cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mass of Abell 1060 and AWM 7 from Spatially Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy: Variations in Baryon Fraction

Using X-ray temperature and surface brightness profiles of the hot intracluster medium (ICM) derived from ASCA (Astro-D) and ROSAT observations, we place constraints on the dark matter (DM) and baryon fraction distributions in the poor clusters Abell 1060 (A1060) and AWM 7. Although their total mass distributions are similar, AWM 7 has twice the baryon fraction of A1060 in the best-fit models. The functional form of the DM distribution is ill determined; however, mass models where the baryon fractions in A1060 and AWM 7 significantly overlap are excluded. Such variations in baryon fraction are not predicted by standard models and imply that some mechanism in addition to gravity plays a major role in organizing matter on cluster scales.
Network interface systems: an evaluation by simulation

The availability of low-cost digital communication services has made it productive for computer users to remotely access multiple computer resources. This is a particularly sound strategy for accessing complex resources that are infeasible to relocate. At the same time, the availability of low-cost and reliable minicomputer systems which can accommodate sizable numbers of terminals has enabled a shift of some interactive programming and information processing to these small, standalone systems. Although these small systems are powerful and can be configured flexibly, there are a number of opportunities to expand the scope of an individual user by relating the small system directly to other host computers via a network. In accomplishing this feat, however, there are a bewildering number of technical and economic alternatives.This paper addresses one of the issues surrounding the development of such systems namely the relative performance and cost characteristics of a minicomputer system in the role of both a standalone processor and a network interface. The methodology for the evaluation is stochastic simulation. The basic measurements for the base line simulations and model validation is a DEC PDP-11/45 computer system operating under the UNIX operating system in the Science Center at Harvard University. The paper describes the simulation methodology and the individual experiments in some detail. Several conclusions are drawn about the performance and cost characteristics of such systems and also about the use of simulation to evaluate these characteristics.
Approximation results for discontinuous games with an application to equilibrium refinement

We provide approximation results for Nash equilibria in possibly discontinuous games when payoffs and strategy sets are perturbed. We then prove existence results for a new “finitistic” infinite-game generalization of Selten’s (Int J Game Theory 4: 25–55, 1975) notion of perfection and study some of its properties. The existence results, which rely on the approximation theorems, relate existing notions of perfection to the new specification.
Martin Boundary and Integral Representation for Harmonic Functions of Symmetric Stable Processes

Abstract Martin boundaries and integral representations of positive functions which are harmonic in a bounded domain D with respect to Brownian motion are well understood. Unlike the Brownian case, there are two different kinds of harmonicity with respect to a discontinuous symmetric stable process. One kind are functions harmonic in D with respect to the whole process X , and the other are functions harmonic in D with respect to the process X D killed upon leaving D . In this paper we show that for bounded Lipschitz domains, the Martin boundary with respect to the killed stable process X D can be identified with the Euclidean boundary. We further give integral representations for both kinds of positive harmonic functions. Also given is the conditional gauge theorem conditioned according to Martin kernels and the limiting behaviors of the h -conditional stable process, where h is a positive harmonic function of X D . In the case when D is a bounded C 1, 1 domain, sharp estimate on the Martin kernel of D is obtained.
The Mars exploration rover project

Abstract The twin rovers of the Mars exploration rover project successfully landed on the surface of Mars in January 2004, and initiated a highly successful science and exploration campaign. This marked the culmination of an unprecedented 4-year effort to design, build, launch, and operate two of the most complex planetary spacecraft ever built. The project was started in the aftermath of the 1999 Mars mission failures, and was commissioned to take advantage of the highly advantageous 2003 opportunity. The development schedule from project start to launch was only 35 months, so schedule management was the most significant challenge facing the project. This problem was compounded when early assumptions about the extent of design heritage from Mars Pathfinder proved to be flawed. The project derived a number of useful lessons learned in solving these challenges that can be applied to future missions.
Tensile and impact properties of V–4Cr–4Ti alloy heats 832665 and 832864

Abstract Two large heats of V–4Cr–4Ti alloy were produced in the US in the past few years. The first, 832665, was a 500 kg heat procured by the US Department of Energy for basic fusion structural materials research. The second, 832864, was a 1300 kg heat procured by General Atomics for the DIII-D radiative divertor upgrade. Both heats were produced by Oremet-Wah Chang (previously Teledyne Wah Chang of Albany). Tensile properties up to 800°C and Charpy V-notch impact properties down to liquid nitrogen temperature were measured for both heats. The product forms tested for both heats were rolled sheets annealed at 1000°C for 1 h in vacuum. Testing results show the behavior of the two heats to be similar and the reduction of strengths with temperature to be insignificant up to at least 750°C. Ductility of both materials is good in the test temperature range. Impact properties for both heats are excellent – no brittle failures at temperatures above −150°C. Compared to the data for previous smaller laboratory heats of 15–50 kg, the results show that scale-up of vanadium alloy ingot production to sizes useful for reactor blanket design can be successfully achieved as long as reasonable process control is implemented (H. Tsai, et al., Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for Period Ending 30th June 1998, DOE/ER-0313/24, p. 3; H. Tsai, et al., Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for Period Ending 31st December 1998, DOE/ER-0313/25, p. 3).
Visual and non-visual contributions to the perception of object motion during self-motion.

