cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space-charge-neutralized ion induction linacs with cusp insulation

Abstract The space charge of ions limits the current that can be accelerated in a conventional ion linear accelerator (linac). Furthermore, the accelerating electric field must be kept low enough to avoid the generation and acceleration of counterstreaming electrons. These limitations have resulted in heavy ion fusion accelerator designs that employ long beam lines and would be expensive to build. Space charge neutralization and magnetic insulation of the acceleration gaps could substantially reduce these two limitations, but at the expense of increasing the complexity of the beam physics. We consider it necessary to keep all structures out of the beam path to maintain beam symmetry and to avoid beam-induced outgassing. Using only field coils outside of the beam results in a cusp field to insulate the accelerating gaps and a solenoidal field between acceleration gaps, which provides a containment force. Electrons can enter the beam region along the magnetic field lines and provide fairly good space charge neutralization. We have performed three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, which indicate that electrons remain tied to magnetic field lines, despite the development of electromagnetic fluctuations. Thus, the center of the beam is not neutralized, resulting in a non-linear net focusing force. We have developed a simple model to determine the beam emittance induced by the non-linearity of the focussing force. We discuss the constraints this model puts on the choice of ion and the number of stages required for the accelerator.
A two-level time-stepping method for layered ocean circulation models: further development and testing

In [R.L. Higdon, A two-level time-stepping method for layered ocean circulation models, J. Comput. Phys. 177 (2002) 59] a two-level time-stepping method was developed for layered ocean circulation models. The method is designed to be used with a barotropic-baroclinic splitting that separates the fast and slow motions into subsystems that are solved by different techniques. The discussion in Higdon (2002) includes the development of the scheme, a linearized stability analysis, a description of some techniques for practical implementation in a nonlinear model, and some numerical testing. Subsequent additional testing revealed a need for further development of the techniques for nonlinear implementation. The purpose of the present paper is to describe these algorithmic improvements and to develop and report some additional numerical experiments. The algorithmic issues involve the relation between velocity and momentum density as layer thicknesses tend to zero, limiting mass and momentum fluxes between thick and thin cells near variable bottom topography, solving the barotropic equations that describe the fast motions in the system, and conserving mass within individual layers. This paper also develops a test problem involving external and internal Rossby waves in a two-layer fluid; the separation into modes makes it possible to test the time-stepping schemes for the barotropic and baroclinic systems independently. The paper concludes with some numerical tests that include the Rossby wave problem, an upwelling/downwelling problem that involves fluid interfaces moving upward and downward along sloping bottom topography, and a double-gyre circulation that displays meanders and eddies.
Congressional Racial Solidarity: Exploring Congressional Black Caucus Voting Cohesion, 1971-1990

The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), a racially based national constituency informal organization within the House of Representatives, promotes and attempts to preserve legislation salient to the African American populace (Barnett, 1977a). The performance of this critical task is aided when the CBC membership votes as a unified bloc. Congressional scholars have shown that informal organizations maximize their bargaining leverage through cohesive voting behavior (Ferber, 1971; Kofmehl, 1964; Stevens, Miller, & Mann, 1974), as group voting solidarity provides "a measure of influence out of proportion to the number of its members" (Fiellin, 1962, p. 85). The capacity to furnish a dependable bloc of votes is important political capital in the decentralized and obstructionist arena of the postreform Congress. Unity in roll call voting enhances "the impact of the Caucus to bargain on the policy-making process, and more importantly may permit the Caucus to bargain and negotiate more effectively with other blocs in the House" (Levy & Stoudinger, 1976, p. 43). This study seeks to ascertain the extent to which the CBC has voted as a cohesive unit over the course of a 20-year period
Coupled 3-D kinetics thermal-hydraulic analysis of Hot Zero Power main steam line breaks using RETRAN and STAR codes

Abstract The Main Steam Line Break (MSLB) at End of Life (EOL), Hot Zero Power (HZP) conditions accident was analyzed using a fully time-dependent coupled thermal-hydraulic (T/H) and neutronics method, and compared against conservative Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) results, which predict a return-to-power. The development and improvement of coupled neutronics/T/H analysis techniques provide many advantages including the capability to evaluate the impact of modeling assumptions made in previous reactor kinetics and T/H calculations. The coupled STAR kinetics and RETRAN T/H technique developed here provides a means to evaluate the quasi-static, point kinetics approximation against a fully time-dependent, three-dimensional approach. Using the state-of-the-art 3-D STAR reactor kinetics code with the RETRAN reactor coolant system (RCS) T/H code in a best-estimate approach, it is now possible to evaluate the impact on safety margins imposed by conservative FSAR MSLB assumptions. The method presented shows how the time-dependent 3-D STAR nodal code model was used directly with core inlet conditions determined by RETRAN for a Westinghouse PWR. The STAR/RETRAN results clearly demonstrate that a return-to-power is NOT predicted when a 3-D thermal-hydraulically coupled time-dependent kinetics approach is used. This study shows that: (a) quasi-static and point kinetics methods are not able to describe severe PWR asymmetric transient phenomena adequately; and (b) fully coupled, 3-D time-dependent analysis methods should be used for PWR reactor transients instead. By coupling the RCS response in terms of updated core inlet conditions with 3-D time-dependent core kinetics response, in a tandem manner, the core power and T/H RCS conditions are forced to be self-consistent during the entire event, when non-equilibrium conditions exist.
Solvation and electrostatic model for specific electrolyte adsorption

