cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B- and T-cell tolerance induction in young-adult and old mice.

Abstract Young-adult and old (CS7BL × C3H)F1 mice were injected with either of two tolerogens followed by challenge with dinitrophenylated human γ globulin (DNP-HGG). The primary IgM and IgG responses of spleen cells to the DNP determinant were evaluated by a modified hemolytic plaque assay. Carrier-specific thymus-derived cell (T-cell) tolerance was induced in mice with deaggregated HGG. Hapten-specific bursal-derived cell (B-cell) tolerance was induced with DNP coupled to isogeneic mouse IgG. The dose of these two tolerogens was successively decreased by 10-fold decrements until a response similar to that of control mice was achieved. The minimum tolerizing dose (MTD) was then determined for young-adult and aged B-and T-cells. We found that the MTD for old B-cells was 10 times greater than that obtained with young B-cells for both the direct and indirect PFC responses. No difference in MTD was observed between young and old T-cells when assessed by the indirect response; the MTD for old T-cells was 10-fold greater than that obtained for young-adult T-cells when the direct response was evaluated. A double threshold of tolerance was found for T-cells of young-adult mice.
Outcomes to monitor when treating bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

Alcohol dependence has a high prevalence in the United States, with approximately 18 million people dependent on or abusing alcohol. Misuse of alcohol is associated with great financial costs and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Alcohol disorders can be treated as effectively as other chronic diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, or coronary heart disease, yet problem drinking is not well recognized and remains undertreated. Although validated screening instruments and biochemical markers can help identify patients with drinking disorders, many physicians are unaware of their patients' hazardous, abusive, or dependent alcohol use. Research shows that early screening is feasible, has proved useful in helping make a diagnosis of alcoholism, and can have significant benefit on health care costs. Like other chronic relapsing conditions, alcohol disorders are both preventable and treatable. Early screening has great potential to decrease alcohol-induced health risks and economic burden. Clinicians should routinely screen persons for alcohol use to identify not only those with alcohol dependence but also early-stage problem drinkers.
Causality and Containment in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Fiction

A number of features characterize late Ming vernacular fiction as part of the general cultural expansion of that period. These features centrally include the exposition of sexual transgression and the function of containment, by which is meant the ideology of the control of desires. The late Ming writers are studiously devoted to illustrating minute, obscene, or erotic details that belief the decorum of the orthodox surface. However, this subversiveness of detail decreases in intensity from the late Ming to the early Qing, when values of containment are reinvoked. Related topics are: the theme of causality and its role in the story's mapping of the logic of adultery; adultery as an emblem of the woman's escape from containment and the use of the narrative topos of the gap in the wall as a locus of sexual transgression.
A comparison of CCD and CID detection for atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract The performances of two classes of charge transfer device detectors—the charge-coupled device and the charge injection device—are compared for atomic emission spectroscopy. For these studies, a direct current plasma source is employed with an echelle spectrograph having a spectral image size matched to the format of these array detectors. In a clean matrix, both detectors yield good detection limits. In more complex matrices, blooming, or the spilling of excess photogenerated charge from the regions of the detector which are overexposed, greatly limits the utility and sensitivity of the charge-coupled device for atomic emission spectroscopy. Several methods to improve the performance of charge-coupled device detectors are described, including preliminary work using an antiblooming charge-coupled device. The charge injection device detector is found to be highly resistant to blooming and is able to analyze complex mixtures with little to no loss in sensitivity.
Conformational stability, vibrational assignments, and normal coordinate analysis from variable temperature FT-IR spectra of xenon solutions and ab initio calculations of epibromohydrin

Abstract Infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of epibromohydrin (bromomethyloxirane), c -OC 2 H 3 C(Br)H 2 , dissolved in liquid xenon were recorded at several temperatures from −55°C to −100°C. In addition, the Raman spectrum of the liquid was obtained from +8°C to −111°C. The spectra are consistent with three stable conformers, existing in both fluid phases at ambient temperature. These data indicate that the gauche -2 conformer is the most stable form and the gauche -1 rotamer (most polar) the second most stable form in the xenon solution. However, the gauche -1 conformer is the most stable form and the gauche -2 conformer the second most stable form in the liquid. Utilizing the well separated triplets of three fundamentals as a result of the three conformers, the enthalpy differences were determined to be 83 ± 9 cm −1 (238 ± 25 cal/mol) ( gauche -2 to gauche -1) and 465 ± 20 cm −1 (1330 ± 60 cal/mol) ( gauche -2 to cis ) in the xenon solution and 254 ± 15 cm −1 (725 ± 44 cal/mol) ( gauche -1 to gauche -2) and 433 ± 15 cm −1 (1240 ± 40 cal/mol) ( gauche -1 to cis ) in the liquid. The conformational stabilities, structural parameters, dipole moments, and vibrational frequencies were determined by ab initio calculations with two basis sets (6-31G* and/or 6-311++G**) with full electron correlation by the perturbation method at the MP2 level. Vibrational assignments for the 24 normal modes, for both the gauche -2 and gauche -1 conformers, were proposed with several of the fundamentals assigned for the cis conformer. Utilizing the ab initio predictions and previously reported rotational constants, adjusted r o structural parameters were proposed for the g 1 and g 2 conformers.
Area-efficient planar straight-line drawings of outerplanar graphs

