cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Think and Act Global and Local: A Portrait of the Individual as a Flexible Information-Processor

orster and Dannenberg (this issue) have fashioned a compelling account of how global (i.e., looking at the forest) and local (i.e., looking at the trees) perceptual processing systems exert dramatically different effects on task performance; how such effects transfer across sensory modalities; and how mechanisms such as regulatory focus, psychological distance, and novelty are critical instigators of global and local processing. We believe their systems account has great heuristic value because of its ability to integrate and synthesize a wide variety of findings within the social judgment literature under a more parsimonious conceptual umbrella. In their target article, F¨ orster and Dannenberg (this issue) describe a host of studies that either (a) examine the differential effects of manipulations of global versus local processing on subsequent task performance (e.g., Friedman, Fishbach, F¨ orster, & Werth, 2003) or (b) examine the extent to which various perceptual or conceptual priming manipulations instigate differential levels of global versus local processing (e.g., F¨
An Historical Critique of the Emergence and Evolution of Ernesto Che Guevara's Foco Theory

This article provides an analysis of Ernesto Che Guevara's theory of guerrilla warfare, the foco. The numerous changes to the original foco thesis, as presented in Guerrilla Warfare (1960), are examined in detail covering two dozen articles, speeches, essays, interviews and books authored by Guevara, Castro and Debray while stressing their relation to national and international politics. The author argues that there was an apparent discourse between Cuban politics and the numerous changes in Guevara's writings. Juxtaposing changes to the foco theory from 1960 to 1967, to Cuban historical events, reflects the political expedience of the 1960s and the primary interests of the fidelistas, specifically Guevara.
Formation of solute atmospheres around dislocations by excess vacancies

Abstract Long range solute atmospheres tend to form around dislocations by diffusion. They scatter phonons and can be studied through their effect on the lattice thermal conductivity. Previous studies indicate that these atmospheres are formed after plastic deformation in Cu-Al but not in Cu-Ge alloys. Ordinary diffusion at room temperature is too slow to permit atmosphere formation, but excess vacancies originally produced during plastic deformation can enhance diffusion. The vacancies diffuse towards the dislocation, where they are annihilated, and their presence causes solute diffusion and hence atmosphere formation. The atmospheres attain equilibrium over a range R , and R 2 can be expressed in terms of a time-integrated diffusion coefficient due to excess vacancies until the excess is exhausted. This range R is independent of the vacancy jump rate, and depends only on the initial vacancy concentration and the dislocation density. The values of R thus calculated are much smaller than those observed. However, R is increased if there is enhancement of the solute diffusion relative to the solvent diffusion and also if dislocations do not act as perfect vacancy sinks. Estimates of R are given for Cu-Al, Cu-Ge and Al-Mg.
The Extrema of the Expected Value of a Function of Independent Random Variables

The problem is considered of determining the least upper (or greatest lower) bound for the expected value EK(X 1,…, X n) of a given function K of n random variables X 1, …, X n under the assumption that X 1, …, X n are independent and each X i has given range and satisfies k conditions of the form for i = 1, …, k. It is shown that under general conditions we need consider only discrete random variables X i which take on at most k + 1 values.
Computational identification of key functional genes associated with fusarium verticillioides pathogenicity

There is a critical need to better understand the pathogenicity of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis) leading to ear rots and stalk rots of maize worldwide. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the fungal pathogenicity are complex, and thus a better systematic analysis is needed. In this work, we performed multiple analytical methods to predict key F. verticillioides pathogenicity genes in the subnetwork modules predicted in our recent work. In order to identify potential pathogenicity genes, we first prepared the RNA-seq infection transcriptome and constructed their co-expression networks, and predicted potential subnetwork modules as described in our previous work. Subsequently, we analytically investigated whether each gene in its predicted subnetwork module satisfied several conditions; i) highly impactful in a probabilistic manner, ii) relatively differentially correlated between two strains (wild type vs mutant), iii) relatively more connected in the given module, iv) relatively highly expressed in wild type, v) orthologous to known pathogenic genes in other fungi, and vi) annotated to significant GO terms with other member genes. Through our systematic investigation of the RNA-seq data, we have identified potential F. verticillioides functional genes that demonstrated having not only harmonious coordination with the other genes in a module, but also significant influence on other member genes. Furthermore, the potential genes showed strong differentiation between the two phenotypes and also association with the pathogenicity mechanism.
Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants

Various novel techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction have been developed for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. A critical review was conducted to introduce and compare the conventional Soxhlet extraction and the new alternative methods used for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. The practical issues of each extraction method were discussed. Potential uses of those methods for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plant materials was finally summarized.
Public Service Delivery in Rural Areas: Problems and Decisions

