cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self‐Location and Other‐Location

According to one tradition in the philosophy of language and mind, the content of a psychological attitude can be characterized by a set of possibilities. On the classic version of this account, advocated by Hintikka (1962) and Stalnaker (1984) among others, the possibilities in question are possible worlds, ways the universe might be. Lewis (1979, 1983a) proposed an alternative to this account, according to which the possibilities in question are possible individuals or centered worlds, ways an individual might be. The motivation for the centered worlds theory has primarily to do with self-locating – or de se – attitudes. The focus of this paper is on the less-discussed question of how other-locating – or de re – attitudes ought to be treated within this framework. Most advocates of what we might call the modal approach to attitudes, Stalnaker and Lewis included, offer some kind of descriptivist solution to the well-known problems that other-locating attitudes raise. There are intramural differences between Stalnaker, Lewis, and other modal theorists (e.g. two-dimensionalists) on a number of issues: on the precise nature of the descriptivism involved, how attitude content relates to the asserted content of the sentences we utter, and on the proper semantic treatment of attitude reports. I pass over these differences to focus on a problem common to these various approaches: all face a problem when it comes to characterizing the contents of counterfactual attitudes like imagining, dreaming, and wishing. I then show how the problem can be solved if we adopt a different account of attitudinal alternatives, the possibilities used to characterize the content of an attitude. Rather than using centered worlds, I propose to use multi-centered worlds, which one can think of as a way a group of individuals might be. I discuss two versions of this proposal. On the first, de se contents are what
A surgical algorithm for treatment of cystic degeneration of the meniscus

Cystic degeneration of the meniscus is not uncommon. Recent reports suggest that most (or all) meniscal cysts are associated with a meniscal tear, and that the treatment of choice is arthroscopic partial meniscectomy with cyst decompression. This report describes a case of a symptomatic lateral meniscal cyst that was suspected clinically and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, but was not associated with a meniscal tear at arthroscopy. Open cyst extirpation and peripheral meniscal repair were performed to maximize preservation of meniscal tissue. A clinical algorithm is presented for management of meniscal cysts.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Hairy Cell Leukemia in Paraffin Sections Using a Highly Effective CD103 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Detection of the integrin subunit CD103 is a useful diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Currently, flow cytometric analysis (FC) and frozen section immunohistochemistry (IHC) represent the only available methods of detection. This study is the first to describe the successful use of a CD103 antibody to identify HCL and HCL-variant in paraffin sections of formalin- or Bouin solution– fixed specimens (n = 68) using an immunoperoxidase technique. In other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that morphologically may resemble HCL, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 32), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 23), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (n = 27), follicular lymphoma (n = 7), and marginal zone lymphoma (n = 13), lymphoid cells are nonreactive for CD103. In HCL, the CD103 staining pattern is predominantly membranous with delineation of delicate cytoplasmic projections. This CD103 antibody is an extremely valuable addition to the IHC panel for the diagnosis of HCL, especially in cases lacking FC analysis.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES ON THE GLYCOGENOLYSIS OF SURVIVING RAT LIVER1

Cammidge and Howard (1) have found that the activity of amylase and glycogenase extracted from the livers of dogs, cats and rabbits was inhibited at subnormal, though not at normal pH by the addition in vitro of small amounts of insulin. Davenport (2) was unable to reproduce this effect. When Hodgson (3) injected rabbits with insulin in sufficient doses to cause convulsions and then prepared a pure extract of glycogenase from the livers, he obtained only a small decrease of doubtful significance in the enzymatic actionon a glycogen solution. Willstatter and Rohdewald (4) also got negative results by adding insulin to liver diastase solutions or dried liver pulp of various mammals. By preparing a fresh liver pulp containing diastase from glucose-fed mice, Scharles, Robb and Salter (5) succeeded in depressing glycogenase activity by injecting insulin 1 to 4 hours before death. In vitro effects of a similar nature reported by Partos (6) had been obtained by an unsatisfactory method.
A numerical study of the semi-classical limit of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We study the solution of the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the semiclassical limit. Numerical solutions are presented for four different kinds of initial data, of which three are analytic and one is nonanalytic. We verify numerically the weak convergence of the oscillatory solution by examining the strong convergence of the spatial average of the solution.
Edge Anonymity in Social Network Graphs

