cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-and Full-Scale URANS Simulations of Athena Resistance, Powering, Seakeeping, and 5415 Maneuvering

This study demonstrates the versatility of a two-point, multilayer wall function in computing model- and full-scale ship flows with wall roughness and pressure gradient effects. The wall-function model is validated for smooth flat-plate flows at Reynolds numbers up to 10 9 , and it is applied to the Athena R/V for resistance, propulsion, and seakeeping calculations and to fully appended DTMB 5415 for a maneuvering simulation. Resistance predictions for Athena bare hull with skeg at the model scale compare well with the near-wall turbulence model results and experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) data. For full-scale simulations, frictional resistance coefficient predictions using smooth wall are in good agreement with the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) line. Rough-wall simulations show higher frictional and total resistance coefficients, where the former is found to be in good agreement with the ITTC correlation allowance. Self-propelled simulations for the fully appended Athena performed at full scale using rough-wall conditions compare well with full-scale data extrapolated from model-scale measurements using the ITTC ship-model correlation line including a correlation allowance. Full-scale computations are performed for the towed fully appended Athena free to sink and trim and the boundary layer and wake profiles are compared with full-scale EFD data. Rough-wall results are found to be in better agreement with the EFD data than the smooth-wall results. Seakeeping calculations are performed for the demonstration purpose at both model- and full-scale. Maneuvering calculation shows slightly more efficient rudder action, lower heading angle overshoots, and lower roll damping for full-scale than shown by the model scale.
“Fiat Justitia, Ruat Caelum”: Justice Juxtaposed to Questions of Maturity, Community, Gender, and Moral Action in the Novels by Unity Dow.

(2013). “Fiat Justitia, Ruat Caelum”: Justice Juxtaposed to Questions of Maturity, Community, Gender, and Moral Action in the Novels by Unity Dow. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 74-86.
Benefits of Hooking Up: Self-Reports from First-Year College Women

ABSTRACTThis study explored the benefits of hooking up among first-year college women. Two authors coded for the presence of 10 benefits (kappas: 0.76–0.97) in 262 women's responses to an open-response survey question regarding benefits of their most recent hookup. The most common benefits identified were sexual pleasure (23%), general positive emotions (21%), increased confidence (11%), and clarification of feelings (11%). Overall, 71% reported at least 1 benefit, but 29% reported no benefits. For some young women, hooking up has benefits that can include meeting their needs for social connection, sexual exploration and intimacy, and fun/enjoyment.
Ontogeny influences developmental physiology of post-transplant Quercus rubra seedlings more than genotype

Seedling ontogeny exerted a greater influence on physiological activity of Quercus rubra seedlings than genetics; thus, it may be more important to use an appropriate growth index to account for seedling ontogeny in experiments than to control for genetic variation. Members of the genus Quercus exhibit semi-determinate growth, resulting in complex and developmentally variable endogenous physiological patterns. The Quercus morphological index (QMI; Hanson et al. Tree Physiol. 2:273-281, 1986) was developed as a tool to relate physiological patterns to morphologically identifiable ontological stages, thereby allowing for treatment or measurement of seedlings at uniform ontological stages rather than strictly by chronology. Although clear physiological patterns relative to seedling ontogeny have been observed using the QMI in pre-transplant half-sibling seedlings, we sought to determine whether physiological patterns remain consistent across genotypes within a species. We examined net photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf chlorophyll concentrations, and chlorophyll fluorescence (F v /F m ) throughout the first flush after transplant for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings from three half-sibling families. Neither net photosynthesis nor transpiration rates varied by family, whereas leaf chlorophyll concentrations and F v /F m differed significantly. Despite family differences for magnitudes of some parameters, no interactions between QMI growth stage and family were observed, and patterns of all parameters relative to growth stage were consistent across families. Net photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and F v /F m increased during the flush, while leaf chlorophyll concentration decreased, suggesting that chlorophyll synthesis is not a limiting factor during leaf maturation in this species. Findings indicate that QMI-based physiological patterns may be at least regionally applicable within a given Quercus species.
Screening Immunomodulators To Skew the Antigen-Specific Autoimmune Response.

