cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Transformations in Multiparameter Data Sorting

A major problem in multiparameter data sorting is the excessive computer memory space required for all of the available information. This paper describes a sorting technique which is useful if the information in one parameter can be represented by a simple distribution which can be described by the coefficients of an appropriate transformation. It is possible to compute the coefficients without accumulating the data in spectral form. For example, consider a three parameter experiment where the events are characterized by x, y and f(x,y). Suppose that the purpose of the experiment is to map the amplitude, mean, standard deviation, skew and kurtosis of f(x,y) over the x-y plane. It is necessary to reserve only five words in the computer memory for each location in the x-y plane. During the sorting process, the quantities accumulated in these five registers are ?a0i, ?a1i, ?a2i, ?a3i, ?a4i, where ai is the digital value of f(x,y) for the ith event. Use of the Gauss-Hermite quadrature and the Fourier transformation are discussed and illustrated by an example (the measurement of secondary electron yields as a function of fission fragment mass and energy).
Remarks on formulating an adhesion problem using Euler¿s elastica (draft)

Abstract Three formulations for the problem of an elastica adhering to a rigid surface are discussed and compared. These include stationary principles, the surface integral of Eshelby’s energy-momentum tensor, and the material (configurational) force balance. The configuration at static equilibrium is predicted in closed form for a pair of structures that arise in nano- and microscale applications.
Changing Minds: Cognitive Systems and Strategic Change in Contention over Workfare in New York City

Combining recent and foundational work in cultural theory in social movement research and cognitive psychology, this paper presents a synthetic model of cognitive processes in the context of political contention. Despite broad interest in the intersection between culture and cognition, and in the cultural dynamics of social movements, there has been little systematic effort to understand the cognitive processes of change in social movement settings. The paper constructs and illustrates a model of cognitive change with reference to a case study of opposition to workfare in New York City, where the legal and political construction of workfare workers has been marked by considerable ambiguity. In tracing the ways in which activists changed their minds about strategy and definitions, the paper integrates environmental, cognitive, and relational dynamics in explanations of political contention to advance a non-individualist, broadly materialist and pragmatist theory of cognitive development.
Overactive Bladder Prevalence after Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

In this review, we set out to address the clinically complex question of how patients with overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) fare with respect to symptomatic improvement after surgical treatment of POP. Our objectives are to use the current literature to define appropriate patient expectations for improvement and cure and to look for factors predicting divergent outcomes, with the goal of offering realistic preoperative patient counseling. Secondary aims include highlighting areas of needed research, defining outcome measures, and examining theories regarding the relationship between OAB and POP. Relevant original papers and review articles were identified by conducting a literature search using PubMed and Medline. The cause of OAB symptoms and the relationship between vaginal wall prolapse and OAB remain unclear. However, POP repair seems to improve the symptoms of OAB syndrome in 30% to 80% of patients, with a small but significant percentage of patients (≤20%) developing de novo symptoms of OAB.
Estrogen withdrawal selectively increases serotonin reactivity in rabbit basilar artery

Abstract Clinical observations and laboratory investigations suggest that gender and menstrual status modulate cerebrovascular reactivity. We prepared 7 groups of rabbits (I) males (II) oophorectomized untreated females, (III) testosterone treated oophorectomized females, (IV) superovulated females, (V) superovulated estrogen withdrawn females, (VI) estrogen treated oophorectomized females, and (VII) estrogen withdrawn females to mimic phases of the estrous cycle and compare cerebral basilar artery reactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in vitro. Basilar artery sensitivity to 5-HT vasoconstriction was increased in oophorectomized, acutely estrogen withdrawn females (Group VII) when compared to estrogen maintained and the other groups (p max and lower ED 50 for both NE and 5-HT regardless of hormonal manipulation. We conclude that estrogen withdrawal increases 5-HT vasoreactivity by an endothelium independent mechanism.
Pain, mindfulness, and spirituality: A randomized controlled trial comparing effects of mindfulness and relaxation on pain-related outcomes in migraineurs

In order to examine mindfulness as an intervention for pain, 107 migraineurs, predominantly college students, were randomly assigned to brief training in standardized mindfulness, spiritualized mindfulness, and simple relaxation instructions. After 2 weeks of daily practice, participants completed the cold-pressor task while practicing their assigned technique, and their experience of the task was assessed. Among the 74 study-completers, standardized mindfulness led to significantly reduced pain-related stress relative to simple relaxation, providing modest support for the utility of mindfulness in pain management. Pain-related outcomes in the spiritualized mindfulness condition were similar to those of standardized mindfulness, though spirituality did appear to enhance mindful awareness.
Development and evaluation of single domain antibodies for vaccinia and the L1 antigen.

