cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double standards, single goal: private communities and design innovation

Some 47 million Americans—one in six—live in communities run by collective private ownership of residential property. The spread of home‐owner associations, condominium associations and cooperatives is transforming planning practices and development design. A nation‐wide survey of municipalities and developers demonstrates the existence of two sets of standards and design parameters: those that pertain to the public domain and those applied to private communities. Public officials often regard the latter, with their privately owned streets and open spaces, as a tool for promoting flexible planning, frequently resulting in innovative and efficient land use and original layouts, characteristics absent from conventional subdivisions. Developers see private communities as a medium for a simplified approval process and the introduction of design innovation. They are using private development to push the density and efficiency envelopes while protecting environmental resources and increasing marketability and f...
Caste specialization in behavioral defenses against fungus garden parasites in Acromyrmex octospinosus leaf-cutting ants

Division of labor and caste specialization plays an important role in many aspects of social insect colony organization, including parasite defense. Within leaf-cutting ant colonies, worker caste specialization permeates colony tasks ranging from foraging, substrate incorporation, brood care, and chemical defenses via glandular secretions and mutualistic bacteria. Leaf-cutting ants rely on protecting a mutualistic fungus they grow for food from microfungi in the genus Escovopsis that parasitizes the ant–fungus relationship. Here, we examine whether Acromyrmex octospinosus leaf-cutter ant castes (minors and majors) display task specialization in two behavioral defenses against Escovopsis: fungus grooming (the removal of Escovopsis spores) and weeding (the removal of large pieces of Escovopsis-infected fungus garden). Using behavioral observations, we show that minors are the primary caste that performs fungus grooming, while weeding is almost exclusively performed by majors. In addition, using a sub-colony infection experimental setup, we show that at the early stages of infection, minors more efficiently remove Escovopsis spores from the fungus garden, thereby restricting Escovopsis spore germination and growth. At later stages of infection, after Escovopsis spore germination, we find that major workers are as efficient as minors in defending the fungus garden, likely due to the increased importance of weeding. Finally, we show, using SEM imaging, that the number of sensory structures is similar between minor and major workers. If these structures are invoked in recognition of the parasites, this finding suggests that both castes are able to sense Escovopsis. Our findings support that leaf-cutter ant behavioral defense tasks against Escovopsis are subject to caste specialization, likely facilitated by worker sizes being optimal for grooming and weeding by minors and majors, respectively, with important consequences for cultivar defense.
A Modified Brand Personality Scale for the Restaurant Industry

ABSTRACT In the study, a brand personality scale for use in the restaurant industry is developed and tested. As part of our analysis we propose a modified version of the original Brand Personality Scale (BPS) developed by Aaker (1997). Our objective was to modify the Aaker scale to possess greater relevance for the restaurant industry. In order to test the modified scale, six brands from both the quick service and casual dining segments were assessed utilizing an 18 item scale. The results indicated that the modified scale was efficient in that it was able to explain as much variance between restaurants as the larger scale. In the analysis we highlight managerial implications of the findings, and note areas for future research.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns Part IX: Yarn Behavior in the Second Heater

This study is concerned with the behavior of stretch textured thermoplastic yam during its continuous movement through a second heater. Measurements are re ported on the influence of primary and secondary heater temperatures, as well as overfeed levels on yarn contraction, residual crimp, and filament shrinkage. Further evidence is presented of the pseudo twister effect, that is, the thermal motivation for second zone false twisting of the threadline without the aid of a mechanical twisting device. On the basis of auxiliary thermomechanical experiments, a semiquantitative mechanism is proposed to explain this behavior.
The beginning of a genetic analysis of recombination proficiency.

Recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli have been isolated as members of a class showing reduced ability to mother recombinants when crossed with a given Hfr strain. All those showing less than one-tenth the ability of their immediate ancestors in mothering merodiploids have been eliminated from consideration, as have those strains of reduced fertility with only one donor strain. The remainder are all more sensitive to ultraviolet light (UV) than were their immediate ancestors; differences in levels of sensitivity are evident. Mutants have been isolated from two distantly related ancestors, and the sets of mutants from each are divisible into three phenotypic groups. The strains in the first group are the least UV-sensitive (UVs), and lambda lysogens of these show normal spontaneous induction. The strains in the second and third groups are more UVs than those in Group 1, and lysogens of these show abnormally low spontaneous induction. Groups 2 and 3 are separable by their levels of fertility with the Hfr strain (KL16) found to transfer the rec+ allele of some of the strains early in conjugation. The strains more fertile with KL16 are in Group 2, and those less fertile are in Group 3. Two mutants (JC1553 and AB2463) of different parentage but both in phenotypic Group 2 have been analyzed by transduction; and a single mutation probably determines both their mutant UVs and Rec− phenotypes. When the mutants of different parentage are arranged together, a continuous ranking of fertilities is observed. Preliminary complementation tests show no complementation between those mutations carried by strains in Group 2 and Group 3 which have been tested. Complementation has been observed between those mutations carried by strains in Group 1 and those carried by strains in Groups 2 and 3.
The toxicological and pharmacological effects of furan analogs of muscarine

