cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION OF SPINNING MISSILE FLOW FIELDS USING U 2 NCLE

Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions were obtained to predict the aerodynamic performance of a spinning missile with dithering canards. Integrated force and moment coefficients were computed, along with helicity contours to track the vortices being generated by the canards. Comparisons were made to determine the effect of grid resolution and viscous effects. The grid resolution study was performed using 3 levels of refinement. The results indicated that the force and moment coefficients generated using the medium refinement grid were in agreement with those using the fine grid. However, the finest grid increased the resolution of the vortices, particularly the canard root vortex. Comparison of the viscous and inviscid force and moment coefficients revealed that the viscous effects were not significant. The largest viscous contribution was to the axial force, which was approximately 10% of the total axial force. The main difference between the inviscid and viscous results is the resolution of the canard root vortex. Overall the viscous effects were minimal, as expected, since the flow is supersonic and at this low angle of attack, the flow remains attached, the vortices do not impinge on the tail fins or missile body, and there are no regions of separated flow where viscous effects are important.
Integration of an invasive consumer into an estuarine food web: direct and indirect effects of the New Zealand mud snail

Introduced species interact both directly and indirectly with native species. We examine interactions between the introduced New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and native estuarine invertebrates and predators through experiments and field studies. A widely held management concern is that when P. antipodarum, which has low nutritional value, becomes abundant, it replaces nutritious prey in fish diets. We tested two key components of this view: (1) that fish consume, but get little direct nutritional value from P. antipodarum; and (2) that P. antipodarum has an indirect negative effect on fish by reducing the energy derived from native prey. We also examined predation by the native signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Laboratory feeding trials showed that both crayfish and fish consume P. antipodarum, a direct effect. Crayfish consumed and successfully digested higher numbers of snails than did fish [Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), three spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and juvenile starry flounder (Platicthys stellatus)]. P. antipodarum occurred at low frequencies in the stomachs of wild-caught fish. More interesting were the indirect effects of this invader, which ran counter to predictions. P. antipodarum presence was associated with no change or an increase in the amount of energy derived from native prey by predators. The presence of P. antipodarum also led to increased consumption of and preference for the native amphipod Americorophium salmonis over the native isopod Gnorimosphaeroma insulare. This is an example of short-term, asymmetric, apparent competition, in which the presence of one prey species (snails) increases predation on another prey species (the amphipod).
CARBOAMINATION REACTIONS USING TITANIUM PRE-CATALYSTS: A CATALYTIC PROSPECT TO PREPARING CONJUGATED C–N/C–C FRAMEWORKS

We report in this account the synthesis of a series of titanium catalysts for the carboamination of internal aryl alkynes with aldimines to produce highly arylrated α,β-unsaturated imines. Early work on the Cp2Zr(NAr) compounds have laid the premise to develop more sophisticated, but reactive, titanium reagents supported by the popular β-diketiminates. This work has ultimately led to the preparation of simple titanium catalysts stemming from the protonation of commercially available compounds such Ti(NMe2)4. The latter reaction offers superior carboamination catalytic activity to the earlier Zr and Ti systems and provides an interesting approach to study how C–N and C–C bonds are formed.
Using minimum degree to bound average distance

Abstract We show the average distance μ of a connected graph with n vertices, e edges and minimum degree d satisfies μ⩽ ⌊ (n+1)n(n−1)−2e d+1 ⌋ n(n−1) . This improves conjectures of the computer program Graffiti (Fajtlowicz, Written on the wall, Conjectures made by program Graffiti, University of Houston, 1990), and He and Li (Math. Appl. 4 (1991) 28–34) and the results of Kouider and Winkler (J. Graph Theory 25 (1997) 95–99). The bound is sharp since complete graphs yield equality.
ON THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT ARE EMOTIONS: A REPLY TO SCHERER, AND FISCHER AND FRIJDA*

