cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the mother–neonate relationship in wild baboons: social, experiential and hormonal correlates

In mammals, maternal care is essential for offspring survival, yet individual differences in this care can dramatically affect offspring growth and development. Few studies have, however, investigated the sources, magnitude and consequences of naturally occurring interindividual variation in maternal care during the neonatal period. In this study, we examine several hormonal and nonhormonal predictors of naturally occurring variation in the mothereneonate relationship during the first 8 weeks of infancy in 34 wild baboon (Papio cynocephalus) mothereinfant dyads in Amboseli, Kenya. We use data on physical contact and suckling patterns to assess the quality of the mothereneonate relationship and to evaluate the extent to which variation in this relationship is predictable from perinatal ovarian steroids (i.e. faecal oestrogen and progesterone metabolites), previous infant care experience, maternal dominance rank and offspring sex. We found that newborn infants of more experienced mothers initiated higher rates of changes in mothereinfant contact than newborns of less experienced mothers. However, at each level of maternal experience, newborn males initiated higher rates of changes in mothereinfant contact than newborn females. Moreover, we found evidence suggesting that variation in suckling activity among daughters (but not sons) was predictable from maternal dominance rank and faecal oestrogen (fE) concentrations before birth. To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence of (1) the influence of cumulative maternal experience on the mothereinfant relationship and (2) the emergence of sex differences in the mothereinfant relationship during the neonatal period in wild primates. Our results suggest that the well-documented sex differences in life history, behaviour and ecology in primates (and other social mammals) may originate very early in life. 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. For vertebrates, mammalian newborns are unusually dependent on their mothers for nourishment, transport, protection and support (Clutton-Brock 1991). Although offspring eventually transition from complete reliance on their mothers to nutritional, locomotor and social independence, the timing of these events can vary widely across individuals of the same species (Clutton-Brock 1991). Despite the critical importance of the neonatal period in the life of each individual, few studies have investigated the sources, magnitude and consequences of interindividual variation in the mothereoffspring relationship during the neonatal period in wild mammals (Altmann 1980; Bales et al. 2002). In this study, we
Enhancing the Conversational Skills of Children With Hearing Impairment

The conversational skills of children with hearing impairment have been found to resemble those of children with learning disabilities and are often inadequate for successful mainstreaming. The pra...
Semiconductor junction transceiver for fibre optic communication

Measurements on three types of l.e.d.s show that these devices can be used as detectors as well as emitters. Hence these diodes can be used as semiconductor junction transceivers (s.j.t.s) in multiterminal data bus systems.
Interspecific Mating and Cytological Studies of Closely Related Species of Ips DeGeer and Orthotomicus Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Interspecific pairing of closely related species of Ips and Orthotomicus was undertaken to test their degree of breeding isolation. Pairings of the following species frequently resulted in sperm transfer but no eclosion: Ips mexicanus × I . concinnus (group I), confusus × montanus (group IX), plastographus (group III) × pini (group IV) and Orthotomicus latidens × O . sabinianae . Mating was generally unsuccessful when the more distantly related species, confusus × plastographus and confusus × pini , were paired. Individuals which produce all-female broods were discovered in a population of O . latidens . About 50% of the eggs deposited by these females hatched, whereas 92% of the eggs from “normal” females produced larvae. Cytological investigations revealed no constant differences between the karyotypes of I . mexicanus and concinnus (7AA+Xy p ), O . latidens and sabinianae (9AA+Xy p ), or between I . confusus and montanus (15AA+Xy p ). I . pini ( oregonis ) and plastographus also have karyotypic formulae of 15AA+Xy p , but both are easily distinguished from confusus and montanus and an atypical chromosome in pini ( oregonis ) distinguishes it from plastographus . The mexicanus and concinnus karyotype and that of O . latidens and sabinianae can be directly derived from each other by fusion or fission. Their relationship to the karyotype of the European species O . proximus (6AA+Xy), is plausible but their karyotypes are composed of a remarkably different number of autosomal arms from those known for other species of Ips .
Physical Activity Data Use by Technoathletes: Examples of Collection, Inscription, and Identification

The proliferation of physical activity data monitoring devices had led to an increase in technoathletes—individuals who combine athletic training and performance with the collection and evaluation of personally-relevant data in an effort to better understand their own abilities. We interviewed 20 technoathletes who were actively involved within either cycling or running communities. Qualitative vignettes of technoathletic engagement with data and the practice of data logging, in specific, are discussed and illustrated. Individual relationships that technoathletes have with their data are also examined. Through the examples, we highlight some commonalities in the data that were obtained and how various athletes represented that information. We also consider some of the tensions that technoathletes have with respect to the data they can obtain and how they saw themselves in light of their data and consider some implications for instruction.
Supermode suppression and frequency locking of a harmonically modelocked laser by external optical injection

