cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration and Colonization

Beginning with its emergence in Africa, the lineage Homo has dramatically expanded the range of environments that could be successfully occupied. This chapter examines exploration and colonization as processes that foment the creation of new scientific knowledge, as people learn to procure and process resources of the natural environment. This chapter has three major sections (1) scenarios of colonization and exploration, which conclude with a series of questions to orient research on these processes, (2) a case study on knowledge created by the eminently successful Polynesian colonization of New Zealand, and (3) a case study on England’s late sixteenth-century expeditions to the “Virginia country,” which augmented the quality and quantity of scientific knowledge about this place and also established the Roanoke Colony.
History of the Department of Radiology at Baylor University Medical Center.

Over the past 100 years, the radiology department has grown from a 1 -man physician department to a department of 46 physicians, 28 residents, and 5 fellows (men and women); from 1-hour exposure time for a single film to total-body computed tomography (CT) scans in seconds; from photographic plates to high-resolution monitors. However, much about the relationships among physicians and hospitals seems to repeat. This tendency will be evident as the history of radiology at Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC) is told through the stories of the 4 chiefs of service before me, all of them strong but with very different personalities. We look to the past for guidance to fulfill our mission to provide excellent and compassionate care for our patients.
Memory-Efficient Garbled Circuit Generation for Mobile Devices

Secure function evaluation (SFE) on mobile devices, such as smartphones, creates compelling new applications such as privacy-preserving bartering. Generating custom garbled circuits on smartphones, however, is infeasible for all but the most trivial problems due to the high memory overhead incurred. In this paper, we develop a new methodology of generating garbled circuits that is memory-efficient. Using the standard SFDL language for describing secure functions as input, we design a new pseudo-assembly language (PAL) and a template-driven compiler that generates circuits which can be evaluated with Fairplay. We deploy this compiler for Android devices and demonstrate that a large new set of circuits can now be generated on smartphones, with memory overhead for the set intersection problem reduced by 95.6% for the 2-set case. We develop a password vault application to show how runtime generation of circuits can be used in practice. We also show that our circuit generation techniques can be used in conjunction with other SFE optimizations. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating garbled circuits on mobile devices while maintaining high-level function specification.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF SEARCH ENGINE RANKINGS

Search Engines have greatly influenced the way we experience the web. Since the early days of the web, users have been relying on them to get informed and make decisions. When the web was relatively small, web directories were built and maintained using human experts to screen and categorize pages according to their characteristics. By the mid 1990’s, however, it was apparent that the human expert model of categorizing web pages does not scale. The first search engines appeared and they have been evolving ever since, taking over the role that web directories used to play. But what need makes a search engine evolve? Beyond the financial objectives, there is a need for quality in search results. Users interact with search engines through search query results. Search engines know that the quality of their ranking will determine how successful they are. If users perceive the results as valuable and reliable, they will use it again. Otherwise, it is easy for them to switch to another search engine. Search results, however, are not simply based on well-designed scientific principles, but they are influenced by web spammers. Web spamming, the practice of introducing artificial text and links into web pages to affect the results of web searches, has been recognized as a major search engine problem. It is also a serious users problem because they are not aware of it and they tend to confuse trusting the search engine with trusting the results of a search. In this paper, we analyze the influence that web spam has on the evolution of the search engines and we identify the strong relationship of spamming methods on the web to propagandistic techniques in society. Our analysis provides a foundation for understanding why spamming works and offers new insight on how to address it. In particular, it suggests that one could use social anti-propagandistic techniques to recognize web spam.
Absolute Resolvents and Masses of Irreducible Quintic Polynomials

We describe two new algorithms for determining the Galois group of an irreducible quintic polynomial f defined over a field F. For one approach, we introduce a single degree 24 resolvent polynomial construction, the degrees of whose irreducible factors completely determine the Galois group of f. Our other approach, which does not rely on factoring resolvent polynomials of degree greater than two, considers the discriminant of f along with the size of the automorphism group of the polynomial’s stem field. We show that this second method is particularly effective in the case where F is a finite extension of the p-adic numbers.
Modeling Stated Preference for Mobility-on-Demand Transit: A Comparison of Machine Learning and Logit Models.

