cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impairment of the semantic network in schizophrenia.

It is well established that patients with schizophrenia display a variety of language impairments. Despite considerable research, however, the underlying mechanisms of the language deficits in schizophrenia remain unclear. Representations of semantic networks of 56 patients with schizophrenia and 28 normal comparison (NC) subjects of similar ages and educational levels were generated by multidimensional scaling and Pathfinder analyses of their responses on the Animal Fluency Test. On the basis of traditional scoring techniques (i.e., total number of correct animal names generated in 60 s), all patients performed significantly worse than the NC subjects. More detailed analyses of the underlying semantic networks revealed that performance in the patients varied according to age of onset and subtype of schizophrenia. The semantic network of patients with late-onset schizophrenia (i.e., with onset after age 45) was virtually identical to that of the NC group. In contrast, the semantic network of patients with a younger age of onset was disorganized and differed significantly from that of the NC subjects. Findings demonstrated that patients with nonparanoid subtypes displayed greater disorganization in their semantic networks than patients with a paranoid subtype. Although general fluency impairments (e.g., difficulties in initiation, retrieval, and search mechanisms) may be sensitive to schizophrenia, per se, specific deficits in the structure of semantic knowledge may be associated with certain characteristics of individual patients with schizophrenia, such as an earlier age of onset and nonparanoid subtype.
Highly accurate CD control at stitching region for electron-beam projection lithography

For electron beam projection lithography system, it is one of the most important issues to stitch desired patterns accurately. We have found a way to stitch the patterns with high accurate critical dimension by a pattern edge deformation that moderates a stitching error by as much as 2.5 times compared with no-deformed edge.
Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings

Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings
Supercritical Ammonia Synthesis and Characterization of Four New Alkali Metal Silver Antimony Sulfides:MAg2SbS4andM2AgSbS4(M= K, Rb)

Abstract Four new semiconducting quaternary antimony sulfides, KAg 2 SbS 4 (I), K 2 AgSbS 4 (II), RbAg 2 SbS 4 (III), and Rb 2 AgSbS 4 (IV) were prepared in supercritical ammonia at 160°C in 4 days from the appropriate mole ratios of K 2 S 4 , K 2 CO 3 , or Rb 2 CO 3 with Ag, Sb 2 S 3 , and S 8 . Both silver-rich materials, I and III, crystallize in structure types previously observed in BaAg 2 GeS 4 and SrCu 2 SnS 4 , respectively. However, it was determined that the space group of the latter compound was inaccurately reported in the literature. Novel structure types were obtained for II and IV. The structures of I–III contain three-dimensional anionic frameworks, either [Ag 2 SbS 4 ] − or [AgSbS 4 ] 2− , built from a variety of edge- or vertex-shared antimony sulfide and silver sulfide tetrahedra. The alkali metal cations in I and II reside in two orthogonal, intersecting channels, and in three isolated one-dimensional channels in III. Compound IV has a layered structure, with a double layer of rubidium cations separating the neighboring anionic frameworks. It is noteworthy that I–III crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups. The structural diversity resulting from the condensation of quite regular SbS 4 and distorted AgS 4 tetrahedra in these four compounds and their optical band gaps are discussed. Crystal data: (I), red polyhedron, tetragonal space group, I 42 m , a = 6.886(1) A, c = 8.438(2) A, V = 400.16(9) A 3 , Z = 2, and R ( wR ) = 0.0397(0.0335); (II), yellow plate, orthorhombic space group, Pnn 2, a = 10.348(2) A, b = 10.522(2) A, c = 7.946(2) A, V = 865.2(3) A 3 , Z = 4, and R ( wR ) = 0.0377(0.0392); (III), yellow-orange needle, trigonal space group, P 3 2 21, a = 6.630(1) A, c = 16.700(2) A, V = 635.8(2) A 3 , Z = 3, and R ( wR ) = 0.0244(0.0310); (IV), yellow polyhedron, monoclinic space group, P 2 1 / n , a = 8.229(3) A, b = 10.857(2) A, c = 10.346(2) A, β = 91.55(2)°, V = 924.0(4) A 3 , Z = 4, and R ( wR ) = 0.0377(0.0405).
Regulation of methane oxidation in a freshwater wetland by water table changes and anoxia

