cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Statistical Models

Preface. 1 Linear Algebra, Projections. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Vectors, Inner Products, Lengths. 1.3 Subspaces, Projections. 1.4 Examples. 1.5 Some History. 1.6 Projection Operators. 1.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. 2 Random Vectors. 2.1 Covariance Matrices. 2.2 Expected Values of Quadratic Forms. 2.3 Projections of Random Variables. 2.4 The Multivariate Normal Distribution. 2.5 The chi2, F, and t Distributions. 3 The Linear Model. 3.1 The Linear Hypothesis. 3.2 Confidence Intervals and Tests on eta = c 1 ss 1 + ... + c k ss k . 3.3 The Gauss-Markov Theorem. 3.4 The Gauss-Markov Theorem For The General Case. 3.5 Interpretation of Regression Coefficients. 3.6 The Multiple Correlation Coefficient. 3.7 The Partial Correlation Coefficient. 3.8 Testing H 0 : theta epsilon V 0 V. 3.9 Further Decomposition of Subspaces. 3.10 Power of the F-Test. 3.11 Confidence and Prediction Intervals. 3.12 An Example from SAS. 3.13 Another Example: Salary Data. 4 Fitting of Regression Models. 4.1 Linearizing Transformations. 4.2 Specification Error. 4.3 Generalized Least Squares. 4.4 Effects of Additional or Fewer Observations. 4.5 Finding the "Best" Set of Regressors. 4.6 Examination of Residuals. 4.7 Collinearity. 4.8 Asymptotic Normality. 4.9 Spline Functions. 4.10 Nonlinear Least Squares. 4.11 Robust Regression. 4.12 Bootstrapping in Regression. 4.13 Quantile Regression. 5 Simultaneous Confidence Intervals. 5.1 Bonferroni Confidence Intervals. 5.2 Scheffe Simultaneous Confidence Intervals. 5.3 Tukey Simultaneous Confidence Intervals. 5.4 Comparison of Lengths. 5.5 Bechhofer's Method. 6 Two-and Three-Way Analyses of Variance. 6.1 Two-Way Analysis of Variance. 6.2 Unequal Numbers of Observations Per Cell. 6.3 Two-Way Analysis of Variance, One Observation Per Cell. 6.4 Design of Experiments. 6.5 Three-Way Analysis of Variance. 6.6 The Analysis of Covariance. 7 Miscellaneous Other Models. 7.1 The Random Effects Model. 7.2 Nesting. 7.3 Split Plot Designs. 7.4 Mixed Models. 7.5 Balanced Incomplete Block Designs. 8 Analysis of Frequency Data. 8.1 Examples. 8.2 Distribution Theory. 8.3 Conf. Ints. on Poisson and Binomial Parameters. 8.4 Log-Linear Models. 8.5 Estimation for the Log-Linear Model. 8.6 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Statistics. 8.7 Limiting Distributions of the Estimators. 8.8 Logistic Regression. The Statistical Language R. Answers. Index.
Blurring luxury: the mediating role of self-gifting in consumer acceptance of phygital shopping experiences

The question of how to maintain allure and exclusivity while digitizing luxury brands is a pressing issue. A potential solution is to launch new retail formats that allow luxury shoppers to blur ph...
Coil-to-Helix Transition at the Nup358-BicD2 Interface Activates BicD2 for Dynein Recruitment

Abstract Nup358, a nuclear pore protein, facilitates a nuclear positioning pathway that is essential for many biological processes, including neuromuscular and brain development. Nup358 binds and activates the auto-inhibited dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2), which in turn recruits and activates the dynein machinery to position the nucleus. However, the molecular details of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a minimal Nup358 domain activates dynein/dynactin/BicD2 for processive motility on microtubules. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), a Nup358 helix encompassing residues 2162-2184 was identified, which transitioned from random coil to an α-helix upon BicD2-binding and formed the core of the Nup358-BicD2 interface. Mutations in this region of Nup358 decreased the Nup358/BicD2 interaction, resulting in decreased dynein recruitment and impaired motility. BicD2 thus recognizes the cargo adaptor Nup358 though a “cargo recognition α-helix”, a structural feature that may stabilize BicD2 in its activated state and promote processive dynein motility.
How to Sequence Therapies in Mycosis Fungoides

OPINION STATEMENT Choice of therapy in mycosis fungoides is based on both patient- and lymphoma-specific factors, such as disease characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms and effect on quality of life, potential associated toxicities of therapy, response and tolerance to prior lines of therapy, and convenience and practicality. Generally, we sequence therapies from least toxic, targeted, nonimmunosuppressive to more toxic, immunosuppressive and from single agent to multiple agents, as necessary. If more toxic, immunosuppressive agents are required to alleviate disease burden or symptoms, we generally use them just long enough to control the disease, then transition to a maintenance regimen with less toxic, less immunosuppressive agents.
Introduction to Part IV: Treatment Modalities

