cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct measurements of the strain on the boundary of crazes in polyethylene

Abstract The strain distribution was measured on the boundary of crazes in polyethylene by a new technique where the crazes were produced under plane strain conditions. The strain distribution indicated that crazes in a linear homopolymer are weaker than those in a copolymer. The stress-strain curves of these polymers were used to obtain information about the stress field associated with the observed strain field. These results represent the first direct measurements of the strain field on the boundary of the craze without recourse to theory or arbitrary assumptions.
Evolución de la Tasa de Cesáreas en España: 1984–1988

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la evolucion de las tasas en Espana. Las tasas nacionales aumentan de 9,42% en 1984 a 12,99% en 1988. La tendencia es significativamente creciente a nivel nacional y en todas las Comunidades. Las diferencias regionales estan disminuyendo (el CSV pasa de 1,71 a 1,09) porque se estan consolidando dos grupos de regiones: uno con tasas altas y otro con tasas bajas. La tasa es significativamente superior en los hospitales no publicos (14,33%). Estas diferencias reflejarian la controversia o incertidumbre en sus indicaciones y la influencia de factores organizativos. Aunque hay que conseguir fuentes de informacion y calcular tasas poblacionales ajustadas por caracteristicas clinicas y sociodemograficas y estudios de resultados, estas desigualdades permiten sospechar la existencia de un diferencial entre la calidad teorica de la ciencia medica y la que ofrece la practica medica explicable por causas ajenas a factores clinicos.
Comparison of Viewpoint Orientation Techniques for Desktop Virtual Walkthroughs

This paper presents the results of a formal experiment that evaluated three viewpoint orientation techniques for desktop virtual walkthroughs. The results suggest that the use of either velocity or position control techniques for viewpoint orientation does not have a large effect on both travel time and distance for virtual walkthroughs. These results are useful for designers of desktop interactive 3D environments.
Step loading for very high cycle fatigue

The conventional method for determining fatigue strength at high cycle counts is to either extrapolate S-N data from lower cycle counts or to generate S-N data in the high cycle count regime using special high frequency test machines. In the process of generating S-N data, runout tests often occur where no failure is obtained within the allotted time for a test. Such data points are normally indicated on an S-N plot with an arrow, but no information is available as to whether failure would ever occur. As an alternative, and as a method for getting a data point for every test, a step-loading method may be employed. In this paper, some of the unique test equipment being applied to the study of high cycle fatigue in our laboratory are reviewed. Data are presented on the long-life fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V which validate both the step-loading methodology and indicate the trend of fatigue strength as a function of cycle number in the very high cycle fatigue regime. The absence of coaxing is demonstrated by comparing S-N data with step-loading data. Applicability of high frequency testing to the determination of fatigue crack growth thresholds is also demonstrated.
Electromigration-Induced Morphology of 70 nm Al-Cu and Al Lines

Al-Cu and pure Al bamboo lines 70 nm wide were stressed in situ in a high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope at 275-282°C with a current density of 15 MA/cm 2 All the lines underwent substantial changes induced by electromigration. Bump growth in both Al-Cu and pure-AI lines was observed in real time. In Al-Cu samples, narrowing of line segments occurred in all lines on the downwind side. and sequences of bump growth and shrinkage within groups indicated interactions among nearby bumps. Bumps in pure Al developed earlier and became larger than in Al-Cu lines, and bumps in both groups tended to curl upwind (toward the cathode). The data are consistent with material transport dominated by diffusion along the interfaces between Al and its surrounding dielectric.
Digital Subculture: A Geek Meaning of Style

Recent scholarship in critical/cultural studies and ethnography has suggested studies of youth subculture can no longer be solely centered around musical preference and that the Internet may be a new resource for the affiliation and expression of subcultural identity. This study furthers this scholarship through the analysis of one such group: the “geeks.” Through examination of Internet sites devoted to the subculture, this analysis argues that geeks who affiliate in self-assigned Web-based chat rooms demonstrate the characteristics, community, and style common to the expanding conceptualizations of Internet-based subculture. This study adds strength to the argument that the Internet can simultaneously be a gathering site for subculturalists and a medium for expression of subcultural identity.
Chronic intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion elicits diaphragmatic muscle fiber remodeling in conscious rodents.

