cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation reduces the appetitive behavioral component in female offspring tested in a brief-access taste procedure

Maternal high-fat diet appears to disrupt several energy balance mechanisms in offspring. Here, female offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet (HF) did not significantly differ in body weight compared with those fed chow (CHOW), when weaned onto chow diet. Yet when presented with both a chow and a high-fat diet, high-fat intake was significantly higher in HF compared with CHOW offspring. To assess taste-based responsiveness, offspring (12 wk old) were tested in 30-min sessions (10-s trials) to a sucrose concentration series in a brief-access taste test. Compared with CHOW, the HF offspring initiated significantly fewer trials but did not significantly differ in the amount of concentration-dependent licking. Thus, rather than affect lick response (consummatory), maternal diet affects spout approach (appetitive), which may be attributed to motivation-related mechanisms. Consistent with this possibility, naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, further reduced trial initiation, but not licking in both groups. With naltrexone administration, the group difference in trial initiation was no longer evident, suggesting differences in endogenous opioid activity between the two groups. Relative expression of μ-opioid receptor in the ventral tegmental area was significantly lower in HF rats. When trial initiation was not required in one-bottle intake tests, no main effect of maternal diet on the intake of sucrose and corn oil emulsions was observed. Thus, the maternal high-fat diet-induced difference in diet preference is not likely due to changes in the sensory orosensory component of the taste stimulus but may depend on alterations in satiety signals or absorptive mechanisms.
Generation and repair of AID-initiated DNA lesions in B lymphocytes

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which require AID. AID induces U:G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.
The Influence of Religion on the Partner Selection Strategies of Emerging Adults

Previous research has suggested that religiosity is associated with positive marital outcomes, but the underlying reasons for this association are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that religion influences marriage via partner selection strategies. Specifically, we hypothesized that proximal (more than distal) religiosity would predict partner selection strategies that facilitates positive marital outcomes; we also conducted exploratory analyses examining the influence of religious affiliation. Using a novel methodology that allowed for an examination of explicit and implicit attitudes, we tested our hypotheses using a large sample of emerging adults (N = 437). Findings indicate that religion influences partner selection preferences, but the effect is not uniformly positive. Religious affiliation, not individual level religiosity (distal or proximal), was the most robust predictor of mate-selection preferences. Possible explanations for these findings and implications for intervention are dis...
U.S. Juvenile Arrests Gang Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects

This study addresses the link between gang membership and arrest frequency, exploring the Gang × Socioeconomic status interaction on those arrests. Notoriously poor, delinquent, and often well-known to police, America’s gang youth should have very high odds of arrest. Yet it is unclear whether mere membership in a gang increases the risk of arrest or whether it must be accompanied by high levels of delinquency to have an effect. There are surprisingly few tests of the arrest risk associated solely with group membership. The several studies that provide such a test have yielded mixed results. Revisiting this issue with longitudinal youth data for the nation, random effects Poisson models find main effects for gang membership and SES on arrest, controlling for demographic and legal items. However, interaction effects obtain paradoxical findings consistent with research on “out-of-place” effects for high-SES gang youth, and protective effects for low-SES gang youth. These findings are discussed in terms of t...
Aspects of the Physiology of Orchids

