cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined anterior and anterolateral approaches to the cranial base: complication analysis, avoidance, and management.

Objective During the past decade, applications of anterior and anterolateral cranial approaches for both benign and malignant pathologies have expanded in frequency and application. Complications associated with these procedures impact significantly on patient outcome. The primary aim of this study is to detail the strategies for complication management and avoidance developed from experience with 120 patients who underwent anterior and anterolateral cranial base procedures during the past 14 years. Methods Between July 1990 and February 2004, 62 male and 58 female patients underwent 120 combined (neurological surgery and otolaryngology joint participation) anterior and anterolateral cranial base procedures. Fifty-four percent had malignant pathology, and 46% had benign pathology. The approaches taken were transfacial (10%), extended subfrontal (33%), lateral craniofacial (23%), and anterior craniofacial (35%). Thirty-day morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Results Twenty (17%) patients experienced at least one complication. Malignancy and reoperation, regardless of histology, appeared to affect the complication rate. A decline in complications occurred with experience, in part because of changes in management that reflected the complication experience (25% in Patients 0-31, 18% in Patients 32-70, 10% in Patients 71-120). Methodology is detailed for avoidance and management of retraction injury, infection, tension pneumocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid leak, pericranial flap failure, free flap sizing, dural banding, intracranial hypotension, and cerebrovascular events. Individual patient analysis, complications timing, and strategy for management are discussed. Conclusion Improved patient outcomes for anterior and anterolateral cranial base surgery are, in part, directly related to the ability to avoid and manage associated complications. Experience, avoidance, and interdiction are key factors in complication management.
Electronic model of a Ferroelectric Field Effect transistor

A pair of electronic models has been developed of a Ferroelectric Field Effect transistor. These models can be used in standard electrical circuit simulation programs to simulate the main characteristics of the FFET. The models use the Schmitt trigger circuit as a basis for their design. One model uses bipolar junction transistors and one uses MOSFET's. Each model has the main characteristics of the FFET, which are the current hysterisis with different gate voltages and decay of the drain current when the gate voltage is off. The drain current from each model has similar values to an actual FFET that was measured experimentally. T'he input and o Output resistance in the models are also similar to that of the FFET. The models are valid for all frequencies below RF levels. No attempt was made to model the high frequency characteristics of the FFET. Each model can be used to design circuits using FFET's with standard electrical simulation packages. These circuits can be used in designing non-volatile memory circuits and logic circuits and is compatible with all SPICE based circuit analysis programs. The models consist of only standard electrical components, such as BJT's, MOSFET's, diodes, resistors, and capacitors. Each model is compared to the experimental data measured from an actual FFET.
Assessing Adult Leisure Activities: An Extension of a Self-Report Activity Questionnaire.

Everyday leisure activities in adulthood and old age have been investigated with respect to constructs such as successful aging, an engaged lifestyle, and prevention of age-related cognitive decline. They also relate to mental health and have clinical value, as they can inform diagnosis and interventions. In the present study, the authors enhanced the content validity of the Victoria Longitudinal Study activity questionnaire by adding items on physical and social activities and validated a shortened version of the questionnaire. The proposed leisure activity model included 11 activity categories: 3 types of social activities (i.e., activities with close social partners, group-centered public activity, religious activities), physical activities, developmental activities, experiential activities, crafts, game playing, TV watching, travel, and technology use. Confirmatory factor analyses validated the proposed factor structure in 2 independent samples. A higher order model with a general activity factor fitted the activity factor correlations with relatively little loss of fit. Convergent and discriminant validity for the activity scales were supported by patterns of their correlations with education, health, depression, cognition, and personality. In sum, the scores derived from of the augmented Victoria Longitudinal Study activity questionnaire demonstrate good reliability, and validity evidence supports their use as measures of leisure activities in young, middle-aged, and older individuals.
A pilot study of the effectiveness of guided imagery with progressive muscle relaxation to reduce chronic pain and mobility difficulties of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, chronic condition that affects most older adults. Adults with OA must deal with pain that leads to limited mobility and may lead to disability and difficulty maintaining independence. A longitudinal, randomized clinical trial pilot study was conducted to determine whether Guided Imagery (GI) with Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) would reduce pain and mobility difficulties of women with OA. Twenty-eight older women with OA were randomly assigned to either the treatment or the control group. The treatment consisted of listening twice a day to a 10-to-15-minute audiotaped script that guided the women in GI with PMR. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the two groups in the amount of change in pain and mobility difficulties they experienced over 12 weeks. The treatment group reported a significant reduction in pain and mobility difficulties at week 12 compared to the control group. Members of the control group reported no differences in pain and non-significant increases in mobility difficulties. The results of this pilot study justify further investigation of the effectiveness of GI with PMR as a self-management intervention to reduce pain and mobility difficulties associated with OA.
Cellular regulation of blood coagulation: a model for venous stasis

