cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation of Human Wild-Type and H27A-Prolactin in Cells and in Solution: Roles of Zn2+, Cu2+, and pH

Aggregation of hormones is an important step in the formation of secretory granules that results in concentration of hormones. In transfected AtT20 cells, but not COS cells, Lubrol-insoluble aggregates of human prolactin (PRL) accumulated within 30 min after synthesis. Aggregation in AtT20 cells was reduced by incubation with 30 microM chloroquine, which neutralizes intracellular compartments, and was slowed by incubation with diethyldithiocarbamate, which chelates Cu(2+) and Zn(2+). H27A-PRL aggregated in AtT20 cells as well as wild-type PRL, indicating that a high affinity Zn(2+)-binding site is not necessary. In solution, purified recombinant human PRL was precipitated by 20 microM Cu(2+) or Zn(2+). In solution without polyethylene glycol there was no precipitation with acidic pH alone, precipitation with Zn(2+) was most effective at neutral pH, and the ratio of Zn(2+) to PRL was greater than 1 in the precipitate. In solution with polyethylene glycol, precipitation occurred with acidic pH, precipitation with Zn(2+) occurred effectively at acidic pH, and the ratio of Zn(2+) to PRL was less than 1. The aggregates obtained in polyethylene glycol are therefore better models for aggregates in cells. Unlike human PRL, aggregation of rat PRL has been shown to occur at neutral pH in cells and in solution, and therefore these two similar proteins form aggregates that are the cores of secretory granules in ways that are not completely identical.
Spin-spin splitting in the NMR spectrum of methanol

Abstract The nmr spectrum of an XY 3 molecule has been calculated as a function of the ratio of spin-spin coupling constant, J , to the difference of chemical shifts, ( γ - γ ′) H . The results have been applied to explain the changes observed in the spectrum of CH 3 OH as it is diluted with various solvents. γ - γ′ varies as a function of concentration because of the existence of hydrogen bonds.
Terrestrial predator alarm vocalizations are a valid monitor of stress in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella)

The vocal behavior of captive animals is increasingly exploited as an index of well-being. Here we show that the terrestrial predator alarm (TPA) vocalization, a robust and acoustically distinctive anti-predation vocal response present in many mammal and bird species, offers useful information on the relative well-being and stress levels of captive animals. In a 16-week experiment evaluating the effects of varying levels of physical environmental enrichment (control < toys < foraging box < foraging box and toys) in the cages of eight singly housed adult male brown capuchins, we quantified the 1) emission rate of TPAs, 2) proportions of normal and abnormal behavior sample intervals, and 3) fecal and plasma cortisol levels. Variation in TPA emission across the experimental conditions was significant. We found significant reductions in the mean TPA production rate by the group in the enriched (toys, foraging box, and foraging box and toys) compared to the control condition; pre- and post-experimental conditions, however, did not differ from the control condition. Mean TPA production by the group was also significantly positively correlated to mean group levels of fecal cortisol and proportion of abnormal behavior sample intervals, and significantly negatively correlated to the average proportion of normal behavior sample intervals in the group. Based on group means, plasma cortisol levels were positively, but not significantly, related to increasing TPA rate. At the level of the responses of an individual subject, however, the covariation between the vocal and non-vocal behavioral measures and the cortisol assays seldom attained significance. Nevertheless, the direction of the relationships among these parameters within individual subjects typically mirrored those correlations based on group means. At both the group mean and individual levels, our results are consistent with the interpretation that in conditions of low environmental enrichment the study subjects were more stressed, and therefore more reactive to the presence of a threatening terrestrial stimulus (human observer), than when in more enriched conditions. We suggest that protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of enrichment for captive species other than brown capuchins could also profitably exploit TPAs as a first-line monitor or as corroboratory evidence of current well-being. Zoo Biol 18:295–312, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ice tolerance of cold-hardened 'Valencia' orange wood.

Abstract Seedlings of Valencia orange were coldhardened in environmental chambers and inoculated with ice at different temperatures during controlled freezes. Hardening resulted in more than a 3 °C decrease in temperature for injury to the wood and a 2 °C decrease for injury to the leaves. The main stems of hardened plants withstood ice without injury for periods three times as long as those for unhardened plants. Hardening also reduced by one-half the rate of linear ice spread in the wood and maintained oxygen uptake activity under conditions metabolically destructive to leaves of unhardened plants.
Amnesia and criminal law: A clinical overview

