cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori gastritis in cats with long-term natural infection as a model of human disease.

A natural infection with Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) in domestic cats ( Felis cattus ) less than 2 years of age has been well described in a closed colony of animals. Six cats from this colony that were serially evaluated by culture, polymerase chain reaction, and light and electron microscopy for a period of 3 years demonstrated persistent gastric colonization with a single cag − vac + strain of H. pylori . In these cats, as well as five other 5- to 6-year-old cats that were examined, a long-term infection resulted in chronic diffuse lymphofollicular atrophic gastritis with areas of mucosal dysplasia in the antrum and predominantly midsuperficial gastritis in the body and cardia. Topographically, the distribution of lesions was similar in both young and older cats and closely resembled that found in humans, with the most severe changes occurring in the gastric antrum. Few granulocytes and no significant elevation in mast cells were seen in older H. pylori -infected cats compared with uninfected controls; however, marked increases in interepithelial globule leukocytes and numerous active mucosal lymphoid follicles were present in infected animals. Indices of gastritis were significantly greater in older infected cats when compared with uninfected controls and younger cats ( P P = 0.021) greater than that of uninfected controls. Apoptotic indices of the gastric antrum and body of infected cats were significantly ( P = 0.01. increased versus controls. Chronic infection with H. pylori in cats shares many features of long-term H. pylori infection in humans, including the development of preneoplastic processes. This similarity provides useful, comparative insights into host-pathogen interactions.
Array illuminators and complexity theory

Abstract The job of an array illuminator (AIL) is to distribute light signals to an array of optoelectronic elements on a chip. Many different AIL designs have been proposed. The so called DAMMANN-AIL is especially well suited to send arbitrarily shaped but identical light pattern to each element on the chip. A modified TALBOT-AIL has now the same flexibility. The scaling behavior of these two designs for growing array sizes with up to 1000x1000 elements is studied in the spirit of complexity theory. That theory will be introduced and recommended as a strategic tool for optical instrument design.
Behavioral correlates of spontaneous hypertension

Abstract In addition to reviewing behavioral research which has used Okamoto's spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, methodological and theoretical issues raised by the use of a genetically selected strain as a model of hypertension are discussed. Behavioral research in which SHR rats have been compared with normotensive strains suggests several consistent behavioral characteristics of SHR rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats are reported to be more active and to show less habituation to repeated testing when placed in a novel environment. In addition, SHR rats respond to a variety of noxious stimuli with high levels of behavioral and physiological arousal. While SHR rats have also been reported to be more aggressive and to learn more rapidly in active avoidance situations than do normotensive controls, interpretation of these differences is complicated by basal differences both in activity level and reactivity to stimulation. Controls used in research with SHR rats include both the foundation strain from which SHR were bred and animals in which hypertension has been experimentally induced. Inclusion of this latter control group provides a means of distinguishing behaviors which are consistently associatted with hypertension of a variety of origins from relationships only observed in SHR rats. Demonstrating an association between behavior and high blood pressure is only the first step in understanding the source of the covariation. Genetic and developmental analyses are necessary to distinguish among (1) a common genetic etiology of hypertension and the behavioral characteristic, (2) a sequential dependence between the development of hypertension and the behavioral characteristic or vice versa; and (3) random fixation at the time of selection for hypertension. While no definitive data are available to argue for a pleiotropic relationship (a common genetic etiology) between the behavioral characteristics of SHR rats and their hypertension, a sequential dependence between the amount of environmental stimulation during the “prehypertensive phase” and the level of adult blood pressure is suggested by two investigations.
Review essay: The rhetorical turn in science studies

A RHETORIC OF SCIENCE: INVENTING SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. By Lawrence Prelli. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989; xi + pp. 321. $34.95. NOVELTIES IN THE HEAVENS; RHETORIC AND SCIENCE IN THE COPERNICAN CONTROVERSY. By Jean Dietz Moss. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993; xiv + pp. 352. $49.95; paper $17.95. PERSUADING SCIENCE: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC RHETORIC. Edited by Marcello Pera and William R. Shea. Canton, MA: Science History, 1991; xi + pp. 224. $39.95. PHILOSOPHY, RHETORIC, AND THE END OF KNOWLEDGE: THE COMING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES. By Steve Fuller. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993; xxii + pp. 446. $54.00; paper $22.50. SHAPING WRITTEN KNOWLEDGE; THE GENRE AND ACTIVITY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLE IN SCIENCE. By Charles Bazerman. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988; xi + pp. 400. $40.00; paper $17.50. THE LITERARY STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENT. Edited by Peter Dear. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991; vi + pp. 224. $32.95. THE R...
Cotton Response to Poultry Litter Applied by Subsurface Banding Relative to Surface Broadcasting