Logit models are usually applied when studying individual travel behavior, i.e., to predict travel mode choice and to gain behavioral insights on traveler preferences. Recently, some studies have applied machine learning to model travel mode choice and reported higher out-of-sample predictive accuracy than traditional logit models (e.g., multinomial logit). However, little research focuses on comparing the interpretability of machine learning with logit models. In other words, how to draw behavioral insights from the high-performance "black-box" machine-learning models remains largely unsolved in the field of travel behavior modeling. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive comparison between the two approaches by examining the key similarities and differences in model development, evaluation, and behavioral interpretation between logit and machine-learning models for travel mode choice modeling. To complement the theoretical discussions, the paper also empirically evaluates the two approaches on the stated-preference survey data for a new type of transit system integrating high-frequency fixed-route services and ridesourcing. The results show that machine learning can produce significantly higher predictive accuracy than logit models. Moreover, machine learning and logit models largely agree on many aspects of behavioral interpretations. In addition, machine learning can automatically capture the nonlinear relationship between the input features and choice outcomes. The paper concludes that there is great potential in merging ideas from machine learning and conventional statistical methods to develop refined models for travel behavior research and suggests some new research directions.
Unveiling expressions of queer and intercultural relationships in post-Second World War Paris: literature, cinema, street art

Laila Amine’s book Postcolonial Paris, Fictions of Intimacy in the City of Lights intervenes in the fields of Francophone Studies, and Postcolonial Studies by proposing a new angle to the analysis ...
Sodium cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine and catalytic oxidation of ethanethiol

Abstract The oxidation of thiols in petroleum is a subject of ongoing research, discussion and removal of sulfur is a topic of ongoing legislation. The Merox® process requires high pressures and temperatures. Novel catalysts and methods innovations are of interest. This work examines the synthesis, purification and use of sodium cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine to oxidize ethanethiol to diethyl disulfide. Many systems using phthalocyanines carry out the oxidation reaction under basic conditions. This work oxidized ethanethiol to diethyl disulfide in dimethylformamide using cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoTSPc) under alkali free conditions and was compared to cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), FeTSPc and CuTSPc. The reaction was carried out in oxygen saturated DMF while stirring at 15, 25 and 40.00 °C. The amount of ethanethiol remaining over time was determined using Ellman’s reagent. A simple GC method quantified the amount of diethyl disulfide. The reaction proceeded to completion within 10 min at 40.00 °C. A turn over number of 72 and frequency of 8.1 min−1 is obtained. The activation energy was approximately 32 kJ/mol. The prepared CoTSPc catalyst was most catalytic toward oxidation of ethanethiol followed by cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, CoPc, FeTSPc and CuTSPc was non-catalytic.
Understanding U.S. Health Systems: Using Mixed Methods to Unpack Organizational Complexity

Introduction: As hospitals and physician organizations increasingly vertically integrate, there is an important opportunity to use health systems to improve performance. Prior research has largely relied on secondary data sources, but little is known about how health systems are organized “on the ground” and what mechanisms are available to influence physician practice at the front line of care. Methods: We collected in-depth information on eight health systems through key informant interviews, descriptive surveys, and document review. Qualitative data were systematically coded. We conducted analyses to identify organizational structures and mechanisms through which health systems influence practice. Results: As expected, we found that health systems vary on multiple dimensions related to organizational structure (e.g., size, complexity) which reflects history, market and mission. With regard to levers of influence, we observed within-system variation both in mechanisms (e.g., employment of physicians, system-wide EHR, standardization of service lines) and level of influence. Concepts such as “core” versus “peripheral” were more salient than “ownership” versus “contract.” Discussion: Data from secondary sources can help identify and map health systems, but they do not adequately describe them or the variation that exists within and across systems. To examine the degree to which health systems can influence performance, more detailed and nuanced information on health system characteristics is necessary. Conclusion: The mixed-methods data accrual approach used in this study provides granular qualitative data that enables researchers to describe multi-layered health systems, grasp the context in which they operate, and identify the key drivers of performance.
System on Integrated Chips (SoIC(TM) for 3D Heterogeneous Integration

A brand new 3D integrated circuit (3DIC) solution, System on Integrated Chips (SoIC^™), has been successfully developed to integrate active and passive chips into a new integrated SoC system to meet ever-increasing market demands on higher computing efficiency, wilder data bandwidth, higher functionality packaging density, lower communication latency, and lower energy consumption per bit data. 3D packaging is challenging and requires overcoming three major challenges - thermal, power delivery, and yield. The SoIC, as industry-first 3D logic-on-logic and memory-on-logic chiplet stacking technology platform, enables the heterogeneous integration (HI) of known good dies (KGDs) with different chip sizes, functionalities and wafer node technologies, all to be integrated in a single, compact new system chip. From external appearance, SoIC looks like a general SoC chip with multiple pre-designed heterogeneous functional chips embedded. As SoIC is fabricated using "front-end" process, it can be holistically integrated into variant "back-end" advanced packaging technology platforms such as flip chip, integrated fan-out (aka InFO), 3DIC, and 2.5D with Si interposer (e.g. CoWoS^™) [1-2] to provide a miniaturized and highly integrated HI SiP for the future HPC, AI, 5G, and edge computing applications. With the innovative bonding scheme, SoIC enables the strong bonding pitch scalability for chip I/O to realize a high density die-to-die interconnects. The bond pitch starts from sub-10 μm rule. Short die-to-die connection of SoIC has the merits of smaller form-factor, higher bandwidth, better power integrity (PI), signal integrity (SI), and lower power consumption comparing to the current industry state-of-the-art packaging solutions. In this paper, we demonstrated for the first time an integration of SoIC chip into InFO_PoP without increasing its form-factor. The SoIC was made on a logic-on-logic stacking to validate the design rules, process maturity, and reliability.
Mueller Matrix characterization of samples for potential use in clutter rejection and discrimination algorithms

