cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospital Patient Room Design: The Issues Facing 23 Occupational Groups Who Work in Medical/Surgical Patient Rooms

Objective:The aim of this study was to learn from a wide range of hospital staff members about how the design of the patient room in which they work adversely affects their ergonomics or hinders their job performance.Background:In addition to providing a healing space for patients, hospital patient rooms need to serve as functional workplaces for the people who provide clinical care, to clean, or to maintain room functions. Therefore, from a design perspective, it is important to understand the needs of all the users of hospital patient rooms with regard to room design.Method:One hundred forty-seven people, representing 23 different occupational stakeholder groups, participated in either focus groups or interviews in which they were asked to identify room design issues that affect the performance of their work tasks.Results:Key issues shared across multiple stakeholder groups included an inability to have eye contact with the patient when entering the room, inadequate space around the bed for the equipmen...
Effect of Unsaturated Bond on NOx and PAH Formation in n-Heptane and 1-Heptene Triple Flames

Various engine and shock tube studies have observed increased NOx emissions from the combustion of biodiesels relative to regular diesel and linked them to the degree of unsaturation or the number of double bonds in the molecular structure of long-chain biodiesel fuels. We report herein a numerical investigation on the structure and emission characteristics of triple flames burning n-heptane and 1-heptene fuels, which represent, respectively, the hydrocarbon side chain of the saturated (methyl octanoate) and unsaturated (methyl octenoate) biodiesel surrogates. Our objective is to examine the effect of unsaturated (double) bond on NOx and soot emissions in a flame environment containing regions of lean premixed, rich premixed, and nonpremixed combustion. A validated detailed kinetic model with 198 species and 4932 reactions was used to simulate triple flames in a counterflow configuration with different levels of premixing and strain rates. Results indicate that although the global structures of n-heptane ...
E-003 Initial experience with a ‘timeout’ designed for neuroendovascular procedures

Introduction Morbidity and mortality as a result of medical errors has become a significant health problem. As part of a national patient safety goal initiative, almost all medical centers have adopted measures to decrease the incidence of medical errors. In order to improve communication among members of the surgical team, a preoperative checklist is done prior to initiating any procedure (time out). The neuroendovascular patient undergoing an intervention such as cerebral aneurysm coiling and/or stenting, arteriovenous malformation embolization and carotid stenting presents unique challenges compared with body interventions or open neurosurgery cases. Some of these challenges include assessment of patient kidney function, contrast allergy, femoral/pedal pulses, need for ASA/Plavix and humanitarian device exemption (HDE) consents. The purpose of this study was to develop a ‘time out’ customized to neuroendovascular patients and test it in a clinical setting. Materials and methods We listed the most important safety factors involving neuroendovascular interventions and compared them to the standard open surgery ‘time out’ checklist. A specific neuroendovascular checklist was developed. We then in-serviced the staff of the neuro-angio suite which included six registered nurses, four radiology technologists and two endovascular surgeons to institute the preoperative checklist. The following is an abbreviated form of the neuroendovascular time out we implemented: What patient do we have? What procedure are we doing? Do we need any HDE/special consents (Enterprise, Neuroform, Wingspan, Research)? What is the assessment of access site and marking? Is the patient positioned correctly? Are there any precautions based on status or meds? Are ASA and Plavix required for the procedure; or other special medications? Are irrigation fluids required and available? Do we require any special implants, equipment, films? If so are they available? Are any antibiotics required? Is DVT prophylaxis indicated? After 3 months of clinical application of the neuroendovascular time out at RUSH University, the team was asked to respond to a self-assessment questionnaire. Results The neuroendovascular time out was applied in 152 cases over 3 months. In all cases the time out was completed before the procedure initiated. The answers to each time out were documented and incorporated to the patient9s electronic medical record. The answers from the self-assessment questionnaire were obtained from all the participating members of the endovascular team. The results revealed great acceptance to the concept of time out and 12/12 questionnaires agreed that the customization was more relevant to neuroendovascular patients. There was also unanimous opinion that the neuroendovascular time out has increased safety for our patients undergoing procedures. Conclusion The neuroendovascular time out is more relevant to cerebrovascular patients and proved to be valuable in a clinical setting.
Study on the photosynthetic capacity in upper leaves of super rice

Portable photosynthetic gas analysis system LI-COR 6400 was used to measure in situ of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and RuBP carboxylation efficiency (CE) at the grain-filling stage. A correlation analysis was made to explore the determinant of the photosynthetic capacity in rice leaf. In flag leaf,Pn in middle region was higher than that in its upper region,and leaf basal region had a lowest Pn value. Also there were some similar differences in Gs and CE between these different regions. In different positiongs of those leaves, Pn,Gs,and CE were gradually declined from upper to basal showing a leaf position gradient.The results of correlation analysis of these data indicates that the correlation coefficient between Pn and CE was much higher than that between Pn and Gs in two cases, and Pn was negatively correlated with intercellular CO_2 concentration (Ci). It is concluded that the carboxylation activity or activated amount of Rubisco rather than stomatal conducatance is a determinant of photosynthetic capacity in rice leaves. In addition, while Pn in flag leaves of different tillers was positively correlated with Gs but negatively correlated with Ci demonstrates that stomatal conducatance is not a determinant of potosynthetic capacity in rice leaves.
Emotional Clarity as a Mechanism Linking Emotional Neglect and Depressive Symptoms During Early Adolescence

