cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Need for Faith and Work Equipping and Training

Previous chapters have established that there is an interactive relationship between religious beliefs, organizations, and culture; that the meaning of work is complex and nuanced; and that God created us in His image to be like him and work with him to care for the created order. It has also been shown that, while there may be challenges to integrating faith and work, there are numerous benefits. When Christians engage in work, some of this work is accomplished within the context of the gathered church, such as spreading the gospel and caring for the less fortunate. Yet, even more of this is work is performed in the scattered church that is in the outside marketplace. However, because of sin and the brokenness of the world, working in a way that serves and honors God does not always come naturally. In some cases, those Christians who wish to integrate their faith in the workplace are not supported or are even stymied by organizations and their leaders. This is in spite of the legal protection provided against religious discrimination in the United States, and the substantial evidence provided in Chap. 6 that it can be very beneficial when faith and spirituality are part of the workplace culture. Others have commented on the existence of a Sunday-Monday gap between what the church provides its followers and what is needed during the rest of the week (Miller, 2007; Nash, 2001).
Electrochemically active surface area controls HER activity for FexNi100−x films in alkaline electrolyte

Abstract The synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of FexNi100−x electrochemically deposited films were investigated. Films were evaluated for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media with respect to composition and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). Results demonstrate that films of higher or equal Fe content had an ECSA tenfold greater than films with higher Ni. When normalized by geometric surface area, Fe50Ni50 films required the lowest overpotential of −390 mV to reach a current density of −10 mA cm−2. However, when normalized by the ECSA, intrinsic HER activity increases as Ni content increases. Tafel slope, ECSA, microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy analyses allow a decoupled analysis of surface area versus activity effects on overall measured HER activity. These analyses collectively demonstrate that the increase in electrocatalytic activity is attributed to the increase in ECSA and not to an enhancement in the intrinsic activity by Fe and Ni component interactions.
A concept analysis of remission within the domain of cancer survivorship.

Aim This concept analysis aims to formulate a unique theoretical definition of the term remission as used in cancer survivorship. Background Inadequate communication between healthcare providers and cancer survivors is a shared burden affecting survivor well-being. Healthcare providers regularly use the term remission in cancer prognosis, treatment, and long-term cancer management; yet, how healthcare providers and cancer survivors define and interpret the concept of remission is less understood. Design The Walker and Avant method of concept analysis was applied to define the term remission within the domain of cancer survivorship. DATA SOURCE: Three health sciences databases were chosen for the literature search, including PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Ovid Medline. REVIEW METHODS: Included research articles were evaluated to define the antecedents, attributes, consequences, and empirical referents of the term remission. Results A cancer diagnosis is the most commonly cited antecedent to cancer remission. During remission, most cancer patients are free of measurable or symptomatic disease; however, the remission milestone is complemented by multiple physical and psychological symptoms. More specific cancer remission attributes include anxiety, recurrence fears, self-perseverance, and loss of social support. Both positive and negative outcomes accompany cancer remission, including acceptance of the treatment journey, appreciation for life, hope, persistent anxiety, personal relief, and triggered memories. Conclusions This concept analysis reviewed numerous publications to understand remission in the context of cancer survivorship. Advanced practice and registered nurses have a continued opportunity to improve the communication methods of patient-centered teaching and care planning for cancer patients in remission.
Anesthetic Management for Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has evolved as a less invasive alternative for conventional cardiac surgery that utilizes full median sternotomy. Currently employed procedures that utilize the minimally invasive approach encompass mitral valve surgery, aortic valve surgery, and less commonly coronary artery bypass and right atrial surgery. MICS has fulfilled its promise of fast-tracking and reducing some perioperative morbidities compared with conventional approaches. Adequate patient selection, surgical experience in the techniques, preparedness for conversion to full sternotomy, and, above all, adequate communication between surgeons and anesthesiologists are key to the safe conduct of MICS. Future studies should focus on comparing outcomes between MICS and the recently validated percutaneous valve surgery. Longer-term outcomes of both techniques are crucial for optimal patient selection of either technique.
The place and significance of comparative trials in German agricultural writings around 1800.

