cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Low Frequency Response of Acoustic Foam using In-plane Bending Waves

The acoustic environment during launch is severe and damaging to critical spacecraft components. Sound pressure levels inside the fairing can exceed 130 dB. Conventionally, special acoustic insulation is used for damping out these high acoustic loads; however, they are ineffective below 500 Hz. In this paper, we present an alternative lightweight acoustic barrier using bending wave excitation to improve the low frequency performance of acoustic foam. The system consists of a thin foil layer bonded to a periodic array of rigid spacers that are then bonded to a foam substrate. The goal of the Hybrid Acoustically Layered Foil (HALF) Foam concept was to excite bending waves within the plane of the foil to cause interparticle interactions thus increasing the transmission loss of the foam. To determine the performance of the system, a transmission loss tube was constructed, and the normal incidence transmission loss for each sample was measured. The tests confirmed the excitation of bending waves at the target frequency of 500 Hz and a significant increase, on the order of 8 dB, in the transmission loss. In addition to transmission loss tube testing, a scanning laser vibrometer was used to measure the velocity profile across the surface of the panel. The results clearly demonstrated the excitation of bending waves in the foil. Finally, HALF foam provided better overall performance at a 50% reduction in volume and a 41% reduction in mass compared to plain acoustic foam.
Patients' Recollections of Their Posttraumatic Coma

ABSTRACT:Patients' recollections of posttraumatic coma as viewed retrospectively were explored in this descriptive study. Fifteen patients from two urban north Texas hospitals who incurred traumatic head injury and associated coma (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less for at least six hours) were i
Solution Synthesis of Cu3PdN Nanocrystals as Ternary Metal Nitride Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The synthesis of transition metal nitride nanoparticles is challenging, in part because the unreactive nature of the most common nitrogen reagents necessitates high-temperature and/or high-pressure reaction conditions. Here we report the solution-phase synthesis and characterization of antiperovskite-type Cu3PdN nanocrystals that are multifaceted, uniform, and highly dispersible as colloidal solutions. Colloidal Cu3PdN nanocrystals were synthesized by reacting copper(II) nitrate and palladium(II) acetylacetonate in 1-octadecene with oleylamine at 240 °C. The Cu3PdN nanocrystals were evaluated as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under alkaline conditions, where both Cu3N and Pd nanocrystals are known to be active. The ORR activity of the Cu3PdN nanocrystals appears to be superior to that of Cu3N and comparable to that of Pd synthesized using similar methods, but with significantly improved mass activity than Pd control samples. The Cu3PdN nanocrystals also show greater stability tha...
The Systematics of the Subfamily Ornithodorinae (Acarina: Argasidae). III. Identification of the Larvae of the Eastern Hemisphere

Detailed descriptions, illustrations, host and distributional data, and a key to the larvae of 28 species and 1 subspecies of Ornithodorinae of the Eastern Hemisphere are given. Also, the cosmopolitan Ornithodoros capensis Neumann and Otobius megnini (Duges) as well as the Eastern Hemisphere subgenera of Argas are included in the key.
Effect of ACTH and cortisone on homogenous kidney transplants.

ConclusionsThe length of survival or function of homogenous kidney transplants is not improved by the administration of ACTH or cortisone.
Integrated sample preparation methodology for proteomics: analysis of native proteins.

An innovative sample preparation strategy is reported for protein identification in complex mixtures based on integration of affinity chromatographic selection and accelerated trypsin digestion using a continuous flow immobilized enzyme reactor (cf-IMER). Affinity selected glycoproteins were released to a cf-IMER column which converted native proteins to peptides in 5 min at elevated temperature. Digestion with the cf-IMER was compared to the traditional 16 h solution-based trypsin digestion of reduced and alkylated proteins. With immobilized antibody selection of Lewis x (Lex) glycan bearing glycoproteins from plasma, 66 proteins were identified in total with the two methods while approximately 1/3 of the total proteins and peptides were only observed with the cf-IMER. This suggests that proteomics based on protein identification by reduction and alkylation with solution-based trypsin digestion alone may not be identifying large numbers of proteins or peptides present at detectable levels in samples. Fur...
Transcranial Doppler-based assessment of cerebral autoregulation in critically ill children during diabetic ketoacidosis treatment.

