cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tangled circuitry of metabolism and apoptosis

For single-cell organisms, nutrient uptake and metabolism are central to the fundamental decision of whether to grow or divide. In metazoans, cell fate decisions are more complex: organismal homeostasis must be strictly maintained by balancing cell proliferation and death. Despite this increased complexity, cell fate within multicellular organisms is also influenced by metabolism; recent studies, triggered in part by an interest in tumor metabolism, are beginning to illuminate the mechanisms through which proliferation, death, and metabolism are intertwined. In particular, work on Bcl-2 family proteins suggests that the signaling pathways governing metabolism and apoptosis are inextricably linked. Here we review the crosstalk between these pathways, emphasizing recent work that illustrates the emerging dual nature of several core apoptotic proteins in regulating both metabolism and cell death.
Total capacities of and maximum numbers of users in strictly bandlimited CDMA and FDMA Gaussian channels

The author compares the total capacities of strictly bandlimited additive white Gaussian noise channels with CDMA (code division multiple access) and FDMA (frequency division multiple access) signaling. Theoretically, orthogonal signaling such as FDMA achieves the total capacity of a strictly bandlimited channel by using the sinc pulse with a 'brickwall' spectrum. However, when raised cosine pulses are used, it is found that maintaining orthogonality between users' signals is no longer optimal and the total capacity of the CDMA channel is larger than that of the FDMA channel. The maximum numbers of users supported by CDMA and FDMA are compared, assuming that each user has the same available power and demands the same capacity. It is found that, in a strictly bandlimited channel, CDMA can support up to 70% more users than FDMA, depending on the rolloff factor, the symbol signal-to-noise ratio, and the number of users. >
Vision Impairment Among Older Adults Residing in Assisted Living

Objective: To examine rates of visual impairment of older adults in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Methods: Vision screening events were held at 12 ALFs in Jefferson County, Alabama, for residents above 60 years of age. Visual acuity, cognitive status, and presence of eye conditions were assessed. Results: A total of 144 residents were screened. Of these 67.8% failed distance screening, 70.9% failed near screening, and 89.3% failed contrast sensitivity screening. A total of 40.4% of residents had cognitive impairment and 89% had a least one diagnosed eye condition. Visual acuities did not differ significantly between cognitive status groups or with greater numbers of eye conditions. Discussion: This study is the first to provide information about vision impairment in the assisted living population. Of those screened, 70% had visual acuity worse than 20/40 for distance or near vision, and 90% had impaired contrast sensitivity. Cognitive impairment accounted for a small percentage of the variance in nea...
IP traceback: a new denial-of-service deterrent?

The increasing frequency of malicious computer attacks on government agencies and Internet businesses has caused severe economic waste and unique social threats. IP traceback-the ability to trace IP packets to their origins-is a significant step toward identifying, and thus stopping, attackers.
Improving the Flow of patients through Healthcare Organizations

Healthcare organizations face a challenging operational environment characterized by uncertain demand, the need to deliver highly complex and specialized services, and increasing pressure to provide better quality care to more patients at lower total cost. Healthcare organizations invest substantial financial resources into the human, technological, and structural assets needed to provide a wide range of healthcare services. Determining how much capacity is made available, how that capacity is allocated to patients, and how various specialized units in the organization coordinate their activities are important drivers of performance. In particular, healthcare organizations continuously evaluate the flow of patients through the organization as different healthcare services are provided. If patients do not flow smoothly through the healthcare delivery process, either due to inadequate capacity or the inefficient use of capacity, then patient satisfaction and quality of care can suffer. This chapter provides an overview of the concept of patient flow as one measure of the quality and effectiveness of healthcare delivery, examines some of the most significant challenges to improving patient flow, provides an overview of prior operations research related to patient flow, and discusses current factors that are driving future research opportunities.
Mobility and Authority as Differentiae between Kush and Egypt

Within the discipline of Egyptology, the ancient state of Kush has long been treated as the paradigmatic African Other—purportedly distinguished from Egypt by race, language, and a relative lack of monumentality and literacy. By contrast, analysis in the broader field of early African history has often paired Kush and Egypt together and distinguished them from the rest of the continent—as Nilotic neighbors enclosed by the Sahara and bound by a shared suite of political and religious traditions. Both interpretations have become increasingly difficult to maintain in light of recent research. This paper will endorse a third view: that the two states were indeed sharply distinguished from one another, but not by the criteria most commonly cited in Egyptological literature. Combining the work of David Edwards and Laszlo Torok, I argue that the Kushite and Egyptian states occupied markedly different physical environments that in turn affected population mobility and thereby favored quite divergent forms of political authority. However, my research simultaneously cautions against too deterministic an application of such logic, proposing instead that Kush’s distinctive political strategies were more an instrumentalist response to historical events than an essentialist function of physical geography.
Public Investment in Private Higher Education: Estimating the Value of Nonprofit College and University Tax Exemptions

