cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robots, skill demand and manufacturing in US regional labour markets

Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) technology have spurred a re-examination of technology’s impacts on jobs and the economy. This article reviews several key contributions to the current jobs/AI debate, discusses their limitations and offers a modified approach, analysing two quantitative models in tandem. One uses robot stock data from the International Federation of Robotics as the primary indicator of robot use, whereas the other uses online job postings requiring robot-related skills. Together, the models suggest that since the Great Recession ended, robots have contributed positively to manufacturing employment in the USA at the metropolitan level.
Breast Reconstruction: Impact of Patient-Centered, Expectations-Based Education on Women Undergoing Reconstructive Surgery After Mastectomy

Background Among patients undergoing breast reconstruction, preoperative expectations for improvement may not match postoperative results. Discordance between provided preoperative information and what patients actually hear and understand may be a factor contributing to these unrealistic expectations. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the impact of patient-centered, expectations-based education on women undergoing breast reconstruction. Methods The 27 participants completed a preoperative questionnaire concerning their postoperative expectations. The nurse practitioner tailored preoperative education based on questionnaire results. A postoperative questionnaire was given to assess patient satisfaction with the preoperative information provided. Findings A high percentage of survey participants agreed that they had received an appropriate amount of education, believed they were well prepared for surgery, and knew what to expect in the recovery period.
Chapter 10 – Biomimetic Textiles

Prospectus In a sense, the archetype of bioinspiration for materials design and use is textiles. The field of biomimesis has spawned many new materials and continues to be a fruitful field of investigation. This chapter presents the current state of bioinspiration in textiles, how this has resulted in improved fibrous materials, how it may inform our continued progress. Because I have found many preconceived notions about the field that need addressing before the application of biomimetics to textiles can be truly appreciated, I begin with an introduction to textiles. Next, naturally enough, the discipline of biomimesis is introduced and then fleshed out in terms of its textile engineering importance. Following this, some details on fiber and textile science and engineering are discussed and biological concepts germane to our topic are presented. In the last step in this journey, the marriage of biomimesis and textiles is performed and some consequences revealed. Finally, I offer some prognostications on the topic.
Mammography adherence among medically underserved women undergoing cancer genetic risk assessment.

1554Background: Medically underserved women bear a disproportionate burden of breast cancer (BC) mortality. Early detection is vital for reducing BC deaths. Cancer genetic risk assessment (CGRA) pr...
Wordsworth’s Radical Aesthetics

This article focuses on the aesthetics of William Wordsworth, particularly his early poetry. The implications of this investigation are far-reaching. To learn about Wordsworth’s aesthetics is to learn about Romanticism, specifically radical Romanticism and the intricate relation it forges between aesthetics and democracy. I begin the article with a general account of radical aesthetics, addressing its nature, scope, and its relation to the normative, the political, and the everyday. Next, I turn to the radical aesthetics of Wordsworth. I then compare radical aesthetics to more traditional accounts of aesthetics, concluding by connecting radical Romantic aesthetics to practical power.
A Fully Integrated Coherent 50–500-GHz Frequency Comb Receiver for Broadband Sensing and Imaging Applications

This paper presents a fully integrated oscillator-less frequency-comb receiver for broadband sensing, spectroscopy, and imaging in millimeter-wave and THz bands. The chip consists of a THz pulse generator block to generate the reference tones for coherent frequency comb detection. The repetition rate of the reference pulses (LO frequency comb) are tunable over a 4–10.5 GHz range, with the highest sensitivity achieved at 9 GHz. A broadband on-chip antenna with a peak directivity of 15 dBi is employed for broadband detection. The receiver, which is capable of detecting any arbitrary spectrum, is characterized from 140 GHz to 500 GHz using continuous-wave sources. Peak sensitivity of -105 dBm is achieved at 261 GHz. The chip is implemented in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology and consumes only 52-mW DC power. The chip can also be used as a frequency comb radiator. Chip-to-chip dual-comb measurement is performed using two identical chips in the radiator and receiver modes, respectively up to 450 GHz.
Justifying Spot Zoning

Commentary on a recent California appellate decision holding that a finding of spot zoning did not automatically invalidate a land use decision.
ASEAN Countries CG Disclosure Practices: A Comparative Analysis of One-Tier and Two-Tier Board Structures

