cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates and Correlates of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Persons Living With HIV-1 Infection

The prevalence of various comorbidities continue to rise in aging persons living with HIV-1 infection (PLWH), and our study here aimed to assess the rates and correlates of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in PLWH who receive combination antiretroviral therapy. Based on electronic health records, we examined patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), HIV-1-related outcomes, hepatitis C virus co-infection, common comorbidities (e.g. shingles and asthma), usage of protease inhibitors, and usage of statins as potential correlates for T2DM occurrence. Among 3,975 PLWH with ≥12 months of follow-up between January 1999 and March 2018, the overall rate of incident T2DM was 135 per 10,000 person-years, almost 2-fold higher than the rate reported for the general U.S. population. In multivariable models (354 T2DM patients and 3,617 control subjects), sex, BMI, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, HIV-1 viral load (VL) and duration of statin use were independent correlates of incident T2DM (adjusted P 2.0 and P <0.0001) were noted for: (i) statin use for ≥6 months (OR = 10.2), (ii) BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (OR = 3.4), and (iii) plasma VL ≥200 copies/ml (OR = 2.2). Their collective predictive value was substantial: the C-statistic for area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.87 (95% CI = 0.84-0.90), showing close similarity for two major racial groups (C-statistic = 0.87 and 0.91 for African Americans and European Americans, respectively). Overall, these findings not only establish a promising algorithm for predicting incident T2DM in PLWH but also suggest that patients who are obese and use statins should require special consideration for T2DM diagnosis and prevention.
Crossing Boundaries: Mentorship in Global Health.

* Abbreviation: GH — : global health On my first day in the NICU in Malawi, I helped care for an infant who suffered from severe lack of oxygen and trauma due to a difficult birthing process. Before this experience, I had felt ready to work at a Malawian hospital as a pediatric resident. I had taken a tropical medicine course, and my home institution mentor had run simulations and led discussions addressing the practicalities and ethics of practicing medicine within resource-limited settings. But that afternoon, when the infant became apneic, personally experiencing what had only been simulated felt much harder. The 1 available nurse and I performed compressions and manual breaths, but he never recovered spontaneous respirations. My host institution mentor arrived soon after we discontinued resuscitative efforts. With his guidance, I spoke to our patient’s family and witnessed the Malawian expression of grief in the form of wailing songs and prayers. Afterward, he and I discussed questions with which I was struggling, namely, at what point would I be causing more harm than good by continuing to resuscitate this child, knowing the limited long-term care resources available in Malawi? Both home and host institution mentors helped me navigate this clinical situation and process my patient’s death, ultimately enriching my global health (GH) experience and … Address correspondence to Maya I. Brasher, MD, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Suite MSB 3.244, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: maya.i.brasher{at}uth.tmc.edu
Diagnosing narcolepsy in the active duty military population

Narcolepsy type I and type II are central hypersomnias characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and nocturnal sleep disruptions. These rare disorders make the diagnosis complex, as multiple sleep disorders are known to cause false-positive results on testing. There is a high incidence of sleep disorders in the military, and the diagnosis of narcolepsy can have serious career implications. This study looked to assess for the presence of confounding disorders in patients previously diagnosed with narcolepsy. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients aged 18–65 previously diagnosed with narcolepsy at an outside facility, referred for repeat evaluation at the Wilford Hall Sleep Disorders Center. Previous test results from the time of original diagnosis were reviewed if available and compared with repeat evaluation which included actigraphy, in-laboratory polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency testing. Of the 23 patients, 2 (9%) retained a diagnosis of narcolepsy after repeat testing. Ten patients (43%) had insufficient sleep syndrome, five (22%) had significant circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and nine (39%) patients were diagnosed with mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Four of the nine patients with OSA (44%) had supine predominant OSA. Diagnostic testing for narcolepsy may be influenced by the presence of comorbid sleep disorders including sleep-disordered breathing, insufficient sleep duration, and circadian misalignment which are common in active military personnel. This study emphasizes the importance of excluding these comorbid diagnoses in this population.
Chapter 2 Value Chain and Business Model

This report discusses automotive telematics from a technical perspective, with reference to the business model and to the value for the user. The three main entities of the end-to-end system framework of telematics are discussed; in-vehicle system, infrastructure, and service center with its voice and data portal.
Economic Crisis and Share Price Unpredictability: Reasons and Implications

