]. A possible explanation for the discrepancies reported in the literature is offered.
Revascularization of the superior mesenteric artery alone for treatment of intestinal ischemia.

Abstract Objective: Complete revascularization is recommended by many authors for treatment of intestinal ischemia. The observation that postprandial intestinal hyperemia is limited to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) has suggested to us that SMA revascularization alone should be adequate treatment. We preferentially manage intestinal ischemia with a single bypass graft to the SMA and herein update our results using this approach. Methods: Patients were identified from a prospectively established vascular surgical registry. Each patient was assessed for acute versus chronic intestinal ischemia, preoperative angiographic findings, operation used, perioperative morbidity and mortality, late symptomatic relief, cause of death, and life table–determined survival and graft patency. Graft patency was determined by follow-up angiography or duplex scanning. Results: Fifty bypass grafts to the SMA alone were performed in 49 patients (31 women, 18 men; mean age, 62 years) for treatment of intestinal ischemia. In all patients additional splanchnic arteries were available for bypass grafting. Operative indications were acute symptoms in 21 patients, 14 of whom had bowel infarction; chronic symptoms in 26 patients; and prophylaxis in conjunction with infrarenal aortic surgery in 3 patients. Thirty-two grafts originated from the aorta or an iliac artery, and 18 originated from an aortic graft. There were 40 prosthetic and 10 autogenous conduits. Perioperative mortality was 3% in patients with chronic symptoms and 12% overall. All survivors were symptomatically improved. Mean follow-up was 44 months. Nine-year assisted primary graft patency was 79%, and 5-year patient survival was 61%. Two late deaths occurred in patients with recurrent intestinal ischemia resulting from graft occlusions. Conclusions: Bypass grafting to the SMA alone appears to be both an effective and durable procedure for treatment of intestinal ischemia. Our results appear equal to those reported for "complete" revascularization for intestinal ischemia. When the SMA is a suitable recipient vessel, multiple bypass grafts to other splanchnic vessels are unnecessary in the treatment of intestinal ischemia. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:37-47.)
New theory of the control of protein concentrations in animal cells.

THE molecular basis for the regulation of intracellular concentrations of protein has been studied intensively since the discovery of the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein1, 2. We wish to present experimental evidence in support of a model which considers regulation by post-translational events. This model takes into account the contributions of synthesis, degradation and protein interactions to the regulation of intracellular protein concentrations. The model explains how protein concentrations could change within a cell while rates of transcription and translation remained constant. Although the experimental evidence in support of the model was collected from studies of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) system in the rat, the model may be generally applicable to other subunit proteins and other organisms.
Metabolic Adaptation of the Fetal and Postnatal Ovine Heart: Regulatory Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Nuclear Respiratory Factor-1

Numerous metabolic adaptations occur in the heart after birth. Important transcription factors that regulate expression of the glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative genes are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1alpha and -2alpha) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1). The goal of this study was to examine expression of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, and NRF-1 and the genes they regulate in pre- and postnatal myocardium. Ovine right and left ventricular myocardium was obtained at four time points: 95 and 140 d gestation (term = 145 d) and 7 d and 8 wk postnatally. Steady-state mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1alpha and NRF-1 and protein levels of HIF-2alpha were measured along with mRNA of HIF-1alpha-regulated genes (aldolase A, alpha- and beta-enolase, lactate dehydrogenase A, liver and muscle phosphofructokinase) and NRF-1-regulated genes (cytochrome c, Va subunit of cytochrome oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I ). HIF-1alpha protein was present in fetal myocardium but dropped below detectable levels at 7 d postnatally. HIF-2alpha protein levels were similar at the four time points. Steady-state mRNA levels of alpha-enolase, lactate dehydrogenase A, and liver phosphofructokinase declined significantly postnatally. Aldolase A, beta-enolase, and muscle phosphofructokinase mRNA levels increased postnatally. Steady-state mRNA and protein levels of NRF-1 decreased postnatally in contrast to the postnatal increases in cytochrome c, subunit Va of cytochrome oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I mRNA levels. The in vivo postnatal regulation of enzymes encoding glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes is complex. As transactivation response elements for the genes encoding metabolic enzymes continue to be characterized, studies using the fetal-to-postnatal metabolic transition of the heart will continue to help define the in vivo role of these transcription factors.
Altered pineal serotonin binding in some suicides

Serotonergic abnormalities have been regularly reported in the brains of suicide victims. Because of evidence that pineal function is altered in depressed subjects and that serotonin-releasing axons may innervate the pineal, we assayed tritiated serotonin binding in a series of control and suicide pineals. High affinity binding was present, and there were apparent differences between some suicides and controls.
Sliding Mode Control Design in Multi-Input Perturbed Discrete-Time Systems

