cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T1 breast carcinoma in women 70 years of age and older may not require axillary lymph node dissection.

Background The current trend in breast cancer treatment is toward breast conservation and selective use of axillary lymph node dissection. Patient eligiblity criteria for treatment without axillary dissection are evolving. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the tumor registry over a 10-year period at Naval Medical Center San Diego and included all women aged 70 and older with T1 breast carcinoma (n = 78). Data included tumor size, surgical therapy, postoperative therapy, recurrence, and survival. The women were divided into groups by the approach taken toward the axilla. Results No patient was given adjuvant chemotherapy. There were no axillary cancer recurrences in our patients. No statistically significant difference existed, regardless of the approach to the axilla, in recurrence or survival between groups. Conclusion Axillary dissection in this population did not influence postoperative treatment, decrease recurrence, or improve survival. Our study suggests breast cancer treatment in this populationshould not include axillary dissection.
SIMULTANEOUS APPEARANCE OF FACTOR (F) IX INHIBITOR DEVELOPMENT AND ANAPHYLAXIS FOLLOWING INFUSION OF FIX CONCENTRATES IN CHILDREN WITH SEVERE HEMOPHILIA (H) B. † 964

FIX inhibitor antibodies (IA) develop in approximately 1-2% of children with severe H B. We have recently seen two unrelated children with HB who developed anaphylaxis or severe anaphylactoid reactions when infused with plasma-derived high purity FIX. In both (ages 9 and 11 months), a FIX IA was first detected at the same time as the first severe allergic reaction.
Linear and Chirped gratings on thin-film waveguides with Focused Ion-Beam milling

Linear and chirped gratings with feature sizes 150-300 nm have been fabricated in hafnium oxide waveguides with focused ion-beam milling. Focusing waveguide grating is a key element in a compact integrated optic micro-spectrometer.
Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy.

The articles included in the special series in this issue of Developmental Psychology demonstrate that perceived self-efficacy for memory functioning is an important facet of metamemory. Self-beliefs of efficacy can enhance or impair performance through their effects on cognitive, affective, or motivational intervening processes. This commentary addresses a number of issues concerning the extension of self-efficacy theory to memory functioning. These include the following: the multidimensionality and measurement of perceived memory capabilities; the veridicality of memory self-appraisal; the efficacious exercise of personal control over memory functioning; the psychosocial processes by which people preserve a favorable sense of memory self-efficacy over the life span; and strategies for generalizing the impact of training in memory skills. Much of the research on perceived self-efficacy has focused on its role in the regulation of motivation, action, and affective arousal (Bandura, 1986; 1988a, 1988b, in press). More recently, research conducted within this conceptual framework has sought to clarify how perceived self-efficacy affects thinking processes, either as events of interest in their own right or as intervening influences of other aspects of psychosocial functioning. This research has begun to delineate the ways in which self-percepts of efficacy can enhance or impair the level of cognitive functioning (Bandura, in press). These cognitive effects take various forms.
Effect of surfactant on particle morphology for liquid phase deposition of submicron silica

Liquid phase deposition (LPD) of silica from soluble silicates has been performed in the presence of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzyl sulfate (SDBS). The morphology of the silica varies between semi-ordered uniform spheres to low porosity agglomerates, with the choice and concentration of the surfactants. The agglomerate structures depend on the charge of the surfactant (and hence the retention of micelles under acidic LPD conditions and/or the ionic character of the surfactant solution), the critical micelle concentration (as compared to the concentration of the silica precursor), and the ionic strength of the solution. The application of surfactant micelles as templates for LPD silica is counter to a previous proposal that suggested the ionic strength of the silicate solution would cause the collapse of the ionic vesicles. The size of spherical silica particles is controlled by the relative concentration of the surfactant and the LPD precursor.
Infrapatellar Contracture Syndrome Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Followup

Infrapatellar contracture syndrome is an uncommon but recalcitrant cause of reduced range of motion after knee surgery or injury. The results and conclusions presented here are based on a retrospective clinical study evaluating the long-term outcome in 75 patients who developed infrapatellar contracture syndrome. These 75 patients (76 knees) were evaluated at an average followup of 53 months after the index (inciting) procedure or injury. Comparing subgroups within the study population, factors that correlated with poorer results or more severe infrapatellar contracture syndrome were found to be acute anterior cruciate ligament repair or reconstruction, the use of patellar tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, nonisometric graft placement, multiple surgical procedures, use of closed manipulation, and the development of patella infera. We concluded that appropriate procedures can substantially increase the range of motion in patients with infrapatellar contracture syndrome. However, residual functional morbidity persists in many patients, and the outcome, as determined by subjective knee function scores, is only fair. The natural history of an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee appears to be more benign than the natural history of a knee that develops infrapatellar contracture syndrome.
Internal Laminar Heat Transfer With Gas-Property Variation

