cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The binding of antifibrinolytic amino acids to kringle-4-containing fragments of plasminogen.

A monoclonal antibody to human plasminogen, 10-F-1, was found to interact with the lysine-binding site (LBS) on the kringle 4 (K 4) region of the molecule. This observation has been employed to measure the binding of various antifibrinolytic amino acid analogs of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon ACA) to its site on K 4 in appropriate elastolytic-derived fragments of human plasminogen and to other species of plasminogen to which antibody 10-F-1 cross-reacts. By analysis of the concentration dependence of epsilon ACA displacement of [125I]10-F-1 from human Glu1Pg, a KD for epsilon ACA of 7.1 +/- 1.0 mM was calculated. Similar experiments with K 4-containing fragments of Glu1Pg, viz., Lys77Pg, K 4, Lys77H and Val354Pg, yielded KD values of 6.6 +/- 1.0, 7.5 +/- 1.0, 6.6 +/- 1.0, and 12.0 +/- 2.0 mM, respectively. When baboon, goat, monkey, rabbit, and sheep plasminogens were substituted for human plasminogen, the KD values calculated ranged from 2.1 to 7.1 mM. The KD values for several analogs of epsilon ACA, i.e., 4-aminobutyric acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid, 8-aminooctanoic acid, L-lysine, and trans-aminomethyl cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, were measured to the K 4 region of Lys77Pg. The values obtained were 11.3 +/- 1.5, 9.0 +/- 1.0, 71.0 +/- 10, 38.0 +/- 5.0, and 1.1 +/- 0.4 mM, respectively. Additionally, the KD of trans-aminomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid towards the K 4 region of Glu1Pg, Lys77Pg, and isolated K 4 was found to be 2.4 +/- 0.5, 1.1 +/- 0.3, and 2.0 +/- 0.6 mM, respectively. These studies show directly that the LBS on the K 4 domain of plasminogen represents one of its 4-5 weak binding sites and that this site can be specifically probed with the use of monoclonal antibody 10-F-1. Furthermore, it appears as though this site is conserved in several important proteolytic fragments of plasminogen, providing additional evidence that these fragments exist as independent domains in the native molecule. Finally, this weak LBS on the K 4 domain of human plasminogen is also present in other species of plasminogen.
A 44-Year-Old Woman With Polyarthritis, Fever, and Hilar Adenopathy

(CHEST 2006; 129:816–821) A 44-year-old white woman presented with an 8-week history of increasing bilateral (right more than left) ankle pain with progressive periarticular edema and inflammation. The right wrist and both elbows were additively and mildly involved. She had intermittent fever with no clear pattern, malaise, mild thoracic spine pain, and intermittent limb muscle aches. Dry cough was present 4 days before hospital admission. The patient was treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and morphine at another hospital for 4 days before being transferred to our institution for management of asymmetric large-joint polyarthritis of unclear etiology. She denied sputum production, dyspnea, chest pain, syncope, headaches, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, history of bleeding, dysuria, night sweats, weight loss, and skin rash. She was a resident of a small rural town, had a stable monogamous relationship with her husband, and had one healthy son. She worked for a local home health-care agency and denied tobacco, ethanol, drug abuse, recent exposure to animals, and recent travel. No drug allergies were noted. Home medications included glyburide/metformin (2.5/500 mg po bid), lisinopril (10 mg/d po), and ibuprofen as needed.
Dithiocarbamate-protected ruthenium nanoparticles: Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry and STM studies

Abstract Stable ruthenium nanoparticles were synthesized in a biphasic system with a protecting monolayer of dithiocarbamate derivatives. The core size of the resulting Ru particles was found to vary with the initial ligand–metal feed ratio. UV–vis spectroscopic measurements showed a Mie scattering profile, with no obvious surface-plasmon resonance. The size and crystal structures of the particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) measurements. A significant fraction of the nanoparticles was found within the size range of 2–4 nm in diameter and of spherical shape from the TEM measurements. Clear lattice fringes could be observed in high-resolution TEM images with the fringe spacing consistent with the Ru(1 0 1) lattice planes. Electrochemical studies of Ru particles with different core size exhibited the solution-phase quantized charging of the particle double layers, analogous to those reported for gold and other transition-metal particles. The potential spacing between adjacent quantized charging peaks was found to vary with the particle core size, corresponding to the variation of the particle molecular capacitance. These charge-transfer properties were very consistent with the STM measurements of isolated nanoparticles which exhibit clear Coulomb blockade and staircase features.
Theory, Synthesis, and Application of Adiabatic and Reversible Logic Circuits for Security Applications

