cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A microscopic continuum model for defect dynamics in metallic glasses

Abstract Motivated by results of the topological theory of glasses accounting for geometric frustration, we develop the simplest possible continuum mechanical model of defect dynamics in metallic glasses that accounts for topological, energetic, and kinetic ideas. A geometrical description of ingredients of the structure of metallic glasses using the concept of local order based on Frank–Kasper phases and the notion of disclinations as topological defects in these structures is proposed. This novel kinematics is incorporated in a continuum mechanical framework capable of describing the interactions of disclinations and also of dislocations (interpreted as pairs of opposite disclinations). The model is aimed towards the development of a microscopic understanding of the plasticity of such materials. We discuss the expected predictive capabilities of the model vis-a-vis some observed physical behaviors of metallic glasses.
Adjustment Problems of College Students

group of those who understand. Since he receives his chief emotional satisfaction from this group, he dares not criticize it and thus refrains from making the normative judgments outsiders would make on the members' behavior. Identifying with jazzmen, he perceives the outside world itself as disorganized and crude and worthy of no respect. At the same time, the paradoxical demands of the group ideals and the conflicts between commercially profitable dance music and esthetically satisfying jazz become almost intolerable, so that he must develop a sort of "controlled schizophrenia"-an ability alternately to care or not care what he is doing. If he fails to make this tenuous adjustment, he may easily become seriously disorganized, but his neurotic or antisocial behavior will itself be tolerated by group members so long as it does not impede progress toward their principal goal-the production of jazz.
Alteration of Alluvium by Natural Gas in the Pyramid Lake Area, Nevada

Some of the chemical and physical processes associated with the migration of natural gas and their impact on engineering properties of soils are not well known. In the vicinity of the Truckee River Delta, gas (mostly methane with some hydrogen sulfide) was noted in natural seeps and in shallow test holes in sandy Holocene deltaic alluvium and in ancient Lake Lahontan clays and silts. Shiny black cores of Lahontan silt, after exposure to air, become buff from the surface inward. The black color is caused by iron sulfide pigmentation which disappears upon oxidation. Seasonal color changes from black (when submerged) to buff (when air-exposed) were observed in outcrops of Lahontan silts in the riverbed. They indicate periodic oxidation and reduction of the pigment by diffusion of either oxygen or hydrogen sulfide. Iron sulfides change the plasticity, shear strength, and other engineering properties of sediments and, together with gas pressure, may be partially responsible for underwater landslides in the delta. Oxidation of iron sulfides in ground water near the ground-water table probably caused development of a limonitic “rusty” stain on pebbles and sand near the top of deltaic alluvium. Isotopic composition of carbon in the methane seems to indicate its “marsh” origin. Hydrogen sulfide is probably created by bacterial ( Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ) reactions with methane and sulfates.
Chiral three‐dimensional isotropic lattices with negative Poisson's ratio

Chiral three-dimensional isotropic cubic lattices with rigid cubical nodules and multiple deformable ribs are developed and analyzed via finite element analysis. The lattices exhibit geometry-dependent Poisson's ratio that can be tuned to negative values. Poisson's ratio decreases from positive to negative values as the number of cells increases. Isotropy is obtained by adjustment of aspect ratio. The lattices exhibit significant size effects. Such a phenomenon cannot occur in a classical elastic continuum but it can occur in a Cosserat solid.
Optimum Design of Artificial Lateral Line Systems for Object Tracking under Uncertain Conditions

This study develops a method for optimum design of an artificial lateral line system, which tracks underwater objects by using the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Sensor noise and model uncertainty are considered for design optimization. Dependency of the optimum setting of the EKF and the design parameters on the amount of uncertainty is investigated as well.
Effect of overdrying of yellow-poplar veneer on physical properties and bonding

The intent of this study was to follow the changes of various wood physical properties as the wood was overdried at high temperature and to determine if these changes correlated with the ability of the wood to bond with phenolic resins. Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) was dried from a water-soaked state at 170°C, 195°C, and 220°C for various lengths of time. Light reflectance, wettability, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), loss of wood substance, and compression shear bond strength were measured. Wettability was severely affected over time and was very quickly affected at high temperatures. The bulk properties, EMC and loss of wood substance, were slightly affected by drying for 224 min at 170°C but were more affected at the higher temperatures with time. The results for these bulk properties correlated well with light reflectance measurements regardless of temperature level. However, compression shear bond strength remained high and was unresponsive to either drying time or drying temperature. After these laboratory samples were analyzed, yellow-poplar plywood samples produced by an industrial manufacturer were tested for bond quality. One sample was composed of regularly dried veneer, and one sample was overdried.
Patient-Centered Care or Drug-Centered Care: The Influence of Pharmaceutical Marketing on Medical Science and Public Health