We have adapted the corn-trypsin inhibitor whole-blood model to include EA.hy926 as an endothelium surrogate to evaluate the vascular modulation of blood coagulation initiated by relipidated recombinant tissue factor (rTf) and a cellular Tf surrogate, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP1 cells (LPS-THP-1). Compared with bare tubes, EA.hy926 with rTf decreased the rate of thrombin formation, ITS accumulation, and the production of fibrinopeptide A. These phenomena occurred with increased rates of factor Va (fVa) inactivation by cleavages at R506 and R306. Thus, EA.hy926 provides thrombin-dependent protein C activation and APC fVa inactivation. Comparisons of rTf with LPS-THP-1 showed that the latter gave reduced rates for TAT formation but equivalent fibrinopeptide A, and fV activation/inactivation. In the presence of EA.hy926, the reverse was obtained; with the surrogate endothelium and LPS-THP-1 the rates of TAT generation, fibrinopeptide release, and fV activation were almost doubled, whereas cleavage at R306 was equivalent. These observations suggest cooperativity between the 2 cell surrogates. These data suggest that the use of these 2 cell lines provides a reproducible quasi-endothelial quasi-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated monocyte system that provides a method to evaluate the variations in blood phenotype against the background of stable inflammatory cell activator and a stable vascular endothelial surrogate.
TcNPR3 from Theobroma cacao functions as a repressor of the pathogen defense response

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) is a transcription coactivator that plays a central role in regulating the transcriptional response to plant pathogens. Developing flowers of homozygous npr3 mutants are dramatically more resistant to infection by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting a role of NPR3 as a repressor of NPR1-mediated defense response with a novel role in flower development. We report here the characterization of a putative NPR3 gene from the tropical tree species Theobroma cacao (TcNPR3). Like in Arabidopsis, TcNPR3 was constitutively expressed across a wide range of tissue types and developmental stages but with some differences in relative levels compared to Arabidopsis. To test the function of TcNPR3, we performed transgenic complementation analysis by introducing a constitutively expressing putative TcNPR3 transgene into an Arabidopsis npr3 mutant. TcNPR3 expressing Arabidopsis plants were partially restored to the WT pathogen phenotype (immature flowers susceptible to bacterial infection). To test TcNPR3 function directly in cacao tissues, a synthetic microRNA targeting TcNPR3 mRNA was transiently expressed in cacao leaves using an Agrobacterium-infiltration method. TcNPR3 knock down leaf tissues were dramatically more resistance to infection with Phytophthora capsici in a leaf bioassay, showing smaller lesion sizes and reduced pathogen replication. We conclude that TcNPR3 functions similar to the Arabidopsis NPR3 gene in the regulation of the cacao defense response. Since TcNPR3 did not show a perfect complementation of the Arabidopsis NPR3 mutation, the possibility remains that other functions of TcNPR3 remain to be found. This novel knowledge can contribute to the breeding of resistant cacao varieties against pathogens through molecular markers based approaches or biotechnological strategies.
Demagnetization-borne microscale skyrmions

Magnetic systems are an exciting realm of study that is being explored on smaller and smaller scales. One extremely interesting magnetic state that has gained momentum in recent years is the skyrmionic state. It is characterized by a vortex where the edge magnetic moments point opposite to the core. Although skyrmions have many possible realizations, in practice, creating them in a laboratory is a difficult task to accomplish. In this work, different methods for skyrmion generation and customization are suggested. Skyrmionic behavior was numerically observed in minimally customized simulations of spheres, hemisphere, ellipsoids, and hemiellipsoids, for typical Cobalt parameters, in a range approximately $40--120\phantom{\rule{0.222222em}{0ex}}\text{nm}$ in diameter simply by applying a field.
Second Language Readers' Memory for Narrative Texts: Evidence for Structure‐Preserving Top‐Down Processing

This study assessed the role that structural properties of texts play in the mental representations of second-language (L2) readers. In particular, we investigated the extent to which 47 L2 readers of English used structural properties of a text (causal factors, story-grammar category, and hierarchical level) to “fill in” gaps in their mental representations. L2 readers' recall protocols of narrative texts were analyzed and compared with those of 72 L1 readers of English using two scoring criteria: meaning-preserving and structure-preserving. The first credits information that is either verbatim or a close paraphrase of the original textual information; the second credits information that fulfills the same structural function as the original text unit. We found that L2 readers' structure-preserving recalls were substantially higher than were their meaning-preserving recalls, and that the effects of particular structural properties (i.e., causal connections and story-grammar category) interacted with the scoring criterion. These results indicate that these L2 readers used top- down processing to preserve the structural integrity of a text.
Exhaust plume structure in a quasi-steady MPD arc.

