cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Client/Server Framework for On-Line Building Code Checking

This paper outlines an integrated client/server framework for an automated code-checking system. Most previous studies have focused on the processing of design codes for conformance checking. In this work, the writers examine additional issues: the criteria of a building model, the representation of code provisions, the relevance of the provisions with respect to design components, and the encoding of component-based provisions. In this paper, the writers will demonstrate the integration of these issues in the framework in order to develop an effective system to analyze a design for code compliance.
Effects of haemorrhage on bacterial antigen specific pulmonary plasma cell function

Nosocomial pneumonia is frequent after haemorrhage and trauma, and often contributes to multiple organ system failure, morbidity and mortality in this setting. Although the percentages and numbers of bacterial polysaccharide antigen-specific pulmonary B cell clonal precursors are markedly decreased after haemorrhage, the effects of haemorrhage on pulmonary plasma cells actually producing antibody to these antigens are unknown. To investigate this question, the numbers of intraparenchymal pulmonary plasma cells producing antibody against the bacterial polysaccharide antigen levan (from Aerobacter levanicum) as well as bacterial antigen specific secretory IgA (sIgA) titres in the lungs were determined at various time points after 30% blood volume haemorrhage. Reduced numbers of bacterial antigen specific pulmonary plasma cells were found for more than 21 days following haemorrhage. An almost complete disappearance from the lungs of levan specific plasma cells occurred between 3 and 21 days after blood loss. Titres of bacterial antigen specific sIgA in the lungs were decreased starting at 3 days post-haemorrhage and remained significantly depressed for more than 35 days after blood loss. These results demonstrate that haemorrhage produces profound and long-lasting suppression in bacterial antigen-specific pulmonary plasma cell function. Because these effects do not occur immediately post-haemorrhage, immunization techniques able to enhance bacterial antigen specific sIgA titres at pulmonary surfaces may be able to increase resistance to nosocomial pneumonia if administered shortly after injury and blood loss.
A funny thing happened on the way to the meeting: on guns and triggers

Two women who were attending the 1997 American Public Health Association (APHA) annual meeting in Indianapolis were shot in a restaurant while waiting to be seated. A man with a registered .32 caliber handgun was leaning over to pick something up from the floor when a weapon fell out of his pocket, dropped on the floor, and fired two bullets. In the gun world, this is known as a drop-fire, a close kin to a bump-fire, both due to defective trigger mechanisms. When a child chokes on a small ball, or loses an eye from a toy rocket, the regulatory machinery of government is …
Integrating Theory and Practice

The article presents reviews for the books “Kurt Lewin's Field Theory in Social Science,” edited by Dorwin Cartwright and “Resolving Social Conflicts,” by Gertrud Weiss Lewin.
Assessing moderating effect in meta-analysis: a re-analysis of top management support studies and suggestions for researchers

Meta-analysis has been increasingly used as a knowledge cumulation tool by IS researchers. In recent years many meta-analysts have conducted moderator analyses in an attempt to develop and test theories. These studies suffer from several methodological problems and, as a result, may have contributed to rather than resolved inconsistent research findings. For example, a previous meta-analysis reports that task interdependence moderates the effect of top management support to render it a non-critical component in systems implementation projects when task interdependence is low. We show that this conclusion is the result of uncorrected measurement error and an erroneous application of a fixed effects regression analysis. We discuss other pitfalls in the detection and confirmation of moderators including the use of the Q statistic and significance tests. Our recommended approach is to break the sample into subgroups and compare their credibility and confidence intervals. This approach is illustrated in a re-analysis of the top management support literature. Our results indicate that top management support is important in both high and low task interdependence groups and in fact may be equally important in both groups. Guidelines are developed to help IS researchers properly conduct moderator analyses in future meta-analytic studies.
Relativistic pulse compression

Tunable radiation can be produced by Doppler upshifting light from a laser-generated moving ionization front. We analyze this technique as a method of generating ultrashort tunable light pulses in the UV to extreme UV (XUV) regions of the spectrum and demonstrate the possibility of generating subfemtosecond short-wavelength light pulses. Using realistic and technologically achievable experimental conditions and including dispersion of a pulse reflected from a finite-rise-time multiphoton-ionization-produced ionization front, we show that a single-cycle far-infrared (FIR) pulse can be compressed in time and frequency into a pulse substantially shorter than any light pulse demonstrated to date. We show that arbitrarily large upshifts are achievable using this technique, making it a potentially competitive way of producing tunable XUV radiation. The multiphoton ionization mechanism by which the ionization front is created is an important factor in determining the reflectivity of the ionization front.
Defensive projection and paranoid delusions

