cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in rheumatology: Understanding autoimmune disease

Fifty years ago, Wegener's granulomatosis was a uniformly fatal condition; the diagnosis was usually made post-mortem. Today, many patients survive, with a 93% complete remission rate reported 4 years after diagnosis. Four medical advances over the past 50 years have enhanced our understanding and management of this rheumatologic disorder. They are a rational classification of the vasculitides, development of a diagnostically useful serologic assay, successful treatment with cyclophosphamide, and novel ideas as to etiology.
Concise Review: Paracrine Functions of Vascular Niche Cells in Regulating Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate

The functions of endothelial cells (ECs) in regulating oxygen delivery, nutrient exchange, coagulation, and transit of inflammatory cells throughout the body are well--established. ECs have also been shown to regulate the maintenance and regeneration of organ-specific stem cells in mammals. In the hematopoietic system, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are dependent on signals from the bone marrow (BM) vascular niche for their maintenance and regeneration after myelosuppressive injury. Recent studies have demonstrated the essential functions of BM ECs and perivascular stromal cells in regulating these processes. In the present study, we summarize the current understanding of the role of BM ECs and perivascular cells in regulating HSC maintenance and regeneration and highlight the contribution of newly discovered EC-derived paracrine factors that regulate HSC fate. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:482-489.
Effect of Growth Rate and Wafering on Residual Stress of Diamond Wire Sawn Silicon Wafers

Abstract The mechanical integrity of photovoltaic (PV) silicon wafers is critical to avoid failure during solar cell manufacturing. Residual stress present in wafers affects mechanical integrity. Residual stresses are generated during solidification of ingots and during the wafering or wire sawing process used to produce silicon wafers. In this paper, the residual maximum shear stress in diamond wire sawn photovoltaic multi-crystalline silicon wafers corresponding to different crystal growth rates and their pre-and post-etched conditions are analyzed. The full-field residual stress distributions in the wafers are measured using near infra-red transmission birefringence polariscopy. Results show that wafers corresponding to the high crystal growth rate are characterized by larger residual maximum shear stress. As the growth rate increases to two times the standard growth rate, the average residual stress increases by 43%. The increase in residual stress in the high growth rate wafers is attributed to the interaction of abrasives with more grain boundaries present in these wafers. Etching results in lower residual stress for all growth rates and ingot locations.
Alternative mechanism for coffee-ring deposition based on active role of free surface.

When a colloidal sessile droplet dries on a substrate, the particles suspended in it usually deposit in a ringlike pattern. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the ``coffee-ring'' effect. One paradigm for why this occurs is as a consequence of the solutes being transported towards the pinned contact line by the flow inside the drop, which is induced by surface evaporation. From this perspective, the role of the liquid-gas interface in shaping the deposition pattern is somewhat minimized. Here, we propose an alternative mechanism for the coffee-ring deposition. It is based on the bulk flow within the drop transporting particles to the interface where they are captured by the receding free surface and subsequently transported along the interface until they are deposited near the contact line. That the interface captures the solutes as the evaporation proceeds is supported by a Lagrangian tracing of particles advected by the flow field within the droplet. We model the interfacial adsorption and transport of particles as a one-dimensional advection-generation process in toroidal coordinates and show that the theory reproduces ring-shaped depositions. Using this model, deposition patterns on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces are examined in which the evaporation is modeled as being either diffusive or uniform over the surface.
The Obesity Epidemic

According the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity has doubled worldwide since 1980 and has become the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States [1]. In 2013, the American Medical Association declared obesity a disease [2]. This epidemic has increased healthcare costs and put the population at risk for developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers [3, 4]. It’s a difficult healthcare and social dilemma, with an obese and overweight population experiencing social stigmata, prejudice, and work discrimination [1, 3].
Parallel streams define the temporal dynamics of speech processing across human auditory cortex

To derive meaning from speech, we must extract multiple dimensions of concurrent information from incoming speech signals, including phonetic and prosodic cues. Equally important is the detection of acoustic cues that give structure and context to the information we hear, such as sentence boundaries. How the brain organizes this information processing is unknown. Here, using data-driven computational methods on an extensive set of high-density intracranial recordings, we reveal a large-scale partitioning of the entire human speech cortex into two spatially distinct regions that detect important cues for parsing natural speech. These caudal (Zone 1) and rostral (Zone 2) regions work in parallel to detect onsets and prosodic information, respectively, within naturally spoken sentences. In contrast, local processing within each region supports phonetic feature encoding. These findings demonstrate a fundamental organizational property of the human auditory cortex that has been previously unrecognized.
Temporal and Spatial Variability of the Wind Stress Vector

In this paper, we present observations and some theoretically-based arguments to gain insight on periodicities in the wind stress vector at the ocean surface. These periodicities, illustrated by measurements collected during a number of recent field experiments, indicate that the inertial time scale, planetary boundary layer (PBL) rolls, and dominant wavelengths of surface gravity waves and swell become important in interpreting stress estimates. For long averaging, the surface wave field is an important feed-back component in predicting the magnitude of the stress vector. However, for problems concerned with shorter time or length scales, the variation of the stress vector according to phase of the long wave must be considered; such problems include the long wave phase dependent growth rates of short waves and wave/current interactions.
When Doctors Pick up the Pen-Patient-Doctor Confidentiality Breaches in Publishing.

