cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scrotal Ulcer After Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy

Tumor cytoreduction combined with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy has been shown to be an effective method to delay the progression of peritoneal carcinomatosis. We describe 2 cases of painful scrotal ulcer after tumor debulking and intraperitoneal infusion of mitomycin-C for treatment of metastatic abdominal malignancies. Although the pathogenesis is unknown, the awareness of its presence and early signs of clinical presentations by clinicians is very important.
Development and Evaluation of a Faculty Designed Courseware

Educational paradigms are models that shape the design oflearning activities, not unlike traditionally delivered courses,electronically delivered courses must be learner centered anduser friendly. Faculty designing distance education arechallenged to develop cognitively rich learning environ-ments (Zhang, 1998). Engaging online learners and promot-ing critical thinking are enhanced through the use of ahypermedia design model that employs more than a labyrinthof Internet links. This article introduces the HyperlearningLearning Model that was used to develop an electronicallydelivered course. Included in this article is an analysis ofcourse evaluations that measured the student’s satisfactionwith the teaching methodologies, self-efficacy in learning,and self-reliance in learning course content, specific toelectronic learning environments.
The Biological Basis of Cancer: Oncology: The difficult task of eradicating caricatures of normal tissue renewal in the human patient

In the previous chapter, the biology of malignancies and their caricature of normal tissue renewal suggested important principles that guide the development and use of treatment strategies. The current chapter presents how the treatment principles have been reduced to practice and how treatment principles relate to biological principles governing malignant growth. The chapter is organized around the four conventional treatment modalities available today: surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy. (The term “conventional” refers to therapy accepted as the best available standard treatment.) Because of their different strategies, each modality is associated with specific risks and side effects, and this chapter builds a scientific understanding of the modalities' approved uses, successes, limitations, and toxicities. As explained in the preceding chapter, the goal of using the modalities is cytoreduction – hopefully the complete eradication of all cancer cells from the body. If not possible, then the goal becomes reducing the number of cancer cells in the body to the point that the time required for malignant stem cells to replace them is longer than the patient's life, giving rise to a cure. If sufficient cytoreduction is not achievable, then relapse ensues at some point in the future that depends on the amount of surviving malignant tissue and its rate of repopulation. The younger the patient at time of diagnosis, the more effective the treatment must be at eradicating malignant cells.
A New Synaphobranchid Eel (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) from Brazil, with Comments on the Species from the Western South Atlantic

Abstract A new synaphobranchid eel from the Brazilian continental slope is described herein as Synaphobranchus calvus. The species is distinguished from its congeners by the absence of scales on the head (vs. head scaled in other species) and its black to brown body with a deep blue belly (vs. body entirely black, gray, or brown in the remaining species). Further comments about the synaphobranchid eels of the western South Atlantic are given and a key with new characters to all species of Synaphobranchus are provided.
Second Generation Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics for Astronomy: MEMS and Fiber Lasers Lead the Way

This talk will provide an overview the second generation adaptive optics system at the Shane telescope (ShaneAO) along with R&D efforts on devices and algorithms for that will advance AO into wider application for astronomy.
Depiction of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction Using Contrast-enhanced Spin Echo and Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors used gadolinium (Gd) chelate as a T1, T2, and T2* enhancing agent in reperfused myocardial infarction to compare the appearance of reperfused myocardial infarction on spin echo and gradient echo magnetic resonance (MR) sequences. METHODS Rats (n = 28) were subjected to reperfused myocardial infarction and received no contrast medium, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mmol/kg Gd DTPA-BMA. Spin echo and gradient echo MR images of the excised hearts (n = 7 rats per group) were acquired using 2.0 T system: repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 300/20 ms for T1-weighted spin echo, TR/TE = 4000/80 ms for T2-weighted spin echo, and TR/TE = 600/10, 15, 20, and 30 ms for gradient echo imaging. Regional T2 and T2* relaxation times were measured. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride was used to verify regional infarction. RESULTS Unenhanced spin echo images failed to distinguish infarcted from normal myocardium. On Gd DTPA-BMA enhanced T1-weighted spin echo images, infarction was depicted as a high-intensity region "hot spot." On the other hand, the infarcted region was visualized as a low-signal region "cold spot" on Gd DTPA-BMA enhanced T2-weighted images. Changes in signal intensity and T2 relaxation time on T2 weighted images were dose dependent. On gradient recalled echo images, the infarcted region was discriminated from normal myocardium by a dark boundary zone, which was visible only at 1.0 mmol/kg. The presence of infarction was documented in every heart. CONCLUSIONS The contrast between normal and infarcted myocardium was affected greatly by the dose and imaging parameters. The results indicate that spin echo and gradient echo images have greatly differing sensitivities to extracellular gadolinium chelates. Changes in myocardial T2 relaxation time, but not T2*, correlated well with the dose.
Lung and Mediastinal Tumors

