cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modular implementation of an instrument set-up program

The Clinical Cardiology Computer Center (CCCC) of the University of Alabama in Birmingham has in operation a medlum-slze process control computer with a standard multlprogrammlng executive and a special sub-executlve for allocating system facilities to simultaneous users. (1,2) Two coronary care units (CCUs) and two cardiac catheterization labs (COLa) are connected to this computer. (3) In the CCU, the computer is used for calculating parameters from physiological signals sensed from critically ill patients who have suffered a heart attack or chest pain. (4) Measurements from the CCLs are useful in assessing the necessity and efficacy of surgical procedures, such as coronary bypass and valve replacements.This paper describes the use of the instrument set-up programs (ISP) in setting up physiological signals to the computer, the top-down design of the ISP system, and the structure of the system of programs.
Mixed-initiative multimedia for mobile devices: Design of a semantically-relevant low-latency system for news video recommendations

The increasing ubiquity of networked mobile computing devices such as cell phones and PDAs has created opportunities for the transmission and display of multimedia content. However, such mobile devices have inherent resource constraints: low network bandwidth, small screen size, limited input methods and low commitment viewing. Therefore, a mobile platform requires systems and applications for information display and access to mitigate these various constraints and further complicates their design.
Saturation-based actuation for flapping MAVs in hovering and forward flight

Stringent weight and size constraints on flapping-wing microair-vehicles dictate minimal actuation. Unfortunately, hovering and forward flight require different wing motions and, as such, independent actuators. Therefore, either a hovering or a forward-flight requirement should be included in the mission and design statements of a flapping-wing microair-vehicle. This work proposes a design for an actuation mechanism that would provide the required kinematics in each flight condition using only one actuator. The idea is to exploit the nonlinear dynamics of the flapping wing to induce the saturation phenomenon. One physical spring in the plunging direction is needed along with a feedback of the plunging angle into the control torque of the actuator in the back and forth flapping direction. By detuning the feedback gains away from the saturation requirement, we obtain the flapping kinematics required for hovering. In contrast, tuning the feedback gains to induce the saturation phenomenon transfers the motion into the plunging direction. Moreover, the actuating torque (in the back and forth flapping direction) would then provide a direct control over the amplitude of the plunging motion, while the amplitude of the actuated flapping motion saturates and does not change as the amplitude of the actuating torque increases.
Axial bone mass in older women

Objective: To determine the anthropometric, historical, and lifestyle factors associated with bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine and proximal femur in older women. Design: Cross-sectional anal...
Remediation of Metal-Bearing Aqueous Waste Streams via Direct Carbonation

Direct carbonation using liquid carbon dioxide can be used for the remediation of aqueous streams or slurries while sequestering carbon dioxide in the form of metal carbonates. Carbonic acid (pH = 2.9), which formed when the aqueous phase was contacted with excess liquid carbon dioxide at ambient temperature (295 K) and elevated pressure (6.89 MPa), reacted with the metal cations to form metal carbonates in the agitated vessel. These metal carbonates precipitated out of solution as the pH returned to neutral when the system was depressurized. Electric arc furnace K061 dust, red mud from the Bayer process of alumina manufacture, and metal-bearing wastewater streams were amenable to this treatment. The treatment of a K061-dust slurry from a steel plant was semi-continuous. The dust particles were retained in the high-pressure reaction vessel as fresh water was continuously injected and high-pressure, metal carbonate-bearing water was withdrawn. The water residence time in the reactor was 12 min. About 30% o...
Central modulation of immunoreactive arginine vasopressin and oxytocin secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation by corticotropin-releasing factor.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a potent ACTH secretagogue, has been found to exhibit many characteristics of central neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory substances. In this capacity, hypothalamic CRF might participate in postulated autoregulatory processes which regulate net secretion of adenohypophysial ACTH. We have examined the actions of centrally injected ovine CRF on the secretion of immunoreactive CRF, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) into the hypophysial-portal circulation of urethane-anesthetized rats. Our observations do not support a short-term autoregulatory role for CRF. However, central administration of CRF was associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of hypophysial-portal concentrations of immunoreactive AVP and OT, suggesting potentially important central interactions among putative ACTH-regulatory factors.
Governor Pinchot and the Late Magistrate Stubbs.

