cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of hypothetical ferroelectric superlattices incorporating head-to-head and tail-to-tail 180° domain walls

While electrical compatibility constraints normally prevent head-to-head (HH) and tail-to-tail (TT) domain walls from forming in ferroelectric materials, we propose that such domain walls could be stabilized by intentional growth of atomic layers in which the cations are substituted from a neighboring column of the periodic table. In particular, we carry out predictive first-principles calculations of superlattices in which Sc, Nb, or other substitutional layers are inserted periodically into ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$. We confirm that this gives rise to a domain structure with the longitudinal component of the polarization alternating from domain to domain, and with the substitutional layers serving as HH and TT domain walls. We also find that a substantial transverse component of the polarization can also be present.
The Importance of Scaffolding the Transition Unpacking the Null Effects of Relocating Poor Children Into Nonpoor Neighborhoods

I examine several potential explanations for recent evidence showing a lack of improvement in the academic achievement of children participating in several poverty reduction residential mobility programs. Detailed interviews and field notes about the relocation and school experiences of 80 children in the Gautreaux II residential mobility program are used. I find that for low-income children living in large central cities, residence in low-poverty neighborhoods has little effect on the opportunity to attend high-achieving schools. For those who relocated to suburban cities, neighborhood and school transition and adjustment difficulties create barriers that must be overcome for children to reap the educational benefits of attending high-achieving, highly resourced schools.
Special Populations Studio: Transforming Informed Response into Design

This was the challenge posed to us nearly twenty years ago by Joseph Dugan and Eric Clay, who were at that time the Principals of Shared Journeys, a foundation dedicated to improving care of people with dementia. From this challenge grew a collaborative studio that involves students in two independent courses—an interior design studio and an environment and behavior seminar—focused on design for special populations. In this Perspective essay, we tell the story of this learning experience, first by describing how it was structured and then by discussing the implications of this type of challenge and the design process for educating designers.
Resistance-induced antibiotic substitution

In many cases, physicians prescribe antibiotics without knowing whether an individual patient is infected with a susceptible or resistant pathogen. As the proportion of resistant organisms in a community increases, physicians substitute away from older-inexpensive drugs to newer, more expensive agents as first line therapy. This paper explores the implications of resistance-induced antibiotic substitution for epidemiological models to predict future resistance levels, efforts to measure the health care costs associated with resistance, and policies to improve physicians' antibiotic prescribing decisions. The extent of resistance-induced substitution in outpatient settings is documented using a data set consisting of observations on initial physician office visits for otitis media in the US controlling for new product introductions and price increases, per prescription antibiotic spending increased by 22% between 1980 and 1996, corresponding to a steep increase in resistance levels over the same period.
Extracellular matrices, artificial neural scaffolds and the promise of neural regeneration

Over last 20 years, extracellular matrices have been shown to be useful in promoting tissue regeneration. Recently, they have been used and have had success in achieving neurogenesis. Recent developments in extracellular matrix design have allowed their successful in vivo incorporation to engender an environment favorable for neural regeneration in animal models. Promising treatments under investigation include manipulation of the intrinsic extracellular matrix and incorporation of engineered naometer-sized scaffolds through which inhibition of molecules serving as barriers to neuroregeneration and delivery of neurotrophic factors and/or cells for successful tissue regeneration can be achieved. Further understanding of the changes incurred within the extracellular matrix following central nervous system injury will undoubtedly help design a clinically efficacious extracellular matrix scaffold that can mitigate or reverse neural degeneration in the clinical setting.
Legitimacy and conflict in South Asia

Twelve interdisciplinary essays in the volume explore the theme of decay and re-emergence of institutions in South Asia.
TEACHING NOTES: MAKING STATISTICS "REAL" FOR SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS

This article presents results from an evaluation of service learning in statistics courses for master of social work students. The article provides an overview of the application of a community-based statistics project, describes student feedback regarding the project, and illustrates some strengths and limitations of using this pedagogy with social work statistics courses. Student evaluations (N=38) suggest that implementing a service-learning pedagogy allows students to master basic statistical analysis skills and see practical applications for statistics. Such an approach also provides myriad benefits for faculty, although incorporating service learning into a statistics course can present specific challenges.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in cadmium alloys

Abstract Experimental isotropic and anisotropic Knight shift data on 113 Cd and on 199 Hg in CdHg alloys have been obtained between room and liquid-helium temperatures. The 113 Cd spin-lattice relaxation times in Cd and in a Cd + 10 at. % Hg alloy have also been measured at these temperatures. The Hg concentration dependence of the anisotropic and isotropic Knight shifts at the 199 Hg site was found to be qualitatively similar to that of the corresponding shifts at the 113 Cd site. The Korringa relation for 113 Cd is obeyed, indicating that only one mechanism contributes to the Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation. The ratio of isotropic Knight shifts, (Hg: Cd), extrapolated to zero Hg concentration, 4.67, is somewhat greater than the ratio, 3.69, of atomic hyperfine fields, This suggests that the amount of electronic “ s ” character at the Cd Fermi surface is anomalously low due to anisotropy effects and that adding Hg rapidly destroys the anisotropy by weakening and symmetrizing the lattice potential.
The effect of word frequency on noun and verb definitions: a developmental study.

