cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Civil commitment and liability for violating patients' rights

Susan Rockwell walked into the emergency room ofCape Cod Hospital on a winter’s day in 1992 to ask where the Alcoholics Anonymous group was taking place. She never made it to the meeting. Instead, according to the account she later gave, she was asked to speak with a social worker, who in turn called one of the hospital’s physicians. Within a short time, Ms. Rockwell was searched, physically restrained, given antipsychotic medications despite her objections, and involuntarily admitted to the hospital. Although she repeatedly asked to be discharged, it was two days before another physician, who found no indication that she was dangerous to herself or others, released her to the care of her psychiatrist. One year later, acting as her own lawyer, Ms. Rockwell filed suit in federal court against Cape Cod Hospital and the two physicians involved in her care. This was no ordinary malpractice action. Rather, Ms. Rockwell sued under Title 42, Section 1983, of the United States Code, which provides that: “Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, or regulation. . . of any State subjects . . . any citizen of the
SLED SYSTEM FOR PROFILING SUSPENDED LITTORAL DRIFT

There are many factors which suggest that littoral zone processes in the Great Lakes differ substantially from those of the marine coasts described in the existing coastal research literature. Among these factors are the lack of an appreciable tidal cycle; the predominance of relatively short, steep, waves; the virtual absence of swell waves; and the presence of shore fast ice in winter. As a result, many of the empirical relationships derived for marine coasts might be of questionable applicability to Great Lakes coasts. The present study, which represents only one phase of a long-term project designed to develop more specific littoral transport relationships, is aimed at obtaining accurate, direct estimates of the actual littoral transport at an experimental site located at the western end of Lake Ontario. This paper will describe a mechanical system designed to collect a series of time-averaged samples of suspended sediment for concentration determinations as well as flow velocity and water depth at locations across the surf zone. Some preliminary results of the field program using the system will also be presented and discussed.
Infection of cold-injured blueberry stems by Botryosphaeria dothidea

ABSTRACT A blueberry field in Bladen County, NC was examined biweekly or monthly for the first 3 yr to determine conditions associated with high plant mortality in young bushes. Plants grew profusely, did not become completely dormant, and 139 of 500 bushes were cold-injured at first frost in November 1992. Cold-injured stems (ca. 10-30 cm in length) developed a characteristic dead, hook-shaped tip which persisted throughout the following growing season. In 1993, the incidence of B. dothidea in stems injured by cold the previous November was 19%, 39%, and 88% for March, May, and June, respectively. Widespread infection by B. dothidea following cold injury could account for past observations of field epidemics 1 -2 yr after planting.
Modelling of copper etching in aerated chloride solutions

The effect of dissolved oxygen on the rate of chemical etching of copper by acidic cuprous chloride solution was investigated numerically for the case of a rotating disc electrode (RDE). Copper dissolution in aerated acidic cupric chloride solutions of composition 3.5M CuCl2 + 0.5M HCl + 0.5M KCl and 3.5M CuCl2+0.5M HCl was investigated with consideration of the instantaneous homogeneous reaction 4CuCl32-+4H++O2rlhar4CuCl 3-+2H2O which takes place within the mass transport boundary layer. It was assumed that CuCl32- and O2 react instantaneously, resulting in the formation of a reaction plane which separated the mass transport boundary layer into two regions: a region adjacent to the electrode where oxygen was depleted, and a region adjacent to the bulk where CuCl32- was absent. A one-dimensional mathematical model was developed to predict the position of the reaction plane. The model accounted for diffusion, migration and fluid flow generated by an RDE and included nine species and five heterogeneous electrochemical reactions. The homogeneous redox reaction served to regenerate the chemical etchant solution and thus enhance the etch rate. With increasing oxygen concentration and rotation rate the reaction plane was found to move closer toward the electrode and thus the etch rate of copper increased. Addition of KCl increased the Cl- content in solution so as to shift the reaction plane toward the bulk.
Perceptions of pharmacists' role in the health care team through student-pharmacist led point-of-care screenings and its future application in health care

