cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Theory of Finance for Privately Held Firms

This paper is a first attempt at differentiating the problems of finance of the privately held small businesses from their larger counterparts. Small businesses, though not concerned with the problems and opportunities associated with publicly traded firms, have different types of complexities, such as shorter expected life, presence of estate tax, intergenerational transfer problems, and prevalence of implicit contracts. Some standard problems like agency and asymmetric information are also more complex. The relatively high transaction costs faced by small businesses in all types of financial decisions also preclude a sizable subset of available choices.
High-Speed Underwater Acoustic Communications

Underwater acoustic communications are a rapidly growing field of research and engineering, driven by the expansion of applications which require underwater data transmission without wired connections. In this chapter, we explore the problems of underwater acoustic communications in three parts. The first part presents an overview of modern applications in underwater data transmission and today’s achievements in this area. System requirements are reviewed, and propagation characteristics of underwater acoustic channels are given. It is shown that the majority of underwater acoustic channels are severely band-limited, with signal distortions depending on the link configuration, and ranging from benign to extreme ones caused by time-varying multipath propagation and signal phase variations. Examples of existing systems are given, with emphasis on the methods used for intersymbol interference mitigation. Most of these systems use noncoherent or a differentially coherent signal modulation and detection methods. Phase-coherent detection, which offers better efficiency in bandwidth utilization, is the subject of the second part of this chapter. In this part, the design of high-speed digital communication systems, which rely on powerful equalization and multiple sensor signal processing methods is treated.
Transgenetics of Prion Diseases

Prions cause a group of human and animal neurodegenerative diseases which are now classified together because their etiology and pathogenesis involve modification of the prion protein (PrP) (Prusiner 1991). Prion diseases are manifest as infectious, genetic and sporadic disorders (Table 1). These diseases can be transmitted among mammals by the infectious particle designated “prion” (Prusiner 1982). Despite intensive searches over the past three decades, no nucleic acid has been found within prions (Alper et al. 1966, 1967; HUNTER 1972; Riesner et al. 1992); yet, a modified isoform of the host-encoded PrP, designated PrPSc, is essential for infectivity (Bueler et al. 1993; Prusiner 1991; Prusiner et al. 1983, 1993b,c). In fact, considerable experimental data argue-that prions are composed exclusively of PrPSc. Earlier terms used to describe the prion diseases include: transmissible encephalopathies, spongiform encephalopathies and slow virus diseases (Gajdusek 1977, 1985; Sigurdsson 1954).
Modelling Time-Series Data

A central goal of population ecology is understanding mechanisms driving temporal fluctuations in population numbers. Ecologists employ three general approaches to elucidating these mechanisms: recording and analyzing patterns of temporal fluctuations, constructing mathematical models, and performing experiments. When investigating a specific ecological system (or systems) all three approaches should ideally be linked together, because they provide complementary information. However, during the early stages of an investigation, before a limited set of competing hypotheses has been delineated, it may be premature to attempt to design critical experiments. Analysis of time-series data can then be very productive by suggesting possible mechanisms to model and to test with experiments.
COMPARISON RESULTS AND CRITICALITY IN SOME COMBUSTION PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the comparison results and criticality in some combustion problems. It demonstrates how comparison theorems for systems of parabolic differential inequalities lead to useful information in the study of phenomena modeled by combined reaction–diffusion equations. The study of reaction–diffusion equations has aroused considerable interest in recent years. This is because a variety of interesting phenomena such as chemical kinetics, biochemical processes, population dynamics, and ecological systems can be modeled by systems of combined reaction–diffusion equations. Sufficient conditions have been derived for the existence of positively invariant sets for nonlinear diffusion equations. These results, in turn, lend themselves to formulation of comparison theorems for systems of reaction–diffusion equations. Comparison techniques developed yield estimates that are independent of space variables. This chapter focuses on how comparison results can be utilized in specific applications. It describes the model problem in combustion theory and reviews the comparison result. Calculations of criticality phenomena in thermal explosion theory have also been outlined.
Evaluating an Education Program to Reduce Indeterminate QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube Results.

