cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting Theories to Practice: A Model for Categorizing Theories According to Use

In modernist fashion, counseling theories are ordinarily categorized according to their common conceptual features. This system of classification generally does not serve counseling practitioners, who use theories to help clients. The author proposes a practitioner-based, postmodernist model of classification that organizes theories according to the ways that they can be used.
Changes in Toxicity and Mobility Resulting from Bioremediation Processes

Abstract Bioremediation is a commonly used process for the remediation of soils and sludges containing hydrocarbon compounds. The extent of chemical concentration reduction that occurs in bioremediation processes and the concentration of residual chemicals varies widely for different soils and sludges and for different processes. Along with changes in chemical concentration, measures of toxicity and chemical mobility are important information as site remediation decisions are increasingly being made within a risk-based corrective action framework. This review article presents illustrative data from studies that evaluated the effectiveness of bioremediation processes and that contained information about changes in chemical mobility and soil or sludge toxicity. The weight-of-evidence data presented indicated that, as part of the bioremediation process, there is a reduction of the apparent toxicity of the soils and sludges that were treated. In addition, remaining chemical constituents generally were less mo...
Everyday concepts as a guide to reality

On September 11,2001, as everyone knows, the towers of the World Trade Center in New York were attacked. I want to discuss this event in order to motivate a non-reductionist view of the extensions of everyday concepts. Next, I shall set out, and begin to defend, the particular view of non-reductionism that I favor?the Constitution View. Then, I shall consider two venerable metaphysical issues (the nature of vagueness and the mind independent/mind-dependent distinction) in light of the Constitution View. If the Constitution View is correct, then everyday concepts are a good guide to reality. My aim is to offer a metaphysical theory that acknowledges the genuine reality of what our everyday concepts (as well as our scien tific concepts) are concepts of.
Editor’s Response to Comments on the Paper: Kinetics Studies on Oxirane Cleavage of Epoxidized Soybean Oil by Methanol and Characterization of Polyols

In our February 2008 issue, we published the paper ‘‘Kinetic Studies on Oxirane Cleavage of Epoxidized Soybean Oil by Methanol and Characterization of Polyols’’ by Bo Lin, Liting Yang, Honghai Dai, and Aihua Yi in the Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (2008) 85:113–117 (doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1187-5). Consequently, we received a Letter to the Editor from Dr. Zoran Petrovic and Yijin Xu addressing concerns about the results in this article. Petrovic and Xu went so far as to conduct additional experiments in an attempt to verify the results of the original work, but were unsuccessful. In response, the authors also conducted additional experiments and came to the same conclusions as Petrovic and Xu. Published below is the critique of Petrovic and Xu as well as the authors’ response so that our readers can evaluate the science for themselves. Based on the additional data, we at JAOCS conclude that the results would not have justified publication of the original paper. We at JAOCS express our appreciation to Dr. Petrovic and Yijin Xu for bringing their criticisms forward and to the authors for acknowledging their error. The quality of JAOCS and, more appropriately all peerreviewed scientific publications, relies on the collective responsibility and contributions of authors, readers, reviewers and editors alike. This process works well in the great majority of cases; it is unfortunate, however, that in this case, an error such as this was allowed to pass through. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused our readers.
Cellular localization and function of the antiviral protein, ovine Mx1 (oMx1): II. The oMx1 protein is a regulator of secretion in an ovine glandular epithelial cell line.

Problem Embryonic loss is a major contributor to infertility. Understanding factors affecting embryonic loss will help increase fertility. Method of study We investigated if ovine Mx1 (oMx1) mediated secretion by ovine glandular epithelial (oGE) cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Effects on secretion were examined through the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway using β2- microglobulin (β2MG) as a marker, and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) as a marker for unconventional secretion. Results Mx1 siRNA reduced oMx1 mRNA levels at 12 and 24 hr after IFN-τ treatment (P < 0.05), without affecting levels of oMx2, ISG15, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetas or β2MG. Mx1 siRNA reduced Mx1 protein levels at 48 and 120 hr after treatment (P < 0.05) and protein levels remained low at 120 hr. Transient oMx1 knock-down reduced secretion of oMx1 (P < 0.01). ISG15 protein in secretions was reduced without affecting intracellular levels (P < 0.05). Levels of β2MG in secretions were not affected by Mx1 siRNA. Conclusion We showed that oMx1 protein is secreted by oGE cells and that reduction in oMx1 protein levels by siRNA reduced secretion of ISG15, but not β2MG. Results support the hypothesis that oMx1 is a regulator of secretion through unconventional secretory pathway(s).
Block median filters

