cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and Field Approaches to Environmental Effects Monitoring with Emphasis on Some Microbial-Heavy Metal Relations

Over the past 30 years an increasingly rigid rationale has evolved concerning what constitutes acceptable environmental impacts from the release of society’s wastes. This trend, particularly pronounced with regard to the oceans, has in turn generated an unfulfilled demand for more discerning effects monitoring to disclose prevailing levels of environmental stress. The perplexing shortfall regarding environmental effects monitoring is somewhat analogous to that of an employee paid to rid a certain section of beach of cans, bottles and other debris only to be abruptly confronted with the additional task of counting all brown sand particles.
Desbordamientos culturales en torno al 15-M

This essay is an exploration of the wide cultural context of the “indignados” or 15-M movement in the Spanish state. It starts by proposing that 15-M is one of the symptoms of a widespread erosion of the hegemonic “Culture of the transition”, which established a series of tacit agreements around the necessity of a vertical and expert society, based in the political parties system and financial capitalism. This erosion has been fostered by the emergence of the new digital technologies of communication, which have allowed the propagation of horizontal and empowering practices of cooperation. Instead of reproducing a public sphere traditionally ruled by the opinions of individual “experts”, people are using Internet for the creation of “knowledge communities” in which no one knows everything, but everyone shares what they know. Through this sharing cultures sometimes emerge projects in which communities are able of managing their resources in a sustainable way, by creating “commons”. 15-M showed its special sensibility towards forms of quotidian cooperation and common creation by trying to collectively manage the sustainability of common life in squares and camps. The movement should actually be understood, like the rest of the international “squares” movements that emerged in 2011, as a way of resisting the attempts of neoliberal elites at privatizing common wealth on a global scale.
Mori's program for M¯0,6 with symmetric divisors

We complete Mori's program with symmetric divisors for the moduli space of stable six-pointed rational curves. As an application, we give an alternative proof of the complete Mori's program of the moduli space of genus two stable curves, which was first done by Hassett.
Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Rdhe2 Is a Novel Retinol Dehydrogenase Essential for Frog Embryonic Development

The enzymes responsible for the rate-limiting step in retinoic acid biosynthesis, the oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde, during embryogenesis and in adulthood have not been fully defined. Here, we report that a novel member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, frog sdr16c5, acts as a highly active retinol dehydrogenase (rdhe2) that promotes retinoic acid biosynthesis when expressed in mammalian cells. In vivo assays of rdhe2 function show that overexpression of rdhe2 in frog embryos leads to posteriorization and induction of defects resembling those caused by retinoic acid toxicity. Conversely, antisense morpholino-mediated knockdown of endogenous rdhe2 results in phenotypes consistent with retinoic acid deficiency, such as defects in anterior neural tube closure, microcephaly with small eye formation, disruption of somitogenesis, and curved body axis with bent tail. Higher doses of morpholino induce embryonic lethality. Analyses of retinoic acid levels using either endogenous retinoic acid-sensitive gene hoxd4 or retinoic acid reporter cell line both show that the levels of retinoic acid are significantly decreased in rdhe2 morphants. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that Xenopus rdhe2 functions as a retinol dehydrogenase essential for frog embryonic development in vivo. Importantly, the retinol oxidizing activity of frog rdhe2 is conserved in its mouse homologs, suggesting that rdhe2-related enzymes may represent the previously unrecognized physiologically relevant retinol dehydrogenases that contribute to retinoic acid biosynthesis in higher vertebrates.
Structure of the ESCRT-II endosomal trafficking complex

The multivesicular-body (MVB) pathway delivers transmembrane proteins and lipids to the lumen of the endosome. The multivesicular-body sorting pathway has crucial roles in growth-factor-receptor downregulation1, developmental signalling2,3,4, regulation of the immune response5 and the budding of certain enveloped viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus6. Ubiquitination is a signal for sorting into the MVB pathway7,8, which also requires the functions of three protein complexes, termed ESCRT-I, -II and -III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)7,9,10. Here we report the crystal structure of the core of the yeast ESCRT-II complex, which contains one molecule of the Vps protein Vps22, the carboxy-terminal domain of Vps36 and two molecules of Vps25, and has the shape of a capital letter ‘Y’. The amino-terminal coiled coil of Vps22 and the flexible linker leading to the ubiquitin-binding NZF domain of Vps36 both protrude from the tip of one branch of the ‘Y’. Vps22 and Vps36 form nearly equivalent interactions with the two Vps25 molecules at the centre of the ‘Y’. The structure suggests how ubiquitinated cargo could be passed between ESCRT components of the MVB pathway through the sequential transfer of ubiquitinated cargo from one complex to the next.
Alternative equations of motion for the radiating electron