It is important to minimize the area of a drawing of a graph, so that the drawing can fit in a small drawing-space. It is well-known that a planar graph with n vertices admits a planar straight-line grid drawing with O(n^2) area [H. de Fraysseix, J. Pach, R. Pollack, How to draw a planar graph on a grid, Combinatorica 10(1) (1990) 41-51; W. Schnyder, Embedding planar graphs on the grid, in: Proceedings of the First ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1990, pp. 138-148]. Unfortunately, there is a matching lower-bound of @W(n^2) on the area-requirements of the planar straight-line grid drawings of certain planar graphs. Hence, it is important to investigate important categories of planar graphs to determine if they admit planar straight-line grid drawings with o(n^2) area. In this paper, we investigate an important category of planar graphs, namely, outerplanar graphs. We show that an outerplanar graph G with degree d admits a planar straight-line grid drawing with area O(dn^1^.^4^8) in O(n) time. This implies that if d=o(n^0^.^5^2), then G can be drawn in this manner in o(n^2) area.
Frequency Domain Analyses of Neonatal Flash VEP

A battery of frequency-dependent measures was made for high-density electroencephalographic recording measured in response to a flash stimulus in 12 normal term infants within 2 d of birth. Significant changes recorded in posterior electrodes in the same time window as the visual evoked potential (VEP) included increased local synchrony at ∼40 Hz, increased power at ∼16 Hz, the emergence of nonlinear coupling of lower (∼2 Hz) and higher frequency oscillations, and phase locking over a wide range of frequencies. This research provides evidence of neural synchrony and nonlinear coupling in response to a simple visual stimulus. These mechanisms are functional in early development. It is proposed that the frequency domain metrics of this study may augment current diagnostic measures of cortical function at birth.
Perquisite Employment in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1960-1976: The Influence of Generational Change

It has commonly been argued that freshman House members elected since the mid-1960s have been unusually aggressive in tending to their districts, but those making this case have relied upon impressionistic evidence. The analysis performed in this study shows that a generational change did indeed occur in the mid-1960s; freshman use of perquisites with value in cultivating constituent support has risen relative to that of veteran incumbents. Such disproportionate perquisite reliance by the "new generation," though, does not seem to continue for more than about three terms in office. But even during the first-term period of most intensive perquisite employment, there is no evidence to demonstrate that this aggressiveness has been a source of more recent freshmen's greater electoral success.
Performance comparison of two virtual machine scenarios using an HPC application: a case study using molecular dynamics simulations

Obtaining high flexibility to performance-loss ratio is a key challenge of today's HPC virtual environment landscape. And while extensive research has been targeted at extracting more performance from virtual machines, the idea that whether novel virtual machine usage scenarios could lead to high flexibility Vs performance trade-off has received less attention.We, in this paper, take a step forward by studying and comparing the performance implications of running the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) application on two virtual machine configurations. First configuration consists of two virtual machines per node with 1 application process per virtual machine. The second configuration consists of 1 virtual machine per node with 2 processes per virtual machine. Xen has been used as an hypervisor and standard Linux as a guest virtual machine. Our results show that the difference in overall performance impact on LAMMPS between the two virtual machine configurations described above is around 3%. We also study the difference in performance impact in terms of each configuration's individual metrics such as CPU, I/O, Memory, and interrupt/context switches.
Detection and clinical significance of minimal tumor cell contamination of peripheral stem call harvests

Peripheral stem cell (PSC) harvests from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and breast cancer are less likely to be contaminated with occult tumor cells detected by culture techniques, than are bone marrow harvests. Clinically, NHL patients transplanted with such PSC harvests had a better outcome than recipients of bone marrow harvests.
Demonstration of the bacterial symbiote Pseudomonas melophthora in the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, by fluorescent-antibody technique☆

