cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common, serious, cardiac arrhythmia and increases the risk for ischemic stroke fivefold. Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation may be responsible for up to 15–20% of strokes. Antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants are used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The following review article discusses the potential risks and benefits of oral anticoagulants in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with particular emphasis on accurate risk stratification tools for ischemic stroke.
Negative affective reactions reduce perceived likelihood of risk

This investigation examined the influence of negative affective reactions on the perceived likelihood of experiencing a health risk. Concepts related to formaldehyde exposure were paired with negative stimuli to create affective reactions. In Study 1, perceived risk was reduced when the thought of formaldehyde exposure elicited negative affective reactions compared to a control condition and participants were less interested in information on the risk and recommended spending less money to alleviate the hazard. The potential boundary condition of emotional states was examined in Study 2. Sad or neutral emotion was elicited before learning about the hazard, which was again paired with negative stimuli or no affective stimuli. Sadness increased perceived risk; negative affective reactions reduced perceived risk only when participants were in a neutral incidental state. These findings suggest that negative affective reactions reduce the perceived likelihood of risk, but only in the absence of alternative emotional information.
Toward a Functional Analytic Approach to Psychologically Complex Patients: A Comment on Ruscio and Holohan (2006)

Ruscio and Holohan (2006) address the challenges of applying empirically supported treatments (ESTs) with complex patients (e.g., those with comorbid conditions). Many clinicians, in such instances, abandon ESTs on the assumption that treatment manuals do not apply. In the present commentary I argue that although ESTs provide the best available guidance for how to treat many psychological disorders, effective treatment does not require rigid adherence to treatment manuals if the clinician is able to develop a case formulation on the basis of a functional analysis of behavior and apply empirically supported treatment procedures accordingly. The development of exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder is presented as an example of how knowledge of basic cognitive and behavioral processes transcends ESTs and their manuals. I conclude that it is important for beginning therapists to learn to apply principles based on these processes rather than to rely exclusively on treatment manuals.
Deviation from a maxwellian velocity distribution in regions of interstellar molecular hydrogen

The deviation from a Maxwellian velocity distribution caused by excitation of the J = 2 rotational level of parahydrogen (followed by radiative decay) in a molecular hydrogen gas is investigated. It is noted that inelastic collisions deplete the high-velocity tail of the distribution, while elastic collisions tend to refill it; the resulting steady-state distribution has a small depletion in the tail which slightly reduces the cooling rate of the gas. The elastic-collision transport is approximated by a continuous process, a simplified expression is obtained for the inelastic-collision operator, and the Boltzmann equation is then solved analytically. A correction to the inelastic-collision rate is evaluated, and it is found that the relative magnitude of the effect of tail depletion on the inelastic-collision rate is strongly temperature-dependent. The critical molecular density above which the J = 2 level deexcites by superelastic collisions is shown to be a weak function of temperature.
The Chemical Reaction of Diethyl Carbonate with Lithium Intercalated Graphite Studied by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The chemical reaction of diethyl carbonate (DEC) with lithiated graphite (LiC 6 ) was studied in vacuum with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using the temperature-programmed reaction methodology. DEC molecules were condensed onto the sample surface at 120 K, and XPS spectra were collected while warming the sample in increments of 30 to 620 K. For purposes of comparison, surfaces of pure metallic Li, lithiated graphite (LiC 6 ), and bare graphite were studied using identical procedures. The reaction path of DEC on LiC 6 surface was very similar to that on pure Li except for small shifts in the temperature where the same reaction occurred. In the range of 180-270 K, changes in the charging of the surface layer as the DEC evaporates/reacts on the surface make it difficult to determine the reaction products. In the 270-390 K region, the C/O stoichiometry of the surface layer decreases from 1.67 to ca. 1.0, and reaction products on the surface are most probably lithium methoxide (CH 3 O - ) and lithium oxalate (C 2 O 2- 4 ). Ethylene and/or CO were the only clearly identifiable gas-phase reaction products. Li 2 O begins to form at ca. 330-360 K from the decomposition of oxalate. Methoxide is thermally stable up to about 450 K, near the melting point of lithium. The final reaction at 390-620 K is decomposition of all organic carbon-oxygen species to form Li 2 O and CO. Our experiments thus indicate that the exotherm observed at ca. 120-140°C in the calorimetry of Li-ion negative electrode materials is most probably the decomposition of the solid electrolyte interface layer into Li 2 O and CO, and not into Li 2 CO 3 .
Unusual dirhenium complexes containing the bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether ligand including a terephthalate-bridged tetrarhenium compound

