cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Almond Consumption and Processing Affects the Composition of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Healthy Adult Men and Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Almond processing has been shown to differentially impact metabolizable energy; however, the effect of food form on the gastrointestinal microbiota is under-investigated. Objective: We aimed to assess the interrelationship of almond consumption and processing on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Design: A controlled-feeding, randomized, five-period, crossover study with washouts between diet periods was conducted in healthy adults (n = 18). Treatments included: (1) zero servings/day of almonds (control); (2) 1.5 servings (42 g)/day of whole almonds; (3) 1.5 servings/day of whole, roasted almonds; (4) 1.5 servings/day of roasted, chopped almonds; and (5) 1.5 servings/day of almond butter. Fecal samples were collected at the end of each three-week diet period. Results: Almond consumption increased the relative abundances of Lachnospira, Roseburia, and Dialister (p ≤ 0.05). Comparisons between control and the four almond treatments revealed that chopped almonds increased Lachnospira, Roseburia, and Oscillospira compared to control (p < 0.05), while whole almonds increased Dialister compared to control (p = 0.007). There were no differences between almond butter and control. Conclusions: These results reveal that almond consumption induced changes in the microbial community composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the degree of almond processing (e.g., roasting, chopping, and grinding into butter) differentially impacted the relative abundances of bacterial genera.
Scientific Method: How Science Works, Fails to Work, and Pretends to Work

This book shows how science works, fails to work, or pretends to work, by looking at examples from such diverse fields as physics, biomedicine, psychology, and economics. Social science affects our lives every day through the predictions of experts and the rules and regulations they devise. Sciences like economics, sociology and health are subject to more ‘operating limitations’ than classical fields like physics or chemistry or biology. Yet, their methods and results must also be judged according to the same scientific standards. Every literate citizen should understand these standards and be able to tell the difference between good science and bad. Scientific Method enables readers to develop a critical, informed view of scientific practice by discussing concrete examples of how real scientists have approached the problems of their fields. It is ideal for students and professionals trying to make sense of the role of science in society, and of the meaning, value, and limitations of scientific methodology in the social sciences.
The Naturalistic Enthymeme and Visual Argument: Photographic Representation in the “Skull Controversy”

The essay studies the “skull controversy,” in which a Depression-era government photographer was accused of manipulating documentary photographs. It takes up the call for a more sophisticated analy...
Data analysis and presentation

Data analysis is the various mathematical and graphical operations that can be performed on experimental data to elicit the inherent information contained in the data. Analysis involves the procedure for data collection, organization, reduction and computational processing. The manner in which data is analyzed and presented can significantly affect the way the information is perceived by the decision maker.
Surveying silicon nitride nanopores for glycomics and heparin quality assurance

Polysaccharides have key biological functions and can be harnessed for therapeutic roles, such as the anticoagulant heparin. Their complexity—e.g., >100 monosaccharides with variety in linkage and branching structure—significantly complicates analysis compared to other biopolymers such as DNA and proteins. More, and improved, analysis tools have been called for, and here we demonstrate that solid-state silicon nitride nanopore sensors and tuned sensing conditions can be used to reliably detect native polysaccharides and enzymatic digestion products, differentiate between different polysaccharides in straightforward assays, provide new experimental insights into nanopore electrokinetics, and uncover polysaccharide properties. We show that nanopore sensing allows us to easily differentiate between a clinical heparin sample and one spiked with the contaminant that caused deaths in 2008 when its presence went undetected by conventional assays. The work reported here lays a foundation to further explore polysaccharide characterization and develop assays using thin-film solid-state nanopore sensors. The complexity of polysaccharides significantly complicates their analysis in comparison to other biopolymers. Here, the authors demonstrate that solid-state silicon nitride nanopore sensors can be used to reliably detect native polysaccharides and to perform a simple quality assurance assay on a polysaccharide therapeutic, heparin.
Explorations in place attachment

This book has ambitious goals. Jeffrey S. Smith has built a career of conducting place attachment research. His recent edited book is a compilation of case studies to showcase the current state of ...
Back to the basics: Rethinking partial correlation network methodology

The Gaussian graphical model (GGM) is an increasingly popular technique used in psychology to characterize relationships among observed variables. These relationships are represented as elements in the precision matrix. Standardizing the precision matrix and reversing the sign yields corresponding partial correlations that imply pairwise dependencies in which the effects of all other variables have been controlled for. The graphical lasso (glasso) has emerged as the default estimation method, which uses l1 -based regularization. The glasso was developed and optimized for high-dimensional settings where the number of variables (p) exceeds the number of observations (n), which is uncommon in psychological applications. Here we propose to go 'back to the basics', wherein the precision matrix is first estimated with non-regularized maximum likelihood and then Fisher Z transformed confidence intervals are used to determine non-zero relationships. We first show the exact correspondence between the confidence level and specificity, which is due to 1 minus specificity denoting the false positive rate (i.e., α). With simulations in low-dimensional settings (p ≪ n), we then demonstrate superior performance compared to the glasso for detecting the non-zero effects. Further, our results indicate that the glasso is inconsistent for the purpose of model selection and does not control the false discovery rate, whereas the proposed method converges on the true model and directly controls error rates. We end by discussing implications for estimating GGMs in psychology.
Postoperative chest radiograph after open reduction internal fixation of clavicle fractures: a necessary practice?

