cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Trend Preserving Statistical Downscaling Algorithms Toward an Improved Precipitation Extremes Projection in the Headwaters of Blue Nile River in Ethiopia

Projected changes in precipitation extremes can greatly impact the natural environment. Hence, the precipitation extremes must be precisely estimated with an appropriate bias correction algorithm to provide reliable information for the formulation of climate change impact adaptation and mitigation strategies. However, there is a lack of studies that discuss the effect of bias correction algorithms on the reproduction of precipitation extremes in the Blue Nile River Basin. This study compared three commonly used bias correction algorithms: the quantile mapping (QM), detrended QM (DQM), and quantile delta mapping (QDM). The QDM and DQM algorithms outperformed the standard QM bias correction algorithm in preserving the raw climate models projected relative changes of precipitation extremes. The performance differences between the standard QM and other bias correction algorithms (DQM and QDM) were more pronounced in the projection of extreme daily precipitation. Conversely, the projection of dry and wet spells was less sensitive for the choice of the bias correction algorithm. In general, the climate change impact analysis with the QDM algorithm revealed the increase in the frequency and severity of precipitation extremes. Moreover, the results showed the increase (decrease) in the maximum length of dry (wet) spells; indicating the increase in the severity of the meteorological droughts in the future that could potentially reduce the rain-fed agricultural productivity of the region.
Identification of Dominant Warm-Season Latent Heat Flux Patterns in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley

Abstract Warm-season precipitation in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMRAV) is heavily dominated by the rates of evapotranspiration and surface heat fluxes and is a primary water resource for agriculture. However, the stochastic nature of LMRAV warm-season thunderstorms makes precipitation forecasts challenging. The Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrologic (WRF-Hydro) model, coupled with the multi-parameter Noah land surface (Noah-MP) model, has improved estimates of important warm-season precipitation process. Given the widespread agriculture and dominance of crop and forested landscapes over the region, proper assessment of land use / land cover (LULC) is critical in predicting warm-season precipitation patterns. The objective of this study is to quantify simulated latent heat flux sensitivity (important for warm-season precipitation) to temporally updated LULC datasets. Both the model default and annually updated LULC conditions were used to initialize a 16-year WRF-Hydro simulation from which warm-season latent heat flux estimates were obtained. Annual root mean square difference was computed at each gridpoint. Cluster analysis preprocessed with kernel principal component analysis was used to identify spatial RMSD structures that quantified sensitivity to updated LULC conditions. Results showed the largest impacts occurred directly in the LMRAV and for points slightly east and revealed a meteorological link between these regions.
Immunological lessons from CD28 deficiency in humans.

In this issue of Cell, Casanova and colleagues examine three family members with a mutation that results in deficiency of the T cell co-stimulatory molecule CD28. These patients exhibit clinical symptoms due to human papillomavirus-2 and -4 infections, show increased levels of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in the blood, and respond poorly to vaccines.
The loss of histone deacetylase 4 in macrophages exacerbates hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation in male but not in female mice with diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Epigenetic regulation in macrophages plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response of cells. We investigated the role of macrophage histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) in diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis using macrophage-specific Hdac4 knockout mice (Hdac4MKO ). Hdac4 floxed control (Hdac4fl/fl ) and Hdac4MKO mice were fed a regular chow diet or an obesogenic high-fat/high-sucrose/high-cholesterol (HF/HS/HC) diet for 12 weeks. The loss of macrophage Hdac4, compared with Hdac4fl/fl control, aggravated the diet-induced inflammation in the liver and white adipose tissue only in male mice. Splenic monocytes isolated from male mice fed the HF/HS/HC diet showed increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensitivity and decreased Ly6C-/Ly6C+ ratios in male Hdac4MKO mice, but not in females. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from male Hdac4MKO mice had a lesser efferocytotic capacity but higher proinflammatory gene expression upon LPS stimulation than male Hdac4fl/fl mice. However, female Hdac4MKO BMMs exhibited the opposite responses. The induction of estrogen receptor α (ERα, Esr1) expression by LPS was less in male but more in female Hdac4MKO BMMs than Hdac4fl/fl BMMs. Moreover, overexpression of human HDAC4 decreased basal expression of Esr1 and abolished its induction by LPS. Inhibition of ERα increased Hdac4 with induction of inflammatory genes, whereas activation of ERα decreased Hdac4 with reduction of inflammatory genes in male and female Hdac4fl/fl BMMs treated with LPS. However, regardless of the inhibition or activation of ERα, proinflammatory genes were induced by LPS more in male Hdac4MKO BMMs than Hdac4fl/fl cells, whereas cells in females showed opposite responses. In conclusion, this study suggests that the lack of macrophage Hdac4 aggravates hepatic and white adipose inflammation in male mice with diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and not in female mice. HDAC4 and ERα appear to counteract each other, but ERα may not be a major player in sex-dependent inflammatory responses in macrophages deficient in HDAC4. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital simulations of laser-propelled spacecraft

