cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Length of stay and hospital readmission for persons with disabilities.

OBJECTIVES: Length of stay (LOS) and hospital readmission for persons receiving medical rehabilitation were examined. METHODS: A total of 96,473 patient records (1994-1998) were analyzed. Mean age of patients was 68.97 years; 61% were female and 83% were non-Hispanic White. RESULTS: A decrease in LOS of 6.07 days (SD = 3.23) and increase in hospital readmission were found across all impairment groups (P < .001). Readmission increases ranged from 6.7% for amputations to 1.4% for orthopedic conditions. LOS was longer (2.1 days) for readmitted patients (P < .01). Age was not a significant predictor of rehospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding variables associated with rehospitalization is important as prospective payment systems are introduced for postacute care.
Retrospective of a Renaissance.

is a difficult task to describe accurately the black experience in the United States from 1955 to 1970. But such a description is needed; for, within two decades the image of that important experience has been blurred by myth, faulty memory, lack of information and deception. The most disheartening distortion of that experience is the implication that it solved the problems of blacks in America. Of course, some who dispense such nonsense are trying deliberately to deceive. One is forced to such a suspicion when a William Buckley smugly asserts that America has solved its racial
Blink reflex in patients with hemifacial spasm. Observations during microvascular decompression operations.

Abstract The blink reflex cannot normally be elicited during surgical anesthesia using inhalation anesthetics. However, in patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) the early component of the reflex response (R1) can be elicited on the affected side but not on the unaffected side during such anesthesia. The electromyographic (EMG) response from the mentalis muscle to stimulation of the supraorbital nerve was recorded during microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve to relieve HFS and compared to the response from the same muscle to stimulation of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve in four patients. During the operation before the facial nerve was decompressed, contractions in both the orbicularis oculi and the mentalis muscles could be elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (mean latencies 12.2 ± 1.9 and 12.9 ± 2.0 ms, respectively). When the facial nerve had been decompressed the blink reflex could no longer be elicited, and there was no response from the mentalis muscle to stimulation of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve. Compound action potentials (CAP) recorded from the 7th cranial nerve in response to stimulation of the supraorbital nerve had latencies of 7.5 ms ± 1.4 ms to the negative peak.
Far infrared phonon spectroscopy of In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As epilayers on InP[100]

Polarized far infrared reflectance was measured at oblique incidence for a large number of strained In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As epilayers grown on InP wafers. From these measurements the concentration dependence of the zone-center optical phonon frequencies has been obtained for strained In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As epilayers grown by chemical beam epitaxy on InP[100]. With the method used the reflectance spectra contain sharp Berreman peaks precisely at the optical phonon frequencies. To resolve the contributions of the individual phonon modes, curve fitting of the measured spectra was used. With this analysis it was observed that the modes included GaAs-like longitudinal and transverse optic (LO and TO), a disorder induced (TO-like), and InAs-like LO and TO phonons. The concentration dependence of these phonon frequencies, determined for 0.31<x<0.56, showed a near linear dependence on gallium-fraction.
Site-directed Mutagenesis of Recombinant Sulfite Oxidase IDENTIFICATION OF CYSTEINE 207 AS A LIGAND OF MOLYBDENUM

Each of the four cysteines in rat sulfite oxidase was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to serine, and the mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. Three of the replacements proved to be silent mutations, while a single cysteine, Cys-207, was found to be essential for enzyme activity. The C207S mutation was also generated in cloned human sulfite oxidase. The mutant human enzyme also displayed severely attenuated activity but was expressed at higher levels allowing purification and spectroscopic analysis. The absorption spectrum of the isolated molybdenum domain of the human C207S mutant displayed marked attenuation of the peak at 350 nm and a lesser decrease in absorbance from 450-600 nm as compared with the native human molybdenum domain. The molybdenum and molybdopterin contents of the two samples were comparable. These data suggest that the major features in the absorption spectrum of the native molybdenum domain arise from the binding of Cys-207 to the molybdenum and indicate that this residue functions as a ligand of the metal.
Effective crack lengths by compliance measurement for ARALL-2 laminates

As a means of determining a stress intensity factor solution, the compliance properties of an ARALL-2 laminated-sheet composite were investigated. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests were conducted on middle crack tension (MT) specimens fabricated from a layup consisting of three sheets of 2024-T3 aluminum bonded together with unidirectional aramid fibers embedded in epoxy. Excellent fatigue crack growth properties are obtained by the presence of unbroken aramid fibers in the wake of the crack tip. These unbroken fibers act as a bridging mechanism to inhibit further crack growth. To quantify the effect of maximum fatigue load on compliance, a series of FCGR tests were performed. Effective crack lengths were determined to be at least 10 mm shorter than surface measured crack lengths for a 76-mm-wide specimen. The bridging zone was estimated to be at least 5 mm. Compliance and stress intensity factor as functions of effective crack length were determined.
Obedience: Social Psychological Perspectives