The present study considered the implication of a new explanation of defensive projection for the thematic qualities of schizophrenic delusions. Projection was proposed to be a form of self-deception practiced by people who make excessive use of social comparison in self-evaluation. Defensive projection occurs when an unacceptable quality is minimized by distorting this quality in other people used as standards of comparison. Reactive paranoid schizophrenics were expected to show projection as a distortion of social comparison and process paranoid schizophrenics were not. This was tested in terms of a number of thematic qualities that should appear in actual delusions of reactive paranoids but not in those of process paranoids (i.e. more specific social references, attribution of untrustworthiness by men, attribution of hostility by women, concern with female identity in women). The results confirmed these predictions and supported the social-comparison interpretation of projection as a defense in reactive schizophrenics that contributes to the development of delusions.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy : Detection of human breast cancer cells by redox environment

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) can be used to measure the redox activity of individual human breast cells. A chemical mediator (e.g. quinone) that rapidly crosses the membrane participates in intracellular redox reactions that are recorded on a microsecond timescale by an ultramicroelectrode positioned close to the membrane. Measurements of redox reactivity yield rate constants that are different for cancerous and non-transformed human breast cells. With non-transformed or metastatic cells, rate constants are modulated by altered expression or activity of protein kinase Cα, an enzyme involved in the mechanism of cell metastasis. When used in two-dimensional scanning, SECM produces a spatially resolved redox map of an individual cell or field of cells and can detect individual breast cancer cells in a field of non-transformed cells. These studies identify a new technology for cancer detection and establish a framework for future analysis of malignant cells in human breast tissues and biopsies.
Photothermal beam deflection study of energy transfer from excited triplet states in fluid solution

Abstract Photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy was used to follow the decay of the lowest excited triplet state of benzophenone including energy transfer to biphenyl. Because of the simple step function time response of the beam deflection signal, we were able to extract two exponential functions from the heat accumulation waveform. From the results, we obtained a triplet—triplet energy transfer rate from benzophenone to biphenyl of kq = (4.6 ± 0.8) × 108 M−1 s−1. The triplet energy of biphenyl was also extracted from the results: EAT = 67 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1. From an analysis of the calorimetric amplitudes, we report the first photothermal observation of an endothermic energy transfer process from the triplet excited state of biphenyl to ground state benzophenone.
A Relation between t and F-distributions

Abstract A relation is derived between the percentile points of a t-distribution with n degrees of freedom and those of an F-distribution with n and n degrees of freedom. In effect, the t-percentiles can be obtained by a simple transformation from the “diagonal” entries of an F-table.
The ionic atmosphere around A-RNA: Poisson-Boltzmann and molecular dynamics simulations.

The distributions of different cations around A-RNA are computed by Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation and replica exchange molecular dynamics (MD). Both the nonlinear PB and size-modified PB theories are considered. The number of ions bound to A-RNA, which can be measured experimentally, is well reproduced in all methods. On the other hand, the radial ion distribution profiles show differences between MD and PB. We showed that PB results are sensitive to ion size and functional form of the solvent dielectric region but not the solvent dielectric boundary definition. Size-modified PB agrees with replica exchange molecular dynamics much better than nonlinear PB when the ion sizes are chosen from atomistic simulations. The distribution of ions 14 A away from the RNA central axis are reasonably well reproduced by size-modified PB for all ion types with a uniform solvent dielectric model and a sharp dielectric boundary between solvent and RNA. However, this model does not agree with MD for shorter distances from the A-RNA. A distance-dependent solvent dielectric function proposed by another research group improves the agreement for sodium and strontium ions, even for shorter distances from the A-RNA. However, Mg2+ distributions are still at significant variances for shorter distances.
GSK-3 as a Target for Lithium-Induced Neuroprotection Against Excitotoxicity in Neuronal Cultures and Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke

The mood stabilizer lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) directly or indirectly by enhancing serine phosphorylation of both alpha and beta isoforms. Lithium robustly protected primary brain neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity; these actions were mimicked by other GSK-3 inhibitors or silencing/inhibiting GSK-3alpha and/or beta isoforms. Lithium rapidly activated Akt to enhance GSK-3 serine phosphorylation and to block glutamate-induced Akt inactivation. Lithium also upregulated Bcl-2 and suppressed glutamate-induced p53 and Bax. Induction of BDNF was required for lithium’s neuroprotection to occur. BDNF promoter IV was activated by GSK-3 inhibition using lithium or other drugs, or through gene silencing/inactivation of either isoform. Further, lithium’s neuroprotective effects were associated with inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx and downstream signaling. In rodent ischemic models, post-insult treatment with lithium decreased infarct volume, ameliorated neurological deficits and improved functional recovery. Upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Bcl-2 as well as downregulation of p53 likely contributed to lithium’s protective effects. Delayed treatment with lithium improved functional MRI responses, which was accompanied by enhanced angiogenesis. Two GSK-3-regulated pro-angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor were induced by lithium. Finally, lithium promoted migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by upregulation of MMP-9 through GSK-3beta inhibition. Notably, transplantation of lithium-primed MSCs into ischemic rats enhanced MSC migration to the injured brain regions and improved the neurological performance. Several other GSK-3 inhibitors have also been reported to be beneficial in rodent ischemic models. Together, GSK-3 inhibition is a rational strategy to combat ischemic stroke and other excitotoxicity-related brain disorders.
A REASSESSMENT OF THE BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES OF PEROXIDES. AN AB INITIO STUDY

