cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric electrode ionomer for low relative humidity operation of anion exchange membrane fuel cells

The operation of fuel cells under low relative humidity (RH) conditions gives substantial cost and performance benefits. Nonetheless, it is not currently feasible to operate anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) at low RH conditions because current materials for membrane electrode assembly cannot provide sufficient water for the oxygen reduction reaction. Here we synthesized polyfluorene ionomers with different ammonium concentrations for anode and cathode to control water management. We designed several asymmetric electrodes that enable high performance under low RH conditions via not only conventional backward water diffusion (anode to cathode) but also forward diffusion (cathode to anode). The AEMFCs using optimized asymmetric electrodes exhibited high H2/CO2-free air performance (rated power density of circa 540 mW cm−2 at 90 °C under 75% (anode) and 50% RH (cathode) conditions), which is comparable to those of state-of-the-art AEMFCs under nearly water-saturated conditions. The durability of the AEMFCs is excellent, generating 0.6 A cm−2 for >900 h at 80 °C under 50% RH (cathode) conditions. This study demonstrates that high-performance and durable AEMFCs under low RH and high current generating conditions are possible.
Changes in teaching beliefs of early-career chemistry faculty: a longitudinal investigation

Literature at the secondary level has demonstrated a tight interconnectedness between one's beliefs about teaching and learning and one's instructional practices. Moreover, this research indicates that personal and contextual factors influence beliefs and that growth and changes in beliefs are most notable during the early years of one's teaching experience. Despite the substantial influence of teaching beliefs on educational decisions, very little research has been conducted at the post-secondary level in both characterizing and monitoring changes in beliefs over time of early-career faculty members. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating (1) the changes over two and half years in the beliefs of early-career chemistry professors in the United States, and (2) patterns between changes in beliefs and personal and contextual factors as defined in the Teacher-Centered Systemic Reform Model. Nine faculty were interviewed using the modified Luft and Roehrig's Teaching Beliefs Interview protocol in Fall 2016/Spring 2017 and then again in Spring 2019. Combination of constant-comparative analysis and cluster analysis were utilized to characterize faculty beliefs after each data collection cycle. Faculty also completed four surveys over the course of this longitudinal study. These surveys were analyzed to identify personal and contextual factors that could relate to changes in faculty beliefs over time. Overall, the participants expressed more unique beliefs about teaching and learning during the second interview. Despite this increase, the substance and the message of the beliefs remained fairly similar to the beliefs expressed during the first interview, which suggests that beliefs do not change as an artifact of teaching experience. Four of the faculty demonstrated a desirable shift to student-centered thinking, while three did not change and two shifted toward teacher-centered. Analysis of the survey data revealed that access and use of chemical education research journal and researchers, repeated opportunities to teach the same course, and instructor's continued learning efforts with respect to teaching were more pronounced among faculty who shifted toward student-centered thinking.
Clinical significance of “positive” cervical spine MRI findings following a negative CT

PURPOSE To review and analyze the clinical significance of positive acute traumatic findings seen on MRI of the cervical spine (MRCS) following a negative CT of the cervical spine (CTCS) for trauma. METHODS We performed a sub-cohort analysis of 54 patients with negative CTCS and a positive MRCS after spine trauma from the previous multicenter study of the Research Consortium of New England Centers for Trauma (ReCONECT). Both CTCS and MRCS were independently reviewed by two emergency radiologists and two spine surgeons. The surgeons also commented on the clinical significance of the traumatic findings seen on MRCS and grouped them into unstable, potentially unstable, and stable injuries. RESULTS Among 35 unevaluable patients, MRCS showed one unstable (hyperextension) and two potentially unstable (hyperflexion) injuries. Subtle findings were seen on CTCS in 2 of 3 patients upon careful retrospective review that would have suggested these injuries. Of 19 patients presenting with cervicalgia, 2/5 (40%) patients with neurological deficit demonstrated clinically significant findings on MRCS with predisposing factors seen on CT. None of the 14 patients with isolated cervicalgia and no neurological deficit had clinically significant findings on their MRCS. CONCLUSION While CTCS is adequate for clearing the cervical spine in patients with isolated cervicalgia, MRCS can play a critical role in patients with neurological deficits and normal CTCS. Clinically significant traumatic findings were seen in 8.5% of unevaluable patients on MRCS, though these injuries in fact could be identified on the CT in 2 of 3 patients upon careful retrospective review.
Wideband air-to-ground radio channel measurements using an antenna array at 2 GHz for low-altitude operations

Wideband measurements were performed using a direct-sequence spread-spectrum measurement system in the air-to-ground radio environment to characterize propagation between an airborne transmitter and a ground-based receiving antenna array at a center frequency of 2.05 GHz. The transmitter was flown along constant-radius arcs at low altitudes around the receiver location to obtain measurement results for 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 degree elevation angles. An 80 megachip per second (Mcps) modulating PN sequence was transmitted by the airborne station. The receiver was located in a campus environment of four- to six-story buildings and rolling terrain. The receiver used a four-element antenna array and sampled received signals at 1 gigasample per second (Gsps) per channel. Power-delay profiles that approximated channel impulse responses were used to measure magnitude, phase, and delay of multipath signal components received at each element. Characterization parameters produced from the measurements include RMS delay spread, excess delay spread, multipath fading CDFs, antenna diversity gain, and gain achieved through spatial-temporal combining. The measurements presented here support analysis of wireless systems for intentional transmissions, such as data communications between ground nodes and low-altitude aircraft. In addition, these measurements support investigations into interference from ground sources to low-altitude aircraft (e.g., on instrument approaches) or interception of signals originating from ground sources.
Orientations in language planning

Basic orientations toward language and its role in society influence the nature of language planning efforts in any particular context. Three such orientations are proposed in this paper language-as-problem, language-as-right, and language-as-resource. The first two currently compete for predominance in the international literature. While problem-solving has been the main activity of language planners from early on (language planning being an early and important aspect of social planning in ‘development’ contexts), rights-affirmation has gained in importance with the renewed emphasis on the protection of minority groups. The third orientation has received much less attention; it is proposed as vital to the interest of language planning in the United States. Bilingual education is considered in the framework of these orientations. Many of the problems of bilingual education programs in the United States arise because of the hostility and divisiveness inherent in the problem- and rights-orientations which g...
Contemporary imaging of patients with a renal mass: does size on computed tomography equal pathological size?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the difference between radiographic size on computed tomography (CT) and the pathological size of renal tumours, in contemporary patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 521 patients undergoing surgical resection of a renal mass between 2000 and 2007, who had tumour sizes recorded from both preoperative CT and pathological evaluation of the tumour specimen. Data on histological tumour type were also extracted. The paired Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean radiographic size as measured on CT with the mean pathological size, with P < 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS For all patients, the mean radiographic size and mean pathological size was 4.79 and 4.69 cm, respectively (P = 0.02). Therefore, on average, radiographic size overestimated pathological size by 1 mm. In patients with a tumour of 4–7 cm, radiographic size overestimated pathological size by 0.21 cm (P = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in patients with a tumour of 7 cm. CONCLUSIONS Using contemporary patients, there was a statistically significant overestimation of renal tumour sizes by CT compared with the pathological assessment. However, the overall difference between radiographic and pathological tumour size was 1 mm, suggesting that CT provides an accurate method with which to estimate renal tumour size.
Development of Generic In-Service Inspection Priorities for Pressure Boundary Systems

This paper reports on, to provide a technical basis for improved in-service inspection (ISI) plans, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) developed and applied a method that uses results of probabilistic risk assessment to establish piping system ISI priorities. In the PNL program, the feasibility of generic ISI guidances is being conducted in two phases. Phase I identifies and prioritizes the systems most relevant to plant safety. These evaluations lead to the development of comprehensive ISI guidances for pressure boundary systems and components that take place in Phase II.
Reproducing Stories: Strategic Narratives of Teen Pregnancy and Motherhood

Pregnant and parenting young women are simultaneously silenced and overrepresented by raced and classed social narratives on adolescent childbearing in the United States. These narratives posit teen childbearing as an unequivocal social, health, and economic problem, although some scholars and policy makers construct alternative narratives that focus on inequalities and propose different perspectives on causes and consequences. Narrative inquiry that analyzes how stories are produced and utilized can enable a more nuanced approach to complex social problems. We conducted 19 individual, in-depth, and semistructured interviews with young mothers ages 16 to 21 who attend a community-based alternative education program in a low-income northeastern city. Interviews were analyzed using thematic narrative techniques. The young mothers we interviewed used a process of strategic negotiation to distance themselves from prevailing social and cultural stories about the problem of teen motherhood. Participants demonstrated this strategic process through their attempts to assuage stigma and construct unproblematic identities. Young mothers reproduced and reinterpreted a variety of circulating narratives on teen childbearing. They reproduced dominant narratives through pathology, missed adolescence, and redemption stories, and reinterpreted dominant narratives through stories of stratified reproduction, sexual health education, and stigmatization and surveillance. Our participants' narratives illustrate the need to think broadly about the meanings of early pregnancy and motherhood in terms of how they play out in research and policymaking. We call for a discursive shift in ways of knowing about and doing research and policy surrounding teen childbearing.
Through the Looking Glass: Finding and Freeing Modern-Day Slaves at the State Level

Part of the American Politics Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, International Law Commons, International Relations Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, Other Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Public Administration Commons, Public Policy Commons, Sexuality and the Law Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, and the Social Policy Commons
Cardiovascular Health of Filipinos in the United States: A Review of the Literature

Purpose: Filipino Americans (FAs) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this literature review is to enhance understanding of cardiovascular health among FAs. Design: Database...
Geographic and altitudinal variation in water balance and metabolic rate in a California grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes

The importance of respiratory patterns and the physical properties of cuticular lipids to insect water balance were investigated in natural populations of the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes. I specifically test the hypotheses that patterns of discontinuous ventilation affect water loss and that increased amounts and melting points of cuticular lipid reduce water loss. Using flow-through respirometry, rates of water loss and carbon dioxide release from grasshoppers were quantified at 25, 35 and 42 degrees C. Populations displayed substantial variation, with high-elevation populations exhibiting the greatest water loss and metabolic rates. Behavior leading to discontinuous gas exchange was observed in several populations, but its occurrence decreased dramatically at high temperatures and was not correlated with a reduction in the rate of water loss. The amount and melting point of cuticular lipids were determined for each individual using gas chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Increased amounts and higher melting points of cuticular lipids were strongly correlated with lower rates of water loss in populations. I show that discontinuous gas exchange is unlikely to be a mechanism for reducing water loss in these insects and that the lipid properties are primarily responsible for variation in overall water loss rates.
Enhanced neural response to familiar olfactory cues

Norway rat pups have an enhanced olfactory bulb response to a familiar odor. A specific complex of glomeruli showed increased carbon-14-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in response to peppermint odor in 19-day-old pups exposed to peppermint on days 1 to 18 after birth, relative to control pups that had been exposed to clean air. The increased activity was not due to increased respiration of the familiar odor.
Interlaminar shear stress in sandwich beams

It has been shown that, in sandwich beams, laminated and wound beams, plates, rings and tubes, elementary theories are adequate for the calculation of interlaminar shear stresses only if the elastic moduli of alternate layers are in a ratio not greater than 100, or if the high-modulus facing material is very thin compared to the thickness of the core.
Goniometric spectrometer for the measurement of diffuse reflectance and transmittance of skin in the infrared spectral region.

An instrument is described for the study of diffuse reflectance and transmittance at various wavelengths in the visible and infrared spectral regions. The apparatus consists essentially of a monochrometer and a goniometer arranged in such a way that the material to be studied is illuminated with monochromatic light and the diffuse reflected and transmitted energy is measured by scanning the goniometer about the sample. The advantages of the instrument are (a) absolute measurements of total reflectance and transmittance are obtained; and (b) the angular distribution of the scattering of the reflected and transmitted energy are determined.
Medullary carcinoma of the stomach with lymphocytic infiltration : a case report and literature review

Medullary carcinoma of the stomach is a rare morphopathologic entity with a relatively benign course. Because of its rarity, it is not included in the classical categories of gastric cancer. We presen
Student nurses' risk perceptions of home environmental hazards.

Objective This study described nursing students' perceptions of home health risks. Design and Sample Nursing students (N = 254) at two large urban universities completed a cross-sectional survey during the 2011–2013 academic years. Measures From a list of 22 common home health hazards, students identified what they perceived as the three: (a) most dangerous hazards, (b) most common hazards in their state, (c) hazards most likely to be present in their current home, and (d) hazards they would most afraid to find in their home. Students also rated perceived dangerousness of the hazards, how healthy they perceived their home to be, and the perceived effect of their home on their own health. Results Tobacco smoke, asbestos, and cleaning products were the most commonly identified home hazards. Individual characteristics, hazard experiences in personal homes, and university geographic location (state) were associated with perceptions of home hazards. Students who identified hazards in their own homes were more likely to identify them as hazards in general and for their own state. Conclusions These results fill a foundational knowledge gap by describing the risk perceptions of near-future health care providers about home environmental hazards.
The effect of ultrahigh magnetic fields on dopant distribution in CZ systems: A modeling study and comparison with asymptotic solutions

A mathematical representation is developed to describe the velocity, temperature, and dopant concentration fields in a magnetically-damped axisymmetric Czochralski (CZ) crystal growing system. Particular attention is paid to the near-field conditions, that is, to the dopant concen-tration profiles in the vicinity of the crystal surface, to the transient dopant distribution, and to the effect of very high magnetic fields up to 80 kilogauss.
Posttraumatic stress disorder. The stressor criterion.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was officially introduced into psychiatric nomenclature in 1980, when it was incorporated into DSM-III. There is as yet little empirical research on the validity of the diagnosis/Literature on disasters, civilian and wartime, and on more ordinary stressful life e
Truth or Consequences for the practicing hydrologist: on scientific certainty and ethics

Correspondence to: D. I. Siegel, Professor of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. E-mail: disiegel@mailbox.syr.edu A number of years ago there was a famous TV game show in the United States called ‘Truth or Consequences.’ In this show, contestants who told the ‘truth’ were rewarded with money and those who did not suffered the ‘consequences’ of receiving nothing. I would hope that for all hydrologists, not being scientifically truthful is anathema, insulting to even consider. But hydrologists in the consulting workplace have to legitimately wrestle now and then with what constitutes scientific ‘truth,’ balancing what is right for science and the need to satisfy paying clients. The contrast between how science is done in academia and consulting can be striking. Tenured university faculty who delay research publication because of uncertainty may not get quick grant renewals, but they don’t lose their jobs. Practicing hydrologists who hold up reports for clients for the same reasons can lose contracts as well as their jobs. So I ask, how many academic programs teach anything about how hydrology is really done in the workplace, namely, how to critically evaluate scant data, sometimes poor data, to arrive at a defendable ‘best professional judgement.’ Getting to scientific ‘truth’ costs money and a dilemma always in practice is how much does a client wants to pay for the truth he gets. Making these kinds of hydrologic decisions, ‘best professional judgements,’ is particularly important in environmental litigation, common in the United States. An excellent demonstration of how hydrology can be done in practice is the book A Civil Action (Harr, 1995) about the Woburn TCE contamination case. Hydrologists reading this book should be appalled by the unsound hydrogeologic conceptualizations suggested by some of the hydrologic consultants, as well as by the distortion of the sound science in the legal arena. Mistakes and misrepresentation of hydrology and geochemistry are common in practice. I consult as well as teach, and here are some classic ‘boners’ I have seen in and out of the courtroom (see if your students understand why these are boners): ‘Chemicals diffuse through unfractured saturated clay at a rate of feet per day; You can pump a well in clay or competent till at a rate of 20 l/min 3⁄45 gpm for two days and observe drawdown in monitoring wells 30 m 3⁄4100 ft away; It is plausible that a river can inseep and outseep to groundwater in 100-m long alternating segments along a kilometer reach; The dispersivity of an aquifer is equal to flow-path lengths up to scales of tens of meters.’ I have even heard a presentation by consultants on how to purposefully use graphics in hydrologic computer models to enhance scientific positions that are not clearly supported by the data!
The evidential relevance of self-locating information

Philosophical interest in the role of self-locating information in the confirmation of hypotheses has intensified in virtue of the Sleeping Beauty problem. If the correct solution to that problem is 1/3, various attractive views on confirmation and probabilistic reasoning appear to be undermined; and some writers have used the problem as a basis for rejecting some of those views. My interest here is in two such views. One of them is the thesis that self-locating information cannot be evidentially relevant to a non-self-locating hypothesis. The other, a basic tenet of Bayesian confirmation theory, is the thesis that an ideally rational agent updates her credence in a non-self-locating hypothesis in response to new information only by conditionalization. I argue that we can disprove these two theses by way of cases that are much less puzzling than Sleeping Beauty. I present two such cases in this paper.
Type I bone morphogenetic protein receptors are expressed on cerebellar granular neurons and a constitutively active form of the type IA receptor induces cerebellar abnormalities

Cerebellar granular neurons are the most abundant neuronal type in the CNS. Their number and experimental accessibility have made these neurons a valuable model for investigating mechanisms of cell proliferation and differentiation in the CNS. Proliferation of granular neurons is regulated, at least in part, by the secreted protein Sonic Hedgehog, whereas induction and differentiation both appear to be controlled by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Given the role of BMPs in granular cell differentiation, we postulated that BMP receptors (BMPRs) would be expressed on cerebellar granular neurons and that signaling through these receptors is required for normal differentiation. We found that both BMPRIA and BMPRIB are expressed on granular neuron precursors and on mature granular neurons in the developing cerebellum. To determine if these receptors are sufficient for granular cell induction and/or differentiation in vivo, we introduced a constitutively active BMPRIA construct into the developing cerebellum. The resulting cerebelli showed a simplified folial pattern and ectopic collections of small cells located deep in the cerebellar white matter. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that the ectopic cells are granular neurons. From these data we suggest that signaling through the type I BMPRs occurs during normal cerebellar development and ectopic activation of this pathway affects normal granular neuron development. Furthermore, the similarity of the cerebellar anomalies arising from perturbed BMPR signaling to human cerebellar malformations suggests that dysregulation of BMP signaling may play a pathogenic role in some human cerebellar abnormalities.
Orbital Paramagnetism of Localized Nonmagnetic Impurities in Metals

The importance of orbital paramagnetism in a weakly exchange-enhanced dilute solution of transition-metal impurities in a nonmagnetic host metal is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the orbital and spin contributions to the nuclear resonance shift and relaxation rate separately satisfy a Korringa-like relation. These relations may be used to determine uniquely the individual contributions. The sensitivity of the analysis to crystal-field effects is discussed.
Microbial Mn(IV) reduction requires an initial one-electron reductive solubilization step

Abstract Mn(IV) and Mn(II) are the most stable and prevalent forms of manganese in natural environments. The occurrence of Mn(III) in minerals and the detection of soluble Mn(III) in natural waters, however, suggest that Mn(III) is an intermediate in both the oxidation of Mn(II) and the reduction of Mn(IV). Mn(III) has recently been proposed as an intermediate during the oxidation of Mn(II) by Mn-oxidizing bacteria but has never been considered as an intermediate during the bio-reduction of Mn(IV). Here we show for the first time that microbial Mn(IV) reduction proceeds step-wise via two successive one-electron transfer reactions with production of soluble Mn(III) as transient intermediate. Incubations with mutant strains demonstrate that the reduction of both solid Mn(IV) and soluble Mn(III) occurs at the outer membrane of the cell. In addition, pseudo-first order rate constants obtained from these incubations indicate that Mn(IV) respiration involves only one of the two potential terminal reductases (c-type cytochrome MtrC and OmcA) involved in Fe(III) respiration. More importantly, only the second electron transfer step is coupled to production of dissolved inorganic carbon, suggesting that the first electron transfer reaction is a reductive solubilization step that increases Mn bioavailability. These findings oppose the long-standing paradigm that microbial Mn(IV) reduction proceeds via a single two-electron transfer reaction coupled to organic carbon oxidation, and suggest that diagenetic models should be revised to correctly account for the impact of manganese reduction in the global carbon cycle.
Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strengths and Rates for P II

The Breit-Pauli R-matrix method has been used to calculate electron collisional excitation strengths for transitions between the 41 lowest fine-structure levels of the 3s23p2, 3s3p3, 3s23p3d, 3s23p4s, and 3s23p4p configurations in P II. Accurate representation of target levels have been obtained on the basis of configuration-interaction wave functions. The relativistic effects in the scattering equations are included through mass correction, Darwin, and spin-orbit operators of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The collision strengths in the threshold energy regions are dominated by complicated resonance structures. The effective collision strengths are determined by integrating collision strengths and assuming a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies. The effective collision strengths are listed over a wide temperature range (103-106 K) applicable to astrophysical plasmas.
Robust nonlinear control of fuel cell ultra-capacitor hybrid system

In this paper we design robust control strategies for a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell ultra-capacitor system. Fuel cell control is established by using an invariant property of fuel utilization within an input-shaping framework. Two control strategies are developed. The first design uses a nonlinear control approach for which we prove the stability of the closed-loop system in presence of system uncertainties. The second uses a standard H ∞ robust control approach. Both strategies enforce the control of State of Charge (SOC) of the ultra-capacitor to a desired level. A hardware-in-the-loop test-stand is developed and experimental results are provided.
Brain temperature and enzyme histochemistry after high intensity microwave irradiation.

Abstract Rats were subjected to different amounts of microwave irradiation generated by a commercially available apparatus especially designed for biological application. Brain temperature increased with increasing intensities of irradiation. Histochemically assessed telencephalic and mesencephalic acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was inactivated for a considerable distance pericentrally by a microwave power level of 5.0 Kw applied for 0.5 second. With these parameters core brain temperature was 56° C, and neuronal somata in the red nucleus and other neural regions displayed pyknotic nuclei or compacted nucleolei, an inflated appearance, and decreased Nissl staining. AChE was completely inactivated by 1-second application of 5.0 Kw microwave power. At the same time brain temperature was 78° C, and, as after lower intensities of microwave irradiation, neuronal somata were hypochromic and inflated. NADH-diaphorase was less thermolabile than AChE. Because it more rapidly inactivates thermolabile brain enzymes, compared to freezing by immersion and chemical fixation protocols, microwave irradiation of neural tissue should become an increasingly important procedure in neurochemical studies.
The Impact of Output and Productivity Changes on Manufacturing Employment

Traditional univariate shift-share studies of employment provide an unreliable indicator of the relative performance of a region or an industry for they fail to separate the effects of output and productivity change on the demand for labor. An extended shift-share model is proposed that overcomes this weakness and permits identification of different processes of regional development. This model is used to investigate annual employment change in twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in nine census regions of the U.S. between 1950 and 1986. The timing and depth of the exodus of manufacturing jobs from the snowbelt to the sunbelt is illustrated along with the business cycle performance of industries and regions. Productivity growth in the sunbelt is positively associated with rapid output expansion, whereas in the snowbelt it is associated with the loss of market share and economic rationalization.
Changes in surface area and morphology and the mechanism of forsterite dissolution

Abstract Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of olivine grains shown that dissolution of olivine may occur more rapidly on some surfaces than on others and that initial dissolution of freshly crushed grains occurs primarily along lattice imperfections such as dislocations or cleavage planes. The SEM photographs generally do not show the presence of thick or continuous residual or precipitated layers which might render the dissolution reaction diffusion controlled. The specific surface area of olivine grains increased greatly during initial dissolution due to formation of etch features. However, despite the increased surface area the rate of dissolution decreased during the experiments. These observations suggest that some assumptions underlying derivation of the diffusion controlled models are invalid for olivine dissolution and suggest that dissolution is controlled by rates of surface reactions.
Field comparison of P-trak and condensation particle counters

The P-trak ultrafine particle counter is a portable version of a condensation particle counter (CPC). Both instruments detect particle number concentrations in real time but have different detection limits. The P-trak has been widely used for indoor air quality evaluation and aerosol research. However, there is very limited information about the reliability and precision of this instrument and its comparability with other similar instruments. The purpose of this study was to compare a P-trak ultrafine particle counter with a standard CPC and evaluate its applicability to ambient air monitoring. This study was carried out near the Interstate 405 freeway (I-405) in Los Angeles. Measurements were made at increasing distances from the freeway on both sides at night as well as inside and outside of two 2-bedroom apartments located near the freeway. A CPC and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) were collocated with two P-traks and measurement results compared. In general, higher correlations were observed...
Sweet spot supersymmetry and composite messengers

Sweet spot supersymmetry is a phenomenologically and cosmologically perfect framework to realize a supersymmetric world at short distance. We discuss a class of dynamical models of supersymmetry breaking and its mediation whose low-energy effective description falls into this framework. Hadron fields in the dynamical models play a role of the messengers of the supersymmetry breaking. As is always true in the models of the sweet spot supersymmetry, the messenger scale is predicted to be 10{sup 5} GeV {approx}< M{sub mess} {approx}< 10{sup 10} GeV. Various values of the effective number of messenger fields N{sub mess} are possible depending on the choice of the gauge group.
A hybrid level set method for modelling detonation and combustion problems in complex geometries

We present an accurate and fast wave tracking method that uses parametric representations of tracked fronts, combined with modifications of level set methods that use narrow bands. Our strategy generates accurate computations of the front curvature and other geometric properties of the front. We introduce data structures that can store discrete representations of the location of the moving fronts and boundaries, as well as the corresponding level set fields, that are designed to reduce computational overhead and memory storage. We present an algorithm we call stack sweeping to efficiently sort and store data that is used to represent orientable fronts. Our implementation features two reciprocal procedures, a forward ‘front parameterization’ that constructs a parameterization of a front given a level set field and a backward ‘field construction’ that constructs an approximation of the signed normal distance to the front, given a parameterized representation of the front. These reciprocal procedures are use...
Active interstitial remodeling: an important process in the hibernating human myocardium.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphologic characteristics of the cardiac interstitium in the hibernating human myocardium and evaluate whether active remodeling is present and is an important determinant of functional recovery. Background Myocardial hibernation is associated with structural myocardial changes, which involve both the cardiomyocytes and the cardiac interstitium. Methods We evaluated 15 patients with coronary disease with two-dimensional echocardiography and thallium-201 (201Tl) tomography before coronary bypass surgery. During surgery, transmural myocardial biopsies were performed guided by transesophageal echocardiography. Myocardial biopsies were stained immunohistochemically to investigate fibroblast phenotype and examine evidence of active remodeling in the heart. Results Among the 29 biopsied segments included in the study, 24 showed evidence of systolic dysfunction. The majority of dysfunctional segments (86.4%) were viable (201Tl uptake ≥60%). After revascularization, 12 dysfunctional segments recovered function as assessed with an echocardiogram three months after bypass surgery. Interstitial fibroblasts expressing the embryonal isoform of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb) were noted in dysfunctional segments, predominantly located in border areas adjacent to viable myocardial tissue. Segments with recovery had higher SMemb expression (0.46 ± 0.16% [n = 12] vs. 0.10 ± 0.02% [n = 12]; p Conclusions Fibroblast activation and expression of SMemb and tenascin provide evidence of continuous remodeling in the cardiac interstitium of the hibernating myocardium, an important predictor of recovery of function after revascularization.
Illumination compensation based change detection using order consistency

We present a change detection method resistant to global and local illumination variations for use in visual surveillance scenarios. Approaches designed thus far for robustness to illumination change are generally based either on color normalization, texture (e.g. edges, rank order statistics, etc.), or illumination compensation. Normalization based methods sacrifice discriminability while texture based methods cannot operate on texture-less regions. Both types of method can produce large missing regions in the distance image which in turn pose problems for higherlevel processing tasks that may be shape or region-based and require accurate foreground masks (e.g. person detection and tracking, crowd segmentation, etc.). Texture based methods have an additional problem in that they produce false alarms due to textures induced by local illumination effects (e.g. cast shadows). In this paper we propose a compensation based approach for change detection. Prior work on compensation has largely taken an empirical approach, and has not dealt with the important problem of rejecting outliers when they dominate the scene. In contrast, our generative approach and systematic handling of outliers enables us to achieve robustness to illumination change while eliminating the problems mentioned above. Furthermore, the computational complexity of our method is low enough for real-time performance. Results comparing images taken under strongly different illumination conditions, demonstrate the power and generality of the proposed method.
Apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cells by a novel gene product, pHyde, involves caspase-3

A novel gene, pHyde, was recently cloned from Dunning rat prostate cancer cells. A recombinant adenovirus containing pHyde cDNA gene (AdpHyde) was generated to investigate the biological function of pHyde protein. AdpHyde inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cells. Apoptosis was induced in AdpHyde transduced cells as demonstrated by DAPI (4', 6-diamino-2-phenylindole), TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick and labeling) staining, and flow cytometry assays. Apoptosis was also induced in human xenograft prostate cancer tumors growing in nude mice following treatment with AdpHyde. AdpHyde transduction resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of caspase-3 activity in DU145 cells which was blocked by DEVD (succinyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde) and VAD (benzyloxycarbonyl - Val - Ala - Asp -fluoromethylketone), inhibitors specifically against caspase-3. Moreover, cancer cells that lacked expression of endogenous caspase-3 were not or barely inhibited by pHyde. These results taken together suggest that pHyde inhibits cancer growth by inducing apoptosis through a caspase-3 dependent pathway.
Performance modeling of pipelined linear algebra architectures on FPGAs

The potential design space of FPGA accelerators is very large. The factors that define performance of a particular implementation include the architecture design, number of pipelines, and memory bandwidth. In this paper we present a mathematical model that, based on these factors, calculates the computation time of pipelined FPGA accelerators and allows for quick exploration of the design space without any implementation or simulation. We evaluate the model and its ability to identify design bottlenecks and improve performance. Being the core of many compute-intensive applications, linear algebra computations are the main contributors to their total execution time. Hence, five relevant linear algebra computations are selected, analyzed, and the accuracy of the model is validated against implemented designs.
Nitroaromatic reduction kinetics as a function of dominant terminal electron acceptor processes in natural sediments.

The reductive transformation of p-cyanonitrobenzene (pCNB) was investigated in laboratory batch slurries exhibiting dominant terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs). Pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) were measured for the reduction of pCNB in nitrate-reducing, iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic sediment slurries. Reduction was extremely slow in nitrate-reducing slurries but increased in slurries exhibiting TEAPs with significant concentrations of solution phase Fe(II). As the reduction of pCNB progressed in the Fe(II) rich systems, significant but nonstoichiometric decreases in aqueous Fe(II) concentration were measured. Normalization of kobs to initial aqueous Fe(II) concentrations (kobs/[Fe(II)]t=0) gave values ranging from 0.0040 to 0.0052 d-1 μM-1 for nitrate-reducing, iron-reducing, and methanogenic sediment slurries as well as sulfate-reducing sediment slurries in which lactate served as a source of organic carbon. The kobs/[Fe(II)]t=0 ratios were 1-fold greater for sulfa...
Forest carbon balance under elevated CO2

Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology was used to expose a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest to elevated atmospheric CO2 (ambient + 200 µl l–1). After 4 years, basal area of pine trees was 9.2% larger in elevated than in ambient CO2 plots. During the first 3 years the growth rate of pine was stimulated by ~26%. In the fourth year this stimulation declined to 23%. The average net ecosystem production (NEP) in the ambient plots was 428 gC m–2 year–1, indicating that the forest was a net sink for atmospheric CO2. Elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulated NEP by 41%. This increase was primarily an increase in plant biomass increment (57%), and secondarily increased accumulation of carbon in the forest floor (35%) and fine root increment (8%). Net primary production (NPP) was stimulated by 27%, driven primarily by increases in the growth rate of the pines. Total heterotrophic respiration (Rh) increased by 165%, but total autotrophic respiration (Ra) was unaffected. Gross primary production was increased by 18%. The largest uncertainties in the carbon budget remain in separating belowground heterotrophic (soil microbes) and autotrophic (root) respiration. If applied to temperate forests globally, the increase in NEP that we measured would fix less than 10% of the anthropogenic CO2 projected to be released into the atmosphere in the year 2050. This may represent an upper limit because rising global temperatures, land disturbance, and heterotrophic decomposition of woody tissues will ultimately cause an increased flux of carbon back to the atmosphere.
Thermal history of the Ecstall pluton from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and thermal modeling

