cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efflux of amino acid neurotransmitters from rat spinal cord slices. I. Factors influencing the spontaneous efflux of [14Cglycine and3H-GABA

Abstract The efflux from nervous tissue of presumptive amino acid transmitters was studied by superfusing rat spinal cord slices preloaded with [14Cglycine and3H-GABA. The rate of efflux of the amino acids was slower than that of urea and was retarded by superfusion at 4°C. Extracellular glycine exchanged with intracellular [14Cglycine, but did not affect the rates of efflux of labeled GABA, proline, l -lysine, or cycloleucine. The efflux of [14Cglycine was accelerated by extracellular GABA, unaffected by extracellular AIB or proline, and retarded by extracellular l -lysine and l -leucine. Ouabain increased the rate of efflux of [14Cglycine and3H-GABA, but did not affect [14Curea efflux. Cyanide stimulated the efflux of [14Cglycine but not3H-GABA. The rates of efflux of both amino acids were increased in Ca-free medium containing EDTA, unchanged in30 mM K medium, and decreased in low Na medium. The results indicate that there are mediated transport systems with considerable specificity which regulate the efflux of glycine and GABA across neural membranes.
The impact of social interaction on the sexual double standard

It is widely held that a sexual double standard exists such that women are evaluated more harshly than men for engaging in sexual activity. Previous research, however, has failed to document this sexual double standard reliably. We argue that previous research has been unable to identify the double standard because it has focused on the individual rather than the interpersonal dynamics that take place in social settings. The present experiment examines the hypothesis that group dynamics give rise to the sexual double standard. Participants, both individually and in small collaborative groups, evaluated a male or female target that had 1, 7, or 19 sex partners. A double standard did not emerge when individual participants evaluated targets. However, when collaborative groups of participants evaluated the targets, a double standard emerged in some domains. The results highlight the value of studying interpersonal processes in a group context.
Media and Polygamy: A Critical Analysis of Sister Wives

The TLC television program Sister Wives provides audiences with a reality-based perspective of multiple-marriages. Analysis using Bourdeau's concepts of habitus and field reveals the program challenges traditional family constructs through positive portrayals of multiple-marriages. While it explicitly validates the nontraditional polygamist family composition, it implicitly reinforces patriarchal structures.
Rules of Privatization: Contradictions in Neoliberal Regulation of North Pacific Fisheries

Abstract Recent changes in fisheries regulation in the U.S. North Pacific reveal how neoliberalism is constituted in practice, and the forms that neoliberalism takes when it engages with environmental management and ecological processes. Whereas neoliberalism can be taken as a political economic philosophy that posits that markets, without state involvement, can best allocate resources, the history and practice of neoliberalism show that it is not as unified as it often appears. Analysis of contemporary fisheries policy reveals not only contradictions in neoliberal approaches, but also how those contradictions are shaped by the environmental context of the industry. This article discusses the rationale for neoliberalism in fisheries and the governance changes enacted in the 1998 American Fisheries Act, which privatized the fishery for Alaska pollock by closing the fishery to all new entrants, providing a set percentage of the yearly catch to “cooperatives” of participants, and allowing individuals to leas...
Beta-blockers, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease. A reassessment.

Despite the strong association between hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis, and the known beneficial clinical effects of β-blockers in patients with coronary artery disease, antihypertensive trials of β-blockers have shown only modest protection against fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction. This review explores the explanations put forth for this apparent failure of β-blockers. It also examines the clinical relevance of the metabolic effects of β-blockers within the framework of the heterogeneity of this class of drugs. Recent evidence indicates that long-term treatment of hypertension with β-blockers that do not possess intrinsic sympathomimetic activity reduces the occurrence of cardiac complications of hypertension. There are no data to show a quantified effect on clinical outcome of the lipid and glucose changes associated with β-blocker therapy. The metabolic influence of these drugs varies considerably within the class and may be of little clinical relevance. Unless it is contraindicated, an appropriate β-blocker should be considered for the treatment of hypertension in patients who have coronary artery disease or who are at high risk for coronary artery disease. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2085-2092)
Studies of non-equilibrium longitudinal optical phonons in InN by picosecond Raman spectroscopy

Non-equilibrium longitudinal optical phonons in a high quality, single crystal wurtzite structure InN sample have been studied by picosecond Raman spectroscopy. Our experimental results demonstrate that the bandgap of InN cannot be around 1.89 eV ; but are consistent with a bandgap of around 0.8 eV. In addition, they disprove the idea that 0.8 eV-luminescence observed recently in InN is due to deep level radiative emission in InN.
Measuring the impacts of agricultural research on poverty reduction

Policymakers are increasingly calling upon agricultural research managers to consider poverty reduction objectives when making resource allocations. The authors present a simple method to measure the impact of agricultural research on the poor. This method has the advantage that it presents the results in a manner consistent with commonly used measures of poverty. This consistency and focus should facilitate and enhance dialogue between policymakers and research managers when deciding on resource allocations and assessing impacts on poverty reduction. An illustrative application is presented using data from Malawi.
The Effects of Reasoning and Choice on Children's Prosocial Behaviour:

The present study examined the effects of reasoning and choice on children's prosocial behaviour. Forty-eight secondand third-grade children were randomly assigned to a 3 X 2 design (Adult-oriented Reasoning, Beneficiaryoriented Reasoning, or No Reasoning x Choice or No Choice) where they were asked or instructed to donate one of two prizes to sick children who could not be in the study. All children donated one prize. Subjects were then given the opportunity to help "other children who were having trouble with school" and to play with toys. It was predicted that beneficiary-oriented reasoning in the first situation would lead to the most prosocial behaviour in the second, and that the least amount of prosocial behaviour would occur when children had been given no reasoning and no choice. As predicted, children were more helpful in the choice than in the no-choice condition. However, prosocial behaviour was most likely when no reasoning had been used. Results are interpreted in light of the types of reaso...
Suboccipital nerve blocks for suppression of chronic migraine: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome.

(Headache 2010;50:1041-1044) Background.— Approximately 1 in 50 Americans is afflicted by chronic migraine (CM). Many patients with CM describe cervicogenic headache. Options for treating CM effectively are at present quite limited. Objective.— To determine the safety and efficacy of occipital nerve blocks (ONBs) used to treat cervicogenic chronic migraine (CCM) and to identify variables predictive of a positive treatment response. Methods.— Using a uniform dose and injection paradigm, we performed ONBs consecutively on a series of patients presenting with CCM. Patients were stratified according to specific findings found to be present or absent on physical examination. A positive treatment outcome was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in headache days per month over the 30 days following treatment relative to the 30-day pre-treatment baseline. We used a 5-point Likert scale as one of the secondary outcome variables. Results.— We treated 150 consecutive patients with unilateral (37) or bilateral (113) ONBs. At the 1-month follow-up visit 78 (52%) exhibited evidence of a positive treatment response according to the primary outcome variable, and 90 (60%) reported their headache disorder to be “better” (44; 29%) or “much better” (46; 30%). A total of 8 (5%) patients reported adverse events within the ensuing 72 hours, and 3 (2%) experienced adverse events that reversed spontaneously but required emergent evaluation and management. Conclusion.— For suppression of CCM, ONBs may offer an attractive alternative to orally administered prophylactic therapy.
Solid Tumor Second Primary Neoplasms: Who Is at Risk, What Can We Do?

Eighteen percent of incident malignancies in the United States are a second (or subsequent) cancer. Second primary neoplasms (SPNs), particularly solid tumors, are a major cause of mortality and serious morbidity among cancer survivors successfully cured of their first cancer. Multiple etiologies may lead to a cancer survivor subsequently being diagnosed with an SPN, including radiotherapy for the first cancer, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, genetic factors, aging, or an interaction between any of these factors. In this article, we discuss these factors and synthesize this information for use in clinical practice, including preventive strategies and screening recommendations for SPNs.
Identification and characterization of a plasma membrane phosphoprotein which is present in Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to adriamycin.

Abstract Studies have been carried out to analyze the phosphoproiein composition of plasma membranes from Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to the action of adriamycin. Gel electrophoretic analysis of [ 32 P i ]-labeled proteins revealed that plasma membranes from resistant cells contain a phosphoprotein of 180,000 molecular weight (P180) which is not detected in drug sensitive cells. Protein P180 can also be identified after phosphorylation of resistant plasma membranes in an in vitro protein kinase system. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the P180 was metabolically active and underwent cycles of phosporylation and dephosphorylation in the cell. Additional studies showed that, in the presence of N -ethylmaleimide (NEM), there was a major increase in the uptake of adriamycin in resistant cells. A similar effect was observed with KCN but not with sodium azide. When resistant cells were grown in the presence of [ 32 P i ] and then incubated in the presence of NEM, there was a considerable increase in the phosphorylation of P180. In contrast, many other plasma membrane proteins were dephosphorylated under these incubation conditions. The results suggest the possibility that, as P180 was hyperphosphorylated, the protein was inactivated and this contributed to the ability of resistant cells to accumulate adriamycin.
Pattern recognition of behavioral events in the nonhuman primate

A computerized pattern recognition system has been developed that is capable of identifying 40 separate spontaneously occurring behavioral acts of the primateMacaca fascicularis. The system, called PROBE (pattern recognition of behavioral events), is described in detail. In its present stage of development, PROBE classifies behavioral activity with a reliability comparable to trained human observers. The potential applications for and improvements to the PROBE system are discussed.
A comparison of photoluminescence imaging and confocal photoluminescence microscopy in the study of diffusion near isolated extended defects in GaAs

Extended defects like dislocations augment recombination and reduce the local density of photogenerated carriers. We use photoluminescence imaging and confocal photoluminescence microscopy to study the diffusion of free carriers toward these defect-related depletion regions in GaAs. Both techniques reveal important changes in the size of the darkened region as the photoexcitation is reduced. Under lower illumination, the affected region generally expands, reflecting the impact of longer carrier lifetimes. But the physics of the confocal measurement, with highly localized excitation and detection, is very different from the physics involved in far-field imaging of photoluminescence under spatially uniform illumination. In particular, the radiative efficiency falls precipitously as the confocal excitation is reduced below a threshold of approximately 1 KW/cm2, and we observe a simultaneous transformation in the confocal contrast profile. We attribute this dramatic change to trapping by bulk point defects, which are saturated when the effective photogenerated carrier density is sufficiently high.
Variations in children's and adults' engagement with museum artifacts.

