cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology and Feasibility of a Home-Based Examination in Disabled Older Women: The Women's Health and Aging Study

3The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore. Background. To ascertain disease and functional capacity in community-resident disabled older women in the Women's Health and Aging Study (WHAS), a prospective investigation of the causes and course of disability, a home-based standardized physical examination and performance test battery were developed. Thirty-nine tests were administered, 9 by a lay interviewer and 30 by a nurse. This scope and intensity of testing had not been performed previously in a home environment or on such a functionally limited population. Thus, substantial developmental work was required. This report describes the administrative procedures and field experience for each exam component, highlighting innovations pertinent to home administration. Methods. Exclusion criteria, safety issues, administration time, completion rates, and reasons for incomplete data are reported. Administration time is based on 30 exams conducted over a 3-week period 90% of the way through baseline data collection. Completion status was determined using all 1,002 participants and is categorized as follows: complete; partial; not done, health; not done, other; and refused. Results. Seventy-two percent of the screened, eligible respondents completed the 30-min interviewer-administered physical assessment and the 2-hr, 10-min nurse examination. Classifiable data were obtained for 90% of participants on 36 examination items. Lower completion rates were obtained on the other three tests primarily due to exclusions for health-related conditions; environmental constraints and participant refusal were minimal. Conclusion. Extensive, research-oriented physical evaluation can be successfully and safely performed in a home setting. In future studies, home-based examination may be preferable, as participation in the WHAS examination substantially exceeded rates for clinic-based exams in similar populations.
Gaining predictability and noise immunity in global interconnects

We present a bundled data communication scheme that is robust to crosstalk effects, and to manufacturing and environmental variations. Unlike a data bus, where each receiver always connects to all data lines from the sender, we consider the case where each receiver can have a subset of all data lines routed to it. Such generalization can be used for a bundled data communication method applicable to both local and global communication. It can be used to make a clock unnecessary in a design. It also leads to a new routing problem for which we present an algorithm based on MRSA tree construction to solve it.
Angiogenic protection from focal ischemia with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in the rat

Angiogenesis within an ischemic region of the brain may increase tissue viability and act to limit the extent of an infarct. The ANG II pathway can both stimulate and inhibit angiogenesis depending on the tissue and the activated receptors. Previous work showed that 2-wk losartan administration (ANG II type 1 receptor blockade) initiates a significant cerebral angiogenic response. We hypothesized that administration of losartan in the drinking water of rats for 2 wk before initiation of focal ischemia would decrease the extent of the resulting infarct. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given losartan (50 mg/day) in drinking water for 2 wk before initiation of cerebral focal ischemia produced by cauterization of cortical surface vessels. Controls received normal drinking water. In control animals, three main vessels feeding the whisker barrel cortex were cauterized, resulting in cessation of blood flow. The same protocol was followed for losartan-treated animals but did not result in cessation of blood flow in the whisker barrel cortex. Another group of losartan-treated animals received between 8 and 14 cauterizations of surface vessels feeding the whisker barrel cortex, and cessation of blood flow was verified. Rats were killed 72 h after surgery. Morphological examination revealed angiogenesis, maintained vascular delivery, and significantly decreased infarct size in losartan-treated animals compared with controls. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with losartan reduces infarct size after cerebral focal ischemia and support the hypothesis that cerebral angiogenesis may be one of the mechanisms responsible.
An Assay for Erythropoietin in Vitro at the Milliunit Level

A method is described for the assay of erythropoietin using primary cultures of adult rat bone marrow cells. Either total labeled iron uptake by the cells or hematin synthesis from labeled iron may be used as the measure of erythropoietin action. The method is useful in the range 0.001 to 0.010 U, where the log response is linear with the log dose, and can be carried out in 2 working days. This method has the disadvantage of detecting asialoerythropoietin which has no activity in vivo. (Endocrinology 97: 315, 1975)
Clinical and Scientific Considerations in Preoperative (Neoadjuvant) Chemotherapy

