cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IPM reduces insecticide applications by 95% while maintaining or enhancing crop yields through wild pollinator conservation

Pest management practices in modern industrial agriculture have increasingly relied on insurance-based insecticides such as seed treatments that are poorly correlated with pest density or crop damage. This approach, combined with high invertebrate toxicity for newer products like neonicotinoids, makes it challenging to conserve beneficial insects and the services that they provide. We used a 4-y experiment using commercial-scale fields replicated across multiple sites in the midwestern United States to evaluate the consequences of adopting integrated pest management (IPM) using pest thresholds compared with standard conventional management (CM). To do so, we employed a systems approach that integrated coproduction of a regionally dominant row crop (corn) with a pollinator-dependent specialty crop (watermelon). Pest populations, pollination rates, crop yields, and system profitability were measured. Despite higher pest densities and/or damage in both crops, IPM-managed pests rarely reached economic thresholds, resulting in 95% lower insecticide use (97 versus 4 treatments in CM and IPM, respectively, across all sites, crops, and years). In IPM corn, the absence of a neonicotinoid seed treatment had no impact on yields, whereas IPM watermelon experienced a 129% increase in flower visitation rate by pollinators, resulting in 26% higher yields. The pollinator-enhancement effect under IPM management was mediated entirely by wild bees; foraging by managed honey bees was unaffected by treatments and, overall, did not correlate with crop yield. This proof-of-concept experiment mimicking on-farm practices illustrates that cropping systems in major agricultural commodities can be redesigned via IPM to exploit ecosystem services without compromising, and in some cases increasing, yields.
Subsumption Algorithms Based on Search Trees

Clause subsumption is of fundamental importance for reducing the search space in theorem proving systems. Since the subsumption problem is NP-complete, the design of efficient heuristics is of significant interest. The core of all subsumption algorithms is the search for suitable substitutions for the variables in a given clause, which in all previously known algorithms is implicitly embedded in the control structure of the algorithm. In this paper we adopt a more abstract view of subsumption and introduce the concept of a subsumption search tree to separate the search control from other computational tasks, such as computing substitutions and verifying their consistency. We study key algorithmic aspects of search trees and of heuristics for constructing them. For instance, the complexity of a search-tree based algorithm depends on the height of the search tree. We show that the problem of constructing minimal-height search trees is NP-complete. We also derive improved upper bounds on the height of search trees constructed according to an analysis based on variable dependencies, as proposed by Gottlob and Leitsch; and show that the bound is essentially tight in the worst case, by establishing suitable lower bounds for arbitrary search trees. In addition to these theoretical results, we propose further algorithmic improvements based on more sophisticated data structures for computing and representing substitutions. Finally, we have implemented several variants of our proposed algorithm and report on corresponding experiments.
Strategies for Teaching Undergraduate Accounting to Non-Accounting Majors

Professors teaching accounting to non-accounting majors often find it difficult to maintain students’ attention, encourage class participation, and achieve effective learning outcomes. Based on theories of self-efficacy, we worked on improving students’ self-perceptions of skills and attitudes to help them improve their performance. In this paper we describe our successful strategies which motivate students, help them achieve higher learning outcomes, and result in positive instructor evaluations. The experience and survey analysis indicate that, ceteris paribus, an environment in which students can improve their self-perceptions of abilities and skills is positively related to participation, learning, and evaluation of faculty. The results of this experiment may be appropriate for other courses in other disciplines.
Effects of Communities That Care on Males’ and Females’ Drug Use and Delinquency 9 Years After Baseline in a Community-Randomized Trial

This study tested sustained effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on health-risking behaviors 9 years after baseline in a community-randomized trial involving 24 towns in seven states. Earlier analyses found sustained effects on abstinence from drug use and delinquency through Grade 12 in a panel of fifth graders. At age 19, 91 % (n = 3986) of the living panel completed the survey. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. The prevalence of lifetime and current substance use and delinquency were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included substance use disorders, major depression, suicidality, educational attainment, and sexual risk behaviors. CTC had a significant overall effect across lifetime measures of the primary outcomes for males, but not for females or the full sample, although lifetime abstinence from delinquency in the full sample was significantly higher in CTC communities (ARR = 1.16). Males in CTC communities also continued to show greater lifetime abstinence from cigarette smoking (ARR = 1.22). CTC did not have a sustained effect on current substance use and delinquency nor did it improve the secondary outcomes at age 19 for either gender. Communities using CTC may need to extend their prevention planning to include the high school years to sustain effects on drug use and delinquency beyond high school for both genders. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01088542. Language: en
Mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 promotes subcerebral projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex

Generation of distinct cortical projection neuron subtypes during development relies in part on repression of alternative neuron identities. It was reported that the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (Satb2) is required for proper development of callosal neuron identity and represses expression of genes that are essential for subcerebral axon development. Surprisingly, Satb2 has recently been shown to be necessary for subcerebral axon development. Here, we unravel a previously unidentified mechanism underlying this paradox. We show that SATB2 directly activates transcription of forebrain embryonic zinc finger 2 (Fezf2) and SRY-box 5 (Sox5), genes essential for subcerebral neuron development. We find that the mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 enables Satb2 to promote subcerebral neuron identity in layer 5 neurons, and to repress subcerebral characters in callosal neurons. Thus, Satb2 promotes the development of callosal and subcerebral neurons in a cell context-dependent manner.
On the bounded regret of empirical bayes estimators

Let (θ1,x1),…,(θn,xn) be independent and identically distributed random vectors with E(xθ) = θ and Var(x|θ) = a + bθ + cθ2. Let ti be the linear Bayes estimator of θi and θ~i be the linear empirical Bayes estimator of θi as proposed in Robbins (1983). When Ex and Var x are unknown to the statistician. The regret of using θ~i instead of ti because of ignorance of the mean and the variance is ri = E(θi − θi)2 −E(ti −θi)2. Under appropriate conditions cumulative regret Rn = r1+…rn is shown to have a finite limit even when n tends to infinity. The limit can be explicitly computed in terms of a,b,c and the first four moments of x.
“Late” Capital: Amusement and Contradiction in the Contemporary Funeral Industry:

The contemporary funeral industry exists in a restive, unsettled state within late capitalism. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnography, I discuss recent crises that have revealed apparent cultural contradictions in the funeral industry. The funeral industry mediates and transforms these inherent contradictions as evidenced by the meanings made available to the consumer (via consumables). I argue that many of these constructed meanings are at odds with one another while still permitting consumers to occupy multiple positions simultaneously. This is accomplished in part due to the incorporation of amusement along multiple levels of the funerary apparatus, from the institutional logic of the industry, to the enacted bereavement rituals of participants. Amusement, then, works to resolve, bracket, and perpetuate contradictions.
POSSIBLE QUASI-MOLECULAR ROTATIONAL BANDS IN sd-SHELL NUCLEI.

Abstract Analysis of elastic 12 C + 12 C and 16 O + 16 O scattering suggests the presence of families of shape resonances, which are found to lie on rotational bands. They are compared with the corresponding ground-state bands, and alternative means or exciting them are suggested.
Introducing Problem Based Learning in a Materials Science Course in the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum

Problem solving is the primary intellectual activity of mechanical engineers. Therefore, enhancing problem-solving skills is essential for preparing mechanical engineering students for the workplace. The most powerful method for enhancing problem-solving skills is problem-based learning (PBL). This paper presents the design and construction of a PBL-based course in materials science at the junior level. We examine the ability of the course based on problems to enable students to learn both fundamental knowledge of the subject matter and also problem solving skills and contrast it with outcomes in a traditional lecture based course. The issues and challenges faced and qualitative evidence is presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Application of Theory of Signal to Detection Dichotic Listening

Listener performance during dichotic listening to CV nonsense syllables was assessed with a Yes/No target-monitoring task that provides both hit and false alarm information. The ear advantage was d...
An overheight vehicle–bridge collision monitoring system using piezoelectric transducers

With increasing traffic volume follows an increase in the number of overheight truck collisions with highway bridges. The detection of collision impact and evaluation of the impact level is a critical issue in the maintenance of a concrete bridge. In this paper, an overheight collision detection and evaluation system is developed for concrete bridge girders using piezoelectric transducers. An electric circuit is designed to detect the impact and to activate a digital camera to take photos of the offending truck. Impact tests and a health monitoring test were conducted on a model concrete bridge girder by using three piezoelectric transducers embedded before casting. From the experimental data of the impact test, it can be seen that there is a linear relation between the output of sensor energy and the impact energy. The health monitoring results show that the proposed damage index indicates the level of damage inside the model concrete bridge girder. The proposed overheight truck–bridge collision detection and evaluation system has the potential to be applied to the safety monitoring of highway bridges.
Implications for Nasal Recontouring: Nasion Position Preferences as Determined by a Survey of White North Americans

