cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Cost-Effective Fertilizer-Based Media for the Microalgae Cultivation Aimed at Effective Biomass Production

In the diversification of the world's energy portfolio, microalgae biofuels have gained particular attention as a means of providing carbon-neutral hydrocarbon-based fuels. The progress on this front has been hindered because of expensive and unreliable microalgae cultivation systems, where the preparation of synthetic culture media poses a monetary strain. This study aims to investigate a new microalgae growth media that is readily available and cost-effective. The new microalgae fertilizerbased media (FBM) were designed and compared with Bold Basal media (BBM) in terms of growth parameters, production of lipid and value-added algal by-products (carotenoid and phycobiliprotein). The growth parameters such as cell count and specific growth rate were investigated for FBM and BBM. FBM showed a significant growth rate of 7 million/mL-per day as compared to 2 million/ml per day. A similar growth trend was observed for chlorophyll (a), (b) and carotenes which increased to the values of 5microgram/gram formula weight (µg/gfw), 3 µg/gfw and 2 µg/gfw for FBM. On the other hand, lipid and phycobiliprotein showed a decrease of 18.75 % and 16.66 %, respectively, compared to BBM. Even though some growth parameters are negatively affected by fertilizer-based media, the cost reduction is substantial to allow this drawback to be overlooked. The medium's cost is reduced by a factor of 7 and provides ground for the use of the FBM in the large-scale cultivation of algae for biomass production.
Chest Trauma and Thoracic Spine Injuries

Sideline providers should be familiar with a wide range of trauma to the thorax, and catastrophic threat to cardiopulmonary and mediastinal structures must be evaluated first. This includes commotio cordis, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and fractures of the rib and sternum. High-energy and high-contact sports coverage requires proficiency in the few, but critically life-saving, procedures to be performed prior to EMS arrival. Adequate preparation is key, and prompt interventions such as defibrillation and pneumothorax decompression will prove life-saving. Concomitant injuries occur in the setting of chest wall trauma or repetitive overuse. The proper modalities for diagnosis, management, and unique return to play considerations for pectoralis tear, stress fractures of the rib and sternum, slipping rib syndrome, and scapulothoracic bursitis are included in the differential for chest wall injuries.
Engineering Fluid Mechanics

1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2. Hydrostatics 3. Fluid Dynamics 4. Dimensional Analysis 5. Open Channel Flows 6. Laminar Viscous Flows 7. Turbulent Viscous Flows 8. Measurement of Flow and Fluid Properties 9. Compressible Flows 10. Hydraulic Machinery 10. Conclusions
Low-Dose Tocilizumab With High-Dose Corticosteroids in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Hypoxic Respiratory Failure Improves Mortality Without Increased Infection Risk.

BackgroundSevere hypoxic respiratory failure from COVID-19 pneumonia carries a high mortality risk. There is uncertainty surrounding which patients benefit from corticosteroids in combination with ...
Collaborative Processes in Transdisciplinary Research

It has been widely acknowledged in recent years that if we are to achieve a coherent comprehension of the world and its enormous social, environmental, and public health problems we must make linkages between bodies of scientific knowledge and the social and political realities that generate them. Nearly eight decades after Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset noted the limits of specialization and the organization of knowledge into rigidly defined disciplinary boundaries, transdisciplinary (TD) collaboration is coming to be recognized as an essential strategy for understanding and resolving the complex urban public health challenges of our time (e.g., health disparities, AIDS, and heart disease).
GENETIC INSTABILITY IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Schwartz, Norman M. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Genetic instability in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:712–717. 1965.—Results obtained from a transductional analysis demonstrated that an extremely unstable reversion of lac− is a suppressor mutation. This mutation suppresses 2 of 22 different lac− alleles tested. Five different Hfr strains transferred the suppressor soon after mating and at low frequency. Acridine orange enhanced the segregation of lac− clones from the unstable suppressed mutant. Stable suppressed lac− clones were produced by the unstable suppressed mutant. Two such stable suppressors were transferred at high frequency and mapped at different chromosomal sites on the basis of time of entry data. One of the stable suppressed lac− mutants reverted to the unstable suppressed lac− state. It is proposed that the suppressor is carried on an extrachromosomal element. The differences in stability observed may reflect differences in the state of the suppressor-bearing element.
Potassium Transport Loci in Escherichia coli K-12

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring considerably elevated concentrations of potassium for growth are readily obtained as double mutants combining a kdp mutation with a mutation in one or more of five other loci. These loci are referred to as trk, for transport of K, because these mutations result in alterations in K transport. The kdp mutation is essential in the isolation and identification of this type of mutant; in a Kdp(+) strain, the presence of a trk mutation does not prevent growth of the strain in media containing very low concentrations of K. The trk loci are widely scattered over the E. coli chromosome; none of them is very near any other trk locus or near the kdp genes.
Broken Washington: It’s Not You, It’s Me