Purpose Word frequency has profound effects in word recognition and production tasks. Here the influence of word frequency on definitions was investigated, and it was hypothesized that word frequency would have significant influence on responses provided for definitions of nouns and verbs. Method Students from Grades 4, 7, 10, and college wrote definitions for high- and low-frequency nouns and verbs and rated their familiarity with the stimulus words. In the noun study, definitions were coded with the semantic response categories “use/purpose,” “description,” “association/relation,” “partial explanation,” “explanation,” and “error.” “Partial explanation” and “explanation” responses were subcategorized to code for use of critical attributes of meaning and class terms. In the verb study, definitions were coded for “synonym,” “association/relation,” “class,” “partial explanation,” “explanation,” and “error.” Results Results indicated that certain response categories (such as a class term or a critical attrib...
Temporal and spatial dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on dairy farms in the New York City Watershed: a cluster analysis based on crude and Bayesian risk estimates

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important biological contaminants in drinking water that produces life threatening infection in people with compromised immune systems. Dairy calves are thought to be the primary source of C. parvum contamination in watersheds. Understanding the spatial and temporal variation in the risk of C. parvum infection in dairy cattle is essential for designing cost-effective watershed management strategies to protect drinking water sources. Crude and Bayesian seasonal risk estimates for Cryptosporidium in dairy calves were used to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. parvum infection on dairy farms in the New York City watershed. Both global (Global Moran's I) and specific (SaTScan) cluster analysis methods revealed a significant (p < 0.05) elliptical spatial cluster in the winter with a relative risk of 5.8, but not in other seasons. There was a two-fold increase in the risk of C. parvum infection in all herds in the summer (p = 0.002), compared to the rest of the year. Bayesian estimates did not show significant spatial autocorrelation in any season. Although we were not able to identify seasonal clusters using Bayesian approach, crude estimates highlighted both temporal and spatial clusters of C. parvum infection in dairy herds in a major watershed. We recommend that further studies focus on the factors that may lead to the presence of C. parvum clusters within the watershed, so that monitoring and prevention practices such as stream monitoring, riparian buffers, fencing and manure management can be prioritized and improved, to protect drinking water supplies and public health.
Pressure Raman Studies on the Quenched High-Pressure Phase of KTb(MoO4)2 with a KY(WO4)2-Type Structure

The high pressure–temperature quenched phase of KTb(MoO4)2 with the β-KY(WO4)2-type structure was synthesized and investigated by Raman scattering under pressure up to 26 GPa. The Raman spectral features were analyzed in terms of the structural units, in particular the MoO6 polyhedra and the Mo—O bond lengths, by relating the structure of the phase with that of the β-KY(WO4)2. It is suggested that two types of MoO6 groups may be present to account for the calculated Mo—O bond lengths. No pressure-induced phase transition is found up to 26 GPa. The Tb fluorescence is totally absent in the quenched phase and reappears on heating to 500°C, when the conversion of the material to the original orthorhombic phase of KTMO takes place. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAMMALIAN CHROMOSOMES IN VITRO : XVIII. DNA Replication Sequence in the Chinese Hamster

The complete DNA replication sequence of the entire complement of chromosomes in the Chinese hamster may be studied by using the method of continuous H3-thymidine labeling and the method of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine block with H3-thymidine pulse labeling as relief. Many chromosomes start DNA synthesis simultaneously at multiple sites, but the sex chromosomes (the Y and the long arm of the X) begin DNA replication approximately 4.5 hours later and are the last members of the complement to finish replication. Generally, chromosomes or segments of chromosomes that begin replication early complete it early, and those which begin late, complete it late. Many chromosomes bear characteristically late replicating regions. During the last hour of the S phase, the entire Y, the long arm of the X, and chromosomes 10 and 11 are heavily labeled. The short arm of chromosome 1, long arm of chromosome 2, distal portion of chromosome 6, and short arms of chromosomes 7, 8, and 9 are moderately labeled. The long arm of chromosome 1 and the short arm of chromosome 2 also have late replicating zones or bands. The centromeres of chromosomes 4 and 5, and occasionally a band on the short arm of the X are lightly labeled.
Two Metal Ions Improve Brightness in Wheat-Dough Products and Affect Aqueous Dispersion of Gluten

