cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Older Voters and the 2010 U.S. Election: Implications for 2012 and Beyond?

PURPOSE To analyze the extent to which Americans aged 65 and older may have voted as an old age-benefits bloc in the 2010 midterm election in response to threats of Medicare rationing. METHODS Analysis of age group data from the Edison Research 2010 Election Day exit polls, complemented by data published elsewhere. RESULTS For the first time in 4 decades, there were signs of an old-age voting bloc in the 2010 election; yet, analysis of the age group data by sex and race/ethnicity reveals notable differences among these subgroups. IMPLICATIONS This new tendency toward old-age bloc voting may well continue in the 2012 election and beyond. If "reforming" Medicare and Social Security persist as policy issues, the votes of older persons may increasingly be affected to a much greater degree than in past elections.
Competition and facilitation between a native and a domestic herbivore: trade-offs between forage quantity and quality

Potential competition between native and domestic herbivores is a major consideration influencing the management and conservation of native herbivores in rangeland ecosystems. In grasslands of the North American Great Plains, black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are widely viewed as competitors with cattle but are also important for biodiversity conservation due to their role in creating habitat for other native species. We examined spatiotemporal variation in prairie dog effects on growing-season forage quality and quantity using measurements from three colony complexes in Colorado and South Dakota and from a previous study of a fourth complex in Montana. At two complexes experiencing below-average precipitation, forage availability both on and off colonies was so low (12-54 g/ m 2 ) that daily forage intake rates of cattle were likely constrained by instantaneous intake rates and daily foraging time. Under these dry conditions, prairie dogs (1) substantially reduced forage availability, thus further limiting cattle daily intake rates, and (2) had either no or a small positive effect on forage digestibility. Under such conditions, prairie dogs are likely to compete with cattle in direct proportion to their abundance. For two complexes experiencing above-average precipitation, forage quantity on and off colonies (77-208 g/m 2 ) was sufficient for daily forage intake of cattle to be limited by digestion rather than instantaneous forage intake. At one complex where prairie dogs enhanced forage digestibility and (N) while having no effect on forage quantity, prairie dogs are predicted to facilitate cattle mass gains regardless of prairie dog abundance. At the second complex where prairie dogs enhanced digestibility and (N) but reduced forage quantity, effects on cattle can vary from competition to facilitation depending on prairie dog abundance. Our findings show that the high spatiotemporal variation in vegetation dynamics characteristic of semiarid grasslands is paralleled by variability in the magnitude of competition between native and domestic grazers. Competitive interactions evident during dry periods may be partially or wholly offset by facilitation during periods when forage digestibility is enhanced and forage quantity does not limit the daily intake rate of cattle.
Variable Cellular Conduct of Photonic Carbon Nano-Dots

Recently the smaller Quantum dots (Qdots) (< 10 nm) have shown improved cellular imaging over previous generations of Qdots, however the metal content in their formulation still hinders their progress towards translational venue. Carbon dots (Cdots) are novel carbon based nanoparticles which have shown promise as replacements for Qdots. However, their cellular uptake and in vivo imaging applicability are not well-known. Herein, following our work with other multifunctional nanoprobes and nano-delivery systems, we have functionalized cdots and used combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence imaging to show them to be of less than 10 nm in size and equally photo-stable. Moreover, we show their cellular uptake in various cancerous, non-cancerous and stem cell types using confocal and two-photon fluorescence imaging. Quantitative Nanomechanical mapping (QNM) analysis via bio-AFM was carried out to probe the cellular response in presence of Cdots. Cdots have the potential to impact in both health and environmental applications because of their low cost, ready scalability, excellent chemical stability, biocompatibility, colloidal stability, and resilience of PL in vivo.
Even parity states of 16O and 17O

Abstract The low-lying even-parity spectrum of 16O and 17O is described by mixing the usual states in the spherical shell model with deformed states obtained by exciting particles out of a deformed core.
Transpeptidase-Mediated Incorporation of d-Amino Acids into Bacterial Peptidoglycan

The β-lactams are the most important class of antibiotics in clinical use. Their lethal targets are the transpeptidase domains of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), which catalyze the cross-linking of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) during cell wall synthesis. The transpeptidation reaction occurs in two steps, the first being formation of a covalent enzyme intermediate and the second involving attack of an amine on this intermediate. Here we use defined PG substrates to dissect the individual steps catalyzed by a purified E. coli transpeptidase. We demonstrate that this transpeptidase accepts a set of structurally diverse d-amino acid substrates and incorporates them into PG fragments. These results provide new information on donor and acceptor requirements as well as a mechanistic basis for previous observations that noncanonical d-amino acids can be introduced into the bacterial cell wall.
Growth factor stimulation enhances integrin-mediated migration but not adhesion of cml progenitors

