cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Google Scholar and COCA-Academic: Two very different approaches to examining academic English

Abstract In a recent article in the Journal of English for Academic Purposes, Brezina (2012) compares Google Scholar to the 91 million word academic component of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In this article, I examine this comparison and show that – with the searches done correctly – COCA offers much more data than Brezina suggests. More importantly, I discuss at some length the many types of searches related to academic English which are possible with COCA but not Google Scholar, including searching for constructions (using part of speech and lemmas), comparisons between academic and non-academic genres or between different sub-genres of academic, creating frequency lists, finding collocates (to examine word meaning and usage), and carrying out semantically-oriented searches with synonyms and customized lists. Finally, I show how the new WordAndPhrase.info site provides even more user-friendly access to COCA data, including the ability to browse through large frequency lists of academic English and input and analyze entire texts. All of these COCA-based searches provide a wealth of information for teachers and learners of academic English, and while they can be done quickly and easily with COCA, all of them would be difficult or impossible in Google Scholar.
The effect of collateral sprouting on the density of innervation of normal target sites: implications for theories on the regulation of the size of developing synaptic domains.

Abstract The ‘commissural’ innervation of the denate gyrus molecular layer has been analyzed in normal adult rats and in those in which the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex had been removed by aspiration at 14 days post-natal. This ablation severely deafferents the distal two-thirds of the molecular layer and induces ‘sprouting’ by the commissural afferents which are normally restricted to the more proximal dendritic zone. It was the objective of the present study to employ quantitative electron microscopy to determine (1) the extent of synaptic recovery in the deafferented field; (2) the magnitude of the contribution by the commissural fibers to the reinnervation of the deafferented field; and (3) if sprouting by the commissural projections causes a reduction in the density of the terminal field they generate in their normal target region. The synaptic density of the neonatally deafferented middle molecular layer was found to have returned to near control levels by adulthood. Degeneration studies performed in the adult revealed that commissural endings were located in equivalent numbers in the inner and middle molecular layers of rats in which the entorhinal cortex had been removed at 14 days post-natal; in normal rats (i.e. no neonatal surgery) the commissural terminals were found only in the inner molecular layer. Furthermore, and most importantly, the density of commissural terminals in the inner molecular layer was virtually identical in the ‘sprouted’ and control rats. Thus the tremendous areal expansion of the commissural terminal field which occurs after early deafferentation of the distal parts of the granule cell dendrites was not accompanied by any loss of input to the normal target of this afferent. Therefore, sprouting in this system represents an exaggeration of normal growth rather than a redistribution of a fixed population of endings. The relevance of these findings to theories concerned with the regulation of axonal growth and terminal proliferation during development is discussed.
Tritiation of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR144528 involving lithium aluminum tritide reduction; assessment of the kinetic isotope effect by 3H‐NMR

The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR144528 was synthesized by an approach that enabled the incorporation of high specific activity tritium label while circumventing the lability of the target compound to catalytic hydrogenation. Lithium aluminum tritide of less than maximum specific activity was employed to introduce tritium, resulting in an H/T incorporation indicative of no kinetic isotope effect for the hydride/tritide reduction of a methyl benzoate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaking the rules of cancer.

A cancer genetics dogma states that hematologic malignancies arise as a result of defined chromosomal translocations, whereas mutations underlie epithelial solid tumors. This rule is now broken in an analysis of chromosomal translocations in prostate cancer.
Chromium-catalyzed pinacol coupling of benzaldehyde in water

Abstract The pinacol coupling of benzaldehyde (0.25 M or 1.25 M) in water was catalyzed by 5–25 mol % CrCl 2 in the presence of Zn-dust or Al-dust at 20 °C or 60 °C. In all cases at most 50% of the pinacol coupling product, 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, was obtained with the major product, benzyl alcohol, being formed by a competitive 2e − reduction of the carbonyl. The dl - to meso -diastereoselectivity of the pinacol products ranged from 0.6:1 to nearly 1:1.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL HYPHAE BY DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF MYCORRHIZAL GLOMUS SPP. IN RELATION TO ROOT COLONIZATION AND GROWTH OF TROYER CITRANGE

SUMMARY The hypothesis was tested that the amount of external hyphae of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus extending from roots out into soil is not always proportional to the extent of colonization of the root cortex. Growth enhancement and amount of external hyphae were compared for eight isolates of five Glomus spp. that differed in their geographic origin and capacity to enhance growth of Troyer citrange, but were similar in their capacity to extensively colonize Troyer citrange roots. In general, isolates from California increased growth in a P-deficient (9.8 mg kg−1) California soil more than did non-native isolates from Florida soils. The difference between the capacity of California and Florida isolates to enhance growth was not a function of the degree to which they colonized the roots since all had colonized over 95% of the root length by the time of harvest. Differences in growth enhancement did appear, however, to be a function of the amount of external hyphae that had developed as estimated by the weight of soil they had bound into aggregates. This study suggests that isolates of VA mycorrhizal fungi may differ in their capacity to develop an external hyphal system independent of their capacity to colonize the root cortex, and that we cannot assume that high levels of colonization will necessarily mean the fungus has also developed the mycelium in the soil necessary to transport nutrients responsible for plant growth enhancement.
Terahertz chiral metamaterials with giant and dynamically tunable optical activity

