cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The crystal structures of synthetic Re‐ and PGE‐bearing magnesioferrite Spinels: Implications for impacts, accretion and the mantle

Re- and PGE-bearing magnesioferrite spinels were synthesized at oxidizing conditions between 0.1 MPa and 5.0 GPa, and 1150 to 1600 °C in equilibrium with Re- or PGE-bearing metals and/or oxides. Electron microprobe analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to determine the composition, crystal structures and site occupancies, indicating that the magnesioferrite structure can accommodate wt% levels of Re and the platinum group elements (PGE) at oxidized conditions. These results suggest that magnesioferrite spinels found in K-T boundary samples worldwide could be an important host phase for the Ir, Ru, Os, Re, and Rh anomalies found in the boundary layer. Higher Ru/Ir values in Pacific magnesioferrite-bearing samples may be a reflection of higher condensation temperatures of the oxides. The distribution of PGE's in mantle and magmatic rocks may depend on the stability of spinel-structure oxides, especially those with a high magnesioferrite component. Finally, magnetite-rich meteorite fusion crusts may hold PGE' in oxidized form.
Human factor XIa cleaves fibrinogen: effects on structure and function.

Abstract Factor XIa, the enzymatic form of the factor XI zymogen, is generated as a result of factor XII-dependent surface activation in plasma. Factor XIa degrades high molecular weight kininogen, its cofactor for activation (which binds factor XIa to the surface), as well as cleaves and activates coagulation factor IX. In this report, we present evidence that factor XIa can also cleave fibrinogen and decrease the thrombin-catalyzed formation of the fibrin clot. Furthermore, the products of factor XIa-digested fibrinogen markedly inhibited the rate of polymerization of fibrin monomers. Factor XIa initially cleaved the Aα-chain of fibrinogen and subsequently degraded the Bβ-chain. However, the cleavage sites on both chains were distinct from those susceptible to thrombin. The γ-chain was degraded only after prolonged incubation with factor XIa. Furthermore, the profile of fibrinogen proteolysis by factor XIa was distinctly different from that of plasmin-catalyzed fibrinogenolysis. Unlike plasmin, factor XIa was not able to cleave the NH 2 -terminus of the Bβ-chain of fibrinogen. Moreover, factor XIa, unlike plasmin, failed to hydrolyze fibrin. Further study of the proteolytic digests of fibrinogen produced by factor XIa may give additional insight into the mechanism of polymerization of this protein.
Evolution, altruism and cognitive architecture: a critique of Sober and Wilson's argument for psychological altruism

Sober and Wilson have propose a cluster of arguments for the conclusion that ''natural selection is unlikely to have given us purely egoistic motives'' and thus that psycho- logical altruism is true. I maintain that none of these arguments is convincing. However, the most powerful of their arguments raises deep issues about what egoists and altruists are claiming and about the assumptions they make concerning the cognitive architecture underlying human motivation. In their important book, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson offer a new and interesting evolutionary argument aimed at showing that in the venerable dispute between psychological altruism and psychological egoism, altruism is the likely winner. In this paper, I'll argue that Sober and Wilson's argument relies on an implicit assumption about the cognitive architecture subserving human action, that much recent work in cognitive science suggests the assumption may be mistaken, and that without the assumption, their argument is no longer persuasive. Before getting to any of that, however, we'll need to fill in a fair amount of background.
Critical speeding-up in the local dynamics of the random-cluster model.

We study the dynamic critical behavior of the local bond-update (Sweeny) dynamics for the Fortuin-Kasteleyn random-cluster model in dimensions d=2, 3 by Monte Carlo simulation. We show that, for a suitable range of q values, the global observable S-2 exhibits "critical speeding-up": it decorrelates well on time scales much less than one sweep. In some cases the dynamic critical exponent for the integrated autocorrelation time is negative. We also show that the dynamic critical exponent z(exp) is very close (possibly equal) to the rigorous lower bound alpha/nu and quite possibly smaller than the corresponding exponent for the Chayes-Machta-Swendsen-Wang cluster dynamics.
Pineal gland and melatonin influence on chronic alcohol consumption by hamsters

Male golden hamsters preferentially consume alcohol solution when given a free-choice between water and the alcohol solution. The pineal gland has been implicated as influencing the predilection for the ethanol solution. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, was administered either daily for 11 weeks as a subcutaneous injection (25 micrograms/animal) or weekly as a subcutaneous beeswax implant (1 mg melatonin/24 mg beeswax) for 5 weeks to hamsters allowed a free-choice between water or a 10% ethanol solution. Food, water and alcohol consumptions were measured on a daily basis. Animals treated by daily injection with melatonin consumed slightly less ethanol than animals not given melatonin. In light-deprived animals given chronic implants of melatonin, alcohol consumption was reduced when compared to alcohol consumption by light-deprived hamsters not receiving melatonin. Melatonin treatment also resulted in reducing daily total fluid intake as well as ethanol consumption in light-deprived hamsters. The results indicate that the pineal gland may influence fluid consumption in the hamster, and indirectly alters the propensity of the hamster to consume alcohol.
Keratoconjunctivitis Associated with Adenovirus Type 37: An Extended Outbreak in an Ophthalmologist's Office

An outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis occurred in three clusters among patients of an ophthalmologist during 1977-1978. Cases in the third cluster and possibly one case in the first were caused by infection with adenovirus type 37. Among 83 infected patients, the mean interval between a visit to the ophthalmologist's office and the onset of symptoms was 11 days. Conjunctival specimens from 64 (77%) of the patients yielded adenovirus type 37, and adenovirus hexon antigen was identified by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in pooled specimens from the office environment. Infected patients were older and had more glaucoma, and were therefore tested more frequently by tonometry, than noninfected control patients. The association of this outbreak with adenovirus type 37 was made in 1981, the year in which this new serotype was fully described and reference reagents were produced. This is the first report of infection due to adenovirus type 37 in the United States.
The Influence of Ocean Surface Temperature Gradient and Continentality on the Walker Circulation. Part I: Prescribed Tropical Changes

A coarse mesh global climate model has been developed to assess ocean surface temperature (OST) gradient and continentality influences on the Walker circulation, which is characterized in the zonal plane by three pairs of clockwise and counterclockwise cells in the troposphere. The model response exhibits statistically significant changes in the intensity of the various cells and branches with small shifts in the east-west extent. The overall structure in the zonal plane for experiments with the coldest and with mean temperatures, however, remained unchanged. In an experiment involving the replacement of the South American continent by an ocean with OSTs linearly interpolated from the eastern Pacific to the western Atlantic, a dramatic change took place in the structure of the Walker circulation. It is concluded that both continentality and OST gradient are important Walker circulation forcing mechanisms.
Counseling Native Americans: An introduction for Non-Native American Counselors

This article provides a primer on counseling Native American clients for non-Native American counselors and psychotherapists. The diversity of this population is described and a general model of healing from a traditional Native American perspective is presented, with implications for counseling practice. Relevant research is reviewed and practical suggestions are offered for providing counseling services to Native Americans.
Treatment of the Depressed Alcoholic Patient

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and depressive illnesses are highly prevalent, frequently co-occur, and are associated with worse outcomes when paired. The assessment and treatment of patients with co-occurring alcohol use disorders and depressive illnesses is wrought with many significant challenges. When it comes to advocating treatment guidelines for this dually-diagnosed population, the data are limited, but, nonetheless, do suggest that an integrated approach to patients presenting with co-occurring AUD and depressive symptoms can be efficacious. In this approach, ongoing evaluation and treatment are provided under one roof according to the evolving needs of each patient. Utilizing antidepressant medications in conjunction with psychosocial therapies may augment overall treatment efficacy; data also suggest that combining and tailoring psychosocial therapies, such as motivational enhancement therapies, cognitive therapies, and twelve-step facilitation may further improve treatment outcomes for patients with co-occurring depressive and alcohol use disorders.
Depressed Myocardial Creatine Phosphokinase Activity Following Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Rabbit

Since creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is found predominantly in myocardial and skeletal muscle cells, in contrast to cells participating in the inflammatory response, it was considered likely that measurement of activity of this enzyme in the heart would provide a sensitive and relatively specific index of the extent of ischemic injury following acute coronary artery occlusion. Accordingly, CPK activity was measured serially following coronary artery occlusion in extracts from rabbit myocardium with gross infarction and from normal rabbit left ventricle. In addition, myocardial CPK activity was assayed in extracts from various portions of dog hearts 24 hours after ligation of the coronary artery. CPK activity of rabbit myocardium with infarction was uniformly depressed within 6 hours following coronary occlusion. After 24 hours, activity declined from 15.5 ± 0.9 (mean ± SE) to 3.4 ± 0.3. CPK activity in whole left ventricular extracts was depressed and in general, the extent of depression was proportional to the size of the gross infarct. CPK depression in various regions of the dog heart 24 hours after coronary occlusion correlated with the extent of reduction of blood flow determined with the use of radioactively labeled microspheres. Results suggest that depression of myocardial CPK activity may be useful in estimating the extent of tissue damage following experimental coronary artery occlusion and the effect of prophylactic and therapeutic measures on the survival of myocardium in this setting.
Role of NF-κB Pathway on Platelet Activation

Fil: Schattner, Mirta Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentina
Formulas and representations for cyclic Markovian networks via Palm calculus