Current therapies to treat autoimmune diseases often result in side effects such as nonspecific immunosuppression. Therapies that can induce antigen-specific immune tolerance provide an opportunity to reverse autoimmunity and mitigate the risks associated with global immunosuppression. In an effort to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance, co-administration of immunomodulators with autoantigens has been investigated in an effort to reprogram autoimmunity. To date, identifying immunomodulators that may skew the antigen-specific immune response has been ad hoc at best. To address this need, we utilized splenocytes obtained from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in order to determine if certain immunomodulators may induce markers of immune tolerance following antigen rechallenge. Of the immunomodulatory compounds investigated, only dexamethasone modified the antigen-specific immune response by skewing the cytokine response and decreasing T-cell populations at a concentration corres...
Simplified Approach to Lower Bound Solutions of Slabs

The advantages of lower bound solutions to the collapse loads of slabs are well known. However, lower bound solutions are available for only few cases. The chief difficulty in obtaining a best lower bound solution arises from the fact that the maximum possible value for the collapse load has to be determined such that both equilibrium equation and yield condition are satisfied at all points in the slab. This note presents the development of a simplified approach.
The Shared Descent of Semitic and Aryan in Christian Bunsen’s History of Revelation

The desire to uphold monogenesis encouraged Christian Bunsen (1791-1866) to bridge the Semitic and Indo-European language families. Bunsen’s identifying ancient Egyptian as a linguistic bridge had implications for the supposed history of God’s revelation to humankind, as well as for German conceptions of “Semitic” as a racial category in the 1840s. The rise of Sanskrit as a possible Ursprache, as well as new critical methods and the rationalist critique of revelation, altered the position Egypt once held in ancient wisdom narratives. However, the gradual decipherment of hieroglyphs and efforts to historicize ancient Egyptian encouraged Bunsen to rethink the history of religion. His faith in monogenesis and Bunsen’s deriving Aryans and Semites from a common ancestor did not inhibit the racialization of “Semitic” as a category or reverse the loss of status Hebrew antiquity suffered as other scholars located primordial revelation in the Aryan past. Instead religion itself became racialized.
COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL CHARPY TESTS FOR MEASURING THE IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF VERY-HIGH-TOUGHNESS STEELS

For modern plate steels exhibiting high toughness and ductility, the conventional Charpy test is ostensibly stretched beyond its limits of applicability. Impact tests yield absorbed energy values in excess of 300-400 J, which are associated with limited material fracture and mostly derive from plastic deformation of the specimen (bending), friction, and vibrations of the swinging hammer. It would be therefore very desirable to measure the actual fracture toughness of very-high-toughness steels by means of an alternative specimen and/or methodology, entailing just a moderate increase of cost and test complexity with respect to Charpy testing. The investigation presented here was aimed at establishing a reasonable, yet cost-effective test procedure utilizing Charpy-type specimens for measuring the dynamic toughness of high-toughness steels, such as line pipe steels. Promising results have been obtained from notches cut by electrical-discharge machining (EDM) using a thin wire of 0.1 mm diameter, as compared to specimens where an actual crack was generated and propagated by fatigue at the root of the machined notch.
Disparities in Rates of Surgical Intervention Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations.

Objective:To assess the effect of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) on the use of surgical services among racial and ethnic minorities.Background:Health reform efforts were expected to reduce healthcare disparities. The impact of ACOs on existing disparities in access to surgical care remains un
How Much is Too Much?: Whole Session vs. First Query Behaviors in Task Type Prediction

One of the emerging and important problems in Interactive Information Retrieval research is predicting search tasks. Given a searcher's behavior during a search session, can the searcher's task be predicted? Which aspects of the task can be predicted, and how quickly and how accurately can the prediction be made? Much past literature has examined relationships between browsing behavior and task type at a statistical level, and recent work is moving towards prediction. While one may think whole session measures are useful for prediction, recent findings on common measures have suggested the contrary. Can less of the session still be useful? We examine the opposite end: the first query. Using multiple data sets for comparison, our results suggest that first query measures can be at least as good as -- and sometimes better than -- whole session measures for certain task type predictions.
A cerebellar adaptation to uncertain inputs

Noise and variability are inherent and unavoidable features of neural processing. Despite this physiological challenge, brain systems function well, suggesting the existence of adaptations that cope with noise. We report a novel adaptation that the cerebellum implements to maintain correct responses in the face of ambiguous inputs. We found that under these conditions, the cerebellum used a probabilistic binary choice: Although the probability of behavioral response gradually increased or decreased depending on the degree of similarity between current and trained inputs, the size of response remained constant. That way the cerebellum kept responses adaptive to trained input corrupted by noise while minimizing false responses to novel stimuli. Recordings and analysis of Purkinje cells activity showed that the binary choice is made in the cerebellar cortex. Results from large-scale simulation suggest that internal feedback from cerebellar nucleus back to cerebellar cortex plays a critical role in implementation of binary choice.
Information integration and XML in IBM's DB2

Publisher Summary Due to organizational or operational constraints, the diverse data sources that an enterprise uses do not generally lend themselves to being fully replicated or completely consolidated under a single database, hence the increased demand for data interchange and for federated access to distributed sources. IBM has ongoing work in information integration technology that enables integrated, real-time access to traditional and emerging data sources, transforms information to meet the needs of business analysts, and manages data placement for performance, currency, and availability leading to fast, constant, and easy access for customer e-business solutions. IBM's Information Integration infrastructure today supports SQL—a mature, powerful query language—plus a number of SQL extensions in support of XML. SQL and SQL extensions for specific datatypes (such as XML or image) support access to any type of data object: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured.
Expanded Newborn Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Overview and Outcomes