Medical leaders today call increasingly for patient-centered care, which is often contrasted with doctor-centered care and disease-centered care. One threat to patient-centered care which does not easily fit into these categories, however, is what one might label drug-centered care. Drug-centered “care” arises when pharmaceutical industry marketing exerts a deleterious influence over both the medical profession and the general public. This influence is easy to detect when it assumes blatant forms such as financial incentives to overprescribe but is harder to perceive when it takes the form of changing the way we think about disease and indeed about human life. Two case studies that illustrate this deleterious influence are antidepressant drugs and drugs for type 2 diabetes. The inverse benefit law explains why these forms of pharmaceutical marketing constitute a threat to the public’s health.
Using change point detection to automate daily activity segmentation

Real time detection of transitions between activities based on sensor data is a valuable but somewhat untapped challenge. Detecting these transitions is useful for activity segmentation, for timing notifications or interventions, and for analyzing human behavior. In this work, we design and evaluate real time machine learning-based methods for automatic segmentation and recognition of continuous human daily activity. We detect activity transitions and integrate the change point detection algorithm with smart home activity recognition to segment human daily activities into separate actions and correctly identify each action. Experiments with on real-world smart home datasets suggest that using transition aware activity recognition algorithms lead to best performance for detecting activity boundaries and streaming activity segmentation.
A Matrix Framework for Manufacturing System Scheduling and Design

Abstract A systems theory point of view is used to develop a new matrix framework for rule-based controller design for reentrant flow lines and job shop scheduling with variable part routing. The controller is comprised of inner and outer loops, where the inner loop is decision-free with no shared resource problems. The outer loop involves shared routing choices and so requires respectively a confict resolution input u cR and a choice-task decision input u c C selected based on dispatching rules. Using matrices over a nonstandard (‘and’/’or’) algcbra to describe the system structure, a new system with different part routings can be obtained by changing only an operation sequencing matrix s u p
Object Categorization in Context Based on Probabilistic Learning of Classification Tree with Boosted Features and Co-occurrence Structure

This paper proposes a probabilistic method of object categorization in context through learning a classification tree with boosted features and co-occurrence structure. In this method, object classes are obtained for each scene category, a classification tree with boosted features is generated for all the object classes and co-occurrence is analyzed among object categories in scenes. In recognition, object categories in a scene are simultaneously determined based on a classification tree search using composite boosted features under co-occurrence constraint and a foreground object is inferred based on object category composition of scene categories. Through experiments using images of plural categories in an image data set, it is shown that object categorization performance is improved by using boosted features and co-occurrence structure, especially by using both of them.
P-230 ‘you said we did’: learning from service users at saint francis hospice

Background The Care Quality Commission requires hospices to evidence how views of service users are sought to inform and develop quality of care. Getting constructive comments is a challenge and can mean a gap in knowledge and understanding. Aim To gather greater depth on service users’ views of the care, using a focus group approach, to generate constructive feedback. To establish a platform for listening, taking action and informing improvements. Method Participants were recruited from two support groups and were diverse in age, gender and ethnic origin. All had experienced hospice care. ‘You said we did’ was emphasised to clarify the purpose. Two key questions guided discussion. Comments were organised into themes of ‘What we do well’ and ‘What can we improve’. Additionally three participants undertook a video recorded interview in an adapted London taxi, provided by Health Watch Essex. Findings Bereavement support and involvement with the hospice was important to many. Who accessed bereavement services was questioned. Support groups at evenings and weekends were requested. A range of approaches to care and support is needed as one size does not fit all. Extending the opening hours of the hospice shop elicited strong feelings; limited hours had a big impact. Some referral routes were difficult and this caused stress. The video material offers powerful stories. Conclusion The focus group itself had a big impact on the attendees; being asked for their opinion was highly valued. Some feedback was constructive although further work is needed. Another focus group is planned for October 2017 to feedback on improvements made. The potential for learning from the service users is huge and goes beyond making specific improvements. Funding has been identified to increase bereavement support services. An outcome of the event is recruitment of 12 ‘Cloud Surfers’ who will assist with reviewing marketing material.
A Frequency‐Domain Test to Check Equality in Spectral Densities of Multiple Time Series With Unequal Lengths

In this paper, a new frequencyâ€ domain test is proposed to check the equality of spectral densities of two or more stationary time series. The proposed test is able to deal with multiple independent time series of different lengths naturally, based on some regression models of log periodograms. The asymptotic null distribution of the proposed test is obtained. The consistency is shown under any fixed alternative and a sequence of local alternatives. A simulation study is conducted to examine the finite sample performance of the test. By jointly modeling all log periodograms, the test is empirically robust when multiple time series are mutually dependent to some extent. It also works well for nonâ€ Gaussian time series. The proposed test is applied to compare several vibrational signals for damage detection of a mechanical system.
Antibiotic Use in the Intensive Care Unit: Optimization and De-Escalation.

