cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is it better in the moonlight? Nocturnal activity of insular cottonmouth snakes increases with lunar light levels

Both theoretical and empirical investigations suggest that predation risk and availability of resources interact as trade-offs to produce patterns of predation-sensitive foraging. Such interactions have been explored intensely in terrestrial predator–prey systems where both nocturnal prey and predators adjust their activity and foraging behaviour to levels of moonlight. In the case of prey, higher levels of moonlight increase predation risks, and thus prey display lower levels of activity and/or shifts in their use of microhabitat during full moon nights. Predators also display parallel modifications of their activity rhythms during full moon nights – but why? Are predators also sensitive to increased predation, or do predators adjust their behaviour to that of their prey in order to optimize foraging success? Herein, we examined nocturnal predatory behaviour in a natural system where insular cottonmouth snakes, Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti, forage for fish carrion that is indifferent to levels of moonlight, thereby removing complexities linked to the behavioural patterns of prey. Our results demonstrated that insular cottonmouths increase their activity during full moon nights. Predation pressure on snakes foraging in the open does not seem to drive their nocturnal behaviour insofar as small-sized individuals – presumably more susceptible to predation – are equally abundant as adult snakes irrespective of levels of moonlight. These results suggest that variation in predator's activity in natural predator–prey systems during risky (full moon) nights might be attributable principally to the availability and detectability of prey rather than a foraging-safety trade-off specific to the predator.
MR Imaging Anatomy in Neurodegeneration: A Robust Volumetric Parcellation Method of the Frontal Lobe Gyri with Quantitative Validation in Patients with Dementia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain volumetry is widely used for evaluating tissue degeneration; however, the parcellation methods are rarely validated and use arbitrary planes to mark boundaries of brain regions. The goal of this study was to develop, validate, and apply an MR imaging tracing method for the parcellation of 3 major gyri of the frontal lobe, which uses only local landmarks intrinsic to the structures of interest, without the need for global reorientation or the use of dividing planes or lines. METHODS: Studies were performed on 25 subjects—healthy controls and subjects diagnosed with Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer disease—with significant variation in the underlying gyral anatomy and state of atrophy. The protocol was evaluated by using multiple observers tracing scans of subjects diagnosed with neurodegenerative disease and those aging normally, and the results were compared by spatial overlap agreement. To confirm the results, observers marked the same locations in different brains. We illustrated the variabilities of the key boundaries that pose the greatest challenge to defining consistent parcellations across subjects. RESULTS: The resulting gyral volumes were evaluated, and their consistency across raters was used as an additional assessment of the validity of our marking method. The agreement on a scale of 0–1 was found to be 0.83 spatial and 0.90 volumetric for the same rater and 0.85 spatial and 0.90 volumetric for 2 different raters. The results revealed that the protocol remained consistent across different neurodegenerative conditions. CONCLUSION: Our method provides a simple and reliable way for the volumetric evaluation of frontal lobe neurodegeneration and can be used as a resource for larger comparative studies as well as a validation procedure of automated algorithms.
Analyzing Behavioral and Cultural Selection Contingencies

A choice paradigm was used to evaluate allocation of interlocking behavior of two groups of two participants between responses having operant consequences only, and responses having cultural consequences. In a discrete trial BABABAB design, each participant could select one of three options, which delivered either 3 or 5 points. In B (cultural consequence) condition, two of the options had additional effects: the 3-point option also added 3 points to the other participant’s earnings, and one of the 5-point options also subtracted 5 points from the other participant’s earnings. The third option was unchanged in both conditions and delivered 5 points to the participant who selected it. Results indicated that participants in both groups initially frequently produced response combinations that earned 8 points for one or the other individual (and 0 or 3 points for the other), but allocation of responding increasingly changed to combinations that produced 6 points for each individual. This shift in performances away from maximum individual reinforcement towards maximum group reinforcement indicates cultural contingencies did not act in concert with operant contingencies, suggesting they are different mechanisms of selection.
Inhibitory control and the onset of combustible cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah use in early adolescence: The moderating role of socioeconomic status

The purpose of the study was to test the moderating influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on the associations between inhibitory control and the onset of combustible cigarette, electronic (e-) cigarette, and hookah use in early adolescence. A total of 407 adolescents self-reported nicotine use, inhibitory control, and SES. The hypothesis that inhibitory control would be significantly associated with nicotine use onset (i.e., combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and hookah) only under the condition of low SES was tested. Direct associations were found for inhibitory control on “ever use” of all three nicotine use variables. A moderating effect was also found whereby low inhibitory control was significantly associated with nicotine use onset when participants were from low, but not high, SES families. Findings illustrate one contextual condition under which inhibitory control is associated with early onset of nicotine use.
Near field wavefront measurements of semiconductor laser arrays by shearing interferometry