Thirty years ago, chemotherapy had little to offer patients with solid tumors and in general patients were treated after failure of surgery or radiotherapy when advanced overt metastatic disease was already present. As progress was made in the chemotherapy of the childhood solid tumors, and of certain adult tumors, such as metastatic breast cancer, the investigation of chemotherapy in the adjuvant situation developed. This was stimulated by the fact that, for example, patients with stage II breast cancer or osteogenic sarcoma are at high risk of having micrometastatic dissemination at the time of diagnosis, so that potentially definitive treatment must include not only control of the primary with surgery and/ or radiotherapy (S/R), but also systemic chemotherapy (C), the latter to control disseminated micrometastatic disease. The experimental basis for this was the observation that chemotherapy for in vivo transplanted tumors was capable of cytoeradication (cure) in inverse relationship to the tumor burden. Thus chemotherapy which produced only partial regression of advanced tumor was frequently curative when applied to the same tumor in microscopic form (Goldin et al. 1956). This was also demonstrated in experimental in vivo systems, wherein the primary in the extremity was controlled by amputation, following which the cure rate could be increased in many circumstances by chemotherapy addressed to micrometastatic disease (Skipper 1978).
Elucidating microRNA regulatory networks using transcriptional, post-transcriptional and histone modification measurements

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate diverse biological processes by repressing mRNAs, but their modest effects on direct targets, together with their participation in larger regulatory networks, make it challenging to delineate miRNA-mediated effects. Here, we describe an approach to characterizing miRNA-regulatory networks by systematically profiling transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic activity in a pair of isogenic murine fibroblast cell lines with and without Dicer expression. By RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and CLIP (crosslinking followed by immunoprecipitation) sequencing (CLIP-seq), we found that most of the changes induced by global miRNA loss occur at the level of transcription. We then introduced a network modeling approach that integrated these data with epigenetic data to identify specific miRNA-regulated transcription factors that explain the impact of miRNA perturbation on gene expression. In total, we demonstrate that combining multiple genome-wide datasets spanning diverse regulatory modes enables accurate delineation of the downstream miRNA-regulated transcriptional network and establishes a model for studying similar networks in other systems.
Provider Bias Impacts Tidal Volume Selection and Ventilator Days in Trauma Patients.

Background The ARDSnet (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network) study demonstrated that low tidal volume (Vt) reduces mortality from ARDS. It is unknown whether low Vt is beneficial in at-risk trauma patients. We hypothesized that Vt selection would be low in accordance with ARDSnet criteria and that subsequent outcomes would be improved. Study Design A 1-year retrospective observational study was conducted on all trauma patients aged 15 years and older and on mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or longer, excluding those with cardiopulmonary disease. Using maximum Vt, we identified low and high Vt groups (≤8 mL/predicted body weight (PBW) and >8 mL/PBW). Data collected included demographic characteristics, lengths of stay, ventilator and ICU days, ARDS, and other complications. Results A total of 364 patients were identified and organized into low Vt (n = 181) and high Vt (n = 183) groups. There was no difference between groups in age, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, or mechanism of injury. The rate of ARDS was the same in each group. Patients with a high Vt had lower PBW (63.1 ± 8.8 vs 71.7 ± 6.9; p 2 vs 26.6 ± 6.5 kg/m 2 ; p r 2 = −0.579; p Conclusions Trauma patients receiving high Vt were shorter, had higher BMI, and were more likely to be female. The consequences included longer ICU stays and more ventilator days. Formal calculation of PBW and subsequent Vt is advocated.
Current management of severe acquired aplastic anemia

Overall survival in severe aplastic anemia has markedly improved in the past four decades due to advances in stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive therapies and supportive care. Horse anti-thymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine is the standard immunosuppressive regimen in severe aplastic anemia, and often employed as initial therapy as most are not candidates for a matched related stem cell transplantation. With this regimen, hematologic response can be achieved in 60 to 70% of cases, but relapse is observed in 30 to 40% of responders and clonal evolution in 10 to 15% of patients. Efforts to improve outcomes beyond horse anti-thymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine have been disappointing, with no significant improvement in the critical parameter of hematologic response, which strongly correlates with long-term survival in severe aplastic anemia. Furthermore, rates of relapse and clonal evolution have also not improved with the development of three drug regimens or with more lymphocytotoxic therapies. Therefore, horse anti-thymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine remains the standard immunosuppression of choice as first therapy in severe aplastic anemia. Interestingly, survival has markedly improved over the years in large part due to better anti-infective therapy and more successful salvage therapies with immunosuppression and stem cell transplantation. In this review general aspects of diagnosis and management are discussed.
Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse experiences (1). ANS measures in children have been found to be related to behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health (2-7). Therefore, understanding the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both branches of the ANS affect young children's cardiovascular responses to stimuli and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using valid and reliable measures of physiological change (8-11). However, there are few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of existing studies of young children report on infants' resting ANS measures or their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this protocol can produce a range of physiological responses to both resting and developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity, which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.
Robust and Resilient Control for Time-Delay Wind Energy Conversion System

