cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CYP2C9 and CYP2C19: Deep Mutational Scanning and Functional Characterization of Genomic Missense Variants

Single nucleotide variants in the open reading frames (ORFs) of pharmacogenes are important causes of interindividual variability in drug response. The functional characterization of variants of unknown significance within ORFs remains a major challenge for pharmacogenomics. Deep mutational scanning (DMS) is a high-throughput technique that makes it possible to analyze the functional effect of hundreds of variants in a parallel and scalable fashion. We adapted a "landing pad" DMS system to study the function of missense variants in the ORFs of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9) and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19 (CYP2C19). We studied 230 observed missense variants in the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 ORFs and found that 19 of 109 CYP2C9 and 36 of 121 CYP2C19 variants displayed less than ~ 25% of the wild-type protein expression, a level that may have clinical relevance. Our results support DMS as an efficient method for the identification of damaging ORF variants that might have potential clinical pharmacogenomic application.
Adaptable and Efficient Genome Editing by sgRNA-Cas9 Protein Co-injection into Drosophila

ABSTRACT Genome editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) has made possible precise and deliberate modifications to gene sequences. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HDR is the simplest means to carry this out. However, technical challenges remain to improve efficiency and broaden applicability to any genetic background of Drosophila melanogaster as well as to other Drosophila species. To address these issues, we developed a two-stage, marker-assisted strategy to facilitate precise, scarless edits in Drosophila with little need for molecular screening. Using sgRNA in complex with recombinant Cas9 protein, we assayed each sgRNA for genome-cutting efficiency. We then conducted HDR using sgRNAs that efficiently cut target genes and the application of a novel transformation marker. These new tools can be used to make a single change or a series of allelic substitutions in a region of interest, or to create additional genetic tools such as balancer chromosomes.
Assessing established BMI variants for a role in nighttime eating behavior in robustly phenotyped Southwestern American Indians.

Nighttime eating (NE) behavior has a genetic component and predicts weight gain. We hypothesized that some genetic variants, which affect NE would also show an effect on body mass index (BMI). We aimed to determine which known BMI variants associate with NE in Southwestern American Indians (SWAIs), who are at elevated risk for obesity. Known BMI variants from the GIANT-UK Biobank meta-analysis (N = 700,000) were analysed in SWAIs characterized for NE during an inpatient 3-day protocol. Variants were analysed for association with NE using whole-genome sequence data from 50 SWAIs (23 cases and 27 controls) and selected variants were genotyped in an additional 32 SWAIs (13 NE cases and 19 controls). Variants associated with NE in a meta-analysis of the two SWAI samples were further analysed for association with nightly caloric intake and functionality in hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal tissues. Variants were identified where the allele that associated with increased BMI in the GIANT-UK Biobank meta-analysis (P ≤ 1 × 10−8) also had a P < 0.01 for increased NE in the SWAI meta-analysis. These variants were captured by six tagSNPs. Comparison of the nightly calorie intake by genotype and eQTL data from relevant tissues highlighted rs3753612 upstream of HCRTR1. Our strategy led to the HCRTR1 locus, which has previously been linked to sleep regulation and feeding. Although this is an intriguing candidate gene for NE, further studies in larger samples and different populations are required to validate the role of HCRTR1 in NE.
Assessing Credit Rating Agencies by Bond Issuers and Institutional Investors

We examine how a sample of publicly traded corporate bond issuers and institutional investors assess the four major nationally recognized rating agencies and their role in capital markets. The results show that issuers and investors differ dramatically in their assessments about rating agencies. Specifically, the majority of institutional investors require only one rating when they buy rated corporate bonds, but most issuers obtain two or more ratings. Issuers and investors also differ in their assessments about whether ratings accurately reflect creditworthiness and timeliness. The results suggest that differences reflect the different roles that rating agencies provide in the market place.
Abstract PS17-39: Inhibition of acetate metabolism enhances host anti-tumor immunity

Acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapy is an enormous challenge. One of the main factors contributing to therapy resistance is tumor hypoxia. The stress imposed by tumor hypoxia forces cancer cells to adapt in order to survive. These metabolically adapted cancer cells are often more invasive, more malignant, and more drug resistant. As a result, the cancer cells that emerge from hypoxic tumor regions are more likely to cause patient relapse. There is therefore a critical need to understand the mechanisms that promote the survival of cancer cells in stressful tumor microenvironments. We previously showed that the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) supports cancer cell metabolism in hypoxic and nutrient-depleted environments. ACSS2 endows cancer cells with the ability to use acetate as an alternative nutrient source to drive acetyl-CoA biosynthesis during stress and genetic silencing of ACSS2 inhibits human breast tumor growth in xenograft models. Given the important role of acetate metabolism in breast cancer we expanded upon our studies by using immunocompetent hosts and syngeneic mouse tumor models. Our results revealed a previously unknown role of ACSS2 in modulating host anti-tumor immunity. We found that ACSS2 deficient tumors are unable to grow when host immunity is intact. Depletion of host immunity (T cells) using genetic or pharmacological models rescues the growth of ACSS2 deficient tumors. Pharmacological inhibition of ACSS2 in tumors in vivo displayed gene signatures associated immune infiltration and activation within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, ACSS2 deficient breast cancer cell lines show a marked susceptibility to T cell killing in vitro. Our current research demonstrates a novel role for acetate metabolism in supporting tumor extrinsic modulation of host anti-tumor immunity. Since activation of acetate metabolism via ACSS2 is a near universal hallmark of metabolically stressed cancer cells, targeting acetate metabolism represents an unrealized opportunity with significant upside for improving current therapeutic modalities in breast cancer. Citation Format: Katelyn Miller, Zachary T. Schug. Inhibition of acetate metabolism enhances host anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS17-39.
Estimation and simulation for multivariate tempered stable distributions

We introduce a methodology for the simulation and parameter estimation of multivariate tempered stable distributions with an emphasis on the bivariate case. Our approach is based on an approximatio...
Decomposition Techniques for Multi-Scale Structured Product Design: Subspace Optimization

Abstract Recent developments in the area of integrated process and product design have shown that products can be designed in terms of their properties without committing to any specific components a priori. Although current techniques make use of group contribution methods (GCM) to design molecules, there are many properties, atomic arrangements, and structures that cannot be represented using GCM. One approach to expand the capability of GCM to handle a more diverse range of solutions is to combine property clustering with decomposition techniques in a reverse problem formulation. This approach first utilizes multivariate characterization techniques to describe a set of representative samples, and then uses decomposition techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS), to find the underlying latent variable models that describe the molecule's properties.
Optimization of highly efficient uncoated strained 1300-nm InGaAsP MQW lasers for uncooled high-temperature operation

Summary form only given. In conclusion, basic design rules for InGaAsP MQW lasers and the inherent trade off between far-field and 85 C temperature performance were established. Uncoated threshold currents as low as 19 mA at 85 C were recorded. An optimized uncoated production device was produced with all the elements necessary for uncooled high temperature applications.
The Play of Character in Plato's Dialogues

Preface 1. Drama and dialogue 2. The imitation of character 3. The elenctic Sokrates at work: Hippias Minor 4. A changing cast of characters: Republic 5. Reproducing Sokrates: Theaetetus 6. Putting Sokrates in his place: Sophist and Statesman Bibliography General index Index of passages cited.
Coming to Claim Crip: Disidentification with/in Disability Studies

This creative-critical paper combines creative non-fiction and theory to trace one non-disabled scholar’s personal experience with disability studies as a field and a community. Using disidentification and crip theory, this paper theorizes the personal, political, and academic utility of identifying with crip as a nondisabled, fat, black, queer, female academic. This crip identification then undergirds and informs the researcher’s scholarship in and relationship to disability studies as a field. Specifically referencing the Society for Disability Studies dance as a potential space of cross-identification, this paper suggests that disidentification among/across/between minoritarian subjects allows for coalitional theory and politics between disability studies and other fields, particularly race/ethnic and queer/sexuality studies. Keywords: crip, identity, queer theory, race
Significance of Foundation in Residential Building Construction in Coastal Regions

Construction of foundation for residential buildings in coastal regions imposes challenges to both designer and builder for building a sustainable structure. Construction of a successful building to satisfy the design criteria would require strong, enduring and tough components. The components of the structure should not decay, stay free from termite infestation, prevent metal corrosion and deterioration of concrete and masonry, to avoid weakening of any portion of the structural system. The challenges faced by the builders in constructing residential buildings in coastal zones are not usually found in inland locations. Building foundation in a coastal region consists of layout design, selection of foundation type and material for durability, and installation of foundation. Though pile foundations are widely used in Zone V and should also be considered for Coastal A Zones, shallow foundations, both concrete and masonry, may be adequate in another places. All coastal foundation materials – masonry, wood, concrete, or steel must be designed and installed to survive the adverse effects of high winds, wave action, moisture, and salt-laden air. This paper addresses the principles and practices of the foundation design for the construction of residential buildings in coastal regions and its challenges. Brief review of coastal building foundation practice, planning and design has been provided through literature survey of various technical papers, FEMA, ASCE 7-10, and Coastal Engineering Manuals. It is found that the most important factors for foundation design of residential buildings in coastal area are: consideration of high wind, dynamic wave action, erosion and scouring. Literature review for these factors has been provided in this paper. The significance of foundation design, planning, and permitting has been identified and discussed. The complexity, constraints, and difficulties of coastal building foundation have been analyzed compared to other geographic locations.
Material handling automation for wafer fabrication facilities