There is ongoing interest to develop high affinity, thermal stable recognition elements to replace conventional antibodies in biothreat detection assays. As part of this effort, single domain antibodies that target vaccinia virus were developed. Two llamas were immunized with killed viral particles followed by boosts with the recombinant membrane protein, L1, to stimulate the immune response for envelope and membrane proteins of the virus. The variable domains of the induced heavy chain antibodies were selected from M13 phage display libraries developed from isolated RNA. Selection via biopanning on the L1 antigen produced single domain antibodies that were specific and had affinities ranging from 4×10−9 M to 7.0×10−10 M, as determined by surface plasmon resonance. Several showed good ability to refold after heat denaturation. These L1-binding single domain antibodies, however, failed to recognize the killed vaccinia antigen. Useful vaccinia binding single domain antibodies were isolated by a second selection using the killed virus as the target. The virus binding single domain antibodies were incorporated in sandwich assays as both capture and tracer using the MAGPIX system yielding limits of detection down to 4×105 pfu/ml, a four-fold improvement over the limit obtained using conventional antibodies. This work demonstrates the development of anti-vaccinia single domain antibodies and their incorporation into sandwich assays for viral detection. It also highlights the properties of high affinity and thermal stability that are hallmarks of single domain antibodies.
Comparison of Bayesian nonparametric estimates of the reliability with rival estimates

Abstract Suppose R is the strength of a component subject to a stress S, where S and R have distribution F and G respectively. A Monte Carlo comparison of the Bayes estimators of the reliability parameter P(S
Accelerated photo‐oxidation of polyethylene. I. Screening of degradation‐sensitizing additives

Numerous simple compounds have been shown to be capable of accelerating the photo-oxidation of polyethylene upon exposure to wavelengths near 300 nanometers. Probable mechanisms of photo-initiation by the principal classes of degradation-promoting additives are discussed.
Optimal fuzzy rules cover extrema

A fuzzy system approximates a function by covering the graph of the function with fuzzy rule patches and averaging patches that overlap. But the number of rules grows exponentially with the total number of input and output variables. the best rules cover the extrema or bumps in the function—they patch the bumps. For mean-squared approximation this follows from the mean value theorem of calculus. Optimal rules can help reduce the computational burden. to find them we can find or learn the zeroes of the derivative map and then center input fuzzy sets at these points. Neural systems can then both tune these rules and add rules to improve the function approximation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implications of a half-millisecond pulsar.

New models of rotating neutron stars show that only a surprisingly narrow range of possible equations of state (EOS's) can simultaneously allow a rotating neutron star with frequency as large as 1968 Hz and a spherical (nonrotating) neutron star with mass as large as 1.44${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$. The mass and baryon mass for the 1968-Hz models exceed 1.5${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$ and 1.7${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$, implying a progenitor mass g1.7${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$. Those EOS's that allowed 1968-Hz models have, for spherical stars, a stringent upper mass limit 1.7${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$. Each model at 1968 Hz has mass above the spherical upper mass limit for its EOS, implying collapse upon spin down.
Dacryocystifis Associated with Malignant Lymphoma of the Lacrimal Sac

Background: Tumors of the lacrimal sac are unusual, and lymphomas of the lacrimal sac are quite rare. Four patients with a history of well-differentiated, small cell lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia presented with either acute or chronic dacryocystitis and epiphora due to lymphomatous infiltration of the lacrimal sac. Methods: All four patients underwent dacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal sac biopsy. All tissues underwent complete histopathologic evaluation including immunohistochemical studies for cell surface markers and, in addition, were compared with previous biopsies performed for the initial diagnosis of lymphoma. Findings: All biopsies demonstrated small cell well-differentiated lymphoma on histologic and immunofluorescent examination. No patient demonstrated orbital involvement on computed tomography. One patient had previously diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and one patient demonstrated diffuse lymph node involvement on postoperative systemic evaluation. All four patients underwent additional chemotherapy. No recurrence of dacryocystitis or epiphora occurred. Conclusions: Four patients presented with dacryocystitis secondary to lacrimal sac lymphoma. Lymphomatous lacrimal sac infiltration is an unusual cause of dacryocystitis. Biopsy of the lacrimal sac plays a diagnostically important role in dacryocystorhinostomy even in the absence of obvious tumorous involvement of the lacrimal sac mucosa.
Plasma chemistry dependent ECR etching of GaN

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) etching of GaN in Cl{sub 2}/H{sub 2}/Ar, C1{sub 2}/SF{sub 6}/Ar, BCl{sub 3}/H{sub 2}/Ar and BCl{sub 3}/SF{sub 6}/Ar plasmas is reported as a function of percent H{sub 2} and SF{sub 6}. GaN etch rates were found to be 2 to 3 times greater in Cl{sub 2}/H{sub 2}/Ar discharges than in BCl{sub 3}/H{sub 2}/Ar discharges independent of the H{sub 2} concentration. In both discharges, the etch rates decreased as the H{sub 2} concentration increased above 10%. When SF{sub 6} was substituted for H{sub 2}, the GaN etch rates in BCl{sub 3}-based plasmas were greater than those for the Cl{sub 2}-based discharges as the SF{sub 6} concentration increased. GaN etch rates were greater in Cl{sub 2}/H{sub 2}/Ar discharges as compared to Cl{sub 2}SF{sub 6}/Ar discharges whereas the opposite trend was observed for BCl{sub 3}-based discharges. Variations in surface morphology and near-surface stoichiometry due to plasma chemistries were also investigated using atomic force microscopy and Auger spectroscopy, respectively.
Experiments with Compressively Sampled Images and a New Debluring-Denoising Algorithm

