cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Important cognitive components of domain-specific search knowledge

Many users have acquired a sophisticated understanding of searching the Web in specific domains. For example, we often hear of users who can get amazing deals for electronic products on the Web. What knowledge do such users have, and how does it affect their search behavior? To address this question, we observed information retrieval experts in the domains of healthcare and online shopping, while they performed tasks within and outside their domains of expertise. When performing tasks within their domains of expertise, experts used declarative and procedural components of domain-specific search knowledge that enabled them to perform effective searches. In contrast, when they performed tasks outside their domains of expertise, they used a range of general-purpose search methods leading to comparatively less effective search results. The study demonstrates the role of domain-specific search knowledge, and pinpoints its cognitive components. The paper concludes by suggesting approaches that should make the components of domain-specific search knowledge explicit and available to many users.
QUANTUM HADRODYNAMICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

A nonlocal and nonlinear theory of hadrons, equivalent to the color singlet sector of two-dimensional QCD, is constructed. The phase space of this theory is an infinite-dimensional Grassmannian. The baryon number of QCD corresponds to a topological invariant (“virtual rank”) of the Grassmannian. It is shown that the hadron theory has topological solitons corresponding to the baryons of QCD. plays the role of ħ in this theory; Nc must be an integer for topological reasons. We also describe the quantization of a toy model with a finite-dimensional Grassmannian as the phase space. In an appendix, we show that the usual Hartree-Fock theory of atomic and condensed matter physics has a natural formulation in terms of infinite-dimensional Grassmannians.
Dissimilar metal joining of aluminium to zinc-coated steel by ultrasonic plus resistance spot welding – microstructure and mechanical properties

Vehicle body structures are increasingly utilising multi-materials designs with advanced high strength steels (AHSS) and aluminium alloys. A robust process for joining aluminium alloys to AHSS base...
Nausea and Vomiting: a Palliative Care Imperative

This review was undertaken to survey recent literature for research reports and comprehensive clinical reviews addressing the pharmacologic management of nausea and vomiting (NV such research may be limited by the multicausal nature of N&V and participant burden to patients with life-limiting disease. Most articles are written by oncologists who also specialize in palliative care, and those addressing adverse effects of drugs used as antiemetics are found in other literature. Articles addressing more novel therapies, like cannabinoids and medical marijuana, are uncommon in the oncology literature. N&V in patients with progressive or advanced cancer is often multicausal. Nausea is more common and persistent, and even mild nausea is bothersome and may cause anxiety or depression. The mechanisms of nausea and vomiting overlap, but different neural pathways constitute the final pathway for each—the brainstem for vomiting and higher brain regions for nausea. Common causes of N&V in advanced cancer include constipation, opioids, and malignant bowel obstruction. About 40% have undetermined causes and may be exacerbated by impaired gastric emptying, chemical imbalances, or other factors. Several drugs that have antiemetic effects and act at different receptors are used to palliate N&V. There is a paucity of research that supports palliative antiemetic choices, and other research is needed to define potential therapeutic strategies that capitalize on differences between nausea and vomiting.
Notes on environmental nanoscience

Although we seem to understand how nanoscience can impact the environment, we seem to be far off using nanotechnology for environmental remediation, says Chris Toumey.
Energy prices and investment in energy efficiency: evidence from Chinese industry 1997–2004

The paper develops and implements a methodology for assessing the role of energy prices and new investment in reducing energy intensity in Chinese industry. Analysing a unique panel data set which reports firm‐level energy consumption and price from 1997 to 2004, the paper finds: the energy prices, not only the current but also the past energy prices, are key factors that driving down firms' energy intensity for all three types of firms: state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), domestic non‐SOEs (NSOEs) and foreign‐funded firms (FFEs); furthermore, SOEs exhibit a robust price‐investment channel: responding to rising energy prices, SOEs tend to invest in new energy‐efficient capital, through which SOEs reduce energy intensity; the same price‐investment channels are less robust for non‐SOEs or foreign‐funded firms.
Sustainable Electrocatalytic Architectures Enable Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries with Low Voltage Hysteresis

Rechargeable zinc–air batteries require air cathodes that support efficient electrocatalysis of both oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution. Electrocatalysts synthesized from abundant, low-cost elem...
Distance distributions and inverse problems for metric measure spaces