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 16, pp. 10765–10768, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Expression of glutamate receptor genes in the mammalian retina: the localization of GluR1 through GluR7 mRNAs

Seven distinct cDNAs encoding functional subunits of the AMPA/kainate- type glutamate receptors have been recently cloned. This in situ hybridization study was done to determine which subunits are expressed in the retina and, where possible, which neurons express them. Hybridization of 35S-UTP-labeled cRNA probes with transverse sections revealed that mRNAs for all seven receptor subunits (GluR1-GluR7) are expressed in both cat and rat retinas. GluR1 and GluR2 produced labeling over the entire inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). GluR3-GluR7 have more limited distributions, indicative of expression by only a subset of neurons. All of the subunits are expressed by the cells at the inner edge of the INL, where amacrine cells reside, yet the layers with the horizontal, bipolar, and ganglion cells contain different subsets of subunits. These findings suggest that these glutamate receptor subunits are employed at many of the retinal synapses, including the photoreceptor input to the outer plexiform layer and the bipolar cell's contacts with the processes at the INL. It is also possible that some glial cells in the INL express some of the subunits. Since different combinations of GluR1-GluR3 have been shown to play an important role in the calcium permeability in response to glutamate, we investigated whether single cells coexpressed those subunits. By hybridizing adjacent semithin (1 micron) sections of the cat retina with probes for GluR1-GluR3, it was possible to observe coexpression of all three subunits, or of pairs of these subunits, in cells within the INL and GCL.
Length of patient-physician relationship and patients' satisfaction and preventive service use in the rural south: a cross-sectional telephone study.

Background Physicians and patients highly value continuity in health care. Continuity can be measured in several ways but few studies have examined the specific association between the duration of the patient-doctor relationship and patient outcomes. This study (1) examines characteristics of rural adults who have had longer relationships with their physicians and (2) assesses if the length of relationship is associated with patients' satisfaction and likelihood of receiving recommended preventive services.
Early steps in prostaglandin metabolism in the human placenta

Abstract The activities of the enzymes catalyzing the early steps in prostaglandin metabolism (the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADP]-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, and the 15-ketoprostaglandin Δ 13 reductase) were measured in homogenates of term placenta. The NAD-linked enzyme possesses the highest activity of the three. The NADP-linked enzyme has much lower activity and probably acts physiologically as a 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase rather than as a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Placental homogenates contain a low-molecular-weight, heat-stable inhibitor of the NADP-linked enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by the 15-ketoprostaglandin Δ 13 reductase is the rate-limiting step. Analysis of the activity of these enzymes has shown that there is no significant relationship between them; furthermore, whether the placentas are from spontaneous single or twin deliveries, induced deliveries, or cesarean sections (in labor or not in labor) does not have a significant effect on the activity of the NAD- or NADP-linked dehydrogenases.
Recent results from the HIT-SI spheromak

Summary form only given. The Helicity Injected Torus (HIT-SI) is a "bow tie" spheromak formed and sustained by steady inductive helicity injection (SIHI) current drive. SIHI is implemented via two "helicity injectors". Each injector acts as a 180-degree segment of a reversed-field pinch (RFP), with a typical peak current of 11 kA and a peak flux of 0.5 mWb. The toroidal loop voltage, toroidal injector plasma current, and toroidal flux of a single injector all oscillate sinusoidally at a frequency of 5 kHz and nearly in phase, so the single injector helicity injection rate and power input to the plasma are always positive. Operating the two injectors 90/spl deg/ out of phase in time provides nearly constant power input and helicity injection rate. To date, plasmas have been sustained in this manner for over 5 ms. An internal magnetic probe array has been installed in one of the injectors. Observations of the injector fields are presented, illustrating the evolution of the field structure through the injector cycle.
Validation of Computerized Adaptive Testing in an Outpatient Nonacademic Setting: The VOCATIONS Trial

Objective:Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) provides an alternative to fixed-length assessments. The study validated a suite of computerized adaptive tests for mental health (CAT-MH) in a community psychiatric sample.Methods:A total of 145 adults from a community outpatient clinic, including 19 with no history of a mental disorder (control group), were prospectively evaluated with CAT for depression (CAD-MDD and CAT-DI), mania (CAT-MANIA), and anxiety symptoms (CAT-ANX). Ratings were compared with gold-standard psychiatric assessments, including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-25), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF).Results:Sensitivity and specificity for CAD-MDD were .96 and .64, respectively (.96 and 1.00 for major depression versus the control group). CAT for depression severity (CAT-DI) correlated well with the HAM-D-25 (r=.79), ...
Prediction of perceived phonetic distance from critical-band spectra: A first step