Results of spectroscopic and photographic investigations revealing a complex azimuthal species structure in the exhaust plume of a quasi-steady argon MPD arc. The features of the plume structure are found to be dependent on the arc current and mass flow rate. Time-resolved spectroscopic velocity measurements, obtained by a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer, indicate argon ion jet velocities of 16,500 m/sec at a current of 16 kA and a matched mass flow of 6 g/sec. It is found that nearly half this velocity is attained in an acceleration region well downstream of the region of significant electromagnetic interaction. Temperature measurements suggest that simple expansion processes in the argon jets cannot fully explain the observed acceleration. It is possible that a transfer of momentum from the ablated core flow to the argon jets may contribute to the high argon velocities.
Update on benefit of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in melanoma: the changing landscape

Malignant melanoma is on the rise. There have been recent advances in targeted agents and immunotherapies that have improved the management and treatment of patients with advanced melanoma. This review discusses the clinical efficacy and unique side effects of targeted immunotherapy and the role of predictive biomarkers in better selection of patients who would derive most benefit from specific treatments. Additionally, this review addresses concerns about the best sequencing algorithms for the currently available targeted agents. By thoroughly and extensively researching through PubMed and the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 69 published articles and abstracts were identified as addressing topics related to malignant melanoma and immunotherapy. The research was divided into subcategories discussing cytokine-based therapy, immunotherapy, molecularly targeted agents, other novel targeted agents, and combination regimens for malignant melanoma. New immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted agents are able to improve immune-mediated regulatory effects against tumors and, specifically in advanced melanoma, are associated with improvement in overall survival. These new agents have distinct side effects that are often controlled and reversed with dose reductions and/or use of corticosteroids. Currently, there are clinical trials underway to assess the role of combination therapy, whereas other trials are focusing on devising algorithms to delineate how best to sequentially administer these drugs. Although there has been tremendous progress in the management of advanced melanoma with immunotherapy and targeted agents, there is still much to be learned about clinically useful predictive biomarkers and combination therapies as well as how to administer these agents safely.
Expression of angiogenic growth factors in paragangliomas.

Objective/hypothesis To determine if angiogenic growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) are expressed in human paragangliomas. Study design A histopathologic and molecular examination of paraganglioma specimens obtained from surgical cases or retrieved from the Pathology Department of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Methods Fresh tumor or archival, paraffin-embedded paraganglioma specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and ELISA. Results Positive immunohistochemical staining for VEGF was observed in five of nine surgical specimens and in six of eight archival specimens (11/17, or 65%). PD-ECGF immunoreactivity was detected in four of five surgical specimens and six of eight archival specimens (10/13, or 77%). The presence of PD-ECGF was confirmed by Western blot assay and ELISA confirmed the presence of VEGF in tumor extract. Conclusions Both VEGF and PD-ECGF are expressed in paragangliomas and may contribute to the extreme vascularity of these tumors. Key Words. Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived, endothelial cell growth factor, hypoxia, tumor vasculature.
Alterations in the physical state and composition of brush border membrane lipids of rat enterocytes during differentiation.

Abstract The physical state of the membrane lipid of brush border membranes, prepared from rat small intestinal villus and crypt cells, was examined by steady-state fluorescence polarization using three lipid-soluble fluorophors. Membranes prepared from crypt cells were found to possess a higher lipid fluidity than those of villus cells with each probe. Analysis of the composition of these membranes revealed that those from crypt cells had lower ratios of cholesterol/phospholipid (mol/mol), protein/lipid ( w w ), and saturated fatty acyl chains/unsaturated chains ( w w ). Alterations in the levels of stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids were responsible for differences in the latter ratio. The results, therefore, demonstrate that alterations in the lipid composition and fluidity of brush border membranes of enterocytes occur during the process of differentiation.
Calibration of the drying and pyrolysis temperatures for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by direct observation of the melting of compounds

Abstract In routine operation, the temperature of the graphite tube in an electrothermal atomizer atomic absorption spectrometer is not measured directly. The various temperatures selected for a particular analysis program are assumed to be achieved based on look-up tables, stored in memory, in which the temperature vs applied voltage data, averaged over a number of test furnace tubes, is stored. A method for the direct calibration of the temperature within the graphite tube over a range of 44–220°C is presented in which a few mg of a solid of known melting point were inserted within the graphite tube and heated slowly. Pairs of compounds with close melting points were selected. Visual observation of the transition from solid to liquid was made and a temperature calibration for the graphite tube constructed from the results. It was found that the temperature within the graphite tube lagged slightly behind the temperature displayed, which was most accurate within the range 100–150°C.
A hybrid streamer chamber for intermediate energy heavy ions physics

Abstract A small volume streamer chamber currently in use at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 88″ cyclotron is described. A series of external solid state telescopes serves both as the event trigger, and to record the energy and particle identification of the leading fragment in the reaction. The application of this device to the study of associated charged particle multiplicities in reactions of 16O+CsI at 16.5 MeV/nucleon is presented to illustrate its capability.
Isolation and properties of a proteinase inhibitor of navy beans.