The results of a numerical investigation of internal laminar heat transfer to a gas with temperature-dependent properties are reported. In this investigation the authors obtained numerical solutions to the coupled partial differential equations of continuity, energy, momentum, and integral continuity describing the two-dimensional flow of perfect gas between heated parallel plates. A sequence of numerical solutions was obtained for the case of constant wall heat flux with a fully developed velocity profile at the start of the heated section and pure forced convection. The results may be summarized by Nu=Nuconst. prop. +0.024(Q+)0.3(Gzm)0.75f·Rem=24(Twall/Tbulk) where the subscript “m” refers to properties evaluated at the local mixed-mean (or bulk) temperature.
A novel interplay between Epac/Rap1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) regulates thrombospondin to control angiogenesis

Tumors depend upon angiogenesis for growth and metastasis. It is therefore critical to understand the inhibitory signaling mechanisms in endothelial cells that control angiogenesis. Epac is a cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate–activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1. In this study, we show that activation of Epac or Rap1 leads to potent inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo. Epac/Rap1 activation down-regulates inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1), which negatively regulates thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Consistent with this mechanism, activation of Epac/Rap 1 induces expression of TSP1; conversely, depletion of Epac reduces TSP1 levels in endothelial cells. Blockade of TSP1 binding to its receptor, CD36, rescues inhibition of chemotaxis or angiogenesis by activated Epac/Rap1. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5, a downstream mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor, antagonizes the effects of Epac/Rap1 by inducing Id1 and suppressing TSP1 expression. Finally, TSP1 is also secreted by fibroblasts in response to Epac/Rap1 activation. These results identify Epac and Rap1 as inhibitory regulators of the angiogenic process, implicate Id1 and TSP1 as downstream mediators of Epac/Rap1, and highlight a novel interplay between pro- and antiangiogenic signaling cascades involving multiple cell types within the angiogenic microenvironment.
Identity, history, and education in Rwanda: Reflections on the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize.

On December 10, 2014, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in Oslo, Norway, to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".... Language: en
Improvement of visual acuity by refraction in a low-vision population

Purpose Refraction often may be overlooked in low-vision patients, because the main cause of vision decrease is not refractive, but rather is the result of underlying ocular disease. This retrospective study was carried out to determine how frequently and to what extent visual acuity is improved by refraction in a low-vision population. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Seven hundred thirty-nine low-vision patients seen for the first time. Methods A database with all new low-vision patients seen from November 2005 through June 2008 recorded presenting visual acuity using an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart; it also recorded the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) if it was 2 lines or more better than the presenting visual acuity. Retinoscopy was carried out on all patients, followed by manifest refraction. Main Outcome Measures Improvement in visual acuity. Results Median presenting acuity was 20/80 –2 (interquartile range, 20/50–20/200). There was an improvement of 2 lines or more of visual acuity in 81 patients (11% of all patients), with 22 patients (3% of all patients) improving by 4 lines or more. There was no significant difference in age or in presenting visual acuity between the group that did not improve by refraction and the group that did improve. When stratified by diagnosis, the only 2 diagnoses with a significantly higher rate of improvement than the age-related macular degeneration group were myopic degeneration and progressive myopia (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0–6.7) and status post–retinal detachment (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% CI, 5.2–9.0). For 5 patients (6% of those with improvement), the eye that was 1 line or more worse than the fellow eye at presentation became the eye that was 1 line or more better than the fellow eye after refraction. Conclusions A significant improvement in visual acuity was attained by refraction in 11% of the new low-vision patients. Improvement was seen across diagnoses and the range of presenting visual acuity. The worse-seeing eye at presentation may become the better-seeing eye after refraction, so that the eye behind a balance lens should be refracted as well. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Ontogeny of glucagon messenger RNA in the rat pancreas.

The synthesis of proglucagon mRNA was studied in rat pancreas from day 11 of fetal gestation (E11) to maturity. Proglucagon mRNA was first detected on E11, the time that the pancreatic bud forms in developing rats. The synthesis of proglucagon mRNA and its translation product at this early time point in pancreatic development suggests an early differentiation of A cell function. Between E17 prenatally and day 10–14 postnatally, pancreatic proglucagon mRNA abundance was higher than in adult pancreas. Regulation of the abundance of pancreatic proglucagon mRNA therefore appears to underlie the previously documented increases in serum and pancreatic glucagon immunoreactivity in the late fetal and perinatal periods. By day 20 postnatally, pancreatic proglucagon mRNA declined to levels found in adult pancreas. Prenatally between E17 and E21, changes in proglucagon mRNA abundance did not parallel previously reported developmental changes in relative mass of proglucagon-producing pancreatic A cells. This suggests that changes in proglucagon mRNA abundance during these times may be attributed to changes in proglucagon gene transcription or proglucagon mRNA stability per cell. In contrast between E21 and maturity, changes in proglucagon mRNA abundance paralleled previously reported changes in relative A cell mass, suggesting no major changes in proglucagon gene transcription or mRNA stability per cell during these times.
High-speed cone-beam reconstruction on PC

