cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward improved models of human cancer: Two perspectives.

Given the continued high incidence rates of cancer despite numerous advances in treatment, there is little debate about the need for fundamental innovation leading to new approaches to study mechanisms of cancer progression, develop new therapeutic strategies, and provide the scientific basis for a more personalized approach to patient treatment. Currently, the scientific community looks to two complementary methodologies to address these critical issues: animal models, typically in the mouse, or in vitro models spanning a broad range of complexity from cells-in-a-dish to organs-on-a-chip. Here and in the two companion perspectives, we seek to foster an open discussion with the goal of identifying a clear pathway for future development. Seeking to draw more physical scientists into the field of cancer research, the National Cancer Institute formed the Physical Sciences Oncology Network (PS-ON) in 2009.1 Since its inception, the program has grown in size and impact and has driven discussion of new and innovative ways in which we can study cancer, fostering a range of perspectives that improve our fundamental understanding of the disease process and promote innovative technologies to advance treatment. A recently formed sub-group of the PS-ON focuses on the development of “tissue engineered models,” platform assays that are often based on in vitro abstractions of human cancer. While still much in the minority (by a recent search in PubMed, 645 papers were published on “microfluidics + cancer,” compared with 14 575 publications on “cancer + mouse + model”), the cancer community is increasingly impacted by the insight that such models can provide.
A two-stage peer-to-peer energy trading model for distribution systems with participation of utility

With the growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) in distribution systems, the traditional utility dominated tariff-based business model may no longer meet the need for further development. As a result, the transformation from the traditional tariff-based business model to the emerging peer-to-peer energy trading model has been acknowledged by researchers and policy makers. In this paper, a two-stage peer-to-peer energy trading model is proposed while considering the role of the utility. Specifically, energy transactions between buyers and sellers are optimized in the first stage; the cleared transactions are submitted to the utility for approval in the second stage, which solves a transaction approval model to verify the transactions from the perspective of secure system operations. Indeed, certain transactions may be disapproved to ensure that all network constraints, such as voltage and line flow limitations, are satisfied. In addition, a comprehensive trading tariff is designed to recover the hidden costs of the utility, such as those associated with network usage, system losses, and ancillary service provision. A modified 33-bus distribution system is adopted to verify the proposed model.
Is there a role for carbon capture and storage in a just transition

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) remains a polarizing issue in climate policy. In a recent One Earth review, Martin-Roberts et al. examine why CCS failed to deliver on early promises and how it might nevertheless help mitigate climate change. Here I synthesize their findings and discuss implications for a just transition.
Error bounds for model-plant mismatch in identifiers and adaptive observers

Abstract : The stability properties of six different adaptive schemes with respect to model error are analyzed. Bounds on parameter identification and state errors are established. All adaptive schemes considered are robust in the sense that the error is of order of the speed ratio micron between the modeled slow phenomena vs. the neglected fact. The dependence of the error on the input signal is shown to be crucial. The bounds obtained indicate possibilities for reducing the error by a proper choice of the input signal. (Author)
The evolution of emaraviruses is becoming more complex: seven segments identified in the causal agent of Rose rosette disease

There are few examples of a plant disease as devastating as rose rosette, a disorder that could lead to total loss for the nursery industry and rosarians alike. Although described over 75 years ago, the causal agent of rose rosette remains elusive. Utilizing the bottleneck created during vector transmission and large scale sequencing it was determined that the causal agent of the disease is rose rosette virus (RRV), a member of the genus Emaravirus. The genome structure of emaraviruses displays significant fluidity and for this reason the genome composition of RRV was revisited, leading to the discovery of three additional segments, one of which is predicted to be bicistronic.
Monoubiquitination Regulates Golgi Membrane Dynamics In The Cell Cycle

Partitioning of the Golgi membrane into daughter cells during mammalian cell division occurs through a unique disassembly and reassembly process. Several converging lines of evidence have suggested that monoubiquitination plays an essential role in the regulation of post-mitotic Golgi membrane fusion. Monoubiquitination, as a regulatory signal, occurs during mitotic Golgi disassembly and is required for subsequent Golgi reassembly. The AAA ATPase p97 and its adapter protein p47 are involved in membrane fusion during post-mitotic Golgi reassembly. The p97/p47 complex binds to monoubiquitin through the UBA domain of p47, and this interaction is required for p97-mediated Golgi membrane fusion. Proteasome activity is not involved in either Golgi disassembly or reassembly. We have identified a Golgi-localized ubiquitin E3 ligase HACE1 which is involved in mitotic Golgi disassembly; reduced HACE1 activity is human cancer such as Wilms' tumor results in fragmented Golgi. We have also discovered the p97/p47 bindi...
Reduction of cobamides by reduced ferredoxin.

