cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 12 – Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

This chapter describes the faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and its application to circuits. Electromagnetic induction can occur in an electric circuit C in many ways. Some of Faraday's original experiments introduce the useful terminology of primary and secondary circuit. The primary circuit is the source of the time-varying magnetic flux, usually due to electric current driven by a battery. The secondary circuit is the circuit to which Faraday's law is applied, and in which the electromagnetic force (EMF) is induced, as determined by the deflection of a galvanometer or some other measuring device. Faraday gave a rule for the direction of the circulation of the induced electric current circulating around an electric circuit. Another rule for the direction of induced currents was given by Lenz in 1834. Translating it into modern terminology, Lenz's is the most complete and accurate qualitative statement of Faraday's law. It is formulated in terms of the idea of magnetic flux. For Gauss's law, the electric flux through a closed surface is what mattered. For Lenz's law, what counts is the magnetic flux through an open surface, defined by the circuit whose induced electromotive force (emf) one seeks. One way of visualizing a change in magnetic flux through a circuit is to think, as did Faraday, in terms of field lines crossing the electric circuit.
Cognitive mentorship: Protégé behavior as a mediator to performance

ABSTRACTResearchers have examined the role of cognitive apprenticeship in relation to individual performance in the classroom, but there has been limited quantitative research directly linking cognitive behaviors to mentoring relationships and workplace performance. This study investigates the characteristics of mentoring behavior that influence group performance using data from 52 different organizations. A mediation model was tested and the results indicate that the group-level construct protege cognitive behavior plays a central role in the mentor-protege-performance relationship. The findings indicate that the proteges collective articulation of problem solving processes fully mediate unit performance, while exploration partially mediates the relationship. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
A Case Study of OregonWaterStories.com: Exploring Agency with Water Justice, Activist Applied Linguistics, and a Community Partner

Today’s students arrive to college with increased environmental awareness but often without the skills necessary to sort, interpret, and critically think about global environmental change or their relationship to it. To address the barrier of perceived student powerlessness in global environmental problems, we designed a transdisciplinary project for students to begin to take ownership of their learning experience, gain competencies in basic social science research methods, and explore agency with a community partner. In this case study, we narrate one exercise in which students created a public product of collated newspaper articles related to contemporary water issues in Oregon. The project involved the creation of an online database that resulted in a learning tool for future courses, a base for transdisciplinary research, and a deliverable for the public. The exercise proved valuable in demonstrating how students can engage with concepts of activist applied linguistics to evaluate positionalities of news sources while situating themselves as active and engaged members in their local environment. Homework assignments throughout the course revealed that students (1) gradually reported more positive and action-oriented views of their role in the environment and (2) developed greater competency in weighing the quality of media sources around environmental issues. We conclude with guided learning questions for faculty interested in implementing a similar exercise as well as suggested student discussion questions.
The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism: Malthusianism and Trans-Pacific Migration, 1868–1961

This innovative study demonstrates how Japanese empire-builders invented and appropriated the discourse of overpopulation to justify Japanese settler colonialism across the Pacific. Lu defines this overpopulation discourse as 'Malthusian expansionism'. This was a set of ideas that demanded additional land abroad to accommodate the supposed surplus people in domestic society on the one hand and emphasized the necessity of national population growth on the other. Lu delineates ideological ties, human connections and institutional continuities between Japanese colonial migration in Asia and Japanese migration to Hawaii and North and South America from 1868 to 1961. He further places Malthusian expansionism at the center of the logic of modern settler colonialism, challenging the conceptual division between migration and settler colonialism in global history.
On building an automated responding system for app reviews: What are the characteristics of reviews and their responses?

Recent studies showed that the dialogs between app developers and app users on app stores are important to increase user satisfaction and app's overall ratings. However, the large volume of reviews and the limitation of resources discourage app developers from engaging with customers through this channel. One solution to this problem is to develop an Automated Responding System for developers to respond to app reviews in a manner that is most similar to a human response. Toward designing such system, we have conducted an empirical study of the characteristics of mobile apps' reviews and their human-written responses. We found that an app reviews can have multiple fragments at sentence level with different topics and intentions. Similarly, a response also can be divided into multiple fragments with unique intentions to answer certain parts of their review (e.g., complaints, requests, or information seeking). We have also identified several characteristics of review (rating, topics, intentions, quantitative text feature) that can be used to rank review by their priority of need for response. In addition, we identified the degree of re-usability of past responses is based on their context (single app, apps of the same category, and their common features). Last but not least, a responses can be reused in another review if some parts of it can be replaced by a placeholder that is either a named-entity or a hyperlink. Based on those findings, we discuss the implications of developing an Automated Responding System to help mobile apps' developers write the responses for users reviews more effectively.
Bolivia’s "Proceso de Cambio": Adjusting the Ideological Paradigm from Social to Economic