Applications in data science, shape analysis and object classification frequently require comparison of probability distributions defined on different ambient spaces. To accomplish this, one requires a notion of distance on a given class of metric measure spaces -- that is, compact metric spaces endowed with probability measures. Such distances are typically defined as comparisons between metric measure space invariants, such as distance distributions (also referred to as shape distributions, distance histograms or shape contexts in the literature). Generally, distances defined in terms of distance distributions are actually pseudometrics, in that they may vanish when comparing nonisomorphic spaces. The goal of this paper is to set up a formal framework for assessing the discrimininative power of distance distributions, i.e., the extend to which these pseudometrics fail to define proper metrics. We formulate several precise inverse problems in terms of these invariants and answer them in several categories of metric measure spaces, including the category of plane curves, where we give a counterexample to the Curve Histogram Conjecture of Brinkman and Olver, the categories of embedded and Riemannian manifolds, where we obtain sphere rigidity results, and the category of metric graphs, where we obtain a local injectivity result along the lines of classical work of Boutin and Kemper on point cloud configurations. The inverse problems are further contextualized by the introduction of a variant of the well-known Gromov-Wasserstein distance on the space of metric measure spaces, which is inspired by the original Monge formulation of optimal transport.
Infectious Disease Concerns in Football

Infection is common in the general population and in football athletes. In regard to the immune system and susceptibility to infection, the elite athlete is in an interesting juxtaposition of the positive effects of exercise versus over-expenditure of energy. The in-season American football player is usually participating in over 3 h of exercise each day with limited recovery time. The goal of in-season infectious disease management is to keep the player safe, while minimizing symptom severity and time away from sport. Infectious diseases related to the upper respiratory system, lower respiratory system, dermatologic infections, and other common infections will be discussed.
Divide-and-Conquer Bayesian Inference in Hidden Markov Models

Divide-and-conquer Bayesian methods consist of three steps: dividing the data into smaller computationally manageable subsets, running a sampling algorithm in parallel on all the subsets, and combining parameter draws from all the subsets. The combined parameter draws are used for efficient posterior inference in massive data settings. A major restriction of existing divide-and-conquer methods is that their first two steps assume that the observations are independent. We address this problem by developing a divide-and-conquer method for Bayesian inference in parametric hidden Markov models, where the state space is known and finite. Our main contributions are two-fold. First, after partitioning the data into smaller blocks of consecutive observations, we modify the likelihood for performing posterior computations on the subsets such that the posterior variances of the subset and true posterior distributions have the same asymptotic order. Second, if the number of subsets is chosen appropriately depending on the mixing properties of the hidden Markov chain, then we show that the subset posterior distributions defined using the modified likelihood are asymptotically normal as the subset sample size tends to infinity. The latter result also implies that we can use any existing combination algorithm in the third step. We show that the combined posterior distribution obtained using one such algorithm is close to the true posterior distribution in 1-Wasserstein distance under widely used regularity assumptions. Our numerical results show that the proposed method provides an accurate approximation of the true posterior distribution than its competitors in diverse simulation studies and a real data analysis.
Technological Change and Manpower Resources: A Systems Perspective

To date there has been no cohesive examination of the interrelationship between new technology and manpower resources. Most studies have reflected the disciplinary bias of economists or technologists. Economists have stressed supply and demand factors and the role of new technology on increase in productivity. Technologists have stressed the deterministic effects of new technology.This article synthesizes theories and findings from behavioral and social science and the field of management, as well as from economics and technology, within the framework of systems science. In sequence, the article discusses: the sociotechnical system environment in which the interaction between new technology and manpower resources takes place; the measurement of technological change; how technological change affects manpower; the prediction of skill and manpower requirements; and electronics-based computer-communications technology. The needs for advances in theory and methodology are argued. The elements of a systems theo...
Turbulent natural convection over a slender circular cylinder

The transverse-curvature effect on the heat transfer in the turbulent natural convection flow from the outer surface of a slender vertical circular cylinder is studied by an improved integral method for various values of Prandtl numbers and for various values of a transverse curvature parameter.
Medical Information and the Internet: Do You Know What You Are Getting?

Due to the Internet technology, hundreds of Web sites are accessible for medical information, and the retrieval of such information is quite rapid. Once you as a consumer obtain all of this information, how do you determine whether the information you are looking at is valid and current and even relevant to your needs? This article presents various criteria necessary to evaluate the information on a medical Web site; no standards currently are in place to mandate the validity of information published on the Internet.
Emission Cross Sections and Energy Extraction for the Mid-Infrared Transitions of Er, Tm, and Ho in Oxide and Fluoride Crystals

Emission cross sections have been measured for the transitions between the two lowest spin orbit multiplets of Er, Tm, and Ho in several fluoride and oxide crystals. Properties affecting energy extraction efficiency are summarized and pulsed extraction performance is calculated for several of these quasi- three-level laser media.
The histopathology of transgenes and knockouts in the mammary gland