Background: Although the prevalence of inspiratory muscle strength training has increased in clinical medicine, its effect on diaphragm fiber remodeling is not well-understood and no relevant animal respiratory muscle strength trainingrehabilitation experimental models exist. We tested the postulate that intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion (ITTO) conditioning in conscious animals would provide a novel experimental model of respiratory muscle strength training, and used significant increases in diaphragmatic fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) as the primary outcome measure. We hypothesized that ITTO would increase costal diaphragm fiber CSA and further hypothesized a greater duration and magnitude of occlusions would amplify remodeling. Methodology/Principal Findings: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical placement of a tracheal cuff and were randomly assigned to receive daily either 10-minute sessions of ITTO, extended-duration, 20-minute ITTO (ITTO-20), partial obstruction with 50% of cuff inflation pressure (ITTO-PAR) or observation (SHAM) over two weeks. After the interventions, fiber morphology, myosin heavy chain composition and CSA were examined in the crural and ventral, medial, and dorsal costal regions. In the medial costal diaphragm, with ITTO, type IIx/b fibers were 26% larger in the medial costal diaphragm (p,0.01) and 24% larger in the crural diaphragm (p,0.05). No significant changes in fiber composition or morphology were detected. ITTO-20 sessions also yielded significant increases in medial costal fiber cross-sectional area, but the effects were not greater than those elicited by 10-minute sessions. On the other hand, ITTO-PAR resulted in partial airway obstruction and did not generate fiber hypertrophy. Conclusions/Significance: The results suggest that the magnitude of the load was more influential in altering fiber crosssectional area than extended-duration conditioning sessions. The results also indicated that ITTO was associated with type II fiber hypertrophy in the medial costal region of the diaphragm and may be an advantageous experimental model of clinical respiratory muscle strength training.
Treatment of complete heart block with inhaled β-agonists

6 Monserrat P, Rondant R, Laborde N, Roques X, Bandet E, Mascarel A, Dallocchio M. Echocardiographic diagnosis of free-floating and obstructive thrombus of the left atrium: a surgical emergency. Arch Ma1 Coeur 1987;7:1197-202. Sherman W, Nozad SE, Stovan A, Madias JE. Free-floating left atria1 thrombus and systemic embolization. Chest 1985: 87:694-5. Tabak SW, Maurer G. Echocardiographic detection of freefloatina left atria1 thrombus. Am J Cardiol 1984:53:374-5. Hamada M, Matsubara W, Tomita N, Miyanchi Y, Kokubu T. Left atria1 mobile thrombus in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:812-4. Gao SZ, Schroeder JS, Hunt SA, Billingham ME, Valentine HA, Stinson EB. Acute myocardial infarction in cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1903-7. The Canadian Multicentre Transplant Study Group. A randomlzed clinical trial of cyclosporine in cadaveric renal transplantation. Analysis at three years. N Engl J Med 1983;309:80915. Vanrentenghem Y, Roels L, Lerut J, Michielsen P, Gresele P, Deckmyn H, Colueci M. Arnoult J, Vermylen 6. Thromboembolic complications and haemostatic changes in cyclosporintreated cadaveric kidney allograft recipients. Lancet 1985;1:1000-2. Baker LRI, Tucker B, Kovacs IB. Enhanced in vitro hemostasis and reduced thrombolysis in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1990;49:905-9. Warda M, Garcia J, Pechacek W, Massumkhani A, Hall RJ. Auscultatory and echocardiographic features of mobile left atria1 thrombus. J Am Co11 Cardiol 1985;5:379-2.
Employee Perceptions of Managers Who Express Anger: Can High Trust Buffer Women from Backlash

The current study examined if a high-quality relationship could buffer female leaders from negative perceptions for expressing anger. Research has shown that female leaders who express anger at wor...
Methylation of Tethered Thiolates in [(bme-daco)Zn](2) and [(bme-daco)Cd](2) as a Model of Zinc Sulfur-Methylation Proteins.

The dimeric dithiolate complex [1,5-bis(mercaptoethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctanato]zinc(II), [(bme-daco)Zn]2 or Zn-1, and its cadmium analogue, Cd-1, were investigated as models for the active site of zinc-dependent methylation proteins. The key issue addressed was whether alkylation of a thiolate in a relatively rigid tetradentate ligand would result in coordination of the thioether product to the metal. On the basis of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and similar reactivity toward alkylating agents, the newly synthesized cadmium complex, Cd-1, is proposed to be isostructural with the previously reported Zn-1 complex, which is known from X-ray crystallography to be dimeric in the solid state (Tuntulani, T.; Reibenspies, J. H.; Farmer, P. J.; Darensbourg, M. Y. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 3497). Iodomethane reacts with Zn-1 in hot CH3OH/CH3CN to produce a thioether which dissociates, replaced by coordination of iodide in the pseudotetrahedral complex, (Me2bme-daco)ZnI2 or Zn-2. Complex Zn-2 crystallizes in the triclinic...
Neural‐network control of building structures by a force‐matching training scheme

A method to generate an efficient control law for a neural-network controller is presented to reduce the dynamic response of buildings exposed to earthquake-induced ground excitations. The proposed training scheme for the neural-network controller does not rely on the emulation of the structure to be controlled. The approach used for this work is based on a force-matching procedure, and it directly utilizes the dynamic data characterizing the structure response to generate an efficient training signal. The proposed controller has a feedback structure, utilizing a limited set of response quantities. A shear building actuated at its top by a tuned-mass damper is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller. For training purposes, an ensemble of synthetically generated ground-motion time histories, with appropriate site spectrum characteristics, have been used. The performance of the trained controller is then evaluated for two different historic ground-acceleration records that do not belong to the training set of time histories. The numerical simulations show the control effectiveness of the proposed scheme with modest control requirements.
Radiation chemistry of poly(methacrylates)