Reduced ferredoxin is capable of reducing nonenzymatically cyano-B12. Spectral studies have shown that B12r (a 1-electron reduced derivative of the vitamin) accumulates in the reaction although the formation of methyl-B12 was observed upon the addition of methyl iodide to the incubation. The data indicate that reduction of cyano-B12 by reduced ferredoxin results in the transient formation of B12s (a 2-electron reduced derivative), which is not stable under the conditions used, and oxidizes to the more stable B12r. Reduced ferredoxin is able to supply the reducing-capability necessary for the enzymatic conversion of cyano-B12 to deoxyadenosyl-B12.
Knowledge and Structure in Social Algorithms

While contemporary Game Theory has concentrated much on strategy, there is somewhat less attention paid to the role of knowledge and information transfer. There are exceptions to this rule of course, especially starting with the work of Aumann [2], and with contributions made by ourselves with coauthors Cogan, Krasucki and Pacuit [17,13]. But we have still only scratched the surface and there is still a lot more that can be done. In this paper we point to the important role which knowledge plays in social procedures (colorfully called Social Software [15]).
John Maynard Keynes. By Vincent Barnett. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. Pp. x, 301. $27.95.)

Yet another biography of John Maynard Keynes! Admittedly, Keynes was the greatest thinker in economics in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, three important biographies have been published recent...
Scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2)-null mice reveal non-redundant functions of SAFB2 compared with its paralog, SAFB1

Scaffold attachment factors SAFB1 and SAFB2 are multifunctional proteins that share >70% sequence similarity. SAFB1-knockout (SAFB1−/−) mice display a high degree of lethality, severe growth retardation, and infertility in male mice. To assess the in vivo role of SAFB2, and to identify unique functions of the two paralogs, we generated SAFB2−/− mice. In stark contrast to SAFB1−/−, SAFB2−/− offspring were born at expected Mendelian ratios and did not show any obvious defects in growth or fertility. Generation of paralog-specific antibodies allowed extensive expression analysis of SAFB1 and SAFB2 in mouse tissues, showing high expression of both SAFB1 and SAFB2 in the immune system, and in hormonally controlled tissues, with especially high expression of SAFB2 in the male reproductive tract. Further analysis showed a significantly increased testis weight in SAFB2−/− mice, which was associated with an increased number of Sertoli cells. Our data suggest that this is at least in part caused by alterations in androgen-receptor function and expression upon deletion of SAFB2. Thus, despite a high degree of sequence similarity, SAFB1−/− and SAFB2−/− mice do not totally phenocopy each other. SAFB2−/− mice are viable, and do not show any major defects, and our data suggest a role for SAFB2 in the differentiation and activity of Sertoli cells that deserves further study.
Imaging hadron calorimetry for future Lepton Colliders

Abstract To fully exploit the physics potential of a future Lepton Collider requires detectors with unprecedented jet energy and dijet-mass resolution. To meet these challenges, detectors optimized for the application of Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) are being designed and developed. The application of PFAs, in turn, requires calorimeters with very fine segmentation of the readout, so-called imaging calorimeters. This talk reviews progress in imaging hadron calorimetry as it is being developed for implementation in a detector at a future Lepton Collider. Recent results from the large prototypes built by the CALICE Collaboration, such as the Scintillator Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) and the Digital Hadron Calorimeters (DHCAL and SDHCAL) are being presented. In addition, various R&D efforts beyond the present prototypes are being discussed.
Phosphorylation of Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Acts as On/Off Switch to Modulate cMyBP-C's Inhibition of Actomyosin Power Generation in the Load-Clamp Laser Trap Assay

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C), a sarcomeric protein with 11 domains- C0-C10, binds myosin LMM via its C-terminus, while its N-terminus binds both myosin S2 and actin. These N-terminal interactions can be attenuated by phosphorylation of serines within the C1-C2 linker. In vivo, cMyBP-C exists in a range of phosphorylation states, which may alter its regulation of actomyosin. Therefore, N-terminal fragments (C0-C3) of cMyBP-C were bacterially expressed with one or more phosphorylatable serines (S273, S282, S302) mutated to either alanines to mimic dephosphorylation or aspartic acids as phosphomimetics. Using C0-C3 fragments that were effectively mono-, di- or tri-phosphorylated, we characterized how the extent of cMyBP-C phosphorylation modulated the the force:velocity relationship generated by a small ensemble (∼8 motors) of skeletal muscle myosin in the load-clamped laser trap assay. Mono-phosphorylated C0-C3 inhibited unloaded velocity by 70% as did unphosphorylated C0-C3, while di- and tri-phosphorylated constructs were indistinguishable and less inhibitory (30%). Maximal force was unaffected by the extent of phosphorylation. Thus, the un- and mono-phosphorylated C0-C3 constructs depressed the force-velocity relationship, which was well fitted by a modified Hill equation containing an assumed viscous load due to C0-C3 binding to actin (Weith et al., 2011). In addition, both un- and mono- phosphorylated C0-C3 reduced peak power by ∼40%, while neither di- nor tri-phosphorylated C0-C3 had any effect on peak power. cMyBP-C phosphorylation appears to modulate cMyBP-C's inhibition of actomyosin power generation in an “on/off” manner.
Shear wave propagation in rocks.