We demonstrated giant optical activity using a chiral metamaterial composed of an array of conjugated bilayer metal structures. The chiral metamaterials were further integrated with photoactive inclusions to accomplish a wide tuning range of the optical activity through illumination with near-infrared light. The strong chirality observed in our metamaterials results in a negative refractive index, which can also be well controlled by the near-infrared optical excitation.
Rainbow trout: a population simulation based on individual responses to varying environmental and demographic parameters

An age-structured simulation model of the growth and population dynamics of a migratory rainbow trout population is presented. The model includes all principal life-history intervals and incorporates the food density-temperature relationships of salmonid growth efficiency proposed by Brett et al. (1969) and Shelbourn et al. (1973). Population size, mean weight, and biomass are adjusted and output monthly over time in age, sex, and location categories; a simulation run may continue for as long as 100 years. A variety of environmental and and biological parameters are utilized in the simulation which can be altered as a user option.
The economics of intensifying catfish production: a production function analysis.

Yields of channel catfish in the United States have increased as a result of higher levels of stocking, feeding and aeration. A Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated using survey data from 66 catfish ponds in West-Central Alabama to determine if further intensification of catfish production in West-Central Alabama would be profitable. Feed, capital, stocking rate, and length of production period explained most of the variation in yield. Values of the marginal products for feed, stocking rate and capital were consistently higher than input costs during the study period. Profit-maximizing levels of input use were higher than the levels of inputs used in West-Central Alabama during the study period. Results indicated that more intensive use of production inputs would increase yield and profits. However, careful interpretation of these results requires consideration of non-profit factors such ns cash Row and risk as well as the specific nature of the data used to develop the production relationship. The method utilized in this study can generally be applied to any aquaculture production system, but the recommendation for more intensive input use is specific to the pond data collected for this study.
The Cognitive Bases of Peak Performance: A Classroom Intervention with Student‐Athletes

The stress inoculation training paradigm developed by Donald Meichenbaum and his collaborators has been successfully applied to the treatment of a variety of problems. The author describes the use of stress inoculation training as the super structure of a university course in peak performance for student-athletes. Several sorts of data suggesting that the intervention is efficacious in altering behavior are examined.
Optimal control theory for continuous-variable quantum gates

The methodology of optimal control theory is applied to the problem of implementing quantum gates in continuous-variable (CV) systems with quadratic Hamiltonians. We demonstrate that it is possible to define a fidelity measure for CV gate optimization that is devoid of traps, such that the search for optimal control fields using local algorithms will not be hindered. The optimal control of several quantum computing gates, as well as that of algorithms composed of these primitives, is investigated using several typical physical models and compared for discrete-variable and continuous-variable quantum systems. Numerical simulations indicate that the optimization of generic CV quantum gates is inherently more expensive than that of generic discrete variable quantum gates, but can be routinely achieved for all the major classes of computing primitives. The exact-time controllability of CV systems, hitherto largely ignored in the design of information processing models, is shown to play an important role in determining the maximal achievable gate fidelity. Moreover, the ability to control interactions between qunits can be exploited to delimit the total control fluence. Future experimental model systems should carefully tune these parameters so as to enable the implementation of CV quantum information processing with optimal fidelity.
“With Badinage and Repartee”: Freeing Women's Talk Through Capitola in Southworth's The Hidden Hand, Or Capitola the Madcap

E.D.E.N Southworth's novel The Hidden Hand, or Capitola the Madcap, was one of the most popular novels of nineteenth-century America. The enthusiastic public response to the first serialized versio...
A maximum entropy principle for the distribution of local complexity in naturally occurring nucleotide sequences

Abstract A maximum entropy principle (MEP) governing the distribution of complexity of short oligonucleotides from large collections of functionally equivalent sequences is presented. The principle is sent to work well in both translated regions (exons and bacterial genes) and introns from various genomes. It also works in cases of sample sequences from various genomes and even a representative sample of the entire GenBank. This suggests that all naturally occurring DNA sequences are likely to follow the MEP described in this report. The linear trend of surprisal as a function of complexity is systematically characterized by remarkedly different slope values for introns and translated regions of genes from all eukaryotic genomes studied (primates, rodents, other mammals, other vertebrates, invertebrates, organella, plants and viruses). This fact may be used as a criterion for discriminant analysis.
Sustaining an international DG/E-Gov research community

