cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are shapes intrinsic

It is widely believed that shapes are intrinsic properties. But this claim is hard to defend. I survey all known theories of shape properties, and argue that each theory is either incompatible with the claim that shapes are intrinsic, or can be shown to be false.
Interleukin-12 release from macrophages by hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C oligosaccharides

Mixtures of hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS)-A and CS-C oligosaccharides were generated through the enzymatic digestion of the polysaccharides with either mammalian hyaluronidase or bacterial HA lyase or chondroitinase. Compared to mammalian enzymes, bacterial enzymes hydrolyze the polysaccharides through a different mechanism yielding chemically distinct sets of oligosaccharides. Peripheral leukocytes and a human monocytic cell line were exposed to these oligosaccharides and the amount of interleukin-12 released by the cells was measured. For all types of oligosaccharide tested, we found that the amount of interleukin-12 induced by oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzyme was significantly lower than the amount of interleukin-12 induced by oligosaccharides generated with mammalian enzyme. In addition, we observed that CS oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzyme were capable of reducing the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12 production in macrophages. Our results indicate that HA or CS oligosaccharides generated with mammalian enzymes might possess pro-inflammatory potential, while HA or CS oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzymes might possess non- or anti-inflammatory properties. The implications of our findings in view of the ongoing investigation of the potential therapeutic benefits of HA and CS in arthritis or other inflammatory pathologies are discussed.
The influence of covalency on anion-anion interionic potentials in NiO

Abstract Hartree-Fock self-consistent field cluster calculations were performed to investigate the short-range anion-anion interionic potential V 22 in NiO. The cluster consisted of two oxygen ions and ten surrounding Ni ions embedded in a matrix of point charges; the Ni 2+ ions were represented by pseudopotentials. V 22 was extracted from calculations of the total cluster electronic energy as a function of the OO separation when one of the O ions is displaced from its lattice site towards the other O ion. The results indicate that covalency is mainly responsible for the anomalously large attractive terms in semiempirically derived OO interionic potentials.
EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON URBAN AND RURAL INCOME INEQUALITY

We use three conventional inequality indices—the Gini, the coefficient of variation of income, and the relative mean deviation of income—and the Atkinson index to examine the effect of income tax rates, the minimum wage, and all the major government welfare and transfer programs on the evolution of income inequality for rural and urban areas by state from 1981 to 1997. We find that these programs have qualitatively similar but quantitatively different effects on urban and rural areas. Most importantly, taxes are more effective in redistributing income in urban than in rural areas, while welfare and other government transfer programs play a larger role in rural areas.
Low energy office at the building research establishment

This building represents a major advance in the design of low energy buildings. It was designed to demonstrate techniques which can be used in future low energy and environmentally‐friendly offices. The building is naturally ventilated and uses its thermal mass to moderate the high summertime temperatures. Water is abstracted from a borehole and used as a very energy‐efficient source of additional cooling for the building. The offices have a high proportion of glazing to make maximum use of daylight, together with solar louvres to limit solar heat gain. Other features are a super efficient lighting system, sophisticated controls, photovoltaic panels and the extensive use of re‐cycled materials.
Linear dependence of linear transformations and images

Abstract If the image of a linear transformation is always linearly dependent on the images of certain n other linear transformations, are the transformations themselves linearly dependent? The paper develops general methods for answering this question and applies them to obtain a complete characterization if n = 2.
Design-Driven Integrated-Comprehensive Model CDFS Strategic Relationships

Measuring quality in design-driven innovation is part of the larger subject of product design, supply chain management and new product development (NPD). In other words, better design and supply chain integration increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the production development process. In this work, I have studied the role of understanding the needs of customers and design approaches for new products through a combination of customer feedback and participation of designers in the first phase of new product development. Furthermore, I discuss why the incorporation of both designers and customer needs is important to design-driven innovation. In the second phase of this study, I present several case studies in terms of supplier-buyer relationships in order to find a solution that achieves a long-term relationship (the alliance-star model) in new product development, which is a crucial problem in the Blue Ocean Strategy. Finally, by presenting the CDFS (Customer-Designer-Firm-Supplier) strategic model, we show schematically the integrated-comprehensive process approach for creating a new innovative product from the concept phase through to the end of Product life cycle. This model presents the process of new innovation, which can ensure added value during Product life cycle.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Adjacent tissues (cartilage, bone) affect the functional integration of engineered calf cartilage in vitro

