cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a spreadsheet in the design of an industrial ventilation system

Abstract Designing ventilation systems involves considerable computational effort which may be reduced via the use of a microcomputer. This article demonstrates how, by replacing the traditional row-column worksheet, a spreadsheet program may be utilized easily to perform ventilation system design. The article contains the equations and correlations necessary to define the mathematical relationships used to design a ventilation system. The equations and correlations are in forms which may be directly applied to most spreadsheet programs and may be used to develop a general ventilation template. Once this general ventilation template has been developed, it may be quickly adapted to any specific ventilation design problem. The approach taken is to use the “velocity pressure” method of design. However, the basic concepts are applicable to use of the “equivalent foot” method. The equations are designed to minimize the manual use of psychrometric charts and tabular or graphical data. A design approach is outli...
Bright Field and Dark Field Electron Microscopy of Biomacromolecules Mounted on Thin Support Films

In pursuing electron microscopic studies of individual biomacromolecules without contrast-enhancing stains, conventional transmittent electron microscopy was improved by the use of thin, wide-range carbon support films. The contrast of the bright field image of the unstained macromolecules and complexes was strongly enhanced in the dark field obtained by insertion of a dark field objective aperture or by tilting the condenser system. The results are exemplified by various biological macromolecules such as DNA-protein monolayers, ribosomal subunits or ferritin molecules. Im Verlauf elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen an einzelnen Biomakromolekulen ohne Kontrastierung wurde durch die Verwendung dunner, grosflachiger Tragerfilme aus Kohle die konventionelle Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie verbessert. Der Kontrast ungefarbter Makromolekule und Komplexe im Hellfeldbild wurde in einem durch Einsetzen einer Objektiv-Aperturblende oder durch Neigen des Kondensorsystems erzeugten Dunkelfeld erheblich verstarkt. Die Ergebnisse werden am Beispiel verschiedener biologischer Makromolekule wie DNA-Protein-Monoschichten, Ribosomen-Untereinheiten oder Ferritin-Molekulen erlautert.
On the foundations of electroelastostatics

Abstract The Maxwell-Faraday theory of electrostatics is formulated in such a manner as to pave the way for a formulation of the electrostatics of deformable bodies. A variational principle is introduced leading to the basic field equations, the boundary conditions and the constitutive equations of an elastic dielectric subject to large deformations and polarizations. Various forms of the constitutive equations for the stress and the local electric field are proposed. For isotropic dielectrics, specific forms are obtained. The resultant equations are applied to the uniform extension of an internally charged hollow circular cylinder. An approximation to the constitutive equations is found for small strain and polarization.
Modeling the Potential for Critical Habitat

Modeling useful habitat can be a daunting task, especially for territorial species. The classic approach is to develop a wildlife habitat relationship model (WHR) that can be used to predict the presence of a specific animal based upon the geographic distribution of needed habitat elements, which may vary with season and vary when they are raising offspring. For example, the State of California main-tains a geographic database that depicts the possible presence and suitability of 694 terrestrial vertebrates based upon the application of WHR models to geographic data. Conservation planners often estimate the carrying capacity of a habitat for a territorial species by first estimating the total area of suitable habitat and then divid-ing that estimate by the average size of a given territory. Such estimates are approx-imate at best given that suitable habitat is often distributed unevenly across a land-scape. This chapter presents an application of a location model as a means to gen-erate a more accurate estimate of the carrying capacity of a territorial species in the forests of California.
Carbon Nanotubes Grown on Metal Microelectrodes for the Detection of Dopamine

Microelectrodes modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are useful for the detection of neurotransmitters because the CNTs enhance sensitivity and have electrocatalytic effects. CNTs can be grown on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) but the intrinsic electrochemical activity of carbon fibers makes evaluating the effect of CNT enhancement difficult. Metal wires are highly conductive and many metals have no intrinsic electrochemical activity for dopamine, so we investigated CNTs grown on metal wires as microelectrodes for neurotransmitter detection. In this work, we successfully grew CNTs on niobium substrates for the first time. Instead of planar metal surfaces, metal wires with a diameter of only 25 μm were used as CNT substrates; these have potential in tissue applications due to their minimal tissue damage and high spatial resolution. Scanning electron microscopy shows that aligned CNTs are grown on metal wires after chemical vapor deposition. By use of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, CNT-coated niobium ...
Screw Dislocations in ⟨100⟩ Silicon Nanowires: An Objective Molecular Dynamics Study

Objective molecular dynamics and a tight-binding density functional-based model are used to investigate the mechanical stability and electronic structure of silicon nanowires with radii between 0.5...
Quarternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

In this work, Udel® polysulfone was functionalized with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium based cations for thin-film anion exchange membranes (AEMs). At this time, discussion is limited to the chemical, mechanical, and thermal attributes of quaternary ammonium polysulfone (QAPSF). Key results indicate that the thermal properties of QAPSF are well suited for low temperature fuel cells, but improvement to QAPSF conductivity and mechanical properties is needed for durable and high performing alkaline fuel cells. It was observed that water uptake of nearly 15% of the normalized membrane weight is needed to facilitate ion conductivity in the QAPSF membrane. Finally, fuel cell performance is demonstrated with a QAPSF membrane electrode assembly.
Aerosolized antibiotic therapy: a forward aerial assault or forced contingency for ventilator-associated pneumonia?

