cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing the Magic Bullet? The Advancement of Immuno-PET into Clinical Use

The development of noninvasive imaging techniques using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a quickly evolving field. Immuno-PET uses positron-emitting isotopes to track the localization of mAbs with excellent image quality. Procedures for labeling mAbs with 89Zr or 124I using good manufacturing procedures have been established, and therefore these radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated for clinical use. This short review will focus on immuno-PET with full mAbs using long-lived positron-emitting isotopes (89Zr and 124I) over the past 5 y and discuss their progress into clinical use.
Radiation damage in polarized target materials

We examine some of the parameters which influence the decay of the polarization of polarized targets in an intense proton beam. We find that the usual characteristic flux for the polarization to drop to 1/e of its initial value does not provide a sufficient criterion to specify the radiation resistance of target materials. We give a more detailed method of evaluation including an empirical formula for the effect of annealing on the target polarization. During the course of a recent high energy physics experient a) we have accumulated a significant amount of data on the radiation resistance of diol and butanol polarized targets. The experiment was performed in an external proton beam at the Z.G.S. at Argonne National Laboratory. The results allow a better comparison of the suitability of various target materials when the target must be subjected to a high intensity beam. Diols have been used as polarized target materials because of their high proton polarization and relatively short polarizing times2). A diol is a hydrocarbon chain with two of the hydrogens replaced by -OH groups. The diols examined here are 1,2-ethanediol, OHCH2CH2OH, and 1,2-propanediol, CH3CH OHCH2OH. The target samples were prepared by mixing the diol and potassium dichromate under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, light, and pressure. The procedure was designed to give an optimum concentration of paramagnetic CrV complexes in the diol solution. Table 1 lists several properties of the diol samples: the liquid EPR derivative peak separation and the
Peircean Semeiotic and Legal Practices: Rudimentary and “Rhetorical” Considerations

Too often C. S. Peirce’s theory of signs is used simply as a classificatory scheme rather than primarily as a heuristic framework (that is, a framework designed and modified primarily for the purpose of goading and guiding inquiry in any field in which signifying processes or practices are present). Such deployment of his semeiotic betrays the letter no less than the spirit of Peirce’s writings on signs. In this essay, the author accordingly presents Peirce’s sign theory as a heuristic framework, attending to some of the most important ways that it might serve to facilitate a semeiotic investigation of our legal practices. He pays close attention to the ways the topics of history, formalism, reductionism, and generality become, from a Peircean perspective, salient features of legal studies.
Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Processes of Molecular Differentiation in Quercus Subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae)

Quercus is one of the most abundant and economically important genera of woody plants in the Northern Hemisphere. To infer phylogenetic relationships within Quercus subgenus Quercus, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction sites and nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the 5.8S coding region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat were obtained for 44 individuals, including 25 species, intraspecific samples, and three outgroups. Separate parsimony analyses of each data set showed that individual gene trees were congruent and often complementary in supporting clades that generally corresponded to previously recognized taxonomic groups. Only one instance of strongly supported gene tree incongruence was detected and this anomalous pattern was explained best by ancient introgression of cpDNA across sectional boundaries. Simultaneous parsimony analysis of the pruned data sets supported the recognition of the strictly Eurasian section Cerris and resolved a novel hypothesis for the major infrageneric groups (Cerris- (Lobatae- (Protobalanus + Quercus sensu stricto))). The biogeographic hypothesis that all major oak lineages evolved locally at middle latitudes within the general distribution of their fossil ancestors was fully supported. This set of relationships also suggested a New World origin for the widespread white oaks of the Northern Hemisphere (section Quercus s. s.). For both data sets, inter- and intraspecific sampling within section Protobalanus showed little correspondence to morphological species. Greater cladistic structure among the samples was obtained by cpDNA restriction sites and two well-delimited plastomes types comprising a total of 15 distinct haplotypes were resolved. Haplotypes of 2 of the peripheral species in this species complex occupy terminal portions of one of the plastome clades, suggesting a more recent origin relative to those of more widespread species. The phylogeography of the two divergent plastome types suggested a north-south pattern, consistent with a Late Tertiary disjunction in the ancestral distribution of section Protobalanus.
The patterning and onset of opsin expression in vertebrate retinae

A fascinating area of current research for developmental biologists concerns the patterning of complex tissues. The distribution of photoreceptors across the vertebrate retina is an excellent example of patterning in a tractable model system. Recent studies defining photoreceptor distribution in developing and mature tissue have set the stage for mechanistic studies of the control of patterning.
miRNA and Dicer in the mammalian lens: expression of brain-specific miRNAs in the lens.