P UBLIC SERVICE QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY in rural areas of the United States remains low relative to urban areas [9, 20, 29]. Efforts to improve public service delivery in rural areas have resulted in only limited improvements in service availability and little or no reduction in service costs. Professional workers, elected officials, and voters find service delivery problems to be frustrating and not readily amenable to solution.
Self-phase matched four-wave mixing in cold vapor

We demonstrate novel four-wave mixing processes in a cold vapor that arise due to atomic spatial self-organization. This leads to a reduced parametric oscillation threshold and a more rapid increase of gain with pump power.
Evidence for different temperature stages in coal pyrolysis from in situ e.s.r. spectroscopy

Abstract Results of a study of pyrolysis of three bituminous coals using in-situ e.s.r. spectroscopy from 300 K to near 900 K are reported. Based on the variation of the spin concentration N s with increasing temperatures, three distinct stages in coal pyrolysis are observed. These are: (i) stage 1 from 300 K to near 550 K where N s increases with an activation energy E a ≈ 4 kcal mol −1 , (ii) stage 2 from 550 K to near 700 K in which N s decreases, and (iii) stage 3 from 700 K to near 900 K where N s increases with E a ≈ 25 kcal mol −1 . A tentative explanation for these results is presented.
Antifungal Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: An Update

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients. While the most common pathogens are Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., the incidence of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species as well as molds such as Zygomycetes has increased. For many years, amphotericin B deoxycholate (AMB-D) was the only available antifungal for the treatment of IFDs. Within the past decade, there has been a surge of new antifungal agents developed and added to the therapeutic armamentarium. Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B provide an effective and less nephrotoxic alternative to AMB-D. Voriconazole has now replaced AMB-D as first choice for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Another extended-spectrum triazole, posaconazole, also appears to be a promising agent in the management of zygomycosis, refractory aspergillosis, and for prophylaxis. Members of the newest antifungal class, the echinocandins, are attractive agents in select infections due to their safety profile, and are a more attractive option compared to AMB-D as initial treatment for invasive candidiasis and (based on one study) challenge fluconazole for superiority in management with this mycoses. However, challenges do exist among these newer agents in very high-risk individuals like allogeneic SCT recipients, which may include adverse drug events, drug–drug interactions, variability in oral absorption, and availability of alternative formulations. The addition of newer agents has also stimulated interest in the potential application of combination therapy in serious, life-threatening infections. However, adequate studies are not available for most IFDs; thus, the clinical use of combination therapy is not evidenced based on most cases and preciseness in its use is uncertain. Finally, therapeutic drug monitoring of select antifungals (notably posaconazole and voriconazole) may play an increasing role due to significant interpatient variability in serum concentrations after standard doses.
Amplitude and phase variation with offset (APVO) analysis of ground penetrating radar data

Summary This paper examines the utility of amplitude and phase variation with offset (APVO) analysis to ground penetrating radar (GPR) data with respect to direct delineation of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination. Hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon NAPL commonly has low dielectric permittivity properties. The presence of these liquids in the pore spaces of unconsolidated sediments results in a decrease in the bulk dielectric permittivity of the material when groundwater is displaced. Soil layers exhibiting lower dielectric permittivities result in high electromagnetic (EM) ground penetrating radar (GPR) wave velocities, phase reversals, and rapid increases in amplitude when incident angles are increased. The observation that both amplitude and phase anomalies are associated with GPR data when NAPL is present in the subsurface requires a modification of the existing AVO analysis terminology to the more appropriate amplitude and phase variation with offset (APVO) analysis.
Impact of Informative Censoring on the Kaplan-Meier Estimate of Progression-Free Survival in Phase II Clinical Trials

Informative censoring in a progression-free survival (PFS) analysis arises when patients are censored for initiation of an effective anticancer treatment before the protocol-defined progression, and these patients are at a different risk for treatment failure than those who continue on therapy. This may cause bias in the estimated PFS when using the Kaplan-Meier method for analysis. Although there are several articles that discuss this issue from a theoretical perspective or in randomized phase III studies, there are little data to demonstrate the magnitude of the bias on the estimated quantities from a phase II trial. This article describes the issues by using two oncology phase II trials as examples, evaluates the impact of the bias using simulations, and provides recommendations. The two trials were selected because they demonstrate two different reasons for censoring. Simulations show that the magnitude of the bias depends primarily on the proportion of patients who are informatively censored and secondarily on the hazard ratio between the group of patients who remain on study and the group of patients who are informatively censored. Recommendations include using an alternative end point, which includes inadequate response and initial signs of clinical progression as treatment failure, and a competing risk analysis for studies in which competing events preclude or modify the probability of observing the primary event of interest. If informative censoring cannot be avoided, then all patients should be observed until progression, and sensitivity analyses should be used as appropriate.
Training in conservation of weight.