Edges in social network graphs may represent sensitive relationships. In this paper, we consider the problem of edges anonymity in graphs. We propose a probabilistic notion of edge anonymity, called graph confidence, which is general enough to capture the privacy breach made by an adversary who can pinpoint target persons in a graph partition based on any given set of topological features of vertexes. We consider a special type of edge anonymity problem which uses vertex degree to partition a graph. We analyze edge disclosure in real-world social networks and show that although some graphs can preserve vertex anonymity, they may still not preserve edge anonymity. We present three heuristic algorithms that protect edge anonymity using edge swap or edge deletion. Our experimental results, based on three real-world social networks and several utility measures, show that these algorithms can effectively preserve edge anonymity yet obtain anonymous graphs of acceptable utility.
Syndrome of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone in an Infant with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

We describe an infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection who developed the syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone at three weeks of age, presenting with elevated thyroxine levels and non-suppressible thyroid-hormone-stimulating hormone secretions without any features of thyrotoxicosis. The resistance was present at the peripheral and pituitary levels and resolved spontaneously by 18 months of age. Cytomegalovirus infection was confirmed by the positive urine culture of this virus. This case demonstrates for the first time a possible association of thyroid hormone resistance with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Hybrid Communication Infrastructure and Social Implications for Disaster Management

Communication technology has specific requirements within the context of emergency response applications: reliability, robustness, interoperability, and minimum interdependencies. This paper presents a set of technical and sociological factors that need to be considered within the application of future communication technology in emergency planning, response, and recovery. We have deployed a wireless ad hoc mesh network in several drills on the UCSD campus and throughout San Diego County, and in this article we present the results directly extracted from measurements taken over the network. The measurements show the aspects of the network that need to be improved for better performance and more efficient network resource usage. Finally, we highlight some privacy and security concerns that need to be addressed in specific scenarios
Early Coptic Singular Readings in the Gospel of John: A Collection, Cataloging and Commentary on the Singular Readings of P. Mich. Inv. 3521, PPalau Rib. Inv.-Nr. 183 and Thompson's Qau El Kebir Manuscript

Early Coptic Singular Readings in the Gospel of John: A Collection, Cataloging and Commentary on the Singular Readings of P. Mich. Inv. 3521, PPalau Rib. Inv.-Nr. 183 and Thompson’s Qau El Kebir Manuscript
Satellite Packet Communication--Multiple Access Protocols and Performance

Satellite communication systems have traditionally been designed for voice traffic. Multiple access protocols for conflict resolution have typically been channel-oriented with either fixed or demand assignment. Data communications, however, have much more diverse traffic characteristics and transmission requirements than voice communications. We present in this paper an overview of two major categories of packet-oriented multiple access protocols: contention and reservation protocols. A traffic model suitable for the data communications environment is first introduced. A key element in this model is user-specified message delay constraints. Our primary performance measure of a protocol is the channel throughput versus average message delay tradeoff characteristic. The main attributes of the two categories of packet-oriented protocols are discussed. Four specific contention protocols are described and their performance characteristics are examined. Design considerations of the two important components of reservation protocols, reservation channel and distributed global queue, are discussed. Three reservation protocols with distributed control are described. Finally the performance of channel-oriented protocols and the two classes of packet-oriented protocols are compared using a variety of traffic models.
Evidence on Interest Rate Risk Management and Derivatives Usage by Commercial Banks

This study provides evidence on the Interest Rate Risk (IRR) management activities of commercial banks including their use of derivatives. We find that (i) banks primarily focus on managing interest rate sensitivity of net income rather than the interest rate sensitivity of stock returns, (ii) the level of IRR taken by banks is directly related to liquidity, and inversely related to managerial quality and bank size, (iii) derivative users as a group have lower mean and median exposure than non-users, and (iv) for the majority of users, derivative usage reduces exposure. These findings are inconsistent with the view that derivatives threaten the viability of the banking system.
Are Some Patients Likely to Benefit From Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke Even Beyond 3 Hours From Symptom Onset?

Background and Purpose— Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) has been demonstrated to improve outcomes in acute ischemic stroke when delivered within 3 hours of symptom onset. However, t...
Increased Platelet Membrane Fluidity in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Initial Assessment of Specificity

Abnormalities in cell membrane structure and function have been reported in neural and nonneural tissues from patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Blass and Zemcov 1984; Hollander et al. 1986). Among these is an increase in platelet membrane fluidity, as reflected by a reduction in the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in labeled membranes (Zubenko et al. 1984; Hicks et al. 1987; Zubenko et al. 1987 a, b). A threshold DPH anisotropy value of 0.1920, the 90th–95th percentile for neurologically healthy elderly subjects, identifies a subgroup consisting of about half of the patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed at our center (Zubenko et al. 1987b, d). This subgroup has distinct clinical features, including an earlier symptomatic onset of dementia as well as a more rapidly progressive course (Zubenko et al. 1987 b). A family history of dementia, especially early-onset dementia, also appears to be a more common feature of patients in this subgroup (Zubenko et al. 1988).
Gender differences in disclosure concerns and HIV-related quality of life

