cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to Epstein—Barr Viral Antigens in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis

Antibodies to Epstein—Barr viral (EBV) antigens were studied in 12 patients with early (less than 6 weeks) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared to controls. Geometric mean antibody titers to viral capsid antigen, early antigens, and Epstein—Barr-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) were not elevated. Rather, they were comparable to titers in healthy volunteers and in patients with recent onset arthritis (less than 6 weeks) that did not develop into RA. In one patient with early RA, no serologic evidence of prior EBV infection or antibody to rheumatoid arthritis—associated nuclear antigen (RANA) was detected. Anti-RANA was not seen in all patients with anti-EBNA. These data do not support a primary role for EBV in the etiology of RA.
Psilocybin and psilocin levels in twenty species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.

The analysis of twenty species from seven genera of Pacific Northwest mushrooms revealed psilocybin (and in some cases psilocin as well) in seven species from three genera. The species found to contain psilocybin (and psilocin) varied from one collection to another by more than a factor of seven in amount present. Total psilocybin and psilocin levels in species known to be in use for recreational and entheogenic purposes varied from 0.1% by dry weight up to a high of nearly 2% by dry weight.
Some Observations on Tax Policy for Pharmaceutical Research

AbstractInternal Revenue Code and procedures concerning research expenditures in the pharmaceutical industry have very substantial effects on both the costs of drug products and the competitive position of US pharmaceutical companies which export drug products. The advantages to the community of tax credits for pharmaceutical research are reviewed in this paper and some of the practical difficulties in delineating how such credits should be qualified are discussed.
Parabrachial neurons mediate dorsal periaqueductal gray evoked respiratory responses in the rat.

The neural substrates mediating autonomic components of the behavioral defense response reside in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The cardiovascular components of the defense response evoked from th...
Life events, meaning and narrative: The case of infidelity and divorce

This article examines how three interviewees construct the meaning of the 'same' life events--marital infidelity and divorce--in radically different ways. All three narrate their experience, using narrative structures to reconstruct and interpret events and yet, because they have different points to make about the spouses' affairs and their divorces, they combine story elements in contrasting ways. Using narrative analysis, I show that what on the surface appear to be the same life events are, in fact, quite different events. I argue that stress research needs to attend more closely to the personal meanings of life events, and show how narrative methods can enrich studies of stress by illuminating how individuals make sense of difficult experiences.
Magnetization transfer in cross-linked bovine serum albumin solutions at 200 MHz: a model for tissue.

We report results for proton 1/T1, 1/T2, and K, the rate of magnetization transfer from solvent to solute, for 5 and 10 wt. % solutions of bovine serum albumin, both native and chemically cross-linked, in undeuterated and approximately 50% deuterated water, at 4.7 T (200.1 MHz) and 19 degrees C. At this field, although K > 1/T1 for the cross-linked samples, magnetization transfer contributes little to 1/T1 directly. Therefore K was measured using off-resonance irradiation of the protein protons. The data for all the samples can be fit using a theoretical model for magnetization transfer, with three parameters: the intrinsic longitudinal relaxation rates of solute and solvent protons, and K. The magnitude of K is so large that the newly-identified, long-lived (approximately 1 microseconds) hydration sites (S.H. Koenig, R.D. Brown III, and R. Ugolini, Magn. Reson. Med., 29, 77 (1993)) must be invoked to account for K, as is necessary to explain the differential effects of cross linking on the magnetic field dependence of 1/T1 of protons and deuterons and the large 1/T1 and 1/T2 values below approximately 20 MHz in immobilized systems. Although these sites are few in number, their long resident lifetime becomes the correlation time for magnetization transfer when protein is immobilized, accounting for the large value of K. Recent data from several laboratories have shown that cross-linked protein, as used here, is a good model for 1/T1 and 1/T2 of tissue, as a function of temperature and magnetic field.
Autoradiographic and histochemical study of the cock's comb in normal and hormonally treated birds.

The cock's comb undergoes histological and histochemical changes with the onset of puberty. Before puberty the corium of the comb is constituted mainly of fibrous connective tissue. After puberty the corium undergoes changes which transforms it into a loose variety of connective tissue with a predominance of ground substance. This ground substance stains metachromatically, gives a positive reaction with Hale's colloidal iron and Alcian Blue and displays an ability for the rapid incorporation of S35O4. These changes increased from the 15th to the 60th day of age. Testosterone locally applied to the comb of prepuberal birds changed the fibrous type of connective tissue into a mucoid one rich in mucopolysaccharides with and ability to rapidly incorporate S35O4. Castration of the post-puberal bird transformed the mucoid connective tissue to a fibrous type as seen in prepuberal birds. The tests for mucopolysaccharides became less intense or negative and the uptake of S35O4 was diminished. The histochemical rea...
Polyethylene pancreatic duct stent-induced changes in the normal dog pancreas

