cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily Cropland Soil NO x Emissions Identified by TROPOMI and SMAP.

We use TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurements to identify cropland soil nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions at daily to seasonal scales in the U.S. Southern Mississippi River Valley. Evaluating 1.5 years of TROPOMI observations with a box model, we observe seasonality in local NOx enhancements and estimate maximum cropland soil NOx emissions (15-34 ng N m-2 s-1) early in growing season (May-June). We observe soil NOx pulsing in response to daily decreases in volumetric soil moisture (VSM) as measured by the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite. Daily NO2 enhancements reach up to 0.8 × 1015 molecules cm-2 4-8 days after precipitation when VSM decreases to ~30%, reflecting emissions behavior distinct from previously defined soil NOx pulse events. This demonstrates that TROPOMI NO2 observations, combined with observations of underlying process controls (e.g., soil moisture), can constrain soil NOx processes from space.
Time- Frequency Domain Based Diagnostics of Stator Faults in Motors Drives via Dispersal Magnetic Field

This study develops a real-time non-invasive discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) based fault diagnosis (FD) method to detect embryonic stator’s turn-to-turn faults (TTF) in direct torque control (DTC) driven induction motor (IM). The FD algorithm is based on decomposing the radiated magnetic flux captured by an external magnetic loop antenna (MLA) in the time-frequency domain in order to capture the fault features. Theoretical analysis of the IM’s radiated flux behavior in the case of TTF and the DTC reaction to it is presented. The FD technique was examined numerically using Finite Elements and tested experimentally.
Testing models of periodically modulated FRB activity

The activity of the repeating FRB 20180916B is periodically modulated with a period of 16.3 days, and FRB 121102 may be similarly modulated with a period of about 160 days. In some models of this modulation the period derivative is insensitive to the uncertain parameters; these models can be tested by measurement of or bounds on the derivative. In other models values of the uncertain parameters can be constrained. Periodic modulation of aperiodic bursting activity may result from emission by a narrow beam wandering within a cone or funnel along the axis of a precessing disc, such as the accretion discs in X-ray binaries. The production of FRB 200428 by a neutron star that is neither accreting nor in a binary then shows universality: coherent emission may occur in a wide range of environments.
DMFT Impurity Solvers

We describe different impurity solvers used in DMFT. Namely, we show details for three most popular types of solvers: analytical, exact (Hamiltonian-based), and stochastic (quantum–Monte Carlo-based) solvers. Since continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo is the current state-of-art approach to solve the impurity problem, we discuss in detail this and its predecessor—Hirsch–Fye quantum Monte Carlo solver. We discuss weaknesses and strengths of the considered solvers and end this first part of the chapter with a table (with references and web-links) that summarizes these and other solvers used in DMFT. Since usually the DMFT problem is solved in imaginary (Matsubara) frequency representation, in the second part of the chapter, we discuss two methods to perform analytical continuation of the obtained functions to the real-frequency domain, more convenient to analyze physical properties of the systems.
A Statistical Summary Analysis of Window-Based Extracted Features for EEG Signal Classification

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, which contains valuable information of electrical activity in the brain, is a standard neuroimaging tool used by clinicians to monitor and diagnose epilepsy. Visually inspecting the EEG signal is an expensive, tedious, and error-prone practice. Moreover, the result can be varied with different neurophysiologists for an identical reading. Thus, automatically classify different epileptic states with a high accuracy rate is an urgent requirement and has long been investigated. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to effectively classify epilepsy leveraging summary statistics analysis of window-based features of EEG signals. The framework first denoised the signals using power spectrum density analysis, replaced outliers with k-NN imputer, and then window level features extracted from statistical, temporal, and spectral domains. Basic summary statistics are then computed from the extracted features to feed into different Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. An optimal set of features are selected leveraging variance thresholding and dropping correlated features before feeding the features for classification. Finally, different ML classifiers such as Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbors classifiers are applied to the extracted features. The proposed framework applying the Random Forest classifier can significantly enhance the EEG signal classification performance compared to other existing state-of-the-art epilepsy classification methods in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-beta score.
Paroxetine-mediated GRK2 Inhibition Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling Post-Myocardial Infarction

Heart failure (HF) is a disease of epidemic proportion associated with exceedingly high healthcare costs. Data shows that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) plays a critical role in HF progression, promoting dysfunctional adrenergic signaling and myocyte death. We found that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine, could selectively inhibit GRK2. In this study wild-type mice underwent myocardial infarction (MI) and following 2 weeks of injury, underwent 4 weeks of treatment with paroxetine or control SSRI, fluoxetine. All post-MI mice exhibited similar left ventricular (LV) dysfunction prior to treatment; however, in contrast to continuing degradation of function, paroxetine produced significant improvement in LV function and structure. Paroxetine enhanced hemodynamic function, blocking the ~2.5 fold increase in LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Paroxetine restored βAR membrane density, returned serum catecholamine and GRK2 levels to baseline, and prevented induction of the ...
Early invasive carcinoma of the vulva