I am honored that such distinguished emotion researchers as Professor Scherer, and Professors Fischer and Frijda have offered their comments on my paper “The social constitution of emotion.” I am also gratified that they acknowledge the main thesis of the paper, namely that in whatever respects some emotions may be said to be socially constituted, they are not constituted by the employment-by actor or observer-of socially learned and negotiated emotion labels. I thought this important to stress since too many psychologists do seem inclined to reject or neglect social analyses of emotion (and of other psychological phenomena) just because they associate them with the sort of epistemological relativism advocated by theorists such as Ken Gergen. My aim was to establish that the legitimate respects in which some emotions may be said to be socially constituted poses no threat to the objectivity of psychological theories of emotion. Professors Fischer and Frijda are concerned that I may be jousting with windmills. My paper was primarily directed against the social constructionist analysis of emotion offered by Gergen and his disciples. I do not know how representative his position is with respect to other social constructionist theorists and emotion researchers, but it does appear to be taken seriously in many quarters. Fischer and Frijda regret my neglect of “weak”,or “realist” constructionist views, such as those offered by Harre, Armon-Jones, and Coulter, and Scherer regrets my neglect of the work of those who advance cognitive appraisai theories of emotion, some of whom recognize the social origins of such appraisals. Although I consider the work of such theorists to be of direct relevance to the issues discussed in the paper, it frequently remains ambiguous with respect to the role of the cognitive labeling of emotions. Thus I neither felt comfortable citing such theorists in support of my own position, or as further exemplars of the type of position advanced by Gergen. Indeed it was precisely because I found many social and cognitive theories of emotion highly ambiguous with respect to the role of cognitive labeling that I felt obliged to author a paper arguing that cognitive labeling plays no constitutive role with respect to emotions, including those emotions that may be said to be socially constituted. Scherer is, however, correct to chide me for a crucial ambiguity of my own, with respect to the closing sentences of the paper, where it is claimed that “many
Duration effects of supraliminal electrical stimuli to the tongue.

The investigation was concerned with temporal summation for supraliminal electrocutaneous stimuli to the tongue. One experiment (N = 5) dealt with pulse duration and a second experiment (N = 5) was...
Spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency BOLD fluctuations in rats and humans

Most studies involving spontaneous fluctuations in the BOLD signal extract connectivity patterns that show relationships between brain areas that are maintained over the length of the scanning session. In this study, however, we examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of the BOLD fluctuations to identify common patterns of propagation within a scan. A novel pattern finding algorithm was developed for detecting repeated spatiotemporal patterns in BOLD fMRI data. The algorithm was applied to high temporal resolution T2*-weighted multislice images obtained from rats and humans in the absence of any task or stimulation. In rats, the primary pattern consisted of waves of high signal intensity, propagating in a lateral to medial direction across the cortex, replicating our previous findings (Majeed et al., 2009a). These waves were observed primarily in sensorimotor cortex, but also extended to visual and parietal association areas. A secondary pattern, confined to subcortical regions consisted of an initial increase and subsequent decrease in signal intensity in the caudate-putamen. In humans, the most common spatiotemporal pattern consisted of an alteration between activation of areas comprising the "default-mode" (e.g., posterior cingulate and anterior medial prefrontal cortices) and the "task-positive" (e.g., superior parietal and premotor cortices) networks. Signal propagation from focal starting points was also observed. The pattern finding algorithm was shown to be reasonably insensitive to the variation in user-defined parameters, and the results were consistent within and between subjects. This novel approach for probing the spontaneous network activity of the brain has implications for the interpretation of conventional functional connectivity studies, and may increase the amount of information that can be obtained from neuroimaging data.
Emergency evacuations, panic, and social psychology.

Professor Mawson’s article presents an in my mind, for threats are not disasters nor are they necessarily associated with perceived updated and current understanding of panic and a fourfold typology of individual and colphysical danger; oftentimes people perceive threats in the absence of disaster, or do not lective reactions to threats and disasters. The paper, an expansion of Dr. Mawson’s earlier perceive threats when in fact they are very much present, as in cases of nuclear contamiwritings on panic (especially his undated manuscript, which includes a somewhat simination. Nor does perception of severe physical danger necessarily lead to terror and extreme lar typology; see also 1979), presents a near exhaustive review of the literature on panic fear, as witnessed by the highly organized, coordinated, and specialized activities of urban and less so on other subjects, to show the real limitations in the use of the term. Its message, search and rescue specialists performing their duties in the midst of very unstable and danthat despite variations in the nature of hazards and disasters people continue to be social begerous collapsing buildings in the aftermath of disasters such as earthquakes and terrorist ings who care for others and act pro-socially in the midst of dangers and grave difficulties acts. Finally, the other dimension in the typology, the whereabouts of attachment figures is sound, as is his attempt to identify four ideal type response patterns or collective reactions (present or absent), has been shown in a number of studies in the social science of disaster to threats and disasters. In that sense, even if not fully successful, the article presents a to be much less important a determinant of people’s disaster-relevant behavior than their worthy attempt to expand onNorris Johnson’s pioneering contributions in this area (see beknowledge that these significant others are safe and out of harm’s way. There is a wide low). In part, the problem I hadwith the article is derived from its multi-disciplinary focus, range of possible relationships between perception of severe physical danger and presence perhaps a reflection of Dr. Mawson’s professional training in medicine, epidemiology, soof attachment figures: at times, people who are very far from the danger exhibit quite a ciology, psychology, economics, political science, and public health, which in my opinion bit of apprehension and concern for their dear ones, while at other times, people near the gives the article a sense of disconnectedness. I found myself in agreement with many of its source of danger show little concern for significant others. Perhaps many of these issues parts but yet found it difficult to derive a holistic understanding of the main thrust of the could have been clarified with a clear and unambiguous definition of affiliative behavior, article. The typology raises some confusion
The role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of ecdysone synthesis

