cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Now that's a Bright Idea: The Influence of Consumer Elaboration and Distance Perceptions on Sustainable Choices

Abstract Integrating theory related to psychological distance and elaboration on potential outcomes, hypotheses are offered that predict that consumers’ elaboration levels moderate the effect of temporal distance on choice of energy efficient products. In three experiments, the authors examine the influence of temporal and psychological distance and the moderating effect of a consumer's propensity to elaborate on potential outcomes (EPO) in retail choice-based situations. Results support these predictions with consumers lower in elaboration more likely to choose an energy efficient product when perceived distance is proximal versus distal, while the distance effect has less of an influence on consumers prone to higher elaboration. We test the effect of distance perceptions within a retail lab environment, as well as across ad and retail contexts. These results will help marketers better understand how to promote products in ad versus retail-based contexts and across different consumer groups. Findings offer implications for theory, retailers, product marketers, and NGO's interested in promoting energy efficient choices.
The North American Shale Resource: Characterization of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Productivity

Between 2005 and 2012, U.S. natural gas production from ultra-low permeability hydrocarbon-prone mud rock formations, often referred to as the “shale resource” [1], increased 20-fold to more than \(570\,\mathrm{{Mm}}^{3}\) per day, and now accounts for \({\approx }{33}\,\%\) of total U.S. gas output. These developments have had a profound impact on the U.S. energy sector.
Diel Feeding, Laminarinase Activity, and Phytoplankton Consumption by Euphausiids

AbstractThree corroborative techniques—stomach fullness, gut fluorescence, and digestive enzyme activity (laminarinase)—were used to examine the feeding ecology of two common euphausiid species off the California coast. Euphausia pacifica showed a diel feeding periodicity: stomach fullness, gut pigment levels, and laminarinase activity increased at night when this species entered the surface waters (< 80 m). In situ phytoplankton consumption by E. pacifica was quite variable and was positively correlated with surface chlorophyll a concentration at the time of collection. E. pacifica collected during March 1981 in Monterey Bay had the highest ingestion rates, and those collected in the Santa Barbara Channel during October 1980 had the lowest. Diel changes in digestive enzyme activity of E. pacifica were influenced by phytoplankton ingestion during a single feeding period. However, overall digestive enzyme levels (average day or night enzyme activity) were probably influenced by longer-term feeding conditio...
“QT clock” to improve detection of QT prolongation in long QT syndrome patients

Background The QT interval is a risk marker for cardiac events such as torsades de pointes. However, QT measurements obtained from a 12-lead ECG during clinic hours may not capture the full extent of a patient's daily QT range. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of 24-hour Holter ECG recording in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) to identify dynamic changes in the heart rate–corrected QT interval and to investigate methods of visualizing the resulting datasets. Methods Beat-to-beat QTc (Bazett) intervals were automatically measured across 24-hour Holter recordings from 202 LQTS type 1, 89 type 2, and 14 type 3 genotyped patients and a reference group of 200 healthy individuals. We measured the percentage of beats with QTc greater than the gender-specific threshold (QTc ≥470 ms in women and QTc ≥450 ms in men). The percentage of beats with QTc prolongation was determined across the 24-hour recordings. Results Based on the median percentage of heartbeats per patient with QTc prolongation, LQTS type 1 patients showed more frequent QTc prolongation during the day (~3 PM) than they did at night (~3 AM): 97% vs 48%, P ~10 –4 for men, and 68% vs 30%, P ~10 –5 for women. LQTS type 2 patients showed less frequent QTc prolongation during the day compared to nighttime: 87% vs 100%, P ~10 –4 for men, and 62% vs 100%, P ~10 –3 for women. Conclusion In patients with genotype-positive LQTS, significant differences exist in the degree of daytime and nocturnal QTc prolongation. Holter monitoring using the "QT clock" concept may provide an easy, fast, and accurate method for assessing the true personalized burden of QTc prolongation.
Adaptive Generalized Estimation Equation with Bayes Classifier for the Job Assignment Problem

We propose combining advanced statistical approaches with data mining techniques to build classifiers to enhance decision-making models for the job assignment problem. Adaptive Generalized Estimation Equation (AGEE) approaches with Gibbs sampling under Bayesian framework and adaptive Bayes classifiers based on the estimations of AGEE models which uses modified Naive Bayes algorithm are proposed. The proposed classifiers have several important features. Firstly, it accounts for the correlation among the outputs and the indeterministic subjective noise into the estimation of parameters. Secondly, it reduces the number of attributes used to predict the class. Moreover, it drops the assumption of independence made by the Naive Bayes classifier. We apply our techniques to the problem of assigning jobs to Navy officers, with the goal of enhancing happiness for both the Navy and the officers. The classification results were compared with nearest neighbor, Multi-Layer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine approaches.
Convergence of iterative decoding for fixed-point implementations

