cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations with the SMM gamma-ray spectrometer

Abstract The Gamma Ray Spectrometer on the SMM satellite has observed solar cosmic energetic photon transients since 17 February 1980. Using the data available through 1981, new results have been obtained on ion acceleration phenomena in solar flares. It now is evident that both ion and electron acceleration can take place impulsively, simultaneously or within seconds of one another. That the impulsive acceleration process can produce ions with energies as high as GeV/nucleon is directly shown by observations of neutrons at the Earth with energies of several hundred MeV. These two facts and the relative timing of hard X-ray emissions provide new constraints on solar flare particle acceleration theory. New flare spectra have also been observed showing new nuclear γ-ray lines not previously observed from 24 Mg, 20 Ne and 56 Fe as well as from other elements. These spectral observations provide new information on the relative abundances of the accelerated and target nuclei. Following a review of the solar data and implications for flare theories we will also give a brief review of the results obtained on nonsolar γ-ray bursts. Most such bursts have photon spectra extending to MeV energies but with little, if any, evidence for spectral features.
A new algorithm for the Lie transformation

Following Hori, the Lie transformation is presented in a form that is independent of any extraneous parameters. The transformation is canonical, and its inverse is obtained by changing the sign of the generating function. The introduction of a small parameter into the generating function and the Hamiltonian then yields a recursive, triangular algorithm. The case of a Hamiltonian containing the time explicitly is included by adjoining an additional pair of conjugate variables. The necessary and sufficient condition that this transformation be identical to Deprit's transformation is given as a recursive relation between successive terms in the generating functions. Explicit formulas are obtained through the sixth order.
Closed geodesics on compact nilmanifolds with Chevalley rational structure

We study the distribution of closed geodesics on nilmanifolds Γ \ N arising from a 2-step nilpotent Lie algebra \({\mathfrak {N}}\) constructed from an irreducible representation of a compact semisimple Lie algebra \({\mathfrak {g}o}\) on a real finite dimensional vector space U. We determine sufficient conditions on the semisimple Lie algebra \({\mathfrak {g}o}\) for Γ \ N to have the density of closed geodesics property where Γ is a lattice arising from a Chevalley rational structure on \({\mathfrak{N}}\) .
Probabilistic model for the evaluation of fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems using concurrent error detection

A probabilistic model to evaluate fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems has been developed. The matrix-based model and the analysis algorihtms based on it are described. Various probabilities associated with an algorithm-based fault tolerance system are discussed and the fault coverage of a given check is derived analytically and illustrated with examples. The probability matrices that are formed by introducing the spatial probabilities into the matrix model are considered. Based on these matrices, a technique is developed to determine the combined coverage of multiple numbers of checks. Examples of the analysis of systems using the model are given.
Computational rim illumination of dynamic subjects using aerial robots

Lighting plays a major role in photography. Professional photographers use elaborate installations to light their subjects and achieve sophisticated styles. However, lighting moving subjects performing dynamic tasks presents significant challenges and requires expensive manual intervention. A skilled additional assistant might be needed to reposition lights as the subject changes pose or moves, and the extra logistics significantly raises costs and time. The associated latencies as the assistant lights the subject, and the communication required from the photographer to achieve optimum lighting could mean missing a critical shot.We present a new approach to lighting dynamic subjects where an aerial robot equipped with a portable light source lights the subject to automatically achieve a desired lighting effect. We focus on rim lighting, a particularly challenging effect to achieve with dynamic subjects, and allow the photographer to specify a required rim width. Our algorithm processes the images from the photographer's camera and provides necessary motion commands to the aerial robot to achieve the desired rim width in the resulting photographs. With an indoor setup, we demonstrate a control approach that localizes the aerial robot with reference to the subject and tracks the subject to achieve the necessary motion. In addition to indoor experiments, we perform open-loop outdoor experiments in a realistic photo-shooting scenario to understand lighting ergonomics. Our proof-of-concept results demonstrate the utility of robots in computational lighting. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsWe demonstrate the first approach for studio quality lighting using aerial robots.Our lighting robot automatically positions itself to produce optimal rim lighting.Our robot adapts to changes in subject position, subject posture and camera position.We validate our approach with several indoor experiments.Using an open-loop outdoor setup, we discuss design issues and ergonomic issues of robotic lighting.
The Enigmatic X-Ray Point Sources at the Central Stars of NGC 6543 and NGC 7293

Recent Chandra ACIS-S observations have detected a point source at the central star of NGC 6543 and confirmed the point-source nature of the hard X-ray emission from NGC 7293. The X-ray spectra of both sources peak between 0.5 and 1.0 keV and show line features indicating a thin plasma at temperatures of a few times 106 K. Their X-ray luminosities are 1030 and 3 × 1029 ergs s-1, respectively. We have considered four different mechanisms to explain the nature of these sources. The X-ray emission from the central star of NGC 6543 may originate from the coronal activity of an undetected companion star or from shocks in its fast stellar wind, while the hard X-ray emission from NGC 7293 might be ascribed to an undetected dMe companion. Follow-up observations are needed to determine the existence and natures of these stellar companions.
Can the Fed predict the state of the economy

