cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing validity of self‐efficacy in negotiation through focusing at the domain level

Although self-efficacy can exist at multiple levels of specificity (e.g., general self-efficacy, domain-level self-efficacy, and task-specific self-efficacy), the negotiation literature has not explicitly dealt with negotiation self-efficacy at the domain level. We introduce the conceptual background for domain-level negotiation self-efficacy and – in two contrasting studies – demonstrate the construct's ability to predict objective negotiated outcomes. Interestingly, domain-level negotiation self-efficacy predicted negotiation outcomes while task-specific negotiation self-efficacy did not. Implications of this counter-intuitive finding are discussed.
Stability of tactile defensiveness across cultures: European and American children's responses to the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE)

Screening and assessment for single and discrete sensory systems, such as screening for tactile defensiveness, can provide valid information for identifying sensory processing dysfunction of children. Tactile defensiveness may be considered to be a specialized type of what was previously called a sensory integrative disorder and now is termed a sensory modulation disorder. The current study was designed to examine further the phenomenon of tactile defensiveness, particularly the stability of the concept, across different cultures. In this study, the test scores of 28 European children (16 girls and 12 boys of three different nationalities) on the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE) were collected and analysed (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). The TIE scores of the European sample were compared with that of the American sample in the original TIE study (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). Results revealed that the mean test scores on the TIE between the American sample and European sample were very similar (n = 415,M = 41.0 vs. n = 28,M = 39.5) and no significant difference was found between the two samples (t = 0.99,p < 0.05). Internal consistency of the TIE on the European sample was found to be good and close to that obtained from the American sample (0.78 vs. 0.89). The current study provides evidence that tactile defensiveness is a stable phenomenon across different cultures as measured by the TIE. Limitations of the study include use of a small and convenient sample of European children. Further studies are recommended to examine tactile defensiveness as a clinical phenomenon. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Recent Gravity Models as a Result of the Lunar Prospector Mission

The lunar gravity field is determined from the tracking data of previous missions to the Moon with the 1998-1999 Lunar Prospector (LP) mission being the major contributor.
Theories of learning and classroom methods

(1966). Theories of learning and classroom methods. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 5, Methodology: Its Impact on Learning, pp. 71-76.
Estimating potential evapotranspiration from screened pan evaporation

Placing a 5-cm mesh wire screen cover on a USWB Class A pan reduced evaporation 12.8% below that of an open pan. A near 1:1 relationship was observed between screened pan evaporation and potential evapotranspiration computed from the combination equation, Van Bavel (1966) and Tanner and Pelton (1960), using the roughness length parameter Z0 = 1 in the wind term. The heat and momentum transfer coefficients were empirically estimated. The Penman (1948) equation underestimated screened pan evaporation for wind levels exceeding 64 km/day. Open pan evaporation, calculated by the method of Kohler et al. (1955), approximated screened pan evaporation, but the variance associated with regression was appreciably more than that for the combination equation, Z0 = 1. The analysis suggests that, if potential evapotranspiration estimated by a modified form of the combination equation with Z0 = 1 gives a good estimate of potential evapotranspiration, then a screened evaporation pan would also give an acceptable estimate, provided the pan is surrounded by well-watered, reasonably short vegetation.
Characterization of Si nanostructured surfaces

Surface texturing of Si to enhance absorption particularly in the IR spectral region has been extensively investigated. Previous research chiefly examined approaches based on geometrical optics. These surface textures typically consist of pyramids with dimensions much larger than optical wavelengths. We have investigated a physical optics approach that relies on surface texture features comparable to, or smaller than, the optical wavelengths inside the semiconductor material. Light interaction at this are strongly dependent on incident polarization and surface profile. Nanoscale textures can be tuned for either narrow band, or broad band absorptive behavior. Lowest broadband reflection has been observed for triangular profiles with linewidths significantly less than 100 nm. Si nanostructures have been integrated into large ({approximately}42 cm{sup 2}) area solar cells, Internal quantum efficiency measurements in comparison with polished and conventionally textured cells show lower efficiency in the UV-visible (350-680 mu), but significantly higher IR (700-1200 nm) efficiency.
Metal-enhanced fluorescence