The use of amnesia as a legal defense raises complex issues for both psychology and jurisprudence. Our review of the legal literature suggests that recent advances in the understanding of clinical disorders of memory have not yet found their way into the courtroom. In this paper, we address the assumptions that amnesia means simply having a very bad memory and that amnesia is a unitary syndrome. We then review recent neuropsychological research on amnesia and its implications for the judicial process. Emphasis is placed on describing the amnesic disorders that most often arise in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that both psychologists and legal professionals should ensure that research findings from the clinic and the laboratory are applied appropriately in cases of defendants claiming amnesia.
Organizational Transfer and Class Structure

Nations borrowing technology from more developed countries often fail to realize that much of the developed country's class structure, behavior and attitude are often implicitly built into its tech...
Introduction to the Electric Energy Systems Track

This track seeks to explore methods at the frontier of understanding the next generation electric energy system. It focuses on topics in smarter electric grids, engineering, economics and resiliency that are at the forefront of current research, development, and demonstration. The track contains four minitracks each having two sessions. The first minitrack is on electric power system monitoring and control. This minitrack focuses on topics related to the ability of complex systems such as power systems to survive disturbances with minimal impact on performance. One session in this minitrack focuses on infrastructure and architecture issues associated the electric power grid. This includes papers on large-scale deployments of electric grid monitoring, new control system designs, proposed changes to the electric grid protection system and renewable generation forecasting. The other session considers aspects of advanced real-time monitoring. Much of the session focuses on the application of phasor measurement units (PMUs), which can be used to provide realtime measurements of power system quantities with data samples of up to 30 times per second. Other papers look at dynamic system simulations and load control. The second minitrack has two sessions dealing with topics related engineering and economic interactions within the electric grid. The first session explores issues related to the modeling of interconnected networks with the electric grid. One such issue is the planning of the electric grid with various environmental constraints. Other issues considered include electric vehicles and the adequacy of the grid. The second session focuses on the design and operation of electric markets. This includes consideration of the impact of wind, electric vehicles and the consumers themselves. The third minitrack focuses on topics associated with the emerging electric infrastructures needed to accommodate a growing number of distributed and renewable electric resources. The minitrack has two sessions with the first looking into the integration of renewable resources into the existing electric grid. Papers in this session primarily consider various aspects associated with wind energy. The second session deals with the modeling and control of smaller resources such as PV and the loads. The last minitrack explores topics related to advanced concepts to enhance the resilience of future electric power infrastructure. Advanced technologies will require advanced methods for understanding how they can be incorporated into increasingly complex and dynamic infrastructure. The first session looks at electric power network modeling and design issues. Papers here include cascading failure analysis, estimating transmission network parameters and the impact of storage. The final session is on power grid computational issues. Papers discuss computational challenges in power grid operations, using transmission system switching for improved grid economics and wind forecasting for improved generation dispatch. 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
A Two-Level Time-Stepping Method for Layered Ocean Circulation Models

This paper describes a numerical method with two time levels for solving partial differential equations that represent layered models of ocean circulation. The method is designed to be used with a barotropic?baroclinic splitting that separates the fast and slow motions into subsystems that are solved by different techniques. With this method, some of the dependent variables are predicted and then corrected. After the initial prediction steps, all steps involve centered differencing and averaging about the midpoint of the time interval in question. The Coriolis and pressure terms are evaluated at the same time levels to avoid a first-order truncation error in the geostrophic balance between those terms. Compared to the three-level leapfrog method that is widely used in geophysical fluid dynamics, the present method does not admit a computational mode, and the maximum permissible time step is at least twice as large. In addition, with the two-level method it is possible to use a nearly nonoscillatory advection algorithm to solve the equations for mass and momentum. In a simple test problem, the present method gives less phase error than the leapfrog method and two other methods, and it does not give any amplitude error. The differences are especially large when comparing the present method to the leapfrog method. The two-level method also gives good results in a nonlinear test problem involving vanishing layers at the top and bottom of the fluid domain and an interface moving along sloping bottom topography.
Distribution of Organic 125I and 127I in the Rat Thyroid Gland During Equilibrium Labeling as Determined by Autoradiography1