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are ~22 nucleotide molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and govern a wide range of physiological and developmental processes. Evidence now indicates that miRNAs can also coordinately down-regulate transcript levels for very large groups of genes in a tissue-specific manner, in addition to their ability to suppress protein translation. Here, we examine expression of specific miRNAs and Dicer ribonuclease that is required for miRNA biogenesis in mouse and rat lenses. Northern blot analysis demonstrated lens expression of brain-specific miR−124 and miR−7 in lenses, as well as miR−125b and let−7a. In addition, we provide evidence that muscle specific miR−1 is not present in lens. We detected Dicer transcripts in 21 day, 6 week, and 1 year mouse lenses and 15 day rat lens, and detected Dicer protein in adult lens protein samples. Immunohistochemical examination of late embryonic, post-natal, and adult rat lens sections identified expression of Dicer in differentiating fiber cells that undergo pronounced cell elongation in the lens interior and anterior epithelial cells. The present study provides evidence that miRNAs, which include brain-specific forms, and Dicer are expressed in mammalian lenses, indicating that fundamental aspects of miRNA biology are utilized by the lens during late embryonic and post-natal development and in adult lenses.
Bayesian passive sonar tracking in the presence of known interferers

Data fusion can be used to increase the efficacy of both sonar signal processing and tracking of a target of interest. An example of data fusion is the use of information about the positions of interferers as reported by a source external to the sonar system, for instance by the Automatic Identification System. Through the use of such information, a joint likelihood function can be approximately marginalized to represent the likelihood function of a single target of interest. Presented here is an application of such an approach to a data set recorded during the SEABAR 07 sea trial.
Friction coefficient measurement system for winter maintenance vehicles

Real-time measurement of tire-road friction coefficient is extremely valuable for winter road maintenance operations. In winter maintenance, knowledge of tire-road friction coefficient can be used to optimize application of deicing and anti-icing chemicals to the roadway. In this paper, a wheel based tire-road friction coefficient measurement system is developed for snowplows. Unlike a traditional Norse meter, this system is based on measurement of lateral tire forces, has minimal moving parts and does not use any actuators. Hence, it is reliable and inexpensive. A key challenge is quickly detecting changes in estimated tire-road friction coefficient while rejecting the high levels of noise in measured force signals. Novel filtering and signal processing algorithms are developed to address this challenge including a biased quadratic mean filter and an accelerometer based vibration removal filter. Detailed experimental results are presented on the performance of the friction estimation system on different types of road surfaces. Experimental results show that the biased quadratic mean filter works very effectively to eliminate the influence of noise and quickly estimate changes in friction coefficient. Further, the use of accelerometers and an intelligent algorithm enables elimination of the influence of driver steering maneuvers, thus providing a robust friction measurement system under all operating conditions.
Helicobacter bilis : bacterial provocateur orchestrates host immune responses to commensal flora in a model of inflammatory bowel disease

Helicobacter bilis can elicit heterologous immune responses to lower gut flora The gastrointestinal tracts of mammals, including mice, are colonised with a diverse microecosystem. The caeca of normal conventional mice have been estimated to contain from 100 to 1000 individual species, and the number of bacteria can reach levels of up to 1011 bacteria/g of faeces.1,2 These microorganisms provide essential nutrients for their host and also colonise mucosal niches, which may partly influence the host response against microbial pathogens.2–7 By far, the greatest concentration and different types of bacteria comprising the gastrointestinal microflora of mice and humans reside in the caecum and colon.8,9,10 The fusiform-shaped bacteria, spirochetes and spiral-shaped bacteria were shown by histology to be almost exclusively located in the mucinous secretion overlaying the epithelium of the large bowel, and apparently in intimate association with the epithelial barrier.10 In the 1960s, Schaedler et al 11 colonised germ-free mice with selected bacteria isolated from “normal” mice. He then supplied animal breeders with this series of microorganisms12,13 for use in colonising their mouse colonies. The one known as the Schaedler flora (SF) was the most popular. It contained eight anaerobic bacteria. In 1978, National Cancer Institute revised the SF of eight anaerobic bacteria to standardise the microbiota to be used in colonising axenic (germ-free) rodents. The newly defined microbiota, now known as altered Schaedler flora (ASF), consisted of two lactobacilli, a Bacteroides sp, a spiral-shaped bacterium and four fusiform-shaped, extremely oxygen-sensitive bacteria.14 In the past, monitoring of the gnotobiotic animals relied on examining the morphology of the microorganisms with a limited evaluation of the organisms, biochemical traits and growth characteristics. Most published mouse studies evaluating the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therefore simply refer to gut flora as …
Discovering Frequent Poly-Regions in DNA Sequences