Wind energy is the fastest growing and most promising renewable energy resource. A robust and resilient delay independent control framework with a H∞ performance objective for a time delayed variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind energy conversion system is proposed. Based on the nonlinear dynamics, a third order linearized model for the wind energy conversion system is developed. It is assumed that the system has unstructured bounded uncertainties and it is exposed to bounded L2 type of disturbances. Moreover, fixed time delays are assumed to be existed in the input and state feedback signals. Linear matrix inequalities are utilized to convert the problem of controller existence into a convex optimization problem. Computer simulations conducted in Matlab verified the effectiveness of the proposed control in achieving asymptotic stability and meet the H∞ performance objective requirements.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Interpretation of the Flavor Dependence of Nucleon Form Factors in a Generalized Parton Distribution Model

We give an interpretation of the u and d quarks contributions to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors for values of the four-momentum transfer in the multi-GeV region where flavor separated data have been recently made available. The data show, in particular, a suppression of d quarks with respect to u quarks at large momentum transfer. This trend can be explained using a reggeized diquark model calculation of generalized parton distributions, thus providing a correlation between momentum and coordinate spaces, both of which are necessary to interpret the partonic substructure of the form factors. We extend our discussion to the second moments of generalized parton distributions which are believed to contribute to partonic angular momentum.
Northern Theory, Southern Protest: Opportunity Structure Analysis in Cross-National Perspective

The study of protest outside the industrial North is largely under-theorized. This article extends the political process model and particularly its opportunity structure component to cases of Southern protest. It begins by investigating the model's central variables and relationships and then considers how to render them with enough flexibility to accommodate new cases outside the industrial North. Three questions are asked. First, how do movement networks' internal social connections vary across settings? Second, how do variations in state strength and elaboration influence protest? Third, how does the relationship between the movement's social structure and its external political environment shape its opportunities? The article considers how political opportunity can illuminate new cases if it is used in connection with specific collective forms that are both encouraged by structures external to the movement and responsive to the needs and constraints produced by the movement's internal structure.
Waveform design for cognitive radar: target detection in heavy clutter

In many applications of radar systems, detection of targets in environments with heavy clutter and interference can be difficult. It is desired that a radar system should detect targets at a further range as well as be able to detect these targets with very few false positive or negative readings. In a cognitive radar system, there are ways that these negative effects can be mitigated and target detection can be significantly improved. An important metric to focus on for increasing target detectability is the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). Cognitive radar offers solutions to issues such as this with the use of a priori knowledge of targets and environments as well as real time adaptations. A feature of cognitive radar that is of interest is the ability to adapt and optimize transmitted waveforms to a given situation. A database is used to hold a priori and dynamic knowledge of the operational environment and targets to be detected, such as clutter characteristics and target radar cross-section (RCS) estimations. Assuming this knowledge is available or can be estimated in real-time, the transmitted waveform can be tailored using methods such as transmission of a spectrum corresponding to the target-to-clutter ratio (TCR). These methods provide significant improvement in distinguishing targets from clutter or interference.
Relation between routine pulmonary function test and impulse oscillometry pulmonary function test in children

Routine pulmonary function tests are common in clinical practice to reflect lung ventilation function;and the flow-loop spirometry can specifically assess small airway function in particular.Impulse oscillometry pulmonary function is different from conventional pulmonary function tests in mechanism;its advantage is no special respiratory movements required thus suitable for children.Children over age of 3 can complete test independently.The parameters,like lung resistance and lung compliance,can be directly obtained.Large and small airway dysfunction can be distinguished.These two methods are with different mechanisms but when being implemented in combination they are complementary to each other to facilitate clinical diagnosis.
More intervention now