Background. The QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube (QFT-G) assay is used to identify individuals with tuberculosis infection and gives quantitative and qualitative results including positive, negative, or indeterminate results (that cannot be interpreted clinically). Several factors, including immunosuppression and preanalytical factors, have been suggested to be significantly associated with indeterminate QFT-G results. An online education program was designed and implemented to reduce the rate of indeterminate QFT-G test results at Houston Methodist Hospital (HMH). Methods. Data from patients’ electronic medical records having indeterminate QFT-G results between 01/2015 and 05/2016 at HMH in Houston, TX, were administratively extracted for (1) medical unit where QFT-G phlebotomy was performed, (2) demographics, and (3) ICD-9/10 diagnosis codes. Unit nurses identified with high proportions of indeterminate QFT-G results were emailed a link to an online pretest educational program with a QFT-G blood collection and handling presentation, and a posttest assessment. Results. Of the 332 nurses emailed, 94 (28.4%) voluntarily completed both tests within the 6-month time allotted. The nurses that completed the education program had a significantly higher posteducation test score than on the pretest (70.2% versus 55.3%, p<0.001, effect size=0.82). Improved posttest score was seen in 67.0% of participants. No reduction in the proportion of indeterminate test results was seen overall at HMH in the 6 months after education. Conclusions. A targeted education program was able to successfully increase nurses’ knowledge of blood collection and handling procedures for the QFT-G test, but no association was found between the improvement of posttest score and indeterminate QFT-G test results.
3317 Translating simulation-based team leadership training into patient-centered outcomes

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this research was to assess the clinical impact of simulation-based team leadership training on team leadership effectiveness and patient care during actual trauma resuscitations. This translational work addresses an important gap in simulation research and medical education research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Eligible trauma team leaders were randomized to the intervention (4-hour simulation-based leadership training) or control (standard training) condition. Subject-led actual trauma patient resuscitations were video recorded and coded for leadership behaviors (primary outcome) and patient care (secondary outcome) using novel leadership and trauma patient care metrics. Patient outcomes for trauma resuscitations were obtained through the Harborview Medical Center Trauma Registry and analyzed descriptively. A one-way ANCOVA analysis was conducted to test the effectiveness of our training intervention versus a control group for each outcome (leadership effectiveness and patient care) while accounting for pre-training performance, injury severity score, postgraduate training year, and days since training occurred. Association between leadership effectiveness and patient care was evaluated using random coefficient modeling. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Sixty team leaders, 30 in each condition, completed the study. There was a significant difference in post-training leadership effectiveness [F(1,54)=30.19, p<.001, η2=.36] between the experimental and control conditions. There was no direct impact of training on patient care [F(1,54)=1.0, p=0.33, η2=.02]; however, leadership effectiveness mediated an indirect effect of training on patient care. Across all trauma resuscitations team leader effectiveness correlated with patient care (p<0.05) as predicted by team leadership conceptual models. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This work represents a critical step in advancing translational simulation-based research (TSR). While there are several examples of high quality translational research programs, they primarily focus on procedural tasks and do not evaluate highly complex skills such as leadership. Complex skills present significant measurement challenges because individuals and processes are interrelated, with multiple components and emergent nature of tasks and related behaviors. We provide evidence that simulation-based training of a complex skill (team leadership behavior) transfers to a complex clinical setting (emergency department) with highly variable clinical tasks (trauma resuscitations). Our novel team leadership training significantly improved overall leadership performance and partially mediated the positive effect between leadership and patient care. This represents the first rigorous, randomized, controlled trial of a leadership or teamwork-focused training that systematically evaluates the impact on process (leadership) and performance (patient care).
Deep eutectic solvents for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries

As the consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the transportation and consumer electronic sectors continues to grow, so does the pile of battery waste, with no successful recycling model, as exists for the lead–acid battery. Here, we exhibit a method to recycle LIBs using deep eutectic solvents to extract valuable metals from various chemistries, including lithium cobalt (iii) oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. For the metal extraction from lithium cobalt (iii) oxide, leaching efficiencies of ≥90% were obtained for both cobalt and lithium. It was also found that other battery components, such as aluminium foil and polyvinylidene fluoride binder, can be recovered separately. Deep eutectic solvents could provide a green alternative to conventional methods of LIB recycling and reclaiming strategically important metals, which remain crucial to meet the demand of the exponentially increasing LIB production. The ever-increasing applications for Li-ion batteries in markets call for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient recycling technologies. Here the authors report using a deep eutectic solvent to extract valuable components of Li-ion batteries.
Length of psychiatry clerkships: recent changes and the relationship to recruitment.

The authors assessed the extent of change in the length of psychiatry clerkships in U.S. medical schools from 1995–1996 to 1998–1999 and explored the relationship between clerkship length and percentage of medical students choosing psychiatry as a career. Data from 124 U.S. medical schools over 4 years included clerkship length in weeks and percentage of graduating students entering psychiatry residencies. Fifteen schools sustained reductions in rotation length; the mean clerkship measured in weeks decreased for the entire sample from 6.27 to 6.04 (t = 3.086, P<0.003). There was no significant correlation between clerkship length and recruitment into psychiatry. There appears to be a trend toward shorter psychiatry clerkships in recent years; however, there is no demonstrable relationship between length of clerkship and medical student interest in psychiatry as a career.
Retrospective Comparison of the Supported and Unsupported Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit in Children.

