cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“PolyMOB”–lithium salt complexes: from salt-in-polymer to polymer-in-salt electrolytes

Abstract Lithium polyMOB has been investigated as the polymer in a polymer-in-salt type electrolyte incorporating the salts lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). While all salts give rubbery solids at high salt contents, only LiClO4 provides high conductivity because only in the case of LiClO4 is the lithium cation motion highly decoupled from the structural relaxation. The crystallization of the salt at high salt contents prevents a favorable combination of mechanical and electrical properties, but the system provides an excellent example of the principle of the polymer-in-salt ionic rubber electrolyte and the factors determining its performance.
Chondrule Formation by Radiative Heating: A Numerical Model

Abstract Based on computer simulations of the thermal behavior of chondrules and aggregates of dust as well as on existing observational and experimental evidence, we propose a model for the formation of chondrules by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Heating occurred primarily by the absorption of ∼0.3- to 8-μm EM radiation, with peak fluxes near ∼5 × 106 W m-2 and heating durations between 103 and 105 sec. Chondrules were produced from aggregates of dust having size distributions similar to those predicted by models of dust agglomeration, i.e., an increasing abundance of aggregates with decreasing aggregate size. Size-dependent heating resulted in an underabundance of small ( 3 mm in diameter) reflects the low abundance of large precursor dust aggregates. Dust aggregates rich in metals and sulfides absorbed light more efficiently than those composed purely of silicates, resulting in smaller mean sizes for chondrules having higher densities. Higher radiative fluxes resulted in higher peak chondrule temperatures, smaller mean chondrules sizes, and a greater proportion of chondrules having nonporphyritic textures. Small unmelted grains and grain aggregates coexisted with molten chondrules; temperature differences between coexisting μm-size grains and mm-size chondrules may have exceeded several hundred K. The continual supply of seed crystals by the incorporation of solid grains into molten chondrules inhibited the formation of chondrules having textures characteristic of complete melting. As chondrules cooled and solidified, chondrule seeding graded into formation of "dusty" rims, with the efficiency of rim formation inversely proportional to the smallest size of chondrules produced. Small unmelted grains and aggregates in chondrule-forming regions ultimately contributed to the dusty matrix of chondrites.
Multimodality imaging of T-cell hybridoma trafficking in collagen-induced arthritic mice: image-based estimation of the number of cells accumulating in mouse paws

Appropriate targeting of therapeutic cells is essential in adoptive cellular gene therapy (ACGT). Imaging cell trafficking in animal models and patients will guide development of ACGT protocols. Collagen type II (C-II)-specific T cell hybridomas are transduced with a lentivirus carrying a triple fusion reporter gene (TFR) construct consisting of a fluorescent reporter gene (RG), a bioluminescent RG (hRluc), and a positron emission tomography (PET) RG. Collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) mice are scanned with a bioluminescence imaging camera before and after implantation of various known cell quantities in their paws. Linear regression analysis yields equations relating two parameters of image signal intensity in mice paws to the quantity of hRluc expressing cells in the paws. Afterward, trafficking of intravenously injected cells is studied by quantitative analysis of bioluminescence images. Comparison of the average cell numbers does not demonstrate consistently higher accumulation of T-cell hybridomas in the paws with higher inflammation scores, and injecting more cells does not cause increased accumulation. MicroPET images illustrate above background signal in the inflamed paws and chest areas of CIA mice. The procedures described in this study can be used to derive equations for cells expressing other bioluminescent RGs and in other animal models.
From Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces in Postwar America

WHEN THE EDITORS OF TIME MAGAZINE set out to tell readers in an early January 1965 cover story why the American economy had flourished during the previous year, they explained it in terms that had become the conventional wisdom of postwar America. The most prosperous twelve months ever, capping the country's fourth straight year of economic expansion, were attributable to the American consumer, "who continued spending as if there were no tomorrow." According to Time's economics lesson, consumers, business, and government "created a nonvicious circle: spending created more production, production created wealth, wealth created more spending." In this simplified Keynesian model of economic growth, "the consumer is the key to our economy." As R. H. Macy's board chair Jack Straus explained to Time's readers, "When the country has a recession, it suffers not so much from problems of production as from problems of consumption." And in prosperous times like today, "Our economy keeps growing because our ability to consume is endless. The consumer goes on spending regardless of how many possessions he has. The luxuries of today are the necessities of tomorrow." A demand economy built on mass consumption had brought the United States out of the doldrums of the Great Depression and World War II, and its strength in the postwar period continued to impress those like retail magnate Straus whose own financial future depended on it.1 Although Straus and his peers invested great energy and resources in developing new strategies for doing business in this mass-consumption economy, historians
Microstructural investigation of friction stir welded 7050-T651 aluminium