In this paper we will examine the effect of different parameters in the quality of real compressively sampled images in the compressed sensing framework. We will select a variety of different real images of different types and test the quality of the recovered images, the recovery time, and required resources when different measurement methods with different parameters are used or when different recovering methods are applied. Then we will propose an algorithm to reduce the noise in the recovered images and sharpen them simultaneously. The algorithm exploits a well-known bilateral filtering in order to increase the confidence in margins and edges, and then uses an adaptive unsharp mask method to sharpen the images. The adaptive unsharp mask method extends the ordinary unsharp mask method and uses machine learning square loss minimization and regression in order to learn the optimal unsharping parameters. We will argue why both bilateral filtering and unsharp mask methods should be used in the algorithm simultaneously. Finally, we will show the results of applying the algorithm on real images that are recovered using the compressed sensing method and we will interpret the experimental results.
GLOGS: a fast and powerful method for GWAS of binary traits with risk covariates in related populations

Summary: Mixed model-based approaches to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of binary traits in related individuals can account for non-genetic risk factors in an integrated manner. However, they are technically challenging. GLOGS (Genome-wide LOGistic mixed model/Score test) addresses such challenges with efficient statistical procedures and a parallel implementation. GLOGS has high power relative to alternative approaches as risk covariate effects increase, and can complete a GWAS in minutes. Availability: Source code and documentation are provided at
CONVECTIVE FLOW AND ITS EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE LOGGING IN SMALL‐DIAMETER WELLS

Critical thermal gradients for the onset of convection in small‐diameter wells are computed by means of an expression given by Krige (1939) and are shown graphically for water of several salinities and for glycerol. A series of field and laboratory tests in wells with diameters of 4.8 cm and 10.2 cm showed that water columns are unstable at temperature gradients as low as 0.003 °C/m. Magnitudes of thermal oscillations at higher gradients were as large as 0.49 °C, and apparent sizes of convection cells ranged up to 210 cm in height in a 10.2 cm cylinder and to 48 cm in wells 4.8 cm in diameter. Comparison of temperatures in adjacent wells showed temperature differences as great as 3 °C when thermal gradients were greater than the theoretical critical gradients. It is concluded that temperatures in the upper zone of deep wells may depart widely from ambient temperatures in the formations penetrated.
Visual vibrometry: Estimating material properties from small motions in video

The estimation of material properties is important for scene understanding, with many applications in vision, robotics, and structural engineering. This paper connects fundamentals of vibration mechanics with computer vision techniques in order to infer material properties from small, often imperceptible motion in video. Objects tend to vibrate in a set of preferred modes. The shapes and frequencies of these modes depend on the structure and material properties of an object. Focusing on the case where geometry is known or fixed, we show how information about an object's modes of vibration can be extracted from video and used to make inferences about that object's material properties. We demonstrate our approach by estimating material properties for a variety of rods and fabrics by passively observing their motion in high-speed and regular framerate video.
Complete genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain JDR-2

Paenibacillus sp. strain JDR-2, an aggressively xylanolytic bacterium isolated from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) wood, is able to efficiently depolymerize, assimilate and metabolize 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, the predominant structural component of hardwood hemicelluloses. A basis for this capability was first supported by the identification of genes and characterization of encoded enzymes and has been further defined by the sequencing and annotation of the complete genome, which we describe. In addition to genes implicated in the utilization of β-1,4-xylan, genes have also been identified for the utilization of other hemicellulosic polysaccharides. The genome of Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 contains 7,184,930 bp in a single replicon with 6,288 protein-coding and 122 RNA genes. Uniquely prominent are 874 genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. The prevalence and organization of these genes support a metabolic potential for bioprocessing of hemicellulose fractions derived from lignocellulosic resources.
Measurement-Based Short-Term Performance Prediction in Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract-Traditionally, the performance of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is measured by long-term averaged metrics, such as long-term averaged packet delivery ratio or throughput. However, due to the dynamic nature of the wireless networks, long-term averaged metrics cannot reflect the short-term behaviors of the network. In the meanwhile, the users may require a sustained performance for a certain period of time in many realtime applications. Prediction of network performance of WMNs at the level of individual flows in a small time granularity becomes very important, but is missing in the literature. In this paper, we propose a measurement-based model to predict the shortterm performance of both goodput and packet loss for individual flows in WMNs. This model captures the complex dependencies among the different queues in the system, traffic demand, and wireless interference in the network. We developed two tools Rater and CalMedium to calculate the probabilities of packet loss along all the layers in the protocol stack at each node. Real-world experiments on an indoor mesh network testbed demonstrate that our prediction method can achieve accurate performance prediction under both single-flow and multiple-flow scenarios. We also discuss two application examples of utilizing our prediction model: finding the bottleneck rate of a flow and admission control.
Atomic layer deposition enabled interconnect technology for vertical nanowire array devices

