cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closeness counts only in horseshoes and dancing

During the period in which our article (APSR vol. 68 [June 1974]) circulated in manuscript form it provoked an unusual amount of collegial reaction. Of course, we were quite prepared for a reaction from those who use decision-theoretic models in their research—they were our intended audience. More surprisingly, we also received comments from less directly involved bystanders—a medieval historian for example. All this correspondence indicates to us that nearly everyone has his own theory of how voters behave, and that most such theories do not agree with the one presented in our article. The comments of Professors Tullock, Beck, Mayer and Good, and Stephens further support this conclusion. In an appendix to this note we have responded to the imaginative point raised by Tullock. As for the traditional questions raised by our other critics, however, we adopt a different line of rebuttal. Rather than conduct an unfruitful debate over the a priori plausibility of the minimax regret model we will do something that theorists too seldom do: examine some data. Before doing so we will make an important distinction between using a model prescriptively and using it descriptively. (Decision-theoretic types tend to move a bit too easily from one usage to the other.) Then, after reviewing the major point of our article we will turn to the data.
Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Adenylyl Cyclase-β and Its Role in Erythrocytic Stage Parasites

Abstract The most severe form of human malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The second messenger cAMP hasbeen shown to be important for the parasite’s ability to infect the host’s liver, but its role during parasite growth insideerythrocytes, the stage responsible for symptomatic malaria, is less clear. The P. falciparum genome encodes two adenylylcyclases, the enzymes that synthesize cAMP, PfACa and PfACb. We now show that one of these, PfACb, plays an importantrole during the erythrocytic stage of the P. falciparum life cycle. Biochemical characterization of PfACb revealed a marked pHdependence, and sensitivity to a number of small molecule inhibitors. These inhibitors kill parasites growing inside redblood cells. One particular inhibitor is selective for PfACb relative to its human ortholog, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC); thus,PfACb represents a potential target for development of safe and effective antimalarial therapeutics. Citation: Salazar E, Bank EM, Ramsey N, Hess KC, Deitsch KW, et al. (2012) Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Adenylyl Cyclase-b and Its Role inErythrocytic Stage Parasites. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39769. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039769Editor: Stuart Alexander Ralph, University of Melbourne, AustraliaReceived February 14, 2012; Accepted May 30, 2012; Published June 26, 2012Copyright: 2012 Salazar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Funding: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health to LRL & JB (AI064842) and to KWD (AI052390). The funder had no role instudy design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.* E-mail: llevin@med.cornell.edu. These authors contributed equally to this work.
Skeletal biological distance studies in American Physical Anthropology: Recent trends

Biological distance analysis, the dominant type of skeletal biological research during the 19th century, has become less visible in recent years. Although the proportion of American Journal of Physical Anthropology articles and published abstracts focusing on biodistance has remained fairly constant over the three decades between 1955 and 1985, the proportion of biodistance contributions relative to other skeletal biology studies has decreased. Emphasis in skeletal biology has shifted from the analysis of biological variation to investigations of health and diet, and within biodistance studies methodological issues have assumed prominence over purely analytical approaches. This paper investigates trends in biological distance analysis through a survey of articles and meetings abstracts published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology from 1955 to 1985. The survey provides the historical context for five symposium papers on skeletal biological distance presented at the 1986 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
Pediatric Plastic Surgery

It is well accepted now that children are not simply little adults. In all aspects, from the psychologic to the physiologic, there are distinct differences that affect their care. With the recognition of this, the treatment of plastic surgical problems in children has developed into a distinct subspecialty. As such, we have chosen a broad range of topics for this issue of the Clinics in Plastic Surgery. These topics demonstrate both the unique conditions encountered in children and variations in treatment for those conditions that affect both adults and the pediatric population. The authors have done a magnificent job of bringing together the most current information regarding the management of these reconstructive issues.
When college students reject food: not just a matter of taste.

Motives underlying the self-reported active avoidance of particular foods were examined. A total of 113 college men (N=56) and women (N=57) reported one food that they actively reject and then completed the Food Avoidance Inventory while keeping that food in mind. The Food Avoidance Inventory measures the degree to which specific sociocultural reasons such as weight health, food's unnatural content, and animal ethics reasons may influence decisions to reject a certain food. Meat was reported as the most frequently rejected food among these college students (N=41), followed by vegetables (N=26) and weight concerns were endorsed as the most prevalent reasons for actively avoiding a certain food. Both the food type rejected and the reasons for rejection were significantly mediated by respondents' gender. These data confirm that male and female college students avoid different foods and have different reasons for doing so.
OXOVANADIUM(IV) AND OXOVANADIUM(V) COMPLEXES WITH TRIDENTATE ONO DONOR LIGANDS

