cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of the overlap of double layers on electrophoretic mobilities of polydisperse suspensions

Abstract The mutual interpenetration of the electric double layers of particles in aqueous suspension reduces the electrokinetic potential to a value below that of an isolated particle of the same surface charge and potential distribution. A theoretical treatment of this effect was developed by Moller, van Os, and Overbeek and shown by them to apply to solutions of bovine serum albumin. We have found that the same effect occurs with a polydisperse lyophobic suspension of colloidal silica under conditions of complete deflocculation. The behavior of the deflocculated polydisperse suspension can be matched with that of either of two theoretical monodisperse models, the particle sizes of which correspond to the weight average and number average, respectively, of the heterogeneous dispersion. In the presence of flocculating concentrations of electrolyte another effect is simultaneously apparent, namely, a tendency to increase the electrophoretic mobility, presumed to be caused by the presence of aggregates (doublets and triplets).
Models for the social accountability of computing

Abstract This article examines the social dilemmas of computer use and strategies for ensuring the accountability of computing to the public. Improving the social accountability of computing means finding ways to organize groups that develop, manufacture, sell or use computer-based systems, and their markets, so that the broader public is well served. Six public policy strategies for social accountability of computing are commonly proposed: competitive market arrangements; administrative authority; professional control; regulatory commisions to administer legislative acts; judicial enforcement and review of legislative acts; and citizen action. Inspection shows that each model has problems in either its practical effectiveness or its appropriateness for computing.
Photoinduced vibrational predissociation of pyrimidine clusters in a supersonic molecualr beam: Evidence for statistical energy partitioning

Abstract Evidence is presented which indicates that the vibrational predissociation of pyrimidine clusters leads primarily to the production of rotationally very hot S 1 pyrimidines in their zero-point vibrational levels. The generation of vibrationless S 1 pyrimidine is an indication of statistical energy partioning, and it contrasts the pattern of energy partitioning observed in the vibrational predissociation of tetrazine-argon van der Waals complexes. The tendency of the pyrimidine clusters to follow statistical-like energy partitioning is attributed to the greater numbers and reduced frequencies of van der Waals modes of the clusters relative to those of the complex.
Optical visualization and composition analysis to quantify continuous granular mixing processes

Abstract The mixing of granular materials has a significant influence on the yield and/or quality of the desired products in numerous industrial processes including energy generation, food processing, and pharmaceutical production. However, characterizing the mixing effectiveness of systems or processes in granular applications is difficult due to challenging sampling procedures and measurement techniques. In this study, a two-part measurement technique consisting of optical visualization and composition analysis is developed to provide qualitative and quantitative mixing characteristics of continuous granular mixing processes, respectively. Mixing studies are performed in a laboratory-scale double screw mixer using a binary mixture of 500–6350 μm red oak chips and 300–500 μm glass beads. The effect of screw rotation speed and dimensionless screw pitch on the mixing effectiveness is investigated for ω = 20, 40, and 60 rpm and p/D = 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75, respectively. Optical visualization in terms of video capture is captured across the entire mixing region's periphery, providing extensive qualitative observations. Quantitative composition analysis is performed on samples collected across the screw mixer and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical model is applied. Overall, the mixing effectiveness is maximized at an intermediate screw rotation speed of ω = 40 rpm and a dimensionless screw pitch of p/D = 1.75. The developed measurement techniques and resulting trends are compared to previous granular mixing studies featuring similar mixing equipment found in the literature.
Citizenship and industrial relations

Under the Victorian ideal of laissez-faire, industrial relations are conducted unilaterally by employers unimpeded by employees' rights of citizenship. The four facets of citizenship—civil, political, industrial, and social—impinge in a variety of ways on the employment relationship. Civil citizenship, by barring discrimination on account of race or sex, interferes with maintenance of segregated pools of cheap secondary labor. Political citizenship enfranchises propertyless workers and alters the enactments of legislatures. Industrial citizenship creates the institutional basis for collective bargaining. Social citizenship confers economic benefits and protective regulations not driven directly by market forces. Political ascendancy of laissez-faire advocates undermines rights of citizenship and has a retrograde effect on industrial relations.
Several classes of exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born-Infeld equation

Abstract We obtain closed-form exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born–Infeld equation arising in nonlinear electrodynamics. In particular, we obtain general traveling wave solutions of one wave variable, solutions of two wave variables, similarity solutions, multiplicatively separable solutions, and additively separable solutions. Then, putting the Born–Infeld model into correspondence with the minimal surface equation using a Wick rotation, we are able to construct complex helicoid solutions, transformed catenoid solutions, and complex analogues of Scherk’s first and second surfaces. Some of the obtained solutions are new, whereas others are generalizations of solutions in the literature. These exact solutions demonstrate the fact that solutions to the Born–Infeld model can exhibit a variety of behaviors. Exploiting the integrability of the Born–Infeld equation, the solutions are constructed elegantly, without the need for complicated analytical algorithms.
The Effects of Gloves on Grip Strength and Muscle Activity