The increasing prevalence and complexity of multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) organisms in nosocomial infections have fueled interest in novel therapeutic approaches. Adjunctive aerosolized antibiotic (AAA) therapy for pneumonia has gained popularity, supported by apparent advantages of higher pulmonary
Aspects of the Reliability of Ceramics

Failure processes in brittle solids have been described. Particular emphasis has been placed upon a distinction of the various flaw populations that dictate failure and their relation with the dominant manufacturing (or environmental) variables. Micromechanics models of failure from the more significant flaws, and considerations of their relative roles in the failure process, have been cursorily presented. The fracture toughness, its significance in failure, and its dependence upon microstructure, have been examined, in conjunction with considerations of crack shielding and enhanced toughness. Finally, the role of statistical processes has been outlined, within the context of the important flaw populations.
Comparison of two methods ( “Sequential culture”& “Endometrial and Sequential co - culture”) on culturing discarded embryos in vitro

Objective: To observe the effection of two methods("Sequential culture" "Endometrial and Sequential co-culture") in culturing discarded embryos in vitro during IVF-ET.Methods: Discarded embryos from IVF / ICSI cycles were allocated to two groups randomly.In Group Sequential-culturing(SC),embryos were cultured only in Sequential medium,In Group Endometrial and Sequential co-cultureing(ESC),embryos were cocultured on an endometrial stromal monolayer,meanwhile the Sequential medium was afford.All the embryos were cultured for another 2-4 days.Development of embryos was observed,and hCG level of the culture medium secreted by blastocysts was detected using a immunometric assay,to compare blastulation between the two groups.Results: Each group contains 23 discarded embryos.In Group Sequential-culturing,we got 3 blastocysts,the blastulation rate is 13.04%,2 of them were quality ones(66.67%);and In Group Endometrial and Sequential co-cultureing,9 blastocysts were got,the blastulation rate is 39.13%,8 blastocyst were quality ones(88.89%).The blastulation rate is signicantly increased in ESC compare with the SC,and blastocysts cultured in CG secreted higher levels of hCG compared with those cultured in SG(P 0.05).However,there was no significant difference in the quality blastocyst formation rate between the two groups.Conclusion: Discarded embryos shows development potentiality to blastocyst;Endometrial combines Sequential medium offers a better development environment than only using Sequential medium during the In-vitro culture of discarded embryos.
Social and Environmental Contributors to Infant Word Learning

Infants demonstrate comprehension of early nouns (e.g. “hand”) around six months, and comprehension of early non-nouns (e.g. “eat”) around 10 months. In two experiments, we explore the reasons for this lag. Expt. 1 is a gaze-following study, the results of which suggest an improvement in point-following around ten months, and reveal correlations between pointing and both overall and non-noun vocabulary. Expt. 2 is a set of corpus analyses, the results of which suggest that word frequency does not explain the difference between noun and non-noun age of acquisition, while suggesting that the co-presence of words and their referents may play an important role. The results of these experiments contribute to our understanding of word-learning across word classes, and lend support to environmental and social factors as having an impact on the trajectory of word learning in the first year of life.
Discrete element modeling of shielding and size effects during single particle crushing

Abstract In granular assemblies such as soil, ballast, cementitious aggregates, food and medical products, particle fragmentation and crushing alter material properties. The goal of this research work is to better understand the microstructure parameters that control the triggering of fragmentation, and to predict how microstructure evolution consequent to crushing can actually enhance or reduce material properties. We focused on size and shielding effects, which respectively refer to the decrease of particle strength with increasing particle size, and to the increase of particle strength with the redistribution of stress towards hydrostatic stress conditions upon crushing of neighboring particles. We calibrated the parameters of a Distinct Element Method (DEM) cluster model of crushable particle so as to match the displacement and axial force obtained experimentally at the first particle fragmentation. In order to study the influence of the coordination number on particle crushing, we modeled the mechanical confinement effect of neighboring particles by placing rigid walls around the DEM cluster. In order to understand why larger particles have lower tensile strength, we studied size effects on the crushing process of clusters with and without internal flaws. We found that for clusters with a porosity ranging between 0% and 30%, tensile strength only depends on porosity and not on flaw size. Overall results show that particle strength depends: (1) linearly on particle coordination number; (2) quadratically on particle porosity. Theoretical and DEM modeling of particle crushing will advance the fundamental understanding of energy transfer in particulate media.
A novel borderless contact/interconnect technology using aluminum oxide etch stop for high performance SRAM and logic