Abstract Abnormal progenitor circulation and extramedullary hematopoiesis are characteristic features of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). These abnormalities could be related to altered β1 integrin function in CML progenitors. β1 integrins play an important role in growth factor (GF) induced mobilization of normal progenitors from the bone marrow into the circulation. Although expressing β1-integrins at normal levels, CML progenitors demonstrate significantly reduced adhesion to stroma and fibronectin (FN). We evaluated the effect of GF stimulation on CML progenitor adhesion and migration on FN. GF modulation of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion was impaired in CML CFC. Normal CFC incubated with physiological concentrations of GF had significantly enhanced adhesion to FN compared with cells incubated without GF (30.4±4.6% vs. 14±3.6%, p
Estimation of Solvent-Modulated Linear Adsorption Parameters of Taxanes from Dilute Plant Tissue Culture Broth

A stepwise elution technique is developed to estimate the linear solvent-modulated isotherm parameters of taxanes from dilute plant tissue culture broth. The technique is proven to be robust under various experimental conditions because mass transfer effects are decoupled from isotherm effects on elution bands. Simple algebraic equations are derived to relate isotherm parameters to the retention times at different solvent compositions in stepwise elution under volume overload conditions. A minimum loading volume, which is a function of mass transfer parameters, column geometries, and adsorption affinities, is estimated from moment analysis to ensure that band spreading due to mass transfer does not affect the accuracy of this method. The isotherms of a low-cost solute, phenylalanine, under different ethanol concentrations are measured by a standard multiple frontal chromatography method. The results serve as benchmarks for the parameters that are estimated over the same ethanol concentration range using the stepwise elution technique. The parameters determined from these two independent methods are in close agreement. For paclitaxel and cephalomannine, the retention times and peak shapes from plant tissue culture broth experiments are well predicted from rate model simulations using the parameters estimated from single-component elution data.
Hrs-2 is an ATPase implicated in calcium-regulated secretion

Associations between proteins present on neurotransmitter-containing vesicles and on the presynaptic membrane are thought to underlie docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, which are obligate steps in regulated neurotransmission1–4. SNAP-25 resides on the plasma membrane and interacts with syntaxin (a plasma membrane t-SNARE) and VAMP (a vesicle v-SNARE)1–9 to form a core protein complex thought to be an intermediate in a biochemical pathway that is essential for vesicular transport. We have now characterized a protein, Hrs-2, that interacts with SNAP-25. The binding of Hrs-2 to SNAP-25 is inhibited by calcium in the physiological concentration range that supports synaptic transmission. Furthermore, Hrs-2 binds and hydrolyses nucleoside triphosphates with kinetics that suggest that ATP is the physiological substrate for this enzyme. Hrs-2 is expressed throughout the brain and is present in nerve terminals. Moreover, recombinant Hrs-2 inhibits calcium-triggered 3H-noradrenaline release from permeabilized PC 12 cells. Our results suggest a role for Hrs-2 in regulating secretory processes through calcium- and nucleotide-dependent modulation of vesicle-trafficking protein complexes.
Observed food safety behaviours of young adults

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to observe young adults preparing two recipes in a controlled laboratory setting to identify food‐handling errors. Few studies have investigated actual consumer food safety and food‐handling practices.Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that one of four trained observers used a check‐list to directly observe and record food‐handling practices; observation data were later analyzed to assess how closely participants followed recommended practices. The observation check‐list had four criterion‐referenced scales based on Fight Bac! food safety recommendations (e.g. clean, cook, separate, chill). Each recommended behaviour performed earned one point. Scale scores were calculated by summing points earned and could range from zero to the maximum observed behaviours on the scale. Means, standard deviations, and comparison of mean scores using analysis of variance were calculated.Findings – Participants (n=154, mean age 20.73+1.30SD) were from a major US university....
Determination of protoporphyrin IX distributions in skin tumors after the application of topical aminolevulinic acid

Topical application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is known to lead to enhanced concentrations of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in skin tumors versus normal tissue several hours after application. As PpIX is an effective photosensitizer, topical ALA is being used in several clinical trials to treat skin malignancies, with variable success rates to date. As PpIX is highly fluorescent, we have initiated a clinical trial to determine the PpIX distribution in normal and tumor tissue after the application of ALA via fluorescent imaging. Subjects apply ALA topically several hours prior to surgical excision of basal cell carcinomas, and the resulting PpIX distributions in normal and tumor tissue are examined on a macroscopic and microscopic scale. This information allows us to determine the exact degree of correlation between PpIX distribution and tumor tissue, and gain insight into the mechanism for the specificity of PpIX for tumor tissue. In addition, we are exploring the possibility of using the PpIX fluorescence as a guide to the excision of skin tumors.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors in Nuclear Security for Passively Monitoring of Special Nuclear Materials―Part A