WE have demonstrated striking similarities in elastic wave propagation through rocks and single crystals in recent experiments. In particular, we find that two shear waves with displacements perpendicular to one another and with differing velocities are often propagated through rocks. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 at 5 kb pressure for samples of slate and dunite; an ultrasonic technique described by Birch1 was used. One MHz AC-cut quartz transducer generated and received the shear waves, and an electrical pulse of 50 V was used to excite the transducers. The rock samples were cylinders 2.54 cm in diameter and approximately 6 cm long.
Adverse effects of brompheniramine on pulmonary function in a subset of asthmatic children

The role of antihistamines in the therapy of bronchial asthma has remained controversial. Early studies suggested a possible aggravation of symptoms but more recent studies implied their safety. Ten asthmatic children who reported a feeling of chest tightness and subsequent wheezing after taking a preparation containing brompheniramine maleate were studied in addition to 10 control asthmatic children who reported no such adverse effect. All children were only intermittently symptomatic and did not require constant bronchodilator therapy. They were well at the time of the study. Challenges were performed with the antihistamine alone (4 mg of brompheniramine maleate), a decongestant-antihistamine combination (4 mg of brompheniramine maleate, 5 mg of phenylephrine HCl, 5 mg of phenylpropanolamine HCl), and a placebo. Results indicated a statistically significant decrease in pulmonary function in the study children when challenged with the antihistamine and decongestant-antihistamine preparation but not when challenged with the placebo. The 10 control asthmatic children did not exhibit this phenomenon and premedication with theophylline prevented the decrease in pulmonary function in the study group. Therefore a subset of asthmatic children does appear to exist in whom the use of an antihistamine may be harmful.
Oxidative Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 2A Activity: Role of Catalytic Subunit Disulfides

A molecular basis for the inhibition of brain protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by oxidative stress was examined in a high-speed supernatant (HSS) fraction from rat cerebral cortex. PP2A activity was subject to substantial disulfide reducing agent-reversible inhibition in the HSS fraction. Results of gel electrophoresis support the conclusions that inhibition of PP2A activity was associated with the both the disulfide cross-linking of the catalytic subunit (PP2AC) of the enzyme to other brain proteins and with the formation of an apparent novel intramolecular disulfide bond in PP2AC. Additional findings that the vicinal dithiol cross-linking reagent phenylarsine oxide (PAO) produced a potent dithiothreitol-reversible inhibition of PP2A activity suggest that the cross-linking of PP2AC vicinal thiols to form an intramolecular disulfide bond may be sufficient to inhibit PP2A activity under oxidative stress. We propose that the dithiol–disulfide equilibrium of a vicinal thiol pair of PP2AC may confer redox sensitivity on cellular PP2A.
The value of limited computed tomography with rectal contrast in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Abstract Background: Multiple nonrandomized studies demonstrate the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) scan in diagnosing appendicitis. This study compared CT scan with standard management in diagnosing appendicitis. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study of patients who received general surgery consultation for appendicitis. Patients were randomized to receive CT scan or standard management. Results: There were 65 patients in the CT scan group and 63 patients in the standard management group. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT scan were 94%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. CT scan positively altered the management in 26% and made alternative diagnoses in 14%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the standard management group were 100%, 79%, and 89%, respectively. The standard management group had a negative appendectomy rate of 19%. Conclusions: CT scan with rectal contrast is an effective method for diagnosing appendicitis and should be performed in all patients suspected of having appendicitis.
Environmental estrogens: dose–response relationships for vitellogenin formation and reproductive toxicity in male rainbow trout

Abstract The appearance of the egg-yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg) in plasma of male fish is a sensitive indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. We have been studying the kinetics of Vg formation and excretion in rainbow trout with a goal towards developing an integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmcodynamic (PK–PD) model to quantitatively relate cumulative estrogenic exposure of fish to the expression and appearance of Vg in plasma. We administered graded doses of ethynylestradiol (EE2), o,p -DDT, DDD and DDE and octylphenol to male rainbow trout via a dorsal aortic cannula which allowed repetitive blood sampling from individual fish for up to 48 days after injection. The plasma concentrations of the xenobiotics and Vg were simultaneously quantified using ELISA and GC–MS or GC–ECD. In separate experiments, sexually mature trout were exposed to graded water concentrations of EE2 for 3 months and various parameters indicative of the functional status of the male reproductive system determined. These parameters included tissue-somatic indices, histopathological evaluation, spermatocrit, sperm motility (quantified using computer-assisted-motion analysis) and viability of semen based on fertilization assays using eggs harvested from untreated trout. Results from fertilization assays indicated that 12 week exposure to EE2 concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/l caused a 50% reduction in the fertilization rate of semen harvested from exposed trout. PK–PD modeling strategies proved valuable tools for linking chemical exposures to Vg formation.
Postoperative Pain Management after Spinal Fusion Surgery: An Analysis of the Efficacy of Continuous Infusion of Local Anesthetics:

Spinal fusion surgery is a major surgery that results in severe postoperative pain, therefore pain reduction is a primary concern. New strategies for pain management are currently under investigation and include multimodal treatment. A 3-year retrospective analysis of patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery was performed at our hospital, assessing patient pain scores, opioid use, and recovery. We evaluated the effect of adding continuous infusion of local anesthetics (CILA) to a postoperative pain management protocol that includes intraoperative intrathecal morphine, as well as postoperative patient-controlled analgesia and oral opioid/acetaminophen combination. The study compared 25 patients treated according to the standard protocol, with 62 patients treated with CILA in addition to the pain management protocol. Patients in the CILA group used nearly 0.5 mg/kg less opioid analgesics during the first 24 hours after surgery.
The Effect of Certain Insecticides and Fungicides on Fungi Pathogenic to the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid

Laboratory tests have shown that certain insecticides and Fungicides are toxic to the vegetative stages of some of the fungi that attack the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Most susceptible to these materials was Entomophthora exitialis Hall & Dunn, the dominant pathogen of the aphid in California. Further tests have indicated that the insecticides do not kill the resting spores of E. virulenta H. & D. although germination is retarded to some extent.
Pregabalin inhibits accelerated defecation and decreased colonic nociceptive threshold in sensitized rats.

Pregabalin, a ligand of alpha(2)delta subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels, reduces visceral hypersensitivity associated with irritable bowel syndrome. However, effects of pregabalin on bowel function are not well described. We investigated the effects of pregabalin on bowel dysfunction and colonic nociceptive threshold in sensitized rats. Increased fecal pellet output was evoked by non-ulcerogenic stress. Decreased colonic nociceptive threshold was induced in separate rats by administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the lumen of the proximal colon. Fecal pellet output was significantly increased during 2h restraint stress. Oral pregabalin (10-100mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited this increased fecal output dose-dependently, but did not change fecal output in naive rats. The response threshold to distension of the non-inflamed distal colon was significantly decreased seven days after TNBS administration. An anti-hyperalgesic effect of pregabalin (30-100mg/kg, p.o.) that opposed the decreased colonic nociceptive threshold in TNBS-sensitized rats was observed, but nociceptive thresholds were not changed in naive rats. Moreover, pregabalin was more potent in reducing disturbed defecation compared with reduction in nociceptive threshold to distension in TNBS-sensitized rats. This is the first report that pregabalin modulates stress-induced defecation in rats. These data indicate that pregabalin can ameliorate both altered defecation and decreases in colonic nociceptive threshold, suggesting that pregabalin might warrant investigation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
New Confucianism: A Critical Examination

Introduction PART ONE The Retrospective Creation of New Confucianism J.Makeham The New Daotong J.Makeham PART TWO Reconstructing the Confucian Ideal in 1980s China: the 'Culture Craze and New Confucianism S.Xianlin Li Zehou and New Confucianism S.Chan PART THREE What is Confucian and New about the Thought of Mou Zongsan? S.Chan A Modern Chinese Philosophy Built Upon Critically Received Traditions: Feng Youlan's New Principle-centered Learning and the Question of its Relationship to Contemporary New Ruist (Confucian) Philosophies L.Pfister PART FOUR The Last Buddhist: The Philosophy of Liang Shuming J.Hanafin Xiong Shili's Metaphysics N.Yu-kwan
Intermittent transient chaos at interior crises in the diode resonator

We report experimental measurements and calculations using a model on a driven, dissipative, dynamical system which shows chaotic behavior. The system is the diode resonator composed of the series combination of a generator, inductor, and a $p\ensuremath{-}n$-junction diode. It is studied where there are sudden transient changes in the strange attractor, phenomena called crises by Grebogi, Ott, and Yorke, for which a universal scaling law exists. We verify the scaling law both experimentally and with model calculations. Furthermore, the Lyapunov exponent, a measure of sensitivity to initial conditions, is shown by both methods to increase rapidly but continuously through the crisis region.
A model for replication repair in mammalian cells

Abstract A model for replication repair based on the process of branch migration explains the transient production of doubly substituted DNA within the first generation of incubation in bromodeoxyuridine and the appearance of four-pronged replication forks.
Diagnostic value of mannitol-induced diuresis in children.

Summary A modified technique of mannitol-induced diuresis is described. It was used in infants and children in order to assess renal concentrating ability. Normal patients were defined as well as patients with central or renal diabetes insipidus. Aside from differentiating normal conditions and the classical forms of diabetes insipidus, the modified technique led to the definition of partial renal and partial central diabetes insipidus.
Many are Called but Few are Chosen: Under-utilization of Unrelated Donor Transplantation