The involvement of cAMP in the steroidogenic action of the cerebral neuropeptide, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), was examined in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. PTTH stimulates ecdysone synthesis by paired organs in the thorax, the prothoracic glands. The steroidogenic effect of PTTH on prothoracic glands of day 3 fifth instar larvae and day 0 pupae is mimicked in vitro by agents that act by increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP (1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, cAMP analogs and forskolin). In addition, partially purified big PTTH (Mr 28500 daltons) stimulates the formation of cAMP in both stages of glands in a rapid, dose-dependent manner. However, a significant accumulation of cAMP in response to PTTH occurs only in larval prothoracic glands. In pupal glands, effects of the neuropeptide on cAMP synthesis are seen only in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The results indicate that cAMP is involved as a second messenger in PTTH action, but that the developmental status of the prothoracic glands influences the degree to which cAMP accumulates in response to the neurohormone.
Software Testing as a Service: An Academic Research Perspective

Software testing is becoming an increasingly expensive and time-consuming endeavor. With advances in cloud computing, new methods of testing in cloud environments are allowing testers to take advantage of the vast resources of the cloud while demanding less upfront costs. Testing as a service (TaaS) is a model of software testing that offers accessible services that handle testing activities for consumers on a pay-for-use basis. The goal of this paper is to describe the state of academic research within TaaS, including a basic architecture, example services, recent studies, benefits, challenges, needs, and a road ahead.
PHOTORECEPTOR ORGANELLES IN ANIMALS.

Summary 1. The relatively high refractive index of rod and cone outer segments causes them to show wave-guide properties. 2. Rod outer segments have a positive intrinsic birefringence and a negative form birefringence. The former results from oriented lipid molecules, the latter from the disk structure of the outer segment. 3. Electron microscopy of outer segments shows that the disks are formed from infoldings of the surface membrane, each disk consisting of two folds adhering together on their outer surfaces. Studies of other cell membranes have suggested that their lipid molecules form a continuous or discontinuous bimolecular leaflet which is sandwiched between protein layers, and this structure probably applies to each of the disk membranes. 4. From the lipid content of rod outer segments a rough estimate of the thickness of a continuous lipid layer in each disk membrane can be made. This is only a little smaller than the requirements of a bimolecular leaflet. 5. Rhodopsin is a lipoprotein whose lipid content forms a considerable fraction of the total outer-segment lipid. This and other data suggest that rhodopsin may be a structural component of the disk membrane. 6. The initial effect of light on rhodopsin is probably to isomerize II-cis to all-trans retinene, and various thermal rearrangements follow which eventually cause the detachment of retinene from opsin. The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin is similar in situ and in solution, but the absorption spectra of the photoproducts are somewhat different. 7. Rhodopsin is strongly dichroic in the rod, indicating that the retinene molecule lies mainly in the plane of the disks. 8. Rhabdomeres, the photoreceptor organelles of many higher invertebrates, are formed from close-packed microvilli. They show a negative birefringence which probably results from the lipid molecules within the microvillar membrane. 9. All well-authenticated rhabdomere visual pigments have a retinene chromophore, and in many features the photochemical processes resemble those of vertebrate rhodopsin. The extraction processes for vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins are also similar. 10. The question of whether insect rhabdomeres show dichroism is still open, but there is good evidence for dichroism in some cephalopod rhabdomeres. This is probably the physiological basis for the polarized light discrimination shown by octopus. 11. Some possible mechanisms for the transmission of the light stimulus within photoreceptor organelles are discussed.
Visualization of mosaicism in tissues of normal and mismatch-repair-deficient mice carrying a microsatellite-containing transgene

To determine the frequency of mutation in different cell types of mammals, transgenic mice that allow mutant cells to be visualized in situ were used. These mice carry a defective allele of the human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) gene. The allele does not produce enzyme because the reading frame is shifted by an insertion of 7 G:C basepairs. The insertion is adjacent to four existing G:C basepairs, so the allele has a tract of 11 Gs. The G11 PLAP allele was studied in wildtype mice and in mice deficient in mismatch-repair (MMR) due to lack of either Pms2 or Mlh1. PLAP+ cells were counted in brain, heart, kidney, and liver. In wildtype mice, there was an average of between 5 and 30 PLAP+ events per million cells. No cells with alkaline phosphatase activity were detected in tissues from mice lacking the PLAP gene. In MMR-deficient mice, the number of PLAP+ allele was increased by at least three-order of magnitude in brain, heart and kidney, but <10-fold in liver. These data show that MMR is vital to maintaining repeat stability in brain, heart and kidney cells. The reason for the different results in the liver is not clear. Cells in the liver were shown to be capable of expressing of PLAP enzyme and PLAP mRNA was present in this organ.
The Influence of Gender Role Stereotyping on Women's Experiences of Female Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence

Female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) is a serious problem that affects the health and safety of lesbian and bisexual women. To begin to address the paucity of research, a mixed methods study was conducted to identify shared and unique risk and protective factors for FSSIPV. This article reports on qualitative findings related to the influence of gender role stereotyping on women's experiences of FSSIPV. Findings indicate that gender role stereotyping shapes women's experiences of FSSIPV by influencing individual, familial, community, and societal perceptions and responses to this phenomenon.
Intracranial hypotension with spinal pathology

Abstract Background context Intracranial hypotension (IH) is a syndrome in which volume depletion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in various neurological symptoms. Most commonly, a small tear or defect in the spinal dural sac is the underlying lesion that results in a CSF leakage and IH. Causes of IH can be classified as 1) spontaneous (primary), and 2) secondary. Knowledge of IH is essential to spine surgeons, because a small proportion of patients with spontaneous IH require spine surgery, and secondary causes of IH include spine trauma, various spine-related diagnostic/therapeutic procedures (iatrogenic), and degenerative spine disorders. Purpose The purpose of this review is to update knowledge of IH pertinent to spine surgery. Study design/setting Review of the literature. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PUBMED. The literature regarding IH with spinal pathology published from 1966 to 2005 was searched and reviewed comprehensively. Results/conclusions The lower cervical and upper thoracic spine are the predilection sites for a CSF leak in patients with spontaneous IH. Mechanical stress may have a role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous IH, and meningeal diverticula and connective tissue disorders may be important risk factors. Iatrogenic causes of IH include lumbar puncture, spine surgery, and chiropractic manipulation. Rarely, degenerative spine disorders are the secondary cause of IH. Although orthostatic headache is the characteristic symptom of IH, a small proportion of patients present with neck pain or radicular symptoms of the upper extremity. Imaging studies of the spine have contributed significantly to elucidation of the pathophysiology of IH as well as identification of the site of a CSF leak. Typical spinal radiographic findings of IH include extra-arachnoid or extradural fluid collections, meningeal enhancement, engorgement of the epidural venous plexus, and tonsilar descent into the foramen magnum. Most patients with spontaneous IH respond favorably to conservative management, including autologous epidural blood patch. Surgical intervention is reserved for those who fail the conservative management. Although immediate clinical improvement is usually achieved by surgery, the long-term outcomes of surgical patients need to be investigated further. In patients who have a secondary cause of IH, treatment of the underlying lesion or condition may terminate a CSF leak and result in reversal of symptoms.
An Alternative Internal Standard for Analysis of Ethosuximide by On-Column Methylation and Gas Chromatography

The determination of ethosuximide (o~-ethyl-~-methyl-succinimide) in serum by gas chromatography using on-column methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been reported (1-3). In this method,eo~-dimethyl-fl-mothylsuccinimide (AA) was incorporated as the internal standard in the toluene extraction procedure.
Pathway interactions between MAPKs, mTOR, PKA, and the glucocorticoid receptor in lymphoid cells

Background Glucocorticoids are frequently used as a primary chemotherapeutic agent in many types of human lymphoid malignancies because they induce apoptosis through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, with subsequent alteration of a complex network of cellular mechanisms. Despite clinical usage for over fifty years, the complete mechanism responsible for glucocorticoid-related apoptosis or resistance remains elusive. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is a signal transduction network that influences a variety of cellular responses through phosphorylation of specific target substrates, including the glucocorticoid receptor. In this study we have evaluated the pharmaceutical scenarios which converge on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to alter glucocorticoid sensitivity in clones of human acute lymphoblastic CEM cells sensitive and refractory to apoptosis in response to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone.
Radioimmunoassay of plasma pregnenolone.

ABSTRACT A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma unconjugated pregnenolone (5Δ-P) is described. The 3-hemisuccinate of 5Δ-P was coupled to human serum albumin using carbodiimide. One adult ewe was immunized with 2 mg of this conjugate. The antiserum obtained after 7 months of immunization was used in the assay. One to two ml of plasma or serum, with 3H-5Δ-P added for recovery was extracted with ether and chromatographed on a microcolumn of celite. Incubation of the dried 5Δ-P fraction was carried out at 4 C in the presence of 3H-5Δ-P and diluted antiserum at 4 C in phosphate buffer with 0.1% gelatin. The mean recovery of 3H-5AΔ-P after extraction and chromatography was 62%. The sensitivity varied between 0.05 and 0.1 ng 5Δ-P. Recovery experiments of 5Δ-P added to plasma confirmed accuracy. Concentrations of 5Δ-P in plasma from men averaged 0.75 ± 0.55 (SD) ng/ml. Using single determinations during each phase of the menstrual cycle, premenopausal women had levels of 0.71 ± 0.45 (sd) and 1.38 ± 0.6...
Comparison between several adaptive search vector quantization schemes and JPEG standard for image compression

