cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a circadian rhythm in the activity of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase.

— Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) is a neurally regulated enzyme. It is detectable in the rat as early as 4 days prior to birth. A circadian rhythm in enzyme activity appears on the fourth day after birth. It develops most rapidly during the second week and achieves an adult magnitude by the end of the third week at which time nocturnal values are more than 30-fold greater than daytime values. Norepinephrine, which appears to be the neurotransmitter regulating this enzyme, can cause a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of N-acetyltransferase in organ cultures of pineal glands from 4-day-old animals and a 17-fold increase in the activity of glands from 15-day-old animals. Apparently the norepinephrinesensitive system controlling pineal N-acetyltransferase activity also develops most rapidly during the first few weeks of life. The circadian rhythm in the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase develops in the pineal glands of both male and female rats at the same rate. A similar rhythm for the enzyme was not observed in twelve other tissues of the rat.
Significance of Adhesion-Reduced Bouncing in Dynamic Contacts of Ohmic RF MEMS Switches

This paper presents a mathematical Euler-Bernoulli beam-based model that simulates the dynamic behavior of typical cantilever-type radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches, including nonlinearly adhesive contact theory and cycle-dependent bouncing patterns. In particular, the adhesion-induced energy dissipation per cycle is modeled as an effective damping parameter and included in the dynamic model of the device. This new modeling approach eliminates the time-consuming calculation related to the complexity of the tip-drain switch contact. This model also accurately captures previously reported switch bouncing patterns and their time evolution. Comparing the modeling and experimental data enables us to estimate the time-dependent adhesion force throughout the switch lifetime. Furthermore, a nondimensionalized model is presented to analyze the characteristics of a general RF MEMS switch without a priori knowledge of its dimensions. [2014-0266]
The prior probability of autosomal linkage

An expression is derived for the prior probability of linkage between a random trait locus and any one of m random marker loci, and this probability is computed form=1, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100. A similar expression is derived for two trait loci, and computed for m=1, 10, 20 and 30. When one trait locus and 30 marker loci are being studied, a priori there is over a three-quarter probability that the trait locus should be syntenic with at least one of the markers, and about a one-half probability that there should be a linkage mappable from recombination frequencies. If two traits are studied, then the prior probability that at least one should be syntenic with one of the 30 markers is 0-94, and there is a three-quarter probability that such a linkage should be mappable.
Nucleation Studies of HfO2 Thin Films Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition

A hot wall Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) flow reactor equipped with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) has been used for the deposition of HfO 2 thin films with tetrakis (dimethylamino) hafnium (TDMAH) and H 2 O as precursors. HfO 2 films were deposited on H-terminated Si and SC1 chemical oxide starting surfaces. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and QCM measurements confirm linear growth of the films at a substrate temperature of 275°C. FTIR spectra indicate the films are amorphous as-deposited. Two distinct growth regimes are observed: from 1-50 cycles, both surfaces display similar growth rates of about 1.0A/cycle; from 50-200 cycles, HfO 2 growth is decreased by about 15% to ~0.87A/cycle on both surfaces. Nucleation and initial growth behavior of the films on Si-H were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Angle-resolved XPS, at take-off angles of θ=0, 15, 30, 45 and 60° measured from the normal to the sample surface, is used to probe the interfacial region of thin films (4, 7, 10, 15 and 25 cycles) on H-terminated samples. Initially, an interfacial layer comprised of a SiO x /HfSiO x mixture is grown between 1-10 ALD cycles. We observe that the Si/HfO 2 interface is unstable, and oxidation continues up to the 25 th ALD cycle, reaching a thickness of ~18A.
Asynchronous parallel hybrid optimization combining DIRECT and GSS

In this paper, we explore hybrid parallel global optimization using Dividing Rectangles (DIRECT) and asynchronous generating set search (GSS). Both DIRECT and GSS are derivative-free and so require only objective function values; this makes these methods applicable to a wide variety of science and engineering problems. DIRECT is a global search method that strategically divides the search space into ever-smaller rectangles, sampling the objective function at the centre point for each rectangle. GSS is a local search method that samples the objective function at trial points around the current best point, i.e. the point with the lowest function value. Latin hypercube sampling can be used to seed GSS with a good starting point. Using a set of global optimization test problems, we compare the parallel performance of DIRECT and GSS with hybrids that combine the two methods. Our experiments suggest that the hybrid methods are much faster than DIRECT and scale better when more processors are added. This improvement in performance is achieved without any sacrifice in the quality of the solution-the hybrid methods find the global optimum whenever DIRECT does.
Electronic band structure and bonding in Nb3O3.