The focus of this research was to investigate how grip strength and forearm muscle force were affected by two types of gloves, rubber and leather. Grip strength was significantly less in the two gloved conditions than in a barehanded condition. However, EMG analysis of muscle activity revealed no significant difference in muscle activity across the gloved and barehanded conditions, indicating that subjects generated maximal exertions in all conditions. Therefore, a certain amount of muscle force is lost in the hand-glove interface while producing maximal grip forces in the gloved conditions. Internal muscle force measurement could thus be used to aid in glove selection for submaximal tasks in industry.
A thermochemical data base for phase equilibria in the system Fe-Mg-Si-O at high pressure and temperature

A thermochemical data base for phases in the system Fe-Mg-Si-O at high pressures up to 300 kbar is established by supplementing the available calorimetric data with data calculated from experimental high pressure synthesis studies. Phases included in the data base are the SiO2 polymorphs, rock salt solid solutions (Fe-Mg-O), Fe2O3, Fe3O4, (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine, spinel, modified spinel and (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite and pyroxene. Phases not included are the MgSiO3-ilmenite and -garnet. Fe-Mg solution properties of olivine, spinel, perovskite and wustite (rock salt) are estimated. The wustite solid solution has been modeled as a nonideal solution of three end members; FeO, FeO1.5 and MgO. The new data base is made consistent with most of the available information on high pressure phase studies.
A decentralized algorithm for optimal resource allocation in smartgrids with communication network externalities

We introduce a framework for optimal resource allocation in smart grids. We consider two components of the smart grid; the power distribution network and the data communication network. By defining suitable utility functions, the power and bandwidth resources are optimally allocated. This requires the solution of the, so called, local public goods problem, in mathematical economics terminology. We propose an iterative, distributed algorithm for its solution. The algorithm is scalable for deployment in large networks since it requires only O(N) messages per network user per iteration, where N is the number of users. Moreover, it is guaranteed to converge, does not require revelation of private information from each user and all algorithm actions can be realized by programmable smart devices of the smart grid.
Emerging issues in the regulation of electric utilities

Abstract This paper summarizes issues discussed at a recent conference on the electric utility regulation. The conference identified significant issues for five major topic areas: industry restructuring, both competitive bidding and transmission access; incentives regulation; the environment, particularly the Clean Air Act; innovative pricing of electricity; and demand side management, particularly energy conservation programs. This paper provides background on each of these topics and enumerates the major issues involved with each topic.
Chemical thermodynamics of iodine species in the HTGR fuel particle

Abstract The iodine-containing species in an intact fuel particle in the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) have been calculated. Assumptions include: 1. (i) attainment of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium among all species in the open porosity of the particle, primarily in the buffer layer; and 2. (ii) fission-product concentrations in proportion to their yields. The primary gaseous species is calculated to be cesium iodide; in carbide-containing fuels, gaseous barium iodide may exhibit equivalent pressures. The condensed iodine-containing phase is usually cesium iodide, but in carbide-containing fuels, barium iodide may be stable instead. Adsorption of elemental iodine on the carbon in the particle appears to be ⩽10 −4 μg I/g C. The fission-product-spectra excess of cesium over iodine would generally be adsorbed on the carbon, but may form Cs 2 MoO 4 under some circumstances. Equilibria exterior to the fuel particle have not been analyzed, and may be considerably different from those given above.
Analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran by fused silica GC combined with atmospheric pressure ionization MS

Abstract A detection limit of 0.5 pg was obtained for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran using GC-atmospheric pressure ionization MS with nitrogen as the makeup gas. All of the tetrachlorodibenzofuran isomers studied showed the same mass spectrum. The possible interference of hexachlorodiphenyl ethers was also examined.
Cross‐National Concepts in Supranational Governance: State–Society Relations and EU Policy Making

The emergence of multiple and shifting modes of governance both intranationally and supranationally has posed difficulties for analysts accustomed to refining or testing singular types of politics. When confronted with this changing complexity, a comprehensive framework can be a very useful diagnostic and organizational tool. This article devises one such conceptual framework to clarify and systematize varieties of state autonomy and state–society relations. By combining fundamental conceptions of action, elemental control mechanisms, and basic types of interaction, a comprehensive framework is constructed for characterizing and comparing governance modes in a conceptually coherent manner. Many of the abstract spaces within this conceptual field share affinities with types of state autonomy and state–society relations depicted in major theoretical approaches to national politics (i.e., authoritarianism, statism, pluralism, corporatism, institutionalism, and Marxism). This article uses this conceptual framework to systematize these major governance modes and to illuminate their coexistence in supranational governance by examining the European Union policy process.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus related to liver diseases in Korea