Spacecraft accelerate by directing propellant in the opposite direction. In the traditional approach, the propellant is carried on board in the form of material fuel. This approach has the drawback of being limited in Delta v by the amount of fuel launched with the craft, a limit that does not scale well to high Delta v due to the massive nature of the fuel. Directed energy photon propulsion solves this problem by eliminating the need for on-board fuel storage. We discuss our system which uses a phased array of lasers to propel the spacecraft which contributes no mass to the spacecraft beyond that of the reflector, enabling a prolonged acceleration and much higher final speeds. This paper compares the effectiveness of such a system for propelling spacecraft into interplanetary and interstellar space across various laser and sail configurations. Simulated parameters include laser power, optics size and orbit as well as payload mass, reflector size and the trajectory of the spacecraft. As one example, a 70 GW laser with 10 km optics could propel a 1 kg craft past Neptune (~30 au) in 5 days at 4% the speed of light, or a 1 g “wafer-sat” past Mars (~0.5 au) in 20 minutes at 21% the speed of light. However, even lasers down to 2 kW power and 1 m optics show noticeable effect on gram-class payloads, boosting their altitude in low Earth orbits by several kilometers per day which is already sufficient to be of practical use.
Themes and Schemes: A Prelude

I should confess at the outset that each time I have set out to write something introductory about the medical humanities, even more about clinical ethics, the attempt seems to take on a life of its own, proceeding through undergrowths of first one then another set of bristling themes, questions and issues, leaving me unable to decide what to include and what to leave out. The point is that all of these issues, questions and themes seem to me essential for gaining any serious understanding of this apparently unruly field, the medical humanities or bio-ethics, especially in its clinical involvements. The point is also that it will take some time for me to work my way into these themes and schemes that lie beneath them. I ask for patience, then, to allow me to begin this chore, which I continue to regard as among the more important of our times.
Iran and the revolution

Iran since the Revolution: Internal Dynamics, Regional Conflicts and the Superpowers. Edited by Barry M. Rosen. New York: Brooklyn College Studies on Society in Change, No. 47, Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1985. 187 pp. The State and Revolution in Iran, 1962–1982. By Hossein Bashiriyeh. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. 203 pp. Islamic Iran: Revolution and Counter‐Revolution. By Asaf Hussain. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. 225 pp.
Factors associated with delay in diagnosis of childhood amblyopia.

The prevention of permanent visual impairment from amblyopia is an important goal of pediatric vision screening. Unfortunately, many cases of amblyopia are not diagnosed until the child is too old to benefit maximally from treatment. A review of patient records from the practice of a private pediatric ophthalmologist confirmed that late detection is a frequent occurrence among children with amblyopia who have had good access to health care. A case-control study was then used to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis, in which children with an adverse outcome (diagnosed at or after 5 years of age) were compared with those with an optimal outcome (diagnosed before 5 years of age). The chart review identified 161 children with amblyopia who participated in this study; 75 had late diagnoses (case patients) and 86 served as control patients. Children with early diagnoses more often had the following characteristics: a positive family history of strabismus, greater degrees of strabismus (when strabismus was present), higher maternal educational level, greater parental suspicion that an eye problem existed, and an increased chance that the parents requested the eye examination that led to the diagnosis. The parents of children with late diagnoses expressed less concern over the seriousness of amblyopia but were more likely to report that their children had suffered adverse consequences of amblyopia. When diagnosed early, amblyopia was more often detected by the child9s primary health care provider. Physicians of the children with early diagnoses more often reported compliance with both the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for vision screening in infancy and referral for vision problems. Late detection of amblyopia appears to be a multifactorial problem involving characteristics of the child9s visual problem, the family, and the medical system. Consideration of these factors should help to improve early identification of childhood amblyopia.
Panel classification of self-reported exposure histories: a useful exposure index after a mass-casualty event.

OBJECTIVE: Although rapid epidemiologic investigations of toxic exposures require estimates of individual exposure levels, objective measures of exposure are often unavailable. We investigated whether self-reported exposure histories, when reviewed and classified by a panel of raters, provided a useful exposure metric. METHODS: A panel reviewed exposure histories as reported by people who experienced a chlorine release. The panelists received no information about health-care requirements or specific health effects. To each exposure case, each panelist assigned one of five possible exposure severity ratings. When assigned ratings were not in initial agreement, the panelists discussed the case and assigned a consensus rating. Percent agreement and kappa statistics assessed agreement among panelists, Kendall's W measured agreement among panelists in their overall ordering of the exposure histories, and Spearman's rho compared the resultant rankings with individual health outcome. RESULTS: In 48% of the cases, the panelists' initial ratings agreed completely. Overall, initial ratings for a given case matched the consensus rating 69% to 89% of the time. Pair-wise comparisons revealed 85% to 95% agreement among panelists, with weighted kappa statistics between 0.69 and 0.83. In their overall ranking of the exposure histories, the panelists reached significant agreement (W = 0.90, p Language: en
Second‐phase acceleration versus second‐step acceleration in solar flares