Programmable reversible logic is emerging as a prospective logic design style for implementation in modern nanotechnology and quantum computing with minimal impact on circuit heat generation. Adiabatic logic is a design methodology for reversible logic in CMOS where the current flow through the circuit is controlled such that the energy dissipation due to switching and capacitor dissipation is minimized. Production of cost-effective Secure Integrated Chips, such as Smart Cards, requires hardware designers to consider tradeoffs in size, security, and power consumption. In order to design successful security-centric designs, the low-level hardware must contain built-in protection mechanisms to supplement cryptographic algorithms such as AES and Triple DES by preventing side channel attacks, such as Differential Power Analysis (DPA). Dynamic logic obfuscates the output waveforms and the circuit operation, reducing the effectiveness of the DPA attack. In this dissertation, I address theory, synthesis, and application of adiabatic and reversible logic circuits for security applications. First, we present a mathematical proof to demonstrate that reversible logic can be used to design sequential computing structures. Next, a novel algorithm for synthesis of adiabatic circuits in CMOS is presented. This approach is unique because it correlates the offsets in the permutation matrix to the transistors required for synthesis, instead of determining an equivalent circuit and substituting a previously synthesized circuit from a library. Using the ESPRESSO heuristic for minimization of Boolean functions method on each output node in parallel, we optimize the synthesized circuit. It is demonstrated that the algorithm produces a 32.86% improvement over previously synthesized circuit benchmarks. For stronger mitigation of DPA attacks, we propose the implementation of Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic for applications in secure IC design. A Performance Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic (PADDL) is presented for an implementation in high frequency secure ICs. This method improves the differential power over previous dynamic and differential logic methods by up to 89.65. Then, we present an adiabatic S-box which significantly reduces energy imbalance compared to previous benchmarks. The design is capable of forward encryption and reverse decryption with minimal overhead, allowing for efficient hardware reuse.
Some Exchangeable Probabilities are Singular With Respect to All Presentable Probabilities

As has been reported in Dubins and Freedman (1979), there are exchangeable probabilities which are not presentable, that is, there are some which are not mixtures of power probabilities. The exchangeable probabilities constructed in Dubins and Freedman (1979) are, in fact, singular with respect to all presentable probabilities. This will become evident once a simple condition given below, meaningful for members of a certain class of exchangeable processes, is shown to be necessary and sufficient for one of its members to be singular with respect to all presentable processes.
Evaluation of pyritic oxidation by mossbauer spectrometry

Abstract The feasibility of using the Mossbauer effect spectroscopy in conjunction with backscattering-mode detection of 14.4 keV gamma rays to monitor pyritic oxidation has been demonstrated. Spectra were obtained of mineral surface through 2 mm of water. Unreacted and oxidized pyritic minerals were differentiated.
Neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in apoE-deficient mice is ameliorated by infusion of recombinant apoE.

Abstract Recent studies suggest that apolipoprotein E (apoE) might play a neurotrophic function in the central nervous system and that altered functioning of this molecule could result in neurodegeneration. The main objective of this study was to determine if neurodegenerative and cognitive alterations in apoE-deficient mice are reversible by infusion of recombinant apoE into the lateral ventricles. ApoE-deficient mice treated with either apoE3 or apoE4 showed a significant improvement in their learning capacity in the Morris water maze compared to saline-infused apoE-deficient mice. While this improved performance was associated with restoration of neuronal structure, the poor learning ability of apoE-deficient mice treated with saline correlated with the disrupted synapto-dendritic structure. This study supports the contention that apoE might play a neurotrophic effect in vivo and suggests that apoE might have a potential therapeutic role. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
On some extremal problems in H p and the prediction ofL p -harmonizable stochastic processes

We providesimple andsuccinct solutions to two dual extremal problems in the Hardy spacesHp, and to an aspect of the linear prediction problem for a certain class of discrete and continuous parameter “Lp-harmonizable” stochastic processes, for all 1≦p<∞. Two of the results presented appear new. The methods of proof of the rest of the results provide alternatesimpler andshorter proofs for some earlier known theorems.
In the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto), the Negative Feedback Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion by an Action of Testicular Hormone Directly at the Level of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Cannot be Accounted for by Either Testosterone or Estradiol