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide accounting for more than 1.4 million deaths per year [1, 2]. In the USA about 225,000 new cases are diagnosed every year (60.1 per 100,000 men and women per year) accounting for approximately 160,000 deaths per year (SEER data, http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html) [3]. This is just over one-quarter of all US cancer-related deaths accounting for more than the combined next three frequent cancers (colon, prostate, breast) [1]. About 57 % of lung cancers present at advanced-stage disease where surgery is not an option. The 5-year relative survival for lung cancer over last several decades is dismal, about 13–16 %, for all stages combined and has not changed much [2, 3].
Static and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Annular Sector Plates with General Boundary Conditions

In this investigation,an Improved Fourier Series Method(IFSM)is employed to analyze the static and dynamic characteristic of annular sector plates with general boundary conditions. Firstly,the displacement function is expressed as a modified two-dimensional fourier series containing sine and cosine function. It is capable of dealing with the possible discontinuities(or jump)at boundary edges. Then,the analysis model of annular sector plate is constructed based on energy method. The mass and stiffness matrix of annular sector plate are derived with IFSM method. So the eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be obtained easily with solution of a standard matrix eigenvalue equation. Finally,the unknown fourier coefficients are also determined. The static and dynamic characteristics of annular sector plate are determined with the displacement expression. The accuracy and reliability of the current method are illustrated through all the numerical examples.
On the Beach: The Changing Meaning of the Bulgarian Coast after 1989

This article examines the physical changes and the shifting symbolic meaning of the Black Sea Coast in Bulgaria after 1989. It explores three stages of development: the coast as a place of refuge and intimacy in the last years of socialism, how new touristic development embodied economic aspirations from 1997 until 2008, and recent years in which over-building and corruption have become a mark of national embarrassment and anxiety. Beachfront development after socialism was meant to both rejuvenate the flagging national economy and to use improved spaces of tourism to make a visual representation of a "new" Bulgaria. However, for coastal residents, prosperity was not forthcoming and financial stagnation, environmental destruction, and the new aesthetics of the beachfront reoriented their view of the coast. This article explores how changes in the natural landscape became emotionally resonant ways for residents to discuss the aspirations and disenchantments of post-socialism. It argues that the increasingly-urbanized beachfront has quickly shifted from a symbol of the post-socialist good life to a manifestation of the failure of contemporary Bulgarian society to protect even the most basic collective goods.
BELTracker: evidence sentence retrieval for BEL statements.

Biological expression language (BEL) is one of the main formal representation models of biological networks. The primary source of information for curating biological networks in BEL representation has been literature. It remains a challenge to identify relevant articles and the corresponding evidence statements for curating and validating BEL statements. In this paper, we describe BELTracker, a tool used to retrieve and rank evidence sentences from PubMed abstracts and full-text articles for a given BEL statement (per the 2015 task requirements of BioCreative V BEL Task). The system is comprised of three main components, (i) translation of a given BEL statement to an information retrieval (IR) query, (ii) retrieval of relevant PubMed citations and (iii) finding and ranking the evidence sentences in those citations. BELTracker uses a combination of multiple approaches based on traditional IR, machine learning, and heuristics to accomplish the task. The system identified and ranked at least one fully relevant evidence sentence in the top 10 retrieved sentences for 72 out of 97 BEL statements in the test set. BELTracker achieved a precision of 0.392, 0.532 and 0.615 when evaluated with three criteria, namely full, relaxed and context criteria, respectively, by the task organizers. Our team at Mayo Clinic was the only participant in this task. BELTracker is available as a RESTful API and is available for public use. Database URL: http://www.openbionlp.org:8080/BelTracker/finder/Given_BEL_Statement
Patterns of World Soccer and Inspiration to Chinese Soccer

European and South America still dominate in the world soccer field, but the difference from other opponents is decreasing. Asia, Africa, North America and Caribbean led a rapid development. The whole level in Asia is relatively lower than others. The differentiation is big. Chinese teams skill, strategy, physical quality and psychological quality still have big gap comparing with other teams. In order to improve Chinese level in soccer the follow measures should be taken: fostering soccer players from their youngster, developing professional league match, building up continual developmental system, taking on high level foreign coach, giving younger players more chances to learn from European players and improve the quality and level of referee.
The test of power OPGW cable PMD using interferometer method

The paper firstly gives brief illustration on how PMD influence the performance of the optical communication system and then introduce the principle of interferometer method.Two different analyses of interferometer method are also proposed.Combined with actual OPGW line,the paper gives the results of the test.The results of the test show that the OPGW line under test is good at PMD property.
Responding to Uncertainty: Teacher Educator Professional Development Through Co-Teaching and Collaborative Reflection

