cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering theory of ballistic-electron-emission microscopy at nonepitaxial interfaces

We present an interface scattering model to describe ballistic-electron-emission microscopy (BEEM) at nonepitaxial metal/semiconductor interfaces. The model starts with a Hamiltonian consisting of the sum of two terms: one term, ${H}_{0},$ describes an ideal interface for which the interface parallel component of wave vector is a good quantum number, and the second term, $\ensuremath{\delta}H,$ describes interfacial scattering centers. The eigenstates of ${H}_{0}$ consist of an incident and a reflected part in the metal and a transmitted part in the semiconductor. The three components of each eigenstate have the same interface parallel wave vector. Because tunneling preferentially weights forward-directed states, the interface parallel component of wave vector is small for the ${H}_{0}$ eigenstates that are initially populated with high probability in BEEM. $\ensuremath{\delta}H$ scatters electrons between the eigenstates of ${H}_{0}.$ The scattering conserves energy, but not the interface parallel wave vector. In the final state of the scattering process, states with a large interface parallel wave vector can be occupied with reasonable probability. If scattering is weak, so that the parallel wave vector is nearly conserved, the calculated collector current into conduction-band valleys with zero parallel wave vector at the minimum, such as the \ensuremath{\Gamma} valley for GaAs(100), is much larger than the calculated collector current into conduction-band valleys with a large parallel wave vector at the minimum, such as the L valleys for GaAs(100). However, if scattering is strong, the injected electron flux distribution is redistributed and valleys with zero interface transverse wave vector at their energy minimum are not preferentially weighted. Instead, the weighting varies as the density of final states for the scattering process so that, for example, the calculated L-channel collector current is much larger than the calculated \ensuremath{\Gamma}-channel collector current for GaAs(100). Interfacial scattering reduces the overall magnitude of the calculated BEEM current near threshold for GaAs. We generalize the model to describe buried heterostructures and apply it to the Au/GaAs(100) interface and ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructures buried beneath this interface. Experimental results on these materials are presented and compared with the model. Strong scattering is required to describe the observed BEEM currents for Au/GaAs(100) and buried ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructures.
Color relations and the power of complexity

Color-order systems highlight certain features of color phenomenology while neglecting others. It is misleading to speak as if there were a single “psychological color space” that might be described by a rather simple formal structure. Criticisms of functionalism based on multiple realizations of a too-simple formal description of chromatic pheno-menal relations thus miss the mark. It is quite implausible that a functional system representing the full complexity of human color phenomenology should be realizable by radically different qualitative states.
Abdominal pain as a manifestation of epilepsy (abdominal epilepsy) in children.

Summary 1. Clinical and electroencephalographic studies on fourteen children who suffered with recurrent paroxysmal attacks of abdominal pain considered to be of cerebral origin (abdominal epilepsy) are presented. 2. All of these patients presented one or more of the following features: a. Recurrent attacks of abdominal pain followed by postictal-like exhaustion and sleep. b. Electroencephalographic abnormalities. c. A favorable clinical response to Dilantin therapy.
Projections from the orbital gyrus in the cat. I. To brain stem structures.

Direct projections from the anterior part of the orbital gyrus and its immediate vicinity to the brain stem in the cat were investigated by means of the Nauta and Marchi methods. These experiments were carried out in an attempt to identify the anatomical substrates subserving orbital-gyral inhibitory influences on somatic reflexes. The cortical layers of the anterior orbital gyrus and the immediately surrounding cortex were ablated unilaterally. Preterminal degeneration was found bilaterally in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The most consoicuous degeneration occurred in the interpoler nuclei, caudal parts of the oral nuclei, and rostral portions of the caudal nuclei of the spinal trigeminal complex. Thus, degeneration was found in the trigeminal sensory nucleus from the level of the inferior olive rostrally to levels just caudal to the obex. Preterminal degeneration was also observed bilaterally in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Heavy preterminal degeneration was found in the reticular formation of the rostral midbrain and moderate degeneration was observed in the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation, the pontile reticular substance and medullary reticular nuclei. Based on these findings, the possible pathways involved in the mediation of orbital-cortically induced inhibition on somatic reflexes were discussed.
Does democracy lead to good governance? The question applied to Africa and Latin America

This research bridges two well-established bodies of literature; democratization literature and development literature. Scholars in the first camp frequently focus on the relationship between democracy and economic performance, whereas researchers adhering to the second camp often attempt to establish the link between good governance and sustainable economic and social development. However, both groups fall short of systematically linking the effect of democracy to good governance. Focusing on Africa and Latin America this research fills this gap by examining whether democracy and democratization lead to more responsible and effective governance. Through pooled time-series analysis this article reveals a strong significant effect of democracy on good governance. This article also illustrates that a state's move toward democracy immediately triggers improved governance practices, albeit with a stronger effect on Africa than on Latin America.
Insect Production from Temporary and Perennially Flowing Headwater Streams in Western Oregon