ABSTRACT Zinc and aluminum ions at 0.05% of wheat flour, dry basis (7.4 and 18.5 mmol/100 g, respectively), improved the brightness of raw and dried spaghetti and salt and alkaline noodles. They also retarded bacteria and yeast and mold growth in salt noodles held at 25°C for two days as determined by total plate counts. Neither metal ion caused a change in noodle cooking quality, but they imparted a slight aftertaste in cooked noodles. Wheat flour dough mixed with 0.05% zinc or 0.025% aluminum ion (fwb), when kneaded in aqueous 0.1% calcium chloride, gave gluten with increased brightness. Zinc and aluminum ions appear to complex with enzymic browning chromophores in wheat dough and gluten and change their spectral properties. Zinc and aluminum ions affected the dispersion of gluten in water at pH ~5.0 and facilitated its spray-drying, but they were not detrimental to baking quality. Citric and tartaric acids at 5 mmol/100 g of gluten (db) gave wet gluten with pH ~4.5, which improved its brightness and wa...
Risk of dementia after fluctuating mild cognitive impairment: When the yo-yoing stops

Friends, family members, and medical caretakers notice that sometimes we have good days and sometimes we have bad days. If we are older, the bad days may involve making poor judgments, acting impulsively, forgetting information we just heard, or repeating ourselves in conversations. If these oscillations persist, then someone we know well may suggest consulting a physician because our bad days are interfering with our daily activities. Presented with variable symptoms on different occasions, physicians legitimately may diagnose us with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on one occasion and then equally legitimately retract the diagnosis on another occasion. Many in the field have observed that patients and study participants may yo-yo between normal cognitive performance and MCI, but until now, the import of these diagnostic fluctuations was unclear.
Investigation of the electro-optic properties of electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer

The electro-optic property of electron-irradiated poly- (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) copolymer is presented. It is found that this special treated polymer not only has a giant electrostriction and relaxor ferroelectric behavior but also has a relatively good electro-optic effect. Thus, this copolymer may be a good candidate for making fast speed electro-optic modulators and switches, which are critical components for information optics.
Inhibition of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates by a double-stranded RNA component in HeLa mRNA.

Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) inhibits protein synthesis initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by the activation of a latent dsRNA-dependent cAMP-independent protein kinase which phosphorylates the α-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. In this study, we describe a dsRNA-like component which is present in preparations of HeLa mRNA (poly A + ) isolated from total cytoplasmic RNA. The inhibitory species in the HeLa cytoplasmic mRNA was detected by (a) its ability to inhibit protein synthesis with biphasic kinetics in reticulocyte lysates translating endogenous globin mRNA, and (b) by the inefficient translation of HeLa cytoplasmic mRNA in a nuclease-treated mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate. The inhibitory component was characterized as dsRNA by several criteria including (i) the ability to activate the lysate dsRNA-dependent eIF-2α kinase (dsI); (ii) the prevention of both dsI activation and inhibition of protein synthesis by high levels of dsRNA or cAMP; (iii) the reversal of inhibition by eIF-2; and (iv) the inability to inhibit protein synthesis in wheat germ extracts which lack latent dsI. By the same criteria, the putative dsRNA component(s) appears to be absent from preparations of HeLa mRNA isolated exclusively from polyribosomes.
Changing Roles of Agricultural Economists and their Institutions

McDowell and Skees' papers define much of the problem we as a profession face today. As Jerry Skees points out, this is an aging debate. In fact, it is older than Skees indicates. To my knowledge the first shot was fired by Glenn Johnson in 1963. Until about five years ago, most of the profession ignored or rejected out-of-hand the idea that we were in any real trouble. Many still do. Why such a long period of denial? As a profession we were so successful over the four decades 1925 to 1965 that it has been hard for
A Race to the Bottom? Exploring County Spending Shortfalls under Welfare Reform in North Carolina

North Carolina's experiment with local control of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families programs provides a unique example of the budget implications of state to local government policy devolution. County-level expenditure data indicate that after state to local government devolution, only 45 of 100 counties met welfare maintenance of effort (MOE) budget requirements. Several important factors, including control over program eligibility and benefit levels, were significantly associated with MOE spending variation. Counties given more flexibility spent dramatically less than others. Many failed to meet MOE requirements without penalty, year after year. These issues raise serious questions about decentralization from both the budget and policy perspectives.
New Directions: Enduring ozone

Abstract Ozone damages plants and reduces terrestrial productivity leading to increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is an equivalent emission and thus provides an indirect radiative forcing. Through this perturbation of the carbon cycle, anthropogenic increases in ozone affect the climate system on considerably longer timescales than the ozone atmospheric lifetime of only a few weeks. The indirect global warming impact may be irreversible depending upon the uncertain ability of the land carbon sink to reabsorb the carbon dioxide excess after removal of the ozone damage.
Multicolor filaments and vortex states

Light filaments results from a nonlinear interaction of light and the medium it propagates. The wellknown Townes soliton profile describes a monochromatic selfguided mode. Here we present work on two fronts: existence and properties of vortex modes and co-existence of two-color filaments.
Influence of mefluidide on growth, development, and cell wall digestibility of sorghum