We have previously written down a simple second-order equation for the radiating electron and pointed out that its solutions are well behaved. A key feature of this equation is the presence of a term involving the time derivative of the external fieldf(t). Here, we show that a completely equivalent, but less elegant, equation may be written down which contains no derivatives off(t) but, instead, an infinite number of derivatives of the coordinate. However, it has the merit of displaying explicitly how our result differs from that of Abraham-Lorentz.
Effects of intraventricuear p-chloroamphetamine and its analogues on cerebral 5-HT

Abstract A dose-response curve for serotonin (5-HT) depletion by intraventricularly administered p-chloroamphetamine was established along with its effect on the activity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. The effects of several analogues on cerebral 5-HT were assessed following their intraventricular administration. Changes in 5-HT were determined at various time intervals after administration of the analogues. The minimal intraventricular dose at which p-chloroamphetamine depressed 5-HT at six hr after injection was 200μg. Of the agents tested, only chloroamphetamine reduced both 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid at six hours. p-Fluoroamphetamine and fenfluramine, like p-chloroamphetamine, produced a long-lasting depression of cerebral 5-HT levels. Intraventricularly injected p-chloroamphetamine reduced activity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase with and without iprindole pretreatment, but had little effect on catecholamine levels. The results are compatible with the previous hypothesis that p-chloroamphetamine is converted to some metabolite responsible for the long-term neurotoxic effects.
On Christian Atheism

Un bilan de l'hostilite des paiens au christianisme jusque vers 150 montre que l'atheisme n'y a que peu de part. Ce n'est que plus tard que cette accusation sera au centre de la controverse. L'ignorance des paiens a l'egard du christianisme, la psychologie de la haine et les desastres du regne de Marc Aurele, tout cela pris ensemble explique l'indifference initiale des paiens a l'atheisme chretien et leur polarisation sur ce point plus tard
Receptor signalling and the regulation of endocytic membrane transport

Abstract Vesicle-mediated membrane traffic has long been considered to be a constitutive process that is not burdened by layers of regulation. This contrasts with transmembrane signalling systems at the plasma membrane which relay information (i.e. extracellular stimuli) from the cell surface to the cytoplasm via a myriad of different protein—protein interactions and second messenger cascades. An accumulation of recent evidence, however, now suggests that signal-transduction pathways also play a critical role in the regulation of protein and membrane trafficking. In particular, the analysis of the signalling pathways initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases at the plasma membrane has yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms of endocytosis. In addition, recent evidence has suggested potential new roles for two previously characterized vesicle coat proteins in a membrane traffic route that is regulated via cell surface receptor signalling.
Multi-objective design of mechanically-commutated DC machines

In the research presented herein, population-based design of mechanically-commutated DC machines is considered. To set the stage for design, a model of the machine is derived to predict the electromagnetic torque, commutation interval, conduction loss, and core loss based upon material property, geometry, and excitation. A key component of the model is an analytical expression for the flux density within the machine from which the armature winding inductance and voltage constant are obtained. Using the model, multi-objective optimization is performed to establish Pareto-optimal front between mass and power loss for a host of design constraints. Finally, a design from the Pareto-optimal front is validated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Self-similar grain size distribution in three dimensions: A stochastic treatment

Abstract In this paper, a stochastic formulation of three-dimensional grain growth is presented. This formulation employs the recent extension of the von Neumann law to three dimensions, and leads to a Fokker–Planck equation for the size distribution. The self-similar solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation presented here are based on the assumption of quasi-stationary distributions reached in the long time limit. The resulting grain size distributions, obtained both numerically and analytically, are shown to be in good agreement with each other and also with those obtained from computer simulations, indicating the validity of the stochastic approach.
Formation and use of oxide films to impede outgassing of metals

Abstract Phenomena associated with the outgassing of metals are generally interpreted by using models based either on desorption of compounds from the surface or on diffusion of dissolved gases from the interior of the metal. It is generally recognized that surface oxide films can serve to decrease outgassing rates of metals. However, the processes associated with the outgassing of oxidized or oxide-coated metals are not well understood. Outgassing of oxidized metals is considered in light of the results of recent studies of hydrogen permeation through metals with well-characterized oxide films. The chemical stabilities of the oxides, as well as the physical imperfections of the film, are considered. A model is suggested for the expected outgassing behavior of oxidized steels at temperatures which are of interest in the design of controlled thermonuclear research experiments and reactors. The role of impurities and the usefulness of specialized oxidation treatments are discussed.
Scheduling rooted forests with communication delays

We show that a greedy algorithm for scheduling unit time jobs on two machines with unit communication delays produces an optimal schedule when the precedence constraints are given by a rooted forest. We also give a min/max relationship for the length of such a schedule. The min/max result (for forests and two machines) shows that the addition of unit communication delays increases the optimal schedule length by at most one.
Anatomy of a red tide bloom off the southwest coast of Florida