Abstract A crude preparation of proteinase inhibitors of navy beans was found by ion-exchange chromatography to contain at least two inhibitors. Particular attention was given to the purification of one of these by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. Details of selected procedures for the isolation of the inhibitor identified as chromatographic component V are described. Preincubation of this inhibitor with trypsin at pH 3 prior to addition of a substrate at a pH favorable for substrate hydrolysis blocks the esterolytic but not the proteolytic activity of this enzyme. The differential effect of low pH preincubation is greater than with other inhibitors used for comparison. In contrast with the low pH preincubation effects obtained with the navy bean inhibitor and trypsin, no such differential effect on the proteolytic and esterolytic activities of α-chymotrypsin were observed. An altered electrophoretic pattern and nonhomogeneity of the navy bean inhibitor after low pH preincubation with trypsin is consistent with the hypothesis that alteration of the inhibitor accounts, in part, for its subsequent differential effect on the esterolytic and proteolytic activities of this enzyme. The constant apparent specific activity of the navy bean inhibitor with different lots of trypsin containing varying proportions of active and inactive enzyme suggests that this inhibitor, unlike others, reacts with inactive as well as active trypsin.
Site of semen collection and its effect on semen analysis parameters.

Objective To determine whether the site of semen collection affects semen parameters by comparing semen samples collected at home with those collected in the office. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting An academic research environment. Patient(s) Men collecting semen samples both at home and in the office, either for a workup for infertility or for use in intrauterine insemination. Intervention(s) Semen analysis performed on all specimens, evaluating sperm count, sperm motility, total count, and total motile count. Main Outcome Measure(s) Semen analysis parameters. Result(s) There was no statistically significant difference in sperm count, sperm motility, total count, or total motile count between those samples collected at home vs. those collected in the office in either group of patients. Conclusion(s) The site of semen collection, whether at home vs. in the office, does not have a clinically significant effect on semen analysis parameters.
Characterization of Binding Sites for Chemokines MCP‐1 and MIP‐1α on Human Brain Microvessels

The presence of binding sites for the beta chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) has recently been identified on human brain microvessels. We extend these findings in this report to reveal that such sites exemplify characteristics of the recognized major receptors for MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha: CCR2, and CCR1 and CCR5, respectively. Specifically, labeled MCP-1 binding to isolated brain microvessels was inhibited by unlabeled MCP-1 and MCP-3, the latter another CCR2 ligand, but not by MIP-1alpha. Inhibition of labeled MIP-1alpha binding was achieved with unlabeled MIP-1alpha and RANTES, the latter a beta chemokine that binds to both CCR1 and CCR5, but not by MCP-1. Labeled MIP-1alpha binding was also antagonized by unlabeled MCP-3, which is also recognized by CCR1, and MIP-1beta, which is a ligand for CCR5. Labeled MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha were further observed to be internalized within the endothelial cells of brain microvessels, following their binding to the microvascular surface at 37 degrees C. Additionally, exposure of microvessels to unlabeled MCP-1 or MIP-1alpha was accompanied by the initial loss and subsequent recovery of surface binding sites for these chemokines, which occurred on a time scale consistent with ligand-induced endocytosis and recycling. These collective features bear striking similarity to those that characterize interactions of MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha with their receptors on leukocytes and underscore the concept of cognate chemokine receptors on brain microvascular endothelium.
Structural phase transformation in tetrakis(4,4′-(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl)methane

Abstract An irreversible structural phase transformation is observed in tetrakis(4,4′-(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl)methane, C(DPVBi)4, upon increasing the temperature. The PI phase of the as-synthesized material is crystalline with tiny (typically 10–20 nm) crystallites. The PI phase has hexagonal symmetry (space group P 6 ) with the following lattice parameters a=2.068 nm and c=2.194 nm. When PI is annealed above its melting point (Tm=260 °C), the structure transforms irreversibly into a different hexagonal phase, PII, (space group P6/m) with lattice parameters a=2.102 nm, c=3.370 nm. The PII phase melts at around Tm=278 °C. When heated above 278 °C, C(DPVBi)4 becomes amorphous with random molecular packing. The amorphous phase has a glass transition temperature, Tg, around 138 °C. The PI phase transforms directly into the amorphous phase if the sample is continuously heated above the melting point (Tm=278 °C) of PII.
Forcing and the indeterminacy of translation