Study focal point is to access the influence of CEO characteristics and audit quality on disclosure quality in the comparison between one-tier and two-tier board structures. Tobit regression model with the random effect is used to access influence on disclosure quality by using the sample of 200 non-financial firms of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore for the period from FY 2011 to FY 2015. The study empirically analyses the various characteristics of one and two-tier board structures. Findings of the study observe CEO dual role inversely and audit committee expertise directly impact disclosure quality for both structures. Further, observed audit committee size and firm size directly impact disclosure quality for one-tier structure and CEO age and leverage inversely impact two-tier structure. Finally, CEO tenure, audit quality and audit committee independence having no impact on disclosure quality for both board structure.
Multi-Material Topology Optimization Using Variable Density Lattice Structures for Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Multi-material lattice structures are used in a range of load-bearing applications for multiple conditions including mechanical and thermal loads. Additive manufacturing processes with multi-material capabilities are well suited to manufacture multi-material structures. In this paper, a multi-material topology optimization approach has been presented using variable-density lattice structures where the geometry of the lattice structure is pre-defined. The objective of the proposed topology optimization method is to design lightweight parts with minimized compliance and thermal energy or improve the heat transfer capability. To facilitate that, a novel interpolation scheme based on the stiffness matrices of the lattice structures has been proposed. This interpolation scheme, unlike the traditional Solid Isotropic Material Penalization (SIMP) interpolation, is observed to perform better in terms of approximating the structure’s load-bearing capacity, primarily due to its formulation on the lattice’s stiffness matrices. This cubic Hermite spline-based interpolation scheme makes it amenable for gradient-based optimization methods. A sequential linear programming method has been used to solve the weighted multi-objective optimization model. A Pareto-frontier study has also been carried out to fully characterize the trade-offs between the two objectives – compliance minimization and thermal energy minimization.
Networked configurations as an emergent property of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars

Transverse aeolian ridges – enigmatic Martian features without a proven terrestrial analog – are increasingly important to our understanding of Martian surface processes. However, it is not well understood how the relationships between different ridges evolve. Here we present a hypothesis for the development of complex hexagonal networks from simple linear forms by analyzing HiRISE images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We identify variable morphologies which show the presence of secondary ridges, feathered transverse aeolian ridges and both rectangular and hexagonal networks. We propose that the formation of secondary ridges and the reactivation of primary ridge crests produces sinuous networks which then progress from rectangular cells towards eventual hexagonal cells. This morphological progression may be explained by the ridges acting as roughness elements due to their increased spatial density which would drive a transition from two-dimensional bedforms under three-dimensional flow conditions, to three-dimensional bedforms under two-dimensional flow conditions. Transverse aeolian ridges on Mars develop into networked configurations by formation of secondary ridges, reactivation of primary ridges and a transition from 3D to 2D air flow, according to analyses of HiRISE images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Weight Stigma and Social Media: Evidence and Public Health Solutions

Weight stigma is a pressing issue that affects individuals across the weight distribution. The role of social media in both alleviating and exacerbating weight bias has received growing attention. On one hand, biased algorithms on social media platforms may filter out posts from individuals in stigmatized groups and concentrate exposure to content that perpetuates problematic norms about weight. Individuals may also be more likely to engage in attacks due to increased anonymity and lack of substantive consequences online. The critical influence of social media in shaping beliefs may also lead to the internalization of weight stigma. However, social media could also be used as a positive agent of change. Movements such as Body Positivity, the Fatosphere, and Health at Every Size have helped counter negative stereotypes and provide more inclusive spaces. To support these efforts, governments should continue to explore legislative solutions to enact anti-weight discrimination policies, and platforms should invest in diverse content moderation teams with dedicated weight bias training while interrogating bias in existing algorithms. Public health practitioners and clinicians should leverage social media as a tool in weight management interventions and increase awareness of stigmatizing online content among their patients. Finally, researchers must explore how experiences of stigma differ across in-person and virtual settings and critically evaluate existing research methodologies and terminology. Addressing weight stigma on social media will take a concerted effort across an expansive set of stakeholders, but the benefits to population health are consequential and well worth our collective attention.
El arenal de Sevilla o el discurso hispalense de Lope de Vega en 1603

In his analysis of Lope de Vega’s El arenal de Sevilla , the author shows how his cloak-and-dagger play faithfully reflects the social reality of its day. In writing his play, Lope displays his familiarity with Sevillan speech and also his awareness of the concern many Sevillans then felt on seeing the monarchy in the hands of the King’s favorite.
Inspecting Composite Ceramic Armor Using Advanced Signal Processing Together with Phased Array Ultrasound

Abstract : A series of 16-inch square by 2-inch thick, multi-layered ceramic composite armor specimens have been inspected using a 128 element, 10MHz immersion phased array ultrasound system. Some of these specimens had intentional design defects inserted interior to the specimens. Because of the very large changes in acoustic velocities of the various layered materials, ultrasonic wave propagation is problematic. Further, since the materials used in the layers were stacked such that a lower elastic modulus material was on one side and a higher elastic modulus material was on the other, the side selected for ultrasonic insonification became a significant parameter. To overcome some aspects of the issues with the acoustic wave propagation, two digital signal processing methods were employed. These were: 1)- use of fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and 2)-an integrated signal analysis. Each method has strengths and weaknesses with application in part dependent upon the side of sample used for insonification. The results clearly show that use of these methods significantly improves defect detection. This paper presents the details of the samples used, the issues with ultrasonic wave propagation, a discussion of the two digital signal processing algorithms and results obtained.
Chapter 16 Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels Contribute to Sodium Absorption in Lung: Role of Nonselective Cation Channels

