cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Role of Different Imaging Modalities with Emphasis on Fdg Pet/Ct in the Management of Well Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (WDTC).

Background: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography is suggested to have a role in detection of iodine negative recurrence in well differentiated thyroid cancer. The aim of this study is to identify role of different imaging modalities in the management of well differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: We reviewed 900 well differentiated thyroid cancer patients after post-thyroidectomy who underwent recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone stimulated Sodium Iodide I 131 imaging. Out of 900 patients, 74 had positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Multivariate analysis was performed by controlling positron emission tomography/computed tomography, Sodium Iodide I 131 scan, neck ultrasonography, age, sex, primary tumor size, stage, histology, thyroglobulin. Patients were grouped according to results of Sodium Iodide I 131 scan and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Results: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography was positive in 23 of 74 patients. The sensitivity for positron emission tomography was 11/11(100%), the specificity was 51/63 (81.0%), the positive predictive value was 11/23 (47.8%), and the negative predictive value was 51/51 (100%). The sensitivity for the neck ultrasonography was 4/8 (50%), the specificity was 53/60 (88.3%), positive predictive value was 4/11 (36.4%), and negative predictive value was 53/57 (93.0%). 50% of patients who had Sodium Iodide I 131 negative scan and positive positron emission tomography/computed tomography had a change in management. Thirty-six percent with positive neck ultrasonography had a change in management. Out of 11 recurrences, 6 had distant metastatic disease, and 5/11 had regional nodal disease. Neck ultrasonography showed nodal metastasis in 4/5 (80%). Conclusion: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography altered management in the presence of a high thyroglobulin level and a negative Sodium Iodide I 131 scan. Neck ultrasonography should be the first line of imaging with rising thyroglobulin levels. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography should be considered for cases with high thyroglobulin levels and normal neck ultrasonography to look for distant metastatic disease.
Life cycle impacts and benefits of a carbon nanotube-enabled chemical gas sensor.

As for any emerging technology, it is critical to assess potential life cycle impacts prior to widespread adoption to prevent future unintended consequences. The subject of this life cycle study is a carbon nanotube-enabled chemical gas sensor, which is a highly complex, low nanomaterial-concentration application with the potential to impart significant human health benefits upon implementation. Thus, the net lifecycle trade-offs are quantified using an impact-benefit ratio (IBR) approach proposed herein, where an IBR < 1 indicates that the downstream benefits outweigh the upstream impacts. The cradle-to-gate assessment results indicate that the midpoint impacts associated with producing CNTs are marginal compared with those associated with the other manufacturing stages. The cumulative upstream impacts are further aggregated to units of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using ReCiPe end point analysis method and quantitatively compared with the potential downstream DALY benefits, as lives saved, dur...
Characterization of phosphomevalonate kinase: chromosomal localization, regulation, and subcellular targeting

Phosphomevalonate kinase catalyzes the conver- sion of mevalonate-5-phosphate to mevalonate-5-diphosphate and was originally believed to be a cytosolic enzyme. In this study we have localized the phosphomevalonate kinase gene to chromosome 1p13-1q22-23 and present a genomic map indicating that the gene spans more than 8.4 kb in the hu- man genome. Furthermore, we show that message levels and enzyme activity of rat liver phosphomevalonate kinase are regulated in response to dietary sterol levels and that this regulation is coordinate with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of choles- terol biosynthesis. In addition, we demonstrate that phos- phomevalonate kinase is a peroxisomal protein which re- quires the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal, Ser-Arg- Leu, for localization to the organelle. —Olivier, L. M., K. L. Chambliss, K. M. Gibson, and S. K. Krisans. Characteriza- tion of phosphomevalonate kinase: chromosomal localiza- tion, regulation, and subcellular targeting. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 672-679.
Using NDVI to measure precipitation in semi-arid landscapes

Abstract Measuring precipitation in semi-arid landscapes is important for understanding the processes related to rainfall and run-off; however, measuring precipitation accurately can often be challenging especially within remote regions where precipitation instruments are scarce. Typically, rain-gauges are sparsely distributed and research comparing rain-gauge and RADAR precipitation estimates reveal that RADAR data are often misleading, especially for monsoon season convective storms. This study investigates an alternative way to map the spatial and temporal variation of precipitation inputs along ephemeral stream channels using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. NDVI values from 26 years of pre- and post-monsoon season Landsat imagery were derived across Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), a region covering 3,367 km2 of semiarid landscapes in southwestern Arizona, USA. The change in NDVI from a pre-to post-monsoon season image along ephemeral stream channels explained 73% of the variance in annual monsoonal precipitation totals from a nearby rain-gauge. In addition, large seasonal changes in NDVI along channels were useful in determining when and where flow events have occurred.
Method for determination of aluminum in flour products

