cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES OF THE COLUMBIA SK GROUP. II. THE PROTEIN SUBUNITS OF ME-VIRUS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE COLUMBIA SK GROUP.

Abstract The structural proteins of ME-, EMC-, and Mengo viruses contain two major electrophoretic components which could be shown to exist in the virion unlinked to each other by disulfide bridges. A weight-average molecular weight of about 26,000 was estimated for the protein of ME virus. Though they are roughly similar in size, the possibility that the respective major peptides have slightly different molecular weights could not be excluded.
Marketing Drugs to Mend Minds

The Creation of Psychopharmacology. David Healy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002. 479 pp. $39.95, £27.50, € 39.95. ISBN 0-674-00619-4 In this follow-up to his earlier The An-tidepressant Era, Healy offers a history of the discovery and development of antipsy-chotic drugs. He argues that financial as well as clinical pressures led to ever more aggressively marketed medications.
Biofuels: Microbially Generated Methane and Hydrogen

The production of methane (CH4) or hydrogen (H2) from renewable biomass by microorganisms growing anaerobically has the potential for contribution to independence from fossil fuels. Anaerobes function in Nature by converting biomass to CH4 through food chains comprised of fermentative and acetogenic species, which decompose the complex biomass to H2, formate and acetate that are further metabolised to CH4 by methanogens. Methanogens reduce the concentration of products to levels that permit the initial decomposition of biomass by fermentative and acetogenic species. Current H2 production relies extensively on energy-intensive fossil fuel sources. Photosynthetic and fermentative species offer more efficient routes for H2 production. Although fermentatives have significantly higher production rates, they have lower yields of H2 but may be a source of other valuable compounds that are synthesised along with H2. Further research must be conducted on obtaining H2 from reductive pools of NAD(P)H to increase yields and increase economic competitiveness. Key Concepts: Methane production from biomass, an essential component of the global carbon cycle, requires a microbial food chain. Methane-producing species (methanogens) are terminal organisms of the food chain metabolising acetate, formate and H2 that are metabolic products of species initiating decomposition of the biomass. The methyl group of acetate is reduced to methane with electrons derived from oxidation of the carbonyl group. Carbon dioxide is reduced to methane with electrons derived from oxidation of H2 or formate. Current hydrogen production relies on fossil fuel sources. Photosynthetic hydrogen production yields are high, but rates are slow. Dark hydrogen production rates are fast, but yields are low. Higher yields through dark fermentation may be obtained using pathways that use NAD(P)H. Additional products such as 1,3-propanediol and ethanol may be obtained along with hydrogen in dark fermentations. Keywords: food chain; anaerobic; aceticlastic; fermentation; NADPH; hydrogenase; nitrogenase
Many-Electron Effects in Photoionisation

Photoionization is the process by which a photon of electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by a quantum system followed by the ejection of an electron. Such a transition from a well-defined initial state of the atom/molecule to various continuum states provides an excellent probe of atomic/molecular structure as well as a test for various theoretical models. Although satisfactmy results for photoionization parameters such as cross section, σ(ω), and photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameter, β(ω), are frequently obtained within the one-electron approximation, these parameters are often complicated by the presence of electron correlation. Photoionization phenomena which are outside the single-particle model include: 1. Interchannel coupling (where two distinct continuum channels interac) 2. Autoionization (resonances appearing in the photoionization cross section because of the degeneracy of bound-excited states with continuum photoionization channels) 3. Photoionization with excitation (one electron is ejected from the atom with the remaining ionic core left in an excited state) 4. Ground-state correlation (correlations occurring because of pair excitations in the ground state of the atom before the interaction with the radiation field) 5. Multiple photoionization (one photon ejects two or more photoelectrons)
Developing a Communication Intensive Application on the EARTH Multithreaded Architecture (Distinguished Paper)

This paper reports a study of sparse matrix vector multiplication on a parallel distributed memory machine called EARTH, which supports a fine-grain multithreaded program execution model on off-the-shelf processors. Such sparse computations, when parallelized without graph partitioning, have a high communication to computation ratio, and are well known to have limited scalability on traditional distributed memory machines. EARTH offers a number of features which should make it a promising architecture for this class of applications, including local synchronizations, low communication overheads, ability to overlap communication and computation, and low context-switching costs. On the NAS CG benchmark Class A inputs, we achieve linear speedups on the 20-node MANNA platform, and an absolute speedup of 79 on 120 nodes on a simulated extension. The speedup improves to 90 on 120 nodes for Class B. This is achieved without inspector/executor, graph partitioning, or any communication minimization phase, which means that similar results can be expected for adaptive problems.
The Trustee and the Prudent Investor: The Emerging Acceptance of Alternative Investments as the New Fiduciary Standard