A reliable technique for measuring near field phase fronts of phased-array semiconductor lasers is proposed and demonstrated. Laterally sheared interferograms are generated in a ring-type interferometer with zero optical path difference between two beams, eliminating problems due to equal optical path requirements in other systems. Fourier transform methods are used to extract phase difference information from the nonuniformly illuminated interferograms, and phase discontinuities between adjacent stripes of carrier-guided laser arrays are observed. Test data agree with theoretical predictions and far field interpretations.
A Time Shared System for Multiple Independent Laboratories

A new approach to computer-based data acquisition and control for multiple, diverse, and remote laboratories is described. Modular techniques are used in the programming system, as well as in the input-output and instrument interfacing facilities. The system is designed to achieve some of the benefits of multiprocessing systems, but at lower cost and with higher system efficiency. Ease of use is stressed throughout, and language processors developed to help achieve that goal are described. An example of initial use is presented.
Evaluation of the cellobiose-fermenting yeast Brettanomyces custersii in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose

Brettanomyces custersii (CBS 5512) was identified as a promising glucose- and cellobiose-fermenting yeast for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose for ethanol production. In SSF studies with 75 g/L of cellulose,B. custersii produced 32 g/L of ethanol in just 3 days (75% of theoretical yield). This yield represents an increase of more than 16% over the yields of other fementative yeasts and the time to achieve it is less than that with other organisms. In addition, the ethanol tolerance ofB. custersii seems to be greater than that of other cellobiose-fermenting yeasts considered to date. Overall, the combination of higher yields, rates, and ethanol concentrations obtained withB. custersii improves the economics of ethanol production.
White Privilege in Sex and Relationship Therapy

In the previous issue of this Journal, my colleague and associate editor, Dr. Damien Riggs (2012), eloquently invited us to pay attention to subjectivity in both research and clinical practice. He ...
Generation of femtosecond X-rays by 90° Thomson scattering

Abstract We propose Thomson scattering of short pulse laser beams by low energy electron beams at a right angle for generation of femtosecond X-rays. The basic idea is the observation that a low emittance electron beam can be focussed much more tightly in a transverse dimension than in the longitudinal dimension. Therefore much shorter pulses of X-rays can be generated (in the direction of the electron beam) by arranging the laser beam to meet the electron beam at a right angle rather than head on as in the Thomson backscattering configuration. Simple analysis of the process is presented by noting the similarity between the Thomson scattered radiation and the well-understood undulator radiation. Using the parameters of the recently developed femtosecond visible lasers and the high brightness electron guns, it is shown that 1 A X-ray pulses, of 300 fs duration, containing several 10 5 photons within 10% bandwidth per collision, can be generated.
Intake-volume regulation during schedule-induced polydipsia in rats.

Hungry animals drink extremely large quantities of water when they are intermittently fed small amounts of food. Are these animals motivated to drink for long durations or to ingest large volumes of fluid, or both? This question was studied by restricting rats' drinking-tube apertures so as to vary the rate of water ingestion. The rats adjusted their time spent drinking in order to keep constant the volume ingested during each session. Their intake-volume regulation was more precise when they were food deprived and fed intermittently than when they were water deprived for 23.5 hr and allowed to drink for 30 min.
Automated detection and mitigation of inter-application security vulnerabilities in Android (invited talk)

Android is the most popular platform for mobile devices. It facilitates sharing data and services between applications by providing a rich inter-application communication system. While such sharing can be controlled by the Android permission system, enforcing permissions is not sufficient to prevent security violations, since permissions may be mismanaged, intentionally or unintentionally, which can compromise user privacy. In this paper, we provide an overview of a novel approach for compositional analysis of Android inter-application vulnerabilities, entitled COVERT. Our analysis is modular to enable incremental analysis of applications as they are installed on an Android device. It extracts security specifications from application packages, captures them in an analyzable formal specification language, and checks whether it is safe for a combination of applications - holding certain permissions and potentially interacting with each other - to install simultaneously. To our knowledge, our work is the first formally-precise analysis tool for automated compositional analysis of Android applications.
The long reach of noncoding RNAs.

