cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of prepartum dietary energy on beef cow performance and calf growth and carcass characteristics

Abstract Objectives were to evaluate the effects of prepartum dietary energy intake on cow performance as well as performance and carcass characteristics of subsequent progeny. Spring-calving, mature cows ( n =106 total) were blocked by BW and allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: ground hay and dried distillers grains plus solubles ( REQ : TDN=61.8%, CP=11.0%, fat=2.1%), or corn bran and ground cornstalks ( HE : TDN=70.3%, CP=10.0%, fat=5.7%). Treatments were limit-fed as isonitrogenous rations with REQ and HE providing 100% and 125% of TDN requirements, respectively, and were fed from 83±10 d prepartum to calving. All cows were fed a common diet postpartum. Cow BW and BCS were recorded at the beginning of the feeding period, 24 h post-calving, and at breeding. Milk production was estimated via the weigh–suckle–weigh technique 65±9 and 120±9 d postpartum. Calf BW was measured at birth and at weaning (120±9 d of age). Calves ( n =86) were fed a common feedlot diet beginning 2 d after weaning, and individual feed intake was monitored using GrowSafe. Progeny were slaughtered in 3 groups at an average 12th rib fat thickness of 1.3 cm. From initiation of experiment to breeding, cow BW change was greater ( P 0.01) and BCS change tended to be greater ( P= 0.09) for HE relative to REQ cows. Birth BW was greater ( P =0.02) for calves born to cows fed HE with no increase ( P =0.30) in percentage of unassisted births. There were no effects ( P ≥0.27) of treatment on calving date, milk production, or subsequent pregnancy rate. Calf weaning BW, initial feedlot BW, final BW, and days on feed were not affected ( P ≥0.20) by treatment. Feedlot DMI, ADG, and G:F were not different ( P ≥0.35). There was no effect ( P ≥0.27) of treatment on progeny morbidity. Although progeny born to HE dams tended ( P= 0.10) to have greater marbling scores at weaning, there was no effect ( P ≥0.60) of treatment on carcass marbling score or other carcass traits. Feeding cows 125% of TDN requirement during late gestation increased cow BW change and progeny birth body weight. Feeding cows 125% of TDN requirement during late gestation had no effect on pregnancy rate or progeny performance.
Distribution of Zinc in Human Milk and Cow’s Milk after in Vitro Proteolysis

Several studies have shown that the bioavailability of zinc is higher from human milk than from cow’s milk. This difference is more pronounced in infants than in adults. Blakeborough (1) suggested a difference in solubility between human and cow’s milk during digestion. We hypothesized that the higher bioavailability of zinc from human milk is due to a larger proportion of low molecular weight (LMW) zinc and a smaller proportion of insoluble/undigested zinc-binding proteins. This may be accentuated in the infant, since the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract is not fully developed. Gastric acid output and pancreatic enzyme secretion are known to be lower in the infant than in the adult gut, resulting in a higher stomach pH and limitations in protein digestion. Further confounding the uptake of zinc is the much faster transit time in the infant gut. Since in vivo uptake studies are limited by the fact that LMW zinc complexes are likely to show more rapid absorption than other forms of zinc, we have followed digestion of human milk (HM) and cow’s milk (CM) in vitro. In these studies we have used a more physiological stomach pH for infants, i.e., pH 5, and compared this to digestion at pH 2 (more resembling adult conditions). Time periods have been kept short to mimic rapid transit time. Individual effects of pepsin digestion, low pH and pancreatic enzyme digestion as well as combinations of these have been investigated.
Association between Social Media Use and Depression among U.S. Young Adults

BACKGROUND: Social media (SM) use is increasing among U.S. young adults, and its association with mental well-being remains unclear. This study assessed the association between SM use and depression in a nationally representative sample of young adults. METHODS: We surveyed 1,787 adults ages 19 to 32 about SM use and depression. Participants were recruited via random digit dialing and address-based sampling. SM use was assessed by self-reported total time per day spent on SM, visits per week, and a global frequency score based on the Pew Internet Research Questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Scale Short Form. Chi-squared tests and ordered logistic regressions were performed with sample weights. RESULTS: The weighted sample was 50.3% female and 57.5% White. Compared to those in the lowest quartile of total time per day spent on SM, participants in the highest quartile had significantly increased odds of depression (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.14-2.42) after controlling for all covariates. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, individuals in the highest quartile of SM site visits per week and those with a higher global frequency score had significantly increased odds of depression (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.86-4.04; AOR = 3.05, 95% CI = 2.03-4.59, respectively). All associations between independent variables and depression had strong, linear, dose-response trends. RESULTS were robust to all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: SM use was significantly associated with increased depression. Given the proliferation of SM, identifying the mechanisms and direction of this association is critical for informing interventions that address SM use and depression. Language: en
In vitro Incorporation of Glycine-1-14C into Total Muscle Protein of Normal and Vitamin E-Deficient Rabbits.