The Toxicological and Pharmacological Effects of Furan Analogs of Muscarine. Ochillo, R. F., Chaturvedi, A. K., and Sastry, B. V. R. (1978) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43 , 73–83. Furfuryltrimethylammonium iodide (Furmethide, FT), 5-methylfurmethide (5-MFT), 5-hydroxymethylfurmethide (5-HMFT), 5-chloromethylfurmethide (5-CMFT), 5-methoxyfurmethide (5-MOFT), tetrahydrofurmethide (THFT), and 5-methylthenyltrimethylammonium iodide (5-MTTA) are structurally related to muscarine. The toxicities of these compounds in mice decrease in the following order: 5-MTTA>5-MOFT>THFT>5-MFT>FT>5-HMFT >5-CMFT. The electron densities around the furan oxygen of these compounds decrease in the same order. The animals died within 5 min after administration of the lethal dose. These compounds did not significantly inhibit choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase. Signs of toxicity in mice included excessive salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation. All peripheral parasympathetic signs were abolished by atropine, suggesting that these were mediated through the parasympathetic nervous system. However, atropine, hexamethonium, and d -tubocurarine did not alter the LD50. Death appeared to be due to respiratory depression and/or asphyxia. The animals survived indefinitely when they were maintained by artificial respiration during the initial 5 min after administration of lethal doses. The cause of death may possibly be due to bulk release of acetylcholine and blockade at multiple cholinergic synapses involved in the maintenance of respiration by released acetylcholine or furan analogs directly.
In vitro effects of microwave radiation on rat liver mitochondria

Liver mitochondria were exposed in vitro at 30 degrees C to microwave radiation (2.45 GHz) during the following states of respiration: resting, state 1; substrate dependent, state 2; ADP stimulated, state 3; and ADP depleted, state 4. At 10 or 100 mW/g, with succinate as substrate, no effect of exposure was observed on states 1-4 or the respiratory control index (state 3/state 4) of either tightly or loosely coupled mitochondria. When glutamate was used as substrate, no effects were observed at 10 mW/g. However, in the loosely coupled mitochondria the 100 mW/g exposure produced an increase in states 2 and 4 and a decrease in the respiratory control index. The results suggest that the function of loosely coupled mitochondria can be affected at high power levels of microwave radiation.
Geographic variation of shell bionts in the deep-sea snail Gaza

Recent studies of bathyal environments indicate that microhabitats contribute significantly to biodiversity. We suggest that microhabitats may also be useful in direct comparisons of biotic diversity patterns across large areas. Using a technique developed by palaeontologists, we document the diversity and abundance of taxa occurring on the hard substrate provided by gastropod shells of the bathyal (200 m) trochid gastropod Gaza. Because the shell surfaces are comparable, shell-associated biota and their diversity may be contrasted across basins with relatively few compounding variables. Animals found attached to the outside of the shells, epibionts, included folliculinids, encrusting bryozoans and foraminifera; within the shell, endobiontic spionid polychaetes had occupied the columella of the shell, apparently destroying both the protoconch and part of the shell's base. Both types of bionts were common on shells from continental margins of North and South America but were wholly absent on shells from the Lesser Antilles. Hypotheses that shell depth distributions (372–910 m) and shell age, biont dispersal potential and biotic interactions contribute to the large-scale differences in biont distribution are considered but rejected in favour of the hypothesis that terrigenous sediments and their associated nutrients are primary contributors to the observed geographic pattern.
1141 PATHOGENESIS OF TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS)

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin I (TSST-I), a reliable marker for TSS staph, has not yet been proven to be the sole responsible toxin. We and others find that TSS staph, but not other S. aureus, inoculated in subcutaneous chambers in rabbits → shock and death with renal, hepatic, muscular and hematologic changes of TSS. TSST-I is produced in chamber by 4 hr, reaching peak of 7.4 μg/ml (∼120 μg total) at 47 hrs. TSST-I is disseminated to blood with peak of 3.4 ng/ml and excreted in urine over 48 hrs. To determine if TSST-I alone is responsible for changes seen in the infection model, we injected purified TSST-I into chamber and produced a syndrome indistinguishable from live infection and clinical TSS. Hypotension, renal impairment, hypocalcemia and death occurs by 25 hrs at dose of 300 μg and a chronic, ultimately fatal illness lasting 8 days with profound renal failure, hypocalcemia and multiorgan dysfunction occurs at a 150 μg TSST-I depot. At the higher dose, TSST-I peak conc, in chamber is 17 μg/ml, plasma levels peak at 9 ng/ml and cumulative urine excretion is 18 to 30 μg. Lower dose → peak chamber conc. of 10 μg/ml and peak plasma levels of 2 ng/ml. These plasma values equal those found in human TSS. Passive administration of TSST antibody blocks TSS in this model while anti-endotoxin (J5) does not. TSST-I is therefore the toxin responsible for the major physiologic changes of TSS and does not require host-derived endotoxin for its action. Anti-toxin therapy has promise in therapy of established human TSS.
A convenient preparation of isovalthine.

