cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiscale modeling of interface-mediated mechanical, thermal, and mass transport in heterogeneous materials: Perspectives and applications

In this perspective, we: (a) characterize the multiscale nature of the mechanical (plasticity, fracture, twinning, and phase transformations) and thermal behavior, as well as the mass transport behavior in a variety of materials with microstructure complexities; (b) examine the applicability of several representative experimental/computational techniques/approaches in identifying the mechanisms underlying the interface-dictated mechanical, thermal, and mass transport; (c) highlight the need for the development of multiscale methods that can address atomistic and continuum descriptions of materials within one framework, together with our preliminary attempts in this regard. This perspective, together with the relevant papers collected in this focus issue, will inspire researchers to further develop advanced theories, algorithms, and software implementation for bottom-up predictive simulation of the deformation, thermal, and diffusion behavior of advanced materials. Such methods can support the design and development of materials with desired combinations of properties, for example high strength/ductility/toughness, low/high thermal/ionic conductivity, corrosion-/irradiation-resistance.
Quality of Dietary Intake in Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Pilot Study.

Background Children with developmental disabilities have a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. The role and contribution of their diet to weight status is poorly understood. Objectives This pilot study describes the dietary quality of children with spina bifida and Down syndrome compared with typically developing peers. Methods Dietary intakes of 8 children with spina bifida or Down syndrome and 4 children without developmental disabilities, aged 8 to 18 years, were collected using six 24-hour dietary recalls through Facetime. Dietary quality was assessed by application of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Results Children with spina bifida and Down syndrome had higher HEI scores when compared to typically developing peers (48.3, 52.9, and 46.2, respectively) and vegetable consumption (1.9, 2.6, and 1.4, respectively). All groups had undesirable intakes of saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium. Within this small sample, children with spina bifida and Down Syndrome had similar diet quality to their typically developing peers. Conclusions Further investigation in a larger sample is recommended to support the development of methods to optimize weight management in children with developmental disabilities.
Station Functions and Air Density Variations in Flutter Analysis

T TWO STUDIES HERE REPORTED are phases of a broad investigation of techniques of flutter analysis made for the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department [Contract Noa(s)-8790]. More complete accounts of the work, with full details of sample computations, are contained in the reports submitted to the Bureau. Companion reports cover applications of the Station Function method to the vibration and flutter analysis of a twin-engined aircraft and the development of methods of making and evaluating vibration tests on wings with and without concentrated masses at subcritical air speeds. All these reports may be obtained through the Bureau of Aeronautics. Contributions to the two studies covered by the present paper were made by G. Zartarian, S. M. Haley, G. Fotieo, H. J. Cunningham, P. T. Hsu, and E.'Moll0Christensen. Early survey work on the density variation scheme was done by J. Stevens, now with Chance Vought Aircraft; in some of the later work on the scheme, I. Spielberg, from Wright Field, took part. Appreciation is expressed to the Bureau of Aeronautics for its permission of the use of the material for this paper.
Studying Student Use of Self-Regulated Learning Tools in an Open-Ended Learning Environment

This paper discusses a design-based research study that we conducted in a middle school science classroom to test the effectiveness of SimSelf, an open-ended learning environment for science learning. In particular, we evaluated two tools intended to help students develop and practice the important regulatory processes of planning and monitoring. Findings showed that students who used the supporting tools as intended demonstrated effective learning of the science topic. Conversely, students who did not use the tools effectively generally achieved minimal success at their learning tasks. Analysis of these results provides a framework for redesigning the environment and highlights areas for additional scaffolding and guidance.
T Cell Priming Enhances IL-4 Gene Expression by Increasing Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells

The repetitive activation of T cells (priming) enhances the expression of many cytokines, such as IL-4, but not others, such as IL-2. Molecular mechanisms underlying selective expression of cytokines by T cells remain poorly understood. Here we show that priming of CD4 T cells selectively enhances IL-4 expression relative to IL-2 expression by a transcriptional mechanism involving nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) proteins. As detected by in vivo footprinting, priming markedly increases the activation-dependent engagement of the P0 and P1 NFAT-binding elements of the IL-4 promoter. Moreover, each proximal P element is essential for optimal IL-4 promoter activity. Activated primed CD4 T cells contain more NFAT1 and support greater NFAT-directed transcription than unprimed CD4 T cells, while activator protein 1 binding and activator protein 1-mediated transcription by both cell types is similar. Increased expression of wild-type NFAT1 substantially increases IL-4 promoter activity in unprimed CD4 T cells, suggesting NFAT1 may be limiting for IL-4 gene expression in this cell type. Furthermore, a truncated form of NFAT1 acts as a dominant-negative, reducing IL-4 promoter activity in primed CD4 T cells and confirming the importance of endogenous NFAT to increased IL-4 gene expression by effector T cells. NFAT1 appears to be the major NFAT family member responsible for the initial increased expression of IL-4 by primed CD4 T cells.
Placental transport of alcohol and its effect on maternal and fetal acid-base balance.