Under the Restatement (Third) of Trusts, the prudent investor rule states that “The trustee is under a duty to the beneficiaries to invest and manage the funds of the trust as a prudent investor would, in light of the purposes, terms, distribution requirements, and other circumstances of the trust.” Trust investments must be made with the beneficiaries in mind, and the management of the trust assets must be kept to a prudent standard.This means that trustees can invest in virtually anything, as long as it can be shown to be prudent under the circumstances, and in light of the portfolio as a whole. But recently a new trend has emerged in what is now considered to be a prudent investment for trusts — alternative investments classes. Alternative investments are investments “other than traditional investments in fixed income and publicly traded equity securities.” But as a recently new development, the long-term benefits of these investments in personal trusts remain largely untested. The question is, to what extend are alternative investments part of the prudent investor’s portfolio, and should they bear a permanent, and even mandatory, place in trust and fiduciary investing? This paper details the history of a trustee’s accepted investment practice, and uses that history as a backdrop for the analysis of modern-day investment decisions by investment managers. Special attention is paid to the development of modern portfolio theory and efficient market theory, as both are key to the development of the prudent investor rule, and key to an investment manager’s decision in selecting appropriate investments for trust assets, including alternative investments. The paper concludes that alternative investments will be accepted as a standard bearer for trust investments; these investments will stop being viewed as “alternative” and indeed will become mainstream and necessary. And for good reason ... particularly in light of the volatility experiences by lay and professional investors alike over the past decade, hedges and non-correlated investment strategies are a necessary part of the fiduciary portfolio.
Tristetraprolin regulates interleukin‐6, which is correlated with tumor progression in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Tumor-derived cytokines play a significant role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Targeting proteins, such as tristetraprolin (TTP), that regulate multiple inflammatory cytokines may inhibit the progression of HNSCC. However, TTP's role in cancer is poorly understood. The goal of the current study was to determine whether TTP regulates inflammatory cytokines in patients with HNSCC. METHODS: TTP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were determined by quantitative real-time–polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. mRNA stability and cytokine secretion were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, respectively, after overexpression or knockdown of TTP in HNSCC. HNSCC tissue microarrays were immunostained for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TTP. RESULTS: TTP expression in HNSCC cell lines was found to be inversely correlated with the secretion of IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Knockdown of TTP increased mRNA stability and the secretion of cytokines. Conversely, overexpression of TTP in HNSCC cells led to decreased secretion of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays for IL-6 demonstrated that staining intensity is prognostic for poor disease-specific survival (P = .023), tumor recurrence and development of second primary tumors (P = .014), and poor overall survival (P = .019). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study demonstrated that down-regulation of TTP in HNSCC enhances mRNA stability and promotes secretion of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2. Furthermore, high IL-6 secretion in HNSCC tissue is a biomarker for poor prognosis. In as much as enhanced cytokine secretion is associated with poor prognosis, TTP may be a therapeutic target to reduce multiple cytokines concurrently in patients with HNSCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Primary cardiac tumors: Rare but important.

caseofalargerightatrialhemangiomathatwasfoundincidentally in a 74-year-old symptom-free man and successfully resected. Hemangiomas are uncommon cardiac tumors that are found in the right atrium in about 26% of cases. An independentpredictorofhemangioma-relatedpreoperativedeathis tumor location along the interatrial or interventricular septum. Although radiotherapy, corticosteroids, and b-receptor– blocking agents have been successful in the conservative management of these patients, surgical resection is generally indicated because of the high incidence of severe complications, including embolism, cavitary obstruction, and coronary steal. 2 It is remarkable that even though the tumor had occupied most of the right atrial cavity, there was no evidence of hemodynamic obstruction and the patient was symptom free.Clearintraoperative,echocardiographic,angiographic, and magnetic resonance images are provided to show the anatomy of the tumor, its blood supply originating from the right coronary artery, and the heterogeneous morphology of the tumor. Detailed gross and histologic images show that this particular tumor possessed qualities of all 3 classifications of hemangioma: cavernous, capillary, and arteriovenous. Primary cardiac tumors are rare and often serendipitously discovered in the absence of symptoms. A careful evaluation
Cross sectional medical imaging: a history.

