cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glacier changes in the central and northern Tien Shan during the last 140 years based on surface and remote-sensing data

This research presents a precise evaluation of the recession of Akshiirak and Ala Archa glaciers, Tien Shan, central Asia, based on data of geodetic surveys from 1861-69, aerial photographs from 1943, 1963, 1977 and 1981, 1 : 25 000 scale topographic maps and SRTM and ASTER data from 2000-03. The Akshiirak glacierized massif in the central Tien Shan contains 178 glaciers covering 371.6 km 2 , and the Ala Archa glacier basin in the northern Tien Shan contains 48 glaciers covering 36.31 km 2 . The Tien Shan glaciers retreated as much as 3 km from the 1860s to 2003. Area shrinkage of Akshiirak and Ala Archa was 4.2% and 5.1%, respectively, from 1943 to 1977, and 8.7% and 10.6%, respectively, from 1977 to 2003. The volume of the Akshiirak glaciers was reduced by 3.566 km 3 from 1943 to 1977 and 6.145 km 3 from 1977 to 2000. The total reduction of the Tien Shan glaciers is 14.2% during the last 60 years (1943-2003). The northern and central Tien Shan have not experienced a significant precipitation increase during the last 100 years, but they have experienced an increase in summer air temperatures, especially observable since the 1970s, which accelerated the recession of the Tien Shan glaciers.
Environmentalism, Moral Responsibility, and the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing

In ‘Doing and Allowing’, Samuel Scheffler argues that if a person sees herself as subject to norms of individual moral responsibility, then the content of her first-order substantive norms of individual moral responsibility must attribute greater responsibility to what one does than to what one could, but fails, to prevent. This paper is about how a morally responsible agent could deny the doctrine of doing and allowing, why an environmentalist should, and what this means for environmental ethical theory.
Essential arginyl residues in reverse transcriptase

Abstract The RNA dependent DNA polymerase -- reverse transcriptases -- from avian, feline and simian type C RNA viruses are rapidly inactivated by butanedione in borate buffer, a reagent which is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. The pronounced enhancement by borate on the inactivation of reverse transcriptase implicates essential arginyl residues, and substrate protection experiments with the polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus indicate that these residues function in binding the RNA template to the active site.
O parentesco é sempre tido como heterossexual

A partir do debate ocorrido na Franca a respeito da legalizacao das unioes entre homossexuais, a autora conclui que tomar posicao a favor ou contra nessa questao e aceitar os termos nos quais o debate esta posto e considera os riscos politicos e teoricos de circunscrever uma realidade bem mais complexa.
Authorial intentions in understanding satirical texts

Abstract Understanding the point of satire seems to require some assessment of what an author intends to communicate by his or her words. To what extent, though, are ordinary readers aware of authorial intentions when they read stories that appear to be satirical? We investigated this question in four experimental studies. Experiment I showed that readers construct a coherent picture of the author and his or her intentions when they read satirical stories. Experiment 2 uncovered exaggeration and wording as two of the cues to a satirical interpretation of author intent. Experiment 3 demonstrated that what readers know about an author's attitudes and opinions affects how they interpret satire. Together, these data support the idea that readers often draw specific inferences about author intent when they read satirical stories, and that information about an author is used to interpret these texts.
A helix theory for molecular chirality and chiral interaction

A helix electronic theory shows that complex molecular chiralities can be generalized on the basis of their inherent helicities and effects in stereochemical control conventionally attributed to steric hindrance might instead have an electronic basis.
Carrying Capacity of Salmonid Hatcheries

(1970). Carrying Capacity of Salmonid Hatcheries. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 43-46.
SEM-based ADC evaluation and integration in an advanced process fab

This paper summarizes the work completed as part of the Equipment Evaluation Program (EEP) for the Applied Materials SEMVision cX at Texas Instruments KFAB facility. This tool employs real time Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) software in conjunction with an Automatic Defect Redetection (ADR) capability. The SEMVision cX utilizes a unique imaging system that employs multiple detectors to create several perspectives of the defect image. These perspectives enhance certain features of the defect that facilitate Automatic Defect Redetection of all defect types, and enable a rule-based ADC system. This tool was designed to meet the requirements of an advanced CMOS fab, which requires increased imaging resolution to resolve the ever-smaller defects that can cause yield loss. This evaluation program was begun to accomplish three objectives: 1) To evaluate the tool for automatic defect classification on advanced CMOS technology. 2) To increase speed/throughput/resolution of defect review. 3) To increase the accuracy of defect classification with the use of ADC. Of great importance for TI's advanced wafer fabs is the need for a defect review SEM that also has the capability of ADC to improve defect classification accuracy and also to improve queue time in the Yield Enhancement (YE) operations. In addition to this, the need to be fully integrated into the fab DMS (Defect Management System) and TI's Automation system is crucial for automating many routine functions for the YE group. With the YE group personnel freed from the manv tedious data management tasks, they can work on yield issues in real-time. The SEM Vision cX differs from usual fab SEM's in that it employs MPSI (Multiple Perspective Imaging) which is three detectors, one at normal incidence to the wafer and two on either side of normal from the electron beam. This configuration of detectors gives added information to the ADC system, provides for robust redetection, and establishes a paradigm for automatic defect classification based on topography and material perspectives. The SEMVision cX met all of the requirements during the evaluation with the exception of the tilt and rotate capabilities. There were two areas that were involved in this evaluation, one was for the defect review SEM itself and the other was for Automatic Defect Classification (ADC). Also included in this evaluation was the integration of the SEMVision cX into TI's DMS (Defect Management System) and Automation networks.
A Note on Ionization by Meteors