The present study examined whether emotional abuse and neglect differentially predicted decreases in emotional clarity, and whether emotional clarity, in turn, predicted increases in depressive symptoms. Participants included 204 early adolescents (52% African-American; 54% female; Mean age= 12.85 years) who completed four assessments with measures of depressive symptoms, emotional clarity, and emotional abuse and neglect. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that emotional neglect significantly predicted decreases in emotional clarity, whereas emotional abuse did not. Further, mediational analyses revealed that decreases in emotional clarity mediated the relationship between emotional neglect and increases in depressive symptoms. The current study suggests that emotional neglect (more so than emotional abuse) may hinder an individual's ability to identify his or her own emotions, which may increase the risk of depressive symptoms during adolescence. These findings have significant implications for the development of intervention and prevention programs for depression.
Aryl morpholino triazenes inhibit cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1.

Abstract Many cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) inhibitors, such as resveratrol, have planar, hydrophobic, aromatic rings in their structure and exhibit anti-cancer activity. Aryl morpholino triazenes have similar structural features and in addition contain a triazene unit consisting of three consecutive, conjugated nitrogen atoms. Several aryl morpholino triazenes, including 4-[(E)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)diazenyl]-morpholine (2), were prepared from a reaction involving morpholine and a diazonium ion produced from different aniline derivatives, such as 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline. The aryl morpholino triazenes were then screened at 100 μM for their ability to inhibit CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 using ethoxyresorufin as the substrate. Triazenes that inhibited the enzymes to less than 80% of the uninhibited enzyme activity were assayed to determine their IC50 value. Compound 2 was the only triazene to inhibit both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 to the same degree as resveratrol with IC50 values of 10 μM and 18 μM, respectively. Compounds 3 and 6 selectively inhibited CYP1B1 over CYP1A1 with IC values of 2 μM and 7 μM, respectively. Thus, aryl morpholino triazenes are a new class of compounds that can inhibit CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and potentially prevent cancer.
Endoscopic balloon dilation for ulcer-induced gastric outlet obstruction

OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of endoscopic balloon dilation for ulcer-induced gastric outlet strictures. METHODS Review of the cumulative experience from two institutions involving 30 patients who underwent endoscopic balloon dilation for peptic ulcer-induced gastric outlet obstruction. Follow-up was by standardized interview at a mean of 15 months (range 4-28 months). RESULTS Symptoms occurred for an average of 6 months before dilation and included weight loss, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and anorexia. Gastric outlet strictures had a median diameter of 6 mm (range, 0-10 mm). Ten (33%) patients had active ulcers. Six-millimeter to 18-mm (median 15-mm) balloons were inflated a median of 2 times (range 1-4 times) for a median of 60 s (range 30-180 s). Fifty-one procedures (1.7/patient) were performed; 20 (67%) patients had one treatment and 10 (33%) had multiple treatments. Twenty-four (80%) patients achieved sustained symptom relief, 17 of 20 having a single procedure and 7 of 10 required multiple sessions. Dilation failed in 4 (13%) patients with long duodenal strictures. Two (6.7%) patients dilated to 18 mm suffered perforation. Both recovered uneventfully after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic balloon dilation is safe and effective for most patients with ulcer-induced gastric outlet obstruction.
(Re)entry from the Bottom Up: Case Study of a Critical Approach to Assisting Women Coming Home from Prison

Despite decades of critical reframings, policy and practice on prisoner (re)entry often remains situated within a framework of individual responsibility that fails to acknowledge the structural drivers of criminalization. Attending to individual symptoms rather than root social, political and economic causes, such approaches may ultimately reinforce the inequalities and injustices that fuel imprisonment. This article presents a case study of an alternative approach. It examines A New Way of Life Reentry Project, a nonprofit organization in South Los Angeles, California, that offers housing and support to women coming home from prison through a critical and holistic framework—one that attends simultaneously to the physical, mental and social contexts that shape lived experiences before, during and after prison. Drawing from 7 years of observation and participation, supplemented by ten in-depth interviews, I argue that a critical, holistic approach can have a significant positive impact for people returning home from prison.
Estimating 3D local noise power spectrum from a few FDK-reconstructed cone-beam CT scans

