cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous screening for two different antibodies in ELISA by combining two solid phases: Microtiter plate and falcon assay screening test system lid

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described that used a combination of 2 solid phases: a microtiter plate covered with a Falcon assay screening test (F.A.S.T.) system lid. By coating each solid phase with a different antigen, it was possible to simultaneously detect 2 different antibodies. The results of the combined test were compared and found similar to those obtained in separate assays on the same solid phases by the usual ELISA method. Further, the combined test was more economical in time, work and materials than 2 separate tests for the 2 antibodies. This method was used in a serological survey for 2 turkey viral infections: hemorrhagic enteritis and paramyxovirus type 3.
Laser-based double beam absorption detector for high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The performance of a new double-beam absorption detector based on an all-electronic noise canceler was tested under HPLC conditions. The test compounds were chosen to be 2′-Cl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 4′-Cl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene since they have absorption peaks in both the UV and the visible region. The major properties of the detector are discussed. The detector is linear through almost 4 orders of magnitude (10−5-10−9M). The deviation between consecutive measurements is about 3% and the absorption noise level is 2 · 10−6 AU, which is lower by one order of magnitude compared to commercial absorption detectors.
Character-marked furniture made from red alder harvested in southeast Alaska: product perspectives from consumers and retailers

In recent decades, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) has become an important Pacific Northwest hardwood in appearance-grade lumber markets, such as exports, furniture, and cabinets. However, red alder generally is a short-lived pioneer species, and small logs can result in proportionally large volumes of lower grade lumber containing numerous visual defects, such as knots, often referred to as character marks. Given that markets for character-marked wood could provide an income stream for management of red alder, it becomes important to understand consumer and retailer response to character-marked red alder products. In the current study, we used a policy capturing approach (the lens model) to assess the cues used by furniture consumers and retailers to evaluate several furniture pieces constructed from character-marked red alder lumber. The cues used by consumers and retailers to form willingness-to-pay judgments were found to be different. Character marks, design, and naturalness were important to consumers...
Role of endogenous opioid peptides in central glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-induced decreases in circulating LH in the male rat.

While it has been shown that intracerebral administration of exogenous glucocorticoids diminishes pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) release, it is not known if these hormones act directly on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-synthesizing neurons, or if their central inhibitory effects are mediated by specific neural substrates. In the present study, we examined whether the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (NALT), alters patterns of LH release elicited by either systemic or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) delivery of GR agonists. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the GR agonist, RU362 (2.5 mg/kg), promoted a significant reduction in circulating LH levels; pretreatment by i.c.v. injection of 1.0 microgram NALT, however, attenuated this inhibitory hormonal response. It was also found that rats treated sequentially with NALT and RU362 exhibited significantly lower plasma LH levels compared to rats injected with NALT alone. In other experiments, intracranial delivery of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), into either the ventricular system or the hypothalamic ARC resulted in significantly decreased plasma LH concentrations; the central inhibitory effects of DEX on peripheral LH release were reversed, however, by i.c.v. pretreatment with NALT. In summary, the present studies show that opioid receptor blockade attenuates systemic, as well as intracerebral inhibitory effects of GR agonists on the GnRH-pituitary LH axis, suggesting that circulating glucocorticoids inhibit LH, in part, through central actions involving endogenous opioid receptors. The observed decline in peripheral plasma LH following intra-ARC injection of DEX suggests that local GR may be functional target sites for glucocorticoid effects on LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonparametric efficiency analysis under uncertainty using data envelopment analysis

Abstract Production and cost frontiers of a firm in an industry are directly affected by the uncertainty of market demand and the uncertainty of input availability. The nonparametric approach of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is generalized here in both static and dynamic directions by incorporating these uncertainties. The paper addresses an extension of the convex hull method of DEA for determining a production frontier in the presence of demand and supply uncertainty of outputs and inputs respectively. This is illustrated by an empirical application to the computer industry.
Quantitative drop analysis. V. Determination of iron in simple and biological media

A method for the volumetric determination of 2 to 15γ of iron in small samples is described. It makes use of standardized drop analysis apparatus and technique throughout.
Water in the active site of an all-RNA hairpin ribozyme and effects of Gua8 base variants on the geometry of phosphoryl transfer.