Bolivia’s political transition in 2006 represented more than just a transfer of power. It also marked the arrival of a new political, economic and social paradigm. The newly elected leader (Evo Morales Ayma) and his political party, the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) brought with them an ambitious agenda for social change. Most of the initial efforts were aimed at responding to electoral promises and the demands from the myriad of social movements that supported Morales’ ticket. As time progressed, the ideological components of the model were refined and transformed from an anti-neoliberal rhetoric to a comprehensive agenda of state reform. Part of the ideological components were rooted in the notion of “Vivir Bien” [Living Well], which in essence is a balanced approach for development considering human wellbeing in harmony with mother nature. The political challenge, however, has been the transformation of this holistic approach into a practical one and the policy implications that this entails ‒a particularly difficult issue in a country with weak institutional settings and limited state capacity. This article argues that although there have been many gains, particularly in reorienting the notion of the welfare state and in key economic and social areas, the model is still highly dependent on a neo-patrimonial state that relies heavily on a few commodities to support a growing social agenda. Moreover, in the past years the political emphasis and efforts have favored economic reforms over social ones, which might jeopardize the whole model in the not so near future.
Secondhand marijuana exposure in a convenience sample of young children in New York City.

BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure to marijuana smoke can be detected in the urine of children with exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke, but the prevalence is unclear. METHODS We studied children between the ages of 0 to 3 years who were coming in for well-child visits or hospitalized on the inpatient general pediatric unit between 2017 and 2018 at Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai. Parents completed an anonymous survey, and urine samples were analyzed for cotinine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC), a metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. RESULTS Fifty-three children had urine samples available for analysis. COOH-THC was detectable in 20.8% of the samples analyzed and urinary cotinine was detectable in 90.2%. High levels of tobacco exposure (defined as cotinine ≥2.0 ng/ml) were significantly associated with COOH-THC detection (p < 0.01). We found that 34.8% of children who lived in attached housing where smoking was allowed within the property had detectable COOH-THC compared to 13.0% of children who lived in housing where smoking was not allowed at all. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the growing evidence that children are being exposed to marijuana smoke, even in places where recreational marijuana use is illegal. It is critical that more research be done on the impact of marijuana smoke exposure on children's health and development. IMPACT We found that 20.8% of the 53 children recruited from Mount Sinai Hospital had detectable marijuana metabolites in their urine. Children with household tobacco smoke exposure and children who lived in attached housing where smoking was allowed on the premises were more likely to have detectable marijuana smoke metabolites. This study adds to the growing evidence that children are being exposed to marijuana smoke, even in places where marijuana remains illegal by state law. As states consider marijuana legalization, it is critical that the potential adverse health effects from marijuana exposure in children be taken into account.
Categorical Gelfand–Naimark–Segal Construction

This chapter contains a categorical analogue of the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal (GNS) construction, which is originally a functional analytic statement. For a C∗-algebra A, the GNS construction gives a correspondence between states on A and cyclic ∗-representations of A.
Quaternionic Kähler Detour Complexes and \({\mathcal{N} = 2}\) Supersymmetric Black Holes

We study a class of supersymmetric spinning particle models derived from the radial quantization of stationary, spherically symmetric black holes of four dimensional \({{\mathcal N} = 2}\) supergravities. By virtue of the c-map, these spinning particles move in quaternionic Kahler manifolds. Their spinning degrees of freedom describe mini-superspace-reduced supergravity fermions. We quantize these models using BRST detour complex technology. The construction of a nilpotent BRST charge is achieved by using local (worldline) supersymmetry ghosts to generate special holonomy transformations. (An interesting byproduct of the construction is a novel Dirac operator on the superghost extended Hilbert space.) The resulting quantized models are gauge invariant field theories with fields equaling sections of special quaternionic vector bundles. They underly and generalize the quaternionic version of Dolbeault cohomology discovered by Baston. In fact, Baston’s complex is related to the BPS sector of the models we write down. Our results rely on a calculus of operators on quaternionic Kahler manifolds that follows from BRST machinery, and although directly motivated by black hole physics, can be broadly applied to any model relying on quaternionic geometry.
Verdad y performatividad: la personificación ambigua en Fernando Vallejo

This article analyzes the relationship that exists between Fernando Vallejo's self-referential project and the representation of his public person. Through the analysis of his narrative and his critical discourse, it is stated that his project presents two features that have not been studied: an autobiographical narrative sustained on an unreliable narrator-character and the ambiguous identification with this character in his appearances and public records. It is suggested that this creative strategy operates as a critique of the truth effect that the writer produces on his reception in the media.
Teaching for Global Competence: A Responsibility of Teacher Educators