Rank and median filters (MFs) have become one of the standard techniques for suppressing noise of impulsive nature. A limitation of these filters is the high computational cost when implemented on general purpose computers. Several fast algorithms have been developed for specific types of signals. An alternative is computationally more efficient filters with MF-like performance. One proposed filter in this category with selectable trade-off between reduction of computation and MF-like performance is the block median filter (BMF). The BMF produces a median block at each window position, thus effectively reducing the total window steps and the computation. In this paper some statistical properties of the BMF and comparisons with the MF are presented. It is shown that for large window sized, the statistical properties of the BMF approach those of the MF.
Finite Element Analysis of a Phononic Crystal at Gigahertz Frequencies

In this paper, the vibrational behavior of a phononic crystal is studied at gigahertz frequencies. The phononic crystal is comprised of a silicon slab with tungsten inclusions filtering out waves within the frequency range of 0.7 GHz to 1.1 GHz. Two-dimensional harmonic finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to model the transmission of stresswaves launched from a transmitter and passing through the crystal. The numerical results are compared with another prevalent numerical method, finite difference time domain (FDTD), as well as with experimental results. Comparisons made between the numerical approaches and experimental approach, show that the harmonic finite element analysis agrees well with experiment and potentially can explain the experimental results more precisely than FDTD. This more favorable comparison is attributed to a resonance that occurs between the transmitter and the phononic crystal.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
MEASURING ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION: AN INVESTIGATION OF HOUSEHOLD AVOIDANCE COSTS

: Economic losses from ground water contamination were estimated in a central Pennsylvania community. The averting expenditures method was applied via a mail survey of households in which water contained the unregulated volatile organic chemical, perchloroethylene (PCE). Expenditures were estimated at $148,900 (1987 dollars) over the six-month contamination period or approximately $252 per household annually. These costs underestimate the lower bound measure of welfare losses to households from ground water contamination. An upper bound measure of welfare losses was estimated at $383 per household annually. These estimates do not represent the full economic losses resulting from ground water contamination since the study did not address municipal-level and business avoidance costs and losses from actual health effects, increased fear and anxiety, ecological damages, and nonuser ground water benefits. The results expand the existing empirical base of information about municipal-level responses and economic losses from ground water contamination to include household-level impacts. The findings indicate that households undertake substantial averting actions in response to ground water contamination and that such actions can have significant economic consequences. The extent and magnitude of avoidance costs documented suggests that policy-makers should give greater attention to this category of economic losses.
Properties of infectious ribonucleic acid from wheat streak mosaic virus.

Abstract Nucleic acid was prepared by treating wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) with sodium dodecyl sulfate and bentonite at pH 9.0. The nucleic acid sedimented at 40 S and was susceptible to hydrolysis by 10 −6 μg of ribonuclease per milliliter. Samples from the nucleic acid zone after sedimentation through sucrose gradient columns were infectious on wheat, but samples from above and below the zone were not. After formaldehyde treatment, the ribonucleic acid (RNA) sedimented at 23.5 S, indicating a molecular weight of 2.8 × 10 6 . Apparently WSMV has one piece of single-stranded RNA. The buoyant density of single-stranded tobacco mosaic virus RNA in sucrose was 1.49.
Functionality of Sorghum Flour Components in a High Ratio Cake

High ratio cakes baked from composite flours of hard red winter wheat and grain sorghum were inferior to those baked from wheat flour alone. The lipid, water-soluble and starch fractions of grain sorghum were interchanged with those of wheat to identify the responsible component(s). Sorghum lipids did not display functionality, perhaps due to their low concentration of glycolipids. The effect of exchanging water-solubles on cake quality was negligible. Both volume and texture were inferior when sorghum starch replaced wheat starch. Replacement of sucrose with dextrose greatly improved cake volume and texture, apparently by lowering the high gelatinization temperature of the sorghum starch.
Morphology and axonal arborization of rat spinal inner lamina II neurons hyperpolarized by μ‐opioid–selective agonists

The ventral or inner region of spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG; lamina II(i)) is a heterogeneous sublamina important for the generation and maintenance of hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. To test whether II(i) neurons can be hyperpolarized by the mu-opioid agonist [D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO; 500 nM) and to address possible downstream consequences of mu-opioid-evoked inhibition of II(i) neurons, we combined in vitro whole-cell, tight-seal recording methods with fluorescent labeling of the intracellular tracer biocytin and confocal microscopy. Twenty-one of 23 neurons studied had identifiable axons. Nine possessed axons that projected ventrally into laminae III-V; six of these were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Three of four neurons with identifiable axons that projected to lamina I were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Most neurons could be classified as either islet cells or stalked cells. Five of nine labeled islet cells and only two of seven stalked cells were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Three were stellate cells: one resembled a spiny cell and three could not be classified. DAMGO hyperpolarized each of the stellate cells, the spiny cell, and 1 of the unclassified cells. Our data support the hypothesis that part of the action of mu-opioid agonists involves the inhibition of interneurons that are part of a polysynaptic excitatory pathway from primary afferents to neurons in the deep and/or superficial dorsal horn.
Tree-Based Locally Linear Regression for Image Denoising