A detailed analysis of the needs and requirements for successfully designing and implementing automated material handling and control systems in wafer fabs is presented. In addition, potential system configurations and options for both interbay and intrabay material handling designs are discussed. The control system requirements, the importance of total systems integration, and the role of the skilled production operator are addressed. Constant references are made to material movement dynamics-a critical factor that affects the performance and acceptance of the system. >
Analysis of Gastric Emptying Data

How should gastric emptying data be summarized to allow comparisons between males or between groups of subjects within a study, and to facilitate comparisons of results from study to study. We review standardization issues for reporting gastric emptying data, discuss criteria for choosing a method of analysis, review methods which have been used to describe gastric emptying data, recommend trial of the power exponential curve, and illustrate its use in the analysis and interpretation of data from several studies involving different types of meals and different types of subjects. We show why nonlinear curves should be fit using nonlinear least squares.
Prediction of Stationary Processes

In this chapter we investigate the problem of predicting the values {X t , t ≥ n + 1} of a stationary process in terms of {X 1,..., X n }. The idea is to utilize observations taken at or before time n to forecast the subsequent behaviour of {X t }. Given any closed subspace ℳ of L 2(Ω, ℱ, P), the best predictor in ℳ of X n +h is defined to be the element of ℳ with minimum mean-square distance from X n +h. This of course is not the only possible definition of “best”, but for processes with finite second moments it leads to a theory of prediction which is simple, elegant and useful in practice. (In Chapter 13 we shall introduce alternative criteria which are needed for the prediction of processes with infinite second-order moments.) In Section 2.7, we showed that the projections are respectively the best function of X 1,..., X n and the best linear combination of 1, X 1,..., X n for predicting X n+h . For the reasons given in Section 2.7 we shall concentrate almost exclusively on predictors of the latter type (best linear predictors) instead of attempting to work with conditional expectations.
Weak symmetry breaking in SU(5) guts coupled to N = 1 supergravity

Abstract We consider a SU(5) model coupled to N = 1 supergravity, which involves the 75, 50 and 50 representations of Su(5) in its heavy sector. We show that the weak interaction gauge symmetry breaking can be generated without any restriction on the top quark mass and without introducing any light singlet chiral superfield.
ClinCare: Improving vascular outcomes through clinical care coordination

In the current health care environment, increasing emphasis is being placed on the quality and financial outcomes of care by both consumers and third party payors. The ClinCare (registered service mark of Jewish Hospital, Louisville, Ky) program uses an interdisciplinary approach and data-driven decision making to improve the clinical management of specific high-risk patient populations across the continuum of care. The experience of the Vascular and Thoracic Surgery Clinical Practice Team is discussed with emphasis on clinical and financial outcomes.
Patterns of physical activity in college students at possible risk for eating disorder

The relationship between exercise patterns and possible risk for eating disorders was examined in a survey of undergraduates using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Reported hours of jogging per week correlated positively and significantly with total EAT scores and with scores on the “Dieting” factor. The Dieting factor also showed significant correlations with number of activities and total hours of activities. Subjects with EAT scores at or above 30 showed a significantly higher mean number of hours of jogging per week than subjects with EAT scores less than 30. Total EAT scores and each of the three factor scores showed a significant positive correlation with exercising alone. Overall levels of activity and hours spent in activities other than jogging did not relate to total EAT scores nor differentiate between the high and low EAT score groups. The apparent preference for jogging among those possibly at risk for eating disorders is discussed in terms of sociocultural and dynamic factors associated with eating disorders.
Some crystallographic trends into the Na1+xZr2SixP3‐xO12 System

This paper gives a contribution to the crystallographic characterization of the Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 system, useful e.g. to analyze the right stoichiometric composition of a synthesized sample concerning this family of compounds, by powders X-ray diffraction analysis. In the paper relations are in fact displayed to exist among dhkl, unit cell parameters and the stoichiometric parameter x. Such relations show to be linear for dhkl and a0, while the relation trend involving c0 let one think the system is isostructural in the atomic arrangement for the ranges x < 2 and x<2, respectively, to the end terms with x=0 and x=3. Il presente lavoro fornisce un contributo alla caratterizzazione cristallografica del sistema Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12, utile ad es. per indagare, tramite analisi diffrattometrica a raggi X, la composizione stechiometrica ottenuta di un composto di questa famiglia. Nel lavoro si riscontrano infatti relazioni fra gli andamenti di dhkl, delle costanti di cella ed il parametro stechiometrico x. Tali andamenti sono lineari per quanto attiene i dhkl e gli a0 in funzione di x, mentre la relazione coinvolgente c0 lascia supporre che il sistema sia isostrutturale, con opportuno riarrangiamento atomico, negli intervalli x 2 rispettivamente ai termini estremi con x=0 ed x=3.
Palatopharyngeal anatomy and physiology.

