cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of sodium chlorite on human erythrocytes with low superoxide dismutase activity

Abstract Human erythrocyte Superoxide dismutase activity was reduced to 67%, 50% and 41% of normal via the action of diethyldithiocarbamate (DOC). Blood samples from five human subjects were incubated with DDC and 3 mM chlorite or chlorite alone. Erythrocytes incubated with DDC and chlorite had significantly increased methemoglobin levels (p = .001), compared to erythrocytes incubated with chlorite alone. A linear regression analysis indicated a significant linear increase in methemoglobin levels (p = .001) for erythrocytes with low SOD activity, incubated with 3 mM chlorite.
Late tertiary volcanic stratigraphy of northern central America

Correlations of Late Tertiary volcanic stratigraphic columns in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras indicate that a common lithostratigraphic sequence is present throughout northern Central America. The Late Tertiary volcanic sequences are divided into three lithostratigraphic formations that roughly parallel the Pacific coastline. The Chalatenango Formation, composed of rhyolitic tuffs and lavas, is of Middle to Upper Miocene age. It occurs in the northern and central portions of the Tertiary volcanic belt. The Balsamo Formation consists of andesitic lavas, tuffs, and lahars and is Upper Miocene to Pliocene in age. It is only found on the Pacific coastal side of the Tertiary volcanic belt. The Cuscatlan Formation is made up of rhyolitic tuffs and volcanic sediments overlain by rhyolitic and basaltic lavas that were erupted during the Pliocene. In eastern and central El Salvador the Cuscatlan Formation overlies the Balsamo Formation on the coastal side of the belt, but in western El Salvador and southeastern Guatemala it overlies the Chalatenango Formation on the northern side of the Tertiary volcanic belt. The apparent offset of the Cuscatlan Formation in western El Salvador may indicate that the underthrusting Cocos Plate was broken into segments in Pliocene time.
Internal oxidation and mechanical properties of TZM-Mo alloy

The internal oxidation behavior of the bcc alloy TZM-Mo (Mo-0.5 wt pct Ti-0.08 wt pct Zr-0.02 wt pet C) was investigated in low-pressure O2, CO, and H2O environments at 1098 and 1273 K. The results indicate that a diffusion process controls the kinetics of the oxygen absorption at 1098 K, while bulk diffusion and gas-metal interaction at the specimen surface both affect the rate at 1273 K. The carbon content of TZM in these experiments increased initially and then decreased. Decarburization became significant only after extended exposure at 1273 K. The deformation and fracture behavior of both oxidized and heat-treated TZM specimens were studied at temperatures to 1589 K. TZM specimens showed an increase in strength and a linear decrease in ductility with oxygen content. Oxidized TZM lost its ductility completely at an oxygen level of 300 ppm at room temperature, 1366, and 1589 K, but 500 ppm was required at 1098 K. The ductility of embrittled TZM was increased significantly with heat treatment at high temperatures and was almost completely restored after annealing at 1973 K. The change in mechanical properties is discussed in terms of internal oxidation and precipitation of oxides.
Comment on ''Classical derivation of the London equations''

A comment is presented on the classical derivation of London equation starting from Hamilton's principle with a Lagrangian L for a system of particles with infinite mean free path interacting with electromagnetic fields.(AIP)
Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation

This paper summarizes recent findings on the amygdala’s role in mediating acute effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation in rats. Posttraining activation of glucocorticoidsensitive pathways involving glucocorticoid receptors (GRs or type II) enhances memory consolidation in a dose-dependent inverted-U fashion. Selective lesions of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) or infusions of b-adrenoceptor antagonists into the BLA block the memory-modulatory effects of systemic injections of glucocorticoids. Additionally, posttraining infusions of a specific GR agonist administered directly into the BLA enhance memory consolidation, whereas those of a GR antagonist impair. These findings indicate that glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation are mediated, in part, by an activation of GRs in the BLA and that the effects require b-adrenergic activity in the BLA. Other findings indicate that the BLA interacts with the hippocampus in mediating glucocorticoidinduced modulatory influences on memory consolidation. Lesions of the BLA or inactivation of b-adrenoceptors within the BLA also block the memory-modulatory effects of intrahippocampal administration of a GR agonist or antagonist. These findings are in agreement with the general hypothesis that the BLA integrates hormonal and neuromodulatory influences on memory consolidation. However, the BLA is not a permanent locus of storage for this information, but modulates consolidation processes for explicit:associative memories in other brain regions, including the hippocampus. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A survey of antibiotic prescribing and knowledge of penicillin allergy