Abstract The effects of water table fluctuations and anoxia on methane emission and methane oxidation were studied in a freshwater marsh. Seasonal aerobic methane oxidation rates varied between 15% and 76% of the potential diffusive methane flux (diffusive flux in the absence of aerobic oxidation). On an annual basis, approximately 43% of the methane diffusing into the oxic zone was oxidized before reaching the atmosphere. The highest methane oxidation was observed when the water table was below the peat surface. This was confirmed in laboratory experiments where short-term decreases in water table levels increased methane oxidation but also net methane emission. Although methane emission was generally not observed during the winter, stems of soft rush ( Juncus effusus ) emitted methane when the marsh was ice covered. Indigenous methanotrophic bacteria from the wetland studied were relatively anoxia tolerant. Surface peat incubated under anoxic conditions maintained 30% of the initial methane oxidation capacity after 32 days of anoxia. Methanotrophs from anoxic peat initiated aerobic methane oxidation relatively quickly after oxygen addition (1–7 hours). These results were supported by culture experiments with the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. This organism maintained a greater capacity for aerobic methane oxidation when starved under anoxic compared to oxic conditions. Anoxic incubation of M. trichosporium OB3b in the presence ofsulfide (2 mM) and a low redox potential (− 110 mV) did not decrease the capacity for methane oxidation relative to anoxic cultures incubated without sulfide. The results suggest that aerobic methane oxidation was a major regulator of seasonal methane emission from the investigated wetland. The observed water table fluctuations affected net methane oxidation presumably due to associated changes in oxygen gradients. However, changes from oxic to anoxic conditions in situ had relatively little effect on survival of the methanotrophic bacteria and thus on methane oxidation potential per se.
Classification of children in special education: Importance of pre‐assessment information

The records of 137 students for whom complete data files were available were examined in order to determine the extent to which pre-assessment data (teacher referral information and standardized reading test scores) could successfully be used to predict the handicapping classifications decided on by child-study teams. We were specifically interested in the predictive power of pre-assessment information above and beyond that provided by handicapped children's race and gender. Results of our analyses indicated that pre-assessment data can successfully predict the handicapped classifications of the majority of special education students, as well as differentiate students who are found eligible for special education from those found to be ineligible.
Structural basis of template-boundary definition in Tetrahymena telomerase

Telomerase is required to maintain repetitive G-rich telomeric DNA sequences at chromosome ends. To do so, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit reiteratively uses a small region of the integral telomerase RNA (TER) as a template. An essential feature of telomerase catalysis is the strict definition of the template boundary to determine the precise TER nucleotides to be reverse transcribed by TERT. We report the 3-A crystal structure of the Tetrahymena TERT RNA-binding domain (tTRBD) bound to the template boundary element (TBE) of TER. tTRBD is wedged into the base of the TBE RNA stem-loop, and each of the flanking RNA strands wraps around opposite sides of the protein domain. The structure illustrates how the tTRBD establishes the template boundary by positioning the TBE at the correct distance from the TERT active site to prohibit copying of nontemplate nucleotides.
Effect of Approach Flow Turbulence Characteristics on Sound Generation from Premixed Flames

Turbulent premixed combustion processes are inherently unsteady and, thus, a source of acoustic radiation. While prior studies have extensively characterized the total sound power radiated by turbulent flames, few measurements exist of their spectral characteristics. This paper reports the results of measurements obtained in an anechoic environment with varying approach flow characteristics (i.e., turbulence intensity and mean flow profile), flow velocity and equivalence ratio. This and a prior study show that for a fixed burner diameter, the acoustic spectra of a turbulent premixed flame has a nearly universal shape whose total power is a function of equivalence ratio, approach flow turbulence intensity, or flow velocity. The functional dependence of the power spectra upon frequency does vary with burner diameter, however, as the frequency of peak acoustic emissions shifts to lower frequencies with increases in burner diameter. This behavior was previously attributed to the analogous change in spectra in the velocity fluctuations, and it was suggested that the spectrum of acoustic temporal fluctuations, P(f), is related through some frequency-localized transfer function to that of the velocity fluctuations, U(f); i.e., P(f)/U(f)=H(f). The present study modifies this conclusion by showing that the acoustic spectra does not change with corresponding changes in the temporal velocity spectra (for a fixed burner diameter).
Antibodies to synthetic peptides targeted to the transforming genes of human adenoviruses: an approach to understanding early viral gene function.

Adenoviruses (Ads) are DNA tumor viruses which contain double–stranded linear DNA genomes of molecular weight 20–25 million (GREEN et al. 1967). There are 31 well–defined human adenoviruses, many of which are ubiquitous in the human population. Adenoviruses commonly cause latent infections of lymphoid tissue and are mainly associated with respiratory disease, which can reach epidemic proportions in closed populations. By DNA homology measurements, human Ads 1–31 are classified into five groups, A through E, containing homologous transforming gene sequences (GREEN et al. 1979 a; MACKEY et al. 1979 a). Although probably all human Ads can transform cells and many can induce tumors in laboratory animals, there is no evidence that they play a significant role in human carcinogenesis. An extensive search was made for the presence of DNA sequences representing each of the five human Ad groups in human tumors representing about 90% of the cancer incidence in the United States. Significant Ad genetic information was not detected under conditions that would have detected less than one transforming gene per tumor cell in most cases (Mackey et al. 1976; Green and Mackey 1977; Green et al 1979b; Mackey et al. 1979b; Wold et al. 1979; Green, unpublished data). Thus, although the human Ads are widespread and have oncogenic potential, their oncogenic potential does not appear to be manifested in their native human host species.
An 11-bit 160-MS/s 1.35-V 10-mW D/A converter using automated device sizing system