The problem of discovering arrangements of regions of high occurrence of one or more items of a given alphabet in a sequence, is studied, and two efficient algorithms are proposed. The first one is entropy-based and uses an existing recursive segmentation technique to split the input sequence into a set of homogeneous segments. The key idea of the second approach is to use a set of sliding windows over the sequence. Each sliding window keeps a set of statistics of a sequence segment that mainly includes the number of occurrences of each item in that segment. Combining these statistics efficiently yields the complete set of regions of high occurrence of the items of the given alphabet. After identifying these regions, the sequence is converted to a sequence of labeled intervals (each one corresponding to a region). An efficient algorithm for mining frequent arrangements of event intervals is applied to the converted sequence to discover frequently occurring arrangements of these regions. The proposed algorithms are tested on various DNA sequences producing results with significant biological meaning.
Cardiovascular Changes and Plasma Drug Levels after Amitriptyline Overdose

(1982). Cardiovascular Changes and Plasma Drug Levels after Amitriptyline Overdose. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 67-78.
A pseudo-nearest-neighbor approach for missing data recovery on Gaussian random data sets

Missing data handling is an important preparation step for most data discrimination or mining tasks, inappropriate treatment of missing data may cause large errors or false results. In this paper, we study the effect of a missing data recovery method, namely the pseudo-nearest-neighbor substitution approach, on Gaussian distributed data sets that represent typical cases in data discrimination and data mining applications. The error rate of the proposed recovery method is evaluated by comparing the clustering results of the recovered data sets to the clustering results obtained on the originally complete data sets. The results are also compared with that obtained by applying two other missing data handling methods, the constant default value substitution and the missing data ignorance (non-substitution) methods. The experiment results provided a valuable insight to the improvement of the accuracy for data discrimination and knowledge discovery on large data sets containing missing values.
Reactions after 3 or more doses of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults in Alaska

Background Following vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), pneumococcal antibody levels decline to prevaccination levels within 6-10 years. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices does not recommend routine revaccination because data on the safety and effectiveness of additional doses are insufficient. Methods To determine whether medically attended adverse events occur more frequently after the third dose of PPV than after the first or second dose, we performed a retrospective review of medical records from a computer database for health care facilities that serve more than one-half of the Alaska Native population. All persons who had received > or = 3 PPV doses (n = 179) were included in the review, as were a randomly selected comparison group of 181 persons who had received 1 or 2 doses. Results Only 1 (0.55%) of 179 persons who had received > or = 3 PPV doses and 4 (2.76%) of 181 persons in the comparison group had a medically attended adverse event, and no severe adverse events were recorded. Conclusion We found no difference in the risk of medically attended adverse events following > or = 3 doses of PPV, compared with 1 or 2 doses.
Erratum to: Organizational leadership in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Research considerations and directions

The original version of this article unfortunately missed some data on the biography of Dr. Kiran M. Ismail. The complete biography is as follows: Kiran M. Ismail (PhD, University of Texas at Dallas) is an assistant professor of Management at St. John’s University. Her research centers on business, leadership and management in transition economies, interand intra-organizational social networks, and organization behavior and human resource management issues associated with intra-organizational relationships, including leader-subordinate relationships. Asia Pac J Manag (2010) 27:803 DOI 10.1007/s10490-010-9209-5
PRECISION SAR TARGETING USING STEREOSCOPY AND RGPS ABOARD AN UAV

An emerging need for timely and precise poor weather targeting in support of long range weapons is identified. A conceptual system capable of all-weather imaging, target identification, target location, and precision guidance is described. This system is largely an integration of currently available technologies that can dramatically increase the accuracy of guided munitions that utilize the Global Positioning System (GPS). The central element of the system is a high-performance SAR that can quickly localize a target and take two 4-in. resolution spotlight images, within a large performance envelope. The two images are taken from the same aspect, with the single exception of a measured squint angle variance. This variance produces a distinct layover difference that can be exploited with stereoscopic (stereo) SAR algorithms to solve the range/height ambiguity and generate three-dimensional coordinate maps of a composite, orthorectified image of the target scene. These coordinates are subsequently relayed to a standard GPS-guided munition, modified to incorporate a datalink. A specially designed Relative GPS (RGPS) algorithm accounts for the separate navigation solution spaces of the sensor and the weapon and solves for GPS positions that maximize the commonality of the bias errors between the two platforms. Flight testing of the stereo SAR targeting and mock relative guidance show promising results.
Topotecan Dosing Guidelines in Ovarian Cancer: Reduction and Management of Hematologic Toxicity