The hairpin ribozyme requires functional group contributions from G8 to assist in phosphodiester bond cleavage. Previously, replacement of G8 by a series of nucleobase variants showed little effect...
Mn2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ 1:1 Complexes with biochemically significant thioether carboxylic acids and some of the sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives☆

Abstract The 1:1 complexes of Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ with S -carboxymethyl alkyl and S -carboxymethyl aryl mercaptans were studied in water containing 50% dioxane (I = 0.1; t = 25 °). The determination of the stability constants and a comparison with simple carboxylate complexes reveals that the complexes of Cu 2+ (and slightly also of Zn 2+ ) with the S -carboxymethyl alkyl mercaptans are more stable than expected from only basicity of the carboxylate groups. This suggests that the thioether group participates in complex formation, i.e., chelates are formed. The Mn 2+ complexes of both kinds of ligands, and the Cu 2+ or Zn 2+ complexes with S -carboxymethyl aryl mercaptans have the stability expected according to the basicity of the carboxylate groups. NMR experiments with S -carboxymethyl ethyl mercaptan confirm the formation of chelates with Cu 2+ and suggest simple carboxylate complexes with Mn 2+ . Analogous experiments with ( S -carboxymethyl phenyl mercaptan do not allow an unequivocal statement about the distribution between simple carboxylate complexes and chelates for both metal ions. Also, as the thioether acids are biologically oxidized, the complex stabilities of several of such oxidized derivatives were measured.
Efficient Pattern-Based Time Series Classification on GPU

Time series shapelet discovery algorithm finds subsequences from a set of time series for use as primitives for time series classification. This algorithm has drawn a lot of interest because of the interpretability of its results. However, computation requirements restrict the algorithm from dealing with large data sets and may limit its application in many domains. In this paper, we address this issue by redesigning the algorithm for implementation on highly parallel Graphics Process Units (GPUs). We investigate several concepts of GPU programming and propose a dynamic programming algorithm that is suitable for implementation on GPUs. Results show that the proposed GPU implementation significantly reduces the running time of the shapelet discovery algorithm. For example, on the largest sample dataset from the original authors, the running time is reduced from half a day to two minutes.
Calcium release associated with discharge of specific granule contents from human neutrophils

Neutrophil discharge of calcium into the ambient medium was measured, using an ion-sensitive electrode, after cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate. Dose-dependent calcium efflux was observed over the same range of stimulus concentrations associated with specific granule marker release. Calcium efflux was preserved when cells were treated with vanadate to inhibit the plasma membrane calcium ATPase. However, less calcium was released than in previous studies employing a complete secretagogue to discharge both specific and azurophil granule contents. These studies suggest that calcium is stored in both the azurophil and the specific granules of the neutrophil, and can be mobilized from both sites during degranulation.
Dose-dependent sympathomimetic and cardioinhibitory effects of acrolein and formaldehyde in the anesthetized rat.

Abstract Dose-effect relationships for iv formaldehyde and acrolein indicate that the cardiovascular actions of these aldehydes are qualitatively similar to acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. Pressor responses appear to result from the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerve endings and from the adrenal medulla. Concentrations of formaldehyde and acrolein required to produce significant pressor activity were found to be significantly lower than for acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. The relative pressor potency for formaldehyde and acrolein was 10 and 100 times that of acetaldehyde, respectively. Higher doses of both formaldehyde and acrolein resulted in depressor responses which could be abolished by vagotomy. Thus, it appears that these aldehydes also exert a cardioinhibitory effect which is mediated by the vagus nerve. Inhalation studies with acrolein revealed that this aldehyde has significant cardiovascular activity at concentrations below those which might be encountered in cigarette smoke. The predominant effect of inhaled acrolein at these doses was a significant increase in blood pressure and heart rate. It would appear that the aldehydes, especially acrolein, may be more significantly involved in the cardiovascular response to cigarette smoke than was previously recognized.
City and region in the credit market of late colonial Guadalajara, Mexico