ABSTRACT Adult and child visitors (N = 33 groups) participated in a study of interactions with one another and with artifacts at a children's museum. The study focused on differences in types of engagement based on the exhibits in which the artifacts were embedded (a grocery store exhibit vs. a water table exhibit). Results from a series of partial correlations demonstrated that some types of engagement varied significantly by exhibit, age of child participants, and child-to-adult ratio. Also, from the start to the end of an interaction, social interactions declined among 14 groups whereas child–artifact interactions increased (following a pattern of Vygotskian internalization). These results contribute to understanding the physical and social ecology of children's use of artifacts and may inform museum exhibit design.
HOST CONTROL OF SYMBIONT TRANSMISSION: THE SEPARATION OF SYMBIONTS INTO GERM AND SOMA

Obligate, vertically transmitted symbionts occur in many species. Hosts often have elaborate developmental processes and specialized organs to control the reproduction and trans-mission of their symbionts. Control mechanisms divide the symbionts into reproductive, germline lineages and nonreproductive, somatic lineages. This germ-soma distinction favors reduced competition among symbionts and fewer virulent effects on the host. Observations suggest a repeated evolutionary trend toward host control of symbionts and division of symbionts into germ and soma. Theory predicts that host control evolves only in response to particular mechanisms of symbiont competition, for example, when symbionts disrupt host development.
Closed Knight's Tours with Minimal Square Removal for All Rectangular Boards

(2009). Closed Knight's Tours with Minimal Square Removal for All Rectangular Boards. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 219-225.
A Synthesis of Experimental Studies of Speech Communication Feedback

The purpose of this article is to provide a major summary and synthesis of experimental studies dealing with communication feedback. Two types of studies have been selected for review. First, all available studies which focus on communication receiver response and its effect on the communication source have been included, Second, the reviewer chose relevant studies from the areas of verbal conditioning, small group interaction, psychology of success and failure, and task performance. The article is divided into four major sections: (a) the resiilts of the feedback studies, (b) a brief methodological evaluation of the studies, (c) suggestions concerning future research, and (d) conclusions.
The Utility of a Long-Acting Sympathomimetic Agent, Procaterol, for Nocturnal Asthma

Patients with nocturnal asthma have their lowest pulmonary function and lowest serum epinephrine level at 4 to 6 AM. We studied a new long-acting beta-adrenergic agonist, procaterol, in ten patients with nocturnal asthma. The patients received 0.1 mg of procaterol one night and a placebo the other night in random order. Pulmonary function tests were performed every two hours from 10 PM to 8 AM. Pulmonary sounds were recorded using a modified stethoscope and were subsequently analyzed to estimate the proportion of time occupied by wheezing (est Tw/Ttot). The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) while receiving the placebo and procaterol were similar at 10 PM (placebo, 1.35 +/- 0.18 L [mean +/- SE]; procaterol, 1.48 +/- 0.20 L); however, by 4 AM, the FEV1 had dropped significantly lower on the night with the placebo (1.01 +/- 0.14 L) than the night with procaterol (1.30 +/- 0.19 L; p less than 0.05). The est Tw/Ttot was similar at 12 AM for both nights, but at 4 AM, there was a significant increase in the est Tw/Ttot for the group with placebo but not the group with procaterol. The use of a long-acting beta-adrenergic sympathomimetic agent reversed the obstruction of the airways seen with nocturnal asthma.
Medical image-based simulation of abdominal aortic aneurysm growth

Abstract Advances in theoretical modeling of biological tissue growth and remodeling (G&R) and computational biomechanics have been helpful to capture salient features of vascular remodeling during the progression of vascular diseases. Nevertheless, application of such advances to individualized diagnosis and clinical treatment of diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains challenging. As a step toward that goal, in this paper, we present a computational framework necessary towards patient-specific modeling of AAA growth. Prior to AAA simulations, using an inverse optimization method, initial material parameters are identified for a healthy aorta such that a homeostatic condition is satisfied for the given medical image-based geometrical model under physiological conditions. Various shapes of AAAs are then computationally created by inducing elastin degradation with different spatio-temporal distributions. The simulation results emphasize the role of extent of elastin damage, geometric complexity of an enlarged AAA, and sensitivity of stress-mediated collagen turnover on the wall stress distribution and the rate of expansion. The results also show that the distributions of stress and local expansion initially correspond to the extent of elastin damage, but change via stress-mediated tissue G&R depending on the aneurysm shape. Finally, we suggest that the current framework can be utilized along with medical images from an individual patient to predict the AAA shape and mechanical properties in the near future via an inverse scheme.
Comparative development hematology: Animal models to study human fetal erythropoiesis