In the male rhesus monkey, the negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion by the gonad appears to involve a specific inhibitory action of testicular hormone on FSH release at the level of the anterior pituitary gland. The purpose of the present study, which used the hypophysiotropic clamp preparation, was to determine whether circulating testosterone (T) or estradiol (E) comprises a major component of the testicular FSH-inhibiting factor in this species. Endogenous hypothalamic GnRH secretion was abolished or severely compromised in five adult male rhesus monkeys by placement of radiofrequency lesions in the region of the arcuate nucleus. Subsequently, an episodic pattern of activity in the pituitary-Leydig cell axis of these animals was restored by a chronic and unchanging intermittent iv infusion of GnRH (0.1 microgram/min for 3 min ever 3 h), which appears to provide the gonadotropes of lesioned animals with a hypophysiotropic drive comparable to that produced by the hypothalamus of animals with an intact central nervous system. Treatment of three animals with a specific anti-E-gamma-globulin fraction resulted in a marked and sustained rise in E-binding activity in serum, but this neutralization of circulating E did not elicit hypersecretion of FSH. In all five animals, initiation of T replacement on the day of orchidectomy, which maintained circulating T concentrations in the high testis-intact control range, failed to prevent the postcastration hypersecretion of FSH that is evoked after removal of testis in the hypophysiotropic clamp preparation. As expected, the changes in circulating LH levels during immunoneutralization and after orchidectomy and T replacement were unremarkable. These findings indicate that neither circulating T nor E can account for the testicular inhibition of FSH secretion in the rhesus monkey and thus lead, by a process of exclusion, to the view that in this species the negative feedback regulation of FSH release by the testis is mediated directly at the level of the gonadotrope by an inhibitory action of a nonsteroidal hormone, most probably the recently identified gonadal peptide inhibin.
Designing WebSphere application server for performance: an evolutionary approach

Performance and scalability are critical elements for a successful Web site and therefore, are fundamental design criteria for the IBM WebSphere® platform. This paper focuses on the evolution of IBM WebSphere Application Server performance and scalability features, the improvements that were achieved, and directions for future work. There are three design principles underlying the success of WebSphere: (1) optimize the design for the predominant (no-failure) case, (2) make finite resources appear infinite, and (3) minimize the number of interprocess calls. We illustrate the application of these design principles in key areas, including workload management, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) session management, back-end connection management, session data and content caching, and Enterprise JavaBean™ (EJB™) design and deployment patterns.
Ethical and legal considerations in the care of the infant with end-stage renal disease whose parents elect conservative therapy

When parents elect conservative treatment for infants with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), their choice is medically, ethically, and legally acceptable, since dialysis and transplantation for young infants are still in the range of innovative and experimental treatments. Pediatric nephrologists have been reluctant to view these treatments as standard for very young infants because of doubts about their efficacy, technical difficulties in providing them for tiny patients, uncertainty about their short-term and long-term risks, and the suffering that they can create. Because these renal replacement therapies are not yet established, it is the responsibility of parents to determine whether the benefits of treatment outweigh its burdens for their infants. Physicians have an obligation to ensure that parents make a well-considered decision, and to provide them with counsel and support.
Influence of paternal age, smoking, and alcohol consumption on congenital anomalies

The potential effects of paternal exposures on fetal development are of great public and scientific concern, yet few epidemiologic studies have examined this association. Single live births from 1959 to 1966 among 14,685 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members who participated in the Child Health and Development Studies were analyzed to assess the impact of paternal age, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on the occurrence of birth defects in the offspring. Prevalence odds ratios for anomalies identified by age 5 were analyzed, contrasting exposed to unexposed fathers with adjustment for maternal age, race, education, smoking, and alcohol use. Advanced paternal age was associated with increased risk of preauricular cyst, nasal aplasia, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, pulmonic stenosis, urethral stenosis, and hemangioma. Father's cigarette smoking was more common among children with cleft lip ± cleft palate, hydrocephalus, ventricular septal defect, and urethral stenosis. Alcohol use by the father was most positively related to the offspring's risk of ventricular septal defect. For both smoking and alcohol use, inverse associations were more common than positive associations. These data generally do not indicate strong or widespread associations between paternal attributes and birth defects. However, because of this study's imprecision, limited ability to isolate defects most likely to be of paternal origin, and the identification of several suggestive associations with age and smoking, further study of this issue would be of value.
Auxiliary and primary electric propulsion - Present and future.

Primary electric propulsion application to satellite and other space missions, considering auxiliary systems and experimental thrustor systems
Preservice Teachers' Prior Beliefs: Transforming Obstacles into Opportunities.

Abstract Prospective teachers have well-developed beliefs about learning and teaching that can form obstacles to instruction. We identify a set of beliefs held by preservice teachers and describe how we took these beliefs into account when teaching a course in educational psychology. We asked preservice teachers to define learning and teaching before and after taking the course, and to describe how their beliefs had changed as a result of taking it. This study suggests that targeting preservice teachers' prior beliefs in instruction has a significant impact on their beliefs about learning and teaching.
The NRAO tape-recorder interferometer system

Several tape-recorder interferometer systems have been constructed in the last few years. These systems are used for connecting existing radio-telescope systems into interferometers, with baselines ranging from a few kilometers to nearly the diameter of the earth. The NRAO Mark II interferometer system is in wide use. This, and the fact that its properties are typical of those of such systems in general, justifies a detailed description of the system. The system is based on a television-type rotating-head video recorder. One-bit sampled data are recorded at a 4-Mb rate. After recovery, the data are processed in special-purpese digital devices and general-purpose digital computers to complete the interferometer system. For purpose of this description, the software is regarded as an intrinsic part of the system.
A tagged token dataflow machine for computing small, iterative algorithms