Background Cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in patients with penicillin (PCN) allergy. Physicians' prescribing habits for patients with PCN allergy can vary. Objectives 1) Survey community and academic physicians, students, residents, and allergists on their tendencies to prescribe cephalosporins and/or perform PCN skin testing in patients with different histories of PCN allergy. 2) Evaluate PCN allergy knowledge in these groups. Methods A questionnaire consisting of four case scenarios and five true/false questions on PCN allergy was distributed at various conferences and by mailings. Results Three hundred seventy-eight completed surveys were analyzed. Given a patient with a history of rash with PCN, an equal number of allergists and nonallergists (36%) prescribed cephalosporins, although there was a difference between pediatricians (56%) and internists (22%). Given a history of PCN anaphylaxis, no allergists but 11% of nonallergists prescribed a cephalosporin. Skin testing was infrequently requested by nonallergists. The correct response rate for the true/false questions was 89% for allergists, community (63%) and academic (67%) physicians, pediatricians (61%), internists (67%), residents (68%), and students (68%). Pediatric residents had the highest (74%) and community pediatricians the lowest (59%) correct response rate. Conclusions There is marked variation in prescribing cephalosporins and in requesting PCN skin testing in patients with varied histories of PCN allergy. The survey results indicate a need for increased PCN allergy education.
Legislative Approaches to Drought Management

Droughts are a natural scourge with extremely serious socio-economic consequences, leading not only to human suffering and misery, but also to grave environmental deterioration. Some of the impacts of drought may be curbed through technological, economic and legal measures. This paper deals particularly with the last of these. Legal measures are grouped according to their objectives, such as: the mitigation of drought impacts; the regulation of water use; the control of production and distribution of goods and services; the regulation of the relationship between man and the environment; and the promotion of general socio-economic change. While developed countries have been able to manage production factors and promote, enact and enforce regulatory legislation, most developing countries face serious restrictions either to managing drought situations or to enforcing any kind of legislation intended to deal either with the impact of drought or with the artificial situations reinforcing these impacts.
Classical and Quantum Models of Activationless Reaction Dynamics

Two aspects of barrierless processes are discussed. Adiabatic processes are discussed briefly in the context of diffusion to a sink. Second, a multi-level Redfield theory is developed as a model for rate processes where vibrational relaxation and dephasing occur on the time scale of the electronic process. The results of numerical calculations are presented and deviations from the Golden Rule predictions discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging and peripheral blood abnormalities in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in twelve eynomologous macaques ( Macaco fascicularis ) by sensitization to autologous myelin basic protein (BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute number of lymphocytes and absolute numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell subsets were measured weekly. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the animals were monitored twice weekly for the development of central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Conventional spin-warp imaging was performed using a General Electric CSI-II NMR imager/spectrometer (2 Tesla magnet). CNS lesions were detected by MRI in all of the animals sensitized to myelin BP. Longitudinal analysis of their peripheral blood leukocytes revealed a progressive leukocytosis and lymphopenia, which always preceded the onset of clinical signs and almost always also preceded the formation of detectable CNS lesions. These results suggest that frequent analysis of T-cell subsets may provide a more accurate means of predicting episodes of disease activity than clinical or MRI evaluation.
Distribution of CGRP-, VIP-, D beta H-, SP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerves in the periosteum of the rat.

In light of the possible role peripheral nerves may play in bone metabolism, the morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P (SP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)-immunoreactive nerve fibers was examined in whole-mount preparations of periosteum of membranous bones (calvaria, mandible) and long bones (tibia) from the rat. Periosteum from animals treated to remove selectively either the sympathetic or fine-caliber primary afferent nerves was also examined to determine the origin of the nerve fibers. We found a consistent and often dense innervation of the periosteum. The innervation patterns of the calvaria and mandible were similar, with networks of nerves spread across the surface of the bone. Nerves in the tibial periosteum were oriented in the longitudinal axis and were more numerous at the epiphyses than in the mid-shaft region. CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were widely and densely distributed. The presence of populations of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers of differing calibers and perivascular arrangements suggests that such nerves in bone tissues may serve different functions. SP-immunoreactivity was present in a fine network of varicose fibers in the superficial layers of the periosteum. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were dramatically reduced in periosteum of capsaicin-treated animals as compared to controls, indicating the sensory origin of these nerves. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the periosteum of mandible and calvaria as small networks and individual fine varicose fibers. In tibial periosteum, larger networks of these fibers were visible. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the periosteum were associated with both vascular and nonvascular elements within the layers of cells closest to the bone, suggesting that VIP may serve more than one function in periosteal tissues. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were largely confined to vascular elements; occasional fibers were observed among the bone-lining cells. DβH-immunoreactivity was associated only with blood vessels. VIP-, NPY-, and DβH-immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in the periosteum of guanethidinetreated animals, indicating the sympathetic origin of these nerves.
Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on Genetic Evaluation of Dairy Sires and Cows