This paper discusses the place and significance of comparative trials in German agricultural writings around 1800. In the second half of the eighteenth century, practitioners of agriculture began t...
Experimental determination and analysis of the transverse pressure difference in a wire-wrapped rod bundle

Abstract Wire-wrapped rod bundles are widely used in different applications for their enhanced heat transfer capability. The complex behavior of the flow in these rod bundles is strongly affected by the geometrical parameters, and flow regime. Experimental measurements of the transverse pressure difference (between adjacent faces) of a replica of a 61-rod wire-wrapped hexagonal bundle have been conducted under a wide range of Reynolds number (3,000–18,000), to study the effects of the wire azimuthal position for transition and turbulent flow regimes. As a result of the higher horizontal velocity, the transverse pressure difference was found to increase with the bundle Reynolds number. At higher Reynolds number, the maximum (positive) transverse pressure difference between two adjacent faces occurred when the wire is directed at the corner between these faces ( θ = 0 ∘ ), with the minimum (negative) occurring at a wire azimuthal location of θ = 120 ∘ . Pressure at adjacent walls equalizes at an angle 60 ∘ θ 120 ∘ , and near θ = − 90 ∘ . For the lower Reynolds numbers investigated, a positive minimum pressure difference was observed at θ = 0 ∘ . The experimental results improved the understanding of the flow behavior in wire-wrapped bundles, and provided a unique set of data that can be used for validation of high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics codes.
More to Cryptos than Bitcoin: A GARCH Modelling of Heterogeneous Cryptocurrencies

Abstract This paper explores the risk and return characteristics of a large and diverse cross section of 254 cryptocurrencies that differ in traded volume and main usage. First, we find long memory, volatility clustering, heavy tails, and negative leverage effects to be common features of cryptocurrencies’ return behavior. Second, GARCH models accounting for these features provide the best goodness-of-fit properties. About 80% of cryptocurrencies are well described by Student's t (stud) GARCH specifications with the TGARCH-stud chosen for about 20% of the sample. We then compare out-of-sample 1%-Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecasts under 48 specifications using standard backtesting procedures. Heavy-tailed VaR specifications outperform all normally distributed alternatives. Throughout the analysis, differences emerge when results are broken down by traded volume and usage categories. Overall, our findings have important implications for investors, policymakers, and regulators for the understanding and measuring of market risk in the cryptocurrency market.
Tie-Line Power and Frequency Control of Electric Power Systems - Part II [includes discussion]

In a previous paper [ibid., vol. 72, pt. III, June 1953, pp. 562-71], the authors presented the results of a study of the performance of two interconnected steam-electric power-generating areas as affected by frequency and tie-line power controllers. The present paper extends this study to include hydroelectric power generating areas as well. As before, the object is to determine theoretically the best values of controller gains, that is, to find those controller settings that will result in best over-all system performance. The principal criterion of good performance is, also as before, the minimizing of any oscillations in tie-line power or system frequency resulting from load disturbances to either area. Thus, stability, rather than rapidity of response, is preferred, since the system actually is continually being disturbed by small and more or less random changes of load, rather than by the step load change used as a test disturbance in the study.
Breast Cancer Risk in Sexual Minority Women during Routine Screening at an Urban LGBT Health Center.

Abstract Background Sexual minority women (SMW) may experience elevated breast cancer risk, yet limited research has assessed the utility of the Gail breast cancer risk model in this population. Using data from screening mammography patients at an urban health center specializing in sexual minority health, we calculated and compared Gail risk scores of SMW with heterosexual women and identified factors associated with elevated risk. Methods This retrospective study reviewed medical records from all patients who underwent screening mammography during 12 months (2013–2014) at a federally qualified community health center in the Northeast United States. Descriptive statistics compared risk scores and other characteristics of patients reporting female only or female and male sex partners ("SMW") with patients reporting only male sex partners ("heterosexual"). Linear regression identified correlates of increased lifetime risk. Findings Among 423 patients, SMW ( n = 162) were more likely to be nulliparous than heterosexual women (79% vs. 40%; p p Conclusions Using the Gail model to assess breast cancer risk routinely in a clinical setting is feasible. Risk scores may be higher among SMW, who are more likely to be nulliparous, and among patients who are privately insured. Additional research on breast cancer risk assessment among SMW is needed.
Linguistic Dimensions of Initialisms used in Electronic Communication

The language of electronic communication is a new variety of language. Electronic communication leads to remarkable variations in written form of English language because it has its own lexicons, grammar, graphology, and usage conditions. Hence, the Internet users use acronyms, abbreviations and Emoticons, which express and covey their thoughts and ideas. The use of the Internet and computer technology have led to the development of an English language Acronyms that emerged in instant messages, emails, social networks, chat groups. The present study aims to explore and investigates the language of electronic communication (e-mail, chats, and web-based discussions and SMS messages). It also aims to identify the linguistic features (Initialisms) that used in written English in the communication done via the electronic devices. Hence, Initialisms considered part of online discourse. This study also focuses on how the language of the Internet has unique linguistic dimension and its implication on the learning of English.
The interpeduncular nucleus.

