cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 Hydrocarbon finds in the Arctic basins: discovery history, discovered resources and petroleum systems

Abstract Over the past 75 years, hydrocarbon exploration of Arctic regions north of the Arctic Circle (66°N) has yielded some 450 discoveries which collectively account for 2.5% of global conventional liquids discovered to date and 15.5% of the world9s discovered conventional natural gas. Accumulations occur in rocks ranging from Cambrian to Pleistocene in age but 94% of all Arctic hydrocarbon resources occur in clastic reservoirs of Mesozoic age. Although discoveries have been reported from 15 different basins onshore and offshore Alaska, Canada, Norway and Russia, 75% of all discovered resources are located in the portion of Russia9s Western Siberia Basin that lies north of 66°N. Hydrocarbon accumulations discovered in the Arctic region have been generated from nearly 40 different petroleum systems. The main elements of these petroleum systems such as sources, reservoirs and seals are described and the chronology of these depositional events is summarized in two chronologic charts representing the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 in the Rat Renal Medulla Leads to Sodium-Sensitive Hypertension

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the renal medulla is regulated by dietary salt intake. The present study was performed to determine the influence of chronic inhibition of medullary cyclooxygenase-2 on arterial blood pressure in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on a high-salt (4% NaCl) or a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet. Rats were uninephrectomized and instrumented with femoral arterial and femoral vein or renal medullary interstitial catheters. Each rat received a continuous medullary or intravenous infusion of saline (0.5 mL per hour) for 3 control days, followed by infusion of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 (10 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. Medullary interstitial infusion of NS-398 significantly increased mean arterial pressure in the 4% NaCl group from 126±2 to 146±2 mm Hg (n=6) but did not alter blood pressure in the 0.4% NaCl group (n=6). Intravenous infusion of NS-398 to rats on the 4.0% NaCl diet also failed to alter mean arterial pressure (n=5). To test the blood pressure effect of a mechanistically different inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, an antisense oligonucleotide against cyclooxygenase-2 (18-mer; 8 nmol per hour) was infused into the renal medulla of rats maintained on a high-salt diet. Administration of the antisense oligonucleotide reduced cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactive protein by 36% and significantly increased mean arterial pressure from 127±2 to 147±2 mm Hg (n=6). Renal medullary interstitial infusion of a scrambled oligonucleotide did not alter arterial pressure (n=5). These results demonstrate the importance of cyclooxygenase-2 in the renal medulla in maintaining blood pressure during high-salt intake.
Psychosocial Predictors of Health Risk Factors in Adolescents

Previous research has confirmed the role of problem-behavior theory constructs as predictors of nonconventional behaviors such as adolescent drug abuse. No prospective study, however, has examined this theory's relevance to less extreme nonconventional adolescent behaviors, such as poor health practices. In the present study, an attempt was made to predict an index composed of seven health risk factor items measured in 8th grade from numerous variables measured in 7th grade selected to reflect personality, perceived environment, and behavior systems of problem-behavior theory. In addition, problem-behavior theory was compared in predictive efficacy to a wellness notion. Factor analysis did not support the construct validity of the three systems as measured herein. Instead, resulting empirically derived factors reflected domains labeled "wellness," "subjective distress," and "problem behavior." In addition, linear regression results indicated that constituents of wellness, subjective distress, and problem-behavior domains, as well as the demographic variable of lower socioeconomic status, and taking less care of one's own physical health in 7th grade, were predictors of taking less care of one's physical health the next year. One interpretation of these results is that lack of a sense of wellness may lead one to yield to problem behavior-related social environment influences including participation in poor health practices. Language: en
THE RELATIONAL HEALTH INDICES: A STUDY OF WOMEN'S RELATIONSHIPS

A new measure of women’s relationships, the Relational Health Indices (RHI), comprises three scales that assess growthfostering connections with peers, mentors, and communities. The RHI was developed using the Relational Model (Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver, Surrey, 1991; Miller & Stiver, 1997), a theory of women’s psychological development. The 37-item measure assesses three conceptual dimensions of growth-fostering relationships: engagement, authenticity, and empowerment/zest. This study examined the psychometric properties of the RHI with a group of 450 students at a women’s liberal arts college, providing evidence for the reliability, validity, and utility of the new measure. The factor analyses confirmed a three-subscale structure: engagement, authenticity, empowerment/zest. The RHI’s components generally demonstrate good overall internal consistency. Furthermore, associations between RHI scales and convergent validation scales were significant and in the direction hypothesized. Correlations with adjustment scales varied across the RHI components. The RHI has potential for enriching our understanding of important, subtle qualities and complex dynamics of both dyadic and group relationships, especially among women. The instrument is available for use by researchers interested in continuing the scale and theory development. The importance of social support and relationships in women’s lives has been studied extensively (e.g., Boyce, Harris, Silove, Morgan, Wilhelm, & Hadzi-Pavlovic, 1998; Komproe, Rijken, Ros, & Winnubst, 1997; Warren, 1997). Findings from such studies indicate that the quality and nature of women’s relationships may be more meaningful than their quantity or structure (Bryant, 1985; Fiore, Becker, & Coppel, 1983; Waldrop & Halverson, 1975). In particular, relationships that are intimate and mutual can facilitate self-disclosure, emotional resiliency, coping strategies,
Skill Level, Self-Views and Self-Theories as Sources of Error in Self-Assessment