Appropriate antimicrobial therapy is essential to ensuring positive patient outcomes. Inappropriate or suboptimal utilization of antibiotics can lead to increased length of stay, multidrug-resistant infections, and mortality. Critically ill intensive care patients, particularly those with severe sepsis and septic shock, are at risk of antibiotic failure and secondary infections associated with incorrect antibiotic use. Through the initiation of active empiric antibiotic therapy based upon local susceptibilities, daily evaluation of signs and symptoms of infection and narrowing of antibiotic therapy when feasible, providers can streamline the treatment of common intensive care unit (ICU) infections. Optimizing antibiotic dosing through prolonged infusions can be beneficial in intensive care populations with altered pharmacokinetics. Antimicrobial stewardship teams can assist ICU providers in managing and implementing these tactics. This review will discuss the current literature on antibiotic use in the IC...
Two-pyroxene geothermometer; a model with an approximate solution

Composition of coexisting ortho- and Ca-pyroxene or pigeonite may be used to estimate the temperature of crystallization at low to moderate pressures by solving the equation: RT ln X/sub Mg--M1//sup Cpx/ X/sub Mg--M2//sup Cpx/ ..gamma../sub Mg--M2//sup Cpx/ = RT ln ..cap alpha../sub Mg--Opx/ - 500 where R is gas content, T temperature in /sup 0/K to be estimated, X/sub Mg--M1//sup Cpx/ the site of occupancy of Mg on the site M1 or M2 in clinopyroxene (Cpx), ..gamma.. the M2 site activity coefficient and ..cap alpha../sub Mg--Opx/ the activity of Mg in orthopyroxene. A non-ideal model for the M2 site in both the pyroxenes is used to obtain the activity composition relations. The site occupancy data in orthopyroxene are available in the literature. The site occupancy data in clinopyroxene are obtained by using compositional data on three coexisting pyroxenes by using the condition that in such coexisting pyroxenes the intracrystalline equilibrium constants are simply related. Using the activity--composition data, the equation may be solved graphically or by using a computer to match the two sides of the equation at various assumed temperatures. The temperature estimates must be based on an accurate compositional analysis of several samples. It is expected that furthermore » work on the solution parameters and determination of site occupancies as a function of temperature and composition will be actively pursued to improve temperature estimates. The proposed geothermometer is recommended as a relative temperature scale to test models of chemical equilibrium and differentiation in metamorphic and igneous rocks.« less
Dynamical Systems in Video Analysis

Abstract This chapter describes how the class of linear dynamical system (LDS) models can be used for representing and analyzing video signals. Given a sequence of images, it is shown under what conditions it can be modeled with an LDS, and how it is possible to estimate the model parameters (system identification). Video data become LDSs, and establishing a way to compare them enables several higher-level vision tasks. The chapter describes a number of ways of measuring distances, or similarities between LDSs, ranging from methods based on subspace angles and information theoretic measures, to methods based on kernels in model space. Those concepts are then applied to accomplish tasks such as video synthesis, editing, recognition, segmentation, and registration.
Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Delays: Benchmarks and Survival Association.

ObjectiveTo characterize treatment delays in hypopharyngeal cancer, identify factors associated with delays, and associate delays with overall survival.Study DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingCommi...
Optimizing the trainable B-COSFIRE filter for retinal blood vessel segmentation.

Segmentation of the retinal blood vessels using filtering techniques is a widely used step in the development of an automated system for diagnostic retinal image analysis. This paper optimized the blood vessel segmentation, by extending the trainable B-COSFIRE filter via identification of more optimal parameters. The filter parameters are introduced using an optimization procedure to three public datasets (STARE, DRIVE, and CHASE-DB1). The suggested approach considers analyzing thresholding parameters selection followed by application of background artifacts removal techniques. The approach results are better than the other state of the art methods used for vessel segmentation. ANOVA analysis technique is also used to identify the most significant parameters that are impacting the performance results (p-value i 0.05). The proposed enhancement has improved the vessel segmentation accuracy in DRIVE, STARE and CHASE-DB1 to 95.47, 95.30 and 95.30, respectively.
Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy among children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder.

Abstract Background and objectives This study examined the occurrence of sudden gains (or reversal of gains) among children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as the association of sudden gains with treatment response, treatment group, and pre-treatment clinical characteristics. Methods The sample consisted of 136 youth (ages 7–17) with a primary diagnosis of OCD who were randomized in a double-blinded fashion to 10 sessions of CBT with augmentation of either d -cycloserine or placebo. Sudden gain status was determined based on clinician-rated obsessive-compulsive symptom severity, which was collected on 9 occasions across the study period. Results 42.6% of youth experienced at least one sudden gain, which tended to occur either after starting exposure and response prevention or towards the end of treatment. After applying the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons, there were no significant pre-treatment predictors of sudden gains and only reduced insight predicted the reversal of gains. Individuals with at least one sudden gain had improved overall treatment outcomes, measured both by reduction in OCD symptom severity, and by global illness severity. Limitations Several clinical constructs were not examined. Symptomatology was not assessed at every treatment session. Differences in those who achieved sudden gains and those who did not may be obscured. There is the possibility that a sudden gain reflected a scoring error generated by an optimistic or inaccurate report. Finally, a relatively homogenous sample may limit the generalizability of results. Conclusions The course of CBT for pediatric OCD is variable with many children experiencing sudden gains, but a sizable percentage experience a reversal of gains which was related to reduced insight. Sudden gains tended to occur after starting exposure and response prevention and towards the end of treatment. Trialsregistration ClinicaltrialsgovRegistry:NCT00864123. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00864123 .
Can capture by abrupt onsets be suppressed