Quine has argued1 that the indeterminacy of translation is a more general phenomenon than the inscrutability of reference, the latter being but one pillar that supports the former. What Quine has in mind is clearly this. The thesis of inscrutability of reference is the claim that a referring term t can, faithfully to all data about the occasions of its use, be set equivalen to two referring terms t' and t" that are not codesignative. All three terms may belong to the same language; but it is heuristically effective to think of t' and t" as translations off. The indeterminacy of translation holds that there can be two translations S' and S" of a sentence S, both faithful to all data about the occasions of use of S, such that 5" is obviously inequivalent to S". (In some cases, of course, S' will be materially equivalent to S'f.) Again, all three sentences may belong to the same language, but it is helpful to think of S' and S" as competing translations of S into another language. The two theses, then, are not synonymous. It is clear that inscrutability entails indeterminacy. To see this, suppose a translation were determinate in respect of everything but terms. Thus if S(t) is a sentence in which a term t occurs, let it be assumed that there is only one possible translation of the open sentence S(...): call it S'(...). Still, S(t) can be translated as either S'(t') or S'(t"), which by the second part of our supposition will in general be inequivalent in any sense of equivalence stronger than agreement in truth value. ("In general," because this may not go through for all choices of S(...). For example, suppose S(...) is translated as 2 + 2 = 4 v = . Clearly (2 + 2 = 4 v t' = /') = (2 + 2 = 4 v t" = t") = 2 + 2 = 4, so here S'(t') is strongly equivalent to S'(t"). To guard against such cases, we may suppose S'(...) to be an atomic observation predicate.) What one would like to see, per Quine's claim, is a convincing case of translational indeterminacy that does not depend on inscrutability in this way preferably a case of translational indeterminacy which does not explicitly involve the interpretation of terms at all, and throughout which the interpretation of terms can be held constant. This need is especially pressing if one has doubts about the
Enhanced release of synaptic glutamate underlies the potentiation of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal injury after induction of NOS-2

Abstract Reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS) may contribute to the progression/enhancement of ischemic injury by augmentation of glutamate release, reduction of glutamate uptake, or a combination of both. Consistent with this, induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) in murine neocortical cell cultures potentiated neuronal cell death caused by combined oxygen–glucose deprivation in association with a net increase in extracellular glutamate accumulation. However, uptake of glutamate via high affinity, sodium-dependent glutamate transporters was unimpaired by induction of NOS-2 under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Further, blocking possible routes of extra-synaptic glutamate release with NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid], a volume-sensitive organic anion channel blocker, or TBOA ( d , l -threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate), an inhibitor of glutamate transport, exacerbated rather than ameliorated injury. Finally, treatment with riluzole or tetanus toxin attenuated the enhancement in both glutamate accumulation and oxygen–glucose deprivation-induced neuronal injury supporting the idea that increased synaptic release of glutamate underlies, at least in part, the potentiation of neuronal injury by RNOS after NOS-2 induction.
An unusual variant of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with mild maternal and lethal fetal disease

Summary. An unusual variant of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia is described presenting as mild haemolytic anaemia with multinucleated erythroblasts in the marrow of the proband. The outcome of her non-consanguineous pregnancy was a third trimester, in utero, fetal demise. The hydropic fetus had dyserythropoiesis with circulating multi-nucleated erythroblasts, and haemosiderosis. Re-evaluation of the proband revealed a variant of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with an inheritance pattern, and with morphological, serological and biochemical features which are not consistent with any of the three described variants of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias.
Preoperative 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy for locally advanced breast cancer

Background Fifteen percent of breast cancer patients present with large tumors involving skin or chest wall. Often, surgery with primary wound closure is impossible. We used neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced breast cancer patients, in hopes of increasing resectability. Methods Eligible patients had locally advanced breast cancer deemed unresectable with primary wound closure. Patients received 8 weeks of infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 200 mg/m 2 per day and radiation therapy to 50 Gy. Patients rendered resectable underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) followed up by chemotherapy. Results Of 30 evaluable patients, 73% had an objective clinical response. All were able to undergo MRM with primary wound closure; 63% had residual disease, 20% had minimal microscopic disease, and 17% had complete pathologic response. Treatment-related toxicity was minimal. Surgical morbidity was not increased. Conclusions Infusional 5-FU with concomitant radiotherapy is well tolerated and effective at producing shrinkage in the majority of patients, converting inoperable breast cancer to easily resectable disease.
Update on the cancer pain role model education program

Application of traditional educational methods has done little to improve cancer pain management in the United States. This report details the results of the first year of the expanded Wisconsin Cancer Pain Initiative Role Model Program, a novel approach to cancer pain education. One hundred and ninety-six physicians and nurse educators together with their clinical partners attended one of three role model conferences in 1992-1993 and developed Action Plans detailing their proposed educational goals. Results indicate that participants demonstrated significant improvement in cancer pain knowledge as a result of the 1-day conference. Within 12 months of the conference, 64% of Role Model teams completely or partially met their Action Plan goals. In total, 227 educational or clinical practice projects were completed. The Cancer Pain Role Model Program represents an excellent educational program for disseminating cancer pain information and instituting positive changes in clinical practice.
Histiocytosis X arising in Hodgkin's disease: immunophenotypic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies.

