cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of Corallite Patterns in Fossil Anthozoan Colonies: ABSTRACT

Polygonal patterns of corallites in fossil anthozoan colonies have been traditionally explained as a result of close packing arising from space compaction. Such a view envisages polygonal corallite End_Page 602------------------------------ patterns as "fabricational noise" while ignoring any possible phylogenetic constraints. This study rephrases the question of the adaptational significance of fossil corallite patterns. The set of all possible two-dimensional mosaics of regular, identical polyhedra consists of triangular, square, and hexagonal nets, and thus represents a simple constructional constraint on pattern in a developing or evolving colony of anthozoan polyps. A regular hexagonal pattern of corallites possesses the utmost possible reduction of surfaces in contact by way of equal-angle triple junctions. This makes a regular hexagonal array to be ideally most efficient. However, most polygonal patterns of corallites deviate from this ideal with a particular pattern often being characteristic of a taxon. For example, a less efficient, irregular pattern may be common for one particular group (e.g., Eridophyllum) but a regular hexagonal array for another (e.g., Hexagonaria). This deviation from i eal form leads to the recognition of a second, phylogenetic constraint on corallite pattern. The significance, constructional versus phylogenetic, of pattern development can be better understood by also considering the ontogeny of individual corallites in a colony which shows a hexagonal array. Within the continuum of varieties of colony patterns, polygonality first appears in cerioid forms. Transitional phaceloid/cerioid colonies of the Lithostrotionidae demonstrate that corallite centers do not closely approach one another until their margins are actually in apposition. It is at this stage of margin contact that hexagonality is achieved, not at the onset of close packing. Hexagonality in fossil anthozoans is concluded to have probably first arisen in cerioid colonies as an adaptation to maintain and further a higher level of colony integration. End_of_Article - Last_Page 603------------
Effect of Burn Trauma in Mice on the Generation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

SummaryThe mechanisms of the impaired cellular immune response after a moderately severe burn in mice was studied. T cells from spleens of burned BALB/c mice showed decreased cytotoxicity (P < 0.05) during the first 9 days postburn compared with nonburned controls. In the one-way MLC, T cells from spleens of the majority of burned BALB/c mice collected on the second, third, and fourth days postburn incubated for 6 days with irradiated spleen cells from C57BL/10J mice also had decreased cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). On the other hand, mixed populations of cells obtained from spleen or peripheral blood of burned BALB/c mice demonstrated no defect in sensitization, either in responding or stimulating abilities, in the MLC. Other experiments in which EL4 cells from burned donor C57BL mice were used to sensitize nonburned BALB/c mice showed decreased immunogenicity in recipient mice. These results indicate that the mechanism of the impaired cellular immune response after burn injury, when assayed by cytotoxicity, p...
Peripheral stimulus localization by infants with eye and head movements during visual attention

The effect of attention to a focal stimulus on 14, 20 and 26-week-old infant's peripheral stimulus localization with eye and head movements was examined in this study. Fixation was engaged on a stimulus in the central visual field and a stimulus was presented in the periphery immediately or after a delay. Peripheral stimulus localization occurred less frequently near the beginning of fixation and when a significant heart rate deceleration had occurred (sustained attention), compared with when no focal stimulus was present or after heart rate had returned to prestimulus level (attention termination). Localization was accompanied by head movements on more than two-thirds of the trials, and the likelihood of head movements was positively associated with stimulus eccentricity. The saccades to localize the peripheral stimulus had unusually high velocities in the attention conditions for the two older aged groups relative to their saccades in inattentive conditions. There were unusual “localizing head movements” in the attention conditions in the absence of localizing saccades or changes in fixation for the two older age groups. Infant attention modulates eye movement characteristics of infants. These data also support the hypothesis that eye and head movement systems are relatively independent in the infant, and that eye-head relations during infant attention may be different from during inattention.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALLS. II: EFFECTS OF FACING DETAILS

This paper describes a finite-element analysis of two 6-m-high segmental walls, subjected to seismic loading, with special attention to connection performance and permanent deformation of the facing. The first segmental wall uses concrete facing blocks with pins, and the second wall uses the same concrete blocks but without pins. The analysis provides some insight into the behavior of segmental walls, particularly the load transfer mechanism between the geosynthetic reinforcement and the segmental facing units duiring earthquake loading.
GRIFFON VULTURE (GYPS FULVUS) DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY IN CRETE

Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) distribution and local density during 1996- 2002 as well as the main characteristics of the species' activity sites in Crete are described. Total area of occurrence has been estimated at 7000 km2 (85% of the island). 5500 km2 (67%) accounted for its vital range, namely breeding and foraging, with spatial and temporal differences in correspondence to transhumant livestock. In total 68 activity sites were detected: (a) 34 colonies, of which 62% on average were occupied by laying pairs in any one year; (b) six deserted colonies; and (c) 17 summer and 11 winter roosts. Most of the sites were found in southwest and northeast Crete on rocks of calcareous substrate. The species nesting and roosting sites were found on dolomitic and platy limestone cliffs, respectively. Mean altitude of activity sites was 650 m (SD = 442 m, range = 120-1900 m), whereas mean altitude of active colonies was 453 m (SD = 225 m, range = 120-1100 m). Cliffs were on average 182 m high (range = 40-540 m) fac...
Transient expression of CYP1A1 in rat epithelial cells cultured in suspension.