The placental transport of alcohol and its effect on maternal and fetal acid-base balance studied in 10 sheep experiments by the maternal infusion of a 9.75 per cent solution of alcohol-dextrose at a rate of 15 c.c. per kilogram for 1 or 2 hours. Serial maternal and fetal blood sampling during and following the alcohol infusion revealed rapid placental diffusion of alcohol, a highly significant correlation between maternal and fetal blood alcohol concentrations, and a similar peak concentration of approximately 0.230 Gm. per 100 ml. in maternal and fetal blood that differed only in time of onset during the 1 and 2 hour infusion periods. Blood alcohol concentrations remained high for several hours during the postinfusion period. A significant maternal hyperlactacidemia and hyperglycemia were noted but did not result in significant alterations in maternal acid-base balance. An initial fetal metabolic acidosis and later mixed acidosis were observed during the alcohol infusion and worsened during the postinfusion period.
The Use of Generalizability Theory in Language Assessment

The chapter provides an overview of generalizability theory and shows how generalizability theory can be used in language assessment. In particular, the chapter describes how generalizability theory can be used to design, assess, and improve the dependability of measurement procedures, and provides current conceptualizations of the relationship between generalizability theory and latent trait (item response) theory. Challenges and future directions for research on linking and using these two approaches as a way to improve the quality of behavioral measures common in language assessment are also presented. Keywords: Assessment methods; Research methods; Structural modeling
Cigarette use among Miami's public school students, 1992 : Fathers versus peers, availability, and family drug/alcohol problems

ABSTRACT This analysis examines cigarette smoking by 829 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools during 1992. Statistically significant factors which tend to increase the probability of smoking by adolescents include: the fact that their peers smoke, the fact that they are white, the fact that they are male, the ready access these adolescents have to the substance, and the fact that someone in their families has a problem with drugs or alcohol. Although not statistically significant, adolescents were more likely to smoke if they knew of the risks associated with smoking. Hence, the typical user may be a risk-taker, enjoying the dangers involved with cigarettes. The only statistically significant variable which inhibits the use of cigarettes by Miami adolescents is the fact that their father resides with them. The presence of a father in the household decreased the probability of smoking by adolescents. Although the mother's presence also had the same effect, this was not significant. If they in...
Drinking to their health: social analysis of a micronutrient-fortified beverage field trial

Anthropologic research was conducted among pregnant and lactating women in rural Tanzania in conjunction with clinical trials of a micronutrient-fortified beverage. Use of the beverage was examined through interviews and ethnographic observation in clinics and at home. Women liked the taste of the beverage, considered it beneficial to their health, preferred it to pills or injections, and most were willing and able to use it according to instructions. Most consumed the beverage according to schedule in the hope of improving pregnancy outcomes. However, public health facilities in Tanzania are not currently equipped to ensure regular delivery of micronutrient supplements, and many of the women with the worst nutrition profiles are also those who would be least able to purchase supplements on the open market. Successful distribution of micronutrient supplements in forms that appeal to consumers, such as a fortified beverage, will require programmatic attention to locally appropriate social marketing and to the challenges of reaching those with extremely low incomes.
The ConnectR From Mission Failed to Mission Accomplished: A Social Study of Why the ConnectR was Discontinued.

iRobot is a renowned company that designs some of the most successful commercial robots. One example, the Roomba, has entered and changed the dynamics of many traditional families. However, not all of their robots are successful including the ConnectR. The ConnectR was designed as a virtual visiting robot that connected estranged family members. However, the lack of social knowledge considered in the design led to its demise. Through previous research, it is hypothesized that the ConnectR failed due to challenges in aesthetics, environment, and privacy concerns. The design of the robot did not consider how people would interact with it, leaving the consumer unsatisfied. If the challenges presented are fixed the ConnectR could be a viable robot with societal implications.
Glyceraldehyde preserves glucose concentrations in whole blood specimens.