Publisher Summary Orchids are considered to have magical properties and medicinal values. The Orchidaceae is a vast family, with staggering 20,000–30,000 orchids, in specific with 600–800 genera and 25,000–35,000 species. In context to size, orchids range from the few millimeters and grams to several meters and tons. They are soft, delicate, and herbaceous or can be hard and nearly woody. Their pollination ranges from natural selfing to pseudocopulation in one and the same or different species. Fertilization does not immediately follow pollination in orchids and can occur in days, weeks, or even months after the flowers have been pollinated. The fruits develop slowly and can take a year or more to ripen. Carbon fixation patterns include C3, C4, and CAM. The chemical diversity and adaptive features of the orchids are enormous. They can be found in all climatic regions and most niches populated by flowering plants (except under water). The most surprising feature of orchids is that it can be compiled from studies of relatively few species by a limited number of investigators.
Different boron compounds elicit similar responses in Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Although boric acid and other boron compounds have been used since the 1800s as insecticides, their mode of action is not well understood. Borate salts, in particular sodium and zinc formulations, are effective wood preservatives and are used extensively in Hawai'i to protect building materials from termite attack. In order to determine whether different borate salts elicit different responses in Coptotermesformosanus Shiraki, workers (undifferentiated individuals) were collected from field colonies maintained in Honolulu, Hawai'i, and exposed to composite board samples of different borate salt formulations in the laboratory. The treatments included zinc borate (ZB) (0.88% and 0.18%), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) (ZB and DOT in a 60/40 and 80/20 ratio), anhydrous boric acid (B 2 O 3 ) (60/40 and 80/20 ZB/B 2 O 3 ), and an untreated composite board control. Activity and mortality data were recorded over a 4-week period; results suggest the concentration of boron in the wood sample, rather than the associated salt, has a greater impact on termite feeding, and that anhydrous boric acid reduces termite feeding more rapidly than the other formulations tested. Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine boron ingestion after five days of exposure to high-concentration (ZB 0.88%, 60/40 ZB/DOT or 60/40 ZB/B 2 O 3 ) boron treated timber. DOT consumption resulted in slightly higher boron concentrations than B 2 O 3 (324.2 and 306.3 mean μg/g boron, respectively), and ZB 0.88% (170.0 μg/g) was intermediate between those two treatments and the control (30.2 Hg/g). The DOT and B 2 O 3 treatments were an order of magnitude greater than the composite board control.
Elucidation of Polymer Microstructure by High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract High resolution NMR spectroscopy is proving to be a useful experimental technique for determining the microstructures of high polymers. Its major utility, aside from identifying structural features often not detectable by other methods, lies in quantitative applications. Some examples are the determination of monomer ratios in copolymers, polymer tacticity, sequence isomerism of monomer units, and other types of structural isomerism. The applicability of the method is being enhanced by continuing development of high-field spectrometers, special accessories, and new experimental techniques, and by application of computers to the analysis of spectral data.
Abbreviated Mindfulness-Based Therapy for a Depressed College Student

Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has shown promise in reducing depression and psychological distress among individuals presenting with various medical and psychiatric problems. This case study exami...
Photoluminescence Detection of Native Defects in The Surface Region of Bulk CdTe

The native defects introduced by Br2/CH3OH etching and aging under atmospheric conditions have been investigated in In doped, bulk CdTe using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results indicate a large enhancement of the Cd vacancy related 1.5896 eV excitonic feature with chemical treatment and aging. Hence, the primary perturbation is interpreted to be a small loss of Cd within the sampling region. This result is compared and contrasted with previous studies of etching induced modifications. The implications of Cd depletion on interpreting PL spectra, device processing and long term stability are considered.
Polymorphism in self-assembled AB6 binary nanocrystal superlattices.

We report the formation and systematic struc-tural characterization of a new AB6 polymorph with the body-centered cubic (bcc) symmetry in binary nanocrystal superlattices (BNSLs). The bcc-AB6 phase...
Some Temperature and Humidity Relations of Two Races of Trichogramma Minutum Riley (Hym. Chalcididae)

In all the work that has been done in recent years on the use of the Hymenopterous egg-parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley, in the control of insect species, no comprehensive study of the biology of the species under controlled laboratory conditions has appeared. It was with the purpose of contributing to such a study that the present work was undertaken.
Action of Drugs Containing Basic Nitrogen on d-Amino Acid Dehydrogenase

ConclusionsIf one excludes the effects on pH which are produced in the reacting systems by the presence of drugs, the results indicate that ephedrine, morphine, physostigmine, pilocarpine, ribo-flavin, and sulfanilamide do not modify the catalysis of the dehydro-genation of d-alanine by d-amino acid dehydrogenase. The augmentations produced by quinidine and veratrine, although small, are significant.
HEMOPHILIA: MEDICAL AND ORTHOPEDIC MANAGEMENT.

General principles in the management of hemophilia are outlined. With the proper protection, replacement therapy for the deficient clotting factor, and necessary orthopedic therapy for musculoskeletal complications of hemorrhage, these patients should be able to lead satisfactory lives and have relatively unhandicapped mobility.
The traffic in eighteen-century medicines and medical ideas and the Medicina Pennsylvania of George de Benneville.

Dans le cadre de la colonisation des territoires d'Amerique du Nord au cours du XVIIIe siecle, l'article retrace l'influence des migrations et des origines des praticiens sur la circulation des idees medicales, dans un contexte qui necessitait une adaptation rapide aux conditions locales, a des endemies ou des epidemies inconnues en Europe. L'auteur oriente plus particulierement sa recherche vers les medecins provenant d'Europe centrale ayant commence a pratiquer dans les colonies vers 1730.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

Between January 1980 and January 1986, 25 children undergoing peritoneal dialysis (CAPD or CCPD) received 29 renal allografts. Patient survival was 100% and graft survival at 12 and at 24 months wa...
The relationship of assertiveness to college students' safer sex behaviors.