Characterization of potentially useful polarization signatures is discussed. We experimentally evaluate a liquid crystal retarder switch used for beamsteering as a function of angle and applied voltage, and compare to a CCR at 633 nm. Distinguishable results between the various measured Mueller matrix elements, angle of incidence, applied voltage and samples tested are shown, which indicates this method may be useful in discriminating between various return signals and background clutter.
Dynamic interactive theory as a domain-general account of social perception.

Abstract The perception of social categories, emotions, and personality traits from others' faces each have been studied extensively, but in relative isolation. We synthesize emerging findings suggesting that, in each of these domains of social perception, both a variety of bottom-up facial features and top-down social cognitive processes play a part in driving initial perceptions. Among such top-down processes, social-conceptual knowledge in particular can have a fundamental structuring role in how we perceive others' faces. Extending the Dynamic Interactive framework ( Freeman & Ambady, 2011 ), we outline a perspective whereby the perception of social categories, emotions, and traits from faces can all be conceived as emerging from an integrated system relying on domain-general cognitive properties. Such an account of social perception would envision perceptions to be a rapid, but gradual, process of negotiation between the variety of visual cues inherent to a person and the social cognitive knowledge an individual perceiver brings to the perceptual process. We describe growing evidence in support of this perspective as well as its theoretical implications for social psychology.
The new AP GridWorld case study

The new AP CS GridWorld Case Study will be introduced through demonstration, presentation of the narrative and code, a role play involving conference participants, debriefing of the role play, and question and answer period. While the case study is a required part of the AP CS curriculum, it is also of interest to college faculty who may choose to include it in their Java programming courses.
Electrocatalytic Activity of Oxygen-Functionalized Carbon Electrodes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries from Free-Energy Calculations

Detailed atomistic understanding of the vanadium redox reactions taking place at electrode/water interfaces is key for improvement of the power density of vanadium redox flow batteries. In this wor...
The SCWISh network is essential for survival under mechanical pressure

Cells that proliferate within a confined environment build up mechanical compressive stress. For example, mechanical pressure emerges in the naturally space-limited tumor environment. However, little is known about how cells sense and respond to mechanical compression. We developed microfluidic bioreactors to enable the investigation of the effects of compressive stress on the growth of the genetically tractable model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used this system to determine that compressive stress is partly partly sensed through a module consisting of the mucin Msb2, and the cell wall protein Sho1, which act together as a sensor module in one of the two major osmosensing pathways in budding yeast. This signal is transmitted via the MAPKKK kinase Ste11. Thus, we term this mechanosensitive pathway the SMuSh pathway, for Ste11 through Mucin/Sho1 pathway. The SMuSh pathway delays cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and improves cell survival in response to growth-induced pressure. We also found that the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway contributes to the response to mechanical compressive stress. These latter results are confirmed in complimentary experiments in the accompanying manuscript from Mishra et al. When both the SMuSh and the CWI pathways are deleted, cells fail to adapt to compressive stress and all cells lyse at relatively low pressure when grown in confinement. Thus, we define a network that is essential for cell survival during growth under pressure. We term this new mechanosensory system the SCWISh (Survival through the CWI and SMuSh) network.
Integrating Without Quantitizing: Two Examples of Deductive Analysis Strategies Within Qualitatively Driven Mixed Methods Research:

When mixed methods research (MMR) has a qualitatively driven analytic frame, integration techniques should align with the purposes and contributions of qualitative methods. This article describes t...
Cluster randomized control trial of nursing home residents’ oral hygiene following the Mouth Care Matters education program for certified nursing assistants

