cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a Flexible Internal Support to Suppress Vibrations of a Rotating Shaft Passing Through a Critical Speed

As is widely known, large vibrations may occur when a rotating shaft passes through one of its critical speeds. To suppress these large motions, it may be possible to modify the system as it is acc...
Design and Evaluation of Path Planning Decision Support for Planetary Surface Exploration

We would like to acknowledge the NASA Harriett G. Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship and the Office of Naval Research for sponsoring this research.
Origin and petrology of young oceanic central volcanoes: Are most tholeiitic rather than alkalic?

Nine small seamounts located on young crust (< 10 m.y.) near the East Pacific Rise were surveyed in detail and sampled by multiple dredges. Preliminary results indicate that most seamounts (closed elevations on the sea floor with about 1 km of relief) are volcanoes, but that some, especially those near fracture zones, may be fault blocks. The flanks and summits of the volcanoes are mostly composed of basalt sheet flows, hyaloclastite, and hyaloclastite breccia, whereas fault blocks contain mostly pillow lava. The rocks from the volcanoes show great chemical diversity. Most are large-ion-lithophile–depleted tholeiitic basalt similar to normal mid-ocean ridge tholeiite, with a wide range of 100 Mg/ (Mg + Fe+2) and other chemical abundances indicative of low-pressure fractionation. As a group, the samples also show large differences in (La/Sm)N, even in rocks from a single volcano. This provides evidence that some chemical heterogeneities in the source region of these basalts are small.
Some new constructions of bivariate Weibull models

In this article, several approaches are advanced towards the construction of bivariate Weibull models from the consideration of failure behaviors of the components of a two-component system. First, a general method of construction of bivariate life models is developed in the setting of random environmental effects. Some new bivariate Weibull models are derived as special cases and added insights are provided for some of the existing ones. In the course of model formulation in terms of the dependence structure, a new bivariate family of life distributions is constructed so as to incorporate both positive and negative quadrant dependence in the same parametric setting, and a bivariate Weibull model is obtained as a special case. Finally, some distributional properties are presented for a bivariate Weibull model derived from the consideration of random hazards.
Attempts to demonstrate virus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neurons were isolated from the brain and spinal cord of five patients with clinical and pathologic evidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The following studies were carried out to detect the presence of infectious virus. Homogenates of isolated neurons were passaged in several cell lines at different temperatures; isolated neurons were cultured; and supernatant fluids were passaged on the cell lines. Neurons were also cocultivated and fused with continuous cell lines and subsequently passaged; isolated neurons were examined by electronmicroscopy and immunofluorescent techniques, using sera from ALS patients. No evidence of virus was found by these methods.
Extension of the portfolio allocation model to surplus majority governments: a fuzzy approach

Scholars have long studied the conditions under which the cabinet making process will result in minority, surplus majority, or minimum-winning governing coalitions in parliamentary systems. Since Riker, a good number of these attempts have been based on rational choice assumptions. Among formal approaches in this vein, Laver and Shepsle’s (Making and breaking governments: Cabinets and legislatures in parliamentary governments, 1996) portfolio allocation model argues that parties centrally located in policy space have a greater potential for being part of any governing coalition and that parties located at the issue-by-issue median have a high likelihood of forming a minority government. However, the model predicts that surplus majority coalitions will only form when the number of salient policy dimensions in the political system is greater than two. We incorporate fuzzy set theory in the portfolio allocation model, permitting us to model ambiguity in parties’ policy preferences. The reformulated model accounts for the formation of surplus majority coalitions in two-dimensional policy space. We illustrate the model’s conclusions with a case study of the 1996 surplus majority coalition in the Lithuanian Seimas.
Miscommunication across Cultures: The Case of Marketing in Indian English.

ABSTRACT: Successful communication requires that messages achieve their intent. If the explicit purpose of the message is to generate sales, yet the originator's implicit intent (persuasion) is not achieved, marketing strategies can be said to have failed. This paper focuses on the contents of a direct-response sales letter written in English, which offers a product marketed by an Indian firm to an American audience. It contends that in marketing situations where success is highly dependent on the way English is used by non-native speakers, communicative failure may be related to differences in usage which have the effect of preserving semantic meaning at the expense of conveying pragmatic intent. Using two differing pragmatic approaches as a framework, portions of the letter are analyzed in detail, then compared to findings made from similar examination of two comparable texts, representing the efforts of American and British copywriters, presumed to be native-English-speaking. Based on the limited data, I tentatively conclude that native-speaking recipients of such sales material will be unpersuaded by discourse which does not conform to expected shared norms of understanding. Further, the results suggest that a commonly shared language is insufficient ground to predict success in achieving cross-cultural marketing objectives.
Certificate-based authorization policy in a PKI environment