We present a new patch-based approach for image denoising that combines similar patches in the same image and from a set of training images. The key idea of our method is that we can partition the training samples according to the clean patches and efficiently learn a denoising operator for each partition. Given a noisy patch, we use self-similarity to compute an initial denoising result which is used to locate the relevant partitions. We apply the corresponding learned denoising operator to the original noisy patch. Our method does not suffer either from the blurring effect that commonly exists in self-similarity based methods or from the training size problem that is associated with training-based methods. We evaluate our method on three benchmark datasets as well as real mobile images. Experimental results show that our approach consistently outperforms BM3D in terms of both peak signal-to-noise ratio and visual quality.
A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a clinical decision rule versus usual care to risk stratify children for intraabdominal injury after blunt torso trauma.

Objectives Recently a clinical decision rule (CDR) to identify children at very low risk for intraabdominal injury needing acute intervention (IAI) following blunt torso trauma was developed. Potential benefits of a CDR include more appropriate abdominal computed tomography (CT) use and decreased hospital costs. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of implementing the CDR compared to usual care for the evaluation of children with blunt torso trauma. The hypothesis was that compared to usual care, implementation of the CDR would result in lower CT use and hospital costs. Methods A cost-effectiveness decision analytic model was constructed comparing the costs and outcomes of implementation of the CDR to usual care in the evaluation of children with blunt torso trauma. Probabilities from a multicenter cohort study of children with blunt torso trauma were derived; estimated costs were based on those at the study coordinating site. Outcome measures included missed IAI, number of abdominal CT scans, total costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Sensitivity analyses varying imputed probabilities, costs, and scenarios were conducted. Results Using a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 children with blunt torso trauma, the base case model projected that the implementation of the CDR would result in 0.50 additional missed IAIs, a total cost savings of $54,527, and 104 fewer abdominal CT scans compared to usual care. The usual care strategy would cost $108,110 to prevent missing one additional IAI. Findings were robust under multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Compared to usual care, implementation of the CDR in the evaluation of children with blunt torso trauma would reduce hospital costs and abdominal CT imaging, with a slight increase in the risk of missed intraabdominal IAI.
Progesterone receptor action: defining a role in breast cancer

The ovarian steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone, and their nuclear receptors (estrogen receptor [ER] and progesterone receptor [PR]), are involved in breast cancer development. As ER-positive/PR-positive tumors progress, they are likely to become steroid hormone-resistant/independent, yet often retain expression of their steroid receptors. Notably, up to 40% of women with steroid receptor-positive tumors exhibit de novo resistance or eventually fail on estrogen- or ERα-blocking therapies (acquired resistance). Indeed, most of the research on this topic has centered on mechanisms of ER 'escape' from endocrine therapy and the design of better ER-blocking strategies; signaling pathways that mediate endocrine (i.e., anti-estrogen) resistance are also excellent therapeutic targets. However, serious consideration of PR isoforms as important drivers of early breast cancer progression and ER modulators is timely and significant. Indeed, progress has been hindered by ER-centric experimental approaches. This article will focus on defining a role for PR in breast cancer with hopes of providing a refreshing PR-focused perspective.
Projection-based, frequency-domain estimation of superimposed translational motions

In this paper a description is given of a computationally efficient algorithm, based on the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT), for the estimation of multiple translational motions from a sequence of images. The proposed algorithm relies on properties of the projection (Radon) transform to reduce the problem from three to two dimensions and is effective in isolating and reliably estimating several superimposed motions in the presence of moderate levels of noise. Furthermore, the reliance of this algorithm on a novel array processing technique for line detection allows for the efficient estimation of the motion parameters. It is shown that while the technique presented herein is not expected to exhibit the same performance as that of comparable techniques based on the three-dimensional FFT, it is an attractive alternative that makes modest sacrifices in performance for gains in computational complexity.
Persistence of the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in soil