Hypothesis/Background Iatrogenic pneumothorax is a rare but serious complication of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of clavicular fractures. Many institutions use postoperative chest radiographs to evaluate for this complication despite a lack of data to support this routine practice. Due to concerns of radiation exposure and health care costs, this practice may not be necessary. This study determined the rate of iatrogenic pneumothorax after clavicular ORIF with plate fixation at a single institution over 8 years. We hypothesized that postoperative chest radiographs would identify a very low rate of pneumothorax in patients with isolated clavicular fractures with no serious preoperative pulmonary injury. Methods A retrospective review was performed identifying all patients undergoing clavicular ORIF with plate fixation at a single Level I trauma center by 3 board-certified orthopedic surgeons from 2009 to 2017. Patients without at least 1 postoperative chest radiograph were excluded. We determined patient demographics and rate of preoperative and postoperative pneumothorax. Results We identified 89 patients without preoperative pneumothorax who underwent clavicular ORIF with at least 1 postoperative chest radiograph. Within this group, no patients (0%) had a new postoperative iatrogenic pneumothorax. Discussion/Conclusion Within this series of 89 patients with isolated clavicular fractures without preoperative pneumothorax, no iatrogenic pneumothoraces occurred after plate fixation. Therefore, for patients undergoing ORIF of isolated clavicular fractures obtaining a postoperative chest radiograph may be an unnecessary practice, especially given their low sensitivity. Future high-powered studies are needed to validate this finding.
Acyl Radical Chemistry via Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis.

Visible-light photoredox catalysis enables easy access to acyl radicals under mild reaction conditions. Reactive acyl radicals, generated from various acyl precursors such as aldehydes, α-keto acids, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl thioesters, acyl chlorides, or acyl silanes, can undergo a diverse range of synthetically useful transformations, which were previously difficult or inaccessible. This review summarizes the recent progress on visible-light-driven acyl radical generation using transition-metal photoredox catalysts, metallaphotocatalysts, hypervalent iodine catalysts or organic photocatalysts. 1 Introduction 2 The Scope of This Review 3 Aldehydes as a Source of Acyl Radicals 4 α-Keto Acids as a Source of Acyl Radicals 5 Carboxylic Acids as a Source of Acyl Radicals 6 Anhydrides as a Source of Acyl Radicals 7 Acyl Thioesters as a Source of Acyl Radicals 8 Acyl Chlorides as a Source of Acyl Radicals 9 Acyl Silanes as a Source of Acyl Radicals 10 Conclusions and Future Outlook
Transients of Synchronous Serial Production Lines with Non-Exponential Reliability Machines

While smart manufacturing is viewed as the future of manufacturing, core knowledge about manufacturing is still lacking in various areas and will continue to be one of the main challenges in research and development. In terms of manufacturing process flow, to be able to make justified production control decisions, it is necessary to be able to predict the system's performance and the effects of control actions on the part flow. This amounts to knowing the transient behavior of the production system. However, most of the available studies on production system transients assume Markov models, while the actual production practice often deviates from this assumption. Therefore, in this paper, we carry out preliminary investigation of the transient behavior of production systems with machines characterized by non-Markovian reliability models. Specifically, using discrete-event simulations, we study serial production lines with machines' up- and downtimes modeled by gamma random variables. System properties of several performance metrics during transients are then discussed based on numerical experiments and a Control Theory-based approach. We view this as a first step in understanding the transient behavior of production systems under more realistic mathematical models.
Vehicle fleet turnover and the future of fuel economy

The real-world impacts of the Trump administration's effort to roll back the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for new light-duty vehicles are not obvious, because new vehicles are highly durable and remain in the on-road fleet for many years. We demonstrate that freezing CAFE between 2020–2026, one of the proposals circulated by the Trump administration, will increase fleet fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 and beyond, because relatively less-efficient vehicles sold during this time would remain in use for potentially decades. We argue for stringent fuel-economy standards for new vehicles, and for placing greater emphasis on the retirement and disposal of the oldest and most inefficient vehicles on our roads. These steps will help to build a fleet that is efficient, low-emission, and adaptable as the automotive industry enters a period of unprecedented technological change.
Ingroup role models and underrepresented students’ performance and interest in STEM: A meta-analysis of lab and field studies