HIV-related disclosure concerns are associated with higher rates of concealment and poorer well-being, including poorer health related HIV quality of life (HIV-QOL). Little research, however, has examined whether gender differences exist in the links between HIV disclosure concerns and HIV-QOL. We expected that disclosure concerns and gender would be associated with HIV-QOL, such that the relationship between disclosure concerns and poorer HIV-QOL to be stronger in women living with HIV (WLWH) than in men living with HIV (MLWH). One hundred and forty MLWH (n = 102) and WLWH (n = 38) completed an online questionnaire consisting of measures regarding their demographics, disclosure concerns (HIV-stigma scale), and HIV-QOL (HIV-AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life Instrument). Results suggested that more disclosure concerns were associated with poorer HIV-QOL, but in general, men and women did not differ in their levels of HIV-QOL. As expected, interactions emerged between gender and disclosure concerns such that disclosure concerns were associated with increased health worries and poorer sexual functioning for WLWH but not for MLWH. Interventions should acknowledge the differing needs and experiences of WLWH in order to improve HIV-QOL and increase longevity.
A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760s

Accounts of Indian depredations are as old as the colonization of the New World, but examples of concerted assistance to Native Americans are few. Particu larly uncommon are cases in which whites extended aid to Native Americans dur ing periods when violent conflicts were ongoing and threatening large areas of the moving frontier. Two important examples of help being extended by the citizens of Pennsyl vania and New Jersey to Native Americans of varied backgrounds who were fleeing from the trouble-wracked Pennsylvania colony took place during the period of the bitter Indian wars of the 1760s. The less successful example, the thwarted flight of the Moravian converts from the Forks of Delaware in Pennsylvania and their attempted passage through New Jersey, is summarized here in the appendices. The second and more successful case involved a little known cohort of Lenape from Chester County, Pennsylvania. These people had separated from their native kin by the 1730s and taken up permanent residence among colonial farmers. Dur ing the time of turmoil for Pennsylvanians of Indian origin in the 1760s, this group of Lenape lived for seven years among the citizens of New Jersey. These cases shed light on the process of acculturation of Native American peoples in the colonies and also on the degree to which officials of the Jersey colony created a relatively secure environment for all the people of this area. They also provide insights into differences among various Native American groups as well as between traditionalists and acculturated members of the same group.1
An approach to creating performance visualizations in a parallel profile analysis tool

With increases in the scale of parallelism the dimensionality and complexity of parallel performance measurements has placed greater challenges on analysis tools. Performance visualization can assist in understanding performance properties and relationships. However, the creation of new visualizations in practice is not supported by existing parallel profiling tools. Users must work with presentation types provided by a tool and have limited means to change its design. Here we present an approach for creating new performance visualizations within an existing parallel profile analysis tool. The approach separates visual layout design from the underlying performance data model, making custom visualizations such as performance over system topologies straightforward to implement and adjust for various use cases.
Generalized synthesis of zeolite-type metal-organic frameworks encapsulating immobilized transition-metal clusters.

Zeolites are generally made from tetrahedral nodes and ditopic linkers. Reported here is a versatile method based on trifunctional ligands. With this method, two functional groups are used to form zeolitic nets, while the third one serves to immobilize metal clusters within the channels. The process is driven by the coexistence of multiple inorganic building blocks generated in the heterometallic system. The generality of this method is shown by three distinct metal–organic frameworks mimicking AlPO4-5 (AFI) and BCT zeotypes as well as the cubic lcs topology. The correlation between the framework topology and trapped metal species reveals the unique bidirectional control (framework topology ↔ confined metal species) that may be exploited to create a large family of zeotypes with channels modified by different metal ions and clusters.
French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity during World War II

Introduction: a soldier's story 1. The start of captivity 2. The colonial prisoners in Franco-German diplomacy 3. The German treatment of the colonial prisoners in France 4. French guards for colonial prisoners 5. German propaganda for Muslim prisoners 6. The labor of colonial prisoners 7. The physical and mental state of the prisoners 8. Human relations: co-prisoners and civilians 9. Colonial prisoners and the end of the war Conclusions.
Psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome.