In this paper, we analyze the fixed-point implementation of the Turbo Decoder algorithm. Fixed-point numbers have a finite dynamic range and are quantized, which often results in a performance loss. Although the performance loss can be significant for 3 or 4-bit fixed-point numbers, we show that it is possible to minimize the loss by configuring the algorithm to reduce the required dynamic range at any one point in the data flow. Indeed, for the iterative Turbo Decoder, the dynamic range is the most critical performance factor.
The Literal and Literary Circulation of Amelia Curran’s Portrait of Percy Shelley

Henry James’s novella The Aspern Papers (1888; rev. 1908) has most typically been read as a critical examination of the literary scholar’s obsession with the mystery of creativity.1 There are, of course, obvious and numerous autobiographical resonances to James’s own life in the tale (e.g., James’s interest in the figures of Pushkin, Walt Whitman, Julian Hawthorne, Constance Fenimore Woolson, etc.),2 but this essay focuses instead on the presence of what I would call the strange afterlives of Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, and Claire Clairmont in the story. Presented as a famous American poet from New York and once the beloved of the now elderly daughter of a prominent American portrait painter, the portrait of the ghostly Jeffrey Aspern—not his papers—is, I would claim, the central and haunting object of desire in the story. One of the most memorable images remaining in one’s mind after reading the story is that beautiful disembodied male head, called a “relic” by the narrator, that has floated from its original and very private storage place in Juliana’s pocket (93) into the pocket of the narrator after Juliana’s death (131) and finally to its ultimate relocation in a public place of honor above the narrator’s writing desk (143). I would claim that James intended this portrait to be modeled very specifically on Amelia Curran’s famous painting of Percy Shelley (see figure 7.1), completed in Rome in 1819, a portrait that was so well known that it had assumed iconic and almost religious status by the time James was writing his novella.3
Returning the student to school after concussion: what do clinicians need to know?

Participation in school is vital to a child’s academic and social development. Following concussion, returning the student to school can pose several challenges for families, healthcare providers and school personnel. The complex constellation of postconcussion symptoms can impair learning and can make the school environment intolerable. Research evidence to guide the return to school process is lacking, but protocols have been proposed that outline a gradual reintroduction to school with academic accommodations tailored to the student’s specific symptoms. Key medical and school personnel must understand their respective roles to optimize the process. This review of the current literature examines the available data and expert recommendations that can support a student’s successful return to school following concussion.
Correlation of laser-induced damage to phase objects in bulk fused silica

The Optical Sciences Laser (OSL) Upgrade facility, described in last year's proceedings, is a kJ-class, large aperture (100cm 2 ) laser system that can accommodate prototype optical components for large-scale inertial confinement fusion lasers. High-energy operation of such lasers is often limited by damage to the optical components. Recent experiments on the OSL Upgrade facility using fused silica components at 4 J/cm 2 (351-nm, 3-ns) have created output surface and bulk damage sites that have been correlated to phase objects in the bulk of the material. Optical Path Difference (OPD) measurements of the phase defects indicate the probability of laser-induced damage is strongly dependent on OPD.
Complex patterns of transcription of a Drosophila retrotransposon in vivo and in vitro by RNA polymerases II and III

The mdg1 retrovirus-like retrotransposon of Drosophila melanogaster was found to possess a complex promoter which can be transcribed by both RNA polymerases II and III (pol II and pol III). Pol III transcription, which is not typical of protein-coding genes, is driven by the sequences located in the long terminal repeat (LTR) of mdg1, predominantly within the transcribed region and is initiated 10 bp upstream from the regular pol II RNA start site. The pol III RNA start site is observed not only in in vitro transcription reactions, but also in total RNA isolated from tissue culture cells, larvae, pupae and adult flies. A possible role of pol III transcription in mechanisms controlling the expression of full-length mdg1-encoded transcripts in the developing fly, which are apparently relaxed in cell culture, is discussed.
Some Principles of Retinal Design: The Proctor Lecture

Thus, across a scale of one-million-fold—theUS mapped down to your house lot—we know the retina’sbasic design (Fig. 1).Some will object to this term, because it implies a designer.But to Webster, ‘‘design’’ is simply ‘‘outline showing the mainfeatures of something to be executed.’’ So now we can ask, justwhat is this ‘‘something to be executed’’? What is the retina‘‘for’’?Obviously, it is for processing photoreceptor signals, butconsider a broader context (Fig. 2). Olfactory receptors coupledirectly to a spiking axon and so do touch receptors; auditoryreceptors use one synapse to drive a spiking axon. Butphotoreceptors require two layers of processing by asubstantial chunk of brain before ﬁnally sending a spike. Thisneural investment implies some big problem to be solved. So ifwe could identify the problem and grasp how the retina solvesit, we might ﬁnd some core principles that govern retinaldesign.The problem is that a cone in daylight captures informationat tremendous rates, approximately 10,000 quanta per second.This creates a ﬁnely graded voltage that travels passively to thesynaptic terminal, ~10 lm away. Conceivably, the cone mightextend an axon over centimeters into the brain, but the passivesignals would decay with a space constant of approximately 1millimeter.
Understanding a Contractor’s Regional Variations in Safety Performance