The field of cardiac electrophysiology has moved from one of diagnosis and understanding of mechanisms to one of pharmacological, electrical, and catheter- or surgical-based ablative therapy to treat arrhythmias. This section, Part IV, edited by Powell, Shen, Ackerman, and Gussak discusses the major therapeutic modalities used to treat bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias as well as the use of electrical therapies to treat heart failure; most importantly, two chapters discuss the morbidity of implantable defibrillators implantation and how to minimize the morbidity and increase the cost effectiveness of sudden death prevention using these devices.
Injuries to the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers

Wrist and hand injuries in the adolescent athlete present many unique challenges for treating physicians, therapists, trainers, and coaches. The spectrum of injuries, varying degrees of acuity and chronicity, and involvement of multiple anatomic systems (e.g., bone, ligament, tendon, and nerve) add to their complexity. Furthermore, injuries to the adolescent athlete must be managed in the context of continued musculoskeletal growth and development. The use of protective and/or assistive devices (e.g., tape, braces, splints, and casts), timing of return-to-play, and postinjury performance expectations must be carefully weighed in the treatment of these injuries. Finally, the psychosocial and financial consequences of these injuries cannot be ignored.
CLIC-on-Health Reality Check: From Assumptions and Planning to the Realities of Implementation

Abstract CLIC-on-Health, a community project to bring high-quality health information to the people of the Rochester, New York area, includes a “one-stop-shopping” Web site that offers information on local health services, as well as dynamic links to reputable national health information sources. CLIC-on-Health also has a strong training component. To date, instruction has been provided to librarians from various library types, as well as school nurses, health agency personnel, senior center personnel, and the seniors they serve. Though CLIC-on-Health is a successful project, it is clear that along the way, project planners made assumptions that later turned out to be invalid. This article is a CLIC-on-Health reality check. Planning assumptions and implementation realities are reviewed and juxtaposed.
Corrosion Test of Steel Piling in Sea Water

This paper describes an installation of pile-test specimens installed cooperatively by the National Bureau of Standards and the Coastal Engineering Research Center in 1967 to study corrosion and protection of steel piling installed in sea water. Ninety-six 8-in. cylindrical piles were installed in the ocean at Dam Neck, VA. The piles are installed in sets of three. The test includes bare piles, coated piles with sacrificial anodes. Data will be obtained on the piles by pulling one of each set of three at 5-year intervals for detailed analysis of corrosion and abrasion damage. Data is also gathered annually by visual inspection, photographs and electrical measurements. The first report of findings is scheduled for 1973. Information obtained obtained from this installation should aid in estimating the life of steel piling with and without various forms of protection in similar marine environments.
Streptobacillary Rat-Bite Fever: A Pediatric Problem

A case of streptobacillary rat-bite fever in an 11-year-old boy from rural North Carolina is described. The child9s clinical course was unique in that he developed a subglottic mass and bilateral parotid swelling. He responded initially to tetracycline but relapsed after therapy. Cure was ultimately achieved with a three-week course of penicillin. A review of the literature concerning this unusual clinical entity is presented.
Teaching about Puberty: Learning to Talk about Sensitive Topics:

A small-group exercise was developed to allow students to discuss affective and cognitive aspects of puberty. Students were requested to write a group letter to a male and female child explaining the changes each child would encounter during puberty. Pretest-posttest results showed that students' knowledge about pubertal issues increased. In addition, students reported feeling more comfortable in discussing puberty with members of both sexes. This teaching exercise could be helpful to persons teaching courses in developmental psychology.
Individual literacy instruction for young low‐SES learners in traditional urban classrooms

Abstract The article describes the literacy behaviors of three low‐SES learners who were designated, through several criteria, as inexperienced with print at the onset of school. The children and their teachers were tracked using ethnographic techniques of data collection, including field observations, tape‐recordings, and interviews. Patterns of the children's behavior and hypotheses about written language were viewed in light of their responses to the instructional environment. The children failed to meet the intent of the curriculum through mid‐first grade and learned dysfunctional strategies for getting along in school. Some individual help and high expectations on the part of two of the teachers offered hope that two of the children may succeed in school and literacy learning.
Searching out Science and Literature: Hybrid Narratives, New Methodological Directions, and Mary Russell Mitford's Our Village

The findings from the fields of book history, and in particular from the SciPer project, are implicitly asking nineteenth-century scholars of literature and science to rethink their relation to the text: literally, from book to periodical. Nineteenth-century literary studies has long been involved with the ways in which science and literature share and transmit ideas between the two. What we perhaps have done less of is think through the various ways that we may not have been able to identify certain texts as either literary or scientific. Here I will concentrate on the example of Mary Mitford's popular sketch series Our Village: Sketches of Rural Life and Scenery (1824–32) as a text that invites this kind of inquiry; it also illustrates how examining text originating in the periodical press can reconceptualize and broaden what we have come to think of as the scientific. The text's hybridity is based in its heterogeneity – that in part it is literary, in part it is natural history. This essay attempts to think about Mitford through the challenge of the SciPer project's invitation to search out non-specialist forms of scientific discourse within periodical formats. The essay proposes new methodological and conceptual directions for early nineteenth-century literature and science studies, focusing in particular on the residual popular form of natural theology as it presents in popularized natural history modes. Our Village is proposed not as the exception but rather as a methodological pointer to possible new directions in early nineteenth-century literature and science studies. In making the periodical press and the various narrative forms we will find there more front and center in our inquiry, might we find more of these odd hybrids that are neither and yet somehow both science and literature? And in so doing, will we begin to revamp some of the stories we tell ourselves about the interrelation of science and literature in the early Victorian moment?
Measuring Organizational Capacity to Treat Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.

