cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active and passive avoidance conditioning: A direct comparison

Mice were trained in a single apparatus with either active- or passive-conditioning procedures, and retention was assessed with either procedure. For one passive and three active training trials, retention was evidenced with either retesting procedure. This indicates that the conditioning effect is independent of the retesting method. Therefore, this procedure is useful in separating effects of treatments on performance and those on conditioning.
Role of Autonomic Hormones on Left Ventricular Performance Continuously Analyzed by Electronic Computers

Ventricular responses during spontaneous activity by intact dogs have been studied by using electronic computors to continuously analyze ventricular function in terms of various parameters, including effective ventricular pressure, changes in left ventricular circumference or diameter, rate of change in ventricular dimensions, myocardial "power," myocardial "stroke work," "eumulative work" per unit time and heart rate. Simultaneous recordings of these various factors permit characterization and direct comparison of the nature and sequence of left ventricular responses during infusion of autonomic hormones, spontaneous activity or exercise. Intravenous infusion of catechol amines in "physiologic doses’ produces changes in ventricular performance which differ significantly from those observed during exercise, particularly with reference to heart rate. The left ventricle appears to be directly influenced by neural reflexes, some of which are probably initiated by higher centers of the nervous system.
A Cytoplasmic Region of the Na,K-ATPase α-Subunit Is Necessary for Specific α/α Association ∗

Abstract While most structural studies of the Na,K-ATPase support a subunit stoichiometry of one α-subunit to one β-subunit, the exact quaternary structure of the Na,K-ATPase and its relevance to enzyme function is the subject of much debate. Formation of a higher order enzyme complex is supported by our previous study demonstrating specific α/α interactions among the rat Na,K-ATPase isoforms (α1, α2, α3), expressed in virally infected Sf-9 insect cells and among native α isoforms in rat brain(1). This detergent-resistant association was not observed in insect cells coexpressing the homologous gastric H,K-ATPase α-subunit, nor was it dependent on the coexpression of the β-subunit. To delineate domains necessary for α/α assembly, a series of H,K-ATPase·Na,K-ATPase chimeras were constructed by combining the N-terminal, cytoplasmic midregion and C-terminal segments derived from the Na,K-ATPase(N) and the H,K-ATPase (H) α-polypeptides (HNN, HNH, NHH, NHN, and HHN). The α-subunit chimeras were coexpressed with the Na,K-ATPase α1-subunit in Sf-9 cells using the baculovirus expression system. Specific and detergent-stable association is observed between the Na,K-ATPase α-subunit and the HNN and HNH chimeras, but not with the NHH, NHN, or HHN chimeras. Consistent with the Na,K-ATPase cytoplasmic domain as being necessary for α/α interactions, the full-length α-subunit stably associates with an α N-terminal deletion mutant (ΔGly2-Leu273), but not with an α cytoplasmic deletion mutant (ΔArg350-Pro785). In addition, the naturally occurring C-terminal truncated α1 isoform, α1T (ΔGly554 to C terminus), does not associate with the α1-subunit in Sf-9 cells coexpressing both polypeptides. Thus, a cytoplasmic region in the α-subunit (Gly554-Pro785) is necessary for specific α/α association. The same cytoplasmic region contains a strongly hydrophobic segment that, by analogy with oligomerization of water-soluble proteins, may form the interface of the extramembranous α/α contact site.
The Area Rule for Simple Fluid Phase Transitions

We propose a new version of the classical van der Waals equation of state. When this is combined with a modified Maxwell construction (replacing the logically inconsistent equal-area rule), it yields remarkably accurate boiling curves for real fluids over large temperature ranges. For the water-steam phase transition, for example, we find a calculated boiling curve which is accurate to within one percent of tabulated values over the entire temperature range 20 to 374°C, the latter being the critical temperature for water, beyond which a phase transition does not occur.
Exploring the use of technology in healthcare spaces and its impact on empathic communication

As computing technologies in examination rooms become a more pervasive and dominant part of the healthcare experience, those technologies can disrupt the flow of information and empathic communication between a clinician and patient. We investigated how the design of healthcare spaces and the technologies inside affect doctor-patient interaction and communication. To identify clinicians' current practices and strategies of using technologies in the examination room, we interviewed clinicians from seven institutions and stakeholders involved in the design of healthcare spaces. We also documented the set-up of examination rooms from four clinics and hospitals. We interviewed and surveyed patients on their perception of clinicians using computers or other devices in the examination room during a medical consultation. Our findings show that clinicians and patients try to reach a common understanding about health priorities while facing the challenges of limited time and resources. We propose design recommendations that allow for efficient capturing and sharing of information between clinicians and patients while minimizing obstruction of empathic communication.
Stealthy attacks in power systems: Limitations on manipulating the estimation deviations caused by switching network topologies