Dry poultry litter is typically land applied by surface broadcasting, a practice that exposes certain litter nutrients to volatilization loss. Applying litter with a new, experimental implement that places the litter in narrow bands below the soil surface may reduce or eliminate such losses but has not been tested experimentally. The objective of this research was to quantify cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield and fiber quality improvements when fertilized with broiler litter applied in narrow subsurface bands at planting or after crop establishment compared with the traditional surface broadcast and standard inorganic fertilization. Applying litter at 6.7 Mg ha -1 increased lint yield from 984 kg ha -1 when applied by surface broadcast to an average of 1052 kg ha -1 when applied by subsurface band at planting or 1 mo later. Applying the same litter rate by subsurface banding 1 mo after planting had the added benefit of improving fiber properties, fiber length in particular. Chlorophyll index measurements showed that plants received greater N nutrition, suggesting that litter-derived N was conserved when the litter was applied by subsurface banding relative to surface broadcast. These results demonstrate that applying dry poultry litter in narrow subsurface bands with this implement conserves litter-derived N and may lead to a reduction in the litter application rate relative to the conventional surface broadcast method, with an added benefit of improved fiber quality when the litter is applied after crop establishment.
Giant invasive spinal schwannoma in children: a case report and review of the literature.

Giant invasive spinal schwannoma is defined as a tumor that extends over two or more vertebral levels, erodes vertebral bodies, and extends into the extraspinal space disrupting myofascial planes. Because of its rarity, there have been few published reports describing clinical features and surgical outcomes, especially in the pediatric patient population. We analyzed the medical record, pathologic findings, and radiographic studies of a 14-year-old Hispanic boy who presented to Texas Children’s Hospital with a three-month history of progressive spastic paraparesis. Preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reports showed a large mass lesion centered at the left T7-8 neural foramen with intra- and extraspinal extension, resulting in severe spinal cord compression and vertebral body erosion, and protrusion into the retropleural space and descending aorta. Our patient underwent a single-stage posterior approach for complete resection of the tumor with reconstruction and stabilization of the vertebral column. The pathological examination was consistent with schwannoma. At the six-month follow-up, our patient had resolution of preoperative symptoms and remains neurologically intact without any radiographic evidence of recurrent tumor. To the best of our knowledge, our case represents the fourth child with giant invasive spinal schwannoma reported in the literature. We describe our case and review the literature to discuss the aggregate clinical features, surgical strategies, and operative outcomes for giant invasive spinal schwannoma in the pediatric age group.
Plasmon induced transparency with asymmetric π-shaped metamaterials

We propose a planar metamaterial composed of asymmetrically positioned π-shaped structures that exhibits plasmon induced transparency (PIT). The system enables fine tuning of PIT spectral behavior and near field enhancement control and provides smaller mode volumes.
Solvent dependence of 13C relaxation times and reorientational dynamics in tribromobenzene

The 13C spin–lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements of protonated carbons in 1, 3, 5-tribromobenzene were measured in a number of solvents of widely varying viscosity, Derived reorientational correlation times were found to increase approximately linearly with solution viscosity, as predicted by hydrodynamic theories of rotational diffusion. Rotational correlation times calculated from the perrin stick model were two to three times longer than the measured τc values. Similarly, correlation times predicted by the Hu–Zwanzig slip model were too small by a factor of two. On the other hand, application of the newer Hynes–Kapral–Weinberg theory furnished reorientational correlation times that were in virtually quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
IS ALTERED OXYGEN TRANSPORT THE MACHANISM FOR INCREASED LEFT VETRICULAR THICKNESS IN PASSIVE SMOKING CHILDREN