People’s impressions of the quality of their performances are often surprisingly inaccurate. In this paper, I discuss three specific factors that contribute to error in self-assessment. First, at a most basic level, individuals must possess a certain level of knowledge to simply distinguish weak from strong performances. Thus, a lack of skill can contribute to erroneous self-assessments. Second, even those who possess skill might rely on the wrong information to evaluate their performances. I discuss how relying on preexisting self-views can lead estimates of one’s performance astray. Third, I discuss how motivational forces can play an indirect role in overconfidence. In particular, theories of intelligence that inspire people to think well of themselves also inspire behaviors that contribute to overconfident impressions of how well one has performed on a task. Finally, I discuss how we can draw on this research to improve accuracy in self-assessments.
Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality

Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations driven by general circulation model (GCM) simulations of 21st-century climate change. We review these different approaches and their results. The future climate is expected to be more stagnant, due to a weaker global circulation and a decreasing frequency of mid-latitude cyclones. The observed correlation between surface ozone and temperature in polluted regions points to a detrimental effect of warming. Coupled GCM-CTM studies find that climate change alone will increase summertime surface ozone in polluted regions by 1-10 ppb over the coming decades, with the largest effects in urban areas and during pollution episodes. This climate penalty means that stronger emission controls will be needed to meet a given air quality standard. Higher water vapor in the future climate is expected to decrease the ozone background, so that pollution and background ozone have opposite sensitivities to climate change. The effect of climate change on particulate matter (PM) is more complicated and uncertain than for ozone. Precipitation frequency and mixing depth are important driving factors but projections for these vari- ables are often unreliable. GCM-CTM studies find that climate change will affect PM concentrations in polluted environments by � 0.1-1 m gm
Alternative translation of osteopontin generates intracellular and secreted isoforms that mediate distinct biological activities in dendritic cells

Osteopontin (Opn) contributes to diverse biological processes that include immune responses, vascularization, and bone formation. Until recently, studies describing the activities of Opn have focused on the cytokine-like properties of the secreted protein. Here, we show that alternative translation of a single Opn mRNA species generates a secreted and intracellular isoform. Utilization of a 5′ canonical translation start site generates a protein that includes an N-terminal signal sequence allowing targeting to secretory vesicles and cytokine secretion, whereas usage of a downstream start site generates a shortened protein that lacks the N-terminal signal sequence and localizes mainly to cytoplasm. The coordinated action of these Opn gene products regulates the functional phenotype of subsets of dendritic cells.
Memory Compensation in Older Adults: The Role of Health, Emotion Regulation, and Trait Mindfulness

Objectives. The current study examined associations between everyday memory compensation and 3 person-level resource domains (i.e., health, emotion regulation, and trait mindfulness) in older adults. Method. In this cross-sectional study, 89 healthy, community-dwelling older adults (ages 51–85 years) completed the multidimensional Memory Compensation Questionnaire, along with measures of self-reported health status, emotion regulation strategies, and trait mindfulness. Results. Hierarchical regressions (covarying for age, gender, and education) showed that poorer mental health (espe cially for older adults) and physical health functioning were related to using compensatory strategies (e.g., reliance on others and investment of time and effort) more frequently. Cognitive reappraisers reported using more internal mnemonic strategies. Conversely, having a more mindful predisposition was associated with less frequent use of compensatory strategies, especially for middle-aged adults. Discussion. The results suggest that health-related quality of life, adaptive strategies to regulate emotions, and trait mindfulness are additional contexts that determine the degree of engagement in everyday memory compensation and ultimately to successful aging.
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF REFLECTION-DRIVEN, REDUCED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE FROM THE SUN TO THE ALFVÉN CRITICAL POINT