A "buildable" dynamic tagged token data flow architecture tailored for small, highly iterative algorithms such as the Mandelbrot set is presented. Historically, dataflow machines have required a major hardware effort to construct. As a result, very few real machines have been built. In contrast to these large scale machines, this project was intended to be built at minimal expense and with "off-the-shelf" parts. A novel insight into the process of executing a dataflow graph is presented. This insight has resulted in a new architecture utilizing a "pseudo-program counter". This scheme allows a significant reduction in the width of the data paths throughout the PE interconnection network. To further reduce the required hardware, the traditional associative matching store has been eliminated in favor of a more brute-force approach that is workable for the class of algorithms considered for execution on this machine.
US courts of appeals and state supreme court responses to Arizona v. Gant: a study in judicial impact

This paper presents the results of a judicial impact study of the 2009 Supreme Court decision in Arizona v. Gant, which modified the rules police have to follow when conducting vehicle searches incident to arrest. Following up on an earlier study, this research draws on principal-agent theory to consider the differences between the responses of US courts of appeals panels to Gant with decisions of state supreme courts and attempts to understand why defendants win on Gant issues 44% of the time in state supreme courts, compared with 15% of the time in the US courts of appeals. A detailed content analysis of the opinions in 102 appellate courts decisions in which Gant could have potentially served as a controlling precedent revealed an interesting set of differences between state and federal courts. Federal judges were more likely than state supreme court justices to actively seek alternative rationales that allowed them to avoid the exclusionary rule.
Averaging Data Derived from Images of Helical Structures with Different Symmetries

Abstract There are many examples of macromolecules that form helical tubes or crystals, which are useful for structure determination by electron microscopy and image processing. Helical crystals can be thought of as two-dimensional crystals that have been rolled into a cylinder such that two lattice points are superimposed. In many real cases, helical crystals of a particular macromolecule derive from an identical two-dimensional lattice but have different lattice points superimposed, thus producing different helical symmetries which cannot be simply averaged in Fourier-space. When confronted with this situation, one can select images corresponding to one of the observed symmetries at the expense of reducing the number of images that can be used for data collection and averaging, or one can calculate separate density maps from each symmetry, then align and average them together in real-space. Here, we present a third alternative, which is based on averaging of the Fourier-Bessel coefficients, g n,l ( r ), and which allows the inclusion of data from all symmetry groups derived from a common two-dimensional lattice. The method is straightforward and simple in practice and is shown, through a specific example with real data, to give results comparable to real-space averaging.
Mechanical behavior of δ-phase Pu–Ga alloys. Part I: Constitutive model

Abstract We developed a constitutive model, based on the mechanical threshold strength (MTS) model reported by Follansbee and Kocks [P.S. Follansbee, U.F. Kocks, Acta Metall. 36 (1988) 81], to predict the stress/strain behavior of face-centered cubic (fcc) δ-stabilized plutonium–gallium (Pu–Ga) alloys. Input to the model is derived from our previous work on other fcc metals and published test data for Pu–Ga alloys. The model accounts for the effects of temperature, strain rate, grain size, and alloy content on the constitutive behavior. In Part I, we describe the development of the model and present all the pertinent equations and parameters. In Part II, we validate the model against existing literature data and demonstrate how the model is used to quantify the effects of test condition, grain size, alloy content, and impurity levels.
Treatment of alprazolam withdrawal with chlordiazepoxide substitution and taper

We describe the first case series (n = 6) of using chlordiazepoxide to accomplish a rapid, well-tolerated withdrawal from alprazolam. After abruptly discontinuing alprazolam, we substi- tuted a 50-mg dose of chlordiazepoxide for each I mg of alprazolam (except for one elderly patient where we substituted 25 mg) and gave additional chlordiazepoxide doses (25-50 mg every 4-6 hours) as neededfor the first l-2 days of hospitalization. With this approach, the mean 'substitution ra- tio" of ChIordiazepoxide to alprazolam was 86 to I. We then tapered chlordiazepoxide by an aver- age of 10% each day over a 7- to Il-day period according to the symptoms manifested and tolerated by individual patients. No seizures or other serious side effects occurred. Incomplete cross- dependence, as described elsewhere in the literature, was not observed. The rapidity and familiar- ity of the method are advantages for inpatient units, but careful titration of dosage, diagnostic clarity, and extended follow-ups are necessary when applying this approach, Keywords-alprazolam; chlordiazepoxide; benzodiazepines; substance withdrawal; substance dependence.
The identification and control of metabolic states