Behavioral health program leaders, practitioners, policy makers, and researchers have a keen interest in understanding how best to implement and sustain evidence-based practices. Among the most important determinants of successful implementation are organizational factors, such as an organization’s structure, climate, resources, and leadership. Yet despite the recognition that organizational characteristics matter, the field remains largely in a prescientific stage of development. For example, experienced leaders believe they know, by reputation, which are the most competent service agencies in their state or region, and further, which ones are most competent in implementing innovative practices. But how accurate are these beliefs? Are reputational ratings predictive of success in implementing a new program? Over a half-century ago, Meehl (1954) showed that clinical judgment was often useless in predicting client outcome. In nearly every study, actuarial calculation based on objective indicators was a better predictor of outcome than clinical prediction. Thus global clinical judgments, whether they be about predicting improvement in client outcomes or readiness of an organization to change are poorer guides to action than are objective scales measuring discrete aspects of performance. But the development and validation of scales requires hard work, and much has yet to be done at the organizational level in integrated treatment.
40K–40Ca isotopic constraints on the oceanic calcium cycle

The contributions of crustal silicates to the oceanic calcium cycle are investigated using high-precision ^(40)K–^(40)Ca measurements in Archean and Proterozoic carbonates, river waters, and a series of terrestrial and extraterrestrial mafic/ultramafic samples. Using a multidynamic data collection scheme with strict controls on instrumental mass fractionation, we show that a reproducibility of 0.35 e-units (2σ) is obtained for the ^(40)Ca/^(44)Ca ratio using the ThermoFinnigan Triton. This represents an improvement by a factor of 3 compared with previous generations of data. Well-defined excesses of ^(40)Ca from ^(40)K decay were found in river waters draining the Himalayas, but not in the Mississippi and Columbia Rivers. All marine carbonate samples ranging in age from Archean to recent show no discernable effects of ^(40)K decay to within the limit of ± 0.35 e-units (2σ) in ^(40)Ca/^(44)Ca. Our results, therefore, indicate that the Ca isotopic composition of seawater has remained constant and indistinguishable from that of the mantle for the past 3.5 Ga, despite the influx of radiogenic calcium delivered by weathering of the high K/Ca components of the continental crust. Thus, over most of geologic time, the contributions of the high K/Ca sources from the continents are far below the contributions of hydrothermal sources. Mass balance constraints indicate that unless the present-day contribution of continental silicates is much less than 8% of the river Ca flux, the total hydrothermal flux of calcium must exceed the input from high-temperature vents at ridge axes by at least one order of magnitude. The present-day oceanic mass balance requires a high input of calcium [(4–15) × 10^(12) mol Ca/yr] at low-temperature hydrothermal sites.
UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON SLENDER SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT WITH FLEXIBLE WINGS AND BODIES

The present paper derives generalized aerodynamic forces for slender supersonic aircraft on the basis of slender-body theory. Particular consideration is given to configurations which are spanwise flexible. To treat configurations with flexible wings and bodies, the slender wingbody problem is first reduced to a simple body problem whose solution is well known, and a "modified slender-wing problem." An integral solution of the latter is obtained, utilizing the circle theorem or method of images and a known solution of the airfoil equation for a double interval. With this approach, it is not necessary to apply conformal mapping techniques, and the solution so obtained is valid for arbitrary spanwise downwash distributions. On the basis of slender-body theory, the velocity potential and, subsequently, the generalized aerodynamic forces are derived for a general class of spanwise flexible wing-body configurations.
Pulmonary nodule registration: rigid or nonrigid?