The major emphasis of public key infrastructure has been to provide a cryptographically secure means of authenticating identities. However, procedures for authorizing the holders of these identities to perform specific actions still need additional research and development. While there are a number of proposed standards for authorization structures and protocols such as KeyNote, SPKI, and SAML based on X.509 or other key-based identities, none have been widely adopted. As part of an effort to use X.509 identities to provide authorization in highly distributed environments, we have developed and deployed an authorization service based on X.509 identified users and access policy contained in certificates signed by X.509 identified stakeholders. The major goal of this system, called Akenti, is to produce a usable authorization system for an environment consisting of distributed resources used by geographically and administratively distributed users. Akenti assumes communication between users and resources over a secure protocol such as transport layer security (TLS) to provide mutual authentication with X.509 certificates. This paper explains the authorization model and policy language used by Akenti, and how we have implemented an Apache authorization module to provide Akenti authorization.
p53-Based Immunotherapy of Cancer

In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness that the immune system, in particular the T-cell component, plays a significant role in tumor eradication. Advances in molecular immunology and identification of T-cell-defined human tumor antigens have accelerated the development of vaccines to promote T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. In general, many shared human tumor antigens are derived from proteins overexpressed or derepressed in tumors relative to normal cells. Alteration in the tumor suppressor gene product, p53, is one of the most common events in human cancers, but mutant p53-based immunotherapy would require “custom-made” vaccines for use in relatively few patients. Because most mutations in p53 are associated with accumulation or “overexpression” of mutant p53 in the cytosol, the protein is more readily available for antigenic processing and presentation than are the low levels of p53 molecules expressed in normal cells. A vaccine targeting wild-type sequence (wt) or nonmutant sequence peptides derived from altered p53 molecules, therefore, is a more attractive approach for developing broadly applicable cancer vaccines.
Breaking the bottleneck: high-speed medical image transmission through ATM network--implementation and application

In this paper, Georgetown University Medical Center's (GUMC) experience with utilizing ATM technology in a telemedicine application will be presented. This application involves 3D radiation treatment planning where radiological imaging, calculation of the treatment plan, and 3D display all take place at different sites. To do this, GUMC must exchange large amounts of radiology images and data with other institutions in real time. A high speed network consisting of an ATM infrastructure and satellite links was created to connect seamlessly the three sites, GUMC, University of Hawaii, and Ohio Supercomputing Center, which are thousands of miles apart. This paper studies the performance of the ATM network between GUMC and Goddard Space Flight Center, which provides satellite service to link partners in this project. The steps required to test and evaluate the ATM system will be presented. A performance comparison between ATM and Internet-LAN connections will be featured in the presentation. In particular, the theoretical speed of 155 Mbps is hard to reach due to the lack of ATM-native protocols in the transport level of the communication structure.
MR imaging in the management before surgery of lobular carcinoma of the breast: correlation with pathology.

Our objective was to investigate the use of MR imaging in preoperative staging and characterization of lobular carcinoma.MR imaging studies and mammographic studies in 20 patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma were evaluated and correlated with pathology findings on serially sectioned tissue. The MR images and mammograms were reviewed retrospectively by three independent examiners unaware of the clinical, imaging, and pathology findings.The extent of disease found pathologically correlated with that predicted by MR imaging studies in 85% of patients, compared with a 32% correlation (p < .0001) with mammographic studies. Interobserver agreement on lesion morphology and extent of disease was higher for MR imaging (91% and 100%, respectively) than for mammography (64% and 91%, respectively). The retrospective MR readings did not differ from the prospective reports. No false-positive lymphadenopathy was interpreted on MR imaging. Lymph nodes having metastatic lobular carcinoma on the pathology examinati...
The Relationship Between DNA-Adduct Formation and Induction of Mutations in the Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HGPRT) Locus in Human Uroepithelial Cells

Abstract To gain an insight on the mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) in the target uroepithelia, we analyzed the cellular DNA-adducts and mutational spectra in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) gene following exposure to N-hydroxy metabolites of ABP. [32P]-postlabelling analyses of DNA isolated from SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial cells (HUC) exposed to N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl derivatives revealed N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-ABP) as the major adduct and N-(deoxyadenosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dA-ABP) as a minor adduct. The adduct profiles of the HUC-DNA obtained at different periods after carcinogen exposure showed that dG-ABP was repaired rapidly while dA-ABP persisted in HUC cultures. DNA sequence analyses of thioguanine resistant mutants of HGPRT showed base deletions (G, bp. 599; A, bp. 608; and A,T bp. 672–673). These results imply that dG-ABP and dA-ABP are repaired at different rates a...
Carbon-to-carbon identity proton transfer from allene, ketene, ketenimine, and thioketene to their respective conjugate anions in the gas phase. An ab initio study.

