cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging perspectives on lipid management: international approaches and global challenges

The rapid growth in the understanding of the relation between cholesterol and coronary heart disease has introduced new challenges to the contemporary management of lipid disorders. The publication of the trials of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A inhibitors (statins) has invigorated support for the lipid hypothesis, and many advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and the potential benefits of the statins. Several international groups have issued guidelines about desirable and undesirable lipid values to help clinical decision making. Despite the availability of such principles, there are many challenges to optimal management of lipid disorders.
Combining an e-commerce simulation with a cyber-survivor exercise

A cyber-survivor exercise is an learning experience whereby each team of students attempts to defend their computer network against attacks by security educators. One of the difficulties in creating a meaningful contest is in both scoring how well each team did and in creating an environment that requires business decisions based on opportunity costs. This paper describes the design and initial implementation of a system that combines an e-commerce simulation with a cyber-survivor exercise. Some existing and some future scenarios are described.
Investigation of the adsorption mechanism of a peptide in reversed phase liquid chromatography, from pH controlled and uncontrolled solutions.

Abstract The single-component equilibrium adsorption of the tripeptide Leucyl-Leucyl-Leucine (LLL) on a high-efficiency Jupiter Proteo column ( C 12 ) was investigated experimentally and modeled theoretically. The experimental equilibrium isotherms of LLL for adsorption on a C 12 packing material from an aqueous solution of methanol (48%) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%) were measured by frontal analysis (FA). The FA measurements were done with two solutions, one in which the pH was controlled, the other in which it was not. Two solutions of LLL in the mobile phase were prepared (4.3 and 5.4 g/L) and their pH measured (2.94 and 2.88), respectively. The first solution was titrated with TFA to match the pH of the mobile phase (2.03), so its pH was controlled. The pH of the other solution was left uncontrolled. In both cases the isotherms could be modeled by a bi-Langmuir equation, a choice consistent with the bimodal affinity energy distribution (AED) obtained for LLL. The isotherm parameters derived from the inverse method (IM) of isotherm determination under controlled pH conditions (by fitting calculated profiles to experimental breakthrough profiles) are in a good agreement with those derived from the FA data. Under uncontrolled pH conditions, the application of IM suggests the coexistence of two different adsorption mechanisms. According to the isotherm parameters found by these three methods (FA, AED and IM), the C 12 -bonded silica can adsorb around 500 and 70 g/L of LLL under controlled and uncontrolled pH conditions, respectively. The adsorption of LLL on the C 12 material strongly depends on the pH of the mobile phase and on the quantity of TFA added, which plays the role of an ion-pairing agent.
Laue crystallography: Lights! Camera! Action!

Recent advances in the Laue method of X-ray data collection from protein crystals have allowed very short-lived reaction intermediates to be observed successfully.
Effect of impinging jet excitation on curved surface heat transfer

Parthasarathy, R. N., and Faeth, G. M., "Turbulent Dispersion of Particles in Self-Generated Homogeneous Turbulence," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 220, Nov. 1990, pp. 515-537. Sommerfeld, M., "Evaporation of Droplets in a Turbulent, Heated Flow," Sixth Workshop on Two-Phase Flow Predictions, Erlangen, Germany, March 30th-April 2nd, 1992. Spalding, D. B., "The Combustion of Liquid Fuels," Proceedings of the 4th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, PA, 1953, pp. 847-864. Leonard, B. P., "A Stable and Accurate Convective Modeling Procedure Based on Quadratic Upwind Interpolation," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 19, 1979, pp. 59-98. Vames, J. S., and Hanratty, T. J., "Turbulent Dispersion of Droplets for Air Flow in a Pipe," Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 6,1988, pp. 94-104. Laufer, J., "The Structure of Turbulence in Fully-Developed Pipe Flow," NACA Rept. 1174, 1954. Friedlander, S. K., "Behavior of Suspended Particles in a Turbulent Fluid," AIChE Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1957, pp. 381-385.
High-Resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometry in an inductively coupled plasma with photodiode array detection

Abstract Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is a well established technique using flames and graphite furnaces. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP), however, is an attractive alternative atom/ion reservoir. A high-resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometer with a photodiode array detector and an ICP as the atomization/ionization reservoir is described. Multi-wavelength capability permits the simultaneous determination of several elements by their atomic and/or ionic transitions. Each acquired spectrum is averaged for 10 s to improve the signal-to-noise ratios. Detection limits are calculated for 14 elements and compared with literature values.
Utility of immune measures for evaluating psychological well‐being in nonhuman primates