Abstract Introduction The public is largely unaware of changing pharmacy roles and continues to underutilize pharmacists as mainly a dispensing service, often overlooking direct patient care components. This paper evaluates the public perceptions of pharmacists’ through student led point-of-care screenings and comprehensive medication reviews. Methods An IRB approved longitudinal retrospective study design was used to survey participants who attended College of Pharmacy sponsored health fairs in 2013. The survey contained questions related to patient understanding of the current pharmacy scope of practice, patient’s reported level of comfort with the expanding roles of pharmacy, insurance coverage, demographics, income and whom the patients report that they seek first for medical related advice. Results One hundred participants were surveyed. By a large majority, the health care practitioner that patients reported that they currently sought out for general health information was a physician. All of the participants reported that they considered pharmacists as reliable sources of general health information. Of the 96 participants that completed the survey question regarding their willingness to seek out a pharmacist in the future to have their blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol, and/or bone density checked, 89 (92.7%) surveyed answered yes. Only 50 patients (50%) reported being aware that pharmacists have the capability to perform these point-of-care screenings. Participants responded that they felt “comfortable” (78 patients, 83.4%) followed by “trusting” (36 patients, 38.7%). Discussion The patients surveyed recognized pharmacists as the medication experts; however, many did not understand the capacity to which pharmacists’ scope of practice allows them to deliver care to patients. In this study, almost all of the patients stated that they would consider seeking out a pharmacist to receive point-of-care screenings, but only half were aware that a pharmacist is capable of conducting these screenings. All felt that pharmacists are a reliable source of general health information and medication related needs, regardless of the patients’ education level or household income. Conclusion With the shortage of primary care providers, expansion of the scope of pharmaceutical practice is necessary. Although the public may not fully understand pharmacists’ scope of practice, they are comfortable with pharmacists’ knowledge related to general health needs outside of medications. The reported public comfort and trust of pharmacist knowledge and skills justify expanding the scope of pharmaceutical practice.
Diversity and heterogeneity in molecular analysis of advanced sarcomas: The clinical, regulatory, and financial challenge for drug development and precision medicine.

10595 Background: Therapeutic options are limited for advanced sarcomas. Search for molecular alterations could lead to identification of novel therapies for refractory sarcoma patients. Rarity pos...
Toward Democratic Police Reform: A Vision for 'Community Engagement' Provisions in DOJ Consent Decrees

Recent attention surrounding police shootings of Black and Brown people has demonstrated to the public what communities of color have known for many years: that police practices are often discriminatory, dangerous, and beyond sub-constitutional. To address these concerns, and at the behest of community requests, the Department of Justice (DOJ), under the enforcement of the Obama administration, has intervened in several cities and counties around the country using its Section 14141 authority to reform police departments where it can find a pattern or practice of police misconduct. Research indicates these interventions have generally been effective in reducing police misconduct and allegations of abuse in places where the reforms have been implemented. Still, the content and implementation of the “community engagement” provisions contained in the DOJ’s policing consent decrees, and whether these provisions adequately address concerns regarding police-community relocations, has received little critical analysis. This Article provides an in-depth look at the consent decrees’ community engagement in Seattle, Portland, New Orleans, Puerto Rico, Cleveland, Albuquerque, and Ferguson. This research shows for the first time these so-called “Community Engagement” sections actually leave community members feeling marginalized and subverted during the reform processes. This shortcoming undermines the democratic capacity of persons harmed by the police to truly participate in police reform processes. This Article provides preliminary suggestions for empowering the consent decree processes with stronger democratic values responsive to community needs and analyzes particular challenges to meaningful democratic participation under the DOJ’s reform model.
Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials for Electrocatalysis

Fuel cells, water electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries are important energy systems that have started to play some roles in our renewable energy landscapes. However, despite much research works carried out on them, they have not yet found large-scale applications, mainly due to the unavailability of sustainable catalysts that can catalyze the reactions employed in them. Currently, noble metal-based materials are the ones that are commonly used as catalysts in most commercial fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries. Hence, there has been considerable research efforts worldwide to find alternative noble metal-free and metal-free catalysts composed of inexpensive, earth-abundant elements for use in the catalytic reactions employed in these energy systems. In this concept paper, a brief introduction on catalysis in renewable energy systems, followed by the recent efforts to develop sustainable, heteroatom-doped carbon and non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts, the challenges to unravel their structure-catalytic activity relationships, and the authors' perspectives on these topics and materials, are discussed.
Dynamic EPR Oximetry of Changes in Intracerebral Oxygen Tension During Induced Thromboembolism.

