cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern Greek accent and faithfulness constraints in OT

In Modern Greek nominals, the accent is sometimes faithful to the properties of stems, and sometimes to those of affixes. Several facts challenge solutions based on stipulating the ranking of faithfulness constraints in OT, however. These include the fact that accentual dominance of affixes correlates with their semantic markedness (marked Case; marked number); the fact that neighboring cells within a paradigm tend to be accentually uniform; and the fact that control of accent shifts from affix to stem when stems are followed by Class Markers. These facts are argued to motivate an approach in which faithfulness effects and their relative magnitudes are not primitive notions, but are rather derived in certain specific ways that take account of both the internal structure of representations and their overall distance in space.
Molecular population genetics and selection in the glycolytic pathway

Summary In this review, I discuss the evidence for differential natural selection acting across enzymes in the glycolytic pathway in Drosophila . Across the genome, genes evolve at very different rates and possess markedly varying levels of molecular polymorphism, codon bias and expression variation. Discovering the underlying causes of this variation has been a challenge in evolutionary biology. It has been proposed that both the intrinsic properties of enzymes and their pathway position have direct effects on their molecular evolution, and with the genomic era the study of adaptation has been taken to the level of pathways and networks of genes and their products. Of special interest have been the energy-producing pathways. Using both population genetic and experimental approaches, our laboratory has been engaged in a study of molecular variation across the glycolytic pathway in Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives. We have observed a pervasive pattern in which genes at the top of the pathway, especially around the intersection at glucose 6-phosphate, show evidence for both contemporary selection, in the form of latitudinal allele clines, and inter-specific selection, in the form of elevated levels of amino acid substitutions between species. To further explore this question, future work will require corroboration in other species, expansion into tangential pathways, and experimental work to better characterize metabolic control through the pathway and to examine the pleiotropic effects of these genes on other traits and fitness components.
The Experiences of a Secondary Social Studies Student Teacher: Seeking Security by Planning for Self.

Abstract The profile presented and discussed here focuses on one student teacher who offers an intriguing perspective on the complexities that arose during student teaching. Four influential factors emerged as he sought security in the classroom by planning for himself. These include (1) personal metaphors, (2) personal safety nets, (3) teacher socialization, and (4) role of students. Finally, I recommend three ways teacher educators might demystify the instructional planning process in an effort to enhance student teachers’ ability to better prepare effective lessons.
Differential effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in the guinea pig, rat, hamster, rabbit, and mink

Abstract 1. 1. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity of several different animal species was determined after i.p. administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). 2. 2. TCDD caused a significant reduction in LPL activity and an increase in serum triglyceride concentration in guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters but not rats. 3. 3. TCDD increased adipose tissue LPL activity of mink and lowered their serum triglyceride concentration. 4. 4. Results of this study indicate that profound differences occur in lipid metabolism between various species in response to TCDD and these changes do not appear to be related to generalized toxicity such as wasting.
Social network analysis in virtual environments

Multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs) allow users to navigate and explore the environment as well as interact with other users. The interaction within these environments is often text-based using Internet relay chat (IRC) and related systems. IRC poses a difficulty for researchers looking to analyze and interpret the communicative interaction since data is stored in the form of chatlogs. The current research proposes and applies methodological procedures for the representation and analysis of interaction in MUVEs as social networks. A case study on SciCentr programs from Cornell University is used to elaborate methods and related findings.
Role of reactive oxygen species in regulating collagen metabolism in fibroblasts