The history of cross sectional imaging is in many ways a history of radiology in microcosm. Explorations into the theory of analog tomography began shortly after the turn of the century, and devices to actually produce tomograms were constructed in the 1930’s. In the same decade work was initiated on the possible clinical applications of ultrasound and radioisotopes. This work came to fruition in the 1950’s and 60’s as the disciplines of ultrasonognaphy and nuclear medicine became established as substantive contributors to clinical medicine. A major advance in diagnostic imaging occurred in the early 1970’s with the introduction of computed tomography. This technology made cross sectional imaging with x rays a reality, and greatly enhanced the ability of the physician to see abnormalities in a variety of body structures, especially the brain and spinal cord. Then, the early 1980’s witnessed magnetic resonance imaging, a second major advance in cross sectional imaging. Many nesearchers believe that the potential of this method has been explored only superficially so
Influence of dietary copper, copper injections and inflammation on rat serum ceruloplasmin activity levels

Abstract Inflammation hormonally elevates activity levels of the serum copper protein ceruloplasmin (Cp). Marginal copper status could limit this rise to the extent that potential antiinflammatory actions are limited, but not to the extent that Cp activity levels reliably assess copper status during inflammation. This study demonstrated such behavior using rats fed graded amounts of copper (0.3, 3, 6, or 15 ppm Cu). Inflammation produced Cp activity levels inversely proportional to copper intake. However, inflammation in rats fed 3 or 6 ppm copper raised initially low Cp activities to values equal or exceeding, respectively, those of rats fed 15 ppm copper without inflammation. Injection of CuSO 4 (0.5 mg Cu/kg, ip) raised Cp activities after 20 h in inflamed and noninflamed rats from each dietary treatment except the 15 ppm copper. The percent increases tended to be inversely proportional to copper intake. Serum copper responses to copper injections resembled those of Cp activities, but actual percent increases for the serum copper were sometimes different from those for Cp. Possibly, copper status in people with inflammatory diseases could be assessed by Cp activity response to bolus copper administration.
Antioxidants in Sickle Cell Disease: The In Vitro Effects of Ascorbic Acid

The authors examined the ability of antioxidants to prevent in vitro oxidant damage to the sickle red blood cell (RBC). One millimolar ascorbic acid and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine significantly (p less than 0.005) protected against RBC Heinz body formation during incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine, while cysteine, cysteamine, and methionine did not. The effect of ascorbic acid was concentration dependent with concentrations as low as 0.1 mM having significant antioxidant effects. Ascorbic acid protected the RBC against hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis as well (p less than 0.05). Ascorbic acid had a significant stimulatory effect on the rate of glucose oxidation by the pentose phosphate shunt (PPS), especially in the sickle RBC. Ascorbic acid did not protect the RBC from a patient with chronic hemolytic anemia due to G6PDTorrance from Heinz body formation, suggesting that an intact PPS is necessary for ascorbic acid to express its antioxidant properties. These data suggest that clinical trials should be undertaken to examine the efficacy of ascorbic acid in the treatment of SCD.
Ferroelectric tunable coplanar waveguide components for Ku- and K-band and applications

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of inserting a Barium Strontium Titanate (BSTO) ferroelectric tuning layer in coplanar waveguide (CPW) and conductor-backed CPW (CBCPW) co...
Procaine effects on single sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels

The effects of the Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release blocker procaine on individual sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels have been examined in planar lipid bilayers. Procaine did not reduce the single channel conductance nor appreciably shorten the mean open times of the channel; rather, it increased the longest closed time. These results indicated that procaine interacted selectively with a closed state of the channel rather than with an open state. Gating of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel was described by a modified scheme of Ashley and Williams (1990. J. Gen. Physiol. 95:981–1005), including an additional long-lived closed state. Computer simulations determined that procaine was more likely to interact with this long-lived Ca(2+)-bound closed state of the channel rather than with other states of the channel. Simulations with the same model were also able to reproduce a prominent Ca(2+)-sensitive transition between "random" and "bursting" forms of gating of the channel, variations of which may account for "gearshift" behavior reported in studies with this and other single channels.
Enclave tourism development: for whom the benefits roll?

Abstract Enclave tourism has consistently been shown to integrate poorly with existing regional industries where introduced. This article, using a case study approach, examines some of the factors inhibiting the growth of secondary formal and informal tourism businesses when an enclave tourist resort was introduced into the town of Luperon, Dominican Republic, a community with no prior experience with the tourism industry. The study found that the inherent flaw of enclave tourism as a form of rural development in this area was that the management of the enclave resort sought to minimize economic exchanges between tourists and local businesses in order to increase resort profit margins
Visualization of Low-speed Flow using Suspended Plastic Particles

PHOTOGRAPHY of particles suspended in a fluid often gives a more complete and easily comprehensible record of the events associated with the passage of fluid around an object than can be achieved through measurements of force, velocity, or pressure. In practice, however, smoke trails and most other methods of flow marking1–4 are both cumbersome and non-quantitative. In response to the problem of recording flow patterns around airfoils at Reynolds numbers of about 100, we have devised a new technique, using plastic particles suspended in a revolving bowl of brine and illuminated by pulses of light. This system produces photographs of steady flow patterns at Reynolds numbers between 30 and 300, with both speed and direction of flow indicated in the pictures (Fig. 1).
Fiber Optic Sensors in Petrochemical Plants