Cerebral tissue oxygenation (oxygen tension, pO2) is a critical parameter that is closely linked to brain metabolism, function, and pathophysiology. In this work, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry with a deep-tissue multi-site oxygen-sensing probe, called implantable resonator, to monitor temporal changes in cerebral pO2 simultaneously at four sites in a rabbit model of ischemic stroke induced by embolic clot. The pO2 values in healthy brain were not significantly different among the four sites measured over a period of 4 weeks. During exposure to 15% O2 (hypoxia), a sudden and significant decrease in pO2 was observed in all four sites. On the other hand, brief exposure to breathing carbogen gas (95% O2 + 5% CO2) showed a significant increase in the cerebral pO2 from baseline value. During ischemic stroke, induced by embolic clot in the left brain, a significant decline in the pO2 of the left cortex (ischemic core) was observed without any change in the contralateral sites. While the pO2 in the non-infarct regions returned to baseline at 24-h post-stroke, pO2 in the infarct core was consistently lower compared to the baseline and other regions of the brain. The results demonstrated that electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry with the implantable resonator can repeatedly and simultaneously report temporal changes in cerebral pO2 at multiple sites. This oximetry approach can be used to develop interventions to rescue hypoxic/ischemic tissue by modulating cerebral pO2 during hypoxic and stroke injury.
Toxicity of Wastewater with Elevated Bromide and Iodide after Chlorination, Chloramination, or Ozonation Disinfection

Water reuse is receiving unprecedented attention as many areas around the globe attempt to better-manage their fresh water resources. Wastewaters in coastal regions may contain elevated levels of bromide (Br–) and iodide (I–) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content in the source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is essential to prevent the spread of pathogens; however, little is known about the toxicity of the treated wastewater. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells induced by municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated Br– and I– after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines, or ozone. We calibrated and applied an N-acetylcysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity assay as a surrogate for thiol reactivity with biological proteins (glutathione) of wastewater samples. Chlorination of wastewaters produced CHO cell genotoxicity comparable to chloramination, 3.9 times more genotoxic than the nondisinfected controls. Ozonated wastewater was at lea...
Grower networks support adoption of innovations in pollination management: The roles of social learning, technical learning, and personal experience.

Abstract Management decisions underpinning availability of ecosystem services and the organisms that provide them in agroecosystems, such as pollinators and pollination services, have emerged as a foremost consideration for both conservation and crop production goals. There is growing evidence that innovative management practices can support diverse pollinators and increase crop pollination. However, there is also considerable debate regarding factors that support adoption of these innovative practices. This study investigated pollination management practices and related knowledge systems in a major crop producing region of southwest Michigan in the United States, where 367 growers were surveyed to evaluate adoption of three innovative practices that are at various stages of adoption. The goals of this quantitative, social survey were to investigate grower experience with concerns and benefits associated with each practice, as well as the influence of grower networks, which are comprised of contacts that reflect potential pathways for social and technical learning. The results demonstrated that 17% of growers adopted combinations of bees (e.g. honey bees, Apis mellifera , with other species), representing an innovation in use by early adopters; 49% of growers adopted flowering cover crops, an innovation in use by the early majority 55% of growers retained permanent habitat for pollinators, an innovation in use by the late majority. Not all growers adopted innovative practices. We found that growers' personal experience with potential benefits and concerns related to the management practices had significant positive and negative relationships, respectively, with adoption of all three innovations. The influence of these communication links likely has different levels of importance, depending on the stage of the adoption that a practice is experiencing in the agricultural community. Social learning was positively associated with adopting the use of combinations of bees, highlighting the potentially critical roles of peer-to-peer networks and social learning in supporting early stages of adoption of innovations. Engaging with grower networks and understanding grower experience with benefits and concerns associated with innovative practices is needed to inform outreach, extension, and policy efforts designed to stimulate management innovations in agroecosystems.
The Role of Cefepime in the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Infections.

Objective:To review the efficacy of cefepime for use in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms.Data Sources:A PubMed literature search (May 2000 to June 20...
Considerations for analysis of time-to-event outcomes subject to competing risks in veterinary clinical studies

Abstract In veterinary medicine, prospective clinical trials are increasingly utilized to address questions regarding effectiveness of therapies and patient prognosis. A large number of these trials involve time-to-event (TTE) endpoints, which require special methods of analysis to handle data in which not all subjects are observed to have the event of interest. Analyses and interpretation of the results can be further complicated when an endpoint of interest is not observed in some patients because they incur a competing risk, such as death from an unrelated cause. Competing risks have been the source of confusion in many epidemiologic analyses leading to the potential for misinterpretation. In this article, we review key considerations for the TTE analysis in the setting of competing risks. We briefly review standard TTE tools, namely Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox regression. In the setting of outcomes with competing risks, we provide guidance on the appropriate analysis techniques, such as cumulative incidence curves, to estimate the risk of an event of interest. We also describe a common pitfall of treating competing risks as censoring in Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis, which can overestimate the event rate of interest. We describe two common regression methods that examine associated risk factors in the presence of competing risks and highlight the different research questions these methods address. This article provides an introductory overview and illustrates concepts with examples from veterinary trials and with example data sets.
Noise Multiplication for Statistical Disclosure Control of Extreme Values in Log-normal Regression Samples