Educational programs designed to curtail the present sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic emphasize the role of assertiveness in reducing personal risk. This study investigated the relationship between assertiveness tendencies and safer sex behaviors in heterosexual college students. It was predicted that assertiveness would vary positively and nonassertiveness negatively with 3 types of precautionary behaviors--caution about engaging in sexual intimacy inquiry about a potential partners STD risk history and frequency of condom use. A convenience sample of 253 undergraduates (159 females and 94 males) anonymously completed a sexual behavior/demographic questionnaire and the Intimate Relationship Questionnaire (IRQ) designed for this study and involving assertive nonassertive and aggressive responses to scenarios relevant to safer sex. The findings confirmed the hypothesized relationships between IRQ assertiveness tendencies and safer sex practices. Gender differences were discovered on the IRQ and in the health protective behaviors of using caution and inquiring about a prospective partners STD risk history. Implications for STD prevention strategies are discussed. (authors)
Antidepressants-A somewhat depressing scene

Feelings of sadness and depression are so common in human experience that most of us can easily identify with patients suffering from the manifold symptoms of depressive reactions. Judging from the great proliferation of antidepressant drugs in the past eight years, one might assume that depressions should be easily and effectively managed by drug therapy. Unfortunately, this is not the case.
Amine trapping: Physical explanation for the inhibitory effect of gastric acidity on the postprandial release of gastrin: Studies on rats and dogs

We investigated the relationship between the pH dependence of meal-stimulated gastrin release and the permeability of the antral mucosa to dietary amines. This study was undertaken after previous work from our laboratory had demonstrated that dietary amines are potent in vivo and in vitro stimulants of gastrin release and that it is well established that amines are trapped in acidic environments. Three contrasting experimental model systems were employed to investigate the association of these two pH-dependent properties. In the first in vivo study, it was demonstrated that ingestion of standard rat Chow resulted in an increase in circulating gastrin and ammonia levels, whereas the postprandial increases in both properties were abolished if the rats ingested Chow that was preacidified to a pH of 2.4. Second, the antral uptake of the fluorescent cyclic amine, quinacrine, from the gastric lumen of pylorus-ligated rats was monitored by fluorescent microscopy and spectrophotometry and was demonstrated to be inhibited in a step-wise fashion as the luminal pH was decreased. Lastly, our in vitro studies suggested that the transport of [14C]methylamine into canine antral mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers was pH-dependent, as was gastrin release into the incubation medium. Thus, all the data are consistent with the possibility that meal-stimulated gastrin release is inhibited at low pH, due (in part) to the protonation of dietary amines, preventing their diffusion into the G cell to activate hormone secretion.
Cost-effective Strategies for the Management and Treatment of Urethral Stricture Disease

Following failed endoscopic intervention, the most cost-effective strategy for recurrent urethral stricture disease (USD) is urethroplasty. Inpatient hospital costs associated with urethroplasty are driven by patient comorbidities and postoperative complications. Symptom-based surveillance for USD recurrence will reduce unnecessary diagnostic procedures and cost.
On the movement of Deepwater Horizon Oil to northern Gulf beaches

Abstract Surface oil of Deepwater Horizon origin sullied the northern Gulf of Mexico marshes and beaches from Louisiana to Florida. The Mississippi to Florida beaches were particularly impacted during the month of June 2010. We review the evolution of the surface oil as it approached the beach and then consider the mechanisms of transport. Both the ocean circulation and ocean waves are found to be important. The circulation appears to control the transport of surface oil in deep waters and over most of the continental shelf. But as oil approaches shallow water the wave orientation may become more conducive than the circulation orientation for transporting oil to the beach. In essence it is found that the circulation gets the oil to the vicinity of the beach, whereas the waves, via Stokes drift, are responsible for the actual beaching of oil. A combination of observations and numerical model simulations are used to demonstrate this.
Prehospital Care in Penetrating Trauma

The prehospital care of the critically injured victim of penetrating trauma begins with systematic organization to place the proper staff, equipment, and other resources in position to aggressively treat these patients. Prehospital providers must fight the clock and be in a state of constant motion toward the definitive care offered by the trauma surgeon. The traditional treatment dichotomy of “stay and stabilize” vs. “scoop and go” should be modified to “treat during transport.” Paramedics must be given adequate ongoing experience in caring for these exigently ill patients to facilitate rapid correction of deficiencies in the patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation. New techniques, including tourniquets for life threatening extremity hemorrhage, and hemostatic dressings, may play a role in the care of these patients. With rapid transport and simultaneous treatment, prehospital personnel can significantly change the outcome of their patients’ disease, transitioning them from moribund to salvageable.
Workplace Discrimination on the Basis of Religious Conviction: An Australian Perspective (La Discrimination Fondée Sur Les Convictions Religieuses Sur Le Lieu De Travail :Une Perspective Australienne)