AIMS The purpose of this study was to determine if the number of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) trained with the Mouth Care Matters (MCM) oral health educational program had an impact on nursing facility (NF) resident oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three NFs participated in a cluster randomized control trial. In NF-A: all CNAs were offered the MCM program, NF-B: 3 CNAs were offered the MCM program, and NF-C: Control (no CNAs were offered the MCM program). Demographic information, systemic health data, and oral health data at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month intervals were collected and analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. A total of 24 dentate residents participated in this study. Plaque control record scores for NF-A were significantly reduced compared to NF-B and NF-C (P < .001 and P = .002 respectively) and gingival bleeding index for NF-A were significantly reduced compared to NF-B and NF-C (P = .002 and P < .001 respectively). CONCLUSION Increasing the number of CNA's trained in the Mouth Care Matters educational program positively impacted NF residents' oral hygiene.
How Do Healthcare Executives Understand and Make Decisions about Spiritual Care Provision

Objectives This pilot study explores how healthcare leaders understand spiritual care and how that understanding informs staffing and resource decisions. Methods This study is based on interviews with 11 healthcare leaders, representing 18 hospitals in 9 systems, conducted between August 2019 and February 2020. Results Leaders see the value of chaplains in terms of their work supporting staff in tragic situations and during organizational change. They aim to continue to maintain chaplaincy efforts in the midst of challenging economic realities. Conclusions Chaplains' interactions with staff alongside patient outcomes are a contributing factor in how resources decisions are made about spiritual care.
Transcriptomic analysis of immune cells in a multi-ethnic cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients identifies ethnicity- and disease-specific expression signatures

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which outcomes vary among different racial groups. We leverage cell-sorted RNA-seq data (CD14+ monocytes, B cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells) from 120 SLE patients (63 Asian and 57 White individuals) and apply a four-tier approach including unsupervised clustering, differential expression analyses, gene co-expression analyses, and machine learning to identify SLE subgroups within this multiethnic cohort. K-means clustering on each cell-type resulted in three clusters for CD4 and CD14, and two for B and NK cells. To understand the identified clusters, correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between the clusters and clinical parameters including disease activity as well as ethnicity. We then explored differentially expressed genes between Asian and White groups for each cell-type. The shared differentially expressed genes across cells were involved in SLE or other autoimmune-related pathways. Co-expression analysis identified similarly regulated genes across samples and grouped these genes into modules. Finally, random forest classification of disease activity in the White and Asian cohorts showed the best classification in CD4+ T cells in White individuals. The results from these analyses will help stratify patients based on their gene expression signatures to enable SLE precision medicine.
Analyzing Unit Read-Once Refutations in Difference Constraint Systems

In this paper, we investigate the refutability of Difference Constraint Systems (DCSs) in the Unit Read-once Refutation (UROR) system. Recall that a difference constraint is a linear relationship of the form: \(x_{i}-x_{j} \le b_{ij}\) and a DCS is a conjunction of such constraints. DCSs arise in a number of application domains such as program verification and scheduling. It follows that efficient refutation methodologies for these systems are of paramount interest. The UROR system is incomplete, in that unsatisfiable difference constraint systems may not have a refutation in this system. However, this refutation system provides a useful tool for proving if a DCS is infeasible because of a restriction on the values the variables can take. Note that without any absolute constraints, the values of the variable in a solution to a DCS can be uniformly increased or decreased without changing the validity of the solution. Thus, the UROR refutations of a DCS depend upon the restrictions placed on the values variables can take. This is in contrast to unrestricted refutations, which need not depend on these restrictions. Investigating weak (incomplete) refutation systems leads to a better understanding of the inference rules required for establishing the infeasibility of the given constraint system.
Clinical Predictors and Outcomes for Recurrent Pneumatosis Intestinalis in Children: A Case Control Study.

INTRODUCTION Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is air collections within the wall of the intestine that can be associated with life threatening conditions. Recurrent episodes of PI have been reported; however, little is known about risks for recurrent disease. This study aims to identify predictors of recurrent PI and evaluate long-term outcomes in patients with recurrent PI. METHODS This retrospective case-control study evaluated patients, ages 6 months to 18 years, with imaging evidence of PI over a 30-month period. Images were analyzed by consensus to confirm PI. Recurrent PI was defined as new findings of PI after resolution by imaging and/or at least 1-month interval between episodes of PI. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed using logistic regression, with significance set to P < 0.05. RESULTS Forty-six children were included. Recurrent PI occurred in 17 (37%) patients, with a total of 39 episodes. Predictors of recurrent PI all related to the segment of bowel involved with small bowel PI predictive of recurrent PI (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 2.4) and colonic PI protective (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4, 0.87) after adjusting for age. Predictors for surgical intervention included cerebral palsy (OR 17; 95% CI 1.7, 167) and PI involving small bowel (OR 19; 95% 3.1, 114). CONCLUSION Location of PI is predictive of recurrence. Clinical outcomes were similar between groups with single episode and recurrent PI.
Pelvic floor architectural defects in female patients with urge fecal incontinence versus passive fecal leakage: a dynamic ultrasound study