This paper describes an automated device sizing system for current-steering D/A converters (DACs) and an 11-bit 160-MS/s DAC implemented using this system. Based on an analysis of harmonic distortion (or spurious) of the DAC, a circuit technique named one-Vgs switching has been newly developed for realizing high spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). The automated device sizing system has also been developed for quick retargeting of the current-steering DAC. The 11-bit 160-MS/s DAC has been designed using this system and fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m technology. It operates at 1.35-V power supply with 10-mW power consumption, 1.6-Vppd output swing, and 61-dB SFDR at f/sub sig/=10.2 MHz. Its active area is 0.22 mm/sup 2/.
Student Preparation for Professional Practice in Early Intervention

The preparation of students for professional practice in the field of early intervention has changed as a result of mandates through Part C, Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The purpose of this survey research was to describe the knowledge and skill areas, specific to early intervention, included in pre-professional curricula and clinical practice education of future speech-language pathologists (SLPs). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association/Council on Academic Accreditation accredited programs were invited to participate in the online survey. Of the 248 initial requests for information, 109 surveys were completed. Results revealed limited exposure for students to curricular content and clinical practica that focused on the knowledge and skills necessary for professionals working in Part C IDEA settings. Programs indicated that barriers to the inclusion of such content and clinical practice experiences included funding, access to faculty and staff, and limited practice settings. I...
Biofuels and their by-products: Global economic and environmental implications

Abstract Recently a number of papers have used general equilibrium models to study the economy-wide and environmental consequences of the first generation of biofuels (FGB). In this paper, we argue that nearly all of these studies have overstated the impacts of FGB on global agricultural and land markets due to the fact that they have ignored the role of biofuel by-products. Feed by-products of FGB, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and oilseed meals (VOBP), are used in the livestock industry as protein and energy sources. Their presence mitigates the price impacts of biofuel production. More importantly, they reduce the demand for cropland and moderate the indirect land use consequences of FGB. This paper explicitly introduces DDGS and VOBP into a global computational general equilibrium (CGE) model, developed at the Center for Global Trade Analysis at Purdue University, to examine the economic and environmental impacts of regional and international mandate policies designed to stimulate bioenergy production and use. We show that models with and without by-products reveal different portraits of the economic impacts of the US and EU biofuel mandates for the world economy in 2015. While both models demonstrate significant changes in the agricultural production pattern across the world, the model with by-products shows smaller changes in the production of cereal grains and larger changes for oilseeds products in the US and EU, and the reverse for Brazil. Models that omit by-products are found to overstate cropland conversion from US and EU mandates by about 27%.
INTRAGENOMIC SEQUENCE VARIATION AT THE ITS1–ITS2 REGION AND AT THE 18S AND 28S NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA GENES OF THE NEW ZEALAND MUD SNAIL, POTAMOPYRGUS ANTIPODARUM (HYDROBIIDAE: MOLLUSCA)

Molecular genetic analysis was conducted on two populations of the invasive non-native New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), one from a freshwater ecosystem in Devil’s Lake (Oregon, USA) and the other from an ecosystem of higher salinity in the Columbia River estuary (Hammond Harbor, Oregon, USA). To elucidate potential genetic differences between the two populations, three segments of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the ITS1-ITS2 regions and the 18S and 28S rDNA genes were cloned and sequenced. Variant sequences within each individual were found in all three rDNA segments. Folding models were utilized for secondary structure analysis and results indicated that there were many sequences which contained structure-altering polymorphisms, which suggests they could be nonfunctional pseudogenes. In addition, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used for hierarchical analysis of genetic variance to estimate variation within and among populations and within individuals. AMOVA revealed significant variation in the ITS region between the populations and among clones within individuals, while in the 5.8S rDNA significant variation was revealed among individuals within the two populations. High levels of intragenomic variation were found in the ITS regions, which are known to be highly variable in many organisms. More interestingly, intragenomic variation was also found in the 18S and 28S rDNA, which has rarely been observed in animals and is so far unreported in Mollusca. We postulate that in these P. antipodarum populations the effects of concerted evolution are diminished due to the fact that not all of the rDNA genes in their polyploid genome should be essential for sustaining cellular function. This could lead to a lessening of selection pressures, allowing mutations to accumulate in some copies, changing them into variant sequences.
Poly(arylene sulfide)s by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Polymerization of 2,7-Difluorothianthrene