Abstract A comparison of the ontogeny of hemoglobin is made in human, mouse and sheep. The differences and similarities are discussed to demonstrate the use of these animals as potential models to study regulation and transition of erythropoiesis during development. A general comparison of developmental erythropoiesis is made among various mammals with a discussion of how various mammals facilitate oxygen transport across the placenta by differing mechanisms.
Selective inhibition of angiotensin receptor signaling through Erk1/2 pathway by a novel peptide

A seven-amino acid peptide (PEP7) is encoded within a short open reading frame within exon 2 (E2) in the 5′-leader sequence (5′LS) upstream of the rat ANG 1a-receptor (rAT1aR) mRNA. A chemically synthesized PEP7 markedly inhibited ANG II-induced Erk1/2 activation in cell culture by 62% compared with a scrambled PEP7 (sPEP7) [pErk1/2/Erk1/2 (AU): ANG II, 1.000 ± 0.0, ANG II+PEP7, 0.3812 ± 0.086, ANG II+sPEP7, 1.069 ± 0.18; n = 3]. Under these same conditions, PEP7 had no effect on ANG II-stimulated inositol-trisphosphate production. PEP7 also had no effect on epidermal growth factor- and phorbol methyl ester-induced Erk1/2 activation, suggesting PEP7 selectively inhibits AT1aR-mediated Erk1/2 signaling. PEP7 intracerebroventricularly inhibited ANG II-induced saline intake but had no effect on water intake in male and female rats, indicating PEP7 also selectively inhibits the ANG II-Erk1/2 pathway in vivo since saline drinking is Erk1/2-mediated, while water drinking is not. PEP7 inhibition of ANG II-induced saline ingestion was rapidly reversed by a subsequent intracerebroventricular injection of an oxytocin antagonist, suggesting when PEP7 blocks ANG II-stimulated Erk1/2 activation, animals no longer ingest saline to balance the continued water intake, due to the release of oxytocin and its subsequent inhibitory effects on saline drinking. PEP7 also attenuated ANG II-induced increases in arterial pressure by 35% compared with sPEP7 at the same dose. Thus, we have identified a novel peptide encoded within the rAT1aR E2 that selectively inhibits Erk1/2 activation, resulting in physiological consequences for sodium ingestion and arterial pressure that may have implications for treating sodium-sensitive diseases like hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
Mathematics for reasoning about loop functions

The criticality of modern software applications, the pervasiveness of malicious code concerns, the emergence of third-party software development, and the preponderance of program inspection as a quality assurance method all place a great premium on the ability to analyze programs and derive their function in all circumstances of use and all its functional detail. For C-like programming languages, one of the most challenging tasks in this endeavor is the derivation of loop functions. In this paper, we outline the premises of our approach to this problem, present some mathematical results, and discuss how these results can be used as a basis for building an automated tool that derives the function of while loops under some conditions.
A 5-year observational study of lung-protective ventilation in the operating room: A single-center experience

Abstract Purpose We assessed the evolution of lung-protective ventilation strategies during anesthesia and identified factors associated with the selection of a nonprotective ventilation strategy. Methods This retrospective observational study covered a 5-year period from March 2006 to March 2011. It included 45 575 adult patients who underwent intubation de novo in the operating room. We considered a tidal volume ( V T ) greater than 10 mL/kg of ideal body weight (IBW) and/or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) less than 5 cm H 2 O as not lung protective. We evaluated the use of nonprotective ventilation strategies over time in men and women, by American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and for elective vs emergent surgery. Results Over the duration of the study, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of patients receiving a V T greater than 10 mL/kg IBW (28.5%-16.3%, P P V T greater than 10 mL/kg IBW with PEEP less than 5 cm H 2 O (13.4%-8.0%, P Conclusion Although use of nonprotective ventilation decreased over time, an important percentage of patients continue to receive nonprotective ventilation.
Scalable single-photon detection on a photonic chip

We developed a scalable method for integrating sub-70-ps-timing-jitter superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with photonic integrated circuits. We assembled a photonic chip with four integrated detectors and performed the first on-chip g(2)(t)-measurements of an entangled-photon source.
Predictors of 30-Day Readmission and Analysis of Complications After Lower Extremity Bypass Using NSQIP

