cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: what are Americans being sold?

Summary Background Pharmaceutical companies spent US$1·8 billion on direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs in 1999. Our aim was to establish what messages are being communicated to the public by these advertisements. Methods We investigated the content of advertisements, which appeared in ten magazines in the USA. We examined seven issues of each of these published between July, 1998, and July, 1999. Findings 67 advertisements appeared a total of 211 times during our study. Of these, 133 (63%) were for drugs toameliorate symptoms, 54 (26%) to treat disease, and 23 (11%) to prevent illness. In the 67 unique advertisements, promotional techniques used included emotional appeals (45, 67%) and encouragement of consumers to consider medical causes for their experiences (26, 39%). Moreadvertisements described the benefit of medication with vague, qualitative terms (58, 87%), than with data (9, 13%). However, half the advertisements used data to describe side-effects, typically with lists of side-effects that generally occurred infrequently. None mentioned cost. Interpretation Provision of complete information about the benefit of prescription drugs in advertisements would serve the interests of physicians and the public.
Sterilization among american Indian and chicano mothers

In a large study of family size and birth control among women from 5 cultures in the Miami Florida area it was noted that 60% of the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians having 5 or more children were surgically sterile. Whites however had a 30% incidence rate and a similar socioeconomic group of Chicanos had a 20% incidence rate. Reasons for the high Indian sterilization incidence are investigated as well as whether or not there were negative effects to the sterilizations. Analyses considered both pre and post-operative differences between the Indians and a comparison group of Chicanos. Though significant cultural differences between the women existed these had no significant role in predicting sterilization. Sterilized women reported strikingly more pregnancy complications. Factors which may have contributed to the greater incidence of tubal ligation among Indian women are explored. Since low socioeconomical status poor education or low income may have been influential factors these variables were controlled by comparison of similar groups. The only factor which might have affected the results so significantly was that on the average Indian women were 4 years older than Chicano women. A study of the groups matched for age however indicates an even higher incidence for Indian women. Irrespectively of tubal ligation Chicanos women had more children than Indian women. Regardless of culture women who had tubal ligation had more children than they considered ideal. It is not clear why Indian women had tubal ligations. Only 6% used other methods. In general Indian women had significantly more negative attitudes toward pregnancy birth control and the concept of parent than Chicano women.
Enslaved People from Northeast Africa in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Persian Gulf received an influx of slaves from East and Northeast Africa to meet the growing labor demand in the booming pearling industry and date farming. The Red Sea served as a major channel through which a large number of people from the present-day countries of Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, and Djibouti were taken to Arabia and Yemen, and the Gulf. The history and the experience of these northeast African slaves in the Gulf are the central themes of this paper. However, the paper will specifically focus on Eastern Arabi, particularly the country of Qatar. It is based on a wide range of oral and archival materials, which include many testimonies by the slaves who escaped to various British agencies in the Gulf. These testimonies provide significant insights into the process of enslavement, origins of the slaves, their social and economic conditions, and the changing dynamics of slavery in the Gulf. In addition to these topics, the paper will discuss the legacy of slavery in Qatari society and will devote a special attention to African cultural influences in the Gulf, particularly in rituals such as the spirit possession, music, and dance.
Large granular lymphocyte proliferation: an analysis of T-cell receptor gene arrangement and expression and the effect of in vitro culture with inducing agents

The status of the T cell receptor beta and gamma genes in natural killer (NK) cells was investigated in two patients with a marked expansion of CD2+, CD3- NK cells. Both genes were found to be in the germline state. The T alpha and complete T beta gene transcripts were not detected, but a 1.0-kilobase T beta gene transcript could be demonstrated at low levels in freshly isolated cells and at a much higher level in interleukin-2 (IL-2)-cultured cells. The transcript coding for the delta chain of the CD3 complex was also absent. These cells were cultured in IL-2 with or without the addition of the differentiation-inducing agents: retinoic acid, N,N-hexamethylene bisacetamide, and sodium butyrate. The cultured cells retained their NK activity except in culture with sodium butyrate at greater than or equal to 1 mmol/L. Expression of CD3 or other T cell surface markers by the NK cells was not observed in these cultures. Either CD2+, CD3- NK cells are derived from a non-T lineage, or they have diverged from the T cell lineage earlier than the stage of T gamma gene rearrangement and CD3 delta chain expression; they are refractory to many induction signals in undergoing further T cell differentiation.
Sriracha: Lessons from the Legal Troubles of a Popular Hot Sauce

This essay describes the recent “Sriracha Apocalypse” dispute between Huy Fong Foods, maker of the popular hot sauce Sriracha, and Irwindale, California. For six months, the world watched as it appeared that Huy Fong’s new plant would be legally shut down by this tiny Los Angeles suburb. Irwindale argued that odors and fumes from the grinding of jalapeno peppers to make Sriracha were creating a public nuisance. This seemed odd, considering that Irwindale had eagerly invited Huy Fong to relocate its chile-grinding operations to their community and that air-quality regulators had not found a problem. The essay highlights three important lessons from this spicy legal drama regarding food and place, the legality of foodways, and California’s role in these contemporary food debates.
In Defense of Secularizing Whitehead