Abstract The synthesis, structures and reactivity of unsymmetrical multiply-bonded dirhenium(IV,II) and dirhenium(III,II) complexes that contain the bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether ligand ( L 1 ) are described, including the isolation and structural characterization of the novel terephthalate-bridged tetrarhenium complex [Re2Cl4(η3- L 1 )] 2 (μ-O2CC6H4CO2) in which there is weak electronic coupling between the pairs of dirhenium centers.
A Data Acquisition and Experiment Control System for a Large Area Neutron Detector

The system is comprised of a data input subsystem, a display subsystem and a spectrometer control subsystem. The data input subsystem consists of a two-dimensional analog-to-digital converter with the analog section remote from the rest of the system. The analog-to-digital converter clock runs at 100 MHz. There can be up to 1024 channels in each dimension for a maximum array size of ~ 1 million words. Arrays of this size may be easily handled by a multiport memory with 6.71 × 107 words of address space. The read/increment/ write time for data in this array is 2.5 ?sec per event. The display and neutron spectrometer subsystem are also briefly described.
The Local Points of Defense and the Passive Transfer of Acquired Immunity to Nippostrongylus Muris in Rats

The life cycle and morphological development of Nippostrongylus muris in the rat were worked out in detail by Yokogawa12 who first described the parasite. The bisexual adult worms, 4 to 6 mm. in length, are found as small, barely visible, coiled red threads in the upper part of the small intestine. Eggs are passed in the feces of the rat and develop into infective larvae within 4 to 5 days. The larvae, after actively penetrating the skin of the rat, are carried by the blood stream to the lungs and invade the alveoli. Here, they undergo a brief period of development before migrating up the trachea, down the esophagus and through the stomach to the intestine where they reach maturity. The females begin to lay eggs 6 to 7 days after infection. The fact that rats after recovery from an initial infection are relatively resistant to subsequent infections was first reported by Africa3 and by Schwartz, Alicata and Lucker4 and has been repeatedly confirmed by the more extensive studies of Chandler56-7'8 Spindler910 Graham11 and Porter12 .
Geometric properties of anthropogenic flood control berms on southern California beaches

Abstract Coastal flood risk from coincident high tides and energetic waves is concentrated around low-lying urban areas. Municipalities construct temporary sand berms (also known as sacrificial dunes) to manage potential flooding, however the relationships between berm geometry (e.g., height, width and length) and performance are not understood. Concomitant pressures of sea level rise and urbanization will increase active beach berming. Effective future coastal flood risk management will depend upon optimizing berm efficacy relative to geometry, placement, and water levels. Here, 34 individual berms at seven southern California locations are characterized using 18 LiDAR datasets spanning nearly a decade. Three berm classifications emerged based on deployment duration: event, seasonal and persistent. Event berms, deployed to manage specific storms or high water events, are triangular in cross-section, relatively low volume (∼4 m 3 /m) and low crest elevation (∼5 m NAVD88). Seasonal berms are larger, volumes vary from 6 to 28 m 3 /m, and average crest elevations are between 5.3 and 6.4 m. A persistent berm, captured in all LiDAR data for that area, is the largest (48 m 3 /m), longest (1.2 km), and highest mean crest elevation (7 m NAVD88) of all study berms. Total water levels, estimated using observed tides and a regional wave model coupled with an empirical runup formula, suggest that overtopping is rare. Currently, event berms are vulnerable to wave attack only a few hours per year. However, even with modest sea level rise (∼25 cm) or El Nino conditions, exposure increases significantly, and substantial nourishments may be required to maintain current flood protection levels.
Advancing the Forensic Mental Health Assessment (FMHA) of Nonviolent Offenders: Implications for Sentencing Decisions, Intervention Planning, and Policy Change

ABSTRACT Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has been defined as the measurement of any psychologically relevant construct (e.g., competence to stand trial or violence risk) that contributes to decision making in a legal context (Heilbrun, 1997). A number of advances in FMHA research and practice have occurred over the past decade (Rogers, 2000), but rarely have FMHA-related studies focused on nonviolent offenders. The limited empirical attention paid to nonviolent offenders appears unwarranted given the significant problems associated with nonviolent crime, as well as the recent proliferation of alternative-to-incarceration programs geared specifically toward more effective management of nonviolent offenders. This article proposes that greater empirical attention to nonviolent FMHA-related research is needed. FMHA-related research with nonviolent offender samples is critically reviewed, and the implications of empirically-validated nonviolent FMHA for sentencing decisions, intervention planning, and...
The sport psychologist-coach dual role position: A rebuttal to ellickson and brown (1990)

Abstract The purpose of this article is to further discuss the ethical situations that may result (as previously mentioned by Ellickson & Brown, 1990) when a sport psychologist also serves as a coach to the same group of athletes. As Ellickson and Brown mention, these can be conflicting roles when a therapeutic relationship is involved. However, due to the nature of the various duties of coaches, the sport psychologist/coach can be seen as very compatible, while remaining ethical, roles.
Current status of the NSLS-II optical metrology laboratory