Background: Glucose concentrations decrease in blood specimens during transport/processing, primarily because of continuing metabolism (glycolysis) by erythrocytes. Several means to reduce the loss of glucose in blood specimens have been developed, but all have major drawbacks. Glyceraldehyde, which has antiglycolytic activity, was assessed for potential in preserving glucose in blood specimens. Methods: Heparinized blood from volunteers was treated with glyceraldehyde and other agents. After incubation for various times, plasma concentrations of glucose and other common analytes were determined with prevalent commercial analyzers. Results: The racemic mixture of glyceraldehyde (d,l-GA) preserved glucose concentrations for up to 8 h at room temperature. Half-maximal effect was attained with 0.9 mmol/L d,l-GA. Trials of the d and l stereoisomers individually indicated that the l isomer (l-GA) was responsible for all or most of the antiglycolytic activity of the racemic mixture. Other related compounds were ineffective. Measurements of most common clinical laboratory analytes were unaffected by the presence of d,l-GA or l-GA. Conclusions: Glyceraldehyde (d,l-GA or l-GA) effectively preserves glucose concentrations in whole blood specimens for up to 8 h. Specimens collected with d,l-GA or l-GA are suitable for analysis of many analytes commonly comeasured with glucose.
Modulator applications in high energy accelerators

The characteristics of hard-tube, line-type, and magnetic modulators for high-energy accelerators are examined. It is noted that the engineer should choose the simplest of these three types that will satisfy his requirements. From a system viewpoint it should be every engineer's goal to minimize the number of times that he handles the power, starting with the 60 Hz line no matter which type of modulator is used. In high energy accelerators, specifically those which are driven by RF devices, the modulator of choice has been the line-type switched by a thyratron. This type of modulator satisfies the need to reliably drive these experimental machines for many thousands of hours at high repetition rates. In the case of induction accelerators which are high-current devices (low impedance) and are driven by modulators directly, the magnetic modulator may be the only choice if high repetition rates are required. >
FIT biopsy for conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma with extensive intraocular invasion

Dear Editor, Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) [conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] are the most common conjunctival malignancy in the United States, occurring with the incidence of 0.03 cases per 100,000 persons. While OSSN can be locally aggressive, intraocular involvement is infrequent [1, 2]. Histopathologic confirmation of intraocular invasion can be obtained through various diagnostic techniques. Herein, we present a patient with extensive intraocular involvement by SCC, diagnosed with the aid of biopsy with a 25-gauge aspiration-cutter [Finger iridectomy technique (FIT)]. A 73-year-old woman presented with a white, vascular, dome-shaped, nasal limbal lesion, which extended onto adjacent inferonasal right cornea (Fig. 1a). A high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy showed no anterior chamber involvement [3]. Excisional biopsy with cryotherapy was performed. Histopathology showed well-differentiated keratinizing SCC (Fig. 1b), with approximately 40% Ki67 proliferation marker labelling index, extending to lateral, but not to deep surgical margins. The patient underwent a course of topical mitomycin-C (0.02%) and was followed closely. Two months after the surgery the epithelial tumour recurred in the region adjacent to the primary site, and the patient had a second course of mitomycin-C. A month later, she presented complaining of pain in her eye. Marked enlargement of conjunctival tumour was noted, associated with increased intraocular pressure, anterior chamber cells, and a mass in the nasal anterior chamber angle (Fig. 2a). The intraocular lesion was biopsied using the FIT. Briefly, A 25-gauge aspiration-cutter (vitrector) was introduced under sodium hyaluronate 1% and through a 1-mm peripheral clear corneal incision. Aspiration (600 mmHg) cutting (300 cpm) was performed to obtain specimens for cytology and histopathology. The detailed methodology of this technique is described in the referenced text [4]. Cytopathologic evaluation of biopsy material revealed dysplastic keratinizing squamous cells and tissue consistent with intraocular invasion by SCC (Fig. 2b). In the course of the next several weeks, the patient developed increasing right eye pain, vitreous debris, and serous retinal detachment. She was advised to undergo orbital exenteration for local tumour control. Histopathologic evaluation of the orbital exenteration specimen revealed well-differentiated SCC. The tumour cells involved the anterior orbit, entered the eye via anterior emissary canals, and infiltrated the anterior chamber angle, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2008) 246:467–469 DOI 10.1007/s00417-007-0712-4
Binding of ligands to the inorganic pyrophosphatase of bakers' yeast.

Binding studies of ligands to the inorganic pyrophosphatase of bakers' yeast were performed by means of the following techniques: flow dialysis, an electrode sensitive to divalent metal ions, difference spectroscopy and kinetic measurements. The effects of tyrosine modification on binding (and vice versa) were also studied. The results were: 1 There exist per enzyme molecule four binding sites for the divalent metal ions, presumably two per subunit. Two of the four binding sites are identical with the activator sites postulated from previous kinetic experiments. Binding to these sites induces spectral changes which are similar for all the metal ions. The association constants fall in the order Mn2+ > Co2+ > Mg2+. The role of the other binding sites is still unknown. 2 Calcium pyrophosphate is bound at two sites per enzyme molecule. It is a good analogue to the actual substrates, i.e. pyrophosphate complexes of Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, since it is bound tightly but is not split by the pyrophosphatase. It protects the enzyme effectively against inactivation by nitration of tyrosines with tetranitromethane. 3 PPi in the absence of divalent metal ions is weakly bound and is therefore a bad substrate analogue. Pi is also only weakly bound. It is concluded that a stable covalent phosphoryl-enzyme is not formed under the experimental conditions. 4 Nitration of an active tyrosine residue in the substrate-binding site weakens the binding of Co2+ to the activator site by a factor of about 6 while the affinity of calcium pyrophosphate to the substrate site probably completely vanishes.
Abnormal Ocular Pneumoplethysmographic Results in Unilateral Neovascular Glaucoma

