cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cause of two plasma-tail disconnection events in comet P/Haley during the ICE-Halley radial period

We have examined ICE magnetometer and electron plasma data for possible causes of the plasma tail disconnection events (DE’s) which were observed in Halley’s comet on 1986 March 20–22 and April 11–12. We attribute the DE of March 20–22 to an interplanetary magnetic field polarity reversal, and the DE of April 11–12 to either a compression region in the solar wind, an interplanetary magnetic field polarity reversal, or a combination of the two. The measured average speeds of tail recession determined from pairs of successive photographs for both events vary between about 40 and 90 km s− 1, and the average acceleration determined from successive pairs of average velocity measurements is quite variable. The calculated times of disconnection for the two events are, in UT decimal dates, March 19.55 ± 0.16 and April 10.91 ± 0.36. Assuming that the two disconnection events are due to frontside reconnection after an interplanetary magnetic field reversal (the most likely explanation for the March 20–22 event, and one possible explanation for the April 11–12 event), we estimate that the time period between the onset of reconnection and the final disconnection of the tail is 0.1 ≦τ rec ≦ 0.6 day. This suggests that the average speed at which reconnection proceeds through the cometary magnetic field pileup region is 1 ≦ υ rec ≦ 6 km s −1, or several tenths the local Alfven speed.
Second generation compact image coding with wavelets

Abstract . We introduce a compact image coding algorithm that separates the edge from the texture information. It allows us to adapt the coding precision to the properties of the human visual perception. Multiscale edges are detected from the local maxima of the wavelet transform modulus. We reconstruct an image approximation from the important edges that are selected by the coding algorithm. An error image is computed by subtracting the reconstructed image from the original one. It carries mostly the texture information. The textures are coded within a wavelet orthonormal basis. We show image coding examples, with compression ratio of 40 and 100.
EvoFab: a fully embodied evolutionary fabricator

Few evolved designs are subsequently manufactured into physical objects - the vast majority remain on the virtual drawing board. We suggest two sources of this "Fabrication Gap". First, by being descriptive rather than prescriptive, evolutionary design runs the risk of evolving interesting yet unbuildable objects. Secondly, in a wide range of interesting and high-complexity design domains, such as dynamic and highly flexible objects, the gap between simulation and reality is too large to guarantee consilience between design and object. We suggest that one compelling alternative to evolutionary design in these complex domains is to avoid both simulation and description, and instead evolve artifacts directly in the real world. In this paper we introduce EvoFab: a fully embodied evolutionary fabricator, capable of producing novel objects (rather than virtual designs) in situ. EvoFab thereby opens the door to a wide range of incredibly exciting evolutionary design domains.
Evaluation of electrochemical charge-transfer rates by using (real) laplace space analysis

Abstract The one-electron hexacyanoferrate(III)/(II) and europium(III)/(II) redox couples were evaluated by using single-pulse chronoamperometry at a planar glassy carbon electrode (and also a mercury-pool electrode for europium) to test Wijnen's method for calculating heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants by using (real-axis) Laplace space analysis. The k 0 values obtained for the former couple in potassium or lithium chloride supporting electrolytes agreed well with published constants obtained by diverse real-time techniques. Transfer coefficients (α 0 ) obtained from (ϖ in k a /ϖη) η=0 for LiCl electrolyte were 0.4–0.5, rather than 0.22 previously reported. The cathodic rate values calculated for europium(III) reduciton (in NaClO 4 /HClO 4 ) on both glassy carbon and mercury agreed very well with each other and with published values obtained by d.c. polarography and faradaic impedance measurements. Owing to several factors, including its ability to utilize virtually any set of recorded i ( t ) data points, Wijnen's Laplace technique offers an attractive alternative to conventional single-pulse analysis in real-time.
Risk of previous very low birth weight and very preterm infants among women delivering a very low birth weight and very preterm infant.

Risk of Previous Very Low Birth Weight and Very Preterm Infants Among Women Delivering A Very Low Birth Weight and Very Preterm Infant
Infection, mutation, and cancer evolution

An understanding of oncogenesis can be fostered by an integration of mechanistic studies with evolutionary considerations, which help explain why these mechanisms occur. This integration emphasizes infections and mutations as joint essential causes for many cancers. It suggests that infections may play a broader causal role in oncogenesis than has been generally appreciated. An evolutionary perspective also suggests that oncogenic viruses will tend to be transmitted by routes that provide infrequent opportunities for transmission, such as transmission by sexual and salivary contact. Such routes increase the intensity of natural selection for persistence within hosts, and molecular mechanisms for persistence often compromise critical barriers to oncogenesis, particularly cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and a cap on the total number of divisions that a cell can undergo.
Collisional angular momentum mixing in Rydberg states of sodium

Collisions with rare-gas atoms are observed to produce a lengthening of the lifetime of the highly excited ($n=5\ensuremath{-}10$) $d$ states of Na. The effect is interpreted as collisional angular momentum mixing of the $d$ state with $lg2$ states; thus the average lifetime of all states for which $lg~2$ is observed. The cross section for the process appears to increase as the geometrical cross section of the excited atom.
Path Planning for Functionally Graded Materials in Hollow Tissue Scaffold Printing