Abstract During the last decade, we have seen an ultra-fast progress in X-ray optics performances. This enhancement is directly linked to the development of the necessary tools to control these optical components. These metrology tools are necessary for the fabrication (to guide some polishing deterministic process) and also for the ultimate characterization used to validate surface parameters (often inside their own mechanical support) prior to installation in a beamline. It is now necessary to characterize optical surface figure, slope errors and roughness on meter-long optics over spatial frequencies as short as 0.1 mm and with slope errors reaching less than 100 nrad rms or surface figure errors close to 1 nm in order to not spoiled and preserve the high brightness made available by third and fourth generation synchrotron/FEL sources like NSLSII or LCLS. For this purpose, the new NSLS-II Optical Metrology Laboratory (NSLSII-OML) includes commercial instruments for measuring long spatial frequency figure errors, mid spatial frequencies and high frequency roughness and had started some R&D activities. The NSLSII-OML foresee some efforts on the development of new instruments for slope errors measurements with the construction of a long trace profiler/NOM that will be able to reach 50 nrad slope error accuracy. Effort towards the construction of new instruments with stitching capabilities using interferometer and Shack Hartmann and software configurable optical test (SCOTS) stations are also under consideration to be able to perform 2D mapping of the optical surfaces in order to feed a deterministic polishing process based on ion beam figuring (under development in collaboration with the NSLS II Optical Fabrication Group). In the same time, it also becomes clear that low emittance and high stability of NSLS-II X-ray beam combined with extended possible beamline offered by large experimental hall may and should be used for the metrology. Approved plan includes the construction of specialized beamline for at-wavelength metrology, radiometry, crystal optic characterization and instrumentation development. This paper provides a brief description of the instruments currently available in the laboratory and gives an overview of the very active R&D efforts within the NSLSII-OML.
Functional organization of human posterior parietal cortex: grasping- and reaching-related activations relative to topographically organized cortex

The act of reaching to grasp an object requires the coordination between transporting the arm and shaping the hand. Neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuroanatomic, and neuropsychological studies in macaque monkeys and humans suggest that the neural networks underlying grasping and reaching acts are at least partially separable within the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). To better understand how these neural networks have evolved in primates, we characterized the relationship between grasping- and reaching-related responses and topographically organized areas of the human intraparietal sulcus (IPS) using functional MRI. Grasping-specific activation was localized to the left anterior IPS, partially overlapping with the most anterior topographic regions and extending into the postcentral sulcus. Reaching-specific activation was localized to the left precuneus and superior parietal lobule, partially overlapping with the medial aspects of the more posterior topographic regions. Although the majority of activity within the topographic regions of the IPS was nonspecific with respect to movement type, we found evidence for a functional gradient of specificity for reaching and grasping movements spanning posterior-medial to anterior-lateral PPC. In contrast to the macaque monkey, grasp- and reach-specific activations were largely located outside of the human IPS.
Toward Understanding of the Propulsion Mechanism of Rod-Shaped Nanoparticles That Catalyze Gas-Generating Reactions

There is no consensus in the literature on the propulsion mechanism of rod-shaped nanomotors that catalyze hydrogen peroxide decomposition to oxygen and water. Historically, the directional motion was discovered with bimetallic nanorods,1,2 and the related asymmetry of catalytic rod surface has been taken as a necessary condition of self-propulsion in all of the mechanisms proposed to date. This study for the first time demonstrates that hydrodynamic behavior of monocomponent catalytic nanorods in a H2O2 solution is similar to that of the bicomponent ones, and hence, the surface chemical asymmetry is unlikely to be a governing factor in the rods self-propulsion. The experimental results have shown that oxygen bubbles' evolution from the rod surface and related gravitational forces alone can drive directional motion of the rods. A new model is proposed that is based on the gravitational forces and considers rod motion in the 3D space. Nonparallel rods orientation relative to the horizontal plane has been f...
Patterns of Collaboration in Secondary Education for Youth with Special Needs Profiles of Three High Schools

Research on school-to-adult life transitions of youth with special needs has identified collaboration as a crucial process for successful transitions. Depending on how it is defined, collaboration on the education of youth with disabilities between special educators, general educators, parents, students, and community service agency representatives may be considered rich or lean in activity and perceived utility. Profiles of three high schools, two urban and one rural, derived from analyses of administrator, teacher, parent, and student reports, suggest that some consistent patterns exist on the level of collaboration exercised as well as exemplary applications and systemic problems. Recommendations for research and implications for general practice are provided.
Ebb-tidal flow characteristics near inlets