Today’s PK-12 teachers and students navigate an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world. This growing interconnectedness and need to navigate life and work in our globalized world have...
High-resolution vessel wall imaging after mechanical thrombectomy:

ObjectivesHigh-resolution magnetic resonance imaging has the potential of characterising arterial wall changes after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate h...
Computer vision reimages rigor of APPT pain site and surface area measurement

The Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT) contains a body outline diagram (BOD) to facilitate self-report of pain sites and surface area. Inter-rater reliability for manually coded BOD drawings is only fair to moderate. Irregular drawings are prone to manual measurement error. The clinical utility, trending, and interpretability of BOD drawings are significant limitations of APPT. A rigorous method to code BODs and extract data for further analysis is needed. Aim: To digitize BOD drawings and using computer vision improve accuracy of BOD measures to facilitate further analysis. Open source computer vision library, OpenCV, was used to digitize BODs from adolescents with scoliosis (n=42) or pectus excavatum (n=24) obtained preoperatively, daily postoperatively during hospitalization, and at postoperative visits. Pain sites and areas were drawn by adolescents on paper BODs, then scanned and cleaned through grayscaling, median blurring, and thresholding techniques to reduce noise. Scanned images were aligned with reference diagram using homography matrix. Differences between images and reference were extracted. Identified body parts and surface areas were labeled for further analysis. The model was able to extract BOD drawings and identify pain sites that corresponded to APPT scoring template. Correct classification rate for each body location for each patient was 97.2%. Overall sensitivity was 95.5% and specificity 97.3%. This computer vision method of coding BODs is accessible, convenient, and provides better sensitivity and specificity for pain site and surface area than manual coding. Extracted data can be further analyzed for trends and modeled for pain trajectory prediction. While the use of digital applications to prospectively collect BOD data may overcome current APPT limitations, loss of historic data, expense, data access, and electronic medical record (EMR) integration present new limitations. Paper BODs are convenient, inexpensive, easily scanned into EMRs, and now easily analyzed.
Trauma and PTSD in the Perinatal Period

Trauma exposure is prevalent and can have considerable biopsychosocial impacts in pregnancy and postpartum. Yet, trauma-related conditions and relevant risks remain largely underassessed and undertreated perinatally. Health professionals interfacing with perinatal populations are uniquely situated to promote healing and mitigate risks for trauma survivors, their infants, and families; providers can do so by understanding the perinatal prevalence and impact of trauma for perinatal survivors, providing trauma-informed care, and identifying individuals who may benefit from trauma-focused resources and interventions. Evidence-based assessments and treatments are available to guide intervention across clinical settings and levels of care. This chapter provides an overview of (1) the definition, prevalence, presentation, and risks of trauma perinatally and its potential adverse effects, (2) trauma- and stressor-related disorders, (3) evidence-based assessment and screening, (4) trauma-related risk sequelae, (4) empirically supported treatments, (5) relevant breastfeeding and lactation complications, and (6) trauma-informed care practices for perinatal providers and healthcare settings.
Sterile iris abscess associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of a sterile iris abscess associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). Observations A 69-year-old African American female presented to SUNY Downstate Medical Center complaining of left-sided eye pain for two weeks. The patient had a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/30 OD and 20/200 OS. On external exam, vesicles were noted on the left upper lid and tip of the nose. Anterior segment exam was notable for decreased sensation without epithelial defects. The patient had 2+ stromal edema with 3+ cell and flare. The iris was flat with 1+ nuclear sclerosis OU. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 14 mmHg OD and 40 mmHg OS. The patient was diagnosed with HZO with secondary uveitic glaucoma. At ten weeks, anterior segment inflammation resolved and IOP stabilized. However, an iris nodule was noted superior nasal which continued to enlarge by 16 weeks follow up. Iris ultrasound revealed a 3 × 3 mm elevated lesion with internal homogeneity suggestive of an abscess. At five months, a dense, mature cataract developed. The patient underwent cataract extraction with sector iridectomy. Gram staining and cultures were negative for organisms but positive for polymorphic neutrophils. Histopathology revealed fibrosis, surface necrosis, and stromal infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells consistent with chronic iritis and a sterile abscess secondary to HZO. Conclusions and Importance HZO is associated with a range of ocular sequelae with acquired iris nodule only mentioned once in the literature. As the second documented case, our findings will add to the general fund of knowledge regarding iris lesions and HZO.
What are you talking about