Fecal incontinence (FI) has two primary subtypes: urgency fecal incontinence (UFI) and passive fecal leakage (PFL). The pathophysiology underlying the subtypes is incompletely understood. To compare the bowel habits, physical examinations and pelvic floor anatomical defects in patients with UFI-dominant FI versus patients with PFL-dominant FI. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of female patients who presented with fecal incontinence symptoms to our tertiary urogynecology center. All subjects underwent a comprehensive history, physical examination, 3D-static pelvic floor ultrasound, and 2D-dynamic ultrasound of the posterior compartment. Patients with UFI-dominant FI were compared to patients with PFL-dominant FI. One hundred forty-five patients were included in the analysis; 57 categorized as UFI-dominant FI, 69 PFL-dominant FI and 19 categorized as having “both” leakage patterns. In comparing bowel habits, patient with UFI-dominant FI had more frequent bowel movements (15.5 ± SD 13.0/week vs. 10.9 ± SD 7.6 /week, p = 0.022) and were more likely to have loose stools (48.2% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in the prevalence of external anal sphincter defect (11.3% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.38) or internal anal sphincter defect (11.3% vs. 19%, p = 0.26) between groups. Finally, patients with UFI-dominant FI had a higher incidence of rectal hypermobility (loss of rectal support on Valsalva) (58% vs. 36.9%, p = 0.025). Patients with urge-predominant FI have increased frequency of bowel movements, looser stools, and increased rectal folding diagnosed via dynamic ultrasound as compared to patients with passive-dominant FI.
The United States, Environmental Agreements, and the Political Question Doctrine

For two decades, between 1994 and 2014, the United States almost never joined an international environmental agreement. Presidents continued to negotiate agreements, sign them, and send them to the Senate for its advice and consent, but the agreements almost always died there, unable to satisfy the requirement under Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution that treaties sent to the Senate require two-thirds approval. Last year, the Obama Administration bypassed the Senate graveyard by joining the Minamata Convention on Mercury without explicit legislative approval. Its decision received little attention and no opposition. But both will be abundant next year if, as seems likely, President Obama decides to join a new agreement on climate change without seeking Senate advice and consent. This article does not assess whether such an agreement would be constitutionally valid. Instead, it examines a preliminary question: what is the role of the judiciary in reviewing the validity of a decision not to submit an agreement to the Senate? Should the federal courts review the constitutionality of the procedure chosen to bind the United States to an international agreement, or should they regard the issue as a non-justiciable political question better left to the political branches? After canvassing the small number of precedents, I suggest a bifurcated approach that comports with the precedents and, more generally, with the role of the judicial branch in the U.S. system of separated powers. If an agreement receives explicit legislative authorization, including by a majority vote of both houses of Congress, then the courts should treat the issue as a political question. But if the United States joins the agreement on the basis of the President’s constitutional authority or on the basis of legislation that does not clearly authorize or approve the agreement, then the courts should consider the issue of constitutionality on its merits.
Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen: The Films of William F. Cody

Review of: "Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen: The Films of William F. Cody," by Sandra K. Sagala.
Fast Fourier Transform for Hexagonal Aggregates

Hexagonal aggregates are hierarchical arrangements of hexagonal cells. These hexagonal cells may be efficiently addressed using a scheme known as generalized balanced ternary for dimension 2, or GBT_2. The objects of interest in this paper are digital images whose domains are hexagonal aggregates. We define a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for such images. The main result of this paper is a radix-7, decimation-in-space fast Fourier transform (FFT) for images defined on hexagonal aggregates. The algorithm has complexity N log_7 N. It is expressed in terms of the p-product, a generalization of matrix multiplication. Data reordering (also known as shuffle permutations) is generally associated with FFT algorithms. However, use of the p-product makes data reordering unnecessary.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the expression of the CaT1 epithelial calcium channel in the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line