The grain structure, dislocation density and second phase particles in various regions including the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ) of a friction stir weld aluminum alloy 7050-T651 were investigated and compared with the unaffected base metal. The various regions were studied in detail to better understand the microstructural evolution during friction stir welding (FSW). The microstructural development in each region was a strong function of the local thermo-mechanical cycle experienced during welding. Using the combination of structural characteristics observed in each weld region, a new dynamic recrystallization model has been proposed. The precipitation phenomena in different weld regions are also discussed.
A Within-Group Design of Nontreatment Seeking 5-HTTLPR Genotyped Alcohol-Dependent Subjects Receiving Ondansetron and Sertraline

Background: Serotonergic mechanisms are associated with the development of alcohol dependence (AD), however, studies evaluating serotonergic medications have produced conflicting results. One hypothesis suggests that differential response may be due to a functional polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR promoter region of the serotonin re-uptake transporter (5-HTT). The L/L genotype is postulated to be associated with early onset alcoholism and the S/S or S/L genotypes associated with late onset alcoholism. The aim of this study was to match and mismatch L/L, S/S, or S/L genotypes with administration of ondansetron and sertraline. Methods: Fifteen nontreatment seeking alcohol-dependent individuals were randomized to 1 of 2 counterbalanced arms to receive either 200 mg/d of sertraline or ondansetron 0.5 mg/d for 3 weeks followed by an alcohol self-administration experiment (ASAE), then received placebo for 3 weeks followed by a second ASAE. Participants then received the alternate drug for 2 weeks followed by a third ASAE. Results: At the first ASAE compared to sertraline, ondansetron significantly improved drinking outcomes for the L/L genotype for the ASAE volume consumed (100% reduction based on between-subjects comparison, t = 2.35), and for drinks per drinking day during the 7 days prior to the ASAE (79% reduction and t = 4.34). Compared with ondansetron for S/S or S/L genotypes, outcomes at ASAE 1 for sertraline and S/S or S/L genotypes are opposite than hypothesized. Overall, subjects reduced drinking across their participation in the trial, as there appears to be an order effect. Conclusion: This study suggests that ondansetron may reduce alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent individuals who have the L/L genotype as measured naturalistically and during the ASAE. By contrast there was no support that sertraline reduces alcohol use in individuals who have S/S or S/L genotypes. Evidence in the literature suggests that AD in some individuals may be influenced by a gene by socio-environmental interaction making pharmacological treatment with serotonergic drugs complex. Research must consider that typologies may predict successful treatment of AD in future trials.
WE-D-211A-08: Options to Revise NRC Radiation Protection Regulations

In December 2007, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) published revised and updated recommendations for radiation protection as ICRP Publication 103. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff engaged in a comparative review of the NRC Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation, 10 CFR Part 20, and other NRC regulations, with ICRP Publication 103, and provided the Commission with recommendations for next steps in December, 2008. The Commission has approved the staff recommendation to seek early engagement with stakeholders and interested parties on the technical and regulatory issues and options for potential changes to the agency's radiation protection regulations, to achieve greater alignment between the regulations and ICRP Publication 103. The NRC staff is particularly interested in understanding the perspectives of different organizations and groups on the benefits, burdens, and impacts of possible options for change. The NRC staff has not made any decisions on particular positions or changes at this time. This presentation provides background on the current regulatory framework, the contents of the 2007 ICRP recommendations, the status of international standards updates, and describes issues identified by NRC staff as initial key topics for discussion with stakeholders on options and necessary technical information for possible future rulemaking. These issues include the occupational dose limits, the application of constraints to the optimization process, and updates of the scientific information and models supporting dose assessment and compliance.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of mRNA

Many environmental pollutants, xenobiotics, as well as endobiotics cause modulation in gene expression which may change the transcriptional activities of the gene. A reliable, sensitive method to determine the mRNA level qualitatively or quantitatively is essential for the study of gene expression. Since the early seventies many methods have been available for the qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of steady-state level of mRNA (Thomas, 1989; Friedberg et al., 1990; Hoof et al., 1991). The choice of method depends largely upon the level of mRNA expression, amounts of cells or tissues available for the analysis, and the level of sensitivity required for the study. This review outlines some of the methods available for the qualitative and quantitative measurement of mRNA, their suitability for various purposes, and their limitations. Northern blot analysis, solution hybridization methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction and in situ hybridization are some of the major categories of the methods largely used for mRNA detection and/or quantitation. Each is described in the following sections.
A Golgi analysis of neuronal organization in the medial cerebellar nucleus of the rat.

