cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
You Are What They Eat: The Infulence of Reference Groups on Consumers' Connections to Brands

The set of associations consumers have about a brand is an important component of brand equity. This paper focuses on reference groups as a source of brand associations, which can be linked to one's mental representation of self to meet self-verification or self-enhancement goals. We conceptualize this linkage at an aggregate level in terms of self-brand connections, i.e., the extent to which individuals have incorporated a brand into their self-concept. Two studies show that brands used by member groups and aspiration groups can become connected to consumers' mental representation of self as they use these brands to define and create their self-concepts. Results from Experiment 1 show that the degree to which member group and aspiration group usage influences individual self-brand connections is contingent upon the degree to which the individual belongs to a member group or wishes to belong to an aspiration group. Experiment 2 finds that for individuals with self-enhancement goals, aspiration group brand use has a greater impact on self-brand connections; for individuals with self-verification goals, on the other hand, member group use has a greater impact.
Efficient estimation in missing data and survey sampling problems

The thesis consists of four research papers. The first paper deals with general theory for empirical likelihood under the standard setup. Instead of maximizing the empirical likelihood function, a functional-form approach is proposed to generalize the theory of empirical likelihood and to achieve computational efficiency. The second paper deals with an empirical likelihood approach for missing data. The proposed method uses a partial likelihood for the respondents and theories are developed for both a parametric response model and a nonparametric response model. Also, the proposed method is extended to two-phase sampling where the first-phase sample is obtained by complex survey sampling. The third paper deals with empirical likelihood in the survey sampling setup. In the proposed method, called the population empirical likelihood method, the empirical likelihood function is defined for the finite population and the sampling design is incorporated into one of the constraints in the optimization problem. The proposed method is quite useful when combining information from several independent surveys. The fourth paper proposes a novel application of the capture-recapture experiment to estimate the propensity score for nonignorable nonresponse. The proposed method can be used to reduce the selection bias associated with voluntary sampling.
Sample Quantiles for Locally Dependent Processes

Locally dependent processes are (m − 1) dependent (m ∈ N) processes where m is allowed to increase with the sample size n. Versions of such processes have been regularly studied in the literature. Although locally dependent processes are of independent interest, they also appear as a tool in the asymptotic study of linear processes and processes of similar decomposable structure.
Scratch programming for undergraduates

This workshop will provide an overview of a Scratch-based introductory programming course developed for an NSF CCLI study. Attendees will receive instruction on using the Scratch programming environment and on course curriculum materials that can be used to teach an introductory programming course with Scratch. This workshop will be suitable for educators interested in using Scratch at the high school or freshman level, for CS majors or for non-majors, for an entire programming course or for modules in another course. Attendees will be given access to all the developed course materials: labs, homework exercises, presentation slides, and exam questions. Attendees should bring their laptops with the latest version of Scratch installed. The presenters are the principal investigators of an NSF CCLI grant (DUE-08376950) entitled, "A Scratch-based CS0 Course for At-Risk Students".
Gymnurahemecus bulbosus gen. et sp. nov. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infecting smooth butterfly rays, Gymnura micrura (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with a taxonomic key and further evidence for monophyly of chondrichthyan blood flukes

Gymnurahemecus bulbosus gen. et sp. nov. infects the heart of smooth butterfly rays, Gymnura micrura in the Gulf of Mexico. Gymnurahemecus differs from all other accepted aporocotylid genera by having one column of C-shaped lateral tegumental spines, a medial oesophageal bulb anterior to a diverticulate region of the oesophagus, inverse U-shaped intestinal caeca, a non-looped testis, an oviducal ampulla, a Laurer’s canal, and a post-caecal common genital pore. The new species, the shark blood flukes (Selachohemecus spp. and Hyperandrotrema spp.), and the chimaera blood fluke Chimaerohemecus trondheimensis are unique by having C-shaped lateral tegumental spines. Selachohemecus spp. and the new species have a single column of lateral tegumental spines, whereas Hyperandrotrema spp. and C. trondheimensis have 2–7 columns of lateral tegumental spines. The new species differs from Selachohemecus spp. most notably by having an inverse U-shaped intestine. The other ray blood flukes (Orchispirium heterovitellatum, Myliobaticola richardheardi, and Ogawaia glaucostegi) differ from the new species by lacking lateral tegumental spines, a medial oesophageal bulb, and a Laurer’s canal and by having a looped testis. Phylogenetic analysis using large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S) indicated that the new species is sister to the clade that includes the other sequenced adult blood fluke (O. glaucostegi), which infects a ray in Australia. These results agree with and extend previous morphology- and nucleotide-based phylogenetic assertions that the blood flukes of early-branching jawed craniates (Chondrichthyes) are monophyletic and phylogenetically separated from the blood flukes of later-branching ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii: Euteleostei).
Field-Assisted Sintering of Nickel-Based Superalloy Powder for High-Temperature Hybrid Turbine Disc Applications