Develops a new methodology for estimating the value of federal, state and local tax exemptions received by private, nonprofit higher-educational institutions, using Northeastern University as a demonstration case study.
The Capacity of Evidence to Inform Practice: The Rapid Registry Response (RRR) Initiative.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain a “gold standard” for evaluating treatment efficacy. Typically conducted in controlled environments with selected populations, RCTs can isolate the effect of a treatment
Exploring divergent trajectories: Disorder-specific moderators of the association between negative urgency and dysregulated eating.

Abstract Negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act impulsively when experiencing negative emotions) is a well-established risk factor for dysregulated eating (e.g., binge eating, loss of control eating, emotional eating). However, negative urgency is transdiagnostic, in that it is associated with multiple forms of psychopathology. It is currently unclear why some individuals with high negative urgency develop dysregulated eating while others experience depressive symptoms or problematic alcohol use. Investigating disorder-specific moderators of the association between negative urgency and psychopathology may help elucidate these divergent trajectories. The current study examined interactions among negative urgency and eating disorder-specific risk factors specified in the well-established dual-pathway model of bulimic pathology (i.e., appearance pressures, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint). We hypothesized that these interactions would predict dysregulated eating, but not depressive symptoms or problematic alcohol use. Latent moderated structural equation modeling was used to test this hypothesis in a large (N = 313) sample of female college students. Negative urgency was significantly associated with dysregulated eating, depressive symptoms, and problematic alcohol use. However, interactions among negative urgency and dual-pathway model variables were specific to dysregulated eating and accounted for an additional 3–5% of the variance beyond main effects. Findings suggest that eating disorder-specific risk factors may shape negative urgency into manifesting as dysregulated eating versus another form of psychopathology. Future research should use longitudinal designs to further test the impact of interactions among disorder-specific risk factors and negative urgency on divergent psychopathology trajectories.
Direct ZAAS analysis of solid samples: Early development

Early application of the Zeeman effect to correct for background absorption in atomic absorption analysis is described. This paper also describes the use of this technique for direct analysis of biological samples and the future developments that are expected to occur in this field.
Book Review: Socio-Economic Rights: Adjudication Under a Transformative Constitution

Project Muse.Book Review of Socio-Economic Rights: Adjudication Under a Transformative Constitution.
Investigation and analysis of carrier rate of neisseria meningitidis strain among healthy population in Hefei,2011

Objective To understand the status of neisseria meningitidis carrier rate among healthy population in Hefei,and provide the basis for formulating prevention and control measures.Methods The stratified cluster sampling was used to collect 666 throat swabs from healthy people of six age groups,then the samples were cultured on EPV media and identified by biochemical and serological methods.Results A total of 31 strains including Group A,B,C,D,X of neisseria meningitidis were isolated,and the positive rate was 4.65%.Group A(14 strains) and Group B(12 strains),Group C(3 strains) accounted for 45.16%,38.71% and 9.68%,respectively.There was 1 strain belonging to Group D and Group X respectively.The carriage rate of adolescents of 12-15 years old was the first one(10.0%) in all age groups.There was significant difference among different age groups(χ2=13.06,P0.05)..There was no significant difference between males(5.49%) and females(3.75%),and urban(4.98%) and rural(4.47%) areas.Conclusion The carrier rate of neisseria meningitidis strain among healthy people was 4.65% in Hefei in 2011,and it was higher in 12-15 years old group.We should be alert to the prevalence of Group A.
Effects of Nitrogen Application on Physiological Characteristics in Flag Leaves and Yield of Super Hybrid Rice

This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen application modes on physiological characteristic in flag leaves and yields of Yangliangyou No. 6 and Xinliangyou No. 6. The total nitrogen fertilizer(600 kg hm-2urea) was divided into several applications. The results indicated that to postpone N application could decrease the content of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA), and increase the superoxide dismutase(SOD) contents, and effectively delay the senescence, and increase the contents of chlorophyll and photosynthesis rates compared to the treatment amended with all the fertilizer as basal fertilizer in the flag leaves of super rice. The lowest rice yield was in the treatment of repeated application of tillering fertilizer, i.e. the basal and tillering fertilizers accounted for 50 percent. Compared to control,repeated tillering fertilization decreased the yields of two super rice varieties separately by 7.7% and 6.3%, and the yield reductions were at significant levels. The highest rice yield existed in the combined application of strate N split at basal: tillering: spikelet-promoting: spikelet-protecting: panicle-spikelet fertilizer by 3:1:1:1:0 harvested the highest yield in the all strategies. Compared with the control, the yields of Yangliangyou No.6 and Xinliangyou No.6 were increased by 22.9% and 27.2% respectively. And their yield increases were extremely significant.
Introduction of US Medication Therapy Management

