cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Equation-Free Computation to Accelerate Network-Free Stochastic Simulation of Chemical Kinetics.

The chemical kinetics of many complex systems can be concisely represented by reaction rules, which can be used to generate reaction events via a kinetic Monte Carlo method that has been termed network-free simulation. Here, we demonstrate accelerated network-free simulation through a novel approach to equation-free computation. In this process, variables are introduced that approximately capture system state. Derivatives of these variables are estimated using short bursts of exact stochastic simulation and finite differencing. The variables are then projected forward in time via a numerical integration scheme, after which a new exact stochastic simulation is initialized and the whole process repeats. The projection step increases efficiency by bypassing the firing of numerous individual reaction events. As we show, the projected variables may be defined as populations of building blocks of chemical species. The maximal number of connected molecules included in these building blocks determines the degree ...
Iterated Function Systems and Transfer Operators

In this chapter, we will discuss an application of general results about transfer operators, that were proved in previous chapters, to a family of examples based on the notion of iterated function system (IFS).
Visualization of a helicopter rotor hub wake

Experiments were conducted on a 1:17 model-scale helicopter rotor hub in the Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory 12-inch diameter Water Tunnel. Qualitative methods were used to investigate the interaction between the rotor hub and a canonical engine pylon upper surface. Oil paint visualization showed flow separation on the engine pylon and a high degree of interaction between the hub and pylon flows. Fluorescent dye injection revealed significant differences in the unsteady flow character between advancing and retreating sides of the rotor hub. Stereo particle image velocimetry was used in the wake of an isolated hub configuration to quantify the spatial and phase-dependent variations in wake velocity, revealing a wake bias towards the advancing side and, unexpectedly, a phase-averaged unsteadiness bias towards the retreating side. In general, a previously unavailable broad view of the rotor hub flowfield was obtained.
INTERACTION OF DISULFIRAM WITH HORSE LIVER ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interaction of disulfiram with horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Two major forms of horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase have been isolated that react irreversibly with disulfiram in vitro at different rates. The pI 5 isozyme, presumably a mitochondrial enzyme, is inactivated by disulfiram at much slower rates than is the cytosolic, pI 6, isoenzyme. When studying the inactivation of the pI 5 isozyme by disulfiram, it was found that the inactivation rate varied considerably depending upon experimental conditions. Therefore, an investigation was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of factors affecting ALDH inactivation by disulfirain in vitro as part of a long-range objective to ultimately better understand inactivation in vivo.
How Robust are the Profits from Assuming Risks Internal to Turkey's Securities Markets?

In earlier work we examined a GARCH-M model of Turkey's Securities Markets, using it to conduct two tests of the Efficient Market Hypothesis in these markets. We found a surprising result - that we could form portfolio return estimates from a modified CAPM that led to the conclusion that the highest expected return portfolio of Turkish and world securities varied over time In subsequent research we demonstrated that a specific trading rule based on these results led to very high dollar profits in monthly transactions over a 15-year period. We now examine possible explanations for this result. We find that our in-sample result was due primarily to the model's identification of the impact of the real risk in Turkey's security markets on our portfolio's expected returns. We consider the relevance of our results to testing of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, usually identified with a buy-and-hold strategy rather than the active trading strategy of our analysis. We argue that our results are nonetheless consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis, in the presence of market segmentation. Finally, using a bootstrap test, we examined whether trading profits were robust to changes in the historical evolution of the data under the null hypothesis that the model was a true description of the behavior of the portfolio and the distribution function of residuals was the population distribution of forecasting errors. We found that the performance of trading profits was not robust under these conditions. We conclude that there is little doubt that the volatility of markets in Turkey is an important part of the evolution of Turkish common stock returns series. However we also see that although using this information can lead to higher expected returns to market participants, expecting to generate above average returns based on price information from our model is a risky enterprise. Unlike the apparent behavior of the long run market risk premium in the United States, it appears that the unique risks of Turkey's securities markets do not decline in the long run.
Modeling for the Impact of Anesthesia on Neural Activity in the Auditory System

In this paper, mathematical models for the auditory system were derived to characterize the impact of anesthesia on auditory systems and mechanism of hearing damage. The auditory system was represented by a model with external sound stimuli as the input and the neuron firing rates as the output, and represented as a black-box input-output system. Two parallel subsystem models were developed: an ARX model for the auditory system under external stimuli and an ARMA model for the spontaneous activities of the neurons in primary auditory cortex. The models provide a quantitative characterization of anesthesia’s impacts and describe the mechanism of hearing loss on auditory transmission channels.
Schadenfreude and the spread of political misfortune