Abstract A series of new coordination complexes of oxovanadium(IV) and oxovanadium(V) with tridentate ONO donor ligands are synthesized and characterized. The oxovanadium(IV) complexes are of the type: (i) VOL (H2O), (ii) VOL (py)2, (iii) VOL (ophen), (iv) VOL'·XH2O and (v) VOL' (ophen) (where LH2=2-hydroxynaphthylidene-amino acid, a tridentate dibasic ligand with ONO donor atoms; py=pyridine; ophen=orthopenanthroline; L'H2=2-hydroxynaphthylidene-orthoaminophenol). The oxovanadium(V) complexes are of the type: (i) VO(OCH3)L°CH3OH and (ii) [VO(OH)L]2. The VOL (H2O), VOL (py)2, VOL (ophen) and VOL' (ophen) complexes have normal magnetic moments (μ eff =1.70–1.74 BM) at room temperature. The VOL'·XH2O complexes exhibit subnormal magnetic moments at room temperature and at lower temperatures. Electron spin resonance data of VOL'·XH2O are reported. The oxovanadium(V) complexes are diamagnetic. Electrolytic conductance measurements indicate they are nonelectrolytes. Electronic spectra, infrared spectra and mole...
Short polymer waveguide resonator with Bragg reflectors

We designed a compact optical resonator with two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) embedded on single mode polymer ridge waveguide structure towards micro-scale polymer lasers. Single DBR is made up of alternating layers with λ/4 thickness of air and polymer. Numerical simulation of the device was carried out with 3D FDTD. We investigated the reflectance of single DBR as a function of order and number of periods and found a maximum of 97.8%, achieved for a TE mode with air cladding in material with low refractive index 1.54. Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography was used to open periodic air gaps on a 3 um wide ridge waveguide consisting of 1 um thick polymer layer doped with disperse red 1 (n=1.54) structure. Single DBR with five periods are optically characterized by observing the transmission through the device.
A procedure for isolation and partial purification of guinea pig lung mast cells.

Abstract Pulmonary mast cells were obtained from guinea pig lung using a combination of enzymatic digestion of tissue, centrifugal elutriation, and density gradient centrifugation on Percoll. In the initial procedure, lung tissue was enzymatically digested with collagenase and elastase in four 30 min incubations. Typically, monodispersed cell suspensions contained 4% mast cells. Further purification of these lung mast cells using elutriation and Percoll gradients consistently yielded mast cells of 40–78% (mean 51%) purity. These cells were morphologically intact, viable and found to be functional as determined by histamine release evoked by antigen and anti-guinea pig IgG 1 antibody.
Observations of highly nonlinear internal solitons over the continental shelf

Surface disturbances caused by strong, near-surface internal waves are widely seen in coastal regions as bands of slick and rough water propagating shoreward. These surface slicks are typically manifestations of optical and radar backscatter properties above internal solitons, and have strong surface current pulses associated with them. During a recent experiment studying coastal internal waves, extremely strong solitary internal wave packets were observed over a three week period on a very shallow and strongly stratified pycnocline off Northern Oregon. During periods of strongest tidal forcing, solitons were consistently observed on the leading edge of a semidiurnal internal tide bore, with pycnocline displacements up to 25m downward from a 7m initial depth in the first few solitons. The extreme nonlinearity of these internal waves is believed to be unique in ocean observations. This note characterizes these highly nonlinear Solitary Internal Waves (SIW) and presents a second order KdV model which reproduces the form of the displacements, and the small change in soliton width with amplitude predicted by this model.
The patterning of agonistic behaviors among friends and acquaintances in programs for emotionally disturbed children

Abstract Peer conflicts in two age groups (toddler and preschool) of emotionally disturbed children were examined for developmental trends and for changes over time in an intervention program. Children were observed in their peer groups six times over the course of a year. Prosocial and agonistic social behaviors were coded in a continuous coding observational procedure. Friendship pairs were identified from the observational records and validated by teacher reports. It was hypothesized that agonistic responses to both prosocial and agonistic bids would decrease over time and that friendships would facilitate conflict resolution and conflict avoidance in the emotionally disturbed children. Agonistic responses to agonistic bids decreased over time for all children. Older acquaintances responded to prosocial bids with agonistic responses. Friendship relationships facilitated conflict resolution and avoidance skills in preschool-age but not toddler-age friends. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for intervention.
LIGHT ENHANCED BILIRUBIN TOXICITY IN CULTURED LYMPHOCYTES

Bilirubin toxicity was studied in cultured human lymphocytes using as indicators: cell lysis (reduction in cell count measured on the Coulter Counter) and ATP release (luciferin-luciferase method). Cells were incubated in the dark in bilirubin (B)solutions (25 mM) containing varying concentrations of albumin (A) to achieve B/A molar ratios (MR) between 0.13 and 2.5. At the end of 60 min., there was no apparent cell lysis over control values with MR 0.45 (r=.82, p <.05). Identical cell suspensions were exposed concurrently to standard bilirubin lamps for 5 min. Linear correlations were maintained (r=.90, p<.05) but the rate of cell lysis was enhanced threefold. Cell counts were lower than control after 5 min. of light and continued to fall for 1 hour after light was discontinued. ATP concentrations in the cells and the supernatant were measured in a similar series of cell suspensions exposed to bilirubin lights for 5 min. ATP concentrations rose in the supernatant and fell in the cells as cell lysis occured. Cell counts and ATP release experiments were carried out with a constant B/A MR(0.45) in the presence of increasing concentrations of sulfisoxazole. Cell counts decreased and ATP concentrations in the supernatant increased with increasing drug concentrations. Both effects were enhanced under lights. These methods demonstrate light enhanced bilirubin toxicity and may also provide a useful screening test for the effects of drugs on binding of bilirubin to albumin.
Increasing Data with a Negative Slope