For CT whose noise is nonstationary, a local NPS is often needed to characterize the system’s noise property. A good estimation of the local NPS for CT usually requires many repeated scans. To overcome this data demand, we have previously developed a radial NPS method to estimate the 2D local NPS for FBP-reconstructed fan-beam CT from a few repeats utilizing the polar separability of CT NPS in polar coordinates [1]. In this work we extend the 2D approach to estimate the 3D local NPS for FDK-reconstructed cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans, since the CBCT NPS has similar separability in cylindrical coordinates. We evaluate the accuracy of the 3D local radial NPS method by comparing it to the traditional local NPS estimates using simulated CBCT data. The results show that the 3D radial local NPS method with only 2 to 6 scans yields mean squared error less than 5%) relative to the reference local NPS and can predict signal detectability accurately for evaluating system performance.
The Complete Letters of Henry James

The paper presents an insider’s view on the conception, organization and execution of the enormous undertaking of editing The Complete Letters of Henry James . Listing some of the problems the project has encountered, the author honors the people and institutions behind it, and names some of the most surprising and illuminating discoveries it has yielded this far.
Single Atomic Particle at Rest in Free Space: Shift-Free Suppression of the Natural Line Width?

An increase by a factor 20 in resolution is about as important when measuring the g-factor of the electron, as a 20-fold increase in accelerator energy is in high-energy physics. An antenna in a realistic spherical cavity resonator had been analyzed [1] by SCHELKUNOFF in ′43. PURCELL showed in ′46 that the 1 ife-time of atoms placed in a resonant cavity is greatly reduced. In a perfect non-resonant cavity one naively expects the opposite: no radiation can be lost, ergo no damping of an atomic oscillator. Indeed, a 10-fold increase in the lifetime was observed by GABRIELSE et al. in ′84. The reduction of the natural width by tuning between cavity resonances had been proposed by DICKE in ′59. After shooting an atomic beam through a parallel plate wave guide (λ/2 = 0.22 mm apart and reducing the decay rate >20-fol d, KLEPPNER et al., in ′85 nevertheless reached the conclusion, that cavity narrowing of spectral lines is ‘fundamentally flawed by nonradiative shifts’. Such pessimism is unjustified for an individual particle closely centered in a cavity» λ/2, VAN DYCK et al. ′81. Here, the trap electrodes form a microwave cavity good enough, to greatly reduce the natural line width, and, by proper relative tuning of cavity and atomic resonances, any shift of the atomic transition may be nulled.
Rapid and simple method by combining FTA™ card DNA extraction with two set multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and virulence genes in food samples.

The aim of this research was to optimize two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that could simultaneously detect six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the three virulence genes. We also investigated the potential of combining the FTA™ card-based DNA extraction with the multiplex PCR assays. Two multiplex PCR assays were optimized using six primer pairs for each non-O157 STEC serogroup and three primer pairs for virulence genes respectively. Each STEC strain specific primer pair only amplified 155, 238, 321, 438, 587 and 750 bp product for O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145 respectively. Three virulence genes were successfully multiplexed: 375 bp for eae, 655 bp for stx1 and 477 bp for stx2. When two multiplex PCR assays were validated with ground beef samples, distinctive bands were also successfully produced. Since the two multiplex PCR examined here can be conducted under the same PCR conditions, the six non-O157 STEC and their virulence genes could be concurrently detected with one run on the thermocycler. In addition, all bands clearly appeared to be amplified by FTA card DNA extraction in the multiplex PCR assay from the ground beef sample, suggesting that an FTA card could be a viable sampling approach for rapid and simple DNA extraction to reduce time and labour and therefore may have practical use for the food industry. Significance and Impact of the Study: Two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were optimized for discrimination of six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and identification of their major virulence genes within a single reaction, simultaneously. This study also determined the successful ability of the FTA™ card as an alternative to commercial DNA extraction method for conducting multiplex STEC PCR assays. The FTA™ card combined with multiplex PCR holds promise for the food industry by offering a simple and rapid DNA sample method for reducing time, cost and labour for detection of STEC in food and environmental samples.
Isoflux phased array design for cubesats

The optimization and design process for an isoflux phased array for Cubesats in low earth orbit (LEO) is presented. A genetic algorithm is used to create a multi-ring concentric circular phased array that creates a near-isoflux power pattern on the earth surface. At high operating frequencies, the array is small enough to fit on the 1U face of a Cubesat. Simple microstrip patch antennas are used for the array design for proof of concept, with full wave simulation demonstrating the array performance.
Incorporating the Strength Provided by Subgrade Stabilization in the Flexible Pavement Design Procedures