SummaryA convenient preparation of the new amino acid isovalthine is described. Some characteristics of the synthetic material are given.
BORON-IMPLANTATION-INDUCED CRYSTALLINE-TO-AMORPHOUS TRANSITION IN NICKEL :AN EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GENERALIZED LINDEMANN MELTING CRITERION

The generalized Lindemann melting hypothesis has recently been used to develop a unified thermodynamic criterion for melting applicable to both heat-induced melting and disorder-induced crystalline-to-amorphous (c-a) transformation. The hypothesis stipulates that the sum $〈{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}{〉}_{\mathrm{Total}}$ of the static and dynamic root-mean-square (rms) atomic displacements is a constant fraction of the nearest-neighbor distance along the melting curve of a solid. To test this hypothesis, energy-filtered selected area electron-diffraction intensity measurements were used to determine the generalized Lindemann parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}=\sqrt{〈{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}{〉}_{\mathrm{Total}}}{/d}_{\mathrm{nn}},$ in which ${d}_{\mathrm{nn}}$ represents the nearest-neighbor distance, as a function of boron concentration during implantation of $50\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{keV}\mathrm{}\mathrm{B}}^{+}$ into polycrystalline Ni at 77 K. The onset of amorphization was found to occur close to 10 at. % boron, which is in good agreement with the value predicted by ${T}_{o}$ curve calculated using the generalized Lindemann hypothesis. Moreover, the critical value of the generalized Lindemann parameter for amorphization, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{Critical}}=0.115\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01,$ is within experimental error, identical to that for Ni just below its thermodynamic melting temperature of $T=1728\mathrm{K},$ hence providing a direct confirmation for the generalized Lindemann melting hypothesis.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parainfluenzae.

Fifty random clinical isolates of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were tested for their susceptibility to 10 antibiotics by a microtiter broth dilution method. Three of the strains tested were resistant to ampicillin, whereas eight were resistant to tetracycline. All strains tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, and colistin. The ranges of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the three remaining antibiotics were: 0.5 to ≥128 μg of penicillin G per ml, 0.03 to 4 μg of carbenicillin per ml, and 1 to 16 μg of erythromycin per ml. Elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin and carbenicillin were noted for the three ampicillin-resistant strains. Tests for beta-lactamase production demonstrated the presence of this enzyme in each of the three ampicillin-resistant strains.
Linear-quadratic risk-sensitive mean field games

In this paper, we consider linear-quadratic risk-sensitive mean field games (LQRSMFGs). Each agent strives to minimize an exponentiated integral quadratic cost or risk-sensitive cost function, which is coupled with other agents via a mean field term. By invoking the Nash certainty equivalence principle, we first obtain a robust decentralized control law for each agent to construct a mean field system. We then provide appropriate conditions under which the mean field system admits a unique deterministic function that approximates the mean field term with arbitrarily small error when the number of agents, say N, goes to infinity. We also show the closed-loop system stability, and prove that the set of N robust decentralized control laws possesses an e-Nash equilibrium property. Moreover, we show that e can be taken to be arbitrarily close to zero as N → ∞, but our e bound is weaker than its linear-quadratic mean field game (LQMFG) counterpart due to risk-sensitivity in the present case. Finally, we discuss two different limiting cases, and show that one of these is equivalent to the corresponding LQMFG.
Global synchrony in biospheric variations and influence on soil pH

Data collected from 1968 through 1997 showed a globally synchronous annual increase in soil acidity during the period June through August which was highly correlated with progressively decreasing geomagnetic field strength despite periodic local alterations in electromagnetic activity at the planetary boundary layer. Monthly determinations of soil pH for periods of one or more years at sites in Australia, South America, North America, Scotland, and Germany showed pH values to be consistently and significantly correlated with the monthly average geomagnetic field strength and the auroral electrojet values recorded during the time period covered by the data. Unweighed simple and multiple least squares linear regressions of soil pH on geomagnetic D, H, and Z, and the auroral electrojet gave r2 and p values as high as r2 = 0.9997, p = 0.0000. These relationships were subject to modifications in soil pH by telluric currents and electromagnetic events, such as thunderstorms and accompanying acid rain, occurring...
Self-Actualization in Gifted Children