Abstract Regional studies of colonial Mexico have focused on economic, sociological and political themes that largely neglect developing relationships between urban centers and their regions. Understanding these relationships is necessary for a clearer determination of the beginning of dependency and underdevelopment. Data for this study come from loan and mortgage documents contained in the Libros de Hipotecas for Guadalajara, Mexico from 1721 through 1820. The records show that most of the credit necessary for rural economies to function came from creditors in the capital city of Guadalajara. Credit flows through the countryside corresponded to the distributional patterns of population, economic activities, and social networks. Districts with larger populations consumed greater amounts of credit in part because of the presence of many potential borrowers. Those areas involved primarily in trade and agriculture also needed much urban credit, particularly at critical stages in their economic development. Districts in which the region's wealthiest families resided also received more credit through the system of personal and business contacts which channelled the distribution of credit. The net flow of credit from city to region, however, does not necessarily indicate unilateral dependence of rural districts on the capital city. An analysis of the relative benefits to creditor and debtor indicates that the relationship between city and region was characterized by mutual dependence rather than urban exploitation of rural districts.
Physicochemical factors that affect metal and metal oxide nanoparticle passage across epithelial barriers

The diversity of nanomaterials in terms of size, shape, and surface chemistry poses a challenge to those who are trying to characterize the human health and environmental risks associated with incidental and unintentional exposures. There are numerous products that are already commercially available that contain solid metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, either embedded in a matrix or in solution. Exposure assessments for these products are often incomplete or difficult due to technological challenges associated with detection and quantitation of nanoparticles in gaseous or liquid carriers. The main focus of recent research has been on hazard identification. However, risk is a product of hazard and exposure, and one significant knowledge gap is that of the target organ dose following in vivo exposures. In order to reach target organs, nanoparticles must first breach the protective barriers of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin. The fate of those nanoparticles that reach physiological barriers is in large part determined by the properties of the particles and the barriers themselves. This article reviews the physiological properties of the lung, gut, and skin epithelia, the physicochemical properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles that are likely to affect their ability to breach epithelial barriers, and what is known about their fate following in vivo exposures.
Current Trends for Packaging Transuranic Waste at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LA-UR-07-4785)

Transuranic (TRU) waste leaving the Plutonium Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is packaged using LANL's waste acceptance criteria for onsite storage. Before shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, each payload container is subject to rigorous characterization to ensure compliance with WIPP waste acceptance criteria and Department of Transportation regulations. Techniques used for waste characterization include nondestructive examination by WIPP-certified real-time radiography (RTR) and nondestructive assay (NDA) of containers, as well as headspace gas sampling to ensure hydrogen and other flammable gases remain at safe levels during transport. These techniques are performed under a rigorous quality assurance program to confirm that results are accurate and reproducible. If containers are deemed problematic, corrective action is taken before shipment to WIPP. Currently this activity is possible only at the Laboratory's Waste Characterization, Reduction, and Repackaging Facility. To minimize additional waste requiring remediation, WIPP waste acceptance criteria must be applied at the point of waste generation. Additional criteria stem from limitations of RTR or NDA instruments or lack of appropriate sampling and analysis. This paper presents the changes that have been implemented at the Plutonium Facility and gives readers a preview of what LANL expects tomore » accomplish to expeditiously certify and dispose of newly generated TRU waste. (authors)« less
Enhanced electron injection and performance in organic light emitting devices by LiF doping