Sensor technology has been affected by the advent of the semiconductor, its capability, wide range functionality, size, and cost. Today, the semiconductor industry that drives sensor design toward new concepts also is helping to create the need for fiber optic sensors in the petrochemical industry. The various fiber optic sensor technologies and their potential use in the petrochemical industry are reviewed.
SU‐E‐T‐849: Optimal Sequencing to Reduce Treatment Time while Improving the Quality of Intensity‐Modulated Brachytherapy with Fixed‐Angular Fan‐Beams

Purpose: To develop an optimal shield‐sequencing algorithm and evaluate its feasibility of a rotating shield intensity shield intensity modulated brachytherapy (RS‐IMBT) with a fixed emission angle.Methods: We use an electronic brachytherapy source (Xoft Axxent) with a tungsten(gold) partial‐shield, and test a range of emission angle (32 ∼ 76). Large tumor (>= 40cc) at BT was tested for cervical cancer. In shielding sequencing optimization, a nontrivial network transformation scheme was utilized which makes the global optimum is efficiently achieved with the shortest path and network flow algorithms. We employed the objectives that based upon GEC‐ESTRO recommendations. D90 of high risk CTV receives a prescription dose (Rx) while organs‐at‐risk (OAR: rectum & sigmoid (bladder) D2cc <=75 (90) EQD2 (equivalent dose in 2Gy fraction) Gy from external beam radiotherapy and BT. The feasibility was tested using the metric of plan conformality (D90 in high risk CTV and D2cc in OAR) and treatment delivery time. Results: The shielding sequencing algorithm improves significantly tumor coverage (D90) with favor OAR sparing in an acceptable delivery time increase. The D90 (100% Rx) was improved from 41% Rx from conventional, Point‐A plan. D2cc of OAR was kept under the recommended limits. The increase of delivery time was recorded as less than 5 times higher when 72 degree emission angle and with unshielded source combined. Optimization time was less than 2 seconds. Conclusion: Globally optimal shielding‐sequencing with beamlets overlapping significantly improves tumor coverage of high risk CTV for large tumor without compromising OAR sparing but with less than 5 times delivery time increase. RS‐IMBT technique shows promising approach for large, non‐isotropic shape tumor that is currently investigated using intracavitary plus interstitial approach or performed by conventional interstitial technique. The research was supported, in part, by NIH grants R01‐EB004640 and K25‐CA123112, andNSF grants CCF‐0830402 and CCF‐0844765.
3D Medical image surface rendering using an optimal interpolating function

This paper reports on the use of kriging, a geostatistical interpolation process, for computing 3D medical image surface renderings. Kriging is known to be the “best” linear unbiased estimator. We briefly describe the kriging process and its use of regionalized variables to model zones of influence in spatial data. We used kriging in combination with the “marching cubes” algorithm to successfully compute surface renderings of medical imaging modality data. Our results indicate that kriging is a better interpolating function than trilinear or tricubic interpolation. We conclude with suggestions for further research in this area.
Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research

Interviews are ubiquitous in modern society, and they play a crucial role in social scientific research. But, as Charles Briggs convincingly argues in this book, received interviewing techniques rest on fundamental misapprehensions about the nature both of the interview as a communicative event, and of the nature of the data that it produces. Furthermore, interviewers rarely examine the compatibility of interviews as a means of acquiring information to one another. These oversights often blind interviewers to ensuing errors of interpretation, as well as to the limitations of the interview as a means of acquiring data. To conflict these problems, Professor Briggs presents an analysis of the 'communicative blunders' that he himself committed in conducting research interviews among Spanish-speakers in northern New Mexico. By focusing on these errors and exploring how they may be avoided, he is able to propose new techniques for designing, implementing, and analyzing interview-based research. These rest on identifying the subjects' resources for conveying information, and the relative compatability of the shared rules and understandings that underlie their strategies with those associated with interviews. Critical of existing paradigms of interviewing, which he sees as deriving from Western 'folk' theories of reality and communication, Briggs shows that the development of more sophisticated interviewing methodologies requires further research into interviewing itself. Briggs's conclusions provide a basis for the reexamination of current uses of interviews in a wide range of contexts - from social science research to job applications, welfare and health care delivery, criminal and legal investigations, journalism and broadcasting, and other areas of everyday life. His book will appeal to linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, historians, psychologists, as well as other readers whose research or professional activities depend on the use of interviews.
Conservation of the DNA binding domain and other properties between porcine and rat glucocorticoid receptors.