This report describes the antigenic profile of the proliferating cells of pulmonary histiocytosis X (HX) in a patient treated with chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma; the association of pulmonary HX and Hodgkin's disease has rarely been described in the literature. The histopathological diagnosis of HX was confirmed with the aid of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD4, CD1a, and polyclonal serum anti S-100 protein. The phenotype of HX cells has been analysed using a panel of mAbs against HLA class I A, B, C monomorphic determinants, locus A and B,β2-microglobulin, HLA class II distinct monomorphic determinants, DP, DQ, DR, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vitronectin receptors. Our results indicate that HX cells express HLA class I and II, including locus A, locus B and DP, DQ, DR, like their normal counterpart (represented by Langerhans cells) and detectable levels of ICAM-1 but not vitronectin receptors. We would like to stress the possibility of the association of HX and Hodgkin's lymphoma extending the immunophenotypic profile of HX cells.
Serological properties of poly-L-tyrosine derivatives

Polytyrosin und Polytyrosylgelatine wurden mit diazotierter Arsanilsaure gekoppelt und in Losung oder nach Fallung mit Alaun und Alkali Kaninchen injiziert. Die injizierten Substanzen wurden von keinem der Sera prazipitiert. Hingegen prazipitierte das Serum der mit gefallter Arsanilazo-polytyrosyl-gelatine injizierten Tiere Arsanilazo-Rinderserumglobulin. Wir schliessen daraus, dass Arsanilazopolytyrosin nicht als Antigen wirkt, dass es aber durch Bindung an Gelatine antigene Eigenschaften gewinnt.
An importance sampling method for portfolio cvar estimation with Gaussian copula models

We developed an importance sampling method to estimate Conditional Value-at-Risk for portfolios in which inter-dependent asset losses are modeled via a Gaussian copula model. Our method constructs an importance sampling distribution by shifting the latent variables of the Gaussian copula and thus can handle arbitrary marginal asset distributions. It admits an intuitive geometric explanation and is easy to implement. We also present numerical experiments that confirm its superior performance compared to the naive approach.
Relative Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Some Rigid Foams Used as Thermal Insulation

Various samples of rigid foams used as thermal insulation were evaluated for toxicity of pyrolysis gases, using the screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The rigid foam samples included polyurethane, polyimide, polyisocyanurate, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene.The toxicity of pyrolysis gases from polyurethane rigid foams seemed to depend on foam composition. Polystyrene rigid foam exhibited the longest time to death under these particular test conditions. The rising temperature and fixed temperature programs produced the same rank order of materials based on time to death.
Identifying mature segments

Examines the mature market, defined as consumers age 50 years or older, and reviews 33 segmentation methods for the mature market and identifies five key segmentation criteria: discretionary income, health, activity level, discretionary time, and response to others. Integrates methods devised by other researchers and provides marketers with a step‐by‐step, actionable segmentation method based on these five criteria. Offers implications for managers.
Counting the Muses: Development of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS)

If one takes a domain-specific approach to studying creativity, 1 key question is to determine the most important domains to measure. One approach is to look at common perceptions of creativity. Building on past studies that used self-report questionnaires, this study presents a new instrument, the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale. A factor analysis of 2,318 college student responses led to 50 items and 5 broad domains: Self/Everyday, Scholarly, Performance (encompassing writing and music), Mechanical/ Scientific, and Artistic. Coefficient alphas and coefficients of congruence were generally strong. Correlations between the 5 creativity domains and the Big Five personality factors were consistent with past research, lending evidence of convergent validity.
Arrival, Establishment, and Habitat Use of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a Michigan Landscape

A monitoring system established within an array of cultivated and uncultivated habitats was used to characterize the first 5 yr of establishment of the exotic multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), in an agricultural landscape of southwestern Michigan. Population trends over time were summarized for 11 species of resident coccinellids before and after the arrival of H. axyridis . In addition, annual population increase, habitat utilization patterns, and within-season population fluctuation for H. axyridis were analyzed. H. axyridis became a dominant coccinellid species in the landscape 4 yr after its arrival. Adults of this species were found in all habitats monitored, including early secondary succession, poplar plantation, alfalfa, soybean, corn, and winter wheat. Significant population peaks were observed early and late in the season, depending on the habitat. Resident species that appear affected by the establishment of H. axyridis are Brachiacantha ursina (F.), Cycloneda munda (Say), and Chilocorus stigma (Say). However, to attribute the decline on the numbers of those species to H. axyridis will require further assessment.
Overexpression of type 7 adenylyl cyclase in the mouse brain enhances acute and chronic actions of morphine.