Techniques for characterizing performance and diagnosing problems typically endeavor to minimize perturbation by measurements and data collection. We are making a call to do exactly the opposite. In order to characterize the behavior of a system and to perform root-cause analysis and answer what-if questions, we need to conduct active and systematic experiments on our systems, perhaps at the same time these systems are running. We argue that in distributed computing frameworks such as MapReduce, Dryad and Hadoop, the conditions are right for automatically conducting these experiments. At each stage there is a large number of nodes doing the same computation, hence providing a sound statistical population. Furthermore, we have the infrastructure in such systems to isolate and recreate the conditions of a run. In this paper we propose the missing piece: a blueprint of the causal interactions that can be used to plan these experiments and perform inferences about the results. Machine learning and statistical analysis give us the tools and algorithms for inducing such a causal blueprint from a combination of passive observations and active intervention.
Biaxial constitutive relations for the passive canine diaphragm

Samples of the muscular sheet excised from the midcostal region of dog diaphragms were subjected to biaxial loading. That is, stresses in the direction of the muscle fibers and in the direction per...
Conformational Changes of the Multidrug Transporter P-Glycoprotein in Solution and Lipid Discs

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) exports hundreds of chemically unrelated, hydrophobic compounds out of cells. Since Pgp can greatly affect bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic drugs, there is great interest in understanding the mechanism by which drugs are extruded. Pgp is a prototype ABC transporter with two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) that bind and hydrolyze ATP, leading to extensive conformational changes across the transmembrane domains that result in substrate translocation across the cell membrane. According to current alternating access models, binding of ATP promotes NBDs dimerization (outward-facing conformation), and ATP-hydrolysis leads to their dissociation (inward-facing conformation). Despite decades of biochemical/biophysical studies, the mechanism by which the NBDs control these conformational changes is still controversial. We have used luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) to measure distances between the two NBDs during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. Pgp was labeled with the LRET probes, reconstituted in a lipid bilayer nanodisc, and the distance between the NBDs was measured at 37°C in nucleotide-free, ATP-bound, MgATP hydrolysis conditions. Pgp in nanodiscs showed increased basal ATPase activity and robust verapamil-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Our LRET results suggest that the NBDs associate and dissociate in response to ATP binding and hydrolysis. Like the bacterial homolog MsbA, Pgp showed two main conformations (dimeric NBDs and dissociated NBDs) that coexist in equilibrium. However, the proportion of molecules in each conformation and the ATP-hydrolsysis driven changes are distinctly different suggesting that Pgp predominantly resides in the dissociated NBD state. The results are consistent with a recent snapshots analysis at ambient temperature by negative stain electron microscopy. The impact on substrate translocation mechanisms in Pgp vs. MsbA will be discussed. The LRET studies open new possibilities of studying conformational changes at physiological temperatures under native-like conditions.
The northern plains: A Martian oceanic basin?

This chapter describes recent and ongoing work to utilize the new image and topography data to revisit sites along the lowland/upland boundary where landforms were identified in Viking Orbiter images and interpreted to be ocean shorelines. Ancient shorelines on Mars should not be precisely level, although it should be possible to recognize systematic changes in elevation along the shoreline due to these effects. A rare, very high-resolution swath of Viking images of the wall of one of the westernmost fretted valleys of the Mensae shows that the prominent boundary features visible on the sloping surface to the west can be traced into the fretted terrain, suggesting either erosional exposure of stratigraphic contacts by the fretted terrain or emplacement of the contacts after it. They were interpreted to be most comparable to wave-eroded shorelines in terrestrial paleolakes. Starting at the Arabia Level and working plainward, plains textures transition from “smooth plains” between the Arabia and Ismenius Levels, to small-scale polygonally patterned ground between the Ismenius and Deuteronilus Levels, to thumbprint terrain between the Deuteronilus and Acidalia Levels, to mottled plains below the Acidalia Level. Four of the newly identified landforms at the Deuteronilus and Ismenius Levels might be best understood as related to brief disruptions of a thick debris-and ice-covered ocean, that is, the fluvial rilles above the Ismenius Level, and the lobate mounds, dark streaks, and platy flow-textured plains between the two levels.
Thermal Fluid Aspects of Nuclear Rockets

Because nuclear rockets generally operate near the thermal limits of their constituent materials, it is important that accurate evaluations be made of the temperature distributions within the engine's nuclear reactor. Since the heating rate due to fission at different locations in the reactor can vary significantly and because the propellant temperature increases tremendously as it travels through the reactor, the temperatures encountered by the fuel can easily vary over thousands of degrees between various portions of the reactor. In order to make accurate calculations of these temperature distributions, it is necessary, therefore, to not only have a good knowledge of the power distributions in the reactor, but it is also necessary to have a good knowledge of the propellant flow characteristics within the fuel elements and of the thermal characteristics of the fuel itself. For nuclear systems designed for power generation, where heat rejection is an issue, radiator designs which maximize the heat rejection for a given radiator mass are also important.
An Analysis of First-Grade Writing Profiles and Their Relationship to Compositional Quality.

