cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Energy and Memory Trade-off Study on Resource Constrained Embedded JVM

Due to the thriving of the mobile devices market, there has been a great momentum in adopting Java technology in embedded mobile devices where optimizing energy consumptions extremely critical. However, since Java Virtual Machines(JVMs) are conventionally used for server side clusters, the energy and memory tradeoffs on embedded devices are not well understood. In this work, we attempt to find out how the memory heap size on embedded devices (running JVMs) could impact energy consumption. To approach this problem, we use an in-house-developed production-level micro-JVM as a case study. This micro-JVM runs on top of a low-power co-processor with tight memory and battery constraints, and is designed for hosting security workloads. Focusing on security-related workloads, we first study the energy consumption distribution among JVM components. Second, we vary the size of the available physical memory, and find out how this would impact energy consumption. Third, we propose strategies to optimize memory consumption. Finally, we explore hardware strategies to further optimize energy consumption. The results show that garbage collector (GC) overhead is a function of memory heap size, the bigger heap the smaller overhead incurred. However, the increase of memory heap will not always translate into the energy reduction due to the offset from memory side energy cost.
Fluid Film Lubrication: Thick-Film Lubrication

Fluid film lubrication naturally divides into two categories. Thin-film lubrication is usually met with in counter-formal contacts, principally in rolling bearings and in gears. The thickness of the film in these contacts is of order of 1µxm or less, and the conditions are such that the pressure dependence of viscosity and the elastic deformation of the bounding surfaces must both be taken into account. Thick-film lubrication is encountered in externally pressurized bearings, also called hydrostatic bearings , and in self-acting bearings, called hydrodynamic bearings . Of the latter, there are two kinds: journal bearings and thrust bearings. The film thickness in these conformal-contact bearings is at least an order of magnitude larger than in counter-formal bearings. In consequence, the prevailing pressures are orders of magnitude smaller, so that neither the pressure dependence of viscosity nor the elastic deformation of the surfaces plays an important roles. If, in addition, the lubricant is linearly viscous and the reduced Reynolds number is small, the classical Reynolds theory, as derived in the previous chapter, will apply. This chapter discusses isothermal processes only. It should be realized, however, that bearings never operate under truly isothermal conditions, and under near isothermal conditions only in exceptional cases. Viscous dissipation and consequent heating of the lubricant are always present, and the change in viscosity must be accounted for when analyzing thick-film lubrication problems. In restricted cases, where design and operating conditions are such as to suggest “uniform” temperature rise of the lubricant, the “effective viscosity” approach of Chapter 9 might be employed.
Xylosyl transfer to an endogenous renal acceptor. Characteristics of the reaction and properties of the product

In the course of a study of UDP-xylose:proteoglycan core protein xylosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.26), another xylosyltransferase was discovered in the soluble fraction of a rat kidney homogenate. The latter enzyme catalyzed [3H]xylosyl transfer from UDP-[3H]xylose to an endogenous acceptor and yielded a product in which the xylose was bound by an alkali-stable linkage. It was therefore concluded that the acceptor was not the core protein of one of the proteoglycans containing a xylose-->serine linkage, since this linkage is cleaved by alkali. The [3H]xylose-labeled product emerged with the void volume when chromatographed on Sephadex G-50, it was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, and it had a mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to a molecular mass of about 32,000 Da. Digestion with trypsin or alpha-amylase degraded the labeled product to small fragments, as determined by gel chromatography, suggesting that it was a glycoprotein related to glycogen. A product of similar characteristics was formed when UDP-[3H]glucose was substituted for UDP-[3H]xylose as the glycosyl donor, and the two nucleotide sugars were mutually competitive in the respective transfer reactions, indicating that they were substrates for the same enzyme. On the basis of these findings, it was tentatively concluded that the xylosyltransferase and its acceptor were the renal form of glycogenin.
An Internet-based Expert System for Selecting an Academic Major: www.MyMajors.com.

An expert system is a computer program that emulates the procedures and thought processes by which one or more experts solve problems. This paper describes an Internet-based expert system found at www.MyMajors.com, which provides advice to high school students or college freshmen who are seeking assistance in selecting a potential major. It emulates a professional academic advisor. The on-demand, approximately 15-min consultation gathers information from the student on his or her grades, degree of enjoyment of traditional courses, standardized test scores, interests, and aptitudes. It assesses student qualifications for a variety of majors. The expert system recommends six majors from among 60 widely diverse majors for the students to consider and produces a report that fully describes the students' responses in such a way that the output can be used by a human advisor to further extend and strengthen the advisement process.
Experiment to detect pulsed gamma-rays from the Crab Nebula.