In this article multiplication of original data values by random noise is suggested as a disclosure control strategy when only the top part of the data is sensitive, as is often the case with income data. The proposed method can serve as an alternative to top coding which is a standard method in this context. Because the log-normal distribution usually fits income data well, the present investigation focuses exclusively on the log-normal. It is assumed that the log-scale mean of the sensitive variable is described by a linear regression on a set of non-sensitive covariates, and we show how a data user can draw valid inference on the parameters of the regression. An appealing feature of noise multiplication is the presence of an explicit tuning mechanism, namely, the noise generating distribution. By appropriately choosing this distribution, one can control the accuracy of inferences and the level of disclosure protection desired in the released data. Usually, more information is retained on the top part of the data under noise multiplication than under top coding. Likelihood based analysis is developed when only the large values in the data set are noise multiplied, under the assumption that the original data form a sample from a log-normal distribution. In this scenario, data analysis methods are developed under two types of data releases: (I) each released value includes an indicator of whether or not it has been noise multiplied, and (II) no such indicator is provided. A simulation study is carried out to assess the accuracy of inference for some parameters of interest. Since top coding and synthetic data methods are already available as disclosure control strategies for extreme values, some comparisons with the proposed method are made through a simulation study. The results are illustrated with a data analysis example based on 2000 U.S. Current Population Survey data. Furthermore, a disclosure risk evaluation of the proposed methodology is presented in the context of the Current Population Survey data example, and the disclosure risk of the proposed noise multiplication method is compared with the disclosure risk of synthetic data.
A Photoactivatable BODIPY Probe for Localization‐Based Super‐Resolution Cellular Imaging

The synthesis and application of a photoactivatable boron-alkylated BODIPY probe for localization-based super-resolution microscopy is reported. Photoactivation and excitation of the probe is achieved by a previously unknown boron-photodealkylation reaction with a single low-power visible laser and without requiring the addition of reducing agents or oxygen scavengers in the imaging buffer. These features lead to a versatile probe for localization-based microscopy of biological systems. The probe can be easily linked to nucleophile-containing molecules to target specific cellular organelles. By attaching paclitaxel to the photoactivatable BODIPY, in vitro and in vivo super-resolution imaging of microtubules is demonstrated. This is the first example of single-molecule localization-based super-resolution microscopy using a visible-light-activated BODIPY compound as a fluorescent probe.
A High-Resolution Opto-Electrophysiology System With a Miniature Integrated Headstage

This work presents a fully integrated neural interface system in a small form factor (1.9 g), consisting of a μLED silicon optoelectrode (12 μLEDs and 32 recording sites in a 4-shank configuration), an Intan 32-channel recording chip, and a custom optical stimulation chip for controlling 12 μLEDs. High-resolution optical stimulation with approximately 68.5 nW radiant flux resolution is achieved by a custom LED driver ASIC, which enables individual control of up to 48 channels with a current precision of 1 μA, a maximum current of 1.024 mA, and an update rate of >10 kHz. Recording is performed by an off-the-shelf 32-channel digitizing front-end ASIC from Intan. Two compact custom interface printed circuit boards were designed to link the headstage with a PC. The prototype system demonstrates precise current generation, sufficient optical radiant flux generation $({\Phi _e} > \text{0.16}\, \mu \text{W})$ , and fast turn- on of μLEDs $(t_{{\rm{rise}}} . Single animal in vivo experiments validated the headstage's capability to precisely modulate single neuronal activity and independently modulate activities of separate neuronal populations near neighboring optoelectrode shanks.
Comparison between the EQ-5D-3L and the SF-6D quality of life (QOL) questionnaires in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undergoing lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS)