This meta-analysis synthesizes research on using ingroup role models to improve the performance and interest of underrepresented students in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). A systematic literature search resulted in forty-five studies that met the selection criteria, including the presence of a comparison group. Both lab and field studies suffered from small sample bias, with smaller sample sizes predicting larger effect sizes among lab studies, but smaller effect sizes among field studies. Correcting for small sample bias, ingroup role models had a small, but significant positive overall effect (d = 0.20) among field studies and a non-significant overall effect (d = 0.04) among lab studies. The only significant moderator was level of interaction, with in-person role models having smaller effects among lab studies (p = .008). Implications for interventions to increase the representation of female and underrepresented minority students in STEM and future directions for research are discussed.
Archaeology for Sustainable Agriculture

How will archaeology contribute to agricultural sustainability? To address that question, this overview reflects on the diverse and complementary ways that archaeology has advanced our understanding of sustainable agriculture. Here, I assess recent archaeological research through the lens of the five principles of sustainable agriculture used by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. These principles—efficiency, conservation, rural livelihoods, resilience, and governance—highlight the social and environmental dimensions of agricultural sustainability. By drawing on case studies from around the world, I show how archaeology is uniquely situated to examine the interactions of these social and environmental dimensions over long periods of time. Archaeology’s strongest conceptual contributions to sustainable agriculture are (1) its capacity to demonstrate that sustainability is historically contingent and (2) its attention to outcomes. If transformed into meaningful action, these contributions have the potential to advance modern agricultural sustainability and environmental justice initiatives. This overview is an invitation to clarify a plan for future research and outreach. It is an invitation to imagine what an archaeology for sustainable agriculture will look like and what it will accomplish.
Patterns of Sharps Handling and Disposal Among Insulin-Using Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Background:The objective of this study was to assess disposal patterns for “sharps” among a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving insulin therapy.Method:A convenience sample of i...
Variations in Colloidal DOM Composition with Molecular Weight within Individual Water Samples as Characterized by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and EEM-PARAFAC Analysis.

Fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEM) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis have been widely used in the characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the aquatic continuum. Howe...
AI-Based Request Augmentation to Increase Crowdsourcing Participation

To support the massive data requirements of modern supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms, crowdsourcing systems match volunteer contributors to appropriate tasks. Such systems learn what types of tasks contributors are interested to complete. In this paper, instead of focusing on what to ask, we focus on learning how to ask: how to make relevant and interesting requests to encourage crowdsourcing participation. We introduce a new technique that augments questions with ML-based request strategies drawn from social psychology. We also introduce a contextual bandit algorithm to select which strategy to apply for a given task and contributor. We deploy our approach to collect volunteer data from Instagram for the task of visual question answering (VQA), an important task in computer vision and natural language processing that has enabled numerous human-computer interaction applications. For example, when encountering a user’s Instagram post that contains the ornate Trevi Fountain in Rome, our approach learns to augment its original raw question “Where is this place?” with image-relevant compliments such as “What a great statue!” or with travel-relevant justifications such as “I would like to visit this place”, increasing the user’s likelihood of answering the question and thus providing a label. We deploy our agent on Instagram to ask questions about social media images, finding that the response rate improves from 15.8% with unaugmented questions to 30.54% with baseline rule-based strategies and to 58.1% with ML-based strategies.
God Values the Lives of My Out-Group More Than I Do: Evidence From Fiji and Israel:

Does God want people to favor coreligionists or to treat in-group and out-group members equally? To test people’s beliefs about God’s moral preferences, we conducted three preregistered studies. St...
Book Review: Read My Lips: Why Americans Are Proud to Pay Taxes

Book Review: Vanessa S. Williamson. Read My Lips: Why Americans Are Proud to Pay Taxes, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2017
Reflex Urine Culture Practices in a Regional Community Hospital Network