“Washington is broken.” It’s a common refrain and, frankly, an easy target. With debt spiraling out of control, a disastrous Republican-led government shutdown, and the discouraging rollout of the Democrats’ signature healthcare law—DC deserves the criticism.
Basics of Environmental Toxicology

Industrial and agricultural endeavors are intimately associated with the extensive use of a wide array of chemicals. Historically chemical wastes generated through industrial processes were disposed of through flagrant release into the environment. Gasses quickly dispersed into the atmosphere; liquids were diluted into receiving waters and efficiently transported away from the site of generation. Similarly pesticides and other agricultural chemicals revolutionized farm and forest productivity. Potential adverse effects of the application of such chemicals to the environment were viewed as insignificant relative to the benefits bestowed by such practices. Then in 1962, a science writer for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Rachel Carson, published a book that began by describing a world devoid of birds and from which the title The Silent Spring was inspired. In her book Ms. Carson graphically described incidents of massive fish and bird kills resulting from insecticide use in areas ranging from private residences to national forests. Further she inferred that such pollutant effects on wildlife may be heralding similar incipient effects on human health. The resulting awakening of the general public to the hazards of chemicals in the environment spurred several landmark activities related to environmental protection, including Earth Day, organization of the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the enactment of several pieces of legislation aimed at regulating and limiting the release of chemicals into the environment. Appropriate regulation of the release of chemicals into the environment without applying unnecessarily stringent limitation on industry and agriculture requires a comprehensive understanding of the toxicological properties and consequences of release of the chemicals into the environment. It was from this need that modern environmental toxicology evolved. Environmental toxicology is defined as the study of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment. Although this definition would encompass toxic chemicals naturally found in the environment (i.e., animal venom, microbial and plant toxins), environmental toxicology is typically associated with the study of environmental chemicals of anthropogenic origin. Environmental toxicology can be divided into two subcategories:
Diffusion MR Imaging and Transient Ischemic Attacks

To the Editor: With great interest we read the excellent study of Kidwell et al1 about diffusion MRI in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). In 48% of their 42 TIA patients, they found abnormal diffusibility on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The frequency of positive DWI findings increased with increasing TIA duration. In DWI-positive TIA patients, diffusional abnormalities were smaller and alterations of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) less pronounced than in stroke patients. We are pleased to present a study with similar results. We studied 40 consecutive patients (mean±SD age 61±10.5 years; 20 men) eligible for MRI scanning, in whom TIA diagnosis was assumed based on patient history. All included patients reported an acute focal neurological deficit that lasted <24 hours. Because symptoms had completely resolved before they reached the hospital, clinical deficits had not been witnessed by a physician. DWI was performed within 7 to 72 hours after symptom onset (mean 36.5 hours), on a 1.5-T MR imaging system (General Electric Medical Systems) using a single-shot, multislice spin-echo echo planar …
Web*-a technology to make information available on the Web

The goal of the Information Sharing System (ISS) Project at the Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC) is to provide the means for an organization to effectively disseminate information. Thus enabling effective work in collaborative endeavors. Because corporate information exists in a variety of computer information repositories, such as databases, documents, drawings, and datafiles, it is imperative that these sources be integrated with an information sharing system to enable wider use. CERC's Web* (pronounced "WebStar") software, currently released into the public domain, can be used to integrate multiple information sources. Web* allows the exploitation of the World-Wide Web and the CORBA environment.
Typesetting APL using a Macintosh

This paper describes a low-cost approach to providing high quality printing of text which contains APL characters as well as other text fonts. APL fonts for the Macintosh™computer and the Apple LaserWriter™printer have been developed which allow low-cost typesetting of APL expressions and functions. Since the Macintosh computer can be used as a work station on several commercial typesetting machines, these fonts can be used to provide commercial quality printing of APL manuscripts.
Futures Commitments and Commodity Price Jumps

We examine the relationship between the commitments of three of the largest groups of futures traders and the abnormal price movements in five agricultural commodities. The general evidence suggests that the commitments of futures traders have been increasing over time, whereas the frequency of price jumps have not. Regression results indicate a negative relationship between price jumps and the commitments of speculators and small traders. There is also evidence of a negative relationship between the number of speculators and cash market volatility, consistent with a host of speculation-based theories.
The presence of a receptor for complement on T lymphocytes. Restriction of the complement receptor to Fc-receptor-bearing T lymphocytes.