We present an extension of the arrival theorem for the output process from a node in closed Markovian networks which we use to obtain simple representations and explicit expressions for the throughput, the distribution of the cycle time, and the joint distribution of interoutput times from a node in single class closed networks with exponential servers. Our approach uses tools from Palm calculus to obtain a recursion on the number of customers in the system. The analysis relies on a non-overtake condition and thus many of the results obtained here apply only to cyclic, single server networks. One of the surprising conclusions of our analysis is that the interoutput times that comprise the cycle time of a customer are (finitely) exchangeable, i.e., that their joint distribution is invariant under permutations.
Morphological Models for Identifying Largemouth Bass, Spotted Bass, and Largemouth Bass × Spotted Bass Hybrids

Abstract Hybridization is common among many closely related fishes, such as the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and spotted bass M. punctulatus. Although these species are common members of the sport fish community in midwestern and southeastern U.S. reservoirs, fairly little is known about their ecological interactions or the potential for the introduction of one species to influence the other species. To address these ecological questions and develop appropriate management strategies, reliable field and laboratory identification of each parental species and their hybrid is required. To that end, we collected juvenile (n = 60) and adult (n = 78) largemouth bass, spotted bass, and largemouth bass × spotted bass hybrids from Lake Norman, North Carolina, a system with a historically strong largemouth bass fishery that recently experienced a spotted bass introduction. We recorded a suite of morphological traits on each individual and correlated those observations with DNA sequences from one mitochondri...
Regulatory Constraints on Performance-Based Managerial Compensation, Bank Monitoring, and Aggregate Loan Quality

This paper evaluates the effects of binding regulatory restraints on the rate of performance-based management compensation within a banking framework in which a primary function of bank management teams is to monitor loans in order to eliminate deadweight default losses. Available management teams are endowed with heterogeneous levels of monitoring efficiencies, and obtaining services from more efficient monitoring teams requires payment of higher rates of performance-based compensation. In equilibrium, a fraction of banks choose to employ management teams that monitor. With or without binding capital requirements, imposing binding restraints on the allowed rate of performance-based compensation results either in lower bank efficiency or in a reduced fraction of monitoring banks and, hence, lower aggregate loan quality.
Healing the Planet

Our planet is sick and perhaps on a tipping point of extinction. The causes are well known—global warming, the collapse of the world economy, human greed, and thermonuclear war—to name but a few agents at work in the contemporary world. America and China hold the world's destiny in their grip. How they will interact is unknown. What is known is that both civilizations have in their traditions the ways and means to reverse this approaching apocalypse. Each country is now passing through cultural explosions. This article searches classical Chinese and American philosophy for concepts and social forms that can give shape to this era of upheaval. I have confidence in the genius of Confucius as well as that of certain great classical American philosophers. Read together they can help us come to deal with both the decay of established orders and the overwhelming novelty now sweeping through our consciousness.
Chronic Kidney Disease in the Urban Poor

Background and objectives: In the United States, relatively little is known about clinical outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in vulnerable populations utilizing public health systems. The primary study objectives were to describe patient characteristics, incident ESRD, and mortality in adults with nondialysis-dependent CKD receiving care in the health care safety net. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Time to ESRD and time to death were examined among a cohort of 15,353 ambulatory adults with nondialysis-dependent CKD from the Community Health Network of San Francisco. Results: The mean age of the CKD cohort was 59.0 ± 13.8 years; 50% of the cohort was younger than 60 years and 26% was younger than 50 years. Most (72%) were members of nonwhite racial-ethnic groups, 73% were indigent (annual income <$15,000) and 18% were uninsured. In adjusted analyses, blacks [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 4.00 (2.99 to 5.35)], Hispanics [2.20 (1.46 to 3.30)], and Asians/Pacific Islanders [3.84 (2.73 to 5.40)] had higher risks of progression to ESRD than non-Hispanic whites. The higher risk of progression to ESRD among nonwhite compared with white persons with CKD was not explained by lower relative mortality. Conclusions: Adults with CKD stages 3 to 5 cared for within an urban public health system were relatively young and predominantly nonwhite—both factors associated with a higher risk of progression to ESRD. These findings call for targeted efforts to assess the burden and progression of CKD within other public and safety-net health systems in this country.
Humor in High-Stress Relationships: Understanding Communication in Police Officers' Romantic Relationships

A career in law enforcement is highly stressful given the nontraditional shiftwork, uncertain interactions, and risk of harm. These combined stressors likely spillover into one's romantic relationship and, thus, the study reported here explored one potential communicative coping mechanism—humor. Research exploring humor suggests that humorous communicators are better able to respond to stress, and this study explored if humor appears to benefit relational communication in police officer relationships. Findings begin to support this argument, revealing that romantic partners of police officers with a high humor orientation (HO) report using humor more to cope as well as experiencing less stress (both perceived and physical) and conflict (lower frequency of conflict and less intense/hostile conflict). Path analyses revealed that the use of humor to cope mediated the relationships between self-reported HO and stress, as well as conflict. Implications for humor and romantic relational communication are discussed.
Pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy in coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction

Abstract The pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy is now understood better than ever before. Hypertrophy is initiated either by a sustained increase in mean contractile "stress" (or tension) or, more likely, by a sustained increase in stroke energy expenditure of a unit mass of heart muscle. Myocardial hypertrophy occurs in a certain percentage of patients with coronary atherosclerosis and/or myocardial infarction in the absence of arterial hypertension or other diseases which cause cardiac hypertrophy. The pathogenesis under these circumstances seems to be causally related to dyssynergy and dilatation of the cardiac chamber. These changes may be caused by chronic localized ischemia of the myocardium with diffuse fibrosis (without complete occlusion) or by congestive failure arising from acute infarction and necrosis. Dyssynergy and dilatation of a cardiac chamber increase the mean contractile stress per beat and the stroke energy expenditure of the nonischemic myocardium , which subsequently undergoes hypertrophy. It has been postulated that the regions which hypertrophy must be capable of undergoing the vascular enlargement that accompanies hypertrophy of cardiac muscle, and that vascular disease may curtail this. In many cases of coronary atherosclerosis and infarction the changes described may not occur and hypertrophy will not develop if other causative factors of hypertrophy (e.g., hypertension) are absent.
Quantitatively interpreting fMRI signal

Quantitative relationships among the neurophysiologic processes that link neuronal activity to hemodynamic change is extremely important to interpret the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. In this article the neurovascular coupling relationship was noninvasively studied in the human visual cortex. Graded neuronal/hemodynamic suppression conditions were generated using a paired-stimulus paradigm. Visual evoked potential (VEP) was measured to quantify neuronal activity. Hemodynamic activities were measured and quantified by perfusion changes. All quantification was normalized to the same activation condition using a single-stimulus paradigm within each experimental session. The results reveal: (i) there is a tight neurovascular coupling at graded neuronal suppression conditions; (ii) the neurovascular coupling relationship contains a subtle, but significant, nonlinear component; (iii) the linear model, nevertheless, is still a good approximation reflecting the neurovascular coupling relationship.
Mitochondrial fission mediates high glucose-induced cell death through elevated production of reactive oxygen species.

Aims One of the main causes of cardiovascular complications in diabetes is the hyperglycaemia-induced cell injury, and mitochondrial fission has been implicated in the apoptotic process. We investigated the role of mitochondrial fission in high glucose-induced cardiovascular cell injury. Methods and results We used several types of cultured mouse, rat, and bovine cells from the cardiovascular system, and evaluated mitochondrial morphology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and apoptotic parameters in sustained high glucose incubation. Adenoviral infection was used for the inhibition of the fission protein DLP1. We found that mitochondria were short and fragmented in cells incubated in sustained high glucose conditions. Under the same conditions, cellular ROS levels were high and cell death was increased. We demonstrated that the increased level of ROS causes mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), phosphatidylserine exposure, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation in prolonged high glucose conditions. Importantly, maintaining tubular mitochondria by inhibiting mitochondrial fission in sustained high glucose conditions normalized cellular ROS levels and prevented the MPT and subsequent cell death. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial fragmentation is an upstream factor for ROS overproduction and cell death in prolonged high glucose conditions. Conclusion These findings indicate that the fission-mediated fragmentation of mitochondrial tubules is causally associated with enhanced production of mitochondrial ROS and cardiovascular cell injury in hyperglycaemic conditions.
Comparative susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni of the squirrel monkey, the slow loris and the tree shrew☆

Abstract After exposure to cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni it was found that a New World monkey (Saimiri sciurea—the squirrel monkey) was susceptible to infection, a prosimian primate (Nycticebus coucang—the slow loris) was relatively resistant, and a “pre-primate” (Tupaia glis—the tree shrew) was virtually insusceptible to infection. On the basis of this and other studies with primates, it appears that the lower primates are less susceptible to infection with S. mansoni than the higher primates.
Creating 3D speech-driven talking heads: a probabilistic network approach

We present a probabilistic approach to decide whether or not extracted facial features are appropriate for creating 3D face models. Automatically extracted 2D facial features from a video sequence are fed into the proposed probabilistic framework before a corresponding 3D face model is built to avoid generating unnatural or non-realistic 3D faces. In addition, a new algorithm for audio-to-visual conversion based on constrained optimization is presented to generate visual parameters for driving the mouth movement of the 3D face models from speech. Lagrangian optimization is applied to transform a constrained problem into an unconstrained problem. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed algorithms for various video sequences and speech.
Catabolism of Tritiated Thymidine by Aquatic Microbial Communities and Incorporation of Tritium into RNA and Protein