Transcription of genomic loci containing protein-coding genes often yields not only cognate mRNAs but also assorted noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which typically map in the vicinity of transcription start sites. A new study shows that far from being random byproducts of gene expression, many long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are synthesized in a coordinate fashion and control important cellular processes, such as survival in the face of DNA damage.
The Power Production Operation of Solar One, the 10 MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant

Solar One, the 10 MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant near Barstow, Calif., completed a three-year period of power production testing in July 1987. During this period the plant's capacity factor, system efficiency, and availability were studied to assess the operational capability of Solar One to reliably supply electrical power. The long-term performance of keyplant components, such as the heliostats and the receiver, was also studied. During the three years of power production operation, Solar One achieved increases in capacity factor, system efficiency, and availability. Heliostat operation was reliable, and only small amounts of mirror corrosion were observed.
Collisional Removal of O2(b1Σg+,υ=1) by O(3P)

Abstract The rate coefficient for collisional removal of O 2 ( b 1 Σ g + , υ = 1 ) by O(3P), kO, is an essential parameter in modeling the emissions from O 2 ( b 1 Σ g + , υ = 1 ) in the Earth’s thermosphere. We report a laboratory measurement of this rate coefficient at room temperature. A fluorine laser is used to photodissociate O2 at 157.6 nm, followed by detection of the time-resolved fluorescence from subsequently generated O 2 ( b 1 Σ g + , υ = 1 ) . The determined value is k O = 4.5 - 1.3 + 0.8 × 10 - 12 cm 3 s - 1 ( 2 σ ) . The rate coefficient for collisional removal of O 2 ( b 1 Σ g + , υ = 1 ) by O2 is also determined, with a value of (1.5 ± 0.1) × 10−11 cm3 s−1.
Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in the Preschool Period.

Objective Empirical studies have established that clinical anxiety and depressive disorders may arise in preschool children as young as 3.0 years. Because empirical studies validating and characterizing these disorders in preschoolers are relatively recent, less work has been done on the development and testing of age-appropriate treatments. Method A comprehensive literature search yielded several small randomized controlled trials of psychotherapeutic treatments for preschool anxiety and depression. The literature also contained case series of behavioral and psychopharmacologic interventions for specific anxiety disorders. However, to date, no large-scale randomized controlled trials of treatment for any anxiety or depressive disorder specifically targeting preschool populations have been published. Results Several age-adapted forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy have been developed and preliminarily tested in small randomized controlled trials and appear promising for different forms of preschool anxiety disorders. Notably, these adaptations centrally involve primary caregivers and use age-adjusted methodology such as cartoon-based materials and co-constructed drawing or narratives. Modified forms of Parent Child Interaction Therapy have been tested and appear promising for anxiety and depression. Although preventive interventions that target parenting have shown significant promise in anxiety, these methods have not been explored in early childhood depression. Studies of the impact of parental treatment on infants suggest that direct treatment of the youngest children may be necessary to affect long-term change. Conclusions Recommendations are made for the clinical treatment of these disorders when psychotherapy is the first line of intervention.
Cooperative strategy in commercializing an emerging technology

Abstract The paper develops an empirical model examining causes and motives of start-up firms to form cooperative arrangements for commercializing a new technology. Results indicate that a firm's decision to engage in cooperative relationships is a function of its characteristics, its competitive position and its strategic choice. The paper also suggests that a longitudinal analysis of data is necessary to better capture the direction of causality.
The adsorption of acetylene on the (111) crystal face of platinum: detection of two chemically different adsorption states by low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction intensity measurements have revealed the existenceof two chemically different adsorption states for acetylene adsorbed on the (111) crystal face of platinum. A chemical model for the two states is proposed based on a comparison with the diffraction beam intensities from ethylene, propylene and methylacetylene adsorbed on the same crystal face.
Isolation and characterization of caprine corticotropin-releasing factor.

Abstract The hypophysiotropic peptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was isolated from caprine hypothalamic median eminence tissue by means of acid extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography, gel filtration and two steps of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPLC). Amino acid sequence determination using a gas-phase sequencer established the primary structure of the first 39 residues from the NH 2 -terminus. The nature of the COOH-terminal dipeptide was elucidated by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestion of the native peptide, dansylation of the digest and comparative RPLC studies with the dansylated dipeptides Ile-Ala-NH 2 , Ile-Ala-OH, Ala-Ile-NH 2 and Ala-Ile-OH. The complete structure of the peptide was established as: H-Ser-Gln-Glu-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val- Leu-Glu-Met-Thr-Lys-Ala-Asp-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Ser-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu- Leu-Asp-Ile-Ala-NH 2 , which is identical to that of ovine CRF.
Robust stability of multivariable interval control systems

In this paper, we will give necessary and sufficient conditions for the Hurwitz stability of MIMO interval systems. As a consequence of this result, we will give a precise bound on the H∞ norm of unstructured perturbations that can be tolerated by MIMO interval systems connected in feedback with these perturbations. We will also consider the robust version of the Popov problem that considers interval MIMO systems subject to nonlinear time invariant sector bounded perturbations and, in turn, obtain a robust stability condition of the Popov problem with mixed perturbations.
A Nano-assay To Measure Modification Of Cysteine Residues In GST-fusion Proteins