SummarySkeletal muscle slices and homo genates from control and vit E-deficient rabbits were incubated in the presence of glycine-1-14C. In both preparations vit E deficiency resulted in an increased glycine incorporation into total muscle protein which was accompanied by increased oxygen consumption.
Hatchability of Eggs of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae): Effects of Different Temperatures and Photoperiods during Embryogenesis

Eggs of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) were subjected to different photoperiod/ temperature combinations on days 0–5 postoviposition. At 22°C, those exposed on day 2 displayed the highest incidence of photoperiod-induced diapause. At 15°C, photophases <12 h produced a lower incidence of diapause when experienced by eggs from days 0–2 than from days 3–5 postoviposition. However, at both a constant 15 and 22°C and at a 21:5°C thermoperiod, percentage hatch tended to be inversely proportional to age for eggs that were 0–2 days old and directly proportional to age for those that were 3–5 days old on exposure to photoperiod. A combination of a 10.5:13.5 (L:D) photoperiod and 21:5°C (photophase/scotophase thermal regime) had the greatest effect when encountered by eggs 0–2 days postoviposition; the combination's effect on eggs that were 3–5 days old was similar to that of a 10:14 photoperiod and 15°C. Under a 11.3:12.7 photoperiod and a 24:9°C thermoperiod, a clearly defined hatching pattern was shown only by eggs subjected to the treatment 2 days after oviposition. A constant 5, 10, and 27°C suppressed the effect of photoperiod. Results suggest that photoperiod/temperature interactions were influential during embryogenesis.
COMPARISON OF NONLINEAR CONTROLLERS FOR TWIN-LIFT CONFIGURATIONS

The stability and control problems associated with twinlift helicopter configurations are analyzed. For the two twin-lift configurations viz. twin-lift with spreader bar and twin-lift without spreader bar, a nonlinear control scheme based on feedback linearization is presented. The performance of the resulting closed-loop systems in terms of trim attitudes and required control travel for carrying out a typical twin-lift mission is evaluated through nonlinear simulation. Also, the effect of controller and sensor degradations on the overall system performance is discussed.
Photoelectron-induced waves: A likely source of 150 km radar echoes and enhanced electron modes

VHF radars near the geomagnetic equator receive coherent reflections from plasma density irregularities between 130 and 160 km in altitude during the daytime. Though researchers first discovered these 150 km echoes over 50 years ago and use them to monitor vertical plasma drifts, the underlying mechanism that creates them remains a mystery. This paper uses large-scale kinetic simulations to show that photoelectrons can drive electron waves, which then enhance ion density irregularities that radars could observe as 150 km echoes. This model explains why 150 km echoes exist only during the day and why they appear at their lowest altitudes near noon. It predicts the spectral structure observed by Chau (2004) and suggests observations that can further evaluate this mechanism. It also shows the types and strength of electron modes that photoelectron-wave interactions generate in a magnetized plasma.
Study on synthesis and properties of aluminum hydride (alane)

Aluminum hydride(alane) was synthesized by reducing AlCl3 with LiAlH4,and the total yield of alane can up to more than 90%.The synthesized samples were treated by means of different stabilizers.The amount of gas release of the treated samples at 70 ℃ was measured,then their thermal stability was compared.The results show that alane treated by dilute acid has the best stability.The safty property of alane was investigated,furthermore the compatibility of alane with common propellant components was best studied by DSC.
Preparation of TiN film on 0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti stainless steel substrate

The TiN hard film was prepared on 0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti(15-5PH) stainless steel substrate using the multi-arc ion plating technique.The influence of the preparation process on the film performance was analyzed in order to improve the preparation technology,such as the influence on the surface hardness,adhesive force,film structure,and so on.The results show that the film is well crystalloid after the preheating temperature higher than 200℃,the pseudo-diffusion zone is formed when the negative bias is at 600V.When using Ti as the interlayer under a preheating temperature of 250℃,a working pressure of 2.0Pa,and a negative bias of 650V,the adhesive force is above 60N,and the surface hardness is more than 1200 HV0.05.The properties of the work pieces can meet the operation requirements after coating process.
Automatic Motion Classification for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Many computer vision applications need motion detection and analysis. In this research, a newly developed feature descriptor is used to find sparse motion vectors. Based on the resulting sparse motion field the camera motion is detected and analyzed. Statistical analysis is performed, based on polar representation of motion vectors. Direction of motion is classified, based on the statistical analysis results. The motion field further is used for depth analysis. This proposed method is evaluated with two video sequences under image deformation: illumination change, blurring and camera movement (i.e. viewpoint change). These video sequences are captured from a moving camera (moving/driving car) with moving objects.
Semi-supervised Learning by Higher Order Regularization