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been shown to improve lung function, but also improve the overall quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study is to compare two QOL questionnaires-EuroQol Questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in patients post-LVRS. All patients undergoing LVRS for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at a single center of excellence were analyzed (n = 94). Baseline demographic and clinical outcomes were characterized. Both EQ-5D-3L and SF-36 questionnaires were administered to all patients at baseline (n = 94) and at the end of 1 year (n = 89) post-surgery. SF-36 was converted to Short Form six-dimensions (SF-6D) using standard algorithm. Correlation, discrimination, responsiveness and differences across the two questionnaires were examined. The mean age of patients enrolled in the cohort was 66 years. There was significant increase in forced expiratory volume (FEV1, 43%), forced vital capacity (FVC 46%), diffusion capacity (DLCO 15%), 6 min walk distance test (6MWD 21%) and a significant decrease in residual volume (RV 23%) at the end of 1-year follow-up. The overall mean utility index significantly improved for both SF-6D and EQ-5D-3L questionnaires at the end of follow-up (p = 0.0001). However, the magnitude of percentage increase was higher with EQ-5D-3L compared to SF-6D (32% vs. 13%). Stronger correlations confirmed convergent validity at the end of 1-year follow-up between similar domains. Both questionnaires failed to discriminate between different levels of disease severity post-LVRS in patients with severe COPD. Both questionnaires responded similarly in patients with COPD post-LVRS. Combining results from QOL questionnaire(s) along with symptoms of disease and history of exacerbation may be a possible solution for identifying disease severity in old and sick patients unwilling/unable to come to hospital for a pulmonary function test post-LVRS.
The Effects of Graphene Oxide and Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide on the Enzymatic Activity of Microbial Transglutaminase in Gelatin

A significant drawback of enzyme use in industrial applications is its lack of stability. Graphene oxide (GO) has previously been investigated for enzyme immobilization and enhancement of enzymatic catalysis. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is an enzyme that is used to modify food proteins, increase durability of textiles, and crosslink hydrogels for drug delivery. We tested the effects of adding GO and partially reduced GO (pRGO) to water solutions of gelatin and then crosslinking it with MTG, measuring both the resulting gelatin modulus and then the time it took for the onset of gelation. We found that the presence of pRGO in a gelatin-MTG-water mixture (when using 0.75 g MTG in 10 ml of gelatin solution) significantly increases the modulus by 60% more than the control. Using this same concentration of MTG, we measured the onset of gelation time and found that pRGO in gelatin solution reduces the onset of gelation time by nearly 50% while inducing a very large increase in viscosity by three orders of magnitude, whereas the addition of GO increases the onset of gelation time by 33% and decreases the viscosity of the gel by more than one order of magnitude. The very large enhancement by pRGO of the viscosity may be due to pRGO’s electron withdrawing ability and/or may also be due to adsorption of gelatin to the pRGO platelets which effectively increases the crosslinking density through non-enzymatic processes assisting the enzymatic activity.
Criminal Victimization Experienced While Studying Abroad: An Examination of Rates and Other Relevant Factors

There are growing rates of U.S. college students studying abroad and existing literature reveals that college students experience moderate to high rates of certain types of crime; however, little i...
Emerging Topics in Cardiometabolic and Psychologic Sequelae, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, affecting 6–10% of reproductive age women and influences the reproductive, metabolic, dermatologic, and psychiatric health of affected girls and women. Despite its prevalence, the pathogenesis of the disease is largely unknown, and treatment options are limited. Thus, PCOS has been a ripe area for research in recent years, and novel etiologic pathways, diagnostic parameters, and treatment options are being explored. This review focuses on recent data suggesting pathogenic and therapeutic considerations, as well as the psychiatric and metabolic sequelae of PCOS.
User Experience Affects Dropout from Internet-Delivered Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Background: The emergence of computerized treatment may help reduce the gap between mental health treatment needs and accessibility, but unfortunately, dropout from these interventions is often hig...
Differences in Distress and Utilization of Mental Health Services between 2005 and 2018: a Potential Trend?

This study examined possible differences in self-reported psychological distress and need of treatment in two samples of well-educated adults, which were obtained from two larger studies that were conducted separately in 2005 and 2018. Psychological distress and need for treatment were reported using the Langner Symptom Survey, a psychometrically robust measure of nonspecific distress that provides validated cutoff scores for those in need of receiving mental healthcare services. Treatment utilization was examined through self-report in which respondents indicated whether they had never received treatment, previously received treatment, or were currently receiving treatment. Results suggested that a larger percentage of respondents from the 2018 sample reported current counseling (11.8%) compared to the 2005 sample (4.0%), and they were almost twice as likely to be classified as distressed and in need for treatment than their 2005 counterparts (51.9% compared to 33.2% in 2005; odds ratio = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.59–2.97). Implications for these findings are discussed at length.
Articulating 'free, prior and informed consent' (FPIC) for engineered gene drives.