Abstract Activated glucocorticoid receptor protein (GCR) was partially purified from porcine liver cytosol by sequential chromatography on phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose using a modification of a protocol developed for purification of rat GCR [1–2]. This partially purified preparation, when separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotted, indicated that a Mr = 94,000 protein band cross-reacts with a monoclonal antibody against rat GCR [3]. A nitrocellulose filter binding assay showed that both the partially purified porcine and rat GCRs interact specifically with a cloned synthetic 24 base pair deoxyoligonucleotide containing the GCR binding sequence in the first intron of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene [4]. This specific protein-DNA interaction is blocked by a single base pair change in the binding site. All three putative domains of the GCR molecule: the steroid binding, immunoreactive, and DNA binding have been conserved between two divergent species.
Cyclothiazide potentiates agonist responses at human AMPA/kainate receptors expressed in oocytes.

Abstract Cloned human AMPA/kainate subunits were functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Cyclothiazide potentiated kainate-evoked currents by 682 ± 122% (mean ± S.E.M., n = 5), 1396 ± 55% ( n = 4), and 690 ± 40% ( n = 14) in oocytes expressing GluR 1 , GluR 2 , and GluR 1 + GluR 2 receptors, respectively. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate)-induced currents were also potentiated by cyclothiazide. GYKI 52466 (1-(4-amino-phenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylendioxyl-5 H -2,3-benzod iazepine hydrochloride) attenuated cyclothiazide potentiation in all cases. Thus, modulatory sites for cyclothiazide and GYKI 52466 exist on individual human AMPA/kainate receptor subunits. Additionally, kainate appears to act as a desensitizing partial agonist at human GluR 1 and GluR 2 receptor subunits.
Electronic Volume Effect in Silicon

Volume contraction of a silicon crystal under intense illumination by laser light has been observed and an explanation of the phenomenon in terms of an electronic effect is proposed.
Land use change and the global carbon cycle: the role of tropical soils

Millions of hectares of tropical forest are cleared annually for agriculture, pasture, shifting cultivation and timber. One result of these changes in land use is the release of CO2 from the cleared vegetation and soils. Although there is uncertainty as to the size of this release, it appears to be a major source of atmospheric CO2, second only to the release from the combustion of fossil fuels. This study estimates the release of CO2 from tropical soils using a computer model that simulates land use change in the tropics and data on (1) the carbon content of forest soils before clearing; (2) the changes in the carbon content under the various types of land use; and (3) the area of forest converted to each use. It appears that the clearing and use of tropical soils affects their carbon content to a depth of about 40 cm. Soils of tropical closed forests contain approximately 6.7 kg C · m-2; soils of tropical open forests contain approximately 5.2 kg C · m-2 to this depth. The cultivation of tropical soils reduces their carbon content by 40% 5 yr after clearing; the use of these soils for pasture reduces it by about 20%. Logging in tropical forests appears to have little effect on soil carbon. The carbon content of soils used by shifting cultivators returns to the level found under primary forest about 35 yr after abandonment. The estimated net release of carbon from tropical soils due to land use change was 0.11–0.26 × 1015 g in 1980.
Study of the geometric structure and vibrational amplitudes at the Si(111)−(√3 × √3) R30°−Ga surface

Abstract We have used medium-energy ion scattering to investigate the geometric structure and vibrational amplitudes at the Si(111)−(√3 × √3) R30°−Ga surface. The geometric structure of the Si(111)−(√3 × √3) R30°−Ga surface has previously been studied by other techniques. Our structural model is in substantial agreement with the findings of these investigations. The Si(111)−(√3 × √3) R30°−Ga reconstruction is relatively mild, with Ga atoms sitting above second layer Si atoms and Si atom displacements that are small compared to those on the Si(111)−(7 × 7) surface. This reconstruction, therefore, provides an excellent opportunity to study atomic vibrational amplitudes at the surface. We find that the surface vibrational amplitudes are enhanced relative to the bulk amplitudes, and that these amplitudes decay rapidly away from the surface. Furthermore, the amplitudes normal to the surface are larger than the intraplanar amplitudes, consistent with the notion that the interplanar restoring forces are smaller than the intraplanar restoring forces at the surface.
Cation exchange: a simple and versatile route to inorganic colloidal spheres with the same size but different compositions and properties.

This paper describes a cation exchange approach to the synthesis of metal chalcogenide core−shell particles with the same size but a number of different compositions. This method begins with the preparation of colloidal spheres of amorphous Se (a-Se), followed by their reaction with Ag atoms to form Se@Ag2Se spheres. These core−shell spheres are then converted into Se@MSe (M = Zn, Cd, and Pb) via cation exchange with Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+. All the colloidal spheres prepared using this method are monodispersed in size and characterized by a spherical shape and a smooth surface. Starting from the same batch of Se@Ag2Se, the resultant Se@MSe samples were essentially the same in size. Furthermore, these core−shell colloidal spheres can be easily made superparamagnetic by incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the a-Se cores. This synthetic approach provides a simple and versatile route to magnetoactive core−shell spheres with the same size but a range of different compositions. This study also implies that it ...
Microstructural changes induced by post-irradiation annealing of neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Irradiated EBR-II hexagonal ‘hex’ duct material fabricated from 304 stainless steel (SS) is characterized prior to and following in situ annealing in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) at temperatures between 400°C and 600°C for various lengths of time. The hex duct samples were irradiated at temperatures between 375°C and 389°C to doses up to 29 dpa over a range of dose rates. The pre-annealed microstructure of the irradiated hex ducts exhibited substantial radiation-induced dislocation development (networks and loops) and cavity formation (bubbles and voids). Following annealing at all temperatures, dislocation loop densities decrease significantly and the dislocation network density increases. Annealing at 500°C and 600°C led to the shrinking or disappearance of many larger faceted voids. In addition to shrinkage of larger voids, small spherical bubbles formed leading to an increase in the overall cavity density and a decrease in the average cavity size.
Selected results from an inquiry into testing of information retrieval systems

