cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificially Radioactive Se 73 and Se 75

A radioactive isotope of 7.1-hour half-life has been produced by alpha-particle bombardment of germanium. Assignment of the isotope is made to ${\mathrm{Se}}^{73}$. Absorption measurements indicate the presence of a positron end point of 1.29 Mev. Aluminum x-ray absorption measurements indicate an x-ray emission with a mass absorption coefficient of 22.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/g, corresponding to 1.17A. Bombardment with alpha-particles of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{70}$, enriched electromagnetically from 21.2 percent to 90 percent, further confirms the assignment of the activity to ${\mathrm{Se}}^{73}$. The half-life of ${\mathrm{Se}}^{75}$ is found to be 127\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 days over a decay period of 1000 days. In this activity $K$-capture and gamma-radiations of 0.22 Mev and 0.43 Mev are observed.
Schema summarization

Real database systems can often be very complex. A person wishing to access data from an unfamiliar database has the daunting task of understanding its schema before being able to pose a correct query against it. A schema summary can be of great help, providing a succinct overview of the entire schema, and making it possible to explore in depth only the relevant schema components.In this paper we formally define a schema summary and two desirable properties (in addition to minimizing size) of a summary: presenting important schema elements and achieving broad information coverage. We develop algorithms that allow us to automatically generate schema summaries based on these two goals. We further develop an objective metric for assessing the quality of a schema summary using query information. Experimental evaluation using this metric demonstrates that the summaries produced by our algorithms can significantly reduce the amount of user effort required to formulate a query through schema exploration.
Bricks and Blogs: Using Social Media to Build Your Knowledge of Virginia Construction Law

With every innovation in technology, information becomes more prevalent and portable. Ironically, this information saturation can make it more difficult to keep current. This brief article offers tips on using blogs and social media as a current awareness tool and describes resources of particular relevance to Virginia construction law practitioners.
Mark-release-recapture estimates of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) colony foraging populations from Georgia, U.S.A

Three subterranean termite species [eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar); R. virginicus (Banks); and R. hageni (Banks)] were included in 67 mark–release–recapture experiments conducted with 57 different colonies in Georgia over 3 yr (1992, 1993, and 1995). Data were collected in 1992–1993 under a triple-mark–release protocol and analyzed using 2 mathematical models–the Lincoln index and a weighted mean model. During 1995, data were collected using a single release of marked termites followed by 3 collections and analyzed using the Lincoln index. In addition, 71 different termite infested logs were returned to the laboratory where termites were extracted and counted. Termite foraging population estimates ranged from 106 to 1,453,021 for the weighted mean model and 127 to 384,617 for the Lincoln index in 1992–1993. The 1995 Lincoln index estimates ranged from 1,463 to 3,547,152 termites per colony. The numbers of termites extracted from infested logs ranged from 1,033 to 344,457 termites per log. Both mathematical models applied to the 1992–1993 data provided similar population estimates. The 1995 Lincoln index data provided population estimates which were higher than the 1992–1993 data, median 98,202 and 28,473 termites per colony, respectively. Results of these mark–release–recapture experiments, when examined by capture cycle, suggest that the biology of subterranean termites may violate some of the assumptions of these mathematical models for estimating population size.
Clinical research of low molecule dextran combined with furosemide continuous infusion for the treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of low molecule dextran combined with furosemide continuous infusion for the treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods 52 cases of children with nephrotic syndrome from January 2013 and January 2014 in the People's Hospital of Quzhou City in Zhejiang Province were collected. The children were divided into observation group and control group randomly, with 26 cases in each group. The two groups were received routine treatment, and the control group were given urosemide continuous infusion, the observation group were given low molecule dextran combined with furosemide continuous infusion. The clinical efficacy of the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate of observation group was 100.0%, significantly higher than that in the control group(80.8%), the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05); the time of swelling began to subside, elevated serum albumin, and polyuria of observation group were(15.9±4.2) h,(7.8±1.1) d,(3.5±1.3) h respectively, which were significantly shorter than those of the control group [(28.4±12.3) h,(12.3±1.4) d,(14.3±2.9) h], the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). After treatment, the 24 h urine protein and serum cholesterol in the two groups were significantly reduced compared with before treatment, and the observation group were lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05); the serum albumin levels of the two groups were significantly elevated, but the observation group was significantly higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). After discontinuation, the edema relapse of the observation group was 7.7%, significantly lower than that in the control group(42.3%), the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusion The low molecule dextran combined with furosemide continuous infusion for the treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome has a significant effect and fewer adverse reactions, it is worthy of clinical application.
Stimulation by uraemic plasma of frusemide-sensitive sodium efflux in erythrocytes from normal women.