Abstract The indirect fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique was used for the first time to study an insect-microbe association; specifically that existing between the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella , and the apple pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas melophthora . Individual fluorescein-stained cells ( P. melophthora ) were observed in prepared smears of infected apple tissue; and larvae, pupae, and adults of R. pomonella . The microscopic examination of FA-stained whole eggs with vertical illumination through a modified 80× objective, as well as procedures used to stain adult and larval stages, gave negative results. When paraffin serial sections (10 μ thick) of adult females were FA-stained, P. melophthora was found for the first time between interthoracic longitudinal muscles and in the abdominal hemocoel. These cells were often observed in pairs, indicating replication and a minimum of displacement caused by sectioning. Four of 43 crushed adult smears displayed FA-stained bacteria in large numbers (100–200 cells/0.015 mm 2 ). However, FA-stained cells were found in most positive slides only by prolonged searching. Approximately 40% of the adults, and less than 10% of the larvae and pupae examined displayed FA-stained bacteria. A strain-specific antiserum was indicated as only four of five isolates of P. melophthora tested for specific staining gave positive results. However, specific staining was observed from R. pomonella collected from Door and Dane Counties, Wisconsin, and from New Haven, Connecticut.
The deposition and formation of immune complexes in collagenous tissues.

Abstract In vitro techniques were employed to investigate the mechanisms by which immune complexes are deposited or formed within collagenous tissues from rabbits. In the eighteen different tissues studied, both free antibody and antigen were able to penetrate the tissues and form immune complexes, whereas the preformed immune complexes were almost completely excluded. In vitro studies with long tendons from rabbits revealed: (1) Immune complexes were formed and retained when either the soluble antigen was present prior to antibody exposure or the antibody was present prior to antigen exposure; (2) immune complexes were also formed and retained with cross-reactive antibody; (3) both IgG and IgM formed stable immune complexes in tissue; (4) antigen specific F(ab′) 2 was effective in forming insoluble immune complexes with antigen in tissue, whereas antigen specific Fab did not; (5) Fc pretreatment of tissue did not alter the formation or retention of immune complexes; (6) preformed immune complexes were excluded from both normal and antibody-treated tissue.
Electron affinities of the actinides

Abstract The electron affinities of the actinides (Ac through Lr) are estimated by considering the energy variations associated with changes in the 5f orbital population. The ground-state electron affinities are all predicted to be within the range +1.0 to −0.3 eV.
A note on the behavior of solids under very high pressures

In this note we discuss the flow of certain solids such as annealed copper subjected to a pressure in the one megabar range. We consider the process of bubble formation and a numerical approach to this problem.
Language and Culture in Literacy Instruction: Where Have They Gone?.

An important, yet either often missing or under emphasized realization in both federal and state standards for literacy is that literacy is primarily a language process and culture is a reflection of language. As such, language and culture must be retained as essential components upon which reading instruction is based. Our nation and our states truly want individuals who can use literacy to learn and to enhance their quality of life as well as the quality of life of those around them. This article looks at essential considerations that must be given to the role of language and culture in literacy instruction.
Climate change: Man-made cyclones

A recent surge in the intensity of tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea has brought unprecedented damage and loss of life. Anthropogenic air pollution might be increasing the destructiveness of these storms. See Letter p.94 Strong vertical wind shear can prevent the formation of tropical cyclones, even when ocean temperatures are otherwise warm enough to brew them up. Amato Evan et al. now show that increased emissions of black carbon, sulphates and other aerosols have altered the atmospheric circulation in the pre-monsoon season over the Arabian Sea, leading to decreased vertical wind shear. As a result, these anthropogenic emissions seem to have caused an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones in the pre-monsoon season.
Microinfusion of bombesin into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus produces hypothermia in the insulin-pretreated rat.

Abstract Bombesin-like peptides are widely distributed in the mammalian central nervous system and participate in the regulation of a variety of autonomic functions. Central injection of bombesin produces hypothermia at normal ambient temperatures, but onlyif the rat has been food-deprived or made hypoglycemic with insulin. Two experiments were conducted to reevaluate the impact of bombesin microinfusion into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on core body temperature and feeding behavior. In Experiment 1, bombesin (0.05 and 0.1 μg/1.0 μl) produced hypothermia, but not hypophagia, in rats (n = 5) preated with insulin (10 U/kg; IM). Since a similar response was observed in rats with injections sites adjacent to the PVN, a smaller injection volume was evaluated in Experiment 2. Hypothermia, but not hypophagia, was observed in rats (n = 5) preatreated with insulin following bombesin (0.024 and 0.05 μg/0.5 μ). Bombesin did not produce hypothermia in rats with injection sites outside on the PVN. These findings suggest that the PVN is a sensitive site for bombesin-induced hypothermia.
How to be a moral relativist