Objective:To introduce the general content of US medication therapy management(MTM).Methods:We reviewed the related literature and personal experience about MTM services in US,and introduced its general content.Results:MTM has played an important role in monitoring the patterns of medication use since 2006 and has evolved into a more powerful tool for cost containment and quality of care enhancement.Conclusion:We suggested that MTM could be a useful and effective tool in Chinese health care administration,especially in medical insurance system,drug safety and post-marketing surveillance.
Analysis on Change Trend of Mortality Rate of Malignant Tumors in 29 Years Among Urban Residents in Xuzhou

Objective To analyze malignant tumors mortality during 1982-2010 among urban residents in Xuzhou,and determine time-trend of various malignancies. Methods The registered cases were coded according to the ninth revision and the tenth revision of the ICD.Different indicators of malignant tumors such as mortality,death trend and constitutional ratio in Xuzhou from 1982 to 2010 were analyzed. Results During 1982-2010,mortality for all malignant tumors combined were averagely 113.98 per 100,000 and remarkably ascended.Mortalities increased notably for cancers of the lung,liver,colon and rectum,blood-forming tissues and breast.Rates declined for cancers of stomach,esophagus and uterine cervix.Five leading causes of deaths in order were cancers of lung,liver,stomach,esophagus, colon and rectum,and the constitutional ratio was 27.18%,20.74%,13.73%,7.57% and 4.75%,respectively.The cancer death rate of males was higher than the females.Mortality for all cancers combined ascended quickly with the aging since thirty years old. Conclusions Cancer mortality was affected by the factores such as lifestyle,diet habit,survival environment,economic condition,et al.We should take some effective measures to prevent and control cancer mortality.
Discordant Mutations in Paired Primary and Metastatic Endometrial Adenocarcinomas Identified by Semiconductor-Based Sequencing for Rapid Cancer Genotyping.

Although endometrial adenocarcinoma is usually treated with surgery, patients with metastatic disease have a poor prognosis. To address the need for better treatment options, molecularly targeted drug therapies are being developed. These targeted therapies rely on accurate mutational profiling of the tumor, which is most often performed on DNA from the primary tumor. Our objective was to compare mutational concordance in primary tumors with their metastases. We genotyped 11 pairs of primary and metastatic endometrial adenocarcinomas using DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and semiconductor-based next-generation sequencing. Five of these cases had multiple metastases for comparison. We sequenced 37 known cancer genes that are targets for new drug therapies. A total of 62 mutations were identified in 16 of these 37 genes. The most common mutations were in PIK3CA and PTEN. Overall, there was a 53% discordance in mutations between primary tumors and their paired (33 of 62). The absence o...
Legal and Constitutional Influences on the Implementation of U.S. Health Care Reform

This essay, written for an international readership, concisely connects the public policy goals underlying U.S. health care reform to the structure of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, and identifies some of the constitutional, legal, and political considerations that will influence the implementation of the new law.
The Emerging Role of RNA as a Therapeutic Target for Small Molecules

Recent advances in understanding different RNAs and unique features of their biology have revealed a wealth of information. However, approaches to identify small molecules that target these newly discovered regulatory elements have been lacking. The application of new biochemical screening and design-based technologies, coupled with a resurgence of interest in phenotypic screening, has resulted in several compelling successes in targeting RNA. A number of recent advances suggest that achieving the long-standing goal of developing drug-like, biologically active small molecules that target RNA is possible. This review highlights advances and successes in approaches to targeting RNA with diverse small molecules, and the potential for these technologies to pave the way to new types of RNA-targeted therapeutics.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The relationship between prenatal maternal alcohol use and growth and morphologic abnormalities in the offspring of 650 women studied prospectively is reported from the School of Medicine and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Uuniversity of Pittsburgh, PA.
Discovery of RNA Binding Small Molecules Using Small Molecule Microarrays

New methods to identify RNA-binding small molecules open yet unexplored opportunities for the pharmacological modulation of RNA-driven biology and disease states. One such approach is the use of small molecule microarrays (SMMs). Typically, SMMs are generated by spatially arraying and covalently linking a library of small molecules to a glass surface. Next, incubation of the arrays with a fluorescently labeled RNA reveals binding interactions that are detected upon slide imaging. The relative ease with which SMMs are manufactured enables the screening of multiple oligonucleotides in parallel against tens of thousands of small molecules, providing information about both binding and selectivity of identified RNA-small molecule interactions. This approach is useful for screening a broad variety of structurally and functionally diverse RNAs. Here, we present a general method for the preparation and use of SMMs to rapidly identify small molecules that selectively bind to an RNA of interest.
Multi-Finger Prehension: Control of a Redundant Mechanical System