The strength of the O−O bond is of fundamental importance in a variety of chemical processes. Traditionally, a value of 34 kcal/mol has been ascribed to a generic O−O bond dissociation energy. The present, high-level ab initio calculations indicate that the average O−O bond energy is significantly higher, ca. 45 kcal/mol, and that the bond energy is sensitive to the bonding environment. Calculations at the G2 level of theory give bond dissociation enthalpies at 298 K of 50 kcal/mol for HOOH, 45 kcal/mol for CH3OOH, 39 kcal/mol for CH3OOCH3, and 48 kcal/mol for HC(O)OOH and CH3C(O)OOH. The G2(MP2) results are similar and, additionally, give bond dissociation enthalpies of 38 kcal/mol for diacetyl peroxide, 49 kcal/mol for trifluoroperoxyacetic acid, 23 kcal/mol for isopropenyl hydroperoxide, and 22 kcal/mol for peroxynitrous acid.
Autoxidation of fatty acid monolayers adsorbed on silica gel: I. Nature of adsorption sites.

An unsaturated fatty acid monolayer deposited on a silica gel surface has been chosen as a model for studying nonenzymatic autoxidation of membrane lipids. Studies to determine the suitability of this system as a model for biomembranes were conducted to define the nature of the monolayers, particularly with respect to the factors determining the concentration of the fatty acid molecule on unit area of the surface. The results from adsorption isotherm, high temperature dehydroxylation, and infrared spectra studies show that adsorption of a monomolecular layer of fatty acids occurs and that the number of molecules absorbed corresponds to the number of isolated, non-hydrogen-bonded silanol groups. it is presumed the binding is by hydrogen bonding of the carboxyl groups to silanol groups. The packing density of the fatty acid molecules is 1.25 molecule/100 A2 which is similar to the density of the isolated silanol sites on the surface.
Protease Chymotrypsin Mediates the Endothelial Expression of P- and E-selectin, but not ICAM and VCAM, Induced by Placental Trophoblasts from Pre-eclamptic Pregnancies

Abstract Objectives: Soluble endothelial-cell adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM and PECAM) are markers of endothelial activation, and are elevated in the maternal circulation during pregnancy and even further increased in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia (PE). To identify possible sources of endothelial activators during pregnancy, we addressed whether factors released from placental trophoblast cells (TCs) activate endothelial cells (ECs) to enhance adhesion molecule expression on ECs. We also examined whether proteases released by placental cells induce the endothelial cell surface molecule expression in PE. Methods: Confluent ECs were co-cultured with placental TCs derived from normal ( n =9) or PE ( n =8) pregnancies or with placental conditioned media (CM) derived from PE placental cultures ( n =7). ICAM, VCAM, P-selectin and E-selectin were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protease inhibitors α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 M), thrombin inhibitor (TI) and chymotrypsin inhibitor (CI) were tested in the co-culture system. mRNAs for ICAM, VCAM, P-selectin and E-selectin were determined by RNase protection assay (RPA). NF-κB activity in ECs was also determined. Results: (1) ICAM and VCAM expression was significantly increased on ECs co-cultured with both normal-TCs and PE-TCs, compared to control ECs ( P P P P 2 M and TI did not alter the ICAM, VCAM, P-selectin and E-selectin expression on ECs induced by PE-CM. (5) CI blocked the upregulation of P-selectin and E-selectin ( P Conclusions: (1) Factor(s) released from both normal-TCs and PE-TCs promote ICAM and VCAM expression on ECs. (2) Factor(s) released from PE-TCs significantly increase EC P-selectin and E-selectin expression. (3) CI blocks the upregulation of P-selectin and E-selectin on ECs induced by factors released from PE placental cells, suggesting that chymotrypsin is responsible for the increased endothelial expression of P-selectin and E-selectin in pre-eclampsia.
Purified Apical Membrane Endosomes from Rat Kidney Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Contain Endogenous Membrane-Bound Tyrosine Kinase (TK) and Phosphatase(TP) Activities • 1849

Purified Apical Membrane Endosomes from Rat Kidney Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Contain Endogenous Membrane-Bound Tyrosine Kinase (TK) and Phosphatase(TP) Activities • 1849
Leech filamin and Tractin: Markers for muscle development and nerve formation