A BALLOON-BORNE experiment using a telescope sensitive to γ-radiation between 10 and 150 MeV was successfully flown on October 25, 1969, from Palestine, Texas, and was oriented to within 2° of the Crab Nebula. Preliminary results indicate an enhanced response in phase with the optical pulses and with an intensity close to that predicted from an extrapolation of the total X-ray emission from the Crab.
Application of Model Reference Adaptive Control to a Flexible Remote Manipulator Arm

An exact modal state-space representation is derived in detail for a single-link, flexible remote manipulator with a noncollocated sensor and actuator. A direct model following adaptive controller is designed to control the torque at the pinned end of the arm so as to command the free end to track a prescribed sinusoidal motion. Conditions that must be satisfied in order for the controller to work are stated. Simulation results to date are discussed along with the potential of the model following adaptive control scheme in robotics and space environments.
Ferrihydrite: surface structure and its effects on phase transformation

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra were collected on a series of ferrihydrite samples prepared over a range of precipitation and drying conditions. Analysis of the XAFS pre-edge structures shows clear evidence of the presence of lower coordination sites in the material. These sites, which are most likely tetrahedral, are believed to be at the surface and become coordination unsaturated (CUS) after dehydroxylation. With chemisorbed water molecules, the CUS sites become the crystal growth sites responsible for the phase transformation of ferrihydrite to hematite at low temperatures. On the other hand, when impurity anions such as SiO4−4 are present in the precipitation solution, the CUS sites may instead absorb the impurity anions, thereby blocking the crystal growth sites and inhibiting the formation of hematite.
Development of epithelial downgrowth several decades after intraocular surgery.

Purpose To report the management of a patient with the longest reported interval between intraocular surgery and the development of epithelial downgrowth. Methods A 53-year-old man who underwent right eye penetrating keratoplasty in 1970 for keratoconus and removal of an iris cyst in 1977 developed epithelial downgrowth 25 years after cyst removal. Results The area of epithelial downgrowth was initially treated with cryotherapy. Two weeks postoperatively, the patient had no resolution of epithelial downgrowth and developed diffuse corneal edema. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed along with extracapsular cataract extraction. At 6 months of follow-up, the patient's graft was clear, without evidence of recurrence of epithelial downgrowth, and he had 20/50 visual acuity. Conclusion Epithelial downgrowth is an uncommon yet serious complication of intraocular surgery, making early detection of this condition important. This case illustrates that epithelial downgrowth can occur several decades after intraocular surgery.
Aerodynamic Factors Responsible for the Deaggregation of Carrier-Free Drug Powders to Form Micrometer and Submicrometer Aerosols

Purpose To employ in vitro experiments combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to determine which aerodynamic factors were most responsible for deaggregating carrier-free powders to form micrometer and submicrometer aerosols from a capsule-based platform.
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat

Sleep deprivation, induced by injections of dextroamphetamine or by forced treadmill activity, resulted in a temporary increase in daily sleep time. However, increasing the period of sleep deprivation above 24 hours to 72 or 120 hours did not result in increased recovery sleep above that present in the 24-hour group.
Paper Electrophoresis of Polyglutamyl Peptide

AFTER capsulated B. anthracis had grown in a modified synthetic medium of Brewer et al.1, a mixture of growth products was isolated from the glass-filtered medium which gave a precipitate with copper sulphate. Crude polyglutamyl peptide was obtained from this precipitate2. An attempt was made to separate the components of the original mixture of growth products by paper electrophoresis using a tank as described by Flynn and Mayo3, and it was found that the peptide could not be detected using naphthalene black, bromo-phenol blue, ninhydrin or ultra-violet light4. We found it could be detected by taking advantage of the acidic nature of the peptide, using the following technique : (1) paper strips with the peptide applied are run in a suitable buffer, for example, veronal/veronal sodium at pH. 8.6 or acetic acid/sodium acetate at pH 4.5, and dried at 100°; (2) the buffer is washed out with two changes of 80 per cent ethanol; (3) the strips are treated with N/50 hydrochloric acid in 90 per cent ethanol; (4) the acid is thoroughly removed with ethanol.; (5) after drying, the strips are dipped into N/300 alcoholic sodium hydroxide containing 0.04 per cent bromo-cresol purple, which is repeated if necessary until colour differentiation is obtained, and the strips are blotted.
Rough-sea microwave emissivities measured with the SSM/I

The combination of sea surface roughness and whitewater causes a change in emissivity from an undisturbed sea surface. Previous measurements of this effect have covered the frequency range 1-37 GHz. The seven-channel SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) on the Block 5D-2 spacecraft extends this range to 85.5 GHz, at a fixed viewing angle of 53 degrees from normal. To correct for atmospheric attenuation, vapor and liquid water in the atmosphere and surface wind speed were simultaneously estimated from the 22.2 GHz vertically polarized and the 37.0 GHz dual-polarized channels. Data with liquid water burden in excess of 0.07 kg/m/sup 2/ were excluded. In the horizontally polarized measurements, the wind-speed sensitivity of emissivity at 85.5 GHz was greater than at 37.0 GHz by a factor of approximately 1.4. For vertical polarization at 85.5 GHz, the sensitivity was much smaller than for horizontal polarization, and somewhat smaller than for vertical polarization at 37 GHz. >
Seasonality of fertility: New evidence