1. Reduced Na + , K + pump activity has been reported in uraemic erythrocytes, and this has been attributed to the presence of a circulating ouabain-like inhibitor. Since we have previously reported marked suppression of Na + , K + co-transport activity in erythrocytes from dialysis patients, we have now examined the effect of incubation with uraemic plasma on Na + efflux through the Na + , K + pump and the co-transport pathway in normal erythrocytes from both men and women. 2. The results show that Na + efflux via the Na + , K + pump is not different between men and women (3.14 ± 0.14 vs 3.68 ± 0.18 mmol h −1 litre −1 of cells) and is not inhibited by incubation with uraemic plasma. 3. In contrast, co-transport-mediated Na + efflux is lower in erythrocytes from normal women when compared with normal men (0.17 ± 0.02 vs 0.25 ± 0.05 mmol h −1 litre −1 of cells, P 4. Moreover, incubation with uraemic plasma causes stimulation of Na + efflux through the co-transport pathway in erythrocytes of healthy women (0.17 ± 0.02 vs 0.27 ± 0.03 mmol h −1 litre −1 of cells, P −1 litre −1 of cells). 5. Our data do not support the presence of either a Na + , K + pump or a co-transport inhibitor in plasma from dialysed uraemic patients. Thus, the suppressed co-transport activity demonstrated in uraemic erythrocytes cannot be attributed to a circulating inhibitor, and may reflect an acquired membrane or transport defect. 6. The stimulation of co-transport by uraemic plasma from women provides a further example of sex-determined characteristics in human erythrocytes, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.
The Use of Prolog for Computerized Technical Specifications

The task of deciding whether a particular nuclear plant condition is in compliance with its Technical Specifications is, in principle, algorithmic. However, the implicit algorithm is so complex and the required level of confidence in code validity is so high that traditional methods of computerized analysis have proven unsatisfactory. PROLOG provides a close match to the explicit semantic structure of the written specifications, a good tool for analysis of the implicit subsystem operability trees and, by virtue of its declarative style and imbedded logical structure, greatly simplifies the problem of code validation. LCOM, a PROLOG representation of a subset of BWR Technical Specifications, was developed to explore the applicability of PROLOG in this problem domain and to provide benchmark data for full-scale implementations. The declarative style and built-in unification mechanism of PROLOG does substantially simplify the process of program construction and validation. Extrapolations indicate processing times for a complete Tech Spec implementation of ≳ 1 minute in systems capable of ≲ 20 KLIPS.
The Elements of Economic Reform: Eastern Europe

At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union’s Red Army occupied the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (henceforth referred to as Eastern Europe). Stalinist regimes, both political and economic, were established in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania, as well as in East Germany. In 1948 Czechoslovakia came under full Communist control but in the same year Yugoslavia, under Josip Broz Tito, broke with the Soviet Union and followed its own socialist road; in later years this included ‘self-management’ of enterprises and much less central planning than elsewhere in the region.
Twentieth-Century Urbanisation: The North American Experience

By the end of the First World War, interpretations of the industrial metropolis had been provided, its ills had been diagnosed, new social movements had emerged, and city planning had professionalised. During the two inter-war decades most American social scientists simply accepted the conventional wisdom of the social theorists as they analysed cities. Hope Tisdale, for example, summarised what had by then become a generally accepted definition in her paper ‘The Process of Urbanisation’ (1942). Louis Wirth, likewise, was responsible for the definitive codification of the social theory in ‘Urbanism as a Way of Life’. But even as Tisdale and Wirth wrote, American cities were being transformed. It is to the nature of this transformation that we now should turn, because it created a new and different process of urbanisation and a contrasting array of human consequences.
Using a Deliberation of Energy Policy as an Educational Tool in a Nonmajors Chemistry Course

A central goal of nonmajors chemistry courses is to instill within students the sense that chemistry does not occur in a vacuum but rather permeates everyday life. To encourage students to consider chemistry within the broader context of society and public policy, a week-long module in a survey course for nonmajors was designed to connect scientific principles and energy policy. This module featured a deliberative discussion to facilitate students’ evaluation and consideration of multiple viewpoints, rigorously examining different perspectives, trade-offs, benefits, and values represented in multiple alternatives. Our results demonstrate that this approach was highly impactful, resulting in several significant positive outcomes, including a deeper awareness of the connection between chemistry and other disciplines, an increased level of understanding and confidence in their knowledge, and a greater sense of urgency regarding energy policy.
A Critical Integrated Approach to Language Policy as Discursive Action: Strengths, Challenges, and Opportunities