Data for milk yield and bovine somatotropin (bST) injections were obtained for 92,463 lactations of 51,986 Holstein cows in 222 commercial dairy herds that had used bST during the previous 3 yr. The overall rate of bST usage in these herds was 29%, and little difference occurred across lactations. A slightly higher percentage of cows with a low pretreatment phenotypic milk yield received bST, but there was no relationship between bST usage rate and the genetic potential of the cows, as measured by the PTA for milk of the sire. The mean starting date of bST administration was 147 d of lactation. Breeding values were estimated using three different animal models. In the first model, all data regarding bST injection were ignored. The second model included a fixed effect of bST injection (0 or 1 for each lactation). In the third model, data for bST injection were used to define management groups such that cows within a particular herd, year, and season of calving that received bST during the lactation were in a different management group from their contemporaries that did not receive bST. Correlations for EBV between sire and cow either ignoring bST or treating bST as a fixed effect were >0.999, and approximately 98% of selected individuals were chosen under both models. Use of bST information to define the management groups resulted in correlations >0.99; the EBV from models that either ignored bST or treated bST as a fixed effect had 92 to 95% of the selected individuals chosen by the other two models. The genetic correlation between lactation milk yield with and without bST treatment, which was estimated using a multiple-trait model, was 0.98, which indicated minimal interaction of genotype and bST. In general, bST treatment had little impact on the genetic selection decisions in this study.
Locomotor muscle profile of a deep (Kogia breviceps) versus shallow (Tursiops truncatus) diving cetacean.

When a marine mammal dives, breathing and locomotion are mechanically uncoupled, and its loco- motor muscle must power swimming when oxygen is lim- ited. The morphology of that muscle provides insight into both its oxygen storage capacity and its rate of oxygen consumption. This study investigated the m. longissimus dorsi, an epaxial swimming muscle, in the long duration, deep-diving pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) and the short duration, shallow-diving Atlantic bottlenose dol- phin (Tursiops truncatus). Muscle myoglobin content, fiber type profile (based upon myosin ATPase and succi- nate dehydrogenase assays), and fiber size were meas- ured for five adult specimens of each species. In addition, a photometric analysis of sections stained for succinate dehydrogenase was used to create an index of mitochon- drial density. The m. longissimus dorsi of K. breviceps dis- played significantly a) higher myoglobin content, b) larger proportion of Type I (slow oxidative) fibers by area, c) larger mean fiber diameters, and d) lower indices of mi- tochondrial density than that of T. truncatus. Thus, this primary swimming muscle of K. breviceps has greater ox- ygen storage capacity, reduced ATP demand, and likely a reduced rate of oxygen consumption relative to that of T. truncatus. The locomotor muscle of K. breviceps appears able to ration its high onboard oxygen stores, a feature that may allow this species to conduct relatively long du- ration, deep dives aerobically. J. Morphol. 274:663-675, 2013. ! 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Mississippi Years (1969-1974)

The 4 years that Michel Hersen spent at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (1970-1974) are described in this article from the viewpoint of his place in the history of the development of behavior analysis and therapy. The Department of Psychiatry at the University of Mississippi Medical Center became a leader in enhancing the role of psychologists as clinician researchers within psychiatry and applying basic findings from psychology to the bedside. A vigorous research program involving psychology residents and postdoctoral students, and psychology and psychiatry faculty emerged from this integration of science and practice. Many of the faculty members, including Michel Hersen, became leaders in the field of behavior therapy. Much of what was groundbreaking at the time is now commonplace within many medical schools.
Apply geometric duality to energy-efficient non-local phenomenon awareness using sensor networks

A powerful concept to cope with resource limitations and information redundancy in wireless sensor networks is the use of collaboration groups to distill information within the network and suppress unnecessary activities. When the phenomena to be monitored have large geographical extents, it is not obvious how to define these collaboration groups. This article presents the application of geometric duality to form such groups for sensor selection and non-local phenomena tracking. Using a dual-space transformation, which maps a non-local phenomenon (e.g., the edge of a half-plane shadow) to a single point in the dual space and maps locations of distributed sensor nodes to a set of lines that partitions the dual space, one can turn off the majority of the sensors to achieve resource preservation without losing detection and tracking accuracy. Since the group so defined may consist of nodes that are far away in physical space, we propose a hierarchical architecture that uses a small number of computationally powerful nodes and a massive number of power constrained motes. By taking advantage of the continuity of physical phenomena and the duality principle, we can greatly reduce the power consumption in non-local phenomena tracking and extend the lifetime of the network.
Naturalistic Observation of Adolescent Tobacco Use