Application of mefluidide (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-([(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino) phenyl]acetamide) inhibits plant development in perennial grasses. This study examined the effect of mefluidide on the morphological development and digestibility of sorghum. In the greenhouse, 5.9 × 10−5 g active ingredient (a.i.) plant−1 applied at the seedling, eight-leaf and boot stages reduced mean plant height 70%, 59%, and 2%, respectively. Heights were also reduced 14%, 15% and 35% by 5.9 × 10−8, 5.9 × 10−7 and 5.9 × 10−6 gram a.i. plant−1 applied at the eight-leaf stage. Field application of 0.26 or 0.52 kg ha−1 mefluidide at either the eight-leaf or flagleaf stage reduced mean plant height of all cultivars. Basal tiller numbers increased 319% 28 d, and dry matter production was reduced 65% 42 d following mefluidide application at the eight-leaf stage. Treated stems were 34% higher and treated leaves were 7% higher in cellulase dry matter digestibility than control plants following mefluidide application at the eight-leaf stage. These results indicate that mefluidide application to vegetative stages in sorghum may enhance the forage value of the plants while it inhibits normal plant growth.
Manganese porphyrin catalyzed homogeneous aqueous oxidation of organic molecules by magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP)

Abstract Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) oxidizes a variety of organic molecules in neutral homogeneous aqueous solutions at room temperature. A water-soluble porphyrin complex, meso -tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) chloride, Mn(III)TMPyP(4) Cl, acts as an efficient catalyst for the epoxidation and hydroxylation of water-soluble hydrocarbons.
Deficits in cortical, diencephalic and midbrain gray matter in alcoholism measured by VBM: Effects of co-morbid substance abuse

Objective Alcoholism has been associated with a widespread pattern of gray matter atrophy. This study sought to investigate the spectrum of volume alterations in a population of alcoholics with only alcohol dependence, polysubstance abusing alcoholics, and a comparison population of healthy controls.
Tuning thermoresponsive behavior of diblock copolymers and their gold core hybrids. Part 2. How properties change depending on block attachment to gold nanoparticles

Abstract Thermoresponsive diblock copolymers of di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (OEGA) were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, allowing us to prepare diblocks with a thiol group at the desired chain end, and bond that block to a ∼20 nm gold nanoparticle core. The cloud point and coil–globule transition window were measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. The gold core lowered the cloud point and narrowed the coil–globule transition window of all the diblock hybrids, but raised the cloud point of statistical copolymer hybrids that had similar cloud points. The extent of the change in the thermo-response properties of the hybrid diblock copolymers was more significant when the gold was bonded to the DEGMA block than the OEGA block. This block is less hydrophilic and sterically hindered than OEGA and may adsorb more effectively to the gold so that the hydration of the outer OEGA block is relatively unaffected by the Au core. This work indicates that diblock copolymers allow factors such as steric bulk and the effects on arrangement around a metal core to be effective tools for manipulating thermo-responsive properties that are not as significant with statistical copolymers.
Balancing act: Child welfare and overindulgence

Abstract Child welfare workers may struggle to link child maltreatment and overindulgence. Clarke, Dawson, and Bredehoft [Clarke, J.I., Dawson, C.M., and Bredehoft, D.J. (2004). How much is enough? Everything you need to know to steer clear of overindulgence and raise likeable, responsible and respectful children. New York: Marlowe and Company.] describe overindulgence as parenting that hinders children from accomplishing developmental tasks and from learning life skills. A brief review of literature and historical foundations is included. Three research studies guided the identification of overindulgence categories: (a) material, (b) relational, and (c) structural [Clarke, J. I., Dawson, C. M., and Bredehoft, D. J. (2004). How much is enough? Everything you need to know to steer clear of overindulgence and raise likeable, responsible and respectful children. New York: Marlowe and Company.]. Child-welfare consistent examples of overindulgence are included.
Hydroxy cycloalkyl fused pyridone carboxylic acid M1 positive allosteric modulators

Incorporation of hydroxycycloalkyl fused pyridone carboxylic acids in lieu of quinolone carboxylic acids enhance free fraction without increased susceptibility to P-glycoprotein transport.
Too little, too late: The agricultural policy of Hungary's post-communist government∗

Abstract This essay describes the development of the Hungarian agricultural economy in the light of the post-Communist government's agricultural policy of privatization, and the struggle of producers to adapt to the new realities of the capitalist economy. Agriculture in Hungary is going through a period of immense change: this essay chronicles these changes from the collapse of the Communist regime in 1989 to the summer of 1993. The issues explored include the financial problems of the cooperatives and state farms, the government's subsidy policy, trade and exports, and the debate over the role agriculture will play in Hungary's new free-market economy.
Football players' recall of helmet warning label information: Implications for behavioural compliance