Abstract Early invasive and/or microinvasive carcinomas have presented problems in the areas of histopathologic interpretation and clinical management. The reported and anecdotal cases treated by less than radical procedures with rapid recurrences have increased in the past 5 years. As with cervical cancer, there have been multiple interpretations of “microinvasion.” This series of 58 cases of early invasive disease addresses these controversial issues.
Good Norm, Weak Program: Cross-National Diffusion of the United Nations Global Compact

Constructivist and World Society scholars study the adoption of good (i.e., liberal) norms often embodied in programs which are supported by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). Analytically separating norms from programs, we examine the cross-national diffusion of a voluntary program which, while embodying a widely accepted norm, is criticized for its weak institutional design. We focus on the conflicting roles of IGOs and INGOs, the two networks identified as key agents of diffusion by constructivists and World Society scholars. Empirically, we study the United Nations Global Compact which embodies the norm of corporate responsibility. The Compact encourages businesses to voluntarily embrace ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor standards, the environment, and corruption. However, the Compact has been criticized by NGOs because it does not specify concrete, verifiable goals, and does not provide for credible monitoring and enforcement. Our examination of the cross-national diffusion of the Global Compact for the period 2001 to 2007 suggests that while embeddedness in IGO networks encourages program adoption in a given country, embeddedness in INGO networks discourages it. Thus, key networks which often work together to spread good norms embodied in strong policies, work in opposition to each other in the context of a good norm which is embodied in a weak policy.
PLANT MACROFOSSIL RECORDS | Holocene North America

Plant macrofossils in alluvial sediments from small streams in the Midwestern United States have provided a unique view of Holocene vegetation and the changing position of the prairie-forest border. Identification of numerous species allows their habitats to be identified. These data provide a detailed paleoecological progression from Late Glacial conifer-dominated forest to deciduous forest, prairie, savannah, and agricultural land. In western parts of Minnesota and Iowa, the prairie advanced eastward in the mid-Holocene and replaced deciduous forest 9000 years ago. However, this progression stalled in southeastern Minnesota and eastern Iowa until 5500 years ago along a sharply-defined ecotone, and then moved rapidly eastward. In Nebraska, a savannah-like vegetation gave way to prairie about 8500 years BP, which remained until cultivation occurred. In southwestern Indiana, deciduous forest was present throughout the Holocene. Preliminary work in southwest Missouri indicates that the prairie-forest border was relatively stable during the Holocene.
Non‐Food Crops: Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the subject of non-food crops. Keywords: ornamentals; forest
Vibrational relaxation in bromochloromethane

Polarized and depolarized Raman spectra were measured for the symmetric stretching modes of bromochloromethane as a function of temperature in the liquid phase. Second moments of the isotropic spectra for all three vibrations are far greater in magnitude than are values obtained for the equivalent vibrations in dichloro and dibromomethane. Similarly, vibrational (isotropic) relaxation times in CH2BrCl are significantly shorter than in CH2Cl2 or CH2Br2. The isolated binary collision model of homogeneous dephasing could not explain many of the trends in the experimental results. Application of the Kubo model revealed that derived modulation times are close to equal for equivalent vibrations in the various dihalomethanes. Thus, the more efficient relaxation of the A 1 modes in CH2BrCl can be attributed almost entirely to the broader mean squared frequency perturbation of the vibrations in this molecule.
Evaluating the use of publicly available remotely sensed land cover data for areal interpolation

Areal interpolation is used to transfer attribute data between geographically incongruous zonal systems. Remotely sensed land cover data are widely used in intelligent areal interpolation methods to solve this problem. This article examines the usefulness of different publicly available remotely sensed land cover data sets as ancillary data used in conjunction with different areal interpolation methods. Two land cover data sets were compiled at the national scale; one by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (the National Land Cover Dataset or NLCD) and one by the Coastal Change Analysis Program. A third land cover data set was compiled at a regional scale for the state of Connecticut by the Center for Land Use Education and Research. Results show that for areal interpolation, greater detail in the classification of developed areas was important whether the data were developed for use at a national or a regional scale. Even more important is the further enhancement of remotely sensed land u...
Galois Theory of Algorithms