This study proposes a new path planning methodology to control functionally graded materials in hollowed scaffold printing for tissue engineering. Based on ruled surface construction from our earlier work [1], ruling lines are postprocessed for continuous path planning with uniform material deposition. Besides, arc fitting is used to reduce over-deposition by enabling non-stop deposition at the sharp turns. Layer-by-layer deposition is progressed through consecutive layers of ruling line based zigzag pattern followed by a biarc fitted spiral pattern. Functionally graded material properties are then mapped based on parametric distances from hollow features.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Assessment of Central Retinal Sensitivity Employing Two Types of Microperimetry Devices

Purpose: To compare the retinal sensitivity measurements obtained with two microperimeters, the Micro-Perimeter 1 (MP-1) and the Optos optical coherence tomography (OCT)/scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) in subjects with and without maculopathies. Methods: Forty-five eyes with no known ocular disease and 47 eyes with maculopathies were examined using both microperimeters. A contrast-adjusted scale was applied to resolve the different stimuli and background luminance existing between the two devices. Results: There was a strong ceiling effect with the MP-1 in the healthy group, with 90.1% (1136 of 1260) test points clustered at 20 dB. The mean sensitivity for the corresponding points in the OCT/SLO was 25.8 6 1.9 dB. A floor effect was also observed with the OCT/SLO in the maculopathy group with 9.7% (128 of 1316) points clustered at 9-dB values. The corresponding mean sensitivity in the MP-1 was 1.7 6 3.9 dB. A regression equation between the two microperimeters was established in the common 10 to19 dB intervals as: OCT/SLO ¼ 15.6 þ 0.564 3 MP-1 � 0.009 3 MP1 2 þ k (k is an individual point constant; MP-1 coefficient P , 0.001; MP-1 2 coefficient P ¼ 0.006). Conclusion: The OCT/SLO and the MP-1 provide two different ranges of contrasts for microperimetry examination. Broadening the dynamic range may minimize the constraint of the ceiling and floor effect. There is a significant mathematical relationship in the common interval of the contrast scale.
"Devil's staircases" in bulk-immiscible ultrathin alloy films.

Ground-state phase diagrams of ultrathin epitaxial alloy films are studied within the framework of a discrete lattice-model Hamiltonian incorporating competing elastic and chemical interactions. For bulk-immiscible alloy systems an infinite number of commensurate, long-period stripe-superstructure ground states are obtained as a function of chemical potential. The average periodicity of these stripe superstructures is found to be a nonmonotonic function of alloy composition, in contrast to the predictions of continuum theories for two-dimensional systems with competing interactions.
Changes needed in style and content of teaching statistics to medical undergraduates

The negative attitude of medical undergraduates towards statistics could be ascribed to adherance to traditional statistical topics, foreign to the medical sciences. The need is to teach in a medical language. This communication describes the change needed in style and content of teaching to implement this strategy. The medical topics are identified and the details of teaching specified. A discussion on normal values, their clinical significance, diagnostic criteria, and choice of diagnosis provides opportunity to teach measures of location and dispersion, distributions, type I and II errors, and some probability. Interpretation of laboratory results and of medical literature brings out essentials of sampling, some aspects of design and meaning of P‐values.
Carbonic anhydrase immobilized on hollow fiber membranes using glutaraldehyde activated chitosan for artificial lung applications.

Extracorporeal CO2 removal from circulating blood is a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase accelerates CO2 removal within gas exchange devices by locally catalyzing HCO3− into gaseous CO2 within the blood. In this work, we covalently immobilized carbonic anhydrase on the surface of polypropylene hollow fiber membranes using glutaraldehyde activated chitosan tethering to amplify the density of reactive amine functional groups for enzyme immobilization. XPS and a colorimetric amine assay confirmed higher amine densities on the chitosan coated fiber compared to control fiber. Chitosan/CA coated fibers exhibited accelerated CO2 removal in scaled-down gas exchange devices in buffer and blood (115 % enhancement vs. control, 37 % enhancement vs. control, respectively). Carbonic anhydrase immobilized directly on hollow fiber membranes without chitosan tethering resulted in no enhancement in CO2 removal. Additionally, fibers coated with chitosan/carbonic anhydrase demonstrated reduced platelet adhesion when exposed to blood compared to control and heparin coated fibers.
Quality of life in long-term survivors of ovarian germ cell tumors: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Abstract Purpose This report describes the strength and significance of the association between antecedent and mediating variables across four categories of quality of life (QOL) outcomes in 132 disease free women with ovarian germ cell survivors. Methods Survivors ( n =132) participated in a mailed questionnaire and computer-assisted telephone survey. Participants in four prospective GOG protocols were contacted their treating physician for verbal consent to be approached by investigators at the Indiana University Cancer Center about a quality of life study. Similar patients treated at the MD Anderson Cancer Center were also included. If women verbally consented after being contacted by investigators at Indiana University, an informed consent and questionnaire packet was sent via mail. After return of the written informed consent and background questionnaire, a trained research assistant scheduled a computer-assisted interview to complete data collection. Results Median follow-up from diagnosis was 10.2 years. Mediating variables of self-efficacy or social support played a significant role ( p =0.05 to p =0.001) in all four QOL categories: physical functioning, psychological functioning, sexual functioning, and spiritual functioning. Being a younger age at diagnosis and married were positively related to sexual functioning ( p =0.05). Menstrual and gynecological symptoms were inversely related. Implications Results indicate that clinicians may want to be especially sensitive to identifying a survivor's social support and confidence (self efficacy) in handling issues evolving from treatment since these skills may be related to overall quality of life outcomes.
Host Chemokines Bind to Staphylococcus aureus and Stimulate Protein A Release