Experimental evidence of atmospheric ionization by meteoric bombardment is presented. This kind of measurement may be useful in studying diffusion and recombination in the upper atmosphere and in counting meteors in the daytime or in cloudy weather.
Total Quality: Teamsmanship over Leadership

Total quality management sharply modifies management itself. As teams and teamwork take root, leadership idolatry fades in importance. Teamsmanship requires breaking vertical and horizontal barriers that stand in the way of quick, high‐quality customer service. Management tools helpful in barrier‐busting include team‐building, cross‐training, job rotation, cross‐careering, project teams, and re‐engineering. While these tools are in wide use, companies often misapply or weakly apply them. Examples are given of how some companies use these tools in ways that effectively enhance teamsmanship. Teamsmanship also feeds on information, which must be widely shared. In most Western cultures, however, people tend jealously to guard their own knowledge and personally acquired information. Organizations must employ systematic devices that promote information sharing. Among the better known such devices are benchmarking and quality function deployment. Also useful, but less familiar, are common files and the “star sys...
Psychological androgyny and ego development

Psychological androgyny has often been described as associated with increased behavioral flexibility, with the availability of skills in both traditionally masculine and feminine areas. Ego development has been described as involving an increasing differentiation of one's perception of self, of behavior, and of one's thoughts and feelings, as well as an increasing ability to integrate these differentiated aspects. We therefore predicted that androgynous individuals would show higher levels of ego development than sex-typed individuals, who would in turn be higher than undifferentiated subjects. Eighty-four undergraduate and graduate students completed the Washington University Sentence Completion Test and the Personality Research Form AN-DRO scale. No evidence of a relation between these measures was found. Several other negative findings have recently been reported, using other sex role measures. It appears that ego development, as currently measured, is not associated with sex-related self-concepts, as typically measured, though it may be associated with more androgynous sex role expectations of others, and with self-perceptions of agency and communion. Measures of sex-related self-concepts that provide separate scores for positive and negative attributes should be employed in future studies.
Effect of diabetes mellitus on outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury: a national trauma databank analysis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with worsened outcomes following severe injury. However, clinical studies evaluating the effect of DM on outcomes in patients suffering traumatic brain injury (TBI) are currently lacking.Methods: This was a National Trauma Databank (NTDB) study over a 5-year period. Patients with DM were matched with victims of isolated TBI without DM in a 1:2 ratio. Outcomes included mortality, hospital and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) length of stay, ventilator days and discharge disposition.Results: Of the 35 005 patients with isolated TBI, 636 (1.8%) cases had documented DM. After matching 1272 counterparts without DM, no differences with regards to demographic and injury characteristics were observed comparing the two groups. Overall mortality in the study population was 18.8% (n = 358), with a significantly increased in-hospital mortality in patients with vs without DM [22.6% vs 16.8%; OR (95% CI): 1.45 (1.14–1.83); p = 0.002]. Patients with DM were significant...
Finite difference methods for time dependent, linear differential algebraic equations

Abstract Recently the authors developed a global reduction procedure for linear, time-dependent DAE that transforms their solutions of smaller systems of ODE's. Here it is shown that this reduction allows for the construction of simple, convergent finite difference schemes for such equations.
PECS and responsive prelinguistic milieu teaching in children with autism produce similar gains in requesting1

What are the relative effects of Responsive Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching (RPMT) and Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on the communication development of children with aut...
Thermodynamics of fission products in dispersion fuel designs – First-principles modeling of defect behavior in bulk and at interfaces

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of fission product (Xe, Sr, and Cs) incorporation and segregation in alkaline earth metal oxides, HfO 2 and UO 2 oxides, and the MgO/(U, Hf, Ce)O 2 interfaces have been carried out. These calculations demonstrate that the fission product incorporation energies in MgO are higher than in HfO 2 . However, this trend is reversed or reduced for alkaline earth oxides with larger cation sizes. In the case of UO 2 , the calculations were performed using spin polarization and with a Hubbard U term characterizing the on-site Coulomb repulsion between the localized 5f electrons. The fission product solution energies in bulk UO 2 ± x have been calculated as a function of non-stoichiometry x , and were compared to that in MgO. The solution energies of fission products in MgO are substantially higher than in UO 2 ± x , except for the case of Sr in hypostoichiometric UO 2 . Due to size effects, the thermodynamic driving force of segregation for Xe and Cs from bulk MgO to the MgO/fluorite interface is strong. However, this driving force is comparatively weak for Sr.
Some Recent Advances In Speckle Techniques For Photomechanics And Optical Metrology