This paper presents evidence that the seasonal pattern of American fertility applies to nonwhites as well as whites. The patterns are also changing in the same way over time: the summer trough in births is shrinking in magnitude, and the spread of airconditioning, reducing the heat of summer, can explain this shrinkage. The summer hypothesis is further buttressed by evidence, for the total population, that summer temperature extremes can explain a significant portion of the variation around the seasonal trend, in both the North and South. These temperature-induced variations appear to be offset within seven months of their occurrence.
Solving the Dynamic User Optimal Assignment Problem Considering Queue Spillback

This paper studies the dynamic user optimal (DUO) traffic assignment problem considering simultaneous route and departure time choice. The DUO problem is formulated as a discrete variational inequality (DVI), with an embeded LWR-consistent mesoscopic dynamic network loading (DNL) model to encapsulate traffic dynamics. The presented DNL model is capable of capturing realistic traffic phenomena such as queue spillback. Various VI solution algorithms, particularly those based on feasible directions and a line search, are applied to solve the formulated DUO problem. Two examples are constructed to check equilibrium solutions obtained from numerical algorithms, to compare the performance of the algorithms, and to study the impacts of traffic interacts across multiple links on equilibrium solutions.
High-power, high-linearity photodiodes for RF photonics

High-power, high-linearity photodiodes are essential components for photonic microwave applications since they have the potential to improve many aspects of the link performance such as link gain, noise figure, and spurious free dynamic range. This talk will describe photodiode structures that we have developed to achieve RF output power levels as high as 0.75 W at 15 GHz and high linearity, as measured by the output third-order intercept point (OIP3), > 55 dBm. Recent work has focused on extending operation to higher frequencies and heterogeneous integration with Si photonic circuits.
Role of Nuclear Factor Y in Stress-Induced Activation of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP0 Promoter

Herpesviruses are characterized by the ability to establish lifelong latent infections and to reactivate periodically, leading to recurrent disease. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome is maintained in a quiescent state in sensory neurons during latency, which is characterized by the absence of detectable viral protein synthesis. Cellular factors induced by stress may act directly on promoters within the latent viral genome to induce the transcription of viral genes and trigger reactivation. In order to identify which viral promoters are induced by stress and elucidate the cellular mechanism responsible for the induction, we generated a panel of HSV-1 promoter-luciferase constructs and measured their response to heat shock. Of the promoters tested, those of ICP0 and ICP22 were the most strongly upregulated after heat shock. Microarray analysis of lytically infected cells supported the upregulation of ICP0 and ICP22 promoters by heat shock. Mutagenic analysis of the ICP0 promoter identified two regions necessary for efficient heat-induced promoter activity, both containing predicted nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) sites, at bases -708 and -75 upstream of the transcriptional start site. While gel shift analysis confirmed NF-Y binding to both sites, only the site at -708 was important for efficient heat-induced activity. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of selected viral transcripts in the presence of dominant-negative NF-Y confirmed the requirement for NF-Y in the induction of the ICP0 but not the ICP22 promoter by heat shock in lytically infected cells. These findings suggest that the immediate-early ICP0 gene may be among the first genes to be induced during the early events in HSV-1 reactivation, that NF-Y is important for this induction, and that other factors induce the ICP22 promoter.
The relationship between serum lipoprotein(a) and insulinemia in healthy nondiabetic adult men.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that variations in serum insulin concentrations and insulin action may influence serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of fasting serum insulin and Lp(a) concentrations were conducted in a group of 54 healthy adult men 23–61 years of age. Measures of dietary intake, exercise, smoking, alcohol ingestion, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma lipoprotein lipid concentrations, and serum sex hormone and fasting glucose levels were also determined. RESULTS The fasting serum concentrations of insulin and Lp(a) were negatively correlated ( r = −0.339, P = 0.014) by univariate regression analysis. Several confounding variables were also significantly correlated with Lp(a) concentrations: testosterone ( r = 0.348, P = 0.012), strenuous exercise ( r = 0.287, P = 0.041), and BMI ( r = −0.276, P = 0.050). As expected, these additional variables and serum insulin concentrations were highly interrelated. In a stepwise regression model, the serum insulin level was identified as the single best predictor of Lp(a) levels. Nearly 25% of the heterogeneity in serum concentrations of Lp(a) could be predicted by serum levels of insulin and testosterone, BMI, and the amount of strenuous exercise. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies have shown that serum concentrations of insulin and testosterone, BMI, and strenuous exercise appear to account for the majority of predicted nongenetic variability in serum levels of Lp(a). These observations suggest the possibility in this group of healthy men that serum concentrations of Lp(a) may be modulated by a complex interplay between insulin action, obesity, androgen levels, and strenuous exercise.
A comparison of outcomes from treating hepatocellular carcinoma by hepatic artery embolization in patients younger or older than 70 years.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the morbidity, mortality, and survival of patients aged <70 years and aged ≥70 years who underwent hepatic arterial embolization (HAE) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Between 1997 and 2007, 386 patients underwent HAE for HCC at a single center. Two hundred patients were aged <70 years (153 men; median age, 60 years), and 186 patients were aged ≥70 years (128 men; median age, 75 years). Patients underwent a total 965 embolization procedures (median, 2 procedures per patient). Patient demographics, morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and survival were analyzed. Complications were categorized using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0 guidelines. Survival was calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between younger and older groups in the incidence of infectious, hepatobiliary, renal, vascular, or miscellaneous complications (P ≥ .05); complication severity (P = .82); procedural mortality (P = .63); length of hospitalization (P = .55); intensive care unit admission (P = .64); or overall survival (P = .30). There were more cardiopulmonary complications in the older group (P = .04), but the association of age and likelihood of a cardiopulmonary complication lost significance after adjusting for the presence of more cardiovascular comorbidities in the older group (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: Survival and mortality outcomes of HAE for the treatment of HCC were similar whether patients were aged <70 years or ≥70 years. Although patients aged ≥70 years with cardiovascular comorbidities more often had a cardiopulmonary complication, other morbidity measures, including complication severity, need for intensive care unit admission, and length of hospitalization, were similar between groups. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A Comparison of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator and the Posterior Mean in the Single-Parameter Case