We present direct numerical simulations of inhomogeneous reduced magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) turbulence between the Sun and the Alfven critical point. These are the first such simulations that take into account the solar-wind outflow velocity and the radial inhomogeneity of the background solar wind without approximating the nonlinear terms in the governing equations. RMHD turbulence is driven by outward-propagating Alfven waves (z + fluctuations) launched from the Sun, which undergo partial non-WKB reflection to produce sunward-propagating Alfven waves (z – fluctuations). We present 10 simulations with different values of the correlation time and perpendicular correlation length L ⊥☉ of outward-propagating Alfven waves at the coronal base. We find that between 15% and 33% of the z + energy launched into the corona dissipates between the coronal base and Alfven critical point. Between 33% and 40% of this input energy goes into work on the solar-wind outflow, and between 22% and 36% escapes as z + fluctuations through the simulation boundary at r = r A. The z ± power spectra scale like , where k ⊥ is the wavenumber in the plane perpendicular to B 0. In our simulation with the smallest value of (~2 minutes) and largest value of L ⊥☉ (2 × 104 km), we find that α+ decreases approximately linearly with increasing ln (r), reaching a value of 1.3 at r = 11.1 R ☉. Our simulations with larger values of exhibit alignment between the contours of constant +, –, , and , where ± are the Elsasser potentials and are the outer-scale parallel Elsasser vorticities.
Who will serve the children? Recruiting and educating future children's librarians

The paper identifies some desirable traits for children’s librarians and presents strategies for recruiting people to the profession. Library school curriculum is discussed in terms of learning outcomes based on the ‘Competencies for Librarians Serving Children in Public Libraries’ developed by the Association for Library Service to Children. Limitations of current graduate library education in the United States are acknowledged and examples of professional development opportunities for children’s librarians are given. Finally, suggestions are made for possible actions to advance the education and ongoing training of children’s librarians that the IFLA Section on Libraries for Children and Young Adults could take.
Optimal parameters for a low-orbit to geostationary satellite link

We examine the design of a communication link involving the data transfer from a small, low-orbit satellite to a ground station, but through a geostationary satellite. The advantage of this approach is that a single ground station, which tracks only the geostationary satellite, may be shared by a multiplicity of small satellites. Our goal is to select certain small satellite parameters-signaling rate, small satellite antenna beamwidth, and modulation scheme-which maximize the data throughput in bits per day. Our approach uses both simulations of this scenario and theoretical analysis based on the channel cutoff rate, R/sub 0/.
Does traffic congestion reduce employment growth

Abstract This paper examines the impact of traffic congestion on employment growth in large U.S. metropolitan areas. An historic highway plan and political variables serve as instruments for endogenous congestion. The results show that high initial levels of congestion dampen subsequent employment growth. This finding suggests that increasing the efficiency of public infrastructure can spur local economies. Counterfactual estimates show that the employment-growth returns from modest capacity expansion or congestion pricing are substantial.
A low-power 1.92MHz CT ΔΣ modulator with 5-bit successive approximation quantizer

CT Delta-Sigma modulators provide a solution for low-power analog to digital conversion with built in anti-aliasing but they are sensitive to clock jitter. One way of mitigating the jitter problem is to use a multi-bit quantizer with increased number of bits. The limiting factors are quantizer delay and exponential growth of power and complexity. This paper reports the use of a 5-bit successive approximation ADC in a wide-band CT delta-sigma. The ADC structure allows easy integration of the delay compensation mechanism with minimum hardware and power. The design is implemented in a 130nm CMOS technology and measurement results show a 62 dB dynamic range and 3.1mw power consumption from a 1.2v supply.
Leveraging travel as a tool for global leadership development

Short-term business travel is an underutilized method for developing some of the skills that are necessary to be a global leader. International business travel can place executives in situations where they can develop global mindsets; however, most executives cocoon themselves during international trips and wind up wasting opportunities to enhance their global skills. When properly designed, international business travel can be leveraged as a strategic management development tool. Throughout the article, case examples are given to illustrate how international travel can aid in developing global leadership skills. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Instituting the marketing concept in a multinational setting: The role of national culture

A growing concern among international marketing managers is how to increase the market orientation and thereby performance of their transnational organizations. This study broaches this issue by investigating how the marketing concept, the heart of the market orientation, may be established in a multinational setting and the effects of national culture on that process. From a wide array of literature, the authors construct a theoretical framework and propositions on how global organizations may transform this philosophy from an abstract platitude to an operational reality. Their findings suggest that the process consists of complex, interdependent steps—interpretation, adoption, and implementation of the marketing concept. Cultural values shape interpretation and facilitate or impede adoption and implementation. The overall framework and findings can be used to guide institutionalization of the marketing concept across the organizational span, in particular by anticipating culture-based reactions from international subsidiaries.
Simultaneous Partitioning and Frequency Assignment for On-Chip Bus Architectures