AbstractContractors’ safety performance can vary widely in the construction industry. However, it has not been well recognized that variations in safety performance could exist in the same contractor’s regional offices. There is also a lack of understanding of the differences between regions and what causes these variations. This paper analyzes the safety performance of a general contractor’s six major regional branches across four states after implementation of a new safety management program. The research finds apparent differences in regional incident rates (IRs) and safety violation rates (SVRs), although the shared perceptions from workers and site management personnel about how the safety program is implemented (i.e., safety climate and culture) are generally consistent companywide. This research also discloses that regional IRs, SVRs, safety climate, and culture are uncorrelated in the long term (during the 17-month study period), but have some linear relationships over a short duration (during the...
Inhaled nitric oxide in ARDS

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in numerous physiologic systems only recently has been discovered. When used as a gas, inhaled NO (iNO) has many unique properties that cause immediate improvements in pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygenation. Acute benefits in physiologic parameters have been demonstrated in numerous studies of iNO in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but recent randomized controlled trials have failed to show improvement in outcome. The addition of other treatments that prolong or enhance the affect of iNO or its use with other ventilator modalities such as prone positioning or high-frequency ventilation offer hope that iNO may be beneficial in select groups of patients.
Exact Sight Distance Determination on Compound Vertical and Horizontal Curves in the Presence of Road Barriers

The sight distance (SD) on a three-dimensional (3-d) compound curve has been studied recently in the absence of obstacles at road sides. Often, physical barriers are installed at road sides or in a roadway median for reducing potential collision severities; these rigid, semi-rigid, or even temporary cushion-type barriers can limit or reduce the driver's sight distance, depending on their horizontal offset distances away from the nearest edge of traveled way (ETW). The closer a barrier to the ETW is, the shorter the driver's sight distance would be. Since most barriers are constructed to prevent running-off road or crossing-median collisions, it is crucial to check whether the installation would reduce the driver's sight distance and potentially cause other traffic collisions such as rear-end or side swipe collisions. In this paper, an exact analytic framework is formulated with derived equations the first time to calculate the sight distance on a 3-d compound curve in the presence of a median barrier, a roadside barrier, or a temporary cushion or barrier used for construction or other maintenance purposes. This framework provides an engineer a handy tool to examine the possible change of SD in the presence of a barrier and choose the required horizontal offset/clearance of a barrier from the nearest traveled way edge to meet certain design criteria or standards. This critical offset distance determined using this framework not only reinforces the importance of having roadside clearance recovery zones on highways but also provides a method to determine its horizontal clearance from a different standpoint. This analytic framework can easily be programmed into an Excel spreadsheet to evaluate the design of a physical barrier and its potential influence on sight distance along a 3-d compound horizontal and vertical curve. Transportation engineers or practitioners may find this design tool handy and useful once the programmed spreadsheet is saved in a shared or a flash/thumb drive. Note that the sight distance on a two-dimensional curve, such as a horizontal or a vertical curve, can be calculated straightforward as special cases using the programmed spreadsheet.
Character stabilizer limits relative to a normal nilpotent subgroup

In his recent paper [ 11, Dade established the existence of some (rather unexpected) invariants of certain irreducible characters of finite groups. The purpose of the present paper is to state and to provide a relatively easy proof for a somewhat weakened and less general form of Dade’s result. In fact, Dade, in his introduction to [ 11, explicitly encouraged me to publish this simplified approach. To explain and motivate our theorem, we need to discuss “stabilizer limits.” Let x E Irr(G). (We work only with characters over the complex numbers. Dade, on the other hand, considers other characteristic zero fields too.) If Ma G and 8 is an irreducible constituent of xM, let T= Z&O), the inertia group. Then there is a unique character VE Irr(TI 0) such that qG =x. We call q the Clzfford correspondent of x with respect to 0. (Note that by taking M = 1, we see that x is one of its own Clifford correspondents.) We can repeat this process and consider Clifford correspondents (in T) for the Clifford correspondent q E Irr( T) of x. A character $ arising via any number of such iterations, we call a compound ClifSord correspondent (CCC) of x and we denote the set of these objects by CCC(x). Note that if Ic/ ECCC(X), then Ic/“=x. Consider “minimal” element of CCC(x). These are the compound Clifford correspondents $ of x which themselves have no proper Clifford correspondents. (In other words, they are quasiprimitive.) Following T. Berger and Dade, we call these characters the stabilizer limits of x. What do the different stabilizer limits for a given x E Irr(G) have in common? In general, the answer is “not much”.
The Double-Edged Sword of Reason The Scholar's Predicament and the Sociologist's Mission

