cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-emerging fowlpox: evaluation of isolates from vaccinated flocks.

Vaccines of fowlpox or pigeonpox virus origin have been routinely used for more than half a century to prevent fowlpox in commercial poultry in areas where the disease is endemic. However, in recent years, outbreaks of fowlpox have occurred in previously vaccinated flocks. One possible explanation for this problem is the emergence of variant strains of fowlpox virus (FPV). A second, not mutually exclusive, postulate is that the novel FPV exhibit enhanced virulence due to the integration of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) into their genomes. To determine if immunological variance and/or the acquisition of REV nucleotide sequences could be responsible for the ineffectiveness of current vaccines, the ability of two commercial vaccine viruses and four, recently isolated, field strains to protect chickens against challenge with one of the more virulent field viruses was evaluated. Adequate protection was provided by the vaccines and two of the four field isolates. Interestingly, the two isolates that w...
Serial Plasma and Urinary Aluminum Levels and Tissue Loading in Preterm Twins

Serial plasma, urinary, and postmortem tissue aluminum levels were determined in 32-week, appropriate-forgestational-age twins from 45 to 151 days postnatal age. Estimated total aluminum absorptions were 56.7 mg, and 28 mg, twin A and twin B, respectively.At autopsy, Twin A had a hypoplastic right kidney while Twin B had normal kidneys. Mean plasma aluminum levels (twin A, 34.2 μg/liter and twin B, 32.3 μg/liter) and urinary aluminum levels expressed as aluminum creatinine ratios (twin A, 11.3 and twin B, 8.5) were similar. These levels were elevated compared to normal plasma aluminum levels of 5.1 ± 3.6 (1 SD) and urinary aluminum creatinine ratios of 0.64 ± 0.75 (1 SD). Twin A had higher tissue aluminum levels than twin B in all tissues except for brain. Bone and liver aluminum contents for both twins were increased as compared to infants receiving short-term or no parenteral nutrition. We conclude; (1) tissue aluminum loading occurs in infants receiving aluminum-containing solutions, (2) plasma and uri...
Increased NMDA receptor inhibition at an increased Sevoflurane MAC

Background: Sevoflurane potently enhances glycine receptor currents and more modestly decreases NMDA receptor currents, each of which may contribute to immobility. This modest NMDA receptor antagonism by sevoflurane at a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) could be reciprocally related to large potentiation of other inhibitory ion channels. If so, then reduced glycine receptor potency should increase NMDA receptor antagonism by sevoflurane at MAC. Methods: Indwelling lumbar subarachnoid catheters were surgically placed in 14 anesthetized rats. Rats were anesthetized with sevoflurane the next day, and a pre-infusion sevoflurane MAC was measured in duplicate using a tail clamp method. Artificial CSF (aCSF) containing either 0 or 4 mg/mL strychnine was then infused intrathecally at 4 μL/min, and the post-infusion baseline sevoflurane MAC was measured. Finally, aCSF containing strychnine (either 0 or 4 mg/mL) plus 0.4 mg/mL dizocilpine (MK-801) was administered intrathecally at 4 μL/min, and the postdizocilpine sevoflurane MAC was measured. Results: Pre-infusion sevoflurane MAC was 2.26%. Intrathecal aCSF alone did not affect MAC, but intrathecal strychnine significantly increased sevoflurane requirement. Addition of dizocilpine significantly decreased MAC in all rats, but this decrease was two times larger in rats without intrathecal strychnine compared to rats with intrathecal strychnine, a statistically significant (P<0.005) difference that is consistent with increased NMDA receptor antagonism by sevoflurane in rats receiving strychnine. Conclusions: Glycine receptor antagonism increases NMDA receptor antagonism by sevoflurane at MAC. The magnitude of anesthetic effects on a given ion channel may therefore depend on the magnitude of its effects on other receptors that modulate neuronal excitability.
When job aids attack: On the social history of dubious job aids

In this article we introduce the job aid as a cultural artifact in specific historical social contexts. Framing job aids as such within a broader context of social history enables human resource development (HRD) researchers and practitioners to reflect critically on training and development with a perspective on social justice vis-a-vis social responsibility. With the use of a targeted literature review, we present two historical cases of questionable job aids, specifically, in the so-called patent medicines of the early 20th century and the job aids used for training the Hitler Youth. Lessons learned from social history include recognizing the fundamental role that culture has in shaping not only what actions adult learners carry out, but also how the job aids can memorialize their performance. Further, it is posited that introducing the dimension of social history to training offers a more thorough and robust inquiry to critical HRD.
Why isn't endogenous ouabain more widely accepted?

A new idea is the most quickly acting antigen known to science . —Wilfred Trotter During the past few years, several distinguished senior colleagues who visited our department and inquired about the status of endogenous ouabain (EO) have asked, “How come I didn't know about these [published]
Hydrogen responses of ultrathin Pd films and nanowire networks with a Ti buffer layer.