In this paper, we provide a methodology to perform both bus partitioning and bus frequency assignment to each of the bus segment simultaneously while optimizing both power consumption and performance of the system. We use a genetic algorithm and design an appropriate cost function which optimizes the solution on the basis of its power consumption and performance. The evaluation of our approach using a set of multiprocessor applications show that an average reduction of the energy consumption by 60% over a single shared bus architecture. Our results also show that it is beneficial to simultaneously assign bus frequencies and performing bus partitioning instead of performing them sequentially.
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CURVATURE AND TEXTURE ON PASSENGER CAR TIRE NOISE GENERATION ON ROADWHEELS AND ROADWAYS

Differences in surface curvature and surface texture are the only possible explanations for the differences in the noise of passenger car tires measured on-road and on a laboratory roadwheel. To determine the individual effects of curvature and surface texture, acoustic intensity measurements were made alongside four passenger car tires operating on roadwheel and roadway surfaces as the two parameters were varied independently. In the study, curvature was varied by using roadwheels of varying diameters and a flat roadway. Surface texture was varied both on the roadwheels and on the roadway. The results show that differences in surface texture account for most of the differences observed between noise measured on-road and on a roadwheel. Curvature effects were found to be minor over the range investigated here (roadwheels with diameter greater than 1.7 m). It was also observed that another important parameter in causing differences is direction of tire rotation and measurement side of tire.
The structure of class conflict in democratic capitalist societies

The article presents a theory of class conflict between workers and capitalists who pursue their material interests under a form of societal organization that combines private ownership of instruments of production with representative political institutions. There exist economic and political conditions under which both classes would simultaneously choose courses of action that constitute a class compromise: workers consent to the institution of profit and capitalists to democratic institutions through which workers can effectively press claims for material gains. When these conditions hold and a compromise is in force, the role of the state consists in institutionalizing, coordinating, and enforcing the terms of a compromise that represents the preferences of workers as well as capitalists. The combination of private ownership of the instruments of production with representative political institutions based on widespread suffrage constitutes a compromise between workers, who consent to the private appropriation of profit by owners of capital, and capitalists, who accept the democratic institutions through which workers can make effective claims for an improvement of their material conditions. This form of societal organization was con
Required material properties for high-efficiency CIGS modules

This paper discusses material properties required for each CIGS device layer so that large-area CIGS modules can achieve efficiencies of >15%, substantially higher than the current state of the art.
Forest age correlates with fine-scale spatial structure of Matsutake mycorrhizas.

Examining the fine-scale spatial structure of fungal populations can tell us much about how individual species reproduce and disperse throughout natural landscapes. Here we study the fine-scale genetic structure of Tricholoma matsutake, a prized edible and medicinal mushroom, by systematic sampling of mycorrhizas within fairy rings in 50-y-old and old-growth forests in two villages. Using single nucleotide polymorphism DNA markers we show that mycorrhizas in both forest age classes in both villages showed high levels of genotypic diversity, consistent with a reproductive life history predominated by outcrossing via basidiospore dispersal. Both the percentage of polymorphic loci within fairy rings, as well as genotype diversity were higher in old-growth compared to 50-y-old forests. Fifty-year-old forests showed significant spatial autocorrelation between pairs of mycorrhizas up to 42 m, and a pattern consistent isolation-by-distance structure. Spatial patterns in old-growth forests were random. Furthermore, AMOVA analysis indicates that 11 % of molecular variance in 50-y-old forests is partitioned between villages, whereas no significant variance is partitioned between villages in old-growth forests. We conclude that populations of T. matsutake in 50-y-old forests are the result of a founder effect maintained by local inoculation sources. This pattern attenuates as forests age and accumulate inocula from more distance sources. We speculate on how genetic mosaicism within T. matsutake fairy rings may structure populations within a chronosequence. Finally, we discuss how population spatial dynamics and dispersal strategy in T. matsutake contrast with other ectomycorrhizal species.
Coffee-drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract.

Abstract Interviews were conducted with a population-based series of patients with cancer of the lower urinary tract and controls drawn from the same population. An unanticipated finding is association of the disease with coffee-drinking. The relative risk for coffee-drinkers, compared to non-drinkers, is 1.24 among men and 2.58 (P
Contribution of Urease to Colonization by Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen with a low infectious dose that colonizes the colon in humans and can cause severe clinical manifestations such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The urease enzyme, encoded in the STEC chromosome, has been demonstrated to act as a virulence factor in other bacterial pathogens. The NH(3) produced as urease hydrolyzes urea can aid in buffering bacteria in acidic environments as well as provide an easily assimilated source of nitrogen that bacteria can use to gain a metabolic advantage over intact microflora. Here, we explore the role of urease in STEC pathogenicity. The STEC urease enzyme exhibited maximum activity near neutral pH and during the stationary-growth phase. Experiments altering growth conditions performed with three phylogenetically distinct urease-positive strains demonstrated that the STEC ure gene cluster is inducible by neither urea nor pH but does respond to nitrogen availability. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicate that nitrogen inhibits the transcriptional response. The deletion of the ure gene locus was constructed in STEC strain 88-0643, and the ure mutant was used with the wild-type strain in competition experiments in mouse models to examine the contribution of urease. The wild-type strain was twice as likely to survive passage through the acidic stomach and demonstrated an enhanced ability to colonize the intestinal tract compared to the ure mutant strain. These in vivo experiments reveal that, although the benefit STEC gains from urease expression is modest and not absolutely required for colonization, urease can contribute to the pathogenicity of STEC.
Effect of Nitrates on Left Ventricular Size and Function During Exercise: Comparison of Sublingual Nitroglycerin and Nitroglycerin Paste