Objectives: Readmission is associated with high mortality, morbidity, and cost. We used the NSQIP to determine predictors of 30-day readmission rates Methods: We identified all patients who received lower extremity (LE) bypass in the 2011 ACS-NSQIP database. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of 30-day readmission. Results: Among 5018 patients undergoing LE bypass, readmission rate was 16.6%. In those readmitted, the most common complications included wound infections (33%), sepsis (5.7%), graft failure (5.1%), and MI (2.6%). Out of 2204 patients (44%) with complications, 87% had pre-discharge complications and 25% had postdischarge complications. Thirty-day mortality was 129 (2.6%), with 42 (33%) occurring postdischarge. Multivariable predictors of readmission were dependent functional status (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.1-1.78), cardiac comorbidity (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.1-1.80), ASA class >4 (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11.66), obesity (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.1-1.57), malnutrition (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.1-1.75), increased operative time (per hour, OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.0-1.12), and return to OR during index admission (OR, 7.29; 95% CI, 6.1-8.71). On univariate analysis, while many postdischarge complications were associated with readmission (Table), the only associated predischarge complication was blood transfusion. Conclusions: Readmissions are common after lower extremity bypass. Avoidance of infection and optimization of selected chronic conditions may improve readmission rates.
Quantum mechanical computational studies of chemical reactions : II. Isotopic exchange reactions for the collinear H+H2 system

A computational study of the kinetic isotope effects of various isotopic reactions for the H+H2 system was made on the level of collinear reactions using fully converged quantum results in the total energy range of 8–25 kcal/mole. The Porter-Karplus surface of H3 was used. No substantial amount of reaction probability was found for total energy below the potential energy barrier, V 1(s ‡) = 9·13 kcal/mole. It was shown that quantum corrections for the ‘tunnelling effect’ should be based on an effective potential, namely [V 1(s) + e0(s)], by including the zero-point vibrational energy (e0(s)) of ρ-motion perpendicular to the reaction path s and the dynamic effects due to the curvature of the reaction coordinate. The transmission coefficients for these isotopic reactions were calculated in the temperature range of 200–1300 K. It was found that their magnitudes were large and approximately the same for the isotropic reactions investigated here, reflecting the similar quantal threshold behaviours of the react...
Mildred Berman, 1926–2000

During her professional career as a geographer, Mildred (Millie) Berman experienced and participated in two linked transitions, one the changing structure and size of higher education, the other th...
The spreading of liquids on low-energy surfaces. V. Perfluorodecanoic acid monolayers☆☆☆

Abstract The wettability of more than 90 pure liquids on oriented close-packed monolayers of perfluorodecanoic acid adsorbed on platinum, copper, brass, and glass has been studied. Comparison with results reported earlier for solid polyethylene, oriented monolayers of octadecylamine, and solid polytetrafluoroethylene shows that oriented, close-packed monolayers of perfluorodecanoic acid are the most nonwettable surfaces ever found and that for most liquids in contact with these surfaces the contact angle (θ) decreases in the order θCF3 > θCF2 > θCH3 > θCH2. Values of the work of adhesion, the initial and final spreading coefficients, and the free energy decrease on immersion, fSL, were computed from contact angle measurements and surface tensions using the assumption justified by experiment that fSV∘ = 0. From the values of fSL, it has been possible to estimate the free surface energy of the surfaces prepared from films of perfluorodecanoic acid. Structural differences determining the wetting properties of liquids are presented, and the effect of increase in surface tension of higher members in a homologous series is discussed. Observed modifications of the wetting properties of high-energy solids by adsorption of a single monolayer, demonstrate beyond doubt the short-range nature of the forces involved in wetting. In view of the remarkable resistance to wetting shown by surfaces of close-packed perfluoromethyl groups, surface-active compounds with —CF3 groups and hydrophilic groups at opposite ends of the molecule should have unusual and valuable properties, and they deserve to be treated as a special class of surface-active compounds.
Regional analysis of rat brain proteins during senescence

Abstract Brains of male Fischer-344 rats aged 3–4 months and 28–30 months were dissected into 11 regions, and the patterns of brain proteins in these regions were analyzed using two dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with a sensitive silver stain detection method. Several hundred abundant and moderately abundant brain proteins were detected in each region using this method. At 3–4 months, most proteins were present in approximately equal amounts in each of the 11 regions. On the whole, this distribution was maintained as a function of age. One protein of 21 kdal pI 5.1 was present in the cerebellum in greater amount than the other regions at both 3–4 months and 28–30 months. Two proteins, 44 kdal pI 5.4 and 47 kdal pI 5.2 were present at increased levels in the inferior colliculus of 28–30 month animals compared to 3–4 month animals. Of the abundant and moderately abundant brain proteins detected by this method, there were none which showed major decreases in levels as a function of age. These results provide support for the concept that the molecular mechanisms which result in differential gene expression in different regions of the young adult rat brain are operative and are maintained in the brains of senescent rats.
Impact of achieved blood pressures on mortality risk and end-stage renal disease among a large, diverse hypertension population.

