cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Structure of Right and Wrong: Normativity without Agents

Donald Black is known for his insistence that law can be studied scientifically only by reducing it to observable and quantifiable acts, such as the number of traffic tickets written by the police, the number of complaints filed, and so on.' In his latest book, The Social Structure of Right and Wrong, Black extends his project to encompass what he considers to be all forms of social control everywhere and anytime. This ambitious task is attempted in a collection of essays that canvass forms of social control as diverse as formal adjudication in Western legal systems (passim) to the communal shaming accomplished among the Pokot of Kenya through their urinating on a husband who has wronged his wife (at 104, 130). Throughout the essays, all such diverse forms of social control are reduced to a common schemata that is correlated with various features of social structure. Hence Black claims to describe what the title announces: the social structure of right and wrong. Given the breadth of these essays, they form an appropriate vehicle for the evaluation of Black's behavioralist project. This essay undertakes such an evaluation. It focuses on the question why Donald Black's latest book-indeed his entire project-is not interesting to us.2 The long and short of it is that Black's account of right and
PREMATURE INFANTS ≤ 30 WEEKS GESTATION BORN THROUGH MECONIUMSTAINED AMNIOTIC FLUID (MSAF) HAVE AN INCREASED RISK FOR CEREBRAL PALSY (CP): A PROSPECTIVE STUDY. 1503

PREMATURE INFANTS ≤ 30 WEEKS GESTATION BORN THROUGH MECONIUMSTAINED AMNIOTIC FLUID (MSAF) HAVE AN INCREASED RISK FOR CEREBRAL PALSY (CP): A PROSPECTIVE STUDY. 1503
Graphical visualization of mean hydration from molecular dynamics simulations

How does one characterize water solvating a complex solute? Specific hydration of proteins and nucleic acids plays a key role in many biological processes. However, traditional pairwise descriptions of solvent structure (radial distribution functions, etc.) are incapable of adequately describing the hydration of these complex solutes. We have developed methods to visualize the average three-dimensional water structure surrounding a solute, as seen in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Applications to simple solutes [sodium ion, N-methyl acetamide, 18-crown-6, (hydroxymethyl)phenols] are presented, and the extension of the method to larger molecules of biochemical interest is discussed.
Simulation of community patterns

Programs are described for the simulation of coenoplanes-mathematically defined, two-dimensional community patterns characterized by scattered and broadly overlapping Gaussian reponse surfaces for species populations. Field data have been studied to derive a set of assumptions regarding realistic properties of coenoplanes and ways in which some of these properties should be variable. Additional assumptions define properties of samples and sets of samples taken from coenoplanes. The programs thus provide a basis for tests of different ordination techniques and effects of characteristics of sample sets on these.
One-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Exchange Interactions and EPR Linewidth Anomaly in the Bis(μ-Aquo) Chain Of Hydrogen Copper(II) Maleate Tetrahydrate

Abstract Hydrogen copper(II) maleate tetrahydrate exhibits one-dimensional ferromagnetism with J = 0.6 cm−1. The EPR angular linewidth dependence shows a minimum along the chain axis, and has six minima/maxima points during a 180° rotation of the crystal about any axis normal to the chain axis.
Design and performance of a scalable parallel community climate model

Abstract We describe the design of a parallel global atmospheric circulation model, PCCM2. This parallel model is functionally equivalent to the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Climate Model, CCM2, but is structured to exploit distributed memory multi-computers. PCCM2 incorporates parallel spectral transform, semi-Lagrangian transport, and load balancing algorithms. We present detailed performance results on the IBM SP2 and Intel Paragon. These results provide insights into the scalability of the individual parallel algorithms and of the parallel model as a whole.
Free energetics of arginine permeation into model DMPC lipid bilayers: coupling of effective counterion concentration and lateral bilayer dimensions.

Mechanisms and underlying thermodynamic determinants of translocation of charged cationic peptides such as cell-penetrating peptides across the cellular membrane continue to receive much attention. Two widely-held views include endocytotic and non-endocytotic (diffusive) processes of permeant transfer across the bilayer. Considering a purely diffusive process, we consider the free energetics of translocation of a mono-arginine peptide mimic across a model DMPC bilayer. We compute potentials of mean force for the transfer of a charged mono-arginine peptide unit from water to the center of a 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC) model lipid bilayer. We use fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations coupled with the adaptive biasing force (ABF) method for free energy estimation. The estimated potential of mean force difference from bulk to bilayer center is 6.94 ± 0.28 kcal/mol. The order of magnitude of this prediction is consistent with past experimental estimates of arginine partitioning into physiological bilayers in the context of translocon-based experiments, though the correlation between the bench and computer experiments is not unambiguous. Moreover, the present value is roughly one-half of previous estimates based on all-atom molecular dynamics free energy calculations. We trace the differences between the present and earlier calculations to system sizes used in the simulations, and the dependence of the contributions to the free energy from various system components (water, lipids, ions, peptide) on overall system size. By varying the bilayer lateral dimensions in simulations using only sufficient numbers of counterions to maintain overall system charge neutrality, we find the possibility of an inherent convergent transfer free energy value.
On some relationships between the LaSalle Invariance Principle and the Nagy—Foias canonical decomposition☆