In this study, we have demonstrated atomic layer deposition (ALD) enabled interconnection technology for vertical, as-grown c-axis oriented GaN nanowire (NW) arrays encapsulated by Benzocyclobutene (BCB). The nano-scaled ALD multilayer is essential to provide conformal dielectric/conductor coverage and precise thickness control for NW interconnects. Cross-sectional images taken in a focused ion beam (FIB) tool and resistance measurement performed on the NW devices confirms the conformality of ALD-W films. This interconnect technology can be applied to different vertical nanowire array devices, such as nanowire light emitting diodes (LEDs), metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), resonator or solid state super-capacitors.
On nonlinear direct-sequence detectors in arbitrary power-limited interference

Communication over a waveform channel corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise and by an unknown and arbitrary interference of bounded power is considered. For this channel, an upper bound is presented for the worst-case error probability of a communication system comprising a direct-sequence spread spectrum modulator and a nonlinear correlation receiver. It is shown that this bound is exponentially tight as the number of chips used in the modulator becomes large. This bound is evaluated for several detector nonlinearities. Numerical examples and comparisons to the performance of a pure Gaussian noise channel are also given.
Flow cytometric determination of metallothionein levels in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: utility in environmental exposure assessment.

Metallothioneins (MT) are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight proteins that exhibit high binding affinities for heavy metal ions. The expression of these cysteine-rich proteins is induced in response to various types of chemical and physical stresses and therefore can be used to assess human exposure to cytotoxic environmental agents. In the current study, MT levels of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined using an MT-specific antibody and flow cytometry. Treatment of human whole blood ex vivo with CdCl2 was found to induce a concentration- and time-dependent increase in lymphocyte MT levels at concentrations as low as 0.3 mu M and within a 12-h period. Interestingly, differences were observed in the magnitude of cadmium-induced MT levels in the lymphocytes of six human test subjects. Two members of the study population exhibited CdCl2-induced cellular MT levels that were up to twofold greater than the lymphocytes of other human subjects. While the lymphocytes of most test subjects exhibited a s...
A murine model of myeloma that allows genetic manipulation of the host microenvironment

Multiple myeloma, and the associated osteolytic bone disease, is highly dependent upon cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment. A major limitation of existing myeloma models is the requirement for a specific host strain of mouse, preventing molecular examination of the bone marrow microenvironment. The aim of the current study was to develop a model of myeloma in which the host microenvironment could be modified genetically. The Radl 5T murine model of myeloma is well characterized and closely mimics human myeloma. In the current study, we demonstrate 5T myeloma establishment in recombination activating gene 2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice, which have improper B- and T-cell development. Importantly, these mice can be easily bred with genetically modified mice to generate double knockout mice, allowing manipulation of the host microenvironment at a molecular level. Inoculation of 5TGM1 myeloma cells into RAG-2(-/-) mice resulted in myeloma development, which was associated with tumor growth within bone and an osteolytic bone disease, as assessed by microcomputed tomography (microCT), histology and histomorphometry. Myeloma-bearing RAG-2(-/-) mice displayed many features that were similar to both human myeloma and the original Radl 5T model. To demonstrate the use of this model, we have examined the effect of host-derived matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the development of myeloma in vivo. Inoculation of 5TGM1 myeloma cells into mice that are deficient in RAG-2 and MMP-9 resulted in a reduction in both tumor burden and osteolytic bone disease when compared with RAG-2-deficient wild-type myeloma-bearing mice. The establishment of myeloma in RAG-2(-/-) mice permits molecular examination of the host contribution to myeloma pathogenesis in vivo.
Using current protection status to assess conservation priorities

Abstract Several recent studies base assessment of conservation priorities primarily on the current protection status of vertebrate species and vegetation communities. Our objective was to compare prioritization using current protection status alone with prioritization using more traditional methods. We mapped land cover of Washington State at a 100 ha minimum mapping unit using 1991 Landsat satellite thematic mapper imagery, and modeled the distributions of all breeding terrestrial vertebrates in the State using the land cover map. We determined the level of protection for each vertebrate species based on its current modeled distribution and for vegetation communities based on their current mapped distribution. We also compiled subjective lists of vertebrate species most at risk from human activities and vertebrate species most well-adapted to human activities, and we used information about potential vegetation and historic conditions to determine past anthropogenic conversion of vegetation communities. We concluded that, while knowledge of current protection status is critical for assessing conservation priorities, use of such information without ecological context (potential vegetation and historic conditions for vegetation and habitat requirements, population trends, and historic distribution for vertebrates) can give results that would direct scarce conservation resources to species and communities unlikely to need protection in the foreseeable future.
Rho-Dependent Contractile Responses in the Neuronal Growth Cone Are Independent of Classical Peripheral Retrograde Actin Flow