This panel of experts will explore perspectives and opportunities for championing and sustaining an international digital government/e-government (DG/E-Gov) research community. The panel discussions will set the stage for the open international meeting that will develop future scenarios of e-government that will be held at dgo2006 on Wednesday afternoon (1:00 - 5:00 PM).
The Interrelation between Recurrent and Capital Costs in a Solar Thermal Process Heat System

The effect of operation and maintenance (O&M) costs on energy produced by solar collector systems is crucial to the market penetration of solar process heat as an alternative energy source. In the present paper, a particular O&M operation, regular collector cleaning, is considered in order to determine its effect upon annualized life cycle energy cost. A first-order model of mirror reflectance degradation as a function of time is constructed from experimental data taken at Albuquerque, N.M. This is used as input to a systems optimization model of a line-focus solar collector process heat installation. The energy cost variation is considered as a function of cleaning cost per unit of collector aperture and cleaning interval. Results are presented for a process heat temperature of 177°C.
Development of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction With Preservation of Ejection Fraction During Progression of Infant Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background— Progressive left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can be a major late complication in patients with chronic right ventricular pressure overload (eg, tetralogy of Fallot). Therefore, we examined LV function (serial echocardiography and ex vivo Langendorff) and histology in a model of infant pressure-load right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Methods and Results— Ten-day-old rabbits (n=6 per time point, total n=48) that underwent pulmonary artery banding were euthanized at 2 to 8 weeks after pulmonary artery banding, and comparisons were made with age-matched sham controls. LV performance (myocardial performance index) decreased during the progression of RVH, although the LV ejection fraction was maintained. In addition, RVH caused significant septal displacement, reduced septal contractility, and decreased LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, resulting in LV diastolic dysfunction with the appearance of preserved ejection fraction. Significant septal and LV free-wall apoptosis (myocyte-speci...
Natural artificial languages: low level processes

Abstract An artificial language is one created for concise and precise communication within a limited domain such as mathematics. A natural artificial language is one that people find easy to learn and use. I discuss low level properties of natural artificial languages, especially those in which names are chosen for concepts, and symbols are chosen for names, a class of artificial languages I call linguistically mediated artificial languages. These properties include choosing mnemonic symbols for names, and suggestive names for concepts, and using both internally and externally consistent syntax. I outline a model of processing linguistically mediated artificial language and present results from experiments in support of the model. The results of the experiments are applied to the design of a user interface to a programming system, demonstrating their practicality along with their theoretical interest. The research shows the trade-offs in designing natural artificial languages: naturalness in a specific domain is gained at the cost of generality for other domains.
A Transcriptional Switch in the Expression of Yeast Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Genes in Response to a Reduction or Loss of Respiratory Function

The Hap2,3,4,5p transcription complex is required for expression of many mitochondrial proteins that function in electron transport and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. We show that as the cells' respiratory function is reduced or eliminated, the expression of four TCA cycle genes, CIT1, ACO1, IDH1, and IDH2, switches from HAP control to control by three genes, RTG1, RTG2, and RTG3. The expression of four additional TCA cycle genes downstream of IDH1 and IDH2 is independent of the RTG genes. We have previously shown that the RTG genes control the retrograde pathway, defined as a change in the expression of a subset of nuclear genes, e.g., the glyoxylate cycle CIT2 gene, in response to changes in the functional state of mitochondria. We show that the cis-acting sequence controlling RTG-dependent expression of CIT1 includes an R box element, GTCAC, located 70 bp upstream of the Hap2,3,4,5p binding site in the CIT1 upstream activation sequence. The R box is a binding site for Rtg1p-Rtg3p, a heterodimeric, basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper transcription factor complex. We propose that in cells with compromised mitochondrial function, the RTG genes take control of the expression of genes leading to the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate to ensure that sufficient glutamate is available for biosynthetic processes and that increased flux of the glyoxylate cycle, via elevated CIT2 expression, provides a supply of metabolites entering the TCA cycle sufficient to support anabolic pathways. Glutamate is a potent repressor of RTG-dependent expression of genes encoding both mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial proteins, suggesting that it is a specific feedback regulator of the RTG system.
Sibling Relationships and Intergenerational Succession in Family Firms