Poly(thianthrene phenylene sulfide) and poly(thianthrene sulfide) have been prepared by nucleophilic aromatic substitution polymerization of the activated monomer 2,7-difluorothianthrene with bis thiophenoxide and sulfide nucleophiles, respectively. The resulting polymers are thermally stable, amorphous materials that have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, refractometry, and intrinsic viscosity (IV) measurements. The polymers produced exhibit 5% weight loss values approaching 500 °C in inert and air atmospheres and glass transition temperatures that range from 149 to 210 °C. Poly(thianthrene phenylene sulfide) with a number average molecular weight of 22,100 g/mol has been synthesized with an IV in DMPU of 0.62 dL/g at 30 °C. Creasable films of this polymer have been prepared by solvent casting and melt pressing at 250 °C. Films of poly(thianthrene phenylene sulfide) exhibit transparencies greater than 50% at wavelengths exceeding 400 nm and a high refractive index value of 1.692 at a wavelength of 633 nm, making the polymer interesting for optical applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2453–2461, 2009
Globalization and the internationalization of technical communication programs: issues for program design

This paper explores the implications of globalization on program design in technical and professional communication. The implications involve the increasing complexity of working and communicating within and across corporate, cultural, and national boundaries. But they also run much deeper and involve sociopolitical issues that touch on the ethics of living and working in globalized places. Curriculum and institutional design are posed as sites for responding to globalization within technical and professional communication.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT IN THE WORKPLACE: DIMENSIONS, MEASUREMENT, AND VALIDATION

This research begins to develop and validate a multidimensional measure of psychological empowerment in the workplace. Second-order confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with two complementary samples to demonstrate the convergent and discriminant validity of four dimensions of empowerment and their contributions to an overall construct of psychological empowerment. Structural equations modeling was used to examine a nomological network of psychological empowerment in the workplace. Tested hypotheses concerned key antecedents and consequences of the construct. Initial support for the construct validity of psychological empowerment was found. Directions for future research are discussed.
Initial-Condition Influences on CME Expansion and Propagation

A general-purpose melon-seed-overpressure-expansion (MSOE) model is used to examine the dependence of the expansion and propagation of fast CMEs on average initial values of the magnetic field inside the CME, the magnetic field outside the CME, and the CME mass. The MSOE model extracts from the real situation only features that are essential in determining the expansion and propagation processes and idealizes them to obtain an adaptable “minimalist” set of equations that governs these processes yet retains enough relevant physics to give useful results. This minimalist set is used to carry out a systematic comparison of solutions against four sets of observed correlations between CME and ICME parameters in which the input parameters to the MSOE model are varied to achieve simultaneous fits to all four correlations. The fits impose relations between the three independent input variables: initial internal field strength, initial external field strength, and initial density. For example, light CMEs (e.g., those with no prominences) require the external field strength to nearly equal the internal field strength. However, heavy CMEs (e.g., those with prominences) require the external field strength to be much weaker than the internal field strength.
Ambiguities in Incremental Line Rastering

In implmenting rater grahic algorithms, it is impotant to toroughly understand behavior and implicit defaults inherent in each algorithm. Design choices must balance performance with respect to drawing speed, circult count, code space, picture fidelity, system complexity, and system consistency. For example, "close" may sound appealing when describing the match of the rastered representation to a geometirc line. An implementation, however, must quantily an error metric?such as minimum normal distance between candidate raster grid points and the geometric line?and resolve "ties" in which two candidate grid points have an equal error metric. Equal error metric ambiguity can permit algorithimic selection of raster points for a line from (X0, Y0) to (X1, Y1) to differ from points selected rastering the same line back from (X1, Y1) to (X0, Y0). Modilying a rastering algorithm to provide an exactly reversibie path, though, will cause problems when lines are rastered in a context of approximating a circle with a polygon. Only by fully understanding any algorithm can designers determine whether such pel-level anomalies are worth the code space or circuit count necessary to provide explicit user resolution, or whether a fixed default must suffice. This article discusses implementation considerations relevant to selecting and customizing incremental line-drawing algorithms to cope with such anomalies as equal error metric instances, perturbation effects of clipping, interesections in raster space, EXOR interpretations for polylines, reversibility, and fractional endpoint rounding.
Rousing Students’ Minds in Postsecondary Mathematics: The Undergraduate Learning Assistant Model

This article presents several of the challenges facing postsecondary mathematics education and describes how the undergraduate Learning Assistant (LA) program has been used as a catalyst to engage faculty and students in redesigning opportunities to learn mathematics. Characteristics of the LA program that have been used to transform introductory undergraduate science courses are discussed. We then describe how the LA program was implemented in a mathematics department vis-a-vis the specific contextual features of a mathematics department at the University of Colorado Boulder.
Unsupervised segmentation of textured color images using Markov random field models