Abstract Using rhodaminated guinea pig anti-ovalbumin:ovalbumin:complement complexes, a fluoresceinated monoclonal anti-Thy 1 antibody and a FACS-II equipped with dual fluorescence detection channels, we find that 25–30 % of Thy 1 + splenocytes express a receptor for complement. That a receptor for complement is involved in binding the guinea-pig AgAb:C' complexes is supported by the observations that: a) guinea-pig complexes, which were not treated with a serum source of complement or which were treated with either fresh serum in the presence of EDTA or with heat-inactivated serum, do not bind to the T lymphocytes, and b) heat-aggregated human gamma globulin, which effectively inhibits binding of mouse AgAb complexes to the aFcRγ, has no effect on the binding of guinea-pig AgAb:C' complexes to the T lymphocytes. By analyzing cell subpopulations isolated by cell sorting, it is demonstrated that the C'R-positive T lymphocyte clearly delineates a major subpopulation of aFcRγ-positive T lymphocytes, whereas no cells are found bearing a C'R, while lacking the aFcRγ. The implications of the presence of a C'R in immunoregulation are discussed.
Testing hypotheses of independence on symmetrical artifacts

Abstract Independence between attributes on artifacts with two equivalent loci has ordinarily been tested only when the loci can be differentiated from each other, say as left or right side or as distal or proximal end. If such an identification does not exist, is uncertain or is irrelevant, then a test of independence requires a special statistical procedure. Such a procedure is given here. Applications are illustrated for coreplatforms, geometric microliths and arrow-head typology, and an extension to artifacts with several equivalent loci is determined.
Quantitative analysis of free sphingoid bases in the brain and spinal cord tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection

The o-phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatives of psychosine, sphinganine and sphingosine extracted from brain and spinal cord tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. This method was developed with the purpose of detecting an endogenous amount of psychosine, sphingosine and sphinganine using small aliquots of brain tissues and spinal cord in rats. These sphingolipid bases were extracted in various ratios of chloroform-methanol and several pH values. Recovery of the method is about 81% in 12 ng/tube (final volume, 320 microl), 90-95% in 45 ng/tube of sphingosine and sphinganine within 2-12% relative standard deviation. Detection limits of these sphingoid bases were about 0.05 pmol/mg brain tissue. In the forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord of rats at three different ages of postnatal days (PND) 1, PND 13 and 6 months old, the endogenous concentrations of psychosine, sphingosine and sphinganine were determined. From these results, this method is suitable for the determination of sphingoid bases in small aliquot of brain and spinal cord tissues.
Optimizing JMS Performance for Cloud-Based Application Servers

Many business-oriented services will be graduallyoffered in the Cloud. Java Message Service (JMS) is a criticalmessaging technology in Java-based business applications, particularlyto those that are based on the Java Enterprise Edition(Java EE) open standard. Maintaining high performance inthe horizontally scaled, and elastic, cloud environment iscritical to the success of the business applications. In thispaper, we present practical considerations in optimizing JMSperformance for the cloud deployment, where some of thefindings may also serve to improve the design of JMS containerso it adapts well to cloud computing. Our work also includesperformance evaluation on the proposed strategies.
Introducing genetically encoded aldehydes into proteins

Methods for introducing bioorthogonal functionalities into proteins have become central to protein engineering efforts. Here we describe a method for the site-specific introduction of aldehyde groups into recombinant proteins using the 6-amino-acid consensus sequence recognized by the formylglycine-generating enzyme. This genetically encoded 'aldehyde tag' is no larger than a His(6) tag and can be exploited for numerous protein labeling applications.
Treated and untreated cellulosic wastes as animal feeds: Recent work in the United States of America

Abstract Recent work in the United States on the use of cellulose wastes for animal feed is reviewed. Most of the waste is produced in the central States; the densest centres of residue and beef cattle production do not coincide. The amount of residue that must be left in order to prevent soil erosion varies quite widely. Treatment of agricultural and other wastes (paper, wood, wood pulp) with alkalis and other agents to improve ruminant digestibility are reviewed.
In vitro modulation of microglia motility by glioma cells is mediated by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor.

Objective Considered as immune effector cells of the central nervous system, microglia represent a major component of the inflammatory cells found in malignant gliomas. Although their role in brain tumor biology is unclear, accumulation of microglia in malignant brain tumors may be mediated through active secretion of cytokines by glioma cells. Because hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) has been shown to modulate glioma motility through an autocrine mechanism, and because microglia have been reported to express the HGF/SF receptor Met, we hypothesized that microglia recruitment by gliomas may also occur through the secretion of HGF/SF. Methods The effect of glioma cells in augmenting BV-2 murine microglia motility was studied by using an in vitro Boyden chamber migration assay. To determine the chemokines involved in microglia migration, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and HGF/SF were tested. Immunoblotting was used to check for the expression of HGF/SF by glioma cells, and the expression of Met by BV-2 cells was examined by flow cytometry. Results BV-2 migration was noted within 7 hours of incubation with both human (U251 MG and U373 MG) and murine (GL261) glioma cell lines. This migration corresponded to HGF/SF secretion by glioma cells and was completely inhibited by neutralizing monoclonal antibody against HGF/SF, but not monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Exposure of BV-2 cells to recombinant HGF/SF, but not monocyte chemotactic protein-1, resulted in their migration and down-regulation of Met in a dose-dependent fashion. Conclusion HGF/SF, which plays a role in glioma motility and mitogenesis, may also act as a chemokine for microglia and may be responsible for the microglia infiltration in malignant gliomas. This active recruitment of microglia may play an important role in glioma biology.
Comparative behavioral profile of cocaine and norcocaine in rats and monkeys.