Many different programs are the implementation of the same algorithm. The collection of programs can be partitioned into different classes corresponding to the algorithms they implement. This makes the collection of algorithms a quotient of the collection of programs. Similarly, there are many different algorithms that implement the same computable function. The collection of algorithms can be partitioned into different classes corresponding to what computable function they implement. This makes the collection of computable functions into a quotient of the collection of algorithms. Algorithms are intermediate between programs and functions: $$\begin{aligned} \hbox {Programs}\twoheadrightarrow \hbox {Algorithms} \twoheadrightarrow \hbox {Functions}. \end{aligned}$$ Galois theory investigates the way that a subobject sits inside an object. We investigate how a quotient object sits inside an object. By looking at the Galois group of programs, we study the intermediate types of algorithms possible and the types of structures these algorithms can have.
Micas from the Pikes Peak Batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado; optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution

Optical properties are presented for 66 samples of mica covering the range from annite-->biotite-->zinnwaldite-->ferroan lepidolite and ferroan muscovite from occurrences of granitic pegmatite (NYF type) throughout the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB) in Colorado. Chemical composition was determined for 34 of these samples. The optical data are correlated with composition, mode of occurrence, and relation to pegmatite paragenesis. Optical properties of the trioctahedral micas show a consistent trend of decreasing beta index of refraction, from an average of 1.693 in annite of the host granite to 1.577 in zinnwaldite and ferroan lepidolite of the miarolitic cavities, which correlates with a progressively decreasing content of Fe. A comparison of optical and compositional data for micas from localities throughout the PPB indicates a variation in geochemical evolution among pegmatites of different districts, and between the Pikes Peak Granite and its late satellite plutons. Analyses of mica samples taken from cross-sections through individual pegmatites reveal a decrease in index of refraction and total iron that unambiguously document a progressive geochemical evolution within a given pegmatite. Such data, in addition to field evidence, indicate that micas enclosed within massive quartz are paragenetically older than those within miarolitic cavities; minerals within miarolitic cavities represent the final stages of primary crystallization. A general model of pegmatite paragenesis is proposed that hypothesizes formation of miarolitic cavities as a consequence of pegmatite configuration and inclination, as well as early crystallization of massive quartz that confines the silicate melt and volatile phase, resulting in closed-system crystallization with a concomitant increase in pressure, consequent episodic cavity-rupture events, and corresponding changes in mica composition.
A Critical Need for Clinical Context in the Genomic Era

The family unit is central to understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The power of genetics is a direct reflection of the probability of transmission of each allele to daughter cells during meiosis. The statistics of cosegregation allow the rigorous association of individual genotypes with precise phenotypes even in families with relatively modest numbers of informative meioses. The chain of causality also assumes a deleterious effect for the specific variant, its absence from the general population, and independent evidence of a relevant biological role for the gene.1 This approach has been used to identify numerous disease genes in the last 3 decades. Article see p 1013 Once the initial disease gene has been established through such segregation studies in multiple independent families, the threshold for associating a specific variant in the gene with disease is naturally lowered. Early independent mutations in a gene add support to the case for causality, but all too rapidly, “mutation” databases become diluted with spurious variants as only known disease genes are studied in smaller families. As larger control cohorts have become available and sequencing data have grown exponentially, the contamination of mutation databases with apparently benign variation has become more obvious.2 The perils of case-based association are amplified by growing numbers of reports of oligogenic combinations as causal in families in …
Estimation of language models for new spoken language applications

Spoken language interfaces can provide natural communication for many database retrieval tasks. The CMU ATIS system provides an example of accessing airline information using spoken natural language queries. However, a lot of training data is needed to develop a spoken language application. For example, one needs training data to generate a language model that can be used by the recognizer to reduce the search space. The author addresses some issues arising from small amount of training data available for a new spoken language application. The author is working on a spoken language interface to access information from a library catalogue. The catalogue contains around 13,000 titles, 6000 authors and 19000 subjects. There an more than 20,000 words in the dictionary. The user can seek information about books, authors, subjects, publishers, etc. For example, "I'd like to see books dealing with Science fiction by Clarke." The author describes some language modelling experiments for this task. The author briefly describes a speech interface for a library catalogue. The author also reviews class-based language models and describes their limitations. Finally, the author presents the approach to building statistical language models for new spoken language applications. This is important because a lot of training data is normally needed to generate a language model. However, it is not practical to have or collect a large corpus of data for each new spoken language application.
Multiplier Phototubes for the Far Ultraviolet

A new group of extreme solar-blind multiplier phototubes with cleaved lithium fluoride windows consisting of: end-on tubes with 28 mm active diameter cesium iodide (542G-08) and potassium bromide (542J-08) photocathode; 10 mm active diameter cesium iodide (541G-08) and copper iodide (541H-08) photocathodes; and a side-window tube with a cesium iodide reflective photocathode (641G-08), are described. The spectral responses have characteristic long wavelength cut-offs which serve as an efficient means of rejecting the scattered long-wavelength radiation in dispersive systems. The tubes have anode dark currents at room temperature equivalent to approximately one photoelectron per second. The count rate in the dark of cathode-originating electrons is 10-20 counts per minute. The pulse height distribution from a 541G-08 illuminated with low-level ultraviolet shows an exponential form down to a small fraction (1/25) of the average single electron pulse height. The highly ruggedized tubes are designed for the rigors of space applications.
The 2003 Russian Duma election and the decline in rural support for the communist party