English Abstract: This article examines the protections of the expression of religious conviction in the workplace in Australia. Employees are required to participate in alternative dispute resolution before a civil court can hear their claim. Consequently, a significant number of claims are settled or withdrawn before hearing. This is particularly so in relation to the ground of ‘religious belief or activity’; the body of case law is very small. French Abstract: Cette contribution examine les moyens de protection de l'expression des convictions religieuses sur le lieu de travail en Australie. Les salaries y sont tenus de tenter une resolution extrajudiciaire de leur litige par le biais de modes alternatifs de reglement des differends avant de pouvoir le soumettre a un tribunal civil. Il en resulte qu’un nombre important de reclamations sont reglees ou retirees avant toute audience judiciaire. Ceci est particulierement vrai en ce qui concerne le fondement des « convictions et pratiques religieuses » ; la jurisprudence est en effet tres restreinte.
Monitoring Thermal Springs To Improve Land Management Decision-making, Sierra Nevada, California

The Sierra National Forest administers Mono Hot Springs and other nearby geothermal features, a concentration of more than a dozen springs, pools, and seeps in the high Sierra Nevada, California. The Native American Mono Tribe traditionally uses Mono Hot Springs for spiritual purposes, while simultaneously, the Mono Hot Springs Resort holds a special use permit for some of the geothermal waters. To support environmental assessments for area management, the Sierra National Forest studied thermal spring chemistry and temperature, evaluating potential use conflicts. An initial multi-year monitoring of eleven representative thermal springs was followed a decade later by another multi-year sampling of the same springs, providing insight into the geothermal character of Mono Hot Springs. Measured water temperatures ranged from 44.5° C to 24.3° C and pH 8.0 to 7.03, depending upon the thermal spring, higher pH values correlating with lower temperatures. Thermal spring temperatures varied seasonally with higher temperatures in springtime and lower ones in autumn. pH did not exhibit a coherent seasonal variation. Mono Hot Spring temperature decreased and pH increased during the decade-long study period, with even greater longer-term temperature change evidenced at nearby Mono Crossing. Silica and cation geothermometry at Mono Hot Springs suggests that the geothermal waters reached equilibrium with 74-79° C rock at depth at estimated pH 5-6. The spatial distribution of neighboring thermal springs, regional seismicity, and mapped faults suggests that Mono Hot Springs rises along faults running nearly north-south, connecting to Mammoth Mountain and Long Valley, California, 30 km to the north.
Albion’s Ænigma

The enigmatic Middle Devonian chordate Palaeospondylus gunni from the the Achannaras Slate Quarry, Caithness, Scotland, has recently been reinterpreted as a member of the Cyclostomata (the group that includes living jawless fishes). If this interpretation is correct, then Palaeospondylus either retains a vertebral column as a vestigial organ, or represents a remarkable case of skeletal homoplasy convergent on bony fishes. The ‘hard cartilage’ of Palaeospondylus may be a unique biomaterial restricted to the Devonian lifespan of this enigmatic genus.
Heating of the intergalactic medium by the cosmic microwave background during cosmic dawn

Motivated by results from the EDGES experiment, the authors investigate a novel mechanism for heating up the intergalactic medium, just prior to the first star formation. This mechanism contributes to the spin temperature of the 21-cm hyperfine line of atomic hydrogen.
Comparison of warm season and cool season forages for dairy grazing systems in continuous culture.

The objective of this study was to compare warm-season annual grasses to cool-season perennial (CSP) grasses for ruminal nutrient digestibility and N metabolism in a dual-flow continuous culture fermentation system. Dietary treatments were 1) fresh alfalfa, 2) CSP grasses and legumes, 3) brown-midrib sorghum-sudangrass (BMRSS), and 4) teff grass from an organic dairy production system. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used during two consecutive 10-d periods consisting of 7 d for stabilization followed by 3 d of sampling. Fermenter samples were collected on days 8, 9, and 10 for analysis of pH, NH3-N, and VFA. Apparent DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were on average lesser (P 0.05) by forage. The NH3-N concentrations were highest (P 0.05) by forage treatment. Flow of NH3-N was greatest (P 0.05) by forage source. Overall, fermentation of warm-season grasses was similar to the cool-season grasses and legumes which indicate dairy producers may use warm-season grasses without concerns about negative impact on rumen health.
Towards Realistic Female Avatar Creation