Abstract The accumulation and persistence of the insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis may result in environmental hazards, such as toxicity to nontarget species and the selection of toxin-resistant target species. Toxins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were added to three soils [Kitchawan soil (which contains kaolinite but not montmorillonite) unamended or amended with montmorillonite or kaolinite (as an internal control); Mopala soil, which contains montmorillonite and kaolinite; and San Alejo soil, which does not contain montmorillonite but contains kaolinite], and the persistence of the toxins was determined by insect bioassays using the larvae of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Toxicity varied with the type of soil: the Kitchawan soil, either unamended or amended with kaolinite, remained toxic to the larvae for more than 6 months, maintaining a lethal concentration at which 50% of the larvae were killed (LC50) of 61 to 111 ng 100 μl−1 of soil suspension throughout 195 d of incubation. The Kitchawan soil amended with montmorillonite and the Mopala and San Alejo soils showed reduced insecticidal activity after only 35 d (LC50 from 104 to 192 ng 100 μl−1). The pH of soils in which insecticidal activity was reduced was higher (5.8 to 7.3) than that of soils in which insecticidal activity was retained (4.9 to 5.1). As microbial activity is greater at higher pH values, more of the toxins may have been degraded by microbes in soils with the higher pH values. This hypothesis was confirmed by the greater loss in insecticidal activity during 234 d when the pH of the Kitchawan soil, unamended or amended to 6% (vol vol−1) with kaolinite, was increased from 4.9 to ca. 7.0 by the addition of CaCO3.
Real forms of non-linear superconformal and quasi-superconformal algebras and their unified realization

Abstract We give a complete classification of the real forms of simple non-linear superconformal algebras (SCA) and quasi-superconformal algebras (QSCA) and present a unified realization of these algebras with simple symmetry groups. This classification is achieved by establishing a correspondence between simple non-linear QSCA's and SCA's and quaternionic and super-quaternionic symmetric spaces of simple Lie groups and Lie supergroups, respectively. The unified realization we present involves a dimension zero scalar field (dilaton), dimension-1 symmetry currents, and dimension - 1 2 free bosons for QSCA's and dimension - case1 2 free fermions for SCA's. The free bosons and fermions are associated with the quaternionic and super-quaternionic symmetric spaces of corresponding Lie groups and Lie supergroups, respectively. We conclude with a discussion of possible applications of our results.
Micromethod for simultaneous determination of nitrogen and phosphorus in single samples of nucleoproteins and their derivatives

Abstract A method for mineralization of samples of nucleoproteins and their derivatives, aiming at the simultaneous determination of N and P, has been described. The influence of different metallic catalysts and H 2 O 2 upon mineralization and correct determination of P has been examined. Good results for pyrimidines, purines, and proteins, using Se as catalyst, have been obtained. The recovery of lysine was 97.79%.
Cruciform π-systems for molecular electronics applications

This study details a modular and general synthesis of a new class of molecules consisting of cruciform π-systems. The key to synthesizing these molecules was an unprecedented double Staudinger cycl...
Collages as dynamic summaries for news video

This paper introduces the video collage, a novel effective interface for browsing and interpreting video collections. The paper discusses how collages are automatically produced, illustrates their use, and evaluates their effectiveness as summaries across news stories. Collages are presentations of text and images derived from multiple video sources, which provide an interactive visualization for a set of video documents, summarizing their contents and providing a navigation aid for further exploration. The dynamic creation of collages is based on user context, e.g., an originating query, coupled with automatic processing to refine the candidate imagery. Named entity identification and common phrase extraction provides descriptive text. The dynamic manipulation of collages allows user-directed browsing and reveals additional detail. The utility of collages as summaries is examined with respect to other published news summaries.
IT service management architecture and autonomic computing

The IT Infrastructure Library® defines a set of best practices to align information technology (IT) services to business needs and constitutes the framework for IT service management (ITSM). This framework helps organizations manage their IT services using standard design patterns and the requisite customization. In this paper, we discuss critical contributions that autonomic computing offers to the definition and implementation of an ITSM architecture and infrastructure. We first introduce key architectural patterns and specifications of autonomic computing as they relate to an ITSM logical architecture. We then show how autonomic computing delivers value through a set of ITSM-based case studies that address problem determination, impact assessment, and solution deployment.
Pricing of track time in railroad operations: An internal market approach

This paper presents a computable equilibrium model of an internal market for track resources in a railroad. The problem of estimating the value to each train of track capacity, which in turn is used to create the actual train schedules, is formulated as an N-player, noncooperative game with nondisjoint strategy sets. In this model, the effects of other traffic on a given train schedule (the mean and variance of total travel time) are represented by a line delay model for a scheduled railroad on a partially double track rail line. The generalized Nash equilibrium for the resulting game-theoretic model is found as a solution to a quasi-variational inequality problem. The goal of this model is to ascertain how close the prices from the internal market system (the game-theoretic model) comes to globally optimal prices. Data from a major Class I railroad are used to explore this issue in detail.
Navigating neurites utilize cellular topography of Schwann cell somas and processes for optimal guidance