This chapter describes in detail the methodology of a critical language policy study that integrates multiple methods to analyze the discursive construction of the English-Only movement in the USA. Proponents of English Only, a political movement, contend that English is threatened and needs official protection. The reproduction of language ideology, which is essential to an analysis of English-Only arguments, leads to the valuation of some languages and speakers over others, thereby contributing to inclusion and exclusion within US society. Drawing on the discourse-historical approach (DHA) (Reisigl and Wodak, The discourse historical approach. In: Wodak R and Meyer M (eds) Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2nd ed. Sage, Los Angeles, pp. 87–121, 2009; Wodak, The discourse-historical approach. In Wodak R and Meyer M (eds), Methods of critical discourse analysis, Sage, London, pp. 63–94, 2001; Wodak, Linguistic analyses in language policies. In: Ricento T (ed), An introduction to language policy: theory and method, Blackwell, Malden, pp. 170–193, 2006) to develop an eclectic, multi-methodological framework for the discursive analysis of language policy as a multi-layered and ideological phenomenon, I combine data sets and methods in this study to emphasize the construction of English in relation to other languages in US public life. In doing so, I adopt Wodak’s (Linguistic analyses in language policies. In: Ricento T (ed), An introduction to language policy: theory and method, Blackwell, Malden, pp 170–193, 2006) methodology for the analysis of language policies to examine how languages are supported in their public validity, their functionality, and their dissemination. The primary aim of this chapter is to consider the strengths, challenges, and opportunities associated with a multi-methodological, integrated, and eclectic approach to language policy as both social and discursive action.
Seeding Nanoparticles for Hierarchical Self-Assembly

Fabrication of high-level nanomaterials via hierarchical self-assembly of nanoparticles is of great interest for nanotechnology. However, the application of this strategy is limited by the availability of the nanoparticles or the building block with good uniformity in size and surface properties, and the driving force controlling the self-assembly. Here, we report an unexpected simple strategy to control these two factors for realizing a hierarchical self-assembly. First, similar to seeding, uniform nanoparticles are synthesized by growing “nanocells” from uniform nanoseed, the spherical micelles of surfactant. Second, appropriate shearing is employed as the driving force to induce the self-assembly of the “nanocells”. As a result, a beautiful two-dimensional hexagonal sulfur nanobrick is fabricated in this study. Moreover, it is found that the self-assembled structure of sulfur nanobrick can be stabilized by conductive agents. This study is instructive for developing a cost-effective approach for synthes...
Intracranial atherosclerosis and dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Objective: To explore the association of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Methods: From 2011 to 2013, 1,744 participants completed high-resolution vessel wall MRI from the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study by a sampling strategy that allowed weighting back to the cohort. We defined ICAD by plaque features (presence, territory, stenosis, number). Trained clinicians used an algorithm incorporating information from interviews and neuropsychological and neurologic examinations to adjudicate for MCI and dementia. We determined the relative prevalence ratio (RPR) of MCI or dementia after adjusting for risk factors at midlife using multinomial logistic regression. Results: A total of 601 (34.5%) participants had MCI (mean age ± SD, 76.6 ± 5.2 years), 83 (4.8%) had dementia (79.1 ± 5.3 years), and 857 (49.1%) were current or former smokers. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) plaque (adjusted RPR 3.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57–9.23), >2 territories with plaque (adjusted RPR 2.12, 95% CI 1.00–4.49), and presence of stenosis >50% (adjusted RPR 1.92, 95% CI 1.01–3.65) were associated with increased prevalence of dementia in separate models. Posterior cerebral artery plaque was associated with MCI but did not reach statistical significance for dementia (adjusted RPR MCI 1.43, 95% CI 1.04–1.98; adjusted RPR dementia 1.58, 95% CI 0.79–2.85). There were no associations with middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic lesions or cognitive impairment. Many participants had plaque in >1 territory (n = 291, 46%) and participants with ACA plaques (n = 69) had the greatest number of plaques in other territories (mean 6.0, SD 4.4). Conclusions: This study demonstrates associations between ICAD and clinical MCI and dementia.
Relationships between blood pressure and blood glucose among offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes: Prediction of incident dysglycemia in a biracial cohort

Abstract Aims We assessed blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) values in healthy subjects, and examined baseline BP as a predictor of incident prediabetes during follow-up. Methods Participants in the Pathobiology of Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort (POP-ABC) study underwent screening assessments (anthropometry, BP, OGTT) and were stratified into normal BP (NBP), prehypertension, or hypertension, and normal glucose regulation (NGR), prediabetes (IFG/IGT), or type 2 diabetes (T2D) status. NGR subjects who met all inclusion criteria were enrolled in a 5-yr prospective study, with the primary outcome of incident prediabetes. Results We screened 602 adults (341 black, 261 white) and enrolled 343 (193 black, 150 white) for prospective follow-up. Systolic and diastolic BP correlated significantly with fasting and nonfasting BG ( P =0.003– P =0.009). During ~5years of follow-up, 26.3% of NBP and 35.7% of prehypertensive subjects developed prediabetes ( P =0.02). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed higher probability of incident prediabetes among participants with prehypertension compared to NBP during ~5years of follow-up ( P =0.0012). Conclusions In our biracial cohort, BP and BG values were significantly correlated, and BP status predicted incident prediabetes among initially normoglycemic individuals. These findings suggest co-evolution of factors involved in the dysregulation of BP and BG.
Neuroanatomical-Behavioral Correlates in Autism: A Working Hypothesis