Many studies have indicated that abrupt onsets have the power to capture attention against our will. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that abrupt onsets can be suppressed, but only wh...
Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault.

Background: Sexual assault (SA) frequently occurs under the influence of alcohol, and is often followed by both drinking and posttraumatic stress symptoms, including intrusive memories. Although ma...
Estimated Cardiovascular Risk and Guideline-Concordant Primary Prevention With Statins: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analyses of US Ambulatory Visits Using Competing Algorithms.

Introduction:The 2013 pooled cohort equations (PCE) may misestimate cardiovascular event (CVE) risk, particularly for black patients. Alternatives to the original PCE (O-PCE) to assess potential st...
Design and evaluation of a scaffolded block-based learning environment for hierarchical data structures

This paper presents the design of Blocks4DS, a block-based environment for students to learn data structures. As a proof-of-concept, we designed custom blocks to allow students to build and visualize Binary Search Trees (BST). Blocks4DS is built on Blockly and uses vis.js to provide visualizations of the binary search tree and its operations. This paper describes the results from an initial evaluation of usability and student learning.
Efficient evaluations of bone implants performances

Abstract Evaluating performance of implants at an early stage, long before the clinical introduction to the market, has proved to be challenging. Researchers, regulatory affairs organizations and government regulators are looking for models that can rapidly eliminate poorly performing prototype products in order to select the right candidates for further development. This chapter was designed to provide help in the selection and interpretation of appropriate methods in order to make the development of new bone implants more efficient.
Performance of alumina-forming alloys under coking-decoking cycles

Steam cracking reactors are continuously exposed to coking, where a carbon layer is deposited on the walls; and decoking, where steam is introduced to remove the carbon layer. As a result of these ...
Predicting vibrational entropy of fcc solids uniquely from bond chemistry using machine learning

Abstract Despite a well-recognized contribution of vibrational entropy (Svib) in the phase stability of alloys, this remains a peripheral quantity due to its high computational cost. In this work, using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and machine learning (ML), we show that the expensive Svib computations can be completely circumvented, and the Svib can be predicted with high accuracy. This is possible because using DFT calculations in fcc solids, we show that there exists a unique force constant (FC) – bond length relationship for every bond (i.e., A-A or A-B) and the influence of the alloy composition on FCs can be captured with the change in bond lengths only. By building the FC-bond length DFT database coupled with ML models, we show that the FCs between any two elements can be predicted in any composition. This capability in turn enables predicting the Svib of any complex alloy without having to perform a single new FC calculation thereby significantly reducing the computational costs. This work opens a new avenue to predict Svib of complex HEAs thereby making Svib as readily available as the mixing enthalpy. Using this framework, vibrational entropies may now be included in the thermodynamic frameworks to improve the phase-stability predictions.
What we talk about when we talk about color

Names for colors vary widely across languages, but color categories are remarkably consistent (Berlin & Kay, 1969). Shared mechanisms of color perception help explain consistent partitions of visible light into discrete color vocabularies (Regier et al., 2007). But the mappings from colors to words are not identical across languages, which may reflect communicative needs - how often speakers must refer to objects of different color (Gibson et al., 2017). Here we quantify the communicative needs of colors in 130 different languages by means of a novel inference algorithm. We find that communicative needs are not uniform: some regions of color space exhibit 30-fold greater demand for communication than other regions. The regions of greatest demand correlate with the colors of salient objects, including ripe fruits in primate diets. Our analysis also reveals a hidden diversity in the communicative needs of colors across different languages, which is partly explained by differences in geographic location and the local biogeography of linguistic communities. Accounting for language-specific, non-uniform communicative needs improves predictions for how a language maps colors to words, and how these mappings vary across languages. Our account closes an important gap in the compression theory of color naming, while opening new directions to study cross-cultural variation in the need to communicate different colors and its impact on the cultural evolution of color categories.
Choose Your Evidence

Schooling traditionally affords students more experience in learning and practicing procedures than in identifying what a situation calls for. When asked to choose appropriate numerical data to support their causal claims, college students perform surprisingly poorly. In one case we describe, almost all chose limited, inconclusive data as sufficient evidence, despite having available the more comprehensive data needed to support their claim and despite their established competence to employ such data for this purpose. Our objective in highlighting this weakness is to make a case that choosing one’s evidence warrants the status of an important metacognitive intellectual skill and educational objective, one central to but that extends well beyond the domains of scientific and mathematical reasoning and hence warrants greater attention both in and beyond the science curriculum. People may choose evidence to justify their assertions in an ill-considered way, with potential adverse effects in both private and public communication.
Jones and Stokes-Mueller analogous calculi for OAM-transforming optics.