• Little is known about the predictive value of ocular pneumoplethysmography in patients with ophthalmic disease. We evaluated eight patients with unilateral increased intraocular pressure due to neovascular glaucoma who did not have evidence of severe extracranial carotid stenosis by duplex scanning and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. The ophthalmic systolic pressure measured by ocular pneumoplethysmography was decreased in the affected eye of all eight patients, indicating that neovascular glaucoma may be a cause of abnormal ocular pneumoplethysmographic results. Patients with neovascular glaucoma tended to have larger interocular ophthalmic systolic pressure differences than other patients with false-positive ocular pneumoplethysmographic results by noninvasive criteria.
Ultrastructure and Development of Pleistophora ronneafiei n. sp., a Microsporidium (Protista) in the Skeletal Muscle of an Immune-Compromised Individual

This report provides a detailed ultrastructural study of the life cycle, including proliferative and sporogonic developmental stages, of the first Pleistophora species (microsporidium) obtained from an immune-incompetent patient. In 1985, the organism obtained from a muscle biopsy was initially identified as belonging to the genus Pleistophora, based on spore morphology and its location in a sporophorous vesicle. Since that initial report, at least two new microsporidial genera, Trachipleistophora and Brachiola, have been reported to infect the muscle tissue of immunologically compromised patients. Because Trachipleistophora development is similar to Pleistophora, and as Pleistophora was only known to occur in cold-blooded hosts, the question of the proper classification of this microsporidium arose. The information acquired in this study makes it possible to compare Pleistophora sp. (Ledford et al. 1985) to the known human infections and properly determine its correct taxonomic position. Our ultrastructural data have revealed the formation of multinucleate sporogonial plasmodia, a developmental characteristic of the genus Pleistophora and not Trachipleistophora. A comparison with other species of the genus supports the establishment of a new species. This parasite is given the name Pleistophora ronneafiei n. sp.
Marshallian vs. Walrasian Stability in an Experimental Market

The experiments discussed below are an attempt to examine concepts of stability as found in economic textbooks. Two concepts of stability, which stem from two different concepts of market adjustment, seem to have dominated thinking. Whilst these two concepts are typically called Walras stability and Marshall stability, some controversy exists over the extent to which these two models represent their respective thinking. No doubt the current formal statements of the theories reflect an evolution of the ideas through the work of many theorists. The terminology is retained for convenience. Regardless of their origins, these two concepts lead to competing hypotheses about the conditions under which market instability will be observed so the subject is a natural one for experimental investigation. Furthermore, since this is the first experimental examination of the stability of equilibria, the strategy is to inquire about stability in the context of these two classical models and to avoid the temptation to attempt to extend them or integrate them with more modern theory. The old models have not been checked. They seem to be an appropriate place to start.
Revision of Sauvagella Bertin (Clupeidae; Pellonulinae; Ehiravini) with a Description of a New Species from the Freshwaters of Madagascar and Diagnosis of the Ehiravini

Abstract The Madagascan genus Sauvagella is revised and a new species, Sauvagella robusta, from the Ambomboa River (Sofia drainage) described. Preliminary analysis suggests Sauvagella is an ehiravin and that the pellonuline tribe Ehiravini is monophyletic. The immediate relationships of Sauvagella appear to lie with the single other ehiravin genus from Madagascan waters, Spratellomorpha. Reports of the occurrence of Gilchristella in Madagascan waters are in error.
Nucieation on metal ions in supersaturated vapors

Novel experiments on metal-ion nucleation using laser vaporization / ionization in a diffusion cloud chamber are presented.
Does Contractility Modulation Have a Role in the Treatment of Heart Failure

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with systolic dysfunction, QRS duration greater than 120 ms, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV symptoms. However, most patients with heart failure have QRS duration below 120 ms and 30% or more of CRT recipients are nonresponders. Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) signals are nonexcitatory electrical impulses applied during the absolute refractory period that are intended to enhance contractile strength independent of QRS duration. Myocardial biopsy studies suggest that modulation of protein phosphorylation and gene expression underlie the mechanisms by which CCM exerts its effects. Two prospective randomized studies have investigated the impact of CCM on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. These studies have included predominantly patients with NYHA class III heart failure with QRS duration below 130 ms. This review summarizes results of these clinical studies and outlines additional studies underway to further clarify the role of CCM in the treatment of heart failure.
Managing factory automation projects

