cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on clinical trials in the treatment of hepatitis B.

Chronic hepatitis B infection is a worldwide public health problem, which is particularly important in countries of Asia. Interferon has long been available for the treatment of patients with active replication (hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen and HBV-DNA positive) with evidence of chronic liver disease (elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and chronic hepatitis on liver biopsy). Doses of interferon of 10MU, t.i.w. or 5MU, q day for 16 weeks result in e antigen and HBV-DNA loss in approximately one-third of individuals who meet these treatment criteria. The major limitations of interferon are: (i) side effects of influenza-like symptoms; (ii) need for parenteral administration; and (iii) concerns about safety in patients with hepatic decompensation. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have potent antiviral activity. The largest experience is with lamivudine (3-thiacytadine), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor that was recently approved by the USA Federal Drug Administration. At doses of 100 mg/day for 52 weeks, suppression of HBV replication is almost universal, with e antigen loss and improvement in histology being achieved in one-third and two-thirds of patients, respectively. The major advantages of lamivudine are: (i) good tolerability; (ii) oral route of administration; and (iii) safety in patients with hepatic decompensation. The major disadvantage is drug resistance, which is observed with increasing frequency following prolonged administration. New agents, such as adefovir dipivoxil, offer promise either alone or in combination with lamivudine in the treatment of individuals who are 'treatment naive' as well as in the treatment individuals who have developed lamivudine resistance.
Recall of Emotional Words

Summary A three-trial learning study was performed to clarify relationships between the emotional content of words and recall. Upsetting words in sex, bathroom, and violence categories were matched to neutral words also in three categories. The design controlled for confounds in previous studies whereby emotional words were easier to categorize than neutral words. The results showed better learning for emotional versus neutral stimuli. Further breakdown of the data indicated virtually the entire learning effect to be ascribable to the taboo categories (sex and bathroom), while the violence category words acted much as the neutral stimuli.
Sol-gel preparation and properties of Alumina adsorbents for gas separation

The sol-gel method is applied to prepare Cu{sup +} or Ag{sup +} containing alumina adsorbents which have potential application in purification or separation of carbon monoxide or olefins containing gases. Wet impregnation and sol-solution mixing methods are used to incorporate the active species into the sol-gel derived {gamma}-alumina support. These alumina adsorbents have the characteristics of large specific surface area, high dispersion of active species on the grain surface, and mesopore size with a uniform pore size distribution. The gas chromatographic technique determines the carbon monoxide adsorption properties on these alumina adsorbents. Adsorption equilibrium constants, adsorption rate constants, axial dispersion coefficients, heat of adsorption, and adsorption activation energy are determined from GC response peaks by using the moment method. The alumina adsorbents prepared by the sol-gel method appear to be superior to the similar adsorbents prepared by other methods.
2005 Special Issue: Metastability, instability, and state transition in neocortex

Mesoscopic patterns of neural activity were sought in multichannel EEGs of rabbits that were trained to respond to conditioned stimuli (CSs) in visual, auditory and somatic modalities. Spatiotemporal patterns were sought of oscillations in the beta and gamma ranges. The techniques required for preprocessing EEGs in search of global patterns were diametrically opposed to those needed for localization of modular EEG signals. Frames were found in the form of intermittent spatial patterns of phase and amplitude modulation (AM and PM) of carrier waves in beta and gamma ranges that served to classify EEG frames with respect to CSs. A model based on the intentional action-perception cycle is proposed to complement the information processing model.
Integration of Carbon Nanotubes to C-MEMS for On-chip Supercapacitors

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) composites were fabricated as electrode materials for on-chip supercapacitors. By using photolithography and pyrolysis process, 3-D C-MEMS architectures were prepared. The iron catalyst particles were conformally coated on the C-MEMS by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and CNTs were synthesized on the surfaces of C-MEMS by catalytic CVD method. The CNT/C-MEMS composites exhibited higher specific capacitance than C-MEMS. Furthermore, the composites with more homogeneous CNTs showed better capacitance. After treatment of oxygen plasma, the specific capacitance of the composite increased due to the contribution of oxygen functional groups.
Global Politics and Germany's Destiny “from an East Asian Perspective”: Alfred von Tirpitz and the Making of Wilhelmine Navalism

In his memoirs, published in 1919, Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the former Secretary of the Navy and architect of the Wilhelmine battle fleet, claimed that it had been his great “fortune” in 1896 to receive a naval command abroad. Deployed to East Asia, he had been able to “take yet another look at the overseas interests of Germandom” right before the “takeover of the Imperial Naval Office and the inception of the naval buildup.” Appointed in late March 1896, Tirpitz commanded the East Asian Cruiser Division until he was summoned back to Berlin twelve months later, on March 31, 1897. He had returned home “with the impression that England sought to block as much as possible our future development,” as he characterized the main lesson he claimed to have learned during the months he spent away from Germany.
Grieving Pet Death: Normative, Gender, and Attachment Issues:

Grief over the loss of a pet was investigated to clarify the usual course of symptoms experienced, gender differences in the experience, and the role of attachment to the pet. The sample included 174 adults who had lost a pet dog or cat to death. Participants were administered a modified CENSHARE Pet Attachment Survey (Holcomb, Williams, & Richards, 1985) and a survey of symptoms experienced. Results indicate that initially 85.7% of owners experienced at least one symptom of grief, but the occurrence decreased to 35.1% at six months and to 22.4% at one year. Males and females reported significantly different rates on six of 12 symptoms surveyed. The severity and length of symptoms is significantly correlated with the degree of attachment to the deceased pet. These findings indicate that pet loss can be a potential area of clinical concern, especially if the person's attachment to the pet was strong.
Variability of tornado climatology across the continental United States

Previous tornado climatology research has relied primarily upon a mean value of tornadoes or tornado days fixed on one period to define regions of elevated tornado risk. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the climatological distribution of tornadoes is achieved by analysing the spatial and temporal variability of tornado days. Two methods of analysing tornado days for predefined areas across the continental United States using a refined version of the Storm Prediction Center's tornado data set for 1950–2011 are considered in this study. Statistical analyses of averages and return periods reveal the variability in the record, while consecutive tornado days present an alternative method to assess the seasonal repeatability and risk for historic, multi-day tornado outbreaks. The results of this research better define the climatological variability of tornado events in addition to offering insight regarding the spatial patterns of locations with the greatest tornado risks, especially those with higher interannual variability.
Protective role of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase in ANG II-induced inflammatory responses in the kidney

In the present study, we examine the hypothesis that the nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) plays a protective role in the development of ANG II-induced hypertension and r...
Generation Y, Baby Boomers, and Gaze Interaction Experience in Gaming

With the advances of technology, gaze is becoming increasingly an attractive and viable interaction method in games. In particular, gaze is likely to provide a natural way of interaction in some games. However, little work has been done to design games that use gaze as an interaction method and test users' reactions to it. Additionally, despite the fact that Generation Y and Baby Boomers form a sizable population of gamers, little work has been done to see if users' generation can influence the experience of gaze interaction in a game. To address this need we developed a gaze-enabled memory game. We then compared the experience of the newly developed gaze-enabled game between Generation Y and Baby Boomer users.
AdaptNet: an adaptive protocol suite for the next-generation wireless Internet

Over the last decade, the tremendous growth in the mobile Internet user population has been accompanied by an equally exciting evolution in wireless data networks. However, quite understandably, the evolution has been distinctly characterized by an increasing degree of heterogeneity along several dimensions such as the access technology, network model, device, and application requirements. This heterogeneity, in turn, imposes a significant challenge on the design of the network protocol stack, and leads to the question: how can the protocol stack at a mobile host cater effectively to the heterogeneous characteristics of the operating environment? In this article we provide an overview of AdaptNet, an adaptive protocol suite for next-generation wireless data networks. AdaptNet consists of protocol solutions at different layers of the protocol stack addressing several problems, including rate adaptation, congestion control, mobility support, and coding. A common underlying theme in the design of the protocols in the AdaptNet suite is adaptiveness to the operating environment. Through high-level discussions, preliminary results, and pointers to relevant related work, we show how AdaptNet achieves the goal of effectively addressing heterogeneity in next-generation wireless data networks.
Does Chapter 5 of Locke's Second Treatise, ‘Of PROPERTY,’ Deconstruct Itself?

Chapter 5 of John Locke's Second Treatise , ‘Of Property,” is a text that undermines itself, stammering to an unresolved and irresolvable conclusion because the structure of conditions upon which most of its moral argument about private property is based cannot be stretched to encompass the sudden twist Locke tries to make at the end. The moral conditions by which Locke defines a virtuous private possession within God's gift of the world to all mankind in common resist being extended to include an economy of money and limitless, unequal possession. The text comes to an end in total uncertainty, pointing simultaneously in two opposite directions. This paper explores just how deeply and hopelessly these distortions affect the text.
Power, Conflict, and Community: How Gendered Views of Political Power Influence Women's Political Ambition

We provide a novel approach to understanding the political ambition gap between men and women by examining perceptions of the role of politician. Across three studies, we find that political careers are viewed as fulfilling power-related goals, such as self-promotion and competition. We connect these goals to a tolerance for interpersonal conflict and both of these factors to political ambition. Women's lack of interest in conflict and power-related activities mediates the relationship between gender and political ambition. In an experiment, we show that framing a political career as fulfilling communal goals—and not power-related goals—reduces the ambition gap.
Testing spherical surfaces: a fast, quasi-absolute technique.