Abstract Current literature concludes that the levator veli palatini and the musculus uvulae are the muscles primarily responsible for palatopharyngeal closure during speech in the normal individual. As a compensatory mechanism in approximately one third of patients with palatopharyngeal insufficiency, the superior constrictor muscle may be active in the form of Passavant's ridge. This ridge occurs infrequently in normal speakers. There is some evidence that this conclusion is too simplistic. There may be more individual variation involved than admitted or understood at present 39, 40 .
On Padberg's conjecture about almost totally unimodular matrices

We consider Padberg's conjecture about almost totally unimodular matrices proposed in 1988 in Operations Research Letters. We show that it is not correct as stated and give a modified version of the conjecture.
Channel Prediction by Doppler Frequency Estimation with Simplified AR modeling

A channel prediction method using the estimation of Doppler spectrum is proposed and investigated to predict channel state information in time varying channel. Because the Doppler frequency is one of main features for time varying channel characteristics, the autoregressive model for the Doppler spectrum could be employed to get reliable channel prediction coefficients. For the IIR approximation of Doppler spectrum, we propose cascade filter of digital Biquad and low pass filter with simple modification. In the cascade filter, we need only two parameters, and we can get higher order channel prediction by cascading same filter as many as we want.
A Monte Carlo based nodal diffusion model for criticality analysis of spent fuel storage lattices

Abstract A computational method is presented as an alternative to the Monte Carlo and transport theory models presently used for the criticality analysis of regular lattices for spent fuel storage. The method is developed in the framework of nodal diffusion theory, with nodal parameters obtained from continuous energy Monte Carlo computations. The applicability and the accuracy of the method are assessed in two-dimensional geometry through several benchmark problems.
Microwave assisted soil and waste dissolution for estimation of total phosphorus

Abstract A study was undertaken to compare the US‐EPA 3051 (SW‐486) microwave digestion and conventional nitric/perchloric acids (HNO3‐HClO4)‐aluminum block methods for the dissolution of phosphorus (P) in a wide variety of soil, compost, and waste materials, including topsoil, soil amendments, river sediments, sewage sludge, river dredge, compost, and soil parent materials. Dry ashing the sample before 3051 microwave dissolution with the 3051 Method was used as an alternative method. The US‐EPA microwave assisted 3051 digestion method is a more rigorous method for determination of total P, recovering more P from soil, sediment, and compost materials than the conventional HNO3‐HClO4 method. Dry ashing before the 3051 microwave increased precision of total P estimation for materials high in organic matter, particularly composts. The 3051 method recovered more than 93.5% of the established or certified total P values from most soil, sediments, and composts.
Social support, social integration, and health-related quality of life over time: Results from the Fitness and Arthritis in Seniors Trial (FAST)

The present study tested whether baseline perceived social support and social integration predicted baseline and follow-up measures of health-related quality of life for 364 older adults with osteoarthritis. The findings are secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial of an exercise intervention. Multiple regression analyses indicate that perceived social support was related to baseline measures of functioning in psychological (depressive symptoms, social functioning, and life satisfaction) and physical domains (self-rated disability, observed physical function, and perceived health), after accounting for demographic and clinical status factors. At 18-month follow-up (additionally controlling for exercise intervention and baseline outcomes), social support significantly predicted changes in psychosocial functioning, but was unrelated to changes in self-reported and observed physical health. The findings indicate that social support is an important predictor of long-term psychosocial outcomes, but ...
Evidence for a thiol reagent inhibiting choline acetyltransferase by reacting with the thiol group of coenzyme a forming a potent inhibitor

Abstract Evidence is presented for the thiol reagent methyl methanethiolsulfonate inhibiting choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6), not by reaction with an enzymic thiol group, but by reaction with the thiol group of CoA. The resulting CoA methyl disulfide is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Its action is reversed competitively by acetyl CoA.
The Effect of Disclosure of Third-Party Influence on an Opinion Leader's Credibility and Electronic Word of Mouth in Two-Step Flow

Utilizing the two-step flow model, the study sought to understand the effects of perceived third-party influence in social media. Blogger relations is a common strategy in public relations, and frequently results in compensation for coverage. Disclosure of these relationships can vary in explicitness, though the impact of disclosure is unknown. A national sample (N = 405) participated in an experiment in which a blog product review varied in its acknowledged third-party influence. Results indicate explicitness of disclosure of links between message sponsor and opinion leader significantly influences the perceived credibility of the opinion leader, and in turn participants’ attitudes regarding the product being reviewed and purchase intentions.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): a review.