Cone beam reconstruction has attracted a great deal of attention in the medical imaging community. However, high-resolution cone beam reconstruction (CBR) involves a huge set of data and very time consuming computing. It usually needs customized hardware or a large-scale computer to achieve acceptable speed. Although the Feldkamp algorithm is an approximate CBR algorithm, it is a practical and efficient 3D reconstruction algorithm and is a basic component in several exact cone-beam reconstruction algorithms (CBRA). In this paper, we present a practical implementation for high-speed CBR on a commercially available PC based on hybrid computing (HC). We implement Feldkamp CBR with multi-level acceleration. We use HC utilizing single instruction multiple data (SIMD) and making execution units (EU) in the processor work effectively. We also utilize the multi-thread and fiber support on the operating system, which automatically enable the reconstruction parallelism in the multi-processor environment, and makes data I/O to the hard disk more effective. Memory and cache access optimization is done by properly data partition. This approach was tested on an Intel Pentium III 500Mhz computer and was compared to the traditional implementation. It decreases more than 75% the filtering time for 288 pieces projections, saves more than 60% of the reconstruction time for the 5123 cube, and maintains good precision with less than 0.08% average error. Our system is cost-effective and high-speed. An effective reconstruction engine can be built with a market-available Symmetric Multi-processor (SMP) computer. This is an easy and cheap upgrade and is compatible with newer PC processors.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Margaret Mead and Government

DID ARISTOTLE FORESHADOW Margaret Mead? In examining Mead's experience with statecraft and governance as public citizen, teacher, and anthropologist, the Aristotelean model provides a metaphorical point of departure. She enjoyed the jokes about her oracular qualities when she once spoke at Delphi but might have regarded as outrageous any hypothesis that she provided some continuity between 20th-century American thought and classical Greece. The Greek philosopher, educator, and scientist (384-322 B.C.) was much concerned with ethics and politics, which require knowledge enabling humans to act properly and live happily (Edel 1968). He believed that the most striking aspect of nature was change; his philosophy of nature included psychology and biology. Mead, too, was much preoccupied by the mind-body (Byers 1979) relationship and made her forays into public affairs with a keen awareness that human behavior must be understood in the context of
Resistance to satiation of consummatory and instrumental performance.

Abstract In three experiments rats received training in a straight alley under high hunger and then were tested satiated. Both eating and running continued to occur under satiation, but the two responses were not completely correlated, and continued running did not depend upon continued eating. Further, groups differed in their eating behavior, although all experienced the same satiation procedure, suggesting that eating under satiation is not just a reflection of incomplete satiation. Resistance to satiation of the running response was greater following partial reward than following consistant reward and tended to be greater following small reward training than large reward training, regardless of schedule of reward. Eating during satiation was greater following partial than following consistent reward and was greater if the same reward magnitude was given in satiation as in acquisition than if a different reward magnitude was given. It was suggested that resistance to satiation is an associative phenomenon. Eating and running occur during satiation because the stimuli present during satiation continue to elicit them. The differences between results using rewarded satiation and results using high drive extinction as measures of persistence were attributed to satiation being nonfrustrating.
Further results concerning the simple queueing loss system

The output or departure process from a single channel queue with independent arrival intervals, exponential service times and no storage is considered. The main result obtained is that successive departure intervals are uncorrelated if and only if the arrival process is Poisson.
Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

The ability to spatially rotate a mental image was compared in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 18) and patients with Huntington's disease (HD; n = 18). Compared to their respective age-matched normal control (NC) group, the speed, but not the accuracy, of mental rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with HD. In contrast, the accuracy, but not the speed, of rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with AD. Additional analyses showed that these unique patterns of performance were not attributable to different speed/accuracy trade-off sensitivities. This double dissociation suggests that the distinct brain regions affected in the two diseases differentially contribute to speed and accuracy of mental rotation. Specifically, the slowing exhibited by HD patients may be mediated by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas the spatial manipulation deficit of AD patients may reflect pathology in parietal and temporal lobe association cortices important for visuospatial processing.
Correlates of sexual risk-taking among gay male substance abusers