In semi-supervised learning, at the limit of infinite unlabeled points while fixing labeled ones, the solutions of several graph Laplacian regularization based algorithms were shown by Nadler et al. (2009) to degenerate to constant functions with “spikes” at labeled points in R for d ≥ 2. These optimization problems all use the graph Laplacian regularizer as a common penalty term. In this paper, we address this problem by using regularization based on an iterated Laplacian, which is equivalent to a higher order Sobolev semi-norm. Alternatively, it can be viewed as a generalization of the thin plate spline to an unknown submanifold in high dimensions. We also discuss relationships between Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces and Green’s functions. Experimental results support our analysis by showing consistently improved results using iterated Laplacians.
Essential hypertension in children.

Since the adverse effects of hypertension on cardiovascular function can in large measure be prevented by treatment it would seem logical to identify, early in life, persons who are at risk of becoming hypertensive. But tracking and managing children found to have elevated blood pressure pose a serious risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, with subsequent deleterious effects.
Tuning an electrically small on-the-move HF half-loop antenna

In this contribution, the implementation of a purely capacitive low loss high-power tuner for an electrically small vehicular HF half-loop antenna with NVIS capabilities is discussed. A quantitative comparison in terms of efficiency and tuning range of two minimum-component-count capacitive tuners is presented. Practical implementation of a tuner demonstrator is described. Measurements with the half-loop antenna mounted on a vehicle platform mock-up demonstrate an input matching better than 14 dB at two frequencies used for antenna testing.
In vitro immune absorption of antisperm antibodies with immunobead‐rise, immunomagnetic, and immunocolumn separation techniques

Fourteen men with a mean duration of infertility greater than 3 years who had significant sperm immobilizing or sperm-agglutinating antibodies were studied. All patients had greater than 20% IgG or IgA immunobinding to sperm in their seminal plasma and 7 had immunobinding levels of greater than 50%. Sperm from these men were less able to penetrate an overlaying buffer layer than sperm from a fertile control. Addition of immunobeads to the specimen was of little use, because few motile sperm could swim into the overlaying buffer; retained immunobeads were noted in the buffer layer of 18-hour capacitated specimens. Magnetic isolation of antibody-coated sperm from antibody-free sperm avoids potential damage to fragile sperm through centrifugation. Viable spermatozoa were isolated from magnetite-complexed spermatozoa, but the motility of the isolated spermatozoa deteriorated rapidly during the subsequent capacitation period. Passage of diluted ejaculate through a column of dextran beads for antisperm antibody processing (ASAP) was associated with superior sperm quality and fertilizing potential. The use of ASAP resulted in good sperm velocity and linearity and improved sperm function, as measured with the hamster egg penetration test. Sperm from men with immunologically mediated infertility can be processed through the ASAP and used for artificial insemination of their partners or in an in vitro fertilization program.
Well-Being and Access to Health Care

Chapter 9 provides an overview of health problems facing runaway and homeless young people. Youth who are on the streets often have difficulty accessing health care and have an increased probability of developing mental, physical health, and social difficulties. Runaway young people may have an increased probability of suffering from problems such as pneumonia, scabies, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, prostitution, and substance use. This chapter discusses the factors that increase the likelihood that homeless and runaway young people will develop health problems. This chapter evaluates the degree to which homeless and runaway young people who are victims of human trafficking or engage in other risky behaviors such as survival sex may have a higher probability of suffering victimization and poor health outcomes such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immune virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Moreover, this chapter assesses the degree to which runaway and homeless youth who lack shelter and access to healthy food may face a greater likelihood of having food insecurity and related health problems. This chapter assesses the extent to which runaway and homeless youth suffer impaired functioning as a result of their health difficulties. In this chapter, the health status and level of impairment of adults who were former runaways are presented.
Probabilistic assessment of fleet-level noise impacts of projected technology improvements