AbstractBackground: Medical data or clinical guidelines have not adequately addressed the ideal blood pressure (BP) treatment targets for survival and renal outcome.Objectives: This study sought to...
Transverse impedance of tapered transitions with elliptical cross section

We study the transverse geometric impedance of elliptical cross-section tapers in the lowfrequency ‘‘inductive regime.’’ We have followed a dual approach: computer simulations have been carried out using the finite element electromagnetic code GDFIDL and analytic results for the dipolar and quadrupolar components of the impedance have been derived extending a perturbation technique introduced by Stupakov. Our work provides new insight into the behavior of the impedance of axially asymmetric tapered structures at low frequency. In particular, we clarify the frequency range characterizing the inductive regime, suggesting new criteria relating the extent of the inductive regime for dipolar and quadrupolar components of the impedance to the dimensions of the minimal cross section of a tapered transition.
INFORMATION FLOWS IN BLACK RESIDENTIAL SEARCH BEHAVIOR

The purpose of this research is to construct a typology that characterizes the information-acquisition process as it occurs in residential mobility and to use this structure in an analysis of information flows among black intra-urban migrants. The model is comprised of the intent (intentional and unintentional) and mode (experiential and nonexperiential) of the household's information-acquisition process. The resulting four-celled typology is used as a basis for analyzing the residential search behavior of a sample of black migrants in Milwaukee. Wisconsin.
Semi-empirical study of a reduced rubredoxin analogue

Abstract Molecular orbitals were determined for an analogue of reduced rubredoxin in an iterative extended Huckel (self-consistent charge) calculation. Zero field splittings and Mossbauer spectral parameters were then computed. The results are compared with available experimental data.
Induction of heat-shock proteins in the embryonic chicken lens.

The 11-day embryonic chicken lens displays a rapid and vigorous response to a heat shock. Exposure of the lens to elevated temperature (45°C) dramatically increased the synthesis of three proteins with subunit molecular weights of 89000, 70000 and 24000. These lens heat-shock proteins are identical to the heat-shock proteins of cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts in electrophoretic mobility and immunological cross-reactivity. Maximum induction of lens heat-shock protein synthesis occurred upon incubation at 45°C for about 1–1·5 hr and was blocked in the presence of actinomycin D. The functional half-lives at 37°C of the mRNAs encoding the lens heat-shock proteins were about 3–5 hr. Synthesis of normal lens proteins continued throughout the heat shock, but delta-crystallin was unusual in that its synthesis initially rose upon heat shock, a behavior similar to that of a heat-shock protein. Proteins which co-migrated with each of the major lens heat-shock proteins were detected immunologically in non-stressed lens extracts. The endogenous lens protein, p24, which crossreacted with antibodies raised against the small heat-shock protein (hsp 24) from chicken-embryo fibroblasts and co-migrated in one dimensional SDS gels with a major beta-crystallin was shown to be structurally similar to the chicken small heat shock protein but was distinct from the beta-crystallins.
Selective isolation of hemoglobin by use of imidazolium-modified polystyrene as extractant

Ionic liquids have attracted much attention in the analysis of a variety of species. The functional groups in ionic liquids can result in highly efficient separation and enrichment and, because of their typical lack of volatility, they are environmentally benign. We grafted imidazole cations onto the surface of chloromethyl polystyrene, denoted PS-CH2-[MIM]+Cl−, and this modified polymer was used to selectively extract the protein hemoglobin (Hb). The prepared extractant PS-CH2-[MIM]+Cl−, containing 2 mmol immobilized imidazole groups per gram polymer, was characterized by FT-IR, surface charge analysis, and elemental analysis. The adsorption efficiency was 91 %. The adsorption capacity of the PS-CH2-[MIM]+Cl− for Hb was 23.6 μg mg−1, and 80 % of the retained Hb could be readily recovered by use of 0.5 % (m/v) aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution as eluate. The activity of the eluted Hb was approximately 90 %. The prepared imidazole-containing solid phase polymer was used for direct adsorption of Hb without use of any other solid matrix as support of the ionic liquid. The material was used in practice to isolate Hb from human whole blood.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES X. LITMUS CONSTITUENTS AS VITAL STAINS: THEIR PREPARATION AND RELATIVE USEFULNESS.

We have devised methods for the separation and isolation of the important indicator constituents of litmus, azolitmin, and erythrolitmin, with a view to employing them as vital stains. Analysis of the color intensities of these dyes shows slight differences in them, azolitmin being the weaker pigment, weight for weight. Study of a third coloring matter, erythrolein, which exists in litmus has shown it to be an unsatisfactory indicator, and toxic for animals. Analyses with the spectrophotometer of the absorption of light by erythrolitmin and azolitmin, prepared by our methods, and tested over a wide acid-alkali range, show them to be pure substances, comparable in this respect with synthetic indicators. The errors in the interpretation of the indicator phenomena on vital staining, which are incident to changes in the concentration of the dyes, are so slight as to be negligible. The salt and protein errors on the other hand are large. The factors responsible for the Donnan equilibrium fail to influence the distribution of the indicators between fluid and gelatin. Erythrolein was found useless when employed for vital staining, and azolitmin proved unsatisfactory since it colors poorly and is toxic. But erythrolitmin can be used to great advantage. It is readily absorbed, and in non-toxic doses stains intensely. The range of pH at which it changes from red to blue fits it for the demonstration of changes in the reaction of living tissues. By reason, however, of the salt and protein errors to which it is liable, the pH cannot be accurately ascertained. Intravital staining with erythrolitmin yields results similar to those following injection of purified "whole litmus."
Two creeping Ceramium species (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Florida Keys: C. reptans sp. nov. and recircumscription of C. codii (Richards) Mazoyer