The following paper demonstrates a series of metabolic transitions of cells and tissues and their effects upon the oxidation-reduction state of pyridine nucleotide measured in vivo by a new technique. We have employed a stereotyped set of transitions to segregate the varied responses of different parts of the metabolic chain under appropriate conditions. For example, the rest-activity transition initially involved the mitochondrial space; then it led to a depletion of available substrates and to a condition under which feeding the animal by intravenous injection led to a highly localized and rapid response involving activation of the glycolytic and glycogenolytic mechanisms of the cytoplasm, with subsequent repercussions on the mitochondrial space. The transition from aerobiosis to anoxia, either with toxic agents such as barbituates, primarily affected the mitochondrial space and, in turn, set into action control mechanisms for the more rapid operation of glycolysis in the cytoplasmic space, measured not only by DPN reduction but by tissue analysis of the adenine nucleotide ratios as well. The ability to pinpoint the site of inhibition caused by barbiturates in vivo on the basis of in vitro studies of mitochondria has proved useful in evaluating the novel response of tissues to hyperbaric conditions. Here, our data show that hyperbaric conditions cause a massive change in the oxidation state of the intracellular pyridine nucleotide in the direction of oxidation—a reaction easily read out by fluorometric techniques in vivo. Analytical determinations thoroughly justify this finding and, in addition, support the observation of an increased ATP/ADP ratio in the tissues. Locating this reaction at a site of reversed electron transfer in mitochondria now allows a much better interpretation of the action of possible therapeutic agents.
Skeletal self-repair: Stress fracture healing by rapid formation and densification of woven bone

Stress fractures of varying severity were created using a rat model of skeletal fatigue loading. Periosteal woven bone formed in proportion to the level of bone damage, resulting in the rapid recovery of whole-bone strength independent of stress fracture severity. Introduction A hard periosteal callus is a hallmark of stress fracture healing. The factors that regulate the formation of this woven bone callus are poorly understood. Our objective was to produce stress fractures of varying severity and to assess the woven bone response and recovery of bone strength.
Knowledge and design in the development of public library brand identity and innovation

This research is examining the work of brand strategists or designers, as well as librarians, technical personnel, and senior library management, at three public libraries, using the case study method to explore library advocacy in the specific context of brand-building. This study is also examining the role of tacit and explicit knowledge in brand-building and, in part, how innovation in the form of Intellectual Property and other forms of knowledge are produced. In this research, Intellectual Property is considered to be a type of innovation. Interviews are being conducted with library management, branding professionals, librarians, and other individuals who are involved in library advocacy. Observations are also being made at each library, and documents pertinent to the branding process are being analyzed. Initial findings of the interviews include that brand-building is associated with significant tacit, as well as explicit, knowledge and innovation. For brand designers, some of whom are graphic artists, tacit or “unspoken knowledge” appears to play an important role in helping them solve the problem of how to communicate the meaning and value of the public library to stakeholders.
The outcome set of relationship marketing in consumer markets

The recent proliferation of research in relationship marketing has focused on business-to-business (BTB) relationships but conspicuously neglected consumer relationships. The author examines the differences between BTB and business-to-consumer (BTC) relationships and develops a theoretical model of the consumer's perspective of both psychological and behavioral outcomes of relationship marketing. Incorporating social psychology and organizational behavior theory into the existing relationship marketing research, the psychological outcomes of commitment, satisfaction, and trust in the relationship, and the behavioral outcomes of propensity to terminate relationship, opportunistic behaviors (OBs), citizenship behaviors (CBs), and allocated purchase share are presented. Propositions of the inter-relationships among the outcome constructs are theorized. Two specific implications of the theorized model are discussed, the first integrating the set of psychological outcomes, and the second combining the set of behavioral outcomes.
Visual awareness and the thalamic intralaminar nuclei.

We argue that the current known anatomy of connections between the intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalmus and visual cortical areas makes it unlikely that neuronal activity in the ILN mediates visual awareness.
Polymer Inverse Temperature-Dependent Solubility: A Visual Demonstration of the Importance of TΔS in the Gibbs Equation

Reversible polymer dehydration and precipitation from water due to the unfavorable entropy of hydration is examined using a melting-point apparatus. The thermoresponsive lower critical solution tem...
Magnetostatic modes in ferromagnetic nanowires

We present an approach to the theory of the magnetostatic modes of ferromagnetic nanowires of uniform cross section which allows one to address structures of arbitrary cross sectional shape, without resorting to the use of a basis set. The method applies to the case where the magnetization is parallel to the axis of the structure. Use of the extinction theorem leads us to two homogeneous integral equations, each in the form of a line integral around the periphery of the nanowire. These relate the magnetic scalar potential to its normal derivative on the boundary. An appropriate procedure allows one to extract dispersion relations for the magnetostatic modes from these equations, as a function of wave vector parallel to the axis of the wire. Two related statements allow one to generate the form of the magnetic potential or other quantities such as the components of transverse magnetization. We illustrate the method with results for nanowires of square, rectangular, and elliptical cross sections.
Wave function renormalization and nuclear parity nonconservation