ABSTRACT To evaluate the contribution of headwater streams to the forest ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest, we used emergence traps to examine the effect of stream flow (perennial vs. dry-season temporary) on emergent aquatic insect fauna at three sites in the conifer forests of western Oregon. Total density and biomass of aquatic insects were higher in temporary streams than in perennial streams. Taxonomic richness was consistently higher in perennial streams. The number of Chironomidae exceeded those of all other taxa during the spring, but the chironomids were largely replaced by Mycetophilidae as the most abundant taxon during the summer, especially in temporary streams. Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera emerged in higher numbers from perennial than from temporary streams. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the absence of vertebrate predators (fish and giant salamanders) allows the populations of arthropods in temporary streams to flourish, serving as: (1) a potential source of coloniz...
Slip History of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, Earthquake Determined from Strong Motion, Teleseismic, and Geodetic Data

Near-source ground motions, teleseismic body waveforms, and geodetic displacements produced by the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake have been used to determine the spatial and temporal dislocation pattern on the faulting surfaces. A linear, least-squares approach was used to invert the data sets both independently and in unison in order to investigate the resolving power of each data set and to determine a model most consistent with all the available data. A two-fault model was used, with a single rupture plane representing faulting beneath Kobe and a second plane representing slip underneath Awaji Island. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 2.4×1019Nm (MW 6.9), with rupture partitioned such that about 40% of the slip was relatively deep (5-20 km) and northeast of the epicenter toward Kobe, and about 60% was toward the southwest and shallower (mostly 0-10 km) beneath Awaji Island. Analysis of the slip model indicates that the ground motions recorded within the severely damaged region of Kobe originated from the region of relatively low slip (about 1 m) deep beneath Kobe and not from the shallow, higher slip regions (about 3 m) beneath Awaji Island. Although the slip was relatively low beneath Kobe, the combined effects of source rupture directivity, a short slip duration, and site amplification conspired to generate very damaging ground motions within the city.
The role of postoperative testosterone in repair of iatrogenic hypospadias in rabbits.

Abstract Introduction Testosterone administered preoperatively in hypospadiac children increases phallic size and improves skin vascularity. We histologically evaluated the role of postoperative testosterone in tissue remodeling in an animal model. Materials and methods Hypospadias was created in 18 rabbits and repaired with a preputial onlay graft. Animals were randomized to receive either one intramuscular (i.m.) dose of testosterone postoperatively (n = 6), or 2 weeks of daily 1% topical testosterone (n = 6). Control animals underwent the urethral operation, but received no testosterone (n = 6). Penises were harvested at 2 and 5 weeks, and blindly assessed for collagen formation, re-epithelialization and fibrosis, and complications. Results Of the animals sacrificed at 2 weeks, those that received testosterone had a greater incidence of cuboidal epithelium (83%) versus controls (33%). In the 2-week group, animals receiving testosterone had increased fibrosis, periurethral and soft-tissue inflammation compared to controls. By 5 weeks, all differences in fibrosis and inflammation had resolved. No animal developed fistula or diverticulum. Of animals sacrificed at 2 weeks, 67% stained for BrdU, a DNA proliferative marker. At 5 weeks, no non-testosterone rabbit demonstrated positive staining, while 83% of those receiving testosterone were positive. There were no differences between animals that received topical and i.m. testosterone. Conclusion Administration of testosterone following hypospadias repair in rabbits changes the histologic composition of the urothelium and leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response in the supportive stroma. Such treatment may prove a useful adjunct in patients undergoing complex genital reconstruction.
Distinguishing wear and creep in clinically retrieved polyethylene inserts

There is an increasing awareness of the clinical problems associated with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear and failure in orthopedics. To better understand the reasons for wear and failure, methods were developed using polarized light microscopic analysis and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging with correlated elemental analysis to distinguish the contributions of wear, creep, and third-body particulate. This study determined that microscopic metal particles (<10 μm) previously not observed with the stereomicroscope could be easily observed with the BSE technique. BSE imaging identified embedded metal in 5/5 of the tibial and 2/4 of the acetabular inserts, which were thought to be free of metal debris after stereoscopic examination. Correlated elemental analysis showed that the microscopic particles could be traced to the elements known to be present in the porous coatings of the retrieved uncemented implants. Creep was distinguished from wear in the total hip and total knee inserts by using polarized light microscopic techniques. Continued development of polarized light microscopic techniques applied in this investigation should assist biomaterials experts in the future to better distinguish wear and creep in retrieved clinical inserts. The correlated BSE and elemental analysis will assist in determining the roll of microscopic third-body particular in wear and osteolysis in total joint replacement. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A homotopic approach to domain determination and solution refinement for the stationary Fokker–Planck equation