[Objective]To apply the "Standard Test Methods of Drinking Water"(water method) and the "Test Methods of Food"(food method) to detect aluminum in flour products,and compare the results of the 2 methods of determination.[Methods] In accordance with the relevant regulations in the "Standard Test Methods of Drinking Water"(GB/T 5750.6-2006)-metal indicator and "Test Methods of Food"(GB/T 5009.182-2003)-Physical and Chemistry Part II,aluminum in flour products was detected by Chrome Azurol S spectrophotometric method.[Results] There was good correlation between the 2 methods,the accuracy and precision of the 2 methods were consistent,and they had fine stability,no significant difference was found between the 2 results.[Conclusion]The "water method" presents more advantages than the "food method",such as a little reagent dosage,buffer system of strong acidresistance,displaying color stability,therefore the "water method" method is suitable for the determination of aluminum in flour products.
Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections and the New Guidelines: An Update

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the current literature on surveillance studies and patient outcomes regarding group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease. 2. Discuss the current perinatal GBS prevention guidelines. 3. Describe the limitations of the “limited evaluation” in assessing newborns at risk for GBS disease. 4. Delineate the proposed management of asymptomatic infants at risk for GBS disease, with the goal of decreasing unnecessary testing and avoiding prolonged hospitalization. Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as S agalactiae , is an encapsulated gram-positive bacterium that is a common inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Despite recent reductions in incidence, it remains the most common cause of neonatal bacterial infections in most developed countries. The most desirable approach suggested to eliminate neonatal GBS infection is the use of GBS vaccines prior to or early in pregnancy. However, until effective GBS vaccines become available, screening pregnant women for GBS colonization and providing intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) will continue to be the mainstay for prevention of GBS infection in neonates, as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A 70% decline in the rate of early-onset GBS disease followed the introduction of the first national consensus guidelines in 1996. In 2002, new national guidelines were released based on evidence that the screening-based strategy was superior to a risk factor-based strategy for preventing GBS infections in the neonate. As a result of many obstetricians adopting the screening-based strategy, CDC data from 2004 showed a further decline in the incidence of early-onset GBS infection to 0.34 cases per 1,000 live births. This surpasses the Healthy People 2010 objective of a reduction in the incidence of early-onset disease to 0.5 cases per 1,000 live births for all races. It should be mentioned that different countries may demonstrate different results, but …
Applying Common Latino Magazine Cover Line Themes to Health Communications

This study aimed to describe strategies used in magazine cover lines to capture the attention of Latino consumers. A content analysis of cover lines (n = 581) from six top-selling Latino women’s an...
Race and Urban Planning

The linkage between urban planning and race arose in several multiracial societies because of the ways in which decision makers used urban planning as a tool for racial oppression. Some of the first US zoning ordinances enforced the segregation of African American households from white households. Historic decisions about public housing and urban renewal reinforced these tendencies. Of more recent concern are the continued presence of racial segregation in US urban areas, the challenges of multicultural planning in Canadian cities, and the lingering effects of apartheid in South Africa. Topical areas of inquiry include land use and zoning, particularly the continued use of exclusionary or explusive zoning, and the inability of low-income residents to challenge such exclusion in federal courts. Housing, neighborhoods, and mortgage lending constitute another topical area, focusing on racially skewed decisions about residence and mortgage access, and the need for ‘fair housing’ open to all races. Creating equitable access to transportation facilities and promoting environmental justice are also key topics for concern. Planning professionals have begun to meet such challenges through equity planning, which aims toward redistribution of municipal resources, or by creating ‘resolver’ strategies designed to rectify racial injustice and increase empowerment through systematic change.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Small Bowel

Comprehension of small intestine physiology and function provides a framework for the understanding of several important disease pathways of the gastrointestinal system. This article reviews the development, anatomy and histology of the small bowel in addition to physiology and digestion of key nutrients.
Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Etoposide in Newly Diagnosed Lymphoma Patients with Hepatic Impairment