This paper introduces an adaptive search vector quantization (VQ) algorithm, hierarchical adaptive search VQ (HASVQ) and compares its performance against several previously proposed adaptive search image compression algorithms. These algorithms are: the JPEG standard, adaptive tree search vector quantization (ATSVQ), multi-stage adaptive search vector quantization (MASVQ). The bit-rate examined is from 0.625 to 1.25 bits per pixel (bpp). The results indicate that HASVQ outperforms all the other algorithms over the entire range of bit-rates examined. For higher bit-rates MASVQ performs next to the HASVQ algorithm and is, in-turn, followed by the JPEG standard. ATSVQ performs well at lower bit-rates, however its performance at higher bit-rates is suppressed by not having an adequate codebook size. >
Residual-Free Bubbles for the Helmholtz Equation

The Galerkin method enriched with residual-free bubbles is considered for approximating the solution of the Helmholtz equation. Two-dimensional tests demonstrate the improvement over the standard Galerkin method and the Galerkin-least-squares method using piecewise bilinear interpolations.
Lunar surface magnetic field concentrations antipodal to young large impact basins

Planetary electron reflection magnetometry data of the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites indicate the presence of major regions of strong surface magnetic fields near the antipodes of four large, young, ringed impact basins. While mechanisms yielding surface magnetic field concentrations antipodal to impact basins are not yet clear, the present results' indicated period of strong lunar magnetic fields, at between about 3.85 and 3.6 aeons, is consistent with lunar paleomagnetic sample data. The origin of the strong surface magnetic fields is discussed.
WLC05-4: Game-theoretic Distributed Spectrum Sharing for Wireless Cognitive Networks with Heterogeneous QoS

Ubiquitous wireless networking calls for efficient dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) among heterogeneous users with diverse transmission types and bandwidth demands. To meet user-specific quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, the power and spectrum allocated to each user should lie inside a bounded region in order to be meaningful for the targeted application. Most existing DSA methods aim at enhancing the total system utility. As such, spectrum wastage may arise when the system-wise optimal allocation falls outside the desired region for QoS provisioning. The goal of this paper is to develop QoS-aware distributed DSA schemes using the game-theoretic approach. We derive DSA solutions that respect QoS and avoid naively boosting or sacrificing some users' utilities to maximize the network spectrum utilization. Specifically, we propose two game-theoretic DSA techniques: one resorts to proper scaling of the transmission power according to each user's useful utility range, and the other embeds the QoS factor into the utility function used for dynamic gaming. In addition, we introduce two new metrics to evaluate DSA schemes from a practical QoS perspective, namely "system useful utility" and "fraction of QoS satisfied users." Simulations confirm that the proposed DSA techniques outperform existing QoS-blind game models in terms of spectrum sharing efficiency in heterogeneous networks.
DNA knotting in spooling like conformations in bacteriophages

A number of idealized models have been proposed to explain the long range organization of the DNA in bacteriophages. However, none of these models can account for the distributions of complex knots found when examining DNA extracted from bacteriophage P4 capsids. Furthermore, these models do not consider possible chirality biases in the arrangement of the DNA molecule inside the capsid. In this paper, we address these two issues by proposing a randomized version of one of the most popular models: the coaxially spooled model. We present analytical and numerical results for the properties of the random polygons (knots) generated using this model. We show that such model can easily generate complex knotted conformations and although it accounts for some chirality of the organization of the DNA molecules inside bacteriophage capsids does not fully explain the experimental data.
Frequent-relapsing, steroid-dependent minimal change disease: Is rituximab the answer?

In patients with minimal change disease, development of steroid-dependency or frequent relapses pose difficult therapeutic problems. Prolonged administration of corticosteroids or the use of additional immunosuppressive therapy can result in significant toxicity. Recent data point to the use of rituximab as an important treatment option to induce long-term remission in patients with minimal change diseases who are either frequent relapsers or require significant immunosuppression to remain in remission. Minimal change disease (MCD) accounts for the majority of cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children and up to 20% of cases of idiopathic NS in white adults [1]. On kidney biopsy, MCD is characterized by widespread effacement of epithelial cell foot processes on electron microscopy, while glomeruli appear normal on light microscopy and immunoglobulin and complement deposition are absent on immunofluorescence. Most cases of MCD are idiopathic, although drugs (such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), hematological malignancies (mainly Hodgkin lymphoma) and thymoma are well-recognized causes of secondary MCD. While most patients respond to corticosteroid therapy, up to 25% of treated patients have frequent relapses and up to 30% of patients become steroid dependent [2, 3]. In these patients, alternative therapies aimed at minimizing corticosteroid toxicity have been used, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites and calcineurin inhibitors. While these agents may be beneficial, some patients respond poorly or not all, and their use may be complicated by the development of serious adverse effects, e.g., infertility and malignancy with the use of cyclophosphamide. With calcineurin inhibitors, steroid de
Elastic response of an acoustic coating on a rib-stiffened plate