Abstract After a pretest for conservation of weight, 48 five- to eight-year old nonconservers were given one of four training treatments. Training problems involved deformations and additions or subtractions of material, using pairs of clay objects. The training variables were presence vs absence of reinforcement, and active participation vs passive observation by S . As measured by a posttest, which included both clay problems and transfer problems using a discontinuous material, reinforcement facilitated acquisition of conservation of weight, but active participation had no effect. Results were interpreted as showing that a principle of conservation of weight had been learned through the use of reinforcement in the training procedures used.
Digital Optical Computing

Digital optical computing is gradually emerging as an important new technology. Optical computers have very different architectures from their electronic counterparts. They are potentially capable of combining processor and system level operations to obtain substantial reductions in overall software requirements. The most important aspect of these new computers is their interconnection capabilities. These capabilities are either directly or subtly re-sponsible for fusing processor and system level operations through features such as massive parallelism, reconfigurability, the ability to implement multiple-valued logic, and the ability to perform multiple-class discrimination.
The biosynthesis of patulin

Abstract The biosynthesis of the antibiotic patulin (II) from 6-methylsalicyclic acid (6-MSA) (I) in replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum has been examined with 2H and 14 C 3 H -labeled intermediates. Efficient utilization of m-cresol (IX), m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (V), m-hydroxybenzaldehyde (XII), gentisaldehyde (VIII), and gentisyl alcohol (VI) could be demonstrated. Toluquinol (X), although inactive as a precursor of patulin, is converted by refloated cultures of P. patulum to desoxyepoxydon (XIII). Para-hydroxylation of m-cresol proceeds with loss of deuterium at the p-position. Side chain labeling of the aromatic precursors is lost in the conversion. A major portion of this work has been reported in preliminary form (1, 2).
The potential role of functional inhibition of T regulatory cells by anti-TGFβ antibody in photodynamic therapy of renal cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be an effective locally ablative anti-cancer treatment that has the additional advantage of inducing tumor-directed immune response. We hypothesized that PDT could be combined with anti-transforming growth factor (TGF) beta antibody that does not significantly affect the population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) but at the same time, has the potential to decrease the immunosuppressive effects of regulatory T-cells (Treg) mediated by TGF beta. This hypothesis was tested with aTGF-beta antibody combined with BPD-mediated PDT in a BALB/c renal cell carcinoma model. Evidence of positive benefits of the combination therapy over individual treatments alone was obtained.
Analysis of Individual Risk Belief Structures

An interactive computer program developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is presented as a methodology to model individualized belief structures. The logic and general strategy of the model are presented for two risk topics: AIDS and toxic waste. Subjects identified desirable and undesirable consequences for each topic and formulated an associative rule linking topic and consequence in either a causal or a correlational framework. Likelihood estimates, generated by subjects in several formats (probability, odds statements, etc.), constituted one outcome measure. Additionally, source of belief (personal experience, news media, etc.) and perceived personal and societal impact are reviewed. Briefly, subjects believe that AIDS causes significant emotional problems, and to a lesser degree, physical health problems, whereas toxic waste causes significant environmental problems.
Microelectrode control of surface-bound enzymatic activity.

Microelectrodes have been used to control the microscopically local reaction environment of surface-bound alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). A surface comprised of agarose beads coated with immobilized ADH was prepared on a microscope slide and exhibited maximum activity toward the oxidation of ethanol, in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), at a pH of 9.0. Microelectrode control of activity was achieved by submerging the slide in a solution of pH 6.0, well below the optimum value, and generating hydroxide at the microelectrode tip through the reduction of oxygen or water. An alkaline “sphere of influence” was set up around the microelectrode tip that, when positioned in close proximity to the enzyme surface, created a favorable reaction environment. The increased enzymatic activity was monitored by observing fluorescence of the reduced cofactor, NADH, using a fluorescence microscope equipped with an imaging camera. The fluorescent sphere diameter was characterized as a function of time, p...
Detrital processing in streams exposed to acidic precipitation in the Central Appalachian Mountains