Background: Reflex urine cultures (RUCs) have the potential to reduce unnecessary urine cultures and antibiotic use. However, urinalysis parameters that best predict true infection are unknown. In this study, we surveyed different RUC practices in laboratories across a regional network of community hospitals. Methods: We conducted a voluntary electronic survey of infection preventionists to describe laboratory practices relating to RUCs across 51 community hospitals in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network (DICON) between May 15, 2019, and July 3, 2019. Results: We received 51 responses (response rate, 100%). Most hospital laboratories were located in North Carolina (n = 25, 49%) and Georgia (n = 18, 35%); 28 laboratories (55%) incorporated RUCs. Surveyed laboratories accepted urine samples from any source and various collection methods (eg, indwelling catheter specimens, clean catch specimens). Moreover, 24 laboratories (86%) offered RUCs for all patients, whereas 4 laboratories (14%) restricted RUCs to specific populations (ie, outpatient, emergency room or children). We observed wide variability in the urinalysis criteria used for RUCs (Table 1); 26 unique approaches were used among 28 laboratories. Also, 24 laboratories (86%) used multiple criteria and 4 (14%) used 1 criterion. Of those that used multiple criteria, all 24 proceeded to RUC if at least 1 UA criterion was met. Furthermore, 22 laboratories (79%) incorporated the presence of nitrites as a urinalysis criterion; 21 laboratories (75%) incorporated white blood cell count (WBC) as a criterion. The most frequent WBC cutoffs were “≥5” (n = 11, 39%) and “≥10” (n = 7, 25%). In addition, 21 laboratories (75%) incorporated leukocyte esterase as a urinalysis criterion, with criteria including “positive” (n = 15, 54%), “trace” (n = 4, 14%), “moderate” (n = 1, 4%), and “large” (n = 1, 4%). Also, 17 (61%) laboratories incorporated magnitude of bacteriuria as a urinalysis criterion. The cutoff ranged from “few” (n = 8, 29%), “moderate” (n = 7, 25%), to “many” (n = 2, 7%). Another 3 (11%) laboratories incorporated other criteria: presence of blood (n = 2, 7%) and presence of fungal elements (n = 1, 4%). Only 3 (11%) laboratories utilized epithelial cells as an exclusion criterion where urinalysis would not proceed to culture if epithelial cells in urinalysis samples exceeded the designated limit, ranging from “>5” to “>15”. Conclusions: More than half of the hospitals in our community hospital network utilize RUCs, but criteria varied widely. Future epidemiological research should aim to identify ideal urinalysis parameters as well as specific patient populations that safely benefit from RUC strategies. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Heteroscedasticity-aware residuals-based contextual stochastic optimization

We explore generalizations of some integrated learning and optimization frameworks for data-driven contextual stochastic optimization that can adapt to heteroscedasticity. We identify conditions on the stochastic program, data generation process, and the prediction setup under which these generalizations possess asymptotic and finite sample guarantees for a class of stochastic programs, including two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programs with continuous recourse. We verify that our assumptions hold for popular parametric and nonparametric regression methods.
Motivational and emotional impacts on public (mis)understanding of science

The psychology of science resistance, doubt, and denial has never had clearer consequences than during the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript explores how misconceptions about climate change, vaccines, and COVID-19 cannot be understood apart from the conscious and unconscious motivations and emotions which contribute to public (mis)understanding of science. Drawing on research presented during my Presidential Address for Division 15 of the American Psychological Association in 2020, interventions designed to upend misconceptions and promote understanding and appreciation of science in formal and informal settings are reviewed and recommendations are proposed for promoting public understanding of science in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Educational Psychologist is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The complexity of reversals

Geomagnetic reversals could be far more complex than even the best, most detailed paleomagnetic record in hand. Sequences of lava flows can give accurate spot readings of the field but yield records that are necessarily shot full of holes, whereas sedimentary recordings smooth temporal variations of the field and may also be subject to hiatuses and delayed, non-uniform lock-in of remanence. Thus, paleomagnetic records are always incomplete and give only lower bounds on how rapidly changing and complex the behavior of the reversing field may have been. Nonetheless, the combined evidence from several high-deposition-rate sedimentary records, multiple lava-flow records of one reversal from the same region, and a reversal record from a dynamically self-consistent numerical geodynamo simulation suggest that at least some reversals are much more complex than typically portrayed, with episodes of oscillatory and very rapid field change.
Hemolytic events after the administration of lyophilized versus liquid immune globulin: an analysis of a single manufacturer's safety database.

BACKGROUND Recent publications have raised concerns that liquid immune globulins (IGs) may be associated with either a higher or a lower frequency of hemolytic events compared to lyophilized IGs, among other reasons due to the differences of their isohemagglutinin content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of hemolytic events to product presentation (liquid versus lyophilized) and to examine the relationship between total IG doses administered and the individual isohemagglutinin titers of IG lots infused. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The reporting rate as well as the proportional reporting rate (PRR) of hemolytic events for liquid (Gammagard liquid [GGL]) and lyophilized IG (Gammagard S/D [GGSD]) received spontaneously from the United States was calculated. For all hemolytic events received spontaneously from global sources, total IG doses (g/kg body weight) and the loading dose of isohemagglutinins (total IG dose infused × isohemagglutinin titers of infused lots) were determined. RESULTS With 0.27 and 0.33 cases per 1 million grams distributed, the reporting rates for GGL and GGSD are comparable, further confirmed by a PRR of 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.7). Hemolytic events for GGL and GGSD were observed with low loading doses of isohemagglutinins, and lots with high isohemagglutinin titers did not contribute to the development of hemolytic events in a higher proportion than lots with low titers CONCLUSIONS Hemolysis associated with GGL or GGSD can occur even with low loading doses of isohemagglutinins. Data presented do not indicate that high isohemagglutinin titers of IG products play a major role in the development of these events.
A case study in experimentally-infused plant and controller optimization for airborne wind energy systems