Active smoking, a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, causes marked changes in systemic oxygen transport. To determine the effects of chronic passive smoking (PS) on oxygen transport and myocardial oxygen demand, we examined the relationship of PS to both left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and red cell 2, 3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG). We studied 168 nonsmoking(NS) and 40 PS preadolescent twins (11.6 years old) by supine m-mode echocardiography and measured blood levels of DPG and thiocyanate (SCN). PS twins had a thicker ventricular septum(VS) (.67±.08 vs .64±.08 cm, p 10 cigarettes/d (2.34±.25 vs 2.06±.26umol/ml, rp<.05). DPG correlated positively with VS(p<.005) and with LVPW(p<.001) and correlated negatively with LV radius/LVPW (p=.0001). We conclude that chronic PS twins have both increased LV wall thickness and wall stress which increase myocardial oxygen requirements. These changes occur mainly in males. Since twin DPG is increased in chronic PS, altered oxygen supply/demand may be the mechanism for the increased LV thickness and the subsequent development of ischemic heart disease.
Monoclonal antibody neutralization of BPV-1.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies were generated against intact infectious BPV-1 virions by methods previously described (Christensen et al., 1990). ELISA was used to screen for reactivities to intact and/or disrupted BPV-1, CRPV and HPV-11 virions. Several hybridomas were initially selected that showed antibody reactivity by ELISA to both intact and disrupted BPV-1, to disrupted BPV-1 only, or to intact BPV-1 virions. One monoclonal antibody, designated B1.A1, which reacted only to intact BPV-1 was selected for virus neutralization analyses. ELISA demonstrated that this monoclonal antibody bound to intact BPV-1 virions, but not to intact CRPV, HPV-11 or to disrupted papillomavirus (PV) antigens. Strong neutralization of BPV-1-induced focus formation of mouse C127 cells by monoclonal B1.A1 was observed. The neutralization titer was equivalent to the neutralization titer obtained with a polyclonal rabbit anti-BPV-1 virion antisera, and directly correlated with antibody concentration as determined by ELISA. These results extend our previous analyses on the epitopes of infectious papillomaviruses as defined by monoclonal antibodies that identify neutralizing epitopes. The nature of these epitopes is such that maintenance of the quaternary structure of the infectious virions is necessary for preservation of the antigenicity of the neutralizing epitope.
The effects of age and treatment intensity on behavioral intervention outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorders.

Abstract Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) has been shown to effectively remediate some cases of autism. However, few studies have evaluated the importance of various factors, such as the effect of treatment intensity on treatment outcomes, and how these outcomes vary by age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of treatment hours and participant age with the rate of learning within an early intensive behavioral intervention program. The present study evaluated treatment progress for 245 children receiving EIBI services. Regression analyses were conducted to predict treatment progress based upon the number of monthly treatment hours received and the participant's age. Each of these variables were significant predictors and accounted for considerable portions of the observed variance. Further, the younger participants showed a greater benefit from increased treatment hours when compared to older participants. These data indicate that for children between 2 and 7 years of age, there was a significant increase in new skill acquisition with increased treatment hours. Further, there was not a point of diminishing-returns.
The Feather Cape Enigma: English or American Indian?

A Response to Lurie and Anderson's "Lost Art Form: A Case Study of 19th Century Feathered Capes Produced by American Indians in the Great Lakes Region" /Museum Anthropology 22(2), Fall 1998].
The Electronic Structure of the Lanthanide Monohalides: A Ligand Field Approach

Abstract Ligand field theory calculations of energy levels were performed for the neutral lanthanide monohalides by treating the molecular electronic states as Ln + free-ion levels perturbed by a ligand field X − (where Ln ∈ Ce through Yb and X ∈ F, Cl, Br, or I). The single-atomic-configuration approximation was used to compute the molecular energy levels with the lowest (maximum S c , maximum L c ) 4 f -core Ln + atomic multiplet state for the majority of the Ln + X − superconfigurations. The density distributions of the bound electronic states of LnX up to their ionization limits were also calculated. These data are sufficient for determination of the electronic partition function.
Concepts of science in Europe and Asia

AbstractThe three great scientific traditions of Eurasia are basically similar but there are differences between them in character and emphasis. The West Eurasian (which ranges from Old Babylonian through Hellenistic and Islamic to modern European) is characterised by an emphasis on nature and punctuated increases and decreases in theoretical and empirical sophistication. Chinese science is characterised by concreteness, experimentation and a historical and organic outlook; Indian science by abstraction, formal analysis and an emphasis on human theory. Most Eurasian sciences reached similar levels until the sixteenth century, after which the European members of the family spiralled ahead.
Fluorescence spectroscopy guidance of laser ablation of atherosclerotic plaque

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy can only be used for laser angioplasty guidance if high-power laser ablation does not significantly alter the pattern of tissue fluorescence. Although the spectra of normal and atherosclerotic arteries differ, the change in fluorescence spectra following laser angioplasty has not been well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy could guide selective laser ablation of atherosclerotic plaque and, if so, to develop a quantitative LIF score that could be used to control a "smart" laser angioplasty system. Baseline LIF spectroscopy of 50 normal and 50 atherosclerotic human aortic specimens was performed using an optical fiber coupled to a He-Cd laser and optical multichannel analyzer. LIF was then serially recorded during erbium:YAG laser ablation of 27 atherosclerotic specimens. Laser ablation was terminated when the arterial LIF spectrum visually appeared normal. Histologic analysis revealed a mean initial plaque thickness of 1,228 +/- 54 microns and mean residual plaque thickness of 198 +/- 27 microns. Ablation of the media occurred in only three specimens. A discriminant function was derived to discriminate atherosclerotic from normal tissue for computer guidance of laser angioplasty. The LIF score, derived from stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis of the LIF spectra, correctly classified 93% of aortic specimens. The spectra obtained from the atherosclerotic specimens subjected to fluorescence-guided laser revealed a change in score from "atherosclerotic" to "normal" following plaque ablation. Seven atherosclerotic specimens were subjected to laser angioplasty with on-line computer control using the LIF score. Mean initial plaque thickness was 1,014 +/- 86 microns, and mean residual plaque thickness was 78 +/- 29 microns. There was no evidence of ablation of the media. Therefore, LIF guidance of laser ablation resulted in minimal residual plaque without arterial perforation. These findings support the feasibility of an LIF-guided laser angioplasty system for selective atherosclerotic plaque ablation.
Blood glucose changes induced by cold, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in dogs of various ages.