This study was undertaken to evaluate the frequency, severity, and reversibility of stent-induced pancreatic ductal and parenchymal changes in the normal dog pancreas. Six adult mongrel dogs underwent duodenotomy and placement of 5F polyethylene pancreatic duct stents into the main pancreatic duct. After 8 weeks of stenting, the animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group I (n = 2), sacrifice; group II (n = 2), stent removal followed by sacrifice after an 8-week recovery period; group III (n = 2), the stent was exchanged and kept in place for an additional 8 weeks. In group III at 16 weeks the stent was removed, and the animals were allowed to recover for 8 weeks before sacrifice. Pancreatograms were obtained at each operation and were normal before stent placement. Gross and histologic evaluation was performed at the time of sacrifice. All stented animals developed radiographic, gross, and histologic abnormalities. Pancreatograms showed duct dilation in the stented region associated with a short stenosis at the mid to upstream segment of the stent. Group III animals had more advanced radiographic changes than group I and II animals. The radiographic findings were associated with gross evidence of fibrosis, which increased proportionately with the length of the stenting period. Group III animals developed moderate to severe pancreas atrophy. Histologic changes of obstructive pancreatitis were present in most experimental dogs. The results of this study suggest that pancreatic stenting may cause permanent damage in the normal dog pancreas. The cause of the damage appears to be related to stent occlusion, perhaps exacerbated by local stent-induced trauma.
Evolution of a steam atmosphere during earth's accretion

The evolution of an impact-generated steam atmosphere around an accreting earth is presently modeled under the assumption of Safronov (1978) accretion, in a scheme that encompasses the degassing of planetesimals on impact, thermal blanketing by the steam atmosphere, surface-to-interior water exchange, the shock heating and convective cooling of the earth's interior, and hydrogen escape due both to solar EUV-powered planetary wind and impact erosion. The model yields four distinct classes of impact-generated atmospheres: the first, on which emphasis is placed, has as its salient feature a molten surface that is maintained by the opacity of a massive water vapor atmosphere; the second occurs when the EUV-limited escape exceeds the impact degassing rate, while the third is dominated by impact erosion and the fourth is characterized by an atmosphere more massive than any thus far encountered.
Imbibition and Flow of Wetting Liquids in Noncircular Capillaries

Micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) has been used to study the dynamics of imbibition of liquid prepolymers in micrometer-scale, rectangular capillaries formed between an elastomer containing relief structures and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkanethiolates on gold supported on Si/SiO2. Self-assembled monolayers provide a wide range of solid/vapor interfacial free energies (γSV) and a control over wetting and spreading of liquids in the capillaries. The dynamic shapes of the liquids in the capillaries are obtained as solid polymers cross-linked photochemically and examined using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. The shape of the imbibing liquid on a surface with high γSV shows that precursor structures precede macroscopic flow; on low γSV, these precursor structures are absent. Rates of capillary imbibition are linearly correlated to the cosine of static advancing contact angles (θa) of a liquid prepolymer on different SAMs. Different regimes of spreading are observed on a surface h...
Studies In Synesthetic Thinking: I. Musical and Verbal Associations of Color and Mood

(1942). Studies In Synesthetic Thinking: I. Musical and Verbal Associations of Color and Mood. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 153-173..
Getting down to cases: The revival of casuistry in bioethics

This article examines the emergence of casuistical case analysis as a methodological alternative to more theory-driven approaches in bioethics research and education. Focusing on The Abuse of Casuistry by A. Jonsen and S. Toulmin, the article articulates the most characteristic features of this modern-day casuistry (e.g., the priority allotted to case interpretation and analogical reasoning over abstract theory, the resemblance of casuistry to common law traditions, the 'open texture' of its principles, etc.) and discusses some problems with casuistry as an 'anti-theoretical' method. It is argued that casuistry so defined is 'theory modest' rather than 'theory free' and that ethical theory can still play a significant role in casuistical analysis; that casuistical analyses will encounter conflicting 'deep' interpretations of our social practices and institutions, and are therefore unlikely sources of increased social consensus on controversial bioethical questions; that its conventionalism raises questions about casuistry's ability to criticize norms embedded in the societal consensus; and that casuistry's emphasis upon analogical reasoning may tend to reinforce the individualistic nature of much bioethical writing. It is concluded that, not-withstanding these problems, casuistry represents a promising alternative to the regnant model of 'applied ethics' (i.e., to the ritualistic invocation of the so-called 'principles of bioethics'). The pedagogical implications of casuistry are addressed throughout the paper and include the following recommendations: (1) use real cases, (2) make them long, richly detailed and comprehensive, (3) present complex sequences of cases, (4) stress the problem of 'moral diagnosis', and (5) be ever mindful of the limits of casuistical analysis.
Alcohol's Effects on Women's Risk Detection in a Date-Rape Vignette