Abstract An iterative approach for the solution refinement of the stationary Fokker–Planck equation is presented. The recursive use of a modified norm induced on the solution domain by the most recent estimate of the stationary probability density function, is shown to significantly improve the accuracy of the approximation over the standard L 2 -norm based Galerkin error projection. The modified norm is argued to be naturally suited to the problem, and hence preferable over the standard L 2 -norm, because the former requires substantially fewer degrees of freedom for the same order of approximation accuracy, making it immediately attractive for the Fokker–Planck equation in higher dimensions. Additionally, it is shown that the modified norm can be utilized to progress through a homotopy of dynamical systems, D p , in order to determine the domain of the stationary distribution of a nonlinear system of interest, (corresponding to p = 1 ) by starting with a known dynamical system (corresponding to p = 0 ) and working upwards. The partition of unity finite element method is used for numerical implementation. The meshless nature of this technique facilitates the application of the modified-norm approach to higher dimensional problems.
High-density lipoprotein and the dynamics of atherosclerotic lesions.

Plump et al1 reported in 1994 that the expression of a human transgene for apoA-I, the major apolipoprotein of HDL, in apoE knockout mice dramatically reduced lesion formation. In the present issue of Circulation , Rong et al2 demonstrate that the composition and structure of advanced atherosclerotic plaques can be significantly altered by the expression of this same transgene. Rong and colleagues2 used a novel transplant model. They fed apoE knockout mice a Western diet for 6 months to generate advanced lesions. Subsequently, they surgically removed portions of the aorta from these mice and transplanted them into the aortas of syngeneic mice on a chow diet, some of which also expressed the transgene for human apoA-I. The recipient mice expressing the human transgene had ≈2.5-fold higher HDL cholesterol levels and expressed 130±15 mg/dL of human apoA-I. The non-HDL cholesterol levels were approximately half of those that had been present in the donor mice and were similar, regardless of whether the transgene was expressed or not. Five months later, despite non-HDL cholesterol levels that were half those of the donor mice, there was progression in the transplanted lesions, although there was less progression in the mice expressing the human apoA-I transgene. However, the characteristics of the lesions were dramatically different. The recipients expressing the transgene had a >80% decrease in lesion macrophage area and a >300% increase in smooth muscle cell content, with most of the changes occurring in the superficial subendothelial layer. See p 2447 In another study, Reis et al3 found that transplanting aortic segments from apoE knockout mice on a Western diet with advanced lesions into the aortas of …
Quantization errors in the computation of the discrete Hartley transform

The principal objective of this paper is the study of the arithmetic roundoff error characteristics of several discrete Hartley transform (DHT) algorithms. We first summarize a variety of efficient DHT algorithms including Bracewell's original decimation-in-time radix-2 algorithm. Statistical models for fixed- and floating-point arithmetic roundoff errors are then used as the basis for a theoretical study of roundoff noise characteristics of a number of the DHT algorithms. The results of a detailed experimental study of roundoff noise are compared to the theoretical predictions. In fixed-point implementation of the decimation-in-time and frequency radix-2 algorithms, it is found that the noise-to-signal ratio increases approximately 1.1 bits per stage. For the floating-point implementation, the number of bits of rms noise-to-signal ratio for all the algorithms increase as \sqrt{\log_{2}N} , so that doubling the number of points produced a mild increase in the output noise.
Attitude Control of a Quadruped Trot While Turning

During a complete running stride, which involves significant periods of flight during which no legs are contacting the ground, a quadruped cannot employ static stability techniques. Instead, the corrective forces necessary to maintain dynamic stability must be applied during the short stance intervals inherent to high-speed running. Because of this complexity and the large coupled forces required to run, much of the research on the control of quadruped running has focused on planar systems which are not required to simultaneously control attitude in all three dimensions. The 3D trot controller presented here overcomes these and other complexities to control a trot up to 3.75 m/s, approximately 3 body lengths per second, and turning rates up to 20 deg/s. The biomimetic method of banking into a high-speed turn is also investigated here. Along with the details of the attitude control algorithm, a set of control principles for high-speed legged motion is presented. These principles, such as the need to counteract the disturbance of swing leg return and the usefulness of force redistribution during stance, are not dependent on a particular scale or actuation scheme and can be applied to a wider range of legged systems.
Cultural Socialization and Ethnic Pride Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents During the Transition to Middle School