Abstract The neurons of the medial cerebellar nucleus of the rat were studied with several variants of the Golgi technique. Using the criteria of somatic size, dendritic pattern and location, seven cell types were designated within the nucleus. Large multipolar neurons were most prominent in dorsal portions of the nucleus while small multipolar and fan-shaped neurons predominate ventrally. The rostral and caudal halves of the medial nucleus differ in their neuronal orientation. There is a caudolateral to rostromedial cellular orientation in the caudal portion of the nucleus, and a caudomedial to rostrolateral orientation in the rostro-ventral part of the medial nucleus. The large multipolar neurons of the rostro-dorsal region display no special orientation. In addition to these rostral and caudal architectural differences, there are several longitudinal zones within the medial nucleus previously reported in Nissl preparations ( Beitz & Chan-Palay , 1978 ). The medial and lateral elliptical zones are comprised predominantly of neurons of the nuclear boundary, fan-shaped neurons and small bipolar neurons. The round cell central zone, by contrast, is comprised primarily of small and large multipolar neurons and bouquet neurons. We conclude that the medial cerebellar nucleus consists of several distinct regions each with a characteristic arrangement of its constituent cells and that these regions correspond to those previously reported as having different physiological functions.
Comparison of intracalss correlation coefficients with the ratio of two independent f-statistics

The ratio of analysis of variance F-statistics is proposed as a test criterion for comparing the intraclass correlation coefficients of two independent groups of classes. Selected percentage points of this ratio’s distribution are tabulated for the special case when there are two observations in each class. Such tables should be useful when investigating heritability from a study of identical and nonidentical twin pairs.
Increased spinal release of excitatory amino acids following intradermal injection of capsaicin is reduced by a protein kinase G inhibitor

Abstract Second messengers have been shown to play a role in the release of neurotransmitters presynaptically in several brain regions and cell types. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the increased release of aspartate and glutamate that occurs after injection of capsaicin is dependent on activation of the cAMP and the cGMP transduction cascades. A microdialysis fiber was implanted into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord for collection of extracellular fluid and for administration of drugs to the spinal cord. Dialysate samples were collected before and after injection of capsaicin and after infusion of inhibitors of protein kinase G (PKG; KT5823) or protein kinase A (PKA; H89). KT5823, H89, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF; control) were administered after injection of capsaicin to reduce the increased release of aspartate and glutamate. At the time of injection of capsaicin, there is an increase in release of aspartate (191±21%) and glutamate (194±14%). This increased release is maintained through 2.5 h for both glutamate and aspartate at approximately 125% to 150%. The increase in aspartate and glutamate concentrations that occurs after capsaicin injection was reduced back to baseline after spinal infusion of the PKG inhibitor, KT5823. Blockade of PKA had no effect on the increased release of aspartate and glutamate. Thus, the current data support a role for the cGMP-PKG pathway in the control of neurotransmitter release in vivo.
Leveraging application context for efficient sensing

Today's platforms for long-term environmental monitoring (e.g. buoys or towers) typically host large solar panels and batteries. Ideally, miniaturized platforms could be used instead, so state of the art power management technique that takes into account battery levels and harvested energy to provide uniform sampling rate. However, the fixed pre-defined intervals is not desirable. The state-of-art adaptive sampling mechanism, optimal adaptive sampling algorithm (OSA) uses data uncertainty and past measurements to determine the optimal sampling rate at the cost of high computational complexity 0(n3), thus draining the batteries even further. Even if the sampling were done optimally, there are still significant challenges with data transmission. The state of the art approach for determining optimal transmission policy offers limited control over the energy-delay tradeoff and is not suitable to support wide range of applications ranging from real-time and delay-tolerant. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel power management framework that adapts sampling and transmission rates based on battery level, energy harvesting level and application-context (e.g. characteristics of the gathered data). Our framework is optimal in terms of energy efficiency with low computational complexity. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework using datasets from two real-world deployments. Our results show that our approach saves significant amounts of energy (between 20% to 60%) by avoiding oversampling when the application does not need it and uses this saved energy to support sampling at high rates to capture event with necessary fidelity when needed.
Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Granulated Pharmaceutical Powder Formulations

Pharmaceutical tablets are formed using formulations consisting of ingredients such as filler, binder, disintegrant, and active pharmaceutical ingredients. These ingredients are granulated followed by compaction. In the present study, the granules were formed using 5 and 10% binders. These granulated formulations were tested to determine mechanical properties using a medium pressure (<10 MPa) flexible boundary cubical triaxial tester. Hydrostatic triaxial compression and conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted at 10 and 20 MPa/min loading rates. Fundamental elastic, elastoplastic, and rate-dependent properties such as bulk modulus, compression index, spring-back index, shear modulus, and failure stress were determined from these tests. Some of the key findings were bulk modulus, compression index, and spring-back index increased with pressure. Shear modulus and failure stress increased with confining pressure; Bulk modulus increased with binder content at 10 MPa/min while decreased at 20 MP...
Synthesis of the C1C9 core of bengazole A: Harnessing the ambident nucleophilicity of 2-lithiooxazole