The local-density approximation is used to investigate the electronic and structural properties of ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the reasons for its unusual defect rocksalt structure with 25% ordered vacancies. A tight-binding Hamiltonian is fitted to the energy bands which are compared to those of the hypothetical rocksalt phase. This analysis indicates that the ions in the ordered vacancy structure are nearly neutral, the Madelung energy is small, and electronic band effects contribute decisively to its stability. The tight-binding results are consistent with the interpretation that this structure favors a special hybridization between Nb d orbitals and their direct interaction gives rise to strong and nearly covalent metal-metal bonds. The formation of metallic bonds mainly between Nb p and Nb d orbitals around the O-vacancy site gives rise to the so-called ``vacancy band.''
Gender, academic careers, and the social psychology of aging

Because of cultural, historical and other social structural factors, men and women with the same chronological age have had quite different career trajectories. This paper examines how the different career-paths of men and women academics create differences in their images of aging, self and work. In-depth interviews (N=47) were conducted with a sample of male and female professors, currently between fifty and sixty years of age. Male respondents nearly uniformly followed continuous, linear careers while the women's careers were, with equal uniformity, discontinuous. Data suggest that this difference in career routes fashions different “gender timeclocks,” i.e., different experiences of aging.
Science Signaling Podcast: 12 March 2013

This is an interview with Gregoire Altan-Bonnet, senior author of a Research Article by Cotari et al . published in the 12 March 2013 issue of Science Signaling . The outcomes of many cell signaling events depend not only upon the presence or absence of proteins involved in signaling but also upon the amount of these proteins that are present in cells. The amount of any given protein may vary between genetically identical cells, and individual cells in an isogenic population may respond differently to identical stimuli. Cotari et al . used a technique called cell-to-cell variability analysis to exploit this inherent variability in protein abundance to explore the quantitative regulation of signal transduction. They found that inherent variability in the abundance of cytokine receptor subunits determined the sensitivity of T cells to the cytokines IL-2 and IL-7. This variability in cytokine sensitivity is essential for proper T cell–mediated immune responses.
Nitric oxide potently inhibits the rate-limiting enzymatic step in steroidogenesis

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the rate-limiting catalytic step in steroidogenesis, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleaving enzyme (CYP11A1), independent of soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC-S) stimulation. To assess CYP11A1 activity, pregnenolone levels were quantified in murine adrenocortical Y1 cells in the presence of the 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, 2α-cyano-17β-hydroxy-4,4′,17α-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. The NO donor, (Z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate(deta nonoate), inhibited vasoactive intestinal peptide-, forskolin- and 22α-hydroxycholesterol (22HC)-facilitated pregnenolonogenesis in the absence of GC-S activation and in the presence of a GC-S inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). CYP11A1 was also heterologously expressed in monkey COS7 cells. Deta nonoate inhibited 22HC-facilitated activity of the over-expressed enzyme in the absence of GC-S activation and in the presence of ODQ. The NO-independent, GC-S agonist, 1-benzyl-3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)indazole did not inhibit steroidogenesis. The IC50 for effects of free NO on CYP11A1 was potent and in the 0.4–2 μM range. These results support the hypothesis that NO inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme in steroidogenesis independent of GC-S activation.
Occult Aneurysmal Hemorrhage ina Child

A unique case of the diagnosis and treatment of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm in a 5-year-old male is presented. The child presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and initial CT imaging indicated a right posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Cerebral angiography and MRI/MRA were normal. Repeat cerebral angiogram 3 weeks later was also normal. Sixteen months later, an angiogram was performed to evaluate a subtle carotid bruit found on exam. A carotid bifurcation aneurysm pointing inferior and posterior was found. Craniotomy to clip the aneurysm was performed, and marked adherent gliosis around the lesion was found, supporting the fact that this was the causal lesion of his bleed in the past. Albeit a single case report, it underscores the need for very long-term follow-up and evaluation of idiopathic pediatric subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Fluorescence Inner-Filtering Correction for Determining the Humification Index of Dissolved Organic Matter

The use of fluorescence spectrometry has been suggested as a simple method to determine the extent of natural organic matter humification by quantifying the red-shifting of fluorescence emission that occurs with increasing humification. Humification indices are calculated by dividing fluorescence intensity at longer wavelengths by intensity at shorter wavelengths. These indices calculated without any specific efforts to standardize dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration will result in index values thatvary with DOM concentration due to fluorescence innerfiltering effects. This study critically evaluated the effect of DOM concentration on humification index determination using organic matter isolated from field corn extract, soil: water extract, and soil fulvic acid. The results show that humification index values are sensitive to DOM concentration of the solution and are linear with respect to transmittance of the solution at the 254 nm used as the excitation wavelength. An approximate correction for DOM is to exploit the linear nature of the regression fit and to determine index values at the extrapolated 100% transmittance value. An exact correction using explicit correction factors for both primary and secondary innerfiltration effects was shown to give humification index values that are concentration invariant when absorbance of the solution at 254 nm was less than approximately 0.3 unit. Defining the humification index as the fluorescence intensity in the 300-345 nm region divided by the sum of intensity in the 300-345 nm and 435-480 nm regions was statistically advantageous. This study suggests that for quantitative results which can be used to compare humification of natural organic matter across different studies, correction of the fluorescence emission spectra for innerfiltration effects is needed.
Antibody activities of serum and uterine fluid samples from rabbits isoimmunized against sperm fractions.