The incorporation of tritiated thymidine by five microbial ecosystems and the distribution of tritium into DNA, RNA, and protein were determined. All microbial assemblages tested exhibited significant labeling of RNA and protein (i.e., nonspecific labeling), as determined by differential acid-base hydrolysis. Nonspecific labeling was greatest in sediment samples, for which ≥95% of the tritium was recovered with the RNA and protein fractions. The percentage of tritium recovered in the DNA fraction ranged from 15 to 38% of the total labeled macromolecules recovered. Nonspecific labeling was independent of both incubation time and thymidine concentration over very wide ranges. Four different RNA hydrolysis reagents (KOH, NaOH, piperidine, and enzymes) solubilized tritium from cold trichloroacetic acid precipitates. High-pressure liquid chromatography separation of piperidine hydrolysates followed by measurement of isolated monophosphates confirmed the labeling of RNA and indicated that tritium was recovered primarily in CMP and AMP residues. We also evaluated the specificity of [2-3H]adenine incorporation into adenylate residues in both RNA and DNA in parallel with the [3H]thymidine experiments and compared the degree of nonspecific labeling by [3H]adenine with that derived from [3H]thymidine. Rapid catabolism of tritiated thymidine was evaluated by determining the disappearance of tritiated thymidine from the incubation medium and the appearance of degradation products by high-pressure liquid chromatography separation of the cell-free medium. Degradation product formation, including that of both volatile and nonvolatile compounds, was much greater than the rate of incorporation of tritium into stable macromolecules. The standard degradation pathway for thymidine coupled with utilization of Krebs cycle intermediates for the biosynthesis of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines readily accounts for the observed nonspecific labeling in environmental samples.
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Insights into Multiple Facets of Chemistry and Biochemistry from Freezing‐Point Depressions

Contrary to current widely held beliefs, many concentrated aqueous solutions of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes behave ideally. For both, the same simple equation yields mole fractions of water that are equal to the theoretical activities of water. No empirical activity coefficients or ad hoc parameters are needed. Thermodynamic hydration numbers and the number of particles produced per mole of solute are found by searching freezing-point depression measurements, as if asking the water, "How much available water solvent is left and how many solute particles are there?" The results answer questions currently under debate: Do solutes alter the nature of water outside their immediate surroundings? What is the number of ion pairs formed by various electrolytes and what affects extents of their formation? What are some factors that cause precipitation of proteins, latexes, and so forth from aqueous solutions upon addition of other solutes (Hofmeister series)? Which nonelectrolytes form aggregates in water and what are the implications? Why do different solutes affect viscosity differently? How do ion-selective channels in cell membranes function at the molecular level?
Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Exposure for Motorists: Comparing Exposure Duration and Intensity

This article investigates the effects of congested freeway traffic conditions on motorists’ exposure to traffic-related air pollution using real-world traffic data and a framework of established emissions and dispersion models. The intent is to isolate and compare the influences of congested traffic characteristics on exposure duration and exposure intensity. Mass inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) is estimated for 45,226 simulated trips through a 14-mile congested freeway corridor. Results show that congestion increases total trip pollutant inhalation primarily through motorist delay (exposure duration), and to a lesser extent through increased concentrations (exposure intensity). The effects of varying wind and background concentration can be sufficient to obscure the influence of congestion on exposure intensity. The variability of exposure intensity due to traffic is mitigated by offsetting impacts among traffic flow, emissions rates, and pollutant dispersion. Exposure intens...
Targeted cleavage of signaling proteins by caspase 3 inhibits T cell receptor signaling in anergic T cells

Summary T cell receptor (TCR) engagement in the absence of costimulation induces the calcium-dependent upregulation of a program of gene expression that leads to the establishment of T cell anergy. Casp3 is one of the genes activated during anergy induction. Here we show that caspase 3 is required for the induction of T cell unresponsiveness. Suboptimal T cell stimulation induced caspase 3 activation, which did not result in cell death. Furthermore, caspase 3-deficient T cells showed impaired responses to anergizing stimuli. In anergic T cells, activated caspase 3 associated to the plasma membrane, where it cleaved and inactivated proteins such as the Grb2-related adaptor downstream of shc (GADS) and the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav1, causing a blockade in TCR signaling. Our results identify a role for caspase 3 in nonapoptotic T cells and support that caspase 3-dependent proteolytic inactivation of signaling proteins is essential to maintain T cell tolerance.
The Pragmatics of Obligatory Adjuncts