A solvation and electrostatic model has been developed for estimating electrolyte adsorption from physical and chemical properties of the system, consistent with the triple-layer model. The model is calibrated on experimental surface titration data for ten oxides and hydroxides in ten electrolytes over a range of ionic strengths from 0.001 M-2.9 M (Sahai and Sverjensky, 1997a). The model assumes the presence of a single type of surface site, >SOH. It is proposed that for a 1:1 electrolyte of the type M+L−, the logarithms of the adsorption constants (Ks,M+and Ks,L−) representing the equilibria >SO− + Maq+ = >SO− − M+and>SOH2+ + Laq− = >SOH2+ − L− contain contributions from an ion-intrinsic component and a solvation component. According to Born solvation theory, log Ks,M+ and log Ks, L− can be linearly correlated with inverse dielectric constant of the k-th mineral (1ϵk) resulting in the equations log Ks,M+ = − δωM+2.303RT1ϵk + log Kii,M+″and log Ks,L− = − δωL−2.303RT1ϵk + log Kii,L+″ The ion-intrinsic part (log Kii″) is a linear function of the inverse electrostatic radius (1re,j) of the j-th aqueous ion, where, in general, j = M+ or L−. The interfacial solvation coefficient (Δ, Ωj) associated with the solvation component is linearly related to the inverse effective radius (1Re,j) of the adsorbed ion and to the charge (Zj) on the ion. The model is consistent with surface protonation constants (Ks,1and Ks,2) calculated from experimental points of zero charge and values of ΔpK predicted from the Pauling bond-strength per unit bond-length (sr>S−OH) of the bulk mineral (Sahai and Sverjensky, 1997a), site-densities (Ns) from isotopic-exchange data, and outer-layer capacitance (C2) equal to 0.2 F m−2. As a first approximation, we also find an empirical trend between capacitance (C1) of the inner-layer and 1(re,ML·ωML) where re,ML is the electrostatic radius and ωML is the solvation coefficient of the aqueous electrolyte. Taken together, these correlations enable the calculation of surface protonation and electrolyte adsorption at equilibrium from the properties of the mineral/ solution system.
Evaluation of Elution Parameters for Cesium Ion Exchange Resins

Abstract Cesium ion exchange is one of the planned processes for treating and disposing of waste at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Radioactive supernatant liquids from the waste tanks will undergo ultrafiltration, followed by cesium ion exchange using a regenerable organic ion exchange resin. Two resins, SuperLig®644 and a resorcinol‐formaldehyde resin, are being evaluated for cesium removal and cesium elution characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to optimize the cesium elution to provide a resin that, after undergoing elution, would meet the U.S. Department of Energy/Office of River Protection Project‐Waste Treatment Plant processing and resin disposal criteria. Columns of each resin type were loaded to greater or equal to 90% breakthrough with a Hanford waste stimulant and eluted with nitric acid. The temperature, flow rate, and nitric acid concentration were varied to determine the optimal elution conditions. Temperature and eluant flow rate were the most important elution par...
Evaluation and performance analysis of the process cache: a partitioned multi-process secondary cache

Abstract This paper describes an advance in multiprocess cache system design called the process cache in which the secondary cache has segments dedicated to each process. This approach is in contrast to a monolithic secondary cache in which every process' data can be distributed throughout the secondary cache. The process cache system is equally applicable to instruction and data caches, however, its performance is evaluated only for an instruction cache in this paper. The goal of the process cache architecture is to improve program performance in environments which have high context switch rates and long tertiary memory access times. This paper presents an instruction only trace-driven simulation that demonstrates that for long tertiary memory latencies (10 μs) and short context switch intervals (1 ms) the process cache architecture significantly (11–14%) outperforms monolithic secondary cache architectures independent of cache memory size, associativity, or cache line size. This improvement does not require significantly more hardware than current cache memory designs. Additionally, we present an architecture which allows the system to allocate different amounts of secondary cache memory per process. Furthermore, process caches provide a high degree of locality for process information in a multiple processor configuration allowing efficient task migration between processors.
Temperature monitoring using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology

Abstract The applicability of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) as a technology to monitor CO 2 flow within CO 2 injection zones at the inter-well scale, as well as to detect CO 2 leakage into the overburden, is studied in this paper An onshore CO 2 injection site in the U.S. Gulf Coast that has received more than 5 million metric tons of CO 2 is the setting for this study. Temperature measurements were acquired every meter along two dedicated CO 2 observation wellbores, with sample rates that ranged from 2 to 15 minutes, from November 2009 through November 2010 and from September 2011 to January 2012. More than five hundred million temperature measurements were recorded during these time periods. As part of our analysis, we discuss the thermal processes and mechanisms expected to contribute to the thermal signal recorded by the DTS system, as well as the temperature changes induced by the temperature discrepancy between the injectate and the reservoir fluids. Results indicate that DTS can be a useful supporting tool when used in combination with pressure monitoring and imaging technologies.
1248 LONG-TERM ZINC PROTAMINE GLUCAGON AND ORAL STARCH IN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FAMILIAL NESIDIOBLASTOSIS

Chronic or prolonged hypoglycemia can have devastating effects on a child's neurologic function. Support of normoglycemia is thus pivotal. We report the management of a child with familial nesidioblastosis who had failed to tolerate and respond to diazoxide therapy following a subtotal pancreatectomy at the third week of life. Long acting intramuscular zinc protamine glucagon was given with some success twice daily for 3 1/2 years along with frequent oral dextrose supplements. However, early morning hypoglycemia persisted, and wide fluctuations in plasma glucose levels occurred during 48 hours of frequent sampling (coefficient of variation 56.8%). At the fourth year of treatment circulating anti-insulin antibodies were found in our patient interfering with the plasma insulin determinations. Subsequently, we showed presence of trace amounts of insulin in the zinc-glucagon preparation Oral starch granules (1.25 tbsp/10 lb of body weight) were substituted for dextrose supplements and glucagon was discontinued. Over the subsequent months, plasma glucose concentrations have been more stable (coefficient of variation 23.6%) and within the normal range (70-120 mg/dl). We conclude that oral starch may be an effective treatment or therapeutic supplement in states of hyperinsulinism.
Contributions of colloidal and high molecular weight dissolved material to alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in shallow marine and estuarine systems

Abstract We investigated the contribution of high molecular weight and colloidal material to total alkalinity, dissolved organic and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in samples from a temperate nearshore environment (Tomales Bay, California), a tropical nearshore environment, (Australia Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia) and a coral reef environment (Davies Reef, Australia). Amicon UM-10 ultrafilters (10 000 daltons or 3 nm nominal cutoff) were used to remove high molecular weight material, including colloids, from conventionally filtered samples (Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters, Tomales Bay; or 0.45-μm pore size mixed cellulose ester Millipore filters, Australia). We found no evidence of a high molecular weight component of total seawater alkalinity. Ultrafiltration removed 3% of reactive phosphorus, 71% of organic phosphorus, 28% of organic carbon, 1% of ammonium and 27% of organic nitrogen from GF/C filtrates of Tomales Bay samples. Reactive silicate and nitrate plus nitrite concentrations were unaffected by ultrafiltration. Microscopic examination of Tomales Bay samples revealed that 75–100% of the bacterioplankton present in the unaltered sample passed through the GF/C filter. Calculations based on published values of the carbon content and carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of bacterioplankton cells indicated that their contribution to organic carbon retained by the ultrafilter was negligible. However, bacterioplankton accounted for 12% of the organic nitrogen and 27% of the organic phosphorus in GF/C filtrates and 29% and 39% of the organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, respectively, removed by ultrafiltration. Organic phosphorus removed by filtration through GF/F glass fiber filters, through 0.22-μm pore size Millipore (mixed cellulose ester) filters, or through 1.0 or 0.2-μm pore size Nucleopore (polycarbonate) filters was equivalent to the calculated phosphorus content of the bacteria removed by the same filters.
Differential release of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from tumor cells by bromelain.

A rapid enzymatic method is presented which results in the selective release of cell-surface alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Treatment of suspensions of human tumor cell lines with the proteolytic enzyme bromelain released certain alkaline phosphatase iso-enzymes into low-molecular-weight, catalytically active forms. Cells which expressed term placental or intestinal isoenzymes were equally susceptible to this treatment. A cell line which expressed early placental isoenzyme, however, was unaffected by bromelain as indicated by complete recovery of activity in the treated membrane fraction. Successful solubilization of immunologically reactive enzyme allows quantitation of levels of cellsurface enzyme in response to modulators of gene expression. Moreover, the observed selective solubilization of isoenzymes by bromelain may be of general use in analyses of the physical association between other biologically important surface proteins and the lipid components of the cell membrane.
Nonlinear Multirate Model-Algorithmic Control. 2. Experimental Application to a Polymerization Reactor

This paper experimentally implements the nonlinear multirate model-algorithmic controller to regulate the reactor temperature, which is measured at a fast sampling rate, and the number-average molecular weight of the polymer, which is measured at an extremely slow sampling rate. A detailed model of the continuous free-radical methyl methacrylate polymerization reactor was developed from first principles to construct the multirate controller algorithm. The performance of the controller was examined by varying the tunable controller parameters, where it was shown that the controller can adequately track step changes in the output set points under active input constraints. Decreasing the tunable controller parameters deteriorated the control of the number-average molecular weight but improved the control of the temperature. Overall, the nonlinear multirate controller was an efficient and effective method to deal with the difficult problem of multirate output measurements.
Quantitation of nuclear-estrogen receptors in the rat uterus by [3H]-estradiol exchange.