We report on supermode noise suppression of a harmonically modelocked laser by CW optical injection. Supermode noise spurs were reduced 20 dB to -130 dBc/Hz, and the optical spectrum became locked to the injected wavelength.
The impact of race on biochemical disease-free survival in early-stage prostate cancer patients treated with surgery or radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose: To assess the impact of race on biochemical freedom from recurrence in patients with early-stage prostate cancer treated either by radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Methods: Between July 1989 and December 1994, 693 patients with early-stage prostate cancer were treated with radiation (302 patients) or by radical prostatectomy (391 patients) at Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute/Wayne State University. Stage, Gleason score, race, pretreatment PSA, and follow-up PSA values were abstracted. There were 387 Caucasian males (CM) and 306 African-American males (AAM). None of the patients received hormone therapy. Radiation therapy was delivered using photon irradiation (249 patients, median dose 69 Gy) or mixed neutron/photon irradiation (53 patients, median dose 10 NGy + 38 PGy). Median follow-up was 36 months (range 2–70) for CM and 35 months (range 1–70) for AAM. Results: Thirty-seven percent of patients treated surgically were AAM, compared to 53% in the radiation group ( p = 0.0001). AAM had a higher median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) than CM (9.78 ng/ml vs. 8.0 ng/ml, p = 0.01). Thirty-three percent of AAM had a pretreatment PSA greater than 15 ng/ml compared to 20% of CM ( p = 0.00001). Disease-free survival (DFS) by race was equivalent at 36 months, 81% for CM and 77% for AAM ( p = NS). For patients with PSA ≤ 15, DFS rates were 87% and 85% for CM and AAM, respectively. DFS rates for patients with PSA > 15 were 61% for CM and 64% for AAM ( p = NS). Significant prognostic factors on multivariate analysis included pretreatment PSA ( p = 0.0001) and Gleason score ( p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Race does not appear to adversely affect biochemical disease-free survival in males treated for early-stage prostate cancer. African-American males with early-stage prostate cancer should expect similar biochemical disease-free survival rates to those seen in Caucasian males.
Aerodynamic-Free Adaptive Control of the NASA Generic Transport Model

Unanticipated and unknown changes in an aircraft’s aerodynamic stability derivatives may cause undesirable eects that render pre-designed control laws unsuitable for maintaining stability. Gradual changes in the stability derivatives may be due to icing on lifting surfaces, whereas structural damage may cause a sudden change. For this study, we use the nonlinear NASA Generic Transport Model (GTM) to investigate the ability of retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC) to compensate for changes in the stability derivatives while maintaining steady level ight despite unknown variations in the aerodynamic modeling information.
Post-Implantation Alterations of Polypropylene in the Human

Purpose: We reviewed the mechanisms by which polypropylene mesh changes after implantation in the human body.Materials and Methods: The existing polymer and medical literature was reviewed regarding polypropylene, including its chemical characteristics, and compositional and physical properties, which undergo alteration after implantation at various human body locations. We also reviewed the changes in those physical properties that were demonstrable in explanted specimens.Results: Polypropylene in mesh form is commonly considered inert and without adverse reactions after implantation in humans. The literature suggests otherwise with reports of various degrees of degradation, including depolymerization, cross-linking, oxidative degradation by free radicals, additive leaching, hydrolysis, stress cracking and mesh shrinkage along with infection, chronic inflammation and the stimulation of sclerosis. Many substances added to polypropylene for various purposes during manufacture behave as toxic substances tha...
Case study research in counselling and psychotherapy

Case study research in counselling and psychotherapy, by John McLeod, London, Sage, 2010, £17.99 (BACP members), 252 pp., £21.99 (non-members), ISBN 978-1-84920-805-5. In order to provide a context...
SQUID: a practical 100% throughput scheduler for crosspoint buffered switches

Crosspoint buffered switches are emerging as the focus of research in high-speed routers. They have simpler scheduling algorithms and achieve better performance than bufferless crossbar switches. Crosspoint buffered switches have a buffer at each crosspoint. A cell is first delivered to a crosspoint buffer, and then transferred to the output port. With a speedup of 2, a crosspoint buffered switch has previously been proved to provide 100% throughput. In this paper, we propose two 100% throughput scheduling algorithms without speedup for crosspoint buffered switches, called SQUISH and SQUID. We prove that both schemes can achieve 100% throughput for any admissible Bernoulli traffic, with the minimum required crosspoint buffer size being as small as a single cell buffer. Both schemes have a low time complexity of O(log N), where N is the switch size. Simulation results show a delay performance comparable to output-queued switches. We also present a novel queuing model that models crosspoint buffered switches under uniform traffic.
Electronic states and potential energy surfaces of the tungsten trimer (W3)