Figuring out the referent of a new word is a hard problem, yet children solve it early and often. A new model by Bohn et al. proposes that young children rationally combine different sources of information when learning language. This account precisely predicts and explains novel developmental findings, above and beyond competing proposals.
LiverTox: An online information resource and a site for case report submission on drug-induced liver injury.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an infrequent cause of liver disease in the general population and accounts for< 1% of hospitalized patients presenting with jaundice. 1,2 Nonetheless, DILI is a leading reason for regulatory actions involving investigational and approved medications and is also a leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States. 3,4 Implicated drugs include not only prescription medications but also herbal products and over-the-counter dietary supplements and medications. It is noteworthy that since inception of the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in 2003, the number of enrolled cases of herbal and dietary supplements-induced liver injury have steadily increased, representing the second most commonly recorded class of hepatotoxicity-causing products in DILIN. The low incidence of DILI, coupled with the limited knowledge of the biochemical mechanism(s) or pathways responsible for this ‘‘idiosyncratic’’ adverse event, make it difficult to identify high-risk patients. 5 Furthermore, preclinical testing does not always provide a reliable assessment of the hepatotoxic risk of new medications; and because DILI is a rare event, premarketing clinical studies usually conducted in highly selected populations over a relatively short period of time also may not detect a potential for liver injury. Therefore, the hepatotoxicity of a specific medication often becomes apparent only after regulatory approval—and when the drug is used by large numbers of unselected patients in the general population. Finally, because the biochemical, clinical, and histological features of DILI mimic most other known forms of acute and chronic liver injury, and there is no objective gold standard for diagnosing DILI, its identification largely relies on excluding other more common causes of liver injury and having a ‘‘compatible’’ time of onset and evolution.
Glycans Instructing Immunity: The Emerging Role of Altered Glycosylation in Clinical Immunology

Protein glycosylation is an important epigenetic modifying process affecting expression, localization, and function of numerous proteins required for normal immune function. Recessive germline mutations in genes responsible for protein glycosylation processes result in congenital disorders of glycosylation and can have profound immunologic consequences. Genetic mutations in immune signaling pathways that affect glycosylation sites have also been shown to cause disease. Sugar supplementation and in vivo alteration of glycans by medication holds therapeutic promise for some of these disorders. Further understanding of how changes in glycosylation alter immunity may provide novel treatment approaches for allergic disease, immune dysregulation, and immunodeficiency in the future.
ProPolyne: A Fast Wavelet-Based Algorithm for Progressive Evaluation of Polynomial Range-Sum Queries

Many range aggregate queries can be efficiently derived from a class of fundamental queries: the polynomial range-sums. After demonstrating how any range-sum can be evaluated exactly in the wavelet domain, we introduce a novel pre-aggregation method called ProPolyne to evaluate arbitrary polynomial range-sums progressively. At each step of the computation, ProPolyne makes the best possible wavelet approximation of the submitted query. The result is a data-independent approximate query answering technique which uses data structures that can be maintained efficiently. ProPolyne's performance as an exact algorithm is comparable to the best known MOLAP techniques. Our experimental results show that this approach of approximating queries rather than compressing data produces consistent and superior approximate results when compared to typical wavelet-based data compression techniques.
Characterization of four human pregnancy-associated plasma proteins.

Abstract Four proteins have been detected in third-trimester human pregnancy plasma by gel immunodiffusion methods, using antisera to pregnancy plasma that had been exhaustively absorbed with nonpregnancy plasma. These antisera failed to react with plasma from untreated normal nonpregnant females or from males. Two of the pregnancy-associated plasma proteins (PAPP-B and PAPP-C) migrated as β-globulins and the other two (PAPP-A and PAPP-D) as α2-globulins in immunoelectrophoresis. PAPP-B was regularly detected only by crossed-immunoelectrophoresis with the reagents available and it was not further studied here. Proteinases destroyed the immunologic reactivities of PAPP-A, C, and D, but none of them was inactivated by ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, and they did not appear to contain lipids. They were all stable to heat at 60° C. for 30 minutes, but were variably labile at higher temperatures. The three PAPP's also showed varying lability at pH extremes. They were well separated from each other in gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B, in DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and in sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, but not by step-wise salting out precipitation or gradient solubilization with ammonium sulfate. Molecular weights estimated by gel filtration were found to be 750,000 for PAPP-A, 110,000 for PAPP-C, and 20,000 for PAPP-D. Their isoelectric points were found by isoelectric focusing in ampholine-sucrose gradients: PAPP-A, pH 4.4; PAPP-C, pH 3.8; PAPP-D, pH 5.7. PAPP-C contained iron detectable by histochemical staining methods; it was heterogeneous and had minor components of different charge and isoelectric point (pH 6.0).
Managing NymBoxes for identity and tracking protection