An advanced intermediate for the synthesis of bengazole A (1) was prepared by direct grafting of oxazole to a protected side-chain synthon (prepared from d-galactose) through C-4-directed addition (oxazole numbering) to the ambident nucleophile, 2-lithiooxazole.
Differential Ca2+ signaling by thrombin and protease-activated receptor-1-activating peptide in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Thrombin and related protease-activated receptors 1, 2, 3, and 4 (PAR1–4) play a multifunctional role in many types of cells including endothelial cells. Here, using RT-PCR and immunofluorescence s...
State-dependent learning and its implications for treatment of drug-abusers.

The potential relevance of laboratory demonstrations of state-dependent learning are discussed in relation to (1) the process-of-becoming-addicted, (2) treatment of the addict, and (3) taking prescribed medications. A functional analysis of drug-taking behavior as an approach to understanding both state-dependent effects and drug-taking in general is presented. Some addicts or potential addicts may take drugs to gain access to responses learned while in a drug state. To insure that addicts do not escape from newly-learned, albeit fear-laden social skills, it may be necessary to progressively punish actual drug-taking behaviors, while strengthening the new social behaviors.
Studies on DNA repair in early spermatid stages of male mice after in vivo treatment with methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and isopropyl methanesulfonate.

Abstract In vivo DNA repair occurring in early spermatid stages of the mouse has been studied with four mutagens that are chemical homologs: MMS, EMS, PMS and IMS. Using the well-studied sequence of events that occurs during spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the mouse, and administering testicular injections of [3H]dT, repair in early spermatids was measured by the unscheduled incorporation of [3H]dT into these germ cells which were recovered from the caudal epididymides 16 days after chemical treatment. Purification of the caudal sperm DNA at this time verified that the [3H]dT was incorporated into the DNA. For each chemical mutagen a study was made on the level of DNA repair occurring in early spermatids as a function of the administered, in vivo dose. Within experimental errors, all four chemicals produced a linear increase in DNA repair in early spermatids with increasing dose. Only the highest dose of MMS (100 mg/kg) produced a greater repair response than expected for a linear curve. At equimolar doses the most effective chemical in inducing DNA repair was MMS, followed by EMS, IMS and PMS. When testicular injections of [3H]dT were given at the same time as the intraperitoneal injections of the mutagens, the amount of unscheduled incorporation of [3H]dT into the DNA of early spermatids was maximized. Since [3H]dT has been shown to be available for incorporation into germ-cell DNA for only ∼ 1 h after injection, all four mutagens must reach the DNA of early spermatids and begin producing “repairable” lesions within 1 h after treatment. The amount of DNA repair occurring at later times after chemical treatment of early spermatids was studied by testicular injections of [3H]dT 1 2 , 1, 2 and 3 days after chemical treatment. Repair was still occurring in the early spermatids at 3 days post-treatment; this repair is most likely a manifestation of the finite rate of the repair process rather than resulting from newly alkylated DNA. For MMS and EMS there was a rapid decrease in the level of DNA repair in the first 1 2 day following treatment. This was followed by a much slower, exponential decrease in the level of repair out to 3 days post-treatment. The curves suggest that the amount of repair is proportional to the number of repairable lesions still present in the DNA. For PMS and IMS the level of repair decreases rapidly in the first 1 2 day after treatment and thereafter remains relatively constant through 3 days post-treatment. With all four mutagens, DNA repair in early spermatids was detectable at doses 5 to 10 times lower than those required to observe other genetic end points such as dominant lethals, translocations and specific-locus mutations in any germ-cell stage. The sensitivity of detection of in vivo DNA repair in the germ cells of male mice makes such a system a useful adjunct to other genetic test for studying chemical mutagenesis in mammals.
Developmental Changes in Children's Abilities to Share and Allocate Attention in a Dual Task

Characterizing developmental changes in children's dual-task performance has been problematic because differences in divided attention abilities are easily confounded with differences in overall capacity. Two experiments showed that after individual differences in children's capacity for single-task performance were controlled for, age differences between second- (M = 8.1 years) and fifth-grade (M = 11.1 years) children did not exist in dual-task performance when tasks were of equal priority. However, when tasks had different priorities, only fifth-grade children could differentially allocate attention in the dual task. Results are discussed within the coordination hypothesis framework (see A. F. Kramer & J. L. Larish, 1996), which suggests that changes in dual-task performance with aging are due to changes in the ability to coordinate and control the allocation of attention. It is argued that linking the investigations of children's attention with research on attention and aging provides both methodological and theoretical benefits.
Soil moisture relations at the tree/crop interface in black locust alleys

