cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered cutaneous nerve regeneration in a simian immunodeficiency virus / macaque intracutaneous axotomy model

To characterize the regenerative pattern of cutaneous nerves in SIV-infected and uninfected macaques, excisional axotomies were performed in non-glabrous skin at 14-day intervals. Samples were examined after immunostaining for the pan-axonal marker PGP 9.5 and the Schwann cell marker p75 nerve growth factor receptor. Collateral sprouting of axons from adjacent uninjured superficial dermal nerve bundles was the initial response to axotomy. Both horizontal collateral sprouts and dense vertical regeneration of axons from the deeper dermis led to complete, rapid reinnervation of the epidermis at the axotomy site. In contrast to the slower, incomplete reinnervation previously noted in humans after this technique, in both SIV-infected and uninfected macaques, epidermal reinnervation was rapid and completed by 56 days post-axotomy. p75 was densely expressed on the Schwann cells of uninjured nerve bundles along the excision line and on epidermal Schwann cell processes. In both SIV-infected and uninfected macaques, Schwann cell process density was highest at the earliest time points post-axotomy and then declined at a similar rate. However, SIV-infection delayed epidermal nerve fiber regeneration and remodeling of new sprouts at every time point post-axotomy, and SIV-infected animals consistently had lower mean epidermal Schwann cell densities suggesting that Schwann cell guidance and support of epidermal nerve fiber regeneration may account for altered nerve regeneration. The relatively rapid regeneration time and the completeness of epidermal reinnervation in this macaque model provides a useful platform for assessing the efficacy of neurotrophic or regenerative drugs for sensory neuropathies including those caused by HIV, diabetes mellitus, medications, and toxins.
Nearly incompressible fluids : Decay of solar wind density fluctuations

[1] The evolution of density fluctuations throughout the solar wind is investigated as the basis of a newly developed theory of nearly incompressible hydrodynamics for an inhomogeneous flow. The model is explored using two-dimensional numerical simulations. The lowest-order density fluctuations (absent in the original homogeneous nearly incompressible theory) obey a passive scalar evolution equation with an additional source term that results from coupling to the large-scale inhomogeneous mean density gradient. The importance of this source term is explored, and we estimate analytically an upper bound for the maximum possible effect of a source term for nearly incompressible flows with an inhomogeneous background (static and spherically symmetric). For typical solar wind parameters, we show that this effect is rather weak beyond 0.1 AU and that the density fluctuations can be described sufficiently accurately as a pure passive scalar. Our simulations identify the sensitive dependence of density fluctuation evolution on typical initial length-scale ratio of scalar (density) and velocity fields, an effect known from the theory of passive scalar decay and experimentally measured in grid-generated turbulence. It has long been thought that the variance in the density fluctuations (δρ)2 should decay in the manner analogous to the mean background density, implying that with heliocentric distance (δρ)2 ∝ R−4 throughout the heliosphere. Analysis of plasma data obtained by the Voyager spacecraft by Bellamy et al. (2005) showed that the density fluctuations decay much more slowly than R−4 and the decay rate exhibits a flattening between 20–30 AU and a possible rise afterward. A possible mechanism to reduce the decay rate within 30 AU was suggested to be turbulence driven by stream-stream interactions followed by more dominant pickup ion interactions beyond 30 AU. Here we show that the variance in the density fluctuations as described by the inhomogeneous nearly incompressible theory evolves essentially independently of the mean density background with a decay rate that reduces and possibly levels off with increasing heliocentric distance.
Quantifying scoliosis: we are still not there

COMMENTARY ON: Tanure MC, Pinheiro AP, Oliveira AS. Reliability assessment of Cobb angle measurements using manual and digital methods. Spine J 2010:10:769–774 ( in this issue ).
A plasma membrane-targeted cytosolic domain of STIM1 selectively activates ARC channels, an arachidonate-regulated store-independent Orai channel

The Orai family of calcium channels includes the store-operated CRAC channels and store-independent, arachidonic acid (AA)-regulated ARC channels. Both depend on STIM1 for their activation but, whereas CRAC channel activation involves sensing the depletion of intracellular calcium stores via a luminal N terminal EF-hand of STIM1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, ARC channels are exclusively activated by the pool of STIM1 that constitutively resides in the plasma membrane (PM). Here, the EF-hand is extracellular and unlikely to ever lose its bound calcium, suggesting that STIM1-dependent activation of ARC channels is very different from that of CRAC channels. We now show that attachment of the cytosolic portion of STIM1 to the inner face of the PM via an N terminal Lck-domain sequence is sufficient to enable normal AA-dependent activation of ARC channels, while failing to allow activation of store-operated CRAC channels. Introduction of a point mutation within the Lck-domain resulted in the loss of both PM localization and ARC channel activation. Reversing the orientation of the PM-anchored STIM1 C terminus via a C-terminal CAAX-box fails to support either CRAC or ARC channel activation. Finally, the Lck-anchored STIM1 C-terminal domain also enabled the exclusive activation of the ARC channels following physiological agonist addition. These data demonstrate that simple tethering of the cytosolic C-terminal domain of STIM1 to the inner face of the PM is sufficient to allow the full, normal and exclusive activation of ARC channels, and that the N-terminal regions of STIM1 (including the EF-hand domain) play no significant role in this activation.
Vitrification of M-Area Mixed (Hazardous and Radioactive) F006 Wastes: I. Sludge and Supernate Characterization