The characteristics of turbulent jets issuing from tidal inlets are analysed by taking into account lateral mixing and entrainment, bottom friction, one-dimensional bathymetric changes and ambient currents. In the absence of depth variations, the jet expansion is exponential as a result of bottom friction. Increasing depths significantly counteract the rapid expansion due to friction, and there are circumstances in which the jet can go through stages of expansion and contraction with distance. Cross-currents in the receiving water body reduce the jet expansion rate and deflect it sideways. These and other results are discussed under the light of qualitative observations.
SPART analyzer: its application to aerodynamic size distribution measurement

Abstract The performance characteristics are described for a recently developed prototype instrument, the single particle aerodynamic relaxation time (SPART) analyzer. The analyzer can measure aerodynamic diameters of particulates in real time in the size range 0.2–10.0 μm at a maximum count rate of 200 particles per second.
The systematic significance of seed morphology in Sagina (Caryophyllaceae) under scanning electron microscopy

The seed morphology of 15 species ofSagina from North America, Europe, and eastern Asia was studied, utilizing the scanning electron microscope, to determine the significance of seed coat features as taxonomic characters. There is variation in particular surface features within some members of the genus. However, superficial ridges and tubercules exhibit patterns very helpful in determining relationships among some species. Two basic seed types occur in the genus and are diagnostic at the sectional level. The saginoid seed, characteristic of sectionSagina, is obliquely triangular in outline, is grooved along the two dorsal ridges, and has slightly concave lateral surfaces. The crassuloid seed, characteristic of sectionMaxima, is obliquely reniform in outline, lacks dorsal grooves, and has shallowly convex lateral surfaces.
SmartAnalyzer: A noninvasive security threat analyzer for AMI smart grid

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is the core component in smart grid that exhibits highly complex network configurations comprising of heterogeneous cyber-physical components. These components are interconnected through different communication media, protocols, and secure tunnels, and they are operated using different data delivery modes and security policies. The inherent complexity and heterogeneity in AMI significantly increase the potential of security threats due to misconfiguration or absence of defense, which may cause devastating damage to AMI. Therefore, there is a need of creating a formal model that can represent the global behavior of AMI configuration in order to verify the potential threats. In this paper, we present SmartAnalyzer, a formal security analysis tool, which offers manifold contributions: (i) formal modeling of AMI configuration including device configurations, topology, communication properties, interactions between the devices, data flows, and security properties; (ii) formal modeling of AMI invariant and user-driven constraints based on the interdependencies between AMI device configurations, security properties, and security control guidelines; (iii) verifying the AMI configuration's compliances with security constraints using Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver; (iv) generating a comprehensive security threat report with possible remediation plan based on the verification results. The accuracy, scalability, and usability of the tool are evaluated on real smart grid environment and synthetic test networks.
A simple formula for predicting resonant frequencies of a rectangular plate with uniformly restrained edges

Abstract This paper provides empirical formulas for rapidly calculating the resonant frequencies of an orthotropic, rectangular plate with its edges constrained by elastic supports. In particular, the classical boundary condition with guided supports at its edges is considered. Other boundary conditions, such as the guided–free edges, guided–clamped edges and guided–free support edges have also been included in the present study. Simple and closed form empirical formulas have been derived to allow straightforward computations of the modal resonant frequencies. The empirical formulas are based on the analytical results obtained from the Rayleigh–Ritz method. However, the coefficient is determined empirically from the results obtained by other more accurate computational scheme, e.g. finite element method. The method is further generalized to predict the resonant frequencies for general boundary conditions of a square, orthotropic plate.
Age Does Not Alter Acetaminophen Absorption

Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (age range, 22-78 years) received 650 mg of acetaminophen (AAP) on three separate occasions. The modes of administration were 1) intravenous, 5-minute infusion; 2) oral, with two 325-mg tablets; and 3) oral, with 650 mg as an elixir preparation. Plasma levels of AAP were determined in blood samples drawn up to 12 hours after the dose. The mean (+/- sd) kinetic variables for absorption of AAP from tablets in young and elderly were peak plasma concentration, 11.8 (+/- 4.2) vs 10.9 (+/- 4.1) micrograms/ml; peak time, 0.79 (+/- .54) vs 0.69 (+/- .40) hours after the dose; absorption half-life, 12.6 (+/- 9.8) vs. 8.2 (+/- 5.3) minutes; and absolute systemic availability, 79 (+/- 9) vs 72 (+/- 11) per cent. For AAP elixir, the corresponding values were 12.6 (+/- 5.4) vs 13.7 (+/- 6.0) micrograms/ml; 0.52 (+/- .24) vs 0.54 (+/- .51) hours; 8.6 (+/- 6.2) vs 6.1 (+/- 6.6) minutes; and 87 (+/- 9) vs 80 (+/- 9) per cent. Absolute bioavailability of both oral dosage forms was significantly less then 100 per cent in all groups. Elderly subjects tended to show lower availability of both oral preparations, but the difference was of borderline significance (P less than .50). Age did not influence any other measures of absorption. Since the absorption rate of acetaminophen may be indicative of the gastric emptying rate, age does not appear to alter this rate-limiting step in drug absorption.
Maternal depression: an old problem that merits increased recognition by child healthcare practitioners.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Maternal depression is an old problem that has received heightened public attention in recent years. Although the prevalence of maternal depression remains considerable, healthcare providers continue to underrecognize and undertreat women with this condition. Currently there is increasing political as well as international support for further study to understand depression and its impact on those directly and indirectly involved. This article will review the magnitude, impact, and suggested screening interventions for maternal depression. RECENT FINDINGS Various studies and reviews have documented the prevalence of maternal depression as well as the underrecognition and undertreatment of the problem. The barriers that contribute to this can be related to the individual, the provider, as well as the healthcare delivery system. Depression and even depressive symptoms have been well documented to have deleterious impacts in several domains. These include maternal-child relationships, parenting practices, family functioning, and even children's general development and well-being. SUMMARY The care of the mother has not been in the conventional scope of practice for pediatricians. However, child healthcare practitioners play a crucial rule in delivering family-oriented care, including the identification and referral of parents for emotional health problems that adversely affect children and family well-being.
Self-assembled monolayer and multilayer thin films on aluminum 2024-T3 substrates and their corrosion resistance study

Aluminum alloy 2024-T3 substrates were modified with self-assembled monolayer or multilayer thin films from four different alkylsilane compounds, octadecyltrichlorosilane (C18SiCl3), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18Si(OMe)3), octyltrimethoxysilane (C8Si(OMe)3) and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (C18SiMe2Cl). The water contact angle of the aluminum surface increased substantially after modification by the two trimethoxysilane compounds and trichrolosilane C18SiCl3, but decreased after the modification with monochlorosilane C18SiMe2Cl. Potentiodynamic polarization test, prohesion exposure, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies revealed that the corrosion resistance of the C18SiCl3-modified aluminum alloy substrates improved significantly compared to the unmodified and the two trimethoxysilane-modified aluminum alloy samples. The C18SiMe2Cl-modified substrate also exhibited an improved corrosion resistance compared to the unmodified ones. While extensive corrosion appeared on the unmodified aluminum alloy samples after only 20–30 h of prohesion exposure, early stage corrosion was observed from C18SiCl3-modified samples after 150–200 h of prohesion exposure and C18SiMe2Cl-modified samples after 80 h of prohesion exposure. Based on the results obtained so far, it is believed that a mixed monolayer or multilayer thin film with opposite molecular orientations was formed through the self-assembling of alkylsilane molecules on the aluminum 2024-T3 surface.
Stress-Induced Polytypic Transformation in Sic

Deformation experiments were carried out on 6H-SiC single crystals and the deformed samples were examined by electron-optical techniques to verify any evidence for stress-induced polytypic transformation.
Teaching a Child with Autism to Request Breaks While Concurrently Increasing Task Engagement.

Purpose An intervention package, including teaching break requests and tolerance for delay in reinforcement delivery to increase task engagement, was implemented with a 4-year-old child with an autism spectrum disorder who did not engage for a duration commensurate with individual education program team expectations. Method A multiple-probe design across tasks was implemented. Dependent measures taken included engagement duration and the production of spoken break requests after work completion. Intervention was implemented with tasks involving short periods of engagement prior to the learner's disengagement. The possibility of the learner's overgeneralized production of break requests with tasks originally associated with longer engagement was also examined. Results The participant learned to request breaks in short engagement tasks. In addition, engagement increased dramatically without off-task behavior. Overgeneralized use of break requests with long engagement tasks did not occur. Generalization of b...
Incorporating user costs in preference models for service alternatives

Services are often distinguished from goods by the involvement of the consumer in the production and delivery process. Since the net benefits derived by consumers depend upon their effectiveness and efficiency in fulfilling their required roles, preferences for and choice of alternative services should reflect their effort. We propose a model of preference which incorporatesuser costs, which reflect consumers' efforts, or a corresponding universal set ofuser service dimensions, which reflect attributes of the service that impinge on these user costs. We apply this model to a small-scale study of services for the transfer of written material. The findings demonstrate the ability to treat rigorously essential aspects of services, with implications for the management of services, and for further research.
Eicosanoid Levels in CSF of Premature Infants with Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 11 premature infants suffering from posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was examined by radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, PGD2, 6-keto PGFlα, thromboxane B2(TxB2) and peptidoleukotrienes (LTC4/LTD4). The LTs were detected in the CSF of more of these patients (70%) than any of the other eicosanoids, and usually in the highest concentration. Among the 11 posthemorrhagic patients CSF eicosanoid levels were highest when determined soon after injury. Moreover, the variety of eicosanoids present, as well as concentrations, in these infants decreased with time. The types of eicosanoids most evident in the CSF of patients who required shunting were TxB2 and LTs, being present together in 5 of 6 (83%) of these infants. In contrast, 1 of 5 (20%) of the patients who did not require this neurosurgical intervention contained both TxB2 and LTs, the remaining having only one or neither eicosanoid. The highest average concentration for each eicosanoid studied was (pg/ml): PGE2, 628; PGF2α, 985; PGD2, 1410; 6-keto PGFlα, 544; TxB2, 486 and LTs, 1229. This study is the first to demonstrate that the CSF of preterm infants may contain a wide variety of eicosanoids and indicates that these lipids are a manifestation of neurological assault.
Thiol-Vinyl Mechanisms. 2. Kinetic Modeling of Ternary Thiol-Vinyl Photopolymerizations