Sperm and uterine fluid samples were collected from rabbits that had been isoimmunized systemically and were challenged locally against a sperm extract (soluble fraction of lithium diiodosalicylate extraction) and a sperm-pellet extract (soluble fraction of Nonidet NP-40 treatment of pellet remaining after LIS extraction). Antibody activity against the sperm plasma membrane was found in serum and uterine fluid samples from the sperm-extract immune rabbits, as indicated by an inhibition of sperm attachment to ova in vitro and by indirect immunofluorescent staining on unfixed sperm. A strong acrosome staining was noted with fixed sperm. These samples did not show fluorescent staining of swollen heads of sperm or react with blastocysts. The immune samples from rabbits injected with sperm-pellet extract displayed the opposite reactions. These samples did not react with the plasma membrane of sperm but the IgA antibodies of the uterine fluids caused immunofluorescent staining of the swollen heads of sperm and ...
Detection of Malingering in Competency to Stand Trial Evaluations

A simulation design with multiple contrast groups was used to test the effectiveness of two instruments, the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and the Georgia Court Competency Test—Mississippi State Hospital (GCCT-MSH) in detecting malingering of competency to stand trial. Thirty simulators were compared with 23 incompetent defendants, 25 competent defendants, 30 offender controls, and 7 suspected malingerers on both instruments. Results revealed that the simulators and suspected malingerers scored significantly higher on all of the SIRS primary scales and significantly lower on the GCCT-MSH than the three comparison groups. The SIRS had an overall hit rate of 97.8% using three or more primary scales as the criterion for malingering. Information concerning the simulator's strategies of deception is presented.
An evaluation of the development of experimental membranous nephropathy

An evaluation of the development of experimental membranous nephropathy. Heymann nephritis is a rat model of glomerulonephritis with morphologic manifestations of human membranous nephropathy. This model is generated by immunizing rats with Fx1A antigen. Passive Heymann's nephritis (PHN) can be produced by the administration of anti-Fx1A antibody (anti-Fx1A Ab) (with abnormal proteinuria appearing in 5 days). Studies were designed to examine the evolution of temporal changes in protein excretion, the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA) and morphology of glomerular capillary three and five days after induction of PHN. Glomerular hemodynamic evaluation by micropuncture in euvolemic rats with PHN revealed normal values for nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), LpA and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient (ΔP) at day three, but by day five the whole kidney GFR and SNGFR were decreased, ΔP increased and LpA significantly reduced. Glomerular binding of anti-Fx1A Ab increased from 38 µg/7.6 × 10 4 glomeruli on day three to 52 µg on day five. Immune complex deposits evaluated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy appeared larger and were better defined on day five than on day three. Epithelial foot process fusion was more extensive on day five than day three. The onset of increased proteinuria correlated temporally with a reduction in LpA on day five, which in turn correlated with increased antibody binding, immune deposit accumulation and fusion of epithelial cell foot processes.
The development, evolution, and status of Holland’s theory of vocational personalities: Reflections and future directions for counseling psychology.

This article celebrates the 50th anniversary of the introduction of John L. Holland's (1959) theory of vocational personalities and work environments by describing the theory's development and evolution, its instrumentation, and its current status. Hallmarks of Holland's theory are its empirical testability and its user-friendliness. By constructing measures for operationalizing the theory's constructs, Holland and his colleagues helped ensure that the theory could be implemented in practice on a widespread basis. Empirical data offer considerable support for the existence of Holland's RIASEC types and their ordering among persons and environments. Although Holland's congruence hypotheses have received empirical support, congruence appears to have modest predictive power. Mixed support exists for Holland's hypotheses involving the secondary constructs of differentiation, consistency, and vocational identity. Evidence of the continued impact of Holland's theory on the field of counseling psychology, particularly in the area of interest assessment, can be seen from its frequent implementation in practice and its use by scholars. Ideas for future research and practice using Holland's theory are suggested.
Modeling the impact of HIV/AIDS upon food security of diverse rural households in Western Kenya