A massive outbreak of Karenia brevis that had been ongoing for several months along the southwestern coast of Florida was sampled in early September 2005 off Sanibel Island to assess the utility of bio-optical features and ataxonomic analysis (quantification of eukaryotic and cyanobacterial picoplankton) by flow cytometry in monitoring red tide blooms. Sea-surface sampling followed aircraft visual location of discolored water. Within the most concentrated area of the bloom, chlorophyll a values exceeded 500 m gl � 1 , and concentrations of nitrate (0.3 mM � 0.0) and ammonium (<0.2 mM) were depleted compared to high concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, and soluble reactive phosphorus (141 � 34 mM, 16.5 � 2.5 mM, and 6.44 � 0.57 mM, respectively). Low water clarity in the bloom (Secchi depth transparency 0.3 m, Kd estimated at 4.83 m
Analysis of the C9orf72 repeat in Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and restless legs syndrome

The hexanucleotide expanded repeat (GGGGCC) in intron 1 of the C9orf72 gene is recognized as the most common genetic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, as part of the clinical phenotype, some patients present with parkinsonism. The present study investigated the potential expansion or association of the C9orf72 repeat length with susceptibility to Parkinson's disease and related disorders, essential tremor and restless legs syndrome. One restless legs syndrome patient was shown to harbor a repeat expansion, however on clinical follow-up this patient was observed to have developed frontotemporal dementia. There was no evidence of association of repeat length on disease risk or age-at-onset for any of the three disorders. Therefore the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion appears to be specific to TDP-43 driven amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia.
Combining simultaneous reflectance and fluorescence imaging with SEM for conclusive identification of polycrystalline features of MFI membranes

Abstract Optical reflectance imaging of dye-saturated, c-oriented MFI membranes is employed for the first time as an in situ technique to conclusively identify the fluorescing features imaged simultaneously through fluorescence confocal optical microscopy (FCOM). For relatively thick (10–25 μm), well-oriented membranes, the reflectance image reveals the crystalline grains at the membrane surface. It provides low-resolution insight reminiscent of SEM, and augments FCOM techniques enabling direct correlation of the fluorescing regions of the membrane with the peripheries of the crystal grains (i.e., grain boundaries). Direct comparison of reflectance, fluorescence, and SEM images of an identical region of the membrane, rather than qualitative comparison of images from different membranes, conclusively confirms that molecular probes (dyes) of maximum diameter greater than the MFI pore dimensions access grain boundaries within the polycrystalline MFI membranes.
Cumulant-based approximations to reduced density matrices

The use of cumulant expansions for the approximation of reduced density matrices (RDMs) is reviewed. It is pointed out that the oft-cited theorems of Nakatsuji and Rosina are insufficient to guarantee either N-representability or that an N-representable RDM has a unique antecedent wave function. Approximations involved in Mazziotti's recently proposed “formal solution for reconstruction” are identified. The behavior of his scheme, and of an older one in which all cumulants beyond the second are neglected, are illustrated by detailed examination of a model problem. The limited experience provided by this example casts doubt as to the probable effectiveness of Mazziotti's reconstruction scheme. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Sublinear binocular integration preserves orientation selectivity in mouse visual cortex

Inputs from the two eyes are first combined in simple cells in the primary visual cortex. Consequently, visual cortical neurons need to have the flexibility to encode visual features under both monocular and binocular situations. Here we show that binocular orientation selectivity of mouse simple cells is nearly identical to monocular orientation selectivity in both anaesthetized and awake conditions. In vivo whole-cell recordings reveal that the binocular integration of membrane potential responses is sublinear. The sublinear integration keeps binocularly evoked depolarizations below threshold at non-preferred orientations, thus preserving orientation selectivity. Computational simulations based on measured synaptic conductances indicate that inhibition promotes sublinear binocular integration, which are further confirmed by experiments using genetic and pharmacological manipulations. Our findings therefore reveal a cellular mechanism for how visual system can switch effortlessly between monocular and binocular conditions. The same mechanism may apply to other sensory systems that also integrate multiple channels of inputs.
A rapid radiometric assay for mammalian cytosolic epoxide hydrolase.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive radiometric assay for cytosolic epoxide hydrolase is described. The assay is based on the highly efficient partitioning of unreacted 1-phenyl-1,2-epoxybutane (β-ethylstyrene oxide) from an aqueous mix into isooctane, with the product diol being retained in the aqueous phase. The trans -epoxide is an excellent substrate for both the glutathione transferase and epoxide hydrolase present in mouse liver cytosol, and both enzymes may be monitored simultaneously after appropriate modifications of the assay are made. Also, trans -β-ethylstyrene oxide is hydrated much faster than the cis -isomer in the hepatic cytosol of three different mammalian species, and both isomers are poor substrates for the microsomal epoxide hydrolase. Mouse liver cytosol hydrates the trans -epoxide at 69 nmol/min-mg protein, and a K m of 7.2 × 10 −5 m is observed. Reduction of 1-phenyl-1-bromo-2-butanone with sodium borotritide and subsequent ring closure of the bromohydrin mix with base was a highly efficient route for radiolabeling β-ethylstyrene oxide. The resulting cis - and trans -epoxides were separable by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography.
BK virus infection in kidney transplantation: a case for early intervention.