Changes in immune measures have traditionally been recognized as an important component of the body's stress response. Since alterations in immunity occur reliably after psychological disturbance, it is possible to use variation in immune responses as a means to evaluate the effect of animal husbandry and research manipulations on psychological well-being. Our studies on squirrel monkey infants and juveniles indicate that the determination of leukocyte number and type in peripheral blood is a particularly useful measure for evaluating how animals react to changes in their physical and social environment. This immune measure requires only a small blood sample, can be routinely assessed with common laboratory equipment, and involves only a modest amount of training. Nevertheless, the number and type of leukocytes in peripheral blood correlate with more sophisticated immunological measures that are difficult to assess on a routine basis, and the leukocyte pattern may provide even a better reflection of transient changes in psychological state.
Application of Paramagnetic Relaxation Reagents in Characterization of Fullerene Derivatives

The 13 C spin-lattice relaxation times of C 60 /C 70 were measured in CS 2 solutions containing different concentrations of Cr(acac) 3 . The coincidence of paramagnetic relaxation times for fullerenes and TMS shows that there is no specific intermolecular interaction between fullerenes and Cr(acac) 3 . The relaxation times were used to select optimal experimental parameters for accumulation of 13 C NMR spectra of fullerenes. It was demonstrated that proper application of Cr(acac) 3 overcomes unfavorable relaxation properties of fullerenes and leads to considerable (at least 5-fold) improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in their 13 C NMR spectra.
Lexeme-morpheme base morphology

Lexeme–Morpheme Based Morphology is a theory of morphology which crucially distinguishes between full lexical items (lexemes) and functional items (morphemes). Morphemes include functional items such as articles and prepositions as well as affixes. Further, LMBM has as a central tenet the Separation Hypothesis – the proposal that derivation (e.g. The process of nominalization) and affixation (e. g. the addition of a form such as -ation or -ment) are distinct processes, the latter being termed morphological spelling or realization.
Upgraded Analytical Model of the Cylinder Test

A Gurney-type equation was previously corrected for wall thinning and angle of tilt, and now we have added shock wave attenuation in the copper wall and air gap energy loss. Extensive calculations were undertaken to calibrate the two new energy loss mechanisms across all explosives. The corrected Gurney equation is recommended for cylinder use over the original 1943 form. The effect of these corrections is to add more energy to the adiabat values from a relative volume of 2 to 7, with low energy explosives having the largest correction. The data was pushed up to a relative volume of about 15 and the JWL parameter ω was obtained directly. Finally, the total detonation energy density was locked to the v = 7 adiabat energy density, so that the Cylinder test gives all necessary values needed to make a JWL.
On the Determinants of Class Legislation: an Ecological Study of Political Struggles Between Workers and Management*

The state controls many matters of conflict between labor and management. This study attempts to identify the social conditions that lead to laws which favor either side in their ongoing struggle for influence. Using a cross-sectional ecological design I found that political systems with more blacks were least likely to have public policies in the interest of the working class. Other relevant factors which had less consistent effects were the type of enterprise and the level of resources in an area. Generally, the results are consistent with theories that racial antagonisms undermine the political efforts of workers.
Self-consistent conductance calculations on molecular calipers using a transfer matrix method

Abstract A rapid method of conductance calculation using an iterative transfer matrix algorithm has been developed. Its use is demonstrated with a simple metal–molecule–metal system. By using a DFT Hamiltonian and charge self-consistency, we avoid any dependence on fitting. Here we solve a self-consistent potential, which obviates the need to parametrize the voltage. Moreover, in examining an experimental set-up developed at Arizona State University, the molecular conductance across a variety of gap lengths can be calculated and compared to experiment, and the implementation of a proposed nano-caliper device can be evaluated. Conduction across the molecule occurs in multiple channels; gold states couple with varying strengths to the HOMO of the molecule. We will report the effects of strain across the molecule, and of distortion of the molecule, on the conductive nature of the coupling.
Circadian Activity Rhythms and Voluntary Ethanol Intake in Male and Female Ethanol-Preferring Rats: Effects of Long-Term Ethanol Access

Chronic alcohol (ethanol) intake alters fundamental properties of the circadian clock. While previous studies have reported significant alterations in free-running circadian period during chronic ethanol access, these effects are typically subtle and appear to require high levels of intake. In the present study we examined the effects of long-term voluntary ethanol intake on ethanol consumption and free-running circadian period in male and female, selectively bred ethanol-preferring P and HAD2 rats. In light of previous reports that intermittent access can result in escalated ethanol intake, an initial 2-week water-only baseline was followed by either continuous or intermittent ethanol access (i.e., alternating 15-day epochs of ethanol access and ethanol deprivation) in separate groups of rats. Thus, animals were exposed to either 135 days of continuous ethanol access or to five 15-day access periods alternating with four 15-day periods of ethanol deprivation. Animals were maintained individually in running-wheel cages under continuous darkness throughout the experiment to allow monitoring of free-running activity and drinking rhythms, and 10% (v/v) ethanol and plain water were available continuously via separate drinking tubes during ethanol access. While there were no initial sex differences in ethanol drinking, ethanol preference increased progressively in male P and HAD2 rats under both continuous and intermittent-access conditions, and eventually exceeded that seen in females. Free-running period shortened during the initial ethanol-access epoch in all groups, but the persistence of this effect showed complex dependence on sex, breeding line, and ethanol-access schedule. Finally, while females of both breeding lines displayed higher levels of locomotor activity than males, there was little evidence for modulation of activity level by ethanol access. These results are consistent with previous findings that chronic ethanol intake alters free-running circadian period, and show further that the development of chronobiological tolerance to ethanol may vary by sex and genotype.
Effectiveness of Outdoor Advertising of Services