Abstract The safety of the food additive butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for human consumption is being reevaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization of the United Nations. There are few studies on the effects of BHT to humans, with most of these studies just identifying the metabolic products of BHT. Studies with laboratory animals indicate that BHT may exert both detrimental and beneficial effects. For example, BHT ameliorates the toxicity and carcinogenicity of several chemical and physical agents, yet potentiates the toxicity and carcinogenicity of others. Furthermore, while BHT may exert a positive effect on life span, it exerts a negative effect on the lungs, kidneys, myocardial cells, liver metabolism of lipids, and clotting factors, and is a potential behavioral and developmental teratogen.
X-ray microtomography characterization of Sn particle evolution during lithiation/delithiation in lithium ion batteries

Abstract In this work, we investigate Tin (Sn) as a high capacity Li+ host material and perform an ex situ study with X-ray microtomography characterizing in three-dimensions (3D) Sn particle deformation during the crucial first cycles of lithiation/delithiation. We combine in-house algorithms with commercial software to develop 3D visualizations and measurements showing radial particle fracture, non-uniform lithiation of Sn particles, and a link between the global change in image intensity and loss of capacity. Particle size dependent “effective” volume expansion between 200% and 450% was measured during lithiation, and effective volume reductions of 50% were measured during delithiation. Relationships between the gray scale intensity change, volumetric expansion and particle size during the first cycle are also illustrated.
Low-Temperature Two-Dimensional Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Spectroscopy of A 1, 4-Benzodiazepine

Abstract The unsubstituted phenyl ring in ketazolam, a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, has a two-fold rotational barrier about the aryl to tert-alkyl bond connecting this phenyl group to the rest of the molecule. At 50.3 MHz, all twenty of the 13C resonances of ketazolam are resolved below -40°C, including two distinct resonances for the ortho carbons and two for the meta carbons. Twelve of the twenty 13C nuclei resonate between 138 and 125 ppm, necessitating assignment via a combination of one-bond and long-range heteronuclear shift correlation experiments.
Photoaquation of methylated cis-dichlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride compounds by direct population of a photoactive triplet excited state.

Photoaquation in compounds II and III by direct excitation into a photoactive triplet excited state is reported. The location of the singlet to triplet transition in compound III is estimated by a combination of the action spectrum for photoaquation in the region between 520 and 600 nm and the phosphorescence spectrum at 77 K. The significant increment of the reactivity (10-fold) of the triplet states in II and III as compared to that in I is explained in terms of increasing σ-donation from the phen ligands stabilizing the pentacoordinated rhodium intermediate formed by chloride expulsion.
The effect of malnutrition on immunocompetence and whole body resistance to infection in Chelydra serpentina.

Abstract Nutritional deficiency impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in snapping turtles. The primary site of the lesion appears to be the thymus, which undergoes acute involution. The splenic white pulp is also depleted of lymphocytes, but to a lesser extent. In advanced stages of malnutrition, susceptibility to bacterial infection is greatly increased. However, with improved nutrition, the histopathology and immunodeficiency is readily reversible. Long term tolerance to skin allografts can be induced in some malnourished turtles.
Biliary excretion of [(GS)2AsSe]- after intravenous injection of rabbits with arsenite and selenate

It has been shown that the seleno-bis (S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion, [(GS)2AsSe]-, is the major arsenic and selenium excretory product in bile of rabbits treated with arsenite and selenite [Gailer, J., Madden, S., Buttigieg, G. A., Denton, M. B., and Younis, H. S. (2002) Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16, 72−75]. To investigate the in vivo interaction between the other environmentally common oxy-anions of arsenic and selenium in mammals, we have intravenously injected rabbits with different combinations of the arsenic and selenium oxo-anions (arsenite + selenate, arsenate + selenite, and arsenate + selenate) and analyzed the collected bile and whole blood samples by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Only the injection of arsenite and selenate led to the biliary excretion of [(GS)2AsSe]- within 25 min. Whole blood collected from these animals (25 min postinjection) contained predominantly unchanged selenate, which suggests the presence of a mammalian selenate reductase in the liver. The lack of any significant biliar...
Multiple primaries among gynecologic malignancies

Seventy-eight synchronous or metachronous tumors among 2362 patients followed by the Downstate Gynecologic Tumor Registry are reviewed. Significant synchronous tumor pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ)-ovary, cervix (in situ)-uterus, cervix (in situ)-kidney, endometrium-ovary, endometrium-rectosigmoid, and ovary-breast. Significant metachronous pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-lung, cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-upper alimentary tract, and cervix (invasive)-rectosigmoid. In the case of in situ and invasive cervical cancer-lower genital tract, significance was determined for both synchronous and metachronous pairs. Long survival is an important factor in the appearance of a second tumor as demonstrated in patients with cervical carcinoma. Synchronous data prove to be valuable in assessing in risk of second primaries in patients surviving for short periods. The roles of cigarette smoking, hormones, immunosuppression, radiotherapy, and screening are discussed.
Conductance of a perfect metal in one dimension.