This paper examines sexual risk-taking within a sample of sexually active gay and bisexual men entering substance abuse treatment (n = 383), and identifies correlates of unprotected anal sex within this group. Sexual risk-taking was high, with 55% of these men engaging in anal intercourse without a condom within a 90-day period. Correlates of unprotected anal sex varied somewhat when looking at unprotected anal sex with a primary partner only and with non-primary partners; substance use variables (number of drugs used, use of inhalant nitrites or stimulant drugs with sex, length of time since use of alcohol/drugs, loss of control problems associated with alcohol/drug use) appear to play more of a role in unprotected anal sex with non-primary partners. Overall, logistic regression analyses indicated that sexual risk was greater for those who were more sexually active, enjoyed unprotected anal sex with withdrawal prior to ejaculation, did not approve of sex outside of a love relationship, and identified themselves as more risky. In addition, those who reported more social problems due to substance use had fewer expectations that substance use increased risk, had been HIV-tested, and used reappraisal/problem-solving coping strategies showed greater risk with a primary partner only. Sexual risk with non-primary partners was greater for those who used more drugs, reported more difficulty avoiding high-risk sex when aroused and were HIV+. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the design of sexual risk-reduction interventions.
A Note on Relevant Comparisons of Corporations and Countries

. Attempts to compare the magnitude of corporations and countries are frequently biased by the use of inconsistent measures. While Gross National Product reflects the output obtained from a nation's land, labor and capital resources, corporate sales reflect not only the firm's output but also that of its suppliers. A more realistic picture can be obtained by comparing corporate value added to national output. While available information permits only an approximation of the former, it appears that the average company is responsible for less than 50 percent of the value of the product it sells. The basic conclusion that some firms are in this sense comparable to Nation-States remains valid. However, the rank of the largest companies relative to countries is reduced substantially.
Time-dependent jet flow and noise computations

Methods for computing jet turbulence noise based on the time-dependent solution of Lighthill's (1952) differential equation are demonstrated. A key element in this approach is a flow code for solving the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Jet flow results at Re = 10,000 are presented here. This code combines a computationally efficient spectral element technique and a new self-consistent turbulence subgrid model to supply values for Lighthill's turbulence noise source tensor.
Homologous pairing in vitro initiated by DNA synthesis

Abstract A number of models have been proposed for the initiation of general genetic recombination. One of these, originally proposed by Meselson and Radding, imagines that the single-stranded 5′ tail that results from strand displacement DNA repair synthesis can initiate homologous recombination by invading a homologous duplex. The resultant D-loop intermediate is then processed into mature products. We demonstrate here that an in vitro system composed of the bacteriophage T4 uvsX protein (a RecA-like “strand transferase”) and part of the T4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme efficiently mediates pairing between nicked double-stranded circular and linear duplex DNAs, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of a key step in the Meselson-Radding model.
SIP message classification: design and performance

We present a design sketch of a programmable classification engine for SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) messages and an outline of its implementation in the Linux kernel. In addition to classifying messages, it can extract and maintain state information across multiple messages. We apply the classifier for overload control using operator-specified rules.
Multimodal Data Integration for Computer-Aided Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Image-guided percutaneous interventions have successfully replaced invasive surgical methods in some cardiologic practice, where the use of 3D-reconstructed cardiac images, generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), plays an important role. To conduct computer-aided catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation accurately, multimodal information integration with electroanatomic mapping (EAM) data and MRI/CT images is considered in this work. Specifically, we propose a variational formulation for surface reconstruction and incorporate the prior shape knowledge, which results in a level set method. The proposed method enables simultaneous reconstruction and registration under nonrigid deformation. Promising experimental results show the potential of the proposed approach.
Genetic evidence of multiple paternity of broods in the intertidal crab Petrolisthes cinctipes

Investigations of paternity among marine crustaceans are rare, but the few studies of brachyuran crabs that have been done to date suggest that most broods derive from single males. Here I use 2 hypervariable microsatellite loci to genotype a dozen brooded embryos from each of 10 gravid females of the porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes (Anomura: Porcellanidae). Based on the number of non-maternal alleles detected among the offspring, at least 1 to 3 males must have fathered each of these broods, and most females were multiply mated. Using a Bayesian approach, I estimate the frequency of multiple mating to be roughly 92.5% in the Bodega Bay population, with a 95% confidence interval of 71 to 100% of females producing broods of multiple paternity.
Economic Distress and Intimate Violence: Testing Family Stress and Resources Theories

Hypotheses shaped by family stress and resource theories about the impact of household economic indicators on the risk of violence against women in intimate relationships are tested with a data set built from the initial two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and the 1990 U.S. Census. Measures of employment status, job conditions, and economic well-being for male and female partners are examined with logistic regression analyses as predictors of the odds of male-to-female intimate violence. Results underline the importance that partners attach to each other's work performance and their feelings of financial well-being in assessing whether job holding and household income serve to elevate or reduce the risk of intimate partner violence toward women.
Propionibacterium acnes colonization of the human shoulder