Abstract Consider estimation of a scalar parameter θ of a distribution on the basis of a random sample of size n. Possible estimators include the maximum likelihood estimator, n , and the posterior mean with respect to some prior distribution, n . In this article n and n are compared by considering a large-sample version of the Pitman nearness criterion; conditions are given under which n is preferable to n in this sense. Several examples are provided that show that comparisons of n , and n based on Pitman nearness are often in conflict with comparisons based on mean squared error.
Can trace amounts of neurotoxins destroy dopamine neurons

The concept that trace amounts of 6-hydroxydopamine or environmental toxins can induce destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals is questioned based on observations that very much higher neuronal levels of 6-hydroxydopamine do not produce toxic events.
Copper(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2] photocycloadditions with tethered linkers: synthesis of syn-photodimers of dicyclopentadienes.

Cu(I)-catalyzed intramolecular photocycloadditions of diesters made of endo-dicyclopentadiene derivatives linked by the ester bonds with tethers are highly regio- and stereoselective and complete within hours, and the tethers can be easily cleaved afterward upon reduction with LiAlH4. Irradiation of the diesters afforded a 1:1 mixture of the heretofore unknown exo-cis-exo dimer, originating from the (R,S/S,R) diastereomer of the diester and the exo-trans-exo, deriving from the (R,R/S,S) diastereomer. The intermolecular photodimerization yielded, instead, only exo-trans-exo isomers and side products after irradiation for several days. The role of the tether's length and structure on the course of the photocycloadditions was investigated, and it was observed that short tethers introduce considerable strain in the products' framework. Adamantyl-containing tethers provided the shortest reaction times and highest yields. X-ray diffraction analysis of an exo-cis-exo stereoisomer containing adamantane in the tet...
Vitamin E dose-dependently reduces aortic fatty lesion formation in orchidectomized aged rats

Background and aims: Although the cardioprotective effects of supplemental doses of vitamin E have been investigated in several conditions, its role in gonadectomy- induced fatty lesion formation is unclear. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of vitamin E in a dose-dependent manner on indices of oxidative stress and in preventing the formation of aortic fatty lesions in orchidectomized (Orx) aged rats. Methods: Forty 12-month old male Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham) or Orx and fed a semi-purified control diet for 120 days. Thereafter, rats were assigned to four treatment groups (n=10): Sham and one Orx group received 75 IU vitamin E and served as controls, and the other two Orx groups received either 250 or 500 IU vitamin E per kg diet for 90 days. Results: Vitamin E at the highest dose (500 IU) was able to lower serum total cholesterol by 16% and significantly increase superoxide dismutase by 9% compared to Orx controls. Similarly, this dose was able to significantly reduce the development of atherosclerotic lesion formation and aortic fatty streak area by 93% compared to Orx controls. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that dietary vitamin E supplementation in Orx aged rats provide anti-atherogenic effects, in part, due to vitamin E’s antioxidative properties. Clinical studies are needed to confirm whether supplemental doses of vitamin E can prevent the development of atherosclerosis in older men particularly with low testosterone level.
Utilization and Acceptability of Influenza A/New Jersey/76 Virus Vaccine in Oakland County, Michigan