Continuing high rates of acidic deposition in the eastern United States may lead to long-term effects on stream communities, because sensitive catchments are continuing to lose anions and cations. We conducted a two-year study of the effects of pH and associated water chemistry variables on detrital processing in three streams with different bedrock geology in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. We compared leaf pack processing rates and macroinvertebrate colonization and microbial biomass (ATP concentration) on the packs in the three streams. Breakdown rates of red maple and white oak leaf packs were significantly lower in the most acidic stream. The acidic stream also had significantly lower microbial and shredder biomass than two more circumneutral streams. Shredder composition differed among streams; large-particle detritivores dominated the shredder assemblages of the two circumneutral streams, and smaller shredders dominated in the acidic stream. Within streams, processing rates for three leaf species were not significantly different between the two years of the study even though invertebrate and microbial communities were different in the two years. Thus, macroinvertebrate and microbial communities differed both among streams that differed in their capacity to buffer the effects of acidic precipitation and among years in the same stream; these differences in biotic communities were not large enough to affect rates of leaf processing between the two years of the study, but they did significantly affect processing rates between acidic and circumneutral streams.
A SEDIMENT CORING DEVICE OF 21‐CM DIAMETER WITH SPHINCTER CORE RETAINER1

A 21-cm-ID gravity corer of a new design was developed to provide large cross section core samples for analysis of fallout radionuclides in sediments of Crater Lake, Ore. The study of vertical profiles of the concentration of fallout radionuclides (which have been available for sedimentation only since the early 1950's in most places) also demands efficient sampling of the top-most layers of sediment and their recovery in situ. Some evidence from studies of more conventionally collected cores indicates that these upper layers are commonly lost, either by washout at the top of the core tube or by being swept away from the point of impact by the shock wave of rapidly falling corers. Another requirement is efficient retention of a variety of sediment types, ranging from very soft muds to coarse, sharp sands; loss of water through the usual core-retaining devices commonly flushes out such samples. The new coring device, combining large diameter with positive, watertight closing of both bottom and top of the core tube at the time of pullout, meets all these requirements.
GPS Constraints on the Kinematics of Continental Deformation

Recent GPS observations from the western United States, New Zealand, central Greece, and Japan indicate that present-day continental deformation is typically focused in narrow deforming zones whose extent is much smaller than the intervening largely inactive regions. However, these narrow zones are heterogeneously distributed, reflecting the inherent heterogeneity of continental lithospheric strength and internal buoyancy. Plate driving and resisting forces stress plate boundary zones and plate interiors and drive deformation. These forces change continuously and discontinuously, leading to continental deformation that typically evolves and migrates with time. Magmatic and tectonic processes alter lithospheric rheology and internal buoyancy and also contribute to the time-varying character of continental deformation.
An organic radical solid solution with strong ferromagnetic exchange

A nearly equimolar solid solution alloy is formed between two benzimidazole-2-yl-nitronylnitroxides, one aryl fluorinated, one not. The crystal packing of the alloy is similar to those of the components, but with randomized lattice site occupation by the two radicals. The chainlike 1D ferromagnetic exchange behavior observed in the alloy is similar to the behaviors exhibited by the individual pure components.
Soft Gluons and the Normalization of the {Drell-Yan} Cross-section

Abstract We analyze the sensitivity of the inclusive Drell-Yan cross section to soft gluons, using a previously developed summation procedure which includes nonleading logaritmic effects. By varying an infrared cutoff in gluon energies, we study the importance of soft, but still perturbative, gluons to the normalization of the cross section or, equivalently, the “ K -factor.” The results are strongly dependent on the kinematic range being considered, as well as on the parton distributions of the incoming hadrons.
Spontaneous Age-Related Neurite Branching in Caenorhabditis elegans

The analysis of morphological changes that occur in the nervous system during normal aging could provide insight into cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Previous studies have suggested that the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans maintains its structural integrity with age despite the deterioration of surrounding tissues. Unexpectedly, we observed that neurons in aging animals frequently displayed ectopic branches and that the prevalence of these branches increased with time. Within age-matched populations, the branching of mechanosensory neurons correlated with decreased response to light touch and decreased mobility. The incidence of branching was influenced by two pathways that can affect the rate of aging, the Jun kinase pathway and the insulin/IGF-1 pathway. Loss of Jun kinase signaling, which slightly shortens lifespan, dramatically increased and accelerated the frequency of neurite branching. Conversely, inhibition of the daf-2 insulin/IGF-1-like signaling pathway, which extends lifespan, delayed and suppressed branching, and this delay required DAF-16/FOXO activity. Both JNK-1 and DAF-16 appeared to act within neurons in a cell-autonomous manner to influence branching, and, through their tissue-specific expression, it was possible to disconnect the rate at which branching occurred from the overall rate of aging of the animal. Old age has generally been associated with the decline and deterioration of different tissues, except in the case of tumor cell growth. To our knowledge, this is the first indication that aging can potentiate another form of growth, the growth of neurite branches, in normal animals.
Interscalene brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review.