Abstract Demand projections for civil aviation have forecast increases in operations in future decades. Increases in demand are beneficial to the growth and advancement of the aviation industry, but also come with the threat of significant increase in environmental impacts. In response, the industry is focusing on programs to develop technologies for reductions in fuel burn, NO x emissions, and noise. While aircraft-level impacts are an obvious metric of success, it is difficult to make informed robust technology investment decisions with respect to noise without understanding the fleet-level impacts. Fleet-level predictions of noise for technology explorations are especially complicated because it is computationally expensive, highly combinatorial, and airport-specific. Recently, rapid automated airport noise models have been developed, which can be simulated using Design of Experiments (DOE). The results of these simulations are used to generate surrogate models for airport noise contour area, which can be summed to yield a fleet-level impact. These models make use of simplifying assumptions to provide estimates of airport-level noise that are substantially cheaper to compute. They can be used to perform parametric trade-off analyses in conjunction with the equivalency assumption. Equivalency asserts that environmental impacts of a technology infused aircraft can be represented by scaled operations of the baseline aircraft in the same class. This simple assumption allows for the modeling of technology and market penetration factors under the same units: operations. This research uses surrogate models in conjunction with the equivalency assumption to examine two potential technology scenarios in a target forecast year, simulating technology and market performance factors to identify vehicle classes that could have the greatest impact in reducing contour area. Results show that technology and market performance of future notional Small Single Aisle and Large Single Aisle vehicle aircraft have the highest positive correlations with potential reductions in contour area.
Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Retention among Healthcare Professionals in the United States

With the endemic health care professional shortage seen both in the United States as well as globally, retaining staff is a high priority. Much like other organizations who rely on human capital, health care professionals are the most important resource for improving patient outcomes, and for achieving organizational performance. Leaders must effectively manage their employees in order to retain top talent and meet organizational goals. One reason for high turnover rates among healthcare professionals is the lack of recognition they are given by their leaders. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership components and turnover intentions of health care professionals. One hundred and twenty-seven healthcare professionals from the United States participated in the survey. Participants were recruited through a LinkedIn group of healthcare professionals. More than 100 healthcare professionals from the United States responded to an online survey that contained the Global Transformational Leadership Scale, The Turnover Intention Scale, and demographic questions to describe the sample. A correlational analysis was conducted to determine the type of relationship between the health care professional’s perceptions of their supervisors’ transformational leadership and their intent to turnover. The results of this study support the theory of transformational leadership. The health care professionals’ turnover intentions were negatively correlated with the transformational leadership components, which indicate that as their turnover intentions increased their positive rating of their supervisors’ transformational leadership behaviors decreased.
A Decadal (2002–2014) Analysis for Dynamics of Heterotrophic Bacteria in an Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem: Variability and Physical and Biogeochemical Forcings

We investigated the dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria in the coastal western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), using decadal (2002-2014) time series of two bacterial variables, bacterial production (BP) via 3H-leucine incorporation rates and bacterial biomass (BB) via bacterial abundance, collected at Palmer Antarctica Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Station B (64.8°S, 64.1°W) over a full austral growing season (October-March). Strong seasonal and interannual variability in the degree of bacterial coupling with phytoplankton processes were observed with varying lags. On average, BP was only 4% of primary production (PP), consistent with low BP:PP ratios observed in polar waters. BP was more strongly correlated with chlorophyll (Chl), than with PP, implying that bacteria feed on DOC produced from a variety of trophic levels (e.g. zooplankton sloppy feeding and excretion) as well as directly on phytoplankton-derived DOC. The degree of bottom-up control on bacterial abundance was moderate and relatively consistent across entire growing seasons, suggesting that bacteria in the coastal WAP are under consistent DOC limitation. Temperature also influenced BP rates, though its effect was weaker than DOC. We established generalized linear models (GLMs) for monthly composites of BP and BB via stepwise regression to explore a set of physical and biogeochemical predictors. Physically, high BP and large BB were shaped by a stratified water-column, similar to forcing mechanisms favoring phytoplankton blooms, but high sea surface temperature (SST) also significantly promoted bacterial processes. High BP and large BB were influenced by high PP and bulk DOC concentrations. Based on these findings, we suggest an increasingly important role of marine heterotrophic bacteria in the coastal WAP food-web as climate change introduces a more favorable environmental setting for promoting BP, with increased DOC from retreating glaciers, a more stabilized upper water-column from ice-melt, and a baseline shift of water temperature due to more frequent delivery of warming Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) onto the WAP shelf.
Restricted Interests and Autism: Further Assessment of Preferences for a Variety of Leisure Items:

Researchers have yet to identify the conditions under which people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate restricted interests; it is possible that the impression of restricted interests is strengthened when a limited variety of items are included in a client's preference assessments. This study will extend past research on preferences of children with autism by (a) examining participants' preferences for unreplenished (familiar) play or leisure items versus items that are replenished frequently, (b) assessing if participants who prefer replenished items select items with properties that are matched or unmatched to their most preferred unreplenished item, and (c) assessing if participants who show an exclusive preference for unreplenished items will select replenished items during response-restriction and enhanced-replenished pool manipulations. Participants were four adolescents with autism and a caregiver-reported history of restricted interests. One participant selected both unreplenished (familiar) items and replenished (novel) items without further manipulations. The remaining three participants only selected replenished-matched leisure items after additional manipulations. Results are discussed in terms of the ethical and practical importance of assessing a range of potential reinforcers, particularly with clients who demonstrate restricted interests.
Topology and Measure Theory