Abstract We show that systematic forecast errors reveal that the Fed is “surprised” by real and inflationary cycles. The Fed knows the state of the economy for the current quarter, but cannot predict it one-quarter ahead.
Multiple Dp-branes in Weak Background Fields

We find the terms in the non-abelian world-volume action of a system of many Dp-branes which describe the leading coupling to all type II supergravity background fields. These results are found by T-dualizing earlier results for D0-branes, which in turn were determined from calculations of the M(atrix) theory description of the supercurrent of 11D supergravity. Our results are compatible with earlier results on the supersymmetric Born–Infeld action for a single D-brane in a general background and with Tseytlin's symmetrized trace proposal for extending the abelian Born–Infeld action to a non-abelian theory. In the case p=3, the operators we find on the D-brane world-volume are closely related to those which couple to supergravity fields in the AdS5×S5 IIB supergravity background. This gives an explicit construction, including normalization, of some of the operators used in the celebrated AdS/CFT correspondence for 3-branes. We also discuss the S-duality of the action in the case p=3, finding that the S-duality of the action determines how certain operators in the N=4 4D SYM theory transform under S-duality. These S-duality results give some new insight into the puzzle of the transverse 5-brane in M(atrix) theory.
Branch-Selective Synthesis of Oxindole and Indene Scaffolds: Transition Metal-Controlled Intramolecular Aryl Amidation Leading to C3 Reverse-Prenylated Oxindoles

In an effort to access biologically important scaffolds, a concise branch-selective synthesis of C3 tertiary oxindoles by Cu(I)-catalyzed aryl amidation and 2,2-dimethyl indene by Pd(0)-catalyzed Heck cyclization has been accomplished from acyclic reverse-prenylated intermediates. Oxindole C3-enolate generation using NaH followed by alkylation in the presence of appropriate electrophiles provides a novel route to quaternary C3 reverse-prenylated oxindoles.
Multiple Query Optimization with Depth-First Branch-and-Bound and Dynamic Query Ordering

In certain database applications such as deductive databases, batch query processing, and recursive query processing etc., usually a single query gets transformed into a set of closely related database queries. Also, great benefits can be obtained by executing a group of related queries all together in a single unified multi-plan instead of executing each query separately. In order to achieve this Multiple Query Optimization (MQO) identifies common task(s) (e.g. common subexpressions, joins, etc.) among a set of query plans and creates a single unified plan (multi-plan) which can be executed to obtain the required outputs for all queries at once. In this paper a new heuristic function (hc), dynamic query ordering heuristics, and Depth-First Branch-and-Bound (DFBB) are defined and experimentally evaluated, and compared with existing methods which use A* and static query ordering. Our experiments show that all three of hc, DFBB, and dynamic query ordering help to improve the performance of our MQO algorithm.
Ring Current Composition and Sources

The ring current is a major magnetospheric energy reservoir. A view is developed in this paper that shows how little is known of its composition and ultimate source(s). Direct composition observations exist only in the low (≲ 15 keV) and high (≳ 1 MeV) energy tails of the ring current energy density distribution. The composition of the bulk of the ring current energy density (~20–250 keV) has not been directly measured, and no information (direct measurements or inferences) exists concerning the peak (50–100 keV) of the ring current energy density distribution. It is shown that significant acceleration beyond that provided by the source is required to establish the storm time ring current irrespective of the source considered. This paper summarizes the results of direct observations and inference techniques concerned with ring current composition through the energy range from ~ 0.5 keV to several MeV. Possible sources and ring current development are discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging and the management of parapharyngeal space tumors

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with the diagnosis and management of tumors of the parapharyngeal space (PPS), with particular emphasis on the evolving role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A case series review of 51 patients with parapharyngeal tumors who underwent surgical excision between 1980 and 1992 were analyzed with regard to presenting signs and symptoms, histologic diagnosis, imaging technique (computed tomography [CT] versus MRI), surgical approach, and outcome. Results Fifty-one patients underwent surgical excision of a parapharyngeal tumor of which the vast majority (78%) were benign neoplasms. Compared with benign neoplasms, the malignant tumors were much more likely to be associated with pain, trismus, and a cranial nerve deficit. MRI was able to locate the tumor in 20 of 21 patients (95%), while CT was able to localize the tumor in 32 of 38 patients (84%). Conclusions MRI, because of its superior soft-tissue resolution and ability to provide imaging in multiple planes, is the imaging modality of choice to diagnose neoplasms of the parapharyngeal space. Because most of these tumors are benign, MRI allows the surgeon to select the surgical approach with the least morbidity. HEAD & NECK 1996; 18:67–77 © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of initial curvature in solutions to the generalized inviscid Proudman-Johnson equation