An unsupervised segmentation algorithm which uses Markov random fields for modeling color texture is presented. These models characterize a texture in terms of spatial interaction within each color plane and interaction among different color planes. These models are used for segmentation in conjunction with an agglomerative clustering procedure that at each step minimizes a global performance functional based on the conditional pseudo-likelihood of the image. This algorithm is successfully applied to a range of textured color images of natural scenes. >
Alla: The Jester‐Queen of Russian Pop Culture

"T X-yive peacefully, country!" ("Zhivi spokoino, strana!") proclaims the title of one of the latest (2003) albums released by the fifty-eight-year-old queen of Russian popular culture, Alia Pugacheva.1 This title sparks curiosity in those who are familiar with Pugacheva's three-decade-long stardom and the apparently nonideological nature of her art it sounds unexpectedly patriotic. Has Russia's most famous living woman, who generally avoided overt political messages during the Soviet period, hiding subversive messages beneath a layer of mockery in her songs, drastically changed her artistic credo and begun to glorify her post-Soviet homeland? This is not the case. The comedic, self-deprecating mood of "Live peacefully, country!" is obvious from the very first words of the title song, as the lyrics are both a mock self-glorification and a satire on the post-Soviet media's obsession with Pugacheva's onand off-stage personae. During the post-Soviet era Pugacheva's songs, appearance, private life, and financial affairs have been under constant scrutiny by the media. Responding to this paparazzi-like attention, she sings:
Moving ahead an HIV vaccine: Use both arms to beat HIV

Despite remarkable advances in managing disease progression in people infected with HIV, an effective vaccine to prevent infectivity and stop the HIV epidemic remains an unmet clinical need. The genetic variability of the virus and the poor natural immune response—humoral and cellular—generated against HIV are hurdles that pose challenges to vaccine development. In 'Bench to Bedside', Bruce Walker, Rafi Ahmed and Stanley Plotkin examine a study in rhesus macaques where a vector-based viral vaccine that elicits a persistent and rapid T effector cell response to SIV antigens results in control of the infection. Although only 50% of the rhesus macaques controlled the infection, this in vivo finding stresses how outdoing the natural immune cellular response can prove effective to clear systemic viruses. But a humoral response will still remain the 'holy grail' to avoid HIV infection and transmission. In 'Bedside to Bench' Tom Hope peruses recent vaccine trials to propose how to best achieve an effective antibody response against HIV by discussing the perks and perils of non-neutralizing versus broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Geostatistical simulations of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock spatial distributions, to estimate sampling precision

Walline, P. D. 2007. Geostatistical simulations of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock spatial distributions, to estimate sampling precision. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 559-569.Sequential Gaussian and sequential indicator geostatistical simulation methods were used to estimate confidence intervals (CIs) for biomass estimates from six echo-integration trawl surveys of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) biomass. Uncertainty in the acoustic and the length frequency data was combined in the calculation of CIs. Sampling in 2002 provided evidence for isotropy in the spatial distribution. Variogram models were characterized by long ranges (75-122 nautical miles for non-zero acoustic data, for example) compared with the smallest dimension of the survey area (∼100 nautical miles) and small nugget effects (∼20% of the semi-variance in transformed normal space for acoustic data). The 95% CIs obtained for the abundance estimates did not vary greatly between years and were similar to those from a one-dimensional transitive geostatistical analysis, i.e. ± 5-9% of estimated total biomass.
Medieval Roots of the Myth of Jewish Male Menses

Good historical fiction reveals not only the realities of a particular epoch, but also its cultural attitudes. An excellent example is Bernard Malamud's The Fixer, which succeeds in disclosing the nature of Russian anti-semitism by artfully weaving together enduring themes of anti-Jewish Christian mythology—the blood libel and accusations of ritual murder—to illustrate the fabric of Jewish life in early modern Russia. Perhaps almost unnoticed in his work, however, are references to the myth of Jewish male menses. Consider the following passages from The Fixer, in which the Jewish defendant, Yakov Bok, is confronted by this bizarre contention:“You saw the blood?” the Prosecuting Attorney said sarcastically. “Did that have some religious meaning to you as a Jew? Do you know that in the Middle Ages Jewish men were said to menstruate?” Yakov looked at him in surprise and fright. “I don't know anything about that, your honor, although I don't see how it could be.”
Neurophysiological evidence for a recollection impairment in amnesia patients that leaves familiarity intact