The Lan3-14 and Laz10-1 monoclonal antibodies recognize a 400 kDa antigen that is specifically expressed by all muscle cells in leech. We show that the antigen recognized by both antibodies is a member of the filamin family of actin binding proteins. Leech filamin has two calponin homology domains and 35 filamin/ABP-repeat domains. In addition, we used the Laz10-1 antibody to characterize the development of the segmentally iterated dorsoventral flattener muscles. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral flattener muscle develops as three discrete bundles of myofibers and that CNS axons pioneering the DP nerve extend only along the middle bundle. Interestingly, the middle dorsoventral muscle anlage is associated with only non-neuronal expression of the L1-family cell adhesion molecule Tractin. This expression is transient and occurs at the precise developmental stages when DP nerve formation takes place. Based on these findings we propose that the middle dorsoventral muscle anlagen provides a substrate for early axonal outgrowth and nerve formation and that this function may be associated with differential expression of distinct cell adhesion molecules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 369–380, 2004
Energy Efficiency of Legged Robot Locomotion With Elastically Suspended Loads

Elasticity is an essential property of legged locomotion. Elastically suspending a load can increase the efficiency of locomotion and load carrying in biological systems and for human applications. Similarly, elastically suspended loads have the potential to increase the energy efficiency of legged robot locomotion. External loads and the inherent mass of a legged robot, such as batteries, electronics, motors, and fuel, can be elastically suspended from the robot with compliant springs, passively reducing the energetic cost of locomotion. An experimental elastic load suspension mechanism was developed and utilized on a hexapod robot to test the energetic cost of legged robot locomotion over a range of suspension stiffness values. While running at the same speed, the robot with an elastically suspended load consumed up to 24% less power than with a rigidly attached load. Thus, elastically suspended loads could increase the operation time, load-carrying capacity, or top speed of legged robots, enhancing their utility in many roles.
Impact of azithromycin on oropharyngeal carriage of group A Streptococcus and nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Background. Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections are a cause of serious morbidity and high mortality. There is a need for a simple, effective antimicrobial regimen that could be used to prevent invasive GAS disease in high risk situations. To assess azithromycin as a chemoprophylactic agent, we evaluated its efficacy for eradication of oropharyngeal (OP) GAS and its impact on the nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization rate of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods. We obtained OP and NP swabs for GAS and pneumococcus culture, respectively, from 300 schoolmates of a child with an invasive GAS infection. GAS culture-positive students were treated with daily azithromycin (12 mg/kg/ day) for 5 days. We obtained follow-up OP and NP swabs at 9 (Day 17) and 24 (Day 32) days posttreatment from those students identified as GAS carriers on Day 0 and determined macrolide susceptibility of GAS and pneumococcal isolates. Results. Of the 300 students swabbed 152 (50%) carried GAS in their oropharynx. On Day 17, efficacy of azithromycin for GAS eradication was 95% (140 of 147) for all students. NP colonization rates for pneumococci decreased from 46% (67 of 146) to 12% (17 of 144; P < 0.001) by Day 17 and to 20% (27 of 137; P < 0.001) by Day 32. The prevalence of erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal isolates increased from 2% (3 of 146) to 4% (6 of 144) by Day 17 and to 8% (11 of 137; P = 0.04) by Day 32. Conclusions. Azithromycin is an effective short course regimen for eradication of oropharyngeal GAS. However, azithromycin selected for macrolide-resistant strains of pneumococci. These findings highlight the importance of determining the appropriate circumstances for antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent invasive GAS infections.
Designing the Face of an Interface

Application of the principles of graphic design can bring friendly and effective communication to the Human/computer interface.
Microwave interrogated sapphire fiber michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing

We present, for the first time to our knowledge, a microwave interrogated sapphire fiber Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing. By sending a microwave-modulated optical wave to a sapphire fiber Michelson interferometer, a high quality interference spectrum was reconstructed in the microwave domain with a fringe visibility exceeding 40 dB. The sensor showed good sensitivity, reversibility and stability in the temperature range of 100 °C-1400 °C. The proposed sensing configuration has a number of unique advantages including low dependence to the multimodal influences, high signal quality, relieved fabrication precision, and insensitivity to the background blackbody radiation when used in high temperature.
Microphysics and dynamics of clouds associated with mesoscale rainbands in extratropical cyclones

