cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser vibrometric studies of sound-induced motion of the body walls and lungs of salamanders and lizards: implications for lung-based hearing.

A laser Doppler vibrometer was used to measure the acoustic responses of different body surfaces of several species of salamanders and lizards. The lateral body wall over the lung displayed sound-induced motion up to 30 dB greater than the lateral head surface from 300–1,000 Hz in salamanders and from 200–2,500 Hz in lizards. The lateral body wall of lungless plethodontid salamanders showed no such enhanced motion to sound. The lateral body wall of lizards was more responsive than their tympanum to sound frequencies below about 1,250–2,000 Hz. The frequency of the peak response of lizard body walls matched the resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator with the volume and dimensions of their lungs. In contrast, the frequency of peak response of salamander body walls was well below the resonant frequencies calculated for both Helmholtz resonators and closed tubes with the dimensions and volumes of their lungs. Nonetheless, filling the lungs with saline dramatically reduced the responsiveness of the lateral body walls of both the lunged salamanders and the lizards. As previously demonstrated in anuran amphibians, the lateral body wall and lungs of salamanders and lizards may function in sound reception, especially at relatively low frequencies.
Quantifying the impact of cross coverage on physician's workload and performance in radiation oncology.

Abstract Purpose To quantitatively assess the difference in workload and performance of radiation oncology physicians during radiation therapy treatment planning tasks under the conditions of "cross coverage" versus planning a patient with whom they were familiar. Methods and Materials Eight physicians (3 experienced faculty physicians and 5 physician residents) performed 2 cases. The first case represented a "cross-coverage" scenario where the physicians had no prior information about the case to be planned. The second exposure represented a "regular-coverage" scenario where the physicians were familiar with the patient case to be planned. Each case involved 3 tasks to be completed systematically. Workload was assessed both subjectively (perceived) using National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), and objectively (physiological) throughout the task using eye data (via monitoring pupil size and blink rate). Performance of each task and the case was measured using completion time. Subjective willingness to approve or disapprove the generated plan was obtained after completion of the case only. Results Forty-eight perceived and 48 physiological workload assessments were obtained. Overall, results revealed a significant increase in perceived workload (high NASA-TLX score) and decrease in performance (longer completion time and reduced approval rate) during cross coverage. There were nonsignificant increases in pupil diameter and decreases in the blink rate during cross-coverage versus regular-coverage scenario. In both cross-coverage and regular-coverage scenarios the level of experience did not affect workload and performance. Conclusions The cross-coverage scenario significantly increases perceived workload and degrades performance versus regular coverage. Hence, to improve patient safety, efforts must be made to develop policies, standard operating procedures, and usability improvements to electronic medical record and treatment planning systems for "easier" information processing to deal with cross coverage, while recognizing strengths and limitations of human performance.
The preconditioning role of Tropical Atlantic Variability in the development of the ENSO teleconnection: implications for the prediction of Nordeste rainfall

A comparison of rainfall variability in the semi-arid Brazilian Nordeste in observations and in two sets of model simulations leads to the conclusion that the evolving interaction between Tropical Atlantic Vari- ability (TAV) and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon can explain two puzzling features of ENSO's impact on the Nordeste: (1) the event-to- event unpredictability of ENSO's impact; (2) the greater impact of cold rather than warm ENSO events during the past 50 years. The explanation is in the 'precondi- tioning' role of Tropical Atlantic Variability. When, in seasons prior to the mature phase of ENSO, the tropical Atlantic happens to be evolving consistently with the development expected of the ENSO teleconnection, ENSO and TAV add up to force large anomalies in Nordeste rainfall. When it happens to be evolving in opposition to the canonical development of ENSO, then the net outcome is less obvious, but also less anomalous. The more frequent occurrence of tropical Atlantic con- ditions consistent with those that develop during a cold ENSO event, i.e. of a negative meridional sea surface temperature gradient, explains the weaker warm ENSO and stronger cold ENSO anomalies in Nordeste rainfall of the latter part of the twentieth century. Close moni- toring of the evolution of the tropical Atlantic in seasons prior to the mature phase of ENSO should lead to an enhanced forecast potential.
The impact of combined health factors on cardiovascular disease mortality

Background The combined effect of modifiable health factors on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has not been well established. The objective of this study was to determine the association between 5 modifiable health factors in combination on the risk of CVD mortality in a sample of adult men. Methods A cohort of 38,110 men (aged 20-84 years and of middle and upper socioeconomic strata) was followed over time until their date of death or December 31, 2003. A health profile score (unweighted and weighted) was developed based on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; moderate or high vs low), self-reported physical activity (active vs inactive), smoking status (not current vs current), alcohol consumption (1-14 drinks per week vs 0 or >14 drinks per week), and body mass index (BMI; 18.5-24.9 vs ≥25.0 kg/m2). Results During 16.1 ± 8.4 years of follow-up and 613,571 man-years of exposure, there were 949 deaths from CVD. High CRF, normal BMI, being physically active, and not currently smoking were individually associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality after adjusting for confounders. When considered in combination, a minimum of 2 of 5 positive health factors reduced the risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% CI 0.49-0.91). The weighted score indicated that a combination of high CRF, not currently smoking, and normal BMI is of most clinical importance to CVD mortality (hazard ratio = 0.31, 95% CI 0.24-0.39). Conclusions Exposure to increasing numbers of beneficial health factors in adulthood reduced the risk of CVD mortality in men, and multibehavioral prevention efforts in adulthood should be encouraged.
Combatting "Mathophobia" with a Conceptual Approach toward Mathematics.