White North American men (n = 75) and women (n = 75) were surveyed to investigate gender specific preferences of nasion position, which may aid plastic surgeons in nasal shaping during rhinoplasty. The subjects were asked to rank preferences of various nasion positions from life-size, scaled, sketched male and female profiles. Nasion positions with regard to height (anterior projection) and level (vertical position) were altered, whereas all other facial and nasal anthropometric measurements were held constant. The nasion heights were drawn at 7, 10, and 13 mm anteriorly to the corneal plane, and the nasion levels were drawn at the supratarsal fold (ST), upper lid ciliary margin (CM), midpupil (MP), and lower limbus (LL). The rank selections made by the female and male subjects of both gender profiles demonstrated statistical significance, as demonstrated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of ranks (p 13 mm > 7 mm anterior to the corneal plane on the basis of both female and male ranks (p 13 mm > 7 mm anterior to the corneal plane by both male and female ranks (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In summary, both the male and female subjects strongly disliked a low nasion height of 7 mm and a low nasion level placed at LL for both gender profiles. Both the male and female subjects were most particular concerning nasion height, preferring a 10-mm projection and strongly disliking a deeper 7-mm height for both male and female profiles. Both the male and female subjects were more tolerant of nasion level alterations. Whereas the male subjects tolerated nasion levels at ST, CM, or MP for either gender profile, the female subjects preferred only nasion levels at CM and MP for the female gender. Overall, these findings may lend support to recent trends in radix augmentation during rhinoplasty, especially among male patients.
Synthesis of fused cyclopropanes from γ-stannyl alcohols

Abstract Fused cyclopropanes including 3-carene and isosequicarene have been prepared by treatment of γ-stannyl alcohols with thionyl chloride.
Regulation of cadherin junctions during mouse submandibular gland development.

Submandibular gland (SMG) development involves branching morphogenesis of the salivary epithelium into the surrounding mesenchyme, accompanied by proliferation and differentiation of immature salivary cells along acinar and ductal cell lineages. During development, salivary cell sorting and cell–cell adhesion are likely to be directed by cadherin adhesion receptors. We show that two classic cadherins, N- and E-cadherin, participate in SMG development. Early in embryonic morphogenesis, both cadherins displayed diffuse staining with regionalized localization to cell–cell borders. At this stage, significant pools of N- and E-cadherins were Triton-soluble, suggesting that fractions of these molecules were not localized to stable junctional complexes associated with the actin cytoskeleton. With cytodifferentiation, cadherins became progressively Triton-insoluble, and this correlated with their organization at cell–cell interfaces. In the cytodifferentiated SMG, N-cadherin was absent, whereas E-cadherin remained at cell–cell interfaces. Early in morphogenesis, β-catenin was also primarily Triton-soluble, and its association with the actin cytoskeleton and localization to the adherens junctions increased with cytodifferentiation. Greater recruitment of cadherins and β-catenin to cell–cell borders was paralleled by changes in membrane association of two Rho GTPases, Cdc42 and RhoA. N-cadherin was detected only at early stages of postnatal development, whereas E-cadherin and β-catenin became progressively Triton-insoluble during differentiation. Our results indicate that N-cadherin functions transiently in SMG development. On the other hand, E-cadherin and β-catenin appear to play different roles during tissue organization and cytodifferentiation. In early morphogenesis, E-cadherin and β-catenin are likely to participate in SMG remodeling, whereas during cytodifferentiation, they form stable cell–cell contacts, and may collaborate with Rho GTPases in the establishment and maintenance of salivary cell polarity. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Imaging of elves, halos and sprite initiation at time resolution

Abstract Elves, halos and sprites were observed during August 1999 with a 1 ms high speed imager. The higher time resolution compared to conventional television cameras (17 or 20 ms ) allowed excellent images of the three phenomena temporally separate from each other to be obtained. Analysis of images of elves and halos indicates that the causal lightning-generated electromagnetic pulse and quasi-electro static fields are homogeneous and any small-scale (sub- 10 km ) structure, if visible, is most likely due to a structured atmosphere. Observations of sprites initiated to the side of a halo, without a halo, and from beads left over from a previous sprite, respectively, all suggest sub-pixel ( km ) background structures in atmospheric pressure or composition as being the dominant factors in determining the sprite “seed” location, or site of sprite initiation.
A multivariate data reduction system

The problem of predictive diagnosis based on laboratory data is approached from a mathematical standpoint. A descriptive system is introduced which examines the current information about a clinical problem and identifies best predictors of the problem. Algorithms are described for the assessment of current diagnostic ability, the evaluation of new laboratory tests, and the identification of patients to study for the development of new procedures. The laboratory approach to the predictive diagnosis of iron deficiency is chosen as an example of the system.
Flame propagation through an air-fuel spray mixture with transient droplet vaporization