The prognosis for renal allograft survival in a patient with BK virus-associated nephropathy is distressing because nearly 50% of affected grafts are lost. With these statistics in mind, attempting clinical intervention before BK virus disease develops seems appropriate. Noninvasive screening tools such as tests to detect decoy cells in urine can enable diagnosis of BK viral infection in its early stages. Although it is not entirely clear which patients with BK infection will have BK disease develop, it may be possible to intervene in this early warning period to prevent the further development of BK virus-associated nephropathy. We present a case of a 50-year-old man in whom asymptomatic BK viruria developed 6 weeks after he received a non-HLA matched kidney from a deceased donor. This BK viruria was accompanied, subsequently, by an unexplained increase in serum creatinine level 2 months after transplantation. Following a change in his immunosuppressive regimen as therapy for presumed renal allograft dys...
Relation of lung volumes to height in healthy persons between the ages of 5 and 38 years.

Summary The results of the measurement of residual volume, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity in 171 persons between the ages of 5 and 38 years have been reported together with regression equations based on height. The lung volumes correlated well with the cube of height. A similar relationship was found when the values of Sutherland and Ratcliff for “crying vital capacity” of newborn infants were combined with the present measurements of vital capacity in children and young adults.
Effect of phospholipase C and protein kinase C following cholinergic denervation and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth in rat hippocampus

Abstract Following cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus by medial septal lesions, an unusual neuronal reorganization occurs in which peripheral adrenergic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglia grow into the hippocampus (hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth). We have reported previously that cholinergic denervation and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth differentially affected cholinergically stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, concentration and affinity of muscarinic receptors, Go-protein level and protein kinase C activity. To complete these studies, we determined whether cholinergic denervation and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth influenced phospholipase C and protein kinase C expression in dorsal hippocampal membranes and cytosol. Using immunoblotting methods, the results showed that the 100,000 mol. wt subunit of phospholipase Cβ was increased in the membrane fraction in the hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth group by 45% compared to controls and the 150,000 mol.wt subunit was increased by 75% and 59% compared to controls and cholinergic denervation, respectively. For protein kinase C detection, immunoblots were prepared using antibodies selective for “classical” protein kinase C members (α, β, γ) and for the “novel” protein kinase C subfamily members (δ, θ). Membrane protein kinase Cβ was decreased in hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth by 35% compared to controls and by 41% compared to cytosolic hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth. Membrane protein kinase Cβ was decreased in cholinergic denervation by 28% compared to controls. When compared to membranes from controls and the cholinergic denervation group, and to cytosolic fractions from the hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth groups, respectively, the following membrane protein kinase isoforms were found to be decreased by hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth: γ by 55%, 40% and 57%; δ by 91.5%, 70% and 120%; θ by 95%, 100% and 86%. In conclusion, our results may indicate the connection between the previously reported differential influence of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation on cholinergically stimulated phosphoinositol hydrolysis. The “normalization” of phosphoinositol hydrolysis found in hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth may be due to the increase in phospholipase Cβ expression in hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth membrane fractions. Since the activation of protein kinase C is known to block phosphoinositol hydrolysis, hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth “normalization” of phosphoinositol hydrolysis may result from a reduction in protein kinase expression in hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth membranes.
Formation Control of the MAXIM L2 Libration Orbit Mission

The Micro-Arcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission (MAXIM), a proposed concept for the Structure and Evolution of the Universe (SEU) Black Hole Imager mission, is designed to make a ten million-fold improvement in X-ray image clarity of celestial objects by providing better than 0.1 micro-arcsecond imaging. Currently the mission architecture comprises 25 spacecraft, 24 as optics modules and one as the detector, which will form sparse sub-apertures of a grazing incidence X-ray interferometer covering the 0.3-10 keV bandpass. This formation must allow for long duration continuous science observations and also for reconfiguration that permits re-pointing of the formation. To achieve these mission goals, the formation is required to cooperatively point at desired targets. Once pointed, the individual elements of the MAXIM formation must remain stable, maintaining their relative positions and attitudes below a critical threshold. These pointing and formation stability requirements impact the control and design of the formation. In this paper, we provide analysis of control efforts that are dependent upon the stability and the configuration and dimensions of the MAXIM formation. We emphasize the utilization of natural motions in the Lagrangian regions to minimize the control efforts and we address continuous control via input feedback linearization (IFL). Results provide control cost, configuration options, and capabilities as guidelines for the development of this complex mission.
New Drugs of 1998