Major advances in using coherent and incoherent speckle patterns for displacement and strain measurements are reviewed. Topics include the laws of spatial movement of laser speckle, the halo functions of coherent and incoherent speckle patterns, the factors that result in speckle decorrelation which, in turn, affects the fringe visibility and sets the upper limit of displacement measurement, the new techniques of holospeckle interferometry, real-time and electron microscope speckle photographies and finally the automatic processing of Young's fringes, and digital correlation techniques.
Proposed codification of ethicacy in the publication process

The pressure for publication is ever present in academe. Rules for submission are elucidated by conferences, proceedings and journals for the benefit of authors; however, the rules for reviewers and editors are not so well established or consistent. This treatise examines examples of abuse of the editorial process and points to a need for formal recognition of rules for review. The manuscript culminates with proposed Codes of Ethics for researchers, referees and editors and suggestions for improvement of the peer review process.
Parallels between development of embryonic and matrix‐induced endochondral bone

Endochondral bone formation can take place in the embryo, during fracture healing, or in postnatal animals after induction by implanted demineralized bone matrix. This matrix-induced bone formation recapitulates the embryonic sequence of bone formation morphologically and biochemically. The steps in bone formation in both systems include differentiation of cartilage from mesenchyme, cartilage maturation, invasion of the cartilage by blood vessels and marrow precursors, and formation of bone and bone marrow. Recently, bone inductive molecules from demineralized bone matrix have been purified, sequenced and produced as recombinant proteins. While there are similarities between bone development in the embryo and that after induction by these purified molecules, the molecules responsible for bone induction in the embryo have not yet been defined. Because of similarities between the two methods of bone formation, studies of bone induction by demineralized bone matrix may help to elucidate mechanisms of embryonic bone induction.
3-D imaging using higher order fast marching traveltimes

Recently, fast marching methods (FMM) beyond first order have been developed for producing rapid solutions to the eikonal equation. In this paper, we present imaging results for 3‐D prestack Kirchhoff migration using traveltimes computed using the first‐order and second‐order FMM on several 3‐D prestack synthetic and real data sets. The second order traveltimes produce a much better image of the structure. Moreover, insufficiently sampled first order traveltimes can introduce consistent errors in the common reflection point gathers that affect velocity analysis. First‐order traveltimes tend to be smaller than analytic traveltimes, which in turn affects the migration velocity analysis, falsely indicating that the interval velocity was too low.
Preoperative prediction of mortality within 1 year after elective thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Objective Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is known to have a survival benefit over open repair in patients with descending thoracic aneurysms and has become a mainstay of therapy. Because death before 1 year after TEVAR likely indicates an ineffective therapy, we have created a predictive model for death within 1 year using factors available in the preoperative setting. Methods A registry of 526 TEVARs performed at the University of Florida between September 2000 and November 2010 was queried for patients with degenerative descending thoracic aneurysm as their primary pathology. Procedures with emergent or urgent indications were excluded. Preoperatively available variables, such as baseline comorbidities, anatomic-, and procedure-specific planning details, were recorded. Univariate predictors of death were analyzed with multivariable Cox proportional hazards to identify independent predictors of 30-day (death within 30 days) and 1-year mortality (death within 1 year) after TEVAR. Results A total of 224 patients were identified and evaluated. The 30-day mortality rate was 3% (n = 7) and the 1-year mortality rate was 15% (n = 33). Multivariable predictors of 1-year mortality (hazard ratios [95% confidence interval]) included: age >70 years (5.8 [2.1-16.0]; P = .001), adjunctive intraoperative procedures (eg, brachiocephalic or visceral stents, or both, concomitant arch debranching procedures; 4.5 [1.9-10.8]; P = .001), peripheral arterial disease (3.0 [1.4-6.7]; P = .006), coronary artery disease (2.4 [1.1-4.9]; P = .02), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.9 [1.0-3.9]; P = .06). A diagnosis of hyperlipidemia was protective (0.4 [0.2-0.7]; P = .006). When patients were grouped into those with one, two, three, or four or more of these risk factors, the predicted 1-year mortality was 1%, 3%, 10%, 27%, and 54%, respectively. Conclusions Factors are available in the preoperative setting that are predictive of death within 1 year after TEVAR and can guide clinical decision making regarding the timing of repair. Patients with multiple risk factors, such as age ≥70 years, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a need for an extensive procedure involving adjunctive therapies, have a high predicted mortality within 1 year and may be best served by waiting for a larger aneurysm size to justify the risk of intervention.
Sensitivity of modeled tropical cyclone track and structure of hurricane Irene (1999) to the convective parameterization scheme