Turbine discs are currently made of nickel-based superalloys, known for their high strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. Hybrid or dual-microstructure turbine discs allow for significant weight savings, but current methods of joining dissimilar nickel-based superalloys such as friction welding exhibit a heat-affected zone and localized melting at the interface, leading to weak bonding. Here, we show that field-assisted sintering technology may be used to sinter the nickel-based superalloy powder CM247LC to high relative density, and the effect of sintering temperature and time on porosity, grain size, and mechanical properties of CM247LC is investigated. We also show that the same technology may be used to form hybrid discs with a solid Inconel 718 core and a powder-sintered CM247LC rim without the formation of a heat-affected zone at the interface. Two different joining angles between the two materials in the hybrid discs are explored, and preliminary results suggest that the joining angle does not affect the tensile properties of the material interface.
Network Partitioning Algorithm for Minimizing Communication Latency in SDN

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has appeared in order to achieve more flexible network management. In the SDN, a controller sends out messages to control switches. In related research, network partitioning is performed to minimize communication latency between the controller and switches. However, the controller communicates with not only switches but also other controllers in order to maintain the configuration consistently under the multiple controller environment. This paper models a communication network into a graph and formulates a communication latency minimization problem. Furthermore, network partitioning is performed to reduce the communication latency between the controller and switches, also the one among the controllers.
Types of Pleural Effusions

The differential diagnosis for pleural effusions is expanded upon, including both acquired and congenital causes. Specific fluid characteristics and locations are described, as well as their salient imaging findings. Both radiographic and cross-sectional imaging signs are discussed. Complications of pleural effusions are discussed.
NON-CRITICAL CARE TELEMETRY MONITORING FOR NON-CARDIAC RELATED DIAGNOSES: A TIMELY FOLLOW-UP

There has been a rising trend of telemetry use in non-critical care setting for non-cardiac related diagnoses. This practice had led to overusing of telemetry monitoring. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of multifaceted interventions to reduce telemetry utilization at a tertiary
Sugar rush: Glucosylation of IPyA attenuates auxin levels.

The phytohormone auxin regulates plant growth and development. Proper spatiotemporal distribution of active auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]), via formation of auxin gradients, ensures precise organ morphogenesis and physiology. Because plants are sessile organisms, they are exquisitely attuned to fluctuating environmental conditions, such as alterations in ambient temperature and light conditions. Response to environmental changes often incurs modulation of auxin gradients to coordinate appropriate growth responses (such as hypocotyl elongation in response to shade). Auxin’s role as a key hormonal regulator to translate environmental stimuli into an adaptive growth response requires optimal auxin levels and response throughout the plant. Thus, auxin is tightly regulated through multiple processes including metabolism (biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation), transport, and signaling. Despite significant progress toward understanding the mechanism and role of auxin biosynthesis in growth and environmental responses, unanswered questions regarding regulation of auxin levels by distinct inputs remain. In PNAS, Chen et al. (1) uncover an additional layer of complexity to the seemingly simple indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway of auxin biosynthesis. Although several parallel IAA biosynthesis pathways have been suggested (2⇓–4), the IPyA pathway has emerged as the predominant source of auxin in the plant. This pathway consists of two steps: tryptophan (Trp)-to-IPyA conversion via the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA) family of Trp aminotransferases, followed by IPyA-to-IAA conversion via the YUCCA (YUC) family of flavin monooxygenases (Fig. 1) (5, 6). In Arabidopsis , the importance of IPyA pathway contributions is highlighted by significant reductions in endogenous levels of free … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: strader{at}wustl.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Epoxy fatty acid dysregulation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease is resolved by a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor

Abstract Neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized to play critical roles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) are derivatives of the arachidonic acid metabolism with anti-inflammatory activities. However, their efficacy is limited due to the rapid hydrolysis by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We found that sEH is predominantly expressed in astrocytes where its levels are significantly elevated in postmortem human AD brains and in β-amyloid mouse models, and the latter is correlated with drastic reductions of brain EpFA levels. Using a highly potent and specific small molecule sEH inhibitor, 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), we report here that TPPU treatment potently protected against LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Long-term administration of TPPU to the 5xFAD mouse model via drinking water reversed microglia and astrocyte reactivity and immune pathway dysregulation, and this is associated with reduced β–amyloid pathology and improved synaptic integrity and cognitive function. Importantly, TPPU treatment reinstated and positively correlated EpFA levels in the 5xFAD mouse brain, demonstrating its brain penetration and target engagement. These findings support TPPU as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AD and related disorders. One Sentence Summary We show that soluble epoxide hydrolase is upregulated in AD patients and mouse models, and that inhibition of this lipid metabolic pathway using an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor is effective in restoring brain epoxy fatty acids, ameliorating AD neuropathology and improving synaptic and cognitive function.
The Shoutcasters, the Game Enthusiasts, and the AI: Foraging for Explanations of Real-time Strategy Players

Assessing and understanding intelligent agents is a difficult task for users who lack an AI background. “Explainable AI” (XAI) aims to address this problem, but what should be in an explanation? One route toward answering this question is to turn to theories of how humans try to obtain information they seek. Information Foraging Theory (IFT) is one such theory. In this article, we present a series of studies1 using IFT: the first investigates how expert explainers supply explanations in the RTS domain, the second investigates what explanations domain experts demand from agents in the RTS domain, and the last focuses on how both populations try to explain a state-of-the-art AI. Our results show that RTS environments like StarCraft offer so many options that change so rapidly, foraging tends to be very costly. Ways foragers attempted to manage such costs included “satisficing” approaches to reduce their cognitive load, such as focusing more on What information than on Why information, strategic use of language to communicate a lot of nuanced information in a few words, and optimizing their environment when possible to make their most valuable information patches readily available. Further, when a real AI entered the picture, even very experienced domain experts had difficulty understanding and judging some of the AI’s unconventional behaviors. Finally, our results reveal ways Information Foraging Theory can inform future XAI interactive explanation environments, and also how XAI can inform IFT.
Design and Analysis of a Mechanical Hopping Mechanism Suited for Exploring Low-gravity Environments

Exploration of extreme environments, including caves, canyons and cliffs on low-gravity surfaces such as the Moon, Mars and asteroid surfaces can provide insight into the geological history of the solar system, origins of life, and prospects for future habitation and resource exploitation. Although current methods of exploration utilizing wheeled ground rovers have excellent performance on relatively flat, benign, even terrains, they are unsuitable for exploring these extreme environments due to their inability to travers rugged environments as their obstacle traversing capabilities are typically limited to wheel diameter, and reduced traction on low-gravity environments. So, developing small, cost-effective robots that can utilize unconventional mode of mobility through ballistic hopping can overcome these limitations. Our past work has proposed using a spherical robot (SphereX) that achieves ballistic hopping mobility through the use of a miniaturized propulsion system and 3-axis reaction wheel system. In this paper, we present the design and control analysis of a mechanical hopping mechanism that can be used for SphereX. The mechanism is comprised of two mechanical systems to produce its ability to maneuver terrain and achieve mobility through ballistic hopping. On the robot's interior, it consists of an electric gearmotor attached to a set of gears, a spring, and a rubber foot. These components make up the hopping mechanism used to hop the robot by applying a force along the longitudinal axis of the spring between the rubber foot and the ground. However, the robot needs to be oriented in a desired orientation in order to achieve ballistic hopping and intercept a desired target. This is achieved through a secondary mechanical system that consists of three linear actuators each connected to levers which are mounted to the exterior of the robot's shell. The lever and the linear actuator system are used to orient the robot in a desired orientation so that when the hopping mechanism is deployed it will be launched in a ballistic trajectory to intercept a desired target. Although the spring based hopping mechanism provides a constant force, but the lever and linear actuator-based system is used to orient the robot at different angles to produce range in mobility. The robot also consists of electronics and sensors equivalent to current smartphones, an array of guidance, navigation and control sensors, lithium-ion battery-based power system and a volume for science payload.
Direction Finding Antenna using Rotating Radome

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are vulnerable to a number of cyber-attacks. To navigate and avoid collisions, they rely on accurate information from GPS and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast devices. Signals of these devices are can be jammed, spoofed, deleted, and modified. Identifying the location of an attacker can detect and mitigate cyber-attacks. This paper proposes a novel approach to identifying the angle of arrival of a signal. The approach consists of using a spinning radome with an attenuating, parasitic, section. The attenuating section spins around to create a periodic amplitude modulation on the received signal while not breaking the communication link. The amplitude of the signal drops when the attenuating section is in-line with the transmitter attacker. When the received signal is the lowest, the angle of the radome attenuator corresponds to the angle of arrival of the signal of interest. The results show that by using two measurements of the angle of arrival at different locations, one can calculate the attacker/transmitter's location with good precision. Two radomes were used for measurements at various locations.
Understanding boundary effects and confocal optics enables quantitative FRAP analysis in the confined geometries of animal, plant, and fungal cells

