cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive anxiety in insomnia: An analogue test

Two theories on the cause of insomnia have emerged, the somatic and the cognitive. To test the cognitive theory, 15 insomniac and 15 normal sleepers were invited into the sleep laboratory. In the last of three sessions ostensibly designed to measure normal presleep physiological processes, a polygraph malfunction was staged raising the possibility of accidental shock. The major outcome was that insomniacs showed a significant increase of skin conductance level during this session while normals relaxed even further. This probably reflected the presence of anxious ruminations for insomniacs and the absence of such for normals in response to the third night threat. Insomniacs' tonic level of frontalis muscle tension surpassed normals but was non-reactive to the third night threat, suggesting a minor role for somatic arousal in insomnia. The present results support the primacy of cognitive arousal in insomnia and invite emphasis on cognitive control treatment strategies for this sleep disorder.
Physical parameters affecting the rate and completing of RNA driven hybridization of DNA: new measurements relevant to quantitation based on kinetics

Differences in the RNA-driven hybridization kinetics of genomic DNA and cDNA probes led us to examine physical parameters affecting these reactions. Cloned cDNA complementary to serum albumin (SA) mRNA hybridized in accordance with single component kinetics, whereas cloned SA genomic DNA hybridized more slowly and with multiple component kinetics. This difference is largely attributable to the relatively short and variable lengths of the mRNA complementary regions in the cloned genomic DNA. The rate of mRNA driven hybridization is affected to about half the extent observed for DNA renaturation as Na+ is increased or decreased from 0.18M. In the annealing of nucleic acids of high sequence complexity, after approximately 70% of reaction has been reached, the rate of the reaction is slowed and completion is not reached under "static" conditions. In practical terms, this is not the case for systems of low sequence complexity. This problem can be largely overcome by continuous or frequent mixing of the reactants, so that complex cDNA probes are hybridized essentially to completion, and kinetics can therefore be more readily compared to simple complexity standards.
Computerized Biotelemetry System for Environmental Research on Dairy Animals

Abstract A data collection and data analysis system has been developed for monitoring animals in typical livestock environments through biotelemetry. The equipment consists of a PDP 11V03 microcomputer interfaced to a telemetry receiver and time interval digitizer. Radio-telemetry provides information on diurnal temperature patterns in dairy cattle at monitoring intervals anywhere from once a minute to once a day. Weather conditions are monitored by radiotransmitters adapted to provide wet bulb, dry bulb, and black globe temperatures. Up to 100 transmitters may be monitored. Software for data collection and data analysis was developed in FORTRAN IV and assembly language. Data analysis capabilities of the system are discussed in relation to monitoring effects of heat stress and management on dairy cattle performance.
Flux tubes and scaling in MHD dynamo simulations

Abstract MHD simulations of compressible convection in a layer heated from below are discussed and the results analysed in various ways. The ultimate aim of these simulations is to understand the generation and evolution of the magnetic field in the sun. The formation of flux tubes is addressed, and it is concluded that random field line stretching plays the dominant role, which is in contrast to vortex tubes where both shear instabilities and vortex stretching contribute almost equally to the generation of vorticity. Magnetic flux tubes occur preferentially near stagnation points, but there remains a significant flow component along the tube. Various scaling properties of the magnetic field generated in such simulations are investigated. Multifractal dimensions, cancellation exponents, and generalized power spectra are computed. While the spectra show a tendency for power law scaling, no such behavior is found for the cancellation exponent. Finally, implications for the generation of large-scale fields in the solar dynamo are discussed.
Doing the Impossible: On the Musically Exotic

Music is a problematic medium in which to carry out representations or evocations of exotic lands and cultures. The present article explores the limits of applying to music the kinds of observations that are generally made about literary representations of the exotic (as in a statement by Stendhal) or about exoticist paintings (such as Le bain turc, by Ingres). It also reflects on the function of early museums devoted to natural history and foreign cultures Despite music's inaptness for representing objects (such as a Japanese teacup), musical exoticism exists, proliferates in concert life, and is constantly being carried out in new works and in new performances and productions of older ones. This paradox is resolved—the impossible becomes possible—through two different means: 1) the music echoes or imitates certain (real or imagined) aspects of the music of the exotic culture; or 2) the music allies itself with words, visual images, stage action, and other extra-musical features. The resulting works more...
The Best and Worst Country in the World: Perspectives on the Early Virginia Landscape