Researchers have established that alcohol is a risk factor for date rape for both victims and perpetrators. Objective: The authors tried to experimentally address the link between alcohol consumption and women's risk detection abilities in a risky sexual vignette. Participants: The authors recruited 42 women from undergraduate classrooms at a large midwestern university and randomly assigned them to drink an alcoholic (.04 blood alcohol content) or a placebo beverage. Methods: Participants completed self-report inventories and listened to a date-rape audiotaped vignette, which began with consensual sexual behavior and culminated in date rape, and the authors asked them to determine if and when the man should refrain from making further sexual advances. Results: Student's t tests and Pearson r correlations showed that women who consumed alcohol and exhibited high levels of rape myth acceptance showed a significant decrease in risk recognition (p = .000 and .001, respectively). Conclusion: These findings hi...
Cell fate determination in plant development

Abstract Organs are formed throughout a plant's lifetime by the continued proliferation of cells in the apical meristems. Cell divisions within the meristem are fairly regular and give rise to predictable portions of the plant body. However, mosaic analyses have demonstrated that cell fates are not strictly dependent on lineage. Interactions between cells must therefore play a role in defining the final differentiated pattern. Some of the gene products that may be involved in these cell signalling processes are beginning to be defined.
Effects of flow transients on the opposed jet flame stabilizer

This investigation studied the effects of unsteady flows, artificially induced, on flame stabilization by a model opposed jet stabilizer employing a premixed propane-air combustible and an opposed air jet. No flame blowoffs were attributed to transients, either step or periodic in nature, imposed on the main combustible stream. Nonperiodic step velocity changes of 10 or 20% of the initial combustible stream velocity and periodic transients up to 13 cps of amplitude equal to 10 or 20% of the average combustible stream velocity were imposed. An oscillating jet supply pressure at frequencies up to 60 cps produced transients in the jet stream, while a constant main stream velocity in the range of 60–220 fps was maintained. Enlargement of the stable flame region over that observed for a steady jet was found to be a function of jet pressure cycling frequency and duration of the jet pressure below that corresponding to incipient flame instability. A significant reduction of jet mass rate was accomplished over that necessary for a stable flame with a steady jet. Flame stabilization in a previously unstable region by an oscillating jet was explained through a time lag observed in the unstable flame structure by the use of high-speed photography. The time lag is a function of jet pressure cycling frequency. An empirical equation correlated the jet pressure frequency, f BO , required to duplicate a specified static flame blowoff.
The elemental hues of short-wave and extraspectral lights

The continuous judgmental color-naming technique was used to assess the elemental nature of hue names descriptive of short-wave and extraspectral lights. Subjects were instructed to describe the hue of a 3-deg, 1-sec, 1,000-Td light by assigning percentages to each of three or four response categories available for use in a particular session. Response categories were chosen from the following group: red, green, blue, yellow, violet, and purple. Test stimuli consisted of monochromatic lights ranging from 510 to 420 nm and various proportions of 400-and 700-nm light. Results from eight subjects showed the color names blue, red, and green to be necessary and sufficient in describing these lights. On the basis of criteria established for the elementalness of hues, blue, red, and green were determined to be elemental, whereas purple and violet were found not to be elemental.
Response of C fibre nociceptors in the anaesthetized monkey to heat stimuli: estimates of receptor depth and threshold.

1. Responses to ramped or stepped temperature stimuli were obtained from fifty-three cutaneous C fibre mechano-heat nociceptors (CMHs) in the hairy skin of the pentobarbitone-morphine anaesthetized monkey. A three-layer heat transfer model was developed to describe the temperature distribution within the skin and to estimate receptor depth and heat threshold. 2. Surface heat threshold, defined as the surface temperature when the first action potential occurs, increased as: (a) the rate of temperature rise for the ramped stimuli increased from 0.095 to 5.8 degrees C s-1; (b) the duration of stepped heat stimuli decreased from 30 to 1 s; and (c) the base temperature of stepped heat stimuli decreased from 38 to 35 degrees C. These results suggest that the heat threshold for CMHs is determined by the temperature at the depth of the receptor. 3. Receptor depth estimates from responses to ramped stimuli ranged from 20 to 570 microns with a mean of 201 microns. The estimated mean receptor heat threshold was 40.4 +/- 2.2 degrees C (+/- S.D.). No correlation was observed between depth and thermal or mechanical threshold. The average receptor depth and threshold, estimated from the responses to stepped heat stimuli, were 150 microns and 40.2 degrees C, respectively. 4. We conclude that: (a) the receptor endings of CMHs occur in the epidermis and dermis; (b) temperature at the level of the receptor determines threshold; (c) temperature at the receptor ending is much lower than skin surface temperature at threshold; and (d) the tight distribution of receptor heat thresholds suggests a uniform transducer mechanism for heat in CMHs.
Concluding commentary on contemporary research strategies in cultural geography

It is encouraging to see that cultural geography in the USA and UK is generating the critical, provocative, and innovative essays represented in this volume. All of the essays express directly or i...
"Static" and "dynamic" approaches to the ethical relationship between researchers and the community: seeking a new synthesis.