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) is an important tool used by cell biologists to study the diffusion and binding kinetics of vesicles, proteins, and other molecules in the cytoplasm, nucleus or cell membrane. While many FRAP models have been developed over the past decades, the influence of the complex boundaries of three-dimensional cellular geometries on the recovery curves, in conjunction with ROI and optical effects (imaging, photobleaching, photoswitching, and scanning), has not been well studied. Here, we developed a three-dimensional computational model of the FRAP process that incorporates particle diffusion, cell boundary effects, and the optical properties of the scanning confocal microscope, and validated this model using the tip- growing cells of Physcomitrella patens. We then show how these cell boundary and optical effects confound the interpretation of FRAP recovery curves, including the number of dynamic states of a given fluorescent protein, in a wide range of cellular geometries--both in two and three dimensions-namely nuclei, filopodia, and lamellipodia of mammalian cells, and in cell types such as the budding yeast, S. pombe, and tip-growing plant cells. We explored the performance of existing analytical and algorithmic FRAP models in these various cellular geometries, and determined that the VCell VirtualFRAP tool provides the best accuracy to measure diffusion coefficients. Our computational model is not limited only to these cells types, but can easily be extended to other cellular geometries via the graphical Java-based application we also provide. This particle-based simulation-called the Digital Confocal Microscopy Suite, DCMS-can also perform fluorescence dynamics assays, such as Number and Brightness (N&B), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS), and could help shape the way these techniques are interpreted.
Corporate Governance Gaming: The Power of Retail Investors

The GameStop saga and meme stock frenzy have shown the pathway to the most disruptive revolution in corporate governance of the millennium. New generations of retail investors use technologies, online forums, and gaming dynamics to coordinate their actions and obtain unprecedented results. Signals indicate that these investors, whom we can dub wireless investors, are currently expanding their actions to corporate governance. Wireless investors’ generational characteristics suggest that they will use corporate governance to pursue social and environmental causes. Their engagement with corporate governance has the potential to spark a social movement. The movement would be based on disintermediation of investments and aimed at bringing business corporations to serve their original partly-private-partly-public purpose. This article discusses premises, architecture, and characteristics of the movement that would cause business corporations to re-marry their partly-private-partly-public purpose. If such a movement proves successful, the paradigm shift that finally makes corporations serve the welfare of a broader range of stakeholders would happen at the hands of shareholders.
Electrochemical Titrations of Nickel β-Oxoporphyrins with Imidazole

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for a 1992 Department of Energy Research Summer Fellowship.
Cool Tools 4: Imaging Candida Infections in the Live Host

Studies investigating the interaction of Candida with a single host cell type such as phagocytes or epithelial cells are typically performed in vitro. The advantages of in vitro studies include the ability to compare multiple conditions in one experiment, the ability to perform thorough biochemical and immunologic analyses, the relatively short duration of experiments, lower experimental costs, and the ability to reduce the use of laboratory animals. The major disadvantage of in vitro experiments is that it is not possible to fully replicate the myriad of cellular and extracellular signals provided by the host environment. Several animal models of candidiasis are regularly used, including models of oropharyngeal, vaginal, and disseminated candidiasis. Information about the interaction of specific host cell types with Candida organisms in vivo can sometimes be obtained through conventional histology or immunohistochemistry, but these analyses require sacrifice of the animal and thus are often limited to a single time point during the course of infection. Several fluorescent proteins have recently been codon optimized for expression in yeast. The authors suspect that any strain of Candida that has relatively bright fluorescence could be used in this model. For imaging, an inverted confocal microscope with an enclosed stage incubator chamber and generic stage insert is used. Recently, a stage insert was constructed allowing the use of an Olympus FV1000 laser scanning confocal microscope at the confocal microscopy core facility. Images were successfully obtained using both 10x, 0.4to 0.45-numerical-aperture and 20x, 0.75-NA dry objective lenses.
The Role of Leadership and Culture in Creating Meaningful Assessment: A Mixed Methods Case Study

With increased demands for institutional accountability and improved student learning, involvement in assessment has become a fundamental role of higher education faculty (Rhodes, 2010). However, faculty members and administrators often question whether assessment efforts do indeed improve student learning (Hutchings, 2010). This mixed methods case study of a faculty inquiry project explored how factors linked to organizational context (Kezar, 2013) are related to commitment to assessment and to use of assessment data by faculty members. Results indicated key best practices, such as developing faculty leaders and communities of practice to exchange ideas. The study provides insights for institutional administrators and faculty members seeking to develop a culture of assessment.
The Seebeck Coefficient of Insulators: Electrochemical Potential

We discuss the theory behind low-temperature measurement of the Seebeck coefficient in materials with few electrons, such as insulators and lightly doped semiconductors. The Seebeck coefficient is defined thermodynamically as being related to the electrochemical potential. However, the measurement is of the voltage for a material with no current, which is not the same as the gradient of the electrochemical potential.
Chapter 17. Recent Advancements in the Discovery and Development of Agents for the Treatment of Diabetes.