Abstract Suspension of human epidermal cells in methylcellulose-containing medium induces CYP1A1 by a mechanism requiring functional Ah receptor (AhR). In present work CYP1A1 mRNA was induced in a variety of cultured rat epithelial cells by suspension, but the induction was transient, with CYP1A1 mRNA reaching maximal levels by 5 h and disappearing by 12 h. Though the methylcellulose itself contained no detectable ligand, (a) suspension activated the AhR, as judged by mobility shift assays, (b) the AhR competitive inhibitor α-naphthoflavone inhibited suspension-mediated induction, and (c) induction was dependent upon dioxin responsive transcriptional elements in the CYP1A1 promoter. The rapid disappearance of CYP1A1 mRNA after 5 h of suspension was unaffected by the addition of TCDD but was prevented by the inclusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Thus the downregulation appears to be mediated by a novel short-lived protein induced or activated by suspension.
The code makers

Abstract Laboratories live to create data, then store and share it. The increasing use of groupware, corporate networks (Intranets), and the Internet are forcing data distribution and storage into environments where security and certification issues are important. The advent of extensive broadband and wireless networking make these issues paramount. This article explores the vocabulary and concepts behind the synergistic elements of cryptology and information technology as we approach the Electronically Distributed Age.
Multistage Prediction of Cancer in Serially Dosed Animals with Application to the ED01 Study

Abstract The ED 01 study is a large-scale experiment in which mice were exposed to the known carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). The dosing was continuous until time of death for most of the mice. However, for some mice, dosing was terminated at specified intervals prior to sacrifice time. Exploratory model fitting of the continuous dosing data of sacrificed mice using liver neoplasms as the endpoint was conducted by Brown and Hoel (1982). They report that the multistage model of Armitage and Doll (1954) fits the data moderately well, however a much improved fit with fewer parameters is attainable by a modified multistage model. These two models, with parameter estimates obtained from the data on continuous dosing, are referred to in this paper as Model 1 and Model 2, respectively. Models 1 and 2 are extended to provide for termination of dosing prior to time of sacrifice. The resultant equations are used to predict cancer responses in the serial dosing part of the ED 01 study, and then are compared to the actual observed tumor frequencies. The objective is to evaluate the change in cancer risk over time after dosing is terminated, and to establish which stages in the multistage process are affected by dose. The predictive capabilities of the two models are compared and contrasted. Model 1, which presumes four stages of which two are affected by dose, predicts only moderately well and is inconclusive as to which two of the stages are the ones affected. Model 2, which differs from the multistage model by using a “J-shaped” curve instead of a polynomial for the dose metameter, provides an improvement over Model 1. It presumes six stages with one affected by dose, and clearly suggests that an early stage, either the first or second, is the one affected by dose. Subject to the capability of Model 2 to adequately describe the tumorigenic process and the conclusion that an early stage is affected by dose, 2-AAF appears to behave as an initiator of neoplasms in the liver which exhibits a nonlinear pharmacokinetic effect in the lower end of the dose range.
Peculiar CERN-collider events and the fifth force

Abstract Recently reported anomalies seen at the CERN-collider are explained in terms of a conjectured second strong force acting upon heavy quarks.
Assessing vertical axis rotations in large-magnitude extensional settings: A transect across the Death Valley extended terrane, California

Models for Neogene crustal deformation in the central Death Valley extended terrane, southeastern California, differ markedly in their estimates of upper crustal extension versus shear translations. Documentation of vertical axis rotations of range-scale crustal blocks (or parts thereof) is critical when attempting to reconstruct this highly extended region. To better define the magnitude, aerial extent, and timing of vertical axis rotation that could mark shear translation of the crust in this area, paleomagnetic data were obtained from Tertiary igneous and remagnetized Paleozoic carbonate rocks along a roughly east-west traverse parallel to about 36°N latitude. Sites were established in ∼7 to 5 Ma volcanic sequences (Greenwater Canyon and Brown's Peak) and the ∼10 Ma Chocolate Sundae Mountain granite in the Greenwater Range, ∼8.5 to 7.5 Ma and 5 to 4 Ma basalts on the east flank of the Black Mountains, the 10.6 Ma Little Chief stock and upper Miocene(?) basalts in the eastern Panamint Mountains, and Paleozoic Pogonip Group carbonate strata in the north central Panamint Mountains. At the site level, most materials yield readily interpretable paleomagnetic data. Group mean directions, after appropriate structural corrections, suggest no major vertical axis rotation of the Greenwater Range (e.g., D = 359°, I = 46°, α_(95) = 8.0°, N = 12 (7 normal (N), 5 reversed (R) polarity sites)), little post-5 Ma rotation of the eastern Black Mountains (e.g., D = 006°, I = 61°, α_(95) = 4.0°, N = 9 N, 6 R sites), and no significant post-10 Ma rotation of the Panamint Range (e.g., D = 181°, I = −51°, α_(95) = 6.5°, N = 9 R sites). In situ data from the Greenwater Canyon volcanic rocks, Chocolate Sundae Mountain granite, Funeral Peak basalt rocks, the Little Chief stock, and Paleozoic carbonate rocks (remagnetized) are consistent with moderate south east-side-down tilting of the separate range blocks during northwest directed extension. The paleomagnetic data reported here suggest that the Panamints shared none of the 7 Ma to recent clockwise rotation of the Black Mountains crystalline core, as proposed in recent models for transtensional development of the central Death Valley extended terrane.
An investigation of stair mode in optical phased arrays using tiled apertures