Objectives:Impaired cerebral autoregulation may be associated with poor outcome in diabetic ketoacidosis. We examined change in cerebral autoregulation during diabetic ketoacidosis treatment.Design:Prospective observational cohort study.Setting:Tertiary care children’s hospital.Patients/Subjects:Chi
Antigenic Variation in Populations of Oral Streptococci

It is well established that human sera and secretions contain antibodies which react with strains of indigenous bacteria (1–5). The apparent ability of indigenous organisms to persistently colonize humans and animals despite the presence of antibodies reactive with them suggests either: 1) that the host immune response to indigenous organisms is comparatively feeble and does not significantly influence their colonization, or 2) populations of indigenous species are able to evade the host’s immune response by undergoing antigenic variation. This phenomenon is well known to occur in certain viral (6) and protozoan diseases (7), but it has been studied less well in bacterial infections. Populations of Vibrio cholerae have been observed to change serotype while colonizing gnotobiotic mice (8), and antigenic changes have been noted in isolates of Camplylobacter fetus during natural infections in cattle (9); antigenic alterations may also occur in hemolytic streptococci following serial mouse passage (10).
Isometric Fatigue Curves in Human Muscle with Normal and Occluded Circulation

Abstract Fatigue curves for the forearm muscles during sustained isometric contraction were obtained on 24 young men. No difference was found between the curves obtained with and without artificial occlusion of the circulation, down to the point where the exerted force became less than approximately 60 per cent of the maximal strength. Below this critical level, the exerted force continued to diminish under the occluded condition, but leveled off when there was no occlusion. The leveling off was explained as due to the systolic blood pressure being higher than the prevailing intra-muscular pressure at this stage of fatigue. A mathematical equation, the components of which were derived from broad physiological considerations of the factors involved, fitted the observed data accurately.
Diagnostic performance of glycated hemoglobin for diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans.

Abstract Objectives Although clinicians do not routinely screen for diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic patients, previous studies have shown that diabetic retinopathy can occur in patients with prediabetes. However, due to the limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in overweight/obese subjects, African-Americans and older adults, little is known about the correlation between HbA1c and diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans. The aims of this study were to determine the association between HbA1c and diabetic retinopathy, and the optimal diagnostic threshold of HbA1c that predicts diabetic retinopathy in non-diabetic older overweight/obese African-Americans. Methods The 2005–2012 data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were utilized for this study. Prevalence odds ratios from logistic regression analyses were used to estimate risks of diabetic retinopathy across HbA1c categories, adjusting for age, sex, and hypertension. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine diagnostic cutoff point of HbA1c for prevalent diabetic retinopathy. Results There were gradients of increasing prevalence and odds of diabetic retinopathy with increasing HbA1c in non-diabetic overweight/obese African-Americans 50 years of age and older. HbA1c cut-off point of 5.2% (AUC = .726, 95% CI = 0.696–0.756) was found to maximize sensitivity [93.5%; 95% CI: 83.2–95.7] for diabetic retinopathy, though specificity [22.1%; 95% CI 19.9–32.8] was low. Conclusion Current criteria for diagnosis of prediabetes are effective in identifying many older overweight/obese African Americans with diabetic retinopathy. Based on our analysis, a lower HbA1c of 5.2% could serve as a more sensitive cutoff point for defining prediabetes in this population subgroup.
Polymerase chain reaction for detection of type A Clostridium botulinum in foods

A DNA fragment of the type A Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin gene was demonstrated in canned food products with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fragment, 1340-bp in size, was amplified from green peas, whole kernel corn, green beans, lima beans, black-eyed peas, and turnip greens previously inoculated with type A C. botulinum . The PCR products were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis and also confirmed by dot blot DNA hybridization with a type A specific gene probe. Some inoculated foods were PCR negative but became PCR positive after subculture and overnight incubation in brain heart infusion broth. No PCR amplification products were obtained from uninoculated foods. The procedure was highly sensitive and detected as few as 100 vegetative cells per ml brain heart infusion broth culture.
A high-level object-oriented model for representing relationships in an electronic medical record.

Abstract The importance of electronic medical records to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of medical care continues to be realized. This growing importance has spawned efforts at defining the structure and content of medical data, which is heterogeneous, highly inter-related, and complex. Computer-assisted data modeling tools have greatly facilitated the process of representing medical data, however the complex inter-relationships of medical information can result in data models that are large and cumbersome to manipulate and view. This report presents a high-level object-oriented model for representing the relationships between objects or entities that might exist in an electronic medical record. By defining the relationship between objects at a high level and providing for inheritance, this model enables relating any medical entity to any other medical entity, even though the relationships were not directly specified or known during data model design.
The use of financial derivatives in state and local government bond refinancings: Playing with fire or prudent debt management?