A study was undertaken in Ohio to determine whether the presence of black locust hedgerows would increase water shortage on crop land. Water was applied to bare soil which had carried pure stand maize in the previous growing season, and to the previously established alley cropping plots, some of which had 100 cm deep below-ground fiberglass partitions to prevent root competition for soil moisture in the alleys. Direct soil evaporation was reduced by covering the soil with a black polyethylene sheet. Soil moisture remaining in the top 45 cm soil depth was monitored for 8 days. Soil 1 had a higher organic carbon content and contained more moisture than Soil 2, which had more gravel than Soil 1. In Soil 2 there was significantly less water in alleys without below-ground partitions than on bare soil. In alleys without below-ground partitions, the hedgerows reduced soil moisture content of the alleys without below-ground partitions, the hedgerows reduced soil moisture content of the alleys by about 8% on Soil 1 and 32% on Soil 2, after 8 days following water application. In the top 45 cm depth of Soil 1, the influence of the hedgerows in the same treatment was large within 76 cm of the hedgerows but declined farther inside the alleys. For Soil 2 which had more gravel in the lower soil layers, which prevented deep growth of black locust roots, the influence of the hedgerows was pronounced throughout the alleys but was also most marked within the 76 cm distance from the hedges.
Trajectory angle determination in one dimensional single molecule tracking data by orthogonal regression analysis

The quantitative assessment of single molecule diffusion trajectories by orthogonal regression analysis is reported. This analysis is broadly applicable to any single particle tracking experiments in which diffusion along one dimension (1D) is expected. It affords quantitative data on the (in plane) orientation of 1D trajectories, allowing for their absolute orientations to be determined. Histograms depicting the distribution of trajectory angles provide new physical insights into the degree of trajectory alignment, and by inference, materials order. Estimates of the errors in the trajectory angle and particle positioning along each trajectory are also obtained. The angle results are compared to those from single-step angle determinations. The advantages of the regression method include its simplicity and computational efficiency, and the ability to objectively differentiate between 1D and 2D/immobile trajectories. Its utility is demonstrated through analysis of single molecule diffusion trajectories in surfactant-templated mesoporous silica films as probed by wide-field fluorescence microscopy. The trajectory angle histograms obtained provide quantitative data on mean trajectory orientation and the degree of trajectory alignment in distinct populations and sample regions. Mesopore order was quantitatively assessed by implementation of an order parameter, 〈P〉 = 2〈cos2(Δθ)〉 − 1, calculated from the individual trajectory angles in each of four representative sample regions. The results depict the presence of well-ordered domains (from microns to tens of microns in size), all having 〈P〉 ≈ 0.9. The latter corresponds to an ≈14° average deviation of the individual trajectories from the mean trajectory (and mesopore) orientation in each domain.
Facile synthesis of Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles with uniform sub-2.5 nm interior nanogaps

A facile method was established to fabricate uniform nanogaps between a Au core and a Au–Ag alloy shell. The size of nanogaps is controllable due to fast dissolution of AgCl and AgBr in CTAB and the crystal growth of the shell on a designed template. These Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles with uniform sub-2.5 nm interior nanogaps can be potentially used for various applications.
Closed-form solutions for arbitrary laminated anisotropic cylindrical shells (tubes) including shear deformation

Heretofore unavailable closed-form solutions are presented for arbitrarily laminated anisotropic cylindrical shells subjected to axially varying internal pressure. These solutions are obtained under the framework of the constant-shear-angle theory (CST) or the first-order shear-deformation theory (FSDT) for arbitrary boundary conditions. A unified CST-based shell theory, which is an extension of Love's first approximation theory or Love-Kirchhoff hypothesis, with four popular kinematic relations as special cases, has been employed into the formulation. The previously obtained CST-based solutions for symmetric/unsymmetric cross-ply and balancedunsymmetric/unbalanced-symmetric angle-ply cylindrical shells under the same loading conditions have been shown to be special cases of the present solution. The available solution based on the classical lamination theory (CLT) can be obtained from the present solution in the limiting case of the transverse shear rigidities approaching infinity. Numerical results have been presented for two-layer thick cylindrical shells (tubes) with SSl-type simply supported boundary conditions and have been compared with the corresponding CLT-based closed-form solutions and also the finite-element solutions based on the layerwise constant-shear-angle theory (LCST). These are expected to serve as benchmark solutions for future comparisons and to facilitate the employment of asymmetric lamination in design, known as composite tailoring.
Comparing analgesia and μ-opioid receptor internalization produced by intrathecal enkephalin : Requirement for peptidase inhibition