Publisher Summary The interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) is a phylogenetically conserved area of the brain. Anatomically, the IPN is unique in that it is primarily an unpaired structure, but receives a significant input from a paired structure, the habenula (Hb). Solely based on its anatomical connections it can be concluded that the IPN is an important integrative center for the limbic system. The IPN is highly vascularized and protrudes into the interpeduncular cistern. In some species, IPN cells having morphologic similarities to neurosecretory cells are identified. An important aspect of both the neurochemical and neuroanatomical understanding of the IPN is to determine whether important species differences exist. The observation that the biochemical measurements indicate extremely high concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) is in agreement with reports that the IPN contains a high concentration of the binding of [3H]ACh as well as other receptor ligands. Metabolic activity in the IPN is spared or increased during anesthesia, suggesting several possible behavioral functions related to sleep, to autonomic functions such as respiration, or to a generalized emotional state.
Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in umbilical venous blood from normal and meconium-stained neonates.

Abstract The intraerythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in cord blood from 7 meconium-stained newborn infants was 2.91 ± 0.32 μM per milliliter as compared to control values of 4.39 ± 0.22. The mean hematocrit for the meconium-stained group was higher than that for the control group. No pH, birth weight, or gestational age difference was observed between the 2 groups. The relationship to intrauterine hypoxia is discussed.
The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia.

Given the many well-documented relationships between diet and health, growing medical care expenses for those incarcerated, and limited information on foods served in correctional facilities, this ...
A Comparison of Raw-to-Scale Conversion Consistency Between Single- and Multiple-Linking Using a Nonequivalent Groups Anchor Test Design

Maintaining score interchangeability and scale consistency is crucial for any testing programs that administer multiple forms across years. The use of a multiple linking design, which involves equating a new form to multiple old forms and averaging the conversions, has been proposed to control scale drift. However, the use of multiple linking often conflicts with the need for minimizing old item/form exposure and the need for pretesting. This study tried to find a balance point where the needs for equating, item/form exposure and controlling, and pretesting can be satisfied. Three equating scenarios were examined using real data: equating to one old form, equating to two old forms, or equating to three old forms. The finding is that the equating based on one old form produced persistent score drift and also showed increased variability in score means and standard deviations over time. In contrast, equating back to two or three old forms produced much more stable conversions and had less variation. Overall, equating based on multiple linking designs shows the promise of producing more consistent results and preventing scale drift. We recommend that testing programs and practitioners consider the use of multiple linking whenever possible.
SPECS simulation validation with efficient transient sensitivity computation

Transient sensitivity computation in SPECS (simulation program for electronic circuits and systems), which provides a unique capability both to enhance efficiency and to validate simulation results, is described. By using transient sensitivities with respect to the entries of piecewise constant (table) element models and suppressed parasitics, an initially crude and correspondingly quick simulation can be undertaken and then augmented if necessary for improved accuracy. More specifically, table models are refined and parasitics reintroduced only where required in the final analysis as indicated by sensitivity results. This overall approach increases confidence in the results of the SPECS simulation strategy which relies heavily on simplified models for its enhanced efficiency. >
Design management-begin at the beginning

It is pointed out that the current economic environment dictates that some US firms compress product design and development cycles to retain eroding market share and sustain some degree of competitive advantage. To accomplish this, manufacturers must utilize formalized design techniques to boost design efficiency, minimize errors, lower product cost, increase reliability, and shorten time to market. Identification of design risk and resultant timely resolution early in the process can be accomplished at a significantly lower product cost and program impact than if forced to contend with the impact of such deficiencies during the production phase. Guidelines, checklists, strategies, and methodologies which provide for a formal, uniform, and systematic approach to the minimization of the design risk process are proposed. It is noted that the need to control cost, meet schedules, and produce a quality product (the first time through) places a premium on the proper execution of the design risk minimization process. >
The Social Process Behind Inequalities in Children's Mental Health: Incorporating an Illness Career Framework