Abstract The path created by aligned Schwann cells (SCs) after nerve injury underlies peripheral nerve regeneration. We developed geometric bioinspired substrates to extract key information needed for axon guidance by deconstructing the topographical cues presented by SCs. We have previously reported materials that directly replicate SC topography with micro- and nanoscale resolution, but a detailed explanation of the means of directed axon extension on SC topography has not yet been described. Here, using neurite tracing and time-lapse microscopy, we analyzed the SC features that influence axon guidance. Novel poly(dimethylsiloxane) materials, fabricated via photolithography, incorporated bioinspired topographical components with the shapes and sizes of aligned SCs, namely somas and processes, where the lengths of the processes were varied but the soma geometry and dimensions were kept constant. Rat dorsal root ganglia neurites aligned to all materials presenting bioinspired topography after 5 days in culture and aligned to bioinspired materials presenting soma and process features after only 17 h in culture. The key findings of this study were: neurite response to underlying bioinspired topographical features was time dependent, with neurites aligned most strongly to materials presenting combinations of soma and process features at 5 days, with higher than average density of either process or soma features, but at 17 h they aligned more strongly to materials presenting average densities of soma and process features and to materials presenting process features only. These studies elucidate the influence of SC topography on axon guidance in a time-dependent setting and have implications for the optimization of nerve regeneration strategies.
Fluoride concentrations in a crystalline bedrock aquifer Marathon County, Wisconsin

Water samples from 2,789 private water-supply wells in Marathon County, Wisconsin reveal that fluoride concentrations in the crystalline bedrock range from <0.01 to 7.60 mg/L, with 0.6% of the values exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) maximum contaminant level of 4 mg/L, and 8.6% exceeding the EPA’s secondary maximum contaminant level of 2.0 mg/L. Roughly a quarter of the wells contain dissolve fluoride within the range considered optimal for human health (between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L), whereas 63.3% fall below 0.5 mg/L. Consistent with studies conducted in other regions, felsic rocks have significantly higher fluoride concentrations than mafic and metasedimentary rocks. Syenites yield the most fluoriferous groundwaters, but the highest median concentration occurs in a sodium-plagioclase granite. A relationship between plagioclase composition and fluoride concentrations suggests that dissolved fluoride levels are controlled by fluorite solubility and that higher fluoride concentrations are found in soft, sodium-rich groundwater.
An Ada graphical tool to support software development

Significant work has been done by others on tools that allow software engineers to graphically illustrate software designs and, in some cases, to produce code automatically from the graphical design. What we posit here is that, given the current technology available in the marketplace, over the life of a typical software project it is more beneficial to produce accurate graphical representations of a software design from the code. We have developed a prototype tool that will take as input any legal Ada compilation unit, or set of units, and produce a precise graphical representation of those units. Because of the inherent suitability of Ada as a compilable Program Design Language (PDL), our tool is usable virtually throughout the software development life-cycle. This tool has been used successfully at Sandia National Laboratories during the preliminary and detailed design phases of a medium-sized software development project; moreover, we believe benefits will continue to accrue during the later stages of the life-cycle, particularly software maintenance and enhancement.
Emergent Decision-Making Practices In Technology-Supported Self-Organizing Distributed Teams

We seek to identify work practices that make technology-supported, self-organizing, distributed (or virtual) teams (TSSODT for short) effective in producing outputs satisfactory to their sponsors, meeting the needs of their members, and continuing to function. A particularly important practice for team effectiveness is decision making: are the right decisions made at the right time to get the work done in a way that satisfies team sponsors, keeps contributors happy and engaged, and enables continued team success? In this research-in-progress paper, we report on an inductive qualitative analysis of 120 decision episodes taken by two Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. Our analysis revealed differences in decision-making practices that seem to be related to differences in overall team effectiveness.
Post-radiation sarcomas: a review of the clinical and imaging features in 63 cases.

Abstract AIMS: The development of sarcomas is a recognized complication of radiation therapy. We set out to retrospectively review the clinical and therapeutic demographics, as well as the cross-sectional imaging findings in patients with post-radiation sarcomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients with post-radiation sarcomas were identified at a single institution. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging was available for all patients. The medical records were reviewed for the primary diagnoses, the radiation history, and the latency period to the development of the sarcoma. RESULTS: There were 43 women and 20 men with a mean age of 52.8 years. The mean radiation dose delivered was 50.1 Gy, with a mean latency period for the development of the sarcoma of 15.5 years. The most common primary diagnoses were breast cancer, lymphoma and head and neck cancer. The most common sarcoma histopathologies were osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The most common imaging findings were a soft tissue mass and bone destruction. CONCLUSIONS: Post-radiation sarcomas, while uncommon, are not rare. The imaging findings are not pathognomonic, but an appreciation of the expected latency period may help to suggest the diagnosis.Sheppard, D. G. and Libshitz, H. I. (2001). Clinical Radiology56, 22–29.
An Improved Empirical Potential Energy Function for Molecular Simulations of Phospholipids