We report on hydrogen responses of ultrathin films and nanowire networks of palladium on titanium buffered silicon substrates and filtration membranes, respectively. We found that in both systems signatures such as retarding responses and saturation of the resistance changes at high hydrogen concentrations associated with the transition from Pd/H solid solution to Pd hydride diminish with decreasing the thickness of the palladium layer from 7 to 2 nm. Our results not only reveal a new way to suppress the phase transition in Pd/H system but also provide an alternative approach to achieve fast and sensitive hydrogen sensors with a wide concentration detection range.
Growth and in situ x‐ray characterization of YBa2Cu3Ox/LaAlO3 superlattices

We utilized a miniature sputtering cell with mylar windows and multitarget sputtering guns in order to study the growth of YBCO/LaAlO3 superlattices on SrTiO3 substrates. Computer modeling of the diffraction spectra enabled us to determine the interface width between the layers. After deposition of the superlattices, the substrate temperature was increased to study any interdiffusion.
Conservation of Responsibility & Context Manipulation in High Context Communication Cultures

Asian cultures such as Japan’s have long been classified as high context communication cultures, wherein what is not said is often considered more important than what is said. Despite such academic...
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Modeling of the Optical Properties of Nanoparticles near Dielectric Substrates†

We show how the finite-difference time-domain method can be used to model the plasmonic interactions between nanoparticles and adjacent dielectric substrates. The image screening introduced by the dielectric substrate can result in significant polarization dependent red-shifts and hybridization of the nanoparticle plasmon resonances. For small nanoparticle−substrate separations and substrates with large dielectric permittivities, the hybridized quadrupolar nanoparticle plasmon resonances also appear in the scattering spectrum. Different numerical approaches for calculating the scattering spectrum in typical dark-field scattering geometries are discussed, and it is shown that the scattering spectra can be calculated using finite substrate slab models.
Protracted Postpoliomyelitis Dysphagia Managed with Enteral Feeding and Cricopharyngeal Myotomy

A 52-year-old female with postbulbar poliomyelitis dysphagia and malnutrition was treated with enteral nutritional support resulting in improved deglutition. Subsequent cricopharyngeal myotomy resulted in a return to normal swallowing and maintenance of a normal nutritional status. Postpoliomyelitis dysphagia is reviewed.
Physics constrained nonlinear regression models for time series

A central issue in contemporary science is the development of data driven statistical nonlinear dynamical models for time series of partial observations of nature or a complex physical model. It has been established recently that ad hoc quadratic multi-level regression (MLR) models can have finite-time blow up of statistical solutions and/or pathological behaviour of their invariant measure. Here a new class of physics constrained multi-level quadratic regression models are introduced, analysed and applied to build reduced stochastic models from data of nonlinear systems. These models have the advantages of incorporating memory effects in time as well as the nonlinear noise from energy conserving nonlinear interactions. The mathematical guidelines for the performance and behaviour of these physics constrained MLR models as well as filtering algorithms for their implementation are developed here. Data driven applications of these new multi-level nonlinear regression models are developed for test models involving a nonlinear oscillator with memory effects and the difficult test case of the truncated Burgers–Hopf model. These new physics constrained quadratic MLR models are proposed here as process models for Bayesian estimation through Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms of low frequency behaviour in complex physical data.
An implementation of Vincent's theorem

A new method is presented for the isolation of the real roots of a polynomial equation; it is based on Vincent's forgotten theorem of 1836 and has been implemented using exact (infinite precision) integer arithmetic algorithms. A theoretical analysis of the computing time of this method is given along with some empirical results.
Hand-printed English character recognition based on Fuzzy theory

In this paper, an approach of hand-printed English character recognition is developed based on Fuzzy theory. The approach has two main functions, which are feature extraction and pattern recognition. Applying the feature extraction method carries out the feature properties that is used in identification process. For the pattern recognition, the Fuzzy theory is adopted to deal with the fuzzy patterns. The various writing styles of characters introduce large deviations, e.g., position, size and shape due to different writers. The character recognition system is tested on 26 lowercase hand-printed English characters with various test writers. Each character in this paper is stored in the form of binary bitmap image.
Inverse Thermal Analysis of Ti-6Al-4V Deep-Penetration Welds Using Volumetric Constraints