Onset of psoriatic arthritis is commonly insidious, with symptoms often observed first in the distal interphalangeal joints. Presence of psoriatic skin or nail disease, or both, is mandatory for unequivocal diagnosis. Reiter's syndrome has many features in common with psoriatic arthritis. However, urethritis is usually the first symptom, followed by conjunctivitis and then arthritis. Principles of management of both conditions are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis.
AirJump: Using Interfaces to Instantly Perform Simultaneous Extractions

Analyte isolation is an important process that spans a range of biomedical disciplines, including diagnostics, research, and forensics. While downstream analytical techniques have advanced in terms of both capability and throughput, analyte isolation technology has lagged behind, increasingly becoming the bottleneck in these processes. Thus, there exists a need for simple, fast, and easy to integrate analyte separation protocols to alleviate this bottleneck. Recently, a new class of technologies has emerged that leverages the movement of paramagnetic particle (PMP)-bound analytes through phase barriers to achieve a high efficiency separation in a single or a few steps. Specifically, the passage of a PMP/analyte aggregate through a phase interface (aqueous/air in this case) acts to efficiently “exclude” unbound (contaminant) material from PMP-bound analytes with higher efficiency than traditional washing-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocols (i.e., bind, wash several times, elute). Here, we describe...
Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Place of Chinatown 2. Picturesque Chinatown 3. Photography on the Streets 4. Photography in the Books 5. Revolutionary Artists 6. The Forbidden City Postscript Notes Works Cited Index
Using Diversity to Harden Multithreaded Programs Against Exploitation

Multithreaded programming is here to stay, and concurrency bugs are the focus of a growing number of cyberattacks. While most defensive efforts against such attacks seek to identify bugs during debugging, an alternative method seeks to make exploitation harder without the need to first identify the bugs -- or even the fact that there are any. Time randomization introduces more diversity among instances of the same software. In much the same way that ASLR-induced diversity in memory locations thwarts attacks crafted for specific addresses, time randomization-induced diversity in thread timing aims to thwart concurrency attacks crafted for specific vulnerability windows. We study three implementations of time randomization, all using the injection of NOPs to alter program timing. Their application to two real-world concurrency bugs results in a marked increase in the cost to exploit those bugs. After demonstrating the effectiveness of the method, especially when NOPs are injected before library function calls following synchronization points, methods for improving the efficiency of this defense against concurrency attacks in future research are proposed.
Comics, Linguistics, and Visual Language: The Past and Future of a Field

Many authors of comics have metaphorically compared their writing process to that of language. Jack ‘King’ Kirby, one of the most influential artists of mainstream American comics, once commented, ‘I’ve been writing all along and I’ve been doing it in pictures’ (Kirby 1999). Similarly, Japan’s ‘God of Comics’ Osamu Tezuka stated, ‘I don’t consider them pictures … In reality I’m not drawing. I’m writing a story with a unique type of symbol’ (Schodt 1983). Recently, in his introduction to McSweeny’s (Issue 13), comic artist Chris Ware stated that ‘Comics are not a genre, but a developing language.’ Furthermore, several comic authors writing about their medium have described the properties of comics like a language. Will Eisner (1985) compared gestures and graphic symbols to a visual vocabulary, a sentiment echoed by Scott McCloud (1993), who also described the properties governing the sequence of panels as its ‘grammar.’ Meanwhile, Mort Walker (1980), the artist of Beetle Bailey, has catalogued the graphic emblems and symbols used in comics in his facetious dictionary, The Lexicon of Comicana. Truly, there seems to be an intuitive link between comics and language in the minds of their creators, a belief shared by several researchers of language who discuss properties of comics in a linguistic light. Exploring these works can provide insight into the extent to which this comparison might hold, its limitations, and how it can guide future research.
MicroRNAs and ectodermal specification I. Identification of miRs and miR-targeted mRNAs in early anterior neural and epidermal ectoderm.

Abstract The establishment of cell lineages occurs via a dynamic progression of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie developmental commitment and differentiation. To investigate how microRNAs (miRs) function in this process, we compared miRs and miR targets at the initiation of the two major ectodermal lineages in Xenopus. We used next-generation sequencing to identify over 170 miRs expressed in midgastrula ectoderm expressing either noggin or a constitutively active BMP receptor, reflecting anterior neural or epidermal ectoderm, respectively; 125 had not previously been identified in Xenopus. We identified the locations of the pre-miR sequences in the X. laevis genome. Neural and epidermal ectoderm express broadly similar sets of miRs. To identify targets of miR-dependent translational control, we co-immunoprecipitated Argonaute-Ribonucleoprotein (Ago-RNP) complexes from early neural and epidermal ectoderm and sequenced the associated RNA. The Ago-RNP RNAs from these tissues represent overlapping, yet distinct, subsets of genes. Moreover, the profile of Ago-RNP associated genes differs substantially from the profile of total RNAs in these tissues. We generated target predictions for the “high confidence” Ago-RNP RNAs using the identified ectodermal miRs; These RNAs generally had target sites for multiple miRs. Oct4 orthologues, as well as many of their previously identified transcriptional targets, are represented in the Ago-RNP pool in both tissues, suggesting that miR-dependent regulation contributes to the downregulation of the oct4 gene regulatory network and the reduction in ectodermal pluripotency.
Women veterans' experiences of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual assault in the context of military service: implications for supporting women's health and well-being