An experimental study comparing radiation-induced degradation of poly(methacrylates) from ultraviolet, gamma-ray (60Co), and electron-beam irradiation is presented. Analytical techniques used include mass spectroscopy, low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance, and infrared spectrometry. The poly(methacrylate) polymers investigated are poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(t-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA), and poly(methacrylic anhydride) (PMA AN). All are shown to exhibit scission of the main chains and removal of the side groups when irradiated.
Psychologic Effects of Continuous and Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy in Hypoxemic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) showed previously that patients with hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently suffered from neuropsychologic deficit and experienced disturbed mood, personality, and life quality. The present study has followed up 150 NOTT patients six months after they were randomized to continuous oxygen treatment (COT) or nocturnal oxygen treatment (NOT). Tested off oxygen, 42% showed modest neuropsychologic improvement after six months of therapy, and the rates for COT and NOT were comparable. A subsample (n = 37) was examined a third time, after 12 months of treatment. At this point patients receiving COT registered better neuropsychologic performance than those receiving NOT. Concurrently, the COT group began showing improved survival. Despite mild neuropsychologic improvement, patients reported little change in emotional status or life quality. It is concluded that prolonged oxygen treatment is associated with small but definite improvement in brain functioning among patients with hypoxemic COPD, and that COT might have some advantage over NOT in enhancing neuropsychologic functioning as well as survival. (Arch Intern Med1983;143:1941-1947)
Fibrates: where are we now?:

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. As dyslipidemia increases cardiovascular disease risk, proper management of dyslipidemia is one means by which to decrease cardiovascular disease risk. This review focuses on dyslipidemia treatment utilizing fibrate therapy, which targets high trigylcerides, low HDL, and high small, dense LDL, while contrasting fibrate therapy with statin therapy and combined therapy. Studies were obtained using electronic search strategies, such as Medline and Cochrane Library. Sources selected were limited to those that discussed fibrates, statins, and combined therapy, with specific emphasis placed on sources that focused on fibrates. Selected studies were then assessed for quality via analysis of the study's methodology, results, and data. Results of selected studies were then stratified using a rating system devised to determine the quality of results using the scientific evidence provided for them. Combination fibrate and statin therapy can be mo...
Role of the host cell in bacteriophage morphogenesis: effects of a bacterial mutation on T4 head assembly.

In certain bacterial mutants, called groE, T4 phage head assembly is blocked specifically, implying that the host plays a direct role in head assembly. The block occurs early in the assembly process at the level of action of T4 gene 31.
Lattice Vibrations and Defect-Induced Vibrational Properties in Cubic SiC

A theoretical study of both the bulk phonon dispersion relations in cubic SiC and the vibrational properties induced by native defects is presented. The Keating Hamiltonian is used for the quadratic potential energy of the system, and the supercell approach is employed to treat the defect problem. The defect complexes considered are antisite defects, divacancy defects, and three different types of carbon di-interstitial defects.
Same Old Textbook? An Evaluation Metric for Web-Based Supplemental Textbooks.

TEXTBOOK CONTENT is one of the most significant influences on faculty’s course planning decisions, but with the growth of the World Wide Web in recent years, the nature of the textbook has changed considerably. Many publishers now offer Web-based supplements to social science textbooks, but no tools exist for instructors to evaluate the resources that these supplements offer. Building on the work of Wilkinson, Bennett, and Oliver (1997), I develop evaluation criteria for these supplements in order to measure how a textbook Web site can enhance teaching and learning. The metric includes measures of site access and usability, resource identification and documentation, information structure and design, navigation within the document, quality of links, aesthetic and affective aspects, and pedagogical/disciplinary needs. Examples of applications of the criteria to popular sociology texts are provided.
Estimation and study of mesoscale variability in the strait of Sicily

Abstract Considering mesoscale variability in the Strait of Sicily during September 1996, the four-dimensional physical fields and their dominant variability and error covariances are estimated and studied. The methodology applied in real-time combines an intensive data survey and primitive equation dynamics based on the error subspace statistical estimation approach. A sequence of filtering and prediction problems are solved for a period of 10 days, with adaptive learning of the dominant errors. Intercomparisons with optimal interpolation fields, clear sea surface temperature images and available in situ data are utilized for qualitative and quantitative evaluations. The present estimation system is shown to be a comprehensive nonlinear and adaptive assimilation scheme, capable of providing real-time forecasts of ocean fields and associated dominant variability and error covariances. The initialization and evolution of the error subspace is explained. The dominant error eigenvectors, variance and covariance fields are illustrated and their multivariate, multiscale properties described. Five coupled features associated with the dominant variability in the Strait during August–September 1996 emerge from the dominant decomposition of the initial PE variability covariance matrix: the Adventure Bank Vortex, Maltese Channel Crest, Ionian Shelf Break Vortex, Strait of Messina Vortex, and subbasin-scale temperature and salinity fronts of the Ionian slope. From the evolution of the estimated fields and dominant predictability error covariance decompositions, several of the primitive equation processes associated with the variations of these features are revealed, decomposed and studied. In general, the estimation of the evolving dominant decompositions of the multivariate predictability error and variability covariances appears promising for ocean sciences and technology. The practical feedbacks of the present approach which include the determination of data optimals and the refinements of dynamical and measurement models are considered.
Security and network effects: centralized and decentralized perspectives