INTRODUCTION During the past decade, the use of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has led to a remarkable increase in diseases detected by newborn screening [1]. An expert panel recommended 29 disorders, including 22 metabolic disorders, as primary targets, based on a stringent review process that included expert review of screening availability, treatment efficacy, and other criteria [2]. In addition, there were 22 secondary metabolic disorders that were detected as part of the differential diagnosis of the primary disorders. This panel has been adapted in some form by nearly all states. Several additional diseases are being considered for inclusion in the newborn screening panel, including lysosomal storage disorders.
Mechanisms and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease and Phenomenon

Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by episodic digital vasospasms that are provoked by cold exposure or emotional stress or both (Freedman & Ianni, 1983a). Estimates of its prevalence range from 4.3% of female respondents to a questionnaire study in North Carolina to 19% of female patients of general practitioners in the United Kingdom (Weinrich, Maricq, Keil, McGregor, & Diat, 1990; Simian, Holligan, Brennan, & Madison, 1990). The corresponding estimates for males were 2.7% and 11%, respectively.
Impulse control difficulties while distressed: A facet of emotion dysregulation links to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among psychiatric inpatients at military treatment facilities.

Abstract Links between emotion dysregulation, suicide ideation, and suicidal versus non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are poorly understood within military samples. United States service members and beneficiaries ( N = 186), psychiatrically hospitalized following a suicidal crisis, completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and reported lifetime suicide ideation, attempts, and NSSI. We expected that emotion dysregulation would positively associate with worst lifetime suicide ideation, multiple suicide attempt status, and lifetime NSSI. Suicide ideation severity and multiple suicide attempts did not associate with DERS components. Notably, difficulties with impulse control (feeling out of control while distressed) was positively associated with NSSI history. Theoretical models that clearly describe the role of emotion dysregulation in suicidal thoughts, its progression to suicidal actions, and NSSI are needed to advance clinical care for this highly vulnerable group. Longitudinal and micro-longitudinal study designs require further investigation.
Association of Fatality Risk With Value-Based Drug Pricing of Epinephrine Autoinjectors for Children With Peanut Allergy: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis.

Importance The high cost of self-injectable epinephrine autoinjectors may represent a barrier to community anaphylaxis management. Value-based pricing can provide a benchmark for rational epinephrine autoinjector costs. Objective To define value-based pricing of community epinephrine autoinjectors. Design, Setting, and Participants In an economic evaluation study using a cost-effectiveness birth cohort model over an extended 80-year time horizon, Markov simulations of children with peanut allergy evaluated cost ceilings for value-based epinephrine prices in peanut allergy. Simulation inputs included all-cause age-adjusted mortality (2013 US life tables), 2013 published food allergy fatality rates, 2017 rates of autoinjector device carriage, and 2016 published market costs of self-injectable epinephrine. All costs were expressed in 2018 US dollars and discounted at 3% per annum. Exposures Cohorts of children with peanut allergy prescribed epinephrine autoinjectors were compared with those not receiving personal epinephrine prescriptions. Children without epinephrine autoinjectors assumed 10-fold to 100-fold fatality risk increases. Costs were evaluated from a societal perspective. Main Outcomes and Measures Fatality risk, quality-adjusted life-years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results A total of 100 000 simulated infants with peanut allergy entered each strategy, with two-thirds of the group receiving annual personal epinephrine prescriptions and using those devices appropriately when indicated. Over the time horizon, the cost of anaphylaxis preparedness and treatment in those with personal epinephrine devices was $25 478 (95% CI, $25 399-$25 557) compared with $654 (95% CI, $645-$663) for those without personal epinephrine, resulting in an average food allergy fatality of 0.00056 (95% CI, 0.000414-0.000706) per patient prescribed self-injectable epinephrine and 0.00148 (95% CI, 0.001242-0.001718) in those not prescribed self-injectable epinephrine. The value-based price (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $100 000 per quality-adjusted life-year) for personal epinephrine based on 10-fold fatality risk difference was $24. At a market cost of $715 per twin pack, the autoinjector incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $2 742 697 per quality-adjusted life-year. If a hypothetical fatality risk protection from personal epinephrine was modeled at 100-fold, the value-based price ceiling for a personal autoinjector was $264. Conclusions and Relevance In a simulation of children with peanut allergy, a value-based epinephrine cost has a ceiling of $24 for a personal autoinjector, even at an exaggerated fatality risk.
THE DAWNING OF THE AGE OF QUANTITATIVE/EMPIRICAL METHODS IN ACCOUNTING RESEARCH: EVIDENCE FROM THE LEADING AUTHORS OF THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW, 1966–1985