Autoradiographs of organic radioiodine in rat thyroids were obtained at various times during the equilibration of thyroidal iodine with dietary iodine labeled with 125I. Organic radioiodine was almost entirely located in colloid at all times. Most lumens were homogeneously labeled. At early times during the equilibration the concentration of organic radioiodine in such lumens was higher the smaller the follicle. As the equilibration progressed the concentration became similar in almost all lumens, independent of follicle size. Concentration became independent of size first among smaller follicles and then among progressively larger ones. At 99 days the specific activity in the thyroid had closely approached that in the diet; at that time, therefore, the concentration of radioiodine closely approached being proportional to the concentration of stable iodine. Thus, the autoradiographs were interpreted as showing that organic stable iodine was located almost entirely in colloid, that the luminal concentratio...
Comparison of Low Moisture and Unwilted Coastal Bermudagrass Silages for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract In successive years two conventional tower silos were filled with unwilted Coastal Bermudagrass forage plus 5% feed grain additive, and two with comparable forage wilted to a low moisture level prior to filling. When fed, the unwilted silages ranged from 32.7 to 40.2% dry matter and the low moisture silages varied from 58.4 to 76.4% dry matter. Each year the four silages were fed to 24 lactating cows. In the first years, cows fed the wilted silage consumed 1.2kg per day more forage dry matter (P = 0.05), but produced 1.2kg per day less fat-corrected-milk (FCM) (P = 0.05) than those fed unwilted material plus 5% ground barley. Also, those fed the unwilted silage produced milk containing 0.12% more solids-not-fat (P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in milk, solids-corrected-milk (SCM) production, weight gains, or level of fat or protein in milk the first year. In the second year none of the treatment differences was significant and the two-year combined averages were quite close for all measures of cow performance. The only carry-over effect in the period immediately after the experimental silages were fed was in the SNP content of the milk for the first year. Invisible or gaseous dry matter losses were somewhat lower for the low moisture silage, but there was also considerably more moldy material in this silage. The low moisture silage had a higher pH, but less ammoniacal N. Although these studies indicate that it is possible to make low-moisture silage successfully from Coastal Bermudagrass in conventional tower silos by wilting without additives, this procedure does not offer obviously important advantages over ensiling the forage unwilted under many conditions. Hazards in ensiling Coastal Bermudagrass as low-moisture silage include increased mold and difficulty in controlling the moisture level with changing weather conditions.
Imaging of small distortions in A15 ``lattice'' by electron microscopy

Abstract One effect of high energy nuclear radiation on A15 compounds has been postulated earlier to be a loss of translational symmetry of the lattice. We report direct evidence of such distortions in Nb 3 Sn irradiated with high energy neutrons, using moire fringes. The distortion is found to increase with increasing fluence, up to a fluence of 2 × 10 19 cm -2 .
In vitro lipid oxidation modifies proteins and functional properties of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Changes in protein and fatty acid compositions of flounder sarcoplasmic reticulum during NADH plus ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidationin vitro were related to the ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to sequester Ca+2. Progressive accumulation of high-molecular-weight protein components occurred concomitantly with loss of Ca+2-sequestering activity. Part of this polymerized protein may be the dimer or trimer of Ca+2, Mg+2-ATPase. Loss in Ca+2, Mg+2-ATPase protein could account for over 60% of the polymerized protein. Rate of loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids was C22:6>C20:4>C20:5>C22:5. Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances occurred concomitantly with protein polymerization.
Amoxapine inhibition of GABA-stimulated chloride conductance: investigations of potential sites of activity

Abstract Amoxapine inhibits GABA-stimulated chloride conductance by acting on the GABA A -receptor chloride-ionophore complex which can be studied using membrane vesicles prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Amoxapine produces a right shift in the GABA concentration-response curve for the stimulation of 36 Cl − uptake into these vesicles with no apparent change in the maximum response. Schild analysis of these data gave a pA 2 value of 5.52 with a slope of 0.79. Amoxapine inhibits the binding of the GABA A receptor selective antagonist [ 3 H]SR 95531 with an IC 50 value of 3.45 μM and a pseudo Hill coefficient of 0.83. In contrast, 10 μM amoxapine inhibits [ 3 H] flunitrazepam binding by less than 25% while the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15–1788 reduces the amoxapine inhibition of GABA-stimulated chloride conductance only at high concentrations. These data suggest that amoxapine does not inhibit chloride conductance by acting as a benzodiazepine inverse agonist and either acts directly on the GABA A receptor as an antagonist or blocks GABA activity at a site closely coupled to it. The ability of amoxapine to inhibit GABA-stimulated chloride conductance is a likely explanation for its proconvulsant activity observed at high doses.
Designing photovoltaic systems for performance and reliability : A BLM perspective

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has developed a process of assessing, designing, purchasing, installing and operating photovoltaic systems which meet the remote power needs. This process has been developed under a collaborative partnership with the Photovoltaic Systems Assistance Center (PVSAC) at Sandia National Laboratories. The purpose of this partnership is to establish the sustainable use of photovoltaic technology in the agency through increased familiarization and acceptance by employees and the public. Under the partnership, a total of 65 projects have been completed. The keys to successful projects discussed here include: an advocate of the project and users who believe it meets their needs, standardized systems purchased with standard specifications as ready-to-install' kits, and involving the local maintenance staff and users during the installation. The systems resulting from this implementation process are performing extremely well.
Species detection and individual assignment in species delimitation: can integrative data increase efficacy?