Abstract The effects of cocaine and norcocaine were compared using locomotor activity, fixed-ratio 100 (FR 100) and fixed-interval 4 min (FI 4 min) food reinforcement and free feeding paradigms in rats and intravenous self-administration tests in rhesus monkeys. Cocaine was shown to significantly increase locomotor activity at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, while norcocaine had no effect at these doses and produced convulsions and death at 60 and 80 mg/kg. Both compounds significantly reduced food consumption at one or more of the doses tested. Cocaine and norcocaine at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, produced decreases in FR responding. Cocaine at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, produced increases in FI responding; norcocaine had no effect following 10 mg/kg and decreased responding at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Cocaine (0.2 mg/kg/inj) and norcocaine (0.5, 0.2, 0.8 mg/kg/inj) maintained intravenous self-administration in all three monkeys tested. The data indicate that norcocaine is a pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine which could account for some of the activity heretofore attributed to cocaine. However, the lack of any stimulatory effect of norcocaine on locomotor activity and the lack of increased responding produced by norcocaine on fixed-interval behavior suggest that norcocaine differs qualitatively from cocaine.
Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen-enriched lean premixed methane–air flames

Abstract The effect of hydrogen blending on lean premixed methane–air flames is studied with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach coupled with a reduced chemical mechanism. Two flames are compared with respect to stability and pollutant formation characteristics—one a pure methane flame close to the lean limit, and one enriched with hydrogen. The stability of the flame is quantified in terms of the turbulent flame speed. A higher speed is observed for the hydrogen-enriched flame consistent with extended blow-off stability limits found in measurements. The greater flame speed is the result of a combination of higher laminar flame speed, enhanced area generation, and greater burning rate per unit area. Preferential diffusion of hydrogen coupled with shorter flame time scales accounts for the enhanced flame surface area. In particular, the enriched flame is less diffusive-thermally stable and more resistant to quenching than the pure methane flame, resulting in a greater flame area generation. The burning rate per unit area correlates strongly with curvature as a result of preferential diffusion effects focusing fuel at positive cusps. Lower CO emissions per unit fuel consumption are observed for the enriched flame, consistent with experimental data. CO production is greatest in regions which undergo significant downstream interaction. In these regions, the enriched flame exhibits faster oxidation rates as a result of higher levels of OH concentration. NO emissions are increased for the enriched flame as a result of locally higher temperature and radical concentrations found in cusp regions.
The utility of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans.

Abstract The ability of a novice interviewer utilizing the ADIS to make diagnoses of PTSD in Vietnam veterans with combat experience was tested in a sample of 43 cases. Agreement between ADIS diagnosis and a criterion diagnosis was found in 93.0% of cases (κ = 0.857), suggesting that the diagnostic category can be reliably identified and demonstrating the utility of the ADIS for ascertaining this diagnosis.
Social Security and Economic Uncertainty: Towards a Developmental Rationale

The idea that social security is an effective means of addressing economic uncertainty has provided a powerful rationale for its expansion and institutionalisation over the years. However, this rationale has been challenged by neo-liberal economists on the ground that social security is actually the cause of economic uncertainty. Their claim is now providing a rationale for the retrenchment and privatisation of social security. This paper offers yet another rationale which emphasises the positive economic benefits of social security. By promoting developmental forms of social security, it contends that governments can combine social protection with economic growth and effectively counter the neo-liberal challenge.
A Matrix Analysis Approach to Higher-Order Approximations for Divergence and Gradients Satisfying a Global Conservation Law

One-dimensional, second-order finite-difference approximations of the derivative are constructed which satisfy a global conservation law. Creating a second-order approximation away from the boundary is simple, but obtaining appropriate behavior near the boundary is difficult, even in one dimension on a uniform grid. In this article we exhibit techniques that allow the construction of discrete versions of the divergence and gradient operator that have high-order approximations at the boundary. We construct such discretizations in the one-dimensional situation which have fourth-order approximation both on the boundary and in the interior. The precision of the high-order mimetic schemes in this article is as high as possible at the boundary points (with respect to the bandwidth parameter). This guarantees an overall high order of accuracy. Furthermore, the method described for the calculation of the approximations uses matrix analysis to streamline the various mimetic conditions. This contributes to a marked clarity with respect to earlier approaches. This is a crucial preliminary step in creating higher-order approximations of the divergence and gradient for nonuniform grids in higher dimensions.
Cytoreductive surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for children, adolescents, and young adults: the first 50 cases.