Mathophobia, or excessive fear of mathematics, helps prevent many university students from succeeding in basic mathematics courses required for success in their disciplines. A program at San Francisco State University called ‘Math Without Fear’ is designed to ameliorate mathophobia. The course seeks to move students from rigid reliance on rules without understanding (rule orientation) to an understanding of mathematical concepts and flexibility in problem solving (concept orientation). The instructional techniques of the Math Without Fear program do not enable all students to discard their rule orientation in one semester. An arithmetic and problem solving test appears to be a good advance predictor of which students will remain rule oriented, and separating these students into special sections of the Math Without Fear course is a promising means of increasing the program's success rate.
Submicrosecond time-resolved EPR in laser photolysis☆

Abstract Direct detection time-resolved EPR experiments were carried out in liquids by laser photolysis. Time resolution of 50–100 ns was achieved using a conventional EPS spectrometer. By observing spectra exhibiting CIDEP at various time windows after the laser pulse one can readily ascertain which CIDEP polarization mechanism is important. The spectra of the monoprotonated durosemiquinone radical, monoprotonated p -benzosemiquinone radical and the radicals formed during photolysis of benzophenone in isopropanol were examined.
A new approach to referees' assessments of manuscripts

Abstract Studies of referees' assessments of manuscripts submitted to scientific journals assume that a “merit” or “publishability” dimension underlies referees' assessments. To measure the level of agreement between referees' recommendations, researchers have used coefficients that require the assignment of arbitrary scores to recommendation categories (“accept”, ”revise and resubmit”, “reject”, etc.) or to distances between categories. Using data on referee evaluations of manuscripts submitted to five journals, we show how an extension of recently developed methods for analyzing crosstabulations with ordered categories allows researchers (1) to test the assumption that a single dimension underlies referees' assessments and (2) to derive scale values for the recommendation categories. For four of the five journals, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a latent publishability dimension underlies referees' assessments. The results also show that the greatest distance between adjacent recommendation categories is between the lowest and second lowest categories, suggesting that recommendations that a paper be rejected are more reliable than more favorable recommendations. We show how these results can be used in attempts to measure the level of agreement between referees' assessments for a given scientific journal. Our results also point to analytic difficulties that confront researchers who wish to compare levels of referee agreement exhibited by different journals.
Expert simulation systems for manufacturing planning

Abstract The state of the art of simulation modelling for decision making has made considerable strides in the past few decades. It has gained increasing importance and acceptability, especially in the area of manufacturing and production. In addition, the development of artificial intelligence and the growing concept of expert systems have opened up new frontiers for the application of simulation. This paper will discuss the relevance of expert simulation systems in manufacturing planning. A hypothetical manufacturing system will be considered to present a framework for developing an expert simulation system for quality control planning.
Some characteristics of the anti-estrous factor in Lithospermum.

Summary(1) The anti-estrous factor of Lithospermum appears to reside in the neutral water fraction. (2) The anti-estrous factor is most abundant in the flowers and seeds of the dried plant, and almost wholly absent from the stems. (3) Interference with estrus is stopped almost immediately, regardless of the length of treatment, when Lithospermum is withdrawn and animals returned to normal diet. (4) The C3H strain is more sensitive to Lithospermum than is the Rockland Swiss strain. (5) The action of Lithospermum is unlike that of thiouracil. (6) The factor induces no observable changes in the anterior pituitary, thyroid, suprarenals, or pancreas; some atresia is observed in the ovaries, and some atrophy of the uteri.
ABSORPTION OF HUMAN LYSOZYME AND ADSORBATE ENZYME ACTIVITY AS QUANTIFIED BY MEANS OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION FLUORESCENCE, 125I LABELLING AND ESCA