Abstract The equilibrium geometries and bending potential energy surfaces of twelve electronic states of the tungsten trimer (W3) are obtained by the complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field (CAS-MCSCF) followed by multi-reference configuration interaction computations (MRSDCI) that included up to 1.8 million configurations. The spin-orbit effects were also incorporated using the relativistic CI (RCI) technique. Both electron correlation and spin-orbit effects were found to be significant for W3. The electronic states of W3 exhibit very short W-W bonds with dπ-dπ and pπ-pπ bonding.
Social Complexity, Threat, Ego Defenses, and Labeling the Other a Deviant A 'Racial' Incident in the Development of a Small Group

This article provides an examination of ego defense and their role in triggering people to lable another as deviant in a developing small group. Swanson's theory posits a relationship between the complexity of a social relationship and the complexity of ego defense when self and relationaship are threatened. Support was found for the purported relationship and showed that disparate levels of social interaction played a role in the decision to label(which in this study's instance was compounded by apparent racism).
Utilizing multiple scale models to improve predictions of extra-axial hemorrhage in the immature piglet

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. To help understand and better predict TBI, researchers have developed complex finite element (FE) models of the head which incorporate many biological structures such as scalp, skull, meninges, brain (with gray/white matter differentiation), and vasculature. However, most models drastically simplify the membranes and substructures between the pia and arachnoid membranes. We hypothesize that substructures in the pia-arachnoid complex (PAC) contribute substantially to brain deformation following head rotation, and that when included in FE models accuracy of extra-axial hemorrhage prediction improves. To test these hypotheses, microscale FE models of the PAC were developed to span the variability of PAC substructure anatomy and regional density. The constitutive response of these models were then integrated into an existing macroscale FE model of the immature piglet brain to identify changes in cortical stress distribution and predictions of extra-axial hemorrhage (EAH). Incorporating regional variability of PAC substructures substantially altered the distribution of principal stress on the cortical surface of the brain compared to a uniform representation of the PAC. Simulations of 24 non-impact rapid head rotations in an immature piglet animal model resulted in improved accuracy of EAH prediction (to 94 % sensitivity, 100 % specificity), as well as a high accuracy in regional hemorrhage prediction (to 82-100 % sensitivity, 100 % specificity). We conclude that including a biofidelic PAC substructure variability in FE models of the head is essential for improved predictions of hemorrhage at the brain/skull interface.
Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections due to Propionibacterium Species

Abstract Propionibacterium species are part of the normal skin flora and often considered contaminants when identified in cultures. However, they can cause life-threatening infections, including prosthetic cardiovascular device infections. Clinical presentation and management of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection due to Propionibacterium species has not been well described. Retrospective review of all cases of CIED infection due to Propionibacterium species admitted to Mayo Clinic between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2014. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical, microbiological, and imaging data. Descriptive analysis was performed. We identified 14 patients with CIED infection due to Propionibacterium species, accounting for 2.3% of all CIED infections. Patients were predominantly male (n = 12, 86%). The median age at admission was 58.5 years [range, 22-83]. Twelve patients had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and 2 had permanent pacemaker (PPM) systems. Twelve patients had generator pocket infection (86%). Two patients met clinical criteria for CIED-related infective endocarditis (CIED-IE). Median time between last device manipulation and infection was 9 months [range, 1-98]. All patients were treated with complete device removal and antibiotic therapy. Six-month follow-up data were available for 10 patients (71%), with no relapses documented. CIED infections due to Propionibacterium species accounted for 2.3% of all device infections over a 25-year period. The most common infectious syndrome was generator pocket infection with delayed onset. There was an unanticipated predominance of ICDs in this cohort. Cure was achieved in all cases with complete device removal and antibiotic therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Investigation and analysis of high school students smoking condition in Shiyan city of Hubei province

Objective To understand the development of high school students smoking status in Shiyan city and the cognitive status of the dangers of smoking,and discuss the influence factors of smoking behavior,and then provide the scientific basis for controlling smoking and health education. Method By using stratified random sampling method,adopting questionnaire which was designed by ourselves was applied to 1 632 students in 14 middle school for smoking condition investigation in Shiyan city. Results The survey objects of try smoking was 30.13%,boy 45.24%,girl 14.03%;The difference of smoking severity between junior high school students and high school students was not statistically significant;the main cause was to start smoking the curious,environmental impact;high school students knew fully the danger of smoking;Most students who smoking thought that the smoker can quit smoking. Conclusion Shiyan city high school students smoking phenomenon is common,crowd around smoking behavior have great influence for middle school students,the comprehensive measures such as early intervention,developing health education and so on should be taken to make high school students cultivate their good habit,resist to tobacco firmly and then reduce the smoking rate.
Study on the Application of Recombinant 26 kDa Glutathione S-transferase Protein of C.sinensis to the Detection of Specific Antibody