The generalization of the LaSalle Invariance Principle by Hale [l] is a powerful stability theorem for nonfinite dimensional dynamic systems. Recently Slemrod was able to apply this principle to the stabilizability problem of Hilbert space contraction semigroups [2,3]. Hilbert space contractions were extensively studied by Nagy and Foias in the last decade. Using a canonical decomposition of contraction semigroups-due to Nagy and Foias [4]-Benchimol [5] and Levan and Rigby [6] were also able to stabilize contraction semigroups on a Hilbert space. This paper will establish relationship between the above-mentioned theories-at least as far as stability and stabilizability of Hilbert space contraction semigroups are concerned. The LaSalle Invariance Principle and the Nagy-Foias canonical decomposition are recalled in Section 2. Stability and stabilizability of contraction semigroups are studied in Section 3. Here we shall combine the two theories to obtain a rather general stability result. This will then be applied to the stabilizability problem.
RESPONSE OF THE GLOMERULOSA LAYER OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF WILD AND DOMESTICATED NORWAY RATS TO LOW AND HIGH SALT DIETS

Wild and domesticated Norway rats were fed diets containing sodium chloride in eleven concentrations between 0.5 and 70%. On concentrations up to and including 25% the rats of both strains remained in good health over the experimental period of 70–90 days. The water intake in this group of rats increased in direct proportion to the amount of salt obtained from the diets. On salt concentrations of 35% and above, all of the rats died because of inability to ingest adequate amounts of water and food. On the low salt diet, the glomerulosa of the adrenals became hyperplastic in the domesticated rats, but did not change in the wild rat. On a high salt diet the glomerulosa of both strains showed atrophic changes. In the wild rat it underwent only a partial loss of sudanophilic lipod or none at all, despite a complete lipid loss in the domesticated rat. The zona fasciculata and reticularis in both strains increased its lipid and Schiff-reacting aldehyde.
Bragg spectroscopy and superradiant Rayleigh scattering in a Bose–Einstein condensate

Two sets of studies concerning the interaction of off-resonant light with a sodium Bose–Einstein condensate are described. In the first set, properties of a Bose–Einstein condensate were studied using Bragg spectroscopy. The high momentum and energy resolution of this method allowed a spectroscopic measurement of the mean-field energy and of the intrinsic momentum distribution of the condensate. Depending on the momentum transfer, both the phonon regime as well as the free-particle regime could be explored. In the second set of studies, the cigar-shaped condensate was exposed to a single off-resonant laser beam and highly directional scattering of light and atoms was observed. This collective light scattering was caused by the long coherence time of the quasi-particles in the condensate and resulted in a new form of matter wave amplification.
Parallel expression profiling of barley - Stem rust interactions

The dominant barley stem rust resistance gene Rpg1 confers resistance to many but not all pathotypes of the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). Transformation of Rpg1 into susceptible cultivar Golden Promise rendered the transgenic plants resistant to Pgt pathotype MCC but not to Pgt pathotype QCC. Our objective was to identify genes that are induced/repressed during the early stages of pathogen infection to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and role of Rpg1 in defense. A messenger ribonucleic acid expression analysis using the 22K Barley1 GeneChip was conducted in all pair-wise combinations of two isolines (cv. Golden Promise and Rpg1 transgenic line G02-448F-3R) and two Pgt pathotypes (MCC and QCC) across six time points. Analysis showed that a total of 34 probe sets exhibited expression pattern differences between Golden Promise (susceptible) and G02-448F-3R (resistant) infected with Pgt-MCC. A total of 14 probe sets exhibited expression pattern differences between Pgt-MCC (avirulent) and Pgt-QCC (virulent) inoculated onto G02-448F-3R. These differentially expressed genes were activated during the early infection process, before the hypersensitive response or fungal growth inhibition occurred. Our analysis provides a list of candidate signaling components, which can be analyzed for function in Rpg1-mediated disease resistance.
GLENOID REPLACEMENT IN TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

The outcome of total shoulder arthroplasty is largely based on the quality of glenoid component fixation, which, in turn, is related to the amount and quality of bone stock, glenohumeral stability, and rotator cuff function. This article discusses the anatomic and pathologic indications for glenoid replacement, surgical techniques, and results.
Optimizing Bridge Network Retrofit Planning Based on Cost-Benefit Evaluation and Multi-Attribute Utility Associated with Sustainability

During their service life, bridge networks may be exposed to extreme events, including strong earthquakes, which pose an imminent threat to society, economy, and surrounding environment. This threa...
Evaluation of an alphaprodine-hydroxyzine combination as a sedative agent in the treatment of the pediatric dental patient

The pharmacologic properties of several agents commonly used to sedate children are described, and a combination of agents is recommended to provide more positive experiences for patients. Pharmacologic sedation is proposed as an adjunct to the standard behavioral modification methods.
Preliminary studies on the effect of feeding sorbic acid upon the growth, reproduction, and cellular metabolism of albino rats.