We begin this chapter by showing that nonstandard analysis simplifies many of the ideas in the study of metric and topological spaces. Most of the initial results on topology can be found in Robinson’s book [30]. We then give some recent applications of nonstandard analysis to topology. The chapter concludes with a quick introduction to the applications of nonstandard analysis in measure and probability theory. For this purpose, we assume the reader is familiar with the Caratheodory Extension Theorem. A full introduction to this rich theory, starting from first principles, is given in Horst Osswald’s chapters in Part III of this book.
Lies, damned lies, and alibis: how do evaluators process alibis?

iv INTRODUCTION 1 EXPERIMENT 1: Using Cognitive Busyness to Infer Alibi Evaluators' Starting Point 7 EXPERIMENT 2: Using Memory to Infer How Evaluators Process Alibis 29 GENERAL DISCUSSION 52 APPENDIX A: Weak Alibi Script 58 APPENDIX B: Strong Alibi Script 60 APPENDIX C: Alibi Script—Experiment 2 62 APPENDIX D: Memory Measures, Experiment 2 64 APPENDIX E: Recall Scores as a Function of Timing and Type of Alibi Information 65 APPENDIX F : Correlations Among Belief Measures and Trait Ratings, Experiment 2 66
Idiopathic Acute Lung Injury Following Thoracic Surgery

This controversial and evolving topic deserves a brief discussion here as a dedicated chapter for two reasons. First, acute lung injury (ALI) is a leading cause of death following pulmonary resection, particularly pneumonectomy (1, 2). Second, putative causes have important direct implications to anesthetic management on two fronts
Prevalence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in the incarcerated population.

Objectives The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR)-associated mutations among treatment-naive, incarcerated individuals with HIV-1 infection in the USA as well as the class TDR and antiretroviral (ARV) mutations present at baseline. Methods Patients over the age of 18 years were included in the study if they had been diagnosed with HIV infection, if their HIV infection was managed through telemedicine and if they were incarcerated in the State of Illinois Department of Corrections between 10 July 2010 and 29 April 2016. Additionally, the patients were required to have a documented genotype and be ARV-naive. A medical chart review was conducted to assess demographic information, disease burden, and risk factors for acquiring the virus. Results The inclusion criteria were met for 105 patients. A total of 24 patients (23%) had a clinically significant mutation associated with resistance to any drug class. The prevalence of mutations conferring clinically significant resistance was 19% for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 18% for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 4% for protease inhibitors (PIs). Five per cent of patients had dual-class TDR to both NRTI and NNRTI drug classes and 2% of patients had mutations to both NNRTI and PI drug classes. There was no significant increase in the prevalence of clinically relevant drug resistance mutations based on demographics, burden of disease, or risk factors for acquiring the virus. Conclusions A high prevalence of TDR was identified in the ARV-naive incarcerated population. The results of this study indicate an increased prevalence of TDR in a largely unstudied incarcerated population, demonstrating the need for increased monitoring of resistance in HIV-infected patients world-wide.
Graph Filters and the Z -Laplacian

In network science, the interplay between dynamical processes and the underlying topologies of complex systems has led to a diverse family of models with different interpretations. In graph signal processing, this is manifested in the form of different graph shifts and their induced algebraic systems. In this paper, we propose the unifying Z -Laplacian framework, whose instances can act as graph shift operators. As a generalization of the traditional graph Laplacian, the Z -Laplacian spans the space of all possible Z -matrices, i.e., real square matrices with nonpositive off-diagonal entries. We show that the Z -Laplacian can model general continuous-time dynamical processes, including information flows and epidemic spreading on a given graph. It is also closely related to general nonnegative graph filters in the discrete time domain. We showcase its flexibility by considering two applications. First, we consider a wireless communications networking problem modeled with a graph, where the framework can be applied to model the effects of the underlying communications protocol and traffic. Second, we examine a structural brain network from the perspective of low- to high-frequency connectivity.
Endoscopic Approach to Temporomandibular Fractures