“Health and Human Rights,” edited by Doris Schroeder, welcomes contributions on all areas outlined below. Submitted papers are peer-reviewed (short discussion papers will be reviewed by at least one, full papers by at least two reviewers). To submit a paper or to discuss suitable topics, please e-mail Doris Schroeder at dschroeder@uclan.ac.uk.I thank Professor Solomon Benatar (Center for Bioethics, University of Cape Town), Dr. Walter Robinson (Department of Social Medicine, Division of Ethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston), Dr. Carolyn Hayes (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston), and Professor Patricia Illingworth (Department of Philosophy, Northeastern University, Boston) for reading the manuscript and for their valuable critical comments.
Left Sided Obstructive Congenital Heart Defects

Abstract Congenital heart defects that comprise obstruction to systemic blood flow are some of the most difficult to treat surgically. These defects typically present in the neonatal period or early infancy with a presentation ranging from tachypnea and tachycardia to cardiogenic shock. In this article, defects such as aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome will be discussed. Various medical and surgical management strategies will be presented, as well as a discussion regarding common ongoing and/or recurrent problems within this population of infants. The bedside nurse is the key in assisting parental caregivers to understand the anatomy of the infant's cardiac defect, teach them to care for their baby at home, and learn to interpret and subsequently intervene for their infant's symptoms.
Intravenous ACTH therapy in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

1) Eleven courses of intravenous ACTH by continuous infusion were given to 10 patients with severe bronchial asthma. 2) The total dose ranged between 10 mg. and 210 mg. given over a period of one to nine days. 3) Seven patients obtained excellent remissions lasting up to six weeks. The others obtained partial remissions only. There was no complete therapeutic failure. 4) One patient who demonstrated clinical resistance and eosinophil escape with i.m. ACTH responded promptly to i.v. ACTH. 5) Antibiotics should be administered concomitantly, particularly to those patients with bronchitic manifestations, to combat possible depressed resistance to infection produced by ACTH.
The Number of Embeddings of Minimally Rigid Graphs

Rigid frameworks in some Euclidean space are embedded graphs having a unique local realization (up to Euclidean motions) for the given edge lengths, although globally they may have several. We study the number of distinct planar embeddings of minimally rigid graphs with $n$ vertices. We show that, modulo planar rigid motions, this number is at most ${{2n-4}\choose {n-2}} \approx 4^n$. We also exhibit several families which realize lower bounds of the order of $2^n$, $2.21^n$ and $2.28^n$.For the upper bound we use techniques from complex algebraic geometry, based on the (projective) Cayley--Menger variety ${\it CM}^{2,n}(C)\subset P_{{{n}\choose {2}}-1}(C)$ over the complex numbers $C$. In this context, point configurations are represented by coordinates given by squared distances between all pairs of points. Sectioning the variety with $2n-4$ hyperplanes yields at most $deg({\it CM}^{2,n})$ zero-dimensional components, and one finds this degree to be $D^{2,n}=\frac{1}{2}{{2n-4}\choose {n-2}}$. The lower bounds are related to inductive constructions of minimally rigid graphs via Henneberg sequences. The same approach works in higher dimensions. In particular, we show that it leads to an upper bound of $2 D^{3,n}= {({2^{n-3}}/({n-2}})){{2n-6}\choose{n-3}}$ for the number of spatial embeddings with generic edge lengths of the $1$-skeleton of a simplicial polyhedron, up to rigid motions. Our technique can also be adapted to the non-Euclidean case.
Neonatal prazosin exposure reduces ovarian weight and estrogen receptor binding in adult female rats.

Abstract Exposure of estrogen treated adult female guinea pigs to the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin has been shown to reduce levels of estrogen binding in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. To further investigate this interaction between the noradrenergic and neuroendocrine axes, newborn female rat pups received an s.c. implant of prazosin (0.0125 mg/day for 5 days) or placebo. In adulthood, subjects were sacrificed by perfusion with DMSO on the morning of proestrous. Tissue analysis of the medial preoptic area, corticomedial amygdala, and mediobassal hypothalamus revealed that cytosolic estrogen binding was significantly reduced in all three areas for the prazosin treated group as compared to controls. Ovarian weight was also significantly reduced in the prazosin treated group, although uterine weight was unaffected. Interestingly, prazosin treated females showed a post-pubertal increase in body weight characteristic of ovariectomized females, while controls showed no such increase. These results support the existence of a significant developmental interaction between the noradrenergic system and the neuroendocrine axis as measured by ovarian weight and estrogen binding in the brain.
Effect of HFE Variants on Sphingolipid Expression by SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells

C282Y and H63D are two common variants of the hemochromatosis protein HFE. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells stably transfected to express either wild type HFE (WT-HFE), or the C282Y or H63D allele were analyzed for effect of expression of the mutant proteins on transcription of 14 enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism. Cells expressing the C282Y variant showed significant increases (>2-fold) in transcription of five genes and decreases in two compared to that seen for cells expressing WT-HFE, while cells expressing the H63D variant showed an elevation in transcription of one gene and a decrease in two. These changes were seen as alterations in ganglioside composition, cell surface binding by the binding subunit of cholera toxin, expression of sphingosine-kinase-1 and synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate. These changes may explain why C282Y-HFE is a risk factor for colon and breast cancer and possibly protective against Alzheimer’s disease while H63D-HFE is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases.
Mechanism of metronidazole-resistance by isolates of nitroreductase-producing Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus from the human intestinal tract

Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum strains resistant to metronidazole, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone were isolated from fecal samples of a patient with recurrent ulcerative colitis treated with metronidazole. Unlike other metronidazole-resistant bacteria, these strains produced nitroreductase but metabolized metronidazole to compounds that could not be detected by liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectral analysis. Metronidazole-susceptible Clostridium perfringens grew equally well in spent cultures of Enterococcus spp. incubated with or without metronidazole. These data indicate that the nitroreductases produced by these Enterococcus strains did not activate metronidazole to bactericidal metabolites and these bacteria may reduce the effectiveness of metronidazole. We have indirect evidence for an alternative pathway that results in metronidazole resistance. These strains of enterococcus had nitroreductase so resistance should not have occurred.
Further results on stabilizing controllers for discrete non-linear stochastic systems

More relationships that exist among stabilizability conditions of controllers designed for a class of discrete non-linear stochastic systems are described. The conditions are in terms of both mean square and almost sure asymptotic stability of the controlled systems and provide converse results to those presented earlier
Alcohol use and pregnancy: improving identification.

Objective: To test the effectiveness of a four-item prenatal-alcohol-use, self-administered screening questionnaire that asks about tolerance to alcohol, being annoyed by other’s comments about drinking, attempts to cut down, and having a drink first thing in the morning (“eye-opener”) (T-ACE) in an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample. Methods: Two hundred fifty T-ACE–positive and 100 T-ACE–negative women completed a comprehensive assessment of their alcohol use after initiating prenatal care at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. This comprehensive assessment, which included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test as comparisons to the T-ACE, generated three criterion standards: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Ed., Revised (DSM-III-R), lifetime alcohol diagnoses, risk drinking (regularly having more than one fluid ounce of alcohol per drinking day before pregnancy), and current drinking. Results: T-ACE–positive pregnant women were more likely than T-ACE–negative women to satisfy DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime alcohol diagnoses (40% versus 14%, P < .001) and risk drinking (39% versus 8%, P < .001) and to have current alcohol consumption (43% versus 13%, P < .001). In contrast, obstetric staff members documented only 33 (9%) women as using alcohol at any time, even though nearly all subjects (96%) were asked about drinking upon initiation of prenatal care. Conclusion: The T-ACE was the most sensitive screen for lifetime alcohol diagnoses, risk drinking, and current alcohol consumption. It outperformed obstetric staff assessment of any alcohol use by pregnant women enrolled in the study.
The impact of winter heating on air pollution in China.

Fossil-fuel combustion related winter heating has become a major air quality and public health concern in northern China recently. We analyzed the impact of winter heating on aerosol loadings over China using the MODIS-Aqua Collection 6 aerosol product from 2004–2012. Absolute humidity (AH) and planetary boundary layer height (PBL) -adjusted aerosol optical depth (AOD*) was constructed to reflect ground-level PM2.5 concentrations. GIS analysis, standard statistical tests, and statistical modeling indicate that winter heating is an important factor causing increased PM2.5 levels in more than three-quarters of central and eastern China. The heating season AOD* was more than five times higher as the non-heating season AOD*, and the increase in AOD* in the heating areas was greater than in the non-heating areas. Finally, central heating tend to contribute less to air pollution relative to other means of household heating.
A Phenomenological Theory of Spatially Structured Local Synaptic Connectivity