To keep pace with scaled technology and the requirements of SRAM for embedded high speed microprocessor cache, we use borderless contacts with an Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ etch-stop and a combination of damascene and metal RIE local interconnect to achieve bulk 6T CMOS SRAM cell sizes from 34 to 15 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ (2-->4 Mb). The Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ etch stop is RIE etched allowing the simultaneous formation of dense borderless contacts and low-resistance local interconnect, unlike previous approaches that wet etch the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. We have fabricated 64 K CMOS SRAMs with 5 ns access time suitable for 2 Mb embedded 2.5 V, 0.25 pm L/sub EFF/ SRAM technology using salicide, oxide planarization, dry etched Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ etch stop, W damascene local interconnect layer, and two level AlCu metal. We have extended this technology to 4 Mb SRAM cells using a polycide gate stack damascene MO with contact to diffusion that is borderless to both gate and isolation edges, a second metal RIE local interconnect, and using a scaled device design. >
The Kinect Versus The Proficio: Measuring Hand Position During Exercise Monitoring

Motion capture technology has recently found a new application in physical therapy. The advantages of the Microsoft Kinect and similar devices have motivated researchers to focus on how to leverage the capabilities of motion capture technology to provide therapists with new tools for therapy sessions. Although the Kinect seems to be an affordable, convenient and therapeutic solution, more investigation is required to confirm its accuracy. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Kinect to capture the trajectory of the hand in different exercises by comparing it to the trajectory of the same movement recorded by the Proficio robotic arm. The arm provides us with accurate values for the position of the hand during the exercise which serves as a ground truth for the comparison. In our experiment, we trained the Proficio with different exercises and captured the trajectories from the Kinect in different backgrounds and relative orientations between them. Our results show acceptable error in trajectories obtained from the Kinect. We also observed dependence on the margin of the error on the relative position between the Kinect and the Proficio and the direction of the exercise motion.
Potential for Net Benefit Should Guide Preventive Therapy.

Opposing Viewpoint, see p 627 Soren and Durrington propose calculating the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 cardiovascular event to guide primary prevention statin initiation.1 NNT varies depending on the levels of baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and absolute atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. We agree with Soran and colleagues1 that baseline LDL-C is an important consideration when deciding when to initiate statin therapy for primary prevention. They stated, “The results of our calculation of number needed to treat (NNT)s provide clear support for abolishing the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals for statin treatment in people with lower pretreatment LDL levels, but high CVD risk.”1 We disagree with their next statement: “However, people with more marked hypercholesterolaemia derive more benefit from treatment aimed at specific LDL-C targets.”1 The 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology 2013 cholesterol guideline (2013 Guideline) recommended that those people with marked hypercholesterolemia be treated with maximally tolerated LDL-C-lowering therapy proven to provide “net benefit” in randomized controlled trials.2 The 2013 Guideline moved toward risk-based decision making. Increased ASCVD risk was necessary, but not sufficient, to receive a recommendation for LDL-C-lowering drug therapy. Three high-risk groups were identified based on strong evidence for net benefit from statins: individuals with clinical ASCVD, those with primary untreated LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, and those with diabetes …
Telesio Among the Novatores: Telesio’s Reception in the Seventeenth Century

Bernardino Telesio was an important figure in Italian thought at the end of the sixteenth century, and his philosophy was thought to provide a genuine alternative to the Aristotelian natural philosophy then dominant. But by the middle of the seventeenth century, it was quite a different story. This essay examines two stages in the transformation of Telesio’s later reputation. In Francis Bacon’s De principiis et originibus, probably written in the early 1610s, Telesio is taken very seriously. While Bacon disagreed with Telesio in many respects, he was clearly an important interlocutor for Bacon. The essay then turns to an examination of the discussion of Telesio in Charles Sorel’s 1655 essay, “Le sommaire des opinions les plus estranges des Novateurs en Philosophie.” There Telesio appears as one of a long list of novateurs, an exhibition in a forgotten corner of a dusty Wunderkammer. By the middle of the seventeenth century, Telesio’s philosophy is no longer a live option, part of the lively discussion about Aristotelian natural philosophy that dominated the intellectual world at that moment. He was remembered as a pioneer, the first to oppose the dominant Aristotelianism, but his doctrines were largely forgotten.
Business and Professional Ethics in Transitional Economies and Beyond: Considerations for the Insurance Industries of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary

This paper examines several key aspects of the ethical environment facing the insurance industries of Poland, The Czech Republic and Hungary as they complete the transition from Communist insurance systems built upon state-owned monopolies to viable private domestic insurance markets, and then seek to harmonize their markets with the single insurance market of the European Union. Since many types of ethical problems encountered during the transition are unlikely to diminish significantly as a result of either privatization or regulation of the insurance markets of these countries, measures are identified that should help to improve the ethical environments of these markets.
Whose Line Is It, Anyway? Using Improvisational Exercises to Spark Counselor Development

ABSTRACTNew counselors often struggle to respond to the unpredictability and ambiguity inherent in clinical interactions. Improvisational acting exercises can be used to help counselors-in-training become more comfortable thinking on their feet. By creating a safe environment for students to engage in extemporaneous expression, educators can model ways of developing rapport while helping students increase their sense of interactional self-efficacy. This article describes the benefits of using improvisational exercises in the classroom to encourage spontaneity, experimentation, and self-reflection. Example exercises that may be incorporated into counselor education courses are provided.
Bistability Resulting from Rebound Firing

We have seen that some model neurons have continuous, single-valued f-I curves. With the exception of the LIF neuron, all of these model neurons transition from rest to firing via a SNIC. Other model neurons have discontinuous f-I curves with an interval of bistability, in which both rest and periodic firing are possible. The examples we have seen transition from rest to firing either via a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, or via a saddle-node bifurcation off an invariant cycle. The distinction between continuous and discontinuous f-I curves closely resembles the distinction between “class 1” and “class 2” neurons made by Hodgkin in 1948 [75].
A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Group Contingency Interventions for Students With Challenging Behavior: An Update:

Group contingencies are recognized as a potent intervention for addressing challenging student behavior in the classroom, with research reviews supporting the use of this intervention platform going back more than four decades. Over this time period, the field of education has increasingly emphasized the role of research evidence for informing practice, as reflected in the increased use of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In the current article, we continue this trend by applying recently developed between-case effect size measures and transparent visual analysis procedures to synthesize an up-to-date set of group contingency studies that used single-case designs. Results corroborated recent systematic reviews by indicating that group contingencies are generally effective—particularly for addressing challenging behavior in general education classrooms. However, our review highlights the need for more research on students with disabilities and the need to collect and report information about participa...
Transcription Factor E2F3a in Nucleus Accumbens Affects Cocaine Action via Transcription and Alternative Splicing.

Abstract Background Lasting changes in gene expression in brain reward regions, including nucleus accumbens (NAc), contribute to persistent functional changes in the addicted brain. We and others have demonstrated that altered expression of several candidate transcription factors in NAc regulates drug responses. A recent large-scale genome-wide study from our group predicted transcription factor E2F3 (E2F3) as a prominent upstream regulator of cocaine-induced changes in gene expression and alternative splicing. Methods We studied expression of two E2F3 isoforms—E2F3a and E2F3b—in mouse NAc after repeated cocaine administration and assayed the effects of overexpression or depletion of E2f3 isoforms in NAc on cocaine behavioral responses. We then performed RNA sequencing to investigate the effect of E2f3a overexpression in this region on gene expression and alternative splicing and performed quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation at downstream targets in NAc following E2f3a overexpression or repeated cocaine exposure. Sample sizes varied between experiments and are noted in the text. Results We showed that E2f3a, but not E2f3b, overexpression or knockdown in mouse NAc regulates cocaine-induced locomotor and place conditioning behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrated that E2f3a overexpression substantially recapitulates genome-wide transcriptional profiles and alternative splicing induced by cocaine. We further validated direct binding of E2F3a at key target genes following cocaine exposure. Conclusions This study establishes E2F3a as a novel transcriptional regulator of cocaine action in NAc. The findings reveal a crucial role for E2F3a in the regulation of cocaine-elicited behavioral states. Moreover, the importance of this role is bolstered by the extensive recapitulation of cocaine’s transcriptional effects in NAc by overexpression of E2f3a.
Imaging of the Symptomatic Breast in the Young, Pregnant, or Lactating Woman

Women under the age of 40 years and who are at an average risk for breast cancer are not screened for breast cancer but may present with symptoms and are referred to imaging for their breast complaints. Pregnant and lactating women form a unique subset of women in whom imaging is requested for symptoms. Clinical examination and imaging evaluation is a challenge due to physiologic changes in the breast related to pregnancy and lactation. Breast complaints in the pediatric and adolescent age group pose challenges in diagnosis and management. This chapter covers topics related to breast imaging in three specific groups: palpable masses in pediatric and adolescents; benign breast abnormalities in pregnancy and lactation; pregnancy associated breast cancer; breast cancer in young women.
Iron, Folate, and Vitamin B12 Status in the Elderly by Gender and Ethnicity