There are few examples of host signals that are beneficial to bacteria during infection. Here we found that 31 out of 42 host immunoregulatory chemokines were able to induce release of the virulence factor protein A (SPA) from a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Detailed study of chemokine CXCL9 revealed that SPA release occurred through a post-translational mechanism and was inversely proportional to bacterial density. CXCL9 bound specifically to the cell membrane of CA-MRSA, and the related SPA-releasing chemokine CXCL10 bound to both cell wall and cell membrane. Clinical samples from patients infected with S. aureus and samples from a mouse model of CA-MRSA skin abscess all contained extracellular SPA. Further, SPA-releasing chemokines were present in mouse skin lesions infected with CA-MRSA. Our data identify a potential new mode of immune evasion, in which the pathogen exploits a host defense factor to release a virulence factor; moreover, chemokine binding may serve a scavenging function in immune evasion by S. aureus.
Pharmacologic Treatment of the Critically Ill Patient with Diabetes

The pharmacologic approach to the management of DKA and HHNS involves the use of insulin, fluids, and electrolytes. Essential to the successful treatment of DKA and HHNS is a carefully planned post-intensive-care transition period. This period is based on the understanding that insulin therapy is never interrupted in patients with type 1 diabetes and the transition to insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic therapy in type 2 patients is strategically planned. The use of acute adjuvant insulin-glucose therapy in acute coronary syndromes and cardiac surgeries can result in decrease in overall morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Ultimately, however, the major approaches to the treatment of diabetes is primary prevention of diabetes itself and the secondary prevention of complications through vigorous glucose control.
Essential oil diversity in North American wild tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) with comparisons to French and Kyrgyz tarragon

Abstract Although Artemisia dracunculus is a native species widely distributed across western North America, the essential oil composition of plants from this region has not been as extensively studied as its Asian populations. Essential oil extracted from 63 cultivated individuals of this species, originating from 18 different diploid North American wild populations, one cultivated octoploid individual from seed collected in Kyrgyzstan, and five cultivated tetraploid French tarragon plants, were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The diploid individuals exhibited a variety of volatile profiles with major components including (Z)-β-ocimene (22 samples), methyl eugenol (15 individuals), methyl chavicol (10 individuals) and α-terpinolene (5 individuals). Many of the samples had high concentrations of the polylacetylenes capillene, 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-pentadiyne. The isocoumarin acetylene, capillarin, was also found in the majority of (53) samples but was generally found in low amounts (less than 4%). The volatile oil from tetraploid French tarragon samples contained approximately 80% methyl chavicol. The octoploid sample from Kyrgyzstan was found to have a unique profile with its main constituents being myrcene, (Z)-artemidin and limonene. Six major clusters were formed in the UPGMA cluster analysis and showed groups rich in (1) methyl chavicol, (2) methyl eugenol, (3) α-terpinolene, (4) capillene, (5) 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne and (6) (E)-β-ocimene/(Z)-β-ocimene. These results show that North American wild tarragon is a potential source for unique oils and can serve as sources of genetic materials in plant breeding.
The role of cobalt in amino acid antagonisms.

The bacteriostatic action towardsStaphylococcus aureus of L-cysteine is enhanced strongly by copper and of L-and D-serine by cobalt. The serine-enhancing activity of cobalt is completely suppressed by either L-histidine or L-cysteine. It is suggested that metal binding may play a role in some instances of amino acid antagonism, especially when one member of the pair is either histidine or cysteine.
How the paper 'Robustness of model-reference adaptive control systems with unmodelled dynamics' misrepresents the results of Rohrs and his coworkers†

Errors made in Chen and Cook (1984) in their discussion of Rohrs et al. (1982) are exposed. It is shown that these errors result from a lack of understanding of the concepts of Rohrs el al. (1982) and from a general lack of careful research. The approach and results of Rohrs et al. (1982) are further clarified as they relate to the results of Chen and Cook (1984).
Lead, cadmium, and aluminum accumulation in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii G. collected from roadside drainage ditches in Louisiana.