A technique for measuring the quality of spherical surfaces that provides a quasi-absolute result is presented. It requires only two measurement positions rather than the traditional method of absolute sphere measurement that requires three measurement positions. A measurement is taken with a mirror at the focus of the interferometer diverger lens and is subtracted from a measurement of the sphere tested at its center of curvature. This test assumes that the test sphere does not contain any aberrations with odd symmetry so that these aberrations can be subtracted to provide a fast, quasi-absolute measurement. We describe the new technique and compare measurement results from testing a λ/12 peak-to-valley sphere (numerical aperture = 0.4) by using a phase-measuring Fizeau interferometer with results from the three-position absolute sphere measurement technique. The repeatability of this measurement technique is ±0.01 waves peak to valley.
Complexity in Structured Finance: Financial Wizardry or Smoke and Mirrors?

We use data from prospectus supplements to create measures of the complexity of securitized products. We nd that securities in more complex deals default more. However, yields of more complex securities are not higher at issuance indicating that investors do not perceive such assets as more likely to default. The relation between complexity and default is not primarily due to issuers masking low quality loans as it persists after controlling for the collateral default rate. Rather than creating safer securities, complexity disadvantages more senior securities within a deal. Rating agencies are more lenient in rating complex deals.
Democrats in Split-Outcome Districts and the 2010 Elections

The 2008 congressional elections produced a House in which 84 members came from split-outcome districts. Forty-nine Democrats won in districts that Barack Obama lost, and 35 Republicans won in districts that Obama won. To protect their majority, the Democrats needed to retain these 49 members. Given the party's 257 seats, these split members constituted the difference between being in the majority and the minority. The 49 Democrats faced the dilemma of whether to vote with their party, given that their district voted for the presidential candidate of the other party. The focus here is on these split Democrats: their electoral situation, their votes, and their fate in 2010.
Cardiogenic Effects of Trichloroethylene and Trichloroacetic Acid Following Exposure during Heart Specification of Avian Development

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are common drinking water contaminants in the United States. Both chemicals have been implicated in causing congenital heart defects (CHD) in human epidemiological and animal model studies. However, the latter studies have primarily focused on assessment of cardiac morphology at late embryonic stages. Here, we tested whether treating avian embryos with TCE or TCA during an exposure window encompassing cardiac specification (Hamburger-Hamilton [HH] 3+) until the onset of chambering (HH 17) informs the etiology of CHD at later stages of development. Embryos were exposed to TCE or TCA via direct injection into the yolk, over a range of doses that included each compound's maximum contaminant level as established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A modified TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated dUTP-biotin Nick-End Labeling) assay indicated that neither compound induced apoptotic cell death in ventricular myocytes or endocardiocytes at HH 18. However, mid-range dosages of TCE increased myocyte and endocardiocyte proliferation by this time, as determined by monitoring BrdU incorporation; in contrast, an intermediate dose of TCA inhibited proliferation in endocardiocytes. These cellular changes had no apparent functional consequences because all measured hemodynamic parameters were normal for TCE- and TCA-exposed embryos at HH 18, HH 21, and HH 23. In summary, TCE or TCA exposure during the cardiac specification window has only minimal effects on the developing avian heart. These results sharply contrast with our previously reported observations following administration of equivalent doses during a window of valvuloseptal morphogenesis. Taken together, these findings indicate that, as for other teratogens, sensitivity is dictated by the embryo's stage of development.
A Potential Source of Bias in Horizontal Winds Estimated Using a 915-MHz Acoustically Enhanced Profiler

Abstract Clear-air Doppler wind profilers perform poorly in dry, calm conditions when reflectivities are low. One solution to this problem is to use acoustic waves, generated by a collocated acoustic source, as the scattering target instead of clear-air turbulence. The idea for such an acoustically enhanced profiler was proposed more than 10 years ago. In a recent Antarctic experimental campaign, a vertically pointing acoustic source was used to extend the coverage of a standard four-beam 915-MHz wind profiler. Preliminary testing of the system revealed large biases in the retrieved wind profiles. A simple theory and a limited dataset suggest that the observed biases are consistent with a nonuniform acoustic illumination of the radar beams caused by the different acoustic and radar beam pointing angles. Our results suggest that this bias can be eliminated by aligning the acoustic and radar beams.
Resolving Small Business Disputes Through Mediation

A revolution is taking place in the way Americans resolve their disputes. The so-called alternative methods of dispute resolution such as mediation and arbitration are increasingly becoming a primary choice for settling conflict. A growing number of large American companies have begun to embrace mediation as an alternative to litigation. The article describes the mediation process in the small business context. The advantages and disadvantages of mediation versus the judicial process are considered. Recommendations concerning the appropriate circumstances in which small business should use mediation to resolve conflict are provided. Also reported are the results of a survey of small business executives that measured their attitudes toward mediation and other forms of dispute resolution. The results suggest that most executives preferred mediation to other forms of dispute resolution. They believe mediation to be a cost-effective and efficient method of resolving conflicts with customers, employees, and suppliers.
Indoor Localiza tion: Are We There Yet?