Publisher Summary A major portion of the diabetic patients have type II or noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). NlDDM is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion from the pancreas, increased basal glucose output by the liver, and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The rest portion of diabetics has type I or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). This form of the disease is caused by an autoimmune response, leading to the destruction of the endocrine pancreas and, therefore, the requirement for exogenous insulin arises to sustain life. The sulfonylurea class of agents, which stimulate the release of insulin, has served as the major oral therapy for NIDDM patients for a long time. It has been proposed that sulfonylureas inhibit the adenosine triphophate (ATP)-sensitive K + channels in the pancreatic B -cells leading to the efflux of potassium and a depolarization of the cell membrane. This in turn triggers voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels, increasing intracellular calcium and inducing exocytosis of the insulin granules. Following the discovery of sulfonylureas, a number of other chemical entities have been identified that exhibit insulin secretatory activity. Amylin is of interest in terms of treatment of the NIDDM based on the inhibition of insulin action in muscle and liver by it. It is being investigated for the treatment of both IDDM and NIDDM. Phase II trials are in progress in patients with IDDM to determine whether amylin replacement reduces the risk of hypoglycemia associated with insulin therapy.
Comparability of Dietary Data Collection Programs for U.S. Adults, 2007-2011

National public health goals include increasing daily fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, and continuous surveillance is critical for assessing progress towards this goal. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), and the USDA Food Availability Database (USDA FAD) are routinely used to monitor F&V consumption of adults at the national level, but the discrepancy between the data generated from these programs has not been investigated. The objectives of this study are to 1) estimate the daily per capita consumption of F&V from each of these programs, 2) compare estimates of consumption of individual F&V by processing form using statistical agreement tests, and 3) compare estimates of consumption of F&V groups using descriptive means comparison. Data were collected for 2007-2011, and adjusted to reflect F&V consumption among individuals 蠅18 years of age, measured in mean daily per capita cup-equivalents. The Bland-Altman method a...
Sm-p80-based DNA vaccine formulation induces potent protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni.

SUMMARY No effective vaccine exists for the human parasitic disease, schistosomiasis. We have targeted a functionally important antigen, Sm-p80 as a vaccine candidate because of its consistent immunogenicity, protective potential and important role in the immune evasion process. In this study we report that a Sm-p80based DNA vaccine formulation confers 59% reduction in worm burden in mice. Animals immunized with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 exhibited a decrease in egg production by 84%. Sm-p80 DNA elicited strong immune responses that include IgG2A and IgG2B antibody isotypes in vaccinated animals. Splenocytes proliferated in response to Sm-p80 produced appreciably more Th1 response enhancing cytokines (IL-2, IFN- γ ) than Th2 response enhancing cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). These data reinforce the potential of Sm-p80 as an excellent vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis.
Design and manufacturing considerations of a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology on TFSOI

While thin film SOI (TFSOI) advantages over bulk technology have been reported over the past many years, the TFSOI commodity products are yet to be introduced. Applications of SOI remain in the thick film rad-hard oriented niche market. Theoretical study and silicon implementation of SOI physics and a cost model have for the most part supported the advantages of TFSOI. This paper discusses considerations for the SOI manufacturing feasibility, and the implication to the TFSOI product introduction. The emphasis is placed on the 0.5 /spl mu/m level since this is the state-of-the-art geometry for production of bulk CMOS. Also the huge capital expense for a fabrication line at 0.5 /spl mu/m and beyond will inevitably prolong the technology lifetime and call for value added technology. TFSOI technology at 0.5 /spl mu/m fits into the above category. >
Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming the Political Legacy of Colonialism