Abstract Implementing advanced manufacturing technologies such as flexible manufacturing systems and CAD/CAM has been much more difficult and lengthy for companies than expected. Out of necessity, firms have thus turned to project management approaches to achieve the benefits of these automated systems within reasonable time and cost limitations. In general, project management has worked well for such complex systems, particularly where standard project management tools have been employed in the process. This paper illustrates the major project management concepts and techniques used in a number of industrial automation projects. The focus is on project planning, implementation, and control, including the issues of budgeting, scheduling, resource allocation, monitoring, information system design, and post-auditing.
Effects of Rice Batter on Oil Uptake and Sensory Quality of Coated Fried Okra

: Okra was coated and deep-fat fried with batters of flour sources including rice flour, a mixture of rice flour and small amounts of pregelatinized rice flour (PGRF), and, as a control, traditional wheat flour. The addition of PGRF, up to 8%, enhanced batter viscosity and the coating properties of the rice batter. Oil uptake of the fried batter decreased with the addition of up to 5% PGRF. Rice flour fried batters, with and without PGRF, were found to absorb substantially lower oil, by as much as 51 %, compared with the wheat batter. The fried okra coated with the rice batter containing 5% PGRF, when evaluated for sensory properties on appearance and surface attributes, was found to be superior or equal to those with the wheat batter and rice batter without PGRF. Particularly, its golden brown color is considered more desirable than the lighter yellow color of the other 2 entities. Similarly, most of its 1st-bite and after-chew properties were slightly better and were in the normal range of commercially available products. Specifically, its distinctive crispiness is considered a positive attribute, whereas its slightly higher tooth packing properties, while remaining in the range of commercial products, may be noticeable to some consumers.
The Impact of Legislation and Litigation on Discipline and Student Behavior in the Classroom

In this article, the authors examine the effect of legislation and litigation on the discipline of public school students. The authors explore how the courts have influenced discipline in schools, discuss the laws that affect discipline, provide a brief overview of students' rights in public schools, discuss the discipline of students with disabilities, and offer principles that administrators and teachers should follow when disciplining students with disabilities and those without disabilities.
Structure–Function Analysis of Friedreich’s Ataxia Mutants Reveals Determinants of Frataxin Binding and Activation of the Fe–S Assembly Complex

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with the loss of function of the protein frataxin (FXN) that results from low FXN levels due to a GAA triplet repeat expansion or, occasionally, from missense mutations in the FXN gene. Here biochemical and structural properties of FXN variants, including three FRDA missense mutations (N146K, Q148R, and R165C) and three related mutants (N146A, Q148G, and Q153A), were determined in an effort to understand the structural basis for the loss of function. In vitro assays revealed that although the three FRDA missense mutations exhibited similar losses of cysteine desulfurase and Fe-S cluster assembly activities, the causes for these activation defects were distinct. The R165C variant exhibited a k(cat)/K(M) higher than that of native FXN but weak binding to the NFS1, ISD11, and ISCU2 (SDU) complex, whereas the Q148R variant exhibited the lowest k(cat)/K(M) of the six tested FXN variants and only a modest binding deficiency. The order of the FXN binding affinities for the SDU Fe-S assembly complex was as follows: FXN > Q148R > N146A > Q148G > N146K > Q153A > R165C. Four different classes of FXN variants were identified on the basis of their biochemical properties. Together, these structure-function studies reveal determinants for the binding and allosteric activation of the Fe-S assembly complex and provide insight into how FRDA missense mutations are functionally compromised.
Kinetics of polymethylmethacrylate particle-induced inhibition of osteoprogenitor differentiation and proliferation.

Periprosthetic bone loss induced by implant wear debris may be a combined effect of osteolysis and reduced bone formation resulting from particle-induced suppression of osteoprogenitor differentiation. This study investigated the time-dependent effects of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles on the osteogenic capability of bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells during the early phase of differentiation. Murine bone marrow cells were challenged with PMMA particles (0.30% v/v) on the first day of growth in osteogenic medium. Particles were removed from culture after 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively, after which cell growth in osteogenic medium was continued until the 15th day. Bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells exposed to particles during the first 5 days of differentiation showed complete, irreversible inhibition of proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression, and mineralization. Osteoprogenitors exposed to particles for more than 5 days showed the same degree of inhibition, while those exposed to particles for less than 5 days showed a diminished inhibitory response. Conditioned medium from particle-treated cells did not suppress osteogenic development, demonstrating that suppression of osteogenesis was not due to secreted inhibitory factors. This study has shown that the early phase of osteoprogenitor differentiation is a crucial time period during which exposure to PMMA particles causes irreversible inhibition of osteogenesis. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:450–457, 2007
Theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and instructional issues in research on metacognition and self-regulated learning: A discussion