The existence of OBLIGATORY ADJUNCTS in both predication and modification constructions is best understood as following from general conversational pragmatics, rather than from grammatical factors. In the case of clausal predication, adjuncts are used to satisfy the often-cited requirement that every utterance have a focus that serves to convey new information in the discourse; adjuncts are just one of several ways in which the focal requirement can be satisfied. We argue that as a pragmatic constraint, the focal requirement is derivative from Grice's maxim of quantity or Horn's R-principle. This allows us to account for the fact that while utterances do normally require a successful focus, there can be certain principled exceptions. The appeal to conversational maxims also allows us to account for the appearance of obligatory adjuncts within nominal modification structures, in which focus is not the relevant notion.
Design rationale for TELOS, a PASCAL-based AI language

TELOS is a PASCAL-based AI language intended to facilitate efficient development of efficient, well-structured programs. The design emphasizes powerful data abstraction and control abstraction mechanisms rather than the provision of particular high-level constructs. Among the many capabilities of TELOS are those intended to make it especially suitable for systematic AI model building, for example, in the areas of knowledge representation, planning, and reasoning. An event facility is provided which unifies the handling of conditional interrupts (demons), process suspension, process communication and execution faults. The context-dependent TELOS data base is referenceable either associatively or directly.
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of vortex entrapment of particles in a microchannel with curved or flat edges

Numerical simulations were conducted to determine the effects of flat-edge and curved-edge channel wall obstacles on the vortex entrapment of uniform-size particles in a microchannel with a T-shape divergent flow zone at different flow Reynolds numbers (Re). Two-particle simulations with a non-pulsating flow indicated that although particles were consistently entrapped in a vortex zone in a microchannel with flat-edge wall obstacles at all Re studied, vortex zone entrapment of particles occurred only at the lowest Re in a microchannel with curved-edge wall obstacles. In a microchannel with flat-edge obstacles, small particles avoided entrapment in vortices in a non-pulsating flow where large particles got trapped. Interparticle and particle–wall repulsive interaction potentials prevented vortex entrapment of particles in a microchannel with flat-edge wall obstacles only at high flow Re, revealing the existence of a threshold inertial force for particle liberation, if combined inertial and repulsive forces are considered in non-pulsating flow simulations. Pulsating flow enhanced the chance for liberation of particles that were otherwise trapped in vortices, but did not always ensure the particle liberation. Simulations with larger particle concentrations demonstrated that the location of particle-trapping vortices varied with changes in particle concentration. Simulation results further demonstrated the significance of particle retaining capabilities of vortices in a T-shape divergent zone within a microchannel.
LEVELS OF THE OXYTOCIN‐ASSOCIATED AND VASOPRESSIN‐ASSOCIATED NEUROPHYSINS IN PLASMA AND THEIR RESPONSES IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