Governor Pinchot's appointment of followers of two powerful politicians to the Philadelphia magistracy came at a time when the entire magisterial system was facing the stiffest criticism from the higher courts, the state bar association, and the more alert lay opinion that it has faced since Magistrate Perri was convicted of extortion and bribery in 1929. Philadelphia magistrates from time immemorial have been charged with partisanship, ignorance, and corruption; and the temper of the present times has begun actively and militantly to react against these shortcomings of a judicial system that is steeped in politics rather than pervaded with a spirit of justice.
Assembly of the 20S Proteasome

The proteasome is a cellular protease responsible for the selective degradation of the majority of the intracellular proteome. It recognizes, unfolds, and cleaves proteins that are destined for removal, usually by prior attachment to polymers of ubiquitin. This macromolecular machine is composed of two subcomplexes, the 19S regulatory particle (RP) and the 20S core particle (CP), which together contain at least 33 different and precisely positioned subunits. How these subunits assemble into functional complexes is an area of active exploration. Here we describe the current status of studies on the assembly of the 20S proteasome (CP). The 28-subunit CP is found in all three domains of life and its cylindrical stack of four heptameric rings is well conserved. Though several CP subunits possess self-assembly properties, a consistent theme in recent years has been the need for dedicated assembly chaperones that promote on-pathway assembly. To date, a minimum of three accessory factors have been implicated in aiding the construction of the 20S proteasome. These chaperones interact with different assembling proteasomal precursors and usher subunits into specific slots in the growing structure. This review will focus largely on chaperone-dependent CP assembly and its regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Guest Editors: Thomas Sommer and Dieter H. Wolf.
Targeted delivery of therapeutic enzymes

Enzymes have great potential as therapeutic agents due to their high activity and selectivity. However, broader use of enzyme drugs in clinical practice is limited due to their poor stability, immunogenicity and potential systemic toxicity. Targeted delivery of therapeutic enzymes can in many cases provide solutions to these problems. Here we review recently developed strategies for targeted delivery of several most important classes of enzyme drugs and discuss their advantages and potential limitations. While a variety of approaches have been proposed and studied in vitro and in animal models, further investigations and clinical trials are needed to make these delivery systems suitable for clinical applications.
An Analysis of Mental Processes, Behaviors, and Job Satisfaction of Apparel Product Developers and Traditional Retail Buyers

Abstract Job-related information and analysis are fundamental parts for both workers and organizations to increase productivity and job satisfaction that are extensively related to the business organization's performance. This study presents an analysis of specific job characteristics, job contents, and behaviors in the two diverse merchandising line development process of traditional retail buying and apparel product development.
Disparate responses of blood pressure to adrenergic stimuli during beta blockade.

Abstract 1. 1. Insulin hypoglycemia or epinephrine release may lead to adverse increases in blood pressure in the presence of non-cardioselective β-blockers. 2. 2. However, increases in blood pressure have not been observed in β-blocker treated patients during physical exercise, handgrip tests, or during infusions with the α-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. 3. 3. In this study we have further evaluated the role of adrenergic stimuli in the eitology of these responses of blood pressure during β-blocker therapy. 4. 4. These data do not support a direct role for β 2 receptors or norepinephrine in pressor responses observed during β-blocker therapy. 5. 5. Blockade of β 1 receptors or, more likely, a facilitating effect of propranolol upon the α-adrenergic receptors might explain the enhanced pressor responses found after adminstration of the α-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. 6. 6. However, high doses of phenylephrine seem needed to elicit such pressor responses.
Widespread, but Non-identical, Association of Proteasomal 19 and 20 S Proteins with Yeast Chromatin

It has recently become clear that various aspects of nucleic acid metabolism and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway intersect in several direct and important ways. To begin to assess the scope of some of these activities in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we assessed the physical and functional association of proteasomal proteins from both the 20 S core and 19 S regulatory particles with ∼6400 yeast genes. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that proteasome substituents are associated with the majority of yeast genes. Many of these associations correlated strongly with expression levels and the presence of RNA polymerase II. Although the data support the presence of the intact 26 S proteasome on most genes, several hundred yeast genes were cross-linked to either the 20 or 19 S complex but not both, consistent with some degree of independent function for the proteasomal subcomplexes.
Anther culture of some perennial triticeae.

Three field grown Agropyron spp. (crested wheatgrasses) and two Thinopyrum spp. (intermediate and tall wheatgrasses) were evaluated for anther culture response. Hormonally modified potato extract and 85D12 media induced pollen embryogenesis. Modified Murashige and Skoog media were tested for their effects on callus proliferation and plantlet regeneration. Callus induction frequency and plantlet production were highest (25.0% and 45.8%, respectively) for Thinopyrum ponticum (2N=70) (tall wheatgrass). One-hundred and nine albino plantlets were produced from T. ponticum ‘Jose’ both by direct regeneration on 85D12 medium and through a callus phase from potato extract media. This is the first report of plantlet production from anther culture of a Triticeae perennial forage grass. Further experimentation with environmental and cultural conditions may result in the production of green plantlets.
Supported Lipid Bilayer Nanopore Protein Gated All Semiconducting Nanotube Network Devices