Recent statements by United Nations bodies point to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as a potential requirement in the development of engineered gene drive applications. As a concept develop...
A Multioutcome Experiment for the Williamson Ether Synthesis

Williamson ether experiments are commonly performed by students in undergraduate organic chemistry instructional laboratory courses. In this multioutcome experiment, students were provided 4-bromophenol and one of three alkyl halides: 1-bromopentane, 1-bromobutane, or 1-bromo-3-methylbutane. The alkyl halides served as the unknown component of the experiment, and students were given these three as unknown candidates. After isolating the product from the reaction mixture, students analyzed their products using FT-IR and benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopies. The experimental results herein summarize the inclusion of this experiment in the large enrollment second-semester organic chemistry laboratory course over four semesters.
Chapter 133 – Insecta, Overview

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the classification of insect relationship on the present hypotheses. Within the class Insecta, major forms of insects are grouped in orders. Ordinal-level groups represent divergent lineages that are nearly always recognizable by a set of distinctive characteristics. Almost always, an adult insect can be readily determined to order at a glance. In many classification systems, orders are grouped into superorders but what comprises a superorder is far from fixed. For example, zorapterans are viewed as being in the superorder Orthopteroidea by some and in the superorder Hemipteroidea by others. Although a close link between Trichoptera (caddisflies) and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is supported by a wealth of concordant evidence and consequently is undisputed, relationships among many endopterygote orders are unclear because different data sets present conflicting evidence. Some orders are considered to be noninsects (placed in the class Parainsecta), but evidence clearly places them in the superclass Hexapoda with insects.
Prefrontal and Parietal Attractor Networks Mediate Working Memory Judgments

ABSTRACT The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in spatial working memory and its activity predicts behavioral responses in delayed response tasks. Here we addressed whether this predictive ability extends to categorical judgments based on information retained in working memory, and is present in other brain areas. We trained monkeys in a novel, Match-Stay, Nonmatch-Go task, which required them to observe two stimuli presented in sequence with an intervening delay period between them. If the two stimuli were different, the monkeys had to saccade to the location of the second stimulus; if they were the same, they held fixation. Neurophysiological recordings were performed in areas 8a and 46 of the dlPFC and 7a and lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) of the PPC. We hypothesized that random drifts causing the peak activity of the network to move away from the first stimulus location and towards the location of the second stimulus would result in categorical errors. Indeed, for both areas, when the first stimulus appeared in a neuron’s preferred location, the neuron showed significantly higher firing rates in correct than in error trials. When the first stimulus appeared at a nonpreferred location and the second stimulus at a preferred, activity in error trials was higher than in correct. The results indicate that the activity of both dlPFC and PPC neurons is predictive of categorical judgments of information maintained in working memory, and the magnitude of neuronal firing rate deviations is revealing of the contents of working memory as it determines performance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neural basis of working memory and the areas mediating this function is a topic of controversy. Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex has traditionally been thought to be the neural correlate of working memory, however recent studies have proposed alternative mechanisms and brain areas. Here we show that persistent activity in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex predicts behavior in a working memory task that requires a categorical judgement. Our results offer support to the idea that a network of neurons in both areas act as an attractor network that maintains information in working memory, which informs behavior.
Abstract GMM-029: MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS RESPONSE ADAPTATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR OVARIAN CANCER ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT SURVIVAL AND METASTASIS

Late stage ovarian cancer is marked by poor patient survival and significant metastatic spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. During transcoelomic spread cells must adapt to survive anchorage-independence and to cope with stress associated with matrix detachment and the hostile environment of the ascites. Our findings demonstrate that an important ovarian cancer cell adaptation during anchorage-independence is the up-regulation of the mitochondrial stress response proteins, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2), and it9s regulator, the nutrient and redox sensing deacetylase SIRT3. We show that these proteins are necessary for anchorage-independent cell survival and transcoelomic metastasis in vivo. In addition to Sod29s role as a mitochondrial superoxide scavenger, mechanistic data show that Sod2 shifts the redox landscape of cancer cells to a higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) steady-state. This novel non-canonical function of Sod2 results in H2O2-dependent oxidation and inactivation of phosphatases, including PTEN. Sod2/H2O2-dependent redox signaling may hence be a novel driver of anchorage-independent survival and an important contributor to the high frequency of Akt activation observed in metastatic ovarian cancers. While these sub-lethal increases in cellular H2O2 lead to pro-tumorigenic signaling, this also places cells closer to the cytotoxic threshold of H2O2, making cells with high Sod2 expression exquisitely sensitive to exogenous H2O2 application, and H2O2 generating agents, including high dose ascorbate. These findings provide an important clue to the vulnerability of Sod2 expressing cancer cells. Our findings also demonstrate that SIRT3 is an important regulator of Sod2 activity during anchorage-independence, which challenges previous studies demonstrating that SIRT3 is a tumor suppressor, and points to a novel pro-survival role for SIRT3 during ovarian cancer spread. Given that SIRT3 is sensitive to nutrient stress, this regulation has further consequences on the ability of ovarian cancer cells to survive potentially nutrient deprived tumor environments. Our study has identified two important mitochondrial stress response genes that are specifically increased in response to matrix detachment and required for anchorage independent survival and metastatic spread of ovarian cancer. Our ongoing studies are investigating their role in the context of redox and nutrient stress of ascites and targeting these stress adaptations for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Piyushi Gupta-Vallur, Yeon Soo Kim, Dong-Hui Shin, LP Madhubhani Hemachandra, Rebecca Phaeton, Karthikeyan Mythreye, and Nadine Hempel. MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS RESPONSE ADAPTATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR OVARIAN CANCER ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT SURVIVAL AND METASTASIS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr GMM-029.
Pulsed-beam Metrology via Broadband Ptychography