L'A. propose une nouvelle strategie d'argumentation en faveur du relativisme moral considere comme la conjonction de trois theses relativistes concernant: 1) la definition du jugement moral en termes d'indexicaux, 2) l'utilisation d'une meme phrase pour formuler des jugements relatifs a differents parametres, 3) l'existence de parametres distincts. S'appuyant sur une semantique quasi-indexicale et sur la these de l'indetermination, l'A. montre que sa version du relativisme moral fournit une reponse aux objections du desaccord apparent, du faillibilisme et du serieux moral, d'une part, et qu'elle s'avere plus plausible que les modeles proposes par D. Wong et J. Dreier, d'autre part
NGF and excitatory neurotransmitters regulate survival and morphogenesis of cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells

The development of cerebellar Purkinje cells is subject to regulation by multiple epigenetic signals. To define mechanisms by which trophic and presynaptic stimulation may potentially regulate Purkinje cell ontogeny, we studied the effects of NGF and excitatory transmitters on Purkinje cell survival and morphological maturation in dissociated cell culture. Purkinje cells were identified by expression of vitamin D- dependent calcium-binding protein and by their characteristic morphology. NGF receptors were selectively localized to Purkinje cells by both ligand and monoclonal antibody binding, suggesting responsivity to the trophic agent. Simultaneous exposure to depolarizing agents and NGF specifically enhanced Purkinje cell survival in culture. NGF, in combination with either high potassium or veratridine markedly increased survival of Purkinje cells. Furthermore, NGF together with the excitatory neurotransmitters aspartate or glutamate promoted a 2- fold increase in survival. In addition, NGF increased Purkinje cell size and promoted neurite elaboration. These effects required simultaneous exposure to NGF and either aspartate, glutamate, or pharmacologic depolarizing agents. Effects on survival or neurite elaboration were not evoked by exposure to trophic factors or transmitters alone. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for regulation of development, in which trophic factor and afferent stimulation interact to promote survival and morphogenesis of developing Purkinje cells.
A critical evaluation of a method of epiphyseal stimulation.

On the basis of the results obtained by this method of epiphyseal stimulation, it is apparent that while some increase in growth was obtained in twenty-six of the thirty See Table in the PDF file patients, the amounts of this increased growth was not sufficient to justify the procedure. However, while it is true that in 70 per cent of the cases, the maximum gain was only one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch, it is also worthy of note that many of the patients were below the age at which a limb-shortening or epiphyseal-arrest procedure could be done. Furthermore, although the gain was negligible, the stimulating procedure did prevent the inequality in length from becoming greater and in several instances it reduced the inequality to a small amount. For this reason the authors feel that this procedure has some merit in a few isolated instances, such as in a child below the age of six with a discrepancy of one and one-half inches or more and with a flail extremity secondary to poliomyelitis. According to the authors' observations, this method of epiphyseal stimulation very possibly will prevent the discrepancy from becoming greater before such time as a growth-arrest or limb-shortening procedure might be indicated. They also believe that in a child with a discrepancy of one inch or more who had to undergo surgical relaxation of a tight iliotibial band, a stimulating procedure can be carried out through the same operative incision with little additional trauma or operative time. This study has been a disappointment for the results have demonstrated that the use of intramedullary ivory implants in the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia will not produce a sufficient increase in growth to justify the procedure. The authors have been stimulated themselves, however, to further study this problem in the hopes of finding a method of growth stimulation which will have sound clinical application.
Update on Sleep and Its Disorders

Inadequate sleep and sleep disorders have important adverse consequences on multiple systems. This review covers three areas: (a) Genetic determinants of sleep disorders. Common gene variants with small effects have been identified for both restless legs syndrome and narcolepsy with cataplexy. Rare variants with large effects have been found in familial phase advance syndrome and in subjects with short sleep durations. (b) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is an oxidative stress disorder. Prospective cohort studies show an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with untreated severe OSA. (c) The impact of sleep disorders on obesity and diabetes. Inadequate sleep results in changes in insulin resistance and in hormone levels leading to increases in appetite. Hence, inadequate sleep is associated with development of obesity. OSA is also an independent risk factor for insulin resistance; treatment of OSA can improve insulin sensitivity.
Subjective age: Toward a guiding lifespan framework

This article attempts to integrate the contributions of research in this volume of the International Journal of Behavioral Development with related research under a guiding lifespan framework that describes the dynamics of subjective age identification. The framework rests on the premise that subjective age derives from a process of anchoring and adjusting personal age perceptions in light of distal references points (i.e., internal representations of developmental models) and proximal reference points (i.e., historic, physical, normative, and interpersonal age markers) that guide the age younger and older individuals across the lifespan perceive themselves to be. In addition to being a potential alternative marker of development, subjective age is an interesting personal dimension along which to explore individual behavior and functioning. Future researchers have much to learn about its distinctive components, determinants and consequences across and within age groups.
Metrics for Object-Oriented Design Focusing on Class Inheritance Metrics