ABSTRACT Optimization of charge injection in the active emitting layer an d balanced transport of carrier s are important in realizing high efficiency and good reliability in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). Electrical doping of such molecular materials with a view to enhancing their conductivity is an attractive route for enhancing the performance and versatility of these optoelectronic devices, in particular by enhancing carrier injection and lowering operating voltages. In the present study, we demonstrate efficient n-type doping of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) with the inorganic insulator lithium fluoride (LiF) by co-evaporation. The effect of dopant concentration on charge injection and carrier transport in this system is studied. We demonstrate that optimal doping not only leads to enhanced device currents and lower operating voltages, but also changes the charge transport from trap-limited to space-charge-limited transport. Using this scheme, we achieve efficient electron injection without using low work function cathodes. Finally, we employ the optimally-doped electron transport layers in OLED architectures to demonstrate devices with enhanced efficiency and lowered operating voltages. Keywords: organic semiconductor, doping, electron injection, OLED
Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery in the Horse

The anatomy and physiology of the lens of horses is reviewed. Lens opacities or cataracts are important in horses as they may be progressive and associated with visual impairment. The types and causes for cataracts in horses are listed. The technique of phacoemulsification for removal of cataracts in horses is discussed in detail.
Evidence Basis for Anticoagulants for Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis? Reply by David K. Cundiff

Not only did the International Study on Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (ISCVT) articles fail to provide evidence against the hypothesis that anticoagulants reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with CVT, but they provided solid evidence against using anticoagulants for CVT. I agree with the ISCVT authors that in observational studies, risk factors present in treated and untreated patients may confound any outcome comparison. Unfortunately, the ISCVT articles published so far have not compared anticoagulated versus unanticoagulated cohorts with respect to the prevalence of risk factors (eg, baseline intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH], presentation with stupor or coma, age, etc) in relationship to clinical outcomes (eg, death and disability). Surely, clinicians will welcome the imminent publication of these data mentioned by Dr Ferro and Canhao. The ISCVT authors said that insufficient variation existed …
Toxicologic and clinical appraisal of buclizine, a new antihistaminic compound.

Abstract 1.1. Buclizine, 1-p-chlorbenzhydryl-4-p-tertiary butylbenzylpiperazine dihydrochloride, a new antihistaminic drug, was administered in seventy patients with allergic and related states, with the majority of these patients under observation for many months. 2.2. Buclizine, taken orally in doses of 25 to 75 mg. daily for an average of four months, produced no significant abnormalities in the formed blood elements or in hepatic and renal function. 3.3. In contrast to the prolonged activity of the drug in guinea pigs, the duration of action of comparable dosage in man in relatively short—a point deserving further study. 4.4. The drug appeared to be effective is relieving the symptoms in the majority of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and urticaria.
Is rituximab suitable for use as a first-line biologic therapy for RA?

Rituximab is approved for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are unresponsive to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. McGonagle et al. presented a series of patients treated in everyday clinical practice with rituximab as the first biologic agent—that is, before anti-TNF therapy. The patients did well in terms of improvements in signs and symptoms of RA. There was one death that was probably a result of infection, but otherwise the rituximab therapy was well tolerated. Appropriately, the authors did not endorse rituximab as a first-line agent for RA patients in general, but concluded that rituximab was a reasonable option in situations where anti-TNF agents either could not be obtained, or where there was concern about their toxicity. We agree with the authors—there are circumstances where rituximab might be used in patients who have not received anti-TNF therapy, but there are insufficient data to support a change in the pre-eminent position of anti-TNF agents in the current standard of care.
Evaluating the predictive validity of preadmission academic criteria: High-stakes assessment

Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify preadmission predictor's variables of National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) first attempt outcome in associate degree-prepared nurses. As variations in admission criteria exist nationwide, establishing a reliable profile of preadmission requirements is necessary. Through regression analysis, repeated attempts in preadmission science courses were found to be a significant predictor of NCLEX-RN outcome. Continuing to recruit interested students paying close attention to the number of attempts at a science course is recommended.
Neointimal formation in two apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse strains with different atherosclerosis susceptibility