Simple observations on the amounts of food eaten daily indicate that the incorporation of 10% sorbic acid into the diet did not appreciably alter the quantity of food consumed by the test animals. Some of the test animals showed a higher growth rate and a higher ratio of liver weight to body weight than did the controls. The reproductive capacity was found to be normal. No significant differences were observed in the oxygen consumption of liver homogenates of the parent generation; the differences observed in the first generation were significant at the 95% level. The female controls of this group showed the highest rate of oxygen consumption. The rate of oxygen consumption of the liver homogenates from the males and females of this generation treated with 10% sorbic acid were almost identical.
A Catalytic Enantioselective Hetero Diels−Alder Approach to the C20−C32 Segment of the Phorboxazoles

[reaction: see text] An efficient synthesis of the C20-C32 segment of the phorboxazoles has been achieved using an enantioselective hetero Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by Jacobsen's Cr(III) amino indanol Schiff base catalyst.
Origin and development of dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells and essential mediators of immunity and tolerance. This group of cells is heterogeneous in terms of cell-surface markers, anatomic location, and function. Here, we review the development and function of DCs found in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in the steady state. DC and monocyte lineages originate from a common progenitor, the monocyte and dendritic cell progenitor (MDP). The two cell types diverge when MDPs give rise to monocytes and committed DC progenitors (CDPs) in the bone marrow. CDPs give rise to pre-DCs, which migrate from the bone marrow to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues to produce the two major subpopulations of lymphoid tissue DCs and non-lymphoid tissue CD103(+) DCs. Within tissues and during development, DC division and homeostasis are regulated by the hormone Flt3L.
Social benefit-cost analysis and telecommunications investment in developing countries

Abstract Telecommunications expansion can make an important contribution to the social and economic development of less-developed countries. But that in itself does not mean that telecommunications projects should receive top priority in a country's investment budget. This is because projects in other sectors can also make strong claims to being vital for development. This situation points to a basic problem for development planners: how to allocate scarce resources between competing projects which more than exhaust the available investment budget. The analytical technique that has been developed in answer to this policy problem is a significant extension of social benefit-cost analysis. A pertinent question at this point is: how has the application of the new technique affected budgets for telecommunications investment in developing countries? This paper addresses that question by considering how the World Bank has applied social benefit-cost analysis in the area of telecommunications.
Plasmodium falciparum: merozoite invasion in vitro in the presence of chloroquine.

Abstract The fine structure of invasion of human erythrocytes by merozoites of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was observed in vitro. The invasion process is similar to that described for P. knowlesi. Merozoites enter apical end first by invagination of the erythrocyte membrane. At the rim of the invagination, where merozoite and erythrocyte are in closest contact, the erythrocyte membrane is thickened. The brushy cell coat of the P. falciparum merozoite appears to be lost at this attachment zone. The part of the merozoite within the erythrocyte invagination has no visible coat. The coat on the portion outside is unaltered. Merozoites can successfully invade erythrocytes after 3 hr in the presence of a concentration of chloroquine harmful to feeding stages.
NHPP models for categorized software defects

We develop NHPP models to characterize categorized event data, with application to modelling the discovery process for categorized software defects. Conditioning on the total number of defects, multivariate models are proposed for modelling the defects by type. A latent vector autoregressive structure is used to characterize dependencies among the different types. We show how Bayesian inference can be achieved via MCMC procedures, with a posterior prediction-based L-measure used for model selection. The results are illustrated for defects of different types found during the System Test phase of a large operating system software development project. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top-down control in a detritus-based food web: fish, shredders, and leaf breakdown