Introductory texts often mention that if the data (x1,y1), . . . ,(xN ,yN) increase, in the sense that x1 < · · · < xN and y1 < · · · < yN , then the slope α of the least-squares line is positive, because it is a positive multiple of the sample correlation coefficient of the data. Advanced texts on general linear models often neither make nor dispel any association with positive slopes, which raises the question, can generalized least-squares regression fit to increasing data a line with a negative slope? Figure 1 shows an example where that occurs. To find the answer, form the design matrix X = (~x,~1) with column vectors ~x = (x1, . . . ,xN) and~1 = (1, . . . ,1)T . Assume that the components of ~y = (y1, . . . ,yN) are random variables with an invertible covariance matrix V . Then the generalized least-squares line has slope α and intercept β that minimize (~y− X~θ)TV−1(~y− X~θ) where ~θ = (α,β )T . To focus on the slope α , eliminate β by algebra, which shows that the line passes through the generalized mean (x,y) = ~1TV−1(~x,~y)/~1TV−1~1, and define the centered data by x =~x−x~1 and y =~y− y~1. The resulting normal equation yields the estimated slope α in the form
Coupling‐based criteria for integration testing

SUMMARY Integration testing is an important part of the testing process, but few integration testing techniques have been systematically studied or defined. The goal of this research is to develop practical, effective, formalizable, automatable techniques for testing of connections between components during software integration. This paper presents an integration testing technique that is based on couplings between software components. This technique can be used to support integration testing of software components, and satisfies part of the USA’s Federal Aviation Authority’s requirements for structural coverage analysis of software. The coupling-based testing technique is described, and the coverage criteria for three types of couplings are defined. Techniques and algorithms for developing coverage analysers to measure the extent to which a test set satisfies the criteria are presented, and results from a comparative case study are presented. ≈ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of integral manifold theory in large scale power system stability analysis

Near identity coordinate transformations are used to decouple the stability problem for a class of non-linear two time scale systems into a stability problem for slow variables and a stability problem for fast variables only. This facilitates the computation of the region of attraction in the slow subspace of much lower dimension. In this paper we describe a technique to decouple the slow dynamics of the system from its fast components. This is the nonlinear counterpart of the decoupling transformation for linear systems existing in the literature. The results are applied to a three-machine power system having strong and weak connections to compute the critical clearing times.
Metastable phase formation by ion beam mixing

Abstract There are essentially four basic types of metastable alloys which may be formed through heavy ion irradiation of crystalline structures: amorphous phases with no long range order; crystalline phases with structures different from that of the stable intermetallic alloy; disordered crystalline phases with structures based on the same lattice as that of the stable intermetallic; and a quasicrystalline structure. With the exception of the quasicrystalline structure, all of these metastable structures are produced by ion beam mixing of nickel-aluminum alloys with 500 keV krypton ions. Ion beam mixing was performed on samples formed by alternate evaporation of layers of nickel and aluminum as well as on the intermetallic compounds at both 80 and 300 K. The structure resulting from ion beam mixing depended strongly on composition, and hence its formation was governed primarily by thermodynamic considerations. The thermodynamically favored state was determined analytically using the embedded atom method, and the model results are in qualitative agreement with observations of metastable phase formation. However, kinetic considerations are needed to explain the dependence of the final structures on initial structure and temperature.
Past, Current, and Upcoming Endovascular Stroke Trials

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. Intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA, alteplase) remains the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment of acute stroke is the US. Nonetheless, IV rtPA has its limitations. Strokes resulting from large arterial occlusions have shown poor responsiveness to treatment with IV rtPA. Moreover, many acute stroke patients are not candidates for the IV thrombolysis treatment due to a variety of contraindication and time limitations. This underlines a potential role for endovascular therapy to achieve revascularization in this patient population. Many clinical trials were performed in an effort to better delineate the role of this relatively new line of treatment and to compare it to other treatment modalities. In this review, we aim to summarize some of the most important past, current, and upcoming endovascular stroke trials.
Role of adiponectin and inflammation in insulin resistance of Mc3r and Mc4r knockout mice.