Summary Objective An in vitro model was used to test the hypothesis that culture time and adjacent tissue structure and composition affected chondrogenesis and integrative repair in engineered cartilage. Method Engineered constructs made of bovine calf chondrocytes and hyaluronan benzyl ester non-woven mesh were press-fitted into adjacent tissue rings made of articular cartilage (AC), devitalized bone (DB), or vital bone (VB) and cultured in rotating bioreactors for up to 8 weeks. Structure (light and electron microscopy), biomechanical properties (interfacial adhesive strength, construct compressive modulus), biochemical composition (construct glycosaminoglycans (GAG), collagen, and cells), and adjacent tissue diffusivity were assessed. Results Engineered constructs were comprised predominately of hyaline cartilage, and appeared either closely apposed to adjacent cartilage or functionally interdigitated with adjacent bone due to interfacial deposition of extracellular matrix. An increase in culture time significantly improved construct adhesive strength ( P P =0.02), GAG ( P =0.04) and cellularity ( P P P P P R 2 =0.66, P R 2 =0.49, P R 2 =0.44, P Conclusions Chondrogenesis and integrative repair in engineered cartilage improved with time and depended on adjacent tissue architecture, composition, and transport properties.
Antagonism of oxotremorine-induced behavioral suppression by antimuscarinic drugs.

The effects of benztropine, scopolamine, atropine, methylatropine, amitriptyline, phencyclidine, and meperidine were determined alone and in conjunction with a behaviourally suppressing dose (0.05 mg/kg IM) of oxotremorine in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 fixed-interval 5-min schedule of grain presentation. Benztropine, scopolamine, atropine, and amitriptyline antagonized the behavioral suppressing effects of oxotremorine at doses that alone decreased responding. In contrast, methylatropine, phencyclidine, and meperidine did not antagonize the effects of oxotremorine. These results suggest that benztropine, scopolamine, atropine, and amitriptyline decrease responding due to an action at central muscarinic receptors, whereas the behavioral effects of methylatropine, phenyclidine, and meperidine are due to actions other than at central muscarinic receptors.
Ventricular arrhythmias after balloon aortic valvuloplasty

Abstract Balloon dilation of congenital heart defects is being performed with increasing frequency. Although these procedures are generally safe, a number of complications can occur, including obstruction of leg vessels, bleeding and rarely reported episodes of sudden death. 1 Prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc) has been reported with pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty. 2 During surveillance after balloon aortic valvuloplasty, 4 patients with asymptomatic ventricular tachycardia were identified by Holter monitor recording.
Feedback regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract The synthesis of ribosomal proteins and the assembly of ribosomes in Escherichia coli are coupled. When the rate of ribosomal protein synthesis exceeds that of ribosome biosynthesis, certain key ribosomal proteins act as inhibitors that prevent the further translation of their own mRNA. This translational feedback mechanism ensures the balanced and co-ordinately regulated synthesis of many ribosomal proteins.
Purification and Characterization of DNA-dependent RNA Polymerases from Cauliflower Nuclei

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were solubilized from nuclei of cauliflower inflorescences and purified by agarose A-1.5m, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex, and phosphocellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. RNA polymerases I + III were separated from II by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Subsequent chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex resolved RNA polymerase I from III. RNA polymerases I and II were further purified to high specific activity by phosphocellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. RNA polymerase I was refractory to α-amanitin at 2 mg/ml. RNA polymerase II was 50% inhibited at 0.05 μg/ml, and RNA polymerase III was 50% inhibited at 1 to 2 mg/ml of α-amanitin. The enzymes were characterized with respect to divalent cation optima, ionic strength optima, and abilities to transcribe cauliflower, synthetic, and cauliflower mosaic virus DNA templates.
Computer Simulation Modeling: A Tool for Studying Organizations

Computer simulation as a research methodology is presented as the intersection of modeling, simulation, and computer analysis. Five component parts of simulation models are identified: input variables, output variables, assumptions, algorithms, and parameters. Computer simulation (CSM) has two primary uses for those interested in the study of organizations or who work within them: theory development and policy planning. The advantages and disadvantages of CSM for each of these purposes are examined and recent examples for each are explored.
Surface measurements of solar irradiance: A study of the spatial correlation between simultaneous measurements at separated sites

Pyranometers have been used for many years to measure broadband surface incoming solar irradiance, data that is necessary for surface energy budget, cloud forcing, and satellite validation research. Because such measurements are made at a specific location, it is unclear how representative they may be of a larger area. This study attempts to determine a reasonable spacing between measurement sites for such research by computing the correlation, and standard deviation from perfect correlation, between simultaneous measurements of incoming solar irradiance for a network of surface measurement sites covering a 75 km x 75 km area. Using 1-min data collected from this network of 11 sites during the NASA First ISSCP Radiation Experiment/Surface Radiation Budget (FIRE/SRB) Project temporal averages were calculated. The correlation between any two of these sites was determined by comparing simultaneous measurement averages for the 55 possible combinations of site pairs, along with the distances between them. In an attempt to remove the effect of the diurnal cycle, thus leaving clouds as the primary influence on correlation of the radiation field, model results for a clear day were used to normalize measured irradiances and correlations were again calculated.
LXXVI.A method for the summation of a type of infinite series