Schadenfreude is a social emotion that describes one’s happiness at the misfortune of others. Because people experience schadenfreude to different extents, it can also be considered a trait. The present research aimed to develop a trait measure of schadenfreude and investigate the relationship between schadenfreude and political downfalls. We developed an item pool and used exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Study 2) factor analyses to establish a 12-item, two-factor schadenfreude measure: benign and malicious. We also assessed its test–retest reliability (Study 3) and convergent validity with related measures (Study 4). Findings supported a two-factor schadenfreude measure that produced valid and reliable scores (Studies 1–4). In an experiment, we found a positive correlation between episodic—but not trait—schadenfreude on spreading news of a politician’s downfall (Study 5). Using a 3 (Political affiliation: Democrat, Republican, or other) × 3 (Manipulated condition: Democrat, Republican, or CEO) design, we examined the extent to which participants’ schadenfreude predicted their intentions and choices to share an embarrassing news story about a politician or CEO via social media. Schadenfreude can be assessed as a reliable trait—one that may help us predict why some people intend to spread news of embarrassing political failures.
APL Distal Insertion Variability: Cadaveric Variation in Abductor Pollicis Longus Accessory Slip Insertion Site

Fifteen cadaveric specimens where dissected to identify the insertion site(s) of Abductor Pollicis Longus tendon and accessory slips. Thirteen dissections revealed accessory slips with variable insertion sites leaving only two specimens with a single APL insertion. Eight dissections revealed three APL slips, three with three APL slips and two with four slips. APL slip insertion sites included: 20 slips inserting of the first metacarpal base, 13 slips inserting on the Trapezium and 2 on the Oppenens Pollicis. Variation was noted in both presents and number of accessory slips of the APL as well as accessory slip insertion sites.
Towards fabrication of mid-IR FPAs with enhanced sensitivity and reduced dark current by using integration with microspherical arrays

It was demonstrated previously that the efficiency of light collection by individual pixels of mid-wave infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs) can be enhanced by using dielectric microspheres, which provide concentration of light with large angle-of-view. This approach allows miniaturizing photodetector mesas to reduce their thermal current that, in turn, helps increasing the operating temperature of FPAs. In this work, we develop a technology of parallel integration of thousands of microspheres with the pixels. We fabricated microhole arrays and used them as suction grippers for microspheres. It is shown that in large-scale arrays formed by microspheres with several tenths microns in diameter, the fabrication errors below ∼1% can be obtained. The fabrication errors can be significantly reduced in arrays formed by larger (>100 microns) microspheres.
REFoCUS: Ultrasound Focusing for the Software Beamforming Age

We demonstrate the use of Retrospective Encoding For Conventional Ultrasound Sequences (REFoCUS) to estimate the full synthetic aperture data set for pulse-inversion harmonic imaging with various steered transmit focal geometries. Using only knowledge of the applied transmit focal delays, it was possible to create equivalent harmonic images from all but the most tightly focused transmit configuration. Differences in the effective aprintization as a result of the choice of focal depth were demonstrated using the recovered effective source elements. The technique was applied to cardiac imaging to enable a more aggressive spatial compounding scheme than is possible with conventional receive channel data, resulting in a 33.3% improvement in contrast-to-noise ratio compared to only 17.2% with receive compounding.
Analysis of Frames Loaded into the Plastic Range

Presented precise method of analysis involves determination of compatible moment of rotation of joint by intersection of 2 moment vs end rotation curves of adjoining members; effects of initial residual stresses and instability of beam columns are considered; it is shown by example how behavior of frames may be predicted after attainment of ultimate loads; frames are assumed to fail by excessive bending in plane of loading.
Learning State-Dependent Neural Modulation Policies with Bayesian Optimization

Neural modulation is becoming a fundamental tool for understanding and treating neurological diseases and their implicated neural circuits. Given that neural modulation interventions have high dimensional parameter spaces, one of the challenges is selecting the stimulation parameters that induce the desired effect. Moreover, the effect of a given set of stimulation parameters may change depending on the underlying neural state. In this study, we investigate and address the state-dependent effect of medial septum optogenetic stimulation on the hippocampus. We found that pre-stimulation hippocampal gamma (33-50Hz) power influences the effect of medial septum optogenetic stimulation on during-stimulation hippocampal gamma power. We then construct a simulation platform that models this phenomenon for testing optimization approaches. We then compare the performance of a standard implementation of Bayesian optimization, along with an extension to the algorithm that incorporates pre-stimulation state to learn a state-dependent policy. The state-dependent algorithm outperformed the standard approach, suggesting that incorporating pre-stimulation can improve neural modulation interventions.
Indigenizing Quality of Life: The Goodness of Life for Every Alaska Native Research Study