This paper (constituting Part A) describes the transformational Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detector (TMFD) based method for “passive” detection of Special Nuclear Materials (SNMs) as related to nuclear security. Purdue University is developing novel, multi-purpose tension metastable fluid nuclear particle detectors by which multiple types of nuclear particles can be detected with high (90%+) intrinsic efficiency, spectroscopic capability, directional information, rapid response, large standoff and significant cost-savings compared with state-of-the-art systems. This paper focuses specifically on recent advances in the use of these novel detector systems for neutron spectroscopy. These techniques will then be discussed and evaluated in the context of area monitoring in waste processing applications with a focus on passive monitoring of radioactive source particles from SNMs. The companion paper (Part B) addresses TMFD technology as it pertains to active interrogation.
Hematocrit Determination in Small Bore Tubes from Optical Density Measurements under White Light Illumination

Abstract The relationship between the hematocrit of blood flowing in small bore glass tubes and its optical density (OD) under white light (tungsten) illumination has been examined for tube luminal diameters of 40, 50, and 70 μm. The absorption characteristics of hemoglobin solutions under tungsten illumination were also evaluated, resulting in the measurement of an effective extinction coefficient of 1.84 × 103 cm2/mmole which appeared to be invariant with pO2, due to averaging over the tungsten spectrum. Upon expressing the measured OD of whole blood as the sum of two components, one representative of light absorption and the other representative of cell-to-cell scattering of light, agreement with the trends described by the multiple scattering theory of V. Twersky (1970, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 1084–1093), was achieved within 20% (rms error). Within this framework, an explanation is offered for the basis of an empirical correlation between OD and a polynomial function of packed cell fraction (HT) and tube diameter (DT), previously described by R. J. Jendrucko and J. S. Lee (1973, Microvasc. Res. 6, 316–333). By choosing a function X = DT(HT − H2T), which appears as an independent variable in the Twersky formulation, a graphical correlation between OD and X can be established in vitro to provide a means of assessing HT from measurements of OD and DT. The accuracy of such determinations of HT is about 26% provided that HT
Determining How, When, and Whether You Should Publish Outside the Box: Sober Advice for Early Career Behavior Analysts

Publishing outside of behavior analysis is necessary for the field’s impact in advancing its science or improving its treatments. As consumers of behavior analysis, we typically only see the success stories in outlets such as the Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and The Behavior Analyst. Lacking from these models is a description of the hard work and occasional missteps that accompany dissemination outside the box. In this paper, I propose that prospective disseminators need to (a) critically evaluate what they have to say, (b) carefully consider the field’s interests, and (c) honestly analyze professional and personal contingencies to determine whether publishing outside the box should be a priority, depending on one’s stage of professional development. I conclude with some general recommendations to early career behavior analysts aspiring to disseminate outside the field.
Why Does China Matter

Based on its size, strategic location, and rising economic and military power, China exerts worldwide economic influence and is the leading military and political power in Asia, but Chinese leaders are not inclined to assert influence in world affairs more forcefully.
Molecular characterization of cDNA clones encoding the human alcohol dehydrogenase β1 and the evolutionary relationship to the other Class I subunits α and γ

Three different sizes of cDNA clones coding for the β1 subunit of human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were isolated from a human cDNA library constructed in bacteriophage λgtll and completely sequenced. Comparisons of these three with two other published ADH β1 cDNA sequences show one silent nucleotide substitution at the third position of colon 220 and two nucleotide differences within the 1337 nucleotides of the 3′ untranslated region. Hybridization of a 3′ untranslated region of one of the β1 cDNA clones to DNAs from various individuals has shown a Rsa I restriction fragment length polymorphism. A phylogenetic tree for class I human ADHs α, β, and γ shows that the subunits α and diverged most recently and that their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of the subunit γ earlier. This tree topology differs from that based on equal rates of nucleotide (or amino acid) substitution of the three ADH subunits, in which the subunits β and γ are considered to be most recently diverged. The evolutionary rates of nucleotide substitution for the three subunits reveal that the subunit γ is evolving with the slowest rate, followed by β and γ, in that order, implying that the subunit γ may be providing the original function of ethanol metabolism.
Causes of catastrophic failure in complex systems

Root causes of mission critical failures and major cost and schedule overruns in complex systems and programs are studied through the post-mortem analyses compiled for several examples, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the Challenger and Columbia Shuttle accidents, and the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident. The roles of organizational complexity, cognitive biases in decision making, the display of quantitative data, and cost and schedule pressure are all considered. Recommendations for mitigating the risk of similar failures in future programs are also provided.
Class A Bézier curves

We discuss 3D Bezier curves with monotone curvature and torsion, generalizing a 2D class of curves by Y. Mineur et al.
Synthesis, crystal and electronic structures of La3Cr2N6