Publisher Summary There is evidence that cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels may represent another sodium entry pathway in lung. While the message for this channel is low in fetal rat lung, suggesting that unlike epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) this channel is not involved in removing fluid at birth, CNC1 message in the adult rat is localized in both alveolar type 2 and the more abundant alveolar type 1 cells. Because it is widely distributed, CNC1 is a major pathway for sodium absorption in the lung. The hormonal signal transduction pathways that might activate cyclic nucleotide channels (cGMP or cAMP) in lung remain to be identified. Both soluble and particulate guanylate cyclase have been identified in type 1 alveolar cells suggesting that in this cell type sodium entry may be mostly a function of CNC1 channels. ENaC is not present in alveolar type 1 cells. The effect of CNC channel blockers on 22 Na + flux and alveolar fluid clearance remains to be elucidated.
Examining the Causes and Effects of Terrorism

Terrorism, Elections, and Democracy: Political Campaigns In The United States, Great Britain, And Russia. By Sarah Oates, Lynda Lee Kaid, Mike Berry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 260 pp. $95.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-230-61357-7). Terrorism, Instability, and Democracy in Africa and Asia. By Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. Lebanon, NH: Northeastern University Press, 2009. 244 pp. $60.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-555-53705-7). Before 2001, the circle of people studying terrorism and counterterrorism was a fairly small one being led by people like Martha Crenshaw, Bruce Hoffman, Walter Enders, Todd Sandler, and Brian Jenkins and could be found in a small set of journals. The circle studying these topics using quantitative methods was smaller still (Lum, Kennedy, and Sherley's 2006 review of the literature found only 3% of articles were empirically based), with much of it being done by a small number of scholars such as Enders, Sandler, Leonard Weinberg and their collaborators (Silke 2004; Lum et al. 2006). For terrorism research as a whole, this changed radically after 9/11. Lum, Kennedy, and Sherley, surveying more than 14000 articles about terrorism written between 1971 and 2003 for a Campbell Collaboration literature review, found that more than half of these articles were written after the attacks (2006, p. 7). The amount of this research that is quantitatively based in whole or in part, while growing, is still a very small part of this growth (Lum et al. 2006). The two books reviewed here are part of this growing trend but focus on very different parts of the world and on a very different research questions. Terrorism , Elections , and Democracy: Political Campaigns In The United States , Great Britain , And Russia by Sarah Oates, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Mike Berry looks at how the fear of a terrorist threat has impacted recent elections in the United States, Great Britain, and Russia. The authors use coded data of newscasts and advertisements as well as focus groups in all three countries to examine how the issue of terrorism was framed by the candidates and the news media and how this framing was seen by a sample of potential voters. One of the key …
A SIMPLE SPUTTERING SYSTEM FOR NUCLEAR-SCIENCE APPLICATIONS

Abstract A sputtering apparatus with in-situ monitoring of deposit thickness is described. Its use in preparing thin foils and in reducing the thickness of commercially available foils is discussed with a treatmentof the system parameters.
Structural characterization of a mannose-binding protein-trimannoside complex using residual dipolar couplings.

Abstract The ligand-binding properties of a 53 kDa homomultimeric trimer from mannose-binding protein (MBP) have been investigated using residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) that are easily measured from NMR spectra of the ligand and isotopically labeled protein. Using a limited set of 1 H– 15 N backbone amide NMR assignments for MBP and orientational information derived from the RDC measurements in aligned media, an order tensor for MBP has been determined that is consistent with symmetry-based predictions of an axially symmetric system. 13 C– 1 H couplings for a bound trisaccharide ligand, methyl 3,6-di- O -(α- d -mannopyranosyl)-α- d -mannopyranoside (trimannoside) have been determined at natural abundance and used as orientational constraints. The bound ligand geometry and orientational constraints allowed docking of the trimannoside ligand in the binding site of MBP to produce a structural model for MBP–oligosaccharide interactions.
Absolute configuration of (+)-1,4-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol

The absolute configuration of the title compound, isolated earlier from bull testicular tissue, has been determined to be (2S,3S) by synthesis of the natural diol from L-(+)-tartaric acid.
The Angry Genie: One Man’s Walk Through the Nuclear Age