This paper develops a three-dimensional analytical model of a fluid-loaded acoustic coating affixed to a rib-stiffened plate. The system is loaded by a plane wave that is harmonic both spatially and temporally. The model begins with Navier–Cauchy equations of motion for an elastic solid, which produces displacement fields that have unknown wave propagation coefficients. These are inserted into stress equations at the boundaries of the plate and the acoustic coating. These stress fields are coupled to the fluid field and the rib stiffeners with force balances. Manipulation of these equations develops an infinite number of indexed equations that are truncated and incorporated into a global matrix equation. This global matrix equation can be solved to determine the wave propagation coefficients. This produces analytical solutions to the systems’ displacements, stresses, and scattered pressure field. This model, unlike previously developed analytical models, has elastic behavior and thus incorporates higher order wave motion that makes it accurate at higher wavenumbers and frequencies. An example problem is investigated for three specific model results: (1) the dynamic response, (2) a sonar array embedded in the acoustic coating, and (3) the scattered pressure field. An expression for the high frequency limitation of the model is derived. It is shown that the ribs can have a significant impact on the structural acoustic response of the system.
Some unresolved problems in real-time design

Real-time systems are among the most complex software systems to design and construct. This short position paper outlines some of the most pressing research problems that need to be addressed. They are all related to the concept of "temporal cost" of design choices and the ability to easily and directly track those costs during design
Simultaneous ultrastructural visualization of acetylcholinesterase activity and tritiated norepinephrine uptake in renal nerves

In this investigation we have combined the methods of ultrastructural demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity with electron microscopic autoradiography for the demonstration of norepinephrine uptake. The results show electron-dense deposits indicative of acetylcholinesterase activity associated with perivascular axons overlaid by concentrations of silver grains representing exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. Forty-five percent of the intervaricose regions and 19% of the varicosities overlaid by autoradiographic grains showed ''moderate'' amounts of cholinesterase staining. A greater proportion of autoradiographic grains was observed on the varicosities than in the intervaricose regions; however, the amount of acetylcholinesterase activity was greater in the intervaricose regions than in the varicosities. This investigation provides evidence for the presence of periaxonal acetylcholinesterase staining in adrenergic axons in the rat kidney.
A class of polynomial rooting algorithms for joint azimuth/elevation estimation using multidimensional arrays

Polynomial rooting techniques for efficient high resolution estimation of direction parameters from linear arrays are well documented in the literature. These techniques are limited, however, to cases of estimating a scalar direction parameter (say, either azimuth or elevation). The paper introduces a methodology for extending the polynomial rooting philosophy to the case of multidimensional arrays, which will be used to estimate jointly both azimuth and elevation parameters of the signal directions. It is shown via simulation that the resolution capabilities of the polynomial root intersection for multidimensional estimation (PRIME) class of algorithms is superior to the spectral algorithms they supplant, and that the variance of the direction estimates is equal to that of the corresponding spectral algorithms. It is shown analytically that the mean squared error of the PRIME estimates can be asymptotically equal to that of spectral MUSIC estimates. Finally, some extensions are discussed. >
Late complications in patients with pectoral defibrillator implants with transvenous defibrillator lead systems: high incidence of insulation breakdown.

As the majority of ICDs with transvenous leads are now implanted in tbe pectoral region, complications associated with the technique are being identified. To determine the incidence of lead complications in patients with transvenous defibrillator leads and ICDs implanted in the pectoral region, 132 unselected consecutive patients with transvenous defibrillator leads had ICDs implanted in the pectoral region. Three lead systems were used:(1) lead system 1(45 patients) consisted of a transvenous pacing sensing lead and a superior vena cava coil with a submuscular patch used for defibrillation;(2) lead system 2(36 patients) utilized a CPI Endotak lead system: and(3) lead system 3(51 patients) utilized a Medtronic Transvene lead system. Patients were followed for 3–54 months(cumulative 2,269, mean 18 months). The average duration of follow-up with the three systems was 32, 12, and 11 months, respectively. At 30 months follow-up, all three lead systems had a low incidence of complications. However, there was a 13% overall incidence(45% actuarial incidence) of erosion of the insulation of the pacing sensing lead of system 1 at 50 months of follow-up. All lead complications were seen in patients with ICDs whose weights were > 195 g and volumes > 115 cc. The erosion was probably a consequence of the pressure by the large ICD against the lead in the pectoral pocket. Follow-up with lead systems 2 and 3 is relatively short(average 12 months) but no lead erosions were seen. Pectoral implantation of ICDs with long transvenous leads and large generators is associated with a moderate risk of late complications in the form of insulation breaks caused by pressure of the generator against the leads. The use of less redundant leads coupled with smaller ICDs will probably eliminate this complication.
Use of DSP technique in beam positioning