Abstract It is argued that a recent calculation, which envisions a major role for a parity violating wave function renormalization term, predicts effects in a variety of low energy weak processes which are in contradiction to experiment. It is also shown that the physics of such renormalization terms are already included in previous work.
Glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates induce H+,K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression through a novel receptor

Biologically active amidated gastrin is synthesized by carboxyl-terminal alpha-amidation of a glycine-extended progastrin post-translational processing intermediate (G-Gly). Although plasma levels of G-Gly are equivalent to those of gastrin, G-Gly has essentially no acute effect on gastric acid secretion. However, we have observed that inhibition of gastrin amidation leads to increased plasma concentrations of G-Gly and enhanced gastric acid secretion. We hypothesized, therefore, that G-Gly might have a chronic effect to increase H+,K(+)-ATPase expression in gastric parietal cells. In the present studies, we observed that a 2-day preincubation with G-Gly significantly enhanced histamine-stimulated [14C]aminopyrine uptake by isolated canine gastric parietal cells but acutely administered G-Gly had no effect. On Northern blot analysis, both G-Gly and gastrin dose-dependently increased H+,K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression with maximal induction (225 +/- 35 and 170 +/- 29% of basal, mean +/- S.E.) achieved at concentrations of 10(-9) M G-Gly and 10(-8) M gastrin, respectively. Using an H+,K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene-luciferase chimeric reporter construct transfected into primary cultured parietal cells, we observed that both G-Gly and gastrin increased luciferase activity in a manner similar to that obtained by Northern blot analysis. L365,260, a specific gastrin/CCKB receptor antagonist, completely reversed the stimulation of luciferase activity induced by gastrin but had no effect on G-Gly-stimulated activity. Gastrin increased [Ca2+]i, although G-Gly did not, however, genistein (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) significantly reduced induction of luciferase activity by both G-Gly and gastrin. Specific binding of 125I-Leu15-G2-17-Gly to gastric parietal cells was dose-dependently displaced by G2-17-Gly but not by gastrin nor L365,260. Gastrin peptides truncated at the carboxyl- (G1-13) and amino terminus (G5-17-Gly) both induced H+,K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression and inhibited 125I-Leu15-G2-17-Gly binding, but were less potent than G2-17-Gly. These data indicate that G-Gly may have a functional role in potentiating gastric acid secretagogue action via enhanced expression of the gene responsible for H+ generation through action at a novel receptor that can be distinguished from the gastrin/CCKB receptor. Thus, both the substrate and product of the terminal progastrin processing reaction appear to have complementary functions in regulation of gastric acid secretion.
Radiochemical synthesis of dl-canaline and the colorimetric assay of canaline

A procedure is available for the production of dl-[carboxy-14C]canaline from [14C]cyanide by reaction of ethyl N-hydroxyacetimidate and acrolein to form ethyl N-[3-oxopropoxy]acetimidate. The reaction product is converted to the nitrile and then to the hydantoin derivative of dl-canaline; alkaline hydrolysis produces the free amino acid (2-amino-4-aminooxypropionic acid). This procedure can be extended to the production of dl-[carboxy-14C]canavanine by guanidination of C-1-labeled dl-canaline with O-methylisourea. A markedly improved colorimetric assay for canaline has been achieved by a procedure involving carbamylation of canaline with cyanate to form O-ureidohomoserine (2-amino-4-ureidooxybutyric acid). Colorimetric analysis of the latter amino acid markedly enhances the sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of the analysis of l-canaline from biological materials.
Artificial Induction and Evaluation of a Mild Isolate of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

A severe isolate (BL) of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that originated from Hawaii was treated with nitrous acid in an effort to obtain mild mutants. The standardized procedure used in mutation experiments was: extracting infected Gomphrena globosa L. leaf tissue in 0.01 M Na2SO3, 0.125 M sodium acetate and 0.4 M sodium nitrite at pH 5.5 and incubating the extract for 20 min at room temperature. The extract was inoculated to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Havana 423) and local lesions were subsequently transferred to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Minetto). One isolate (R27G) that incited mild symptoms in lettuce was obtained out of 868 local-lesion-transfers. Under greenhouse conditions, the isolate induced mild symptoms on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) but was severe on peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). The effect of the R27G isolate on growth of potted tomatoes kept outdoors was variable. In one trial, only 15 % of the fruit had symptoms versus 67 % in another trial. R27G fully protected Datura stramonium L. plants that were challenge inoculated with the severe parent BL isolate. Less effective cross protection was observed against a severe isolate from Oklahoma.
Ventilatory responses to transient hypoxia and hypercapnia in man.