The reliability and robustness of the power system have gained increasing attention as the trend of including more information infrastructures into the current power grid. The stealthy attack is a kind of cyber attack that is undetectable to any residue-based detection scheme. Our previous work [1] has shown that the existence of such attacks can be eliminated by rotationally switching off one of some preselected links which contain a spanning tree of the network graph. In this paper, we extend our previous work, to consider the case when the attack is only stealthy in some of the topologies. The possible consistent deviations of the estimated states are formulated. We show that as the attack is stealthy in more topologies, the flexibility of such deviations is linearly decreased. Several cases are studied to show this trade-off.
A Graphical Theory of Traveling Electric Waves Between Parallel Conductors

The analytical theory of simple traveling waves along parallel conductors is well known. Its disadvantage is that the relationships among the incoming, reflected, transmitted, and absorbed currents and voltages are expressed by a number of simulaneous equations difficult to grasp, from a physical point of view, in their entirely. For this reason, a graphical theory has been developed according to which all the quantities involved are represented in a so-called star diagram and the whole phenomenon conveyed to the eye quantitatively. The star diagram is then applied to the following practical cases of a simple rectangular-front non-attenuated long traveling wave: (a) Reflection from and absorption in a non-inductive terminal resistance; (b) Reflection from an open-circuited and from a short-circuited end of a line; (c) The case of critical resistance; (d) Repeated reflections from the ends of a line; (e) Discharge of a wave to the ground, directly or through a resistance; (f) Passage of a wave through the junction point of two conductors having different values of surge impedance; (g) Same as (f), only the junction provided with a series or shunted resistance, (h) Effect of a lumped series inductance or shunted capacitance in reducing the steepness of a wave front. In each case, the results agree with those deduced analytically, for example by R. Rudenberg in his book ``Elektrische Schaltvorgange.'' Some reciprocal relationships are pointed out at the end and further problems suggested to which the star diagram may be applied.
The geoviz toolkit: using component-oriented coordination methods for geographic visualization and analysis

In this paper, we present the GeoViz Toolkit (GVT), an open-source, Internet-delivered program for geographic visualization and analysis that features a diverse set of software components which can be flexibly combined by users who do not have programming expertise. The design and architecture of the GVT allows us to address three key research challenges in geovisualization: allowing end users to create their own geovisualization and analysis component set on the fly, integrating geovisualization methods with spatial analysis methods, and making geovisualization applications sharable between users. Each of these tasks necessitates a robust yet flexible approach to intertool coordination. The coordination strategy developed for the GVT, called Introspective Observer Coordination, leverages and combines key advances in software engineering from the last decade, such as automatic introspection of objects, software design patterns, and reflective invocation of methods.
Six decades of interacting electrons

Session chairman's remarks. This is a highly selective bit of intellectual history plus some acquired wisdom. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Form and Content in Semantics

This paper continues a strain of intellectual complaint against the presumptions of certain kinds of formal semantics (the qualification is important) and their bad effects on those areas of artificial intelligence concerned with machine understanding of human language. After some discussion of the use of the term ‘epistemology’ in artificial intelligence, the paper takes as a case study the various positions held by McDermott on these issues and concludes, reluctantly, that, although he has reversed himself on the issue, there was no time at which he was right.
A primate dictionary? decoding the function and meaning of another species’ vocalizations

Decoding the function and meaning of a foreign culture’s sounds and gestures is a notoriously difficult problem. It is even more challenging when we think about the sounds and gestures of nonhuman animals. This essay provides a review of what is currently known about the informational content and function of primate vocalizations, emphasizing the problems underlying the construction of a primate “dictionary.” In contrast to the Oxford English Dictionary, this dictionary provides entries to emotional expressions as well as potentially referential expressions. It therefore represents a guide to what animals do with their vocalizations, as well as how they are represented by signalers and perceivers. I begin by a discussion of the unit problem, of how an acoustic space is carved up into functionally significant components leading to a species-specific repertoire or lexicon of sorts. This section shows how little we know about the units of organization within animal vocal repertoires, and how such lack of information constrains our ability to tackle the problem of syntactic structure. In Section III, I review research on the production and perception of vocal signals that appear to be functionally referential. This work shows that several nonhuman primates produce vocalizations that share some of the key properties of reference, but certainly not all; the components that are missing raises questions about their role as precursors to human words. In Section IV, I explore the social uses of vocalizations, assessing whether the signal contains sufficient information for listeners to judge a caller’s credibility; ultimately, caller credibility determines how receivers select an appropriate response. Results show that individuals can use calls to assess whether someone is reliable or unreliable, and that such attributes are associated with individuals and particular contexts. I conclude by synthesizing the issues presented and then raise some directions for future conceptual and methodological progress.
Classification of 2-pore domain potassium channels based on rectification under quasi-physiological ionic conditions.