Abstract The rare earth–transition metal ternary nitride La3Cr2N6 was synthesized from the elements and an excess of sodium and gallium at 900 ∘C in a sealed niobium tube. This compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I 4 / m m m (No. 139) with a = 3.8525 ( 5 ) A and c = 20.508 ( 4 ) A . It is isostructural with the recently discovered ternary nitrides R3M2N6 (R=La, Ce or Pr; M=V, Nb or Ta) and with the high T c superconducting copper oxide La2−xSrxCaCu2O6. Band structure calculations using density functional theory show that La3Cr2N6 contains CrN2 conducting layers.
Computerized Laboratory Exercises for Microeconomics Education: Three Applications Motivated by Experimental Economics.

The advancement of experimental economics brought with it refinements in the classroom games and simulations used in the teaching of economics. In this lead article, Williams and Walker introduce the use of experiments in the teaching of economics via three computerized exercises that are a byproduct of their research: the monopoly posted-offer market exercise, a free rider activity, and a stock market experiment.
Association of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function with neuropsychological performance in children with mild/moderate asthma.

The present study examines the relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and child psychological/neuropsychological function in a group of children with mild to moderate asthma. The goal of the study was to determine whether child neuropsychological functioning and psychological functioning were associated with cortisol production in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) stimulation when assessed as area under the curve. Data for this study were gathered from 63 children who participated in an ancillary study within the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) during the pre-randomization phase of the CAMP trial. At 2 of the 8 CAMP clinical centers participants completed an ACTH stimulation test after an overnight stay in the General Clinical Research Center. Gender differences on baseline cortisol and change in cortisol 30 minutes after infusion of ACTH were present. Results further indicated significant associations between cortisol production and measures of chil...
Simulation of White Enamel Discoloration in Composite Resin Veneer Restorations

T-■» he acid-etched enamel bonding technique and the wide variety of com­ posite resin materials have revolu­ tionized restorative dentistry for anterior teeth. Fractured incisors and those with developmental color or morphologic de­ fects can be conservatively and often im­ perceptibly restored. When performed with care, such restorations can have years of use before replacement or un­ complicated repair may be required. The visible light-cured fine, superfine, and micro-particle filled composite resins, which are based on Bowen’s1 bisphenol and glycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA) formula filled with colloidal silica, offer the best long-term solutions for restora­ tive problems that itivolve anterior teeth (R. E. Jordan, personal communication). Simonsen2 and Jordan and others3 de­ scribe techniques for correction of facial enamel defects. They identified step-bystep procedures for preparing affected teeth and esthetically restoring facial sur­ faces to normal color and form. In some cases, it may be desirable to characterize composite resin facial veneers to simulate enamel color defects. Such treatment may be required to create a homogeneous ap­ pearance of an entire facial surface, create visual harmony among adjacent teeth, or to add small white resin areas resembling enamel hypoplasia to mimic such defects in normal enamel surfaces. This paper describes a technique that was used to modify composite resin ve­ neer restorations to resemble enamel white discoloration on two maxillary cen­ tral incisors.
Local characteristics of hydrodynamics in draft tube airlift bioreactor

Abstract Airlift column reactors have been widely used in bioprocesses. The design, scale-up, and performance evaluation of such reactors all require extensive and accurate information about the gas–liquid flow dynamics, particularly as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become more popular in the last decade. However, due to the limitation of most conventional techniques for gas–liquid flow dynamics measurement, only global hydrodynamic parameters (e.g., cross-sectionally averaged liquid circulation velocity, overall gas holdup, and overall mass transfer rate) have been extensively studied. The local flow characteristics (e.g., the macro-mixing and the turbulence intensity) remain unclear. In this study, we use the computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) technique to investigate the details of the multiphase flow dynamics in a draft tube airlift bioreactor, such as the liquid velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy field, distributions of shear stresses, etc. The flow structures in the whole reactor, as well as the structure in individual regions, i.e., the top, the bottom, the riser, and the downcorner are also characterized. We found significantly large turbulent kinetic energy in the top and the bottom regions, with spots of very high shear stress, which were also found in the vicinity of the sparger. The results also suggest that the top and bottom clearances have significant effects on the flow structures, which may have substantial effects on the bioreactor performance.
Developmental Human Factors: Children's Mental Models of Computers

Two groups of first, third, and fifth grade children were interviewed about their mental models of computers. The first group was interviewed in 1999, and the second in 2009. In both data sets, children as young as 6 years of age generated well developed analogies for computers. However, the 2009 data showed that children are increasingly able to generate these analogies at a younger age. Further, the types of analogies generated differed as a function of time, with those interviewed in 1999 more likely to describe perceptual qualities of computers (e.g., it is square), and those interviewed in 2009 relating computers to both cell phones and entertainment devices. Children's knowledge of technology provides a glimpse into the future user's mindset.
A Night With Venus, a Lifetime With Mercury: A Case of Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms

A 62-year-old African American woman presented to her primary care physician with binocular photopsias increasing in frequency over 1 year. Magnetic resonance angiography of the brain revealed bilateral 3-mm internal carotid artery aneurysms. She was referred to vascular medicine for further work-up. Her physical examination was unremarkable except for a right-sided femoral bruit. Specific testing for causes of multiple intracranial aneurysms was unremarkable except for positive rapid plasma reagin titers and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption staining. She was referred to Infectious Diseases clinic where it was determined that the patient had a history of congenital syphilis that was not adequately treated until almost 20 years after birth. Few case reports illustrate the relationship between syphilis and intracranial aneurysms. The authors present this case to increase awareness of this uncommon presentation.
Adaptive behavior in children with CHARGE syndrome.

The “R” in the mnemonic “CHARGE” has historically stood for “Retardation of Growth and Development.” Early medical reports describing mental retardation in CHARGE syndrome have not used convincing means to assess this attribute. This article investigated the range of developmental ability in individuals with CHARGE as measured through an adaptive behavior scale, the Adaptive Behavior Evaluation Scale (ABES) [Carney (1995): The Adaptive Behavior Evaluation Scale home version technical manual-revised. 126p.], over time. Parents of individuals with CHARGE syndrome were surveyed twice over a 4-year time span (N = 100, 85) to obtain information about adaptive behavior and specific CHARGE characteristics. There was a significant decline in ABES scores over the 4-year period. However, at Time two, one-half of the children achieved a standard score above 70. Correlation and regression analyses at Time one and Time two revealed negative relationships between (a) age at walking, (b) degree of hearing impairment, (c) degree of visual impairment, and (d) medical involvement variables and the dependent variable, adaptive behavior. In both studies, age at walking was the best predictor of scores. Analysis of variance confirmed that medical involvement and degree of vision impairment were related to adaptive behavior scores because they were also related to age at walking. Age at walking and medical involvement at Time one were found to be significantly different between those who improved and declined in adaptive behavior scores over time. Adaptive behavior scores from both studies revealed a much broader and higher-reaching range of ability for this population than has been previously reported in the literature. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bimanual 1:1 with 90° continuous relative phase: difficult or easy!

The purpose of the present experiment was to observe the performance of participants attempting to produce a 1:1 bimanual coordination pattern with 90° relative phase between the arms when feedback concerning the movement of the two limbs was integrated within a Lissajous plot and when this information was withdrawn. One group was paced with an auditory metronome and the other was encouraged to increase frequency when they fell below the goal frequency. We predicted that providing a salient integrated feedback display without a metronome would allow participants to effectively tune-in the goal relative phase pattern within several minutes; instead of several days as typically found in the literature when the metronome was used. The data indicated remarkably effective performances after 5 min of practice when the metronome was not used, with motion of both limbs harmonic in nature, and continuous relative phase errors (~10°) and standard deviation of continuous relative phase (~10°) relatively small. This seems remarkable given that this coordination pattern has proven relatively difficult to perform under normal and Lissajous feedback conditions even after several days of practice. As predicted relative phase errors and variability increased substantially when the metronome was used. When the extrinsic feedback was withdrawn all participants tended to drift from the required 90° relative phase, but the cycle duration variability in the two limbs remained stable and limb motion remained harmonic in nature. The current findings suggest that some of the difficulty typically associated with producing various relative phase patterns is due to the less than optimal perceptual information available in the various testing situations and the use of pacing metronomes.
New Places But Old Spaces: Knowledge Hierarchies Among Asian Small and Medium Size Enterprises Abroad:

Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role today in Asian regional production. However, their long-term viability depends on innovation drawing on local as well as global knowledge flows. In this paper, I ask whether firms moving to new production sites abroad have penetrated new spaces of information and knowledge. Japanese and Korean SMEs manufacturing abroad retain a static comparative advantage in sub-contracting for larger home country firms where accumulated knowledge is sufficient today for cost efficient production. They remain tied largely to knowledge hierarchies at home dominated by larger firms. Weak ties to the local business context abroad, however, deprive them of new learning advantages critical for flexible specialization. Lacking entree to the learning environment of their offshore production sites, Asian SMEs often remain offshore factories rather than international firms participating in global learning environments. They find themselves in new geographical places bu...
From Networked Nominee to Networked Nation: Examining the Impact of Web 2.0 and Social Media on Political Participation and Civic Engagement in the 2008 Obama Campaign