The concentration of Pb, Cd, and Al in tissues of crayfishProcambarus clarkii were evaluated from several wetland sites located adjacent to roadways and were compared to crayfish harvested from a commercial site free from roadside influences. Abdominal muscle, hepatopancreas, alimentary tract, exoskeleton and blood were analyzed for metal content. Results indicated that levels of contamination obtained in almost all tissues of crayfish from roadside ditches contained significantly higher amounts of metals than those of the commercially harvested control crayfish (p = ≤.05−.001). Detection limits of Pb, Cd, and Al ranged from 0.04 μg Pb/g to 16.15 μg Pb/g.001 μg Cd/g to .13 μg Cd/g, and 1.22 μg Al/g to 981 μg Al/g, respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Al were highest in the hepatopancreas and alimentary tract. High levels of these elements were also detected in the exoskeleton. In contrast, muscle tissue was the least affected tissue. Several significant correlations among concentrations of metals were found when comparing a variety of tissues inProcambarus clarkii.
Micromechanics of diamond composite tools during grinding of glass

Abstract Precision optical components are now manufactured by CNC (computer numerically controlled) grinding technology using diamond composite tools. Tooling performance, and in particular consistency of performance, is an important issue in this automation. A key measure of performance is the power/forces required for material removal, often summarized in terms of the specific grinding energy or ‘Preston's coefficient’. In this study measurements of grinding energy were used, along with optical profilometry measurements of tool surface features, to quantitatively characterize the performance and development of a bronze-bond composite diamond tool during grinding of three optical glasses with distinctly different grinding behavior. Evolution of grinding performance is strongly related to both the process conditions and the glass type. These effects can be understood in terms of changes in the relative rates of bond and abrasive wear and the consequent evolution of the tool surface. In particular in certain cases the evolution of tool surfaces can be adjusted toward a state of dynamic equilibrium (‘selfsharpening’) by adjusting process conditions.
PTEN modulates GDNF/RET mediated chemotaxis and branching morphogenesis in the developing kidney

The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is activated by GDNF and controls outgrowth and invasion of the ureteric bud epithelia in the developing kidney. In renal epithelial cells and in enteric neuronal precursor cells, activation of RET results in chemotaxis as Ret expressing cells invade the surrounding GDNF expressing tissue. One potential downstream signaling pathway governing RET mediated chemotaxis may require phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which generates PI(3,4,5) triphosphate. The PTEN tumor suppressor gene encodes a protein and lipid phosphatase that regulates cell growth, apoptosis and many other cellular processes. PTEN helps regulate cellular chemotaxis by antagonizing the PI3K signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of phosphotidylinositol triphosphates. In this report, we show that PTEN suppresses RET mediated cell migration and chemotaxis in cell culture assays, that RET activation results in asymmetric localization of inositol triphosphates and that loss of PTEN affects the pattern of branching morphogenesis in developing mouse kidneys. These data suggest a critical role for the PI3K/PTEN axis in shaping the pattern of epithelial branches in response to RET activation.
Non-linear transport in tetrathiofulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane: An electron spin resonance study☆

Abstract We describe an ESR study of pure and irradiated TTF-TCNQ in the low temperature range (1.2 K–4.2 K) where nonlinear transport has been observed. We find no evidence of an activated term in the susceptibility; our results yield an upper limit of about 10 ppm for nonmagnetic impurities with a spin- 1 2 excited state. Since in pure samples, the activated susceptibility term is not present whereas the transport nonlinearity is clearly seen, we conclude that the latter cannot be attributed to hot electron effects. The susceptibility and dc bias studies are consistent with a nonmagnetic soliton picture. We have monitored the spin resonance in the presence of a dc bias current. Using the Curie law as an internal thermometer we are able to set an upper limit on sample heating of 0.1 K at the highest dc levels used.
Demographic risk factors for injury among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children: an ecologic analysis

Objectives—To determine the effects of neighborhood levels of poverty, household crowding, and acculturation on the rate of injury to Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. Setting—Orange County, California. Methods—An ecologic study design was used with census block groups as the unit of analysis. Measures of neighborhood poverty, household crowding, and acculturation were specific to each ethnic group. Poisson regression was used to calculate mutually adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) corresponding to a 20% difference in census variables. Results—Among non-Hispanic white children, injury rates were more closely associated with neighborhood levels of household crowding (adjusted IRR 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 to 4.57) than with neighborhood poverty (adjusted IRR 1.06, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.26). For Hispanic children, the strongest risk factors were the proportion of Hispanic adults who spoke only some English (compared with the proportion who spoke little or no English, adjusted IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.53) and the proportion who were US residents for <5 years (adjusted IRR 1.20, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.43). Neighborhood levels of household crowding were not related to injury among Hispanic children (adjusted IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.08), but surprisingly, neighborhood poverty was associated with lower injury rates (adjusted IRR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.97). Conclusions—Cultural and geographic transitions, as well as socioeconomic differences, appear to contribute to differences in childhood injury rates between ethnic groups.
Triple-axis x-ray diffraction analyses of hen egg-white lysozyme crystals