Women who have served in the military in the United States experience high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-partner sexual assault (SA). The military setting presents challenges and opportunities not experienced in other employment contexts that may compound the negative impacts of IPV/SA on women's lives. The purpose of this study was to explore the intersection of women's experiences of IPV/SA and military service through analysis of women veterans' narrative accounts. We conducted in-depth face-to-face qualitative interviews with 25 women veterans receiving primary care at a U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center. We draw upon Adler and Castro's (2013) Military Occupational Mental Health Model to frame our understanding of the impact of IPV/SA as a stressor in the military cultural context and to inform efforts to prevent, and support women service members who have experienced, these forms of violence. Our findings highlight the impact of IPV/SA on women's military careers, including options for entering and leaving military service, job performance, and opportunities for advancement. Women's narratives also reveal ways in which the military context constrains their options for responding to and coping with experiences of IPV/SA. These findings have implications for prevention of, and response to, intimate partner or sexual violence experienced by women serving in the military and underscore the need for both military and civilian communities to recognize and address the negative impact of such violence on women service members before, during, and after military service.
Uptake and metabolism of α-mangostin by human cell lines: HepG2 liver cells, HT-29 colon cells, and THP-1 macrophage-like cells

Xanthones present in the pericarp of mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) possess a distinct isoprenylated tricyclic structure and have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-prol...
An exploratory study of hours of service and its safety impact on motorists

Abstract There were an estimated 438,000 truck crashes in 2014 that led to approximately 110,000 injuries and 3903 deaths ( HTSA and DoT, 2014 ). Truck driver fatigue has been cited as a major reason for these accidents Federal Motor Carrier Safety & Administration, 2015 (). In July 2013, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Association (FMCSA) revised its hours of service (HOS) regulatory policy, which restricts the number of duty and driving hours a truck driver can operate in order to reduce the fatigue related accidents involving trucks. The revision changed the unlimited restart (allows truck drivers to reset their duty time log back to zero) provision by restricting it to 1 restart per 168 h (1 week) and added that the restart must span two consecutive 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. periods. Lawmakers suspended these two aspects of the restart provision in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations act on December 16, 2014 until more analysis was completed on the efficacy of these regulations due to unintended consequences that allegedly negatively affected motorist's safety. Countering truck driver fatigue is an important issue and an extremely difficult task because of the many confounding aspects that can cause fatigue. The new regulation set forth in July 2013, was supposed to lessen fatigue and thus reduce accidents caused by truck drivers. The current HOS regulation was in place for approximately 16 months, producing enough data for a statistical analysis of its effects on truck driver safety. This research found that by comparing truck driving safety data prior to the change in July of 2013 (the unlimited restart provision) to truck driving safety data during the enactment of the 1 restart per 168-h restriction and 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. provision that the percent of accidents caused by truck drivers did not decrease. Furthermore, this research found that the HOS changes implemented on July 1, 2013 have not led to a significant change in accidents involved and caused by truck drivers. These results suggest that other factors appear to be linked to motorists’ safety, rather than the updated HOS regulation.
Theory-driven evaluations

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Method and Theory in Program Evaluation A Question of Balance PART TWO: THE THEORY-DRIVEN PERSPECTIVE The Theory-Driven Perspective The New Alternative Constructing Program Theory Values, Approaches, and Strategies Applications of Theory-Driven Evaluations PART THREE: NORMATIVE EVALUATIONS: BASIC TYPES Normative Outcome Evaluation Normative Treatment Evaluation Normative Implementation Environment Evaluation PART FOUR: CAUSAL EVALUATIONS: BASIC TYPES Impact Evaluation I Broadening the Evidence Base Impact Evaluation II Assessing Intended and Unintended Outcomes Intervening Mechanism Evaluation Generalization Evaluation PART FIVE: COMPOSITE TYPES Normative Treatment-Impact Evaluation Normative Implementation Environment-Impact Evaluation PART SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
Reconsidering Multimarket Contact and Rivalry: The Effects of Knowledge-Based Resources and Actions