The Betts-Miller and the Kain-Fritsch schemes are two of the many approaches to convective parameterization available to modelers. In the case of hurricane Irene (1999), the choice of parameterization markedly impacted the modeled track and structure of the hurricane and its subsequent extratropical transition. Specifically, in model runs using Betts-Miller, Irene recurved too early, causing the storm to weaken over the cool open ocean, delaying its transition, and changing the character of the storm. The Kain-Fritsch scheme more accurately reproduced the track of Irene and, hence, its interaction with upper-level features that caused extratropical transition and post-transition intensification. The two parameterizations produce different characteristic vertical warming profiles; the differences in warming are related to the structural differences in the simulated storm, affecting the hurricane response to its environment.
Aplysia californica: Analysis of Nuclear DNA in Individual Nuclei of Giant Neurons

The nuclei of the giant neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica can contain more than 0.2 microgram of DNA. This is more than 200,000 times as much DNA as the haploid amount found in Aplysia sperm. On the basis of nuclear DNA content, the giant neurons R-2, P-1, and L-6 of adult animals can each be divided into at least two populations. The mean DNA content of these two populations (0.067 and 0.131 microgram of DNA) are approximately related by a factor of 2. This suggests that much and perhaps all of the genome replicates repeatedly (up to 16 times) during the growth and development of these neurons and that each replication is synchronous. The enormous amount of DNA in these cells opens up the possibility of characterizing the DNA and other constituents of chromatin from individual but phenotypically different neurons.
Growth response and androgen receptor expression in seminal vesicles from aging transgenic mice expressing human or bovine growth hormone genes.

Previous work has shown that expression of human (h) GH in transgenic mice is associated with significant age-related enlargement of seminal vesicles. To further explore this aberrant growth activity, we have characterized seminal vesicles from various GH transgenic lines and examined their androgen receptor (AR) content and distribution. Six groups of animals were initially studied: young adult (3-5 months) control mice, old (greater than 12 months) control mice, young adult hGH transgenic mice, old hGH transgenics, young adult bovine (b) GH transgenics, and old bGH transgenic mice. Young transgenic mice (hGH and bGH) possessed seminal vesicles with similar relative weights, DNA and protein contents, and AR levels as nontransgenic littermates. Histologically, the glands appeared similar. With aging, the hGH transgenic seminal vesicles exhibited massive stromal hyperplasia, whereas the glands from controls and bGH transgenic mice did not show this response. Seminal vesicles from old hGH mice presented wit...
The care of my child with cancer: a new instrument to measure caregiving demand in parents of children with cancer.

Abstract The growing societal trend toward delivering more and more illness-related care in the home, driven both by family preferences and by mandates from third-party reimbursers, places additional responsibilities for increasingly complex caregiving on parents of children with serious illness. This article reports on the development and initial field test of The Care of My Child with Cancer, a caregiving demand instrument specific to the childhood cancer population. The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis provided initial evidence for the instrument's construct validity. The instrument will now be applied in a collaborative program of nursing research to further investigate caregiving demand and ultimately to develop nursing interventions to maximize medical and quality of life outcomes for children with cancer and their families. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Biomechanical evaluation of scaffolding tasks

A field study was conducted to identify tasks and activities that increase the risk of overexertion injury associated with the erection and dismantling of frame scaffolds, and to determine strategies that would prevent or reduce the worker's risk of injury. Twelve construction sites involving 29 workers were visited. The investigation identified that lifting scaffold end frames, carrying end frames, handling scaffold planks, removing cross braces, and removing guardrails are activities that increase the risk of overexertion injuries during task performance. This paper has focused on end-frame handling problems. Although the techniques used to handle end frames varied among the construction sites and subjects, six lifting and five carrying strategies were commonly used. Computer simulations of these work techniques show that considerable biomechanical stress occurs to most of the workers at their shoulders, elbows, and hips. To reduce overexertion injuries during erection and dismantling of frame scaffolds, design of an assistive device to lift scaffold end frames and modifications to the end-frame fixtures are suggested. Future research areas for the prevention of injury during scaffolding work are also proposed.
Optimization of Transport-Driven Continuous SPLITT Fractionation

Abstract Continuous SPLITT fractionation (CSF) utilizes various forces acting across the thin dimension of a ribbonlike flow channel or cell to segregate suspended particles and macromolecules into different flow laminae. One or more splitters at the outlet of the channel then divide the differentially populated laminae into two or more substreams. The separation is rapid because of the extreme thinness (usually 102-fold advantage over many conventional techniques like gravitational sedimentation. The resolving power of CSF is related to the ratio of inlet substream flow rates, making possible the direct control of resolution. A straightforward tradeoff is found between resolution and throughput. Th...
Role of the pineal gland in photoperiod-induced changes in hypothalamic-pituitary sensitivity to testosterone feedback in castrated male hamsters.