Shoulder arthroscopy is currently one of the more common orthopaedic procedures, with an estimated 1.4 million procedures performed per year worldwide1. Many of these procedures are being performed on an outpatient basis and present substantial postoperative pain control challenges to the surgeon and anesthesiologist. An integral component of successful ambulatory surgical treatment is achieving and maintaining adequate pain management during the early postoperative course. The pain during the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours after arthroscopic shoulder surgery is often equivalent to that after open surgery, with 30% of patients reporting severe pain on the first postoperative day2. In a study of more than 15,000 outpatient surgical procedures from nine different surgical specialties, pain was responsible for 12% of the unplanned postoperative hospital admissions3. A retrospective review of 222 shoulder arthroscopy cases revealed a 2% rate of unplanned overnight admission because of pain symptoms4. Additionally, postoperative pain may instigate endocrine and metabolic responses, autonomic reflexes, nausea, and constipation that potentially lead to delayed postoperative rehabilitation, adhesive capsulitis, hospital admission, and loss of work days5-7. As a result, many different modalities have been described in both the orthopaedic and anesthesiology literature to minimize postoperative pain following ambulatory surgery8. Traditionally, these surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia with infiltration of local anesthetic and parenteral administration of opioids to achieve early postoperative pain relief. Over forty years ago, Winnie reported the results of an interscalene brachial plexus block involving a single anesthetic injection for pain control following shoulder surgery9. Nearly two decades later, Tuominen et al. described an interscalene block technique involving the placement of an indwelling catheter to provide continuous infusion of anesthetic for two to three days of pain relief10. A third modality …
Thinking in Reciprocal Space

In the previous chapter, you’ve already encountered vectors k and g and seen that they have lengths with units of nm−1. These vectors are referred to as reciprocal-lattice vectors. Now we are going to discuss what this reciprocal lattice is. The reciprocal lattice is simply a lattice in reciprocal space. Note that this lattice is just as real as the ‘real lattice’ in ‘real’ space. It’s like a new world in Gulliver’s Travels but the relationship to ‘our’ world is not a linear scaling factor but a reciprocal one. If something (an object or a length) is large in real space, then it’s small in reciprocal space.
Emergency department patterns in psychiatric visits during the holiday season

Study objective: To determine the prevalence of psychopathology during the holiday season and which subpopulations are at greatest risk for holiday decompensation. Design: A retrospective analysis of emergency department records. Setting: ED of a university-affiliated hospital located in a mixed urban-agricultural catchment area in North Carolina. Participants: Eight thousand seven hundred fifty-six patient visits to the ED, with subsequent triage for psychiatric evaluation, for a 6-year period (1987 to 1993), were analyzed. Results: We observed seasonal patterns in visits with a general decrease in visits preceding holidays followed by an increase afterward. Substance abusers, men, and black patients were more likely to visit the ED than expected, particularly during the weeks surrounding Christmas. Conclusion: These results support the existence of a "Christmas effect" on ED visitations by patients with psychiatric symptoms. Understanding of these patterns may help emergency physicians predict the seasonal variation of such patient visits and apply preventive measures accordingly.
Use of Cellulose Ethers in Migration Control

A novel approach to restricting migration of reagents during drying of cotton textiles is to add thermal gels such as cellulose ethers. Aqueous solutions of cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose have the unique property of forming gels when heated in the range of 323 to 363 K, are metabolically inert, exhibit a wide range of viscosities, provide pH stability from 3 to 11, have no ionic charge, and exhibit a moderate surface tension of 44 to 56 mN/m. Cellulose ethers can also be used at low concentrations. The gelling property helps to restrict or "lock" the reagent solution applied to the fabric during drying and therefore partially prevents migration. Methyl cellulose is combined with a crosslinker, padded onto cotton printcloth, dried, cured, and washed. The effects of drying rates and reagent concentrations on textile properties and uni formity of crosslink distribution are presented.
Localizing actions through sequential 2D video projections

Action detection in video is a particularly difficult problem because actions must not only be recognized correctly, but must also be localized in the 3D spatio-temporal volume. This paper introduces a technique that transforms the 3D localization problem into a series of 2D detection tasks. This is accomplished by dividing the video into overlapping segments, then representing each segment with a 2D video projection. The advantage of the 2D projection is that it makes it convenient to apply the best techniques from object detection to the action detection problem. Our experiments show that video projection outperforms the latest results on action detection in a direct comparison.
Attrition and family participation in obesity treatment programs: clinicians' perceptions.