Statistical species delimitation usually relies on singular data, primarily genetic, for detecting putative species and individual assignment to putative species. Given the variety of speciation mechanisms, singular data may not adequately represent the genetic, morphological and ecological diversity relevant to species delimitation. We describe a methodological framework combining multivariate and clustering techniques that uses genetic, morphological and ecological data to detect and assign individuals to putative species. Our approach recovers a similar number of species recognized using traditional, qualitative taxonomic approaches that are not detected when using purely genetic methods. Furthermore, our approach detects groupings that traditional, qualitative taxonomic approaches do not. This empirical test suggests that our approach to detecting and assigning individuals to putative species could be useful in species delimitation despite varying levels of differentiation across genetic, phenotypic and ecological axes. This work highlights a critical, and often overlooked, aspect of the process of statistical species delimitation—species detection and individual assignment. Irrespective of the species delimitation approach used, all downstream processing relies on how individuals are initially assigned, and the practices and statistical issues surrounding individual assignment warrant careful consideration.
Using Cognitive Therapies to Treat Unstable Attachment Patterns in Adults With Childhood Histories of Social Rejection

This article describes the treatment of 5 adults exhibiting unstable attachment patterns, attributed to their repeated experiences with childhood social rejection from their family and peers. A child's attachment to his or her caregiver often determines the quality of his or her peer relationships, which serve to develop the child's self-beliefs and his or her social environment. This social cognition has been shown to influence one's choice of friends and intimate relationships. Satisfying social affiliations are a key component to achieving positive physical and mental health outcomes throughout life. In the cases described in this article, treatment was focused on changing social cognition to a more functional template from which the person could transact satisfying intimate social relationships, thereby yielding more positive outcomes.
Plastic zone estimates in mode I interlaminar fracture of interleaved composites

Abstract The toughening of interleaved composites that arises from interleaving has been investigated by finite element elastic stress analysis. Interleaving refers to a thin layer of ductile polymeric film placed between the composite plies. The study focused on the hypothesis that interleaving allows formation of a larger crack tip plastic zone and hence increases the plastic energy dissipation during interlaminar crack extension. Calculations of crack tip plastic zones in composites with thermoplastic and thermoset interleaves allowed comparison with previously reported experimental measurements of mode I fracture toughness, G IC . The trends of G IC versus interleaf thickness were consistent with predicted plastic zone heights and yield strengths for the thermoplastic and thermoset interleaves although the maximum fracture toughnesses were observed at thinner interleaves than predicted. Optimum interleaf thicknesses were computed for the thermoplastic and thermoset interleaves based on the condition that the plastic zone height equals the interleaf thickness. The computed values were in close agreement with the experimentally observed thicknesses at maximum fracture toughness, although inadequate interleaf/composite adhesion rendered full quantitative comparison difficult.
Kinetics of consumption of fermentation products by anode-respiring bacteria

We determined the kinetic response of a community of anode-respiring bacteria oxidizing a mixture of the most common fermentation products: acetate, butyrate, propionate, ethanol, and hydrogen. We acclimated the community by performing three consecutive batch experiments in a microbial electrolytic cell (MEC) containing a mixture of the fermentation products. During the consecutive-batch experiments, the coulombic efficiency and start-up period improved with each step. We used the acclimated biofilm to start continuous experiments in an MEC, in which we controlled the anode potential using a potentiostat. During the continuous experiments, we tested each individual substrate at a range of anode potentials and substrate concentrations. Our results show low current densities for butyrate and hydrogen, but high current densities for propionate, acetate, and ethanol (maximum values are 1.6, 9.0, and 8.2 A/m2, respectively). Acetate showed a high coulombic efficiency (86%) compared to ethanol and propionate (49 and 41%, respectively). High methane concentrations inside the MEC during ethanol experiments suggest that methanogenesis is one reason why the coulombic efficiency was lower than that of acetate. Our results provide kinetic parameters, such as the anode overpotential, the maximum current density, and the Monod half-saturation constant, that are needed for model development when using a mixture of fermentation products. When we provided no electron donor, we measured current due to endogenous decay of biomass (~0.07 A/m2) and an open-cell potential (−0.54 V vs Ag/AgCl) associated with biomass components active in endogenous respiration.
Symmetric Electrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid Activity Coefficient Model

The electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (eNRTL) model is reformulated as a symmetric activity coefficient model with the reference states chosen to be pure liquids for solvents and pure fused salts for electrolytes. These reference states are consistently used in the local interaction term, represented by a reformulated NRTL expression, and the long-range interaction term, represented by an extended symmetric Pitzer−Debye−Huckel expression. Retaining the local electroneutrality and like-ion repulsion hypotheses, the new symmetric electrolyte NRTL model yields simpler activity coefficient expressions for both molecular and ionic species. The utility of the model is demonstrated with vapor−liquid equilibrium, liquid−liquid equilibrium, and solid−liquid equilibria of several mixed solvent electrolyte systems.
A Novel P2P Mobile Proxy Caching Scheme