It is generally expected that 2-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels are open or outward rectifiers in asymmetric physiological K+ gradients, following the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) current equation. Although cloned K2P channels have been extensively studied, their current-voltage (I-V) relationships are not precisely characterized and previous definitions are contradictory. Here we study all the functional channels from 6 mammalian K2P subfamilies in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with patch-clamp technique, and examine whether their I-V relationships are described by the GHK current equation. K2P channels display 2 distinct types of I-V curves in asymmetric physiological K+ gradients. Two K2P isoforms in the TWIK subfamily conduct large inward K+ currents and have a nearly linear I-V curve. Ten isoforms from 5 other K2P subfamilies conduct small inward K+ currents and exhibit open rectification, but fits with the GHK current equation cannot precisely reveal the differences in rectification among K2P ...
Change and Continuity in the American Macroeconomy, 1929-2007: Exercises for Principles of Macroeconomics

This article provides a series of exercises based on statistics about the American macroeconomy. These exercises were designed to introduce students to the institutionalist perspective, promote basic historical literacy, and help the student develop their skills with the Microsoft Excel software program.
The locus of masking shape-at-a-slant.

Twelve subjects provided shape and orientation judgments for a set of projectively equivalent, variously rotated rectangles under three viewing conditions—monoptic, dichoptic, and binocular—with and without the presence of a pattern mask. In the absence of the mask, partial constancy was exhibited under the first two conditions and near perfect constancy under the binocular condition. Orientation was discriminated. Presence of the mask produced projective shape matching and diminished orientation discrimination. It is argued that the site of masking was postchiasmal, and the results are related to previous work with pattern masking of projectively equivalent ellipses.
The anatomical significance and techniques of laparoscopic rectal surgery

Because there are difficulties associated with the technique of laparoscopic colorectal surgery, thorough knowledge of the anatomy is particularly important. We pay close attention to anatomical features during laparoscopic rectal surgery. In this study, we analyze the association of the anatomy with the operative procedure. Laparoscopic rectal surgery was performed on 117 patients (66 men) with benign and malignant diseases in the rectum by the complete laparoscopy or hand-assisted technique. All operations were mainly performed by the first author. The association between anatomy and the operation was analyzed. The mean operative time was 144 min (range, 87–235). The hand-assisted technique was performed in two patients. Four patients required conversion to laparotomy due to the amount of fat in three patients and disruption of the Endo-stapler in one patient, for a conversion rate of 1.7%. Operative blood loss was small, averaging 126 ml (range, 50–350). No injury of the ureters, major bleeding in front of the sacrum, or other operation-related severe complications occurred during or after operation. In one case, dissecting disrupted the anterior left wall of the rectum. By mastering the anatomical features of laparoscopic rectum surgery, operative mistakes and complications can be reduced. Particular attention must be paid to the anatomy of the obese patient undergoing laparoscopy. It is very convenient that the corresponding skills can be applied in the course of dissection and exposure.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Lesson in Deficiency Diseases

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-dependent degeneration of motor neurons in the central nervous system. ALS is not caused by faulty nutrition. Recent data suggest that ALS could be an oxidative neurotoxicity induced by a mutation in the SOD1 protein. This finding extends beyond the simple loss of an antioxidant enzyme.
Experience with intracavernosal tri-mixture for the management of neurogenic erectile dysfunction.

Abstract Using papaverine, papaverine/phentolamine, or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), intracavernosal pharmacotherapy has been successful in treating erectile dysfunction. The limiting factor of using these medicines is intracorporeal fibrosis with the first two and a high cost with PGE1. Our experience with intracavernosal therapy in patients with impotence secondary to neurogenic disease has included 35 men, 30 of whom are spinal cord injured, 3 after radical prostatectomy, 1 with multiple sclerosis, and 1 with lower extremity weakness after surgery. Patients ranged in age from 22 to 59 years, with an average of 36.3 years; mean follow-up was 13.8 months. Intracavernosal therapy has been performed with a tri-mixture of papaverine hydrochloride (smooth muscle relaxant), phentolamine mesylate (alpha-adrenergic blocking agent) and alprostadil (PGE1- a vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant). Of the patient population, all 35 patients were able to have adequate erections for sexual relations with minimal complications. Acting synergistically, the ingredients promote erectile activity using small doses and without a significant incidence of priapism or fibrosis. Techniques of injection, dosing and followup are discussed.
Ultraviolet Thomson scattering measurements of the electron and ion features with an energetic 263 nm probe

A new Thomson scattering diagnostic has been implemented on the Omega Laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester [J.M. Soures, et al., Laser and Particle Beams 11, 317 (1993)] to measure the electron feature in the ultraviolet wavelength range 200 nm - 263 nm. A pair of imaging spectrometers and streak cameras collect light scattered from electron plasma fluctuations and ion-acoustic fluctuations simultaneously. These spectra allow an accurate measure of the electron temperature, density, average charge state and plasma flow velocity in a high-density laser plasma regime perviously inaccessible.
Do investments in intangible customer assets affect firm value