Objective To investigate the involvement of hypoadiponectinemia and inflammation in coupling obesity to insulin resistance in melanocortin-3 receptor and melanocortin-4 receptor knockout (KO) mice (Mc3/4rKO).
Soft-lithography patterning of functionalized regioregular polythiophenes

Poly(3-(6-thiohexyl)-4‘-dodecyl-2,2‘-bithiophene) (1) was successfully synthesized by postpolymerization functionalization of poly(3-(6-bromohexyl)-4‘-dodecyl-2,2‘-bithiophene) (12). 3-(6-Bromohexyl)-4‘-dodecyl-2,2‘-bithiophene (10), a key intermediate in the synthesis of polymer 12, was synthesized via Stille coupling of 2-bromo-3-(bromohexy)thiophene (8) and 2-trimethylstannyl-4-dodecylthiophene (9) in 30% isolated yield. Microstructure patterns of poly(3-(6-thiohexyl)-4‘-dodecyl-2,2‘-bithiophene) (1) were fabricated on a gold-coated glass slide through microcontact printing and microtransfer molding techniques. Circuit patterns of poly(3-hexylthiophene)s were constructed from a patterned silicon wafer via capillary force lithography methodology.
Bayesian analysis of multivariate mortality data with large families

This paper presents a Bayesian method for the analysis of toxicological multivariate mortality data when the discrete mortality rate for each family of subjects at a given time depends on familial random effects and the toxicity level experienced by the family. Our aim is to model and analyse one set of such multivariate mortality data with large family sizes: the potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) tainted fish tank data of O'Hara Hines. The model used is based on a discretized hazard with additional time-varying familial random effects. A similar previous study (using sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN)) is used to construct a prior for the parameters in the current study. A simulation-based approach is used to compute posterior estimates of the model parameters and mortality rates and several other quantities of interest. Recent tools in Bayesian model diagnostics and variable subset selection have been incorporated to verify important modelling assumptions regarding the effects of time and heterogeneity among the families on the mortality rate. Further, Bayesian methods using predictive distributions are used for comparing several plausible models.
Mechanical behavior of brazed silicon nitride

On a brase des ceramiques de Si 3 N 4 a l'aide de feuilles minces de divers alliages metalliques. On etudie la resistance mecanique a temperature ambiante des joints obtenus
Removal of Trace Levels of Arsenic and Selenium from Aqueous Solutions by Calcined and Uncalcined Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH)

The adsorption of As and Se from dilute aqueous solutions, representing model power-plant effluent streams, by calcined and uncalcined layered double hydroxide (LDH) adsorbents has been investigated. The results indicate that As(V) has a greater adsorption capacity than Se(IV) for both calcined and uncalcined LDHs. An mth-order kinetic rate equation describes the adsorption kinetics of As and Se on these adsorbents. The adsorption isotherms obey the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacities of As(V) and Se(IV) on the calcined LDH are higher than those on the uncalcined LDH. The starting solution pH does not significantly influence adsorption of As and Se on calcined LDH, as long as it is higher than 4; As and Se adsorption on uncalcined LDH is, however, more sensitive to variations in the initial pH. Studies of the effect of the metal oxidation state on adsorption reveal that As(III) is more difficult to remove than As(V) by both the calcined and uncalcined LDHs. However, the adsorption of Se(IV) and Se(VI) is relatively similar on both calcined and uncalcined LDHs. Competing ions have a greater effect on Se(IV) uptake than on As(V) uptake. Desorption of As(V) and Se(IV) from the LDH depends on the type of ion species and their concentration in the desorbing solutions.
A Quantitative Single-Molecule Study of Thioether Molecular Rotors

This paper describes a fundamental, single-molecule study of the motion of a set of thioethers supported on Au surfaces. Thioethers constitute a simple, robust system with which molecular rotation can be actuated both thermally and mechanically. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy allowed the measurement of the rotation of individual molecules as a function of temperature and the quantification of both the energetic barrier and pre-exponential factor of the motion. The results suggest that movement of the second CH2 group from the S atom over the surface is responsible for the barrier. Through a series of single-molecule manipulation experiments, we have switched the rotation on and off reversibly by moving the molecules toward or away from one another. Arrhenius plots for individual dibutyl sulfide molecules reveal that the torsional barrier to rotation is ∼1.2 kJ/mol, in good agreement with the temperature at which the molecule’s appearance changes from a linear to a hexagonal shape in the STM...
Photoregulated carotenoid biosynthesis in non-photosynthetic microorganisms.