Technologies are being developed by the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Nuclear Facility sites to convert low-level and mixed (hazardous and radioactive) wastes to a solid stabilized waste form for permanent disposal. One of the alternative technologies is vitrification into a borosilicate glass waste form. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has declared vitrification the Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) for high-level radioactive mixed waste and produced a Handbook of Vitrification Technologies for Treatment of Hazardous and Radioactive Waste. The DOE Office of Technology Development (OTD) has taken the position that mixed waste needs to be stabilized to the highest level reasonably possible to ensure that the resulting waste forms will meet both current and future regulatory specifications. Stabilization of low level and hazardous wastes in glass are in accord with the 1988 Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC), then the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL), Professional Planning Committee (PPC) recommendation that high nitrate containing (low-level) wastes be incorporated into a low temperature glass (via a sol-gel technology). The investigation into this new technology was considered timely because of the potential for large waste volume reduction compared to solidification into cement.
Production of hydrogen sulphide in milkfat-coated microcapsules containing Brevibacterium linens and cysteine.

AbstractMilkfat-coated microcapsules containing Brevibacterium linens and cysteine were used to produce hydrogen sulphide, one of Cheddar cheese flavour compounds. Hydrogen sulphide production was substantially reduced and delayed in the encapsulated system as compared with that of the unencapsulated system. Hydrogen sulphide was not produced aerobically whereas substantial amounts of hydrogen sulphide were produced in a nitrogen purged system. The inhibitory effect of the initial aerobic condition disappeared after 8 days of incubation. In spite of the lag in hydrogen sulphide production under aerobic conditions almost the same amount of hydrogen sulphide was produced in oxygen purged samples as in the nitrogen purged samples after 10 days of incubation. Moderate heat treatment (2min at 58°C) of cell suspension-milkfat-emulsion increased subsequent hydrogen sulphide production. The optimum pH and temperature for hydrogen sulphide production from cysteine by Brevibacterium linens were 6°C and 32°C, respec...
The new object‐spatial‐verbal cognitive style model: Theory and measurement

SUMMARY The current study challenges traditional approaches to Visual–Verbal cognitive style as a unitary bipolar dimension, and instead suggests a new three-dimensional cognitive style model developed on the basis of modern cognitive science theories that distinguish between object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal dimensions. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the overall fit to the data of the new three-dimensional model of cognitive style was significantly better than that of a traditional model. Furthermore, based on the new theoretical model, we designed and validated a new self-report instrument assessing the individual differences in object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal cognitive styles, the Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Across a series of studies, the OSIVQ demonstrated acceptable internal reliability as well as construct, criterion and ecological validity. The current study supports the validity of an objectspatial-verbal cognitive style dimension and related measures when developed on the basis of modern cognitive science theories. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cognitive styles refer to psychological dimensions representing consistencies in an individual’s manner of cognitive functioning, particularly with respect to acquiring and processing information (Ausburn & Ausburn, 1978; Messick, 1976; Witkin, Moore, Goodenough, & Cox, 1977). One of the most commonly acknowledged cognitive styles, which will be the focus of the present paper, is the Visual–Verbal cognitive style dimension (e.g. Paivio, 1971; Richardson, 1977) that describes consistencies and preferences in processing visual versus verbal information, and classifies individuals as either visualizers (also calledimagers), who rely primarily on imagery when attempting to perform cognitive tasks, or verbalizers, who rely primarily on verbal-analytical strategies. Although most of the previous studies on Visual–Verbal cognitive style were based on a general idea about the existence of two different visual and verbal processing systems, they were neither motivated by any cognitive theory that specifies how information is processed in the brain nor did they attempt to apply stringent theoretical principles in order to assess the dimension accurately. As a consequence, a variety of ways to operationalize the Visual–Verbal cognitive style have been proposed (e.g. as self-reported experiences, learning preferences, problem-solving strategies, preference for verbal vs. visual cues for recall and accuracy or response times on verbal vs. visual aptitude tasks) that have resulted in the development of numerous instruments to assess this dimension, ranging from
The Response of Vasopressin and Blood Pressure to Hemorrhage in Shr and Wky Rats