The structure of local synaptic circuits is the key to understanding cortical function and how neuronal functional modules such as cortical columns are formed. The central problem in deciphering cortical microcircuits is the quantification of synaptic connectivity between neuron pairs. I present a theoretical model that accounts for the axon and dendrite morphologies of pre- and postsynaptic cells and provides the average number of synaptic contacts formed between them as a function of their relative locations in three-dimensional space. An important aspect of the current approach is the representation of a complex structure of an axonal/dendritic arbor as a superposition of basic structures—synaptic clouds. Each cloud has three structural parameters that can be directly estimated from two-dimensional drawings of the underlying arbor. Using empirical data available in literature, I applied this theory to three morphologically different types of cell pairs. I found that, within a wide range of cell separations, the theory is in very good agreement with empirical data on (i) axonal–dendritic contacts of pyramidal cells and (ii) somatic synapses formed by the axons of inhibitory interneurons. Since for many types of neurons plane arborization drawings are available from literature, this theory can provide a practical means for quantitatively deriving local synaptic circuits based on the actual observed densities of specific types of neurons and their morphologies. It can also have significant implications for computational models of cortical networks by making it possible to wire up simulated neural networks in a realistic fashion.
Site-specific labeling of indole derivatives; 3-(dimethylaminomethyl) indole-2-2H (1)

A procedure for the site-specific labeling of indole derivatives has been developed. The procedure utilizes the blocking and activating properties of the p-toluenesulfonyl group which allows for the facile metalation at the 2-position of indole with n -butyllithium and incorporation of deuterium upon reaction with 2H2O. Removal of the p-toluenesulfonyl group is achieved by treatment with sodium in liquid ammonia and occurs with retention of the label.
Structure of the ellipsoid sheath in the spleen of the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). A light and electron microscopic study

The spleen of the armadillo is invested by a capsule composed predominantly of smooth muscle. Inward extensions from the capsule contribute to an extensive system of trabeculae of the non-vascular type. The white pulp presents a typical follicular arrangement and the red pulp is permeated by an anastomosing series of venous sinsuses. The capillary segment of the penicillar artery is invested by an ellipsoid sheath. The spleen of the armadillo may be included in the class of mammalian spleens characterized as sinusal in nature and possessing ellipsoid sheaths. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the sheathed capillaries demonstrate a high-type of endothelium. A characteristic feature of this endothelium is the presence of a distinct intracytoplasmic fibrous component. The reticular cells comprising the sheath proper exhibit various sized vacuoles and inclusion bodies suggestive of their potentially phagocytic nature. In both light and electron microscopy, venous sinuses lie in close proximity to the peripheral cells of the ellipsoid sheaths. Within the wall of the venous sinuses, patent openings are appearent between the lining cells. If such an arrangement exists in the functional state of the organ, it could provide for an additional means of exposure of both plasma and cellular elements to the adjacent phagocytic cells of the sheath proper.
Race, social class, and response bias effects in grammatical processing

Black English and Standard English grammatical sentences were presented to 122 Black and White second graders in a modified cloze task. Both race and social class differences were sampled from within a single primary school, and both Black and White experimenters were utilized. No effects due to social class were found. Black subjects did better on Black English sentences than White subjects and showed fewer errors in the direction of Standard English syntax. An analysis of hit rates and false alarm rates suggested that Black subjects were more likely to emit Black English responses than White subjects but that both groups possessed equivalent sensitivity to grammatical differences. The results are not consistent with a deficit account of Black subjects' performance or with an explanation based on different dialect systems. Rather, it appears that Black and White children may differ only in their willingness to utilize specific response systems and may possess equal comprehension abilities in both dialect systems.
Challenge for libraries as information managers: Hurricane preparedness and response

The past decade saw heightened hurricane activity and more than $150 billion in damage in 2004 and 2005. Libraries responded by taking steps to better prepare for the information needs of the libraries and their communities arising from these emergency situations. Libraries adapted their service roles in support of their communities to manage information services tailored to emergency support and assistance to hurricane victims. There has been no systematic effort to organize and assist libraries toward providing information services related to hurricane/disaster planning and response. This project included interviews with over 150 experienced officials and librarians throughout the Gulf Coast area. Key findings include the need for libraries: to collaborate with local agencies to build coalitions focused on disaster preparedness; to become emergency responders, prepared to offer shelter, relief, communications, and emergency services; to serve as vital links in the emergency response network, helping in key areas as communication and information centers, and as distribution centers for food, water, and supplies; and to develop into command and control points, as integrated nodes in the disaster response network. The importance of this research effort centers upon the coordination, management, and integration of information resources that improve the library and community infrastructure related to hurricane preparedness and response. The effort identified the library's service roles, developed strategies for libraries to better prepare to assist their communities, and investigated how libraries and other governmental agencies leverage their resources during the response and recovery period. The study has captured and actively disseminated the best practices offered by the survivors of such events via a web portal and training sessions.
Treatment of NRAS-mutant melanoma