Abstract Estrogen administration to mature-ovarectomized rats causes the “activation” or stimulation of secondary nuclear estrogen binding sites (type II) in the uterus which can interfere with estrogen receptor (type I) measurement. Consequently quantitation of estrogen receptor in the presence of the type II site is very difficult and can only be achieved by graphic analysis of saturation curves which employ a wide range (0.4–40 nm) of [3H]-estradiol concentrations in nuclear exchange assays. The studies presented in this manuscript describe simple methods which can be used to separately quantitate both nuclear estrogen binding sites using a single concentration of [3H]-estradiol. Since the nuclear type II site does not bind [3H]-estradioI in the presence of reducing agent, type I sites can be easily quantitated by incubating nuclei (37° × 30') in Tris-EDTA buffer containing 0.1–1.0 mM dithiothreitol using a single saturating concentration (10 nM) of [3H]-estradiol. Conversely, a single concentration of [3H]-estradiol (40–80 nm) can be used to quantitate the nuclear type II site by incubating nuclei in Tris-EDTA buffer under conditions (4° × 60') which do not measure occupied nuclear estrogen receptor. Therefore by using the appropriate buffer type I and type II sites can be easily separated in mixed binding systems.
Synthesis and transacylating activity of isomeric Co(III)‐cyclodextrin artificial metalloenzymes

Although the cyclen – Co(III) complex has exhibited amongst the greatest rate accelerations in acyl and phosphoryl transfer reactions, this catalytic unit has not been used previously in the design of an artificial metalloenzyme. For this study, β-cyclodextrin derivatives of cyclen – Co(III) with attachments to the primary and secondary sides of the cyclodextrin torus were synthesized. The primary-side cyclodextrin-cyclen-Co(III) conjugate accelerates the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate by a factor of 1000 (pH 7.0, 25°C) in comparison with the water-catalyzed reaction. Maximum reactivity occurs at pH 7, consistent with the known pKa values and hypothesised mechanism of action of Co(III) complexes. The secondary-side cyclodextrin-cyclen-Co(III) conjugate is less reactive towards p-nitrophenylacetate hydrolysis under saturating conditions. Reactivities towards an azide, a phosphonate and a phosphate triester were in each case less than five times greater than the buffer-catalyzed rate.
Quantifying the Effect of a Freeze-Thaw Cycle on Soil Erosion: Laboratory Experiments

Abstract : In this paper we quantitatively tested the hypothesis that soil freeze-thaw(FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during runoff events that follow thaw. We selected a frost-susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erodibility and rill development for bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16-18%, 27-30%, and 37-40% by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0.4, 1.2, and 2.4 L/min and slopes of 8 and 15 . Each experiment used two identical soil bins, one a control (C) to remain unfrozen, the other to be frozen and thawed. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. Experimental results were closely related to conditions of the experiment, imposing a requirement for minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density, and soil moisture through each series. We measured cross-sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during, and rill cross sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations along the rill, while sediment load from time series runoff samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross-section depth measures, and sediment load all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C relationship. For example, average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.0 for low, mid, and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a "dry" experiment at 4.4 soil moisture had FT/C of 1.02 for sediment load.
The peculiar velocity field in the Perseus-Pisces supercluster

Results are reported from a program to study peculiar motions of galaxies in the Per-Psc supercluster. The data set consists of newly obtained CCD photometry and published 21-cm line widths for 320 spiral galaxies. The peculiar velocities of these objects are estimated using the Tully-Fisher relation, calibrated with respect to an independent sample of cluster galaxies. Analysis shows that the principal feature of the velocity field in the Per-Psc region is a coherent streaming toward the Local Group. Nearly all the galaxies well in the foreground (cz less than about 2000 km/sec) have negtive peculiar velocities of amplitude about 1000 km/sec. A great majority of objects in the background of the supercluster, out to redshifts of about 7000 km/sec, also have very large negative peculiar velocities. The supercluster ridge itself, at a redshift or about 5000 km/sec, appears to consist of positive and negative peculiar-velocity groups of galaxies, but with negative peculiar velocities predominating both in amplitude and in number of objects involved.
A numerical study of primary instability on viscous high-speed jets

