cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure-strength properties in ceramics. I: Effect of crack size on toughness

A systematic study of the inert-strength characteristics of ceramics as a function of crack size relative to grain size has been made using controlled indentation flaws. The focus of the test program is on aluminas, with barium titanates and glass-ceramics providing support data in confirmation of general trends. On progressively diminishing the indentation load, the strengths first show a steady increase, but subsequently tend to a plateau, as the contact size begins to approach the characteristic grain size. A simple extension of conventional indentation fracture mechanics theory (incorporating residual contact stresses) is developed to describe this scale transition. The basis of the analysis is the postulated existence of a “microstructural driving force,” grain-localized at the center of the pennylike radial crack, in direct analogy to the indentation driving force. This description provides closed-form solutions to the fracture mechanics equations, such that the data are interpretable in terms of an apparent R-curve function. Only two quantities are required to specify the function completely, one relating to the macroscopic toughness determined from large-scale crack specimens and the other to a microstructure-associated stress intensity factor. These quantities are advocated as useful reliability parameters. It is found that the second quantity can vary widely from material to material, even within a given class, to the extent that materials which show superior strength characteristics at large indentation loads may be dramatically weaker at low loads. The indications are that, at least for aluminas, the key to such weakening effects is to be found in the grain-boundary structures. The study emphasizes the need for extreme caution in extrapolating macroscopic-crack data unconditionally into the microscopic-flaw region, and for more fundamental investigations into the underlying physical processes actually responsible for the microstructural driving forces.
Dankmar Adler’s Response to Louis Sullivan’s “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”: Architecture and the “Four Causes”

In critiquing Louis Sullivan's “The Tall Building Artistically Considered,” his former partner Dankmar Adler pointed out that “form follows function” was an incomplete description of how architectu...
The effects of chronic uremia and dexamethasone on triglyceride kinetics in the rat.

Abstract The effects of chronic uremia and dexamethasone administration on triglyceride (TG) kinetics were studied in the rat. Uremia was produced by a two-stage, 5 6 nephrectomy, and resulted in a fourfold rise in BUN levels. The elevation in BUN level led to a rise in mean ( ± SE) TG levels from 46 ± 4 to 62 ± 6 mg 100 ml . The increase in TG levels was associated with a marked prolongation in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) removal rate from plasma, without any change in triglyceride secretion rate (TG-SR). The combined effects of uremia and glucocorticoid treatment were evaluated by treating chronically uremic rats with either low (0.05 mg/kg body weight) or high (0.25 mg/kg body weight) doses of dexamethasone. The low dose of dexamethasone led to a further rise in mean TG levels of chronically uremic rats ( 107 ± 14 mg 100 ml ), and the hypertriglyceridemia was further accentuated when chronically uremic rats were treated with high-dose dexamethasone ( 179 ± 15 mg 100 ml ). The elevation of TG levels in uremic rats receiving the low dose of dexamethasone was associated with a prolongation of VLDL removal which was not statistically significant. Treatment with the higher dose of dexamethasone resulted in an increase in TG-SR and a further prolongation of VLDL removal, both of which were statistically significant. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia in the chronically uremic rat is due to a defect in VLDL removal. Dexamethasone treatment is capable of accentuating this removal defect, as well as increasing TG-SR. The combined effect of both is to lead to a marked degree of hypertriglyceridemia.
Regularity of the stage sequence in graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract An isomorphism between a graphite intercalation compound and a linear system of Ising spins in an external magnetic field is established. The method used in transforming the original lattice gas Hamiltonian is the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization group transformation. Our aim of understanding ordering in the c -direction only, makes this transformation particularly simple and transparent. The model describes equilibrium between the compound and intercalant vapor characterized by Gibbs thermodynamic potential. We deliberately ignore a number of physical features and known theoretical results, after finding them irrelevant for the explanation of the basic mechanism inducing staging in the compounds. The finite size effect of the graphite crystallites is pointed out as the main cause of the existence of not-well-defined stage boundaries in the temperature-pressure thermodynamic space. By reducing the behavior of the intercalation compound to the behavior of an antiferromagnetic spin chain with long-range interactions, we have made possible a rigorous explanation of the strict periodicity of the intercalant-carbon-layers sequence, i.e. , staging phenomena; which was, so far, poorly and mostly phenomenologically explained.
Reggio Emilia, Maria Montessori, and John Dewey: Dispelling Teachers’ Misconceptions and Understanding Theoretical Foundations