Abstract To compare the effects of sublingual nitroglycerin and nitroglycerin paste on left ventricular size and performance during supine bicycle exercise, equilibrium radionuclide angiography was performed in 36 persons classified into two groups of normal subjects and two groups of patients with angiographically proved coronary heart disease. Each group underwent a control exercise study, and then one group of normal subjects and one group of patients were restudied after the administration of 0.6 mg of nitroglycerin or 2 inches (5 cm) of nitroglycerin paste (but not both). Data were collected at rest and at peak exercise. In normal subjects exercise resulted in increased ejection fraction, decreased end-systolic volume and little change in end-diastolic volume. After either drug, volumes at rest markedly decreased, and during exercise, ejection fraction increased to levels comparable with pre-drug levels. After nitroglycerin paste the reduction in volume seen at rest persisted during exercise, but after sublingual nitroglycerin end-diastolic volume increased during exercise (88 ± 43 to 113 ± 30 ml [mean ± standard deviation]; p In patients with coronary disease , ejection fraction did not change during exercise, but both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased. After either drug ejection fraction at rest was unchanged, although ventricular volumes were markedly lower ( p Thus, sublingual nitroglycerin and nitroglycerin paste improved left ventricular function during exercise. The effect of paste on end-diastolic volume appeared sustained, whereas that of sublingual nitroglycerin was transient, confirming the hypothesis that reduction in end-diastolic volume and, by implication, left ventricular wall tension, is a major mechanism of nitrate action.
Quantitative spectral reflectance imaging device for intraoperative breast tumor margin assessment

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of tissue allows quantification of underlying physiological and morphological changes associated with cancer, provided that the absorption and scattering properties of the tissue can be effectively decoupled. A particular application of interest for tissue reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-VIS is intraoperative detection of residual cancer at the margins of excised breast tumors, which could prevent costly and unnecessary repeat surgeries. Our multi-disciplinary group has developed an optical imaging device, which employs a model-based algorithm for quantification of tissue optical properties, and is capable of surveying the entire specimen surface down to a depth of 1-2 mm, all within a short time as required for intraoperative use. In an ongoing IRB-approved study, reflectance spectral images were acquired from 55 margins in 48 patients. Conversion of the spectral images to quantitative tissue parameter maps was facilitated by a fast scalable inverse Monte-Carlo model. Data from margin parameter images were reduced to image-descriptive scalar values and compared to gold-standard margin pathology. Use of a decision-tree based classification algorithm on the two most significant optical parameters resulted in a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 67% for detection of residual tumor of all pathologic variants, with an 89% sensitivity for ductal carcinoma in situ alone. Preliminary data from this ongoing clinical study suggest that this technology could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary repeat breast conserving surgeries annually.
Oral Ondansetron Pharmacokinetics: The Effect of Chemotherapy

The effect of a typical 5-day chemotherapy treatment with cisplatin (20-40 mg/m2 per day) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 1 gm/m2 per day) on the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron was investigated. Twenty cancer patients received 8 mg of ondansetron in three periods, including an oral tablet on day 1, an intravenous infusion on day 4, and an oral tablet on day 5. Absolute bioavailability after the oral dosing on day 1 was 87.5 +/- 31.3%, and on day 5 was 85.2 +/- 22.1% (P > .05). Mean values of AUC, Cmax, Tmax, and half life on days 1 and 5 were 399 +/- 275 and 381 +/- 222 ng.hour/mL, 53.3 +/- 26.8 and 43.6 +/- 21.7 ng/mL, 1.9 +/- 1.4 and 2 +/- 1.4 hours, and 5.21 +/- 1.78 and 6.19 +/- 1.99 hours, respectively. These values were not significantly different (P > .05). In summary, this study showed that cisplatin and 5-FU did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of oral ondansetron in cancer patients during the 5 days of chemotherapy. Oral bioavailability of ondansetron appeared to be greater in cancer patients than in healthy subjects.
Odorant Representations Are Modulated by Intra- but Not Interglomerular Presynaptic Inhibition of Olfactory Sensory Neurons