(1913). LXXVI. A method for the summation of a type of infinite series. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 26, No. 155, pp. 898-902.
Automating constructibility reasoning with a geometrical and topological project model

Abstract Due to fragmentation in the construction industry, structural engineers do not generally use explicit constructibility knowledge when making decisions about the layout and dimensions of structural elements. By interfacing with a geometrical and topological model of a design, an on-line construction expert automates the input of construction expertise to these decisions and allows use of more efficient construction methods on a project. Developing such an expert system poses three main challenges: formalizing and representing constructibility knowledge; developing a product model schema to represent project data; and integrating the project model with the knowledge. This paper summarizes the first and third tasks and describes the project model in detail.
A Broadband Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester With Nonlinear High-Power Extraction

This paper presents a nonlinear vibration energy harvester, which combines a nonlinear bistable broadband piezoelectric cantilever used to transduce ambient vibration energy, with synchronized capture for efficient harvesting over broadband sources. An accurate model of the bistable transducer, that augments the Butterworth van Dyke model to capture the external magnetic force added as a bias to the external vibrations, is presented. Its validity has been demonstrated through physical implementation and experimental validation against simulation of the mathematical model. For efficient extraction of the transduced energy, nonlinear extraction circuits, namely synchronous charge extraction (SCE) and parallel synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI), are employed. The switching in these circuits is implemented using a fully self-propelled, low-power electronic breaker circuit, capable of detecting extrema in the waveform to perform switching. Both simulated and experimental power outputs from the bistable harvester have been presented, with the SCE and parallel-SSHI providing average outputs with more than 100-fold increase over the harvested power reported in the literature for the same input, and further, even more significant gains are observed for broadband excitations.
Cancer home care in Montana.

Availability of health care services in sparsely populated areas may be limited by fewer health care organizations and geographic separation. The purposes of this study were to identify unmet needs of individuals and families managing cancer in rural areas and examine cancer-related home care in rural areas. Issues of stalling, caseloads and service area for home health agencies (HHAs) and hospices were examined. HHAs registered with the Montana Association of Home Health Care Agencies and licensed hospices in Montana were mailed questionnaires with 92% of the HHAs and 90% of the hospices returning the questionnaires. Health providers identitied a variety of unmet needs including personal care and respite. Agencies were small with approximately four full-time equivalent registered nurses for HHAs and one full-time equivalent registered nurse for hospices. Similarly, caseloads were also small with an average of 50 clients per month for HHAs and 11 clients per month for hospices. HHAs and hospices had large...
Streptozotocin-induced β-cell death is independent of its inhibition of O-GlcNAcase in pancreatic Min6 cells

Streptozotocin (STZ) injection into experimental animals selectively causes massive beta-cell death. The mechanism of this specific toxicity is not fully understood. Recently, it has been discovered that O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is enriched in the beta-cells. It has been proposed that STZ toxicity may be due to its inhibition of neutral O-GlcNAcase activity, the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc from cytosolic proteins (K. Liu et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 2820-2825). To further ascertain the role of O-GlcNAcase in beta-cell death, we have used PUGNAc, a potent and specific O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, together with STZ in pancreatic Min6 cells. Both STZ and PUGNAc increased O-GlcNAc to similar levels on intracellular proteins. STZ, but not PUGNAc, decreased cellular protein synthesis by 66.0% within 8 h, killed 80.9% of the cells within 18 h, and decreased insulin secretion. STZ, but not PUGNAc, also caused genomic DNA fragmentation, suggesting that some of the cells were undergoing apoptosis. Prolonged treatment with PUGNAc (72 h) maintained high intracellular O-GlcNAc levels, but did not result in any apparent cell damage. Furthermore, the toxicity of STZ can be largely reversed by 3-aminobenzamide, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. These data strongly indicate that STZ-induced beta-cell death is not caused by elevated intracellular O-GlcNAc levels, but instead likely involves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the mechanism.
Reinforcing value of interval and continuous physical activity in children.