The active hormonal form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is the primary regulator of intestinal calcium absorption efficiency. In vitamin D deficiency, intestinal calcium absorption is low leading to an increased risk of developing negative calcium balance and bone loss. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has been shown to stimulate calcium absorption in experimental animals and in human subjects. However, the molecular details of calcium transport across the enterocyte are not fully defined. Recently, two novel epithelial calcium channels (CaT1/ECaC2 and ECaC1/CaT2) have been cloned and suggested to be important in regulating intestinal calcium absorption. However, to date neither gene has been shown to be regulated by vitamin D status. We have previously shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin stimulates transcellular calcium transport in Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line. In the current study, we have demonstrated that Caco-2 cells express low but detectable levels of CaT1 mRNA in the absence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D treatment. CaT1 mRNA expression is rapidly up regulated (4-fold increase at 4 h and 10-fold at 24 h) by treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (10-7 moles/L). Moreover, the increase in CaT1 mRNA expression preceded by several hours the vitamin D induction of calbindin D9K, a putative cytosolic calcium transport protein. These observations are the first to demonstrate regulation of CaT1 expression by vitamin D and are consistent with a new model of intestinal calcium absorption wherein vitamin D-mediated changes in brush border membrane CaT1 levels could be the primary gatekeeper regulating homeostatic modulation of intestinal calcium absorption efficiency.
Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic retina. Effects of partial and complete inhibition of RNA synthesis on enzyme accumulation.

Abstract The induction of glutamine synthetase in the embryonic neural retina was demonstrated radioimmunochemically to be due to enzyme synthesis and accumulation. In the induced retina, enzyme synthesis is mediated by long-lived RNA templates and can continue for hours following total inhibition of transcription; however, partial inhibition of transcription in the induced retina stops enzyme accumulation. The data fit the hypothesis concerning the role of post-transcriptional repression and derepression in the control of this enzyme; they suggest that partial blocking of RNA synthesis inhibits derepression but allows the production of a repressor and therefore stops enzyme accumulation, even though long-lived templates for the enzyme are present.
United States National Report on Tax Privacy

This National Report was prepared for a conference titled Tax Secrecy and Tax Transparency – The Relevance of Confidentiality in Tax Law, which took place in July 2012 in Rust, Austria and was co-hosted by the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and by Orebro University, Sweden. The Report describes the current tax privacy protections that apply to taxpayers in the United States and provides an overview of the policy considerations that have contributed to their enactment. Portions of this Report were originally published, in part, in Joshua D. Blank, In Defense of Individual Tax Privacy, 61 Emory L.J. 61 265 (2011). This National Report was published in Tax Secrecy and Tax Transparency – The Relevance of Confidentiality in Tax Law (Peter Lang GmbH – Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany) (2013).
General, linear boundary conditions in MD wave digital simulations

Recently, publications by Fettweis, et al. (1991) have divulged a new technique for simulating systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) in discrete space-time. This technique, based upon multi-dimensional wave digital structures, holds much promise for the stable simulation of systems of PDEs that model critical physical phenomena. To date, however, little has been published concerning handling other than the simplest types of boundary conditions for such systems. Here, in the one-dimensional transmission line case, is presented a straight-forward method for accommodating general, lumped, linear boundary terminations that appears to be extendable to higher dimensions.
Byssochlamyopeptidase A, a Rennin-like Enzyme Produced by Byssochlamys fulva

The production of a rennin-like enzyme by Byssochlamys fulva varied considerably with the isolates tested. Among the seven isolates tested, NRRL 2260, IMI 83277, and N.Y. 1 were good enzyme producers. The enzyme produced by isolate IMI 83277 was purified approximately 20-fold after (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The partially purified enzyme has a pH optimum at 2.9 and a temperature optimum around 60 C. The enzyme appeared to be relatively stable at 40 C between pH 3.0 and pH 6.85. A name, byssochlamyopeptidase A, was proposed for this new enzyme. The milk-clotting activity of byssochlamyo-peptidase A is dependent on pH and appeared to be minimal at pH 6.2 or above. No extensive proteolysis has been observed during the milk-clotting process. The non-trichloroacetic acid-precipitable nitrogen titration curve on skim milk was comparable to that catalyzed by animal rennet.
Aged nuclear explosive melt glass: Radiography and scanning electron microscope analyses documenting radionuclide distribution and glass alteration

Assessment of the long-term performance of nuclear melt glass under saturated conditions provides insight into factors controlling radionuclide release into groundwater. Melt glass samples were collected from an underground nuclear detonation cavity at the Nevada Test Site that was in contact with groundwater for more than 10 years. The samples were made into thin sections and the distribution of alpha-activity mapped using CR-39 plastic detectors. The melt glass is visually heterogeneous and the results of the alpha-track radiography indicate that the highest alpha-activity is associated with areas of dark colored glass. Analyses of the thin sections by alpha-spectrometry show the prominent actinide species to be 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am. Scanning electron microprobe analysis of the bulk glass shows conspicuous alteration layers lining internal vesicle surfaces in the glass. X-ray diffraction patterns for the alteration phases are consistent with clay mineral compositions. Glass dissolution models indicate these layers are too thick to have formed at ambient temperatures over the 10 year period in which they remained in a saturated environment. This implies the alteration layers likely formed at temperatures higher than ambient during cooling of the cavity following the underground detonation. Mobilization of this clay alteration layer as colloidal particles in groundwater represents a potential source of actinide release into the environment.
Dual channel temperature recorder.