From its earliest days, the Virginia landscape has elicited dramatically contradictory descriptions. The sixteenth-century poet Michael Drayton exalted the land as "earth's onely paradise," while John Smith, in his reports to England, summarized the area around Jamestown as "a miserie, a ruine, a death, a hell."Drawing upon both familiar history and lesser-known material from deep geological time through the end of the seventeenth century, Stephen Adams focuses on both the physical changes to the land over time and the changes in the way people viewed Virginia. The Best and Worst Country in the World reaches well beyond previous accounts of early American views of the land with the inclusion of fascinating and important pre-1700 sources, Native American perceptions, and prehuman geography and geology. A blend of history, literature, geology, geography, and natural history, enriched by illustrations ranging from a dinosaur footprint to John Smith's famous "Map of Virginia," Adams's work offers an ecocritical exploration of the varied preconceptions that have shaped and colored the human relationship with "the best and worst country in the world"--the early Virginia landscape.
The influence of surface interactions on the elastohydrodynamic collision of two spheres

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the dynamic deformation and rebound of a solid elastic sphere which is immersed in a viscous fluid and in close head-on motion toward another sphere or a plane solid surface is presented. The deformed shape of the solid surfaces and the pressure profile in the fluid layer separating these surfaces are determined simultaneously. In addition, the influence of London-van der Waals attractive forces and electrical double layer repulsive forces on the particle motion and surface deformation is considered. Criteria are established for predicting whether the particles adhere together in the primary potential minimum or whether they rebound and separate into the relatively weak secondary potential minimum. This research has important implications for determining whether a solid particle will stick or rebound subsequent to impact during inertial filtration or coagulation.
Femtosecond Molecular Imaging Using Laser-Induced Broadband Electron Diffraction

In this presentation I will illustrate molecular structure retrieval with femtosecond and picometer resolutions from photoelectron spectra recorded only along the laser polarization direction via a simple, direct one-dimensional inverse Fourier transform.
Air bearing kinematic couplings

Abstract The “kinematic coupling” is a well-known device used to achieve highly repeatable positioning of one machine or instrument element relative to another. Normally, it consists of three precision balls attached to one machine element in a triangular pattern. These balls mate with three V-grooves in the surface of the mating element, creating ball/flat point contacts at six locations on each body. Friction forces at the contacts limit the repeatability and accuracy of the coupling, and can result in wear over time. This paper describes a novel coupling design where we replace the ball/flat contacts with an intermediate element consisting of a double-sided porous carbon air bearing with one planar surface and one concave spherical surface. These air bearings ride on corresponding surfaces on the two bodies to be mated, thus restricting motion along a single line in space while introducing essentially zero friction in the other directions. With six such elements appropriately placed, all 6 d.f. of relative motion between the two bodies can be restrained. Experimental measurement of coupling repeatability shows that the air bearing kinematic coupling (ABKC) outperforms traditional ball/groove couplings both in positioning repeatability and load carrying capacity.
EFFECT OF ANTIBROWNING TREATMENT ON COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF FRESH‐CUT PEARS

A 30-second dip in a solution of 4-heaylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and potassium sorbate prevented browning of fresh-cut 'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.) for 9 days at 5°C in air, regardless of initial ripeness. Firmness of pears did not change in response to chemical treatments or time in storage, except that pears slices initially < 25 N, quite ripe, generally became translucent and excessively soft during storage. Firmness of the 5-mm thick slices was measured by puncturing to 2.5 mm using a 4 mm diameter cylindrical probe and by a three-point bending test. A puncture test was more suitable (and more convenient) than bending for measuring firmness of the slices. Color (L*, a*, and b*) and transmittance through the slices in the visible and near infrared range (400 to 1900 nm) were measured. The a* value was more sensitive to browning and less affected by ripeness and storage than transmittance at specific wavelengths or the overall absorbance in the visible range.
A new integrable system with a quartic potential

Abstract We show that a system of particles on the line in an arbitrary quartic external potential and interacting through two-body inverse square potentials is integrable. This result generalizes the known integrable system of the Calogero type, where the external potential is quadratic, to the case of quartic potentials. The existence of a tower of conserved quantities in involution is derived using the matrix formulation of the system. We therefore also show that the one-dimensional matrix model with a fourth-order potential is an integrable system.
Nonlinear optical approach to matrix-element spectroscopy of the 5s 2S1/2 → 5p 2Pj → 5d 2Dj, transitions in 87Rb

We present in this paper results of a nonlinear optical spectroscopy approach to measurement of excited-state transition matrix elements. Recent advances in the quality of excited-state transition matrix elements have permitted renormalization of earlier measurements of transition amplitudes associated with the 5s 2S1/2 → 5p 2Pj → 5d 2D3/2 two-photon transitions in atomic 87Rb. Previous measurements were made to high precision, but further improvement of the accuracy was limited by uncertainties in data describing the influence of energetically distant transitions. Availability of more reliable matrix elements, including relativistic all-order calculations of transition matrix elements in alkali atoms, has since significantly improved the situation. In the present paper, we show that theoretical relative transition amplitudes for the excited state 5p 2Pj → 5d 2D3/2 doublet (ratio = 1.098(9)) are now in excellent agreement with experiment (ratio = 1.090(6)). This result, combined with our recent work on caesium, shows that it is possible to determine relative line strengths, for transitions connecting atomic excited states, with precision previously found only in state-of-the-art measurements of alkali resonance doublets. Detailed discussion of the experimental technique and supporting data, including polarization measurements on the 5s 2S1/2 → 5p 2Pj → 5d 2D5/2 transitions, is also presented.
Quality of life for women after a myocardial infarction