Karl Z. Morgan was a physicist at the Manhattan Project and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he was director of health physics from the late 1940s until his retirement in 1972. He collaborated with leading trial lawyer Ken M. Peterson to write this extraordinary memoir about the dawn of the nuclear age and the moral dilemmas associated with nuclear energy. A deeply humane and religious scientist, Morgan regards his own role, in meeting the challenges presented by the "angry genie" of nuclear energy, with the same unblinking eye he focuses on government, the military, and the nuclear industry. He tells harrowing tales of radiation accidents and near-disasters, and shows the actual and potential consequences of the clumsiness, recklessness, and carelessness of fallible human beings.
Nonendemic pemphigus foliaceus in children

Abstract Background: Pemphigus foliaceus is a cutaneous, autoimmune, blistering disease comprising two major categories: endemic and sporadic. The endemic form, also known as fogo selvagem, primarily affects children and young adults in rural Brazil. In contrast, the sporadic form of pemphigus foliaceus is generally a disease of the middle-aged and elderly. Objective and methods: Because the sporadic form of pemphigus foliaceus rarely affects children, information specific to this unique group is lacking. We describe a 3-year-old boy with the disease and retrospectively review data from 28 past cases. Results: In comparison to pediatric cases of pemphigus vulgaris, sporadic pemphigus foliaceus in children tends to follow a generally benign course of relatively short duration. However, long-term outcome studies are lacking. A pattern of skin lesions described as "arcuate," "circinate," or "polycyclic" appears to be a unique and specific presentation of this disease in children. Occasionally, as in our case, the diagnosis may prove difficult to establish by using routine histology or immunopathology. Conclusion: The commercial availability of antigen-specific techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum desmoglein 1 autoantibody should eliminate delay in diagnosis. Hydroxychloroquine may be another treatment option for those children with photodistributed lesions. Further experience and long-term outcome studies in children are needed to determine whether some medication side effects may outweigh the risks from the disease itself. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:419-22.)
The use of crown ethers as synergistic extraction agents for trivalent lanthanides

Abstract Alkylsulfonic acids, such as didodecylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (HDDNS) have been shown to be effective liquid-liquid cation exchangers for trivalent lanthanide elements. Owing to its strong acid character, HDDNS is an effective extractant at low pH values, but shows little ability to separate individual metal ions from each other. In an effort to introduce more selectivity into the extraction of the trivalent lanthanides by HDDNS, a study of the effect of the addition of various crown ethers to the organic phase was carried out. The presence of the crown ethers enhanced the extraction of the light lanthanides, but not the heavy lanthanides. Little relationship between cavity size of the crown ether and the magnitude of the enhancement was observed.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function in mixed and pure mania

There is little information about hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function in mania, particularly in mixed states. We therefore investigated HPA function and its relationship to clinical state in 19 hospitalized manic patients meeting Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Research Diagnostic Criteria for acute manic episodes, compared patients with and without a mixed presentation, and examined correlations between HPA activity and behavior. Data were available from 13-16 patients. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted during a 15-d placebo period. Patients with mania had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urinary free cortisol excretion compared with healthy subjects, and did not differ from depressed patients in any cortisol measures. Mixed manics had significantly higher morning plasma cortisol, postdexamethasone plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol than pure manics. Five of 7 mixed manics and 3 of 9 pure manics were dexamethasone suppression test (DST) nonsuppressors. Afternoon plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol correlated significantly with depressed mood; urinary free cortisol correlated with anxiety. None of the cortisol measures correlated with mania or agitation scores. These data suggest that increased cortisol secretion is a characteristic of the depressed state in mixed manics, although pure manics may also have increased DST nonsuppression.
Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence of atomic hydrogen in a diamond-depositing dc arcjet.

Atomic hydrogen in the plume of a dc-arcjet plasma is monitored by use of two-photon excited laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) during the deposition of diamond film. The effluent of a dc-arc discharge in hydrogen and argon forms a luminous plume as it flows through a converging–diverging nozzle into a reactor. When a trace of methane (<2%) is added to the flow in the diverging part of the nozzle, diamond thin film grows on a water-cooled molybdenum substrate from the reactive mixture. LIF of atomic hydrogen in the arcjet plume is excited to the 3S and 3D levels with two photons near 205 nm, and the subsequent fluorescence is observed at Balmer-α near 656 nm. Spatially resolved LIF measurements of atomic hydrogen are made as a function of the ratio of hydrogen to argon feedstock gas, methane addition, and reactor pressure. At lower reactor pressures, time-resolved LIF measurements are used to verify our collisional quenching correction algorithm. The quenching rate coefficients for collisions with the major species in the arcjet (Ar, H, and H2) do not change with gas temperature variations in the plume (T < 2300 K). Corrections of the LIF intensity measurements for the spatial variation of collisional quenching are important to determine relative distributions of the atomic hydrogen concentration. The relative atomic hydrogen concentrations measured here are calibrated with an earlier calorimetric determination of the feedstock hydrogen dissociation to provide quantitative hydrogen-atom concentration distributions.
Selectivity of CO2 reduction on copper electrodes: The role of the kinetics of elementary steps