In several previous behavioral studies, we have identified a group of amnestic patients that, behaviorally, appear to exhibit severe deficits in recollection with relative preservation of familiarity-based recognition. However, these studies have relied exclusively on behavioral measures, rather than direct measures of physiology. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to identify putative neural correlates of familiarity- and recollection-based recognition memory, but little work has been done to determine the extent to which these ERP correlates are spared in patients with relatively specific memory disorders. ERP studies of recognition in healthy subjects have indicated that recollection and familiarity are related to a parietal old-new effect characterized as a late positive component (LPC) and an earlier mid-frontal old-new effect referred to as an ‘FN400’, respectively. Here, we sought to determine the extent to which the putative ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity are intact or impaired in these patients. We recorded ERPs in three amnestic patients and six age matched controls while they made item recognition and source recognition judgments. The current patients were able to discriminate between old and new items fairly well, but showed nearly chance-level performance at source recognition. Moreover, whereas control subjects exhibited ERP correlates of memory that have been linked to recollection and familiarity, the patients only exhibited the mid-frontal FN400 ERP effect related to familiarity-based recognition. The results show that recollection can be severely impaired in amnesia even when familiarity-related processing is relatively spared, and they also provide further evidence that ERPs can be used to distinguish between neural correlates of familiarity and recollection.
Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice: A Case Report

Summary A 23-year-old mestizo from a tropical region of Peru, afflicted from early childhood with the Dubin-Johnson black liver syndrome, is described. The methylene blue test in conjunction with the duodenal drainage is suggested as a diagnostic aid. The pathognomonic appearance of the liver grossly and histologically is emphasized.
Sex Differences in Animal Models: Focus on Addiction

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have excellent face and construct validity, to illustrate the importance of considering sex differences. There are four types of sex differences: qualitative, quantitative, population, and mechanistic. A better understanding of the ways males and females can differ will help scientists design experiments to characterize better the presence or absence of sex differences in new phenomena that they are investigating. We have outlined major quantitative, population, and mechanistic sex differences in the addiction domain using a heuristic framework of the three established stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. Female rats, in general, acquire the self-administration of drugs and alcohol more rapidly, escalate their drug taking with extended access more rapidly, show more motivational withdrawal, and (where tested in animal models of "craving") show greater reinstatement. The one exception is that female rats show less motivational withdrawal to alcohol. The bases for these quantitative sex differences appear to be both organizational, in that estradiol-treated neonatal animals show the male phenotype, and activational, in that the female phenotype depends on the effects of gonadal hormones. In animals, differences within the estrous cycle can be observed but are relatively minor. Such hormonal effects seem to be most prevalent during the acquisition of drug taking and less influential once compulsive drug taking is established and are linked largely to progesterone and estradiol. This review emphasizes not only significant differences in the phenotypes of females and males in the domain of addiction but emphasizes the paucity of data to date in our understanding of those differences.
A Positron Annihilation Lifetime Study of Poly(Bisphenol-a Carbonate)

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy has proven to be sensitive to glass transitions and other free volume dependent phase transitions in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. The thermal dependence of the lifetime spectra of positrons in compression-molded poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) has been measured from 253K to 323K, then modelled using a three component fit. The longest-lived component lifetime τ3 was found to vary linearly with increasing temperature independent of thermal history. The corresponding component intensity I3 was found to vary in a non-linear fashion with increasing temperature, exhibiting a significant dependence on thermal history. The observed thermal response of τ3 and I3 is discussed in terms of both molecular relaxation and the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate).
Payment reform and the changing landscape in medical practice: Implications for neurologists

The growth in health care spending in the United States, though slowed in the last few years, remains unsustainable. Since higher health care spending does not correlate with most measures of improved patient outcome, there are new attempts to define "value" in health care as the ratio of quality to cost. This article reviews newer proposed models for provider payment and organization and their possible effects on neurologic practice.
Free-Surface Measurements in a Tow Tank Using LiDAR

Light Detection and Ranging, or LiDAR, is a remote sensing technique that can be utilized to collect topographic data. These systems have been used extensively to measure open ocean and ship generated waves. Recently LiDAR systems have been used to measure the transom wave of the R/V Athena I and ambient ocean waves. This work has primarily focused on providing the time averaged, and spectral content of the wave field, by scanning the laser to measure wave profiles evolving in time. This paper describes recent efforts to utilize LIDAR systems to measure free-surface elevations in laboratory tow tanks. LiDAR measurements are limited to the white-water breaking regions of the flow, due to the limited strength of the signal return from non-breaking regions. In extending LiDAR measurements to a laboratory tow tank environment the lack of surface roughness and hence the lack of surface light scatterers needed to be addressed. A number of laboratory measurement applications will be described including a tow tank measurement similar to the R/V Athena I effort, and also measurement of regular and irregular breaking waves.
Medical Outcomes Trust Conference Presents Dramatic Advances in Patient-Based Outcomes Assessment and Potential Applications in Accreditation