Extensive peritoneal metastatic disease is rare in children. Although usually manifested as carcinomatosis in adults, sarcomatosis is more common in children. The authors began a pediatric hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) program, and this report describes their initial results from the first 50 pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients. A single-institution, retrospective study investigated the first 50 cytoreductive surgeries and HIPEC by one surgeon for patients 3–21 years of age. The HIPEC was added to chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment. Demographics, outcome, and complications were recorded. The median follow-up period for the surviving patients was 21.9 months. The most common diagnoses were desmoplastic small round cell tumor (n = 21), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 7), mesothelioma (n = 4), and other carcinoma (n = 17). Multivariate analysis showed that patients treated with HIPEC and an incomplete cytoreduction had a greater risk for recurrence than those who had a complete cytoreduction (p = 0.0002). The patients with a higher peritoneal cancer index (PCI) (i.e., a large tumor burden) had a median overall survival (OS) time of 19.9 months relative to the patients with a lower PCI score, who had a median OS of 34 months (p = 0.049). The patients without complete cytoreduction had a median OS of 7.1 months compared with 31.4 months for the patients with complete cytoreduction (p = 0.012). No perioperative mortalities occurred. The incidence of major complications was 28 %. Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC with a programmatic approach for patients 3–21 years of age is unique. The best outcome was experienced by patients with desmoplastic small round cell tumor and those with complete cytoreduction. Complete cytoreduction for patients without disease outside the abdominal cavity at the time of surgery affords the best outcome.
Weka machine learning for predicting the phospholipidosis inducing potential.

The drug discovery and development process is lengthy and expensive, and bringing a drug to market may take up to 18 years and may cost up to 2 billion $US. The extensive use of computer-assisted drug design techniques may considerably increase the chances of finding valuable drug candidates, thus decreasing the drug discovery time and costs. The most important computational approach is represented by structure-activity relationships that can discriminate between sets of chemicals that are active/inactive towards a certain biological receptor. An adverse effect of some cationic amphiphilic drugs is phospholipidosis that manifests as an intracellular accumulation of phospholipids and formation of concentric lamellar bodies. Here we present structure-activity relationships (SAR) computed with a wide variety of machine learning algorithms trained to identify drugs that have phospholipidosis inducing potential. All SAR models are developed with the machine learning software Weka, and include both classical algorithms, such as k-nearest neighbors and decision trees, as well as recently introduced methods, such as support vector machines and artificial immune systems. The best predictions are obtained with support vector machines, followed by a perceptron artificial neural network, logistic regression, and k-nearest neighbors.
The regulator of sex-limitation gene, Rsl, enforces male-specific liver gene expression by negative regulation

Expression of a broad array of proteins is sexually dimorphic in rodent liver, dependent on sex-specific patterns of GH secretion. Mice carrying rsl (regulator of sex limitation) alleles, discovered as trans-acting loci affecting the mouse sex-limited protein (Slp) gene, reveal an additional axis in male-specific gene regulation. Slp expresses in adult males, but in rsl homozygous mice, Slp is also expressed in females. In this study, we examined congenic rsl strains to determine rsl's site of action, breadth of targets, and interaction with hormonal induction. We show that rsl affects Slp in liver, but not kidney, and that Rsl acts on a spectrum of male-specific liver genes, including mouse urinary proteins and a cytochrome P450 expressed predominantly by males, Cyp 2d-9, but does not act on the female-prominent P450, Cyp 2a-4. Slp expression in hypophysectomized or Tfm/Y rsl mice reveals that Rsl action is independent of GH or androgen signaling. Further, parabiosis of Rsl and rsl mice does not alter expression patterns, consistent with rsl action being liver intrinsic. Finally, Slp expression initiates earlier in rsl mice, suggesting that Rsl operates before, as well as independently of, hormonal induction. This characterization suggests Rsl functions to repress transcription of a set of genes that have in common their hormonal induction in male liver, and thus accentuates sexual dimorphism of liver gene expression.
General Education Teachers' Assumptions about Learning and Students with Learning Disabilities: Design-of-Instruction Analysis.