Many locomotor tasks involve interactions with moving objects. When observer (i.e., self-)motion is accompanied by object motion, the optic flow field includes a component due to self-motion and a component due to object motion. For moving observers to perceive the movement of other objects relative to the stationary environment, the visual system could recover the object-motion component – that is, it could factor out the influence of self-motion. In principle, this could be achieved using visual self-motion information, non-visual self-motion information, or a combination of both. In this study, we report evidence that visual information about the speed (Experiment 1) and direction (Experiment 2) of self-motion plays a role in recovering the object-motion component even when non-visual self-motion information is also available. However, the magnitude of the effect was less than one would expect if subjects relied entirely on visual self-motion information. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that when self-motion is real and actively generated, both visual and non-visual self-motion information contribute to the perception of object motion. We also consider the possible role of this process in visually guided interception and avoidance of moving objects.
Brownian motion with killing and reflection and the "hot-spots" problem

We investigate the ‘‘hot–spots’’ property for the survival time probability of Brownian motion with killing and reflection in planar convex domains whose boundary consists of two curves, one of which is an arc of a circle, intersecting at acute angles. This leads to the ‘‘hot–spots’’ property for the mixed Dirichlet–Neumann eigenvalue problem in the domain with Neumann conditions on one of the curves and Dirichlet conditions on the other.
Convergent Enantioselective Synthesis of the Tricyclic Core of Phomactin A

[reaction: see text] The tricyclic core of phomactin A was synthesized from 6,6-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. Key reactions include the addition of a cyclohexenyllithium reagent to an epoxyaldehyde and a regioselective intramolecular epoxide opening to install the oxadecalin core.
Technoeconomic Analysis of a Lignocellulosic Biomass Indirect Gasification Process To Make Ethanol via Mixed Alcohols Synthesis

A technoeconomic analysis of a 2000 tonne/day lignocellulosic biomass conversion process to make mixed alcohols via gasification and catalytic synthesis was completed. The process, modeled using ASPEN Plus process modeling software for mass and energy calculations, included all major process steps to convert biomass into liquid fuels, including gasification, gas cleanup and conditioning, synthesis conversion to mixed alcohols, and product separation. The gas cleanup area features a catalytic fluidized-bed steam reformer to convert tars and hydrocarbons into syngas. Conversions for both the reformer and the synthesis catalysts were based on research targets expected to be achieved by 2012 through ongoing research. The mass and energy calculations were used to estimate capital and operating costs that were used in a discounted cash flow rate of return analysis for the process to calculate a minimum ethanol selling price of $0.267/L ($1.01/gal) ethanol (U.S.$2005).
General instability of inclined stiffened cylinders under bending.

Stiffeners inclination effects on instability of pressurized cylinder under bending by Ritz method, considering finite deflection and initial imperfections in strain-displacement relations
Interval conjectures for level Hilbert functions

Abstract We conjecture that the set of all Hilbert functions of (artinian) level algebras enjoys a very natural form of regularity, which we call the Interval Conjecture (IC): If, for some positive integer α, ( 1 , h 1 , … , h i , … , h e ) and ( 1 , h 1 , … , h i + α , … , h e ) are both level h-vectors, then ( 1 , h 1 , … , h i + β , … , h e ) is also level for each integer β = 0 , 1 , … , α . In the Gorenstein case, i.e. when h e = 1 , we also supply the Gorenstein Interval Conjecture (GIC), which naturally generalizes the IC, and basically states that the same property simultaneously holds for any two symmetric entries, say h i and h e − i , of a Gorenstein h-vector. These conjectures are inspired by the research performed in this area over the last few years. A series of recent results seems to indicate that it will be nearly impossible to characterize explicitly the sets of all Gorenstein or of all level Hilbert functions. Therefore, our conjectures would at least provide the existence of a very strong — and natural — form of order in the structure of such important and complicated sets. We are still far from proving the conjectures at this point. However, we will already solve a few interesting cases, especially when it comes to the IC, in this paper. Among them, that of Gorenstein h-vectors of socle degree 4, that of level h-vectors of socle degree 2, and that of non-unimodal level h-vectors of socle degree 3 and any given codimension.
A review of facilities and test techniques used in low-speed flight.