We have used high-resolution triple-axis x-ray diffraction analyses to monitor the defect structure in tetragonal crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme as a function of x-ray irradiation time. At long irradiation times we observed the expected decrease in peak intensity and increase in the angular extent of the peak breadth. In contrast, the initial stages of irradiation showed relatively complex changes in both the peak breadth and the intensity; in fact, during the period from 25 to 45 h of irradiation the angular breadth of the intensity (both the full-width at half-maximum and the full-width at 1% of the maximum intensity) decreased to a minimum value. We have found that the unambiguous analysis of defects at high angular resolution is complicated by the fact that the diffraction characteristics of protein crystals apparently lie at the confluence of the kinematic (ideally imperfect) and dynamic (ideally perfect) treatments of diffraction.
Age related immunomodulation in murine splenocytes induced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on spleen cells of young (2 week), adult (2 month) and old (15 and 24 month) mice. THC has been shown by many investigators to suppress various immune parameters in adults. Since immune capabilities are already diminished at either age extreme, it seemed relevant to investigate the effect of this drug with aging. It was found that when spleen cells were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or anti-CD3 antibody, the magnitude of the proliferation was greatest in the adult and less at either age extreme. When Con A or PHA stimulated cells were treated with varying does general pattern of of THC, the proliferation of cell was suppressed with the general pattern of suppression similar at all ages. However, the absolutle magnitude of the resultant suppression was greater in young and old mice. In contrast, when the cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody and THC, both the pattern of the immunomodulation as well as the absolute effects differed with age of the mice. In this regard, anti-CD3 stimulation and low doses of THC stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in the adult mice. This combination was found to increase CD3 positive cells of the Ly2 subclass (effector/suppressor) in the adult. At either age extreme, the THC induced enhancement of proliferation was not as apparent. In addition, the cells from mice at either age extreme were more readily suppressed at 7 μg THC than were adult cells. It appears, therefore, that age is an important variable in terms of considering the effects of drugs of abuse.
Religion and Infant Mortality in the U.S.: A Preliminary Study of Denominational Variations

Prior research has identified a number of antecedents to infant mortality, but has been focused on either structural (demographic) forces or medical (public health) factors, both of which ignore potential cultural influences. Our study introduces a cultural model for explaining variations in infant mortality, one focused on the role of community-level religious factors. A key impetus for our study is well-established religious variations in adult mortality at the community level. Seeking to extend the growing body of research on contextual-level effects of religion, this study examines the impact of religious ecology (i.e., the institutional market share of particular denominational traditions) on county-level infant mortality in the U.S. Analyses of congregational census and Kids Count data reveal that a high prevalence of Catholic and most types of conservative Protestant churches are associated with lower rates of infant mortality when compared with counties that feature fewer Catholic and conservative Protestant congregations. However, communities with a large proportion of Pentecostal churches exhibit significantly higher infant mortality rates. After discussing the implications of these findings, we specify various directions for future research.
Bullous Dermolysis of the Newborn: Four New Cases and Clinical Review

Bullous dermolysis of the newborn (BDN) is a subtype of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa caused by mutations in type VII collagen resulting in disorganized anchoring fibrils and sublamina densa blister formation. Disease activity is usually confined to the first year of life, with restoration of physiologic type VII collagen localization. We report four new cases of BDN and review the utility of immunofluorescence mapping in establishing the diagnosis.
Casting for TV Parts: The Anatomy of Social Typing

Reward systems, time constraints and shared routines make casting fit patterns that seldom change.
Bringing the Balance Function into Focus

Charge balance functions provide important insight concerning hadronization and charge transport in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. Unfortunately, this observable is clouded by several effects. One of these effects is resonance production. Here, we present a simple thermal model where resonance production is included via a Monte Carlo technique based on the canonical ensemble. Resonance production is not found to have a large effect on the width.
System-level design and performance modeling for multilevel interconnect networks for carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

This paper presents the first system-level study on the impact of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) on multilevel interconnect networks. In this paper, for the first time, the gains in speed and energy-delay product (EDP) offered by CNFETs over CMOS are presented as a function of interconnect length. It is demonstrated that the respective 4.3× and 8× improvements in intrinsic delay and EDP of CNFET inverters at 16nm technology node over Si-CMOS inverters are quickly overshadowed by the delay and EDP of interconnects. For repeater-inserted interconnects, the delay and EDP improvements of CNFETs saturate at 2.08× compared to CMOS. However, CNFETs offer a major advantage in terms of the required number of metal levels in a multilevel interconnect network because of the availability of a larger number of repeaters compared to Si-CMOS switches.
Anion transport in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell: The effect of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