Outdoor advertisements are now routinely used by marketers of products and services as they have been found to be effective in general. However, there have been no studies testing the effectiveness of outdoor advertising of services in particular nor have there been studies comparing the effectiveness of outdoor advertisements of services with that of consumer goods. In this paper we study the effectiveness of outdoor advertisements of services and investigate the influence of few billboard and consumer related fac- tors on its effectiveness. The results show that the outdoor advertise- ments of services are very effective. Further, the recall of outdoor advertisements of services may be enhanced by providing direc- tional information when applicable and by unusual executions such as having them in black and white when most other ads are in color. Recall of outdoor advertisements of services was also found to be positively associated with respondent involvement with outdoor advertising and their attitude ...
Exosomes go with the Wnt

Exosomes, small secreted microvesicles, are implicated in intercellular communication in diverse cell types, transporting protein, lipid and nucleic acid cargo that impact the physiology of recipient cells. Besides the signaling function of exosomes they also serve as a mechanism to dispose obsolete cellular material.1 Particularly exciting is the involvement of exosomal communication in the nervous system, as this has important implications for brain development and function. The properties of exosomes are also beginning to entice the biomedical community since they represent potentially novel avenues for the targeted delivery of customized exosome cargo, such as miRNAs, during disease. Our findings implicating exosomes in trans-synaptic communication emerged from the serendipitous observation that at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) the release of a signaling molecule, Wnt1/Wingless (Wg) and its binding partner Evenness Interrupted (Evi)/Wntless (Wls)/Sprint (Srt), were released by motorneurons in association with vesicles, which we postulated to be exosomes.2 In our most recent paper3 using in vivo analysis at the Drosophila NMJ as well as in cultured insect cells we formally demonstrate that Evi rides in exosomes that are released to the extracellular space and identify some of the players involved in their release. In addition, a proteomic analysis of exosomes highlights novel potential function of exosomes.
A poetry group for cognitively impaired older adults: A brief report

The purpose of this brief note is to present a discussion of the first two sessions of a poetry group conducted with moderately to severely cognitively impaired adults in a nursing home. Exercises and techniques used with this population are discussed. Poetry groups such as this may provide joy those who suffer, a chance to re-experience memories, to connect to others, and the creation of moments of increased value and meaning.
INFLUENCE OF DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF PlATE-TYPE REACTOR ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CATALYST COATING

Reactors with a catalyst coating applied to plates that are oriented parallel to the flow of the reaction mixture are well adapted for use in the sanitary treatment of waste gas. Such reactors are typically low in hydraulic resistance, an important feature in the treatment of low-pressure flows; they can handle gases containing a dispersed phase. Further, they can be built into existing gas lines without any substantial reconstruction, and they are simple in terms of manufacturing.
031. THE ORIGIN OF ANEUPLOIDY IN HUMANS: WHERE WE’VE BEEN, WHERE WE’RE GOING

With the advent of the human genome project in the 1990s, DNA markers became available, allowing us to determine the parent and meiotic stage of origin of human aneuploid conditions. This approach has been extensively used to study the origin of trisomies, with one over-arching conclusion: the vast majority of trisomies derive from errors in the development of the egg and, in particular, from nondisjunction occurring in the first maternal meiotic division (MI). However, against this general background, it has also become apparent that there is considerable chromosome-to-chromosome variation. For example, certain aneuploidies (e.g., the XXY condition, or Klinefelter syndrome) are commonly paternal in origin, while others (e.g., trisomy 16, the most common human trisomy) almost always originate from maternal MI errors. Thus, we now know that individual chromosomes behave differently with respect to mechanisms of meiotic nondisjunction. In this presentation, we will summarize results of these parental origin studies of aneuploidy and discuss the involvement of the first identified molecular correlate of nondisjunction – aberrant meiotic recombination – in the genesis of these abnormalities. We will also look forward, discussing the development of mouse models of human aneuploidy, and recent advances in molecular cytogenetics that make it possible to directly analyze human meiosis ‘as it happens’ in fetal oocytes and in spermatocytes.
Acidity and Structure of Isosaccharinate in Aqueous Solution: A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study