More advantaged children (both in terms of social class and racial/ethnic membership) appear protected from symptoms of mental health problem, but a pattern has emerged in which these children who tend to have better mental health are more likely to be diagnosed with certain mental health disorders. These patterns have led some researchers and professionals to wonder if the qualifications for diagnosis are culturally biased or might unfairly favor the mental health needs of more advantaged individuals in society. Evidence that White and middle-class children are more likely to be diagnosed with certain mental health disorders raises important and legitimate concerns about the mental health profession, but this problem of social advantage leading to mental health diagnosis has often overlooked the role of social process in how children become diagnosed. Mental health diagnoses represent the culmination of a process that involves several stages and requires initiation and (often times) persistence on the part of the individual being diagnosed. This idea of process has previously been referred to as the “illness career,” and applying this logic to the study of children opens the door for renewed inquiry into understanding who is and who is not diagnosed with a mental health problem.
An Evaluation Framework for a Rural Home-Based Telerehabilitation Network

This study was a needs assessment to inform the design and evaluation of a home-based telerehabilitation network for rural elderly patients. We conducted a literature review of telerehabilitation studies and a needs-assessment by interviewing 43 professionals, including homecare nursing staff, members of volunteer organizations and service agencies, social workers, discharge planners, researchers, and rehabilitation therapists. The survey addressed perceived needs, advantages, and disadvantages with the use of telemedicine technologies for rehabilitation services. All respondents agreed that there are unmet needs among elderly people who are discharged from hospital settings, and identified several problems including: medication noncompliance, isolation, limited access to specialists and community-based services. Our findings defined a framework for the development of a client-oriented rural telehealth network that will be used to guide patients discharged to homecare following stroke, through a complex array of health, mental health, and social services, spanning all levels of care.
Studies of interface deformations in single- and multi-layered liquid baths due to an impinging gas jet

An impinging gas jet on a molten bath having a slag layer on top is encountered in various metal processing operations. The impinging region was studied using a physical model consisting of an air jet and water bath. Kerosene and corn oil were used as the second layer to investigate the role of the slag layer properties on interface shape and bath circulation. The interface shapes were measured both photographically and by using a surface-tracking resistance probe. The limiting condition at which the jet breaks through the kerosene or corn oil layer and reaches the water layer was determined experimentally. A phenomenological model for the prediction of penetration depth is developed for both short and long jet heights for liquid baths with and without a second liquid layer on top.
Estimating the Effects of Casinos and of Lotteries on Bankruptcy: A Panel Data Set Approach

Using newly-constructed estimates of state revenue or its equivalent from casino-type and lottery gambling and panel data set regression techniques, a small but statistically significant bankruptcy effect is found. Assuming a linear relationship between gambling and the rate of personal bankruptcies, casino-type gambling increases bankruptcies by about 2%. Lottery gambling, while less potent per dollar of revenue generated, has about the same total effect.
Evidence-Based Practice Use of Incretin-Based Therapy in the Natural History of Diabetes

The incretin class of anti-hyperglycemic agents, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-inhibitors, is an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of appropriate patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise and/or with the agents metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, or any combination thereof. More recently, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for incretins were expanded to include use with basal insulin. This review article takes an evidence-based practice approach in discussing the importance of aggressive treatment for diabetes, the principles of incretin physiology and pathophysiology, use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and patient types and contexts where incretin therapy has been found beneficial, from metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes.
Cloud and aerosol studies using combined CPL and MAS data

Current uncertainties in the role of aerosols and clouds in the Earth's climate system limit our abilities to model the climate system and predict climate change. These limitations are due primarily to difficulties of adequately measuring aerosols and clouds on a global scale. The A-train satellites (Aqua, CALIPSO, CloudSat, PARASOL, and Aura) will provide an unprecedented opportunity to address these uncertainties. The various active and passive sensors of the A-train will use a variety of measurement techniques to provide comprehensive observations of the multi-dimensional properties of clouds and aerosols. However, to fully achieve the potential of this ensemble requires a robust data analysis framework to optimally and efficiently map these individual measurements into a comprehensive set of cloud and aerosol physical properties. In this work we introduce the Multi-Instrument Data Analysis and Synthesis (MIDAS) project, whose goal is to develop a suite of physically sound and computationally efficient algorithms that will combine active and passive remote sensing data in order to produce improved assessments of aerosol and cloud radiative and microphysical properties. These algorithms include (a) the development of an intelligent feature detection algorithm that combines inputs from both active and passive sensors, and (b) identifying recognizable multi-instrument signatures related to aerosol and cloud type derived from clusters of image pixels and the associated vertical profile information. Classification of these signatures will lead to the automated identification of aerosol and cloud types. Testing of these new algorithms is done using currently existing and readily available active and passive measurements from the Cloud Physics Lidar and the MODIS Airborne Simulator, which simulate, respectively, the CALIPSO and MODIS A-train instruments.
Analysis of C14-labeled proteins by disc electrophoresis