Sibling relationships can turn into rivalries that destroy family firms. In this article, clinical and theoretical research on families, organizations, and conflict resolution are drawn on to develop intervention strategies aimed at helping family firm members both increase awareness about forces that sustain destructive sibling conflicts and find ways of working through them. Competition for parental love and attention spurs sibling rivalry. Whether siblings become rivalrous depends largely on parental responses to this contest. Because adult brothers and sisters in family firms remain organizationally subordinated to their parents, they face unique challenges in overcoming sibling rivalry's harmful effects. Yet this is precisely the task confronting them if they are to sustain family management of their business through intergenerational succession.
The source and transport of arsenic in a bedrock aquifer, New Hampshire, USA

The geographic distribution of elevated groundwater As concentrations in a fractured silicate bedrock aquifer in central New Hampshire correlates with the presence of pegmatites which border late Devonian granites and intrude metasedimentary rocks. As concentrations in the pegmatites averaged 9.6 mg/kg, which is much higher than the associated granites (0.24 mg/kg) and metasedimentary rocks (0.8 mg/kg). As was concentrated in these pegmatites by partial melting of calcareous metapelites and subsequent recrystallization as granites with low As concentrations and pegmatites with high As concentrations. Arsenic behaves similarly to B, which was also concentrated into these late stage fluids. Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) with an oxidation reaction rim of scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) was observed in aquifer materials. Elevated As concentrations have been observed to occur in other New England locations in pelitic metasediments intruded by anatectic plutons. It is proposed that pegmatite formation from partial melting of pelitic metasediments may be an important mechanism for concentrating As in crystalline aquifer materials, which can then cause local As enrichment of groundwaters. Groundwater As concentrations ranged from 26 nmol/l to 5300 nmol/l with a median value (210 nmol/l) that is more than 30 times higher than the median for groundwaters from all of New Hampshire (6.5 nmol/l). High chloride concentrations (>1 mmol/l), resulting from road salt contamination of recharge waters, suggest that groundwaters are most likely young ( 670 nmol/l or ∼50 μg/l) have very low Fe concentrations ( 7); samples with low As ( ∼7, Fe oxyhydroxides form rapidly and have a neutral or negative net surface charge that does not readily adsorb As. At pH <∼7, Fe oxyhydroxide formation is slow and depends on dissolved O2 availability, however the resultant Fe oxyhydroxides have a positive net surface charge, and appear to adsorb As readily.
TRAP/J: Transparent Generation of Adaptable Java Programs

This paper describes TRAP/J, a software tool that enables new adaptable behavior to be added to existing Java applications transparently (that is, without modifying the application source code and without extending the JVM). The generation process combines behavioral reflection and aspect-oriented programming to achieve this goal. Specifically, TRAP/J enables the developer to select, at compile time, a subset of classes in the existing program that are to be adaptable at run time. TRAP/J then generates specific aspects and reflective classes associated with the selected classes, producing an adapt-ready program. As the program executes, new behavior can be introduced via interfaces to the adaptable classes. A case study is presented in which TRAP/J is used to introduce adaptive behavior to an existing audio-streaming application, enabling it to operate effectively in a lossy wireless network by detecting and responding to changing network conditions.
Identification of yeast cell cycle regulated genes based on genomic features

Background Time-course microarray experiments have been widely used to identify cell cycle regulated genes. However, the method is not effective for lowly expressed genes and is sensitive to experimental conditions. To complement microarray experiments, we propose a computational method to predict cell cycle regulated genes based on their genomic features – transcription factor binding and motif profiles.
How Much Information Per Joule? Measuring the Energy Efficiency of Inferential Wireless Sensing

Wireless sensor networks are increasingly seen not just as data collection instruments, but as part of an infrastructure designed to construct models of their embedding environments. Their energy supplies are limited, in turn constraining the amount of data that can be acquired and reported. This motivates consideration of the inferential value and energy cost of reporting the sensed data in the design of coding algorithms and/or reporting strategies, rather than the information content of the data itself. There is a need to evaluate the efficiency of these strategies and parametric variations of them in the context of model inference. This paper describes an information-theoretic measure, the relative divergence distribution (RDD), of their efficacy that relates inferential performance and the energy cost of reporting the data used in inference. It is non-asymptotic, and, as part of a Bayesian inference framework, does not require a prior distribution on the data model but can accommodate prior information on process model parameters. The inferential energy efficiency, based on the RDD, is a measure of the ``fuel economy'' of inferential sensing. These measures are applied to inferential sensing of a Bernoulli process, where it is demonstrated that the entropy of a data stream is not necessarily useful in understanding its value in inference.
TOMONAGA AND QED