Dilute aqueous solutions of the calcium and sodium salts of “α”-d-isosaccharinate (ISA) have been analyzed by 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The positions of the six 13C ISA NMR lines show a pH dependence that can be used to infer that the most acidic proton is the one associated with the carboxylate group, with an aver- age log k0 of −3.27 for the reaction H(ISA) ⇌ H+ + ISA− in solutions made with the sodium salt. In acidic solutions (pH < 4), NMR signals were found that could be assigned to “α”-d-isosaccharinate-1,4-lactone (ISL), formed from the dehydration of H(ISA). The pH dependence of the H(ISA) 13C line positions, furthermore, reveals that the deprotonated H(ISA) at neutral to high pH assumes a conformation with the carboxylate anion hydrogen-bonded to the secondary alcohol and the cation (Na+ or Ca2+) interacting with the tertiary alcohol.
Elimination of EL-4 and L1210 Murine Tumors by 1,3-bis (2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea Requires an Intact Immune Response:

The chemotherapeutic agent 1 ,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-l -nitrosourea (BCNU) is commonly used to treat several types of human cancers. Recent investigations have suggested that elimination of tumor by BCNU is dependent on more than the cytotoxic activity of the drug. We have extended those findings by showing that cyclosporin A (CS) can inhibit the BCNU-mediated rejection of EL-4 or L1210 tumors in mice. It was shown that mice could be cured of EL-4 or L1210 ascites tumors with a single intra- peritoneal injection of BCNU. When CS, an inhibitor of the activation of T lymphocytes, was administered to mice that had received either EL-4 or L1210 tumor and were treated with BCNU, nearly all the mice died by Day 60. When CS was administered to BCNU-treated mice starting at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after tumor injection, inhibition of the BCNU therapy did not occur. Finally, the ability of animals that had been cured of tumor by the BCNU therapy to reject a lethal challenge dose of homologous tumor was shown to be CS insensitive. These results suggest that the BCNU-mediated elimina- tion of tumor from mice requires a functional immune response in addition to the cytotoxic activity of this chemotherapeutic agent. (P.S.E.B.M. 1996, Voi 2121
Lateral-Type Field Emission-Based Magnetic Sensor Fabricated by Electron-Beam Lithography

A deflected edge emission field effect transistor (DEEFET), a hybrid solid-state and vacuum microelectronics device, was constructed with electron-beam lithography to measure magnetic fields. The fabricated DEEFET device employs an extremely sharp emitter tip, a pair of gate electrodes, and a pair of split anodes. Field emission currents were observed around an anode bias of 40 V without gate bias. As the gate potential was increased, a lower turn-on voltage (around 25 V) and a higher field emission current were observed. A comparison of the anode and gate currents showed that most of the emitted electrons are collected by the anode, and only a few electrons are lost to the gate electrode. When forward and reverse magnetic fields were applied, an emission current imbalance was measured due to electron deflection by the Lorentz force. The calculated magnetic sensitivity was 98%/tesla for a forward magnetic field of 0.5 T and 92%/tesla for the reverse magnetic field. These magnetic sensitivities are up to six or seven times higher than those from a conventional silicon-based magnetic sensor with a split drain.
Exploring ecological patterns with structural equation modeling and Bayesian analysis

Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical method that allows evaluation of a network of relationships between manifest and latent variables. In this statistical technique, preconceptualizations that reflect research questions or existing knowledge of system structure create the initial framework for model development, while both direct and indirect effects and measurement errors are considered. Given the interesting features of this method, it is quite surprising that the number of applications in ecology is limited, and even less common in aquatic ecosystems. This study presents two examples where structural equation modeling is used for exploring ecological structures; i.e., summer epilimnetic phytoplankton dynamics. Both eutrophic (Lake Mendota) and mesotrophic (Lake Washington) conditions were used to test an initial hypothesized model that considered the regulatory role of abiotic factors and biological interactions on lake phytoplankton dynamics and water clarity during the summer stratification period. Generally, the model gave plausible results, while a higher proportion of the observed variability was accounted for in the eutrophic environment. Most importantly, we show that structural equation modeling provided a convenient means for assessing the relative role of several ecological processes (e.g., vertical mixing, intrusions of the hypolimnetic nutrient stock, herbivory) known to determine the levels of water quality variables of management interest (e.g., water clarity, cyanobacteria). A Bayesian hierarchical methodology is also introduced to relax the classical identifiability restrictions and treat them as stochastic. Additional advantages of the Bayesian approach are the flexible incorporation of prior knowledge on parameters, the ability to get information on multimodality in marginal densities (undetectable by standard procedures), and the fact that the structural equation modeling process does not rely on asymptotic theory which is particularly important when the sample size is small (commonly experienced in environmental studies). Special emphasis is given on how this Bayesian methodological framework can be used for assessing eutrophic conditions and assisting water quality management. Structural equation modeling has several attractive features that can be particularly useful to researchers when exploring ecological patterns or disentangling complex environmental management issues.
The role of computation in scientific cognition