Measurements obtained with research aircraft in clouds associated with various types of mesoscale rainbands in extratropical cyclones have been examined together with radar data and other detailed measurements. The analyses have yielded information on the structure and microphysical characteristics of the clouds and the nature of the vertical air motions in the clouds associated with each type of mesoscale rainband, and schematic models of the different mesoscale rainbands have been constructed. In clouds accompanying warm frontal rainbands, ice particles formed above the warm front, probably in shallow convective cells, and fell into the stable air mass below, where they grew by aggregation and helped glaciate stratiform clouds. Warm sector rainbands resembled squall lines. A younger, convectively active rainband occurred just ahead of an older, less convectively active one. The younger rainband contained both cloud liquid water and ice particles, and ice particles were growing by riming. The older rainband was nearly glaciated, with ice particles growing by aggregation. Narrow cold frontal rainbands were located along the convergence lines at the advancing edges of cold frontal zones. Each was associated with a convective updraught, 1 to 5 km wide and 1 to 3ms−1 in magnitude, and a similarly narrow downdraught. The core of the updraught contained young, developing cloud, with much higher cloud liquid water content and lower ice particle concentration than in its immediate surroundings. Ice particles grew by aggregation and were heavily rimed. Wide cold frontal rainbands (several tens of kilometres in width) occurred when lifting above a cold front was enhanced to several tens of centimetres per second. Clouds in this region consisted of supercooled water and ice and contained embedded convective elements. Below the cold front, high concentrations of ice particles grew by aggregation. Prefrontal surges of cool and dry air occurred above the warm front and ahead of the cold front in occluded cyclones. A surge rainband, resembling a wide cold frontal rainband, occurred at the leading edge of the surge and was followed by a field of convective elements. These elements, sometimes arranged in lines, were in various stages of development. Postfrontal rainbands were lines of convective clouds located well behind a cold front. They may have been associated with secondary fronts and sometimes appeared to behave as organized convective systems.
Class-F power amplifier using a multi-frequency composite right/left-handed transmission line harmonic tuner

A class-F power amplifier at 2.4GHz using a novel harmonic tuner based on a composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is proposed and experimentally tested. Two structures are presented. One structure uses one open CRLH-TL stub to suppress 2nd, 3rd harmonics and the fundamental frequency is matched to 50/spl Omega/. The other structure uses two open CRLH-TL stubs in order to suppress 2nd, 3rd, 4th harmonics and the fundamental frequency is matched to specific impedance. The structure proposed is used to design a class-F power amplifier. A maximum drain efficiency of 64% is obtained.
Relationships between Irritable Bowel Syndrome Pain, Skin Temperature Indices of Autonomic Dysregulation, and Sensitivity to Thermal Cutaneous Stimulation

This study evaluated relationships between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pain, sympathetic dysregulation, and thermal pain sensitivity. Eight female patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS and ten healthy female controls were tested for sensitivity to thermal stimulation of the left palm. A new method of response-dependent thermal stimulation was used to maintain pain intensity at a predetermined level (35%) by adjusting thermal stimulus intensity as a function of pain ratings. Clinical pain levels were assessed prior to each testing session. Skin temperatures were recorded before and after pain sensitivity testing. The temperature of palmar skin dropped (1.5°C) when the corresponding location on the opposite hand of control subjects was subjected to prolonged thermal stimulation, but this response was absent for IBS pain patients. The patients also required significantly lower stimulus temperatures than controls to maintain a 35% pain rating. Baseline skin temperatures of patients were significantly correlated with thermode temperatures required to maintain 35% pain ratings. IBS pain intensity was not significantly correlated with skin temperature or pain sensitivity. The method of response-dependent stimulation revealed thermal hyperalgesia and increased sympathetic tone for chronic pain patients, relative to controls. Similarly, a significant correlation between resting skin temperatures and thermal pain sensitivity for IBS but not control subjects indicates that tonic sympathetic activation and a thermal hyperalgesia were generated by the chronic presence of visceral pain. However, lack of a significant relationship between sympathetic tone and ratings of IBS pain casts doubt on propositions that the magnitude of IBS pain is determined by psychological stress.
Transform approach to electromagnetic scattering

In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the Fourier transform technique as applied to the problem of high-frequency scattering and introduce the concepts of the spectral theory of diffraction (STD). In contrast to the more commonly employed ray-optical method for high-frequency scattering, viz. the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), the STD approach interprets the scattered field as the spectrum, or the Fourier transform of the induced current on the scatterer. Such an interpretation offers several important advantages: uniform nature of representation, capacity to improve and extend the ray-optical formulas in a systematic manner, and convenient accuracy tests for the results. Methods for combining integral equation methods with the Galerkin procedure and asymptotic techniques in the transform domain are described, and representative examples illustrating the application of the spectral approach are included.
Homozygous α Thalassemia/HB G Philadelphia

Microcytic red cells from a 70 year old Negro man with mild anemia contained only hemoglobin G-Philadelphia. Red cells from all of his children had low-normal MCV's, and contained 32-34 percent of ...
Effect of mechanical stress on LDMOSFETs: Dependence on orientation and gate bias

The effect of mechanical stress on the on-resistance and breakdown voltage of 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 channel n- and p-type lateral power MOSFETs is investigated. Linear drain current enhancement under uniaxial mechanical stress was measured. The experimentally extracted piezoresistance coefficients (π-coefficient) were found to be in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. The largest strain induced mobility enhancement in lateral power devices occurs for the strained 〈100〉 channel N-laterally diffused MOSFET and 〈110〉 channel drain extended PMOSFET. This was determined from the measurement of high gate bias π-coefficients, π 〈100〉 =−20×10−11 Pa−1 and π 〈110〉 =50×10−11 Pa−1, respectively. It was also shown that the effect of strain on the breakdown voltage in these devices is insignificant (∼80mV for 60MPa).
Closing Gaps in Traditional Sky Lore