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to investigate the performance difference of rigid and nonrigid registration schemes in matching corresponding pulmonary nodules depicted on sequential chest computed tomography (CT) examinations. Methods: A gradient descent based rigid registration algorithm with scaling was developed and it handled the involved geometric transformations (i.e., translation, rescaling, shearing, and rotation) separately instead of optimizing them in a single pass. Given two lung CT examinations, the scaling and translation parameters were simply estimated from the lung volume dimensions (e.g., size and mass center), while the rotation parameters were optimized progressively using gradient descent. To investigate the performance difference of rigid and nonrigid schemes in pulmonary nodule registration, the well-known nonrigid Demons algorithm was implemented and tested along with the developed schemes against 60 diverse low-dose clinical lung CT examinations with average 2-yr follow-up scans. A verified cancer and its correspondence in the follow-up scan as well as their spatial locations (mass center) were identified in each examination. In addition to the computational efficiency, the accuracy of these registration procedures was assessed by computing the Euclidean distances between the corresponding nodules after the registration. To demonstrate the advantage of the developed algorithm, the authors also implemented a fast iterative closest point (ICP) based rigid algorithm and compared their performance. Results: Our experiments on the collected chest CT examinations showed that the nodule registration errors in 3D Euclidean distance for the developed rigid affine approach, the traditional ICP algorithm, and the refining nonrigid Demons algorithm were 9.6, 9.8, and 10.0 mm, respectively, and the corresponding computational costs in time were 5, 300, and 55 s, respectively. Conclusions: A rigid solution may be preferred in practice for the pulmonary nodule registration in longitudinal studies because of its relatively high efficiency and sufficient accuracy for the clinical need.
Scalar relativistic effects on energies of molecules containing atoms from hydrogen through argon

Stationary direct perturbation theory is used to calculate a scalar relativistic correction to the species in the G3/99 test set. We observe that the relativistic energy almost always reduces atomization energies, electron affinities, and ionization potentials. Exceptions occur when s orbitals play a predominant role in the energy differences between reactants and products. The scalar relativistic energy, when added to G3 theory and the empirical parameters are reoptimized, gives slightly worse agreement with experiment.
Automated 2D IR spectroscopy using a mid-IR pulse shaper and application of this technology to the human islet amyloid polypeptide.

The capability of 2D IR spectroscopy to elucidate time-evolving structures is enhanced by a programmable mid-IR pulse shaper that greatly improves the ease, speed, and accuracy of data collection. Traditional ways of collecting 2D IR spectra are difficult to implement, cause distorted peak shapes, and result in poor time resolution and/or phase problems. We report on several methods for collecting 2D IR spectra by using a computer-controlled germanium acoustooptic modulator that overcomes the above problems. The accuracy and resolution of each method is evaluated by using model metal carbonyl compounds that have well defined lineshapes. Furthermore, phase cycling can now be employed to largely alleviate background scatter from heterogeneous samples. With these methods in hand, we apply 2D IR spectroscopy to study the structural diversity in amyloid fibers of aggregated human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), which is involved with type 2 diabetes. The 2D IR spectra reveal that the β-sheet fibers have a large structural distribution, as evidenced by an inhomogeneously broadened β-sheet peak and strong coupling to random coil conformations. Structural diversity is an important characteristic of hIAPP because it may be that partly folded peptides cause the disease. This experiment on hIAPP is an example of how computer generation of 2D IR pulse sequences is a key step toward automating 2D IR spectroscopy, so that new pulse sequences can be implemented quickly and a diverse range of systems can be studied more easily.
The technology of politeness: Interdisciplinarity and the case of Frances Burney's Evelina

Epistolary novels played a particularly powerful role in assisting their readers to master the technologies of politeness (including the technology of the polite letter) that assumed enormous importance for an emergent 18th-century middle class. Frances Burney's Evelina is an especially apt examination of this technology of politeness. Using Evelina as our example, we argue that, ultimately, there is no absolute boundary between dealing with the complexities of a literary text and considering modern professional texts such as workplace email.
Pattern of Sex Steroid Concentrations in Relation to the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Wild and Captive Black Rockfish

Abstract Gonadal development and plasma steroid hormone concentrations of wild (N = 73) and captive (N = 65) black rockfish Sebastes melanops were examined over 1 year. Seasonal variation was observed in the concentrations of testosterone and estradiol in the plasma of wild female black rockfish, the highest concentrations of each occurring in October. Male black rockfish exhibited the highest testosterone concentrations during the summer (July 29–August 9). Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and estradiol concentration were highly correlated for wild female black rockfish sampled in the fall, demonstrating the utility of this nonlethal approach for evaluating gonadal status during this species' vitellogenic period. No relationship between testosterone concentrations and GSI was observed in male fish. Hormone concentrations in captive female black rockfish were depressed throughout the year, illustrating that maintenance conditions were not conducive to the normal progression of reproductive events for this species.
Advertising Information Sources

Although advertising has always been regarded, and with very good reasons, as a branch of the more inclusive subject of marketing, it has enough specialized reference sources of its own to deserve a separate treatment. The fact that it is not comparatively a new discipline may be understood from a recent publication entitled How It Was in Advertising, 1776–1976, which originally came out as the bicentennial issue of Advertising Age. This compilation contains an historical narrative of personalities and agencies involved in the advertising business in the United States. It includes interesting facts, observing, for example, that the most revolutionary figure in 18th century advertising, none other than Ben Franklin, was the first on record to tap the potentials of the women's market by offering benefit copies. Since those days, advertising has grown into a multibillion dollar industry, big enough to attract the attention of Federal regulatory agencies.
Using Modeling and Simulation to Define Information Requirements for Incident Response for Chemical Facilities