This essay responds to Lewis Ford’s “Allan’s Atheism,” in which he assesses a recent essay of mine that finds God an unnecessary and indeed coherence-destroying addition to Process and Reality . I clarify my position by showing how Whitehead’s notions of physical purpose and aesthetic determination adequately account for the novelty required for an actual occasion’s concrescence and for increases in achieved value. I then criticize Ford’s claim that genuine novelties must have a divine origin and that in Adventures of Ideas the Eros of the Universe refers to God.
Noncaspase proteases in apoptosis

Biochemical and genetic analysis of apoptosis has determined that intracellular proteases are key effectors of cell death pathways. In particular, early studies have pointed to the primacy of caspase proteases as mediators of execution. More recently, however, evidence has accumulated that noncaspases, including cathepsins, calpains, granzymes, and the proteasome complex, also have roles in mediating and promoting cell death. An important goal is to understand the importance of distinct noncaspases in various forms of apoptosis, and to determine whether pathways mediated by noncaspase proteases intersect with those mediated by caspases. In this review the roles of noncaspase proteases in the biochemistry of apoptosis will be discussed.
The Nathrop Domes, Colorado: Geochemistry and petrogenesis of a topaz rhyolite

The four Nathrop Domes (∼30 Ma) are located near Buena Vista, Colorado, within the Arkansas Valley Graben segment of the Rio Grande Rift. The domes are largely composed of sparsely to moderately porphyritic, flow-banded rhyolite, with local vitrophyric margins. Phenocrysts include sanidine, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, and Fe–Ti oxides. Bright red Mn-garnet locally occurs in vapor-phase cavities. Two-feldspar and two-oxide temperatures assuming 1 kb pressure were, respectively, 670°C and 653°C. All four domes erupted rhyolite of essentially identical major-element chemistry, although with substantial trace-element variations, high incompatible trace-element contents (Rb up to 364 ppm; Nb up to 67 ppm), and extreme depletion of Ba, Sr, P, Eu, and Ti. These depletions are consistent with fractionation of observed phenocrysts. A rare-earth element diagram shows parallelism of the rhyolite plots, with sloping light REE values, flat heavy REE values, and a prominent, negative Eu anomaly. The narrow range of major-element compositions within the Nathrop Domes’ rhyolites precludes any fractionation modeling amongst them. Nonetheless, their elevated Rb/Sr ratios (as great as 75–120) strongly suggest that these magmas have undergone extensive fractional crystallization. Neodymium isotope analysis shows ∊ Ndt values of −10.1 for a Bald Mountain sample and −13.9 from a Precambrian granite sample (t = 29 Ma). The similarity of the ∊ Ndt of the Bald Mountain rhyolite and the Precambrian granite suggests that the Nathrop rhyolite magmas were initially formed through partial melting of Precambrian rocks. Neodymium Crustal Index (NCI) calculations were performed using the Precambrian granite to estimate the contribution of crustal sources, assuming lithospheric mantle contributions of basalt with ∊ Nd of 0 to 4, or asthenospheric mantle contributions with ∊ Nd of 5 or greater. The resulting calculations indicate NCI values of 0.727 to 0.789, assuming lithospheric mantle, and 0.799 assuming an asthenospheric mantle contribution with ∊ Nd = 5. Thus, 72.7 to 79.9 percent of the Nd present in the Nathrop rhyolite sample is likely from crustal sources, depending upon what type of mantle contribution was involved. The Nathrop rhyolites may represent the earliest phase of magmatism associated with the northern segments of the Rio Grande Rift.
Studies of the Onion Thrips

In tests for control of the onion thrips, all treated plants showed substantial and significant reductions in numbers of thrips over untreated plants, but the differences between treatments while considerable in some cases were not of a high degree of significance. Nicotine preparations were most effective in general, with kerosene, pyrethrum products, naphthalene and copper sprays or dusts giving high degrees of control.
Electric property research and test methods discussion of OPPC

OPPC is a compound of optical cable and transmission line.It plays the role of both communication and power transmission in the power system,and has good application prospect in the 110 kV and below 110 kV power transmission and distribution networks of our country.This thesis designed and implemented OPPC cable′s electric tests,which include voltage withstanding test and current-carrying capacity test.The fiber attenuation and OPPC cable′s surface temperature were monitored during the tests.What′ s more,this paper analyzed OPPC cable′ s electric property and proposed some advice to solve problems of few OPPC cables,of which the surface temperature was too high in the current-carrying capacity test.This paper provided a meaningful reference to OPPC cable′s practical use and its network access test methods in the power system.
Notifiable infectious diseases epidemic situation analysis in Xingqing district of Yinchuan during 2007- 2012