Flame initiation and propagation through an air/fuel vapor/fuel drop system is numerically modeled in a cylindrical one-dimensional closed combustor. An unsteady formulation of the flow problem eliminates the cold-boundary difficulty and gas-phase ignition problem. A velocity lag between the gas and the liquid phase is allowed and unsteady heat transfer to the droplets is taken into account. The surface temperature of the droplet is evaluated by using an unsteady spherically symmetric formulation of the droplet heat conduction problem with no internal motion and with a time-varying heat flux specified at the surface as a boundary condition. Results have been obtained for two commercially important fuels, namely, n-octane and n-decane. The activation energy and the preexponential factor in the Arrhenius-type expression for chemical rate, along with initial temperature, initial droplet size, stoichiometric ratio, and diffusivity are parametrically varied and flame speed and flame temperatures are observed. Flame speed is seen to increase with increasing preexponential factor, decreasing activation energy, increasing ambient temperature, decreasing initial droplet radii, and increasing diffusivities. It is also observed that unlike premixed combustion, heterogeneous combustion gives rise to local variations of equivalence in the axial direction. This phenomenon could give rise to a secondary diffusion flame in the wake of a propagating flame and produce local variations in the flame temperature.
Occurrence of copper acclimation in the least killifish Heterandria formosa, and associated biochemical and physiological mechanisms.

Abstract We investigated the occurrence of copper acclimation in the least killifish, Heterandria formosa using both lethal and sublethal endpoints. We also investigated potential mechanisms underlying the observed acclimation. To assess the occurrence of acclimation, fish were exposed to either a background Cu level or to 15 μg/L Cu for seven days and subsequently exposed to a lethal Cu level (150 μg/L Cu). During the latter exposure, fish were monitored for survival till all fish had died, and (during the first 8 h of this exposure) for changes in whole-body Na levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO). During the high-level Cu exposure, fish pre-exposed to copper had a significantly longer time-to-death than did the control fish. Similarly, neither whole-body Na nor LPO changed in the Cu-pre-exposed fish during the 8 h of the exposure to 150 μg/L Cu – while both decreased significantly in the control fish. Thus, acclimation was evident for both time-to-death and the sublethal endpoints. These results also indicate that Cu toxicity may involve both Na loss and LPO, and that Cu-acclimation may be brought about by prevention of these effects. Our follow-up study on potential mechanisms underlying this copper acclimation used a similar pre-exposure/exposure design. Fish were subsampled at the end of the 7-day acclimation period – just before the commencement of high-level Cu exposure (T 0 ), after 4 h of this Cu exposure (T 4 ), and again after 8 h of this Cu exposure (T 8 ). Whole-body Cu accumulation, Na + /K + -ATPase activity, metallothionein levels, and catalase activity were quantified for these time points. While Cu levels were higher in the Cu-pre-exposed fish than in the control fish at T 0 , net Cu accumulation was faster in the control fish than in the Cu-pre-exposed fish during the subsequent high-level Cu exposure. Consequently, changes in Cu accumulation dynamics may play a role in the resistance. Metallothionein induction may also play a role in the observed acclimation, as Cu-acclimated fish had a significantly higher metallothionein concentration compared to the control fish. There was no evidence of involvement of Na + /K + -ATPase in the acclimation, as the activity of this enzyme remained lower in the pre-exposed fish than in the control fish throughout both Cu exposure periods. There was limited evidence that a reduced loss of catalase activity plays a role in the acclimation; catalase activity did not differ after the pre-exposure period but was significantly higher in Cu-acclimated fish than in the control fish at T 8 .
Hormonal Effects on Epilepsy in Women

Some female gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones and their related pituitary peptides have neuroactive effects that can influence seizures. These effects may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, the pattern of seizure occurrence, therapeutic interventions using naturally occurring hormones, and the development of hormone-based neuroactive synthetic analogues with potent antiepileptic properties.
Immune response following intraocular delivery of recombinant viral vectors