This research is analyzing the current practices for emergency response for chemical facilities and will provide a model that could be utilized by small or large chemical facilities. It will determine what technologies, specifically software and information systems, could be utilized to improve the chemical facility emergency response mechanism. The results will provide statistical estimates, through simulation, that will predict the range for an improved solution for an emergency response mechanism. This research-in-progress will produce a model emergency response mechanism for a typical chemical facility. In addition, this research will identify state-of-the-art information technologies that could be utilized by the incident response mechanism and determine the impact that these technologies would have on improving system response.
Comparison of Process Targeting and Whole Language Treatments for Phonologically Delayed Preschool Children

Two, 4-year-old phonologically delayed children were treated using two intervention approaches for a 6-week period. The phonological approach targeted cluster reduction through practice in producti...
FIB-deposited carbon-based superconducting nanowires with T c ˜ 7 K

We have fabricated carbon-containing nanowires by a gallium focused ion beam-induced deposition process from the precursor phenanthrene, C14H10. The electrical conductivity of the nanowires is only weakly temperature dependent below 300K, and reveals a superconducting state below Tc ˜ 7 K. We have measured the temperature dependence of the resistive upper critical field H c2(T), and from those data, estimate the zero temperature critical field and coherence length to be 8.8 T and 6.1 nm, respectively. The Tc of this material is approximately 40% higher than that in any other FIB/direct write nanowire, such as those based on W(Ga), and thus offers the possibility of fabricating superconducting direct-write nanostructures that function at liquid helium temperature.
Developing new technology

Abstract The specialty of cardiothoracic surgery should be one of constant innovation. Albert Einstein was a man of vision who said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge." With most technology expected to be obsolete in 5-7 years, thoracic surgeons need to draw from their imaginations to find innovative surgical solutions for the future. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:S29-31)
Measuring Infrastructure Performance: Development of a National Infrastructure Index

Infrastructure systems are the foundation for economic growth and productivity. Business and commerce depend on roadways, waterways, pipelines, electricity lines, and broadband connections to transport goods, gain access, provide services, communicate, and efficiently function. Despite the importance of infrastructure, empirical economists have been hindered by the lack of infrastructure performance measures. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is supporting the development of a national index to measure and understand infrastructure performance. In contrast to established infrastructure assessments which rely on dollars spent or counting highway miles, this index applies a rigorous, repeatable, and universal methodology to quantify infrastructure performance. This article documents the methodology for developing a national infrastructure index and the application for one sector: transportation. The integration of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) into the methodology as a mechanism to weight performance indicators is discussed as well as the challenges faced in constructing a Transportation Performance Index.
A novel rater agreement methodology for language transcriptions: evidence from a nonhuman speaker

The ability to measure agreement between two independent observers is vital to any observational study. We use a unique situation, the calculation of inter-rater reliability for transcriptions of a parrot’s speech, to present a novel method of dealing with inter-rater reliability which we believe can be applied to situations in which speech from human subjects may be difficult to transcribe. Challenges encountered included (1) a sparse original agreement matrix which yielded an omnibus measure of inter-rater reliability, (2) “lopsided” $$2\times 2$$ matrices (i.e. subsets) from the overall matrix and (3) categories used by the transcribers which could not be pre-determined. Our novel approach involved calculating reliability on two levels—that of the corpus and that of the above mentioned smaller subsets of data. Specifically, the technique included the “reverse engineering” of categories, the use of a “null” category when one rater observed a behavior and the other did not, and the use of Fisher’s Exact Test to calculate $$r$$ -equivalent for the smaller paired subset comparisons. We hope this technique will be useful to those working in similar situations where speech may be difficult to transcribe, such as with small children.
Cationic surfactants in electrochemical determination of sulfide minerals

Addition of a cationic surfactant (Hyamine-2389) solubilized iron pyrite powder and increased the oxidation potential of water to a value that allowed anodic voltammetric measurements to be made directly on the powders. An oxidation maximum (at 0.69 V vs. SCE) at pH 12.8 is associated with oxidation of FeS2 to Fe2O3. Because adsorption of the pyrite on the electrode provides preconcentration, the peak height is very sensitive to concentration. Measurements above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were complicated because peak height was not a simple function of pyrite concentration and the calibration curve was shifted by the presence of an insoluble inert material. However, at concentrations of surfactant below the CMC, a relatively linear relation was observed between peak height and the amount of pyrite; thus the technique can be used to determine the iron pyrite in solid ore samples.
Treatment of C6 Glioma Cells and Rats with Antidepressant Drugs Increases the Detergent Extraction of Gsα from Plasma Membrane