Although the impact of HIV/AIDS upon rural smallholder food security in sub-Saharan Africa is understood to be severe and multi-faceted, few empirical studies have undertaken the task of identifying upon which types of households the impact is most severe. In order to understand and examine the impact of HIV/AIDS upon food security of rural households in Western Kenya, an ethnographic linear programming model was developed to simulate household responses to an adult household member contracting HIV. Three male-headed households and one female-headed household with dynamic compositions and representative of the diversity of households in Amukura, Teso District, were simulated. Findings highlighted that the initial stage of HIV infection was the most devastating time for households as HIV infection of an adult member was a shock for which households were ill-prepared. Results further indicated that household food insecurity was more severe in Amukura when an adult female contracted HIV than when an adult male contracted HIV. In particular, household food availability and utilization were more severely reduced when an adult female contracted HIV. Reductions in available female labor critically undermined household food production to a greater degree than reductions in available male labor. This was compounded by the gender division of labor on certain agricultural tasks as well as the inability of adult males to rapidly change their agricultural activities due to labor requirements to maintain long-term investments in sugar cane and animal production. Food access was also reduced under both HIV+ models and was linked to both declining food availability and end-of-year cash. The severity of impact of HIV upon food access depended upon resources available to an individual household. Impacts of HIV upon household agricultural activities in Amukura are therefore dynamic, multiple and diverse. If interventions to counter the impact of HIV on a community are to be successful, there is an urgent need for organizations and governments to adopt holistic approaches to development which appreciate the complexity and diversity of livelihood systems.
Theory in acquisitions: Defining the principles behind the practice

Acquisitions has not been identified strongly with a body of knowledge, principles, and theory. Acquisitions processes and procedures have been described fully, but description of the practice is not equivalent to description of the philosophical and theoretical constructs. This article will attempt to elucidate the principles of acquisitions, which have not yet been stated as such. It will be argued that acquisitions would not be practiced as we know it without these principles and that they provide the underpinnings of our organization. The question also arises whether acquisitions has a theoretical base. Identifying principles is also a first step toward developing theory. Determining principles and theory will ultimately lead us to a definition of our knowledge base and our profession, and will more clearly identify and validate the role that acquisitions plays in the information dissemination process. As a first attempt at exploring theory and acquisitions, this paper is necessarily broad and imperfect. I recognize, and indeed hope, that it raises and promotes discussion and questions.
Critically Reflective Practitioners: Exploring Our Intentions as Teacher Educators

The pervasive presence of teacher reflection in the research literature is indicative of its prominence in education. As teacher educators, engaging in reflective practices is an essential professional development tool, yet we often share our successes rather than shed light on our errors and blunders. In this paper, we describe the challenges we experienced across one year of working with a cohort of pre-service teachers. Through our engagement in the three stages of critical reflection via the use of concentric narratives, we were able to reposition ourselves from placing blame on the students to ownership of our roles in creating a negative cohort experience. We close by discussing implications of this work for the development of teacher educators as critically reflective practitioners.
3-D graphic display of discrete spatial data by prism maps

An efficient algorithm for displaying 3-D scenes showing a discrete spatially varying surface is described. Given a 2-D map or planar graph composed of polygons where each polygon has a positive real number attribute, a prism is erected on each polygon with height proportional to that attribute. The resulting 3-D scene is plotted with shading and hidden lines removed. Thus the spatial variation of the attribute may be quickly and intuitively grasped by the nontechnical observer. This has applications to areas such as geography if the map is a cartographic map, or to physics if the map diagrams the periodic table. The algorithm takes time O(N*log(N)) where N is the number of edges in the map. Most of the calculations can be done without knowing the prism heights so extra plots with different attributes for the prisms can be produced quickly. This algorithm has been implemented and tested on maps of up to 12000 edges.
The role of inner wall retinectomy in the management of juvenile retinoschisis

• Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the technique and application of relief of vitreous traction and inner wall retinectomy in the management of juvenile retinoschisis (JRS). In addition, during the course of this study a previously undescribed form of tractional retinal detachment associated with retinal schisis was observed. • Methods: Six eyes of four children with visual field and/or central vision loss underwent vitrectomy (in five of the six eyes the lenses were preserved), inner wall retinectomy and photocoagulation for rhegmatogenous/schisis retinal detachment, tractional retinal detachment and reduced central vision secondary to intraschisis hemorrhage overhanging the macula. • Results: The children were followed up for 1 to 4 years. All eyes showed anatomic reattachment. Three of the four eyes that could be tested for vision showed improved visual function postoperatively. One eye showed marked enlargement of visual field and central visual acuity improvement from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/50 postoperatively. • Conclusion: Inner wall retinectomy can be a useful adjunct in the management of the retinal complication of JRS. Appropriate case selection of eyes with associated central traction retinal detachment can result in improved visual field and central visual acuity. The success of this technique suggests that the mechanical and/or pharmacological relief of vitreous traction may be able to alter the clinical course of JRS.
Multi-Scale Modeling of Heterogeneities in Mammalian Cell Culture Processes