Gas-phase acidities of CH2CX (X = CH2, NH, O, and S) and barriers for the identity proton transfers (XCCH2 + HC⋮CX- ⇌ -XC⋮CH + CH2CX) as well as geometries and charge distributions of CH2CX, HC⋮C−X- and the transition states of the proton transfer were determined by ab initio methods at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//MP2/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) levels of theory. The acidities were also calculated at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df,p) level. A major objective of this study was to examine how the enhanced unsaturation of CH2CX compared to that of CH3CHX may affect acidities, transition state imbalances, and intrinsic barriers of the identity proton transfer. The results show that the acidities are all higher while the barriers are lower than for the corresponding CH3CHX series. The transition states are all imbalanced but less so than for the reactions of CH3CHX.
Study of the mechanics of the micro-groove cutting process

In an earlier paper, a high-speed micro-groove cutting process that makes use of a flexible single-point cutting tool was presented. In this paper, 3D finite element modeling of this cutting process is used to better understand process mechanics. The development of the model, including parameter estimation and validation, is described. Validation experiments show that on average the model predicts side burr height to within 2.8%, chip curl radius to within 4.1%, and chip thickness to within 25.4%. The model is used to examine chip formation, side burr formation, exit burr formation, and the potential for delamination of a workpiece consisting of a thin film on a substrate. Side burr formation is shown to primarily occur ahead of a tool and is caused by expansion of material compressed after starting to flow around a tool rather than becoming part of a chip. Exit burr formation is shown to occur when a thin membrane of material forms ahead of a tool and splits into two side segments and one bottom segment as the tool exits a workpiece. Lastly, examination of the stresses below a workpiece surface shows that film delamination can occur when the depth of a groove cut into a thin film is large relative to the film thickness.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and high temperature on the lipid composition of Biomphalaria glabrata as determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and densitometry

Silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to study the effects of both Schistosoma mansoni infection and high temperatures on the neutral and polar lipid content of whole bodies of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Neutral lipids were determined using petroleum ether-diethyl ether-glacial acetic acid (80:20:1) mobile phase, phosphomolybdic acid detection reagent, densitometry at 610 nm, and polar lipids with chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4) mobile phase, cupric sulfate-phosphoric acid reagent, and scanning at 370 nm. The high-temperature experiments were done at ambient (22–24°C), 28°C, and 34°C. Snails were maintained at these temperatures for 7 days prior to necropsy. Extracts of their bodies were then analyzed by HPTLC to determine changes that occurred in the lipid content as a function of temperature and to compare unexposed to exposed cultures at each temperature. At 4 weeks postinfection (PI), the 34°C exposed snails had significantly lower amounts of free sterols than t...
Refactoring and the evolution of Fortran

Successful languages like Fortran keep changing and tend to become more complex, often containing older features that are rarely used. Complexity makes languages harder to use and makes it harder to build tools for them. A refactoring tool can eliminate use of these features from programs; this makes programs easier to understand and maintain, and it can simplify building certain programming tools. This is illustrated by using Photran, a refactoring tool for Fortran, to eliminate global variables from Fortran programs so that they can be used with Adaptive MPI, a version of MPI that performs load balancing.
Strong-Confinement Microring Resonator Photonic Circuits

Advances in microring-resonator-based photonic structures and novel architectures are described that demonstrate the first low-loss telecom-grade filters, wide tuning, polarization transparency, and fully transparent (dispersion-free) wavelength switching using high-index-contrast (SiN- and Si-core), strong-confinement waveguides.
‘Darling, It Is Entirely My Fault!’ Gordon Brown's Legacy to Alistair and Himself

Gordon Brown's 10-year stint as Chancellor of the Exchequer can and should be tested. He claimed full success in his 11th and final budget statement. We find success to be more partial. We find an impressive record on growth, employment and inflation. We also find weaknesses on productivity growth, size of the manufacturing sector, debt levels, transport systems and housing provision; and serious shortcomings in policy on poverty and inequality. We see difficulties with the underlying growth model: persistent weaknesses on wages, hours of work, work-induced stress levels and the development of work-based skills. We see a need for significant policy change, but doubt its impending arrival.
Do small doses of atropine (<0.1 mg) cause bradycardia in young children?