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and change trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Xingqing district of Yinchuan city during 2007- 2012. Methods Collecting and sorting out the statutory infectious disease data of in Xingqing district in Yinchuan during 2007- 2012,using descriptive epidemiology method to statistical analysis. Results During 2007- 2012,no case of class A infectious diseases was reported in Xingqing district of Yinchuan city. Out of 40,526 cases,25 types of class B and C infectious diseases,7 cases died,with yearly average incidence rate of 1379. 97 /100,000,yearly average mortality rate of 0. 22 /100,000,average case fatality rate was 0. 02%. The incidence rates among the top five of the legal infectious diseases were one after another: other infectious diarrhea( 416. 19 /100,000),hand- foot- mouth disease( 235. 98 /100,000),hepatitis B viral hepatitis( 180. 58 /100,000),mumps( 157. 99/100,000),diarrhea( 86.02/100,000),the above 5 kinds of infectious disease incidence is about 77. 67% of the total number of incidence. Classification system of infectious diseases is given priority to with intestinal infectious diseases,21,722 cases were reported,accounted for 53. 60% of the total cases;The second was 9,493 cases with the respiratory infectious diseases,accounting for 23. 42% of the total cases; Source of blood and sexually transmitted infections were reported 9,181 cases,accounting for 22. 65%of the total cases; Natural foci of entomophilous and infectious diseases accounted for 0. 30%; other types of infectious diseases accounted for 0. 02%. Conclusions The epidemic situation of notifiable infectious diseases in Xingqing district of Yinchuan city was in a higher level,the prevention and control of intestinal disease,respiratory disease and the source of blood and sexually transmitted disease are still the key of the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the future.
Bueno, Bonito, Y Barato: A Content Analysis of Print Advertising in Hispanic Women’s Magazines

Three hundred and eighty six (386) full page ads in Hispanic women’s magazines were content analyzed using Resnik, Drugman, and Stem’s 1977 Model of Classification of Information Cues. This paper summarizes the findings and implications of this analysis. The results indicate that Hispanic ads were quite informative, in fact more informative than their English counterparts.
Abstract 1694: Conjugated bile acids aggravate metastatic pancreatic cancer via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2

Introduction: “Painless jaundice” is a classic sign of advanced pancreatic cancer, which is often times lethal. Bile drainage for obstructive jaundice by pancreatic cancer has been known to be clinically beneficial, however, the role of bile acids on pancreatic cancer biology has not been thoroughly investigated. We published that conjugated bile acids bind to sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) (Hepatology 2012) and regulate lipid metabolism in hepatocytes through SphK2 (Hepatology 2015). SphK1 and K2 are the enzymes that generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid mediator, which cause cell proliferation and migration via S1P receptors 1-5. We hypothesize that bile acid from obstructive jaundice aggravate the pancreatic cancer progression via S1PR2. Method: Murine and human pancreatic cancer cell lines were used to examine growth response to CYM5520 (S1PR2 agonist), JTE-013 (S1PR2 antagonist), or FTY720 (functional antagonist of all S1P receptors except S1PR2). Obstructive jaundice model was made by total ligation of middle and left bile ducts with cholecystectomy, and Panc02-luc cells were implanted in the left lobe for liver metastasis, and intraperitoneally injected for carcinomatosis model. Result: Stimulation by TCA or CYM5520 promoted Panc02-luc and AsPC-1 cell proliferation, which dominantly express S1PR2 among S1P receptors in dose dependent manner, but that was not the case in other cells (PANC-1, BxPC-3 and Miapaca-2) that express other S1P receptors. JTE-013 inhibited Panc02-luc and AsPC-1 cell growth, regardless of additional TCA stimulation. Treatment with FTY720 had no effect on S1P mediated Panc02-luc cell proliferation. Neither TCA nor CYM5520 was able to stimulate growth of Panc-1, BxPC-3, nor Miapaca-2. Obstructive jaundice significantly increased liver metastasis and carcinomatosis tumor burden, and significantly shortened survival. The role of S1P from the host was investigated by using Panc02-luc carcinomatosis model on SphK1 or SphK2 knockout mice. Unexpectedly, carcinomatosis progressed slower with less tumor burden in both SphK1 and K2 knockout mice and significantly prolonged survival compared with their littermate control wildtype. Significantly less proliferation, but no difference in apoptosis was seen in tumors in SphK1 knockout mice. Treatment by FTY720 to carcinomatosis of wildtype mice did not suppress cancer progression nor tumor burden. Conclusion: Conjugated bile acids from obstructive jaundice aggravated metastatic pancreatic cancer via S1PR2, which is independent from host S1P. Citation Format: Hiroaki Aoki, Masayo Aoki, Eriko Katsuta, Partha Mukhopadhyay, Jing Yang, Huiping Zhou, Sarah Spiegel, Kazuaki Takabe. Conjugated bile acids aggravate metastatic pancreatic cancer via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1694.
Superficial Femoral, Popliteal and Tibial Artery Angioplasty, and Stenting