Football helmets contain a label designed to warn players of potentially catastrophic hazards associated with using the helmet as a point of contact. We assessed the effectiveness of the label in communicating this information to high-school football players by asking them to reproduce the label's contents from memory under three conditions: pre-season recall (n − 177), post-season recall (n - 60), and post-season recall with verbal priming (n − 71). Only 26 per cent of the athletes assessed at pre-season recalled both the potential consequences of injury and the behavioural guidelines. Thus, most subjects were unable to recall the elements specified in protection motivation theory as necessary for inducing behavioural compliance. Exposure to the label over the course of the season did not enhance recall of these elements. In the post-season priming condition, verbal reference to a warning label produced a significant priming effect in recall of the injury consequences; it did not affect recall of the behavioural guidelines. Implications for enhancing the efficacy of helmet warning labels are discussed, and future research directions are identified. Language: en
Furcation, field-splitting, and the evolutionary origins of novelty in arthropod photoreceptors

Arthropod photoreceptor evolution is a prime example of how evolution has used existing components in the origin of new structures. Here, we outline a comparative approach to understanding the mutational origins of novel structures, describing multiple examples from arthropod photoreceptor evolution. We suggest that developmental mechanisms have often split photoreceptors during evolution (field-splitting) and we introduce "co-duplication" as a null model for the mutational origins of photoreceptor components. Under co-duplication, gene duplication events coincide with the origin of a higher level structure like an eye. If co-duplication is rejected for a component, that component probably came to be used in a new photoreceptor through regulatory mutations. If not rejected, a gene duplication mutation may have allowed the component to be used in a new structure. In multiple case studies in arthropod photoreceptor evolution, we consistently reject the null hypothesis of co-duplication of genetic components and photoreceptors. Nevertheless, gene duplication events have in some cases occurred later, allowing divergence of photoreceptors. These studies provide a new perspective on the evolution of arthropod photoreceptors and provide a comparative approach that generalizes to the study of any evolutionary novelty.
Six-Month MTL Atrophy is Associated with Subsequent Memory Decline in Elderly Controls

group had values that were intermediate to both MCI and HC groups (Fig. 2). CVLT-II verbal learning scores were modestly associated across subjects for radial diffusivity bilaterally (r 1⁄4 -0.23), left PWM for FA (r 1⁄4 0.26) and in right PWM for axial and mean diffusivity (r 1⁄4 -0.25) (all p < .03). Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous results showing changes in PWM in AD and MCI compared to controls (Liu, 2009; Salat, 2010). The intermediate pattern found in the CC group suggests the potential of DTI to contribute to earlier detection of neurodegenerative changes during preclinical stages.
Does TNF have anti-osteoclastogenic actions?

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-resorption agent that leads to bone degradation. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to account for these effects: TNF directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation; TNF augments osteoclast formation by inducing stromal cells to increase expression of RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and decrease that of osteoprotegerin (OPG); and TNF serves to synergize with pathways downstream of RANK to directly increase osteoclast differentiation. All of these actions in sum suggest that TNF dramatically induces osteopenia upon overexpression or injection. However, that the osteopenia seen with TNF is significantly milder than that seen in OPG -/- animals prompted a reevaluation of existing paradigms on TNF action. The hypothesis that TNF directly enhances osteoclast differentiation was tested by examining the effects of TNF on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and marker expression. The data show that TNF decreased RANKL-induced expression of the osteoclast markers, TRAP and cathepsin K. Furthermore, the addition of 10-60 ng/mL TNF failed to significantly increase RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Instead, data are presented to suggest that the pro-osteoclastogenic actions of TNF are mediated through increases in the number of available osteoclast precursors (macrophages).
Electrodynamic Properties of a Quantum Plasma in a Uniform Magnetic Field

A quantum-mechanical derivation is given of the conductivity tensor of a free electron gas in the presence of a dc magnetic field and of an arbitrary electromagnetic disturbance. The results obtained are applied to study some simple problems on the dispersion and attenuation of sound waves in metals in the presence of a magnetic field. In particular, it is shown that both the velocity and attenuation of longitudinal acoustic waves travelling parallel to the magnetic field exhibit oscillations as a function of the magnetic field under suitable conditions.
Erythroid Krüppel-like factor exhibits an early and sequentially localized pattern of expression during mammalian erythroid ontogeny

Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) is an erythroid cell-specific transcription factor that mediates activation via binding to a 9 base pair sequence that encompasses the CACCC element, one of a trio of evolutionarily conserved sequence motifs that are functionally important for transcription of red cell-specific genes. Molecular analyses have delineated the specificity of its interaction and activation through the CAC site at the adult beta-globin promoter. However, its expression and distribution during murine ontogeny have not been established. To address these issues, we have focused on biological aspects of EKLF expression by examining the onset and localization of its mRNA during murine development by using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells and in situ analyses of normal developing embryos. In addition, we have monitored the presence of EKLF protein by blot analysis of whole-cell extracts derived from circulating cells and embryonic tissue. Our studies show that EKLF mRNA is first expressed at the neural plate stage (day 7.5) within primitive erythroid cells at the very beginning of blood island formation in the yolk sac. EKLF is then expressed by day 9 in the hepatic primordia and remains high in the liver, which becomes the sole source of EKLF mRNA in the 14.5 day fetus. Concomitantly with EKLF mRNA, EKLF protein is also expressed in primitive erythroid cells and in the fetal liver. Finally, EKLF expression in the adult spleen is strictly localized to the red pulp. These studies demonstrate that EKLF is a specific, early marker of erythroid differentiation consistent with its requirement for later globin (and possibly other red cell gene-specific) expression. In addition, EKLF exhibits alternate, sequentially active sites of expression within regions known to harbor hematopoietic precursors during murine ontogeny. Thus, EKLF expression exhibits biological properties that, in addition to previous molecular and more recent genetic studies, augment the evidence in favor of its important role in erythroid cell-specific expression.
The Enhanced Restricted Focus Viewer

The Enhanced Restricted Focus Viewer (ERFV) is a unique software tool for tracking the visual attention of users in hyperlinked environments, such as Web sites. The software collects data, such as mouse clicks along with the path of users' visual attention, as they browse a site. Unlike traditional eye-tracking procedures, the ERFV requires no hardware to operate other than a personal computer. In addition to time and cost savings, the ERFV allows the administration of usability testing to groups of participants simultaneously. A laboratory test comparing the ERFV to a hardware-based eye-tracking system showed that the two methods compared favorably in terms of how well they track a user's visual attention. The value of the ERFV as a usability testing tool was demonstrated through an experiment that evaluated two Web sites that were equivalent in content but that differed in terms of design. Although several open issues concerning the ERFV still remain, some of these issues are being addressed through ong...
POLITICAL AND NONPOLITICAL AUTHORITY IN VALUES EDUCATION

This article is an examination of the political (public consensus) and nonpolitical authority as a basis for values education in a democratic society. The author advocates that nonpolitical authority can be a basis for defending the teaching of values in public schools.
Effective brain-computer interfacing using BCI2000

To facilitate research and development in Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research, we have been developing a general-purpose BCI system, called BCI2000, over the past nine years. This system has enjoyed a growing adoption in BCI and related areas and has been the basis for some of the most impressive studies reported to date. This paper gives an update on the status of this project by describing the principles of the BCI2000 system, its benefits, and impact on the field to date.
Potential role of passenger pigeons and other vertebrates in the rapid Holocene migrations of nut trees

Rapid rates of species range extension during the Holocene represent seed dispersal distances of at least 6 to 8 km per generation for North American species of Fagus, Quercus, and Carya, taxa whose fruits are heavy nuts. Occasional seed dispersal by biotic seed predators is necessary for these dispersal distances. One likely agent for dispersal across long distances and habitat discontinuities was the extinct (since 1914 A.D.) passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). This bird's abundance, capacity for delayed digestion, and nomadic habits strongly suggest an occasional seed dispersal role, although a coevolutionary seed dispersal relationship cannot be inferred from available evidence. The capacity of some heavy seeds for dispersal distances greater than those of most light, wind-dispersed seeds has biogeographic and genetic implications.
Oxytocin can hinder trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder

We investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin (OXT) on trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder marked by interpersonal instability and difficulties with cooperation. Although studies in healthy adults show that intranasal OXT increases trust, individuals with BPD may show an altered response to exogenous OXT because the effects of OXT on trust and pro-social behavior may vary depending on the relationship representations and expectations people possess and/or altered OXT system functioning in BPD. BPD and control participants received intranasal OXT and played a social dilemma game with a partner. Results showed that OXT produced divergent effects in BPD participants, decreasing trust and the likelihood of cooperative responses. Additional analyses focusing on individual differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance across BPD and control participants indicate that these divergent effects were driven by the anxiously attached, rejection-sensitive participants. These data suggest that OXT does not uniformly facilitate trust and pro-social behavior in humans; indeed, OXT may impede trust and pro-social behavior depending on chronic interpersonal insecurities, and/or possible neurochemical differences in the OXT system. Although popularly dubbed the 'hormone of love', these data suggest a more circumspect answer to the question of who will benefit from OXT.
Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas in the Philippines: Concurrent developments