We demonstrate an integrated system in which all-semiconducting nanotube network transistors are coated directly with lipid bilayers which contain transmembrane ion channel proteins gramicidin A (gA) and α-Hemolysin (α-HL). Dynamic opening and closing of the pores is observed through measurement of the current from the nanotube network, through the nanopores, and into solution. The pores investigated pass either only cations (gA) or both anions and cations (a-HL), allowing a study of the effect of both species on the threshold voltage and mobility of the nanotube network. Blocking of the ion channel currents is demonstrated to occur with PEG, indicating potential applications in nanopore based sequencing technologies. The all-semiconducting nanotube network devices are compatible with low cost printed electronics, opening a window for massively parallel manufacturing of nanotechnology for a variety of applications in electrophysiology and biosensors.
Grammar Induction by Unification of Type-logical Lexicons

A method is described for inducing a type-logical grammar from a sample of bare sentence trees which are annotated by lambda terms, called term-labelled trees. Any type logic from a permitted class of multimodal logics may be specified for use with the procedure, which induces the lexicon of the grammar including the grammatical categories. A first stage of semantic bootstrapping is performed, which induces a general form lexicon from the sample of term-labelled trees using Fulop's (J Log Lang Inf 14(1):49---86, 2005) procedure. Next we present a two-stage procedure for performing distributional learning by unifying the lexical types that are initially discovered. The first structural unification algorithm in essence unifies the initial family of sets of types so that the resulting grammar will generate all term-labelled trees that follow the usage patterns evident from the learning sample. Further altering the lexical categories to generate a recursively extended language can be accomplished by a second unification. The combined unification algorithm is shown to yield a new type-logical lexicon that extends the learning sample to a possibly infinite (and possibly context-sensitive) language in a principled fashion. Finally, the complete learning strategy is analyzed from the perspective of algorithmic learning theory; the range of the procedure is shown to be a class of term-labelled tree languages which is finitely learnable from good examples (Lange et al in Algorithmic learning theory, Vol 872 of lecture notes in artificial intelligence, Springer, Berlin, pp 423---437), and so is identifiable in the limit as a corollary.
The Influence of Gender on Occupational Aspirations of Kindergarten Children.

Abstract By updating and extending previous research on the effect of gender role socialization on occupational choices of children, this research found very sexstereotypical occupational preferences in a sample of 540 kindergarten children. The girls in the study selected occupations that averaged 87% female and the boys selected occupations averaging 84% male. The boys perceived a significantly wider range of vocational options than the girls. In a reversal condition, children were asked to pretend to be of the opposite sex. Most of the children selected occupations with sex ratios favoring their pretended sex; girls were slightly more stereotypic than boys. An unanticipated finding was the extremeness of reactions of the boys to the suggestion that they pretend to be girls. It is argued that current sex-role socialization fails to recognize the realities of the expanding participation of women in the paid labor force.
Views of Cheating among College Students and Faculty.

College students (N = 446) and faculty (N = 97) completed a survey examining views of cheating. Agreement was noted on most situations. When differences were noted, students tended to be stricter than faculty in their evaluations and were more likely than faculty to label a situation as cheating. Opinions and views of cheating were influenced more by behavior, whether “premeditated” or “opportunistic,” than by intention.
PDE6 in lamprey Petromyzon marinus: implications for the evolution of the visual effector in vertebrates.

Photoreceptor rod and cone phosphodiesterases comprise the sixth family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE6). PDE6s have uniquely evolved as effector enzymes in the vertebrate phototransduction cascade. To understand the evolution of the PDE6 family, we have examined PDE6 in lamprey, an ancient vertebrate group. A single PDE6 catalytic subunit transcript was found in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus cDNA library. The lamprey PDE6 sequence showed a high degree of homology with mammalian PDE6 and equally distant relationships with the rod and cone enzymes. In contrast, two different PDE6 inhibitory Pγ subunits, a cone-type Pγ1 and a mixed cone/rod-type Pγ2, have been identified in the lamprey retina. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that Pγ1 and Pγ2 are expressed in the long and short photoreceptors of sea lamprey, respectively. The catalytic PDE6 subunit was present in the photoreceptors of both types and colocalized with the Pγ subunits. Recombinant Pγ1 and Pγ2 potently inhibited tryps...
Two models for the evolution of polygyny

Two models of conditions for the evolution of polygyny are treated axiomatically. Both models assume a social system based on female mate choice in situations in which a female is better off if she mates polygynously with an already mated male on a superior territory than if she selects a bachelor on an inferior territory. One model, the competitive female choice model, assumes that the females of a harem compete for the limited resources of the harem and thus that their fitness decreases as co-wives are added. The cooperative female choice model assumes that, within limits, a female's fitness is improved by the addition of co-wives to her mate's harem, as a result of cooperative interactions within the group. For each model, a sufficient set of independent assumptions is provided. Implications of the models are indicated and methods for testing them are discussed.
Vancomycin: A Rapid HPLC Assay for a Potent Antibiotic