Prior studies have shown how multimarket contact (MMC) typically reduces rivalry involving downstream activities such as product pricing and market entry. Yet, recent research also shows that MMC can increase rivalry in knowledge-intensive contexts involving upstream activities such as R&D investments and patent citations. These studies suggest a need to better understand how MMC affects rivalry over knowledge-based resources, since increasing MMC may also impose additional costs related to a greater need to protect the firm’s knowledge-based resources from imitation by rivals. We argue that MMC increases a firm’s incentives to use knowledge-base actions to protect the value of its knowledge-based resources. In support of these arguments, this study shows that MMC increased the likelihood that a firm initiated patent litigation against a rival and that this positive effect is exacerbated by the technological quality of the firm’s knowledge-based resources. This study offers important contributions to the ...
Evolution of the Army Research Laboratory Ultra-Wideband Test Bed

For over 20 years, the US Department of Defense has recognized the need and has applied resources to develop systems to find targets in foliage. In large measure these early efforts were disappointing because of the lack of appropriate technologies. Recent developments in Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter technology, source technology, and signal processing power have presented new opportunities in this area. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) began a research program to determine the feasibility of bringing these emerging technologies together to analyze the problem of seeing through an inhomogenous medium. The results of these studies indicated that continuing work in this area and sponsoring enabling technologies could produce a realizeable system. Thus, ARL is presently engaged in the Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Foliage Penetration (FOPEN) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) program to support this work. The particular implementation ARL is pursuing in UWB is an impulse (very short pulse) approach. This is an exploratory development program aimed at measuring and analyzing the basic phenomenology of impulse radar and the propagation effects of targets, clutter, and targets embedded in clutter. Past efforts have fallen short in that they have failed to detect targets with a probability of detection (Pd) and probability of false alarm (Pfg) that were useful for military applications. In order to obtain acceptable Pd and Pfa levels, real target and clutter statistics must be collected, and specific detection logic must be developed. To this end, ARL has developed a testbed facility to allow the collection of repeatable data at the Adelphi, MD, site.
Anxious appetites: food and consumer culture

Jackson offers a fresh, if somewhat unsettling, take on a staple topic with Anxious Appetites: Food and Consumer Culture, published by Bloomsbury Press. The book sets out to identify and explain th...
Topology-controlled reconstruction of multi-labelled domains from cross-sections

In this work we present the first algorithm for reconstructing multi-labeled material interfaces the allows for explicit topology control. Our algorithm takes in a set of 2D cross-sectional slices (not necessarily parallel), each partitioned by a curve network into labeled regions representing different material types. For each label, the user has the option to constrain the number of connected components and genus. Our algorithm is able to not only produce a material interface that interpolates the curve networks but also simultaneously satisfy the topological requirements. Our key innovation is defining a space of topology-varying material interfaces, which extends the family of level sets in a scalar function, and developing discrete methods for sampling distinct topologies in this space. Besides specifying topological constraints, the user can steer the algorithm interactively, such as by scribbling. We demonstrate, on synthetic and biological shapes, how our algorithm opens up new opportunities for topology-aware modeling in the multi-labeled context.
An Internal and Critical Review of the PEAK Relational Training System for Children with Autism and Related Intellectual Disabilities: 2014-2017

The PEAK Relational Training System was designed as an assessment instrument and treatment protocol for addressing language and cognitive deficits in children with autism. PEAK contains four comprehensive training modules: Direct Training and Generalization emphasize a contingency-based framework of language development, and Equivalence and Transformation emphasize an approach to language development consistent with Relational Frame Theory. The present paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of peer-reviewed publications based on the entirety PEAK system through April, 2017. We describe both psychometric and outcome research, and indicate both positive features and limitations of this body of work. Finally, we note several research and practice questions that remain to be answered with the PEAK curriculum as well as other many other autism assessment and treatment protocols that are rooted within the framework of applied behavior analysis.
Transected thin melanoma: Implications for sentinel lymph node staging.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Indications for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with thin melanoma (≤1 mm thick) are controversial. We asked whether deep margin (DM) positivity at initial biopsy of thin melanoma is associated with SLN positivity. METHODS Cases were identified using prospectively maintained databases at two melanoma centers. Patients who had undergone SLN biopsy for melanoma ≤1 mm were included. DM status was assessed for association with SLN metastasis in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS 1413 cases were identified, but only 1129 with known DM status were included. 39% of patients had a positive DM on original biopsy. DM-positive and DM-negative patients did not differ significantly in primary thickness, ulceration, or mitotic activity. DM-positive and DM-negative patients had similar incidence of SLN metastasis (5.7% vs 3.5%; P = 0.07). Positive DM was not associated with SLN metastasis on univariate analysis (OR 1.69, 95% CI: 0.95-3.00, P = 0.07) or on multivariate analysis adjusted for Breslow depth, Clark level, mitotic rate, and ulceration (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.89-2.85; P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS For patients with thin melanoma, a positive DM on initial biopsy is not associated with risk of SLN metastasis, so DM positivity should not be considered an indication for SLN staging in an otherwise low-risk patient.
Reducing Iridium Loading in Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts Using Core-shell Particles with Nitride Cores