In [20], we derived representation formulae for spatially periodic solutions to the generalized, inviscid Proudman-Johnson equation and studied their regularity for several classes of initial data. The purpose of this paper is to extend these results to larger classes of functions including those having arbitrary local curvature near particular points in the domain. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 35B44, 35B10, 35B65, 35Q35.
Patterns of deviation from the standard model

Abstract Effective lagrangians can be used to parametrize the effects of physics beyond the Standard Model. Assuming the complete theory is a gauge theory, we determine which effective operators may be generated at tree level, and which are only generated at loop level. The latter are suppressed by factors of 1 16 π 2 and will therefore be quite difficult to detect. In particular, all operators changing the Standard-Model structure of the triplegauge-vector couplings fall into this category. We also point out that in certain cases, dimension-eight operators may be more important than dimension-six operators. We discuss both the linear and non-linear representation of the Higgs sector.
The two headed disk: stochastic dominance of the greedy policy

Abstract In his paper “Should the two-headed disk be greedy? — Yes, it should” Hofri defined a “greedy policy” as follows. Assuming that the range of disk addresses is [0,1], a request at location x is served by the closest arm while the other arm jockeys to a new position, z , where z = ( 1 3 )x or z = 2 3 + x 3 depending on whether x is larger or smaller than 1 2 . Hofri proved that this policy minimizes the expected seek distance for uniform request probabilities and conjectured that it stochastically dominates every other policy. Stochastic dominance is of practical importance in this context as it guarantees that a policy that optimizes expected seek distance also guarantees optimal seek time. The main result of this paper is a proof of Hofri's conjecture. The paper contains two proofs, the first establishes the conjecture, and the second shows that if the seek distance is stochastically minimized under a repositioning policy, then the policy must be Hofri's greedy policy and the request distribution must be uniform.
A property rights approach to legislative delegation

This paper applies the property rights theory to study both positive and normative aspects of legislative delegation in a setup where interest groups directly influence lawmaking by initiating regulatory bargaining. A self-interested legislature choosing between the direct exercise of its legislative authority and delegation to an administrative agency must therefore trade off the value of bureaucratic competence against bureaucratic drift and, importantly, loss of control over bargaining. Our analysis, first, clarifies when the legislature’s choice between delegation and no delegation is socially efficient or socially inefficient; second, highlights the role of political bargaining and shows that precluding interest group influence through bargaining may actually increase the scope for socially inefficient outcomes; and, third, illustrates the model’s predictions in light of selected stylized facts and the practice of scant empirical work on legislative delegation.
2–20 keV X-ray Sky Background

The diffuse background of 2–20 keV X-rays over a band of the sky extending from Scorpius to the North galactic pole is found to be isotropic to within 5%, with a spectrum given by $$ 10.3{{E}^{{ - n}}}{\text{photons}}/({\text{c}}{{{\text{m}}}^{2}} - \sec - {\text{sr}} - {\text{keV}}), $$ where n = (1.35 ± 0.10 0.07).
Developments Of Optical Fast-Gated Imaging Systems

Several fast-gated imaging systems to measure ultra-fast single-transient data have been developed for time-resolved imaging of pulsed radiation sources. These systems were designed to achieve image recording times of 1-3 ms and dynamic ranges of >200:1 to produce large two-dimensional images ( ≥10 4 spatial points) of 1-2 ns exposure and small two-dimensional images (>200 spatial points) of .0.5 ns exposure. Both MCP intensified solid-state two-dimensional framing cameras and streak camera/solid-state camera systems were used; the framing camera system provides snap shots with high spatial resolution whereas the streak camera system provides for limited spatial points each with high temporal resolution. Applications of these systems include electron-beam, x-ray, gamma-ray, and neutron diagnostics. This report reviews the characteristics of the major components of fast-gated imaging systems developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. System performances are described in view of major experiments, and the diagnostic requirements of new experiments in atomic physics (x-ray lasers) and nuclear physics (fusion) are indicated.
Preparation and characterization of members of the system (Zn,Se)1−xGaPx

Abstract Single crystals of members of the system (PZnSe)1−x(GaP)x were grown by chemical vapor transport using iodine as the transport agent. The IR spectrum of (ZnSe).905(GaP).095 is not appreciably changed from that of pure ZnSe; however, the hardness and stability towards oxidation are greatly enhanced.
What Can We Learn From (and About) Global Aging

Although aging is a global phenomenon, there are large differences across countries in both the speed of aging and the current age composition. Furthermore, countries adopt vastly different policies. This creates a natural laboratory that scientists can use to understand how policies affect outcomes. I discuss under what circumstances data from different countries can be used for inference about policy effects. Although comparable health and retirement data are currently being collected in some 25 countries, the use of such data requires careful modeling of differences in institutions and in response styles across countries.
Revolutionaries and spies: Spy-good and spy-bad graphs