The volatility of share returns for individual companies increased sharply during the recent financial crisis. The larger part of this increase was due to a dramatic rise – five fold as measured by variance – in idiosyncratic risk. We find that this pattern repeats itself during each major economic reversal going back 85 years. Because idiosyncratic risk is what is involved, this increase cannot be explained by changes in predictions concerning the future course of the economy as a whole. Our first goal is to explain why difficult economic times, which are defined in terms of market wide phenomena, make the future of individual firms more difficult to predict, above and beyond the effects of the more difficult to predict economy as a whole. One explanation is that in crisis times, information about a firm contained in current news may become more important, compared to ordinary times, in predicting its future cash flows relative to the role of the already existing stock of knowledge relevant to making such predictions. A second is that the quality of management becomes more important in crisis times; consequently, the ordinary flow of information about this subject can have bigger impact. A third is that crisis may create uncertainty as to what factors are even important to valuation; because of uncertainty, a broader range of information may be seen to shed light on this question, and therefore move stock prices. We find less convincing two other possible explanations: noise trading and the idea that the increase in idiosyncratic risk is the result of a bad-times-induced separating equilibrium that reveals which firms have fraudulent or inept managers who were able to mask their problems in the preceding good times and which firms have been genuinely well managed all along. Our second goal is to explore the implications of our results for corporate and securities litigation, which, over the last few decades, has become increasingly enmeshed with the empirical analysis of the idiosyncratic portion of share returns of the companies involved. In this connection, we consider the determination of loss causation in fraud-on-the-market class actions, the determination of materiality necessary for a trade on non-public information to violate the law, the determination of what items of information should be subject to a mandatory disclosure, and the extent of deference that should be paid to a corporate board that reject acquisition offers at a premium above pre-offer market price. In each of these areas, we find that there are no simple answers to the question of whether the increase in idiosyncratic risk during periods of crisis would justify a change in practice.
Investigation of corner diffraction for different materials in vehicular channels at urban street intersection

Abstract This paper investigates diffraction around building corners in non line-of-sight vehicle-to-vehicle scenario at a typical urban street intersection. Diffraction from building corner depends on several geometrical parameters. Mobile vehicles moving towards a street intersection cause rapid changes in these geometrical parameters. The effect of varying geometrical parameters along with dependence of reflection coefficient on material constitutive parameters, angle of incidence and surface roughness causes the Diffraction coefficient to change differently for different building materials. The combined effect of varying Diffraction coefficients for all the corners in a typical urban street intersection is investigated. The results show that total diffracted power from materials with rough surfaces may become comparable to power from perfect electrical conductor near the street intersection.
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Papillomavirus Immortalized Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

The carcinogenic action of ionizing radiation in humans has been well recognized from epidemiologic data. Despite this fact there has been only one report on the radiogenic transformation of human epithelial cells (1). We have established immortalized, non-tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cell lines following transfection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16 or 18 (2) and are employing them in experiments designed to identify genetic mechanisms involved in neoplastic transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by ionizing radiation. The specific investigations are 1) analysis for specific genetic alterations in transformants (cells that have altered morphology, growth in soft agar or tumorigenicity in immunosuppressed mouse); and 2) identification of mechanisms involved in differentiation of human bronchial epithelial cells by evaluation of the differentiation-specific transcription of the E6/E7 transforming genes in radiated cells.
Exploiting Expert Knowledge of Protein-Protein Interactions in a Computational Evolution System for Detecting Epistasis

The etiology of common human disease often involves a complex genetic architecture, where numerous points of genetic variation interact to influence disease susceptibility. Automating the detection of such epistatic genetic risk factors poses a major computational challenge, as the number of possible gene-gene interactions increases combinatorially with the number of sequence variations. Previously, we addressed this challenge with the development of a computational evolution system (CES) that incorporates greater biological realism than traditional artificial evolution methods. Our results demonstrated that CES is capable of efficiently navigating these large and rugged epistatic landscapes toward the discovery of biologically meaningful genetic models of disease predisposition. Further, we have shown that the efficacy of CES is improved dramatically when the system is provided with statistical expert knowledge. We anticipate that biological expert knowledge, such as genetic regulatory or protein-protein interaction maps, will provide complementary information, and further improve the ability of CES to model the genetic architectures of common human disease. The goal of this study is to test this hypothesis, utilizing publicly available protein-protein interaction information. We show that by incorporating this source of expert knowledge, the system is able to identify functional interactions that represent more concise models of disease susceptibility with improved accuracy. Our ability to incorporate biological knowledge into learning algorithms is an essential step toward the routine use of methods such as CES for identifying genetic risk factors for common human diseases.
Integrating Normative and Descriptive Constitutional Theory: The Case of Original Meaning

According to the strict form of originalism, the Constitution derives its authority from its ratification during particular periods in American history. Under this view, any departure from the understandings of those discrete periods robs constitutional interpretation of its claim to legitimacy. The political theory underlying strict originalism is a form of social contract theory: unelected judges may displace legislative decisions in the name of the Constitution, but only because the Constitution is a social contract to which consent was validly given through ratification. Although there are very few strict originalists, virtually all practitioners of and commentators on constitutional law accept that original meaning has some relevance to constitutional interpretation. Most, if not all, of us are what Paul Brest has called "moderate" originalists; we are interested in "the framers' intent on a relatively abstract level of generality.
Recent women college graduates: a study of rising expectations.