Preface. Contributors. Mental-Enhanced Fluorescence: Progress Towards a Unified Plasmon-Fluorophore Description (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Spectral Profile Modifications In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Felidj, J. Aubard, G. Levi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie and P. G. Etchegoin). The Role Of Plasmonic Engineering In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Daniel J. Ross, Nicholas P.W. Pieczonka and R. F. Aroca). Importance of Spectral Overlap: Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles (Keiko Munechika, Yeechi Chen, Jessica M. Smith and.David S. Ginger). Near-IR Metal Enhanced Fluorescence And Controlled Colloidal Aggregation (Jon P. Anderson, Mark Griffiths, John G. Williams, Daniel L. Grone, Dave L. Steffens, and Lyle M. Middendorf). Optimisation Of Plasmonic Enhancement Of Fluorescence For Optical Biosensor Applications (Colette McDonagh, Ondrej Stranik, Robert Nooney and Brian D. MacCraith). Microwave-Accelerated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Localized Surface Plasmon Coupled Fluorescence Fiber Optic Based Biosensing (Chien Chou, Ja-An Annie Ho, Chii-Chang Chen, Ming-Yaw, Wei-Chih Liu, Ying-Feng Chang, Chen Fu, Si-Han Chen and Ting-Yang Kuo). Surface Plasmon Enhanced Photochemistry (Stephen K. Gray). Metal-Enhanced Generation of Oxygen Rich Species (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Synthesis Of Anisotropic Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Damian Aherne, Deirdre M. Ledwith and John M. Kelly). Enhanced Fluorescence Detection Enabled By Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials (Jong-in Hahm). ZnO Platforms For Enhanced Directional Fluorescence Applications (H.C. Ong, D.Y. Lei, J. Li and J.B. Xu). E-Beam Lithography And Spontaneous Galvanic Displacement Reactions For Spatially Controlled MEF Applications (Luigi Martiradonna, S. Shiv Shankar and Pier Paolo Pompa). Metal-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Enhanced Fluorescence From Gratings (Chii-Wann Lin, Nan-Fu Chiu, Jiun-Haw Lee and Chih-Kung Lee). Enhancing Fluorescence with Sub-Wavelength Metallic Apertures (Steve Blair and Jerome Wenger). Enhanced Multi-Photon Excitation of Tryptophan-Silver Colloid (Renato E. de Araujo, Diego Rativa and Anderson S. L. Gomes). Plasmon-enhanced radiative rates and applications to organic electronics (Lewis Rothberg and Shanlin Pan). Fluorescent Quenching Gold Nanoparticles: Potential Biomedical Applications (Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed). Index.
Electronic imaging and clinical implementation: work group approach at Mayo Clinic, Rochester.

Electronic imaging clinical implementation strategies and principles need to be developed as we move toward replacement of film-based radiology practices. During an 8-month period (1998 to 1999), an Electronic Imaging Clinical Implementation Work Group (EICIWG) was formed from sections of our department: Informatics Lab, Finance Committee, Management Section, Regional Practice Group, as well as several organ and image modality sections of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology. This group was formed to study and implement policies and strategies regarding implementation of electronic imaging into our practice. The following clinical practice issues were identified as key focus areas: (1) optimal electronic worklist organization; (2) how and when to link images with reports; (3) how to redistribute technical and professional relative value units (RVU); (4) how to facilitate future practice changes within our department regarding physical location and work redistribution; and (5) how to integrate off-campus imaging into on-campus work-flow. The EICIWG divided their efforts into two phases. Phase I consisted of Fact finding and review of current practice patterns and current economic models, as well as radiology consulting needs. Phase II involved the development of recommendations, policies, and strategies for reengineering the radiology department to maintain current practice goals and use electronic imaging to improve practice patterns. The EICIWG concluded that electronic images should only be released with a formal report, except in emergent situations. Electronic worklists should support and maintain the physical presence of radiologists in critical areas and direct imaging to targeted subspecialists when possible. Case tools should be developed and used in radiology and hospital information systems (RIS/HIS) to monitor a number of parameters, including professional and technical RVU data. As communications standards improve, proper staffing models must be developed to facilitate electronic on-campus and off-campus consultation.
Thirst satiation and the temperature of ingested water.

Ingestion in rats given limited daily access to water of 12 degrees , 24 degrees , and 37 degrees C is a positive function of water temperature, even though ingestion of warm water decreases blood osmotic concentration faster than cold water. The paradox suggests that temperature-dependent gastric factors and water-transport factors determine stomach distention cues of thirst satiation.
Tuesdays and Thursdays With Boston's Inner-City Youth

This article describes the prepracticum teacher preparation program at Boston University called The Tuesday-Thursday Program. Students are bused to Boston University in the fall and spring on Tuesdays and Thursdays for regular physical education classes, where professional preparation and research also are featured. The halcyon years were experienced during the court-order desegregation program of Judge Arthur Gamty when he sought equity for all Boston schoolchildren. The Tuesday-Thursday Program became a centerpiece and, by and large, achieved its goals. A residential field experience was added after the first two years of this 25-year program and became critically important in helping children mature and change and in assisting Boston University students in gaining vital teaching skills. Considerable research has been carried out since its inception with such variables as decision-making, social closeness, equity, instrument development and validation, involvement, and writing skills. The program has be...
Distributed detection of cancer cells in high-throughput cellular spike streams