We tested the hypothesis that fish decrease shredder abundance in leaf packs, thereby reducing leaf breakdown rates. Our goal was to test for the occurrence of a trophic cascade in a detritus-based food web. Willow leaves (Salix spp.) were fastened into leaf packs and placed into cages (13×13×13 cm) in Valley Creek, Minnesota, USA. Fish were excluded from leaf packs that were placed in cages with mesh on all sides, whereas open control cages allowed fish access to leaf packs. We collected leaf packs from two replicate cages 0, 14, 31, 55, and 112 days after placement in each of three riffles (n=6 per collection). Total abundance of invertebrates and shredders inhabiting leaf packs was significantly higher in exclosures than controls (P<0.01) and increased with exposure time in the stream (P<0.01). Three of the four common shredder taxa had significantly higher biomass in exclosures than controls (P<0.015). Biomass of Hesperophylax (Trichoptera) larvae was significantly higher in controls during the final collections (P<0.03), probably because these large, case-building larvae were less vulnerable to fish predation. Leaf breakdown rates differed significantly between exclosures and controls (P=0.003), but the direction of effects varied among riffles. When shredder density was analyzed separately for each riffle, we found that shredder density may explain differences in leaf breakdown rates between exclosures and controls. The differential responses of shredder taxa to predators may explain variability in fish effects on leaf breakdown. In conclusion, leaf packs did not provide invertebrates refuge from fish predation and fish reduced the densities of most shredders. Fish can indirectly affect leaf breakdown rates, but different responses to predation among taxa within the shredder guild can cause interactions that contradict trophic cascade predictions.
Introduction to state-of-the-art intrusion detection technologies

A safe communication infrastructure is critical to maintaining the prosperity and pre-eminence of the United States in the 21st century. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) help identify and respond to malicious activity targeted at computing and networking resources. In this paper, we shall first give an overview of intrusion detection concepts and taxonomy. Next, we introduce and discuss several commercial and public-domain IDS's available today. Then, we describe recent developments in conventional intrusion detection: distributed, modular system which include both anomaly and misuse detection. Lastly, we give a peek at the new breed of pro-active, preventative tools. These so-called Delphic tools identify the threats and risks in the very early attack stages; ideally, even before an attack takes place. Examples mentioned are quantitative security risk analysis and Bayesian multiple hypothesis tracking.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A lethal association of congenital apnea with brainstem tegmental necrosis

We present a female with premature birth, polyhydramnios, congenital apnea, cranial nerve palsies, orofacial and limb anomalies. Neuroimaging revealed calcifications along the vental margin of the caudal fourth ventricle. Neuropathologic findings at postmortem examination were consistent with brainstem tegmental necrosis and olivary hypoplasia, a rare lethal entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of congenital apnea.
Measurement of the drift velocity of holes in silicon at high-field strengths

A method is presented which allows the measurement of the velocity-field relationship of charge carriers in a semiconductor. The device used is a four-layer structure. The mode of operation is based on the injection by punch-through of charge carriers into a long depleted region. The velocity can be determined from the VI characteristic of the device and its geometry. Drift velocity saturation is indicated directly by the form of the characteristic. The method has been applied to the measurement of the high-field velocity of holes in silicon. Technological limitations restricted the measurements to fields above 4 . 104V/cm. From this value up to 11 . 104V/cm the hole velocity is found to be constant and equal to 7.5 . 106cm/s ± 5%.
Optimizing Models Based OPC Fragmentation using Genetic Algorithms

Models Based Optical Proximity Correction (MBOPC) is used extensively in the semiconductor industry to achieve robust pattern fidelity in modern lithographic processes. Much of the complexity in OPC algorithms is handled by advanced commercial software packages. These packages give users the ability to set many parameters in the OPC code decks which are used to customize the recipes for specific design styles and manufacturing process settings. Some of the most important parameters in traditional OPC recipes are the fragmentation rules, which determine how edges of polygons are fragmented in a traditional edge-based correction algorithm. It is important to find settings which can deliver good results on a wide variety of complex layout styles. One approach to setting these parameters is through a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach where many different settings are tested in a systematic fashion, in an attempt to find appropriate fragmentation rules for a wide variety of layouts. This is a very straight-forward and powerful technique, but it can be very computationally expensive, particularly as the number of independent variables becomes large. In this paper we examine the usefulness of Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization techniques for setting the fragmentation parameters. Our work is focused on using GAs to tune parameters rather than on core algorithms used in mask data correction. We use challenging metal layout patterns and optimize fragmentation rules to try to minimize residual edge placement errors, while trying to generate fragmentation that does not result in excessive runtime, or mask manufacturing challenges.
Onset of magnetic reconnection in the presence of a normal magnetic field: Realistic ion to electron mass ratio

[1] Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with a realistic ion to electron mass ratio are used to investigate the impact of an externally applied convection electric field on the stability of a moderately thick (1.6c/ωpi) current sheet configuration containing a nonzero Bz. The imposition of the electric field produces a thinning of the current sheet associated with the formation of an embedded electron current layer and a reduction in the normal magnetic field component. The time scale for these processes is found to be nearly independent of the electron mass. Once kxρen becomes of order unity (kx is the wave number for the maximally growing tearing mode, and ρen is the electron gyroradius in the normal field), fluctuations drive Bz southward over a subion-inertia-length scale region; further driving then leads to a conventional reconnection process featuring Bz pulses (dipolarization fronts) propagating away from the X line. Consistent with earlier results with heavier electrons, strong parallel electric fields and an electron current layer form on scales of about an ion inertia length in the outflow direction, while electron outflow jets extend over much larger distances downstream from the X line.
Evaluation of antineutrophil IgG antibodies in persistently neutropenic dogs.