On the right path: Based on DFT calculations (incorporating the role of water solvation) of the activation barriers of elementary steps, a new path that leads to methane and ethylene for CO(2) electroreduction on Cu(111) was identified. Methane formation proceeds through reduction of CO to COH (path II, see picture), which leads to CH(x) species that can produce both methane and ethylene, as observed experimentally.
The relationships between depression and brain tumors

Depression is a common complication/co-morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Better understanding of the relationships between brain tumors and depression should lead to improvement in patient care. This paper reviews these relationships in order to direct further study to improve patient care, and hopefully, outcome. Both anatomic and physiological perturbations in the brain are likely involved in the associations between depression and brain tumors. Tumor treatments are also associated with depression. Depression has a significant negative impact on outcome in brain tumor patients. The role of treatment of depression in brain tumor patients has been scantly studied. Further investigation directed to these areas of knowledge deficit should benefit depressed patients with brain tumors.
Biological meaning of stage and grade in human breast cancer: Review and hypothesis

Because of the high probability that breast cancer patients have experienced systemic dissemination prior to their initial treatment, the determination of tumor stage and grade should not be considered an estimate of the likelihood of eventual metastasis. An examination of staging and grading parameters reveals strong associations among measures of tumor stage, and a relative independence of those measures from tumor grade. Similarly, measures of tumor grade tend to be expressed at approximately the same level in the individual patient, but are relatively independent of tumor stage. In clinical human breast cancer, tumor ‘stage’ would appear to be an estimate of body burden of tumor, and tumor ‘grade’ an estimate of growth rate. Together they provide, with some degree of probability, an estimate of the amount of time between initial presentation and recurrence. In order to increase the probability with which this estimate can be made, greater precision is needed in our determinations of prognostic indices, particularly those of tumor grade. Biochemical measurement of estrogen receptors and other biological products, and tumor morphometry, may help to alleviate this problem. Patient prognosis can best be evaluated by combining estimates of tumor stage and grade, rather than relying upon only one.
Identification of omentin mRNA in human epicardial adipose tissue: comparison to omentin in subcutaneous, internal mammary artery periadventitial and visceral abdominal depots.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative distribution of omentin and visfatin mRNA in human epicardial, peri-internal mammary, upper thoracic, upper abdominal and leg vein subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as the distribution of omentin in the nonfat cells and adipocytes of human omental adipose tissue. Background: Omentin is found in human omentum but not subcutaneous fat. Omentin and visfatin are considered markers of visceral abdominal fat. Research design and methods: The mRNA content of omentin and visfatin was measured by qRT-PCR analysis of fat samples removed from humans undergoing cardiac or bariatric surgery. Results: Omentin mRNA in internal mammary fat was 3.5%, that in the upper thoracic subcutaneous fat was 4.7% while that in the other subcutaneous fat depots was less than 1% of omentin in epicardial fat. The distribution of visfatin mRNA did not vary between the five depots. Omentin mRNA was preferentially expressed in the nonfat cells of omental adipose tissue since the omentin mRNA content of isolated adipocytes was 9% of that in nonfat cells, and similar results were seen for visfatin. The amount of omentin mRNA in differentiated adipocytes was 0.3% and that of visfatin 4% of that in nonfat cells. The amount of omentin mRNA in preadipocytes was virtually undetectable while that of visfatin was 3% of that in freshly isolated nonfat cells from omental adipose tissue. Conclusion: Omentin mRNA is predominantly found in epicardial and omental human fat whereas visfatin mRNA is found to the same extent in epicardial, subcutaneous and omental fat.
AlGaAs solar cells grown by liquid phase epitaxy for dual junction solar cells based on c-Si bottom sub-cell

We report the growth of AlGaAs solar cells with bandgap energy of ∼1.75eV by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). Hall effect studies were first performed on AlGaAs epilayers in order to understand the relationship between carrier concentrations and dopant concentrations in melt. The dopants in this study include Sn, Te, Ge and Zn. Activation energies of these dopants were characterized, and we discovered that Sn forms DX centers in 1.77eV AlGaAs while Te does not. Based on the Hall effect results, AlGaAs solar cells were fabricated using two approaches: 1) sequential growth of the base, emitter and window layer; and 2) growth of an n-AlGaAs base followed by diffusion of p-type dopants from a high-Al concentration melt to form the emitter and the window layer simultaneously.
The international movement of livestock.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the international movement of livestock. The reasons for international movements of livestock are discussed. The factors involved in the international transfer of livestock and genetic material are presented. Statistics of animals, semen, and embryos exported from the United States for fiscal years 1981 and 1982 are presented. The principal countries involved in importing U.S. livestock are listed.
Persistence of Legumes in Hill Land Pasture Following Sod Seeding