In this paper, a novel P2P mobile caching scheme for caching Web documents in mobile base stations is proposed. In this scheme, a mobile cache model is used to facilitate the data cache and data replication. A self-configured and self-managed proxy overlay network is employed to fulfill the P2P data search and proxy server cooperation. Using the proposed caching scheme, the individual proxy in the base station makes cache decisions based solely on its local knowledge of the global cache state so that the entire wireless proxy cache system can be efficiently managed without centralized control. Furthermore, the proposed P2P mobile caching scheme can take advantage of the mobile host movement to improve the proxy caching performance. It is proven by formal analysis and simulation studies that the proposed P2P mobile caching scheme outperforms other caching schemes in terms of different performance metrics
A Look on the Cost Side: Market Share and the Competitive Environment

In this paper we develop a model relating market share to average costs. We start with a theoretical model of the factors that affect the firm's average cost curve, partitioning these factors into a measurable firm and competitive environment characteristics, and b unobserved factors that are either fixed, random, or follow a first-order autoregressive process. We then link this theoretical model to an empirical model in which we specify three average cost equations for the organizational areas of purchasing, production, and marketing. Main effects for initial lagged market share position, as well as their interactions with factors characterizing the firm's competitive environment, represent the variables of key theoretical interest in our equations. We estimate these equations using PIMS data, and control for fixed, contemporaneous, and autoregressive unobservable factors. Our results suggest that market share can often lead to market power in the form of lower average costs. However, the firm's operating environment greatly moderates the effect of market share on average cost. In particular, we find that market share position only leads to lower average costs when the organizational unit operates in a competitive environment that gives it both motivation and ability to realize power from its market share position.
Isotope ratio determination in microgram levels of osmium by deuteron activation analysis

We have demonstrated the feasibility of determining isotope ratios in very small samples of osmium by deuteron activation in the Livermore Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The method involves determination of cross-section ratios by using several osmium isotope mixtures carefully prepared from electromagnetically-enriched osmium isotopes. The accuracy of this method was checked by a determination of the isotope ratios in naturally-occurring osmium. Our analysis demonstrated that an osmium specimen removed from a sample of commercial grade perrhenic acid contained only 0.4% natural osmium, the rest being radiogenic187Os.
Variation and changes in state-specific carotid endarterectomy and 30-day mortality rates, United States, 1991-2000.

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate variations between states and changes in state-specific carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and 30-day mortality rates. Cross-sectional variations and changes over time in such measures may be indicative of improvement in the quality of care. Methods We performed retrospective analyses of pre-existing administrative data on Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States. Age-adjusted, state-specific CEA rates and 30-day postoperative mortality rates in 1991, 1995 and 2000 were examined, as well as changes in these rates from 1991 to 1995 and from 1995 to 2000. Stroke mortality in the general population of each state was used as a crude measure of the need for CEA procedure in the state. The Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to study correlations between rates. Oldham's method was used to avoid the effect of regression to the mean. Results There were wide variations in the state-specific CEA rates, 30-day mortality, and in changes in these rates over time. The states with relatively low procedure rates in 1991 also had low rates in 1995 and 2000, and relatively higher increases in the rates. The states with relatively high 30-day mortality in 1991 or 1995 had lower increases or greater decreases in the rate. CEA rates were not correlated with any measure of surgical mortality, but they were correlated with stroke mortality in the general population. Conclusions The inter-state variation in CEA rates has not changed much since 1991, but variation in 30-day mortality decreased through 2000. The states with low procedure rates in 1991 did not have sufficient increase to catch up with the high-rate states by 1995, but they were prone to experience a higher increase in the subsequent 5 years. The validity of stroke mortality in a state as a measure of the need for CEA is questionable. Further research using clinical data is needed to better explain variations between states.
'It Was Out of Envy That They Handed Jesus Over' (Mark 15.10): the Anatomy of Envy and the Gospel of Mark:

The article aims to explain why Jesus was crucified. Rather than using traditional approaches into the investigation of the 'theology of the cross' etc., the remark in Mk 15.10, 'it was out of envy that they handed Jesus over', is used as a starting point. Using a model from cultural anthropology supplemented by a close look at ancient sources dealing with envy, a full 'anatomy of envy' is developed to indicate how per vasive and culturally plausible envy is in a document of conflict such as Mark's Gospel. Knowledge of the full 'anatomy of envy' offers then a systemic model of a common social phenomenon in biblical times. As such the 'anatomy of envy' makes it more culturally plausible why Jesus was handed over and killed: He was envied unto death.
Socrates: a project integrating human science with computer science