Scores on self-actualization of 131 gifted students in Grades 4 through 8 were investigated using the Reflections of Self By Youth (ROSY) and the Maslowian Scale. Analysis of covariance indicated grade and gender were not significant effects in the various scores, and there was no interaction between grade and gender using scores on the ROSY. Means for students in Grade 8 were significantly higher than those for Grade 4 only on the Maslowian Scale-Psychological. Boys in Grade 4 scored significantly higher than girls on the Fundamentals and Total score. The ROSY and Maslowian Scale scores were significantly correlated (R2 = .21).
Control of natural ventilation for aerodynamic high-rise buildings

The aim of the paper is to present a framework for the optimal control of natural ventilation. To account for the significant crossflow between zones, the notion of ASHRAE-equivalent airflow is proposed which is used to evaluate the quality of ventilation provided to different zones within a building. A model-based predictive control approach is developed which is used to simulate different ventilation strategies and select the most appropriate strategy. To this end, the rationale behind choosing an objective function that captures the goals of a ventilation system is described, and candidate objective functions are discussed. Finally, an illustrative example with an elliptical cross-section building is discussed in detail. The framework for model-predictive control developed in this paper is applicable beyond natural ventilation and high-rise buildings.
Taste effects of lingual application of cardiovascular medications

Medications used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia, are prescribed extensively in Western countries. However, taste complaints are common side effects of many of these cardiovascular medications. Although clinical observations are helpful in determining potential taste problems from a medication, experimental studies are necessary to obtain quantitative data on taste. In the studies performed here, nine cardiovascular medications (labetalol HCl, captopril, diltiazem HCl, enalapril maleate, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol HCl, mexiletine HCl, procainamide HCl, and propafenone HCl) were applied to the tongue in human volunteers to measure the direct effect of these drugs on taste receptors. The medications were applied topically to the tongue surface of both young and elderly subjects to mimic the situation in which the drug is secreted into the saliva. Detection thresholds ranged from 0.048 mM (propafenone) to 0.438 mM (procainamide). The detection thresholds of healthy elderly subjects did not significantly differ from young controls. The compounds tested had a predominantly bitter taste with other qualities as well. In addition, topical application of the medications to the tongue affected the taste of one or more taste stimuli, with medications differing in the pattern of taste effects exhibited. The mechanism of taste effects is not fully known, but the results of this study suggest one route may be due to medications' effect on peripheral taste receptors.
Breached Bodies and Home Invasions: Horrific representations of the feminized body and home

This article addresses abject representations of the feminized body and home. Abjection plays a key role in the creation of ambiguity and unease, encompassing the paradoxes of transgression, which is key to the critical examination of social relations and constructions. I conduct an investigation of portrayals of abject spaces in two sites, the body and the home, which are analyzed through three films: I Walked with a Zombie (1943), Evil Dead II (1987) and The Others (2001). In my analysis, I show how these films repeatedly portray feminized bodies and homes that, when transgressive, are seen as abject until order is re-established at the conclusion of the film. In these horror texts, boundaries dissolve and create potentially progressive moments which can disturb gendered norms and binaries, but ultimately, the boundaries are reified and re-normed, reinscribing patriarchal gender codings of space. Cuerpos violados e invasiones del hogar: representaciones horrificas del cuerpo feminizada y el hogar Este a...
Effects of MnO and CoO on the 0.24-ev NiO Absorption Line

Measurements are reported of the change in the 0.24-ev NiO absorption band due to additions of MnO and CoO to NiO crystals. The results support the interpretation that the band has its origin in an antiferromagnetic effect.
New methods of purifying and identifying parasitic diagnostic antigens: A review of the systematic and quantitative approach with the schistosoma model

Several antigen preparations intended for use in the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis were reviewed. The efficacies of these antigens in terms of specific activities and cross-reactivities were compared. The idea of quantitation of the actual usable amount of antigens in various preparations was introduced. A systematic approach to the purification and identification of relevant antigens in the Schistosoma system was discussed. Use of the quantitative single-tube kinetic-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in conjunction with a systematic approach to antigen purification allowed for the identification of substantial activities in membrane-associated antigens. Solubilization of the particulate- and presumably membrane-associated components resulted in significant amounts of highly sero-reactive antigens. Total reliance on aqueous-soluble parasitic antigens is questioned.
Zinc as a structural and folding element of proteins which interact with DNA

Zinc proteins involved in the control of gene expression include two types which contain zinc binuclear clusters; fungal transcription factors containing DNA binding domains organized around a Zn2Cys6 cluster and the V(D)J recombination-activating proteins, RAG1's, of higher eukaryotes in which the dimerization domains contain a Zn2Cys5His2 cluster. Two solution structures of Zn2Cys6 cluster domains are compared along with the crystal structure of the dimerization domain of RAG1. The dimerization domain of RAG1 contains four zinc ions and is organized around a zinc finger, a zinc RING finger and a zinc binuclear cluster. Protein folds stabilized by multiple zinc sites are discussed.
An experimental investigation of unsteady surface pressure on an airfoil in turbulence—Part 2: Sources and prediction of mean loading effects