We study a game on a graph G played by rrevolutionaries and sspies. Initially, revolutionaries and then spies occupy vertices. In each subsequent round, each revolutionary may move to a neighboring vertex or not move, and then each spy has the same option. The revolutionaries win if m of them meet at some vertex having no spy (at the end of a round); the spies win if they can avoid this forever. Let @s(G,m,r) denote the minimum number of spies needed to win. To avoid degenerate cases, assume |V(G)|>=r-m+1>[email protected]?r/[email protected]?>=1. The easy bounds are then @?r/[email protected][email protected][email protected](G,m,r)@?r-m+1. We prove that the lower bound is sharp when G has a rooted spanning tree T such that every edge of G not in T joins two vertices having the same parent in T. As a consequence, @s(G,m,r)@[email protected](G)@?r/[email protected]?, where @c(G) is the domination number; this bound is nearly sharp when @c(G)@?m. For the random graph with constant edge-probability p, we obtain constants c and c^' (depending on m and p) such that @s(G,m,r) is near the trivial upper bound when rc^'lnn. For the hypercube Q"d with d>=r, we have @s(G,m,r)=r-m+1 when m=2, and for m>=3 at least r-39m spies are needed. For complete k-partite graphs with partite sets of size at least 2r, the leading term in @s(G,m,r) is approximately kk-1rm when k>=m. For k=2, we have @s(G,2,r)[email protected][email protected]?7r/[email protected][email protected]? and @s(G,3,r)[email protected]?r/[email protected]?, and in general [email protected][email protected](G,m,r)@?(1+1/3)rm.
A Second Look at the Metal Line Variability of G29-38*

The pulsating white dwarf G29-38 possesses a dust disk and metal lines attributed to the accretion of its disk material. Von Hippel and Thompson have reported variability in the equivalent width of G29-38's Ca II K line on a timescale of days. We use high-resolution optical spectroscopy of G29-38's Ca II K line to test this observation. Over 6 days spanning 2007 June to 2007 October we see no evidence for variability in the equivalent width of the Ca II K line. We also sample the variability of the Ca II K line over integrated timescales of ~100-500 s, where errors from incomplete coverage of pulsation modes are predicted to be ~8%-15%. We find that the scatter of the equivalent widths over this time period is consistent with measurement errors at the 7% level, slightly weaker than predicted but within the uncertainties of predictions. Weaker Ca and Mg lines observed show no significant variability on yearly timescales over 10 years based on our data and other high-resolution spectra. We conclude that further study is warranted to verify whether the accretion onto G29-38 is variable.
Function and organization of chromaffin vesicle.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the function and organization of chromaffin vesicle. The vesicles contain the highest concentration of adenine nucleotides, about 0.12 M, known to occur in any tissue or organelle. ATP is the major nucleotide component accompanied by smaller amounts of ADP and AMP, but the relative amounts vary in different species. The presence of small amounts of GTP, UTP, and mucopolysaccharides has also been reported. The concentration of CA within the vesicles is estimated to be 0.55 M. The molar ratio of CA: adenosine phosphates are close to 4:1 providing electrical equivalence at physiological pH within the vesicle. Disk-gel chromatography of the soluble proteins shows seven or eight major components and a similar number of minor components. Dopamine-3-hydroxylase is present both as a constituent of the membrane and as a constituent of the soluble interior milieu of the vesicles. In bovine and rabbit vesicles, 40 to 45% of the enzyme activity remains with the membrane after several washes, while in rat 80 to 85% of the activity remains with the vesicles.
Urine glyceraldehyde excretion is elevated in the renal Fanconi syndrome

Urine glyceraldehyde excretion is elevated in the renal Fanconi syndrome. We analyzed urinary constituents using GC/MS in 16 children with the renal Fanconi syndrome and 13 normal individuals. Urine glyceraldehyde levels were strikingly elevated in the renal Fanconi syndrome group (mean 5.1 ± 4.8 mg/mg creatinine) compared to levels in the normal group (mean 0.04 ± 0.04 mg/mg creatinine, P
Remittances and banking sector breadth and depth : evidence from Mexico

Despite the rising volume of remittances flowing to developing countries, their impact on banking sector breadth and depth in recipient countries has been largely unexplored. The authors examine this topic using municipio-level data on the fraction of households that receive remittances and on measures of banking breadth and depth for Mexico. They find that remittances are strongly associated with greater banking breadth and depth, increasing the number of branches and accounts per capita and the ratio of deposits to gross domestic product. These effects are significant both statistically and economically, even after conducting robustness tests and addressing the potential endogeneity of remittances.
Efficient Generation in Primitive Optimality Theory

This paper introduces primitive Optimality Theory (OTP), a linguistically motivated formalization of OT. OTP specifies the class of autosegmental representations, the universal generator Gen, and the two simple families of permissible constraints. In contrast to less restricted theories using Generalized Alignment, OTP's optimal surface forms can be generated with finite-state methods adapted from (Ellison, 1994). Unfortunately these methods take time exponential on the size of the grammar. Indeed the generation problem is shown NP-complete in this sense. However, techniques are discussed for making Ellison's approach fast in the typical case, including a simple trick that alone provides a 100-fold speedup on a grammar fragment of moderate size. One avenue for future improvements is a new finite-state notion, "factored automata," where regular languages are represented compactly via formal intersections ∩ki=1Ai of FSAs.
Multiwavelength Observations of the Low-Metallicity Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy SBS 0335-052