Observations and theoretical interpretations leading to two phases of acceleration and two steps of acceleration are reviewed. A distinction is made between the second‐phase acceleration: The former takes place several minutes later than the impulsive phase and probably in the high corona, but the latter is very much impulsive‐like (but delayed by several seconds) and takes place in the same flare loop as the impulsive acceleration. The second‐step mechanism is delayed because it is a secondary effect due to the energy deposition of the first‐step electrons. It is proposed that in flares producing impulsive gamma‐rays (e.g., those on 9 Nov. 1979 and 7 June 1980), energetic protons and heavy nuclei are accelerated by the second‐step mechanism.
A History of Modern Tunisia

1. The march to Bardo, 1835-81 2. Whose Tunisia? 1881-1912 3. Squaring off, 1912-40 4. Redefining the relationship, 1940-56 5. The independent state sets its course, 1956-69 6. Regime entrenchment and the intensification of opposition, 1969-87 7. Innovation in the 'New Tunisia', 1987-2003 8. A revolution for dignity, freedom, and justice.
A tunable subwavelength resonant grating optical filter

A tunable subwavelength resonant grating (SRG) filter with liquid crystal cladding as the tuning layer has been demonstrated for the first time. The filter can be easily fabricated by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). NIL has the advantage of low-cost, high-throughput, and sub-10 nm resolution. The filter has a 17 nm tuning range, which is at least 20 times wider than any previous SRG filter, and 2 nm FWHM. The potential for monolithic integration on a chip, easy fabrication, and low cost will make SRG filter an important element for future WDM optical telecommunication.
Relationship between hand size, grip strength and dynamometer position in women

Relationship between hand size, grip strength and dynamometer position in women I.M. Fiebert*, KE. Roach, J.W. Fromdahl, J.D. Moyer, P.P. Pfeiffer Division of Physical Therapy, University of Miami School of Medicine, 5915 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA Received 26 January 1998; accepted February 1998 The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between hand size and grip strength at various handle positions using the Jamar handheld dynamometer in females. Eighty-eight female physical therapy students between the ages of 20 and 40 were recruited. Subjects were weighed and their height measured. Right hand size was determined by measuring from the distal tip of the third digit to the radiocarpal joint with a tape measure. Subjects were divided into two groups by hand size « 7.0 and ~ 7.0 inches). The order of handle positions was randomly selected. Subjects were seated according to the American Society of Hand Therapists' recommended testing position with shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed to 90° and forearm and wrist in neutral. Subjects maximally squeezed the handle of the dynamometer with the right hand for 3 s. This process was repeated three times at each handle position. A repeated measures ANOY A was performed comparing the change in average grip strength between position 2, 3 and 4 for small and large hands. The mean age of the two groups were similar (25.96 vs. 25.89, P = 0.95). Subjects with smaller hands were shorter (61.7 vs. 65.5 inches, p = 0.0001) and produced lower grip strengths than those with large hands at all positions (p = 0.0084). Height and hand size were strongly correlated (r = 0.74, P = 0.0001) as were height and weight (r = 0.66, P = 0.0001) and weight and hand size (r = 59, P = 0.0001). Height was the most strongly correlated with grip strength at all positions followed by hand size then weight. Age was shown not to be significantly correlated with grip strength in this study. These findings suggest that handle position 2 and 3 produce similar grip strength measurements even in women with smaller hands. Position 4 is significantly worse than positions 2 and 3. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE OKAVANGO LECHWE

SUMMARY 1. Lechwe herds in the Okavango exist only where the flood plain is of sufficient breadth (over 100 m in the low-water season) and where open water is present. During the season of greatest breeding activity groups may show either territorial or non-territorial forms of social organization depending upon the size and degree of fragmentation of the flood plain area occupied. 2. Lechwe employ bounding and trotting gaits when frightened or fleeing predators. These gaits seem well suited for rapid movement through shallow water. 3. Male courtship behaviour includes the use of an outstretched neck posture, frequent inspection of the female anogenital area, performance of “Laufschlag” and “driving”. The Laufschlag is believed to be a ritualized act derived from the mounting motion. Receptive females display outstretched neck posture with head lowered, hunched body conformation, spreading of hindlegs and curling of tail to one side. 4. Most calves are born in the summer months soon after the high waters recede. Young calves are cached in tall riverine vegetation during the day and nursed in early morning and evening. 5. The daily activity cycle and other aspects of behaviour are described.
Changes in plasma magnesium concentration during hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis).