This article is dedicated to Professor Tomonaga to celebrate his 100th birthday and the extraordinary contribution he made to the development of the renormalization theory of quantum electrodynamics. Let me begin by recalling how Tomonaga and his collaborators developed the renormalized QED in total isolation forced upon them by the aftermath of the World War II. For detailed accounts see Refs. 1 and 2. I will then discuss how the theory is still viable after nearly 60 years by describing the current status of the theory of anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, which provides a very high precision test of QED. Quantum electrodynamics, that satisfies the requirement of special relativity and quantum mechanics, was formulated by 1929 by Dirac, Heisenberg, Pauli, and others. It was applied successfully to the Compton scattering, Bremsstrahlung, ee pair production, as well as various atomic processes. However, when one tried to improve the prediction of theory by calculating higher order terms, one ran into a serious problem that correction terms are infinitely large. One of the cases analyzed intensely by several groups was the radiative correction to the elastic scattering of an electron by a fixed potential. The divergence was found to come from the contribution of virtual intermediate states with arbitrarily large momenta which could not be excluded in quantum mechanics (ultraviolet catastrophe). While the general prospect of QED was rather discouraging these days, an important progress was made by Weisskopf who found that the self-mass of the
A method for de novo nucleic acid diagnostic target discovery.

MOTIVATION A proper target or marker is essential in any diagnosis (e.g. an infection or cancer). An ideal diagnostic target should be both conserved in and unique to the pathogen. Currently, these targets can only be identified manually, which is time-consuming and usually error-prone. Because of the increasingly frequent occurrences of emerging epidemics and multidrug-resistant 'superbugs', a rapid diagnostic target identification process is needed. RESULTS A new method that can identify uniquely conserved regions (UCRs) as candidate diagnostic targets for a selected group of organisms solely from their genomic sequences has been developed and successfully tested. Using a sequence-indexing algorithm to identify UCRs and a k-mer integer-mapping model for computational efficiency, this method has successfully identified UCRs within the bacteria domain for 15 test groups, including pathogenic, probiotic, commensal and extremophilic bacterial species or strains. Based on the identified UCRs, new diagnostic primer sets were designed, and their specificity and efficiency were tested by polymerase chain reaction amplifications from both pure isolates and samples containing mixed cultures. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The UCRs identified for the 15 bacterial species are now freely available at http://ucr.synblex.com. The source code of the programs used in this study is accessible at http://ucr.synblex.com/bacterialIdSourceCode.d.zip CONTACT yazhousun@synblex.com SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Endfire slot antennas

The conditions for endfire radiation from a traveling-wave slot are discussed. These are that the phase velocity of the traveling wave be equal to or less than the velocity of light in free space and that the aperture be excited with a strong longitudinal component of electric field. Practical ways of achieving these conditions are mentioned and an approximate analysis based on partially dielectric-filled waveguide theory is used to determine the aperture fields as a function of the antenna geometry. Far-field pattern characteristics are discussed. It is found that the actual pattern may differ considerably from that predicted by simple theory. This is attributed primarily to two things, a finite ground plane and the discontinuity produced by the abrupt aperture opening. Two practical discontinuity minimizers are described. The ground plane effect is analyzed by applying Huygens Principle, and a simple procedure is described for determining the first-order effect. The problem of obtaining pencil-beam radiation in the horizontal (plane of the ground plane) pattern is solved quite simply by using wide-aperture antennas which can be made to operate satisfactorily over better than a 2:1 band. The efficiency and vswr of a practical antenna, with sidelobes in the horizontal pattern at least 20 db down, have been measured over a 2:1 band. The efficiency varied from 65 per cent at the high-frequency end of the band to 55 per cent at the low end. The vswr was less than 1.4 over the band.
Hypothesis on a High-Temperature, Solid-state Galvanic Cell Composed of Refractory Metal Electrodes and a Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte

Application of heat to a tantalum-calcia stabilized zirconia-tungsten cell, in which the tantalum-zirconia interface has been bonded previously, produced emf's in the range 673° to 2273°K. The origin of these potentials was proposed tentatively to be solid-state chemical reactions involving the oxidation of tantalum metal and the reduction of ferric ion present as an impurity oxide in the stabilized zirconia. Thermal gradients in the zirconia produced opposing Seebeck potentials at temperatures higher than 1073°K. Resistivity measurements performed with solid zirconia electrolytes resulted in the hypothesis that electric conduction in these materials was electronic in stabilized zirconia impregnated with tantalum species and ionic in stabilized zirconia which had undergone no tantalum reaction.
Adaptive test flow for mixed-signal/RF circuits using learned information from device under test