This paper is a contribution to that part ofscience studies known as 'the cognitive study ofscience'. The general goal ofsuch studies is to understand cogni- tion as it occurs in modern science. Attention is restricted to higher energy physics (HEP) practiced at a research laboratory such as the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN). The dominant paradigm in cognitive science would have us understand the acquisition ofknowledge regarding elementary particles in terms ofa cognitive agent that perf orms computations on a symbolic representation. In the case ofHEP, however, it is difficult to identif y a cognitive agent or the required symbolic representations and algorithms. The notion of'collective cognition' pro- vides a step in the right direction, but does not go far enough. I argue that we need to invoke a more radical notion of'distributed cognition' that explicitly includes arte- facts. However, the inclusion of artefacts in scientific cognitive systems makes appli- cation ofthe cognition as computation paradigm even more problematic. I conclude that scientific cognitive systems are hybrid systems including both computational and dynamical artefacts as well as human agents. Scientific knowledge itself is best regarded as the impersonal product ofa whole scientific community.
High-magnetic-moment multifunctional nanoparticles for nanomedicine applications

Abstract Multifunctional FeCo nanoparticles with narrow size distribution (less than 8% standard deviation) were fabricated by a novel physical vapor nanoparticle-deposition technique. The size of magnetic nanoparticles was controlled in the range from 3 to 100 nm. The shape of nanoparticles was controlled to be either spherical or cubic. The particles had a high specific magnetization of 226 emu/g at low saturation field, which is much higher than the currently commercialized iron oxide nanoparticles. Core–shell-type Co(Fe)–Au nanoparticles were produced by the same technique. They combined the high moment of the Co(Fe) core with the plasmonic feature of a Au shell.
Prediction of Ductile Fracture in Steel Connections Using SMCS Criterion

Conventional fracture mechanics approaches have limited capabilities to accurately predict fracture under conditions of large scale yielding or in complex geometries where there are no significant pre-existing flaws. Such conditions are found, for example, in welded steel moment connections that meet stringent detailing and quality assurance requirements for seismic design that have been imposed in response to damage caused by the Northridge earthquake. The stress modified critical strain (SMCS) criterion provides an alternative approach for modeling ductile crack initiation by relating the fundamental process of void initiation, growth, and coalescence to macroscopic stresses and strains, obtained using detailed finite element models. The material-specific parameters of the SMCS model are calibrated for mild A572 Grade 50 steel using a series of notched tensile tests and fractographic data. Accuracy of the SMCS criterion is demonstrated for specimens with a range of triaxial constraint conditions, including both sharp-crack fracture specimens and blunt-notch specimens, the latter being examples of cases where conventional fracture mechanics approaches would not apply. The SMCS model is then applied in a practical demonstration to relate data from idealized pull-plate tests to the fracture resistance of beam–column moment connections.
Tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy Complexes as Single-Source Precursors to Homogeneous Zirconia- and Hafnia-Silica Materials. An Alternative to the Sol-Gel Method

The tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes M[OSi(OtBu)3]4 (1, M = Zr and 2, M = Hf) are efficient single-source precursors to homogeneous zirconia-silica and hafnia-silica materials. The ceramic conversions occur pyrolytically at low temperatures, give the theoretical yield for MO2·4SiO2 compositions, and occur without the incorporation of carbon. Compounds 1 and 2 are isomorphous, and crystallize as a mixture of two isomers. One isomer contains a 4-coordinate metal center, while the other is 5-coordinate and features a chelating η2-OSi(OtBu)3 ligand. The solid-state transformation of 1 to ZrO2·4SiO2 produces an open, fibrous material that is somewhat ordered with pores which are ∼20 nm in diameter. The solution-phase thermolysis of 1 produces a xerogel composed of small primary particles (≤∼5 nm). This xerogel possesses a high surface area (700 m2 g-1 for samples heated to 200 °C). Solutions of the precursors have been used to cast crack-free thin films of MO2·4SiO2. The MO2·4SiO2 materials are amorphous as i...
Selenium, an antioxidant, attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity and peroxynitrite generation

Methamphetamine (METH) has been known to produce neurotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Selenium, an antioxidant, was reported to protect against METH-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse caudate nucleus. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the supplementation of selenium was studied in METH-induced generation of peroxynitrite. PC12 cell cultures were exposed to 200 microM METH either with or without 10 microM and 20 microM selenium (30 min prior to METH exposure). After 24 h, METH exposure resulted in the significant depletion of dopamine, and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA, as well as the significant formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), a marker of peroxynitrite generation, in PC12 cell cultures. Selenium supplementation attenuated the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA and the formation of 3-NT in PC12 cells. For in vivo studies, adult male mice were supplemented with selenium in drinking water, 1 week before and 1 week after the multiple injections of METH (4x10 mg/kg, i.p. at 2-h interval) or an equivalent volume of saline. The supplementation of Se attenuated the formation of 3-NT in the striatum resulting from METH treatment. These data suggest that METH-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by the production of peroxynitrite, and selenium plays a protective role in METH-induced neurotoxicity.
Use-Dependent Exaggeration of Brain Injury: Is Glutamate Involved?