Abstract The December 2003 Duma election was a landmark in Russian elections, marking a significant decline in electoral support for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF). This article explains the decline of support for the KPRF in the December 2003 election. Our specific focus is on the decline in rural support for the KPRF. This particular aspect is important because rural voters constituted a large portion of the KPRF's support throughout the 1990s. Using data from two rounds of surveys in several Russian regions, the article demonstrates that by 2003 the KPRF failed to capitalize on the ‘misery of the market,’ that is, to capture support from the ‘losers and malcontents’ during market reform, suggesting that KPRF supporters dealigned themselves from the party.
A second leiomyosarcoma in the urinary bladder of a child with a history of retinoblastoma 12 years following partial cystectomy

This case describes a twin with bilateral retinoblastoma who developed leiomyosarcoma of the bladder at age 17 and again at 39. At 17-years of age she was diagnosed with a leiomyosarcoma of the bladder after presenting with recurrent urinary tract infections, hematuria, and dysuria. She was treated with partial cystectomy. After a 12-year disease-free interval, she was diagnosed with a second leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. This case supports the relationship between the genetic form of retinoblastoma and leiomyosarcoma and illustrates the necessity for extensive follow-up and well-defined treatment of secondary neoplasms.
Use of atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of metals in sediments in south-west Louisiana

Abstract The relatively recent introduction of atomic absorption spectrometry has produced a rapid and relatively inexpensive method for the determination of metal concentrations in a wide variety of samples. One such application is in the determination of metal concentrations in soils and sediments. Soils and sediments represent concentrated reservoirs for these metals that serve as sinks for introduced trace metals or can become environmental sources. The coastal zone of Louisiana provides a ‘living laboratory’ to investigate the mechanisms of transport, deposition, and dissolution of trace metals into this fragile environment. Investigations done in the coastal zone have found trace metals tend to concentrate near pollution inputs and sources and have not migrated to or significantly impacted the coastal zone of Louisiana. Common trace metals determined and their range of concentrations in coastal soil and sediments are chromium (10–30 ppm), copper (10–25 ppm), iron (0.6–2.1%), manganese (200–600 ppm), nickel (6–20 ppm), lead (8–20 ppm), and zinc (30–55 ppm).
Degenerative changes in mouse sciatic nerves: electrophoretic and electrophysiologic characterizations.

Abstract Mouse sciatic nerve degeneration was studied following various types of imposed damage. Gross characterizations of nerve weight and neural conduction changes were obtained. Slab gel, SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis was used for evaluating altered protein concentrations in degenerating nerve. Separate electrophoretic examinations were completed on experimental distal and proximal nerve samples and on contralateral control nerve samples. More than 40 major protein bands were reliably resolved by electrophoresis. During nerve degeneration, some proteins exhibited decreased whole-nerve concentrations whereas other proteins increased. Degenerative changes were most pronounced in nerve segments distal to the site of damage. The undamaged control nerves contralateral to the injured nerves showed what appeared to be compensatory changes including the appearance of proteins not resolved in normal control nerves. Simple subcellular fractionations and specific tissue dissections provided information regarding the major sources of proteins resolved in whole-nerve samples. Comparisons of the different types of damage used for initiating degeneration revealed temporal separation between decremental and incremental protein alterations associated with degeneration. A temporal difference also was observed for protein changes in proximal compared to distal nerve segments during degeneration. The protein changes are related to specific degenerative events associated with nerve damage.
Treatment of Fungal Meningitis With Miconazole

Twelve patients with fungal meningitis (ten cases were due to Coccidioides immitis , two were from Cryptococcus neoformans ) were treated with brief courses of intravenous (IV) miconazole. Eleven patients, including patients with severe, chronic disease, had been treated unsuccessfully with amphotericin B. Four patients also received miconazole injected directly into the CSF. The drug was well tolerated by any route, with mild reversible side effects. After IV administration the miconazole concentration in the CSF rarely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the infecting organism. Intra-CSF administration of 20 mg generally produced levels above the MIC for 24 hours. Five of ten patients with coccidioidal meningitis responded clinically. Of these five, four received only IV miconazole; three relapsed after therapy was stopped. Miconazole appears promising as a treatment of fungal meningitis, but trials of longer duration might prevent relapse. ( Arch Intern Med 137:1180-1185, 1977)
Initial classification of joint data in EM estimation of latent class joint model