Chemical stabilization has been successfully used to treat weak subgrade soil by permanently changing its physical and chemical properties, such as reducing plasticity and increasing stiffness and load bearing capacity, so it can serve as a construction platform during constructions and provide long-term structural stability. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has adopted a policy to globally stabilize the subgrade for new construction. However, the strength provided by subgrade stabilization has not been incorporated into the design procedures for flexible pavement. Therefore, in this study, the impact of subgrade stabilization on the stiffness and performance of pavement layers was investigated. In situ testing, including the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and the portable seismic pavement analyzer (PSPA), was performed on 20 pavement sections within the state of Ohio to evaluate pavement sections constructed with stabilized subgrade. Backcalculation of pavement layers’ moduli was carried out on the FWD data collected. Finite element analysis was performed using ABAQUS to validate the pavement layers’ stiffness obtained from backcalculation. The validated layer moduli were used to determine structural numbers and layer coefficients of pavement layers. The result was used to investigate the effect of subgrade stabilization on pavement design procedures. Significant reduction in the pavement thickness and distress was obtained as a result of incorporating subgrade stabilization into pavement design procedures.
Reply: Cerebrospinal Fluid, Hyposmia, and Dementia in Alzheimer Disease: Insights from Dynamic PET and a Hypothesis

REPLY: We are very pleased to read the letter submitted by Dr. Ashwin Kumaria to The Journal of Nuclear Medicine in response to our research paper ([1][1]). We share with the writer an excitement in the potential for a PET-based method to estimate the clearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As
Directed nickel-catalyzed 1,2-dialkylation of alkenyl carbonyl compounds

A nickel-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling of non-conjugated alkenes, alkyl halides, and alkylzinc reagents is reported. Regioselectivity is controlled by chelation of a removable bidentate 8-aminoquinoline directing group. Under optimized conditions, a wide range of 1,2-dialkylated products can be accessed in moderate to excellent yields. To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the first example of three-component 1,2-dialkylation of non-conjugated alkenes to introduce differentiated alkyl fragments.
Efficient and Scalable Sequence-Based XML Filtering.

The ubiquitous adoption of XML as the standard of data exchange over the web has led to increased interest in building efficient and scalable XML publish-subscribe (pub-sub) systems. The central function of an XML-based pub-sub system is to perform XML filtering efficiently, i.e. identify those XPath expressions that have a match in a streaming XML document. In this paper, we propose a new sequence-based approach, which transforms both XML documents and XPath twig expressions into Node Encoded Tree Sequences (NETS). In terms of this encoding, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for an XPath twig to represent a match in a given XML document. The proposed filtering procedure is based on a new subsequence matching algorithm devised for NETS, which identifies the set of matched queries free of false positives with a single scan of the XML document. Extensive experimental results show that the NETS method outperforms previous XML filtering approaches.
Other Nonlocal Effects

The analysis of (23.2) relied on linearity and translation invariance in t, and there are natural questions to ask, one about linear equations with coefficients depending upont, so that translation invariance in t is lost.
Cannibalization vs. competition: An empirical study of the impact of product durability on automobile demand

Abstract Many durable product categories have well developed and organized secondary markets that make it easy for consumers to purchase used versions in lieu of new ones. Manufacturers in these categories therefore face a dilemma in deciding on how much durability to build into their new products. High durability levels increase the risk that future new product sales are lost to used versions (the cannibalization effect), but can also help the firm take sales from new and used versions produced by its rivals (the competition effect). However, there has been no empirical research to determine the relative sizes of these two effects. Our research seeks to fill this gap in the literature via an empirical study of the demand for new and used vehicles in the US automobile market. We analyze two datasets; the first from the mid-sized sedan segment in the Indianapolis DMA during 2004–2006 and the second from the Entry Sports Utility segment in the Los Angeles DMA during the period 2003–2005. We propose and implement a durability metric that is based on the over-time trajectory of used car prices and estimate a structural model of differentiated product demand with heterogeneous consumers who choose among new and used vehicles and consider durability in their choice decisions. Both datasets reveal that durability significantly impacts the demand for new and used vehicles with mean durability elasticities estimated to be about 1.7. Both datasets also show that the competition effect (85%) is significantly greater the cannibalization effect (15%). While the prior theoretical literature generally recommends that firms avoid cannibalization by reducing product durability, our findings imply that manufacturers who increase the durability of their products may see net sales gains as a result.
Defining Moments…Telling Stories to Foster Well-being, Humanize Healthcare, and Advocate for Change.