Abstract The contribution of the peripheral (arterial) chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia and hypercapnia in intact unanesthetized man has been evaluated by methods which assume that ventilatory responses to transient stimuli reflect their effects upon the arterial chemoreceptors while responses to steady-state stimuli reflect their effects upon both arterial chemoreceptors and the central nervous system. Transient eucapneic hypoxia was produced by inhalation of several breaths of N 2 while breathing room air; transient hypercapneic hypoxia was produced by inhalation of several breaths of N 2 with CO 2 added while breathing CO 2 enriched air. Transient euoxic hypercapnia was produced by inhalation of single breaths of from 6 to 20% CO 2 in 21 % O 2 while the subject breathed air; transient hypoxic hypercapnia was produced by inhalation of single breaths of CO 2 enriched hypoxic gas while the subjects breathed a similarly hypoxic gas mixture. The ventilatory responses to transient hypoxia were qualitatively similar to the responses to steady-state hypoxia although they were quantitatively significantly greater by an average of 18%. The responses to transient euoxic hypercapnia averaged approximately one-third the responses to steady-state euoxic hypercapnia. Responses to transient hypercapnia were much less enhanced by hypoxia than were responses to steady-state hypercapnia. The findings suggest that: (1) A slight. centrally mediated, depressant effect of hypoxia may be present in unanesthetized man; (2) The peripheral chemoreceptors are responsible for approximately one-third of the overall (steady-state) ventilatory response to hypercapnia; (3) The phenomenon of stimulus interaction (enhancement of ventilatory response to hypercapnia by hypoxia) occurs at both the peripheral chemoreceptors and within the central nervous system but the central effect is the predominant one.
Can understanding the virulence mechanisms of RNA viruses lead us to a vaccine against eastern equine encephalitis virus and other alphaviruses

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly neurovirulent mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe morbidity and mortality upon human infection. Recent emergence of EEEV into nonendemic regions in the USA and Panama demonstrates the need for the development of an effective EEEV vaccine for licensure for human use. The current EEEV vaccine is available to only at-risk laboratory workers but is poorly immunogenic and requires multiple boosters. In this editorial, we summarize recent developments in understanding alphavirus virulence mechanisms that could be utilized to rationally design a live attenuated vaccine against EEEV or other alphaviruses.
Daily measurements of anxiety and affect : a study among spouse caregivers

The purpose of this study was to explore the level of variability in anxiety and affect, and the relationship between these variables among caregivers for spouses with probable Alzheimer's disease. Thirty spouse caregivers (17 husbands, 13 wives) completed a measure of anxiety and affect for 30 consecutive days. The results indicated that this caregiving sample showed inter-individual differences in the level of variability in anxiety and affect. Some individuals displayed a moderate amount of stability while others showed much variability over the 30 days. In addition, the results indicated inter-individual differences in the correlations between state anxiety and positive affect for this caregiving sample. The caregivers with low levels of variability in anxiety showed significantly more positive affect and less negative affect than caregivers with high levels of variability in anxiety. It may not be necessary to completely eliminate anxiety in caregivers. Instead, techniques for keeping anxiety at a re...
Molecular Genetics of Human Intracranial Aneurysms

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are the dilatations of blood vessels in the brain and pose potential risk of rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although the genetic basis of IAs is poorly understood, it is well-known that genetic factors play an important part in the pathogenesis of IAs. Therefore, the identifying susceptible genetic variants might lead to the understanding of the mechanism of formation and rupture of IAs and might also lead to the development of a pharmacological therapy. To elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of diseases has become a crucial step in the development of new treatment strategies. Although extensive genetic research and its potential implications for future prevention of this often fatal condition are urgently needed, efforts to elucidate the susceptibility loci of IAs are hindered by the issues bewildering the most common and complex genetic disorders, such as low penetrance, late onset, and uncertain modes of inheritance. These efforts are further complicated by the fact that many IA lesions remain asymptomatic or go undiagnosed. In this review, we present and discuss the current status of genetic studies of IAs and we recommend comprehensive genome-wide association studies to identify genetic loci that underlie this complex disease.
On the feasibility of generating cw argon laser pumped energy transfer dye laser emission in the near IR spectral region

A theoretical model which predicts the dependence of the gain spectrum of cw laser pumped energy transfer dye lasers (ETDLs) on acceptor and donor concentrations as well as energy transfer parameters is developed. This model takes into account contributions resulting from both radiative and nonradiative energy transfer. Analysis of the relevant gain parameters of cw ETDLs, together with a discussion of a practically useful donor–acceptor pair, is also presented. The method developed can be used to manipulate the performance of cw laser pumped ETDLs by changing one or more of the relevant gain parameters which are contained in the gain equation. The method is also particularly promising for predicting potentially tunable cw argon laser pumped ETDL emission in the near IR spectral region.
Global competition and global markets: some empirical results