This study documents changes that took place in The Accounting Review during 1966–1985 compared with earlier 20-year periods, 1926–1945 and 1946–1965. The comparisons are based on examining the art...
Reorienting the Rules of Evidence

Latent heterosexism is deeply engrained in the common sensibility of the American legal system. In sexual assault cases, that latent heterosexism reveals itself in disparate admissibility rulings and practices regarding evidence that purports to demonstrate a defendant’s sexual orientation. When defendant and victim are of the same gender, evidence that a defendant is straight is used to prove innocence, while evidence that a defendant is gay or bisexual is used to prove guilt. This evidence is used to advance narratives invoking anti-gay and anti-bisexual stereotypes of deviance and criminality. Similar arguments are not made in cases involving opposite-gender defendant and victim. This disparate over-admission and misuse of evidence of defendant sexual orientation in same-gender sexual assault cases arise from a fundamental misunderstanding of both the nature of sexual orientation and the etiology of sexual assault. Although existing evidence doctrines provide a robust framework through which to properly exclude most sexual orientation evidence, chronic under-utilization of that framework calls for a reorientation of the rules of evidence towards a deeper understanding of sexual identity and behavior, and a more honest accounting of sexual prejudice and negative sexual stereotypes. This Article explores theoretical and scientific models of sexual orientation and sexual assault, demonstrating the significant attenuation between sexual orientation, desire, and assault. When properly grounded in those complex realities, the doctrines of logical relevance, character evidence, and the legal relevance balancing test operate to exclude most evidence of defendant sexual orientation in sexual assault cases. Crucially, this analysis must be highly cognizant of the powerful heterosexist forces that both overtly and implicitly bias fact-finders and militate against admission of this evidence in nearly all cases.
The crystal structure of berthierite, FeSb2S4

Abstract : The general arrangement of atoms in berthierite had been suggested in an earlier publication by solving the Patterson function P(xy), with the aid of the minimum function M8(xy). In this paper a report is given of the refinement of the structure. The intensities were measured by the M.I.T. modification of the Dawton method, and the resulting F2's were placed on an absolute basis by Wilson's method. The structure was refined by the use of successive differential Fourier syntheses. The final structure has a small residual factor and neatly reproduces the Patterson projection. In the structure of berthierite each Sb atom is evidently bonded to 3 S atoms at distances of about 2.5A. These SbS3 groups share S atoms to form two nonequivalent SbS2 Chains parallel to the c axis. The Fe atoms are surrounded by 6 S atoms in approximately octohedral arrangement at distances of about 2.5A. This is about the expected distance for ionic Fe-S bonds. The structure can therefore probably be regarded as Fe ++ (SbS2)2.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Foot and Ankle Orthopedics:

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are a measure of health care quality that reflect the patient’s perceptions of their own health status. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in implementatio...
Pump It Up? Tweeting to Manage Investor Attention to Earnings News

We examine how firms' tweeting behavior affects earnings-news returns. Tweeting about earnings news increases the magnitude of announcement returns, particularly when the earning surprise is small and positive and when the firm is less visible as measured by firm size or analyst coverage. We also find evidence of strategic tweeting, particularly by firms that manage earnings: financial tweeting is more frequent around positive earnings surprises, especially those that are less visible. Overall, we conclude Twitter provides firms an effective and strategic way to mitigate investors' limited attention to news, especially when the news is otherwise less likely to attract notice.
From Conditioning to Emotion: Translating Animal Models of Learning to Human Psychopathology

Emotional responses are not static but change as a consequence of learning. Organisms adapt to emotional events and these adaptations influence the way we think, behave, and feel when we encounter similar situations in the future. Integrating recent work from rodent models and research on human psychopathology, this article lays out a model describing how affective events cause learning and can lead to anxiety and depression: affective events are linked to conditioned stimuli and contexts. Affective experiences entrain oscillatory synchrony across distributed neural circuits, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, which form associations that constitute the basis of emotional memories. Consolidation of these experiences appears to be supported by replay in the hippocampus-a process by which hippocampal firing patterns recreate the firing pattern that occurred previously. Generalization of learning occurs to never before experienced contexts when associations form across distinct but related conditioned stimuli. The process of generalization, which requires cortical structures, can cause memories to become abstracted. During abstraction, the latent, overlapping features of the learned associations remain and result in the formation of schemas. Schemas are adaptive because they facilitate the rapid processing of conditioned stimuli and prime behavioral, cognitive, and affective responses that are the manifestations of the accumulation of an individual's conditioned experiences. However, schemas can be maladaptive when the generalization of aversive emotional responses are applied to stimuli and contexts in which affective reactions are unnecessary. I describe how this process can lead to not only mood and anxiety disorders but also psychotherapeutic treatment.
Is it time to establish age restrictions in ART