A variety of aspects related to testing of retrieval systems were examined. A model of a retrieval system, together with a set of measures and a methodology for performance testing were developed. In the main experiment the effect on performance of the following variables was tested: sources of indexing, indexing languages, coding schemes, question analyses, search strategies and formats of output. In addition, a series of separate experiments was carried out to investigate the problems of controls in experimentation with IR systems. The main conclusions: the human factor appears to be the main variable in all components of an IR system; length of indexes affects performance considerably more than indexing languages; question analyses and search strategies affect performance to a great extent—as much, if not more than indexing. Retrieval systems seem to be able to perform at present only on a general level, failing to be at the same time comprehensive and specific. It seems that testing of total IR systems controlling and monitoring all factors (environmental and systems-related) is not possible at present.
Production of vitamin B12 by microorganisms and its occurrence in plant tissues

During the four years which have passed since the microbiological fermentation of vitamin B12 complex was first accomplished, major developments have occurred, and the production of vitamin B12 and its various complexes has become a major fermentation industry with substantial markets in human and animal nutrition. Factors which have contributed to the highly successful developmental work on the production of this vitamin include the isolation of cultures, the selection of media, a study of the optimum conditions of temperature, aeration and agitation necessary for largescale fermentation, and the establishment of suitable recovery processes for the fermentation broths. The natural occurrence of this vitamin appears to be attributable to microorganisms and algae instead of higher plants or animals.
Characterization of uniform, nanodispersed NOx storage catalyst materials synthesized by successive ionic layer deposition

Abstract A dispersed phase of barium oxide (BaO) supported on alumina has been shown to be primarily responsible for NO x storage in practical lean NO x trap catalysts. Conventional impregnation based catalyst loading techniques generate a mixture of dispersed and less active bulk-like BaO phases on alumina, with the bulk-like phase increasing as weight loading increases. Samples of equivalent BaO weight loading on fused alumina were prepared by successive ionic layer deposition (SILD) and wet impregnation. NO 2 temperature programmed desorption experiments demonstrate that SILD is uniquely capable of selectively synthesizing uniform, nanodispersed BaO rafts with high surface coverage. These nanodispersed SILD structures show remarkable thermal stability under high operating temperatures up to 650 °C.
A neuromodulatory role for taurine in controlling prolactin secretion in female rats

Abstract (1) The intraventricular (ivt) infusion of taurine (0.2 or 2.0 μmole) elevated plasma prolactin levels. (2) Hypotaurine, a close structural analog, also promoted prolactin secretion following ivt infusion of 2.0 μmoles. (3) A slight rise in prolactin occurred following the intrapituitary infusion of taurine or hypotaurine. (4) A low dose of taurine (0.02 μmole, ivt) resulted in a modest drop in plasma prolactin. (5) Systemic injection of taurine (0.5 mmole) was not effective in altering prolactin secretion.
Karst unit mapping using geographic information system technology, Mower County, Minnesota, USA

Mower County is in southeastern Minnesota in an area underlain by sedimentary bedrock. These rocks are karsted Middle Devonian and Middle Ordovician limestone and dolomite. The karst features of the county were inventoried. These features include sinkholes, disappearing streams, caves, dry valleys, and springs. Previous karst mapping efforts for other counties in Minnesota have produced sinkhole probability maps and a springshed map. In Mower County, we have developed a new type of karst map using a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a karst unit map. Karst units are discrete three-dimensional bodies in which solution of the bedrock has resulted in the integration of surface water and groundwater. The field mapping and hydrologic investigations were done with conventional methods. The karst unit delineation was done using GIS technology, which allowed us to examine the county's karst using two-dimensional and three-dimensional views. Many different overlays of the karst elements were combined to better understand the landscape dynamics. Ultimately, it was the overlay of the karst features, hydrologic information, and depth-to-bedrock mapping on a shaded relief landscape morphology map which allowed us to best delineate the individual karst units.
Missing Resonances in Low-Energy Neutron Cross Sections of Fissile Nuclei