This paper presents a combined plant and controller optimization process for airborne wind energy systems (AWEs) that fuses numerical optimization with lab-scale experimental results. The methodology introduced in this paper, referred to as experimentally-infused optimization, addresses several challenges faced by AWE system designers, including a strong coupling between the controller and plant design, significant modeling uncertainties (which require the use of experiments), and high costs associated with full-scale experimental prototypes. This paper presents an initial case study of the proposed experimentally-infused optimization, where experiments were conducted on a 1/100th-scale model of Altaeros Buoyant Air Turbine (BAT), which was tethered and flown in the University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1m × 1m water channel. The lab-scale experimental platform reduced the cost of evaluating flight dynamics and control by more than two orders of magnitude, while resulting in substantially improved flight performance, quantified by a 15.2 percent improvement in an objective function value, as compared to a purely numerical optimization.
The Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution

It is widely assumed that Americans care little about income inequality, believe opportunities abound, admire the rich, and dislike redistributive policies. In her talk, Leslie McCall shows how such assumptions are based on misleading survey data and economic conditions rooted in the past. Using data from the General Social Survey, a systematic analysis of media coverage from 1980 to 2010, and other sources, she provides evidence that Americans have long desired less inequality, becoming most concerned about it in times of inequitable growth, when they view the rich as prospering while opportunities for good jobs, fair pay, and high quality education are restricted for everyone else. This suggests that Americans do not pit equality of opportunity against equality of outcomes, favoring only the equality of opportunity, as is widely assumed, but see the two as interconnected. As a result, they favor policies to expand opportunity and redistribute earnings in the workplace, reducing inequality in the market rather than redistributing income after the fact with tax and spending policies. McCall helps to resolve the paradox of how Americans can express little enthusiasm for welfare state policies and yet still yearn for a more equitable society. She also forwards a new model of preferences about income inequality rooted in labor market opportunities rather than welfare state policies. Leslie McCall is Professor of Sociology and Political Science, as well as Faculty Fellow at the Institute for Policy Research, at Northwestern University. She is the author of Complex Inequality: Gender, Class, and Race in the New Economy (2001). The lecture is organized by David Brady, Head of the newly established Inequality and Social Policy research unit at the WZB.
Calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclase/aequorin chimeras as sensitive probes for discrete modes of elevation of cytosolic calcium.

The fact that Ca 2+ -sensitive adenylyl cyclases respond to discrete, physiological elevations in cytosolic Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) provides a means for coordinating the actions of the two major second-messenger signaling systems. It turns out that the Ca 2+ -sensitive adenylyl cyclases are extremely discriminating in the source of the Ca 2+ to which they respond. In intact nonexcitable cells, they are regulated only by' the entry of Ca 2+ that is triggered by depletion of internal stores, so-called capacitative Ca 2+ entry (CCE). Store depletion can be triggered by hormones coupled to phosphoinositidase C, by inhibition of the Ca 2+ -reuptake pumps of the endoplasmic reticula (ER), or by ionophore insertion in the ER membranes. However, when CCE is triggered, it regulates Ca 2+ -sensitive adenylyl cyclases, whether these occur in the cells naturally or after heterologous expression. A major conceptual breakthrough came with the targeting of aequorin to discrete domains of the cell by placing an organelle-targeting sequence upstream (or downstream) of the aequorin-coding region. This allowed measurement of [Ca 2+ ] in the ER, nuclear, and mitochondrial environments. This chapter describes some of the issues involved in validating this and related constructs and their application.
Anion uniport in plant mitochondria is mediated by a Mg(2+)-insensitive inner membrane anion channel.