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the histopathology of transgenes and knockouts in the mammary gland. An understanding of the histopathology of transgenic mouse mammary gland requires a comparison of glands from many different founder strains. The insertion and expression of a transgene or the knock-out of a gene may result in abnormal growth and development of the gland, which can only be appreciated by detailed examination of the entire growth, development, pregnancy, lactation, and regression cycle. Mammary tumors from transgenic mice differ dramatically from “spontaneous,” virus-induced tumors. Their histological and cytological phenotype is very dependent on the transgene expressed in the mammary gland. The lesions in the mouse show progressive changes in morphology and biological behavior that suggest neoplastic progression. These changes can be correlated with molecular lesions. The histology of the lesions found in the transgenic mammary gland closely resembles that found in the human breast. Given this remarkable resemblance, the biological and molecular changes found in the progressive mouse lesions should be reflected in the human breast. The rules of biological parsimony state that the transgenic mouse is an accurate model of human breast disease.
A General Athletic Ability Test

(1924). A General Athletic Ability Test. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 29, No. 9, pp. 506-510.
The 2.5D pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm with PML absorbing boundary condition

A 2.5-dimensional PSTD algorithm has been developed which can be used to solve Maxwell's equations efficiently. The code has been verified by the analytical results and the conventional FDTD method. It is also shown that the 2.5D PSTD algorithm is more efficient than the FDTD method. Particularly, the 2.5D PSTD method can be used to model very large objects because it needs a grid density of only 2 cell//spl lambda//sub min/. The dispersion curve of an open dielectric waveguide is obtained by using the 2.5D PSTD algorithm.
Secretory effects of ATP on nontransformed dog pancreatic duct epithelial cells

Extracellular triphosphate nucleotides, such as ATP, may regulate various cellular functions through specific cell surface receptors. We examine in this report the different secretory effects of AT...
Umbilical cord blood: current status and future directions

Once considered biological waste, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has become an accepted source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). With initial success in the pediatric setting, UCB transplantation continues to gain favor in the adult patient population. Novel approaches to UCB transplantation include use of two units and a variety of graft manipulations. Additional uses for UCB are currently being explored and include applications in regenerative medicine and immunotherapy.
Some recent ideas in substantive moral philosophy and their relevance to law

Bolstered by the writings of Ronald Dworkin, moral philosophy recently has enjoyed something of a renaissance in jurisprudence. Of course, moral philosophy has always been of vital concern to natural law theorists, who view law and morality as conceptually related. Moral philosophy has also been a vital reform weapon for several writers in feminist jurisprudence1 and critical legal studies.2 Even legal positivists who view law and morality as conceptually distinct are aware of developments in moral philosophy and depend on these developments to defend their separability thesis.3 Serious legal theorists cannot ignore the development of ideas in moral philosophy. The collection Liability and Responsibility4 brings together a dozen essays on moral philosophy by influential philosophers and legal
Improved diagnostics for determination of minimum explosive concentration, ignition energy and ignition temperature of dusts

Abstract We have designed additional instrumentation for some of the standard tests on dust explosibility and flammability. The new instrumentation defines the experimental conditions of the standard tests more precisely. Additional physical parameters that are measured are relative dust concentrations, energy of spark ignition sources, temperature, and timing of events that occur during the course of the tests. Relative dust concentrations are determined by measuring the attenuation of light through the dust cloud. The light source is a light emitting diode (LED) and the light is detected by a phototransistor (PT). Up to four LED—PT pairs used simultaneously and signals are recorded with a dual-beam oscilloscope with dual-trace vertical amplifiers. Time response of the system is the order of 5 ms. The PT signal is also useful for detecting ignition and the passage of flame fronts. The spark energy in the minimum ignition energy tests is measured by recording the voltage across the spark gap and the spark current with the dual beam oscilloscope. The LED—PT probes have been very useful in the minimum ignition energy tests for measuring the time of the spark relative to the arrival time of the dust at the electrode position. Dynamic measurements of temperature were made in the Godbert—Greenwald furnace, using fast-reponse thermocouples. Ignition delays were also studied using the LED—PT probe.
High n-Type Doping in Ge for Optical Gain and Lasing

We review two ex-situ doping methods to achieve high n-type doping up to mid-1019 cm-3 in Ge-on-Si thin films. For both, delta doping and ion implantation, rapid thermal annealing is used to diffuse phosphorus from a diffusion source into the single crystal Ge layer. The diffusion mechanism is studied and we find that dopant enhanced diffusion in in-situ doped Ge attributes to the high doping level. A band gap narrowing effect is observed in highly doped n-type Ge through photoluminescence measurements by determining the photoluminescence peak shift. An empirical linear expression of the direct band gap narrowing shift with carrier concentration is proposed.
Fourier Coefficient Selection for Low-Thrust Control Shaping

a = semimajor axis E = eccentric anomaly e = eccentricity F = thrust acceleration FR;W;S = radial, normal, and circumferential thrust acceleration i = inclination M = mean anomaly r = radial unit vector ŵ = normal unit vector α k = cosine coefficient, Fourier series of thrust acceleration β k = sine coefficient, Fourier series of thrust acceleration ΔV = velocity increment λ = angle of thrust acceleration Ω = longitude of the ascending node ω = argument of periapsis
Hospital admissions through the emergency department: does insurance status matter?