This chapter correlates emotions and attachment behavior in autism with the disturbed neuroanatomy found in the brains of these individuals. Neuropathological postmortem studies have consistently found abnormalities in the limbic system and the cerebellum of autistic individuals. Abnormal limbic structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, septal nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex. In the cerebellum, abnormalities have been found in the cerebellar hemispheres and in the fastigial, emboliform and globose nuclei.
Election Campaigns, Social Communication, and the Accessibility of Perceived Discussant Preference

This paper examines the communication of political preferences between citizens during the course of an election campaign. We are particularly concerned with the ability of individuals to make judgments regarding the likely votes of others within their networks of relationships. To this end, we employ the concept of accessibility and its measurement device—response latency or response time—in the context of a computer-assisted telephone interview. We argue that the accessibility of respondent perceptions regarding the voting preferences of their associates depends on a range of individual and contextual factors, and the analysis focuses on variation across individuals, across relationships, and across the temporal contexts of election campaigns.
Effects of alcohol and cigarette use on the initiation, reinitiation, and persistence of cannabis use from adolescence to emerging adulthood

Abstract Objective Adolescent cannabis use has been associated with several negative outcomes. A previous study on an adult sample found alcohol and cigarette use to be associated with three cannabis use stages: initiation, reinitiation, and persistence, which represent distinct periods of use regarding progression and severity. Yet, the risk factors associated with these important stages have never been examined in a longitudinal study spanning adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods Using longitudinal data from Add Health Waves 1–3, 1775 nonusers, 200 prior users, and 384 current users of cannabis were identified who were at risk of cannabis use initiation, reinitiation, and persistence, respectively. Three logistic regressions were conducted to examine the effects of prior cigarette and alcohol use on the three cannabis use stages, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results Early onset of cigarette use (OR = 2.04, p = 0.006) and higher alcohol use frequency (OR = 1.40, p Conclusions Prior cigarette and alcohol use affect the risk of initiation, reinitiation, and persistence of cannabis use. The specific risk factors vary across different cannabis use stages. Interventions to prevent adolescent cannabis use should recognize these different risk factors and tailor to the stages of cannabis use.
Clinical and Serological Characteristics of Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Concomitant Cold Agglutinin and Donath-Landsteiner Antibodies

Background The two major types of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemias are cold agglutinin disease (CAD) and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). In CAD, the cold agglutinin is usually IgM with anti-I specificity. In PCH, the Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody is a cold reacting IgG with anti-P specificity. In this study, we describe the clinical and serological characteristics of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia positive for both cold agglutinin and DL antibodies. Methods On review of our immunohematology reference laboratory database, we identified patients over a 16-year period (January 2000- March 2016) with the following: i) age ≥18 years, ii) hemoglobin (Hb) Results Seven patients had cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia with concomitant cold agglutinin and DL antibodies (Cohort 1). The clinical and serological characteristics are described in table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 68 years (range: 59-78) and the median hemoglobin at onset was 10.3 g/dL (range: 8.2-10.6). Six had red cell agglutination in the blood smear. Two patients had a recent history of infection (1 with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 with upper respiratory tract infection). The median follow-up was 4.8 months (range: 1.0-166.4). Five patients received steroid/other immunosuppressants and two were managed conservatively. The clinical response to treatment was CR in 28.6% patients, PR in 42.9%, and NR in 14.3%. In comparison, Cohort 2 had a 20% CR, 20% PR and 40% NR, while Cohort 3 had a 50% CR, 25% PR and 25% NR, respectively. Conclusion Our study is the first series describing patients with cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia with concomitant cold agglutinin and DL antibodies. In terms of clinical response, patients with negative DL antibodies and cold agglutinin titers >1:64 had better response (50% CR, Cohort 3) to immunosuppressants compared to patients with positive DL antibody (20-30% CR, Cohorts 1 and 2). Large scale studies may be warranted to determine the treatment strategies among patients with concomitant DL and high cold agglutinin titers. Disclosures Kay: Agios: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Tolero Corporation: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding. Winters: Fresenius Kabi USA: Consultancy; Eliaz Therapeutics Inc: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi Inc: Other: Moderated opinion leader9s forum; Wiley Blackwell: Employment; Regional Health Inc: Consultancy; Mayo Clinic: Employment; Grifols International SA: Consultancy.
A Method of Performing Shutdown Reactivity Measurements in Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Pools

The objective of this paper is to develop a device to measure the k/infinity/ of a spent fuel assembly used in light water reactors. A subcritical assembly having a cross configuration is designed to allow measurement of the k/sub //infinity/ of a spent fuel assembly by comparing the change in its multiplication with that of a fuel assembly of known k/infinity/. Calculations have been performed using nucleonic codes to develop polynomial equations that relate the k/infinity/ of the spent fuel assembly to measured data. The measurements involve taking count rates with the spent fuel assembly in the center position of the subcritical assembly, and the measured data are the count rate ratio of the spent fuel assembly over the count rate taken with a fuel assembly of known k/infinity/. The polynomial equations are easy to program on a microcomputer, which, together with the subcritical assembly, form the k/infinity/ meter. 9 refs.
A phase II study of subcutaneous bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma: Roadblocks and promises.

e14089Background: Bevacizumab is a VEGF inhibitor currently utilized in its intravenous formulation to treat recurrent glioblastoma. Bevacizumab has been demonstrated to slow tumor growth and prolo...
Out of pocket costs and financial toxicity experienced by patients in early phase clinical trials.