A renormalization method is used to study the conductance of a one-dimensional metal in the presence of a periodic potential. The approach of Horovitz, Bohr, Kosterlitz, and Shulz is generalized to the case in which this potential has many Fourier components; it is further modified to include the Pokrovsky-Talapov behavior near the insulating phase. The Luther-Emery line is shown to correspond to an invariant line of the renormalization equations in the strong-coupling regime, beyond the range of validity of the Kosterlitz pertubative renormalization group.
Effect of androgen and estrogen on succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase of rat prostate and seminal vesicle.

Previous work in this laboratory indicates that in ovarian tissues correlations can be made between the functional state of the tissues and fluctuations in activity of such enzymes as succinic dehydrogenase (SDH-ase) (Meyer, Soukup, McShan, Biddulph, 1947), malic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidage (McShan, Erway, Meyer, 1948), adenosine triphosphatase (Biddulph, Meyer, McShan, 1946), and acid and alkaline phosphatase (Stafford, McShan, Meyer, 1947). The experiments to be reported here were undertaken to determine whether such a relationship exists in the prostate and seminal vesicle with respect to SDH-ase and cytochrome oxidase following.castration and replacement therapy. materials and methods The animals used were Sprague-Dawley male rats ranging from 200 to 300 gm. body weight. Of a total of 55 animals, 7 were set aside as normal controls and did not receive any treatment. One animal was used for each experiment; 5 for SDH-ase controls and 2 for cytochrome oxidase. The remainder were castrated and d...
Wave reflections from slotted tunnel portals

Abstract Various modifications to tunnel portals may be employed to reduce the sudden pressure jump which occurs as a train passes through the entrance or exit. Tunnel entrance gives rise to pressure waves which may travel down the length of the tunnel and reflect back to cause ear discomfort to the passengers. Various distortions are introduced to the shape of these waves if they reflect off a modified tunnel portal. A linearized analysis of a pressure impulse and a pressure step reflecting off a portal consisting of a long slotted section is presented. A closed-form solution is obtained. It is shown in both cases that the infinitely steep rise of the incident wave is reflected as a pressure rise of finite slope, and the pressure amplitude may exceed that of the input for some points in time. The apparent mass of flow through a narrow slot is calculated. It is shown that the magnitude of pressure waves produced by tunnel entry may be sufficiently large that significant non-linear acoustic effects may be present.
Quantifying the cost of excess market thickness in timber sale auctions

Abstract In auctions with endogenous entry, theory predicts that too many potential bidders, or the excess market thickness, may actually decrease the seller's expected revenue and the social welfare generated by the auction. This paper proposes a computationally easy method for estimating the optimal number of potential bidders in timber sale auctions with endogenous entry and an uncertain number of active bidders and then quantifies the cost of excess market thickness. It is found that the welfare loss due to the excess market thickness is moderate in this market.
Plasmin induces smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Background Plasminogen activators are routinely used for thrombolysis. They lead to the generation of the protease, plasmin, which can induce smooth muscle cell proliferation and may thus promote further intimal hyperplasia in the thrombolysed vessel. The signaling pathways used by plasmin are not understood. Methods Murine aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Assays of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, MAPKK and MAPK activation were examined in response to plasmin alone and in the presence of plasmin inhibitors (e-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin), pertussis toxin (Gαi inhibitor, PTx), GP-2A (Gαq inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitor, Wn), LY294002, (PI3-K inhibitor, LY), PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, PD), and SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor, SB). Results Plasmin produced concentration dependent smooth muscle cells DNA synthesis and proliferation and induced ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of plasmin prevented these responses. The ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD, but not the p38MAPK inhibitors, SB, blocked cell proliferation. The activation of the MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway was both Gαi dependent (PTx-sensitive) and Gαq dependent (GP-2A-sensitive). It was blocked by the PI3-K inhibitors, Wn and LY. PI3-K activation as measured by akt phosphorylation was dependent on Gαi, but was independent of Gαq. Conclusion Plasmin induces smooth muscle cell proliferation. Plasmin induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation occurs through two pathways: one which is Gαi mediated/PI3-K dependent and a second which is Gαq mediated/PI3K independent. p38MAPK appears not to be involved in plasmin-mediated cell proliferation. This pattern of activation is distinct from that seen with urokinase plasminogen activator.
Nonresonant magnetic field effects in the photoluminescence of polythiophene and poly(3-alkylthiophenes)

Magnetic fields (10 < B < 700 G) applied to polythiophene and its derivatives cause changes in the photoluminescence (PL) intensity. In chemically coupled polythiophene, sharp peaks occur at 110 and 220 G. These peaks may be due to the coupling of photogenerated spins to nuclear quadrupole transitions. This in turn suggests that recombination sites at the end of the chains are important in the PL process. Much broader features in the PL vs. B spectrum are also mentioned and discussed.
Isolation and Characterization of Large Numbers of Endothelial Cells for Studies of Cell Signaling