As courts continue to define the balance between a First Amendment right of free speech, the public's right to know, and protection of the private, physicians must take care to protect patient privacy in any publishing endeavor.
Ultrasound Training in Surgical Critical Care Fellowship: A Survey of Program Directors

Objective Surgical critical care (SCC) fellows are expected to receive training in critical care ultrasound (CCUS) but training is sporadic and there is no standardized curriculum to guide educators. Previous studies show wide variation in CCUS training during fellowship across specialties but SCC has been underrepresented. This study was performed to assess SCC program directors’ views regarding CCUS during fellowship training. Design Adult SCC program directors were surveyed regarding the role of CCUS in fellowship training. This survey assessed how CCUS training was performed, perceived barriers to education, and importance of specific studies. Survey responses were measured using a Likert scale ranging from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). Setting Web-based survey. Participants Adult Surgical Critical Care Fellowship Program Directors. Results A total 67 of 108 (62%) SCC program directors responded to the survey. Over 75% felt that CCUS during training should be a priority. Fifteen (24.6%) programs required a specific number of ultrasounds to be performed. Five programs (7.5%) provided no CCUS training at all. Over 75% felt that training in FAST, transthoracic echocardiography, inferior vena cava assessment, and US for procedures (line placement, thoracentesis, and paracentesis) were either important or very important but experience in transesophageal echocardiography, assessment for deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary US were not important. Lack of time (63.8%) and trained faculty (51.2%) were the most cited barriers to training. Conclusions There is a wide variation in how CCUS training is performed during SCC fellowship. SCC programs will need trained faculty, appropriate time allocation, and implementation of a standardized curriculum to provide consistent and high-quality CCUS education during fellowship.
Effects of Ascorbate on Post-Synaptic Serotonin Binding Sites in Rat Brains

Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter which occupies a uniquely important place in neurobiology because of its relationship to certain animals (Jacobs, 1976) and human behavior such as sleep (Henriksen et al., 1974), sexual activity, aggression (Valzelli, 1974) and mental depression (Murphy et al., 1978). Like other neurotransmitters, serotonion is released into the synaptic junction and exerts its effect on specific receptor proteins on the post-synaptic membranes.
Assessing the contextual stability of moral foundations: Evidence from a survey experiment:

Moral foundations theory (MFT) claims that individuals use their intuitions on five “virtues” as guidelines for moral judgment, and recent research makes the case that these intuitions cause people...
Pharmaceutical and Regulatory Aspects of Conversion

When considering the issue of conversion of former BTW facilities there are a range of possibilities and account must be taken of the nature of the facility to be converted as well as the desired outcome of the conversion process. The process of conversion is likely to be funded by international or national agencies and because of the political and international security benefits this activity will not be subject to normal market forces. However, if the end result of conversion is a facility which produces products or services for sale then eventually such an entity will be exposed to the competitive market and will survive or fail according to its economic viability. Thus before committing to any particular conversion activity the planned outcome should be carefully evaluated in order to ensure that it is both technically feasible and that the new entity to be created will indeed be viable.
Hypoglycemia, gluconeogenesis and the brain.

The purpose of this chapter is to review the role which gluconeo- genesis plays in the response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and to assess the influence of the brain in driving that response. The chapter is divided into three parts: the response of gluconeogenesis to hypoglycemia; the role of the brain in driving hormone secretion, and as a result gluconeogenesis, during hypoglycemia; and the role of the brain in stimulating gluconeogenesis directly during glucodeprivation.
Defective RNAs of Alphaviruses

Most viruses, when passaged at high multiplicity in cultured cells, accumulate deletion mutants characterized by their ability to interfere with the replication of the standard virus. These mutants are defined as defective interfering (DI) particles (Huang and Baltimore, 1970; Perrault, 1981). One of their hallmarks is the specificity of their inhibition; they interfere only with the replication of homologous or closely related viruses. Why study DI particles? What can they tell us about the standard virus or about virus—host interactions? The following points attempt to answer these questions and provide the framework for this chapter.
International Investment Arbitration and the European Debt Crisis