Object oriented design is becoming more popular in software development environment and object oriented design metrics are essential parts of software environment. Many new metrics are being proposed for object-oriented systems, but only few have been validated. The primary purpose of this paper is to analytically and empirically validate a set of metrics that can be used to measure the quality of an object-oriented design in terms of the using class inheritance (generalization and specialization). Analytical description for each metric is considered depending on the obtained results from the practical use of these metrics.
Mirtazapine in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Polycythemia Vera

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a usually fatal cerebral white matter disease found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunocompromised states. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with polycythemia vera who developed a progressive focal neurological deficit with white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance images of the brain that was proved on biopsy to be PML. She was treated with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor mirtazapine and remains neurologically stable, with resolution of cerebral lesions, >2 years after diagnosis. We propose that mirtazapine should be investigated further for use in PML.
A 14-Channel Linear Multiplexer

A new nuclear spectroscopy multiplexer is described that can multiplex up to 14 linear signals within the range of ±10 V. The multiplexer gating is provided by inputs on the rear panel which have a common adjustable threshold. When the multiplexer is used with a multidetector array, the resulting system resolution is the efficiency-weighted average of the resolution of the separate detectors. The apparent system efficiency is the sum of the separate detector efficiencies. Only one channel is open at any time and there are no priority channels. Isolation from any off channel is 65 dB and the noise contribution of all nonselected channels is essentially negligible. The multiplexer was tested using 10 coaxial Ge(Li) detectors and commercially available NIM electronics. The measured system resolution was 2.01 keV at the 1.33 MeV line of 60Co with 400,000 counts in the peak channel. The apparent system efficiency was 158.34%. Additionally, a 10-detector Low Energy Photon Spectrometer (LEPS) array was multiplexed with a system resolution of .93 keV at 122 keV.
The physics of snow crystals

We examine the physical mechanisms governing the formation of snow crystals, treating this problem as a case study of the dynamics of crystal growth from the vapour phase. Particular attention is given to the basic theoretical underpinnings of the subject, especially the interplay of particle diffusion, heat diffusion and surface attachment kinetics during crystal growth, as well as growth instabilities that have important effects on snow crystal development. The first part of this review focuses on understanding the dramatic variations seen in snow crystal morphology as a function of temperature, a mystery that has remained largely unsolved since its discovery 75 years ago. To this end we examine the growth of simple hexagonal ice prisms in considerable detail, comparing crystal growth theory with laboratory measurements of growth rates under a broad range of conditions. This turns out to be a surprisingly rich problem, which ultimately originates from the unusual molecular structure of the ice surface and its sensitive dependence on temperature. With new clues from precision measurements of attachment kinetics, we are now just beginning to understand these structural changes at the ice surface and how they affect the crystal growth process. We also touch upon the mostly unexplored topic of how dilute chemical impurities can greatly alter the growth of snow crystals. The second part of this review examines pattern formation in snow crystals, with special emphasis on the growth of snow crystal dendrites. Again we treat this as a case study of the more general problem of dendritic growth during diffusion-limited solidification. Since snow crystals grow from the vapour, we can apply dendrite theory in the simplified slowgrowth limit where attachment kinetics dominates over capillarity in selecting the tip velocity. Although faceting is quite pronounced in these structures, many aspects of the formation of snow crystal dendrites are fairly well described using a theoretical treatment that does not explicitly incorporate faceting. We also describe electrically modified ice dendrite growth, which produces some novel needle-like structures.
The Effect of Social Stress on Resistance to Infection with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Abstract FOR many years the results of our experimental work with Escherichia coli seemed to lack the consistency that we desired. At times the same inoculum given to different groups of birds resulted in varying numbers of birds with pericarditis. Healthy uninoculated birds were raised in many batteries in an isolated building. When needed, birds were placed in the experimental cages from one or more batteries. Frequently birds from several battery sources remained in small experimental cages for from 1–7 days before being exposed to E. coli. Davis and Reed (1958) infected two groups of mice with Trickinella spiralis. The individuals in one group were isolated in individual cages while the others were allowed to fight in small groups for 4 hrs. daily. Isolated mice had fewer mature trichina than those which were allowed to fight. Newcomer (1958) found that chickens which were stressed by shaking or restraint had an…
Characterization of silicon fusion bonds using a four-point bend specimen