Despite the attempts of well-designed anonymous communication tools to protect users from tracking or identification, flaws in surrounding software (such as web browsers) and mistakes in configuration may leak the user's identity. We introduce Nymix, an anonymity-centric operating system architecture designed "top-to-bottom" to strengthen identity- and tracking-protection. Nymix's core contribution is OS support for nymbrowsing: independent, parallel, and ephemeral web sessions. Each web session, or pseudonym, runs in a unique virtual machine (VM) instance evolving from a common base state with support for long-lived sessions which can be anonymously stored to the cloud, avoiding de-anonymization despite potential confiscation or theft. Nymix allows a user to safely browse the Web using various different transports simultaneously through a pluggable communication model that supports Tor, Dissent, and a private browsing mode. In evaluations, Nymix consumes 600 MB per nymbox and loads within 15 to 25 seconds.
Reasons for living versus reasons for dying: examining the internal debate of suicide.

The Reasons for Living vs. Reasons for Dying (RFL/RFD) Assessment was used to obtain suicidal outpatients' top five reasons for living and for dying, respectively. Forty-nine suicidal university counseling center patients provided 173 RFL and 145 RFD responses. These responses were organized into eight RFL coding categories and nine RFD coding categories. Two coders trained in the RFL/RFD coding system showed high levels of interrater reliability (KRFL = .81; KRFD = .80). Chi-square results for RFL and RFD coding categories showed that the coding categories were not equally salient to these suicidal patients.
Public Policy and the Growth of the Power Industry

EVERY significant index attests to the extraordinary growth of the electric-power industry throughout the first four and a half decades of the present century. Physical output multiplied forty times between i900 and 1939, a record exceeded during this period only by the automobile and cigarette industries.' Labor efficiency and efficiency in the use of fuel increased well above the average for industry generally, and yet employment rose ninefold. Fixed assets were approximately ten times greater at the end of the period than they were at the beginning. Electric rates-the cost of the product to the consumerhave declined throughout. Here is a record of very great progress, even for an industry that was in its infancy in I9oo-increased investment, efficiency, employment, and output, and reduced prices. It raises some interesting questions for public policy, questions related both to the future of the electric-power industry and to possibilities in other fields where lessons drawn from this experience may be pertinent. Since its inception, the electric-power industry has been subject increasingly to public regulation. In the beginning, regulation took the form of control through municipal franchises and ordinances. State commissions with powers mainly of investigation and recommendation sprang up in the latter part of the last century, and during the period io96-i92 these agencies blossomed forth as full-blown administrative commissions possessing, in varying degrees, of course, substantial powers over rates, service, and accounts. Regulation by the states has grown, and since the middle thirties has been supplemented by federal administrative regulation designed to fill in jurisdictional gaps in the over-all structure of government control. It is fair to say that since igo6-the period of the industry's phenomenal growth-government regulation has been an integral part of the electric-power industry. Any analysis and appraisal of industry performance involves, therefore, an analysis and appraisal of regulatory performance as well. Questions that naturally occur are: To what extent and in what ways
Model Selection in Measures of Vascular Parameters using Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI: Experimental and Clinical Applications

A review of the selection of models in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is conducted, with emphasis on the balance between the bias and variance required to produce stable and accurate estimates of vascular parameters. The vascular parameters considered as a first-order model are the forward volume transfer constant K(trans) , the plasma volume fraction vp and the interstitial volume fraction ve . To illustrate the critical issues in model selection, a data-driven selection of models in an animal model of cerebral glioma is followed. Systematic errors and extended models are considered. Studies with nested and non-nested pharmacokinetic models are reviewed; models considering water exchange are considered.
Affect and the Study of Religion

This article provides an introduction to affect theory in the study of religion. While emotion and affect appear to be similar, particularly given their shared lineage in the passions, the distinguishing aspects of affect provide critical supplements to the study of religion. After a brief discussion of emotion and affect in Spinoza, the article maps three aspects of affect theory that invite us to consider religion in its persistent dynamism: affect theory's turn away from the individual as the bearer of emotion to the social lives that emerge between bodies and things, its attention to corporeality and materiality, and its focus on non-representational creative energy. The article closes with key forays in affect and religious studies and some future directions for affect and the study of religions in the Americas.
The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China

The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China Erik Mueggler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)
DENSITY- AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION AT THE Mdh-2 LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