Unimproved hill land pastures are often characterized by low production and poor forage quality. The introduction and persistence of a legume component in the sward may increase both forage quality and quantity. Persistence of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) sod-seeded into a rotationally grazed hill land pasture was examined. Legumes were introduced by broadcasting by hand, sod-seeding with a zip seeder, and sod-seeding with a Power-till seeder. The effects of paraquat (1, 1-dimethyl 4–4′-bipyridinium ion), lime and P on legume persistence also were examined. The pasture was mostly Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with 5 % white clover initially. Percentage legume in the pasture followed the same trend over time irrespective of whether sod-seeded or not, or method of sod-seeding. There was 30 % legume in control plots the year after sod-seeding and 15 % at the end of 4 years. Application of lime and P resulted in an increase in legume content of at least 5 % through the 4 year period. Paraquat, legume species, and sod-seeding method had no effect on legume persistence. It is concluded that management, soil fertility and time are the most important determinants of legume persistence in hill land pastures.
A missed turning point for theory in organic chemistry: molecular orbitals at Montpellier in 1950

Michael Dewar's attempt to introduce physical organic chemists to molecular orbital ideas began with his book The Electronic Theory of Organic Chemistry (1949) and his lectures at the Montpellier Colloquium (1950). Influential members of the community resisted these efforts for a number of reasons, which included Dewar's inability to communicate his ideas to chemists in need of instruction and also a series of apparent errors in working out the experimental details of his mechanistic proposals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of imidobis(sulfuryl fluoride) and N-chloroimidobis(sulfuryl fluoride) with olefins

Abstract Reactions of HN(SO2F)2 and ClN(SO2F)2 with cis -and trans -(CH3)CHCH(CH3), H2CCF2, and cis CHFCHF have been studied. The addition of ClN(SO2F)2 with cis -and trans -(CH3)CHCH(CH3) is stereospecific and trans while the addition to cis -CHFCHF is non-stereospecific. Addition of HN(SO2F)2 follows Markownikoff's rule and ClN(SO2F)2 addition always places the N(SO2F)2 group on the most positive carbon. 1H, 19F nmr and infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have been used to characterize the adducts.
From charity to security: the emergence of the National School Lunch Program

This paper explores the historical formation of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) in the United States and argues that programme emergence depended on the ability of policy entrepreneurs to link the economic concerns of agricultural production with the ideational concern of national security. Using a historical institutionalist framework this paper stresses the critical juncture of the Second World War and the positive feedback loop created between agricultural industries and schools to understand the emergence of the NSLP. In addition, it stresses the role of frames in policy-making and focuses on the use by policy entrepreneurs of a security frame whereby child malnutrition was cast as a national security issue. The policy window of war gave policy entrepreneurs the chance to use the politically and culturally resonant frame of security, in the contexts of agricultural subsidies, to push for the creation of this programme.
Socioeconomic Impact Analysis of Yellow-dust Storms: An Approach and Case Study for Beijing

Abstract Dust storms can extensively disrupt socioeconomic activities and pose hazards to human health and the ecosystem; yet no one has made a systematic analysis of dust storms from an economic perspective. Using a case study for Beijing in 2000, we present a preliminary analysis of socioeconomic impacts of yellow-dust storms, integrating regional economic analysis models with environmental-economic evaluation techniques. Our analyses demonstrate that the costs of delayed effects of yellow-dust storms can be higher than those of the immediate effects, and that the impacts potentially caused by supply effects can be greater than those caused by demand effects. Because this is a preliminary analysis with extremely limited data, our primary purpose is not to produce precise numerical results, but to develop an integrated model that policy analysts can use and further improve in order to evaluate the comprehensive impacts of other phenomena with similar properties more accurately.
Assessing Causes for Individuals Comments on Dawid, Faigman, and Fienberg

In commenting on Dawid, Faigman, and Fienberg, the author contrasts the proposed parameter, the probability of causation, to other parameters in the causal inference literature, specifically the probability of necessity discussed by Pearl, and Robins and Greenland, and Pearl’s probability of sufficiency. This article closes with a few comments about the difficulties of estimation of parameters related to individual causation.
Violence Prevention in Schools

Abstract This article highlights some of the current trends in school violence and features contributing factors to the problem of violence and recommended prevention and intervention public health strategies that could be used by teachers, government, and the independent sector to develop anti-violent programs in early childhood.
Novel immunoglobulin heavy chains are produced from DJH gene segment rearrangements in lymphoid cells.