The authors investigated the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) related to liver diseases in Korea. Anti-HCV was studied by EIA in sera from patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), individuals at high risk, healthy individuals, and family members of patients with CLD. We also evaluated the efficacy of a new anti-HCV assay kit, HCD EIA, consisting of 3 recombinant peptides derived from CORE, NS3 and NS5 regions of the HCV genome, for screening HCV infection. The prevalence of anti-HCV in HCD EIA was 15.4% of 1055 cases studied, while that in the anti-C100-3 EIA was 11.1%. The incidence of anti-HCV in HCD EIA was 5.9% of 17 cases with acute hepatitis, 18.1% of 293 cases with chronic hepatitis, 24.1% of 79 cases with liver cirrhosis, 28.0% of 100 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma, 19.8% of 81 cases maintained with hemodialysis, 31.3% of 16 cases with blood dyscrasias, 4.4% of 114 cases with fatty liver, 1% of 100 healthy persons, 1.3% of 150 blood donors, and 6.2% of 97 family members from 26 patients with type C CLD. Familial HCV clustering was detected in 3 (11.5%) of 26 patients with anti-HCV(+) CLD. The prevalence of anti-HCV in 190 HBsAg positive CLD was 8.4%. The relative proportions of positive anti-HCV, HBsAg, both positive 17.4%, 40.7%, and 3.7%, respectively, while 38.2% of the cases were negative for both anti-HCV and HBsAg. The prevalence of anti-HCV among CLD increased significantly in relation to age (p 50 y/o) in Korea, and its natural course might be similar to that to HBV.
Computer simulation of thermal modeling of primary lithium cells

The objective was to gain a better understanding of the safety problem of primary Li-SOCl2 and Li-SO2 cells by carrying out detailed thermal modeling work. In particular, the transient heat generation rates during moderate and extermely high discharge rate tests of Li-SOCl2 cells were predicted and compared with those from the electrochemical heating. The difference between the two may be attributed to the lithium corrosion and other chemical reactions. The present program was also tested for charging of Li-SO2. In addition, the present methodology should be applicable to other primary cylindrical cells as well as rechargeable battery analyses with minor modifications.
Gas chromatographic determination of iodinated compounds.

The qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic evaluation of a large variety of iodinated substances (iodoamino acids and their side chain and position analogs, intermediates in the synthesis or degradation of the thyroid hormones, and related compounds) is described. As little as a few hundred picograms can be determined accurately in most cases by means of an electron capture detector. Nonvolatile compounds have been converted to their volatile trimethylsilyl derivatives by treatment with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide at room temperature or at 80°. Various characteristics of these derivatives as well as precautions which must be taken for the determination of picogram and nanogram amounts are described. Mass spectrometry shows that the gas chromatographically determined derivatives of the iodoamino acids contain three trimethylsilyl groups.
Localization by Q-banding of mitotic chiasmata in cases of Bloom's syndrome

The distribution of mitotic chiasmata from the lymphocytes of three patients with Bloom's syndrome was studied by Q-banding. An estimate was made of the average brightness of the human chromosomes and of the brightness and length of the Q-regions. A strong relationship was found between the average darkness of a chromosome and its chiasma density. The shorter and darker Q-regions contained more chiasmata, with the exception of the chromosome tips which had lower chiasma densities. A few “hot spots” had particularly high chiasma densities. Centric regions contained 17% of the chiasmata. The data are consistent with the assumptions that chiasmata are favored in darker regions and at borders between light and dark regions.
Intrinsic oxidative stress in cancer cells: a biochemical basis for therapeutic selectivity