Abstract It has long been established that the inner membrane of plant mitochondria is permeable to Cl-. Evidence has also accumulated which suggests that a number of other anions such as Pi and dicarboxylates can also be transported electrophoretically. In this paper, we present evidence that anion uniport in plant mitochondria is mediated via a pH-regulated channel related to the so-called inner membrane anion channel (IMAC) of animal mitochondria. Like IMAC, the channel in potato mitochondria transports a wide variety of anions including NO3-, Cl-, ferrocyanide, 1,2,3-benzene-tricarboxylate, malonate, Pi, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, adipate, and glucuronate. In the presence of nigericin, anion uniport is sensitive to the medium pH (pIC50 = 7.60, Hill coefficient = 2). In the absence of nigericin, transport rates are much lower and much less sensitive to pH, suggesting that matrix H+ inhibit anion uniport. This conclusion is supported by measurements of H+ flux which reveal that "activation" of anion transport at high pH by nigericin and at low pH by respiration is associated with an efflux of matrix H+. Other inhibitors of IMAC which are found to block anion uniport in potato mitochondria include propranolol (IC50 = 14 microM, Hill coefficient = 1.28), tributyltin (IC50 = 4 nmol/mg, Hill coefficient = 2.0), and the nucleotide analogs Erythrosin B and Cibacron Blue 3GA. The channel in plant mitochondria differs from IMAC in that it is not inhibited by matrix Mg2+, mercurials, or N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The lack of inhibition by Mg2+ suggests that the physiological regulation of the plant channel may differ from IMAC and that the plant IMAC may have functions such as a role in the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle in addition to its proposed role in volume homeostasis.
A California and United States Perspective on the Impact of Air Quality Policies on Goods Movement by Heavy Duty Trucks

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the air -pollution problem in California and examines the links between the transportation of goods and air quality. It also reviews the progress, in control of motor vehicle emissions, and discusses some of the efforts that will be undertaken in the future. Air quality is impacted by economic activity, population growth, land-use planning, transportation, energy demand, personal lifestyle, and many other social, economic, and technical factors. Whether the movements are by aircraft, rail, ship, or heavy-duty truck, the efficiency of movement is a critical factor in determining mode choice. In Southern California, 16 million residents are exposed regularly to levels of air pollution that can cause nausea, headaches, eye irritation, and dizziness even in healthy adults. Approximately 44% of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, 71% of the oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions, and 68% of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in California are from motor vehicles. In addition, significant amount of the emissions from stationary sources are associated with processing and distributing motor vehicle fuels.
Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow–derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function

Left ventricular remodeling is a major cause of progressive heart failure and death after myocardial infarction. Although neoangiogenesis within the infarcted tissue is an integral component of the remodeling process, the capillary network is unable to support the greater demands of the hypertrophied myocardium, resulting in progressive loss of viable tissue, infarct extension and fibrous replacement. Here we show that bone marrow from adult humans contains endothelial precursors with phenotypic and functional characteristics of embryonic hemangioblasts, and that these can be used to directly induce new blood vessel formation in the infarct-bed (vasculogenesis) and proliferation of preexisting vasculature (angiogenesis) after experimental myocardial infarction. The neoangiogenesis resulted in decreased apoptosis of hypertrophied myocytes in the peri-infarct region, long-term salvage and survival of viable myocardium, reduction in collagen deposition and sustained improvement in cardiac function. The use of cytokine-mobilized autologous human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts for revascularization of infarcted myocardium (alone or in conjunction with currently used therapies) has the potential to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with left ventricular remodeling.
Use of the API rapid NFT system for identifying nonfermentative and fermentative marine bacteria.

Thirty-five American Type Culture Collection type strains of marine bacteria were used to evaluate the Rapid NFT system (API Analab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) for use in identifying heterotrophic marine bacteria. The 21 biochemical and assimilation tests on the Rapid NFT test strips were treated according to the manufacturer's protocol, which included use of AUX medium (provided with the Rapid NFT system) for preparing assimilation tests, and by substituting phenol red broth base (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) with and without an oil overlay for the AUX medium. A seven-digit numerical profile was obtained for each NFT test strip from each of the three procedures and matched to its corresponding number in the Rapid NFT identification codebook. Also, all biochemical and assimilation test results were analyzed with SASTAXAN and SAS/GRAPH programs (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.); similarity matrices were computed for all 35 strains. For comparison purposes, bacterial strains were grouped at a similarity level of 70%. The results indicated a low efficacy of identification for all three procedures. In addition, similarity matrix analysis showed more cohesive grouping based on results of phenol red broth base-treated strains than for the AUX medium provided by the manufacturer. However, none of the three treatments provided exclusive grouping of type strains at the genus level. Thus, the reliability of the data obtained from the NFT system and modifications thereof should be evaluated carefully when environmental isolates are characterized.
Against Repetition: Addressing Resistance to Anti-Oppressive Change in the Practices of Learning, Teaching, Supervising, and Researching