Abstract An experimental investigation into the response of an airfoil in turbulence was undertaken and the results are presented in a two part series of papers. The effects of mean loading on the airfoil response are investigated in Part 1 with the likely origins discussed in this paper (Part 2). Unsteady pressure measurements were made on the surface of a NACA 0015 airfoil immersed in grid turbulence ( λ / c = 13 % ) for angles of attack α = 0 –20°. This paper (Part 2) presents the causes of the low-frequency reduction and high-frequency increase observed in measured lift and pressure spectral levels. Scaling lift spectra on the mean lift reveals the increase in lift spectral level for reduced frequencies greater than 10 is closely related to the airfoils mean pressure field. Based on analysis of the chordwise and spanwise pressure correlation length scale, the reduction in lift spectral level at low reduced frequency appears to result from distortion of the inflow by the mean velocity field. A possible model is developed that accurately predicts mean loading effects on lift spectra. This model uses a circular cylinder fit to the airfoil to compute effects of distortion on the inflow turbulence. The distorted inflow velocity spectrum is then used with Amiet's theory to predict the unsteady loading. This model successfully captures the reduction observed in measured lift spectra at low reduced frequencies. Furthermore, it is shown that the angle of attack effects arising from inflow distortion are significant only when the relative scale of the inflow turbulence to airfoil chord is sufficiently small ( λ / c = 13 % for present experiment).
The American landing in November 1942: a turning point in Morocco's contemporary history

The Allied landings of November 1942 were a critical step towards the final victory over the Axis; they were also meaningful in terms of Morocco's foreign and domestic policy, marking a sharp turn towards the USA and the West that endured far into the future. The arrival of the Americans revived the hopes of the nationalists, encouraged the Sultan to defy the French, and stimulated military and diplomatic contacts between the Moroccan political class and the Americans. The landing also produced a windfall of goods that relieved the suffering of the Moroccan people, as well as a wealth of propaganda on all sides. Nazi media seized upon the event to vilify both Americans and Jews, French propaganda stressed the ignorance of Americans about Muslim customs, while American propaganda featured symbols of its military might. For Moroccan–American relations, the landings are highlighted as contributing to a progressive relationship of warmth and friendliness stretching back to the time of the early Republic.
An Investigation of the Validity of Using the Results of a Doubles Tournament as a Measure of Handball Ability

(1951). An Investigation of the Validity of Using the Results of a Doubles Tournament as a Measure of Handball Ability. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 214-218.
Controlling the space with preassigned responses

It is shown that large classes of control systems, which include certain systems of the typex′+A(t)x=B(t)u, can be handled in such a way that the control functionsu(t) are actually associated with responsesx(t) that belong to known families of functions. In particular, it is possible, for a variety of perturbationsB(t)u and operatorsA(t) with convex domains, to have responses that are line segments joining the origin to the reachable states.
Labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol in term premature rupture of membranes: A randomized study

Objective To evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of intravaginal misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E 1 analogue, for labor induction in gravidas with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term. Methods One hundred forty-one pregnant women with term PROM were assigned randomly to one of two induction groups: 1) intravaginal misoprostol or 2) intravenous oxytocin by continuous infusion. Results Seventy subjects were allocated to the misoprostol group and 71 to the oxytocin group. The mean (± standard deviation) interval from induction to delivery was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group (416 ± 276 compared with 539 ± 372 minutes; P = .04). In 85.7% of patients in the misoprostol group, only one dose was required. Intrapartum complication rates, mode of delivery, and neonatal or maternal adverse event rates were similar in the two treatment groups. Uterine tachysystole occurred more frequently with misoprostol than with oxytocin (28.6% compared with 14.0%; P Conclusion Intravaginal administration of misoprostol induces labor safely and effectively in patients with PROM at term.
A harmonic tracking method for Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging

Ultrasound-based elasticity imaging methods, such as Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging, rely upon the accurate estimation of displacements to characterize the mechanical response of soft tissues. Sources of clutter, such as off-axis scattering and reverberation, can corrupt displacement estimates and result in noisy images. In this work, we investigated the use of filter-based and pulse inversion harmonic tracking methods to monitor the displacements induced by an ARFI excitation. A fully sampled method was developed that improves the temporal sampling frequency associated with the pulse inversion technique. Implemented on a conventional scanner, the harmonic tracking methods are compared with conventional ARFI imaging techniques that use the fundamental component of the received beam in phantoms and in vivo. In phantoms, where the generated harmonics are minimal, the harmonic and fundamental methods provided similar results. Decreased jitter and improved feature detection in ARFI images were obtained with harmonic tracking methods in vivo.
Developmental changes in internal structure of chick heart plasma membrane