This exploratory paper describes the collaborative planning, reflection, and teaching for two teacher educators in the process of professional development and acclimation to new faculty positions in a College of Education. As a result of intense and reflective conversations, they discovered a mutual interest in the writings of Schon (1987) and found that his work on uncertainty, uniqueness, and value conflict served as a useful heuristic for understanding their shared experience of co-teaching a curriculum course. Their experiences of reflection in and on action, and their subsequent commitment to changes in their practice as teacher educators, are told in a narrative format to help other college educators see the personal as well as professional growth and development that occurred for both.
Teaching Cultural Sensitivity through Literature and Reflective Writing.

The Culture, Narrative, and Medicine course at Loyola University of Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine teaches cultural humility through literature and students' reflective writing. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Two- and Three-Tiered Stacked Architectures by Covalent Assembly

Simple discotic cores functionalized with reactive arms have been assembled into two- and three-tiered covalent stacks through imine formation. The targets are obtained in good yields, but competing formation of misassembled byproducts highlights some of the challenges inherent to the thermodynamically controlled assembly of rigid, compact, three-dimensional architectures. The structures comprise a central stack of arenes surrounded by a triple helix of interconnected arms. The racemization rate is strongly dependent on the number of tiers, suggesting cooperative conformational coupling in these multi-tiered structures.
A Herpesviral induction of RAE-1 NKG2D ligand expression occurs through release of HDAC mediated repression

Natural Killer (NK) cells are essential for control of viral infection and cancer. NK cells express NKG2D, an activating receptor that directly recognizes NKG2D ligands. These are expressed at low level on healthy cells, but are induced by stresses like infection and transformation. The physiological events that drive NKG2D ligand expression during infection are still poorly understood. We observed that the mouse cytomegalovirus encoded protein m18 is necessary and sufficient to drive expression of the RAE-1 family of NKG2D ligands. We demonstrate that RAE-1 is transcriptionally repressed by histone deacetylase inhibitor 3 (HDAC3) in healthy cells, and m18 relieves this repression by directly interacting with Casein Kinase II and preventing it from activating HDAC3. Accordingly, we found that HDAC inhibiting proteins from human herpesviruses induce human NKG2D ligand ULBP-1. Thus our findings indicate that virally mediated HDAC inhibition can act as a signal for the host to activate NK-cell recognition.
Cellular and vaccine immunotherapy for multiple myeloma

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion for multiple myeloma (MM) can induce graft-versus-myeloma immunity and long-term survivorship, but limited efficacy and associated toxicities have prevented its widespread use. Cellular immunotherapies and vaccines seek to induce more specific, reliable, and potent antimyeloma immune responses with less treatment-related risk than is possible with allogeneic transplantation. Advances in molecular biology, and basic and applied immunology, have led to promising approaches such as genetically engineered T cells with chimeric antigen receptors and T-cell receptors targeting myeloma-specific epitopes, vaccine primed ex vivo expanded autologous T cells, expanded marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes, and plasma cell/dendritic cell fusion vaccines. The addition of these emerging therapies to immunomodulatory drugs and inhibitors of programmed death-1 T-cell regulatory pathways are poised to improve outcome for our patients with myeloma.
Adverse Selection in the Market for Mortgage Servicing Rights

Activity in the U.S. market for mortgage servicing rights has increased in recent years. Incumbent servicers are at a significant informational advantage relative to potential buyers of these servicing rights, introducing the possibility of adverse selection. This paper marks the first investigation of adverse selection in the market for mortgage servicing rights. Using data from mortgage servicers, we find that loans with higher ex ante measures of prepayment and default risk were more likely to experience a servicing transfer. Results from an ex post analysis in which we condition on these risk measures reveals that loans that experienced a servicing transfer were more likely to prepay and default, a finding that suggests that the market for servicing rights is characterized by adverse selection.
Optimization of Secondary Air Injection in a Wood-Burning Cookstove: an Experimental Study

Nearly 40% of the world’s population regularly cooks on inefficient biomass stoves that emit harmful airborne pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM). Secondary air injection can significantly reduce PM mass emissions to mitigate the health and climate impacts associated with biomass cookstoves. However, secondary air injection can also increase the number of ultrafine particles emitted, which may be more harmful to health. This research investigates the effect of secondary air injection on the mass and size distribution of PM emitted during solid biomass combustion. An experimental wood-burning cookstove platform and parametric testing approach are presented to identify and optimize secondary air injection parameters that reduce PM and other harmful pollutants. Size-resolved measurements of PM emissions were collected and analyzed as a function of parametric stove design settings. The results show that PM emissions are highly sensitive to secondary air injection flow rate and velocity. Although incre...
Water vapor thermal treatment of silicon carbide-nanostructured ferritic steel alloy (SiC-NFA) composite materials