New infrared and millimeter observations from Keck, Palomar, ISO, and OVRO and archival data from the NRAO^(**) VLA and IRAS are presented for the low-metallicity blue compact dwarf galaxy SBS 0335-052. Mid-infrared imaging shows this young star-forming system is compact (0farcs31; 80 pc) at 12.5 μm. The large Brγ equivalent width (235 A) measured from integral field spectroscopy is indicative of a ~5 Myr starburst. The central source appears to be optically thin in emission, containing both a warm (~80 K) and a hot (~210 K) dust component, and the overall interstellar radiation field is quite intense, about 10,000 times the intensity in the solar neighborhood. CO emission is not detected, though the galaxy shows an extremely high global H I gas-to-dust mass ratio, high even for blue compact dwarfs. Finally, the galaxy's ratio of mid-infrared-to-optical and mid-to-near-infrared luminosities are quite high, whereas its far-infrared-to-radio and far-infrared-to-optical flux ratios are surprisingly similar to what is seen in normal star-forming galaxies. The relatively high bolometric infrared-to-radio ratio is more easily understood in the context of such a young system with negligible nonthermal radio continuum emission. These new lines of evidence may outline features common to primordial galaxies found at high redshift.
Inter-joint coupling effects on muscle contributions to endpoint force and acceleration in a musculoskeletal model of the cat hindlimb.

The biomechanical principles underlying the organization of muscle activation patterns during standing balance are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to understand the influence of biomechanical inter-joint coupling on endpoint forces and accelerations induced by the activation of individual muscles during postural tasks. We calculated induced endpoint forces and accelerations of 31 muscles in a 7 degree-of-freedom, three-dimensional model of the cat hindlimb. To test the effects of inter-joint coupling, we systematically immobilized the joints (excluded kinematic degrees of freedom) and evaluated how the endpoint force and acceleration directions changed for each muscle in 7 different conditions. We hypothesized that altered inter-joint coupling due to joint immobilization of remote joints would substantially change the induced directions of endpoint force and acceleration of individual muscles. Our results show that for most muscles crossing the knee or the hip, joint immobilization altered the endpoint force or acceleration direction by more than 90° in the dorsal and sagittal planes. Induced endpoint forces were typically consistent with behaviorally observed forces only when the ankle was immobilized. We then activated a proximal muscle simultaneous with an ankle torque of varying magnitude, which demonstrated that the resulting endpoint force or acceleration direction is modulated by the magnitude of the ankle torque. We argue that this simple manipulation can lend insight into the functional effects of co-activating muscles. We conclude that inter-joint coupling may be an essential biomechanical principle underlying the coordination of proximal and distal muscles to produce functional endpoint actions during motor tasks.
Integrated optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy imaging of ex vivo human renal tissues.

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy technology to assess human kidney morphology.Materials and Methods: A total of 35 renal specimens from 19 patients, consisting of 12 normal tissues and 23 tumors (16 clear cell renal cell carcinomas, 5 papillary renal cell carcinomas and 2 oncocytomas) were imaged ex vivo after surgical resection. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy images were compared to corresponding hematoxylin and eosin histology to identify characteristic features of normal and pathological renal tissues. Three pathologists blinded to histology evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of optical coherence microscopy images to differentiate normal from neoplastic renal tissues.Results: Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy images of normal kidney revealed architectural features, including glomeruli, convoluted tubules, collecting tubules and loops of Henle. Each method of imag...
On Transactions and Precautionary Demand for Money

This paper develops a stochastic framework for determining transactions and precautionary demand for money. Through application of the principles of inventory management, the analysis integrates and extends the work of Baumol, Tobin, and Miller and Orr. Optimal money holdings are shown to depend on the rate of interest, on the mean and the variance of net disbursements and on the cost of portfolio adjustment. The properties of the distribution of the payment period are analyzed. The optimal solution is obtained by minimizing net present value of cost. This solution is compared with the one obtained by the conventional method of minimizing the steady-state cost.
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Electron-Deficient Pyrroles with Meso Electrophiles

Pyrroles can serve as competent nucleophiles with meso electrophiles in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation. The products from this transformation were obtained as a single regio- and diastereomer in high yield and enantiopurity. A nitropyrrole-containing nucleoside analogue was synthesized in seven steps to demonstrate the synthetic utility of this transformation.
Moving Mirrors, Black Holes, Hawking Radiation and All That