We introduce a matrix-based approach for characterization of local interactions of optical beams with devices that result in changes of their orbital angular momentum (OAM) content. For deterministic interactions, a method similar to the Jones calculus is developed, while for interactions involving random beams and/or devices, its generalization based on the coherence-OAM matrix is suggested. Applications of the new, to the best of our knowledge, calculus to a spiral plate, a trigonometric grating, and a diffuser are considered. An alternative formulation similar to the Stokes–Mueller calculus is also outlined.
Changes in Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Abundance and Diversity in Macrophyte-dominated and Open Pelagic Ecosystem of Shallow Reservoirs

This study investigated the influence of aquatic plant beds on the water chemistry and phytoplankton and zooplankton density and diversity in two shallow tropical reservoirs in Malaysia. K-dominance curves revealed a decrease in phytoplankton diversity from macrophyte dominated area to open pelagic area. Higher phytoplankton and zooplankton densities in macrophyte dominated areas observed during the wet season. Phytoplankton composition highly varied between season in Chenderoh reservoir. The ordination of zooplankton diversity in the lakes with sites is best explained by environmental gradients of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus and temperature. Phytoplankton and zooplankton taxon correlated differently with ecological variables.
Canonical and Noncanonical Sites Determine NPT2A Binding Selectivity to NHERF1 PDZ1

Na + /H + Exchanger Regulatory Factor-1 (NHERF1) is a scaffolding protein containing 2 PDZ domains that coordinates the assembly and trafficking of transmembrane receptors and ion channels. Most target proteins harboring a C-terminus recognition motif bind more-or-less equivalently to the either PDZ domain, which contain identical core-binding motifs. However some substrates such as the type II sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (NPT2A), uniquely bind only one PDZ domain. We sought to define the structural determinants responsible for the specificity of interaction between NHERF1 PDZ domains and NPT2A. By performing all-atom/explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with biological mutagenesis, fluorescent polarization (FP) binding assays, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we found that in addition to canonical interactions of residues at 0 and -2 positions, Arg at the -1 position of NPT2A plays a critical role in association with Glu43 and His27 of PDZ1 that are absent in PDZ2. Experimentally introduced mutation in PDZ1 (Glu43Asp and His27Asn) decreased binding to NPT2A. Conversely, introduction of Asp183Glu and Asn167His mutations in PDZ2 promoted the formation of favorable interactions yielding micromolar KDs. The results describe novel determinants within both the PDZ domain and outside the canonical PDZ-recognition motif that are responsible for discrimination of NPT2A between two PDZ domains. The results challenge general paradigms for PDZ recognition and suggest new targets for drug development.
Effects of glutathione and ethylxanthate on mitomycin C activation by isolated rat hepatic or EMT6 mouse mammary tumor nuclei.

Abstract Mitomycin C (MC) activation to a reactive species was studied in nuclei isolated from rat liver and EMT6 tumor cells. Both preparations were similar in the rate of 4-( p -nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) alkylation by MC and the levels of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. MC activation by both hepatic and EMT6 cell nuclei was inhibited by the presence of O 2 and by heat inactivation. NADPH was preferred over NADH as the source of reducing equivalents by both types of isolated nuclei. MC activation to alkylating metabolites was not affected when EDTA or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, two Fe 2+ chelating agents, was present in the incubation system with either preparation of isolated nuclei. Glutathione (1 and 5 mm) and N -acetylcysteine (1 and 10 mm) both inhibited MC alkylation of NBP in nuclear preparations from rat liver and EMT6 tumor cells by 50–60%. Ethylxanthate (1 mm) effectively inhibited the MC alkylation of NBP by hepatic nuclei but was unable to inhibit MC alkylation of NBP by tumor cell nuclei. At 100 mm, ethylxanthate produced a slight stimulation in the rate of MC alkylation of NBP. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that MC activation in EMT6 tumor cells proceeds via a one electron reduction pathway which is inhibitable by glutathione but not inhibitable by ethylxanthate. Hepatic nuclei are apparently able to activate MC by either a one- or two-electron pathway.
Gene-by-age effects on BMI from birth to adulthood: The fels longitudinal study