NRAS mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 arise in 15–20 % of all melanomas. These alterations have been associated with aggressive clinical behavior and a poor prognosis. Until recently, there has been a paucity of promising genetically targeted therapy approaches for NRAS-mutant melanoma (and RAS-mutant malignancies in general). MEK inhibitors, particularly binimetinib, have shown activity in this cohort. Based on pre-clinical and early clinical studies, combining MEK inhibitors with agents inhibiting the cell cycling and the PI3K-AKT pathway appears to provide additional benefit. In particular, a strategy of MEK inhibition and CDK4/6 inhibition is likely to be a viable treatment option in the future, and is the most promising genetically targeted treatment strategy for NRAS-mutant melanoma developed to date. In addition, immune-based therapies have shown increasing activity in advanced melanoma and may be particularly effective in those with NRAS mutations. Combination strategies of immune and targeted therapies may also play a role in the future although clinical trials testing these approaches are in early stages.
Search for B-decay to Higgs bosons for Higgs boson masses between 50 and 210 MeV/c2

Abstract We use data from the Mark II experiment at PEP to search for the process B→h 0 X for m h 0 between 50 and 210 MeV/ c 2 . No evidence for the Higgs boson is seen in this mass range. The limit obtained rules out the standard Higgs boson for masses between 70 and 210 MeV/ c 2 and significantly constrains extensions of the Higgs sector.
Molecular Weight of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as Estimated by Means of Radiation Inactivation of Biologic Activity

The rate of radiation inactivation of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone and crude kaolin-acetone extracts of pregnancy urine caused by 2.0 Mev electrons has been studied. Four bio-assays have been used: ovarian hyperemia and uterus weight increase in intact, immature female rats; and prostate and testes weight increments in hypophysectomized male rats. The dose of radiation required to reduce activity to 37% (D37) was obtained by measurement of the slope of a graph of logarithm of percentage activity remaining plotted against radiation dose in rads. From these data estimations of molecular weight were made. The slopes, D37, and molecular weights were similar as measured by the 4 bio-assays for both the partially purified HCG and the pregnancy urine extracts. The average molecular weight was 30,500. Methods of application of radiation inactivation to hormonal materials are presented. The possible significance of these data is discussed.
Heritability of Egg Weight in White Holland Turkeys

Abstract Although there are numerous estimates of the heritability of egg weight in chickens, there is very little information available concerning the heritability of this character in turkeys. Blow and Glazener (1954) estimated the heritability of egg weight in Bronze turkeys from the phenotypic correlations between paternal half sibs, phenotypic correlations between full sibs and from the intra-sire regression of offspring on dam. The average of the three estimates was .555 for egg weight in February. Apparently there are no other reports on the heritability of egg weight in turkeys. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to provide additional estimates on egg weight in turkeys. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS The present study was based on egg weights obtained on pullets of single-male matings of The Pennsylvania State University strain of White Holland turkeys during 1953, 1954 and 1955. The history, selection emphasis and management of this flock has been …
Posterior stabilization in total knee arthroplasty with use of an ultracongruent polyethylene insert.

Fifty-three primary and 47 revision posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-substituting total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) using a highly conforming (ultracongruent) polyethylene insert were retrospectively reviewed over a 48- to 106-month (mean, 60+/-11 months) follow-up period. These 100 knees were age and sex matched with another 100 TKAs performed using a PCL-sparing design. The ultracongruent design has an anterior buildup of 12.5 mm and a more conforming articular surface to match better the radius of the femoral component. In primary and revision TKAs, the average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score (P = .3) and range of motion (P = .43) were similar between the PCL-sparing and ultracongruent groups. In primary and revision TKAs, there were no revisions resulting from instability for patients receiving an ultracongruent insert versus 5 knees in the PCL-sparing control group secondary to subsequent postoperative anteroposterior instability and PCL insufficiency.
Cadherins and catenins at synapses: roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

Synapse formation involves reciprocal interactions between cells resulting in formation of a structure optimized for efficient information transfer. Recent work has implicated constituents of the cadherin–catenin cell-adhesion complex in both synapse formation and plasticity. In this review, we describe recent interesting discoveries on mechanisms of cadherin complex function, in addition to regulating adhesion, that are relevant for understanding the role of this complex in synaptogenesis and plasticity. We describe how this complex acts via (i) recruitment/stabilization of intracellular partners; (ii) regulation of intracellular signaling pathways; (iii) regulation of cadherin surface levels, stability and turnover; (iv) stabilization of receptors; and (v) regulation of gene expression. These exciting discoveries provide insights into novel functional roles of the complex beyond regulating cell adhesion.
Effects of Simulated Flash Fire and Variations in Skin Model on Manikin Fire Test

An established numerical model of a manikin fire test, which has the capability of predicting heat transfer through thermally protective clothing exposed to an intense heat environment, is described in this paper. The model considers the fire characteristics simulated in a manikin chamber as well as the insulating air layers between protective garments and the skin surface. The numerical model is applied to analyze the effects of simulated flash fire and variations in a skin model on a manikin test. The study demonstrates that the heat flux measured by 122 thermal sensors over the surface of the manikin exhibits a bell-shaped Gaussian distribution for a short duration in calibration burn. A series of flash fire data with different distributions was generated statistically, and the effects on burn predictions were investigated. The results suggest that the fire distribution affects the burn predictions for 4 s of exposure. The effects of initial temperature distribution, thermal properties, as well as involvement of blood perfusion in a skin model on burn predictions are also discussed. The model predictions demonstrate that the initial temperature distribution in a skin model has a large effect on burn predictions for a one-layer garment exposed to short duration flash fire conditions.
Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme (E1) Isoforms in Lens Epithelial Cells: Origin of Translation, E2 Specificity and Cellular Localization Determined with Novel Site-specific Antibodies