During the past century Loris Malaguzzi (1920–1994), a principal figure in the establishment and creation of the preschools of Reggio Emilia, Italy, was one of the seminal thinkers in early childhood education. The influence of John Dewey, one of the most important American philosophers, is visible in contemporary early childhood classrooms of Reggio Emilia. However, as this editorial contends, in the author’s experience, many pre-service teachers have the misconception that the two programs that originated in Italy—Maria Montessoir and Reggio Emilia—are synonymous. This editorial discusses another connection; namely, the relationship between John Dewey’s philosophy of education and the pedagogy of Reggio Emilia preschools. Pre-service teachers’ understanding of Dewey’s theory and the Reggio Emilia experience makes an important contribution to the development of their personal teaching philosophy and understanding of best practices in the field.
Considerations and recommendations for addressing repeat DUI offenders: An appraisal of White and Gasperin and DiStefano and Hohman (ATQ, 25[3], 2007)

Abstract Driving under the influence remains one of society's greatest public health issues. Continued progress in reducing impaired driving will require an integrated community-based approach, with combinations of sanctions and treatments, working together as part of a comprehensive system of care. In this article, we summarize and evaluate each of the major points within two DUI models, proposed by White and Gasperin and DiStefano and Hohman, providing suggestions for further consideration. Each of the approaches may be an important component of such an integrated community Strategy.
Reversibility of nucleosome conformation perturbed by urea

Abstract Monomer nucleosomes (ν1) from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were diluted into 9 M urea plus 0.2 mM EDTA (pH 7.0), and urea was removed by dialysis. The ν1 thus obtained were fractionated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was examined in 0.2 mM EDTA for reversibility of ν1 structure perturbed by urea. At least 30% of the initial amount of ν1 exposed to urea was restored to the original structure, as shown by sedimentation velocity, electron microscopy, circular dichroism, thermal melting, and fluorescence of ν1 labeled with N -(3-pyrene) maleimide on thiol groups of H3 histone.
Osteoblast function is compromised at sites of focal bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), synovial inflammation results in focal erosion of articular bone. Despite treatment attenuating inflammation, repair of erosions with adequate formation of new bone is uncommon in RA, suggesting that bone formation may be compromised at these sites. Dynamic bone histomorphometry was used in a murine model of RA to determine the impact of inflammation on osteoblast function within eroded arthritic bone. Bone formation rates at bone surfaces adjacent to inflammation were similar to those observed in nonarthritic bone; therefore, osteoblast activity is unlikely to compensate for the increased bone resorption at these sites. Within arthritic bone, the extent of actively mineralizing surface was reduced at bone surfaces adjacent to inflammation compared with bone surfaces adjacent to normal marrow. Consistent with the reduction in mineralized bone formation, there was a notable paucity of cells expressing the mid- to late stage osteoblast lineage marker alkaline phosphatase, despite a clear presence of cells expressing the early osteoblast lineage marker Runx2. In addition, several members of the Dickkopf and secreted Frizzled-related protein families of Wnt signaling antagonists were upregulated in arthritic synovial tissues, suggesting that inhibition of Wnt signaling could be one mechanism contributing to impaired osteoblast function within arthritic bone. Together, these data indicate that the presence of inflammation within arthritic bone impairs osteoblast capacity to form adequate mineralized bone, thus contributing to the net loss of bone and failure of bone repair at sites of focal bone erosion in RA.
Mapping Latino Studies: Critical Reflections on Class and Social Theory

During the last 30 years, we have witnessed an explosion of scholarship focused on Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans, and other Latin American populations within the US. The outcome is the establishment of a field now known as Latino Studies. This article provides a critical reflection of theoretical strands important to the development of both social theory and pedagogy in the field. In particular, it examines the common use of terms such as “identity,” “globalization,” “fragmentation,” “difference,” and “critical race theory” within the field and the ways in which concepts such as “capitalism,” “class struggle,” “exploitation,” and “inequalities” are often rendered invisible or, even worse, dismissed as “out of fashion.” In response, the authors boldly reintroduce classical Marxism as a political and theoretical project within the context of Latino Studies research and teaching. They present an ambitious program for refiguring and (re)imagining the study of Latinos in the US—a refiguring that would be impossible without locating class struggle at the center of the debate.
Changes in adrenal cortisol secretion as reflected in the urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio in dogs☆

Abstract In Experiment 1, voided urine samples were collected from 12 adult dogs at 0500, 1400, and 2200 hr for 4 days. Cortisol was measured in unextracted urine by radioimmunoassay, creatinine by spectrophotometry, and the cortisol/creatinine ratio (UCCR) was calculated for each sample. There was considerable variation both within and among dogs in UCCR but there was no consistent time of day fluctuation in UCCR. In Experiment 2, these dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. The groups received each of 4 treatments (saline, dexamethasone, ACTH gel, and aqueous ACTH) at 7 day intervals in a Latin square design. All urine was collected from 0 through 8 hr. Blood samples were collected at 20 minute intervals from 0 through 8 hr. Plasma cortisol exposure was determined by quantifying area under the curve (AUC). UCCR measurement was shown to differentiate basal from elevated, but not lowered, cortisol secretion. A positive linear relationship between UCCR and AUC was seen for all treatments except dexamethasone. These results indicate that changes in cortisol secretion are reflected in changes in UCCR, but measurement of UCCR may lack sensitivity to differentiate basal from reduced states of cortisol secretion. In Experiment 3, urine was collected daily before and during induction therapy with o,p′-DDD from dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Successful suppression of the adrenal glands was accompanied by a progressive decrease in UCCR. There was considerable variation in the rate of adrenal suppression.
Sacral neuromodulation outcomes for the treatment of refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity stratified by indication – lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus intolerability