Abstract Ornstein and Davis (1964) have introduced a method, called “disc electrophoresis”, which yields extremely high resolution of proteins electrophoresed in cylindrical columns of polyacrylamide gel. By means of disc electrophoresis, a large number of protein components in a complex mixture can be separated and detected in a single operation. Bands of C14-labeled proteins in disc electropherograms can be detected using techniques described by Heideman (1964) ; and Jovin, Chrambach, and Naughton (1964) . This report presents an alternative procedure involving autoradiography of dried longitudinal gel slices. The method is relatively uncomplicated and can be used to develop the entire pattern of radioactivity in a gel without significant sacrifice of resolution.
Facebook Usage as a Predictor of Retention at a Private 4-Year Institution:

Computer-based social networking has become ubiquitous on college and university campuses. However, little is known about how this form of networking reflects social integration which is considered to be an integral component of student persistence. To address this topic, a random sample of 375 entering freshman were used to evaluate the differences between persisters and non-persisters in their use of “Facebook,” currently the most popular social computing network. Findings indicated that persisters were more actively involved and more likely to use Facebook for university-based relationships than non-persisters. Activity on Facebook was also statistically significantly related to a measure of Tinto's concept of social integration. Facebook appears to be a behavioral measure of social integration and may be an important factor in facilitating the transition to college for students.
The LHLLC scheme for Two-Layer and Two-Phase transcritical flows over a mobile bed with avalanching, wetting and drying

Abstract A numerical method of the Godunov type is presented for solving either Two-Phase or Two-Layer forms of Debris Flow Models (DFMs) describing shallow-water flow and sediment dynamics. DFMs explicitly link sediment concentrations to the momentum balance, and thus can be applied to cases involving high sediment concentrations, as in debris flows, in addition to low concentration test cases typically found in surface waters. In this paper, Two-Phase and Two-Layer DFMs are presented in a common mathematical framework to illuminate key similarities and differences and lay a foundation for a general purpose DFM solver. The proposed solver termed LHLLC is shown to achieve good accuracy over a wide range of test cases. Importantly, numerical diffusion of sediment profiles is minimized, particularly on steep slopes, the scheme is shown to preserve stationary solutions involving wet/dry interfaces, and the scheme accounts for gravity-driven slumping (avalanching) which cannot be resolved by classical DFMs.
Strain or deformation rate dependent finite growth in soft tissues

The particular portion of the mechanical loading history of a tissue that serves as stimulus for growth or remodeling of that tissue is presently unknown. A kinematic basis for the implementation of strain or rate of deformation as a growth stimulus is presented. It is shown here that a recently proposed continuum theory for finite volumetric growth in soft tissue may be extended to include strain and rate of deformation as growth stimuli. The basis of the presentation is the recognition of two different time scales in the remodeling process, one on the order of seconds associated with the loading, and one on the order of weeks or months associated with the growth.
Evaluation of on-line DEMs for flood inundation modeling

Abstract Recent and highly accurate topographic data should be used for flood inundation modeling, but this is not always feasible given time and budget constraints so the utility of several on-line digital elevation models (DEMs) is examined with a set of steady and unsteady test problems. DEMs are used to parameterize a 2D hydrodynamic flood simulation algorithm and predictions are compared with published flood maps and observed flood conditions. DEMs based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are preferred because of horizontal resolution, vertical accuracy (∼0.1 m) and the ability to separate bare-earth from built structures and vegetation. DEMs based on airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IfSAR) have good horizontal resolution but gridded elevations reflect built structures and vegetation and therefore further processing may be required to permit flood modeling. IfSAR and shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) DEMs suffer from radar speckle, or noise, so flood plains may appear with non-physical relief and predicted flood zones may include non-physical pools. DEMs based on national elevation data (NED) are remarkably smooth in comparison to IfSAR and SRTM but using NED, flood predictions overestimate flood extent in comparison to all other DEMs including LiDAR, the most accurate. This study highlights utility in SRTM as a global source of terrain data for flood modeling.
Phasing out State Hospitals — A Psychiatric Dilemma

Whether state hospitals have a role in caring for mentally ill persons has been intensely debated for the past decade. During this time the inpatient census of public mental hospitals has fallen dr...
Cognitive-Behavioral Training in Spelling for Learning Handicapped Students.