Cysteine residues are the target of numerous posttranslational modifications and play important roles in protein structure and enzymatic function. Because of this, much research on the biochemistry of proteins is dependent on understanding the activity and state of these residues. Many current methods for measuring modified and unmodified cysteine residues in proteins are cumbersome and often lack sensitivity, requiring large amounts of protein. We have developed a highly sensitive and simple assay that accurately measures the relative amounts of free cysteine residues in GST-fusion proteins using 96 well glutathione-coated plates. Free-unmodified cysteines are labeled and visualized using biotin and HRP-conjugated streptavidin. Our assay can be used to quantify the extent of reactions targeting -SH groups in proteins. We demonstrate this assay using full-length and truncation mutants of the SNARE proteins: syntaxin-1A, SNAP-25B and synaptobrevin, which have 0-4 cysteines. With this assay we are able to quantitatively measure the number of cysteine residues modified in reactions such as palmitoylation and oxidation. This assay is as simple as running an ELISA or western and should allow greater elucidation of the chemistry of cysteine residues in proteins cysteine due to its high resolution.
Androgyny and psychosocial development among college students and adults

The present study examined the relation of androgyny to psychosocial development in the context of Erikson's life-span theory of personality. Samples of male and female college students and adults completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Inventory of Psychosocial Development. The highest scores on psychosocial development were obtained by individuals with an androgynous orientation, followed by those with masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated orientations, in that order. Particular aspects of psychosocial development were differentially associated with masculinity and femininity, in accordance with the agentic or communal quality of successful resolutions of particular developmental crises. Overall, these results support the view that the simultaneous endorsement of both masculine and feminine qualities represents an added adaptive capacity. These findings applied equally to both sexes and both age groups studied.
Acid extraction of lead and cadmium from newly-purchased ceramic and melamine dinnerware.

Imported dishes can present human health hazards in two ways: (1) dinnerware that contains toxic metals in excessive amounts may gain entry to the US; and (2) imported decorative ceramic plates may be improperly labeled regarding permissible use with food. In the present study, non-random samples of dishes were purchased in new condition in US retail outlets and subjected to 24-h acid leaching tests. Two of 28 patterns of imported ceramic dinnerware were found to release lead in levels that exceed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits, and 10 other patterns released lead in concentrations exceeding California Proposition 65 (CA 65) limits. One imported ceramic dish released cadmium in excess of FDA limits. Samples of new foreign-made melamine (plastic) dinnerware in four patterns released neither lead nor cadmium in detectable concentrations. One of three patterns of imported decorative ceramic plates released lead in concentrations exceeding 2000 μg/ml. These plates are not permanently labeled as hazardous and are in noncompliance with FDA regulations.
A competency model for effectiveness in managing multiple projects

Abstract To be effective in leading multiple simultaneous projects in high-velocity industries, this study proposes a list of competencies that multiple-project managers should possess organized as a competency model for effectiveness in managing multiple projects. Among other competencies, the competencies that are unique to multiple-project managers are organizational experience, interdependency management, multitasking, simultaneous team management, and management of interproject process. This finding helps raise awareness in the project management community regarding the differences between the competencies of single-project managers and those of multiple-project managers. Besides the list of competencies, this study extends its contribution by presenting propositions for future research.
Toward interactive training and evaluation

Machine learning often relies on costly labeled data, and this impedes its application to new classification and information extraction problems. This has motivated the development of methods for leveraging abundant prior knowledge about these problems, including methods for lightly supervised learning using model expectation constraints. Building on this work, we envision an interactive training paradigm in which practitioners perform evaluation, analyze errors, and provide and refine expectation constraints in a closed loop. In this paper, we focus on several key subproblems in this paradigm that can be cast as selecting a representative sample of the unlabeled data for the practitioner to inspect. To address these problems, we propose stratified sampling methods that use model expectations as a proxy for latent output variables. In classification and sequence labeling experiments, these sampling strategies reduce accuracy evaluation effort by as much as 53%, provide more reliable estimates of $F_1$ for rare labels, and aid in the specification and refinement of constraints.
Home negative pressure ventilation: report of 20 years of experience in patients with neuromuscular disease.

Abstract Twenty years of experience using negative pressure devices (NPD) at home to ventilate 40 patients with neuromuscular disease is presented. The purpose of the study was to determine the costs, complications, and clinical outcome of this form of respiratory support, and to ascertain the reasons for failure to institute effective negative pressure ventilation (NPV) in nine patients. Emerson tank respirators, used mainly to rest respiratory muscles at night, and intermittent postitive pressure breathing machines were used by 98% of patients at an average equipment cost of $2,700 annually. Patients in whom NPV was initiated on an elective rather than emergent basis saved an average of $12,000 during their initial hospitalization. Life table analysis shows a five-year survival of 76%, and a 10-year survival of 61%. Complications were minor and occurred at an average rate of less than one per year per patient at home on NPV. Failure to achieve satisfactory NPV in nine patients was associated with age (six patients were younger than 3 years of age), or severe thoracocervical scoliosis, which prevented proper fitting of the NPD. For reasons of safety, economy, and quality of life, NPV at home is the preferred treatment for patients having neuromuscular disease who need respiratory assistance.
Enterprise resource planning systems implementation success

Implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system affects many aspects of an organisation and therefore, warrants examination through various lenses of inspection. The research described herein investigated the effect of the application of Planned Organisational Change (POC) modelling on the reported success of ERP systems initiatives. The findings presented in this paper are significant in that this research examines the subject through the lens of organisational change as a cohesive framework grounded in the change management literature.
Turnover process models: Review and synthesis of a conceptual literature

Abstract Turnover process models have been appearing in the organizational literature since the 1950s. A review of this conceptual literature was performed. Consensus analysis revealed a high level of cross-model agreement on the importance of three standard turnover-theory components (i.e., employee morale, labor-market mechanisms, intentions to quit/stay). In addition, a review of secondary turnover dimensions indicated some degree of consistency in the way particular dimensions have been utilized in the conceptual literature. Areas of conceptual divergence and emerging trends in this area of work are discussed.
Lung phosphatidate phosphatase: activity during altered physiologic states.

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAPase). which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. was studied in fetal, neonatal, and adult rat lung microsomal fractions from whole lung under normal and altered physiologic states. The maximal activity was obtained at pH 7.0 with 1.0 mM phosphatidic acid as the substrate. Twenty-one-day-old fetal rat lung averaged 20.3 ± 0.6 SE nmol/min/mg microsomal protein compared to 9.9 ± 1.0 nmol/min/mg in liver. Following birth there was a dramatic 53% increase in the PAPase activity. Twenty-one-day-old fetal rat lungs from diabetic mothers (streptozotocin-induced) and from mothers fasted the last four days of gestation did not show altered PAPase activity. Premature breathing for 3–6 hr on day 21 of gestation also did not affect the PAPase activity. These data demonstrate that the microsomal PAPase activity (1) increases dramatically only after birth. (2) is not responsive to altered physiologic state (maternal diabetes, maternal fasting, and pr...
Lifetime of the 31- state and octupole collectivity in 96Zr.

The half-life of the 1897.2-keV, ${3}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state in $^{96}\mathrm{Zr}$ has been measured as (67.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.3) ps using the recoil-distance technique following inelastic excitation by 105-MeV $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ ions. This is equivalent to a lifetime which is about 40% longer than those reported from two recent centroid-shift measurements. Our lifetime implies B(E3)\ensuremath{\uparrow}=(0.180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018) ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$${\mathrm{b}}^{3}$, i.e., (47.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.7) W.u., which is the most enhanced one-phonon g.s.\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${3}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ transition strength observed in nuclei. A recent quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) calculation reproduces our result. Serious doubts are raised about an earlier conclusion that the reduced octupole transition probabilities of ``mirror'' nuclei correspond to the harmonic low for small amplitude vibrations. The enhanced B(E1:${3}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}_{1}^{+}$)=(1.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11) ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$b deduced from the present work is consistent with appreciable octupole deformation. The measured B(E3)\ensuremath{\uparrow} resolves problems in the interpretation of the isospin character of the E3 transition derived from inelastic scattering data.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma ovis Strain Michigan, a Hemoplasma of Sheep with Two Distinct 16S rRNA Genes.

ABSTRACT We report the complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma ovis strain Michigan. Its single circular chromosome has 702,511 bp and contains 2 copies of the 16S rRNA gene, one corresponding to M. ovis and the other to “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemovis.” All housekeeping genes and the 5S-23S rRNA genes are present in single copies.
The persistence of caffeine in experimentally produced black drink residues

Abstract Black drink is a native North American caffeinated tea produced from the leaves of Ilex vomitoria . The beverage was an important part of prehistoric Southeastern culture, as it was the only native source of caffeine in North America. The leaves of I. vomitoria were, therefore, a potentially valuable trade resource during the period. As such, the ability to identify archaeological black drink residues is useful to Southeastern archaeologists. In order to determine the plausibility of detecting I. vomitoria in residues, black drink was repeatedly produced in experimental unglazed pottery. The resulting potsherds were buried in several environmental contexts, recovered, and underwent absorbed pottery residue analysis. After two months of burial in three different soil types, plus a control stored in the freezer, caffeine was well-preserved in all sherds, suggesting that caffeine is a potentially useful biomarker for the detection of black drink.
Periodontal Soft Tissue Non–Root Coverage Procedures: A Systematic Review From the AAP Regeneration Workshop