Photoregulated carotenoid biosynthesis consists of an initiating photo-activation which bestows carotenogenic competence upon photochromogenic microorganisms. Subsequent carotenoid biosynthesis is light independent but requires microbial growth. Experimental systems have been developed for several photochromogenic microorganisms to separate the primary photoact from the following carotenogenic reactions. Investigations with Flavobacterium dehydrogenans have shown that photoactivated carotenoge-nesis is one aspect of a photoresponse which includes RNA-controlled protein biosynthesis, qualitative changes in lipids and fatty acids and a general metabolic shift-down. It is probable that the fundamental photoresponse is a readjustment of the bacterial physiology to allow existence in light and this centres upon a need to biosynthesize carotenoid for photoprotection against photodynamic damage of the cell.
Phase unwrapping using region-based Markov Random Field model

Phase unwrapping is a classical problem in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Sonar (InSAR/InSAS), fringe pattern analysis, and spectroscopy. Although many methods have been proposed to address this problem, robust and effective phase unwrapping remains a challenge. This paper presents a novel phase unwrapping method using a region-based Markov Random Field (MRF) model. Specifically, the phase image is segmented into regions within which the phase is not wrapped. Then, the phase image is unwrapped between different regions using an improved Highest Confidence First (HCF) algorithm to optimize the MRF model. The proposed method has desirable theoretical properties as well as an efficient implementation. Simulations and experimental results on MRI images show that the proposed method provides similar or improved phase unwrapping than Phase Unwrapping MAx-flow/min-cut (PUMA) method and ZpM method.
Neural network models for intelligent support of managerial decision making

Abstract Neural networks can provide advantages over conventional models of managerial decision making including being easy to embed in intelligent systems and learning from the data presented rather than requiring human interaction. This article reports a study of the ways in which neural networks can be used to model managerial judgment. In this research, we built composite neural networks and compared their performance model closest in philosophy to the best classical composite model gave the best economic performance.
Using Modal Analysis to Investigate the Validity of Finite Element Models for Simulating the Thermostamping of Woven-Fabric Reinforced Composites

Thermostamping/thermoforming of woven-fabric reinforced composites can produce high-volume low-cost composite parts. Finite element modelling of the forming of such composites allows tailoring the manufacturing process to yield quality parts in the minimal time required and for prediction of the resulting mechanical behavior. Visual methods can be used to compare the final fibre directions from simulation results to that of a physically stamped part for single- and two-ply parts. However, such a visual comparison on three or more plies cannot be done without destructive evaluation of the formed part. Modal analysis is a viable option for doing nondestructive comparison of a physically formed part to that of its corresponding finite element modelling result. In this paper, modal analysis is used to compare the vibration modes between a physically stamped part to the same part “formed” using a finite element simulation. The study explores such a comparison for a two-layer plain-weave flat sheet of glass-fibre fabric with orthogonal yarns and a polypropylene thermoplastic matrix.
Vitamin microdroplet laser

Stimulated emission from biomolecules enables a new class of biolasers for unconventional approaches in biomedical applications. We demonstrate vitamin microdroplet laser using riboflavin 5′-monophosphate sodium salt hydrate (a form of vitamin B2).
Fast-wave current drive in the Irvine torus

Steady-state electron currents were driven by fast waves with ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ci}}$\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ll}${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ce}}$ in an initially current-free plasma in the Irvine Torus. Current direction was controlled by the fast-wave phased-array antenna. Low power experiments (l25 W) generated up to 1.3 A of electron current with a peak effeciency of \ensuremath{\eta}=InR/P\ensuremath{\simeq}(6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ A/W)(${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$)m. Up to 14% of the wave energy was converted to poloidal magnetic field energy.
Octopine as a marker for the induction of tumorous growth by agrobacterium tumefaciens strain B6

Abstract Octopine [N2-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine] was detected in all tobacco and sunflower crown gall tumors incited by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (E. F. Sm. and Town.) Conn strain B6 at levels between 1 and 2.5 μmoles/20 g fresh weight. Most tissue cultures derived from plant tumors contained octopine at levels between 0.3 and 1 μmole/20 g fresh wt. Normal plant tissues and tissue cultures derived from normal tissues contained no detectable octopine when assayed by a [3H] arginine incorporation technique designed to detect low levels of octopine (less than 0.5 nmole/20 g fresh wt).
Morphology, eruption rates, and rheology of lava domes - Insights from laboratory models

The growth of lava domes can be either quiescent or violent, with transitions between styles of behavior commonly occurring with little warning. Here we propose that the behavior depends on the eruption rate, the magma rheology, and the thickness of the cooling surface. We present a model, based on laboratory simulations, field measurements, and photographic analysis, that relates the morphology and texture of a dome to the thickness of its cooled carapace, and thence to eruption conditions. A sequence of four main types of dome (spiny, lobate, platy, and axisymmetric) is identified in laboratory analog experiments with a Bingham plastic. These regimes are associated with progressively higher effusion rates, lower cooling rates, lower yield strengths, and (in real lava flows) decreasing tendency for explosive decompression during flow front collapse and are ordered according to the value of a single dimensionless number. The model allows an estimate of the yield strengths of the magma forming active domes based on data for the effusion rate and composition. It also permits the eruption rates of prehistoric or extraterrestrial lava domes and flows to be appraised from their morphology, if their compositions can be estimated. A comparison with the laboratory results suggests that the Venusian “pancake domes” are likely to have basaltic to basaltic andesitic composition.
An Apparent Failure of the Photon Theory of Scattering