Test facilities and techniques for low speed flight problems of aircraft handling qualities, stability, control and performance
Burkitt's lymphoma

TWO decades have passed since Denis Burkitt, a British surgeon working in Uganda, originally described the tumor that now bears his name.1 The discovery that this tumor has distinctive clinical and...
Energy Deposition Applied to a Transverse Jet in a Supersonic Crossflow

An experimental investigation of a sonic underexpanded jet injected normally into a Mach 2.25 crossflow is reported. The jet exit geometry was circular and was operated at a jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio of 1.7. The unperturbed flowfield was analyzed with schlieren imaging, particle image velocimetry velocity data, surface oil flow visualizations, and pressure-sensitive paint measurements. As a means of excitation to the flowfield, an energy pulse from a Q-switched neodymium-doped-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser was focused in the center of the jet exit at three different vertical locations. The focused laser pulse resulted in the induced optical breakdown of air, creating a plasma to perturb the flowfield. The perturbed resulting flowfield was analyzed with schlieren photography and particle image velocimetry. Analysis of phase-averaged schlieren images suggested that the resulting blast wave from the laser pulse disrupted the structure of the barrel shock and Mach disk. The two-component velocity field data revealed that the excitation pulse also caused a perturbation to the jet-shear layer and induced the formation of vortices that convect downstream.
Synthesis of 2-tetralones via a novel 1,2-carbonyl transposition of 1-tetralones

Abstract Simple acidic hydrolysis of epoxyamides 4 , derived from 1-tetralones, furnishes the corresponding 2-tetralones in good yield.
An improved systolic algorithm for the algebraic path problem

Abstract We systematically derive a systolic algorithm for the algebraic path problem (APP). We start with an algorithm with (parallel) running time 3 n , but whose data dependencies are not local. The first step in obtaining a systolic algorithm is to localize these dependencies. The standard localization (used by all authors till nor), forces slowdown the algorithm to the point that it takes 5 n −4 time steps. We show that much of this can be avoided, and give a new localization scheme which reduces the time to 4 n −2 (or 4 n −3 if n is odd). We also introduce a new approach to the problem of scheduling such parallel algorithms: we treat the equations defining the algorithm as an executable specification, but execute it on a non standard value domain. Such an abstract interpretation of the program then computes the optimal schedule of the original algorithm. A closed form can be inferred by observing a trace of this execution. We use this approach to obtain optimal schedules for all the algorithms in the paper—local as well as non-local.
Central Bank Policy Rules: Conceptual Issues and Practical Considerations

Central bank policymakers are not primarily random number generators.1 Reading both the financial press and the work of academics, however, one might get the opposite impression. Reporters (and the readers of their stories) seem to attach considerable importance to each Federal Open Market Committee policy decision. Academic work on the impact of central bank policy gives a similar impression, as empirical identification yields a series of white noise innovations that are labeled “policy shocks.”2 But central bankers expend substantial energy attempting to tailor their actions to current economic conditions. In other words, policymakers are reacting to the environment, not injecting noise.
Single Molecule Probing of Exocytotic Protein Interactions Using Force Spectroscopy

Relatively recently, the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) emerged as a powerful tool for single molecule nanomechanical investigations. Parameters that can be measured by force spectroscopy using AFM, such as the force and total mechanical extension required to break bonds between various proteins can yield valuable insights into the nature of the bond (zippering vs. highly localized binding site), the sequence of its interactions and the energy landscape along the length of the interaction. In this review we discuss the use of AFM in force spectroscopy mode to study intermolecular interactions between the exocytotic proteins of the core SNARE complex. Information gathered by force spectroscopy of protein-protein interactions of this complex supplement previous results acquired with other techniques, and allows a deeper understanding of SNARE protein interactions and their role in exocytosis.
Generic Entry and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals

During the 1980s the share of prescriptions sold by retail pharmacies that was accounted for by generic products roughly doubled. The price response to generic entry of brand-name products has been a source of controversy. In this paper we estimate models of price responses to generic entry in the market for brand-name and generic drugs. We study a sample of 32 drugs that lost patent protection during the early to mid-1980s. Our results provide evidence that brand-name prices increase after generic entry and are accompanied by large decreases in the price of generic drugs.
Improved battery models of an aggregation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for frequency regulation

Recently it has been shown that an aggregation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) can be utilized to provide fast regulating reserve service for power grids and the behavior of the aggregation can be captured by a stochastic battery with dissipation. In this paper, we address two practical issues associated with the proposed battery model. First, we address clustering of a heterogeneous collection and show that by finding the optimal dissipation parameter for a given collection, one can divide these units into few clusters and improve the overall battery model. Second, we analytically characterize the impact of imposing a no-short-cycling requirement on TCLs as constraints on the ramping rate of the regulation signal. We support our theorems by providing simulation results.
Experience With the CADAPPLETS Project