Background: Gingival augmentation procedures around natural teeth and dental implants are performed to facilitate plaque control, to improve patient comfort, to prevent future recession, and in conjunction with restorative, orthodontic, or prosthetic dentistry. The aim of this study is to answer the most common questions related to this treatment modality based on the most relevant and current knowledge in the field.Methods: Two reviewers worked to answer the five most common and clinically relevant questions with supporting literature to understand the role of gingiva around teeth. 1) What circumstances require an increased zone of keratinized tissue (KT), or is KT important? 2) What is the ideal thickness of an autogenous gingival graft? Is a thick autogenous gingival graft more effective than a thin autogenous gingival graft? 3) What are the alternatives to autogenous gingival grafting to increase the zone of attached gingiva? 4) Does orthodontic intervention affect soft tissue health and dimensions? 5...
Efficiency and the role of adaptation in klinokinesis

Klinokinesis is a behavioral mechanism in which an organism moves toward or away from a stimulus source by altering its frequency of change of direction without biasing its turns with respect to the stimulus field. Computer simulation was used to study the efficiency of, and the effect of sensory adaptation on, this behavioral strategy. In modeling an organism with perfect performance (no error in determining the intensity of the stimulus and ability to move in perfectly straight lines) efficiency was about 70% without adaptation, and declined as the rate of adaptation increased. In contrast, models with non-perfect (noisy) performance were frequently able to double or triple their reduced efficiency by adapting to the stimulus intensity. Three types of noise that degraded performance were simulated: (1) intensity noise described random fluctuations in the intensity of the stimulus that were not associated with movement of the organism in the stimulus field; (2) motor noise described random fluctuations in the direction of locomotion as the organism moved along; (3) developmental noise described random differences between individuals in a constant tendency to turn to a certain degree as they moved forward. Adaptation had similar effects with any of the three types of noise. If a particular type of noise was strong enough to degrade performance significantly, then optimal performance occurred with an adaptation rate of about 0.2 per step.
Limnological characteristics of a subtropical constructed wetland in south Florida (USA)

Abstract The Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP) was a 1544 ha constructed wetland built by the South Florida Water Management District as part of Everglades restoration efforts. The limnology of this wetland is characterized over its 60-month operational history. The ENRP received agricultural runoff containing high levels of C, N, P and other dissolved constituents; had moderately high alkalinity with a circumneutral pH; and had low to moderate DO. The ENRP provided substantial treatment (concentration reduction from inflow to outflow) for Al, Fe, NH4, NOx, SRP, TP, TSS and turbidity (high-treatment variables), while Secchi depth increased markedly. These changes were judged biologically significant. Dissolved oxygen, and water temperature had well defined annual cycles, while some level of seasonality was noted for Al, alkalinity, Ca, conductivity, DOC, Fe, hardness, K, Mg, Mn, Na, NH4, pH, Secchi depth, SiO2, TOC, TN, turbidity, and TSS. The ENRP was P limited based on TN:TP molar ratios. Dissolved ions were dominated by Ca, Cl, Na, and HCO3; the stoichiometric balance of both major and minor ions was similar throughout the wetland. The downstream settling of TSS was associated with increased light penetration, but did not appear important in sediment accretion. The adsorption of P to Ca, and perhaps Al and Fe, precipitates is thought to have been an important nutrient removal mechanism. Although there was little net reduction in DOC, we speculate that some incoming material was degraded and replaced by new DOC produced within the wetland.
Mail versus web questionnaires in municipal recreation settings: a comparative study of survey methodology.

Abstract The World Wide Web (Web) provides a tremendous resource for gathering information. Recreation and leisure service providers as well as researchers in recreation can take advantage of the Web by implementing web‐based questionnaires to gather data. A comparative study between the traditional postal‐mail and the web‐based methods was conducted using a sample of municipal recreation administrators. While there were no significant differences in response rates of the two groups, there were comparable differences in terms of response time, cost, preparation time, and subjects’ perceived comfort level. Implications of the findings as well as recommendations for future research are discussed.
A New Method for Direct Preparation of Tin Dioxide Nanocomposite Materials

In the current work, a novel combustion method is demonstrated for the direct synthesis of nanocomposite materials. Specifically doped tin dioxide (SnO2) powders were selected for the demonstration studies due to the key role SnO2 plays in semiconductor gas sensors and the strong sensitivity of doped SnO2 to nanocomposite properties. The synthesis approach combines solid and gas-phase precursors to stage the decomposition and particle nucleation processes. A range of synthesis conditions and four material systems were examined in the study: gold–tin dioxide, palladium–tin dioxide, copper–tin dioxide, and aluminum–tin dioxide. Several additive precursors were considered including four metal acetates and two pure metals. The nanocomposite materials produced were examined for morphology, phase, composition, and lattice spacing using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results using the combustion synthesis approach indicate good control of the nanocomposite properties, such as the average SnO2 crystallite size, which ranged from 5.8 to 17 nm.
Dynamics of the regulation of histamine levels in mouse brain.