The perspectives of Alaska Native (AN) peoples are rarely represented in quality of life (QOL) research. AN representation and voice is imperative to mitigating health disparities and in health promotion for AN peoples. To address these gaps, a sample of 15 AN people (six male, nine female) was recruited to participate in stakeholder QOL research. Five focus groups participated in activities that led participants to identify 28 themes; qualitative data analyses led researchers to identify seven additional themes. All 35 themes were integrated and reduced to the following nine culturally-grounded QOL themes: family, subsistence, access to resources, health and happiness, traditional knowledge and values, acts of self, providing, sobriety, and healing. These themes reflect the values of the participants and are exemplars of a culturally relevant, community based participatory research approach. Future research and health service implications – such as future development of a measure of AN QOL to improve wellness in healthcare settings and beyond – are discussed.
802.11ac and p in a Simulated VANET Environment

In the effort of making a more realistic simulation environment for VANET systems, we employ real traffic data to create a mobility scenario for ns-3. We then test how our simulated system performs when running different variations for network protocols. One version is optimized for general use, while the other is optimized for a VANET environment. We then evaluate how effective the optimizations for VANET are as well as the accuracy of our test system. We found that 802.11p performed better than 802.11ac in our simulated system in terms of both packet delivery and computational efficiency, and that our system seemed to be a reasonable model of the real world.
X-ray diffraction texture: features for material identification (Conference Presentation)

Polychromatic X-ray scatter is modulated in both angle and energy in a way that encodes a material’s crystalline texture. Various texture quantification metrics have been calculated from X-ray scatter which are typically most informative for fundamental material or crystallographic research. In this work, we quantify material crystalline texture from scatter measurements made using a tabletop energy and angle dispersive diffractometer and show that these X-ray scatter-based metrics have promise as complementary metrics to the material form factor and are particularly suited for material identification applications.
Preschool boys of color: Portraits of the population served by Head Start

Abstract This study uses a resiliency framework to provide a national portrait of the strengths and resources of low-income Black and Hispanic/Latino boys served by Head Start. Findings suggest that although low-income boys of color are a vulnerable subgroup, Black and Hispanic/Latino boys experience and exhibit a range of strengths during the Head Start year. Both groups live in cognitively stimulating and structured homes—their parents read to them frequently, they engage in other learning activities with their families, and their household routines are consistent. Both groups demonstrate progress towards same-age peers in social-emotional and many cognitive skills during the program year. Their classrooms include teachers who are experienced, educated, and from similar racial/ethnic backgrounds. The findings suggest that Head Start boys of color have access to environments that support their resilience, but there are some areas in which better supports could be provided. We discuss implications for programs and schools.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Mitotic Recombination in Budding Yeast

DNA break lesions pose a serious threat to the integrity of the genome. Eukaryotic cells can repair these lesions using the homologous recombination pathway that guides the repair reaction by using a homologous DNA template. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model system with which to study this repair mechanism and the resulting patterns of genomic change resulting from it. In this chapter, we describe an approach that utilizes whole-genome sequencing data to support the analysis of tracts of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) that can arise from mitotic recombination in the context of the entire diploid yeast genome. The workflow and the discussion in this chapter are intended to enable classically trained molecular biologists and geneticists with limited experience in computational methods to conceptually understand and execute the steps of genome-wide LOH analysis as well as to adapt and apply them to their own specific studies and experimental models.
"When in Doubt, Change It out": A Case-Based Simulation for Pediatric Residents Caring for Hospitalized Tracheostomy-Dependent Children.

Introduction Caring for technology-dependent children, such as those with tracheostomy and ventilator dependence, can be new and frightening for pediatric residents. Education about emergencies in ...
Metal-dielectric antennas for efficient photon collection from diamond color centers

A central challenge in quantum technologies based on atom-like defects is the efficient collection of the emitter’s fluorescence. Optical antennas are appealing as they offer directional emission together with spontaneous emission rate enhancement across a broad emitter spectrum. In this work, we introduce and optimize metal-dielectric nanoantenna designs recessed into a diamond substrate and aligned with quantum emitters. We analyze tradeoffs between external quantum efficiency, collection efficiency, radiative Purcell factor, and overall collected photon rate. This analysis shows that an optimized metal-dielectric hybrid structure can increase the collected photon rate from a nitrogen vacancy center by over two orders of magnitude compared to a bare emitter.
Targeting the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in obesity and diabetes