Wi-Fi-based indoor localization is a solved problem --- given a space with enough Wi-Fi access points (APs) and a set of radio frequency (RF) signal strength measurements that profile the environment, we can provide a service that can accurately locate uncalibrated devices in that space. No one would argue with this assertion, yet after more than 15 years of research, there are no pervasive products and the research community continues to work on this problem. Why?
Brief paper: Continuous-discrete gain transformation methods for linear feedback control

The problem of transforming between continuoustime state variable feedback gains and equivalent discrete gains suitable for digital implementation is considered. The concepts of state and control equivalence yield two simple transformation rules, a pseudo-inverse method and an average gain method, respectively. As the sampling interval @d->0, these methods are contrasted with existing Taylor series based approaches. The new transformation rules are also studied numerically using a ship course-keeping example. Transformed optimal continuous gains are compared with optimal discrete gains over a wide range of sampling intervals.
Chapter 4 Ion and Solute Transport in Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos

Publisher Summary The developing preimplantation mammalian embryo undergoes transformation from a single cell to a system with multiple cell types during the variable preimplantation period. After fertilization, the embryo experiences a phase of cell division with little or no increase in size to form the morula stage embryo. The outer cells of the morula then form tight junctions, and following this compaction event blastulation occurs. The mammalian blastocyst consists of fundamentally two different cell types: those comprising the trophectoderm and those forming the inner cell mass (ICM). The degree of blastocyst expansion is species dependent. The development of trophectodermal polarity during embryogenesis is associated with the initiation of vectorial transport of various ions and metabolic substrates. Metabolic substrates that accumulate within embryonic cells are presumably utilized by the blastocyst to fulfill its energy requirements. Ion transport may be involved with the formation of blastocoel fluid and the subsequent increase in blastocoelic volume. The preimplantation embryo acquires mechanisms that are involved in the transport of large molecular substances, from the uterine lumen into the blastocoel. This chapter explains the transport mechanisms known to exist in developing mammalian embryos and the potential roles they may play in embryogenesis. There are details on ion transport—epithelial differentiation, Na + /K + -adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase, ion channels, and intracellular ion concentrations. This chapter discusses fluid transport, sugar transport, protein transport, and amino acid transport. Development of the amiloride-sensitive Na + channel is independent of steroid hormones. Researchers have examined the question of cell lineage by peroxidase labeling cells of ICM or trophectoderm and then tracing the labeled cell's fate in other embryonic tissues. Their data suggested that some cells in the trophectoderm were derived from the ICM.
Primitive Pythagorean Triples of Gaussian Integers

(1986). Primitive Pythagorean Triples of Gaussian Integers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 106-110.
GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF POLYPLOIDY IN TRAGOPOGON

Most studies of the evolution of polyploid plant species have emphasized phylogenetic issues, for example, identification of diploid progenitors and clarification of polyploid complexes. They have largely utilized evidence from comparative morphology, karyotypes and cytogenetic analysis of interploidal hybrids, as well as biochemical profiles of certain classes of compounds such as flavonoids and seed proteins. Although these studies helped greatly to elucidate the mode of origin and ancestry of many polyploid species, they were not concerned with explaining one of the most intriguing features of polyploidy which is that, in many plant genera, the polyploids are more widely distributed over more habitats than their diploid progenitors. This is a problem of the first rank because at least one-third of the Angiosperms and a higher proportion of the ferns are polyploid. Several recent hypotheses have proposed that the wide capabilities of allopolyploids (we use allotetraploids as an example) are a direct biochemical consequence of their possession of two divergent diploid genomes which provides them with a multiplicity of enzymes relative to both diploid parents as well as a high proportion of novel enzymes (Fincham, 1969; Barber, 1970; Manwell and Baker, 1970). Enzyme multiplicity may extend the range of environments in which normal development can take place and, thereby, might account for the frequently wider distribution of polyploids. This may be true even if the tetraploid as a species is less poly-
Therawhat? Students' perspectives on the NMT's role in theranostic procedures.