Input to the central nervous system from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is modulated presynaptically. We investigated the functional organization of this inhibition and its role in odor coding by imaging neurotransmitter release from OSNs in slices and in vivo in mice expressing synaptopHluorin, an optical indicator of vesicle exocytosis. Release from OSNs was strongly suppressed by heterosynaptic, intraglomerular inhibition. In contrast, inhibitory connections between glomeruli mediated only weak lateral inhibition of OSN inputs in slices and did not do so in response to odorant stimulation in vivo. Blocking presynaptic inhibition in vivo increased the amplitude of odorant-evoked input to glomeruli but had little effect on spatial patterns of glomerular input. Thus, intraglomerular inhibition limits the strength of olfactory input to the CNS, whereas interglomerular inhibition plays little or no role. This organization allows for control of input sensitivity while maintaining the spatial maps of glomerular activity thought to encode odorant identity.
Asymmetrical Information and Public Failure in the Myriad Decision

The Public Value concept is a Public Management normative process that utilizes efficiency and ethics as co-equal determinants to assess organizational outcomes. As such, Public Value represents what Ghoshal calls intellectual pluralism or the utilization of normative management processes in the social sciences to challenge the intellectual absolutism of the Chicago School. One discipline where Public Value can be used to assess normative results is Legal Studies’ antitrust field. This research applies Public Value criteria in evaluating the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 ruling in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics. The conclusions tentatively found the Court’s decision will (a) create Public Value at the macro level but (b) trigger public failure at the micro level for poor women because of an asymmetrical information network. This outcome fits with Stiglitz’s hypothesis concerning asymmetrical information and market failure. Further empirical research on Myriad’s policy is recommended.
E-cadherin mediates adherens junction organization through protein kinase C

Cultured human keratinocytes maintained in 30 microM Ca2+ do not form adherens junctions; however, when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration is raised to 1 mM, adherens junctions form very rapidly. The formation of a junction involves the coordinate organization of intracellular and extracellular components. Cadherins have been shown to mediate this coordinate organization. In this report we show that E-cadherin organizes the various junctional components by signalling through protein kinase C.
Tubular Sections In Highway Structures

The structural tubular section is finding increased application in highway structures because of its high structural efficiency, and its pleasing appearance. Round and rectangular structural tubes are now available in a wide variety of sizes and steel grades. Large tubes and box sections have been used extensively in large highway bridges. They are also finding application as bracing members in major bridges, and as the main members in pedestrian bridges. Several new design concepts are presented. European and United States usage of tubes in sign supports and towers is reviewed. It is concluded that the tube is an ideal section for this type of structure. The recently devised strong beam-weak post median barrier design, using square tubes, is explained. A review of recent studies on internal corrosion reveals that proper design will eliminate this problem. Pertinent provisions of various member design specifications are quoted, and tubular connection design is described and illustrated.
Knowledge and motivation as mediators in mathematics teaching practice: the case of drawn models for fraction arithmetic

Past studies have suggested that in light of recent curriculum standards, many US teachers make limited use of drawn models in their mathematics instruction. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we investigated relationships between US teachers’ opportunities to learn about, knowledge of, motivation for, and instructional use of drawn models for representing multiplication and division of fractions. A national sample of 990 practicing middle-grade teachers was administered a three-part survey that contained a knowledge assessment; a professional history and teaching practices questionnaire that included questions about opportunities to learn to use drawn models; and a motivation questionnaire that measured teachers’ value, anxiety, and self-concept of ability for using such models in instruction. In regression models without motivation, opportunity to learn significantly predicted the teachers’ knowledge, frequency of use, and purpose for use of drawn models. In structural equation models that included motivation, knowledge and motivation substantially accounted for relationships between the teachers’ opportunity to learn and their self-reported use of drawn models in instruction. These findings are consistent with the general hypothesis that teacher’ opportunities to learn teaching practices indirectly affect their instructional practices. Teachers’ knowledge and motivation also play a central role.
Pensée 2: On the Virtues and Limits of Private Politics in the Middle East

The most glaring aspect of America's failure at democratizing Iraq has been policymakers' inability to take local political culture and values into consideration. Democracy was understood to consist of such trappings as a well-drafted constitution, regular elections, and a vociferous parliament; it seems no thought was given to the influence of tribal affinities and networks or the implications of sectarian identity on politics. Constitutions, elections, and parliaments are important elements in democratic systems, but they do not in and of themselves lessen autocratic rule, as can be witnessed in many Middle Eastern countries. Something else in terms of political practice must exist for autocracy and despotism to be blunted. I argue here that attention should be given to private forms of political engagement that are rooted in tribal and Islamic norms and practices.
Sonar Sensory Aid and Blind Children’s Spatial Cognition