With an optical phased array, the individual phases of a multi-fiber laser source can be manipulated by exploiting high-bandwidth phase loops to correct for aero-optical flow over the turret and free-stream atmospheric effects along the line of sight; however, rough surface scatter through laser-target interaction adds the additional constraints of speckle and depolarizing effects. In particular, speckle phenomena can cause unobservable modes to arise in the beam control system of optical phased arrays. One such unobservable mode is termed stair mode and is appropriately identified by a stair-step pattern of piston phase across the individual subapertures that comprise a tiled aperture. This paper investigates the effects of stair mode using wave-optics simulations. To represent different array fill factors in the source plane, both seven and 19 element hexagonal close-packed tiled apertures are used in the simulations along with both Gaussian and flat-top outgoing beamlets. Peak Strehl ratio and power in the bucket are calculated in the target plane for all simulation setups and are then averaged for multiple random realizations of stair mode step sizes. In addition, the stair mode target irradiance patterns are imaged with cameras which have decreasing aperture stop diameters. Initial results show that low resolution imaging conditions, i.e. an aperture stop on the order of a subaperture diameter, makes it difficult to distinguish between different realizations of stair mode using a separate camera sensor.
Sustainability and recycle–reuse in process systems

We have only one planet in which to live. Because of accelerating use of limited natural resources, its attendant environmental degradation, and societal inequity that has resulted among groups of people as well as that which will result between present and future generations, we generally recognize that the current development patterns are not sustainable for the long term. This realization calls for satisfying our needs by judiciously using renewable resources, recycling wastes and end-of-life products for beneficial uses, and reversing environmental degradation in some areas and minimizing environmental impacts in others. As new scientific and technological innovations are exploited to implement these goals, tools and methods are needed to ascertain that the direction of economic development for meeting increasing standard of living is protective of human life and ecology. Countries that are economically developed, and therefore wealthy, are in a better position to protect the environment than are the developing countries. This situation calls for technologies that are not only benign but also affordable for the developing world. This is the grand challenge of this century. Some ideas on the elements of this grand challenge that are relevant to the practice of chemistry and engineering are discussed here.
Irreversible inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by nucleoside analogs.

Abstract A large number of nucleoside analogs have been found to inactivate S -adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase in a time-dependent irreversible manner. There are two classes of these irreversible inhibitors: (A) analogs that inactivate the enzyme in a pseudofirst-order process and are devoid of any side chain at the 5′-OH group; (B) analogs that inactivate the enzyme in a time-dependent but curvilinear process, and generally have a side chain at the 5′ position. Among the more potent irreversible inhibitors are 2-chloroadenosine, 9-β- d -arabinofuranosyladenine (Ara-A), and (±)aristeromycin. Release of adenine base from adenosine or Ara-A in the presence of AdoHcy hydrolase was observed, thus supporting the proposed catalytic mechanism of AdoHcy hydrolase, that entails the transient formation of 3′-ketoadenosine during enzymatic catalysis of either the formation or hydrolysis of AdoHcy. Both Ara-A and adenosine may exert their irreversible inactivation by a suicide mechanism, but nucleosides such as 5′-iodo-5′-deoxyadenosine and 3′-deoxyadenosine are probably strictly irreversible inhibitors per se in view of the catalytic mechanism proposed for AdoHcy hydrolase. Labeling of AdoHcy hydrolase, perhaps covalent in nature, by radioactive Ara-A and adenosine was demonstrated by gel electrophoresis.
Modified Deschamps needle for securing dorsal vein complex and urethra during radical retropubic prostatectomy.

We have used a modified Deschamps needle, which we believe not only simplifies this part of the dissection but also isolates the urethra more securely in patients undergoing nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy
Environmental and lunar cues are predictive of the timing of river entry and spawning-site arrival in lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens.