A framework is developed to understand and predict the photopolymerization kinetics of ternary thiol−vinyl systems: thiol−ene−ene and thiol−ene−acrylate. Ternary thiol−vinyl photopolymerization systems of thiol−allyl ether−norbornene, thiol−vinyl ether−norbornene, and thiol−vinyl ether−acrylate monomer mixtures are experimentally characterized and successfully modeled. The kinetic rate parameters employed for modeling are experimentally obtained from rotating sector unsteady-state analysis and rate mechanisms of the corresponding binary mixtures. In thiol−ene−ene systems, the relative consumption of the ene functional groups is shown to be proportional to the respective propagation kinetic parameters of the ene monomers and independent of the chain transfer kinetic parameters. In the thiol−ene−acrylate systems that exhibit a mixed step-chain growth mechanism, the relative conversion of monomers is shown to depend on both the propagation and chain transfer kinetic parameters.
Message from the Program Chairs: S&P 2012

These proceedings contain the forty papers presented at the 33rd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, held at the Westin St Francis, San Francisco, CA on May 20-23, 2012. The Symposium on Security and Privacy (also known as "the Oakland Conference") has been for more than thirty years the top venue for the presentation of innovative security research. This year 307 papers were submitted. The quality of many of the papers made the selection process a real challenge in balancing fairness, completeness, and the reviewing load on the 52 members of the program committee. We used a multi-stage reviewing process, which enabled most of the reviewing effort to focus on the most competitive papers. As in the past, we followed a double-blind reviewing process, in which the authors of submitted papers were not visible to reviewers, and reviewers were similarly anonymous. The forty research papers accepted reflect the breadth and depth of the security research community. Papers span topics from hardware security to vulnerability analysis, to privacy in social networks, using techniques ranging from cryptography to machine learning, to formal methods. The Systematization of Knowledge papers, initially introduced in the 2010 edition of the Symposium, emphasize work that provides a high value to our community by evaluating, systematizing, and contextualizing existing knowledge, as distinct from the emphasis on research novelty, which is the primary criteria for research papers. These papers underwent the same rigorous review process as the research papers. The seven accepted SoK papers reflect on the state of the art and identify new research directions.
Competitiveness and compensation in decision making: A fuzzy set based interpretation

Abstract The multiple objective decision problem is investigated—particularly the question of the form of the decision function. Different models are investigated. The relationship of competitiveness and compensation to the form of the models is studied. Differing methods of including distinctions between objectives are discussed.
The stochastic U-line balancing problem: A heuristic procedure

Many heuristics have been proposed for the assembly line balancing problem due to its computational complexity and difficulty in identifying an optimal solution. Still, the basic line balancing model fails to consider a number of realistic elements. The implementation of a Just-In-Time manufacturing system generally entails the replacement of traditional straight assembly lines with U-shaped lines. An important issue in the U-line balancing problem is the consideration of task time variability due to human factors or various disruptions. In this paper, we consider the stochastic U-line balancing problem. A hybrid heuristic is presented consisting of an initial feasible solution module and a solution improvement module. To gain insight into its performance, we analyze the heuristic under different scenarios of task time variability. Computational results clearly demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of our algorithm.
Continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry of carbon dioxide trapped as strontium carbonate

Abstract The isotopic signal provided by differential discrimination against atmospheric carbon dioxide (13CO2) by C3 and C4 plant photosynthetic pathways is being widely used to study the processes of carbon (C) fixation, soil organic matter formation, and mineralization in nature. These studies have been facilitated by the availability of automated C and nitrogen (N) combustion analyzers (ANCA) combined with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometers (CFIRMS). Analysis of 13CO2 in these instruments requires consistent sample mass for best precision, a requirement that is easily satisfied for soil and tissue samples by adjusting sample weight. Consistent CO2 sample size is much more difficult to achieve using gas handling systems for samples of headspace gases when CO2 concentrations vary widely. Long storage of gaseous samples also is difficult. Extended respiration studies are most easily conducted by trapping CO2 in alkali and conversion to an insoluble carbonate. Thermal decomposition of the ca...
Cardiovascular determinants of the hemodynamic response to acute endotoxemia in the dog