Background Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is frequently cultured in patients with wound infections after shoulder surgery. The purpose of this study was to characterize the colonization of various anatomic locations with P. acnes in order to explain this clinical observation. Methods Culture samples were collected from the skin overlying the shoulder, hip, and knee of 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female). Semi-quantitative cultures of P. acnes and Staphylococcus species were performed to define bacterial prevalence and burden at each site. The participants completed a questionnaire that assessed skin health, hygiene, and co-morbid medical conditions. Physical examination was performed to define local skin characteristics. Results Anterior and posterior acromial sites had a greater prevalence of P. acnes than the hip (anterior p=0.018; posterior p= 0.038) and knee (anterior p=0.0014; posterior p= 0.035) sites. The axilla had a greater prevalence of P. acnes than the knee (p=0.008). Males had a greater prevalence of P. acnes than females at the anterior (p=0.007) and posterior acromion sites (p=0.025). The burden of P. acnes at the anterior acromion (p=0.024), posterior acromion (p=0.035), and axilla (p=0.03) was greater than the mean burden at the hip. The burden of P. acnes at the anterior acromion (p=0.004), posterior acromion (p=0.007), and axilla (p=0.008) was greater than the mean burden at the knee. Males had a greater burden of P. acnes than females at the acromial sites (anterior p=0.0049; posterior p=0.0131). Conclusions Propionibacterium acnes colonizes the shoulder at increased rates compared to the knee and hip, and men have a higher bacterial burden than females. These findings are consistent with clinical observations of postoperative shoulder infections. Level of evidence Basic science study.
Virulence Potential of the Staphylococcal Adhesin CNA in Experimental Arthritis Is Determined by Its Affinity for Collagen

Background. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacterial arthritis, which often results in severe joint damage. CNA, a collagen adhesin of S. aureus, was shown to be a virulence factor in several animal models. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which CNA contributes to virulence remains unclear. Methods. We examined the role of the collagen-binding function of CNA in a mouse model of septic arthritis by comparing the virulence of isogenic strains of S. aureus expressing (1) wild-type CNA, (2) a truncated form of CNA (CNA35) with a higher affinity for collagen than the wild type, (3) CNA35 containing a single point mutation resulting in loss of collagen binding, (4) CNA lacking the collagen-binding domain, and (5) the collagen-binding domain of ACE (adhesin of collagen from Enterococcus faecalis). Results and conclusions. The results provide, for the first time, direct evidence that the virulence of CNA depends on its collagen-binding ability. Collagen binding facilitated early colonization of the joints of mice. Furthermore, the virulence potential of the adhesin is determined by the adhesin's affinity for its ligand, as well as its binding kinetics.
Factor structure of the Heiby self-reinforcement questionnaire

In order to assess the psychometric properties of the Heiby Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire, 570 undergraduate student volunteers were administered the scale and a factor analysis was performed. The most interpretable analysis resulted in five factors, which are discussed relative to Rehm's formulations with regard to the components of self-reinforcement, with suggestions for the improvement of the questionnaire.
Transposable elements in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Transposable elements (TEs) are families of small DNA sequences found in the genomes of virtually all organisms. The sequences typically encode essential components for the replicative transposition sequences of that TE family. Thus, TEs are simply genomic parasites that inflict detrimental mutations on the fitness of their hosts. Several models have been proposed for the containment of TE copy number in outbreeding host populations such as Drosophila. Surveys of the TEs in genomes from natural populations of Drosophila have played a central role in the investigation of TE dynamics. The early surveys indicated that a typical TE insertion is rare in a population, which has been interpreted as evidence that each TE is selected against. The proposed mechanisms of this natural selection are reviewed here. Subsequent and more targeted surveys identify heterogeneity among types of TEs and also highlight the large role of homologous and possibly ectopic crossing over in the dynamics of the Drosophila TEs. The recent discovery of germline-specific RNA interference via the piwi-interacting RNA pathway opens yet another interesting mechanism that may be critical in containing the copy number of TEs in natural populations of Drosophila. The expected flood of Drosophila population genomics is expected to rapidly advance understanding of the dynamics of TEs.
Future directions: electrical therapy for cardiac tachyarrhythmias.

Directions and research opportunities in basic animal and clinical investigations and in industry that relate to the application and development of electrical devices which control tachyarrhythmias are presented. In basic research, a better understanding of mechanisms responsible for tachyarrhythmias , their onset and methods of termination, would provide increased rationale for selecting a particular therapeutic approach. Knowing the distribution in the heart of applied electrical current when delivered by different types of electrodes placed at different myocardial sites would be helpful. Clinically, we must develop appropriate algorithms to accurately differentiate sinus tachycardia, the various forms of supraventricular tachycardias and ventricular tachycardia. These must be incorporated into future cardioverters and defibrillators . In industry, new sensors, electrodes, expanded telemetry capabilities and implanted microprocessors will aid in creation of a universally applicable generic form of electrical therapy that can be programmed to treat any form of tachycardia.
Submillisecond unfolding kinetics of apomyoglobin and its pH 4 intermediate.