Objective To determine the heart rate response to atropine ( Design Prospective, observational and controlled. Setting Elective surgery. Patients Sixty unpremedicated healthy infants less than 15 kg were enrolled. Standard monitoring was applied. Anaesthesia was induced by mask with nitrous oxide (66%) and oxygen (33%) followed by sevoflurane (8%). Interventions Intravenous (IV) atropine (5 µg/kg) was flushed into a fast flowing IV. The ECG was recorded continuously from 30 s before the atropine until 5 min afterwards. Main outcome measures The incidence of bradycardia and arrhythmias was determined from the ECGs by a blinded observer. Results The median (IQR) age was 6.5 (4–12) months and the mean (95% CI) weight was 8.6 (8.1 to 9.1) kg. The mean (95% CI) dose of atropine was 40.9 (37.3 to 44) µg. Bradycardia did not occur. Two infants developed premature atrial contractions and one developed a premature ventricular contraction. When compared with baseline values, heart rate increased by 7% 30 s after atropine, 14% 1 min after atropine and 25% 5 min after atropine. Twenty-nine infants (48%) experienced tachycardia (>20% above baseline rate) after atropine lasting 222.7 s (range 27.9–286). The change in heart rate 5 min after atropine was inversely related to the baseline heart rate. Conclusions The upper 95% CI for the occurrence of bradycardia in the entire population of infants based on a zero incidence in this study is 5%. These results rebut the notion that atropine Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01819064.
Current transfusion practices of members of the american society of anesthesiologists: a survey.

Background: The last published survey of transfusion practices among members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) was conducted in 1981. The ASA Committee on Transfusion Medicine conducted a new transfusion survey in 2002. Methods: The survey was mailed to 2,500 randomly selected active ASA members. The previous survey was modified to incorporate questions based on the ASA Practice Guidelines for Blood Component Therapy. The chi-square test was used for comparisons. Two-tailed P values of 0.05 or less were considered as nonchance differences. Results: A total of 862 survey responses were completed by anesthesiologists who provided or directly supervised anesthesia for patients who may have required transfusion. In a given week, 62% rarely or never transfused 3 or more units of blood to the same patient. The percentage of anesthesiologists who responded that it is never or rarely (1% or less of the time) necessary to cancel elective surgery because of unavailability of blood products was 96% in 2002. In 1981, 92% responded that it was rarely necessary, and 8% said that it was occasionally necessary. The percentage of anesthesiologists who required patients undergoing elective surgery to have a hemoglobin concentration of at least 10 g/dl decreased from 65% to 9% (P < 0.001). Before intraoperative erythrocyte transfusion, 89% of respondents performed hemoglobin or hematocrit determinations routinely or sometimes. Intraoperative autologous transfusion equipment availability increased from 39% to 95% (P < 0.001). Awareness of the ASA Guidelines was 72%. Conclusions: Transfusion practices have changed considerably since 1981. Current transfusion practices are, in general, consistent with the ASA Guidelines.
A variant of examination timetabling problem

The examination timetabling problem is a typical combinatorial optimization problem. In literature, heuristic methods are usually chosen to solve these problems, and mathematical programming approaches have not been well developed. This paper raises a variant of exam timetabling, with multiple exam paper versions, which comes from real-world applications. The mathematical formulation is presented, and further refined under assumptions to make it solvable for large-scale problems. Then, a preprocessing procedure, called ldquogroup-and-dividerdquo, is introduced to improve the solution quality by reducing the size of the input data. In addition, the symmetry of the model is studied, and a set of constraints are added to break the strong symmetry existing in the model. Real data are tested using CPLEX solver, and the results show that our approach is effective and applicable for real-world problems.
Antibody Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens in Children with Tuberculosis: Challenges and Potential Diagnostic Value

The identification of easily detectable biomarkers for active tuberculosis (TB) is a global health priority. Such biomarkers would be of particular value in childhood TB, which poses greater diagnostic challenges than adult TB. Serum antibodies can be detected by simple formats that provide extremely rapid results. However, attempts to develop accurate serodiagnostic tests for TB have been unsuccessful. Whereas antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in adult TB have been studied extensively and reviewed, the same cannot be said for serologic data in pediatric populations. Here we appraise studies on serological responses in childhood TB and discuss findings and limitations in the context of the developing immune system, the age range, and the spectrum of TB manifestations. We found that the antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in childhood TB can vary widely, with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 14% to 85% and from 86% to 100%, respectively. We conclude that the limitations in serodiagnostic studies of childhood TB are manifold, thereby restricting the interpretation of currently available data. Concerns about the methodology used in published studies suggest that conclusions about the eventual value of serodiagnosis cannot be made at this time. However, the available data suggest a potential adjunctive value for serology in the diagnosis of childhood TB. Despite the difficulties noted in this field, there is optimism that the application of novel antigens and the integration of those factors which contribute to the serological responses in childhood TB can lead to useful future diagnostics.
Duplex Ultrasound Remains a Reliable Test Even After Carotid Stenting