A naturalistic observation study of adolescent tobacco use was conducted to corroborate previous studies which used self-report questionnaire or structured interview methods to study this problem behavior. Several findings converged with previous accounts of adolescent tobacco use. For example, most use occurred in small groups. However, other findings diverged somewhat from previous research in that an unexpectedly low number of offers of tobacco was observed, nonusers were present in smoking groups, and solitary smoking was common. These data suggest that direct, normative social pressure to use tobacco may not be as frequent as more subtle informational social influence, at least in high school adolescent tobacco use groups
Programs with common sense

Abstract : This paper discusses programs to manipulate in a suitable formal language (most likely a part of the predicate calculus) common instrumental statements. The basic program will draw immediate conclusions from a list of premises. These conclusions will be either declarative or imperative sentences. When an imperative sentence is deduced the program takes a corresponding action. These actions may include printing sentences, moving sentences on lists, and reinitiating the basic deduction process on these lists.
Discipline Yourself Before Life Disciplines You: Deficient Self-Regulation and Mobile Phone Unregulated Use

Excessive mobile phone use has gained attention in the media recently, where it has been associated with driving fatalities and productivity decrements as well as social embarrassment. To provide successful interventions, there is a need to understand why some mobile phone owners can't resist the urge to use their devices. Much prior research has investigated excessive use through the perspective of technology addiction. In the current study we digress from that perspective, and investigate deficient self-regulation as a possible lens to explain excessive mobile phone use and its associated negative consequences. Surveys were used for data collection (n=266). A Partial Least Squares analysis of Anxiety, Boredom, Deficient Self-Regulation, Habit and Mobile phone use (MPU) combined to explain Negative Consequences associated with MPU with 62.8% variance explained. The findings provide evidence on the role of deficient self-regulation in excessive MPU and provide useful insights about appropriate interventions.
A Modeling Study of Eulerian and Lagrangian Aspects of Shelf Circulation off Duck, North Carolina

The effects of wind-forced upwelling and downwelling on the continental shelf off Duck, North Carolina, are studied through experiments with a two-dimensional numerical primitive equation model. Moored and shipboard measurements obtained during August‐November 1994 as part of the Coastal Ocean Processes (CoOP) Inner Shelf Study (ISS) are used for model‐data comparisons. The model is initialized with realistic stratification and forced with observed wind and heat flux data. Both strongly stratified and weakly stratified conditions, found during August and October, respectively, are studied. August is characterized by fluctuating alongshelf wind direction, and October is dominated by downwelling-favorable winds. The across-shelf momentum balance is primarily geostrophic on the continental shelf. The alongshelf momentum balance is mainly between the Coriolis force and vertical diffusion with additional contributions from the local acceleration and nonlinear advection terms. The model solutions are utilized to acquire detailed information on the time- and space-dependent variability of the across-shelf circulation and transport and to investigate the dependence of this circulation on the seasonal change in stratification. When the stratification breaks down, as in October, the across-shelf transport is reduced significantly in comparison with the theoretical Ekman transport for large wind stress values. The paths of individual model water parcels are traced using two methods: calculation of Lagrangian trajectories and time evolution of three Lagrangian label fields. The August period produces complex Lagrangian dynamics because of the switching between upwelling and downwelling winds. The October period illustrates a mean downwelling response that advects parcels across and along the shelf and vertically.
A Review of: “Tanya Lyons. Guns and Guerrilla Girls: Women in the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle.”

Guns and Guerrilla Girls stands out among analyses of women in war and terrorism because it strikes a remarkably rare balance between the language of academic feminism, activism, history, and liter...
Control of skin cancer by the circadian rhythm

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. The main cause of this cancer is DNA damage induced by the UV component of sunlight. In humans and mice, UV damage is removed by the nucleotide excision repair system. Here, we report that a rate-limiting subunit of excision repair, the xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein, and the excision repair rate exhibit daily rhythmicity in mouse skin, with a minimum in the morning and a maximum in the afternoon/evening. In parallel with the rhythmicity of repair rate, we find that mice exposed to UV radiation (UVR) at 4:00 AM display a decreased latency and about a fivefold increased multiplicity of skin cancer (invasive squamous cell carcinoma) than mice exposed to UVR at 4:00 PM. We conclude that time of day of exposure to UVR is a contributing factor to its carcinogenicity in mice, and possibly in humans.
Echocardiography as a Marker of Cardiac end Organ Injury at a Young age

Coronary heart disease and stroke are two leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Risk factors have included obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, and they appear to influence left ventricular mass, geometry, and systolic and diastolic function as well as left atrial size. Echocardiography is a non-invasive tool to assess these effects in children and should be utilized as a preventive as well as a diagnostic modality, as measurements from echocardiography may define an intermediate phenotype between risk and clinical endpoints. Information regarding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the echocardiographic changes, the risk for future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and the effects of intervention can be derived from research.
MIMO-OFDMA Measurements; Reception, Testing, and Evaluation of WiMAX MIMO Signals With a Single Channel Receiver