Abstract PURPOSE: To assess the effect of insurance status on the probability of admission and subsequent health status of patients presenting to emergency departments. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of patients with common medical problems at five urban, academic hospital emergency departments in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The outcome measure for the study was admission to the hospital from the emergency department and functional health status at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: During a 1-month period, 2,562 patients younger than 65 years of age presented with either abdominal pain (52%), chest pain (19%) or shortness of breath (29%). Of the 1,368 patients eligible for questionnaire, 1,162 (85%) completed baseline questionnaires, and of these, 964 (83%) completed telephone follow-up interviews 10 days later. Fifteen percent of patients were uninsured and 34% were admitted to the hospital from the emergency department. Uninsured patients were significantly less likely than insured patients to be admitted, both when adjusting for urgency, chief complaint, age, gender and hospital (odds ratio=0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.7), and when additionally adjusting for comorbid conditions, lack of a regular physician, income, employment status, education and race (odds ratio=0.4, 95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.8). However, there were no differences in adjusted functional health status between admitted and nonadmitted patients by insurance status, either at baseline or at 10-day follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Uninsured patients with one of three common chief complaints appear to be less frequently admitted to the hospital than are insured patients, although health status does not appear to be affected. Whether these results reflect underutilization among uninsured patients or overutilization among insured patients remains to be determined.
The Sociology of Schooling: Selection, Socialization, and Control in Urban Education.

The concerns of Willard Waller, expressed 55 years ago, are still those of sociologists of education.
Mice: Fighting by Neonatally Androgenized Females

Administration of testosterone propionate to female mice on the day of birth resulted in increased fighting after administration of testosterone during adulthood. This fighting, comparable to fighting among normal male mice, suggests that early androgenic stimulation organizes neural structures mediating aggression in the mouse.
Cardiovascular clinical pharmacology of impedance reducing agents

Abstract Impedance reducing therapy of congestive heart failure is becoming more widespread in its application. Several vasodilator drugs, with sodium nitroprusside being the ‘standard’, have been employed for this purpose. These agents are clearly beneficial for short-term use, and they can be used adjunctively with standard therapy in refractory chronic congestive heart failure. Much has been written about the rationale for using vasodilators and their hemodynamic effects in patients with left ventricular failure, contributing to their increasing popularity. Since these are potent agents often given in unusual doses for heart failure, it is mandatory that practitioners be familiar with the kinetics, side-effects, and proper administration, as well as the actions of these impedance reducing drugs. Such information will help ensure maximal benefit with minimal risk to patients taking these drugs.
Melting of myosin and tropomyosin: Electron microscopic observations

Abstract A method was devised to maintain a very low angle (2–3°) during the metal casting of specimens for electron microscopy. With this modified rotary shadowing procedure the melting of myosin and tropomyosin (TM) was investigated. When protein solutions were sprayed on mica sheets and then heated to melt α-helices, myosin molecules did not show any sign of chain separation but appeared to have collapsed into loose clumps. A few molecules showed separation of the two chains at the light meromyosin-heavy meromyosin hinge region. Heating myosin in bulk solution at 65°C before spraying caused extensive fusing of the myosin heads. In contrast, in the case of TM, separation of the chains appeared to occur at temperatures at which the unfolding of α-helices had been shown by circular dichroism. Dissolution of TM and myosin in 0.5% SDS followed by 150-fold dilution led to single chain species. This method capable of detecting single chain peptides of melting TM whose thickness is of the order of 1 nm may be applicable to the study of the structure of proteins previously not considered possible.
Integrative motivation as a predictor of success in the intermediate foreign language classroom.