SUMMARY A group of 89 individuals with essential hypertension was evaluated with several measurements including the neurophysin believed to be the human oxytocin neurophysin (OT-Np), and the human vasopressin neurophysin (VP-Np). The neurophysins are proteins synthesized within cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in conjunction with their respective hormones oxytocin and vasopressin as part of a common precursor molecule and so may reflect the simultaneous presence in plasma of their associated hormones. A poor but statistically significant correlation was noted between levels of OT-Np and renin activity in plasma (PRA) either supine (r= 0·248) or erect (r= 0·255). Levels of OT-Np averaged 1·75 ng/ml and were inversely correlated with creatinine (r= - 0·252), supine blood pressure (r= - 0·450), plasma volume (r= - 0·327), and 24-hour urine sodium (r= - 0·313). Levels of Ot-Np could be suppressed by infusion of physiologic saline. Levels of OT-Np were lower in the volume expanded state and were positively correlated with the quantity of sodium excreted into a 24-hour urine collected after the infusion (r= 0·426) and inversely correlated with the supine systolic (r= - 0·379) and supine diastolic (r= - 0·455) blood pressures recorded after the infusion of saline. Oestrogen, a stimulus to the secretion of OT-Np, did not account for the elevation of OT-Np observed in the study, since mean levels of oestradiol (E2) in a subset of the patients with elevated OT-Np (E2= 36 pg/ml) were not different from levels in subjects with lower values of OT-Np (E2= 45 pg/ml). Levels of VP-Np averaged 0·85 ng/ml and correlated positively with PRA (r= 0·353) and 24-hour urine excretion of dopamine (r= 0·44), and inversely with age (r= - 0·263), blood pressure, and 24-hour urine excretion of sodium (r= - 0·226). Erect posture caused an elevation of VP-Np. Therefore, levels of OT-Np and VP-Np respond to certain physiological stimuli and levels of OT-Np are elevated in a subgroup of subjects with essential hypertension.
Calcium Flux Through Predominantly Independent Purinergic ATP and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Ligand-gated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and purinergic ATP receptors are often expressed in the same peripheral and central neurons, and ATP and acetylcholine (ACh) are stored together in some synaptic vesicles. Evidence has suggested that nAChRs and ATP receptors are not independent and that some agonists strongly cross-activate and desensitize both receptor types. Rat sympathetic neurons and nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes were studied to determine the significance of the interactions caused by the two agonist types. Current amplitudes included with separate or combined applications of ATP and nicotine are > 90% additive and independent. Half of all neurons tested responded to either ATP or nicotine but not to both, indicating differences in the expression of the two receptors. In neurons that expressed both receptors types, the nAChRs were inhibited by the activity-dependent open-channel blocker chlorisondamine. If the purinergic and nicotinic receptors were significantly dependent and coactivated, then blocking the ion channels opened by a nicotinic agonist should diminish the current activated by a purinergic agonist. That result was not seen; rather, complete open-channel block of nAChRS with chlorisondamine did not significantly alter the amplitude or kinetics of ATP-induced currents in the same neurons. Finally, when cloned nAChR subunits were expressed in oocytes, ATP activated only very small currents compared with the current activated by Ach. For the 13 different nAChR subunit combinations that were studied, ATP (50-500 microM) activated a current that ranged from 0 to 4% of the size of the current activated by 100 microM ACh. In summary, we find that there is little cross reactivity, and nAChRs and purinergic ATP receptors are predominantly independent, acting with separable physiological characteristics. Therefore the quantitative Ca2+ flux could be separately determined for nAChRs and ATP receptors. The fraction of total current that is carried by Ca2+ was quantitatively determined by simultaneously measuring the whole cell current and the associated change in intracellular Ca2+ with fura-2. For sympathetic neurons bathed in 2.5 mM Ca2+ at a holding potential of -50 mV, Ca2+ carries 4.8 +/- 0.3% (mean +/- SE) of the inward current through neuronal nAChRs and 6.5 +/- 0.1% of the current through purinergic ATP receptors. In conclusion, activity-dependent Ca2+ influx through predominately independent populations of nAChRS and ATP neurons can produce different intracellular signals at purinergic and cholinergic synapses.
Peter Wilcox: a New Purple-Skin, Yellow-Flesh Fresh Market Potato Cultivar with Moderate Resistance to Powdery Scab

Peter Wilcox is a new, medium-maturing, purple-skinned, yellow-fleshed potato cultivar for the fresh market. Peter Wilcox also produces light-colored chips, although it is being released primarily as a fresh market potato because of its skin and flesh colors. Tubers are attractive, smooth, with dark purple-skin, oblong shape and moderate size. Yellow-flesh intensity is equal to or slightly darker than Yukon Gold. Marketable yields of Peter Wilcox have averaged 78–97 % of various standard cultivars in multiple years of testing. Specific gravity of Peter Wilcox was lower than Yukon Gold, but higher than standard red-skin cultivars it was compared to at numerous locations. Hollow heart and internal heat necrosis in Peter Wilcox tubers have generally been less than in standard cultivars; however, slight purple-streaks in the flesh have occasionally been reported in Maine. Peter Wilcox is moderately resistant to powdery scab. It is susceptible to late blight, early blight, potato virus Y, Verticillium wilt, and common scab. Peter Wilcox is a publicly released cultivar.
Effect of Downstream Contraction on Liner Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Combustor Swirl Flow

Established numerical approaches for performing detailed flow analysis happens to be an effective tool for industry based applied research. In the present study, computations are performed on multiple gas turbine combustor geometries for turbulent, non-reactive and reactive swirling flow conditions for an industrial swirler. The purpose of this study is to identify the location of peak convective heat transfer along the combustor liner under swirling inlet flow conditions and to investigate the influence of combustor geometry on the flow field. Instead of modeling the actual swirler along with the combustor, an inlet swirl flow profile is applied at the inlet boundary based on previous literature. Initially, the computed results are validated against available experimental data for an inlet Reynolds number flow of 50000 using a 2D axi-symmetric flow domain for non-reacting conditions. A constant heat flux on the liner is applied for the study. Two turbulence models (RNG k-e and k-ω SST) are utilized for the analysis based on its capability to simulate swirling flows. It is found that both models predict the peak liner heat transfer location similar to experiments. However, k-e RNG model predicts heat transfer magnitude much closer to the experimental values except displaying an additional peak whereas k-ω model predicts only one peak but tends to over-predict in magnitude. Since the overall characteristic liner heat transfer trend is captured well by the latter one, it is chosen for future computations. A 3D sector (30°) model results also show similar trends as 2D studies. Simulations are then extended to 3 different combustors (Case 1: full cylinder and Case 2 and 3: cylinders with downstream contractions having reduced exit areas) by adopting the same methodology for same inlet flow conditions. Non-reacting simulations predict that the peak heat transfer location is marginally reduced by the downstream contraction of the combustor. However the peak location shifts towards downstream due to the presence of accelerated flow.Reacting flow simulations are performed with Flamelet Generation Manifold (FGM) model for simulating premixed combustion for the same inlet flow conditions as above. It is observed that Case 3 predicts a threefold increase in the exit flow velocity in comparison to non-reacting flow simulations. The liner heat transfer predictions show that both geometries predict similar peak temperatures. However, only one fourth of the initial liner length experiences peak temperature for Case 1 whereas the latter continues to feel the peak till the end. This behavior of Case 3 can be attributed to rapid convection of high temperature products downstream due to the prevailing accelerated flow.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A REALISTIC MODEL FOR THE 1992-96 TIDAL WAVES