We have investigated the effects of the amino reactive reagent, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) on anion transport (chloride and sulfate) and on the K+ content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Incubation of tumor cells with TNBS (3 mM or 10 mM) results in a time dependent uptake of this molecule. Tightly bound TNBS caused a loss of K+ as well as inhibition of sulfate uptake. Although sulfate transport was inhibited by tightly bound TNBS (40% inhibition with 20 nmoles bound per 107 cells), reversibly bound TNBS exerted much greater inhibition. Kinetic analysis of sulfate transport in the presence and absence of TNBS suggests that: (1) tightly bound TNBS exerts a competitive inhibition by occupying membrane sites remote from the specific transport site, (2) TNBS reversibly interacts with a separate site also in a competitive fashion. Increasing amounts of tightly bound TNBS resulted in an enhanced chloride influx. However, reversibly bound TNBS was without effect. These results are in contrast to the effect of TNBS on sulfate transport and show that TNBS, at least in this cell type, is not a general inhibitor of anion transport.
Core formation in the presence of various C–H–O volatile species

Abstract The impact of various mixtures of CO2, H2O, H2, and CH4 upon Fe, Ni, Co, W. Ge, P, and Mo partitioning between silicate and metal alloy liquids was evaluated experimentally at 1400°C and 10 kb in graphite. The effects observed are consistent with the control expected from redox-driven transfer between metal and silicate liquids. Oxidation moves these metals to the silicate liquid. Oxidizing C–O–H or C–O vapors generated by decomposition of either brucite or magnesite or both have a stronger, opposite effect on element distribution than the reducing C–H vapors generated by anthracene decomposition. Special effects associated with particular volatile and siderophile elements were largely unobserved. Individual C–O–H species involved in the redox equilibria are not so important as their redox effect, except for phosphorous which responds differently to CO2- and H2O-inspired vapors. An analysis of the redox effects of several M/MOy equilibria confirm the presence of large departures from ideality in the solutions involved. Oxidants might be quite potent in remediating some of the excesses in the siderophile element chemistry of the mantle. Because little special effect for any volatile species is observed, siderophile elements should respond in a coherent manner regardless of which volatile species is the immediate cause of the redox transfer. In consequence, oxidizing the system with any of the plausible volatile agents we have investigated to make Ni or Ge or Mo less siderophile than they are in the absence of volatile elements will also make Fe, Co, W, and P too lithophile to be consistent with their observed abundances in the mantle. The observed Fe abundances in the mantle put limits on redox ability to explain the excesses of other siderophile elements. Furthermore it is unlikely that redox effects can be fine tuned to give chondritic relative abundance values in the mantle as needed. Nevertheless, the possible effects of redox equilibria have long been known to be commensurate in importance with pressure and temperature effects upon siderophile element distribution and should continue to be considered in any analysis of core formation.
A rank inequality for finite geometric lattices

Let L be a finite geometric lattice of dimension n, and let w(k) denote the number of elements in L of rank k. Two theorems about the numbers w(k) are proved: first, w(k)≥w(1) for k=2,3,…,n−1. Second, w(k)=w(1) if and only if k=n−1 and L is modular. Several corollaries concerning the “matching” of points and dual points are derived from these results.
Low-temperature sintering of pure tungsten and tungsten-iridium

Abstract Commercially pure tungsten powder sinters by a grain boundary diffusion process in the temperature range 1050° to 1200°C. The apparent activation energy for this process is 90,000 cal/mol. Small additions of Group VIII elements normally accelerate the interfacial transport process. Iridium, however, actually retards densification by the interfacial path with the result that volume self-diffusion of tungsten possibly dominates the slower densification rate. For this process the apparent activation energy is 133, 000cal/mol.
Role of radiotherapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck

This study retrospectively reviewed 183 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma treated over 40 years. The local recurrence free survival rate was 68.2 per cent at five years and 40.8 per cent at 10 years. At 10 years, local recurrence free survival was significantly worse following radiotherapy alone (0 per cent), compared with surgery alone (41.8 per cent, p = 0.004) or combined with post-operative radiotherapy (43.5 per cent, p = 0.001). Neither tumour stage three or four, perineural invasion, solid subtype nor involved margins predicted local recurrence. Treatment with radiotherapy alone resulted in worse survival than surgery alone (p = 0.002) or combined with post-operative radiotherapy (p = 0.001). Survival rates following local recurrence (n = 34) were higher following surgery (p = 0.006) but not significantly improved following radiotherapy (p = 0.139). Chemotherapy for distant metastases did not prolong survival (p = 0.747) but did result in improved eating and aesthetics scores, while decreasing overall physical health. These results indicate that surgery is preferable for primary and recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. The incidence of local recurrence following surgery and postoperative radiotherapy was similar to surgery alone cases although the latter had less adverse prognostic features. Contemporary chemotherapy may benefit quality of life but not survival in patients with distant metastases due to adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.
Selenium in tissues of woodchucks inhabiting fly ash landfills

A coal-burning electric power generating plant, Milliken Station, is located in Lansing, New York, about 30 km north of Ithaca on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake. Fly ash generated there is spread over a 6 hectare landfill site about 3 km east of the plant. The total selenium content of random samples of fly ash taken on the dump site ranged from 5 to 17 ppM. Woodchucks (Marmota monax) were live-trapped among vegetation growing on the landfill. During the same period, 25 woodchucks (control animals) were similarly trapped or shot in a number of locations 8 to 30 km from the fly ash dump. Trapped animals were asphyxiated with carbon dioxide and all animals were subjected to routine necropsy examination. Liver and lung tissues were taken for the determination of selenium. The fluorimetric method was used for selenium analysis. The recovery of 1 ppM of selenium from liver and lung tissue was 90 and 92%, respectively. The method was sensitive to about 0.01 ppM of selenium on a dry weight basis.
Estimation of time-varying mortality rates using continuous models for Daphnia magna