Transluminal arterial stenting reduces vessel compliance and may alter accurate interpretation of flow velocities. We reviewed duplex ultrasonography (DUS) following carotid stenting to identify criteria indicative of severe recurrent stenosis. This is a single-center retrospective review of 158 carotid stenoses treated with carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) from April 2001 to December 2004. DUS was obtained preoperatively, postoperatively, and at 3-month intervals thereafter. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were analyzed. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range 1-40). Mean age was 71 +/- 9 years (range 51-91; 74% men, 26% women). Three patients (1.9%) developed restenosis and one (0.6%) developed an asymptomatic occlusion during follow-up. Average preoperative PSV was 373 +/- 123 cm/sec (mean +/- SD) and EDV was 148 +/- 63 cm/sec. Immediate postoperative PSV and EDV decreased by an average of 70% (average 118 +/- 45 cm/sec) and 72% (average 32 +/- 15 cm/sec), respectively. In patients free from restenosis or occlusion, these reductions (range 65-80%) were maintained throughout follow-up and remained within 1-25% of immediate postoperative values. In patients suffering restenosis or occlusion, follow-up PSV and EDV increased 34% and 28%, respectively, compared to preoperative values. PSV and EDV increased by an average of 287% and 500%, respectively, compared to immediate postoperative values. Using criteria of PSV >170 cm/sec and a 50% increase of PSV over immediate postoperative values, restenosis or occlusion was detected with 100% sensitivity and specificity in our patients. Additionally, EDV >120 cm/sec and a 50% increase in EDV over immediate postoperative values detected restenosis and occlusion with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Presumed restenosis and occlusion detected by DUS were confirmed in all cases with angiography. Restenosis or occlusion after CAS at our institution can reliably be detected by carotid duplex using cut-off values of 170 cm/sec PSV, 120 cm/sec EDV, and >50% increase over immediate postoperative values. While these criteria are applied to patients undergoing CAS at our institution, they serve only as suggested guidelines for patient populations at other centers and must be customized to each Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories-accredited vascular laboratory.
Surprising trunk rotational capabilities in chimpanzees and implications for bipedal walking proficiency in early hominins

Human walking entails coordinated out-of-phase axial rotations of the thorax and pelvis. A long-held assumption is that this ability relies on adaptations for trunk flexibility present in humans, but not in chimpanzees, other great apes, or australopithecines. Here we use three-dimensional kinematic analyses to show that, contrary to current thinking, chimpanzees walking bipedally rotate their lumbar and thoracic regions in a manner similar to humans. This occurs despite differences in the magnitude of trunk motion, and despite morphological differences in truncal ‘rigidity’ between species. These results suggest that, like humans and chimpanzees, early hominins walked with upper body rotations that countered pelvic rotation. We demonstrate that even if early hominins walked with pelvic rotations 50% larger than humans, they may have accrued the energetic and mechanical benefits of out-of-phase thoracic rotations. This would have allowed early hominins to reduce work and locomotor cost, improving walking efficiency early in hominin evolution. Greater trunk flexibility in humans is thought to be a major adaptation to bipedal walking compared to chimpanzees. Here Thompson et al. show that chimpanzees are capable of human-like trunk rotations during bipedalism, suggesting bipedal proficiency was present in early hominins.
Computer Vision Studies Using Stochastic Resonance/Information-theoretic Methods

An investigation into computer vision techniques is conducted using a procedure from nonlinear dynamics termed "stochastic resonance." This work involves concepts from detection theory, information theory and nonlinear dynamics. An information distance metric is synthesized which helps define the dependent measure to be used with the stochastic resonance optimization. Monte Carlo simulations show the efficacy of the proposed method. A class of test objects are presented to fairly evaluate the utility of the proposed methods introduced.
DNA binding and selective gene induction by different forms of the p53 protein.

P53 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a crucial role in suppressing tumorigenesis by inducing either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in cells with DNA damage. In more than 50% of tumors p53 is inactivated by gene mutations. However, there have also been reports of tumor cells in which p53 remains wild type and is present in elevated concentrations. Here we utilized a set of mutant cell lines, which, unlike the parental A1-5 cell line, which expresses a mouse tsp53 and becomes growth arrested at 32°C, are capable of growth at this same incubation temperature. We found that the tsp53 in the two cell lines, ALTR-17 and ALTR-24, was identical to the parental A1-5s and concentrated in the nucleus at 32°C. Examination of both lines revealed that p21 was induced at 32°C, although to a lesser extent than in parental cells and that the p21 genes were not mutated. Interestingly, evaluation of the conformation of tsp53 using conformation-specific antibodies showed that the protein existed in different forms, which were found to bind DNA using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and which we showed could induce expression of a p21 reporter construct. We conclude that the tsp53 may exist in various forms capable of binding DNA.
Far-field approximations to the Kirchoff-Helmholtz representations of scattered fields