Abstract Background: The addition of etoposide to chemotherapy regimens (e.g.- CHOEP and EPOCH) may be beneficial for the treatment of aggressive lymphomas. Previous studies have shown decreased clearance of etoposide in hepatic impairment leading to a dose reduction or removal of drug. Total clearance of etoposide does not change significantly in patients with elevated bilirubin. However, free (or unbound) etoposide levels are a more accurate measurement of drug clearance (Stewart el al. Changes in the Clearance of Total and Unbound Etoposide in Patients with Liver Dysfunction. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Nov;8(11):1874-9.). No studies have analyzed etoposide pharmacokinetics and clinical toxicity in lymphoma patients with hepatic impairment. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed aggressive lymphoma received 1 to 8 cycles of DA-EPOCH +/-R at the NCI. Of 56 pts studied, 48 had normal and 8 had elevated bilirubin (median 3.4mg/dL, range 1.4-22.5mg/dL). All patients received full dose etoposide at 200mg/m2 over 96-hours on cycle 1. Blood samples were collected at 0, 22 and 96 hours after infusion began. Results: There was no significant difference between free etoposide clearance (Cl) and the free etoposide concentration (Css) in patients with elevated versus normal bilirubin (see table below). In all patients, irrespective of bilirubin, there was no significant correlation between free etoposide Cl, free etoposide Css and creatinine clearance (CrCl) or age. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was higher in patients with elevated bilirubin. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 75% (6/8) versus 85% (41/48) and PR in 0% (0/8) vs 4% (2/48) of patients with elevated vs normal bilirubin. Conclusions: Etoposide pharmacokinetics were not altered in patients with abnormal versus normal hepatic function. Although there was an increase in hematologic toxicities, there was no difference in Css or Cl of etoposide. Importantly, there were no significant differences in febrile neutropenia or grade 3/4 toxicities. The toxicity difference is likely attributed to other drugs. Response rates were similar between the 2 groups. Our results do not support the empiric dose reduction of etoposide in patients with aggressive lymphomas receiving potentially curative treatment. Table . Results Elevated Bilirubin Normal Bilirubin p-value Median age (yrs) 39 (17-59) 54 (20-75) 0.15 IPI (int hi/hi risk) 75% (6/8) 23% (11/48) 0.0070 ANC nadir 100% (8/8) 54% (26/48) 0.017 PLT nadir 38% (3/8) 4% (2/48) 0.017 Febrile Neutropenia (C1) 13% (1/8) 13% (6/48) 1.00 G3/4 GI and neuro tox (C1) 38% (3/8) 13% (6/48) 0.11 Median free etoposide clearance on C1 (ml/min/m2) 724 (438-1413) 663 (199-1148) 0.40 Median free etoposide concentration on C1 (μM) 0.082 (0.044-0.135) 0.089 (0.052-0.298) 0.44 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Immigrant Bodily Incorporation: How the Physical Body Structures Identity, Mobility, and Transnationalism

This article integrates insights from the sociology of the body and the sociology of immigration to examine the role of the body in the immigrant incorporation process. Drawing on three years of participant observation in a West African immigrant community, I show how immigrants from a predominantly agrarian society must adapt and retrain their bodies, often under great pressure, to meet the demands of American social institutions. Immigrants’ ability to move their bodies in socially prescribed ways affects three crucial aspects of the incorporation process: identity formation, economic mobility, and transnational practices. Immigrants who struggle to execute the host society’s normative bodily movements (1) interpret their bodily challenges as evidence of their outsider identity, (2) struggle to acquire the material resources necessary to achieve more traditionally studied forms of economic incorporation, and (3) face limitations in their ability to maintain transnational networks even as those networks play an increasingly important social role in the face of their blocked mobility. These findings indicate that bodily incorporation is a critical precursor to full incorporation into the host society.
The Incidence and Effects of Public Debt in the Absence of Fiscal Illusion

This article clarifies several points concerning the effects of public debt. First, the article clarifies the distinction between the Ricardian equivalence and Barro neutrality theorems. Second, th...
A multi-step method for material decomposition in spectral computed tomography

When using a photon counting detector for material decomposition problems, a major issue is the low-count rate per energy bin which may lead to high image-noise with compromised contrast and accuracy. A multi-step algorithmic method of material decomposition is proposed for spectral computed tomography (CT), where the problem is formulated as series of simpler and dose efficient decompositions rather than solved simultaneously. A simple domain of four materials; water, hydroxyapatite, iodine and gold was explored. The results showed an improvement in accuracy with low-noise over a similar method where the materials were decomposed simultaneously. In the multi-step approach, for the same acquired energy bin data, the problem is reformulated in each step with decreasing number of energy bins (resulting in a higher count levels per bin) and unknowns in each step. This offers flexibility in the choice of energy bins for each material type. Our results are very preliminary but show promise and potential to tackle challenging decomposition tasks. Complete work will include detailed analysis of this approach and experimental data with more complex mixtures.
Natural burial: landscape, practice, experience

Natural burial, in which a deceased human body is returned to the earth wrapped or contained in a biodegradable shroud or casket, without embalming or the use of an underground vault, is an emergin...
Experimental verification of component swapping modularity for precision contouring