Therapeutic selectivity is one of the most important considerations in cancer chemotherapy. The design of therapeutic strategies to preferentially kill malignant cells while minimizing harmful effects to normal cells depends on our understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cells. We have previously demonstrated that certain agents generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) preferentially kill human leukemia cells without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity in normal lymphocytes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the biochemical basis for such selective anticancer activity. Flow cytometric analyses were utilized to measure intracellular O2 − levels and apoptosis. MTT assays were used as indicators of cellular viability. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of antioxidant enzymes in cancer and normal cells. Malignant cells in general are more active than normal cells in the production of O2 −, are under intrinsic oxidative stress, and thus are more vulnerable to damage by ROS-generating agents. The intrinsic oxidative stress in cancer cells was associated with the upregulation of SOD and catalase protein expression, likely as a mechanism to tolerate increased ROS stress. The increase in SOD and catalase expression was observed both in primary human leukemia cells and in primary ovarian cancer cells. Both malignant cell types were more sensitive to 2-ME than their normal counterparts, as demonstrated by the significant accumulation of O2 − and subsequent apoptosis. The administration of ROS scavengers in combination with 2-ME prevented the accumulation of O2 − and abrogated apoptosis induction. O2 − is an important mediator of 2-ME-induced apoptosis. The increased oxidative stress in cancer cells forces these cells to rely more on antioxidant enzymes such as SOD for O2 − elimination, thus making the malignant cells more vulnerable to SOD inhibition than normal cells.
Parameters for individualizing systemic therapy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Rational drug design based on molecular targets is starting to revolutionize cancer care. To maximize its potential for patients, a concomitant leveraging of molecular knowledge for selection of patients to future and current therapeutic options is paramount. The terms “individualized”, “personalized”, or “precision therapy” are currently used to describe these efforts. Here, we summarize current knowledge for selection of systemic targeted and cytotoxic therapy for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Based on this knowledge, we present a potential decision algorithm to best select patients for currently available therapies, which include the treatment options single-agent erlotinib or gefitinib, the ALK inhibitor crizotinib, double agent gemcitabine and platinum, double agent platinum and pemetrexed, and as a default option a taxane combined with a non-platinum drug, for instance a vinca alkaloid. The addition of bevacizumab to double-agent chemotherapy is also discussed. Currently available data on predictive biomarkers are largely based on subgroup or companion biomarker analyses of patient cohorts or clinical trials. Current and emerging markers must be incorporated prospectively into the design of clinical trials that test novel and established agents to better understand their clinical utility and to refine selection parameters and marker interactions. Future development will lead to increasing complexity in clinical decision making with substantial anticipated benefits to patients including increased therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity, and better quality of life.
Influence of matrix molecular weight and processing conditions on the interfacial adhesion in bisphenol-A polycarbonate/carbon fiber composites

The adhesion of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, an amorphous thermoplastic, to carbon fiber was studied by varying both the intrinsic and the extrinsic properties such as the molecular weight, processing conditions, and test temperature. It was seen that processing methods and conditions had a significant effect on adhesion as measured by the interfacial shear strength. Commercial grade Lexan 141 solvent deposited onto carbon fibers showed poor adhesion when processed below the glass transition temperature and reached a limiting value at a higher temperature. Melt consolidated pure polycarbonate specimens showed increases in adhesion both with increasing processing temperature and with time. Pure polycarbonate having a molecular weight above the critical molecular weight exhibited a higher adhesion at different processing conditions, while for polycarbonate below the critical molecular weight adhesion was poor and unaffected by the processing temperature. Increases in temperature lowered the adhesion as a resu...
Heparin-binding properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme.

Abstract 1. 1. Binding of biotin-heparin to immobilized lactoferrin and lysozyme was optimum at pH 6.0, 100 mM NaCl. Complex interactions between NaCl and CaCl 2 concentrations were observed for heparin binding to both proteins. 2. 2. The metal ions Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ inhibited heparin binding, with half-maximal inhibition of binding to lactoferrin occurring between 600 μM and 1 mM and for lysozyme between 500 and 800 μM. 3. 3. Binding of biotin-heparin to both proteins was inhibited to varying degrees by heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, dextran sulfate and DNA.
Use of the World Wide Web in the 1996 US election

Abstract The role of the World Wide Web in the 1996 US election was analyzed from three perspectives: receiver, source, and effects. A test Web site was set up to provide political information, and the pattern of use indicates that users seemed more interested in seeking news than in deciding how to vote. An analysis of campaign characteristics and subsequent votes indicates that the higher the office being sought, the more likely a campaign is to have a supporting Web site, and that having a Web site was also associated, for one reason or another, with a statistically significant number of additional votes on the average.
Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings.

To determine the risk of recurrence of sudden infant death syndrome in families, we studied 251,124 live births by linked birth and death certificates from Oregon for a 10-year period. We found five recurrences among 385 subsequent siblings, for a rate of 13/1000 live births and a relative risk of 6. When the recurrences were adjusted separately for birth order and maternal age, the risk was still five times that expected ( p
New graft formulation and modification of the David reimplantation technique.

