cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug and light dose dependence of photodynamic therapy: a study of tumor and normal tissue response.

It is clinically relevant to determine drug and light dose combinations where complete tumor response is accompanied by little or no photosensitivity, and minimal damage to normal tissues. Although reciprocity of RIF tumor cell clonogenicity has been established within a range of drug and light doses, no quantitative data exist for reciprocity of tumor response. This study has examined reciprocity of drug and light doses for tumor response and normal tissue damage in two experimental mouse models. Representative tumors were examined for vascular damage after treatment. Reciprocity of drug and light doses for tumor response was observed over a range of drug/light combinations in both tumor models. Reciprocity failed when drug dose was reduced below a threshold value. For reciprocal drug/light combinations, complete vascular stasis occurred in the tumor and surrounding skin which was followed by necrosis of those tissues. In non-reciprocal PDT combinations, there was vascular damage to the tumor but no damage to the surrounding normal tissues. Tumors responded initially, but no cure was obtained. Tumor cure was only observed under conditions where a considerable margin of normal tissue surrounding the tumor was damaged. This conclusion was supported by shielding experiments done to assess the contribution of normal tissue damage to tumor response. Reciprocity of drug and light doses for tumor response was therefore shown to exist only at high drug doses, which were not low enough to reduce skin photosensitivity in our models.
Mental illness in parents of phenylketonuric children.

PHENYLKETONURIA is a well studied recessive hereditary disease characterized by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the homozygous individual.1 Usually the disease is associated with severe mental deficiency, although there have been an increasing number of cases reported with normal or borderline intelligence. 2 Interestingly enough, many patients who have normal or near normal intelligence appear to suffer from behavioral disturbances, so that some of these have been misdiagnosed as having autism or organic brain damage.sp* Patients with phenylketonuria and severe mental deficiency may also suffer from what appear to be neurotic and psychotic symptoms, although this aspect of the disease has been minimized in the literature.3 Relatively little is known about the characteristics of the heterozygous carrier for this disease; that is, the individual who has both one normal and one abnormal gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase formation. It is presumed that such individuals have below normal phenylalanine hydroxylase levels since it has been repeatedly demonstrated that carriers have a reduced tolerance to a phenylalanine load. 135 Whether or not these persons share other biochemical characteristics with the homozygous phenylketonuric, such as reduced serotonin and catecholamine levels, is currently not known. That the former is a good possibility is suggested by the recent accumulation of evidence that phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for the hydroxylation of tryptophan, the first step in serotonin formation.6 It has been suggested, however, that persons heterozygeous for phenylketonuria are more apt to suffer from psychopathology than other individuals. This hypothesis was originally considered by F~LLINC~ who found the aunt of one patient and the great aunt of another suffered from schizophrenia. PENROSE* furthered interest in the possibility by presenting a large pedigree in which heterozygosity for phenylketonuria and mental illness appeared to be associated. Since that time, MUNRog reported the incidence of psychosis in presumed heterozygotes to be approximately twice the rate expected from a survey of a control group of 653 families of idiots and imbeciles. THOMPSON~~ in a study of eight families of phenylketonuric patients, reported striking differences between relatives of phenylketonurics and controls. Another author1 has estimated that the possible association between heterozygosity for phenylketonuria and mental illness could account for as much as 20 per cent of mental illness. More recently, PERRY er al. l1 have found no difference in the incidence of psychoses, admissions to mental hospitals, personality disorders, alcoholism, suicide or
Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with combined mitral and aortic prostheses

Abstract Complete hemodynamic evaluation of patients with combined aortic and mitral mechanical valve prostheses presents a difficult technical problem. Yet such patients with cardiac symptoms postoperatively often require this evaluation to determine the diagnosis and the advisability of reoperation. A 4 year experience with 22 patients requiring such evaluation is reviewed. Eight patients (36 percent) required reoperation for malfunction of the prosthesis. Four (18 percent) had major complications of the cardiac catheterization study, but no fatalities or residual permanent defects resulted. In 17 cases transthoracic left ventricular needle entry was used. A standardized procedure of this type for both pressure measurement and angiographic studies has evolved, providing reasonable efficiency and a relative degree of safety. The patient is positioned in the right anterior oblique position for optimal needle entry into the left ventricular apex and angiographic visualization of mitral prosthetic incompetence and the myocardial contractile pattern. A 16 gauge needle with side holes but no end hole allows ventriculography to be performed after chamber entry using the prostheses as reference points under fluoroscopic guidance. Retrograde catheterization of the aortic prosthesis, transseptal left atrial catheterization with anterograde crossing of the mitral prosthesis and transapical pressure measurement with a smaller needle, combined with quantitative left atrial angiography, are alternative choices for study.
Negotiating with insurgents: Obstacles to peace in the Basque country

Between 1975 and 1988, there were at least 20 identifiable attempts to negotiate an end to the violence of the Basque insurgent group Euzkadi ta Askatasuna (ETA), an organization that has been waging armed struggle against the Spanish state since the 1960s. Despite clear evidence that both ETA and the Spanish government want the violence to end, these attempted negotiations have all ended in failure. This study analyses three general sets of reasons for these failures. One set of reasons is contained in the political and social setting within which negotiations take place, and in the ways in which that setting intrudes into and shapes the negotiations. A second set has to do with the linkages between the cessation of violence and the conduct of negotiations. A third cluster of obstacles involves the nature of the negotiation itself, particularly the topics that are allowed on the agenda. This study is founded on the premise that negotiations may be a good way to bring an armed insurgency to a close; but u...
Buccal mucosa urethroplasty for adult urethral strictures

Urethral strictures are difficult to manage. Some treatment modalities for urethral strictures are fraught with high patient morbidity and stricture recurrence rates; however, an extremely useful tool in the armamentarium of the Reconstructive Urologist is buccal mucosal urethroplasty. We like buccal mucosa grafts because of its excellent short and long-term results, low post-operative complication rate, and relative ease of use. We utilize it for most our bulbar urethral stricture repairs and some pendulous urethral stricture repairs, usually in conjunction with a first-stage Johanson repair. In this report, we discuss multiple surgical techniques for repair of urethral stricture disease. Diagnosis, evaluation of candidacy, surgical techniques, post-operative care, and complications are included. The goal is to raise awareness of buccal mucosa grafting for the management urethral stricture disease.
Tolerance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), sac fry to dissolved gas supersaturation

. The tolerance of sac fry of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), to the acute effects of gas supersaturation, from hatching to swim-up, was tested using six gas levels, ranging from ΔP 8 to 148. Although many fish were moribund by the time the yolk was nearly absorbed, mortality during the 40-day study was negligible; survival to swim-up was 96–99%, including 99% survival at ΔP 148. Of fish examined at ΔP 42, 40% showed bubble formation around the rim of the eye. Signs of trauma were greatest at ΔP 119 and 148, and included intestinal bubbles, a distended abdomen, and bubbles around the eye, in the mouth and in jaw tissues.
A continuous monitor for nitric acid

Abstract A new system for monitoring the concentration of vapor phase nitric acid in air is described. The system is based on three chemical principles, all of which have been applied separately, but have not been coordinated before. The intake system uses the observation that nylon filters selectively remove nitric acid from a gas stream. The detection system makes use of the fact that at a temperature of 350°C or greater on a glass catalyst, nitric acid is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and nitrogen oxide (NO). NO can be converted to NO 2 by the use of a CrO 3 based converter and nitrogen dioxide can be detected by means of its chemiluminescence with a luminol-based solution. The field performance is described, together with subsequent improvements to eliminate the problems encountered.
Bilingualism in schools and society: language, identity, and policy

Bilingualism has permeated people's life in our current globalized world. However, as Shin aptly points out in this book, there are still major misconceptions of bilingualism arising from the tradi...
Influence of particle characteristics on granular friction

[1] We report on laboratory experiments designed to illuminate grain-scale deformation mechanisms within fault gouge. We vary particle size distribution, grain and surface roughness, and gouge layer thickness to better understand how grain sliding, rolling, dilation, and compaction affect the strength and stability of granular fault gouge. The experiments employed the double direct shear testing geometry and were run at room temperature, controlled humidity, and shearing rates from 0.1 to 3000 μm/s. Experiments were carried out under constant normal stress of 5 and 10 MPa and thus within a nonfracture loading regime where sliding friction for smooth, spherical particles is measurably lower than for rough, angular particles. We compare results from shear between smooth boundaries, where we hypothesize that grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism, and roughened surfaces, where rolling and granular dilation contribute to shear deformation. We find that particle angularity and bounding surface roughness increase the frictional strength within sheared layers, indicating differences in particle reorganization due to these factors. In gouge material composed of <30% angular grains we observe repetitive stick-slip sliding where stress drop decreases while preinstability creep increases with increasing gouge layer thickness. Our data show significant differences in stick-slip characteristics as a function of gouge layer thickness and particle size, which we interpret in terms of the mechanics of grain bridges that support forces on the layers. We suggest that force chains exhibit qualitative differences as a function of grain angularity and bounding surface roughness.
Guidelines for international data collection and resource assessments and analyses

The ever-increasing world interdependency required to provide the basic energy and mineral commodities needed by society, has created a need to assess, on a common basis, the location, number, and quality of deposits of natural resources. In order to evaluate and compare the resource potential of any area, two major factors must be considered: (1) the type of commodity being evaluated and (2) the specific parameter (reserves or resources) which is being defined. Each commodity or parameter being studied requires a separate methodology for analysis and different basic data. Porphyry copper deposits must be treated differently from stratabound copper deposits or massive sulfide deposits of copper. Similarly, oil and gas deposits associated with stratigraphic traps must be treated differently from those associated with salt domes. Resource assessments attempt to estimate the aggregate resource potential of an area whereas resource analyses attempt to define the specific characteristics of the individual occurrences which comprise the aggregate resource potential. Assessment programs may range from a national inventory of known deposits and occurrences to detailed studies which require an extensive integration of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Examples of national inventories are the small mine inventory of Bolivia and presently operating resource programs in Turkey and Argentina. Detailed programs of assessment include the AMRAP (Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program) program and studies in the Coeur d'Alene district and Ely, Nevada. Worldwide resource analysis is a rapidly expanding field of endeavor necessitated by the need to more clearly define the characteristics of known deposits and to provide quantitative estimates of hypothetical and speculative resources. Studies presently underway deal with the development of search and occurrence models, field size distributions of energy resources, tonnage and grade relationships of mineral deposits, the zone of influence of exploratory drill holes, and models of the exploration process.
Coordinating multi‐organisational responses to disaster: lessons from the March 28, 2000, Fort Worth tornado

Utilizes the March 28, 2000, Fort Worth tornado as a case study to examine how organisations collaborate in their attempt to perform multiple response and recovery functions. Identifies factors that inhibit and facilitate coordination among disaster‐related organisations. Concludes with implications for improving disaster response operations and management.
Impacts of Human Disturbance on the Temporal Stability of Climate–Growth Relationships in a Red Spruce Forest, Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

We used dendrochronological techniques to develop a tree-ring chronology (AD 1874–2009) from live trees and investigated the temporal stability of regional climate signals in the heavily disturbed red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] forest of Roan Mountain, Tennessee and North Carolina, USA. We performed bootstrapped correlation analyses in split data sets and moving intervals analyses to detect shifts in climatic sensitivity during periods of changing forest structure following disturbances. Most notably, a significant shift in red spruce temperature sensitivity occurred post-1930s, where positive growth responses to warm temperatures shifted to negative responses, and this shift coincided with a period of clear cut harvesting. As exogenous disturbances (i.e. ice storms, wind throw, and acidic deposition) are expected to continue altering the structure of this forest throughout the region, the climatic sensitivity of these species may become increasingly unstable.
Saddam Hussein Is "Dangerous to the Extreme": The Ethics of Professional Commentary on Public Figures

People are intrinsically interested in the personalities of public figures such as the celebrities they follow, political leaders, and citizens at the center of newsworthy events. The goal of the present article is to examine the key issues that surround ethical commentary on public figures by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals. Public commentaries carry with them a host of issues from representing a given discipline such as psychology well, to potentially harming an individual who is discussed, to furthering public education about personality and mental health issues. For this reason such commentary deserves special consideration as to when and how it is appropriate to carry out.
The Foster woodcut map controversy: A further examination of the evidence

(1967). The Foster woodcut map controversy: A further examination of the evidence. Imago Mundi: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 52-61.
Participation and Multisubjective Understanding: An Interpretivist Approach to the Study of Political Participation

While traditional political theorists have long disputed the meaning of "political participation," scientific students of participation have agreed on an instrumentalist understanding, defining "participation" as an episodic public act of private individuals in the pursuit of their wants. Political scientists need to be more epistemologically self-conscious when they conceptualize "participation" if they are to avoid constraining both the collection and the analysis of the data with a priori liberal-Hobbesian assumptions. Since participatory acts are not naturalistic "brute facts," their very existence in the world of human action depends on the conceptual template through which this world is examined. As long as political scientists continue simply to operationalize their own concept of "participation," their methodology will prevent them from seeing the plural forms that participation in fact takes in the world. Whether acts (of an American voter or demonstrator, a French revolutionary, a Muslim revolut...
Safety4Site Commitment to Enhance Jobsite Safety Management and Performance

Safety management is becoming increasingly important in the construction industry. Effective safety management not only reduces contractors' incident rates and compensation costs, it also enhances productivity and efficiency in project execution. In addition, better safety performance increases contractors' competitive advantage in the market by providing better values to their clients. This paper presents a case study of an on-site safety management program launched by a general contractor (GC). The initial findings, based on quantitative measurement of incident rates and safety violations, are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Overall, the program is effective in reducing jobsite accidents/incidents and safety violations in the GC's organization while having less effect on subcontractors' safety performance. This research also finds no linear relationship between incident rates and safety violation rates, indicating that these two measurements are uncorrelated and that both of them need to be used in evaluating jobsite safety performance and the effectiveness of a safety program.
Enhancing customer value through IT investments: a NEBIC perspective

The Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle (NEBIC) is a holistic theory that describes a pathway firms may use to leverage net-enablement. We assert that the strategic information system role constructs used in past studies are related to the stages found in the NEBIC. This suggests that information technology announcement studies should consider the role of net-enablement in creating customer value. We use the event study methodology to test the market's reaction to 298 announcements of technology investments that correspond to different information technology role constructs and the related NEBIC stages. Our findings suggest that customer value is added to firms through the value creation process described by the NEBIC.
Effect of Oxytocin Injections on Mastitis-Screening Tests and Milk Composition

Abstract Quarter samples from 159 quarters were collected from the normal and residual milk fractions of 40 cows, to determine differences in milk composition and mastitis-screening tests. Residual milk was higher (P Injection of oxytocin into 16 cows prior to milking for five consecutive milkings caused a significant reduction (P Injection of oxytocin following three consecutive milkings revealed that the decrease in fat per cent and increase in milk yield occurred both in the normal and the residual fractions, whereas the decrease in leucocytes was primarily in the residual fraction.
PARTICLES AROUND BOXHOLE METEORITE CRATER

A sampling program of soil surrounding the Boxhole meteorite crater reveals very much smaller amounts of meteoritic material in the soil than found for other craters, such as Henbury and Canyon Diablo. Microprobe analyses of individual small particles show the presence of four spherules with Ni-Fe ratios in agreement with that for the parent meteorite.
AglZ Is a Filament-Forming Coiled-Coil Protein Required for Adventurous Gliding Motility of Myxococcus xanthus

The aglZ gene of Myxococcus xanthus was identified from a yeast two-hybrid assay in which MglA was used as bait. MglA is a 22-kDa cytoplasmic GTPase required for both adventurous and social gliding motility and sporulation. Genetic studies showed that aglZ is part of the A motility system, because disruption or deletion of aglZ abolished movement of isolated cells and aglZ sglK double mutants were nonmotile. The aglZ gene encodes a 153-kDa protein that interacts with purified MglA in vitro. The N terminus of AglZ shows similarity to the receiver domain of two-component response regulator proteins, while the C terminus contains heptad repeats characteristic of coiled-coil proteins, such as myosin. Consistent with this motif, expression of AglZ in Escherichia coli resulted in production of striated lattice structures. Similar to the myosin heavy chain, the purified C-terminal coiled-coil domain of AglZ forms filament structures in vitro.
Achieving immediate active motion by using relative motion splinting after long extensor repair and sagittal band ruptures with tendon subluxation

In compliant adult patients with extensor tendon laceration(s) in zones V to VII, relative motion splinting of the lacerated tendon(s) provides support from the intact tendon(s), allowing immediate active motion and a less morbid course. Cadaver study shows how this simple splint allows full-fingers interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal active motion, except for 10° to 15° less metacarpal phalangeal total active motion of the repaired digit(s). Relative motion splinting also permits immediate active motion after tendon graft reconstruction of extensor subluxation from sagittal band rupture at the metacarpophalangeal joint, creating a centralizing pulley with the graft.
Multitarget tracking using multiple bistatic range measurements with probability hypothesis densities

Ronald Mahler's Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) provides a promising framework for the passive coherent location of targets observed via multiple bistatic radar measurements. We consider tracking targets using only range measurements from a simple non-directional receiver that exploits non-cooperative FM radio transmitters as its "illuminators of opportunity." A target cannot be located at a single point by a particular transmitter-receiver pair, but rather it is located along a bistatic range ellipse determined by the position of the target relative to the receiver and transmitter. Target location is resolved by using multiple transmitter-receiver pairs and locating the target at the intersection of the resulting bistatic ellipses. Determining the intersection of these bistatic range ellipses and resolving the resultant ghost targets is generally a complex task. However, the PHD provides a convenient and simple means of fusing together the multiple range measurements to locate targets. We incorporate signal-to-noise ratios, probabilities of detection and false alarm, and bistatic range variances into our simulation.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A student's guide to Maxwell's equations

Gauss's law for electric fields, Gauss's law for magnetic fields, Faraday's law, and the Ampere–Maxwell law are four of the most influential equations in science. In this guide for students, each equation is the subject of an entire chapter, with detailed, plain-language explanations of the physical meaning of each symbol in the equation, for both the integral and differential forms. The final chapter shows how Maxwell's equations may be combined to produce the wave equation, the basis for the electromagnetic theory of light. This book is a wonderful resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in electromagnetism and electromagnetics. A website hosted by the author at www.cambridge.org/9780521701471 contains interactive solutions to every problem in the text as well as audio podcasts to walk students through each chapter.
Transrectal ultrasonography in the detection and staging of prostate cancer

Transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate has proven to be useful in assisting in the local staging of patients with prostatic carcinoma in following patients after radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy and administration of endocrine therapy and in assisting in prostatic biopsy. The role of prostate ultrasonography for screening and early detection of prostate cancer remains controversial. Significant false positive and false negative studies occur and the natural history of small localized Further studies are required to assess the role of this new imaging modality for screening purposes.
Recent developments in Reggeon field theory

Abstract In the last few years Reggeon Field Theory (RFT) has been developed into a very powerful tool for analyzing the complex angular momentum structure of high energy scattering amplitudes. In a previous review of this subject (Abarbanel et al. [8]) RFT was motivated, formulated, and its early results were discussed. These issues will be mentioned only briefly in the introduction to the present review in order to make it self-contained. It will then be followed by a discussion of the recent developments and progress in the field. A major part of this review is devoted to the discussion of various efforts made to elucidate the s -channel content of Reggeon Field Theory. The formulation of RFT on a lattice and the analysis of production amplitudes are emphasized as the main approaches towards understanding the implication of RFT on s -channel unitarity issues. The path integral and the Hamiltonian formulations of RFT on a lattice, along with their results, are treated in detail. The work done on production amplitudes, in particular cut Reggeon field theory, its derivation and applications, are presented. The problem of the approach to scaling, the evaluation of the transition energy and scaling functions are discussed as they emerge from the representations of Reggeon Green's functions. Practical problems such as the confrontation of the RFT results with the experimental data and the relevance of different approximations are also analyzed.
Efficient estimation in a regression model with missing responses

Abstract This article examines methods to efficiently estimate the mean response in a linear model with an unknown error distribution under the assumption that the responses are missing at random. We show how the asymptotic variance is affected by the estimator of the regression parameter, and by the imputation method. To estimate the regression parameter, the ordinary least squares is efficient only if the error distribution happens to be normal. If the errors are not normal, then we propose a one step improvement estimator or a maximum empirical likelihood estimator to efficiently estimate the parameter. To investigate the imputation’s impact on the estimation of the mean response, we compare the listwise deletion method and the propensity score method (which do not use imputation at all), and two imputation methods. We demonstrate that listwise deletion and the propensity score method are inefficient. Partial imputation, where only the missing responses are imputed, is compared to full imputation, where both missing and non-missing responses are imputed. Our results reveal that, in general, full imputation is better than partial imputation. However, when the regression parameter is estimated very poorly, the partial imputation will outperform full imputation. The efficient estimator for the mean response is the full imputation estimator that utilizes an efficient estimator of the parameter.
Synthetic defocus in interferometric lithography

Interference lithography has been widely utilized as a tool for the evaluation of photoresist materials, as well as emerging resolution enhancement techniques such as immersion lithography. The interferometric approach is both simple and inexpensive to implement, however it is limited in its ability to examine the impact of defocus due to the inherently large DOF (Depth-of-Focus) in two-beam interference. Alternatively, the demodulation of the aerial image that occurs as a result of defocus in a projection system may be synthesized using a two pass exposure with the interferometric method. The simulated aerial image modulation for defocused projection systems has been used to calculate the single beam exposure required to reproduce the same level of modulation in an interferometric system through the use of a “Modulation Transfer Curve”. The two methods have been theoretically correlated, by way of modulation for projection illumination configurations, including quadrupole and annular. An interferometric exposure system was used to experimentally synthesize defocus for modulations of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0. Feature sizes of 90nm were evaluated across dose and synthetic focus.
THE EFFECT OF RETINOIC ACID AND DEXAMETHASONE ON THE mRNA EXPRESSION OF THE RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-β IN THE RAT. † 1833

Retinol is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation and maintenance of epithelial cell integrity. Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of retinol, influences gene expression via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR). In vitamin A-deficient adult rats, lung RAR-β gene expression is induced by retinoic acid (Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88:8272). Recently, RAR-β gene expression has been shown to be decreased by dexamethasone (DEX) in neonatal rats (Pediatr Pulmonol 1995; 20:234). We hypothesized that RA and DEX interact to influence RAR-β gene expression. To test this hypothesis, adult, female, vitamin A-sufficient rats were treated with RA 100 μg. DEX 2 μg/g body weight, both RA and DEX, or cottonseed oil or saline as controls. The animals were sacrificed 6 hours after treatment; lung and liver tissue were then obtained for northern blot RNA analysis using 32P labeled cDNA probes specific for RAR-β (two isoforms, β1 = 3.3 kb andβ2 = 3.0 kb) and G3PDH. Densitometry was performed and results are expressed in arbitrary densitometry units. The results (mean ±SD) are shown in the table.
A decomposition solution to a queueing network model of a distributed file system with dynamic locking

The author presents a new approach to modeling file systems using queueing networks. The delays due to locking the files are modeled using service centers whose service times and probabilities of access are estimated from the values of measurable quantities. The model of a lock is based on the analysis of execution of transactions in the system. The lock for every file is modeled as a sequence of service centers. The decomposition method can be used to solve the model, which allows multiple classes of transactions and shared files to be represented. An example involving measurement data collected in a small business installation is given to compare performance measures provided by the simulation and analytic models.
Integrating Science and Technology: Using Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge as a Framework to Study the Practices of Science Teachers

In this study, we examined how teachers involved in a yearlong technology integration initiative planned to enact technological, pedagogical, and content practices in science lessons. These science teachers, engaged in an initiative to integrate educational technology in inquiry-based science lessons, provided a total of 525 lesson plans for this study. While our findings indicated an increase in technology-related practices, including the use of sophisticated hardware, very little improvements occurred with fostering inquiry-based science and effective science-specific pedagogy. In addition, our conceptual framework, technological pedagogical content knowledge, as a lens to examine teachers’ intentions as documented in their lesson plans, provided an additional platform from which to investigate technology integration practices within the ambit of reform science teaching practices. This study, therefore, contributes knowledge about the structure and agenda of professional development initiatives that involve educational technology and integration into content knowledge disciplines such as science.
EYE DISEASE IN SICKLING DISORDERS

Occlusion of small blood vessels in the eye, and retinal neovascularization and its consequences, occur in relatively high frequency in patients with sickle cell disease, and occlusion of larger vessels (such as the central retinal artery) occurs occasionally. In contrast to almost all other ocular manifestations of sickling, the increased intraocular pressure that occurs after hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber of the eye) can be seen in persons with sickle cell trait as well as in patients with sickle cell disease. Persons with sickle cell trait are generally not at risk for retinal vaso-occlusion. A great deal is known about the pathogenesis and development of ocular lesions in sickle cell disease, in part because they can be observed directly (with an ophthalmoscope), and in part because elegant techniques (such as fluorescein angiography) are available for visualizing the lesions. The pathophysiology and anatomy of vascular lesions in the eye have been reviewed quite recently 14 ; it seems almost inescapable that very similar processes and lesions occur in other tissues in response to vaso-occlusion. The development of lesions of moya-moya in the brain following vaso-occlusive strokes may be entirely analogous to development of proliferative retinopathy in the eye. Some of the ocular lesions of sickling, such as the "comma sign" in the conjunctiva and angioid streaks in the fundus, should be identified but need not be treated. Others, such as hyphema or manifestations of sickle retinopathy, cannot be treated by hematologists. We must be aware that they occur, to an extent we must be prepared to make tentative diagnoses, and we must know when and to whom our patients should be referred. Some retinal vascular lesions may develop in childhood, but few symptom-free patients are willing to spend the time or money for life-long follow-up. Once lesions have caused trouble, they may remain dormant for months or years, only to bleed again without warning. Prophylactic photocoagulation may be able to prevent further problems, but referral to specialized treatment centers is necessary.
Hybrid MOSFET/Driver for Ultra-Fast Switching

The ultra-fast switching of power MOSFETs, in about 1 ns, is very challenging. This is largely due to the parasitic inductance that is intrinsic to commercial packages used for both MOSFETs and drivers. Parasitic gate and source inductance not only limit the voltage rise time on the MOSFET internal gate structure but can also cause the gate voltage to oscillate. This paper describes a hybrid approach that substantially reduces the parasitic inductance between the driver and MOSFET gate, as well as between the MOSFET source and its external connection. A flip-chip assembly is used to directly attach a die-form power MOSFET and driver on a PCB. The parasitic inductances are significantly reduced by eliminating bond wires and minimizing lead length. The experimental results demonstrate ultra-fast switching of the power MOSFET with excellent control of the gate-source voltage.
‘Low-Tech’ Methods for Characterizing Materials in the Field

Characterization of materials by methods which require neither expensive equipment nor specialist participation are of interest to archaeologists, conservators and other researchers who work in the field. Utilizing as points of focus those questions cited most frequently in a survey of field conservators, archaeologists and related literature sources, tests are reported which may be used on site to characterize artifacts, their condition and the context from which they come, to monitor the progress of treatments and to assess the stability of materials for use in longterm storage of archaeological collections.
Comparison of Surgery and Compression with Compression Alone in Chronic Venous Ulceration (ESCHAR study): Randomised Controlled Trial:

The authors conducted a study to assess healing and recurrence rate of venous leg ulceration after treatment with compression. with or without surgery, in patients with leg ulceration. Pati ents with isolated superficial venous reflux and mixed superficial and deep reflux were allocated to compression treatment alone or in combination with superficial venous surgery. Compression consisted of multilayer compression bandaging until healing and then class 2 stockings. Healing rates were similar in the both groups, but 12-month ulcer recurrence rates were significantly reduced in the compression and surgery group. The authors concluded that most patients with chronic venous ulceration will benefit from the addition of simp.e venous surgery.
Design diversity for concurrent error detection in sequential logic circuits

We present a technique using diverse duplication to implement concurrent error detection (CED) in sequential logic circuits. We examine three different approaches for this purpose: (1) identical state encoding of the two sequential logic implementations, duplication of flip-flops, diverse implementation of the combinational logic part (output logic and next-state logic) and comparators on flip-flop outputs and primary outputs; (2) diverse state encoding of the two implementations, duplication of flip-flops, diverse combinational logic implementation and comparators on primary outputs only; and (3) identical state encoding, parity prediction for the flip-flops, diverse combinational logic implementation, comparators on primary outputs and parity checkers on flip-flop outputs. Our results for the simulated sequential benchmark circuits demonstrate that the third approach is most efficient in protecting sequential logic circuits against multiple and common-mode failures. The computational complexity of the data integrity analysis of the third approach is of the same order as that of the first approach and is at least an order of magnitude less than that of the second approach.
Learning haptic feedback for guiding driver behavior

Information about the driving state can be conveyed to automobile drivers through force feedback signals sent via the pedals and steering wheel. Because the set of possible haptic signals and driver responses is huge, it is desirable to automatically learn which signals are most useful to drivers. Thus, it is instructive to explore how machine learning techniques can be used as a step in the design of a haptic interface system. In this paper, we present a learning algorithm that learns useful haptic feedback and apply the algorithm to learning feedback for automobile drivers. We present evidence to show that the algorithm is sensitive enough to learn useful feedback under some circumstances, but that its scope may be limited by people's ability to act as admittance controllers.
Salvage Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

There are a significant number of patients diagnosed with acute leukemia who either fail to achieve remission or who relapse thereafter. Challenges in treating this patient population include accurately assessing prognosis of disease and whether remission can be achieved; assessing the ability of patients to tolerate aggressive salvage therapies; choosing a salvage therapy that is most likely to succeed; and identifying suitable patients for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite the development of a variety of new investigational therapies, relapsed or refractory acute myeloid Leukemia remains a difficult clinical problem. Clinicians will need to consider all currently available approaches, including cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted agents, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, to optimize outcomes.
Analytic expressions for group-delay dispersion and cubic dispersion in arbitrary prism sequences

A simple expression is obtained for the wavelength-dependent optical path length through a completely general N-prism sequence. Once the prisms’ rotational orientations are fixed, a one-time calculation yields analytic expressions for the group-delay dispersion and cubic dispersion. The technique can be generalized for higher dispersion orders. As an example, expressions for Proctor–Wise prism sequences [Opt. Lett.17, 1295 (1992)] constructed from a variety of glasses are produced. The analytic expressions for this sequence permit an exhaustive search of relative prism translations. The arrangement that produces the smallest cubic dispersion for a given group-delay dispersion and total optical path is found.
Estrogen Receptor-α Variants Increase Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Women with Down Syndrome

Background: Genetic variants that affect estrogen activity may influence the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Two tightly linked polymorphisms (PvuII and XbaI) in the first intron of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), the gene for ER-α, have been reported to influence estrogen receptor expression and may influence the risk of AD. Methods: We examined the relation of polymorphisms in ESR1 to the risk of AD in women with Down syndrome. The subjects (181 women with DS, 41–78 years of age) were followed at 14- to 18-month intervals. Information from cognitive assessments, caregiver interviews, medical record reviews and neurological examinations was used to classify dementia. Genomic DNA was genotyped for 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the upstream region and the first exon/intron of the ESR1 gene. Their association with dementia risk was evaluated, adjusting for covariates. Results: Women with at least 1 copy of the C allele at rs2234693 (PvuII) and those homozygous for the C allele at rs2077647 had an almost 3-fold increase in the risk of AD, compared with women without the C allele. The increased risks were independent of the apolipoprotein E genotype. Conclusion: These findings support a role for estrogen receptor activity in the development of AD in women with Down syndrome.
Plasma Homocysteine Predicts Mortality Independently of Traditional Risk Factors and C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Angiographically Defined Coronary Artery Disease