Abstract During play children engage in short bouts of intense activity, much like interval training. This natural preference for interval-type activity may have important implications for prescribing the most motivating type of physical activity, but the motivation of children to be physically active in interval or continuous fashion has not yet been examined. In the present study, ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2 peak were determined in boys ( n = 16) and girls ( n = 16) age 10 ± 1.3 years. Children sampled interval and continuous constant-load physical activity protocols on a cycle ergometer at 20% VT on another day. The physical activity protocols were matched for energy expenditure. Children then completed an operant button pressing task using a progressive fixed ratio schedule to assess the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of interval versus continuous physical activity. The number of button presses performed to gain access in interval or continuous physical activity and output maximum ( O max ) were the primary outcome variables. Children performed more button presses ( P O max ( P VT and VT and
Efficiency analysis of hydraulic wind power transfer system

High-pressure hydraulic systems have shown low efficiency in wind power transfer when interface a single-turbine to a ground-level generator. This paper demonstrates that using a central generation unit for a group of wind turbines and transferring the power of each turbine through hydraulic system increases the efficiency of overall system by 17% reaching maximum efficiency of 90.7%The efficiency enhancement depends on the rotational speed of the hydraulic pumps. Therefore, it is proven that the multiple-turbine hydraulic power transfer system reaches higher efficiencies at lower rotational speed as much as 11.83%. This suggests that the variable speed gearbox can be eliminated from the wind powertrains if multiple turbines are connected to the central generation unit. Computer simulations and experimental results are provided to quantify the efficiency enhancements obtained by adding the second wind turbine hydraulic pump to the system. Adding more wind turbines enhances the integrated hydraulic wind systems' power delivery profile and efficiency.
Integrative genomic analysis of aneuploidy in uveal melanoma.

Purpose: Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer and is closely linked to metastasis and poor clinical outcome. Yet, the mechanisms leading to aneuploidy and its role in tumor progression remain poorly understood. The extensive and complex karyotypic abnormalities seen in many solid tumors could hinder the identification of pathogenetically relevant chromosomal alterations. Uveal melanoma is an attractive solid tumor for studying aneuploidy because it is a relatively homogeneous cancer that is highly metastatic and has low nonspecific chromosomal instability. Experimental Design: Comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression profiling were used to analyze patterns of aneuploidy in 49 primary uveal melanomas. This analysis was supplemented by a review of cytogenetic findings in 336 published cases. Results: Three prognostically significant tumor subgroups were identified based on the status of chromosomes 3 and 6p. Discrete patterns of chromosomal alterations accumulated in these three subgroups in a nonrandom temporal sequence. Poor clinical outcome was associated with early chromosomal alterations rather than overall aneuploidy. A gene expression signature associated with aneuploidy was enriched for genes involved in cell cycle regulation, centrosome function, and DNA damage repair. One of these genes was PTEN , a tumor suppressor and genomic integrity guardian, which was down-regulated in association with increasing aneuploidy ( P = 0.003). Conclusions: The relationship between aneuploidy and poor prognosis may be determined by specific, pathogenetically relevant chromosomal alterations, rather than overall aneuploidy. Such alterations can be identified using integrative genomic methods and may provide insights for novel therapeutic approaches.
Lifetime Scanning Measurements On Hg0.7Cd0.3Te By Population Modulation

A contactless optical technique has been developed for the measurement of excess photogenerated carrier lifetime in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te in a raster scan mode. The technique consists of measuring the steady state mod-ulation AI in the transmitted intensity I of a probe beam (-11,a) < Eg) due to a modulated pump beam (Kw < Eg) incident on the same surface. The fractional change in the probe beam transmission AI/I is related to the excess carrier lifetime. Lifetimes in the 20 ns to 20 us range have been measured using pump photon fluxes on the order of 1018 photons/cm2-s.
CONGENITAL PYLORIC STENOSIS: A CONTROLLED EVALUATION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT UTILIZING METHYL-SCOPOLAMINE-NITRATE.

From the Children's Medical Service of Bellevue Hospital clinical trials utilizing methyl-scopolamine-nitrate in the management of 6 patients with congenital pyloric stenosis are reported. Two of these patients ultimately had pyloromyotomies. From the Babies Hospital of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center a controlled comparison of methyl-scopolamine-nitrate and surgical management of 21 patients with congenital pyloric stenosis is presented. Eleven patients were assigned to surgical management and had plyoromyotomies. One death resulted in this series. Ten were assigned to medical management with methyl-scopolamine-nitrate. Four subsequently had pyloromyotomies. The other 6 patients required longer and more intensive care. Methyl-scopolamine-nitrate is not a substitute for pyloromyotomy in the treatment of congenital pyloric stenosis when a competent surgical procedure can be performed.
Assessment of asthma control in primary care