Meditations pascaliennes is a highly idiosyncratic, even odd, book that juts out in the landscape of contemporary social thought. Part (anti-)philosophical treatise, part manifesto for a resolutely historicist conception of social action, structure and knowledge, and part theoretical stock-taking, explication and extension of a distinctive set of methodological stances and analytical devices tested on a vast and rugged empirical terrain, it is bursting with paradoxes – which, its author reminds us, means a breach of the doxa: here the accepted, taken-for-granted, ways of thinking (and, indeed, being) that undergird all scholarly activity, starting with the historic division and muffled rivalry between philosophy and sociology.1 In this long-gestating, hybrid sequel to Outline of a Theory of Practice and Homo Academicus, Pierre Bourdieu turns the weapons of theoretical reason on to theoretical reason itself and mobilizes the arsenal of philosophy to exorcise the philosophical intellectualism which he regards as the single major impediment to an adequate understanding of practice, power and society. He asserts the radical historicity of social science but also undercuts the facile relativism currently in vogue under the label of ‘postmodernism’. He ruins the claim of philosophy to pure thought and explodes its core tenets in epistemology, aesthetics and ethics, European Journal of Social Theory 2(3): 275–281
Pressure dependence of the Grüneisen parameters of KCl, KI, LiF, NaCl, and RbBr

Abstract A new expression has been obtained, using the Callaway integral equation for thermal conductivity, which relates the pressure dependence of thermal conductivities, average phonon velocities, and average Gruneisen parameters. Using this technique for the first time, we calculated the pressure dependence of the Gruneisen parameters of KCl, KI, LiF, NaCl, and RbBr at 310 K and zero pressure.
Bilinear Models of Natural Images

Previous work on unsupervised learning has shown that it is possible to learn Gabor-like feature representations, similar to those employed in the primary visual cortex, from the statistics of natural images. However, such representations are still not readily suited for object recognition or other high-level visual tasks because they can change drastically as the image changes to due object motion, variations in viewpoint, lighting, and other factors. In this paper, we describe how bilinear image models can be used to learn independent representations of the invariances, and their transformations, in natural image sequences. These models provide the foundation for learning higher-order feature representations that could serve as models of higher stages of processing in the cortex, in addition to having practical merit for computer vision tasks.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in a pediatric clinic for military dependent children.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was determined among dependents of military personnel by means of a semistructured parent interview, a behavior questionnaire completed by the child's teacher, and a diagnostic play interview with the child. Among 100 consecutive children ranging in age from 8 to 11 years, there were 35 with a psychiatric disorder. Conduct disorders were more common in boys: neurotic disorders were found more frequently in girls. In general, mothers of children diagnosed as having a psychiatric disorder differed little from those of children without an apparent psychiatric disorder in regard to their assessments of their children's behavior or emotional state.
Ordering reactions in an Ni25Mo8Cr alloy

Abstract The transformations from short- to long-range order in Haynes® Alloy 242, a nominal Ni25Mo8Cr (in wt%) alloy, during isothermal aging at temperatures between 550 and 750°C are reported using microhardness measurements, and optical and transmission electron microscopy. Aging below the critical transformation temperature (∼ 775°C) led to considerable hardening; this hardening was associated with the formation of a very high volume fraction of Ni 2 (Mo,Cr) domains/precipitates. The transformation from short- to long-range order was observed to proceed by a mechanism of continuous ordering at temperatures ⩽ 700°C, whereas at temperatures (750°C) close to the critical temperature a first order nucleation and growth mechanism appeared to be operative. The sequence of transformations are correlated with the associated diffraction effects and discussed in terms of theoretical formulations and experimental observations of other studies.
Prenatal Diagnosis of the Mucopolysaccharidoses by a Chemical Method

IRWIN A. SCHAFER (Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio): Dr. TAKEUCHI in our laboratory has been working with amniotic fluid. She has analyzed a much smaller number of normal controls, but can confirm your results with one minor exception. We find in normal amniotic fluid a small amount of heparitin sulfate. I think chemically the material that we get off the column is not as yet as well characterized as some of the material with which you have worked. We have also been able to confirm—probably the same specimen that you analyzed—the difference in distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the Hurler amniotic fluid. There is only one problem that is still a little bother-some to us, and that is the question of expressing the results in terms of volume, since I am not quite sure whether there might be differences in concentration, water content, of amniotic fluid which might artifactually influence the results. Dr. MATALON: I have discussed this problem previously with you, Dr. SCHAFER, and I agree with you that one might add more criteria for expressing these data. I would like to stress again that in the Hurler amniotic fluid the problem is not a problem of concentration only, but it is again a problem of total different distribution. In none of the amniotic fluids did we find any suggestion of this amount of heparitin sulfate; as you will recall, normal amniotic fluids have almost 80% of their polysaccharide as hyaluronic acid. The second thing you mentioned is that you detected some heparitin sulfate. We did the same thing you mentioned, and found a reactive substance in all the amniotic fluids; however, this substance was not true heparitin sulfate, because it gave reaction in the zero time, which heparitin sulfate does not.
Conduct disorder behaviors, childhood family instability, and childhood abuse as predictors of severity of adult homelessness among American veterans