Although changes in electrophysiologically measurable membrane properties of chick embryo cardiac plasma membrane have been repeatedly documented during embryonic development, ultrastructural techniques were heretofore too insensitive to detect developmental changes in internal structure of this membrane. We report here significant structural changes detected by applying the quantitative analysis of Kordylewski, Karrison, and Page (Amer. J. Physiol. 245, 1992–1997, 1983 and Kordylewski, Karrison, 248, 1297–1304, 1985) to stereo imaged electron microscopic negatives of glutaraldehyde-fixed chick embryo hearts, freeze fractured and photographed with a goniometer stage. Between Hamburger-Hamilton stages 12+ (about 48 hr incubation) and 24 (about 96 hr incubation), plasmalemmal P-face particle density of ventricular myocytes increased from 2228 ± 139 to 3063 ± 109 (P < 0.01); thereafter, measurements at stages 30, 37, 40, and 45 (7, 11, 15, and 19 days incubation) showed a slower significant linear increase which gave a least-squares line with a slope of 41 ± 13 particles/day (P < 0.01). Just before hatching, (stage 45) the value of 3762 ± 234 was similar to, though slightly smaller than, the values of 4122 ± 153 (8 days after hatching) and 4281 ± 218 (adult chicken). These results indicate striking stage-dependent changes in the population of integral membrane proteins (channels, carriers, receptors, etc.), especially marked during early embryogenesis.
Multicomponent Infrared Analysis by the Absorbance Ratio Method with Internal Standard Addition

Quantitative analyses of multicomponent mixtures, blends or complex materials by absorbance measurements in the infrared region are subject to uncertainties in accuracy because of variations in spectrophotometer performance between period of calibration and sample measurement. Another variable is path length which is difficult to estimate for cells of less than 0.1 mm thickness or in the case of films of insoluble materials such as certain polymers. A solution to these problems is to employ the absorbance ratio method which has been reported for two and three component systems such as copolymers (1-3). Knowledge of path length is not essential in absorbance ratio methods. A study has been reported of the precision of absorbance ratio methods for mixtures of methyl cyclo-hexane and toluene and for six component mixtures of o, m, p-xylene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and benzene (4).
Acute and sublethal effects of 1080 on starlings

Etude des effets toxiques aigus a court terme et subaigus a long terme du compose 1080 administre par voie orale a des etourneaux, avec etude particuliere de la morphologie du testicule
The impact of sacral sensory sparing in motor complete spinal cord injury

Abstract Kirshblum S, Botticello A, Lammertse DP, Marino RJ, Chiodo AE, Jha A. The impact of sacral sensory sparing in motor complete spinal cord injury. Objective To determine the effect of sensory sparing in motor complete persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) on completion of rehabilitation on neurologic, functional, and social outcomes reported at 1 year. Design Secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected by using prospective survey-based methods. Setting Data submitted to the National SCI Statistical Center Database. Participants Of persons (N=4106) enrolled in the model system with a motor complete injury (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale [AIS] grade A or B) at the time of discharge between 1997 and 2007, a total of 2331 (56.8%) completed a 1-year follow-up interview (Form II) and 1284 (31.3%) had complete data for neurologic (eg, AIS grade, injury level) variables at 1 year. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures AIS grade (A vs B) at 1 year, bladder management, hospitalizations, perceived health status, motor FIM items, Satisfaction With Life Scale, depressive symptoms, and social participation. Results Compared with persons with AIS grade A at discharge, persons with AIS grade B were less likely to require indwelling catheterization and be hospitalized and more likely to perceive better health, report greater functional independence (ie, self-care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion), and report social participation in the first year postinjury. A greater portion of individuals with AIS grade B at discharge had improved neurologic recovery at 1 year postinjury than those with AIS grade A. Significant AIS group differences in 1-year outcomes related to physical health were maintained after excluding persons who improved to motor incomplete status for only bladder management and change in perceived health status. This recognition of differences between persons with motor complete injuries (AIS grade A vs B) has important ramifications for the field of SCI rehabilitation and research.
Benign neglect: A model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa

Abstract This paper employs a branch of island biogeography theory to analyse and predict the extinction of species of large mammals in 19 nature reserves in East Africa. The assumptions of the analysis include (1) the dynamics of faunal collapse in East Africa will not be significantly different from the dynamics of extinction of large mammals on the islands of the Sunda Shelf, and (2) the absence of either destructive or supportive human intervention (benign neglect). The results may serve as a baseline against which conservationists can discuss various management approaches. We conclude that the pace of extinctions is inversely related to the size of the reserve, but that even the largest reserves would lose most of their large species in a few centuries.
Prenatal diagnosis of 46,XY/46,XX mosaicism: A case report†

We report on the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with 46,XY and 46,XX cell lines with a normal male phenotype. Cytogenetic and molecular studies ruled out the possibility of maternal cell contamination and showed that all the X chromosomes present in both fetal cell lines were derived from a single maternal X chromosome. This suggests 46,XY/46,XX mosaicism.
The Growth of Nations: Some Recurrent Patterns of Political and Social Integration