Abstract Under water vapor treatment between 500 °C and 1000 °C, pure nanostructured ferritic steel alloy (NFA) and silicon carbide-nanostructured ferritic steel composites (SiC-NFAs) exhibit breakaway oxidation and produce a bi-layer oxidation surface. The morphology of the hematite outer layer exhibits flake-donut-stub transformation with varied growth orientation. SiC addition in the NFA matrix alters the inner layer by forming SiO2 within a Cr-rich magnetite inner layer. The thickness of the oxidation layer is related to the sample density, composition, and temperature. The γ-Fe precipitation in the pure NFA accelerates oxidation. The SiC-NFAs show much improved corrosion resistance by SiO2 formation in the inner oxidation layer.
Unbundling Employment: Flexible Benefits for the Gig Economy

Federal labor law requires employers to give employees a rigid bundle of benefits, including the right to unionize, unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation insurance, health insurance, family medical leave, and more. These benefits are not free – benefits cost about one third of wages – and someone must pay for them. Which of these benefits are worth their cost? This article takes a theoretical approach to that problem and proposes a flexible benefits solution. Labor law developed under a traditional model of work: long-term employees who depended on a single employer to engage in goods-producing work. Few people work that way today. Instead, modern workers are increasingly using multiple technology platforms (such as Uber, Lyft, TaskRabbit, Amazon Flex, DoorDash, Handy, Moonlighting, FLEXABLE, PeoplePerHour, Rover, Snagajob, TaskEasy, Upwork, and many more) to provide short-term service-producing work. Labor laws are a bad fit for this “gig economy.” New legal paradigms are needed. The rigid labor law classification of all workers as either “employees” (who get the entire bundle of benefits) or “independent contractors” (who get none) has led to many lawsuits attempting to re-define who is an “employee” in the gig economy. This issue grows larger as more than one fifth of the workforce is now categorized as an independent contractor. Ironically, the requirement to provide a rigid bundle of benefits to employees has resulted in fewer workers receiving any benefits at all. This article argues for unbundling employment benefits so workers in the gig economy can obtain a more optimal mix of benefits and wages. This article also provides a framework for a more flexible system of employee benefits. This article thus makes three contributions. First, this article demonstrates how a rigid requirement of employment benefits can harm workers. Second, this article shows how labor law should incorporate advances in economic theory that heretofore it generally ignored. Third, this article presents a flexible framework to solve the refractory problem of rigid worker categorization.
Teaching Contexts That Influence Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Teacher and Science Teacher Identity Development

Supporting elementary preservice teachers’ development of a science teacher identity provides a way to address challenges of low self-efficacy, self-confidence, and pedagogical content knowledge in...
The Potential Equation

The potential or Poisson equation $$\Delta w (x) = f (x)$$ (6.1) is perhaps the most studied equation in the partial differential equation literature. When the inhomogeneous term f(x) is identically zero, (6.1) is called the Laplace equation, or the harmonic equation, and the solution w is said to be a harmonic function. The potential equation is the simplest type of elliptic partial differential equations studied in this book, but because of the basic properties of the boundary integral operators involved, most of the theory and methodology developed here will actually be applicable to all second-order elliptic equations or systems. Therefore, the development in this chapter will also provide the essentialmathematical reasoning and procedures for treating all the other PDE in remaining chapters.
Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation: Pharmacologic Therapy

This chapter reviews the clinical pharmacology, electrophysiology, efficacy and safety, and current recommendations of use of class IA, IB, IC, II, and III antiarrhythmic agents in the acute and chronic treatment of ventricular tachycardia. In addition, the role of these drugs in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is discussed.
The effects of prekindergarten for Spanish-speaking dual language learners: Evidence from California’s transitional kindergarten program

Abstract The impact of California’s transitional kindergarten program on Spanish-speaking dual language learners was examined through two studies. Participants in the two studies included: (1) the statewide population of students who met study inclusion criteria (n = 45,010) and took the California English Language Development Test (CELDT), and (2) a sample of students (n = 1868) in 20 school districts. Findings indicate that TK had moderate to large effects on English proficiency; smaller but statistically significant effects on language, literacy, and math skills; and no effects on social–emotional skills or executive function. The transitional kindergarten program provides participating Spanish-speaking dual language learners with an academic advantage at kindergarten entry, as compared to Spanish-speaking dual language learners who do not attend.
Black-white mental status trajectories: What ages do differences emerge?