The latent class mixture-of-experts joint model is one of the important methods for jointly modelling longitudinal and recurrent events data when the underlying population is heterogeneous and there are nonnormally distributed outcomes. The maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in latent class joint model are generally obtained by the EM algorithm. The joint distances between subjects and initial classification of subjects under study are essential to finding good starting values of the EM algorithm through formulas. In this article, separate distances and joint distances of longitudinal markers and recurrent events are proposed for classification purposes, and performance of the initial classifications based on the proposed distances and random classification are compared in a simulation study and demonstrated in an example.
On integral Apollonian circle packings

The curvatures of four mutually tangent circles with disjoint interiors form what is called a Descartes quadruple. The four least curvatures in an integral Apollonian circle packing form what is called a root Descartes quadruple and, if the curvatures are relatively prime, we say that it is a primitive root quadruple. We prove a conjecture of Mallows by giving a closed formula for the number of primitive root quadruples with minimum curvature -n. An Apollonian circle packing is called strongly integral if every circle has curvature times center a Gaussian integer. The set of all such circle packings for which the curvature plus curvature times center is congruent to 1 modulo 2 is called the \standard super-gasket". Those centers in the unit square are in one-to-one correspondence with the primitive root quadruples and exhibit certain symmetries flrst conjectured by Mallows. We prove these symmetries; in particular, the centers are symmetric around y = x if n is odd, around x = 1=2 if n is an odd multiple of 2, and around y = 1=2 if n is a multiple of 4.
A New Database of Financial Reforms

This paper introduces a new database of financial reforms covering 91 economies over 1973–2005. It describes the content of the database, the information sources utilized, and the coding rules used to create an index of financial reform. It also compares the database with other measures of financial liberalization, provides descriptive statistics, and discusses some possible applications. The database provides a multifaceted measure of reform, covering seven aspects of financial sector policy. Along each dimension the database provides a graded (rather than a binary) score, and allows for reversals.
High frequency (gamma-band) oscillating potentials in rat somatosensory and auditory cortex.

Abstract An 8 × 8 multichannel electrode array was used to record epipial field potentials, spontaneous gamma oscillations, and the interaction between single trial evoked potentials and ongoing gamma activity in rat somatosensory and auditory cortex. Array placement over both these cortical regions was verified using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Replicating earlier findings, the epipial middle latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials (MAEP and MSEP, respectively) consisted of a stereotyped pattern of activation characterized by a spatially confined biphasic sharp wave followed by more diffuse slow wave components whose areal distribution adhered closely to established boundaries of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spontaneous gamma activity, while exhibiting far more spatiotemporal variation, was also centered on primary and secondary sensory cortex and was significantly attenuated at intercalated dysgranular regions. A modality specificity of gamma activity was also demonstrated in the present study, where spindles occurred independently in auditory and somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, following presentation of a single click or vibrissal displacement, spontaneous gamma activity was suppressed and subsequently enhanced only in the modality stimulated. We conclude that in the lightly anesthetized rodent, spontaneous gamma oscillations are not a global neocortical phenomena, but are instead restricted to the same areas of sensory cortex participating in evoked potentials. However, unlike the MAEP and MSEP which are dominated by systematic activation of parallel thalamocortical projections, the marked spatiotemporal variability of gamma spindles suggests a more complex neurogenesis, probably including dominant contributions from intracortical neural circuitry.
On the type I optimality of blocked 2-level main effects plans having blocks of different sizes

Abstract In this paper we consider experimental situations in which m 2-level factors are to be studied using a 2-level main effects plan where n runs are to be partitioned into b blocks of different sizes. For these experimental situations, methods of constructing type I optimal designs are given.
Velocity and Attenuation Characterization of the LIGO Site near Livingston, Louisiana

In April of 2009 a seismic survey utilizing explosive charges took place in Livingston parish, Louisiana. The area of the survey encompassed the location of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Livingston interferometer. In this paper, we present an analysis of seismic data recorded with three of the LIGO seismometers and a geophone array that was deployed during the time of the survey. In particular, the geophone-array data are used to study the propagation of surface waves, whereas first-arrival measurements with the LIGO seismometers provide estimates of the speed of compressional seismic waves as a function of depth. We find that fundamental Rayleigh waves have a speed close to 205 m/s consistent with results from previous borehole tests and that speed of compressional waves is 1650 m/s at 25 m depth, increasing to 2300 m/s at 1 km depth. Blast spectra are further investigated to determine the Q value of the ground medium experienced by Rayleigh waves (f > 1 Hz) and body waves deeper underground. The estimated Q value is approximately 50 for the surface waves and exceeds a value of 190 for body waves propagating at depths below 100 m.
On plasma sheaths surrounding complex shapes as measured using ion acoustic waves