At many places and times, tribes have merged to form peoples; and peoples have grown into nations. Some nations founded empires; and empires have broken up again into fragments whose populations later attempted again to form larger units. In certain respects, this sequence appears to describe a general process found in much of history. This process shows a number of patterns which seem to recur, and which to a limited extent seem to be comparable among different regions, periods, and cultures.
Secretary Paulo Freire and the Democratization of Power: Toward a theory of transformative leadership

(2003). Secretary Paulo Freire and the Democratization of Power: Toward a theory of transformative leadership. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 89-106.
Massive changes in genome architecture accompany the transition to self-fertility in the filamentous fungus Neurospora tetrasperma

A large region of suppressed recombination surrounds the sex-determining locus of the self-fertile fungus Neurospora tetrasperma. This region encompasses nearly one-fifth of the N. tetrasperma genome and suppression of recombination is necessary for self-fertility. The similarity of the N. tetrasperma mating chromosome to plant and animal sex chromosomes and its recent origin (<5 MYA), combined with a long history of genetic and cytological research, make this fungus an ideal model for studying the evolutionary consequences of suppressed recombination. Here we compare genome sequences from two N. tetrasperma strains of opposite mating type to determine whether structural rearrangements are associated with the nonrecombining region and to examine the effect of suppressed recombination for the evolution of the genes within it. We find a series of three inversions encompassing the majority of the region of suppressed recombination and provide evidence for two different types of rearrangement mechanisms: the recently proposed mechanism of inversion via staggered single-strand breaks as well as ectopic recombination between transposable elements. In addition, we show that the N. tetrasperma mat a mating-type region appears to be accumulating deleterious substitutions at a faster rate than the other mating type (mat A) and thus may be in the early stages of degeneration.
Traveler's diarrhea due to intestinal protozoa

Intestinal protozoa account for a minority of cases of acute traveler's diarrhea, but they are common pathogens in travelers who experience protracted diarrhea during or after travel. Evaluation of the traveler with chronic diarrhea should include a careful examination for typical infecting organisms, such as Giardia and Entamoeba species, as well as for emerging parasites, such as Cryptosporidium species, Cyclospora species, and microsporidia. The microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of the most common intestinal parasites found in travelers are presented in this minireview.
Estimation of reliability coefficients using the test information function and its modifications

The reliability coefficient and the standard error of measurement in classical test theory are not properties of a specific test, but are attributed to both a specific test and a specific trait dis...
Algorithms for sorting unsigned linear genomes by the DCJ operations

Motivation: The double cut and join operation (abbreviated as DCJ) has been extensively used for genomic rearrangement. Although the DCJ distance between signed genomes with both linear and circular (uni-and multi-) chromosomes is well studied, the only known result for the NP-complete unsigned DCJ distance problem is an approximation algorithm for unsigned linear unichromosomal genomes. In this article, we study the problem of computing the DCJ distance on two unsigned linear multichromosomal genomes (abbreviated as UDCJ). Results: We devise a 1.5-approximation algorithm for UDCJ by exploiting the distance formula for signed genomes. In addition, we show that UDCJ admits a weak kernel of size 2k and hence an FPT algorithm running in O(22kn) time. Contact: bhz@cs.montana.edu
Arousal and Cognition: Creative Performance, Arousal and the Stimulation-Seeking Motive

On an hypothesis that intermediate values of individual differences in arousal or stimulation-seeking would be associated with best performance in timed tests of originality and fluency, undergraduate volunteers were administered the Unusual Questions Test and stratified on the basis of two stimulation-seeking measures into high, intermediate and low stimulation-seeking groups of 21 subjects each. Planned comparisons showed that, although both originality and fluency were related to stimulation-seeking in the predicted curvilinear form, only where fluency was concerned was a significant difference noted. Intermediate stimulation-seeking subjects were significantly more fluent than subjects low in stimulation-seeking although the former were not significantly different from high stimulation-seeking subjects. It was concluded that the experimental hypothesis had received limited support; further avenues to the study of arousal and stimulation-seeking factors in creative performance were outlined.
Can we use frequency shift due to attenuation for fizz water discrimination

Summary In this abstract, we explore the viability of discriminating fizz water (low saturated gas sandstones) from commercial gas reservoirs based on the frequency shift (FS) caused by attenuation. Data from one well were used to build a simple geological model. Forward modeling of CDP gathers and normal incidence sections were carried out and their amplitude spectra were evaluated. For this study, we analyzed the FS in two different domains: 1. We tested the attenuation effect on the peak amplitude versus offset for the same seismic interface. 2. The peak frequency decay due to the presence of a high attenuating thin layer on normal incidence data.
Human information security behaviors: Differences across geographies and cultures in a global user survey