Abstract Argentina's 2001 default led to a unique development in the realm of sovereign debt restructuring. During the lengthy process of negotiations, exchange offers, and haircuts, some of the country's creditors began to allege violations of their bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with Argentina and filed suit in the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Before this unprecedented action, it had been uncertain whether sovereign debt could be considered an "investment" covered by BITs at all. In August 2011, however, the ICSID determined that it may be and that its tribunals have jurisdiction over these claims. This decision has created a path to increased ICSID involvement in future sovereign debt restructurings and has raised the question of the consequences for the current European debt crisis. This Comment evaluates the ramifications of the introduction of international investment arbitration into the realm of sovereign debt restructuring, particularly in light of the situation in Europe. Despite some legitimate concerns, the Comment suggests that this development may prove positive, increasing creditor protections and balancing negotiations, strengthening the market for sovereign debt, and potentially lessening the gravity of the crisis itself. Table of Contents I. Introduction 292 II. Sovereign Debt Restructuring and International Investment Arbitration.... 293 A. Potential BIT Violations During Restructuring 295 1 . Expropriation 295 2. National treatment 295 3. Fair and equitable treatment 295 4. Transfer 297 B. The Key Holdings oiAbaclat 297 III. The Consequences oi Abaclat 300 A. Benefits of ICSID Involvement in Sovereign Debt Restructuring 300 B. Objections and Responses 303 1 . Decreased involvement of creditor governments and international institutions 303 2. Determining debtor capacity to pay. 304 3. Intent of the parties 305 4. Institutional competence 305 5. Holdout incentives 306 6. Domestic prioritization 307 C. A Potential Solution 308 IV. The European Debt Crisis 310 A. General Background 310 B. Greek Restructuring 310 C. Abacht and Greece 312 D. The Future of the European Debt Crisis 315 V. Conclusion , 315 I. Introduction The past ten years saw the advent of a novel development in the process of sovereign debt restructuring. During Argentina's one-hundred-month restructuring, the country's creditors began to bring unprecedented claims to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), alleging that aspects of the restructuring violated the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) between their home nations and Argentina. …
Kinetic Reaction Modeling of Naphthenic Acid Corrosion and Sulfidation in Refineries—A Mechanistic Model

Corrosion by naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds has long plagued the refining industry, generating a large body of research and field literature. However, the corrosion mechanism is not well und...
Gold nanoprisms enhanced optical coherence tomography angiography of live animals in the second near infrared window (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries make these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can be used as OCT contrast agents working in the second near infrared window, significantly enhancing the dynamic scattering signals in microvessels and improving the sensitivity of OCTA in skin tissue and melanoma tumors in live mice. This is the first demonstration that nanoparticle-based OCT contrast agent works in vivo in the second near infrared window, which allows deeper imaging depth by OCT. With GNPRs as contrast agents, the post-injection OCT angiograms showed 41% and 59% more microvasculature than pre-injection angiograms in healthy mouse skin and melanoma tumors, respectively. By enabling better characterization of microvascular circulation in vivo, GNPR-enhanced OCTA could lead to better understanding of vascular functions during pathological conditions, more accurate measurements of therapeutic response, and improved patient prognoses.
Unique bioinformatic approach and comprehensive reanalysis improve diagnostic yield of clinical exomes

Clinical exome sequencing (CES) is increasingly being utilized; however, a large proportion of patients remain undiagnosed, creating a need for a systematic approach to increase the diagnostic yield. We have reanalyzed CES data for a clinically heterogeneous cohort of 102 probands with likely Mendelian conditions, including 74 negative cases and 28 cases with candidate variants, but reanalysis requested by clinicians. Reanalysis was performed by an interdisciplinary team using a validated custom-built pipeline, “Variant Explorer Pipeline” (VExP). This reanalysis approach and results were compared with existing literature. Reanalysis of candidate variants from CES in 28 cases revealed 1 interpretation that needed to be reclassified. A confirmed or potential genetic diagnosis was identified in 24 of 75 CES-negative/reclassified cases (32.0%), including variants in known disease-causing genes (n = 6) or candidate genes (n = 18). This yield was higher compared with similar studies demonstrating the utility of this approach. In summary, reanalysis of negative CES in a research setting enhances diagnostic yield by about a third. This study suggests the need for comprehensive, continued reanalysis of exome data when molecular diagnosis is elusive.
Talking about TV: Mother-Daughter Viewing and Discussion of an Entertainment Narrative about Teen Pregnancy.

Narratives can bring about related discussions, which can influence narrative comprehension and future conversations – though little is known about how these processes interact. This study consider...
Human Resource Development Analysis: Fancy Feet Running Gear

This paper analyzes the human resource development components of a small specialty retail company operating in the product leadership vector by examining the components of human resource management. It constructed a cooperation processes between HRD and company management to increase the effectiveness of human resource activities as it navigated through the external and internal HRD process considerations that affect the operation of a specialty retail business within a competitive market in a rural geographical environment.
Cerebrovascular accidents in Ebstein's anomaly.