SummaryUnder the age of 5 days newborn dogs did not have a hyperglycemic response to cold exposure for one hour, while pups older than this, as well as adults, showed a significant rise in blood glucose. Epinephrine alone or combined with cold exposure produced a hyperglycemic effect in dogs of all ages, but‘the response was considerably lower in dogs under 5 days. Norepinephrine had a small and variable effect on blood glucose. The combination of norepinephrine with cold gave a somewhat larger and more consistent hyperglycemia, except in the youngest dogs, which had a hypoglycemic response. Dogs under 8 days had greater depression of rectal temperature in the cold after epinephrine than after saline or norepinephrine administration. In none of the animals did the calorigenic effects of the amines increase cold resistance, as indicated by rectal temperature changes.
A High‐Integrity and Efficient GPS Integer Ambiguity Resolution Method

: An efficient method for obtaining the admissible integer ambiguity hypotheses within a probabilistic volume is combined with an integer hypothesis testing method to reduce the convergence time to the GPS carrier-phase integers with high probability. The baseline coordinates, float ambiguities, and their covariance matrices are first estimated using a Kalman filter. To reduce the hypothesis set, the covariance matrix decorrelation method, which is the major contribution of the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method, is then applied. The reduced admissible hypotheses are tested by the multiple-hypothesis Wald sequential probability test (MHWSPT) to select, with a given probability, the most likely hypothesis. This method considerably reduces the computational time needed to solve the integer ambiguity resolution problem at each epoch.
Improved syntheses of 5‐substituted‐4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐(4H)‐1,2,4‐triazoles

Two improved methods have been developed for the synthesis of 5-substiluted-4-amino-3-mercapto-(4H)-1,2,4-triazoles. One of these involves the direct hydrazinolysis of potassium 3-aroyldithiocarbazates and the other involves ring-opening and reclosure of 5-substituted-2-mereapto-1,3,4-oxadiazoles to the aminomercaptotriazoles. Both of these methods offer advantages over the classic Hoggarth synthesis.
A Prospective Study of Trends in Youth Smoking

To assess smoking trends of junior and senior high school youth, a prospective study was conducted over a two year period. A total of 10,565 subjects comprised the study population. The resultant data were analyzed by smoking behavior classification, grade level, and sex. Comparisons of smoking rates by matched and unmatched samples were also included.The findings supported the contention that behavioral patterns with respect to smoking and nonsmoking behavior are well established by the junior high school years. The authors maintain that from an educational point of view, smoking education programs must begin before the junior high school years. Educators need to recognize the characteristics of the target population to maximize the effect and efficiency of their educational programs.
Nonnegatively curved ends of Euclidean hypersurfaces

The structure of the ends of immersed Euclidean hypersurfaces is described, assuming curvature positive outside a compact subset, or curvature nonnegative and nullity of the second fundamental form at most one outside a compact subset. Examples show the results are optimal.
Native-state energetics of a thermostabilized variant of ribonuclease HI.

Abstract Escherichia coli RNase HI is a well-characterized model system for protein folding and stability. Controlling protein stability is critical for both natural proteins and for the development of engineered proteins that function under extreme conditions. We have used native-state hydrogen exchange on a variant containing the stabilizing mutation Asp10 to alanine in order to determine its residue-specific stabilities. On average, the ΔGunf value for each residue was increased by 2-3 kcal/mol, resulting in a lower relative population of partially unfolded forms. Though increased in stability by a uniform factor, D10A shows a distribution of stabilities in its secondary structural units that is similar to that of E. coli RNase H, but not the closely related protein from Thermus thermophilus. Hence, the simple mutation used to stabilize the enzyme does not recreate the balance of conformational flexibility evolved in the thermophilic protein.
Characterization of fuzzy Minkowski algebra