Conventionally cell cultures are modeled using either structured/unstructured average cell models to capture the intracellular processes or population balance models (PBM) to account for the cell cycle propagation. The former is based on average cell population behavior and cannot describe the heterogeneities within, whereas the latter cannot alone probe into the detailed phenomena of intracellular metabolism. In this work, a multiscale modeling approach is proposed to unify the understanding of intracellular metabolism and the probabilistic nature of intercellular heterogeneities arising because of cell cycle apportioning. As a first step, average culture dynamics are described using an unstructured model encompassing cell growth, cell death, nutrient consumption, metabolite, and protein production and their dependency on various environmental factors. The model parameter identification is performed on the data obtained from the batch Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures in spinner flasks. Then, a o...
Localization and acetylcholinesterase content of vagal efferent neurons

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) content of rat vagal efferent neurons was studied. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by cut vagal axons provided a means for localizing efferent cell bodies; tissue sections were then processed for the simultaneous visualization of HRP and AChE. A dorsal vagal efferent column contained the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, as a primary component, and extended caudally into the upper cervical spinal cord. A ventral column contained neurons in the nucleus ambiguus and the surrounding reticular formation. Although most of the vagal efferent neurons stained with moderate to heave intensity for AChE there were some HRP-labeled cells that contained little AChE and a small percentage in which AChE was absent. In spite of the fact that AChE has been demonstrated in certain non-cholinergic neurons, it has also been found in all cholinergic neurons. Therefore, the presence of AChE has been regarded as a necessary (but not sufficient) component for identifying cholinergic neurons. The absence of AChE in a small percentage of the vagal efferent neurons indicates that some preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerve are not cholinergic.
Metal Carbonyl Vapors: Rapid Quantitative Analysis by Infrared Spectrophotometry

Infrared spectophotometry using multiple-reflection long-path cells has been investigated as a method for the quantitative analysis of nickel carbonyl and iron penta-carbonyl vapors. By using the very strong carbonyl stretching frequencies near 2000 cm−l, detectability limits of the order of 0.01 to 0.001 ppm can be attained. The method is rapid, specific, and free from interferences; accuracy is estimated as ±10%.
Development of Test Protocol for Direct Evaporative Condenser Air Precoolers

Evaporative precoolers for air-cooled condensing units have been demonstrated to reduce electricity demand and save energy, particularly in arid climates. However, no objective, standardized test data for these products exists in the United States, making it difficult for end-users and utilities to evaluate expected performance prior to purchase and installation. This paper proposes a test protocol for evaporative precoolers installed on condensing units up to 70 kW, and then executes the protocol using three precooling products designed for residential split system air conditioners. Several methods of evaluating performance are compared and a method called the equivalent performance method is proposed. Without direct measurements, the method determines the equivalent temperature reduction of the condenser inlet air due to the precooler. While the performance of the products tested was poor, the products were selected based on convenience and are not expected to be representative of the market.
Imaging interferometric spectroscopy for advanced missions

Shearing interferometric spectrometers can be used for all- reflective, high-resolution (R equals 104 - 106) spectroscopy. The spectrometers can provide simultaneous imaging and be used for both sensitive emission and absorption spectroscopy of diffuse and point sources. Our designs require interaction with only a single optical element to create interference fringes and so can be used in the EUV and FUV (100 - 2000 angstroms) bandpass. Spectral interferometers consume a fraction of the volume required by conventional spectrographs with comparable resolution and consequently provide a promising technique for space missions.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficient substrate cleavage catalyzed by hammerhead ribozymes derivatized with selenium for X-ray crystallography

Because oxygen and selenium are in the same group (Family VI) in the periodic table, the site-specific mutagenesis at the atomic level by replacing RNA oxygen with selenium can provide insights on the structure and function of catalytic RNAs. We report here the first Se-derivatized ribozymes transcribed with all nucleoside 5‘-(α-P-seleno)triphosphates (NTPαSe, including A, C, G, and U). We found that T7 RNA polymerase recognizes NTPαSe Sp diastereomers as well as the natural NTPs, whereas NTPαSe Rp diastereomers are neither substrates nor inhibitors. We also demonstrated the catalytic activity of these Se-derivatized hammerhead ribozymes by cleaving the RNA substrate, and we found that these phosphoroselenoate ribozymes can be as active as the native one. These hammerhead ribozymes site-specifically mutagenized by selenium reveal the close relationship between the catalytic activities and the replaced oxygen atoms, which provides insight on the participation of oxygen in catalysis or intramolecular intera...
A high-speed bipolar technology featuring self-aligned single-poly base and submicrometer emitter contacts