A widespread motif in archaic cosmologies that has received little attention among scholars is the idea that the sky is formed of a solid substance and that it contains one or more openings, that enable “traffic” between the regions above and below. This article presents a cross-cultural documentation of this motif and argues that the notion of “sky holes” derived from observations of aurorae or “polar lights,” specifically from auroral arcs and coronae. The phenomenology of these types of aurorae also sheds light on a number of related beliefs—that the hole is situated on the horizon or near the celestial pole; that it frequently shuts and opens again; and that the sun or another light shines through it.
Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of locust phase polyphenism

Locust phase polyphenism is a spectacular example of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity. It is generally interpreted as an adaptation to heterogeneous environmental conditions brought on by high population density. However, several nonlocust species are known to express phase-like traits, which is difficult to explain from an adaptive perspective alone. Here I attempt to explain this phenomenon by 1) taking a reaction norm perspective in understanding the mechanisms underlying locust phase and 2) taking a phylogenetic perspective to study how individual reaction norms of locust phase might have evolved. I argue that locust phase polyphenism is a complex syndrome resulting from interactions among different density-dependent plastic reaction norms, each of which can follow a separate evolutionary trajectory, which in turn can be reflected in a phylogeny. Using a phylogeny of Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae), I explore the evolution of plasticity in density-dependent color change. I demonstrate that locusts and closely related nonlocusts, express similar phenotypic plasticity due to phylogenetic conservatism. Finally, I argue that it is crucial to study the evolution of locust phase polyphenism from both adaptive and phylogenetic perspectives.
Recovering Bonuses After Restated Financials: Adopting Clawback Provisions

We investigate the emergence of provisions to recover bonuses made in the event of restated financials. These provisions are sometimes termed 'clawbacks.' Errant financial statements, and associated bonuses, have made headlines and the SEC recently changed Regulation S-K to require that compensation committees disclose their policies regarding bonus recovery in the event of errant financial statements. Some, but not all, companies quickly developed policies to recover (clawback) bonuses. We construct an index of the relative influence of management and independent monitoring on governance. We find that management influence (reflected as a low index) makes a clawback provision less likely. On the other hand, more independent monitoring (as reflected in a high index) increases the likelihood of a company adopting a clawback provision. Higher noise in the accounting system makes a clawback less likely and if the risk of restatements has been high recently then a clawback provision is more likely. Accounting conservatism does not appear to be a factor in the presence or absence of clawback provisions.
Identification of membrane proteins in the hyperthermophilic archaeon pyrococcus furiosus using proteomics and prediction programs.

Cell-free extracts from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus were separated into membrane and cytoplasmic fractions and each was analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. A total of 66 proteins were identified, 32 in the membrane fraction and 34 in the cytoplasmic fraction. Six prediction programs were used to predict the subcellular locations of these proteins. Three were based on signal-peptides (SignalP, TargetP, and SOSUISignal) and three on transmembrane-spanning α-helices (TSEG, SOSUI, and PRED-TMR2). A consensus of the six programs predicted that 23 of the 32 proteins (72%) from the membrane fraction should be in the membrane and that all of the proteins from the cytoplasmic fraction should be in the cytoplasm. Two membrane-associated proteins predicted to be cytoplasmic by the programs are also predicted to consist primarily of transmembrane-spanning β-sheets using porin protein models, suggesting that they are, in fact, membrane components. An ATPase subunit homolog found in the membrane fraction, although predicted to be cytoplasmic, is most likely complexed with other ATPase subunits in the membrane fraction. An additional three proteins predicted to be cytoplasmic but found in the membrane fraction, may be cytoplasmic contaminants. These include a chaperone homolog that may have attached to denatured membrane proteins during cell fractionation. Omitting these three proteins would boost the membrane-protein predictability of the models to near 80%. A consensus prediction using all six programs for all 2242 ORFs in the P. furiosus genome estimates that 24% of the ORF products are found in the membrane. However, this is likely to be a minimum value due to the programs’ inability to recognize certain membrane-related proteins, such as subunits associated with membrane complexes and porin-type proteins.
A light scattering investigation of the interaction of pepsin with bovine serum albumin.