Improvements in the CHARMM all-atom force field for atomic-level molecular simulations of lipids are reported. Substantial adjustments have been made to the Lennard-Jones (LJ) hydrocarbon and torsional parameters and to the partial atomic charges and torsional parameters of the phosphate moiety. These changes were motivated by a combination of unexpected simulation results and recent high-level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The parameter optimization procedure is described, and the resulting energy function validated by an 11 ns molecular dynamics simulation of a hydrated phospholipid bilayer. Of note is the influence of the hydrocarbon LJ parameters on the conformational properties of the aliphatic tails, emphasizing the importance of obtaining the proper balance between the bonded and nonbonded portions of the force field. Compatibility with the CHARMM all-atom parameter sets for proteins and nucleic acids has been maintained such that high quality simulations of biologically interesting me...
Power and Authority in Disease Maps Visualizing Medical Cartography Through Yellow Fever Mapping

Medical cartography became an important data visualization tool in the 19th century. In this article, the author argues that early yellow fever maps invoked power and authority over diseased space through their visual conventions and scientific authority as statistical graphics as well as by visually reinforcing underlying Western ideologies about disease, illness, and health. Further, the creation of these maps established a visual precedent for invoking this authority that continues today. As public health continues to move toward a global health perspective in the 21st century, understanding how mapping constructs and shapes knowledge about disease, illness, and health will become increasingly important.
Effect of Melodic Rhythm on Elementary Students' and College Undergraduates' Perceptions of Relative Tempo

The present study examined the effect of melodic rhythm on the perception of tempo in music. Three hundred fourth graders (n = 100), fifth graders (n = 100), and undergraduate nonmusic majors (n = 100) heard 36 pairs of brief musical examples and indicated whether the second example in each pair was “faster,” “slower,” or “neither faster nor slower” than the first example in the pair. Musical excerpts were four variations of a chaconne theme in which the upper voices moved in quarter-note, eighth-note, eighth-note triplet, or sixteenth-note values. Each variation was scored in four voices and presented via microcomputer at two different tempi: MM = 100 and MM = 112. The perception of relative tempo was significantly affected by melodic rhythm (p < .001), which indicates that subjects responded to the melodic rhythm as well as the beat when making tempo judgments. The results seem important in relation to perception, performance, and the teaching of music to young children.
Scyllo‐inositol in normal aging human brain: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4 Tesla

The scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol concentrations of 24 normal human subjects were measured in vivo using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4 T. Single-voxel short-echo (TE = 15 ms) metabolite spectra were collected from the white matter region of the corona radiata. Test–retest studies performed on 10 normal subjects demonstrated coefficient of variation for scyllo-inositol measurement of 37%, compared with 6% for N-acetyl aspartate. Comparisons between old and young subjects showed higher concentration of scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol in older subjects and a trend for a correlation between scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol levels across subjects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Natural History of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension After Pediatric Cataract Surgery

Introduction: We sought to define the prevalence and natural history of ocular hypertension and glaucoma for at least a 10-year period after pediatric cataract surgery. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of patients who received pediatric cataract surgery. Inclusion criteria included 2 directed ophthalmologic examinations performed at a minimum of 5 and 10 years after surgery. Results: A total of 63 patients (22 with bilateral cataracts and 41 with unilateral cataracts) were examined at a median of 15.1 year (range, 10.3-21.3 years) after surgery. A majority of the subjects had glaucoma or ocular hypertension (ie, 59%; 37/63). Nineteen percent (12/63) had glaucoma (5/22 with bilateral cataracts and 7/41 with unilateral cataracts). Approximately half (7/12) had developed glaucoma during the first 5-year observational period and the remainder (5/12) developed it during the following observational period. Forty percent (25/63) of the patients had ocular hypertension in at least one aphakic eye (9/23 with bilateral cataracts and 16/40 with unilateral cataracts). The rate of progression from ocular hypertension to glaucoma over a mean observational period of 7.2 years (range, 6.2-8.1 years) was 23% (5/22). Discussion: Patients who receive surgery for pediatric cataracts are at very high risk of developing ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Patients can develop late-onset glaucoma and ocular hypertension more than 10 years after surgery. Years of ocular hypertension may precede the diagnosis of late-onset glaucoma.
Variations in chromosome number in the spermatogenesis of Philosamia cynthia

A study of spermatogenesis was made on four groups of a pedigreed strain of the moth Philosamia cynthia, and the results were compared with spermatogenesis in the wild material. Deviations from the normal number of chromosomes were observed in two groups. In some individuals the haploid number was 12 instead of 13. Giant spermatocytes were also observed with twenty-four chromosomes. In other individuals, two haploid numbers, 13 and 14, occurred in the same testis. The twelve-chromosome condition is due to linkage of two chromosomes during the late prophase of the primary spermatocyte. The double chromosomes thus formed appeared to divide equally in both divisions. The origin of the fourteenth chromosome was not determined. Correlation of the genetic and cytological data indicates the restriction of aberrant chromosome complexes to two of the four groups and the regularity of the twelve-chromosome complex in certain families, suggesting the conclusion that a new strain arose in the pedigreed material with regard to chromosome variability and that the twelve-chromosome condition is a well-defined characteristic, partly established in some families and probably fully established in others.
Case of extreme growth deceleration after burns.