In this article, Kevin K. Kumashiro draws on his experience as a teacher, teacher educator, and education researcher to analyze how anti-oppressive educators may operate in ways that challenge some forms of oppression yet unintentionally comply with others. Drawing on Butler's work, which views oppression in society as being characterized by harmful repetitions of certain privileged knowledge and practices, the author examines how theories of anti-oppressive education can help educators learn, teach, and supervise student teachers, and conduct educational research in ways that work against such harmful repetitions. Kumashiro describes incidents in which his students sought knowledge that confirmed what they already knew, and when he as the teacher unintentionally missed opportunities to resist this repetition and guide his students through an emotional crisis. Using the framework of repetition, Kumashiro challenges anti-oppressive activists and educators to disrupt some of their own unconscious commonsens...
Particles and pits matched in native membranes

We have obtained high resolution electron microscopic images of complementary membrane surface replicas of purified microsomal vesicles from pig kidney outer medulla containing Na+,K+-ATPase. Ultra-rapid freezing of a membrane suspension was followed by fracturing and replicating of the liquid helium cooled specimen under ultra-high vacuum conditions free of hydrocarbon contaminants. The protoplasmic fracture faces are populated with intramembrane particles while the external fracture faces reveal complementary pits. This is the first demonstration of extended precise matching of individual intramembrane particles and their corresponding pits in biological membranes containing transmembrane proteins. The data are also consistent with the theory that the majority of Na+,K+-ATPase mass is located at the protoplasmic half of the membrane.
A Monte Carlo Study of Using the First Eigenvalue for Averaging Intercorrelations.

A procedure proposed by Kaiser (1968) for averaging correlation coefficients using the first eigenvalue of an intercorrelation matrix was studied via Monte Carlo methods. The Kaiser average if applied to sample intercorrelations was found to be markedly biased toward overestimation of the population correlation when the population correlation was small, and to show a slight negative bias similar to average r when the population correlation was large. A modification of the Kaiser average substantially reduced the bias for correlations near zero and showed slightly smaller standard errors (greater efficiency) than the other averages for small correlations. The least biased averaging procedure still appears to be the backtransformed average Fisher's z, particularly when sample size is small.
Investigation of dye-ring-laser statistics with controlled asymmetry.

By inserting an optical diode consisting of a variable Faraday rotator and a quartz rotator, whose loss is different for waves traveling in opposite directions, into the cavity of a two-mode dye ring laser, we have investigated the statistical fluctuations of the laser output as a function of controlled asymmetry. We relate the results of the measurements to analytic solutions of the third-order coupled equations of motion without pumping fluctuations, and also to computer solutions with pump fluctuations. The latter are generally in reasonable agreement with experiment. In addition, we find that the two solutions agree with each other very approximately if the difference of the pump parameters in the expressions for the mean intensities in the analytic theory is scaled up by a factor of 20. Possible reasons for this are pointed out.
Modular design and testing for anti-lock brake actuation and control using a scaled vehicle system

A unique decoupling feature in frictional disk brake mechanisms, derived through kinematic analysis, enables modularised design of an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) into a sliding mode system that specifies reference brake torque and a tracking brake actuator controller. Modelling of brake actuation, vehicle dynamics, and control design are described for a scaled vehicle system. The overall control scheme is evaluated by hardware-in-the loop testing of the electromechanical brake system, and experimental results for two braking scenarios illustrate the benefits of the modular control design scheme and its impact on practical hardware-in-the-loop implementation.
Pathological Left-Handedness and Familial Sinistrality in Relation to Degree of Mental Retardation

The relationship between personal and familial hand preference and mental retardation was examined. Six unimanual tasks were performed by 232 subjects within four mental retardation severity groups. Family handedness histories were obtained. Right hand preference varied inversely with severity of mental retardation. The handedness of mentally retarded groups at the different functional levels paralleled, but tended much more to the sinistral, than that of the corresponding parent groups. The parent-proband handedness correlations were largely insignificant, especially in lower functioning groups. The findings support both pathological left-handedness theory and an association between brain damage causing mental retardation and familial sinistrality.
Comparison of measured and calculated transmutation in copper at spallation neutron sources

Abstract Calculations of transmutation product yields in copper are compared to experimental data in the 200–450 MeV range. Calculations were performed with the LAHET (Los Alamos high energy transport) computer code. Experimental data were obtained at the IPNS (intense pulsed neutron source). The calculations generally agree with the data within a factor of 2 indicating that the LAHET code can be used to predict nuclear transmutation rates at spallation neutron sources. In general, the LAHET code underestimates the production of nuclides.
The Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Recollection Success, Recollection-Related Cortical Reinstatement, and Post-Retrieval Monitoring