Abstract Objective The majority of participants drop out of pediatric obesity treatment programs; however, clinicians have little knowledge of how to address this problem. The objective of this study was to explore obesity treatment clinicians' perceptions of contributors to attrition, as well as methods to maintain family participation. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 29 pediatric obesity clinicians representing primary care (PC), community based (CB), and tertiary care (TC) treatment programs in North Carolina. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded with a multistage inductive approach. Grounded theory was used to analyze responses. Results Eleven themes emerged from analysis, including: the influence of program elements, family characteristics, and the variety of approaches used to address retention. Only TC programs reported attempts to address attrition. Patients' past experiences with obesity treatment, desire for immediate outcomes, and relationships with clinicians were perceived as important factors related to attrition. Other important themes were: families' understanding of obesity treatment, importance of realistic expectations, and families' value of treatment. Important differences and similarities among programs were identified. All clinicians reported families came to treatment through physician referral, not self referral. Conclusions Clinicians perceive attrition to be a significant problem in pediatric obesity treatment. As a result of clinical interviews, several potential avenues to address attrition were identified, including: the need for clinicians to develop relationships with families, assist in building appropriate expectations, and address families' value of treatment. Findings of this study can inform larger investigations of attrition, and guide exploration of family impressions of and experiences in treatment.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of triphenylmethane dyes on colloidal silver

Surface Raman spectral studies of triphenylmethane dyes on colloidal silver were carried out. An assessment of the surface and solution spectra led to the conclusion that the dye molecules are most likely lying parallel to the surface of the sol and adopting C 3 symmetry. The major vibrational changes suggest that the most important center of interaction is the central carbonium ion, since the greatest changes are observed for the vibrations of the central bonds and only small changes are observed for the N-phenyl stretching modes. For a fixed concentration of sol the lowest level of detection was 5 × 10 −8 M
Free amino acids and amino compounds in bovine seminal plasma.

Abstract Factors affecting free amino acid and amino compound content of bovine seminal plasma and the relationship with fertility, motility, and spermatozoa concentration were studied. The effect of addition of free amino acids to semen extenders on spermatozoa metabolism also was studied. The sulfosalicylic method of sample preparation yielded a higher recovery rate of free amino acids than did the picric method. Samples centrifuged immediately after collection and stored at −196C until preparation for analysis yielded more consistent results than with four other methods investigated. Amino acid content of samples declined significantly with four consecutive semen collections. Decreasing frequency of semen collection from weekly to biweekly to triweekly also significantly decreased amino acid concentration. Twenty free amino acids and amino compounds were identified in bovine seminal plasma and 29 other amino compounds were detected. Glutamic acid provided 50% of the 8.55 μ moles/ml total free amino acids quantitated. No amino acids were correlated significantly with fertility. Methionine sulfoxide, valine, ethanolamine, and arginine were positively correlated, whereas half-cystine was negatively and highly correlated to motility of spermatozoa. No change in spermatozoa metabolism was found due to addition of five free amino acids to semen extenders.
Validation and comparison of clinical prediction rules for invasive candidiasis in intensive care unit patients: a matched case-control study

Introduction: Due to the increasing prevalence and severity of invasive candidiasis, investigators have developed clinical prediction rules to identify patients who may benefit from antifungal prophylaxis or early empiric therapy. The aims of this study were to validate and compare the Paphitou and Ostrosky-Zeichner clinical prediction rules in ICU patients in a 689-bed academic medical center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective matched case-control study from May 2003 to June 2008 to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of each rule. Cases included adults with ICU stays of at least four days and invasive candidiasis matched to three controls by age, gender and ICU admission date. The clinical prediction rules were applied to cases and controls via retrospective chart review to evaluate the success of the rules in predicting invasive candidiasis. Paphitou’s rule included diabetes, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and dialysis with or without antibiotics. Ostrosky-Zeichner’s rule included antibiotics or central venous catheter plus at least two of the following: surgery, immunosuppression, TPN, dialysis, corticosteroids and pancreatitis. Conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate the rules. Discriminative power was evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC). Results: A total of 352 patients were included (88 cases and 264 controls). The incidence of invasive candidiasis among adults with an ICU stay of at least four days was 2.3%. The prediction rules performed similarly, exhibiting low PPVs (0.041 to 0.054), high NPVs (0.983 to 0.990) and AUC ROCs (0.649 to 0.705). A new prediction rule (Nebraska Medical Center rule) was developed with PPVs, NPVs and AUC ROCs of 0.047, 0.994 and 0.770, respectively. Conclusions: Based on low PPVs and high NPVs, the rules are most useful for identifying patients who are not likely to develop invasive candidiasis, potentially preventing unnecessary antifungal use, optimizing patient ICU care and facilitating the design of forthcoming antifungal clinical trials.
The effect of phase separation on biphasic waveform defibrillation.