Objective National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002 data were used to examine gender and ethnicity relationships to iron, folate, and vitamin B12 status, and anemia in 1770 elderly persons.
EIGHT FACES OF THE POINCARE HOMOLOGY 3-SPHERE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents eight different descriptions of the Poincare homology sphere, and presents that they define the same 3-manifold. The dodecahedral space of Poincare was established long ago as a manifold of unusual interest, both because it was the first example of a homology sphere which is not a sphere and also because it lies in a class of three manifolds closely related to the Platonic solids. Interest in the manifold has increased in recent years because of its surprisingly diverse applications to problems in topology. The icosahedron is a regular solid with twenty faces, thirty edges and twelve vertices. It is the dual complex to the dodecahedron. The group I of isometries of the icosahedron or dodecahedron centered at the origin is naturally a subgroup of SQ{3}, the group of orthogonal rotations of R3.
ZnO Grain Boundaries: Electrical Activity and Diffusion

The operation and performance of electroceramics are commonly dependent on the characteristics of electrically active grain boundaries. To date, our understanding of the role of specified additives and heat treatments on the grain boundary properties remains underdeveloped. We describe efforts directed towards improving our understanding by (a) fabrication and analysis of individual boundaries, (b) improved control and simplification of boundary chemistry (c) systematic investigation of properties (e.g., I-V, DLTS, DO and DM) as a function of boundary structure and chemistry and (d) development of appropriate energy band, defect and diffusion models. Following this approach, preliminary results suggest that lattice defects play critical roles in controlling both the electrical and diffusive properties of the boundaries while the additives appear to act in supportive manner by activating the key lattice defects particularly with respect to the electrical activity of the boundaries.
First principles study of helium cluster induced local strain effects near the oxygen-enriched nanoclusters in Fe-based alloys

Abstract First principles theory calculations have been conducted to investigate the helium cluster interaction with various oxygen-enriched local atomic structures in the iron matrix. The helium atom displays strong affinity to the oxygen:vacancy pair. The helium formation energy reduces with the tensile strain and increases with the compressive strain. The iron matrix is hardened under the compressive strain and softened under the tensile strain, regardless of the local atomic structures. Under zero strain condition, the iron matrix elasticity is not sensitive to the size of embedded helium cluster, due to the dual effects of the local strain field induced by the helium cluster. On one hand, the helium cluster induces softening effect due to the stretching of the local atomic structure. On the other hand, the helium cluster induces the hardening effect due to the compression of the surrounding iron matrix.
Using a Six-Domain Framework to Include Biopsychosocial Information in the Standard Medical History.

Problem: The traditional approach to physicians’ history taking is designed to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of biomedical conditions. However, in the 21st century, health is critically influe...
Female Resident Referred to as a Nurse

This chapter contains a case study of a female resident interacting with a family in the emergency department.
Subnational estimation of modern contraceptive prevalence in five sub-Saharan African countries: a Bayesian hierarchical approach.

Global monitoring efforts have relied on national estimates of modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) for many low-income countries. However, most contraceptive delivery programs are implemented by health departments at lower administrative levels, reflecting a persisting gap between the availability of and need for subnational mCPR estimates. Using woman-level data from multiple semi-annual national survey rounds conducted between 2013 and 2016 in five sub-Saharan African countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda) by the Performance, Monitoring and Accountability 2020 project, we propose a Bayesian Hierarchical Model with a standard set of covariates and temporally correlated random effects to estimate the level and trend of mCPR for first level administrative divisions in each country. There is considerable narrowing of the uncertainty interval (UI) around the model-based estimates, compared to the estimates directly based on the survey data. We find substantial variations in the estimated subnational mCPRs. Uganda, for example, shows a gain in mCPR of 6.4% (95% UI: 4.5–8.3) based on model estimates of 20.9% (19.6–22.2) in mid-2014 and 27.3% (26.0–28.8) in mid-2016, with change across 10 regions ranging from − 0.6 points in Karamoja to 9.4 points in Central 2 region. The lower bound of the UIs of the change over four rounds was above 0 in 6 regions. Similar upward trends are observed for most regions in the other four countries, and there is noticeable within-country geographic variation. Reliable subnational estimates of mCPR empower health departments in evidence-based policy making. Despite nationally increasing mCPRs, regional disparities exist within countries suggesting uneven contraceptive access. Raising investments in disadvantaged areas may be warranted to increase equity in access to modern contraceptive methods.
In Praise of Private Antitrust Litigation