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of uncontrolled asthma in patients who are visiting their primary care provider for any reason.Research design and methods:This multisite, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 25 and May 2, 2008. Participants aged ≥18 years were recruited from 35 primary care provider sites. Eligible participants presented to the office for any acute medical, routine, follow-up, or nonmedical reason; had a self-reported physician diagnosis of asthma; used medication to treat asthma in the past year; and had no history of COPD. They completed the Asthma Control Test (ACT) and provided information including demographics, health behaviors, medical history, and asthma medication use. Uncontrolled asthma was defined as ACT score ≤19. † Asthma Control Test is a trademark of QualityMetric, Inc., Lincoln, RI, USA.Results:The overall weighted prevalence of uncontrolled asthma in 2238 patients in primary care was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–0.60). Among asthm...
Seismic System Identification Using Centrifuge-based Soil-Structure Interaction Test Data

This article presents a framework for conducting seismic system identification using geotechnical centrifuge-based data for soil-structure interaction (SSI) experimentation. The framework starts with a design step that calculates two important SSI parameters: the period-lengthening ratio and the foundation-damping ratio. An identification and approximation procedure is further developed to estimate the system parameters at a variety of boundary conditions. The framework is then applied to two centrifuge tests. The results illustrate that the proposed framework can improve both the understanding of complex seismic soil-structure response and the use of geotechnical centrifuge-based SSI test data.
The Influence of Structural Damping on Internal Pressure During a Transient Pipe Flow

A four equation model of axial wave propagation with Poisson coupling which includes viscous damping to account for structural energy dissipation is evaluated. Comparison of the predictions with experimental data indicates that the model can satisfactorily predict fluid pressure and structural velocity.
TIME-RELAXED 1-FAULT TOLERANT BROADCAST NETWORKS

In a 1-fault tolerant minimal broadcast network, a node of a network, called the originator, has a message which is to be transmitted to all other nodes of the network in minimum time regardless of the failure of a single communication line. In some instances, it is advantageous to use time-relaxed broadcast networks that require slightly more than the minimum transmission time, but have sparser edge sets. This paper presents a general compounding algorithm to construct sparse, time-relaxed, 1-fault tolerant broadcast networks. In the algorithm, copies of a broadcast network without faults are interconnected with additional edges according to the structure of a 1-fault tolerant broadcast network with two special properties. Both the 1-fault tolerant broadcast network and the broadcast network without faults may be time-relaxed. Computational results show that the algorithm yields sparser networks by allowing additional time units.
Mexiletine therapy in 15 patients with drug-resistant ventricular tachycardia

Mexiletine therapy was administered to 15 patients with chronic and recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. All patients were intolerant of or had arrhythmias resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic agents. At maximal dosages of mexiletine 2 patients had more than 90 percent reduction in frequency of premature ventricular complexes, whereas 11 patients had less than 50 percent reduction, as measured on 24 hour electrocardiographic recordings. Mexiletine was unsuccessful in preventing or abolishing ventricular tachycardia in 11 patients. Adverse side effects occurred in nine patients (60 percent) and were severe enough to necessitate discontinuation of therapy in six patients (40 percent). Side effects appeared to be dosage-related. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a mean elimination half-life of 12.6 ± 1.6 hours following oral administration of mexiletine. In the patients studied, mexiletine exhibited limited antiarrhythmic efficacy and was associated with frequent adverse side effects.
A Mammal-Specific Doublesex Homolog Associates with Male Sex Chromatin and Is Required for Male Meiosis

Gametogenesis is a sexually dimorphic process requiring profound differences in germ cell differentiation between the sexes. In mammals, the presence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in males creates additional sex-specific challenges, including incomplete X and Y pairing during meiotic prophase. This triggers formation of a heterochromatin domain, the XY body. The XY body disassembles after prophase, but specialized sex chromatin persists, with further modification, through meiosis. Here, we investigate the function of DMRT7, a mammal-specific protein related to the invertebrate sexual regulators Doublesex and MAB-3. We find that DMRT7 preferentially localizes to the XY body in the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase and is required for male meiosis. In Dmrt7 mutants, meiotic pairing and recombination appear normal, and a transcriptionally silenced XY body with appropriate chromatin marks is formed, but most germ cells undergo apoptosis during pachynema. A minority of mutant cells can progress to diplonema, but many of these escaping cells have abnormal sex chromatin lacking histone H3K9 di- and trimethylation and heterochromatin protein 1β accumulation, modifications that normally occur between pachynema and diplonema. Based on the localization of DMRT7 to the XY body and the sex chromatin defects observed in Dmrt7 mutants, we conclude that DMRT7 plays a role in the sex chromatin transformation that occurs between pachynema and diplonema. We suggest that DMRT7 may help control the transition from meiotic sex chromosome inactivation to postmeiotic sex chromatin in males. In addition, because it is found in all branches of mammals, but not in other vertebrates, Dmrt7 may shed light on evolution of meiosis and of sex chromatin.
Normal persistent currents