Experiments on the transient or ion-matrix sheath from 90 degrees convex and concave corners and randomly perturbed objects have been performed. Equiphase contours of ion acoustic waves launched from metallic structures yield results that are in substantial agreement with a numerical simulation and, for the case of the corners, with recent numerical investigations. Differences can be attributed, in part, to inhomogeneities found in the experimental plasma.
Simple, Filter-based PCR Detection of Thelohania solenopsae (Microspora) in Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta)

Thelohania solenopsae is a microsporidian parasite that may serve as a biological control agent for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. A rapid, filter-based PCR amplification method detecting a portion of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene was developed to facilitate field studies detecting the parasite in fire ants. Processing ant homogenates with a commercially available membrane-based system, FTA Classic Card technology, compared favorably with traditional DNA extraction and PCR amplification methods. As few as 100 spores were detected. The FTA membrane system is a simple, extraction-free method for detecting T. solenopsae in fire ants, and allows for easy archival storage of DNA samples.
The effect of temperature on diffusion of iodine through topopah spring Tuff

Abstract The effective diffusivity of iodine through the lower non-lithophysal zone of the Topopah Spring Tuff (outcrop sample of the proposed nuclear repository site layer) was determined using an unsteady state method. For the non-lithophysal zone of the Topopah Spring Tuff, results showed that the effective diffusivity of iodine through non-lithophysal zone tuff increased with temperature. The following correlation was obtained to estimate the effective diffusivity of iodine as a function of temperature D e = 1.8821 × 10 −3 −1.2918 × 10 −5 T + 2.1039 × 10 −8 T 2
Apparatus for the differential visual depth threshold and its determination in the hooded rat

A modification of the visual cliff is described that permits measurement of the differential visual depth threshold, the point of relative indifference in choice of the shallow side as compared to the deep side of the visual cliff as the deep side is brought closer to the glass. All illumination comes from below the glass to permit equal illumination on the two sides. An experiment with the hooded rat showed that its threshold for differential visual depth is with the deep side about 3-1/2 in. below the shallow side of the visual cliff.
Synthesis of 12-Substituted 1-Carba-closo-dodecaborate Anions and First Hyperpolarizability of the 12-C7H6+-CB11H11- Ylide

Salts of 12-alkyl and 12-phenyl derivatives of the CB11H12- anion are prepared in 50−60% yields from the 12-iodo-CB11H11- anion by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with Grignard reagents. The tropylium ylide 12-C7H6+-CB11H11- is made in 54% yield by reaction of C7H7+ with CB11H12-. Its ground-state dipole moment is 11.25 ± 0.1 D and its first hyperpolarizability is β = 236 × 10-30 esu at 1064 nm, as determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurement. This value is ten times that of p-nitroaniline and is surprisingly large considering that the compound is colorless.
Next generation imager performance model

The next generation of Army imager performance models is currently under development at NVESD. The aim of this new model is to provide a flexible and extensible engineering tool for system design which encapsulates all of the capabilities of the existing Night Vision model suite (NVThermIP, SSCamIP, etc) along with many new design tools and features including a more intuitive interface, the ability to perform trade studies, and a library of standard and user generated components. By combining the previous model architectures in one interface the new design is better suited to capture emerging technologies such as fusion and new sensor modalities. In this paper we will describe the general structure of the model and some of its current capabilities along with future development plans.
On products on minimal simplicial sets

Abstract We investigate product structures on minimal simplicial sets. If X is a connected minimal simplicial set homotopy equivalent to a free loop space of a finite CW -complex, then we show that there exists a (non-associative) multiplication in X such that X is generated by finitely many elements in the homotopy groups π ∗ (X) ⊆ X as a group-like simplicial H-set. Some examples of minimal simplicial groups are given.
Woven electron emitters for high reliability.

Results of tests carried out on woven and knitted electron emitters are summarised. The most outstanding characteristic of these emitters is their high reliability, which results from the multiplicity of current paths. Other features include good mechanical stability, transparency, a large effective emitting area and efficiency comparable with conventional filaments of the same materials.
Regulation of the Tissue Factor Gene in Human Monocytic Cells: Role of AP-1, NF-κB/Rel, and Sp1 Proteins in Uninduced and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression

Tissue factor (TF) expression by peripheral blood monocytes during sepsis initiates intravascular thrombosis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly induces TF gene transcription in monocytes. The human TF promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors AP-1, c-Rel/p65, Egr-1, and Sp1. NF-kappa B/Rel proteins have been shown to physically interact with both AP-1 and Sp1 proteins. In this study, we investigated the role of these transcription factors in uninduced and LPS-induced TF gene expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Deletional analysis indicated that five Sp1 sites mediated basal expression in uninduced cells. The two AP-1 sites bound c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers in both unstimulated and LPS-stimulated cells. Maximal LPS induction of the TF promoter required the two AP-1 sites and the kappa B site within the LPS response element. Disruption of the conserved spacing between the proximal AP-1 site and the kappa B site abolished LPS induction. Replacement of the two AP-1 sites with intrinsically bent DNA partially restored LPS induction, suggesting an additional structural role for the AP-1 sites. Synergistic transactivation of the LPS response element in Drosophila Schneider cells by coexpression of c-Fos, c-Jun, c-Rel, and p65 or c-Jun and p65 required the transactivation domains of c-Jun and p65. These data indicated that c-Fos/c-Jun, c-Rel/p65, and Sp1 regulate TF gene expression in human monocytic cells.
Nuclear inheritance of a gene affecting mitochondrial gene expression