Case study inverse thermal analyses of Ti-6Al-4V deep-penetration welds are presented. These analyses employ a methodology that is in terms of numerical-analytical basis functions for inverse thermal analysis of steady state energy deposition in plate structures. The results of the case studies provide parametric representations of weld temperature histories that can be adopted as input data to various types of computational procedures, such as those for prediction of solid-state phase transformations. In addition, these temperature histories can be used to construct parametric-function representations for inverse thermal analysis of welds corresponding to other process parameters or welding processes whose process conditions are within similar regimes. The present study applies an inverse thermal analysis procedure that provides for the inclusion of volumetric constraint conditions whose two-dimensional projections are mappings onto transverse cross sections of experimentally measured solidification and transformation boundaries.
Unique sensing errors in third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Abstract Objectives . Third-generation cardioverter-defibrillators appear to be susceptible to unique sensing errors. This study was performed to determine the incidence and types of sensing errors in combination therapy implantable devices. Background . One of the advantages offered by third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is the combination of bradycardia and antitachycardia pacing and cardioversion-defibrillation capabilities in a single device. The potential for unique sensing errors, those caused by the conflicts presented by combining bradycardia and tachycardia sensing and therapy algorithms in the same device, has not been previously addressed. Methods . To determine the incidence of important sensing errors, 61 patients with a combination therapy device (Cadence [Ventritex] and PCD [Medtronic]) were studied for a 25-month period. In addition to surface electrocardiography recordings during implantation and routine device testing, real-time and stored electrograms recorded from the rate-sensing ieads (Cadence) and real-time marker channel recordings (PCD) were reviewed to diagnose sensing errors that resulted in symptoms, device inefficacy or delivery of inappropriate therapy. After recognition, specific reprogramming steps were performed in an attempt to avoid recurrent sensing errors. Results . A total of 13 sensing errors were diagnosed in 12 patients (19.7%); the incidence was similar in both devices. Five distinct categories of sensing errors were identified. After device reprogramming, only one recurrent error occurred in 98 patientmonths of follow-up. Conclusions . Important sensing errors occur in approximately 20% of patients with third-generation combination therapy cardioverter-defibrillators. Prompt diagnosis of sensing errors can lead to specific reprogramming steps to avoid recurrent errors.
Bromohydrin reactions of Grieco’s bicyclic lactone

Abstract The bromohydrin reaction in Grieco’s bicyclic lactone 1 was reinvestigated. Two regioisomeric bromohydrins were obtained (2 and 8), and their configurations were unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction analyses.
The relation between pulmonary hypoplasia and amniotic fluid volume: Lessons learned from discordant urinary tract anomalies in monoamniotic twins

Background: Adequate amniotic fluid (AF) volume is one of several factors felt to be essential for normal lung development. Renal agenesis and urinary tract obstruction usually result in oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia. Case: Two sets of monoamniotic twins with discordant urinary tract anomalies were seen. One twin in each set had anomalies that in a singleton or diamniotic pregnancy would likely have resulted in fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and subsequent death. However, neither of these infants had pulmonary hypoplasia. One infant is unique in being the first case reported of normal pulmonary function and survival despite the anomaly. Conclusion: Adequate AF provided by a monoamniotic twin environment may prevent pulmonary hypoplasia, which usually results from oligohydramnios due to certain fetal urinary tract anomalies.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for separation of collagen tryptic peptides

Les peptides trypsiques sont separes par chromatographie en regime isocratique sur colonne d'octadecylsilane de grande porosite (dimension particule 5μm et porosite 150 A)
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of spindle cell lesions of the breast.

BACKGROUND. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) has been successful in diagnosing epithelial lesions of the breast. Its role in the evaluation of spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions of the breast, which include a variety of benign and malignant conditions, is less clear. This article discusses the cytologic features and differential diagnosis of these lesions, as well as the potential diagnostic pitfalls associated with them. METHODS. FNAs of the breast, in which a spindle cell or mesenchymal component was a key or dominant feature, were retrieved. Fibroadenomas without cellular stroma and typical lipomas were excluded. RESULTS. Forty-six aspirates (0.87%) in a series of 5306 breast FNAs contained a significant spindle cell or mesenchymal component. The aspirates were classified into 4 categories: 1) reactive conditions, including 2 diabetic mastopathies, 3 granulation tissue specimens, and 7 granulomatous lesions; 2) benign neoplastic conditions, including I mammary hamartoma, 1 dermatofibroma, 1 fibromatosis, 2 granular cell tumors, 2 angiolipomas, and 7 cellular fibroadenomas; 3) low grade malignant neoplastic lesions, including 10 low grade phyllodes tumors; and 4) high grade malignant neoplastic lesions, including 1 metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid stroma, 1 pleomorphic liposarcoma, 2 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 2 osteosarcomas, and 4 metastatic melanomas. A specific diagnosis was rendered in 38 cases (82.6%). The mammary hamartoma was diagnosed as fibrocystic changes; the dermatofibroma as benign spindle cell lesion, not otherwise specified (NOS); and the primary osteosarcoma as an atypical spindle cell proliferation, NOS. The reactive ductal epithelial cells in one of the granulomatous mastitis specimens, as well as the hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells in one of the phyllodes tumors, were interpreted as atypical ductal proliferation. The marked cytologic atypia displayed by one granular cell tumor was interpreted as low grade adenocarcinoma and the primary liposarcoma as poorly differentiated carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS. Breast lesions with a significant spindle cell or mesenchymal component are rarely encountered in FNA and constitute a heterogeneous group that may pose a diagnostic dilemma. FNA should be the initial diagnostic procedure for investigating these lesions, as a specific diagnosis was rendered in the majority of cases.
Phase II Study of Gemcitabine, Carboplatin, and Bevacizumab in Patients With Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer

Purpose Although gemcitabine and carboplatin (GCa) is a standard option for patients with advanced urothelial cancer (UC) who are ineligible for cisplatin, outcomes remain poor. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab with GCa in advanced UC. Patients and Methods Patients with Karnofsky performance status of 60% to 70%, creatinine clearance less than 60 mL/min, visceral metastasis, or solitary kidney were eligible and received a lead-in dose of bevacizumab 10 mg/kg followed 2 weeks later by gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and carboplatin at area under the [concentration-time] curve (AUC) 5.0 or 4.5 and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg on day 1 every 21 days for six cycles. Patients achieving at least stable disease (SD) continued bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 21 days for 18 additional cycles. The study was powered to detect a 50% improvement in median progression-free survival (PFS) over a historical control. Results Fifty-one patients, median age 67 years (range, 42 to 83 years), were enroll...
Optimization of Aircraft Wings for Gust Loads: Interval Analysis-Based Approach

An interval-based approach is presented for the optimization of aircraft structures under dynamic loads. As a specific application, the design is considered by including the effect of uncertainty present in the atmospheric turbulence and other parameters on the dynamic response of the aircraft wing structure. The stresses induced during a gust encounter are considered as the primary behavior constraints. The optimization procedure is illustrated with two examples. One is a symmetric double-wedge airfoil and the other is a supersonic airplane wing. The design parameters of the aircraft wing are assumed to be uncertain which are described as interval quantities. Interval analysis is used in the computation of the objective and constraint functions of the problem. An interval-based nonlinear programming technique is developed for the optimum solution of the two aircraft wings considered. The present methodology is expected to be more realistic compared with the probabilistic and fuzzy approaches in situations where either the probability distribution functions or the preference information for the uncertain design parameters is not available.
The electromagnetic-wiggler harmonic amplifier FEL

Abstract In this paper, we present a variation of the two-stage FEL based on the HARmonic amPlifier FEL (HARP/FEL) [1,2] called the electromagnetic-wiggler HARP/FEL (EHARP). In the EHARP, the first stage is a conventional magnetic-wiggler FEL while the second stage's wiggler is an electromagnetic standing wave that is formed within the first stage's optical resonator by pumping with a microwave source. This two-stage FEL approach differs from that proposed by Elias [3] in that the first stage is not used to pump the second stage's optical wiggler; rather, its funtion is to enhance the second stage's gain by appropriately modulating the electron beam as it passes through the device. Such modulation occurs when the pump frequency is chosen such that the ratio of the bunching wavenumbers for the stages is a small integer. The advantage of the EHARP scheme is that the second stage does not need to reach laser threshold in order to radiate and its power is linear in the pump power. We compute the requirements of emission for an EHARP design based on the UCSB-FEL system where the first stage lases at wavelengths from 100 to 160 μm and the secons stage emits at a multiple of the first stage frequency. We predict that the two-stage mechanism may be demonstrated with an existing microwave device (such as the Hughes Mark-II FEL) for the pump source.
Finite induced graph Ramsey theory: on partitions of subgraphs

Abstract For given finite (unordered) graphs G and H , we examine the existence of a Ramsey graph F for which the strong Ramsey arrow F → ( G ) H r holds. We concentrate on the situation when H is not a complete graph. The set of graphs G for which there exists an F satisfying F → ( G ) P 2 2 ( P 2 is a path on three vertices) is found to be the union of the set of chordal comparability graphs together with the set of convex graphs.
State-to-State Vibrational Energy Transfer in OH A2Σ+ with N2

Vibrational energy transfer from v′ = 0 to v′ = 1 in the excited OH A2Σ+ electronic state is investigated in the collisional region of a free-jet expansion. Laser excitation is used to prepare high rotational levels in OH A2Σ+ (v′ = 0, N′ = 14−22), which lie above the energetic threshold for OH A2Σ+ (v′ = 1). Subsequent collisions with N2 result in population of a distribution of OH A2Σ+ (v′ = 1) product rotational levels that is characterized through dispersed fluorescence spectra. The majority of products are found in the most near-resonant rotational level of v′ = 1, with population falling off exponentially in lower rotational levels. Additionally, the efficiency of vibrational energy transfer is determined by comparing the emission from v′ = 1 products with that from the initially prepared v′ = 0 level. The fractional transfer decreases by an order of magnitude from the highest to lowest initial rotational levels investigated. This decrease is correlated with an increasingly large change in rotationa...
Survey of Pathogenic Genera of Fungi on Foliage of Weeds in Mississippi

(1994). Survey of Pathogenic Genera of Fungi on Foliage of Weeds in Mississippi. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 25-29.
Enteral feeding and gut atrophy.