Despite their small size, analog/mixed-signal circuits start with an extensive set of parameters to test for. During production ramp up, most of these tests are dropped using statistical analysis techniques based on the dropout patterns. While effective in reducing the number of tests, this approach treats each device in an identical manner. As the statistical diversity of the devices increases due to increasing process variations, such homogeneous testing approaches may prove to be inefficient. After a number of initial measurements, device-specific information is available, which can provide clues as to where in the process space that device falls. Using this information, the test set for each device can be tailored with respect to its own statistical information. In this paper, we present an adaptive test flow for mixed-signal circuits that aims at optimizing the test set per-device basis so that more test resources can be devoted to marginal devices whereas devices that fall in the middle of the process space are passed with less testing. We also include provisions to identify potentially defective devices and test them more extensively since these devices do not conform to learned collective information. We conduct experiments on an LNA circuit in simulations and apply our techniques to production data of two distinct industrial circuits. Both the simulation results and the results on large-scale production data show that adaptive test provides the best trade-off between test time and test quality as measured in terms of defective parts per million.
Fault modeling and simulation for crosstalk in system-on-chip interconnects

System-on-chips (SOCs) using ultra deep sub-micron (DSM) technologies and GHz clock frequencies have been predicted by the 1997 SIA Road Map. Recent studies [3,4], as well as experiments reported in this paper, show significant crosstalk effects in long on-chip interconnects of GHz DSM chips. Recognizing the importance of high-speed, reliable interconnects in GHz SOCs, we address in this paper the problem of testing for glitch and delay errors caused by crosstalk in buses and interconnects between components of a SOC.Since it is not possible to explicitly test for all the possible process variations and defects that can lead to crosstalk errors in SOC interconnects, we present an abstract model, Maximum Aggressor (MA) fault model, and its test requirements. The attractiveness of the model is that it can abstract crosstalk defects in interconnects with a linear number of faults, while the corresponding MA tests provide complete coverage for all physical level defects related to cross-coupling capacitance between the interconnects. A SPICE-level fault simulation methodology is presented which allows simulation of a small subset of the potentially exponential number of defects. The simulation methodology also enables validation of the proposed fault model and the resulting test set.
Finding the Missing Link Between the Unfolded Protein Response and O-GlcNAcylation in the Heart

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–inducible transcription factor, x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), which enhances protein glycosylation in the ER, was shown to also enhance protein glycosylation outside the ER, via a process called O-GlcNAcylation, which protected the heart from ischemia/reperfusion damage. O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational modification that takes place outside of the ER and affects the functions of target proteins. In cardiac myocytes, O-GlcNAcylation increases acutely in response to a variety of conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, and oxidative stress, during which O-GlcNAcylation is generally protective. However, chronic increases in O-GlcNAcylation during diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, exacerbate cardiac dysfunction and damage. In contrast to O-GlcNAcylation, N-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) of proteins occurs in the ER, is relatively permanent, and is required for folding and trafficking of proteins in the ER and Golgi. N-glycosylation can be impaired by many of the same stresses that affect O-GlcNAcylation in the heart. Impaired N-glycosylation causes ER stress, subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and activation of the transcription factor, XBP1, which induces genes that restore N-glycosylation in the ER and promote adaptation to ER stress. A recent study, published in the journal Cell , showed that XBP1 also enhances O-GlcNAcylation, which protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion damage.1 Thus, in response to potentially damaging stress, XBP1 coordinates glycosylation inside and outside of the ER to confer protection. The study by Wang et al1 showed that XBP1 is the missing link between protein O-GlcNAcylation and the UPR (Figure [A]). In the heart, ischemia/reperfusion leads to ER stress, activation of the UPR and XBP1, which Wang et al determined to be a direct transcriptional activator of the gene encoding the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which supplies the substrate required for O-GlcNAcylation, that is, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). These …
EOS MLS forward model polarized radiative transfer for Zeeman-split oxygen lines

This work supplements the Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) clear-sky unpolarized forward model with algorithms for modeling polarized emission from the Zeeman-split 118.75-GHz O/sub 2/ spectral line. The model accounts for polarization-dependent emission and for correlation between polarizations with complex, 2/spl times/2 intensity and absorption matrices. The oxygen line is split into three Zeeman components by the interaction of oxygen's electronic spin with an external magnetic field, and the splitting is of order /spl plusmn/0.5 MHz in a typical geomagnetic field. Zeeman splitting is only significant at pressures low enough that collisional broadening (/spl sim/1.6 MHz/hPa) is not very large by comparison. The polarized forward model becomes significant for MLS temperature retrievals at pressure below 1.0 hPa and is crucial at pressures below /spl sim/0.03 hPa. Interaction of the O/sub 2/ molecule with the radiation field depends upon the relative orientation of the radiation polarization mode and the geomagnetic field direction. The model provides both limb radiances and the derivatives of these radiances with respect to atmospheric temperature and composition, as required by MLS temperature retrievals. EOS MLS views the atmospheric limb at 118.75 GHz with a pair of linear-cross-polarized, 100-kHz-resolution, 10-MHz-wide spectrometers. The antennas of the associated receivers are scanned to view rays with tangent heights from the Earth's surface to 0.001 hPa. Comparisons of the modeled MLS radiances with measurements show generally good agreement in line positions and strengths, however residuals in the line centers at the highest tangent heights are larger than desired and still under investigation.
High levels of gene flow in bur oak revealed by paternity analysis using microsatellites