Novel immunoglobulin heavy chains are produced from DJH gene segment rearrangements in lymphoid cells
Bloch electrons in constant electric field

The motion of a conduction electron of a crystal in a constant electric field is studied. It is shown that the modulus of the wave function inp-representation is well approximated by a periodic function for times smaller than several hundred periods.
Active Gearing System for Wind Turbines

The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the possibility of improving the efficiency of wind turbines by taking advantage of the wind speed variability. An active epicycloids gearbox system allowing a variable speed at the input shaft and delivering a constant speed at the output shaft is proposed herein. The gearing system consists of an assembly of spur and ring gears run and controlled by an electrical motor. The system acts as a continuously variable transmission (CVT) between the wind turbine hub and the electricity generator which requires an entry speed corresponding to an electrical grid frequency of 60 Hz. The active gearing system is designed using CAD software, and the gearing design theory is used to dimension the proposed epicycloids system. The kinematic gearing theory is used to establish the different gearing ratios of the system, and the kinematic velocity relationships between the gearing system stages. The forces and torques acting on the gearing system are computed using the equilibrium equations. Ideally, the electrical power consumed by the regulating motor system is minimal so that a maximum percentage of the generated electrical power is supplied to the electricity grid. The advantage of this gearbox configuration is that the power consumed by the regulating motor will be theoretically close to zero when the wind speed is about 10.5 mph, which is the average wind speed for many areas where wind turbines are installed. As the wind speed moves away from its mentioned average, the gearbox electrical controls activate a regulating motor to secure a constant speed at the generator input. Currently, a prototype of the proposed system is under tests and experimental data has already shown the constancy of the angular velocity at the generator input. The measurements of the mechanical power distribution between the different components of the system are still underway. A prony-break system is currently used for this purpose. It is expected that within a defined range of the hub angular velocities, the power absorbed by the regulating motor remains a small fraction of the power delivered by the electricity generator.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Mechanisms of gastrulation and tail formation in ascidians

Ascidian embryos are useful for examining how events that occur during fertilization and cleavage affect gastrulation because they gastrulate early in development, during the seventh cleavage. In ascidians, both dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes are determined before first cleavage. The dorsal-ventral axis is fixed along the animal-vegetal axis of the fertilized egg following the first phase of ooplasmic segregation, perhaps due to determinants moved to the vegetal pole in concert with the myoplasm and plasma membrane components. The first ooplasmic movements appear to be driven by the actin network in the cortical myoplasm. The anterior-posterior axis becomes apparent after the second phase of ooplasmic segregation, when the cortical myoplasm becomes detached from the egg membrane, and moves to the posterior pole of the embryo. This movement is dependent on microtubules and has been attributed to the formation and movement of the sperm aster. A major component of the cortical myoplasm, p58, is co-localized along the microtubules emanating from the sperm aster. Gastrulation begins during the seventh cleavage with the invagination of the large endodermal cells at the vegetal pole of the embryo. The neural plate appears as a thickening of the epidermis on the dorsal side of the larva during the ninth cleavage; then the neural folds are formed, join, and close, elaborating the neural tube. Following neurulation, the tail is elongated as the neural tube and notochord cells intercalate at the midline of the embryo. Investigations using anural (tailless) ascidian larvae suggest that some of the processes underlying elongation can be restored by the zygotic genome. Although ascidian larvae contain fewer cells and cell types than vertebrate embryos, ascidian gastrulation and morphogenesis appear to employ similar mechanisms to those in vertebrate embryos. The extent of our current knowledge about the mechanisms involved in gastrulation and tail formation is summarized, and further experiments are suggested to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes.
Adolescents' perceptions of their parents' disclosure to them

This study examines 144 older adolescents' perceptions of their parents' disclosure of their own lives to them. Information was obtained about the disclosure of 209 parents of college-aged children. The adolescents indicated whether and to what depth their parents had discussed 30 topics with them, and also indicated why they believed their parents had made these disclosures. The data indicate that college-aged adolescents believe that their mothers disclose more to them than their fathers, especially about their problems. Mothers were also perceived to disclose for different, more emotional reasons than fathers, and they were perceived to seek advice more often.
Separation of mitogen-induced suppressor and helper cell activities during inhibition of interferon production by cyclic AMP

Abstract The effect of exogenous cyclic AMP on mitogen-induced suppression and enhancement of the in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response and on mitogen induction of immune interferon (also called type II) in cultures was examined. Mitogen induction of immune interferon was quantitatively associated with mitogen-induced suppressor activity, and cyclic AMP blocked both the suppressor activity and the production of immune interferon in mouse (C57B1/6) spleen cell cultures. The evidence is as follows: (a) The concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP that blocked T-cell mitogen (staphylococcal enterotoxin A) suppressor activity were the same as those that blocked mitogen induction of immune interferon. (b) The blocking action of dibutyryl cAMP on both the suppressor and interferon effects of mitogen was a function of the time of dibutyryl cAMP addition to cultures relative to mitogen addition. (c) A dramatic immunoenhancing effect of mitogen occurred in the presence of dibutyryl cAMP under conditions that blocked production of immune interferon. Specifically, mitogen-induced helper cell function is dramatically enhanced in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, if the mitogen is added to cultures 24 to 48 hr after SRBC and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Dibutyryl cyclic GMP did not affect the mitogen- or cyclic AMP-induced effects under the conditions of our test system. Under the conditions described here, then, cyclic AMP appears to selectively block suppressor cell activity while allowing or aiding mitogen-induced helper cell activity. It is possible that the immune response is a reflection of the ratio of helper to suppressor activities in the system.
Pyoluteorin derivatives. II. Synthetic approaches to pyrrole ring substituted pyoluteorins