Teachers' beliefs about learning and their ability to effect change largely influence classroom practice. In this study, we examined the theoretical, personal, and instructional assumptions of 29 g...
Yield Functions and Flow Rules for Porous Pressure-Dependent Strain-Hardening Polymeric Materials

To characterize the response of progressively damaged glassy polymers due to the presence and evolution of voids, yield functions and flow rules were developed systematically for a pressure-dependent matrix following the modified von Mises criterion. A rigid-perfectly plastic material was first assumed. The upper bound method was used with a velocity field which has volume preserving and shape changing portions. Macroscopic yield criterion in analytical closed form was first obtained for spherical voids which is valid for all possible macroscopic strain rate fields. Macroscopic yield criteria in analytical closed form were then obtained for cylindrical voids for the special cases of axisymmetric and plane-strain modes of deformation. The upper-bound solutions were subsequently improved to better match analytical solutions for pure hydrostatic loading. Characteristics of the yield function as a function of pressure dependency and void fraction were studied in detail. Generalization of the model for spherical voids to include elasticity as well as strain hardening of the matrix was then obtained. An example for the uniaxial response of a progressively damaged material was then used to illustrate one possible application of the full set of constitutive equations.
Online Statistics for a Unification-Based Dialogue Parser

We describe a method for augmenting unification-based deep parsing with statistical methods. We extend and adapt the Bikel parser, which uses head-driven lexical statistics, to dialogue. We show that our augmented parser produces significantly fewer constituents than the baseline system and achieves comparable bracketing accuracy, even yielding slight improvements for longer sentences.
Therapy of depression in dementia.

This is a comprehensive review of the existing diagnostic and treatment approaches to depression in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The existing evidence for the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are reviewed with an emphasis on the paucity of existing data and the need for more definitive controlled studies. In addition, data on the efficacy of such novel experimental treatments, such as various brain stimulation techniques (e.g., vagal nerve stimulation) are discussed. Alternative and psychosocial treatments are also reviewed.
An amino acid substitution in the γ1 chain of human immunoglobulin g associated with the Gm(2) allotype

Abstract Thin layer and paper fingerprints of tryptic digests of Fc and pFc' fragments from an IgGl Gm (1,2,17) myeloma protein (Mit) and an IgGl Gm (1,17) myeloma protein were compared to locate differences that might be due to Gm(2). None were found among the 22 peptides that were recovered. Similarly, there were no differences in amino acid content of the 20 peptides whose amino acid content could be determined. However, the octadecapeptide (obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage) from the Gm (1,2,17) protein had two Gly residues and no Ala residues while previous analyses of Gm(−2), including our own, had shown one of each. The Ala residue is at 431 (Eu numbering). Two heavy chain disease proteins analysed by others showed Gly at 431. We have tested both of these proteins and both are Gm(2). We suggest that Gly at residue 431 is associated with Gm(2) activity. Evidence is presented indicating that some anti-Gm(1) and some anti-Gm(2) antibodies detect two antigenic determinants. One is the allotype, the second is associated with residues between 216 and residues 229 to 236, i.e. essentially the hinge region.
Monetary incentives in support of academic achievement: results of a randomized field trial involving high-achieving, low-resource, ethnically diverse urban adolescents.

Significant resources have been directed at understanding and alleviating the achievement gap in education. Most programs focused on this aim rely on a top-down approach, including funding for infrastructure improvement, curriculum development, class size, and teacher salaries. This article presents findings from a randomized field trial that evaluates a bottom-up approach in which high-achieving students of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds from poor families are given monetary incentives to maintain their academic standing. The evaluation was designed to explore the role of monetary incentives as a mechanism for promoting resiliency in the face of poverty-related challenge. Discussion of what motivates students to learn is framed as a function of normal cognitive and socioemotional development in challenging environments. Evaluation findings indicate that monetary incentives are effective in promoting academic success to different degrees and for different reasons depending on students’ perception o...
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICACY OF AMINOPHYLLINE FOR APNEA OF PREMATURITY

Aminophylline (A) is often used to treat apnea of prematurity. To determine response times, optimal length of therapy, effectiveness of A in relation to gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PA), we conducted a randomized, blinded controlled study in 45 premature infants with recurrent apnea. Infants were divided into 2 groups. Group I (n=23, BW=1395±359g, GA=31±2wks., PA=3.2±2d) received A (mean serum level 8.9mcg/ml) and Group II (n=22, BW=1306±336g, GA=30±2wks., PA=2.3±1.8d). Results: In infants not requiring assisted ventilation (AV): Group I (18/22) had less apnea 24 hours after institution of therapy (p<.025) and apnea ended in 67% of the infants by the 7th day. In 3 infants, apnea was minimally reduced (<25%) during the first 7 d and persisted for 4 weeks despite continued therapy. Group II (14/23) did not show a significant decrease in apnea until 72 hours and only 35% were free of apnea by 7th day. Apnea persisted in 3 infants for 4 weeks. In infants requiring AV: similar numbers in both groups developed respiratory failure. Twelve of the 13 infants needing AV were ≤ 31 GA and had ≥ 4 apneic episodes during the first 24 hours PA. Conclusion: A does not prevent respiratory failure and is not effective in infants ≤ 31 wks. GA with early onset repetitive apnea. Twenty percent of premature infants are refractory to A and can be identified by evaluating their response within the first 7 days of therapy. Prolonged treatment with A is not an effective therapy for apnea of prematurity.
Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D2O electrolysis in LiOD solutions