The increased number of MEMS devices that are fabricated by bonding two or more bulk micromachined silicon wafers has highlighted the need to produce reliable silicon fusion bonds. The current study focuses on employing a four-point bend delamination specimen to measure silicon fusion bond strength as a function of processing conditions. The specimen, which is composed of two bonded layers and an initial notch, permits the measurement of a mixed-mode critical strain energy rate, GC, at the interface. This specimen geometry is advantageous because it does not require measurement of crack length to calculate the strain energy release rate and is insensitive to damage near the specimen edges. The fact that the interface is loaded under mixed-mode conditions presents difficulties in achieving stable crack propagation in well bonded specimens. Attempts were made to eliminate this problem by reducing the effective bond toughness by etching shallow grooves in the wafer surfaces to reduce the bonded area. Testing revealed that while this approach reduced the effective toughness of the interface, it did not prevent crack deflection in well bonded samples. Despite the limitations of the specimen, data was obtained for silicon fusion bonds fabricated under various annealing and contacting conditions. Test results indicate an increase in bond toughness with annealing temperature and time. The data also suggests that the contacting pressure and duration have little effect on bond quality. The specimen, while limited to characterizing bonds with lower toughness, proved straightforward to fabricate and test.
Divergent neural substrates of inhibitory control in binge eating disorder relative to other manifestations of obesity

An important endeavor involves increasing our understanding of biobehavioral processes underlying different types of obesity. The current study investigated the neural correlates of cognitive control (involving conflict monitoring and response inhibition) in obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) as compared to BMI-matched non-BED obese (OB) individuals and lean comparison (LC) participants. Alterations in cognitive control may contribute to differences in behavioral control over eating behaviors in BED and obesity. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing the Stroop color-word interference task. Relative to the OB and LC groups, activity in the BED group was differentiated by relative hypoactivity in brain areas involved in self-regulation and impulse control. Specifically, the BED group showed diminished activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and insula during Stroop performance. In addition, dietary restraint scores were negatively correlated with right IFG and vmPFC activation in the BED group, but not in the OB or HC groups. Thus, BED individuals’ diminished ability to recruit impulse-control-related brain regions appears associated with impaired dietary restraint. The observed differences in neural correlates of inhibitory processing in BED relative to OB and LC groups suggest distinct neurobiological contributions to binge eating as a subgroup of obese individuals.
TRAIL Deficiency Does Not Rescue Impaired CD8+ T Cell Memory Generated in the Absence of CD4+ T Cell Help

Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells immunized in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help, so-called "unhelped" CD8(+) T cells, are defective in function and survival. We investigated the role of the proapoptotic molecule TRAIL in this defect. We first demonstrate that TRAIL does not contribute to the CD8(+) T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes strain expressing OVA (LmOVA) in the presence of CD4(+) T cells. Secondly, we generated mice doubly deficient in CD4(+) T cells and TRAIL and analyzed their CD8(+) T cell response to LmOVA. Memory CD8(+) T cells in double-deficient mice waned over time and were not protective against rechallenge, similar to their TRAIL-sufficient unhelped counterparts. To avoid the effects of CD4(+) T cell deficiency during memory maintenance, and to address whether TRAIL plays a role in the early programming of the CD8(+) T cell response, we performed experiments using heterologous prime and early boost immunizations. We did not observe activation-induced cell death of unhelped CD8(+) T cells when mice were infected with followed vaccinia virus expressing OVA 9 days later by LmOVA infection. Furthermore, primary immunization of CD4(+) T cell-deficient mice with cell-associated Ag followed by LmOVA infection did not reveal a role for TRAIL-mediated activation-induced cell death. Overall, our results suggest that CD4(+) T cell help for the CD8(+) T cell response is not contingent on the silencing of TRAIL expression and prevention of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
Recruitment results among families contacted for an obesity prevention intervention: the Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health Study

Overweight and obesity are serious threats to health and increase healthcare utilization and costs. The Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health (OPT) study was designed to test the effectiveness of a family-based intervention targeting diet and physical activity. We describe the results of efforts to recruit parents and children enrolled in a large managed-care organization into the OPT study. Parents with 10- to 12-year-old children were randomly selected from the membership of Kaiser Permanente Southern California, a large integrated health plan, and contacted between June 2010 and November 2011. We describe recruitment outcomes and compare characteristics of parents and children who did and did not participate. Information was collected from calls with parents and through the administrative and electronic medical records of the health plan. Of the 4,730 parents contacted, 16.1% expressed interest in participation (acceptors), 28.8% declined participation (refusers), 4.7% were ineligible, and, even after multiple attempts, we were unable to reach 50.4%. Slightly less than half of the acceptors (n = 361) were ultimately randomized to receive either the OPT program plus usual care or usual care alone (7.6% of all parents initially contacted). There were not any significant differences between acceptors who were or were not randomized. Overall, we found that acceptors were more likely to be female parents, have overweight/obese children, and higher utilization of outpatient visits by parents and children compared with refusers and those we were unable to reach. We found no differences in recruitment outcomes by body mass index or comorbidity score of the parents, level of physical activity of the parents and children, education of the parents, or household income. Recruiting parents and children into an obesity prevention program in a healthcare setting proved to be challenging and resource-intensive. Barriers and incentives for participation in obesity prevention programs need to be identified and addressed. Concern for the weight of their children may motivate parents to participate in family-based lifestyle interventions; however, the healthcare setting may be more relevant to weight-related treatment than to primary prevention. Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN06248443 , 30 January 2014.
The GSE Reform Debate: How Much Capital Is Enough?