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has broad applications in electrochemical devices, but it often requires expensive and scarce Ir-based catalysts in acid electrolyte. Presented here is a framework to reduce Ir loading by combining core–shell iridium/metal nitride morphologies using in situ experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Several group VIII transition metal (Fe, Co, and Ni) nitrides are studied as core materials, with Ir/Fe4N core–shell particles showing enhancement in both OER activity and stability. In situ X-ray absorption fine structure measurements are used to determine the structure and stability of the core–shell catalysts under OER conditions. DFT calculations are used to demonstrate adsorbate binding energies as descriptors of the observed activity trends.
The moments of a diffusion process

Abstract This paper investigates the moments of a diffusion process to derive the formulas for the n th exact moment. Instead of seeking the density or moment-generating functions, we utilize stochastic integrals and their properties to obtain the moments.
Identification of errors in the IEDB using ontologies.

The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) is a free online resource that has manually curated over 18 500 references from the scientific literature. Our database presents experimental data relating to the recognition of immune epitopes by the adaptive immune system in a structured, searchable manner. In order to be consistent and accurate in our data representation across many different journals, authors and curators, we have implemented several quality control measures, such as curation rules, controlled vocabularies and links to external ontologies and other resources. Ontologies and other resources have greatly benefited the IEDB through improved search interfaces, easier curation practices, interoperability between the IEDB and other databases and the identification of errors within our dataset. Here, we will elaborate on how ontology mapping and usage can be used to find and correct errors in a manually curated database.Database URL: www.iedb.org.
An Exploratory Policy-Oriented Econometric Model of a Metropolitan Area: Boston

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a model of a metropolitan economy. It presents the complete description of an econometric model of the Boston metropolitan area, developed over a 5 year period at MIT. The macro model treats the Boston area as a single region without any geographical distinction. The objective is to obtain models that can estimate the effects of various policies available to the local administrators or the effects of external forces beyond their control. For a model to be useful for this type of policy analysis, it must be a reasonable approximation to the true structural relationships that govern the economy. It must also mirror historical behavior; but, unlike a forecasting model, this is not the main criterion for model adequacy.
Autophagy proteins suppress protective type I interferon signalling in response to the murine gut microbiota

As a conserved pathway that lies at the intersection between host defence and cellular homeostasis, autophagy serves as a rheostat for immune reactions. In particular, autophagy suppresses excess type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to viral nucleic acids. It is unknown how this function of autophagy relates to the intestinal barrier where host-microbe interactions are pervasive and perpetual. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in autophagy proteins are protected from the intestinal bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in a manner dependent on IFN-I signalling and nucleic acid sensing pathways. Enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression in intestinal tissue of autophagy-deficient mice in the absence of infection was mediated by the gut microbiota. Additionally, monocytes infiltrating into the autophagy-deficient intestinal microenvironment displayed an enhanced inflammatory profile and were necessary for protection against C. rodentium. Finally, we demonstrate that the microbiota-dependent IFN-I production that occurs in the autophagy-deficient host also protects against chemical injury of the intestine. Thus, autophagy proteins prevent a spontaneous IFN-I response to microbiota that is beneficial in the presence of infectious and non-infectious intestinal hazards. These results identify a role for autophagy proteins in controlling the magnitude of IFN-I signalling at the intestinal barrier.
Performance and outcome of pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies: A population-based study.

Abstract Objective To examine changes in performance and outcomes of pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies. Methods This is a population-based retrospective study examining the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2001 and 2015. Women with cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar malignancies who underwent pelvic exenteration were examined. Comorbidity, perioperative complications, total charges, length of stay, and mortality were assessed. Results There were 2647 cases included. Cervical cancer was the most common malignancy (45.1%), followed by vaginal cancer (27.6%). 26.9% of women had a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3, which significantly increased from 23.3% in 2001–2005 to 33.3% in 2011–2015 (42.9% relative increase, P P P P P P Conclusion Women undergoing pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies became more obese and comorbid during the study period. Pelvic exenteration for women with gynecologic malignancies is associated with high morbidity and mortality as well as substantial treatment-related costs.
Efficient synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfamides from sulfamic acid salts by activation with triphenylphosphine ditriflate