Vancomycin 'Vancocin HCI' is a potent antimicroblal used most frequently in the treatment of gram positive septicemias. Ototoxicity has occurred at serum levels of 80 /~g/mL. A rapid, sensitive assay for vancomycin that utilizes high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, and requires only 100/~L of serum, is presented. The method shows excellent linearity and precision throughout the therapeutic and toxic range. methods are slow and subject to interference from the concomittant use of other antimicrobials, i.e., penicillin (3). Commercially prepared radioimmunoassay kits provide an alternative to the use of bioassay. However, the use of radioisotopes represents a hazard best eliminated from the laboratory environment. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides an optimal technique for the analysis of vancomycin. Previous authors (5) have demonstrated the accuracy of HPLC relative to bioassay techniques. The method presented here incorporates major modifications and is tailored to the clinical requirements of microsample capability and rapid test turnaround.
Natural Law and the Roman Catholic Tradition: The Importance of Philosophical Realism

The intellectual tradition of Roman Catholicism considers natural-law theory as providing the philosophical machinery for articulating concepts central to thinking about moral theory, legal theory, and the social order. The thrust of this essay is to explicate the positions rooted in the writings of Aquinas on natural-law theory, a theory with which a Georgist might find some stimulating similarities. Conditions necessary for natural-law moral and legal theory are considered through an analysis of the central metaphysical concepts together with their historical development and contemporary significance.
Nonlinear mechanical behavior of cervical tissue with increasing pre-compression

Tissue mechanical properties may determine tissue function. This is particularly notable in the cervix, where its mechanical properties influence the outcome of pregnancy. The cervix is easily imaged with ultrasound, and its cost and portability make elastography a good candidate to use as a clinical diagnostic tool to evaluate cervical function. However, before elastography can be used clinically, the mechanical properties of cervical tissue must be characterized. In this study, we performed dynamic testing on normal human cervix tissue at several different levels of pre-compression and different testing frequencies in order to characterize its nonlinear mechanical behavior. Cervical specimens were obtained from the UW Hospital Pathology Lab (n = 12) from the uteri of patients 40 to 76 years old who underwent a hysterectomy. Patient consent was obtained for the mechanical testing of the excised tissue samples. Samples were approximately one cubic centimeter and stored in saline solution. Samples were dynamically tested using an EnduraTEC ELF 3220 for six different pre-compression ranges (1–6%) at three different compression amplitudes (2–4%) and four testing frequencies (1, 10, 20 and 30 Hz). Our results show an increase in the measured storage modulus (E') with increasing pre-compression. When the results were normalized to E' at 1% pre-compression, E' 6% was approximately 1.4 times E' 1% . Dynamic amplitude had little effect on E' measured at each level of pre-compression. We saw no changes in tan δ with increasing pre-compression. E' and tan δ increased significantly with frequency. E' monotonically increased from 4.6–7.8 kPa for the 1-3% compression range (lowest precompression for 2% amplitude) and from 6.3–10.3 kPa for the 6–8% range (highest precompression for 2% amplitude) when increasing frequency from 1-30 Hz. Tan δ increased montonically from 0.35–0.45 for 2% amplitude compressions from 1-30 Hz regardless of initial precompression. These results show the nonlinear behavior of cervix tissue with increasing pre-compression and testing frequency and are consistent with previous studies. In order for ultrasound elastography to be an effective tool to determine cervical function, the initial pre-compression must be considered when measuring the elastic modulus of the cervix.
Application of the group-contribution lattice-fluid equation of state to random copolymer-solvent systems

A group-contribution lattice-fluid equation of state (GCLF-EOS), which is capable of predicting the equilibrium properties of polymer-solvent solutions, has been developed. Group contributions for the interaction energy and reference volume have been developed, based only on the saturated vapor pressures and liquid densities of low molecular weight compounds. For a mixture, group contributions of the binary parameter have been developed from the binary vapor-liquid equilibria of low molecular weight compounds. The model can be applied to the prediction of activity coefficients of solvents in random copolymers. The only input required for the model is the structure of the molecules in terms of their functional groups. No other pure component or mixture properties of the polymer or solvent are needed.
Computing metric and topological properties of configuration-space obstacles

The author describes an algorithm that takes two polygons as input, and computes a representation of their corresponding configuration-space obstacle, including contact information. The algorithm's output includes a full metric and topological description of the obstacle surface, as well as the set of polygon features that are in contact for each point of the surface. The representation is exact, up to the limits of floating-point arithmetic. The algorithm has been implemented and test-run on over 40 input pairs; run times varied between 12 and 135 s. >
Neoliberalization, decentralization and community-based natural resources management in Malawi: The first sixteen years and looking ahead:

This article reviews the paradoxical gap between theory/policy and reality from 16 years of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in Malawi’s fisheries, forestry and wildlife sectors, focusing on influences of imported neoliberal blueprints. The article argues that CBNRM has created shifting institutional hybridities melding neoliberal principles and modern institutions with neo-patrimonial institutions, producing more challenges than opportunities. Recent gains and bias toward revenue generation have not been matched by practical measures for ecological sustainability. Synthesis of trends, challenges, lessons and opportunities through an institutional choice lens contributes to understanding of relative costs and benefits of CBNRM in delivering ecological and socio-economic goals.
Intelligent, self-powered, drug delivery systems

Self-propelled nano/micromotors and pumps are considered to be next generation drug delivery systems since the carriers can either propel themselves (“motor”-based drug delivery) or be delivered (“pump”-based drug delivery) to the target in response to specific biomarkers. Recently, there has been significant advancement towards developing nano/microtransporters into proof-of-concept tools for biomedical applications. This review encompasses the progress made to date on the design of synthetic nano/micromotors and pumps with respect to transportation and delivery of cargo at specific locations. Looking ahead, it is possible to imagine a day when intelligent machines navigate through the human body and perform challenging tasks.
Mutagenic inverted repeat assisted genome engineering (MIRAGE)

Here we describe a one-step method to create precise modifications in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, systems biology and genetic studies. Through homologous recombination, a mutagenesis cassette containing an inverted repeat of selection marker(s) is integrated into the genome. Due to its inherent instability in genomic DNA, the inverted repeat catalyzes spontaneous self-excision, resulting in precise genome modification. Since this excision occurs at very high frequencies, selection for the integration event can be followed immediately by counterselection, without the need for growth in permissive conditions. This is the first time a truly one-step method has been described for genome modification in any organism.
FIFO power optimization for on-chip networks

As the design community moves towards architecting multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoC), it is widely believed that an on-chip interconnection network is potentially the best candidate to satisfy the high aggregate throughput needed by dozens of IP blocks. In this context, power (energy) estimation and reduction techniques for switches and links, the core components of an interconnection network, gain added significance. FIFO buffers are a key component of a majority of network switches - buffers have been estimated to be the single largest power consumer for a typical switch in an on-chip network. In this report, we analyze energy-power characteristics of FIFOs for on-chip networks and propose an optimization to reduce FIFO energy consumption in the context of an on-chip network. Our experimental results demonstrate promising reductions in energy consumptions (19-33% for 256 and 512 bit wide links). Furthermore, our approach yields increasing energy reduction for wider links that are very likely to be used in future on-chip networks.
A differential role for the mitogen-activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide signaling: the MEK/ERK pathway is not essential for nitric oxide and interleukin 1beta production.

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and promotes the activation of macrophages and microglia. Although these cells are highly LPS-responsive, they serve unique tissue-specific functions and exhibit different LPS sensitivities. Accordingly, it was of interest to evaluate whether these biological differences reside in variations within LPS signaling pathways between these two cell types. Because the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK-1 and ERK-2 have been implicated in the control of many immune responses, we tested the concept that they are a key indicator for differences in cellular LPS sensitivity. We observed that murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine BV-2 microglial cells both respond to LPS by exhibiting increased IκBα degradation, enhanced NF-κB DNA binding activity, and elevated nitric oxide and interleukin-1β production. Although LPS potently stimulates ERK activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages, it does not activate ERK-1/-2 in BV-2 microglia. Moreover, antagonism of the MEK/ERK pathway potentiates LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production, suggesting that LPS-stimulated ERK activation can exert inhibitory effects in macrophage-like cells. These data support the idea that ERK activation is not a required function of LPS-mediated signaling events and illustrate that alternative/additional pathways for LPS action exist in these cell types.
Naloxone and rimonabant reduce the reinforcing properties of exercise in rats.

Naloxone and rimonabant block neurotransmitter action of some drugs of abuse (such as ethanol, opiates, and nicotine), and thereby reduce drug seeking and self-administration by suppressing the drugs’ reinforcing properties. The present study represents an attempt to elucidate whether these drugs may also reduce rewarding properties of other events, in this case, activity-based reinforcement. In Experiment 1, 10 obese and 10 lean Zucker rats pressed a locked door under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement that, when unlocked, provided access to a running wheel for 2-min intervals. After baseline breakpoints were established, doses of naloxone (0.3–10 mg/kg) were administered prior to experimental sessions. Obese rats exhibited lower baseline breakpoints for wheel activity, lower response rates, and fewer revolutions compared to lean rats. Naloxone decreased revolutions and response rates for lean and obese rats, but did not reduce breakpoints. In Experiment 2, five Long-Evans rats pressed a door to unlock a wheel for 20 s of wheel activity. Doses of rimonabant (1–10 mg/kg) were administered before some experimental sessions. The highest dose of rimonabant suppressed breakpoints and response rates, but did not affect revolutions. These data suggest that both drugs reduce the reinforcing properties of wheel running, but do so in different manners: naloxone may suppress wheel-based activity (consummatory behavior), but not seeking (appetitive behavior), and rimonabant does the converse. The data also support the role of endocannabinoids in the reinforcing properties of exercise, an implication that is important in terms of CB1 antagonists as a type of pharmacotherapy.
Exploiting processing gain in wireless ad hoc networks using synchronous collision resolution medium access control schemes