Security, like many other complex decisions, is generally approached with a divide-and-conquer mindset. Consequences of security failures, however, can rarely be completely localized: an explosion or a fire at one building can affect neighboring structures, a debt crisis in Greece resonates throughout the tightly connected European and US financial markets, and a breach of security at one computer can facilitate access to others on the same network. It is thus crucial to view security holistically, and devise security strategies that explicitly account for interdependencies between valuable assets. Here we provide an overview of two recent approaches to security with network effects. The first approach takes a centralized perspective, attempting to compute an optimal security configuration for all interdependent assets. This approach explicitly accounts for an intelligent adversary optimally attacking one of the assets. The second approach studies the impact of decentralized decision making when local failures can propagate in complex ways through the entire system, but assumes that initial failures are random.
COBRA: color barcode streaming for smartphone systems

This paper presents COBRA - a visible light communication (VLC) system for off-the-shelf smartphones. COBRA encodes information into specially designed 2D color barcodes and streams them between screen and camera of smartphones. Due to the directionality and short range of visible light, COBRA can preserve user privacy and security in many near field communication scenarios such as opportunistic data exchange between smartphones. We develop a new 2D color barcode for COBRA that is optimized for streaming between small-size screen and low-speed camera of smartphones. COBRA adapts the size and layout of code blocks in streamed barcodes to deal with the significant image blur in mobile environments, and adopts new image processing techniques to achieve real-time barcode stream decoding. Our approach is evaluated through extensive experiments on Android smartphones.
OBSERVATIONS ON ULTRASTRUCTURE OF RABBIT MESOTHELIUM.

Abstract Peritoneal mesothelium of the anterior abdominal wall of the rabbit was studied by the electron microscope. Mesothelial cells are flattened with somewhat oval nuclei and rest on a thin homogeneous discontinuous basement membrane separated from the outer cell membrane by a constant space. Attached to the basement membrane is a thick heterogeneous lamina with which collagen fibrils are associated. The cytoplasm shows occasional mitochondria, very few Golgi membranes, scanty granular endoplasmic reticulum and occasional dense microbodies. The cytoplasm is heavily packed with pinocytotic vesicles which open to the inside, to the outside and in the intercellular spaces as well. On the free surface long and unevenly distributed microvilli are present which show pinocytotic vesicles inside them. The presence of side branches taking origin from the main intercellular channel and opening to the outside or to the inside is suggested. Labyrinthine and fusiform intercellular spaces are seen. Occurrence of tight junctions of cell membranes underneath desmosomes in some intercellular boundaries is proposed. It is concluded that pinocytosis dominates the metabolic activities of the cell, which seems to have very little synthetic ability.
Birth Order and the State Legislature of Hawaii

(1982). Birth Order and the State Legislature of Hawaii. Political Science: Vol. 34, Varieties of Commitment, pp. 194-203.
Generational buying motivations for fashion

Understanding generational differences is basic to marketing fashion items to different generations. A company that can understand these differences will be able to create better products that speak to generations and learn how to better advertise and market to these generations. This paper represents findings of 453 surveys from members of Generation X and Generation Y, mall observation and industry interviews. It examines the motivations of each generation for purchasing fashion related items and concludes by explaining reasoning for these differences and gives suggestions to better reach these markets. Results indicate that marketers must learn the overall perception that each generation has of itself, and market based upon these views. In addition, results indicate that despite the different needs and wants a generation may have while they are young, every generation will eventually need and want the same kinds of items.
A Welfare Economic Approach to Growth and Distribution in the Dual Economy

I. Introduction, 325.—II. Absolute and relative approaches for evaluating growth and distribution, 326.—III. A general welfare approach for assessing dualistic development, 328.—IV. Welfare economic analysis of dualistic development: the general case, 334.—V. Welfare economic analysis of dualistic development: special cases, 337.—VI. Extensions of the methodology, 346.—VII. Conclusions and implications, 348.—VIII. Empirical significance, 351.
HNF1B and JAZF1 genes, diabetes, and prostate cancer risk.