Topotecan dosing considerations and alternative dosing schedules to reduce and manage myelosuppression during the treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer were reviewed. The myelosuppression patterns from phase I, II, and III clinical trials were analyzed to evaluate the degree of hematologic toxicity and to determine risk factors predictive of myelosuppression. Additionally, recent publications of alternative topotecan doses and schedules were examined. Extent of prior therapy, prior platinum therapy (particularly carboplatin), advanced age, impaired renal function, and prior radiation therapy were identified as potential risk factors for greater hematologic toxicity after topotecan therapy. Reducing the starting topotecan dose to 1.0 or 1.25 mg/m2/day is recommended to reduce the incidence of severe myelosuppression in high-risk individuals receiving topotecan for 5 consecutive days. Hematopoietic growth factors, transfusion therapy, and schedule adjustments may also help manage myelosuppression. Alternative schedules of 3-day or weekly dosing appear to have less myelotoxicity and are currently under evaluation. The clinical aspects of topotecan-related myelosuppression and results from clinical trials indicate that the dose, and possibly the dosing schedule, of topotecan can be modified to reduce hematologic toxicity and improve tolerance without compromising efficacy. Prospective individualization of topotecan dosing may prevent or minimize dose-limiting myelosuppression and allow patients to achieve the maximum topotecan benefit by improving their ability to complete therapy with fewer treatment delays. Ongoing clinical trials evaluating alternative dosing schedules with superior hematologic tolerability may facilitate the inclusion of topotecan in combination regimens for patients with ovarian cancer. Proposed topotecan dosing guidelines to reduce and manage myelosuppression are outlined.
Examining the Academic Success of Latino Students in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Majors

Using a longitudinal sample of 146 Latino students' in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors, the purpose of the study was to examine factors that affect their academic performance. The main premise supporting this study suggested that Latino students perform better academically when they have cultural congruity within their chosen academic major. Although this premise was supported, college experience variables like studying with other students and attending diversity functions were negatively correlated with performance. Such experiences may reveal insight into the cultural incongruity that exists for students in these majors and their peers outside of the majors.
Quantum algorithms and complexity for certain continuous and related discrete problems

The thesis contains an analysis of two computational problems. The first problem is discrete quantum Boolean summation. This problem is a building block of quantum algorithms for many continuous problems, such as integration, approximation, differential equations and path integration. The second problem is continuous multivariate Feynman-Kac path integration, which is a special case of path integration. The quantum Boolean summation problem can be solved by the quantum summation (QS) algorithm of Brassard, Hoyer, Mosca and Tapp, which approximates the arithmetic mean of a Boolean function. We improve the error bound of Brassard et al. for the worst-probabilistic setting. Our error bound is sharp. We also present new sharp error bounds in the average-probabilistic and worst-average settings. Our average-probabilistic error bounds prove the optimality of the QS algorithm for a certain choice of its parameters. The study of the worst-average error shows that the QS algorithm is not optimal in this setting; we need to use a certain number of repetitions to regain its optimality. The multivariate Feynman-Kac path integration problem for smooth multivariate functions suffers from the provable curse of dimensionality in the worst-case deterministic setting, i.e., the minimal number of function evaluations needed to compute an approximation depends exponentially on the number of variables. We show that in both the randomized and quantum settings the curse of dimensionality is vanquished, i.e., the minimal number of function evaluations and/or quantum queries required to compute an approximation depends only polynomially on the reciprocal of the desired accuracy and has a bound independent of the number of variables. The exponents of these polynomials are 2 in the randomized setting and 1 in the quantum setting. These exponents can be lowered at the expense of the dependence on the number of variables. Hence, the quantum setting yields exponential speedup over the worst-case deterministic setting, and quadratic speedup over the randomized setting.
Hypersingular integral equations for the solution of penny-shaped interface crack problems

Based on the theory of elasticity, previous analytical solutions concerning a penny-shaped interface crack employ the derivative of the crack surface opening displacements as the primary unknowns, thus leading to singular integral equations with Cauchy-type singularity. The solutions to the resulting integral equations permit only the determination of stress intensity factors and energy release rate, and do not directly provide crack opening and sliding displacements. However, the crack opening and sliding displacements are physically more meaningful and readily validated against the finite element analysis predictions and experimental measurements. Therefore, the present study employs crack opening and sliding as primary unknowns, rather than their derivatives, and the resulting integral equations include logarithmic-, Cauchy-, and Hadamard-type singularities. The solution to these singular integral equations permits the determination of not only the complex stress intensity factors but also the crack opening displacements.
Detecting myocardial ischemia with continuous ST-segment monitoring: Two case studies

Continuous ST-segment ischemia monitoring is recommended for patients at significant risk for myocardial ischemia that, if sustained, may result in acute myocardial infarction or extension of a myocardial infarction. It is especially useful for patients who do not perceive or cannot communicate symptoms of ischemia. We report 2 case studies of young women with acute coronary syndrome who benefited from continuous ST-segment monitoring. One patient was critically ill and unresponsive, and one patient had atypical symptoms and some difficulty communicating clearly.
Strategic Questions for University-Based Family Business Programs