Objectives: To assess the level of quality of life and to determine the relationship of selected variables to quality of life in a sample of women after a myocardial infarction (MI). Design: Ex post facto, one-group, correlational survey. Setting: Offices of cardiologists in private practice. Participants: Consecutive sample of 96 women who had a diagnosis of MI, and who had not undergone cardiac surgery. Results: The mean quality of life score was 21.6 Significant variables in the regression equation were employment status ( p p p Conclusions: The quality of life scores in this sample were higher than expected and similar to those of healthy populations. Those women in the sample who returned to their former employment status and had higher levels of social support and self-esteem had higher levels of quality of life.
Photoreactions of ortho-vinyl triphenylethylenes I. The photochemistry of 1,2-diphenyl-1-(2-vinylphenyl)ethylene†

Irradiation of the title compound (9) causes two types of photoreactions. endo-1,6-Diphenyl-2,3-benzobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene**, endo-(13), is a primary photoproduct resulting from an intramolecular [4 + 2]cycloaddition; it is partially converted into exo-(13). [2 + 2]Cycloaddition does not occur. This results fits well into the general scheme previously proposed for the photochemical behaviour of o-vinylstilbenes. The other photoproducts (14-17) are formed via electrocyclisation reactions occurring in the divinyl-benzene moiety and in a cis-stilbene moiety of 9.
Newborn Sex Selection and India's Overpopulation Problem

We begin by noting how India is highly overpopulated and that this creates negative externalities for world environment. Next, we note that females in child-bearing ages alone determine the birth rate, compounding the population growth anywhere. Third, forcing families to have unwanted daughters can increase discrimination against women. Fourth, most countries impose no restrictions on women choosing the sex of their next baby. We use these propositions to argue that cultural preference against daughters in India has important benefits until India achieves net reproduction rate of unity. We argue that the correct policy for malnourished overpopulated India must be the exact opposite of the focus in North America and Europe, where they have an obesity epidemic and declining populations.
Polymer-matrix nanocomposite membranes for water treatment

Abstract One of the grand challenges to sustain the modern society is to secure adequate water resources of desirable quality for various designated uses. To address this challenge, membrane water treatment is expected to play an increasingly important role in areas such as drinking water treatment, brackish and seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment and reuse. Existing membranes for water treatment, typically polymeric in nature, are still restricted by several challenges including the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity (also called Robeson upper boundary in membrane gas separation), and low resistance to fouling. Nanocomposite membranes, a new class of membranes fabricated by combining polymeric materials with nanomaterials, are emerging as a promising solution to these challenges. The advanced nanocomposite membranes could be designed to meet specific water treatment applications by tuning their structure and physicochemical properties (e.g. hydrophilicity, porosity, charge density, and thermal and mechanical stability) and introducing unique functionalities (e.g. antibacterial, photocatalytic or adsorptive capabilities). This review is to summarize the recent scientific and technological advances in the development of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment. The nanocomposite membranes were classified into (1) conventional nanocomposite, (2) thin-film nanocomposite (TFN), (3) thin-film composite (TFC) with nanocomposite substrate, and (4) surface located nanocomposite, based on the membrane structure and location of nanomaterial. Challenges and future research directions in developing high performance nanocomposite membranes were also discussed.
Optimization of CE-SDS Method for Antibody Separation Based on Multi-Users Experimental Practices

Capillary Electrophoresis-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (CE-SDS) method with UV detection was developed and satisfactorily used for determination of purity and manufacturing consistency of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) at Amgen Inc. (Seattle, WA). When this method was applied to some other MAbs, several problems with method robustness became apparent. These issues resulted in abnormal Electropherogram (e-gram) profiles potentially linked to various parameters specific molecules analyzed, sample formulation buffer composition, CE-SDS gel matrix type, and operators. A multi-users interest group (called CE Users Forum) was formed to systematically investigate and understand these issues. The CE Users Forum first identified the issues which needed resolution, defined group experiments to better understand the problem and to test potential solutions, and together defined a generic (platform) CE-SDS method for MAbs. Two CE instruments, Agilent HP3DCE and Beckman PA 800, two CE-SDS gel matrices, BioRad and Beckman gels, as well as different types of MAbs in various buffers were used in this investigation. We present here a platform CE-SDS method for purity determination of MAbs. Method optimization and trouble-shooting procedures by the CE Users Forum played a key role in delivering a robust analytical method for characterization of antibodies by improving instrumental and experimental parameters such as instrument variability, instrument operating parameters, operator training, and reagent stability. The optimized CE-SDS method is used during process development and has been transferred to the quality control (QC) lab as a purity assay for lot release testing of therapeutic antibodies. Any trained analyst can successfully perform this method. A group such as the CE Users Forum is a good way to integrate best practices and solve technical issues in a cooperative environment.
Soluble sinapoyl esters are converted to wall-bound esters in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-inhibited radish seedlings