Opioid receptors in the spinal cord produce strong analgesia, but the mechanisms controlling their activation by endogenous opioids remain unclear. We have previously shown in spinal cord slices that peptidases preclude mu-opioid receptor (MOR) internalization by opioids. Our present goals were to investigate whether enkephalin-induced analgesia is also precluded by peptidases, and whether it is mediated by MORs or delta-opioid receptors (DORs). Tail-flick analgesia and MOR internalization were measured in rats injected intrathecally with Leu-enkephalin and peptidase inhibitors. Without peptidase inhibitors, Leu-enkephalin produced neither analgesia nor MOR internalization at doses up to 100 nmol, whereas with peptidase inhibitors it produced analgesia at 0.3 nmol and MOR internalization at 1 nmol. Leu-enkephalin was 10 times more potent to produce analgesia than to produce MOR internalization, suggesting that DORs were involved. Selective MOR or DOR antagonists completely blocked the analgesia elicited by 0.3 nmol Leu-enkephalin (a dose that produced little MOR internalization), indicating that it involved these two receptors, possibly by an additive or synergistic interaction. The selective MOR agonist endomorphin-2 produced analgesia even in the presence of a DOR antagonist, but at doses substantially higher than Leu-enkephalin. Unlike Leu-enkephalin, endomorphin-2 had the same potencies to induce analgesia and MOR internalization. We concluded that low doses of enkephalins produce analgesia by activating both MORs and DORs. Analgesia can also be produced exclusively by MORs at higher agonist doses. Since peptidases prevent the activation of spinal opioid receptors by enkephalins, the coincident release of opioids and endogenous peptidase inhibitors may be required for analgesia.
Spaghetti cooking quality of waxy and non-waxy durum wheats and blends

Quality attributes of waxy durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L), milled semolina and cooked spaghetti were examined and compared with those of two non-waxy durum cultivars. With the exception of kernel hardness, wheat quality characteristics were similar for both waxy and non-waxy durum. Compared with average values obtained for durum wheat grown in North Dakota (USA) during the crop year 2000, the values obtained for the wheat used in this study were equal or better for most parameters evaluated. Semolina extraction for all samples was lower than the 2000 average of 62.6%. The waxy lines had higher ash, lower speck count, similar protein quantity, lower wet gluten and stronger mixograph curves than the non-waxy cultivars. Waxy durum semolina had higher lipid content, starch damage, stirring number and flour swelling values. Spaghetti made from waxy durum semolina had shorter cooking time, similar cooking loss and cooked weight and lower firmness values, which would be unacceptable by most standards. Spaghetti made from blends containing 20-80% waxy durum semolina were evaluated. Cooking time and firmness decreased and cooking loss increased as the amount of waxy semolina increased. Acceptable spaghetti was obtained using 20-40% waxy semolina blends, depending on the quality of the non-waxy blending material.
Attack preferences of the red-bellied piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri)*

Abstract Single small piranha ( Serrasalmus nattereri ) were exposed once per day for 30 consecutive days to a single comet goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) as large or larger than the piranha. The area of the goldfish's body first attacked and time to first attack were recorded. In 87·9 per cent of the trials, first attack was in the tail area. Pre-experimental observations were reported of attacks upon the eyes of goldfish. Attacks upon the tail and eyes of living goldfish are viewed as general mechanisms of survival and adaptation of piranha in increasing the vulnerability and reducing the mobility of its prey.
Progressive nuclear factor-κB activation resistant to inhibition by contraction and curcumin in mdx mice

Skeletal muscle of patients with Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy and mdx mice exhibits elevated activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB), which may play a role in muscle catabolism. We measured skeletal muscle NF-kappaB activity in mdx mice at three ages (10 days, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks) to test the hypothesis that NF-kappaB activity is elevated in an age-dependent manner in these mice. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that NF-kappaB activity could be reduced in mdx skeletal muscle by dietary supplementation with curcumin (1% w/v) or by fatiguing muscle contractions. We found that NF-kappaB activity was elevated at 4 and 8 weeks of age but not at 10 days, and was resistant to inhibition by either fatiguing contractions or dietary curcumin. We conclude that NF-kappaB activity is elevated in dystrophic skeletal muscle in an age-related manner and is resistant to inhibition by physiological and pharmacological means. These findings are consistent with a role for NF-kappaB activation in dystrophic muscle wasting but suggest that predicted interventions such as exercise or inhibitors of the early steps in the NF-kappa activation pathway may not be effective and that targeted research is needed to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
The alpha and beta adrenergic responses to epinephrine in the rabbit eye.