Family business programs are popular at universities and will continue to emerge and develop. But sustaining a program is not easy. This article poses strategic questions that are important to leaders of both new and long-standing programs. The article begins with a core question–Why should this university have a family business program? Topics that follow challenge, ask further questions, and provide advice.
Irradiation Testing of Fuel Materials for EGCR

Irradiation tests have been conducted in the ORR, ETR, and LITR for evaluating fuel materials for the EGCR. Time limitations imposed by the reactor construction schedule restricted material choices...
Secrecy and Access in an Innovation Intensive Economy: Reordering Information Privileges in Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

This article examines the law concerned with access to information that is commercially valuable when it is kept secret but is also essential to environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risk evaluation. EHS law stimulates sustainable economic activity, including new technologies, and thus complements intellectual property law. Access to EHS information is essential to risk management, but current disclosure obligations are unclear, as the law is a patchwork of familiar but ill-fitting concepts and entitlements. The article discusses the current law that affects disclosure, taking into account recent changes in the technological and economic landscape. It also describes the contrasting uses of EHS information in risk management and in commercial competition. When the tensions between commercial uses of information and EHS risk management are viewed in context, the essential functions and the value of EHS disclosure become apparent. The article draws the outlines of a realignment of the relationship between the two interests in the information. It concludes that, rather that balance the two competing interests, the law should make clear that EHS disclosure is the general rule and should allow only very limited nondisclosure privileges to protect emerging innovations.
A Character-Level Machine Translation Approach for Normalization of SMS Abbreviations

This paper describes a two-phase method for expanding abbreviations found in informal text (e.g., email, text messages, chat room conversations) using a machine translation system trained at the character level during the first phase. In this way, the system learns mappings between character-level “phrases” and is much more robust to new abbreviations than a word-level system. We generate translation models that are independent of the way in which the abbreviations are formed and show that the results show little degradation compared to when type-dependent models are trained. Our experiments on a large data set show our proposed system performs well when tested both on isolated abbreviations and, with the incorporation of a second phase utilizing an in-domain language model, in the context of neighboring words.
Suggesting Simple and Comprehensive Queries to Elementary-Grade Children

Query suggestions (QS) tailored specifically for children are slowly gaining research attention in response to the growth in Internet use by children. Even though QS offered by popular search engines adequately meet the information needs of the general public, they do not achieve equivalent effectiveness from a child's perspective. This is because children's search behaviors, interests, cognitive levels, and ability to read and understand complex content are different from adults. Given the ubiquitous nature of the Web, its importance in today's society, and its increasing use in education, it is an urgent need to help children search the Web effectively. In this paper, we present a QS module, denoted CQS, which assists children in finding appropriate query keywords to capture their information needs by (i) analyzing content written for/by children, (ii) examining phrases and other metadata extracted from reputable (children's) websites, and (iii) using a supervised learning approach to rank suggestions that are appealing to children. CQS offers suggestions with vocabulary that can be comprehended by children and with topics of interest to them. Empirical studies conducted using keyword queries initiated by children, in addition to feedback gathered through crowdsourcing, have verified not only the effectiveness of CQS, but also the fact that children favor CQS-generated suggestions over the suggestions provided by Google, Yahoo!, and Bing.
16.1 A nanogap transducer array on 32nm CMOS for electrochemical DNA sequencing

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a disruptive technology that concurrently sequences millions of DNA fragments at low cost with high throughput and impacts nearly every field of biology and medicine. The most widely used biosensing techniques today, including those for NGS, are optical in nature and thus do not benefit from the annual scaling advancements made in the semiconductor industry. ISFETs have been demonstrated as a viable approach towards all-electronic DNA sequencing [1]; however, there are technological barriers to overcome in scaling, namely the diminished SNR as the size of the sensor is reduced to fit more sensors on the same chip. Towards this end, we demonstrate an alternative high-density electrochemical biosensing technique for DNA sequencing that leverages CMOS scaling to reduce costs and enable more compact NGS systems.
Evaluation of the Vaporization Enthalpies and Liquid Vapor Pressures of (R)-Deprenyl, (S)-Benzphetamine, Alverine, and a Series of Aliphatic Tertiary Amines by Correlation Gas Chromatography at T/K = 298.15