Abstract Structured population models that make the assumption of constant demographic rates do not accurately describe the complex life histories seen in many species. We investigated the accuracy of using constant versus time-varying mortality rates within discrete and continuously structured models for Daphnia magna. We tested the accuracy of the models we considered using density-independent survival data for 90 daphnids. We found that a continuous differential equation model with a time-varying mortality rate was the most accurate model for describing our experimental D. magna survival data. Our results suggest that differential equation models with variable parameters are an accurate tool for estimating mortality rates in biological scenarios in which mortality might vary significantly with age.
Non-linear optical mixing of frequencies of a strong bichromatic field interacting with a two-level atom at high proton densities

We have studied the excitation spectrum arising from the interaction of a two-level atom with two strong electromagnetic fields whose initially populated modes ω a and ω b are near resonance with the atomic transition frequency In the limit of high photon densities the Green's function of the system describing the electronic transition in question has been derived in a closed form and includes processes arising from the interaction of seven photon modes of both laser fields. The spectral function of the system is calculated when the frequency ω a of the one laser field is in resonance with the atomic transition frequency while the frequency ω b of the other field is varied. The excitation spectrum is found to consist, apart from the central peak at the excitation frequency ω a , of several lorentzian lines which are peaked in the neighbourhood of the frequencies ω a ± Δ, ω a ± 2Δ, ω a ± 3Δ and ω a ± 4Δ, where Δ = ω a - ω b and describe the type of optical mixing of light modes which is of the third, fifth...
Perfect Mother or Artist of Obscenity? Narrative and Myth in a Qualitative Analysis of Press Coverage of the Andrea Yates Murders

Although numerous studies have examined media portrayals of women, including women as victims of violence, few studies have examined media representations of women who perpetrate violence. This article explores one form of female violence—infanticide. The author conducted a narrative analysis of press coverage of the murder trial of Andrea Yates, a Texas woman who drowned her five children. Analyses revealed the presence of two dominant narratives: the story of the traitor, used to appropriate blame, and the story of the quest, constructed to right a wrong. The author concludes that the Yates stories reinforce traditional notions about femininity—that women are “natural” caretakers— and suggests that journalists and women’s advocates challenge this myth by raising questions about the responsibility of both parents in child care, calling attention to postpartum psychosis as a legitimate illness, and considering ways to help women who are unable or unwilling to care for their children.
Schedule-dependent potentiation of chemotherapeutic drugs by the bioreductive compounds NLCQ-1 and tirapazamine against EMT6 tumors in mice.

Purpose: Comparisons of schedule-dependent interactions between the hypoxic cytotoxins NLCQ-1/tirapazamine (TPZ) and various chemotherapeutic drugs in BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors. Methods: The antitumor effects of the single or combined drugs were assessed with various administration time intervals using the in vivo-in vitro clonogenic assay as the endpoint. The chemotherapeutic drugs tested were cisplatin (cisDDP), melphalan (L-PAM), cyclophosphamide (CPM), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin (Doxo), etoposide (VP-16) and Taxol at doses of 8, 5, 100, 150, 12, 35 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. NLCQ-1 was given at 10 mg/kg (28% of its single LD50 value) and TPZ was given at 30 mg/kg (38% of its single LD50 value). All drugs were given by i.p. injection in saline or as commercially available pharmaceutical solutions. Results: Schedule-dependent synergistic interactions with different patterns for each bioreductive drug were observed with almost all of the chemotherapeutic agents examined. Potentiation accounting for more than 25% of the total tumor cell killing was observed with NLCQ-1/TPZ and cisDDP, L-PAM, CPM, 5-FU and Taxol at the optimal administration intervals. Potentiation accounting for 70% of the total tumor cell killing was found with NLCQ-1 and CPM. Conclusions: These results suggest a potential clinical use of NLCQ-1/TPZ as adjuvants to certain chemotherapeutic agents.
Effects of nifedipine and enalapril on glomerular structure and function in uninephrectomized SHR

Effects of nifedipine and enalapril on glomerular structure and function in uninephrectomized SHR. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that underwent uninephrectomy (UNX) at six weeks of age were randomly assigned to receive no treatment, the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril. Both drugs reduced systemic blood pressure, however, blood pressure tended to be greater in rats given nifedipine than in those on enalapril. After six months, proteinuria and the prevalence of glomerular sclerosis were significantly reduced in the two treated groups compared to values observed in untreated SHR. Kidney weight was also reduced by therapy, suggesting that both enalapril and nifedipine inhibited compensatory kidney growth. Micropuncture studies performed in similarly treated groups of rats, but at 11 weeks of age, revealed that P GC was elevated in untreated UNX SHR and reduced by both nifedipine and enalapril. These findings support the hypothesis that glomerular hypertension and renal hypertrophy are important risk factors for glomerular injury. They suggest that calcium blockers are as efifective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing progressive kidney damage.
Structural variations of potassium aryloxides.