Treatment of condylar fractures has been fraught with controversy regarding open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus closed treatment. At this time, both the benefits and the risks are well known and can be summarized as improved function versus the risk of injury to the facial nerve and facial scarring. The minimally invasive techniques were developed to attempt to decrease the incidences of these complications. In this chapter, the instrumentation that is necessary, as well as the transoral and transcervical surgical approaches will be described. The history of the approaches, case selection, and reported complications will also be discussed.
Future Trends in Nuclear Materials

A nuclear power plant is clearly a demanding proving ground of a maerial’s resilience. Materials possess a memory and damage is cumulative. Abuse early in life is rarely annealed out; even if it is, the accompanying microstructural changes are rarely acceptable for long lifetimes. Thus, for application in a hostile environment, and there is probably none more demanding than that of a nuclear reactor, materials must be fabricated with care, components must be constructed with care, and systems must be operated with care. These requirements place great demands on all concerned, from the forgemaster to the reactor operator. The reliability and safety record of the nuclear industry shows that this challenge is being met, but, with the increasing need to extract more energy from available systems, further improvements are called for.
Learning concepts by synthesizing minimal threshold gate networks

We propose a new methodology for the synthesis of two-level networks of threshold gates based on techniques related to the ones used in the logic synthesis of digital networks. The proposed approach starts with a large network that performs the desired mapping and reduces its size by applying transformations that preserve the functionality for all examples in the training set.
Pediatric Lawnmower Injuries and Strategies for Prevention: A Systematic Review.

Background Lawnmower injuries remain a preventable cause of serious morbidity and even mortality in children. We aimed to characterize lawnmower injuries in children and to describe reported mechanisms through a review of the literature to better understand these injuries and their prevention. Methods The Embase and MEDLINE databases were queried for studies pertaining to pediatric lawnmower injuries, along with manual searching of references of included studies and Google Scholar searches. Reviews and case reports were excluded. Studies relating to lawnmower injuries were broadly included to ensure capture of the relevant studies. Studies with both adult and pediatric data were included if pediatric data were granular and available for separate analysis. Results Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria: 8 single-center series and 5 national database studies. Age of injury was bimodal with peak frequencies at ages 3 and 16 years. National studies estimated a mean of 11.2 injuries per 100,000 children, with 5% to 8% of patients hospitalized. Analysis of both single-center series and national database studies revealed 3 major mechanisms of injury: blade injuries, projectile injuries, and burn injuries. Blade injuries resulted in higher morbidity, with a greater need for operative management, amputation, and longer length of hospitalization. Similarly, rider mowers posed a greater injury risk than push mowers. Conclusions This systematic review of lawnmower injuries in children identified patterns and mechanisms of injuries across the literature that may serve to educate parents, policy-makers, and health-care providers as well as provide data to develop and improve prevention strategies.
Applications of Liquid Carbon Dioxide for Removal of Surface Contamination

Abstract The use of liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) for removal of contaminants is well established with applications in many different industries. The low surface tension of LCO2 ensures high wettability, while the low viscosity and the liquid-like density of CO2 enable penetration of tight spaces and parts with complex geometries. These are the key characteristics that make LCO2 very attractive for precision cleaning applications, including textile and garment cleaning; degreasing of metal surfaces, glass, optical elements, silicon wafers, and polymers; sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment, implants, and biomaterials; inactivation of microbial organisms; wellbore cleaning; pesticide mitigation and cleaning of museum collections; residue-free dry machining; and well fracturing.
Body Mass Index and 30-Day Adverse Outcomes Among Newly Admitted Residents to Skilled Nursing Facilities.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes, including discharge to home, hospitalization, death, or continued residence in the skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), among residents newly admitted to SNFs. Design Retrospective observational design using the national Minimum Data Set 2.0 from 2006 to 2010. Setting SNFs in the United States. Participants Newly admitted SNF residents. Measurements Four discharge outcomes were assessed at 30 days subsequent to the initial admission to SNF, including discharge to home, hospitalization, death, or continued residence in the SNFs, and examined using a competing hazards model. SNF residents were categorized as underweight (BMI Results The study sample was composed of 3,812,333 newly admitted SNF residents. As compared with normal to overweight SNF residents, underweight individuals were less likely [hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-0.83] to be discharged home and more likely to be hospitalized (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.07), or to die (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.56-1.62), rather than continue to reside in the facility. Residents with mild obesity were more likely (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.11-1.13) to be discharged home and less likely to be hospitalized (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95-0.97) or to die (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.73-0.76). Moderately to severely obese individuals were also more likely to be discharged home (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.10-1.11) and less likely to be hospitalized (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.93-0.95) or die (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.64-0.68). Conclusions/implications SNF residents with obesity experience more favorable short-term outcomes compared with underweight or normal to overweight residents. Underweight residents are at the greatest risk for adverse outcomes, emphasizing the need for special surveillance and preventive efforts targeting these individuals.
Abstract WP231: Predictors for Early Atrial Fibrillation Detection Among Cryptogenic Stroke Patients with Insertable Cardiac Monitors: A Single-center Experience