Abstract This paper develops a simple model of investment by service firms in intangible customer assets, and tests whether the model identifies some critical drivers of firms’ stock returns. Similar to firms with significant research and development (R&D) expenditures, we argue that firms in fast-growing service industries with few tangible assets can increase firm value by investing in customer acquisition and service (A&S) expenditure. Using a unique hand-collected data set, we show that per-customer changes in firms’ revenues, customer acquisition costs, and customer service costs help to explain their abnormal stock returns.
Is crossover between the X and Y a regular feature of meiosis in mouse and man

There has long been an assumption that normal disjunction of the sex chromosomes of all mammals is assured by synapsis of a region of homology between the X and Y and that an ‘obligatory’ crossover with chiasmata formation follows. Evidence is presented here that much (if not all) observed synapsis between the X and Y in mouse and man is nonhomologous and that crossing over most likely does not occur as a normal event in these organisms. The X and Y have desynapsed to a mere terminal association by the time of pachytene DNA synthesis, generally considered to be associated with crossing over. Recombination nodules or ‘bars’ observed on the X and Y of human spermatocytes are also present at the wrong substage of pachytene and are insufficient in frequency to accounf for an ‘obligatory’ crossover between the X and Y and thus assure normal disjunction. Instead it is suggested that orientation and disjunction of the sex chromosomes is mediated in these species by an achiasmatic telomeric association.
A Monte Carlo simulation of the Bernoulli principle

Abstract Effusion of an ideal gas through a small orifice when a drifting gas exists past the orifice, as well as the reverse process, are investigated through extensive two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that a net transport of particles takes place toward the side containing the drifting gas. Based on the model used, however, this transport of particles is caused by the drifting gas carrying away the effused particles, rather than by a pressure gradient across the aperture, as stated by the Bernoulli principle. In fact, the computer simulation results show that at zero net transport rate, the drifting gas will have a higher pressure than gas at rest. The effect of aperture size, drift velocity, and temperature are also investigated.
Spondylolysis: its nature and anthropological significance

Spondylolysis of the lower back is a kind of vertebral fracture that is unique to humans being related to anatomical features such as the lumbar curve which facilitate upright posture and bipedal locomotion in this species. It is virtually never seen in children before the age of walking and has not been observed in adults who were never able to walk. Although apparently produced on occasion by acute trauma, spondylolysis usually develops as a fatigue fracture in response to sustained or repeated stress. The occurrence of spondylolysis varies greatly from population to population with the highest frequencies, approaching 50%, seen in northern Alaskan and Greenlandic Eskimos. Males are affected more frequently than females, and the condition is common in athletes, particularly gymnasts, divers, polevaulters, and American football players. It is also seen among heavy laborers, especially if the job requires lifting. Although generally approached as a pathological condition requiring corrective treatment, spondylolysis, as well as the anterior slippage (olisthesis) that frequently accompanies it, usually produces relatively mild symptoms if any at all. In fact, it many even provide advantages such as greater flexibility in the lower back.
Neural Network Initialization with Prototypes - Function Approximation in Engineering Mechanics Applications

A prototype-based initialization methodology is proposed to approximate functions that are used to characterize nonlinear stress-strain, moment-curvature, and load-displacement relationships, as well as restoring forces and time histories in engineering mechanics applications. Three prototypes are defined by exploiting the capabilities of linear sums of sigmoidal functions. By using the proposed prototypes either individually or combinatorially, successful training can take place for ten specific types of nonlinear functions and far beyond when the required number of hidden nodes and initial values of weights and biases can always be derived before the training starts. Some mathematical insights to this initialization methodology and a few prototypes are offered, while training examples are provided to demonstrate a clear procedure that is used to implement this methodology. With the derived numbers of hidden nodes in each approximation, applying the Nguyen-Widrow algorithm is enabled and the training performance is compared between the existing and the proposed initialization options.
Does mental imagery prior to cystoscopy make a difference? A randomized controlled trial

Objective We sought to determine whether mental imagery improves surgical performance of residents novice to cystoscopy. Study Design We performed a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Residents who had performed ≤ 3 cystoscopies were randomized to preoperative mental imagery sessions or reading a book chapter describing cystoscopy. The primary outcome was comparison of groups' surgical performance scores. Secondary outcomes were measurements of operative times and resident ratings of helpfulness of their preparation. Scores were compared using 2-factor analysis of variance. Results In all, 68 residents were randomized; 33 to imagery and 35 to control groups. Groups did not differ in age, cystoscopic experience, residency level, or sex. The imagery group's surgical assessment scores were 15.9% higher than controls ( P = .03). Operative times did not differ between groups. Imagery residents rated imagery preparation as more helpful than controls ( P Conclusion Residents considered mental imagery to be a more useful preoperative preparation. The mental imagery group's surgical performance was superior to controls.
Validation and use of the youth and caregiver Treatment Outcome Expectations Scale (TOES) to assess the relationships between expectations, pretreatment characteristics, and outcomes.