A test has been made of the photon theory of the scattering of high frequency radiation. The pairs of scattered photons and recoil electrons predicted by this theory have been looked for by means of specially designed Geiger-M\"uller counters. Coincident discharges in the electron and photon counters were recorded by means of a vacuum tube amplifying and adding circuit. The scatterers used were air, aluminum, beryllium, filter paper and paraffin. The radiation was the gamma-rays from radium C. Experiments were performed with the counters set at various angles, some where the photon theory predicts coincidences, and others where coincidences should not be expected. The experiments uniformly gave fewer coincidences in the correct positions than were expected, and those observed could in every case be accounted for as chance coincidences due to the finite resolving time of the apparatus. It has not been found possible to bring the results of these experiments into accord with the photon theory of scattering. The wave-mechanical theory of the scattering process has not yet been extended to include the gamma-ray region so that it is impossible to compare this theory with the present experiments. Unless it is shown that the two theories disagree in the gamma-ray region it does not seem possible to reconcile the present experiment with the Bothe-Geiger and Compton-Simon experiments.
Inhibition of Insulin Release by Norepinephrine in Man

Normal subjects were given glucose (300 mg/ min) or tolbutamide (1 g, intravenously), alone and during intravenous infusions of norepi-nephrine (6 lg/ min). Immunoreactive insulin concentration was less than expected during the infusions of norepinephrine, but returned to higher values after the norepinephrine infusions. From these data it is concluded that norepinephrine inhibits the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
Behaviour of sulphonated EPDM in multicomponent/multiphase systems

Abstract The interactions of polymers containing low levels of ionic groups in selected environments has been a relatively unexplored area. For selected applications, it is important to understand how these polymers interact with a variety of cosolvents and/or solid substrates. The purpose of this study is aimed towards gaining an insight into these interactions. The solution behaviour of various inorganic salts (calcium, magnesium and zinc) of sulphonated ethylene-propylene diene monomers (EPDM) was investigated in order to determine the relative strength of interactions between sulphonate groups, cosolvents of varying structure and substrates possessing a specific chemistry. Viscosity-time-temperature relationships show that the properties of the polymer-cosolvent solutions are controlled to a large extent by ionic forces. The magnitude of these forces is dependent upon the nature of the cation and the specific molecular structure of the cosolvent. The weakest interaction was found to occur between the calcium neutralized polymer and cosolvent, while magnesium and zinc neutralized samples showed progressively stronger interactions. The extent to which these ionic forces can interact with their ‘environment’ depends upon the molecular structure of the cosolvent, in particular the structure of the polar ‘head’ is of paramount importance. These become even more apparent when the polymer and polymer-cosolvent complex is permitted to adsorb onto insoluble, solid substrates possessing a specific surface chemistry (in this instance, metal sulphate substrates). The results show that if the cation on the sulphonated polymer is identical to the cation contained in the metal sulphate, the adsorption of polymer is maximized (i.e., like prefers like). In addition, the nature of the cation is very important in determining the extent and, most probably, the mechanism of adsorption.
Neurophysiological studies on superficial medullary chemosensitive area for respiration

Abstract In cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane (40 mg/kg chloralose; 200 mg/kg urethane) pH sensitivity of neurons in the caudal chemosensitive area on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata was examined while monitoring phrenic nerve activity simultaneously. pH was varied by superfusion of the ventral medullary surface with mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of different pH (pH 7.4 control, 7.0 and 7.8). A total of 130 units from 21 cats changed their firing rate in response to CSF-pH changes. These were subdivided into 3 groups. InGroup I, 31 respiratory pH sensitivie units increased their firing rate in response to decreased mock CSF-pH, noxious pinch, joint movement in contralateral forelimb, and increased inspired CO2. These responses may have originated from respiratory center neurons.Group II consisted of 59 non-respiratory pH sensitive units whose firing rate changed in an inverse manner with CSF-pH changes. Of these, 30 responded to contralateral distal forelimb movement, 15 to hair manipulation, 9 to heavy pressure and 5 to noxious pinch. Increased inspired CO2 (rebreathing) did not modify activity. The response to pH is believed to be from non-specific neurons.Group III consisted of 40 non-respiratory pH sensitive units responding to CSF-pH changes and to increased inspired CO2. The firing rate was irregular, the interval distribution approaching an exponential function. It may be postulated that the impulse frequency of chemosensitive impulses may be irregular at the site of impulse generation, the irregularity decreasing by convergence during transmission to the respiratory centers. The time course of Group III chemosensitive units was similar to phrenic nerve responses.
Coating uniformity and device applicability of spin coated sol-gel PZT films