Abstract Introduction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are traditionally viewed as detrimental to cells by means of causing oxidative damage. However, recent studies have shown that micromolar concentrations of oxidants actually help facilitate wound repair by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in wound-related cells such as macrophages and keratinocytes. It is hypothesized that aged fibroblasts will have a lower basal cell proliferation, VEGF expression, and production of other cytokines that will be tolerant of exogenous oxidant treatment due to elevated levels of the endogenous antioxidant system as compared to young fibroblasts. Methods. Primary cultures of neonatal, adult, and aged human fibroblasts derived from tissue explants were utilized at low passage number. Triplicate cultures were grown to confluence in enriched media and changed to serum-free media for 48 h before exposure to H 2 O 2 (0.05–5 μM; stabilized; Sigma) or xanthine (500 μM; Sigma) plus xanthine oxidase (0.001–0.1 mU/ml; bovine milk; Boehringer--Mannheim) (XXO). Control cells were treated identically in serum-free media. Cell proliferation was assayed using a commercially available kit. VEGF was quantified by ELISA. Results. Cell proliferation in neonatal fibroblasts was greatest in 0.5 μM H 2 O 2 -treated group as compared to control (0.05 μM = 88% of control, 0.5 μM = 114%, 5.0 μM = 51%). Cell proliferation in adult fibroblasts was greatest in 0.5 μM H 2 O 2 -treated group (0.05 μM = 111% of control, 0.5 μM = 152%, 5.0 μM = 106%). Cell proliferation in aged cells was greatest in 5.0 μM H 2 O 2 -treated group (0.05 μM = 89% of control, 0.5 μM = 108%, 5.0 μM = 186%). VEGF in neonatal fibroblasts was greatest in 0.5 μM H 2 O 2 -treated group (0.05 μM = 105% of control, 0.5 μM = 171%, 5.0 μM = 50%). VEGF in adult cells was greatest in 0.05 μM H 2 O 2 -treated group (0.05 μM = 84% of control, 0.5 μM = 66%, 5.0 μM = 7%). Production of collagen, degradative enzymes, PDGF, TGF-β 1 , and VEGF assays are in progress. Conclusion. In neonatal cells, micromolar concentrations of H 2 O 2 induced VEGF at the expense of cell proliferation, while adult fibroblast proliferation was increased without a corresponding increase in VEGF. The proliferation of adult cells resembles the neonates, indicating that tolerance to oxidative stress increases with age.
Temperature and strain rate dependent flow criterion for bcc transition metals based on atomistic analysis of dislocation glide

1/2(111) screw dislocations that possess non-planar cores and thus a high lattice friction (Peierls) stress control the plastic deformation of pure bcc metals. In this paper we formulate an analytical flow criterion based on the recognition that at finite temperatures the screw dislocations glide via formation and subsequent propagation of pairs of kinks. This development employs first an atomistically calculated dependence of the Peierls stress on the applied loading to construct the Peierls potential that depends on the applied stress tensor. This Peierls potential is then used to evaluate the activation enthalpy for the kink-pair formation employing mesoscopic dislocation models and its dependence on the applied stress tensor is then approximated by a relatively simple analytical form. Using the standard transition state theory to ascertain the dislocation velocity and related strain rate allows us to formulate the temperature and strain rate dependent flow criterion. Implications of this criterion are then compared with available experimental data demonstrating its excellent predictive value.
Impact of Metabolic Control of Diabetes During Pregnancy on Neonatal Hypocalcemia: A Randomized Study

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that strict control of diabetes during pregnancy can reduce the risk for neonatal hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers. METHODS One hundred thirty-seven pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes enrolled before 9 weeks' gestation were randomized to one of two treatment groups. In 68 subjects, the goals were fasting blood glucose level less than 4.44 mmol/L (80 mg/dL) and 1.5-hour postprandial blood glucose level less than 6.66 mmol/L (120 mg/dL) (strict control), whereas in 69 the goals were fasting blood glucose level less than 5.55 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and 1.5-hour post-prandial glucose level less than 7.77 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) (customary control). RESULTS Infants in the strict control group had a significantly lower rate of hypocalcemia (mean calcium less than 8.0 mg/dL in term infants and less than 7.0 mg/dL in preterm infants) than infants in the customary control group (17.6 versus 31.9%; P < .05). Using logistic regression analysis and after adjusting for the effects of gestational age, asphyxia, and White class on hypocalcemia, the difference between groups remained significant. The lowest infant serum calcium concentration correlated significantly with maternal glycohemoglobin A1 concentration at delivery (P = .03), gestational age (P = .0001), and the lowest serum magnesium concentration (P = .0001). CONCLUSION Strict management of diabetes in pregnancy is associated with a reduction in the rate of neonatal hypocalcemia.
An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method with adaptive mesh refinement for the solution of the Euler equations

A new algorithm that combines staggered grid arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) techniques with structured local adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) has been developed for the solution of the Euler equations. The novel components of the method are driven by the need to reconcile traditional AMR techniques with the staggered variables and moving, deforming meshes associated with Lagrange based ALE schemes. Interlevel coupling is achieved with refinement and coarsening operators, as well as mesh motion boundary conditions. Elliptic mesh relaxation schemes are extended for use within the context of an adaptive mesh hierarchy. Numerical examples are used to highlight the utility of the method over single level ALE solution methods, facilitating substantial efficiency improvements and enabling the efficient solution of a highly resolved three-dimensional Richtmyer-Meshkov instability problem.
Pressure dependence of the electrical properties of TaN thin films

Abstract The pressure dependence of the electrical properties of TaN thin films was studied with a view to using the films for pressure measurement over a wide range. These films have properties that make them suitable for use as sensors in resistive thermoconductive vacuum gauges: a large effective heat-conducting area and a large temperature coefficient of resistance. The TaN thin films were deposited by reactive sputtering onto Corning 7059 glass. The sensor thus formed was found to be sensitive to pressure changes in the range 7 × 10−5−760 Torr. The sensitivity of the gauge increased with the resistance of the film and could be varied by changing the film dimensions even when the surface area was kept constant; it also increased with increasing surface area of the film.
A new corn fiber gum polysaccharide isolation process that preserves functional components