The associations were quantified between daily and interannual variation in the timing of a closed population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens migration and arrival at spawning sites with stream environmental and lunar covariates. Spawning data were gathered from 1262 fish in Black Lake, Michigan 2001 to 2008 and by video monitoring 2000 to 2002. Sex-specific variation in responses to external cues was also tested. Results showed that a greater number of individuals initiated migration from lake to riverine habitats at dawn and dusk relative to other times of the day. Current and lagged effects of water temperature and river discharge, and periods in the lunar cycle were important variables in models quantifying movements into the river and timing of adult arrival at spawning sites. Different suites of covariates were predictive of A. fulverscens responses during different periods of the spawning season. The timing of initiation of migration and spawning, and the importance of covariates to the timing of these events, did not differ between sexes. Stream flow and temperature covaried with other variables including day length and the lunar cycle. Anthropogenic disruption of relationships among variables may mean that environmental cues may no longer reliably convey information for Acipenseriformes and other migratory fishes. © 2012 The Authors
ISPC 2007 third editorial

The papers by Joseph Earley, Klaus Ruthenberg and Rom Harre are the last to be published from the 2007 International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry Symposium held at the University of San Francisco. The previous papers from the symposium can be found in Foundations of Chemistry v11.1 and v10.3. Together these three papers form a conversation on the epistemology and ontology of element and substance, a subject of on-going interest to philosophers of chemistry. Earley and Ruthenberg, two well-known chemist-philosophers, directly engage one another on the use of the terms ‘einfacher Stoff’ and ‘Grundstoff’ by Fritz Paneth (an important early twentieth century chemist-philosopher). Earley uses a linguistic framework to dissect Paneth’s terminology and explicate its polysemic underpinnings. Translated as ‘simple substance’ and ‘basic substance’ respectively, he suggests that these provide ‘‘alternate meanings of the term element’’, where einfacher Stoff is an element in the Lavoisierian sense, while Grundstoff encapsulates the conceptual notion of an element (i.e., within a compound, bound to other elements) that chemists actually use, and is therefore not ‘a substance’ in either the vernacular or philosophical sense. To prove this he tracks the etymological progression of the word ‘substance’ from Aristotle onward, ultimately proposing that einfacher Stoff be translated into ‘elementary substance’ and ‘element’ be ‘‘available for exclusive use as an English translation of Grundstoff’’. While Earley separates Paneth’s philosophical understanding of element and substance from Kant’s transcendental schema of phenomena and noumena, Ruthenberg argues that Paneth’s philosophy is directly grounded in Kant’s epistemology and that therefore a linguistic analysis is insufficient. By reframing einfacher Stoff as observables and Grundstoff as non-observables he tracks Paneth’s shifting conception of element/substance from that of the purely phenomenological (1916) into the realm of the transcendental (1931). Once tied to Kant’s philosophy, Ruthenberg untangles the intricacies of the connection by showing that whereas Paneth’s empirical view on simple substances does not, in fact, quite square with Kant’s (as expressed in the Critique of Pure Reason), his notion of basic substances as ‘‘theoretical concepts rather than existing things’’ accords well with
Cytochemical localization of adenyl cyclase in isoproterenol stimulated hepatoma ascites cells.

Although adenyl cyclase (AC) has been reported for many mammalian cell types its presence in transformed cells is controversial since AC activity is present in some tumors but absent in others. Thus Chang hepatoma ascites cells were inverstigated to determine if AC could be localized cytochemically in this cell type. Using a variation of the method of Reik et al. (1970), AC was localized at the surface of the bile canaliculi and intercellular spaces of frozen liver sections of a normal rat. By contrast AC could be localized on the surface of hepatoma ascites cells only after preincubation treatment of unfixed cells with isoproterenol. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed when untreated ascites cells or cells incubated in AC media without the substrate were free of any reaction product. The results of this study indicate that AC activity is present in hepatoma ascites cells but that it can only be demonstrated after isoproterenol stimulation.
Evidence-Based Therapy for Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. As the US life expectancy increases and the population ages, the overall prevalence of HF will continue to escalate. The increasing use of effective selective therapies such as neurohormonal blockade in the treatment of patients with HF has led to considerable improvement in their prognosis. During the past several decades, some studies have demonstrated the benefits of treatment; based on the evidence available from these studies, various national and international guidelines have specific recommendations for the evidence-based therapy with these drugs in patients with HF.
Plasma Marinobufagenin-Like and Ouabain-Like Immunoreactivity in Adrenocorticotropin-Treated Rats