Providers specializing in reproductive medicine are treating increasing numbers of women pursuing parenthood in their 40s, 50s, and beyond. The rise in later-life parenting can be linked to factors ranging from the advent of assisted reproductive technologies and donor oocytes to the highly publicized pregnancies of older celebrities. We explore the medical and psychosocial implications of this trend for both older parents and their children. We also discuss ethical arguments regarding older parents’ access to fertility care, existing professional guidelines, and both public and provider opinions about setting age limits for fertility treatment. Finally, we share preliminary considerations of whether age policies should be established, applied to men as well as women, and standardized or considered on a case-by-case basis.
American and Chinese Thinking Styles: Attitude Effects on Holistic and Attribute Ads

American (i.e., Western) thinking favors the analytic style, focusing on the focal object and internal attributes; Chinese (i.e., Eastern) thinking favors the holistic style, paying attention to the context and whole system. This research investigates whether such holistic and analytic thinking styles affect attitudes towards holistic ads which contain many types of information (availability, price, company, etc.) and attribute ads which contain only one type of information (product feature). The first study showed that (i) American consumers prefer attribute ads more than Chinese consumers do; (ii) both American and Chinese consumers prefer holistic ads more than attribute ads; and both prefer the holistic ads equally well. The second study showed that the impact of cultural differences in thinking styles on ad attitudes were not influenced by thinking speed – whether the thinking was fast and automatic or whether the thinking was slow and effortful. The stable and verifiable managerial implication is that ad content in the East and West, in the US and China must include more, diverse information.
Real-world experience using combination therapy with riociguat and risk assessment using REVEAL Lite 2.0 in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease that can lead to right-sided ventricular failure and premature death. Tailoring therapy to individual patient’s needs, along with regular ri...
Intrathoracic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: an Imaging Review Highlighting Atypical Features

The purpose of this article is to present a more recent radiological review to pulmonologists, radiologists and other clinicians of: typical and atypical manifestations of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, and highlighting its mimic-drug induced sarcoid like reaction. There is an association between immunotherapy and the development of sarcoid-like reactions. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of this entity. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease, of unknown etiology that is characterized by non caseating granulomas. It most commonly involves the lungs and lymph nodes. The common features of this entity have been extensively described in literature; however, 25–30% of cases present with atypical features. This review addresses the different manifestations of pulmonary sarcoidosis, highlighting the atypical appearances, which maybe misdiagnosed in the absence of tissue diagnosis. Radiologists should not hesitate to recommend tissue sampling in the setting of atypical findings and for definite diagnosis.
Role of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Lung Disease and Senescence: Potential Role Across the Lifespan.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a divergent member of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily and is ubiquitously expressed, under normal physiological conditions. GDF15 expression increases during many pathological states and serves a marker of cellular stress. GDF15 has multiple and even paradoxical roles within a pathological condition, as its effects can be dose- and time-dependent and vary based on the targeted tissues and downstream pathways. GDF15 has emerged as one of the most recognized proteins as part of the senescence associated secretory phenotype. Cellular senescence plays a major role in many lung diseases across the life-span from bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the premature neonate to COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in aged adults. GDF15 levels have been reported to be as a useful biomarker in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension and predict disease severity, decline in lung function and mortality. Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) in the brain stem has been identified as the only validated GDF15 receptor and mediates GDF15-mediated anorexia and wasting. The mechanisms and pathways by which GDF15 exerts its pulmonary effects are being elucidated. GDF15 may also have an impact on the lung based on the changes in circulating levels or through the central action of GDF15 activating peripheral metabolic changes. This review focuses on the role of GDF15 in different lung diseases across the lifespan and its role in cellular senescence.
Examining Variations in Action Plan Quality Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care.