Background: The use of insertable cardiac monitors (ICM) has increased the rate of detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) among cryptogenic stroke (CS) patients. We describe a single-center experien...
Reduced cerebral blood flow in an α-synuclein transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease:

There is increasing evidence that widespread cortical cerebral blood flow deficits occur early in the course of Parkinson's disease. Although cerebral blood flow measurement has been suggested as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, as well as a means for tracking response to treatment, the relationship of cerebral blood flow to α-synucleinopathy, a major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, remains unclear. Therefore, we performed arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging on transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein and age-matched controls to measure cerebral blood flow and degenerative changes. As reported for early-stage Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein mice exhibited a significant reduction in cortical cerebral blood flow, which was accompanied by motor coordination deficits and olfactory dysfunction. Although no overt degenerative changes were apparent in diffusion tensor imaging images, magnetic resonance imaging volumetric analysis revealed a significant reduction in olfactory bulb volume, similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease patients. Our data, representing the first report of cerebral blood flow deficit in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, suggest a causative role for α-synucleinopathy in cerebral blood flow deficits in Parkinson's disease. Thus, α-synuclein transgenic mice comprise a promising model to study Parkinson's disease-related mechanisms of cerebral blood flow deficits and to investigate further its utility as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease.
Perlindungan Hak Tersangka Dalam Perspektif Hukum Dan Ekonomi (The Protection of Criminal Suspects' Rights in Law & Economics Perspective)

Indonesian Abstract: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pentingnya perlindungan hak-hak tersangka dalam perspektif ilmu Hukum dan Ekonomi (Law & Economics) dan mengapa kita perlu berinvestasi lebih banyak dalam mencegah potensi penyalahgunaan wewenang oleh aparat penegak hukum sebagai bagian dari mekanisme checks & balances.Terkait isu perlindungan hak tersangka, artikel ini juga akan membahas beberapa kritik terhadap draft rancangan undang-undang hukum acara pidana serta potensi teori interpretasi hukum, khususnya teori penafsiran secara pragmatis, dalam menafsirkan dan mengimplementasikan ketentuan-ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana yang masih berlaku sampai dengan saat ini guna memberikan perlindungan yang lebih memadai bagi para tersangka.English Abstract: This article is intended to show the importance of protecting the rights of criminal suspects from Law & Economics perspective and why we need to invest more in preventing the potential abuse of power by law enforcement officers as a part of checks & balances mechanism. In relation to such protection, the article will also discuss various criticism against the new draft of law on criminal procedures and the use of legal interpretation theory, especially pragmatism, in interpreting and implementing the provisions of the current Criminal Procedure Act (KUHAP) to ensure that criminal suspects would have a better protection mechanism.
Bayesian Image Reconstruction using Deep Generative Models

Machine learning models are commonly trained end-to-end and in a supervised setting, using paired (input, output) data. Examples include recent super-resolution methods that train on pairs of (low-resolution, high-resolution) images. However, these end-to-end approaches require re-training every time there is a distribution shift in the inputs (e.g., night images vs daylight) or relevant latent variables (e.g., camera blur or hand motion). In this work, we leverage state-of-the-art (SOTA) generative models (here StyleGAN2) for building powerful image priors, which enable application of Bayes' theorem for many downstream reconstruction tasks. Our method, Bayesian Reconstruction through Generative Models (BRGM), uses a single pre-trained generator model to solve different image restoration tasks, i.e., super-resolution and in-painting, by combining it with different forward corruption models. We keep the weights of the generator model fixed, and reconstruct the image by estimating the Bayesian maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimate over the input latent vector that generated the reconstructed image. We further use variational inference to approximate the posterior distribution over the latent vectors, from which we sample multiple solutions. We demonstrate BRGM on three large and diverse datasets: (i) 60,000 images from the Flick Faces High Quality dataset (ii) 240,000 chest X-rays from MIMIC III and (iii) a combined collection of 5 brain MRI datasets with 7,329 scans. Across all three datasets and without any dataset-specific hyperparameter tuning, our simple approach yields performance competitive with current task-specific state-of-the-art methods on super-resolution and in-painting, while being more generalisable and without requiring any training. Our source code and pre-trained models are available online: this https URL.
Incorporating Problem-Based Learning Skills into Graduate and Professional Student Classes: The University of Michigan Law School's Problem Solving Initiative.