Purpose of review Because of the hypothesis that enteral feeding prevents intestinal mucosal atrophy and bacterial translocation, when fasting or malnutrition is present, nutrition support by the enteral route is usually preferred, if it is available. If nutrients are provided only parenterally intestinal mucosal mass falls dramatically in rats, but the relevance of this finding to humans has not been documented. This article reviews findings in the last 2 years relating to this dilemma. Recent findings Most work continues to be done in rats and pigs, two species that demonstrate mucosal atrophy with fasting. The earlier demonstration of effects of administration of hormones and glutamine have been corroborated, but proper controls for hormones (related peptides) or glutamine (most importantly glutamate) have usually not been included. In humans mucosal atrophy does not occur except modestly (approximately 10% decrease in thickness) in some reports during catabolic conditions, such as in critical-care units. Even so, no evidence for reversal by enteral feeding has as yet been provided. On the other hand, evidence for specific gene adaptation with or without mucosal atrophy has begun to appear in animals and humans. Summary The focus on mucosal atrophy has obscured the adaptation that may occur simultaneously to minimize the atrophy. Attention to gene adaptation during fasting and malnutrition may provide evidence, in future, for appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Extraosseous chondroma presenting as a midline neck mass in a child.

We report an extraosseous chondroma (EC) presenting as a painless midline neck mass in a healthy 3-year-old boy. EC is a benign tumor of the soft tissues; malignant degeneration has not been observed and recurrence is unusual (5%–18%). The treatment of choice is local excision. With this report, EC can be included and considered in the assessment of any firm, smooth subcutaneous mass.
Cluster-assisted cyclooligomerization of thietane. A new route to polythioether macrocycles

Abstract The trirhenium complex Re 3 (CO) 10 [μ- SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ](μ-H) 3 ( 1 ) was found to produce an oligomerization of thietane at 25° C over 18 h to yield the new complex Re 3 (CO) 10 [μ-SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 -CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ](μ-H) 3 ( 2 ), in 47% yield. Details of the structure of compound 2 were obtained rom a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of its PMe 2 Ph derivative 3 . It was found to contain a bridging thiolate group SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 that is terminated with a SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 macrocycle. The macrocycle was cleaved from the cluster by treatment with NaOEt and the free molecule trithiacyclodecane was isolated in 32% yield. Crystal data for 3 : space group = P 2 1 / n , a = 8.637(2) A, b = 41.80(1) A, c = 15.418(2) A, β = 111.79 (2)°, Z = 4, 2836 reflections, R = 0.036.
Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in an era of managed care: the relevance for women.

New directions in public health will inevitably result from the intersection of three high priority, yet overlapping, issues: 1) the increasing concerns for women’s health; 2) the perpetual challenges of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); and 3) the emerging opportunities from managed care. With the explosion of various managed care delivery systems, policy makers need to consider how to use these organizations to improve health outcomes for women at risk for STDs.1 Although managed care is not a monolithic system, certain features of managed care organizations (MCOs) may lead to a greater capacity to prevent, screen, diagnose, and treat STDs in women.2 The challenge is what to preserve from the ‘‘old’’ mix of public clinics and private fee-for-service practices and what to emphasize within a ‘‘new’’ MCO system to produce a maximum impact on reducing sexually transmitted infections in women, their partners, and offspring. In this article, we first describe the unique association of women with STDs. We then explain the basic elements of our current public health system to prevent and treat STDs. Next, we address the possible ways that managed care can affect our current system. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for how to marshall the resources afforded by managed care to minimize STDs in women.
Carcass characteristics of Angus steers fed to Japanese market standards.

Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle are characterized by an ability to consistently produce highly palatable, well-marbled beef. The Japanese utilize a unique management program which includes feeding the cattle a high roughage diet for extended periods of time, typically at least twice that of American feedlot practices. In this study, Angus steers were fed a typical US feedlot diet to the Japanese market endpoint of 680 kg. Carcasses were analyzed for marbling score, meat color and fat color by days on feed and adjusted to a common carcass weight. Results indicate that the quality traits studied did change (P < 0·05) with an increasing number of days on feed. The marbling score had a high standard error.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs and other compound semiconductors

Abstract We describe recent progress in the field of molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs and other compound semiconductors with some attention given to the application of these materials to device technology. Our review is centered around structures grown on GaAs substrates but attention is also given to GaAs grown on silicon substrates and to InGaAsInAlAsImP heterostructures grown on InP substrates. The growth and properties of state-of-the-art GaAsAlAs, GaAsGe and InGaAsInAlAsInP heterostructures are detailed. In the sections devoted to the lattice-mismatched heteroepitaxial GaAs on silicon and InSb on GaAs systems more attention is paid to the crucial growth techniques necessary to obtain high quality material while device performance is also included.
Formation of the endothelium of the avian cornea: a study of cell movement in vivo.