Signal spreading is used in military wireless networks to make them more difficult to detect, jam, and intercept. With signal spreading comes the opportunity to use code division multiple access (CDMA) to create multiple channels using the same spectrum. The requirement for all nodes in ad hoc networks to receive broadcast transmissions from any of their neighbors has made implementing channelization schemes impractical, especially with contention protocols. When CDMA is the method of channelization, then the near-far effect must also be addressed. We describe these challenges and then how the contention based medium access control protocol, synchronous collision resolution (SCR) solves them. We describe how SCR creates a geometry of transmitters that benefits from using CDMA. We provide results of several different types of simulation experiments that demonstrate the relative benefits of different levels of processing gain. We demonstrate that tuning SCR for the available processing gain dramatically improves throughput.
Asymmetry of plant-mediated interactions between specialist aphids and caterpillars on two milkweeds

Summary 1. Plant-mediated interactions between co-occurring herbivores play an important role in insect herbivore communities. Although induced resistance pathways associated with jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are often implicated in such plant-mediated interactions, there are few examples from non-model systems involving specialized herbivores that regularly interact in nature. 2. Here, we tested reciprocal impacts between co-occurring specialist herbivores from two feeding guilds, monarch caterpillars Danaus plexippus and oleander aphids Aphis nerii, on two cooccurring and closely related, but defensively contrasting milkweeds, Asclepias syriaca and A. tuberosa. 3. Larvae grew 38% faster on aphid-infested A. syriaca compared to controls. Reciprocally, aphid growth was >50% lower on caterpillar-damaged A. syriaca compared to controls. While caterpillar feeding on A. syriaca induced a jasmonate burst and higher defensive end products (cardenolides and latex), this induction was substantially attenuated in the presence of aphids. We found a negative correlation between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid only on A. syriaca infested by both caterpillars an aphids. 4. Asclepias tuberosa displayed distinct hormonal dynamics and lacked induction of defensive end products. Accordingly, we found no evidence for plant-mediated interactions between monarchs and aphids on A. tuberosa. 5. Thus, A. syriaca has specific responses to each herbivore, but if challenged simultaneously, the outcome is asymmetric: monarchs benefit from defence attenuation by aphids, while aphids are impaired by monarch feeding. 6. Our results suggest phytohormonal trade-offs induced by two feeding guilds can differ between closely related plant species, and our notion of trade-offs in defence based on phytohormonal pathways would improve with further comparative designs from both model and non-model systems.
Taking Decisions into the Wild: An AI Perspective in the Design of i-DMSS

Artificial intelligence has influenced DSS at different stages of its development, but this influence has followed an intermittent pattern; the most recent manifestation of which is a conceptual gap between the two fields. This chapter seeks to narrow the gap by tracing the development of the two fields from their common origin in the ideas of Herbert Simon to the present time. It demonstrates that while AI has departed from those ideas, DSS has remained largely influenced by them. Following a top-down approach, the chapter examines some of the basic premises of current DSS in order to develop a new conceptual framework. We draw upon recent trends in AI towards situated models to propose an embedded, action-oriented, and improvizational approach to the design of intelligent decision-making support system (i-DMSS), and outline a methodology that would support this framework
Nongeometric Building Information Needs Assessment for Facilities Management

AbstractBuilding information modeling (BIM) tools hold promise for owners in terms of collecting the information needed for facility operations. The introduction of BIM technology has increased the need for project teams to deliver information earlier in the project timeline. BIM has been a catalyst for process change in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry in terms of earlier decision making and in identifying the need for more precise and accurate information throughout the design and construction process. Because of the use of collaborative project delivery methods, and the owner’s participation on the project team, the same catalyst is now forcing owners to decide and specify in more detail their informational needs and deliverables. To date, owners are dependent on broad recommendations regarding what information they should collect as well as what methods may be used to collect it. To assist owners with specific recommendations, this study examined a microlevel view of the ...
Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in transgenic sickle mouse