Female gamer numbers are on the rise, but females have been disproportionately underrepresented and inaccurately portrayed in video games. Recent findings also reveal many negative effects misrepresentation can have on women’s self esteem and body image. Based on a review of the literature on media effects, and using available anthropometric data, we propose a more realistic and responsive character creation tool for the designers of virtual agents and as a basis for researchers to assess the impact of female character models on the enjoyment and self-concept of the players. We first report on studies regarding media effects on women as well as the current situation regarding female player avatars as well as NPCs in games, followed by our approach towards more realistic avatar creation.
An indirect ALE discretization of single fluid plasma without a fast magnetosonic time step restriction

Abstract In this paper we present an adjustment to traditional ALE discretizations of resistive MHD where we do not neglect the time derivative of the electric displacement field. This system is referred to variously as a perfect electromagnetic fluid or a single fluid plasma although we refer to the system as Full Maxwell Hydrodynamics (FMHD) in order to evoke its similarities to resistive Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Unlike the MHD system the characteristics of this system do not become arbitrarily large in the limit of low densities. In order to take advantage of these improved characteristics of the system we must tightly couple the electromagnetics into the Lagrangian motion and do away with more traditional operator splitting. We provide a number of verification tests to demonstrate both accuracy of the method and an asymptotic preserving (AP) property. In addition we present a prototype calculation of a Z-pinch and find very good agreement between our algorithm and resistive MHD. Further, FMHD leads to a large performance gain (approximately 4.6x speed up) compared to resistive MHD. We unfortunately find our proposed algorithm does not conserve charge leaving us with an open problem.
Distribution, Habitat, and Behavior of Rockfishes, Sebastes spp., in Nearshore Waters of Southeastern Alaska: Observations From a Remotely Operated Vehicle

We examined distribution, habitat, and behavior of rockfishes, Sebastes spp., with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in coastal waters 75%) observations of rockfish were over complex bottoms of boulder and rock or in vertical bedrock wall habitats. Few rockfish were observed over soft bottoms with no relief. Median depth of observation was ≤30 m for black, copper, dusky, and yellowtail rockfish and >30 m for all other species. Median temperature of observation ranged from 6.1°C for harlequin rockfish to 9.4°C for black rockfish. Size of fish was positively correlated (p ≤ 0.036) with depth for dusky, quillback, and yelloweye rockfish. Species often observed alone were China (67%), copper (46%), quillback (46%), and rosethorn (43%) rockfish. Most (≥70%) observations of harlequin, Puget Sound, silvergray, tiger, and yelloweye rockfish were in mixed species assemblages. When first observed, the behavior of most rockfish species was swimming or hovering. Notable exceptions were China, harlequin, rosethorn, and tiger rockfish; 33–57% were resting on bottom or in a hole or crevice.
P36 Examining the Healthiness of Food and Beverage Options at Highway Rest Areas in North Carolina

Background Each year, millions of people purchase snacks and beverages at highway rest areas. These venues are a potential food source for commuters and could be a convenient way to access healthier food compared to common highway options like fast food. To our knowledge, there is no research which has systematically examined the healthiness of food offerings at rest areas. Objective Determine the healthiness of food and beverages offered at rest areas in North Carolina. Study Design, Settings, Participants This was a cross-sectional audit of all rest areas offering foods and beverages in North Carolina in Summer 2018. Research staff identified all rest areas using a state directory, and then drove to each of the Rest Area (n = 30) to collect data. The Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending (NEMS-V) was used to record: vending machine location, all foods and beverages (type, price, size), item location, and healthiness of items offered (based on NEMS-V categorization). Measurable Outcome/Analysis Overall healthiness grades and variability by site location. Two researchers independently double coded all vending machine surveys, and consensus was reached. Geospatial analysis using GIS examined proximity to food stores. Analysis included univariate and bivariate analysis. Results Most vending machines (88%) had less than 30% healthy food or 55% healthy beverage choices, though healthy items were available at each site. There was variability between sites, but no significant differences in the percentage of healthy items between urban and rural areas (P = .32). There was an average of 8.5 fast food restaurants within 5 miles of rest areas, with nearly half of rest areas (47%) being isolated with no fast food nearby. Conclusion There is a need for policy changes to increase the number and presentation of healthy food options at rest areas. This approach may position rest areas as an alternative to less healthy options for travelers. Funding None.
Fairness and Discrimination in Retrieval and Recommendation