This article explores the uses of Web 2.0 and social media by the 2008 Obama presidential campaign and asks three primary questions: (1) What techniques allowed the Obama campaign to translate online activity to on-the-ground activism? (2) What sociotechnical factors enabled the Obama campaign to generate so many campaign contributions? (3) Did the Obama campaign facilitate the development of an ongoing social movement that will influence his administration and governance? Qualitative data were collected from social media tools used by the Obama ‘08 campaign (e.g., Obama ‘08 Web site, Twitter, Facebook, MySpace, e-mails, iPhone application, and the Change.gov site created by the Obama-Biden Transition Team) and public information. The authors find that the Obama ‘08 campaign created a nationwide virtual organization that motivated 3.1 million individual contributors and mobilized a grassroots movement of more than 5 million volunteers. Clearly, the Obama campaign utilized these tools to go beyond educatin...
An Inequality Sorting Algorithm for a Class of Linear Programming Problems

Abstract The linear programming problem (lpp) considered here is Maximize b t x subject to the inequalities c ≤ A x ≤ d , where A is an m × n real matrix of rank r ≤ m , the vectors c and d are real, and d ≤ 0 , and the lpp is feasible with bounded optimal solutions. An algorithm that normalizes the inequalities, arranges them in an ascending order on the right-most (rm) quantities, and then chooses r linearly independent inequalities is described. It computes a solution of the lpp with these r inequalities that (the solution) determines which inequalities are not satisfied on the left-most (lm) inequalities. The unsatisfied inequalities are then negated and the algorithm is executed for the second time, This process is continued until all the inequalities are satisfied. The algorithm is, in practice, amazingly fast, often direct with computational complexity O ( mn 2 ). An application of this algorithm to a general 1pp is discussed,
Model complexity and data worth: An assessment of changes in the global carbon budget

Although an increase in atmospheric CO2 has been well documented by long-term measurements, there remain substantial uncertainties in the sources of atmospheric CO2 inputs. While considerable effort has been devoted to the measurement of carbon fluxes and to the development of models to simulate the fluxes between compartments, little effort has been devoted toward assessing the uncertainties in model predictions. Using hypothesis testing methods applied to a state-space formulation of carbon flux models of varying levels of complexity, it is possible to determine the power of tests to discriminate between model formulations of varying complexity, and to determine the worth of data for such discrimination given varying levels of measurement error. A series of Monte Carlo tests were performed, using as the generating model a nonlinear global carbon cycle model from which multiple 100-year global carbon scenarios were produced. The ability of a likelihood ratio test to discriminate between three alternate linear models was then evaluated. Except when the measurement error was quite low, even a simple four-compartment linearized model could not be discriminated from the true nonlinear model. Data worth was evaluated by assessing the change in the length of the time required to identify a change in atmospheric CO2 for a given change in measurement error for each of the state variables. The results showed that detection times decreased most rapidly for reductions in error of measurement of the living terrestrial biota and atmospheric compartments. The effect of measurement error in the soil compartment was of intermediate significance, while the role of the deep and intermediate ocean compartments was slight, and that of the surface ocean layer negligible. Insofar as the reduction of measurement errors, in the context considered here, implies large-scale research programs, these results should help to prioritize resource allocation for long-term CO2 assessments.
The polymorphic transformation of Tb24O44 to Tb48O88 via a partly ordered incommensurate structure

Abstract The polymorphic transformation of Tb 24 O 44 , β(2), to Tb 48 O 88 , β(3), and the probable reduction to lower oxides in the thinnest regions of a crystal is followed by high-resolution electron microscopy. The mechanism by which β(2) is observed to transform to β(3) is via a partially disordered intermediate characterized by wavy fringes into which nuclei of the transformed polymorph, β(3), grow. Wavy fringes of narrower spacing persist at the thin crystal edge, suggesting further reaction of this thin edge to more reduced compositions. Alternative explanations of the origin of the wavy fringes observed are considered.
Breakage Probability Calculation of Shield Tunnel under the Effect of Foundation Pit Excavation

The excavation of foundation pit will change the initial stress state in surrounding soils, which induce the superimposed stress and uneven settlement to the adjacent existing tunnels. Based on the pit excavation engineering in Shenyang, which sits atop the existing tunnels, the risk factors and failure type of shield segment lining were studied through risk analysis theory. According to the uncertainty and spatial variability of soil parameters, the risk accident of existing tunnel was calculated by means of stochastic finite element which is combined Monte Carlo simulation with FEM. The risk of existing tunnel during the pit excavation stage was evaluated respectively under multi-failure patterns. The framework is used to estimate and minimize risks at pit excavation engineering in Shenyang.
The fibrocytic derivation of the so‐called epithelioid sarcoma