Learning typically involves the use of numerous self-regulatory processes such as planning, knowledge activation, metacognitive monitoring and regulation, and reflection (Azevedo 2009; Azevedo and Hadwin 2005; Graesser et al. 2005; Schraw 2006; Veenman et al. 2006; Zimmerman 2008). According to Pintrich (2000), self-regulated learning (SRL) is an active, constructive process whereby students set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate, and control their cognition, motivation, and behavior guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in the environment. Most models of SRL propose a general time-ordered sequence that students follow as they perform a task, but there is no strong assumption that the various phases (such as planning, monitoring, control) are hierarchically or linearly structured such that earlier phases must occur before later phases (see Ainley and Patrick 2006; Azevedo and Witherspoon 2009; Boekaerts et al. 2000; Butler and Winne 1995; Efklides 2008; Flavell 1979; Greene and Azevedo 2007; Hacker et al. 1998, 2007; Pintrich 2000; Schraw 2006; Schraw and Moshman 1995; Schunk 2001, 2005; Winne 2001; Winne and Hadwin 1998, 2008; Zimmerman 1989, 2001, 2006, 2008; Zimmerman and Schunk 2001). As an example, imagine a student using a computer simulation to learn about the cardiovascular system. One could imagine this self-regulated learner would analyze the learning situation, set meaningful goals, and determine which strategies to use given the task conditions. In addition, the student may generate motivational beliefs based on prior experience with the topic, ability to use a non-traditional computerized environment, Metacognition Learning (2009) 4:87–95 DOI 10.1007/s11409-009-9035-7
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA Not Detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction In Air Samples From Hospital Rooms of Tuberculosis Patients.

Background : As the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) increased in the United States, the risk of occupational and nosocomial TB also increased. Airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is difficult to measure directly. Quantifying MTB DNA by polymerase chain reaction in air samples obtained from isolation rooms of patients with TB would provide a measure of the number of airborne organisms produced by a patient and the efficacy of ventilation, and might predict when an individual patient is no longer infectious. Methods and Results : The air was sampled through cellulose ester filters from the isolation room of a patient with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB, from a patient on therapy for TB for 14 days, and from adjacent offices, and an attempt was made to detect MTB DNA; however, MTB DNA was detected only on positive control filters. Conclusions : Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not detected by polymerase chain reaction in air samples from the rooms of two patients with pulmonary TB. This may have been due to the large number of room air changes with resultant rapid clearance of airborne droplet nuclei or to the limited air volume sampled. A sensitive molecular assay of airborne MTB could be used to monitor the efficacy of infection control measures by sampling a sufficient volume of isolation room air and could aid in determining when an individual patient was no longer infectious.
Mysteries in the Night: An Exploratory Study of Student Use and Perceptions of 24/5 Hours

The Oregon State University Valley Library has been open 24 hours per day, five days per week, during regular academic terms since 2010. The authors collected survey data during 2012 to explore how students used the hours and whether they perceived that the provision of 24/5 hours contributes to their academic success. Nearly 90% of the respondents believed that their use of the overnight hours made a difference in their performance. The demographic, usage, and perception of value data collected provide a useful snapshot of overnight usage in this exploratory study.
Lifestyle behaviors in Massachusetts adult cancer survivors

Introduction Adoption of healthy lifestyles in cancer survivors has potential to reduce subsequent adverse health. We sought to determine the prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol use, and physical inactivity among cancer survivors overall and site-specific survivors.
Capsular polysaccharides from a parent strain and from a possible, mutant strain of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A.

Abstract The capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A and from a possible, mutant strain thereof have been structurally analyzed. The latter material is similar to the capsular antigen of C. neoformans serotype D.
Disposition of neurotransmitters in experimental mouse glioma

Abstract Uptake, release and metabolism of norepinephrine, serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid have been examined in slices of experimental mouse glioma and cerebrum. In contrast to brain slices, the distribution of these compounds in glioma slices fails to indicate an active concentrating mechanism. While electrical field stimulation of glioma slices did not enhance the efflux of norepinephrine-H 3 , evoked release of serotonin-H 3 and γ-aminobutyric acid-H 3 could be demonstrated. Monoamine oxidase activity in glioma was 75% of activity in brain while catechol-0-methyltransferase activity in glioma was 71% of that in brain. These findings support the contention that neuroglial tissue may modulate control of central synaptic transmission.
A gradient technique for an optimal control problem governed by a system of nonlinear first order partial differential equations

In this paper a class of optimal control problems with distributed parameters is considered. The governing equations are nonlinear first order partial differential equations that arise in the study of heterogeneous reactors and control of chemical processes. The main focus of the present paper is the mathematical theory underlying the algorithm. A conditional gradient method is used to devise an algorithm for solving such optimal control problems. A formula for the Frechet derivative of the objective function is obtained, and its properties are studied. A necessary condition for optimality in terms of the Frechet derivative is presented, and then it is shown that any accumulation point of the sequence of admissible controls generated by the algorithm satisfies this necessary condition for optimality.
Estimating Postural Control With the Balance Rehabilitation Unit: Measurement Consistency, Accuracy, Validity, and Comparison With Dynamic Posturography