Background Bovine jugular vein (BJV) conduits are commonly used for pulmonary valve replacement in pediatric patients. They are available in supported (sBJV) and unsupported (uBJV) versions. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of sBJV and uBJV conduits. Methods In this single-center retrospective review of patients younger than 18 years undergoing BJV placement (2009 to 2017), blinded cardiologists reviewed postoperative 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-month, and the most recent echocardiogram before any valve-related event or death. Outcomes assessed included conduit stenosis (m/s), regurgitation (none to mild vs moderate to severe) and right ventricular function (normal vs abnormal). Cox proportional models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. Results BJV conduits (N = 109) were placed (39 supported, 70 unsupported) in 101 patients. Patient characteristics and conduit size were not different between cohorts. sBJV had more stenosis at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03), but Vmax in both groups was mild (≤2 m/s). A greater proportion of uBJV had moderate to severe regurgitation at 12 months compared with sBJV (p = 0.03). Right ventricular function did not differ at any time point. On last follow-up echocardiogram, sBJV conduits had higher gradients (p = 0.01). This was not associated with increased intervention or replacement. Freedom from replacement or intervention did not differ between valve types (median follow-up, 3.6 years). There was a 9% incidence of endocarditis at median follow-up 2.4 years. Seventy percent of cases with endocarditis were managed medically. Conclusions There were no clinically significant echocardiographic or outcome differences between sBJV and uBJV conduits. We identified a relatively high incidence of endocarditis, which is consistent with prior reports.
Heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and flow patterns of R1234ze(E) evaporating in microchannel tube

Abstract This paper presents heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient of R1234ze(E) in a tube of 0.643 mm. In addition, visualization sections are added for evaluation of flow patterns. Both heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient are presented against real saturation pressure, while flow pattern captures at exit of data points are presented in the same plot ( Fig. 8 ). Experiments are conducted on a 24-port microchannel tube with a hydraulic diameter of 0.643 mm. The single-phase friction factor shows fRe = 64 in laminar and underestimation of Churchill prediction in transition (1700
Impact of Caffeine Intake on 800-m Running Performance and Sleep Quality in Trained Runners

Background: Caffeine ingestion improves athletic performance, but impairs sleep quality. We aimed to analyze the effect of caffeine intake on 800-m running performance, sleep quality (SQ), and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity (CAA) in trained runners. Methods: Fifteen male middle-distance runners participated in the study (aged 23.7 ± 8.2 years). In a randomized and comparative crossover study design, the athletes ingested a placebo (PL) or caffeine supplement (CAF; 6 mg∙kg−1) one hour before an 800-m running time-trial test in the evening. During the night, CAA and SQ were assessed using actigraphy and a sleep questionnaire. A second 800-m running test was performed 24 h after the first. Time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate concentration were analyzed for each running test. Results: No significant differences in CAA and performance variables were found between the two conditions. However, CAF impaired sleep efficiency (p = 0.003), actual wake time (p = 0.001), and the number of awakenings (p = 0.005), as measured by actigraphy. Also, CAF impaired the questionnaire variables of SQ (p = 0.005), calm sleep (p = 0.005), ease of falling asleep (p = 0.003), and feeling refreshed after waking (p = 0.006). Conclusion: The supplementation with caffeine (6 mg∙kg−1) did not improve the 800-m running performance, but did impair the SQ of trained runners.
A Window on the Solid State: I: Structures of Metals, II: Unit Cells of Metals

Part I: Structures of Metals introduces the four basic structural types found in metals: the hexagonal closest-packed structure, the cubic closest-packed structure, the body-centered cubic structure, and the simple cubic structure. These structures are introduced as stacks of close-packed planes of metal atoms in the hexagonal- and cubic-closest packed structures, and stacks of less efficiently packed planes in the other two structures. In addition, Part I also introduces Laves's principle, coordination number, stacking of planes, efficiency of packing, and how to draw the structures using two-dimensional representations. The pseudo-animation used is particularly effective in distinguishing between hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing.Part II: Unit Cells of Metals discusses how to use a unit cell to describe a two-dimensional structure, then extends the concept to metals using the four basic unit cells of the metals: the simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal cell...
Social criticism moderates the relationship between anxiety and depression 10 years later