Abstract Obesity has become a global epidemic in the modern world with the numbers of obese individuals having risen at alarming rates in the last decades. Obesity represents a serious medical condition that can lead to multiple complications, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease including hypertension and atherosclerosis, stroke and increases in the risk of many types of cancer. Very few effective options exist to treat obesity, with many removed from the market due to associated complications. Obesity and metabolic syndrome display a sexual dichotomy, with (premenopausal) females displaying protection from weight gain and metabolic dysfunction compared to men. These beneficial effects are generally attributed to a class of female ovarian hormone, estrogens, which exert pleiotropic effects in multiple metabolic tissues, such as adipose, skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. Multiple receptors mediate the actions of estrogens, including the classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). While the roles of nuclear ERs are more established, evidence of GPER function in metabolic homeostasis is still emerging. In this review, we will discuss the latest advances concerning the contributions of GPER towards obesity and metabolism utilizing GPER-selective pharmacological (agonists or antagonists) or genetic (GPER knock out mice or cells) tools. We present evidence that GPER regulates body weight, fat distribution, inflammation and glucose and lipid homeostasis via effects on metabolic tissues. Selective agonism of GPER by its agonist G-1 can alleviate symptoms of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in multiple murine models, thereby limiting weight gain, reducing insulin resistance and inflammation and improving glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo. Thus, GPER represents a novel therapeutic target, with G-1 a first-in-class therapeutic agent, to treat obesity and its associated comorbidities, including diabetes.
The Heart Team 2021: Beta Version or General Release?

Medicine in general and cardiology, in particular, have undergone revolutionary advances in the past 40 years. The advent of interventional cardiology, first with percutaneous trans-catheter corona...
Cross talk between the endothelium and bone: vascular endothelial cells in bone development

Abstract Vascular endothelial cells play a critical role in bone formation and development. While the interplay between the endothelium and bone is complex and not yet fully understood, recent studies have revealed mechanisms behind endothelial influence on bone. Regulatory signals such as Vascular endothelial growth factor-A, matrix metalloproteinases, and fibroblast growth factors have been shown to influence the development, proliferation, and homeostasis of bone and the endothelium. Additionally, research in skeletal and systemic diseases and therapies has suggested the coupling of angiogenesis and proper bone development. Furthermore, advances in bone tissue engineering show the potential for implanted endothelial progenitor cells and signaling factors to accelerate fracture healing processes. Further investigations into the relationship between bone and vasculature could advance our understanding of bone formation, growth, and repair.
Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and neurological impairment at 10 years of age among children born extremely preterm: a prospective cohort

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and neurological impairment at 10 years of age among children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of gestation). DESIGN The Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) Study, a prospective cohort. SETTING Ten-year follow-up of extremely preterm infants born at 14 US hospitals between 2002 and 2004. METHODS Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure was defined as a mother's report at enrolment of active (i.e. maternal) and passive smoking during pregnancy. Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used. Models adjusted for mother's age, race/ethnicity, education, insurance, pre-pregnancy body mass index, US region, multiple gestation and infant's sex; and in sensitivity analysis, gestational age at delivery and clinical subtype of preterm birth, given their classification as intermediate and non-confounding variables. MAIN OUTCOMES Neurological impairment at 10 years, epilepsy, cerebral palsy and cognitive impairment. RESULTS Of 1200 ELGAN study survivors, 856 were assessed at 10 years of age with neurological outcomes, of whom 14% (118/856) had active tobacco exposure during pregnancy and 24% (207/852) had passive tobacco exposure. Compared with children who were not exposed prenatally to tobacco, children exposed to active tobacco use during pregnancy had a higher risk of epilepsy (14% versus 5%; adjusted relative risk: 1.68, 95% CI 1.45-1.92). This risk remained after adjustment for gestational age at delivery and clinical subtype of preterm birth. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure was not associated with other assessed neurological outcomes, including cerebral palsy and multiple measures of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Among children born extremely preterm, prenatal active tobacco smoke exposure was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy at 10 years of life. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Among infants born before 28 weeks of gestation, prenatal active tobacco smoke exposure was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy at 10 years of life.
Covid-19 skin manifestations: an update.