The vaporization enthalpies at T/K = 298.15 and vapor pressures from T/K = (283 to 313) of a series of tertiary aliphatic amines ranging in size from 12 to 24 carbons are evaluated using the literature values for triethylamine, tributylamine, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, N,N-dimethyloctylamine, and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine by correlation gas chromatography. The vaporization enthalpies and vapor pressures evaluated are (ΔlgHm(298.15 K/kJ·mol–1, p/Pa (298.15 K)): triisobutylamine (52.3 ± 2.2, 113), tri-n-butylamine (58.0 ± 1.9, 28), N,N-dimethyltetradecylamine (77.3 ± 1.9, 0.091), N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (84.8 ± 1.0, 0.011), tribenzylamine (92.4 ± 1.4, 5.1·10–4), tri-n-octylamine (100.1 ± 1.4, 1.4·10–4). These amines were used to evaluate the following vaporization enthalpies and vapor pressures (ΔlgHm(298.15 K kJ·mol–1, p/Pa (298.15 K)): (R)-deprenyl (64.3 ± 2.2, 2.5); (S)-benzphetamine (77.2 ± 0.7, 0.04); and alverine (89.3 ± 0.2, 1.4·10–3). The solid–solid and solid to liquid phase transitions of tribenzy...
Targeting stromal microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: controversies and promises

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease. Conventional therapeutics targeting pancreas cancer cell compartment using cytotoxics improved patient survival but at the expense of significant toxicity. Microscopically, the tumor is characterized by thick desmoplastic stroma that surrounds islands of pancreatic cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment has been found to play important roles in carcinogenesis, the development of drug resistance, and mediating immunosuppression. The understanding the tumor-stromal interaction has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the strategies that are currently in (or, near to) clinical evaluation and the underlying preclinical rationales.
Studies on a nitrogen mustard of estradiol in dogs and rats.

SummaryEstracyt, a conjugate of 17 β-estradiol (E2) and a cytotoxic agent (carba-mate), labeled with 3H in its E2 moiety was administered to dogs and rats and the fate of the compound was compared to that of coadministered [14C]E2. Excretion of radio-activity was determined in bile and urine and the excretory patterns were established by CCD. This approach allows a determination of the hydrolysis of the estracyt molecule by comparing the behavior of the two labels. In the dog, the radioactivities appeared in the bile and urine at the same rate, indicating ready hydrolysis of the estracyt. In the rat, however, the 3H was excreted at a much slower rate with very small amounts appearing in the urine within 24 hr and relatively large amounts appearing in the bile; however, most of the estracyt was retained in the body of the rat. When hydrolysis takes place in the dog and rat, the released E2 behaves similarly to that of administered E2.
The Fluorescent Particle Spray Droplet Tracer Method

The fluorescent particle (FP) spray droplet tracer method makes it possible to identify pesticide spray droplets by size and by number directly on insects, foliage, and other solid substrates. All of the insects and the foliage act as impingement substrates for the spray droplets traced by use of fluorescent particles. Spray droplets larger than the range of 10-20-µ, diameter can be detected for the first time in the field on target (and nontarget) insects and foliage. The FP method makes data available on the transport, distribution, and impingement of pesticide sprays. Such data have not been readily available in the past. The FP method is based on the uniform suspension of a known number of solid, insoluble, micron-size, fluorescent (Zn-Cd sulfide) particles in a known volume of nonvolatile pesticide liquid. The spray droplets formed from such a fluid suspension contain a predictable number of fluorescent particles as a function of the diameter of the droplets at their moment of formation. When a spray droplet containing these insoluble fluorescent particles impinges on target (or nontarget) insects or foliage, the FP’s, being insoluble, are filtered out on the surface where they remain with excellent adhesion in a discrete, recognizable droplet grouping. The FP’s in each droplet grouping can be counted under a microscope when the substrate is illuminated with long-wavelength UV light. The lower limit of detect ability of spray droplets by size is a function of the number of FP’s per unit volume which can be suspended in the original spray liquid while retaining its viscosity and flow characteristics within operational limits. FP methodology can be independent of use of insecticides and therefore is a new method for large or small area tests on arthropod migration.
Physical Chemical Properties of Viruses

Viruses represent an enormous group of cellular parasites comprised of nucleic acids and proteins, and in some cases are enveloped within lipid membranes ( Virgin, 2014 ). This article introduces structural themes evident across viral classes. Diverse structures reflect a wide-range of strategies employed to infect various cell types, from bacteria to plants and the most advanced eukaryotes.
Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Postprandial serum concentrations of conjugates of cholic acid in health, cholecystectomized patients, and patients with bile acid malabsorption.