In 2017, Professor Alexandra Lahav of the University of Connecticut School of Law published an impressive book entitled In Praise of Litigation. She argues that private civil litigation in the United States is an important tool for democracy. In the preface and introduction, she explains how private civil litigation promotes American democracy: Lawsuits enforce the law by forcing wrongdoers to answer for their conduct; they increase transparency by eliciting information from their adversaries that often benefits the public, and in doing so, they help people participate in self-government. All of this is possible when courts treat litigants as social equals before the law. She is not blind to the costs of the civil litigation system, but contends that those costs are often exaggerated, and the societal benefits usually underappreciated. She emphasizes that disputes about the institutions and procedure of litigation are often merely a proxy for disagreements about the proper types of regulation of potentially harmful conduct. Antitrust is only a minor aspect of Lahav’s arguments and discussions. She focuses on the more general mix of civil litigation in state and federal court and showcases a variety of examples involving civil rights, employment discrimination, and tort cases. Professor Lahav’s arguments are an excellent jumping off point for how private antitrust litigation has been systematically undervalued and how private claims contribute to the proper functioning of competition policy. In this essay, I argue that private treble damage litigation promotes the four values identified by Lahav: enforcement, transparency, participation, and equality before the law. I also argue that the preference for public over private antitrust enforcement cannot be justified in the text, history, or policy goals of antitrust objectives, with the rare exception of a case involving major structural relief or substantial harm to the foreign policy or the national interests of the United States. I end with a brief look at a likely future where private enforcement continues to be restricted and underserved in the United States, encouraged and nurtured abroad, and how we can do better.
A Local Development Index for the CAR and Mali

To inform the Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessment (RPBA) in the Central African Republic at a time when large parts of the country were still insecure, a district census was designed and fielded within a three-month period. The district census interviewed local officials in all 179 administrative centers of the country. The data were summarized in a composite indicator—the Local Development Index (LDI)—and were used to inform new development projects. The LDI offers a spatial assessment of the state of the nation (much like a poverty map) and has become an important tool for development planning and progress monitoring.
Death Certification: Errors and Interventions.

Objective Death certificates are legal documents containing critical information. Despite the importance of accurate certification, errors remain common. Estimates of error prevalence vary between studies, and error classification systems are often unclear. Relatively few studies have assessed the frequency at which death certification errors occur in US hospitals, and even fewer have attempted a standardized classification of errors based on their severity. In the current study, our objective was to evaluate the frequency of death certification errors at an academic center, implement a standardized method of categorizing error severity, and analyze sources of error to better identify ways to improve death certification accuracy. Design We retrospectively reviewed the accuracy of cause and manner of death certification at our regional academic institution for 179 cases in which autopsy was performed between 2013-2016. We compared non-pathologist physician completed death certificates with the cause and manner of death ultimately determined at autopsy. Methods Errors were classified via a 5-point scale of increasing error severity. Grades I-IIc were considered minor errors, while III-V were considered severe. Sources of error were analyzed. Results In the majority of cases (85%), death certificates contained ≥ one error, with multiple errors (51%) being more common than single (33%). The most frequent error type was Grade 1 (53%), followed by Grade III (30%), and Grade IIb (18%). The more severe Grade IV errors were seen in 23% of cases; no Grade V errors were found. No amendments were made to any death certificates following finalization of autopsy results during the study period. Conclusion This study reaffirms the importance of autopsy and autopsy pathologists in ensuring accurate and complete death certification. It also suggests that death certification errors may be more frequent than previously reported. We propose a method by which death certification errors can be classified in terms of increasing severity. By understanding the types of errors occurring on death certificates, academic institutions can work to improve certification accuracy. Better clinician education, coordination with autopsy pathologists, and implementation of a systematic approach to ensuring concordance of death certificates with autopsy results is recommended.
Complement interactions with the pathogenic Neisseriae: clinical features, deficiency states, and evasion mechanisms.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Complement is a central arm of innate immune defenses and plays an important role in combating Neisserial infections. Persons with congenital and acquired defects in complement are at a significantly higher risk for invasive Neisserial infections such as invasive meningococcal disease and disseminated gonococcal infection compared to the general population. Of note, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis can only infect humans, which in part may be related to their ability to evade only human complement. This review summarizes the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of Neisserial infections in persons with defects in the complement system. Mechanisms used by these pathogens to subvert killing by complement and preclinical studies showing how these complement evasion strategies may be used to counteract the global threat of meningococcal and gonococcal infections are discussed.
The relationship between body condition, leptin, and reproductive and hormonal characteristics of mares during the seasonal anovulatory period.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of high vs low body condition scores (BCS) produced by restricted feeding on reproductive characteristics, hormonal secretion, and leptin concentrations in mares during the autumnal transition and winter anovulatory period. Mares with BCS of 6.5 to 8.0 were maintained on pasture and/or grass hay, and starting in September, were full fed or restricted to produce BCS of 7.5 to 8.5 (high) or 3.0 to 3.5 (low) by December. All but one mare with high BCS continued to ovulate or have follicular activity during the winter, whereas mares with low BCS went reproductively quiescent. Plasma leptin concentrations varied widely before the onset of restriction, even though all mares were in good body condition. During the experiment, leptin concentrations gradually decreased (P 0.1) between groups were detected for plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, TSH, GH, glucose, or insulin in samples collected weekly; in contrast, plasma prolactin concentrations were higher (P 0.1) between groups. During 12 h of frequent blood sampling on January 12, LH concentrations were higher (P < 0.0001), whereas GH concentrations (P < 0.0001) and response to secretagogue (EP51389; P < 0.03) were lower in mares with high BCS. On January 19, the LH response to GnRH was higher (P < 0.02) in mares with high BCS; the prolactin response to TRH also was higher (P < 0.01) in mares with high BCS. In conclusion, nutrient restriction resulting in low BCS in mares resulted in a profound seasonal anovulatory period that was accompanied by lower leptin, IGF-I, and prolactin concentrations. All but one mare with high BCS continued to cycle throughout the winter or had significant follicular activity on the ovaries. Although leptin concentrations on average are very low in mares with low BCS and higher in well-fed mares, there is a wide variation in concentrations among well-fed mares, indicating that some other factor(s) may determine leptin concentrations under conditions of high BCS.
Fault Diagnosis Based On One-Dimensional Deep Convolution Neural Network

Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and poor generalization ability of bearing fault diagnosis based on machine learning (ML), this paper proposes the method of deep learning (DL) to solve the above problems. Combined with the bearing signal one-dimensional characteristics, this paper proposes a one-dimension deep convolutional neural network(1D-DCNN). First of all, the original bearing vibration signal is directly input the 1D-DCNN frame structure, then 1D-DCNN frame structure is used to automatic feature extraction. Next, we use softmax regression to classified fault samples and normal samples, the confusion matrix shows that the accuracy of the 1D-DCNN model for fault diagnosis. Finally, T-SNE algorithm is used to reduce the dimension of extracted features and visualize data features, which proves that the 1D-DCNN model has a good feature extraction ability. We use bearing data sets from Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) to verify the model of 1D-DCNN. According to the result, we can see that the 1D-DCNN frame structure not only effectively extracts and diagnoses the original signal, but also has high fault identification accuracy. It shows the advantages of the 1D-DCNN model in extracting data features and fault diagnosis. The model of 1D-DCNN is better than the mainstream fault diagnosis method of support vector machine (SVM) and probabilistic neural networks (PNN).
Real-Time Transient Stability Analysis Implementation

Implementation of real-time transient stability application in the control room covering the Western Interconnection is a tremendous task. Some of the prerequisites are real-time steady-state model of interconnection, dynamic models, development of clearly defined user cases, and defining stability criteria together with operation procedures. This chapter addresses these industry needs and provides a framework for the implementation of real-time transient stability application for the Western Interconnection based on Peak Reliability experience and efforts.
Impacts of salinity on the dynamics of fine particles and their associated metals during stormwater management

Abstract Elevated salinity in stormwater runoff may adversely impact the efficacy of stormwater management practices (SMPs) in intercepting contaminants via changing the stability of suspended particles as well as the fate and transport of their associated contaminants. Field-collected soil samples were employed to characterize the impacts of salinity on suspended particles. Varying concentrations (10 mM to 1000 mM) of chloride salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) were applied to suspended particle samples to assess the changes in particle size distribution (PSD) and metal desorption from particles. The concentration of fine particles (d
Name Narratives: A Tool for Examining and Cultivating Identify

This paper uses Critical Race Theory and LatCrit terminology, analytical approaches, and discursive conventions, including autobiographical narratives.From their inception, names are embedded with meaning and coded with identity, and over time, they become layered with nuance and memory. We divide this article into three sections, Part I is a brief overview of recent commentaries in newspapers and public radio related to names, particularly as they pertain to identity and specifically to Latinas/os. Part II is a description of how Professor Irene Vasquez has used Name Narratives in the undergraduate classroom to help students deepen their understanding of their cultural heritage and augment their mental toolbox, a metaphor illustrating the concept of cognitive diversity. Part III examines how Diana and Jeannette have used the Name Narrative tool in the educational pipeline programs for the health professions. Name stories introduce elements of Cultural and Linguistic Competence, a set of communication and interpersonal tools that are taught to health professionals to address racial and ethnic health disparities and thereby improve health outcomes.
The effect of parent zero-point motion on the ND2( {?}) rotational state distribution in the 193.3 nm photolysis of ND3,