A study of simulated fission cross sections indicates that the number of missed levels for fissile nuclei can be considerably larger than has generally been believed. For a nucleus such as ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ with a number of open fission channels and a small level spacing, approximately half the levels are unobserved at 39 eV neutron energy for a target at room temperature.
Prevention of atrophic nonunion development by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7

Severe periosteal and soft tissue disruption at the time of fracture may result in the formation of an atrophic nonunion. We have developed a reproducible atrophic nonunion in an animal model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immediate application of recombinant human BMP-7 to the fracture site could rescue the healing process in this nonunion model. A total of 56 three month old Fisher 344 rats were utilized. A 1.25 mm diameter K-wire was inserted into the femur in a retrograde fashion, and a mid-diaphyseal closed transverse fracture was created using a standard three point bending device. To create a nonunion, the fracture site was exposed and 2 mm of the periosteum was cauterized on each side of the fracture. The fracture site was immediately treated with either the application of rhBMP-7 50 microg in 25 microl of rat tail tendon collagen buffer (BMP-7 group), or with 25 microl of rat tail tendon collagen buffer only (Control group). Fracture healing was evaluated with serial radiographs every two weeks for an eight weeks period. Specimens at four and eight weeks were subjected to biomechanical and histological evaluation. None of the Control group healed throughout the eight weeks experimental duration. At four weeks 63% of the BMP-7 group had healed, and all had healed by six weeks. This investigation showed pronounced differences between the BMP-7 group and the Control group both histologically and biomechanically. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the immediate application of BMP-7 may rescue the fracture healing process and prevent the development of nonunion following severe periosteal disruption.
Institutions, Agency, and Illness in the Making of Tourette Syndrome

Medical anthropology has increasingly emphasized the importance of agency in the experience of illness. As sick people rethink and contest social constructions of their symptoms, they influence both the course of their own illnesses and the larger cultural models within which they exist. By shaping the ability of people to exercise such agency, institutions play a powerful role in the making of illness. This paper explores this process in the neurological disorder Tourette Syndrome, based on fieldwork among adults with Tourette in Indiana. Institutional constraints on time, space, and movement can profoundly affect the ability of individuals with Tourette to manage perceptions of their symptoms. As a result, different institutional settings can produce radically different experiences of the disease. We can improve our understanding of the making of illness by incorporating such institutional structures into our models. In addition, understanding the interactions among institutions, agency, and illness suggests implications for more accommodating and humane institutional design.
Skin and chest wall dose with multi-catheter and MammoSite breast brachytherapy: Implications for late toxicity.

Abstract Purpose Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) continues to increase in popularity. Up to 14% of patients treated with the MammoSite (MS) report some degree of chronic pain, which may be related to chest wall toxicity. Reports from several institutions using the multicatheter (MC) technique have not shown associated elevated chest wall toxicity. Additionally, a recent investigation has suggested that increased toxicity may occur with the MS when the dose to the chest wall exceeds 125% of the prescribed dose. This investigation compares the skin and chest wall doses of a cohort of patients treated with the MC technique to a group treated with the MS. Methods and materials The dosimetric data for 43 patients treated with the MC technique and 83 patients treated with the MS at Virginia Commonwealth University were reviewed. This cohort represents consecutively treated patients from our most recent experience to minimize any learning curve effect on dosimetry. Plans were generated using 3D software (Brachyvision, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). Multiple dwell positions were used for all MS patients to optimize dose delivery. The minimum distances from the planning target volume to the skin and chest wall were calculated, as well as the maximum doses delivered to the skin and chest wall. Results The mean skin distances for patients treated with the MC technique and the MS were 0.5 and 0.9 cm, respectively ( p p p = 0.55). Again, the mean chest wall dose for the MC technique was only 2.3 Gy per fraction (67% of prescription dose). The mean skin dose for the MS was 3.6 Gy per fraction (105% of prescription dose, p Conclusion The MC technique results in more conformal dose delivery, with significantly lower mean skin and chest wall doses. Treatment with the MS was associated with significantly more patients receiving doses to the skin or chest wall in excess of 125% of the prescription. Given the limited followup available for the MS, and the significant dose delivered to the chest wall, the use of this device may be associated with a higher incidence of late chest wall toxicity than previously expected.
Splenic infarction and subsequent splenic rupture in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia

We describe a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and no previous history of thrombosis who presented with hepatic venous thromboses and subsequently developed splenic infarction and rupture requiring splenectomy while on anticoagulation therapy for the hepatic thromboses. The patient's anticoagulation was complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) highlighting the unique management challenge presented by PNH in combination with HIT.
Nairobi Fly (Paederus) Dermatitis in South Sudan: A Case Report