The esoteric area of financial derivatives has become quite salient in light of the financial crisis of the last few years. In the public sector, state and local governments have increasingly employed derivatives in their bond financings. This paper analyzes state and local governments’ use of a specific type of municipal derivative instrument (a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap) in a specific type of transaction (bond refinancing). The paper provides a case study of an executed bond refinancing transaction that employed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap quantifying the substantial long-term costs financial derivatives can impart on state and local governments. The paper concludes with some specific lessons learned about debt-related derivative usage for public financial managers and offers some suggestions for further empirical and theoretical research in this area of public financial management.
Jailhouse Blues? The Adverse Effects of Pretrial Detention for Prison Social Order:

Scholarship suggests that individuals’ experiences in pretrial detention are especially straining. Relative to state prisons, local jails have high rates of inmate and officer turnover, more limited resources, and provide fewer services. Pretrial detention also constitutes an individual’s initial period of incarceration, during which social isolation and fear are experienced acutely but with fewer services in jail. This study assesses whether time spent in pretrial detention adversely affects prison social order. Findings suggest that longer terms of pretrial detention in jails are associated with a modest increase in the likelihood of misconduct later on during a stay in prison. Interaction effects indicate that more time spent in jail prior to imprisonment may be harmful for potentially at-risk inmates—specifically, younger inmates, female inmates, and inmates with mental illness. These results have implications for theory and research on prison experiences and social order and for understanding the adv...
Identification of the income level needed for agricultural enterprises to achieve economic sustainability.

This study aims to identify the income level required for agricultural enterprises to achieve economic sustainability. The theory behind the equation used to calculate a sustainable income is expla...
The Effect of Lateral Thermal Coupling Between Parallel Microchannels on Two‐Phase Flow Distribution

Abstract Evaporating flows in parallel channels occurring in a variety of industrial heat exchange processes can encounter non-uniform flow distribution between channels as a result of two-phase flow instabilities. Such flow maldistribution can have a negative impact on the performance, robustness and predictability of these systems. Two-phase flow modeling can assist in understanding the mechanistic behavior of this flow maldistribution, as well as determine parametric trends and identify safe operating conditions. The work described in this paper expands on prior two-phase flow distribution modeling efforts by including and assessing the effect of thermal conduction in the walls surrounding the parallel channels. This thermal conduction has a critical dampening effect on wall temperature gradients. In particular when a channel is significantly starved of flow rate and risks dryout, channel-to-channel thermal coupling can redistribute the heat load from the flow-starved channel to neighboring channels. The model is used to simulate the two-phase flow distribution in a system of two parallel channels driven by a constant flow rate pump. A comparison between thermally isolated and coupled channels indicates that thermally coupled channels are significantly less susceptible to maldistribution. Furthermore, a parametric study reveals that flow maldistribution is only possible in thermally coupled systems beyond a certain critical heat flux threshold. This threshold heat flux increases as the lateral wall conductance is increased, converging to a constant value in the limit of very high lateral conductance.
Classical Milligan Morgan Hemorrhoidectomy versus its Modification: Higher Risk of Fistula and Mucosal Ectropion

Hemorrhoids are frequently encountered in surgical practice. surgical treatment is indicated in advanced cases or when non surgical options has failed. The spectrum of surgical procedures can varied from simple non excisional methods to the more aggressive excision. Milligan Morgan open hemorrhoidectomy and the closed Fogerson techniques, gained a universal acceptance with excellent outcome,making them a gold standard procedures against which other procedures are weighed. The best procedure is with minimal recurrence and post operative complication, both of which can be accomplished by excising the hemorrhoid using meticulous surgical technique preserving as much as possible of the anorectal anatomy. Assessment of a modified procedure of hemorrhoidectomy in terms of some postoperative complications in comparison to the original Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. One hundred eighty two patients with primary hemorrhoids were enrolled in the study,in Diwaniya teaching hospital (Iraq),of them 91 patients were managed by the standard Milligan Morgan open hemorrhoidectomy and the other 91 patients were managed by the intended modification of the original procedure with the primary aim of reducing some of post operative complications by providing wound coverage using the ligated hemorrhoidal pedicle which is further fixed to the cut edge perianal skin. Four post operative complications pain, bleeding, fistula and mucosal ectropion were compared between both groups. There were 170 male and 12 female with a ratio of 14.1. Mean age of patients was 32 years. Pain scale was not statistically different in both groups,with majority of patients 77.5% complained from mild and moderate pain. The majority of patients (91.7%) have a mild or no postoperative bleeding, with no significant differences between the two procedure. The frequency Post operative low anal fistula was significantly higher in the modified procedure 7.7%,p value 0.014. The development of post operative mucosal ectropion was interestingly and significantly high (18.7% p value less than 0.00005) in patient who were subjected to the modified hemorrhoidectomy as compared to the classical hemorrhoidectomy. Understanding of the detailed anatomy of the anorectum is a crucial step before attempting any form of hemorrhoidectomy,and any modification for the originally tested procedures should follow the principles of preservation of the vital anatomical structure and its relations. The modification in our study associated with high frequency of post operative fistula and ectropion.
Decoding on the ribosome depends on the structure of the mRNA phosphodiester backbone