Abstract Between the third and eighth day of radish seedling growth, wall-bound esters of (E)-sinapic and (E)-p-coumaric acids increase about fourfold, (E)-ferulic acid about sixfold, in the cotyledons. In the hypocotyl plus roots, wall-bound ferulic and p-coumaric acids increase twofold but wall-bound sinapic acid levels are unchanged. When grown with 100 μM 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cotyledons had levels of wall-bound sinapic acid similar to controls but there was no detectable wall-bound p-coumaric acid and only traces of wall-bound ferulic acid. As seedlings developed, their decrease in soluble sinapoyl esters greatly exceeded levels of wall bound sinapic acid accumulated. We interpret this as evidence that de novo hydroxycinnamic acid synthesis was blocked and preformed soluble sinapoyl esters stored in the cotyledons were mobilized and esterified into developing cell walls. Growth with 5 μM AIP inhibited wall-bound p-coumaric and ferulic acid accumulation more than 90% in the hypocotyl plus roots and slightly increased hypocotyl elongation, suggesting that wall-bound phenolics may normally play a role in restricting radish hypocotyl cell wall extensibility.
En Bloc Transplantation of Kidneys from Pediatric Donors

AbstractPurpose: Cadaveric kidneys from pediatric donors represent an important resource for human allotransplantation. We report 7 cases in which a new technique was used for en bloc transplantation of pediatric cadaver kidneys into adult recipients.Materials and Methods: Paired cadaveric kidneys obtained from donors younger than 6 years (mean age 26 months) were transplanted en bloc into 2 children (mean age 12.5 years) and 5 adults (mean age 50 years) using en bloc extraperitoneal interposition of the donor aorta and vena cava into the recipient external iliac artery and vein.Results: All patients had excellent perfusion immediately following transplantation on99m technetium-pentetic acid perfusion scans. Serum creatinine decreased to its nadir an average of 7 days post-transplantation in all but 1 patient. In 3 patients glomerular filtration rate increased 3 to 5-fold at 3 months and 6 months after transplantation. No patient had venous or arterial thrombosis postoperatively and 2 had ureteral leaks. ...
Numerical Investigations of Reignition in Vortex-Perturbed n-Heptane Nonpremixed Flames

Numerical investigations of reignition in n-heptane nonpremixed flames perturbed by counter-rotating vortex pairs are performed. The conditions simulated are representative of high-pressure combustion chambers with high-Reynolds-number jet flames. A two-dimensional numerical formulation that employs sixth-order spatial accuracy and fourth-order time integration is used to solve the governing equations for compressible, viscous, and reacting flows. The oxidation of n-heptane is modeled using a 34-species mechanism involving 56 reaction steps. Transport is modeled using the unity Lewis number and the mixture-averaged models. For the conditions simulated, reignition occurs through lateral diffusion of species and heat from the adjoining edge flames to the quenched regions and hence cannot be predicted by one-dimensional flamelet models. Following reconnection of the diffusion flame, a vortical pocket travels on the fuel side and acts as a major source of combustion products such as CO and H 2 . The results show that whereas an increase in the vortex velocity scale results in higher rates of reignition and product formation, an increase in the length scale decreases the rate of reignition and increases the amount of products formed in the vortical pocket. The choice of the transport formulation has a minor influence on the predicted flame temperatures and major species concentrations.
Emissions from ethanol-gasoline blends: A single particle perspective

Due to its agricultural origin and function as a fuel oxygenate, ethanol is being promoted as an alternative biomass-based fuel for use in spark ignition engines, with mandates for its use at state and regional levels. While it has been established that the addition of ethanol to a fuel reduces the particulate mass concentration in the exhaust, little attention has been paid to changes in the physicochemical properties of the emitted particles. In this work, a dynamometer-mounted GM Quad-4 spark ignition engine run without aftertreatment at 1,500 RPM and 100% load was used with four different fuel blends, containing 0, 20, 40 and 85 percent ethanol in gasoline. This allowed the effects of the fuel composition to be isolated from other effects. Instrumentation employed included two Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers covering different size ranges for analysis of single particle composition, an Aethalometer for black carbon, a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer for particle size distributions, a Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species and gravimetric filter measurements for particulate mass concentrations. It was found that, under the conditions investigated here, additional ethanol content in the fuel changes the particle size distribution, especially in the accumulation mode, and decreases the black carbon and total particulate mass concentrations. The molecular weight distribution of the PAHs was found to decrease with added ethanol. However, PAHs produced from higher ethanol-content fuels are associated with NO2− (m/z—46) in the single-particle mass spectra, indicating the presence of nitro-PAHs. Compounds associated with the gasoline (e.g., sulfur-containing species) are diminished due to dilution as ethanol is added to the fuel relative to those associated with the lubricating oil (e.g., calcium, zinc, phosphate) in the single particle spectra. These changes have potential implications for the health effect impacts of particulate emissions from biofuel blends.
Theoretical study of cation/ether complexes: 15-crown-5 and its alkali metal complexes