A 28-year-old nursing student working in Juba, South Sudan, suddenly developed a rash over her mid-right clavicle. Beginning as a 10-cm-diameter erythematous patch with an irregular border, within 24 hours it had developed an increasingly gray, necrotic center, appearing similar to a burn. The patient was seen by 2 local physicians without a diagnosis being made. Ultimately, it was diagnosed as being caused by the toxic hemolymph, pederin, from the Nairobi fly (Paederus). The rash usually affects body parts not covered by clothing; healing time ranges from 7 to 28 days, usually with permanent skin discoloration. Preventive measures include typical antivector precautions, including bed nets, long-sleeve clothing, and avoiding fluorescent lights. If the beetles are found on the skin, brushing them off, rather than crushing them, avoids producing dermatitis. Treatment includes rapidly washing the affected area, applying cold, wet compresses, and possibly treating with antibiotics, steroids, and antihistamines.
The augmented multiplicative coalescent, bounded size rules and critical dynamics of random graphs

Random graph models with limited choice have been studied extensively with the goal of understanding the mechanism of the emergence of the giant component. One of the standard models are the Achlioptas random graph processes on a fixed set of $$n$$ vertices. Here at each step, one chooses two edges uniformly at random and then decides which one to add to the existing configuration according to some criterion. An important class of such rules are the bounded-size rules where for a fixed $$K\ge 1$$ , all components of size greater than $$K$$ are treated equally. While a great deal of work has gone into analyzing the subcritical and supercritical regimes, the nature of the critical scaling window, the size and complexity (deviation from trees) of the components in the critical regime and nature of the merging dynamics has not been well understood. In this work we study such questions for general bounded-size rules. Our first main contribution is the construction of an extension of Aldous’s standard multiplicative coalescent process which describes the asymptotic evolution of the vector of sizes and surplus of all components. We show that this process, referred to as the standard augmented multiplicative coalescent (AMC) is ‘nearly’ Feller with a suitable topology on the state space. Our second main result proves the convergence of suitably scaled component size and surplus vector, for any bounded-size rule, to the standard AMC. This result is new even for the classical Erdős–Renyi setting. The key ingredients here are a precise analysis of the asymptotic behavior of various susceptibility functions near criticality and certain bounds from Bhamidi et al. (The barely subcritical regime. Arxiv preprint, 2012) on the size of the largest component in the barely subcritical regime.
Analysis of the Concentric Planetary Magnetic Gear With Strengthened Stator and Interior Permanent Magnet Inner Rotor

Magnetic gears have been proposed as a means of increasing torque density within electromechanical systems, while avoiding problems associated with traditional mechanical gears. While the idea behind magnetic gears goes back to early patents, their study and use in industry has been very limited to date. This study looks into variations of the concentric planetary magnetic gear which could lead to further use. It also investigates applying winding function theory (WFT) to aid in analysis of the gear. The new application of winding function theory is verified with the use of finite element analysis (FEA) as well as a prototype which has been fabricated.
Structural characterization of CalO2: a putative orsellinic acid P450 oxidase in the calicheamicin biosynthetic pathway

Although bacterial iterative Type I polyketide synthases are now known to participate in the biosynthesis of a small set of diverse natural products, the subsequent downstream modification of the resulting polyketide products remains poorly understood. Toward this goal, we report the X-ray structure determination at 2.5 A resolution and preliminary characterization of the putative orsellenic acid P450 oxidase (CalO2) involved in calicheamicin biosynthesis. These studies represent the first crystal structure for a P450 involved in modifying a bacterial iterative Type I polyketide product and suggest the CalO2-catalyzed step may occur after CalO3-catalyzed iodination and may also require a coenzyme A- (CoA) or acyl carrier protein- (ACP) bound substrate. Docking studies also reveal a putative docking site within CalO2 for the CLM orsellinic acid synthase (CalO5) ACP domain which involves a well-ordered helix along the CalO2 active site cavity that is unique compared with other P450 structures.
Mitochondrial and plastid evolution in eukaryotes: an outsiders' perspective

The eukaryotic organelles mitochondrion and plastid originated from eubacterial endosymbionts. Here we propose that, in both cases, prokaryote-to-organelle conversion was driven by the internalization of host-encoded factors progressing from the outer membrane of the endosymbionts towards the intermembrane space, inner membrane and finally the organelle interior. This was made possible by an outside-to-inside establishment in the endosymbionts of host-controlled protein-sorting components, which enabled the gradual integration of organelle functions into the nuclear genome. Such a convergent trajectory for mitochondrion and plastid establishment suggests a novel paradigm for organelle evolution that affects theories of eukaryogenesis.
The voices of landtronics

Abstract Landtronics—the intersection of information technology with land use and development—was the theme of an international series of conferences in 1985–1986. This article looks at the interplay between human values and technology, the technology base of landtronics, and landtronics' location-of-work issues. The conclusion reached is that the geography of landtronics is a geography of choice.