Extreme overreliance on the impaired forelimb following unilateral lesions of the forelimb representation area of the rat sensorimotor cortex (FL-SMC) leads to exaggeration of the initial cortical injury. Glutamate has repeatedly been implicated in the secondary processes leading to neuronal death following traumatic insult, chiefly because of the neuroprotective properties of excitatory amino acid antagonists in a variety of animal models of brain injury. The present study investigated the possibility that NMDA receptor-mediated processes are involved in use-dependent exaggeration of neuronal injury. Rats were fitted with one-sleeved casts that immobilized the intact forelimb for the first 7 days following FL-SMC lesion, a procedure previously shown to result in use-dependent exaggeration of injury and more severe and persistent limb-use deficits. In the present investigation, administration of MK-801 (1 mg/kg ip once daily on alternate days) during the casting period spared neural tissue surrounding the lesion and enhanced functional recovery of the impaired forelimb. These results suggest a role for NMDA receptor-mediated processes in use-dependent exaggeration of injury.
California Bearing Ratio improvement and freeze–thaw performance of fine-grained soils treated with geofiber and synthetic fluid

article i nfo This paper presents experimental results on the improvement of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) performance of fine-grained soils by the addition of geofiber and synthetic fluid. CBR tests were conducted for freezing and thawing conditions in addition to non-freezing conditions. The improvement of soil was tested with the inclusion of: i) geofiber only, ii) synthetic fluid only, and iii) synthetic fluid and geofiber together. To represent unsaturated and saturated soil conditions for various field applications, both unsoaked and soaked samples were investigated. The results for unsoaked conditions indicated significant improvement in the CBR performance, particularly in samples treated with geofiber and synthetic together. For soaked conditions, the best performance was obtained from the samples treated with geofiber only. The CBR performance of samples subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle was also tested. Freezing and thawing tests on unsoaked samples showed that the addition of geofiber together with synthetic fluid was generally successful in providing resistance against freeze-thaw weakening, and that the addition of synthetic fluid alone was not very effective against the detrimental impact of freeze-thaw. The results from soaked samples subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle showed poor CBR performance for treatments involving synthetic fluid while samples improved with geofibers alone generally produced better performance.
Training Bereavement Therapists.

Abstract Curriculum and field experiences have been devised at the University of Missouri-Kansas City for preparation of professionals and advanced graduate students in bereavement therapy (lamentology). Assumptions behind the course and goals associated with it are described, as are the methods employed for selection of participants, course content, and the nature of related field activities. Observations are offered from the author's experience as a counselor educator and practicing psychologist.
Thermal Stability of PIII Deposited Hard‐Coatings with Compositions Between Diamond‐Like Carbon and Amorphous Silicon‐Carbonitride

By increasing the addition of Si and N to diamond-like carbon (DLC), the amorphous ceramic silicon-carbonitride (SiCN) can be obtained. An advantage of SiCN compared to DLC is its high thermal stability, represented by a crystallisation temperature of 1 500 °C and its increased oxidation resistance. To investigate the thermal stability of a-SiCN:H thin films, samples with different carbon contents have been produced by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D). The films have been annealed at temperatures up to 1 000 °C in O2 as well as Ar. By examining the chemical composition, bonding structure and mechanical properties, a distinct carbon fraction could be determined, which marks the transition from (doped) a-C:H with low thermal stability to a-SiCN:H with high temperature resistance.
Better Information Means Better Quality

There's been a lot of commotion and promises made during the last 10 years about strategic information systems. Simply find the right technology and you too can enjoy that special competitive edge, say proponents of these systems. But the bloom has begun to fade from this particular rose, and many who were once enthusiastic advocates of technology now find themselves reexamining the contribution of information systems to business success.
Thinking and Working Relationally: Interviewing and Constructing Hypotheses to Create Compassionate Understanding

In the initial interviews of family therapy sessions, the therapist faces the challenge of obtaining and organizing the information that is most relevant toward understanding the essential concerns that families and couples bring to therapy. This article describes the process of clinical interviewing and case conceptualization used in training family therapists at the Ackerman Institute for the Family. This approach helps the therapist bring forward, and organize, specific information into relational hypotheses, or systemic-relational conceptualizations, that allow both family members and the therapist to understand presenting problems within their relational contexts. While always provisional, relational hypotheses help anchor the therapist in a systemic-relational frame and provide a conceptual through-line to guide the ongoing work of the therapy. The process of interviewing and the construction of clear and complex conceptualizations of presenting problems are illustrated through case examples.
Gorbachev's Perestroika — Beginning of a Soviet Socialist Social Market Economy?

To what extent Mikhail Gorbachev′s Glasnost and Perestroika anticipate the paradigm of a socialist market economy, is investigated. Gorbachev, like China′s Deng Xiaoping, realises that socio‐economic theories which abstract themselves from the observations and needs of daily life have little relevance. That is, a meaningful paradigm has to pay attention to society′s values, especially to the interrelationship of personal initiative, morality, law, government and public policy. Hence, Gorbachev advocates the establishment of more favourable socio‐economic conditions to lay the foundation for a “functional socialist social market economy”, however defined, in the Soviet Union.
Single-stage synthesis and characterization of reflective and conductive silver-polyimide films prepared from silver(I) complexes with ODPA/4,4'-ODA.