Despite US federal efforts to end and prevent homelessness among veterans, there has been limited examination of pre-military factors like childhood problems, associated with adult homelessness. This study examined childhood problems among homeless veterans and its relation to severity of homelessness and outcomes in supported housing. Using data from 1,161 homeless veterans at 19 sites enrolled in the Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program, three types of childhood problems were examined: conduct disorder behaviors, family instability, and childhood abuse. Multiple regressions were conducted to examine the association between childhood problems and severity of homelessness before supported housing, and childhood problems and outcomes after supported housing. About one-third reported conduct disorder behaviors, over half reported family instability, and 40 % reported childhood abuse. Greater childhood problems were found in this sample compared to published samples of non-homeless veterans. Conduct disorder behaviors, family instability, and childhood abuse were each weakly associated with lifetime homeless episodes. One year after enrollment in the HUD-VASH program, past conduct disorder behaviors and family instability were not predictive of outcomes, except childhood abuse was related to less social support and lower quality of life. These findings demonstrate not only the potential impact of childhood abuse on social relationships and quality of life in adulthood, but also the resilience of homeless veterans from adverse childhoods to be successfully housed in a supported housing program.
The Egg-Count Index of Trichocephalus vulpis Infections in Dogs.

ConclusionsWhile the results of the present study on the egg output of Trichocephalus vulpis cannot be directly applied to that of T. trichiurus, they may provide some idea of the true output of the latter. If comparison is permitted with the results obtained by previous workers on T. trichiurus, it may be concluded that Leuckart's and Moosbrugger's calculations are much closer to the true ones than are those of Manalang and Correa and Mellone.
Executive attitudes, organizational size and ethical issues: Perspectives on a service industry

Responding to Randall and Gibson's (1990) call for more rigorous methodologies in empirically-based ethics research, this paper develops propositions — based on both previous ethics research as well as the larger organizational behavior literature — examining the impact of attitudes, leadership, presence/absence of ethical codes and organizational size on corporate ethical behavior. The results, which come from a mail survey of 149 companies in a major U.S. service industry, indicate that attitudes and organizational size are the best predictors of ethical behavior. Leadership and ethical codes contribute little to predicting ethical behavior. The paper concludes with an assessment of the relevant propositions, as well as a delineation of future research needs.
Embedding a Markov Chain into a Random Walk on a Permutation Group

Using representation theory, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a discrete-time Markov chain on a finite state space $E$ to be representable as $$\Psi_n \Psi_{n-1} \cdots \Psi_1 z,\quad n \geq 0,$$ for any $z \in E$, where the $\Psi_i$ are independent, identically distributed random permutations taking values in some given transitive group of permutations on $E$. The condition is particularly simple when the group is 2-transitive on $E$. We also work out the explicit form of our condition for the dihedral group of symmetries of a regular polygon.
Theories of contact specified by connection matrices

Abstract We begin by characterizing notions of geometric continuity represented by connection matrices. Next we present a set of geometric properties that must be satisfied by all reasonable notions of geometric continuity. These geometric requirements are then reinterpreted as an equivalent collection of algebraic constraints on corresponding sets of connection matrices. We provide a general technique for constructing sets of connection matrices satisfying these criteria and apply this technique to generate many examples of novel notions of geometric continuity. Using these constraints and construction techniques, we show that there is no notion of geometric continuity between reparametrization continuity of order 3, ( G 3 ), and Frenet frame continuity of order 3, ( F 3 ); that there are several notions of geometric continuity between G 4 and F 4 ; and that the number of different notions of geometric continuity between G n and F n grows at least exponentially with n .
Experimental design and analysis for piezoelectric circular actuators in flow control applications