Rho family GTPases have been implicated in neuronal growth cone guidance; however, the underlying cytoskeletal mechanisms are unclear. We have used multimode fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) to directly address this problem. We report that actin arcs that form in the transition zone are incorporated into central actin bundles in the C domain. These actin structures are Rho/Rho Kinase (ROCK) effectors. Specifically, LPA mediates growth cone retraction by ROCK-dependent increases in actin arc and central actin bundle contractility and stability. In addition, these treatments had marked effects on MT organization as a consequence of strong MT-actin arc interactions. In contrast, LPA or constitutively active Rho had no effect on P domain retrograde actin flow or filopodium bundle number. This study reveals a novel mechanism for domain-specific spatial control of actin-based motility in the growth cone with implications for understanding chemorepellant growth cone responses and nerve regeneration.
Advances in Analysis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides in human milk strongly influence the composition of the gut microflora of neonates. Because it is now clear that the microflora play important roles in the development of the infant immune system, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are studied frequently. Milk samples contain complex mixtures of HMO, usually comprising several isomeric structures that can be either linear or branched. Traditionally, HMO profiling was performed using HPLC with fluorescence or UV detection. By using porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography MS, it is now possible to separate and identify most of the isomers, facilitating linkage-specific analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis allows fast profiling, but does not allow isomer separation. Novel MS fragmentation techniques have facilitated structural characterization of HMO that are present at lower concentrations. These techniques now facilitate more accurate studies of HMO consumption as well as Lewis blood group determinations.
Classification of macromolecular assemblies studied as ‘single particles’

In order to study proteins that do not occur in two- or three-dimensionally ordered form, one may take two different approaches: either search for conditions that induce the formation of crystals, and proceed with the established methods of X-ray or electron crystallography, or attempt to study the molecules in the form of single particles with the EM. Although many proteins have been successfully crystallized, and some general recipes for inducing ordered arrangement have been found (Mannella, 1984; Uzgiris & Kornberg, 1983), there exists a large number of proteins and protein assemblies that have resisted such attempts for a long time. Furthermore, there are macromolecular assemblies, associated with membranes and engaged in switching or gating, whose function is tied to their occurrence in isolated form, and hence are best studied without extraction from the membrane. For these reasons, the single-particle approach to the study of macromolecular structure (Frank et al. 1978, 1981; Radermacher et al. 1987a, b; for recent reviews, see Frank et al. 1985, 1988e; Frank, 1989) has found numerous applications after initial technical and conceptual hurdles were overcome. Although atomic resolution cannot be achieved with this approach for a variety of reasons, a quantitative description of architecture on the quaternary level is nevertheless possible, as exemplified in the 3D studies of ribosomal particles (overviews, see Frank et al. 1988a) and, most recently, the junctional channel complex (Wagenknecht et al. 1989a).
Rapid microwave-assisted sol–gel preparation of Pd-substituted LnFeO3 (Ln = Y, La): phase formation and catalytic activity

We present a rapid microwave-assisted sol–gel approach to Pd-substituted LnFeO3 (Ln = Y, La) for applications in C–C coupling reactions. These materials could be prepared in household microwave ovens in less than 15 minutes of reaction time with the final materials displaying well-defined structure and morphology. Phase evolution was studied using time-dependent microwave heatings and then compared with the results obtained from thermogravimetric analyses. Materials were confirmed to be phase pure by laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Substituted Pd is ionic as shown by the binding energy shift from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The short heating periods required for phase purity allow these materials less time for sintering as compared to conventional solid state preparation methods, making relatively high surface areas achievable. These materials have been successfully used as catalyst precursor materials for C–C coupling reactions in which the active species is Pd0. Pd-substituted LnFeO3 (Ln = Y, La) provides Pd0 in solution which can be complexed by the ligand SPhos, allowing for aryl chloride coupling.
Excitation amplitude imaging condition for prestack reverse-time migration