During translation, the ribosome plays an active role in ensuring that mRNA is decoded accurately and rapidly. Recently, biochemical studies have also implicated certain accessory factors in maintaining decoding accuracy. However, it is currently unclear whether the mRNA itself plays an active role in the process beyond its ability to base pair with the tRNA. Structural studies revealed that the mRNA kinks at the interface of the P and A sites. A magnesium ion appears to stabilize this structure through electrostatic interactions with the phosphodiester backbone of the mRNA. Here we examined the role of the kink structure on decoding using a well-defined in vitro translation system. Disruption of the kink structure through site-specific phosphorothioate modification resulted in an acute hyperaccurate phenotype. We measured rates of peptidyl transfer for near-cognate tRNAs that were severely diminished and in some instances were almost 100-fold slower than unmodified mRNAs. In contrast to peptidyl transfer, the modifications had little effect on GTP hydrolysis by elongation factor thermal unstable (EF-Tu), suggesting that only the proofreading phase of tRNA selection depends critically on the kink structure. Although the modifications appear to have no effect on typical cognate interactions, peptidyl transfer for a tRNA that uses atypical base pairing is compromised. These observations suggest that the kink structure is important for decoding in the absence of Watson–Crick or G–U wobble base pairing at the third position. Our findings provide evidence for a previously unappreciated role for the mRNA backbone in ensuring uniform decoding of the genetic code.
Acetaldehyde and Its Condensation Products as Markers in Alcoholism

Several studies show that recently abstaining alcoholics generate higher circulating levels of acetaldehyde than nonalcoholics following ethanol administration. It is conceivable that levels of stable adducts (tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-β-carbolines) derived from acetaldehyde condensations with biogenic amines also might be increased in alcoholics consuming ethanol, thus serving in body fluids as chemical markers that are more persistent than acetaldehyde itself. Limited human and rat studies indicate that urinary excretion of an oxidized tryptamine condensation product (harmane) and of an acetaldehyde/serotonin condensation product is elevated by chronic ethanol. Salsolinol, the derivative of acetaldehyde and dopamine, does not appear to be a meaningful urinary marker, but levels of the related pyruvic acid/dopamine product may be increased by ethanol. Blood assays of condensation products have been limited in number and equivocal. Condensation product measurements are complicated not only by artifacts (formation during analyses), but by other inherent problems. Products of interest often are constituents of diets and alcoholic beverages. For this and perhaps endogenous metabolic reasons, traces of condensation products are normally excreted by nondrinking individuals. Furthermore, the assays require high sensitivity and specificity and are not easily adapted to routine use. Thus, although several condensation products have initial appeal as clinical or pathological indicators in chronic alcoholism, thorough and statistically sound studies are needed before conclusions can be reached concerning any particular biogenic amine-derived product.
The Treaty of Nerchinsk

The increasing complications between China and Russia on the Amur frontier made it appear desirable at Moscow to come to some arrangement regarding the frontiers of the two empires. The chancellor Nicephore Venyukoff, accompanied by Ivan Favoroff, was sent to arrange preliminaries, as has been mentioned above. He left Moscow in December, 1685 and arrived at Peking in September, 1686. At Peking he succeeded in inducing the Emperor to order the Chinese general to lift the siege of Albazin, which, as stated above, actually took place on November 30, 1686. Venyukoff brought back a letter from the Emperor to the Csar. Though addressed to the “great, white Lords, Brethren, Tsars and Autocrats,” its contents were first to be communicated to the governor of Siberia. As the letter conveys a good idea of the Chinese manner of thinking with regard to Russian operations on the Amur, we reproduce it here extensively. It may help in understanding the stay of the siege of Albazin and the negotiation of the treaty. It is dated November 12, 1686.
The Jackson cross cylinder. A reappraisal.

Abstract The Jackson cross cylinder is a frequently used but poorly understood tool for clinical refraction. A critical analysis of the principles of cross cylinder testing reveals several important features which should be understood for the proper use of this device. For example, a rarely discussed shortcoming of the cross cylinder is that it can fail to detect even large amounts of ocular astigmatism in certain situations. A little-known advantage of the cross cylinder, on the other hand, is its use in refining cylinder power at an incorrect axis. This particular property of the cross cylinder is useful when the correcting cylinder axis must be rotated toward 90°,180°, or toward the old axis. The cross cylinder can be used to determine the optimal cylinder power for this new axis setting. Guidelines are also considered for the appropriate step sizes in axis rotation that should be used in cylinder axis refinement.
Sauna-Induced Fatal Rhabdomyolysis.

Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by skeletal muscle cell damage leading to the release of toxic intracellular material into the blood circulation. Its major causes include trauma, significant exertion, hypoxia, drugs, toxins, infections, and metabolic disorders. Acute kidney injury is a common complication of rhabdomyolysis, with an incidence ranging from 13% to approximately 50%, representing about 7% to 10% of all cases of acute kidney injury in the United States.1 Rhabdomyolysis secondary to sauna burns is rare, but could be life-threatening and requires multidisciplinary expertise to address subsequent multi-organ dysfunction.
In silico stress-strain measurements on self-assembled protein lattices.