The relation between cultural socialization and ethnic pride during the transition to middle school was examined for 674 fifth-grade students (50% boys; Mage = 10.4 years) of Mexican origin. The theoretical model guiding the study proposes that parent–child relationship quality is a resource in the transmission of cultural values from parent to child and that parental warmth promotes the child's positive response to cultural socialization. Results showed that mother and father cultural socialization predicted youth ethnic pride and that this relation was stronger when parents were high in warmth. The findings highlight the positive role parent cultural socialization may play in the development of adolescent ethnic pride. Furthermore, findings reveal the role of parent–child relationship quality in this process.
Routing stability in static wireless mesh networks

Considerable research has focused on the design of routing protocols for wireless mesh networks. Yet, little is understood about the stability of routes in such networks. This understanding is important in the design of wireless routing protocols, and in network planning and management. In this paper, we present results from our measurement-based characterization of routing stability in two network deployments, the UCSB MeshNet and the MIT Roofnet. To conduct these case studies, we use detailed link quality information collected over several days from each of these networks. Using this information, we investigate routing stability in terms of route-level characteristics, such as prevalence, persistence and flapping. Our key findings are the following: wireless routes are weakly dominated by a single route; dominant routes are extremely short-lived due to excessive route flapping; and simple stabilization techniques, such as hysteresis thresholds, can provide a significant improvement in route persistence.
Evidential reconstruction of vessel trees from rotational angiograms

The 3 dimensional reconstruction of vessel trees from rotational digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) sequences has many potential clinical applications. Unfortunately, due to physiological and machine limitations, it is impossible to keep the vessels saturated with contrast material over the time period needed to acquire the DSA sequence using conventional equipment. Thus, it is important that any reconstruction method be able to account for the dynamics of the contrast bolus as it evolves over the DSA sequence. This report describes a method for reconstructing the geometry of the vessel tree from a rotational DSA sequence. The goal of the process is to estimate the likelihood that each voxel contains a vessel using the projection data. The Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is used to combine information about location of the vessels from the different projections contained in the DSA sequence.
Failure biomechanical responses of isolated and intact human thoracic spine structures

This review paper presents an initial synthesis of thoracic spine data from postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) experiments. Data from component, functional and multi-segmental spine units, and intact thoracic column and PMHS models are synthesised using the peak failure force, deflection, stiffness and energy parameters. These responses are evaluated based on two age groups and at low and high strain rates for the upper, middle and lower thoracic spine regions. The analysis shows the complexity of the thoracic spine response to external loading and emphasises the need to obtain data from additional tests by increasing sample sizes and use of other uniaxial and combined loading modes to delineate injuries, injury mechanisms and develop injury risk functions for the development and validation of biofidelic manikins for occupant safety in motor vehicle, sports and military environments including underbody body blast loadings.
Tug of War in Lung Surfactant Components: MiniB Dominates over Cholesterol during Lipid Domain Formation

This is the published version. Copyright © 2015 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
"Bath Salt" Ingestion Leading to Severe Intoxication Delirium: Two Cases and a Brief Review of the Emergence of Mephedrone Use

Background: Recreational use of designer substances containing synthetic cathinones such as mephedrone, commonly sold as “bath salts,” has recently been increasing in the United States (National Institute on Drug Abuse. Available at: http://www.nida.nih.gov/about/welcome/MessageBathSalts211.html. Accessed March 25, 2011; The Washington Post. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/officials-fear-bath-salts-becoming-the-next-big-drug-menace/2011/01/22/ABybyRJ_story.html. Accessed March 25, 2011). “Bath salt” ingestion can generate an intense stimulant toxidrome and has been associated with significant morbidity. Objectives: The authors seek to alert clinicians to the potential for profound delirium, psychosis, and other medical and behavioral sequelae of “bath salt” use. Methods: Case series. Results: We describe our recent experience with two highly agitated and delirious patients following “bath salt” ingestion and offer a brief review of the emergence of this phenomenon. Conclusions: Challe...
A Review of: F. C. S. Schiller on Pragmatism and Humanism: Selected Writings 1891–1939, editedby John R. Shook and Hugh P. McDonald

In 1925 Everett Lee Hunt contributed “Plato and Aristotle on Rhetoric and Rhetoricians” to Studies in Rhetoric and Public Speaking in Honor of James A. Winans. He approvingly noted the work of Ferd...
The C‐terminal domain of Escherichia coli MutY is involved in DNA binding and glycosylase activities