Detection and identification of important biological targets such as, DNA, proteins, and diseased human cells is crucial towards early disease diagnosis and prognosis. The key to differentiate healthy cells from the diseased cells is the biophysical properties that differ significantly. Micro and nanosystems, such as solid-state micropores and nanopores, can measure and translate these properties of human cells and DNA into electrical spikes to decode useful biological insights. Nonetheless, such approaches result in large data streams that are often plagued with inherit noise and baseline wanders. Moreover, the extant detection approaches are tedious, time-consuming, and error-prone, and there is no error-resilient software that can analyze large datasets instantly. The ability to effectively process and detect biological targets in larger datasets lies in the automated and accelerated data processing strategies using state-of-the-art distributed computing systems. To this end, we propose a distributed detection framework, which collects the raw data stream on a server node that then splits/distributes the data into segments across the worker nodes. Each node reduces noise in the assigned data segment using moving-average filtering, and detects the electric spikes by comparing them against a statistical threshold (based on the mean and standard deviation of the data), in a Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) style. Our proposed framework enables the detection of cancer cells with an accuracy of 63% in a mixture of Cancer cells, Red Blood Cells (RBCs), and White Blood Cells (WBCs), and achieves a maximum speedup of 6X over a single-node machine by processing 10 gigabytes of raw data using an 8-node cluster in less than a minute.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October-December 1993

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 157 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1993. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure represented by Dziewonski and Woodward's whole mantle shear velocity model, SH8/U4L8.
High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Both Acute and Persistent Changes in Broadband Cortical Synchronization: A Simultaneous tDCS–EEG Study

The goal of this study was to develop methods for simultaneously acquiring electrophysiological data during high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using high-resolution electroencephalography (EEG). Previous studies have pointed to the after-effects of tDCS on both motor and cognitive performance, and there appears to be potential for using tDCS in a variety of clinical applications. However, little is known about the real-time effects of tDCS on rhythmic cortical activity in humans due to the technical challenges of simultaneously obtaining electrophysiological data during ongoing stimulation. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of tDCS in humans are not well understood. We have conducted a simultaneous tDCS–EEG study in a group of healthy human subjects. Significant acute and persistent changes in spontaneous neural activity and event-related synchronization (ERS) were observed during and after the application of high-definition tDCS over the left sensorimotor cortex. Both anodal and cathodal stimulation resulted in acute global changes in broadband cortical activity which were significantly different than the changes observed in response to sham stimulation. For the group of eight subjects studied, broadband individual changes in spontaneous activity during stimulation were apparent both locally and globally. In addition, we found that high-definition tDCS of the left sensorimotor cortex can induce significant ipsilateral and contralateral changes in event-related desynchronization and ERS during motor imagination following the end of the stimulation period. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring high-resolution EEG during high-definition tDCS and provide evidence that tDCS in humans directly modulates rhythmic cortical synchronization during and after its administration.
Bagging degrades the performance of linear discriminant classifiers

It has been argued on an empirical basis that ensemble classification by bagging cannot improve the performance of stable classification rules, such as linear discriminant analysis. We have proved that this this is indeed the case: the expected classification error of the bagged linear discriminant is always larger or equal than that of the original linear discriminant, for all sample sizes. This result was proved for the univariate case, under a general Gaussian assumption. In the multivariate case, we provide an exact expression for the expected error of the bagged classifier, which is compared to the exact expected error of the original classifier for several different model parameters. For all models and sample sizes considered, bagging produced a larger expected classification error than the original classifier. We believe that this is the first time that such results are established for bagging in continuous feature spaces.
Periodic solutions of non linear differential difference equations

In this paper we will be interested in the behaviour of long chains of coupled gravitational pendula. We will prove existence and uniqueness of periodic solutions for such chains under periodic forcing and will prove that under some smoothness assumptions the chain behaves as an uncoupled one. We will also analyse a more general class of differential difference equations and prove existence and unicity results for periodic solutions.
Polar stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion

A review is presented of investigations into the correlation between the depletion of ozone and the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Satellite measurements from Nimbus 7 showed that over the years the depletion from austral spring to austral spring has generally worsened. Approximately 70 percent of the ozone above Antarctica, which equals about 3 percent of the earth's ozone, is lost during September and October. Various hypotheses for ozone depletion are discussed including the theory suggesting that chlorine compounds might be responsible for the ozone hole, whereby chlorine enters the atmosphere as a component of chlorofluorocarbons produced by humans. The three types of PSCs, nitric acid trihydrate, slowly cooling water-ice, and rapidly cooling water-ice clouds act as important components of the Antarctic ozone depletion. It is indicated that destruction of the ozone will be more severe each year for the next few decades, leading to a doubling in area of the Antarctic ozone hole.
Nuclear Hormone Receptors in T Lymphocytes

Among the numerous steroid and orphan nuclear receptors encoded within mammalian genomes, several are involved in regulating immune system functions. We review here recent studies on the glucocorticoid receptor and the orphan receptors Nur77 and RORγ. These molecules play key roles in the development and the effector functions of T lymphocytes.
Erythema and skin blood content.