Design for component swapping modularity (CSM) is experimentally verified for a precision contouring algorithm. Prior work focuses on developing CSM algorithms for various systems and verifying the results using numerical simulations [1], [3], [8]. This work uses empirical and analytical methods to support the effectiveness of CSM in precision distributed manufacturing systems. The concept of a modified reference contour is introduced, which provides a fully modular cross-coupling control (CCC), to facilitate CSM design. First, the unified linear CCC algorithm with proven stability is presented for multi-axis servo-systems. Then, an empirical calibration and sensitivity analysis is conducted such that the optimal control configuration, which achieves the lowest feasible contour error, is obtained for all possible configurations of the servo-system. Despite dramatic differences between the servo-system variants, it is shown experimentally that full CSM is achieved with the same controller for all the variants of the servo-system.
Abstract WP203: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Long-Term Stroke Risk After Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Recent studies suggest that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for subsequent ischemic stroke, even years after the initial insult. The mechanisms of the association remain u...
Competitiveness of local food: an empirical analysis of the tomato market dynamics

Local food has become the foci of food self-sufficiency and sustainable development. This work explores the dynamic interactions between local and imported food in Hawaii, which is a typical small, open economy and an ideal market for a local food system study. Retail scanner data of three major grocery chain stores are used to construct a time series of prices and quantities for local and imported grape and cherry tomatoes in one year (52 weeks). Vector Autoregressive model and impulse response functions are used to investigate the correlations and Granger causalities. Empirical results provide implications for the competitive status of local suppliers and the dynamics of the local food market.
IPOMOEA LITTORALIS (CONVOLVULACEAE)- TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND ETHNOBOTANY

Ipomoea littoralis (Convolvulaceae), a member of Ipomoea section Batatas, is the only species of the section native and still endemic to the Old World. In spite of confusion in the literature, the correct name for the species is I. littoralis. Plants with which I. littoralis has been confused are endemic to Australia and are properly called I. gracilis. These two names apply to species belonging to different sections of Ipomoea. Ipomoea littoralis probably shares a common ancestor with I. ramosissima of the neotropics. Data from a variety of sources, including common association with people and the many vernacular names for the plants, indicate that they are not only wild but are also encouraged and even cultivated.
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: Predictions from Studies in the Mouse

Early investigations in mice and dogs demonstrated that transplantable hematopoietic stem cells exist in the peripheral blood, albeit at a much lower frequency than in the borne marrow [1–4]. This has led to the initiation of clinical trials using autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation as an alternative to bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) transplantation [5–7] in patients with a variety of malignancies. Patients who benefit most from this treatment are those whose marrow is infiltrated with tumor cells or who have hypoplastic marrows due to extensive prior chemo- and/or radiotherapy [8–10] and those who might not tolerate marrow harvests under general anesthesia [6, 11]. Autologous PBSC transplants have been shown to produce a more rapid recovery of granulocyte counts and immune function than autologous BMSC transplants [7,12], resulting in shorter hospital stays. Although results from clinical trials of PBSC autografting have been encouraging, they must be viewed as short-term since the first successful transplants were performed just 5 years ago. The ability of PBSC alone to provide long-term hematopoietic support and disease-free survival in humans is unknown. Clinical evaluation is made difficult by the long time needed to monitor hematopoietic support in humans, the poor prognosis of these patients, and the often irregular and incomplete ablation of recipient marrow with current high dose, cytotoxic, preparative regimens. Concerns about the quality of hematopoietic reconstitution after PBSC transplantation need to be addressed in future experimental and clinical investigations.
Distally Based Pedicled Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Flap: An Anatomical Study and Clinical Application.

Background: Proximally based, pedicled flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscle flap has been described previously for soft tissue coverage of the proximal forearm and elbow. No studies have been done on ...
Optoacoustic Evaluation of Endotracheal Tube Depth in Pediatrics.

Technological advancement is a cornerstone in the practice of respiratory care. Applying new technology to solve clinical problems requires careful investigation to ensure the safety and efficacy of new devices, protocols, and treatment modalities. New technologies are often rapidly incorporated
A Retrospective Analysis of Softball-Related Head and Facial Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments, 2013-2017.