This study introduces the youth and caregiver versions of the Treatment Outcome Expectations Scale (TOES) and presents the results of comprehensive psychometric analyses in a large sample of clinically-referred youth (N = 291) ages 11–18 and their caregivers (N = 268). This study also examines whether expectations are predictive of early or overall treatment change as measured by changes in youth symptom severity rated by multiple respondents (youth, caregiver, and clinician). Additionally, the relationship between treatment outcome expectations and several background, pretreatment, and clinical variables is explored. Finally, this study investigates the correspondence in outcome expectations between dyads of youth and caregivers. Results demonstrate the TOES is a psychometrically sound measure for use in this population. Findings also indicate that while higher youth outcome expectations significantly relate to higher youth-rated internalizing symptom severity at baseline, they also relate to a faster rate of reduction in internalizing symptom severity. Additionally, caregiver age and youth gender were significant predictors of youth-rated outcome expectations. Results also demonstrate a small, positive correlation between youth and caregiver ratings of outcome expectations. Implications, future directions, and limitations of the study are discussed.
Direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for acute middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion: an alternative option to intra-arterial thrombolysis.

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for patients with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) trunk occlusion. Methods— Over the past 9 years, a total of 70 patients with acute MCA trunk occlusion were treated with intra-arterial reperfusion therapy. In the last 5 years, 34 patients were treated with direct PTA, and subsequent thrombolytic therapy was added if necessary for distal embolization. The other 36 patients, mainly in the first 4 years, were treated with thrombolytic therapy alone and were used as controls. Pretherapeutic neurological status was evaluated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to assess clinical outcome at 90 days. Results— There were no significant differences in pretherapeutic National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and duration of ischemia between the 2 groups. The rate of partial or complete recanalization in...
A cytochemical study of the nonhistone protein content of condensed and extended chromatin.

Abstract Cytochemical techniques have been used to study the distribution of nonhistone proteins in sections of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes. Condensed chromatin, including the heterochromatin of interphase nuclei from frog liver, and mitotic metaphase and anaphase chromosomes from bovine kidney, show little or no staining for nonhistone protein. Regions of frog liver nuclei which contain extended chromatin (euchromatin) stain intensely for nonhistone protein. These differences in nonhistone staining of condensed and extended chromatin support the suggestion that regions of condensed chromatin contain considerably less nonhistone protein than regions of extended chromatin. The results suggest further that there may be considerably less nonhistone protein associated with chromosomes and interphase heterochromatin than has been reported in most previous analyses of isolated chromatin and chromosome preparations.
Improved change detection with local co-registration adjustments

We introduce a simple approach to compensate for the effects of residual misregistration on the performance of anomalous change detection algorithms. Using real data, both within a simulation framework for anomalous changes, and with a real anomalous change, we illustrate the approach and investigate its effectiveness.
A 2-Gb/s 5.6-mW digital equalizer for a LOS/NLOS receiver in the 60GHz band

The wide unlicensed bandwidth of a 60GHz channel presents an attractive opportunity for high data rate and low power personal area networks (PANs). The use of single-carrier modulation is beneficial for efficient transmitter and receiver implementation. Equalization of the long channel response in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions presents a significant challenge. A digital equalizer for 60GHz channels has been designed for both line of sight (LOS) and NLOS channel conditions based on the IEEE WPAN standard. Power consumption is minimized by using parallelized distributed arithmetic (DA). A 2mm ×2mm test chip in 65nm CMOS implements a 6-tap feedforward and 32-tap feedback equalizer that consumes 5.6mW at 2.0Gb/s throughput.
A real-time 3D scanning system for pavement distortion inspection

Pavement distortions, such as rutting and shoving, are the common pavement distress problems that need to be inspected and repaired in a timely manner to ensure ride quality and traffic safety. This paper introduces a real-time, low-cost inspection system devoted to detecting these distress features using high-speed 3D transverse scanning techniques. The detection principle is the dynamic generation and characterization of the 3D pavement profile based on structured light triangulation. To improve the accuracy of the system, a multi-view coplanar scheme is employed in the calibration procedure so that more feature points can be used and distributed across the field of view of the camera. A sub-pixel line extraction method is applied for the laser stripe location, which includes filtering, edge detection and spline interpolation. The pavement transverse profile is then generated from the laser stripe curve and approximated by line segments. The second-order derivatives of the segment endpoints are used to identify the feature points of possible distortions. The system can output the real-time measurements and 3D visualization of rutting and shoving distress in a scanned pavement.
Focal adhesion: getting a grasp on myxobacterial gliding