Flow control can lead to saving millions of dollars in fuel costs each year by making an aircraft more efficient. Synthetic jets, a device for active flow control, operate by introducing small amounts of energy locally to achieve non-local changes in the flow field with large performance gains. These devices consist of a cavity with an oscillating diaphragm that divides it into active and passive sides. The active side has a small opening where a jet is formed, while the passive side does not directly participate in the fluidic jet. Over the years, research has shown that synthetic jet behavior is dependent on the active diaphragm and the cavity design; hence, the focus of this work. The performance of the synthetic jet is studied under various factors related to the diaphragm and the cavity geometry. Three diaphragms, manufactured from piezoelectric composites, were selected for this study: Bimorph, Thunder? and Lipca. The overall factors considered are the driving signals, voltage, frequency, cavity height, orifice size, and passive cavity pressure. Using the average maximum jet velocity as the response variable, these factors are individually studied for each actuator, and statistical analysis tools are used to select the relevant factors in the response variable. The factors are divided into two experimental fractional factorial design matrices, with five and four factors, respectively. Both experiments are chosen to be of resolution V, where main factors are confounded with three-factor interactions. In the first experimental design, the results show that frequency is not a significant factor, while waveform is significant for all the actuators. In addition, the magnitude of the regression coefficients suggests that a model that includes the diaphragm as a factor may be possible. These results are valid within the ranges tested, that is low frequencies and sawtooth and sine waveform as driving signals. In the second experimental design, cavity dimensions are kept constant and four factors including back pressure are considered. In this case, each diaphragm produces different results with only one diaphragm, Thunder, showing a definite relationship between the studied factors. The other two diaphragms do not show conclusive results, indicating that there may be other factors that need to be considered when pressure is a concern. In summary, independently of the diaphragm utilized in a synthetic jet actuator, applied waveform is an important factor when maximizing peak jet velocity. In addition, frequency is found not to be significant in all cases within the limits of the study. This indicates that the diaphragm and the driving signal should be included in any optimization design of a piezoelectric synthetic jet actuator.
Anthropology and mental retardation: Research approaches and opportunities

Although mental retardation is largely a sociocultural phenomenon, anthropological interest in this field has been slow to develop. In recent years, anthropological concepts and methods have been used in study of the community adaptation of mentally retarded persons and societal reactions to them. As an illustration, research developments at the Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA, are discussed. The need for expanded, collaborative research by social and biomedical scientists is examined. The research puzzles include the links between poverty, ethnicity, schools, families and mental retardation, as well as the nature of intelligence and adaptation.
A Case Study of Explosive Subsynoptic-Scale Cyclogenesis

Abstract The continental cyclone of 28–29 March 1984 was noteworthy for its explosive intensification within six hours. Surface and upper-air data are analyzed for this storm throughout its 18-h life cycle of growth and decay over the eastern United States. The short time scale of this low's explosive development motivates us to place particular emphasis upon the hourly surface observations and their relationship to the rapid cyclogenesis. While the synoptic-scale environment of the cyclogenesis consisted of quasi-geostrophic ascent, surface data reveal that the intersection of a heated moist tongue of air and an intensifying cold front was the approximate location of the initial vortex. The surface-based lifted index over the incipient cyclone was about −8°C. Static stability had decreased steadily prior to the cyclogenesis. Frontogenctic forcing and deep convection followed the surface cyclone for the next four hours of explosive deepening. Filling of the cyclone occurred as the surface frontogenetic fo...
Controversies in the diagnosis of Barrett esophagus and Barrett-related dysplasia: one pathologist's perspective.

Abstract Context.—Pathologists frequently assess esophageal biopsy specimens to “rule out Barrett esophagus,” as well as to assess for the presence or absence of dysplasia. Objective.—To review som...
User defined data types in APL2

This paper is an investigation of possible definitions of new enclose-like functions, their impact on the APL2 language, and their usefulness in applications. Several variants of enclose have been proposed over the years that range from data structure primitives to data type producing primitives. Operator analogues of enclose can be used to create functions that pervade structures and types in different ways. Defined operators can implement type hierarchy and respond to fill items in prototype execution by referring to tables of type characteristics.
Numerical simulation of a plane turbulent mixing layer, with applications to isothermal, rapid reactions

A hybrid method has been developed for the numerical prediction of turbulent mixing in a spatially-developing, free shear layer. Most significantly, the computation incorporates the effects of large-scale structures, Schmidt number and Reynolds number on mixing, which have been overlooked in the past. In flow field prediction, large-eddy simulation was conducted by a modified 2-D vortex method with subgrid-scale modeling. The predicted mean velocities, shear layer growth rates, Reynolds stresses, and the RMS of longitudinal velocity fluctuations were found to be in good agreement with experiments, although the lateral velocity fluctuations were overpredicted. In scalar transport, the Monte Carlo method was extended to the simulation of the time-dependent pdf transport equation. For the first time, the mixing frequency in Curl's coalescence/dispersion model was estimated by using Broadwell and Breidenthal's theory of micromixing, which involves Schmidt number, Reynolds number and the local vorticity. Numerical tests were performed for a gaseous case and an aqueous case. Evidence that pure freestream fluids are entrained into the layer by large-scale motions was found in the predicted pdf. Mean concentration profiles were found to be insensitive to Schmidt number, while the unmixedness was higher for higher Schmidt number. Applications were made to mixing layers with isothermal, fast reactions. The predicted difference in product thickness of the two cases was in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental measurements.
Sharing risk and ambiguity