The human hand has been a fascinating object of study for researchers in both biomechanics and motor control. Studies of human prehension have contributed significantly to the progress in addressing the famous problem of motor redundancy. After a brief review of the hand mechanics, we present results of recent studies that support a general view that the apparently redundant design of the hand is not a source of computational problems but a rich apparatus that allows performing a variety of tasks in a reliable and flexible way (the principle of abundance). Multi-digit synergies have been analyzed at two levels of a hypothetical hierarchy involved in the control of prehensile actions. At the upper level, forces and moments produced by the thumb and virtual finger (an imagined finger with a mechanical action equal to the combined mechanical action of all four fingers of the hand) co-vary to stabilize the gripping action and the orientation of the hand-held object. These results support the principle of superposition suggested earlier in robotics with respect to the control of artificial grippers. At the lower level of the hierarchy, forces and moments produced by individual fingers co-vary to stabilize the magnitude and direction of the force vector and the moment of force produced by the virtual finger. Adjustments to changes in task constraints (such as, for example, friction under individual digits) may be local and synergic. The latter reflect multi-digit prehension synergies and may be analyzed with the so-called chain effects: Sequences of relatively straightforward cause-effect links directly related to mechanical constraints leading to non-trivial strong co-variation between pairs of elemental variables. Analysis of grip force adjustments during motion of hand-held objects suggests that the central nervous system adjusts to gravitational and inertial loads differently. The human hand is a gold mine for researchers interested in the control of natural human movements.
Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race by George M. Fredrickson

Abraham Lincoln's positions on race and slavery remain a persistent tension for any student of Lincoln. Was Lincoln the Great Emancipator or was he an opportunistic white supremacist? The best answer is that Lincoln was wholly neither and yet, to an extent, he was both. Into this contentious arena comes distinguished historian George M. Fredrickson, in this publication of his 2006 W.E.B. DuBois Lectures at Harvard University. Regrettably for the historical community, Fredrickson passed away the week after the publication of Big Enough to Be Inconsistent.
Geometry-aware domain decomposition methods in high-fidelity electromagnetic design

For the design of antennas to aircrafts, it is important to simulate the electromagnetic (EM) behavior of objects with many parts or complex geometry. This work investigates geometry-aware, high-performance domain decomposition (DD) solvers: decomposing the geometry and creating algorithms that fit new mathematics to the geometry. The research enables integrated design and simulation in engineering applications via reconfigurable modeling and reusable simulation: by generating analysis-suitable models per-component and independently analyzing individual components, one can hope to automatically assemble components to simulate a virtual prototype of an entire product. The work will overcome some key challenges in high-fidelity design and analysis in Microwave Engineering.
Advancing Biocapture Substrates via Chemical Lift-Off Lithography

Creating small-molecule-functionalized platforms for high-throughput screening or biosensing applications requires precise placement of probes on solid substrates and the ability to capture and to sort targets from multicomponent samples. Here, chemical lift-off lithography was used to fabricate large-area, high-fidelity patterns of small-molecule probes. Lift-off lithography enables biotin–streptavidin patterned recognition with feature sizes ranging from micrometers to below 30 nm. Subtractive patterning via lift-off facilitated insertion of a different type of molecule and, thus, multiplexed side-by-side placement of small-molecule probes such that binding partners were directed to cognate probes from solution. Small molecules mimicking endogenous neurotransmitters were patterned using lift-off lithography to capture native membrane-associated receptors. We characterized patterning of alkanethiols that self-assemble on Au having different terminal functional groups to expand the library of molecules am...
Role of Ground Glass Fiber as a Pozzolan in Portland Cement Concrete

Millions of tons of fiberglass are produced annually for a variety of applications. Because of stringent quality requirements and operational characteristics of the manufacturing plants, a significant quantity of fiberglass that does not meet required specifications of the industry ends up as waste in landfills. This study investigated the use of ground glass fiber (GGF) that had been discarded by plants because it did not meet prescribed standards, as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for portland cement. Three replacement levels (10%, 20%, and 30% by mass) for portland cement in paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures were studied. Mechanical and durability properties of the mixtures were compared with two control mixtures: a mixture made up of 100% portland cement and a mixture with 25% Class F fly ash as a cement replacement material. It was observed in these studies that even though replacement of portland cement with GGF did not lead to any significant changes in the mechanical behavior of ha...
Vaccines against Retroviruses