An experimental bipolar transistor structure with self-aligned base-emitter contacts formed using one polysilicon layer is presented with geometries and frequency performance comparable to those of double-polysilicon structures. This structure, called STRIPE (self-aligned trench-isolated polysilicon electrodes), provides a 0.2- mu m emitter-base polysilicon contact separation. A 0.4- mu m emitter width is achieved with conventional 0.8- mu m optical lithography. Scaling of the emitter width of 0.3 mu m has been performed with minimal degradation of device performance, and scaling of the emitter width pattern to 0.2 mu m has been demonstrated. These dimensions are the smallest achieved in single-polysilicon structures with polysilicon base contacts and are comparable to those achieved in double-polysilicon structures. The STRIPE structure has been used to fabricate transistors with f/sub t/ as high as 33.8 GHz. >
Stress and grain growth in thin films

Abstract The mechanical properties of polycrystalline thin films with thickness of 1 μm or less depend strongly on the grain geometry, the grain size, and the way in which the crystallographic orientations of the grains are distributed. Grain growth during film formation or during post-deposition annealing can play a dominant role in defining these microstructural characteristics, and therefore, the mechanical properties of films. Stress can suppress or promote grain growth. In the latter case, stress promotes texture evolution during grain growth. Grain growth can serve as a stress relief mechanism in both elastically isotropic and anisotropic materials, and can also promote plastic yielding.
An Analysis of the Social Distance of Offenders

Past studies have focused on the seriousness of the offenses, but have neglected the offenders per se. Using a Bogardus-type social distance scale 23 deviant roles were examined using a sample of 355 respondents who indicated decided preferences for some types of deviant offenders over others. It is concluded that persons occupying various roles such as judges, defenders, juries and so on may be in a position where they feel great social distance toward certain types of offenders and may act differentially toward them.
Effect of synthetic auxins on callus induction from tea stem tissue

A study was initiated to establish an in vitro culture protocol for tea (Camellia sinensis). Explant sources, disinfestation methods and culture media were examined. Segments (divots) were dissected from greenwood stem (current year growth) internodes of field grown plants. Disinfestation was achieved by separate treatments of 3.75% sodium hypochlorite and 7.5% CaCl2. MS medium with sucrose (30 g/L), inositol (100 mg/L) and thiamine-HCl (1.3 mg/L) and kinetin was used with combinations of the auxins: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T), (naphthalene) acetic acid (NAA) and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (Picloram). Picloram (10-7M) induced the most callus proliferation without kinetin. At a constant level of kinetin (10-5M), the concentrations inducing the most callus growth were 10-7M for 2,4-D, 10-6M for 2,4,5-T, 10-7M for Picloram and 10-8M for NAA. A factorial test of 2,4,5-T and kinetin concentrations showed the optimum for callus growth was 10-7M and 10-5M, respectively.
Preorganization and protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis

Recently, an alternative has been offered to the concept of transition state (TS) stabilization as an explanation for rate enhancements in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Instead, most of the rate increase has been ascribed to preorganization of the enzyme active site to bind substrates in a geometry close to that of the TS, which then transit the activation barrier impelled by motions along the reaction coordinate. The question as to how an enzyme achieves such preorganization and concomitant TS stabilization as well as potential coupled motions along the reaction coordinate leads directly to the role of protein dynamic motion. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a paradigm in which the role of dynamics in catalysis continues to be unraveled by a wealth of kinetic, structural, and computational studies. DHFR has flexible loop regions adjacent to the active site whose motions modulate passage through the kinetically preferred pathway. The participation of residues distant from the DHFR active site in enhancing the rate of hydride transfer, however, is unanticipated and may signify the importance of long range protein motions. The general significance of protein dynamics in understanding other biological processes is briefly discussed. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and John Wiley & Sons, Inc." Chem Rec 2: 24–36, 2002
Calvin's Grace Hopper birthday celebration

It is a sad fact that most college students today have no idea who Grace Hopper was, or of her pioneering work in computing. The 2010 Computer Science Education Week provided the perfect opportunity to remedy this situation at Calvin College.
Effects Of Annealing On The Optical Properties Of Proton Irradiated n-type Gallium Arsenide

The optical properties of proton irradiated n-type GaAs, implanted at room temperature and subsequently furnace annealed, are examined using infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Substantial changes in the reflectance spectra are observed with post-implantation annealing. Computer simulations , based on a Drude model free carrier contribution to the dielectric constant, are used to obtain best fit parameters to the measured spectra. The resulting free carrier profiles display a two layer characteristic. The top layer encompasses the implanted region and remains stable with thermal treatment up to 500 C. A lower layer appears with annealing at 200 C and diffuses deeply into the substrate material. Further annealing eliminates the lower layer but the top layer is present even after a 600 C anneal. An activation energy of 1.2 eV and a diffusion preexponential factor of 4.3 E-1 cm2/s are found for this process.
1.5-/spl mu/m InGaAsP-InP slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers

We report the demonstration of high-power semiconductor slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWLs) operating at a wavelength of 1.5 /spl mu/m. The lasers operate with large (4/spl times/8 /spl mu/m diameter) fundamental mode and produce output power in excess of 800 mW. These structures have very low loss (/spl sim/0.5 cm/sup -1/) enabling centimeter-long devices for efficient heat removal. The large fundamental mode allows 55% butt-coupling efficiency to standard optical fiber (SMF-28). Comparisons are made between SCOWL structures having nominal 4- and 5-/spl mu/m-thick waveguides.
Stable feedback control of bilinear systems

In this paper, we present a feedback control law for a class of bilinear plant. It exhibits a bang-bang structure using a linear switching function. Asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is derived by applying a generalized version of the Lyapunov's direct method. The primary advantage of our approach lies in its simplicity, indicating that the field of potential applications is quite wide. In order to test use and effectiveness of the procedure, the practical case of a continuous stirred tank reactor is investigated by digital simulation.
BENZOTHIAZEPINONES, RELATED COMPOUNDS, AND THE SMILES REARRANGEMENT

Abstract β-Hydroxyamine derivatives of negatively substituted aromatic acids cyclize readily in mild acid solution to benzoxazepinones. The corresponding β-thiolamine derivatives take more persuasion, the use of an effective dehydrating agent. Furthermore, the chemistry of such derivatives is complicated by Smiles rearrangements to β-amino aryl sulfides and/or oxidation to disulfides.
A dissociation between implicit and explicit verbal memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary: Purpose: Temporal lobe epilepsy patients are well known to present deficits on explicit verbal memory procedures (e.g., recall, recognition). The integrity of implicit memory procedures in these patients is not established. Previous studies in this area used implicit memory measures contaminated by the effects of explicit memory. Methods: We examined the integrity of verbal implicit and explicit memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) patients and hypothesized that a clear dissociation in performance would be found with a relative preservation of implicit memory. TLE patients (n = 15) and age- and education-matched healthy normal patients (n = 15) were shown a 40-word study list, followed by a test phase requiring completion of word stems based on the study words or new/unseen words. Experimental conditions involved instructions to provide either the old (study) words or novel/nonlist words when completing the stem. Measures of automaticity and recollection provided uncontaminated indices of implicit and explicit memory, respectively. Results: The data showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the patients (Recollection, 0.12; SD, 0.18) and controls (0.50, SD, 0.15) on the measure of explicit memory. In contrast, the patients (Automaticity, 0.51; SD, 0.11) and controls (0.45, SD, 0.18) performed similarly on the implicit memory measure, with patient scores clearly at normative levels based on other Process Dissociation Procedure data. Conclusions: The data demonstrate the integrity of implicit memory in LTLE patients. Finding a dissociation between the two forms of verbal memory in LTLE patients provides evidence that they rely on different neuroanatomic systems.
Developmental biology of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in foetal and neonatal rats synchronized as to conception.

Abstract A biphasic pattern of development of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity is found in foetal and neonatal rats synchronized as to conception. The first burst of activity is at 22 days and 12 h. The second burst activty occurs between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Progesterone decreases the maximal level of enzyme activity achieved during the initial burst. However, the fundamental biphasic pattern seems to be independent of birth, progesterone or maternal milk. Hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy and adrenalectomy do not result in a significant change of enzymatic activity in the 26-day-old rat. The activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase is maintained at a constant steady state during a 24-h cycle in the 6-week-old rat.
The Thermal and Electrical Behavior of Polyimide Films

Abstract A series of diamines was polycondensed with pyromellitic di-anhydride and 3, 3′, 4, 4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride using a two-step method to get thin, strong, and flexible polyimide films which were characterized by the variations of the substitution at the carbon atom connecting the two phenyl rings of the diamine moiety. The poly(amic acid) prepolymers obtained in the first step had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.9 to 1.60 and they were converted to polyimides by thermal cyclodehydration. All the polycondensation reactions were carried out in dimethyl acetamide under identical conditions. Thus 16 different polyimide polymers were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and viscosity measurements. Some other important properties, such as solubility, thermal stability, and electrical behavior, were also investigated. The alkyl chain length affected the flexibility of the resultant polyimide films greatly and the electrical properties slightly; howe...
Very coarse grained fragmental rocks; a proposed size classification