The number of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems is expected to sharply increase in the near future. Engineers who need to test these systems face two difficulties: 1) the lack of descriptive instructions to conduct reliable measurements and 2) the increased hardware cost due to the need for multiple transmitters and receivers. This paper first introduces all the measurable parameters of MIMO-OFDMA systems and provides a clear guide in performing the measurements specific to various parts of the system. Then, it proposes the implementation of the reception of MIMO-OFDMA signals using a single receiver rather than multiple receivers. For this purpose, impairments related to each of the radio frequency front-end components are investigated. The challenges of MIMO-OFDMA measurements are addressed in comparison with single-input single-output measurements. A complete procedure is provided to receive and perform impairment estimation for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) MIMO signals using a single receiver according to the IEEE 802.16 Standards.
Clinicopathological features of thymic carcinomas and the impact of histopathological agreement on prognostical studies

OBJECTIVES: Thymic carcinomas have wide ranges of reported survival. Interobserver agreement on diagnosis might affect prognostical studies. Clinicopathological features of thymic carcinomas were compared with thymic epithelial neoplasms in which pathologists disagreed upon. METHODS: Patients treated with thymic epithelial neoplasms were reviewed. Three thoracic pathologists independently classified all cases according to the World Health Organization classification. The study group comprised cases in which all pathologists agreed independently on thymic carcinomas. A disagreement group included cases in which pathologists disagreed upon the diagnosis. Tumours were staged according to the modified Masaoka and tumour-node metastasis (TNM) stages. Time-to-death was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Survival outcomes were assessed with the Cox proportional-hazards regression. RESULTS: In the study group, 25 of 29 patients presented with symptoms but no autoimmune diseases. Masaoka stage III (18 of 29) and TNM stage III (13 of 24) were most common. Complete tumour resection was achieved in 17 of 29. Four patients had metastasis at diagnosis, and 12 developed metastasis/recurrence post-treatment. The estimated 5-year survival was 35.6%, and recurrence/metastasis-free survival was 34.2%. Overall survival was associated with weight loss (P= 0.02) and metastasis/recurrence with morphology (P= 0.009). In the disagreement group, most disagreements occurred between type B3 thymomas and carcinomas (21 of 29). Twentyfour of the 29 patients presented with symptoms, including autoimmune disorders (12 of 29). Masaoka stage III (10 of 29) and TNM stage IV (10 of 17) were most common. Twenty-one of the 29 underwent complete tumour resection. The estimated 5-year survival was 64.9%. Two patients had metastasis at diagnosis and eight developed metastasis/recurrence post-treatment. The study group had significantly more patients with chest pain and additional treatment than the disagreement group (P= 0.005 and 0.044, respectively). The disagreement group had more patients with myasthenia gravis and a higher TNM stage (P= 0.0003 and 0.025, respectively). The risks of death and recurrence/metastasis were significantly higher in the study group than the disagreement group [P= 0.025, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.44 and P= 0.012, HR = 3.23, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Thymic carcinomas were diagnosed at high stages and the overall prognosis appeared relatively poor. Autoimmune disease was not a manifestation of thymic carcinomas. Weight loss was associated with survival. The disagreement group in contrast had more patients with autoimmune syndrome and, despite a higher stage, had a better survival, suggesting that interobserver variability in the histopathological classification of thymic carcinomas vs thymomas leads to prognostical variability.
Practical algorithms for crosswell seismic imaging

The goal of high resolution Crosswell Seismic Profiling is to image weak and small scale heterogeneities imbedded in a background of strong, large scale variations. This model is appropriate for many geological environments and reservoir delineation and monitoring applications. One `practical' approach is to separate the imaging problem into transmission traveltime tomography and reflection segments. The travel times are used first to image the large scale velocity variations that refract the waves. The full wavefield is then pre-processed to enhance primary reflections and mapped or migrated. This segmented approach is verified with tests on field data recorded in a carbonate oil reservoir. Traveltime tomography is found to resolve velocity features of the order of 1 - 2 wavelengths. Structural features as small as 1/2 wavelength are imaged with reflection methods.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
3D numerical thermal stress analysis of the high power target for the SLC positron source

The volumetrically nonuniform power deposition of the incident 33 GeV electron beam in the SLC positron source target is hypothesized to be the most likely cause of target failure. The resultant pulsed temperature distributions are known to generate complicated stress fields with no known closed-form analytical solution. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses of these temperature distributions and associated thermal stress fields in the new high power target are described. Operational guidelines based on the results of these analyses combined with assumptions made about the fatigue characteristics of the exotic target material are proposed. >
Squamous carcinoma in a major salivary gland: a review of the diagnostic considerations.