The program of mass inoculation of adults in Oakland County, Michigan, with monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine was monitored. A stratified random sample of participants was selected, and telephone interviews were conducted two days after inoculation. The group of vaccinees differed from the overall county population in that it had a higher percentage of females and more of the vaccinees were older, better educated, and of higher income. Minor complaints following vaccination were relatively frequent, particularly sore arm. All complaints were significantly more frequent in females than in males, and among females, the group younger than 40 years reported these complaints most often. Since neither utilization of the vaccine nor complaints following vaccination were uniformly distributed, it was concluded that population-based studies are needed for proper assessment of vaccine-related effects.
Solubility of hydrogen (1 atm, 298 K) in some copper/palladium alloys

Abstract The solubility of hydrogen (1 atm, 298 K) decreases linearily with copper content in f.c.c. substitutional Cu/Pd alloys to an atom fraction of Cu = 0.20 and thereafter the solubility decreases more abruptly. The fall in solubility at XCu > 0.20 is attributed to the inability of alloys with XCu > 0.20 to form a second non-stoichiometric hydride phase at 1 atm (298 K). Thermodynamic data are reported for the absorption of hydrogen into the two-phase regions (H-saturated alloy + non-stoichiometric hydride) of these alloys.
Researching marketing problems and opportunities with focus groups

Abstract Focus group research is a popular and effective qualitative research method for generating ideas and assessing marketing programs and concepts. This article provides marketers with insights about implementing focus groups in the industrial environment. It presents a specific procedure for conducting focus groups, potential industrial applications for the research technique, guidelines for making decisions about selecting moderators, establishing objectives, recruiting study participants, and controlling costs.
Satiety: A graded behavioral phenomenon regulating caloric intake

Rhesus monkeys inhibited their feeding in response to intragastric nutrient preloads, so as to maintain a constant caloric intake. There is a definite dose- response relationship to calories which does not depend on the volume, caloric concentration, or nature of the nutrient. This accurate control is accomplished even though some of the preload remains in the stomach throughout the feeding period.
Transcriptome Profiling of the Response of Arabidopsis Suspension Culture Cells to Suc Starvation

Upon encountering nutrient stress conditions, plant cells undergo extensive metabolic changes and induce nutrient recycling pathways for their continued survival. The role of nutrient mobilization in the response of Arabidopsis suspension cells to Suc starvation was examined. Vacuolar autophagy was induced within 24 h of starvation, with increased expression of vacuolar proteases that are likely to be required for degradation of cytoplasmic components delivered to the vacuole, and thus for nutrient recycling. After 48 h of starvation, culture viability began to decrease, and substantial cell death was evident by 72 h. To provide further insight into the pathways required for survival during Suc deficit, transcriptional profiling during Suc starvation was performed using the ATH1 GeneChip array containing 22,810 probe sets. A significant increase in transcript levels was observed for 343 genes within 48 h of starvation, indicating a response to nutrient stress that utilizes the recycling of cellular components and nutrient scavenging for maintaining cell function, the protection of the cell from death through activation of various defense and stress response pathways, and regulation of these processes by specific protein kinases and transcription factors. These physiological and molecular data support a model in which plant cells initiate a coordinated response of nutrient mobilization at the onset of Suc depletion that is able to maintain cell viability for up to 48 h. After this point, genes potentially involved in cell death increase in expression, whereas those functioning in translation and replication decrease, leading to a decrease in culture viability and activation of cell death programs.
Evaluation of the acute behavioral effects and abuse potential of a C8-C9 isoparaffin solvent.

Abstract We hypothesized that the abuse potential of certain types of inhalants could be evaluated in animals by determining the overlap in their profile of behavioral effects with that of CNS depressant drugs and other depressant-like abused inhalants. For our first attempt in evaluating a solvent with an unknown abuse potential we tested ISOPAR-E ™ . ISOPAR-E ™ is a mixture of predominately C8–C9 isoparaffinic hydrocarbons that is being used more and more frequently as a solvent in industrial and consumer products, including, but not limited to, typewriter correction fluids. Presently, nothing is known about the potential for abuse of products containing this solvent. In the present studies, we compared the volatility of ISOPAR-E ™ and the abused solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) in our exposure systems. Additionally, five behavioral procedures were conducted in mice to compare the effects of the two compounds. The results demonstrate that: (1) ISOPAR-E ™ was less volatile than TCE; (2) ISOPAR-E ™ produced a somewhat different profile of effects than did TCE as assessed with a functional observational battery; (3) unlike TCE, ISOPAR-E ™ did not affect performance on tests of motor coordination; (4) TCE and ISOPAR-E ™ produced concentration-related decreases in schedule-controlled operant performance with recovery from TCE being somewhat more rapid; (5) ISOPAR-E ™ produced cross dependence in TCE-dependent mice; and (6) both TCE and ISOPAR-E ™ produced substantial levels of ethanol-lever responding in a drug discrimination procedure, although the ethanol-like effects of ISOPAR-E ™ only occurred at response rate decreasing concentrations. Overall, there was a poorer separation of behavioral and lethal concentrations for ISOPAR-E ™ than for TCE. Although a somewhat different profile of behavioral effects was obtained with ISOPAR-E ™ and TCE, we cannot say with certainty if enough similarities exist with abused inhalants to predict that ISOPAR-E ™ would be subject to depressant-like abuse. Nonetheless, the feasibility of preclinical assessment of abuse potential of inhalants was demonstrated.
Learning Disabled, Birth to Three: Fact or Artifact?