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a model that relates the profit rates of multinational firms to market share, other firm characteristics, and industry effects where the relevant geographic markets are defined at the global level. We test the proposition that market share and industry fixed effects can explain profitability variation for a sample of multinational firms. The most important finding is that market share has a positive and statistically significant effect on profit rates for a sample of Fortune Global 500 firms. Moreover, the Fortune Global 500 firms exhibit strong industry effects. While there are a number of explanations for a positive market share effect and strong industry effects, a common interpretation is the presence of rivalry among these firms.
Perception of transparency in stationary and moving images.

If two neutral density (ND) filters overlap partially, the luminance of the overlapping region is given by a multiplicative relationship (e.g., if the filters have 50% transmittance then on a 100 cd m-2 background, the luminance of each filter would be 50 cd m-2 but the luminance of the overlapping region would be 50% of 50 cd m-2, i.e. 25 cd m-2). Does the visual system respect this relationship? Two grey rectangles were overlapped to form a 'cross' and the luminance of the intersection was randomly varied. Naive subjects' ratings of transparency showed a surprising consistency with physics. A similar relationship is seen if two moving square-wave gratings are superimposed. When the intersection luminances were close to the multiplicative (25 cd m-2) case, component motion was seen, and values less than 25 cd m-2 and higher than 50 cd m-2 caused a decline in perceived component motion. Two interpretations are offered. (a) The visual system has access to 'tacit knowledge' of transparency and shadows. (b) If you assume a log signal compression in the retina, then by multiplying the luminances you would null the Fourier energy from the 'blobs' (i.e. regions of overlap between the two gratings). This would prevent 'blob tracking' and lead to the perception of coherent motion. Since most researchers in the field had simply added the gratings linearly they would have inadvertently introduced extra Fourier energy in the blobs and this might account for all previous instances of coherent motion observed in such displays. Whatever the ultimate interpretation, the present results provide the first clear evidence that even the processing of certain primitive visual dimensions--such as motion--can be powerfully constrained by the perception of transparency (Ramachandran V. S. (1990) in: AI and the Eye, Wiley, Chichester; Stoner, G., Albright, T. and Ramachandran, V. S. (1990) Nature 344, 153-155). This is well in line with other recent results demonstrating that transparency can also constrain the processing of stereopsis (Nakayama, K., Shimojo, S. and Ramachandran, V. S. (1991) Perception 19, 497-513) and perceptual grouping (Ramachandran, V. S. (1990) in: AI and the Eye, Wiley, Chichester).
A Family of Single-Isomer Chiral Resolving Agents for Capillary Electrophoresis. 3. Heptakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin

A new, moderately hydrophobic, single-isomer charged cyclodextrin, the sodium salt of heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin, has been synthesized and used to separate a variety of neutral, weak acid, strong base, weak base, and zwitterionic racemic enantiomers in low-pH and high-pH background electrolytes. Separation selectivity for the netural analytes rapidly decreases as the concentration of heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin increases. For charged analytes, selectivity can increase, decrease, or pass a maximum, depending on the numeric values of the respective complexation constants and ionic mobilities. In addition to separation selectivity, the extent of peak resolution that can be realized strongly depends on the magnitude of the dimensionless electroosmotic flow. Heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin proved to be a broadly applicable chiral resolving agent.
Development of Agrometeorological Crop Model Inputs from Remotely Sensed Information

The goal of developing agrometeorological crop model inputs from remotely sensed information (AgRISTARS Early Warning/Crop Condition Assessment Project Subtask 5 within the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)) provided a focus and a mission for crop spectral investigations that would have been lacking otherwise. Because the task had never been attempted before, much effort has gone into developing measurement and interpretation skill, convincing the Scientific community of the validity and information content of the spectral measurements, and providing new understanding of the crop scenes viewed as affected by bidirectional, atmospheric, and soil background variations. Nonetheless, experiments conducted demonstrate that spectral vegetation indices (VI) a) are an excellent measure of the amount of green photosynthetically active tissue present in plant stands at any time during the season, and b) can reliably estimate leaf area index (LAI) and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR)-two of the inputs needed in agrometeorological models. Progress was also made on using VI to quantify the effects of yield-detracting stresses on crop canopy development. In a historical perspective, these are significant accomplishments in a short time span. Spectral observations of fields from aircraft and satellite make direct checks on LAI and IPAR predicted by the agrometeorological models feasible and help extend the models to large areas. However, newness of the spectral interpretations, plus continual revisions in agrometeorological models and lack of feedback capability in them, have prevented the benefits of spectral inputs to agrometeorological models from being fully realized.