REFERENCES 1. Gooley TA, Chien JW, Pergam SA, et al. Reducedmortality after allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2091-2101. 2. Oliveira G, Greco R, Lupo-Stanghellini MT, et al. Use of TK-cells in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Hematol. 2012;19:427-433. 3. Ross D, JonesM, Komanduri K, Levy RB. Antigen and lymphopenia-driven donor T cells are differentially diminished by post-transplantation administration of cyclophosphamide after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:1430-1438. 4. Berenbaum MC. Prolongation of homograft survival in mice with single doses of cyclophosphamide. Nature. 1963;200:84. 5. Mayumi H, Umesue M, Nomoto K. Cyclophosphamide-induced immunological tolerance: an overview. Immunobiol. 1996;195:129-139. 6. Mayumi H, Himeno K, Shin T, Nomoto K. Drug-induced tolerance to allografts in mice. VI. Tolerance induction in H-2-haplotype-
Voltage Dependent Photocurrent Collection in CdTe/CdS Solar Cells

The voltage dependence of the photocurrent JL(V) of CdTe/CdS solar cells has been characterized by separating the forward current from the photocurrent at several illumination intensities. JL(V) reduces the fill factor (FF) of typical cells by 10–15 points, the open circuit voltage (VOC) by 20–50 mV, and the efficiency by 2–4 points. Eliminating the effect of JL(V) establishes superposition between light and dark J(V) curves for some cells. Two models for voltage dependent collection give reasonable fits to the data: (1) a single carrier Hecht model developed for drift collection in p-i-n solar cells in which fitting yields a parameter consistent with lifetimes of 10−9 s as measured by others; or (2) the standard depletion region and bulk diffusion length model fits almost as well. The simple Hecht-like drift collection model for photocurrent gives very good agreement to J(V) curves measured under AM1·5 light on CdTe/CdS solar cells with FF from 53% to 70%, CdTe thickness from 1·8 to 7·0 µm, in initial and stressed states. Accelerated thermal and bias stressing increases JL(V) losses as does insufficient Cu. This method provides a new metric for tracking device performance, characterizes transport in the high field depletion region, and quantifies a significant FF loss in CdTe solar cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigment oxidation in ground veal: Influence of lipid oxidation, iron and zinc.

The color stability of fresh ground veal from four different muscles (biceps femoris, longissimus dorsi, psoas major and supraspinatus) was characterized, and the effects of lipid oxidation, iron and zinc on this degradative process were investigated. Samples were minced and prepared in a manner consistent with retail production and analyzed for pH, myoglobin concentration, total and nonheme iron, and zinc. Pigment and lipid oxidation were measured on days 0, 3 and 6 of 4°C storage. B. femoris demonstrated the greatest extent of lipid oxidation, and was more color-labile than p. major or supraspinatus (P 0·05). Total iron and myoglobin concentrations were lowest for l. dorsi (P<0·05). Zinc concentration in the four muscles followed the order supraspinatus ⩾ b. femoris ⩾ l. dorsi ⩾ p. major (P < 0·05). Data analysis revealed that initial metmyoglobin formation (days 0 to 3) was significantly correlated with total iron (r = 0·69) or nonheme iron (r = 0·68) in b. femoris, but not any of the other muscles. Correlations between lipid and pigment oxidation in each of the four muscles were performed and the data support a strong relationship between these degradative processes in ground veal.
Histological and immunopathological analysis of T-cells mediating murine HSV-1 keratitis

• Background: Thymusderived lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). T-cell subsets defined by their expression of various T-cell receptor (TCR) Vs segments were studied following corneal HSV-1 infection (p.i.). • Methods: Conjunctiva, corneal limbus and corneal stroma of two inbred BALB/c congenic mouse strains which differ only in the gene products closely linked to the Igh-1 locus on chromosome 12 were analyzed. • Results: While C.B-17 mice (Igh-1b) were resistant to HSK, C.AL-20 mice (Igh-1d) clinically developed severe necrotizing keratitis by day 11 p.i. The corneal stroma of C.B-17 mice remained clear, while it was increasingly infiltrated by mononuclear cells and neutrophils in C.AL-20 mice by day 11 p.i. In C.B-17 mice, Thy1.2+ cells were found in the conjunctiva between days 2 to 4 p.i., and subsequently decreased. Only a few Thyl.2+ cells were found in the limbus, and no such cells were found in the stroma. In contrast, in C.AL-20 mice the numbers of Thyl.2+ cells (activated CD4+, Vs8+ T cells) profoundly increased in the conjunctiva by day 4 p.i. These cells infiltrated the limbus between days 7 and 11 p.i. and eventually entered the stromal tissue by day 11 p.i. • Conclusions: Our data suggest that the HSV-1-induced corneal tissue destruction is mediated by mononuclear cells and neutrophils and that these cells are probably attracted into the cornea by cytokines elaborated by activated CD4+, Vs8+ T cells.
Syntheses of 5-amino-3-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazo [4,5-b] pyridin-7-one (1-deazaguanosine) and related nucleosides

The synthesis of 5-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-b ]pyridin-7-one (1-deazaguano-sine) has been accomplished by three different methods. The 6-thioguanosine analog 5-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo [4,5-b ]pyridin-7-thione (1-deaza-6-thioguanosine) has been prepared in situ by a reduction of the corresponding disulfide. The synthesis of various nucleoside precursors of the above compounds by several condensation procedures are described. The procedures used to unequivocally determine the site of ribosylation and anomeric configuration are also discussed.
Prediction of cesarean delivery using the fetal-pelvic index