Abstract Objective To examine the psychometric properties (test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, construct validity) of the Balance Rehabilitation Unit (BRU) during testing of sensory integration processes in healthy adults and individuals with vestibular disorders. Design Experimental cross-sectional design. Setting Clinic. Participants Participants (N=90) included 30 subjects with vestibular disorders (age range, 18–85y), 30 young healthy adults (age range, 18–50y), and 30 older healthy adults (age range, 60–85y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants were tested twice with the BRU and once with the SMART EquiTest Sensory Organization Test (SOT). The center of pressure (COP) in the anteroposterior direction (COP ap ) and the COP in the mediolateral direction (COP ml ) were recorded. The COP ap and COP ml time series were used to estimate the area and velocity of the COP. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient of the COP area and velocity measures for the BRU for all subjects was at least .76 in all sensory organization conditions ( P Conclusions The reliability and validity of COP measurements obtained during testing of the sensory integration processes were demonstrated using the BRU. Future work should examine the responsiveness of these measures when individuals with balance disorders participate in rehabilitation.
Avaliação de Coberturas de Cabanas de Maternidade em Sistema Intensivo de Suínos Criados ao Ar Livre (Siscal), no Verão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental thermal conditions of different maternity hut covering materials, in the summer period through the following treatments: 1) maternity hut with polystyrene fecula covering 2) maternity hut with isolation of aluminum covering 3) maternity hut with screen and grass covering 4) maternity hut with canvas and grass covering 5) outdoor environment 6) under shade a tree. The six treatments were arranged in a randomized split-plot design where the six treatments were in the plot with five schedules hours in the subplots and three replicates. Sow lactantes Landrace x Large White were alloted at random considering farrowing order. Relative Humidity Air (RH), Air Speed, and Environmental Temperature (Te) data were determined and Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) and the Radiant Thermic Load (RTL) were calculated. The materials used as maternity hut covering improved the animal thermal comfort but they were not enough to assist ideal conditions for thermal comfort.
On solution stability of the linear complementarity problem

In the paper [5], C. D Ha introduced the notion of stability of a linear complementarity problem at a solution point and established several sufficient conditions for stability to hold. In the present paper, we derive some new stability results which significantly improve Ha's results. Included in these new results are i a complete characterization of the stability condition under a nonsingularity assumption, and ii further characterizations of solution stability in the case of a linear complementarity problem with a fully semimonotone matrix.
Adenocarcinoma of the colon associated with ureterosigmoidostomy: report of a case.

It has become apparent that patients with ureterosigmoidostomies have an increased susceptibility to tumors of the colon. These may have either gastrointestinal or urologic manifestations. Physicians following such patients must be ever alert for early evidence of these neoplasms.
Analysis of design strategies for Dammann gratings

Dammann gratings are binary phase diffractive optical elements that may be used to split an incoming beam of light into a one- or two-dimensional array of beams. The 1D gratings can be designed for different numbers of diffraction orders (N). For a given value of N there are 2(N-1 possible 1D solutions. Each solution is distinguished by a particular sign combination of the phases of the diffraction orders and is obtained by optimizing the N adjustable length elements in the grating design. The number of iterations required and the likelihood of converging on a solution is strongly dependent upon the starting point of the iterative process. In an effort to produce an efficient way of designing the gratings for larger N, a methodology to select the starting point was developed. The relationship between efficiency and sign combination of the phases was studied to determine which phase combinations were most likely to produce higher efficiency solutions.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
"Freedom and Responsibility in Research" Comments

We are pleased to be invited to join in the discussion of the issues which the Editor opened up in the editorial in Human Organization, Volume 17, Number 2, pp. 1-2.
The relationship between leader fit and transformational leadership

Purpose – The aim of the current study is to further understanding of transformational leadership antecedents by examining a gap in the literature that fails to address the relationship between leader fit and transformational leader behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – This study examined the relationship between leaders' person‐organization fit, needs‐supplies fit, and demands‐abilities fit and transformational leader behavior using a sample of 215 leaders in ten organizations, their supervisors, and 1,284 followers.Findings – Demands‐abilities fit was positively related to transformational leadership, whereas person‐organization fit was negatively related. Transformational leadership was also related to leader effectiveness (rated by the leaders' own supervisors) and mediated the relationship between demands‐abilities fit and supervisor ratings of leader effectiveness.Research limitations/implications – Although demands‐abilities fit was positively related to transformational leadership, these result...
Comparison of the Relative Reactivities of the Triisopropylsilyl Group With Two Fluorous Analogs