Author(s): Kjaer, Pernille H; Fisher, Lawrence; Potter, Michael B; Dedhia, Mansi; Parra, Jose; Ejskjaer, Niels; Skovlund, Soren; Hessler, Danielle | Abstract: IntroductionCollaborative goal setting and action-planning are key elements of self-management support for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), however little is known regarding action plan quality or correlation of quality in primary T2DM care.MethodsT2DM patients from 12 primary care sites participated in either: Connection to Health (CTH; 6 practices), consisting of a health survey followed by collaborative action planning, or Enhanced Engagement CTH (EE-CTH; 6 practices), including additional training in relationship building promoting patient engagement. Action plan quality was rated using an adapted version of the Goal-Setting Evaluation Tool for Diabetes (GET-D) (dual coding of 20%, inter-rater reliability [IRR] g80%). Associations with patient characteristics were examined using generalized linear mixed models adjusting for clustering by clinic and intervention arm.ResultsWith a mean score ± standard deviation (SD) of 14.62 ± 3.87 on a 0 to 20 scale (n = 725), overall action plan quality was moderate-high. Higher health literacy (β = 1.184, 95% CI, 0.326-2.041; P = .007), and having no social risks (β = 0.416; 95% CI, 0.062-0.770; P = .021) were associated with higher action plan quality, whereas sex, age, language, education level, depression, stress, and health distress were unrelated to quality (P value not significant). Higher quality was associated with greater patient confidence in the plan (β = 0.050; 95% CI, 0.016-0.084, P = .004).ConclusionsAlthough there was a considerable difference in action plan quality ratings, ratings did not systematically differ based on most patient demographic or mental health measures. Results suggest that action planning should be tailored to health literacy and social risks. Further research should examine associations between quality and longer-term clinical outcomes.
DYNAMICS OF CONTINUOUS-MODE ICEBREAKING BY A POLAR CLASS HULL--PART 2: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Part 2 of this two-part paper presents additional results from an ice towing-tank study of a Polar-Class hull for two conditions: for one, the hull was free to pitch, heave, and undergo limited roll (free hull); for the other, the hull was restrained from motions (fixed hull). Measurements were made of resistance as well as motions and restraining forces and moments for the free- and fixed- hull conditions, respectively. In Part 1, the values of the mean and standard deviation for both conditions are compared and related to observed patterns of icebreaking. In Part 2, the spectral densities are examined with regard to the natural frequencies of hull motions and frequencies associated with icebreaking pattern to determine values of zero-speed natural frequencies and added-mass and damping coefficients for ice-covered conditions.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT AMONG LOW- INCOME PUERTO RICAN WOMEN

La prevalencia del abuso de sustancias constituye un problema creciente entre las mujeres de bajos ingresos en Puerto Rico. El acceso a tratamiento puede jugar un rol importante en la remision, sin embargo muy poco se sabe sobre su utilizacion. Ademas, se desconoce el papel mediador del capital social en la utilizacion de tratamientos para abuso de sustancias. Este estudio examina el papel relativo del capital social y otros factores en la obtencion de tratamiento para abuso de sustancias entre mujeres de 18 a 35 anos que viven en areas urbanas de alto riesgo en San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Securities Regulation as Lobster Trap: A Credible Commitment Theory of Mandatory Disclosure

What functions does the existing mandatory disclosure system serve? In this article, I argue that the existing SEC system can be understood as providing issuers with a mechanism for making a credible commitment to high quality, comprehensive disclosure for an indefinite period into the future. This credible commitment device is particularly useful to new domestic issuers and to foreign issuers seeking to tap the U.S. capital markets. This credible commitment justification explains the striking but little discussed practical and formal asymmetry between the ease of entry into the SEC system and the difficulty of exit from it. I then consider the implications of this credible commitment view for the various proposals on securities disclosure in a global capital market, and the tradeoffs between the potential benefits of increasing competition among suppliers of disclosure regulation and the potential loss of the ability of any system to offer credible commitment.
A Simple Method for the Rapid Analysis of Animal Sounds

A simple, real-time method for displaying the information contained in the zero-crossings of acoustic signals is described. The method can be used even with many signals that have harmonics, and reveals a wealth of fine structure in bird song. Some of this structure may serve a communicatory function.
Elementary Functional Analysis

Elementary functional analysis, such as Hilbert spaces, Sobolev spaces, and linear operators, is collected in this chapter for the reader’s convenience. Since elementary stabilization results are presented without using functional analysis, readers may skip this chapter and come back when needed. In this book, ℕ denotes the set of all nonnegative natural numbers, ℂ denotes the set of complex numbers, ℝ n denotes the n-dimensional Euclidean space, and ℝ = ℝ1 denotes the real line. Points in ℝ n will be denoted by x = (x 1, …, x n ), and its norm is defined by $$\|\mathbf{x}\| = \left(\sum_{i = 1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
Immunoglobulin Superfamily and the Nervous System

Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily include a large number of cell adhesion molecules and receptors that are important for mediating interactions between cells in the nervous system. Keywords: cell adhesion molecule (CAM); glia; neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM); neuron; signal transduction
Resonant two-photon detachment through the lowest singlet D state in H-

We report the measurement of the two-photon detachment spectrum of the {sup 1}{ital D}{sup {ital e}} resonance of H{sup {minus}} just below the {ital n}=2 threshold. The excess photon detachment resonance fits a Fano profile with energy 10.872(2) eV (relative to H{sup {minus}} ground state), a width of 0.0105(10) eV, and a shape parameter of {minus}8(2). To our knowledge, this describes the first time direct multiphoton excitation of a resonance has been observed in any negative atomic ion. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital The} {ital American} {ital Physical} {ital Society}.
Associations between ozone, PM2.5, and four pollen types on emergency department pediatric asthma events during the warm season in New Jersey: a case-crossover study.