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report superficial femoral, popliteal, and tibial artery angioplasty and stenting procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Quantification of irradiation defects in beta-silicon carbide using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Raman spectra from polycrystalline beta-silicon carbide (SiC) were collected following neutron irradiation at 380–1180 °C to 0.011–1.87 displacement per atom. The longitudinal optical (LO) peak shifted to a lower frequency and broadened as a result of the irradiation. The changes observed in the LO phonon line shape and position in neutron-irradiated SiC are explained by a combination of changes in the lattice constant and Young's modulus, and the phonon confinement effect. The phonon confinement model reasonably estimates the defect-defect distance in the irradiated SiC, which is consistent with results from previous experimental studies and simulations.
Development of Benzothiazole Amyloid-Imaging Agents

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the widespread deposition of amyloid plaques throughout the neocortex and by neurofibrillary pathology that begins in limbic regions and progresses to cortex. The ability to detect either AD pathology in vivo would have important implications for early diagnosis, deeper understanding of the pathophysiological progression of the disease and assessment of therapies directed specifically at halting these deposits. This chapter describes the work of our laboratory aimed at the development of in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for use in imaging the pathology of AD. We based these agents on histologic dyes known to bind fibrillar amyloid such as Congo red and thioflavin-T. Assessment of new dye derivatives was guided by criteria borrowed from those used in the development of neuroreceptor PET ligands and further refined during the development of the Congo red class of compounds. Derivatives of the thioflavin-T series are called benzothiazoleaniline, or BTA, compounds. These agents have pharmacokinetic properties similar to successful PET neuroreceptor imaging agents. What’s more, the BTA compounds bind to amyloid-beta (Aβ) with high affinity and show very good specificity for amyloid in post-mortem brain preparations. BTA compounds do not appear to bind to neurofibrillary pathology at concentrations commonly attained in PET studies. Analysis of in vitro pharmacologic data and in vivo pharmacokinetic data from animals pointed to a particular hydroxy-BTA compound as the optimal candidate for human PET imaging studies. This compound was termed “Pittsburgh compound B” or “PIB” by our collaborators at the Uppsala University PET Centre, who performed the first human amyloid-imaging studies with PIB in AD patients and controls. That human PET study forms the basis of the chapter by Engler et al. that follows this description of the pre-clinical development of benzothiazole amyloid-imaging agents.
Botanical Phylo-Cards: A Tree-Thinking Game to Teach Plant Evolution

Abstract Students often have limited understanding of the major innovations in plant evolution. We developed a card sorting activity based on tree thinking that is suitable for students with a wide range of abilities and experience. Through this activity, students learn how scientists organize taxa into biologically meaningful, natural groups that illustrate important events in terrestrial plant evolution. The activity corresponds to several NGSS standards and is suitable for use in classroom or laboratory settings and as a public educational outreach activity. The Botanical Phylo-Card Game addresses several components of Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States, 2013) such as Inheritance/Variation in Traits (3-LS3-1, HS-LS3-1, HS-LS4-2) and Natural Selection/Evolution (MS-LS4-2, HS-LS4-1). The game involves disciplinary core ideas about biodiversity, evolution, and common ancestry; crosscutting concepts regarding identification and interpretation of patterns; and scientific practices of constr...
Robotic Application for Pancreatectomy

With improved surgical techniques and understanding of tumor biology, intervention for malignant pancreatic diseases has continued to increase over the past several decades. Concurrently, minimally invasive surgical approaches have been utilized with increasing frequency. However, due to the inherent difficulty associated with pancreatic resections, adoption of minimally invasive techniques has been slower to gain acceptance.
Self-Distancing: Theory, Research, and Current Directions

Abstract When people experience negative events, they often try to understand their feelings to improve the way they feel. Although engaging in this meaning-making process leads people to feel better at times, it frequently breaks down leading people to ruminate and feel worse. This raises the question: What factors determine whether people's attempts to “work-through” their negative feelings succeed or fail? In this article, we describe an integrative program of research that has addressed this issue by focusing on the role that self-distancing plays in facilitating adaptive self-reflection. We begin by describing the “self-reflection puzzle” that initially motivated this line of work. Next, we introduce the concept of self-distancing and describe the conceptual framework we developed to explain how this process should facilitate adaptive self-reflection. After describing the early studies that evaluated this framework, we discuss how these findings have been extended to broaden and deepen our understanding of the role that this process plays in self-regulation. We conclude by offering several parting thoughts that integrate the ideas discussed in this chapter.
Rapid and Clean Covalent Attachment of Methylsiloxane Polymers and Oligomers to Silica Using B(C6F5)3 Catalysis.