Introduction: Patients may fail oral overactive bladder therapies due to either poor drug efficacy or intolerability. We determined if the success of sacral neuromodulation varies if performed secondary to lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus drug intolerability. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 152 patients undergoing staged sacral neuromodulation from 2004 to 2010 for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity with or without urge incontinence. Outcomes following sacral neuromodulation trials were compared based on the primary indication for anticholinergic failure: lack of drug efficacy versus intolerable side effects. Results: Overall, successful sacral neuromodulation trials were reported in 70% (106/152) of patients. Successful outcomes were noted in 70% (89/128) and 71% (17/24) of patients with poor anticholinergic efficacy and drug intolerability, respectively (p = NS). Conclusions: We found no significant difference in outcome success in patients undergoing sacral neuromodulation trials for refractory detrusor overactivity due to lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus intolerability.
Zoonosis Due to Bruella suis with Special Reference to Infection in Dogs (Carnivores): A Brief Review

Brucella suis (B. suis) is the major cause of porcine brucellosis. Zoonosis due to B. suis infection associated with transmission by various animal species is reported. Recently an increase in brucellosis associated with feral swine transmitted B. suis infection in humans and hunting dogs is emerging. Reports on B. suis infection in carnivores including dogs is scant. This report gives a brief review of B. suis zoonosis with particular reference to B. suis infection in dogs (carnivores).
Tonal schemas: evidence obtained by probing distorted musical scales.

Listeners were presented with a normal major diatonic scale or with a distortion of that scale obtained either by stretching or by equalizing its intervals. The scale was followed by a test tone, selected from a series of quarter tones spanning the range of the scale, and listeners rated how well the test tone fit in with the scale. The pattern of ratings indicated that listeners interpreted the successive tones of each scale by means of a template-like tonal schema tuned to the usual spacing of the major diatonic scale. For the scale obtained by stretching the major scale to span a semitone more than an octave, the schema evidently shifted monotonically in pitch to accommodate each successive tone. For the scale obtained by making all seven intervals in the scale equal, the schema tended to impose its tonal structure despite the absence of the unequal spacing expected by the schema, and led to illusory impressions that the (usually smaller) third and seventh intervals, though now equal, were larger than the other intervals.
Dust Attenuation in Disk-dominated Galaxies: Evidence for the 2175 Å Dust Feature

The attenuation of starlight by interstellar dust is investigated in a sample of low-redshift, disk-dominated star-forming galaxies using photometry from GALEX and SDSS. By considering broadband colors as a function of galaxy inclination, we are able to confidently separate trends arising from increasing dust opacity from possible differences in stellar populations, since stellar populations do not correlate with inclination. We are thus able to make firm statements regarding the wavelength-dependent attenuation of starlight for disk-dominated galaxies as a function of gas-phase metallicity and stellar mass. All commonly employed dust attenuation curves (such as the Calzetti curve for starbursts, or a power-law curve) provide poor fits to the ultraviolet colors for moderately and highly inclined galaxies. This conclusion rests on the fact that the average FUV-NUV color varies little from face-on to edge-on galaxies, while other colors such as NUV–u and u – r vary strongly with inclination. After considering a number of model variations, we are led to speculate that the presence of the strong dust extinction feature at 2175 A seen in the Milky Way extinction curve is responsible for the observed trends. If the 2175 A feature is responsible, these results would constitute the first detection of the feature in the attenuation curves of galaxies at low redshift. Independent of our interpretation, these results imply that the modeling of dust attenuation in the ultraviolet is significantly more complicated than traditionally assumed. These results also imply a very weak dependence of the FUV-NUV color on total FUV attenuation, and we conclude from this that it is extremely difficult to use only the observed UV spectral slope to infer the total UV dust attenuation, as is commonly done. We propose several simple tests that might finally identify the grain population responsible for the 2175 A feature.
Sexual Dysfunction (Sex, Drugs, and Women's Issues)

Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common and curable problems presented in medicine. Still, women often suffer silently with their sexual problems despite their pain, unhappiness, and the great cost to their relationships. This review presents simple techniques for taking a sexual history and understanding sexual dysfunctions, both physiologically and psychologically. The stages ofthe sexual response cycle are slightly different for women and men, as are the types of dysfunctions. Sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders, and sexual pain disorders are described. Many medications can profoundly alter sexual function. Antidepressant medication affecting sexual function is discussed. Sexual function and dysfunction in pregnancy and menopause is explored. Finally, a summary is presented for the obstetrician/gynecologist to deal effectively with patients' sexual concerns.
545 COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME AND FAMILY BACKGROUND OF “NEAR-MISS SIDS” AND SIBLINGS OF SIDS INFANTS

Developmental outcome and family background of 10 infants who were referred to the infant Apnea Program, D.M.C. because a sibling died of Sudden infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) were compared to 10 infants who entered the program with “near miss episodes” of SIDS (NME). No differences were found in the following infant variables: gestational age, race, birth weight, referral source, or delays in mental and/or motor development. There were no differences in maternal marital or economic status as measured by Medicaid eligibility. However, there was a difference between the two groups in the number of families identified as having serious social problems (p<.05 on a Fisher Exact Test). Eight of the families of the siblings of SIDS as compared to two of the families of the infants with NME had been identified as having one or more of the following social problems: substance abuse in the mother and/or father, referrals made by outside agencies to child protective services for abuse or neglect, placement of the patient and/or siblings into foster care because of abuse or neglect, referral of the mother to a social agency because of a parenting disorder. Thus while the two groups do not differ on most measures, the families of the siblings of SIDS have more serious social problems than families of NME infants. Although it is possible that the prior sudden death of an infant led to social disruption, it is also possible that an adverse home environment is a contributing factor in SIDS. The role of social pathology in SIDS thus requires further evaluation.
Magnetic susceptibility data for some biologically important derivatives of phenanthrene.

Considerable effort (l-8) has been expended in the past decade in an attempt to correlate electronic configuration with carcinogenic activity. Since a number of the phenanthrene derivatives exhibit such activity, much attention has been focused on such compounds. Progress has been made on the problem, but the somewhat optimistic hope of a direct correlation between the concentration of n-electrons in the K-region of these molecules and carcinogenic activity has not been fully realized (9). One reason for this is that, although the theory applied is in essence quantitative, the approximation of parameters required in the calculations renders the results qualitative. The information gained from the theory was then compared with biological data subject to many variables. In addition to this, the K-region-activity concept is probably too simple to explain carcinogenicity. A perusal of the data accumulated (9, 10) indicates that a number of other factors concerning molecular structure must be considered. In spite of this, such investigations have been essential and not unfruitful attempts to apply theoretical concepts concerning molecular structure to the very complex phenomenon, carcinogenesis. However, more experimental data concerning physically observable properties depending on electron configuration are required to make the approximations mentioned above more reliable. Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of a series of biologically important phenanthrene derivatives, because this property along with others such as dipole moment and refractivity or diffractivity depends directly upon electron configuration.
Common antigen in carboxy region of Fd of gamma heavy chains. Antigenic relationships in Fd of IgG.

Abstract Rabbits were immunized with two polypeptides derived from the myeloma protein He by cyanogen bromide fractionation. One of these peptides included the carboxy-half of Fd and extended into the variable half of Fd and into Fc. The other comprised the rest of the Fc fragment except for the terminal octadecapeptide. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against them which reacted with 50 IgG proteins tested. The results indicate the presence of a common antigenic zone in the carboxy portion of Fd of IgG or its extension into Fc. The serologic reactions of the Fc polypeptide appeared similar to that of the Fc fragment intself; it is one of the important zones of antigenicity in Fc of IgG.
Blastwall Effects on Down Range Explosively-Induced Overpressure

Blastwalls are often assumed to be the answer for facility protection from malevolent explosive assault, particularly from large vehicle bombs (LVB's). The assumption is made that the blastwall, if it is built strong enough to survive, will provide substantial protection to facilities and people on the side opposite the LVB. This paper will demonstrate through computer simulations and experimental data the behavior of explosively induced air blasts during interaction with blastwalls. It will be shown that air blasts can effectively wrap around and over blastwalls. Significant pressure reduction can be expected on the downstream side of the blastwall but substantial pressure will continue to propagate. The effectiveness of the blastwall to reduce blast overpressure depends on the geometry of the blastwall and the location of the explosive relative to the blastwall.
The use of isoflurane anaesthesia in studies of carnitine metabolism in the laboratory rat.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of isoflurane anaesthesia in the rat prior to decapitation on metabolites of interest in studies of carnitine metabolism. Male and female fed and starved rats were allocated to either the decapitation group, or to the anaesthesia-decapitation group. Six animals were allocated to each treatment. Within each gender and within feeding status, there were no significant effects of isoflurane anaesthesia with regard to plasma and liver carnitine, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids, or liver free fatty acids, triglycerides, free CoA, and acetyl CoA (P>0.05). It was concluded that isoflurane anaesthesia can be used in studies of carnitine metabolism where the rat is used as a model.
Detecting moving targets in SAR via keystoning and multiple phase center interferometry