In the present report I would like to outline several findings from an empirical investigation which was conducted to assess the ability of blind school-age children to learn to use a sonar sensory aid to perceive and behave in small scale space. The particular aid we used is Leslie Kay’s Trisensor (8) which is patterned after his earlier Binaural Sensory Aid (BSA). The basic principle on which these aids operate is that a small transmitter irradiates the field of view with very high frequency acoustic waves which encounter objects and surfaces in space. Reflected waves, which return to the observer as echoes, are detected by suitable transducers, and this information is transformed into an audible acoustic display which informs the user of the properties and structure of the environment. Like Kay’s BSA, the Trisensor has binaural inputs from angled receivers which yield interaural differences in amplitude level which result in a sense of azimuth spatial location and movement. In addition it adds monaural information derived from a very narrow beam in front of the subject. This later design feature provides the user with high acuity information regarding objects directly ahead and was added in order to allow the Trisensor to function in a manner analogous to the dual modes of vision -- foveal and peripheral (14).
Progressive forest canopy water loss during the 2012–2015 California drought

The 2012–2015 drought has left California with severely reduced snowpack, soil moisture, ground water, and reservoir stocks, but the impact of this estimated millennial-scale event on forest health is unknown. We used airborne laser-guided spectroscopy and satellite-based models to assess losses in canopy water content of California’s forests between 2011 and 2015. Approximately 10.6 million ha of forest containing up to 888 million large trees experienced measurable loss in canopy water content during this drought period. Severe canopy water losses of greater than 30% occurred over 1 million ha, affecting up to 58 million large trees. Our measurements exclude forests affected by fire between 2011 and 2015. If drought conditions continue or reoccur, even with temporary reprieves such as El Nino, we predict substantial future forest change.
Modeling of dust transport and impact on fusion edge plasmas

Recent experiments demonstrated that dust penetrating into fusion plasma edge can significantly affect the plasma performance due to dust originated impurities1,2. It is also feasible that intentional dust injection can be used for control of edge plasma parameters, wall conditioning and emergency plasma shutdown. In this work, we model dynamics of dust injected in tokamak edge plasmas with different rates and the effects of dust originated impurities on the plasmas using the coupled DUSTT/UEDGE code. The code can simulate as individual trajectories of dust particles, as well as self-consistently coupled transport of plasma and continuously injected dust in tokamak edge. Injection of carbon, tungsten and lithium dust in NSTX and ITER tokamaks are modeled. The code validation was performed using 3-D dust trajectories measured on NSTX. The modeling demonstrates that dust injection with rates of several 10mg/s in NSTX can significantly affect the edge plasma density and temperature profiles, plasma flows and pressure gradients. The simulations also show that achieving similar effects in ITER requires much higher rates of dust injection, up to a few g/s. The possibility of divertor heat load reduction using injection of dust in tokamak plasmas is demonstrated. The differences between the dust injection and the injection of equivalent amounts of gaseous impurities in the edge plasmas are discussed.
Cost Scaling of a Real-World Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Thermoelectric Generator: A Deeper Dive

Cost is equally important to power density or efficiency for the adoption of waste heat recovery thermoelectric generators (TEG) in many transportation and industrial energy recovery applications. In many cases, the system design that minimizes cost (e.g., the $/W value) can be very different than the design that maximizes the system’s efficiency or power density, and it is important to understand the relationship between those designs to optimize TEG performance-cost compromises. Expanding on recent cost analysis work and using more detailed system modeling, an enhanced cost scaling analysis of a waste heat recovery TEG with more detailed, coupled treatment of the heat exchangers has been performed. In this analysis, the effect of the heat lost to the environment and updated relationships between the hot-side and cold-side conductances that maximize power output are considered. This coupled thermal and thermoelectric (TE) treatment of the exhaust waste heat recovery TEG yields modified cost scaling and design optimization equations, which are now strongly dependent on the heat leakage fraction, exhaust mass flow rate, and heat exchanger effectiveness. This work shows that heat exchanger costs most often dominate the overall TE system costs, that it is extremely difficult to escape this regime, and in order to achieve TE system costs of $1/W it is necessary to achieve heat exchanger costs of $1/(W/K). Minimum TE system costs per watt generally coincide with maximum power points, but preferred TE design regimes are identified where there is little cost penalty for moving into regions of higher efficiency and slightly lower power outputs. These regimes are closely tied to previously identified low cost design regimes. This work shows that the optimum fill factor Fopt minimizing system costs decreases as heat losses increase, and increases as exhaust mass flow rate and heat exchanger effectiveness increase. These findings have profound implications on the design and operation of various TE waste heat recovery systems. This work highlights the importance of heat exchanger costs on the overall TEG system costs, quantifies the possible TEG performance-cost domain space based on heat exchanger effects, and provides a focus for future system research and development efforts.
Clusters in dense-inertial granular flows