The standard far-field approximation to the Kirchhoff formula for the field scattered by a flat metallic plate S of arbitrary shape is given by a certain surface (double) integral. This double integral can be reduced to a line integral evaluated around the boundary of S. Moreover, if S is a polygon, this line integral can be reduced to a closed form expression involving no integrations at all. The use of such line integral representations can easily reduce the costs of numerical calculation by orders of magnitude. If the integrands are to be sampled p times per wavelength to achieve an acceptable degree of precision, and if A is the area of S , then the numerical evaluation of the double integral requires p^{2}A/\lambda^{2} functional evaluations whereas the line integral only requires p\sqrt{A/\lambda^{2}} . If S is a polygon with N vertices, then only 2N functional evaluations are required to evaluate the closed form expression with no quadrature error at all.
Breast feeding, bottle feeding, and maternal autonomic responses to stress

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of breast feeding on autonomic nervous system (ANS) response to stressors. Methods: Sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were examined before, during, and after standard laboratory stressors in women who were either exclusively breast feeding (n=14) or nonexclusively breast feeding (n=14), and in nonpostpartum controls (n=15). Results: Mothers who breast fed exclusively showed greater levels of parasympathetic cardiac modulation and slower heart rate (HR) throughout the session and less HR increase and preejection period (PEP) shortening to mental arithmetic (MA) than did nonexclusive breast feeders and controls. Nonexclusive breast-feeders showed greater electrodermal reactivity to, and greater differences in skin conductance response (SCR) frequency between baseline and recovery from cold pressor (CP) than did either exclusive breast-feeders or controls. Sympathetic activity was negatively related to the number of breast feedings and positively related to bottle feedings. Conclusion: Breast feeding shifts maternal ANS balance toward relatively greater parasympatheticandlessersympatheticactivity;theoppositeoccurswithbottle feeding. The frequency of feeding also is a critical factor in determining breast feeding effects on maternal ANS function. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Using RTT Variability for Adaptive Cross-Layer Approach to Multimedia Delivery in Heterogeneous Networks

A holistic approach should be made for a wider adoption of a cross-layer approach. A cross-layer design on a wireless network assumed with a certain network condition, for instance, can have a limited usage in heterogeneous environments with diverse access network technologies and time varying network performance. The first step toward a cross-layer approach is an automatic detection of the underlying access network type, so that appropriate schemes can be applied without manual configurations. To address the issue, we investigate the characteristics of round-trip time (RTT) on wireless and wired networks. We conduct extensive experiments from diverse network environments and perform quantitative analyses on RTT variability. We show that RTT variability on a wireless network exhibits greatly larger mean, standard deviation, and min-to-high percentiles at least 10 ms bigger than those of wired networks due to the MAC layer retransmissions. We also find that the impact of packet size on wireless channel is particularly significant. Thus through a simple set of testing, one can accurately classify whether or not there has been a wireless network involved. We then propose effective adaptive cross-layer schemes for multimedia delivery over error-prone links. They include limiting the MAC layer retransmissions, controlling the application layer forward error correction (FEC) level, and selecting an optimal packet size. We conduct an analysis on the interplay of those adaptive parameters given a network condition. It enables us to find optimal cross-layer adaptive parameters when they are used concurrently.
Oppressors or Emancipators: Critical Dispositions for Preparing Inclusive School Leaders

Leadership from school administrators is essential in creating inclusive schools. The purpose of this article is to outline the dispositions necessary for school leaders in order to develop and maintain inclusive educational services for all students. This work comes from a qualitative study of university-based experts who teach courses in leadership preparation and professional development specifically designed to address how to build and maintain inclusive schools. The article includes a description of these experts in leadership for inclusive schooling, what they see as the required dispositions, and how they foster these. The article concludes with a discussion of the educational importance of this study.
Educational Inequality and the Science of Diversity in Grutter: A Lesson for the Reparations Debate in the Age of Obama

How did divergent explanations of the racial achievement gap and diversity shape the Supreme Court's thinking in Grutter v. Bollinger, and what lessons does this hold for the ongoing debate over racial reparations in so-called postracial America?
Protecting Markets from Society: Non-Pecuniary Claims in American Corporate Democracy

The state incentivizes investors to entrust capital to public corporations by granting shareholders enforceable rights over managers. However, these rights create legal “access points” through which social movements can make nonpecuniary claims on the corporation. I use original historical research on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s administration of federal securities law to show that concern over nonpecuniary claims motivates the state to enact the role of “market protector.” In this role, the commission insulates managers of corporations from shareholders’ claims that it deems illegitimate because they are insufficiently profit-oriented. Thus the inverse of Polanyi’s observation that society protects itself from markets is also true: the state creates market boundaries so that “always embedded” markets function more like autonomous, profit-oriented markets. Accordingly, the extent to which corporate democracy represents general, social interests or narrow, profitoriented interests is largely a function of political contestation and state policy.
Flexible Distributed Pressure Sensing Strip for a Urethral Catheter