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma magnesium concentrations of active (37°C) and hibernating (3°C) ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis) have been compared over the whole hibernation period. 2. 2. In general, hibernating animals have a significantly higher plasma magnesium concentration than active animals. The increase is higher in females than males, but there is no difference between sexes in active animals. 3. 3. Over the whole hibernation period females have a declining plasma magnesium concentration eventually reaching the active level, which may be responsible for the terminal arousal. The hibernating behaviour of the animals has been related to the changes in plasma magnesium. 4. 4. The evidence suggests that the changes in plasma magnesium going from a hibernating to an aroused state, and vice versa, are active physiological processes.
Biological scaling: Does the exception prove the rule? (Reply)

In my News & Views article1, I argued for the need to include factors other than body size to create a truly universal theory of plant scaling. I based my expectations for the metabolic scaling theory on Enquist's own conclusion that “unlike animal clades...all plants comply with a single allometric formula that spans 20 orders of magnitude in body mass”2. Because in this recent analysis the authors applied a ¾ scaling slope across plants ranging in size from unicellular algae (< 10−7 g body mass), to duckweed (10−5 to 10−2 g), to forest herbs and trees including giant Sequoia (10−1 to 107 g), I found the comparison to the data of Reich . 3 entirely reasonable. Nevertheless, I explicitly discussed my concern about whether and how the findings of Reich et al. could extend to mature trees1.
ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE*

ABSTRACT. This paper examines the impacts of JRS articles in the areas of theory, methods and empirical analysis, as represented by subsequent citations reported in the Social Sciences Citation Index. A model relating the mix of theoretical, methodological and empirical research published in the JRS to subsequent citations is estimated. The time distribution of theoretical and empirical citations also indicates that the knowledge diffusion process in these two areas may be segmented.
Bonding and Electronic Structure of XeF3

The xenon−fluoride bond dissociation energy in XeF3- has been measured by using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation studies of the ion. The measured value, 0.84 ± 0.06 eV, is higher than that predicted by electrostatic and three-center, four-electron bonding models. The bonding in XeF3- is qualitatively described by using molecular orbital approaches, using either a diradical approach or orbital interaction models. Two low-energy singlet structures are identified for XeF3-, consisting of Y- and T-shaped geometries, and there is a higher energy D3h triplet state. Electronic structure calculations predict the Y geometry to be the lowest energy structure, which can rearrange by pseudorotation through the T geometry. Orbital correlation diagrams indicate that that ion dissociates by first rearranging to the T structure before losing fluoride.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-diarylpyrazines and quinoxalines as selective COX-2 inhibitors.

Abstract Several 2,3-diaryl pyrazines and quinoxalines with 4-sulfamoyl (SO 2 NH 2 )/methylsulfonyl (SO 2 Me)-phenyl pharmacophores have been synthesized and evaluated for the cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) inhibitory activity. Smaller groups such as methoxy, methyl and fluoro when substituted at/around position-4 of the adjacent phenyl ring, have great impact on the selective COX-2 inhibitory activity of the series. Many potential compounds were obtained from a brief structure–activity relationship (SAR) study. Two of these, compounds 11 and 25 exhibited excellent in vivo activity in the established animal model of inflammation. Since compound 25 possessed an amenable sulfonamide group, two of its prodrugs 48 and 49 were also synthesized. Both of them have excellent in vivo potential, and represent a new class of COX-2 inhibitor.
Self-collisions of superprocesses: renormalization and limit theorems

In this paper, we study a renormalized self-collision local time for superprocesses over stable processes and classical diffusions. When the renormalization breaks down, we obtain limit theorems.
The occurence and significance of microaggregates in stored blood.

During storage whole blood progressively forms microaggregates by adhesion of platelets and leucocytes. This occurs from the second day of storage and the presence of such potential microemboli can be demonstrated by light microscopy of smears of blood samples. They cause an increase in the viscosity of the blood as measurable by the screen filtration pressure method. — If infused into a patient they, by causing microvascular occlusion, result in multiple organ dysfunction, primarily of the lung. It is recommended that, if whole blood greater than 4 days in storage is to be infused, an in-line microfilter be used to remove the microaggregates from the transfusion. Alternatively, early separation, or the use of fresh blood is recommended.
Computational simulations and parametric studies for directed self-assembly process development and solution of the inverse directed self-assembly problem

Approaches to the computational simulation of directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers based on Monte-Carlo methods and self-consistent field theory are presented and reviewed, with an emphasis on computational models of DSA processes usable for fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs). Applications of such models are illustrated by presenting the results of simulations used in the development of DSA fabrication processes. The inverse DSA problem, or DSA proximity correction (DSA PC) problem, is formulated, and the methods for its computational solution are presented. The application of one of these methods is illustrated by demonstrating co-optimization of optical proximity correction (OPC) and DSA PC for IC vias fabricated using a graphoepitaxy DSA process.
Are summit metabolism and thermogenic endurance correlated in winter-acclimatized passerine birds?