8Background: Clinical trials are an important therapeutic option for cancer patients. Although financial burden in cancer treatment is well-described, the financial burden associated with clinical ...
Increasing diversity in teacher candidates: an Oregon model using a community college pathway into teacher education

ABSTRACTThe need to diversify the teaching workforce is well documented. However, there are few resources outlining specific models to carry out this work, and even fewer examples that describe a c...
A Catalogue of the Fishes of Illinois

This catalogue is based primarily on the collections in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, at Normal. These collections consist (a) of the material on which Mr. Nelson's list was based, and (b) of a large collection made by Professor Forbes during the past summer (1877), chiefly in the streams of southern Illinois. The writer's own collections in Illinois and adjacent states have also been drawn upon, as well as those contained in the United States National Museum. The various scattered notices of Illinois fishes have also been brought together as far as possible, thus giving all that is at present known of the distribution of the species within the limits of the state. Species accounts are given for 177 fish species, some described as new.
Model Driven Approach for Automatic Script Generation in Stress Testing of Web Applications

Mostly, software systems operate satisfactory under normal operating condition. However, if abnormal conditions are encountered i.e in the event of extraordinary load conditions, the response of the software systems may also become abnormal. Due to this reason, Stress Testing is considered an important part of testing that is used to determine the behaviour of software in extraordinary load conditions. Most of the research work that has been done in the domain of stress testing focuses on development of systems using traditional approaches of programming/coding. In this manuscript, we have anticipated an innovative approach for automatic script generation in stress testing of web applications. The proposed approach includes a meta model that may be extended for automation and model based development of such a system/ tool that may generate test scripts for stress testing of web applications using concepts of IFML.
Review of space habitat designs for long term space explorations

Abstract This review paper attempts to provide a useful reference for space habitat designs that advance the ability of humans to live in space for long periods of time. Five space habitat design concepts are reviewed with the principal aim of addressing the five fundamental problems in long term space exploration: artificial gravity, efficient radiation protection, sustainable food, growth strategy, and commercial values. The design of principal categories of life support systems, habitat subsystems, economics and cost reduction approaches are presented with a focus on establishing useful sources of fundamental issues in the literature, as well as highlighting important research directions and topics. Humans have enjoyed isolated successes in space, but the international space station (ISS) is going to retire soon. The space habitat design for long-duration use will be the next ambitious space program with contributions from the world-wide scientific and technical community. The overarching theme of the paper is to show the diversity, richness, and fundamental problems of habitat designs that have been undertaken in the last 60 years of space exploration.
A Corpus Study of the English Suffixes -ness and -acy: Productivity, Genre, and Implications for L2 Learning

Despite substantial scholarship relating to word structure (Anderson, 2018), for English affixes the relationship between productivity, genre, and second language (L2) learning remains unclear. Analysis of the existing literature reveals that deadjectival noun suffixes (i.e., nouns derived from adjectives such as appropriacy or goodness) have been underexamined. To address this gap, we examine two rival suffixes, -acy and -ness, through the lens of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010), considering numerous factors which might condition their varying usage. Critically, corpus data in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus (Davies, 2008-) reveal the importance of considering these affixes’ productivity in relation to genre, since -acy is especially frequent in academic texts, principally within certain social sciences. The implications for learners and teachers of English as a second language are discussed, particularly higher-level learners building communicative competence in academic contexts, along with a preliminary learner corpus comparison of the two variants.
Industrial TCAD: Modeling Atoms to Chips

The objective of this work is to briefly illustrate the breadth of problems industrial technology computer aided design (TCAD) departments are expected to address when supporting modern semiconductor process development, focusing on two important trends. The first is the incredible expansion of the simulation domain both downward to atomic dimensions and upward to the very large-scale die-level simulations needed for product design. The second trend is the continuing necessity of using computational efficient continuum approaches, fortified with more physically rigorous methods, to meet both accuracy and wall-clock time requirements of industrial process development. Both of these trends will be illustrated with applications work done at Intel.
Halogenated hydrocarbon gas sensing by rotational absorption spectroscopy in the 220–330 GHz frequency range