Escherichia coli MutY is an adenine and a weak guanine DNA glycosylase involved in reducing mutagenic effects of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine (8-oxoG). The C-terminal domain of MutY is required for 8-oxoG recognition and is critical for mutation avoidance of oxidative damage. To determine which residues of this domain are involved in 8-oxoG recognition, we constructed four MutY mutants based on similarities to MutT, which hydrolyzes specifically 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP. F294A-MutY has a slightly reduced binding affinity to A/G mismatch but has a severe defect in A/8-oxoG binding at 20 degrees C. The catalytic activity of F294A-MutY is much weaker than that of the wild-type MutY. The DNA binding activity of R249A-MutY is comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme but the catalytic activity is reduced with both A/G and A/8-oxoG mismatches. The biochemical activities of F261A-MutY are nearly similar to those of the wild-type enzyme. The solubility of P262A-MutY was improved as a fusion protein containing streptococcal protein G (GB1 domain) at its N-terminus. The binding of GB1-P262A-MutY with both A/G and A/8-oxoG mismatches are slightly weaker than those of the wild-type protein. The catalytic activity of GB1-P262A-MutY is weaker than that of the wild-type enzyme at lower enzyme concentrations. Importantly, all four mutants can complement mutY mutants in vivo when expressed at high levels; however, F294A, R249A and P262A, but not F261A, are partially defective in vivo when they are expressed at low levels. These results strongly support that the C-terminal domain of MutY is involved not only in 8-oxoG recognition, but also affects the binding and catalytic activities toward A/G mismatches.
Integrated Laser Diodes and Photodetectors with Antenna for Dual-Mode Wireless Communication

Bare die laser diodes and photodetectors are placed in the radiation path of quasi-Yagi antenna on Duriod substrate as additional antenna director. Independent operation is observed for dual-mode wireless communication.
Teaching the nonscience major: EE101-The digital information age

EE 10l-The Digital Information Age, a course taught for the past six years to nonscience majors and freshmen considering electrical engineering as a major, is one the largest courses at Yale with a cumulative enrollment of approximately 2700 students. The goal is to describe how common-place digital information systems work and why they work that way by illustrating clever engineering solutions to technological problems. The course considers the following topics: information sources; logic gates; computer hardware; and software, measuring information using entropy, error detection and correction coding, compression, encryption, data transmission and data manipulation by computer. Earlier versions of EE101 included both hardware and software projects. The hardware project was to implement a bean counter using digital logic modules. The software project involved writing a personal World Wide Web page and developing a Web page for a Yale-affiliated organization. Recent versions replated the hardware project with additional Internet projects that receive data from a Web page viewer and that measure transmission times and the number of nodes between a source and destination. Having completed the course, students feel that they have an appreciation for the digital information systems they encounter on a daily basis.
Performance analysis of an insider threat mitigation model

In this work, we presented an approach to extract knowledge out of an object. A graph theory approach to represent and manage the knowledge is explained. We then presented a performance analysis for an insider threat mitigation model proposed earlier. We relied on some characteristics of the insiders and the decomposition of objects in the underlying system in developing our method and conducting our simulation. Our modelpsilas results showed great resistance against such attacks.
Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a deadly disease that often requires more than radical surgery for optimal management. The best level one evidence supports the use of neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy followed by surgery. There remains controversy, however, with some continuing to argue in favor of selective adjuvant chemotherapy only in the highest risk patients. Certain patients and situations argue in favor of a surgery-first approach, with selective chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting. There is a need for better markers for disease risk and progression in advanced bladder cancer to identify those who would benefit the most from aggressive, multimodal therapy. Further studies are needed to address the ongoing questions that remain in the management of this disease.
Low-cost orthographic imagery

Commercial aerial imagery websites, such as Google Maps, MapQuest, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and Yahoo! Maps, provide high- seamless orthographic imagery for many populated areas, employing sophisticated equipment and proprietary image postprocessing pipelines. There are many areas of the world with poor coverage where locals might benefit from recent, high-resolution orthographic imagery, but which do not fit into the schedules and scaling model of the big sites.This paper describes MapStitcher, a system that orthorectifies and geographically registers imagery using only low-cost capturing equipment. MapStitcher combines manually-entered relationships between images and known ground references with a MOPs-based image-stitching technique that automatically discovers image-to-image relationships. Our image registration pipeline first extracts and matches feature points, then clusters images, then uses RANSAC-initialized bundle adjustment to simultaneously optimize all constraints over the entire image set. Simultaneous optimization balances the requirements of precise stitching and absolute placement accuracy. We used this technique to image a portion of the Skagit River Valley in the vicinity of the town of Concrete, WA (pop. 790) at 0.15 m/pixel. Our technique is more accurate than stitching followed by "rubber-sheeting" (deforming the stitched image into global coordinates), while it also requires less effort and produces a better-stitched composite than rubber-sheeting images separately.
Brightfield iADC Applications for Yield Learning and Excursion Monitoring