A sample of 1969 and 1970 women college graduates differs significantly from a similar sample in 1967 and 1968 in having higher motivation to work, especially when the youngest child is two-to-six years old. Marriage does not play the critical role in career planning of the more recent group that it plays for the 1967 and 1968 graduates.
Prevalence and Severity of Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Mexican‐American Women

Objectives: To measure prevalence and characteristics of urinary incontinence in older Mexican-American women. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal survey of a representative sample of older Mexican Americans. Setting: Five southwestern states in the United States. Participants: A total of 1,589 Mexican-American women, aged 65 and older who were part of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. Measurements: Self-reported psychosocial, demographic, and health variables; self-reported history of symptoms of urinary incontinence. Results: Two hundred thirty-nine (15%) of the 1,589 Mexican-American women reported having urinary incontinence. Almost 33% reported urge incontinence symptoms, 10% reported stress incontinence symptoms, and 42% had symptoms suggestive of mixed incontinence. Thirty-five percent of subjects reported incontinence episodes with moderate to large amounts of urine loss, and 15% reported that their urinary symptoms kept them from engaging in social activities. Age and body mass index were risk factors for incontinence (P=.02 and P=.03, respectively). Conclusion: This is the first community-based survey examining rates of urinary incontinence in Mexican-American women. The prevalence of urinary incontinence may be lower in older Mexican-American women than in the general population. They may also have a higher percentage of urge as opposed to stress incontinence symptoms and may suffer from moderate to large volumes of urine loss associated with their incontinence episodes.
Distribution Centers among the Rooftops: The Global Logistics Network Meets the Suburban Spatial Imaginary

Changes in shipping over recent decades have altered the geography of freighttransportation in the USA in a number of ways. In particular, significant volumes offreight traffic are now traveling inland to the Ohio River valley and the Midwest. Withinmetropolitan areas here, large amounts of land on the suburban fringe are beingdeveloped as logistics or distribution centers in municipalities that are experiencingotherwise typical greenfield suburban growth. This article explores this developmentthrough a case study in the southwest suburbs of Chicago that are experiencing rapidgrowth in both population and freight distribution activity. Here, in a so-called globalera of placeless flows, land use and economic development continue to be based largelyon a spatial imaginary of bounded and discrete territories, with long-term environmentaland economic consequences for the political units in question.
Chemical Exchange Effects in Biological Macromolecules

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Two-Site Chemical Exchange 3 Identifying Spins Affected by Chemical Exchange 4 ZZ-Exchange Spectroscopy 5 Lineshape Analysis 6 R1ρ Rotating Frame Relaxation Methods 7 CPMG Relaxation Methods 8 Chemical Exchange in Multiple Quantum Spectroscopy 9 Conclusions 10 Acknowledgements 11 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Beyond Sacred and Secular: Politics of Religion in Israel and Turkey (Book Review)

How can one account for the resurgence of religiously-inspired political movements and parties throughout the globe? Or more specifically, how can we explain the rising power of religious parties like Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (JDP) and Israel’s Shas Party in the Middle East? Who are the people running these parties, ex-clergy, ideologues or lay pragmatists? More importantly, who are the supporters of these parties: swing voters recruited through clientelist networks or zealot loyalists?...
Bretylium tosylate and electrically induced cardiac arrhythmias during hypothermia in dogs

Abstract The effect of bretylium tosylate on plasma catecholamines and on electrically induced arrhythmias was evaluated in anesthetized hypothermic dogs. Bretylium at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg was administered prior to cooling from 37°C to 27°C. During cooling, the ventricular arrhythmia threshold (VAT) in control animals decreased from 10.1 ± 1.9 to 4.4 ± 1.3 impulses, while the VAT in bretylium-treated animals increased from 9.8 ± 2.9 to 23.2 ± 2.7 impulses. Catecholamine levels increased during cooling in all animals. In control animals, the epinephrine/norepinephrine ratio was unchanged, but in animals treated with bretylium tosylate, the ratio increased more than 10-fold (from 0.48 ± 0.1 to 5.49 ± 0.32 at 29.9°C). The demonstrated increase in catecholamine levels during hypothermia suggests that the protection offered by bretylium tosylate against cardiac arrhythmias is not explained by modification of catecholamine levels, and is more likely due to an alteration of the electrophysiologic properties of cardiac tissues.
Toward a Constructionist Perspective of Examining Femininity Experience The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Subjective Femininity Stress Scale