Background Softball is a popular sport played through both competitive and recreational leagues. While head and facial injuries are a known problem occurring from games, little is known about the frequency or mechanisms by which they occur. Purpose To analyze head/face injury diagnoses and to identify the mechanisms associated with such injuries. Study design Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods A public database was used to query data related to head/facial injuries sustained in softball. Data including age, sex, race/ethnicity, injury diagnosis, affected body parts, disposition, incident location, and narrative descriptions were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 3324 head and face injuries were documented in the database over the time span of 2013 to 2017, resulting in a nationwide weighted estimate of 121,802 head/face injuries occurring annually. The mean age of the players was 21.5 ± 14.4 years; 72.1% of injured players were female, while 27.9% were male. The most common injury diagnoses were closed head injuries (22.0%), contusions (18.7%), concussions (17.7%), lacerations (17.1%), and fractures (15.1%). The overwhelming majority of injuries involved being struck by a ball (74.3%), followed by colliding with another player (8.3%), colliding with the ground or a fixed object (5.0%), or being struck by a bat (2.8%). For those injuries caused by a struck-by-ball incident, most occurred from defensive play (83.7% were fielders struck by a hit or thrown ball) as opposed to offensive play (12.3% were players hit by a pitch or runners struck by a ball). Although helmet usage was poorly tracked in the database, female players (1.3%) were significantly more likely to have been wearing a helmet at the time of injury than were male players (0.2%) (P = .002). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that a large number of head and face injuries occur annually within the United States as a result of softball play. A variety of injuries were observed, with the majority involving defensive players being struck by the ball, which highlights the need for more focus on player safety by stronger adherence to protective headgear usage and player health monitoring.
Divergent network properties that predict early surgical failure versus late recurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective The objectives of this study were to identify functional and structural network properties that are associated with early versus long-term seizure outcomes after mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) surgery and to determine how these compare to current clinically used methods for seizure outcome prediction. Methods In this case-control study, 26 presurgical mTLE patients and 44 healthy controls were enrolled to undergo 3-T MRI for functional and structural connectivity mapping across an 8-region network of mTLE seizure propagation, including the hippocampus (left and right), insula (left and right), thalamus (left and right), one midline precuneus, and one midline mid-cingulate. Seizure outcome was assessed annually for up to 3 years. Network properties and current outcome prediction methods related to early and long-term seizure outcome were investigated. Results A network model was previously identified across 8 patients with seizure-free mTLE. Results confirmed that whole-network propagation connectivity patterns inconsistent with the mTLE model predict early surgical failure. In those patients with networks consistent with the mTLE network, specific bilateral within-network hippocampal to precuneus impairment (rather than unilateral impairment ipsilateral to the seizure focus) was associated with mild seizure recurrence. No currently used clinical variables offered the same ability to predict long-term outcome. Conclusions It is known that there are important clinical differences between early surgical failure that lead to frequent disabling seizures and late recurrence of less frequent mild seizures. This study demonstrated that divergent network connectivity variability, whole-network versus within-network properties, were uniquely associated with these disparate outcomes.
Efficient Graphene Based Ultrafast Field Detector Using Very Slow Electronics

We propose an efficient novel graphene based terahertz field detector architecture which relies on slow electronics to detect the shape of ultrafast pulses. Measurements from an array of slow detectors can be posed as a nonlinear Fredholm integral and the inverse problem can be numerically solved. © 2019 The Author(s)
TardisTM: incremental repair for transactional memory

Transactional memory (TM) provides developers with a transaction primitive for concurrent code execution that transparently checks for concurrency conflicts. When such a conflict is detected, the system recovers by aborting and restarting the transaction. Although correct, this behavior wastes work and inhibits forward progress. In this paper, we present TardisTM, a software TM system that supports repairing concurrency conflicts while preserving unaffected computation. Our key insight is that existing conflict detection mechanisms can be extended to perform incremental transaction repair, when augmented with additional runtime information. To do so, we design a mechanism for localizing conflicts back to transactional program points, define the semantics for optional repair handler annotations, and extend the conflict detection algorithm to ensure all repairs are completed. To evaluate our system, we characterize the benefit of repair on a set of benchmark programs; we measure up to 2.95x speedup over mutual exclusion, and 93% abort reduction over a baseline software TM system that does not support repair.
Measurement of the Projected Frontal Area of Vehicles - A New Contour-Tracking Laser Device in Comparison to Other Methods

The determination of a vehicle's drag coefficient requires measurements of its aerodynamic resistance and its projected frontal area with high measuring accuracies. The paper gives a description of optical methods for measuring projected areas and details a laser reflection system which operates on a principle similar to that of a light-barrier system but in a reflection mode. The principle of the measuring method, its advantages and the results of measurements on test objects are detailed. For the covering abstract see IRRD 819832.
Anti-Haitian stereotypes in three Dominican daily newspapers: a content analysis

Anti-Haitian attitudes are widely acknowledged to exist in the Dominican Republic, but it has not been clear whether these are driven by anti-Black, anti-immigrant, or specifically anti-Haitian ste...
Interdiffusion induced high coercivity of rare-earth free Alnico/Pt thin films

Abstract Rare-earth free Alnico permanent magnet is composed of spinodally decomposed ferromagnetic L10 Fe–Co rich (α1 phase) embedded in paramagnetic or weak ferromagnetic L12 Al–Ni rich (α2 phase) matrix. We deposited α1 phase alloy (Fe52Co35.8Al5.6Ni5.3Ti0.9Cu0.4) on (111) oriented Pt (100 nm)/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate to investigate coercivity enhancement induced by the α1 and also substrate interdiffusion through annealing. It is demonstrated that as-deposited α1 film is magnetically soft with a coercivity of ∼0.05 kOe, while its coercivity increased to 5.4 kOe after annealing at 800 °C. This is attributed to the interdiffusion between α1 phase and Pt. Therefore, a large magnetocrystalline anisotropy occurs in the tetragonal L10 (Co, Fe, Ni)Pt film.
An experimental study of anisotropic fracture behavior of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy under monotonic tension