The gliding motility of individual bacterial cells has been a deep mystery so far. Recent results provide the first molecular-level insights into the mechanism of this process.
Automatic system for counting etched holes in thin dielectric plastics

Abstract Rapid determination of track densities in dielectric plastics is desirable for many experiments. A fast counting system similar to that described by Cross and Tommasino has been built for use with thin polycarbonates exposed to fission fragments. Experimental details concerning construction, calibration, and use of this system are discussed and the accuracy of the system is evaluated. An efficiency of about 80% was determined for this apparatus. This system is very useful in investigationswhere track densities less than 100 tracks/cm2 are encountered and where a reproducibility of ±10% is acceptable.
A Characterization of the Language of Iftah ya Simsim: Sociolinguistic and Educational Implications for Arabic.

Karakterizo de la lingvaĵo de Iftah yā Simsim:Socilingvistikaj kaj edukaj implicoj por la arabaLa artikolo traktas la lingvaĵon de Iftah yā Simsim, la arablingva adapto de Sesame Street. La diskuto fokusiĝas je tri ĉefaj punktoj: (1) elekto de lielnomata "simpligita" norma araba kiel lingvo de la serio, (2) difino de tiu lingva varianto laǔ ĝiaj Hngvaj karaktcrizoj, kaj (3) implicoj de tiu elekto por la estonteco de la araba kaj por arablingva instruado.
Radial-hydride embrittlement of high-burnup zircaloy-4 fuel cladding

Prestorage drying operations of high-burnup fuel may make Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) fuel cladding more susceptible to failure, especially during fuel handling, transport, and post-storage retrieval. In particular, hydride precipitates may reorient from the circumferential to the radial direction of the cladding during drying operations if a threshold level of hoop stress at or above a corresponding threshold temperature is exceeded. This study indicates that the threshold stress is approximately 75–80 MPa for both nonirradiated and high-burnup stress-relieved Zry-4 fuel cladding cooled from 400°C and, under ring compression at both room temperature and 150°C, that radial-hydride precipitation embrittles Zry-4. Specifically, the plastic tensile hoop strain needed to initiate unstable crack propagation along radial hydrides decreases dramatically from >8% to lt;1% as radial-hydride fraction increases. Lower hydrogen contents (lr;300wppm) appear to be more susceptible to radial-hydride embrittlement compared to hig...
Influence of ApoE Content on Receptor Binding of Large, Buoyant LDL in Subjects With Different LDL Subclass Phenotypes

Abstract —We investigated the influence of apolipoprotein (apo) E–containing particles on LDL receptor binding of large, buoyant LDL subfractions (LDL I) from subjects with predominantly large (phenotype A) and small (phenotype B) LDL particles. Direct binding by human fibroblast LDL receptors was tested at 4°C before and after removal of apoE-containing particles by immunoaffinity chromatography. The binding affinity of total LDL I in phenotype B was greater than that in phenotype A ( K d of 1.83±0.3 and 3.43±0.9 nmol/L, respectively, P <.05). LDL I from phenotype B subjects had a higher apoE to apoB molar ratio than did that from phenotype A (0.16±0.04 versus 0.06±0.02, P <.05). Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of apoE-containing LDL I isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography revealed a substantially larger peak particle diameter than in apoE-free LDL I, and comparison of LDL I composition before and after immunoaffinity chromatography suggested an increase in triglyceride content of apoE-containing particles. After removal of these particles, there was a greater than twofold reduction in LDL receptor affinity of phenotype B LDL ( K d of 1.83±0.3 to 3.76±0.6, P <.01), whereas in phenotype A no change was observed ( K d of 3.43±0.9 to 3.57±0.4, respectively). The receptor affinity of apoE-free LDL I from phenotype A and B subjects did not differ. These findings confirm that large, buoyant LDL particles from phenotype B subjects have a higher LDL receptor affinity than does LDL I from phenotype A subjects and suggest that this difference is due to an increased content of large, triglyceride-enriched, apoE-containing lipoproteins. It is possible that the accumulation of these particles reflects abnormalities in the metabolism of remnant lipoproteins that contribute to atherosclerosis risk in phenotype B subjects.
Flow flash kinetics of the cytochrome a3-oxygen reaction in coupled and uncoupled mitochondria using the liquid dye laser☆