This paper regards a project whose design objective was a synthesis of two perspectives on the use of computers in education. Computers may be used to educate, and people may be educated to use computers. Socrates is a project in the area of expert systems development. It was designed to be a workable tool in the field of abnormal psychology, but the educational setting was prominent during the design process. The tool chosen for development was a diagnostic expert system capable of producing a valid, reliable diagnosis on Axes I and III of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition (DSM-III) of alcohol-use related maladaptive behavior patterns. The development of Socrates was approached using some of the perspectives that software engineers bring to the development of complex software systems. However, using algorithmic tools to solve a problem that is answerable only through heuristics renders those tools less useful. The system, implemented in PROLOG, was constructed from complex functional representations of data. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) tended to distort the exact picture of the system's functioning. If we simply rename the tool "Logical Instantiation Diagram" (LID), the psychological limitations of DFD's are eliminated since there is no longer any demand to adhere to DFD convention. Naturally, a project of this complexity involves the programmers very deeply in the implementation environment. PROLOG was studied as an applicative programming language, and yet it was discovered that it is possible to force procedurality onto PROLOG. The bridge between learning about expert system development and integrating the domain of a particular system is knowledge engineering. Here the emphasis is not on specialized programming techniques, but on the programmer's ability to reason inside the problem domain and to communicate that reasoning through the language at hand, be it LFD's actual PROLOG code, or the code of some other computer language. The knowledge engineer will come to recognize ways of thinking that are perhaps not included in a traditional programming discipline. Socrates is more than a project in expert system design; it is a study of learning. The project progressed from difficulties in representing ambiguous situations unambiguously to the recognition that the chief domain document is flawed inherently, as is any system which applies a finite number of classifications to an infinite number of possibilities. We propose Socrates as a model of liberal arts education. As a study of knowledge engineering it unites two distinct disciplines in a program of joint discovery. In working on Socrates we were able to develop specific ideas about the nature of our implementation, we made observations about the environment in which we were working, and finally, we were able to generalize the tools used in other areas of software development adapting them effectively to our own uses.
Sequential-encounter prey choice and effects of spatial resource variability

Models of diet choice generally assume that resource attributes such as encounter rates, energetic values and handling times are fixed constants. We present a model where either encounter rates or profitabilities of one food type vary randomly through space according to a Markov process. As in the standard diet model, we assume sequential encounter with prey items, mutually exclusive search and handling and we equate enhanced fitness with maximization of the long-term rate of energy gain. The ability of a forager to perceive and respond to the variability determines whether the forager tracks variability or averages over it. The results of this model differ from those of the standard diet model. In particular, the overall proportion of a given food type in the diet does not always match the proportion suggested by the “zero-one” rule of the standard diet model. Also, under some conditions, a forager is predicted to specialize on a prey type of lower average profitability, and to decide on the inclusion of a given prey type based on the abundance of a lower profitability prey. These are never predictions of the standard model. In general, tracking variability results in a greater weighted long-term rate of energy intake than averaging when encounter rates are variable. However, when profitability varies stochastically, a trade-off occurs between the cost of recognizing different kinds of variable items and the increased foraging efficiency gained when tracking variability. This trade-off determines whether tracking or averaging yields the greater long-term rate of energy gain for the forager.
Obtaining Fourier series graphically from large amplitude oscillatory shear loops

Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow has been used to characterize the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer melts and solutions. Results are frequently reported with shear stress versus strain loops, or with shear stress versus shear rate loops. A Fourier analysis of the stress response to LAOS is often desired for comparison with theory, or for quantitative comparison between resins. A method is presented which employs the discrete Fourier transform to obtain the Fourier series coefficients from LAOS loops.
Effects of carrier concentration and phonon energy on carrier lifetime in type-2 SLS and properties of InAs 1-X Sb X alloys

GaInSb and AlGaInSb compositionally graded buffer layers grown on GaSb by MBE were used to develop unrelaxed InAs1-XSbXepilayers with lattice constants up to 2.1 % larger than that of GaSb. The InAsSb buffer layer was used to grow InAs0.12Sb0.88 layer on InSb. The structural and optical characterization of 1-μm thick InAs1-xSbx layers was performed together with measurements of the carrier lifetime.
Negative affect and smoking lapses: A prospective analysis