SUMMARY We have studied the inflammatory response produced by painting pigs and hairless mice with anthracene and subsequently exposing the skin to fluorescent blacklight lamps. Erythema and oedema appeared in pig skin shortly after the onset of irradiation; oedema but no erythema was evident in mouse skin. The response in both animals became increasingly severe as long as irradiation continued, and began to resolve when irradiation ceased. Hyperaemia (increased tissue blood content) was quantified by the increase in 51Cr-RBC content (c.p.m./wet weight) of the skin. Erythema (appearance of redness) was assessed by the use of an ‘erythema grading scale’ consisting of red gelatin filters of increasing red saturation sandwiched between clear acrylic sheets. Mouse skin responded with a nine-fold hyperaemia compared with unirradiated skin, although no erythema was produced. In contrast, pig skin responded with intense erythema with no corresponding increase in hypaercmia. It is apparent that a stimulus which produces hyperaemia will not necessarily produce erythema, and erythema can develop without hyperaemia.
The Effects of Treatment on Masticatory Muscle Activity and Mandibular Posture in Myofascial Pain-dysfunction Patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tonic masticatory muscle activity and the postural rest position of the mandible, pre- and posttreatment, in patients with TM disorders.Forty-one patients diagnosed as suffering from myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) were evaluated, with electromyography (EMG) used to measure the muscle activity of the masseteric and anterior temporal areas at rest. Postural rest position was assessed by measurement of interocclusal distance. Twenty-three asymptomatic subjects were also tested as controls.Treatment for the pain group emphasized cognitive awareness of dysfunctional orofacial behavior and biofeedback training of the masseteric area to teach masticatory muscle relaxation.The pre-treatment EMG values of both the masseteric and anterior temporal areas were significantly higher for the pain group than for the control group. Post-hoc division of the pain group into successful and unsuccessful subgroups was made on the basis of the degree of symptom improvement. EMG activ...
Physical map of coliphage N4 DNA.

Abstract A detailed restriction endonuclease map of Escherichia coli phage N4 DNA is presented. The cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases Hae II (1 cut), Hha I (3 cuts), Xba I (5 cuts), Ava II (15 cuts), and Hpa I (25 cuts) have been determined by (1) digestion with endonucleases after end labeling of the DNA; (2) digestion with two endonucleases; (3) digestion of N4 DNA after λ exonuclease treatment; and (4) annealing of isolated fragments to nitrocellulose blots containing fragments obtained by digestion with a different restriction endonuclease. N4 DNA was determined to contain 71 kilobase pairs. Cross-hybridization of the terminal fragments suggested the presence of terminal repetition. This observation was confirmed by electron microscopy of N4 DNA molecules annealed after λ exonuclease digestion. N4 DNA contains direct terminal repeats approximately 500 base pairs in length.
The assessment of minority students: Are adaptive behavior scales the answer?

The use of adaptive behavior scales in the assessment of minority children was discussed. Postive and negative characteristics of the scales developed by Mercer and Lambert were identified and discussed. Recommendations included cautions for the use of such scales in the evaluation of culturally different minority children.
Fullerene functionalized scanning tunneling microscope tips- preparation, characterization and applications

Abstract We have succeeded in adsorbing individual C60 molecules onto the tunneling region of an STM tip. The individual tip-adsorbed molecules are imaged by scanning the fullerene-adsorbed tip over a defect covered graphite surface. These tips were subsequently used to observe three fold symmetric electron scattering from point defects on a graphite surface, an effect that could not be observed using bare metal tips. Functionalizing an STM tip with an appropriate molecular adsorbate alters the density of states near the Fermi level of the tip and modifies its imaging characteristics.
Do studies of wire code and childhood leukemia point towards or away from magnetic fields as the causal agent

A long-standing point of controversy in the epidemiologic literature concerns the meaning of a wire code–childhood leukemia association for assessing the role of magnetic field exposure. Six studies of wire codes and childhood leukemia in North America were examined, three of which reported positive associations and all of which found some relation between wire codes and measured magnetic fields. Supporting magnetic fields as the basis for the wire code associations are the correspondence between those wire code levels which predict distinct magnetic fields and those which predict leukemia risk in the positive studies. Geographic locations and methods that refine wire codes as magnetic fields predictors also tend to strengthen the association with leukemia. Opposing arguments are based on the failure of the wire code–magnetic field association to predict the strength of association across studies, including the unexplained lack of association between wire codes and leukemia in the Midwest and in Canada. Alternatives to magnetic fields are less supported; residential mobility, social class, and neighborhood characteristics are unlikely to explain a wire code effect. Ambiguity persists because of the modest strength of the wire code–leukemia association, the complexity of the relation between wire codes and magnetic fields, lack of knowledge of risk factors for childhood leukemia, and the limited evaluation of wire code correlates other than magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 5:S69–S85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ionospheric ions in the near‐Earth magnetotail