Theranostics is a constantly evolving field that is revolutionizing the field of personalized medicine. The term theranostics is derived from the 2 words therapy and diagnostics and is built on the concept that a radionuclide, paired with a chemical compound, can provide both diagnostic and
Selective stabilization of self-assembled hydrogen-bonded molecular capsules through π-π interactions.

Subtle noncovalent forces such as π–π interactions play an import role in the folding of biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins. We describe here a system where such interactions on the outside of a molecular capsule trigger a selective change of its structure as a self-assembled receptor.
Coming of Age of Melanogenesis-Related Proteins

demon-strate that commercially availableantibodies against tyrosinase andglycoprotein 100 (gp100) can serve asexcellent immunocytochemical toolsfor the diagnosis of melanoma in itsdifferent variants. Using an antigenretrieval technique and antibodiesT311 and HMB-45, they found cor-responding immunoreactivities in allof their tested samples of melanoma,which included melanotic (6 cases),amelanotic (4 cases), and desmoplas-tic (5 cases) variants. They also foundpositivity for gp100 in 1 of 10 casesof schwannoma and positivity for ty-rosinase in 1 of 10 cases of schwan-noma and 4 of 8 cases of neuroﬁbro-ma. These latter ﬁndings are not un-expected since, like melanocytes,these tumors contain cells of neuralcrest origin and thus are potentiallycapable of random derepression ofmarkers of the melanocytic pheno-type. The detection of gp100 antigenin desmoplastic melanomas is how-ever surprising because this melano-ma type, although positive for S100,is generally negative for HMB-45when tested with standard immu-nocytochemistry techniques.
High Precision Surface Detection Technology and Application in Engine Manufacturing

High precision measuring technology is mainly used in measuring flat surface flatness,striation etc.Principle is mainly reflected by laser interference wave after carrying been measured surface height information,generate 3D conversion interference images height map to show the surface of the tested parts state.This paper mainly introduces the equipment,and its application in engine manufacturing process.
Building College Readiness: Exploring the Effectiveness of the UNC Academic Summer Bridge Program:

Many students enter college without the skills and knowledge needed to successfully perform college-level work. An important leverage point for increasing college readiness is the transition from h...
Penetrant transport in semicrystalline poly(ethylene furanoate)

Abstract This study investigates the penetrant transport properties of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide at 35 °C in poly(ethylene 2,5-furanoate) (PEF) isothermally crystallized at 115 and 160 °C. Dual-mode analysis of the water sorption isotherms for the semicrystalline vs. amorphous PEF samples indicates that the Henry’s law sorption parameter ( k D ) is reduced for the semicrystalline samples in direct proportion to the volume fraction crystallinity measured via both density and thermal methods. While the k D for water obeys the simple two-phase model of crystallinity, an unexpected large reduction in the Langmuir capacity constant ( C H ′) for the semicrystalline vs. amorphous samples resulted in an overall reduction in water sorption capacity greater than predicted by the two-phase model. Corroboration of this behavior for water is provided by independent oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation and sorption measurements, which also exhibit larger than expected reductions in solubility for the semicrystalline vs. amorphous samples. This study, which complements prior work, provides an initial look into the effect of crystallinity and morphology on the penetrant transport properties of PEF.
Evidence for phospholipid in plasma membrane penicillinase of Bacilluslicheniformis749C

Abstract The plasma membrane-bound penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749 C has been purified. Amino acid analysis showed no significant differences in composition between the enzyme and exopenicillinase. Enzyme purified from cultures containing H333PO4 or [3H]-glycerol contained 33P or [3H]-glycerol activity and treatment with 8 M urea, 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 80° C did not remove the 3H-activity from the enzyme protein. Trypsin readily cleaved the glycerol-containing moiety from the enzyme protein, forming enzyme with molecular weight and heat stability like that of the exoenzyme. Phospholipase D and C also produced enzyme resembling the exo-form.
David Oliver: Base care on need, not age.

In 2010 the NHS chief, David Nicholson, proposed a revolution in hospital inpatient care for older (not younger) people, akin to the closure of long stay psychiatric hospitals.1 But hospital admissions of older people continue to rise, and delays in discharge have worsened alongside fewer beds.2 One recurring policy idea that defies evidence and experience is that most “high need, high cost”3 older people can be kept away from hospital through lower tech, lower cost community interventions.4 5 But, in describing inappropriate occupancy of acute beds by these pesky old folk who …
Editing the Genome: Prospects, Progress, Implications, and Cautions