Abstract Background Research has consistently documented anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another. However, little research investigates the sequential comorbidity of anxiety and depression over lengthy durations, and the influence of contextual variables on this relationship have not been fully empirically investigated. Method The current study examined perceived social criticism as a moderator of the relationship between a history of anxiety and a past 12-month depressive episode at least 10 years later (and vice versa) utilizing the National Comorbidity Survey Baseline (N = 8,098) and Re-interview data (N = 5,001). History of anxiety and depressive diagnoses were assigned at Wave 1, past year diagnosis at Wave 2, and perceived social criticism was assessed at Wave 1. Results Structural equation modeling indicated that when controlling for a Wave 1 latent depression factor, a positive relationship between Wave 1 latent anxiety and a Wave 2 latent depression emerged for those endorsing higher perceived social criticism from friends and relatives, respectively. Unexpectedly, when controlling for Wave 1 latent anxiety, a negative relationship between Wave 1 latent depression and Wave 2 latent anxiety emerged for those endorsing higher perceived social criticism from friends, but no relationship when moderated by perceived social criticism from relatives. Limitations Perceived social criticism was self-reported, which may introduce self-perception bias. Conclusions Results identified perceived social criticism as an important moderator in the sequential comorbidity of anxiety and depression over a long period of time.
Anomaly detection in large-scale networks: A state-space decision process

A new data fusion and network analytics framework is proposed that is based on the topology of large-scale networks and the stochastic dependencies between nodes, edges, and sensor data. The framew...
A Novel Approach to Study Gamma-Band Coherence in Ex Vivo Hippocampal Slices from a Mouse Model of Bipolar Disorder

Oscillations play crucial roles in many cognitive processes such as memory formation and attention. GABAergic interneurons can synchronize neuronal activity leading to gamma oscillations (30-60 Hz). Abnormalities in oscillatory activity in the hippocampus have been implicated in the pathology of some mental health disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, however the neurobiological mechanism underlying these abnormal oscillations are not yet fully understood. We set out to develop a reliable approach to study gamma oscillations in ex vivo hippocampal preparations using perforated microelectrode arrays. Perforated microelectrode arrays allow for the simultaneous measurement of electrical activity at multiple sites while allowing solutions to pass through the brain section. We obtained extracellular electrophysiological recordings from acute sections of mouse hippocampus situated on a 60-channel, perforated microelectrode arrays (pMEAs). Bath application of kainate rapidly induced and maintained oscillatory activity in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Kainate-induced oscillations were quickly abolished by the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Furthermore, we employed this approach on a mouse model of bipolar disorder. Sections prepared from mutant mice exhibited an increase in the coherence of gamma power within CA1 despite a reduction in gamma-band power.
The Economic Impact of Hurricanes in the US: Does Local Finance Matter?

This paper examines the role of local lenders during recoveries from 33 hurricanes between 1999 and 2019, using a novel dataset of residential and commercial losses. I estimate the average effect of local finance and identify necessary conditions allowing lenders to mitigate employment shocks. The evidence consistently shows that higher access to local finance dampens the county employment contractions at the average industry, at individual sectors (except manufacturing), at smaller businesses, and dur- ing block-buster/less-costly disasters. Community banks aid the recovery by both identifying firms with potential to survive and avoiding direct loan losses. To support the former, I show that local finance has a stronger effect in more productive counties. In support of the latter, I show that local finance has a stronger effect in more spatially/geographically dispersed counties, and that smaller community banks outperform/lend more than bigger ones within affected counties.
CBT-I for adolescents

Abstract Insomnia disorder is both widespread and persistent during adolescence. It impacts myriad aspects of adolescent functioning including risk for psychopathology, somatic complaints, and behavioral and academic problems. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents (CBT-I) is an efficacious intervention, though a number of adaptations have been recommended. These include addressing the circadian shift to eveningness preference, a naturalistic application of sleep restriction, involving caregivers in treatment, and incorporating mindfulness components. CBT-I can be effectively delivered to adolescents in a variety of modes with a range of comorbidities. Secondary outcomes may also be improved. While current research on the efficacy of CBT-I in adolescents and the adaptation of treatment principles for optimal delivery are promising, more research in this area is needed.
Risk management is not enough: a conceptual model for resilience and adaptation-based vulnerability assessments

The US government has focused considerable attention on enhancing our society’s ability to protect critical systems and services from disruptive events. Over the past decade, federal agencies have bolstered their efforts to identify and minimize threats using traditional risk-based approaches such as continuity of operations and disaster risk reduction processes. However, these valuable risk identification and management tools are limited because they rely upon foreseeable factor analyses of steady-state systems with predictable hazard frequencies and severities. In assessing the capability of complex adaptive systems to cope with disruptions, an overemphasis upon engineering resilience through risk management and planning for what is predictable may cloud or detract from our efforts to better understand a system’s emergent capabilities to withstand disruptions that are unforeseeable. This article contends that augmenting traditional risk approaches through the incorporation of methodologies grounded in socio-ecological system (SES) resilience principles offers a potential avenue for improving our agencies’ abilities to assess and manage both known and unknown risks. We offer a notional rationale for broadening our examination of system vulnerabilities and present a conceptual model that combines engineering and SES resilience paradigms to facilitate the identification, assessment, and management of system vulnerabilities. The Military Installation Resilience Assessment model described herein applies risk and resilience principles to evaluate whole systems, focusing on interconnections and their functionality in facilitating response and adaptation.
Lattice‐Boltzmann simulation of two‐phase flow in porous media