Results from previous studies suggested that chronic treatment of rats or C6 glioma cells with antidepressants augments the coupling between Gs and adenylyl cyclase. As these effects on C6 glioma cells are seen in the absence of presynaptic input, several antidepressant drugs may have a direct "postsynaptic" effect on their target cells. It was hypothesized that the target of antidepressant action was some membrane protein that may regulate coupling between G proteins and adenylyl cyclase. To test this, C6 glioma cells were treated with amitriptyline, desipramine, iprindole, or fluoxetine for 3 days. Chlorpromazine served as a control for these treatments. Membrane proteins were extracted sequentially with Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 from C6 glioma cells. Triton X-100 extracted more G(s alpha) in membranes prepared from antidepressant-treated C6 glioma cells than from control groups. In addition, cell fractionation studies revealed that the amount of G(s alpha) in caveolin-enriched domains was reduced after antidepressant treatment and that adenylyl cyclase comigrated with G(s alpha) in the gradients. These data suggest that some postsynaptic component that increases availability of Gs to activate effector molecules, such as adenylyl cyclase, might be a target of antidepressant treatment.
Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone by cystamine and buthionine sulfoximine

Glutathione (GSH) performs several important biological functions, including quenching of reactive oxygen species, and protection of cells from toxic compounds such as quinones. The first step in the synthesis of GSH is catalysed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, an enzyme which is inhibited by cystamine and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In this study, we examined the possibility that the effect of hydroquinone (HQ) on pigmentation could be potentiated by inhibiting the production of GSH. In vitro studies using melanoma cell lines demonstrated that both cystamine and BSO could potentiate the inhibitory effects of HQ on tyrosinase activity and melanin content. A synergistic decrease in hair pigmentation was observed when a combination of HQ (2 or 4%) and BSO (5%) was applied to the dorsal skin of C57BL mice. In black hairless guinea-pigs, the application of HQ plus either BSO or cystamine resulted in a significant decrease in epidermal pigmentation when compared with any of the agents alone. The possibility exists that in the future a combination of HQ plus cystamine or BSO could be used to treat disorders such as melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Physiological and Behavioral Differences in Magellanic Penguin Chicks in Undisturbed and Tourist‐Visited Locations of a Colony

Abstract: Studies examining anthropogenic effects on wildlife typically focus on adults and on behavioral responses rather than the physiological consequences of human disturbances. Here we examined how Magellanic Penguin ( Spheniscus magellanicus) chicks living in either tourist-visited or undisturbed areas of a breeding colony were affected by human visitation by comparing the baseline and stress-induced levels of corticosterone during three periods of the breeding season. Newly hatched chicks in visited areas had higher corticosterone stress responses than newly hatched chicks in undisturbed areas (p =0.007), but baseline levels were similar (p =0.61). By 40–50 days of age and around fledging time, both visited and undisturbed chicks showed a robust corticosterone stress response to capture. Tourist-visited chicks did not flee when approached by humans, however, whereas undisturbed chicks fled significantly sooner (i.e., when approached no closer than 9 m; p < 0.0001). Although it is unknown whether Magellanic Penguin chicks raised in visited areas suffer negative consequences from the elevation of the corticosterone stress response at hatching, they do exhibit behavioral habituation to human contact by the time they are ready to fledge. Unlike adults living in tourist areas, however, fledging chicks in visited areas do not have a decreased stress response to capture and restraint. Our results show that the coupling of behavioral and physiological habituation in Magellanic Penguins is complex and life-history context may greatly affect the ability of wildlife to adapt to anthropogenic disturbances.
Recovery from Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Refractoriness in Thyroid Slices: Effect of Removal of Hormone and New Protein Synthesis

An initial incubation of bovine thyroid slices with TSH causes decreased responsiveness to the subsequent addition of the hormone when the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system and other metabolic parameters are measured. After the initial incubation with TSH, refractoriness persists despite incubation of thyroid slices for 24 h in the absence of added TSH. Removal of persistently bound TSH by trypsin or antibody to TSH did not reverse the refractoriness during a subsequent 2 h incubation without added TSH. However, normal TSH responsivity was restored by the removal of TSH bound during the first incubation by the addition of either trypsin or antibody to TSH at the beginning of a 24-h second incubation. Restitution of TSH responsiveness after treatment with trypsin or antibody to TSH requires new protein synthesis. While TSH-induced refractoriness does not modify stimulation of cAMP by cholera toxin, its effect on glucose oxidation is significantly diminished. Menadiol stimulation of glucose oxidation is not inh...
Carbonyl sulphide in fire gases

The toxic gases released by combustion/pyrolysis of wool include CO, HCN and four compounds containing sulphur. Animal test data suggest that the toxicity of the sulphur compounds is significant. Wool was pyrolysed and the gases were analysed by GC-MS. SO2 was the main sulphur-containing gas produced by flaming combustion in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. In pyrolysis under various conditions COS was a major sulphur-containing product. Although it is a highly toxic gas, COS has not so far been reported by workers engaged in the toxicity of fire gases. It is suggested that analysis of COS be included in the analytical toxicology of sulphur-containing polymers.
Role of iron in the oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin.