Tumor cells of three examples of epithelioid sarcoma reveal ultrastructural features characteristically found in neoplastic and, to a lesser extent, nonneoplastic fibrocytes. Their appearance is unlike that observed in rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and neurogenic and other neoplasms with which it might be confused. The conclusion that the epithelioid sarcoma represents a fibrosarcoma does not exclude a topographic origin from synovium. Yet, if the epithelioid sarcoma is synovial it would represent either an atavistic, fibrocytic form of synovioma or neoplasm of less-differentiated fibrocytes of this structure since its cells lack pronounced cytoplasmic fenestratin, elongated filopodia, and surface deposits regarded by some as characteristic of synovioblasts. Further, pseudoacinar formation and histochemically demonstrable acid mycopolysaccharide—of the hyaluronic acid type—features also attributed to synovioblasts—were lacking in the epitheliod sarcoma. On the other hand, desmosomal attachment plates, structures not observed in synovioblasts, were noted in one epithelioid sarcoma studied.
An evaluation of the diurnal rhythm of urea excretion in healthy young adults.

A diurnal variation in urine urea excretion has been documented to exist in healthy young adults. Its persistence when dietary nitrogen intake approaches zero suggests that influences other than diet may in part generate the rhythm. These may include variations in the efficiency of rates of endogenous protein turnover or perhaps changes in renal tubular handling of urea especially in states of dietary nitrogen inadequacy. Recognition of these effects in the normal state are important before ascribing importance to changes in the disease state, particularly as we gain the ability to intervene nutritionally in the hospital setting.
DERECHOS DEL PACIENTE Y EUTANASIA EN CHILE

Resumen es: En este trabajo se analizan, en primer lugar, algunos de los dilemas morales asociados a los nuevos modos de morir que han surgido con el desarrollo de l...
The hypocretin–orexin system regulates cocaine self‐administration via actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system

Recent evidence suggests that the hypocretin–orexin system participates in the regulation of reinforcement processes. The current studies examined the extent to which hypocretin neurotransmission regulates behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine, and behavioral responses to food reinforcement. These studies used a combination of fixed ratio, discrete trials, progressive ratio and threshold self-administration procedures to assess whether the hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867, reduces cocaine self-administration in rats. Progressive ratio sucrose self-administration procedures were also used to assess the extent to which SB-334867 reduces responding to a natural reinforcer in food-restricted and food-sated rats. Additionally, these studies used microdialysis and in vivo voltammetry in rats to examine whether SB-334867 attenuates the effects of cocaine on dopamine signaling within the nucleus accumbens core. Furthermore, in vitro voltammetry was used to examine whether hypocretin knockout mice display attenuated dopamine responses to cocaine. Results indicate that when SB-334867 was administered peripherally or within the ventral tegmental area, it reduced the motivation to self-administer cocaine and attenuated cocaine-induced enhancement of dopamine signaling. SB-334867 also reduced the motivation to self-administer sucrose in food-sated but not food-restricted rats. Finally, hypocretin knockout mice displayed altered baseline dopamine signaling and reduced dopamine responses to cocaine. Combined, these studies suggest that hypocretin neurotransmission participates in reinforcement processes, likely through modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Additionally, the current observations suggest that the hypocretin system may provide a target for pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction.
Violence on campus: the changing face of college health.

(1992). Violence on Campus: The Changing Face of College Health. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 147-148.
Utility of various clinical, noninvasive, and invasive procedures for determining the causes of recurrence of myocardial ischemia or infarction ≥1 year after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract In patients with recurrent symptoms ≥1 year after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the decision of whether to proceed directly with coronary angiography or to evaluate the patient noninvasively can be difficult. To determine which demographic, historical, clinical, and laboratory factors are useful in helping to make this decision, 76 consecutive patients who presented >1 year (768 ± 309 days) after successful PTCA with resolution of symptoms were studied. The initial PTCA successfully treated all stenoses (except chronically occluded vessels) in all major vessels and segments. The patient group was predominantly men (68%), with a mean age of 64 ± 10 years. A prior myocardial infarction was present in 39 patients (51%), and there was a mean or 2.8 risk factors per patient. In patients who presented with recurrent symptoms, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional class was 2.0 ± 0.9; 2 patients presented with acute infarctions, 57 were admitted to the hospital with unstable angina, and 17 had stable angina. New electrocardiographic changes at rest were found in 19 of 74 patients (26%) with recurrent angina. A thallium stress test was performed in 40 patients (53%), with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 36% for the presence of a significant stenosis. No nonangiographic variable was predictive of angiographic findings. At angiography, the number of coronary arteries with ≥50% diameter narrowing was 1.4 ± 1.0. Forty-two patients had stenosis at a new site, 7 had restenosis, and 27 had no new stenoses. Thus, differentiation between restenosis, disease progression, and quiescence is only accomplished by coronary angiography, since neither clinical nor noninvasive parameters are predictive of changes in coronary anatomy.
Serum estradiol and coronary artery disease