Although retroviruses have been associated with serious disease in the animal kingdom, their economic impact has by and large not been sufficiently great as to merit industrial or government initiatives for development of vaccines and therapeutics. Thus, despite the need for a vaccine against bovine leukemia, eradication programs for infected animals were judged to be more practical. In fact, the only commercial vaccine development activity is against feline leukemia virus. Lacking such a driving force, research in retroviral vaccines and antivirals developed slowly and was largely overshadowed by the attention to retroviruses as models for onco-genesis and gene regulation. However, with the discovery of human retroviruses, especially the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), what were once remote areas of interest have risen to become some of the salient challenges of our time as biomedical science struggles to find means to control the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Consequently, the number of research efforts in vaccines and antivirals since HIV was discovered greatly overshadows what had been accomplished previously against retroviruses. To this fact, one must also add the observation that industrial vaccine development and clinical evaluation pro-grams are now juxtaposed with vaccine research, adding dimensions that were not within the scope of the earlier work against animal retroviruses.
Animal Models for Melioidosis

Development, testing, and evaluation of medical countermeasures for melioidosis are hampered by a lack of well-characterized and standardized animal models. Recent work has both refined existing animal models for this disease and identified new ones. Head-to-head comparisons of mouse strains with varying susceptibility to the organism and using different routes of infection highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between murine models and exposure routes. Diabetic mouse models provided insight into the disease process in humans having this major risk factor. Large animal models, both livestock and non-human primate, have been established. Alternative (non-mammalian) models have been useful in identification of virulence factors and screening of therapeutic candidates. They hold potential for large-scale screening that would not be appropriate or practical for mammalian species. Recent advances in animal and alternative modeling will enhance our understanding of the organism and the disease process, as well as accelerating the development of medical countermeasures.
Student Philanthropy: Experiencing Grant Proposals From the Funder’s Perspective:

Student philanthropy projects empower students to become grant givers. Through learning by giving, students get hands-on practice making decisions with real monetary impact. This article explains t...
A nanofabricated optoelectronic probe for manipulating and recording neural dynamics

Objective. The convergence of optogenetic and large-scale neural recording technologies opens enormous opportunities for studying brain function. However, compared to the widespread use of optogenetics or recordings as standalone methods, the joint use of these techniques in behaving animals is much less well developed. A simple but poorly scalable solution has been to implant conventional optical fibers together with extracellular microelectrodes. A more promising approach has been to combine microfabricated light emission sources with multielectrode arrays. However, a challenge remains in how to compactly and scalably integrate optical output and electronic readout structures on the same device. Here we took a step toward addressing this issue by using nanofabrication techniques to develop a novel implantable optoelectronic probe. Approach. This device contains multiple photonic grating couplers connected with waveguides for out-of-plane light emission, monolithically integrated with a microlectrode array on the same silicon substrate. To demonstrate the device's operation in vivo, we record cortical activity from awake head-restrained mice. Main results. We first characterize photo-stimulation effects on electrophysiological signals. We then assess the probe's ability to both optogenetically stimulate and electrically record neural firing. Significance. This device relies on nanofabrication techniques to integrate optical stimulation and electrical readout functions on the same structure. Due to the device miniaturization capabilities inherent to nanofabrication, this optoelectronic probe technology can be further scaled to increase the throughput of manipulating and recording neural dynamics.
Anion effects on the interfacial alloying in successively electrodeposited Cu and Au ultrathin films

Abstract The alloying between successively deposited ultrathin (∼10 nm) films of Cu and Au is explored. Au is deposited on Cu films via conventional overpotential deposition (OPD) and mediated methods in chloride containing electrolyte (CCE), and via OPD in thiosulfate containing electrolyte (TCE). It is determined via electrochemical means that Au deposition on Cu results in alloy formation in all cases, justified by the exothermic enthalpy of Au-Cu mixing. Deposition in TCE results in more homogeneous, multi-phase alloy formation evidenced by positively shifted Cu stripping behavior. This is attributed to the thiosulfate adsorption limiting Au and Cu mobility thus yielding the formation of continuous and smaller-grained over-layers. In contrast, the enhanced mobility of Au ad-atoms in CCE facilitates 3D growth, evidenced by SEM to yield larger grains with well-defined facets and limited alloying. It was shown via XPS that alloys deposited from TCE exhibit a concentration gradient from the center of films to the exteriors and that S is present in the as-deposited films. In addition, following Cu stripping, it is shown that a variety of nanoporous and S-free Au structures can be formed with variable ligament and facet size, ultimately providing opportunity for catalyst design on the nanoscale.
Measuring the wafer temperature in HVM process tools using a new approach with automated wireless HighTemp-400 and EtchTemp-SE wafer systems