Two controversies of the reimplantation technique 1 for valve-sparing aortic root replacement are how to choose the graft size and the role of neosinuses. Dating back to the original David-Feindel formula that was based on an assumption that “the internal radius of the ventriculo-aortic junction (the annulus) . . . is two thirds of the leaflet height,” surgeons have had difficulty determining optimal graft size. David, in fact, has changed his graft formulation strategy at least 3 times. Part of the impetus for the modifications in technique was the recognition that recreating aortic sinus segments is important to minimizing stress on the aortic cusps during systole. Data suggest that the techniques currently used still cause undue stress (albeit improved) on the cusps, even with recreation of neosinuses. The principal hypothesis of this report is that the formulations in use probably underestimate optimal sinus diameter. An alternative and simpler formula with modification of the reimplantation technique is presented.
The crystal structure of CeRhIn5 under pressure

Abstract High-pressure X-ray (synchrotron) powder diffraction experiments have shown that the quasi-two-dimensional heavy fermion antiferromagnet CeRhIn 5 retains its tetragonal HoCoGa 5 -type structure up to 13 GPa both at room ( T =295 K) and low ( T =10 K) temperature. Refined structural parameters reveal unusual behavior at pressures around 4–5 GPa.
Bounds on the solution of a matrix equation

Formulae are given for finding upper and lower bounds on the extreme eigenvalues of the solution to an algebraic matrix equation arising in quadratic optimal control of linear stochastic-parameter systems. These bounds may be used, e.g. in the a priori robustness study of such controllers without having to solve the matrix equation.
The effects of stochastic environments on allele frequencies in natural populations.

Abstract In this paper the behavior of two haploid genotypes in a stationary Gaussian environment is described. It is shown that the alleles tend toward quasi-fixation except in environment with very little power in the lower frequencies. This loss of variation is accompanied by a lowering of mean fitness.
Effect of B-ring substitution pattern on binding mode of propionamide selective androgen receptor modulators

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are essentially prostate sparing androgens, which provide therapeutic potential in osteoporosis, male hormone replacement, and muscle wasting. Herein we report crystal structures of the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) complexed to a series of potent synthetic nonsteroidal SARMs with a substituted pendant arene referred to as the B-ring. We found that hydrophilic B-ring para-substituted analogs exhibit an additional region of hydrogen bonding not seen with steroidal compounds and that multiple halogen substitutions affect the B-ring conformation and aromatic interactions with Trp741. This information elucidates interactions important for high AR binding affinity and provides new insight for structure-based drug design.
Rounding corners of gearlike domains and the omitted area problem

Abstract A function g analytic on the open unit disk D and vanishing only at the origin is said to be gearlike if g maps D to a domain whose boundary consists of arcs of circles centered at the origin and segments of rays emanating from the origin. The authors discuss each of the possible types of (boundary) corners the image domain of gearlike functions may have and give formulae for rounding or smoothing each of these possible corners, extending some early work of P. Henrici. The omitted area problem, first posed by Goodman in 1949, is to determine for a normalized univalent analytic function f on D the maximum area in D which can be omitted from the range of f. While Goodman gave some early bounds for the maximal omitted area, the problem has generally proved to be one of the difficult and long outstanding problems in geometric function theory. The authors apply the method of rounding corners to a specifically constructed gearlike function to produce an approximation for the extremal solution.
Industrial-Organizational and Human Factors Graduate Program Admission: Information for Undergraduate Advisors.

Many psychology departments do not have industrial–organizational (IO) or human factors (HF) faculty members. As such, potential IO and HF graduate students may miss career opportunities because faculty advisors are unfamiliar with the disciplines and their graduate programs. To assist advisors, this article highlights the content of IO and HF disciplines, presents tips on how to advise undergraduates for admission to IO and HF graduate programs, provides sources of IO and HF information, suggests employability options in IO and HF, and offers an advising brochure that is available upon request. A wide variety of career options exist in both IO and HF. Advisors assisting students in evaluating potential careers and identifying graduate programs should find this information useful.
Single point contact measurements of mechanical resonances

A technique for measuring the material properties of spherical objects is presented. The technique is also capable of detecting the presence of surface defects in these objects. Resonances of spheres are excited at both low and high frequencies. Resonances are generated by forming a one-point Hertzian contact between the sphere and a spherical depression in a buffer rod with a transducer. The resonance spectrum is detected from the opposite pole of excitation using a heterodyne interferometer. At low frequencies, bulk resonances of the sphere are excited and material properties are determined. At high frequencies, surface wave resonances of the sphere are excited and the dispersion relation of the waves is measured. The measured dispersion relation of the sphere is correlated to the surface wave velocity on the sphere and to the presence of surface defects. >
Inhibition of opioid release in the rat spinal cord by α2C adrenergic receptors