A fully nonlinear model incorporating a weak viscous treatment has been developed to assess the time-dependent evolution of an axisymmetric liquid jet using a boundary element method. Prior research has indicated the importance of the boundary layer structure at the orifice exit plane in generating instabilities just downstream of the injection point. By focusing on the boundary layer instability mechanism, simulations are compared against the experimental results and linear theory. In order to assess viscous effects, the weak viscous method of Lundgren and Mansour is utilized and various parametric studies are performed. Results show that the boundary layer thickness is the dominant factor affecting the nonlinear wave growth near the exit plane of the orifice. Viscosity and surface tension are shown to play minor roles in the initial primary instability. The most unstable wavelength calculated by the model matches linear boundary layer instability theory reasonably well.
Inositol Metabolism in Plants. III. Conversion of Myo-inositol-2-3H to Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) Cell Culture

Prolonged growth of cell cultures of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) on agar medium containing myo-inositol-2-(3)H resulted in incorporation of label predominately into uronosyl and pentosyl units of cell wall polysaccharides. Procedures normally used to distinguish between pectic substance and hemicellulose yielded carbohydrate-rich fractions with solubility characteristics ranging from pectic substance to hemicellulose yet the uronic acid and pentose composition of these fractions was decidedly pectic. Galacturonic acid was the only uronic acid present in each fraction. Subfractionation of alkali-soluble (hemicellulosic) polysaccharide by neutralization followed by ethanol precipitation gave 3 fractions, a water-insoluble, an ethanol-insoluble, and an ethanol-soluble fraction, each progressively poorer in galacturonic acid units and progressively richer in arabinose units; all relatively poor in xylose units.Apparently, processes involved in biosynthesis of primary cell wall continued to produce pectic substance during cell enlargement while processes leading to biosynthesis of typically secondary cell wall polysaccharide such as 4-0-methyl glucuronoxylan were not activated.
Effect of an elastic lining on the retention of dentures

Abstract Denture retention was measured in each of ten patients who complained of poor retention. Eight of these dentures were restored to maximum retention by relining with a hydrophilic, soft-lining material. When new dentures were constructed, all ten patients obtained maximum retention. Retention levels were measurable up to the point at which each patient felt pain. In a concurrent laboratory study, improvements in wettability and in retention to glass with water were made by coating acrylic-resin disks with a layer of a hydrophilic, soft-lining material. Complete spreading of the soft-lining material was obtained with distilled water. Retention values obtained in vitro were more than twice those obtained with the uncoated disks. A mechanism requiring more energy was the cause of failure of the lined disks. A hypothesis was put forth that the soft elastic layer produced a more uniform distribution of stresses in the joint. Without the lining, the disks separated from the glass by a cantilever action. With the lining, an hourglass failure mechanism was observed.
Exercise intensity and muscle hypertrophy in blood flow–restricted limbs and non‐restricted muscles: a brief review

Although evidence for high-intensity resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy has accumulated over the last several decades, the basic concept of the training can be traced back to ancient Greece: Milo of Croton lifted a bull-calf daily until it was fully grown, which would be known today as progressive overload. Now, in the 21st century, different types of training are being tested and studied, such as low-intensity exercise combined with arterial as well as venous blood flow restriction (BFR) to/from the working muscles. Because BFR training requires the use of a cuff that is placed at the proximal ends of the arms and/or legs, the BFR is only applicable to limb muscles. Consequently, most previous BFR training studies have focused on the physiological adaptations of BFR limb muscles. Muscle adaptations in non-BFR muscles of the hip and trunk are lesser known. Recent studies that have reported both limb and trunk muscle adaptations following BFR exercise training suggest that low-intensity (20-30% of 1RM) resistance training combined with BFR elicits muscle hypertrophy in both BFR limb and non-BFR muscles. However, the combination of leg muscle BFR with walk training elicits muscle hypertrophy only in the BFR leg muscles. In contrast to resistance exercise with BFR, the exercise intensity may be too low during BFR walk training to cause muscle hypertrophy in the non-BFR gluteus maximus and other trunk muscles. Other mechanisms including hypoxia, local and systemic growth factors and muscle cell swelling may also potentially affect the hypertrophic response of non-BFR muscles to BFR resistance exercise.
The Social Organization of Street Gang Activity in an Urban Ghetto

This essay draws on long-term ethnographic data to analyze the shifting relations between street gangs and their broader community. The essay focuses on one particular moment in the evolution of a ghetto-based street gang, namely its attempt to "corporatize" by accumulating revenues in underground economies, in order to demonstrate that neither the structure nor the practices of the street gang can be understood apart from the social organizational context of the larger community it inhabits.
Effect of ryanodine on cat papillary muscle and isolated rat heart

The neutral alkaloid, ryanodine, has several actions on cardiac muscle. To delineate better its mode of action, we studied ryanodine's effect upon contracting cat papillary muscles under changing loading conditions and stimulation frequencies. We also studied ryanodine's physiologic and metabolic effects upon isolated rat hearts. The results of our study suggest the following: (1) ryanodine causes both decreased release and decreased uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum; (2) elevation of high-energy phosphates secondary to decreased energy requirements is due to decreased calcium availability to the myofilaments during systole; (3) the slowed or incomplete relaxation caused by ryanodine may be a stimulus for myosin phosphorylation; (4) ryanodine probably decreases calcium movement through the sarcolemma and so increases adenosine and inorganic phosphate and decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration in the myocardium; and (5) the effect of ryanodine on altered loading conditions and contraction velocities can be understood in terms of decreased calcium availability to the myofilaments.
Parametric analyses of divertor plasmas