C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) are two commonly used mouse strains that differ markedly in atherosclerosis susceptibility. In this study, we determined plaque formation after removal of the endothelium in the two strains carrying the mutant apolipoprotein E gene (apoE(-/-)). At 10 weeks of age, male B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice underwent endothelial denudation of the left common carotid artery. Two weeks after injury, B6.apoE(-/-) mice developed significantly larger neointimal lesions in the vessel than their C3H.apoE(-/-) counterparts, although they had comparable plasma cholesterol levels on a chow diet. Feeding of a Western diet aggravated lesion formation in both strains, but the increase was more dramatic in B6.apoE(-/-) mice than in C3H.apoE(-/-) mice. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses demonstrated the presence of macrophage foam cells in neointimal lesions. We then compared neointimal growth in F1 mice reconstituted with bone marrow from B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice. No significant lesions were observed 2 weeks after endothelial denudation in the mice reconstituted with bone marrow from either donor. Thus, these data indicate that foam cell formation contributes to neointimal growth in the hyperlipidemic apoE(-/-) model and that neither endothelial cells nor blood cells alone explain the dramatic difference between B6 and C3H mice in plaque formation.
In vivo evaluation of spray formulations of human insulin for nasal delivery

There are many ongoing investigations to improve the nasal bioavailability of peptide and protein formulations. The presence of bioadhesive polymers in nasal formulations may increase the residence time of the drugs in the nasal cavity. A combination of bioadhesive polymers with permeation enhancers would seem to further improve nasal bioavailability. In this study, insulin spray formulations containing two bioadhesive polymers (1.5% w/v microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 70% w/w Plastoid L50) alone or in combination with the enhancers such as sodium taurocholate (ST), ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AG) or glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) at 1% w/v level, were evaluated in diabetic rabbits. A total volume of 100 μl of freshly prepared insulin formulation was sprayed into the nasal cavity of each diabetic rabbit. Glucose levels were monitored using a blood glucose assay and serum insulin levels were analyzed using RIA. 5 U/kg insulin in the MCC suspension alone resulted in an absolute bioavailability of 1.96% while Plastoid L50 alone resulted in 2.25% absolute bioavailability. Insulin in the MCC suspension and ST, AG or GA resulted in 8.36, 7.83 and 2.15% bioavailability, respectively. The same formulations produced a hypoglycemic effect in terms of total glucose reductions of 39.12, 15.96 and 9.36% and the maximal decreases in glucose levels were 58.37, 21.8 and 18.61%, respectively. The Plastoid formulation containing 1% ST provided nasal insulin bioavailability of 5.9% with a total glucose reduction of 17.03% and a maximal glucose decrease of 26.56%. Insulin spray formulations containing 1% ST alone and 1% AG alone resulted in bioavailabilities of 7.25 and 3.57%, respectively. These same sprays provided total glucose reductions of 25.08 and 16.97% with maximal glucose decreases of 44.56 and 19.81%, respectively. The presence of benzalkonium chloride and 2-phenylethanol as preservatives in the MCC suspension resulted in higher insulin absorption than the same formulation without preservatives (6.31% vs 1.96%).
The Trauma Trifecta of Military Sexual Trauma: A Case Study Illustrating the Integration of Mind and Body in Clinical Work with Survivors of MST

Military sexual trauma (MST) has recently received much attention from the media in contemporary society. With the ever-increasing population of United States service members returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, it is vital for any mental health practitioner to be aware of the epidemic that is sexual assault in the military, the unique trauma experiences of the MST survivor, and treatment implications incorporating multiple psychological theories. This article explores three factors, referred to as the trauma trifecta, in which the effects of MST are exacerbated: the loss of professional and personal identity, the regulatory functions of self harm behaviors, and the retraumatization that many service members endure as a result of the distinctive characteristics of the military culture and its service to veterans. A case study with clinical interventions will be utilized to demonstrate this concept of “the trauma trifecta” and the unique challenges in treating the PTSD symptoms that can result from MST in clinical therapy. Drawing from multiple theories in clinical treatment, this paper illustrates the strengths and limitations of cognitive-behavioral techniques, highlights the integration of feminist theory to illustrate the obstacles of power structures, and mind–body interventions, bridging the gap between talk therapy and body therapy. Through this unique integration of multiple therapies, the case study illustrates the veteran’s reengagement with her body and the reformulation of her identity post MST.
Invariant structure in non-stationary behavior