Abstract The duality of crossover responses of cytochromes a3 and c indicate energy-coupling sites between c and the oxidase, and between the oxidase and oxygen. Thermodynamic data indicate that the a3 component specifically responds to ATP with a decrease of redox potential of approximately 100 mV. A kinetic analysis of cytochrome oxidase in intact mitochondrial membranes seems necessary to identify the kinetic repercussions of the steady state and thermodynamic observations. A special form of the dualwavelength spectrophotometric technique termed “cycle selection” has been devised to permit the recording of absorbancy changes from 150 μsec onward. The new technique is compatible with the existing high-precision 60-Hz light modulation of the instrument and allows its application to flow-flash photolysis methods which employ the 0.4-μsec pulses of 585-nm light from the recently developed liquid dye laser. The data indicate precisely the slope and the halftime of the cytochrome oxidase kinetics in the time range of a few tenths of a millisecond to 8 msec. The oxidation of cytochrome a3 under experimental conditions employed is substantially complete at 3 msec, the corresponding second-order velocity constant is 3.3 × 107 m −1 sec−1 at 24 ° in good agreement with the previous determinations. Addition of ATP causes nearly complete oxidation of cytochrome a and partial oxidation of a3 in the anaerobic system due to reversed electron flow. In addition, it decreases the slope of the a3 kinetics by a factor of 3. Since the previous data have shown slowing of cytochrome c oxidation by ATP (time range of 8–25 msec) this observation affords an explanation for the existence of crossover points between cytochrome a3 and oxygen and cytochromes c and a. Thus, control of electron flow operates on both the oxidizing and reducing reactions of the cytochrome oxidase.
Late Eocene microtektites and radiolarian extinctions on Barbados

A late Eocene microtektite layer has been found in three exposed sections on Barbados, West Indies. These microtektites and associated tektite fragments are compositionally similar to the North American tektites and thus, like the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico microtektites, may belong to the strewn field of ‘North American’ microtektites which have been found in deep-sea deposits from the Caribbean Sea, across the Pacific and into the northeastern Indian Ocean1,2. The ‘North American’ layer has been reported to be approximately synchronous with several radiolarian extinctions3,4 and with an anomaly in iridium concentrations5–7, and it has been hypothesized that the microtektites, the extinctions and the iridium anomaly are all related to an asteroid impact. We report here that the radiolarian extinctions predate the microtektite layer and that the highest Ir concentrations apparently coincide with the extinctions. Thus, although the extinctions may be causally related to the Ir anomaly, the microtektites appear not to be.
I Dare You

A 23-year-old man presented to the emergency department with thigh and flank pain. His medical history was unremarkable. Serum test results included the following: aspartate aminotransferase, 4007 U/L (reference interval, 11–47 U/L); alanine aminotransferase, 715 U/L (reference interval, 7–53 U/L); alkaline phosphatase, 67 U/L (reference interval, 38–126 U/L); lactate dehydrogenase, 6150 U/L (reference interval, 100–250 U/L); creatinine, 1.6 mg/dL (141 μmol/L) [reference interval, 0.7–1.3 mg/dL (62–115 μmol/L)]. A urine …
Stress and cognitive function

Stress affects cognition in a number of ways, acting rapidly via catecholamines and more slowly via glucocorticoids. Catecholamine actions involve beta adrenergic receptors and also availability of glucose, whereas glucocorticoids biphasically modulate synaptic plasticity over hours and also produce longer-term changes in dendritic structure that last for weeks. Prolonged exposure to stress leads to loss of neurons, particularly in the hippocampus. Recent evidence suggests that the glucocorticoid- and stress-related cognitive impairments involving declarative memory are probably related to the changes they effect in the hippocampus, whereas the stress-induced catecholamine effects on emotionally laden memories are postulated to involve structures such as the amgydala.
A New Sensitive Bio-ass ay for Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A specific and very sensitive assay method for FSH using intact immature female mice was devised. This method is based on the synergism between FSH and a small amount of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The test material mixed together with 0.25 IU or 0.1 IU HCG is injected subcutaneously daily for 3 days into intact immature female mice. On the fourth day, necropsy is performed and uterine weight is measured after evacuation of any fluid. Using NIH-FSH and IRP-HMG, linear log-dose response curves were obtained. By contrast, the ovine NIH-LH standard evoked no significant response when administered in doses up to 200 μg. Contamination of FSH with over 10 μg NIH-LH sometimes reduced the uterine response caused by FSH; however, contamination with less than 6 μg NIH-LH did not interfere with the response. Other anterior and posterior hypophysial hormones did not give any significant response when administered with HCG. The minimal effective dose of NIH-FSH-S-1 ovine standard and International Reference P...
Nondegrading color transparencies

A technique which records permanent images is presented. This image is encoded into three interference filters representing the three subtractive primaries and one neutral density layer. Unlike current photographic dyes the dielectric filters will not absorb light and, therefore, will not suffer from the fading problems that are inherent in photographic slides.
trans-4-Acetylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid and (+/-)-trans-2-acetylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid: hydrogen-bonding patterns in two isomeric keto acids.