Inline ADC provides classification data for all detected wafer defects at run time, without having a negative impact on tool throughput. MTV has successfully used iADC to monitor excursions as well as predict probe fails using inline inspections. The use of iADC has reduced MTV's reliance on SEM review and allowed for more consistent disposition of process issues on the production floor. While iADC is not a standalone solution to yield improvement, it does provide another powerful tool for the defect engineer
Parallel adaptive mesh refinement for first‐order system least squares

SUMMARY This paper develops new adaptive mesh refinement strategies for first-order system least squares (FOSLS) in conjunction with algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods in the context of nested iteration (NI). The goal is to reach a certain error tolerance with the least amount of computational cost and nearly uniform distribution of the error over all elements. To accomplish this, the refinement decisions at each refinement level are determined on the basis of minimizing the ‘accuracy-per-computational-cost’ efficiency (ACE) measure that takes into account both error reduction and computational cost. The NI-FOSLS-AMG-ACE approach produces a sequence of refinement levels in which the error is equally distributed across elements on a relatively coarse grid. Once the solution is numerically resolved, refinement becomes nearly uniform. Accommodations of the ACE approach to massively distributed memory architectures involve a geometric binning strategy to reduce communication cost. Load balancing begins at very coarse levels. Elements and nodes are redistributed using parallel quadtree structures and a space-filling curve, which automatically ameliorates load balancing issues at finer levels. Numerical results show that the NI-FOSLS-AMG-pACE approach is able to provide highly accurate approximations to rapidly varying solutions at relatively low cost. Excellent weak and strong scalability are demonstrated on 4096 processors for problems with 15 million biquadratic elements.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yin-Yang1 Is Required in the Mammalian Oocyte for Follicle Expansion

The multifaceted polycomb group gene Yin-Yang1 (Yy1) has been implicated in a variety of transcriptional regulatory roles both as an activator and silencer of gene expression. Here we examine the role of Yy1 during oocyte growth by conditional deletion of the locus in the growing oocyte. Our results indicate that YY1 is required for oocyte maturation and granulosa cell expansion. In mutant oocytes, we observe severely reduced expression of both Gdf9 and Bmp15, suggesting a mechanism underlying the failure of granulosa cell expansion. Consequently, we observe infertility, failure of estrus cycling, and altered reproductive hormone levels in mutant females. Additionally, we find that YY1-deficient oocytes exhibit altered levels of several oocyte-specific factors, including Pou5f1, Figla, Lhx8, Oosp1, and Sohlh2. These results document YY1's involvement in folliculogenesis and ovarian function in the mouse and indicate that YY1 is required specifically in the oocyte for oocyte-granulosa cell communication.
5-Hydroxytryptamine1B Receptors Modulate the Effect of Cocaine on c-fos Expression: Converging Evidence Using 5-Hydroxytryptamine1B Knockout Mice and the 5-Hydroxytryptamine1B/1D Antagonist GR127935

Serotonergic transmission has been suggested to modulate the effects of cocaine. However, the specific receptors and brain structures underlying this phenomenon have not been identified. To test the possible contribution of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1B(5-HT1B) receptor, we studied the induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos elicited by cocaine in knockout mice lacking this receptor. 5-HT1B knockout mice display a markedly reduced effect of cocaine on c-fosinduction in different brain structures, most notably in the striatum. In addition, the administration to wild-type mice of the 5-HT1B receptor agonist RU24969 results in a striatal induction of c-fos expression very similar to that induced by cocaine in its time course, cellular and anatomical distribution, and pharmacology. Here, we also report the ability of a 5-HT1D receptor antagonist, GR127935, to antagonize 5-HT1B receptors in vivo. Finally, when administered to wild-type mice, GR127935 reduces the increase in striatal c-fos expression elicited by cocaine. These converging lines of evidence obtained with the knockout mice and 5-HT1B/1D antagonist indicate that cocaine acts as an indirect agonist of 5-HT1B receptors in vivoand demonstrate that activation of 5-HT1B receptors contributes to the cellular responses elicited by cocaine.
Ten-Year Survey of Physical Fitness Tests at Yale University

Abstract This study is a survey of the achievement of freshman students at Yale University on six tests of Physical Fitness which are administered as part of the regular program of physical education. The data covers a period of ten years, from 1947 to 1956, during which time approximately 10,000 undergraduates were tested. The tests used were: pull ups, push ups, fence vault, sit ups, standing broad jump, and vertical jump.
Adaptive Estimation of Disturbance Torque for Orbiting Spacecraft Using Recursive Least Squares Method