Abstract Wrought magnesium (Mg) alloys display pronounced anisotropy in their room-temperature mechanical responses. The fracture behavior of Mg alloys, especially its reliance of material orientation, has not been well explored. The current work is an investigation of the anisotropic fracture behavior in a rolled AZ31B Mg alloy by carrying out monotonic tension experiments of specimens taken from the rolled Mg plate with five different material orientations (θ = 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5° and 90°) with respect to the rolled direction (RD). Significant anisotropy is exhibited in the tensile fracture of the rolled Mg alloy. At the macroscopic scale, shear fracture displaying relatively flat fracture surface is exhibited from tension at θ = 22.5° and 45°. Microstructural analysis reveals that fracture at these two material orientations is a result of localized shearing accommodated by basal slips from which both crack initiation and propagation are originated. In contrast, under tension at θ = 0°, 67.5° and 90°, brittle-like fracture is shown where irregular-shaped surfaces composed by ridges and islands are observed. For θ = 0°, microstructural analysis in the vicinity of microcracks confirms that crack forms at the tip and/or boundary of compression and compression-tension double twins. For the cases of θ = 67.5° and 90°, microcrack initiation is due to high-angle grain boundary cracking, which is likely caused by stress concentration due to impingements of none co-zone twin-twin boundaries and tertiary tension-compression-tension twins on the high-angle grain boundaries.
Strict Products Liability 2.0: The Triumph of Judicial Reasoning over Mainstream Tort Theory

Strict products liability has evolved in a manner that is widely misunderstood. The liability rule was first formulated to govern defective products that did not minimally perform one of their ordinary functions as expected by consumers—a malfunction that violates the implied warranty of quality. After adopting this rule, courts began applying it to products that did not malfunction and found that a test for defect based on consumer expectations often is indeterminate or can otherwise unduly limit liability in an important class of cases. To address these problems, most courts adopted the risk-utility test, a form of cost-benefit analysis that functions like the negligence standard of reasonable care. Relying on these cases, the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability embraced the risk-utility test, jettisoned the consumer expectations test, and characterized strict products liability as a misleading label that perpetuates confusion about liability being strict when it instead is based on negligence. In response, a clear majority of courts have rejected this negligence-based framework and affirmed the continued vitality of strict products liability. Puzzled by this unexpected development, mainstream scholars claim that courts are confused by the rhetoric of strict products liability. The prevailing scholarly opinion about this matter is confused; its fixation on negligence ignores the implied warranty rationale for strict products liability. Having been largely formulated as a rule of contract law, the implied warranty is under-theorized as a tort doctrine. Once adequately developed, the tort version of the implied warranty shows why courts have transformed the rule of strict products liability from the last century into a more comprehensive regime—“strict products liability 2.0”—that relies on consumer expectations to incorporate the risk-utility test into the framework of strict products liability. As compared to ordinary negligence liability, the implied warranty defines the safety problem in the normatively appropriate manner, thereby sharpening the inquiry about what’s at stake. In dismissing this important development, mainstream tort theory relies on legal categories that fundamentally differ from the ones courts have used to develop strict products liability with analogical reasoning. Scholars have either resorted to overly general theories of tort liability or have otherwise focused on narrow doctrinal questions. By not engaging in the mid-level categorical theorizing required by analogical reasoning, the mainstream position could not see how this characteristic form of judicial reasoning has created the substantively sound regime of strict products liability 2.0.
Systems Medicine: A New Model for Health Care

In 2003, Dr. Elias Zerhouni created the National Institutes of Health (NIH) roadmap and articulated an agenda to aggressively pursue a more integrated approach to use research discoveries to impact human health. Working groups focused on three major themes: New Pathways to Discovery, Research Teams of the Future, and Reengineering the Clinical Research Enterprise. The findings illustrated the need to develop science to decipher biological networks, and the need for broad-scale application of bioinformatics and computational methods to biological systems [1]. In March 2007, the Department of Health and Human Services launched the Personalized Health Care Initiative (PHCI) with the aim to accelerate the development of personalized treatment strategies. The program focuses on high-throughput technologies and developing an infrastructure to promote electronic medical records [2].
Classical lattice gas model with a unique nondegenerate but unstable periodic ground state configuration

We construct a classical lattice gas model with a unique periodic ground state configuration such that the Peierls' condition is not satisfied. The ground state configuration is nondegenerate, which means that for any fixed energyE and any integern, the diameter of the support of alln-connected local excitations, with energy less thanE, is bounded. Nevertheless the configuration is not stable: it does not give rise to a low temperature phase. Any translation invariant Gibbs state of our model corresponds to quasiperiodic ground state configurations. This requires the modification of a recent hypothesis of Dobrushin and Shlosman.
A comparison of series and parallel elasticity in a monoped hopper