There has been significant progress in the last few years in demonstrating the utility of recombinant viral vectors in treating a variety of ocular diseases. The field has moved beyond ‘proof-of-principle’ and, in fact, has entered the phase where some of these vectors/paradigms are being or soon will be evaluated in human clinical trials. For this reason and also, to increase the understanding of immunological effects of transgenes/viral vectors on the eye, it is important to summarize what is known about these effects. Here, the biology of and immune responses to intraocular injection of three different recombinant viral vectors – adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus – are summarized. Perhaps, in part because of the unique immunological environment of the eye, the immunological effects of these viruses appear to be fairly benign. Nevertheless, a significant cell-mediated immune response can develop after intraocular administration of adenovirus. The magnitude of this response is affected by the nature of the intraocular compartment to which this virus is administered. Neither AAV nor lentivirus, however, elicit a cell-mediated response and are thus promising vectors for treatment of chronic ocular (retinal) diseases.
Small-target detection in multispectral imagery with cyclic overlay processing

The detection of small, hostile targets in multispectral imagery is generally complicated by sensor noise, atmospheric obscurants, and spatial distortions induced by the point-spread function (PSF). Traditional methods for multispectral detection of small targets, such as signature- based discrimination predicated upon deterministic physical models, have not proven robust in the presence of camera noise at low light levels. The additional problem of target variability also confounds a signature-based approach. Due to time-dependent variations in illuminant spectra response, targets can appear to have different spectral properties at different times of day and under various weather conditions. In this paper, we discuss computationally efficient methods for locating targets that differ spectrally from their spatially adjacent backgrounds but are similar to features located elsewhere in the source image. In particular, we note that flicker effects can be produced in which target intensity appears to vary differently with background intensity. Such effects are produced computationally by cyclic overlay processing (COP), which sequentially displays monospectral band images to achieve different perceived flicker rates of target and background. When combined with knowledge about the human visual system (HVS), COP can be successfully used in conjunction with neighborhood operations to segment target regions in highly cluttered imagery. We emphasize the role of target-background contrast in potentiating flicker effects, and discuss algorithms for computing COP. Analyses emphasize computational cost and effectiveness of various COP filter configurations for detecting targets that are similar to, or partially obscured by, surrounding cover or earth. We also discuss the implementation of our algorithms on parallel processors, in particular, the parallel algebraic logic (PAC) architecture currently being implemented in cooperation with Lockheed- Martin and USAF Wright Laboratory. Our algorithms are written in image algebra, a rigorous, concise, inherently parallel notation that unifies linear and nonlinear mathematics in the image domain and has been implemented on a variety of parallel processors. Thus, our algorithms are both feasible and portable.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Separable-spherical-wave approximation: Application to x-ray-absorption fine-structure multiple scattering in ReO3.

Rehr and Albers have shown that the exact x-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) propagator may be expanded in a separable matrix form, and that the lowest-order term in the expansion yields XAFS formulas that contain spherical-wave corrections, yet retain the simplicity of the plane-wave approximation. This separable-spherical-wave approximation was used to model the multiple-scattering contributions to the XAFS spectrum of rhenium trioxide. We report a modest improvement over the plane-wave approximation.
Prologue: 2009 Joint meeting of Spondyloarthritis Research and Therapy Network (SPARTAN) and International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis (IGAS)

In July 2009, a 3-day conference was held in Houston, Texas, USA, by members of several groups: the Spondyloarthritis Research and Therapy Network (SPARTAN); the International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis (IGAS); and interested members of the Pan American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR). The purpose of this meeting was to bring together physician scientists, clinicians, and educators from around the world who are working together to improve their understanding of spondyloarthritis (SpA). In addition to the annual educational and Fellows sessions for SPARTAN members, the conference included a one-day international meeting dedicated to the role of HLA-B27, along with a series of sessions that summarized advances among various collaborative groups and defined opportunities for future genetic initiatives. This supplement provides a review of the SPARTAN and IGAS meetings.
The wordy worlds of popular music in eastern and southern Africa: Possible implications for language-in-education policy

Language-in-education policy in Africa is replete with debate regarding the use of standard African languages as part of mother-tongue education. An issue inadequately addressed within this debate is the role and function of urban vernaculars which have become “the” mother tongue of the greater part of Africa's population. Using data from the lyrics of popular music from eastern and southern African songwriters as an instance of ground-level language practices, this article argues that, to the extent that urban vernaculars and standard African languages act as international languages in popular music, there is justification for using urban vernaculars as languages of instruction. The extensive use of urban vernaculars in popular music has led to its popularity, and if these urban vernaculars are used as part of mother tongue education, socio-cultural relations between the school and society may improve. Despite the fact that educational strategies based on language practices in popular songs subvert socia...
The relationship of trait negative urgency and negative affect to disordered eating in men and women.