Abstract Corn fiber gum (CFG) is a hemicellulose (arabinoxylan)-enriched fraction obtained by the extraction of corn bran/fiber using a mild alkaline hydrogen peroxide process. The unique polysaccharide, CFG, with its low solution viscosity has been proposed as a stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsions. We have verified that in some model systems, CFG can out-perform the “gold standard” emulsifier, gum arabic. Our results have also shown that “pure” CFG fractions often contain considerable amounts of associated lipids, phenolic acids and proteins which contribute to its emulsifying properties. The extraction of CFG with alkaline hydrogen peroxide was investigated using different combinations of alkali concentration and time to identify the optimum extraction condition to retain its functional groups (protein, lipids and phenolic acids). The pure CFG prepared by this process was hydrolyzed with 1.5 N methanolic KOH at 70 °C for 1 h to release hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic) and lipids. The total lipid was extracted with chloroform/methanol, evaporated and quantified. The released phenolic acids were identified and quantified using HPLC with detection by both UV and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). The protein content was determined by an AACC approved combustion method. The total lipids, phenolic acids and protein content in CFGs isolated with lower alkali concentration for a shorter time was comparatively higher than CFGs isolated with higher alkali concentration for a longer time. The presence of these phenolic acids, lipids and protein in CFG may contribute to its excellent emulsifying properties and may combine to give improved chemical, physical, and even nutritional properties. Understanding these critical structural elements required for optimal emulsification properties will allow future commercial producers of CFG to provide consistent quality and functionality in their products.
The nature of the assembly process in chromonic liquid crystals

Chromonic liquid crystals form when certain molecules are dissolved in a solvent, usually water, and the molecules spontaneously assemble into anisotropic structures. If the density of these structures is high enough and the temperature is low enough, they organize into a liquid crystal phase with orientational and sometimes with positional order also. Chromonic liquid crystals have been studied for more than half a century, yet theoretical, computational, and experimental investigations in the last decade have revealed many more details about them. The molecular structures that form chromonic liquid crystals are quite varied, and as a result the assemblies that these molecules form vary significantly also. Recent research has begun to shed light on these assembly processes, revealing that these too can be quite different from one system to another.
Experimental study of nonlinear acoustic bands and propagating breathers in ordered granular media embedded in matrix

We experimentally study acoustic pass and stop-bands, and propagating breathers in harmonically excited, ordered granular chains composed of steel beads embedded in three different types of matrix—namely PDMS, polyurethane and geopolymer. Both single and coupled granular chains are tested and the bands and breathers are robustly detected in each case over varying frequency and amplitude ranges. Low-frequency acoustic pass-bands are characterized by pulse-like transmission in the granular media and negligible effective compression, whereas high-frequency stop-bands are characterized exhibit complete filtering of granular media dynamics and strong effective compression. At intermediate frequency ranges we observe the propagation of propagating breathers in the granular chains, in the form of wavetrains of localized wavepackets separated by silent regions. We study the effects of the matrix and the distance between coupled granular chains on the propagation of the breathers, and confirm the robustness of these highly nonlinear responses in this highly discontinuous class of acoustic metamaterials. Moreover, we relate our results to energy transfers between coupled granular chains. Finally, we propose a simplified theoretical model that fully recovers the experimentally detected responses. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first experimental report of acoustic filtering and experimental breathers in practical acoustic nonlinear metamaterials.
A Cartesian grid embedded boundary method for hyperbolic conservation laws

We present a second-order Godunov algorithm to solve time-dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on irregular domains. Our approach is based on a formally consistent discretization of the conservation laws on a finite-volume grid obtained from intersecting the domain with a Cartesian grid. We address the small-cell stability problem associated with such methods by hybridizing our conservative discretization with a stable, nonconservative discretization at irregular control volumes, and redistributing the difference in the mass increments to nearby cells in a way that preserves stability and local conservation. The resulting method is second-order accurate in L^1 for smooth problems, and is robust in the presence of large-amplitude discontinuities intersecting the irregular boundary.
RADIATION REACTION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE

The principle of equivalence is shown to extend to situations involving radiation reaction. For example, the Lorentz force law governs the motion of an isolated charge undergoing radiation reaction. In the case of an isolated uncharged particle of small mass, it is the geodesic equation which governs the motion, even when radiation reaction is included. For a local observer to understand such motion he must subtract the singular field of the particle from the actual electromagnetic and gravitational fields he measures. The remaining source-free fields are then used in computing the motion of the particle. With only local measurements, the observer has no knowledge of the existence of radiation and sees no effect which he would be compelled to describe as radiation reaction.
Nicotine Dependence: The Forgotten Substance-Related Disorder