The basic method of noninterceptive beam position monitoring is presented in this paper. One type of multielectrode beam position monitor is the wall-current monitor. Here we have studied, simulated and realized the AM/PM method. Using simple digital circuit components we have shown that digital signal processing (DSP) can be successfully applied in beam positioning.
The HCV Core Protein Acts as a Positive Regulator of Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in a Human Lymphoblastoid T Cell Line

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen causing mild to severe liver disease worldwide and is remarkably efficient at establishing persistent infections. Previously, we have shown that the core protein has an immunomodulatory function including the suppression of T lymphocyte responses to viral infection. To investigate the underlying mechanism for the role of core protein in immune modulation, we examined the effect of core on the sensitivity of the human T cell line, Jurkat, to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The transient and stable expression of core protein in Jurkat cells increased the sensitivity of cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis when compared to control cells expressing vector DNA alone. In addition, we demonstrated that the core protein binds to the cytoplasmic domain of Fas which may enhance the downstream signaling event of Fas-mediated apoptosis. The expression of core protein did not alter the cell surface expression of Fas, indicating that the increased sensitivity of core-expressing cells to Fas ligand was not due to upregulation of Fas. Furthermore, we observed the augmentation of caspase-3 activity in core-expressing cells. These results suggest that the core protein may promote the apoptosis of immune cells during HCV infection via the Fas signaling pathway, thus facilitating HCV persistence.
Hemorrhagic Ascites: An Unusual Presentation of Primary Splenic Lymphoma

Hemorrhagic ascites is usually associated with a poor prognosis. A patient with hemorrhagic ascites having a potentially curable cause, primary splenic lymphoma (histiocytic type), is reported. It is believed that this is a new cause of hemorrhagic ascites that has not been previously described. The causes and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic ascites are reviewed. Computed tomography scan was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis and should be performed early in the evaluation of hemorrhagic ascites.
Robust real-time tracking combining 3D shape, color, and motion

Real-time tracking algorithms often suffer from low accuracy and poor robustness when confronted with difficult, real-world data. We present a tracker that combines 3D shape, color when available, and motion cues to accurately track moving objects in real-time. Our tracker allocates computational effort based on the shape of the posterior distribution. Starting with a coarse approximation to the posterior, the tracker successively refines this distribution, increasing in tracking accuracy over time. The tracker can thus be run for any amount of time, after which the current approximation to the posterior is returned. Even at a minimum runtime of 0.37 ms per object, our method outperforms all of the baseline methods of similar speed by at least 25% in root-mean-square RMS tracking error. If our tracker is allowed to run for longer, the accuracy continues to improve, and it continues to outperform all baseline methods. Our tracker is thus anytime, allowing the speed or accuracy to be optimized based on the needs of the application. By combining 3D shape, color when available, and motion cues in a probabilistic framework, our tracker is able to robustly handle changes in viewpoint, occlusions, and lighting variations for moving objects of a variety of shapes, sizes, and distances.
Protected Areas: offering security to whom, when and where?

This study considers the issue of security in the context of protected areas in Cameroon and Botswana. Though the literature on issues of security and well-being in relation to protected areas is extensive, there has been less discussion of how and in what ways these impacts and relationships can change over time, vary with space and differ across spatial scales. Looking at two very different historical trajectories, this study considers the heterogeneity of the security landscapes created by Waza and Chobe protected areas over time and space. This study finds that conservation measures that various subsets of the local population once considered to be ‘bad’ (e.g. violent, exclusionary protected area creation) may be construed as ‘good’ at different historical moments and geographical areas. Similarly, complacency or resignation to the presence of a park can be reversed by changing environmental conditions. Changes in the ways security (material and otherwise) has fluctuated within these two protected areas has implications for the long-term management and funding strategies of newly created and already existing protected areas today. This study suggests that parks must be adaptively managed not only for changing ecological conditions, but also for shifts in a protected area's social, political and economic context.
Benefits of Real Estate Investment

Real estate investment represents a significant part of many institutional portfolios. Since real estate is not directly traded on a centralized exchange, the physical real estate market is characterized by relative lack of liquidity, large lot size, and high transactions costs with properties that are fixed at a location and heterogeneous. The low transparency of the real estate marketplace also results in potential asymmetric information. This provides a source of relatively high risk-adjusted returns to those individuals who can obtain costless “;quality” information. Furthermore, the lack of frequent transaction data for the analysis of return distributions often necessitates the use of appraisal-based series. In this article, the authors examine the benefits of real estate investments as part of an investor9s overall asset portfolio.
Functional characterization of botulinum neurotoxin serotype H as a hybrid of known serotypes F and A (BoNT F/A).