Without motion compensation, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the ground are generally blurred. In 1997, MITRE reported the development technique called the keystone process for removing the range migration caused by the radial velocity component of each pixel's movement within the scene, whether moving or stationary with respect to the ground. When applied to multiple phase center phased array radar data, this first pass process allows for automated detection of moving targets via phase thresholding. Once detected in phase space, the moving targets can be individually and automatically focused using the procedures previously reported. Although we can easily detect and accurately geo-locate bright (large radar cross-sections) moving targets using either phase or amplitude thresholding techniques, we have found that, for smaller targets, the phase differences between the cells containing the moving target are greatly distorted by the presence of strong ground clutter simultaneously present in those cells. Only after the ground clutter is cancelled will the phase difference be sufficiently dominated by the target response to allow correct geo-positioning. Here we report on a technique whereby the clutter may be cancelled by using multiple phase centers.
A novel clinician interface to improve clinician access to up-to-date genetic results.

Objectives To understand the impact of GeneInsight Clinic (GIC), a web-based tool designed to manage genetic information and facilitate communication of test results and variant updates from the laboratory to the clinics, we measured the use of GIC and the time it took for new genetic knowledge to be available to clinicians. Methods Usage data were collected across four study sites for the GIC launch and post-GIC implementation time periods. The primary outcome measures were the time (average number of days) between variant change approval and notification of clinic staff, and the time between notification and viewing the patient record. Results Post-GIC, time between a variant change approval and provider notification was shorter than at launch (average days at launch 503.8, compared to 4.1 days post-GIC). After e-mail alerts were sent at launch, providers clicked into the patient record associated with 91% of these alerts. In the post period, clinic providers clicked into the patient record associated with 95% of the alerts, on average 12 days after the e-mail was sent. Discussion We found that GIC greatly increased the likelihood that a provider would receive updated variant information as well as reduced the time associated with distributing that variant information, thus providing a more efficient process for incorporating new genetic knowledge into clinical care. Conclusions Our study results demonstrate that health information technology systems have the potential effectively to assist providers in utilizing genetic information in patient care.
Evisceration after laparoscopic sterilization

A 35-year-old multiparous woman underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilization without intraoperative problems. Postoperatively, she had nausea and vomiting that failed to respond to antiemetics. The cannula incision site was soaked with serosanguineous discharge. Exploration of the wound revealed evisceration of 10 cm of necrotic small bowel. Resection anastomosis was performed and the patient recovered uneventfully.
Molecular Structure of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Surface II: Effect of Stereoregularity Examined through All-Atom Molecular Dynamics

Utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD), we have analyzed the effect of tacticity and temperature on the surface structure of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the polymer–vacuum interface. We quantify these effects primarily through orientation, measured as the tilt with respect to the surface normal, and the surface number densities of the α-methyl, ester-methyl, carbonyl, and backbone methylene groups. Molecular structure on the surface is a complex interplay between orientation and number densities and is challenging to capture through sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy alone. Independent quantification of the number density and orientation of chemical groups through all-atom MD presents a comprehensive model of stereoregular PMMA on the surface. SFG analysis presented in part I of this joint publication measures the orientation of molecules that are in agreement with MD results. We observe the ester-methyl groups as preferentially oriented, irrespective of tacticity, followed by the α-m...
A Healable, Semitransparent Silver Nanowire‐Polymer Composite Conductor

A quick recovery: A semitransparent composite conductor comprising a layer of silver nanowire percolation network inlaid in the surface layer of a Diels-Alder-based healable polymer film is fabricated. The composite is flexible and highly conductive, and is capable of both structural and electrical healing via heating. Cut samples that completely lose their conductivity can recover 97% of it within 5 minutes of heating at 110 °C. The cutting and healing can be repeated at the same location for multiple cycles.
The electric field strength in orifice-like nanopores of ultrathin membranes

Here we show that the electric field inside an ultrathin membrane is weaker than conventional theory would predict, and that the reduced field is predictive of measured electroosmotic flow rates. Our theoretical analysis shows that the electric field inside a charged nanopore is affected by end effects and dependent on the Dukhin number Du when the pore length-to-diameter aspect ratio λ is less than 80 for Du ≪ 1 or 300 for Du ≫ 1. The electric field follows an unconventional scaling law; it no longer scales uniformly with the thickness of membrane, but with the local value of λ for each nanopore.
Central apnea and acute cardiac ischemia in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death