We demonstrate full spatiospectral, pulse-beam metrology via Broadband Ptychography. The technique reconstructs the complex field of multiple spectral components of probe illumination from a modelocked Ti:sapphire laser.
Predicate formation and verb-stranding ellipsis in Uzbek

This paper investigates the interaction between head movement of the verb and ellipsis of vP (verb-stranding ellipsis, VSE) in Uzbek — an understudied Turkic language of Central Asia. I argue that Uzbek verbal predicates are formed by head movement, while non-verbal predicates are formed by a species of Local Dislocation (Embick & Noyer 2001; Embick 2003). Uzbek has two distinct ellipsis strategies that yield similar strings: argument ellipsis (AE) and VSE. VSE occurs only with (head-moved) verbs, and can elide non-verbal predicates, while AE cannot. Uzbek VSE imposes a strict identity requirement on the heads extracted from the ellipsis site (the Verbal Identity Condition (Goldberg 2005b)). Both the genuine existence of this condition, and its source, have recently come under scrutiny; this paper presents Uzbek evidence in support of the claim that the Verbal Identity Condition is genuinely present in a subset of typologically diverse languages with VSE (see Gribanova 2018b). Variable crosslinguistic behavior with respect to the Verbal Identity Condition is predicted by an independently supported view of head movement (Harizanov & Gribanova 2019) in which certain types of head movement are syntactic — yielding the potential for mismatches of extracted material, by analogy with phrasal movement (Merchant 2001) — while others are postsyntactic (yielding the Uzbek-type VSE pattern). The Uzbek investigation therefore provides crucial evidence in favor of a particular view of the crosslinguistic landscape of VSE, and moves us a step closer to explaining why head movement out of ellipsis domains varies systematically in its behavior across languages.
Getting Active Mindfully: Rationale and Case Illustration of a Group Mind-body and Activity Program for Chronic Pain.

Chronic pain is associated with substantial decreases in physical and emotional health. Psychosocial and physical restoration interventions, although potentially helpful, typically show small-to-moderate improvements that are limited to the short term, and often exhibit problematic adherence. Here, we present GetActive-Fitbit, a novel 10-week group program that integrates mind-body skills, pain coping and gradual increases in activity reinforced by a commercially available digital monitoring device (Fitbit). We illustrate the program among a group of 4 adults with heterogeneous chronic pain. We also highlight pre to post-program improvements in physical function (objective, performance-based and self-report), emotional function (depression and anxiety) and other relevant outcomes targeted by the program (e.g., pain intensity, catastrophizing, mindfulness, coping, kinesiophobia, emotional support, social isolation, pain resilience, program satisfaction and impression of change). Group participants’ experiences suggest that GetActive-Fitbit is credible, useful, and shows potential to improve physical and emotional function among this challenging population. Clinical trial number: NCT03412916.
Temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance of fecal coliforms isolated from dairy cows

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern in both food animal and public health. However, the role of antimicrobial use and management practices used on livestock operations on the accumulation, dissemination, and persistence of resistance has not been clearly determined. Most studies on antimicrobial resistance were conducted as cross-sectional observational studies; therefore, little is known about the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in an animal as it transitions through various production phases or the impact of antimicrobial treatments on resistance over time. The goals of this study were to determine temporal changes in the quantities of susceptible and resistant coliform bacteria to four antimicrobials in fecal samples that were collected throughout a full production cycle, and to determine whether health or performance events affect the quantity or patterns of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dairy cattle.
Machine Learning for Missile Streak Detection and Localization