Abstract Objective To provide information regarding the most important properties of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 1998. Data Sources Published studies, drug information reference sources, and product labeling. Data Synthesis In 1998, 44 new therapeutic agents were marketed. The indications and information on dosage and administration for each new agent are reviewed, as are the most important pharmacokinetic properties, adverse events, drug interactions, and other precautions. Practical considerations for the use of the new agents are also discussed. Where possible, the properties of the new drugs are compared with those of older drugs marketed for the same indications Conclusion A number of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 1998 have important advantages over older medications. An understanding of the properties of these agents is important for the pharmacist to effectively counsel patients about their use and to serve as a valuable source of information for other health professionals regarding these drugs.
A note on random sets and the Thurstonian scaling methods

Abstract We argue that if a vague concept is represented by a random set, then it is justifiable to use the law of comparative judgment to estimate the means of the membership function distributions. These means may be taken as the type 1 membership values.
The role of comorbidity in the assessment of intermittent claudication in older adults

The prevalence of intermittent claudication (IC) in older adults by questionnaire is less than 5% while the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by non-invasive testing is 2-4-fold higher. Comorbid conditions may result in under-reporting intermittent claudication (IC) as assessed by the Rose Questionnaire. We examined characteristics of those who report leg pain in relationship to other comorbid conditions and disability in 5888 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Older adults with exertional leg pain, not meeting criteria for IC, had a higher prevalence of PAD on non-invasive testing with the ankle-arm index than those without pain, as well as a higher prevalence of arthritis. The pattern of responses suggested that pain for both conditions was reported together. The Rose Questionnaire for IC is specific for PAD, but a negative questionnaire does not indicate a lack of symptoms, rather the presence of PAD along with other conditions that can cause pain.
A novel deuteration technique and its application to NMR of substituted benzenes

Abstract A novel deuteration technique which will assist in the analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectra at the same time simplifying synthetic procedures has been developed. It consists of deuterating a parent hydrocarbon in several selected patterns leaving only one or two protons in the molecule at a time. Subsequently, a molecule of interest is synthesized from the deuterated compound under conditions which avoid deuterium exchange. Only one such synthetic route has to be devised and is applied to each specifically deuterated compound. The resulting spectra in each case are superpositions of a few simple spectra consisting of singlets and AB quartets leading to direct experimental determination of chemical shifts and important coupling constants. An application to the analysis of the spectrum of nitrobenzene has been made and is discussed.
Flow of a thin fiom over a periodic surface

Abstract The flow of thin viscous films over complex surfaces is relevant to the description of heat and mass transfer processes in ordered packing materials. Ordered packings, usually made of corrugated sheets of metal, plastic or ceramic materials have important operating advantages and usually outperform random packings of similar characteristics. A two-dimensional streamline function is used to compute the components of the velocity field and to reduce the equations of motion to a single, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation for the film thickness. A perturbation solution for small film thickness is developed that predicts two film surface maxima for each cycle of the solid surface. Normal film thickness profiles are measured in a direction normal to the solid surface, as opposed to experimental film thickness measured in a direction normal to the axis of the solid surface. The agreement between experimental and theoretical normal film thickness is very good for small values of the parameter δ, defined as the ratio of the Nusselt film thickness and the amplitude of the wavy solid surface.
Religion, health, and the social signaling model of religion

Research conducted over the past several decades has demonstrated a positive correlation between religion, health, and longevity (Hummer, Rogers, Narn, & Ellison, 1999; Koenig, 2008; Matthews et al...
Mirror-Image Kinematics

A matrix [M] is derived for a system of plane first-surface mirrors which transforms a point or the direction cosines of a ray in the image space to the object space. If the general displacement of the mirror system is represented by the screw matrix [S], then the new position of a point image is given by the transformation [S][M][S]−1. This method facilitates designing the mirror supporting structure for minimum image shift due to structural deflections.
Health Care System Accessibility: Experiences and Perceptions of Deaf People

BACKGROUND: People who are deaf use health care services differently than the general population; little research has been carried out to understand the reasons.
Copolymers of 4-adamantylphenyl methacrylate derivatives with methyl methacrylate and styrene