We have studied differences in the number of Drosophila pseudoobscura produced in a culture when the flies differ with respect to two alleles (F and S) at the Mdh-2 locus, which codes for a malate dehydrogenase enzyme. The studies were done at low and at high density in two- and three-genotype combinations (S/S, F/F and S/F), with one-genotype cultures as controls.--Density affects the fitness of the Mdh-2 genotypes. Different genotypes are differently affected, and the genotype of the competitors also makes a difference on the fitness of a given genotype. When three genotypes are present in a culture, particularly at high density, intergenotypic competition is less intense than intragenotypic competition at several frequency combinations. That is, there is "overcompensation": the three genotypes together exploit the environmental resources better than one genotype alone.--The fitness of the genotypes is frequency dependent in both two-genotype and three-genotype combinations. An inverse relationship between frequency and fitness is observed at high density. This may lead to a stable polymorphism, because the fitness of a genotype increases as its frequency decreases.--Forty independent strains, sampled from a natural population, were used in the experiments. This ensures that more than 95% of the variation present in the genome in the natural population is also present in the experimental cultures. It also ensures that the genetic background on the Mdh-2 alleles is randomized in the same way as it is in nature. However, the possibility remains that Mdh-2 alleles in nature are nonrandomly associated with alleles at closely linked loci. If linkage disequilibrium is present in the experiments because it exists in nature, then the observed effects (such as frequency-dependent selection) would affect the Mdh-2 locus in nature as well.
Production of actinides and the search for super-heavy elements using secondary reactions induced by GeV protons

Abstract A search for actinide and super-heavy elements produced by means of secondary reactions during the irradiation of tungsten and uranium targets with 12 and 28 GeV protons has been made. Yields for production of many actinide isotopes in uranium targets are given up to and including 248 Cf. Upper limits have also been established for spontaneous fission activities which could be attributed to the decay of possible super-heavy elements produced by means of secondary reactions.
Predicting DNAPL entrapment and recovery: the influence of hydraulic property correlation

The influence of aquifer property correlation on multiphase fluid migration, entrapment and recovery was explored by incorporating correlated and uncorrelated porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure-saturation (Pc-Sat) parameter fields in a cross-sectional numerical multiphase flow model. Comparison of two-dimensional entrapped organic saturation distributions for a simulated tetrachloroethylene (PCE) spill in ensembles of aquifer realizations suggests that the degree of spatial correlation in Pc-Sat parameters exerts a controlling influence on dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) spreading and redistribution in saturated aquifers. The predicted evolution of DNAPL source zones and resultant remediation efficiency under surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) also appear to be strongly influenced by the spatial correlation of aquifer parameters and multiphase flow constitutive relationships. Results for a limited number of realizations selected from each ensemble showed that removal of 60% to 99% of entrapped PCE could reduce dissolved contaminant concentration and mass flux by approximately two orders of magnitude under natural gradient conditions. Aqueous phase contaminant mass flux did not vary uniformly as a function of % DNAPL removed, however, and notable differences in behavior were observed for models incorporating correlated versus uncorrelated Pc-Sat and permeability fields. Although these results must be confirmed through analysis of additional realizations, it is likely that similar or larger differences between correlated and uncorrelated system behavior will be observed in aquifers with greater spatially variability than that of the nonuniform, homogeneous sand aquifer studied here.
Establishing benchmarks for creation of a pro-forma economic model to evaluate filmless PACS operation

The purpose of this study was to establish data points (benchmarks) to incorporate into a pro-forma cost analysis model, comparing film-based and filmless modes of operation. Prospective data were collected over a 6-year period at the Baltimore VA Medical Center (BVAMC) immediately before and after implementation of a hospital-wide PACS. These data were in turn compared with local and national VA centers during comparable time periods, to establish reference data between manual film-based (without PACS) and filmless operations (using PACS). Benchmarks utilized for the study fell into 2 broad categories: operational costs and revenues generated. Factors contributing to operational costs include space requirements, equipment, supplies, personnel, and maintenance. Factors contributing to revenues generated included examination volume, modality mix, and reimbursement rates. Collectively, these data points were incorporated into a pro-forma model that allows prospective PACS customers to compare total cost of ownership for film-based and filmless operations dependent on the unique variables of the respective institution.
Comparison of standard single-channel vaginal cylinder to the multi-channel wright applicator for HDR vaginal brachytherapy in endometrial carcinoma

Later and a small portion was placed into a paraffin block. An H&E slide was evaluated for presence of tumor, degree of necrosis, and grade. The total tissue was weighed and subsequently the total RNA was extracted. RNA quality was determined by two parameters: the absorbance ratio at 260 nm/280 nm, and by the ratio of the integrated peak of 28S RNA to 18S RNA after gel electrophoresis. Paired t test were used to evaluate differences between paired samples.
The effect of an intrauterine foreign body on the sodium and potassium concentrations of the uterine fluid of the rat