Abstract This article reviews recent advances in mesoscopic physics, namely experimental and theoretical investigations of persistent (equilibrium) currents in normal metal rings. While theory and experiment are consistent in the ballistic regime, theoretical studies so far have not been able to account for the unexpectedly huge currents observed experimentally in disordered (diffusive) samples, in which the elastic mean free path is much less than the circumference of the rings.
Visual ethics: a past case and a present one

Visual representations are powerful aids to communication, making points with clarity and force but they can offer opportunities for ethical and rhetorical lapses. Two cases are examined: Ernst Haeckel's illustrations of supposed embryonic states in support of his biogenetic law in the late-1800s and Jan Schon's graphs of ground-breaking research findings in solid state physics very recently. Both sets of illustration have been shown to be fraudulent. In visual ethics the key questions remain the same: how did the visual come about, what do they mean, and do they show what they claim to represent?.
Holography as applied to information storage and retrieval systems

An attempt was made to assess the potential use of holography in information storage and retrieval systems. Various scientific (physics), engineering, and business indexes were searched as well as those dealing with information science and libraries. A great many articles were found in the first three, all of which indicate the vast amount of interest, research, and development in the field, and lead to the conclusion that holography is one of the most promising methods now under research for the achievement of high bulk storage with fast random access at a reasonable cost. Because such a method implies a far greater than present ability to store, access, and transmit information on the part of information centers and libraries, and because little has been written in their literature, this paper has been prepared as a “state of the art” to provide background knowledge which is expected to be useful to many in the future.
Sex differences in photoperiod control of antigen-specific primary and secondary humoral immunity in Siberian Hamsters

Photoperiod was hypothesized to mediate T cell-dependent B cell production of IgM and IgG. Antigens induced production of specific immunoglobulins; serum IgM but not IgG, was higher in males in long vs. short days (16 vs. 8 h light/day) and similarly among all groups of females. A second immunization with KLH robustly enhanced serum IgM, as well as IgG; increases were blunted in short- vs. long-day males but not in females. Thus, in male but not female hamsters, winter-like short days restrain aspects of primary and secondary humoral immune responses to xenoantigens. Actions on lymphocyte activities or clonal expansion are in considerations.
Optimizing hauling vehicle mix for debris removal: A queueing theory approach

This work explores one aspect of debris removal system design, the optimal mix of hauling vehicles, from two perspectives: efficiency and equity. First, the vehicle mix which maximizes the efficiency of the system is determined (i.e., that which minimizes the average wait time). Secondly, the equity of the most efficient mix is considered (i.e., the ratio of wait times between different vehicles). The results suggest that the solution to the optimal mix of hauling vehicles is nominally the same for a wide range of arrival rates for some system configurations. Further, the analysis shows that the optimal solution permanently disadvantages some vehicles for the majority of service rate combinations, however equitable optimal solutions (i.e., those for which all hauling vehicles have the same expected wait times in the system wait time minimizing solution) do exist, though the locus is very small. System configurations which lead to these equitably optimal solutions are highlighted. Policy implications are also presented.
Effect of testosterone on muscle and other tissues and on carcass composition in hypophysectomized, thyroidectomized, and gonadectomized male rats.

The protein anabolic effect of testosterone has been observed in many situations (Kochakian, 1950; Kenyon et al., 1944). Kochakian (1950) reported that administration of testosterone propionate to castrated and normal male rats resulted in a reduced urinary nitrogen excretion which could be correlated with protein deposition in kidney, liver, and carcass as well as in accessory sexual tissue. Kochakian (1950) and Gordon et al. (1947) observed that testosterone administration reduced urinary nitrogen excretion also in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that the protein anabolic effect of testosterone was not mediated through the pituitary gland. The site of protein retention was not determined in these studies. Simpson et al. (1944) found that testosterone administration had no significant effect on body length and weight gains of hypophysectomized rats unless given jointly with anterior pituitary growth hormone. Atrophy of the temporal muscle was observed following gonadectomy in the male guinea pig by Pa...
Therapeutic range cromolyn dose-response inhibition and complete obliteration of SO2-induced bronchoconstriction in atopic adolescents

Abstract Eight atopic adolescent subjects with exercise-induced bronchospasm were studied to determine whether cromolyn sodium could inhibit or block sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) -induced bronchoconstriction. Cromolyn or placebo were administered by turboinhaler 20 minutes before 10 minutes of SO 2 exposure at 1.0 ppm during continuous moderate exercise on a treadmill. The exercise level that was chosen did not in itself produce bronchoconstriction. The cromolyn doses were 0 (placebo), 20, 40, and 60 mg. Pulmonary functions (FEV 1 , and total respiratory resistance) were measured before and after drug administration and after exposure. SO 2 exposure after placebo produced significant bronchoconstriction. Pretreatment with 20 mg of cromolyn did not change the SO 2 response, 40 mg significantly inhibited the response, and 60 mg completely abolished the pulmonary function changes. These results demonstrate for the first time a dose-response inhibition of SO 2 -induced bronchoconstriction in atopic subjects within a clinically acceptable dosage range and complete obliteration of SO 2 sensitivity in this group with 60 mg of cromolyn pretreatment.
TU‐A‐9A‐11: Gold Nanoparticles Enhanced Diffuse Optical Tomography: A Proof of Concept Study