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the usefulness of the fetal-pelvic index (FPI) in the prediction of cesarean delivery among nulliparous and women who undergo a trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC). Study Design This prospective cohort study included subjects at 2 hospitals from the University of Pennsylvania Health system. The study sample included nulliparous women and women who attempted TOLAC, with nonanomalous pregnancies at ≥37 weeks of gestation in vertex presentation (n = 221 and 207, respectively). FPI score was calculated with the ultrasound-based fetal biometric measures that were performed within 2 weeks of delivery and x-ray pelvimetry that was performed within 48 hours of delivery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to develop a clinical predictive index for cesarean delivery, which included FPI and clinical factors, in nulliparous women or women who attempted TOLAC. The prediction models were tested for accuracy with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. Results Higher FPI scores were associated with greater odds of cesarean delivery. A unit increase in FPI score increased the odds of cesarean delivery by 15% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.21) for nulliparous women and 15% for women who attempted TOLAC (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–1.20) after adjustment for maternal age, race, medical risk factors, and labor method. Among nulliparous women, the receiver operating characteristics analysis estimated an area under the curve of 0.88, with positive and negative predictive values of 76% and 87%, respectively. Similar findings were observed in the subgroup of women who attempted TOLAC. Conclusion The FPI when combined with clinical risk factors can identify accurately women who are at a high risk for cesarean delivery.
Lattice Strain in TiB2 Related to Initial-Stage Sintering of TiB2 Powder and TiB2-Ni Mixed Powder Under High Pressure

Lattice strain for TiB/sub 2/ grains is affected by plastic deformation, chemical reaction, and destruction of TiB/sub 2/ grains in initial-stage sintering under high pressure. The present study reports that lattice strain is closely related to the initial-stage sintering of TiB/sub 2/ powder and TiB/sub 2/ powder mixed with Ni powder.
Serum Persistent Organic Pollutants and Duration of Lactation among Mexican-American Women

Background. Research suggests that estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with lactation. Objectives. (1) to determine if estrogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are associated with shortened lactation duration; (2) to determine whether previous breastfeeding history biases associations. Methods and Results. We measured selected organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDT, o, p′-DDT, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs 44, 49, 52, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in serum from 366 low-income, Mexican-American pregnant women living in an agricultural region of California and assessed breastfeeding duration by questionnaires. We found no association between DDE, DDT, or estrogenic POPs with shortened lactation duration, but rather associations for two potentially estrogenic POPs with lengthened lactation duration arose (HR [95% CI]: 0.6 [0.4, 0.8] for p, p′-DDE & 0.8 [0.6, 1.0] for PCB 52). Associations between antiestrogenic POPs (PCBs 138 and 180) and shortened lactation duration were attributed to a lactation history bias. Conclusion. Estrogenic POPs were not associated with shortened lactation duration, but may be associated with longer lactation duration.
Study of Three-Dimensional Effects of Heaving Airfoils With an Immersed Boundary Method

A three-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to study a heaving airfoil with an immersed boundary method. Flow around a heaving airfoil has been widely investigated by using two-dimensional simulation; while few previous works discussed the physical behavior of flow over heaving airfoils with three-dimensional effects. The purpose of this study is to identify characteristic features of flow over heaving airfoils in three-dimensional simulation in comparison with those in two-dimensional cases. In particular, the vortical wakes downstream of the heaving ellipsoid wing is characterized by a reversed-Karman-vortex-street-like structure, which is a reduced reversed-Karman vortex street. The implication of this characteristic is found to be the reduced leading-edge vortex on the 3D wing.In order to fulfill the computational requirement, a parallel implementation of the immersed boundary method (Zhang & Zheng [1]) is presented. The pressure Poisson equation is solved with the assistance of a portable scientific parallel computational library (PETSc). This code is validated with a case of flow over a stationary sphere. The parallel performance is also demonstrated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of edetate disodium on goldfish membrane

The effect of edetate disodium on the absorption of seco-barbital sodium was examined in goldfish. An inverse relationship was observed between the concentration of edetate disodium to which fish were exposed and the time of death induced by secobarbital sodium. This inverse relationship is postulated to be due to an enhanced absorption of the ionized form of secobarbital in goldfish. There appears to be a period of time after exposure of the fish to the chelating agent in which the enhanced permeability of the membrane is absent in most studies. However, once the enhanced permeability effect is obtained, it is present 24 hr after exposure.
The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial.

Objective To determine whether oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG under randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled conditions would improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in children. Study design Fifty children fulfilling the Rome II criteria for IBS were given Lactobacillus GG or placebo for 6 weeks. Response to therapy was recorded and collected on a weekly basis using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Results Lactobacillus GG was not superior to placebo in relieving abdominal pain (40.0% response rate in the placebo group vs 44.0% in the Lactobacillus GG group; P = .774). There was no difference in the other gastrointestinal symptoms, except for a lower incidence of perceived abdominal distention (P = .02 favoring Lactobacillus GG). Conclusions Lactobacillus GG was not superior to placebo in the treatment of abdominal pain in children with IBS but may help relieve such symptoms as perceived abdominal distention.
Lithium in opiate abuse: a theoretical approach.