A dual channel temperature recorder is described which can measure temperatures linearly over a range of 0 to 80 C. The sensitivity can be adjusted so that any temperature span, as small as 3/sup 0/, will cover recorder full scale, and temperatures can be read to 0.1/sup 0/. The recorder provides two independent, permanent records of temperature variations which can be related directly to the time of day. (auth)
Libraries and the informational future: Some notes

Information Professionals 2050: Educational Possibilities and Pathways (2012). Eds. Gary Marchionini and Barbara Moran. Chapel Hill: School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012. ISBN 978-1-300-20486-2 http://sils.unc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Information-Professionals-2050.pdf This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivations Works 3.0 Unported license. In any reuse of this article please refer to the Information Professionals volume. In any citation please refer to the Information Professionals version also. Libraries and the informational future: some notes
Generating Entanglement via Interaction of Coupled Quantum Dots with a Quantized Field

We discuss the possibility of generating entanglement in coupled quantum dots interacting with a quantized field by studying the evolution of entanglement of formation when the dots are initially in a state with zero entanglement.
Open peritoneal drainage versus primary closure for the treatment of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 42 cases (1993-1999).

Objective— To determine survival rates in dogs and cats with septic peritonitis treated with open peritoneal drainage (OPD) versus primary closure (PC) after laparotomy. Study design— Retrospective analysis of medical records from Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1993 to 1999. Sample population— Thirty-six dogs and 6 cats with septic peritonitis documented by cytological examination or microbiological culture of abdominal fluid. Methods— Medical records of dogs and cats with septic peritonitis treated by OPD or PC were reviewed. Age, weight, species, white blood cell (WBC) count, band neutrophil count, platelet count, serum glucose concentration, heart rate, body temperature, duration of hospitalization, and clinical outcome were recorded for each animal. Differences in treatments administered between the OPD and PC groups as well as the underlying cause of septic peritonitis were determined. Results— There was no significant difference in survival between animals in the OPD versus PC groups (P= .26) with an overall survival rate of 71%. White blood cell count, band neutrophil count, platelet count, serum glucose and total bilirubin concentrations, heart rate, age, and weight were not significantly different between groups (P > .05). A significantly greater number of animals in the OPD group received plasma (P= .009), blood (P= .037), and a jejunostomy tube (P= .02) than animals in the PC group. There was a significant difference in the number of days spent in critical care unit with a mean of 6.0 ± 4.1 days for the OPD group and 3.5 ± 2.3 days for the PC group (P= .02). Conclusions— Open peritoneal drainage for the management of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats is an acceptable alternative to PC.
Technique for verifying treatment fields using portal images with diagnostic quality.

Abstract The image quality of portal films for megavoltage photon beams, when using the double-exposure technique, is poor compared to diagnostic quality, X ray images. A technique is described to record on a single film a megavoltage portal image superimposed upon a diagnostic X ray image, which provides the radiotherapist with "diagnostic quality" portal images. The technique uses a commercially available X ray tube mounted on the head of a 60 Co unit. The alignment procedure, which uses a leveling device to ensure that the X ray focal spot and 60 Co source are at the same location for each exposure, is confirmed by registering on film the image of an alignment marker. An evaluation of film-screen combination showed therapy verification film in a rare earth intensifying screen cassette to be best suited for this technique. The relationship between off-axis dose and the penumbral region of the portal image has been evaluated and should be useful in the interpretation of portal verification film relative to the treatment volume.
Multifractality of inelastic nuclear interactions at 1–6 TeV

Abstract The multifractal approach has been applied to particles produced in central collisions of 16 O ions at 60 and 200 GeV/n and 32 S ions at 200 GeV/n in nuclear emulsion. A new set of multiplicity moments G q is measured and from these moments the dimensional function D q is extracted which is found to decrease with the order q of the moment. From D q , the f ( α q ) spectra are determined for all the three projectiles, which are smooth functions characterizing the fluctuations of the experimental pseudorapidity distributions. These results are compared with the simulated events obtained from the Lund Monte Carlo code FRITIOF.
The Origin of Terrorist Threats: Religious, Separatist, or Something Else?