Variable structure control (VSC) design in multi-input discrete-time systems has two main difficulties: one is the satisfaction of the hitting condition and the other is the handle of the state trajectory in (quasi) sliding mode. The former is caused by the multiple inputs of the system, and the latter is caused by that the perturbation exists and the sliding surface is a bounded region but not only the hyperplane S = 0. This paper overcomes the above two difficulties successfully and designs the sliding region, the sliding control U s and the hitting control U d such that the system's state can reach the sliding hyperplane ( in fact it is a region) and finally moves to the origin.
Climate impacts of intermittent upper ocean mixing induced by tropical cyclones

[1] Tropical cyclones (TC) represent a powerful, albeit highly transient forcing able to redistribute ocean heat content locally. Recent studies suggest that TC-induced ocean mixing can have global climate impacts as well, including changes in poleward heat transport, ocean circulation, and thermal structure. In several previous modeling studies devoted to this problem, the TC mixing was treated as a permanent (constant in time) source of additional vertical diffusion in the upper ocean. In contrast, this study aims to explore the highly intermittent character of the mixing. We present results from a series of coupled climate experiments with different durations of the imposed intermittent mixing but where each has the same annual mean diffusivity. All simulations show robust changes in sea surface temperature and ocean subsurface temperature, independent of the duration of the mixing that varies between the experiments from a few days to a full year. Simulated temperature anomalies are characterized by a cooling in the subtropics, a moderate warming in middle to high latitudes, a pronounced warming of the equatorial cold tongue, and a deepening of the tropical thermocline. These effects are paralleled by substantial changes in ocean and atmosphere circulation and heat transports. While the general patterns of changes remain the same from one experiment to the next, their magnitude depends on the relative duration of the mixing. Stronger mixing, but of a shorter duration, has less of an impact. These results agree with a simple model of heat transfer for the upper ocean with a time-dependent vertical diffusivity.
Absorption of K−-particles by nuclei

(*) Supported in part by the joint program of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the U.S. Office Naval Research. (~) G. GOLDHABER, private communication; W. FRY, private communication; see also, for example, NAUGLE, NEu FREIER and CHESTON : Phys. Rev., 96, 1383 (1954). The author is indebted to Drs. GOLDHABER and FRY for making the data of their groups available prior to publication. (~) We use the notation of R. SACHS: Phys, Rev., 99, 1573 (1955). leus v ia a s t a t i c p ion field (3). A n in ter ac t ion H a m i l t o n i a n dens i ty of t he simp les t fo rm to descr ibe t h e a b s o r p t i o n of a K 2 par t i c le b y a nuc l eon has been e m p l o y e d n a m e l y :
Theory of transport in nanofluidic channels with moderately thin electrical double layers: Effect of the wall potential modulation on solutions of symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes

Electrokinetic phenomena play an important role for the transport in submicrometer-size channels since the electric double layers formed at the walls can occupy a substantial part of the channel volume. This presents a theoretical difficulty and specific problems are usually treated numerically or not comprehensively. In our work we present a theoretical model that allows one to obtain analytical expressions for the transport of fluid (electro-osmotic flow), ions (electric current), and dissolved charged molecules (analytes). The model is based on the weak double layer approximation and has a wide range of validity. An important feature of this theoretical approach is that it is applicable not only to symmetric but also to asymmetric 2:1 and 1:2 electrolytes which exhibit very interesting properties in nanoscale channels. The possibility of affecting the wall electrokinetic ζ potential by applying a transverse voltage bias is analyzed. This transverse bias is used in an attempt to control the transport in the channel and such devices are often called “fluidic field-effect transistors.” Our model quantifies the effect of the voltage bias on the ζ potential of the channel wall and therefore can be used for prediction of transport and optimization of separations in such fluidic devices.
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Plays an Important Role in Protection against Acute Toxicity of Diclofenac

Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly prescribed to reduce pain in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the main DCF metabolites is a reactive diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG) that covalently binds to biologic targets and may contribute to adverse drug reactions arising from DCF use. Cellular efflux of DCF-AG is partially mediated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrp). The importance of Mrp2 during DCF-induced toxicity has been established, yet the role of Mrp3 remains largely unexplored. In the present work, Mrp3-null (KO) mice were used to study the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of DCF and its metabolites. DCF-AG plasma concentrations were 90% lower in KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, indicating that Mrp3 mediates DCF-AG basolateral efflux. In contrast, there were no differences in DCF-AG biliary excretion between WT and KO, suggesting that only DCF-AG basolateral efflux is compromised by Mrp3 deletion. Susceptibility to toxicity was also evaluated after a single high DCF dose. No signs of injury were detected in livers and kidneys; however, ulcers were found in the small intestines. Furthermore, the observed intestinal injuries were consistently more severe in KO compared with WT. DCF covalent adducts were observed in liver and small intestines; however, staining intensity did not correlate with the severity of injuries, implying that tissues respond differently to covalent modification. Overall, the data provide strong evidence that (1) in vivo Mrp3 plays an important role in DCF-AG disposition and (2) compromised Mrp3 function can enhance injury in the gastrointestinal tract after DCF treatment.
Ipsilateral Fibular Transport Using Ilizarov–Taylor Spatial Frame for a Limb Salvage Reconstruction: A Case Report:

Segmental bone defects of the tibia present a challenging problem, particularly when they are associated with soft tissue injuries or instability. Various techniques have been reported to treat bone loss in the tibia. This case report describes a patient with massive segmental bone loss associated with a soft tissue injury, which required a flap for coverage. The injury was treated with an ipsilateral fibular transport utilizing an Ilizarov/Taylor spatial frame. At one and a half year follow-up, the patient was able to walk without any support at home and wore a protective shell for outdoor activities. The outcome of this case study indicates that ipsilateral fibular transport using the Ilizarov method is a valuable technique for limb salvage reconstruction.
Agent models II: search theory, agent-based simulation, and U-boats in the Bay of Biscay

To date, most search theory study has focused either on analytical models of specific situations requiring rigid assumptions, or, as in the case of search and rescue, operational experiments aimed at obtaining detection probabilities for a variety of scenarios. Analytical search theory results provide bounds on empirical results. This research introduces an agent-based simulation approach to the subject of offensive search operations in combat. Generally, the value of a combat simulation is measured in terms of insights gained through experimentation. Agent-based simulation enables insights with regards to the emergent behavior of the individual combatants, groups of combatants, or the system as a whole. Emergent behavior for the purposes of this research is system behavior, not explicitly programmed, arising from local interactions between agents. Such behavior with respect to search effectiveness is investigated within the context of a historical case study involving offensive search.
Limb reduction anomalies and early in utero limb compression

Seven instances of limb reduction defects are reported with a presumed common underlying etiologic theme of early in utero limb compression, deduced as being due to a bicornuate uterus in four instances, a large fibroid in one instance, and early amnion rupture with transient amniotic fluid loss in two instances. Similar types of limb reduction defects have been experimentally produced as a consequence of early withdrawal of amniotic fluid with resultant compression of the developing limbs, leading to vascular disruption. A similar mechanism is hypothesized to have caused these seven instances of limb reduction defects.
Anticoagulant effects of hirulog, ∗ a novel thrombin inhibitor, in patients with coronary artery disease☆

Abstract Selective thrombin inhibitors are a new class of antithrombotic drugs that, unlike heparin, can effectively inhibit clot-bound thrombin and escape neutralization by activated platelets. Hirulog is a 20 amino acid hirudin-based synthetic peptide that has shown promise in experimental models of thrombosis. Little information is available about the effects of hirulog in patients with coronary artery disease. Forty-five patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, who were taking aspirin, were randomized to receive either (1) hirulog, 0.05 mg/kg intravenous bolus followed by 0.2 mg/kg/hour intravenous infusion until the end of the catheterization; (2) hirulog, 0.15 mg/kg intravenous bolus followed by 0.6 mg/kg/hour intravenous infusion; or (3) heparin; 5,000 U intravenous bolus. Serial activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time, activated clotting time and fibrinopeptide A were measured. Hirulog produced a dose-dependent prolongation of all coagulation parameters; the 0.6 mg/kg/hour dose prolonged the APTT to 218 ± 50% of baseline after 2 minutes and 248 ± 50% of baseline after 15 minutes. The half-life of the effect on APTT was 40 minutes. The hirulog blood level correlated well with the APTT, prothrombin time and activated clotting time (r = 0.77, 0.73, and 0.82 respectively, all p
A Reformulation of the Portfolio Model of Hedging: Reply

Kahl first charges that my test is illogical because it "assumes that the relevant objective is risk minimization." Next Kahl charges that because Johnson and Stein integrated risk avoidance with Working's expected profit maximization, my suggestion that the support for the portfolio approach is also support for the traditional model of hedging is incorrect. The first criticism is correct but irrelevant, and the second is incorrect because it misstates what JS
Dependence of dielectronic recombination cross sections on the charge states for the vanadium ion.

The dielectronic-recombination cross sections involving 1s electrons are estimated for the $_{23}\mathrm{V}$ target ions along the isonuclear sequence. Initial ionization charge states of the He-, Li-, and Be-like ions are examined. For a beam profile of width \ensuremath{\Delta}${e}_{c}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}60 Ry, two overlapping peaks represent transitions of the active electrons from 1s+${k}_{c}$${l}_{c}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2s2p or 2${p}^{2}$ and 2snl or 2pnl (n\ensuremath{\ge}3). The peak ratios are compared with results from a recent experiment on resonant-transfer excitation for the $_{23}$V${+\mathrm{}}_{2}$He system.
Note: Deletion-contraction to form a polymatroid

Let M be a matroid with rank function r, and let e@?E(M). The deletion-contraction polymatroid with rank function f=r"M"@?"e+r"M"/"e will be denoted P"e(M). Notice that P"e(M) is uniquely determined by M and e. Similarly, a deletion-contraction polymatroid determines M, unless e is a loop or co-loop. This paper will characterize all polymatroids of this deletion-contraction form by giving the set of excluded minors. Vertigan conjectured that the class of GF(q)-representable deletion-contraction polymatroids is well-quasi-ordered. From this attractive conjecture, both Rota's Conjecture and the WQO Conjecture for GF(q)-representable matroids would follow.