Introduction Mechanisms and risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in Ebstein's anomaly (EA) are not well understood; hence, we aimed to clarify these in a large cohort of EA patients. Methods Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of EA were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without a prior history of CVA using logistic regression modeling. Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of CVA following initial evaluation. CVA incidence from birth and following tricuspid valve surgery were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Nine hundred sixty-eight patients (median age 21.1 years, 41.5% male) were included, in which, 87 patients (9.0%) had a history of CVA (54 strokes, 33 transient ischemic attacks; 5 associated with brain abscesses) prior to their initial evaluation. The odds of atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale (odds ratio [OR] 4.91; 95% CI 2.60-21.22; p = .0002) and migraines/headaches (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.40-4.04; p = .0013) but not atrial arrhythmias (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.44-1.30; p = .31) were significantly higher among patients with prior CVA following multivariable adjustment. Seventeen patients experienced CVA following initial evaluation; no examined variables including atrial arrhythmias (HR 2.38; 0.91-6.19; p = .076) were predictive of CVA risk. The 10-year, 50-year, and 70-year incidences of CVA were 1.4%, 15.9%, and 23.5%, respectively, with paradoxical embolism heavily implicated. Conclusion Patients with EA are at substantive risk for CVA. Histories of migraines/headaches and interatrial shunts should prompt concern for paradoxical embolic CVAs. This has significant implications for all patients with atrial-level shunting.
Toward a Relational Theory of Hypnosis

Despite ongoing efforts by clinicians, researchers, and theorists to resolve fundamental disagreements about what hypnosis is and how it works, a diversity of theories and approaches remains. For example, experts still disagree about whether hypnosis constitutes a special or altered state, whether hypnotizability is best conceived of as a stable trait, and whether the clinical application of hypnosis is appropriately conceptualized as hypnotherapy. Drawing on the ideas of Gregory Bateson, Daniel Siegel, and others, the author articulates a relational characterization of mind and self as a vantage from which to reexamine common assumptions about hypnosis and to reconsider several questions still animating the field.
Social Queues (Cues): Impact of Others' Waiting in Line on One's Service Time

The traditional queueing literature assumes that service time is largely independent of social influences. However, queues are social systems; and social considerations are therefore likely to impact customers' service-time decision to the extent they have control. Through a series of experiments, we show that when others are waiting in line, customers tend to accelerate their own service time, and in doing so, sacrifice their own consumption utility. This behavior is driven by concern for others. Notably, the effect is diminished when they themselves have waited, as it is perceived as fair to let others wait if one also had to wait. We further show that obscuring the visibility between customers in service and those waiting in line diminishes the negative effect of others queueing on one's own service time.
Immuno-electron Microscopy Techniques: I. Pre-embedding Immunolabelling of Intracellular Antigens Using 1 nm Colloidal Gold Probes and Silver Enhancement

As an alternative procedure to post-embedding immunolabelling in resin-embedded samples, pre-embedding immunolabelling increased the likelihood of antigen recognition by the antibody during immunohistochemical localization. The development of one-nanometer colloidal gold conjugated antibodies offers new probes for intracellular pre-embedding immunolabelling. In couple with silver, enhancement was examined in three commonly used sample preparations extracted cell suspension, detergent permeabilized cell cultures, and vibratome tissue sections. One nanometer gold probes have greater sensitivity over larger gold probes as demonstrated in the extracted cell preparations. However, intact cells need to be rigorously permeabilized to allow the one-nanometer gold probes to reach antigen sites. One nanometer gold probes can penetrate 4-5 micrometers into vibratome sections treated with detergent permeabilization.
The Rebirth of Eagle and Learning in COVID 19 Pandemic: An International Student’s Perspective

COVID 19 has brought a new struggle in our lives throughout the world. Thousands of people are affecting every day with the coronavirus, and this virus is carrying out thousands of lives. It has brought a new order of life for us with many changes. This current pandemic is also a message for everyone to look for an alternative for the sake of survival. This paper portraits the experiences of an international student how the epidemic has affected and changed his study.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation of Arbitrary Impedance using One Port S-Parameter

Many modern radio-frequency devices comprise both lumped-element components and complex geometries. Simulation of such a device requires modeling the electromagnetic interactions with both geometric features and lumped components. We present a method for including arbitrary lumped-element components into finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The lumped-element components, which are described by their scattering parameters, are modeled in the Yee grid as dependent voltage sources. The mathematical formulation is described, along with its implementation into a FDTD simulator. For verification, simulation results of resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads are presented, and are compared to simulation results from previous lumped-element FDTD methods. This represents a first-step in modeling multiport networks described by their scattering parameters.
The Maximal Development of Near-FLRW Data for the Einstein-Scalar Field System with Spatial Topology $${\mathbb{S}^3}$$ S 3

The Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) solution to the Einstein-scalar field system with spatial topology $${{\mathbb{S}}^3}$$ models a universe that emanates from a singular spacelike hypersurface (the Big Bang), along which various spacetime curvature invariants blow up, only to re-collapse in a symmetric fashion in the future (the Big Crunch). In this article, we give a complete description of the maximal developments of perturbations of the FLRW data at the chronological midpoint of the FLRW evolution. We show that the perturbed solutions also exhibit curvature blowup along a pair of spacelike hypersurfaces, signifying the dynamic stability of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch. Moreover, we provide a sharp description of the asymptotic behavior of the solution up to the singularities, showing in particular that various time-rescaled solution variables converge to regular tensorfields on the singular hypersurfaces that are close to the corresponding time-rescaled FLRW tensorfields. Our proof crucially relies on $${L^2}$$ -type approximate monotonicity identities in the spirit of the ones we used in our joint works with I. Rodnianski, in which we proved similar results for nearly spatially flat solutions with spatial topology $${{\mathbb{T}}^3}$$ . In the present article, we rely on new ingredients to handle nearly round spatial metrics on $${{\mathbb{S}}^3}$$ , whose curvatures are order-unity near the initial data hypersurface. In particular, our proof relies on (i) the construction of a globally defined spatial vectorfield frame adapted to the symmetries of a round metric on $${{\mathbb{S}}^3}$$ ; (ii) estimates for the Lie derivatives of various geometric quantities with respect to the elements of the frame; and (iii) sharp estimates for the asymptotic behavior of the FLRW solution’s scale factor near the singular hypersurfaces.
Microbial Biogeography: Patterns in Microbial Diversity across Space and Time

Microbes inhabit a wide range of habitats, from hot springs to the deep subsurface, and it is highly improbable that one will be able to observe similar biogeographical patterns across the full range of possible microbial habitats. This chapter primarily focuses on selected topics that are particularly relevant to researchers studying uncultivated microbes in natural environments in order to illustrate what one do, or do not, currently know about their biogeography. However, it is important to recognize that the "unknown unknowns" and "known unknowns" in microbial biogeography currently outnumber the "known knowns." For this reason, the chapter highlights key topics where the gaps in one's knowledge of microbial biogeography are particularly apparent. A few research topics that may be ripe avenues for future research are also highlighted in this chapter. Although the field of biogeography principally focuses on the spatial distribution of organisms, the temporal aspects of microbial biogeography may be particularly important. The entire chapter emphasizes on how studies in microbial biogeography are more difficult to conduct than comparable studies of plant or animal biogeography, largely due to the problems associated with surveying microbial communities. The study of microbial biogeography will help one to move beyond anecdotal studies and observations to build a predictive understanding of microbial diversity and the factors influencing this diversity across space and time.
Connecting Metabolism to Mastitis: Hyperketonemia Impaired Mammary Gland Defenses During a Streptococcus uberis Challenge in Dairy Cattle.

β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) has been associated with disease incidence in early lactation dairy cattle, but such associations do not demonstrate causation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of BHB during an intramammary Streptococcus uberis challenge. A secondary objective was to elucidate the mechanisms behind BHB effects on cytokine transcript abundance using the RAW 264.7 cell line. Late lactation multiparous dairy cows (n = 12) were continuously infused intravenously with either BHB to induce hyperketonemia (target concentration: 1.8 mM) or with saline (CON) for 72 h during a S. uberis intramammary challenge. Body temperature, dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk S. uberis cfu were measured daily until one week post-challenge. Blood samples were collected during infusion to assess changes in metabolism (glucose, insulin, glucagon, NEFA, and cortisol) and systemic inflammation (IL-1β and SAA). Mammary biopsies were conducted at 72 h post-challenge to assess transcript abundance of inflammation-associated genes. BHB-infused cows exhibited a delayed febrile response, noted by a lesser vaginal temperature during the final day of infusion, followed by a greater vaginal temperature 6 d post-challenge. Consequently, BHB-infused cows had greater S. uberis cfu on d 4, 6, and 7 as compared to CON. Accordingly, BHB-infused cows consumed less DM, produced less milk, had reduced blood glucose, and had increased cortisol concentrations, however, no effects were seen on other systemic parameters or transcript abundance of inflammation-related genes in mammary tissue. To elucidate mechanisms behind the impaired immune defenses, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with a GPR109A siRNA for 24 h and then treated with or without 1.8 mM BHB and challenged or left unchallenged with S. uberis for an additional 3 h. Transfection with siRNA reduced Gpr109a by 75%. Although BHB treatment did not significantly increase Il10, GPR109A knockdown as compared to the scrambled control reduced Il10 by 90% in S. uberis challenged macrophages treated with BHB, suggesting that macrophage immune responses to S. uberis can be altered via a GPR109A-dependent mechanism. Taken together, these data suggest that BHB altered the immune response promoting tolerance toward S. uberis rather than resistance.
Computing the Cubicle: Design for the High-Tech Office, 1970–1990

This article examines the influence of personal computing on the interior design of American offices and office furniture from 1970 to 1990. I argue that the cubicle, with its modular system of work surfaces, powered partitions, and ergonomic accessories, served as an intermediary among the computer, the organization, the architecture, and the worker adapting the computer to the office environment, and adapting the office environment to the computer.
Dual Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases and the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Promotes Apoptosis in Cell Line Models of Uveal Melanoma.