Objectives Genome wide association studies have shown 32 loci to influence BMI in European-American adults but replication in other studies is inconsistent and may be attributed to gene-by-age effects. The aims of this study were to determine if the influence of the summed risk score of these 32 loci (GRS) on BMI differed across age from birth to 40 years, and to determine if additive genetic effects other than those in the GRS differed by age. Methods Serial measures of BMI were calculated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 28 months, and 4, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 30, and 40 years for 1,176 (605 females, 571 males) European-American participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. SOLAR was used for genetic analyses. Results GRS was significant (P < 0.05) at ages: 6, 9 months, 4-15 years, and 23-40 years. Remaining additive genetic effects independently influenced BMI (P < 5.3 × 10−5, 0.40 < h2 < 0.76). Some genetic correlations between ages were not significant. Differential GRS effects did not retain significance after multiple comparisons adjustments. Conclusions While well-known BMI variants do not appear to have significant differential effects, other additive genes differ over the lifespan.
Using System Networks to Build Rhetorical Structures

We are currently engaged in a project to study the generation of instructional texts for common consumer devices. Our initial efforts have focused on an exhaustive corpus-based analysis of instruction booklets for cordless telephones. In this paper, we present our analysis of the way the various processes used in this domain are expressed. Our emphasis here is on the relationship between the surface grammatical coding of these processes and the underlying rhetorical structure of the text. This analysis has been formalized using a systemic-functional framework, with the resulting system networks forming the basis for the Imagene text generation system.
NEC: node energy based clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks with guaranteed connectivity

Wireless sensor networks are continually being deployed in various application areas which are posing various new challenges Yet, one problem that still remains central to the operability and applicability of sensor networks is the limited energy of the sensor nodes which directly limits the network lifetime Various schemes have been proposed to optimize the energy conservation, some of which use network-redundancy to switch off the radios of some nodes Ensuring minimum connectivity in such a case is the main objective, which the existing papers address inadequately We propose a scheme of topology control based on the concept of strong and weak nodes In our protocol clustering is done keeping in mind the lifetime of all the nodes that are awake and not just the lifetime of the cluster-head hence ensuring that minimum connectivity is always guaranteed.
Viscosity solutions of the Bellman equation for infinite horizon optimal control problems with negative instantaneous costs

In a series of papers, we characterized the value function in optimal control as the unique viscosity solution of the corresponding Bellman equation that satisfies appropriate side conditions. The novelty of our results was that they applied to exit time problems with general nonnegative instantaneous costs, including cases where the instantaneous cost is not uniformly bounded below by positive constants. This paper extends these results to control problems whose instantaneous costs are allowed to take both positive and negative values, including undiscounted examples. We apply our results to the generalized Zubov equation, which corresponds to the Bellman equation for a negative instantaneous cost. The unique solutions of the Zubov equations are maximum cost Lyapunov functions for perturbed asymptotically stable systems. We study the regularity of these Lyapunov functions, and we further extend Zubov's method for representing domains of attractions as sublevel sets of Lyapunov functions. We also illustrate some special properties of maximum cost Lyapunov functions that can occur when the instantaneous cost for the Lyapunov function is degenerate.
Cameras on the moon with Apollos 15 and 16.

Description of the cameras used for photography and television by Apollo 15 and 16 missions, covering a hand-held Hasselblad camera for black and white panoramic views at locations visited by the astronauts, a special stereoscopic camera designed by astronomer Tom Gold, a 16-mm movie camera used on the Apollo 15 and 16 Rovers, and several TV cameras. Details are given on the far-UV camera/spectrograph of the Apollo 16 mission. An electronographic camera converts UV light to electrons which are ejected by a KBr layer at the focus of an f/1 Schmidt camera and darken photographic films much more efficiently than far-UV. The astronomical activity of the Apollo 16 astronauts on the moon, using this equipment, is discussed.
The Perception of Multiple Objects: A Connectionist Approach

"The Perception of Multiple Objects "describes a neurally inspired computational model of two-dimensional object recognition and spatial attention that can explain many characteristics of human visual perception. The model, called MORSEL (named for its ability to perform Multiple Object Recognition and attentional Selection), is unique in providing a broad and unified explanation for a wide range of experimental psychological data on visual perception and attention. Although it draws on existing theoretical perspectives from cognitive psychology, it is a fully mechanistic account, not just a functional-level theory.MORSEL has been trained to recognize letters and words in various positions on its "retina." Following training, it can also recognize several items at once, subject to capacity limitations. The model makes predictions about what sorts of information the visual system can process in parallel and what sorts must be processed serially.Through simulation experiments, chiefly in letter and word perception, MORSEL has been shown to account for a variety of psychological phenomena, including perceptual errors that arise when several items appear simultaneously in the visual field, facilitatory effects of context and redundant information, attentional phenomena, visual search performance, and behaviors exhibited by neurological patients with acquired dyslexia.
Relationship between pulp structure breakdown and nutritional value of papaya (Carica papaya) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) nectars using alternative thermal and non-thermal processing techniques.