Abstract Three 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate monomers were synthesized from 4-(1-adamantyl)phenol derivatives which were obtained by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol, 2-methylphenol and 2,6-dimethylphenol with 1-bromoadamantane. Characterization of the monomers by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, GC and elemental analysis confirmed structures and purities. Copolymers of these new monomers with styrene were synthesized using free radical techniques. One series of 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was also prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Copolymer compositions were evaluated by 1H and 13C solution NMR, and with FTIR. Reactivity ratios were estimated to have values of r1=0.22 and r2=1.51 for styrene and 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate copolymers; r1=0.31 and r2=2.44 for styrene and 2-methyl-4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate; and r1=0.97 and r2=0 for styrene and 4-(1-adamantyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl methacrylate copolymers (J Polym Sci A 3 (1965) 369–87, J Macromol Sci Rev C4 (1970) 281). All homo- and copolymers were characterized using DSC and TGA to determine copolymer composition effects on Tg and thermal stability. The estimated Tg for the homopolymer of 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was 253°C and the onset of decomposition was 250°C in nitrogen. The homopolymer of 2-methyl-4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate had a Tg of 250°C which was at the onset of decomposition in nitrogen. The homopolymer of 4-(1-adamantyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl methacrylate could not be obtained by free-radical polymerization. 4-(Adamantyl)phenyl methacrylate was incorporated into styrene copolymers at 1–30 mol% and gave Tg increases of ca. 5–60°C over that of polystyrene, respectively. Incorporation of this monomer into MMA copolymers (0.75–35 mol%) resulted in Tg increases of ca. 6–70°C over that of poly(methyl methacylate).
Influence of metal plate on surface magnetostatic modes of magnetic slab

The dispersion relationships for surface magnetostatic modes propagating in a ferrite slab with a conducting plate at a small distance parallel to the surface of the slab have been derived. It is shown that the group velocity of the surface magneto-static mode in this configuration can be both positive and negative, depending on the wavelength of the mode and the distance of the conducting plate from the ferrite surface.
Chemiluminescence analysis for trace pollutants.

Abstract The sensitivity of luminol chemiluminescence to small catalyst concentrations can be exploited for environmental analysis in several ways. Selective methods for Cr(III) and Fe(II) in complex solutions have been applied to natural samples. The detection limits are 0.03 mcg/l and 0.005 mcg/l, respectively. Species that do not catalyze luminol chemiluminescence can be determined by titration with reagents that catalyze the reaction. For example, arsenic and aqueous sulfur dioxide can be titrated with iodine, an efficient catalyst. MnO4-, OCl-, V(II), and Cr(II) are other catalysts that can be used as titrants. Preliminary ion exchange separation in concentrated LiCl solutions extends chemiluminescence to other catalysts of the luminol reaction: Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), and V(IV).
Mechatronics at Colorado State University

Abstract An innovative four-credit junior-level semester course is described, which combines measurement theory, instrumentation, analog and digital electronics, sensors and actuators, and computer control topics with a laboratory experience. The course, entitled Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, is a core course for mechanical engineering students at Colorado State University which has evolved over the last 12 years. In the future it will be offered as a joint course for mechanical and electrical engineering students. Topics covered by the paper include: • • course objective, description, and current syllabus • • laboratory exercises designed to complement and supplement the lecture material • • term projects used in previous years including a 3-D surface laser digitizer, a cylindrical robot with optical tracking capabilities, and an acoustic mapping system • • textbook and laboratory manuals developed to support the course: “Mechatronics and Measurement Systems”, “Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Laboratory Exersices” , and “Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Examination and Homework Manual” , all by M. Histand and D. Alciatore. This course is an integral part of our recently reorganized curriculum which emphasizes engineering design in each year of study. Mechatronics and Measurement Systems is the focal experience that students have in making the transition from the fundamentals of engineering to the application of those principles in “real world” engineering design problems.
Myocardial Rupture: III. Chamber Pressure, Rate of Distention, and Ventricular Disruption in Isolated Hearts

We have developed an in vitro technique for producing myocardial rupture in lamb hearts, which relates tensile strength to a variety of conditions which can prevail in normal and infarcted human hearts. Retrograde perfusion of saline solution and inflation of the left ventricle was used to apply progressive stress to the left ventricular wall. Three separate sites of myocardial rupture were observed and occurred with the frequency of 54% at the papillary muscle, 30% at the interventricular septum, and 16% at the free wall of the left ventricle. The distribution and configuration of the experimental ruptures were similar to those usually noted as complications of human myocardial infarction. The mean rupturing pressure was 526 mm Hg in normal lamb hearts. Application of these techniques should ultimately provide data relevant to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of myocardial rupture.
AN EARLY HISTORY OF HINDSIGHT RESEARCH