It has been hypothesized that the defibrillafion efficacy of a biphasic shock is caused hy the large change in voltage between the two phases. This study examined the effects of separating the two phases in time thus splifting in half the rapid voltage change at phase reversal. The study was performed in three parts each using six dogs. Part I determined defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) for two exponentially truncated biphasic waveforms (3.5/2 msec and 6/6 msec) with interphase time delays of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 msec. In Part II, probability of success curves were generated using an up down method with 15 shocks for each delay for the 3.5/2 msec biphasic waveform with inferphase delays of 0, 2, 3, 4, and 5 msec. In Part III, DFTs were determined using a 3.5/2 msec and 6/6 msec biphasic as well as a fhird waveform that consisted of two sequential 6-msec pulses of the same polarity with interphase delays of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. 50, and 100 msec. In all three parts the defibrillating cathode was a 6.17 cm2 transvenous spring electrode positioned in the RV apex and the anode was a 113 cm2 cutaneous left chest wall eiectrode patch. With all waveforms, the trailing edge voitage of the first phase was equal to the negative of the leading edge voltage of the second phase. There was no statistical difference in DFTs or in 50% successful defibriliation points for phase separations from 0 to 6 msec and 0 to 5 msec for Parts I and II, respectively. In Part I there was a significant increase in DFTs for phase separations of 8 and 10 msec compared to a phase separation of 0 msec. In Part III there was no significant difference for seporations of 0 and 5 msec; however, there was a significant increase in DFT requirements for separations from 5 to 50 msec, which then decreased with a separation of 100 msec for ail three waveforms tested. In conciusion, defibriilation efficacy was unchanged with phase separations up to 6 msec. With phase separation, the rapid voltage change during phase reversal is split in half and. thus, cannot explain the improved efficacy of biphasic waveforms.
Zone I retroperitoneal hematoma identified by computed tomography scan as an indicator of significant abdominal injury.

Abstract Objective: All zone I retroperitoneal hematomas (Z1RPHs) identified at laparotomy for blunt trauma traditionally require exploration. The purpose of this study was to correlate patient outcome after blunt abdominal trauma with the presence of Z1RPH diagnosed on admission computed tomography (CT) scan. Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients with blunt trauma who were admitted to a Level 1 trauma center and who underwent CT scan during a 40-month period. All scans with a traumatic injury were reviewed to identify and grade Z1RPH as mild, moderate, or severe. Patients requiring operative treatment were compared with those who were observed. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t test and chi-square test, with P 4 required operative treatment. Seventy-two percent of patients with more than 1 intra-abdominal injury required abdominal exploration. Conclusions: The presence of a moderate or severe Z1RPH and more than 1 intra-abdominal injury or an SVS >4 on admission CT scan is an important radiographic finding. This injury pattern should be considered a contraindication for nonoperative treatment of the associated solid organ injury. (Surgery 1999;126:608-15.)
Histamine induces nuclear factor of activated T cell-mediated transcription and cyclosporin A-sensitive interleukin-8 mRNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) mediates a cyclosporin A (CsA)- and FK506-suppressible transcriptional program in lymphocytes after antigen-stimulated phospholipase C activation. Nonlymphoid cells also express NFAT isoforms, raising the possibility that these isoforms can be regulated by other extracellular stimuli. This study sought to determine whether histamine can trigger NFAT-mediated transcription in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), using a retrovirus-based luciferase reporter driven by a well characterized, NFAT-specific enhancer. Luciferase levels are induced up to 60-fold over basal levels after costimulation of HUVEC with Ca2+-mobilizing drugs and a phorbol ester, a response that is 20-fold greater than that observed when HUVEC are stimulated with either drug alone. These synergistic responses are inhibited in cells treated with CsA. CsA and FK506 also inhibit the luciferase response to histamine, indicating that histamine can induce NFAT-mediated transcription in HUVEC. To identify candidate genes in HUVEC that might be regulated by NFAT, the expression of several chemokine mRNAs was measured after histamine treatment. Of the mRNAs tested, only those encoding monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (approximately 2-fold over basal) and interleukin-8 (approximately 6-fold over basal) are induced by histamine; both of these responses are suppressed by CsA and FK506. The H1 histamine receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine, but not the H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine, blocks the effects of histamine in this preparation. These data provide the first evidence for a physiological inducer of NFAT-mediated transcription in endothelial cells and support the hypothesis that NFAT participates in H1 histamine receptor-induced interleukin-8 gene expression.
Azimuth and elevation direction finding using arbitrary array geometries