Abstract The adsorption of human lysozyme to bare mica and mica hydrophobized with a C 20 NH 2 / C 20 OH Langmuir—Blodgett film was quantified by means of ESCA, radiotracer technique and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). The ESCA isotherm on bare mica showed a sigmoidal shape with a transition region in the concentration range 0.02–0.04 mg ml −1 and a semiplateau region above 0.05–0.2 mg ml −1 . The adsorption values here roughly corresponded to a side-up monolayer, 2.2–2.5 mg m −2 . In contrast, on hydrophobized mica, a gradual increase in adsorption was observed over the whole concentration range studied, 10 −3 −10 mg ml −1 . The adsorbed amount in equilibrium with a 1 mg ml −1 solution was 1.4 mg m −2 . At concentrations above 2 mg ml −1 , where dimers appear in solution, multilayers of lysozyme were formed on the hydrophobized mica surface. These results are consistent with a strong electrostatic force dominating the adsorption on bare mica and a weak hydrophobic driving force for adsorption on hydrophobized mica. Although the isotherm shapes were similar, the absolute adsorption values obtained from TIRF and radioactive measurements were considerably different from those obtained from ESCA. The lower apparent adsorption values obtained from TIRF using fluorescein-labelled lysozyme, e.g., roughly half of the ESCA values, can be rationalized by a change in fluorescence quantum yield of the fluors on adsorption or possibly by preferential adsorption of unlabelled lysozyme. The apparent two to three times higher adsorption values obtained from 125 I labelling measurements can be explained by an apparent sample area which is larger than the geometric area due to adsorption of labelled lysozyme in the interstices between mica layers. The normalized adsorption of fluorescein-labelled polyclonal anti-lysozyme antibodies was similar on bare and hydrophilized mica, around 0.9 mole/mole for a surface equilibrated in a lysozyme solution at 0.02 mg ml −1 , and 0.3 mole/mole at 2.0 mg ml −1 (size exclusion). The steady-state binding and steady-state enzymatic cleavage of a fluorogenic lysozyme substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl N ,N′,N′' -triacetyl-β-chitotrioside, on the lysozyme adsorbate layers were studied in a qualitative manner. Relative binding and relative cleavage rate was larger on the hydrophobized mica than on bare mica, similar at low and high surface concentrations.
Multidisciplinary Clinic in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

In this issue of Annals of Surgical Oncology, Yopp and colleagues from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center examine their experience in implementing a multidisciplinary clinic for the evaluation and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The authors are to be congratulated for their work that details the positive clinical impact of a multidisciplinary approach in treating patients with HCC.
Visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball

This paper presents visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball using the Helmholtz equation least squares (HELS) method. In conducting the experiments, the ball is excited by a vibration shaker using stationary random signals. The radiated acoustic pressures are measured using two microphones and taken as input to the HELS formulations. The reconstructed acoustic pressures on the bowling ball surface are compared with those measured at the same locations. Also shown are comparisons of the reconstructed and measured acoustic pressure spectra at various locations on the bowling ball surface. Results demonstrate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on measurements over a conformal surface is much higher than that over a finite planar surface. This is because the latter often extends beyond the near-field region, making the accuracy of measurements inconsistent. Nevertheless, satisfactory reconstruction of acoustic pressure fields over the entire bowling ball surface can still be obtained based on the measurements taken over a finite planar surface on one side of the source. In a similar manner, the normal component of the surface velocity is reconstructed. Once these acoustic quantities are determined, the time-averaged acoustic intensity is calculated. Also presented are the formulations for estimating a priori the numbers of expansion functions and measurements required by the HELS method and the guidelines for determining the reconstruction error and optimum measurement locations, given the overall dimensions of the source and the highest frequency of interest in reconstruction.
Multi-candidate equilibria

We demonstrate the existence of an electoral equilibrium in a model with three or more candidates. We use the same kinds of assumptions that have previously been used to establish existence in two-candidate models and have not had to make special assumptions regarding dimensionality (e.g., that there is only one dimension) or distribution of voter preferences (e.g., symmetry).
Visions of a hydrogen future

This article examines key issues facing public and private decision makers advocating for - or affected - by the possible emergence of a hydrogen economy. It offers alternative visions of a hydrogen future, explores the extent to which society can manage this technological transition identifies key business and public policy issues, and offers recommendations. Hydrogen advocates should take the time to understand the culture of a sector, industry, or enterprise to enable identification of events and circumstances that prompts action. Also, hydrogen as currently conceived is expected to evolve from a local market to a continental market over time, implying that state and local policies is also strongly influencing its development.
Short-Circuit Testing of Combination Starters with Inverse-Time Characteristics to UL High Available Fault Standards

Short circuit tests at 18, 25, and 65000 A on combination motor starters with circuit breaker protection are discussed. The appropriate failure criteria from Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) high available fault standards are referenced. The specialized test equipment required to do these tests are mentioned. Characteristics of the combination starters are described as they relate to short-circuit performance. Finally, the portion of short-circuit energy dissipated in the current arc, arc chutes, circuit elements, contacts, heating of the air, and pressure in the enclosure are measured or calculated where possible.
Central pattern generators for social vocalization: Androgen-dependent neurophysiological mechanisms