Abstract It is established that invariant structure exists in non-stationary behavior. This structure emerges from imposition of the functional symmetry required in the third-order moment function of random processes. The connection between stationary and non-stationary behaviors is discussed.
IFE chamber walls: requirements, design options, and synergy with MFE plasma facing components

The wall of inertial fusion energy (IFE) chambers faces demanding conditions. IFE operation is cyclic in nature and following each micro-explosion, the chamber wall is subjected to a large flux of photons, energetic particles and neutrons. Key requirements are that: (i) the chamber wall accommodates the cyclic energy deposition while providing the required lifetime, and (ii) that after each shot the chamber is cleared and returned to a quiescent state in preparation for the target injection and the firing of the driver for the subsequent shot. This paper summarizes the IFE operating conditions, discusses their impact on the choice of chamber wall configuration, and identifies the key issues. Particular attention is given to identifying common issues and operating conditions between IFE and magnetic fusion energy (MFE) with the goal of maximizing the synergy between chamber wall design and R&D for MFE and IFE.
Stability of patient adaptation classifications on the multidimensional pain inventory

This study examined the adaptational classification stability of the multidimensional pain inventory (MPI) in two samples of female fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Retest resulted in one-third of patients being assigned to a different classification. Twenty patients had four repeated MPI assessments over a 10-month period; 85% of them changed classification at least once. Prediction of classification stability using demographic variables and measures of pain, depression, anxiety, impression management, and self-deception was unsuccessful. Examination of the MPI Variable Response Scale and an index of the goodness of fit of the cluster for each patient did not yield sufficient predictive power. The implication of this study is that for a sizable number of chronic pain patients, MPI classifications may not be stable, trait-like characterizations. As such, caution must be applied when treatment is tailored to MPI clusters and when classification change is used as an outcome measure.
On thermal conductivity of micro- and nanocellular polymer foams

Many theoretical and empirical models exist to predict the effective thermal conductivity of polymer foams. However, most of the models only consider the effect of porosity, while the pore size effect is ignored. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of pore size on the thermal conductivity of polymer foams, especially when it reduces to the micro and nanometer scales. A wide range of pore sizes from 1 nm to 1 mm were studied in conjunction with the porosity effect using finite element analysis and molecular dynamics simulation methods. Experimental data was used to validate the modeling result. It is shown that the pore size has significant effect on thermal conductivity, even for microcellular and conventional foams. The contribution of heat conduction through air is negligible when pore size is reduced to the micrometer scale. The extremely low thermal conductivity of nanofoams is attributed to extensive diffusive scattering of heat carriers in the solid phase of polymer matrix, instead of air. This study provides quantitative understanding of the pore size effect on thermal conductivity of polymer foams. It is also shown that polyetherimide (PEI) nanofoams could have a thermal conductivity as low as 0.015 W/m-K. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Time-Dependent Two-Layer Hydraulic Exchange Flows

Abstract A theory is presented for time-dependent two-layer hydraulic flows through straits. The theory is used to study exchange flows forced by a periodic barotropic (tidal) flow. For a given strait geometry the resulting flow is a function of two nondimensional parameters, γ = (g′H)1/2T/L and qb0 = ub0/(g′H)1/2. Here g′, H, L, T, and ub0 are, respectively, the reduced gravity, strait depth and length scales, the forcing period, and the barotropic velocity amplitude; γ is a measure of the dynamic length of the strait and qb0 a measure of the forcing strength. Numerical solutions for both a pure contraction and an offset sill-narrows combination show that the exchange flow, averaged over a tidal cycle, increases with qb0 for a fixed γ. For fixed qb0 the exchange increases with increasing γ. The maximum exchange is obtained in the quasi-steady limit γ→∞. The minimum exchange is found for γ→0 and is equal to the unforced steady exchange. The usual concept of hydraulic control occurs only in these two limit...
Atrazine Metabolism and Herbicidal Selectivity