Behavioral healthcare providers are increasingly using integrated approaches to identify and treat co-occurring severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) and substance-related disorders, as well as discriminating among specific substances of abuse, e.g., alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine, as well as poly-substance abuse or dependence. Although people with serious psychiatric disorders are significantly over-represented among those with tobacco dependence, nicotine dependence is rarely considered nor treated as a co-occurring substance disorder for this population in the context of behavioral healthcare. The authors outline elements of an intervention for people with SPMI and co-occurring nicotine dependence that adapts the evidence based practice Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment (IDDT) for use in community mental health settings.
Mueller matrix of backscattered light of a chicken embryo

An in vivo investigation to determine instrinsic differences in optical activity of tissues of a three-day-old chicken embryo was performed. A homogenous flux of light at 514.4 nm from an argon ion laser was used to develop 13 of the 16 Mueller matrix components of backscattered light. The results show that all tissues backscatter light predominately in the same polarization state as that of the incident light. This effect manifests itself as large non-zero intensities in the diagonal terms of the Mueller matrix. Any change in polarization is distributed unbiased to the other polarization states as the off diagonal Mueller matrix elements each consists of a low intensity image. Depolarization by birefringent tissue structures such as collagen or actin-myosin fibers which would lead to non-zero intensities in the off diagonal Mueller matrix elements, is not observed. This may be due to the lack of such structures given the early age of the embryo.
A generalization of N-matrices☆

Abstract Ky Fan defines an N -matrix to be a matrix of the form A = tI − B , B ⩾ 0, λ t B ), where ϱ( B ) is the spectral radius of B and λ is the maximum of the spectral radii of all principal submatrices of B of order n − 1. In this paper, we define the closure ( N 0 -matrices) of N -matrices by letting λ ⩽ t . It is shown that if A ∈ Z and A -1 A ∈ N . Certain inequalities of N -matrices are shown to hold for N 0 -matrices, and a method for constructing an N -matrix from an M -matrix is given.
Patterns of intimate partner violence: Correlates and outcomes.

Battered women experience different constellations of violence and abusive behavior characterized by various combinations of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological abuse, and stalking. The goals of the current study were to determine whether it was possible to identify empirically derived and meaningful patterns of intimate partner violence (IPV) and to examine correlates and outcomes of the IPV patterns. Three IPV patterns were identified using cluster analysis. Pattern 1 was characterized by moderate levels of physical violence, psychological abuse, and stalking but little sexual violence. Pattern 2 was characterized by high levels of physical violence, psychological abuse, and stalking but low levels of sexual violence. Pattern 3 was characterized by high levels of all violence types. IPV Pattern 3 was associated with the highest prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, and IPV Pattern 2 had the highest levels of revictimization during the year following recruitment. The clinical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Effects of Gravity on Processing Heavy Metal Fluoride Fibers

The effects of gravity on the crystal nucleation of heavy metal fluoride fibers have been studied in preliminary experiments utilizing NASA's KC-135 reduced gravity aircraft and a microgravity sounding rocket flight. Commercially produced fibers were heated to the crystallization temperature in normal and reduced gravity. The fibers processed in normal gravity showed complete crystallization while the fibers processed in reduced gravity did not show signs of crystallization.
Patterns of Female Attractiveness in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins

Hormonal profiles of captive individuals show that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are seasonally polyoestrous, but little is known of reproductive behaviour among free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, we have documented for the first time patterns of female attractiveness that may correspond to multiple oestrous cycles. Male bottlenose dolphins in stable alliances of 2-3 individuals form temporary consortships with individual females. Consortships often are established and maintained by aggressive herding. Consortships are associated with reproduction and are a useful measure of a female's attractiveness. Following reproduction, females may become attractive to males when their surviving calf is about 2-2.5 years old or within 1-2 weeks of losing an infant. Individual females are attractive to males for variable periods extending over a number of months, both within and outside of the main breeding season. The duration of attractive periods is greater during breeding season months than during the preceding months. Males sometimes are attracted to females for periods exceeding the reported duration of rising estrogen levels during the follicular stage of the oestrous cycle. Males occasionally have consorted or otherwise been attracted to females in several unusual contexts, including late pregnancy, the first two weeks after parturition, and the day after the loss of a nursing infant. Individual females were consorted by up to 13 males during the season they conceived, supporting predictions of a promiscuous mating system in bottlenose dolphins. Thus, consorting is a strategy by males to monopolize females, but not a completely successful one. Multiple cycling by female bottlenose dolphins may be a strategy to avoid being monopolized by particular males. Given the duration and agonistic nature of many consortships, the benefits to females of such a costly strategy are not obvious. Multiple cycling may reduce the risk of infanticide by males or allow females to mate with preferred males after being monopolized by less desirable males.
Comparison of the effects of single and combined neurotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and dorsal noradrenergic bundle on learning and memory in the rat