Historically, most studies of vertebrate central pattern generators (CPGs) have focused on mechanisms for locomotion and respiration. Here, we highlight new results for ectothermic vertebrates, namely teleost fish and amphibians, showing how androgenic steroids can influence the temporal patterning of CPGs for social vocalization. Investigations of vocalizing teleosts show how androgens can rapidly (within minutes) modulate the neurophysiological output of the vocal CPG (fictive vocalizations that mimic the temporal properties of natural vocalizations) inclusive of their divergent actions between species, as well as intraspecific differences between male reproductive morphs. Studies of anuran amphibians (frogs) demonstrate that long-term steroid treatments (wks) can masculinize the fictive vocalizations of females, inclusive of its sensitivity to rapid modulation by serotonin. Given the conserved organization of vocal control systems across vertebrate groups, the vocal CPGs of fish and amphibians provide tractable models for identifying androgen-dependent events that are fundamental to the mechanisms of vocal motor patterning. These basic mechanisms can also inform our understanding of the more complex CPGs for vocalization, and social behaviors in general, that have evolved among birds and mammals.
Image-based EPI Real Time Ghost Correction

This paper presents a new, real-time, ghost correction method for echo planar imaging (EPI) that has been implemented using the Imaging Calculation Environment (ICE) on a 3T Siemens MRI System. Conventional methods for correcting EPI image ghost are based on image phase correction or on a reference scan. This new method is also based on image phase correction, but uses a new algorithm for automatic determination of the phase correction, which allows entirely automated operation. With implementation of the new correction method in ICE, ghost-corrected images are automatically generated and loaded into the system's image database immediately after completion of each EPI scan. Experiments showed that this real time ghost correction method consistently reduced the ghost intensity in EPI images and improved overall image quality. On average, the ghost to signal ratio (GSR) improved from 13.0% to 3.2% using the new method.
Progress in the Natural and Social Sciences: A Reply to Wallace

In my contribution to the June 1994 special issue of Sociological Forum, "What's Wrong With Sociology?" I try to show how sociology's failure to make the kind of progress characteristic of natural sciences, such as physics, is a result in part of differences in the type of phenomena studied and the fact that sociologists are more likely than physicists to use noncognitive criteria in selecting both their research problems and the solutions to those problems. It is an honor to have such a distinguished theorist as Walter L. Wallace see my paper as important enough to merit a critical reply. Unfortunately, I do not find his critique to be convincing or to much advance the debate. Some of his points I would define as "quibbles" and I continue to disagree with his main point that lack of progress results primarily from sociologists' failure to agree upon definitions of key concepts. In this reply I concentrate on two main points; first, the extent to which political and social values play a role in contemporary sociology, and second, Wallace's argument for standardized definitions. First, let me examine a few of the points that I consider to be "quibbles." In my original article I say that sociologists study phenomena that they participate in, and this, rather than theoretical significance, determines their scientific interests. Wallace argues that cosmologists, astrophysicists, and geophysicists also study phenomena in which they participate. However, since all human beings participate in the same cosmological events, differential participation will not be a factor in determining scientific interests. Also, cosmologists do not participate in the phenomena they study in the same personal way as those of us who study gender discrimination, racial discrimination, poverty, health care, sexual behavior, etc., participate in the phenomena that we study.
Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Advances in Understanding the Brain Amyloid Deposits

The entry of molecular genetics into the field of Alzheimer's disease in the last few years has led to the usual plethora of data that results when any new methodology is applied to an old problem. The information has been of both a positive and negative type. On the positive side, the genes for two components of the Alzheimer amyloid deposits (the β–protein and the protease inhibitor α1–antichymotrypsin) have been identified, one previously unsuspected, and at least some families harboring the inherited form of Alzheimer's disease have been shown to carry their autosomal dominant mutation on chromosome 21. On the negative side, the early hoped–for explanation of familial Alzheimer's disease as a mutation in the β–protein or a triplication of the β–protein gene turned out not to be forthcoming, and the potential heterogeneity of familial Alzheimer's disease indicated by some studies means we still have much genetic work to do. The molecular genetic studies have also provided potential insights into the biochemistry of amyloid formation and into the normal function of the β–protein precursor.
Optimizing AES for embedded devices and wireless sensor networks

The increased need for security in embedded applications in recent years has prompted efforts to develop encryption algorithms capable of running on resource constrained systems. The inclusion of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee protocol has driven its widespread use in current embedded platforms. We propose an implementation of AES in a high-level language (C in this case) that is the first software-based solution for 16-bit microcontrollers capable of matching the communication rate of 250 kbps specified by the Zigbee protocol, while also minimizing RAM and ROM usage. We discuss a series of optimizations and their effects that lead to our final implementation achieving an encryption speed of 286 kbps, RAM usage of 260 bytes, and code size of 5160 bytes on the Texas Instruments MSP430 microprocessor. We also develop rigorous benchmark experiments to compare other AES implementations on a common platform, and show that our implementation outperforms the best available implementation by 85%.
Safety and efficacy of diltiazem hydrochloride for the treatment of stable angina pectoris: Report of a cooperative clinical trial