This study investigates the ability of three variables—integrative moti vation, instrumental motivation, and the need to fulfill a university foreign language requirement—to predict: (1) scores on a simulated oral proficiency interview (SOPI) and (2) the desire to enroll in a foreign language after fulfilling the language require ment. Analysis of data from a questionnaire and a SOPI administered to 130 students completing their fourth-semester Spanish course identified integrative motivation as a significant predictor of both SOPI scores and students' desire to continue studying Spanish beyond the four-semester foreign language requirement. A negative relation ship was also found between the need to fulfill the language requirement and an inten tion to continue with further studies in Spanish. The findings support a focus on class room activities that enhance integrative motivation as a means of increasing student success in the foreign language classroom.
A modified method to directly detect in SDS-PAGE the bacteriocin of Pediococcus acidilactici

A modified direct detection system was developed to identify the antimicrobial peptide, pediocin AcH in SDS-PAGE. The gel containing pediocin AcH was stained for 30 min, destained for 1.5 h, and then overlaid with indicator bacteria. The pediocin AcH band was identified by a zone of inhibition of bacterial growth surrounding the stained protein band.
Structural development of redwood branches and its effects on wood growth

Redwood branches provide all the carbohydrates for the most carbon-heavy forests on Earth, and recent whole-tree measurements have quantified trunk growth rates associated with complete branch inventories. Providing all of a tree's photosynthetic capacity, branches represent an increasing proportion of total aboveground wood production as trees enlarge. To examine branch development and its effects on wood volume growth, we dissected 31 branches from eight Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. and seven Sequoiadendron giganteum Lindl. trees. The cambium-area-to-leaf-area ratio was maintained with size and age but increased with light availability, whereas the heartwood-deposition-area-to-leaf-area ratio increased with size and age but was insensitive to light availability. The proportion of foliage mass arrayed in <1-cm-diameter epicormic shoots increased with decreasing light and was higher in Sequoia (20-60%) than in Sequoiadendron (3-16%). Well-illuminated branches concentrated leaves higher and distally, while shaded branches distributed leaves lower and proximally. In similar light environments, older branches distributed leaves lower and more proximally than younger branches. Branch size, light, species, heartwood area, a heartwood-area-species interaction, and ovulate cone mass predicted 87.5% of the variability in wood volume growth of branches. After accounting for the positive effects of size and light, wood volume growth declined with heartwood area and age. The effect of age was trivial compared to the effect of heartwood area, suggesting that heartwood expansion caused the age-related decline in wood volume growth. Additionally, Sequoiadendron branches of similar size and light environment with more ovulate cones produced less wood, even though these cones were long-lived and photosynthetic, reflecting the energetic cost of seed production. These results contributed to a conceptual model of branch development in which light availability, injury, heartwood content, gravity, and time interact to produce the high degree of branch structural variation evident within redwood crowns.
Comparative proteomics analysis of human pituitary adenomas: Current status and future perspectives

This article will review the published research on the elucidation of the mechanisms of pituitary adenoma formation. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in those studies. Comparative proteomics has been used with the long-term goal to locate, detect, and characterize the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in human pituitary adenomas; to identify tumor-related and -specific biomarkers; and to clarify the basic molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenoma formation. The methodology used for comparative proteomics, the current status of human pituitary proteomics studies, and future perspectives are reviewed. The methodologies that are used in comparative proteomics studies of human pituitary adenomas are readily exportable to other different areas of cancer research.
Associated problems of hydrology and terrestrial electricity

The metes and bounds of hydrology define a vast domain. The sky seems to be the only limit in defining the realm of electrology, that limit is omitted. But terrestrial electricity as here considered is restricted by about the same boundary as hydrology. The principal subdivisions of terrestrial electricity are atmospheric electricity and earth-currents. Atmospheric electricity presents two general aspects, one in fair weather and the other in storm. In fair weather a negative electric charge resides on the Earth. Positive ions in the atmosphere are attracted toward the Earth and negative ions are repelled. The destination of the negative charge thus repelled from the Earth, or the origin and source of supply of the negative charge of the Earth are not yet known. This is the most fundamental unsolved problem of atmospheric electricity, the ions in the atmosphere over land are continuously produced in part by radioactive matter in the Earth, but chiefly by emanations which have escaped from the Earth into the atmosphere. Those in the air over the oceans and some other regions are produced almost wholly by the cosmic radiation. However, the gross features of fair-weather electricity are much alike everywhere on the Earth, namely, a negative charge on the Earth, a positive current from the air to the Earth, the potential of the air positive with respect to Earth, and, near the Earth, increasing at the rate of about 100 volts for each meter increase in height.
Modulation of endogenous GABA release by an antagonistic adenosine A1 / dopamine D1 receptor interaction in rat brain limbic regions but not basal ganglia