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and potential of gold nanoparticles (GNP) enhanced diffuse optical tomography (DOT) as a novel imaging strategy for tumor detection. Methods: Simulation was performed on a digital homogeneous cylindrical phantom of 30mm×30mm. Gold nanorods (GNR) with aspect ratio 3.9 and effective radius 21.86nm were used as contrast agent. The peak light absorption for these GNR occurs at 842nm within the near-infrared region, with the absorption cross-section of 1.97×10-14m-2 and scatter cross-section of 1.07×10-14m-2. A 6mmdiameter sphere of GNR solution was positioned inside the tissue-simulating phantom. Simulations were performed at the GNR concentration level of 1nM, 100pM and 10pM, respectively. The points representing laser sources and light detectors were around the phantom with 30o apart tangentially and 1mm apart axially for 9 rows. As one point being source, all the other points within the current row and nearby four rows become detectors. Hence there are 108 source points in total and 55 detector points corresponding to each source. Forward light transport at 842nm wavelength was run on a three-dimensional mesh of 33186 nodes (∼0.5mm resolution) to acquire the light emission data. Reconstruction was performed on a coarse mesh of 19408 nodes (∼1mm resolution) with ∼20minutes on a 2.4GHz CPU and 8GB RAM computer. Results: The position of the GNR solution at 1nM, 100pM and 10pM concentration was reconstructed, respectively, with <1mm error. The GNR concentration was interpreted from the reconstructed absorption coefficient within the enhanced volume. The reconstructed maximum concentrations were 0.3nM, 120.0pM, and 5.3pM, respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to apply GNP to enhance DOT. The simulation results showed the high sensitivity of GNP enhanced DOT, which is in pM concentration level, compared to the μM level for MRI agents and nM level for PET agents.
Stereochemical studies of fluoride ion-assisted reductions of ketones by organosilicon hydrides

Abstract The stereochemistry at the silicon and carbon centers has been studied in the fluoride ion-catalyzed reaction between ( R )−(+)-α-naphthylphenylmethylsilane and several prochiral aromatic ketones which gives alkoxysilane product.
Impulse Noise Correction in OFDM Systems

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, the impulse noise causes catastrophic accuracy degradation since the impulse noise affects all the subcarriers in a symbol due to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) operations at the receiver. Potential causes of impulse noise include erasure channel, power switching, and circuit failure in integrated circuits. In this paper, from a practical observation, a novel iterative impulse error correction scheme is proposed. This scheme is referred to as the impulse noise location and value search algorithm, which is based on the crucial observation of the relationship of the impulse noise and the symbol constellation. In a 512-FFT OFDM system at 25 dB additive white Gaussian noise signal-to-noise ratio, for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-4 and QAM-8 modulation, simulation results show that our proposed novel scheme can effectively correct impulse errors that corrupt up to 20.7 % and 13.9 % of the received time-domain signal at known locations. In addition, without the knowledge of impulse noise location, the proposed scheme still can correct at least 9.96 % of the received time-domain signal for QAM-4 modulation.
Energy advantages of reverse osmosis in seawater desalination

Abstract The very rapid increase in energy costs during the past three years is causing a change in the preferred process technology for seawater desalination. The phase changes, evaporation, and condensation, required in the distillation processes make them more energy intensive than the ambient temperature liquid separation that occurs in the reverse osmosis (RO) process. This paper describes the RO process and how to calculate its energy consultation. The RO process requires only 5–7 KWh/m 3 of product water compared to 15–16 KWh/m 3 required by the most efficient distillation process. The productivity of a large dual purpose electricity/RO water plant is compared to the productivity of a commercially purchased state-of-the-art dual purpose electric/distillation water plant that is currently under construction. The RO potable water productivity is about 2X the distillate flow at the same fuel rate
Sensory contributions to impaired prosodic processing in schizophrenia