In this talk I show how, in Lemaitre coordinates, one can canonically quantize a massless scalar field in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole and then show how this leads to a simplified derivation of Hawking radiation. The key result of the canonical quantization procedure is that the Hamiltonian of the system is explicitly time dependent, which immediately shows that the problem is intrinsically non-static and that, although a unitary time-development operator exists, it is not useful to talk about eigenstates. Rather, one should deal with the Heisenberg equations of motion and focus attention on steady state phenomena, such as the Hawking radiation. In order to clarify the procedure used to solve the Heisenberg equations I first discuss the related problem of the massless scalar field theory calculated in the presence of a moving mirror.
Learning intersections of halfspaces with a margin

We give a new algorithm for learning intersections of halfspaces with a margin, i.e. under the assumption that no example lies too close to any separating hyperplane. Our algorithm combines random projection techniques for dimensionality reduction, polynomial threshold function constructions, and kernel methods. The algorithm is fast and simple. It learns a broader class of functions and achieves an exponential runtime improvement compared with previous work on learning intersections of halfspaces with a margin.
Comparative Absorption and Emission Abundance Analyses of Nebulae: Ion Emission Densities for IC 418*

Recent analyses of nebular spectra have resulted in discrepant abundances from CNO forbidden and recombination lines. We consider independent methods of determining ion abundances for emission nebulae, comparing ion emission measures with column densities derived from resonance absorption lines viewed against the central star continuum. Separate analyses of the nebular emission lines and the stellar UV absorption lines yield independent abundances for ions, and their ratio can be expressed in terms of a parameter , the An S e em "emission density" for each ion. Adequate data for this technique are still scarce, but separate analyses of spectra of the planetary nebula and central star of IC 418 do show discrepant abundances for several ions, especially Fe ii. The discrepancies are probably due to the presence of absorbing gas that does not emit and/or to uncertain atomic data and excitation processes, and they demonstrate the importance of applying the technique of combining emission- and absorption-line data in deriving abundances for nebulae.
Low resolution microwave spectra and indo calculations of phenylisothiocyanate and phenylisocyanate

Abstract The low resolution spectra of φNCS and φNCO have been studied in the microwave R-band region. The spectroscopic constant ( B + C ) has been evaluated for both molecules. These data have been used to obtain information on the orientation of the linear NCS and NCO group relative to the bond from the phenyl ring. The results indicate an opening of the φ-N-C angle over that found in the hydrogen counterparts HNCS and HNCO. A modified INDO calculation yields structural parameters which are consistent with the trends observed, and indicate that the opening of the angle in going from HNCS (HNCO) to φNCS (φNCO) can be attributed to delocalization with the phenyl ring.
Distinguishability of particles in glass-forming systems

Abstract The distinguishability of particles has important implications for calculating the partition function in statistical mechanics. While there are standard formulations for systems of identical particles that are either fully distinguishable or fully indistinguishable, many realistic systems do not fall into either of these limiting cases. In particular, the glass transition involves a continuous transition from an ergodic liquid system of indistinguishable particles to a nonergodic glassy system where the particles become distinguishable. While the question of partial distinguishability of microstates has been treated previously in quantum information theory, this issue has not yet been addressed for a system of classical particles. In this paper, we present a general theoretical formalism for quantifying particle distinguishability in classical systems. This formalism is based on a classical definition of relative entropy, such as applied in quantum information theory. Example calculations for a simple glass-forming system demonstrate the continuous onset of distinguishability as temperature is lowered. We also examine the loss of distinguishability in the limit of long observation time, coinciding with the restoration of ergodicity. We discuss some of the general implications of our work, including the direct connection to topological constraint theory of glass. We also discuss qualitative features of distinguishability as they relate to the Second and Third Laws of thermodynamics.
Synthetic studies on the esperamicin/calicheamicin antitumor antibiotics. Conjugate addition of thiol to initiate 1,4-diyl formation

Abstract Intermolecular thiol addition to the bicyclo[7.3.1]diynenone 9 allows access to the C-1 sp 3 hybridized derivative 9a , which in turn undergoes cycloaromatization to give the bicyclo[3.3.1]system 10 .
The Revenue Dimension of Oil, Gas, and Mining Projects: Issues and Practices

Analyse de l'interet a prendre en compte les aspects environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance dans le developpement des projets miniers, petroliers ou gaziers, afin d'assurer un partage equitable entre investisseurs prives et gouvernements qui permette le developpement economique et social.
Spark Chamber for Electronic Data Retrieval

In preparation of an information retrieval system for experiments in nuclear physics a digitized spark chamber has been constructed and operated. Magnetic tape has been used for direct recording. It is planned to provide a high speed buffer storage.
Genecentric: a package to uncover graph-theoretic structure in high-throughput epistasis data