The effects of hemorrhage on plasma vasopressin levels and blood pressure were examined in conscious, age-matched spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Graded hemorrhage was produced by bleeding the rats at 10 min intervals over a total period of 65 min, to produce cumulative blood losses equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0% of body weight in each animal. Hemorrhage progressively lowered blood pressure and increased plasma vasopressin levels in both SHR and WKY. At cumulative reductions in blood volume equivalent to 1.0 to 3.0% of body weight, there were greater reductions in arterial pressure and greater increases in plasma vasopressin concentrations in SHR than WKY. Basal blood volume in SHR was 10% lower than in WKY. In SHR, the greater vasopressin response to hemorrhage may have been due in part to the greater fall in arterial pressure. Although the lower blood volume may have contributed to the latter, derangements in baroreceptor function may also have been ...
Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Phosphorylation of FOXO1 and Prostate Cancer Cell Growth by a Peptide Derived from FOXO1

Increasing evidence suggests that FOXO1 possesses a tumor suppressor function. Inactivation of FOXO1 has been documented in many types of human cancer, and restoring the activity of FOXO1 holds promise for cancer treatment. In this study, we identified a FOXO1-derived peptide termed FO1-6nls that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2 (CDK1/2)-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO1 at the serine 249 residue in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of FO1-6nls in prostate cancer (PCa) cells not only blocked CDK1-induced cytoplasmic localization of FOXO1 but also augmented FOXO1's transcriptional activity. This effect of FO1-6nls requires its binding to CDK1 and CDK2. Moreover, the ectopic expression of FO1-6nls inhibited the growth of PTEN-positive DU145 PCa cells. Importantly, the growth-inhibitory function of FO1-6nls is dependent on FOXO1. Finally, the ectopic expression of FO1-6nls overcame CDK1-mediated inhibition of FOXO1-induced apoptosis of PCa cells. These results indicate that the FOXO1-derived peptide FO1-6nls can restore FOXO1's tumor suppressor function by specifically opposing CDK1/2-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of FOXO1 and hence may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of PCa.
Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance and Wild Birds: Past and Present

Influenza surveillance in wild birds has established that the aquatic birds of the world are the source of influenza A viruses, which occasionally spread to domestic avian species and to mammals, including humans, and cause mild to severe disease. With the realization that the pandemics of influenza in poultry and people originate from inapparent infections of aquatic birds, including the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, much more attention has been given to understanding the ecology of influenza in wild aquatic birds. This article deals with the major events establishing the role of wild birds in the natural history of influenza and with some of the unresolved issues. These include 1) whether all H5 and H7 influenza viruses have high pandemic potential, 2) whether avian influenza (AI) is exchanged between Eurasia and the Americas, and 3) whether the highly pathogenic H5N1 AI virus is now being perpetuated in wild birds, one of the most important unresolved issues. Continued surveillance of wild birds for influenza is essential to resolve the many unanswered questions concerning the zoonotic spread of influenza and pandemicity.
The use of health service areas for measuring provider availability.

: Measurement of the availability of health care providers in a geographic area is a useful component in assessing access to health care. One of the problems associated with the county provider-to-population ratio as a measure of availability is that patients frequently travel outside their counties of residence for health care, especially those residing in nonmetropolitan counties. Thus, in measuring the number of providers per capita, it is important that the geographic unit of analysis be a health service area. We have defined health care service areas for the coterminous United States, based on 1988 Medicare data on travel patterns between counties for routine hospital care. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to group counties into 802 service areas. More than one half of the service areas include only nonmetropolitan counties. The service areas vary substantially in the availability of health care resources as measured by physicians and hospital beds per 100,000 population. For almost all of the service areas, the majority of hospital stays by area residents occur within the service area. In contrast/for 39 percent of counties, the majority of hospital stays by county residents occur outside the county. Thus, the service areas area more appropriate georgraphic unit than the county for measuring the availability of health care.
Exploring instructor and student use of an american sign language e-assessment system

In this paper, the authors examine how instructors used an online assessment environment designed to evaluate the performance of undergraduate students enrolled in American Sign Language (ASL) courses. 640 undergraduate ASL students at a large Midwestern university participated in this study. The findings suggest that instructors varied greatly in the manner in which they used the e-assessment system both in terms of the amount of time spent evaluating student assessments and in the proportion of total assessments scored. Furthermore, studentsâ€™ responses to an open-ended survey on their experiences with the system generated useful insight to guide future design. Finally, implications for the design and integration of world language e-assessment environments are discussed.
Adhesion of Tablets in a Rotary Tablet Press II. Effects of Blending Time, Running Time, and Lubricant Concentration