Small birds exhibiting marked winter improvement of cold tolerance also show elevated summit metabolic rates (maximum cold-induced metabolic rate) in winter relative to summer. However, relatively large increases in cold tolerance can occur with only minor increments of maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and geographic variation in cold tolerance is not always positively correlated with variation in maximum cold-induced metabolic rate. Thus, it is uncertain whether maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and cold tolerance are phenotypically correlated in small birds and no previous study has directly examined this relationship. I measured maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and cold tolerance (i.e., thermogenic endurance) over three winters in black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus, American tree sparrows Spizella arborea, and dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis. For raw thermogenic endurance data, residuals of maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and thermogenic endurance from mass regressions were significantly and positively correlated in juncos and tree sparrows, and their correlation approached significance for chickadees. Log10 transformation of thermogenic endurance and mass data gave similar results. These data provide the first direct evidence for a phenotypic correlation between maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and thermogenic endurance in small birds, although much of the variance in thermogenic endurance is explained by factors other than maximum cold-induced metabolic rate and the degree of correlation differs among species. Nevertheless, these data suggest that physiological adjustments producing elevated thermogenic endurance also produce elevated maximum cold-induced metabolic rate in small birds.
Definition of androgens and protein anabolic steroids.

Abstract The protein anabolic effect of testosterone and related steroids is expressed by the synthesis of protein in many extragenital tissues in addition to the accessory sex organs. The main site of extragenital actions is the skeletal muscles. The degree of response of the muscles, however, varies widely among the individual muscles and also among species. The response of the ‘levator ani’ (properly the dorsal bulbocavernosus) has been used as an assay method. Comparison of the response of this muscle with that of the seminal vesicles and/or the prostate of the immature castrated rat has suggested a large number of steroids with preferential ‘levator ani’ activity. The use of this muscle as representative of other skeletal muscles has been severely criticized. Furthermore, the apparent separation of the two activities in the animal experiments has not been supported by clinical trials. Consequently, nitrogen balance assays have been made in the castrated rat, in female ovariectomized monkey and in man. Many steroids were found to be more active than testosterone propionate or methyltestosterone. A separation of the action of a steroid on extragenital tissue from that of the accessory sex organs will probably not be achieved until the mechanism of action in the two types of tissue is elucidated.
Transformation of Indolent Mantle Cell Lymphoma to Pleomorphic Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of Clinical and Morphologic Variants

We report a case of indolent mantle cell lymphoma with progression to pleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma 8 years after initial presentation. The first lymph node biopsy showed expanded mantle zones composed of uniformly small B lymphocytes. A cyclin D1 immunohistochemical stain was negative and the patient was observed. Eight years later, the patient developed symptomatic splenomegaly. Microscopic examination of the spleen revealed expanded mantle zones with an increased number of large cells with irregular nuclear contours. Immunohistochemistry for cyclin D1 was positive. A repeat cyclin D1 immunohistochemical staining performed on the initial lymph node biopsy was positive, indicating an inadequate initial study. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement studies confirmed clonal identity. A revised diagnosis of indolent mantle cell lymphoma with progression to pleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma was rendered. The differential diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma, including clinical and morphologic variants, is discussed.
DETECTION OF THAWING SNOW AND ICE PACKS THROUGH THE COMBINED USE OF VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED MEASUREMENTS FROM EARTH SATELLITES

Abstract A case is made for the detection of melting snow or ice using multispectral remote sensing from earth satellites. Snow and thick ice are highly reflective in both the visible and the near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. During thaw conditions, however, near-infrared radiation is absorbed strongly, while reflection of visible radiation is only slightly affected. Simultaneous visible and near-infrared imagery from the Nimbus 3 satellite illustrates how these reflectance differenecs can be used to obtain information of hydrologic usefulness. Two examples of such use are presented.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF EPIPSAMMIC DIATOMS IN A SPRING‐FED BROOK1

Epipsammic diatom communities were sampled and quantified bimonthly from June 1983 to April 1985 at four sites in a small brook in northwest Ohio. The primary objective was to determine the extent of temporal and spatial variability in the epipsammon. The four sites, approximately 250 m apart, differed in current velocity, illumination and the amount of sand-associated detritus. Diatoms were significantly more abundant in the portion of the brook flowing through an unshaded marsh than at three heavily shaded sites located upstream. Fragilaria leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust. and Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia Grun. dominated the epipsammic assemblage at all sites throughout the entire study period. Only Meridion circulare (Grev.) Ehr. displayed a marked seasonal distribution. Although the same species were generally found at all sites, there were sufficient differences in relative abundance that communities could be discriminated according to site. Using two canonical variate axes, all 48 samples were correctly assigned to their proper sampling site based on community composition. Data from this epipsammic assemblage support the idea developed from the river continuum concept that species comprising riverine benthic assemblages continually persist and rarely become completely absent.
A 1960's Look at the 1930's Policy Proposals of M. L. Wilson