Judgements of phonetic distance between pairs of static synthetic vowels and fricatives have been collected in which the stimulus ensemble included formant frequency changes and a number of acoustic changes that turn out to have little phonetic relevance (e.g. spectral tilt, relative formant amplitudes, high-pass, low-pass, and notch filtering). These data can be used to evaluate a spectral distance metric. For example, distance calculations based on the sum-of-squares of differences in critical-band filter bank outputs and those based on the linear-prediction residual correlate poorly with the vowel distance-judgement data. On the other hand, a metric based on spectral slope differences near the peaks in the critical-band spectra to be compared can be made to correlate very well (0.93) with the perceptual data.
Oxidation of Homogentisic Acid by Nitrous Acid and its Interference in the Determination of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Oxidation of homogentisic acid to the corresponding quinone occurs in the presence of reagents used to develop the violet chromophore with 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA). With amounts of homogentisic acid well below those excreted in alkaptonuria, significant interference in the development of the violet chromophore of 5-HIAA occurs. The mechanism of this interference is discussed. Compounds related to homogentisic acid do not cause interference. Using the simple conditions described, a rapid oxidation of homogentisic acid is effected. Absorption of the corresponding quinone is stable and linear with relation to the initial concentration of homogentisic acid over a 10-fold range of concentration.
Hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of nonhealing arterial insufficiency ulcers

There is limited data regarding hyperbaric oxygen's effectiveness in the treatment of nonhealing arterial insufficiency ulcers. This study was designed to analyze healing rates and amputation rates in patients who underwent adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen for a nonhealing arterial insufficiency ulcer. A retrospective chart review was completed on patients who underwent hyperbaric oxygen for arterial insufficiency ulcers that failed to heal despite standard treatment. Information collected included complete ulcer healing, amputation, and patient characteristics. There were 82 patients identified. A majority did not have diabetes (84.1%). The overall rate of healing was 43.9%. The overall major amputation rate was 17.1%. The amputation rate among those who healed was 0% compared to 42.4% among those not healed (p < 0.0001). Dialysis was predictive of major amputation (p = 0.03). Our findings suggest hyperbaric oxygen can play a role in management of arterial insufficiency ulcers that have failed standard treatment. The overwhelming majority of these patients did not have diabetes, which allows this study to be translated to patients with a primary arterial insufficiency ulcer. These results support the use of hyperbaric oxygen for select nonhealing arterial insufficiency ulcers that have failed standard therapy and the need for a prospective pilot study.
Development of tolerance to repeated administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rats.

Chronic administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT, 2 mg/kg i.p., every 30 min for 4 h) produced a dramatic tolerance to the behavioral effects of the drug in rats. The ED50 for the syndrome-inducing effects of the drug was increased from 1.3 to 2.4 mg/kg, and the mean duration of the syndrome was decreased from 14.9 to 1.2 min after this treatment. This tolerance effect totally disappeared within 4 h following termination of drug treatment. This effect was not due to changes in the uptake of 5MeODMT into the brain, but rather appears to be due to a decrease in the binding of the drug to serotonin receptors in the central nervous system. These studies are in contrast to previous results which reported no development of tolerance to 5-MeODMT.
Book Review: Marc Hauser. 2000. Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 315 pp. $15.00 (Paperback)

What do you conclude when a spider monkey throws her arms around your neck and coos? This is the first question Marc Hauser asks as he unfolds his extensive exploration of animal minds. Written for a wide audience including the nonexpert, Wild Minds carefully dissects animal behavior to understand exactly what we can and cannot conclude about the way animal minds function. In the prologue, Hauser is quick to say that he thinks questions like ‘Do animals think?’ or ‘Are some animals more intelligent than others?’ are not helpful. Instead, he asks more focused questions to illuminate precisely what an experiment has shown. When a tamarin monkey uses a cane to pull inaccessible food forward, does she understand the cane as a tool, or would she pull any similarly colored object towards her? When bees ignore the dance of a forager who seems to be indicating that food is in the middle of a lake, do they actually have a mental map of the area? Our culture is not known for its consistency in dealing with animals. Disney dresses them in human clothes and makes them talk; but we also raise them, often carelessly, for food. Our pets are smart, but they are certainly not in the same moral category as our children. This makes it particularly tough to objectively consider the idea of animal intelligence. Much of our conception of animal minds comes from anecdotes like the story of Binty, the gorilla at the Chicago zoo, who ‘saved’ the little boy after he fell into the enclosure or like the reports of dogs finding their owners after a cross-country trek. Hauser is critical of anecdotal evidence particularly when it includes the language of intention. To say that an animal ‘wants’ this or that is overlaying our mental framework where it might not belong. Notions of compassion or empathy are traps when interpreting animal behavior. For Hauser, repeatability is the key measure of soundness, but he is not ruthless about discarding data. Many of our observations of the animal world, particularly in natural surroundings, have to be of the one-of-a-kind variety. Hauser recognizes this and uses these observations to ask additional questions that perhaps can be resolved in more controlled settings. Marc Hauser is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Harvard University. In Wild Minds, he displays a solid grasp of the animal behavior literature
Direct Observation of the Folding and Unfolding of a β-Hairpin in Explicit Water through Computer Simulation