An exposure to short days induces testicular atrophy in intact, but not pinealectomized, golden hamsters. Since recent evidence suggests that an alteration in the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system to steroid feedback may be one way in which the photoperiod acts to alter neuroendocrine- gonadal activity in seasonally breeding animals, the present investigation was designed to determine if the pineal gland is involved in this photic-induced change to steroid feedback. Castrated adult male hamsters that had been sham-pinealectomized (Sham-Px) or pinealectomized (Px) were maintained on either stimulatory long days [14 h of light, 10 h of darkness (LD 14:10)] or nonstimulatory short days (LD 6:18) for 8 weeks. The animals were then implanted with various sized testosteronefilled capsules and serum was collected 10 and 21 days later for hormone analysis. Capsules which contained 2 or 4 mm powdered testosterone maintained serum testosterone levels between about 0.8-1.5 ng/ml, and induced at leas...
A pulsed neutron generator for in vivo body composition studies

Abstract A neutron generator system utilizing two Zetatron neutron tubes has been designed and delivered to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University for use in clinical measurements of body carbon by neutron inelastic scattering. Each neutron tube is capable of delivering 103−104 14-MeV neutrons in a 7-μs pulse at repetition rates of 4 or 8 kHz, and can be operated independently as well as in a master-slave mode. The neutron tubes are gas filled with a mixture of deuterium and tritium; the target of the tube is operated at − 30 to − 60 kV dc and the ion source is operated with a 2.5-kV, 7-μs pulse. The tube gas pressure is monitored and controlled by measuring the total current in the high voltage circuit and feeding it back to the gas-reservoir drive circuit. Neutrons were measured with a plastic scintillator and photomultiplier tube.
DO TUNNELING ELECTRONS PROBE THE IMAGE INTERACTION

Some years ago Weinberg and Hartstein suggested that the discrepancy between their data on internal photoemission and photoassisted field emission was due to the inability of tunneling electrons to respond fully to the classical image potential. Since then much effort has been expended on explaining this as well as the more general problem of the effect of the full dynamical (i.e., velocity dependent quantum) image interaction on electron transport. However, neither problem has been definitively resolved. A major difficulty in the analyses using the classical image barrier has been the inability of over-simplified and inadequate models to explain observations in a manner consistent with the quantum mechanical limitations imposed on a tunneling electron. Specifically, the mean barrier approximations and the "image reduced" mean barrier are often imprecise approximations. Recently the logarithmic characteristics lnI (s;V = const) and lnV (s;I = const) have been determined using the STM. We have calculated lnI (s;V = const) for planar homo-junctions using two models with one-dimensional barriers, ϕ = ϕ (z) : (1) Simmons' mean barrier and hyperbolic approximations of the multiple image interaction, in the low bias limit, V ≪ ϕ0, the work function of the electrodes. (2) An exact integration of the Schrodinger equation to calculate the transmission across the full multiple image barrier. These calculations are discussed and compared with the experimental curves as well as some reported calculations by Binning et al.
Water markets as a mechanism for intersectoral water transfers: the Elqui Basin in Chile

The Elqui River in north-central Chile provides water for a medium-sized urban area and a small but thriving irrigated agriculture sector. A number of factors combined to provide incentive for the municipal water company servicing the coastal urban area to purchase water-use rights from irrigators in the early 1990s. This transfer was a well-recorded example of Chilean water markets functioning as proponents had expected. And despite the elapsed time, and Chile’s favorable system of transferable water-use rights, these trades remain among the very few recorded cases of intersectoral trading in the country. By purchasing water rights this water supply company was able to reduce its cost of raw water provision. Economic analysis of this transfer showed relatively modest economic gains from trade. Although, the value of water in municipal water supply is high, the value of water to profitable farmers is also high. The construction of the Puclaro Dam on the Elqui River demonstrates that the intersectoral water transfer that occurred in the early 1990s will not be the ultimate solution to the urban water supply needs of this urban area.
The effect of a problem solving in‐service program on the classroom behaviors and attitudes of middle school science teachers

This study examines the effect of an in-service education program emphasizing problem solving on teacher attitudes toward teaching science and on teaching behaviors. Twenty-two middle school science teachers participated in the program and another 22 served as the control group. The two groups were similar in terms of gender, teaching status, educational background, and professional activity during the treatment period. Before and after the eight-month project, subjects completed attitude surveys and recorded videotapes of themselves teaching science lessons. No difference was noted between the groups on the attitude measure. The videotapes were analyzed using a coding scheme developed for use in this study. A multivariate analysis of variance performed on the observational data showed a significant difference between the groups on the postworkshop measure. The experimental-group teachers shifted to more student-centered classrooms, with less lecture and procedural talk. This study provides evidence that an extended in-service education program can affect the teaching behaviors of science teachers in the middle grades.
Evaluation of the Storm Prediction Center’s Day 1 Convective Outlooks

AbstractThe Storm Prediction Center has issued daily convective outlooks since the mid-1950s. This paper represents an initial effort to examine the quality of these forecasts. Convective outlooks are plotted on a latitude–longitude grid with 80-km grid spacing and evaluated using storm reports to calculate verification measures including the probability of detection, frequency of hits, and critical success index. Results show distinct improvements in forecast performance over the duration of the study period, some of which can be attributed to apparent changes in forecasting philosophies.
Nanoscale morphology in precisely sequenced poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc ionomers.