Due to their large mechanical strength and potential for functionalization, beta-solenoid proteins show promise as building blocks in biomaterials applications such as two- and three-dimensional scaffolds. We have designed simulation models of two-dimensional square and honeycomb protein lattices by covalently linking a beta-solenoid protein, the spruce budworm antifreeze protein (SBAFP), to symmetric protein multimers. Periodic boundary conditions applied to the simulation cell allow for the simulation of an infinite lattice. We use molecular dynamics to strain the lattice by deforming the simulation cell and measuring the resulting stress tensor. We evaluate the linear portion of stress–strain curves to extract the corresponding bulk and shear elastic moduli. When strained at a rate of 0.3 nm ps−1, the lattices yield a bulk modulus of approximately 3 GPa. This large elastic modulus demonstrates that 2-dimensional structures designed from beta-solenoid proteins can be expected to retain the exceptional material strength of their building blocks.
Evidence for lasting alterations to aquatic food webs with short-duration reservoir draining

Large dams and their respective reservoirs provide renewable energy and water security, but also can profoundly alter riverine ecosystems. Here, we present evidence of changing aquatic food web structure in the seasons following short-duration, extreme manipulation of water levels in a reservoir (i.e., draining of the reservoir to the original riverbed during fall to assist outmigration of juvenile Chinook Salmon). We find unintended and lagged consequences of transitioning from a lake to a river, even temporarily, that resulted in trophic shifts away from piscivory and towards feeding at lower trophic levels for two common piscivorous fishes in reservoirs. Using natural abundances of nitrogen stable isotopes, we observed lower trophic level of feeding for invasive Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and native Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the summers following reservoir refilling than in nearby reference reservoirs that were not temporarily drained during fall. Declines in trophic levels of aquatic top predators have been rarely documented outside of controlled laboratory conditions. While useful for assisting outmigration of juvenile salmonids, the temporary draining of a reservoir to riverbed can also result in novel shifts in foodweb dynamics including reduced piscivory. As large dams continue to be operated and constructed worldwide, increased understanding of the community and ecosystem-level effects of reservoir management will be critical to evaluating trade-offs between human water needs, conservation of high value species, and ecosystem services impacted by river fragmentation.
Nanomaterial-Supported Enzymes for Water Purification and Monitoring in Point-of-Use Water Supply Systems.

ConspectusIncreasing pollution of global water sources and challenges in rapid detection and treatment of the wide range of contaminants pose considerable burdens on public health. The issue is particularly critical in rural areas, where building of centralized water treatment systems and pipe infrastructure to connect dispersed populations is not always practical. Point-of-use (POU) water supply systems provide cost-effective and energy-efficient approaches to store, treat, and monitor the quality of water. Currently available POU systems have limited success in dealing with the portfolio of emerging contaminants, particularly those present at trace concentrations. A site-to-site variation in contaminant species and concentrations also requires versatile POU systems to detect and treat contaminants and provide on-demand clean water. Among different technologies for developing rapid and sensitive water purification processes and sensors, enzymes offer one of the potential solutions because of their strong...
Bi-directional Linkability From Wikipedia to Documents and Back Again: UMass at TREC 2012 Knowledge Base Acceleration Track

Abstract : This notebook details the participation of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the Cumulative Citation Recommendation task (CCR) of the TREC 2012 Knowledge Base Acceleration Track. UMass' objective is to introduce a single model for Knowledge Base Entity Linking and Knowledge Base Acceleration stream filtering using bi-directional linkability between knowledge base (KB) entries and mentions of the entities in documents. Our system focuses on estimating linkability between documents and Knowledge Base entities which measures compatibility in two directions: (1) from a KB entity to documents and (2) from mentions of entities in documents to their KB entries. The entity to document direction, is modeled as a retrieval task where the goal is to identify the most relevant documents for an entity in the evaluation time range. However, if the entity is ambiguous, the retrieved documents may contain documents that are relevant to other entities with the same or similar name. To address this, we want to leverage information from the document to disambiguate the entity. We observe that this problem, from mention to KB entity, is very similar to the TAC Knowledge Base Population Entity Linking Task (Ji et al., 2011). The major goal of our participation is to explore how these two directions, from KB to documents and back can be combined.
Victims of Disorganized Thinking: When Law Students with Mental Health Issues Confront Florida’s Unconstitutional Inquisition

The Florida Board of Bar Examiners’ approach to bar admissions and character and fitness investigations has troublesome effects on the mental health of modern law students. Serious questions exist as to the reasonableness of Florida’s process, particularly when compared with other states. The wisdom of the rules is suspect, because, in addition to demanding sweeping disclosure of mental health issues, the rules prevent lawyers who have been conditionally admitted to the Florida Bar from working or living outside the state, violating constitutional law by withholding benefits for people with mental health issues based solely on residency considerations. Further demonstrating a lack of compassion, the conditional admission process offered by the Board is an individually-costly alternative. In fact, informal survey data shows that spectre of mental health scrutiny leads students not to obtain treatment at all. Showing courage, rather than continuing to protect the status quo, the Florida Board of Bar Examiners should follow the path paved by other states, and reform its rules.
Mechanisms of virus mitigation and suitability of bacteriophages as surrogates in drinking water treatment by iron electrocoagulation.