Over the past eight months, a broad consensus has been emerging as to what the future state of housing finance should look like. There are several plans, including the Corker–Warner bill, under which private-sector entities would continue to originate and service mortgages, with other private-sector entities providing credit enhancement for mortgage-backed securities (MBS). A public entity would be the guarantor of last resort, absorbing the catastrophic risk. The public entity would also provide the securitization platform as well as regulatory oversight. In all these plans, the government’s catastrophic coverage is meant to kick in under extraordinary circumstances; thus the amount of capital the private sector is required to invest must be sufficient to cover all but catastrophic conditions. This article demonstrates that collateral composition, house price experience, and diversification significantly affect credit risk, and thus the capital requirement. The authors’ empirical results demonstrate that 4%–5% capital would have covered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the GSEs) using the 2007 experience. With the GSEs’ current book of business, that is too high, as collateral composition has changed in favor of much more pristine loans. The other important aspects of collateral composition are pool size and geographic diversity. Risk increases with smaller or less geographically diverse MBS pools. Investors are likely to be willing to take credit risk in MBS only if pools are large and geographically diverse. This will make loan-level, risk-based pricing more difficult. It is critical to calibrate the capital needs correctly; if capital requirements are too low relative to the credit risk, the catastrophic government guarantee will be invoked far more than should be the case. If capital requirements are too high, banks will respond by holding more high-quality loans in portfolio, shifting the ultimate credit risk of their lower-quality loans to the government.
Organelle-specific Control of Intracellular Transport: Distinctly Targeted Isoforms of the Regulator Klar

Microtubule-based transport in cells is powered by a small set of distinct motors, yet timing and destination of transport can be controlled in a cargo-specific manner. The mechanistic basis for this specificity is not understood. To address this question, we analyzed the Drosophila Klarsicht (Klar) protein that regulates distinct microtubule-based transport processes. We find that localization of Klar to its cargoes is crucial for Klar function. Using mutations, we identify functionally important regions of Klar that confer distinct cargo specificity. In ovaries, Klar is present on the nuclear envelope, a localization that requires the C-terminal KASH domain. In early embryos, Klar is attached to lipid droplets, a localization mediated by a novel C-terminal domain encoded by an alternatively spliced exon. In cultured cells, these two domains are sufficient for targeting to the correct intracellular location. Our analysis disentangles Klar's modular organization: we propose that a core region integral to motor regulation is attached to variable domains so that the cell can target regulators with overlapping, yet distinct functions to specific cargoes. Such isoform variation may be a general strategy for adapting a common regulatory mechanism to specifically control motion and positioning of multiple organelles.
Ophthalmological problems of the premature infant.

Preterm infants are more likely than term infants to have significant abnormalities of all parts of the visual system leading to reduced vision. The most common problem is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The frequency and severity of this disorder is inversely related to gestational age. Damage ranges from minor to catastrophic. Preterm infants also have higher rates of amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, and cortical visual impairment. The later problem is largely associated with neonatal brain injury. Years later, these children may develop glaucoma and retinal detachments.
Hygromorphs: from pine cones to biomimetic bilayers

We consider natural and artificial hygromorphs, objects that respond to environmental humidity by changing their shape. Using the pine cone as an example that opens when dried and closes when wet, we quantify the geometry, mechanics and dynamics of closure and opening at the cell, tissue and organ levels, building on our prior structural knowledge. A simple scaling theory allows us to quantify the hysteretic dynamics of opening and closing. We also show how simple bilayer hygromorphs of paper and polymer show similar behaviour that can be quantified via a theory which couples fluid transport in a porous medium and evaporative flux to mechanics and geometry. Our work unifies varied observations of natural hygromorphs and suggests interesting biomimetic analogues, which we illustrate using an artificial flower with a controllable blooming and closing response.
Argonaute-2-dependent rescue of a Drosophila model of FXTAS by FRAXE premutation repeat