Reflective and surface conductive polyimide films were prepared by the incorporation of silver(I) acetate and trifluoroacetylacetone into a dimethylacetamide solution of the poly(amic acid) formed 3,3′,4,4′-oxidiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) and 4,4′-oxidianiline (4,4′-ODA). Thermal curing of (trifluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I)−poly(amic acid) films led to cycloimidization with concomitant silver(I) reduction, which yielded a reflective and conductive silver surface at selected silver concentrations if the film was cured to a final temperature of 300 °C for several hours. The metallized ODPA/4,4′-ODA films retain the essential mechanical properties of an undoped film and have good thermal stability, particularly under a nitrogen atmosphere. The bulk of the composite film was not electrically conductive. The use of (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I) and silver(I) tetrafluoroborate as sources of silver(I) with ODPA/4,4′-ODA yielded modestly reflective films that never developed conductivity. The silvered fi...
Depth of invasion, location, and size of cancer of the anus dictate operative treatment.

Review of 47 patients with carcinoma of the anus demonstrated that perianal squamous cell carcinoma (16 patients) occurred as a small, in situ/microinvasive lesion more often than did squamous/cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal (31 patients). Metastatic lymph node involvement was associated only with anal-canal lesions (13 of 31 patients). When survival time was examined as a function of tumor extent (depth of invasion, size), however, the prognosis was the same for both types of lesions. Grouping of the anal-canal lesions into those of the squamous cell and the cloacogenic variety did not demonstrate any differences in outcome. Local excision was successful in each instance for in situ/microinvasive tumors (all were 2 cm or less in diameter), but failed for invasive lesions, even if they were small. Abdominoperineal resection for invasive (26 patients) and for larger microinvasive lesions (three patients) was followed by a 59% five- to ten-year survival. When lesions with lymph node involvement were excluded, the survival rates for perianal (80%) and anal-canal carcinoma (82%) were similar. The addition of hypogastric lymph node dissection to abdominoperineal resection is indicated for invasive anal-canal carcinomas; we attribute the long-term survival of three patients with hypogastric-node involvement to this extended procedure. The presence of metastatic deposits in inguinal lymph nodes was a grave prognostic sign; all six patients with this finding died within five years. The study concludes that the operative treatment of anal carcinoma can be based on the size and, in particular, the depth of invasion of the lesion and that the histologic type is of limited significance. If local excision is considered, its choice must be guided, for technical reasons, by the location and size of the tumor.
The effects of high physical activity on pharmacokinetic drug interactions

Introduction: With the development of new drugs, it is common practice for drug manufacturers to measure their pharmacokinetic parameters. This testing involves the discovery of the absorption, distribution, metabolic, excretory and toxicological properties of drugs. The testing is usually done in non-stressful conditions at rest, however, this does not necessarily tell the entire picture as there is increasing knowledge about the effects that high levels of physical activity can have on the pharmacokinetics of some medications. Areas covered: This review discusses the alterations that physical activity can have on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination parameters of commonly used medications, and clinical outcomes data are reported when known, demonstrating that an interaction exists between exercise and certain medications. This drug–exercise pharmacokinetic interaction alters the performance of medications especially under conditions where exercise is performed for a long period of ti...
High-pressure crystallization kinetics of As2S3

Abstract We report measurements of the pressure (0–30 kbar) and temperature (290–425°C) dependence of crystal (orpiment) growth rate in amorphous As2S3. All specimens were encapsulated in Pt and subjected to a 15 min “nucleation anneal” at 375 °C with 30 kbar pressure imposed; this anneal produced a 10 μm thick crystalline layer on the capsule-As2S3 interface. Growth under the other imposed conditions proceeded from this layer and its extent and morphology were determined by optical examination of the specimens after they had been quenched to 1 atm pressure and room temperature. Crystals grew in the form of sheets roughly perpendicular to the Pt-As2S3 interface. Growth in directions normal to the sheets was slow and detectable only when a pressure of ∼10 kbar was exceeded. The rate, u, of edgewise growth of the sheets was described by an equation of the form u(T, P)=u 0 exp - δU + PδV ∗ RT 1- exp - (P-P m (T)) δV m RT where Pm(T) = equilibrium melting pressure, ΔVm = volume change on melting, u0 = 6.2 × 1013 cm/s, ΔU ∗ = 54.3 kcal/mol , of order of estimated AsS bond energy, and ΔV ∗ = 5 cm 3 / mol , about 0.07 × molar volume of orpiment. u at 290° was easily measurable (∼0.13 nm/s) at 1 atm pressure. The exceptionally high glass-forming tendency of As2S3 is accounted for in terms of our kinetic results.
Forbidden (222) Neutron Reflection in Silicon: Anharmonicity and the Bonding Electrons

Using neutrons, the "forbidden" (222) reflection in silicon was detected and measured between 15 and 1353 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At 1001 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the Dawson and Willis anharmonic-force constant was evaluated as $\ensuremath{\beta}=2.99\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ which is close to that derived from the thermal expansion of silicon. We have used these neutron measurements to correct the x-ray (222) structure factor for the anharmonic atomic motion. The scattering from the anticentrosymmetric valence-charge density obtained in this way is found to be less temperature dependent than that from the core electrons. We take this as evidence in support of the shell model and of the failure of the rigid ion model.
North atlantic ice-rafting: a major change at 75,000 years before the present.