Data Leakage Worldwide, a 2008 research study commissioned by Cisco Systems, Inc. explored the information security behaviors of information technology (IT) users and decision makers in ten countries around the world. Based upon an online survey, the results published by Cisco Systems concluded that end users engage in risky information security behaviors that negatively impacted the companies for which the worked. The survey also revealed differences in awareness of proper security practices between end users and IT decision makers, as well as a lack of effectiveness in company security policies. One important aspect of the research was the exploration of differences in information security behaviors between respondents in different countries. While the Cisco study is important, a number of questions exist regarding the methods used, data collected, and conclusions made in the survey publications. But regardless of these critiques, the study provides a useful starting point for research into human information security behaviors.
Non-IgE-Mediated Cow Milk Allergy Is Linked to Early Childhood Clusters of Commonly Seen Illnesses: A Pilot Study

Objective. There are few established diagnostic tools to define non-IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity reactions. Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is a multisystem disorder affecting the gastrointestinal, skin, and lower and upper airway systems. This link is frequently missed because of subspecialty evaluation of the multisystem effects individually. The authors hypothesize that a more global evaluation based on a simple scored questionnaire will reveal this link. Methods. Over an 18-month period, children younger than 2 years with non-IgE-mediated CMPA were identified. A symptom questionnaire was developed and scored and also applied to a control population. The prevalence of symptoms in each group was compared and a cumulative score was determined. Symptoms evaluated included gastrointestinal, aerodigestive, lower airway, and skin symptoms. A positive response was scored 1 and a negative response scored 0. Results. Significant differences in prevalence rates between CMPA and control populations were not...
Strong field coherent control with simple pulse shapes: Towards shaped pulse spectroscopy

We measure the dependence of molecular fragmentation on a simple pulse shape parameterization at different intensities. The results indicate that dynamic Stark shifts of intermediate resonances play an important role in closed loop learning control.
The Null Distributions of Test Statistics in Genomewide Association Studies

Genomewide association (GWA) studies assay hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) simultaneously across the entire genome and associate them with diseases, other biological or clinical traits. The association analysis usually tests each SNP as an independent entity and ignores the biological information such as linkage disequilibrium. Although the Bonferroni correction and other approaches have been proposed to address the issue of multiple comparisons as a result of testing many SNPs, there is a lack of understanding of the distribution of an association test statistic when an entire genome is considered together. In other words, there are extensive efforts in hypothesis testing, and almost no attempt in estimating the density under the null hypothesis. By estimating the true null distribution, we can apply the result directly to hypothesis testing; better assess the existing approaches of multiple comparisons; and evaluate the impact of linkage disequilibrium on the GWA studies. To this end, we estimate the empirical null distribution of an association test statistic in GWA studies using simulated population data. We further propose a convenient and accurate method based on adaptive spline to estimate the empirical value in GWA studies and validate our findings using a real data set. Our method enables us to fully characterize the null distribution of an association test that not only can be used to test the null hypothesis of no association, but also provides important information about the impact of density of the genetic markers on the significance of the tests. Our method does not require users to perform computationally intensive permutations, and hence provides a timely solution to an important and difficult problem in GWA studies.
A self-survey technique for self-cohering of antenna systems

A navigation technique is applied to the location of the elements of a flexible phased array. The technique also calibrates the phase reference for each array element. The system requires several beacons of known position. The effects on beamformation of beacon position errors and of phase measurement errors (owing to multipath) are predicted. The conclusions are confirmed by computer simulation and by experimental self-cohering with a flexing four-element random array.
Regulation of the Cell Division Cycle in Trypanosoma brucei

The cell division cycle is tightly regulated by the activation and inactivation of a series of proteins that control the replication and segregation of organelles to the daughter cells. During the past decade, we have witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the cell cycle in Trypanosoma brucei and how the cycle is regulated by various regulatory proteins. However, many other regulators, especially those unique to trypanosomes, remain to be identified, and we are just beginning to delineate the signaling pathways that drive the transitions through different cell cycle stages, such as the G(1)/S transition, G(2)/M transition, and mitosis-cytokinesis transition. Trypanosomes appear to employ both evolutionarily conserved and trypanosome-specific molecules to regulate the various stages of its cell cycle, including DNA replication initiation, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis initiation and completion. Strikingly, trypanosomes lack some crucial regulators that are well conserved across evolution, such as Cdc6 and Cdt1, which are involved in DNA replication licensing, the spindle motor kinesin-5, which is required for spindle assembly, the central spindlin complex, which has been implicated in cytokinesis initiation, and the actomyosin contractile ring, which is located at the cleavage furrow. Conversely, trypanosomes possess certain regulators, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and mitotic centromere-associated kinesins, that are greatly expanded and likely play diverse cellular functions. Overall, trypanosomes apparently have integrated unique regulators into the evolutionarily conserved pathways to compensate for the absence of those conserved molecules and, additionally, have evolved certain cell cycle regulatory pathways that are either different from its human host or distinct between its own life cycle forms.