My starting point is the generation that inherited Africa's colonial legacy. Our generation followed on the heels of nationalists. We went to school in the colonial period and to university after independence. We were Africa's first generation of postcolonial intellectuals. Our political consciousness was shaped by a central assumption: we were convinced that the impact of colonialism on our societies was mainly economic. In the decade that followed African political independence, militant nationalist intellectuals focused on the expropriation of the native as the great crime of colonialism. Walter Rodney wrote How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.1 But no one wrote of how Europe ruled Africa. We were convinced that political economy was the most appropriate tool to come to analytical grips with the colonial legacy. The great contribution of underdevelopment theorists was to historicize the construction of colonial markets and thereby of market-based identities. The popularity of political economy spread like a forest fire in the post-independence African academy precisely because it historicized colonial realities, even if in a narrowly economic way. Political economy provided a way of countering two kinds of colonial presumptions, embedded in various theories of modernization.2 The first was that colonial cultures were not grounded in historical processes. The second was that colonial contact marked the beginning of a history for these societies, since colonialism was presumed to have animated them culturally, economically, and politically. The limits of political economy as a framework for political analysis began to surface in the face of postcolonial political violence, for political economy could only explain violence when it resulted from a clash between marketbased identities-either class or division of labor. From this point of view, political violence had to be either revolutionary or counterrevolutionary. In the face of political violence that cut across social classes rather than between them-violence that was neither revolutionary nor counterrevolutionary but simply nonrevolutionary, violence animated mainly by distinctions crafted in colonial law rather than sprouting from the soil of a commodity economy-ex
Characterization of an enhancement-mode 650-V GaN HFET

GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) in the 600-V class are relatively new in commercial power electronics. The GaN Systems GS66508 is the first commercially available 650-V enhancement-mode device. Static and dynamic testing has been performed across the full current, voltage, and temperature range to enable GaN-based converter design using this new device. A curve tracer was used to measure R ds-on across the full operating temperature range, as well as the self-commutated reverse conduction (i.e. diode-like) behavior. Other static parameters such as transconductance and gate current were also measured. A double pulse test setup was constructed and used to measure switching loss and time at the fastest achievable switching speed, and the subsequent over-voltages due to the fast switching were characterized. Based on these results and analysis, an accurate loss model has been developed for the GS66508 to allow for GaN-based converter design and comparison with other commercially available devices in the 600-V class.
Malignant lymphoma with genitourinary symptoms.

Abstract Two cases are reported of patients with widespread intra-abdominal malignant lymphoma who although they initially presented with urologic complaints had no evidence of direct genitourinary involvement. Transrectal biopsy established the diagnosis in both cases. This unusual presentation of lymphoma is discussed together with a review of urologic involvement. The necessity for accurate diagnosis is stressed since effective treatment with radiation and chemotherapy is available.
The use of time- and space-resolved emission data for fundamental studies of a pulsed ICP

Abstract The power delivered to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is repetitively switched off and on to add the dimension of time to fundamental studies of the ICP's behavior. Described are time- and space-resolved measurements of emission intensities from argon and calcium that were recorded with two primary objectives. The first is the identification of the means by which energy is transported from the load coil and transferred to the analyte in the normal analytical zone. The second is the identification of regions where and times when the study of non-emitting species will be most productive. The data suggest that analyte excitation depends on species created 1–2 ms earlier and lower in the plasma. Emission data alone are insufficient for identification of the energy carrying species, but they suggest other types of measurements will be most effective during the 200 μs decay period. Spatial shifts in the plasma structure emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of single-point, time-resolved measurements.
Haystack: per-user information environments

Traditional Information Retrieval (IR) systems are designed to provide uniform access to centralized corpora by large numbers of people. The Haystack project emphasizes the relationship between a particular individual and his corpus. An individual's own haystack priviliges information with which that user interacts, gathers data about those interactions, and uses this metadata to further personalize the retrieval process. This paper describes the prototype Haystack system.
Subtyping obesity with microarrays: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity

Subtyping obesity with microarrays: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity
Acceptor-to-Band Transitions in Semiconductors: Photoluminescence, Exponential Absorption Edges, and Final-State Interactions