Abstract The results of light-scattering measurements on solutions of pepsin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH's 4.5 and 5.0 indicate an initial decrease in molecular weight followed by the formation of high molecular weight particles at a later stage of the reaction. Typical angular envelopes reveal distinct maxima, indicating that the high molecular entities are both large in size and spherical in shape. The data show that the rate of large particle formation increases with decreasing pH, that the particles are 1200–1700 A. in radius (based on the imperfect assumption of a rectangular distribution of sizes), and that they account for less than 10% of substrate protein nitrogen. Comparison of light-scattering measurements on solutions of pepsin and ovalbumin at pH 4.0 showed a monotonic decrease in molecular weight with time and no maxima in the angular envelopes, indicating a progressive hydrolytic degradation unaccompanied by large-particle formation. The formation of large particles in the pepsin-BSA system may he explained in terms of one or more of four possible processes: ( a ) plastein formation or enzymic synthesis, ( b ) aggregation of native BSA and high molecular weight products of BSA hydrolysis, ( c ) self aggregation of high molecular weight products of BSA hydrolysis, and ( d ) aggregation of denatured unhydrolyzed BSA. Of these four alternatives, ( b ), ( c ), and ( d ) appear more probable than ( a ). The increased rate of formation of largo particles with decreasing pH is explained as a consequence of the increased rate of formation of high molecular hydrolysis products or denatured BSA with decreasing pH.
Factors Controlling the Production of Lysogenic Cultures of B. megatherium

(1) The proportion of infected B. megatherium cells which develop lysogenic colonies depends on the number and kind of infecting virus particles and on the culture medium in which the cells are growing. (2) Cells infected with 100 or more T virus particles (from megatherium 899) in yeast extract peptone disintegrate, produce very few virus particles, and less than one lysogenic colony per 10(7) infected cells. Cells infected with one or a few particles produce 500 to 1000 virus particles each and about 30 lysogenic colonies per 10(7) infected colonies. (3) T phage obtained from lysogenic magatherium KM cultures produces many more lysogenic cells than does the original megatherium 899 virus. (4) Cells infected with megatherium 899 T virus in peptone medium and then transferred to asparagine medium give rise to 10(6) lysogenic colonies per 10(7) infected cells and this transformation will occur even after the infected cells have been in peptone for 60 to 90 minutes and are beginning to produce virus particles. (5) Continued growth of KM strain with either C or T virus from megatherium 899 for several hundred generations in the steady state apparatus results in a lysogenic strain which produces several different types of virus.
Hybridization produces novelty when the mapping of form to function is many to one

Background Evolutionary biologists want to explain the origin of novel features and functions. Two recent but separate lines of research address this question. The first describes one possible outcome of hybridization, called transgressive segregation, where hybrid offspring exhibit trait distributions outside of the parental range. The second considers the explicit mapping of form to function and illustrates manifold paths to similar function (called many to one mapping, MTOM) when the relationship between the two is complex. Under this scenario, functional novelty may be a product of the number of ways to elicit a functional outcome (i.e., the degree of MTOM). We fuse these research themes by considering the influence of MTOM on the production of transgressive jaw biomechanics in simulated hybrids between Lake Malawi cichlid species.
Team Communications in a Virtual Environment

A networked simulation environment, known as the Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) system, was employed to study team interactions in a virtual environment. The investigation was designed to evaluate the influence of various instructional strategies (demonstration, coaching, or replay) on team performance. Performance was evaluated on a variety of dimensions, with an emphasis on team communications. Results of the experiment indicated that teams receiving instruction in the form of an expert demonstration performed communications-related tasks in closer conformance with protocols than a control group receiving only an instruction manual. This may suggest that expert demonstrations are an effective strategy for training teams in communications tasks in virtual environments. The limitations of current communications-analysis strategies, and suggestions for their improvement, are discussed.
The Road to Culturally Relevant Science: Exploring How Teachers Navigate Change in Pedagogy.

In this study, two middle-school teachers who participated in a professional development program utilizing the transformative professional development (TPD) model are followed as they embarked upon becoming culturally relevant science teachers of Hispanic students. Using Ladson-Billings (1994) theory of culturally relevant pedagogy, teacher interviews, focus groups, journals, and field notes are examined to reveal aspects of culturally relevant pedagogy that the participants translate into their daily science instructional practice in this longitudinal case study. Findings revealed TPD enabled participants to transform their practice to focus on culturally relevant science pedagogy resulting in a more effective instructional environment for their Hispanic students. Implications for further research on professional development and other supports for teachers integrating culturally relevant pedagogy are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Res Sci Teach 48: 170–198, 2011
Associations of insulin resistance, inflammation and liver synthetic function with very low-density lipoprotein: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Abstract Introduction Production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is increased in states of metabolic syndrome, leading to hypertriglyceridemia. However, metabolic syndrome is often associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which leads to liver fibrosis and inflammation that may decrease VLDL production. In this study, we aim to determine the interactive impact on VLDL profiles from insulin resistance, impairment in liver synthetic function and inflammation. Methods We examined cross-sectional associations of insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and liver synthetic function with VLDL particle (VLDL-P) concentration and size among 1,850 older adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Results Indices for high insulin sensitivity and low liver synthetic function were associated with lower concentrations of VLDL-P. In addition, insulin resistance preferentially increased concentration of large VLDL and was associated with mean VLDL size. Indices for inflammation however demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with both VLDL-P concentration and VLDL size. When mutually adjusted, one standard deviation (SD) increment in Matsuda index and C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with 4.9nmol/L (−8.2 to −1.5, p=0.005) and 6.3nmol/L (−11.0 to −1.6, p=0.009) lower VLDL-P concentration respectively. In contrast, one-SD increment in factor VII, a marker for liver synthetic function, was associated with 16.9nmol/L (12.6–21.2, p Conclusion Insulin sensitivity, inflammation and markers for liver synthetic function differentially impact VLDL-P concentration and VLDL size. These results underscore the complex effects of insulin resistance and its complications on VLDL production.
Evidence for functional role of εPKC isozyme in the regulation of cardiac Ca2+ channels