This paper proposes that development of effective cognitive-behavioral training (CBT) approaches in academic domains, such as spelling, requires greater appreciation of the instructional character of such interventions. Teaching in its purest form, we argue, is cognitive-behavioral training. Therefore, design of CBT interventions needs to be imbued with greater concern for trainers' (i.e., teachers') knowledge of the academic domain as well as their pedagogical expertise in finely and precisely adjusting their instructional use of language to communicate that knowledge. Learning handicapped students, more than normally achieving peers, require such expertise if they are to learn even basic skills.
Cumulative risk assessment for quantitative response data

The Relative Potency Factor approach (RPF) is used to normalize and combine different toxic potencies among a group of chemicals selected for cumulative risk assessment. The RPF method assumes that the slopes of the dose–response functions are all equal; but this method depends on the choice of the index chemical, i.e. different index chemicals will give different predicted mean estimates. This article is part of an approach to explore and develop cumulative risk assessment strategies. As part of this approach this article proposes a procedure for cumulative risk assessment from exposure to multiple chemicals that have a common mechanism of toxicity. We propose two classification algorithms to cluster the chemicals into subclasses such that the chemicals in the same subclass have a common slope. The joint response is estimated by fitting the dose–response model of the mixture under dose addition. The proposed method will give the same predicted mean response regardless of the selection of the index chemical for the chemicals in the same subclass. The proposed method also allows one to estimate the joint response for chemicals having different slopes. An example data set of six hypothetical pesticide chemicals is used to illustrate the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects ofl-DOPA on regional cerebral glucose utilization in rats with unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra

Using [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, we have studied the effects of systemically administeredl-DOPA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg s.c.) on regional cerebral glucose utilization (RCGU) in rats with unilateral substantia nigra lesions. In comparison with lesioned rats treated with saline, the lesioned-DOPA treated rats demonstrated contralateral turning and RCGU changes in both ipsilateral and contralateral brain regions.l-DOPA treatment markedly increased RCGU in the ipsilateral entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), cell groups that receive direct striatal input and function as major outflow pathways of corpus striatal activity. In contrast,l-DOPA did not alter RCGU in the globus pallidus (GP), supporting the thesis that dopamine (DA) has different effects on striatal outflow to the GP compared with outflow to both the EP and SNr. Moderate RCGU increases were observed in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN), lateral midbrain reticular formation (LMRF), and deep layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC), all regions which receive direct projections from the GP, EP or SNr.l-DOPA decreased RCGU in the ipsilateral lateral habenular nucleus (LHN) and increased RCGU in the contralateral LHN, changes that we suggest are mediated via altered neuronal activity in the striatum and EP. The results suggest that systemically administeredl-DOPA, after conversion to DA in the brain, interacts with supersensitive DA receptors in the DA-depleted striatum to selectively activate efferent pathways. Furthermore, the data suggest that the LMRF and DLSC are functionally activated duringl-DOPA induced turning and support the hypothesis that nigroreticular and nigrocollicular projections are of physiologic significance in the expression of striatal activity.
High-Resolution Leaf X-Radiography in Systematics and Paleobotany

The foliar vein nets of many seed plants and ferns display systematically informative characters. These venation characters traditionally have been observed by chemically clearing and staining leaves, a process that is slow, involves toxic chemicals, and yields delicate, glass-mounted specimnens that require long-term maintenance to prevent or correct bubbling or crystallization of the mounting medium. A technique that uses X-rays and photographic film to produce images of leaf venation consistently shows veins that are 50-100 ,tm thick. Although the X-ray images are slightly less detailed than the best cleared and stained leaves, the images can be made much more quickly, are more easily stored and reproduced, and do not require permanent alteration of the original herbarium specimen. The technique should facilitate the use of vein characters in systematics, and the identification and systematic analysis of fossil leaves.
Nanoscale wetting on groove-patterned surfaces