Objective To evaluate the application value of recombinant 26kDa Glutathione S-tr ansferase protein of C.sinensis(rCs26GST)for the serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.Methods rCs26GST was used to detect clonorch iasis by ELISA and Immuno-ECL.Serum sampl es from other parasitic infections a nd healthy individuals were used as c ontrol.The sensitivity and specificity of rCs26GST antigen used for the detection w ere analyzed.Results30cases of C.sinensis infected sera were analyzed with a positive detection rate of the IgG antibody of 73.3%(22/30)for the rCs26GST antigen;40cases of healthy individual sera,15cases of paragonimiasis sera and 20cases of schistosomiasis sera were also analyzed,the negative rates were 92.5%(37/40),80.0%(12/15)and 85.0%(17/20)respectively.rCs26GST-specific I gE was detected,in 86.67%(26/30)of the sera from clonorchiasis patie nts,in 26.7%(4/15)of the sera of paragonimiasis patients,but was not detected in the sera of schistosomiasis patients an d the uninfected humans used as contr ols.The specificity of rCs26GST for IgE was 95.5%by the immuno-ECL.Conclusion rCs26GST protein has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of serum specific IgG and IgE antibody so th at it can be used as a component of an an tigen cocktail for the serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.
Analysis and evaluation on the causes of death and PYLL among adolescents in Nantong during 2007-2010

Objective To understand the death causes of adolescents in Nantong and to provide the evidence for formulating comprehensive prevention and effective interventions.Methods The data of death causes among adolescents aged 5~19 years in Nantong from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed.Results The crude mortality rate of adolescents aged 5~19 years in Nantong from 2007 to 2010 was 19.50/100 000,the standard mortality rate was 19.95/100 000.The proportion of death causes,PYLL and the top five causes of death in order were injury poisoning,tumors,nervous system diseases,congenital diseases and circulatory system diseases.Conclusion Injury poisoning and tumors were the major risk factors among adolescents aged 5~19 years in Nantong.Therefore,effective measures should be taken to strengthen the preventive force and promote the development of comprehensive mental and physical pediatric care.
Microsurgery in orthopedics.

In orthopedics, as in many other specialties, the advent of microsurgical procedures has encouraged innovative solutions to difficult problems. Replantation was the first clinical success and was rapidly followed by the development of other procedures, such as free tissue transfers. As these techniques become more refined, there will undoubtedly be many more applications.
Improved stem cell-derived motoneuron survival, migration, sprouting, and innervation with enhanced expression of polysialic acid.

Motoneurons (MNs) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) begin to express low levels of polysialic acid (PSA) at the time when they acquire an ability to migrate and extend neurites. PSA is...
Phrase-Based Backoff Models for Machine Translation of Highly Inflected Languages

We propose a backoff model for phrasebased machine translation that translates unseen word forms in foreign-language text by hierarchical morphological abstractions at the word and the phrase level. The model is evaluated on the Europarl corpus for German-English and FinnishEnglish translation and shows improvements over state-of-the-art phrase-based models.
Death in Beijing: Murder and Forensic Science in Republican China

In this innovative and engaging history of homicide investigation in Republican Beijing, Daniel Asen explores the transformation of ideas about death in China in the first half of the twentieth century. In this period, those who died violently or under suspicious circumstances constituted a particularly important population of the dead, subject to new claims by police, legal and medical professionals, and a newspaper industry intent on covering urban fatality in sensational detail. Asen examines the process through which imperial China's old tradition of forensic science came to serve the needs of a changing state and society under these dramatically new circumstances. This is a story of the unexpected outcomes and contingencies of modernity, presenting new perspectives on China's transition from empire to modern nation state, competing visions of science and expertise, and the ways in which the meanings of death and dead bodies changed amid China's modern transformation.
Pragmatist Responses to Enlightenment Reason

Pragmatism as a philosophical method emerged in part as a reaction to the same Enlightenment excesses to which conservatism was a reaction. Common themes in the anti-foundationalist epistemologies of three philosophers illustrate this origin. The first, Charles Sanders Peirce, reacted to the Cartesian approach to philosophy. He rejected the capacities Descartes claimed for man and articulated the consequences of these incapacities. The second, John Dewey, reconstructed philosophy by turning away from the Enlightenment quest for certainty toward a view of inquiry and the knowledge claims inquiry begets that are situated, contextualized, fallible, social, and embodied. Dewey illustrates that some knowledge is not guided by formal reason, but by habit and emotion. He transformed the end of inquiry from an emphasis on truth towards warranted assertability and from a focus on certainty towards the resolution of problematic situations. The third, F.A. Hayek, taking Cartesian rationalism as a foe in common with Peirce, shows that the Cartesian criteria for the validity of claims was overly narrow and failed to understand both the permanent limitations of our epistemic capacity and the way embodied knowledge evolves socially, forming spontaneous orders whose origin is not the design of human reason.
Surface-Area-Dependent Electron Transfer Between Isoenergetic 2D Quantum Wells and a Molecular Acceptor