A unique strain of Clostridium botulinum (IBCA10-7060) was recently discovered which produces two toxins: botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype B and a novel BoNT reported as serotype H. Previous molecular assessment showed that the light chain (LC) of the novel BoNT most resembled the bont of the light chain of known subtype F5, while the C-terminus of the heavy chain (HC) most resembled the binding domain of serotype A. We evaluated the functionality of both toxins produced in culture by first incorporating an immunoaffinity step using monoclonal antibodies to purify BoNT from culture supernatants and tested each immune-captured neurotoxin with full-length substrates vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), syntaxin, and shortened peptides representing the substrates. The BoNT/B produced by this strain behaved as a typical BoNT/B, having immunoaffinity for anti-B monoclonal antibodies and cleaving both full length VAMP-2 and a peptide based on the sequ...
Raman Signature of the Fe2O2 “Diamond” Core

We report the resonance Raman (RR) spectra of iron complexes containing the Fe2(μ-O)2 core. Frozen CH3CN solutions of the FeIIIFeIV intermediate [Fe2(μ-O)2L2](ClO4)3 (where L = TPA, 5-Me3-TPA, 5-Me...
CDC MessageWorks: Designing and Validating a Social Marketing Tool to Craft and Defend Effective Messages

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, in partnership with Oak Ridge Associated Universities, designed an online social marketing strategy tool, MessageWorks, to help health communicators effectively formulate messages aimed at changing health behaviors and evaluate message tactics and audience characteristics. MessageWorks is based on the advisor for risk communication model that identifies 10 variables that can be used to predict target audience intentions to comply with health recommendations. This article discusses the value of the MessageWorks tool to health communicators and to the field of social marketing by (1) describing the scientific evidence supporting use of MessageWorks to improve health communication practice and (2) summarizing how to use MessageWorks and interpret the results it produces.
Intracerebral adeno-associated virus gene delivery of apolipoprotein E2 markedly reduces brain amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models

The common apolipoprotein E alleles (e4, e3, and e2) are important genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the e4 allele increasing risk and reducing the age of onset and the e2 allele decreasing risk and markedly delaying the age of onset. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype also predicts the timing and amount of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition and amyloid burden (e4 >e3 >e2). Using several administration protocols, we now report that direct intracerebral adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of APOE2 markedly reduces brain soluble (including oligomeric) and insoluble Aβ levels as well as amyloid burden in 2 mouse models of brain amyloidosis whose pathology is dependent on either the expression of murine Apoe or more importantly on human APOE4. The efficacy of APOE2 to reduce brain Aβ burden in either model, however, was highly dependent on brain APOE2 levels and the amount of pre-existing Aβ and amyloid deposition. We further demonstrate that a widespread reduction of brain Aβ burden can be achieved through a single injection of vector via intrathalamic delivery of AAV expressing APOE2 gene. Our results demonstrate that AAV gene delivery of APOE2 using an AAV vector rescues the detrimental effects of APOE4 on brain amyloid pathology and may represent a viable therapeutic approach for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease especially if sufficient brain APOE2 levels can be achieved early in the course of the disease.
Ionic transport modification in proton conducting BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3−δ with transition metal oxide dopants

Abstract Proton conducting BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3−δ (BCZY63) pellets were fabricated by the solid-state reactive sintering method whereby a small extra amount of a metal oxide additive (5 mol%) was included in the precursor mixture before sintering. The effect of the addition of six different metal oxide additives (CuO, ZnO, Fe2O3, MnO2, PdO, and Cr2O3) on the transport properties of BCZY63 was investigated. Although most additives (e.g. ZnO, Fe2O3, MnO2, Cr2O3) led to a decrease (sometimes minor) in conductivity, CuO and PdO dopants yielded an increase in total conductivity compared to the BCZY63 control. The enhancement in the total conductivity is found to be related to two factors: 1) the additive can act as a sintering aid to produce larger grain size; 2) the presence of the metal ions from additives in the structure can lead to increased bulk proton concentration. Due to its excellent sinterability and moderately improved proton conductivity, CuO-doped BCZY63 was subsequently applied as the dense electrolyte layer in protonic ceramic fuel cells utilizing a recently developed single firing step fabrication technique to produce high quality single cells that showed exceptional performance and long-term stability.