ABSTRACTAn implicitly stable ratio imaging condition for prestack reverse-time migration (RTM) was defined using excitation criteria. Amplitude maxima and their corresponding occurrence times were saved at each grid point during forward source wavefield extrapolation. Application of the imaging condition involves dividing the amplitudes of the back-propagated receiver wavefield by the precomputed maximum source wavefield amplitude only at the grid points that satisfy the image time at each time step. The division normalizes by the source amplitude, so only the highest signal-to-noise ratio portion of the data is used. Provided that the source and receiver wavefield amplitudes are accurate at the reflection points, the peak wavelet amplitudes in the migrated image are the angle-dependent reflection coefficients and low wavenumber artifacts are significantly reduced compared to those in images calculated by crosscorrelation. Using excitation information and time-binning for the imaging condition improves co...
Pressure-flow characteristics of /m/ and /p/ production in speakers without cleft palate: developmental findings.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the pressure-flow characteristics of a large sample of speakers without cleft palate ranging in age from early childhood to young adulthood. Method: Speakers consisted of 223 children, teens, and adults without cleft palate categorized into five age groups: 6 through 8 years, 9 through 10, 11 through 12, 13 through 16, and 18 through 37 years. Speakers produced the syllables /mi/, /pi/, and /p∧/, the word “hamper,” and the sentence “Peep into the hamper.” The pressure-flow method was used to determine oral air pressure, nasal airflow, and estimates of velopharyngeal (VP) orifice size associated with /m/ and /p/ production. Descriptive statistics were computed for each age group and speech sample. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures were used to determine the effects of age, sex, and production level (word versus sentence) on the aerodynamic variables. Results: ANOVA procedures indicated significant main effects (p < .01) of age on most of t...
Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation

M. Festa-Bianchet, M. Apollonio (eds.). 2003. Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 380pp. ISBN 1-55963-959-8, price (paper), $35.00. Efforts to link behavioral ecology and conservation biology have been ongoing for nearly a decade, including a dedicated section in Oikos (Ulfstrand 1996), several reviews (Caro 1999; Curio 1996; Sutherland 1998), and 3 full volumes (Caro 1998; Clemmons and Buchholz 1997; Gosling and Sutherland 2000). Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation is the latest contribution to this rapidly growing field. Like the 3 previous books. Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation is a multiauthored, edited volume. Its genesis was a workshop held in Erice, Sicily, in 2000, for which the authors were asked to review the theoretical foundations of their subject, explore its implications for wildlife conservation and emphasize both the advantages and limitations of applying knowledge in animal behavior to conservation. The final result, supplemented by a few additional contributions, is a compilation of 15 chapters, arranged in 5 parts, with introductory and concluding chapters by the editors. Part I considers why behavior is important for conservation and contains the introduction by the editors and an overview of adaptive behavior and population viability (Gosling). The latter would make an excellent companion to the previous reviews by Sutherland (1998) and Caro (1999) for anyone seeking a comprehensive summary of the role of behavior in conservation for a graduate or undergraduate lecture. Part II considers resource-use strategies in space and time, emphasizing the roles of dispersal (Woodroffe), migration (Luschi), and movement (Desrochers), with additional chapters on reproductive behavior and the conservation of …
Effect of the E3 Fitness Grips on Running Economy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the E3 Fitness Grips (BioGrip, Inc., Rancho Cordova, CA) on running economy, as measured by oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate (HR) during submaximal treadmill running. Eleven subjects, seven female and four male, completed a submaximal running test on a treadmill while VO2 and HR were measured continuously. After achieving steady-state at a speed and grade that elicited a VO2 equivalent to 70% VO2max, the subjects ran for five minutes holding the E3 Fitness Grips (G) and five minutes without the grips (NG). The tests were counterbalanced so half of the subjects held the grips first and half completed the NG condition first. The difference in VO2 and HR between the G and NG conditions were compared to determine the effect on running economy. The mean VO2 (33.2±4.6 vs. 33.2±4.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1), p=0.96) and mean HR (172.0±8.9 vs. 172.8±8.9 beats·min(-1), p=0.38) were not significantly different between the G and NG conditions during submaximal running. These findings suggest that the E3 Fitness Grips do not significantly alter running economy, as measured by VO2, or HR during submaximal treadmill running.
Biologically enabled micro- and nanostencil lithography using diatoms

Abstract The development of a biologically enabled micro- and nanostencil lithography approach using diatoms is demonstrated. Diatom frustules are initially purified, sorted, and aligned into compact monolayers on underlying silicon substrates. Subsequently, the diatom monolayers are employed as shadow masks during the electron beam deposition of gold (Au) thin films, a process which enables the capacity to mirror the intricate micro- and nanoporous frustule architecture on the underlying silicon substrates. Following Au deposition and diatom frustule dissolution, both sub-micron and nanoscale gold patterns on silicon are realized using this approach. This unique method yields the highly structured patterning of gold and other materials on a variety of substrates, with feature sizes ranging from the sub-micron to the nanoscale, enabling a host of diverse applications.
Picking a Fellowship: Getting Your Priorities Straight in a Timely Fashion.