Submillisecond mixing experiments and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy are used to address two questions raised in earlier stopped-flow studies of the folding and unfolding kinetics of sperm whale apomyoglobin. A study of the pH 4 folding intermediate (I) revealed, surprisingly, that its folding and unfolding kinetics are measurable and fit the two-state model except for a possible burst phase in unfolding. Submillisecond mixing experiments confirm the unfolding burst phase and show that its properties are consistent with the recently discovered interconversion between two forms of I, Ia equilibrium Ib. In urea-induced unfolding, Ib is converted to Ia before Ia unfolds, and the unfolding kinetics of Ia fit the two-state model when the burst phase is assigned to Ib-->Ia. The second question is whether the Ia, Ib intermediates accumulate transiently when the native protein (N) unfolds to the acid unfolded form (U). Earlier work showed that Ia and Ib accumulate when U refolds to N at pH 6.0 and the results fit the linear folding pathway U equilibrium Ia equilibrium Ib equilibrium N. We report here that either or both Ia and Ib accumulate transiently when N unfolds to U at pH 2.7 and that the position of the rate-limiting step in the pathway changes between unfolding at pH 2. 7 and refolding at pH 6.0. In unfolding as in refolding, we do not detect a fast track that bypasses the Ia, Ib intermediates.
Aerodynamic coefficients in generalized unsteady thin airfoil theory

Two cases are considered: (1) rigid body motion of an airfoil-flap combination consisting of vertical translation of given amplitude, rotation of given amplitude about a specified axis, and rotation of given amplitude of the control surface alone about its hinge; the upwash for this problem is defined mathematically; and (2) sinusoidal gust of given amplitude and wave number, for which the upwash is defined mathematically. Simple universal formulas are presented for the most important aerodynamic coefficients in unsteady thin airfoil theory. The lift and moment induced by a generalized gust are evaluated explicitly in terms of the gust wavelength. Similarly, in the control surface problem, the lift, moment, and hinge moments are given as explicit algebraic functions of hinge location. These results can be used together with any of the standard numerical inversion routines for the elementary loads (pitch and heave).
Communication subsystem synthesis and analysis tool using bus architecture generation and stochastic arbitration policies

Design and analysis of communication subsystems is a crucial issue for system-on-chip design, where uncertainty in communication by very deep sub micron effects cannot be neglected. This paper presents a bus architecture (BA) synthesis algorithm for designing the communication sub-system of an SoC. The methodology combines both BA space exploration as well as generation analysis of arbitration policies to guarantee a feasible solution at transaction level where optimized policy is assigned. BA synthesis includes finding the bus topology, and routing the individual buses so that various constraints, like bus length, topology complexity, potential for communication conflicts over time, are addressed. Heuristic arbitration policies as well as Markov decision process (MDP) based policies have been simulated over a queueing model of the architecture and compared with respect to performance metrics like queue length, time spent in buffer and power consumption. The paper presents BA synthesis results for a network processor.
Nocturnal Low-Level Jet in a Mountain Basin Complex. Part I: Evolution and Effects on Local Flows

A Doppler lidar deployed to the center of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) basin during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign in October 2000 found a diurnal cycle of the along-basin winds with northerly up-basin flow during the day and a southerly down-basin low-level jet at night. The emphasis of VTMX was on stable atmospheric processes in the cold-air pool that formed in the basin at night. During the night the jet was fully formed as it entered the GSL basin from the south. Thus, it was a feature of the complex string of basins draining toward the Great Salt Lake, which included at least the Utah Lake basin to the south. The timing of the evening reversal to down-basin flow was sensitive to the larger-scale north‐south pressure gradient imposed on the basin complex. On nights when the pressure gradient was not too strong, local drainage flow (slope flows and canyon outflow) was well developed along the Wasatch Range to the east and coexisted with the basin jet. The coexistence of these two types of flow generated localized regions of convergence and divergence, in which regions of vertical motion and transport were focused. Mesoscale numerical simulations captured these features and indicated that updrafts on the order of 5 cm s 21 could persist in these localized convergence zones, contributing to vertical displacement of air masses within the basin cold pool.
The Fundamental Plane Correlations for Globular Clusters