Gas sensing for halogenated hydrocarbons is demonstrated using rotational absorption spectroscopy in the 220–330 GHz frequency range, carried out with a compact and robust broadband microelectronics-based THz-wave spectrometer. Monitoring of halogenated hydrocarbons is necessary in industrial situations where these chemicals present a danger to human health and the environment, due to their toxicity, volatility, and reactivity. The absorption spectra for pure chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, iodomethane, and dibromomethane were characterized at 297 K and pressures from 0.25 to 16 Torr. The spectra show the unique rotational fingerprints for the target halogenated hydrocarbons in the 220–330 GHz frequency range and demonstrate the potential for their selective quantitative detection in gas sensing applications with minimum detection for pure gases of order 1012–1013 molecules/cm3 and for dilute gases of order 10–100 ppm at 1 atm for a 1 m pathlength. The study further demonstrates the potential of all-electronic miniaturized THz-wave gas sensors.
Partial Proof Trees, Resource Sensitive Logics, and Syntactic Constraints

We discuss the relationship between a categorial system (PPTS) based on partial proof trees (PPTs) as the building blocks of the system, resource sensitive logics and the nature of syntactic constraints. PPTS incorporates some of the key insights of lexicalized tree adjoining grammar, namely the notion of an extended domain of locality and the consequent factoring of recursion from the domain of dependencies. PPTS therefore inherits the linguistic and computational properties of that system. We discuss the relationship between PPTS, natural deduction, and linear logic proof-nets, and argue that a natural deduction system rather than a proof-net system is more appropriate for the construction of the PPTs. We also show how the use of PPTs allows us to ‘localize’ the management of resources, thereby freeing us from this management as the PPTs are combined.
When Grandma Doesn't Just Knit You a Sweater: Support from Co-Ethnics and Civil War Duration

Armed conflicts as distant as those in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland have been fueled by co-ethnic supporters of the combatants. Yet civil wars also draw in third parties who are not related to the combatants: opposing US and Soviet interventions in southern Africa and Central America provide several prominent examples. While we know that biased interventions in civil wars have different effects that neutral efforts, does it matter who intervenes and the tools they employ? Rebels organized along ethnic lines often receive sustained support from sympathetic co-ethnics abroad. This support is distinct from that provided by unrelated supporters. In this paper, I show that civil wars last especially long when co-ethnics abroad intervene. Co-ethnics, or ethnic kin, increase rebels’ capabilities when they provide sustained and reliable support. Military, financial, or logistic support from co-ethnics who often feel deep sympathy, guilt, or responsibility for their kin’s welfare helps rebels to continue fighting long after they otherwise would be overwhelmed. This support also can encourage rebels to continue fighting to exact a better deal, or it can complicate bargaining, stymieing a settlement. External support also increases an insurgency’s viability and facilitates recruiting. However, it rarely is enough to ensure victory. Thus, it simply prolongs conflicts. By focusing on the role of third parties in ethnic civil wars, this paper answers three central puzzles. First, why do some civil wars last longer than others? I demonstrate how support from different groups of third parties prolongs wars. Second, when and how does ethnicity affect the length of civil wars? I answer this question by elaborating the conditions under which ethnicity shapes the support available to combatants. Third, why does the existing literature offer contradictory answers to this second question? By focusing on the role of third party support as a mechanism linking ethnicity and conflict duration, I answer questions about ethnic civil wars that previous research has not been able to resolve. In the next section, I review existing literature on the role of ethnicity in civil wars. I then develop my theory, which focuses on the ways that different types of third parties intervene on behalf of combatants in civil wars. I then turn to the results of the analysis, which demonstrates that these interventions profoundly affect the length of civil wars, but that different actors produce very different results. I conclude with a brief review of the main findings and a discussion of the policy implications of the study.
Mechanized Formal Methods: Where Next?

An author who elects to use the phrase “Where Next?” in a title clearly has predictive or prescriptive intent. In my case it is the latter: I cannot say how formal methods will develop in the next few years, still less whether or how they will be adopted in practice, but I do have views on how they should develop and what ought to encourage their adoption in practice, and this World Congress seems an excellent opportunity to impose these views on the public.
Temperature decay in a reactor vessel subjected to thermal shock: An analytical solution

Abstract An analytical solution is derived for the time-dependent temperature profile in a reactor vessel subjected to the thermal shock of emergency cooling injection. Numerical results are given for a typical case, and it is shown how a simple correction can be used to improve the results of conventional calculational methods.
Dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol and 1-propanol on the polar surfaces of zinc oxide

Abstract The reactions of ethanol and 1-propanol on the (0001)-Zn and (0001)-O polar surfaces of zinc oxide were investigated by means of TPD and XPS. On the (0001)-Zn surface the alcohols adsorbed dissociatively to form alkoxide intermediates which decomposed during TPD to form net dehydration and/or net dehydrogenation products. In parallel with these dehydration and dehydrogenation pathways, surface alkoxides were oxidized by lattice oxygen to produce adsorbed carboxylates. Oxidation of alkoxides proceeded via dioxyalkylidene (RCHO 2 ) intermediates and, like the oxidation of aldehydes on this surface, resulted in the formation of both formate and higher carboxylate species. In contrast to the (0001)-Zn surface, the (0001)-O surface was found to be unreactive toward these alcohols; only molecular adsorption occurred on this surface.
Structure-Function Analysis of the OB and Latch Domains of Chlorella Virus DNA Ligase