Abstract The vibrational and rotational product-state distributions of ND2( A 2 A1) has been probed following the photodissociation of ND3 at 193.3 nm by time-resolved Fourier Transform infrared emission spectroscopy. The dynamics of the bond cleavage are inferred from the product state distributions by comparison with an earlier study of the photodissociation of NH3. The degree of excitation about the minor rotational b/c-axes of the product is attributed to the amount of zero-point energy of the parent molecule in the ν4 H–N–H (D–N–D) scissors bending coordinate of the NH3/ND3( A ) predissociative state. A bimodal ND2( A 2 A1) distribution is observed for rotation about the primary a-axis, analogous to the NH2 fragment formed in the photodissociation of NH3.
Crick, Francis Harry Compton

1916– English scientist who, with James D. Watson, discovered the double helical structure of DNA.
The Planar Organization of Lecithin-Cholesterol Bilayers

Abstract The behavior of mixed phases of dipalmitoyl lecithin and cholesterol containing less than 33 mole per cent cholesterol has been followed by wide angle x-ray diffraction. Two phases are present in this region: a pure lecithin phase and a mixed phase of lecithin and cholesterol. We propose a model in which each cholesterol is surrounded by lipid hydrocarbon chains to describe the structure of the mixed phase.
Out of Africa: a molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) remains the cause of severe morbidity and mortality in South America and Africa. To determine the evolutionary history of this important reemerging pathogen, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of the largest YFV data set compiled to date, representing the prM/E gene region from 133 viral isolates sampled from 22 countries over a period of 76 years. We estimate that the currently circulating strains of YFV arose in Africa within the last 1,500 years and emerged in the Americas following the slave trade approximately 300–400 years ago. These viruses then spread westwards across the continent and persist there to this day in the jungles of South America. We therefore illustrate how gene sequence data can be used to test hypotheses of viral dispersal and demographics, and document the role of human migration in the spread of infectious disease.
Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of tree swallows: implications for trace-element exposure after habitat remediation.

Emerging aquatic insects play a key role in transporting aquatic contaminants into terrestrial ecosystems. Tree swallows are frequently the focus of studies examining this movement because they are thought to forage heavily on emerging aquatic insects when breeding in riparian areas. We examined the tree swallow diet to determine if trace elements from a recently remediated coal fly ash spill were moving into the terrestrial ecosystem. We collected bolus samples from adult tree swallows as they entered the nest box to feed their young. Despite strategically locating boxes in riparian areas, we found that the consumption of insects with an aquatic larval stage ranged from 28 to 75 % of insects among colonies. We also found significant differences among colonies in the taxa found in bolus samples. Chironomidae (midges) were the primary emerging aquatic insects consumed by tree swallows, whereas Ephemeroptera were brought to nestlings infrequently. The consumption of insects with an aquatic larval stage, Chironomidae in particular, was positively correlated with exposure to trace elements from the spill. Bolus samples from the spill site contained greater concentrations of many trace elements compared with reference locations, but concentrations of most elements were lower than levels thought to cause reproductive impairment. These results support the hypothesis that emerging aquatic insects transport trace elements to terrestrial consumers and that Chironomidae play an important role in this movement. Our results also indicate that it is important to assess the composition of the diet and to not infer exposure to trace elements based on nesting location.
Spatiotemporal patterns within a porous catalyst: dynamic carbon monoxide oxidation in a single-pellet reactor

Competitive adsorption and reactant inhibition are expected to couple with di1usion resistance to form complex patterns within porous adsorbents and catalysts, especially under dynamic conditions. CO oxidation over Pt=Al2O3, which exhibits these surface processes, was studied in this work. A miniaturized single-pellet reactor was used to continuously and directly measure gas concentration gradients within a porous pellet as feed composition was varied. Responses of nonadsorbing species were analyzed in order to determine di1usion coe8cients. Single-species responses provided starting estimates of CO adsorption parameters. Reaction experiments were performed at 398–448 K under maximum CO and O2 pressures of 16 and 110 Pa, respectively. An elementary-step di1usion–reaction model was used to simulate experimental results. A bimodal distribution of active sites was proposed in order to explain the transient responses. Analysis showed that the bimodal distribution could not have been detected by steady-state experiments. The intrapellet spatiotemporal patterns predicted by the model, and con;rmed by comparison to measurements of concentration gradients across the pellet, provide understanding of the dynamic coupling between di1usion, adsorption, and reaction within the pellet. Methods are discussed to reduce computational requirements, including assumption of quasi-equilibrium adsorption, and reduction of the surface-to-gas capacity ratio. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Generalized hydraulic calculation method using Rational polynomial model

A generalized hydraulic calculation technique is presented that requires, as input, only the raw rheological data for the fluid and the values of the relevant hydraulic parameters. The method utilizes a powerful new rheological model called the Rational Polynomial model, which is capable of accurately representing the rheogram of virtually any time-independent fluid. Predictions of the new method are compared with published experimental data gathered from large-scale flow loops. The tested cases include laminar and turbulent flow for a variety of drilling fluids in both pipes and concentric annuli.