Abstract The effect of three liquid meals on the serum level of conjugates of cholic acid was determined by radioimmunoassay. In eight healthy subjects, these bile acids peaked 90 to 120 minutes after each meal, and returned to base line by four hours. This pattern was meal related because the values remained at base line in four subjects undergoing a 22-hour fast. In five patients with cholecystectomy, conjugates of cholic acid increased to lower maxima after the first meal, and then remained elevated throughout the day, returning to base line 14 hours after the evening meal. In six patients with bile acid malabsorption (after ileal resection), the postprandial increase after the first meal was smaller than in health; an increase was barely detectable after the mid-day meal and occurred after the evening meal. In subjects with normal liver function, postprandial conjugates of cholic acid appear to indicate the dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids; the level depends in part on intestina...
Secure Model Checkers for Network-on-Chip (NoC) Architectures

As chip multiprocessors (CMPs) are becoming more susceptible to process variation, crosstalk, and hard and soft errors, emerging threats from rogue employees in a compromised foundry are creating new vulnerabilities that could undermine the integrity of our chips with malicious alterations. As the Network-on-Chip (NoC) is a focal point of sensitive data transfer and critical device coordination, there is an urgent demand for secure and reliable communication. In this paper we propose Secure Model Checkers (SMCs), a real-time solution for control logic verification and functional correctness in the micro-architecture to detect Hardware Trojan (HT) induced denial-of-service attacks and improve reliability. In our evaluation, we show that SMCs provides significant security enhancements in real-time with only 1.5% power and 1.1% area overhead penalty in the micro-architecture.
Digital communications among homeless people: Anomaly or necessity?

This study investigates how homeless people in downtown Atlanta access and use cell phones, internet, and email. The findings include the following: (1) over 60% of homeless people in this study owned a cell phone, used the internet, or had email access; (2) number of times homelessness was related to cell phone ownership and frequency of use; (3) age group was related to computer knowledge, internet frequency, and having an email account; and (4) age group and homeless locations were related to some uses of cell phone, whereas age group, homeless locations, and length of time homeless were related to some uses of email. The findings suggest that providing the homeless with better access to cell phones may enable social service agencies to maintain closer ties to the homeless and improve outreach services.
Techno-economic study for 50 MW wind farm in gawadar coastal city of Balochistan-Pakistan using ARIMA model and RETScreen

This Paper signifies techno-economic assessments of predicted wind energy generation from 50 MW wind farm at Gawadar city, Baluchistan -Pakistan. Key purpose of the current study is to find wind power potential at low, medium and higher heights. To explore the best power potential, four years' wind speed data is forecasted using statistical model. ARIMA models present a better understanding of the change and estimate of the wind speed. Based on this forecasted wind speed, 317 turbines of different manufacturers were examined at different heights (60m, 80m and 100m) and of maximum possible rating up to 5 MW. The results show the best turbine selection at particular location with maximum possible capacity factor achievable through various numerical as well as simulation methods. Moreover this study further investigates the economic feasibility of 50 MW wind farm through numerical methods at the potential site using Minitab, Stats Graphics, and EViews. The results obtained from this software were validated by RETScreen Software. The results show that the most suitable hub height for wind turbines in Gawadar-Pakistan is 100m and capacity factor found at this height is 13.32 percent with annual wind energy production of 58 GWh/year.
Outcomes of liver retransplantation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Liver retransplantation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has not been well studied. The aims of this study were to characterize patients with PSC listed for and undergoing retransplantation and to describe the outcomes in these patients. The United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was used to identify all primary liver transplantations and subsequent relistings and first retransplantations in adults with PSC between 1987 and 2015. A total of 5,080 adults underwent primary transplantation for PSC during this period, and of the 1,803 who experienced graft failure, 762 were relisted, and 636 underwent retransplantation. Younger patients and patients with graft failure due to vascular thrombosis or biliary complications were more likely to be relisted, while those with Medicaid insurance or graft failure due to infection were less likely. Both five-year graft and patient survival after retransplantation were inferior to primary transplantation (p=0.001). Five-year survival after retransplantation for disease recurrence, however, was similar to primary transplantation (graft survival, p=0.45; patient survival, p=0.09) and superior to other indications for retransplantation (graft and patient survival, p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, mechanical ventilation, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, advanced donor age, and a living donor were associated with poorer outcomes after retransplantation. Conclusion: While survival after liver retransplantation in patients with PSC was overall inferior to primary transplantation, outcomes after retransplantation for PSC recurrence were similar to primary transplantation at five years. Retransplantation may therefore represent a treatment option with the potential for excellent outcomes in patients with recurrence of PSC in the appropriate clinical circumstances. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Case 4: Prolonged and Intensely Pruritic Rash on the Hand of a 6-year-old Girl