Purpose Over 90% of uveal melanomas harbor pathogenic variants of the GNAQ or GNA11 genes that activate survival pathways. As previous studies found that Ras-mutated cell lines were vulnerable to a combination of survival pathway inhibitors and the histone-deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin, we investigated whether this combination would be effective in models of uveal melanoma. Methods A small-scale screen of inhibitors of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4; OTX-015), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK; ulixertinib), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR; AZD-8055), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K; GDC-0941) combined with a clinically relevant administration of romidepsin was performed on a panel of uveal melanoma cell lines (92.1, Mel202, MP38, and MP41) and apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry after 48 hours. RNA sequencing analysis was performed on Mel202 cells treated with romidepsin alone, AZD-8055 alone, or the combination, and protein changes were validated by immunoblot. Results AZD-8055 with romidepsin was the most effective combination in inducing apoptosis in the cell lines. Increased caspase-3 and PARP cleavage were noted in the cell lines when they were treated with romidepsin and mTOR inhibitors. RNA sequencing analysis of Mel202 cells revealed that apoptosis was the most affected pathway in the romidepsin/AZD-8055-treated cells. Increases in pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 and decreases in anti-apoptotic BIRC5 and BCL2L1 transcripts noted in the sequencing analysis were confirmed at the protein level in Mel202 cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that romidepsin in combination with mTOR inhibition could be an effective treatment strategy against uveal melanoma due in part to changes in apoptotic proteins.
25+ years of ICT in policy documents for teacher education in Norway and Denmark (1992 to 2020): a study of how digital technology is integrated into policy documents

This paper examines the role of digital technology in national guidelines and regulations in Norwegian and Danish teacher education over the course of 28 years (1992–2020). These policy documents a...
Lernen und Gedächtnis: mögliche synaptische Mechanismen

Das Wort ‚Gedachtnis‘ wird heutzutage fur eine sehr grose Zahl von Phanomenen verwendet, die die Speicherung und den Ruckruf von Informationen umfassen. Wir haben z. B. ein genetisches Gedachtnis, wie es durch EigenS (1964) Aussage, das “DNS ein Gedachtnis habe”, illustriert wird. Der Ausdruck wird auch im Zusammenhang mit Immunologie gebraucht (immunologisches Gedachtnis). Eine solche Mannigfaltigkeit des Gebrauchs verlangt, das das Wort Gedachtnis als solches spezifiziert wird. Ich werde mich an den ursprunglichen restriktiven Sinn halten und Gedachtnis mit der Eigenschaft des ZNS assoziieren, die die Speicherung und den Ruckruf von Information bewirkt. Diese Eigenschaft, psychisches Gedachtnis genannt, hat zwei Komponenten, Lernen und Erinnern, der Speicherung und dem Ruckruf von Informationen entsprechend.
Strategien der Hersteller zur Motivation des Handels — Eine kausalanalytische Untersuchung der zwischenbetrieblichen Zusammenarbeit im Konsumgüterbereich

Geanderte Rahmenbedingungen auf Kunden-, Hersteller- und Handelsseite fuhren zu deutlichen Veranderungen der Machtverhaltnisse im Absatzkanal, so das die Hersteller auf die Kooperation des Handels verstarkt angewiesen sind. Dies impliziert, das eine klassische Consumer-Pull Strategie der Hersteller alleine nicht mehr zu befriedigenden Ergebnissen fuhren kann. Als Erganzung wird daher im allgemeinen eine handelsorientierte Strategie empfohlen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist von Interesse, welche konkreten Auspragungen ein herstellerseitiges Marketingmix haben sollte, um bestimmten Zielsetzungen zu genugen. Eine empirische Studie in der Sportartikelbranche zeigt auf, das vor allem die Qualitat der Beziehungen zum Handel vor den ublichen finanziellen Anreizen einen starken Einflus haben.
Cell-Intrinsic Defects in the Proliferative Response of Antiviral Memory CD8 T Cells in Aged Mice upon Secondary Infection

Although previous studies have demonstrated delayed viral clearance and blunted effector T cell responses in aged mice during infection, memory CD8 T cells and especially secondary responses have received less attention. In this study, we show that modest differences in the number of memory CD8 T cells formed in aged versus young animals were associated with altered memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Aged immune mice had increased morbidity and mortality upon secondary viral challenge, suggesting changes in T cell immunity. Indeed, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells from aged mice showed substantially reduced proliferative expansion upon secondary infection using multiple challenge models. In addition, this defect in recall capacity of aged memory CD8 T cells was cell-intrinsic and persisted upon adoptive transfer into young mice. Thus, the poor proliferative potential of memory T cells and altered memory CD8 T cell differentiation could underlie age-related defects in antiviral immunity.
Role transitions and young adult maturing out of heavy drinking: evidence for larger effects of marriage among more severe premarriage problem drinkers