ABSTRACT The mechanisms by which morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance and physical dependence on morphine arise have been the subject of intense study, and much work has pointed to the involvement of cAMP-mediated events in the neuroadaptive phenomena leading to morphine tolerance and/or dependence. We overexpressed an opioid receptor-stimulatable form of adenylyl cyclase (type 7) in the central nervous system of mice and demonstrated significant effects of this manipulation on the animals9 acute response to morphine, the development of morphine tolerance, and development of sensitization to morphine. Measurements of the acute analgesic response to morphine demonstrated that the ED50 values for the transgenic mice were significantly lower than the ED50 values determined for the “wild-type” animals. During chronic treatment with morphine, the transgenic mice developed tolerance more rapidly than the wild-type mice, and transgenic animals of the C57BL/6xSJL background showed a larger sensitization to morphine9s effects on locomotor activity than did wild-type mice of the same background. These results indicated that cAMP-generating systems may simultaneously modulate the development of tolerance and sensitization. Interestingly, the signs of physical dependence on morphine in the transgenic mice did not differ from those in their wild-type litter mates, indicating that separate mechanisms may modulate opiate tolerance and opiate dependence.
Elastically Coupled Precision Pointing by Slew-Induced Deformation Shaping

Computed torques for pointing and tracking require compensation for slew-induced structural, forebody/aftbody, or optical train alignment deformations. Thus even if only line-of-sight variables are to be commanded yet full state feedback is needed, with consequent high bandwidth control requirements. The solution investigated here is to decouple the unwanted deformation state by feedforward of the line-of-sight slew dynamics into the deformation control forces or moments, for an apparatus consisting of a mirror mounted on an optical bench, that is itself mounted on a rotating table. Adjustable elastic interfaces are used to model slew-induced deformations as angular differences between mirror mounting, optical bench and rate table. Low bandwidth control with fewer actuators than degrees of freedom is shown to be possible, by correcting the computed torques so as to force the interstage angular differences (standing for slew-induced deformations) to evolve in a "slow" integral manifold wherein they are modeled as functions of the mirror pointing angle. Simultaneous mirror pointing and independent rate table pointing is also shown to be possible, which represents the situation of pointing an instrument elastically mounted on a maneuvering platform.
Physical Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain in North Carolina: Overuse, Underuse, or Misuse?

Background There are limited population-based studies of determinants of physical therapist use for chronic low back pain (LBP) and of the types of treatments received by individuals who see a physical therapist. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify determinants of physical therapy use for chronic LBP, (2) to describe physical therapy treatments for chronic LBP, and (3) to compare use of treatments with current best evidence on care for this condition. Design This study was a cross-sectional, population-based telephone survey of North Carolinians. Methods Five hundred eighty-eight individuals with chronic LBP who had sought care in the previous year were surveyed on their health and health care use. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics associated with physical therapy use. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine the use of physical treatments for individuals who saw a physical therapist. Use of treatments was compared with evidence from systematic reviews. Results Of our sample, 29.7% had seen a physical therapist in the previous year, with a mean of 15.6 visits. In multivariable analyses, receiving workers' compensation, seeing physician specialists, and higher Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-12) physical component scores were positively associated with physical therapy use. Having no health insurance was negatively associated with physical therapy use. Exercise was the most frequent treatment received (75% of sample), and traction was the least frequent treatment received (7%). Some effective treatments were underutilized, whereas some ineffective treatments were overutilized. Limitations Only one state was examined, and findings were based on patient report. Conclusions Fewer than one third of individuals with chronic LBP saw a physical therapist. Health-related and non-health-related factors were associated with physical therapy use. Individuals who saw a physical therapist did not always receive evidence-based treatments. There are potential opportunities for improving access to and quality of physical therapy for chronic LBP.
Role of the semipermeable membrane in the osmotic molecular weight determination of cellulose acetate

Osmotic pressure measurements are reported for solutions of unfractionated and fractionated cellulose acetate in acetone, using denitrated collodion, gel-cellophane, and caustic-treated cellophane as semipermeable membranes. Although techniques are employed that are presumably correct for the effect of diffusion, different osmotic pres- sures and hence apparent molecular weights are obtained with the three types of membranes. No correlation is found between osmotic pressure and either the permeability constant or the average pore diameter of the membranes. Measurements with a very low molecular weight cellulose acetate, the molecular weight of which is known from independent measurements, show that the rate of diffusion of small solute molecules through various membranes is not related to the rate of transfer of solvent molecules. It appears that the observed differences between membranes are caused by rapid diffusion of low molecular weight material at the beginning of the osmotic measurement, before even the first readings by a dynamic method can be taken. From measurements with the very low molecular weight cellulose acetate it is concluded that, in the case of cellulose acetate in acetone, correct osmotic molecular weights are obtained only with undried gel-cellophane membranes, and that molecular weights determined with either the faster denitrated collodion or the slower caustic-treated cellophane membranes are appreciably too high.
Divergent Signaling Capacities of the Long and Short Isoforms of the Leptin Receptor