An ESPRIT-based algorithm is proposed to estimate the azimuth and elevation angles of multiple independent sources. The algorithm uses cumulants and imposes no geometric constraint on the array. Only one third of the hardware is needed for our algorithm as compared with covariance-based two-dimensional (2-D) ESPRIT. Our algorithm can estimate azimuth and elevation angles of M-1 sources using M sensors. Simulation results show that for several array configurations, our algorithm works well.
Sisters In Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History

More than any other profession women entered in the 19 century, law was the most rigidly engendered. Access to courts, bar associations, and law schools was controlled by men, while the very act of gaining admission to practice law demanded that women reinterpret the male-constructed jurisprudence that excluded them. This history of women lawyers from the 1860s to the 1930s, aims to define the contours of women's integration into the modern legal profession. In the 19th century women built a women lawyers movement through which they fought to gain entrance to law schools and bar associations, joined the campaign for women's suffrage, and sought to balance marriage and career. By the 20th century, most institutional barriers crumbled and younger women entered the law confident that equal opportunity had replaced sexual discrimination. Their optimism was misplaced as many women lawyers continued to encounter discrimination, faced limited opportunities for professional advancement, and struggled to balance gender and professional identity. Based on diverse archival sources, this book is a study of the history of women lawyers in America.
Modeling colonization of overwintered immigrant Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae)

Colonization of potato (Solanum tuberosum [L.]) fields by Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), has often been recognized as a process that initially results in an edge-biased spatial pattern. We modeled this spatial process by measuring distance of immigration for individual overwintered adults. Distance was measured to the nearest field edge or to the field edge along a radial vector from the field center. The frequency of beetles captured within 1-m distance intervals was modeled as an exponential decay function of distance from the edge for both measurement methods. Expression of the results as a cumulative frequency has management implications for spatial deployment of control measures against immigrating beetles and applicability for spatially explicit simulation of the within-field population dynamics of the beetle. Managers might use such models to estimate the proportion of immigrating adults that would be affected by border treatments of a plant systemic or transgenic insecticide as a function of the width of the treatment.
E-plane flared rectangular corrugated horn for tapered aperture

A flared rectangular horn is corrugated along the E-plane flaring walls. The corrugations are in the form of rectangular grooves parallel to the horn axis. The depths of the grooves are optimized to produce the tapered aperture that is needed for certain radiation pattern requirements. Two designs are presented in this paper. The first design is for a narrow beam and low sidelobes in the E-plane pattern. The second design is for equal patterns in the E- and H-planes. The choice of the flaring function determines the E-plane radiation pattern. A linear flaring is chosen for the narrow beam and an exponential flaring is chosen for the equal E- and H-plane patters.
Parallel gibbs sampling for hierarchical dirichlet processes via gamma processes equivalence

The hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) is an intuitive and elegant technique to model data with latent groups. However, it has not been widely used for practical applications due to the high computational costs associated with inference. In this paper, we propose an effective parallel Gibbs sampling algorithm for HDP by exploring its connections with the gamma-gamma-Poisson process. Specifically, we develop a novel framework that combines bootstrap and Reversible Jump MCMC algorithm to enable parallel variable updates. We also provide theoretical convergence analysis based on Gibbs sampling with asynchronous variable updates. Experiment results on both synthetic datasets and two large-scale text collections show that our algorithm can achieve considerable speedup as well as better inference accuracy for HDP compared with existing parallel sampling algorithms.
A high fidelity starter model for engine start simulations

Engine start is a very crucial phase in the operation of automotive engines, and the starter motor plays a vital role in this short transient period. However, a complete and exhaustive model of the combined engine-starter system has not appeared to date in the open literature. Although many researchers have modeled the starter system in engine models, the role of the roller one-way clutch is typically omitted. The roller one-way clutch not only protects the starter motor from damage due to high (transient) engine RPM, but it also enables the starter motor to deliver only positive torque to the engine crankshaft. As the trend for model-based calibration grows, the use of computer simulation in engine cold start and crank-to-run transition problems demand high-fidelity simulations and modeling, which in turn requires the inclusion of an accurately modeled oneway clutch mechanism. In this paper, a novel roller one-way clutch model is developed based on the principles of the oneway clutch. Simulation results are presented for a cylinder pressure resolved engine model and results for starter current characteristics and engine RPM, are verified against actual engine data obtained during the starting phase.