N terms of personal dedication, sacrifice, judgment, vision, and competence relative to alternatives proposed at the time, the performance of M. L. Wilson and other agricultural economists who participated in New Deal policy-making must be judged A+. Only a little thought leads one to feel that it would be difficult in the extreme to criticize or second-guess the decisions made at that time. The purpose of these comments is to take stock in light of events that subsequently took place, without implying that the future could have been foreseen better than it was.
Comparative statics of the generalized maximum entropy estimator of the general linear model

The generalized maximum entropy method of information recovery requires that an analyst provides prior information in the form of finite bounds on the permissible values of the regression coefficients and error values for its implementation. Using a new development in the method of comparative statics, the sensitivity of the resulting coefficient and error estimates to the prior information is investigated. A negative semidefinite matrix reminiscent of the Slutsky-matrix of neoclassical microeconomic theory is shown to characterize the said sensitivity, and an upper bound for the rank of the matrix is derived.
Estimating the Cohesive Zone Model Parameters for Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Interface Using Inverse Finite Element Approach

During machining of carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer composites, the failure of the polymer elements occurs at the CNT-polymer interface. The interfacial behavior that can be represented by a cohesive zone model (CZM) is mainly influenced by two parameters, viz., interfacial strength and fracture energy. The objective of this study is to estimate these two specific CZM parameters using an inverse finite element (FE) simulation approach that works based on an iterative error minimization procedure. Nanoindentation tests have been conducted on a CNT-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite sample containing 4 wt% multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). A 2D axisymmetric FE model of nanoindentation has been developed. This micro-structure based model considers the CNT, the PVA, and the cohesive zone of interface as three individual phases. The unknown interfacial parameters are determined by minimizing the error between the simulation load-displacement curve and the experimental results. The interfacial strength and the fracture energy at the CNT-PVA interface are estimated to be approximately 40 MPa and 16e−3 J/m2, respectively. This approach provides a convenient framework to understand the role of the CZM parameters at the interface between the CNT and polymer matrix.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Investigation of the symbolic self using the concentric circles method and animal metaphor.

Ssmnary.-An exploratory investigation having persons conceptualize themselves as a series of concentric circles (each circle representing a layer of personality) was used to investigate the self concept. Measurements of the diameters of the outer and inner self could be done with high reliability. Further, the use of the animal as a metaphor to symbolize further the various layers of the self was explored and appears satisfactory for further research. Some speculations as to the direction of future research with this method and the animal metaphor technique were discussed. Attempts to understand the meaning of the "self" have been many and varied. Despite much thought and effort we still seem a long way from clarifying just what the self represents. The present paper is an attempt to further understanding of this elusive concept. Previously researchers have always had to come to grips wirh the difficulty that simply asking an individual to describe himself does not necessarily mean that he can do so accurately. Nidorf (1966) suggested that "what an individual is to himself-his "I"-aught not to be considered soley in terms of what he says he is. The self concept is a composite of what one is and what one is not" (p. 465). Schoeberle and Craddick (1968) investigated this aspect of the self of nursing students by asking them to draw themselves, the ideal nurse and the most undesirable nurse. This method supported the idea and also appeared to give some promise for investigating the self concept through drawings rather than verbalizations. An approach of having S descriptively verbalize his self concept was recently suggested to usbhrough Professor Crampton's (1965, 1968) "Visual 'Who Am I?' Method.'' This method requested the client imagine himself to be a series of concentric circles each representing a different layer of his personality. He was then asked to visualize and also describe each layer from the outermost to the innermost. Her results are reported in the form of partial case histories and tend to lend support to Jung's (1948) ideas that the symbol is "the psychological machinery which transmutes energy." Her case material also supports Assagioli's (1965) idea that the symbols of the self can bridge the gap between the personal and spiritual aspects of the personality. Jung ( 1964) has pointed 'This study was reported at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Symbols, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., Sept. 2, 1969. =The writers would like to express their thanks and gratitude to Dr. Irma L. Shepherd for directing them to the most interesting work done by Professor Crampton in the area of self investigation, which in cum acted as a stimulus for the present study.
Observation of new Br II laser transitions

Abstract Laser oscillation has been obtained on two lines of the singly ionized bromine spectrum in a high current pulsed discharge. The transitions are classified and a Grotrian diagram is given.
Evidence for the mobilization of cellular calcium by prostacyclin in cat adrenocortical cells: The effect of TMB-8