A combination of classical force field molecular dynamics and electronic structure calculations were used to identify the low-lying, gas phase conformations of isolated 15-crown-5 and complexes it forms with a single alkali cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+). The computed binding enthalpies are compared with recent gas phase, collision-induced dissociation measurements. While agreement is reasonably good for sodium and potassium, it worsens for the larger cations, where theory and experiment differ by as much as 20 kcal/mol. Tests of the sensitivity of the predicted binding enthalpies to the size of the basis sets were conducted with large, diffuse-function-augmented, correlation consistent basis sets. Despite the increase in size and flexibility of the basis sets, they resulted in relatively little change in the computed binding energies. A possible explanation of these differences, first proposed for M+/12c4, is discussed. It assumes that the experiment measures dissociation from higher-lying metal/ether complexes, rather than the global minimum which serves as the reference point for the theoretical values. However, a limited search for a much higher energy Rb+/15c5 structure proved unsuccessful. A cluster-based metal exchange reaction, which crudely models the binding preference in aqueous solution, reproduces the low selectivity of 15-crown-5 relative to that of 18-crown-6 in solution.
New Blood, Cool Chips, and Heterogeneous Designs

This column discusses cool chips, and their place in the history of computing and current heterogeneous systems. This column also introduces the new Editorial Board members.
Optimization and application of blasting parameters based on the "pushing-wall" mechanism

The large structure parameter of a sublevel caving method was used in Beiminghe iron mine. The ores were generally lower than the medium hardness and easy to be drilled and blasted. However, the questions of boulder yield, “pushing-wall” accident rate, and brow damage rate were not effectively controlled in practical blasting. The model test of a similar material shows that the charge concentration of bottom blastholes in the sector is too high; the pushing wall is the fundamental reason for the poor blasting effect. One of the main methods to adjust the explosive distribution is to increase the length of charged blastholes. Therefore, the field tests with respect to increasing the length of uncharged blastholes were made in 12# stope of −95 subsection and 6# stope of Beiminghe iron mine. This paper took the test result of 12# stope as an example to analyze the impact of charge structure on blasting effect and design an appropriate blasting parameter that is to similar to No.12 stope.
Modulation of the age at onset of Parkinson's disease by apolipoprotein E genotypes

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often develop dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients frequently develop parkinsonian signs. The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele is associated with increased risk and earlier onset of AD. We studied 137 unrelated white PD patients. Those with epsilon4 had the earliest onset (52.7 +/- 9.8 years), epsilon3/epsilon3 patients had an intermediate onset (56.1 +/- 11.1 years), and those with epsilon2 had the latest onset (59.1 +/- 13.4 years). The age at onset distribution for epsilon4/epsilon- was significantly earlier than for epsilon3/epsilon3 and epsilon2/epsilon3. These preliminary results suggest that apolipoprotein E genotypes modulate the age at onset of PD.
An Aerosol Wind Tunnel for Evaluation of Massive-Flow Air Samplers and Calibration of Snow White Sampler

Massive-flow air samplers are being deployed around the world to collect aerosol samples for analysis of radioactivity as a result of nuclear tests and nuclear accidents. An aerosol wind tunnel capable of an 1100 m3 min−1 flow rate was built at Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI) to test the sampling efficiency of these samplers. This aerosol wind tunnel uses a stationary air blender to enhance mixing, and therefore it achieves the required uniform distribution of wind speed and aerosol concentration in the test section. The test section of the wind tunnel has a cross section that is 4.3 m × 3.7 m. The aerosol wind tunnel was tested for performance in terms of distribution of wind speed, turbulent intensity, SF6 tracer gas concentration, and aerosol concentration. Test criteria consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards were adopted as the guidelines for the aerosol wind tunnel. Additional criteria for aerosol wind tunne...
A metamodel of theories of psychotherapy: a guide to their analysis, comparison, integration and use

Every theory of psychotherapy is composed of a myth and an associated ritual. A myth is a conceptual scheme for explaining clinical problems. A ritual is based upon a myth and is a model of the clinical change process. This article goes far beyond the observation that theories of psychotherapy consist of a myth and a ritual to propose that they share a common underlying structure. The central purpose of this article is to delineate this structure. This structure constitutes a metamodel of theories of psychotherapy. The article shows how the metamodel is a fresh conceptual tool (a) for understanding, analysing, comparing and contrasting, and integrating the basic concepts and principles of theories of psychotherapy and (b) for building case formulations and treatment plans from a theory of psychotherapy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead and copper in the waters of Raritan and Lower New York Bays