We report measurements of electron transfer rates for four isoenergetic donor–acceptor pairs comprising a molecular electron acceptor, methylviologen (MV), and morphology-controlled colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles of CdSe. The four nanoparticles include a spherical quantum dot (QD) and three differing lateral areas of 4-monolayer-thick nanoplatelets (NPLs), each with a 2.42 eV energy gap. As such, the measurements, performed via ultrafast photoluminescence, relate the dependence of charge transfer rate on the spatial extent of the initial electron–hole pair wave function explicitly, which we show for the first time to be related to surface area in this regime that is intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous charge transfer as well as 2D to 0D electron transfer. The observed nonlinear dependence of rate with surface area is attributed to exciton delocalization within each structure, which we show via temperature-dependent absorption measurements remains constant.
Fourier Convergence Analysis of the Infinite Homogenous Multigroup Time-Dependent Boltzmann Transport Equation Using Discrete Ordinates Formulation

Fourier analysis of the continuous infinite homogenous multigroup (MG) formulation is investigated in this paper for the time-dependent Boltzmann transport equation using discrete ordinates formula...
LEGAL SCHOLACTIVISTS IN THE THIRD WORLD: BETWEEN AMBITION, ALTRUISM AND ACCESS

This article argues that legal agents from the Third World play an important role in facilitating and advancing subaltern claims by operating as “scholactivists”. The mediums they use for such advances necessarily require leveraging of the international legal discourse and various international forums. However, their success is constrained by the dynamics of the international legal field and the ability to assimilate within a global cosmopolitan class. Legal scholactivists are examined here from a place-based perspective, locating their praxis in the geographical Third World. In so doing, this article traces the life and work of Dr. Kamal Hossain, a celebrated Bangladeshi lawyer with many accolades at home and abroad. In his long and illustrious career, Hossain has voiced subaltern and Third World concerns on the global stage through a variety of mediums including domestic and international legal practice, advocacy, international organizations and various non-profit, non-governmental and civil society organizational efforts. Although the references to Bangladesh may be very specific and are used as an illustration, it is hoped that the claims made in this paper will be generalizable and applicable to similarly situated countries. Dans cet article, l’auteure soutient que les acteurs juridiques du tiers monde contribuent largement a faciliter et a defendre les revendications subalternes en agissant en universitaires militants. Les moyens dont ceux-ci usent pour faire avancer ces causes exigent forcement l’utilisation du discours juridique international et de diverses tribunes internationales. Par contre, leur succes est limite par la dynamique du champ juridique international et la capacite d’assimiler au sein d’une classe cosmopolite mondiale. Les universitaires militants du droit sont etudies ici sous l’angle geographique : le lieu d’exercice de leurs activites se situe physiquement dans le tiers monde. Ainsi, l’auteure de l’article donne l’exemple d’un avocat du Bangladesh comme un cas d’ecole pour faire comprendre en quoi consiste exactement la defense des revendications subalternes. Il est question de la vie et de l’œuvre de Kamal Hossain, avocat bangladais repute qui a fait une brillante carriere a l’echelle nationale et internationale. Durant sa longue carriere, il a donne expression aux preoccupations subalternes et a celles du tiers monde a l’echelle planetaire par divers moyens, notamment par l’exercice du droit, dans son pays et a l’echelle internationale, en militant pour des causes, en faisant partie d’organisations internationales et en participant aux efforts d’organisation de divers organismes a but non lucratif ou non gouvernementaux et de la societe civile. Bien que les references au Bangladesh soient tres precises et servent d’exemple, on espere que les affirmations formulees dans cet article seront generalisables et applicables a des pays de la meme zone geographique.
Role of New Media for the Young Pediatric Surgeon: Fighting Exponential Knowledge Growth with Moore's Law.

Like all physicians, the young pediatric surgeon must deal with an ever-growing body of scientific knowledge. The overabundance of new medical information which must be digested by practicing surgeons is reaching a breaking point such that radical adaptations will be required on the part of textbook publishing companies, medical societies, and peer-reviewed journals. This article first delves into the details of the problem in its current state and then draws on the authors' experience in innovations in medical education to prepare readers for the changing landscape of medical publishing as well as to inspire further modernization of the field. Included are a variety of interim solutions to the tremendous knowledge gap encountered.
Challenging Sexual Stereotypes: An Interview With:

Gordon Hammerle (GH), a Professor of Psychology at Adrian College (Adrian, MI), conducted the first interview for The Generalist's Comer. He chose sexuality and gender issues as his focus and recru...
Using Advanced Imaging Including MRI to Detect Voiding Dysfunction in Neurogenic Bladder and Fowler Syndrome