This paper develops a novel disturbance torque estimator for orbiting spacecraft by utilizing the adaptive least-squares parameter estimation techniques. The disturbance estimation is first formulated as adaptive least-squares minimization problem using a set of orthogonal regression functions, and then integrated with the feedback momentum estimator. The covariance update law with a variable forgetting factor is used and it is shown that the convergent rate for estimation errors can be made at the same level as the forgetting factor. The proposed approach is particularly appropriate for orbiting small or micro satellite applications, where the momentum actuation capacity is often limited, and if the on-board disturbance torque estimation is proved to be feasible, then the disturbance torque can be used as a part of control source for spacecraft attitude maneuvers. The simulation results will show the efficacy of the proposed concept.
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Conflicts, and Recent Quantitative Research in American Political History

During the past decade, historians have contributed significantly to our understanding of the roles played by ethnic groups and conflicts in American politics. Their ongoing research stands as one major achievement of "The 'New' Political History," a quantitative and behavioral exploration of politics over a long span of the nation's history.1 In studying past popular political behavior, historians have drawn on the methodological and substantive advances of political scientists and political so? ciologists in the study of contemporary political behavior in the United States. Thus they have sought to comprehend mass political behavior in various his? torical settings not simply by intensively studying newspapers, manuscript collections, and other sources reflecting the views of articulate individuals and elites that may or may not have been representative of broader, inarticulate seg? ments of the electorate, but by systematically analyzing election returns in the light of data regarding the cultural and socio-economic characteristics of voting districts. Further, they have ventured into their study of the past armed with the
Dependence with complete connections and the Gauss–Kuzmin theorem for N-continued fractions

Abstract We consider a family { T N : N ≥ 1 } of interval maps as generalizations of the Gauss transformation. For the continued fraction expansion arising from T N , we solve its Gauss–Kuzmin-type problem by applying the theory of random systems with complete connections by Iosifescu.
A Two-Dimensional Lock-In Algorithm for Signal Analysis in Patterned Images

Goal : We extend a classic signal processing algorithm, the lock-in amplifier, to two dimensions to extract the signal in patterned images. Methods : The algorithm was evaluated using simulated image data and experimental microscopy images to determine the fluorescence signal of fluorescently labeled proteins adsorbed on surfaces patterned with chemical vapor deposition. Results : The algorithm was capable of retrieving the signal with a signal-to-noise ratio as low as –20 dB. Optimal parameters were determined for the pattern design. Conclusion : The lock-in algorithm is a powerful technique for 1/ f noise removal. Significance : The methodology holds promise not only for the measurement of adsorption events on patterned surfaces but in all situations where a signal has to be extracted from a noisy background in two or more dimensions.
Leaf Senescence of Different Leaf Color Rice and Its Response to Light Intensity

With near-isogenic line fgl(faded green leaf)and Zhefu 802(recurrent parent,green leaf)as materials,the leaf senescence course of different leaf color rice was compared,and the effect of light intensity on leaf senescence was studied.Under natural light intensity,fgl rice lines senesced more slowly than normal green leaf rice Zhefu 802.The chlorophyll content,leaf area index and photosynthetic rate of fgl lines decreased more slowly than those of Zhefu 802,especially at the initial grain-filling stage and late grain-filling stage.Moreover,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity of flag leaves in fgl lines decreased more slowly,while malonaldehyde(MDA)content increased faster compared to Zhefu 802 after flowering.Low irradiance delayed rice leaf senescence.The chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO2 concentration,stomatal conductance of Zhefu 802 increased significantly at 85% of natural light intensity compared to natural light intensity,while the photosynthetic rate of fgl was stable and insensitive to light intensity changes.
Control of pain.

Pain in critically ill and injured pediatric patients may go unrecognized and undertreated since children often suffer silently and caretakers are often fearful to intervene aggressively to alleviate pain. Methods are now readily available to relieve pain in the vast majority of ICU patients. Administration of inadequate doses of opioids at infrequent intervals or via a noxious route (intramuscularly) can be supplanted by far superior pain management methods. Provision of nearly constant therapeutic levels of opioid via a painless route is recommended and will usually be well tolerated even by very sick children. This can be achieved by the use of continuous intravenous infusions of opioids, PCA, or epidural administration of local anesthetics or opioids. Flexibility is essential so that the appropriate technique or agent can be selected for a particular pediatric ICU patient.
Opposite effect of lysine on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonate and by other aggregants.