[1] We simulate two-fluid-phase flow at the pore scale using a lattice Boltzmann (LB) approach. Using a parallel processing version of the Shan-Chen model that we developed, we simulate a set of ideal two-fluid systems and a model two-fluid-phase porous medium system comprised of a synthetic packing with a relatively uniform distribution of spheres. We use the set of ideal two-phase systems to validate the approach and provide parameter information, which we then use to simulate a sphere-pack system. The sphere-pack system is designed to mimic laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate the hysteretic capillary pressure saturation relation for a system consisting of water, tetrachloroethylene, and a glass bead porous medium. Good agreement is achieved between the measured hysteretic capillary pressure saturation relations and the LB simulations when comparing entry pressure, displacement slopes, irreducible saturation, and residual entrapment. Our results further show that while qualitatively similar results are obtained when comparing systems consisting of 1200 spheres and 150 spheres, there is a significant difference between these two levels, suggesting a lower bound on the size of a representative elementary volume.
Separatism and Skepticism

Whenever I hear someone say that it is time to undertake a fundamental restructuring of our institutions, I shudder. It isn't that I doubt the usefulness of ever changing things around; on the contrary, I think that is frequently a very good idea. It's just that the suggestion is made so often, and it can't possibly be implemented as often as it is made. Consequently, calls for large-scale institutional change must be approached with a healthy skepticism. In recent years, a regular subject of calls for change has been the set of processes we use in making scientific decisions, or more properly, our processes for deciding issues of public policy that include a scientific dimension. In his provocative and insightful contribution to this Symposium, Joel Yellin has joined this particular chorus calling for reform.' Most of his ideas are well-reasoned and constructive, and I freely endorse them. But one part of his analysis-concerning the phenomenon sometimes known as Scientific Separatism-calls for brief comment. Professor Yellin is a Non-Separatist, which is to say that he does not believe that it is possible to break these complex policy decisions into separate scientific and political components. The Separatists, who consider that course both possible and wise, also believe that our institutions of government make scientific decisions badly and that, as a consequence, restructuring is necessary.2
Ruminating About Boot Camps: Panaceas, Paradoxes, and Ideology

Abstract The editors invited the author, a leading authority on “shock prisonization” regimens generally and on that “imperfect panacea,” the Scared Straight program, in particular, to consider the research in this volume from the perspective of more than two decades of scientific inquiry and analysis undertaken by himself and his colleagues. Particular focus is placed on studies reported in this volume that link ideology and empirical evidence.
The Emperor of Ocean Park: The Quintessence of Legal Academia

Think back to your first days of law school. Think of the shock of the Socratic Method and the complexity of the materials in your casebooks. Remember the authoritative timbre of your first professor's voice and the fear and awe she inspired. She had written articles and books on multiple topics. She was a national expert in law and [blank], and all you knew about [blank] was a one-semester class in college five years ago. She was a genius and rumored to be really, really tough. She religiously used the Socratic Method and knew more about the law than you would ever know (or, frankly, would ever want to know).' You were perpetually nervous and apprehensive, and for those first couple of months you studied hard, attended class, and diligently attempted to decipher the law's mysteries.2
A comparative performance analysis of JPEG 2000 vs. WSQ for fingerprint image compression

The FBI Wavelet Scalar Quantization (WSQ) compression standard was developed by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The main advantage of WSQ-based fingerprint image compression has been its superiority in preserving the fingerprint minutiae features even at very high compression rates which standard JPEG compression techniques were unable to preserve. With the advent of JPEG 2000 image compression technique based on Wavelet transforms moving away from DCT-based methods, we have been motivated to investigate if the same advantage still persists. In this paper, we describe a set of experiments we carried out to compare the performance of WSQ with JPEG 2000. The performance analysis is based on three public databases of fingerprint images acquired using different imaging sensors. Our analysis shows that JPEG 2000 provides better compression with less impact on the overall system accuracy performance.
Effects of nicotinic acid on fatty acid kinetics, fuel selection, and pathways of glucose production in women.