As the technology nodes become smaller it is becoming more important to control all aspects of influencing parameters for the deposition of thin films using CVD tools and for plasma etch tools. This is especially important in a high volume manufacturing (HVM) environment with new tool installations and the need to achieve production ramp timelines. Controlling tool parameters including chamber wafer temperature is critical for fast ramp to production. Production ramp up cycle time is very important. Chamber matching in process tools is becoming a critical path item for production ramp. Monitoring chamber temperature is one of the process control parameters for thin films, plasma etch, diffusion, and clean process tools. The current method of measuring wafer temperature is manual and time consuming. Table 1 shows the Manual versus Automation method comparison. KLA-Tencor's new Factory Automation System (Fig. 1) helps simplify and automate chamber temperature data collection, supporting chamber matching activities for high volume fab ramps. This automation system utilizes a host manufacturing execution system (MES) to send Process Job/Control Job commands to SensArray FOUPs and delivers wafers via overhead hoist transfer (OHT) to process tools to collect temperature data. Upon return of the Automation FOUP and wafer, temperature data are automatically uploaded to the MES system.
On the Mean Residual Life Function in Survival Studies

In reliability studies, the expected additional life time given that a component has survived until time t is called the mean residual life function (MRLF). This MRLF determines the distribution function uniquely. In this paper an interpretation of MRLF in renewal theory is presented and some characterizations of the exponential distribution are obtained. Finally, considering the general MRLF, a method is developed for obtaining the mixing distribution when the original distribution is exponential. Some examples are discussed, in one of which Morrison’s (1978) result is obtained as a special case.
Cyclotomic Function Fields

In the last chapter we explored the arithmetic of constant field extensions and noted (as was pointed out by Iwasawa) that these extensions can be thought of as function field analogues of cyclotomic extensions of number fields. This analogy led to various conjectures about the behavior of class groups in number fields which have proved very fruitful for the development of algebraic number theory and arithmetic geometry. There is another function field analogy to cyclotomic number fields which was first discovered by L. Carlitz [3] in the late 1930s. This ingenious analogy was not well known until D. Hayes, in 1973, published an exposition of Carlitz’s idea and showed that it provided an explicit class field theory for the rational function field (see Hayes [1]). Later developments, due independently to Hayes and V. Drinfeld, showed that Carlitz’s ideas can be generalized to provide an explicit class field theory for any global function field, i.e., an explicit construction of all abelian extensions of such a field (see Drinfeld [1] and Hayes [2]). This is a complete solution to Hilbert’s 9-th problem in the function field case. Nothing remotely so satisfying is known for number fields except for the field of rational numbers (cyclotomic theory) and imaginary quadratic number fields (the theory of complex multiplication).
Long-distance mutual exclusion for propositional planning

The use of mutual exclusion (mutex) has led to significant advances in propositional planning. However, previous mutex can only detect pairs of actions or facts that cannot be arranged at the same time step. In this paper, we introduce a new class of constraints that significantly generalizes mutex and can be efficiently computed. The proposed long-distance mutual exclusion (londex) can capture constraints over actions and facts not only at the same time step but also across multiple steps. Londex provides a powerful and general approach for improving planning efficiency. As an application, we have integrated londex into SATPLAN04, a leading optimal planner. Experimental results show that londex can effectively prune the search space and reduce the planning time. The resulting planner, MaxPlan, has won the First Place Award in the Optimal Track of the 5th International Planning Competition.
Epistemic Beliefs and Their Developmental Relationship to Post-Positivist Psychology

This paper describes post-positivist epistemological assumptions and their development since the 1950s. As a vehicle for organizing the discussion, two recent articles in American Psychologist (Manicas & Secord, 1983, and Gergen, 1985) are reviewed and compared. Both articles have a similar purpose–to describe post-positivist psychology - but they differ in terms of how social reality is conceptualized. This dif - ference points to an open issue in theoretical psychology and to the role of epistemic beliefs in the world views that psychologists accept or reject. In order to emphasize the need for more attention to the psychological development of epistemic beliefs (and of psychological theorizing itself), the historical evolution of post-positivist assumptions in psychology is viewed through the lens of Perry’s (1970) theory of intellectual development. The structural similarities between individual intellectual development and the evolution of formal epistemology suggest that both individual and collective advances in psychological and philosophical reasoning take place against the same social background and result from socially given dilemmas and problems that individuals must confront.
New tricks for an old terminal driver