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have shown that men with type II diabetes have a lower risk of prostate cancer than non-diabetic men. Recently, common variants in two genes, HNF1B and JAZF1, were found to be associated with both of these diseases. METHODS We examined whether the relationship between HNF1B and JAZF1 variants and decreased prostate cancer risk may potentially be mediated through diabetes in two large prospective studies, the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. RESULTS Three HNF1B SNPS, rs11649743, rs4430796, and rs7501939, were associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer and were also associated, with marginal statistical significance, with increased risk of diabetes. The JAZF1 SNPs rs6968704 and rs10486567 were associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer but were not associated with diabetes. All five SNP–prostate cancer relationships did not substantially differ when the analyses were stratified by diabetic status or when diabetic status was controlled for in the model. Furthermore, the association of diabetes with prostate cancer was not altered when the SNPs were included in the logistic model. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the HNF1B variants are directly associated with both diabetes and prostate cancer, that diabetes does not mediate these gene variant–prostate cancer relationships, and the relationship between these diseases is not mediated through these gene variants. Prostate 70: 601–607, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The geometrical stability of non-linear normal modes in two degree of freedom systems

Abstract The geometrical stability of the non-linear normal mode vibrations of a class of two degree of freedom dynamical systems is studied by utilizing the definitions and analysis of Synge's “Geometry of Dynamics.” It is shown that instabilities can occur for small amplitudes of vibration only if (a) one of the associated linear normal modes possesses a frequency which is nearly a multiple of the frequency of the other linear normal mode, or (b) the frequency of one linear normal mode is nearly zero.
A study of variable stars in the ultraviolet

Some of the OAO-2 ultraviolet observations of intrinsically variable stars are discussed. New data is presented for the Ap variable t Cassiopeiae. The cepheid variables are illustrated by a Ursae Minoris. The explosive variables Nova Serpentis 1970, Nova Aquilae 1918, SS Cygni, and the 1972 supernova in NGC 5253 are compared. The hypothesis that novae and dwarf novae maintain a constant luminosity, becoming visually bright only when an extended envelope is formed, is considered and rejected on the basis of observational evidence.
Layered copper bromide coordination polymers from bis(pyridyl)piperazine-type precursors: Ligand dependent valence tuning and in situ hydrothermal reaction chemistry

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of copper(II) bromide with either bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (bpmp) or bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine (bpfp) afforded layered coordination polymer solids. The racemic S,S and R,R stereochemistry dped ligands in [Cu2Br2(dped)]n (1, dped = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethanediol) were formed by the in situ transformation of bpmp via putative 4-pyridylmethanol intermediates, along with concomitant reduction to monovalent copper. The structure of 1 contains [Cu2Br2]n chains comprising edge-shared [Cu3Br3] boat-conformation six-membered rings, linked into layer motifs by dped tethers with alternating stereochemistry. Lack of benzylic hydrogen atoms in bpfp causes that ligand to stay intact under the reaction conditions, generating the 2-D layered divalent copper phase [CuBr2(bpfp)]n (2).
Regulation of aromatase expression in human ovarian surface epithelial cells

Ovarian cancer originates mainly from surface epithelial cells, which are potential targets of estrogen action. Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis, aromatase (estrogen synthetase) can be detected in human ovarian surface epithelial tumors. In this study, we functionally characterized the aromatase expressed in a primary cell culture, normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) 17. The apparent Km and Vmax values were determined to be 5.8 6 0.5 nM, and 0.3 6 0.0 pmol/mgzh, respectively. The aromatase activity in HOSE 17 cells can be induced effectively by phorbol esters and forskolin, suggesting that estrogen biosynthesis in HOSE 17 cells is mainly regulated through protein kinase C- and protein kinase A-mediated mechanisms. Exon I-specific RT-PCR revealed that phorbol esters predominantly up-regulated promoter II. Whereas forskolin treatment increased exon I.3A-containing messenger RNA, the aromatase activity remained low in the cells treated with this agent. In vitro transcription/translation analysis using plasmids containing T7 promoter and the human snail gene (SnaH) as a reporter capped with different untranslated exon Is revealed that exon PII-containing transcripts were translated more effectively than exon I.3-containing transcripts. These findings explain why aromatase activity is higher in cells with the PII-containing transcripts than is cells with the I.3-containing transcripts. Our results indicate that aromatase is functionally expressed in human ovarian surface epithelial cells and its expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 4889 ‐ 4899, 2000)
Some approaches to optimal cluster labeling with applications to remote sensing

Abstract This paper presents some approaches for the problem of labeling clusters using information from a given set of labeled and unlabeled patterns. Assigning class labels to the clusters is formulated as finding the best label assignment over all possible label assignments with respect to a criterion. Labeling clusters is also viewed as obtaining probabilities of class labels to the clusters with the maximization of the likelihood function and probability of correct labeling as criteria. Closed form solutions are obtained for the probabilities of class labels to the clusters by maximizing a lower bound on the likelihood criterion. Fixed point iteration equations are developed for obtaining probabilities of class labels to the clusters. The problem of obtaining class labels to the clusters is further formulated as that of minimizing the variance of the proportion estimates of the classes that use both the given labeled and unlabeled patterns. Imperfections in the labels of the given labeled set are incorporated into the criteria. Furthermore, the results of application of these techniques in the processing of remotely sensed multispectral scanner imagery data are presented.
Between-subjects vs within-subjects comparisons of resistance to extinction