Abstract The results of a parametric study of the properties of plasma in a divertor are discussed. The plasma transport is decribed by 1-D fluid equations, and the neutral transport is described by the neutral code SPUDNUT. Besides considering the incident particle and energy fluxes as parameters, we varied the pumping fraction and the plate boundary conditions as well. By appropriately varying the pumping fraction, three equilibrium states can be possible. The density near the plate is very sensitive to the plate boundary conditions whereas the temperature changes only marginally.
Commonality of Behavioral Characteristics of Educable Mentally Retarded and Emotionally Disturbed Children

Summary.-Frequencies of non-task-oriented behaviors of 11 educable mentally retarded and 11 emotionally disturbed middle school students in Grades 7 and 8 were observed in the regular classroom and the resource room for two 20-min. periods. Frequencies of operationally defined behaviors were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance. Behavioral characteristics for the two groups did not differ significantly. Classroom placement, i.e., regular class or resource room, produced little difference in behavioral characteristics on the dimensions observed. Implications for placement of exceptional students based on categorical labels and special education vs regular classroom placements are considered based on overt classroom behaviors. Recent literature has suggested that it is difficult to make a differential diagnosis between educable mentally retarded and emotionally disrurbed students when the behavioral characteristics of each group are considered. Behaviors of these students are so closely intertwined that accurate differentiation is often impossible (Robinson & ~obinson, 1976). Neisworth and Greer (1975) suggested that diverse causes could produce similar functional problems and attention to relevant instructional dimensions, i.e., stimulus organization, intensity, etc., was more important than instruction based on categorical handicap. Hallahan and Kauffman ( 1976, 1977) noted that similarities in etiologies and interventions as well as characteristic behaviors made differential diagnosis of exceptional children difficult and sometimes irrelevant. Since differentiation among categories of exceptional children is so difficult to establish, it appears that the use of categorical labels for these children may be counterproductive for two main reasons. First, labels assigned to students with special needs have been shown to stigmatize those students (Foster & Keech, 1977). The effects of the labels produce negative biasing effects and the expectations of teachers, teachers-in-training, and peers are altered for exceptional children (Algozzine, 1977; Mooney & Algozzine, 1978). Salvia, Clark, and Ysseldyke (1973) showed that teachers were more likely to hold negative stereotypes for mentally rerarded children than for fiormal children. Foster and Ysseldyke ( 1976) demonstrated that the label of mental retardation was viewed morc negatively than was the label emotionally disturbed and that
The size‐frequency and areal distribution of rock clasts at the Spirit landing site, Gusev Crater, Mars

[1] Size-frequency and nearest neighbor spacing measurements derived from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's Panoramic Camera images of the Gusev landing site reveal that rock clasts on the intercrater plains are smaller, better sorted, and more evenly spaced than clasts found near the crater rims. The even clast spacing is interpreted to be due to wind transport, which acts to minimize surface roughness during periods of high velocity wind.
Asymptotic Theory for ARCH Models: Estimation and Testing

In the context of a linear dynamic model with moving average errors, we consider a heteroscedastic model which represents an extension of the ARCH model introduced by Engle [4]. We discuss the properties of maximum likelihood and least squares estimates of the parameters of both the regression and ARCH equations, and also the properties of various tests of the model that are available. We do not assume that the errors are normally distributed.
Macrophage Endotoxin Tolerance: Effect of TNF or Endotoxin Pretreatment

Abstract Macrophages pretreated with low-dose endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS1)] have an altered response to subsequent endotoxin (LPS2) stimulation, a process known as endotoxin tolerance. In this study we investigated whether the LPS1 pretreatment effects were mediated primarily via tumor necrosis factor (TNFα). Murine peritoneal macrophages were pretreated in vitro with either TNFα or LPS1 and the effects on mediator production in response to a second endotoxin exposure, LPS2, were compared. Mediators in macrophage supernatant were measured using specific bioassays [TNF, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6] or enzymatic immunoassays [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TNF]. Macrophage production of all mediators was stimulated by endotoxin in the absence of LPS1 pretreatment. Pretreatment with LPS1 completely inhibited LPS2-triggered TNF release whereas preexposure to TNFα had no effect. In contrast, LPS1 pretreatment significantly augmented IL-1 and PGE2 release in response to LPS2, whereas pretreatment using either high- or low dose TNFα did not. TNF, stimulated by an initial exposure to endotoxin, LPS1, is not solely responsible for the observed alterations in macrophage mediator release following a subsequent endotoxin stimulus (LPS2). Thus, the data suggest that endotoxin tolerance is mediated primarily by factors other than TNF.
SUSPENSION CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE CYLINDERS IN AGITATED TANKS