Relapse is a central problem in smoking treatment. Data collected at the time of relapse episodes indicate that stress and negative affect (NA) promote relapse, but retrospective data are potentially biased. The authors performed a prospective analysis of stress and NA prior to initial lapses in smokers (N = 215). Day-to-day changes in stress (daily negative and positive events and Perceived Stress Scale scores) and NA (multiple momentary affect ratings) did not predict lapse risk on the following day. However, within the lapse day itself, NA was already significantly increasing hours before lapses, but only for episodes attributed to stress or bad mood. Thus, rapid increases in NA, but not slow-changing shifts in stress and NA, were associated with relapse.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide‐induced suppression of basal forebrain NMDA‐NR1 subunits selectively impairs visual attentional performance in rats

UNLABELLED: It is generally agreed that basal forebrain neuronal circuits contribute to the mediation of the ability to detect, select and discriminate signals, to suppress the processing of irrelevant information, and to allocate processing resources to competing tasks. Rats were trained in a task designed to assess sustained attention, or in a cued discrimination task that did not tax attentional processes. Animals were equipped with guide cannula to infuse bilaterally antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) against the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) NR1 subunits, or missense ODNs, into the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain. Infusions of antisense or missense ODNs did not affect cued visual discrimination performance. Infusions of antisense ODNs dose-dependently impaired sustained attention performance by selectively decreasing the animals' ability to detect signals while their ability to reject nonsignal trials remained unchanged. The detrimental attentional effects of antisense infusions were maximal 24 h after the third and final infusion, and performance returned to baseline 24 h later. Missense infusions did not affect attentional performance. Separate experiments demonstrated extensive suppression of NR1 subunit immunoreactivity in the substantia innominata. Furthermore, infusions of antisense did not produce neurotoxic effects in that region as demonstrated by the Fluoro-Jade METHOD: The present data support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation in the basal forebrain, largely via glutamatergic inputs originating in the prefrontal cortex, represents a necessary mechanism to activate the basal forebrain corticopetal system for mediation of attentional performance.
Testosterone and competitive ability in male house mice, Mus musculus: laboratory and field studies

Testosterone enhances aggression and can facilitate dominance in mammals, but most studies have been conducted on laboratory strains of mice and in simple environments. Unlike previous studies, laboratory and field tests were conducted using wild house mice, Mus musculus, to determine whether males with high, but physiological, testosterone levels (High T) would achieve dominance compared with males with low testosterone levels (Low T). All males were castrated and androgen was replaced with a single injection of testosterone enanthate, a long-acting androgen. At 8 days post-treatment the mean testosterone concentration in High T males was 5 . 1 ng/ml, whereas the level in Low T males was 1 .3 ng/ml. Contests in the laboratory revealed that High T males achieved dominance over Low T males in the presence of females. In the field, equal numbers of High and Low T males, and a corresponding number of females, were released on three highway islands at densities equivalent to the highest density reported on similar sites. Periodic retrapping produced a capture history for males in each group and differences in survival were analysed using the program SURVIV. High T males had a higher probability of survival than Low T males on one island, but on the other two islands the higher capture rates of High T males were not statistically greater than those for Low T males. Of those that survived to the first trapping episode, the High T males had greater subsequent longevity than Low T males. On all three islands High T males were caught more frequently at feeding stations that were established to enhance food competition. There were no differences among the home range sizes of High T males, Low T males and females. However, on two of the islands the ranges of High T males overlapped more of the ranges of resident females than those of Low T males. The findings from this study, using testosterone-treated subjects, suggest that natural variation in basal testosterone also may affect competitive ability in wild house mice.
Reactions of formaldehyde and methanol on clean, carburized and oxidized Mo(100) surfaces

Abstract The reactions of formaldehyde and methanol have been studied on clean, carburized, and oxidized Mo(100) surfaces using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). The thermal cracking of ethylene at 550 K and the adsorption of molecular oxygen at 1050 K were used to carburize and oxidize, respectively, the clean surface to saturation. Both the carbide and oxide surfaces showed (1×1) LEED features. Methanol decomposed to give hydrogen atoms and methoxy intermediates upon adsorption on the clean Mo(100) surface at 200 K. The methoxy intermediate was stable up to 340 K. Adsorbed carbon and oxygen suppressed the dissociation of the hydroxyl hydrogen from the alcohol and yielded a significantly different activity and selectivity compared to the very reactive clean surface. The binding energies for both formaldehyde and methanol on the three surfaces were similar, demonstrating the weak sensitivity of donor-acceptor bonds to surface modifiers. The results in this study were very similar to those previously observed for W(100) though different adlayer structures were present. This similarity suggested that the modification in surface reactivity was primarily a compositional effect.
Synthesis of noncellulosic cell-wall β-glucan by cell-free extracts from zoospores and cysts ofPhytophthora palmivora