Abstract Emerging water treatment technologies using ferrous and zero-valent iron show promising virus mitigation by both inactivation and adsorption. In this study, iron electrocoagulation was investigated for virus mitigation in drinking water via bench-scale batch experiments. Relative contributions of physical removal and inactivation, as determined by recovery via pH 9.5 beef broth elution, were investigated for three mammalian viruses (adenovirus, echovirus, and feline calicivirus) and four bacteriophage surrogates (fr, MS2, P22, and ΦX174). Though no one bacteriophage exactly represented mitigation of the mammalian viruses in all water matrices, bacteriophage ΦX174 was the only surrogate that showed overall removal comparable to that of the mammalian viruses. Bacteriophages fr, MS2, and P22 were all more susceptible to inactivation than the three mammalian viruses, raising concerns about the suitability of these common surrogates as indicators of virus mitigation. To determine why some bacteriophages were particularly susceptible to inactivation, mechanisms of bacteriophage mitigation due to electrocoagulation were investigated. Physical removal was primarily due to inclusion in flocs, while inactivation was primarily due to ferrous iron oxidation. Greater electrostatic attraction, virus aggregation, and capsid durability were proposed as reasons for virus susceptibility to ferrous-based inactivation. Results suggest that overall treatment claims based on bacteriophage mitigation for any iron-based technology should be critically considered due to higher susceptibility of bacteriophages to inactivation via ferrous oxidation.
36 – Intercultural Psychotherapy

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on intercultural psychotherapy, which is delivered to patients with ethnic or cultural backgrounds considerably different from that of the therapist. With significant differences or gaps between the culture of the therapist and that of the patient, the interaction of cultural components is, either consciously or unconsciously, heavily involved in and significantly influences the process of psychotherapy. The first thing that needs attention in the practice of intercultural psychotherapy is the matter of the patient's familiarity with psychotherapy, and his or her expectations of it. This is particularly true if the patient comes from a place where psychotherapy is not a common professional practice or there are certain biases against it as a healing practice. Communication between the therapist and the patient is considered by psychotherapists to be a core element of therapy. Determining how to achieve informative, comprehensive, meaningful, and therapeutic communication is necessary for effective results. Beyond the words and language used for communication, cultural factors influence how a person communicates with others, which has an impact on the clinical setting. Difficulties occur in the area of nonverbal communication as well, including facial expressions, gestures, or behavior. Even though human beings share certain universal nonverbal communication, such as nodding their heads to indicate affirmation, shaking their heads to express denial or disagreement, and using certain facial expressions to demonstrate emotions of pleasure and displeasure, certain nonverbal communication is culture-patterned in specific ways.
Reasons and Risk Factors for 30-Day Readmission After Outpatient Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Review of 3015 Cases.

Abstract Background A higher volume of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is starting to be performed in the outpatient setting. However, data on appropriate patient selection in the current literature are scarce. Methods Patients who underwent primary TKA were identified in the 2012-2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Outpatient procedure was defined as having a hospital length of stay of 0 days. The primary outcome was a readmission within the 30-day postoperative period. Reasons for and timing of readmission were identified. Risk factors for and effect of overnight hospital stay on 30-day readmission were evaluated. Results A total of 3015 outpatient TKA patients were identified. The incidence of 30-day readmission was 2.59% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02-3.15). The majority of readmissions were nonsurgical site related (64%), which included thromboembolic and gastrointestinal complications. Risk factors for 30-day readmission include dependent functional status prior to surgery (relative risk [RR] 6.4, 95% CI 1.91-21.67, P = .003), hypertension (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.47-4.25, P = .001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.01-5.62, P = .047), and operative time ≥91 minutes (≥70th percentile) (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.17-2.98, P = .008). For patients who had some of these risk factors, their rate of 30-day readmission was significantly reduced if they had stayed at least 1 night at the hospital. Conclusion Overall, the rate of 30-day readmission after outpatient TKA was low. Patients who are at high risk for 30-day readmission after outpatient TKA include those with dependent functional status, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prolonged operative time. These patients had reduced readmissions after overnight admission and seem to benefit from an inpatient hospital stay.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants: 9. N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone-anionic mixtures