The cooperative folding and unfolding of a β-hairpin structure are observed in explicit water at native folding conditions through self-guided molecular dynamics simulation. The folded structure ag...
LCP aromatic polyesters by esterolysis melt polymerization

Polyarylates have previously been synthesized from acetate esters via esterolysis (loss of methyl acetate). This polycondensation can be extended top-substituted aromatic monomers for liquid crystal polyesters (LCPs). For AB-type polymers, methyl p-acetoxybenzoate and methyl 6-acetoxynaphthoate were copolymerized to an LCP with reasonable molecular weights. Benzoate esters, methyl 4-benzoyloxybenzoate (MBB) and methyl 6-benzoyloxy-2-naphthoate (MBN), are also investigated. Several tin and antimony oxide catalysts were effective. The rate of esterolysis polymerization of MBB and MBN is slower than that of the corresponding acidolysis melt polymerization, but fast enough to give relatively high-molecular-weight polymers and similar thermal stability as commercial LCP prepared by acidolysis. Using these alternative benzoyloxy groups significantly reduced the color problem, because ketene loss cannot occur. Esterolysis melt polymerizations leading to AB/AABB-type LCPs were performed using either dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate (DMND) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with methyl 4-acetoxybenzoate and phenylhydroquinone diacetate with tin and antimony catalysts. DMT-based monomer compositions show much faster polymerization than DMND-based compositions using antimony oxide catalyst. All these LCPs show a T g in the 140-170 °C range as a result of the inclusion of the naphthalene and/or phenyl hydroquinone units in the polymer chain. Compositions completely off-balanced on either side still lead to relatively high-molecular-weight copolyesters because either excess monomer can be removed during polymerization.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene contamination of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

In March, 1977, a municipal sewage treatment plant was contaminated with hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) and related chlorinated hydrocarbons. Plant workers reported irritation of the skin and eyes, sore throat, cough, chest discomfort, headache, nausea, and fatigue. Symptoms persisted at least six weeks in 5–18% of the workers. Health effects evaluations of 97 workers involved in decontamination procedures showed them to experience similar symptoms; 19% had at least one abnormal liver function test on serial blood testing The airborne levels of HCCPD to which workers were exposed are unknown, but medical and environmental data collected during the decontamination period provides documentation of HCCPD's potential toxicity.
Researchers’ views on informed consent for return of secondary results in genomic research

Previous studies have suggested that genomic investigators generally favor offering to return at least some secondary findings to participants and believe that participants’ preferences should determine the information they receive. We surveyed investigators to ascertain their views on four models of informed consent for this purpose: traditional consent, staged consent, mandatory return, and outsourced consent. We performed an online survey of the views regarding return of secondary results held by 198 US genetic researchers drawn from our subject pool for an earlier study. Potential participants were identified through the National Institutes of Health RePORTER database and abstracts from the 2011 American Society of Human Genetics meeting. Under circumstances in which resource constraints are not an issue, approximately a third of respondents would endorse either staged consent or traditional consent; outsourced consent and mandatory return are favored by only a small minority. However, taking resource constraints into account, roughly half the sample would favor traditional consent, with support for staged consent dropping to 13%. Despite their liabilities, traditional approaches to consent are seen as the most viable under current circumstances. However, there is considerable interest in staged consent, assuming the infrastructure to support it can be provided. Genet Med 17 8, 644–650.
Communication apprehension, personality, and grades in the basic course: Are there correlations?

The present study considers the relationships between communication apprehension (CA), personality type, represented by the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Myers, 1987), and final grades in a basic public speaking course. The results indicated that trait and context CA are significantly correlated with extraversion and in introversion personality types. In addition, CA in the public speaking context is correlated with the sensing and intuition personality types. Multiple regression showed that while trait CA does not contribute to course grade or grade‐point average, thinking and feeling personality types do contribute significant unique variance to final grade in a public speaking course. Keywords: Communication apprehension, speech anxiety, personality, grades, college students, learning preference.
“American Empire” as an Analytic Question or a Rhetorical Move?