Behavioral and biochemical studies suggest that a negative interaction exists between adenosine A(1) and dopamine D(1) receptors in the brain and that this may contribute to the psychomotor effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. We examined the functional significance of A(1) and D(1) receptor subtypes in modulating electrically evoked endogenous GABA release from slices/punches of rat basal ganglia (striatum, globus pallidus, striatum containing globus pallidus, and substantia nigra reticulata) and limbic regions (ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens). In basal ganglia, stimulation of A(1) receptors with the selective agonist R-PIA (1-100 nM) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in GABA release. The selective A(1) antagonist DPCPX (10-100 nM) increased GABA release, suggesting that endogenous adenosine tonically inhibits GABA release. However, in basal ganglia, consistent dopamine D(1) receptor modulation of GABA, release was not observed in response to either D(1) agonists or antagonists. Furthermore, the A(1) receptor-mediated inhibition of GABA release was not changed by concurrent activation of D(1) receptors, thus confirming the lack of D(1) receptor modulation under these conditions. In contrast, in ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens, stimulation of D(1) receptors with SKF-82958 (1 microM) increased GABA release significantly. The D(1) receptor-mediated increase in GABA release was attenuated by concurrent activation of adenosine A(1) receptors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an antagonistic A(1)/D(1) receptor interaction may be important in modulating GABA release in limbic regions.
Linking DNA damage and neurodegeneration

Many human pathological conditions with genetic defects in DNA damage responses are also characterized by neurological deficits. These neurological deficits can manifest themselves during many stages of development, suggesting an important role for DNA repair or processing during the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Although the molecular neuropathology associated with such deficits is largely unknown, many of the responsible gene defects have been identified. The current rapid progress in elucidation of molecular details following gene identification should provide further insight into the importance of DNA processing in nervous system function.
Transformation of Anaplasma marginale

The tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. It causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. The obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia. Following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, A. phagocytophilum, we produced plasmid constructs (a transposon bearing plasmid, pHimarAm-trTurboGFP-SS, and a transposase expression plasmid, pET28Am-trA7) designed to mediate random insertion of the TurboGFP and spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance genes by the Himar1 allele A7 into the A. marginale chromosome. In these trans constructs, expression of the fluorescent and the selectable markers on the transposon, and expression of the transposase are under control of the A. marginale tr promoter. Constructs were co-electroporated into A. marginale St. Maries purified from tick cell culture, and bacteria incubated for 2 months under selection with a combination of spectinomycin and streptomycin. At that time, ≤1% of tick cells contained colonies of brightly fluorescent Anaplasma, which eventually increased to infect about 80–90% of the cells. Cloning of the insertion site in E. coli and DNA sequence analyses demonstrated insertion of the entire plasmid pHimarAm-trTurboGFP-SS encoding the transposon in frame into the native tr region of A. marginale in an apparent single homologous crossover event not mediated by the transposase. Transformants are fastidious and require longer subculture intervals than wild type A. marginale. This result suggests that A. marginale, as well as possibly other species of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, can be transformed using a strategy of homologous recombination.
Effect of diflubenzuron on an estuarine crustacean.

In a review of one of the newer insecticides, diflubenzuron (Dimilin, TH-6040, [ i( 4-chloropher@l )-3( 2,6-dlfluorobenzoyl ) urea]), MARX (1977) emphasized that its ability to i~pair chltin synthesis, leading to toxicity in insects, is useful for controlling several insect pests. Diflubenzuron, one of many chitin inhibitors, is registered for use against the gypsy moth, a pest destructive to forests. Applications are pendlng for registration by the U.S. EmviroGnental Protection Agency for additional uses, including protection of cotton and soybean crops and as a mosquito larvicide (possibly in coasta! waters). Addit 8 advantages of diflubenzuron cited by MARX (1977) were: (i) low application rates to achieve control of target species; (il) inability to move thro~~~h the food chain, thereby averting concentration in higher car~_ivores; and (iii) degradation in the enviroGnent unlike some organochiorine pesticides.
For a meta-ethics as good as our practice

Ethical issues in adult education are often open-ended, complex, problematic situations. The real question is not which side is right, or to which moral choice principle we must appeal, but simply how we can engage those situations intelligently and constructively.
Multicentric renal angiomyolipoma associated with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: Case report, with histologic, immunohistochemical, and dna content analyses

A 26-year-old pregnant woman presented with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and multicentric angiomyolipoma (AML) involving the left kidney and perirenal lymph nodes. In both tumors, smooth muscle cells were the predominant component. Immunohistochemically, these cells stained for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, and HMB-45. Estrogen receptors were weakly positive in LAM and negative in AML. Progesterone receptors were negative for both lesions. DNA content analysis studies showed the renal AML to be diploid with a minor aneuploid component, the lymph node AML aneuploid, and the LAM diploid. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of hormonal studies and DNA content analysis are discussed.
Time evolution of a quenched binary alloy. IV. Computer simulation of a three-dimensional model system