The morphology of a series of linear poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc-neutralized ionomers with either precisely or randomly spaced acid groups was investigated using X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Scattering from semicrystalline, precise ionomers has contributions from acid layers associated with the crystallites and ionic aggregates dispersed in the amorphous phase. The precisely controlled acid spacing in these ionomers reduces the polydispersity in the aggregate correlation length and yields more intense, well-defined scattering peaks. Remarkably, the ionic aggregates in an amorphous, precise ionomer with 22 mol % acid and 66% neutralization adopt a cubic lattice; this is the first report of ionic aggregate self-assembly onto a lattice in an ionomer with an all-carbon backbone. Aggregate size is insensitive to acid content or neutralization level. As the acid content increases from 9.5 to 22 mol % at ∼75% neutralizati...
Boredom--The Stress of Predictability.

(1982). Boredom—The Stress of Predictability. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 8, pp. 35-36.
Comparison of Three Methods of Sire Evaluation

Abstract Three methods of sire evaluation were compared empirically—herdmate comparison, least squares, and maximum likelihood. Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement Association Holstein data representing 10,620 first lactation records and 1,003 herd-year groups were analyzed. Forty individual bulls representing three artificial insemination units were evaluated. The rank correlations among herdmate comparison and least squares estimates ranged from 0.94 to 0.97. The rank correlations between the maximum likelihood evaluations and those computed by least squares and herdmate comparisons were .99 and .97, respectively. The sampling errors of the maximum likelihood sire constants were about 1.5% smaller than those for least squares estimates.
Optimization of Three-Phase Induction Motor Design Part II: The Efficiency and Cost of an Optimal Design

With the continuing increase of the cost of electrical energy, motor manufacturers and consumers became increasingly concerned with the energy conservation available from highly efficient electrical motors. Motor cost and efficiency are interrelated; therefore, the effect of motor cost on the maximum obtainable efficiency is of interest both to the motor manufacturer and to the consumer. The relation between the power factor and the maximum efficiency of a motor is another aspect of energy conservation. The optimal motor design, with respect to the maximum efficiency, and with respect to the minimum motor cost (by means of a mathematical optimization method described in Part I), was used in Part II to investigate the above-mentioned motor relations. Three motor-cost functions were investigated: production cost, capitalized cost, and annual cost. The motor that was used in the study was a 100 hp, three-phase, squirrel-cage induction motor.
A PHASE I TRIAL OF INTRAVENOUS BROMODEOXYURIDINE AND RADIATION THERAPY FOR PANCREATIC CANCER

Abstract Purpose: Improved radiosensitization may lead to improved results of treatment for pancreatic cancer. This Phase I trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerable dose of intravenous bromodeoxyrudine (BrdUrd) when given in an alternating weekly fashion with radiation for patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods and Materials: Patients with resected or locally unresectable pancreatic cancer were eligible if distant metastases were not present. A continuous intravenous infusion of BrdUrd was given on weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7. Twice a day radiation therapy (1.5 Gy per fraction) was given on weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 to the pancreas/pancreatic bed (total dose 60 Gy) and draining reginal lymph nodes (total dose 45 Gy). The starting dose of BrdUrd was 800 mg/m 2 /day with a planned escalation to 1000 mg/m 2 /day if at least six out of eight patients were without Grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Patients were assessed weekly for toxicity, and were followed every 3 months after treatment for complications and survival. Results: Fifteen patients with resected (six) or unresectable (nine) pancreatic cancer were enrolled. One patient failed to complete therapy due to tumor progression. One of 11 patients treated with 800 mg/m 2 /day had a Grade 3 toxicity, while Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was found in all 3 patients receiving 1000 mg/m 2 /day. The dose-limiting toxicities were hematologic. The acute gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal. Two patients, including one with unresectable disease, were without evidence of disease during exploration for complications (ulcer, small bowel obstruction). Conclusions: The recommended dose of BrdUrd for Phase II study is 800 mg/m 2 /day. The gastrointestinal mucose did not appear to be sensitized by this method of BrdUrd administration. The presence of a pathologic complete response is encouraging. Further improvements in radiosensitization are possible and may lead to improved local control.
Quantum-dot cellular automata: computing by field polarization

As CMOS technology continues its monotonic shrink, computing with quantum dots remains a goal in nanotechnology research. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a paradigm for low-power, high-speed, highly dense computing that could be realized in a variety of materials systems. Discussed here are the basic paradigm of QCA, materials systems in which QCA might be constructed, a series of experiments performed in the metal tunnel junction technology, and ideas for future QCA implementations.
Thiazole orange, a DNA-binding photosensitizer with flexible structure, can inactivate pathogens in red blood cell suspensions while maintaining red cell storage properties.