Neurotransmitter receptors that control the release of opioid peptides in the spinal cord may play an important role in pain modulation. Norepinephrine, released by a descending pathway originating in the brainstem, is a powerful inducer of analgesia in the spinal cord. Adrenergic alpha2C receptors are present in opioid-containing terminals in the dorsal horn, where they could modulate opioid release. The goal of this study was to investigate this possibility. Opioid release was evoked from rat spinal cord slices by incubating them with the sodium channel opener veratridine in the presence of peptidase inhibitors (actinonin, captopril and thiorphan), and was measured in situ through the internalization of mu-opioid receptors in dorsal horn neurons. Veratridine produced internalization in 70% of these neurons. The alpha2 receptor agonists clonidine, guanfacine, medetomidine and UK-14304 inhibited the evoked mu-opioid receptor internalization with IC50s of 1.7 microM, 248 nM, 0.3 nM and 22 nM, respectively. However, inhibition by medetomidine was only partial, and inhibition by UK-14304 reversed itself at concentrations higher than 50 nM. None of these agonists inhibited mu-opioid receptor internalization produced by endomorphin-2, showing that they inhibited opioid release and not the internalization itself. The inhibitions produced by clonidine, guanfacine or UK-14304 were completely reversed by the selective alpha2C antagonist JP-1203. In contrast, inhibition by guanfacine was not prevented by the alpha2A antagonist BRL-44408. These results show that alpha2C receptors inhibit the release of opioids in the dorsal horn. This action may serve to shut down the opioid system when the adrenergic system is active.
Beam Dumps, Energy Slits and Collimators at SLAC--Their Final Versions and First Performance Data

This paper discusses the final as-built versions of high power beam dumps, slits and collimators, which are capable of absorbing 1 to 2 MW electron beams continuously. Some of the important design features are illustrated with pictures. Experimental results of testing a beam dump window and a small module prototype are added. The remote control and read-out system of variable aperture slits and collimators is emphasized and performance data are given. Then the criteria for safely achieving high beam power dissipation (heat transfer rates, nucleate and film boiling conditions, thermal stress, thermal shock and fatigue) are reviewed. Solutions to problems encountered in operating equipment in a corrosive, high radiation area where organic lubricants fail are presented. Finally, radiolysis of water and evolution of free hydrogen are dealt with. Experimental results from high power electron beams are reported. Disposal of hydrogen and radioactive gases evolving in surge tanks is discussed and solutions are proposed.
Impact of Kidney Cancer Surgery on Oncologic and Kidney Functional Outcomes

Kidney cancer is a common genitourinary malignancy. The incidence of kidney cancer has progressively increased in the past few decades, with the greatest increase noted for incidentally discovered small renal masses. Along with the change in presentation and diagnosis of kidney cancer, surgical treatment of kidney cancer also has evolved dramatically during the past 5 decades, moving from universal use of radical extirpation to more frequent nephron-sparing and minimally invasive surgeries. This article reviews the contemporary management of localized kidney cancers and discusses the impact of surgery on oncologic and nononcologic outcomes.
Calcium Flux in the Mammalian Ventricular Myocardium

The exchange of Ca45 was studied in dog myocardium by means of a newly developed perfusion technique whereby an excised papillary muscle was perfused through its own artery. This makes possible the sequential and simultaneous correlation of ionic flux with ventricular myocardial function with each muscle serving as its own control. Calcium exchange has the following characteristics: (a) The major component of calcium flux is independent of the frequency of contraction. It demonstrates a rapidly equilibrating phase (half-time, 4 to 6 minutes) and a more slowly equilibrating phase with a progressively decreasing rate constant. The flux characteristics of the more rapidly equilibrating compartment are determined by a factor or factors, in addition to simple diffusion, which increase the time required for this compartment to achieve a steady-state with respect to the vascular compartment. (b) A lesser component of exchange is stimulus-rate dependent and is characterized by an alteration in the rate of calcium turnover such that the altered influx: efflux ratio requires 20 to 25 minutes to achieve equilibrium. After this time, despite the higher stimulus rate, there is no evidence of change in total tissue calcium. (c) The initial rate of the transient response is approximately proportional to the change in stimulus rate.
Electromagnetic multipole radiation

Abstract This paper gives a derivation of the electromagnetic multipole radiation formulas which emphasizes the parallel between the radial problem for photons and the radial problem for Schrodinger or Dirac particles. The Maxwell equations are rewritten in Hamiltonian form, simultaneous cigenfunctions of the square of the angular momentum operator, its z component, and the Hamiltonian are found, and the outgoing waves are selected from these.
Interactive Effects of Sodium Zeolite A (Ethacal®) and Monensin in Uninfected and Eimeria acervulina-Infected Chicks

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 5- to 18-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks to evaluate the interaction of sodium zeolite A (NZA) and monensin in uninfected and in coccidiosis-infected chicks. Sodium zeolite A (0 and .75%) or monensin (0 and 121 ppm), or both, were fed to uninfected chicks or to chicks infected with 4 × 105 sporulated, Eimeria acervulina oocysts, resulting in a 2-by-2-by-2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Coccidial infection reduced (P
Minimizing single-machine completion time variance