We present results of a stochastic simulation of the time development of a two-dimensional binary ($AB$) alloy modeled as an Ising-spin system with nearest-neighbor spin exchanges. In particular, we discuss the time development of the structure function $S(k,t)$ as it would be observed in scattering experiments following rapid cooling from a very high temperature to a low temperature. We find a shift of the peak of $S(k,t)$ toward smaller-$k$ values as time passes, both above and below the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. Above ${T}_{c}$, the large-$k$ tail of $S(k,t)$ quickly equilibrates to $S\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, while below ${T}_{c}$, the tail, like the peak, shifts toward smaller-$k$ values. No region of exponential growth of $S(k,t)$ is observed. These results are discussed in relation to predictions of current theories of spinodal decomposition.
ohStore: Ontology hierarchy solution to improve RDF data management

RDF data is growing exponentially and expanding rapidly from different sources everyday. Storing large-scale RDF data has been a matter of concern since the beginning of the Semantic Web. In the recent past, multiple approaches for storing RDF data have been suggested, ranging from simple storages to advanced methods like clustering predicates, which belong to a single class, or vertical partitioning on the properties. Unfortunately, it is still a challenge to store and retrieve huge quantities of RDF triples, due, in part, to the unpredictable nature of data encoded in RDF. Current RDF stores in RDB scale poorly, which may exacerbate poor performance behavior for querying and retrieving RDF triples. In light of this, we propose a framework, called ohStore, which improves state-of-the-art scaling methods by developing a storage model based on the ontology hierarchy and by clustering classes with the help of their semantic relatedness. Our experiment shows that ohStore achieves encouraging and competitive performance by reducing main bottlenecks of property-table, one of the state-of-the-art RDF storage method into RDBMS, on both row and column store database systems.
Oscillatory flow and mass transport in a flexible tube

The mass transport of a diffusible substance during volume-cycled oscillatory flow in a thin-walled viscoelastic tube is studied. A small-amplitude, long-wavelength travelling wave is generated by the oscillatory pressure gradient. Lubrication theory is employed for slow axial variations to derive regular perturbation solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations. The convection–diffusion equation is solved in a similar manner, assuming uniform steady end concentrations and no wall flux. From the velocity and concentration fields, the time-average rate of axial mass transport is calculated, and its dependence on oscillation frequency, tube stiffness, and stroke amplitude is investigated. The general result is that transport is enhanced less for softer tubes than for stiffer ones and that mass flow rate as a function of frequency reaches a local maximal value. The results are related to gas transport in pulmonary airways during high-frequency ventilation.
Politics and Research: Epistemological Moments

In reading the essays by David M. Trubek and John Esserl and Boaventura de Sousa Santos,2 I thought about what I call epistemological moments that have provided contexts within which to understand the relationship between social science research and politics. I will sketch four moments and suggest that I find one of them more compelling than the others because it speaks particularly to social scientists with critical, democratic ambitions and to Trubek and Esser's concerns about politics and the intellectual vitality of the law and society movement.3 This moment, the fourth one I describe, I call political postmodernism. It could be characterized in Trubek and Esser's language as interpretist.4 Santos depicts this moment as confronting both "the monopolies of interpretation and the renunciation of interpretation";5 in other words,
Overview of intrusion detection and intrusion prevention

This report provides an overview of IPS systems. In the first section a comparison of IDS and IPS is made, where an IPS system is defined as an integration of IDS and a firewall. The second section describes what is needed to set up an IPS system. In the third section, IPS alternatives are discussed for different types of organizations. The fourth section describes the dangers of e-mail and the need of an E-mail Exploit Detection Engine that has many characteristics of an Intrusion Prevention System. The conclusion summarizes what should be taken into consideration when deciding on an Intrusion Prevention System.
Thick specimens in the CEM and STEM. Resolution and image formation.

A theory of resolution and image formation is presented for thick amorphous specimens in transmission electron microscopes. Eight modes of operation are considered, four in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and four in the conventional electron microscope (CEM). A thick specimen is defined here as one in which the resolution of detail is limited by plural scattering of the electron beam. In practice this includes films on the order of a micron in thickness. An analytic theory of plural incoherent scattering is developed which is general with respect to material and beam voltage. The theory gives the distribution of elastically scattered electrons as a function of transverse coordinate and angles, and is directly applicable to optical systems. The theory applies to all thicknesses normally encountered, and includes thin specimens as well as thick specimens. Criteria are proposed for evaluation of the quality of microscope images, and the modulation transfer function is applied to determine some practical estimates of picture quality. The STEM is found to have distinct advantages over the CEM for thick specimens. For a carbon specimen one micron thick a STEM operating in bright field at 90 keV produces an image which is roughly equivalent to that of a CEM operating in bright field at 1 MeV. Improvement can be obtained in the CEM by filtering out energy-loss electrons which degrade resolution due to chromatic aberration. This results in a reduction in signal intensity and usable thicknesses, however.
The Relationship of Sodium Retention and Venous Pressures to Edema Formation