Abstract The presence of an intrauterine silk thread, in one uterine horn of the rat, does not significantly change the uterine fluid potassium concentration at estrus or at diestrus; it does, however, prevent the increase of the uterine fluid potassium concentration which is normally found at the time of implantation on day 6 of pregnancy. The mean uterine fluid K + was 41.2 meq/L in the uterine fluid of the control horn and 26.3 meq/L in the uterine horn with the foreign body on day 6 of pregnancy. This difference is highly significant (p It is suggested that the abnormally low uterine fluid potassium concentration may be toxic to the blastocysts and may also prevent implantation of any surviving blastocysts by raising the membrane potential of the endometrium.
A new MOSFET-capacitor integrator

A new MOSFET-capacitor integrator is presented. The new circuit makes use of the balanced-time-constant (BTC) active- RC differential integrator. It is shown that the new integrator may not require the use of balanced-output operational amplifier. Moreover, it may function as an inverting or a noninverting integrator. The application of the new integrator in the implementation of MOSFET-capacitor biquad filters is discussed.
The large N limit of Chern-Simons gauge theory

Abstract We consider the large N expansion of the SU ( N ) Chern-Simons gauge theory defined on an S 3 space-time manifold. An exact expression for the partition function Z ( N , k ) in terms of N and the Chern-Simons parameter k is presented and shown to agree with the leading N order field theoretical computations. A symmetry between Z ( N , k ) and Z ( k , N ) is interpreted in physical terms as a duality between the weak and strong coupling expansions in the large N limit.
Genome-wide census and expression profiling of chicken neuropeptide and prohormone convertase genes

Neuropeptides regulate cell-cell signaling and influence many biological processes in vertebrates, including development, growth, and reproduction. The complex processing of neuropeptides from prohormone proteins by prohormone convertases, combined with the evolutionary distance between the chicken and mammalian species that have experienced extensive neuropeptide research, has led to the empirical confirmation of only 18 chicken prohormone proteins. To expand our knowledge of the neuropeptide and prohormone convertase gene complement, we performed an exhaustive survey of the chicken genomic, EST, and proteomic databases using a list of 95 neuropeptide and 7 prohormone convertase genes known in other species. Analysis of the EST resources and 22 microarray studies offered a comprehensive portrait of gene expression across multiple conditions. Five neuropeptide genes (apelin, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein, insulin-like 5, neuropeptide S, and neuropeptide B) previously unknown in chicken were identified and 62 genes were confirmed. Although most neuropeptide gene families known in human are present in chicken, there are several gene not present in the chicken. Conversely, several chicken neuropeptide genes are absent from mammalian species, including C-RF amide, c-type natriuretic peptide 1 precursor, and renal natriuretic peptide. The prohormone convertases, with one exception, were found in the chicken genome. Bioinformatic models used to predict prohormone cleavages confirm that the processing of prohormone proteins into neuropeptides is similar between species. Neuropeptide genes are most frequently expressed in the brain and head, followed by the ovary and small intestine. Microarray analyses revealed that the expression of adrenomedullin, chromogranin-A, augurin, neuromedin-U, platelet-derived growth factor A and D, proenkephalin, relaxin-3, prepronociceptin, and insulin-like growth factor I was most susceptible (P-value<0.005) to changes in developmental stage, gender, and genetic line among other conditions studied. Our complete survey and characterization facilitates understanding of neuropeptides genes in the chicken, an animal of importance to biomedical and agricultural research.
Perceptions of women: Effects of employment status and marital status

Eighty-four female and 84 male college students evaluated a briefly described female stimulus person on 20 seven-point bipolar scales which described personality traits and professional competencies. Each subject rated 1 of 12 women who were described as either never married, divorced, widowed, or married and as either employed full-time, employed part-time, or unemployed. As hypothesized, the personal traits and professional competencies of employed women were evaluated more favorably than those of unemployed women, and the personality traits of married women were perceived more positively than those of unmarried women. Contrary to predictions, unmarried and married women were perceived as equally competent.
Encouraging Children To Make Choices about Their Literacy Learning.

The professional literature, as well as practical experience, suggests that students need opportunities to gain a sense of self-determination. Both at-risk children and their nondisabled peers benefit from making choices during every school day, especially in the context of literacy learning. Educators can encourage the development of decision making by demonstrating how to select appropriate reading materials, by providing time for reading immersion, by reading aloud a wide variety of resources, and by fostering the use of tape-recorded books. Classroom teachers and special educators who support these and similar approaches are increasing students' chances of being successful with their literacy-learning choices. Although not a cure-all, exposure to daily decision making nurtures students' personal and academic growth and simultaneously enriches them in ways that will last a lifetime.
Acute Mortality of Soft Shell Clam, Mya arenaria, Larvae, Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droenbachiensis, Larvae, and Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, Exposed to Cypermethrin (Excis ™)