Tidal waves or tsunamis are long water waves of small steepness generated by impulsive geophysical events of the seafloor or by coastal landslides. Whereas their coastal evolution is now well-understood, their generation is not. Until recently (Tadepalli and Synolakis 1994a, 1996), numerous anecdotal records of historic tsunamis where shorelines significantly retreated before the tidal waves advanced up the coastline have been disregarded; the prevailing paradigm for tsunami studies is the modeling of the evolution and runup of a single-hump leading-elevation waves which offshore have solitary-wave profiles. We propose a model for the leading-wave of tsunamis to explain why the coastal manifestation of most tsunamis suggests a leading-depression N-wave, a waveform which causes the shoreline to recede before advancing up the beach. Farfield, we use the Korteweg-De-Vries equation, and we find that N-waves of geophysical scales do not fission over transoceanic propagation distances and no leading solitary waves emerge. Nearshore, we use shallow water theory to calculate the evolution and runup of emerging non-breaking waves, and we observe that they evolve according to Greens' law (Green, 1837, Lamb, 1945, Synolakis, 1991). We discuss the effects of certain ground deformation parameters and provide one application of our theory by modeling the Nicaraguan tsunami of September 1, 1992.
The Development of Social Attention in Human Infants

In this chapter, we define social attention as a dynamic process involving the selection and interpretation of biological motion, including gaze cueing, pointing, facial expression, head and body orientation, and goal-directed actions. Critically, social attention is viewed not just as a product of development, but as a process as well. We begin with a selective review of infants’ social attention and understanding in order to show how the two are reciprocally related in the progression from dyadic to triadic social interactions and joint attention. The evidence indicates that this progression is not attributable to any single developmental process, and that both social attention and social understanding are contextually modulated. As such, findings from laboratory experiments will not easily generalize to more naturalistic situations, especially when the process of selecting the stimulus information is stripped from the task. To better understand how social attention develops, we review research related to three associated processes: (1) shared direction of attention between infant and social partner. In particular, we focus on the development of gaze and point following and distinguish between simply orienting to the same location and understanding each others’ intention and motivation; (2) contributions of motor experience to action understanding. As infants’ motor skills develop and become better coordinated, their understanding of others’ corresponding actions improves; and (3) coordination of attention between infant and social partner. This coordination progresses from initially following others’ social cues and goal-directed actions to the prediction of these actions. All three of these processes interact and contribute to the tutoring of infants’ social attention, which becomes increasingly controlled by endogenous (goal-directed) processes with development.
HLA superfamily assignment is a predictor of immune response to cancer testis antigens and survival in ovarian cancer.

Objectives To characterize the association between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) types and spontaneous antibody development to the cancer testis (CT) antigen NY-ESO-1.
Compartmentalization of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in formyl- peptide stimulated neutrophils

The presence and physiologic role of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) in human neutrophils was investigated by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Small quantities of G-kinase were found in the cytoskeletal-enriched fraction of neutrophil lysates as detected by Western blots using a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine aorta G-kinase. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated in adherent neutrophils that G-kinase was localized diffusely within the cytoplasm, at the microtubule organizing center, and in the euchromatin of the nucleus. Because cyclic GMP is implicated as a modulator of neutrophil chemotaxis, G-kinase localization was investigated in neutrophils activated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). fMLP stimulated transient focal changes in G-kinase localization that coincided with transient changes in cell shape. G-kinase translocated over a period of 5 minutes from diffuse staining of the cytosol to filaments within the uropod of polarized cells (1 minute), to bundles of filaments associated with loss of cell polarity (2.5 minutes), and finally to more intense staining of the nuclear euchromatin (5 minutes). Optical sectioning of neutrophils by confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that G-kinase was restricted to specific sub-cellular compartments during cell activation. This transient localization of G-kinase was disrupted by cytoskeletal inhibitors and was augmented by 8-Br-cyclic GMP. These data provide evidence for the first time that G-kinase plays a physiologic role in human neutrophils, and support the concept of compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotides during neutrophil activation.