Abstract Objectives Studies of older U.S. adults have consistently found that African Americans perform worse on cognitive measures than whites, but there are inconsistencies as to whether these findings hold over time. Moreover, studies have focused on adults 51 and older, without considering younger ages; thus it is unclear the age at which these disparities surface. The present study examines black-white disparities in mental status trajectories among adults as young as 25 years over a 25-year period. Method Data come from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL) (n = 3,617). Participants, ranging from ages 25–100 years old at baseline, were followed from 1986 to 2011 over 5 waves. Mental status was assessed at each wave using a 5-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Growth models were used to estimate the associations between age, race, baseline status, and longitudinal changes in mental status, controlling for sociodemographic (e.g., education, income) and other health risk factors (diabetes, stroke, tobacco use, depression). Results Racial disparities were seen beginning in midlife and this relationship was curvilinear. Specifically, blacks had a steeper rate of mental status decline than whites and these disparities persisted after accounting for social and health risk factors (b = 0.0090, p Discussion Study findings demonstrate disparities emerge at middles ages and worsen as age increases. This finding highlights the importance of addressing racial disparities in cognition across a larger part of the adult life course. By doing so, we may better be able to capture early-life exposures that influence later-life cognitive outcomes and ultimately lead to disparities.
Continuous Measurement of Stress‐Induced Travel‐Time Variations at SAFOD

Author(s): Yang, C; Niu, F; Daley, TM; Taira, T | Abstract: In situ stress measurement at seismogenic depth is critically important for deciphering fault zone processes. In this study, we conducted a second active-source crosswell field experiment at the Parkfield San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drill site to investigate the detectability of stress-induced seismic velocity changes at the top part of the seismogenic zone. We employed the same configuration of our previous experiments, which deployed a piezoelectric source and a three-component (3C) accelerometer at 1 km deep inside the pilot and main holes, respectively. We also added a hydrophone, which is attached to the source, to monitor the repeatability of the source waveforms. Over a 40-day recording period, we confirmed an ∼0:04% travel-time variation in S wave and coda that roughly follows the fluctuation of barometric pressure. We attributed this correlation to stress sensitivity of seismic velocity and the stress sensitivity is estimated to be 2:0 × 10 −7 Pa −1 , which is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those measured in laboratory with dry rock samples, but is consistent with our previous results. Our results confirm the hypothesis that substantial cracks and/or pore spaces exist at seismogenic depths and thus may be used to monitor the subsurface stress field with active-source crosswell seismic.
Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony Predicts the Cardiomyopathy Associated With Premature Ventricular Contractions.

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathy associated with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) remains unclear. Objectives This study prospectively explored cardiomyopathy development in a swine model of paced ectopic beats. Methods A total of 35 swine underwent pacemaker implantation. A group exposed to paced bigeminy from the right ventricular apex (RVA) for 14 weeks (RVA PVC) (n = 10) were compared with a group exposed to regular pacing from the RVA at 140 beats/min (RV-140) (n = 5) and a control group (n = 5). To test the role of ectopic beat dyssynchrony, further groups were exposed for 12 weeks to bigeminy from the right ventricular free wall (RVFW PVC) (n = 5), the left ventricular epicardium (LV Epi PVC) (n = 5) or the right atrium (premature atrial complex) (n = 5). Results After 14 weeks, the mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly lower in the RVA PVC group than in the RV-140 or control groups (p Conclusions In a swine model of paced ectopic beats, PVC-induced cardiomyopathy is phenotypically distinct from a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy severity is strongly associated with severity of the hemodynamic derangement associated with the paced ectopic beats, particularly the extent of LV dyssynchrony.
Diets of Two Nonnative Freshwater Turtle Species (Trachemys scripta and Pelodiscus sinensis) in Kawai Nui Marsh, Hawaii

Island ecosystems provide habitat for many endemic species that may be threatened by nonnative species introductions. We examined nonnative freshwater turtle occurrences and diets to examine potential predation effects on native species in Kawai Nui Marsh, Oahu, Hawaii. No freshwater turtles are native to the Hawaiian Archipelago. The Pond Slider (Trachemys scripta) and Chinese Softshell (Pelodiscus sinensis) were the only turtles found in the marsh after 767 trap days. Trachemys scripta stomachs (n = 50) contained mostly the nonnative plant Commelina diffusa and nonnative snails (Pomacea sp.), whereas Pelodiscus sinensis stomachs (n = 5) contained mostly snails. Interspecific dietary overlap was low and intersexual dietary overlap in the sliders was high, with more diverse female diets. Small, medium, and large size classes of T. scripta stomachs contained different proportions of plant and animal matter, with the small size class containing less plant matter than the medium size class, and the large size class containing a greater volume of animal than plant matter. No native species were found in the stomach contents of the turtles sampled except a freshwater sponge (Heteromyenia baileyi). This lack of native species in their diets may have more to do with the degraded state of the marsh and lack of native taxa than with a preference for nonnative taxa. A potential concern could be nonnative freshwater turtle presence in pristine wetland habitats in Hawaii, because of the higher abundances of native species in those areas.
The Impact of Variance and Skewness of Court Awards on Settlement Negotiations