The effects of disorder and of final-state electron-hole interactions on acceptor-to-band absorption and photoluminescence spectra of semiconductors are treated theoretically within the effective-mass approximation. The results of the calculations are used to analyze photoluminescence spectra from lightly doped GaAs: Cd measured by Williams and Bebb. It is shown that although a proper one-electron calculation of optical absorption ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ should include the effects of electron-hole spatial correlations, the excitonic Coulomb final-state interaction exactly cancels the spatial correlations in the case of infinite hole mass. Therefore the usual one-electron approximation, which neglects both spatial and Coulombic correlations, is valid for small electron-hole mass ratios (${m}_{e}\ensuremath{\ll}{m}_{h}$); for GaAs: Cd, the finite-mass-ratio corrections are nearly independent of energy and can be neglected. The major portion of the discrepancies between the Williams-Bebb data and Eagles's one-electron theory cannot be attributed to final-state interactions, but can be attributed to small internal microfields of strength ${10}^{3}$ to ${10}^{4}$ V/cm generated by disorder. The sources of these microfields are most likely to be piezoelectric phonons, but ionized impurities or excitons could possibly generate such fields. It is shown that photoluminescence lines are particularly sensitive to disorder and that the band-to-acceptor luminescence edge $L(\ensuremath{\omega})$ should not be a precisely exponential function of photon energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$. Instead the microfield model predicts that the edge shape should be approximately given by ln $L(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\propto}{(\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with $1l\ensuremath{\alpha}l\frac{3}{2}$. The existing data are compatible with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{3}{2}$, but the possibility of $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$ cannot be ruled out without additional photoluminescence measurements further down the edge. If such measurements indicate that $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is precisely equal to unity, the electric-microfield theory of exponential absorption edges may require revision.
Remote monitoring of soldier safety through body posture identification using wearable sensor networks

The physical safety and well being of the soldiers in a battlefield is the highest priority of Incident Commanders. Currently, the ability to track and monitor soldiers rely on visual and verbal communication which can be somewhat limited in scenarios where the soldiers are deployed inside buildings and enclosed areas that are out of visual range of the commanders. Also, the need for being stealth can often prevent a battling soldier to send verbal clues to a commander about his or her physical well being. Sensor technologies can remotely provide various data about the soldiers including physiological monitoring and personal alert safety system functionality. This paper presents a networked sensing solution in which a body area wireless network of multi-modal sensors can monitor the body movement and other physiological parameters for statistical identification of a soldier's body posture, which can then be indicative of the physical conditions and safety alerts of the soldier in question. The specific concept is to leverage on-body proximity sensing and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based mechanism that can be applied for stochastic identification of human body postures using a wearable sensor network. The key idea is to collect relative proximity information between wireless sensors that are strategically placed over a subject's body to monitor the relative movements of the body segments, and then to process that using HMM in order to identify the subject's body postures. The key novelty of this approach is a departure from the traditional accelerometry based approaches in which the individual body segment movements, rather than their relative proximity, is used for activity monitoring and posture detection. Through experiments with body mounted sensors we demonstrate that while the accelerometry based approaches can be used for differentiating activity intensive postures such as walking and running, they are not very effective for identification and differentiation between low activity postures such as sitting and standing. We develop a wearable sensor network that monitors relative proximity using Radio Signal Strength indication (RSSI), and then construct a HMM system for posture identification in the presence of sensing errors. Controlled experiments using human subjects were carried out for evaluating the accuracy of the HMM identified postures compared to a naive threshold based mechanism, and its variations over different human subjects. A large spectrum of target human postures, including lie down, sit (straight and reclined), stand, walk, run, sprint and stair climbing, are used for validating the proposed system.
Methodological critique and meta-analysis as Trojan horse

Abstract In this article, we respond to a recent paper published in Children and Youth Services Review, in which Dr. Julia Littell concluded that multisystemic therapy (MST), a family- and evidence-based treatment of serious juvenile offenders, does not reduce rates of rearrest or incarceration and does not improve family relations. Dr. Littell's conclusion is contrasted with those of highly respected reviewers and federal entities that are entirely independent of MST developers and researchers. Moreover, we describe how Dr. Littell's conceptual and methodological analyses have misinterpreted and misrepresented MST research studies and reflect poor appreciation for the conduct of community-based research with challenging clinical populations; the distinctions between efficacy, effectiveness, and transportability research; the nuances of conducting meta-analyses; the importance of treatment fidelity to internal validity; and the fact that not all outcome studies are asking the same conceptual questions. Finally, the implications of Dr. Littell's contentions are noted.
High-flux solar furnace processing of silicon solar cells

Abstract We used a 10-kW, high-flux solar furnace (HFSF) to diffuse the front-surface n+-p junction and the back-surface p-p+ junction of single-crystal silicon solar cells in one processing step. We found that all of these HFSF-processed cells have better conversion efficiencies than control cells of identical structures fabricated by conventional furnace diffusion methods. We also used the HFSF to crystallize a-Si:H thin films on glass, to texture crystalline silicon surfaces, to deposit gold contacts on silicon wafers, and to getter impurities from metallurgical grade silicon. HFSF processing offers several advantages over conventional furnace processing: (1) it provides a cold-wall process, which reduces contamination; (2) temperature versus time profiles can be precisely controlled; (3) wavelength, intensity, and spatial distribution of the incident solar flux can be controlled and changed rapidly; (4) a number of high-temperature processing steps can be performed simultaneously; and (5) combined quantum and thermal effects may benefit overall cell performance. We conclude that HFSF processing of silicon solar cells has the potential to improve cell efficiency, reduce cell fabrication costs, and also be an environmentally friendly manufacturing method. We have also demonstrated that the HFSF can be used to achieve solid-phase crystallization of a-Si:H at very high speed.
Sinking rates of late-stage fish larvae: Implications for larval ingress into estuarine nursery habitats