The first studies of hindsight bias reflected the confluence of two desires. One arose from being part of the heady early days of Amos Tversky and Danny Kahneman’s heuristics–and–biases research program. As the paradigm evolved, the challenge for the participating graduate students was to find a heuristic to call one’s own or to find a way to elaborate one of the three “classics” (availability, representativeness, anchoring, and adjustment). Maya Bar Hillel and Ruth Beyth–Marom chose the latter route. However, I was still struggling to reconcile the political motives that had brought me to Israel, planning to live in a kibbutz for the rest of my life, with academic life—and its more realistic view of the pace of change in human affairs. For one meeting of the seminar, we read Paul Meehl’s (1973) “Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences.” One of his many insights concerned clinicians’ exaggerated feeling of having known all along how cases were going to turn out. To me, this sounded a lot like the exaggerated claims of understanding political processes that permeated the political discussions to which I had long subjected myself. Those discussions often left me wondering, “If we’re so prescient, why aren’t we running the world?” Psychological research provided an opportunity (and an obligation) to discipline such observations with systematically collected evidence, interpreted in the context of evolving theory. It occurred to me that I might have my bias, if I could provide the evidence and theory. The evidence came first. The research group was very sensitive to the need for normative analysis, establishing the standard for evaluating performance. The task that provided the clearest demonstration of hindsight bias came in the initial study. President Nixon was about to leave for his historic trips to China and the Soviet Union. Ruth and I asked people to assess the probabilities of various possible outcomes (e.g., Pres. Nixon will meet Chairman Mao; Pres. Nixon will announce that the trip was a success). After the trips were over, we asked subjects to recall their predictions. Fortunately, we had the foresight to ask them what they thought had happened, so that we
Expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptors on EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone

In the present study, we report the upregulation of functional IGF-2Rs in cells overexpressing growth hormone (GH). EL4 lymphoma cells stably transfected with an rGH cDNA overexpression vector (GHo) exhibited an increase in the binding of (125)I-IGF-2 with no change in the binding affinity compared to vector alone controls. An increase in the expression of the insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (IGF-2R) in cells overexpressing GH was confirmed by Western blot analysis and IGF-2R promoter luciferase assays. EL4 cells produce insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as detected by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); however, no IGF-2 protein was detected by Western analysis. The increase in the expression of the IGF-2R resulted in greater levels of IGF-2 uptake in GHo cells compared to vector alone controls. The data suggest that one of the consequences of the overexpression of GH is an increase in the expression of the IGF-2R.
Inquiry in the Physical Geology Classroom: Supporting Students' Conceptual Model Development.

This study characterizes the impact of an inquiry-based learning (IBL) module versus a traditionally structured laboratory exercise. Laboratory sections were randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught using IBL pedagogical techniques and included manipulation of large-scale data-sets, use of multiple representations and a physical model and exposure to ill-constrained problems common to the Texas Gulf Coast. The control groups were taught using traditional laboratory activities. The groups were not significantly different prior to exposure. Pre/post-expressed conceptual models and final written reports indicate that the experimental group had greater increases in their conceptual model development of sand-sediment transport.
Solar p-Mode Eigenfrequencies Are Decreased by Turbulent Convection

Average solar p-mode eigenfrequencies are decreased by large fluctuating velocity fields in the upper convection zone. This effect is greatest for modes with large horizontal wave numbers and frequencies. It is large enough to affect estimates of the depth of the convection zone and may carry useful information about the structure of solar convective turbulence.
Electrolytic solder deposit for next generation flip chip solder bumping

Current methods for the formation of pre-solder bumps for flip chip attachment use stencil printing techniques with an appropriate solder paste. The continuing trend towards increasing miniaturisation and the associated decrease in size of solder resist opening, SRO is causing production difficulties with the stencil printing process. Practical experience of production yields has shown that stencil printing will not be able to meet future requirements for solder bump pitch production below 0.15 mm for these applications.
The Familiar but Curious Economics of Higher Education: Introduction to a Symposium

Despite the involvement of two-thirds of economists in it, the higher education industry remains incompletely understood. Among the topics related to higher education that invite further research are the rapid increase in college costs, the interaction of tenure and the end of mandatory retirement, and the effects of college enrollment on income inequality. Data from surveys of freshmen suggests that the gap in socioeconomic status between students in private universities and other young people has grown over time.
A Preliminary Model for Posttraumatic Brain Injury Depression