Abstract Zoospores ofPhytophthora palmivora, induced to encyst by vigorous agitation, synthesize alkali-insoluble β-glucans at a linear rate for ca. 10 min. Cell-free extracts of zoospores and cysts ofP. palmivora contained particulate enzymes capable of synthesizing alkali-insoluble, noncellulosic β-1,3-, β-1,6-glucans from uridine diphosphate glucose. Similar levels of activity were detected in zoospores and cysts. Enzymatic activity was stimulated by Mg2+; Ca3+ and Mn2+ were less effective. Cellobiose and other β-linked glucose disaccharides were strong activators. Evidently, the swimming zoospore is equipped with the enzymatic ability to make insoluble, noncellulosic β-glucan—a major component of the cyst wall; hence, a mechanism must exist which prevents the operation of glucan synthetase(s) until the time of encystment. The cell-free extracts also had the ability to synthesize soluble β-1,3-glucan. Most of this material was characterized as neutral mycolaminaran and mycolaminaran phosphate.
Effects of Forest Regrowth and Urbanization on Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Rural-Urban Gradient in the Southeastern United States

Forest regrowth after cropland abandonment and urban sprawl are two counteracting processes that have influenced carbon (C) sequestration in the southeastern United States in recent decades. In this study, we examined patterns of land-use/land-cover change and their effect on ecosystem C storage in three west Georgia counties (Muscogee, Harris, and Meriwether) that form a rural–urban gradient. Using time series Landsat imagery data including MSS for 1974, TM for 1983 and 1991, and ETM for 2002, we estimate that from 1974 to 2002, urban land use in the area has increased more than 380% (that is, 184 km2). Most newly urbanized land (63%) has been converted from forestland. Conversely, cropland and pasture area has decreased by over 59% (that is, 380 km2). Most of the cropland area was converted to forest. As a result, the net change in forest area was small over the past 29 years. Based on Landsat imagery and agricultural census records, we reconstructed an annual gridded data set of land-cover change for the three counties for the period 1850 to 2002. These data sets were then used as input to the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to simulate land-use effects on C fluxes and storage for the study area. Simulated results suggest that C uptake by forest regrowth (approximately 23.0 g C m−2 y−1) was slightly greater than the amount of C released due to deforestation (approximately 18.4 g C m−2 y−1), thus making the three counties a weak C sink. However, the relative importance of different deforestation processes in this area changed significantly through time. Although agricultural deforestation was generally the most important C-release process, the amount of C release attributable to urbanization has increased over time. Since 1990, urbanization has accounted for 29% of total C loss from the study area. We conclude that balancing urban development and forest protection is critically important for C management and policy making in the southeastern United States.
Epigenetics, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system upregulation in the offspring of water-deprived pregnant rats.

Epigenetics, essential hypertension and renin–angiotensin system upregulation in the offspring of water-deprived pregnant rats
Fighting the war within: Suicide as an individual and public health challenge in the U.S. Army

© 2011 Guilford Publications, Inc. Steven B. Cersovsky, MD, MPH, is Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army, and Director of Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, U.S. Army Public Health Command. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the policies of the Department of the Army or the US Department of Defense. Address correspondence to Dr. Steven B. Cersovsky, 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403. E-mail: steven.cersovsky@us.army.mil. Commentary Cersovsky
Managing personal digital resources

The amount of information available in digital form is growing explosively. Indexing and searching this information efficiently is essential if we are to manage it effectively. This work presents an approach for describing those data files so that they can be located quick and easily. It also introduces an approximate temporal retrieval model, supports multiple calendars, and allows users to define imprecise search queries with imprecise temporal constraints.
The alloy system uranium-titanium-zirconium

Abstract The uranium-titanium-zirconium system in the composition range to 40 atomic per cent titanium, 70 atomic per cent zirconium is reported in nine isothermal sections between 575° and 1000° C. The principal features of the alloys are discussed.
19S and 7S Antibody Production in the Cyclophosphamide- or Methotrexate-treated Rat

PREVIOUSLY it was demonstrated that in a number of animal systems the primary antibody response is made up of two distinct phases1–5. The initial antibody appearing in the serum is a high molecular weight antibody, 19S. Later, the lower molecular weight 7S antibody appears and, as it rises, the levels of 19S antibody decline. Smith0 and Svehag and Mandel7 reported that X-ray treatment of normal rabbits resulted in prolonged 19S antibody synthesis, but it suppressed 7S γ-globulin synthesis. Smith6 and Sahiar and Schwartz8,9 reported that 6-mercaptopurine given to normal rabbits, while prolonging 19S antibody production, may also abolish 7S antibody synthesis. Blinkoff10 noted a preferential inhibitory effect of methotrexate on 7S as opposed to 19S antibody production in the mouse.