During the last interglacial-to-glacial climatic cycle [127,000 to 10,000 years before the present (B.P.)], the fundamental geographic shift in the main axis of ice-rafting deposition occurred at 75,000 years B.P. An earlier meridional depositional maximum along the Greenland-Newfoundland coasts was superseded by a nearly zonal and much stronger axis some 1500 kilometers to the south along 40°N to 50°N. Both depositional patterns are best explained by cyclonic flow in the subpolor gyre, with the depositional shift related to the retreat of warm, ice-melting North Atlantic drift water from the northwestern half of the gyre. Similar shifts must have characterized preceding interglacial-glacial cycles.
Balancing contemporary fairness and historical justice: A ‘quasi-equitable’ proposal for GHG mitigations

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the impasse, caused by polarizing positions of the United States and China – in international negotiations on carbon mitigation. By incorporating the Bern carbon cycle module into the RICE model developed by Nordhaus and Yang (1996), we set up a framework for tracking regional contributions to carbon concentration and to global climate change. Our proposal, labeled the “color preservation” principle, uses regional contribution share to global carbon concentration as the criterion for international cooperation. Through simulations in RICE model with Bern module (RICE-B), we examine the rationales of the arguments made by the United States and China. We conclude that both countries' standpoints are severely flawed. To facilitate the global cooperation on carbon mitigations, major concessions are needed from the two top carbon emitters.
Modeling x-ray emission in a high voltage vacuum gap including secondary electron emission

Summary form only given. In a high voltage vacuum electron device, two key factors influence the behavior of the high voltage gap: x-ray photons and secondary electrons generated by impact of primary beam electrons at collector surfaces. When the electrons hit the surfaces such as collector, drift tube, and anode, x-ray photons and secondary electrons are created. The created x-ray photons interact with the surfaces, inducing electron emission by the Einstein photoelectric effect. The secondary electrons, which are created by the electron impact, impact nearby surfaces, resulting in generation of x-ray photons and secondary electrons. The electrons created by these mechanisms can change the behavior of gap with the change of current, as well as ionizing any residual background gas. One of the issues here is that the ratio of this photoelectric current due to primary beam x-rays to primary beam current is of the magnitude of ~10-4; i.e. insufficient to account for the deficit in the gap current (Latham, 2006). The secondary electrons play an important role in generating additional electrons, because the secondary electrons generate soft x-rays (less than 0.5 keV) upon impact with the anode or collector surfaces. The yield of photoelectrons per incident photon is 10-6 for photon energies greater than 10 kV and -0.1 for photon energies less than 0.5 kV. Our model includes the generation of x-rays by the primary and secondary currents, as well as the photo-emission of the secondary electrons. We investigate the relationship between secondary electron emission and x-ray emission quantitatively.
Concussion: key stakeholders and multidisciplinary participation in making sports safe.

As unstructured play declines, organized sports leagues have become a highly popular form of physical activity in young people. As concussive injuries are garnering increased media attention and public awareness, there is a growing concern for athlete safety. Although athletic trainers and physicians play a large role in keeping athletes healthy and safe, this article investigates nontraditional, multidisciplinary teams that are involved in promoting athlete safety, including the role of equipment makers, coaches, referees, governing bodies of sport, lawmakers, and fans. As opposed to a focus on diagnosing or managing concussive injuries, this article seeks to promote injury prevention strategies. ABBREVIATIONS:: NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic AssociationNFL, National Football LeagueNHL, National Hockey League. Language: en
Reduction in the effectiveness of reinforcement after prior excitatory conditioning

Abstract Two experiments are reported which indicate that prior fear conditioning of the elements of a compound stimulus limits effectiveness of subsequent reinforcement of that compound. In Expt. 1, two CSs individually received a moderate amount of conditioning; when they were then presented in compound and reinforced, neither stimulus showed evidence of additional conditioning. A variety of control procedures indicated that each CS “blocked” conditioning to the other. In Expt. 2, two CSs received considerable fear conditioning; subsequent presentation in compound followed by shock led to reduction in the fear elicited by each component. The results are discussed in terms of the modulation the effectiveness of a reinforcer by the level of conditioned responding present when it is administered. The inadequacy of a stimulus-selection account of the results is noted.