— The intraperitoneal administration of L-histidine in a dose of 1000 mg/kg increased threefold the whole brain levels of histamine in the mouse. This increase was evident in all brain regions except the medulla oblongata-pons. The subcellular localization of histamine and histidine was the same in mice administered bhistidine as in salinetreated animals. Cold exposure and restraint further augmented the elevation of histamine elicited by histidine treatment. a-Hydrazino-histidine and 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine (NSD-1055) but not a-methyl-DOPA inhibited histidine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.221 activity in mouse brain homogenates and prevented the increase in brain histamine after histidine administration. NSD-1055 and a-hydrazino-histidine also lowered brain levels of histamine by 50 per cent. NSD-1055 lowered whole brain levels of histamine rapidly, with a half-life for the depletable histamine pool of about 5 min. Assuming that inhibition of histidine decarboxylase accounted for the reduction in histamine, then the rate of histamine decline reflects the rate of histamine turnover, and our results suggest that a portion of mouse brain histamine turns over quite rapidly. Reserpine lowered brain levels of histamine by about 50 per cent, whereas the antihistaminic agent, dexbrompheniramine, and sodium pentobarbital elevated histamine levels.
Seismic observation of a high‐velocity slab 1200–1600 km in depth

A slablike high-velocity region 1200–1600 km beneath the east coast of North America apparently has a half-width of 450 km and a lateral extent of 3000 km and a depth extent of more than 800 km. This slab lies beneath the boundary where the Farallon Plate had been subducting for up to 120 MA. The high-velocity anomaly has been inferred previously from travel-time studies; this study uses body-waveforms to verify and refine its structure. The anomalous region has a peak shear wave velocity 1.5% greater than the surrounding region and compressional velocity 0.6% greater. The width and smoothness of this anomaly is constrained by the complexity observed in SH waveforms from deep earthquakes beneath South America observed at GDSN stations in North America. This slab is about 5 times broader and 5 times weaker in its velocity anomaly than most slabs observed in the upper mantle. This observation implies that if this slab has passed through the 650 km discontinuity, which is the most likely explanation for the observation, it has been spread by more than simply thermal conductivity. The possibility that there is two-layer convection with thermal coupling is not ruled out, however, as thermal coupling could lead to a similar pattern.
Small States and Skill Specificity: Austria, Switzerland, and Interemployer Cleavages in Coordinated Capitalism

The varieties of capitalism literature has put skill systems at the center of comparative politics. Yet its claims about skill specificity are driven by two large coordinated economies, Germany and...
Deoxyribonucleic acid and protein changes in dog kidney cells infected with infectious canine hepatitis virus.

Abstract Changes in nucleic acids and protein were studied at successive stages in the growth cycle of dog kidney cells infected with infectious canine hepatitis virus in vitro . These changes were correlated with cellular sites of virus multiplication as demonstrated with fluorescent antibody. Infected cultures had 200–500% increase in DNA, over 200% increase in protein, and a decrease in RNA. These changes started 24–42 hours after infection and coincided with cytopathic changes, including formation of the intranuclear inclusion bodies and with the presence of viral antigen in the nuclei of the cells. The infected cultures had a slight increase in cell numbers at the onset and then a steady decline until the experiments were ended, when cell numbers were 50–85% below normal.
Disparities in Pain Management Between Cognitively Intact and Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents

Abstract This study tests the association between residents' cognitive impairment and nursing homes' pain management practices. We used chart abstraction to collect data on 551 adults in six North Carolina nursing homes. From the standard data collected in the Minimum Data Set, 24% of residents experienced pain in the preceding week. Reports of pain decreased as cognitive abilities declined: nurses completing the Minimum Data Set reported pain prevalence of 34%, 31%, 24%, and 10%, respectively, for residents with no, mild, moderate, and severe cognitive impairment (P
The Effect of Surface Composition and Structure on Elementary Chemical Reactions on Metallic Substrates

Abstract Studies of chemical reactions on well-defined surfaces have considerable potential for providing fundamental knowledge of surface reactivity and guidelines for the understanding of catalytic materials. with the use of low energy election deffraction (LEED)[1,2] surface structures can be diferentiated and the effect of these structures on surface reactivity determined. In addition, the relative case of obtaining surfaces of known composition utilizing Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)[3–5] makes it possible to study metal surfaces with less than 1% impurity and, moreover, to prepare surfaces with known coverages of adatoms such as carbon, oxygen, and sulfur in order to study the effects of these spacies on the activity and selectivity of the surface for given reactants. In some cases, as illustrated of the surface adatoms.
A thermodynamically consistent stress transport model for rotating turbulent flows

Abstract This study is concerned with formulating a thermodynamically consistent stress transport model for turbulence in a rotating frame of reference. The averaged basic balance laws for the mean motion of an incompressible fluid including the Clausius-Duhem inequality are considered. The appropriate form of the free energy function is introduced and several thermodynamical relationships are developed. Based on the averaged entropy inequality constitutive equations for the pressure-strain correlation and flux of turbulent stress tensor are evaluated. The thermodynamical constraints on material coefficients are also described. It is shown that the model contains the recently developed second order closure models for turbulence as special cases. A thermodynamically consistent transport equation for the time scale of turbulence is also suggested.
Alteration of racial differences in melanosome distribution in human epidermis after exposure to ultraviolet light.