Studies of endothelial cell signaling involving cholesterol-rich domains require large numbers of cells of bona fide origin. The growth of any cell in culture, particularly for extended periods, results in an altered phenotype that could include changes in the properties of caveolae and lipid raft structures. While continuously propagated cells are used to study specific questions because their origin is known and because proteins of interest are still expressed, such reasoning is an oversimplification and can lead to findings that are descriptive of the cell's adaptation to culture rather than its original phenotype. We are particularly cognizant of this concern as we examine caveolar signaling domains in endothelial cells. Here we present a reproducible method for the isolation and characterization of large numbers of bona fide endothelial cells suitable for studies of the regulation of receptor signal transduction. Digestion of guinea pig hearts with collagenase results in the liberation of cells that adhere to collagen-coated plastic and express platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) and binding sites for Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) that permit segregation of cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Growth of cells over 7 doublings results in enrichment in the expression of both PECAM-1 and UEA-1 and retention of functional low-density lipoprotein receptor. The ability of cells to differentiate into endothelial tubes at any stage during their characterization up to 20 doublings in culture suggests that this method can be employed to generate endothelial cells that are minimally altered from their site of origin.
Applications of superconductivity to the generation and distribution of electric power

Potential applications for superconductors exist in transformers, transmission lines, generators, motors, circuit breakers, and rectifiers. Superconducting electromagnets also promise savings in power and weight when used with controlled thermonuclear fusion devices and magnetohydrodynamic generators. Discussion, however, is limited to recent developments in power apparatus
Non-contact probes for THz circuits and integrated devices

We present a new “non-contact” approach for device and circuit testing at THz frequencies. The new non-contact probe design is based on beam-tilted THz antennas integrated into the coplanar environment of the monolithic circuits and devices, such as high-speed transistors and diodes. Commercially available THz vector network analyzers (VNAs) (with extension modules) and waveguide-fed horn antennas are used to excite the beam-tilted planar THz antennas integrated into the test device feed lines. For optimal coupling efficiency, the extended hemispherical lens configuration is used. The propagation effects and the antenna coupling artifacts can be removed using a conventional calibration method using several known loads. Initial results based on the full-wave electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that the new non-contact probe can provide much needed functionality for characterizing new electronic devices and electromagnetic components in the THz regime where standard contact probes are either not available or exceedingly costly.
Implementing high performance, low computation, IIR filters with 2-path recursive all-pass filters and the harris-sharpening filter

We present here two techniques to form high performance, low cost digital filters from a set of low cost, low performance, prototype filters. Here cost is related to number of arithmetic operations and performance is measured by depth of out-of-band spectral attenuation and shallowness of in-band spectral ripple. The two mechanisms that support this process are the cascading of two-path recursive all-pass filter which form high order prototype filters with a small number of coefficients and application of the harris sharpening filter which uses the prototype filter and an all-pass companion filter to compensate for the increase of in-band ripple levels due to the cascade of prototype filters.
Defining genetic risk for graft-versus-host disease and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Purpose of review This review explores what is known about the genetics of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and how genetic polymorphism affects risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and mortality. Recent findings Genetic variation found across the human genome can impact HCT outcome by causing genetic disparity between patient and donor and modifying gene function. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and structural variation can result in mismatching for cellular peptides known as histocompatibility antigens. At least 25-30 polymorphic genes are known to encode functional histocompatibility antigens in mismatched individuals, but their individual contribution to clinical GVHD is unclear. HCT outcome may also be affected by polymorphism in donor or recipient. Association studies have implicated several genes associated with GVHD and mortality, however results have been inconsistent most likely due to limited sample size, and differences in racial diversity and clinical covariates. New technologies using DNA arrays genotyping for a million or more SNPs promise genome-wide discovery of HCT-associated genes, however adequate statistical power requires study populations of several thousand patient-donor pairs. Summary Available data offers strong preliminary support for the impact that genetic variation has on risk of GVHD and mortality following HCT. Definitive results however await future genome-wide studies of large multicenter HCT cohorts.
Myeloperoxidase produces nitrating oxidants in vivo.