Abstract Trace iron has been found to be associated with ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) ∗∗∗ and the sodium acetate buffers used in test systems even after attempts to purify these substances by chromatography on Chelex-100 and Amberlite CG-50 columns. The concentration of iron eluted with ceruloplasmin from Chelex-100 columns was estimated to be as high as 10−8 M. The amount of 59Fe eluted with ceruloplasmin increases proportionally with ceruloplasmin concentration. Ceruloplasmin, pre-equilibrated with 59Fe, was dialyzed against apotransferrin, reducing the iron concentration to less than 10−8 M and the molecular activity for ascrobate to less than 1. Several previously reported substrates of ceruloplasmin were investigated with respect to the role of iron in the catalytic process. The reported substrates have now been classified into three groups: 1. 1.Fe(II), which is oxidized directly by ceruloplasmin. 2. 2.Certain aryldiamines and polyphenols: e.g., p-phenylenediamine and its methyl derivatives, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, for which oxidation is not completely inhibited by iron chelators, are directly oxidized by the enzyme. However, the rates of oxidation of most of these substrates can be increased by iron via a Fe(II)-ceruloplasmin coupled reaction. 3. 3.Numerous compounds which reduce Fe(III); e.g., ascorbate, hydroquinone, catechol, hydroxylamine, thioglycolate, cysteine, ferro cyanide, and DOPA, for which oxidation is completely inhibited by iron chelators, appear not to be directly oxidized by the enzyme. Therefore, they must function in an iron-ceruloplasmin coupled reaction and the iron-dependent substrates. The inhibition of the oxidation of these iron coupled substrates by apotransferrin and citrate is due to their strong chelaton of Fe(III).
Quantitative and qualitative changes in RNA metabolism in rats fed N-2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract The effects of N-2 acetylaminofluorene (AAF) on hepatic RNA metabolism were studied in rats fed the carcinogen for 3 to 31 days, a period when early events in neoplastic transformation are thought to occur. Although the liver cells remained normal microscopically, the rate of RNA synthesis was inhibited by 55% during the first week of AAF feeding. This resulted in a substantial decrease in both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA. Shifts also occurred in the distribution of cytoplasmic RNA among various subcellular fractions. Sedimentation profiles showed a small but consistent reduction in polysome size and in the amount of RNA in the larger polysomal aggregates. All of these parameters returned to normal or near normal after 1 month of AAF feeding, indicating the development of a form of resistance to AAF. RNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that hepatic transcription of moderately reiterated genes throughout the first month of AAF feeding was qualitatively similar to that in normal liver. Likewise, transport of these classes of RNA to the cytoplasm was unaltered. The initial quantitative derangements in RNA metabolism and their subsequent recovery in the face of continued administration of the chemical may be important in the induction of hepatic cancer by AAF.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF GOING-DOWN-RING PAIRS OF COMMUTATIVE RINGS

SoientA ⊆B des anneaux (commutaifs et unitaires). On dit que (A,B) est une paire d’anneaux de going-down siD est un anneau de going-down pour tout anneauD tel queA ⊆D ⊆B. On preuve que (A,B) est une paire d’anneaux de going-down si et seulement siA[b 1,b 2] est un anneau de going-down pour toutb 1,b 2 eB.
Determination of metal ion complexes in electroplating solutions using capillary zone electrophoresis with uv detection

Abstract Capillary zone electrophoresis with on-column UV detection at 214 nm was used to detect and determine iron cyanide complexes in liquid samples from zinc electroplating processes. Using a cathodic injection and anodic detection scheme, hexacyanoferrate(II) and -(III) ions were separated with separated with baseline resolution in under 5 min. A linear relationship between peak area and concentration was obtained for both ions, and the detection limit was lower than 10 μM. The experiments were extended to detect the presence of zinc hydroxo complexes in plating solutions. The electrophoretic mobility of this species was determined from the migration times, sampling simultaneously the zinc species at the cathode and adenosine, a neutral molecule that migrates with the electroosmotic flow, at the anode. The results seem to indicate the rpesence of the doubly charged species Zn(OH)2−4 in Zn11 solutions at pH > 10.5.
Lines from the EANM President and the Congress President

Continuing Medical Education P. Lind, Klagenfurt, Austria Cardiology D. le Gudulec, Paris, France Neuroimaging K. Tatsch, Munich, Germany Oncology E. Bombardieri, Milan, Italy Paediatrics J. Fettich, Ljubljana, Slovenia Radionuclear Therapy V. Lewington, Southampton, UK Radiopharmacy G. Westera, Zurich, Switzerland Technologists W. van den Broek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands EANM Strategy P. Ell, London, UK
Extraction of coherent relevant passages using hidden Markov models