Abstract Many theoretical models of disordered eating have not been evaluated utilizing male samples. Individual differences in negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act impulsively during distress), are associated with eating pathology, but very few studies have examined the interaction of negative mood states and negative urgency on disordered eating. The current study tested the hypothesis that the influence of negative moods on disordered eating would be strengthened by individual differences in negative urgency, and examined the potential moderating effects of this relationship by sex. Structural equation modeling was used in a sample of 884 undergraduate men and women to test whether or not the relationships between urgency and affect were invariant across sex. Negative urgency did not strengthen the association between mood states and disordered eating. Additionally, associations between negative urgency, affect, and eating pathology differed by gender. Individual differences in both negative urgency and mood states made unique contributions to binge eating, but negative urgency contributed significant variance to other disordered eating symptoms only for women.
Pressure Flow Studies in Patients Having a Pressor Response to the Valsalva Maneuver

Blood pressure and flow were measured in the ascending aorta by means of the pressure-gradient technique in five patients with congestive heart failure manifesting a pressor response to the Valsalva maneuver. Beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume, blood pressure, pulse pressure, peak blood flow, duration of systole, duration of ejection, and heart rate were calculated. Stroke volume and blood pressure rose with the onset of straining; blood pressure rose slightly further as stroke volume fell to below control levels at the end of the straining period. Pulse pressure, peak blood flow, and duration of ejection tended to follow stroke volume. Heart rate was unchanged throughout. All parameters returned toward control after release of the strain.
Water Movement in Tendon in Response to a Static Tensile Load Using One-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hydration is an important factor in determining the static and viscoelastic properties of soft tissues. Though the role water plays in determining the material properties of a soft tissue under compression is well known, there is little direct evidence of how water is mobilized in tensile-loaded soft tissues. Here, the redistribution of water in response to static tensile loading was investigated in rabbit Achilles tendons in vitro (N=7). The distribution of water was measured along a radially-oriented line, using a one-dimensional proton-density (M0 ) map created from fits to T2 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging data. Experiments were performed on a 9.4 T/89 mm micro-imager. Proton density was measured before and during application of two cycles of a 7.5N tensile load. Cycle durations were 3 min preload, 42.67 min load on, 21.33 min off, 21.33 min on, and 21.33 min off. The load protocol resulted in a steady increase in proton density in the outside edge (rim) of the tendon during the load periods followed by a decrease during the unloaded periods. Proton-density values did not return to baseline following removal of load, signaling that the rehydration time constant is longer than that for extrusion. Proton-density values in the core or the tendon decreased during loading and were relatively constant during unloading.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Local Maxima in Graded Graphs of Embeddings

Summary This paper describes four natural ways in which the set of all orientable embeddings of a graph might be regarded as the vertices of a “graded graph.” A local maximum in any of these kinds of graded graphs is an embedding such that every “adjacent” embedding has fewer faces, and consequently, higher genus. Examples are presented to show that local maxima can arise in each of the four kinds of graded graphs, thereby undermining the hope for an obvious hill-climbing algorithm. (Some hope for a more subtle hill-climbing algorithm may survive.)
Deciphering the Properties of Hot and Dense Matter with Hadron-hadron Correlations

Abstract Two classes of jet correlations in hot and dense matter are explored. Correlations between very high transverse momentum hadrons within a jet sample probes the gluon density of the medium, where, the minimal modification on the same side as the trigger is consistent with the picture and parameters of partonic energy loss. Lower momentum partons, sampled through softer correlations, due to their larger wavelengths are sensitive to the presence of composite structures in the medium. Scattering off such states may modify the dispersion relation of the radiated gluons resulting in conical patterns in the detected correlations.
Raised Floor Computer Data Center: Effect on Rack Inlet Temperatures When High Powered Racks are Situated Amongst Lower Powered Racks

This paper focuses on the effect on inlet rack air temperatures when high-powered racks are situated amongst lower powered racks in a raised floor data center. Only the above floor (raised floor) flow and temperature distributions were analyzed for various flowrates exhausting from the perforated tiles and with one or two high powered racks placed at various locations amongst the lower powered racks. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor with particular focus on the effects on rack inlet temperatures of these high powered racks. Forty racks of data processing (DP) equipment were arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide × 13.4 m long. Since the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric only one-half of the data center was modeled. The numerical modeling was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (Trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Mirror Figure-Of-Merit And Material Index-Of-Goodness For High Power Laser Beam Reflectors

The purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines for assessing the performance of actively cooled high-power/high-energy laser beam (HEL) reflectors. The first segment concerns a highly simplified situation involving steady-state irradiance-mapping distortions only; a comprehensive "mirror figure of merit" may thus be defined for characterizing the performance of HEL reflectors, in the absence of pressure-induced ripples. In the second part, a generalized mirror/heat-exchanger model is used for evaluating the potential impact of coolant-induced distortions, for identifying key properties of mirror materials, and for creating a "material index of goodness" applicable to HEL reflectors; the most promising candidates are silicon carbide and tungsten.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three-dimensional organization of vestibular-related eye movements to off-vertical axis rotation and linear translation in pigeons

During linear accelerations, compensatory reflexes should continually occur in order to maintain objects of visual interest as stable images on the retina. In the present study, the three-dimensional organization of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in pigeons was quantitatively examined during linear accelerations produced by constant velocity off-vertical axis yaw rotations and translational motion in darkness. With off-vertical axis rotations, sinusoidally modulated eye-position and velocity responses were observed in all three components, with the vertical and torsional eye movements predominating the response. Peak torsional and vertical eye positions occurred when the head was oriented with the lateral visual axis of the right eye directed orthogonal to or aligned with the gravity vector, respectively. No steady-state horizontal nystagmus was obtained with any of the rotational velocities (8-58 degrees /s) tested. During translational motion, delivered along or perpendicular to the lateral visual axis, vertical and torsional eye movements were elicited. No significant horizontal eye movements were observed during lateral translation at frequencies up to 3 Hz. These responses suggest that, in pigeons, all linear accelerations generate eye movements that are compensatory to the direction of actual or perceived tilt of the head relative to gravity. In contrast, no translational horizontal eye movements, which are known to be compensatory to lateral translational motion in primates, were observed under the present experimental conditions.
On the valence bond diatomics‐in‐molecules method. II. Application to the valence states of FH2

Explicit methods are given for setting up the matrices involved in the projector approach of the preceding paper to the diatomics‐in‐molecules (DIM) method for obtaining potential energy surfaces. Application is made to the 14 spin–orbit surfaces of the FH2 system produced from the consideration of only the valence electrons on the atoms and ’’ionic–covalent’’ coupling in the HF diatomic fragment. This FH2 example contains an illustration of each type of complication one could encounter in the use of the DIM method as a semiempirical technique. Plots of the ground state spin–orbit FH2 surface are given along C∞v ’’abstraction’’, C2v, Cs, and C∞v ’’exchange’’ cuts, as well as reactant to product correlation energy diagrams produced from vertical cuts along minimum energy pathways of these symmetries. Comparison is made to existing information whenever possible.
A national US study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and work and functional outcomes after hospitalization for traumatic injury.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors other than injury severity that are likely to influence functional outcomes after hospitalization for injury. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: This study used data from the National Study on the Costs and Outcomes of Trauma investigation to examine the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and return to work and the development of functional impairments after injury. METHOD: A total of 2707 surgical inpatients who were representative of 9374 injured patients were recruited from 69 hospitals across the US. PTSD and depression were assessed at 12 months postinjury, as were the following functional outcomes: activities of daily living, health status, and return to usual major activities and work. Regression analyses assessed the associations between PTSD and depression and functional outcomes while adjusting for clinical and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: At 12 months after injury, 20.7% of patients had PTSD and 6.6% had depression. Both disorders were independently associated with significant impairments across all functional outcomes. A dose-response relationship was observed, such that previously working patients with 1 disorder had a 3-fold increased odds of not returning to work 12 months after injury odds ratio = 3.20 95% (95% confidence interval = 2.46, 4.16), and patients with both disorders had a 5-6 fold increased odds of not returning to work after injury odds ratio = 5.57 (95% confidence interval = 2.51, 12.37) when compared with previously working patients without PTSD or depression. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD and depression occur frequently and are independently associated with enduring impairments after injury hospitalization. Early acute care interventions targeting these disorders have the potential to improve functional recovery after injury. Language: en
The incidence and prevention of meningitis after basilar skull fracture

The survey of 1,077 consecutive skull fractures admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 1, 1969 and July 1, 1979 were reviewed. One hundred sixty-eight basilar skull fractures (15.6%) were diagnosed according to clinical and radiological criteria. In 128 patients with basilar skull fracture but without CSF leak, two out of 65 patients (3.1%) who received prophylactic antibiotics developed meningitis in contrast to none of 63 patients who were treated. Nine of 15 patients with otorrhea developed meningitis regardless of treatment. Of 18 patients with rhinorrhea, 13 were treated with prophylactic antibiotics and were free of meningitis but 2 of 5 patients not treated (40%) did develop meningitis. The overall incidence of CSF leak was 20.8%. There is no clear evidence to demonstrate that prophylactic antibiotics are effective in general in reducing the incidence of meningitis after basilar skull fracture with active rhinorrhea. However, the difference in the incidence of meningitis between the treated and the untreated group was noteworthy though not statistically significant. Meningitis can develop despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Additional investigation and therapy should be considered whenever the clinical situation warrants.
Critical compilation of terminal half-lives, percent excreted unchanged, and changes of half-life in renal and hepatic dysfunction for studies in humans with references.