The rapid, room-temperature covalent attachment of alkylhydridosilanes (R3Si–H) to silicon oxide surfaces to form monolayers using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3, BCF) catalysis has recently been described. This method, unlike alternative routes to monolayers, produces only unreactive H2 gas as a byproduct and reaches completion within minutes. We report the use of this selective reaction between surface silanols and hydridosilanes to prepare surface-grafted poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMSs) with various graft architectures that are controlled by the placement of hydridosilane functionality at one end, both ends, or along the chain of PDMS samples of controlled molecular weight. We also report studies of model methylsiloxane monolayers prepared from pentamethyldisiloxane, heptamethyltrisiloxane (two isomers), heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane. These modified silica surfaces with structurally defined methylsiloxane groups are not accessible by conventional silane surface...
Narratives of Miami in Dexter and Burn Notice

In popular discourse around television, a series’ relationship with place is often marked through the suggestion its setting is “like a character in the show”, but this article argues against adopting this as a framework for analyzing television’s relationship with space and place. It articulates the relationship between this discourse of “spatial capital” and hierarchies of cultural capital within the television industry, limiting the types of series that are deemed to warrant closer investigation regarding issues of space and place and lacking nuanced engagement with place’s relationship with television narrative in particular. After breaking down the logic under which these discourses function through an investigation of AMC’s Breaking Bad , this article offers a more rigorous framework for examining how television drama narratives engage with spatial capital in an age of narrative hybridity. Through a close analysis of depictions of the city of Miami, the article considers how two specific narrative strategies—place as narrative backdrop and place as narrative engine—manifest across both serial and procedural programming, disconnecting spatial capital from its exclusive association with “quality television” and building a model for analyzing how place and narrative intersect in the contemporary moment.
An improved SEL test of the ADV212 video codec

Single-event effect (SEE) test data is presented on the Analog Devices ADV212. Focus is given to the test setup used to improve data quality and validate single-event latchup (SEL) protection circuitry.
Relationships Among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Plasma Cytokines in African American Women.

OBJECTIVE The principal objective of this investigation was to identify novel cytokine associations with BMI and type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Cytokines were profiled from African American women with obesity who donated plasma to the Komen Tissue Bank. Multiplex bead arrays of analytes were used to quantify 88 cytokines and chemokines in association with clinical diagnoses of metabolic health. Regression models were generated after elimination of outliers. RESULTS Among women with obesity, T2D was associated with breast adipocyte hypertrophy and with six plasma analytes, including four chemokines (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 2, chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 16, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1, and chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 16) and two growth factors (interleukin 2 and epidermal growth factor). In addition, three analytes were associated with obesity independently of diabetes: interleukin 4, soluble CD40 ligand, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3. CONCLUSIONS Profiling of inflammatory cytokines combined with measures of BMI may produce a more personalized risk assessment for obesity-associated disease in African American women.
Reversible Mn 2+ /Mn 4+ double redox in lithium-excess cathode materials

There is an urgent need for low-cost, resource-friendly, high-energy-density cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries to satisfy the rapidly increasing need for electrical energy storage. To replace the nickel and cobalt, which are limited resources and are associated with safety problems, in current lithium-ion batteries, high-capacity cathodes based on manganese would be particularly desirable owing to the low cost and high abundance of the metal, and the intrinsic stability of the Mn4+ oxidation state. Here we present a strategy of combining high-valent cations and the partial substitution of fluorine for oxygen in a disordered-rocksalt structure to incorporate the reversible Mn2+/Mn4+ double redox couple into lithium-excess cathode materials. The lithium-rich cathodes thus produced have high capacity and energy density. The use of the Mn2+/Mn4+ redox reduces oxygen redox activity, thereby stabilizing the materials, and opens up new opportunities for the design of high-performance manganese-rich cathodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
Geographic variation in the sensitivity of an herbivore-induced seaweed defense.

Intraspecific variation in primary producer induced defenses may affect how these defenses contribute to population and community regulation. For instance, inducible defenses may play larger roles in primary producer populations that are sensitive to low levels of grazing than populations that only respond to high levels of grazing. Although the incidence of herbivore-induced defenses is well documented, and there are examples of geographic variation in these defenses, we have limited knowledge of the factors that affect sensitivity to grazing (i.e., the minimum grazer density needed to elicit these responses) within and among populations. Filling this gap is necessary to understand the importance of these defenses under different conditions. To address whether the sensitivity of seaweed induced defenses varies geographically, we exposed Northern and Southern California populations of the seaweed Silvetia compressa to five densities of the snail Tegula funebralis, under ambient, regional environmental conditions. Southern seaweeds required high levels of grazing to induce defenses, while all levels of herbivory decreased Northern seaweed palatability. To better understand these different responses to low levels of grazing, we conducted common garden experiments to directly test the roles of experimental environment and herbivore source. Consistent with initial experiments, Northern Silvetia responded to low levels of grazing, regardless of environmental conditions, while Southern Silvetia never responded to low levels of grazing, even after being acclimated to Northern environmental conditions for 24 d. Additionally, Southern Silvetia did not respond to grazing by Northern snails, suggesting that herbivore source did not explain this geographic pattern in inducible seaweed defenses. Together, these observations suggest that the seaweed source explains this geographic pattern in sensitivity. Trade-offs with constitutive defenses did not help explain this pattern, as Southern Silvetia had weaker constitutive defenses than Northern seaweeds. This may be due to a combination of low grazing pressure and low predictability of attack in the South. Thus, population variation in sensitivity may be due to long-term differences in environmental histories, resulting in local adaptation or legacy effects from exposure to local conditions. Overall, our results indicate that these herbivore-induced responses may be more important in Northern Silvetia populations than Southern ones.
Is expressed emotion a specific risk factor for depression or a nonspecific correlate of psychopathology