The relevance of the new National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities definition of learning disabilities (LD) is discussed in relation to the infant population (birth to age 3). The new LD definition assumes that difficulty in acquisition and use of knowledge is intrinsic to the individual and presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction. The interactive nature of early development is discussed in relation to the intrinsic aspect of the LD definition. A normal development program model is recommended for suspect LD infants.
Correlates of received and expressed violence persistence following substance abuse treatment.

This study examined different types of violence (i.e. 'expressed' towards others and 'received' from others) across different relationship types (i.e. 'partners' and 'non-partners') among men and women in substance abuse treatment, and during a 2-year follow-up period. For received violence, participants were divided into three groups: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Similarly, participants also were divided into three groups based on expressed violence: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Both expressed and received violence (either before or after treatment) was associated with younger age. Unique demographic markers of received violence included being female, reporting less income and greater unemployment. For both received and expressed violence, several problem severity indicators (e.g. drug consequences, psychological distress) and psychosocial relapse risk indicators (e.g. resource needs, substance-using leisure activities) differentiated those who reported violence (either before or after treatment) and those who did not report violence. In addition, received violence was related to greater exposure to substances whereas expressed violence was related to greater cocaine use and craving. Continued received and expressed violence post-treatment was related to substance use during the follow-up, recruitment from inpatient treatment, and baseline psychological distress (expressed violence only). The results are consistent with contemporary models of violence specifying the impact of substance use, social/contextual and individual difference factors, and highlight risk factors that could be targeted during treatment to potentially reduce post-treatment substance use and violence.
Associations of abdominal adiposity, fasting insulin, sex hormone binding globulin, and estrone with lipids and lipoproteins in post-menopausal women.

The associations of abdominal adiposity, fasting serum levels of insulin, and sex hormones with blood lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins A-I and B were studied cross-sectionally in 75 healthy, postmenopausal white women. In univariate analyses, abdominal adiposity (increased waist-to-hip girth ratio) and fasting insulin concentrations were negatively and significantly associated (P < 0.05) with plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = −0.47 and −0.38, respectively) and apolipoprotein A-I (r = −0.37 and −0.36), and positively associated with log triglycerides (r = 0.54 and 0.33) and apolipoprotein B (r = 0.43 and 0.22). Sex hormone binding globulin was positively and significantly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.32) and negatively associated with log triglyceride (r = −0.45) and apolipoprotein B (r = −0.36). Estrone was positively and significantly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.27), apolipoprotein A-I (r = 0.23) and negatively associated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r= -0.24) and apolipoprotein B (r= −0.25). Total estradiol, free estradiol, free testosterone, and total testosterone were more weakly associated with the lipid measures. In multivariate analyses, abdominal adiposity remained significantly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol, log triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-I and B after adjustment for sex hormone binding globulin, estrone, and insulin concentrations. Insulin remained associated only with apolipoprotein A-I after adjustment for abdominal adiposity, estrone, and sex hormone binding globulin. Sex hormone binding globulin remained marginally associated with log triglyceride (P = 0.07) after adjustment for the remaining three factors. Estrone remained significantly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol. These findings emphasize the potential importance of abdominal adiposity on the relationships of sex hormones and insulin to lipid measures in post-menopausal women. The atherogenic lipid profile of abdominal adiposity appears to be partly mediated through insulin, estrone and sex hormone binding globulin, but it seems likely that other mechanisms also contribute.
Adiabatic invariance in the standard map

Adiabatic invariance of the action is investigated in the standard map, under slow changes of the stochasticity parameter K. A fixed action representation of the rotational tori is developed perturbatively in K, and is connected with the usual (KAM) representation at fixed winding number. The notion of adiabatic invariance to a given order in K, K⪡1, is then introduced. It involves an approximation to exact dynamics by essentially a power-series expansion in both K and a slowness parameter. Adiabatic invariance is explicitly verified to second order, and the dependence of the nonadiabaticity on the form of the switching function and the slowness of the change is investigated. The case of adiabatic switching to larger values of K, K<1, is approached phenomenologically, taking into account the problem of separatrix crossing. It is shown that this crossing leads in general to nonadiabatic effects in the limit of infinitely slow change. These reflect the finite widths, or intrinsic action uncertainties, associated with the main island chains crossed. The latter are determined from the Farey tree in the range of variation of the winding number. An estimate of the critical slowness parameter, corresponding to the onset of the intrinsic nonadiabatic effects, is derived. It involves typical time-scales associated with the main island chains crossed.
Optofluidics for Adaptive Optics and Sensing