1. Andrew Ward, MD* 2. James Cox, MD* 1. *Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA A 6-year-old girl presents with a 9-month history of a nontender but intensely pruritic rash on her left hand and right index finger. She has been evaluated by numerous physicians; diagnosed as having tinea manuum, eczema, and cellulitis; and treated with antifungal agents, antiyeast agents, topical corticosteroids of varying strengths, and 3 courses of oral antibiotic drugs. The rash improves with application of corticosteroids but reappears as corticosteroids are withdrawn. She has normal growth and development with no systemic symptoms. Her medical history includes eczema, asthma, and seasonal allergies. Besides topical corticosteroids, her current medications include cetirizine and montelukast. Physical examination reveals a well-appearing, well-developed white girl. Inspection of her left hand reveals a well-defined geometric erythematous plaque spanning the lateral one-third of the palm on the left hand, including the first through third digits (Fig 1). A similar rash is present on the right index finger. There is no tenderness, fissuring, or signs of secondary infection. There are no nail changes. Her face, scalp, neck, ears, flexural creases, including antecubital and popliteal fossae, wrists, and ankles are free of lesions. Figure 1. Left hand before treatment and irritant avoidance. After physical examination, the patient requests to use her mother’s cell phone. She places the cell phone, which has a plastic cover, in her left hand and supports the phone with her distal palm and second digit. The patient’s mother confirms that the patient …
A design of a PhC-enhanced LED for electroluminescence cooling

It is known that the wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of a light-emitting diode (LED) can exceed unity and that electroluminescence cooling (ELC) happens in this scenario. However, it is difficult to observe the associated temperature drop due to the relatively small cooling power and the overwhelming heat flux from the ambient. In this work, we design a photonic crystal (PhC) enhanced LED which has smaller surface area as well as thermal mass compared with an encapsulated LED. We also present thermal models to evaluate the temperature drop of the LED in air and vacuum.
Adjudicating Loyalty: Identity Politics and Civil Administration in the Hungarian-Slovak Borderlands, 1938–1940

This article discusses loyalty trials conducted in the Hungarian-Slovak borderland region known as Felvidek after it was reannexed to Hungary by the First Vienna Award in 1938. All civil servants who had worked for the Czechoslovak state had to appear before local loyalty commissions to prove their loyalty to the Hungarian state. The commissions' task was complicated by two competing conceptions of loyalty – one investigating civic loyalty, the other national loyalty – and the politicisation and ethnicisation of peoples' daily practices for the previous two decades under Czechoslovak rule.
A high seroprevalence of antibodies to pertussis toxin among Japanese adults: Qualitative and quantitative analyses

In 2013, national serosurveillance detected a high seroprevalence of antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) from Bordetella pertussis among Japanese adults. Thus, we aimed to determine the cause(s) of this high seroprevalence, and analyzed the titers of antibodies to PT and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) among adults (35-44 years old), young children (4-7 years old), and older children (10-14 years old). Our quantitative analyses revealed that adults had higher seroprevalences of anti-PT IgG and PT-neutralizing antibodies, and similar titers of anti-FHA IgG, compared to the young and older children. Positive correlations were observed between the titers of PT-neutralizing antibodies and anti-PT IgG in all age groups (rs values of 0.326-0.522), although the correlation tended to decrease with age. The ratio of PT-neutralizing antibodies to anti-PT IgG was significantly different when we compared the serum and purified IgG fractions among adults (p = 0.016), although this result was not observed among young and older children. Thus, it appears that some adults had non-IgG immunoglobulins to PT. Our analyses also revealed that adults had high-avidity anti-PT IgG (avidity index: 63.5%, similar results were observed among the children); however, the adults had lower-avidity anti-FHA IgG (37.9%, p < 0.05). It is possible that low-avidity anti-FHA IgG is related to infection with other respiratory pathogens (e.g., Bordetella parapertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae), which produces antibodies to FHA-like proteins. Our observations suggest that these adults had been infected with B. pertussis and other pathogen(s) during their adulthood.
Chiral liquid phase of simple quantum magnets

A current challenge in condensed matter physics is the search for novel quantum states of matter. In this paper, the authors provide a simple guiding principle for finding quantum spin liquids in real materials. Like in the case of unconventional superconductivity that involves pairing of two fermions into a bound state, it is shown here that chiral quantum liquids naturally emerge in the vicinity of a class of magnetic quantum critical points, due to pairing of two bosons into a bound state of zero total spin.
Monolithic silicon-on-nothing photonic crystal pressure sensor

We present a single-mask process that combines isotropic and anisotropic etching with selective removal of passivation layers followed by hydrogen annealing to yield monolithic crystalline silicon (c-Si) devices. The process is demonstrated by creating pressure sensors that combine photonic crystal (PC) mirror pressure-sensing diaphragms with silicon-on-nothing (SON) reference cavities. The first generation sensors were tested with fiber-optic readout and showed high sensitivity. The single-mask process has sufficient flexibility for application-specific optimization of the PC, diaphragm, and cavity. The monolithic silicon structure gives the sensor potential for good stability. The simple process, robust structure, and integration of all critical components simplifies packaging, which could lead to low-cost mass production.
Information Technology Advances and Integrated Office Systems Promise to Bolster Sagging White-Collar Productivity

(1981). Information Technology Advances and Integrated Office Systems Promise to Bolster Sagging White-Collar Productivity. The Journal of Data Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 23-26.