Earlier, we found that e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen, but not aggregation by arachidonic acid (AA). Since EACA is structurally similar to lysine, yet these two agents exhibit vast difference in their antifibrinolytic activities, we chose to study the effect of lysine on platelet aggregation. We used L-lysine-HCl in these studies because of its high solubility in aqueous solutions while causing no change in pH when added to human plasma. With lysine, we repeatedly found inhibition of ADP-, collagen- and ristocetin-induced aggregation, but potentiation of AA-induced aggregation. Both the inhibitory and potentiation effects were dose-dependent. Low doses of lysine inhibited the secondary phase of aggregation; high doses of it also inhibited the primary phase of aggregation. Potentiation of AA-induced aggregation was accompanied by increased release of serotonin and formation of malondialdehyde. These effects were not confined to human platelets; rat platelets were similarly affected. Platelets, exposed to lysine and then washed and resuspended in an artificial medium not containing lysine, remained hypersensitive to AA, but no longer showed decreased aggregation by collagen. Comparing the effects of lysine with equimolar concentrations of sucrose, EACA, and α-amino-n-butyric acid, we attribute the potent inhibitory effect of lysine to either the excess positive charge or H+ and C1− ions. The -NH2 group on the α-carbon on lysine appears to be the determining factor for the potentiation effect; the effect seems to be exerted on the cyclooxygenase level of AA metabolism. Lysine and other chemicals with platelet-affecting properties similar to lysine may be used as a tool for the study of the many aspects of a platelet aggregation reaction.
Quantum Optics and Entanglement

Although it is now about a century old, in many areas quantum mechanics has become a tool for carrying out practical tasks only in recent decades. Quantum mechanical features such as superposition and entanglement, states with fixed photon number, or single photons in modes tailored to suit a particular application have become prominent tools for applications in communication and cryptography, computing, metrology, lithography, and imaging.
The Colonial Archive, Stereotypes, and the Practice of Psychological Assessment

In this chapter, I wish to argue that the very notion of “racial difference” within psychometric testing norms is problematic and often says more about racial stereotypes and the conditioning of clinicians than it does about the client’s personality or lived experience. What is most neglected in the assessment literature is a more detailed theoretical investigation of diagnostic and clinical bias as it relates to unconscious formulations of racial identities that may be understood “as existing ‘indivisibly between’ the subject and the apparent ‘social objectivity’ of language, symbolic structures, prevailing ideological norms, and political conventions of society” (Hook, 2012, p. 102). Similarly, uses of language, semiotic processes, and discourse analyses are domains that have been greatly undertheorized within the field of psychological assessment and in regard to the written reports of a client’s performance and behavior. What is required in the unpacking of stereotypes and unconscious bias in clinical judgment is what Derek Hook (2005, 2012) calls a “critical psychology of the postcolonial,” which accounts for the embeddedness of racist desires and assessment as a psychopolitical process. Building on the work of scholars such as Spivak (1988), Bulhan (1985), Bhabha (1994), and Fanon (1967), Hook suggests that if newer psychological theories are to be generated regarding the trauma of oppression, they need to include the subversive histories that have implications for political practice. In his article “A Critical Psychology of the Postcolonial,” Hook (2005) writes,
Vitamin K epoxide reductase regulation of androgen receptor activity.

// Ben Yi Tew 1 , Teresa B. Hong 2 , Maya Otto-Duessel 1 , Catherine Elix 1 , Egbert Castro 1 , Miaoling He 1 , Xiwei Wu 3 , Sumanta K. Pal 4 , Markus Kalkum 2 , Jeremy O. Jones 1 1 Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA 3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA 4 Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA Correspondence to: Jeremy O. Jones, email: jjones@coh.org Keywords: prostate cancer, vitamin K epoxide reductase, warfarin, androgen receptor, PPAR Received: July 04, 2016 Accepted: January 04, 2017 Published: January 13, 2017 ABSTRACT Long-term use of warfarin has been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Warfarin belongs to the vitamin K antagonist class of anticoagulants, which inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). The vitamin K cycle is primarily known for its role in γ-carboxylation, a rare post-translational modification important in blood coagulation. Here we show that warfarin inhibits the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR), an important driver of prostate cancer development and progression. Warfarin treatment or knockdown of its target VKOR inhibits the activity of AR both in cell lines and in mouse prostate tissue. We demonstrate that AR can be γ-carboxylated, and mapped the γ-carboxylation to glutamate residue 2 (E2) using mass spectrometry. However, mutation of E2 and other glutamates on AR failed to suppress the effects of warfarin on AR suggesting that inhibition of AR is γ-carboxylation independent. To identify pathways upstream of AR signaling that are affected by warfarin, we performed RNA-seq on prostates of warfarin-treated mice. We found that warfarin inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) signaling, which in turn, inhibited AR signaling. Although warfarin is unfit for use as a chemopreventative due to its anticoagulatory effects, our data suggest that its ability to reduce prostate cancer risk is independent of its anticoagulation properties. Furthermore, our data show that warfarin inhibits PPARγ and AR signaling, which suggests that inhibition of these pathways could be used to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer.