cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutral cluster mass spectrometry

Abstract The application of mass spectrometry (particularly time of flight mass spectrometry – TOFMS) to the study of neutral van der Waals and metal containing covalent clusters is discussed. In order to apply TOFMS to the study of neutral clusters, the clusters are ionized by single photon excitation or by resonance enhanced multiphoton excitation, at or near their ionization thresholds. With these techniques, neutral clusters can be accessed and explored to determine their size, structures, dynamics, reactions, ion chemistry, catalytic behavior, and electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels. The histories of specific central cluster species are presented to acquaint the reader with the development of neutral cluster studies since the 1980s. Clearly only the highlights (as we see them) of neutral cluster science can be mentioned and referenced in this overview, the intent of which is to explain the roots of the field, present its evolution, and to proffer at least a few of its continuing, developing directions.
The Geologists At Prague: August 1968. History of the International Union of Geological Sciences

In August, 1968 nearly 3000 geologists from 91 countries gathered in Prague for the XXIIIrd International Geological Congress. Geology was in a state of major transformation and the Congress was the opportunity for the nascent International Union of Geological Sciences to involve the world geological community. But a brutal invasion of Czechoslovakia by its Communist allies frustrated all plans. Over 500 papers, more than 50 field trips, dozens of colloquia, meetings of affiliated societies etc. were canceled. Thousands of geologists who might have disseminated a uniquely global science to the classrooms and boardrooms of 91 countries's, were scattered by the winds of war. In rump sessions within the dying Congress and immediately after, a handful of West bloc geologists, committed agents of the new developments, struggled to pick up the pieces. The IUGS had to wait four years for another plenary session with the world geological community.
International Perspectives of Family Therapy: A Phenomenological Approach

Although a number of studies have examined the history and evolution of family therapy outside of the United States, few studies have relied on qualitative or quantitative methods to understand international perspectives of family therapy. In addition, family therapy literature has continued to call for more research that increases awareness of global views and trends of family therapy. To increase our understanding of international perspectives of family therapy, 22 family therapy professionals from various countries were interviewed using a phenomenological approach. Semistructured interviews were used to understand family therapy professionals' experiences of family therapy as a profession and as a discipline. Implications are made in regards to the current and future status of family therapy as a global movement.
The role of air plethysmography in monitoring results of venous surgery.

Abstract The development of an objective, noninvasive method to assess the hemodynamic effects of venous surgery has long been awaited. Previous methods used to evaluate the results of surgery for varicose veins and venous stasis ulceration have been limited in their quantitative assessment. Now, by use of air plethysmography (APG), we can accurately quantify the effectiveness of corrective venous surgery. Twenty-five extremities that had evidence of venous insufficiency were examined with use of APG before and after venous surgical procedures. Surgery was directed at specific sites of venous incompetence as defined by physical examination and high-resolution duplex imaging. Twenty-one extremities underwent ligation and stripping of the greater saphenous vein. In these patients, APG showed an improvement in venous reflux as demonstrated by a decrease in the venous filling index from 6.6 ± 0.7 ml/sec to 1.8 ± 0.3 ml/sec ( p = 0.0001) and venous volume from 177.1 ± 14.5 ml to 139.2 ± 8.9 ml ( p = 0.0008). In addition, these patients showed a mild improvement in calf muscle pump function as noted by an improvement in ejection fraction from 45.8% ± 2.0% to 50.8% ± 2.5% ( p = 0.07). The residual volume fraction decreased from 45.0% ± 3.4% to 42.0% ± 3.7%, a difference that was not statistically significant ( p = 0.4). Four extremities with grade III chronic venous insufficiency underwent popliteal vein valve transplantation with use of an autogenous axillary vein valve. Venous reflux in these patients was reduced dramatically in the early postoperative period, with the venous filling index dropping from 14.2 ± 2.3 ml/sec before the operation to 5.1 ± 1.4 ml/sec after the operation ( p = 0.08) in conjunction with a drop in venous volume from 190.9 ± 35.4 ml to 135.2 ± 10.7 ml ( p = 0.15). APG offers a unique and quantitative technique to evaluate the results of reconstructive venous surgery. It is simple and noninvasive, and we believe it represents an improvement on older methods for evaluating the effect of surgery on the venous hemodynamics of the leg. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:674–8.)
The fine structure of the retina in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). I. Pigment epithelium and its vascular barrier.

Abstract The uItrastructure oft he pigment epithelium and its vascular barrier was examined in the Japanese quail by electron microscopy. Most endothelial pores in the choriocapillaris appear bridged by double diaphragms. The pigment epithelium is characterized by numerous slender basal infoldings, myeloid bodies and phagosomes. Myeloid bodies communicate with the nuclear envelope and profiles of both the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Phagosome formation appears to be accomplished by concomitant activity of the rod itself (curling of apical lamellae) and the apical villi of the pigment epithelium. Within the pigment epithelium cytoplasm the phagosomes undergo degeneration and are associated with increased numbers of lysosomal-like granules.
Cross-hedging foreign currency risk

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of cross-hedging to reduce foreign exchange risk. Simple cross-hedges for currencies with and without futures contracts, multiple cross-hedges, portfolio hedges, and commodity cross-hedges are examined. Cross-hedges are found to be less effective than traditional similar-asset hedges. In some instances inter-temporal instability causes hedged positions to be riskier than unhedged ones although on the whole cross-hedging is shown to be a useful risk reduction technique.
The Mental and Physical Health Consequences of Changes in Private Insurance Before and After Early Retirement

Objectives. This study e valuated the impact of private insurance coverage on the symptoms of depression, activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in the years leading up to Medicare eligibility focusing on the transition from full-time work to early full retirement. Method. The Health and Retirement Study w as used to (a) estimate 2-stage selection equations of (i) the transition to retirement and (ii) current insurance status, and (b) the impact of insurance coverage on health, net of endogeneity associated retirement and insurance coverage. Results. Emplo yment-based insurance coverage was generally associated with better health. Moreover, being without employment-based insurance was particularly problematic during the transition to retirement. Non-group insurance only moderated the association between losing employment-based insurance and IADLs. Discussion. Results indicated that private insurance coverage is an important contextual factor for the health of early retirees. Those who maintain steady coverage tend to fare the best in retirement. This highlights the dynamic nature of changes in health in later life.
Optimal utilization of histopathologic analysis of tonsil and adenoid specimens in the pediatric population.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the optimal utilization of histopathologic analysis of tonsil and adenoid specimens in the pediatric population. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 7837 tonsil and adenoid specimens submitted from January 2004 to April 2008. The records were reviewed for the patients’ age, sex, and pathologic analysis. The time and cost per analysis of each specimen were determined. Results Histopathology was performed on 347 specimens based on clinical suspicion by the surgeon, a difference of 0.5 cm or more among tonsils, gross abnormalities, and history of malignancy, transplant, or immunocompromise. Malignancy was diagnosed in 0.026% of patients. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease was diagnosed in 6 of 24 immunocompromised patients. The use of these criteria resulted in a savings of $518,088.47 and 461 h of dedicated technician time per year. Conclusions Histologic examinations in selected specimens should be based on specific criteria that should be determined by each hospital based on hospital size, finances and input from their pathologists and otolaryngogists. Storage of a representative specimen for possible retrospective review may be useful.
IgG Fab Fragments Forming Bivalent Complexes by a Conformational Mechanism That Is Reversible by Osmolytes

Generated by proteolytic cleavage of immunoglobulin, Fab fragments possess great promise as blocking reagents, able to bind receptors or other targets without inducing cross-linking. However, aggregation of Fab preparations is a common occurrence, which generates intrinsic stimulatory capacity and thwarts signal blockade strategies. Using a panel of biochemical approaches, including size exclusion chromatography, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, and cell stimulation followed by flow cytometry, we have measured the oligomerization and acquisition of stimulatory capacity that occurs in four monoclonal IgG Fabs specific for TCR/CD3. Unexpectedly, we observed that all Fabs spontaneously formed complexes that were precisely bivalent, and these bivalent complexes possessed most of the stimulatory activity of each Fab preparation. Fabs composing bivalent complexes were more susceptible to proteolysis than monovalent Fabs, indicating a difference in conformation between the Fabs involved in these two different states of valency. Because osmolytes represent a class of compounds that stabilize protein folding and conformation, we sought to determine the extent to which the amino acid osmolyte l-proline might impact bivalent Fab complexation. We found that l-proline (i) inhibited the adoption of the conformation associated with bivalent complexation, (ii) preserved Fab monovalency, (iii) reversed the conformation of preformed bivalent Fabs to that of monovalent Fabs, and (iv) separated a significant percentage of preformed bivalent complexes into monovalent species. Thus, Fab fragments can adopt a conformation that is compatible with folding or packing of a bivalent complex in a process that can be inhibited by osmolytes.
Down-regulation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes blocks progression through the first mitotic division in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.

The cell cycle is a highly regulated process that enables the accurate transmission of chromosomes to daughter cells. Here we uncover a previously unknown link between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cell cycle progression in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo. We found that down-regulation of TCA cycle components, including citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and aconitase, resulted in a one-cell stage arrest before entry into mitosis: pronuclear meeting occurred normally, but nuclear envelope breakdown, centrosome separation, and chromosome condensation did not take place. Mitotic entry is controlled by the cyclin B–cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) complex, and the inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1 must be removed in order for the complex to be active. We found that following down-regulation of the TCA cycle, cyclin B levels were normal but CDK-1 remained inhibitory-phosphorylated in one-cell stage-arrested embryos, indicative of a G2-like arrest. Moreover, this was not due to an indirect effect caused by checkpoint activation by DNA damage or replication defects. These observations suggest that CDK-1 activation in the C. elegans one-cell embryo is sensitive to the metabolic state of the cell, and that down-regulation of the TCA cycle prevents the removal of CDK-1 inhibitory phosphorylation. The TCA cycle was previously shown to be necessary for the development of the early embryo in mammals, but the molecular processes affected were not known. Our study demonstrates a link between the TCA cycle and a specific cell cycle transition in the one-cell stage embryo.
Theoretical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of the As Vacancy on the GaAs(110) Surface.

The atomic and electronic structure of an As vacancy on the GaAs(110) surface is examined using ab initio pseudopotentials. The relaxed atomic structure reveals an inward movement of the neighboring surface Ga atoms which is in disagreement with recent interpretations of the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images for this system. However, a careful analysis of the wave-function character of the vacancy states, and the theoretical STM image, for this geometry yields excellent agreement with the experimental STM images.
The Role of Employers in Split Labor Markets: An Event-Structure Analysis of Racial Conflict and AFL Organizing, 1917–1919

This articlefocuses on employers' responses to AFL organizing efforts in the meatpacking industry in Chicago and the steel industry in Gary, Indiana, between 1917 and 1919. First, I develop a typology of split labor markets that incorporates the insights of the neo-Marxist divide-and-rule perspective. Second, I use event-structure analysis (ESA) to systematically examine causal sequences in the Chicago and Gary union campaigns. The analyses suggest that (1) both capitalist and state actors meditate conflicts between racial groups in the labor market and that (2) employers actively contribute to racial antagonism when emergent interracial coalitions threaten to increase labor costs and polarize class struggle. The revised split labor market theory explains how thefeatures of industrial labor markets affect the strategies of employers as well as majority and minority workers.
ECOLOGY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY OF AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI IN SOIL

Soil serves as a reservoir for Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, fungi that produce carcinogenic aflatoxins in agricultural commodities. Populations in soil are genetically diverse and individual genotypes show a clustered distribution pattern within fields. Surveys over large geographic regions suggest that climate and crop composition influence species density and aflatoxin‐producing potential. Aflatoxigenic fungi reside in soil as conidia, sclerotia and hyphae, which act as primary inocula for directly infecting peanuts or for infecting aerial crops (corn, cottonseed, tree nuts) through wind and insect dispersal. Infected crops periodically replenish soil populations during drought years.
An inorganic functional group approach to the systematic synthesis and reactivity studies of binuclear Mo/S and Mo/S/O complexes

A number of general reactions, based on molybdenum-coordinated sulphido or polysulphido ligands, can account for the synthesis of many members of the (MO: (S),(S&_,)'-, (Mob,,_,)'- and (Mo3l(C?),(S),(S,),_Jl"- homologous series. These reactions include : (a) sulphur addition and sulphur abstraction reactions ; (b) oxidative removal of the Sz- ligands and their replacement by substitutionally labile ligands ; (c) oxidation of coodinated RS- ligands by S," fragments, and in situ generation of S,'- ligands ; (d) oxidative dimerization reactions of molybdenum(IV) complexes ; and (e) reductive elimination of S," fragments. The synthesis of the new ((C~)MO~(O)(~-S)~MO~(O)S~)- and ((Cp)MoV(0)(p-S),MoV(0)S2)- anions has alowed the use of 'H NMR spectroscopy to monitor the solution behaviour and reactivity of the MoV(0)S2 group. The existence of the MoV(0)S2 + S2 F? MoV(0)S4 equilibri? has been unequivocally established. The ((Cp)Mo' (O)(p-S),Mov(0)S2)- complex gives a vinyl disulphide derivative by insertion of dicar- bomethoxyacetylene, DMA, into the MO-q2-S2 group. Upon prolonged heating to 70°C the vinyl disulphide ligand is converted quantitatively to a dithiolene ligand. The same con- version takes place swiftly at ambient temperatures when catalytic amounts of Ss are present in the reaction medium. Reaction pathways for both the thermal and catalytic conversions have been suggested by 'H NMR studies. Preliminary studies of the utility of the (J%N)(Mo2W&U, ~i(~~~)61~02~2~~~~1~, (EWdMa@.&l and (Phd%(Mo&l complexes as catalysts for the hydrodesulphurization of thiophene are reported. The Ni/Mo catalyst obtained from ~i(DMF)6)(Mo202S,Cl)2 is at least 10 times more effective than a commercial CO/MO catalyst. The binary, MO/S, or tertiary, MO/S/O, thiomolyb- date complexes1-4 are characterized by a remark- able complexity in structure and by interesting reactivity characteristics. The vast majority of these complexes are anionic species and can be described in terms of various combinations of the 02-, S2-, S:- and S$- ligands coordinated to molybdenum(IV), -(V) or -(VI) ions. At times, the deceivingly simple procedures that
The Consequences of Consumers' use of Pre-Existing Social Relationships to make Purchases

In this article, we extend and refine previous research on marketing relationships by specifically examining consumers’ use of pre-existing social relationships (i.e., friendships) with firm representatives to make purchases. This study identifies the various consequences of using pre-existing social relationships and integrates these new outcomes with existing research to develop a cohesive theoretical framework. Doing so highlights the unique advantages of developing stronger relationships between firms and customers, while also extending marketing scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of relationship marketing. Finally, this study links the outcomes of using these relationships to important marketing constructs, such as satisfaction and loyalty.
Enhancing Geography's Role in Public Debate∗

Abstract Even though many geographers work on topics of great societal import, geography is largely missing from wider debates on political and social matters. This state of affairs reflects the historical marginalization of the discipline and the paucity of visible studies linking geographical scholarship to the major concerns of the day. Addressing this situation presents fundamental challenges for the community of geographers—ones that go far beyond efforts simply to promote geography as a discipline. Geographers need to grapple more frequently with larger-scale questions, foster more in-depth understanding of different parts of the world, enhance interactions between discrete parts of the discipline, and make explicit the implications of geographical work for the discussions that are shaping public and intellectual agendas. None of this means that geography should allow its agenda to be set by others or that research without explicit social or policy relevance should be abandoned. If the virtual absen...
Application of manometric method to testing chemical agents in vitro for interference with poliomyelitis virus synthesis.

SummaryDL-ethionine, 2,6-diaminopurine, benzimidazole, and β-2-thienylalanine did not inhibit the synthesis of poliomyelitis virus, Type 1, in strain HeLa cell cultures except at concentrations which were markedly inhibitory to the respiration of the host cell. Cessation of respiration of infected cultures occurred at the same time independent of the concentration of the metabolic analogue employed or of the final concentration of virus. The ethionine-induced inhibition of respiration was only partially reversed by the addition of methionine. A concentration of benzimidazole, 0.25 mg/ml, which was not toxic for HeLa cells, as assessed by microscopic observations, was markedly inhibitory to the respiration of cells in a Warburg flask. The importance of the oxidative energy of respiration for the synthesis of poliomyelitis virus, Type 1, by HeLa cells was demonstrated. Anaerobically, such cells were able to produce less than 0.01% of the amount of virus produced by replicate systems under aerobic conditions...
Variability of user interaction with multi-platform news feeds

The development of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the proliferation of web enabled devices have allowed various news agencies to enrich their traditional method of distribution of news through TV, radio and print with simultaneous broadcast through the Web. The varying nature of devices through which the Web is accessed warrants different ways to feed the same content. This precipitates some variation in the way users interact with the news feeds. In this article, we investigate how mental models and information scent affect this variation and user interaction on the whole. In particular we were interested in how mental models changed when users moved from one platform to another and the role of information scent in maintaining, creating or changing mental models. We present results from a preliminary survey conducted to capture the current news gathering behavior of the general population. We also present observations about mental models related to multi-platform user interfaces from a study where users accessed the BBC news site from a laptop, a PDA and a cell phone. Our observations show that the users' mental model of the domain remains largely independent of the platform used.
Effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine on mechanosensory afferents innervating rat hind paw following inflammation.

Abstract We investigated whether the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) selective antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) has direct effects on primary afferent fiber responses to noxious mechanical stimulation following inflammation. Mechanosensory primary afferent fibers innervating the hind paw were recorded in naive and complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) inflamed rats. Following intraplantar injection of CFA, afferent fibers showed property changes including expanded receptive fields, burst firing with fast adaptive mechanical responses and a higher incidence of cold and/or heat sensitivities compared to naive rats. In eight afferent fibers tested following i.v. administration of MPEP, seven fibers showed significantly reduced responses to noxious mechanical stimulation. At a cumulative dose of 10 mg/kg, MPEP inhibited afferent responses to 32.66 ± 11.48% of control. The mean ID 50 value of MPEP was 6.49 ± 0.43 mg/kg. In contrast to its inhibitory action in the CFA model, i.v. administration of MPEP produced only a mild reduction of mechanical responses in 3 fibers out of 11 in naive rats. These results provide direct functional evidence that blockade of peripheral mGluR5 receptors inhibits nociceptive transmission and support previous studies demonstrating a peripheral site of action associated with the antinociceptive effect of MPEP following inflammation.
Site- and compartment-specific changes in bone with hindlimb unloading in mature adult rats

The purpose of this study was to examine site- and compartment-specific changes in bone induced by hindlimb unloading (HU) in the mature adult male rat (6 months old). Tibiae, femora, and humeri were removed after 14, 21, and 28 days of HU for determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and geometry by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), mechanical properties, and bone formation rate (BFR), and compared with baseline (0 day) and aging (28 day) controls. HU resulted in 20%-21% declines in cancellous BMD at the proximal tibia and femoral neck after 28 day HU vs. 0 day controls (CON). Cortical shell BMD at these sites was greater (by 4%-6%) in both 28 day HU and 28 day CON vs. 0 day CON animals, and nearly identical to that gain seen in the weight-bearing humerus. Mechanical properties at the proximal tibia exhibited a nonsignificant decline after HU vs. those of 0 day CON rats. At the femoral neck, a 10% decrement was noted in ultimate load in 28 day HU rats vs. 28 day CON animals. Middiaphyseal tibial bone increased slightly in density and area during HU; no differences in structural and material properties between 28 day HU and 28 day CON rats were noted. BFR at the tibial midshaft was significantly lower (by 90%) after 21 day HU vs. 0 day CON; this decline was maintained throughout 28 day HU. These results suggest there are compartment-specific differences in the mature adult skeletal response to hindlimb unloading, and that the major impact over 28 days of unloading is on cancellous bone sites. Given the sharp decline in BFR for midshaft cortical bone, it appears likely that deficits in BMD, area, or mechanical properties would develop with longer duration unloading.
Hedonism and the good life

Feldman favors H4 because it counts as hedonistic some views which accept the "transvaluation" of pleasures and pains, views which hold that some pleasures are intrinsically bad and some pains are intrinsically good. H4 permits us, for example, to'count as hedonistic certain "Moorean" views that take compassionate suffering to be intrinsically good and pleasure in the suffering of others to be intrinsically bad. I do not think that H4 is a satisfactory account of what makes a theory of value hedonistic. As Feldman himself points out, H4 implies that "dolorism" is a version of hedonism. Dolorism is the view that all good basic intrinsic value states are attributions of pain and all bad basic intrinsic value states are attributions of pleasure. It seems obvious to me that dolorism is not a form of hedonism, so I think H4 is false. Feldman notes that an alternative to H4 could require that all good basic intrinsic value states be attributions of pleasure and all bad basic intrinsic value states be attributions of pain or displeasure. This would eliminate dolorism as a form of hedonism, but, as he points out, one would no longer be able to treat the Moorean views as forms of hedonism. So, Feldman says we face a dilemma: either (a) we accept H4 which implies that dolorism is a form of hedonism, or (b) we accept an account of hedonism that implies that the Moorean views are not forms.of hedonism. If those are our only options, then it seems to me that we should reject H4, and accept the account that implies that the Moorean view is not a form of hedonism. In
Development of a dynamic shear angle model for wave-generating processes based on work-hardening slip-line field theory

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the behavior of the shear plane oscillation during an orthogonal wave-generating process. The system governing equations of the model are derived theoretically from the fundamental theory of cutting mechanics by taking into account the changes of the stress conditions along the shear plane and the mean frictional coefficient on the tool-chip interface in response to the uncut chip thickness modulation. The model has been verified through simulation studies by reference to the work of a previous experimental investigation into cutting dynamics. The successful prediction of the shear angle variation not only proves the validity of the model but also confirms the soundness of the modelling approach proposed in this paper.
Comparative Effects of Three Types of Florisil Treatments on Flavanone Glycosides and Minerals of Processed Grapefruit Juice

Treatment of single-strength grapefruit juice with three types of Florisil (B-Florisil, C-Florisil, and K-Florisil) resulted in a simultaneous reduction in citric acid and bitter compounds (limonin and naringin). Ascorbic acid and sugar concentrations were not altered as a result of the treatment. Juices treated with B- and C-Florisils had high concentrations of sodium, whereas juice treated with K-Florisil had no change in sodium concentration. Elevated potassium was found in juice treated with K-Florisil, but potassium concentrations were diminished in juices treated with B- and C-Florisils in comparison to the control juice. Juices treated with all three types of Florisils had increased amounts of magnesium, iron, and silicon but phosphorus and strontium were reduced.
Maternal and Fetal Effects of Two Inhibitors of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Δ5–4,3-Ketosteroid Isomerase in the Rat

Congenital adrenal enlargement, hypospadias in male fetuses, slight enlargement of the clitoris and of the anourethral distance in female fetuses, and deficient activity of the 3/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ5–4,3- ketosteroid isomerase system occur in human congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a genetic deficiency of these enzymes, and in the experimental model of this disease produced by a C-19 substrate analog (2α-cyano-4,4,17α:-trimethylandrost- 5-en-17β-ol-3-one). The present study was undertaken to determine whether similar biologic and enzymatic defects would be produced by 17β-hydroxy-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost- 5-ene-(2,3d)-isoxazole, an analog with about 10 to 20 times less enzyme affinity, and by 2-hydroxymethylene- androstan-17β-ol-17α-methyl-3-one,an analog with the same kinetic properties and enzyme affinity as the cyano-analog. The isoxazole produces the same anatomic and enzymatic defects in mothers, fetuses and immature females as the cyano-analog. Thus, the effects of the isoxazole...
Determination of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 21 and 22 (Eosin Y) using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract The present work demonstrates the presence of an impurity, 2,4,6-tribromoaniline (TBA), in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 21 and 21 lake (21L) and describes the determination of TBA in certified lots of D&C Red Nos. 21, 21L and 22 (Eosin Y). A method was developed using solid-phase microextraction with [ 13 C 6 ]TBA as an internal standard followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Test portions from 23 lots of US-certified color additives D&C Red Nos. 21, 21L and 22 were analyzed for TBA using the new method. These lots represent domestic (four) and foreign (four) manufacturers that requested certification for the color additives during the past 2 years. Of the test portions analyzed, 12 (52.2%) contained TBA in amounts ranging from 19.9 to 638.9 ppm with an average value of ∼278.7 ppm. The remaining 11 (47.2%) test portions contained no detectable TBA or less than 0.01 ppm, which is the limit of quantification of the present method. The wide range of TBA levels found in lots submitted for certification suggest that the contamination with TBA may be avoided or significantly decreased through appropriate changes in the color-manufacturing process.
Interdisciplinary Community Collaboration: Perspectives of Community Practitioners on Successful Strategies

ABSTRACT Six focus groups were convened to collect data on successful interdisciplinary community collaboration (ICC) strategies. Participants came from a variety of disciplines but shared the common identification of having worked in similar communities. Participant assignment to one of six groups was designed to insure diversity by gender and race or ethnicity. They discussed four questions received in advance. Prior consented tape-recorded sessions were transcribed and reviewed by group facilitators using a process of member checking. Data analysis utilized the qualitative methodology known as grounded theory. Results indicate that organizers must have (1) a knowledge base of strategic planning, management, and administration, (2) an intra- or interpersonal skills set, and (3) well-defined values and attributes. The Practice implications are that further research is needed to more fully explore the complexity of ICC work.
The Effects of Emissions Standards on Industry

Industrialists often claim that, by rendering firms unprofitable and hence forcing them out of business, stricter emissions standards reduce the industry output and competition. This paper considers situations where firms' pollution reduction increases the industry demand, but, because of inability to coordinate their emissions reductions, and thus free riding problem, they are unable to act in their own collective interest. For such situations, the paper studies the effects of emissions standards on the equilibrium in an oligopoly market. It shows conditions under which a stricter standard leads to a larger number of firms in the industry, a greater industry output, and a lower total pollution in the long run.
Airborne sampling of aerosol particles: Comparison between surface sampling at Christmas Island and P‐3 sampling during PEM‐Tropics B

Bulk aerosol sampling of soluble ionic compounds from the NASA Wallops Island P-3 aircraft and a tower on Christmas Island during PEM-Tropics B provides an opportunity to assess the magnitude of particle losses in the University of New Hampshire airborne bulk aerosol sampling system. We find that most aerosol-associated ions decrease strongly with height above the sea surface, making direct comparisons between mixing ratios at 30 m on the tower and the lowest flight level of the P-3 (150 m) open to interpretation. Theoretical considerations suggest that vertical gradients of sea-salt aerosol particles should show exponential decreases with height. Observed gradients of Na+ and Mg 2+ , combining the tower observations with P-3 samples collected below 1 km, are well described by exponential decreases (r values of 0.88 and 0.87, respectively), though the curve fit underestimates average mixing ratios at the surface by 25%. Cascade impactor samples collected on the tower show that >99% of the Na+ and Mg 2+ mass is on supermicron particles, 65% is in the 1-6 micron range, and just 20% resides on particles with diameters larger than 9 microns. These results indicate that our airborne aerosol sampling probes must be passing particles up to at least 6 microns with high efficiency. We also observed that nss SO 2- 4 and NH 4 , which are dominantly on accumulation mode particles, tended to decrease between 150 and 1000 m, but they were often considerably higher at the lowest P-3 sampling altitudes than at the tower. This finding is presently not well understood.
Modeling the Propagation of Lamb Waves using a Genetic Algorithm and S-transformation

Many structural health monitoring (SHM) applications in use monitor the progress of Lamb waves across a test object in order to detect structural problems, such as cracks and material losses. This study proposes the use of S-transformation techniques to identify the frequency–time domain characteristics and to reduce the noise of the signals at the receiver. Two time domain models, time delay–attenuation (DA) and time delay–attenuation–phase (DAP), are utilized to represent the propagation of Lamb waves in a compact and meaningful model. The parameters of the models are estimated by using genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. The results of the study show that the DA and DAP models work effectively on the simulated and experimental data.
A General Theoretical Integrative Model of Individual Differences in Interests, Abilities, Personality Traits, and Academic and Occupational Achievement: A Commentary on Four Recent Articles:

This commentary integrates the contents of four recent articles on individual differences (Nye, Su, Rounds, & Drasgow, 2012; Schmidt, 2011; Valla & Ceci, 2011; von Stumm, Hell, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011) in a causal theoretical model. In this model, introversion and fluid intelligence cause interest in general learning (intellectual curiosity), which in turn is a major cause of crystallized intelligence. Certain specific interests and fluid intelligence also contribute to crystallized intelligence. Prenatal testosterone hormone conditioning is postulated to cause sex differences in certain specific interests but not in others. Crystallized intelligence, specific interests, and the personality trait of conscientiousness cause adult academic and occupational performance, whereas crystallized intelligence is the main cause of good mental functioning at older ages. Research is presented supporting each link in the model.
Do juvenile gape‐limited predators compensate for their small size when feeding?

When juvenile and adult animals occur syntopically, juveniles are at a distinct performance disadvantage due to their absolutely small size. Yet, optimal foraging theory predicts that juvenile predators should feed efficiently in order to compete with adults for food, and to minimize their exposure to predators. Previous authors have suggested that one way for juvenile animals to accomplish these ecological tasks is by increasing their overall feeding performance relative to adults (compensation hypothesis). Nonetheless, only a handful of studies have tested whether juvenile animals have increased feeding performance (e.g. decreased ingestion and/or handling times relative to body size) compared with adults. We tested this hypothesis by examining the ontogeny of head dimensions and feeding performance (ingestion time and number of mandibular protractions) on fish prey for broad-banded water snakes Nerodia fasciata. Individuals were fed fish scaled in a 1:1 ratio to their head width. All head dimensions scaled with significant negative allometry versus body size, and thus smaller snakes had relatively larger heads for their body size compared with larger snakes. By contrast, most head variables (except head volume) exhibited positive allometry versus head length, demonstrating that larger snakes had larger head dimensions relative to head size compared with smaller snakes. In the performance trials, smaller snakes had worse feeding performances when feeding on similarly sized fish prey (relative to their head width) compared with larger snakes. Therefore, these data show that smaller water snakes do not compensate for their size through increased feeding performance.
The effect of the number of modes and feed locations in angle-of-arrival estimation using a multimode antenna

Given a multimode antenna and a discrete number of modes, the number of modes used and the farfield patterns of the modes impact the angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation error. This paper presents an analysis of AOA estimation for a multimode structural radiator for a varying number of modes, where each mode is excited through a different feed location on notional two-dimensional crossed plates. Empirical results for AOA estimation errors versus the number of modes and the location of the feeds for each mode are presented using the maximum likelihood method estimator.
The Effects of “Mandatory Volunteerism” on Intentions to Volunteer

With the widespread emergence of required community-service programs comes a new opportunity to examine the effects of requirements on future behavioral intentions. To investigate the consequences of such “mandatory volunteerism” programs, we followed students who were required to volunteer in order to graduate from college. Results demonstrated that stronger perceptions of external control eliminated an otherwise positive relation between prior volunteer experience and future intentions to volunteer. A second study experimentally compared mandates and choices to serve and included a premeasured assessment of whether students felt external control was necessary to get them to volunteer. After being required or choosing to serve, students reported their future intentions. Students who initially felt it unlikely that they would freely volunteer had significantly lower intentions after being required to serve than after being given a choice. Those who initially felt more likely to freely volunteer were relat...
Relation Between Lung Volume and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Ten experiments were conducted on anesthetized dogs ventilated with a Starling pump and breathing oxygen. While tidal volume, respiratory rate, and arterial pH and pCO 2 were kept constant, lung volume was varied by using either a negative, zero, or positive end-expiratory pressure, leading to average changes in lung volume of -32, 0, and +75 per cent. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased with either decreased or increased lung volume, indicating that the relationship between resistance and lung volume is a U-shaped curve. Since the transmural distending pressures of large pulmonary vessels either increased or remained unchanged during these procedures, changes in PVR cannot be ascribed to changes in systemic circulatory dynamics, such as cardiac output. It was noted that cardiac output increased with negative end-expiratory pressure (effectively, negative-pressure breathing) and decreased with positive end-expiratory pressures (effective, positive-pressure breathing), as previously reported. A hypothesis is presented for explaining the U-shaped curve relating resistance and lung volume.
Short-day enhancement of immune function is independent of steroid hormones in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