Considerable research has been done concerning solid suspension in agitated tanks. Typically, such studies concern slurries or granular material, such as sand, and involve minimum suspension rotational speeds or suspension homogeneity. The objectives of this work are similar, however we are concerned with rather large cylinders of varying length to diameter ratios. The work involves: 1) the determination of minimum impeller rotational speed for suspension similar to criterion used by Zwietering, 2) the measurement of suspension heights and times, 3) an investigation into whether the correlations by Zwietering, Kolar and Rieger et al., can be used for predicting minimum suspension rotational speed and 4) weight fraction effects on minimum suspension rotational speed.
755-3 Improved Prognosis for Heavy Weight Patients Receiving Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction — Bigger is Better: Results from GUSTO

Previous studies of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have noted lower efficacy in heavy patients and a higher incidence of bleeding complications among lighter patients. In the GUS...
Positive peritoneal cytology is highly predictive of prognosis and relapse patterns in stage III (FIGO 2009) endometrial cancer

Abstract Objectives According to the updated FIGO system, positive peritoneal cytology does not affect endometrial cancer stage. This revision may reduce rates of obtaining cytology, with unclear implications in advanced disease. This study evaluates the significance of positive cytology in stage III (FIGO 2009) endometrial cancer. Methods Eligible patients received treatment for stage III endometrial cancer at a single institution and had peritoneal cytology performed. Results Of 196 patients, 58% were ≥60years old, 48% had deep myometrial invasion, 71% lymphovascular invasion, 25% cervical invasion, 37% adnexal involvement, 79% nodal involvement, and 46% aggressive histology. Positive cytology was present in 23% (45/196) and significantly associated with cervical stromal invasion, adnexal involvement, and aggressive histology ( P ≤0.03). There was no significant difference in rates of lymphadenectomy, chemotherapy, or radiation between negative and positive cytology groups. At a median follow-up of 47months, the 5-year freedom from relapse was 39% for positive cytology vs. 69% for negative, disease-specific survival 42% vs. 77%, and overall survival 34% vs. 72% ( P P ≤0.008). When controlling for adverse features including aggressive histology, positive cytology was associated with an increased hazard for relapse (HR 2.3; P =0.002) and death (HR 2.9; P Conclusions In stage III endometrial cancer, positive cytology independently predicts outcome and is associated with distinct relapse patterns. Obtaining peritoneal cytology in stage III endometrial cancer is critical.
Biometrics, Evidence, and Personal Privacy

Abstract Electronic biometrical identification has been around for many years, but only now is the technology becoming reliable and within the price range of the common corporation. What will be the legal impact of all this personal, biometric information floating around in cyberspace?
Field validation of the contaminant transport model,FEMA

Abstract This work describes the validation with field data of a finite element model of material transport through aquifers (FEMA) which was written by G. T. Yeh and D. D. Huff. Field data from the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho, USA and from the 58th Street landfill in Miami, Florida, USA are used. In both cases, the model was first calibrated and then integrated over a span of eight years to check on the predictive capability of the model. Both predictive runs gave results that matched well with available data.
Long‐term behavior of Jovian bKOM and nKOM radio emissions observed during the Ulysses‐Jupiter encounter

We present observational evidence that the long-term behavior of Jovian bKOM and nKOM radio emissions observed during the Ulysses-Jupiter encounter was controlled by the sector structure of the solar wind. Specifically, we found brightenings in the Jovian bKOM emission, followed by a sudden cessation of the bKOM emission and an onset of an nKOM “event” that lasted for some 120 hours. This sequence of events was observed to recur every ∼12 or 25 days from October, 1991 to mid-January, 1992 when Ulysses was inbound toward Jupiter and at Jovian latitudes <2.3°. These observations indicate that the solar wind structures, which influence the dynamics of Jupiter's magnetosphere, in turn control the radio emissions generated inside the magnetosphere.
Sex differences in response to red and blue light in human primary visual cortex: a bold fMRI study

Studies using a variety of investigative methods, including functional brain imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), have suggested that changes in central nervous system (CNS) dopamine function result in altered visual system processing. The discovery of abnormal retinal blue cone, but not red cone, electroretinogram in association with cocaine withdrawal and Parkinson's disease suggests that visual system response to blue light might be a marker for CNS dopamine tone. As there are numerous sex-related differences in central nervous system dopamine function, we predicted that blue and red light stimulation would produce sex-specific patterns of response in primary visual cortex when studied using the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique. We analyzed the BOLD response to red and blue light in male and female human volunteers (N=20). Red and blue light responses in primary visual cortex (V1) to stepped intensities of red and blue light were compared by sex for threshold to detectable BOLD signal increase and for stimulus intensity vs. BOLD signal response. Near threshold, males and females showed similar BOLD signal change to red light, but males showed a threefold greater increase (0.52%) to blue light stimulation when compared to females (0.14%). Log-linear regression modeling revealed that the slope coefficients for the red light stimulus intensity vs. signal change curve were not significantly different for males and females (z=0.995, P=0.320), whereas the slope coefficients for the blue light stimulus intensity vs. signal change curve were significantly larger in males (z=2.251, P=0.024). These findings support a sex and color-dependent differential pattern of primary visual cortical response to photic stimulation and suggest a method for assessing the influence of specific dopamine agonist/antagonist medications on visual function.
The Absorption of Sunlight by the Earth's Atmosphere in the Remote Infrared Region of the Spectrum