In the parameter space whose axes include a radius (core, or half-light), a surface brightness (central, or average within the half-light radius), and the central projected velocity dispersion, globular clusters lie on a two-dimensional surface (a plane, if the logarithmic quantities are used). This is analogous to the 'fundamental plane' of elliptical galaxies. The implied bivariate correlations are the best now known for globular clusters. The derived scaling laws for the core properties imply that cluster cores are fully virialized, homologous systems, with a constant (M/L) ratio. The corresponding scaling laws on the half-light scale are differrent, but are nearly identical to those derived from the 'fundamental plane' of ellipticals. This may be due to the range of cluster concentrations, which are correlated with other parameters. A similar explanation for elliptical galaxies may be viable. These correlations provide new empirical constraints for models of globular cluster formation and evolution, and may also be usable as rough distance-indicator relations for globular clusters.
Maternal Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Furosemide Treatment

Objective: To assess the pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in pregnancy. Methods: Twenty-one pregnant women who received furosemide 20 mg daily had cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) measured by Doppler technique before and after treatment. Results: Furosemide was initiated at 22.4 ± 6.0 weeks gestation. CO and SV decreased (mean ± SD: 1.2 ± 0.2 L/min and 17±3 mL, respectively), whereas TPR increased (101±26 dyne·sec·cm−5; p < 0.001 for all) after 2.9±1.4 weeks. Hemodynamics did not approach the expected mean for pregnancy. Conclusions: While furosemide improved the hyperdynamic circulation in pregnancy, it did not lower blood pressure or cause clinically significant vasoconstriction.
Modification by insulin of the distribution of two model amino acids in the rat.

Results are reported from a study of the effect of insulin on the distribution in rats of previously injected doses of the model amino acids, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid and α-aminoisobutyric acid. All studies were made 24 or 39 hr after giving amino acid. Injection of 2 U of the hormone per kg of body weight per rat resulted in increased distribution ratios of both amino acids in liver, heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle after 2 hr. The effects were less after 1 hr and also when 0.2 U/kg was used for 2 hr. In general, the effects were greater with 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid than with α-aminoisobutyric acid. The results suggest that the increased distribution ratios of the 2 amino acids produced in the 3 muscle tissues were predominantly a result of a direct action of the hormone. Liver showed the largest increase in uptake of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid after insulin injection (as much as a 5-fold elevation when 2 U insulin/kg was given). Close examination of this stimulation led ...
Wave-induced scour burial experiments in carbonate sediments near Oahu, Hawaii

Wave-induced scour burial experiments were conducted at two shallow-water sites along the southern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. Sediments at both sites were moderately well-sorted, fine carbonate sand. Instrumented cylinders were deployed at the Kilo-Nalu coastal observatory during the summer-fall of 2007 and in the Halekulani Sand Channel off Waikiki Beach during the summer of 2008. Water depth at both sites was 12 meters. Two different patterns of burial were observed during the experiments at the Kilo-Nalu observatory. Two instrumented cylinders buried to approximately their diameter (53 cm) after exposure to a single high-wave event (greater than 1.25-m significant wave height). The remaining two instrumented cylinders buried more slowly and to approximately 50% of their diameter (25 cm). Burial measured as surface area covered by sediment varied (5 to 50%) as scour pits developed and were infilled as a result of local sediment transport. The different burial patterns were controlled by sediment layer thickness, with the shallow-buried cylinders actually resting on the coral basement by the end of the experiments. Burial predicted by models for wave-induced scour were in close agreement with burial measured on cylinders deployed in the thicker sediments but the predicted burial was much greater than measured burial for the cylinders limited by sediment thickness. Measured and predicted burial during the second experiment in Halekulani sand channel was less than measured and predicted burial at the Kilo-Nalu experiments. Three instrumented cylinders buried to 40–60% of their diameter after two events with significant wave heights of approximately 1 meter. However the fourth cylinder buried to only 10% of its diameter. We have been unable to explain the shallow burial of the single cylinder. Predicted burial was between 40–50% The greater measured and predicted burial during the first experiments at Kilo-Nalu compared to burial during the Halekulani Sand Channel experiments were related to the increased scour from the higher significant wave heights during the first experiment (1.25 m vs. 1.0 m). Other variables such as sediment type, mean grain size, and water depth were the same for both experiments. These results demonstrate the applicability of the wave-induced scour burial model to model predict burial in unconsolidated carbonate sediments.
Building a Customizable Knowledge Management Environment to Support Public Health Practice: Design Strategies

Public health practice is characterized by a lack of evidence-based decision support systems to help solve problems for the myriad of population health challenges today - from epidemics to chronic disease to bioterrorism and environmental disasters. We report on the design strategies utilized in developing a customizable public health knowledge management system, including the results of a literature review of research on information needs of public health practitioners, inventory of resources and roles, preliminary workflow analysis, and rapid prototyping. We employed a collaborative user-designer approach and multi-phased prototyping methodology aimed at achieving our goal of an interactive, customizable digital system to support the collection, description, management, and retrieval of public health documents, data sets, learning objects, software, and tools.
MARS-C: modeling and reduction of soft errors in combinational circuits