AbstractOf the three essential functions of tablet lubricants, only the true lubricant and glidant properties have been studied in detail by objective means. Only recently has instrumentation which permits the objective measurement of the antiadhesion activity in a rotary tablet press been developed. Using a rotary press instrumented to measure the adhesion of tablets to the lower punch face, this study focuses on the adhesion of tablets in two direct compression systems. At any given compression force, adhesion of microcrystalline cellulose tablets lubricated with magnesium stearate appeared to decrease with increases in blending time or intensity of blending. Over a three-hour running time, adhesion force was found to increase to peak values and then to decline with both microcrystalline cellulose and hydrous lactose lubricated with magnesium stearate. However, ejection forces decreased gradually to apparently limiting values in each case. The adhesion of tablets to the lower punch face appeared to be a...
Erythema multiforme during anti–tumor necrosis factor treatment for plaque psoriasis

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors constitute a class of biologic treatments utilized in the management of psoriasis. We report a case of a patient treated for chronic plaque psoriasis with the anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody adalimumab, who developed erythema multiforme (EM). The patient had previously developed EM on two occasions while taking the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept. EM has previously been reported in connection with other TNF-α inhibitors, including etanercept and infliximab. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature documenting EM occurring subsequent to adalimumab treatment for psoriasis. The recurrent development of EM in our patient while being treated with distinct TNF-α inhibitors may suggest that EM is the consequence of a class effect with TNF-α inhibitors.
TRACE: time reservation using adaptive control for energy efficiency

Time reservation using adaptive control for energy efficiency (TRACE) is a time frame based media access control (MAC) protocol designed primarily for energy-efficient reliable real-time voice packet broadcasting in a peer-to-peer, single-hop infrastructureless radio network. Such networks have many application areas for various scenarios that obey a strongly connected group mobility model, such as interactive group trips, small military or security units, and mobile groups of hearing impaired people. TRACE is a centralized MAC protocol that separates contention and data transmission, providing high throughput, bounded delay, and stability under a wide range of data traffic. Furthermore, TRACE uses dynamic scheduling of data transmissions and data summarization prior to data transmission to achieve energy efficiency, which is crucial for battery operated lightweight radios. In addition, energy dissipation is evenly distributed among the nodes by switching network controllers when the energy from the current controller is lower than other nodes in the network, and reliability is achieved through automatic controller backup features. TRACE can support multiple levels of quality-of-service, and minimum bandwidth and maximum delay for voice packets are guaranteed to be within certain bounds. In this paper, we describe TRACE in detail and evaluate its performance through computer simulations and theoretical analysis.
Different Mechanisms of Free Fatty Acid Flip-Flop and Dissociation Revealed by Temperature and Molecular Species Dependence of Transport across Lipid Vesicles

The mechanism of free fatty acid (FFA) transport across membranes is a subject of intense investigation. We have demonstrated recently that flip-flop is the rate-limiting step for transport of oleic acid across phospholipid vesicles (Cupp, D., Kampf, J. P., and Kleinfeld, A. M. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 4473-4481). To better understand the nature of the flip-flop barrier, we measured the temperature dependence of a series of saturated and monounsaturated FFA. We determined the rate constants for flip-flop and dissociation for small (SUV), large (LUV), and giant (GUV) unilamellar vesicles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine. For all FFA and vesicle types, dissociation was faster than flip-flop, and for all FFA, flip-flop and dissociation were faster in SUV than in LUV or GUV. Rate constants for both flip-flop and dissociation decreased exponentially with increasing FFA size. However, only the flip-flop rate constants increased significantly with temperature; the barrier to flip-flop was virtually entirely due to an enthalpic activation free energy. The barrier to dissociation was primarily entropic. Analysis in terms of a simple free volume (Vf) model revealed Vf values for flip-flop that ranged between ∼12 and 15A3, with larger values for SUV than for LUV or GUV. Vf values increased with temperature, and this temperature dependence generated the enthalpic barrier to flip-flop. The barrier for dissociation and its size dependence primarily reflect the aqueous solubility of FFA. These are the first results to distinguish the energetics of flipflop and dissociation. This should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms governing FFA transport across biological membranes.
Research-Based Character Education

Whereas character education is not new, scientific study of its effectiveness has been only sporadically implemented during the past thirty-five years. Much of the application of character education is therefore not informed by a scientific knowledge base. This article introduces a scientific perspective on character education and a summary of the research base examining the student impact of school-based character education. From this research base, general principles of effective practice are derived. This in turn is used to offer suggestions to practitioners and policy makers for the improvement of school-based character education.
Secularism and the cultures of nineteenth-century scientific naturalism