Two studies were performed to assess the effects of within-Ss and between-Ss reinforcement parameters on resistance to extinction. A two-way runway situation enabled rats to experience one sequence of reinforcements and nonreinforcements while running in one direction and another while running in the other direction (within-Ss comparison). Groups of Ss experienced different overall sequences (between-Ss comparisons). The two directional sequences determined resistance to extinction when the nontransformed extinction data were examined. Manipulating the within-Ss reinforcement contingencies made it possible to obtain a “reverse” partial-reinforcement effect. Rate-corrected data (Anderson, 1963), however, were more sensitive to the overall sequence.
Evolution of the Formation of Inorganic Polymers in the CaO—SiO2—P2O5 System Using Metal Alkoxides

On montre que la synthese de polymeres mineraux est possible a partir de la decomposition d'alcoolates de metal. Une phase cristalline, utilisee dans les ciments, de pyrophosphate de silicium SiP 2 O 7 se forme a 320 o C
eHealth recruitment challenges.

Abstract Little is known about effective eHealth recruitment methods. This paper presents recruitment challenges associated with enrolling African-American girls aged 8–10 years in an eHealth obesity prevention program, their effect on the recruitment plan, and potential implications for eHealth research. Although the initial recruitment strategy was literature-informed, it failed to enroll the desired number of girls within a reasonable time period. Therefore, the recruitment strategy was reformulated to incorporate principles of social marketing and traditional marketing techniques. The resulting plan included both targeted, highly specific strategies (e.g., selected churches), and more broad-based approaches (e.g., media exposure, mass mailings, radio advertisements). The revised plan enabled recruitment goals to be attained. Media appeared to be particularly effective at reaching the intended audience. Future research should identify the most effective recruitment strategies for reaching potential eHealth audiences.
Elimination of laboratory-acquired cadmium by the oyster Crassostrea virginica in the natural environment.

Many productive shellfish-growing areas along the coast of the United States are closed because of pollution from domestic and industrial wastes. Many estuarine areas that are closed to shellfish harvesting because of bacterial pollution contain productive shellfish beds. These shellfish can be used as commercial food products after they have been relayed to approved growing waters and allowed to eliminate the polluting organisms. Relaying is not presently applied to shellfish contaminated with toxic metals for several reasons: There are no standards to control metal pollution (other than mercury) in seafood; few public health problems in this country involve toxic levels of trace metals in oysters; and not enough information is available to indicate the feasibility of such a project. This study demonstrates the feasibility of relaying cadmium-contaminated oysters to observe cadmium elimination. Because oysters containing naturally acquired cadmium were not readily available, oysters containing laboratory-incurred cadmium were studied.
Novel sterols in ergosterol deficient yeast mutants.

Summary Sterols of nystatin resistant and ergosterol requiring mutants, and of the wild type parent of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated by a newly developed procedure and were identified. The mutants contained larger amounts of lanosterol (I) than the wild type, as well as 4, 14-dimethylcholesta-8, 24-dien-3β-ol (II), 4, 14-dimethylergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-3β-ol (III), and 14-methylergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-3β-ol (IV), which were not hitherto found in yeast. These results indicated a block in removal of the methyl group at C-14 of lanosterol.
Placing Uruguayan corrections in context, 1973–1984: A note on the visiting criminologist's role

Abstract Data collected by the author while a Fulbright scholar to Uruguay, South America for six weeks in June and July, 1986 allowed examination of the macro-setting of a political dictatorship and the transformation of corrections into an instrument of dictatorial rule from 1973 to 1984. The article also addresses a few principles for guiding entry into the field and data collection for a foreign criminologist in the short term.
Factors controling the catabolism of radiolabeled immunoglobulins

Abstract The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of radiolabeled immunoglobulins [Ig's] reactive with tumor associated antigens were studied in nude mice with human tumor xenografts, normal beagle dogs or rhesus monkeys and patients with recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Catabolic rates of Ig's were calculated by determining radioactivity levels per gram or pixel for different body compartments in sequential samples or Region of Interest analyses of whole body gamma camera scans. The size of antibodies [Ab] or antigen-antibody [AgAb] complexes was determined by size exclusion HPLC. Subscripts indicate the number of Ag or Ab present in an AgAb complex. Human Ig catabolizes slower than rabbit Ig than mouse Ig irrespective of the recipient species. IgM is superior to IgG after intra-tumoral administration. After IV administration >50% of mouse IgG ends up in human liver. Less than 25% of IV administered rabbit or human IgG ends up in human liver. In liver (Ag 1 Ab 1 ) the catabolic half-life is >300 days due to entry of the immune complex into the Brambell reservoir. Extravasated rabbit IgG (Ag 0 Ab 1 ) has a catabolic half-life of 1.7 days; in blood similar IgG (Ag 0 Ab 1 ) has a half-life of 5.5 days. The residence time of radiolabeled rabbit antiferritin in Hodgkin's disease (Ag 0 Ab 1 , Ag 1 Ab 1 or Ag 2 Ab 1 ) increases with antigen binding for 4 days to indefinite. Tumor response rates are significantly higher for patients with long tumor residence times. In patients with circulating human IgM reactive with rabbit IgG, large immune complexes are formed after IV administration of 2mg rabbit antiferritin and catabolized rapidly in liver tissues. Immune complex disease is not observed. Five factors control catabolism of radiolabeled Ig in human patients: Ig class, Ig source (donor), Anti-Ab formation in host, Body compartment, in which the Ig is deposited and Binding of Ig to Ag. This study identifies new avenues for optimizing radiolabeled Ig therapy.
γ‐Aminobutyric Acid: Temperature Dependence in Benzodiazepine Receptor Binding