This paper presents a machine learning approach using Neural Networks for the detection and localization of a single streaking target from an optical sensor's Focal Plane Array (FPA). Current state-of-the-art methods utilize model-based probabilistic techniques, such as the maximum likelihood method. The image data for training and the concomitant ground truth for detection and localization is generated via simulation due to lack of sufficient amounts of real-world data. The images were generated assuming that the target's point spread function (PSF) is Gaussian and moves during the FPA's integration time. Also, a noise model for each optical pixel on the FPA is used that is consistent with a Poisson model of the number of non-target originated photons. Our approach divides the problem into two parts: streak detection and localization. To simplify neural network architecture selection and training, we split the large images into smaller sub-images. The noisy sub-images were preprocessed by an autoencoder with Convolutional layers, which preserved the target intensity. Next, we used the denoised sub-images from the autoencoder to detect streaks. For localization, the Neural Network was given the original sub-images to predict the pixel locations of a streak's start and end points. All three processing steps utilized Convolutional layers. The performance of the detection model was evaluated in terms of confusion matrices at different noise intensities, as well as the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves at a constant noise intensity. For the localization model, we evaluated the Mean Squared Error (MSE). These results were compared to the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) for detection and an existing matched filter-based maximum likelihood method for localization. We found that the machine learning models were 340 times faster for detection and approximately 360 times faster for localization on full size 256x256 images. In addition, the detection accuracy of the machine learning model was substantially better than the maximum likelihood method (area under the ROC of 0.94 versus 0.85) and the MSE was significantly lower (0.0261 versus 0.0622 on 32x32 sub-images and 0.0351 versus 0.243 on 256x256 original images). These results are significant for time-critical systems, such as missile defense systems (e.g., C-RAM). Aside from missile defense, the approach presented here can be applied to counter many other weapons that exhibit similar linear streak trajectories, such as torpedoes. In this case, sonar images would be used rather than images from an optical sensor.
ARINC 653-inspired regularity-based resource partitioning on xen

A multitude of cloud-native applications take up a significant share of today's world wide web, the majority of which implicitly require soft-real-time guarantees when hosted on servers at various data centers across the globe. With the rapid development of cloud computing and virtualization techniques, many applications have been moved onto cloud and edge platforms that require efficient virtualization techniques. This means a set of applications must be executed on a Virtual Machine (VM) and multiple VMs must be temporally and spatially scheduled on a set of CPUs. Designed to leverage the cloud infrastructure model, many of these cloud-native applications such as media servers strongly demand low data latency and high compute-resource availability, both of which must be predictable. However, state-of-art VM schedulers fail to satisfy these requirements simultaneously. The scheduling of cloud-native applications on VMs and the scheduling of VMs on physical resources (CPUs), collectively need to be real-time in nature as specified by the Hierarchical Real-Time Scheduling (HiRTS) framework. Conforming to the specifications of this framework, the Regularity-based Resource Partitioning (RRP) model has been proposed that introduces the concept of regularity to provide a near-ideal resource supply to all VMs. In this paper, we make the theoretically superior Regularity-based Resource Partitioning (RRP) model ready for prime time by implementing its associated resource partitioning algorithms for the first time ever on the popular x-86 open-source hypervisor Xen, i.e., RRP-Xen. This paper also compares and contrasts the real-time performance of RRP-Xen against contemporary Xen schedulers such as Credit and RTDS. Our contributions include: (1) a novel implementation of the RRP model on Xen's x-86 based hypervisor, thereby providing a test-bed for future researchers; (2) the first-ever multi-core ARINC 653 VM scheduler prototype on Xen; and (3) numerous experiments and theoretical analysis to determine the real-time performance of RRP-Xen under a stringent workload environment.
Wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans Isolates Exhibit Distinct Gene Expression Profiles in Response to Microbial Infection

The soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a model system to study innate immunity against microbial pathogens. C. elegans have been collected from around the world, where they, presumably, adapted to regional microbial ecologies. Here we use survival assays and RNA-sequencing to better understand how two isolates from disparate climates respond to pathogenic bacteria. We found that, relative to N2 (originally isolated in Bristol, UK), CB4856 (isolated in Hawaii), was more susceptible to the Gram-positive pathogen, Staphylococcus epidermidis, but equally susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus as well as two Gram-negative pathogens, Providencia rettgeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We performed transcriptome analysis of infected worms and found gene-expression profiles were considerably different in an isolate-specific and pathogen-specific manner. We performed GO term analysis to categorize differential gene expression in response to S. epidermidis. In N2, genes that encoded detoxification enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins were significantly enriched, while in CB4856, genes that encoded detoxification enzymes, C-type lectins, and lipid metabolism proteins were enriched, suggesting they have different responses to these bacterial pathogens, despite being the same species. Overall, discerning gene expression signatures in an isolate by pathogen manner can help us to understand the different possibilities for the evolution of immune responses within organisms.