Five Minute Speech Sample Expressed Emotion (FMSS-EE) was examined in families of youth with depressive disorders, nondepressed youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and community controls screened for the absence of depression and ADHD. Consistent with the hypothesis that FMSS-EE shows some specificity as a risk factor for depression, rates of critical EE were significantly higher among mothers of youth with depression as compared to mothers of nondepressed youth with ADHD, or mothers of controls. When both mothers' and fathers' scores were used to generate family EE ratings, rates of overall EE and critical EE were significantly higher for the depressed group than the control group, but the nondepressed ADHD group did not differ significantly from the other groups. Results support the hypothesis that critical EE in mothers shows some specificity as a risk factor or correlate of depression in youth.
Best a Posteriori Truncation Error Estimates for Continued Fractions K(an/1) with Twin Element Regions

Best truncation error estimates are determined for continued fractions K(an/1) where the elements, an, are drawn from the twin-convergence regions of Lange (1966). These error estimates are established by proving that the twin-value regions of Lange, which contain the tails f(n) of K(an/1), satisfy sufficient conditions to be best twin-value regions. The principal result, stated in Theorem 2, is that $$ \left| {f - {f_n}} \right| \leqslant \frac{{\mathop{\Pi }\limits_{{j = 1}}^n \left| {{a_j}} \right|}}{{\left| {{B_n}{B_{{n - 1}}}} \right|}}\bullet \frac{{\left| {{\rho^2} - {{\left| {{\Gamma_n}} \right|}^2}} \right|}}{{\rho \left| {{h_n}} \right| - \left| {{\rho^2} - {{\overline \Gamma }_n}({\Gamma_n} + {{( - 1)}^n}{h_n})} \right|}} $$ where f and fn are the limit and nth approximant, respectively, of the continued fraction. The estimates are a posteriori since the elements aj, 1 ≤ j ≤ n are known, fixed, and used in determining the value of hn, the ratio of partial denominators of the continued fraction.
Crystallographic Analysis of the Interaction of Cupric Ion with Ribonuclease S

Abstract The binding of Cu(II) to crystalline RNase-S, RNase-E, and 41-DNP-RNase-S in the presence of 3 m (NH4)2SO4 has been investigated crystallographically. At pH 5.5, with 0.1 m acetate present as buffer, seven binding sites were detected on RNase-S, three of which are intermolecular. The intramolecular sites occur near His-119, His-105, Glu-86, and a sulfate ion bound at the active site, and have fractional occupancies at a Cu(II) concentration of 100 mm of 1.07 ± 0.10, 0.79 ± 0.10, 0.42 ± 0.09, and 0.33 ± 0.10, respectively. The intermolecular sites occur near the amino terminus of the S-peptide, the amino terminus of the S-protein, and Asp-53. At 100 mm Cu(II), at pH 5.5, the fractional occupancies of these sites are 1.25 ± 0.10, 0.68 ± 0.12, and 0.31 ± 0.12, respectively. The modes of binding of Cu(II) to RNase-S and RNase-E are essentially identical. On the other hand, the site near the sulfate ion is absent on the dinitrophenylated enzyme at pH 5.5, and there are minor changes in the positions, occupancies, or temperature factors of the sites near Glu-86 and the amino terminus of the S-protein. At pH 7.0, in the presence of 0.67 m acetate and 0.3 m ethanolamine, the occupancies of all Cu(II) sites on RNase-S decrease, although the occupancies of sites with nitrogen ligands decrease less than those with oxygen ligands. The sites near Glu-86, the sulfate ion, and Asp-53 appear to be unoccupied, but a new site near Asp-121, possibly involving His-119, appears. In the presence of Cu(II), the binding of 3'-CMP to RNase-S at pH 5.5 is enhanced 20% although no change in its mode of binding and no bound Cu(II) could be detected at 3 A resolution.
Competitiveness of Herbicide-Resistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) with Soybean

Waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] is a troublesome weed occurring in cropping systems throughout the U.S. Midwest with an ability to rapidly evolve herbicide resistance that could be associated with competitive disadvantages. Little research has investigated the competitiveness of different A. tuberculatus populations under similar environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the interspecific competitiveness of three herbicide-resistant A. tuberculatus populations (2,4-D and atrazine resistant [2A-R], glyphosate and protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO]-inhibitor resistant [GP-R], and 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, and PPO-inhibitor susceptible [2AGP-S]) with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; and (2) the density-dependent response of each A. tuberculatus population within a constant soybean population in a greenhouse environment. Amaranthus tuberculatus competitiveness with soybean was evaluated across five target weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 plants pot − 1 (equivalent to 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 plants m− 2) with 3 soybean plants pot − 1 (equivalent to 300,000 plants ha − 1). At the R1 soybean harvest time, no difference in soybean biomass was observed across A. tuberculatus populations. At A. tuberculatus densities <8 plants pot − 1, the 2AGP-S population had the greatest biomass and stem diameter per plant. At the R7 harvest time, the 2AGP-S population caused the greatest loss in soybean biomass and number of pods compared with the other populations at densities of <16 plants pot − 1. The 2AGP-S population had greater earlyseason biomass accumulation and stem diameter compared with the other A. tuberculatus populations, which resulted in greater late-season reduction in soybean biomass and number of pods. This research indicates there may be evidence of interspecific competitive fitness cost associated with the evolution of 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, and PPO-inhibitor resistance in A. tuberculatus. Focus should be placed on effectively using cultural weed management practices to enhance crop competitiveness, especially early in the season, to increase suppression of herbicide-resistant A. tuberculatus.
Who Is the Prophet? Jackie Robinson, Branch Rickey, and the Integration of Baseball

Today the name Jackie Robinson is virtually synonymous with the term “activist athlete.” Yet the story of baseball’s integration was largely forgotten for many years after the Civil Rights era came to a close. When it was re-introduced to the public beginning in the 1980s by baseball historians, Hollywood, Major League Baseball, and Jackie Robinson’s family and heirs, it relied heavily on the myth Branch Rickey created and promulgated many years before, that he, the Brooklyn Dodger executive who devised the “great experiment” to end segregation in organized baseball, was the key figure who changed history, a prophet in his time. This paper will examine the ways in which the story Rickey told about his role in baseball’s integration corresponds to dimensions often associated with biblical prophecy: being at first reluctant, but becoming a moral teacher who exposed injustice, an intermediary between the human and the divine, a visionary who possessed a true and hopeful view of the future as it should be. It will also assess the limitations of his “lone pioneer” strategy and support the claims made by recent scholars and activists who have been highly critical of how Rickey conducted his “experiment,” placing his prophetic role in question.
No wink of sleep: Population sleep characteristics in response to the brexit poll and the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Abstract Introduction Personal well-being, including people's sleep characteristics, is affected by a variety of factors, one example of which is wide-ranging high-impact public events. In this study, we use a large sleep database obtained through a smartphone application for sleep tracking via anonymized time-sampled data to study the effect of two political events with a wide-ranging impact on people's sleep characteristics: the Brexit referendum in June 2016, and the presidential election of Donald Trump in November 2016 Method Using Sleep as Android — an actigraphy-based sleep monitoring smartphone application — we collected 10.5 million geo-located sleep records from more than 69,000 users in Europe and North America. Population-based changes in sleep around each of these two events, in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America, were assessed using a non-parametric bootstrap test Results The analysis revealed a significant reduction by 16 min and 21 s in the mean sleep duration of British people in the night after the Brexit poll (p Conclusions The results demonstrate a significant impact of two specific major political events on population sleep characteristics. Our results further underline the potential of mobile applications and informatics approaches in general to provide data that enable us to investigate fundamental physiological variables over time and location.
3-D Vision

Machine vision research has centered on the problem of obtaining depth and surface orientation from an image, creating what has been called by some authors the ‘2½-D’ sketch [39]. Currently, there are several sensing systems that can derive depth or surface orientation from a scene. Among these are laser range finders[1,38,64], photometric stereo [29] and binocular stereo [5]. Laser imaging is potentially hazardous and has difficulty with shiny metal reflective surfaces. At present, it is a more expensive depth sensing technology than the other methods mentioned above. Photometric stereo puts great demands on the illumination in the scene and on properly understanding the reflectance properties of the objects to be viewed. We have chosen to use binocular stereo in this work because it has the advantage of low cost and the ability to perform over a wide range of illuminations and object domains. It is also a well understood and simple ranging method, which motivates its use in a generalized robotics environment where many different task and object domains may be in effect. Used as a single robotics sensing system, however, stereo has clear deficiencies. If there is a lack of detail on the object, only sparse measurements are possible. If too much detail is present, the matching process can easily become confused. Detail also causes a marked degradation in performance as the potential match space increases.
Putting Posthuman Theories to Work in Educational Leadership Programmes