The relative stabilities of two fluorous analogs, diisopropyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)silyl and diisopropyl-(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadeca-fluoroundecyl)silyl [C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(n)Si(i-Pr)(2), where n = 2 or 3], of the standard triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) group are compared in the setting of alcohol protection. The fluorous silyl groups can be installed under standard conditions in comparable yields to the TIPS group, but the derived fluorous silyl ethers are more labile than TIPS ethers towards cleavage by both acids and fluoride.
Out with motivation, in with engagement employee relations

If their goal is to improve performance, organizational leaders who ask,“What can we do to better motivate our workers?” may be posing the wrong question. Experience and research show that motivation, which relies on manipulation and control, is a flawed concept that does not result in organizational or individual achievement.Engagement, on the other hand, is constructed on self-determination,interest, enjoyment,participation, and challenge. Stressing learning and involvement, it is a more valuable key to eliciting effective and productive work from today's knowledge workers. ©1999 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
In-utero and neonatal exposure to secondhand smoke causes vascular dysfunction in newborn rats.

Abstract Objectives. We sought to determine the effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on vascular reactivity in newborn and infant rats. Background. Secondhand smoke exposure increases cardiovascular risk. Secondhand smoke–induced endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in older teenagers and young adults. We have previously shown in adult rabbits that SHS induces atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. The effects of SHS on vascular function in the offspring of SHS-exposed mothers and in infants are unknown. Methods. In this study the effects of in-utero (21 days) and neonatal (28 days) exposure to SHS were examined in 80 rats, 4 weeks of age, in a 2-by-2 design study. Rats were exposed to sidestream smoke in smoking chambers. Aortic rings were excised and isometric force responses to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, A23187 and nitroglycerin were studied in organ baths. Results. Neonatal SHS exposure reduced animal weight (p = 0.009). In-utero exposure increased the sensitivity (decreased the EC50) of aortic rings to phenylephrine (p Conclusions. Secondhand smoke has detrimental effects on vascular smooth muscle function in the newborn.
Evaluation of the Lame Patient

Competence in evaluating lameness is vital for the veterinary practitioner. This skill is becoming even more important with the increasing popularity of large-breed dogs and the corresponding increase in the number of developmental orthopedic problems seen on a day-to-day basis. A proper physical examination of the lame patient is essential to the management of the case. This article reviews the initial evaluation of the lame veterinary patient without dwelling on the specific differential diagnoses and corresponding treatments.
Introducers and protective sleeves may increase thrombogenicity of pulmonary artery catheters.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the cause of clot formation on the surface of non-heparin coated/bonded pulmonary artery catheters. Design: A controlled, unblinded, open-labeled study. Setting: Research laboratory at Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. Participants: Rhesus and African Green monkeys. Interventions: Anesthetized monkeys (n = 24) were assigned to one of two groups. The first group (group A) had a pulmonary artery catheter inserted into a femoral vein through a cutdown without passage through an introducer or protective sleeve before insertion. In the second group (group B), the pulmonary artery catheter was passed through an introducer and protective sleeve before insertion in the femoral vein. After the study, the animals were returned to the primate breeding colony. Laboratory values were measured for each animal, and electron micrographs were taken of selected pulmonary artery catheters before and after passage of these catheters through the introducer sheath and/or protective sleeve. Measurements and Main Results: Between the two groups, there was a significant difference in fibrinogen level, but not in hematocrit, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet count. Clots were visible on 11 of 12 catheters in group B, which was statistically significant (p Conclusion: The data from this study show that the incidence of clot formation and amount of clot formed on the surface of non-heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters are significantly greater after passage through an introducer and/or protective sleeve. The electron micrographs also show that both introducers and protective sleeves abraded the catheters and were associated with thrombus formation on the catheter. Designing less traumatic valves on these devices is warranted and recommended.
Rice Grain Morphological Characteristics Correlate with Grain Weight and Milling Quality

ABSTRACT Using image analysis technology, the morphological measurements of paddy, brown (BR), and milled (MR) grains of 408 rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines representing a wide range of grain morphology were obtained, and the measurements' relationships with grain weight, milling quality, and chalkiness were investigated. The principal component analysis identified two morphological traits with a total variance of 95.7% in MR. Weight of MR was modeled as a function of the principal components using linear regression (R2 = 0.95). For milling quality measurements, dominance analyses indicated that single grain weight of the paddy and BR grains were two primary parameters in determination of BR and MR recovery, whereas surface area, perimeter, and diameter were primary parameters that controlled head milled rice (HR) recovery. All measured morphological properties (surface area, perimeter, diameter, length, width, length-to-width ratio, roundness, and thickness) and grain weight significantly correlated with pe...