The social constructionist perspective has become a useful framework for understanding women’s psychological experiences. However, tools for examining how women construct meanings of their experiences as female in relevant social situations remain limited. Over two studies, our article describes the development and psychometric properties of the Subjective Femininity Stress Scale (SFSS), which assesses women’s stress associated with their subjective experiences of being female. Participants (N = 468) described their personal experiences of what it means to be a woman by completing the sentence “As a woman…” 10 times; participants then rated how often each of the femininity experiences was stressful for them. Participants’ qualitative responses were coded based on 20 dimensions of femininity experiences, and their relationships with SFSS scores were examined. Study 1 provided evidence for test–retest reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity of the SFSS. Study 2 demonstrated concurrent and increme...
Shape Rules: Closure, Continuity, and Emergence

Topologies obtained via closure operations structure shapes according to computations in a shape grammar, so that emergence is compatible with continuity.
Oil and energy price volatility

It is commonly believed that since the 1973 oil crisis, oil and energy prices have been more volatile than other commodity prices. This study examines monthly producer prices for thousands of products over the period January 1945 through August 2005. The results show that crude oil, refined petroleum, and natural gas prices are more volatile than prices for about 95% of products sold by domestic producers. Relative to crude commodities, however, crude oil prices are currently more volatile than about 65% of other products, and oil price volatility first exceeded the median for crude commodities following the 1986 drop in oil prices.
Gender images in library publications: Is a picture worth a thousand words?

Abstract Do pictures in professional library journals accurately reflect the gender representation of those working in the profession? Visual images from five years of three library publications were examined. Results show that women are visually underrepresented compared to the numbers working in academic and other types of libraries.
BINDING ENERGY OF A $lambda$ PARTICLE IN NUCLEAR MATTER.

The results of a complete calculation of the binding energy $D$ of a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ particle in nuclear matter using the method of the independent-pair approximation, which systematically take into account the second- and third-order Born corrections, are presented. It is found that these corrections are small and that the Born series converges rapidly. A comparison of our results with those obtained using other methods based on the Brueckner theory shows that they are identical.
A First Course in Fourier Analysis

This book provides a meaningful resource for applied mathematics through Fourier analysis. It develops a unified theory of discrete and continuous (univariate) Fourier analysis, the fast Fourier transform, and a powerful elementary theory of generalized functions and shows how these mathematical ideas can be used to study sampling theory, PDEs, probability, diffraction, musical tones, and wavelets. The book contains an unusually complete presentation of the Fourier transform calculus. It uses concepts from calculus to present an elementary theory of generalized functions. FT calculus and generalized functions are then used to study the wave equation, diffusion equation, and diffraction equation. Real-world applications of Fourier analysis are described in the chapter on musical tones. A valuable reference on Fourier analysis for a variety of students and scientific professionals, including mathematicians, physicists, chemists, geologists, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, and others.
Properties of feature detectors for speech: Evidence from the effects of selective adaptation on dichotic listening

Two selective adaptation experiments were conducted in order to investigate certain properties of feature detector systems sensitive to the information underlying the voicing distinction (Experiment I) and the place of articulation distinction (Experiment II). The experimental paradigm combined binaural adaptation with a dichotic testing procedure. The stimuli were nonboundary, good exemplars of the respective phonetic categories. In both experiments, there was a systematic shift in performance following adaptation on those trials on which the stimulus in one ear had the adapted feature value and the stimulus in the other ear had the unadapted feature value. On these trials, the adapted feature value was relatively less effective in competing for processing with the unadapted value in the opposing ear (compared to preadaptation performance). Since these results were obtained using nonboundary stimuli, it was argued that (1) adaptation affects the relevant detector along its range of operation or sensitivity, and nof simply at the phonetic boundary, and that (2) information regarding the relative output level of the detector, as well as which detector was more strongly excited, must be available at the site of interaction of the two stimuli.
Experimental test of an analytical theory of spin-torque-oscillator dynamics