Sixty-three patients completed a multicenter 10 week, double-blind, parallel group protocol evaluating the efficacy of diltiazem versus placebo with respect to rate of attacks of angina, nitroglycerin consumption and duration of treadmill exercise. An additional 36 patients were evaluated for drug safety. A 4 week placebo lead-in phase was followed by a 2 week dose titration period and two treatment evaluation periods of 2 weeks each. Both diltiazem and placebo were associated with a significant reduction in weekly frequency of angina from the baseline rate. Intergroup comparison disclosed a significantly greater reduction for the patients receiving diltiazem than for those receiving placebo. A similar reduction was noted for nitroglycerin consumption. Total exercise duration at week 10 was statistically greater in patients treated with diltiazem. Diltiazem was well tolerated. No abnormalities in hematologic profiles or in routine serum chemistry values were observed; electrocardiographic P-R and QRS intervals were unaffected. Adverse effects that could have been related to drug administration were reported in 11 patients who received diltiazem and in 12 patients who received placebo. Of the 17 episodes in the diltiazem group only 3 were considered significant and drug-related, and only one of these resulted in discontinuation of the drug.
The impact of data complexity on privacy management in vehicle to infrastructure applications

In recent years, privacy management has become one of the most complex processes in the connected world. Fundamental technologies like GPS, cellular communications, and the Internet have become essential equipment in the modern vehicle. Subsequently, the vehicle became part of this connected world, wherein data are constantly sent and received. Accordingly, it became inevitable to introduce data security to vehicular communication. Hence, the development of location based and other connected services introduced a new level of data complexity. In scenarios where GPS data are tied to certain entities or databases consisting of entire personal profiles, data cannot be treated separately anymore. Prior improvements regarding privacy protection achieved through anonymous pseudonyms have become negligible due to GPS and cellular enabled traceability. This paper presents a new approach that turns privacy protection from a one-way street into a negotiation process. It allows the user to individually decide what data is provided and what is kept private.
Activation of K-Cl Cotransport by Mild Warming in Guinea Pig Red Cells

Unidirectional, ouabain-insensitive K+ influx rose steeply with warming at temperatures above 37°C in guinea pig erythrocytes incubated in isotonic medium. The only component of ouabain-insensitive K+ influx to show the same steep rise was K-Cl cotransport (Q10 of 10 between 37 and 41°C); Na-K-Cl cotransport remained constant or declined and residual K+ influx in hypertonic medium with ouabain and bumetanide rose only gradually. Similar results were obtained for unidirectional K+ efflux. Thermal activation of K-Cl cotransport-mediated K+ influx was fully dependent on the presence of chloride in the medium; none occurred with nitrate replacing chloride. The increase of K+ influx through K-Cl cotransport from 37 to 41°C was blocked by calyculin A, a phosphatase inhibitor. The Q10 of K-Cl cotransport fully activated by hydroxylamine and hypotonicity was about 2. The time course of K+ entry showed an immediate transition to a higher rate when cells were instantly warmed from 37 to 41°C, but there was a 7-min time lag in returning to a lower rate when cells were cooled from 41 to 37°C. These results indicate that the steepness of the response of K-Cl cotransport to mild warming is due to altered regulation of the transporter. Total unidirectional K+ influx was equal to total unidirectional K+ efflux at 37–45°C, but K+ influx exceeded K+ efflux at 41°C when K-Cl cotransport was inhibited by calyculin or prevented by hypertonic incubation. The net loss of K+ that results from the thermal activation of isosomotic K-Cl cotransport reported here would offset a tendency for cell swelling that could arise with warming through an imbalance of pump and leak for Na+ or for K+.
Cultural Pluralism and Public Administration: The Role of Community-Based Organizations:

Community-based organizations (CBOs) have become important vehicles for articulating a growing ethnic consciousness in the U.S. This essay first examines the reasons behind the development of CBOs ...
Management of the Dental Patient with Renal Disease

The kidneys are essential organs responsible for a multitude of bodily functions. One of the most important roles involves the regulations of intravascular volume and concentration of fluids in the body by producing urine. In addition, the kidneys are involved in regulation of blood pressure, detoxification of harmful substances, secretion of hormones, the control of acid/base balance and concentration of several electrolytes, and many other functions. This article provides the dental practitioner with a review of the renal system, associated pathology, and how one must alter their management to provide effective and safe treatment.
Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cells