The CADAPPLETS Project provides Web-based animations (implemented as applets) of very large scale integration (VLSI) computer-aided design (CAD) algorithms as a learning resource for electrical and computer engineering students, designers, and CAD tool developers. Concepts from software algorithm animation are adapted to illustrate the problem formulation and the operation of physical design algorithms for placement and routing. This paper surveys these animations and describes how they have been used in the classroom at Lafayette College, Easton, PA, by users over the Internet, and in courses at other universities worldwide.
Solid state keyboard

The computer industry is no doubt one of the most rapidly growing industries today. With the increase in computer usage, there is an increased demand to improve man's ability to communicate with the computer. The prime instrument of input communication today is a keyboard, and it appears that this will be true for some time in the future.
Conducting truthful surveys, cheaply

We consider the problem of conducting a survey with the goal of obtaining an unbiased estimator of some population statistic when individuals have unknown costs (drawn from a known prior) for participating in the survey. Individuals must be compensated for their participation and are strategic agents, and so the payment scheme must incentivize truthful behavior. We derive optimal truthful mechanisms for this problem for the two goals of minimizing the variance of the estimator given a fixed budget, and minimizing the expected cost of the survey given a fixed variance goal.
A unified synthetic approach to the pyrazinone dragmacidins

This review describes recent developments from our laboratory involving the synthesis of the structurally complex, pyrazinone-containing dragmacidin alkaloids.
Exact boundary controllability on L2(Ω)×H−1(Ω) of the wave equation with Dirichlet boundary control acting on a portion of the boundary Ω, and related problems

Consider the wave equation defined on a smooth bounded domain Ω ⊂R n with boundary Γ = Γ0 ∪ Γ1. The control action is exercised in the Dirichlet boundary conditions only on Γ1 and is of classL 2(0,T: L 2(Γ1)); instead, homogeneous boundary conditions of Dirichlet (or Neumann) type are imposed on the complementary part Γ0. The main result of the paper is a theorem which, under general conditions on the triplet {Ω, Γ0, Γ1} with Γ0≠ ∅, guarantees exact controllability on the spaceL 2(Ω) ×H −1(Ω) of maximal regularity forT greater than a computable timeT 0>0, which depends on the triplet. This theorem generalizes prior results by Lasiecka and the author [L-T.3] (obtained via uniform stabilization) and by Lions [L.5], [L.6] (obtained by a direct approach, different from the one followed here). The key technical issue is a lower bound on theL 2(∑1)-norm of the normal derivative of the solution to the corresponding homogeneous problem, which extends to a larger class of triplets {Ω, Γ0, Γ1} prior results by Lasiecka and the author [L-T.3] and by Ho [H.1].
The CMB Dipole and Circular Galaxy Distribution

The validity of Hubble's law defies the determination of the center of the big bang expansion, even if it exists. Every point in the expanding universe looks like the center from which the rest of the universe flies away. In this paper, we show that the distri- bution of apparently circular galaxies is not uniform in the sky and that there exists a special direction in the universe in our neighborhood. The data is consistent with the assumption that the tidal force due to the mass distribution around the universe center causes the deformation of galactic shapes depending on its orientation and location relative to the center and our galaxy. Moreover, the CMB dipole data can also be associated with the center of the universe expansion, if the CMB dipole at the center of our supercluster is assumed to be due to Hubble flow. The location of the center is estimated from the CMB dipole data. The direction to the center from both sets of data is consistent and the distance to the center is computed from the CMB dipole data.
Phase diagram for turbulent transport: sampling drift, eddy diffusivity and variational principles

We study the long-time, large scale transport in a three-parameter family of isotropic, incompressible velocity fields with power-law spectra. Scaling law for transport is characterized by the scaling exponent $q$ and the Hurst exponent $H$, as functions of the parameters. The parameter space is divided into regimes of scaling laws of different {\em functional forms} of the scaling exponent and the Hurst exponent. We present the full three-dimensional phase diagram. The limiting process is one of three kinds: Brownian motion ($H=1/2$), persistent fractional Brownian motions ($1/2
An evidential tool bus

Theorem provers, model checkers, static analyzers, test generators...all of these and many other kinds of formal methods tools can contribute to the analysis and development of computer systems and software. It is already quite common to use several kinds of tools in a loose combination: for example, we might use static analysis and then model checking to help find and eliminate design flaws prior to undertaking formal verification with a theorem prover. And some modern tools, such as test generators, are built using model checkers, predicate abstractors, decision procedures and constraint solvers as components in tight combination. But we can foresee a different kind of combination where many tools and methods are used in ad hoc combination within a single analysis. For example, static analysis might yield invariants that enable decision procedures to build a predicate abstraction whose reachable states are calculated as a BDD and then concretized to yield a strong invariant for the original system; the invariant then enables properties of the original system to be verified by highly automated theorem proving. This sort of combination clearly requires an integrating platform – a tool bus – to connect the various tools together; but the capabilities required go beyond those of platforms such as Eclipse. The entities exchanged among clients of the bus – proofs, counterexamples, specifications, theoreems, counterexamples, abstractions – have logical content, and the overall purpose of the bus is to gather and integrate evidence for verification or refutation. In this paper I propose requirements for such an “evidential tool bus,” and sketch a possible architecture.
Noether Methods for Fluids and Plasmas