Abstract An experimental study has been made of the α and β adrenergic responses to epinephrine in eyes of conscious rabbits. The time courses of the pupillary and pressure responses to epinephrine have been measured prior to and following administration of α and β adrenergic antagonists. The pupillary response to epinephrine always preceded the pressure response. Both qualitatively and quantitatively the pupillary and pressure responses to epinephrine have been found similar to those to norepinephrine. Intravenous administration of α adrenergic antagonists completely blocked the pupillary response to epinephrine and inhibited strongly the pressure response. Intravenous administration of the β adrenergic antagonist proparanolol left unchanged the pupillary response to epinephrine and reduced from 17 to 37% the pressure response to epinephrine. It is concluded that the ocular responses to epinephrine are predominantly dependent on its α agonist activity.
The art of “arrow pushing”: Is the hyperconjugation model theoretically justified?

Abstract The language of the chemist is used in order to argue that intuitive “arrow pushing” is not theoretically justified, i.e. trends traditionally attributed to the contribution of certain resonance structures can actually be due to the contribution of entirely different resonance structures. The hyperconjugation recipe of “arrow pushing” is investigated and the approach used is illustrated by reference to reactions of the type 2 MAD → MA 2 + MD 2 and to conformational isomerism.
Three generations in type I compactifications

Generalizing the recent work on three-family type I compactifications, we classify perturbative type I vacua obtained via compactifying on the ${T}^{6}/{\mathbf{Z}}_{2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\mathbf{Z}}_{2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\mathbf{Z}}_{3}$ orbifold with all possible Wilson lines. In particular, we concentrate on models with gauge groups containing the standard model gauge group $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{c}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{w}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$ as a subgroup. All of the vacua we obtain contain D5-branes and are nonperturbative from the heterotic viewpoint. The models we discuss have three chiral families. We study some of their phenomenological properties, and point out nontrivial problems arising in these models in the phenomenological context.
Culture of Embryonic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster in vitro

Embryonic cells isolated from eggs ofDrosophila melanogasterhave been cultured continuously in a new medium. Generation time for cell division is 30 hours. Chromosome number remains constant for at least 10 days. Cells from embryos of the mutant maroon-like grow at the same rate as those from wild-type embryos, but cells from rosy-2 grow slower and at a lower optimum temperature.
Orbital Arteriovenous Malformation with Secondary Capillary Angiomatosis Treated by Embolization with Silastic Liquid

A 19-year-old Caucasian man developed signs of an orbital arteriovenous malformation, which was biopsied and then treated by embolization with a rapidly polymerizing silastic liquid. The biopsy from the initial specimen showed arteries and veins that were malformed with irregular elasticas and muscularis thicknesses, but the most curious feature was a secondary endothelial cell proliferation of such proportions as to simulate in various fields a capillary hemangioma of childhood. Approximately 50% of the bulk of the tumor was the result of the secondary endothelial cell proliferation, which we presume occurred in response to the irritative circumstances of increased intracapillary pressure from the high blood flow between the abnormal arteries and veins. Four years after the tumor was treated with the silastic liquid, it recurred and was again removed surgically. On this occasion, the histopathologic study of the tissues demonstrated a persistent secondary capillary angiomatosis, as well as chronic inflammatory reaction and granulomatous response surrounding the entrapped fragments of the polymerized silastic liquid.
An Adaptive Coding Technique For PAPR Reduction

In this work, we present an adaptive technique to reduce high peak-to-average power ratio in coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. High peak-to-average power ratio has been a primary hurdle for the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in low cost applications. Our coding approach for reduction of peak-to-average power ratio combines the error correction capability of the channel encoder and achieves peak-to-average power ratio reduction in the OFDM system. Our technique is easily implemented in terms of encoding as well as decoding. We develop analytical analysis of the maximum peak-to-average power ratio reduction achievable by this method. We consider the effect on bit error rate based on general analysis of antipodal signals.
Penetrating orbital trauma

This case report describes an unusual penetrating orbital trauma, presentation and surgical management.
The Ellis paradigm — humans, herbivores and rangeland systems

The scientific and conceptual contributions Jim Ellis made throughout the course of his career reveal a logical progression towards increased understanding of pastoral ecosystems worldwide. Research in wildlife, large herbivores, systems ecology and energy flows through grazing ecosystems formed the basis of his approach. A leader of the South Turkana Ecosystem Project (STEP), he showed the adaptive basis for opportunistic and spatially extensive resource use in temporally and spatially variable environments. After the STEP, he examined pastoral ecosystems in northern and central Asia and elsewhere in Africa. Spatial extensivity, or scale, emerged as being critically important to pastoral ecosystem function. Livestock development schemes based upon inappropriate ecological and economic assumptions are all too often ecologically and economically unsustainable. However, a new paradigm of pastoral ecology and development is emerging. The paradigm is derived from basic, but comprehensive, understanding of the...
Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges

Primary care is recognized as the most important form of healthcare for maintaining population health because it is relatively inexpensive, can be more easily delivered than specialty and inpatient care, and if properly distributed it is most effective in preventing disease progression on a large scale. Recent advances in the field of health geography have greatly improved our understanding of the role played by geographic distribution of health services in population health maintenance. However, most of this knowledge has accrued for hospital and specialty services and services in rural areas. Much less is known about the effect of distance to and supply of primary care on primary care utilization, particularly in the U.S.
Autonomous Minibuoy Prototype for a Coordinated, Wireless Networked, Ocean-Surface-Sensor Array

We report the design, prototype construction and initial testing of a small minibuoy that is aimed at use in a coordinated, wireless networked array of buoys for ocean surface sensing, both above and below the surface. This vehicle is designed to fill the gap between larger ocean surface vessels and/or moored buoys and subsurface gliders. The size and cost is low enough that these versatile sensor platforms can be deployed easily and in quantity. Since these minibuoys are mobile, they can keep station in currents as large as 25 cm/s or move as an adaptive, coordinated sensor array for high resolution in both time and space. The buoy is about 29 inches (74 cm) long, 16 inches (41 cm) wide (maximum) and weighs about 32 pounds (14.5 kg); hence, it can be deployed easily from small craft. Deployment times are estimated to be one or two days or more depending on propulsion requirements and battery pack -longer with solar power. The buoy structure is fiberglass and PVC with two 2 W electric motors. Control is affected by GPS and magnetic heading sensors and a PID scheme to maintain heading and required speed. Communication is via a 900 MHz system with a range of a km or two with plans for a longer range HF/VHF or satellite system. The initial sensor system is designed for ocean hyperspectral observations as surface truth for an airborne system calibration and validation as well as other ocean color applications. Acoustic, wave, air & water temperature sensors as well as GPS are included. The Mark I prototype has been successfully tested in a pool with manual control of movement.
Dynamic fluvial systems and gravel progradation in the Himalayan foreland

Although the large-scale stratigraphy of many terrestrial foreland basins is punctuated by major episodes of gravel progradation, the relationships of such facies to hinterland tectonism and climate change are often unclear. Structural reentrants provide windows into older and more proximal parts of the foreland than are usually exposed, and thus provide key insights to earlier phases of foreland evolution. Our magnetostratigraphic studies show that, although the major lithofacies preserved within the Himachal Pradesh structural reentrant in northwestern India resemble Neogene facies in Pakistan, they have a much greater temporal and spatial variability. From 11.5 to 7 Ma, major facies boundaries in Himachal Pradesh vary by as much as 2–3 m.y. across distances of 20–30 km and are controlled by the interference between a major southeastward-flowing axial river and a major southwestward-flowing transverse river. A thick but highly confined middle to late Miocene conglomerate facies includes the oldest extensive Siwalik conglomerates yet dated (10 Ma) and implies the development of significant erosional topography along the Main Boundary thrust prior to 11 Ma. Our studies document extensive syntectonic gravel progradation with conglomerates extending tens of kilometers into the undeformed foreland during a period of increased subsidence rate and within 1–2 m.y. of major thrust initiation. Overall, gravel progradation is modulated by the interplay among subsidence, sediment supply, and the proportion of gravels in rivers entering the foreland.
The effects of beef protein isolate and whey protein isolate supplementation on lean mass and strength in resistance trained individuals - a double blind, placebo controlled study

Background Consumption of moderate amounts of whey and animal derived protein has been demonstrated to enhance short and long-term protein balance over a placebo matched control. However, to date no study has comprehensively compared high quality beef based protein supplementation with whey based protein sources following a resistance training protocol. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of post-exercise consumption of two servings of beef protein isolate (BeefISO) or whey, compared to a maltodextrin control on lean mass and strength during 8 weeks of resistance training.
LOAPEX: The Long-Range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment

This paper provides an overview of the experimental goals and methods of the Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment (LOAPEX), which took place in the northeast Pacific Ocean between September 10, 2004 and October 10, 2004. This experiment was designed to address a number of unresolved issues in long-range, deep-water acoustic propagation including the effect of ocean fluctuations such as internal waves on acoustic signal coherence, and the scattering of low-frequency sound, in particular, scattering into the deep acoustic shadow zone. Broadband acoustic transmissions centered near 75 Hz were made from various depths to a pair of vertical hydrophone arrays covering 3500 m of the water column, and to several bottom-mounted horizontal line arrays distributed throughout the northeast Pacific Ocean Basin. Path lengths varied from 50 km to several megameters. Beamformed receptions on the horizontal arrays contained 10-20-ms tidal signals, in agreement with a tidal model. Fifteen consecutive receptions on one of the vertical line arrays with a source range of 3200 km showed the potential for incoherent averaging. Finally, shadow zone receptions were observed on an ocean bottom seismometer at a depth of 5000 m from a source at 3200-250-km range.