Fairness and related concerns have become of increasing importance in a variety of AI and machine learning contexts. They are also highly relevant to information retrieval and related problems such as recommendation, as evidenced by the growing literature in SIGIR, FAT*, RecSys, and special sessions such as the FATREC workshop and the Fairness track at TREC 2019; however, translating algorithmic fairness constructs from classification, scoring, and even many ranking settings into information retrieval and recommendation scenarios is not a straightforward task. This tutorial will help to orient IR researchers to algorithmic fairness, understand how concepts do and do not translate from other settings, and provide an introduction to the growing literature on this topic.
Opioid-Limiting Legislation Associated with Reduced Postoperative Prescribing Following Surgery for Traumatic Orthopaedic Injuries.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate opioid-prescribing patterns after surgery for orthopaedic trauma before and after implementation of opioid-limiting mandates in one state. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING Level-1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred fifty-three patients (297 pre-law and 456 post-law) undergoing isolated fixation for 6 common fracture patterns during specified pre-law (January 1, 2016-June 28, 2016) and post-law (June 01, 2017-December 31, 2017) study periods. Polytrauma patients were excluded. INTERVENTION Implementation of statewide legislation establishing strict limits on initial opioid prescriptions [150 total morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), 30 MMEs per day, or 20 total doses]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Initial opioid prescription dose, cumulative MMEs filled by 30 and 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS Pre-law and post-law patient groups did not differ in terms of age, sex, opioid tolerance, recent benzodiazepine use, or open versus closed fracture pattern (P > 0.05). The post-law cohort received significantly less opioids (363.4 vs. 173.6 MMEs, P 30 days) postoperative opioid use included male gender (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4-2.9, P < 0.001) and preoperative opioid use (odds ratio 5.1, 95% confidence interval 2.4-10.5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Opioid-limiting legislation is associated with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in initial and 30-day opioid prescriptions after surgery for orthopaedic trauma. Preoperative opioid use and male gender are independently associated with prolonged postoperative opioid use in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An experimental test of crocodilian stick-displaying behavior

Tool use has been documented across a diverse array of animals; however, this behavior has received little attention in reptiles. Recently, researchers reported observations of two crocodilian spec...
Variable-order particle dynamics: formulation and application to the simulation of edge dislocations

This study presents the application of variable-order (VO) fractional operators to modelling the dynamics of edge dislocations under the effect of a static state of shear stress. More specifically, a particle dynamic approach is used to simulate the microscopic structure of a material where the constitutive atoms or molecules are modelled via discrete masses and their interaction via inter-particle forces. VO operators are introduced in the formulation in order to capture the complex linear-to-nonlinear dynamic transitions following the translation of dislocations as well as the creation and annihilation of bonds between particles. Remarkably, the motion of the dislocation does not require any a priori assumption in terms of either possible trajectory or sections of the model that could undergo the nonlinear transition associated with the creation and annihilation of bonds. The model only requires the definition of the initial location of the dislocations. Results will show that the VO formulation is fully evolutionary and capable of capturing both the sliding and the coalescence of edge dislocations by simply exploiting the instantaneous response of the system and the state of stress. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced materials modelling via fractional calculus: challenges and perspectives'.
On the fit of skins with a particular focus on the biomechanics of loose skins of hagfishes

There is a considerable diversity in how skins fit. Here, we review the function of both tight and loose skins and note that the latter are poorly understood. Analysis of loose skin examples sugges...
Longitudinal change in restricted and repetitive behaviors from 8-36 months

Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and one of the earliest behavioral signs of ASD. However, RRBs are also present in typically developing (TD) infants, toddlers, and preschool-aged children. Past work suggests that examining change in these behaviors over time is essential to distinguish between normative manifestations of these behaviors and behaviors that denote risk for a neurodevelopmental disorder. One challenge in examining changes in these behaviors over time is that most measures of RRBs have not established longitudinal measurement invariance. The aims of this study were to (1) establish measurement invariance in the Repetitive Behavior Scales for Early Childhood (RBS-EC), a parent-report questionnaire of RRBs, and (2) model developmental change in RRBs from 8 to 36 months. We collected RBS-EC responses from parents of TD infants (n = 180) from 8 to 36 months (n = 606 responses, with participants contributing an average of 3-time points). We leverage a novel methodological approach to measurement invariance testing (Bauer, Psychological Models, 22(3), 507–526, 2017), moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA), to determine whether the RBS-EC was invariant across age and sex. We then generated adjusted factor score estimates for each subscale of the RBS-EC (repetitive motor, self-directed, and higher-order behaviors), and used linear mixed effects models to estimate between- and within-person changes in the RBS-EC over time. The RBS-EC showed some non-invariance as a function of age. We were able to adjust for this non-invariance in order to more accurately model changes in the RBS-EC over time. Repetitive motor and self-directed behaviors showed a linear decline from 8 to 36 months, while higher-order behaviors showed a quadratic trajectory such that they began to decline later in development at around 18 months. Using adjusted factor scores as opposed to unadjusted raw mean scores provided a number of benefits, including increased within-person variability and precision. The RBS-EC is sensitive enough to measure the presence of RRBs in a TD sample, as well as their decline with age. Using factor score estimates of each subscale adjusted for non-invariance allowed us to more precisely estimate change in these behaviors over time.
Exploring the relationship between appetitive behaviours, executive function, and weight status among preschool children