Two applications of the Noether method for fluids and plasmas are presented based on the Euler- Lagrange and Euler-Poincare variational principles, which depend on whether the dynamical fields are to be varied independently or not, respectively. The relativistic cold laser-plasma equations, describing the interaction between an intense laser field with a cold relativistic electron plasma, provide a useful set of equations amenable to both variational formulations. The derivation of con- servation laws by Noether method proceeds from the Noether equation, whose form depends on the variational formulation used. As expected, the expressions for the energy-momentum conservation laws are identical in both variational formulations. The connection between the two Lagrangian densities is shown to involve the mass conservation and Lin constraints associated with the cold relativistic electron fluid.
Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers.

Study Objective. To determine whether daily high-dose vitamin C alters the steady-state pharmacokinetics of indinavir, a protease inhibitor indicated for treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Design. Prospective, open-label, longitudinal, two-period time series. Setting. University medical center. Subjects. Seven healthy volunteers. Intervention. Indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours was given to subjects for four doses on days 1 and 2. Plasma samples were then collected for indinavir pharmacokinetic determination. After a 7-day washout period, subjects were given vitamin C 1000 mg/day for 7 days. Beginning on day 6 of vitamin C administration, indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours was restarted for four doses. Plasma was then collected from subjects to determine indinavir pharmacokinetics. All subjects were given a vitamin C content-controlled diet for 1 week before the study began and throughout the study period. Measurements and Main Results. Steady-state plasma samples were collected before dosing (0 hr) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after dosing to determine indinavir pharmacokinetics. Parameters of interest were maximum plasma concentration (C m a x ), time to C m a x , area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0-5 hours after the dose (AUC 0 - 5 ), an extrapolated 8-hour AUC (AUC 0 - 8 ), trough (minimum) plasma concentration (C m i n ), and oral clearance. Mean steady-state indinavir C m a x was significantly reduced (20%) after 7 days of vitamin C administration (10.3 ′ 1.5 vs 8.2 ′ 2.9 μg/ml, p=0.04). The corresponding mean AUC 0 - 8 was also significantly decreased (14%; 26.4 ′ 7.2 vs 22.7 ′ 8.1 μg.hr/ml, p=0.05). Although not statistically significant, the mean indinavir C m i n was 32% lower in the presence of vitamin C (0.27 ′ 0.17 C vs 0.18 ′ 0.08 pg/ml, p=0.09). Indinavir oral clearance and half-life were not significantly different. Conclusion. Concomitant administration of high doses of vitamin C can reduce steady-state indinavir plasma concentrations. Subtherapeutic concentrations of antiretroviral agents have been associated with viral resistance and regimen failure, but the clinical significance of our findings remains to be established.
A cosmic microwave background radiation polarimeter using superconducting bearings

Measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation are expected to significantly increase our understanding of the early universe. We present a design for a CMB polarimeter in which a cryogenically cooled half wave plate rotates by means of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bearing. The design is optimized for implementation in MAXIPOL, a balloon-borne CMB polarimeter. A prototype bearing, consisting of commercially available ring-shaped permanent magnet and an array of YBCO bulk HTS material, has been constructed. We measured the coefficient of friction as a function of several parameters including temperature between 15 and 80 K, rotation frequency between 0.3 and 3.5 Hz, levitation distance between 6 and 10 mm, and ambient pressure between 10/sup -7/ and 1 torr. The low rotational drag of the HTS bearing allows rotations for long periods of time with minimal input power and negligible wear and tear thus making this technology suitable for a future satellite mission.
Silver(I) Triflate-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of N-PMP Protected α-Aminopropargylphosphonates from Terminal Alkynes

N-PMP protected α-aminopropargylphosphonates have been synthesized by using a silver(I) triflate-catalyzed one-pot three-component reaction of terminal alkynes, p-anisidine, and diethyl formylphosphonate hydrate. Good to excellent yields of the desired products may be obtained with a very simple procedure.
Measurement of Galaxy Cluster Sizes, Radial Profiles, and Luminosity Functions from SDSS Photometric Data