Systemic inflammation because of sepsis results in endothelial cell activation and microvascular injury. High-mobility group protein-1 (HMGB1), a novel inflammatory molecule, is a late mediator of endotoxin shock and is present in the blood of septic patients. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is expressed on endothelium and is a receptor for HMGB1. Here we examine the effects of HMGB1 on human endothelial cell function. Recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and incubated with human microvascular endothelium. rhHMGB1 caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and RAGE. rhHMGB1 induced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) ( P < .01). rhHMGB1 stimulation resulted in transient phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and in nuclear translocation of transcription factors NF-κB and Sp1. These effects are partially mediated by TNFα autocrine stimulation, as anti-TNFα antibodies significantly decrease chemokine and adhesion molecule responses ( P ≤ .002). Thus, rhHMGB1 elicits proinflammatory responses on endothelial cells and may contribute to alterations in endothelial cell function in human inflammation.
2.5 GHz CMOS power amplifier integrated with low loss matching network for WiMAX applications

Power device optimization techniques are systematically incorporated to increase the overall power amplifier (PA) performance in terms of gain, linearity, and power added efficiency (PAE). The prototype PA is implemented in a 130 nm MMRF CMOS process. The single-end PA at 2.5 GHz shows a gain of 31 dB, an output power of 21.4 dBm at the 1 dB compression point, and a PAE of 14.5% while consuming 0.98 W from a 3.3 V supply.
Visible light-induced electron transfer from di-mu-oxo-bridged dinuclear Mn complexes to Cr centers in silica nanopores.

The compound (bpy)2MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV(bpy)2, a structural model relevant for the photosynthetic water oxidation complex, was coupled to single CrVI charge-transfer chromophores in the channels of the nanoporous oxide AlMCM-41. Mn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy confirmed that the di-μ-oxo dinuclear Mn core of the complex is unaffected when loaded into the nanoscale pores. Observation of the 16-line EPR signal characteristic of MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV demonstrates that the majority of the loaded complexes retained their nascent oxidation state in the presence or absence of CrVI centers. The FT-Raman spectrum upon visible light excitation of the CrVI−OII → CrV−OI ligand-to-metal charge transfer reveals electron transfer from MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV (Mn−O stretch at 700 cm−1) to CrVI, resulting in the formation of CrV and MnIV(μ-O)2MnIV (Mn−O stretch at 645 cm−1). All initial and final states are directly observed by FT-Raman or EPR spectroscopy, and the assignments are corroborated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements. The...
The instantaneous center of rotation during human jaw opening and its significance in interpreting the functional meaning of condylar translation.

Mandibular condyles translate back and forth during mouth closing and opening in primates and most other mammals. To account for the functional significance of this phenomenon, several hypotheses have been proposed. The sarcomere-length hypothesis holds that condylar translation provides a mechanical advantage by minimizing sarcomere-length changes in the masseter-medial pterygoid complex throughout a wide range of jaw openings. As the hypothesis is inherently associated with the locations of the instantaneous centers of rotation (ICRs) of the mandible, a more accurate determination of this variable would help test this hypothesis. This study investigated ICRs in the sagittal plane during human symmetrical mandibular opening based on a recently developed analytical method. The results confirmed that, with inter- and intraindividual variation, the natural opening was a simultaneous rotational and translational motion. In addition, the ICR was found to lie closer to the condyle during the first 10 degrees than during the rest of the rotation. This suggests that for the condyles the rotational component is somewhat more significant at the early phase than at the late phase of the opening stroke. For the whole range of the natural opening, the grossly approximated centers of rotation (CRs) scattered below the palpable lateral condylar poles in the superior half of the ramus. This study supports neither the ICR path determined by Grant ([1973], J. Biomech. 6:109-113) nor the conclusions reached by recording manually operated jaw movements in human cadavers (Rees [1954] Br. Dent. J. 6:125-133). Moss's suggestion ([1960] Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders), pp. 73-88) that the center of rotation lies at the lingula is also not confirmed. Although the new data cannot reject the sarcomere-length hypothesis, they do not strongly support it either. Another hypothesis is proposed in this study as plausible. With this hypothesis, translation is regarded as an adaptation to the use of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid as a jaw depressor in noncarnivorous mammals. Potential functional advantages of this portion of the muscle are also discussed.
Three Views of Artful Practice in Psychosocial Occupational Therapy

This qualitative study explored artfulness in the psychosocial practice of three occupational therapists through in-depth observation and interviews. Analysis focused on the therapist-client relationship, activity use, self-reflection, and the change process. Each therapist established an interpersonal connection while offering meaningful, engaging activities. In addition, each brought a distinct and unique personal view to treatment. Findings suggest that the art of practice in occupational therapy is constructed by the therapist's integrated balance of substance, form, and vision to achieve a coherent whole, which positively influences the personal views of substance, form, and vision in clients.
Immigration satisfaction of Chinese Americans: An empirical examination