In this paper, nanoscale wetting on groove-patterned surfaces is thoroughly studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The results are compared with Wenzel's and Cassie's predictions to determine whether these continuum theories are still valid at the nanoscale for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic types of surfaces when the droplet size is comparable to the groove size. A system with a liquid mercury droplet and grooved copper substrate is simulated. The wetting properties are determined by measuring contact angles of the liquid droplet at equilibrium states. Correlations are established between the contact angle, roughness factor r, and surface fraction f. The results show that, for hydrophobic surfaces, the contact angle as a function of roughness factor and surface fraction on nanogrooved surfaces obeys the predictions from Wenzel's theory for wetted contacts and Cassie's theory for composite contacts. However, slight deviations occur in composite contacts when a small amount of liquid penetration is observed. The contact angle of this partial wetting cannot be accurately predicted using either Cassie's or Wenzel's theories. For hydrophilic surfaces, only wetted contacts are observed. In most cases, the resulting contact angles are found to be higher than Wenzel's predictions. At the nanoscale, high surface edge density plays an important role, which results in contact line pinning near plateau edges. For both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, substantial amount of anistropic spreading is found in the direction that is parallel to the grooves, especially at wetted or partially wetted contacts.
Influence of shaking on peritoneal transfer in rats

Influence of shaking on peritoneal transfer in rats. To determine the role played by stagnant peritoneal fluid layers in the diffusion of solutes between peritoneal cavity and blood, we measured peritoneal transfer of urea, creatinine, [ 14 C]-L-glucose and protein in anesthetized rats shaken at varying rates on an orbital platform shaker. The diffusion transfer rates of the low molecular weight solutes increased dramatically with shaking, with near maximal values obtained at a shaking rate of 250RPM. The permeability · area product (PA) for each of the low molecular weight solutes increased about fourfold with rapid shaking while the PA of protein increased by only about 50%. It seems likely that shaking increased PA primarily via reduction of the thickness of stagnant peritoneal fluid layers, although increases in surface area or changes in tissue permeability cannot be excluded with certainty. We conclude that stagnant fluid layers probably are the rate limiting step in diffusive peritoneal transfer of low molecular weight solutes in stationary rats.
Psychological Consequences of Failing to Attribute Negative Outcomes to Discrimination

The present research examines the psychological consequences of not making attributions to discrimination in response to negative feedback. In two studies, 100 and 80, respectively, female undergraduates at large US research universities were exposed to conditions that simulated three distinct reasons for not making an attribution to discrimination which parallel three theoretical information processing stages. The psychological consequences examined included changes in activation of and explicit thoughts about sexism, affective state, excuses for poor performances, and negative attitudes toward the perpetrator. Results illustrated that there are psychological consequences of failing to make an attribution to discrimination, and that the three ways to fail to make an attribution to discrimination are distinct in that each resulted in unique consequences.
Stand up and be counted 2008.

It is an honor and pleasure for me to address you as the incoming 121st President of the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA). Today, I will speak to you about the AOA's commitment to leadership and how, through recent changes in its activities, it has embraced the challenge to “stand up and be counted.” But, first, I want to mention how my institution, the New York Orthopaedic Hospital, has been closely associated with the AOA and how I chose the title “Stand Up and Be Counted.” The New York Orthopaedic Hospital and Dispensary was founded in 1866, and there have been nine directors1. The Hospital sold its building in 1950 and became part of the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and now New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University. Of the nine directors, three have been presidents of the AOA: Newton M. Shaffer, Harold M. Dick, and myself. Newton M. Shaffer, our second director, was one of the founders of the AOA. As nicely outlined in Dr. Urbaniak's A History of the American Orthopaedic Association, a preliminary meeting to discuss the formation of the AOA was held in Shaffer's New York apartment2. The AOA was formed in 1887 as the first orthopaedic association of its kind, and Newton Shaffer was the second president in 1888, following Virgil Gibney. The third director of the New York Orthopaedic Hospital, Russell A. Hibbs, one of the most famous orthopaedic surgeons in the history of our profession, was initially rejected. It appears that several influential AOA members did not like the manner in which he replaced Newton Shaffer as director of the New York Orthopaedic Hospital, and they blocked his admission. However, he was later unanimously accepted on the merit of his work concerning spinal fusion. Harold Dick was our eighth director …
What Does the Frame Problem Tell us About Moral Normativity