K RAEPELIN REPORTED that the greatest number of first attacks of manic depressive illness occur in patients between their 15th and 20th year.’ The incidence of suicides has been increasing in this age group and, as we will see later in this review, young drug addicts account for a large percentage of these suicides. During adolescence, the presenting symptoms are not the classic ones of affective disorders and usually are not carefully scrutinized. Gallemore and Wilson” reported that many adolescent admissions were characterized by severe disorders of mood and disturbed thought as well as behavior consonant with the affect. Nevertheless, these adolescents were brought for treatment because of complaints that differed from those of typical affective disorders of later life. They were usually seen because of apathy in school and family life, wanderlust, philosophizing, temper outbursts. promiscuity, etc., so that the diagnosis was missed. They also reported a significant number of individuals in a large population of adults with affective disorders who described similar episodes of illness in their adolescent or young adult years. Despite the generally favorable outcome of the affective illness in the adolescent, the patient’s future is at stake. including the selection of a mate, education. a career. and, in general, the orderly progression of life goals. Thus, if the primary disorder goes untreated, the end result could be a drastic change in lifestyle with catastrophic outcomes including chemical dependence, antisocial acts, etc.. that will further complicate the problem of diagnosis. Drug abuse and other behaviors such as drunken driving. delinquency. antisocial acts, promiscuity, wanderlust, etc., can be parapsychiatric disorder%. as reviewed by Maze? in nonpsychiatric subjects. These parapsychiatric problems are more common in males whereas females have a higher proportion of psychiatrically-treated symptoms. However. the total number of patients with parapsychiatric problems and those with psychiatrically-treated symptoms is about the same for both sexes. Affective disorders and chemical dependence frequently overlap, but they al-e still considered to be two separate disorders. The differential diagnosis between the two conditions is frequently difficult and even the occurrence of periodicity in both conditions further complicates the problem. There is increased evidence for differentiating affective disordered alcoholics (ADA) from the ones without a significant affective component. or primary alcoholics (PA).$ However. because of the differential “presenting symptoms” in adolescents
[On the mechanism of the beta-lysine-mutase reaction].

Using tritium labelled substrates it is shown that in the rearrangement of (S) -β-lysine to 3,5-diaminohexanoic acid catalysed byβ-lysine mutase a stereospecific hydrogen migration from C-5 to C-6 of the substrate occurs. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of [5′-3H]-coenzyme B12, the heavy isotope is transferred both to C-6 of 3, 5-diaminohexanoate and to C-5 ofβ-lysine. In the latter the labelled atom occupies the same diastereotopic position as the H atom that is transferred to C-6 of the product.
Multiscale simulation of ligand-receptor binding and dissociation in circulation

We introduce a multiscale mathematical model for simulating ligand-receptor binding, dissociation and transport in blood circulation using a group of nonlinear differential equations. It is assumed that the biological interactions take place in capillaries, ligands bind and dissociate with receptors on the wall of capillary, and ligands are transported by blood stream. The blood stream in capillary is modeled as Newtonian laminar flow, and ligand transport is modeled by a general transport equation. A set of ordinary differential equations is used to describe the complex chemical kinetics due to binding and dissociation. The time-dependent solution of media flow is obtained using second order implicit Euler method to achieve high order time accuracy. The spatial distribution of ligands and receptors are obtained and visualized. Findings from this study have implications with regard to tumor growth and vascular diseases.
The liquid-phase reaction of hexane on acid mordenite

Abstract The batch reaction of hexane (H) on acid Mordenite at 160°C does not occur by consecutive carbocationic isomerization (H→2MP,3MP→2,3DMB→2,2DMB). Instead, a mixture of all the isomers in constant ratios was obtained at all conversions between 2% and 13%, as expected for quenching or desorption of an equilibrium mixture. The ratios of the monobranched isomers to the dibranched isomers did not correspond, however, to their equilibrium at the reaction temperature, or to the equilibrium of the corresponding carbocations. The existence of mechanistic differences between the reaction under these conditions and the experiments conducted either with nonoxidizing superacids in solution (the source of the accepted mechanistic model) or with a Pt-containing catalyst in the presence of hydrogen, in the gas phase, is indicated by these data.
Development of a biaxial loading frame for sheet metal

Abstract Characterization of the evolving yield loci and forming limit diagrams for sheet materials under biaxial loading is necessary for the development of accurate sheet metal forming process simulations. Biaxial tension testing has been shown to have significant advantages over the current computational and experimental methods for such material characterization; however, the few commercially available loading frames are far too large and expensive to be practical for most metal forming research laboratories. In this paper, the design of a practical servohydraulic biaxial loading frame is presented. The design, control, and operation of the loading frame are discussed in detail, and experimental data is provided to validate the effectiveness of the control system with respect to specimen center shifting.
The post-translational phosphorylation and acetylation modification profile is not the determining factor in targeting endogenous stress-induced p53 to mitochondria