Very coarse grained fragmental rocks are defined as naturally formed aggregates of rocks and minerals containing >1% fragments between 0.256 m and 10 m (boulders) diameter. Because extremely large rock fragments may reach a maximum length of 100 km (tectonic plates), we introduce a size terminology to bridge a continuum(?) from sedimentary rocks to tectonically derived rocks. We propose extension of size terminology for fragments larger than boulder size—megaboulder, 10–100 m; block, 100–1000 m; megablock, 1–10 km—and tentatively suggest corresponding rock-assemblage names—megamictite, teramictite, and oromictite.
The centrality of self-reliant and participatory approaches to media planning in the Caribbean: An analysis of the television programming framework of Barbados

Policy approaches that advance ideals of self-reliance and equitable participation in planning, while emphasizing the centrality of cultural autonomy to full development, are most often lauded by development scholars as the most emancipatory options for emerging societies. Such perspectives are relevant to the discussion of the media planning environment of the English-speaking Caribbean, especially within the television area where overall dispro portionate amount of foreign programming is perceived by some to contribute to the erosion of indigenous cultural character. These concerns have prompted many leaders throughout the region to re-examine existing policies and systems of control, and to consider appropriate alternatives. This article examines the television programming framework of the country of Barbados, and assesses the extent to which endogenous capacity exists for the development of alternative policy approaches that engender self-reliance and equitable participation in media planning. Based o...
Effects of lifelong restricted feeding on complex maze performance in rats

Male Wistar rats reared on a regimen of every-other-day (EOD) feeding (24% protein) since weaning were compared in complex maze learning at 30 mo of age to young (6 mo) and old (22 mo) ad libitum (AL) fed groups. Maze learning performance for the aged, EOD-fed group was equivalent to that of young AL-fed rats, and superior to that of aged AL-fed rats.
The Construction of Mean Spatial Vectors From Null Contours

Experimental and theoretic evidence reveal substantial errors in the determination of mean heart vector orientations exclusively from null contours. Over the limited range of orientations studied, the mean heart vector angle determined by the perpendicular-plane construction departs by as much as 17 degrees from the true angle. These sizable construction errors, strongly dependent upon such factors as heart position and medium shape, are superimposed upon other errors inherent in the many assumptions made in electrocardiographic field analysis.
Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention

Aflatoxins (AF) are ubiquitous in corn-based animal feed and causes hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects. The most important AF in terms of toxic potency and occurrence is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Poultry, especially turkeys, are extremely sensitive to the toxic and carcinogenic action of AFB1, resulting in millions of dollars in annual losses to producers due to reduced growth rate, increased susceptibility to disease, reduced egg production and other adverse effects. The extreme sensitivity of turkeys and other poultry to AFB1 is associated with efficient hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and deficient detoxification by glutathione S-transferases (GST). Discerning the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of this extreme sensitivity of poultry to AFB1, will contribute in the development of novel strategies to increase aflatoxin resistance. Since AFB1 is an unavoidable contaminant of corn-based poultry feed, chemoprevention strategies aimed at reducing AFB1 toxicity in poultry and in other animals have been the subject of numerous studies. This brief review summarizes many of the key recent findings regarding the action of aflatoxins in poultry.
The architecture of a resilience infrastructure for computing and communication systems

The resilience infrastructure is a physically and functionally separate add-on to a “Client” computing and/or communication system that provides resilience to the Client system. This short paper summarizes the main features of the architecture of a resilience infrastructure.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 mRNA is expressed in a significant proportion of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been associated with Richter transformation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS: A direct isothermal mRNA amplification method was developed for detection of EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mRNA transcriptional activity in the peripheral blood of 135 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and 98 hematologically healthy control subjects. RESULTS: EBV LMP1 mRNA transcripts were found in 19 of 135 (14%) of the CLL cases, but only 1% of the healthy controls (P < .0001). In contrast, 23 solid tumor patients tested negative for EBV LMP1 transcripts. In a later cohort of patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 4 of 7 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma or Burkitt lymphoma had EBV LMP1 detected. In a preliminary analysis, outcome data were available for 88 of the 135 patients with CLL. EBV LMP1 mRNA positivity was associated with a significantly increased degree of histologically demonstrated bone marrow involvement by CLL (P = .003, Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSIONS: EBV LMP1 mRNA transcriptional activity was observed in a significant proportion of CLL patients. Transcription of the EBV LMP1, a late gene with known transforming potential in vitro, suggests that EBV activation plays a role in CLL disease progression. Thus, EBV LMP1 expression in CLL patients may be a factor involved in the genesis of refractory disease. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A Spectral Element Approach to Wave Motion in Layered Solids

A matrix methodology similar to that of the finite element method is developed for the analysis of stress waves in layered solids. Because the mass distribution is modeled exactly, the approach gives the exact frequency response of each layer. The fast Fourier transform and Fourier series are used for inversion to the time/space domain. The impact of a structured medium with multiple layers is used to demonstrate the method. Comparison with existing propagator and direct global matrix methods show the present approach to be computationally more efficient.