There are various fuzzy morphologies (Minkowski algebras), these depending on the particular fuzzifification of set inclusion that is employed for the definition of erosion. Set-inclusion fuzzification depends upon the choice of an indicator for set inclusion and, based upon a collection of nine axioms, a class of indicators results such that each indicator in the class yields a Minkowski algebra in which a certain core of the ordinary propositions typically associated with mathematical morphology are valid. By going a bit further and postulating a certain mathematical form for the indicator, one obtains fitting characterizations for the basic operators. In ordinary crisp-set binary morphology, certain fundamental representation theorems hold, specifically the Matheron representations for increasing, translation invariant mappings and for T-openings. The definition of a T-opening extends for fuzzy T-openings. There is also a weakened version of the Matheron kernel representation for increasing, translation invariant mappings.
Comparison of Three Meta-Analytic Procedures for Estimating Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables

The authors conducted Monte Carlo simulations to compare the Hedges and Olkin, the Hunter and Schmidt, and a refinement of the Aguinis and Pierce meta-analytic approaches for estimating moderating effects of categorical variables. The simulation examined binary moderator variables (e.g., gender—male, female; ethnicity—majority, minority). The authors compared the three meta-analytic methods in terms of their point estimation accuracy and Type I and Type II error rates. Results provide guidelines to help researchers choose among the three meta-analytic techniques based on theory (i.e., exploratory vs. confirmatory research) and research design considerations (i.e., degree of range restriction and measurement error).
A normative‐developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children

Normative‐developmental performance on a battery of executive function tasks was investigated. Executive function was defined as goal‐directed behavior, including planning, organized search, and impulse control. Measures were drawn from clinical neuropsychology (visual search, verbal fluency, motor sequencing, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task [WCST]) and from developmental psychology (Tower of Hanoi [TOH] and Matching Familiar Figures Test [MFFT]). A discriminant task, recognition memory, was administered, and IQ scores were available on a subset of the sample. One hundred subjects ranging from 3 to 12 years old participated; an adult group was also studied. Three major results were found: (a) adult‐level performance on different subsets of the executive function tasks was achieved at three different ages—6 years old, 10 years old, and adolescence; (b) the measures clustered into three different factors reflecting speeded responding, set maintenance, and planning; and (c) most of the executive function tas...
Discrimination and Desegregation: Equal Opportunity Progress in U.S. Private Sector Workplaces since the Civil Rights Act

Numerous commentators have concluded that the Civil Rights Act was effective in promoting increased access to quality jobs for racial minorities. Many have worried as well that the pace of change has been too slow or stalled, particularly after 1980. Few have directly discussed under what conditions we might expect equal employment opportunity (EEO) to flourish. Explanations of status inequalities in the workplace have primarily relied on theories of social conflict and discrimination. Organizational perspectives on stratification, while not completely absent from previous research, remain a road less traveled. In this paper we present trends in race-sex inequality in U.S. workplaces since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and describe the organizational practices and discrimination processes that are likely to maintain status inequalities in the workplace and those which might be catalysts of change.
Intraspecific Variability in Parenting Styles of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): The Role of the Social Environment

This study tested the hypothesis that diAerences in parenting styles between two captive populations of rhesus macaques, one living in the UK (Madingley) and the other in the USA (Yerkes), are associated with diAerences in the degree to which social interactions with other group members pose a risk to infants. Twenty-eight mother‐infant dyads, 17 living at Madingley and 11 at Yerkes, were observed for 24 h during the first 12 wks of infant life. Mother‐infant dyads living at Madingley spent a higher percentage of time in contact than those living at Yerkes. The Madingley mothers also restrained and retrieved their infants more often, and rejected them less often than the Yerkes mothers. Consistent with the prediction, the protective parenting style of the Madingley mothers was associated with higher frequency of infant kidnapping and higher risk of infant harassment from other group members. Interpopulation diAerences in risks to infants and parenting styles are likely to be the result of diAerences in social density in the two environments rather than diAerences in the matrilineal structure of the two populations.
An adaptive multi-functional array for wireless sensor systems

Smart antenna and retrodirective array technologies are combined to establish a reconfigurable phased array communication system. The array serves as a retrodirective transponder with a LO frequency at 11.6 GHz. By changing the LO frequency to 2.9 GHz, the array can be reconfigured to a smart antenna enabling multi-user communications. The retrodirective transponder provides 20 dB circuit gain and 20 dB RF-IF Isolation exhibiting excellent retrodirectivity. When operating as a smart antenna, the receiver array successfully demodulates a QPSK modulated signal with circuit gain of 7 dB and E/sub b//N/sub 0/ for BER=10/sup -4/ is approximately 12 dB without any error correction. In the retrodirective array mode, the system provides 20 dB.
Sex Differences in Resting-State Neural Correlates of Openness to Experience among Older Adults