Objective The goal was to conduct exploratory analysis to determine if executive functions (EFs) and food responsiveness/satiety responsiveness (appetitive behaviours that describe one's tendency to eat in the presence of food or food cues) interact to influence weight status among preschool children participating in a trial promoting self-regulation around energy-dense foods. Methods At baseline, parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Children completed anthropometric measurements at the preschool. Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and tests of interaction were conducted. The relationship between weight status and EFs among those who were high vs low in food responsiveness and satiety responsiveness was examined. Results Children (n = 92) had a mean age of 5.1 years and body mass index (BMI) percentile of 57.6; half (54%) were male. There were significant correlations between food responsiveness and several EFs (emotional control, inhibitory control, working memory, and plan/organize). In the stratified analysis, children with high food responsiveness or low satiety responsiveness had higher BMI percentiles as emotional control skills worsened. BMI percentiles were not elevated among children with low food responsiveness and poor emotional control. Conclusion These results suggest that EFs may be more relevant to weight status if preschool children had high levels of food responsiveness or low levels of satiety responsiveness (ie, increased tendency to be influenced by environmental food cues). This analysis should be replicated with direct measures of executive function and appetitive behaviours in larger samples of young children to examine longitudinal impact on weight status.
Wilson disease and the differential diagnosis of its hepatic manifestations: a narrative review of clinical, laboratory, and liver histological features.

Objective The goal of the present work is to provide an overview of the differential diagnosis of Wilson disease. Background Wilson disease is a rare condition due to copper accumulation primarily in the liver and brain. Although there is no definitive cure, current anti-copper treatments are associated with better outcomes if initiated early and if the diagnosis is made promptly. However, diagnostic delays are frequent and often Wilson disease represents a diagnostic challenge. The diagnosis ultimately relies on a combination of clinical, laboratory and genetic findings, and it is crucial that clinicians list Wilson disease in their differential diagnosis, especially in patients presenting with a hepatocellular pattern of liver injury. Some biochemical and liver histological features of Wilson disease overlap with those of more common conditions including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, and autoimmune hepatitis. In particular, hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte glycogenated nuclei, ballooning degeneration, and Mallory-Denk bodies are often identified in Wilson disease as well as more common liver diseases. In addition, the natural history of liver damage in Wilson disease and the risk of developing liver cancer are largely understudied. Methods We conducted an enlarged review of published papers on Wilson disease focusing on its diagnosis and distinctive clinical and liver pathology features in relation to common non-cholestatic liver diseases with the final goal in aiding clinicians in the diagnostic process of this rare but treatable condition. Conclusions Aside from markedly altered copper metabolism, Wilson disease has essentially no pathognomonic features that can distinguish it from more common liver diseases. Clinicians should be aware of this challenge and consider Wilson disease in patients presenting with a hepatocellular pattern of liver injury.
Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer and Radiation Therapy

Cardiovascular disease in cancer patients and survivors is increasingly being recognized as a key comorbidity of the primary disease. Although uncommon, cancer itself can affect the cardiovascular system in the form of cardiac and pericardial tumors. Additionally, a number of cancers can metastasize to the heart, causing a variety of serious effects, including pericardial disease and cardiac tamponade. Finally, most cancers also confer an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Radiation therapy, commonly used to treat many types of cancer, can also cause devastating cardiovascular complications, including cardiomyopathy, valve disease, accelerated coronary artery disease, pericardial disease, peripheral vessel stenosis, and cardiac baroreceptor dysfunction. Oncologists should be watchful for cardiovascular complications in their cancer patients, as early detection can minimize damage to the cardiovascular system.
On the Origin of Nitrogen in Damped Ly-alpha Systems