Educators are socialized into ‘commonsense’ ways of seeing the world that support rational, humanistic, anthropocentric thinking. The U.S. schooling system further reinforces these perspectives by defining education in quantitative terms, turning teachers, students, and learning processes into numerical data points. These perspectives tend to shape educational leaders’ understandings of leadership and research. As they enter professional doctorate, or three year Ed.D. programmes, many educational leaders bring with them entrenched views of objectivity and linearity, as well as a view of leadership as enacted by individual human actors. This chapter discusses ways to disrupt commonsense thinking reinforcing individualistic, representational, and human-centered worldviews by drawing on pedagogies informed by posthuman thinkers (including Braidotti 2013; Code 2006; Deleuze and Guattari 1987; Plumwood 2002) to reframe practice and educational research in more affirmative, connected, multiplistic terms that emphasise productive difference and relations with the more-than-human world. Both authors teach courses in three-year professional doctorate programmes in educational leadership, and provide examples of instruction that put to work these ideas in our classes. The chapter concludes with suggestions and connections for (re)imagining how such pedagogical projects may be useful to other educators in higher education settings.
Accessible Design of Low-Speed Automated Shuttles: A Brief Review of Lessons Learned from Public Transit.

Low-speed, driverless automated shuttles have the potential to significantly improve community mobility for older adults and people with disabilities who are otherwise unable or ineligible to drive...
Prostate cancer CTC-RNA Assay: A new method for contemporary genomics and precision medicine via liquid biopsy.

170Background: Transcriptome-based analysis has begun to reshape the approach to prostate cancer (PC). Two different gene expression signatures have shown that PC can be divided into 3 subclasses r...
Role of the ESCRT pathway in Laccase Trafficking and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

ABSTRACT The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) plays a crucial role in the transportation and degradation of proteins. We determined that Vps27, a key protein of the ESCRT-0 complex, is required for the transport of the virulence factor laccase to the cell wall in Cryptococcus neoformans. Laccase activity was perturbed, as was melanin production, in vps27Δ strains. In the absence of VPS27, there was an accumulation of multivesicular bodies with vacuolar fragmentation and mistargeting of the vacuolar carboxypeptidase CPY/Prc1, resulting in an extracellular localization. In addition, deletion of VPS27 resulted in a defect in laccase targeting of a Lac1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to the cell wall with trapping within intracellular puncta; this deletion was accompanied by reduced virulence in a mouse model. However, the actin cytoskeleton remained intact, suggesting that the trafficking defect is not due to defects in actin-related localization. Extracellular vesicle maturation was also defective in the vps27Δ mutant, which had a larger vesicle size as measured by dynamic light scattering. Our data identify cryptococcal VPS27 as a required gene for laccase trafficking and attenuates virulence of C. neoformans in a mouse intravenous (i.v.) meningitis model.
Effect of stevia on the gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in a murine model of diet-induced obesity.

Artificial sweeteners have been shown to induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota; however, little is known about the effect of stevia. Here, we investigate whether stevia supplementation induces glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota in mice, hypothesizing that stevia would correct high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and alter the gut microbiota. Mice were split into four treatment groups: low fat, high fat, high fat + saccharin and high fat + stevia. After 10 weeks of treatment, mice consuming a high fat diet (60% kcal from fat) developed glucose intolerance and gained more weight than mice consuming a low fat diet. Stevia supplementation did not impact body weight or glucose intolerance. Differences in species richness and relative abundances of several phyla were observed in low fat groups compared to high fat, stevia and saccharin. We identified two operational taxonomic groups that contributed to differences in beta-diversity between the stevia and saccharin groups: Lactococcus and Akkermansia in females and Lactococcus in males. Our results demonstrate that stevia does not rescue high fat diet-induced changes in glucose tolerance or the microbiota, and that stevia results in similar alterations to the gut microbiota as saccharin when administered in concordance with a high fat diet.
Hunting Security Bugs in SoC Designs: Lessons Learned

This article presents a methodology for finding hardware security bugs, using Lint tools that use static analysis techniques, along with best practices for code reviews and developing test cases.
The Indirect Effect of Top Management Commitment in Improving Green Performance

Increasing concerns regarding environment and sustainability drive and the increasing intensity of competition forced the companies to find ways of reducing cost and enhance their images. So, it has become increasingly important for companies to balance economic and environmental performance. One of the important way is the commitment of top management team in supporting company’s practices in green product development as well as green manufacture. This study proposes a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of top management commitment in improving a firm’s green practices and performance. By using a dataset including 231 China-based companies, the study analyzes the nature of the linkages proposed in the framework. Guidelines for practitioners on top-level management in improving green practices and performance are discussed.
A High Gain and Wideband CPW-Fed Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

A wide band antenna working in the 28 GHz 5G designated band has been presented in this paper. It has a semicircular structure backed up by a network of small hexagonal parasitic patch on the backside. It is fed through a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and has a small footprint of $9\times 7.38 \ \mathrm{mm}^{2}$ . It has 3.75 GHz of bandwidth ranging from 27 to 30.76 GHz. It is low loss with radiation efficiencies exceeding 95%. It also exhibits a large gain performance of 5.67 dBi at 28 GHz. The antenna has attractive features that will interest 5G system developers due to its small form factor, low cost, wideband and high gain performance.