CAREFUL studies of human epidermis have revealed that there is no significant difference between the number of melanocytes in the various racial groups, although there are regional differences in the population density of DOPA-positive melanocytes in various areas of the body (for example, on the forehead, 2,310 mm−2; abdomen, 800 mm−2; and back, 1,100 mm−2)1. These differences in the number of melanocytes may explain the colour differences in various areas of the body, but the colour of skin in the various races is apparently due to variations in the number of melanin granules, or melanosomes, in the melanocytes and in the epidermal keratinocytes, as well as to the degree of melanization of the individual melanosomes.
Fast Load Transient Regulation of Low-Voltage Converters with the Low-Voltage Transient Processor

The transient response of DC-DC converters with large conversion ratios is limited by the asymmetry of the current slew rate through the magnetic elements; under appropriate control, such a converter may respond much faster to an increase in load current than a decrease, or vice versa. In this paper, a low-voltage, unloaded, bidirectional DC-DC converter with a very fast current slew rate, called the low-voltage transient processor (LVTP), is placed in shunt across the output of a conventional DC-DC converter (the ldquoprimary regulatorrdquo) to equalize the effective current slew rate (the combination of the LVTP and primary regulator) seen at the load, so that the transient response to a load increase is the same as the response to a load decrease. The LVTP operates at very low voltages, enabling the use of small magnetic components with low losses even at high-frequency operation, allowing the overall efficiency of the system to be high. To demonstrate the concept, a 3 MHz bidirectional buck LVTP prototype was implemented and placed at the output of a 12-1.2 V microprocessor voltage regulator (VR). The VR with LVTP matched the performance of VRD10.1 VR reference design with half (4.10 mF) of the output capacitance of the original design.
Correlation of Fracture Toughness and Strength

An extensive collection of data on the fracture toughness (KIc) and strength (sigmaf) of brittle materials has been used to examine the relationship between the mean measured values of KIc and sigmaf. Within this collection of data, it has been observed empirically that KIc frequently is linearly related to sigmaf when values are compared under conditions of either constant grain size (g) or constant density (rho). Assuming that the most-significant material parameters are g and rho, the general fracture-mechanics relationship among KIc, sigmaf, and the critical flaw size (c0) has been used to derive a general expression for (partial lowercaseKIc/partial lowercase sigmaf)x in which the subscript x indicates a condition of constant grain size (x=g) or constant density (x= rho). In general, (partial lowercaseKIc/partial lowercase sigmaf)g is not the same as (partial lowercaseKIc/partial lowercase sigmaf)rho. Imposing the empirical condition (partial lowercaseKIc/partial lowercase sigmaf)x= lambdax, where lambdax is a constant, a relationship between sigmaf and flaw size has been derived. For the observed conditions, the analysis indicates that the square root of the flaw size should vary as the reciprocal of the observed fracture strength.
Family therapists and families of cult members

One to three million bright young adults have been or are presently involved with “deviant religions,” also known as cults. They, or their families, frequently seek therapeutic aid during or after the involvement, but too few psychologists or other therapists in private practice are adequately prepared to help them. To remedy the situation, information is presented on cults in general, cult members, and families of cult members.
High resistance to oxidative damage in the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica, and developmentally linked expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutase, catalase and heat shock proteins

Intense ultraviolet radiation, coupled with frequent bouts of freezing–thawing and anoxia, have the potential to generate high levels of oxidative stress in Antarctic organisms. In this study, we examined mechanisms used by the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, to counter oxidative stress. We cloned genes encoding two key antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat), and showed that SOD mRNA was expressed continuously and at very high levels in larvae, but not in adults, while Cat mRNA was expressed in both larvae and adults but at a somewhat reduced level. SOD mRNA was expressed at even higher levels in larvae that were exposed to direct sunlight. Catalase, a small heat shock protein, Hsp70 and Hsp90 mRNAs were also strongly upregulated in response to sunlight. Total antioxidant capacity of the adults was higher than that of the larvae, but levels in both stages of the midge were much higher than observed in a freeze-tolerant, temperate zone insect, the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis. Assays to measure oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation TBARS and carbonyl proteins) demonstrated that the Antarctic midge is highly resistant to oxidative stress.