We make measurements of power spectral density of the microwave voltage emitted by a spin-torque-nano-oscillator (STNO) consisting of a ${\text{Ni}}_{86}{\text{Fe}}_{14}$ nanowire free layer and a ${\text{Co}}_{50}{\text{Fe}}_{50}$ nanomagnet fixed layer and compare our experimental results to predictions of an analytical theory of a single-mode STNO dynamics [Tiberkevich et al., Phys. Rev. B 78, 092401 (2008)]. We find that a complete set of the oscillator spectral properties---power, frequency, spectral linewidth, and line shape as functions of current---is self-consistently described by the analytical theory for moderate amplitudes of oscillations $(\ensuremath{\lesssim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})$ of the free-layer magnetization.
Kinetic theory and rheology of dilute polymer solutions

A summary is given of some recent attempts to relate the results of the kinetic theory of rigid and flexible macromolecules to continuum mechanics results.
Ultrastructure of cultured rat placental cells

Rat placental cells (RPCs) derived from explants of gestation day 12 chorioallantoic placental primordia were propagated as ascites RPCs and as in vitro cultured RPCs. Although the morphological characteristics of ascites RPCs and in vitro cultured RPCs differed markedly by light microscopy, evaluation by electron microscopy revealed that all RPCs were epithelioid. Morphological differences at the light microscope level were attributable to environmental conditions. When RPCs were compared with placental cells in situ, RPC characteristics most closely resembled those of layer-one trophoblast cells (germinal cytotrophoblast) present in the labyrinthine region of the placenta. RPCs, which appear to be a relatively homogeneous population of trophoblast cells, may be valuable tools for evaluating the relationships between maternal and fetal cells during pregnancy and for studying the growth and differentiation of extraembryonic cells.
Theories of Conditional Reasoning: A Developmental Examination of Competing Hypotheses.

Children and adolescents were presented with problems that contained deontic (i.e., if action p is taken, then precondition q must be met) or causal (i.e., if event p occurs, then event q will transpire) conditionals and that varied in the ease with which alternative antecedents could be activated. Results showed that inferences were linked to the availability of alternative antecedents and the generation of "disabling" conditions (claims that the conditionals were false under specific circumstances). Age-related developments were found only on problems involving indeterminate inferences. Correlations among inferences differed for children and adolescents. The findings provide stronger support for domain-general theories than for domain-specific theories of reasoning and suggest, under some conditions, age-related changes in the roles of implicit and explicit processing.
Factors Determining Dosages of Amide-type Local Anesthetic Drugs

The physical status of the patient (sex, age, weight, height, and underlying disease) has been thought to influence the dosage of local anesthetic drugs that can be injected without causing a systemic toxic reaction, but this belief is not supported by statistically significant data. Furthermore, pr
NELSON'S SYNDROME: INCIDENCE AND PROGNOSIS

Fifty patients bilaterally adrenalectomized for Cushing's disease were followed for 1 to 22 (mean, 12) years. In 14 of them (28%) Nelson's syndrome appeared within 1.5 to 12 (mean, 4.8) years after adrenalectomy. All the patients were deeply pigmented, 12 had a radiologically demonstrable tumour and six had visual defects. Plasma ACTH levels ranged from 450 to 8000 ng/l. However in every case at least one estimation during circadian studies equalled 2000 ng/l. One patient with an anaplastic pituitary tumour died 3 years after the discovery of the tumour. Anaplasia was also diagnosed in another patient with recurrence of pituitary tumour after a transsphenoidal operation. Symptoms of tumour infarction occurred in two patients, followed by clinical remission of Nelson's syndrome. In the majority of cases the course was benign. We conclude that all cases, however, should be followed indefinitely because Nelson's tumours are not infrequently aggressive.
Molecular and atomic emission during single- bubble cavitation in concentrated sulfuric acid

Concentrated acid solutions have been reported to produce bright light emission during cavitation. Single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is much brighter than SBSL from water by over three orders of magnitude when both are regassed with Ar. In contrast to water, SBSL spectra of concentrated H2SO4 contain extensive atomic, molecular, and ionic emission revealing details about intracavity physical conditions and chemical processes. Observation of specific emitters coupled with detailed studies of the temporal emission of the emitters relative to one another and to the overall bubble oscillation will lead to a much more detailed understanding of SBSL.
On Measuring and Correcting the Effects of Data Mining and Model Selection

Abstract In the theory of linear models, the concept of degrees of freedom plays an important role. This concept is often used for measurement of model complexity, for obtaining an unbiased estimate of the error variance, and for comparison of different models. I have developed a concept of generalized degrees of freedom (GDF) that is applicable to complex modeling procedures. The definition is based on the sum of the sensitivity of each fitted value to perturbation in the corresponding observed value. The concept is nonasymptotic in nature and does not require analytic knowledge of the modeling procedures. The concept of GDF offers a unified framework under which complex and highly irregular modeling procedures can be analyzed in the same way as classical linear models. By using this framework, many difficult problems can be solved easily. For example, one can now measure the number of observations used in a variable selection process. Different modeling procedures, such as a tree-based regression and a ...
The observational evidence for mass distribution in the meteoritic complex