Conference-at-a-Glance Background At its fourth annual State-of-the-Art Health Outcomes Conference, November 2, 1998, the Medical Outcomes Trust (Boston) convened experts to review advances in outcomes assessment technology and potential applications in clinical trials, clinical practice, and accreditation. Keynote address "Future Directions in Health Status Assessment" identified what needs to happen next in order to put patient-defined outcomes into the databases used in medical decision making. Advances include a major recalibration of the SF-36 and SF-12 instruments from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) offering new norm-based scoring and the new methodology known as Dynamic Health Assessment (DynHA™), which uses a computerized interactive process to select questions to produce a briefer but more precise assessment. Choosing computer software A detailed needs assessment should be made and submitted to vendors to identify the best software for outcomes management in a particular organization. Outcomes in clinical trials Scientific and regulatory requirements differ between clinical trials and clinical practice, as seen in health status measurement of pain (migraine and osteoarthritis) and in antiretroviral therapies for patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) disease. Outcomes assessment in specific diseases Similarities and distinctive challenges are identified in outcomes measurement of depression, low back pain, and congestive heart failure. Outcomes in accreditation Efforts are ongoing in integrating outcomes measures into the accreditation process for physicians, health care organizations, and health care plans. Health of Seniors/Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS) The Health Care Financing Administration is unrolling the first patient-based outcomes measure to assess the quality of care provided to the Medicare population in managed care organizations
Salespeople as Specific Human Assets: An Application of the Transaction Cost and Relational Approaches to Exchange Governance

An important question confronting organizational strategists is how to best organize transactions between firms. Multiple streams of literature have attempted to address the inherent governance challenges that exist when two distinct, but complementary firms choose to enter into an exchange agreement with one another. The transaction cost approach (TCA) to organization proposes that firms incur transaction costs owing to the costs of conducting exchanges in the market over the costs that would be realized by organizing the exchange within the firm (Coase 1937). According to the TCA, when the transaction costs of market governance are high, it makes more sense for firms to vertically integrate rather than engage in exchanges with another firm. In response to the TCA, relational exchange theory posits that market exchanges can be governed by the cultivation and strengthening of relationships between two exchange partners (Palmatier 2006, 2008). That is, the relational perspective suggests that many of the costs identified under the TCA can be reduced or eliminated in the presence of strong relationships to govern the transaction between parties in a market exchange. The introduction of relational governance mechanisms to an exchange featuring specific assets should serve to quell the threat of opportunism while at the same time enhancing the commitment of both parties.
A folded GaN VRM with high electrical and thermal performance

A concept of using folded flexible PCB as substrate for high density power converter modules was proposed in this paper. Then, a 10MHz VRM based on this concept and GaN technology was used to demonstrate electrical and thermal properties of this concept. Finally, the design proposed here was compared with previous GaN power converters.
Graphical lasso and thresholding: Conditions for equivalence

Graphical lasso is a popular method for learning the structure of an undirected graphical model, which is based on an l 1 regularization technique. This method aims to find the conditional independence between the entries of a random vector by learning the sparsity pattern of the inverse correlation matrix from a limited number of samples. Graphical lasso is computationally expensive for large-scale problems. A numerically-cheap heuristic method for finding a graphical model is to simply threshold the sample correlation matrix. Recently, we have observed that the computationally-heavy graphical lasso and the simple thresholding method would produce the same solution for functional MRI data, electrical circuit data and many random systems, provided that a sparse graph is sought. The objective of this work is to develop a rigorous mathematical foundation for that observation. More precisely, we systematically study the relationship between these two methods by introducing the notions of sign-consistent and inverse-consistent matrices. We prove that thresholding and graphical lasso are equivalent if: (i) a certain matrix formed based on the sample correlation matrix is both sign-consistent and inverse-consistent, (ii) the gap between the largest thresholded and the smallest un-thresholded entries of the sample correlation matrix is not too small. We demonstrate the above conditions on acyclic graphs. These conditions are expected to be satisfied for sufficiently sparse graphical models.
Stem Cells and Organoids to Study Epithelial Cell Biology in IBD

Human intestinal organoids are three-dimensional tissue structures with a high degree of cellular and architectural complexity similar to the intestine. The identification of Lgr5-expressing adult intestinal stem cells was a seminal advance in the establishment of adult intestinal organoids (also called enteroids), which can be derived from patient biopsies and used to model human diseases. A second type of intestinal organoid that is generated via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), into induced human intestinal organoids (iHIOs), has also proven useful in modeling developmental and postnatal diseases of the GI tract. Here we describe the various intestinal organoids systems, and how they have been used to study epithelial cell biology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of the different organoid systems. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies and how they may be used in the future for drug development and as therapeutics.
Coastal protection and conservation on sandy beaches and dunes: context‐dependent tradeoffs in ecosystem service supply