The cardiovascular changes that occur early in hyperdynamic, hypotensive septic shock are poorly understood. In a splenectomized but otherwise intact pentobarbital-anesthetized canine model (n = 11), we simultaneously characterized the determinants of ventricular and peripheral vascular function in response to a bolus infusion of E. coli endotoxin (1.0 mg/kg). Right-ventricular (RV) and left-ventricular (LV) stroke volumes were measured by electromagnetic flow probes. Instantaneous RV function and venous return curves 1,2 and steady state arterial pressure-flow (P/Q) and LV function curves were generated by incremental volume loading both before (control) and 30 minutes after (endo) endotoxin infusion. Blood volume (BV) was determined by indicator dilution. Within five minutes of endotoxin infusion, hypotension and hypoperfusion developed because of a decrease in mean systemic pressure (P ma ) with no change in ventricular function of the arterial P/Q relation. However, after 30 minutes endo, compared with control, cardiac output increased (2.4 ± .3 to 3.2 ± .3 L/min, x ± XE. P P ma decreased further (11.3 ± 0.9 to 9.5 ± 0.9 mm Hg, P ma ) was unchanged. Ventricular stroke volumes at similar filling pressures were increased ( P
The “motivated bias” dilemma in warfare and intelligence

The goal of this article is to challenge the assumption of rationality in the behavior of decision-making units involved in security, defense, intelligence and warfare and to consider the influence of “motivated bias” in such instances. A review of motivational literature within international politics and a discussion of literature applying “motivated biases” to warfare and strategic surprise will offer an alternative view of the primacy of rationality in such decisions.
Localization of long-chain fatty acids and unconventional sterols in spherulous cells of a marine sponge.

The first direct evidence is provided for the presence of unconventional lipids in a particular subcellular membrane system of a sponge. Spherulous cells were isolated from the variety of cell types present in the marine spongeAplysina fistularis by density gradient centrifugation. Spherulous cell plasma membrane was subsequently isolated by cell rupture followed by differential centrifugation and sucrose, or Percoll, density gradient ultracentrifugation. Plasma membrane isolates were identified and assessed for purity using [3H] concanavalin A plasma membrane marker, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ratios of protein, sterol and phosphate. Plasma membrane isolates could not be assessed for purity by traditional enzymatic means. Spherulous cell plasma membrane was found to contain unusual lipids, including long-chain (C24–C30) fatty acids (16.8–27.2%) and unconventional 26-alkylated sterols (66.4–72.6%), in addition to more conventional fatty acids and sterols. Spherulous cell intracellular membranes were also found to contain long-chain fatty acids and unconventional sterols, although the relative importance of these unusual lipids apparently varies between intracellular membranes, with some containing approximately 50% long-chain acids.
Measurement of the Intensity of High Frequency Magnetic Fields

Two methods are developed for the measurement of the intensity of magnetic fields produced by currents of frequencies from 10 to 25 megacycles.By the first method, the current in a coil is computed from vacuum tube voltmeter readings of potential drop across a standard inductance. The values for current thus obtained are compared with readings of thermo-ammeters in the range for which they are calibrated. For larger currents, the instruments are shunted and calibrated for particular wave-lengths by the standard inductance method. From these known values of current the intensities of the fields which they produce are computed.By the second method, the e.m.f. induced in a single turn coil placed in the field to be measured is indicated by a vacuum tube voltmeter. The field intensity necessary to induce the observed e.m.f. is computed. Good agreement is found between the results obtained by the two methods.Improvements are made in vacuum tube voltmeter design which make possible their use in voltage measurements at frequencies as high as 25 megacycles.Information regarding current distribution in a coil is obtained.
Studies on Red Light Interruption in Relation to Timing Mechanisms Involved in the Photoperiodic Response of Pharbitis nil

In a previous paper (2) it has been suggested that at least 3 kinds of timing mechanisms are involved in the photoperiodic response of Pharbitis nil. The first timing component is similar to an hourglass in that a linear increase in the flowering response results with increasing duration of the dark period. This component is very sensitive to temperature. The second component is an endogenous circadian rhythm which starts at the beginning of the light period, and for which the temperature sensitivity has not been determined. The third component, which is temperature insensitive, starts at the beginning of the dark period and has a very light sensitive phase with the maximum sensitivity about 8 hours after the onset of darkness. The first and the second components have been detected by giving different lengths of dark periods, and the third component by giving a red light interruption during 24- or 48-hour dark periods. In the previous paper (2) an effect of red light interruptions given during the last half of a 48-hour dark period was noted but was not discussed. The present experiments were designed to obtain more detailed information on these timing mechanisms with emphasis upon the effects of red light interruptions given at different times during a long dark period.
The Sliding Filament Model: 1972–2004

This review will describe the investigation of the mechanism of muscle contraction and cell motility from 1972 to the present. The preceding article in this issue by Andrew Szent-Gyorgyi covers the period up to 1972. In 1972 the field of actomyosin interactions was summarized in a conference at Cold
Characteristics of ice hockey-related injuries treated in US emergency departments, 2001-2002.