This study examined the immigration satisfaction of a group of 95 Chinese Americans living in San Francisco. Immigration satisfaction was hypothesized to be negatively mediated by the presence of immigration-related problems and positively mediated by a bicultural life-style. Personal demographic characteristics were postulated to play a limited role in predicting immigration satisfaction but may do so indirectly through their contribution to the presence of problems and cultural orientation. The findings generally supported these hypotheses. Immigrants who experienced problems with language, discrimination, and social isolation were less satisfied, whereas those who had both Chinese and non-Chinese close friends and enjoyed more Chinese- and mainstream American-oriented activities were more satisfied. By and large, the demographic variables did not directly mediate immigration satisfaction but did affect immigration-related problems and cultural orientation, through which they may have indirectly influenced immigration satisfaction. The only exception was that married immigrants were less satisfied than unmarried immigrants. Implications of the findings were discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diel changes in stream benthos density on stones and artificial substrates

Diel changes in stream benthos density were studied by comparing faunal densities on naturally occurring stones collected at noon and at midnight and on artificial substrates (bricks) collected at 2 hr intervals for 24 hr. Over all dates and all rivers, on stones, nighttime densities were higher in 37 cases, lower in 35 cases and unchanged in three cases. The magnitude of nocturnal density increases (expressed as a proportion of daytime density) ranged between 0.03 and 1.08 and the magnitude of nocturnal density decreases ranged between 0.01 and 0.81. Diel density changes on bricks generally were variable and not synchronized with changes in light intensity, but in most cases (60%) densities were greater at night. A new, accurate and rapid method to estimate the area of stone surface is also described.
Experimental studies on particle impaction and bounce: effects of substrate design and material

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effects of impaction substrate designs and material in reducing particle bounce and reentrainment. Particle collection without coating by using combinations of different impaction substrate designs and surface materials was conducted using a personal particle sampler (PPS) developed by the University of Southern California. The PPS operates at flow rate of 4 l min-1 with a 50% cutpoint of approximately 0.9 μm in aerodynamic diameter. The laboratory results showed that the PPS collection efficiency for particles larger than 50% cutpoint is strikingly low (e.g., less than 50%) when an uncoated open cavity made of aluminum was used as an impaction substrate. The collection efficiency gradually increased when Teflon tape, Nuclepore, and glass fiber filters were used as impaction surfaces, respectively. Conical or partially enclosed cavity substrate designs increased collection efficiency of particles of 9 μm up to 80–90%. A conical cavity with glass fiber filter used as impaction surface was identified as the optimum configuration, resulting in a collection efficiency of 92% at Stokes numbers as high as 15.4 (corresponding to 9 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Particle losses were low (less than 10%) and relatively independent of particle size in any design with glass fiber filter. Losses seemed to increase slightly with particle size in all other configurations. Finally, outdoor PM1 concentrations obtained with the PPS (in its optimum configuration) and a modified micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) with coated impaction stages were in excellent agreement. The mean ratio of the PPS-to-MOUDI concentration was 1.13(±0.17) with a correlation coefficient R2=0.95. Results from this investigation can be readily applied to design particle bounce-free impaction substrates without the use of coating. This is a very important feature of impactors, especially when chemical analysis of the collected particulate matter is desirable.
Phosphorylation of the Androgen Receptor by PIM1 in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer

Integration of cellular signaling pathways with androgen receptor (AR) signaling can be achieved through phosphorylation of AR by cellular kinases. However, the kinases responsible for phosphorylating the AR at numerous sites and the functional consequences of AR phosphorylation are only partially understood. Bioinformatic analysis revealed AR serine 213 (S213) as a putative substrate for PIM1, a kinase overexpressed in prostate cancer. Therefore, phosphorylation of AR serine 213 by PIM1 was examined using a phosphorylation site-specific antibody. Wild-type PIM1, but not catalytically inactive PIM1, specifically phosphorylated AR but not an AR serine-to-alanine mutant (S213A). In vitro kinase assays confirmed that PIM1 can phosphorylate AR S213 in a ligand-independent manner and cell type-specific phosphorylation was observed in prostate cancer cell lines. Upon PIM1 overexpression, AR phosphorylation was observed in the absence of hormone and was further increased in the presence of hormone in LNCaP, LNCaP-abl and VCaP cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of AR was reduced in the presence of PIM kinase inhibitors. An examination of AR-mediated transcription showed that reporter gene activity was reduced in the presence of PIM1 and wild-type AR, but not S213A mutant AR. Androgen-mediated transcription of endogenous PSA, Nkx3.1 and IGFBP5 was also decreased in the presence of PIM1, whereas IL6, cyclin A1 and caveolin 2 were increased. Immunohistochemical analysis of prostate cancer tissue microarrays showed significant P-AR S213 expression that was associated with hormone refractory prostate cancers, likely identifying cells with catalytically active PIM1. In addition, prostate cancers expressing a high level of P-AR S213 were twice as likely to be from biochemically recurrent cancers. Thus, AR phosphorylation by PIM1 at S213 impacts gene transcription and is highly prevalent in aggressive prostate cancer.
Studies of dioxole ring substituted 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) analogues.