To help all students meet the writing expectations of the Common Core State Standards, researchers need a deeper understanding of the characteristics of struggling writers. The purpose of this stud...
Patient Involvement in Medicine Development and Assessment

Experts in regulatory and HTA agencies are urging the pharmaceutical industry to make more effort to include patients’ perspectives in the medicine development process to further improve the quality and relevance of evidence of effectiveness and value. Indeed, much of the product development activity within companies is geared around meeting goals for regulatory approvals and market access. Therefore, the pharmaceutical industry has an interest in responding to changes in how these agencies consider evidence and make decisions. Many companies make considerable effort to involve patients during the development process as an essential part of improving the overall efficiency of that process. The pharmaceutical industry is benefiting from insights that improve the efficiency of medicine development, while ensuring patient organisations are able to become involved in regulatory and HTA processes. International and national guidelines provide governance to the process and ensure this involvement will occur transparently, without influence and without any overt promotion of specific products (European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations 2011; Perfetto et al. 2015). This chapter will review the evolution and value of patient involvement in medicine development and assessment processes, discuss legal constraints on communication between the pharmaceutical industry and patients and the importance of patient education and training.
Chapter 19 - Econometric Methods for the Analysis of Assignment Problems in the Presence of Complementarity and Social Spillovers1

Abstract Concern over the distributional effects of policies which induce changes in peer group structure, or ‘associational redistributions’ (Durlauf, 1996c), motivates a substantial body of theoretical and empirical research in economics, sociology, psychology, and education. A growing collection of econometric methods for characterizing the effects of such policies are now available. This chapter surveys these methods. I discuss the identification and estimation of the distributional effects of partner reassignment in one-on-one matching models, the average outcome and inequality effects of segregation, and treatment response in the presence of spillovers.
Laser-induced graphene fibers

Abstract In our previous research, we found that the laser induction process on commercially available polyimide sheets is a cost-effective method for the formation of porous graphene that can be subsequently fabricated into mechanically flexible devices. Here we study the parameters required for the formation of varied laser-induced graphene (LIG) morphologies by tuning the laser radiation energy. It was found that a critical fluence point of ∼5 J/cm2 is needed to initiate the carbonization process regardless of the laser power. When increasing the radiation energy, the physical formation of LIG follows a fluid dynamics process in that the morphology of the LIG progressively changes from sheets to fibers and finally to droplets. We then demonstrate that a morphology of LIG nanomaterial, LIG fibers (LIGF), can be generated by this one-step laser photothermolysis process at a radiation energy >40 J/cm2. The LIGF are hollow with a LIG wall and form vertically aligned fibers up to 1 mm in height. Microsupercapacitor (MSC) devices fabricated from LIGF and LIGF-LIG hybrids show 2× the specific areal capacitance over MSCs made entirely from LIG, thereby underscoring the potential for LIGF in flexible device applications.
Molecules to Microbes: In-Situ Studies of Organic Systems Under Hydrothermal Conditions

This chapter describes the in-situ studies of organic systems under hydrothermal conditions and focus is on molecules and microbes. It has been proposed based on thermodynamic arguments that organic compounds synthesized abiotically within the subsurface of the earth may constitute a significant reservoir. The deep subsurface organosynthetic reactions provide the primary production for sustaining complex subsurface microbial communities. The chapter contains many experiments that are described to represent an initial step in a new in-situ approach to understand biogeochemical processes within the deep subsurface. The chapter explains the adoption of recently developed high-pressure tools to obtain direct information about complex biological reactions, and ultimately organisms themselves. Experimental studies are needed to obtain crucial information on biochemistry and biological activity in these largely inaccessible regions. The results obtained to date indicate the synthesis of organic compounds, new mineral–fluid organic interactions and the feasibility of biological activity at very high pressures. The chapter has references to further resources.
The “Silence” of Women in Integration: Exploratory Qualitative Research:

Whether the result of biology, the result of culture, or the interaction of both, modern research on gender concurs: men and women are different. This deceptively simple finding raises a series of interesting questions for work in the integration of psychology and theology. Do women think of integration differently than men? Does the impact of being a mother affect how women imagine integration? And is traditional integrative literature congenial with women's perceptions? If not, why aren't there more women writing on integration in ways that highlight their unique contributions? How are we to account for women's apparent silence when it comes to integration? The present study investigated these questions via exploratory qualitative research.
Getting the picture: visual interpretation in ophthalmology residency training

Objectives Visual interpretation is essential in many fields of health care. Although diagnostic competency can be measured as an educational outcome, few accounts have addressed tacit aspects of visual interpretation in clinical training; these include the disciplining of the trainee's attentions and the trainee's acculturation into expected styles of communicating visual interpretations to others. This paper describes values and dispositions that are taught to ophthalmology trainees as they learn to reason through visual information, and explores how these qualities are evaluated during residency training. Methods The project was based on 6 months of ethnographic participant observation and interviews in an ophthalmology residency programme. Observational notes and interview transcripts pertaining to visual interpretation were isolated for qualitative analysis in the tradition of sociocultural anthropology, guided by literature on communication in medical education and the socialisation of health professionals. Results Residents and faculty members identified visual interpretation as one of the most challenging skills expected of ophthalmology trainees. They expressed a belief that 'systematic' approaches, where visual information is parsed in a stepwise fashion, reduce the chance of trainees overlooking or misinterpreting key diagnostic features. This sensory discipline was represented in narrative form when faculty members asked residents to interpret images aloud, as residents were expected to follow prescribed sequences for describing the content of images before commenting on possible diagnoses. Conclusions Sensory processing is ordinarily opaque to outside observers, but the ritual of describing images in highly regimented narratives allows residents to demonstrate how they gather and reason through visual information. The form of these narratives reflects values that residents are expected to embody during their training, such as being thorough and methodical; it may also serve a pedagogical function by entrenching those values. Further research is needed to characterise how the performance of speech genres shapes the interpretive skills of medical trainees.
Brittle Behavior of a Varved Clay During Triaxial Undrained Shear Strength Tests

The brittle behavior aspects of the undrained shear strength of a varved clay deposited in a glacial-era lake are presented. The cause of the brittle behavior is surmised to be calcareous in nature. The calcareous material is an integral part of the natural soil structure. The influences of rate of strain, relative level of consolidation stress during shear in comparison with the consolidation stress, specimen quality, and mode of loading are illustrated by diagrams of shear strength versus mean effective stress (q-p) paths. The undrained shear strength to consolidation stress (c/p) ratio varies systematically. The brittle behavior is less prominent during laboratory shear strength testing, when the soil's natural structure is disturbed. The correlation of laboratory-measured undrained shear strength with field-measured vane shear strength values is presented.
Second Natural History Study of Congenital Heart Defects. Ventricular septal defect: Echocardiography

Background Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography can provide structural and hemodynamic information for patients with ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Therefore, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed on patients with VSDs returning for the Second Natural History Study of Congenital Heart Defects. Methods and results Five hundred fifty-six patients with VSDs underwent two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations. Three hundred twenty-four patients were in the medically treated group, and 232 had undergone a previous operation. The location of the VSD was classified in 235 patients. Several Doppler measurements were used to calculate pulmonary artery pressures: tricuspid regurgitation peak systolic velocity, peak systolic velocity of VSD jet, pulmonary regurgitation end-diastolic velocity, and pulmonary artery acceleration time. The two methods that were found to be reliable consisted of the tricuspid regurgitation peak systolic velocity and the pulmonary regurgitation end-diastolic velocity. These measurements were obtained in only 26% of patients at all centers. At one center in which adult and pediatric echocardiography was performed in a single laboratory, these values were obtained in 60% of patients. Conclusions Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography has the ability to provide a noninvasive method of assessing morphology and hemodynamics in patients with VSDs. However, the reliability and accuracy of hemodynamic measurements are dependent on operator experience.
Outer Membrane, Gram-Negative Bacteria