Transgenic sickle mice expressing human beta(S)- and beta(S-Antilles)-globins show intravascular sickling, red blood cell adhesion, and attenuated arteriolar constriction in response to oxygen. We hypothesize that these abnormalities and the likely endothelial damage, also reported in sickle cell anemia, alter nitric oxide (NO)-mediated microvascular responses and hemodynamics in this mouse model. Transgenic mice showed a lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared with control groups (90 +/- 7 vs. 113 +/- 8 mmHg, P < 0.00001), accompanied by increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nonselective inhibitor of NOS, caused an approximately 30% increase in MAP and approximately 40% decrease in the diameters of cremaster muscle arterioles (branching orders: A2 and A3) in both control and transgenic mice, confirming NOS activity; these changes were reversible after L-arginine administration. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of inducible NOS, had no effect. Transgenic mice showed a decreased (P < 0.02-0.01) arteriolar dilation in response to NO-mediated vasodilators, i.e., ACh and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Indomethacin did not alter the responses to ACh and SNP. Forskolin, a cAMP-activating agent, caused a comparable dilation of A2 and A3 vessels ( approximately 44 and 70%) in both groups of mice. Thus in transgenic mice, an increased eNOS/NO activity results in lower blood pressure and diminished arteriolar responses to NO-mediated vasodilators. Although the increased NOS/NO activity may compensate for flow abnormalities, it may also cause pathophysiological alterations in vascular tone.
Autism and social cognition in epilepsy: implications for comprehensive epilepsy care.

Purpose of review The association of epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and social cognition is now well recognized. The overlap of these disorders is generating increasing scientific and clinical interest as the comprehensive management of epilepsy has expanded to include the cognitive and social consequences commonly being recognized as an integral part of epilepsy disorders. Recent findings Recent studies have shown that in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability the rate of epilepsy is as high as 20%. In those with ASD and no intellectual disability the rates of epilepsy are approximately 8%. In epilepsy those most likely to have ASD are those with intellectual disability. There is limited information regarding how often ASD impacts epilepsy and less data on the effect of epilepsy on social cognition. There is a convergence of evidence that when epilepsy coexists with ASD and intellectual disability they share etiopathogenic mechanisms. Summary There is a significant and important overlap between epilepsy and ASD and this has important implications for comprehensive care of all individuals with epilepsy. Early recognition of social deficits is essential. Treating the seizures in individuals with epilepsy and ASD is not enough. Clinicians need to be aware of and implement interventions that address the social-cognitive deficits.
Chlorpromazine Counteraction of Trauma Induced Death.

SummaryChlorpromazine appreciably counteracted tourniquet trauma induced hemoconcentration and death when administered either before or after placement of hind leg ligatures, but not after removal of these ligatures. Maximal counteraction was secured by administering the drug before or immediately after placement of the ligatures. Chlor-promazine was effective in appreciably counteracting heat trauma induced hemoconcentration and death only if administered prior to traumatization.
Spectroscopic Studies and Upconversion Laser Operation of BaY2F8:Er 5%

Measurements have been made on crystals of BaY2f8:Er 5% to determine the optical absorption line strengths. The Judd-Ofett intensity parameters were determined and have been used to calculate oscillator strengths for transitions bstween varkws excited levels. We identiw candidates for upconversion laser operation and discuss laser observations acms the visible spectrum.
The Potential for Fusion Power to Mitigate U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This study summarizes a recent life-cycle net energy analysis (NEA) on a modern natural gas turbine power plant for comparison against DT fusion and conventional technologies (coal, fission, and wind). The NEA results are used as the basis for developing a life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rate. The GHG emission rate for DT fusion is 9 metric tonnes of CO 2 equivalent emitted per gigawatt electric hour produced (T/GW e h). This rate compares favorably against gas turbine (464 T/GW e h) and conventional coal (974 T/GW e h), and competitively against fission (15 T/GW e h) and wind (15 T/GW e h). The implications of this research for U.S. GHG mitigation are discussed. In evaluated scenarios, the installed nuclear and renewable capacity in the U.S. must quadruple by 2050 to maintain a Kyoto based emission target, with fusion and/or other renewable sources comprising 43-59% of U.S. capacity.
Living in Limbo: Latinas' Assessment of Lower Rio Grande Valley Colonias Communities

Community asset mapping (CAM) is the collective process of identifying local assets and strategizing processes to address public health issues and concerns and improve quality of life. Prior to implementing a community-based physical activity intervention with Latinas in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley, promotoras [community health workers] conducted 16 interactive sessions in 8 colonias. The analysis of the transcribed CAM recordings and on-site observational data resulted in the construction of Living in Limbo as the thematic representation of these Latinas' social isolation and marginalization associated with pervasive poverty, undocumented immigration status or lack of citizenship, their fears emanating from threats to physical and emotional safety, and the barriers created by lack of availability and access to resources.
Protein de novo sequencing by top-down and middle-down MS/MS: Limitations imposed by mass measurement accuracy and gaps in sequence coverage