Health Communication launched the “Defining Moments” forum in 2009 to showcase the social and material power of storytelling. On its 10-year anniversary, we take stock of how authors have enacted “...
FRI0534 ORAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND NEWLY TREATED DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION, AND THROMBOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DISEASES

Background Systemic glucocorticoid use is associated with a well-known spectrum of toxicities. Nonetheless, the risks of cardiometabolic complications in children are poorly understood. Objectives We sought to quantify rates of newly treated diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with oral glucocorticoid exposure in children. We hypothesized that oral glucocorticoids were associated with each complication in a dose-dependent manner, most strongly with current or recent glucocorticoid exposure. Methods Using Medicaid claims data (2000-2010), we identified children ages 1-18 diagnosed with immune-mediated diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or psoriasis) or a non-immune comparator condition (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) based on diagnostic codes ± pharmacy claims. We studied time-varying oral glucocorticoid exposures using pharmacy claims after a ≥6-month glucocorticoid-free baseline period, categorizing dose as low ( Results We followed 932,517 children (21.3% glucocorticoid-exposed) for 1.6 million person-years. Glucocorticoid usage varied by disease (Table). After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar year, inclusion diagnosis, comorbidities, other medications, and healthcare usage, we found strong dose- and time-dependent relationships between glucocorticoid exposure and rates of newly treated diabetes, hypertension, and VTE (Figure 1). These effects increased with longer durations of exposure and declined within 6 months after stopping (Figure 2). Sustained low-dose exposures (e.g., 0.1 mg/kg/day) appeared relatively safe (aHR aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval Line plots show associations of daily glucocorticoid dose, duration, and recency with outcomes. Conclusion In children with various chronic conditions, current oral glucocorticoid use is strongly associated with newly treated diabetes, hypertension, and VTE in a dose- and duration-dependent fashion. Hypertension is a more common glucocorticoid-related complication than diabetes or VTE, but in absolute terms, all of these complications are uncommon in children. References [1] Sylvestre MP, Abrahamowicz M. Stat Med. 2009;28(27):3437-3453. Disclosure of Interests Daniel Horton Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, for unrelated research, Fenglong Xie: None declared, Lang Chen: None declared, Melissa L. Mannion: None declared, Jeffrey Curtis: None declared, Brian Strom: None declared, Timothy Beukelman Consultant for: Novartis, UCB
Electron Transfer. Part 81. Reductions of Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids with Vitamin B12s (Cob(I)alamin).

Cob(I)alamin in aqueous solution smoothly reduces maleic and fumaric acids to succinic acid.
Zika virus infection in Collaborative Cross mice

Abstract The 2015-2016 emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas, and recognition that ZIKV infection during pregnancy can result in birth defects, revealed a need for small animal models to study ZIKV pathogenic mechanisms and evaluate candidate vaccines and antivirals. Mice would be an attractive system for such studies, but ZIKV replicates poorly in laboratory mice because it fails to antagonize murine STAT2 and STING. To address this, most ZIKV pathogenesis studies have used mice with impaired interferon signaling (e.g. Ifnar1−/− or treatment with IFNAR1-blocking antibodies). However, using mice with severe defects in innate antiviral signaling confounds studies of viral pathogenic mechanisms. Collaborative Cross (CC) mice have proven to be a valuable system for developing new mouse pathogenesis models for viral infections that are not well modeled in conventional laboratory mouse lines. To test whether CC mice could provide an immune-competent model for ZIKV pathogenesis, we infected CC lines with ZIKV and assessed weight loss, viremia, and production of neutralizing antibodies. We tested 21 CC lines (CC001, CC002, CC003, CC004, CC005, CC006, CC011, CC012, CC013, CC019, CC024, CC028, CC040, CC041, CC042, CC046, CC051, CC059, CC061, CC068, and CC072, 13 of which have non-functional alleles of the flavivirus restriction factor Oas1b) and 3 ZIKV strains (MR766, H/PF/2013, and a mouse-adapted variant of Dakar 41525). ZIKV infection did not induce weight loss compared to mock-infected controls and accordingly only low levels of viral RNA were detected in serum. Only a subset of mice developed neutralizing antibodies to ZIKV, likely due to overall low levels of infection and viremia. Our results are consistent with other studies demonstrating poor ZIKV infection in interferon-intact mice and suggest that the tested CC lines do not include polymorphic host genes that greatly increase susceptibility to ZIKV infection.
Electrophysiological studies of gustation in lepidopterous larvae: I. Comparative sensitivity to sugars, amino acids, and glycosides