The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria contains, in addition to an inner, cytoplasmic membrane, an outer membrane – a structure unique to organisms of this group. The space between the two membranes is the periplasm, where we find not only the peptidoglycan (murein) cell wall but also many unique proteins. The outer membrane also contains many unique proteins, which often traverse the membrane as β-barrels and function as narrow (and sometimes specific) diffusion channels for small nutrient molecules. Some proteins act as a high-affinity transporter for larger molecules that exist in very low concentrations in the environment, such as ferric siderophore complexes and vitamin B12. The bilayer domain of the outer membrane is composed of an asymmetric bilayer, with lipopolysaccharides comprising the sole component of the outer leaflet, at least in enteric bacteria. The influx of lipophilic compounds across this asymmetric bilayer is severely retarded in comparison with that across the conventional membrane bilayer. The outer membrane thus acts as a protective barrier, limiting the access of noxious compounds – hydrophilic ones by the limited diameter of diffusion channels and hydrophobic ones by the low-permeability, asymmetric bilayer. The enteric bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella, served as a paradigm for the structure and function of the outer membrane. Finally, although Gram-positive, bacteria of Corynebacterium–Nocardia–Mycobacterium group are surrounded by a cell wall that is quite similar to the Gram-negative outer membrane and serves as an effective permeability barrier.
Technology needs development and orbital support requirements for manned lunar and Mars missions

This paper presents an overview of the critical technology needs and the Space Station Freedom focused support requirements for the Office of Exploration's manned lunar and Mars missions. The emphasis is on e directed at the technology needs associated with the low earth orbit (LEO) transportation node assembly and vehicle processing functions required by the lunar Mars mission flight elements. The key technology areas identified as crucial to support the LEO node function include in-space assembly and construction, in-space vehicle processing and refurbishment, space storable cryogenics, and autonomous rendezvous and docking.
Priority setting in health: development and application of a multi-criteria algorithm for the population of New Zealand's Waikato region.

Priority setting in a climate of diverse needs and limited resources is one of the most significant challenges faced by health care policymakers. This paper develops and applies a comprehensive multi-criteria algorithm to help determine the relative importance of health conditions that affect a defined population. Our algorithm is implemented in the context of the Waikato District Health Board (WDHB) in New Zealand, which serves approximately 10% of the New Zealand population. Strategic priorities of the WDHB are operationalized into five criteria along which the algorithm is structured—scale of disease, household financial impact of disease, health equity, cost-effectiveness, and multimorbidity burden. Using national-level data and published literature from New Zealand, the World Health Organization, and other high-income Commonwealth countries, 25 health conditions in Waikato are identified and mapped to these five criteria. These disease-criteria mappings are weighted with data from an ordered choice survey administered to the general public of the Waikato region. The resulting output of health conditions ranked in order of relative importance is validated against an explicit list of health concerns, provided by the survey respondents. Heart disease and cancerous disorders are assigned highest priority rankings according to both the algorithm and the survey data, suggesting that our model is aligned with the primary health concerns of the general public. All five criteria are weighted near-equal across survey respondents, though the average health equity preference score is 9.2% higher for Māori compared to non-Māori respondents. Older respondents (50 years and above) ranked issues of multimorbidity 4.2% higher than younger respondents. Health preferences of the general population can be elicited using ordered-choice surveys and can be used to weight data for health conditions across multiple criteria, providing policymakers with a practical tool to inform which health conditions deserve the most attention. Our model connects public health strategic priorities, the health impacts and financial costs of particular health conditions, and the underlying preferences of the general public. We illustrate a practical approach to quantifying the foundational criteria that drive public preferences, for the purpose of relevant, legitimate, and evidence-based priority setting in health.
The Practice of Cancer Pain: A Case Series

Cancer pain management is unique in that it requires a balance of pharmacologic and interventional therapies in the face of clinical challenges specific to cancer treatment and progression. This chapter presents a series of case studies highlighting frequent clinical scenarios encountered by pain practitioners and the treatment algorithms that are generally employed to optimize a patient’s treatment. Cancer pain management is focused on pain and palliation and often requires the practitioner to change their focus throughout a patient’s treatment. It can start with medication management and the employment of interventional techniques but often focuses on symptomatic management, prognosis, and individual patient goals. Changing underlying pathology often requires a practitioner to frequently reassess a patient to accurately diagnose and treat their pain. Ultimately, our goal for each patient with cancer pain is to optimize the treatment of pain and maximize quality of life and functionality.
Using Long-term Capture Data to Predict Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) Population Patterns.