A method for the regiospecific synthesis of 3-substituted 2-aroylpyrroles is described. These pyrroles, which are structurally related to the naturally occurring antibiotic pyoluteorin, are prepared by a Friedel-Crafts aroylation of 4-substituted pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid esters with 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride. The carboalkoxy group is then removed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation to produce isomerically pure 3-substituted-2-(2′,6′-dimethoxybenzoyl)pyrroles (5 and 13). Conversion of these pyrroles into pyoluteorin-like compounds led to some unexpected products which arise from facile cleavage of the dihydroxybenzoyl portion of the molecules during chlorination.
Abnormal diurnal weight gain among long-term patients with schizophrenic disorders

We found diurnal weight gain to be abnormal among 65 long-term patients with schizophrenic disorders. Patients were weighed at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. serially and diurnal weight gain was normalized (NDWG) as a percentage by subtracting the 7 a.m. weight from the 4 p.m. weight, multiplying the difference by 100, and then dividing the result by the 7 a.m. weight. NDWG was 2.2 +/- 1.5% for 47 male patients compared (P = 0.001) with 0.6 +/- 0.4% for 11 male controls. NDWG was 1.7 +/- 0.7% for 18 female patients compared (P less than 0.0001) with 0.5 +/- 0.3% for 14 female controls. We hypothesize that NDWG may be an index of both the severity and duration of the schizophrenic disorder.
Origin of spectral modal noise in fiber-coupled spectrographs

We describe the origin of spectral modal noise in a fiber-coupled spectrograph. Prior investigations of this phenomenon have considered optical fibers with large cores that support thousands of optical modes and used a statistical treatment to analyze spectral noise that arises from interference between the modes. We examine spectral modal noise for a fiber-coupled spectrograph with a smaller-diameter fiber core, optimized for adaptively corrected telescopes, that supports only a few propagating modes for visible and near-infrared light. Simulations to predict the minimum amount of fiber stretch required to shift spectral oscillations by a half-period are confirmed by experiment.
Inventory control of a multiproduct system with a limited production resource

Optimal control of the production of several products subject to restricted production resources is considered. Linear production, holding and penalty costs are assumed although this is crucial only for production costs. Excess demand results in lost sales. A single point plays an important role in the definition of the optimal policy.
Letters to the editor: An interpretive input routine for linear programming

In this descriptive article an input code is presented which greatly simplifies data input to any linear programming solution routine, for subsequent use either as a predagogical device or for solving rather small LP problems. This latter (limited) use derives not at all from inherent limitations in the code itself, but from an efficiency evaluation: large LP problems would doubtless benefit from an input system more suited for bulk data handling than the input code described.From a user's standpoint, input appears almost exactly as a textbook presentation of the LP problem (limited only by a keypunch's inability to write subscripts, etc.). The input interpreter scans columnwise, thus no fixed format data preparation is required. The user may also, under very general requirements only, liberally use editorial comments throughout the input deck as an aid in identification, e.g., of row constraints.The article includes examples of input, output from a solution routine presently in use, and a skeleton flowchart of the input interpreter.
Quantitative trait loci for hip dysplasia in a crossbreed canine pedigree

Canine hip dysplasia is a common developmental inherited trait characterized by hip laxity, subluxation or incongruity of the femoral head and acetabulum in affected hips. The inheritance pattern is complex and the mutations contributing to trait expression are unknown. In the study reported here, 240 microsatellite markers distributed in 38 autosomes and the X chromosome were genotyped on 152 dogs from three generations of a crossbred pedigree based on trait-free Greyhound and dysplastic Labrador Retriever founders. Interval mapping was undertaken to map the QTL underlying the quantitative dysplastic traits of maximum passive hip laxity (the distraction index), the dorsolateral subluxation score, and the Norberg angle. Permutation testing was used to derive the chromosome-wide level of significance at p < 0.05 for each QTL. Chromosomes 4, 9, 10, 11 (p < 0.01), 16, 20, 22, 25, 29 (p < 0.01), 30, 35, and 37 harbor putative QTL for one or more traits. Successful detection of QTL was due to the crossbreed pedigree, multiple-trait measurements, control of environmental background, and marked advancement in canine mapping tools.