Abstract In the analysis of endothelial morphogenesis reported here, scanning and transmission electron microscopes and the Nomarski light microscope were used to study both untreated and manipulated eyes of chick embryos. We found that migration of the cells into the corneal area is preceded at stage 22 by a movement of macrophages between the lens and posterior surface of the corneal stroma. At stage 23, endothelial cells move out mainly from the nasal and temporal edges of the eye where they were associated with vascular (primary) mesenchyme. Initially, they migrate through a fibrous matrix which occupies the space between lens and optic lip. When the endothelial cells reach the stroma and capsule of the lens, they can use both these surfaces as substrata, even though they seem to be more adherent to the stroma. By stage 25, the endothelium is complete and covered with fibrous matrix, which now fills and may help form the anterior chamber. The cells, initially mesenchymal, now differentiate to become epithelial (a characteristic of primary mesenchyme). The migrating endothelial cells have extended lamellipodia and filopodia along their leading edges; they show no evidence of ruffling. Moreover, contact inhibition alone does not cause them to monolayer; the presence of the lens is essential to prevent multilayering of the newly formed endothelium. In the discussion, the role of extracellular matrix and tissue boundaries in directing cell migration in vivo is emphasized.
Chest Deflections and Injuries in Oblique Lateral Impacts

A majority of laboratory-driven side-impact injury assessments are conducted using postmortem human subjects (PMHS) under the pure lateral mode. Because real-world injuries occur under pure and oblique modes, this study was designed to determine chest deflections and injuries using PMHS under the latter mode. Anthropometrical data were obtained and x-rays were taken. Specimens were seated on a sled and lateral impact acceleration corresponding to a change in velocity of 24 km/h was applied such that the vector was at an angle of 20 or 30 degrees. Chestbands were fixed at the level of the axilla (upper), xyphoid process (middle), and tenth rib (lower) location. Deflection contours as a function of time at the levels of the axilla and mid-sternum, representing the thorax, and at the tenth rib level, representing the abdomen, were evaluated for peak magnitudes. All data were normalized using mass-scaling procedures. Injuries were identified following the test at autopsy. Trauma graded according to the Abbreviated Injury Score, 1990 version, indicated primarily unilateral rib fractures and soft tissue abnormalities such as lung contusion and diaphragm laceration occurred. Mean peak deflections at the upper, middle, and lower levels of the chest for the 30-degree tests were 96.2, 78.5, and 76.8 mm. For the 20-degree tests, these magnitudes were 77.5, 89.9, and 73.6 mm. Statistical analysis indicated no significant (p > 0.05) differences in peak chest deflections at all levels between the two obliquities although the metric was significantly greater in oblique than pure lateral impacts at the mid and lower thoracic levels. These response data are valuable in oblique lateral impact assessments.
Exposed Yet Unrevealed: Reflections on the Poetry of Women Prisoners

Women comprise a small but rapidly growing proportion of prisoners incarcerated in countries around the world. Research shows that women experience prison differently than men, primarily due to the extent that personal relationships (both inside and outside prison) shape the culture and climate of women’s prisons. However, the literature does not adequately address women’s perspectives on their unique prison experiences. Prisoners’ poetry is a rich and largely untapped source of information that offers nuanced views of crime, punishment, and prison life. This research employs poetry written by female prisoners as a medium from which to learn about their lives in prison. The poems selected in this sample reflect a number of themes involving the common feelings of pain and loneliness, the routine of prison life, traumatic pre-incarceration experiences, and family issues. These themes are then compared with themes found in poetry written by male prisoners.
Evaluation of manipulator control programming languages

The development of manipulator control languages in the United States is traced from WAVE, through AL to PAL. The WAVE language was developed in 1970 to provide for force and motion control of a manipulator using homogeneous transformations as a basic data type. In 1975 the AL language provided for control of objects held by the manipulator. AL was a high level language providing the control and statement forms of ALGOL. The PAL language, presently under development, is an attempt to provide the object manipulating capabilities of AL with the flexibility obtained by using low level manipulation control primitives.
Determination of methylarginines in infant plasma by CE-LIF

Methylarginines (MAs) are a class of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors that have been implicated in respiratory complications of critically ill infants. This paper describes the development of an analytical method to measure these compounds in the plasma of newborns using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The CE separation method was optimized to enable complete baseline resolution of the four MA analogues of interest. Sample preparation concerns for infant-derived samples were addressed by validating a heat-assisted extraction method for the analysis of low volume (≤100 μL) samples from a plasma matrix. It was determined that the sample matrix (plasma versus serum) did not affect the measured MA concentrations, while extracting smaller volumes of plasma that underwent heat-induced gelation afforded higher MA recoveries than larger volume samples. These methods were then applied to blood samples collected from infants housed in the neonatal intensive care unit. It was discovered that these newborns had significantly elevated concentrations of MAs at younger ages (<6 months) while amounts were similar between infants 6 months old and adults. The data are preliminary, but demonstrate an interesting age dependence on the concentrations of these nitric oxide inhibitors, which has not been previously reported.
Genistein induces topoisomerase IIbeta- and proteasome-mediated DNA sequence rearrangements: Implications in infant leukemia.