In this paper we use optimal control on a geared electric DC motor to compare the energetic efficiency of a simulation of conceptual monoped hoppers with either parallel elastic actuation (PEA) or series elastic actuation (SEA). The energy is measured using three cost functions: positive actuator work, electrical losses, and positive electrical work. For PEA, the presence of the motor inertia in the collision losses leads to increased collision losses at large transmission ratios, which lead to energetically costly compensatory strategies where the SEA is at its most efficient. At small transmission ratios, the motor force increases for both cases, leading to increased thermal losses. In agreement with those theoretical predictions, our work shows that for positive actuator work and positive electrical work the optimal parameter choice for SEA is significantly more energetically efficient than the optimal choice for PEA. For electrical losses, a suitable choice of the transmission ratio can lead to negligible cost values for both actuator concepts.
Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) controls angiogenesis beneath the retina.

A principal cause of blindness is subretinal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration. Excised neovascular membranes from patients with age-related macular degeneration demonstrated a pattern of Fas+ new vessels in the center of the vascular complex, surrounded by FasL+ retinal pigment epithelial cells. In a murine model, Fas (CD95)-deficient (lpr) and FasL-defective (gld) mice had a significantly increased incidence of neovascularization compared with normal mice. Furthermore, in gld mice there is massive subretinal neovascularization with uncontrolled growth of vessels. We found that cultured choroidal endothelial cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by retinal pigment epithelial cells through a Fas–FasL interaction. In addition, antibody against Fas prevented vascular tube formation of choroidal endothelial cells derived from the eye in a three-dimensional in vitro assay. Thus, FasL expressed on retinal pigment epithelial cells may control the growth and development of new subretinal vessels that can damage vision.
Intralesional vinblastine for cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Background: Intralesional vinblastine has been used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS-KS). Injections are painful and anticipated response rates are not well documented. Objective: Eleven homosexual men were studied to evaluate the efficacy and pain associated with intralesional vinblastine with or without 1% bicarbonate buffered lidocaine (BBL). Methods: Six lesions on each patient were selected and treated with either vinblastine, vinblastine mixed with BBL, or vinblastine 5 minutes after BBL injection. Control lesions received BBL, saline, or no treatment. Patients recorded injection pain on a visual analog scale. Results: There was a complete or partial clinical response in 88% of vinblastine-treated lesions. Pain scores for BBL, vinblastine, and the mixture of BBL and vinblastine were not statistically different. Conclusion: Intralesional vinblastine is effective therapy for AIDS-KS. Local anesthesia does not reduce efficacy of treatment, or reduce the pain experienced by the patient.
Teaching Statistics to Psychologists in an Online World

This is an exciting time for those who teach statistics to undergraduate and graduate students in the behavioral sciences. This article traces the course of five revolutions in how we teach statistics, starting with the introduction of mechanical calculators, continuing through the development of statistical packages, and culminating in the creation of online content that a student can access at any time or in any place. The author concludes by proposing that digital editing and drawing applications that are free or low cost create the promise of democratizing the dissemination of content by allowing every instructor to become a content provider. Keywords: statistics; education; flipped classroom; blended learning; psychology
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Deflagration Stage of a Type Ia Supernova Explosion

The paper describes a physical model and numerical algorithm for modeling Type Ia supernova (SNIa) explosions in three dimensions and presents first results of modeling a deflagration explosion in a nonrotating, Chandrasekhar-mass carbon-oxygen (CO) white dwarf. Simulations show that the turbulent flame speed grows exponentially, reaches approximately 30% of the speed of sound, and then declines as the large-scale turbulence is frozen by expansion. The freezing of turbulent motions appears to be a crucial physical mechanism regulating the rate of deflagration in SNIa. The energy of the explosion is comparable to that of a typical SNIa. However, the presence of the outer layer of unburned CO and the formation of intermediate mass elements and pockets of unburned CO near the center pose problems for the modeling of SNIa spectra. Delayed detonation is a way to alleviate these problems and to produce consistent spectra.
Corey-Winter olefin synthesis

Transformation of diols to the corresponding olefins by sequential treatment with 1,1’-thiocarbonyldiimidazole and trimethylphosphite.
Factors Influencing Pulmonary Toxicity in Children Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Setting of Total Body Irradiation-Based Myeloablative Conditioning