The post-translational phosphorylation and acetylation modification profile is not the determining factor in targeting endogenous stress-induced p53 to mitochondria
Relationship between Concentration of Initiator and Image-Sticking Phenomenon of Polymer-Sustained-Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays

We investigated the image-sticking phenomenon of polymer-sustained-alignment liquid crystal displays (PSA-LCDs). According to our experimental results, the image-sticking level of PSA-LCDs depends on the concentration of the photoinitiator in the liquid crystal of PSA-LCDs and the best concentration of the photoinitiator was zero. We found that polymerization of the monomer occurs without the photoinitiator, and clarified the mechanism of polymerization.
Quantifying load imbalance on virtualized enterprise servers

Virtualization has been shown to be an attractive path to increase overall system resource utilization. The use of live virtual machine (VM) migration has enabled more effective sharing of system resources across multiple physical servers, resulting in an increase in overall performance. Live VM migration can be used to load balance virtualized clusters. To drive live migration, we need to be able to measure the current load imbalance. Further, we also need to accurately predict the resulting load imbalance produced by any migration.In this paper we present a new metric that captures the load of the physical servers and is a function of the resident VMs. This metric will be used to measure load imbalance and construct a load-balancing VM migration framework. The algorithm for balancing the load of virtualized enterprise servers follows a greedy approach, inductively predicting which VM migration will yield the greatest improvement of the imbalance metric in a particular step. We compare our algorithm to the leading commercially available load balancing solution - VMware's Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS). Our results show that when we are able to accurately measure system imbalance, we can also predict future system state. We find that we can outperform DRS and improve performance up to 5%. Our results show that our approach does not impose additional performance impact and is comparable to the virtual machine monitor overhead.
Doxorubicin (adriamycin)-induced cardiotoxicity in turkey poults: an animal model.

Abstract 1. 1. Doxorubicin (adriamycin, ADR)-induced cardiomyopathy was produced in turkey poults in a period of 3 weeks. 2. 2. The cardiotoxicity is characterized by electrocardiographic changes, alterations in ultrastructural morphology, ventricular dilatation, a significantly increased number of heterophils, and significant decreases in body and heart weights, dry heart weight to body weight ratios, and number of non-granulocytic leukocytes. 3. 3. The turkey poult is a cost-effective model system for evaluating cardiotoxic effects of anthracycline drugs.
Attack detection in time series for recommender systems

Recent research has identified significant vulnerabilities in recommender systems. Shilling attacks, in which attackers introduce biased ratings in order to influence future recommendations, have been shown to be effective against collaborative filtering algorithms. We postulate that the distribution of item ratings in time can reveal the presence of a wide range of shilling attacks given reasonable assumptions about their duration. To construct a time series of ratings for an item, we use a window size of k to group consecutive ratings for the item into disjoint windows and compute the sample average and sample entropy in each window. We derive a theoretically optimal window size to best detect an attack event if the number of attack profiles is known. For practical applications where this number is unknown, we propose a heuristic algorithm that adaptively changes the window size. Our experimental results demonstrate that monitoring rating distributions in time series is an effective approach for detecting shilling attacks.
Expanding role of cyclin dependent kinases in cytokine inducible gene expression.

The Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb), a heterodimer of CDK9 and Cyclin T1, is widely implicated in control of basal gene expression. Here, P-TEFb is involved in transitioning paused RNA polymerase II to enter productive transcriptional elongation mode by phosphorylating negative elongation factors and Ser 2 of the heptad repeat in the RNA Pol II COOH terminal domain (CTD). This perspective will examine recent work in two unrelated inducible signaling pathways that illustrate the central role of P-TEFb in mediating cytokine inducible transcription networks. Specifically, P-TEFb has been recently discovered to play a key role in TNF-inducible NF-κB activation and IL-6-inducible STAT3 signaling. In these signaling cascades, P-TEFb forms protein complexes with the activated nuclear RelA and STAT3 transcription factor in the cellular nucleoplasm, an association important for P-TEFb’s promoter targeting. Studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown and/or selective CDK inhibitors show that P-TEFb plays a functional role in activation of a subset of NF-κB-dependent targets and all STAT3-dependent genes studied to date. Interestingly, cytokine inducible genes that are sensitive to P-TEFb inhibition share an induction mechanism requiring inducible RNA Pol II recruitment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies have preliminarily indicated that this recruitment is dependent on CDK enzymatic activity. The potential of inhibiting P-TEFb as an anti-inflammatory therapy in innate immunity and systemic inflammation will be discussed.
Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China: Paramartha's Evolution of Consciousness

Introduction 1. The life and times of Paramartha 2. The dissemination of Paramartha's ideas 3. Theory of language in Yogacara 4. Philosophy of mind 5. The Chuan shih lun: an analysis Translation Appendixes Reference matter.