We present a 2X2 optofluidic switch (1 dB insertion loss, 20 dB extinction ratio operating at 20 msec); an optofluidic adaptive lens; a tunable cladding microring resonator (extinction ratio 37 dB); and plasmonic optofluidic sensor.
Practical use of reference mirror rotation in holographic interferometry

The use of reference mirror rotation during the production of a double-exposure hologram is discussed. The rotation of the mirror introduces a phase shift across the hologram that can be observed by scanning one''s head from one end of the hologram to the other. The sign ambiguity of the fringe order can be resolved by noting the apparent motion of the fringes as one scans one''s head across the hologram. This method is easily adapted to existing setups does not distort the original fringe pattern and the amount of phase shift across the hologram can be controlled easily. Sample experiments showing quantitative and qualitative results on a circular membrane are presented. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate: Isolation and high-performance liquid chromatography assay of its reaction with arylsulfatase B

Abstract A simple procedure for the isolation of UDP- N -acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate from commercial dehydrated egg white was developed. A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure is described for monitoring the sulfohydrolase reaction of arylsulfatase B ( N -acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase) toward this sulfated sugar nucleotide. The ease of substrate preparation and the simple analytical procedure provides a facilitated system for highly specific assay of arylsulfatase B activity.
Diagnostic ultrasound: Time for clinical reevaluation of nonthermal effects

Guidelines for the use of clinical ultrasound in obstetrics should be considered, in view the many nonthermal bioeffects of this very widely used diagnostic modality. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:308–309, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Commodification of Ethnicity: The Sociospatial Reproduction of Immigrant Entrepreneurs

Ethnicity is commodified in the process of economic transition involved in immigration: Immigrants sell their labor power for economic survival. While a spatially enclosed ethnic community channels the traditional kind of mutual cooperation into the growth of the "ethnic capital," a common ethnicity of the Korean community, based on shared language and other cultural background, is appropriated as a product to sell, a reliable source for workers, and an object of consumption. To examine this proposition, the author analyzes Korean small businesses in the Los Angeles area, focusing on the human capital of Korean entrepreneurs, costs of reproduction of entrepreneurial labor, and the work processes.
Review of the Epidemiology and Criteria of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain Syndromes:: Concepts of Illness in Populations as Applied to Dysfunctional Syndromes

Objectives: To review epidemiologic methodology and concepts in the study of fibromyaliga and myofascial pain syndromes. To identify studies of the prevalence and relative frequency of fibromyalgia and myofascial pain in community and clinic populations. To compare etiologic mechanisms and concepts of classical diseases versus dysfunctional syndromes. To draw analgies between irritable bowl syndrome [IBS] and fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] with respect to the reationale for patient subgrouping in order to achieve improved classification schema. Findings: Prevalences of fibromyalgia in community populations differ widely, i.e., from about 1% to 10%. Differences may be due to variations in age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status and other personal factors, but are more likely due to differences in criteria or other methodology used. The classical epidemiologic concept of agent, host and environmental causes of disease does not apply well to dysfunctional syndromes, e.g., FMS or myofascial pain syndrome [MPS...
Experimental study of formation mechanisms of hydrothermal pyrite

Hydrothermal experiments were performed to synthesize pyrite crystals in the system HCl + NaCl + Fe1−xS + H2O ± CaSO4, in sealed silica capsules at temperatures between 150 and 350°C, for periods of up to eight weeks. The Fe2+ and H2S(aq) necessary for the nucleation and growth of the pyrite crystals were generated in situ in the capsules, by the reaction of HCl with pyrrhotite crystals. The solutions were either saturated or undersaturated with respect to pyrrhotite, with anhydrite present or absent from the systems (four experimental series). In the presence of anhydrite in pyrrhotite saturated experiments, considerably larger amounts of pyrite, marcasite, and elemental S formed compared to those without anhydrite present, and has been attributed to substantial sulfate reduction at T > 200°C by H2(aq) and H2S(aq) generated in situ in the reaction capsules. Two distinct pathways for pyrite nucleation and growth were recognized in the experiments, and resulted in seven pyrite types differing in crystal habits. The SEM study showed micron-sized pyrite cubes with stepped crystal faces which nucleate oriented on the surfaces of partially dissolved pyrrhotite crystals. Cube-octahedral pyrite crystals overgrow the earlier pyrite cubes, utilizing H2S(aq) and Fe2+ from the dissolving pyrrhotite grains. Pyrite crystals also nucleate and grow on the exterior of liquid S droplets, which formed from H2S(aq) in the experimental capsules. The earliest pyrite crystals recognized in the SEM study on the sulfur surfaces are micron-sized cubes with distinct hopper (i.e., dendritic) morphology. Nucleation appears to be initiated by the reaction between Fe2+ ions in solution with polysulfides, which occur concentrated on the liquid S droplet surface. Two mechanisms are introduced to account for the polysulfide concentration on sulfur droplet surfaces. The first mechanism suggests that polysulfide liquid, which is solved by liquid sulfur, is expelled to the S droplet surface due to the limited solubility of polysulfides in liquid S. A second mechanism to explain the accumulation of polysulfides in liquid S droplets involves the concept of equilibrium polymerization of S at T > 159°C. This process results in the formation of radical chain S. Polysulfides may form when the sulfur radical reacts with H2S(aq) from the experimental solution upon which nucleation of pyrite occurs. The early pyrite habits represent transitional habit types which develop into equilibrium pyrite crystals characterized by a pyritohedral habit. This study observed that the type of nucleation surface, either pyrrhotite or S surfaces, controls the habit type of the experimental pyrite crystals. It is suggested that the type of precursor surface, and hence the specific chemical environment, controls the pyrite types that formed in the experiments.
CARS Probing of Meter-Scale Turbulent Pool Fires