“So, where do you really want to go for fellowship?” my mentor asked me more than 1 year ago. It seemed like a very straightforward question with a presumably uncomplicated answer. I hesitated, which was apparent. He responded, “This isn’t an easy decision. There are a lot of factors to
A high-order scheme for collisional-radiative and non-equilibrium plasma

In this paper we describe a new 3rd-order algorithm for solving the transport equations of plasma in highly non-equilibrium conditions. The plasma is described as a two-temperature, single fluid with the kinetics of collisional and radiative excitation and ionization, and reverse processes. This collisional-radiative model is currently limited to atomic plasma and does not include radiative transport. We describe in detail some special techniques for level grouping, scale separation of slow (transported) and fast (quasi-steady-state) level kinetics, and a nonlinear transformation of the transported equations of the electronic levels to achieve the desired accuracy. The implementation and testing of the various coupling and relaxation processes are described. The fluid transport is computed using a 3rd-order variant of the MP5 monotonicity-preserving upwind advection scheme. The code is implemented in Java and parallelized through domain decomposition and hierarchical multithreading; approach and performance are also briefly discussed. The numerical model is validated on various standard test cases, and applied to the simulation of ionizing shock front propagation in Argon. This problem shows a high sensitivity to the kinetics ladder of ionization and population of the excited states, leading to fluctuations of the location of the electron avalanche at the end of the induction zone behind the shock. We show that the collisional-radiative kinetics can reproduce the corrugations of the shock front observed in the experiment. The planned extension of the model to MHD and molecular plasma is also briefly discussed, as well as the application to other plasma conditions of interest.
Test Structures for SOI Technology

The MOSFETs in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology are delineated in a thin silicon film, electrically isolated from the bulk silicon substrate by an oxide layer. CMOS circuits fabricated on an SOI substrate have inherent low parasitic source and drain junction capacitance and hence a potential for achieving higher switching speeds relative to circuits fabricated on bulk silicon. Because of electrical isolation and a smaller device volume, the circuits have higher immunity to latch up and to soft errors generated by incident radiation. In partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) technology, electrical isolation of the MOSFET body from the underlying silicon substrate facilitates modulation of the threshold voltage, providing an opportunity for further circuit performance gain.
Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Assay Variability in Alzheimer's Disease.

Studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have indicated that much of the variability observed in the biomarkers may be due to measurement error. Biomarkers are often obtained with measurement error, which may make the diagnostic biomarker appear less effective than it truly is. In the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, technical replicates of CSF biomarkers are available; the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database contains longitudinal replicates of CSF biomarkers. We focus on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as the measure of diagnostic effectiveness for differentiating AD from normal cognition using CSF biomarkers and compare AUC estimates obtained by a more standard, naive method (which uses a single observation per subject and ignores measurement error) to a maximum likelihood (ML) based method (which uses all replicates per subject and adjusts for measurement error). The choice of analysis method depends upon the noise to signal ratio (i.e., the magnitude of the measurement error variability relative to the true biomarker variability); moderate to high ratios may significantly bias the naive AUC estimate, and the ML-based method would be preferred. The noise to signal ratios were low for the ADNI biomarkers but high for the tTau and pTau biomarkers in NACC. Correspondingly, the naive and ML-based AUC estimates were nearly identical in the ADNI data but dissimilar for the tTau and pTau biomarkers in the NACC data. Therefore, using the naive method is adequate for analysis of CSF biomarkers in the ADNI study, but the ML method is recommended for the NACC data.
Low-Temperature Annealing on Treated of Pulsating Magnetic Field Fe-Co-M-B-Cu Amorphous

After the medium-frequency magnetic pulse treating (frequency 1500-2000Hz, field intensity 200-250Oe) on amorphous Fe (Co)-M-B-Cu alloys, the vacuum anealing at low-temperature were in progress at 50°C-100°C for 30 min and 60 min. The soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline alloy obtained by above mentioned treatments were measured by the vibrational specimen magnetometer. The results show that the structral relaxation , free volume migration and annihilation during the vacuum annealing will lead to the reduction of like-vacancy defects concentration and distortion stress. So the soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline alloy will be improved further.
Fast neutron therapy for malignant astrocytomas. A review.

The treatment of supratentorial malignant gliomas has continued to be a major problem for neurosurgeons and oncologists. Post-operative conventional radiotherapy is known to prolong survival and to enhance the quality of life. Local persistence of tumor kills the majority of patients. Fast neutron irradiation is being utilized to treat malignant gliomas based on its reputed radiobiological advantages for treatment of large tumors and the encouraging preliminary reports showing tumor eradication in post-radiation biopsy and autopsy specimens. This paper reviews the results of fast neutron irradiation alone and in combination with photons and hypoxic cell sensitizers. Survival comparisons do not show any superiority for neutrons compared to conventional radiation. However, post-neutron radiation tissue samples have shown less agressive and minimal residual tumor in many instances. At the same time radiation necrosis has emerged as a significant problem. In summary, even though neutron irradiation can eradicate malignant gliomas a therapeutic window has yet to be identified.
Goethe's Gedicht Auf Schiller's Schädel@@@Goethe's Gedicht Auf Schiller's Schadel