Legal disputes are often negotiated and settled prior to going to court. While pre-court settlements are common, they are not universal. Much of the prior literature on court settlements has focused on the role of information asymmetries leading to settlement failures. In this paper, we take a complementary approach by exploring how uncertainty of the underlying court award distribution impacts settlements. Specifically, we develop an experimental design, based on a stylized eminent domain bargaining game between a buyer and seller, which enables us to systematically test how increases in variance and skewness of the award distribution impact negotiations and settlement rates. In the aggregate data, we find that increases in variance decrease settlement rates. We also find that increases in skewness have a non-monotonic effect on settlement rates; relatively small initial increases in skewness increase settlement rates, but settlement rates start to decrease as skewness increases further. As part of the experimental design, we also gather individual measures of risk aversion and prudence of using a lottery choice task, which enables us to further analyze the data incorporating individual risk preferences.
The transdiagnostic structure of mental effort avoidance.

The law of least mental effort states that, everything else being equal, the brain tries to minimize mental effort expenditure during task performance by avoiding decisions that require greater cognitive demands. Prior studies have shown associations between disruptions in effort expenditure and specific psychiatric illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia and depression) or clinically-related symptoms and traits (e.g., anhedonia and apathy), yet no research has explored this issue transdiagnostically. Specifically, this research has largely focused on a single diagnostic category, symptom, or trait. However, abnormalities in effort expression could be related to several different psychiatrically-relevant constructs that cut across diagnostic boundaries. Therefore, we examined the relationship between avoidance of mental effort and a diverse set of clinically-related symptoms and traits, and transdiagnostic latent factors in a large sample (n = 811). Only lack of perseverance, a dimension of impulsiveness, was associated with increased avoidance of mental effort. In contrast, several constructs were associated with less mental effort avoidance, including positive urgency, distress intolerance, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, disordered eating, and a factor consisting of compulsive behavior and intrusive thoughts. These findings demonstrate that deviations from normative effort expenditure are associated with a number of constructs that are common to several forms of psychiatric illness.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Alzheimer’s Disease and MicroRNA: miRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets

The protein molecules must fold into unique conformations to acquire functional activity. Misfolding, aggregation, and deposition of proteins in diverse organs, the so-called “protein misfolding disorders (PMDs)”, represent the conformational diseases with highly ordered assemblies, including oligomers and fibrils that are linked to neurodegeneration in brain illnesses such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have revealed several aspects of brain pathology in CAA and AD, but both the classification and underlying mechanisms need to be further refined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidence with the advent of RNA sequencing technology suggests possible links between miRNAs and these neurodegenerative disorders. To provide insights on the small RNA-mediated regulatory circuitry and the translational significance of miRNAs in PMDs, this review will discuss the characteristics and mechanisms of the diseases and summarize circulating or tissue-resident miRNAs associated with AD and CAA.
Fourth graders’ (Re-)Reading, (historical) thinking, and (revised) writing about the black freedom movement

Abstract Elementary teachers can integrate social studies into their curriculum through thematic or interdisciplinary units. This study explores fourth-grade students’ responses to a month-long, structured inquiry. For two weeks, fourth-graders engaged in multiple readings of five secondary and fourteen primary sources using closed- and open-ended analysis questions and extemporaneous, text-based writing. For another two weeks, the writing process guided students through concept mapping, skeleton outlining, peer- and teacher-review, and revision. Three researchers examined students’ writings for criticality, complexity, and clarity. Findings yielded positive, statistically significant correlations between secondary source usage and historical significance, secondary source usage and continuity-and-change, and primary source usage and contextualization. Positive, weak correlations appear between primary source usage and sourcing. No relationship appears between corroboration and other variables. Meaning is extrapolated for classroom practice and applied to seminal studies. Limitations include a small sample of largely homogeneous, inexperienced students.
Effect of Selenium Content on Nickel Sulfoselenide-Derived Nickel (Oxy)hydroxide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation.

An efficient and inexpensive electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) must be found in order to improve the viability of hydrogen fuel production via water electrolysis. Recent work ...
Abstract TMP42: Coherent Neural Oscillations Inform Early Stroke Motor Recovery

Introduction: Neural oscillations may contain valuable information for stroke rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to examine the predictive performance of neural oscillations in early s...
Gravidity, parity, blood pressure and mortality among women in Bangladesh from the HEALS cohort.