Important coating characteristics are discussed with an emphasis on understanding their impact on device reliability. The sources of thickness variations in relationship to the processing conditions imposed during spin coating and subsequent firing are described. In particular, evaporation of volatile solvents during spinning can cause thickness striations and vacuum-chuck marks. In addition, the crystallized microstructure may not be completely uniform, depending on the uniformity of substrate nucleation locations. These variations will impact the electrical reliability of the PZT devices which are made from these films. Thinner regions will have higher capacitance, but will be more susceptible to electrical degradation over time. Also, the scale of size uniformity in the microstructure can impact attempts to make smaller devices.
Computer systems: Moral entities but not moral agents

After discussing the distinction between artifacts and natural entities, and the distinction between artifacts and technology, the conditions of the traditional account of moral agency are identified. While computer system behavior meets four of the five conditions, it does not and cannot meet a key condition. Computer systems do not have mental states, and even if they could be construed as having mental states, they do not have intendings to act, which arise from an agent's freedom. On the other hand, computer systems have intentionality, and because of this, they should not be dismissed from the realm of morality in the same way that natural objects are dismissed. Natural objects behave from necessity; computer systems and other artifacts behave from necessity after they are created and deployed, but, unlike natural objects, they are intentionally created and deployed. Failure to recognize the intentionality of computer systems and their connection to human intentionality and action hides the moral character of computer systems. Computer systems are components in human moral action. When humans act with artifacts, their actions are constituted by the intentionality and efficacy of the artifact which, in turn, has been constituted by the intentionality and efficacy of the artifact designer. All three components --- artifact designer, artifact, and artifact user --- are at work when there is an action and all three should be the focus of moral evaluation.
Knowledge of prior recall

After a single presentation and recall of a list of words, Ss attempted either to reproduce the words they had just recalled (RR) or to discriminate (D) them from unrecalled words when the list was represented. For one-half of the Ss a 45-second activity period was interpolated between original recall and subsequent test, while the remaining Ss were tested without any intervening delay. Performance on the D test was greater than chance, while performance on the RR test was judged to be evidence of selective retrieval of previously recalled words. Discriminative accuracy was unaffected by interpolated activity but recall was significantly reduced following the delay. These results were interpreted in terms of Ss′ processing of the feedback from overt recall and of changes in item accessibility.
Robot perception learning

A model of robot perception learning is described that duplicates aspects of observed animal performance. The designer incorporates in the model abstract knowledge about the possible observable consequences of actions in the robot's world. In this way the robot can predict an outcome and can compare the expectation with the actual experience. The robot's internalized perceptions of the world may then be linked with the consequences. The model structure permits the robot to reinforce predictions if they are in accord with experience or augment its stored perception knowledge and predictive ability if the predicted consequences disagree with expectation. The learning is accomplished without extensive search over a multi-dimensional space. The model is being implemented as a system called RECOGNIZER, intended to work with situations actually arising in the world of the JPL robot, now operational.
Resonant-tunneling devices for millimeter-wave generation

Oscillations from resonant-tunneling diodes have been observed up to 200 GHz, and theoretical estimates predict that device performance should extend into the THz range. This paper addresses the issue of the ultimate frequency response and power generation capability of these devices. Techniques recently developed to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation are used to predict the rf power vs. frequency obtainable from resonant-tunneling diode oscillators, based on the calculated small-signal response. Factors limiting the rf power output from these devices are presented. Also, recently obtained dc experimental results for the In.53Ga.47As-InxAl1-xAs heterostructure material system grown on InP are presented. Using a quasi-static approximation, the rf power available from these devices under large-signal conditions is estimated.
Effect of Metal Oxide Additions on the High‐Temperature Electrical Conductivity of Alumina

Several metal oxide additions were made to typical 99 and 96% alumina compositions to study their effect on the electrical conductivity of alumina from 500° to 1400°C. The metal oxide additions investigated were CO2O3, Cr2O3, CuO, Fe2O3, MnO2, NiO, and TiO2. Using a guarded two-probe technique, dc resistivities were measured on nonporous ceramic specimens. Additions of 0.5 to 2 mole % Co2O3, 2 mole % CuO, 1 mole % Fe2O3, or 2 mole % NiO to either a 96 or a 99% alumina composition increased the electrical resistivity. The addition of 1 mole % Cr2O3 to either a 96 or a 99% alumina showed practically no change in the resistivity. All changes in resistivity seemed to be structure dependent.
Evolution of a Quasi-Linear Convective System Sampled by Phased Array Radar

AbstractOn 2 April 2010, a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) moved eastward through Oklahoma during the early morning hours. Wind damage in Rush Springs, Oklahoma, approached (enhanced Fujita) EF1-scale intensity and was likely associated with a mesovortex along the leading edge of the QLCS. The evolution of the QLCS as it produced its first bow echo was captured by the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased Array Radar (NWRT PAR) in Norman, Oklahoma. The NWRT PAR is an S-band radar with an electronically steered beam, allowing for rapid volumetric updates (~1 min) and user-defined scanning strategies. The rapid temporal updates and dense vertical sampling of the PAR created a detailed depiction of the damaging wind mechanisms associated with the QLCS. Key features sampled by the PAR include microbursts, an intensifying midlevel jet, and rotation associated with the mesovortex. In this work, PAR data are analyzed and compared to data from nearby operational radars, highlighting the advantages of using ...
αβ T Cell Receptor Ligand-Specific Oligomerization Revisited