[1] We report studies of the relationship between geomagnetic storms and the spatial distribution of cold ions, mostly of ionospheric origin, in the near-Earth magnetotail using in situ particle and field measurements from the Polar spacecraft, solar wind measurements from the ACE spacecraft, and ground geomagnetic indices, during the years from 2000 to 2005. We find local time and latitude-dependent distributions of the plasma moments of cold ions at various levels of geomagnetic storms characterized by the Sym-H and Dst indices. (1) Denser cold ions were observed at the duskside (N > 10 cm -3 compared with 1 cm -3 on average): consistent with the formation of plasma plumes and enhanced bulge region formed as the cold ions wrapped under corotation. (2) Higher temperatures were observed in the auroral oval regions, and a larger temperature anisotropy was observed at the dawnside. (3) Heating processes were strongest near midnight and in the auroral oval regions, which map to PSBL or CPS, except during extremely high geomagnetic activity levels, when heating occurred at high latitudes toward the dawnside, which map to the plasma mantle or distant magnetotail. We interpret these variations as results of ionospheric outflows and plasmaspheric expansion interacting with enhancements of near-Earth magnetospheric convection and geomagnetic-storm-related heating processes in the magnetotail.
The return of thalidomide: are birth defects surveillance systems ready?

In the 1960s, thalidomide caused limb deficiencies in thousands of infants world-wide. The limb deficiencies were frequently of the intercalary type. As a result, numerous countries started birth defect surveillance programs. In 1967, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) started the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP), a population-based surveillance system, to provide early warning against new teratogens. Recent studies have shown that thalidomide may be beneficial for a range of conditions, including cancer and AIDS, and it may once again become widely available. Here, we examine the ability of MACDP to detect an increase in the birth prevalence of limb deficiency as an early warning of fetal exposure to thalidomide. We calculated base rates for all limb deficiencies, for bilateral nonsyndromic intercalary or preaxial deficiencies, and for all nonsyndromic intercalary limb deficiencies among Atlanta infants born from 1968 through 1993. We used relative risk estimates from previous studies and a range of pregnancy exposure rates for thalidomide. We tested the statistical power of MACDP to detect subtle changes in the birth prevalence of these defects using Poisson and cumulative sum (CUSUM) techniques. The base rates for all limb deficiencies, for bilateral intercalary or preaxial deficiencies, and for all intercalary limb deficiencies, were 0.53, 0.035, and 0.022/1,000, and the estimated relative risks were 175, 4,570, and 8,180, respectively. We varied the assumed rate of exposure to thalidomide from 1/10,000 to 5/100. With a 1/1,000 exposure rate, both Poisson and CUSUM techniques will detect a rate change in intercalary limb deficiency in about 6 months of monitoring, and a rate change in bilateral intercalary or preaxial deficiencies in about 12 months of monitoring. When monitoring all limb deficiencies, a pregnancy exposure rate of 3.5% or less would go unnoticed by the Poisson method and would take more than 50 years for the CUSUM method to signal an alarm with a 1/1,000 exposure rate. However, for rates of exposure less than 1/1,000, a progressively longer period of time or larger sample are needed to detect a rate change by both methods. Our findings highlight the importance of enlarging the monitored population and correct case classification in birth defects surveillance. Am. J. Med. Genet. 73:251–258, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
The sequence of a possible 5S RNA-equivalent in hamster mitochondria

We have sequenced 3SE RNA, an unmodified species from hamster cell mitochondria that may be a 5S rRNA-equivalent. The sequence is [[Formula: see text]. The underlined stretches can form the stems of 2 hairpins whose existence is supported by S1 nuclease analysis. Residues 24 through 34 can also base-pair extensively with a sequence in the 3'-region of the small subunit ("13S") mitochondrial rRNA. These interactions resemble interactions postulated for 5S RNA.
Disrupted Brain Networks in the Aging HIV+ Population

Abstract Antiretroviral therapies have become widely available, and as a result, individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living longer, and becoming integrated into the geriatric population. Around half of the HIV+ population shows some degree of cognitive impairment, but it is unknown how their neural networks and brain connectivity compare to those of noninfected people. Here we combined magnetic resonance imaging-based cortical parcellations with high angular resolution diffusion tensor imaging tractography in 55 HIV-seropositive patients and 30 age-matched controls, to map white matter connections between cortical regions. We set out to determine selective virus-associated disruptions in the brain's structural network. All individuals in this study were aged 60–80, with full access to antiretroviral therapy. Frontal and motor connections were compromised in HIV+ individuals. HIV+ people who carried the apolipoprotein E4 allele (ApoE4) genotype—which puts them at even great...
The kinetics and mechanism of the thickening of κ plates in a Cu-Si alloy