This essay examines Secularism as developed by George Jacob Holyoake in 1851–1852. While historians have noted the importance of evolutionary thought for freethinking radicals from the 1840s, and others have traced the popularization of agnosticism and Darwinian evolution by later Victorian freethinkers, insufficient attention has been paid to mid-century Secularism as constitutive of the cultural and intellectual environment necessary for the promotion and relative success of scientific naturalism. I argue that Secularism was a significant source for the emerging new creed of scientific naturalism in the mid-nineteenth century. Not only did early Secularism help clear the way by fighting battles with the state and religious interlocutors, but it also served as a source for what Huxley, almost twenty years later, termed ‘agnosticism’. Holyoake modified freethought in the early 1850s, as he forged connections with middle-class literary radicals and budding scientific naturalists, some of whom met in a ‘Confidential Combination’ of freethinkers. Secularism became the new creed for this coterie. Later, Secularism promoted and received reciprocal support from the most prominent group of scientific naturalists, as Holyoake used Bradlaugh's atheism and neo-Malthusianism as a foil, and maintained relations with Huxley, Spencer and Tyndall through the end of the century. In Holyoake's Secularism we find the beginnings of the mutation of radical infidelity into the respectability necessary for the acceptance of scientific naturalism, and also the distancing of later forms of infidelity incompatible with it. Holyoake's Secularism represents an important early stage of scientific naturalism.
Frequency and Characteristics of Prison Escapes in the United States: An Analysis of National Data:

This article presents findings of a study on prison escapes in the United States from 1988 through 1998, including escape frequencies, captures, characteristics of escapees, methods employed in escaping, violence against correctional staff, and escapee involvement in further crimes in the community. Secondary analysis of data sets from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data indicates changing escape rates, inmate characteristics, and prison characteristics through the time period. Analysis of newspaper accounts of 88 prison escapes from 1997 to 1998 provide information on the means used in escaping. The article suggests incorporating a routine activities perspective and multilevel models in research on prison incidents.
Direct evidence for Epithelial-Mesenchymal transitions in breast cancer

We developed stromal- and epithelial-specific cre-transgenic mice to directly visualize epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during cancer progression in vivo. Using three different oncogene-driven mouse mammary tumor models and cell-fate mapping strategies, we show in vivo evidence for the existence of EMT in breast cancer and show that myc can specifically elicit this process. Hierarchical cluster analysis of genome-wide loss of heterozygosity reveals that the incidence of EMT in invasive human breast carcinomas is rare, but when it occurs it is associated with the amplification of MYC. These data provide the first direct evidence for EMT in breast cancer and suggest that its development is favored by myc-initiated events.
Estimated travel time of mudflows at Mount Hood, Oregon

Volcanic hazard maps are used to inform planners, policy-makers, and the public of the areas potentially impacted by volcanic hazards. We describe the design and production of a three-dimensional (3D) volcanic hazard map showing lahar travel times at Mount Hood, Oregon. The creation of this map involved the application of innovative techniques, including (a) an analytical model for computing lahar travel time isochrones; (b) a terrain tiling system for 3D modeling software; (c) the modeling of roads, rivers, and other linear features as 3D tubes to improve visibility; and (d) progressive terrain bending to create a top-down perspective in the foreground and an oblique perspective in the background. A user study (documented in a separate article) confirmed that the 3D map effectively shows the extent and travel time of potential lahars, allowing readers to choose better escape routes than with a conventional two-dimensional map.
Maximizing satisfaction and managing dissatisfaction in mental health and human services: a model for administrative practice.

The production satisfaction is central to the delivery of mental health and human service. The most critical fator in service delivery is providing quality care. However, the ways in which services are delivered impacts the perception of quality. This paper provides a model for maximizing satisfaction among client and other importance publics of mental health and human service organizations.
Antibiotic preparation time in a horizontal laminar-airflow hood and in a biological-safety cabinet.

Times for preparation of injectable antibiotics in syringes and minibags were compared using a horizontal laminar-airflow hood (HLAH) and a Class II biological-safety cabinet (BSC). Six i.v. admixture technicians who had previous experience with both types of hoods were observed during batch preparation of tobramycin, clindamycin, and cefamandole in syringes and tobramycin, clindamycin, and acyclovir in minibags. Before timing began, the drug products were reconstituted and labels were prepared. Mean times for syringes were 60.4 seconds (n = 267) for the HLAH and 65.9 seconds (n = 186) for the BSC (p greater than 0.05). For minibag doses, mean times were 64.9 seconds (n = 129) for the HLAH and 78.3 seconds (n = 126) for the BSC (p greater than 0.05). Technicians' times for aseptic preparation of injectable antibiotics in syringes and minibags were not significantly greater when the procedures were performed in a biological-safety cabinet than when a horizontal laminar-airflow hood was used.
Hypertension and alterations in left ventricular structure and geometry in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study.