Abstract Background Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among school-aged children in the United States. Environmental respiratory irritants exacerbate asthma among children. Understanding the impact of a variety of known and biologically plausible environmental irritants and triggers among children in New Jersey – ozone, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), tree pollen, weed pollen, grass pollen and ragweed – would allow for informed public health interventions. Methods Time-stratified case-crossover design was used to study the transient impact of ozone, PM2.5 and pollen on the acute onset of pediatric asthma. Daily emergency department visits were obtained for children aged 3–17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma during the warm season (April through September), 2004–2007 (inclusive). Bi-directional control sampling was used to select two control periods for each case for a total of 65,562 inclusion days. Since the period of exposure prior to emergency department visit may be the most clinically relevant, lag exposures were investigated (same day (lag0), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 as well as 3-day and 5-day moving averages). Multivariable conditional logistic regression controlling for holiday, school-in-session indicator, and 3-day moving average for temperature and relative humidity was used to examine the associations. Odds ratios are based on interquartile range (IQR) increases or 10 unit increases when IQR ranges were narrow. Single-pollutant models as well as multipollutant models were examined. Stratification on gender, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status was explored. Results The associations with ozone and PM2.5 were strongest on the same day (lag0) of the emergency department visit (RRIQR=1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06) and (RRIQR=1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.04), respectively, with a decreasing lag effect. Tree and weed pollen were associated with pediatric ED visits; the largest magnitudes of association was with the 5-day average (RRIQR=1.23, 95% CI 1.21–1.25) and (RR10=1.13, 95% CI 1.12–1.14), respectively. Grass pollen was only minimally associated with the outcome while ragweed had a negative association. Conclusions The ambient air pollutant ozone is associated with increases in pediatric emergency department asthma visits during the warm weather season. The different pollen types showed different associations with the outcome. High levels of tree pollen appear to be an important risk factor in asthma exacerbations.
Effect of splenic congestion associated with hemolytic anemia on mortality of rats challenged with haemophilus influenzae b

The effect of splenic congestion associated with acute hemolytic anemia on susceptibility to bacterial infection was investigated in rats inoculated with Haemophilus influenzae b by intranasal (in) or intravenous (iv) challenge. The rats were made anemic by phenylhydrazine treatment and were challenged with 10(6) (in) or 5 X 10(7) (iv) H influenzae b. Forty-eight hours after in inoculation of bacteria, the number of bacteria in the blood was 10 times greater in the anemic rats with extensive splenic congestion than in controls. After iv inoculation of bacteria, a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher mortality rate was found in the anemic rats with extensive splenic congestion and fewer bacteria were present in the spleens but not the livers, as compared to normal rats. Since phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia exhibited an extensive congestion in the spleen, higher mortality rate observed in the anemic rats challenged with H influenzae b may result, in part, from decreased intravascular clearance of bacteria by the spleen.
Evaluation of calving seasons and marketing strategies in Northern Great Plains beef enterprises: I. Cow-calf systems

A bioeconomic computer model was used to evaluate alternate calving seasons in a cow-calf enterprise under range conditions representative of the Northern Great Plains. The simulated ranch utilized a rotational breeding system based on Hereford and Angus and had a fixed forage base (4,500 animal unit months of native range, 520 t of grass hay, and 183 t of alfalfa hay). Calving seasons studied were spring (SP, beginning March 15), summer (SU, beginning May 15), and fall (FA, beginning August 15). Weaning dates were October 31, December 15, and February 1, for SP, SU, and FA. The SP system was also simulated with a 5% increase in calf mortality (SP-IM), and SU with early weaning on October 31 (SU-EW). Herd size for the fixed resource was 509, 523, 519, 560, and 609 cows exposed per year for SP, SP-IM, SU, SU-EW, and FA, respectively. Corresponding values for weight weaned per cow exposed were 206, 186, 193, 153, and 145 kg. Steer calves, nonreplacement heifer calves, and cull cows were sold at the time of weaning. Quarterly cattle and feed prices used were representative of the peak, descending, valley, and ascending phases of the 1990s cattle cycle adjusted for inflation. Estimates of ranch gross margin (gross returns minus variable costs) were greatest for SP, followed by SP-IM, SU, SU-EW, and FA, and the ranks were consistent across phases of the cattle cycle. Differences between ranch gross margin for SP-IM and SU were small. In beef enterprises representative of the Northern Great Plains, with a restricted grazing season, limited access to low-cost, high-quality grazeable forage, and with calves sold at weaning, switching from early spring to a summer or fall calving date is not expected to improve profitability. If delaying calving improves calf survival, then calving in early summer may be a competitive choice.
Secreted Euryarchaeal Microhalocins Kill Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaea

Few antibiotics targeting members of the archaeal domain are currently available for genetic studies. Since bacterial antibiotics are frequently directed against competing and related organisms, archaea by analogy might produce effective antiarchaeal antibiotics. Peptide antibiotic (halocin) preparations from euryarchaeal halophilic strains S8a, GN101, and TuA4 were found to be toxic for members of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeal genus Sulfolobus. No toxicity was evident against representative bacteria or eukarya. Halocin S8 (strain S8a) and halocin R1 (strain GN101) preparations were cytostatic, while halocin A4 (strain TuA4) preparations were cytocidal. Subsequent studies focused on the use of halocin A4 preparations and Sulfolobus solfataricus. Strain TuA4 cell lysates were not toxic for S. solfataricus, and protease (but not nuclease) treatment of the halocin A4 preparation inactivated toxicity, indicating that the A4 toxic factor must be a secreted protein. Potassium chloride supplementation of the Sulfolobus assay medium potentiated toxicity, implicating use of a salt-dependent mechanism. The utility of halocin A4 preparations for genetic manipulation of S. solfataricus was assessed through the isolation of UV-induced resistant mutants. The mutants exhibited stable phenotypes and were placed into distinct classes based on their levels of resistance.
Analysis of late Jurassic-recent paleomagnetic data from active plate margins of South America

Abstract Paleomagnetic results for rocks of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic age from South America are analyzed and interpreted. Emphasis is placed on the active margins of the continent. Some important conclusions are reached, with varying degrees of certainty: (1) The reference APW path for stable South America is fairly well defined for the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, and is not much different from the present rotation axis. (2) The so-called “Bolivian orocline” involved counterclockwise rotations in Peru and northernmost Chile and clockwise rotations in Chile south of about latitude 18.5S. These rotations probably are a result of in situ small-block rotations in response to shear, not actual oroclinal bending. (3) The Bonaire block of northern Venezuela and Colombia has been rotated clockwise relative to the stable interior of South America by about 90°. It also seems to have drifted northward relative to the craton by as much as 1600 km. It probably represents a true accreted terrane, one of very few recognized in South America so far. (4) The “Magellanes orocline” at the southern tip of South America apparently involves some counterclockwise rotation of paleomagnetic vectors, but this too is probably the result of distributed shear. (5) Tectonic processes have very thoroughly “rearranged” the rocks making up the active margins of South America. “Rearrange” here denotes displacement of crustal blocks relative to their surroundings, without significant internal deformation By analogy with North America “rearrangement” might entail in situ block rotation, translation of crustal blocks along the continental margin, and accretion of exotic “tectonostratigraphic terranes”. However, in western South America “rearrangement” seems to have consisted dominantly of block rotations that were essentially in situ . For the parts of the Andes investigated so far, late Mesozoic and Cenozoic accretion of exotic terranes and large-scale translation of crustal slivers, as found in western North America, seem to be absent.
API as a social glue

The rapid growth of social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn underscores the need for people to connect to existing and new contacts for recreational and professional purposes. A parallel of this phenomenon exists in the software development arena as well. Open-source code sharing platforms such as GitHub provide the ability to follow people and projects of interest. However, users are manually required to identify projects or other users whom they might be interested in following. We observe that most software projects use third-party libraries and that developers who contribute to multiple projects often use the same library APIs across projects. Thus, the library APIs seem to be a good fingerprint of their skill set. Hence, we argue that library APIs can form the social glue to connect people and projects having similar interests. We propose APINet, a system that mines API usage profiles from source code version management systems and create a social network of people, projects and libraries. We describe our initial implementation that uses data from 568 open-source projects hosted on GitHub. Our system recommends to a user new projects and people that they may be interested in, suggests communities of people who use related libraries and finds experts for a given topic who are closest in a user's social graph.
Retained surgical item identification on imaging studies: a training module for radiology residents

Many hospitals experience one or more retained surgical item events per year, with risk of patient morbidity and medicolegal consequences. We hypothesized that the confidence and performance of the radiologist would be enhanced by prior training in retained surgical item detection and by prior exposure to commonly employed surgical instruments and devices. A training module for radiology residents was created through literature review, expert consultation, and imaging of commonly employed surgical instruments and devices. A survey assessing resident command of background knowledge, policy, and image-based retained surgical item questions was created. Additionally resident confidence for hospital policy and retained surgical item identification was assessed. A pre-module survey and confidence questionnaire were administered to first- through fourth- year residents. For one month, the training module was available online for independent review. Subsequently, a post-module survey and confidence questionnaire were completed by participants. $$T$$ tests were performed to evaluate pre- and posttest means for survey performance and confidence questions. Mean post-module survey performance significantly improved compared with pre-module performance. Mean confidence levels for ability to incidentally identify a retained surgical item on a radiograph obtained for another indication and current understanding of the institution’s policy regarding retained surgical items were also significantly increased. The knowledge base, diagnostic performance, and confidence of radiology residents were significantly enhanced by online teaching module training in retained surgical item detection.