Abstract Context.—Squamous carcinoma in a major salivary gland has several possible sources: (1) high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, (2) metastasis or direct invasion from a primary skin carcinoma, (3) metastasis from a distant primary carcinoma, or (4) a primary malignant neoplasm. The latter is conventionally regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion after a history of squamous carcinoma elsewhere has been obtained or there is a positive mucin stain. Design.—Eleven cases of squamous carcinoma in a major salivary gland are presented and the literature reviewed. Results.—Two cases, 1 metastatic from a histologically identical squamous carcinoma from the ipsilateral tonsil and 1 with in situ squamous carcinoma in a duct, demonstrated positive mucicarmine stains. Two cases were high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, also with positive mucin stains. Five cases represented metastases from cutaneous squamous carcinomas. Only 2 cases were regarded as primary carcinomas. There were no histologic clues as to correct s...
Cyperus paramoensis (Cyperaceae), a New Sedge Species from Northwestern South America

Abstract. Cyperus paramoensis G. C. Tucker (Cyperaceae) is described from Boyaca, Colombia, as a new species. It occurs in paramo vegetation in the northern Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. Its closest relative is C. svensonii G. C. Tucker, from which it differs in its shorter culms, 1–3(−5) cm tall, and dull brown spikelets. This species is placed in Cyperus L. subg. Cyperus sect. Umbellati (C. B. Clarke) Kuk., because it has cylindrical spikelets with a winged deciduous rachilla and one or two (three) floral scales.
Is Nitrate Necessary to Biological Life Support

Urea is 85% of the recycled nitrogen in a life support system. Urea is quickly converted to NH4 + but nitrification to NO3 - is difficult. Supplying NH4 + directly to plants eliminates the need for a nitrifying bioreactor. Most plant physiology textbooks indicate that NH4 + is toxic to plants, but we now know that this may not be true if pH is rigorously controlled. However, the longterm effects of high NH4 + /NO3 - uptake ratios are poorly understood. In four studies, two cultivars of wheat were grown to maturity with NH4 + /NO3 - ratios from 0 to 0.85 in recirculating hydroponic solution. In the third and fourth studies, NH4 + was supplied as (NH 4)2SO4, NH 4Cl, or both. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there was no beneficial effect of supplying 25% of the N as NH4 + compared to a nitrate control. The high NH4 + treatment (85% NH4 + ) reduced seed yield by 20% in the first two studies, but yield was not reduced in the third and fourth studies. Increasing calcium and potassium supply in the nutrient solution appears to be critical to ameliorating the detrimental effects of NH 4 + . Seed protein concentration was increased from 17 to 22% at the highest NH4 + level. These studies indicate that it may be possible to eliminate the need to recycle N as NO3 - in regenerative
Regulation of Nlrp3 inflammasome by dietary metabolites

The bidirectional communication between innate immune cells and energy metabolism is now widely appreciated to regulate homeostasis as well as chronic diseases that emerge from dysregulated inflammation. Macronutrients-derived from diet or endogenous pathways that generate and divert metabolites into energetic or biosynthetic pathways – regulate the initiation, duration and cessation of the inflammatory response. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important innate sensor of structurally diverse metabolic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that has been implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders associated with caloric excess, adiposity and aging. Understanding the regulators of immune-metabolic interactions and their contribution towards chronic disease mechanisms, therefore, has the potential to reduce disease pathology, improve quality of life in elderly and promote the extension of healthspan. Just as specialized subsets of immune cells dampen inflammation through the production of negative regulatory cytokines; specific immunoregulatory metabolites can deactivate inflammasome-mediated immune activation. Here, we highlight the role of energy substrates, alternative fuels and metabolic DAMPs in the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and discuss potential dietary interventions that may impact sterile inflammatory disease.
Psychological Effects of Urban Crime Gleaned from Social Media.

Exposure to frequent crime incidents has been found to have a negative bearing on the well-being of city residents, even if they are not themselves a direct victim. We pursue the research question of whether naturalistic data shared on Twitter may provide a “lens” to understand changes in psychological attributes of urban communities (1) immediately following crime incidents, as well as (2) due to long-term exposure to crime. We analyze half a million Twitter posts from the City of Atlanta in 2014, where the rate of violent crime is three times of the national average. In a first study, we develop a statistical method to detect changes in social media psychological attributes in the immediate aftermath of a crime event. Second, we develop a regression model that uses historical (yearlong) crime to predict Twitter negative emotion, anxiety, anger, and sadness. We do not find significant changes in social media affect immediately following crime in Atlanta. However we do observe significant ability of historical crime to account for heightened negative emotion and anger in the future. Our findings have implications in gauging the utility of social media to infer longitudinal and population-scale patterns of urban well-being.
The Asclepian rod and the return of Psychiatry to its home in medicine and neuroscience.