The integrated mass indexS for solid particles in the solar system is defined by the equationN = (const)m−S, whereN is the number of particles counted down to a lower limit of massm. Independent values ofS found from various observational programs are reviewed. These lie generally in the range from 0.4 to 1.4 for the average background of particles, and include data from lunar craters, satellite impacts, meteors, meteorites and asteroids. The trend ofS with mass is reasonably well established for masses less than one gram, but there are many gaps in our knowledge concerning the objects of greater mass.
Identification of a New Gene Required for the Biosynthesis of Rhodoquinone in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Rhodoquinone (RQ) is a required cofactor for anaerobic respiration in Rhodospirillum rubrum, and it is also found in several helminth parasites that utilize a fumarate reductase pathway. RQ is an aminoquinone that is structurally similar to ubiquinone (Q), a polyprenylated benzoquinone used in the aerobic respiratory chain. RQ is not found in humans or other mammals, and therefore, the inhibition of its biosynthesis may provide a novel antiparasitic drug target. To identify a gene specifically required for RQ biosynthesis, we determined the complete genome sequence of a mutant strain of R. rubrum (F11), which cannot grow anaerobically and does not synthesize RQ, and compared it with that of a spontaneous revertant (RF111). RF111 can grow anaerobically and has recovered the ability to synthesize RQ. The two strains differ by a single base pair, which causes a nonsense mutation in the putative methyltransferase gene rquA. To test whether this mutation is important for the F11 phenotype, the wild-type rquA gene was cloned into the pRK404E1 vector and conjugated into F11. Complementation of the anaerobic growth defect in F11 was observed, and liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis of lipid extracts confirmed that plasmid-complemented F11 was able to synthesize RQ. To further validate the requirement of rquA for RQ biosynthesis, we generated a deletion mutant from wild-type R. rubrum by the targeted replacement of rquA with a gentamicin resistance cassette. The ΔrquA mutant exhibited the same phenotype as that of F11. These results are significant because rquA is the first gene to be discovered that is required for RQ biosynthesis.
Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Occlusion

The current article describes a patient with acute, massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding from isolated gastric varices. The patient had a large gastrosystemic shunt and was managed with a combination of splenic artery embolization followed by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous occlusion (BORTO) of the gastric varices. BORTO is a procedure that was recently described in Japan by Dr Kanagawa. This technique is extensively used in Japan as first-line therapy in the management of bleeding gastric varices but has not been popularized in the USA. The purpose of this review is to present the technique used to perform BORTO at our institution and the clinical situations in which we offer this option to our patients.
Angiographic Pattern Change in Fibromuscular Dysplasia A Case Report

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an angiopathy that commonly affects the renal arteries but may affect other medium to large arteries, including the carotid artery. It has a variety of angiography appearances, the most common of which is a string-of-beads pattern consisting of a segment of alternating stenoses and dilatations. This case documents that these patterns are not necessarily fixed. An initial angiogram in a patient with neurologic symptoms shows a string-of-beads pattern in the carotid artery. Later, this pattern is seen to convert to a smooth tubular form on follow-up arteriography. FMD may present angiographically as a dynamic process.
ANTIBODY PLAQUE FORMATION BY NORMAL MOUSE SPLEEN CELL CULTURES EXPOSED IN VITRO TO RNA FROM IMMUNE MICE.

Suspensions of normal spleen cells from nonimmune mice were treated in vitro with RNA extracted from spleen cells from donor mice immunized 4 days previously with sheep erythrocytes. Subsequent incubation of the RNA-treated cells in tissue culture medium at 37°C for several days resulted in a marked increase in the number of localized zones of hemolysis ("antibody plaques") in relation to the number of viable cells plated in agar containing sheep erythrocytes and complement. Nonimmune cells maintained in tisse, culture medium did not form plaques after incubation with either RNA from Immune mice or ribonuclease-treated RNA from immune mice, or with RNA from non-immune donor mice, or from donors immunized with chicken erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin.
High School Students’ Exposure to Diversity in an Urban Teaching Academy and Their Conceptions of Its Place in Future Practice

This study explored the meaning high school Urban Teaching Academy participants ascribed to the critical term of diversity and how that translated into shaping their philosophies on how to address the issue in their future classrooms. Findings indicated that perceptions of diversity and its place in the curriculum were most likely related to the emphasis of the concept in the program. Thus, those participants who were taught by a teacher who included more discourse on the topic of diversity embraced a culturally relevant pedagogical stance. Whereas, those participants taught by a teacher who discussed diversity through the lens of differentiated instruction adopted a color-blind perspective.
Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems.