The electrophysiological responses of the maxillary gustatory sensilla of ten species of lepidopterous larvae to sugars, polyhydric alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, glycosides, and sterols were tested. Of the caterpillars examined three were monophagous (Calpodes ethlius, Ceratomia catalpae, Danaus plexippus), three were oligophagous (Pieris rapae, Papilio polyxenes, Malacosoma americana), and four were polyphagous (Helioihis zea, Estigmene acrea, Isia isabella, Porthetria dispar). The sensilla of all species are structurally similar to the extent of having four chemosensory bipolar neurons in each peg. It is not possible to account for the wide range of responsiveness to diverse compounds in terms of narrowly specific receptors characterized as water, sugar, salt, inositol, or amino acid receptors. Bach receptive cell was found to have only a limited degree of specificity. Not all amino acids stimulated the same cell. Some amino acids stimulated only one; some stimulated two; some inhibited all cells; some inhibited one while stimulating another. Differential sensitivity to amino acids varied from species to species and even between the two sensilla in an individual. The diversity of relationships found with amino acids existed also with respect to acids and glycosides. Ascorbic and hydrochloric acids at equivalent pH values each stimulated a different cell. Glycosides stimulated one or two cells depending on the species and sensillum. Synergism occurred nearly as often as inhibition. Among the instances were synergistic reactions between sucrose and inositol, proline and inositol, sucrose and sinigrin, glycine and sucrose. The occurrence of the phenomenon was specific to certain species and sensilla. Results point to the conclusion that the basis of difference in sensitivity to different compounds from species to species and from receptor to receptor reflects variations in the molecular structure of the receptor substrate. Whatever the mechanisms involved it is clear that caterpillars are able to detect not only compounds that may be of nutritive value but also non-nutritive compounds some of which are secondary plant substances. When the total taste sensitivities of the various species of caterpillars are compared, there is no obvious difference between polyphagous, oligophagous, and monophagous species.
Topological Analysis of Differential Effects of Ketamine and Propofol Anesthesia on Brain Dynamics

Research into the neural correlates of consciousness has found that the vividness and complexity of conscious experience is related to the structure of brain dynamics, and that alterations to consciousness track changes in temporal evolution of brain states. Despite inducing externally similar states, propofol and ketamine produce different subjective states of consciousness: here we explore the different effects of these two anaesthetics on the structure of dynamical attractors reconstructed from electrophysiological activity recorded from cerebral cortex of two non-human primates. We used two different methods of attractor reconstruction: the first embeds the recordings in a continuous high-dimensional manifold on which we use topological data analysis to infer the presence (or absence) of higher-order dynamics. The second reconstruction, an ordinal partition network embedding, allows us to create a discrete state-transition network approximation of a continuous attractor, which is amenable to information-theoretic analysis and contains rich information about state-transition dynamics. We find that the awake condition generally had the "richest" structure, with the widest repertoire of available states, the presence of pronounced higher-order structures, and the least deterministic dynamics. In contrast, the propofol condition had the most dissimilar dynamics to normal consciousness, transitioning to a more impoverished, constrained, low-structure regime. The ketamine condition, interestingly, seemed to combine aspects of both: while it was generally less complex than the awake condition, it remained well above propofol in almost all measures. These results may provides insights into how consciousness can persist under the influence of ketamine and the battery of measures used provides deeper and more comprehensive insights than what is typically gained by using point-measures of complexity.
Analysis of the prevention and control of endemic arsenism in Qianxinan State of Guizhou Province in 30 years

Objective To summarize the prevention and control of endemic arsenism in Qianxinan state of Guizhou Province in 30 years,so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of arsenic poisoning. Methods According to the documentary information of endemic arsenism in Qianxinan state of Guizhou Province of 1976-2005.and the data from samples monitoring of published article,to discuss the general situation of prevention and control by time sequence.Results There were 3 large outbreaks in Xingren County in 1976.in Jiaole District in 1991,in Xingyi City and Anlong County in 1992-1994 with 877,1548 and 594 patients respcctively.The arsenic quantities of various areas of burning-coal were 3361,2130,352 and 2150 mg/kg,which were obviouslv above national standards(1 00 mg/kg).The arsenic quantities of samples were 1.34,1.34,0.71 and 0.39 mg/L in urine,and 53.50,53.50,58.60 and 12.60 mg/kg in hair.The national standards of the two samples were 0.17 mg/L and 0.28 mg/kg.The dead causes of 236 arsenism decedent were 45.3%(107/236)cancer,26.3% (62/236)hepatocirrhosis ascites,5.9%(14/230)lung-cardiopathy in 1992-2000.Other systemic damages were found.Conclusions Reducing the use of high-arsenic coal is crucial in prevention of endemic arsenism.Only the long-term mechanism is established and the strong prevention and control measures are formulated,the occurrence of endemic arsenism can be effectively controlled. Key words: Arsenic; Coal; Epidemic
Clinical analysis of 8 cases of uterine prolapse treating with vaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation procedures

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of vaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation (VSSLF) procedure which reserving uterus in the treatment of uterine prolapse. Methods 8 cases with uterine pro-lapse underwent VSSLF procedures which reserving uterus from July 2006 to December 2008. Those with incontinence d urine simultaneously underwent ventrofixation of the middle piece of the urethra and folding of the ligamentum pos-terius of the uretha and those with anterior or posterior vaginal wall prolapse underwent eolporrhaphia anterior-posteri-or. Results All patients successfully accomplished by VSSLF,without intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage or organ injury. All patients' prolapse symptoms were relieved efficently according to the pelvic organs prolapse quantifi-cation(POP-Q). Patients were followed-up for 18 months after operation. 8 patients all recovered well without any complication related to the procedure after operation. Conclusion VSSLF is a simple,safe,effective and micro-inva-sire way for patients with uterine prolapse who want to reserve uterus. Key words: Reserving uterus; Vaginal; Sacrespinous ligament fixation; Uterine prolapse
The transient museum: Or a vision of the not-yet-here:

This essay forwards the idea of the transient museum, a theoretical and utopian project aimed at dismantling the visual logics that support the contemporary art museum. Beginning from the premise t...
Access to Capital: Women Entrepreneurs in Emerging Markets

The importance of women’s role in global economic development is indisputable. Workforce participation and entrepreneurial activity by women not only increase a country’s GDP, but also improve health and education outcomes for them and their children. For entrepreneurs and small business owners around the world, access to capital is both challenging and vital for growth. For women in emerging markets, the barriers to funding can be nearly insurmountable. Banks and other institutions have increased the funding for women entrepreneurs. However, simply providing more funds, while an important step, will not solve the problem. Recent research highlights the importance of market-centric, skills-based training programs that address the specific characteristics of women entrepreneurs and the challenges they face. This chapter outlines universal best practices in training adult entrepreneurs and business owners. It then describes the design and delivery of a tested access to capital program designed specifically for women entrepreneurs in emerging markets.
Methodology for scenario-based assessments and demonstration of treatment effectiveness using the Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF).

Abstract A methodology for developing scenario-based leaching assessments as part of the Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) is illustrated using a hypothetical management/treatment scenario of contaminated soil from a copper and lead smelter. Scenario assessments refine the process beyond screening-level assessments by considering site- and scenario-specific information about the disposal or utilization environment. LEAF assessments assume (i) granular materials leach at local equilibrium with percolating water, while (ii) monolithic materials (e.g., low permeability solidified/stabilized soils) leach by diffusion-based mass transport toward surrounding contact water. Leaching concentrations, estimated using LEAF leaching test data and estimated or measured scenario information, are compared to threshold values. Demonstration results indicate that leaching from untreated soil is significantly (>10x) greater from solidified/stabilized soil than treated material, except for highly soluble constituents (Cl-, NO3−2) or when constituents have similar equilibrium concentrations in both materials (As, Pb). Comparison between wet and dry environments show that while dry environments lead to lower COPC mass-based rates of leaching, the leaching concentrations may be higher due to lower liquid-to-solid ratios. The presented assessment methodology can be used to evaluate treatment effectiveness when both physical and chemical retention characteristics of the material are altered.
Mycotoxicoses of Importance to the Bovine Practitioner

Diseases of cattle caused by molds and fungi have a long history in veterinary medicine. Many diseases result from the growth of molds in the animal, and they are called mycoses. These have been roughly divided into Derma- tomycoses such as Trichophytosis of cattle, and deep (systemic) mycoses such as actinomycosis. Increased interest and training in medical mycology have yielded great advances in this area of disease. The conditions are frequently complications of the use of antibiotics. The most fascinating aspect of mycology to the toxicologist is the field of mycotoxicosis. This is the study of the myco- toxins produced during various phases of mold growth whether it occurs within the animal or on feed which will be consumed by the animal.
3D OCT characterization and quantification of refractive indices of bacteria and biofilms with antibiotic interventions

Using 3D OCT, we have quantified the refractive indices of ear-infection causing bacteria and biofilms with antibiotics interventions. This approach reveals changing optical properties of bacteria in biofilms following the delivery of antibiotics.
A survey of two hundred five gynecologic deaths, 1938 to 1950

Abstract 1. 1. Two hundred five consecutive gynecologic deaths over a thirteen-year period were reviewed. 2. 2. Malignancy of the genital tract accounted for 56 per cent of all the deaths. 3. 3. Although 51.5 per cent of the patients admitted to the gynecologic ward were Negroes, they accounted for only 25 per cent of the deaths from malignant disease, and for 61 per cent of the deaths from benign disease. The explanation lies in the higher incidence of septic abortion and pelvic inflammatory disease among the Negro women admitted to this institution. 4. 4. Carcinoma of the cervix was responsible for more than half the deaths from malignant disease. Routine vaginal smear and biopsy of the cervix probably would sharply reduce the incidence of deaths from this cause. 5. 5. Earlier treatment in the malignant disease group can be achieved through better education of the laity and medical profession. This lack is indicated by the large number of patients admitted to the hospital in poor or moribund condition, and the inadequate medical care given to 30.4 per cent of the patients. 6. 6. The average age at death from malignancy of the genital tract was in the fifth decade, whereas that from benign disease occurred in the third decade. 7. 7. Abortion and pelvic inflammatory disease were responsible for 20.5 per cent and 13.7 per cent, respectively, of the deaths from benign disease. 8. 8. While there has been no significant decline in the death rate from abortion, that from pelvic inflammatory disease has been virtually eliminated. In large measure this decline has been due to antibiotics and more radical surgery for the latter condition. 9. 9. Concealment of criminal induction by the patient is partially responsible for the continued high mortality rate from abortion, despite antibiotics and blood transfusion.
Controller Design via Infinite-Dimensional Linear Programming