Abstract Many species spawn in oceanic waters yet their juvenile stages use nearshore and estuarine habits and the bio-physical mechanisms by which late-larvae enter these juvenile habitats may be an important bottleneck in the population dynamics of these species. To provide parameters for the development of larval ingress models, sinking rates were measured of the late-stage larvae of six fish species: Atlantic croaker ( Micropogonias undulatus ), spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus ), Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ), summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus ), southern flounder ( P. lethostigma ), and gulf flounder ( P. albigutta ). Species-specific differences were found in sinking rates; Atlantic croaker had the slowest sinking rates and Atlantic menhaden and the three flounder species had the fastest sinking rates. Additionally, sinking rates increased for all species as length increased. The total amount of variability explained in sinking rates was low (20–50%), indicating a large amount of variability at the level of the individual. The observed patterns in sinking rates were then combined with previous studies on the mechanisms of larval ingress to present species-specific conceptual models of ingress.
Response to Williams (2010) on Gard (2009): Comparison of spawning habitat predictions of PHABSIM and River2D models

Williams (2010) raises a number of interesting points with regard to the testing of instream flow models. Before responding to the critique and suggestions of Williams (2010), I note several inaccu...
Atherosclerosis: Targeting endogenous apo A-I—a new approach for raising HDL

New therapeutic strategies are needed for patients with atherosclerosis. Despite failing to reach its primary end point, a multicenter, phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of RVX-208—an oral, synthetic quinazoline molecule that stimulates expression of endogenous apolipoprotein A-I—has provided somewhat encouraging results. Nevertheless, detailed investigations are still needed if we are ever to realize the full atheroprotective potential of novel HDL-targeted therapies.
Gangliosides inhibit phenotypic and functional properties of an encephalitogenic T-helper lymphocyte line.

Abstract Gangliosides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the phenotype and function of an encephalitogenic T-helper lymphocyte line from Lewis rats (BP-1), which responds specifically to guinea pig myelin basic protein (GP-BP). After activation for 3 days with GP-BP, the BP-1 line induced a lethal form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient rats 3–6 days after intraperitoneal injection. Incubation of activated BP-1 line cells with 250 μM gangliosides for 1 hr prior to injection prevented EAE completely in 5 14 recipients and markedly reduced the severity of clinical signs and histologic lesions in the rest. Similar treatment of BP-1 cells with galactocerebroside had no inhibitory effect. Both individual and mixed gangliosides inhibited accessory cell-dependent activation of BP-1 cells with GP-BP. Gangliosides also inhibited BP-1 activation with a cell-free supernatant containing accessory cell-processed GP-BP and rat Ia molecules, suggesting that the inhibition was not restricted to accessory cell function. In addition to inhibiting antigen-dependent proliferation, gangliosides inhibited IL-2 dependent cell growth. Furthermore, individual and mixed gangliosides blocked binding of anti-T-helper cell antibody (W3/25) to the BP-1 line, while galactocerebroside, ceramide, and sialic acid had no inhibitory effect. Cell surface staining of T-total, T-non-helper, or Ia determinants was relatively unaffected by gangliosides. Taken together, the immunomodulatory properties of gangliosides on T-effector cell function lend biologic importance to the increased levels of gangliosides which have been reported in human diseases with immunoregulatory abnormalities such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
Two-dimensional linear elasticity by the boundary node method

Abstract This paper presents a further development of the Boundary Node Method (BNM) for 2-D linear elasticity. In this work, the Boundary Integral Equations (BIE) for linear elasticity have been coupled with Moving Least Square (MLS) interpolants; this procedure exploits the mesh-less attributes of the MLS and the dimensionality advantages of the BIE. As a result, the BNM requires only a nodal data structure on the bounding surface of a body. A cell structure is employed only on the boundary in order to carry out numerical integration. In addition, the MLS interpolants have been suitably truncated at corners in order to avoid some of the oscillations observed while solving potential problems by the BNM ( Mukherjee and Mukherjee, 1997a ) . Numerical results presented in this paper, including those for the solution of the Lame and Kirsch problems, show good agreement with analytical solutions.