Abstract The last decade has seen a dramatic shift in the focus of nitrogen cycling research in forest ecosystems. Concerns over nitrogen deficiencies and effects of removal in harvest have given way to concerns over excess nitrogen availability and the potential for forest decline and surface water pollution. Driving this paradigm shift is the increase in atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to forests due to industrial and agricultural activity. At the core of the new paradigm is the concept of ‘nitrogen saturation' of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent advances in research relating to nitrogen deposition effects on temperate zone forest ecosystems, and the further effects of nitrogen saturation on environmental quality.
Tuning the Orientation of Molecules at Solid−Liquid Interfaces Using an Electrochemical Potential

Electrochemical potential induced orientation changes of polar molecules at the quartz−CH3CN interface have been studied using sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Our result demonstrates the dramatic tuning effect of the electrochemical potential on the orientation of molecules in the electrical double-layer region. For D289+ cations with a large dipole moment (∼14 D), the average molecular orientation is found to change from 90° to about 34° when the electrochemical potential is changed from the potential of zero charge to −0.9 V. From the orientation data, the electrical field experienced by molecules in the electrical double-layer region and the effective thickness of the electrical double layer have been extracted: E ≈ 5 × 106 V/cm and d ≈ 20 A, respectively.
Speed-torque control of induction motors

A MATHEMATICAL analysis was made to determine the effect of symmetrical series reactance in the supply lines upon the speed-torque relation, the power factor, and the efficiency of standard induction motors. The analysis showed that torque, the speed for pull-out torque, and the power factor are functions of the added reactance. The efficiency, however, is a function of the machine constants and speed only, and is, therefore, not affected by the added reactance. The nature of the speed-torque and power-factor variation is as follows, if the supply voltage is assumed constant. The expression for the speed at pull-out is actually an expression for impedance match between stator and rotor. The addition of a small series capacitive reactance into each phase reduces the impedance of the machine, thus increasing the current and also the torque. The impedance match between the windings, however, occurs at a lower speed, thus reducing the speed for pull-out. Addition of more capacitive reactance depresses the speed for pull-out and increases the magnitude of pull-out torque until a critical value of series reactance is reached. At this critical value, series resonance and pull-out occur at the same speed, and the impedance match for pull-out becomes a resistance match. Therefore, this critical value of series reactance determines the maximum value of pull-out torque that can be obtained from the machine at constant voltage. Furthermore, the speed for pull-out has been reduced to its minimum value, since it is limited by the ratio of rotor to stator resistance.
Thinking through intercultural training assumptions: In the aftermath

Introduction d'une serie de recherches interculturelles sous forme d'une reflexion sur le role et l'efficacite du psychodrame dans la modification des prejuges interculturels et sur la responsabilite (ethique) du praticien
Postprocessing Method for Dynamic Modulus Tests of Hot-Mix Asphalt

The main objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a postprocessing method for analyzing the dynamic modulus test of compacted asphalt mixtures; (2) to identify optimum regression equations for the compressive stress and its corresponding strains in a dynamic modulus test using this method; and (3) to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method compared with the method in the current equipment specification. Including the procedure used in the current equipment specifications, two procedures for fitting the dynamic stresses and three procedures for fitting the corresponding strains were employed in the postprocessing method. The coefficients of the regression equations in the five procedures were used to determine the dynamic modulus and phase angle. Uniaxial compressive dynamic modulus tests of 10 asphalt mixtures were conducted at five temperatures and six frequencies with Universal Test Machine (UTM). A total of 1,800 test results were processed with the procedures in the proposed method. On basis of the standard errors of the least square fit, the procedures in the postprocessing method were evaluated. It was found that the procedure in the equipment specification was inaccurate to fit the strains, especially at the higher temperatures and low frequencies. Therefore, correction coefficients were recommended for the measured dynamic modulus and phase angle from the currently used UTM. The potential application of the proposed method is significant since it will improve the degree of accuracy of the dynamic modulus values used in the mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedure.
The impact of corporate social responsibility in supply chain management: Multicriteria decision-making approach

This paper develops a decision support framework for modeling and analysis of supply chain networks with corporate social responsibility (CSR). We consider the multicriteria decision-making behavior of the various decision makers (manufacturers, retailers, and consumers), which includes the maximization of net return, the minimization of emission, and the minimization of risk. The emission and the risk are penalized by variable weights. The model allows one to investigate the interplay of the heterogeneous decision makers in the supply chain and to compute the resultant equilibrium pattern of product outputs, transactions, product prices, and levels of social responsibility activities. The results show that social responsibility activities can potentially reduce transaction costs, risk and environmental impact.
Grain Orientation Mapping of Passivated Aluminum Interconnect Lines with X-ray Micro-Diffraction