Recently, an endogenous digitalis-like factor (EDLF) was shown to be stimulated in corticotropin (ACTH) hypertension in the rat. We have shown that mammalian plasma contains a vasoconstrictor Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, which cross-reacts with an antibody to amphibian EDLF, marinobufagenin. In the present experiment, the effect of 8 days of intramuscular ACTH treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day) of male Fisher 344xNB rats on blood pressure, plasma ouabain-like and marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity, and on the activity of Na,K-ATPase in aortic sarcolemma were studied. The ACTH treatment for 8 days resulted in increased systolic blood pressure (151 ± 12.4 v 121 ± 4.0 mm Hg, P <.01), inhibition of Na,K-ATPase in aortic sarcolemma (2.99 ± 0.35 v 5.43 ± 0.17 μmol ADP/mg prol /h), and increases in plasma concentration of marinobufagenin-like (0.44 ± 0.06 v 0.21 ± 0.05 nmol/L), but not ouabain-like (0.09 ± 0.01 v 0.10 ± 0.04 nmol/L) immunoreactivity. In dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA), serial dilutions of plasma from ACTH-treated rats extracted with 25% and 80% acetonitrile, respectively, demonstrated parallelism to the calibration curves of ouabain and marinobufagenin. These findings suggest that an endogenous bufodienolide Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, rather than an endogenous ouabain-like compound, is increased after 8 days of treatment of rats with ACTH.
The effect of training on cue-position patterning in discrimination problems

Abstract The amount of cue-position patterning occurring in simultaneous discrimination learning and the effect of patterning on a successive test problem were investigated. Half of 64 Ss were trained to a criterion (Lo) on the training problem. The remaining Ss, trained to the same criterion, received additional trials (Hi). All Ss received 24 trials on 1 of 2 test problems. Compounds previously reinforced in the training problem were reinforced in Problem A and nonreinforced in Problem B. As predicted by the stimulus interaction hypothesis, Group A-Hi obtained the highest number of correct responses followed by Groups A-Lo, B-Lo, and B-Hi. The problem × training interaction was significant (p
Policy and Nuclear Proliferation: How Arms Control Encourages Proliferation

It is generally accepted that arms control enhances nonproliferation efforts. This article examines interactions between arms control proposals in the near- to mid-term and nonproliferation, and argues that some arms control actually provides incentives for increased proliferation. Specifically, unilateral arms control may lead to increased proliferation. Bilateral arms control has shown little if any impact on nonproliferation efforts. Multilateral arms control, however, may well strengthen the nonproliferation regime (the general regime, not simply the treaty). Another areas of interest is the interaction between the prohibitions on chemical and biological weapons and nuclear proliferation. Here, I argue that retaining the option to respond to biological use with nuclear weapons does not hinder nonproliferation efforts. Finally, I suggest that a unilateral and absolute no-first-use commitment by the United States would actually encourage the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Natural convection in evaporating sessile drops with solidification

Abstract Transient natural convection and internal solidification in a minute drop evaporating on a horizontal plate is investigated by the laser shadowgraph-schlieren method and direct microscopic photography. The drop is point-cooled at the center of the base by the tip of a metal wire connected to a block of dry ice. A thermocapillary-induced, doughnut-shaped vortex region exists around the solid phase during the course of internal solidification. The genesis of a thermocapillary-induced vortex ring and internal solidification can be predicted from the time history of drop temperatures. The internal solidification suppresses the surface rippling of an evaporating drop, thus retarding the evaporation rate. Empirical expressions are obtained which describe the effects of the Marangoni, Prandtl and Stefan numbers and the degree of supercooling on the solid growth velocity.
Validation of Age Estimates from White Sucker Otoliths

Abstract White suckers Catostomus commersoni were collected by electroshocking from Lake Taneycomo, a coldwater reservoir in southwest Missouri, to validate the use of otoliths as a yearly estimator of age. Otoliths (lapillae) were sectioned through the transverse plane for age estimation. Age validation was by edge analysis, whereby the formation of an annulus at the growing edge of the otolith was tracked throughout the year. Results indicated that only one annulus was formed per year. It was determined that otoliths are a reliable estimator of yearly age for white suckers age 2–18 in Lake Taneycomo.
Primary crenulation pencil cleavage

Abstract Previous pencil cleavage models rely on either pressure solution or independent grain rotation as the principal shortening mechanism. In contrast, samples from the Rose Hill Formation and the Marcellus Shale from the Central Appalachians show a primary tectonic crenulation fabric dominated by domainal grain rotation in microfold limbs. The crenulations are identified in crossed-polarized light where they appear as alternating light and dark bands of optically aligned phyllosilicates in the microfold limbs. Relatively rare pressure solution developed concentrations of insoluble residue and thinned bedding laminae within microfold limbs. A systematic relationship of pressure solution to microfold limbs in more deformed samples indicates that microfolding preceded pressure solution. Shortening, in six samples without pressure solution, ranges from 9.2 to 20.4% and exhibits no direct relationship to the length/width ratios for the pencils. A new model for pencil cleavage begins with compacted shale having a strong bedding-parallel alignment of inequant grains. Compression causes microfolding, developing a primary crenulation pencil cleavage fabric. Pressure solution is then initiated within the microfold limbs and continues as a major shortening mechanism which overprints bedding to form planar cleavage.
Diet and Creatine Dose Effects on 2000 Meter Rowing Performance, Body Composition and Blood Chemistry of Division II Male College Crew Athletes