Abstract Studies have demonstrated deceleration in both weight and height following burns in children. It is expected patients will display catch up growth and return to normal weight within three years but continued height deficiency may remain in cases of severe burns. We describe a case of severe growth retardation of 8 years old orphan child from Ukraine who suffered of burn less than 40% of total body surface area when he was a 3 years of life. His case was complicated by domestic abuse, neglect and limited medical care. He initially presented to the United States for surgical care of his contractures but his treatment quickly focused on his profound growth retardation. Despite aggressive nutritional supplementation and evaluation he did not demonstrate any weight gain.
Preconscious and Postconscious Processes Underlying Construct Accessibility Effects: An Extended Search Model:

In this article we first review research relevant to current models of assimilation and contrast effects. Second, we introduce a new theoretical model that specifies how preconscious and postconscious processes jointly contribute to the occurrence of assimilation and contrast effects. Furthermore, a central tenet of our model is that the perceiver's information-processing goals (expediency and accuracy goals) regulate these preconscious and postconscious processes, and they thus play an important role in moderating the magnitude of assimilation and contrast effects. We propose that our new theoretical model provides a parsimonious account for existing findings and derives a number of novel hypotheses to be tested by empirical research.
High luminosity operation of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring

The high energy physics performance of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) improved by a factor of 2.5 since the beginning of seven-bunch operation in February, 1987. In addition to the gains provided by multiple bunches, other improvements, including very low beta (micro-beta) insertions and increased injection rates, have played a role in these advances. Presently, performance is limited by sparking in the horizontal separators used in multiple bunch operation. Since performance is current, not beam-beam, limited, optimum luminosity is obtained by lowering beta /sub v/* to 0.9 times the bunch length. >
Statistical challenges in the analysis of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis experiments using DeCyder™

Motivation: The DeCyder software (GE Healthcare) is the current state-of-the-art commercial product for the analysis of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) experiments. Analyses complementing DeCyder are suggested by incorporating recent advances from the microarray data analysis literature. A case study on the effect of smallpox vaccination is used to compare the results obtained from DeCyder with the results obtained by applying moderated t-tests adjusted for multiple comparisons to DeCyder output data that was additionally normalized. Results: Application of the more stringent statistical tests applied to the normalized 2D DIGE data decreased the number of potentially differentially expressed proteins from the number obtained from DeCyder and increased the confidence in detecting differential expression in human clinical studies. Availability: The marray and limma packages used here are available from http://www.bioconductor.org/ Contact: [email protected]
DENATURING GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (DGGE) AS A RAPID METHOD FOR ASSESSING GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MICROFLORA RESPONSES IN LAYING HENS FED SIMILAR ZINC MOLT INDUCTION DIETS

Induced molting through feed withdrawal can change the microenvironment of crop and ceca su-ciently to allow them to be the sites of Salmonella colonization in the chicken intestine. This study compares the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of microbial crop and cecal communities among molted hens fed similar zinc acetate or zinc propionate amended molt diets to hens either undergoing feed withdrawal or hensfill fed and not molted. Dendrograms of DGGE amplicon patterns indicated over 85% similarity of cecal communities between zinc acetate fed hens and zinc propionate fed hens and over 60% similarity of crop communities between zinc acetate fed hens and zinc propionate fed hens. Rapid comparison of complex gastrointestinal microflora profiles in laying hens fed similar diets is possible using DGGE.
POLYMORPHIC FLIGHT-FEATHER MOLT SEQUENCE IN TUFTED PUFFINS (FRATERCULA CIRRHATA): A RARE PHENOMENON IN BIRDS

Abstract Previous reports have stated that Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) lose all of their flight feathers simultaneously (or nearly so) during flight-feather molt and replace them in no apparent order. In contrast, we found that captive second-year (SY) Tufted Puffins (1) typically require 15 and 10 days to lose their primaries and secondaries, respectively, during their first flight-feather molt, and an average of 21 days to lose all of their remiges; and (2) replace their primaries in either of two discrete sequences. In 9 of 13 birds, primary molt began at the innermost primary, P1, and progressed distally to the outermost functional primary, P10. However, in the remaining four birds, primary molt began in the middle of the primaries (P5-P7) and progressed both distally to P10 and proximally toward P1. Before the proximal wave reached P1, a second wave of molt was initiated at P1 and progressed distally, typically replacing P2 and P3 before reaching the proximal wave. Such polymorphism in fligh...
Eigenwords: spectral word embeddings