Background—Plasma homocysteine (tHCY) has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). We tested whether tHCY also increases secondary risk, after initial CAD diagnosis, and whether it is independent of traditional risk factors, C-reactive protein (CRP), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype. Methods and Results—Blood samples were collected from 1412 patients with severe angiographically defined CAD (stenosis ≥70%). Plasma tHCY was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The study cohort was evaluated for survival after a mean of 3.0±1.0 years of follow-up (minimum 1.5 years, maximum 5.0 years). The average age of the patients was 65±11 years, 77% were males, and 166 died during follow-up. Mortality was greater in patients with tHCY in tertile 3 than in tertiles 1 and 2 (mortality 15.7% versus 9.6%, P=0.001 [log-rank test], hazard ratio [HR] 1.63). The relative hazard increased 16% for each 5-μmol/L increase in tHCY (P<0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, c...
The Words for “Fire” in Germanic

This article puts forth a comprehensive set of etymologies for “fire” words in the Germanic languages that descend from Proto-Indo-Euro-pean (PIE) +peh2-. I propose that all relevant cognates are derived from the PIE holokinetic inflection, that is, +ph2-ōr (nominative-accusative) ~ +ph2-un- (oblique), and that all variants in the Germanic languages arose as a result of analogical changes in the Proto-Germanic and later periods. Furthermore, these etymologies cast doubt on reconstructions that require the positing of +ū in Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European. In addition to providing cause to review existing reconstructions, this article also provides a closer philological view of the evidence of cognates in Germanic.
Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment in 2007

A variety of interventions have proven effective in reducing the risk of a first stroke.1 Nevertheless, each year, more than 700 000 Americans have strokes and more than 150 000 die, making stroke the country’s third-leading cause of death.2 More than 25% of stroke survivors older than age 65 years are disabled 6 months later.2 On the basis of the results of prospective randomized clinical trials and other studies performed over the past decade, the general approach to the management of acute stroke has evolved from nihilism to active intervention. A large volume of experimental studies delineates the various aspects of the ischemic cascade. The results of the single laboratory study shown in Figure 1 provide a conceptual framework that guides the current clinical approach to patients with acute ischemic stroke.3 The experiment, performed in awake monkeys, shows that focal symptoms (in this case, paralysis) develop when local cerebral blood flow drops below a certain threshold (in this experiment, <23 mL · 100 g−1 · min−1). In Figure 1, the hatched area between the development of symptoms and infarction is a graphic representation of the so-called penumbra, an area of brain that is functionally inactive but structurally intact and potentially salvageable. Neurological function is completely recoverable if local cerebral blood flow is restored promptly. For a given level of reduced blood flow, the likelihood of sustaining irreversible injury (ie, ischemic stroke) increases as a function of time. This essential biology is the basis of the mantra, “Time lost is brain lost.” Timely restoration of blood flow to ischemic brain offers the chance of reversing or limiting the injury. Figure 1. Relationship between cerebral blood flow, time, functional impairment, and infarction. Even within 3 hours, ischemic tissue might go on to infarction or be …
An Apobayesian Relative of Winnow

We study a mistake-driven variant of an on-line Bayesian learning algorithm (similar to one studied by Cesa-Bianchi, Helmbold, and Panizza [CHP96]). This variant only updates its state (learns) on trials in which it makes a mistake. The algorithm makes binary classifications using a linear-threshold classifier and runs in time linear in the number of attributes seen by the learner. We have been able to show, theoretically and in simulations, that this algorithm performs well under assumptions quite different from those embodied in the prior of the original Bayesian algorithm. It can handle situations that we do not know how to handle in linear time with Bayesian algorithms. We expect our techniques to be useful in deriving and analyzing other apobayesian algorithms.
Ovarian Development in Adult Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Northern New England, with Emphasis on Chrysops Ater and C. Mitis

Ovarian development in females of 10 species of Chrysops ( ater, carbonarius, cuclux, excitans, frigidus, indus, mitis, niger, shermani and vittatus ) from nonhern New England was studied to determine whether these species develop eggs autogenously or anautogenously in the 1st gonotrophic cycle. C. ater and C. mitis were the most abundant species collected. At 7 days postemergence, 83% of 41 C. ater females possessed stage 5 follicles; the remainder had follicles in stages 3 and 4. All 7-day-old C. mitis females (50) developed primary follicles only to stage 1–2 or 2. All field-captured females of both species were parous; however, the low numbers of C. mitis captured suggest that we missed the earlier flight of nullipars. Results indicate that C. ater is autogenous and C. mitis is anautogenous. Our results do not agree with observations on the same species in other pans of their geographic range and we believe that autogenous egg development in these Chrysops species may be facultative, occurring in some areas but not in others.