The etiology of sudden death in patients with epilepsy remains unclear. Previous studies in a well-established sheep model of status epilepticus showed that more than one-third of the unsedated animals died within 5 minutes of seizure onset due to hypoventilation. The relative contributions of airway obstruction and central hypoventilation could not be determined because airway flow and respiratory effort were not monitored. In this study, status epilepticus was induced in unsedated sheep with tracheostomies monitored by electrocardiography, electroencephalography, arterial line, serial blood gases, and airway flowmeter. All 8 animals demonstrated central apnea and hypoventilation, which resulted in the death of 1 and contributed to the death of another. A third animal died of acute heart failure within 2 minutes of seizure onset, accompanied by a large septal myocardial hemorrhage, contraction bands, and signs of global cardiac ischemia. More subtle contraction bands, subendocardial hemorrhage, and signs of acute myocardial ischemia were seen in other animals as well, none of which died of cardiac causes. Malignant arrhythmia was not seen in any of the sheep. Central hypoventilation and apnea accompany generalized status epilepticus and may be an important cause of sudden death in epileptics. Acute cardiac failure may also be a cause of epileptic sudden death.
Antispasmodics. II. Synthesis of Some Beta-Dialkylaminopropionanilides

Some thirty compounds were prepared wherein β-chloropropionyl chloride was substituted with various amines in the beta position as well as in the acyl portion of the molecule. The amines used as substituents were benzylamine, cyclohexylamine, morpholine, piperidine, dietbylamine, di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, di-n-amyl-amine, and di-n-heptylamine. The substituents for the acyl chloride were aniline, p-nitroaniline, benzylamine, cyclohexylamine, morpholine, and piperidine. Many of these were prepared as the free bases as well as the hydrochloride salts. The compounds prepared have not yet been screened for pharmacological activity.
Trade, Diusion and the Gains from Openness

Building on Eaton and Kortum’s (2002) model of Ricardian trade, Alvarez and Lucas (2005) calculate that a small country representing 1% of the world’s GDP experiences a gain of 41% as it goes from autarky to frictionless trade with the rest of the world. But the gains from openness, which includes not only trade but all the other ways through which countries interact, are arguably much higher than the gains from trade. This paper presents and then calibrates a model where countries interact through trade as well as � �
Biological control of Phytophthora root rots on alfalfa and soybean with Streptomyces

A collection of 53 antibiotic-producing Streptomyces isolated from soils from Minnesota, Nebraska, and Washington were evaluated for their ability to inhibit plant pathogenic Phytophthora medicaginis and Phytophthora sojae in vitro. Eight isolates having the greatest pathogen-inhibitory capabilities were subsequently tested for their ability to control Phytophthora root rots on alfalfa and soybean in sterilized vermiculite and naturally infested field soil. The Streptomyces isolates tested significantly reduced root rot severity in alfalfa and soybean caused by P. medicaginis and P. sojae, respectively (P < 0.05). On alfalfa, isolates varied in their effect on plant disease severity, percentage dead plants, and plant biomass in the presence of the pathogen. The same eight isolates of Streptomyces were also tested for inhibitory activities against each other and against three strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and two strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti isolated from soybean and alfalfa, respectively. Streptomyces isolates clustered into two major compatibility groups: isolates within the same group were noninhibitory toward one another in vitro. The compatibility groups corresponded with groupings obtained based upon inhibition of B. japonicum and S. meliloti strains.
Community Nursing Support for Clients with Schizophrenia

A true experimental, posttest only, control group design was used to pilot test the effectiveness of a telephone nursing intervention in increasing community survival, and decreasing the number and length of rehospitalizations for persons with schizophrenia. The vulnerability model was used as a framework for the study. The intervention was hypothesized to function as a moderating factor to reduce the effects of stress on vulnerable persons with schizophrenia. Experimental subjects received telephone nursing intervention weekly for 3 months; control subjects received informational calls at weeks 6 and 12. Readmission rates were 13% (n = 2) for experimental subjects and 23% (n = 5) for controls. Compared with controls, experimental subjects experienced a 4% increase in community survival and a 27% reduction in length of stay if readmission occurred. These preliminary data suggest that telephone intervention can increase community survival in persons with schizophrenia. Future studies should focus on increasing sample size and refining the intervention.
A Magnetic Field-Independent Absorbing Boundary Condition for Magnetized Cold Plasma

An effective absorbing boundary condition (ABC) based on the second-order approximations of Engquist and Majda's wave equations is presented for terminating three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) models employing the E-J collocated magnetized cold plasma algorithm. Numerical tests demonstrate that this ABC can effectively terminate magnetized plasma models involving arbitrary and spatially varying directions of the background magnetic field, a capability that is not provided by the recently developed KPML or NIMPML for magnetized cold plasma. This new capability will permit implementation of the Engquist and Majda-based ABC of this letter into localized and particularly global FDTD models of the Earth-ionosphere system involving varying directions of the magnetic field throughout the grid. An accuracy and stability analysis of this ABC is presented. Reflection errors are shown to be consistently less than 5% for various magnetic field directions and for magnetized plasmas having different electron densities by incorporating the phase velocity calculated at the center frequency of the source spectrum into the ABC formulation.
Settlement cues in the locally dispersing temperate cup coral Balanophyllia elegans.