Spectroheliometric observations on the absorption spectrum of the Earth's atmosphere have been extended from $5\ensuremath{\mu} \mathrm{to} 21\ensuremath{\mu}$. The long wave limit of transmission imposed by the atmosphere occurs at $13.5\ensuremath{\mu}$. It is occasioned primarily by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and to a lesser extent by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ of ${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The carbon dioxide absorption blends with the pure rotation spectrum of water vapor at approximately $17\ensuremath{\mu}$ to render the region beyond $13.5\ensuremath{\mu}$ opaque to stellar radiation.
Transport of Intensity Imaging with Wavelet Intensity Derivative Estimation

We demonstrate a method to improve accuracy of Transport-of-Intensity phase retrieval using wavelet derivative operators to estimate axial intensity derivatives, and compare it to derivative estimation via polynomial fitting in simulation/experiment.
3-D numerical simulation of contact angle hysteresis for microscale two phase flow

Abstract Understanding the physics of microscale two-phase flow is important for a broad variety of engineering applications including compact PEM fuel cells and heat exchangers. The low Bond number and confined geometry make it critical to consider both the surface tension at the liquid–gas interfaces and the surface forces acting at the channel boundaries. Within the framework of a numerical volume of fluid (VOF) approach, the present work proposes a model to account for surface adhesion forces by considering the effects of contact angle hysteresis. A transient model is developed by correcting boundary force balances through specification of the local contact angle and instantaneously updating the local angle values based on the variation of the volume fraction from previous time steps. The model compares very well with new data provided here for droplets on a rotating disk and liquid slug flow in microchannel. The simulation reveals that the contact angle distribution along the slug profile in the microchannel flow can be approximated using a piecewise linear function. This study indicates that the asymmetric distribution of the contact angle might be responsible for several phenomena observed in the microchannel experiments, including slug instability.
The D→X transition in 136Xe19F

Abstract The D( 1 2 2P 1 2 )→X(2Σ+) transition in XeF is recorded at high resolution for the single isotopomer 136Xe19F, and the 0-0, 0–1, 0–2, and 1–2 bands are analyzed rotationally. The derived spectroscopic constants for the X state are in essential agreement with an earlier analysis of the B( 1 2 2P 3 2 )→X system for this same isotopomer. The main new results for the D state are (units cm−1): Te=38055.13(10), ωe=349.56(3), ωexe=1.899(7), Be=0.160513(34), αe=1.247(7)×10−3, Re=2.5101(3) A, δ (dimensionless spin splitting parameter)=−0.82(2).
Correlation of the thermodynamic and electrical characteristics of blast-cooled generators

IN A recent paper a historical study was made of the procedures being used to correlate the thermodynamic and electrical characteristics of blast-cooled generators.1 This paper will discuss the correlation procedures being used at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), explain why they were chosen and, where possible, present supporting experimental results.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Was Associated With Higher Perceived Physical and Mental Functioning in Early Systemic Sclerosis

Objective This study assessed the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in patients with early systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc). Methods At the annual visit, SSc patients enrolled in the Genetics versus Environment in Scleroderma Outcomes Study (GENISOS) were queried about their use of CAM therapies and intended symptom target, including herbal or nutraceutical therapy, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation, and mind-body therapy (relaxation, meditative, imagery). The CAM-user SSc patients were compared with matched non-CAM users over two years for database results of demographic, clinical, and health-related quality of life SF-36 questionnaires by using analysis of covariance. Results Twenty-five percent of the University of Texas Medical Branch GENISOS group were CAM users, with an average age of 54 years, 89% female, 47% diffuse cutaneous involvement, 13.5 total skin score, and a Medsger severity index of 5.8. Over 70% of patients used more than one CAM therapy for over one year, independent of health insurance. Symptoms targeted included arthritis/arthralgia, pain, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and fatigue. Complementary and alternative medicine users had significantly higher mean mental component summary scores on SF-36 at baseline and year 2, (49 and 49.9, respectively), compared with non-CAM users (42 and 40.2, respectively; P Conclusion In SSc, 70% of those in the CAM user group reported a long-term commitment to CAM therapies. Higher perceived mental functioning in CAM users might reflect more self-motivation to manage symptoms, and subsequently, promote practices that result in higher perceived physical functioning.