Purpose of review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 is a multisystemic disease manifesting mainly with dry cough, fever, and pneumonia and can present with a myriad of cutaneous manifestations. This chapter will review SARS-CoV-2 associated cutaneous findings, including incidence and relevance to the pediatric population. Recent findings The most commonly reported cutaneous findings described for COVID-19 in adults and children were chilblains-like lesions, followed by maculopapular eruption, urticarial lesions, vesicular lesions, and livedoid lesions. Children can also present with erythema multiforme (EM)-like lesions and skin findings associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Summary There are numerous cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, some of which are unique to children such as EM-like lesions and skin findings for MIS-C. Livedoid lesions do not commonly occur in the pediatric population. In mild cases, supportive care is indicated, whereas severe cases warrant intensive care and hospitalization.
On Footwork: Finding the Local in American Video Game History

U.S. video game history is often conducted with little reference to geography. The history of a game company, however, cannot be separated from the histories of the region where it is located and the people who work there. Paying attention to this regional dimension can reveal a wider purview for U.S. video game history—one that encompasses more than video games. The only way to achieve this regional perspective is through footwork: by showing up and doing local research using methods such as oral history. This chapter offers a personal case study on doing U.S. video game history from a regionalist perspective, focusing on the author’s fieldwork in Oakhurst, California, compiling source material for a research project on the computer game company Sierra On-Line.
High-level gene expression in Aedes albopictus cells using a baculovirus Hr3 enhancer and IE1 transactivator

Aedes aegypti is the key vector of both the Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever viruses throughout many parts of the world. Low and variable transgene expression levels due to position effect and position effect variegation are problematic to efforts to create transgenic laboratory strains refractory to these viruses. Transformation efficiencies are also less than optimal, likely due to failure to detect expression from all integrated transgenes and potentially due to limited expression of the transposase required for transgene integration. Expression plasmids utilizing three heterologous promoters and three heterologous enhancers, in all possible combinations, were tested. The Hr3/IE1 enhancer-trans activator in combination with each of the constitutive heterologous promoters tested increased reporter gene expression significantly in transiently transfected Aedes albopictus C7-10 cells. The addition of the Hr3 enhancer to expression cassettes and concomitant expression of the IE1 trans activator gene product is a potential method for increasing the level of transgene expression in insect systems. This mechanism could also potentially be used to increase the level of transiently-expressed transposase in order to increase the number of integration events in transposon-mediated transformation experiments.
Near Infrared Emission Lines in the Active Nuclei of Spiral Galaxies

This contribution surveys the dominant near infrared spectral features in AGNs and the physical regions associated with them. In particular those features which separate the central engine contributions from star formation activity are emphasized. The galaxies studied in this work display a range of main energy contributions from central engine dominated to star formation dominated. All galaxies, however, display contributions from both energy sources. Two of the galaxies, NGC 1068 and NGC 7469, display emission from the high ionization species Si X. This is the first observation of Si X in AGNs.
What Information Will a Statistician Need to Help Me With a Sample Size Calculation

As an investigator, one of the most pressing questions during the planning phase of a clinical trial is the sample size. It is desirable and necessary to include your statistician in the discussion of trial design well before the topic of sample size is broached, particularly in the case of innovative or adaptive designs. Although there are a multitude of available designs, we will focus on the 2-arm, superiority trial design wherein 2 groups of subjects are compared with respect to a given outcome of interest. The foundation of a trial design is the hypothesis of interest. At the end of the trial, one of two conclusions is possible: (1) there is sufficient evidence that the 2 groups are different (ie, reject the null hypothesis) or (2) there is NOT sufficient evidence that the 2 groups are different (ie, fail to reject the null hypothesis). Given this hypothesis, the first step is to define a primary end point that will be used to test the hypothesis. For example, if the null hypothesis states that there is no difference in the proportion of deaths between the treatment and control group, then the primary end point must be the proportion of deaths. Once the primary end point has been identified, it is important to discuss the trial design that will be used to collect information on the primary outcome (eg, parallel, factorial, or crossover designs). For the purpose of this article, it is assumed that investigators have already discussed these design issues with the statistician and are now ready to calculate the required sample size given the design parameters. We begin with the key components of a sample size calculation—statistical significance level and clinical effect size; we then expand the discussion with inflation of the sample size for protocol nonadherence and additional …
Inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. The role of cytochrome P-450-mediated uroporphyrinogen oxidation

It was previously shown that uroporphyrinogen oxidation is catalysed by a form of cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene [Sinclair, Lambrecht & Sinclair (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146, 1324-1329]. We have now measured uroporphyrinogen oxidation and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation simultaneously in 10,000 g supernatants from the livers of methylcholanthrene-treated mice and chick embryos incubated with an NADPH-generating system. We found that uroporphyrinogen oxidation is associated with inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. The decreased uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was not due to depletion of substrate, since decarboxylase activity was not increased by a 2.6-fold increase in uroporphyrinogen. Uroporphyrinogen oxidation and the associated inhibition of decarboxylase activity were also observed with liver supernatant from methylcholanthrene-treated chick embryo; both actions required the addition of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Uroporphyrinogen oxidation catalysed by microsomes from a methylcholanthrene-treated mouse inhibited the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in the 100,000 g supernatant. Ketoconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, prevented both uroporphyrinogen oxidation and the inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation. The addition of ketoconazole to mouse supernatant actively oxidizing uroporphyrinogen inhibited the oxidation and restored decarboxylation. The latter finding suggested that a labile inhibitor was formed during the oxidation. These results suggest uroporphyrinogen oxidation may be important in the mechanism of chemically induced uroporphyria.
Zooplankton body size and community structure: Effects of thermal and toxicant stress