Due to a deficiency in mitochondrial protein synthesis, Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell mutant Gal− 32 does not grow in galactose or fructose. This report examines the nuclear or cytoplasmic inheritance of this single, recessive mutation. In a control experiment, fusion of Gal+TGsTK− cells with Gal−32TGRTK+ cells resulted in tetraploid hybrids (as verified by karyotyping) that were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium. The majority (2/3) of the control hybrids grew in galactose as expected since Gal− is dominant over Gal−. Fusion of Rhodamine 6-G treated Gal+TGSTK− cells with Gal−32TGRTK+ cells resulted in Rhodamine 6-G-tetraploid hybrids that were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium. The majority (7/12) of the Rhodamine 6-G-hybrids grew in galactose as expected for a nuclearly encoded gene considering that Rhodamine 6-G interferes with transmission of mtDNA but not nuclear DNA. Therefore, these results are compelling in their demonstration of the nuclear origin of the Gal− 32 mutation.
Radical desorption in emulsion polymerization

The derivation of a radical desorption coefficient in emulsion polymerization is presented, which takes into account the possible reactions of the desorbed radical in the aqueous phase as well as the competition between desorption and termination in polymer particles containing more than one radical. This model overcomes some important limitations of the previous models and is able to explain previously reported experimental results that the other models were unable to explain.
Reduced expression of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF34, an essential gene, enhances heterologous gene expression

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF34 is part of a transcriptional unit that includes ORF32, encoding a viral fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ORF33. We identified ORF34 as a candidate for deletion to improve protein expression in the baculovirus expression system based on enhanced reporter gene expression in an RNAi screen of virus genes. However, ORF34 was shown to be an essential gene. To explore ORF34 function, deletion (KO34) and rescue bacmids were constructed and characterized. Infection did not spread from primary KO34 transfected cells and supernatants from KO34 transfected cells could not infect fresh Sf21 cells whereas the supernatant from the rescue bacmids transfection could recover the infection. In addition, budded viruses were not observed in KO34 transfected cells by electron microscopy, nor were viral proteins detected from the transfection supernatants by western blots. These demonstrate that ORF34 is an essential gene with a possible role in infectious virus production.
Exercise Does Not Protect the Female Heart: An Unconvincing Conclusion?

To the Editor: The recent article by Paroo et al1 addressed an important issue relating to the sex difference in exercise-induced late cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. This study prompts a few concerns that I would like to share with the Editors and the readers of Circulation Research . (1) Exercise-induced cardioprotection in females . In this study, Paroo et al1 reported a rather provocative finding showing no exercise-induced cardioprotection in female rats compared with males, which challenges the common sense that moderate exercise could benefit both males and females in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and improving postinfarct heart function and survival. Unfortunately, these authors ignored the fact that a number of studies by several research …
Forced quantitative randomized response model: a new device

In the present investigation, a new forced quantitative randomized response (FQRR) model has been proposed. Both situations when the values of the forced quantitative response are known and unknown are studied. The forced qualitative randomized response models due to Liu and Chow (J Am Stat Assoc 71:72–73, 1976a, Biometrics 32:607–618, 1976b) and Stem and Steinhorst (J Am Stat Assoc 79:555–564, 1984) are shown as a special case of the situation when the value of the forced quantitative randomized response is simply replaced by a forced “yes” response. The proposed FQRR model remains more efficient than the recent Bar-Lev et al. (Metrika, 60:255–260, 2004), say BBB model. The relative efficiency of the proposed FQRR model with respect to the existing competitors, like the BBB model, has been investigated under different situations. No doubt the present model will lead to several new developments in the field of randomized response sampling. The proposed FQRR model will encourage researchers/scientists to think more on these lines.
Epithelial misplacement in adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum

During an 8-year period, 747 adenomatous polyps were removed either alone or in association with a known colonic cancer. These adenomas were reviewed to determine whether benign-appearing adenomatous epithelium could be located below the level of the muscularis mucosae unassociated with the additional pathologic signs of invasive cancer. Of 637 polyps unassociated with cancer resection, 3.2% showed evidence of benign “misplacement,” while this entity was found in 28% of the adenomas removed in association with 596 resections for cancer. Adenomatous misplacement is associated with cystic dilatation in the polyp head, hemosiderin deposition in the stalk, and normal lamina propria which surrounds adenomatous tissue appearing below the muscularis mucosa. Cytology of the “misplaced” structures is identical to the benign adenomatous pattern seen on the polyp surface. This entity must be differentiated carefully from the appearance of invasive cancer in adenomatous polyps in order to avoid unnecessary radical colonic resections. Previous statistical analyses regarding the association of gross malignancy and “invasive cancer” in adenomas need to be critically analyzed.
Injury-induced differential gene expression in laser captured hippocampal pyramidal and dentate granule cells

Trimethyltin (TMT) is a neurotoxicant that produces a specific pattern of neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. In mice, TMT induces a selective neuronal loss of dentate granule cells, astrocyte hypertrophy, and microglia activation. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated an early elevation in TNFα mRNA levels suggesting a role in initiation of the injury response. To investigate the role of TNF in this differential susceptibility of distinct neuronal populations, laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate cells in either the dentate gyrus (DG) or the CA pyramidal layer. RNA levels for TNFα, TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2 were measured in each distinct LCM region by real time RT–PCR. In control tissue, mRNA levels of TNFR2 and, to a lesser extent, TNFR1 were higher in cells of the DG as compared to the pyramidal cell layer. 24 h post-TMT, the level of TNFα transcript was elevated. Consistent with the pattern of neuronal susceptibility, levels were significantly greater in the dentate region. While this differential pattern was evident at the time of neuronal necrosis, we examined differential effects at an earlier time point of 6 h. RNA from each region, as obtained by LCM, was amplified by a PCR-based method, and hybridized to 1176 mouse cDNA arrays. Diverse categories of gene were differently express in the two regions including transcription factors (NEX-1, LKLF), chemokines (MIP1α and β), G proteins (guanine nucleotide binding proteins) and protein kinase (PKCβ, PKCδ, KCIP1). Thus, prior to any evidence of neurodegeneration, significant alterations were detected in distinct cell regions. These results demonstrate the utility of applying these techniques to examine differential vulnerability of neurons in various models of neurodegeneration.
Comparative Study of Bulk and Supported V-Mo-Te-Nb-O Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene

Bulk V−Nb−O, Mo−Nb−O, Te−Nb−O, and V−Mo−Te−Nb−O mixed metal oxides were synthesized and characterized with Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and BET methods. The interaction of the V and Mo cations with the Nb2O5 lattice followed three stages: (1) cations were initially incorporated into the Nb2O5 lattice forming a solid solution or compound as well as on the Nb2O5 surface, (2) a two-dimensional surface cation overlayer was formed after saturation of the solid solution, and (3) microcrystalline metal oxide phases (e.g., V2O5 and MoO3) were formed after completion of the two-dimensional surface cation monolayer. The catalytic properties of these bulk mixed metal oxides were investigated for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane to propylene, and their activity follows the trend: V−Nb−O > Mo−Nb−O ≫ Nb2O5 > Te−Nb−O. The highest propane conversions and propylene yields were found when the two-dimensional surface metal oxide monolayers were formed, which suggests that the surface metal oxide species are the ...
Analysis of Damage in MOS Devices for Several Radiation Environments

Recent results on hardened and unhardened CMOS inverters are analyzed. New experimental results indicate that lateral hole transport promotes a large interface state buildup in n-channel devices irradiated with the gate grounded. Other prompt results can be explained by recombination models. Annealing results in hardened oxides can be predicted using linear systems theory.
A map with invariant Cantor set of positive measure

Abstract Many examples exist of one-dimensional systems that are topologically conjugate to the shift operator on Σ 2 and are thus chaotic. Most of these examples which have invariant Cantor subsets, have Cantor subsets of measure zero. In this paper we outline the formulation of a map on a closed interval that has an invariant Cantor subset of positive Lebesgue measure. We also survey techniques used to analyze the dynamics of one-dimensional systems.
ELEVATED PLASMA INTESTINAL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS IDENTIFIES GRADE 3 NEC WITHIN 8 HOURS OF ONSET. † 1223

ELEVATED PLASMA INTESTINAL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS IDENTIFIES GRADE 3 NEC WITHIN 8 HOURS OF ONSET. † 1223
Optimization of thin film wetting and adhesion behavior

Abstract The coatability and adhesion behavior of photoresist films on semiconductor device substrates is related to the magnitudes of the polar components of surface energy of the two materials. The best adhesion during wet etching is achieved if the polar surface energy component γp of both the film and the substrate is small. However, in the case of a resist with a reasonably large γp, it is necessary to make the γp of the substrate sufficiently large to permit good wetting. It is thought that these results are applicable to other thin film-substrate combinations and to adhesion failure during exposure to many different reactive ambients.