We investigated sex differences in the resting-state neural correlates of Openness to Experience, a universal personality trait defined by cognitive flexibility, attention to feelings, creativity, and preference for novelty. Using resting-state positron-emission tomography from 100 older individuals (>55 years of age), we identified associations between Openness and resting-state regional cerebral blood flow that replicated across 2 assessments of the same sample, approximately 2 years apart. Openness correlated positively with prefrontal activity in women, anterior cingulate activity in men, and orbitofrontal activity in both sexes, which suggests that areas linked to cognitive flexibility (women), monitoring processes (men), and reward and emotional processing (both) underlie individual differences in Openness. The results challenge the implicit assumption that the same trait will rely on the same neural mechanisms across all who express it.
Profile guided selection of ARM and thumb instructions

The ARM processor core is a leading processor design for the embedded domain. In the embedded domain, both memory and energy are important concerns. For this reason the 32 bit ARM processor also supports the 16 bit Thumb instruction set. For a given program, typically the Thumb code is smaller than the ARM code. Therefore by using Thumb code the I-cache activity, and hence the energy consumed by the I-cache, can be reduced. However, the limitations of the Thumb instruction set, in comparison to the ARM instruction set, can often lead to generation of poorer quality code. Thus, while Thumb code may be smaller than ARM code, it may perform poorly and thus may not lead to overall energy savings.
An Aggregate Dynamic Model of Short-Run Price and Output Behavior

I. Introduction, 177. — II. The representative firm model, 179. —III. Aggregate model, 185. — IV. Implications of the model, 192.
L1 integration in a transgenic mouse model

To study integration of the human LINE-1 retrotransposon (L1) in vivo, we developed a transgenic mouse model of L1 retrotransposition that displays de novo somatic L1 insertions at a high frequency, occasionally several insertions per mouse. We mapped 3' integration sites of 51 insertions by Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR). Analysis of integration locations revealed a broad genomic distribution with a modest preference for intergenic regions. We characterized the complete structures of 33 de novo retrotransposition events. Our results highlight the large number of highly truncated L1s, as over 52% (27/51) of total integrants were <1/3 the length of a full-length element. New integrants carry all structural characteristics typical of genomic L1s, including a number with inversions, deletions, and 5'-end microhomologies to the target DNA sequence. Notably, at least 13% (7/51) of all insertions contain a short stretch of extra nucleotides at their 5' end, which we postulate result from template-jumping by the L1-encoded reverse transcriptase. We propose a unified model of L1 integration that explains all of the characteristic features of L1 retrotransposition, such as 5' truncations, inversions, extra nucleotide additions, and 5' boundary and inversion point microhomologies.
Replacement trim system for the DSVs Sea Cliff and Turtle

Battelle has developed a new method for the active trim or list control of undersea vehicles, using small spheres of tungsten alloy, shifted hydraulically between coils of stainless steel tubing at either end of the vehicle. This system is being developed for installation in the DSV-4 Sea Cliff in the fall of 1996, and subsequently in DSV Turtle. It will replace the traditional mercury trim systems (commonly found in many other undersea vehicles as well), which pose potential health risks to the operations staff, and pollution risks to the environment.
Technology Assessment And The Cost Of Health Care

The cost of health care is a major economic issue and policy concern in the United States today. It is clear that expenditures have been increasing more rapidly than the rate of growth of our gross domestic product. The escalation of costs is a result of an increase in number, intensity, and/or expense of services. The evidence forces the inescapable conclusion that this situation cannot long be maintained. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that a greater efficiency in the system is possible, perhaps permitting the provision of higher quality care with fewer resource,demands. Some increase in efficiency may result from the proper application of technology assessment.
An Evaluation of Silicon Damage Resulting from Ultrasonic Wire Bonding

Ultrasonic wire bonding is a dynamic process which has been found to introduce material damage to improperly protected silicon. Damage is detected through the generation of steam oxidation induced stacking faults in the silicon after the metal and oxides have been removed. Silicon of both (100) and (111) orientations were evaluated with faulting being found predominately on those (111) planes whose lines of interesection with the surface were most nearly perpendicular to the applied direction of ultrasonic motion. Stacking faults predominate at the outer periphery of the bond. In addition to a correlation between the direction of ultrasonic motion and the fault planes observed, different fault planes operate at the toe and heel of the bond. No stacking faults are induced for normal ultrasonic bonding parameters and standard thicknesses of metallization (10 KA) using 2-mil bonding wire. This method of analysis provides a means for evaluating changes in materials and processing to improve bond reliability.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND THE BULLWHIP EFFECT DURING THE 2007–2009 RECESSION: EVIDENCE FROM THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR*