The effects of muscimol and/or incubation temperature on the inhibition of [3H]flunitrazepam receptor binding by benzodiazepine receptor ligands were investigated. At 0 degree C muscimol decreased the Ki values for some ligands as displacers of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to brain-specific sites while increasing or having no effect on the Ki values for other ligands. The Ki values for some ligands are higher at 37 degrees C than at 0 degree C but are reduced by muscimol at both 0 degrees and 37 degrees C. In contrast, the ligands whose Ki values are increased by muscimol either decreased or did not alter the Ki values at 37 degrees C as compared to those at 0 degree C. Incubation of membranes at 37 degrees C for 30 min accelerated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release by 221% over that at 0 degree C. These results indicate that changes in incubation temperature alter benzodiazepine receptor affinity for ligands via GABA.
Nutrition during Oral Contraceptive Treatment

Summary Contraceptive steroids seem to alter the metabolism of every nutrient tested so far, but there Is little accompanying evidence that women using this medication require increased amounts of nutrients to prevent nutritional deficiencies. An exception is a few women who seem to benefit from supplements of folacin and vitamin B 6 . Nutrient supplements for the remaining majority of women do not seem necessary, and the dietary needs of these women can probably be met by consuming the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Science.
Chromosomal rearrangements in bladder cancer.

Description des nouvelles techniques cytogenetiques d'etude des tumeurs solides des aberrations chromosomiques et des oncogenes dans les cellules cancereuses. Etude des rearrangements chromosomiques specifiques dans le cancer de la vessie et de l'importance pronostique du caryotype dans le cancer de la vessie
Level inversion in Li6

Abstract The ground state of Li 6 is known to be a J = 1, T = 0 state and the 3.56 MeV level a J = 0, T = 1 state. These levels are examined in a three-body model of Li 6 , using interactions whose spin depedence arises solely from tensor and spin-orbit parts. It is shown that, if the 3 D 1 multiplet admixture is negligible, the ground state of the three-body model will be the J = 0 level. The reason for this inversion is discussed, and a wave function which enhances the 3 D 1 state is suggested. Numerical results are presented showing that the level order is restored when this wave function is used.
Diffusion in Poro-Elastic Media

Existence, uniqueness, and regularity theory is developed for a general initial-boundary-value problem for a system of partial differential equations which describes the Biot consolidation model in poro-elasticity as well as a coupled quasi-static problem in thermoelasticity. Additional effects of secondary consolidation and pore fluid exposure on the boundary are included. This quasi-static system is resolved as an application of the theory of linear degenerate evolution equations in Hilbert space, and this leads to a precise description of the dynamics of the system.
Dodecahydroxy-closo-dodecaborate(2-).

The cesium salt of the icosahedral borane anion dodecahydroxy-closo-dodecaborate(2−), Cs2[closo-B12(OH)12], Cs21, was prepared by heating cesium dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate(2−), Cs2[closo-B12H12], Cs22, with 30% hydrogen peroxide. The other alkali metal salts A21 (A = Li, Na, K, Rb) precipitated upon addition of ACl to warm aqueous solutions of Cs21. The ammonium salt, [NH4]21, and the (μ-nitrido)bis(triphenylphosphonium) salt, [PPN]21, were obtained similarly. The [H3O]21 salt precipitated upon acidification of aqueous solutions of Cs21 with hydrochloric acid. The solubility of these salts in water was determined by measuring the boron content of saturated aqueous solutions of A21 (A = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs), [H3O]21, and [NH4]21 using ICP-AES. Although these salts are derived from a dianion with twelve pendant hydroxyl groups, the alkali metal salts surprisingly displayed low water solubilities. Water solubility decreases with a decrease in the radius of A+, except for the lithium salt, which is slightly...
Turbulent energy production and entrainment at a highly stratified estuarine front