Abstract Stimulation of steroid production by isolated cat adrenocortical cells is partially dependent upon the presence of extracellular Ca2+ when elicited by prostacyclin (PGI2) and completely dependent upon extracellular Ca2+ when elicited by corticotropin. TMB-8, an intracellular Ca2+ antagonist, completely blocked PGI2-evoked steroid output in the absence of external Ca2+; this inhibition was partially reversed by the addition of Ca2+. The increase in secretion caused by corticotropin or PGI2 in the presence of Ca2+ was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner by TMB-8. The steroidogenic action of pregnenolone, which is induced by a Ca2+ independent mechanism, was not blocked by TMB-8, either in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Corticotropin significantly potentiated the Ca2+-independent aspect of PGI2 action. These studies provide evidence for an internal, PGI2-sensitive Ca2+ store in cat adrenocortical cells.
Case Report: Kaposi’s Sarcoma with Bone Marrow Involvement: Occurrence in a Patient with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the lymphadenopathic variant of Kaposi's sarcoma developed skin, gastrointestinal and pulmonary lesions. A cellular specimen was obtained on bone marrow aspiration, but the bone marrow biopsy revealed dense reticulin fibrosis with slit-like spaces and endothelial-lined channels consistent with Kaposi's sarcoma. At postmortem examination, Kaposi's sarcoma was found in the pleura and lungs, throughout the gastrointestinal tract, in the liver and spleen, and in the thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes. Bone marrow architecture appeared grossly normal, but microscopic examination revealed numerous foci of Kaposi's sarcoma. This is the first reported example of bone marrow involvement with Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS recognized antemortem.
Accurate multi-level schemes for advection

The upwind leapfrog method for the advection equation, which is non-dissipative and very accurate, is extended to higher-order and multiple dimensions. The higher-order version is developed by extending the stencil into space and time, and an analysis of the phase error is given. The schemes are then successfully applied to the classical test cases of rotating flow, and to a more realistic problem of non-uniform advection. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Writing without Disturb on Phase Change Memories by Integrating Coding and Layout Design

We integrate coding techniques and layout design to eliminate write-disturb in phase change memories (PCMs), while enhancing lifetime and host-visible capacity. We first propose a checkerboard configuration for cell layout to eliminate write-disturb while doubling the memory lifetime. We then introduce two methods to jointly design Write-Once-Memory (WOM) codes and layout. The first WOM-layout design improves the lifetime by more than double without compromising the host-visible capacity. The second design applies WOM codes to even more dense layouts to achieve both lifetime and capacity gains. The constructions demonstrate that substantial improvements to lifetime and host-visible capacity are possible by co-designing coding and cell layout in PCM.
Pieces of the Schizophrenia Puzzle Fall into Place

Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that affects 1% of the population worldwide. Understanding of its mechanisms was handicapped for many years by the belief that it was a “psychological” illness, even though it was originally described as a brain disease by Kraepelin and others. Research on schizophrenia has returned to its roots in neuroscience; as a consequence, the study of its mechanisms has made enormous strides in recent years. Although we are still far from a complete solution of the schizophrenia puzzle, many pieces of the pattern have begun to fall into place.
John Pendry: his contributions to the development of low energy electron diffraction surface crystallography

In this paper we discuss the pivotal role played by Sir John Pendry in the development of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) during the past three decades: the earliest understanding of the physics of LEED to the development of sophisticated methods for the structural solution of complex surfaces.
Compulsive buying tendencies and personal finances.

Summary.—In a community sample of 225 adults, scores on the Compulsive Buying Scale were associated with scores on the subscales of the Executive Personal Finance Scale (rs = −.35 to −.70) and the Money Attitudes Scale (positively with using money for impressing others, and negatively with saving and planning). The results suggested that common tendencies toward compulsive buying may not be pathological, but merely associated with attitudes toward money in general and financial management habits.
He, Sr and Nd isotopic variations in lavas from the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, SE Pacific

Helium, Sr, and Nd isotopic ratios and major and trace element compositions have been measured on a suite of lavas from the intra-plate volcanos of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile. Lavas from the islands of Mas Afuera and Mas a Tierra and from Monte Alpha and Friday seamounts have Sr and Nd isotopic ratios lying on the low143Nd/144Nd side of the mantle array (87Sr/86Sr:0.7034–0.7037;143Nd/144Nd:0.51281–0.51289). The homogeneity of these tracers suggests the involvement of a restricted range of mantle source compositions throughout Juan Fernandez volcanism. In marked contrast is the large range in3He/4He, from 7.8 to 18.0 RA. A bimodal3He/4He distribution on Mas a Tierra is associated with two distinct volcanic lineages;3He/4He ratios of 14.5–18.0 RA (n=15) occur in alkalic and tholeiitic shield basalts, whereas post-shield basanites range from 11.2 to 13.6 RA (n=12). Elemental and isotopic systematics demonstrate a transition from an enriched (Loihi-like) plume source in the shield lavas to a more MORB-like source in the post-shield volcanics. The transition between these sources is much more pronounced in3He/4He than in the other isotopic tracers. The predominantly tholeiitic basalts of Mas Afuera have exceptionally uniform isotopic and elemental characteristics; Sr and Nd ratios are similar to those of Mas a Tierra, but3He/4He ratios are lower and more uniform at 8.3±0.5 RA (n=17). The dramatic distinction between Mas Afuera and Mas a Tierra helium is surprising given the great similarity between the two islands in other geochemical characteristics. Both the Mas Afuera and Mas a Tierra results demonstrate that helium records systematic processes not readily apparent from other isotopic or elemental indicators. Neither magma chamber degassing nor local metasomatic events are likely to be responsible. We suggest that the observed variations may be attributed to mixing of plume and asthenospheric sources in which the plume component is characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of volatiles or has suffered extraction of small degree partial melts prior to mixing.
Lateral lumbar spine roentgenograms: potential role in complications of lumbar disc surgery