Spectral learning algorithms have recently become popular in data-rich domains, driven in part by recent advances in large scale randomized SVD, and in spectral estimation of Hidden Markov Models. Extensions of these methods lead to statistical estimation algorithms which are not only fast, scalable, and useful on real data sets, but are also provably correct. Following this line of research, we propose four fast and scalable spectral algorithms for learning word embeddings -- low dimensional real vectors (called Eigenwords) that capture the "meaning" of words from their context. All the proposed algorithms harness the multi-view nature of text data i.e. the left and right context of each word, are fast to train and have strong theoretical properties. Some of the variants also have lower sample complexity and hence higher statistical power for rare words. We provide theory which establishes relationships between these algorithms and optimality criteria for the estimates they provide. We also perform thorough qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Eigenwords showing that simple linear approaches give performance comparable to or superior than the state-of-the-art non-linear deep learning based methods.
Out-of-Plane Buckling of Crane Booms

Herein the authors present a readily usable method for determination of out-of-plane elastic buckling loads of conventionally rigged crane booms without intermediate hitches.
Open Chambers: High Court Associates and Supreme Court Clerks Compared

Adjudication is globalizing. The apex courts of domestic systems – supreme courts or constitutional courts – are leading examples. This practice is propelled by the now familiar globalization of judicial dialogue, as well as the globalization of the legal profession and legal education. Yet this globalization is uneven, across courts and across legal areas.There are subtle institutional reasons that account for the convergence and divergence of judicial practice. These reasons are revealed by close, qualitative comparison. This Essay, from 2007, focuses on the role of the law clerk. Responding to the study by political scientists Artemus Ward and David Weiden, Sorcerers’ Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court, this Essay analyzes their framework for assessing clerk influence and their findings for the U.S. Supreme Court. It compares these findings with material from the Australian High Court.Ward and Weiden’s data suggests that U.S. clerks enjoy considerable – and ever growing – influence in the Supreme Court, by reviewing petitions for cert, assisting judges in decision-making, and drafting opinions. While this influence is prone to exaggeration, if accurate, it contrasts well with the more muted Australian role, where judges employ fewer clerks and delegate fewer adjudicative tasks. This Essay attributes this variance to the differences in life tenure versus compulsory retirement in the two courts, the role of oral argument, judicial appointment processes, norms of consensus in opinion-writing, and the content of the judicial docket. These conclusions portray aspects of convergence and divergence in the role of the clerk. In particular, they suggest that the greater number of clerks per judge, the greater the opportunity for influence. Other apex courts, such as the South African Constitutional Court, or even the International Court of Justice, employ several clerks, and include foreign-trained clerks. These findings have implications for understanding the importance of clerkship education, diversity and hiring, for explaining the convergences and divergences in judicial practice, and, more fundamentally, for understanding the delegation by judges of the adjudicative role.
Multiple Items, Ascending Price Auctions: An Experimental Examination of Alternative Auction Sequences

The paper investigates the revenue and efficiency of different ascending price auction architectures for the sale of three items and five bidders. Four architectures are studied: two different sequences of single item auctions, simultaneous auctions with a common countdown clock, and simultaneous auctions with item specific countdown clocks. A countdown clock measures the time until the auction closes but resets with each new bid. The environment contains independent private values, no uncertainty about own preferences, no information about other’s preferences, and a one unit budget constraint. The Nash equilibrium best response with straight forward bidding fits both dynamic and outcome data well. When non-unique Nash equilibria exist as in the case of simultaneous markets with a common clock, the social value maximizing Nash equilibrium emerges as the equilibrium selection. Both total revenue and efficiencies depend on the architecture as predicted by the Nash model, with the exception of the independent clocks architecture, which performs poorly on all dimensions.
Justice without Agreement

Most theories of justice pre-suppose that there is a neutral position from which we can debate our political interests. It is from this neutral point of view that we can arrive at a common set of aims that ultimately informs our choice of a social contract. In previous work, I argued against a neutral position. Instead, we have to consider the possibility that individuals have very diverse perspectives, and as such have difficulty finding any common ground from which to debate. The aim of this paper is to develop a procedure for determining the set of rights afforded to individuals when those same individuals agree on very little. In fact, I will consider the case where people not only disagree about what their preferred outcomes are, but they also disagree about what the set of outcomes even looks like.