We report an application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to full-scale fire testing. A CARS instrument has been constructed at the newly commissioned FLAME (Fire Laboratory for Accreditation of Models and Experiments) facility at Sandia, where the CARS system has been used for thermometry in 2-m-diameter, turbulent pool fires. The details of a CARS instrument for probing the challenging pool-fire environment are presented, along with the construction of the unique new FLAME facility itself, which has been designed to accommodate optical and laser-based diagnostics to full-scale fire experimentation. Single-shot CARS spectra and best-fit temperatures from turbulent pool fires are presented, and an estimate of the pdf of the temperature fluctuations from the pool-fire environment is obtained.
The arsenite oxidase genes (aroAB) in novel chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidizers.

Six novel bacterial strains were isolated from the environment which can oxidize arsenite [As(III)] to the less mobile form arsenate [As(V)] coupled to CO2 fixation under either aerobic or denitrifying conditions. PCR primers were designed to the conserved molybdopterin domain of the large subunit of arsenite oxidase in order to identify the arsenite oxidase genes from these isolates. The amino acid sequences for the arsenite oxidases reported here were 72–74% identical to that of strain NT-26, the only previously reported autotrophic arsenite oxidizer. Indeed the autotrophic arsenite oxidase genes form a distinct phylogenetic group, separated from previously described heterotrophic arsenite oxidase genes, with the exception of the heterotroph Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The arsenite oxidase primers described here represent a powerful culture-independent tool to assess the diversity of arsenite oxidase genes in environmental bacteria.
Plant hybridization: the role of human disturbance and biological invasion

Aim Anderson & Stebbins (1954, Evolution, 8, 378–388) posited that human activities promote species hybridizations by creating opportunities for hybridization and new habitats for hybrids to persist through disturbances (i.e. the ‘disturbance hypothesis’). While the first part of this hypothesis appears to be well supported, the second part has not been corroborated with empirical evidence, probably because of the lack of appropriate data. In this study, I (1) document the richness and distribution of hybrid plants in the United States; (2) examine the relationships between hybrids of different origins and between hybrid plants and native or exotic plants; and (3) examine possible mechanisms for these relationships and test the disturbance hypothesis. Location The United States. Methods The richness and distribution of plant hybrids was examined at the county level according to origin, that is, formed between native–native species (N × N), native–exotic species (N × E) and exotic–exotic species (E × E), using data from the Biota of North America Program. Results The three hybrid types (N × N, N × E and E × E) were positively related to each other and showed stronger positive relationship with exotic richness than with native richness. They also exhibited similar spatial patterns, with richness hotspots concentrated in the north-east United States and Great Lakes region. However, the richness of hybrids of exotic origin (E × E and N × E) was not related to county area, as often observed for native species; instead, it showed strong positive relationships with human population density. Thus, the overall patterns of hybrid richness and distribution support the ‘disturbance hypothesis’. Main conclusions The results are generally consistent with the disturbance hypothesis. The relationship between the number of hybrids of exotic origin and overall exotic richness provided stronger evidence for human-induced than for naturally caused hybridization, although other possible explanations may also exist.
Complexity and complex decision making: Convergences between differentiation and intergration approaches to the prediction of task performance ☆

Abstract A series of three experiments designed to measure effects of environmental complexity (information load, failure, and success) and complexity of personality structure on differentiation and intergration in decision making were conducted. It was found that increases in load, success, or failure produced initially increasing and then decreasing intergration levels. Differentiation levels increased and then remained constant. Differentiation exceeded intergration. Structurally complex subjects exceeded structurally simple subjects in intergration scores, but not in differentiation scores. It was concluded that complexity theories dealing with differentiation and those dealing with intergration may not be viewed as equivalent or widely related. Common theoretical predictions for differentiation and integration were placed in doubt.