Integrated coastal management (ICM) in the Philippines has evolved as a result of initiatives that established community-based marine protected areas (MPAs) since the 1970s. Since then, the development of both ICM and MPAs have benefited from a number of factors that include devolution of management authority to local government, continued active engagement of local non-government organizations, strong support from the national government and from marine science academic and research institutions, and the influx of donor-assisted marine conservation programs in the past two decades. ICM and MPA programs in the Philippines implement a variety of components that include community organizing, participatory planning, alternative livelihood development, public education, research, regulating resource uses, and policy development that address various marine conservation issues. The unabated degradation of the marine environment and its resources continue to motivate efforts to improve the existing paradigm of community-based resource management and MPA establishment, which are carried out in various adaptations depending on the issues addressed and the socio-political context in which the initiatives are taking place. A number of recommendations are put forth in addressing the problems and obstacles faced by ICM and MPA initiatives and in improving their effectiveness for consideration by local practitioners and decision-makers.
AN AMERICAN NATURALIST ACCOUNT OF CULTURE

The basic tenets of “classical” naturalism (exemplified in the work of Mead, Buchler, and Randall, among others) are delineated and distinguished from other versions of naturalism. Classical naturalism is also distinguished from reductive materialism and idealism. Nature is asserted to be indefinitely plural and not amenable to monistic or dualistic categorial schemes; that is, the principle of “ontological parity” is maintained. The method of inquiry of naturalism is outlined, along with the notion of truth as perspectivally objective. The metaphysical hypotheses are then used to examine culture. Culture is found to be the specific environment of human being, arising out of, but irreducible to, other natural processes. Culture is described as the cumulative gestures of the human social organism as it discovers and creates itself in mutual constitution with other natural processes and products.
Farnesol Induces Hydrogen Peroxide Resistance in Candida albicans Yeast by Inhibiting the Ras-Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway

Farnesol, a Candida albicans cell-cell signaling molecule that participates in the control of morphology, has an additional role in protection of the fungus against oxidative stress. In this report, we show that although farnesol induces the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS generation is not necessary for the induction of catalase (Cat1)-mediated oxidative-stress resistance. Two antioxidants, α-tocopherol and, to a lesser extent, ascorbic acid effectively reduced intracellular ROS generation by farnesol but did not alter farnesol-induced oxidative-stress resistance. Farnesol inhibits the Ras1-adenylate cyclase (Cyr1) signaling pathway to achieve its effects on morphology under hypha-inducing conditions, and we demonstrate that farnesol induces oxidative-stress resistance by a similar mechanism. Strains lacking either Ras1 or Cyr1 no longer exhibited increased protection against hydrogen peroxide upon preincubation with farnesol. While we also observed the previously reported increase in the phosphorylation level of Hog1, a known regulator of oxidative-stress resistance, in the presence of farnesol, the hog1/hog1 mutant did not differ from wild-type strains in terms of farnesol-induced oxidative-stress resistance. Analysis of Hog1 levels and its phosphorylation states in different mutant backgrounds indicated that mutation of the components of the Ras1-adenylate cyclase pathway was sufficient to cause an increase of Hog1 phosphorylation even in the absence of farnesol or other exogenous sources of oxidative stress. This finding indicates the presence of unknown links between these signaling pathways. Our results suggest that farnesol effects on the Ras-adenylate cyclase cascade are responsible for many of the observed activities of this fungal signaling molecule.
Diverticular Disease-Associated Segmental Colitis

Diverticular disease–associated segmental colitis is a unique variant of chronic colitis limited to segments of the left colon that harbor diverticula. Histologically, this disease mimics chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and can be indistinguishable from ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis on histologic grounds alone. Patients typically present with hematochezia and cramping abdominal pain, and colonoscopic evaluation reveals inflammatory changes limited to the segment of bowel containing the diverticula, with rectal sparing. Although this disease does not appear to be an unusual form of diverticulitis but possibly an immunologically mediated process, many patients respond to treatment directed toward diverticulitis. A subset of patients requires immunosuppressive therapy and/or surgery, and a small subset progresses to develop classic ulcerative colitis. Because of the histologic overlap with ulcerative colitis and occasionally Crohn's colitis, it is essential that endoscopists provide a full description of the macroscopic appearance of the inflammatory changes at endoscopy, such as limitation to a segment of diverticular disease, so that the pathologist can provide a more informative interpretation of the biopsy.
Recognition of facial affect in girls with conduct disorder

Abstract Impaired recognition of facial affect has been reported in youths and adults with antisocial behavior. However, few of these studies have examined subjects with the psychiatric disorders associated with antisocial behavior, and there are virtually no data on females. Our goal was to determine if facial affect recognition was impaired in adolescent girls with conduct disorder (CD). Performance on the Ekman Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA) task was compared in 35 girls with CD (mean age of 17.9 years ± 0.95; 38.9% African-American) and 30 girls who had no lifetime history of psychiatric disorder (mean age of 17.6 years ± 0.77; 30% African-American). Forty-five slides representing the six emotions in the POFA were presented one at a time; stimulus duration was 5 s. Multivariate analyses indicated that CD vs. control status was not significantly associated with the total number of correct answers nor the number of correct answers for any specific emotion. Effect sizes were all considered small. Within-CD analyses did not demonstrate a significant effect for aggressive antisocial behavior on facial affect recognition. Our findings suggest that girls with CD are not impaired in facial affect recognition. However, we did find that girls with a history of trauma/neglect made a greater number of errors in recognizing fearful faces. Explanations for these findings are discussed and implications for future research presented.
Controlled sequential bifurcation: a new factor-screening method for discrete-event simulation