Abstract New 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology results and thermal modeling support the hypothesis of Hollister et al. (2004) , that reheating of the mid-Cretaceous Ecstall pluton by intrusion of the Coast Mountains Batholith (CMB) was responsible for spatially variable remagnetization of the Ecstall pluton. 40Ar/39Ar ages from hornblende and biotite from 12 locations along the Skeena River across the northern part of the Ecstall pluton decrease with proximity to the Quottoon plutonic complex, the nearest member of the CMB to the Ecstall pluton. The oldest 40Ar/39Ar ages are found farthest from the Quottoon plutonic complex, and are 90 ± 3 Ma for hornblende, and 77.9 ± 1.2 Ma for biotite. The youngest 40Ar/39Ar ages are found closest to the Quottoon plutonic complex, and are 51.6 ± 1.2 Ma for hornblende, and 45.3 ± 1.7 Ma for biotite. No obvious relationship between grain size and age is seen in the Ecstall pluton biotites. Spatial trends in 40Ar/39Ar ages are consistent with model results for reheating by a thermal wall at the location of the Quottoon plutonic complex. Although no unique solution is suggested, our results indicate that the most appropriate thermal history for the Ecstall pluton includes both reheating and northeast side up tilting of the Ecstall pluton associated with intrusion of the Quottoon plutonic complex. Estimates of northward translation from shallow paleomagnetic inclinations in the western part of the Ecstall pluton are reduced to ∼3000 km, consistent with the Baja-BC hypothesis, when northeast side up tilting is accounted for.
Defending the distinction between treatment and enhancement.

As Kamm points out, Sandel draws a “moral distinction” between medical enhancement and treatment (Kamm 2005). While Sandel claims that enhancement represents a desire for “mastery over nature,” a f...
Domestic service in the transition from rural to urban life: The case of La Chicana

(1987). Domestic service in the transition from rural to urban life: The case of La Chicana. Women's Studies: Vol. 13, As the World Turns: Women, Work, and International Migration, pp. 199-222.
Education for Consumer Health: A Train the Trainer Collaboration

This project featured collaboration between a large public library system and an academic institution to address training needs related to the rise in the demand for quality consumer health information. A train the trainer program featuring hands-on training and Web-based support was designed and implemented. Public reference librarians received customized education and support to facilitate their efforts to train library users of consumer health information. The results of the collaborative effort included an increased awareness of cultural, linguistic, and literacy issues for effective provision of public library consumer health reference service along with a reaffirmation of the need for strategic community collaborations for health education.
Celiac disease: the past, the present, the future.

* Abbreviations: CD = : celiac disease • HLA = : human leukocyte antigen • EmA = : antiendomysium antibodies • TJ = : tight junction • TTG = : tissue transglutaminase Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing grains (ie, wheat, barley, and rye) in susceptible individuals. Both in vivo challenges and in vitro immunologic studies support the possibility that oat (once considered toxic for CD patients) can be safely ingested.1 However, because of uncontrolled harvesting and milling procedures, a cross-contamination of oat with gluten is a concern. It is the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten, and similar alcohol-soluble proteins in other grains, that are the environmental factors responsible for the development of the intestinal damage. The disease is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles DQA1\*0501/DQB1\*0201, and in the continued presence of gluten the disease is self-perpetuating.2 The typical intestinal damage characterized by loss of absorptive villi and hyperplasia of the crypts completely resolves on elimination of gluten-containing grains from the patients' diet. CD represents a common cause of malabsorption in western countries with apparent geographic variation in incidence. In the second century AD, Aretaeus from Cappadocia described what is believed to be the first report of a gastrointestinal condition resembling CD.3 Approximately 1700 years later, the connection between the ingestion of certain cereals and the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms typical of CD was established.4For the past 18 centuries, CD has been perceived as a disease whose clinical presentation was quite uniform. The case identification was entirely based on the search for symptoms such as chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, and weight loss (or poor weight gain) occurring in young children a few weeks/months after the introduction of solid food to their diet. Therefore, early epidemiologic studies targeted the pediatric population experiencing this typical clinical presentation of the disease. In the past 5 decades, a substantial number of epidemiologic studies have been conducted in Europe to establish the frequency of …
Arrays of strength s on two symbols

Abstract This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on σ , s , t and on μ , s , t for an array with s + t rows to have strength s and weight σ , or to be balanced and have strength s and weight μ . If a balanced array can exist, the conditions provide a construction. The solutions for t =1,2 are also given in an alternate form useful for the study of trim arrays. The balanced solution for t =1 is more detailed than that known so far, and permits one to determine whether or not a solution exists in possibly fewer steps.