Due to the shrinking of feature size and reduction in supply voltages, nanoscale circuits have become more susceptible to radiation induced transient faults. In this paper, we present a symbolic framework based on BDDs and ADDs that enables analysis of combinational circuit reliability from different aspects: output susceptibility to error, influence of individual gates on individual outputs and overall circuit reliability, and the dependence of circuit reliability on glitch duration, amplitude, and input patterns. This is demonstrated by the set of experimental results, which show that the mean output error susceptibility can vary from less than 0.1%, for large circuits and small glitches, to about 30% for very small circuits and large enough glitches. The results obtained with the proposed symbolic framework are within 7% average error and up to 5000/spl times/ speedup when compared to HSPICE detailed circuit simulation. The framework can be used for selective gate sizing targeting radiation hardening which is done only for gates with error impact exceeding a certain threshold. Using such a technique, soft error rate (SER) can be reduced by 25-67% for various threshold values, when applied to a subset of ISCAS'85 and mcnc '91 benchmarks.
Special Theme Issue: Occupation, Well-being and Immigration

Globalization and trade agreements have increased the movement of goods, services and people across national borders. However, immigration is largely a uni-directional phenomenon with people migrat...
Goal-Based Teleoperation for Robot Manipulation

As robot algorithms for manipulation and navigation advance and robot hardware is becoming more robust and readily available, industry demands robots to perform more sophisticated tasks in our homes and factories. For many years, direct teleoperation was the most common and traditional form of control for robots. However, due to the complexity of robot motion, human operators must focus most of their attention on solving low-level motion control which leads to their heightened cognitive load. In this abstract, we propose a goal-directed approach to programming robots by providing a tool to model the world and provide goal states for a given task. Operators will be able to set the initial positions of objects and their affordances along with their goal positions by imposing three dimensional (3D) templates on point clouds. Robots will solve the given task using the combination of task and motion planning algorithms.
Design of CdZnTe and Crystalline Silicon Tandem Junction Solar Cells

A tandem photovoltaic system consisting of cadmium zinc telluride/crystalline silicon (CZT/c-Si) combines the successful technologies of cadmium telluride and silicon into a single platform and offers the potential efficiencies up to 46% in theory. However, the highest efficiency fabricated CZT/c-Si tandem cell is only 16.8% today. In this paper, we develop a detailed model for single-junction CZT and tandem CZT/c-Si PV cells, which is verified with experimental data. Based on this model, we propose three hypotheses to explain the anomalously low $V_{\rm oc}$ observed in tandem cells: a low-quality tunnel junction, a Schottky barrier, and through-thickness shunting path. We then suggest a simple experiment to distinguish these hypotheses. After that, we provide a physics-based analysis of the magnitude of all the loss mechanisms present in the cell and an experimental strategy to mitigate each one. Ultimately, we predict that the ideal efficiency of CZT/c-Si tandem cell could reach 34.1%, if all these loss mechanisms were mitigated, and the CZT bandgap were adjusted to 1.8 eV, without requiring any improvement in bulk or surface recombination rates.
Comparison of Upper Arm Measurements by Use of Roentgenogram and Anthropometric Techniques

Abstract This research was undertaken to study those aspects of the upper left arm that could be readily differentiated by roentgenogram and anthropometric measures. High correlations were obtained between girth by tape and width by roentgenogram (0.95), between girth and width of muscle and bone (0.82), and between pinch caliper and roentgenogram width of adipose tissue (0.79). Low correlations resulted between adipose tissue measurements and girth and width of the upper arm.
Fertilizer placement to maximize nitrogen use by fescue

ABSTRACTThe method of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application can affect N uptake in tall fescue and therefore its yield and quality. Subsurface-banding (knife) of fertilizer maximizes fescue N uptake in the poorly-drained clay-pan soils of southeastern Kansas. This study was conducted to determine if knifed N results in greater N uptake than the conventional top-dress application method in a deep, well-drained soil of east-central Kansas. The experiment, conducted in a Smolan silty clay loam soil, was a split-plot with fertilizer nitrogen rates 0, 140 and 280 kg N ha−1 applied as urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN, 28% N), knifed or top-dressed. Soil inorganic N [ammonium (NH4)- and nitrate (NO3–N)] and N in roots and plant tops were measured at various times during the growing season. At final harvest, most of the knifed N (99.7%) was accounted for in plant tissue (roots and tops) and soil, with more than half of the knifed N remaining as soil inorganic N. With the top-dressed method, 27% was unaccounted for and pr...