Chronic nicotinic acid (NA) ingestion effectively lowers lipid levels, but adverse effects on glucose metabolism have been reported. Our goal was to investigate acute and chronic effects of NA on l...
Growth of the transition metal oxalates in gels

Abstract Crystalline aggregates of zinc, copper and manganese oxalates and single crystals of cobalt oxalate were prepared in silicate gel. Sodium hydrogen oxalate crystals were also obtained by reaction of the oxalic acid with the gel. The gel grown oxalates were characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns and IR spectra. Maximum silicon contamination was found to be 0.3%.
Cooperation Between Government and Industry in Combating a Perceived Emerging Pandemic: The 1976 Swine Influenza Vaccination Program

Influenza virus is the paradigm 1 for dealing with emerging and reemerging infections throughout the world. The disease can be prevented by vaccination if the vaccine composition is immunologically relevant to the virus causing the epidemic or pandemic. A swine influenza outbreak occurred at Fort Dix, NJ, in early February 1976 2-4 (Table 1). Type A influenza virus of swine zoonotic origin occasionally infects humans, but for the first time recorded, there was significant person-to-person spread in the outbreak. The unexpected spread was likely related to stress and the housing of military recruits in the confined space of barracks during their basic training. The question was whether this episode might predict a worldwide pandemic of influenza, like that of 1918-1919, in which its three waves killed 600 000 persons in the United States and was estimated to have cost approximately $100 billion. The 1918-1919 pandemic was caused by a human
Freedom and social responsibilities

Scientists are accustomed to thinking of freedom of information as a firm tradition ? the truths of physical knowledge are universal and if you don't disclose freely and rapidly a new truth you have discovered, someone may beat you to it. But even in pure science, and to a much greater extent in applied science and technology, constraints on release of technical information do exist, and always have existed. Sometimes they have been commercial, sometimes political, sometimes they protect the national security and sometimes they protect a person or institution from embarrassment.
Surface-sensitive x-ray standing-wave study of Si(111)3×3-Ag

By combining the surface sensitivity of low-energy elastic photoelectrons with the position sensitivity of the x-ray standing-wave technique, we have determined both the Ag and Si atomic heights at the Si(111)$\sqrt{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$\sqrt{3}$-Ag interface. Our data give evidence that the Si(111)$\sqrt{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$\sqrt{3}$-Ag surface consists of a missing Si top-layer reconstruction, with Ag adatoms terminating the structure. The perpendicular height of the Ag layer and the first Si layer supports the honeycomb-chained-trimer model proposed for this interface. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
On the use of electrostatic potential derived charges in molecular mechanics force fields. The relative solvation free energy of cis‐ and trans‐N‐methyl‐acetamide

We have carried out free energy perturbation calculations on the relative solvation free energy of cis- and trans-N-methyl-acetamide (NMA). Experimentally, the solvation free energy difference has been found to be near zero. Using 6-31G* ab initio electrostatic potential derived charges for both the cis and trans conformations, we calculate a solvation free energy difference of 0.1 ± 0.1 kcal/mol. Using the 6-31G* charges derived for the trans conformation for both the cis and trans models leads to a solvation free energy difference of 0.9 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, compared to the value of 2.2 kcal/mol determined for the OPLS model for trans-NMA.
Stereoselective disposition of methadone in man.

Abstract Stable isotope labeled methadone (pentadeuteromethadone) has been used in conjunction with gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry to study plasma disappearance rates and urinary excretion of pharmacologically active R-(−)-methadone (l-methadone) and inactive S-(+)-methadone (d-methadone) in three adult methadone maintenance patients. In all three cases, the analgesically active enantiomeric form of the drug had a significantly longer elimination half-life ( t 1 2 β ) when studied in a steady state than did the inactive form ( t 1 2 β for active R-(−)-methadone, 51.7 to 61.8 hours; t 1 2 β for inactive S-(+)-methadone, 31.8 to 37.0 hours). The ratio of drug elimination half-lives } R-(−)-/S-(+)- ranged between 1.40 and 1.94. In the two cases so studied, slower plasma disappearance of active R-(−)-enatiomer than the inactive S-(+)-enantiomer was also observed ( t 1 2β R-(−)-, 42.8 and 52.5 hours; t 1 2β S-(+)-, 38.3 and 41.3 hours).
MyD88-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine response contributes to lethal toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice.

An elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response is the primary cause of death by toxic shock after exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Identifying an intracellular signal mediator that p...
Thermal Expansion of Some Cubic Refractory Compounds of Thorium

The thermal expansion of a number of cubic refractory compounds of thorium was measured by high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The coefficients of thermal expansion range from 7.5 to 8.2 × 10−6/°C for ThN, ThC0.84, ThP0.71, ThP0.61, and Th3P4 between 900° and 1300°, 1450°, 1750°, 1750°, and 1150°, respectively; the coefficients for ThS, ThB6, and ThO2 are in the range of 11.2 to 12.0 × 10−6/°C between 900° and 1400°, 1700°, and 2100°, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to other properties of these compounds.
A high resolution, near real-time frequency estimator for sub-microsecond pulses