Es ist bekannt, wie es dazu gekommen war, das Schiller's Leiche nicht in einem besonderen Grab, sondern in einer “standesgemasen” Massengruft, dem Kassengewolbe auf dem Friedhof vor der Weimarer Jakobskirche beigesetzt wurde. 1826 wollte die Stadtverwaltung diesen Friedhof, der seit einiger Zeit nicht mehr benutzt worden war, raumen lassen. Dabei ware dann jede Spur von Schiller's Begrabnisort auf immer verschwunden. Der damalige Burgermeister, Carl Leberecht Schwabe, empfand, was fur eine Schande das sein wurde. Er erbot sich, die Reliquien ausfindig zu machen und dafur zu sorgen, das sie auf dem Neuen Friedhof auf eine Art beigesetzt wurden, die des grosen Toten wurdig war. Aber als man daran ging, den Sarg zu bergen, stellte es sich heraus, das in dem kleinen Gewolbe ein chaotisches Durcheinander von morschen Brettern und modernden Gebeinen herrschte. Keine Inschrift, kein Merkmal wies den Weg zu Schiller's Ueberresten. Der wackere Schwabe muste sich schliesslich damit begnugen, 23 Schadel zu sammeln und zu versuchen, nach dem Bild des Verstorbenen, wie die Erinnerung es heraufzurufen vermochte, den Schadel des Dichters zu ermitteln. Ein bestimmter Schadel fiel ihm gleich auf, der “durch edle, regelmasige Gestaltung” ausgezeichnet war. Dies, so war Schwabe uberzeugt, muse Schiller's Schadel sein. Er verglich die Mase von Schiller's Totenmaske, von Ludwig Klauer hergestellt. Sie schienen fur diesen Schadel genau zu stimmen, und nur fur ihn. Die untere Kinnlade fehlte; auch sie wurde noch in der Gruft gefunden. Nun wurden die drei bekanntesten unter den Aerzten Weimars gebeten, die Messungen zu kontrollieren. Sie bestatigten Schwabes Feststellung. Endlich wurden alle Bewohner Weimars und der Umgegend, die Schiller naher gekannt hatten, aufgefordert, den ausgesuchten Schadel zu besichtigen. Sie fanden “ohne eine einzige Ausnahme,” dies muse der echte Schadel sein. Eine Rolle spielte dabei auch der Umstand, “das Schiller seine trefflichen, vollstandig erhaltenen Zahne mit ins Grab genommen hatte.” Bei allen andern Schadeln fehlten die Zahne. Nun war Schwabe seiner Sache gewis. Er unterrichtete den Grosherzog und Goethe uber den kostbaren Fund. Schwabe dachte daran, die Reliquien an einer ausgewahlten, weithin sichtbaren Stelle des neuen Friedhofs begraben zu lassen und auf offentliche Kosten ein Denkmal zu errichten. Die Angehorigen Schiller's waren damit einverstanden. Der Grosherzog und Goethe entschieden sich schlieslich fur eine andere Losung. Die nach Schiller's Tod von Dannecker hergestellte Marmorbuste, die er den Hinterbliebenen geschenkt hatte, sollte erworben und im Saale der Bibliothek aufgestellt werden. In dem Sockel der Buste wollte man den Schadel niederlegen. Das geschah denn auch durch einen feierlichen Akt am 17. September 1826. Die Familie war durch Schiller's Sohn Ernst vertreten. Es erschien als selbstverstandlich, das Goethe teilnehmen wurde; war er doch als Freund des Toten und als Aufseher der Bibliothek gleicherweise verpflichtet.
Information model and mapping implementation of Ethernet switches in smart substation

Communication networks in Smart Substation carry the sampling value and the protection trip signal, and the Ethernet Switch is the key to the reliable transmission of information. Information modeling is the premise of managing Ethernet switches as an IED. Firstly, the IEC61850 communication system architecture and the IED function and service modeling steps are introduced. On the basis of analyzing Ethernet switches function in smart substations, the information model of Ethernet switches is researched, focusing on the logical node class model of the logical node zero, port management, traffic statistics and alarm management. Secondly, the service model of Ethernet switches and communication service mapping are discussed, and the example of switches with substation configuration description language (SCL) is demonstrated. Finally, an application instance of Ethernet switches with information model in smart substation is given.
Remote optical measurement of angular displacement

A form of optical polarimetry has been applied to the field of fracture mechanics testing with the aim of eventually developing a more fundamental experimental technique for evaluating the J-integral fracture toughness parameter. In its basic theoretical development, the J-integral is defined as a function of the angular displacement profile of the test specimen over the duration of the test.1
Following Protein Transport with the High Resolution X-Ray Microscope

We had planned originally to present a broad overview of applications of x-ray microscopy to biological problems in this paper. However, recent progress from our group that provides an excellent demonstration of the utility of x-ray microscopy for research in biology, has changed our mind. The observations we have made, to our knowledge the first report of time-resolved structural change within single biological structures at high resolution, now form the focus of this presentation.