The diagnosis of neurogenic bladder typically involves invasive urodynamic testing; however, recent literature has shown the utility in advanced functional brain imaging. These imaging modalities have proposed neural circuitry pathways for both healthy micturition and pathologic states. Advanced imaging including fMRI, PET, SPECT, and near infrared spectroscopy have identified cortical, subcortical, and spinal relationships to micturition, as well as changes that occur with neurogenic bladder patients. Imaging studies support both efferent control of micturition via the nucleus within the pons and afferent regulation of bladder storage via the periaqueductal gray area. These regulatory centers are controlled by both cortical activation and inhibition. Identifying the pathologic networks may create specific targets for physical, pharmaceutical, or neuromodulation of pathways including newer treatment modalities like deep brain stimulation.
Housing Lock: Dutch Evidence on the Impact of Negative Home Equity on Household Mobility

This paper employs Dutch administrative population data to test the “housing lock hypothesis”: the conjecture that homeowners with negative home equity, low levels of financial assets and restricted opportunities to borrow reduce their mobility. We exploit variation in home equity solely driven by the timing of home purchase within a municipality and the harshness of Dutch recourse laws, which allow us to isolate the housing lock channel. Instrumented negative home equity is associated with a 74-79% decline in mobility, and the effects are substantially larger for households with low financial asset holdings or moves over longer distances.
The Origins of Systemic Reform in American Higher Education, 1895–1920:

Background/ContextThe traditional literature on the history of higher education in the United States focuses on linear explanations of the inexorable growth of the size, mission, and importance of ...
Techno-Economic Analysis and Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Light-Duty Bioblendstocks: Isobutanol and Aromatic-Rich Hydrocarbons

Isobutanol and aromatic-rich hydrocarbons (ARHC) are two biomass-derived high-octane blendstocks that could be blended with petroleum gasoline for use in optimized spark-ignition engines in light-duty vehicles, potentially increasing engine efficiency. To evaluate technology readiness, economic viability, and environmental impacts of these technologies, we use detailed techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle analysis (LCA). We assumed isobutanol is produced via biochemical conversion of an herbaceous feedstock blend while ARHC is produced via thermochemical conversion of a woody feedstock blend. The minimum estimated fuel selling price (MFSP) of isobutanol ranged from $5.57/gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) ($0.045/MJ) based on today’s technology to $4.22/GGE ($0.034/MJ) with technology advancements. The MFSP of ARHC could decline from $5.20/GGE ($0.042/MJ) based on today’s technology to $4.20/GGE ($0.034/MJ) as technology improves. Both isobutanol and ARHC offer about 73% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissi...
Characterizing hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Egypt: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions.

Egypt is the most affected nation by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and needs a comprehensive characterization of HCV epidemiology to inform the scale-up of treatment and prevention programs. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions were conducted. A total of 25 incidence, 259 prevalence, and 47 genotype studies were identified. Incidence and prevalence levels were high across all populations. Genotype 4 accounted for 94.1% of infections with a relative Shannon Diversity Index of only 14.4%. Pooled mean HCV prevalence was estimated at 11.9% (95% CI = 11.1–12.6%) among the general population, 55.6% (95% CI = 49.4–61.7%) among populations at high risk, 14.3% (95% CI = 10.3–18.8%) among populations at intermediate risk, 56.0% (95% CI = 50.4–61.6%) among populations with liver-related conditions, and 35.0% (95% CI = 27.3–43.1%) among special clinical populations. Mean HCV viremic rate was estimated at 66.7% (95% CI = 61.7–71.5%). Meta-regression indicated 6% lower odds for HCV prevalence for each one-year increment in publication year (AOR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.92–0.96). HCV prevalence is high with evidence for ongoing transmission mainly through healthcare. Genotype diversity is low with genotype 4 dominance. Two-thirds of antibody-positive Egyptians are chronically infected and need treatment. Clinical populations should be prioritized for screening. Despite the large-scale epidemic, prevalence appears to be declining rapidly consistent with a contracting epidemic.
Co-indicator functions and related 1/ƒ noises

In thin metallic films, semiconductors, nerve tissues, and many other media, the measured spectral density of noise is proportional to ƒ D − 2, where ƒ is the frequency and D a constant 0 < D < 2. The energy of these “ƒ D − 2 noises” behaves more “erratically” in time than is expected from functions subject to the Wiener-Khinchin spectral theory. Moreover, when D < 1, blind extrapolation of the expression ƒ D − 2 to ƒ = 0 suggests that the total energy is infinite. This divergence, called “infrared catastrophe” raised problems of great theoretical interest and of great practical importance in the design of electronic devices.
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Autism