ABSTRACT The acute effects of Cypermethrin (Excis (tm)) on soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, larvae, green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droenbachiensis, larvae, and rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, were studied in the laboratory. Cypermethrin (Excis(tm)) is used at a concentration of 5 μg/L as a bath treatment of salmonids against sea lice, predominantly, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Zooplankton were exposed for 1, 6, and 12 hours to different concentrations of Cypermethrin, at water salinity levels of 32 (±0.6) ppt and a temperature of 12° C. Clams, urchins, and rotifers were exposed to Cypermethrin concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5.0, 50, 500, 5,000, and 50,000 μg/L. These concentrations correspond to 0,1/1000,1/100,1/10,1,10,100,1,000, and 10,000 times the manufacturer's recommended treatment concentration. Only at concentrations of between 10-10 000 times greater than the recommended treatment dose of 5 μg/L, did Cypermethrin treatment cause statistically significant mortality in the clam larvae (P ...
Translation of artificial languages by compiler programs: research report and design for future languages

This work was carried out primarily to investigate artificial languages from the standpoint of translation by machine. It was desired to learn what representations are necessary to make this task more easily accomplished. It was felt that this work would apply not only to translation of artificial languages but also to natural language translation by machine and other complex symbol manipulation programs as well. It must be pointed out that the problem under consideration was not the translation algorithm, but the code necessary to transmit this algorithm to the machine. For this reason two relatively uncomplicated languages were used.As a by-product of this work it was hoped to show that the more flexibility with which a language is endowed, the more powerful programs it may produce. GAT was not intended to be a symbol-manipulator-compiler, but a compiler with enough power to be useful in both the educational and applied areas of a university computer installation. To ensure these ends a very simple, yet powerful tool was added; the ability to operate with (read, write, compare, etc.) alphabetic variables. This was facilitated by the internal structure of the IBM 650 with alphabetic and special character devices.To make this work as pure a demonstration as possible, the translator was to be written in such a way as to use a minimum of externally produced subroutines. This meant that some operations which might be carried on very efficiently in some other languages (e.g. SOAP) would be time and space consuming in the translator. Due to the character of the GAT language these subroutines may be used as operators to some extent and allow for easy coding of conversions from one mode of internal storage to another.It should be noted here that there was never any intent to produce a production level translator. Compilers today use storage less efficiently than human coders and also are not equipped to take advantage of all of the devices available to the human programer. Nevertheless, it was happily noted that the translation of arithmetic FORTRANSIT statements to the corresponding GAT statements was relatively fast. A representative time might be about ten statements per minute. This varies according to the length and complexity of the statement.
Moving steel stacks with a special dolly

Abstract Relocating free-standing, steel shelving is an expensive labor-intensive activity. This article describes a special dolly designed to move stack ranges easily and quickly using a minimum of labor. Photos and a drawing are included to show how the dolly can be built from readily available materials and used effectively to move shelving.
Influence of magnetic field change on the magnetization relaxation of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor

Abstract Measurements of time-dependent magnetization for the melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7−δ bulk superconductor in the measuring field range Hc1 ⪡ H ⪡ H∗ at T > 1 2 Tc reveal that the decay obeys a t −2 3 or a t −1 3 rather than a logarithmic law, depending on the measuring field which was applied by an increasing of a lower field or by a decreasing of a higher field.
Correction to Discovery of the Hemifumarate and (α-l-Alanyloxy)methyl Ether as Prodrugs of an Antirheumatic Oxindole: Prodrugs for the Enolic OH Group

Ether, ester, and carbonate derivatives of the antirheumatic oxindole 1 were prepared and screened as potential prodrugs of 1. This effort led to the discovery of the (alpha-L-alanyloxy)-methyl ether and hemifumarate derivatives of 1 which deliver the drug efficiently into the circulation of test animals, are stable in the solid state, and possess good stability in solution at low pH as required to ensure gastric stability. Success in achieving acceptable bioavailabilities of 1 across species (rats, dogs, and monkeys) followed the inclusion of ionizable functionality within the promoiety to compensate for masking the polar enolic OH group of the free drug. However, the introduction of ionizable functionality was often associated with decreased stability, as demonstrated by the hemisuccinate, hemiadipate, hemisuberate, and alpha-amino ester derivatives of 1 which could not be isolated. A clear exception was the hemifumarate derivative of 1 which was not only isolable but actually more stable at neutral pH than the nonionizable ester analogues. The solution and solid state stability of the hemifumarate, together with its activity as a prodrug of 1, suggests that hemifumarate be considered as an alternative to hemisuccinate as a prodrug derivative for alcohols, particularly in situations where solution state stability is an issue.