We study the market implications of ambiguity in common models. We show that generic determinacy is a robust feature in general equilibrium models that allow a distinction between ambiguity and risk.
Hospital-acquired gram-negative pneumonia in critically Ill, injured patients

Hospital-acquired gram-negative pneumonia is a major problem in critically ill, injured patients. The currently available therapeutic interventions to prevent the disease process are of limited usefulness. This most likely reflects an incomplete understanding of the complex pathophysiologic mechanism and thus invites examination of alternative mechanisms. We have hypothesized that the lung's response to traumatic injury may be driving the local organ injury by generating an early, local pulmonary cytokine production independent of the systemic cytokine response or the intensive care unit environment. Understanding the local pulmonary cytokine response to traumatic injury and its effect on the pulmonary airspace's immunologic contents may yield targeted and clinically relevant therapeutic interventions. Currently, the successful treatment of hospital-acquired gram-negative pneumonia depends on a clear and consistent definition of the disease process, knowledge that therapy with a single antibiotic is effective, and use of a concise treatment protocol that provides for reassessment of the patient when antibiotic therapy appears to be ineffective.
Human Acellular Dermis versus Submuscular Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction: A Multivariate Analysis of Short-Term Complications

Background Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) allografts and their putative benefits have been increasingly described in prosthesis based breast reconstruction. There have been a myriad of analyses outlining ADM complication profiles, but few large-scale, multi-institutional studies exploring these outcomes. In this study, complication rates of acellular dermis-assisted tissue expander breast reconstruction were compared with traditional submuscular methods by evaluation of the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) registry.
Quantitative histochemical assessment of regional differences in hepatic glucose uptake and release.

As a further step in the investigation of the heterogeneity of liver cells in general and regionality of glucose metabolism in particular, requirements for isolation of appropriate tissue samples were defined and procedures for measurement of the biochemical parameters responsible for glucose uptake and release developed and tested. By using enzymatic cycling for chemical amplification, in conjunction with the oil-well technique, sufficient analytical sensitivity was provided to assay samples averaging 20 ng dry weight. Microchemical data on the distribution of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase and of their substrates, glucose and glucose-6-P, were used to, first calculate in vivo rates of these catalytic steps by means of the Michaelis-Menten equation, and then, to determine the direction and rate of net glucose flux, as well as, the rate of substrate cycling between glucose and glucose-6-P. Calculations from the results indicated a reciprocal distribution of in vivo glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase velocities, as well as, sex-specific differences. The distribution of in vivo activities results in a spatial separation of these antagonistic steps. Separation is incomplete, but nevertheless appears to lead to regionally different rates in futile substrate cycling. Glucose gradients permit differentiation between net glucose uptake and release and were, therefore, used as a test of the validity of the calculations of in vivo activities. The observed discrepancies between glucose gradients and calculated in vivo enxyme activities illustrate the power of this approach: it provides a way to compare changes in glucose along the sinusoid with what would be predicted from the levels of enzymes which liberate and tie up glucose and of their respective substrates.
Trackability as a cue for potential obstacle identification and 3-D description

In many man-made environments, obstacles in the path of a mobile robot can be characterized asshallow, that is, they have relatively small extent in depth compared to the distance from the camera. We present a framework for segmenting shallow structures from their background over a sequence of images. Shallowness is first quantified asaffine describability. This is embedded in a tracking system within which hypothesized model structures undergo a cycle of prediction and model-matching. Structures emerge either as shallow or nonshallow based on theiraffine trackability. Two major contributions of this work are (i) aggregate object tracking based on 3-D motion and structure constraints in constrast with traditional primitive feature tracking based on image motion heuristics, and (ii) use of temporal behavior for object segmentation and 3-D reconstruction.
Superinfection immunity of mycobacteriophage L5: applications for genetic transformation of mycobacteria

Mycobacteriophage L5 is a temperate phage of the mycobacteria that forms stable lysogens in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We show here that the 183‐amino‐acid product of L5 gene 71 confers immunity to L5 superinfection, is required for maintenance of the lysogenic state and contains a helix‐turn‐helix DNA‐binding motif—properties associated with repressors of temperate phages. We have utilized these observations to demonstrate the use of L5 gene 71 as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of the mycobacteria. Significantly, the use of L5 gene 71 as a selectable gene avoids the requirement for antibiotic‐resistance genes providing an important tool for manipulation of the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium, and for the construction of recombinant BCG vaccines. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
New site-directed polyclonal antibody maps N-terminus of occluded region of the non-transformed glucocorticoid receptor oligomer to within BUGR epitope.