Limited information is available regarding the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme(s) in the regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels due to lack of isozyme-selective modulators. To dissect the rol...
Visual assessment of contaminant impacts in multizone buildings

Abstract A novel method is presented for the visualisation of steady-state concentrations and exposures that may result from the indoor release of hazardous airborne material. This impact matrix approach is designed for the analysis of air flow results for multizone building models and is intended to complement existing multizone software. The matrices are derived from a state-space formulation and can be used to directly calculate steady-state concentrations for continuous constant release rates, or exposures for finite mass releases. In addition to steady-state conditions, methods to visualise the time dependence of concentration and exposure are also provided. Example matrices are calculated and visualised for a single residential dwelling, an apartment block and a commercial healthcare building. The resulting impact matrices are interpreted to derive system level information on the spread of airborne material within the buildings. The results show important differences between the buildings that depend on their connectivity and ventilation.
Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents?

This analysis examines the association between affectional solidarity in older parent-child relationships, and the parents' length of survival over a 14-year interval. It is hypothesized that close intergenerational relations have the capacity to reduce pathogenic stress among elderly parents, thereby enhancing their ability to survive. Direct and buffering effects of affectional solidarity, as expressed by 439 elderly parents, are tested using data from the U.S.C. Longitudinal Study of Generations collected between 1971 and 1985. Buffering effects are examined in the context of social decline and social loss experienced by the older parent. Hazard regression models indicate that greater intergenerational affect increases survival time among parents who experienced a loss in their social network, particularly among those who were widowed less than five years. Neither a direct effect of affection nor a buffering effect in the presence of social decline were found. It is concluded that the mortal health risks associated with the stress of being widowed can be partially offset by affectionate relations with adult children.
Field evaluation of pesticides for their suitability in an integrated program for spider mites on pear.

Field evaluation of pesticides was made in 1969 and 1970 to determine their suitability in an integrated program for spider mite control. Suitability of materials was based on predator:prey ratios and the degree of 2nd year resurgence in phytophagous species. Materials which were most suited to the integrated program were Plictran® (tricyclohexylhydroxytin), applied at 0.13 lb active ingredient (AI) per 100 gallons of water and ethion at 0.50 lb AI/I00 gallons. Materials which caused serious suppression of predators during 1969 included binapacryl, formetanate, Fundal® (N'-(4-chloro- o -tolyl-N, N-dimethyl-formamidine hydrochloride), and Plictran applied at 0.25 lb AI/I00 gallons water. Unsuitable materials, based on 1970 levels of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, included carbofuran, Acaralate® (isopropyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate), Fundal, formetanate, and Gardona ® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate).
534 HIGH-ALTITUDE SICKNESS IN BUFFALO, WYOMING.

Purpose Buffalo, Wyoming offers many year-round outdoor activities to both residents and tourists. Many of these recreational activities occur in the nearby Big Horn Mountains, altitude approx. 9,200 ft. Local physicians report caring for many cases of high-altitude sickness (HAS) yearly, as well as an occasional case of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). A community project was designed to inform local residents of Buffalo as well as the tourist populations of the risk and prevention of these altitude related illnesses. Methods The project included researching HAS and HAPE by interviewing doctors and patients and by reviewing current medical literature on MEDLINE. A brochure was then designed, which included risk factors, prevention, and signs and symptoms of HAS and HAPE. The brochures were distributed to local guest ranches, the Buffalo Chamber of Commerce, and trailheads of the Big Horn National Forest. Conclusions HAS and HAPE are serious illnesses that are relatively common and preventable. A lack of community education about the illnesses may be contributing to increased morbidity among local residents and tourists in working and recreating in high-altitude areas. Summary Lack of education about HAS/HAPE was identified as a community health problem by local physicians and patients. An educational brochure was designed that describes the physiology and signs/symptoms of the illnesses in an easy-to-read format. Increased awareness and education about this health issue around the Buffalo area may help decrease morbidity and mortality of HAS and HAPE in the coming years.