In information retrieval, retrieving relevant passages, as opposed to whole documents, not only directly benefits the end user by filtering out the irrelevant information within a long relevant document, but also improves retrieval accuracy in general. A critical problem in passage retrieval is to extract coherent relevant passages accurately from a document, which we refer to as passage extraction. While much work has been done on passage retrieval, the passage extraction problem has not been seriously studied. Most existing work tends to rely on presegmenting documents into fixed-length passages which are unlikely optimal because the length of a relevant passage is presumably highly sensitive to both the query and document.In this article, we present a new method for accurately detecting coherent relevant passages of variable lengths using hidden Markov models (HMMs). The HMM-based method naturally captures the topical boundaries between passages relevant and nonrelevant to the query. Pseudo-feedback mechanisms can be naturally incorporated into such an HMM-based framework to improve parameter estimation. We show that with appropriate parameter estimation, the HMM method outperforms a number of strong baseline methods on two datasets. We further show how the HMM method can be applied on top of any basic passage extraction method to improve passage boundaries.
Resolution of recurrent hepatitis B in two liver transplant recipients treated with famciclovir

Recurrent hepatitis B infection after orthotopic liver transplantation remains problematic despite prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (anti-HBs IgG). Recently, famciclovir (an oral nucleoside analog) has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against hepatitis B in vitro as well as in patients with chronic hepatitis B. We present two patients who developed recurrent hepatitis B after orthotopic liver transplantation and were treated with famciclovir, 500 mg t.i.d. Both patients subsequently responded with marked improvement in biochemical liver tests and histology, with subsequent loss of hepatitis B surface antigen. Famciclovir is a useful agent in the treatment of hepatitis B in the liver transplant recipient.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patient Presenting With Lactic Acidosis and Hypoglycemia

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can produce a number of metabolic derangements including, in rare instances, lactic acidosis. This case illustrates an example of significant lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia secondary to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with hepatic involvement in a patient with hepatitis C infection. A review of the literature on the occurrence of lactic acidosis and lymphoma, including the risk factors for its development and the resultant prognosis, are discussed. In addition, the evidence linking hepatitis C infection and lymphoma are reviewed.
Chronic sinusitis among pediatric patients with chronic respiratory complaints

We examined the prevalence of chronic sinusitis among children who presented to allergy clinics with chronic (> or = 3 months) respiratory symptoms. Ninety-one patients, ranging from 2 to 17 years of age with 62% male and 72% white, completed the study. Fifty-nine percent of patients had positive skin test results, and 25.3% had chronic asthma. Paranasal sinuses were examined by coronal sinus computed tomographic scan. Sixty-three percent (58 to 91) had chronic sinusitis, 5.5% (5 of 91) had concha bullosa, 1% (1 of 91) had foreign body, and 19% (19 of 91) had deviated nasal septums. Among symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, postnasal drip, coughing, wheezing, rhinorrhea, and headache, no single symptom was an acceptable predictor of abnormality on computed tomographic scan examinations. Combining the symptoms of moderate to severe rhinorrhea and cough with minimum sneezing had a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 38% in predicting the presence of chronic sinusitis. Allergic rhinitis (p = 0.27), mild deviated nasal septum (p = 0.11), unobstructive concha bullosa (p = 0.13), and passive exposure to cigarette smoke (p = 0.53) were not risk factors associated with sinus abnormalities. Age (r = 0.30, p = 0.004) in pediatric patients with chronic respiratory symptoms was the single risk factor significantly associated with abnormalities on sinus computed tomographic scan. Seventy-three percent of children 2 to 6 years of age, 74% of children 6 to 10 years of age, and 38% of children older than 10 had chronic sinusitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive noise-predictive maximum-likelihood (NPML) data detection for magnetic tape storage systems

Advanced data detection will be one of the key enablers to achieving the very high areal recording densities of future tape storage systems. Departing from the partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML)-based read channel design traditionally used in tape systems, this paper describes noise-predictive maximum-likelihood (NPML) detection, which is a technique that has been known for many years in the hard-disk-drive industry but has been introduced for the first time in the tape storage industry in IBM tape drives. In the NPML read channel design, the readback signals are conditioned prior to data detection so that their noise components are statistically decorrelated and reduced in power. This paper describes the basic principles of NPML detection and its application to tape systems in the form of a 16-state detector. It is argued that, because of the inherent variability of the recording channel characteristics in tape drives, fully adaptive NPML detection needs to be realized in order to optimize detection performance. Actual readback waveforms of data recorded on metal particulate as well as barium-ferrite particulate tape media are used to illustrate the error rate performance achieved by 16-state and 32-state NPML detectors. It is shown that, under realistic worst-case channel conditions, a 16-state NPML detector could offer an improvement in error rate after an error-correcting code of approximately two orders of magnitude.
Finite-size behavior of the simple-cubic Ising lattice

A Monte Carlo method is used to study $N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N$ simple-cubic Ising lattices with periodic boundary conditions and free edges. For both types of boundary conditions the position of the specific-heat maximum varies for large $N$ as $a{N}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ has the scaling value $\ensuremath{\lambda}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Both the thermal and magnetic properties are shown to obey finite-size scaling. The free-edge data are shown to be consistent with a surface contribution described by the scaling exponents ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}=\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\nu}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{s}=\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{s}=\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\nu}$. Using the free-edge data we also consider corrections to scaling in the infinite lattice and discuss "rounding" in real systems in terms of surface contributions from grains.