Episodic heat waves and an increase in pesticide use are widely cited as consequences of climatic warming. Recent studies show that these stressors often cause declines in the mean body size of zooplankton. Results from laboratory and field studies, as well as observations from both thermal- or toxicant-stressed natural systems, show (1) reductions in mean body size within stressed populations, or (2) changes in community composition that favor small-bodied over large-bodied species. During the past decade, it has become widely accepted that a shift in zooplankton body size can dramatically affect water clarity, rates of nutrient regeneration and fish abundances. Thus, climatic warming and associated change in pesticide use has the potential to cause striking change in the structure and functioning of temperate-zone lakes.
Enshrining Past Lives: House Museums and the Lessons of Objects

These two books tell many tales. Together they span a century of America's social history from the Civil War to the 1950s: the dates are bounded in Patricia West's Domesticating History by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association's possession of George Washington's home in 1860 and by the establishment of Booker T. Washington's birthplace as a National Monument in 1956. Within this span, Laura Bragg's story unfolds, in Louise Anderson Allen's biography, in the early decades of the twentieth century. The books explicitly tell the tales of the politics-local, regional, national-behind the scenes in the establishment and growth of a sample of American museums. They also explore the changing role of women in the early history of America's museums. They recount collectively a tale of the evolving professionalization (and masculinization) of the museumadministration business. They tell tales of class differences in the creation and use of public museums, differences that still pertain today. And they recount the story of the sheer relentless hard work involved in establishing and maintaining a mission that can guide a museum. But one interesting tale told here has to do with the role of house museums and other community-based museums in enshrining past lives in frozen moments of goodness. That is part of the job of history and art museums, whose collections are high-quality and/or telling artifacts from the past and whose programs aim to tell us about how those objects "lived" and what they meant at the time. House museums, and variations such as period rooms and "period places" like the restored Colonial Williamsburg or Lincoln's Old Salem Village, are even more explicitly dedicated to portraying a past-usually but not always a somewhat-distant, premodern, past. I have noticed in many county historical museums a tendency to focus the
Heteroepitactic Growth of BaTiO3 on MgO by Pulsed-Laser Ablation

The microstructure of BaTiO3 thin-films deposited on MgO by pulsed-laser ablation has been examined by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The films were epitactic as evidenced by electron diffraction studies. Preliminary capacitance measurements on these films have shown clear evidence for a ferroelectric phase transition at ∼110°C.
How Does Leader Humility Influence Team Performance? Exploring the Mechanisms of Contagion and Collective Promotion Focus

Using data from 607 subjects organized into 161 teams (84 laboratory teams, 77 organizational field teams), we examined how leader humility influences team interaction patterns, emergent states, an...
An Optimum Method for Calculating Restricted Three-Body Orbits

The restricted three-body problem (RTBP) has in the past played an essential role in many different areas of dynamical astronomy, and indications are that this will continue. As the state of the art in computing becomes more advanced, larger numbers of integrations and longer durations are attempted. Thus, computational efficiency and accuracy are becoming more important. Also, the use of the RTBP in many different areas leads to the desire for a general integration method.
Isolation of a glycoprotein — glycolipid fraction from human erythrocyte membranes

Summary An ethanol fractionation procedure was developed for the isolation of glycoproteins from aqueous pyridine solubilized human erythrocyte membranes. The preparation resembles that obtained by extraction with phenol in its amino acid and carbohydrate composition and the presence of antigens. In addition to the glycoproteins the preparation contains glycolipid components.
The automatic extraction of pitch perturbation using microcomputers: some methodological considerations.

A program for the automatic extraction of jitter (PAEJ) was developed for the clinical measurement of pitch perturbations using a microcomputer. The program currently includes 12 implementations of...
Further notes on the application of zero-inflated models in highway safety

The intent of this note is to succinctly articulate additional points that were not provided in the original paper (Lord et al., 2005) and to help clarify a collective reluctance to adopt zero-inflated (ZI) models for modeling highway safety data. A dialogue on this important issue, just one of many important safety modeling issues, is healthy discourse on the path towards improved safety modeling. This note first provides a summary of prior findings and conclusions of the original paper. It then presents two critical and relevant issues: the maximizing statistical fit fallacy and logic problems with the ZI model in highway safety modeling. Finally, we provide brief conclusions.
Every norm is not logarithmically convex