A micro x-ray diffraction facility is under development at the Advanced Light Source. Spot sizes are typically about 1-μm size generated by means of grazing incidence Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. Photon energy is either white of energy range 6–14 keV or monochromatic generated from a pair of channel cut crystals. Laue diffraction pattern from a single grain in a passivated 2-μm wide bamboo structured Aluminum interconnect line has been recorded. Acquisition times are of the order of seconds. The Laue pattern has allowed the determination of the crystallographic orientation of individual grains along the line length. The experimental and analysis procedure used is described, as is the latest grain orientation result. The impact of x-ray micro-diffraction and its possible future direction are discussed in the context of other developments in the area of electromigration, and other technological problems.
Distribution of 28 elements in size fractions of lunar mare and highlands soils

Four volatile, six siderophile and 18 generally lithophile elements were determined in six sieve fractions of mare soil 15100 (moderately mature) and seven sieve fractions of highlands soil 66080 (highly mature). Previous work (Boynton et al., 1976) showed that the volatile elements in lunar soils were enriched in the finest size fraction relative to the coarsest factors by up to about 20. The present investigation tests Boynton's interpretation that the distribution pattern of the volatiles indicates the presence of two components: a volume-correlated component having volatile concentrations independent of grain size and a surface-correlated component with concentration increasing with decreasing grain size.
Do you see what I see?: An exploration of inter-ethnic ideal body size comparisons among college women

Abstract The present study explored African American (n = 16) and European American (n = 19) college women's ideal body size perceptions for their own and the other ethnic group along with reasons behind their selections. Respondents completed an ethnically-neutral figure rating scale and then participated in ethnically-homogenous focus groups. European Americans mostly preferred a curvy-thin or athletic ideal body while most African American students resisted notions of a singular ideal body. European Americans suggested that African Americans’ larger ideal body sizes were based on greater body acceptance and the preferences of African American men. African Americans used extreme terms when discussing their perceptions of European Americans’ thin idealization, celebrity role models, and weight management behaviors. African Americans’ perceptions of European Americans’ body dissatisfaction were also attributed to the frequent fat talk they engaged in. Implications for promoting the psychosocial well-being of ethnically-diverse emerging adult females attending college are discussed.
After-School Programs Are Making a Difference

This article explores some of the societal issues addressed by after-school programs and describes examples of programs found in secondary schools that have been effective in addressing these issues. Among the examples are those that provide support to academic achievement as well as those that address other areas of learning.
Bit plane decomposition and shape analysis for morphological skeletonization

This paper addresses the problem of structure element selection in the context of a morphological based grayscale image communication system. The morphological skeleton representation in discrete space provides a means of lossless coding, and the coding efficiency is further improved in its minimized version by choosing a more appropriate structuring element. For an image with consistent shape distribution such as a texture pattern, a more efficient and useful skeleton representation is expected. Analysis of simulated and natural image patterns show the activated points in a morphological skeleton range between 30 and 327 points using different structuring elements. A procedure is proposed which allows for the selection of a more effective structuring element from a basis set of structuring elements. The decision process of the multiprototype pattern classification is based on the minimum-distance measurement between the chain code edge vector of object and the basis set of structuring elements. For a grayscale image communication scheme, the binary morphological skeleton transformation provides a progressive transmission framework. This framework is based on the bit plane decomposition with Gray code mapping. The progressive communication system is useful for searching image databases over a narrowband communication channel. Once the image of interest is found, the progressive communication system can provide complete knowledge of the image without loss of any information. The proposed bit plane skeleton transmission system achieves data compression rates from 2.36 to 4.28 in this study, while the original image can be reconstructed exactly using the entire set of decomposed bit planes.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-periodic Space Structures

An interesting class of two- and three-dimensional space structures can be derived from projections of higher-dimensional structures. Regular polygons and regular-faced polyhedra provide the geomet...
Optical transparency of graphene as determined by the fine-structure constant

The observed 97.7% optical transparency of graphene has been linked to the value 1/137 of the fine structure constant, by using results for noninteracting Dirac fermions. The agreement in three significant figures requires an explanation for the apparent unimportance of the Coulomb interaction. Using arguments based on Ward identities, the leading corrections to the optical conductivity due to the Coulomb interactions are correctly computed (resolving a theoretical dispute) and shown to amount to only 1%--2%, corresponding to 0.03%--0.04% in the transparency.