Background Deficits in affect recognition are prominent features of schizophrenia. Within the auditory domain, patients show difficulty in interpreting vocal emotional cues based on intonation (prosody). The relationship of these symptoms to deficits in basic sensory processing has not been previously evaluated. Methods Forty-three patients and 34 healthy comparison subjects were tested on two affective prosody measures: voice emotion identification and voice emotion discrimination. Basic auditory sensory processing was measured using a tone-matching paradigm and the Distorted Tunes Test (DTT). A subset of subjects was also tested on facial affect identification and discrimination tasks. Results Patients showed significantly impaired performance on all emotion processing tasks. Within the patient group, a principal components analysis demonstrated significant intercorrelations between basic pitch perception and affective prosodic performance. In contrast, facial affect recognition deficits represented a distinct second component. Prosodic affect measures correlated significantly with severity of negative symptoms and impaired global outcome. Conclusions These results demonstrate significant relationships between basic auditory processing deficits and impaired receptive prosody in schizophrenia. The separate loading of auditory and visual affective recognition measures suggests that within-modality factors may be more significant than cross-modality factors in the etiology of affect recognition deficits in schizophrenia.
The linear antenna&#8212;Eighty years of prograss

Progress in understanding the basic properties of cylindrical antennas and arrays is reviewed from the time of Hertz to the present. The infinitesimal doublet, antennas with assumed sinusoidal currents, boundary-value solutions and recently developed approximations for isolated antennas, circular, curtain, and Yagi arrays are discussed and illustrated. It is concluded that useful quantitative methods for treating cylindrical antennas of finite cross section and arrays of such antennas are now available. These take account of actual distributions of current and the effects of mutual coupling on them, the driving-point admittances, and the field patterns.
Understanding of Emotional Experience in Autism: Insights from the Personal Accounts of High-Functioning Children with Autism.

In this study, the authors investigate emotional understanding in autism through a discourse analytic framework to provide a window into children's strategies for interpreting emotional versus nonemotional encounters and consider the implications for the mechanisms underlying emotional understanding in typical development. Accounts were analyzed for thematic content and discourse structure. Whereas high-functioning children with autism were able to discuss contextually appropriate accounts of simple emotions, their strategies for interpreting all types of emotional (but not nonemotional) experiences differed from those used by typically developing children. High-functioning children with autism were less inclined to organize their emotional accounts in personalized causal-explanatory frameworks and displayed a tendency to describe visually salient elements of experiences seldom observed among comparison children. Findings suggest that children with autism possess less coherent representations of emotional experiences and use alternative strategies for interpreting emotionally evocative encounters. Discussion focuses on the significance of these findings for informing the nature of emotional dysfunction in autism as well as implications for theories of emotional understanding in typical development.
Advances in high-performance sensors for the military and commercial market

The increasing proliferation of infrared technology, including domestic and international product development, is bringing very high performance systems into the commercial market. Raytheon Infrared Operations (RIO) programs have produced a variety of products that are economically viable for the commercial market and retain very high performance. These products include both cooled and uncooled sensors. Examples of these products range from high-resolution camera engines to high-performance focal planes. These sensors are available as commodity products directly from RIO, a merchant supplier.
Modeling and simulation of titania synthesis in two-dimensional methane-air flames

The formation and growth of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in two-dimensional, non-premixed methane–air flames is investigated via direct numerical simulation. The simulations are performed by capturing the spatio-temporal evolution of the fluid, chemical, and particle fields. The fluid is described by the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy equations; species transport is augmented by the effects of methane–air combustion and the oxidation of titanium tetrachloride; and a nodal approximation to the general dynamic equation is used to represent the effects of nucleation, condensation and coagulation. Simulations are performed for two initial reactant concentration levels, 20% and 30% titanium tetrachloride by mass. The evolution of the temperature, chemical and particle fields as a function of space and size are presented. Results indicate that particle formation and growth is mixing limited in this study and the mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation increase as the concentration level of the initial reactants increases. In general, high geometric standard deviations correspond to a large particle sizes.
Lower Tertiary laterite on the Iceland–Faeroe Ridge and the Thulean land bridge

CORES of a lower Tertiary lateritic palaeosol resting on basalt were recovered1 from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 336 (Leg 38) on the north-east flank of the Iceland–Faeroe Ridge (Fig. 1), a major aseismic oceanic ridge that, together with Iceland, forms the Icelandic transverse ridge2. The transverse ridge extends from the West European continental margin to the East Greenland continental margin, forming the geographic boundary and a partial barrier to flow of water between the Norwegian–Greenland Sea to the north and the northern North Atlantic Ocean to the south. The palaeosol indicates that at least part of the Iceland–Faeroe Ridge was above sea level during early Tertiary time3. Palaeogeographic and palaeooceanographic reconstructions suggest that it formed the main part of the Thulean land bridge that connected South-east Greenland and the Faeroe islands during the early Tertiary4. This report summarises the subsidence history of the Iceland–Faeroe Ridge relative to early Tertiary seafloor spreading, basaltic volcanism, and the development of the proposed Thulean land bridge.