BACKGROUND: Research has shown a developmental process of "maturing out" of problem drinking beginning in young adulthood. Perhaps surprisingly, past studies suggest that young adult drinking reductions may be particularly pronounced among those exhibiting relatively severe forms of problem drinking earlier in emerging adulthood. This may occur because more severe problem drinkers experience stronger ameliorative effects of normative young adult role transitions like marriage. METHODS: The hypothesis of stronger marriage effects among more severe problem drinkers was tested using 3 waves of data from a large ongoing study of familial alcohol disorder (N = 844; 51% children of alcoholics). RESULTS: Longitudinal growth models characterized (i) the curvilinear trajectory of drinking quantity from ages 17 to 40, (ii) effects of marriage on altering this age-related trajectory, and (iii) moderation of this effect by premarriage problem drinking levels (alcohol consequences and dependence symptoms). RESULTS confirmed the hypothesis that protective marriage effects on drinking quantity trajectories would be stronger among more severe premarriage problem drinkers. Supplemental analyses showed that results were robust to alternative construct operationalizations and modeling approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with role incompatibility theory, findings support the view of role conflict as a key mechanism of role-driven behavior change, as greater problem drinking likely conflicts more with demands of roles like marriage. This is also consistent with the developmental psychopathology view of transitions and turning points. Role transitions among already low-severity drinkers may merely represent developmental continuity of a low-risk trajectory, whereas role transitions among higher-severity problem drinkers may represent developmentally discontinuous "turning points" that divert individuals from a higher- to a lower-risk trajectory. Practically, findings support the clinical relevance of role-related "maturing out processes" by suggesting that they often reflect natural recovery from clinically significant problem drinking. Thus, understanding these processes could help clarify the nature of pathological drinking and inform interventions. Language: en
Changes in interhemispheric motor connectivity after muscle fatigue

Synchronized oscillations in resting state timecourses have been detected in recent fMRI studies. These oscillations are low frequency in nature (< 0.08 Hz), and seem to be a property of symmetric cortices. These fluctuations are important as a potential signal of interest, which could indicate connectivity between functionally related areas of the brain. It has also been shown that the synchronized oscillations decrease in some spontaneous pathological states. Thus, detection of these functional connectivity patterns may help to serve as a gauge of normal brain activity. The cognitive effects of muscle fatigue are not well characterized. Sustained fatigue has the potential to dynamically alter activity in brain networks. In this work, we examined the interhemispheric correlations in the left and right primary motor cortices and how they change with muscle fatigue. Resting-state functional MRI imaging was done before and after a repetitive unilateral fatigue task. We find that the number of significant correlations in the bilateral motor network decreases with fatigue. These results suggest that resting-state interhemispheric motor cortex functional connectivity is affected by muscle fatigue.
Macrophages and chemokines as mediators of angiogenesis.

Accumulating evidence attests to the important roles of both macrophages and chemokines in angiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages or TAMS constitute the major fraction of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and are recruited by a number of chemoattractants that are produced by the tumor and tumor-associated stroma. This heterogeneous cell population is activated by a variety of stimuli and becomes polarized to result in functionally different phenotypes regarding tumor progression. As opposed to classically activated or M1 macrophages that exhibit anti-tumor functions, most TAMS are considered to be of the alternatively activated or M2 phenotype, and express multiple cytokines, proteases, and chemokines that promote tumor angiogenesis. Chemokines also have disparate effects on angiogenesis regulation, as several members of the CXC and CC chemokine families are potent inducers of angiogenesis, while a subset of CXC chemokines are angiostatic. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the roles and modes of action of macrophage-derived chemokines as mediators of angiogenesis.
Electric field-induced predissociation of I2(B 3Π0+u)

Abstract An electric field can couple the B 3 Π 0 + u state of molecular iodine so predicted, unbound 0 + g and 1 + g states, inducing predissociation of the B state. This effect is studied by observation of the electric field modulated, laser induced fluorescence of iodine. The dependence of the induced predissociation rate on the vibrational level of the B state indicates that an unbound state (probably the 0 + g ) crosses the B state near υ = 3−4 on the outer limb. The transition dipole moment between B and the unbound state is 0.03–0.04 D.
Discussions of some myths and concerned practices of film cooling research