Users expect more out of command lines than they did fifteen years ago, but the terminal interface has not evolved to keep up with their expectations. With a few modifications, though, the terminal driver can provide every program with support for the arrow keys and several common Emacs commands.
The Concept of Progress in Psychological Theory

The deterioration of empiricist metatheory raises the critical question of whether psychological theorizing is a progressive activity. By considering psychological theories as performative rather than descriptive, a new conception of progress is invited. Theories enable scientists, as social collectives, to carry out a range of activities. During a stabilization phase theories solidify certain ranges of actions within the community. During a transformational stage, they undermine the taken for granted, and open vistas to new forms of activity - both within science and society.
Intervals of Inverse M -Matrices

If A and B are inverse M-matrices, we show that the interval determined by A and B contains only inverse M-matrices if and only if all vertices of the interval are inverse M. Limitations on strengthening such a statement are exhibited by example, and generalizations to classes of matrices defined by identically signed collections of minors are mentioned.
Impact of Induction Therapy on the Outcome of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract With the availability of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PI), most patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) receive induction therapy before autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT). In this study we evaluated the type of induction therapy and its impact on the outcome of auto-HCT in AL. We identified 128 patients with AL who underwent high-dose chemotherapy and auto-HCT at our institution between 1997 and 2013. Patients were divided into 3 groups: no induction, conventional chemotherapy (CC)-based induction (melphalan, steroids), and IMiD/PI-based induction (thalidomide, lenalidomide, or bortezomib). The hematologic response (HR) and organ response were defined according to the established criteria. Median age at auto-HCT was 58 years (range, 35 to 75). Twenty patients (15.5%) received no induction, 25 (19.5%) received CC, and 83 (65%) received IMiDs/PIs. One, 2, or 3 or more organs were involved in 90 (70%), 20 (16%), and 18 (14%) patients, respectively. After auto-HCT 12 of 20 (60%), 15 of 24 (62%), and 72 of 83 (87%) assessable patients achieved HR at 100 days in no induction, CC, and IMiD/PI groups, respectively (P = .001). Organ response at 1 year after auto-HCT was seen in 7 of 18 (39%), 14 of 24 (58%), and 37 of 79 (47%) assessable patients in no induction, CC, and IMiD/PI groups, respectively (P = .3). Achieving a hematologic complete response was associated with a significantly higher probability of achieving an organ response (P = .02). After a median follow-up of 26 months, rates of 2-year progression-free survival were 67%, 56%, and 73% in no induction, CC, and IMiD/PI groups, respectively (P = .07; hazard ratio, .5; 95% confidence interval [CI], .3 to 1.1). Rates of 2-year overall survival were 73%, 76%, and 87% in no induction, CC, and IMiD/PI groups, respectively (P = .05; hazard ratio, .4; 95% CI, .2 to .9). On multivariate analysis a low β2-microglobulin (P = .01; hazard ratio, .3; 95% CI, .1 to .7) and induction therapy with IMiD/PI (P = .01; hazard ratio, .3; 95% CI, .1 to .7) were associated with a better overall survival. Induction therapy with either CC or IMiDs/PIs is safe and feasible in selected patients with AL. IMiD/PI-based induction is associated with a longer overall survival compared with patients who received no induction or CC before auto-HCT.
Colonization and Development of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Bolts of a Native Pine Host and Six Species of Pine Grown in the Southeastern United States

Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is a major exotic pest of pines (Pinus spp.) in the Southern Hemisphere and has become established in northeastern North America. We investigated the suitability of bolts of six economically and ecologically important U.S. pine species grown in the southeastern United States, including eastern white (P. strobus L.), loblolly (P. taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Miller), shortleaf (P. echinata Miller), slash (P. elliottii Engelmann), and Virginia (P. virginiana Miller) pines and its native Eurasian host, Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), for S. noctilio reproduction. The properties of wood and resin of different pine species were also analyzed for possible correlates to S. noctilio's colonization and reproductive success on bolts. Sirex noctilio completed development on bolts within 4 mo of oviposition activities. Among the seven pine species, S. noctilio completed development in eastern white, Scots, and Virginia pines. Females tended to drill less on bolts with higher area and density of resin canals, as well as higher first 10-ring and radial stripspecific gravity. The resin of eastern white and Virginia pines had distinct extractive profiles, and eastern white pine may have two 3-carene chemotypes in the southeastern region.
“Invasive Aliens”: A Student Citizen-Science Activity Using DNA Barcoding to Investigate Concepts in Ecology & Molecular Biology

Student participation in authentic research, as citizen scientists, can improve classroom engagement, achievement of learning objectives, and perceptions of science. We present DNA barcoding of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) prey as an example student citizen-science project, though the protocols, objectives, and outcomes can be generalized to any piscivorous fish. The objective of this five-lab conservation genetics unit is to enhance student understanding of fundamental molecular and ecological concepts through applied use of DNA sequencing technologies. Student assessments were equivocal, indicating modest gains in conceptual understanding and maintenance of an overall high perception of science. More notably, student findings have contributed to an improved understanding of the impacts of invasive lionfish, including providing the first evidence that lionfish prey on economically important red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus).
Mutagenesis and Structural Studies Reveal the Basis for the Activity and Stability Properties That Distinguish the Photinus Luciferases scintillans and pyralis.