New technology has resulted in high-throughput screens for pairwise genetic interactions in yeast and other model organisms. For each pair in a collection of non-essential genes, an epistasis score is obtained, representing how much sicker (or healthier) the double-knockout organism will be compared to what would be expected from the sickness of the component single knockouts. Recent algorithmic work has identified graph-theoretic patterns in this data that can indicate functional modules, and even sets of genes that may occur in compensatory pathways, such as a BPM-type schema first introduced by Kelley and Ideker. However, to date, any algorithms for finding such patterns in the data were implemented internally, with no software being made publically available. Genecentric is a new package that implements a parallelized version of the Leiserson et al. algorithm (J Comput Biol 18:1399-1409, 2011) for generating generalized BPMs from high-throughput genetic interaction data. Given a matrix of weighted epistasis values for a set of double knock-outs, Genecentric returns a list of generalized BPMs that may represent compensatory pathways. Genecentric also has an extension, GenecentricGO, to query FuncAssociate (Bioinformatics 25:3043-3044, 2009) to retrieve GO enrichment statistics on generated BPMs. Python is the only dependency, and our web site provides working examples and documentation. We find that Genecentric can be used to find coherent functional and perhaps compensatory gene sets from high throughput genetic interaction data. Genecentric is made freely available for download under the GPLv2 from http://bcb.cs.tufts.edu/genecentric .
Dust-obscured galaxies in the local universe

We use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), AKARI, and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) data to select local analogs of high-redshift (z ~ 2) dust obscured galaxies (DOGs). We identify 47 local DOGs with S 12 μm/S 0.22 μm ≥ 892 and S 12 μm > 20 mJy at 0.05 < z < 0.08 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 7. The infrared (IR) luminosities of these DOGs are in the range 3.4 × 1010 (L ☉) L IR 7.0 × 1011 (L ☉) with a median L IR of 2.1 × 1011 (L ☉). We compare the physical properties of local DOGs with a control sample of galaxies that have lower S 12 μm/S 0.22 μm but have similar redshift, IR luminosity, and stellar mass distributions. Both WISE 12 μm and GALEX near-ultraviolet (NUV) flux densities of DOGs differ from the control sample of galaxies, but the difference is much larger in the NUV. Among the 47 DOGs, 36% ± 7% have small axis ratios in the optical (i.e., b/a < 0.6), larger than the fraction among the control sample (17% ± 3%). There is no obvious sign of interaction for many local DOGs. No local DOGs have companions with comparable optical magnitudes closer than ~50 kpc. The large- and small-scale environments of DOGs are similar to the control sample. Many physical properties of local DOGs are similar to those of high-z DOGs, even though the IR luminosities of local objects are an order of magnitude lower than for the high-z objects: the presence of two classes (active galactic nuclei- and star formation-dominated) of DOGs, abnormal faintness in the UV rather than extreme brightness in the mid-IR, and diverse optical morphology. These results suggest a common underlying physical origin of local and high-z DOGs. Both seem to represent the high-end tail of the dust obscuration distribution resulting from various physical mechanisms rather than a unique phase of galaxy evolution.
Improved techniques for fast sliding thin-slab volume visualization

High-resolution 3D volumetric images obtained by today's radiologic imaging scanners are rich in detailed diagnostic information. Despite the many visualization techniques available to assess such images, there remains information that is challenging to uncover, such as the location of small structures. Recently, sliding thin-slab (STS) visualization was proposed to improve the visualization of interior structures. These STS techniques and the other existing techniques, involve considerable computation, significant memory, extra processing, and dependence on user specifications. Further, other effective rendering approaches are conceivable using the general STS mechanism. We introduce two fast direct techniques for STS volume visualization. The first, a depth rendering process, produces an unobstructed, high-contrast 3D view of the information within a thin volume of image data. Results are a function of relative planar locations, not individual voxel values. Thus, rendered views accurately depict the internal properties that were initially captured as position and intensity. The second method produces a gradient-like view of the intensity changes in a thin volume. Results can effectively detect the occurrence and location of dramatic tissue variations, often not visually recognized otherwise. Both STS techniques exploit the concept of temporal coherence to form sequences of consecutive slabs, using information from previously computed slabs. This permits rapid real-time computational on a general-purpose computer. Further, these techniques require minimal processing and memory, require no pre-processing, and results are not dependent on user knowledge. Results show the computational efficiency and visual efficacy of these new STS techniques.
Theory of electro-optic modulation via a quantum dot coupled to a nano-resonator

In this paper, we analyze the performance of an electro-optic modulator based on a single quantum dot strongly coupled to a nano-resonator, where electrical control of the quantum dot frequency is achieved via quantum confined Stark effect. Using realistic system parameters, we show that modulation speeds of a few tens of GHz are achievable with this system, while the energy per switching operation can be as small as 0.5 fJ. In addition, we study the non-linear distortion, and the effect of pure quantum dot dephasing on the performance of the modulator.
Catalytic intermolecular enal-alkyne [3 + 2] reductive cycloadditions.