Discussion critique des resultats publies par Fleischmann et Pons sur la fusion froide electrochimique. Etude de l'etat de surface des electrodes en palladium ayant subi une electrolyse de sept jours. Electrolyte LiOD dans D 2 O
Fluorescence studies with malate dehydrogenase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum 3I1B-143 bacteroids: A two-tryptophan containing protein

Abstract A number of fluorescence studies, both of trp residues and bound NADH, have been reported for porcine malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The large number of trp residues (six) complicates the interpretation of some studies. To circumvent this we have performed studies with a two-tryptophan (per subunit) MDH from Bradyrhizobium japonicum 3I1B-143 bacteroids. We have performed phase/modulation fluorescence lifetime measurements, as a function of temperature and added quencher KI, in order to resolved the 1.2-ns (blue) and 6.5-ns (red) contributions from the two classes of trp residues. Anisotropy decay studies have also been performed. The binding of NADH dynamically quenches the fluorescence of both trp residues, but, unlike mammalian cytoplasmic and mitochondrial MDH, there is not a large enhancement in fluorescence of bound NADH upon forming a ternary complex with either tartronic acid or d -malate.
NOTE ON THE DIRAC ELECTRON AND HIDDEN MOMENTUM FORCES.

Abstract This paper examines expressions for the force on a spin magnetic moment which is changing with time in the presence of an electric field, and discusses the somewhat different results with the four-component Dirac as compared with the two-component Pauli scheme.
An approximate method for generating asymmetric random variables

A method for generating values of continuous symmetric random variables that is relatively fast, requires essentially no computer memory, and is easy to use is developed. The method, which uses a uniform zero-one random number source, is based on the inverse function of the lambda distribution of Tukey. Since it approximates many of the continuous theoretical distributions and empirical distributions frequently used in simulations, the method should be useful to simulation practitioners.
Geochemical evolution of the New England seamount chain: Isotopic and trace-element constraints

Abstract Samples collected by dredge hauls and submersible dives from the New England Seamount (NES) chain, the most prominent of six seamount groups in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, have been analyzed for Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions and rare-earth and other trace-element contents. Unleached and HCl-leached whole-rock samples, and hornblende and clinopyroxene separates were analyzed in order to obtain isotopic data from the old and altered NES samples. Rare-earth and other trace-element contents were measured on unleached whole-rock samples. The results demonstrate that rimary (unaltered) geochemical data can be derived from older altered oceanic volcanics. The NES have isotopic and trace-element characteristics typical of alkaline volcanics from ocean islands, in particular those characterized by radiogenic Pb isotopic signatures (NES 206 Pb 204 Pb values range up to 20.65). The seamounts exhibit considerable interseamount variation, while intraseamount chemical heterogeneity appears to be substantially less. An increase in radiogenic Pb along the chain towards the southeast is suggested. No other simple geographic trends in chemistry are apparent. The isotopic characteristics of the NES necessitate at least three distinct source components, with substantial involvement of a “radiogenic Pb” type mantle. The isotopic similarities between the NES, Canaries, Azores and Ahaggar imply some type of systematic geographic distribution of this “radiogenic Pb” component.
Posterior predictive checks can and should be Bayesian: comment on Gelman and Shalizi, 'Philosophy and the practice of Bayesian statistics'.

Bayesian inference is conditional on the space of models assumed by the analyst. The posterior distribution indicates only which of the available parameter values are less bad than the others, without indicating whether the best available parameter values really fit the data well. A posterior predictive check is important to assess whether the posterior predictions of the least bad parameters are discrepant from the actual data in systematic ways. Gelman and Shalizi (2012a) assert that the posterior predictive check, whether done qualitatively or quantitatively, is non-Bayesian. I suggest that the qualitative posterior predictive check might be Bayesian, and the quantitative posterior predictive check should be Bayesian. In particular, I show that the ‘Bayesian p-value’, from which an analyst attempts to reject a model without recourse to an alternative model, is ambiguous and inconclusive. Instead, the posterior predictive check, whether qualitative or quantitative, should be consummated with Bayesian estimation of an expanded model. The conclusion agrees with Gelman and Shalizi regarding the importance of the posterior predictive check for breaking out of an initially assumed space of models. Philosophically, the conclusion allows the liberation to be completely Bayesian instead of relying on a non-Bayesian deus ex machina. Practically, the conclusion cautions against use of the Bayesian p-value in favour of direct model expansion and Bayesian evaluation.
SSR mapping and confirmation of the QTL from PI96354 conditioning soybean resistance to southern root-knot nematode