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate whether age-related differences in episodic memory performance are accompaniedbya reduction in the specificityof recollected information.Weaddressed thisquestionbycomparing recollection-related cortical reinstatement in young and olderadults. At study, subjects viewed objects and concrete words, making 1 of 2 different semantic judgments depending on the study material. Test items were words that corresponded to studied words or the names of studied objects. Subjects indicated whether each test item was recollected, familiar, or novel. Reinstatement of information differentiating the encoding tasks was quantified both with a univariate analysis of the fMRI signal and with a multivoxel pattern analysis, using a classifier that had been trained to discriminate between the 2 classes of study episode. The results of these analyses converged to suggest that reinstatement did not differ according to age. Thus, there was no evidence that specificity of recollected information was reduced in older individuals. Additionally, there were no age effects in the magnitude of recollection-related modulations in regional activity or in the neural correlates of post-retrieval monitoring. Taken together, the findings suggest that the neural mechanisms engaged during successful episodic retrieval can remain stable with advancing age.
ETHANOL IMPAIRS SPATIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSING: NEW BEHAVIORAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS

This article presents behavioral and electrophysiological evidence that one of ethanol's major effects in the brain is a marked impairment in spatial cognitive processing. The behavioral evidence indicates that ethanol produces deficits on tasks requiring spatial memory and spatial learning. The electrophysiological evidence indicates that ethanol degrades the spatial specificity of hippocampal place cells. Togther, these results suggest a neurophysiological basis for an animal's impaired performance on spatial navigation tasks while intoxicated. Such impaired performance in spatial cognitive processing could well be a factor in impaired performance by intoxicated humans on tasks requiring spatial navigation, such as automobile driving.
The woman problem

Women are accorded less recognition than men in the professions and in public life. Furthermore, women do not hold administrative and honorific positions in the American Psychological Association "in proportion to their numbers and qualifications" and especially do they fail of election to "top-level" offices, being frequently chosen for the more laborious job of secretary. Dr. Boring addresses these realities and seeks to answer why it is the case by looking at underlying social dynamics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Inhibitors of V-ATPase Proton Transport Reveal Uncoupling Functions of Tether Linking Cytosolic and Membrane Domains of V0 Subunit a (Vph1p)

Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are important for many cellular processes, as they regulate pH by pumping cytosolic protons into intracellular organelles. The cytoplasm is acidified when V-ATPase is inhibited; thus we conducted a high-throughput screen of a chemical library to search for compounds that acidify the yeast cytosol in vivo using pHluorin-based flow cytometry. Two inhibitors, alexidine dihydrochloride (EC(50) = 39 μM) and thonzonium bromide (EC(50) = 69 μM), prevented ATP-dependent proton transport in purified vacuolar membranes. They acidified the yeast cytosol and caused pH-sensitive growth defects typical of V-ATPase mutants (vma phenotype). At concentrations greater than 10 μM the inhibitors were cytotoxic, even at the permissive pH (pH 5.0). Membrane fractions treated with alexidine dihydrochloride and thonzonium bromide fully retained concanamycin A-sensitive ATPase activity despite the fact that proton translocation was inhibited by 80-90%, indicating that V-ATPases were uncoupled. Mutant V-ATPase membranes lacking residues 362-407 of the tether of Vph1p subunit a of V(0) were resistant to thonzonium bromide but not to alexidine dihydrochloride, suggesting that this conserved sequence confers uncoupling potential to V(1)V(0) complexes and that alexidine dihydrochloride uncouples the enzyme by a different mechanism. The inhibitors also uncoupled the Candida albicans enzyme and prevented cell growth, showing further specificity for V-ATPases. Thus, a new class of V-ATPase inhibitors (uncouplers), which are not simply ionophores, provided new insights into the enzyme mechanism and original evidence supporting the hypothesis that V-ATPases may not be optimally coupled in vivo. The consequences of uncoupling V-ATPases in vivo as potential drug targets are discussed.
Practicing Intersectionality in Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities*

In this article we ask what it means for sociologists to practice intersectionality as a theoretical and methodological approach to inequality. What are the implications for choices of subject matter and style of work? We distinguish three styles of understanding intersectionality in practice: group-centered, process-centered, and system-centered. The first, emphasizes placing multiply-marginalized groups and their perspectives at the center of the research. The second, intersectionality as a process, highlights power as relational, seeing the interactions among variables as multiplying oppressions at various points of intersection, and drawing attention to unmarked groups. Finally, seeing intersectionality as shaping the entire social system pushes analysis away from associating specific inequalities with unique institutions, instead looking for processes that are fully interactive, historically co-determining, and complex. Using several examples of recent, highly regarded qualitative studies, we draw attention to the comparative, contextual, and complex dimensions of sociological analysis that can be missing even when race, class, and gender are explicitly brought together.
Impact of metabolic syndrome on the risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose The impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation remains uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the relative risks (RR) of AF recurrence after catheter ablation in patients with vs. without MetS and its components.