The 2007–2009 recession led to a significant decrease in consumer demand. We use monthly inventory and sales data to study the impact of the recession on manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find wholesalers responded late and drastically, indicative of a bullwhip effect, while retailers responded quickly and more conservatively, indicative of environmental smoothing. Smoothing of demand and inventory is demonstrated as an alternative response to a significant change in demand.
The eidochromatic transform for color-image coding

We introduce the eidochromatic transform as a tool for improved lossy coding of color images. Many current image-coding formats (such as JPEG 2000) utilize both a color-component transform (relating values of different image components at a single location) and a wavelet or other spatial transform (relating values of a single-image component at proximate, but different image locations). The eidochromatic transform further reduces redundancy by relating image values simultaneously across color components and in the two spatial dimensions. Our approach is to introduce an additional transform step following the color-component and spatial transforms. In tests, this step reduced the overall static entropy of the chrominance components of quantized transformed images by up to 40% or more. Combined with JPEG 2000's modeling and coding method, the eidochromatic transform was found to reduce the size of lossily coded color images by up to 27% overall.
Using GPR and seismic reflection measurements to characterize buried objects: large-scale simulations

Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic reflection measurements simultaneously can give a much better characterization of buried objects than a stand-alone measurement since electromagnetic and seismic measurements provide complementary information of the buried objects and the surrounding environment. However, successful interpretation and processing of these measurements in large-scale problems rely on fast simulations. In this work the authors use the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method newly developed by the author together with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to perform large-scale simulations of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic reflection measurements. The PSTD method uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) together with the perfectly matched layer (PML) to solve the partial-differential equations. It requires only two cells per wavelength regardless of the problem size. For multidimensional problems, the PSTD method is 4/sup D/-32/sup D/ times more efficient than the conventional FDTD method. Hence, the PSTD algorithm is ideal for large-scale problems. The FDTD method, on the other hand, is used to model structures with fine details below 1/8 wavelength. Both the FDTD and PSTD algorithms are developed for conductive and viscous media, and thus can be used to model realistic losses in the subsurface media.
ACUT2E TSE‐SSFP: A hybrid method for T2‐weighted imaging of edema in the heart

ACUT2E TSE-SSFP is a hybrid between steady state free precession (SSFP) and turbo spin echo (TSE) for bright-blood T2weighted imaging with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrastto-noise ratio (CNR) similar to dark-blood TSE. TSE-SSFP uses a segmented SSFP readout during diastole with 180° pulses following a 90° preparation. The 180° refocusing pulses make TSE-SSFP similar to TSE but TSE-SSFP uses gradient moment nulling, whereas TSE uses gradient crushing. TSE-SSFP produced T2-weighted images with minimal T1 weighting. TSESSFP and TSE had similar SNR (155.9 6.0 vs 160.9 7.0; P NS) for acute myocardial infarction (MI) and twice the SNR of T2-prepared SSFP (73.1 3.4, P < 0.001). TSE-SSFP and TSE had approximately double the CNR of T2-prepared SSFP for differentiating acute MI from normal myocardium. Imperfect blood suppression, present in all animals on some TSE images, was a problem eliminated by TSE-SSFP and T2-prepared SSFP. Magn Reson Med 59:229 –235, 2008. © 2008
Effects of entomopathogens on mortality of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and fitness costs of resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize.

Fitness costs can delay pest resistance to crops that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and past research has found that entomopathogens impose fitness costs of Bt resistance. In addition, entomopathogens can be used for integrated pest management by providing biological control of pests. The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of maize and is currently managed by planting of Bt maize. We tested whether entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi increased mortality of western corn rootworm and whether these entomopathogens increased fitness costs of resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize. We exposed western corn rootworm larvae to two species of nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and to two species of fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) (strain GHA) and Metarhizium brunneum (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) (strain F52) in two assay types, namely, seedling mat and small cup. Larval mortality increased with the concentration of H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae in the small cup assay, and with the exception of S. feltiae and B. bassiana in the seedling mat assay, mortality from entomopathogens was significantly greater than zero for the remaining entomopathogens in both assays. However, no fitness costs were observed in either assay type for any entomopathogen. Increased mortality of western corn rootworm larvae caused by these entomopathogens supports their potential use in biological control; however, the lack of fitness costs suggests that entomopathogens will not delay the evolution of Bt resistance in western corn rootworm.
Role of Erythrocyte CD47 in Intracerebral Hematoma Clearance.