BACKGROUND: Development of a robust pathogen reduction system for red cells (RBCs) utilizing photosensitive dyes has been constrained by hemolysis, usually mediated by reactive oxygen species emanating from dye free in solution as well as dye bound to the RBC membrane. The RBC binding properties of thiazole orange (TO), a flexible nucleic acid intercalating cyanine dye that predominantly acts as a photosensitizer only when bound, were assessed along with its virucidal, bactericidal, and light-induced hemolytic activities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Leukodepleted 20% hematocrit RBCs suspended in Erythrosol (RAS-2) were oxygenated, inoculated with test organisms, incubated with TO, and illuminated. Control and treated samples were analyzed by appropriate assay. Identically prepared, but uncontaminated samples were phototreated, concentrated to 45% hematocrit, and assayed for potassium leakage, hemolysis, and ATP during storage. RESULTS: Approximately 21 percent TO bound to RBCs. Phototreatment inactivated from 5.4 to 7.1 log10 of 5 tested viruses and from 2.3 to greater than 7.0 log10 of 8 tested bacteria. Phototreated RBCs exhibited only slightly increased hemolysis, moderately elevated potassium efflux, and similar levels of ATP compared to controls. CONCLUSION: TO can photoinactivate several model viruses and pathogens in RBCs under conditions that produce limited hemolysis without the addition of quenchers or competitive inhibitors.
Overview of immunoevolution

Abstract Studies of immunoevolution have revealed diverse strategies within the animal kingdom. The immune system evolved to prevent the threat of extinction by microbial pathogens. Phagocytosis is the most ancient response and at other phylogenetic levels the complexity of immune responses reflects the level of species development. Whether vertebrate immunocytes evolved from invertebrate leukocytes is still questionable without firm information concerning the structural and functional properties of their receptors. Antibodies appear exclusively in vertebrates, however serological and biochemical evidence reveals members of the tg superfamily among certain invertebrates. Cytotoxic cell immunity with limited T cell receptor‐major histocompatibility complex (TCR‐MHC) repertoire could have developed at an early stage of invertebrate evolution. Specificity and anamnesis arc considered hallmarks of induced immune responses and there is evidence for both with respect to cellular and humoral responses in inverte...
The fine structure of vasodentine in the teeth of the white hake, Urophycis tenuis (Pisces, Gadidae).

Abstract Fine structural examination of the vasodentine in the teeth of the N. Atlantic fish, the white hake, Urophycis tenuis (Gadidae) has shown the relationship of the included blood capillaries to the dentinal matrix. The endothelial cells of the capillaries are separated from the calcified dentine matrix by two uncalcified distinct zones. Immediately around the capillary is a zone made up principally of fine granular ground substance in which a few widely-dispersed randomly-arranged fibres are embedded. Around this first zone and sharply differentiated from it is a second zone consisting almost entirely of densely-packed, large collagen fibres arranged more or less circumferentially around the capillary. This zone terminates abruptly at the border with the general calcified vasodentine matrix. The endothelial cells of capillaries are not changed in fine structure when they are located in calcified vasodentine matrix. The vasodentine matrix does not contain dentinal tubules and the odontoblasts do not have odontoblast processes. The surface of the odontoblast facing the predentine has several short (2–3μ length 0.1μ dia.) microvilli projecting into the predentine. In most other features the vasodentine odontoblasts closely resemble the orthodentine odontoblasts.
Transient Evaluation of Process Surfaces Used in Fouling Applications

Fouling is an important and complex problem that affects a variety of industries. Surface fouling takes place as a result of the complex reactions that cause deposits to form on process surfaces. A number of parameters influence fouling development, including flow velocity, surface temperature, surface material/finish, surface geometry, and fluid properties. It is a transient process that begins with a clean process surface and may progress until the surface can no longer be used effectively. The event sequence of the fouling process appears in general to be universal, beginning when fluid comes into contact with a process surface. During this induction period, a conditioning film forms, and the heat transfer efficiencies do not change significantly. Conditioning film appearance may occur in weeks, days, or minutes. This stage is followed by a rapid accumulation of deposit growth. It is during this growth phase that the heat transfer across the process surface starts to dramatically change. Finally, a pse...
Analysis of the steady-state and initial rate of doxorubicin efflux from a series of multidrug-resistant cells expressing different levels of P-glycoprotein