In this chapter, we describe the methods of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and we describe how these imaging methods have been applied to the study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This chapter extends upon a recent review of the literature (Travers et al. 2012), by providing information on more recent studies and in-depth information regarding the white matter integrity of the cerebellar, frontal, and thalamic tracts. Therefore, we first review DTI studies of young children with ASD because these children are closest in age to the primary, initiating pathology of autism. Then, we present and discuss results from particular white matter tracts and brain regions of high interest from childhood into adulthood. Specific factors that may potentially influence and at times confound case–control differences in DTI studies are mentioned. We then discuss what DTI findings to date suggest about biological mechanisms involved in autism. Results from the reviewed studies are included in Table 8.7, which is an extension of the table presented in the review by Travers et al. (2012).
Strength/Toughness Relationship for Interstitially Strengthened AISI 304 Stainless Steels at 4 K Temperature

A study was conducted to determine the effects of carbon and nitrogen on the 4 K fracture properties of an Fe-18Cr-10Ni austenitic stainless steel having a base composition corresponding to AISI 304. J-integral fracture toughness tests using 24.5-mm-thick compact specimens (TL orientation) were performed in a liquid helium environment on nine steel heats having carbon plus nitrogen (C+N) contents between 0.067 and 0.325 weight percent. The fracture toughness decreased with increasing C+N content. The K I c estimates obtained at 4 K ranged from 337 to 123 MPa.m 1 / 2 , exhibiting an inverse dependence on tensile yield stress. A computer-aided J-integral test facility was implemented to conduct this study. This new facility improves measurement accuracy, conserves material specimens and testing time, and systematizes test procedures.
Cost-Effectiveness of Negative Pressure Incision Management System in Cardiac Surgery.

Abstract Background Sternal wound infections (SWIs) can be a devastating long-term complication with significant morbidity and health care cost. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of negative pressure incision management systems (NPIMS) in cardiac surgery. Materials and methods All cardiac surgery cases at an academic hospital with risk scores available (2009-2017) were extracted from an institutional database (n = 4455). Patients were stratified by utilization of NPIMS, and high risk was defined as above the median. Costs included infection-related readmissions and were adjusted for inflation. Multivariable regression models assessed the risk-adjusted cost of SWI and efficacy of NPIMS use. Cost-effectiveness was modeled using TreeAge Pro using institutional results. Results The rate of deep SWI was 0.9% with an estimated cost of $111,175 (P Conclusions SWIs are extremely expensive complications with estimates of $111,175 for deep yet only $7981 for superficial. Although NPIMS was not cost-effective for SWI prevention as currently utilized, a protocol for use on patients with a higher risk of sternal infection could be cost-effective.
Preoperative risk factors for massive transfusion, prolonged ventilation requirements, and mortality in patients undergoing liver transplantation.

Background Despite improvements in techniques and management of liver transplant patients, numerous perioperative complications that contribute to perioperative mortality remain. Models to predict intraoperative massive blood transfusion, prolonged mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital mortality in liver transplant recipients have not been identified. In this study we aim to identify preoperative factors associated with the above mentioned complications. Methods A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on data collected from 124 orthotopic liver transplants performed at a single institution between 2014 and 2017. A multivariable logistic regression using backwards elimination was performed for three defined outcomes (massive transfusion ≥ 10 units packed red blood cells (PRBC), prolonged mechanical ventilation > 24 h, and in-hospital mortality) to identify associations with preoperative characteristics. Results Statistically significant (P 24 h were hepatitis C, alcoholic hepatitis, elevated preoperative ALT, and hepatorenal syndrome. Male gender was protective for requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. End-stage renal disease and hepatitis B were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Conclusions This study identified risk factors associated with common perioperative complications of liver transplantation. These factors may assist practitioners in risk stratification and may form the basis for further investigations of potential interventions to mitigate these risks.
Diarrhea or No Diarrhea, It Still Hurts: An Atypical Case of Clostridioides difficile.

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a common nosocomial infection that is classically described as profuse watery diarrhea in hospitalized patients after antibiotic use. We present a case of a 76-year-old female who presented to our emergency room with diffuse abdominal pain after consuming meals. This patient had completed treatment with oral vancomycin for C. difficile infection two weeks prior to admission and had been asymptomatic until this point. After receiving treatments for presumed acute mesenteric ischemia did not yield clinical improvement, polymerase chain reaction for C. difficile stool antigen was tested and was positive. While the patient did not have diarrhea, the classical feature of C. difficile infection, she quickly improved after treatment with oral vancomycin.
Antiferromagnetism and crystalline electric field excitations in tetragonal NaCeO 2

We investigate the crystal structure, magnetic properties, and crystalline electric field of tetragonal, $I{4}_{1}/amd, \mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. In this compound, ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ ions form a tetragonally elongated diamond lattice coupled by antiferromagnetic interactions (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathrm{CW}}=\ensuremath{-}7.69$ K) that magnetically order below ${T}_{N}=3.18$ K. The ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}J=5/2$ crystalline electric field-split multiplet is studied via inelastic neutron scattering to parametrize a ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ ground state doublet composed of states possessing mixed $|{m}_{z}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ character. Neutron powder diffraction data reveal the onset of $A$-type antiferromagnetism with $\ensuremath{\mu}=0.57(2){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ moments aligned along the $c$ axis. The magnetic structure is consistent with the expectations of a frustrated Heisenberg ${J}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{2}$ model on the elongated diamond lattice with effective exchange values ${J}_{1}g4{J}_{2}$ and ${J}_{1}g0$.
Thyroglobulin and Thyroglobulin Antibodies