Objectives Despite a hypothesised connection of reproductive history with hypertension and mortality, the nature of this association is poorly characterised. We evaluated the association of parity and gravidity with blood pressure, hypertension and all-cause mortality. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study cohort in rural Bangladesh. Participants There were 21 634 Bangladeshi women recruited in 2000–2002, 2006–2008 and 2010–2014 included in the present analysis. Methods Reproductive history was ascertained through an interviewer-administered questionnaire at the baseline visit. Blood pressure was measured by a trained study physician following a standard protocol at the baseline visit. Vital status was ascertained at the biennial follow-up of study participants through June 2017. Linear and logistic regression models estimated the relationship between parity and gravidity with blood pressure and hypertension, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relationship with all-cause mortality only among women aged >45 years. Results Diastolic blood pressure was lowest in women with parity one (reference) and elevated in nulliparous women (adjusted % change=3.12; 95% CI 1.93 to 4.33) and women with parity >2 (adjusted % change=1.71; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.31). The associations with nulliparity were stronger for women aged >45 years. Similar association patterns were observed with hypertension. Further, in nulliparous women aged >45 years, 265 deaths (6.6%) were ascertained during the follow-up period (median follow-up time=8 years), and we observed suggestive elevated risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 3.83; 95% CI 0.74 to 19.78). The relationships between reproductive history, blood pressure, hypertension and mortality were similar when modelling reproductive history as gravidity rather than parity. Conclusions For women in rural Bangladesh, nulliparity and nulligravidity appear to be associated with higher blood pressure and subsequent elevated risk of mortality.
Quantifying Scientific Thinking Using Multichannel Data With Crystal Island: Implications for Individualized Game-Learning Analytics

Individualizing learning by quantifying scientific thinking using multichannel data during game-based learning remains a significant challenge for researchers and educators. Not only do empirical studies find that learners do not possess sufficient scientific-thinking skills to deal with the demands of the 21st century, but there is little agreement in how researchers should accurately and dynamically capture scientific thinking with game-based learning environments (GBLEs). Traditionally, in-game actions, collected through log files, are used to define if, when, and for how long learners think scientifically about solving complex problems with GBLEs. But can in-game actions distinguish between learners who are thinking scientifically while solving problems versus those who are not? We argue that collecting multiple channels of data identifies if, when, and for how long learners think scientifically during game-based learning compared to only in-game actions. In this study, we examined relationships between 68 undergraduates’ pre-test scores (i.e., prior knowledge), degree of agency, eye movements, in-game actions related to scientific-thinking actions during game-based learning about microbiology with Crystal Island, and performance outcomes. Results showed significant predictive relationships between eye-gaze, pre-test scores, and in-game actions related to scientific thinking, suggesting that eye movements, pre-test scores, and degree of agency play a crucial role in scientific thinking and performance with GBLEs. Our findings provide insight into using multichannel data to capture scientific thinking and inform game-learning analytics that is individualized to guide instructional decision making. Findings from this study have implications for enhancing our understanding of scientific thinking within GBLEs. We discuss GBLEs designed to guide individualized and adaptive instructional decision making using learners’ multichannel data to optimize scientific-thinking skills and performance.
Beyond the Bottle: Interdisciplinary Cleft Feeding Care

Purpose The importance of individualized and comprehensive pediatric feeding management is well recognized. This type of care is especially important for children with complex medical diagnoses, su...
Palliative care and aggressive interventions after falling: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample analysis.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify whether there is an opportunity for improvement to provide palliative care services after a serious fall. We hypothesized that (1) palliative care services would be utilized in less than 10% of patients over the age of 65 who fall and (2) more than 20% of patients would receive aggressive life-sustaining treatments (LSTs) prior to death. METHODS Using the 2017 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified patients who were admitted to the hospital with a fall (ICD-10 W00-W19) and were hospitalized at least two days with valid discharge data. Palliative care services (Z51.5) or LSTs (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilation, reintubation, tracheostomy, feeding tube placement, vasopressors, transfusion, total parenteral nutrition, and hemodialysis) were identified with ICD-10 codes. We examined the use of palliative care or LSTs by discharge destination (home, facility, and death). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with palliative care. RESULTS In total, 155,241 patients were identified (median 82 years old, interquartile range 74-88); 2.5% died in hospital, and 69.4% were transferred to a facility. Palliative care occurred in 4.5% of patients, and LST occurred in 15.1%. Patients who died were significantly more likely to have had palliative care (50.1% vs. 3.4% of home or facility discharges) and were more likely to have an LST [53.0% vs. 9.8% (home) vs. 15.9% (facility)]. Palliative care was associated with both death [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 19.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.39-21.41, p < 0.001] and LST (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27-1.46, p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Palliative care is associated with both death and LST, suggesting that physicians use palliative care as a last resort after aggressive measures have been exhausted. Patients who fall would likely benefit from the early use of palliative care to align future goals of care.
Real-Time Aerospace Vehicle Position Estimation Using Terrestrial Illumination Matching