Abstract Groups of rats received bilateral destruction of either the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) by infusion of ibotenic acid, the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) by infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine, or both NBM + DNB (COMB). These lesion groups along with sham operated controls were trained on a food reinforced spatial delayed conditional discrimination task in a T-maze. All four groups were able to attain a criterion of 85% correct responses despite significant group differences in the number of trials to criterion and number of correct responses during training. Performance of the DNB and NBM groups on acquisition trials was significantly lower than controls, significantly higher than the COMB group, but not significantly different from each other. When tested at delays of 30–300 s, all groups demonstrated parallel rates of decline in performance. On reversal learning trials, the NBM and COMB groups were significantly impaired, whereas the performance of the DNB group was better than controls. No significant interaction between the DNB and NBM lesions was observed on any of the behavioral measures. Biochemical analyses demonstrated significant reductions of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in cortex but not hippocampus of the NBM and COMB groups, and a significant reduction of norepinephrine (NE) in cortex and hippocampus of the DNB and COMB but not the NBM group. The concentration of other monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters in the lesion groups were unchanged from controls. These results suggest that DNB and NBM lesions produce separate and independent cognitive impairments that do not severely disrupt retention of trial independent (reference memory) and trial dependent (working memory) information on this T-maze task.
Meta-analysis of gene expression changes in response to radiation exposure

Background Given NASA’s recent focus on long-duration space travel, potential adverse effects on astronauts of ionizing radiation need to be minimized. Levels of exposure for astronauts on such flights can be high enough to cause damage to DNA, possibly causing mutation and cancer. By analyzing the mRNA expression levels of genes exposed to different doses of gamma radiation in laboratory experiments, it can be determined which genes act as biomarkers of dosage-specific radiation exposure which can then be used on lab-on-a-chip (LOC) diagnostic platforms for early detection of ionizing radiation exposure.
Units: cool modules for HOT languages

A module system ought to enable assembly-line programming using separate compilation and an expressive linking language. Separate compilation allows programmers to develop parts of a program independently. A linking language gives programmers precise control over the assembly of parts into a whole. This paper presents models of program units, MzScheme's module language for assembly-line programming. Units support separate compilation, independent module reuse, cyclic dependencies, hierarchical structuring, and dynamic linking. The models explain how to integrate units with untyped and typed languages such as Scheme and ML.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of Drugs: Prediction of Optimal Structure

A new quantitative and comprehensive approach relating structures of congeneric drugs to their relative biological activities is presented. The analysis is derived on the basis that structure-activity relationships represent a family, a different situation applying to each phenomenon such as drug absorption, drug transport, drug transformation, and drug excretion. The present treatment considers the relationship under equilibrium or quasiequilibrium conditions, thus permitting rigorous thermodynamic treatment. On the basis of the effect of structural changes on the distributive tendencies of the drug in various body tissues, including the receptor site, relationships have been derived which are surprisingly in good agreement with available experimental data. The approach suggests a rational way to predict the degree of lipophilicity which would result in maximal activity.
Depression and elder abuse and neglect among a community-dwelling Chinese elderly population

Our recent survey of an elderly cohort in mainland China suggests that elder abuse and neglect are common. Unfortunately, there is minimal knowledge about the risk factors for elder abuse and neglect among this population. We aimed to examine depression as a risk factor for elder abuse and neglect among Chinese elderly. A cross-sectional study was performed in a major urban medical center in NanJing, China. Depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale and direct questions were asked regarding abuse and neglect experienced by the elderly since the age of 60; 412 patients completed the survey. The mean age of the participants was 70 and 34% were female. Depression was found in 12% of the participants and elder abuse and neglect was found in 35% of the participants. After multiple logistical regression, feeling of dissatisfaction with life (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.51-5.68, p < 0.001), often being bored (OR, 2.91; CI, 1.53-5.55, p < 0.001), often feeling helpless (OR, 2.79; CI, 1.35-5.76, p < 0.001), and feeling worthless (OR, 2.16; CI, 1.10-4.22, p < 0.001) were associated with increased risk of elder abuse and neglect. Multiple logistic regression modeling showed that depression is independently associated with elder abuse and neglect (OR, 3.26; CI, 1.49-7.10, p < 0.003). These findings suggest that depression is a significant risk factor associated with elder abuse and neglect among Chinese elderly.
Recovery and complications after tonsillectomy in children : a comparison of ketorolac and morphine