Hot stage, polarized light microscopy studies have shown that hcp κ plates, formed in a fcc α Cu-Si matrix, thicken discontinuously. Abrupt, micron-sized increases in thickness take place during the initial minutes of transformation and occasionally thereafter. At all other times, the rate of thickening is, at most, exceedingly small. There are very few misfit dislocations at the broad face of κ plates. The combination of these experimental results and the very small free energy change attending κ precipitation rule out both conventional heterogeneous nucleation and most diffusional growth processes as significant contributors to the development of κ plates. The principal mechanism of this transformation appears to be the formation of bundles of stacking faults, evidently in response to cooling stresses. The fault bundles are then enriched to the composition of the κ phase by the inward diffusion of silicon.
Superacid coal chemistry. 2. Model compound studies under conditions of HF:BF3:H2 catalysed mild coal liquefaction

Abstract Selected model compounds representing coal structural entities were studied under the conditions of HF-BF 3 -H 2 catalysed mild coal liquefaction. Bibenzyl and diphenylmethane gave near quantitative conversion at room temperature without added hydrogen. Biphenyl, however, required hydrogen pressure at 150 °C and gave a conversion of only ≈30%. Among the model compounds containing ether linkages, dibenzyl ether and benzyl phenyl ether gave quantitative conversion at room temperature without added hydrogen. Diphenyl ether in contrast was converted (≈70% yield) only under hydrogen pressure at 155 °C. Sulphur- and nitrogen-containing model compounds were also studied. At 95 °C in the absence of hydrogen, benzyl phenyl sulphide and dibenzyl sulphide gave over 95% conversion. On the other hand diphenyl sulphide and diphenyl disulphide required hydrogen pressure at 150 °C to give conversions of ≈95%. Quinoline gave a conversion of ≈20% under hydrogen pressure at 150 °C. The formation of condensation products in these conversion processes could be suppressed by the use of a good hydrogen donor, such as isopentane.
Dynamic Removal of Replication Protein A by Dna2 Facilitates Primer Cleavage during Okazaki Fragment Processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic Okazaki fragments are initiated by a RNA/DNA primer, which is removed before the fragments are joined. Polymerase δ displaces the primer into a flap for processing. Dna2 nuclease/helicase and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) are proposed to cleave the flap. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein, replication protein A (RPA), governs cleavage activity. Flap-bound RPA inhibits FEN1. This necessitates cleavage by Dna2, which is stimulated by RPA. FEN1 then cuts the remaining RPA-free flap to create a nick for ligation. Cleavage by Dna2 requires that it enter the 5′-end and track down the flap. Because Dna2 cleaves the RPA-bound flap, we investigated the mechanism by which Dna2 accesses the protein-coated flap for cleavage. Using a nuclease-defective Dna2 mutant, we showed that just binding of Dna2 dissociates the flap-bound RPA. Facile dissociation is specific to substrates with a genuine flap, and will not occur with an RPA-coated single strand. We also compared the cleavage patterns of Dna2 with and without RPA to better define RPA stimulation of Dna2. Stimulation derived from removal of DNA folding in the flap. Apparently, coordinated with its dissociation, RPA relinquishes the flap to Dna2 for tracking in a way that does not allow flap structure to reform. We also found that RPA strand melting activity promotes excessive flap elongation, but it is suppressed by Dna2-promoted RPA dissociation. Overall, results indicate that Dna2 and RPA coordinate their functions for efficient flap cleavage and preparation for FEN1.
ON DIFFERENCE-BASED SUMMARY MEASURES

As a generalization of Gini's mean difference measure of variation for quantitative data, this paper proposes families of summary measures based on the generalized sum and mean of the absolute differences for all data pairs. Some important properties of those generalized measures are discussed. The case of categorical data is also specifically considered.
Metacontrast suppression and criterion content: A discriminant function analysis

Three test and three mask energies of a metacontrast display were varied orthogonally and randomly over trials. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) separating them was varied over blocks of trials from 0 to 180 msec in 30-msec steps. Both the accuracy in judging the test and the coherence (consistency) of the judgments were U-shaped functions of SOA. Thus, metacontrast suppression is in part due to inadequate information. In addition, mask energy was found to correlate negatively with judgments of the test at short SO As but positively at longer SOAs. This indicates that part of the masking effect is due to inappropriate use of information. Certain similarities were noted between these findings and those obtained with judgments of frequency in the auditory-recognition masking paradigm. In general, the results indicate that subjects respond to different features of the stimulus situation as SOA varies.
Studies in experimental eosinophilia: IV. Determinants of eosinophil localization