Background and Purpose— Enhancing hematoma clearance through phagocytosis may reduce brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. In the current study, we investigated the role of cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) in regulating erythrophagocytosis and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in nude mice. Methods— This study was in 2 parts. First, male adult nude mice had an intracaudate injection of 30 μL saline, blood from male adult wild-type (WT) mice, or blood from CD47 knockout mice. Second, mice had an intracaudate injection of 30 μL CD47 knockout blood with clodronate or control liposomes. Clodronate liposomes were also tested in saline-injected mice. All mice then had magnetic resonance imaging to measure hematoma size and brain swelling. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results— Erythrophagocytosis occurred in and around the hematoma. Injection of CD47 knockout blood resulted in quicker clot resolution, less brain swelling, and less neurological deficits compared with wild-type blood. Higher brain heme oxygenase-1 levels and more microglial activation (mostly M2 polarized microglia) at day 3 were found after CD47 knockout blood injection. Co-injection of clodronate liposomes, to deplete phagocytes, caused more severe brain swelling and less clot resolution. Conclusions— These results indicated that CD47 has a key role in hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Fertilisation in the Rabbit

The series of events occurring in the Fallopian tubes of rabbit does mated to fertile bucks may be summarised as follows: The ova liberated from the ovaries and surrounded by the follicle cells become massed together. Sperm penetrate the massed follicle cells, which fall away as the sperm pass through them. At from 1½-3 hours after ovulation the spermatozoa reach the egg. A number of spermatozoa pass through the zona pellucida, but only one, apparently, enters the egg. At the time of sperm penetration the egg shrinks slightly but definitely. The second polar body is given off 45 min. or longer after sperm penetration. The pronuclei are formed after the formation of the second polar body and, at the earliest, 3 hours after ovulation. The critical period for sperm penetration appears to occur at 2-3 hours after ovulation (cf. Pincus,1930).
Mendel, the empiricist

In contemporary texts in biology and genetics, Mendel is frequently portrayed as a theorist who was the father of classical genetics. According to some authors, he created his theory of inheritance to explain the results of his experimental hybridizations of peas. Others have proposed that he designed and carried out his experiments to demonstrate the correctness of a theory of inheritance he had already developed. We disagree strongly with these views of Mendel. Instead, we have come to regard him as an empirical investigator trying to discover the empirical natural laws describing the formation of hybrid peas and the development of their offspring over several generations. We have supported our view with an analysis of portions of Mendel's paper and his letters to Carl N ageli.
Emerging role of powered instrumentation in airway surgery

Endoscopic removal of laryngeal and tracheal lesions generally is performed using laser technology or microlaryngeal instrumentation. A new development, the powered laryngeal shaver or microdebrider, has provided an alternative to conventional endoscopic surgery and laser resection of most airway le
The political economy of American monetary policy

This thought-provoking volume should be read by any monetary economist who cares about trying to understand Fed policy. In light of the continuing trend toward constructing economic theories that tell more and more about less and less, cynics may have come to believe that the economics profession does not value research about real-world issues such as monetary policymaking. The contributions to this volume provide hard evidence that a sizable part of the profession continues to pursue policy-related questions.
Correlation of Structural Ceramic Time Dependent Failure Data

Today there is a rapidly growing interest in the use of ceramics for structural applications. In applying structural ceramics it is necessary to estimate the time dependent failure behavior of the material. An analytical method is required to utilize flexural fast fracture and stress rupture data to predict the time dependent behavior of complex structures. This paper proposes an empirical equation to correlate the data. The proposed equation is applied to flexural and spin disk data. The flexural data correlate reasonably well. The spin disk data correlate well if the assumption is made that the stress in the flexural stress rupture specimens of the data base are those of steady state creep.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
Sensing and fixation of NO2/N2O4 by calix[4]arenes.

An approach toward visual detection and chemical utilization of NO2/N2O4 is proposed, which employs simple calix[4]arenes. Exposure of tetra-O-alkylated calix[4]arenes 1 and 2, possessing either a cone or a 1,3-alternate conformation, to NO2/N2O4, both in chloroform solution and in the solid state, results in deeply colored calixarene−nitrosonium (NO+) complexes. In the presence of a Lewis acid, such as SnCl4, stable calixarene-NO+ complexes 7 and 8 were isolated in a quantitative yield and characterized by UV−vis, FTIR, high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. NO+ is found encapsulated within the calixarene cavity, and stable charge-transfer complexes result with Kass > 106 M-1 (CDCl3). The NO+ encapsulation was also demonstrated in titration experiments with calixarenes 1, 2, and 5 and commercially available NO+SbF6- salt in chloroform. The complexation process is reversible, and the complexes dissociate upon addition of water and alcohol, recovering the parent calixarenes. Attachment...