Genistein is a bioflavonoid enriched in soy products. However, high levels of maternal soy consumption have been linked to the development of infant leukemia ALL and AML. The majority of infant leukemia is linked to mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) translocations. Previous studies have implicated topoisomerase II (Top2) in genistein-induced infant leukemia. In order to understand the roles of the two Top2 isozymes in and the molecular mechanism for genistein-induced infant leukemia, we carried out studies in vitro using purified recombinant human Top2 isozymes, as well as studies in cultured mouse myeloid progenitor cells (32Dc13) and Top2β knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). First, we showed that genistein efficiently induced both Top2α and Top2β cleavage complexes in the purified system as well as in cultured mouse cells. Second, genistein induced proteasomal degradation of Top2β in 32Dc13 cells. Third, the genistein-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) signal, γ-H2AX, was dependent on the Top2β isozyme and proteasome activity. Fourth, the requirement for Top2β and proteasome activity was mirrored in genistein-induced DNA sequence rearrangements, as monitored by a DNA integration assay. Together, our results suggest a model in which genistein-induced Top2β cleavage complexes are processed by proteasome, leading to the exposure of otherwise Top2β-concealed DSBs and subsequent chromosome rearrangements, and implicate a major role of Top2β and proteasome in genistein-induced infant leukemia.
Highway 61 Revisited

Tracing the inverted traveling cultural roots of the Great Migration back toward the “source” of Delta blues music, blues tourists take a sonic journey from North to South in the U.S. that remembers black diasporic and migrational patterns of blues traveling—distinguishing between the economic, social, and political circumstances that often radically differentiate two modes of being “on the road.”
Shape Memory Effect with Low M s Thermoelastic thin Plate Martensite in an FE-33Ni-12CO-5Ti Alloy

An Fe-33Ni-12Co-5Ti (wt.%) alloy was subjected to aging treatments to determine the effect of ausaging (at 700 °C for 5, 10 and 30 hr) on the martensitic transformation and shape memory effect. The M s temperatures were determined by electrical resistance measurements and microstructures were examined by TEM. The shape memory was studied by bending specimens in liquid nitrogen and found to be associated with a low M s thermoelastic thin plate martensite.
Computer usage by social service agencies in Santa Clara County, California

A survey of the extent of computerization in social service agencies in Santa Clara county, California, reveals some problems that are commonly experienced by organizations undergoing the transition to a computerized information system, and some recommendations for workshops to meet their needs.
A unified model for data acquisition and decision making

In this paper we present a model for decision making employing both the concepts of expected utility and belief functions. The situation modeled is that of a decision maker trying to select a single course of action from a finite set of possible courses of action. Although this selection is the major decision, the decision maker is also confronted with many preliminary decisions such as which data sources to access to obtain pertinent information and how to evaluate the mforma tion received.The proposed model partitions the total decision making problem into two interlocking sub-processes—the data acquisi tion process and the final decision process which is based on an elimination procedure. Decisions in the data acquisition phase employ a rationale based on expected utility, while the criterion upon which the final decision is made is based on belief functions. The application of this model is illustrated by two related examples which are discussed in some detail.The approach proposed in this paper is in...
Open resonator mode patterns for characterization of anisotropic dielectric substrates for HTS thin films

An open resonator possesses a unique combination of advantages for characterizing the millimeter-wave losses of today's best HTS thin films and substrates. One of the primary advantages is the transverse linearly-polarized electric field of the TEM/sub 00q/ modes, which induces a polarized current in any HTS, dielectric, or semiconductor sample placed inside the resonator. The polarized current flow allows detection and quantification of any material anisotropies. To provide an intuitive understanding of the field and current distributions in an open resonator, mode patterns computed with a finite-difference time-domain model are presented. The theory of open-resonator anisotropic-dielectric testing is reviewed, and measured anisotropic dielectric constants of sapphire, LaAlO/sub 3/, and NdGaO/sub 3/ substrates are listed.
Citalopram-induced QTc prolongation: A brief review of the data

Recently, Forest Laboratories warned about QTc prolongation associated with the use of citalopram. After these reports, the FDA warned that citalopram should no longer be used at doses greater than 40 mg/day for patients ≤ 60 years of age or greater than 20 mg/day in patients over 60 years of age. As a result, providers and formulary managers were advised to reevaluate the use of citalopram to conform to current FDA guidelines. Clinicians have the option to: (1) maintain the patient on the current dose (no change), document that the current EKG (with QTc) is within a normal range and inform the patient of the current recommendations or (2) change the therapy, which consists of either a dose reduction or change to an alternate agent. It may be appropriate to keep a patient on current therapy above the FDA recommended maximum if proper documentation is maintained (e.g., past history of severe depression, normal EKG). Citalopram should be discontinued in patients who have persistent QTc measurements greater ...
The reactivity of human serum albumin toward trans‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal

Mass spectrometry was used to probe the preferred locations of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) addition to the cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues of human serum albumin (HSA). Considering only those modified peptides supported by high mass accuracy Orbitrap precursor ion measurements (high confidence hits), with HNE:HSA ratios of 1:1 and 10:1, 3 and 15 addition sites, respectively, were identified. Using less stringent criteria, a total of 34 modifications were identified at the higher concentration. To gain quantitative data, iTRAQ labeling studies were completed. Previous work had identified Cys 34 , the only free cysteine, as the most reactive residue in HSA and we have found that Lys 199 , His 242/7 , and His 288 are the next most reactive residues. Although the kinetic data indicate the lysines and histidines can react at relatively similar rates, the results show that lysine addition is much less favorable thermodynamically; under our reaction conditions, lysine addition generally does not go to completion. This suggests that under physiological conditions, HNE addition to lysine is only relevant in situations where unusually high HNE concentrations or access to irreversible secondary reactions are found.
Information capacity and power control for slotted Aloha random-access systems

Information-theoretic capacity notions for a slotted Aloha random-access system are considered in this paper, as well as joint power and retransmission controls for this protocol. The effect of the bursty nature of the arrival and transmission process on the information-carrying capability and spectral efficiency of the system is studied. The nature of the random-access protocol used to resolve decoding failures determines the system stability and dynamics, and in consequence its capacity. System control is carried out by dynamic control of retransmission probability and by power control. It is shown that substantial performance improvements can be achieved under this control scheme in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency for a range of channel parameters. The tradeoffs involving coding rate, system throughput, and spectral efficiency are analyzed from an information-theoretic point of view.
Monitoring the State of Charge of Operating Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

We describe methods for assessment of the state of charge (SOC) of vanadium redox flow batteries during operation using UV-vis spectrophotometry and full cell OCV measurements. The absorbance of the negative electrolyte solution at 433 nm, 600 nm and 750 nm is linear in SOC for SOC > 0.2. The absorbance of the positive electrolyte does not display a linear relationship with SOC, which we attribute to the formation of a strongly absorbing third species. An analysis of the excess absorbance of the positive electrolyte suggests that a complex with 1:1 stoichiometry is formed by VO 2+ and VO 2 + . Full-cell OCV measurements were found to be an inaccurate gauge of the state of charge of the battery.
Assessing El Niño Southern Oscillation variability during the past millennium

evaluate the relative strength/frequency of El Nino and La Nina events. In contrast to previous studies, we use robust and resistant statistics to quantify the spread and symmetry of the d 18 O distributions; an approach motivated by the relatively small sample size and the presence of outliers. Furthermore, we use a pseudo‐proxy approach to investigate the effects of the different paleo‐environmental factors on the statistics of the d 18 O distributions, which could bias the paleo‐ENSO reconstruction. We find no systematic difference in the magnitude/strength of ENSO during the Northern Hemisphere MCA or LIA. However, our results suggest that ENSO during the MCA was skewed toward stronger/more frequent La Nina than El Nino, an observation consistent with the medieval megadroughts documented from sites in western North America.
Ecologically Appropriate Plant Materials for Restoration Applications

The areas targeted for restoration are often the modified ecosystems that are rapidly becoming the planetary norm, and when ecosystem modification has been extensive, local genotypes may not be the most effective for repair. Here, local has value is presented as a paradigm for the restoration of such systems as a corollary to local is best for systems that have sustained less modification. In many cases, adaptation may be enhanced through genetic variation or applying artificial selection, particularly for generalist species. Ecologically appropriate plant materials are those that exhibit ecological fitness for their intended site, display compatibility with other members of the plant community, and demonstrate no invasive tendencies. They may address specific environmental challenges, rejuvenate ecosystem function, and improve the delivery of ecosystem services. Furthermore, they may be improved over time, thereby serving to ameliorate the increasingly challenging environments that typify many restoration sites.
Characterization of the promoter of Grapevine vein clearing virus.

Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV) is a recently discovered DNA virus in grapevine that is closely associated with the grapevine vein clearing syndrome observed in vineyards in Missouri and surrounding states. The genome sequence of GVCV indicates that it belongs to the genus Badnavirus in the family Caulimoviridae. To identify the GVCV promoter, we cloned portions of the GVCV large intergenic region in front of a GFP gene present in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector. GFP expression was assessed by ELISA 3 days after agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We found that the GVCV DNA segment between nts 7332 and 7672 directed expression of GFP and this expression was stronger than expression using the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. It was revealed by 5′ and 3′ RACE that transcription was initiated predominantly at nt 7571 and terminated at nt 7676.
Biological treatment of swine waste using anaerobic baffled reactors

Abstract Four laboratory-scale anaerobic baffled reactors (with two, three, four, and five chambers, respectively) were used to successfully treat whole swine waste. The baffled reactors did an excellent job of trapping the small diameter, methane-containing particles of proteins, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lipids. Solids retention times of 25, 30, 36, and 42 days were achieved with a corresponding hydraulic retention time of 14 days for two-, three-, four- and five-chamber anaerobic baffled reactors, respectively. COD reductions ranged from 70 to 78% among all the reactors studied. Maximum methane production was observed in the reactors with four and five chambers with a value of 0.59 and 0.62 l/g of volatile solids added at a loading of 4 g VS/l/day, respectively.