Penetration into the abdominal cavity with injury to visceral, vascular, or neural structures is a potentially life-threatening complication of lumbar disc exploration. In this report, we used reconstructed computed tomographic measurements of the L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 intervertebral discs to show that lateral spine roentgenograms contain an unavoidable magnification error that makes accurate measurement of minimal depth to penetration impossible. This magnification error may mislead the unwary surgeon into an overestimation of actual disc size. Moreover, the "safe distances" that have been published for the avoidance of penetration at the L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 intervertebral levels would have been excessive for 22.2%, 19.4%, and 8.3%, respectively, of the 26 patients in our study.
Characterization of chemically tritiated microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice.

Abstract : Chemically tritiated microcystin-LR (specific activity 194 mCi/mmol), purified to 95% by C-18 reverse-phase HPLC, exhibited the same retention time and ultraviolet absorption profile as unlabeled toxin. Acid-hydrolyzed 3H toxin yielded tritiated glutamate and beta-methylasparate. Stability of the nonexchangeable 3H toxin in saline and urine was 93% after 42 days stored at 22, 4, or -20 C. In blood the breakdown of toxin was temperature- and time-dependent (63% at 22 C, 28 days). Unlabled toxin was stable for 42 days stored at either 4 or -20 C in saline. The LD 50 (mouse, i.p.) of 3H microcystin-LR & unlabeled toxin was the same (75 micrograms/kg 65-90 & 65 micrograms/kg 53-80, respectively). From 3-90 min after i.p. injection of 70 micrograms/kg 3H microcystin-LR there was a slow absorption of toxin from the peritoneal cavity & efficient accumulation in liver. The elimination half-life of the plasma concentration curve was 29 min. Tritium distribution in tissue at death or 6 hr post injection was similar for all doses (13-101 ug/kg). At 101 micrograms/kg, liver contained 56 plus or minus 1%, intestine 7 plus or minus 1%, kidney 0.9 plus or minus 0.2% & carcass 10 plus or minus 1% of the injected dose. Heart, spleen, lung and skeletal muscle contained < 1% of the radiolabel. Microcystin, Radiochemical-labeling technique, distribution, mouse.
Metal-Mediated Self-Assembly of Protein Superstructures: Influence of Secondary Interactions on Protein Oligomerization and Aggregation

We have previously demonstrated that non-self-associating protein building blocks can oligomerize to form discrete supramolecular assemblies under the control of metal coordination. We show here that secondary interactions (salt bridges and hydrogen bonds) can be critical in guiding the metal-induced self-assembly of proteins. Crystallographic and hydrodynamic measurements on appropriately engineered cytochrome cb562 variants pinpoint the importance of a single salt-bridging arginine side chain in determining whether the protein monomers form a discrete Zn-induced tetrameric complex or heterogeneous aggregates. The combined ability to direct PPIs through metal coordination and secondary interactions should provide the specificity required for the construction of complex protein superstructures and the selective control of cellular processes that involve protein-protein association reactions.
Analysis of thermal systems using the entropy balance method

This study investigates the applicability of the second law of thermodynamics using an entropy balance method to analyse and design thermal systems. As examples, the entropy balance method is used to analyse a single stage chiller system and a single stage heat transformer, both with lithium-bromide/water as the working fluid. The entropy method yields not only the same information as is conveyed by the methods of energy and exergy analysis, but it also predicts clearly the influence of irreversibilities of individual components on the coefficient of performance and its effectiveness, based on the process properties, rather than on ambient conditions. Furthermore, this method is capable of presenting the overall distribution of the heat input by displaying the additional heat required to overcome irreversibility of each component without ambiguity.
Technical Note-On Reconciling Conflicting Goals: Applications of Multiobjective Programming

This paper examines the problem of identifying cost-effective solutions to problems with multiple objectives. The traditional approach has been to minimize costs subject to feasibility constraints and a set of targets. In contrast, a multiobjective programming approach treats the objectives as choice variables and cost as a parameter. To illustrate the two approaches, we analyze the problem of achieving environmental objectives. The comparison reveals that the traditional cost-minimizing approach can generate solutions that are inefficient, in the sense that greater emission reductions could have been attained at the same cost. Because the solution sets to the two problems may differ, we derive conditions under which the two approaches yield a similar set of results.