Abstract A survey of waters adjacent to this heavily urbanized and industrialized region showed concentrations of copper, 65 μg l.−1 to be the highest reported to date for estuarine waters, and lead up to 13.9 μg l.−1 Correlations between distributions of dissolved and total metal concentration in the water column, hydrography, and metal in the sediment were related to benthic studies in this area. Laboratory studies are cited which show the potential for adverse effects on marine animals at these metal concentrations.
Tolerance of Minor Setbacks in a Challenging Reentry Experience An Evaluation of a Federal Reentry Court

The Federal Probation Office and the Board of Judges for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania initiated a pilot reentry court program, called the Supervision to Aid Reentry (STAR) program in 2007. ...
Model approaches for estimating the influence of time-varying socio-environmental factors on macroparasite transmission in two endemic regions

The environmental determinants of vector- and host-borne diseases include time-varying components that modify key transmission parameters, resulting in transient couplings between environmental phenomena and transmission processes. While some time-varying drivers are periodic in nature, some are aperiodic, such as those that involve episodic events or complex patterns of human behavior. Understanding these couplings can allow for prediction of periods of peak infection risk, and ultimately presents opportunities for optimizing intervention selection and timing. Schistosome macroparasites of humans exhibit multiple free-living stages as well as intermediate hosts, and are thus model organisms for illustrating the influence of environmental forcing on transmission. Time-varying environmental factors, termed gating functions, for schistosomes include larval response to temperature and rainfall, seasonal water contact patterns and snail population dynamics driven by weather variables. The biological bases for these modifiers are reviewed, and their values are estimated and incorporated into a transmission model that simulates a multi-year period in two schistosomiasis endemic regions. Modeling results combined with a scale dependent correlation analysis indicate the end effect of these site-specific gating functions is to strongly govern worm burden in these communities, in a manner particularly sensitive to the hydrological differences between sites. Two classes of gating functions were identified, those that act in concert to modify human infection (and determine worm acquisition late in the season), and those that act on snail infection (and determine early season worm acquisition). The importance of these factors for control programs and surveillance is discussed.
Suppression of schistosomiasis in snails by chloramphenicol.

CHLORAMPHENICOL is known to inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria and in proliferating mammalian cells1,2. The experiments described here were undertaken to determine the effect of chloramphenicol on the protein synthesis which must occur during certain stages of the schistosome cycle when there is rapid growth or proliferation of the parasite. Following the penetration of a snail by a miracidium of S mansoni, marked proliferation of the parasite occurs, leading to the development of tens of thousands of cercariae3. Snails exposed to miracidia were maintained in water containing chloramphenicol in an effort to inhibit protein synthesis and thereby to suppress formation of cercariae.
Sheet resistance-junction depth relationships in implanted arsenic diffusion

A design graph for arsenic diffusion has been constructed based on a Chebyshev polynomial approximation of the arsenic implantation/diffusion profile. Systematic experiments of arsenic implantation/ diffusion were done to support the design graph. The ultimate limitations of arsenic shallow junction design are defined.
Hasidic People: A Place in the New World

Extreme piety, joyous intensity, and a unique social organization have distinguished the Hasidim from other Orthodox Jews since the latter half of the 18th century. After World War II, survivors of the once thriving Hasidic communities of Eastern Europe began to settle in New York. "Hasidic People" is a social history of the New York community based on interviews, observation, newspaper files, and court records. Jerome Mintz, an anthropologist, combines historical study with investigation to provide an account of social and religious dynamics. He allows events to unfold through the reports and commentaries of the Hasidim and those in close association with them. Mintz's work offers insights into family life, succession in Hasidic dynasties, social change, and conflicts concerning proselytizing, the State of Israel, and Messianic expectations. From Brooklyn enclaves to settlements in the suburbs, the reader is shown a people set apart and yet living in close proximity with other ethnic groups, including blacks and Latinos, facing competition for housing, economic development, and political representation. "Hasidic People" takes the reader from the various neighbourhood settlements through years of growth to the tragic riots in Crown Heights at the close of the summer of 1991.
Angiotensin-(1-7) Deficiency and Baroreflex Impairment Precede the Antenatal Betamethasone Exposure-Induced Elevation in Blood Pressure