Background:Immune-mediated neutropenia (IMN) is one of several causes of persistent neutropenia in dogs. A test to detect IMN in dogs is not available. Hypothesis:A flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay will provide a sensitive method for detection of antineutrophil antibodies in dogs. Animals:The study included 12 neutropenic dogs and 20 healthy dogs. Methods:An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to dog neutrophils. Leukoagglutination was evaluated by light microscopy. Neutrophil distribution in scatter plots, neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity was evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Results:Antineutrophil antibodies were detected in the serum of 5 of 6 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Leukoagglutination was present in 3 dogs. Four dogs had altered neutrophil distribution in forward-angle versus side-angle light scatter plots. Five of 6 dogs had increased neutrophil fluorescence intensity and 4 of 6 dogs had an increased percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The flow cytometric test for antineutrophil antibodies detects dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Testing for antineutrophil antibodies should include observation for leukoagglutination, observation of scatter plots for altered distribution of the neutrophil population, observation of the shape of the fluorescence histogram, determination of neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and determination of the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity.
Properties of multiple kinetic forms of soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of rat colonic mucosa

Abstract Soluble phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) activity is 3–5-fold lower in superficial colonic epithelial cells compared to that in cells isolated from the lower colonic crypt. Higher phosphodiesterase activity in lower crypt cells is correlated with a 5-fold higher rate of incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA in these cells, DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the soluble fraction of superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells resulted in separation of three enzyme forms: (1) fraction I, an enzyme which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP with high affinity (apparent K m cAMP = 5 ± 1 μM, K m cGMP = 2.5 ± 0.5 μM) and is stimulated 3–6-fold by Ca 2+ plus calmodulin; (2) fraction II, a form which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP with low affinity ( S 0.5 cAMP = 52 ± 7 μM, S 0.5 cGMP = 17 ± 4 μM), exhibits positive copperativity with respect to substrate and shows cGMP stimulation of cAMP hydrolysis and (3) fraction III, a cAMP-specific form which exhibits biphasic kinetics, a low K m for cAMP ( K m cAMP = 5 ± 1 μM) and does not hydrolyze cGMP. The pattern of distribution of phosphodiesterase activities on DEAE-cellulose was similar in superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells. The higher specific activity in proliferative cells was reflected in higher activities of each of the three chromatographically distinct forms of the enzyme. In contrast to epithelial cells, the soluble fraction of homogenates of the submucosa and supporting cells exhibited phosphodiesterase forms I and II and was lacking in the form corresponding to fraction III of epithelial cells.
Swelling pressure studies of shales

A swelling model was developed to predict the swelling pressure which occurs within shale or shale material when it is immersed in water. This model is also capable of estimating the magnitude of shale swelling when subject to humidity changes. The model was developed on a basis of the moisture susceptibility of the shale and the initial humidity of the ventilated mine air. The Moisture Activity Index (IRH) was selected to describe the susceptibility of shale to moisture because of its close association with the other physical properties, its strong correlation with the swelling of the shale, and because it can be defined by relatively simple laboratory testing procedure.
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution of thiamine and its analogs: Methanol and water solvents

Abstract 4-Amino-1,2-dimethyl-5-(substituted methyl)pyrimidinium ions undergo lyate ion-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution in methanol and in water. The substituents at position 5 of these thiamine analogs include phenols and pyridinium ions. The observation of separate rate- and product-determining steps indicates a multistep mechanism of substitution. Linear free energy relationships suggest that addition of lyate ion to the pyrimidinium ring is rate-limiting when phenoxide ions act as leaving groups and that a change occurs when pyridines depart. Elimination of the pyridine becomes the rate-limiting step following rapid addition of the lyate ion. Reactivities of phenol substrates in methanol and in water are similar but, when pyridine departs, changing from water to methanol gives rise to a large rate acceleration. An increase in ground state electrostatic destabilization of the dicationic substrate in the less polar alcohol provides the rate enhancement.
Developmental Changes in Growth Factors Released by the Embryonic Inner Ear