Abstract Using a 17-mer synthetic peptide for immunization, a polyclonal antibody (WS933) directed against amino acid residues 395–411 of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) has been raised and used to probe the significance of this region in forming the receptor oligomer and to localize the truncation site of the mutant GCR of the P1798 lymphosarcoma. This region of the receptor, which encompasses the BUGR epitope, is amino-terminal of and immediately adjacent to the DNA-binding domain. The polyclonal antibody WS933 reacted with both native and denatured forms of the wild-type mouse GCR as judged by its ability to shift the transformed receptor peak on Sephacryl S300 columns, to immunoadsorb the receptor to protein A Sepharose, and by immunoblot analysis where it identified the 98 kDa receptor protein in the cortisol-sensitive line of the P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma. WS933 also reacted with rat and rabbit GCR, but not human GCR. These characteristics were shared by the BUGR-2 monoclonal antibody. Unexpectedly, there were two highly significant differences between WS933 and BUGR-2. The first was the ability of WS933 to bind to the mutant 45 kDa GCR of the cortisol-resistant P1798 lymphosarcoma as judged by its capability of shifting the receptor peak on Sephacryl S300 columns. BUGR-2, in contrast, was unable to shift this mutant receptor peak. Secondly, WS933 was unable to react with the non-DNA-binding form of the wild-type (or mutant) GCR, whereas BUGR-2 could react with the non-DNA-binding form of the wild-type GCR. The first observation suggests that the truncation site of the mutant receptor may lie within a portion of the BUGR domain. Additionally, the second observation implies that at least part of the region lying within amino acid residues 395–411 of the mouse GCR is occluded in the receptor oligomer and that this site only becomes available upon transformation of the GCR to the DNA-binding form. This data provides the first mapping of the amino-terminus of the occluded region of the non-transformed receptor, and suggests that WS933 will be a useful probe for characterizing mutant as well as wild type glucocorticoid receptors.
Detectable Gravitational Radiation from Stellar Collapse

The problem of astrophysical sources of detectable gravitational radiation is considered from the stellar-evolution viewpoint. Calculations are presented which indicate that the final stages of evolution may well be dominated by rapidly rotating, collapsing cores which develop nonaxisymmetric configurations. Such events emit large amounts of gravitational radiation which should be detectable in the near future.
Time-course of attention biases in social phobia.

Abstract Theoretical models of social phobia implicate preferential attention to social threat in the maintenance of anxiety symptoms, though there has been limited work characterizing the nature of these biases over time. The current study utilized eye-movement data to examine the time-course of visual attention over 1500 ms trials of a probe detection task. Nineteen participants with a primary diagnosis of social phobia based on DSM-IV criteria and 20 non-clinical controls completed this task with angry, fearful, and happy face trials. Overt visual attention to the emotional and neutral faces was measured in 50 ms segments across the trial. Over time, participants with social phobia attend less to emotional faces and specifically less to happy faces compared to controls. Further, attention to emotional relative to neutral expressions did not vary notably by emotion for participants with social phobia, but control participants showed a pattern after 1000 ms in which over time they preferentially attended to happy expressions and avoided negative expressions. Findings highlight the importance of considering attention biases to positive stimuli as well as the pattern of attention between groups. These results suggest that attention “bias” in social phobia may be driven by a relative lack of the biases seen in non-anxious participants.
Effects of Type of Cage Partition, Cage Shape, and Bird Density on Productivity and Well-Being of Layers

In Experiment 1 there were no significant differences in rate of lay, egg quality, latency to feeding, and feather condition of hens in cages with wire mesh or solid metal side partitions. Birds in cages with solid metal side partitions had significantly higher mortality (6%) and weight gain (6%) than those in cages with wire side partitions. The deep caged hens had significantly lower mortality (8%) than the shallow caged hens. Hens housed at 464 cm2 of floor area/hen had significantly higher hen-housed egg production (4.9%), lower weight gain (8%), and higher average feather scores (.8 unit) than those housed at 348 cm2. In Experiment 2 type of cage side and back partitions (wire vs. solid metal) significantly affected grams of egg per gram of feed. Birds in deep cages had significantly lower mortality (8.6%) and higher feed consumption (15.2 g/hen/day) than those in shallow cages. Hen-housed rate of lay, mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, and feather scores were significantly affected by bird density: 64.6%, 15%, 24.6%, .384% g egg/g feed, and 4.7 units, respectively, for hens with 464 cm2 floor area vs. 70.8%, 8.3%, 25.2%, .362% g egg/g feed, and 5.8 units for hens with 348 cm2. Data suggest that hens in cages with solid metal sides performed similarly to their sisters in cages with wire mesh sides and backs.