Abstract African Americans (AAs) have an increased risk for hypertension-related cardiovascular outcomes compared with whites, which may be related to abnormal left ventricular (LV) structure. We examined the association of prevalent hypertension with concentric remodeling (CR; normal LV mass index [LVMI] and increased relative wall thickness [RWT]), eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT), and concentric hypertrophy (CH; increased LVMI and increased RWT) within the Jackson Heart Study. Among 4721 participants (mean ± SD, age 55.7 ± 12.7 years), 2841 (60.2%) had prevalent hypertension, defined as mean clinic blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use. Prevalent hypertension was associated with a statistically significantly increased odds for having CR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42–2.24), eccentric hypertrophy (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.15–2.44), and CH (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 2.28–6.54) after multivariable adjustment. In conclusion, in a population-based sample of AAs, hypertension was associated with increased odds for having abnormal LV structure, particularly CH.
Marketing Vegetables in Elementary School Cafeterias to Increase Uptake

OBJECTIVES: Children do not eat enough servings of vegetables, underscoring the need for effective interventions encouraging this behavior. The purpose of this research was to measure the impact that daily exposure to branded vegetable characters has on vegetable selection among boys and girls in elementary schools. METHODS: In a large urban school district, 10 elementary schools agreed to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to a control condition or 1 of 3 treatment conditions: (1) a vinyl banner displaying vegetable characters that was fastened around the base of the salad bar; (2) short television segments with health education delivered by vegetable characters; or (3) a combination of the vinyl banner and television segments. We collected 22 206 student-day observations over a 6-week period by tallying the number of boys and girls taking vegetables from the school’s salad bar. RESULTS: Results show that 90.5% (from 12.6% to 24.0%; P = .04) more students took vegetables from the salad bar when exposed to the vinyl banner only, and 239.2% (from 10.2% to 34.6%; P < .001) more students visited the salad bar when exposed to both the television segments and vinyl banners. Both boys and girls responded positively to the vinyl banners ( P < .05 in both cases). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study highlights the positive impact of branded media on children’s vegetable selection in the school cafeteria. Results from this study suggest potential opportunities for using branded media to encourage healthier choices for children.
Ab Initio Force Fields for Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

We develop ab initio force fields for alkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) that predict the density, heats of vaporization, diffusion, and conductivity that are in semiquantitative agreement with experimental data. These predictions are useful in light of the scarcity of and sometimes inconsistency in experimental heats of vaporization and diffusion coefficients. We illuminate physical trends in the liquid cohesive energy with cation chain length and anion. These trends are different than those based on the experimental heats of vaporization. Molecular dynamics prediction of the room temperature dynamics of such ILs is more difficult than is generally realized in the literature due to large statistical uncertainties and sensitivity to subtle force field details. We believe that our developed force fields will be useful for correctly determining the physics responsible for the structure/property relationships in neat ILs.
Household Food Insecurity Predictive of Health Status in Early Adolescence? A Structural Analysis Using the 2002 NSAF Data Set

We used data from the 2002 National Survey of American Families to examine a structural model of the relations among food insecurity, poor nutritional status, parental mental health problems, quality of parenting, adolescents’ emotional distress, and poor health status for a national sample of 5366 12-to-14 year-olds. The results revealed that: first, food insecurity was associated with elevated levels of parental mental health problems, diminished quality of parenting, elevated levels of adolescents’ emotional problems, and higher incidence of poor nutritional and health statuses. Second, parental mental health problems were associated with diminished quality of parenting and higher incidence of poor health status; and quality of parenting had a negative effect on emotional distress, but not on health status. Finally, poor nutritional status was associated with elevated levels of emotional distress and higher incidence of poor health status; and emotional distress was predictive of poor health status. The findings of this study highlight the mediating role of nutritional status, parenting factors and adolescents’ emotional well-being in the link between food insecurity and health; and point to the complex interaction between food insecurity and health status.
Ethnography and superdiversity

O texto avalia a publicacao de Jan Blommaert, Ethnography, Superdiversity and Linguistic Landscapes, de 2013. Blommaert atualiza os estudos etnograficos, dando atencao ao espaco fisico caracterizado por "super-diversidade" e a como este contexto influencia as interacoes sociais mediadas pela linguagem.
Measures of Dental Variation as Indicators of Multiple Taxa in Samples of Sympatric Cercopithecus Species

Recognition of species in the fossil record is a critical issue for students of primate evolution. Since dental remains provide the largest samples for assessing intra- and interspecific variation, dental variation in fossil mammals is frequently compared with data for recent related species when investigating systematic diversity (Gingerich, 1974, 1979; Gingerich and Shoeninger, 1979; Kay, 1982a,b; Kay and Simons, 1983; Kelley, 1986; Kimbel and White, 1988; Martin and Andrews, 1984; Simpson, 1941a, and many others). The coefficient of variation (CV) has been the most frequently used statistic in a majority of these studies.
Manual for maintenance of multi-host ixodid ticks in the laboratory.