Abstract The interactions of a series of N-alkylpyrrolidones—N-2-ethylhexyl-(C2,6P), N-octyl-(C8P), N-decyl-(C10P), and N-dodecyl-(C12P) 2-pyrrolidone—with sodium dodecanesulfonate (C12SNa) and commercial sodium linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) were investigated. Molecular interaction parameters were consistent with those obtained previously on mixtures of moderately interacting zwitterionic and anionic surfactants. Mixtures of well-purified C8P and C12SNa showed synergism in surface or interfacial tension reduction efficiency at the aqueous/air, aqueous/Parafilm, aqueous/Teflon, and aqueous/hexadecane interfaces, both in pure water and in 0.1 M NaCl. C2,6P, C8P, and C10P exhibited synergism in surface tension reduction efficiency at the aqueous/air interface when mixed with LAS.
Everyday Heroes: The Personal and Economic Stressors of Early Care and Education Teachers Serving Low-Income Children

This study uses newly available data on low-income children and their teachers in a mixed-delivery, publicly funded early care and education (ECE) system to document the prevalence of personal and ...
Impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on healthcare workers: A nationwide survey of United States radiologists.

Abstract Background Efforts to reduce nosocomial spread of COVID-19 have resulted in unprecedented disruptions in clinical workflows and numerous unexpected stressors for imaging departments across the country. Our purpose was to more precisely evaluate these impacts on radiologists through a nationwide survey. Methods A 43-item anonymous questionnaire was adapted from the AO Spine Foundation's survey and distributed to 1521 unique email addresses using REDCap™ (Research Electronic Data Capture). Additional invitations were sent out to American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) and Association of University Radiologists (AUR) members. Responses were collected over a period of 8 days. Descriptive analyses and multivariate modeling were performed using SAS v9.4 software. Results A total of 689 responses from radiologists across 44 different states met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. As many as 61% of respondents rated their level of anxiety with regard to COVID-19 to be a 7 out of 10 or greater, and higher scores were positively correlated the standardized number of COVID-19 cases in a respondent's state (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21, p = 0.01). Citing the stressor of “personal health” was a strong predictor of higher anxiety scores (RR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.13–1.34, p Conclusion COVID-19 has had a significant impact on radiologists across the nation. As these unique stressors continue to evolve, further attention must be paid to the ways in which we may continue to support radiologists working in drastically altered practice environments and in remote settings.
Slicing and dicing myositis for cures and prevention.

Myositis is a group of conditions that vary greatly in risk factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory markers, presumed pathogenetic mechanisms, treatment responses and prognoses. Approaches to divide myositis into mutually exclusive and stable phenotypes are being considered, but are we thinking comprehensively enough in our attempts at classification?
CS-Annotate: A Tool for Using NMR Chemical Shifts to Annotate RNA Structure

Here, we introduce CS-Annotate, a tool that uses assigned NMR chemical shifts to annotate structural features in RNA. At its core, CS-Annotate is a deployment of a multitask deep learning model that simultaneously classifies the solvent exposure, base-stacking and -pairing status, and conformation of individual RNA residues from their chemical shift fingerprint. Here, we briefly describe how we trained and tested the classifier and demonstrate its application to a model RNA system. CS-Annotate can be accessed via the SMALTR ( S tructure-based MA chine L earning T ools for R NA) Science Gateway (smaltr.org).
Ibrutinib, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and obinutuzumab (iFCG) regimen for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with mutated IGHV and without TP53 aberrations

Chemoimmunotherapy with combined fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) has been an effective treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We initiated a phase II trial for previously untreated patients with CLL with mutated IGHV and absence of del(17p)/TP53 mutation. Patients received ibrutinib, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and obinutuzumab (iFCG) for three cycles. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete count recvoery (CRi) with marrow undetectable measurable residual disease (U-MRD) received additional nine cycles of ibrutinib with three cycles of obinutuzumab; all others received nine additional cycles of ibrutinib and obinutuzumab. Patients in marrow U-MRD remission after cycle 12 discontinued all treatment, including ibrutinib. Forty-five patients were treated. The median follow-up is 41.3 months. Among the total 45 treated patients, after three cycles, 38% achieved CR/CRi and 87% achieved marrow U-MRD. After cycle 12, the corresponding numbers were 67% and 91%, respectively. Overall, 44/45 (98%) patients achieved marrow U-MRD as best response. No patient had CLL progression. The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 98% and 98%, respectively. Per trial design, all patients who completed cycle 12 discontinued ibrutinib, providing for a time-limited therapy. Grade 3–4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 58% and 40% patients, respectively. The iFCG regimen with only 3 cycles of chemotherapy is an effective, time-limited regimen for patients with CLL with mutated IGHV and without del(17p)/TP53 mutation.
Fascist Surrealism: Artistic Dynamics of Nationalist Artists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