Screening experiments are performed to eliminate unimportant factors so that the remaining important factors can be more thoroughly studied in later experiments. Sequential bifurcation (SB) is a screening method that is well suited for simulation experiments; the challenge is to prove the "correctness" of the results. This paper proposes controlled sequential bifurcation (CSB), a procedure that incorporates a two-stage hypothesis-testing approach into SB to control error and power. A detailed algorithm is given, performance is proved and an empirical evaluation is presented.
Cortical dynamics of lateral inhibition: Visual persistence and ISI

Psychophysical studies show that increasing the interstimulus interval (ISI) between two stimuli decreases persistence of the first stimulus. While some researchers account for these results with interactions of transient and sustained inhibition, this paper describes an alternative explanation. In a neural-network model of boundary detection called the boundary contour system, persistence is the result of feedback-generated reverberations. Mechanisms to control these reverberations include lateral inhibition, which computer simulations show allows persistence in the network to qualitatively match the psychophysical data. Additional simulations predict that increasing the duration of the second stimulus should cause persistence to increase with ISI. The model links psychophysical data on visual persistence with computational requirements of spatial vision and properties of cells in visual cortex.
IRT-LR-DIF with Estimation of the Focal-Group Density as an Empirical Histogram.

Item response theory–likelihood ratio–differential item functioning (IRT-LR-DIF) is used to evaluate the degree to which items on a test or questionnaire have different measurement properties for one group of people versus another, irrespective of group-mean differences on the construct. Usually, the latent distribution is presumed normal for both groups, but previous research shows that results are biased if the true distribution is not approximately normal. This article introduces a variation of IRT-LR-DIF, called empirical histogram–differential item functioning (EH-DIF), in which the focal-group latent density is estimated simultaneously with the item parameters as an empirical histogram (EH). A simulation study shows that if the focal-group density is nonnormal, Type I error rates and focal-group estimates of the item parameters, mean, and SD are more accurate using EH-DIF than standard IRT-LR-DIF methods that presume normality. A pseudoempirical example is analyzed to illustrate EH-DIF.
Topology of velocity-space for stability analysis†

A theorem on the stability analysis of a system of n differential equations of the first order is based on the relations between the state space X and the velocity space [Xdot]. Two numerical examples illustrate the implications of the theorem in two and three-dimensional spaces.
Administration of insulin-like growth factor I to rhesus monkeys does not augment gonadotropin-stimulated ovarian steroidogenesis.

Although it is well established that IGF-I is able to amplify the actions of FSH and LH on ovarian cells in vitro, little information is available regarding the effects of IGF-I on ovarian function in vivo. To address this question, rhesus monkeys whose spontaneous gonadotropin secretion was interrupted with a GnRH antagonist received continuous iv infusions of saline, IGF-I (240 μg/kg·d), or IGF-I (240 μg/kg·d) plus human GH (hGH) (200 μg/kg·d) 7 d before and continuing throughout a 15-d iv infusion of hFSH and hLH during which serum LH concentrations were maintained at 7–10 mIU/ml and FSH concentrations were incrementally increased every 3 d from 7.5 to 17.5 mIU/ml. Serum estradiol concentrations in saline-treated control animals did not differ (P > 0.05) from animals treated with IGF-I + hGH. In contrast, serum estradiol levels in IGF-I-treated animals were significantly less (P < 0.05) than those of control or IGF-I + hGH-treated animals. Serum androstenedione levels did not differ among the three tre...
Detection of hyaluronic acid on a functionalized surface enhanced raman scattering substrate

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix and joints in the body. Elevated levels in the serum are associated with liver disease so detection at concentrations in the microgram per liter range is useful for monitoring cirrhosis progression. Conventional methods can measure HA in this range but they take several days and require multiple preparation steps. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) could be an alternative as it yields specific signatures stemming from molecular vibrations and has been shown to provide large enhancement factors. However, due to its intrinsic negative charge HA does not readily adsorb on metallic surfaces. To overcome this, a functionalized SERS substrate was developed to immobilize HA. A cysteamine self-assembling monolayer in the trans conformation allows the HA carboxyl group to attach to the ligand's amine group. The SERS signal can be used to monitor the concentration of cysteamine trans conformers in order to optimize HA attachment. In addition, SERS analysis shows an increase in HA Raman band intensity when immobilized to the substrate as compared to free HA on the substrate. Correlations between HA concentration and Raman band intensity are also discussed.