Use of laboratory animals as hosts for blood-sucking arthropods remains a time-proven and the most efficient method for establishment and propagation of slowly feeding ixodid ticks, despite introduction of techniques involving artificial feeding on either animal skins or synthetic membranes. New Zealand White rabbits are usually the most accessible and most suitable hosts routinely used for establishment and maintenance of a large variety of multi-host tick species. Here we describe standard procedures for maintaining colonies of multi-host ixodid ticks by feeding all developmental stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults) upon New Zealand White rabbits. When needed, the same procedures can be easily adapted to other species of laboratory or domestic animals from mice to dogs and goats. A summary of our experience in maintaining laboratory colonies of Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor occidentalis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus with descriptions of the complete laboratory life cycles and reliable production of uninfected ticks under standardized conditions has been published by Troughton and Levin (J Med Entomol 44:732–740, 2007). Here we provide step-by-step recommendations for various procedures used in the maintenance of ixodid tick colonies based on over 20 years of experience.
An ecological momentary assessment of weight stigma among weight loss participants

This investigation explored experiences of weight stigma using momentary, real-time diary assessments among adults seeking weight loss treatment. In total, 51 participants completed diary assessments of weight stigmatizing events and reported how they felt and coped with each incident. Experiencing stigma was significantly associated with fewer positive and greater negative emotions. There was a significant inverse relationship between using positive self-talk and feeling numb and a positive relationship between using isolation/avoidance coping and feeling depressed, ashamed, and less happy. The significant negative momentary impacts of weight stigma likely contribute to the long-term negative consequences of experiencing weight stigma.
Canine Hip Dysplasia: Diagnostic Imaging

Diagnostic imaging is the principal method used to screen for and diagnose hip dysplasia in the canine patient. Multiple techniques are available, each having advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Hip-extended radiography is the most used method and is best used as a screening tool and for assessment for osteoarthritis. Distraction radiographic methods such as the PennHip method allow for improved detection of laxity and improved ability to predict future osteoarthritis development. More advanced techniques such as MRI, although expensive and not widely available, may improve patient screening and allow for improved assessment of cartilage health.
Closed Loop Relay Estimation of Uncertainty Bounds for Robust Control Models

Abstract This paper describes an ad-hoc technique for the closed loop experimental estimation of perturbation bounds for robust control models. The approach is based on the closed loop relay identification method proposed by Astrom and Hagglund. A series of lead compensators is designed such that the closed loop system limit cycles at progressively higher frequencies. Beyond a certain frequency, consistentlimitcycling no longer occurs. The heuristic is that at this frequency uncertainty (or perturbations) should dominate the model. The idea is illustrated by application to a process control experiment.
Thermochemical Conversion of Primary Sewage Sludge by the Stors Process

Battelle-Northwest, in concert with Inotek Corp., is developing the STORS (Sludge to Oil Reactor System), a basic aqueous thermochemical liquefaction system. The feedstock is primary sewage sludge obtained from the primary settler of the City of Richland, WA, and concentrated to 20% solids before addition of 5% by weight of sodium carbonate. In the prototype STORS unit the feed was continuously pumped by water displacement into a 44 1 vertical tube reactor, where it was heated to 275–300 C and approximately 1500 psig pressure for 1.5–3 hr. After pressure release and cooldown of the products, spontaneous separation of a product oil and char and process wastewater occurred. In a typical experimental run, 25% oil and 15% char yields were obtained based on initial dry feed weight, with a combined energy recovery in products of 73%. The product oil had an average heat content of 8460 cal/g, or 87% that of octane. On the basis of these preliminary results with the continuous system, a sludge disposal cost of $43/dry ton was estimated for a commercial system accepting sludge from a city of 1 M people. Wastewater and offgas are not expected to pose significant environmental problems. Ongoing work is directed to solution of operational problems encountered in the prototype unit, generating accurate mass balances, and design of a larger unit for commercial demonstration purposes. The modified STORS is projected to be operational by June, 1988.
Association between arterial stiffness and peripheral artery disease as measured by radial artery tonometry.

Abstract Objective Arterial stiffness and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are both associated with an elevated risk of major adverse cardiac events; however, the association between arterial stiffness and PAD is less well characterized. The goal of this study was to examine the association between parameters of radial artery tonometry, a noninvasive measure of arterial stiffness, and PAD. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 134 vascular surgery outpatients (controls, 33; PAD, 101) using arterial applanation tonometry. Central augmentation index (AIX) normalized to 75 beats/min and peripheral AIX were measured using radial artery pulse wave analysis. Pulse wave velocity was recorded at the carotid and femoral arteries. PAD was defined as symptomatic claudication with an ankle-brachial index of Results Among the 126 participants with high-quality tonometry data, compared with controls (n = 33), patients with PAD (n = 93) were older, with higher rates of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking ( P P P = .03) and peripheral AIX (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.2; P = .01). In addition, central and peripheral AIX were highly correlated ( r 120 = 0.76; P Conclusions In a cross-sectional analysis, arterial stiffness as measured by the AIX is independently associated with PAD, even when adjusting for several atherosclerotic risk factors. Further prospective data are needed to establish whether radial artery tonometry could be a tool for risk stratification in the PAD population.
Marine protected area networks in China: Challenges and prospects