Fragile X Syndrome is the most common form of hereditary mental retardation. It is caused by a large expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat (>200 repeats) in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the FMR1 gene that leads to silencing of its transcript. Individuals with CGG repeat expansions approximately between 60 and 200 are referred to as premutation carriers. Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), an RNA-mediated neurodegenerative disease has been described in up to 50% of males carrying premutation alleles. FRAXE, the most common form of non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation, is caused by expansion of a CCG trinucleotide repeat (>200) in the 5'-UTR of the FMR2 gene. While the FRAXE premutation length repeat is observed in the general population, there has not yet been a report of a neurodegenerative phenotype associated with these alleles. In this study, we show that the CCG premutation length repeat leads to an RNA-mediated neurodegenerative phenotype in a Drosophila model. Furthermore, we show that co-expression of both the CCG and CGG-containing RNAs suppresses their independent toxicity and is dependent on the RNAi pathway. These data support the concept that RNA toxicity is the mechanism of neuronal toxicity and suggests potential reversal of RNA-mediated phenotypes with complementary RNA molecules.
Diversification, growth, and volatility in Asia

Economic development critically involves diversification and structural transformation—that is, the continued, dynamic reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive sectors and activities. This paper documents that, over an extended period, developing Asia has on average been particularly successful in diversifying its exports, particularly in comparison with Sub-Saharan Africa. Much of the progress has occurred through diversification along the ‘extensive margin,’ that is, through entry into completely new products. In addition, developing Asia has on average benefited significantly from quality upgrading, helping it capitalize on already existing comparative advantages. Yet, agricultural and natural resources tend to have lower potential for quality upgrading than manufactures. Therefore, for lower-income “frontier” countries, diversification into products with longer “quality ladders” may be a necessary first step before large gains from quality improvement can be reaped.
Age and Season Impact Resource Allocation to Eggs and Nesting Behavior in the Painted Turtle

Abstract Theory predicts that in long‐lived organisms females should invest less energy in reproduction and more in growth and self‐maintenance early in life, with this balance shifting as females age and the relative value of each reproductive event increases. We investigated this potential trade‐off by characterizing within‐population variation in resource allocation to eggs by female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and relating this variation to their nesting ecology and life history. We examined lipid and protein allocation to yolks, accounting for both relative female age and seasonal effects (first vs. second clutches within a female). Older females appear to increase their investment in reproduction by producing larger eggs, but these eggs are not disproportionately more lipid or protein rich than the smaller eggs from younger females. Within the nesting season, first clutches have more lipid and protein than second clutches. We also found that younger females nest closer to the water than older ...
A Bayesian Adaptive Basis Algorithm for Single Particle Reconstruction

Traditional single particle reconstruction methods use either the Fourier or the delta function basis to represent the particle density map. This paper proposes a more flexible algorithm that adaptively chooses the basis based on the data. Because the basis adapts to the data, the reconstruction resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved compared to a reconstruction with a fixed basis. Moreover, the algorithm automatically masks the particle, thereby separating it from the background. This eliminates the need for ad hoc filtering or masking in the refinement loop. The algorithm is formulated in a Bayesian maximum-a-posteriori framework and uses an efficient optimization algorithm for the maximization. Evaluations using simulated and actual cryogenic electron microscopy data show resolution and SNR improvements as well as the effective masking of particle from background.
Development of a 5-watt 70 K passive radiator

Future space based, infrared, Earth surveillance systems may one day be cooled by large heat pipe radiators operating at 70 K or even as low as 40 K. The use of passive radiators could eliminate the need for mechanical refrigerators and the attendant problems of power consumption and long life reliability. A large two-stage heat pipe radiator was developed for testing on the ground to verify the thermal performance and structural integrity of large, multiwatt, passive cryogenic radiators. The Radiator has a projected base area of 8.1 m^ and is designed to reject a 5 W heat load to space at 70 K. The radiator design includes three oxygen heat pipes which transport the 5 W heat load from a simulated detector focal plane and distribute it over the second-stage radiator surface. The radiator is also designed to withstand the launch environment imposed by a Shuttle orbiter or a Titan III launch. Design tradeoffs are discussed, and the final radiator design configuration is described. Thermal vacuum test results and thermal model predictions are presented. Agreement is very good. Subsequent acoustic testing of the cryogenic radiator test unit and thermal vacuum tests with a 5.1 m2 third stage added are also discussed.
The rating of photovoltaic performance

The electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) cells, modules, and systems are rated in terms of their maximum electrical power with respect to a total irradiance, temperature, and spectral irradiance. The impact of the reference conditions, measurement procedures, and equipment on the performance rating is discussed.