Chlorella virus DNA ligase (ChVLig) is a minimized eukaryal ATP-dependent DNA sealing enzyme with an intrinsic nick-sensing function. ChVLig consists of three structural domains, nucleotidyltransferase (NTase), OB-fold, and latch, that envelop the nicked DNA as a C-shaped protein clamp. The OB domain engages the DNA minor groove on the face of the duplex behind the nick, and it makes contacts to amino acids in the NTase domain surrounding the ligase active site. The latch module occupies the DNA major groove flanking the nick. Residues at the tip of the latch contact the NTase domain to close the ligase clamp. Here we performed a structure-guided mutational analysis of the OB and latch domains. Alanine scanning defined seven individual amino acids as essential in vivo (Lys-274, Arg-285, Phe-286, and Val-288 in the OB domain; Asn-214, Phe-215, and Tyr-217 in the latch), after which structure-activity relations were clarified by conservative substitutions. Biochemical tests of the composite nick sealing reaction and of each of the three chemical steps of the ligation pathway highlighted the importance of Arg-285 and Phe-286 in the catalysis of the DNA adenylylation and phosphodiester synthesis reactions. Phe-286 interacts with the nick 5′-phosphate nucleotide and the 3′-OH base pair and distorts the DNA helical conformation at the nick. Arg-285 is a key component of the OB-NTase interface, where it forms a salt bridge to the essential Asp-29 side chain, which is imputed to coordinate divalent metal catalysts during the nick sealing steps.
Challenges in the pharmaceutical development of lipid-based short interfering ribonucleic acid therapeutics.

Introduction: Harnessing RNA interference as a therapeutic approach has the potential to significantly expand the druggable target space, offering new hope for treatment of diseases that cannot be addressed with existing classes of drugs. A number of siRNA therapeutics have already progressed into preclinical and clinical development. Of these, lipid-based systems have emerged as one of the most mature classes of systemic delivery technologies. Despite tremendous advances in development, a number of significant challenges must still be addressed to enable commercialization of a lipid-based siRNA pharmaceutical product. Areas covered: This review addresses specific challenges inherent to the pharmaceutical development of lipid-based siRNA therapeutics. Focus is placed on the development of a robust manufacturing process, the setting of appropriate product specifications and controls, development of strategies to assess and ensure product stability, and the evaluation of product comparability throughout dev...
Hyperglycemia, insulin and slower growth velocity may increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity.

Hyperglycemia, insulin and slower growth velocity may increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity
Radiation induces aerobic glycolysis through reactive oxygen species.

Background and purpose Although radiation induced reoxygenation has been thought to increase radiosensitivity, we have shown that its associated oxidative stress can have radioprotective effects, including stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 is known to regulate many of the glycolytic enzymes, thereby promoting aerobic glycolysis, which is known to promote treatment resistance. Thus, we hypothesized that reoxygenation after radiation would increase glycolysis. We previously showed that blockade of oxidative stress using a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic during reoxygenation can downregulate HIF-1 activity. Here we tested whether concurrent use of this drug with radiotherapy would reduce the switch to a glycolytic phenotype.
'Progressive cerebral palsy' or spinal cord tumor? Two cases of mistaken identity.