Clinicians, clinical researchers, and the general public all need to consider the implications of rapid advances in gene editing technology, which have given rise not only to new hope for the development of corrective interventions for genetic defects and many other diseases and conditions but also to many ethical, social, and policy concerns. Gene editing tools are potentially both more precise and more accurate than current gene transfer interventions; in addition, the discovery and development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has made gene editing research considerably easier, faster, and cheaper. As a result, long-standing debates about the safety, efficacy, affordability, ethical and social acceptability, oversight, and control of efforts to pursue human germline alteration and enhancement have been rekindled. Added to these debates are controversies about newly discovered capacities to use gene editing to reshape the environment by altering or eliminating non-human species (insects in particular) that pose threats to humans. This review examines the science of the new gene editing boom in its social and historical context and discusses both past and current policy debates and future prospects for ethical consensus on whether, where, when, and how to move forward with clinical research and medical applications.
Lack of appropriate stoichiometry: Strong evidence against an energetically important astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle in brain

Glutamate-stimulated aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes coupled with lactate shuttling to neurons where it can be oxidized was proposed as a mechanism to couple excitatory neuronal activity with glucose utilization (CMRglc ) during brain activation. From the outset, this model was not viable because it did not fulfill critical stoichiometric requirements: (i) Calculated glycolytic rates and measured lactate release rates were discordant in cultured astrocytes. (ii) Lactate oxidation requires oxygen consumption, but the oxygen-glucose index (OGI, calculated as CMRO2 /CMRglc ) fell during activation in human brain, and the small rise in CMRO2 could not fully support oxidation of lactate produced by disproportionate increases in CMRglc . (iii) Labeled products of glucose metabolism are not retained in activated rat brain, indicating rapid release of a highly labeled, diffusible metabolite identified as lactate, thereby explaining the CMRglc -CMRO2 mismatch. Additional independent lines of evidence against lactate shuttling include the following: astrocytic oxidation of glutamate after its uptake can help "pay" for its uptake without stimulating glycolysis; blockade of glutamate receptors during activation in vivo prevents upregulation of metabolism and lactate release without impairing glutamate uptake; blockade of β-adrenergic receptors prevents the fall in OGI in activated human and rat brain while allowing glutamate uptake; and neurons upregulate glucose utilization in vivo and in vitro under many stimulatory conditions. Studies in immature cultured cells are not appropriate models for lactate shuttling in adult brain because of their incomplete development of metabolic capability and astrocyte-neuron interactions. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttling does not make large, metabolically significant contributions to energetics of brain activation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation Gaps and Ties That Bind: Constitutional Commitments and the Framers' Bequest of Unamendable Provisions

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. “We the People.” That phrase conjures a vision of present-day U.S. citizens taking part of a continuous enterprise of constitutional development, each succeeding generation stepping into the shoes of the those who framed and ratified the Constitution and, as the new performer in the role of “We the People,” reinterpreting a centuries-old role. Like those who created the role, we have power to modify the Constitution. But is each succeeding generation really allowed the same creative and expressive power to alter the role, to amend the Constitution? The subject of this Article, in general, is the relationship between “We the People,” who “ordain[ed] and establish[ed]” the Constitution, and we the “Posterity” to whom the “Blessings of Liberty” were to be secured. The rules for amending the Constitution, and any limitation on amendment emplaced by those rules, are central to relationships between generations of the American citizenry. The more particular topic of this Article is the special case of unamendable provisions as ties that bind and the gaps that separate generations of We the People. Such permanent, unalterable provisions are the ties that bind generations inflexibly to one another; yet such provisions create the widest of gaps between the sovereignties of those same generations.
Winter Movements of Sitta canadensis L. (Red-breasted Nuthatch) in New England and Beyond: A Multiple-scale Analysis

Abstract We analyzed 55 years of abundance data (1960–2014) for Sitta canadensis (Red-breasted Nuthatch) to seek patterns of winter irruptions on temporal and spatial scales. This species shows an erratic pattern of irruption into southerly areas from its northern breeding areas. Irruptions show a broad geographic synchrony. At the narrower level of the state or province and even more so at the level of individual counts, correlations of abundance in adjacent areas become weaker. The abundance of irruptive birds is best considered a mosaic. At the regional scale, correlations of Red-breasted Nuthatch abundance with irruptive northern finches that also depend on conifer seeds are weak to absent. The data suggest that birds irrupt because of failure of conifer seed production on the breeding grounds, not because the birds are seeking masting conifer stands to the south.
Examining the within-person effect of affect on daily satisfaction

Abstract Assessments of global life satisfaction capture beliefs about overall well-being; state satisfaction assessments focus on short-term or “in-the-moment” appraisals of current life circumstances. Prior research has examined how trait measures of life satisfaction and affect are related at between-person and within-person levels of analysis. At the state level, however, a lack of clarity exists about the nature and magnitude of the association between satisfaction and affect. In a diary study involving assessments of both affect and satisfaction at the daily level ( N = 350 with 6024 assessments), we found a consequential effect of affect on state satisfaction due to greater within-person variance over time.
New archaeological insights from petrographic analysis of ceramics from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama

Abstract In this study, we conducted the first petrographic analysis of pottery from several Pre-Columbian archaeological sites located in Bocas del Toro province along the Caribbean coast of Panama. The fifty-four sherds examined in this study included surface finds collected from the sites of Red Frog (RF) and Punta Vieja Arriba (PVA) on Bastimentos Island, the Cerro Brujo (CB) site on the mainland, and excavated samples from Sitio Drago (SD), Isla Colon. Petrographic examination of sherd thin sections shows that different sandy materials (seven constituent natural and/or manually-added temper groups) were used in their production. Representative sherd compositions from each group were determined by petrographic point-counts (n = 200) using two matrix (silt and clay) and 14 mineral and rock fragment categories for sand grains. The sand in RF sherds is mainly fragments of mudstone, whereas sherds from the PVA and CB sites contain different proportions of sand-sized quartz, feldspar, dense minerals, and several varieties of volcanic lithic fragments. The latter components are constituents derived from local Panamanian geologic units, including one with pyroclastic temper that likely comes from a volcanically active region, such as the El Baru Volcano. Some of the archaeological sites (SD and PVA) have a greater variety of sherd compositional/temper groups than others, implying that people inhabiting these sites were actively engaged in acquiring materials and/or ceramics from multiple sources regionally.
From selling out to savvy strategy: how The O.C. helped change the stigma around licensing indie music

‘From Selling Out to Savvy Strategy’ focuses on the way independent music became more popular as a result of a number of industrial and cultural factors upon which The O.C. was able to capitalize, ...
FRAILTY INDEPENDENTLY PREDICTS HOSPITALIZATION BURDEN IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome reflecting decreased physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors. While frailty is common in patients who have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), its clinical implications have not been defined. We hypothesized that the Short
Mechanisms of Speciation: A Review

Reviews of mechanisms of speciation abound. Almost every evolution textbook contains one. Two major conferences devoted entirely to the mechanisms of speciation were held in the last decade and the proceedings published [1,2]. The bibliographies in these two volumes indicate that the literature on mechanisms of speciation, both theoretical and applied, is enormous. What is an historian to contribute to this massive effort, in a brief report?
Shoemaker on Moore's paradox, and self-knowledge

Critique de l'argument du paradoxe de Moore chez S. Shoemaker qui propose de resoudre le paradoxe de Moore par l'etablissement d'une relation constitutive et necessaire entre les croyances de premier ordre et les croyances de second ordre (conscience), definissant la these de l'auto-indication (self-intimation thesis) par opposition au modele perceptuel de l'introspection. Examinant les conditions mentales suffisantes et temporelles de l'assentiment linguistique, l'A. montre que la position de Shoemaker n'offre pas d'explication plus satisfaisante que ses rivales en ce qui concerne la motivation de l'agent rationnel
Twin epidemics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Russia and new york city.

The epidemics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russia and New York City demonstrate that vigilance must be maintained even when an infectious disease appears to be easily treated or virtually eradicated. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Thermodynamic Considerations for Optimizing Selective CO2 Reduction by Molecular Catalysts

Energetically efficient electrocatalysts with high product selectivity are desirable targets for sustainable chemical fuel generation using renewable electricity. Recycling CO2 by reduction to more energy dense products would support a carbon-neutral cycle that mitigates the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Conversion of CO2 to more saturated products typically requires proton equivalents. Complications with product selectivity stem from competitive reactions between H+ or CO2 at shared intermediates. We describe generalized catalytic cycles for H2, CO, and HCO2– formation that are commonly proposed in inorganic molecular catalysts. Thermodynamic considerations and trends for the reactions of H+ or CO2 at key intermediates are outlined. A quantitative understanding of intermediate catalytic steps is key to designing systems that display high selectivity while promoting energetically efficient catalysis by minimizing the overall energy landscape. For CO2 reduction to CO, we describe how an enzyma...
Developing a Prognostic Information System for Personalized Care in Real Time.