Abstract Lens development and response to peroxide stress are associated with dramatic changes in protein ubiquitination, reflecting dynamic changes in activity of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1). Two isoforms of E1 (E1A and E1B) have been identified in lens cells although only one E1 mRNA, containing three potential translational start sites, has been detected. Novel, site-specific antibodies to E1 were generated and the hypothesis that the two isoforms of E1 are translated from alternative initiation codons of a single mRNA was tested. Antibodies raised against E1A-N peptide (Met1to Cys23of E1A) reacted only with E1A by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. Antibodies raised against E1B-N peptide (Met1to Glu25of E1B or Met41to Glu65of E1A) and E1AB-C peptide (His1030to Arg1058of E1A or His990to Arg1018of E1B) reacted with both E1A and E1B. These results indicate that (1) E1A and E1B contain the same C-terminal residues; (2) E1A contains the N terminal sequence of E1B; and (3) E1B does not contain the N terminal sequence of E1A. The two isoforms of lens E1 are therefore translated from a single mRNA. Specifically, E1A is translated from the first initiation codon, and E1B translated from the second initiation codon. E1A and E1B were affinity-purified, and their ability to ‘charge’ ubiquitin carrier proteins (E2s) with activated ubiquitin was compared in a cell-free system. E1A and E1B were indistinguishable with respect to charging different E2s. However, E1 immunolocalization studies with human lens epithelial cells indicate that E1A and E1B are preferentially localized to the nucleus and cytosol, respectively. This observation suggests that E1A and E1B ubiquitinate different proteins and serve different functions in intact cells.
Sexual Hormones in Achlya V. Hormone A′, a Male-Secreted Augmenter or Activator of Hormone A

The role of specific sexual hormones in the sexual reaction of two heterothallic species of Achlya has been described in earlier papers of this series.(1) Four specific substances were postulated, two secreted by the ♀, bringing about specific reactions in the ♂ , and two secreted by the ♂, inducing specific responses in the ♀. On the basis of evidence available at that time it seemed that the entire sexual reaction was initiated with the secretion of hormone A by the vegetative mycelium of the ♀, which induced the formation of sexual organ initials, antheridial branches, on the ♂. In the course of a more detailed analysis of the response of the ♂ plant to hormone A from the ♀, (2) it was found that the vegetative mycelium of the ♂ secreted some factor which profoundly influenced its response to hormone A from the ♀. This factor, produced by the vegetative ♂ plant independently of any response to the ♀, will hereafter be referred to as hormone A' (A prime).
Biphasic action of growth hormone on intestinal amino acid absorption in striped bass hybrids

Abstract 1. 1. Weekly injections of bovine growth hormone (bGH) increased the maximal transport rate of both Na + -dependent and Na + -independent l -leucine transport with little effect on the affinity constants in the intestine of striped bass hybrids. 2. 2. The Na + -dependent and the Na + -independent transport of the non-metabolizable analog cycloleucine was also stimulated by bGH. 3. 3. The Na + -dependent active transport was stimulated 2 days after the hormone treatment, while the stimulation of the Na + -independent diffusional transport was not observed until after 2 weeks of treatment. 4. 4. Studies of intestinal morphometry and l -leucine transport using brush border membrane vesicles suggested that bGH affects intestinal amino acid absorption initially by increasing the number of transporters per cell. 5. 5. This phase is followed by a general increase of the intestinal mass after long-term treatment with the hormone.
Evaluation of the continuous optical discharge for spectrochemical analysis

Abstract The continuous optical discharge (COD) has been studied as a spectrochemical excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. The COD was generated by focusing a 45-W cw-CO 2 laser beam in Xe gas at pressures between 1150 and 3200 torr. The high temperature ( 10 000 K) and electron density (~10 17 cm −3 ) of the plasma should provide good excitation for elements difficult to excite by more conventional sources. Some characteristics of the plasma were examined as a function of laser power and gas pressure. The design of a gas cell for analytical measurements which increases plasma stability is presented. Linear calibration curves for O 2 ; and Cl 2 introduced into the plasma were obtained and detection limits established. Detection limits were also determined for solid materials laser ablated into the COD. Because the COD operates at pressures above atmospheric, gas samples are most easily introduced for analysis. To prevent contamination of optical components by analyte dissociation products, the COD should be operated as a plasmatron.