Two patients with congestive cardiac failure were placed on a metabolic balance regimen and supplemental sodium chloride was administered. Weight changes in these patients could be closely correlated with the amount of sodium retention and appeared to be initially independent of brachial venous pressure thus supporting the concept that edema in congestive failure results from prinmary sodium retention rather than primary elevation in venous pressure.
Variability of platelet degranulation by different contrast media

Rationale and Objectives. It has been suggested that nonionic but not ionic contrast media degranulate blood platelets when mixtures of blood and contrast media are studied by flow cytometry. This phenomenon was further assessed in the current study not only by performing whole-blood platelet flow cytometry but also by performing flowing blood platelet aggregometry. The latter is a highly sensitive measure of platelet function. Methods. Blood samples were collected from six normal donors and mixed with equal volumes of an ionic monomer (diatrizoate), a nonionic monomer (iohexol), an ionic dimer (ioxaglate), and a nonionic dimer (iodixanol). Samples were collected in the presence of no anticoagulant for 1 min prior to the addition of sodium citrate or in the presence of heparin (14.5 U/ml) or recombinant hirudin (60 μg/ml). All samples were fixed in formaldehyde within 30 min. Results. Platelet degranulation was observed with one nonionic agent (iohexol) and one ionic agent (diatrizoate). Degranulation was not seen with iodixanol or ioxaglate. Conclusion. These findings indicate that degranulation is independent of the ionic or nonionic nature per se of contrast media. A possible explanation for this conclusion is suggested.
Neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment alters aflatoxin B1‐DNA adduct concentrations in adult rats

Aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations were measured in the livers of adult Sprague-Dawley CD rats treated on days 2, 4, and 6 postnatally with 1.45 mumols of diethylstilbestrol and in adulthood with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or vehicle prior to treatment with aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1 (1 mg/kg) was injected 5 hr prior to killing the rats. Female rats exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol had significantly higher aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations (three- to sixfold) than adult female rats treated neonatally with propylene glycol. Liver aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations were slightly higher in control males as compared to adduct concentrations in neonatally diethylstilbestrol-treated males, as compared to adduct concentrations in control females (not significant [NS]). Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment followed by aflatoxin B1 injection resulted in decreased aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations in all rats. Our results demonstrate that neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol alters the capacity of adult female rats to form and/or dispose of carcinogen-DNA adducts following a single dose of aflatoxin B1 (increased adduct concentration). This alteration may be a consequence of altered imprinting mechanisms with diethylstilbestrol causing developmental modifications early in life. The animals were, however, able to respond to cytochrome P-450 and P-448 inducers as evidenced by decreased aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations.
Comparative evaluation of copper sulfate and tribasic copper chloride on growth performance and tissue response in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed practical diets

Abstract Two trials were conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to dietary copper sulfate containing 25.45% copper (Cu) and tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC) containing 58.81% Cu. The basal diet used in each trial was primarily composed of fishmeal, soybean meal, corn starch, and whole wheat and was formulated to contain approximately 10 mg Cu kg − 1 . In trial 1, two sets of diets, one supplemented with copper sulfate (6, 12, and 24 mg Cu kg − 1 ) and the other with TBCC (6, 12, and 24 mg Cu kg − 1 ) were conducted in a clear water recirculating system (N = 4; 0.31 g initial weight) for 8 weeks. In trial 2, shrimp (N = 4; 0.39 g initial weight) was fed the same six diets as trial 1 for 6 weeks in an outdoor green water recirculating system. At the conclusion of the trials, final mean weight, percent weight gain, final biomass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival were determined. There were no significant effects from dietary copper levels on final mean weight, final biomass, FCR, and survival. There was a significant effect of the source of Cu on tissue levels, with shrimp fed TBCC having lower tissue Cu levels in both trials. Copper analysis of select tissues (carapace, hepatopancreas, and hemolymph) of shrimp from trials 1 and 2 indicated some significant difference among the treatments. In trials 1 and 2, when the tissue concentrations are pooled across dietary levels for each copper source, copper levels of the tissues from shrimp fed TBCC were significantly lower than those of shrimp fed diets supplemented with copper sulfate. Application of a slope ratio approach using linear regression of log 10 transformed tissues copper concentration on analyzed copper level indicated a lower bioavailability from TBCC compared with copper sulfate. The results of the present study demonstrate that TBCC is an effective copper source.
A High-Efficiency, Modular System for the Assay of Plutonium in Large Waste Packages

A 4..pi.. coincidence neutron counting system with nominal assay chamber dimensions of 1.2 by 1.2 by 2.4 m and a 14% detection efficiency has been designed constructed, and used to determine the plutonium content in large crates of miscellaneous nuclear waste.