Abstract A more rapid recycling of phosphocreatine should assist athletes during a less than 7-minute, all-out 2000 meter indoor rowing performance (2000MRP). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of diet and creatine monohydrate (CM) supplementation dose on 2000MRP, body composition, and the blood chemistry of 18 NCAA division II crew members during an intense 45-day competitive season. Nutritional assistance was given and intake was recorded using "fill-in" food pyramids and institutional menu forms. While the majority of their food was institutionally prepared, athletes could consume ad-libitium from any source with encouragement given to stay within individualized kilocalorie and protein intake guidelines. A mean of nine days of food records for each athlete was analyzed to yield daily values of: 3675 kcals, 18% CHON, 55% CHO and 27% FAT. CM in either 5 or 10 gram/day dose or placebo was administered to the athletes (randomized, double-blind design; 94% compliance rate) during a 45-day period. Results indicated no significant difference in nutritional intake between the three groups (kcals: p=0.94; mean macronutrients: p=0.93). Pre-test 2000MRP were obtained at the World Indoor Rowing Championships while post-test values were obtained on the team's machines. 2000MRP decreased (p
Algebraic cohomology of compact monoids

We outline the development of a cohomology theory for compact monoids which extends the existing theory for finite monoids. This research was inspired by the work of K. H. Hofmann and P. S. Mostert [2], which defines the cohomology of a compact group in terms of the Cech cohomology of its classifying space. We use the classifying space construction of A. Dold and R. Lashof [1].
Applicability of Criterion for Onset of River Ice Breakup

The breakup of an ice cover may lead to ice jamming. However, tested methods for predicting the ice cover breakup are lacking. One method uses hinge resistance at riverbanks as a tentative criterion for ice cover breakup in relatively straight rivers. In the present study, data from 6 years of observations of the Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn. are used to evaluate the applicability of that criterion. The observations include the date, the flow, and the thickness of the ice cover at the onset of cover breakup. An effort is made to estimate the shear stress on the ice cover with reasonable accuracy; and this shear stress is used to determine the counteracting hinge resistance at the onset of cover breakup. The calculated value of hinge resistance does not vary much from year to year, and thus the proposed criterion appears to be applicable for the study site.
Differences between the envelope glycoproteins and glycopeptides of avian tumor viruses released from transformed and from nontransformed cells.

Abstract The glycoproteins of several Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) strains were found to have a slightly lower electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels than those of corresponding leukosis viruses of the same subgroup and strain. The glycoproteins of T5, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Schmidt-Ruppin RSV affecting the transforming ability of the virus, had a lower electrophoretic mobility in virus propagated at the permissive temperature than in virus propagated at the nonpermissive temperature. Further the glycopeptides of viruses released from transformed and nontransformed cell were compared. Viral glycopeptides were prepared by exhaustive pronase digestion of viral glycoproteins. It was found that the glycopeptides of all viruses released from transformed cells were larger (MW ≈ 5100) than those of viruses (MW ≈ 3900) released from normal cells. These differences were not strain- or subgroup-specific, as all viruses belonging to different subgroups and strains, which were released from transformed cells, had large glycopeptides. The same was true for glycopeptides, which were all small, of viruses released from phenotypically normal cells. The roles of cellular and viral genes in determining the size of viral glycoproteins and glycopeptides are discussed.
A Study of Fixed-Order Mixed Norm Designs for a Benchmark Problem in Structural Control

This study investigates the use of H2, p-synthesis, and mixed H2/mu methods to construct full-order controllers and optimized controllers of fixed dimensions. The benchmark problem definition is first extended to include uncertainty within the controller bandwidth in the form of parametric uncertainty representative of uncertainty in the natural frequencies of the design model. The sensitivity of H2 design to unmodelled dynamics and parametric uncertainty is evaluated for a range of controller levels of authority. Next, mu-synthesis methods are applied to design full-order compensators that are robust to both unmodelled dynamics and to parametric uncertainty. Finally, a set of mixed H2/mu compensators are designed which are optimized for a fixed compensator dimension. These mixed norm designs recover the H, design performance levels while providing the same levels of robust stability as the u designs. It is shown that designing with the mixed norm approach permits higher levels of controller authority for which the H, designs are destabilizing. The benchmark problem is that of an active tendon system. The controller designs are all based on the use of acceleration feedback.
Hydrogen production from coal, water and electrons

Coals and other forms of solid carbonaceous fossil fuel are oxidised to oxides of carbon at the anode of an electrochemical cell and hydrogen is produced at the cathode, these gases being produced in relatively pure states. The reaction proceeds at very mild temperatures and at operating electrical potentials significantly lower than the thermodynamic potential of water electrolysis. Although the reaction is readily observable at room temperature, the observed activation energies and the expected decomposition temperatures of the presumed intermediates suggest that much more rapid and steadier oxidation rates might be achieved at higher temperatures in the range 200–600 °C.
Attachment ofSalmonella typhimurium andListeria monocytogenes to beef tissue: effects of inoculum level, growth temperature and bacterial culture age