Recent studies have demonstrated a role for neurotrophins in regulating the survival of developing auditory and vestibular neurons. However, the developmental time-course for neurotrophin production and release by inner ear tissues has not been defined. In the present study, neurotrophin-like activity was evaluated from culture medium conditioned by early- or midembryonic stage inner ears. Examination of the proteinaceous properties of conditioned medium revealed a developmental change in growth factor release by the inner ear. Neurotrophin-like molecules were not detected in medium conditioned by early stage otocysts. In contrast, neurotrophin-like bioactivity was detected in medium conditioned by middevelopmental stage inner ears. Western blot analysis revealed that NT-3 was released by the rat inner ear at midstages of inner ear development. ELISA measurements revealed that both NT-3 and BDNF are produced by the middevelopmental stage inner ear, and that NT-3 protein levels are higher than BDNF levels. These results suggest that there are developmental changes in the release of growth factors by the inner ear.
Uniformly Stabilizing Sets of Switching Sequences for Switched Linear Systems

A set of switching sequences of a discrete-time switched linear system is said to be uniformly stabilizing if the system is uniformly exponentially stable over all switching sequences that belong to the set. Based on the recent result that a switched linear system is uniformly stable if and only if an increasing countable union of linear matrix inequality conditions is satisfied, we characterize all uniformly stabilizing sets of switching sequences. A discrete-time hybrid automaton of the automobile engine is considered to illustrate the result
Should moral objections to synthetic biology affect public policy

Moral concerns as to the relationship of synthetic biology with nature do not provide a convincing basis for more stringent regulatory oversight of the field.
1482 DECREASE OF PERIVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE WITHOUT PLANNED INTERVENTION

Intraventricular/periventricular hemorrhage (IV-PVH) continues to be a major problem for preterm infants. Since the advent of ultrasound scanning, detection of IV-PVH has been made with some precision. We have routinely used an ATL sector scanner to detect IV-PVH in infants with gestational age ⋜ 34 weeks since 1979. All scans have been interpreted by a single individual (WCA), providing a high degree of consistency. During the 5 year period Sept. 1979-Aug. 1984, we studied 655 infants ⋜ 34 weeks gestation who survived for more than 24 hours. A progressive decline in the overall incidence of IV-PVH occurred, despite an increase in the proportion of infants ⋜ 26 weeks gestation. Only 2% (6% of all IV-PVH) had evidence of parenchymal hemorrhage in 1981-84. Using these data we have generated a grid to determine the risk of IV-PVH according to birth-weight-gestational age categories. Reasons for the decline in IV-PVH are uncertain, but include a decrease in outborn admissions and changing attitudes of obstetricians towards extreme prematurity. The decline of IV-PVH without resorting to pharmacologic agents emphasizes the importance of controlled trials in evaluating intervention.
Group Commitment and Resource Conservation: Two Field Experiments on Promoting Recycling1

Two experiments evaluated the effect of commitment on paper recycling. Using an ABA design, Experiment 1 asked 24 individuals in a retirement home to sign a 4-week group commitment pledge to recycle paper. During this intervention, the subjects recycled 47% more paper than they had during baseline. They continued to recycle at this level during a 4-week follow-up period, when the group commitment was removed. Experiment 2 evaluated the relative effectiveness of group commitment, individual commitment, and token reinforcers on paper recycling in a college dormitory. The students in all three experimental conditions recycled from three to five times more paper than those in the control group during the 4-week intervention. However, in the 3-week follow-up period, when the treatments were removed, only the individually committed subjects continued to recycle significantly more paper than the controls.
Aggregation patterns in the crystal structures of organometallic Group XV 1,1-dithiolates: the influence of the Lewis acidity of the central atom, metal- and ligand-bound steric bulk, and coordination potential of the 1,1-dithiolate ligands upon supramolecular architecture

Supramolecular association operating in the crystal structures of organo-phosphorus, -arsenic, -antimony and -bismuth 1,1-dithiolate compounds is surveyed with the purpose of delineating the factors that dictate the formation of the resultant range of aggregates. Primary considerations for the formation of secondary M⋯S interactions relate to the Lewis acidity of the central atom that can be moderated by i) the nature of the metal atom itself, e.g. the Lewis acidity of P < As < Sb < Bi, ii) the number of metal-bound organic substituents, e.g. the Lewis acidity of R2M < RM, and iii) the coordination potential of the 1,1-dithiolate ligand, e.g. the Lewis acidity of M(S2CNR2) < M(S2COR). Another vital factor is the steric profile of the metal- and/or ligand-bound R groups, i.e. when R is large, M⋯S interactions are precluded. When M⋯S interactions are absent, for whatever reason, the crystal packing is invariably dominated by C–H⋯S interactions that usually lead to chain motifs.
Right ureteral obstruction associated with pancreatitis

In a 5-year review of 207 patients with acute pancreatitis examined by computed tomography, 124 (60%) had findings consistent with active (acute or acute superimposed on chronic) pancreatitis. Six patients (3%), in addition to having evidence for pancreatitis, had associated mild to moderate right hydronephrosis and proximal hydroureter. These patients’ findings are presented with a discussion of the renal manifestations of pancreatitis.
Reduced prevalence and growth rate of urethane-induced lung adenomas in ageing adult strain A mice.