Purpose This study evaluated factors associated with increased risk of pulmonary toxicity (PT) from any cause in pediatric patients after myeloablative conditioning, using total body irradiation (TBI), followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods and Materials The records of 129 consecutive pediatric patients (range: 1-21 years of age) who underwent TBI-based myeloablative conditioning for hematologic malignancies at our institution between January 2003 and May 2014 were reviewed. Although total TBI doses ranged from 10.5 to 14 Gy, lung doses were limited to 10 Gy with partial transmission blocks. TBI dose rates ranged from 5.6 cGy/min to 20.9 cGy/min. PT was classified using clinical symptoms, radiographic evidence, and ventilatory defects on pulmonary function tests. Noninfectious (idiopathic) pneumonia syndrome (IPS) was characterized by patients exhibiting PT while demonstrating no signs of infection throughout the follow-up period. Results PT from any cause developed in 70.5% of patients and was significantly associated with increased transplantation-related mortality (TRM) ( P =.03) and decreased overall survival (OS) ( P =.02). IPS developed in 23.3% of patients but was not associated with increased TRM ( P =.6) or decreased OS ( P =.5). Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) significantly affected PT ( P =.001) but did not significantly influence the development of IPS ( P =.4). Infection was a leading cause of PT (75.8%). TBI dose rate significantly affected development of overall PT ( P =.02) and was the sole factor to significantly influence the incidence of IPS ( P =.002). TBI total dose, dose per fraction, disease type, transplantation chemotherapy, age of patient, sex, and donor type did not significantly impact overall PT or IPS. Conclusions A high incidence of PT was noted in this large series of homogeneously treated pediatric patients undergoing TBI for allogeneic HSCT. TBI dose rates affected overall PT and strongly influenced IPS. TBI dose rate is a contributing factor influencing pulmonary toxicity and rates less than 15 cGy/min should be considered to decrease the risk of IPS.
Shareholder Activism and Middle Management Equity Incentives

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We examine how various types of shareholder activists (such as pension funds and large blockholders) impact the relative use of equity incentives at the middle management level of the firm and compare this with the impact on CEO incentive alignment. Research Findings/Insights: Using a sample of 124 US technology firms over the period 1997–2001, we find evidence indicating voice activist shareholders, using communication pressure, are associated with the greater use of equity incentives, and higher total compensation at middle managerial levels, relative to exit activists, who exert economic pressure. The results for CEO equity incentives are similar. We also find that as the presence of institutional ownership siding with management (banks and insurance companies) increases relative to voice activists, the use of equity incentives at middle managerial levels declines. Results for CEO equity incentives are not the same. Theoretical/Academic Implications: In agreement with contingent agency theory, we predict and find evidence of differing governance mechanisms used by voice activists (e.g., public pension funds) and exit activists (e.g., large shareholders). Voice activists face a higher cost of monitoring managers as compared to exit activists, and thus they will advocate for the heavier use of equity incentive compensation at the middle managerial level. In agreement with a managerial power perspective, however, we also find the use of equity incentives for middle managers decreases as the proportion of institutional ownership siding with the CEO increases. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Shareholder activism plays a key role in aligning managerial interests below the CEO level; however, different types of shareholders have different economic and political interests in how equity compensation is shaped to achieve this. Exit activists use monitoring and voice activists substitute equity compensation for monitoring. Shareholders siding with management may also reduce the use of equity incentives for middle managers. These differing interests should be considered in crafting policy responses.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase is associated with the membrane skeleton in human erythrocytes

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase was eluted from human erythrocyte stroma by three separate and distinct techniques which are known to disrupt the membrane skeleton. In addition, this kinase was found to be associated with the intact skeletons prepared by Triton X-100 extraction of stroma. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase which has been extracted from the membrane is a freely soluble protein with poor enzymatic activity toward added phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; however, the enzyme was shown to reassociate with skeleton-depleted stroma and then regain full enzymatic activity toward stromal bound substrate.
The effect of military service on the subsequent civilian wage of the post-Vietnam veteran

Abstract Each year, thousands of young men enlist in the Armed Forces and after a few years most are discharged and re-enter the civilian labor force. This article investigates the impact of military service, including formal military training and on-the-job experience, on the civilian wage of these veterans. Concentrating on the all voluntary military, we find that the impact of military service on subsequent civilian wages differs with education and race. Non-whites (blacks and hispanics) and high school dropouts benefit from a military stint while college graduates suffer a large wage penalty.
The frequency spectrum of sound radiated by isotropic turbulence

Abstract The theory of turbulent time correlations is applied to compute the frequency spectrum of sound radiated by isotropic turbulence. Assuming the quasi-normality of the fourth-order velocity correlation generated by Lighthill's theory, it is argued that the frequency distribution of radiated acoustic energy is determined by the Eulerian space-time correlation function. The frequency spectrum of the sound radiated by isotropic turbulence is found to scale as ω −4/3 at high frequencies. Dimensional analysis based on Kolmogorov scaling predicts the dependence ω −7/2 instead. The discrepancy is explained by the dependence of Eulerian time correlations on an additional dimensional parameter: the sweeping velocity of the most energetic scales of motion.