Abstract With over 30 years’ experience of managing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), China has established more than 250 MPAs in its coastal and marine areas, but the overall management effectiveness is unimpressive [46] . Recently, China has made commitments to expand the MPA coverage in its waters ( [7, 52, 53] ) and develop an “ecological barrier” along the coast by connecting MPAs and islands by 2020 (The State Council 2015). In this context, this study reviews major challenges in current MPA practices in China, including the lack of systematic and scientific approaches, inadequate laws and regulations, ineffective governance mechanisms, conflicts between conservation and exploitation, limited funding, and inadequate monitoring programs. Four scenarios for developing China's MPA networks are developed and analyzed based on a literature review of experience in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the European Union and the Philippines, as well as a set of interviews with Chinese MPA experts. These scenarios include: 1) creating a national system with an inventory of MPAs, 2) developing social networks, 3) developing regional ecological networks, and 4) developing a national representative network. The first two scenarios focus on the enhancement of the governance system through connecting individual MPAs as a social, institutional, and learning network, which could provide opportunities for creating an ecologically coherent network, while the latter two emphasized ecological connectivity and representativeness. Given different focuses, they can be applied at different stages of implementation and combinations of scenarios can be used depending on China's needs.
Twenty-five years of mTOR: Uncovering the link from nutrients to growth

In my PNAS Inaugural Article, I describe the development of the mTOR field, starting with efforts to understand the mechanism of action of the drug rapamycin, which ∼25 y ago led to the discovery of the mTOR protein kinase. I focus on insights that we have contributed and on work that has been particularly influential to me, as well as provide some personal reflections and stories. We now appreciate that, as part of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR is the major regulator of growth (mass accumulation) in animals and is the key link between the availability of nutrients in the environment and the control of most anabolic and catabolic processes. Nutrients signal to mTORC1 through the lysosome-associated Rag GTPases and their many regulators and associated cytosolic and lysosomal nutrient sensors. mTOR signaling is deregulated in common diseases, like cancer and epilepsy, and mTORC1 is a well-validated modulator of aging in multiple model organisms. There is significant excitement around using mTORC1 inhibitors to treat cancer and neurological disease and, potentially, to improve healthspan and lifespan.
Asymptotic Sequences and the Asymptotic Development of a Function

It is often the case that we desire to approximate a function when a para­meter, index or independent variable tends to a specific value.
Expanding the food service curriculum : Who has added fine dining to the menu?

Abstract The food service/restaurant component of the hospitality curriculum was examined in 33 ACPHA accredited schools and 11 other “top schools.” This study measured the number of food courses, the use of food laboratories, food service/restaurant concentration offerings in the hospitality programs, and the availability of course(s) in fine dining. The fine dining or full-service segment of the restaurant industry has experienced steady growth for over 25 years and is predicted to increase in alignment with the rising discretionary income of the Baby Boomer generation. Hospitality programs may consider expanding their curriculum to offer an elective course in fine dining to facilitate career opportunities for their graduates in this segment of the restaurant industry.
Halokinetic Associated Crustal Stretching in the Southern Red Sea: New Observations of the Basement and Sedimentary Cover from Refraction Constrained Reflection Seismic Stratigraphy

Much tectonic speculation of Red Sea rifting has been founded upon the assumed structural styles interpreted from exclusively either solid earth geophysical surveys or poor resolution single channel reflection seismic profiles. The problem of seismically imaging the basement and its associated structures has been compounded by significant wavelet attenuation and multiple generation contributed by the overlying salt.
Experiment, Hypothesis, and Theory in the Development of Concepts of Cell Membrane Structure 1930–1970

Many of the basic hypotheses concerning membrane structure were developed in the period 1900–1945. From 1945 to the present, intensive experimental study of these hypotheses has left our concepts of the role of lipids in the membrane largely unchanged. It has also greatly extended the evidence for a variety of roles for proteins in the membrane. Information about the way in which proteins enter into membrane structure, and how they carry out their roles, has been remarkably extended since 1960. In this review, I shall analyze the development of the basic hypotheses in terms of the interplay between hypothesis, experiment, and theory, as it occurred during the period 1930–1970.
Not All Disagreements Are Treatment Refusals: The Need for New Paradigms for Considering Parental Treatment Requests.

Some of the most challenging and contentious issues in pediatric bioethics center around disagreements between individuals caring for the child in question. In contrast with the classic dyadic doct...