Insects can infest facilities that house and process post-harvest grains and grain-based products. Integrated pest management tactics rely on tracking insect populations and using this information to select and target management tactics. Our ability to predict when and where to best focus treatment relies on an understanding of long-term trends, but often any available monitoring data are limited in its duration. Here we present data collected over a 10-year period at a flour mill in the central part of the United States. Using traps placed both inside and outside a flour mill and baited with pheromone-lures for Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Indianmeal moth, and Trogoderma variabile Ballion, warehouse beetle, we examine environmental and spatial variability in insect captures. We find that both species, inside and outside the mill, are highly influenced by seasonal patterns, with peaks of insect captures during the warm season (April through September). There is also consistency across time and space in trap capture for P. interpunctella with traps in an open location consistently capturing high numbers of insects. In contrast, T. variabile lacked consistency in trap capture but were most often not found in the same trap locations as P. interpunctella. Fumigations conducted within the facility appeared to have little impact on insect captures inside, with dynamics appearing to be driven more by broader seasonal patterns in activity. These data and analyses suggest that there is a larger population of these insects that are readily moving in and out of the structures, while fumigation treatments are only impacting a small portion of the overall population and tactics targeting immigration may be an important addition to the pest management program.
Authentic Self: Personal Identity Conceptualizations for Leaders and Followers (An Interdisciplinary Study)

The current study offers an interdisciplinary review of more than 100 scholarly articles and books on personal identity theories from primarily philosophical, psychological, and philosophical psychology literature to understand how the leader and the follower identities are formed and sustained over time. The study also aimed to bring the literature on personal identity theories and leadership studies together to better conceptualize the dynamic and interconnected nature of identity construct for leaders and followers from interdisciplinary perspectives. The review revealed that personal identity theories had not been fully integrated with or utilized by the interdisciplinary studies of leadership and followership. The study also noticed patterns and themes within identity research that have significant overlap with the leadership studies in the area of process-based understanding of the self and the leadership process. Recommendations are made to more fully integrate the dynamic and process-based identity theories, which steam primarily from process philosophy, with current understanding of process-based leader follower-ship research. This study is limited to the review of person and personal identity theory literature. Due to the magnitude of the task, the role and social identity theories have not been included in this study.
Traffic management strategies for urban networks: smart city mobility technologies

Abstract New approaches for improving the mobility, accessibility, and safety in dense urban networks are beginning to challenge conventional approaches to transportation system design and operation and change planning processes. This chapter discusses key new technologies, their expected impacts, and methodologies for their assessment. Emphasis is given to the emerging technologies for vehicles, infrastructure, and their interactions, including but are not limited to infrastructure and mobile based real-time monitoring and control systems, connected vehicles, and automation. The chapter assesses the opportunities and constraints for implementation of these systems, and proposes ways for integrating these systems with land use and environmental plans.
Sometimes You Want to Go Where Everybody Knows Your Name

We introduce a new metric for measuring how well a model personalizes to a user’s specific preferences. We define personalization as a weighting between performance on user specific data and performance on a more general global dataset that represents many different users. This global term serves as a form of regularization that forces us to not overfit to individual users who have small amounts of data. In order to protect user privacy, we add the constraint that we may not centralize or share user data. We also contribute a simple experiment in which we simulate classifying sentiment for users with very distinct vocabularies. This experiment functions as an example of the tension between doing well globally on all users, and doing well on any specific individual user. It also provides a concrete example of how to employ our new metric to help reason about and resolve this tension. We hope this work can help frame and ground future work into personalization.
4-Fluoro-5-methylacridine: In Search of Long-Range “Lone-Pair Mediated” H-F and C-F Spin-Spin Coupling

In continuation of our interest in long-range “through-space” H-F and C-F spin-spin coupling in planar aromatic molecules, 1–5 we desired to explore the presence (or absence) of such coupling betwe...
Making Sense of Student–Teacher Relationships: Teacher Educator and Candidate Engagement with the Relational Practices of Teaching

Although research on student–teacher relationships (STRs) consistently demonstrates STRs’ association with student achievement and well-being, teachers typically receive limited guidance regarding ...
Near exogeneity and weak identification in generalized empirical likelihood estimators: Many moment asymptotics

Abstract This paper investigates the Generalized Empirical Likelihood (GEL) estimators when there are local violations of the exogeneity condition (near exogeneity) in the case of many weak moments. We also examine the tradeoff between the degree of violation of the exogeneity and the number of nearly exogenous instruments. In this respect, this paper extends many weak moment asymptotics of Newey and Windmeijer (2009a). The overidentifying restrictions test can detect both mild and large violations of exogeneity. In the case of minor violations, the Anderson–Rubin (1949) and Wald tests are not size distorted.