Serum estradiol levels were measured in 300 men undergoing coronary angiography. Among these men, there were no significant differences in the serum estradiol levels between patients with (mean, 26.4 pg/ml) and those without (mean, 30.9 pg/ml) angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. There were no significant differences in any of the established coronary risk factors when patients were subdivided according to the presence or absence of coronary artery disease or according to the extent of disease. In addition, no significant correlation was noted between mean serum estradiol levels and the extent of coronary artery disease as classified by the number of obstructed coronary vessels. A matched-pairs analysis was carried out in which patients who had normal coronary arteries were matched with those who had coronary artery disease on the basis of age, cigarette smoking, prior history of myocardial infarction, and body mass index. The mean serum estradiol level in the patients with coronary artery disease was 28.7 pg/ml, and the mean estradiol level was 31.4 pg/ml for the matched patients with normal coronary arteries. In addition, when serial (three) estradiol determinations were carried out in 100 patients, no association was observed between degree of estradiol variability and the occurrence and/or extent of coronary artery disease. The results of this observational study fail to support an association between serum estradiol levels and the presence or degree of coronary artery disease in men as documented by coronary angiography.
Nuclear spin temperature and magnetization transport in laser-enhanced NMR of bulk GaAs

Gallium-71 nuclear spin polarizations derived from optical pumping of semi-insulating GaAs were measured through asymmetries in quadrupole-split NMR line shapes. The irradiation time dependences of nuclear polarization and integrated NMR intensity were modeled in terms of spatially inhomogeneous generation of nuclear magnetization coupled with nuclear spin diffusion. Agreement between theory and experiment would require that the spatial extent of the excited electron density be larger than the Bohr radii of electrons confined to hydrogenic defect sites, but smaller than the illuminated region of the sample. The results presented herein place constraints on future modeling of optical nuclear polarization in the solid state, and suggest the importance of both localized and delocalized excited electrons.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Erythropoietin (Epo) and Erythropoietin Receptor (EpoR) in Developing Human Brain |[diams]| 267

We have previously demonstrated the presence of Epo and EpoR mRNA and protein in human fetal spinal cords, and in primary cell cultures of neurons and glial cells derived from fetal spinal cords 5 to 9 weeks postconception. We now describe immunohistochemical localization of both Epo and EpoR in developing human brain. We used a monoclonal antibody raised against the first 26 amino acids of human Epo (Genzyme), and a polyclonal antibody specific to amino acids 221 of the human EpoR (Santa Cruz). Fetal kidney and liver served as positive controls, and absence of the primary antibody as one type of negative control. Antibody specificity for EpoR was further established by elimination of immunoreaction following competative blocking with the specific epitope against which the antibody was raised. CNS tissue obtained at autopsy from adult and fetal brains (10 to 38 wks gestation) were studied. Epo and EpoR reactivity were present at all ages tested, although the patterns of staining varied with developmental stage. Epo: In early fetal life, Epo reactivity was most prominent in the germinal matrix zone (GMZ) and in the subpial granular layer. At later developmental stages neuronal cytoplasmic staining became more marked, particularly in the thalamus, hippocampus, lateral geniculate and cortex. Astrocytes were also positive and displayed a sharp gradient between gray and white matter glia, with gray matter staining positively. EpoR: At 10 wks gestation, EpoR reactivity was moderate in the periventricular zones and subpial regions. At 20 wks, strong immunoreactivity was identified in the periventricular GMZ, in astrocytes originating from the GMZ and in the subpial granular layer, while at 38 wks, EpoR was strongly reactive in astrocytes, particularly in the periventricular and subpial regions. Neurons in both the cortex and deep nuclei were at most weakly reactive. The ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium were strongly immunoreactive at all stages for both Epo and EpoR. We speculate that the function of Epo is not limited to hematopoiesis, and that this important cytokine has previously unrecognized functions within the CNS.
Ontogenia de la concha larval y postlarval de cuatro especies de bivalvos de la costa del Pacífico sureste

Larval and early postlarval shell morphology and morphometry of the bivalves Venus antiqua, Mulinia edulis, Ensis macha and Hiatella solida were studied. The...
Brain-behaviour relationships in latent inhibition : a computational model

In a series of studies, we applied a neural network to study the neural bases of latent inhibition. We first designed a model able to handle behavioral data and then we investigated whether structures and neural elements in the brain were able to carry out the operations described by network. We demonstrated that the network was able to describe many of the behavioral properties of LI, and elucidate the effects of several manipulations of the dopaminergic system, the hippocampus, and the nucleus accumbens on LI, as well as some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. The results support the idea that a 'conceptual nervous system' can be successfully used to relate brain and behavior.