An algorithm to conduct real-time air or space craft position determination via terrestrial illumination matching (TIM) is presented consisting of a novel method that uses terrestrial lights as a surrogate for star fields. Although star sensors and the Global Positioning System (GPS) represent a highly accurate means of attitude determination and position, respectively, TIM provides a potentially viable alternative. In the event of star sensor or GPS malfunction or performance degradation, an aerospace vehicle with a camera on board could do the job. In an era where satellites are getting smaller and smaller, the market for dual-purpose sensors to replace traditional ones is also rising. The work will present TIM as a collection of image acquisition, processing and geolocation techniques in a realtime setting using a GoPro connected to OpenCV via Wi-Fi.
Auction Market Cattle Welfare Initiatives

There are many changes that have occurred in the Livestock Marketing Industry in recent years. By now we have all seen the television footage aired on the program "Hardcopy" a few years ago. The image portrayed to the general population is not indicative of what we in the Livestock Marketing Industry strive to achieve on a daily basis; however, it is hard to explain those images away when it is clear that those situations occurred and were documented.
State of the Art: Attackers and Targets in Cyberspace

The remit of this article is broad, and so the themes explored here are necessarily broad-brush and are viewed from a strategic and policy perspective. The subject under consideration is that of cyber threats – what is it that we confront, and what dangers do they plausibly pose? Anyone even remotely familiar with the topic will know that cyber threats regularly receive extensive media coverage of varying quality, and are increasingly on the agenda of senior policy makers, military commanders, chief executive officers, and political leaders. More recently, cyber threats are becoming more well-known to members of the general public, whose lives are increasingly mediated through and dependent upon cyberspace in some form or another. The specter of criminality, such as theft of financial resources and personal identifying information, stalking, and the unwitting suborning of personal property (computers harnessed by botnets) for other criminal enterprises, is finally receiving the attention it deserves.
Corporate Governance and Competition Policy.

Corporate governance law addresses the misaligned incentives between officers and directors of publicly-owned companies and their shareholders and how this can lead to the destruction of shareholder value. Antitrust law governs the interaction between corporations and other economic actors in the marketplace and prohibits and penalizes anticompetitive agreements, unilateral conduct which unreasonably injures competition, and mergers and acquisitions which may substantially lessen competition. This article explores the puzzling lack of meaningful interaction between these two fields of law which govern the internal and external operations of key economic players in our economy. While a handful of commentators have lamented the lack of a closer organic connection between these two bodies of law, most do not even notice. This article goes beyond the conventional disconnect and discusses how to create a more unified approach to two key area of business law in order to promote the interests of both shareholders and consumers in a more systematic and meaningful way.
A trio of human molecular genetics PCR assays

This laboratory exercise demonstrates three different analytical forms of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that allow students to genotype themselves at four different loci. Here, we present protocols to allow students to a) genotype a non-coding polymorphic Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) locus on human chromosome 5 using conventional PCR, b) perform PCR - Restriction Fragment Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis to genotype a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of the TAS2R38 gene on human chromosome 7 and c) perform duplex Allele Specific Primer-PCR (ASP-PCR) to genotype SNPs of two enzyme-encoding genes in a single biochemical pathway on human chromosomes 4 and 12. All PCR reactions have been optimized to use a single easily purified sample of the students' own DNA and run under a single thermal cycler program using inexpensive reagents to produce robust and clearly interpretable results on a single agarose gel. As presented here, the lab occupies two lab periods of 2 h, 40 min each: DNA purification followed by PCR reactions set-up on Day 1 and enzyme digestion of the PCR-RFLP and agarose gel analysis on Day 2.
The Ultimate Injustice: When A Court Misstates the Facts

This essay deals with what “the law” did to Dr. Branion, an American citizen, after the jury convicted him of murder in 1968. Under the American legal system, a defendant is entitled to have his case reviewed by a higher court, and, under certain circumstances, if the appellate review is unsuccessful, to present a petition for habeas corpus to a state or federal court. I will focus primarily on the stage of his litigation with which I am most familiar: his pursuit of a habeas remedy in federal court between 1986 and 1989. I will try to explain how one federal judge after another, using reasons wholly inconsistent inter se, managed to affirm the conviction of a provably innocent man.