Ninety-six children received morphine 0.1 mg/kg (n = 47) or ketorolac 1 mg/kg (n = 49) intravenously (IV) in a prospective, randomized, double-blind fashion, after tonsillectomy. Recovery variables and complications were recorded while subjects were in the hospital and parent(s) were contacted 24 h and 14 days after surgery. There were no differences in demographics, surgical management, awakening time, oxygen requirements, or time to readiness for postanesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge or discharge home between the two groups. Ketorolac subjects had fewer emetic episodes than morphine subjects (median 1 vs 3; P = 0.006) and were less likely to have more than two episodes of emesis after PACU discharge (9/49 vs 22/47; P = 0.007). Ketorolac subjects had more major bleeding (bleeding requiring intervention; 5/49 vs 0/47, one-tailed P = 0.03) and more bleeding episodes (0.22 episodes/subject vs 0.04 episodes/subject, P < 0.05) in the first 24 h after surgery, but no greater overall incidence of bleeding than the morphine subjects. In children having tonsillectomy, ketorolac, compared to morphine, reduced the number of emetic episodes after PACU discharge, but did not hasten awakening, readiness for PACU discharge or discharge home, and increased the likelihood of major bleeding in the first 24 h after surgery.
Characterization of metal-substituted Klebsiella aerogenes urease.

Urease possesses a dinuclear Ni active site with the protein providing a bridging carbamylated lysine residue as well as an aspartyl and four histidyl ligands. The apoprotein can be activated in vitro by incubation with bicarbonate/CO2 and Ni(II); however, only ∼15% forms active enzyme (Ni-CO2-ureaseA), with the remainder forming inactive carbamylated Ni-containing protein (Ni-CO2-ureaseB). In the absence of CO2, apoprotein plus Ni(II) forms a distinct inactive Ni-containing species (Ni-urease). The studies described here were carried out to better define the metal-binding sites for the inactive Ni-urease and Ni-CO2-ureaseB species, and to examine the properties of various forms of Co-, Mn-, and Cu-substituted ureases. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicated that the two Ni atoms present in the Ni-urease metallocenter are coordinated by an average of two histidines and 3–4 N/O ligands, consistent with binding to the usual enzyme ligands with the lysine carbamate replaced by solvent. Neither XAS nor electronic spectroscopy provided evidence for thiolate ligation in the inactive Ni-containing species. By contrast, comparative studies of Co-CO2-urease and its C319A variant by electronic spectroscopy were consistent with a portion of the two Co being coordinated by Cys319. Whereas the inactive Co-CO2-urease possesses a single histidyl ligand per metal, the species formed using C319A apoprotein more nearly resembles the native metallocenter and exhibits low levels of activity. Activity is also associated with one of two species of Mn-CO2-urease. A crystal structure of the inactive Mn-CO2-urease species shows a metallocenter very similar in structure to that of native urease, but with a disordering of the Asp360 ligand and movement in the Mn-coordinated solvent molecules. Cu(II) was bound to many sites on the protein in addition to the usual metallocenter, but most of the adventitious metal was removed by treatment with EDTA. Cu-treated urease was irreversibly inactivated, even in the C319A variant, and was not further characterized. Metal speciation between Ni, Co, and Mn most affected the higher of two pK a values for urease activity, consistent with this pK a being associated with the metal-bound hydrolytic water molecule. Our results highlight the importance of precisely positioned protein ligands and solvent structure for urease activity.
The reduction potential of nitric oxide (NO) and its importance to NO biochemistry

A potential of about −0.8 (±0.2) V (at 1 M versus normal hydrogen electrode) for the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to its one-electron reduced species, nitroxyl anion (3NO−) has been determined by a combination of quantum mechanical calculations, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and chemical reduction experiments. This value is in accord with some, but not the most commonly accepted, previous electrochemical measurements involving NO. Reduction of NO to 1NO− is highly unfavorable, with a predicted reduction potential of about −1.7 (±0.2) V at 1 M versus normal hydrogen electrode. These results represent a substantial revision of the derived and widely cited values of +0.39 V and −0.35 V for the NO/3NO− and NO/1NO− couples, respectively, and provide support for previous measurements obtained by electrochemical and photoelectrochemical means. With such highly negative reduction potentials, NO is inert to reduction compared with physiological events that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide. From these reduction potentials, the pKa of 3NO− has been reevaluated as 11.6 (±3.4). Thus, nitroxyl exists almost exclusively in its protonated form, HNO, under physiological conditions. The singlet state of nitroxyl anion, 1NO−, is physiologically inaccessible. The significance of these potentials to physiological and pathophysiological processes involving NO and O2 under reductive conditions is discussed.
Frequency dependence of acoustic parameters of freshly excised tissues of Sprague Dawley rats