Objective. Ice hockey, a popular sport in some regions, has potential for injury due to the velocities of players, pucks, and sticks. Previous studies conducted worldwide have shown that the rate of injury increases as the size and the speed of players increase, as well as when checking is allowed. However, national data about the annual number and types of injuries among ice hockey players are lacking. Data from previous studies were collected from regional tournaments, collegiate teams, local emergency departments (EDs), and different countries. The purpose of this article is to examine ice hockey injuries using a national US database to determine the age distribution of total injuries, injury types, and body regions injured, with a particular focus on ice hockey players Methods. Data regarding ice hockey–related injuries treated in US EDs between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2002, were extracted from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Data considered included age, gender, race, injury diagnosis, and body region injured. Ice hockey–related injury cases were identified using the consumer product code for ice hockey and the narrative description of the incident in NEISS. Results. An estimated 32 750 individuals with ice hockey–related injuries were treated in US EDs in 2001–2002, including >18 000 youths Conclusions. Adolescents had the greatest number of ice hockey–related injuries treated in NEISS hospital EDs in 2001–2002; thus, ongoing efforts to develop injury prevention strategies should focus on this age group. Players ≤17 years old had a lower percentage of lacerations compared with all older players and a higher percentage of upper extremity injuries. The percentage of individuals hospitalized after injury was very low, yet youths
Measures of follow-up in time-to-event studies: Why provide them and what should they be?

Background/Aims:There is some consensus among authors of reports of clinical studies that a measure of follow-up time is informative for the interpretation of the Kaplan–Meier estimate of the survivor function of the event time of interest. Previous authors have suggested that length of follow-up is important to report because the findings of a study should be extracted from the time frame in which most of the subjects have had the event or have remained under observation. This time frame is where the Kaplan–Meier estimate is most stable. This concept of stability is relative to the potential maximum information about the event time distribution contained in the sample; it is not relative to the true, population survivor function. A measure of stability is useful for the interpretation of an interim analysis in which an immature survivor function is presented. Our interest in this article lies in characterizing the unobserved, complete follow-up Kaplan–Meier estimate based on the observed, partial follow-...
Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus for cancer therapy: old challenges and new directions

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus, which has been demonstrated to possess significant oncolytic activity against mammalian cancers. This review summarizes the research leading to the elucidation of the mechanisms of NDV-mediated oncolysis, as well as the development of novel oncolytic agents through the use of genetic engineering. Clinical trials utilizing NDV strains and NDV-based autologous tumor cell vaccines will expand our knowledge of these novel anticancer strategies and will ultimately result in the successful use of the virus in the clinical setting.
The efficacy of 95-Hz topical vibration in pain reduction for trigger finger injection: a placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized trial.

Purpose To determine whether vibratory stimulation would decrease pain experienced by patients during corticosteroid injection for trigger finger. Methods A total of 90 trigger finger injections were randomized to 1 of 3 cohorts. With the injection, patients received no vibration (control group), ultrasound vibration (sham control group), or vibration (experimental group). We used a commercial handheld massaging device to provide a vibratory stimulus for the experimental group. We obtained visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores before and after injection to assess anticipated pain and actual pain experienced. Results Anticipated pain and actual pain did not differ significantly among groups. Anticipated VAS pain scores were 45, 48, and 50 and actual VAS pain scores were 56, 56, and 63 for the vibration, control, and sham control groups, respectively. When normalized using anchoring VAS pain scores for "stubbing a toe" or "paper cut," no between-group differences remained in injection pain scores. Conclusions Concomitant vibratory stimulation does not reduce pain experienced during corticosteroid injections for trigger finger. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Controversies and Clinical Considerations

A new guideline for the treatment of blood cholesterol was recently released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), serving as an update to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III cholesterol guideline first released in 2001. With significant changes to key definitions, treatment strategy, and therapy selection, the guideline has transformed the treatment of blood cholesterol and also created controversy within the health care community. This controversy is largely focused on appropriate identification and treatment of patients for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Whereas statins play an integral role in the treatment and secondary prevention of ASCVD, their use for primary prevention is less clearly defined. It is imperative that health care providers are well versed in the concepts and controversies of the new guideline recommendations for primary prevention of ASCVD and can effe...