Abstract 1.1. Aqueous extracts of the peritoneal lining of guinea pigs which have been sensitized to a foreign protein contain a substance which, when mixed with the sensitizing antigen, evokes peritoneal eosinophilia in recipient guinea pigs. This substance has the properties of antibody, since the extracts contain demonstrable antibody, and since the activity of the extracts disappeared when the antibody was absorbed by the specific antigen. 2.2. Eosinophilia did not occur in the peritoneal cavity, in the skin of the back or in footpads when 0.1 to 100 μg of histamine was injected at these sites. An eosinophil response was occasionally seen in the blood stream following the intraperitoneal injection of large doses of histamine, namely, 10 μg and greater. 3.3. In guinea pigs sensitized to protein antigens by the intraperitoneal route, peritoneal eosinophilia resulted when an antigenic challenge was administered intraperitoneally, but not when it was administered intravenously. The injection of casein into the peritoneal cavity of the same animals elicited an influx of several hundred million leukocytes, but the exudate contained only an insignificant number of eosinophils. The same results were obtained when intravenous injection of antigen accompanied the intraperitoneal injection of casein. 4.4. The results are interpreted as further evidence that immune complexes mediate the occurrence of extravascular eosinophilia. The sites at which eosinophils accumulate are the sites at which immune complexes are formed and persist. Histamine is probably not a major mediator of eosinophilia, at least in guinea pigs.
TSLP: finally in the limelight.

TSLP is now revealed to be an important regulator of DC-mediated control of TH2-based human allergic responses, identifying a potentially new species-specific function for this cytokine.
The process of relapse in patients with bulimia

Thirty bulimic patients who had gained control of their eating behavior for a minimum of 2 months but had subsequently relapsed were identified. These patients represented a subsample of a series of 75 patients who had been evaluated in an outpatient eating disorders clinic and followed up at 12 to 75 months. More than one-half of those who relapsed did so within two months of finishing treatment and one-third relapsed while still involved in aftercare therapy. Variables associated with relapse included stressful or difficult situations and feeling anxious, nervous, or depressed. The implications for treatment of these findings are discussed.
Campbell's the philosophy of rhetoric and the advancement of rhetorical theory: The integration of philosophical antecedents

George Campbell's The Philosophy of Rhetoric is one of the most significant works of rhetoric in the new‐classical period. Campbell's work provides an example of theory development, for his theory integrates competing psychological/philosophical theories of his era. Campbell's classification aligns the ends of discourse with specific mental faculties: Rhetors enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passions, and influence the will. The philosophy of association underlies the materials for these appeals, utilizing ideas obtained from experience and memory. The foundation for this structure, common sense philosophy, supplies information (i.e., testimony) and assumptions essential to all reasoning. Implications for work on rhetorical theory development are addressed.
Compactified D=1 string models

Abstract We study compactification and BKT phase transition in the context of the D=1 string. We first present as our motivation a scenario in the critical string. When the radius R of the compactified space is smaller than the critical value Rc, the BKT transition results in the elimination of the compactified coordinate as a dynamical variable and consequently the Liouville mode comes in. Many questions concerning this scenario are answered by considering the compactified D=1 random matrix model, which can be solved in large and small radius limits. The occurrence of a BKT phase transition between them is argued through the compactified D=1 Liouville theory.
Operation decomposition for freeform surface features in process planning

Abstract Machining operations for freeform surface features usually include roughing, finishing for the bottom surface, tapering, and corner rounding. Strategies and algorithms to decompose the overall task into these operations are presented. The decomposition aims at minimizing machining time within the constraints of the specified surface roughness and tolerance, and machine tool safety. The roughing operation can be further decomposed into sub-operations for multiple tools. There are two strategies to decompose the finishing operation into sub-operations: one is based on multiple tools and another is based on multiple tool path patterns. The approaches to select the optimal decomposition values (tool diameters, surface slopes) that minimize machining time are presented. These algorithms are being integrated into a rapid-prototyping service for web-based machining. Design for manufacturability and maximizing process automation are the key priorities in process planning and operation decomposition.
Extracorporeal CO2 removal in a child with a single ventricle by the addition of an oxygenator to a dialysis circuit.

ObjectiveTo optimize CO2 removal in a child with a single ventricle.DesignCase report.SettingA ten-bed pediatric intensive care unit in a university-affiliated hospital.PatientA 6-yr-old boy with a single ventricle who underwent a Fontan procedure.InterventionsAddition of a membrane oxygenator to a
Beginning Teachers' Perceptions of Their Induction Program Experiences.