Based on analysis and simulation, a 7-bit, six-stage pipeline realization of an all-digital EW receiver is presented. The tentative design estimates frequencies of up to four radar pulses by means of the covariance algorithm. The covariance method generates the frequency estimate as roots of a polynomial equation whose coefficients are defined by a system of linear normal equations given in terms of the covariance/autocorrelation matrices. Each highly concurrent stage is designed for a nominal 300 ns computation time using hardware performance figures projected for the year 2000. >
NEGATIVE GROUP DELAY AND FRONTS IN A CAUSAL SYSTEM : AN EXPERIMENT WITH VERY LOW FREQUENCY BANDPASS AMPLIFIERS

Abstract A very low frequency bandpass amplifier is shown to transmit pulses with negative group delay. Pulses transmitted through a chain of such amplifiers are advanced with little distortion by several milliseconds. Behaviors of abrupt “fronts” and “backs” are demonstrated experimentally. These experiments show that the amplifier is causal, as does the amplifier Green's function.
Bullying Victimization and Adolescent Self-Harm: Testing Hypotheses from General Strain Theory.

Self-harm is widely recognized as a significant adolescent social problem, and recent research has begun to explore its etiology. Drawing from Agnew’s (1992) social psychological strain theory of deviance, this study considers this issue by testing three hypotheses about the effects of traditional and cyber bullying victimization on deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation. The data come from a school-based survey of adolescents in a rural county of a southeastern state (n = 426); 50% of subjects are female, their mean age was 15 years, and non-Hispanic whites represent 66% of the sample. The analysis revealed that both types of bullying are positively related to self-harm and suicidal ideation, net of controls. Moreover, those relationships are partially mediated by the negative emotions experienced by those who are bullied and partially moderated by features of the adolescent’s social environment and self. Regarding the latter, exposure to authoritative parenting and high self-control diminished the harmful effects of bullying victimization on self-harm and suicidal ideation. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these conclusions for future research and for policy efforts designed to reduce self-harm.
Any nonlinear gate, with linear gates, suffices for computation

Abstract Devices that process signals in a linear fashion alone cannot be assembled into a general-purpose computer. But if a set of devices capable of realizing linear operations on continuous or discrete signals is supplemented by any device whose output is a nonlinear function of its input, the resulting set forms a basis for digital computation.
In situ analysis of irradiation-induced crystal nucleation in amorphous silicon: a “microscope” for thermodynamic processes in nucleation

Abstract Ion irradiation (600 keV Xe+) at high temperatures and low irradiation ion fluxes greatly enhances the nucleation rate of crystalline silicon in an amorphous matrix, but has a negligible effect on the growth rate of crystalline grains. In situ electron microscopy during ion irradiation was employed to quantitatively analyze transient and steady-state crystal nucleation. Termination of ion irradiation during transient nucleation produces changes in the nucleation rate that can best be accounted for by irradiation-induced modification of the thermodynamic barrier to crystal nucleation. Observation of irradiation-induced changes in the transient nucleation rate also enables evolution of the subcritical cluster distribution, which has to date defied direct observation, to be inferred.
Conformational changes in troponin induced by Ca

Troponin undergoes reversible changes in fluorescense emission intensity and emission maximum when Ca++ concentration is varied between 10−5 and 10−4M at pH 7.5 and 25°. These changes suggest infolding of tryptophan fluorophores of the protein into hydrophobic regions as Ca++ concentration is increased. A Ca++-induced change in light scattering also occurs, indicating an aggregation of the protein, but the dependency on Ca++ concentration and the kinetics of the aggregation process suggest that it follows in time the Ca++-induced conformational changes in troponin.
Sensory Evaluation of Regina Freestone Peaches Treated with Low Doses of Gamma Radiation

regina freestone peaches from california were given low postharvest doses of gamma radiation (65-75 krads) and were compared with non-irradiated controls approximately one month after harvest. Practiced judges were used, with a technique of minimal cross-sensory interference, as an analytical tool to guide subsequent instrumental analysis. Strong differences were found in odor and components of taste not associated with sweetness. Lesser trends were noted for firmness and appearance. Untrained subjects also detected gross sensory differences.
Airway Burns in an Infant following Aspiration of Microwave-heated Tea

Airway obstruction developed in an infant who sustained thermal burns to the oropharynx and trachea after he aspirated microwave-heated tea. Bronchoscopic examination revealed upper and lower airway hyperemia, edema and blister formation. Physicians should be aware of this potential hazard of microwave-heated fluid. Early assessment and stabilization of the airway is important following scald injuries to the face and oropharynx.
Government, opposition and sport: the role of domestic sports policy in generating political support.