Abstract With the increasing accessibility of Fourier transform (FT) mass spectrometers, top-down/middle-down MS/MS characterization of protein sequences is rapidly gaining popularity. Compared to conventional bottom-up sequencing, the top-down/middle-down approach offers the advantages of fast sample preparation and unambiguous characterization of proteoforms in a mixture. If the modified or mutated peptide segment of interest is not found or recovered with the bottom-up approaches, top-down becomes attractive relative to spending time seeking the right enzyme or chromatographic approach. Here, we discuss the potential and limitations of protein sequence analysis by top-down/middle-down MS/MS alone. Even if 100% protein sequence coverage is achieved by MS/MS, fragment mass error tolerance as low as 1 ppm or 0.5 ppm is needed to differentiate glutamine from lysine at positions not exceeding 330 amino acids (AAs) or 660 AAs from the N-/C-terminus for a protein with 660 AAs (72,760 Da) or 1320 AAs (145,520 Da). To characterize the “AA sequence gap” between two adjacent fragments, we show that the number of gap AA sequences with identical masses for di-, tri-, and tetra-AA gaps grows exponentially with increasing number of gap amino acids. If peptide fragment mass could be measured exactly (in practice, to 0.00001 Da), it would then be possible to define the overall atomic composition for the group of amino acids spanning a product ion gap 3–4 amino acids long. However, when we consider any 3–4 amino acid gap, we find that 50–75% of the possible compositions describe at least two sets of amino acids. Moreover, a next-generation protein fragment deconvolution algorithm is critical to exploit the experimentally observed high mass accuracy generated from the 21 T FT-ICR MS/MS for high confidence and high throughput top-down/middle-down analysis of proteins with unknown sequences. Finally, we show that de novo top-down/middle-down MS/MS can determine the germline sequence category for a given monoclonal antibody (mAb) and further serve to identify its novel mutations.
Compatible, energy conserving, bounds preserving remap of hydrodynamic fields for an extended ALE scheme

Abstract From the very origins of numerical hydrodynamics in the Lagrangian work of von Neumann and Richtmyer [83] , the issue of total energy conservation as well as entropy production has been problematic. Because of well known problems with mesh deformation, Lagrangian schemes have evolved into Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods [39] that combine the best properties of Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. Energy issues have persisted for this class of methods. We believe that fundamental issues of energy conservation and entropy production in ALE require further examination. The context of the paper is an ALE scheme that is extended in the sense that it permits cyclic or periodic remap of data between grids of the same or differing connectivity. The principal design goals for a remap method then consist of total energy conservation, bounded internal energy, and compatibility of kinetic energy and momentum. We also have secondary objectives of limiting velocity and stress in a non-directional manner, keeping primitive variables monotone, and providing a higher than second order reconstruction of remapped variables. In particular, the new contributions fall into three categories associated with: energy conservation and entropy production, reconstruction and bounds preservation of scalar and tensor fields, and conservative remap of nonlinear fields. The paper presents a derivation of the methods, details of implementation, and numerical results for a number of test problems. The methods requires volume integration of polynomial functions in polytopal cells with planar facets, and the requisite expressions are derived for arbitrary order.
Power, Creativity, and Destruction in Turner's Fires

This article considers Turner’s depictions of fire throughout his career. Beginning with some of his very first images, including The Pantheon, the Morning after the Fire, it argues that while fire would eventually come to be a means for Turner to create his reputation as a painter of destruction, it also held associations of creativity, domesticity, and comfort. Furthermore, while fire was not nearly as prominent in his early work as it was in the early 1830s, it also became a means for him to elaborate issues of viewership, sublimity, and public space. Following a consideration of some of Turner’s most well-known images of fire in the 1830s, such as those in the Parliament paintings, the article concludes with an extended discussion of the 1832 Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in the Burning Fiery Furnace. It broadly connects the pictures of the early 1830s to the growth of mass politics and its implications.
A Mirror World-Based Robot Control System

This paper describes an approach to establish bidirectional interactions between robots in the physical and virtual worlds, enabling changes that occur to a physical robot to be automatically reflected by its virtual counterpart, and vice versa. To explore this mirror world concept, a general approach is developed to trigger events that propagate changes between physical and virtual robot counterparts. The accuracy and usability of this approach are then evaluated by constructing a physical robot, creating a virtual model of this robot in Unity, and gathering results from test scenarios.
Evaluation of Meals and Food Pairing

Abstract As sensory evaluation matures as a discipline, the importance of studying food in context becomes more apparent. This means studying the target food as people consume it, in meals with other people and together with other foods. This chapter summarizes the state of research in these areas, with a particular focus on how to conduct research on meals and on food pairing, including methodological recommendations. A case study on hedonic contrast in real restaurant meals is presented as an example of meal research in context.