BACKGROUND Papaya and strawberry contain a wide array of nutrients that contribute to human health; however, availability of these fruits is limited due to their short shelf lives and seasonal nature. In this study, the effect of alternative techniques including ultra high temperature (UHT, 20–135 °C, 1–3 s) and irradiation (0–10 kGy) on carotenoid concentration, antioxidant capacity and changes to pulp structure using transmission electron microscopy were determined for papaya and strawberry nectars. RESULTS UHT had moderate effects on antioxidant capacity, but the greatest overall release of carotenoids from the pulp matrix (34.2%, 6.26%, 8.31%; β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, respectively). Irradiation resulted in the greatest increase in antioxidant capacity [19.22 to 24.32 µmol Trolox equivalents kg−1 (papaya), 190.51 to 287.68 µmol Trolox equivalents kg−1 (strawberry)], with moderate effects on carotenoid concentration. CONCLUSION This research demonstrates that decreases in nutrient value and antioxidant capacity can result from processing, but that regeneration of these losses can be seen corresponding to the apparent breakdown of pulp structure. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
TCR-Dependent Translational Control of GATA-3 Enhances Th2 Differentiation

The differentiation of CD4 + T cells into the Th2 subset is controlled by the transcription factor GATA-3. GATA-3 is both necessary and sufficient for Th2 differentiation and works through the induction of chromatin remodeling at the Th2 effector cytokine loci. We show in this study that IL-4 stimulation induces GATA-3 mRNA upregulation, but the level of GATA-3 protein induced is insufficient for Th2 differentiation. The levels of GATA-3 protein and Th2 differentiation are enhanced by concomitant TCR signaling through the PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The PI3K-mediated increase in GATA-3 protein occurs without increasing the GATA-3 mRNA level. Rather, TCR signaling through PI3K specifically enhances the translation rate of GATA-3 without affecting the protein stability. Importantly, this role of TCR signaling is independent of the effects of TCR signaling in T cell survival and expansion. Thus, TCR signaling through PI3K may play a critical role in Th2 differentiation by the specific enhancement of GATA-3 translation.
Effect of temperature on the binding of salicylate by human serum albumin.

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of the binding of salicylate to human serum albumin were determined at pH 7.4. Frontal analysis gel filtration, which previously has been shown to provide superior reproducibility, critical temperature control and improved accuracy for two-site resolution, was used. Consideration of the nonlinear binding data led us to examine heterogeneity of binding, electrostatic effects and discrete multiple binding sites. We found that our data were most appropriately described by a two-site model constrained to mean values of n 1 = 1.46 and n 2 = 4.10 . This resulted in the following thermodynamic values: primary site ΔH1 = −41.05 kJ mole−1 and ΔS1 = −47.0 J °K−1 mole−1 (ΔF1 = −27.02 kJ mole−1 at 25'), and secondary site ΔH2 = −19.61 kJ mole−1 and ΔS2 = 0.5 J°K−1 mole−1 (ΔF2 = −19.75 kJ mole−1 at 25°). Thus the binding to both sites was temperature dependent and increased with decreasing temperature. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic parameters for the two sites are significantly different. The properties of the primary site resemble those for the binding of tryptophan and its derivatives, while the secondary binding of salicylate is like that for the long-chain fatty acids and anionic azo dyes. Calculations based on the observed parameters draw attention to the major contribution of the secondary site to the binding of salicylate at higher therapeutic (30 mg/100 ml) concentrations. It is postulated that the binding of salicylate involves both hydrophobic and ionic contributions. The former is disrupted by chlorpromazine, while the latter is affected by warfarin and chloride.
The requirement for lipid fluidity in the formation and structure of lipoproteins: Thermotropic analysis of apolipoprotein-alanine binding to dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine☆

Abstract By circular dichroic, fluorescence and ultracentrifugal methods, it is shown that apoLP-alanine binds to dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in its liquid crystalline state more efficiently than its gel state.
A Hundred Days of Continuous Integration

Many agile teams use continuous integration (CI). It is one of the extreme programming practices and has been broadly adopted by the community [1]. Just how effective is it? Does the effort of maintaining the CI server and fixing build breaks save time compared to a lengthier check-in process that attempts to never break the build? While much anecdotal evidence exists as to the benefits of CI there is very little in the way of data to support this. How do you convince teams and management that itpsilas worth adopting and how best to do it? This report outlines our experience with CI in a distributed team environment and attempts to answer these questions.
INCREASED BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)