Recent events have led to a renewed scholarly interest in empire and the question whether the United States and its policies abroad constitute an “American Empire.” This essay clarifies the various uses of the term and argues that conceptual overstretching retards scholarly analysis of the phenomenon. This essay suggests a definition of the term “empire” and provides an ideal-typical reference point to study its empirical variations. I provide a typology of empires to guide the analysis of common features as well as distinguishing characteristics. We can then answer the question whether contemporary manifestations might differ from their historical precursors. American unilateralist policy today differs in fundamental respects from previous imperial processes and structures. In contradistinction with earlier empires, U.S. policies lack the incentive structures for peripheral elites and local populations that typified imperial rule in the past. While falling short of constituting a formal empire, its policies face the same contradictions that confronted the western maritime empires as well as the USSR and which led to their dismemberment.
R-bounded approximating sequences and applications to semigroups

Abstract It is shown that on certain Banach spaces, including C[0,1] and L1[0,1], there is no strongly continuous semigroup (Tt)0
Instructional Leadership: A Concept Re‐Examined

The concept of instructional leadership has been frequently discussed but rarely subjected to any rigorous analysis. In this paper four current views of instructional leadership—those of the principal as evaluator, helper, Integrator and designer—are examined and the assumptions about human nature, skills, and knowledge underlying each of these views are identified. Following a critique of these assumptions, the author describes a “principal‐as‐experimenter” role which he maintains is a viable notion of instructional leadership given the present state of knowledge and the organizational necessity for informed decision‐making.
Neonatology fellowship training in research pertaining to development and follow-up

The methodology of the study of the short- and long-term outcomes has changed over the 30-40 years since the indroduction of neonatal intensive care. The training of neonatal fellows in research pertaining to development and follow-up currently needs to include study of epidemiology and biostatistics, knowledge concerning normal and abnormal growth and development throughout the life span and clinical skills and/or knowledge concerning the assessment of neurologic and developmental outcomes.
Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways

Abstract Evidence is reviewed indicating that striate cortex in the monkey is the source of two multisynaptic corticocortical pathways. One courses ventrally, interconnecting the striate, prestriate, and inferior temporal areas, and enables the visual identification of objects. The other runs dorsally, interconnecting the striate, prestriate, and inferior parietal areas, and allows instead the visual location of objects. How the information carried in these two separate pathways is reintegrated has become an important question for future research.
Increasing efficiency of the development of user models

This paper introduces Herbal, a high-level behavior representation language for creating AI agents and cognitive models. It describes the lessons from other high-level modeling languages that informed the design of Herbal and that will inform other high-level behavior representation languages. We describe a model built in Herbal to illustrate its use and application. The paper concludes that languages like Herbal can help explain the design intent of intelligent agents and cognitive models, and make them easier to create, modify, and understand. These results appear to be particularly true where the model reuses a lot of its own structures.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis for Flecainide with Use of a Microbore Column and Ultraviolet Detection

Abstract We describe a simple, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring the oral antiarrhythmic agent flecainide acetate in serum or plasma. Sample analysis involves a simple organic extraction followed by chromatography on a microbore reverse phase column with ultraviolet detection at 298 nm.
Anabolic effects of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and triiodothyroacetic acid in cultured neonatal mouse parietal bones

We previously reported that both T3 and triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac) stimulate bone resorption in organ culture, with Triac somewhat more potent than T3. In this study we compared the effects of T3 and Triac on DNA and protein synthesis in cultured neonatal mouse calvariae. After 24 h of preculture, with 72 h of treatment, but not 24 or 48 h, these hormones stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. After 72 h of preculture, stimulation was observed with only 24 h of treatment. These effects were significant at 10(-10) M and maximal at 10(-9) M for both T3 and Triac (treated/control ratios, 2.2 and 2.0, respectively). In contrast to their effects on bone resorption, T3 was more potent than Triac in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 did not decrease the stimulation of DNA synthesis by T3 or Triac. The medium insulin-like growth factor-I concentration was less than 10(-10) M and was not regulated by these hormones. T3 and Triac stimulated [3H]proline incorporation into both collagen and noncollagen protein to a similar extent (approximately 30% at 10(-8) M). Indomethacin did not alter the effects of T3 and Triac on DNA or collagen synthesis. Aphidicolin, which blocked DNA synthesis completely, partially decreased the effects of thyroid hormones on collagen synthesis. The effect of aphidicolin on bone formation was less than that observed previously on bone resorption. We speculate that the effects of thyroid hormones on bone formation as well as bone resorption may be partially dependent on their mitogenic effects. As Triac is more potent in stimulating resorption and less potent in stimulating formation, Triac may be more catabolic than T3.
Nuclear data sheets update for A = 171

Abstract Experimental data pertaining to all nuclei with mass A=171 were evaluated. Level schemes from both radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented, along with associated tables of experimental data and adopted properties for levels and γ rays. This evaluation of A=171, covering data received by June 1991, supersedes the 1984 compilation of V. S. Shirley (84Sh33), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 43 , 127 (1984); Erratum: 43 , 688 (1984).
Discrepancy scores of reliabilities of the WAIS-III.