Ensuring a qualified teacher in every classroom is a central part of the latest agenda to strengthen public education and maximize student achievement. Effective teaching and delivering quality instruction are lifelong and critical goals of professional development of teachers. High-quality induction programs support qualified teachers for every child. We evaluated perceptions of beginning teachers relative to the effectiveness of induction activities, assistance, and support provided within their school districts. Overall, this group indicated that induction programs were sufficient for them to succeed during the first years of teaching. Implications for improving practice and recommendations for continuing research are discussed in this article.
Effect of ozonation and UV irradiation on biorefractory organic solutes in oil shale retort water

Biooxidation of oil shale process wastewaters in dispersed-phase cultures removed only 9-50% of the dissolved organic carbon. Attempts to promote biodegradation of the refractory carbon (predominantly aromatic amines) by physicochemical means met with little success. These included ultraviolet irradiation/ozonation, addition of activated carbon to dispersed-phase cultures, and use of fixed-film bioreactors.
Associations of demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics with activity-related fear of falling among older adults transitioning to frailty.

OBJECTIVES To determine, in a cohort of older individuals transitioning to frailty (defined by Speechley and Tinetti, 1991) who have previously fallen, whether there are significant associations between demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics and activity-related fear of falling, using both the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). DESIGN Baseline cross-sectional analysis in a prospective cohort intervention study. SETTING Twenty independent senior living facilities in Atlanta. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen male and 270 female subjects (n = 287), age 70 and older (mean +/- standard deviation, 80.9 +/- 6.2), with Mini-Mental State Examination score > or = 24, transitioning to frailty, ambulatory (with or without assistive device), medically stable, and having fallen in the past year. MEASUREMENTS Activity-related fear of falling was evaluated with the FES and ABC Scale. Because of the comparable data derived from each scale, associations with functional measures-related analyses were expressed using the latter. Depression was measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Functional measurements included timed 360 degrees turn, functional reach test, timed 10-meter walk test, single limb stands, picking up an object, and three chair stands. RESULTS No statistically significant association was found between activity-related fear of falling and age. For the proposed activities, about half (ABC, 48.1%; FES, 50.1%) of the subjects were concerned about falling or showed lack of confidence in controlling their balance. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between FES and ABC (r = -0.65; P < .001). African-American subjects showed more activity-related fear of falling than did Caucasians (odds ratio (OR): 2.7 for ABC; 2.1 for FES). Fearful individuals were more likely to be depressed and more likely to report the use of a walking aid than were nonfearful individuals. Fear of falling was significantly correlated to all of the functional measurements (P < .05). In a multivariable logistic regression model, depression, using a walking-aid, slow gait speed, and being an African-American were directly related to being more fearful of falling. CONCLUSIONS Activity-related fear of falling was present in almost half of this sample of older adults transitioning to frailty. The significant association of activity-related fear of falling with demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics emphasizes the need for multidimensional intervention strategies to lessen activity-related fear of falling in this population.
Transplantation of the fetal rat pancreas: quantitative morphological analysis of islet tissue growth.

When pancreases from fetal rats were transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of isologous normal adult recipients, continued growth and differentiation of the endocrine portion of the pancreas occurred. While limited amounts of acinar tissue were identifiable in the early transplant period (7 days), such cells were absent in long term transplants (14 and 21 days). In contrast, while few definitive islet beta cells were present at the time of transplantation, following 21 days at the kidney site large circumscribed islets comprised of heavily granulated beta cells in association with duct epithelial cells predominated. Mitotic figures were seen in both these cell populations. Total islet mass had increased over 20-fold during the transplantation period. Similar results were observed if fetal pancreases were grown in organ culture for ten days prior to transplantation. Continued islet and duct cell growth, as evidenced by mitotic figures and an increase in absolute islet cell mass was obtained in such cultured explants when transplanted to either isogenic or allogenic recipients. These observations support the hypothesis that fetal pancreas may be the best source of donor material for transplantation to diabetic recipients, in part, due to the continued growth and differentiation of the islet tissue during the transplantation period.
A note on Morley's triangle theorem

In this note, we offer a proof of a variant of Morley's triangle theorem, when the exterior angles of a triangle are trisected. We also offer a generalization of Morley's theorem when angles of an n-gon are n-sected.
Quantitative drop analysis. X. determination of sodium

A drop scale method is described for the determination of sodium in simple salt solutions and in biological materials. Amounts of sodium from 0.13 to 4.13γ have been determined with a standard error on the average of a few tenths of 1 per cent. A study of the factors influencing the reduction of uranium with metallic reductors has been made.
Alteration of Oceanic Volcanic Glass: Textural Evidence of Microbial Activity

The subsurface biosphere may constitute as much as 50 percent of Earth9s biomass. Direct and indirect evidence suggests that an extensive biosphere exists in the rocks below the sea floor. This survey of basalts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans supports the hypothesis that bacteria have colonized much of the upper oceanic crust, which has a volume estimated at 1018 cubic meters. Although this is the largest habitat on Earth, its low abundance of bacteria constitutes much less than 1 percent of Earth9s biomass.