[1] Rates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production and buoyancy flux in the region immediately seaward (� 1 km) of a highly stratified estuarine front at the mouth of the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) are calculated using a control volume approach. The calculations are based on field data obtained from shipboard instrumentation, specifically velocity data from a ship mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), and salinity data from a towed conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) unit. The results allow for the calculation of vertical velocities in the water column, and the total vertical transport of salt and momentum. The vertical turbulent transport quantities (u 0 w 0 , S 0 w 0 ) can then be estimated as the difference between the total transport and the advective transport. Estimated production is on the order of 10 � 3 m 2 s � 3 , yielding a value of e(nN 2 ) � 1 on the order of 10 4 . This rate of TKE production is at the upper limit of reported values for ocean and coastal environments. Flux Richardson numbers in this highly energetic system generally range from 0.15 to 0.2, with most mixing occurring at gradient Richardson numbers slightly less than 1 = 4 . These values compare favorably with other values in the literature that are associated with turbulence observations from regimes characterized by scales several orders of magnitude smaller than are present in the Fraser River. INDEX TERMS: 4546 Oceanography: Physical: Nearshore processes; 4568 Oceanography: Physical: Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes; 4235 Oceanography: General: Estuarine processes;
Advances in genomic characterization of circulating tumor cells

Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in the blood of cancer patients offers the potential to provide new insights into the biology of cancer metastasis. However, since they are rare and difficult to isolate, the molecular nature of CTCs remains poorly understood. In this paper, we reviewed a decade's worth of scientific literature (2003-2013) describing efforts on isolation and genomic analysis of CTCs. The limited number of CTC genomic studies we found attested to the infancy of this field of study. These initial reports, however, provide an important framework for future comprehensive exploration of CTC biology. For CTCs to be broadly accepted as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of metastatic spread, further in-depth molecular characterization is warranted.
Microbial Reduction of Vitamin B12 by Shewanella alga Strain BrY with Subsequent Transformation of Carbon Tetrachloride

The ability of a metal-reducing bacterium to microbially reduce vitamin B12 was determined to expand our understanding of the role vitamin B12 plays in the transformation of halogenated compounds in microbial systems. The subsequent transformation of chlorinated methanes catalyzed by this microbially-reduced vitamin B12 was then evaluated. When incubated in the presence of Shewanella alga strain BrY and an electron donor, the microbial reduction of vitamin B12a to B12r was observed as a shift in the vitamin B12 spectrum. In treatments containing vitamin B12 and an electron donor but without BrY, the predominant species was vitamin B12a. The introduction of BrY into the system resulted in the production of vitamin B12r. The transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT), chloroform (CF), and dichloromethane (DCM) was examined in batch systems containing vitamin B12, Shewanella alga strain BrY, and an electron donor. Transformation of both CT and CF was observed, while no significant change in the DCM concentr...
Anisotropic response of high-purity α-titanium: Experimental characterization and constitutive modeling

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation of the deformation behavior of high-purity, polycrystalline α-titanium under quasi-static conditions at room temperature. The initial material in this study was a cross-rolled plate with a strong basal texture. To quantify the plastic anisotropy and the tension–compression asymmetry of this material, monotonic tensile and compressive tests were conducted, on samples cut along different directions of the plate. A new anisotropic elastic/plastic model was developed to describe the quasi-static macroscopic response of the aggregate. Key in its formulation is the use of an anisotropic yield criterion that captures strength-differential effects and an anisotropic hardening rule that accounts for texture evolution associated to twinning. A very good agreement between FE simulations using the model developed and uniaxial data was obtained.
On the response of shallow thin shells to random excitations.

Abstract : Statistical parameters of the displacement field of a linearly elastic shell are formulated in terms of the corresponding parameters of the loads. The example of a circular, cylindrical panel is considered, and for the simply supported case the second order correlation function of the radial displacement under a purely random pressure is worked out in detail. Several interesting features of the response are discussed. (Author)
Developing a framework for analyzing IS sourcing

Abstract This paper develops a framework for the consideration of internal markets as an alternative to information systems (IS) outsourcing. It is based on an assessment of the pros and cons of both outsourcing and of insourcing based on the internal markets approach. It is formulated in terms of the operational, tactical, and strategic impacts of the choice among the alternatives. The framework, and the propositions that are developed from it, should be useful both for researchers, who can use it for developing testable research hypotheses, and for practitioners, who may use it as a basis for developing a comprehensive set of criteria for the evaluation of these sourcing options.
Systems: Linear Stability Techniques

The application given in the preceding Section 5.2 essentially is a case in which adding diffusion to a system of kinetic equations does not destroy or change the character of a stable stationary state. As mentioned, similar results (Conway, Hoff, and Smoller 1978) state that if the spatial domain ii of the population is small enough, or if the diffusion coefficients are large enough, then the long-time behavior of solutions of the reaction-diffusion system $$\frac{{\partial \text{u}}}{{\partial \text{t}}} = \text{D}\Delta \text{u} + \text{F}(\text{u})$$ (6.1)
Determinants of Secondary Market Sales Prices for National Football League Personal Seat Licenses and Season Ticket Rights

A strong secondary market has emerged where National Football League (NFL) personal seat licenses (PSL) and season ticket rights (STR) are sold electronically. These data allow us to estimate determinants of market prices for long-run access to NFL attendance. The analysis finds that high-quality seating locations are a strong determinant of price. Clear differences exist between PSL and STR markets in regard to both general interest in the live NFL product and the effect of team quality on market price. Furthermore, we find that higher face value ticket prices are associated with lower secondary market PSL and STR sales prices.