Continuous monitoring of fluorescence (CMF) has been used to examine doxorubicin efflux from intact human myeloma cells. The time resolution of these measurements has enabled detailed comparison of the initial rates of efflux for the drug-sensitive myeloma line RPMI 8226 and a series of sequentially derived multidrug-resistant (MDR) lines expressing different amounts of human MDR protein (P-glycoprotein). Cells that are 3-, 10-, 60-, or 120-fold resistant to doxorubicin export approximately 10, 20, 30, or 33% more doxorubicin than the parental sensitive cells, respectively, when all are preloaded to the same level of total intracellular drug. Remarkably, however, when cells are loaded to the same level of exchangeable drug the initial rates of efflux are found to be virtually identical. This agreement between rates is apparently not dependent on the drug concentration. Approximately 50% of the increase in the steady-state level of doxorubicin efflux for the resistant cells is abolished upon glucose starvation. However, surprisingly, the apparent initial rates of efflux from the treated and untreated cells are found to be virtually the same. Pretreatment of the resistant cells with verapamil reduces the steady-state level of efflux but increases the apparent initial rate at some concentrations. Conversely, vincristine does not alter steady state but slows the initial rate of efflux from both sensitive and resistant cells by approximately the same extent. Finally, quite interestingly, a nearly linear relationship between pHi and relative steady state of efflux is found for the series of cell lines. These data are interpreted in terms of existing models for MDR.
Discovery of an Intricate Balance Gene Transcription, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis

See related article, pages 472–479 In this issue of Circulation Research , Yurkova et al1 present direct evidence that a cell cycle regulatory factor, E2F-1, binds to a proapoptotic gene in hypoxic cardiac myocytes, leading to apoptosis. Life embraces death. The role of the cell cycle regulatory protein E2F-1 in a postmitotic cardiac myocyte has remained somewhat of a mystery. In 1997, while working in the laboratory of Schneider, Kirshenbaum and colleagues uncovered a critical clue. Cardiac myocytes overexpressing E2F-1 entered the cell cycle and headed for the grave.2,3 This work was among the first to lead a wave of evidence across disciplines to support a role for E2F-1 in the cell cycle and cell death.4 However, the mechanism(s) by which E2F-1 promotes apoptosis have remained unclear. Kirshenbaum has returned. This time with the discovery that E2F-1 binds to the promoter region of Bnip3, an apoptotic gene, promoting an intrinsic cell death signaling pathway under conditions of hypoxia (Figure).1 Thus, 10 years ago, Kirshenbaum and colleagues published findings causing us to reexamine the predefined 1-dimensional role of E2F-1 as a cell cycle regulatory factor and consider E2F-1 as a multidimensional protein with the ability to regulate both cell cycle and intrinsic cell death pathways. In this issue of Circulation Research , Yurkova et al have discovered that E2F-1 binds the promoter region of a cell death gene and promotes apoptosis. Figure. Schematic depicting the new findings reported by Yurkova et al in this issue of Circulation Research .1 Under normoxic conditions in the postmitotic ventricular myocyte, Rb binds to E2F-1, suppressing E2F-1–dependent promoters. E2F-1–dependent promoters are found in cell cycle regulatory genes as well as intrinsic cell death genes including Bnip3. Yurkova demonstrates that under conditions of hypoxia, Rb is cleaved and E2F-1 …
Status of use of lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration

Routine observations of the Moon have been acquired by the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) for over four years. The ROLO instruments measure lunar radiance in 23 VNIR (Moon diameter approximately 500 pixels) and 9 SWIR (approximately 250 pixels) passbands every month when the Moon is at phase angle less than 90 degrees. These are converted to exoatmospheric values at standard distances using an atmospheric extinction model based on observations of standard stars and a NIST-traceable absolute calibration source. Reduction of the stellar images also provides an independent pathway for absolute calibration. Comparison of stellar-based and lamp-based absolute calibrations of the lunar images currently shows unacceptably large differences. An analytic model of lunar irradiance as a function of phase angle and viewing geometry is derived from the calibrated lunar images. Residuals from models which fit hundreds of observations at each wavelength average less than 2%. Comparison with SeaWiFS observations over three years reveals a small quasi-periodic change in SeaWiFS responsivity that correlates with distance from the Sun for the first two years, then departs from this correlation.
Skeletal muscle signature of a champion sprint runner

We had the unique opportunity to study the skeletal muscle characteristics, at the single fiber level, of a world champion sprint runner who is the current indoor world record holder in the 60-m hu...
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRATION BIRTH–DEATH PROCESSES WITH TOTAL CATASTROPHES

Very few stochastic systems are known to have closed-form transient solutions. In this article we consider an immigration birth and death population process with total catastrophes and study its transient as well as equilibrium behavior. We obtain closed-form solutions for the equilibrium distribution as well as the closed-form transient probability distribution at any time t ≥ 0. Our approach involves solving ordinary and partial differential equations, and the method of characteristics is used in solving partial differential equations.