Both title compounds, C(9)H(14)O(3), display carboxyl-dimer hydrogen-bonding patterns. The 4-acetyl isomer adopts a chiral conformation with negligible disordering of the methyl and carboxyl groups and forms centrosymmetric dimers across the b and c edges of the chosen cell [O.O = 2.667 (3) A and O-H.O = 175 degrees ]. Intermolecular C-H.O close contacts were found for both carbonyl groups. In the 2-acetyl isomer, there is no intramolecular interaction between the carboxyl and acetyl groups and the hydrogen bonding involves centrosymmetric carboxyl dimerization across the ab and ac faces of the chosen cell [O.O = 2.668 (2) A and O-H.O = 173 degrees ]. The carboxyl group is negligibly disordered, but significant rotational disordering was found for the acetyl methyl group. An intermolecular C-H.O close contact was found involving the ketone group.
Reactive oxygen species up-regulate p53 and Puma; a possible mechanism for apoptosis during combined treatment with TRAIL and wogonin.

Background and purpose: Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers apoptotic death in a variety of cancer cells without marked toxicity to most normal cells. We previously reported that wogonin, a potent anticancer agent from a Chinese herb, up-regulates p53 in prostate cancer cells. In this study, the effects of combinations of TRAIL and wogonin on a human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, resistant to TRAIL, was evaluated for evidence of synergy in triggering apoptosis. Experimental approach: Western blot assay and the ‘comet’ assay were used to study the underlying mechanisms of cell death and search for any mechanisms of enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the presence of wogonin. Key results: During combined treatment with wogonin and TRAIL, cytotoxicity, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and caspase activation were associated with up-regulation of p53 through DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, inhibited ROS generation and synergistic interaction between TRAIL and wogonin. Experimental results in human colon cancer HCT116 cells demonstrated that p53-dependent Puma up-regulation played an important role; deficiency in either p53 or Puma prevented wogonin-enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Conclusions and implications: The present studies suggest that wogonin enhances TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity through up-regulation of p53 and Puma, mediated by ROS.
Dynamic modeling and computer control of a retort for thermal processing

Abstract The process dynamics and evaluation of analog pneumatic control and digital control of a batch retort were studied. Sensor dynamics of the analog controller resulted in poor control for arbitrary set-point tracking of the retort temperature. The retort dynamics were determined to be nonlinear in terms of the process gain, and time constant for changes in the steam supply input. A model was developed to describe this behavior and a digital proportional-integral controller was designed from simulation studies. This controller, with an anti-windup feature, was an excellent controller for regulation of the retort temperature to within ± 0.1 °C. It was also shown that to maintain this level of control the controller parameters need to be scheduled according to steam supply conditions and processing set-point.
TORCH:: A Literature Review and Implications for Practice

Major issues related to TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalo virus, and herpes virus) perinatal infection are of concern to maternity and neonatal nurses. General and congenital modes of transmission, associated congenital defects, incidence of infection, and relative fetal/neonatal effects of primary as compared to recurrent maternal infection are described. Associated nursing implications emphasizing prenatal prevention and early detection, intrapartal management, neonatal symptom detection, and nursery infection control as well as concerns about breastfeeding with maternal TORCH are discussed.
Cardiac devices and electromagnetic interference revisited: new radiofrequency technologies and implications for dermatologic surgery.

Background and ObjectiveAs the number of patients with implantable cardiac devices escalates, inadvertent electromagnetic interference (EMI) by electrosurgery carries increasing concern for patient safety. Given the trend for dermatologic care delivery by nonphysician providers, supervising physicia
Reformulation of pizza crust in restaurants may increase whole-grain intake among children.

Objective Whole-grain intake among children is well below recommendations. The purpose of the present study was to test the acceptability and liking of pizza made with whole-grain crust compared with refined-grain crust among children in restaurant and school settings. Design Plate waste data were collected via observation from child restaurant patrons consuming pizza made with either whole-grain or refined-grain crust. Waste was estimated by trained observers over eight months (August 2012–March 2013). Percentage waste was calculated and compared by crust type. A taste test was conducted with school children who tasted pizza made with whole-grain crust alongside pizza made with refined-grain crust and rated their liking of each product. Liking ratings were compared by crust type. Setting Five Green Mill restaurant (a Midwest US chain) locations and one elementary school in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. Subjects Child restaurant patrons (n 394) and school children (n 120, grades 3–5). Results Children consumed as much of the pizza made with whole-grain crust (42·1 %) as the pizza made with refined-grain crust (44·6 %; P=0·55), based on an average serving size of 350–400 g. Liking ratings for both types of pizza were high (>4·5 of 5) and did not differ by crust type (P=0·47). Conclusions These positive consumption and liking outcomes indicate that whole-grain pizza crust is well accepted among children in a restaurant setting. The impact on whole-grain intake could be substantial if large, national restaurant chains served pizza made with whole-grain crust.