Abstract Following administration of 1.0 mg of urethane/g body wt the average diameter and prevalence of lung adenomas in adult strain A mcie were found to be progressively smaller in animals of progressively greater age at initiation of treatment. Reduction of tumor diameters below detectibility in animals in the older treatment groups could not account for the concurrent reduction in prevalence. Explanations for the observed data in ageing animals based on considerations of reduced immunocompetence or on decreased uerthane metabolism or distribution were also considered insufficient. Possible mechanisms for the observed data are discussed.
Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes on antidiabetic medications who fast for laboratory tests.

We would like to report the results of a pilot study that we undertook to evaluate the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes on antidiabetic medications because of the repeated calls from our laboratory reporting critical glucose results, typically after patients who had come earlier for blood tests had already left the laboratory. We have become increasingly concerned about these occurrences and realized that our patients may not be adequately educated on the proper preparation for tests requiring overnight fasting. Patients with diabetes are generally given instructions regarding medication adjustments when they fast overnight for surgical or diagnostic procedures, but we became concerned that there may not be such instructions for overnight fasting for laboratory tests. It could be argued that some clinicians may take the initiative of providing such instructions. However, being diabetes specialists ourselves, we acknowledge that we had not paid adequate attention to this issue. Similarly, from talking with diabetes educators (S.A., personal communications), we realized that this educational piece is not included in traditional curricula. Extensive literature search retrieved no publications on this critical issue or educational guidelines on how to prepare patients with …
The wisdom of the body: future techniques and approaches to morphogenetic fields in regenerative medicine, developmental biology and cancer.

667 ISSN 1746-0751 10.2217/RME.11.69 © 2011 Future Medicine Ltd Regen. Med. (2011) 6(6), 667–673 “The restoration of shape is a central goal of regenerative medicine – rebuilding a complex structure such as a hand or eye requires more than stem cells driven towards individual tissues – the placement of all components in the right arrangement is crucial and cannot be micromanaged by direct bioengineering.”
Review of selected psychiatric nursing textbooks: 1987–1990, part II☆

Abstract The market is replete with choices of psychiatric nursing textbooks that offer distinguishable differences. Choices reflect the transition within the discipline of nursing from a medical model approach to the development of interventions based on the various theoretical and conceptual approaches that are becoming the currency of nursing practice. A clear understanding of desired theoretical approach and the intended use of the book should reduce choices and facilitate decision making.
Observation of new-particle production by high-energy neutrinos and antineutrinos

We have observed fourteen events in which two muons are produced by high-energy neutrino and antineutrino interactions. The absence of trimuon events and the observed characteristics of the dimuon events require the existence of one or more new massive particles that decay through the weak interaction. The new particle mass is estimated to lie between 2 and 4 GeV.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured mouse epidermal cells by human peripheral leukocytes.

Primary epidermal cells derived from the skin of newborn mice can be arrested in G 1 (G 0 ) of the cycle when kept in serum-free medium with 0.06mm Ca ++ for 4days. These cells can be restimulated to grow by the addition of Chelex 100-treated inactivated fetal calf serum, as shown by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography after [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation and by counting mitotic figures. This system may be useful in studying growth-promoting and -inhibiting substances in vitro, and it is shown here that leukocytes from peripheral human blood are able to stimulate the DNA synthesis of epidermal cells although the effect is smaller than that observed with serum. The stimulation was not inhibited by pretreatment of leukocytes with mitomycin C, excluding the possibility that the increased incorporation of radioactivity in mixed epidermal-leukocyte cultures is due to increased DNA synthesis in leukocytes stimulated by epidermal cells. Therefore, this system may also be helpful in the investigation of the role of leukocytes in the hyperproliferation of the epidermis.
Plasma levels of "free" progestin during the estrous cycle in the mouse.

Twenty-four regularly cycling female CHI mice were exsanguinated at known points in the estrous cycle (as determined by vaginal smear). Their reproductive tracts were removed and examined histologically to confirm the phase of the cycle. Plasma samples from each animal were bioassayed for “free” progestin, and the results, expressed in Progesterone Equivalents (P.E.), were examined in relation to the phases of the cycle. It was noted that the plasma progestin content is at a minimum (0.5 P.E./ml.) in diestrus, rises to a maximum during proestrus and estrus (average about 4 P.E./ml.), and then decreases in metestrus–1 to approach the minimum in metestrus–2. The mouse is thus added to the list of animals secreting progestin before ovulation.
Advancing Computational Science, Visualization and Homeland Security Research/ Education at Minority Serving Institutions National Model Promoted/ Implemented by MSI-CIEC (Minority Serving Institutions-CyberInfrastructure Empowerment Coalition)