This correspondence relates to the remark in a recent paper by D.G. Luenberger [ibid., vol. SSC-4, pp. 182-188, July 1968] that any norm defined on a vector space is a real convex function. Although this is a well-known fact in mathematics, a less well-known fact is that every logarithmically convex function is positive and convex, but not conversely, i.e., there are positive convex functions which are not logarithmically convex. As the above title indicates, norms are such functions. This mathematical remark relates to systems science through several areas of application where logarithmic convexity is a highly useful property. In particular, Klinger and Mangasarian ["Logarithmic convexity and geometric programming," J. Math. Anal. and Appl., vol. 24, pp. 388-408, November 1968] mention optimization of multiplicative criteria, reliability theory, and electrical network synthesis, and examine geometric programming in detail.
Resonance Raman Investigation of the Interaction of Thromboxane Synthase with Substrate Analogues

Thromboxane synthase is a hemethiolate enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane A2. We report the first resonance Raman (RR) spectra of recombinant human thromboxane synthase (TXAS) in both the presence and the absence of substrate analogues U44069 and U46619. The resting enzyme and its U44069 complex are found to have a 6-coordinate, low spin (6c/ls) heme, in agreement with earlier experiments. The U46619-bound enzyme is detected as a 6c/ls heme too, which is in contradiction with a previous conclusion based on absorption difference spectroscopy. Two new vibrations at 368 and 424 cm(-1) are observed upon binding of the substrate analogues in the heme pocket and are assigned to the second propionate and vinyl bending modes, respectively. We interpret the changes in these vibrational modes as the disruption of the protein environment and the hydrogen-bonding network of one of the propionate groups when the substrate analogues enter the heme pocket. We use carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (CTA2) to convert the TXAS heme cofactor to its 5-coordinate, high spin (5c/hs) form, as is confirmed by optical and RR spectroscopy. In this 5c/hs state of the enzyme, the Fe-S stretching frequency is determined at 350 cm(-1) with excitation at 356.4 nm. This assignment is supported by comparison to the spectrum of resting enzyme excited at 356.4 nm and by exciting at different wavelengths. Implications of our findings for substrate binding and the catalytic mechanism of TXAS will be discussed.
Parent socialization of coping in emerging adulthood: Moderation by respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Abstract This research examined respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSAR) as a moderator of the association between parent coping suggestions, or socialization of coping, and youths' responses to stress in emerging adulthood. Emerging adults (N = 156) reported their parents' coping suggestions and their own responses to interpersonal stress; RSAR was monitored as participants completed two laboratory challenges. Results revealed that emerging adults' sensitivity to parental encouragement to engage versus disengage from stress varied as a function of RSAR. Importantly, the RSAR profile (withdrawal vs. augmentation) associated with heightened sensitivity to coping suggestions varied as a function of the nature (interpersonal vs. noninterpersonal) of the laboratory challenge. In some cases, coping suggestions also predicted responses to stress independently of RSAR. This study extends previous work with children and adolescents and provides novel evidence that parasympathetic stress reactivity moderates the effects of parenting in emerging adulthood.
Modifying the Koul, Susarla and Van Ryzin estimator for linear regression models with right censoring

Abstract Koul, Susarla and Van Ryzin (1981) proposed a regression estimator for linear regression models with right censoring. Despite its computational advantages and well-explored theoretical properties, this estimation method has not been widely accepted because of its poor performance on the Stanford Heart Transplant data. We propose a simple modification to their method of estimation that substantially improves the resulting estimators. We demonstrate this using simulations, the Stanford Heart Transplant data and the leukemia data from Freireich (1963)
"The Need to Know": 1994 Senior Researcher Award Acceptance Address.

James C. Carlsen is the recipient of the MENC 1994 Senior Researcher Award. The following speech was presented on April 8, 1994, at a special session of the Society for Research in Music Education at MENC's National Biennial In-Service Conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Rational forecasts: On confirming ambiguity as the mother of conformity

Abstract The Rational Expectations Hypothesis claims that all available information is used in making forecasts. We contend that one of the pieces of information used by forecasters is the previous forecasts of others. Psychologists have demonstrated that under conditions of ambiguous stimuli. individuals frequently adapt their individual opinions so as to conform to peer opinions. Thus, we develop a Convergent Expectations Hypothesis, in which forecasters incorporate previous forecasts of other agents in forming their own expectations. The hypothesis is tested using data from six forecaster groups for four time periods. In all four time periods, forecasters appear to make considerable use of the prior consensus forecast in developing their own predictions. The resulting expectations may still be ‘rational’ in that there are psychological and perhaps financial benefits to conforming to the forecasts of professional peers.
Nonnull distribution of Wilks' statistic for Manova in the complex case