Abstract The effects of inoculum level, growth temperature and culture age on the attachment of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes to beef tissue surfaces were evaluated. An increase in inoculum level resulted in an increase in the number of attached cells for both bacteria which was proportional to the increase in inoculum. Bacteria grown at 23°C attached in higher numbers ( P ) to fat tissue than bacteria grown at 37°C or at 37°C followed by 24 h at 5°C. Growth temperature did not affect attachment to lean tissue for either bacterium. Overnight cultures of both bacteria attached in greater numbers ( P ) to both tissue surfaces than cultures incubated for 66 h, with a difference of > 1 log 10 cycle between 18- and 66-h L. monocytogenes cultures.
Clustering of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal female twins.

Previous family and twin studies indicate that genetic variation makes an important contribution to individual variation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels, even after adjusment for covariates (such as obesity and alcohol consumption) that also cluster in families. However, most studies assume that genetic mechanisms affecting variation in HDL level are the same in all subgroups of the population (e.g., men versus women, by age). Using data from the Kaiser-Permanente Women Twins Study, we found different patterns of clustering for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins depending on menopausal status
The broadly conserved regulator PhoP links pathogen virulence and membrane potential in Escherichia coli

Summary PhoP is considered a virulence regulator despite being conserved in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. While Escherichia coli strains represent non-pathogenic commensal isolates and numerous virulent pathotypes, the PhoP virulence regulator has only been studied in commensal E. coli. To better understand how conserved transcription factors contribute to virulence, we characterized PhoP in pathogenic E. coli. Deletion of phoP significantly attenuated E. coli during extraintestinal infection. This was not surprising since we demonstrated that PhoP differentially regulated the transcription of > 600 genes. In addition to survival at acidic pH and resistance to polymyxin, PhoP was required for repression of motility and oxygen-independent changes in the expression of primary dehydrogenase and terminal reductase respiratory chain components. All phenotypes have in common a reliance on an energized membrane. Thus, we hypothesized that PhoP mediates these effects by regulating genes encoding proteins that generate proton motive force. Indeed, bacteria lacking PhoP exhibited a hyperpolarized membrane and dissipation of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient increased susceptibility of the phoP mutant to acidic pH, while inhibiting respiratory generation of the proton gradient restored resistance to antimicrobial peptides independent of lipopolysaccharide modification. These findings demonstrate a connection between PhoP, virulence and the energized state of the membrane.
Urban Political Movements and Revolutionary Change in the Third World

This article considers two theoretical approaches to the question of effectual political participation in the urban policies of Third World societies; the radical and instrumental perspectives. It ...
Distinctive Feature Confusions in Production and Discrimination of Selected Consonants.

Twenty five children with defective articulation and 25 normally speaking children were matched for age and IQ score. They identified pictures representing 18 consonants. The consonant confusions w...
Challenges in developing antidrug antibody screening assays

Robert Dodge is the Laboratory Director for Immunochemistry and Cell Biology at Taylor Technology, a Pharmanet company in Princeton, NJ, USA. Taylor Technology is a contract research laboratory specializing in assay development and sample testing in a good laboratory practice environment. Robert oversees a staff of scientists responsible for the development of assays for use in protein drug quantitation, antidrug antibody screening and biomarker detection. Protein drugs may elicit an immune response in the form of production of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) by a subject. This ADA response may have serious safety implications for subjects or, at a minimum, may affect drug efficacy. Bioanalytical testing for antidrug antibodies has therefore become a required part of safety testing for subjects receiving protein drugs. Regulatory guidance and scientific white papers recommend a tiered approach for bioanalytical ADA testing. The first assay in the tiered testing scheme is a screening assay, which tests all subjects in the study for the presence of ADAs. The screening assay is quasiquantitative, typically lacks a specific positive control and must be designed to detect numerous isotypes and subclasses of antibodies. These characteristics of an ADA screening assay differ from a those of a standard immunoassay designed to quantitate a specific protein in matrix and thus present unique challenges. This article reviews the unique challenges encountered during the development of an ADA assay.
Identifying maternal self-reported alcohol use associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Background: The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) has been estimated at 1 to 3 per 1000 live births. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) (which include FAS) are estimated to occur in about 1 in 100 births. Cessation of drinking during pregnancy can improve the outcome even if the unborn child is already affected. For individuals born with FASD, an early diagnosis appears to be a protective factor against secondary disabilities. A quick screening tool to identify newborn children at risk has been elusive. Methods: A simple descriptive presentation is offered that shows where 36 individuals with FASD were found from among the many patterns and amounts of prenatal alcohol use that were reported by a sample of 1439 pregnant women whose offspring were later examined within the first 7 years of life. Results: Individuals with FASD (i.e., those with FAS, fetal alcohol effects, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder ) were found within two aggregates of alcohol scores that together recommend a set of three to four alcohol questions. Within this derivation sample, one scoring of the questions yields almost 78% sensitivity and 97% specificity for FASD. Another scoring of the same instrument yields 100% sensitivity with 90% specificity. Conclusions: These new data may facilitate early identification of offspring who may be most in need of early intervention, namely those born with FASD.
Distinct modes of interaction of SHC and insulin receptor substrate-1 with the insulin receptor NPEY region via non-SH2 domains.