Betamethasone is administered to accelerate lung development and improve survival of premature infants but may be associated with hypertension later in life. In a sheep model of fetal programming resulting from exposure at day 80 of gestation to Betamethasone (Beta-exposed), adult sheep at 6 to 9 months or 1.8 years of age have elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) and attenuated spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS) for control of heart rate compared to age-matched controls associated with imbalances in angiotensin (Ang) II vs Ang-(1-7) tone. At 6 weeks of age, evoked BRS is already low in the Beta-exposed animals. In this study, we assessed the potential contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the impaired sBRS. Female lambs (6 weeks old) with Beta exposure in utero had similar MAP to control lambs (78±2 vs 77±2 mm Hg, n=4-5 per group), but lower sBRS (8±1 vs 16±3 ms/mm Hg; P<0.05) and impaired heart rate variability. Peripheral AT1 receptor blockade using candesartan lowered MAP in both groups (≈10 mm Hg) and improved sBRS and heart rate variability in Beta-exposed lambs to a level similar to control. AT7 receptor blockade by infusion of D-ala Ang-(1-7) (700 ng/kg/min for 45 minutes) reduced sBRS 46%±10% in Beta-exposed vs in control lambs (P<0.15) and increased MAP in both groups (≈6±2 mm Hg). Our data reveal that Beta exposure impairs sBRS and heart rate variability at a time point preceding the elevation in MAP via mechanisms involving an imbalance in the Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio consistent with a progressive loss in Ang-(1-7) function.
Using empirical methods for evaluating expression and content similarity

Despite lack of any significant quantifiable similarities between documents, people can intuitively compare documents and evaluate their similarity. To understand how people evaluate text similarity, we queried subjects about the level of content similarity and expression similarity of pairs of documents. Using these judgments on similarity as ground truth, we automated evaluation of similarity. Our main application for automatic evaluation of text similarity is copyright infringement detection. United States copyright law protects expression but not any underlying facts and ideas being expressed. Therefore, we focus on recognizing similarity of expression. We envision a scenario where authors present the system with a document and the system replies with documents that share the same expressive characteristics. We hypothesize that, since content and expression are not independent of each other, accurate recognition of expression similarity will also help recognition of content similarity. The experiments presented in this paper evaluate two sets of features, unigrams and style features, with respect to their ability to recognize similarities in content and expression of documents using the ground truth obtained from user experiments. Our results show that, on our data set of short news articles, stylistic features predict similarity of expression more accurately than tf*idf weighted unigrams. While unigrams can identify high-level content similarities between documents about the same people, topic and events, they are less effective than style features in evaluating finer grained content similarities.
Portion Sizes and the Obesity Epidemic

The rise in obesity rates over the past 30 y has been paralleled by increases in the portion size of many foods and the prevalence of eating away from home. Foods of particular concern are those that have a high energy density (kJ/g). Many well-controlled, laboratory-based studies have found that large portions of energy-dense foods can lead to excess energy intakes. This influence of large portions on energy intake has been supported by data collected in naturalistic settings. Further research is needed to explore strategies that can be used to moderate the effects of portion size on food consumption. One promising strategy is to reduce the energy density of foods, while maintaining food weight or volume, so that consumers can eat satisfying portions while reducing their energy intakes. There is a need for effective educational messages that not only emphasize limiting the consumption of foods high in energy density, but also encourage the consumption of those with a low energy density, such as fruits and vegetables. The delivery of consistent messages will require more cooperation among the food and restaurant industries, policy makers, and scientists. Effective strategies will also require consumers to understand and accept the importance of eating reasonable portions for better health.
Stress resilience in early marriage: can practice make perfect?

As all couples experience stressful life events, addressing how couples adapt to stress is imperative for understanding marital development. Drawing from theories of stress inoculation, which suggest that the successful adaptation to moderately stressful events may help individuals develop a resilience to future stress, the current studies examined whether experiences with manageable stressors early in the marriage may serve to make the relationship more resilient to future stress. In Study 1, 61 newlywed couples provided data regarding their stressful life events, relationship resources (i.e., observed problem-solving behaviors), and marital satisfaction at multiple points over 21⁄2 years. Results revealed that among spouses displaying more effective problem-solving behaviors, those who experienced moderate stress during the early months of marriage exhibited fewer future stress spillover effects and reported greater increases in felt efficacy than did spouses who had less experience with early stress. Study 2 examined stress resilience following the transition to parenthood in a new sample of 50 newlywed couples. Again, spouses who experienced moderate stress during the early months of marriage and had good initial relationship resources (i.e., observed support behaviors) reported greater marital adjustment following the transition to parenthood than did spouses who had good initial resources but less prior experience coping with stress. Together, results indicate that entering marriage with better relationship resources may not be sufficient to shield marital satisfaction from the detrimental effects of stress; rather, couples may also need practice in using those resources to navigate manageable stressful events.
ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN PLASMA, LIVER AND KIDNEY OF BLACK DUCKS AND MALLARDS

Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in plasma, liver, and kidney, and gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured in liver and kidney of black ducks (Anas rubripes). Activities of ALT, AST, GGT, and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were assayed in plasma, liver, and kidney of game-farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Appreciable OCT and AST activity occurred in both liver and kidney. Activities of ALT, CPK, ALP and GGT were higher in kidney, while LDH was higher in liver. GGT was detected in plasma from one of four mallards.
Gauge-equivalent intense-field approximations in velocity and length gauges to all orders