In this article the problem of minimizing the completion time variance in n-job, single-machine scheduling is considered. The release times for all jobs are assumed to be zero. A new quadratic integer programming formulation is introduced. A Lagrangian relaxation LR procedure is developed to find a lower bound LB to the optimal objective value. When the number of jobs is between 100 and 500, our computational study shows that the lower bounds obtained by the LR procedure are very close to the best known objective values. A new heuristic algorithm is also described. The first phase of the heuristic algorithm is a construction procedure whose purpose is to identify a good initial sequence. The second phase is an improvement procedure based on pairwise interchanges. The new heuristic algorithm provides improved solutions compared to the best known heuristic.
Ultrasound transducer and system for real-time simultaneous therapy and diagnosis for noninvasive surgery of prostate tissue

For noninvasive treatment of prostate tissue using high-intensity focused ultrasound this paper proposes a design of an integrated multifunctional confocal phased array (IMCPA) and a strategy to perform both imaging and therapy simultaneously with this array. IMCPA is composed of triplerow phased arrays: a 6-MHz array in the center row for imaging and two 4-MHz arrays in the outer rows for therapy. Different types of piezoelectric materials and stack configurations may be employed to maximize their respective functionalities, i.e., therapy and imaging. Fabrication complexity of IMCPA may be reduced by assembling already constructed arrays. In IMCPA, reflected therapeutic signals may corrupt the quality of imaging signals received by the center-row array. This problem can be overcome by implementing a coded excitation approach and/or a notch filter when B-mode images are formed during therapy. The 13-bit Barker code, which is a binary code with unique autocorrelation properties, is preferred for implementing coded excitation, although other codes may also be used. From both Field II simulation and experimental results, we verified whether these remedial approaches would make it feasible to simultaneously carry out imaging and therapy by IMCPA. The results showed that the 13-bit Barker code with 3 cycles per bit provided acceptable performances. The measured -6 dB and -20 dB range mainlobe widths were 0.52 mm and 0.91 mm, respectively, and a range sidelobe level was measured to be -48 dB regardless of whether a notch filter was used. The 13-bit Barker code with 2 cycles per bit yielded -6 dB and -20 dB range mainlobe widths of 0.39 mm and 0.67 mm. Its range sidelobe level was found to be -40 dB after notch filtering. These results indicate the feasibility of the proposed transducer design and system for real-time imaging during therapy.
The Roles of Entitativity and Essentiality in Judgments of Collective Responsibility

Two studies investigated the roles of entitativity and essentiality in judgments of collective responsibility. Analyses focused on four group types (i.e. intimacy groups, task groups, social categories, and loose associations). Repeated measures analyses revealed that intimacy groups and task groups were rated highest in entitativity while intimacy groups and social categories were rated highest in essentiality. Correlational analyses revealed that entitativity played a more central role in judgments of collective responsibility for all four group types. However, tests of interaction effects revealed that essentiality moderated the effect of entitativity on blame judgments. Implications of the role of collective responsibility in intergroup relations are discussed.
RECENT STUDIES IN MORE (1990–2003)

AbstractThe completion of the volumes planned for the Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, the fortieth‐first year of the publication of the Bulletin of the Amici Thomae Mori (Moreana) and other serials, such as Sixteenth Century Journal, the International Thomas More Congress held every three years, along with other meetings, and the Tyndale Quincentennary—all these venues and others have combined to inspire scholars to write the numerous articles, monographs, collections of essays, festschrifts, and books considered in this study. Although studies of More's life, Utopia, the polemical works, and Richard III predominate, the essay also examines the increased interest scholars have taken recently in the Latin poems, devotional works, and English poems. In spite of the plethora of recent scholarship which, at first glance, would seem to exhaust what could or should be said, the essay concludes that much work, particularly on More's early life, his theological perspective, Utopia, and the ...
HIV Testing Behaviors and Attitudes Regarding HIV/AIDS of Adults Aged 50–64

This article explores knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV/AIDS for persons aged 50-64 by using data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. It examines what percentage have been tested for HIV, where and why they have been tested, knowledge about condom effectiveness, and self-perceived risk. The purpose is twofold: First, it presents an epidemiologic analysis of HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors of adults aged 50-64; second, it explores whether theoretical models used on other groups fit well with this age group. The authors conclude that the conceptual model is less robust for this group and there is a substantial need for health promotion efforts directed at older adults.
Detection of the first heart sound using a time-delay neural network