Abstract Many Minority Serving Institutions (MSI) in the United States lack sufficient resources and knowledge to take significant advantage of the national and international computational resources available to advance computational science research and education. National challenges raised for Homeland Security (HS) have focused US government attention on the critical yet untapped human resource potential at MSIs. The US National Science Foundation’s TeraGrid has attempted to define, promote and deliver an integrated set of high performance computing resources to the national academic research community. However, a gap persists in the connections between the TeraGrid program and non-TeraGrid national computational resources and data. For MSIs and other users, these circumstances hinder seamless, natural use of resources from local, campus infrastructure through national high performance computing research tools. In spite of impressive TeraGrid advances, its user community falls short of engaging a much broader potential community especially the MSI community. A campus-based integrated CyberInfrastructure (CI) is essential to bridge this gap.
Electron and Phonon Thermal Conduction in Epitaxial High-Tc Superconducting Films

Electrons and phonons are the carriers of heat in the a-b plane of the high-T[sub c] superconductor YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7]. In the absence of boundary scattering, the a-b plane thermal conductivity and the mean free path of each carrier type are calculated as functions of temperature using kinetic theory, the two-fluid model of the superconducting state, and experimental data for the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of a single crystal. The reduction by boundary scattering of the effective a-b plane thermal conductivity along an epitaxial YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7] film is predicted as a function of temperature and film thickness. The size effect on the phonon conductivity dominates over the size effect on the electron conductivity. The predicted electron mean free path is limited by scattering on defects and is in very good agreement with experimental data from infrared spectroscopy. 44 refs., 7 figs.
Neural correlates of consciousness reconsidered.

It is widely accepted among philosophers that neuroscientists are conducting a search for the neural correlates of consciousness, or NCC. David Chalmers (2000) conceptualized this research program as the attempt to correlate the contents of conscious experience with the contents of representations in specific neural populations. This interpretation, now standard, is inadequate in two ways. First, it is phenomenologically invalid insofar as it treats the contents of experience as stand-alone or discrete bits that can be isolated from their holistic subjective context. Second, and more important for the moment, the standard conception of the NCC obscures the actual nature of the empirical research by framing it in the metaphysically neutral language of “correlates” of conscious contents rather than as part of a larger causal/mechanical explanatory strategy. A notable claim on behalf of the correlate idea is that the neutral language frees us from philosophical disputes over the mind/body relation, allowing the science to move independently (Crick, 1996, p.486). Opponents of the standard NCC concept argue that the new neuroscience of consciousness needs philosophy now more than ever (Noe & Thompson, 2004). Certainly philosophy is still important in this context. But what is needed now is not so much more philosophy of mind but better philosophy of science.
Low-Frequency Klystron for Accelerator Applications

Recent advances in computer simulation of the electron-field interaction in the high-power klystron have resulted in major improvements in klystron performance and a better agreement of calculated and measured characteristics. Designs for two klystrons to drive the four Alvarez sections of the LAMPF accelerator are presented in this paper. The output powers for the two klystrons are 0.5 and 3.0 MW at 201 MHz. The length required for the ?-MW klystron is only 3.25 m, and the 3-MW klystron requires 3.75 m due to the higher power collector. A brief description of the computer codes and logic used to achieve these designs is presented. Full-scale test cavities for the ?-MW klystron have been built, and the input cavity is being built to validate the fabrication procedures. The low-frequency, high-power problems in klystron technology are discussed. General scaling laws are derived to produce efficient, compact, narrow-band klystrons with peak output power in the megawatt range. As an example, the salient design features of a 3-MW, 100-MHz klystron are presented. A novel feature of this design is a cavity which is simultaneously excited at two frequencies. Use of such cavities could reduce construction costs and significantly improve the performance of low-frequency klystrons, which should make them more attractive as components in future heavy ion accelerators.
Some Results from a Simplified Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of Atmospheric Turbulence

Abstract A simplified set of subgrid-scale transport equations is used to compute the stresses in a three-dimensional model of thermal convection in the atmosphere. Terms appearing in the full transport equations thought not to be essential to the large-scale dynamics are discarded, leaving prognostic equations to be solved for the subgrid-scale energy and the virtual potential temperature variance only. Equations for the Reynolds stresses and the subgrid-scale temperature-velocity correlations are considerably simplified and can be solved algebraically. A scale analysis of the full transport equations is offered as partial justification for the present approach in the case of nearly isotropic turbulence. The problem studied is that of a well-mixed layer bounded above by a region of strong stable stratification. The present model gives a significant improvement in the representation of the large-scale variables as compared with the more conventional eddy viscosity approach. In three experiments testing di...