SUMMARY The misdiagnosis of cerebral palsy in children with neurological impairment is relatively common, although it is particularly untenable if the child's symptoms run a progressive course. This paper reports two children with presumed ‘progressive’ cerebral palsy who at later evaluation were found to have intramedullary tumors of the cervical spinal cord. The report is intended to alert pediatricians to the atypical presentation and insidious progression of spinal cord tumors in children. Whether or not the child has cerebral palsy, any progressive deterioration of function in the extremities, complaints of back pain, loss of sphincter control, or sensory abnormality, warrants a thorough neurological examination and specific radiological procedures to exclude the possibility of a spinal cord tumor. RESUME ‘Infirmite motrice cerebrate’evolutive ou tumeur de la moelle epiniere? L'article rapporte le cas de deux enfants chez qui a ete trouvee une tumeur intra-medullaire de la region cervicale apres qu'un diagnostic initial incorrect d'IMC ait ete porte. Les auteurs insistent sur le fait qu'il est assez commun de porter a tort un diagnostic d'IMC chez un enfant presentant des troubles neurologiques et qu'il est indispensable de reprendre un examen neurologique complet et des explorations radiologiques particulieres permettant de diagnostiquer une tumeur de la moelle chaque fois qu'un enfant presente une deterioration progressive dans l'utilisation des membres, une douleur du dos, des troubles sphincteriens ou des anomalies sensorielles. La presentation atypique et l'evolution insidieuse de ces tumeurs chez l'enfant sont discutee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ‘Progreesive Cerebralparese’ oder Ruckenmarkstumor? Es wird uber zwei Kinder berichtet, die einen intramedullaren Tumor hatten im Bereich des cervicalen Ruckenmarks, bei denen zunachst die falsche Diagnose einer Cerebralparese gestellt worden war. Es wird hervorgehoben, das die Fehldiagnose der Cerebralparese bei neurologisch geschadigten Kindern relativ haufig ist und das bei jedem Kind, das eine progressive Verschlechterung der Extremitatenfunktion, Ruckenschmerzen, Storungen der Sphinkter-muskulatur oder sensible Veranderungen zeigt, eine sorgfaltige neurologische Untersuchung und spezifische radiologische Masnahmen zum Ausschlus eines Ruckenmarkstumors angezeigt sind. RESUMEN ‘Paralisis cerebral progresiva’ o tumor medular? Se mencionan dos ninos con tumores intramedulares a nivel cervical hallados despues de un diagnostico incorrecto inicial de paralisis cerebral. Se pone de relieve que el diagnostic erroneo de paralisis cerebral en ninos con alteracion neurologica es relativamente corriente y que cualquier nino que muestre una deterioracion progresiva en las funciones de las extremidades, dorsalgia, alteraciones escinterianas o anomalias sensitivas, es candidato a un examen neurologico completo y a procedimientos radiologicos especificos para resolver la posibilidad de un tumor medular. Se discuten la presentacion atipica y el curso insidioso de estos tumores en ninos.
Effects of food priming on instrumental acquisition and performance

Abstract Four experiments investigated the effects of a priming food reinforcement, given 0 or 75 sec pretrial, on runway performance of rats. The studies differed in the use of between-versus-within-subject designs, and by using food or water as the goal reinforcer. In Experiment 1, using food as the goal reward, subjects primed with food 0 sec pretrial conditioned slower than subjects primed 75 sec pretrial. In Experiment 2, using water as the goal reward, subjects primed with food 0 sec pretrial conditioned faster. These differences were evident on both prefed trials and on nonprefed test trials. Experiments 3 and 4 showed an opposite pattern of results when within-subject comparisons of 0- and 75-sec pretrial intervals were used: Food priming immediately pretrial facilitated food-rewarded running but inhibited water-rewarded running. The results suggest prefeeding has differential effects on acquisition and performance of instrumental behavior, and also depending upon the similarity of the priming and goal reinforcers.
Elastic Contact of Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces Containing Micron Scale Roughness

A hybrid interactive/optimization technique is used to derive in approximate closed form equations relating contact load to mean plane separation. Equations governing Hertz contact for the interaction of surface asperities are considered in which asperity shoulder-to-shoulder contact results in normal and tangential components of force. The normal component of asperity force is summed statistically to find total normal force between the two surfaces. The tangential component of asperity force, summed statistically, yields zero total force due to the symmetry of the distributed tangential force components. The tangential force over a half-plane corresponding to a select direction is found accounting for the directionality of the tangential component of asperity forces. Two sets of approximate equations are found for each of the normal and half-plane tangential force components. The simplest forms of the approximate equations achieve accuracy to within five (5) percent error, while other forms yield approximation error within 0.2 percent.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Photometric Variability of Be/X-Ray Pulsar Binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We have studied the photometric variability of 10 SMC Be/X-ray pulsars using MACHO and OGLE-II data. For some of these systems we have found periodic behavior, including orbital outbursts and/or nonradial pulsations of the Be star. For others we were unable to identify any clear photometric periodicity, although their long-term light curves show significant structure. We present periodograms, phase dispersion minimization variances, and folded light curves for the systems that exhibit periodic photometric variability.
Zur Feinstruktur der Bruchschen Membran nach perforierenden Verletzungen, beim absoluten Glaukom und bei der Retinopathia diabetica

Die Feinstruktur der Bruchschen Membran wird am hinteren Augenpol, insonderheit im Maculabereich, nach perforierenden Verletzungen, beim absoluten Glaukom und bei der Retinopathia diabetica untersucht. Ausgepragte Veranderungen bestehen im Aufbau der Membran bei diesen Erkrankungen. Die kollagenen Faserschichten sind von Blaschen, elektronendichten Partikeln, zugrunde gehenden Fibrillen und von wabenformigen Gebilden durchsetzt. Auch der elastische Gewebszug kann ebenso wie die Basalmembran der Pigmentepithel- und Endothelzellen mit in den Umbauprozes einbezogen sein. Drusen finden sich nach langere Zeit zuruckliegenden Erkrankungen vorwiegend in der inneren, kollagenen Faserschicht der Bruchschen Membran.