The effects of photoperiod and steroid hormones on immune function were assessed in male and female deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). In experiment 1, male deer mice were castrated, castrated and given testosterone replacement, or sham-operated. Half of each experimental group were subsequently housed in either long (LD 16:8) or short days (LD 8:16) for 10 weeks. Short-day deer mice underwent reproductive regression and displayed elevated lymphocyte proliferation in response to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A, as compared to long-day mice. In experiment 2, female deer mice were ovariectomized, ovariectomized and given estrogen replacement, or sham-operated. Animals from each of these experimental groups were subsequently housed in either LD 16:8 or LD 8:16 for 10 weeks. Short-day deer mice underwent reproductive regression and displayed reduced serum estradiol concentrations and elevated lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A, as compared to long-day mice. Surgical manipulation had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation in either male or female deer mice. Neither photoperiod nor surgical manipulation affected serum corticosterone concentrations. These results confirm that both male and female deer mice housed in short days enhance immune function relative to long-day animals. Additionally, short-day elevation in splenocyte proliferation appears to be independent of the influence of steroid hormones in this species.
Isotopic fractionation of dissolved nitrate during denitrification in the eastern tropical north pacific ocean

Abstract The isotopic composition (δ15N) of dissolved nitrate was measured at five stations within the oxygen-deficient region of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (ETNP) and at one station 900 km northeast of Hawaii, which was considered to be representative of all major water masses of the Pacific. At this last station, the δ15N composition of dissolved nitrate decreased systematically from about +6‰ at 400 m to approximately +5‰ at 5,000 m; these results are consistent with other estimates from the western Pacific. In contrast, vertical profiles of δ15N of dissolved nitrate from the ETNP showed marked departure from the above observed trend and correlated with losses of nitrate arising from denitrification. Instantaneous fractionation factors (α) were estimated, using the one dimensional vertical diffusion-advection model. These results suggest that 14NO3− is consumed 3–4% faster than 15NO3−, significantly larger than fractionations (⩽2%) observed under laboratory conditions. Maximum rates of denitrification at 100 m were also evaluated and ranged from 0.6 to 8 μg-at 1−1 yr−1 for the stations investigated. The above upper limit is probably excessive, but the average maximum for the four stations analyzed is estimated to be 3.5 μg-at NO3− 1−1 yr−1. These results compare favorably with suitably corrected oxygen utilization rates derived from electron transport activity measurements.
ArsAB, a novel enzyme from Sporomusa ovata activates phenolic bases for adenosylcobamide biosynthesis

Summary In the homoacetogenic bacterium Sporomusa ovata, phenol and p-cresol are converted into α-ribotides, which are incorporated into biologically active cobamides (Cbas) whose lower ligand bases do not form axial co-ordination bonds with the cobalt ion of the corrin ring. Here we report the identity of two S. ovata genes that encode an enzyme that transfers the phosphoribosyl group of nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN) to phenol or p-cresol, yielding α-O-glycosidic ribotides. The alluded genes were named arsA and arsB (for alpha-ribotide synthesis), arsA and arsB were isolated from a genomic DNA library of S. ovata. A positive selection strategy using an Escherichia coli strain devoid of NaMN:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB) phosphoribosyltransferase (CobT) activity was used to isolate a fragment of S. ovata DNA that contained arsA and arsB, whose nucleotide sequences overlapped by 8 bp. SoArsAB was isolated to homogeneity, shown to be functional as a heterodimer, and to have highest activity at pH 9. SoArsAB also activated DMB to its α-N-glycosidic ribotide. Previously characterized CobT-like enzymes activate DMB but do not activate phenolics. NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the incorporation of phenol into the cobamide, and mass spectrometry was used to identify SoArsAB reaction products.
Content-based similarity search over peer-to-peer systems

Peer-to-peer applications are used to share large volumes of data. An important requirement of these systems is efficient methods for locating the data of interest in a large collection of data. Unfortunately current peer-to-peer systems either offer exact keyword match functionality or provide inefficient text search methods through centralized indexing or flooding. In this paper we propose a method based on popular Information Retrieval techniques to facilitate content-based searches in peer-to-peer systems. A simulation of the proposed design was implemented and its performance was evaluated using some commonly used test collections, including Ohsumed which was used for the TREC-9 Filtering Track. The experiments demonstrate that our approach is scalable as it achieves high recall by visiting only a small subset of the peers.
Positive diversity-stability relationships in forest herb populations during four decades of community assembly

It is suggested that diversity destabilizes individual populations within communities; however, generalizations are problematic because effects of diversity can be confounded by variation attributable to community type, life history or successional stage. We examined these complexities using a 40-year record of reassembly in forest herb communities in two clearcut watersheds in the Andrews Long-term Ecological Research Site (Oregon, USA). Population stability was higher among forest than colonizing species and increased with successional stage. Thus, life history and successional stage may explain some of the variability in diversity-stability relationships found previously. However, population stability was positively related to diversity and this relationship held for different forest communities, for species with contrasting life histories, and for different successional stages. Positive relationships between diversity and population stability can arise if diversity has facilitative effects, or if stability is a precursor, rather than a response, to diversity.