Leptin receptors include a long form (OBRl) with 302 cytoplasmic residues that is presumed to mediate most or all of leptins signaling, and several short forms, including one (OBRs) that has 34 cytoplasmic residues, is widely expressed, and is presumed not to signal but to mediate transport or clearance of leptin. We studied the abilities of these two receptor isoforms to mediate signaling in transfected cells. In response to leptin, OBRl, but not OBRs, underwent tyrosine phosphorylation that was enhanced by co-expression with JAK2. In cells expressing receptors and JAK2, both OBRs and OBRl mediated leptin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, and this was abolished with OBRs when the Box 1 motif was mutated. In cells expressing receptors, JAK2 and IRS-1, leptin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 through OBRs and OBRl. In COS cells expressing hemagglutinin-ERK1 and receptors, leptin increased ERK1 kinase activity through OBRl, with the magnitude increased by co-expression of JAK1 or JAK2, and to a lesser degree through OBRs, despite greater receptor expression. In stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OBRs or OBRl, leptin stimulated endogenous ERK2 phosphorylation. Whereas leptin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of hemagglutinin-STAT3 and induction of a c-fos luciferase reporter plasmid through OBRl, OBRs was without effect in these assays. In conclusion, OBRl is capable of signaling to IRS-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase via JAK, in addition to activating STAT pathways. Although substantially weaker than OBRl, OBRs is capable of mediating signal transduction via JAK, but these activities are of as yet unknown significance for leptin biology in vivo.
Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370-1600

In this important study, Professor McIntosh argues against the suggestion that social regulation was a distinctive feature of the decades around 1600, resulting from Puritanism. Instead, through an examination of 255 village and small-town communities distributed throughout England, Professor McIntosh demonstrates that concern with wrongdoing mounted gradually between 1370 and 1600. In an attempt to maintain good order and enforce ethical conduct, local leaders prosecuted people who slandered or quarrelled with their neighbours, engaged in sexual misdeeds, operated unruly alehouses, or refused to work. Professor McIntosh also explores who the offenders were as well as the factors that led to misbehaviour and shaped responses to it. More generally, Professor McIntosh sheds light on the transition from medieval to early modern patterns and succeeds here in opening up little-known sources and new research methods.
ZinCast-1: a photochemically active chelator for Zn(2+).

Two strategies were applied to the synthesis of ZinCast-1, a nitrobenzhydrol-based caged complex that upon photolysis exhibits a nearly 400-fold difference in binding for Zn2+.
The Power of Optimization Over Randomization in Designing Experiments Involving Small Samples

Random assignment, typically seen as the standard in controlled trials, aims to make experimental groups statistically equivalent before treatment. However, with a small sample, which is a practical reality in many disciplines, randomized groups are often too dissimilar to be useful. We propose an approach based on discrete linear optimization to create groups whose discrepancy in their means and variances is several orders of magnitude smaller than with randomization. We provide theoretical and computational evidence that groups created by optimization have exponentially lower discrepancy than those created by randomization and that this allows for more powerful statistical inference.
Mismatch Correction Modulates Mutation Frequency and Pilus Phase and Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The mismatch correction (MMC) system repairs DNA mismatches and single nucleotide insertions or deletions postreplication. To test the functions of MMC in the obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, homologues of the core MMC genes mutS and mutL were inactivated in strain FA1090. No mutH homologue was found in the FA1090 genome, suggesting that gonococcal MMC is not methyl directed. MMC mutants were compared to a mutant in uvrD, the helicase that functions with MMC in Escherichia coli. Inactivation of MMC or uvrD increased spontaneous resistance to rifampin and nalidixic acid, and MMC/uvrD double mutants exhibited higher mutation frequencies than any single mutant. Loss of MMC marginally enhanced the transformation efficiency of DNA carrying a single nucleotide mismatch but not that of DNA with a 1-kb insertion. Unlike the exquisite UV sensitivity of the uvrD mutant, inactivating MMC did not affect survival after UV irradiation. MMC and uvrD mutants exhibited increased PilC-dependent pilus phase variation. mutS-deficient gonococci underwent an increased frequency of pilin antigenic variation, whereas uvrD had no effect. Recombination tracts in the mutS pilin variants were longer than in parental gonococci but utilized the same donor pilS loci. These results show that gonococcal MMC repairs mismatches and small insertion/deletions in DNA and also affects the recombination events underlying pilin antigenic variation. The differential effects of MMC and uvrD in gonococci unexpectedly reveal that MMC can function independently of uvrD in this human-specific pathogen.