This research explores three artists during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) who utilized a surrealist aesthetic while promoting the causes of the Fascist, Nationalist front through their work. By focusing on artists Salvador Dali, Alfonso Ponce de Leon, and Jose Caballero, the usage of “Fascist Surrealism” is explored to analyze its stylistic differences with “traditional Surrealism”. Through paintings and variations in artistic techniques this research questions what factors led to the usage of Surrealism, a movement founded with a fundamentally anti-Fascist, left-wing, agenda, by artists who held vastly different political beliefs. This research examines prior political activities of the conventional Surrealist movement to illustrate their attempts at political change, and the factors that led to argumentation and disagreement among the group’s members. By analyzing its foundational characteristics, Surrealism’s ideological basis is compared with that of Fascism to identify their shared features, and the possible factors that led to their convergence.
Transplant improves hemiparkinsonian syndrome in nonhuman primate: intracerebral injection, rotometry, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for creating a unilateral DA lesion by direct injection of neurotoxin into substantia nigra, and for collecting quantitative behavioral data using a rotometer, and using these methods to test the efficacy of fetal nigral cell-suspension transplants. The histopathological results reveal that there is no evidence of immune rejection of the grafts as judged by the absence of lymphocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages. The behavioral changes observed in the monkey are believed to be related to the transplant, but it is not known why the improvement occurred so soon after the transplant, or why it ended so quickly. It is impossible to state with any certainty that the excess dopamine (DA) cells on the lesioned and transplanted side represent surviving transplanted cells, which migrated from the original graft site toward the ventricle. However, it is possible that the lesion alone results in a transformation or induction of endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TH-LI) cells, but this question will require investigation of additional transplantation animals and lesion controls.
Glutaminase of Escherichia coli III. STUDIES ON THE REACTION MECHANISM

Abstract Experiments are reported on the steady state kinetic behavior of Escherichia coli glutaminase. The ratios of rates of hydrolysis and hydroxylaminolysis are the same for acid, amide, ester, and thioester substrates of the enzyme, whereas the corresponding ratios for similar derivatives of acetic acid in nonenzymatic reactions vary over several orders of magnitude. The kcat for all substrates is constant between pH 3.5 and pH 5.6, but above pH 5.3 the Km values increase very rapidly with pH so that, in effect, the enzyme becomes inactive at about pH 5.8. Velocities of hydrolysis of several substrates are 1.1- to 1.5-fold faster in H2O than in D2O. The thermodynamic activation parameters have been determined for the hydrolysis of certain substrates. These results and those reported in the accompanying papers lead to the following conclusions. The Km values are dissociation constants for the ES complex. All substrates bind to the same ionic form of the enzyme, which is stabilized by the cooperative action of 4 or 5 acidic groups per active site. The hydrolysis of all substrates proceeds through a common intermediate, the formation of which is the slowest step in the catalytic cycle. The characteristics of the rate-determining step do not clearly indicate whether covalent reactions or noncovalent (conformational) processes are involved. If the latter is the case, then it is not possible with the steady state methods used to decide between an acylation-deacylation pathway and a single displacement mechanism.
The New Concept of Judicial Emotional Resilience

The changes at socio-political, economic and legislative level, the achievements of science, bio-technology, bio-medicine and of the informational society, and also the challenges related to the globalization process, influence a new paradigm and a new dimension of the resilience concept. It is obvious, that the above mentioned, forms a core study from which one can start proving and sustaining that resilience has become a sought phenomenon in the human society of the XXI century.In this article, we intend to approach an issue related to juridical resilience, and more specifically, to the role and importance of assessing the degree of resilience of the suspect, the defendant or the convict, in relation to the prevention measures, the individualisation of the sentences and the manner to execute them, if applicable, and at the same time to define the new concept of judicial emotional resilience.
Características del consumo de sustancias recreativas en establecimientos nocturnos del Valle de Aburrá

Objetivo: Identificar las caracteristicas demograficas y de consumo de sustancias recreativas de las personas que acuden a establecimientos nocturnos de algunos municipios del Valle de Aburra. Metodologia: Estudio cross-sectional, la poblacion estuvo compuesta por personas de ambos sexos y mayores de edad que frecuentan establecimientos nocturnos en el Valle de Aburra. Se aplico el cuestionario SONAR 98 modificado y adaptado por los investigadores. Resultados: Se realizo en 17 centros nocturnos , participaron 789 personas, mujeres 57,7%, edad promedio 23 anos, estudiantes 61,0%. La mayoria de los encuestados habian consumido alguna vez en su vida alcohol 95%, cigarrillo 46,0%, cannabis 25,0%, nitrito de amilo “Popper” 10,0%, “drogas de diseno” como anfetaminas y metanfetaminas 9,0% y sedantes e hipnoticos 10,0%. El primer consumo, se inicio de manera temprana con las llamadas drogas sociales: alcohol 14 anos , y tabaco 15 anos. Discusion: A diferencia de los resultados obtenidos a nivel mundial, este estudio mostro que el consumo de drogas recreativas se inicia con sustancias socialmente aceptadas, como el alcohol y el tabaco, mientras que las drogas de diseno y otras tienen un uso mas restringido, y su consumo se ve relegado a edades mas tardias.