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and src homology and collagen protein (SHC) are signaling proteins which are rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosines after insulin receptor (IR) activation. We have recently shown that both SHC and IRS-1 interact with the tyrosine-phosphorylated NPEY motif of the IR and insulin-like growth factor I receptor via non-SH2 domains (Gustafson, T. A., He, W., Craparo, A., Schaub, C. D., and O'Neill, T. J.(1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2500-2508; O'Neill, T. J., Craparo, A., and Gustafson, T. A.(1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 6433-6442; Craparo, A., O'Neill, T. J., and Gustafson, T. A.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15639-15643). In this study we characterize these interactions by examining the effects of 18 amino acid substitutions within and around the IR NPEY motif upon interaction with SHC and IRS-1. We confirm that Tyr-960 within the NPEY motif of the IR is essential for both IRS-1 and SHC interaction and that Asn-957 and Pro-958 are essential for IRS-1 interaction and important but not critical for SHC interaction. Additional mutations surrounding the NPEY motif revealed completely distinct patterns of interaction for SHC and IRS-1. Specifically, mutation of Leu-952 or Tyr-953 (at positions −7 and −8 from Tyr-960) markedly reduced IRS-1 interaction but had no effect upon SHC interaction. Likewise, mutation of Ala-963 (+3) reduced IRS-1 but not SHC interaction. Conversely, substitution of Leu-961 (+1) with either Ala or Arg reduced SHC interaction by 70 and 90%, respectively, yet had no effect upon interaction with IRS-1. Our data show that the sequences within and surrounding the NPEY contribute differentially to either SHC or IRS-1 recognition. Our findings suggest mechanisms by which the differential interaction of known receptors with IRS-1 and SHC may be mediated.
People power and political opportunities : Social movement mobilization and outcomes in the Philippines and Burma

This study assesses the relevance of the political opportunity framework for social movements in non-democratic contexts by applying it to two people power movements that occurred in the Philippines and Burma during the 1980s. The movement in the Philippines culminated in the toppling of the Marcos dictatorship and a democratic transition. The movement in Burma was violently suppressed, and although multiparty elections were subsequently held as a result of the protest movement, the military regime refused to honor them and remained in power. The core dimensions of political opportunity are used to account for the mobilization of the two movements and their divergent outcomes. As expected by the political opportunity framework, influential allies and elite divisions influenced the mobilization and outcomes of the movements. The application of the political opportunity framework to non-democracies uncovers some limitations with the framework as well: the under-theorized role of the international context and the importance of press freedoms and information flows. A comparative approach uncovers limitations with the additive enumeration of political opportunities for single movements. Violent and indiscriminate repression was found to have a differential effect on mobilization depending on whether other opportunities were present or absent. More generally, a configuration approach to political opportunities is proposed that incorporates a multiple and conjunctural conception of causation. This approach assumes that political opportunities may not be independent of each other and that political opportunities may have differential effects on dissent depending on the larger configuration of opportunities in which they occur.
ORGANIZATION OF THE RUDIMENTARY WING LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. THE ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTANTS INDUCED WITH ETHYL METHANESULFONATE, ICR–170 AND X RAYS

New rudimentary (r) mutants have been isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (r(LE)), ICR-170 (r(LI)) and X rays (r(LX)). From wing phenotype measurements on homoallelic females, it has been shown that the r(LE) mutant series includes several leaky alleles, as well as alleles that produce moderate and strong r phenotypes. All of the tested r(LI) alleles yielded strong r phenotypes in homoallelic females, whereas the r(LX) series was found to include both moderate and strong alleles. Based on allele complementation for the wing phenotype, it was found that all three mutant series include both complementing and noncomplementing alleles, but the relative frequencies of these two types of alleles differ considerably among the three series. Complementing alleles comprise most of the r(LE) mutant series (19 of 25) and almost one-half of the r(LX) series (five of 12), while only one of 16 r(LI) mutants is a complementing allele. Data from enzyme assays of mutants mostly support the direct correlation of genetic complementation units with the activities of the first three enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. All of these findings are discussed in light of evidence that these three enzymes are contained within a trienzyme complex in animals. We conclude that the available genetic evidence supports the contention that the trienzyme complex is encoded by a single mRNA.