Abstract On the basis of comparative morphology, a new creeping Ceramium species with incomplete and narrow nodal cortication, C. reptans sp. nov. is described from the Florida Keys, USA, where it co-occurs epiphytically with C. codii on the same host, Hypnea spinella. Ceramium reptans sp. nov. is recognized by a prostrate axis producing unbranched upright axes dorsally; five periaxial cells per axial cell; three cortical cells cut off per periaxial cell, with the first acropetal cortical cell becoming the pseudoperiaxial cell that extends longitudinally parallel to the level of neighboring periaxial cells, a second acropetal and third basipetal horizontal cortical cell; and cruciately divided tetrasporangia in whorls bulging from a single node appressed to the contiguous node below on upright axes, 3–6 segments below the apex. Ceramium codii, described from Bermuda, is recognized by a prostrate axis producing unbranched, upright axes dorsally, four periaxial cells per axial cell, three cortical cells cut...
Analysis of data on drug release from emulsions. II. Pyridine release from water-in-oil emulsions as a function of pH.

The practically important case of the release from an amine—amine hydrochloride solute mixture in a water-in-oil emulsion into an aqueous sink has been studied experimentally and theoretically. All of the parameters entering into the theory have been independently measured and put into the theory. The theoretically predicted release behavior was then determined employing the IBM 7090 computer. These results were then compared to the experimental data obtained over a wide range of conditions. The agreement between the experiments and the physical model was extremely good. These procedures should have extensive application in the future when complex solute—solute, solute—solvent, and solvent—solvent interactions are involved.
Computing requirements of modern medical diagnostic ultrasound machines

Abstract Ultrasound is one of the leading medical imaging modalities because it is safe, noninvasive, portable, easy to use, relatively inexpensive and displays images in real-time. Due to its real-time nature, an ultrasound machine must be able to process its incoming data quickly. High computational and throughput requirements in modern ultrasound machines have restricted their internal design to algorithm-specific hardware with limited programmability. Adding new ultrasound imaging applications or improving a machine's internal algorithms can require costly hardware redesigns and replacements of boards or of the entire machine. In an effort to address these problems, we have reviewed each of the essential functions in modern ultrasound machines and analyzed their computational requirements in programmable systems. These functions include dynamic downconversion, tissue signal processing, color flow processing, scan conversion, and tissue/flow decision. Our estimate of the total computing requirement to current ultrasound machines is 54.71 billion operations per second (BOPS) when transcendental functions are implemented in software and 31.26 BOPS when transcendental functions are implemented in lookup tables taking 160.26 Mbytes of memory. To investigate the feasibility of programmable generalized ultrasound systems, we have designed a flexible and parallel programmable ultrasound processing subsystem, called the Programmable Ultrasound Image Processor (PUIP). As the need for programmable ultrasound machines increases in the future due to various advantages (e.g., lower system cost, faster clinical use and lower research/development expenses), it will be crucial to develop not only a high-performance, scalable, reconfigurable parallel computer architecture meeting the computing requirement, but also efficient ultrasound algorithms that can be optimally mapped into the parallel architecture.
Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and reactivity of Pd2(μ-dotpm)2 (dotpm = bis(di-ortho-tolylphosphino)methane)

Abstract Alkylation of PdCl 2 (dotpm) (dotpm = bis(di- ortho -tolylphosphino)methane) with n -butyllithium produces the binuclear Pd(0) complex Pd 2 ( μ -dotpm) 2 and the elimination byproducts 1-butene, cis -2-butene, trans -2-butene, butane, and octane. The dibutyl complex, Pd(dotpm)( n -Bu) 2 , is presumed to be the reaction intermediate. The crystal structure of Pd 2 ( μ -dotpm) 2 reveals that the methylene groups of the bridging dotpm ligands are located on opposite sides of the Pd 2 P 4 unit, forming an 8-membered ring that is in an elongated chair conformation. The four phosphorus atoms are not coplanar, and the P1–P2–P3–P4 ring has a torsion angle of 13.8°, which minimizes the spatial interactions among the o -tolyl rings. The Pd–Pd bond distance is 2.8560(6) A, which indicates that there is a weak “closed-shell” bonding interaction between the d 10 –d 10 metal centers. Each palladium atom has a nearly linear geometry, and the eight methyl groups of the dotpm ligands shield the open coordination sites on the metal centers. Four methyl groups shield the metal atoms above and below the Pd 2 P 4 ring cavity, and four methyl groups block the open metal sites outside of the Pd 2 P 4 ring. The Pd 2 ( μ -dotpm) 2 complex readily undergoes oxidative addition of dichloromethane to form the rigid A-frame complex Pd 2 Cl 2 (μ-CH 2 )( μ -dotpm) 2 .
Determination of trace levels of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and rainwater