Context: Electronic medical records hold promise to transform clinical practice. However, technological and other barriers may preclude using them to guide care in real time. We used the Virtual Data Warehouse (VDW) to develop a tool that enables physicians to generate real-time, personalized prognostic information about survival after cancer. Case description: Patients with cancer often ask their oncologists, “Have you ever seen a patient like me?” To help oncologists answer this question, we developed a prototype Prognostic Information System (PRISM), a web-based tool that gathers data about the index patient from Kaiser Permanente’s clinical information systems, selects a historical cohort of similar patients, and displays the survival curve of the similar patients relative to key points in their treatment course. Findings and major themes: The prototype was developed by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in oncology, research, and technology. We have completed two rounds of user testing and refinement. Successful development rested on: (1) executive support and a clinical champion; (2) collaboration among experts from multiple disciplines; (3) starting with simple cases rather than ambitious ones; (4) extensive research experience with the Virtual Data Warehouse, related databases, and an existing query tool; and (5) following agile software development principles, especially iterative user testing. Conclusion: Clinical data stored in health care systems’ electronic medical records can be used to personalize clinical care in real time. Development of prognostic information systems can be accelerated by collaborations among researchers, technology specialists, and clinicians and by use of existing technology like the Virtual Data Warehouse.
The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay and the Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique as estimators of potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk.

The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay, Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique and modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count were used to indicate potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. Commercial whole milk samples, stored at 7 degrees C, were analyzed for bacterial and biochemical parameters, as well as for potential shelf-life by daily sensory evaluation. Each sample was evaluated before and after the following preliminary incubations: milk alone, milk with benzalkonium chloride, milk and broth, and milk and broth with benzalkonium chloride. The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay, Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique, and modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count in conjunction with the preliminary incubations, produced relatively high correlations to shelf-life (-O.78, -0.85, and -0.86 respectively). Thus, these bacterial detection techniques could be used as rapid methods of shelf-life estimation.
Abstract P368: Western and Prudent Diet Patterns are Associated With Risk of Developing Non-cancer Related Venous Thromboembolism

Background: Results are inconsistent from published studies about the association between dietary intake and risk of incident venous thromboembolism (VTE). Therefore we proposed to study the associ...
Identifying Invalid Responders in a Campus Climate Survey: Types, Impact on Data, and Best Indicators:

Self-report surveys that are online, lengthy, and contain sensitive material greatly increase the probability of invalid responding (IR) on the instrument. Most research to inform our identification of invalid responders have not been able to test their methodologies where all these conditions are present. This study systematically adopted 10 IR indicators based on direct, archival, and statistic strategies to identify IR providing answers on a lengthy survey collecting campus climate/violence information that college students (N = 6,995) accessed online. Exploratory factor analysis indicated two internal factors (i.e., careless and extreme responding) underlying these IR indicators. Latent class analysis identified 4.8% of the sample as being invalid responders. Compared with honest responders, invalid responders were significantly more likely to report forms of victimization and a greater negative impact from physical abuse or sexual assault. Of importance, mean scores on victimization scales were significantly higher for invalid responders, illustrating the potential for IR data to skew prevalence rates. IR indicators differentially identified honest and invalid responders. The findings of this study contribute to the systematic investigation of IR with college students completing online and lengthy surveys that address sensitive material.
Medical Management of Advanced Oxalate Nephropathy Secondary to Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Abstract A 73-year-old Caucasian female with a history of obesity status post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery presented with generalized weakness and was found to have acute kidney injury (AKI) with a creatinine peak of 9.1 mg/dL above her baseline of 1.2 mg/dL, and anemia with hemoglobin 5.7 g/dl. Kidney biopsy revealed oxalate nephropathy likely related to gastric bypass surgery four years prior. RYGB is a strong risk factor for hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy which often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Meaningful treatment strategies for this disease entity are lacking. We present a case in which dietary and pharmacological management without the use of renal replacement therapy resulted in stabilization of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 for seven years at the time of this writing.
On finite-population Bayesian inferences for 2K factorial designs with binary outcomes

Inspired by the pioneering work of Rubin [Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization. Ann Stat. 1978;6:34–58], we employ the potential outcomes framework to develop a finite-p...
Analysis of fragment ends in plasma DNA from patients with cancer

Abstract Fragmentation patterns observed in plasma DNA reflect chromatin accessibility in contributing cells. Since DNA shed from cancer cells and blood cells may differ in fragmentation patterns, we investigated whether analysis of genomic positioning and nucleotide sequence at fragment ends can reveal the presence of tumor DNA in blood and aid cancer diagnostics. We analyzed whole genome sequencing data from >2700 plasma DNA samples including healthy individuals and patients with 11 different cancer types. We observed higher fractions of fragments with aberrantly positioned ends in patients with cancer, driven by contribution of tumor DNA into plasma. Genomewide analysis of fragment ends using machine learning showed overall area under the receiver operative characteristic curve of 0.96 for detection of cancer. Our findings remained robust with as few as 1 million fragments analyzed per sample, suggesting that analysis of fragment ends can become a cost-effective and accessible approach for cancer detection and monitoring. One-sentence summary Analyzing the positioning and nucleotide sequence at fragment ends in plasma DNA may enable cancer diagnostics.