Managing multiple ecosystem services (ESs) across landscapes presents a central challenge for ecosystem-based management, because services often exhibit spatiotemporal variation and weak associations with co-occurring ESs. Further focus on the mechanistic relationships among ESs and their underlying biophysical processes provides greater insight into the causes of variation and covariation among ESs, thus serving as a guide to enhance their supply while preventing adverse outcomes. Here, we used the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastal dune ecosystem to examine how invasive beachgrass management affects three ESs: coastal protection, western snowy plover conservation, and endemic foredune plant conservation. At seven coastal dune habitat restoration areas, we observed spatial variation in the supply of each ES and further identified a tradeoff between western snowy plover conservation and coastal protection. While the ESs were collectively influenced by the invasive beachgrasses and the foredunes they create, the magnitude of the synergies and tradeoffs were influenced by numerous non-shared drivers, including nearshore geomorphology, changes in foredune shape as a result of restoration, and other management actions irrespective of restoration. Incorporation of these shared and non-shared drivers into future coastal management planning may reduce tradeoffs among Pacific Northwest dune ESs. With better understanding of ES relationships, it becomes possible to identify management actions that may enhance synergies and mitigate tradeoffs, leading to better decisions for nature and people.
Magnet foreign body ingestion: rare occurrence but big consequences

Abstract Purpose To review the outcomes of magnet ingestions from two children's hospitals and develop a clinical management pathway. Methods Children Results From 2011 to 2016, there were 89 magnet ingestions (50 from hospital 1 and 39 from hospital 2); 50 (56%) were males. Median age was 7.9 (4.0–12.0) years; 60 (67%) presented with multiple magnets or a magnet and a second metallic co-ingestion. Suspected locations found on imaging were: stomach (53%), small bowel (38%), colon (23%) and esophagus (3%). Only 35 patients (39%) presented with symptoms and the most common symptom was abdominal pain (33%). 42 (47%) patients underwent an intervention, in which 20 (23%) had an abdominal operation. For those undergoing abdominal surgery, an exact logistic regression model identified multiple magnets or a magnet and a second metallic object co-ingestion (OR 12.9; 95% CI, 2.4 – Infinity) and abdominal pain (OR 13.0; 95% CI, 3.2–67.8) as independent risk factors. Conclusion Magnets have a high risk of requiring surgical intervention for removal. Therefore, we developed a management algorithm for magnet ingestion. Level of evidence Level III.
Case Study: University of California, Irvine

Abstract With more than 30,000 students, more than 15,000 full-time employees, and thousands of visitors on any given day, the University of California, Irvine (UCI), has a population that is comparable in size with the cities of Galveston, Texas; Coral Gables, Florida; and Aliso Viejo, a neighboring community in Orange County, California. 1 The main campus resembles a mid-sized city in other ways in that it has its own roads, parking structures and surface lots, bike paths, a large central park, athletic fields, a recreation center, housing, eateries, retail, classrooms, and medical clinics and office buildings.
Excitonic Effects in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites

The exciton binding energy in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) is about 10 meV, around 1/3 of the available thermal energy (kBT ∼ 26 meV) at room temperature. Thus, exciton populations are not stable at room temperature at moderate photoexcited carrier densities. However, excitonic resonances dominate the absorption onset. Furthermore, these resonances determine the transient absorbance and transient reflectance spectra. The exciton binding energy is a reflection of the Coulomb interaction energy between photoexcited electrons and holes. As such, it serves as a marker for the strength of electron/hole interactions and impacts a variety of phenomena, such as, absorption, radiative recombination, and Auger recombination. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of excitons and excitonic resonances in the optical properties of lead-halide perovskite semiconductors. Finally, we discuss how the strong light–matter interactions induce an optical stark effect splitting the doubly spin degenerate ground excito...
Still Moving: Gabrielle Bell’s Graphic Auto-Fiction

In Lucky, The Voyeurs, and Truth is Fragmentary, cartoonist Gabrielle Bell adopts comics panels of approximately the same size as a passport photo. The comics draw a kind of auto-fiction that marries the fantastical and the autobiographical, frequently eliding musings on her status as a woman writer, a comics writer, and a traveler. These are all categories that share the distinction of being “threshold” or liminal categories. This chapter takes Bell’s presentation of identity as an object of formal and phenomenological inquiry. It considers how the hand-drawn rendering of the autobiographical self ironically draws attention to the irregularity of identity and to the writer’s unmistakable signature that extends to both verbal and visual style. Taking representative scenes from these three graphic short-story collections, the author argues the stories demonstrate a writing practice that claims the liminal as an authoritative expression of individual identity for the twenty-first century.