This paper provides insights into an initiative that offers graduate and professional students from across the University of Michigan the opportunity to participate in multi-disciplinary, problem-based classes that foster creative thinking, teamwork, and development of transferrable skills. The paper describes how, in order to improve student learning outcomes and play to the strengths of instructors with, each, subject matter and problem solving expertise, we have modified the initiative’s structure.
Fluorescence-Encoded Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy with Single-Molecule Sensitivity.

Single-molecule methods have revolutionized molecular science, but techniques possessing the structural sensitivity required for chemical problems—e.g. vibrational spectroscopy—remain difficult to ...
Implementation of Adaptive OFDM for Aeronautical Channel

This paper presents the design and performance of an Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (AOFDM) modulation system for aeronautical telemetry. This work takes advantage of the quasi-stationary behavior of aeronautical channels. Such channels dominate most aeronautical applications and justify special treatment. Our result shows that AOFDM increases the overall data transmission by enabling high data rates (6 bits/tone) for selective tones, simultaneously reducing unnecessary errors by avoiding tones degraded by the Channel. It also allows operation on poor channels with an 8dB signal to noise ratio (SNR). We also demonstrated the quasi-stationarity nature of the 2-ray aeronautical Channel and the feasibility of a backchannel at a low data rate. The AOFDM system learns the performance of each OFDM tone and adjusts the modulation to optimize the performance. Such a design demonstrates a significant enhancement of spectrum efficiency compared to current modulation schemes used.
Emerging fungal pathogens in solid organ transplantation.

Purpose of review This review examines recent cases and updated literature on emerging or newly resistant fungal infections in solid organ transplantation. Recent findings Candida auris, a newly described candida capable of drug resistance and persistence in the environment, is a growing concern with both published cases on donor-derived transmission and a hospital outbreak involving liver transplant recipients. Infections with non-albicans candida species are also increasing in incidence in SOT recipients, leading to increasing antifungal resistance and higher mortality. Aspergillus usti has emerged in immunocompromised patients on antifungal prophylaxis. Cryptococcus species continue to be responsible for a number of infections in SOT recipients. Dimorphic fungi, endemic to geographic areas and responsible for sporadic infections in SOT recipients are noted to have an expanding geographic area. Emergomyces are newly classified groups of five species of dimorphic fungi noted to disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients including SOT recipients. Summary Emerging fungal species and the development of resistance in well entrenched fungal pathogens impacts SOT recipients and those caring for them. Knowledge of these trends aids in the successful identification and optimal treatment of these challenging conditions.
Health behavior adherence and emotional adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a US nationally representative sample: The roles of prosocial motivation and gratitude.

Abstract Rationale Substantial health behavior change (e.g., social distancing, mask-wearing) is needed to slow COVID-19. Yet, adherence to these guidelines varies, and avoiding social contact may contribute to declines in emotional adjustment. Objective and Methods Drawing on prior research linking social motives to health behavior and well-being, we investigated the associations among social motives (prosocial motivation, gratitude) and resilience to social distancing (health behavior adherence, emotional adjustment) in a US nationally representative sample (N = 1007) collected in April 2020. Results Prosocial motivation, but not gratitude, correlated with health behavior adherence and social distancing practice. Conversely, gratitude, but not prosocial motivation, correlated with emotional adjustment (daily accomplishments, meaning in life, thriving, psychological distress, positive and negative affect). Analyses controlled for gratitude/prosocial motivation, self-focused motivation, COVID-19 worries, work arrangement, stay-at-home order, likelihood of COVID-19 diagnosis, and demographics. Conclusion Public health campaigns focusing on the benefits of health behaviors for others, rather than just oneself, may promote adherence and emotional adjustment.
The middle powers roar: Exploring a minilateral solar geoengineering deployment scenario

Abstract The prospect of solar geoengineering, which would entail reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back to space to cool the planet, has been slowly but steadily rising on the climate policy agenda. Early research suggests that solar geoengineering could substantially reduce climate risks, but its development and potential use would be accompanied by an array of ecological and sociopolitical risks and governance challenges. Here we reflect on our participation in a solar geoengineering governance scenario exercise conducted at the 2019 International Summer School on Geoengineering Governance. In the scenario with which we engaged, a group of ‘middle powers’ intend to force the issue of solar geoengineering onto the international agenda after decades of deadlock and in the face of intensifying climate impacts. As participants in this exercise, we confronted a range of problems and issues we judged likely to arise. In this article, we discuss a number of these, including the manner in which political considerations are likely to influence the physical and technical aspects of deployment schemes, as well as ways in which emergency framing may undermine political legitimacy. These and other aspects of possible future deployment of solar geoengineering warrant additional targeted scenario analysis.