Internal consistency reliabilities for the WAIS–III IQ, Index, and subtest discrepancy scores are provided. The reliabilities range from .44 to .88.
Minimal time control of a discrete system with a nonlinear plant

This paper treats the problem of minimal time control of a class of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) regulator systems with plants described by a nonlinear second-order differential equation. For the type of nonlinearity considered, it is found possible to carry out the necessary phase plane constructions by making use of the geometric properties of the solutions of the plant differential equation. The resulting optimal strategy is quite simple and is similar to the one for PWM systems with linear second-order plants whose transfer functions have nonpositive poles and no finite zeros [3].
Tertiary plutons monitor climate change in East Greenland

The δD values of amphibole and biotite in Tertiary plutons in central eastern Greenland decreased by ∼30‰ between 55 and 50 Ma and then increased by ∼35‰ between 50 and 43 Ma. The δD values of amphibole and biotite in in the plutons range from -160‰ to -123‰. These low values reflect isotopic exchange between the igneous rocks and hydrothermal fluids that were dominated by meteoric water. The changes in mineral δD values between 55 and 43 Ma are explained most plausibly by shifts in the isotopic composition of meteoric waters that fed hydrothermal recharge areas. At 50 Ma, uplift related to the Iceland mantle plume elevated hydrothermal recharge areas by 1-2 km. High- altitude, low-δD meteoric waters collected by the uplifted recharge areas caused the ∼30‰ decrease in mineral δD values between 55 and 50 Ma. The subsequent increase in mineral δD values from 50 to 43 Ma corresponds to widening of the North Atlantic Ocean and a change from continental to maritime climate. Thus Tertiary plutons in central eastern Greenland represent a network of paleoclimate stations that monitored the δD of meteoric water during opening of the North Atlantic Ocean basin.
Autophagy Counterbalances Endoplasmic Reticulum Expansion during the Unfolded Protein Response

The protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is regulated by the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR senses unfolded proteins in the ER lumen and transmits that information to the cell nucleus, where it drives a transcriptional program that is tailored to re-establish homeostasis. Using thin section electron microscopy, we found that yeast cells expand their ER volume at least 5-fold under UPR-inducing conditions. Surprisingly, we discovered that ER proliferation is accompanied by the formation of autophagosome-like structures that are densely and selectively packed with membrane stacks derived from the UPR-expanded ER. In analogy to pexophagy and mitophagy, which are autophagic processes that selectively sequester and degrade peroxisomes and mitochondria, the ER-specific autophagic process described utilizes several autophagy genes: they are induced by the UPR and are essential for the survival of cells subjected to severe ER stress. Intriguingly, cell survival does not require vacuolar proteases, indicating that ER sequestration into autophagosome-like structures, rather than their degradation, is the important step. Selective ER sequestration may help cells to maintain a new steady-state level of ER abundance even in the face of continuously accumulating unfolded proteins.
On the ill-posedness of a weakly dispersive one-dimensional Boussinesq system

We study the Cauchy problem for a one-dimensional dispersive system of Boussinesq type which models weakly nonlinear long wave surface waves. We prove that such a system is ill-posed in Hs(ℝ) for s < 0 in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the initial data. We also provide criteria for the formation of singularities.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Social Justice Scale (SJS)

The study describes the development of the Social Justice Scale (SJS). Practitioners, educators, students, and other members of the community differ on their attitudes and values regarding social justice. It is important to assess, not only individuals' attitudes and values around social values, but also other constructs that might be related to social justice behaviors. The implication of Ajzen in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179-211, (1991) theory of planned behavior suggests that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and social norms predict intentions, which then lead to behaviors. A scale was designed to measure social justice-related values, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions based on a four-factor conception of Ajzen's theory. Confirmatory factor analysis and analyses for reliability and validity were used to test the properties of the scale.
Electromagnetic and weak interactions in few-nucleon systems

Abstract Selected problems in electroweak interactions are reviewed. Processes where exact numerical calculations might provide insight are emphasized.
A Monooxygenase Catalyzes Sequential Dechlorinations of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by Oxidative and Hydrolytic Reactions *

Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) 4-monooxygenase catalyzes sequential dechlorinations of 2,4,6-TCP to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol. Although 2,6-dichlorohydroxyquinol is a logical metabolic intermediate, the enzyme hardly uses it as a substrate, implying it may not be a true intermediate. Evidence is provided to support the proposition that the monooxygenase oxidized 2,4,6-TCP to 2,6-dichloroquinone that remained with the enzyme and got hydrolyzed to 2-chlorohydroxyquinone, which was chemically reduced by ascorbate and NADH to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol. When the monooxygenase oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenol, the product was 2,6-dichloroquinol, which was not further converted to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol, implying that the enzyme only converts 2,6-dichloroquinone to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol. Stoichiometric analysis indicated the consumption of one O2 molecule per 2,4,6-TCP converted to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol, ruling out the possibility of two oxidative reactions. Experiments with 18O-labeling gave direct evidence for the incorporation of oxygen from both O2 and H2O into the produced 6-chlorohydroxyquinol. A monooxygenase that catalyzes hydroxylation by both oxidative and hydrolytic reactions has not been reported to date. The ability of the enzyme to perform two types of reactions is not due to the presence of a second functional domain but rather is due to catalytic promiscuity, as a homologous monooxygenase converts 2,4,6-TCP to only 2,6-dichloroquinol. Employing both conventional catalysis and catalytic promiscuity of a single enzyme in two consecutive steps of a metabolic pathway has been unknown previously.
The vertical nature of dominance-submission: Individual differences in vertical attention

Abstract Dominance-submission has been linked to verticality in studies of metaphor, judgment, and online processing. In all cases, dominance has been associated with higher locations in vertical space, whereas submission has been associated with lower locations in vertical space. The present studies sought to extend this class of vertical metaphors to individual differences in spatial attention. Two studies were conducted. In both, dominance-submission was assessed as an individual difference variable and covert spatial attention tasks were used to assess biases in vertical selective attention. As predicted, dominant individuals were faster to respond to higher spatial probes, whereas submissive individuals were faster to respond to lower spatial probes. These results reinforce a vertical theory of dominance-submission, importantly extending it to individual differences and basic processes of selective attention. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of embodiment, metaphor, personality, and attention.
Inventado: Between Transnational Consumption and the Gardening State in Havana's Urban Spectacle

This article presents a theoretically oriented photographic essay on consumer practices and urban spectacle, gathered from a visit to Havana in June of 2006. Employing Zygmunt Bauman's conception of the modern state as a “gardening state,” and other widely theorized depictions of global consumer culture as a force of imaginary investment and ephemerality, the article considers the imbrication of state and market as illustrated in an impressionistic photographic study of everyday urban spectacle in the streets of Havana. The article concludes with a consideration of the plight of everyday Havanans in their effort to improvise survival strategies between the forces of a highly controlling state and a nascent culture in transnational consumerism.
Exploring the role of receptor flexibility in structure-based drug discovery

The proper understanding of biomolecular recognition mechanisms that take place in a drug target is of paramount importance to improve the efficiency of drug discovery and development. The intrinsic dynamic character of proteins has a strong influence on biomolecular recognition mechanisms and models such as conformational selection have been widely used to account for this dynamic association process. However, conformational changes occurring in the receptor prior and upon association with other molecules are diverse and not obvious to predict when only a few structures of the receptor are available. In view of the prominent role of protein flexibility in ligand binding and its implications for drug discovery, it is of great interest to identify receptor conformations that play a major role in biomolecular recognition before starting rational drug design efforts. In this review, we discuss a number of recent advances in computer-aided drug discovery techniques that have been proposed to incorporate receptor flexibility into structure-based drug design. The allowance for receptor flexibility provided by computational techniques such as molecular dynamics simulations or enhanced sampling techniques helps to improve the accuracy of methods used to estimate binding affinities and, thus, such methods can contribute to the discovery of novel drug leads.
Computer testing in education: emerging trends

The rapid growth of the Internet and intranets supports the infrastructure necessary for computer-based testing (CBT). The parallel growth of sophisticated computer programming and powerful computers offers new possibilities in testing, such as Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT), where the responses of the subject dictate the nature of the test items to be presented. This article considers research about the comparability of computerized tests to conventional tests, local uses of computerized testing, tests available in online delivery programs, public domain software, authoring languages, and commercial and shareware options. The article concludes with a discussion of formative assessment and how computerized tests may be used to meet daily instructional needs.
Enhancement of the Vehicle Suspension Performance Using Motion-Doubling Linkage Mechanisms

In recent studies, a new class of planar and spatial linkage mechanisms was presented in which for a continuous full rotation or continuous rocking motion of the input link, the output link undergoes two continuous rocking motions. Such linkage mechanisms were referred to as the “motion-doubling” linkage mechanisms. This class of mechanisms was also shown to generally have dynamics advantage over regular mechanisms designed to achieve similar gross output motions. In the present study, the use of the motion-doubling linkage mechanisms in the construction of vehicle suspension systems is investigated. The performance of the resulting vehicle suspension system is compared to that of a suspension system regularly used in vehicles. For a typical set of vehicle and tire parameters, the parameters of both suspension systems are optimally determined with a commonly used objective function, which is defined as the standard deviation of the vertical acceleration of the vehicle. Using numerical simulation, it is shown that the suspension system constructed with a motion-doubling linkage mechanism has a significantly better performance as compared to a standard suspension system.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of glyburide in patients with gestational diabetes who failed diet therapy. Methods Patients who were beyond the first trimester and who failed to achieve satisfactory glucose control with diet therapy were treated with glyburide, at a starting dose of 2.5 mg daily. The dose was increased in increments to a maximum of 20 mg/day. The main treatment outcome was achievement of satisfactory glucose control, defined as a mean plasma fasting glucose 90 mg % or less and mean 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose determinations 135 mg % or less. Patients who failed to achieve satisfactory control were treated with twice-daily doses of insulin. Results During the period July 2001 through December 2002, we managed 197 patients with gestational diabetes. One-hundred twenty-four patients responded to diet alone; 73 were treated with glyburide. Of the 73 patients, 59 (81%, 95% CI 76.4-85.6) achieved satisfactory glucose control with glyburide; 44 women required 7.5 mg/day or less. Eleven of the 59 women (19%) had macrosomic infants. Eight patients (11%) experienced noticeable side effects related to glyburide; only 1 patient discontinued treatment. Conclusion Approximately 80% of patients with gestational diabetes who fail to respond to diet therapy can be treated effectively with glyburide.
Identification of the cAMP Response Element That Controls Transcriptional Activation of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Gene by Prostaglandin E2 in Osteoblasts

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a multifunctional growth factor, plays a key role in skeletal growth and can enhance bone cell replication and differentiation. We previously showed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and other agents that increase cAMP activated IGF-I gene transcription in primary rat osteoblast cultures through promoter 1 (P1), the major IGF-I promoter, and found that transcriptional induction was mediated by protein kinase A. We now have identified a short segment of P1 that is essential for full hormonal regulation and have characterized inducible DNA-protein interactions involving this site. Transient transfections of IGF-I P1 reporter genes into primary rat osteoblasts showed that the 328-base pair untranslated region of exon 1 was required for a full 5.3-fold response to PGE2; mutation in a previously footprinted site, HS3D (base pairs +193 to +215), reduced induction by 65%. PGE2 stimulated nuclear protein binding to HS3D. Binding, as determined by gel mobility shift assay, was not seen in nuclear extracts from untreated osteoblast cultures, was detected within 2 h of PGE2 treatment, and was maximal by 4 h. This DNA-protein interaction was not observed in cytoplasmic extracts from PGE2-treated cultures, indicating nuclear localization of the protein kinase A-activated factor(s). Activation of this factor was not blocked by cycloheximide (Chx), and Chx did not impair stimulation of IGF-I gene expression by PGE2. In contrast, binding to a consensus cAMP response element (CRE; 5'-TGACGTCA-3') from the rat somatostatin gene was not modulated by PGE2 or Chx. Competition gel mobility shift analysis using mutated DNA probes identified 5'-CGCAATCG-3' as the minimal sequence needed for inducible binding. All modified IGF-I P1 promoterreporter genes with mutations within this CRE sequence also showed a diminished functional response to PGE2. These results identify the CRE within the 5'-untranslated region of IGF-I exon 1 that is required for hormonal activation of IGF-I gene transcription by cAMP in osteoblasts.
Electronic structure of Si O 2 . II. Calculations and results

The techniques developed by the authors have been applied to compute the electronic structure of Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-quartz structure by using various clusters of different sizes. The calculated valence-band structure is consistent with the results of other self-consistent-field and semiempirical molecular-orbital calculations, and with the x-ray emission and photoemission data. Among the most interesting results are the following: (i) The width of the valence band is of the order of 9 eV. (ii) The oxygen $\mathrm{sp}$ hybridization is quite small. (iii) Crossover transitions in a literal sense are negligible. (iv) A residual charge of -1.2 on oxygen indicates that the Si-O bond in Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is partly ionic and partly covalent.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the Amblyospora sp. of Culex salinarius (Microspora: Amblyosporidae)

Abstract The first enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a microsporidian is described. The assay detects as little as 2 ng of spore homogenate protein and as few as 2000 intact spores. Several time-saving and reagent-conserving modifications of traditional ELISA protocols are employed.