This paper addresses the problem of synthesizing controllers to meet specifications that can be represented in terms of linear constraints. A duality result for the problem of minimizing the l 1 norm of a closed loop map augmented with linear convex constraints is derived, and it is shown that under mild assumptions, there is no duality gap in the primal-dual programs. The utility of this result is shown through the solution of two problems: the no-overshoot problem, and minimizing the l 1 norm of a system subjected to frequency domain constraints.
α-Anions—VIII : Dithioesters and ketene mercaptals from aliphatic acids and esters

Abstract Carbon disulfide reacts with the α-anions of carboxylate salts and esters to form intermediate salts, provides a new pathway to two classes of compounds: dithioesters and ketene mercaptals. The reaction produced the first carboxylated derivatives of dithioesters and ketene mercaptals. Examples of 2-carboxylated dithioesters and ketene mercaptals as well as their decarboxylated derivatives have been prepared and characterized.
Affirmative Action in the United States and South Africa: Lessons from the Other Side

This article serves to compare and contrast affirmative action in practice in the United States and South Africa, citing the differences in implementation for a number of reasons. For example, the racial demographics are quite different in South Africa compared to the U.S., and this has affected the identities and thus the policies of those wielding political and judicial power, and their subsequent decision making. The various arguments in favor of affirmative action, as well as those against, are discussed, as well as relevant cases from both nations.
Applying Psychology to International Studies: Challenges and Opportunities in Examining Traumatic Stress

The application of psychological perspectives to international studies (IS) is an area of growing research. This review provides a brief overview of interdisciplinary scholarship on psychology in IS, with a particular description of its application to examining traumatic stress. Psychological variables and methods can help IS to achieve greater explanatory power. Using a variety of methods such as surveys, simulations, and case studies to investigate psychological constructs in the international context can overcome the limitations of relying on any single approach. Several psychological constructs with potential applicability to understanding traumatic stress in particular are discussed to illustrate the application and limitations of psychological perspectives in IS. With so many theories and methods, psychology offers rich future possibilities for novel ways to examine IS.
Nitroreductase-triggered activation of a novel caged fluorescent probe obtained from methylene blue

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on methylene blue (p-NBMB) was developed for the detection of nitroreductase. Conjugating methylene blue with a p-nitrobenzyl moiety enables it to be activated by nitroreductase-catalyzed 1,6-elimination, resulting in the release of an active methylene blue fluorophore.
Stochastic inverse problem in the radiation of noise

A general procedure for regularizing the stochastic inverse source problem is presented. The present approach, based on the minimization of a structural functional, allows the incorporation of a priori knowledge about the structure of the undetermined source. As special cases, it yields the methods of Lagrangian multipliers, Tihonov’s regularization and the pseudoinverses. Possible generalization and connection with Franklin’s well-posed extensions are discussed briefly.
Daily Life: A Pre‐Service Art Teacher Educator and Her Work

This paper reports on a case study of the daily life of an art teacher educator. It examines the intellectual, moral, emotional, and physical undercurrents of this work and how these qualities are reflected within the daily context of the pre-service university — or college-level classroom environment. To date, few research studies have examined the daily practices of university or college-level faculty members who prepare art teachers and how these faculty members go about their jobs. The author spent an academic term as a participant observer and researcher in the art teacher educator's secondary art education methods course. Examples and narratives from this study are forwarded, as well as a discussion on the importance of this form of inquiry for art teacher education today.
HgCdTe composition determination using spectroscopic ellipsometry during molecular beam epitaxy growth of near-infrared avalanche photodiode device structures

The application of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) for real-time composition determination during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of Hg1-xCdxTe alloys with x > 0.5 is reported. Techniques previously developed for SE determination of composition in long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) HgCdTe have been successfully extended to near-infrared HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) device structures with x values in the range of 0.6-0.8. Ellipsometric data collected over a spectral range of 1.7-5 eV were used to measure depth profiles of HgCdTe alloy composition through the use of an optical model of the growth surface. The optical model used a dielectric-function database collected through the growth of a set of HgCdTe calibration samples with x ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. The sensitivity of this SE method of composition determination is estimated to be Δx ∼ 0.0002 at x = 0.6, which is sufficiently low to sense composition changes arising from flux variations of less than 0.1%. Errors in composition determination because of Hg-fiux variations appear to be inconsequential, while substrate-temperature fluctuations have been observed to alter the derived composition at a rate of -0.0004/°C. By comparing the composition inferred from SE and postgrowth 300 K IR transmission measurements on a set of APD device structures, the run-to-run precision of the SE-derived composition (at x = 0.6) is estimated to be ±0.0012, which is equivalent to the precision achieved with the same instrumentation during the growth of mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe alloys in the same MBE system.