Abstract This paper focuses on discussing four myths and concerned conventional practices of film cooling research guided by a series of computational simulations. The issues that have been discussed include: (a) the film cooling effectiveness (φ) is given a constant (0.6) to calculate the heat flux ratio HFR = q ″ / q o ″ between film-cooled and no-film cases; (b) the adiabatic wall temperature is the driving temperature of film cooling; (c) the adiabatic film heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from an isoenergetic film experiment (Tj = Tg); (d) using a heated surface can provide a simplified approach to simulate the film-cooling condition. The result shows that the adiabatic wall temperature is not always the driving temperature (i.e. Taw is not always larger than Tw), but Taw does act well as the reference temperature in correctly predicting the heat flux direction and giving an always positive adiabatic film heat transfer coefficient. Using a constant value for φ is questionable and may lead to un-realistic or false HFR. The conventional equation of HFR was not theoretically exact and can lead to an error of up to 20%. A revised HFR equation is provided in this paper. The dominant energy passage in turbine airfoil film cooling is always from hot combustion gas flows into the airfoil; therefore, employing a heated wall as a boundary condition with hotter main stream flow and cold film injection to simulate the actual film cooling condition is found to be fundamentally questionable. A conjugate simulation that includes wall heat transfer and internal flow cooling shows that reversed heat transfer from blade to gas that gives a negative HFR is possible, due to the heat conduction from the downstream hotter region into the near film hole cooler region.
Selection of genome segments following coinfection of chicken fibroblasts with avian reoviruses.

Two avian reoviruses (883 and 176) shown to have distinct growth kinetics were used to coinfect chicken embryonic fibroblasts asynchronously to generate reassortants. More than 300 plaque-derived clones were obtained from passage 3 of two separate coinfections made at different m.o.i. and time intervals between infection and superinfection. The genome electropherotype of each plaque-derived clone was determined, and a diverse group of reassortants were detected. Genome segments 883 M2 and 176 S1 were shown to be preferentially selected. The preferential selection of the 176 S1 segment was shown to be a virus growth-determined nonrandom event conferred by the function of 176 S1 segment, whereas the data suggest that a factor(s) other than viral growth properties was involved in the preferential selection of 883 M2 segment.
Correlation between biomechanical responses of posterior sclera and IOP elevations during micro intraocular volume change.

PURPOSE. This study tested the hypothesis that intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations, induced by controlled increase of intraocular volume, are correlated with the biomechanical responses of the posterior sclera. METHODS. Porcine globes were tested within 48 hours postmortem. The first group of globes (n ¼ 11) was infused with 15 lL of phosphate-buffered saline at three different rates to investigate rate-dependent IOP elevations. The second group (n ¼ 16) was first infused at the fast rate and then underwent inflation tests to investigate the relationship between IOP elevations (DIOP) and scleral strains. The strains in the superotemporal region of the posterior sclera were measured by ultrasound speckle tracking. Linear regression was used to examine the association between DIOP due to micro-volumetric infusion and the scleral strains at a specific inflation pressure. RESULTS. The average DIOP was 14.9 6 4.3 mm Hg for the infusion of 15 lL in 1 second. The DIOP was greater for the faster infusion rates but highly correlated across different rates (P < 0.001). A significant negative association was found between the DIOP and the tangential strains in both the circumferential (R 2 ¼ 0.54, P ¼ 0.003) and meridian (R 2 ¼ 0.53, P ¼ 0.002) directions in the posterior sclera. CONCLUSIONS. This study showed a substantial increase in IOP, with a large intersubject variance during micro-volumetric change. A stiffer response of the sclera was associated with larger IOP spikes, providing experimental evidence linking corneoscleral biomechanics to IOP fluctuation. In vivo measurement of corneoscleral biomechanics may help better predict the dynamic profile of IOP.
Examining the effect of hospital-level factors on mortality of very low birth weight infants using multilevel modeling.

Examining the effect of hospital-level factors on mortality of very low birth weight infants using multilevel modeling
The effect of uncertainty and instability on dynamic economic models with an application to cournot oligopoly

Abstract Consider a dynamic discrete-time economic model in which a state-dependent payoff is earned during each period. We give conditions which ensure that a mean preserving increase in the riskiness of the model's parameters increases (or decreases) the expected payoff earned during n periods.
Epitaxial growth of YBa2Cu3Ox film on single-domain YBCO substrate for rf component development

Abstract In our previous experiments we have developed a high quality single-domain YBCO for rf component development. The material exhibits excellent physical properties including extremely sharp T c ’s, well-controlled crystal orientation, and low surface resistance, R s . However, the surface resistance can be further reduced if the surface of the single domain can be modified. As the major rf losses may arise from the dissipation at the 211 particles, we have developed a new method to “cover” the 211 particles by depositing a YBCO thin film on the polished single-domain surface. In this method, the single-domain YBCO serves as a substrate that has a perfect lattice matching with the YBCO film. We report the experimental results on the film synthesis and discuss the film growth mechanism on the YBCO single-domain substrate.