In this paper, the exact distribution of Wilks' likelihood ratio criterion, A, for MANOVA, in the complex case when the alternate hypothesis is of unit rank (i.e. the linear case) has been derived and the explicit expressions for the same for p = 2 and 3 (where p is the number of variates) and general f1 (the error degrees of freedom) and f2 (the hypothesis degrees of freedom), are given. For an unrestricted number of variables, a general form of the density and the distribution of A in this case, is also given. It has been shown that the total integral of the series obtained by taking a few terms only, rapidly approaches the theoretical value one as more terms are taken into account, and some percentage points have also been computed.
Dry mass of Fusarium roseum spores before and after germination

The total dry mass of Fusarium roseum spores and contained lipid bodies were determined before and after spores germinated using quantitative interference microscopy. The mean for spore dry mass before germination was about 57 pg. Lipid bodies accounted for about 61% of that. Areas of lipid bodies in spores before and after germination were about 23 % but the contents of the lipid bodies accounted for only 10% of the spore dry mass after germination. The total dry mass of the spore and germ tube(s) greatly exceeded that of the spore before germination. We infer that nutrients for germ tube growth are derived from within the germinating spore and from the medium which must contain nutrients leached from non-germinating spores.
The Endocannabinoid System Tonically Regulates Inhibitory Transmission and Depresses the Effect of Ethanol in Central Amygdala

The central amygdala (CeA) has a major role in alcohol dependence and reinforcement, and behavioral and neurochemical evidence suggests a role for the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in ethanol binging and dependence. We used a slice preparation to investigate the physiological role of cannabinoids and their interaction with ethanol on inhibitory synaptic transmission in CeA. Superfusion of the cannabinoid receptor (CB1) agonist WIN55212-2 (WIN2) onto CeA neurons decreased evoked GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect prevented by the CB1 antagonists Rimonabant (SR141716, SR1) and AM251. SR1 or AM251 applied alone augmented IPSPs, revealing a tonic eCB activity that decreased inhibitory transmission in CeA. Paired-pulse analysis suggested a presynaptic CB1 mechanism. Intracellular BAPTA abolished the ability of AM251 to augment IPSPs, demonstrating the eCB-driven nature and postsynaptic origin of the tonic CB1-dependent control of GABA release. Superfusion of ethanol increased IPSPs and addition of WIN2 reversed the ethanol effect. Similarly, previous superfusion of WIN2 prevented subsequent ethanol effects on GABAergic transmission. The ethanol-induced augmentation of IPSPs was additive to CB1 blockade, ruling out a participation of CB1 in the action of acute ethanol. Our study points to an important role of CB1 in CeA in which the eCBs tonically regulate neuronal activity, and suggests a potent mechanism for modulating CeA tone during challenge with ethanol.
Finite-difference modeling of laser ablation of tissue

Finite-difference modeling offers a flexible approach toward modeling tissue ablation. The model presented here considers optical penetration of the laser, thermal diffusion, water diffusion, surface evaporation, carbonization, and subsurface explosive vaporization. An example simulation considers near-infrared diode laser heating and ablation of a low- absorption nonscattering tissue which has been superficially stained with an absorbing dye (indocyanine green, ICG). Computer simulation illustrates 5 distinct phases of the process: (1) initial heating due to ICG absorption, (2) evaporation with surface clamped at 100 degree(s)C which desiccates surface layer, (3) heating of surface after desiccation has slowed evaporation, (4) rapid heating after onset of carbonization due to combination of desiccation and heating, and (5) subsurface explosive vaporization which removes a superficial tissue layer and exposes a fresh surface which repeats the above cycle.
Neo-Logicism and Russell's Logicism

Certain advocates of the so-called "neo-logicist" movement in the philosophy of mathematics identify themselves as "neo-Fregeans" (e.g., Hale and Wright), presenting an updated and revised version of Frege’s form of logicism. Russell’s form of logicism is scarcely discussed in this literature and, when it is, often dismissed as not really logicism at all (in light of its assumption of axioms of infinity, reducibility and so on). In this paper I have three aims: firstly, to identify more clearly the primary meta-ontological and methodological differences between Russell’s logicism and the more recent forms; secondly, to argue that Russell’s form of logicism offers more elegant and satisfactory solutions to a variety of problems that continue to plague the neo-logicist movement (the bad company objection, the embarrassment of richness objection, worries about a bloated ontology, etc.); thirdly, to argue that neo-Russellian forms of logicism remain viable positions for current philosophers of mathematics.