Most studies of settlement cues in sessile marine invertebrates have focused on species with the potential to disperse over great distances. This persistent focus has perpetuated the idea that long-distance dispersing species may rely on cues to settle in specific habitats, whereas shortdistance dispersers are delivered directly into a favorable habitat. I tested the effects of water movement and substrate on the settlement of the temperate solitary cup coralBalanophyllia elegans, a species whose crawl-away larvae disperse just centimeters before settling. Ninety percent of larvae settled within 3 days of release in the presence of both natural rock substrate and moving water, but fewer than 11% settled in the same period when either or both factors were absent. An additional experiment revealed that when natural rock substrate was available, water velocities of less than 25 cm s 1 triggered a 5-fold increase in settlement rate relative to standing water. When settling, the larvae of B. elegans respond strongly to the interactive effects of water flow and substrate. Thus, settlement cues may play a significant role in generating the patchy distribution of B. elegans, a pattern previously attributed to short-distance dispersal. Larval settlement is a critical stage in the life history of sessile marine invertebrates. This transition from a mobile larval stage to a sessile juvenile stage represents a commitment to a particular location, and determines the subsequent
Maximal Balls of Linearly Separable Sets

Maximal balls (and the associated maximal spheres) between sets arise naturally in several areas of computational geometry such as the Voronoi diagram and the symmetric axis transform. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of maximal spheres to pass through specified points in a linear separator between sets in Ed. These results are applicable in certain problems of simplicial decomposition of domains.
Overconvergent Modular Symbols

In this paper, we give an introduction to the theory of overconvergent modular symbols and their connection to p-adic L-functions. Alongside the theory, we describe many explicit examples to illustrate the concrete nature of this subject, and give algorithms for computing inside of these infinite-dimensional spaces.
A sweet out-of-the-box solution to the hydrogen economy: is the sugar-powered car science fiction?

The hydrogen economy presents a compelling future energy picture, especially for the transportation sector. The obstacles, such as low-cost hydrogen production, lack of high-density hydrogen storage approaches, costly infrastructure, and safety concerns are prohibiting its large-scale implementation. To address the above challenges, we propose a new solution – use of starch or cellulose (C6H10O5) from biomass as a hydrogen carrier. This new solution is based on the invention of complete conversion of glucans (starch and cellulose) and water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide as C6H10O5 (aq) + 7H2O (l) → 12H2 (g) + 6CO2 (g). The production of hydrogen from carbohydrates is a nearly carbon-neutral process based on the whole carbon cycle. The use of low-cost renewable carbohydrate as a high hydrogen density carrier (14.8 H2 mass %) may solve problems such as hydrogen production, storage and distribution, as well as address safety concerns. Increasing hydrogen generation rate (power density) and decreasing costs are two major tasks prior to this technology's wide implementation. Analysis based on past scientific knowledge and technical achievements suggests that sugar-powered vehicles could become real in the future with intensive R&D efforts. Here we are calling for international R&D collaborations to pursue the holy grail of the carbohydrate hydrogen economy.
Recombinant Influenza A Viruses with Enhanced Levels of PB1 and PA Viral Protein Expression

Influenza A viruses containing the promoter mutations G3A/C8U in a given segment express increased levels of the corresponding viral protein during infection due to increased levels of mRNA or cRNA species. The replication of these recombinant viruses is attenuated, and they have an enhanced shedding of noninfectious particles and are incapable of antagonizing interferon (IFN) effectively. Our findings highlight the possibility of increasing influenza virus protein expression and the need for a delicate balance between influenza viral replication, protein expression, and assembly.
RELATIVE EFFICACY OF TWO ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES IN THE COLLECTION OF SEA SCALLOP (Placopecten magellanicus) SPAT

Relative efficacy of two substrates commonly employed for procuring scallop spat is described. Monofilament gillnetting was superior to flexible polyethylene insofar as collecting greater numbers of sea scallops was concerned. Overlapping in sheet polyethylene resulted in rapid substrate saturation thus reducing substrate surface for larval attachment.
Total Knee Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis: Is it Time for a New Classification?