Abstract The 3,4-ethylidenedioxy and 3,4-isopropylidenedioxy analogues, EDA and IDA, respectively, of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were compared to MDA in drug-stimulated [ 3 H]-serotonin overflow from prelabelled rat hippocampal slices, [ 3 H]-dopamine overflow from prelabelled rat caudate slices, in their ability to displace the 5-HT 2 agonist R-[ 125 I]-DOI from rat brain cortical binding sites. They were also compared in the two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats, utilizing d -LSD tartrate (0.08 mg/kg) or MDMA·HCl (1.75 mg/kg) as the training stimulus. MDA and EDA were nearly equipotent in inducing release of both [ 3 H]-monoamine transmitters, while IDA was considerably less potent. Pretreatment of hippocampal slices with the 5-HT-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (3.2 μM) blocked the [ 3 H]-5-HT overflow induced by MDA. In the drug discrimination experiments, complete substitution occurred with all three drugs in both LSD- and MDMA-trained rats. The ED 50 values indicated that MDA had about twice the potency of EDA, and five times the potency of IDA in MDMA-trained rats. In the LSD-trained animals, MDA was about three times more potent than EDA and about seven times more potent than IDA. The K 1 values for displacement of R-[ 125 I]-DOI generally parallel the results of the LSD transfer tests.
San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier

This award-winning history, now available in paperback, explores eighteenth-century San Antonio de Bxar, a community on the periphery of Spain's North American frontier. From this struggling settlement eventually developed modern San Antonio, Texas. In spite of isolation and neglect, many of the settlers, veterans of frontier colonies farther south, founded San Antonio on centuries-old institutions. Although the colonists often feuded with one another in the early years, frontier political and economic forces molded them into a single community by the end of the eighteenth century. Crisp prose, vivid descriptions, and strong archival documentation make this community study accessible to students and of interest to scholars.
Analysis of hollow fiber bioreactor wastewater treatment

A mathematical model describing anaerobic biodegradation of acetate in an HFBR is presented here. The model considers the cylindrical geometry of hollow fibers and the nonlinear Monod kinetics that are characteristic of biodegradation. The results of the numerical solution of the model are used to predict the results of a planned benchscale study of HFBR-based wastewater treatment
Factor Xa inhibitors

Factor Xa is the serine protease that activates prothrombin to yield thrombin. Inhibitors of factor Xa play a crucial role in curtailing thrombin generation. Two key factor Xa inhibitors that are found in blood are antithrombin III and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Inhibition of factor Xa is a mechanism that is also exploited by certain hematophagous animals to facilitate feeding. Evaluation of tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) and leech-derived antistasin (ATS) using animal models of thrombotic disorders has confirmed that specific blockade of factor Xa activity is an effective antithrombotic strategy. Several laboratories are currently pursuing low-molecular weight synthetic factor Xa inhibitors for use as anticoagulants in the treatment and/or prevention of thrombosis.
Natural Selection and the Complexity of the Gene

Conflict between the idea of natural selection and the idea of the uniqueness of the gene does not seem too near to a solution yet.
Double Sample Tests for the Mean of a Normal Population

Abstract Double sample tests are presented for testing one-sided hypotheses about the mean of a normal population, based on the statistics suggested by Bulgren, Dykstra and Hewett [4]. Tables of decision values are given based on the criterion that the power curves of the double sample test and the corresponding single sample test are approximately the same. A discussion of the numerical methods is presented, as well as a comparison of expected sample sizes for a particular example.
496 PULSATILE GROWTH HORMONE (GH) SECRETION DURING PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT IN INTACT AND CASTRATE MONKEYS

To assess whether pulsatile GH secretion changes during pubertal development, 23 intact and 21 castrate male macaques (rhesus and cynomologous) from prepubertal through adult life were evaluated. Blood was withdrawn at 15 min intervals for 12 or 24 hr through a femoral venous catheter. All animals were fit with a mobile vest and tether assembly. Pubertal development was assessed on the basis of chronological age, gonadotropin and testosterone secretion, testicular volume, hCG challenge tests and skeletal age. The pulsatile secretory GH data are summarized below: These data suggest that pulsatile GH secretion does not change significantly during pubertal development in male monkeys and that endogenous testosterone does not alter pulsatile GH secretion.
Diagnostic neuroradiology for the interventional neuroradiologist

In order to further improve the impact of the continuously evolving neurointerventional techniques, the interventional neuroradiologist needs to have at his disposal more powerful techniques to image the central nervous system. With the recent development of diagnostics techniques that are computed tomography and magnetic resonance based we are now able to assess not just morphology, but also physiology, physiopathology and function. This review discusses the place of diagnostic techniques in the evaluation that the interventional neuroradiologist hast to make when confronted with patients. We provide an overview of current techniques for the brain and spine.