Abstract A modified version of the pulse echo technique was used to measure the velocity of propagation and attenuation of ultrasound in excised tissue of young-adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The measurements were made at ultrasonic frequencies of 1.0, 2.25, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 MHz. The temperature of the tissues was monitored continuously to within ± 0.1°C of the ambient temperature. The acoustic parameters were measured in the liver, kidney, cardiac muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. All measurements were carried out in the near field region of the ultrasonic beam. It was observed that the velocity of propagation in tissues showed a slight dispersion with frequency. The attenuation in tissues increased with increasing frequency.
Effects of acetylo-L-carnitine in end-to-side neurorrhaphy: a pilot study.

Purpose: End-to-side (ETS) nerve repair allows for target-muscle reinnervation, with simultaneous preservation of donor-nerve function. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) was shown to enhance axonal sprouting in early regeneration following transection and repair of the sciatic nerve in rodents. The purpose of this article was to determine the ability of ALCAR to enhance axonal regeneration in an ETS rodent model. Method: The right musculocutaneous nerve in 16 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was transected to induce biceps muscle paralysis. The distal stump was then coapted by ETS neurorrhaphy through a perineurial window to the ipsilateral median nerve. Experimental groups received ALCAR for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks whereas controls received placebo. Results: Weekly postoperative behavioral evaluations revealed increased functional return over control but the difference was not significant. Potentials from biceps were recorded from the third postoperative week in the experimental group and from the fourth week in the control group. Histomorphometric evaluations revealed higher musculocutaneous nerve axon counts, higher myelin thickness in the fourth postoperative week, and differences in the appearance and the number of motor-end-plates in the biceps in experimental versus control group. Conclusion: Intraperitoneal administration of ALCAR can expedite biceps muscle recovery in an ETS model by increasing the rate of axonal regeneration. Despite the morphological changes, no behavioral changes were noted and further studies are needed to confirm clinical efficacy of ALCAR for potential use in the development of therapeutic protocols. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Engineered CD20-specific primary human cytotoxic T lymphocytes for targeting B-cell malignancy

Abstract Background Immunotherapy for B-cell lymphomas has evolved significantly -with the advent of CD20-targeted Ab-based therapeutics. Strategies to invoke or augment cellular anti-lymphoma immune responses may also have considerable therapeutic potential and serve to further augment the clinical efficacy of MAbs. Methods We report here the acquisition by primary human cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors of re-directed CD20 specificity by their genetic modification to express a chimeric immunoreceptor consisting of an anti-CD20 single chain Ab extracellular domain molecularly fused to the T-cell receptor complex CD3-ζ cytoplasmic tail (scFvFc:ζ. Peripheral blood-derived human T-cells were transduced with naked DNA plasmid vector by electroporation then selected for G418 resistance. Results Following cloning in limiting dilution and ex vivo expansion to large numbers, scFvFc.ζ + TCRα/β + CD4 – CD8 + CTL display redirected HLA-unrestricted CD20-specific lymphoma cell cytolysis proportional to the cell-surface density of the chimeric immunoreceptor. Engineered CTL clones are also activated through the chimeric immunoreceptor to produce T cl cytokines (IFN-γ) upon co-culture with CD20 + lymphoma stimulator cells. Additionally, CD20-specific CTL proliferate in the presence of lymphoma stimulators and IL-2 (5 U/mL). Discussion These studies provide the rationale for exploring the clinical utility of adoptive therapy with CD20-specific CTL as a component of immunotherapeutic targeting of CD20 + malignancy.
Analyzing power in proton-nucleus elastic scattering at 0. 8 GeV

The first elastic-scattering analyzing-power (${A}_{y}$) data at 0.8 GeV are presented and discussed. Angular distributions of ${A}_{y}$ over the range 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for $^{12}\mathrm{C}$) have been obtained for $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ using the high-resolution spectrometer at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility. The analyzing powers oscillate sharply over positive values in qualitiative agreement with expectations.
An antinomy in the theory of comparative advantage

Abstract This paper shows that the usual bilateral rule of comparing relative prices under autarky to determine the pattern of trade is not valid for the multicommodity world. In addition, equilibrium world price ratios need not fall between the corresponding price ranges under autarky. Such a paradox disappears under gross substitutability when the third commodity is a nontradeable. For the case of tradeables, an alternative bilateral rule to determine the pattern of trade is proposed. Since the classical constant cost case has been heavily discussed in the literature, we confine ourselves to the neoclassical case.
In Vivo Measurement of Brain Blood Flow in the Cat