Imaging data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey are used to measure the empirical size-richness relation for a large sample of galaxy clusters. Using population subtraction methods, we determine the radius at which the cluster galaxy number density is 200Ωm-1 times the mean galaxy density, without assuming a model for the radial distribution of galaxies in clusters. If these galaxies are unbiased on megaparsec scales, this galaxy density-based R200 reflects the characteristic radii of clusters. We measure the scaling of this characteristic radius with richness over an order of magnitude in cluster richness, from rich clusters to poor groups. We use this information to examine the radial profiles of galaxies in clusters as a function of cluster richness, finding that the concentration of the galaxy distribution decreases with richness and is systematically lower than the concentrations measured for dark matter profiles in N-body simulations. Using these scaled radii, we investigate the behavior of the cluster luminosity function and find that it is well matched by a Schechter function for galaxies brighter than Mr = -18 only after the central galaxy has been removed. We find that the luminosity function varies with richness and with distance from the cluster center, underscoring the importance of using an aperture that scales with cluster mass to compare physically equivalent regions of these different systems. We note that the lowest richness systems in our catalog have properties consistent with those expected of the earliest forming halos; our cluster-finding algorithm, in addition to reliably finding clusters, may be efficient at finding fossil groups.
Purification and Concentration of DNA from Aqueous Solutions

This unit presents basic procedures for manipulating solutions of single- or double-stranded DNA through purification and concentration steps. These techniques are useful when proteins or solute molecules need to be removed from aqueous solutions, or when DNA solutions need to be concentrated for reasons of convenience. The Basic Protocol, using phenol extraction and ethanol (or isopropanol) precipitation, is appropriate for the purification of DNA from small volumes (<0.4 ml) at concentrations lower than 1 mg/ml. Three support protocols outline methods to buffer the phenol used in extractions, concentrate DNA using butanol, and extract residual organic solvents with ether. An alternative to these methods is nucleic acid purification using glass beads and this is also presented. These protocols may also be used for purifying RNA. The final two alternate protocols provide modifications to the basic protocol that are used for concentrating RNA and extracting and precipitating DNA from larger volumes and from dilute solutions, and for removing low-molecular-weight oligonucleotides and triphosphates.
Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up

Part I Introduction: "Artificial Society" models life and death on the sugarscape sex, culture and conflict - the emergence of history sugar and spice - trade comes to the sugarscape disease agents a society is born artificial societies versus traditional models artificial societies versus a life toward generative social science - can you grow it?. Part II Life and death on the sugarscape: in the beginning - there was sugar the agents artificial society on the sugarscape wealth and its distribution in the agent population social networks of neighbours migration summary. Part III Sex, culture and conflict - the emergence of history: sexual reproduction cultural processes combat the proto-history. Part IV Sugar and spice - trade comes to the sugarscape: spice - a second commodity trade rules markets of bilateral traders emergent economic networks social computation, emergent computation summary and conclusions. Part V Disease processes: models of disease transmission and immune response immune system response disease transmission digital diseases on the sugarscape disease transmission networks. Part VI Conclusions: summary some extensions of the current model other artificial societies formal analysis of artificial societies generative social science looking ahead. Appendices: software engineering aspects of artificial societies summary of rule notation state-dependence on the welfare function.
Learning graphical models with hubs

We consider the problem of learning a high-dimensional graphical model in which there are a few hub nodes that are densely-connected to many other nodes. Many authors have studied the use of an l1 penalty in order to learn a sparse graph in the high-dimensional setting. However, the l1 penalty implicitly assumes that each edge is equally likely and independent of all other edges. We propose a general framework to accommodate more realistic networks with hub nodes, using a convex formulation that involves a row-column overlap norm penalty. We apply this general framework to three widely-used probabilistic graphical models: the Gaussian graphical model, the covariance graph model, and the binary Ising model. An alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is used to solve the corresponding convex optimization problems. On synthetic data, we demonstrate that our proposed framework outperforms competitors that do not explicitly model hub nodes. We illustrate our proposal on a webpage data set and a gene expression data set.
Copper-catalyzed arene C–H bond cross-coupling

A highly regioselective, one-pot sequential iodination–copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of arene C–H bonds has been developed affording an efficient method for biaryl synthesis.
Separation Control on HIgh Angle of Attack Airfoil Using Plasma Actuators

This work involves the documentation and control of leading-edge flow separation that occurs over an airfoil at high angles of attack, well above stall. A generic airfoil shape (NACA 663-018) was used because of its documented leading-edge stall characteristics. It was instrumented for surface-pressure measurements that were used to calculate lift coefficients. Mean-velocity profiles downstream of the airfoil were used to determine the drag coefficient. In addition to these, smoke streakline flow visualization was used to document the state of flow separation. The airfoil was operated over a range of freestream speeds from 10 to 30 m/s, giving chord Reynolds numbers from 77 × 10 3 to 333 × 10 3 .T wo types of plasma actuator designs were investigated. The first produced a spanwise array of streamwise vortices. The second produced a two-dimensional jet in the flow direction along the surface of the airfoil. The plasma actuators were found to lead to reattachment for angles of attack that were 8 deg past the stall angle (the highest investigated). This was accompanied by a full pressure recovery and up to a 400% increase in the lift-to-drag ratio.
A putative role for microRNA-205 in mammary epithelial cell progenitors