Thyroglobulin, an approximately 670-kDa glycopeptide, is the major protein product of thyroid follicular cells; its rate of synthesis is increased by thyrotropin (TSH). After synthesis, it is modified by the attachment of iodine to selected tyrosine residues, which undergo rearrangement to form iodothyronines, particularly thyroxine (T4) and, to a lesser extent, thysonine (T3). Other modifications of thyroglobulin also occur, including glycation and sulfation (1). The degree of TSH stimulation affects the extent of branching of carbohydrate side chains (2). There is variable processing of thyroglobulin, creating a family of proteins with different molecular structures around a common core peptide backbone. Interestingly, there is less variability in thyroglobulin structure in thyroid cancer than in other thyroid diseases (3). Reduced iodine content in thyroglobulin exists in patients with thyroid malignancy (4), which can lead to different recognition by monoclonal antibodies (5). This structural heterogeneity creates a challenge for thyroglobulin immunoassays, and results often differ significantly when using different thyroglobulin methods (6).
AN IMPROVED ENERGY DEPOSITION MODEL IN MPACT AND EXPLICIT HEAT GENERATION COUPLING WITH CTF

The default energy deposition model in the CASL neutronics code MPACT assumes all fission energy is deposited locally in fuel rods. Furthermore, equilibrium delayed energy release is assumed for both steady-state and transient calculations. These approximations limit the accurate representation of the heat generation distribution in space and its variations over time, which are essential for power distribution and thermal-hydraulic coupling calculations. In this paper, an improved energy deposition model is presented in both the spatial and time domains. Spatially, the energy deposition through fission, neutron capture, and slowing-down reactions are explicitly modeled to account for the heat generation from all regions of a reactor core, and a gamma smearing scheme is developed that utilizes the gamma sources from neutron fission and capture. In the time domain, the delayed energy release is modeled by solving an additional equation of delayed heat emitters, similar to the equation of delayed neutron precursors. To allow the explicit heat generation coupling, the interfaces between MPACT and CTF were updated to transfer separate heat sources for different material regions (fuel, clad, moderator and guide tube). The results show that the distributions of the energy deposition between MPACT and MCNP agree very well for various 2-D assembly and quarter-core problems without TH feedback. The MPACT/CTF coupled calculation for the hot full power quarter-core case exhibited a reduced peak pin power by 2.3% and a reduced peak fuel centerline temperature by 17 K when using the explicit energy deposition and heat transfer. The new model also shows a maximum 100 pcm keff effect on assembly depletion problems and an increased overall energy release by 7% in a PWR reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) problem.
On the Foundational Assumptions of Modern Physics

General relativity and the standard model of particle physics remain our most fundamental physical theories enjoying robust experimental confirmation. The foundational assumptions of physics changed rapidly during the early development of these theories, but the subsequent challenges of their refinement and the exploitation of their explanatory power turned attention away from foundational issues. Deep problems and anomalous observations remain unaddressed. New theories such as string theory seek to resolve these issues, but are presently untested. In this essay, I evaluate the foundational assumptions of modern physics and propose new physical principles. I reject the notion that spacetime is a manifold, the existence of static background structure in the universe, the symmetry interpretation of covariance, and a number of related assumptions. The central new principle I propose is the causal metric hypothesis, which characterizes the observed properties of the physical universe as manifestations of causal structure. More precisely, the classical causal metric hypothesis states that the metric properties of classical spacetime arise from a binary relation on a set, representing direct influences between pairs of events. Rafael Sorkin’s maxim, “order plus number equals geometry” is a special case. The quantum causal metric hypothesis states that the phases associated with directed paths in causal configuration space, under Feynman’s sum-over-histories approach to quantum theory, are determined by the causal structures of their constituent universes. The resulting approach to fundamental physics is called quantum causal theory.
Knowledge Discovery from Sensor Data for Security Applications

Evolving threat situations in a post-9/11 world demand faster and more reliable decisions to thwart the adversary. One critical path to enhanced threat recognition is through online knowledge discovery based on dynamic, heterogeneous data available from strategically placed wide-area sensor networks. The knowledge discovery process needs to coordinate adaptive predictive analysis with real-time analysis and decision support systems. The ability to detect precursors and signatures of rare events and change from massive and disparate data in real time may require a paradigm shift in the science of knowledge discovery. This chapter describes a case study in the area of transportation security to describe both the key challenges, as well as the possible solutions, in this high-priority area. A suite of knowledge discovery tools developed for the purpose is described along with a discussion on future requirements.