All governments, regardless of regime type, use sport to generate political support. Op positions commonly seek to exploit sport in order to diminish systemic support. This article identifies three types of domestic sports policies — integrative, symbolic and instrumental, describes the functions of each type in terms of systemic support, identifies the structure through which each is implemented, and relates opposition strategies to each type. The arti cle concludes that the significance of domestic sports policy is found in the modification and reinforcement of citizen values and beliefs, oppositions will continue to be offered op portunities to exploit sport due to governments' failure to acknowledge the dysfunctional aspects of sports policies, and governments will find it increasingly necessary to limit the autonomy of sport.
Leukocyte Fractionation by Lateral Migration

Lateral migration has been used to fractionate sheep leukocytes. The results obtained suggest that this method could be used to fractionate biological cells of different sizes. These experimental results are presented here and the important parameters that will affect the recovery and purity of the desired cells are discussed. Lateral migration is most suitable for the removal of larger cells which contaminate a dilute suspension of smaller cells.
Mathematics Intervention for Grades 5–11: Teaching Mathematics, Reading, or Both?

This study investigated the incorporation of specific reading strategies in mathematics lessons. Fourteen students attended a three-week, individualized, summer intervention program provided by a large southern university for the purpose of increasing mathematical understanding. The frequency of reading-related instruction was documented from 72 audiotaped lessons and classified according to reading strategy. Although the purpose of the program was to improve mathematics functioning, findings indicated that teachers inherently instructed students in reading strategies while teaching mathematical concepts with: 1) vocabulary instruction the most prevalent reading strategy followed by 2) dense questioning and 3) anticipatory guide to improve reading comprehension of the mathematical text. Teachers also encouraged better mathematical reading comprehension by asking students to read aloud and discuss each passage.
Induction of immune tolerance to human type I collagen in patients with systemic sclerosis by oral administration of bovine type I collagen.

Objective To determine whether oral tolerance to type I collagen (CI) could be induced in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Twenty adult patients with limited or diffuse SSc were enrolled in a study to receive 0.1 mg of solubilized native bovine CI daily for 1 month, followed by 0.5 mg daily for 11 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from the patients and cultured with human alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) chains, before and after CI treatment. Culture supernatants were analyzed for levels of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Sera obtained before and after treatment were analyzed for levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R). Although this study was not intended to assess the clinical efficacy of oral CI administration in SSc, selected measures of disease severity and organ involvement were evaluated. Results Oral administration of CI to SSc patients induced significant reductions in levels of IFNgamma and IL-10 in alpha1(I)- and alpha2(I)-stimulated PBMC culture supernatants, indicating that T cell immunity to CI was decreased by this treatment. Serum levels of sIL-2R also decreased significantly after oral CI treatment, suggesting a reduction in T cell activation. Significant improvements occurred in the modified Rodnan skin thickness score and the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire after 12 months of oral CI in this open trial. The lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity improved statistically and showed a trend toward clinically significant improvement. Conclusion Oral administration of bovine CI to patients with diffuse or limited SSc induces a reduction in T cell reactivity to human CI, appears to be well tolerated, and does not worsen the disease. Further evaluation of oral tolerance to CI in patients with SSc is justified to determine whether it has therapeutic efficacy.
The role of the physician-scientist in bridging basic and clinical research in type 1 diabetes.

Purpose of review In a relatively short time, advances in both basic science and clinical medicine have revolutionized the way we understand disease processes and suggested novel approaches that may be able to be used to treat or cure some of the most relevant human afflictions. In type 1 diabetes, one unintended consequence of this has been the polarization of the investigational groups (i.e., immunologists and endocrinologists) interested in developing novel therapies for this condition. This review will examine how and why such polarization exists, and why past and current approaches to develop critically needed translational investigators may be falling short. Recent findings Despite significant efforts to increase the number of individuals trained in both basic science and clinical medicine, the number of academic physician–scientists is on the decline. Increased demands from academic institutions coupled with severe difficultly in securing extramural funding are probably playing important roles in this concerning trend. Summary Type 1 diabetes will continue to be a significant strain on individuals, their families and society until a cure is found. More than ever, there is a critical need to support appropriately trained translational investigators who can best facilitate bringing the promise of basic research to clinical reality.
A discrete-sectional solution to the aerosol dynamic equation

Abstract A discrete-sectional model is presented that can simulate the simulate the aerosol evolution associated with fast chemical reactions. The mechanisms of coagulation, evaporation, and chemical reactions are treated in this model. Test calculations were performed to examine the sensitivity of the resulting number concentration and size distribution to the breakpoint between the discrete and the sectional regime, k, and the number of sections, M, used. The numerical diffusion problem in this model due to the condensational growth was also examined. Simulations of refractory particle formation and growth in aerosol reactors by gas-phase chemical reactions were in good agreement with previous experimental observations.