A gauge invariant formulation of the so-called intense-field Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss (KFR) approximations in the ``velocity'' and ``length'' gauges is given and their equivalence is demonstrated term by term to all orders of the theory. It overcomes a long standing discrepancy between the velocity and the length gauge strong-field KFR amplitudes for nonperturbative processes in intense laser fields.
Fluoroalkyl Iodide Photodecomposition on Diamond (100) - an Efficient Route to The Fluorination of Diamond Surfaces

Abstract : The photodecomposition of CF3I and C4F9I overlayers at 119K on diamond (100) surfaces has been shown to be an efficient route to fluorination of the diamond surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used for photoactivation as well as for studies of the following processes: the photodecomposition of the fluoroalkyl iodide molecules: the attachment of the photofragments to the diamond surface; and the thermal decomposition of the fluoroalkyl ligands. Chemisorbed CF3 groups on diamond (100) decompose by 300 K whereas C4F9 groups decompose over the temperature range of 300 K to approx. 700 K. Both of these thermal decomposition processes produce surface C-F bonds on the diamond surface which thermally decompose over a wide temperature range extending up to 1500 K. Hydrogen passivation of the diamond surface is ineffective in preventing free radical attack from the photodissociated products of the fluoroalkyl iodides. The use of photoactivation of fluoroalkyl iodides for the fluorination of diamond surfaces provides a convenient route compared to other methods involving the direct production of atomic F, molecular fluorine, XeF2, and F containing plasmas.
Chemogenomic profiling of Plasmodium falciparum as a tool to aid antimalarial drug discovery.

The spread of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance highlights the urgency to discover new targets and chemical scaffolds. Unfortunately, lack of experimentally validated functional information about most P. falciparum genes remains a strategic hurdle. Chemogenomic profiling is an established tool for classification of drugs with similar mechanisms of action by comparing drug fitness profiles in a collection of mutants. Inferences of drug mechanisms of action and targets can be obtained by associations between shifts in drug fitness and specific genetic changes in the mutants. In this screen, P. falciparum, piggyBac single insertion mutants were profiled for altered responses to antimalarial drugs and metabolic inhibitors to create chemogenomic profiles. Drugs targeting the same pathway shared similar response profiles and multiple pairwise correlations of the chemogenomic profiles revealed novel insights into drugs’ mechanisms of action. A mutant of the artemisinin resistance candidate gene - “K13-propeller” gene (PF3D7_1343700) exhibited increased susceptibility to artemisinin drugs and identified a cluster of 7 mutants based on similar enhanced responses to the drugs tested. Our approach of chemogenomic profiling reveals artemisinin functional activity, linked by the unexpected drug-gene relationships of these mutants, to signal transduction and cell cycle regulation pathways.
Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Three novel closed-cycle processes for the thermochemical production of hydrogen from water are under study at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The first cycle is based upon selenium and its compounds, the second on mercury, and the third on methane and methanol. None of these cycles involves halogens, and reaction temperatures are limited to 700°C. Although still in the conceptual stages, some preliminary experiments have been conducted on the first two processes, with the main effort on the first process.
Initiation of DNA Replication in Nuclei from Quiescent Cells Requires Permeabilization of the Nuclear Membrane

We have investigated the replication capacity of intact nuclei from quiescent cells using Xenopus egg extract. Nuclei, with intact nuclear membranes, were isolated from both exponentially growing and contact-inhibited BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts by treatment of the cells with streptolysin-O. Flow cytometry showed that > 90% of all contact-inhibited cells and approximately 50% of the exponential cells were in G0/G1-phase at the time of nuclear isolation. Intact nuclei were assayed for replication in the extract by incorporation of [alpha-32P]dATP or biotin-dUTP into nascent DNA. Most nuclei from exponential cells replicated in the egg extract, consistent with previous results showing that intact G1 nuclei from HeLa cells replicate in this system. In contrast, few nuclei from quiescent cells replicated in parallel incubations. However, when the nuclear membranes of these intact quiescent nuclei were permeabilized with lysophosphatidylcholine prior to addition to the extract, nearly all the nuclei replicated under complete cell cycle control in a subsequent incubation. The ability of LPC-treated quiescent nuclei to undergo DNA replication was reversed by resealing permeable nuclear membranes with Xenopus egg membranes prior to extract incubation demonstrating that the effect of LPC treatment is at the level of the nuclear membrane. These results indicate that nuclei from G1-phase cells lose their capacity to initiate DNA replication following density-dependent growth arrest and suggest that changes in nuclear membrane permeability may be required for the initiation of replication upon re-entry of the quiescent cell into the cell cycle.