Within cognitive science, mental processing is often construed as computation over mental representations—i.e., as the manipulation and transformation of mental representations in accordance with rules of the kind expressible in the form of a computer program. This foundational approach has encountered a long-standing, persistently recalcitrant, problem often called the frame problem; it is sometimes called the relevance problem. In this paper we describe the frame problem and certain of its apparent morals concerning human cognition, and we argue that these morals have significant import regarding both the nature of moral normativity and the human capacity for mastering moral normativity. The morals of the frame problem bode well, we argue, for the claim that moral normativity is not fully systematizable by exceptionless general principles, and for the correlative claim that such systematizability is not required in order for humans to master moral normativity.
From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood : Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi River suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois

Suspended sediment was isolated from water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, eight times over a 5-year period from May 1988 through September 1993 in order to evaluate the transport of lipophilic halogenated organic compounds associated with the suspended sedi ment. Two hydrologic extremes were includedthe 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Halogenated organic compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, DCPA (dacthal), trifluralin, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane components. Sedi ment transport of most of these organic compounds was substantially higher during the 1993 flood than at other sampling times. The extreme transports during the flood were due to unusually high concentrations of some contaminants on the suspended sediment, low to average concentrations of suspended sediment being transported, and unusually high water discharges.
Behavioral and neural correlates of postnatal olfactory conditioning: I. Effect of respiration on conditioned neural responses.

Abstract Following olfactory classical conditioning, infant rats exhibit a preference for the conditioned odor and exhibit enhanced uptake of focal 14C 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) within the olfactory bulb. The present experiments assessed the role of respiration on the expression of the enhanced 2-DG uptake response. Pups were conditioned from postnatal day (PN) 1–18 with an olfactory stimulus paired with a reinforcing tactile stimulus which mimics maternal contact (Odor-Stroke). Control pups received odor only or tactile stimulation only. On PN 19, pups received 1 of 3 tests: 1) a two-odor choice test, 2) an odor/2-DG test with normal respiration allowed, or 3) an odor/2-DG test with respiration experimentally controlled. The results indicated that: 1) Odor-Stroke pups learned the conditioned odor preference, 2) Odor-Stroke, normally respiring pups exhibited enhanced olfactory bulb 2-DG uptake when compared to control pups No difference in respiration rate was detected between groups in normally respiring pups. 3) Odor-Stroke pups whose breathing was experimentally controlled exhibited enhanced olfactory bulb 2-DG uptake when compared to control pups with an identical number of respirations. Together, these results demonstrate that modified respiration during testing is not required for the expression of a modified olfactory bulb response to learned attractive odors. Therefore, the data suggest that the olfactory system itself is modified by early learning.
SUPPLEMENTING THE SIX FACETS MODEL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT WITH A MODIFIED ANALYTIC HIERARCHIC PROCESS: THE EFFECTIVE EVALUATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION

The Six Facets Model presents a tool for managing the implementation of change in an organization. Its utility, however, is largely to be found after the decision to implement a major technological change has been made. This paper proposes a Modified Analytic Hierarchic Process (MAHP) to supplement the Six Facets Model by allowing the manager to consider whether to implement a new technology before turning to the Six Facets Model to ensure a successful implementation. The combination of these tools yields a simple, yet powerful, approach to the management of new technology.
Targeting internal processes of plant-parasitic nematodes in the pursuit of novel agents for their control

The success of plant-parasitic nematodes as competitors with humans for crops is evidenced by the parasites’ significant and continuous economic drain on global agriculture. Scientific efforts dedicated to the control of plant-parasitic nematodes employ strategies from the environmental to molecular levels. Understanding the interaction of the nematode with its environment, and the molecules involved, offers great promise for novel control agent development. Perhaps more significantly, such knowledge facilitates the generation of ever more detailed and sophisticated information on nematode biology and new molecular targets. Among the most economically important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes are those comprising the cyst-forming species and the root-knot nematodes. Presented here is a brief overview of research into the biology of these parasites relative to their life cycles. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular biology and biochemistry of nematode-plant interactions during the internal parasitic stages of the life cycle have been driven by advances in genomics and transcriptomics. The remarkable discoveries regarding parasitism, and the application of genetic resources in these findings, provide a template for advanced investigation of external, survival stages biology. While survival biology research lags somewhat behind that of parasitism with regard to the molecular genetics of signalling and response, its extensive catalogue promises explosive rates of discovery as progress in genomics and transcriptomics allows a molecular genetic examination of embryogenesis, dormancy and hatching. Our group is interested in behaviour, development and hatching of cyst and root-knot nematodes, and the effects of the environment on the mechanisms of these activities. Phytochemical and temperature effects are discussed, and evidence is presented that the cyst may provide useful molecules for exploring nematode physiology.