Abstract The mechanism of T cell receptor signaling is unclear. Included among models for TCR signaling is ligand-induced oligomerization in a fashion analogous to other cell surface receptors. Published kinetic, saturation binding, and light scattering experiments have been interpreted to suggest a propensity for soluble αβTCR/peptide/MHC ectodomain complexes to oligomerize. Upon performing these experiments with soluble ectodomains of human class I and class II restricted αβTCRs, we find no evidence for dimerization or oligomerization of complexes. Apparently, oligomerization in solution to a detectable extent is not a general property of soluble αβTCRs or their complexes with ligand. Our results suggest that membrane-anchored, fully assembled TCRs should be studied to determine the role oligomerization plays in T cell signaling.
CollageMachine: An Interactive Agent of Web Recombination

CollageMachine builds interactive collages from the Web. First you choose a direction. Then CollageMachine will take you surfing out across the Internet as far as it can reach. It builds a collage from the most interesting media it can find for you. You don't have to click through links. You rearrange the collage to refine your exploration. CollageMachine is an agent of recombination. Aesthetics of musical composition and conceptual detournement underlie its development. The composer John Cage and Dada artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst used structured chance procedures to create aesthetic assemblages. These works create new meaning by recontextualizing found objects. Instead of functioning as a single visual work, CollageMachine embodies the process of collage making. CollageMachine [1] deconstructs Web sites and re-presents them in collage form. The program crawls the Web, downloading sites. It breaks each page down into media elements—images and texts. Over time, these elements stream into a ...
Spectral and temporal characterization of a fused-quartz-microresonator optical frequency comb

We report on the fabrication of high-$Q$, fused-quartz microresonators and the parametric generation of a frequency comb with 36-GHz line spacing using them. We have characterized the intrinsic stability of the comb in both the time and frequency domains to assess its suitability for future precision metrology applications. Intensity autocorrelation measurements and line-by-line comb control reveal near-transform-limited picosecond pulse trains that are associated with good relative phase and amplitude stability of the comb lines. The comb's 36-GHz line spacing can be readily photodetected, which enables measurements of its intrinsic and absolute phase fluctuations.
Feeling the squeeze: does airway constriction stimulate the bronchial epithelium?

Bronchospasm is a frequent occurrence in the airways of asthmatics, and subjects the bronchial epithelium to compressive stress. We show here that compressive stresses similar to those occurring in vivo trigger human bronchial epithelial cells to release endothelin (ET) and transforming growth factor-/spl beta/2 (TGF-/spl beta/2). Compressive stress leads to an increase in the steady state level of mRNA for both ET-1 and ET-2, and to the release of TGF-/spl beta/2 from a pre-formed, cell-associated pool. We also show that ET-2 and TGF-/spl beta/2 stimulate fibrotic protein synthesis by human lung fibroblasts, and act synergistically in combination. Our results demonstrate that compressive stress elicits selective release of fibrotic mediators from bronchial epithelium, indicating that bronchospasm may contribute to the subepithelial fibrosis and airways remodeling that characterize asthma.
The Notch Ligands, Jagged and Delta, Are Sequentially Processed by α-Secretase and Presenilin/γ-Secretase and Release Signaling Fragments

The cleavage of Notch by presenilin (PS)/γ-secretase is a salient example of regulated intramembrane proteolysis, an unusual mechanism of signal transduction. This cleavage is preceded by the binding of protein ligands to the Notch ectodomain, activating its shedding. We hypothesized that the Notch ligands, Delta and Jagged, themselves undergo PS-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Here, we show that the ectodomain of mammalian Jagged is cleaved by an A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17-like activity in cultured cells and in vivo, similar to the known cleavage of Drosophila Delta by Kuzbanian. The ectodomain shedding of ligand can be stimulated by Notch and yields membrane-tethered C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of Jagged and Delta that accumulate in cells expressing a dominant-negative form of PS or treated with γ-secretase inhibitors. PS forms stable complexes with Delta and Jagged and with their respective CTFs. PS/γ-secretase then mediates the cleavage of the latter to release the Delta and Jagged intracellular domains, a portion of which can enter the nucleus. The ligand CTFs compete with an activated form of Notch for cleavage by γ-secretase and can thus inhibit Notch signaling in vitro. The soluble Jagged intracellular domain can activate gene expression via the transcription factor AP1, and this effect is counteracted by the co-expression of the γ-secretase-cleaved product of Notch, Notch intracellular domain. We conclude that Delta and Jagged undergo ADAM-mediated ectodomain processing followed by PS-mediated intramembrane proteolysis to release signaling fragments. Thus, Notch and its cognate ligands are processed by the same molecular machinery and may antagonistically regulate each other's signaling.