Recent measurements of nitrogen and alpha elements in over 20 damped Ly-alpha systems (DLA) are compared with similar measurements for numerous emission line objects and stars. It is found that the DLA distribution in the N/alpha-alpha/H plane is bimodal, where most sample DLAs fall along the N/alpha plateau defined at low Z by dwarf irregulars, while a small group possesses N/alpha values roughly 0.7 dex less than those on the plateau at similar alpha/H values. We demonstrate with chemical evolution models that a top-heavy or truncated IMF can account for the low N in this second group.
A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of a Clinical Informatics Consult Service: Impact on Evidence-based Decision-making and Knowledge Implementation

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of providing synthesized research evidence to inform patient care practices via an evidence based informatics program, the Clinical Informatics Consult Service (CICS). Design: Consults were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: CICS Provided, in which clinicians received synthesized information from the biomedical literature addressing the consult question or No CICS Provided, in which no information was provided. Measurement: Outcomes were measured via online post-consult forms that assessed consult purpose, actual and potential impact, satisfaction, time spent searching, and other variables. Results: Two hundred twenty six consults were made during the 19-month study period. Clinicians primarily made requests in order to update themselves (65.0%, 147/226) and were satisfied with the service results (Mean 4.52 of possible 5.0, SD 0.94). Intention to treat (ITT) analyses showed that consults in the CICS Provided condition had a greater actual and potential impact on clinical actions and clinician satisfaction than No CICS consults. Evidence provided by the service primarily impacted the use of a new or different treatment (OR 8.19 95% CI 1.04–64.00). Reasons for no or little impact included a lack of evidence addressing the issue or that the clinician was already implementing the practices indicated by the evidence. Conclusions: Clinical decision-making, particularly regarding treatment issues, was statistically significantly impacted by the service. Programs such as the CICS may provide an effective tool for facilitating the integration of research evidence into the management of complex patient care and may foster clinicians' engagement with the biomedical literature.
A Template-Based Approach Toward Acquisition of Logical Sentences

Ontology-development languages may allow users to supplement frame-based representations with arbitrary logical sentences. In the case of the Ontolingua ontology library, only 10% of the ontologies have any user-defined axioms. We believe the phrase “writing axioms is difficult” accounts for this phenomenon; domain experts often cannot translate their thoughts into symbolic representation. We attempt to reduce this chasm in communication by identifying groups of axioms that manifest common patterns creating ‘emplates’ that allow users to compose axioms by ‘filling-in-the-blanks.’ We studied axioms in two public ontology libraries, and derived 20 templates that cover 85% of all the user-defined axioms. We describe our methodology for collecting the templates and present sample templates. We also define several properties of templates that will allow users to find an appropriate template quickly. Thus, our research entails a significant simplification in the process for acquiring axioms from domain experts. We believe that this simplification will foster the introduction of axioms and constraints that are currently missing in the ontologies.
The prediction of auto ignition in a spark-ignited engine

A constant volume combustion simulation has been used to compute the ignition delays of pure fuels and binary fuel mixtures in air. Minima in the ignition delays were predicted by a comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism for binary fuel mixtures with methane. A model has been developed to predict the occurrence of autoignition in a spark ignited engine. Experimental pressure data from a CFR engine were used in the model to simulate the temperature-pressure history of the end gas and to determine the time when autoignition occurred. Comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanisms were used to predict the reactions in the end gas. Methanol, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane and N-butane were used as fuels. The initial temperatures in the model were adjusted to give agreement between predicted and observed autoignition. Engine data for methane-ethane mixtures indicated a problem with the kinetic mechanism.
An eight-step gram-scale synthesis of (−)-jiadifenolide

Development of a biologically active secondary metabolite into a useful medicine requires continuous access to meaningful quantities of material. Although any chemical synthesis is broadly useful for its versatility, identification of a synthesis route that can be economically scaled represents a greater challenge. Here we report a concise synthesis of the neurotrophic trace metabolite (-)-jiadifenolide and its production on a gram-scale. The brevity of the route and the structural similarity of a key intermediate to many potent Illicium terpenes make chemical synthesis the unquestionable method for accessing and modifying these potential therapeutics.
BYPASS: topology-aware lookup overlay for DHT-based P2P file locating services

In this paper we propose a peer-to-peer file location system, BYPASS, to enhance the distributed file lookup time in DHT-based P2P systems. BYPASS constructs a secondary overlay in which file location information is distributed considering heterogeneity of peer capabilities and network proximity between requests and results. The secondary overlay in BYPASS allows only high-capability peers to participate in the system-wide file lookup and takes advantage of physical network proximity based on the autonomous system (AS) network topology. We evaluate effectiveness of BYPASS using a set of large-scale simulations. The results show that BYPASS can significantly reduce file lookup latency at the cost of additional yet acceptable storage and network resources.