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently adopted the symbol of the rod (or Staff) of Asclepius, the Greek god of healing, embedded within the brain as its logo. The attached sketch by this author was made at the Wayne State School of Medicine in front of which is a statue of Asclepius (Fig. 1). Also shown in the inset is a sketch of the new APA logo. Asclepius, son of Apollo, is said to have lived between 12th and 5th century BC, and was considered as the ideal physician. Temple complexes in ancient Greece, called Asklepions, were centers for healing practices. The staff of Asclepius has a single serpent winding around a rod or tree trunk, and figures as the symbol for many medical organizations around the world, including the World Health Organization. However, some medical organizations use the caduceus with two serpents winding around a winged rod, which is the symbol of Hermes (or mercury, a greeco-roman god. Hermes was associated more with magical incantations rather than medicine; thus, the use of the caduceus as a symbol of medicine has been thought to be erroneous (Wilcox et al., 2003). The APA’s previous logo, since 1921, was the picture of Benjamin Rush, who is considered to be the father of American
Reflections on spinal reflexes.

Over the past four decades, the understanding of proprioceptive spinal reflexes has advanced far more rapidly than generally considered. This problem could be largely obviated in undergraduate and graduate training programs if the topic of reflexes was introduced subsequent to the concept and mechanisms of pattern generation within the central nervous system. The key advantage would then be that the neuroscience community as a whole would gain appreciation of the fact that proprioceptive reflexes are not hard-wired but rather are context-and phase-dependent, with the central nervous system selecting input-output pathways appropriate for the task at hand.
Evaluation of outcomes before and after electronic medical record (EMR) and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system implementation in an outpatient oncology setting

17058 Background: Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) in electronic medical records (EMR) has been recognized as an important tool in optimal health care provision that can reduce errors and ...
FROG at high NA: Quantifying the Excitation Fields for Multiphoton Microscopy

Parallel multiphoton imaging of multiple focal planes while employing single element detection is demonstrated. This novel imaging modality enables three-dimensional specimen volumes to be recorded simultaneously in dynamic fashion. Article not available.
Destruction of Listeria monocytogenes by sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium sanitizers

The antimicrobial effects of two commonly used dairy plant sanitizers on Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 were studied. The two sanitizers used were commercial sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC). The effects were studied on L. monocytogenes in vitro and on stainless steel chips inoculated with the organism. Cells were exposed to concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm chlorine and QAC for 1, 2, and 5 minutes, and neutralized with tryptic soy broth. Decreases in cell numbers ranged from 3-logs to >4-logs in vitro, whereas with the stainless steel, it ranged from 1-log to >4-logs. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were done to evaluate the attachment characteristics of L. monocytogenes as compared to those of Escherichia coli on stainless steel. L. monocytogenes was found to produce a fibrous-like material similar in appearance to acidic polysaccharide fibrils produced by Pseudomonas sp., which appeared to be removed by the sanitizer solutions.
Issues Surrounding the Use of Virtual Reality in Geographic Education.

As with all classroom innovations intended to improve geographic education, the adoption of virtual reality (VR) poses issues for consideration prior to endorsing its use. Of these, effectiveness, ...
Report on a Proposed Series of Denominational Histories to be Published under the Auspices of the American Society of Church History

It seems unfortunate that a matter of so great importance as the enterprise before us should run the risk of receiving less attention than it deserves from wanting a worthier advocate. It may not be out of place if I relate some of the circumstances that have led to my occupying the present position. Early in 1887, in a conversation with Dr. Schaff, I learned with regret that it was not his intention to continue his admirable “History of the Christian Church” beyond the middle of the seventeenth century. His determination to close his work at this date was due, as I remember, to two considerations—advancing age and fulness of occupation, and the complexity of more recent Church history that makes it more suitable for monographic treatment than for treatment in general works. This conversation suggested to me the desirability of a uniform series of denominational histories, written, as far as possible, in the spirit of Dr. Schaff's general history, and, in a sense, forming a continuation of that work. My thought was that each monograph should be prepared by one of the best qualified Church historians of the denomination of which it should treat, and that the series should be prepared under a general editorship.
Which Technologies are Included in Patent Pools? How Market and Social Factors Impact Selection

Patent pools are a unique form of research and development (R&D) consortium in which licensor firms (technology sellers) bundle together essential patents for licensing out to each other and to third-party licensee firms (technology buyers). Over the last hundred years, governments rarely approved patent pools because of concerns about excessive or inappropriate knowledge sharing among participating firms and the possibility of anti-competitive activity. However, in recent years, regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe enacted policy changes and sanctioned the formation of patent pools in a variety of industries that are economically and technologically important. In this study, we utilize the formation of patent pools as a natural experiment for testing a much debated proposition in organizational research ––– market-based versus network- based explanations for technology selection by firms. For the patents which technology sellers seek to license out to technology buyers, we posit that bo...
Mass rearing of radioisotope-tagged larval ticks for ecological investigations.