Abstract Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often the best answer for end-stage, posttraumatic osteoarthritis after intra-articular and periarticular fractures about the knee. Although TKA in this setting is often considered more technically demanding, outcomes are typically worse for patients. This study examines the intraoperative differences and 30-day outcomes in posttraumatic vs primary TKA cohorts. Methods Patients undergoing TKA were selected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2010 to 2013. Patients were stratified on the basis of concurrent procedures and administrative codes indicating posttraumatic diagnoses. Thirty-day complications were recorded, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether posttraumatic arthritis was a risk factor for poor outcomes. Results A total of 67,675 primary and 674 posttraumatic TKAs were identified. Posttraumatic TKA patients were on average younger and healthier than the primary TKA population. The posttraumatic TKA group had higher rates of superficial surgical site infections and bleeding requiring transfusion. History of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis was found to be an independent risk factor for prolonged operative time, increased length of hospital stay, and 30-day hospital readmission. Conclusion We have demonstrated increased intraoperative times, heightened transfusion requirements and surgical site infections, and higher readmission rates after conversion TKA in the posttraumatic cohort. In contrast to total hip arthroplasty, current diagnosis and reimbursement schemes do not differentiate posttraumatic patients from primary osteoarthritis groups undergoing TKA. We believe that classification reform would improve medical documentation and improve patient care.
Experimental Flexural Behavior of a Panelized Reinforced Brick Veneer with FRP Reinforcing on Steel Stud Wall Systems

AbstractThis article presents a multihazard-resistant panelized brick veneer with steel stud backup (PBVSS) system capable of being developed off-site with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) enhancements. This study is a continuation of two previous studies of PBVSS systems developed at Pennsylvania State University in the Building Components and Envelopes Research Laboratory (BCERL). The specimens used in this study include one control specimen. Two types of composites were used, glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and spray polyurea, with three composite configurations. Experimental data obtained from a uniformly applied pressure through an air bladder with expected boundary conditions were collected. The measured test data provided a basis for evaluating the performance and capacity of the PBVSS, particularly the veneer portion. A comparison of specimen test results shows that the FRP enhancements on the interior side of brick veneer provide additional veneer capacity. Beyond the performance of the venee...
Use of Nystatin (Mycostatin) to Retard Yeast Growth on Chlortetracycline-treated Chicken Meat

ABSTRACT THE effectiveness of broad spectrum antibiotics for the control of red meat spoilage has been reported in a series of papers by Cahill et al. (1952), Lepovetsky et al. (1953), Goldberg et al. (1953), and Weiser et al. (1953 (1954). Tarr et al. (1952 (1954), and Tarr (1954) reported that antibiotics can be used to prolong the shelf life of fish as well as red meat. The use of antibiotics for the control of poultry meat spoilage was reported by Kohler et al. (1955) and Ziegler and Stadelman (1955). In studies using chicken halves dipped in chlortetracycline solutions, Ziegler and Stadelman (1955) found that the organisms predominant on the chlortetracycline-treated halves were yeasts having the shape and budding characteristics of the family Saccharomycetacae. Tarr et al. (1952) also reported noticeable yeast growth on meats and fish treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. The purpose of the work reported herein was to . . .
The effect of duration of item exposure on recall in a short-term memory paradigm

Ss were tested for recall of six consonant trigrams at retention intervals of 0, 3, and 18 sec with a 2,000-, 500-, or 200-msec duration of item exposure. As duration was reduced, retention at 3- and 18-sec within- and between-exposure durations declined for all items, and the interaction between length of retention interval and number of items was significantly reduced for the initial and middle items. The results were interpreted in terms of increased proactive interference as item exposure was reduced.
Abstract A118: The impact of participating in a team sport versus a group physical activity program on group cohesion in cancer survivors

Objectives: Being a member of a cohesive group could provide a source of high‐quality social support that could positively impact the quality of life in cancer survivors. In a nonrandomized trial, we compared group cohesion in a team‐oriented (dragon boat paddling team) and non‐team‐oriented (group walking program) group physical activity intervention. We hypothesized that group cohesion would be stronger among those who participated in the team‐oriented dragon boat paddling team compared to the group walking program. Participants and Methods: 122/134 (91%) of participants who enrolled in the study completed the eight‐week physical activity programs, dragon boat paddling team (n=68) or group walking program (n=54). Group cohesion was measured post‐intervention using a modified 11 item version of the Group Environment Questionnaire. We tested differences in median cohesion scores between paddlers and walkers using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, a nonparametric equivalent of the t‐test which is robust to deviations from the normality assumption. Results: Following completion of the group physical activity program, the median group cohesion score for paddlers was statistically significantly higher than for walkers (paddlers=4.36, walkers=3.73, p=0.004). Conclusions: Participating in a team sport was associated with significantly higher group cohesion even in comparison to a group physical activity program that was not team oriented. These novel findings suggest that team‐oriented physical activity programs such as dragon boat paddling may provide a greater opportunity for social support through increased group cohesion than a group‐based walking program. Future studies should examine the mechanisms underlying these differences and the outcomes associated with increased cohesion. Among cancer survivors, team membership may provide a natural source of social support. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A118.