A series of potassium aryloxides (KOAr) were isolated from the reaction of a potassium amide (KN(SiMe(3))(2)) and the desired substituted phenoxide (oMP, 2-methyl; oPP, 2-iso-propyl; oBP, 2-tert-butyl; DMP, 2,6-di-methyl; DIP, 2,6-di-iso-propyl; DBP, 2,6-di-tert-butyl) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or pyridine (py) as the following: [([K(mu(4)-oMP)(THF)][K(mu(3)-oMP)])(5)]( infinity ) (1), [[K(6)(eta(6),mu(3)-oMP)(4)(eta(6),mu(4)-oMP)(2)(py)(4)].[K(6)(eta(6),mu(3)-oMP)(6)(eta(6)-py)(4)]]( infinity ) (2), [K(mu(3)-oPP)](4)(THF)(3) (3), [K(4)(eta(6),mu(3)-oPP)(2)(mu(3)-oPP)(2)(py)(3)]( infinity ) (4), [K(mu(3)-oBP)(THF)](6) (5), [K(6)(eta(6),mu(3)-oBP)(2)(mu(3)-oBP)(4)(py)(4)]( infinity ) (6), [K(3)(eta(6),mu(3)-DMP)(2)(mu-DMP)(THF)]( infinity ) (7), [[K(eta(6),mu-DMP)(py)](2)]( infinity ) (8), [K(eta(6),mu-DIP)]( infinity ) (9), [K(eta(6),mu-DBP)]( infinity ) (10). Further exploration of the aryl interactions led to the investigation of the diphenylethoxide (DPE) derivative which was isolated as [K(mu(3)-DPE)(THF)](4) (11) or [K(mu(3)-DPE)(py)](4).py(2) (12) depending on the solvent used. In general, the less sterically demanding ligands (oMP, oPP, oBP, and DMP) were solvated polymeric species; however, increasing the steric bulk (DIP and DBP) led to unsolvated polymers and not discrete molecules. For most of this novel family of compounds, the K atoms were pi-bound to the aryl rings of the neighboring phenoxide derivatives to fill their coordination sites. The synthesss and characterization of these compounds are described in detail.
Craniofacial Sexual Dimorphism in Alouatta palliata. The Mantled Howling Monkey

Ontogenetic scaling has been hailed as an explanation of the differences in craniofacial morphology between adult males and females of a number of non human primate species. This inference has implications for the evolutionary processes underlying patterns of sexual variation, as several heterochronic processes (rate and time hypo- and hypermorphosis) predict ontogenetic scaling. Primary among species for which ontogenetic scaling of craniofacial dimensions has been claimed is Alouatta palliata, the mantled howling monkey. This study uses a variety of analytical tools to explore the efficacy of ontogenetic scaling as an explanatory paradigm for this classic example. Multivariate analysis captures shape far better than does bivariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis does not support the traditional inference of ontogenetic scaling. Explanations for contradictory results are considered.
Observation of small long-lived diatomic dications BeH 2+ and BeD 2+

The diatomic gas-phase dications BeH{sup 2+} and BeD{sup 2+} with only three electrons have been produced by Ar{sup +} sputtering of a Be metal foil with exposure of the surface to toluene (C{sub 7}H{sub 8}) or water (a mixture of D{sub 2}O and H{sub 2}O) vapor. BeH{sup 2+} and BeD{sup 2+} were observed and unambiguously identified by (mass)/(charge) determination in a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. They survived flight times of {approx}4 {mu}s. These observations confirm the discovery of BeD{sup 2+} in an atom-probe experiment by Barofsky and Mueller [Surf. Sci. 10, 177 (1968)] and support theoretical predictions of long-lived metastable BeH{sup 2+}.
Signal response metrology (SRM): a new approach for lithography metrology

CD uniformity requirements at 20nm and more advanced nodes have challenged the precision limits of CD-SEM metrology, conventionally used for scanner qualification and in-line focus/dose monitoring on product wafers. Optical CD metrology has consequently gained adoption for these applications because of its superior precision, but has been limited adopted, due to challenges with long time-to-results and robustness to process variation. Both of these challenges are due to the limitations imposed by geometric modeling of the photoresist (PR) profile as required by conventional RCWA-based scatterometry. Signal Response Metrology (SRM) is a new technique that obviates the need for geometric modeling by directly correlating focus, dose, and CD to the spectral response of a scatterometry tool. Consequently, it suggests superior accuracy and robustness to process variation for focus/dose monitoring, as well as reducing the time to set up a new measurement recipe from days to hours. This work describes the fundamental concepts of SRM and the results of its application to lithography metrology and control. These results include time to results and measurement performance data on Focus, Dose and CD measurements performed on real devices and on design rule metrology targets.