A technique is described for measuring regional blood flows in the brain of the cat. The measuring system is based on the principle of photoelectric plethysmography, a method commonly used to measure skdn blood flow. To miniaturize the photoelectric flow probe to a size compatible with cerebral insertion, a light emitting diode (LED) was used as the light source and a photo-Darlington array was used as the photodetector, the entire structure being imbedded in the tip of a 22 gauge needle. To test the flow needle, blood flows were measured in the cerebrum and hypothalamus of the cat during nembutal infusion and CO2 breathing and were then compared to the blood flow measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter placed on the carotid artery. The results of these experiments showed the feasibility of using an indwelling photoelectric flow needle for measuring regional blood flows in the cat brain.
Age and Paleoclimatic Significance of Holocene Sand Dunes in Northeastern Colorado

Abstract Stabilized parabolic sand dunes are extensive in northeastern Colorado and adjacent southwestern Nebraska and suggest that precipitation was lower when the dunes were formed than it is now. Orientations of the parabolic dunes indicate a paleowind from the northwest. Soils developed on these dunes are Ustic Torripsamments with A/AC/C profiles that have morphological and textural properties similar to soils on stabilized dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills with maximum-limiting radiocarbon dates of about 3000 B.P.; thus most of the Colorado dunes are thought to be correlative with dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills. In both areas, dunes were probably stabilized c. 1500 B.P. The regional dune formation interval of 3000–1500 B.P. correlates well with a period of glacier retreat in the Colorado Front Range. Archaeological evidence suggests that humans who were living on the central Great Plains in the late Holocene migrated to locations that were probably more favorable for hunting and gathering. An earlie...
Tunable graphene nanomesh semiconductor: Design, fabrication, and characterization

This paper reported a technique for tuning graphene semiconductor properties by introducing nanoholes into single- and few-layer graphene films. A simple nanofabrication technique has been demonstrated for making periodic nanoholes on pristine graphene in a mask-free and time-efficient manner via direct e-beam writing which was done by simply scanning the graphene area that is covered with EBL resist and then etching the scanned area by oxygen plasma. Parameters of e-beam lithography (EBL) (acceleration voltage, beam current, EBL resist thickness, and scanning area) were fine-tuned to optimize the dimensions of the nanomesh. Finally, Graphene field effect transistors were fabricated and characterized experimentally.
Chinese contractors in developing countries

This paper uses turnover data from Chinese contracted projects in as many as 87 low and lower middle income countries from 1998 to 2009. Economic fundamentals motivate Chinese contractor presence in developing countries as their revenues are positively associated with countries’ per capita income and expected growth. All else equal, contractor project revenues are higher in countries with stronger political rights regimes. Moreover, the estimated positive effect of improvements in political freedom is largest among countries with high fuel endowment, but lowest among countries with high ores and metals endowments. Conclusions relating Chinese contractor activities, perceptions on the level corruption, and resource endowment among sub-Saharan African countries must remain tentative as the estimated relationships are sensitive to the corruption indices used.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Vaginal Microbicides: A Biophysical Framework to Rethink Behavioral Acceptability

Background: Microbicide candidates delivered via gel vehicles are intended to coat the vaginal epithelium after application. The coating process depends on intrinsic biophysical properties of the gel texture, which restricts the potential choices for an effective product: the gel first must be physically synthesizable, then acceptable to the user, and finally applied in a manner promoting timely adequate coating, so that the user adherence is optimized. We present a conceptual framework anchoring microbicide behavioral acceptability within the fulfillment of the product biophysical requirements. Methods: We conducted a semi-qualitative/quantitative study targeting women aged 18–55 in Northern California to assess user preferences for microbicide gel attributes. Attributes included: (i) the wait time between application and intercourse, (ii) the gel texture and (iii) the trade-off between wait time and gel texture. Wait times were assessed using a mathematical model determining coating rates depending upon the gel’s physical attributes. Results: 71 women participated. Results suggest that women would independently prefer a gel spreading rapidly, in 2 to 15 minutes (P,0.0001), as well as one that is thick or slippery (P,0.02). Clearly, thick gels do not spread rapidly; hence the motivation to study the trade-off. When asked the same question ‘constrained’ by the biophysical reality, women indicated no significant preference for a particular gel thickness (and therefore waiting time) (P.0.10) for use with a steady partner, a preference for a watery gel spreading rapidly rather than one having intermediate properties for use with a casual partner (P=0.024). Conclusions: Biophysical constraints alter women’s preferences regarding acceptable microbicide attributes. Product developers should offer a range of formulations in order to address all preferences. We designed a conceptual framework to rethink behavioral acceptability in terms of biophysical requirements that can help improve adherence in microbicide use ultimately enhancing microbicide effectiveness.
The college entrance examination and policy issues in Japan

(1988). The college entrance examination and policy issues in Japan. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 39-49.