Terminal half-lives, percent excreted unchanged, and reported changes in half-life associated with decreased renal and hepatic functions are tabulated for 186 drugs studied in humans. References from 332 original articles are keyed to each pharmacokinetic value. When given in the original article, range of values found and number of subjects studied are listed with each value. All references were critically evaluated by the authors before values were included in the tabulation.
Ethanol withdrawal posttranslationally decreases the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in an estrogen reversible manner

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a key mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes electron transfer at the terminal stage of respiratory chain and is composed of multisubunits. We hypothesize that ethanol withdrawal (EW) impairs the activity of COX and estrogen deprivation exacerbates this problem. Five-month-old ovariectomized rats with or without 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement received a control dextrin or a liquid ethanol diet (6.5%, 5 weeks). They were then sacrificed either during ethanol exposure or at 24 h of EW (EW group). Mitochondria of the cerebellum and cortex were processed to measure the activities of total COX, COX subunit I, and IV. The effects of EW and E2 on the protein levels of these subunits were also assessed using an immunoblotting method. As compared to the control dextrin and ethanol exposure, EW decreased the activities of total COX, COX I, and COX IV. E2 treatment prevented the effects of EW on the activities of total COX and COX IV but not COX I. Neither EW nor E2 altered the protein levels of the subunits. These findings suggest that a counteracting relationship exists between the effects of EW and E2 on the activity of COX in a subunit specific manner.
An instrument to measure anisotropies of cosmic ray electrons and protons for the explorer 34 satellite

An instrument to measure the anisotropy and energy spectra of cosmic-ray electrons and protons, and X-rays of solar and galactic origin is described. Such instruments were launched on 24 May, 1967 and 21 June, 1969 as component parts of the scientific payloads of the Explorer 34 and 41 satellites. A general description and the main characteristics of the detectors are presented and the stability of the instrument on Explorer 34 over its 23 months of operation is discussed. The method of analysis of the obtained angular distribution of solar cosmic ray particles in the ecliptic plane is given. It is shown that the anisotropy of low energy particles of solar origin decreases sharply to a very small value when the satellite penetrates the magnetosphere.
Detonation waves in trinitrotoluene

Fabry-Perot, ORVIS, and VISAR laser interferometry are used to obtain nanosecond time resolved particle velocity histories of the free surfaces of copper and tantalum discs accelerated by detonating trinitrotoluene (TNT) charges and of the interfaces between TNT detonation products and lithium fluoride crystals. TNT detonation reaction zone profiles are measured for self-sustaining detonation and piston supported overdriven (supracompressed) waves. The experimental records are compared to particle velocity histories calculated using very finely zoned meshes of the exact dimensions with the DYNA2D hydrodynamic code. The Ignition and Growth reactive flow model, which is based on the Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) theory of detonation, yields excellent agreement with the experimental records for TNT using an unreacted von Neumann spike pressure of 25 GPa, a reaction rate law which releases 90% of the chemical energy within 80 ns and the remaining 10% over an additional 200 ns, and a reaction product equation of state fit to cylinder test data assuming a Chapman-Jouguet pressure of 19 GPa. The late time energy release is attributed to diffusion controlled solid carbon particle formation.
Coupling biochemical and biophysical processes at the leaf level: an equilibrium photosynthesis model for leaves of C3 plants

Abstract The paper presents a generic computer model for estimating short-term steady-state fluxes of CO2, water vapor, and heat from broad leaves and needle-leaved coniferous shoots of C3 plant species. The model explicitly couples all major processes and feedbacks known to impact leaf biochemistry and biophysics including biochemical reactions, stomatal function, and leaf-boundary layer heat- and mass-transport mechanisms. The ability of the model to successfully predict measured photosynthesis and stomatal-conductance data as well as to simulate a variety of observed leaf responses is demonstrated. A model application investigating physiological and environmental regulation of leaf water-use efficiency (WUE) under steady-state conditions is discussed. Simulation results suggest that leaf physiology has a significant control over the environmental sensitivity of leaf WUE. The implementation of a highly efficient solution technique allows the model to be directly incorporated into plant-canopy and terrestrial ecosystem models.