In an effort to understand the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mammary-gland stem or progenitor cells, miRNA microarrays were performed on subpopulations of the mouse mammary epithelial cell (MEC) line COMMA-DβGeo. This cell line contains a heterogeneous subpopulation of progenitors characterized by the expression of stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1; encoded by Ly6a). Microarray analysis indicated that the Sca-1 subpopulations have distinct miRNA expression profiles. Functional studies were performed on miR-205, which was highly expressed in the Sca-1-positive (Sca-1+) cells. When miR-205 was overexpressed in vitro, the COMMA-DβGeo cells underwent several significant morphological and molecular changes. miR-205 overexpression led to an expansion of the progenitor-cell population, decreased cell size and increased cellular proliferation. In addition, the colony-forming potential of the two Sca-1 subpopulations was increased. Target prediction for miR-205 indicated that it might regulate the expression of the tumor-suppressor protein PTEN. Overexpression studies using reporter constructs confirmed that PTEN expression is regulated by miR-205. In addition to PTEN, several other putative and previously validated miR-205 targets were identified by microarray analysis, including the previously reported miR-205 targets ZEB1 and ZEB2. Additionally, in normal mouse MECs, high expression of miR-205 was observed in stem-cell-enriched cell populations isolated by FACS using established cell-surface markers.
Public Transit and the Spatial Distribution of Minority Employment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

A recent expansion of the San Francisco Bay Area heavy rail system represents an exogenous change in the accessibility of inner-city minority communities to a cone centrated suburban employment center. We evaluate this natural experiment by conducting a two-wave longitudinal survey of firms, with the first wave of interviews conducted immediately before the opening of service, and the second wave approximately a year later. Within-firm changes in the propensity to hire minority workers for firms near the station were compared with those located farther away. Also estimated was the effect of employer distance to the new stations on changes in propensity to hire minorities. Results indicate a sizable increase in the hiring of Latinos near the new stations, but little evidence of an effect on black hiring rates. (C) 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Analysis of Human Lunar Outpost Strategies and Architectures

Recently published plans for a human lunar exploration campaign as part of the Vision for Space Exploration focus on the establishment of an outpost at the lunar South Pole with the intent of permanent or near-permanent inhabitation. This paper investigates potential lunar exploration alternatives to this strategy based on a small number of so-called campaign elements which could be placed end-to-end to build a lunar exploration campaign. Results indicate that special consideration should be given to campaign strategies that include what we term “intermediate outpost” missions, as such missions can provide significant value for Mars preparation early in the campaign and under certain conditions may obviate the need for a long-term outpost altogether. The paper also includes conceptual design analysis for technical lunar surface architectures based either on a full-size habitat pre-integrated on Earth or on a habitat that is assembled on the lunar surface out of multiple modules. Comparison of campaign performance shows that the differences between the technical surface architectures are small compared to the differences in campaign strategy; technical architectures therefore need to be compared on cost and risk. Based on cost and risk considerations, a lunar surface architecture with a full-size habitat pre-integrated on Earth is preferred. In general, the lunar surface system architecture should be designed to support all or most of the campaign elements in order to provide flexibility and robustness to programmatic change over the next decade before the actual implementation of the campaign.
Impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on evolutionary adaptation

Evolutionary adaptation is often likened to climbing a hill or peak. While this process is simple for fitness landscapes where mutations are independent, the interaction between mutations (epistasis) as well as mutations at loci that affect more than one trait (pleiotropy) are crucial in complex and realistic fitness landscapes. We investigate the impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on adaptive evolution by studying the evolution of a population of asexual haploid organisms (haplotypes) in a model of N interacting loci, where each locus interacts with K other loci. We use a quantitative measure of the magnitude of epistatic interactions between substitutions, and find that it is an increasing function of K. When haplotypes adapt at high mutation rates, more epistatic pairs of substitutions are observed on the line of descent than expected. The highest fitness is attained in landscapes with an intermediate amount of ruggedness that balance the higher fitness potential of interacting genes with their concomitant decreased evolvability. Our findings imply that the synergism between loci that interact epistatically is crucial for evolving genetic modules with high fitness, while too much ruggedness stalls the adaptive process.
Basic properties of SLE

SLEκ is a random growth process based on Loewner’s equation with driving parameter a one-dimensional Brownian motion running with speed κ. This process is intimately connected with scaling limits of percolation clusters and with the outer boundary of Brownian motion, and is conjectured to correspond to scaling limits of several other discrete processes in two dimensions.
Measuring teamwork in health care settings: a review of survey instruments.