Abstract A general approach to prepare unsymmetrical sulfamides is described. This method relies on the activation of sulfamic acid salts with triphenylphosphine ditriflate, and subsequent trapping by a nucleophilic amine. This strategy improves access to N-octadecyl-N′-propylsulfamide, a feeding suppressant.
Outcomes of Pregnancy in Patients With Prior Right Ventricular Outflow Interventions.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of pregnancy‐related adverse outcomes (PRAO) between patients with versus without hemodynamically significant right ventricle outfl...
The Wound-Healing Process

Diabetes is on the rise in the United States and the rest of the world, and its complications are even more evident in the aging population. Among the most severe complications of diabetes are impaired circulation and wound healing. The former condition, together with peripheral neuropathy, contributes to an insensate, poorly vascularized lower extremity that is prone to the development of chronic wounds. Lack of sensation leads to aggravation of the injury, which can frequently lead to the spread of infection and the loss of all or part of the lower limb. The circulatory defects occur in both conducting vessels—which are prone to atherosclerosis—and the microcirculation, which shows signs of basement membrane thickening and diminished reparative capacity. Surgical intervention can sometimes alleviate the macrovascular defects, but grafting procedures cannot guarantee that tissue perfusion can be restored. With the exception of the retina, the poor growth of new capillary vessels in diabetes broadly diminishes the capacity to repair.
Machine learning-based motor assessment of Parkinson's disease using postural sway, gait and lifestyle features on crowdsourced smartphone data.

Objectives Remote assessment of gait in patients' homes has become a valuable tool for monitoring the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these measurements are often not as accurate or reliable as clinical evaluations because it is challenging to objectively distinguish the unique gait characteristics of PD. We explore the inference of patients' stage of PD from their gait using machine learning analyses of data gathered from their smartphone sensors. Specifically, we investigate supervised machine learning (ML) models to classify the severity of the motor part of the UPDRS (MDS-UPDRS 2.10-2.13). Our goals are to facilitate remote monitoring of PD patients and to answer the following questions: (1) What is the patient PD stage based on their gait? (2) Which features are best for understanding and classifying PD gait severities? (3) Which ML classifier types best discriminate PD patients from healthy controls (HC)? and (4) Which ML classifier types can discriminate the severity of PD gait anomalies? Methodology Our work uses smartphone sensor data gathered from 9520 patients in the mPower study, of whom 3101 participants uploaded gait recordings and 344 subjects and 471 controls uploaded at least 3 walking activities. We selected 152 PD patients who performed at least 3 recordings before and 3 recordings after taking medications and 304 HC who performed at least 3 walking recordings. From the accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data, we extracted statistical, time, wavelet and frequency domain features, and other lifestyle features were derived directly from participants' survey data. We conducted supervised classification experiments using 10-fold cross-validation and measured the model precision, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC). Results The best classification model, best feature, highest classification accuracy, and AUC were (1) random forest and entropy rate, 93% and 0.97, respectively, for walking balance (MDS-UPDRS-2.12); (2) bagged trees and MinMaxDiff, 95% and 0.92, respectively, for shaking/tremor (MDS-UPDRS-2.10); (3) bagged trees and entropy rate, 98% and 0.98, respectively, for freeze of gait; and (4) random forest and MinMaxDiff, 95% and 0.99, respectively, for distinguishing PD patients from HC. Conclusion Machine learning classification was challenging due to the use of data that were subjectively labeled based on patients' answers to the MDS-UPDRS survey questions. However, with use of a significantly larger number of subjects than in prior work and clinically validated gait features, we were able to demonstrate that automatic patient classification based on smartphone sensor data can be used to objectively infer the severity of PD and the extent of specific gait anomalies.
Milestones in the Development of Liquid-Phase Extraction Techniques

Abstract The evolution of apparatus and techniques for the liquid-phase extraction of gas, liquid, and solid samples is described and their virtues placed in a modern context of the requirement for streamlined, efficient, low-cost, and automated sample preparation methods. Methods for gas-liquid extraction include impingers, bubblers, and denuders. For liquid-liquid extraction the characteristic features of continuous liquid-liquid extraction, multistage countercurrent distribution, liquid-liquid chromatography, steam distillation-solvent extraction, solvent sublation, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, micelle-mediated extraction, liquid-membrane extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and segmented continuous flow extraction are described. For solid-liquid extraction shake flask, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and pressurized-liquid extraction methods are described. Sample extraction and cleanup using liquid-liquid distribution is described for complex samples with an emphasis on multianalyte methods.