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) can cause severe yield loss of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the southern production region of the USA. Planting root-knot nematode-resistant cultivars is the most effective method of preventing yield loss. DNA marker-assisted breeding may accelerate the development of root-knot nematode-resistant cultivars. RFLP markers have previously been used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] (Mi) in a F2:3 soybean population created by crossing the resistant PI96354 and the susceptible ’Bossier.’ A major QTL on linkage group (LG) O conditioning 31% of the variation in Mi gall number and a minor QTL on LG-G conditioning 14% of the gall variation were reported. With the development of SSR markers for soybean improvement, a higher level of mapping resolution and semi-automated detection has become possible. The objectives of this research were: (1) to increase the marker density in the genomic regions of the QTLs for Mi resistance on LG-O and LG-G with SSR markers; and (2) to confirm the effect of the QTLs in a second population and a different genetic background. With SSR markers, the QTL on LG-O was flanked by Satt492 and Satt358, and on LG-G by Satt012 and Satt505. Utilizing SSR markers flanking the two QTLs, marker-assisted selection was performed in a second F2:3 population of PI96354× Bossier. Results confirmed the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection to predict the Mi phenotypes. By screening the BC2F2 population of Prichard (3)×G93–9009 we confirmed that selection for the minor QTL on LG-G with flanking SSR markers would enhance the resistance of lines containing the major QTL (which is most-likely Rmi1).
Neuronal influences on the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to experimental myotonia.

Abstract When rats were injected (i.p.) with 200 mg/kg 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D), they developed severe muscular rigidity. In such rats, the half-relaxation time ( T 1 2 R ) of indirectly elicited twitches of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (extensor), after a conditioning stimulus of 20 Hz for 4 s, was increased to 571.1 ± 44.7 (mean ± se ) ms from a control value of 24.2 ± 1.0 ms. During reinnervation after nerve crush, the extensor did not exhibit this myotonic response to 2,4-D. Specifically, at 3, 6, and 13 days after the commencement of reinnervation, 2,4-D did not alter the T 1 2 R of this muscle. As reinnervation progressed the myotonic response returned so that at 22, 33, and 41 days after the beginning of reinnervation, 20, 80, and 100% of the muscles had a T 1 2 R equivalent to that of normal muscles from 2,4-D-treated rats. Exposure of the sciatic nerve to colchicine also abolished the myotonic response of the extensor to 2,4-D. These data support the hypothesis that nerves control the sensitivity of muscle to toxic substances.
The Application of High-Density Resistivity Method to the Evaluation on the Stability of Gongchangling Open Pit's Slope

High-density resistivity method is a new, efficient electrical prospecting method, which can complete a two-dimensional (vertical and horizontal) prospecting process, possesses certain imaging functions for the geo-electric structure, and integrates electric profiling method with electric sounding method together. In this paper, the basic principle, data processing, and result explanation and inference of high-density resistivity method are introduced by taking the application of high-density resistivity method to the prospecting project in the slope of Gongchangling Open Pit, Liaoyang. The result of the prospecting result map analysis showed that the prospecting result was basically in line with the actual situation and proved the great significance of high-density resistivity method to the evaluation on the slope stability of Gongchangling open pit.
Growth and characterization of large stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel single crystals

Abstract Large stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel single crystals with sizes up to one inch on an edge have been grown at 1250 °C by a flux method. Purification of the crystals from microscopic flux inclusions was obtained by a post-growth vacuum annealing process. The crystals were characterized by wet chemical analysis, X-ray and electron diffraction, optical microscopy, emission and mass spectroscopy. Information on composition, homogeneity, impurity content and lattice parameter was obtained. The crystals were examined by Lang X-ray topography. They exhibit dislocation densities as low as 50 lines/cm 2 and are of superior quality when compared to Verneuil and Czochralski melt-grown spinel crystals which were observed to have dislocation densities in excess of 10 5 and 10 3 lines/cm 2 respectively. Stacking faults with fault vectors R = 1/4 〈101〉 and randomly scattered small volumes of precipitates were observed in most of the crystals. Growth striations were found in some crystals. They are probably due to the segregation of impurities at the {111} solid-liquid interfaces during growth.
The meaning of conversion in syllogistic reasoning

While the construct of illicit conversion has been incorporated into most contemporary models of syllogistic reasoning, there has been some confusion in the literature as to the precise meaning of conversion. Two quite distinct formulations have appeared that can be characterized as conversion by addition and conversion by substitution. The present paper clarifies the differences between these two formulations and identifies specific syllogisms for which the two formulations generate different predictions. Data are presented that strongly support the conversion-by-addition formulation.
Dental caries experience among children with Down's syndrome and their sibs.

Abstract The dental caries experience of a sample of 212 children with Down's syndrome was contrasted with that of 124 of their unaffected sibs. The affected children had a caries experience less than one-third that of the sibs. The experience of the sibs, however, was not different from that of other normal children. This differential caries experience could not be explained by differences between the groups in their exposure to risk of the disease.