A method for detecting the first heart sound (SI) using a time-delay neural network (TDNN) is reported The network consists of a single hidden layer, with time-delay links connecting the hidden units to the time-frequency energy coefficients of a Morlet wavelet decomposition of the input phonocardiogram (PCG) signal. The neural network operates on a 200 msec sliding window with each time-delay hidden unit spanning 100 msec of wavelet data. Heart sounds were recorded from 30 subjects for 20 seconds at each of four standard auscultatory sites using a commercially available electronic stethoscope. A training set comprised of half of the heartbeats from 20 randomly selected subjects was created The network was trained on this set and tested on the full data set. The average performance is 1.6% deletion error and 2.2% insertion error. This level of S1 detection is considered satisfactory for analysis of the phonocardiogram signal.
Structural and functional basis for RNA cleavage by Ire1

Background: The unfolded protein response (UPR) controls the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Central to this signaling pathway is the ER-resident bifunctional transmembrane kinase/ endoribonuclease Ire1. The endoribonuclease (RNase) domain of Ire1 initiates a non-conventional mRNA splicing reaction, leading to the production of a transcription factor that controls UPR target genes. The mRNA splicing reaction is an obligatory step of Ire1 signaling, yet its mechanism has remained poorly understood due to the absence of substrate-bound crystal structures of Ire1, the lack of structural similarity between Ire1 and other RNases, and a scarcity of quantitative enzymological data. Here, we experimentally define the active site of Ire1 RNase and quantitatively evaluate the contribution of the key active site residues to catalysis. Results: This analysis and two new crystal structures suggest that Ire1 RNase uses histidine H1061 and tyrosine Y1043 as the general acid-general base pair contributing ≥ 7.6 kcal/mol and 1.4 kcal/mol to transition state stabilization, respectively, and asparagine N1057 and arginine R1056 for coordination of the scissile phosphate. Investigation of the stem-loop recognition revealed that additionally to the stem-loops derived from the classic Ire1 substrates HAC1 and Xbp1 mRNA, Ire1 can site-specifically and rapidly cleave anticodon stem-loop (ASL) of unmodified tRNA Phe , extending known substrate specificity of Ire1 RNase. Conclusions: Our data define the catalytic center of Ire1 RNase and suggest a mechanism of RNA cleavage: each RNase monomer apparently contains a separate catalytic apparatus for RNA cleavage, whereas two RNase subunits contribute to RNA stem-loop docking. Conservation of the key residues among Ire1 homologues suggests that the mechanism elucidated here for yeast Ire1 applies to Ire1 in metazoan cells, and to the only known Ire1 homologue RNase L.
Computerized materials handling and facility layout design

Abstract We are proposing a systematic approach to the design of materials handling (MH) system that includes an algorithm to select the most suitable equipment. Initially, a conveyor system is proposed while determining its association cost. To seek improvements of the system in terms of cost and equipment utilization, the possibility of supplementing or replacing the conveyor with one or more fork-lift trucks (trucks) will be investigated. The final MH system configuration will consist of conveyors and trucks so that total system optimization will be achieved. The literature on MH design is very limited and often this problem is not directly coupled with the layout problem [4]. The model proposed uses the results of a tentatively designed layout and two important characteristics of the materials, namely size and weight. Facility in this paper refers to a manufacturing plant with low to medium production volume in a process oriented environment. Facility layout and materials handling are two highly interdependent problems. The location of departments, the corresponding distances and production rates dictate the cost of MH. On the other hand, MH costs between departments, influence the departmental arrangements [10]. An iterative process is developed between the layout design and MH selection problems.
Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: More Than Molecular Diagnostics

Preclinical Research Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive, and eventually fatal neurodegenerative disease that currently lacks effective treatment options. The disease process is only partially understood. Biomarker identification and analysis will be important for facilitating a deeper understanding of the molecular nature of the disease process and neuropathology, diagnosis of the disease at its earliest stages, in assessing disease progression and to enable the drug discovery and development process. This review assesses progress in a number of areas of AD biomarker discovery and development, constituting a potential systems approach to understanding and diagnosing this disease, including next-generation DNA sequencing of human genomes, genome-wide association studies, epigenetics (including DNA methylation and micro-RNA profiling), gene expression profiling, lipidomics and metabolomics, proteomics, and neuroimaging.
Selective detection of part per billion concentrations of ammonia using a p–n semiconducting oxide heterostructure

Abstract Detection of low levels of ammonia is relevant for environmental, combustion and health-related applications. Resistive semiconducting metal oxide sensing platforms are extensively studied for ammonia and other gas detection. Two important aspects of gas sensing are enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. In this paper, we present a sensor platform with n-type In2O3 and p-type NiO placed side by side with a shared 30 μm interface. The substrate on which these metal oxides are placed allows for measuring the resistance change across In2O3, NiO or any combination of both oxides. Our focus was to develop an ammonia sensor with ppb sensitivity, with possible application in breath analysis. With low concentrations of NH3 (