Microsatellite analysis was used to characterize pollen dispersal in a stand of 62 adult bur oaks (Quercus macrocarpa) in northern Illinois. Using PCR amplification of four dinucleotide microsatellite loci, pollen donors of 282 acorns collected from three adult trees located in different parts of the stand were determined by exclusion. Overall at least 57% of the acorns were pollinated by trees outside of the stand, because all adult trees in the stand were excluded from paternity. Average pollination distance for within-stand pollinations was 75 m, and pollen donors for two of the three maternal trees were randomly dispersed throughout the stand. These two trees also received more pollen from 50 m away than from near neighbors. Self-pollination was rare or nonexistent. This study provides direct evidence for high levels of long-distance pollination in a wind-pollinated species, and contradicts traditional models of wind pollination which suggest that clouds of pollen dissipate from the source to ineffectively low densities over short distances. Instead, the mating system of bur oak seems to be extraordinarily efficient at producing highly outbred individuals and ensuring long-range pollen flow, perhaps through pollen competition or mate choice favoring distant pollen sources.
Evaluation of SMOS retrievals of soil moisture over the central United States with currently available in situ observations

[1] The European Space Agency launched the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite in November 2009. Using SMOS soil moisture retrievals for 2010 processed using algorithm V4.00, we evaluated SMOS retrievals by comparing them to in situ soil moisture observations for the top 5 cm at several stations in the Great Plains of the U.S. A major issue with comparing the satellite data with in situ data is that a SMOS footprint is about 40 km across and we compare to point observations. To address this issue, we chose locations in Oklahoma that have 10 to 25 different in situ observations within each SMOS footprint. The SMOS retrievals have a dry bias when compared to the average of all in situ stations in a footprint. Large differences exist between the in situ observations, even for probes only a few meters apart. Observations from different sensors within a SMOS footprint differ from each other by a larger amount than they differ from the SMOS retrieval. Removing the mean and normalizing the data bring the in situ observations into better agreement with each other and with SMOS but there are still substantial differences. Agricultural Research Service Micronet regions in Oklahoma had highly varying values of soil moisture despite being in close proximity to one another, but when averaged and compared to SMOS they had less of a bias than the other regions. Further north in the Great Plains, SMOS retrievals of top 5 cm soil moisture from descending orbits were consistently about 5% by volume wetter than ascending retrievals.
A Test Of Financial Ratios As Predictors Of Turnaround Versus Failure Among Financially Distressed Firms

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of financial ratios to discriminate among financially distressed firms. The sample consisted of firms identified as distressed during the period 1970 to 1976. Each company was evaluated eight years subsequent to the year of sample entry and assigned to one of three groups according to its financial condition at that point in time. All models tested were biased in their misclassifications of the sample firms. While financial ratios have proved to be meaningful discriminators in prior studies utilizing choice-based sampling designs, these results suggest that they are not so useful in efforts to distinguish between failing firms that effect a turnaround and those that are unsuccessful in their remedial efforts.
Mopping up miRNA: An integrated HBV transcript disrupts liver homeostasis by sequestering miR-122.

As the third leading cause of global cancer deaths, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant health burden exacerbated by numerous routes to disease. Among the largest risk factors for HCC progression are chronic infections with hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. While the mechanisms underlying HCC development and progression due to these viruses are not completely understood, they are presumed attributable to similar programs of immune-mediated chronic inflammation. As a result, much work has focused on commonalities that may influence carcinogenic progression, such as alterations in known oncogenic pathways elicited by viral gene products, the role of viral replication in promoting inflammation, and the cascade of robust or blunted innate immune responses in response to each virus [1,2]. At the same time, the vastly contrasting lifecycles between HBV and HCV has revealed unique cellular requirements for each virus where many open questions remain as to how these differences specifically contribute to disease progression. For example, the unique role of ER-derived membranous structures for HCV RNA replication can be contrasted with the role of nuclear DNA repair for HBV cccDNA synthesis. The duality between the broad pathogenic similarities amidst stark molecular differences for HBV and HCV is perhaps best highlighted by miR-122, a cellular microRNA (miRNA) implicated in both virus lifecycles but in apparently opposing ways (Fig. 1). miRNAs are small (21–22 nt) non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by repressing specific mRNA targets. As the predominant miRNA in the liver, miR-122 regulates numerous hepatic processes such as cholesterol and lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm control, and mitochondrial function [3–5]. Strikingly, miR-122 is an essential host factor
Postoperative imaging findings in children with auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplant (APOLT)