Abstract Malec JF, Brown AW, Moessner AM, Stump TE, Monahan P. A preliminary model for posttraumatic brain injury depression. Objective To develop, based on previous research, and evaluate a model for depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Cross-sectional structural equation modeling (SEM) of data from consecutively recruited patients. Setting Acute hospital and inpatient rehabilitation units. Participants Adult patients (N=158) after hospital admission for moderate to severe TBI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures External appraisal of ability in participants was measured by the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4) Ability Index completed by a TBI clinical nurse specialist. Patient self-appraisal of post-TBI ability and depression were measured by the Awareness Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Functional outcome 1 year after injury was assessed with the MPAI-4 Participation Index. Results Successive SEM resulted in a parsimonious model with excellent fit. Consistent with prior research, a moderately strong association between self-appraisal of post-TBI ability and depression was found. Injury severity, as measured by the duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), was not significantly associated with post-TBI depression. The 1-year functional outcome was associated with depression and TBI severity. Conclusions The strong association between self-appraisal of post-TBI ability and depression is consistent with the cognitive-behavioral model of depression and recommends consideration and further study of cognitive-behavioral therapy for post-TBI depression. The lack of association between TBI severity and depression may represent the indirect and proxy nature of current measures of TBI severity such as PTA. Emerging neuroimaging techniques (eg, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy) may provide the more direct measures of disruption of brain function after TBI that are needed to advance this line of research.
Transplantation: Impact of pretransplant renal insufficiency

Pre-liver transplant renal dysfunction is associated with decreased survival following transplantation and is also a prognostic indicator of posttransplant chronic kidney disease. Selection of patients for combined liver/kidney transplantation versus orthotopic liver transplantation alone (OLTa) is often difficult given the lack of a reliable method to predict which patients will have ongoing severe renal dysfunction in the absence of concomitant kidney transplantation. We hypothesized that most patients with pretransplant renal dysfunction (serum creatinine > or = 1.5 mg/dL for at least 2 weeks prior to and at time of transplant) will not experience a rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGF) post-OLTa to the point of necessitating consideration for kidney transplantation, even in the setting of calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression. We performed a single-center retrospective study of 60 OLTa patients with pretransplant renal dysfunction transplanted between 2000 and 2005. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed of the time interval to develop eGFR 12 weeks, and 5% were receiving hemodialysis. After 36 months median follow-up post-OLTa, only 8 patients (13%) with significant renal dysfunction pre-OLTa achieved eGFR 12 weeks were at increased risk for eGFR < 20 mL/minute (hazard ratio = 5.3, P = 0.04), a risk that escalated after adjustment for age and serum creatinine at transplant (hazard ratio = 8.9, P = 0.01). Significant predictors of eGFR < 20 mL/minute post-OLTa in this patient cohort were the presence of diabetes and the serum creatinine level at transplant. In conclusion, few patients with preexisting renal dysfunction, especially if <12 weeks duration, experience a significant drop in eGFR post-OLTa.
Component field testing for SWPIDS: a shallow-water perimeter intrusion detection system

Field testing of fiber-based security sensors for use in Shallow-Water Perimeter Intrusion Detection System (SWPIDS) is presented in this paper. These devices were evaluated for continued performance and environmental resilience while deployed in a shallow-water marine environment for several months. These devices were previously untested in such conditions, and were evaluated for consideration in a high-security, low-nuisance alarm, environmentally-friendly underwater security system. The tested sensors include a breach-sensitive stainless steel grate and magnetic tamper switch, both from Woven Electronics, Inc., and a disturbance-sensitive fiber cable from Fiber SenSys, LLC. Preliminary results are presented, including nuisance alarm rates, functionality over the trial period, and resistance to marine effects.
“Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:” Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?

Abstract Almost a decade ago, the Kerner Commission warned that this country was moving toward two societies—one white and one black. Data on residential segregation indicate clear-cut boundaries for these two societies—large cities are becoming black but most suburban areas remain white. Detroit is a case in point and this led the 1976 Detroit Area Study to investigate the sources of racial residential segregation. Our approach was guided by three hypothesized causes of this segregation: (i) the economic status of blacks, (ii) the preference of blacks to be with their own kind, and (iii) the resistance of whites to residential integration. We developed several new measurement techniques and found that most evidence supported the third hypothesis. Blacks in the Detroit area can afford suburban housing and both blacks and whites are quite knowledgable about the housing market. Most black respondents expressed a preference for mixed neighborhoods and are willing to enter such areas. Whites, on the other hand, are reluctant to remain in neighborhoods where blacks are moving in and will not buy homes in already integrated areas. This last result has been overlooked by traditional measures of white attitudes toward residential integration but emerges clearly with the new measure.
Wireless Demonstration System: 2010 Student Design Challenge Third-Prize Paper [Education Column]

We are currently publishing in this column the final reports written by prize-winning teams from the 2010 Student Design Challenge. In this issue, we present the report from the third-place team: Brent Bauman, Andrew Christianson, and Andrew Wegener from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Their advisor was William J. Chappell. As I am currently working on several phased-array-related research projects, this paper is of particular interest to me personally. I hope it will be of value in sparking some new ideas on educational demonstrations for array antennas in the AP-S community.