A multi-sensor flexible strip is developed for a urethral catheter to measure distributed pressure in a human urethra. The developed sensor strip has important clinical applications in urodynamic testing for analyzing the causes of urinary incontinence in patients. There are two major challenges in the development of the sensor. First, a highly sensitive sensor strip that is flexible enough for urethral insertion into a human body is required. Second, the sensor has to work reliably in a liquid in vivo environment in the human body. Capacitive force sensors are designed and micro-fabricated using polyimide/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates and copper electrodes. To remove the parasitic influence of urethral tissues, which create fringe capacitance that can lead to significant errors, a reference fringe capacitance measurement sensor is incorporated on the strip. The sensing strip is embedded on a catheter and experimental in vitro evaluation is presented using a bench-top pressure chamber. The sensors on the strip are able to provide the required sensitivity and the range. Preliminary experimental results also show promise that by using measurements from the reference parasitic sensor on the strip, the influence of parasitics from human tissue on the pressure measurements can be removed. [2014-0316]
Mating and Memory: Can Mating Cues Enhance Cognitive Performance?

The literature on sexual selection and the social brain hypothesis suggest that human cognition and communication evolved, in part, for the purpose of displaying desirable cognitive abilities to po...
Algebras and Representations

In this chapter we develop some algebraic tools needed for the general theory of representations and invariants. The central result is a duality theorem for locally regular representations of a reductive algebraic group G. The duality between the irreducible regular representations of G and irreducible representations of the commuting algebra of G plays a fundamental role in classical invariant theory. We study the representations of a finite group through its group algebra and characters, and we construct induced representations and calculate their characters.
Treatment of coxa vara in children by means of a modified osteotomy.

1. A technique of subtrochantric osteotomy to correct coxa vara employing end-to-side apposition and fixation with an infant-size blade-plate has been presented. 2. This method is technically easier than methods used previously. 3. Adequate, controlled correction has been obtained and maintained in all cases. In view of the short time these patients have been followed, no conclusions concerning long-term results can be drawn. Further clinical and roentgenographic follow-up is indicated.
Altered bowel elimination patterns among hospitalized elder and middle-aged persons

This was an exploratory study of changes in bowel elimination patterns from elder subjects stated normal patterns when admitted to an acute care hospital. A sample of 303 subjects was collected from two Northern New England hospitals, one small rural hospital the other a large university hospital. The sample was composed of 154 elders and a comparison group of 149 middle-aged subjects used to highlight changes that occurred among the elders. Data collection utilized in-person interviews, patient diaries, questionnaires, and chart reviews. Instruments included: Nagley Visual Analog Scale for Confusion, Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living and MEDSGRPS severity of illness scoring system. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, t-tests and multiple regression. There was no significant difference between groups on reported prehospitalization bowel elimination patterns; however, elders reported more use of laxatives, suppositories, enemas and bran than did middle-aged subjects. Females in both groups reported higher percentage use of laxatives, suppositories, and enemas before hospitalization.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Uses, abuses, gains and complications

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to a ventricular arrhythmia is one of the most common causes of death, yet its management continues to be a challenge. Controlled clinical trials have provided evidence that implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are effective in reducing the risk of SCD in selected patients with ischaemic or non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and/or ventricular arrhythmias. As increasing numbers of patients become eligible for ICDs, deciding whom should receive these becomes more complex, especially in patients with borderline risk factors and those with co-morbidities in whom the risk of death from nonarrhythmic cardiovascular cause is higher. What type of ICD a patient should receive remains a challenge. While ICD shocks themselves can affect outcomes adversely, no other therapy has proven more effective to date. Risks of implantation include infection, lead dislodgement and perforation. An ongoing challenge which also needs to be addressed includes whom will be footing the bill for device implants. More data is required to determine which patient population will benefit the most from ICD implants.
Efforts toward a more useful viral diagnostic laboratory.

More than 4,000 viruses were isolated in a 9-year period and reported to the physician virtually as soon as virus activity was detected in cell cultures or mice. Within 4 days of receipt of specimens, 44.3% of viral isolates had been reported to the physician and within 7 days, 72.8% had been reported. These preliminary reports also correctly indicated the general type of virus isolated 90.4% of the time. Only in 4.7% of the virus isolations was the type of virus incorrectly indicated, and in 4.9% of the isolations, only “virus” was reported.
Cytoplasmic fibrils in living cultured cells. A light and electron microscope study.