Despite intense interest in pathways that generate reactive nitrogen species, the physiologically relevant mechanisms for inflammatory tissue injury remain poorly understood. One possible mediator is myeloperoxidase, a major constituent of neutrophils, monocytes, and some populations of macrophages. The enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide and nitrite to generate 3-nitrotyrosine in vitro. To determine whether myeloperoxidase produces nitrating intermediates in vivo, we used isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to quantify 3-nitrotyrosine in two models of peritoneal inflammation: mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. Both models developed an intense neutrophil inflammatory response, and the inflammatory fluid contained markedly elevated levels of 3-chlorotyrosine, a marker of myeloperoxidase action. In striking contrast, 3-nitrotyrosine levels rose only in the mice infected with K. pneumoniae. Levels of total nitrite and nitrate were 20-fold higher in mice injected with K. pneumoniae than in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine failed to increase in mice infected with K. pneumoniae that lacked functional myeloperoxidase. Our observations provide strong evidence that myeloperoxidase generates reactive nitrogen species in vivo and that it operates in this fashion only when nitrite and nitrate become available. This article was published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org.
Diffusion and viscosity in silicate liquids: Percolation and effective medium theories

The compositional variations of the diffusivity of network-forming ions (Si, Al, O) and viscosity in silicate liquids have been modeled using percolation theory . The relative fraction of bridging oxygen (BO) and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) in a silicate liquid serves the purpose of the simplest critical variable with respect to which diffusion and viscous flow show interesting cross-over behaviors. The diffusion of network-forming ions is found to be strongly coupled to one another and show a percolation transition at 16 vol% of NBO's. The viscosities of silicate liquids also show a rigidity percolation behavior at a similar volume fraction of NBO's. These observations indicate that microscopic diffusion events are probable precursors of viscous flow. Effective medium theories have also been used to model the compositional dependence of the viscosity of silicate liquids.
Investigation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) in improving thermal conductivity of paraffin wax-based phase change material

Composite phase change materials (PCM) for latent heat thermal energy storage were made by mixing two different kinds of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP-1 and xGnP-15) into paraffin wax. Direct casting and two roll milling were used to prepare samples. The investigation on the thermal and electrical conductivity of nanocomposites with these two nanoplatelets was performed. Higher thermal conductivity of composite PCM can be achieved with nanofillers of larger aspect ratio, better orientation and lower interface density. The thermal physical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. It was found that the latent heat of the nanocomposites was not adversely affected by the presence of xGnP nanoplatelets and the thermal stability improved.
A Simulation Study of Due-date Assignment Rules in a Dynamic Job Shop

This paper is a report of a simulation study that investigates a dynamic approach to scheduling jobs in a multi-machine job shop. The workload information of a job is used in different forms to evaluate the shop performance based on three measures: mean job lateness, percentage of tardy jobs and lateness variance. Different combinations of due-date assignment methods and sequencing rules are compared based on specific performance criteria. The results indicate that using the cumulative distribution function of workload information can yield a better performance than using a proportional function of workload information or ignoring shop congestion information. A few situations are identified in which workload information is not critical.
Vanishing viscosity plane parallel channel flow and related singular perturbation problems

We study a special class of solutions to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations ∂tuν+∇uνuν+∇pν=νΔuν, with no-slip boundary condition, on a domain of the form Ω={(x,y,z):0≤z≤1}, dealing with velocity fields of the form uν(t,x,y,z)=(vν(t,z),wν(t,x,z),0), describing plane-parallel channel flows. We establish results on convergence uν→u0 as ν→0, where u0 solves the associated Euler equations. These results go well beyond previously established L2-norm convergence, and provide a much more detailed picture of the nature of this convergence. Carrying out this analysis also leads naturally to consideration of related singular perturbation problems on bounded domains.
Stress analysis of heated concrete using finite elements

Abstract Described is a finite element analysis of concrete, which is subjected to rapid heating. Using thermal mass transport calculation, the moisture content, temperature and pore pressure distribution over space and time is obtained first. From these effects, stress at various points of the concrete are computed using the finite element method. Contribution to the stress formulation comes from three components, namely the thermal expansion, pore pressure, and the shrinkage of concrete due to moisture loss (from dehydration). The material properties of concrete are assumed to be homogenous, elastic, and cracking is not taken into consideration.
Omaha childhood blood lead and environmental lead: a linear total exposure model

Abstract The majority of experimental and population studies of blood lead (PbB) and environmental lead, including the Omaha study, have utilized the Goldsmith-Hexter log-log or power function model. Comparison was made of the log-log model and a linear model of total exposure to describe the Omaha Study of 1074 PbBs from children ages 1–18 years as related to air (PbA), soil (PbS), and housedust (PbHD) lead. The data fit of the linear model was statistically equivalent to the power model and the predicted curves were biologically more plausible. The linear model avoids the mathematical limitations of the power model which predicts PbB zero at PbA zero. From the Omaha data, this model, ln PbB = ln ( β 0 + B 1 PbA + B 2 PbS + β 3 PbHD) predicts that PbB increases 1.92 μg/dl as PbA increases 1.0 μg/m 3 . Since PbS and PbHD increase with PbA, however, the increases in total exposure predict a PbB increase of 4–5 μg/dl as PbA increases 1.0 μg/m 3 .