A catalytic, intermolecular [3 + 2] reductive cycloaddition of enals and alkynes has been developed. The method provides a nickel-catalyzed strategy for combining two simple acyclic π-systems into a five-membered ring product by effecting a net two-electron reduction of the starting materials mediated by triethylborane as the reducing agent. The use of a protic solvent is a key feature of the process.
Economic Considerations for Sizing Tubing and Power Cable for Electric Submersible Pumps

Power consumption of an electric submersible pump (ESP) installation may be categorized into three components: the energy required to perform useful work, which is equivalent to the net hydraulic load divided by the product of pump and motor efficiencies; the energy absorbed by tubing friction, which is equal to the dissipated hydraulic energy divided by the efficiency product; and power-cable electrical losses. An improved design technique is presented that brings the first two categories into economic perspective. The interrelated effects of tubing friction, power-cable resistance, and motor voltage on ESP power consumption are demonstrated, as is the degree of desirability for using a motor of the highest available voltage. An equation, useful in making economic evaluations of alternatives, is developed for calculating power consumption for combinations of tubing size, power-cable size, and motor voltage. Variations of power consumption are illustrated graphically for various combinations of these three parameters. Also illustrated is the effect of the nature of a specific net hydraulic load - i.e., the product of rate, net lift, and specific gravity. Practical examples using the design techniques developed here are presented and comparisons made to designs based on common practice.
Glue in the light-front pion

Abstract It may be possible to approximate the full pion wave function in light-front QCD using only q q and q q g Fock space components. Removing zero modes and using invariant-mass cutoffs that make a constituent approximation possible leads to non-canonical terms in the QCD hamiltonian, and forces us to work in the broken symmetry phase of QCD in which chiral symmetry breaking operators must appear directly in the hamiltonian because the vacuum is trivial. Assuming any candidate interactions are local in the transverse direction, I argue that they are probably relevant operators so that perturbation theory is not modified at high energies. Since light-front chiral symmetry corresponds to quark helicity conservation, we can readily identify candidate chiral symmetry breaking interactions. The only candidate relevant operator is the quark-gluon emission/absorption operator with a quark spin flip. I argue that this operator can only produce the physical π - ϱ mass splitting if the q q g component of the pion is significant.
Stereoselective Nickel-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions and Alkenylative Cyclizations of Ene-Allenes and Alkenes

The course of the reaction can be controlled by the choice of ligand: PTol3 yields [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition products whereas, PBu3 affords alkenylative cyclization products.
Steepening of Afterglow Decay for Jets Interacting with Stratified Media

We calculate light curves for gamma-ray burst afterglows when material ejected in the explosion is confined to a jet that propagates in a medium with a power-law density profile. The observed light-curve decay steepens by a factor of Γ2 when an observer sees the edge of the jet. In a uniform density medium, the increase in the power-law index (β) of the light curve as a result of this edge effect is ~0.7 and is completed over one decade in observer time. For a preejected stellar wind (ρ ∝ r-2), β increases by ~0.4 over two decades in time as a result of the edge effect, and the steepening of the light curve as a result of the jet sideways expansion takes about four decades in time. Therefore, a break in the light curve for a jet in a wind model is unlikely to be detected even for a very narrow opening angle of a few degrees or less, a case where the lateral expansion occurs at early times when the afterglow is bright. The light curve for the afterglow of GRB 990510, for which an increase in β of approximately 1.35 was observed on a timescale of 3 days, cannot be explained by only the sideways expansion and the edge effects in a jet in a uniform interstellar medium—the increase in β is too large and too rapid. However, the passage of the cooling or synchrotron peak frequencies through the observing band at about 0.1-1 day together with jet edge effect explains the observed data. The jet opening angle is found to be ~5°, and the energy in the explosion to be about 1051 ergs.
Modeling intermolecular effects on nonlinear optical properties of transition-metal complexes. An effective core potential study.

An initial effort to study the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of interacting transition-metal−oxo complexes is presented and studied by effective core potential approaches. Osmium tetroxide is used for this study. Favorable intermolecular interaction effects, even within this weak interaction regime, that yield enhancements in NLO properties have been found. Interaction effects increase α (polarizability) up to 6% and γ (second hyperpolarizability) up to 100% relative to the isolated monomer result for OsO4. The magnitude of the interaction (hyper)polarizabilities, and indeed even the sign, is found to be quite sensitive to the relative orientation of the osmium tetroxide monomers.
NEW EUV Fe IX EMISSION LINE IDENTIFICATIONS FROM HINODE/EIS

Four Fe IX transitions in the wavelength range 188-198 ? are identified for the first time in spectra from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on board the Hinode satellite. In particular the emission line at 197.86 ? is unblended and close to the peak of the EIS sensitivity curve, making it a valuable diagnostic of plasma at around 800,000 K ? a critical temperature for studying the interface between the corona and transition region. Theoretical ratios among the four lines predicted from the CHIANTI database reveal weak sensitivity to density and temperature with observed values consistent with theory. The ratio of ?197.86 relative to the ?171.07 resonance line of Fe IX is found to be an excellent temperature diagnostic, independent of density, and the derived temperature in the analyzed data set is log T = 5.95, close to the predicted temperature of maximum ionization of Fe IX.