By a combined light and electron microscopic study, the structure and behavior of the stress fibers of cultured rat embryo cells are described. From an analysis of movie records of living cells it is seen that the stress fibers are in a state of flux, continually altering their dimensions and dispositions within the cell. However, compared to most other cellular movements, these rates of change are slow. By electron microscopy it is shown that the stress fibers consist of bundles of close packed elongate 75 A filaments, arranged just beneath the plasma membrane adjacent to the cell's plane of attachment and that similar filaments, forming a loose framework, permeate the cytoplasmic matrix. On the basis of careful light and electron microscopic comparisons, it is concluded that the filamentous structure shown within the cytoplasm of glutaraldehyde/osmium-fixed cells is a generally accurate representation of the structure of the living cell cytoplasm. It seems likely that the stress fibers are concerned in stabilizing areas of cellular attachment as well as with resisting forces that stretch the cell. The suggestion is made that, by controlling cytoplasmic viscosity and responding to cytoplasmic microtubules, the diffuse framework of filaments helps to determine the form of the cell and that, by a coordinate dynamic activity of its filaments, it provides the motive power for the various forms of cellular and intracellular movements.
Abstract B75: Transnuclear mice from pancreatic tumor-infiltrating T cells.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allows the efficient generation of mice that will serve as a source of T cells of defined specificity. By harvesting primary T cells from animals that are at the peak of an antitumor response, and by transfer of the nucleus from such antigen-specific T cells into an enucleated oocyte, embryonic stem cells that harbor the TCR rearrangements of that T cell may be obtained and used for the construction of cloned mice. These animals contain T cells of the appropriate tumor specificity, have no genetic alterations other than the physiological TCR rearrangements and are the closest approximation of the tumor-specific CTLs that contribute to tumor resolution in vivo. Importantly, the generation of transnuclear mice is rapid, requiring approximately 6 weeks from T cell harvest to obtaining chimeric animals. We have generated transnuclear mice from CD8 T cells recognizing the pancreatic tumor antigen mesothelin. These mice will be used to study the cytotoxic T cell response to pancreatic tumors in KPC mice which develop spontaneous PDACs due to mutant Kras expression and loss of p53. Furthermore, we have generated two lines of transnuclear mice from pancreatic tumor infiltrating CD4 T cells of unknown specificity. We will use these TN lines as a source of protumorogenic regulatory T cells to determine how CD4 T cells may exacerbate tumor growth. We also aim to identify the antigens recognized by these TN cells to illuminate why CD4 T cells home to pancreatic tumors. Citation Format: Stephanie K. Dougan, Angelina Bilate, Hidde Ploegh. Transnuclear mice from pancreatic tumor-infiltrating T cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B75.
Cutting Edge: EZH2 Promotes Osteoclastogenesis by Epigenetic Silencing of the Negative Regulator IRF8

Osteoclasts are resorptive cells that are important for homeostatic bone remodeling and pathological bone resorption. Emerging evidence suggests an important role for epigenetic mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis. A recent study showed that epigenetic silencing of the negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis Irf8 by DNA methylation is required for osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of EZH2, which epigenetically silences gene expression by histone methylation, in osteoclastogenesis. Inhibition of EZH2 by the small molecule GSK126, or decreasing its expression using antisense oligonucleotides, impeded osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, EZH2 was recruited to the IRF8 promoter after RANKL stimulation to deposit the negative histone mark H3K27me3 and downregulate IRF8 expression. GSK126 attenuated bone loss in the ovariectomy mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our findings provide evidence for an additional mechanism of epigenetic IRF8 silencing during osteoclastogenesis that likely works cooperatively with DNA methylation, further emphasizing the importance of IRF8 as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis.
The predictive value of the borderline ankle-brachial index for long-term clinical outcomes: An observational cohort study.

Abstract Background and aims Low ankle-brachial index (ABI) is associated with increased mortality and an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of borderline ABI in predicting clinical outcomes. Methods and results The data were derived from the Shinken Database 2004–2012, from a single hospital-based cohort study (N = 19,994). ABI was measured in 5205 subjects; 4756 subjects whose ABI was 0.91–1.39 and having no history of peripheral artery disease were enrolled. The subjects were classified into two groups as follows: borderline ABI (0.91–1.00; n = 324) and normal ABI (1.01–1.39; n = 4432). Subjects in the borderline ABI group had more comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, aortic disease, and stroke. Moreover, the borderline ABI group was associated with higher levels of hemoglobin A1c and brain natriuretic peptide, larger diameters of left atrium and left ventricle, and lower levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate and left ventricular ejection fraction. All-cause death and cardiovascular death occurred in 9.3% and 4.6% of subjects in the borderline ABI group, and in 2.0% and 0.8% of subjects in the normal ABI group, respectively. An adjusted Cox regression model showed that borderline ABI was associated with a higher incidence of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 2.27, p = 0.005) and cardiovascular death (HR 3.47, p = 0.003). Conclusion A borderline ABI was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes in relatively high risk population. Our data should be confirmed in larger populations including those with low risk profiles.