To examine the influence of sex steroids on bone accretion, we studied bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine, L2-L4, in 6 patients with CAH-21-hydroxylase deficiency who had been exposed to age-discordant levels of adrenal hormones, 3/6 patients had been treated since infancy with low doses of glucocorticoids. Children (mean age 7.8 ± 4 y) had advanced height age and bone ages (9.0 ± 3.4y and 10.3 ± 3.0y, respectively). Irrespective of treatment status, BMD (L2-L4;g/cm2) was increased in CAH compared with mean BMD for age-matched population norms (J Bone & Min Res 6:507, 1991; patients 0.83 ± 0.25 vs. controls 0.63 ± 0.34; p = 0.01). Adjustment for bone age again showed increased BMD in patients (0.76 ± 0.19 vs. 0.62 ± 0.18; p = 0.02). Since DEXA measurements are dependent on body size, we corrected for height age, again finding increased BMD in patients (0.76 ± 0.19 vs. 0.56 ± 0.15; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Treated and untreated children with CAH show an increase in BMD. 2. This early increase in BMD may protect against later osteoporosis and may represent the converse of the observation that pubertally delayed subjects have reduced BMD, even as adults.
Electron microscopy studies of nickel dimethylglyoximate

Abstract Nickel dimethylglyoximate crystals precipitated from homogeneous solution are well formed and convenient for microscopic study. The crystals are precipitated in solution as long needles with a rectangular cross-section. The direction of the long axis, i.e., the direction of the long dimension of the needle, is the c-axis ; the shortest axis is either the a- or b-axis. When the single crystal was slowly heated in the electron microscope, it began to sublime at 120° with changes occurring in its surface structure. Above 400° the Debye-Scherrer diffraction rings appeared as the crystal changed to nickel oxide.
Measurements of wind velocity and pressure with a wave follower during Marsen

Air pressure data are used in determining the rate of momentum transfer from wind to waves. On the basis of the wind velocity measurements, the wave-induced airflow and its coherence with waves are obtained for various wind velocities and phase speeds of the ocean waves. The pressure results suggest that momentum transfer to waves can be specified by a certain relation, which is given. The wind-velocity results suggest that the wave-induced airflow is much smaller than the mean wind speed. An empirical equation is proposed for the modulation of atmospheric transfer to short waves caused by the orbital velocity of long waves.
'Disabled' Is Not 'Impaired'

To the Editor.— The article in the June 5, 1987, issue entitled "The Physically Disabled Physician"1 was a welcome and well-researched report on the disabled physician's status in the medical profession. I must, however, object toJAMA's inappropriate juxtaposition of an article on the physically disabled physician next to articles on the impaired physician. The grouping of these articles together strongly implies that both are similar, sharing identical medical and social considerations. There is an important distinction to be made between the disabled physician and the impaired physician. The impaired physician often suffers from alcohol or drug dependence, thus severely impairing his ability to practice medicine. The disabled physician, in contrast, suffers no loss in intellectual ability or in capacity for clinical decision making. As stated in Dr Wainapel's article, "physically disabled physicians' needs for treatment and advocacy are distinct from those of the 'impaired physician.'" To equate the
Sleep Disturbance in Midlife Women

Emphasizing midlife women, this review describes sleep and compares self-report sleep data with objective findings from laboratory studies of women. Sleep disturbance is a more prevalent complaint for women than men. Not due to chronologic age per se, it is associated with menopausal symptoms and most importantly with comorbidities and stress. Sleep problems in midlife women should not be attributed only to the menopausal symptom experience and should trigger a clinical evaluation. Assessment guidelines are included.
The development of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the chick

The normal development of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve has been studied in a series of chicks from the fourth day of incubation until the eighteenth day post-hatching. In addition, the time of origin of the cells in the nucleus has been determined by 3H-thymidine autoradiography, using a variant of the cumulative labeling method. The fully-formed nucleus consists of two distinct groups of unipolar cells, a numerically larger medial division within the tectal commissure and a smaller, lateral division within the stratum griseum periventriculare of the optic tectum. The cells in the lateral group are, on the average, larger than those in the medial part of the nucleus at all stages of development. The entire population of neurons is generated between the third and fourth days of incubation (stages 14 to 24) with the cells in the lateral division being formed slightly earlier (stages 14 to 20) than the medially located cells (stages 16 to 24). When the nucleus is numerically complete, at the eighth or ninth day of incubation, it contains between 4,000 and 4,500 cells. Between days 11 and 13 there is a dramatic loss of cells, especially from the caudal part of the nucleus, to a final population of about 1,100 neurons. This normally occurring cell loss seems to occur at the time muscle spindles are being formed, and appears to be due to the inability of the outgrowing processes of the cells to form appropriate peripheral contacts since it is accentuated by the early extirpation of the mesoderm of the mandibular lobe. These experiments also suggest that in the chick the jaw musculature is, in part, innervated bilaterally by the mesencephalic nucleus.
How Charter Schools Do, and Don't, Inspire Change in Traditional Public School Districts

In 1991, the state of Minnesota succeeded in proposing and passing the first charter school legislation in the United States. Soon after, in 1992, California passed its own charter school legislati...