Abstract A procedure for the trace analysis of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and other aqueous solutions has been developed. The method is based on reduction of DMSO to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by titanium trichloride (TiCl3) and the subsequent measurement of DMS by gas chromatography. As little as 1 picomole of DMSO could be detected by the method yielding a detection limit of 1 nM for a 1 ml sample. Precision for most natural water samples with 5–20 nM DMSO was better than 10%. Water samples stored in the dark and either frozen (−20°C) or acidified (0.05 M HCl; 4°C) showed no significant losses or contamination over a 3 week period. The reduction reaction was selective for DMSO, in that other sulfur compounds including methionine, homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione, dimethyl sulfone, methionine sulfoxide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and S-methylmethionine did not yield DMS. However, a required basification step in the procedure caused conversion of DMSP to DMS, therefore parallel samples without TiCl3 were used to correct for dissolved DMSP or DMS in the solution analyzed. Tests showed that DMSP was the only compound which yielded DMS during the basification step. Significant analytical blanks were observed if precautions were not taken to minimize air contamination of glassware, reagents and the analyte solution. Detailed information on how to minimize blanks is given. Using the method we measured seawater DMSO concentrations ranging from 1 to 13 nM and rainwater DMSO concentrations ranging from 1 to 26 nM. A preliminary incubation experiment with water from Mobile Bay, Alabama indicated that added DMSO (50 nM) was consumed over a 5 day period. The method should be useful in studies of DMSO and DMS biogeochemistry.
Purification of pituitary gonadotropin from urine of eunuchs.

ABSTRACT Human pituitary gonadotropin (HPG) from the urine of eunuchs was purified in 3 stages. The HPG was adsorbed by kaolin, eluted with ammonia and precipitated in 66% acetone. HPG was extracted from the precipitate with 70% ethanol containing 10% ammonium acetate and prepared in dry form by precipitation in 90% ethanol. Further impurities were removed by adsorption onto diethylaminoethyl cellulose in 0.05 M phosphate buffer. The mean purification achieved was 78- fold, with a mean retention of 37% of the original activity. The purified product was 140 times stronger than the unofficial standard HMG-20A prepared from postmenopausal urine.
The Future of Marketing Scholarship: Recruiting for Marketing Doctoral Programs

As demand for business education is rising, the production of business doctorates continues to fall. Between 1995 and 2001, new business doctorates declined 18%, dropping to the lowest point since 1987. In the same time frame, new marketing doctorates dropped by 32%. This article reports the results of a study designed to (1) assess enrollment trends and recruiting practices for marketing doctoral programs, (2) examine decision-making processes of prospective marketing doctoral students, and (3) develop a set of recommendations for improving recruiting in marketing doctoral programs. Results of surveys of marketing doctoral program coordinators, marketing Ph.D. students, and MBA students are reported.
Cooperation of natural killer cell stimulatory factor/interleukin-12 with other stimuli in the induction of cytokines and cytotoxic cell-associated molecules in human T and NK cells

The ability of natural killer cell stimulatory factor/interleukin-12 (IL-12) to induce cytokines other than IFN-gamma from both T and NK cells was studied. Both the direct effect of IL-12 and the cooperation between IL-12 and other cytokine inducers such as IL-2, phorbol diesters, and receptor antibodies were evaluated. It was found that IL-12 induces mRNA accumulation and production of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha from both T and NK cells and, as tested on NK cells only, induces M-CSF mRNA accumulation. Compared with cytokine inducers, IL-12 ability to induce IFN-gamma production was severalfold higher than its ability to induce GM-CSF or TNF-alpha. Likewise, the synergistic effect of IL-12 with the other stimuli to induce IFN-gamma was stronger than that observed in the case of GM-CSF or TNF-alpha. The IL-12-mediated enhancement of NK cytotoxicity is accompanied by an increased accumulation of mRNA for at least two genes encoding cytotoxic cell granule-associated proteins, the serine esterase granzyme B and the pore-forming protein perforin. IL-12 induction of perforin mRNA accumulation was not synergistic with either IL-2 or anti-CD16 stimulation, whereas granzyme B mRNA accumulation, induced by IL-2 or anti-CD16 stimulation, was slightly potentiated by IL-12. Thus, although IFN-gamma production is probably one of the most physiologically relevant effects of IL-12, induction of other cytokines by IL-12 in the presence of other inflammatory or immune stimuli may have a role in the in vivo functions of IL-12. The observation that both the IL-12-mediated enhancement of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the increased expression of genes encoding cytotoxic cell granule-associated proteins were not cooperative with the effect of other NK cell activators suggests that the effect of IL-12 on cytotoxic cells is in part independent from that of other stimuli regulating the functions of these cells.
Violation of CP invariance and non-leptonic decays

Abstract A new model of non-leptonic weak interactions is proposed in order to ascribe both CP -conserving and -violating non-leptonic decays to the same primary interaction.