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplant (APOLT) is a treatment technique for people who have acute hepatic failure secondary to fulminant hepatic failure and might ultimately recover normal liver function. This surgical procedure is complicated, involving the placement of a liver graft while maintaining viability of the remaining native portion of the liver. This method allows the native liver to recover hepatic function, therefore eliminating the need for long-term immunosuppression, as is typically needed in post-transplant settings. Postoperative imaging in these cases can be challenging given the complex anatomy, specifically the vascular anastomosis. Therefore it is important for radiologists and clinicians to be aware of the anatomy as well as the variable imaging appearances of the liver. We review the imaging findings in children who have undergone auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplant (APOLT).
Case-Control Study of Telavancin as an Alternative Treatment for Gram-Positive Bloodstream Infections in Patients with Cancer

Gram-positive bacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity and death among cancer patients, despite current therapy. In this case-control study, we evaluated the clinical outcomes and safety of telavancin in cancer patients with uncomplicated Gram-positive bloodstream infections (BSIs). Between March 2011 and May 2013, we enrolled cancer patients with uncomplicated Gram-positive BSIs to receive intravenous telavancin therapy for at least 14 days for Staphylococcus aureus and 7 days for other Gram-positive cocci. Patients with baseline creatinine clearance (CLCR) values of >50 ml/min received 10 mg/kg/day of telavancin, and those with CLCR values between 30 and 49 ml/min received 7.5 mg/kg/day. Patients were compared with a retrospective cohort of 39 historical patients with Gram-positive BSIs, matched for underlying malignancy, infecting organism, and neutropenia status, who had been treated with vancomycin. A total of 78 patients were analyzed, with 39 in each group. The most common pathogen causing BSIs was S. aureus (51%), followed by alpha-hemolytic streptococci (23%), Enterococcus spp. (15%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (8%), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (3%). Sixty-two percent of patients had hematological malignancies, and 38% had solid tumors; 51% of the patients were neutropenic. The overall response rate determined by clinical outcome and microbiological eradication at 72 h following the initiation of therapy, in the absence of relapse, deep-seated infections, and/or infection-related death, was better with telavancin than with vancomycin (86% versus 61%; P = 0.013). Rates of drug-related adverse events were similar in the two groups (telavancin, 31%; vancomycin, 23%; P = 0.79), with similar rates of renal adverse events. Telavancin may provide a useful alternative to standard vancomycin therapy for Gram-positive BSIs in cancer patients. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01321879.).
Assessing the transferability of statistical predictive models for leaf area index between two airborne discrete return LiDAR sensor designs within multiple intensely managed Loblolly pine forest locations in the south-eastern USA

Leaf area is an important forest structural variable which serves as the primary means of mass and energy exchange within vegetated ecosystems. The objective of the current study was to determine if leaf area index (LAI) could be estimated accurately and consistently in five intensively managed pine plantation forests using two multiple-return airborne LiDAR datasets. Field measurements of LAI were made using the LiCOR LAI2000 and LAI2200 instruments within 116 plots were established of varying size and within a variety of stand conditions (i.e. stand age, nutrient regime and stem density) in North Carolina and Virginia in 2008 and 2013. A number of common LiDAR return height and intensity distribution metrics were calculated (e.g. average return height), in addition to ten indices, with two additional variants, utilized in the surrounding literature which have been used to estimate LAI and fractional cover, were calculated from return heights and intensity, for each plot extent. Each of the indices was assessed for correlation with each other, and was used as independent variables in linear regression analysis with field LAI as the dependent variable. All LiDAR derived metrics were also entered into a forward stepwise linear regression. The results from each of the indices varied from an R2 of 0.33 (S.E. 0.87) to 0.89 (S.E. 0.36). Those indices calculated using ratios of all returns produced the strongest correlations, such as the Above and Below Ratio Index (ABRI) and Laser Penetration Index 1 (LPI1). The regression model produced from a combination of three metrics did not improve correlations greatly (R2 0.90; S.E. 0.35). The results indicate that LAI can be predicted over a range of intensively managed pine plantation forest environments accurately when using different LiDAR sensor designs. Those indices which incorporated counts of specific return numbers (e.g. first returns) or return intensity correlated poorly with field measurements. There were disparities between the number of different types of returns and intensity values when comparing the results from two LiDAR sensors, indicating that predictive models developed using such metrics are not transferable between datasets with different acquisition parameters. Each of the indices were significantly correlated with one another, with one exception (LAI proxy), in particular those indices calculated from all returns, which indicates similarities in information content for those indices. It can then be argued that LiDAR indices have reached a similar stage in development to those calculated from optical-spectral sensors, but which offer a number of advantages, such as the reduction or removal of saturation issues in areas of high biomass.