The results of 3 years of experience with mass rearing Radio labeled larval ticks for use in field studies are reported. Mass rearing was done with the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say); the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.); and the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni Stiles; small numbers of tagged larvae of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), also were reared. Inoculation of 14C glucose into engorged, procreant females of these 4 species was done to provide sufficient suitably tagged larvae to meet the needs of field programs, ranging from only a few thousand in 1 species to approximately 250,000 per year in another species. Evaluation of the mass rearing program revealed that yields of suitably tagged larvae were substantially less than predicted in previous published studies. Responsibility for the reduced yield was attributed, primarily, to decreases in transtadial transmission efficiency (eggs to larvae) and percent hatching, both of which were less than expected. Nevertheless, the planned overproduction of tagged larvae compensated for these reductions in yield (except in 1 instance). The program was found to be practical both in yield and economics.
Revising accreditation processes and standards to address current challenges in dental education.

Accreditation is an important lever for change in dental education. It is an agent, and agency, that has stimulated and guided contemporary dental education for nearly a century. In this summary, I present a case for revising accreditation processes and standards in order to address the challenges
Translocation of bacteriophage across the intestinal wall of the rat.

SummaryIn the rat, coli phage strain T1 has been shown to be translocated from the lumen of the intestine to the blood via the regional lymphatic system.
Ovarian pregnancy. A case report emphasizing the need for careful histologic review.

BACKGROUND : A high index of suspicion and careful review of the histology are needed to recognize ovarian pregnancy. CASE : An ovarian pregnancy presented clinically as a typical tubal pregnancy ; the diagnosis was missed until a careful review of the histology was repeated by the clinician and pathologist together. CONCLUSION : A missed diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy may be common without a high index of suspicion.
Assessing the Practices of Population-Based Birth Defects Surveillance Programs Using the CDC Strategic Framework, 2012

OBJECTIVE We assessed the practices of U.S. population-based birth defects surveillance programs in addressing current and emergent public health needs. METHODS Using the CDC Strategic Framework considerations for public health surveillance (i.e., lexicon and standards, legal authority, technological advances, workforce, and analytic capacity), during 2012 and 2013, we conducted a survey of all U.S. operational birth defects programs (n=43) soliciting information on legal authorities, case definition and clinical information collected, types of data sources, and workforce staffing. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews with nine program directors to further understand how programs are addressing current and emergent needs. RESULTS Three-quarters of birth defects surveillance programs used national guidelines for case definition. Most birth defects surveillance programs (86%) had a legislative mandate to conduct surveillance, and many relied on a range of prenatal, postnatal, public health, and pediatric data sources for case ascertainment. Programs reported that the transition from paper to electronic formats was altering the information collected, offering an opportunity for remote access to improve timeliness for case review and verification. Programs also reported the growth of pooled, multistate data collaborations as a positive development. Needs identified included ongoing workforce development to improve information technology and analytic skills, more emphasis on data utility and birth defects-specific standards for health information exchange, and support to develop channels for sharing ideas on data interpretation and dissemination. CONCLUSION The CDC Strategic Framework provided a useful tool to determine the birth defects surveillance areas with positive developments, such as multi-state collaborative epidemiologic studies, and areas for improvement, such as preparation for health information exchanges and workforce database and analytic skills. Our findings may inform strategic deliberations for enhancing the effectiveness of birth defects surveillance programs.
Flow Field Visualization by Micro-PIV in an X-shaped Microfluidic Channel with Two Streams

In order to well design a microfluidic fuel cell, a preliminary study of flow field visualization by micro-PIV in an X-shaped microfluidic channel with two streams was performed. Both streams with either the same or different flow rates were fed through two branches of an X-shaped microchannel. The visualization results show that the multi-streams for all tests are kept laminar over entire channel even if the different flow rates are fed. Besides, the X-shaped microchannel was confirmed that such design could separate two streams without any mixing at the exit of the main channel for further utilization of these liquids.
Nothing Cures Malaise Quite Like Torture

This chapter takes up the phenomenon of “earned opposition,” the role of torture and sacrifice in legitimizing speech, arguing that the desire for proof of suffering also inflects the political terrain in which demands for change are pressed. It puts forth the claim that these attempts to authenticate via suffering arise in the wake of the failures of the procedures of the regime of inquiry, on the one hand, and inflationary pressures affecting the visual in the regime of examination, on the other.