Background:Teamwork in health care settings is widely recognized as an important factor in providing high-quality patient care. However, the behaviors that comprise effective teamwork, the organizational factors that support teamwork, and the relationship between teamwork and patient outcomes remain
Approach to Parton Equilibration

Abstract Perturbative QCD-based models of parton production and equilibration in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions are reviewed with an emphasis on the treatment of quantum interference effects. Uncertainties in the initial parton production and their effects on later parton equilibration are considered. Probes of early parton dynamics are also discussed.
Full-wave copolarized nonspecular transmission and reflection scattering matrix elements for rough surfaces

A 2 × 2 scattering matrix for rough surfaces that separate two different media is derived. To this end, explicit closed-form expressions for the nonspecular transmission scattering coefficients are derived for the rough-surface elements to complement previous derivations of the nonspecular reflection scattering coefficients. Both vertically and horizontally polarized electromagnetic excitations are considered here. Thus the elements of scattering matrices represent the polarization-dependent nonspecular transmission and reflection properties of each arbitrarily oriented and elevated element of the rough surface. The total nonspecularly transmitted and reflected fields are expressed as integrals (not integral equations). The full-wave solutions derived here are compared with the corresponding high-frequency physical-optics results, and the low-frequency perturbation results are also derived. They are shown to satisfy the reciprocity and duality relationships in electromagnetic theory, and they are invariant to coordinate transformations. These results may be applied to both deterministic and random rough surfaces.
A theory of three-dimensional parachute dynamic stability

The three-dimensional motion of a freely descending parachute is studied with a five-degreeoffreedom analysis (the roll motion is neglected). The equations of motion are nondimensionalized and the resulting parameters discussed. Exact expressions are given for the longitudinal and lateral small-disturbance stability of the familiar gliding motion of parachutes. The breakdown of these small-disturbance expressions is illustrated by exact large-disturbance studies. A large longitudinal disturbance of most parachutes will result in a large pitching motion, whereas a large lateral (out of the glide plane) disturbance will usually cause a large angle vertical coning motion. Exact algebraic expressions are given for the coning mode, which is a stable rotation, and a small amount of available coning data is included for comparison. Some parametric computer studies of the various motions are also shown.
AN INVESTIGATION OF PREFERRED STOCK FINANCING BY BANK AND NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

We investigate the shareholder wealth effects of announcements of preferred stock issues made by financial institutions. Fixed-rate straight preferred stock and convertible preferred stock issue announcements result in insignificant common share price responses. However, the average stock price reaction to announcements of adjustable-rate preferred stock issues is positive and significant for banking firms. Our findings suggest that banks' common shareholders react positively to adjustable-rate preferred stock issue announcements because such securities provide a relatively low-cost way of increasing the primary capital used to satisfy legal minimum capital requirements without diluting common equity voting rights.
Detection of five Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes with multiplex PCR

Escherichia coli serogroup O157 is the pathogen most commonly associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, but epidemiological studies suggest that non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a major player as well. The ten most clinically relevant STECs belong to serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, O157, O91, O113, O128, O45, and O121; but emerging strains, such as O104:H4 that was identified with the 2011 German outbreak, could become more prevalent in the future. A 75-min conventional multiplex PCR assay, IS-5P, targeting the four virulence factors stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA plus the O157:H7-specific +93 uidA single nucleotide polymorphism was developed to better assess the potential pathogenicity of STEC isolates. All 212 STEC DNAs showed one to five amplification products, while the non-E. coli DNA did not react to this multiplex PCR assay. Enrichment broths obtained from baby spinach, alfalfa sprouts, and cilantro artificially inoculated with O26, O103, and O121 STECs reacted positively to the multiplex assay. Unlike the current FDA BAM 5P PCR, designed for the specific detection of O157:H7, IS-5P will identify potentially harmful O157:H7 and non-O157 STECs so they can be removed from the nation's food supply.
Self-timed logic using Current-Sensing Completion Detection (CSCD)

This article proposes a completion-detection method for efficiently implementing Boolean functions as self-timed logic structures. Current-Sensing Completion Detection, CSCD, allows self-timed circuits to be designed using single-rail variable encoding (one signal wire per logic variable) and implemented in about the same silicon area as an equivalent synchronous implementation. Compared to dual-rail encoding methods, CSCD can reduce the number of signal wires and transistors used by approximately 50%. CSCD implementations improved performance over equivalent dual-rail designs because of: (1) reduced parasitic capacitance, (2) removal of spacer tokens in the data stream, and (3) computation state similarity of consecutive data variables. Several CSCD configurations are described and evaluated and transistor-level implementations are provided for comparison.