Recent studies indicate that the number of terrorist incidents is declining while their lethality is increasing. This trend in casualty rates has raised the rhetoric on terrorism, leading to claims that a new form of terrorism has emerged over the last thirty years. The “new terrorism” is defined by a tendency towards maximum destruction and a pronounced religious motivation. The question is whether or not the new terrorism is actually driving current trends in terrorist violence? This study examines casualty rates by terrorist groups categorized by their ideologies and finds that trends in terrorist violence are not being driven by the new terrorism per se. Instead, all forms of terrorism are more violent generally, and variations of ethno-national terrorism are the most violent specifically.
Pulmonary aspiration in a long-term care setting : Clinical and laboratory observations and an analysis of risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with aspiration in a high risk group in a long-term care setting. DESIGN: A prospective study of demographic, nutritional, clinical, dental, and survival characteristics in 69 patients who suffered 98 aspiration events from May 1, 1990, to December 31, 1990. Demographic and nutritional data from 192 patients who did not aspirate were collected from September 1991 to December 1991. SETTING: A long-term care VA facility. PATIENTS: Long-term care residents, most of whom were neurologically debilitated. MEASUREMENTS: The incidence of aspiration was measured and the clinical and microbiological characteristics of aspiration-associated nosocomial pneumonia described. Mortality and demographic, clinical, and nutritional characteristics were compared between patients who aspirated and those who did not. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the study group aspirated during the 8-month observational period, and 56% of the aspiration events progressed to roentgenographically proven cases of nosocomial pneumonia. Six bacteremic episodes were documented, and results of sputum cultures were consistent with mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. During the study period, patients who aspirated were at three times the risk of dying compared with patients who did not aspirate. Three years later, only 17% of the original group of patients who aspirated were still alive compared with 60% of the patients who had not aspirated. Multivariate analysis identified tube feeding, presence of a hyperextended neck or contractions, malnutrition, and the use of benzodiazepines and anticholinergics as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary aspiration is a common and serious event in neurologically impaired long-term care patients. Some risk factors are amenable to change.
Leading with competence: Problem‐solving by leaders and followers

Charisma without substance and competence is meaningless, even dangerous, according to Thomas S. Bateman. The leadership field focuses so heavily on personality and interpersonal skills that the need for genuine competence is easily overlooked, he argues. Bateman explains three critical imperatives for leaders that some would say are obvious but that leaders and followers ignore all the time. “If leaders are willing to take the challenge,” he says, “this process offers a clear, actionable, competence-based path to higher performance.”
Diagnostic neuroradiology: Ready for the neuro- interventional age?

Acute cerebral ischemia or stroke is currently considered an emergency for which therapeutic options are available if the therapeutic window of 4.5 h is respected. Imaging modalities have progressed greatly over the last few decades, rendering ischemia detectable in the first hours after the event. However, in order for treatment to be efficacious it is necessary to speed up all the processes before the start of therapy. Thus, one must decrease the time to arrival at the hospital and to the radiological method that is to be employed (be it computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging); only then will the medical or interventional techniques available fulfill their potential.
Selectivity enhancement in ethylene oxidation employing partially impregnated catalysts

Abstract The effects of radially nonuniform distributions of catalytic activity on the performance of spherical catalyst pellets under ethylene oxidation conditions are investigated. It is shown that partially impregnated catalysts exhibit higher effectiveness factors than uniformly activated ones, in a large range of values of the Thiele modulus. The opposite is observed for Thiele modulus values close to zero. Significantly enhanced selectivity to ethylene oxide formation is also shown to result from nonuniform activity distributions for all values of the Thiele modulus. Multiple steady states in effectiveness and selectivity are observed under sufficiently high values of the heat-of-reaction parameter. This phenomenon occurs in a narrow range of Thiele modulus values which is a strong function of the activity distribution within the catalyst pellet.
Engaging nursing home residents with dementia in activities: the effects of modeling, presentation order, time of day, and setting characteristics.

We examined the impact of setting characteristics and presentation effects on engagement with stimuli in a group of 193 nursing home residents with dementia (recruited from a total of seven nursing homes). Engagement was assessed through systematic observations using the Observational Measurement of Engagement (OME), and data pertaining to setting characteristics (background noise, light, and number of persons in proximity) were recorded via the environmental portion of the Agitation Behavior Mapping Inventory (ABMI; Cohen-Mansfield, Werner, & Marx, (1989). An observational study of agitation in agitated nursing home residents. International Psychogeriatrics, 1, 153–165). Results revealed that study participants were engaged more often with moderate levels of sound and in the presence of a small group of people (from four to nine people). As to the presentation effects, multiple presentations of the same stimulus were found to be appropriate for the severely impaired as well as the moderately cognitively ...