The dazzling yellow-green light emission of the common North American firefly Photinus pyralis and other bioluminescent organisms has provided a wide variety of prominent research applications like...
Lenvatinib in Management of Solid Tumors

Lenvatinib is a type I tyrosine kinase inhibitor exhibiting powerful antiangiogenic activity in cancer therapy. Displaying activity in multiple solid tumors, it has been approved in differentiated thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma as single agent or in combination. In addition, lenvatinib has shown promise in several other tumor types including medullary, anaplastic thyroid, adenoid cystic, and endometrial cancer. Exploring synergy between angiogenic and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the lenvatinib/pembrolizumab combination is poised to become the next pair of active drugs in endometrial, lung, and gastrointestinal malignancies. Despite robust activity, the drug can be difficult to tolerate. Optimization of dose and biomarkers for prediction of efficacy and toxicities will be of great help. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Readers will be presented with an update on U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of lenvatinib and suggestions for off-label use in thyroid cancer and adenoid cystic carcinomas. They will become familiarized with the common side effects, frequency, and predicators of response. In addition, they will learn that different strengths of lenvatinib are prescribed and why. Finally, readers are pointed to the latest efforts to combine lenvatinib and pembrolizumab, as well as to unresolved issues such as long-term side effects/toxicities of this drug.
GaAs pHEMT Single Pole Double Throw(SPDT) RF Switch Failure Analysis

SPDT radio frequency (RF) switch which fabricated in GaAs pHMET technology was field return. Failure analysis was performed on the typical sample. Some failed units can recover after baking in high temperature chamber, which seemed to be fake failure. During non destructive analysis such as X-ray & C-SAM, no abnormality was found. After decapsulation, die surface was clean and integrated. Through OBIRCH test, hot spot was detected on the surface of a Metal-insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitor. Then FIB cut was implemented on the spot, cross section SEM image shown insufficient passivation coverage and dielectric crack in the MIM cap. According to the failure phenomenon and pHEMT technology structure, the failure mechanism was discussed. In the end of the paper, design based corrective action and reliability test were recommended to improve product reliability.
Abstract A29: The gastric cancer-associated mutations R5W and Y42C in the RAS homologous RHOA protein cause distinct biochemical alterations, exhibit gain-of-function signaling and oncogenic activities

Missense mutations of the RAS homologous RHOA gene have recently been identified in ~25% of diffuse gastric cancer (DGC). Unexpectedly, in contrast to the gain-of-function hotspot mutations found in RAS in cancer, DGC-associated RHOA mutations (e.g., R5W, Y42C) are localized at different hotspots that instead suggest loss-of-function alterations. First, we utilized bacterially expressed recombinant proteins and determined the biochemical consequences of these mutations on RHOA function. We found that RHOA WT and Y42C, but not R5W nucleotide exchange, was catalyzed by the ECT2 RhoGEF. Similarly, WT and Y42C, but not R5W GTP hydrolysis activity, was stimulated by the p190RhoGAP. Surprisingly, Y42C and to a lesser degree R5W exhibited impaired intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity. Interestingly, Y42C showed both loss- and gain-of-function interaction with effectors. Second, we ectopically expressed WT and mutant RHOA proteins in NIH/3T3 fibroblast, and surprisingly, found that Y42C and R5W, similar to the lab-generated constitutively GTP-bound Q63L mutant (analogous to RAS Q61L), stimulated actin stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. Finally, when ectopically expressed in beta-catenin-deficient (another mutation found in gastric cancer) mouse gastric organoids, Y42C disrupted the 3D architecture and induced a DGC-like phenotype in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our studies suggest mutation-specific biochemical defects that act as gain-of-function oncogenic RHOA mutations. Citation Format: Antje Schaefer, Richard G. Hodge, Devon R. Blake, Haisheng Zhang, Adam J. Bass, Channing J. Der. The gastric cancer-associated mutations R5W and Y42C in the RAS homologous RHOA protein cause distinct biochemical alterations, exhibit gain-of-function signaling and oncogenic activities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A29.