In the dense-inertial regime of granular flow, the stresses scale inertially, but the flow is dominated by clusters of particles. This paper describes observations of cluster development in this regime. Clusters were seen to form for both elastic and inelastic reasons: elastic when the shear rate pushes the particles together faster than the contacts can elastically disperse them, and inelastic as large energy dissipation leads to cluster formation. Furthermore, large particle surface friction leads to cluster formation both for structural reasons, because it generates stronger clusters, and for energetic reasons, as friction dissipates energy. However, the most intriguing result of this work is that clusters appear to have little effect on the rheology of the dense inertial regime, which suggests that one can model the dense inertial regime with entirely collisional hard sphere models, and not have to worry about the complexities of modelling clusters. But at the same time it presents a physical puzzle, as one would normally expect the rheology to be strongly dependent on microstructural features such as clusters, particularly as they present an elastic pathway for internal momentum transport. There is no completely satisfying explanation for why the clusters can be ignored, but two possibilities suggest themselves. Because the clusters are short-lived, it is possible that they do not survive long enough to make a significant contribution to the momentum transport. And it is also possible for the granular temperature that governs transport between clusters to act as a rate-limiting bottleneck that is in overall control of the momentum transport rate.
Viral Interference with Exoerythrocytic Forms of Malaria (Plasmodium gallinaceum) in Ovo

The effect of viral infection on subsequent infection by the avian malaria parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, was studied in chick embryos. Chikungunya virus infection protected embryos against multiplication of P. gallinaceum. This protection was associated with induction of strong interference but minimal amounts of interferon. In comparison, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) provided no protection and induced neither interference nor detectable interferon in ovo. However, NDV protected young chicks against P. gallinaceum. The results indicate that the relationship of the interferon mechanism to the observations on viral interference with malarial growth remains uncertain. Although most studies of interferon and its inducers have centered around their antiviral capac
Chromatic Dispersion Induced Second-Order Distortion in Long-Haul Photonic Links

Closed form expressions for the theoretical photocurrent of a photonic link with a dispersive fiber are derived for multiple external modulation schemes. These expressions are used to derive the link's output power at both the fundamental and second-order frequencies. Expressions for phase modulation (with and without an asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer), and both X- and Z-cut LiNO3 intensity modulation are presented and compared.
The effect of contraction sequence on left ventricular function and wall motion

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that left ventricular (LV) contraction sequence (CS) has a greater effect on hemodynamics than was previously recognized.Therefore, hemodynamic effects of LVCS were further evaluated.Methods: LVCS and atrioventricular CS were varied by pacing. Pacing modes (PM) used were right atrial (RAP) or right ventricular (RVP) in 8 dogs and RA-AV node sequential (ANSP) and RA-RV sequential (AVSP) in 10 dogs. From LV right anterior oblique angiograms we measured radial grid lengths of walls : apical (AP), anterior (AW), inferior (LW),and basilar (BW). Stroke volume (SV) ejectionfraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI) were calculated. Statistics : PM commparisons in same dog were by Wilcoxon test and in different dogs by Mann-Whiteney test.Results: parameters of hemodynamics such as Co increased 25%, and LV segment motion such as AW increased 48% when ANSP vs AVSP comparisons.Conclusions: AVSP and RVP resulted in significantly decreased LV function compared to the other pacing modes ANSP. Thus, LVCS is an important determinant of hemodynamic performance and is as cirtical as AV synchrony.
Infection in renal transplantation. The first six months.

The renal transplant patient usually does not need ICU care post-transplantation. Long-term effects of immunosuppressive therapy, infectious processes, or a totally unrelated illness may necessitate admission to the ICU. Infectious processes occur in over 50% of renal transplant patients at least once during the life of the graft. Because this population has a higher risk for superinfection, the nurse must be aware of the effects of steroid therapy and infection in this patient population.
How Student Enrollment in Kindergarten Readiness Classes Affects Future Academic Achievement.

Data from a large suburban school district in Tennessee (N = 910) were used to examine the effects of the Kindergarten Readiness program as measured by third grade End of Year (EOY) benchmark performance assessments in reading and math. The groups of students studied included kindergarteners with summer birthdays (SK), kindergarteners with fall and spring birthdays (K), students who participated in Kindergarten Readiness Classes (KR), and redshirted students (RS). The KR group had a statistically significant higher mean of reading and math scores when compared to the SK group and a statistically significant higher mean of math scores when compared to the K group. When there are concerns that young children with summer birthdays may not be ready to begin school, this research study supports the need to allow parents to make the decision to redshirt their children, enroll them in Kindergarten Readiness Classes, or enroll them in regular kindergarten classes.