Metabolism of the herbicide 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) was investigated in resistant corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), intermediately susceptible pea (Pisum sativum L.), and highly susceptible wheat (Triticum vulgare Vill.) and soybean (Glycine max Merril.). This study revealed that 2 possible pathways for atrazine metabolism exist in higher plants. All species studied were able to metabolize atrazine initially by N-dealkylation of either of the 2 substituted alkylamine groups. Corn and wheat, which contain benzoxazinone, also metabolized atrazine initially by hydrolysis in the 2-position of the s-triazine ring to form hydroxyatrazine. Subsequent metabolism by both pathways resulted in the conversion of the parent atrazine to more polar compounds and eventually into methanol-insoluble plant residue. No evidence for s-triazine ring cleavage was obtained.Both pathways for atrazine metabolism appear to detoxify atrazine. The hydroxylation pathway results in a direct conversion of a highly phytotoxic compound to a completely non-phytotoxic derivative. The dealkylation pathway leads to detoxication through one or more partially detoxified, stable intermediates. Therefore, the rate and pathways of atrazine metabolism are important in determining the tolerance of plants to the herbicide. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in atrazine metabolism were detected between resistant, intermediately susceptible, and susceptible species. The ability of plants to metabolize atrazine by N-dealkylation and the influence of this pathway in determining tolerance of plants to atrazine are discussed.
Kinetics of the reactions of EDTA and coal humic acid with CuO

Abstract The kinetics of cupric ion extraction from solid cupric oxide by two chelating agents was studied. EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and humic acid (a natural product) were both observed to solubilize CuO at a rate largely independent of chelating agent concentration. A rate law was derived which explained deviations from pure zero order kinetics in terms of surface binding of H2O, OH−, chelating agents and copper chelates to CuO. Through application of the equation, it was shown that humic acid (H.A.) and copper humate (Cu-H.A.) inhibited ionic dissolution of CuO and that EDTA activated the dissociation process. Cu-EDTA had little effect on the rate of dissociation. The change in dissociation rate with varying pH, concentrations of chelating agent and copper chelate, etc. was interpreted in light of the probable effect of each in shifting the equilibrium of bound species on the CuO surface. The initial dissociation rate of CuO in the presence of either chelating agent was on the order of 10−7 m/1-sec in the pH range 9−5.
Improved modeling and understanding of diffusion-media wettability on polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell performance

Abstract A macroscopic-modeling methodology to account for the chemical and structural properties of fuel-cell diffusion media is developed. A previous model is updated to include for the first time the use of experimentally measured capillary pressure–saturation relationships through the introduction of a Gaussian contact-angle distribution into the property equations. The updated model is used to simulate various limiting-case scenarios of water and gas transport in fuel-cell diffusion media. Analysis of these results demonstrate that interfacial conditions are more important than bulk transport in these layers, where the associated mass-transfer resistance is the result of higher capillary pressures at the boundaries and the steepness of the capillary pressure–saturation relationship. The model is also used to examine the impact of a microporous layer, showing that it dominates the response of the overall diffusion medium. In addition, its primary mass-transfer-related effect is suggested to be limiting the water-injection sites into the more porous gas-diffusion layer.
Epiphytic alkaline phosphatase on natural and artificial plants in an oligotrophic lake: Re-evaluation of the role of macrophytes as a phosphorus source for epiphytes

Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and Chl a concentrations of epiphytes were measured from two species of aquatic macrophytes (Potamogeton illinoensis and Scirpus subterminalis) and structurally similar artificial plants in a P-limited lake. The artificial substrata were incubated serially in situ to simulate the age of the natural plant leaves. Throughout the macrophyte growing season, APA per unit of algal Chl on both new and aging leaves was consistently greater for intact epiphytes on artificial plants. This enhancement increased 2-fold to 20-fold (mean 4.5-fold and 7.4-fold for epiphytes from natural and artificial plants) when epiphytes were removed from the plants and suspended before enzymatic assay, exposing more algal cells to the amended PO43− substrate. Comparisons of APA for epiphytes on natural and artificial plants indicated that in this oligotrophic lake, submersed macrophytes were a source of P for epiphytes throughout the growing season and significantly influenced the P metabolism of the microflora. Epiphyte Chl was significantly greater from artificial than from natural plants in 6 of 11 comparisons, however, perhaps indicating a trade-off between improved P availability and some nonbeneficial factor associated with the macrophyte.
Acoustic-Phonon Instability and Critical Scattering in Nb 3 Sb

Neutron-scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn show the drastic softening of the [110] acoustic shear modes as well as an unusual frequency response (a central peak in addition to the phonon side bands) near the phase transition at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A model involving coupling of the bare phonon to other fluctuations with a Debye-like frequency spectrum is proposed which correctly describes the observed cross section as a function of temperature.
Toxicity of sediment-associated tributyltin to infaunal invertebrates: Species comparison and the role of organic carbon

Abstract Experiments with three species of infaunal invertebrates (a polychaete, Armandia brevis and amphipods, Rhepoxynius abronius and Eohaustorius washingtonianus) with different modes of feeding gave a wide range in toxic response to sediment associated tributyltin (TBT), while exhibiting consistent lethal tissue residues. These studies showed that bioaccumulation and toxicity of sediment-associated TBT were strongly controlled by the organic carbon content of the sediment, which we concluded was primarily due to its influence on interstitial water (IW) concentrations of TBT. Major differences in the response to sediment-associated TBT were found between species, which was attributed to differences in their rates of uptake and elimination of this compound. Predictions for bioaccumulation and toxicity for each species based on these toxicokinetic rates were matched closely by observed values. Based on comparisons of water-only and IW exposures (when water and sediment concentrations of TBT were in equilibrium) and predictions made with toxicokinetic rates, the major route of uptake for each of the species tested appeared to be from dissolved TBT. We determined the mean (sd) organic-carbon normalized sediment-water partition coefficient (Koc) to be approximately 25 100 (5500) for TOC values ranging from 0.3 to 1.0%, which was five times higher than the reported Kow. Additionally, we determined the dissolved organic carbon—water partition coefficient (Kdoc) to be 1652, which was three fold lower than the Kow. The results also showed that the Koc could be influenced by infaunal organisms, presumably by reducing IW concentrations below predicted values, which raises questions about the environmental relevance of sediment bioassays using these organisms and the expected IW concentrations present in field sediments.
Interaction in information retrieval: selection and effectiveness of search terms

We investigated the sources and effectiveness of search terms used during mediated on-line searching under real-life (as opposed to laboratory) circumstances. A stratified model of information retrieval (IR) interaction served as a framework for the analysis. For the analysis, we used the on-line transaction logs, videotapes, and transcribed dialogue of the presearch and on-line interaction between 40 users and 4 professional intermediaries. Each user provided one question and interacted with one of the four intermediaries. Searching was done using DIALOG. Five sources of search terms were identified: (1) the users' written question statements, (2) terms derived from users' domain knowledge during the interaction, (3) terms extracted from retrieved items as relevance feedback, (4) database thesaurus, and (5) terms derived by intermediaries during the interaction. Distribution, retrieval effectiveness, transition sequences, and correlation of search terms from different sources were investigated. Search terms from users' written question statements and term relevance feedback were the most productive sources of terms contributing to the retrieval of items judged relevant by users. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selection, Evaluation, and Modification of a Standard Operating Procedure as a Mechanism for Introducing an Undergraduate Student to Chemical Research: A Case Study.

In an effort to broaden the selection of research opportunities available to a student registered in a one-semester, upper-level independent study course at a primarily undergraduate institution (PUI), a highly motivated student was asked to select, evaluate, and modify a standard operating procedure (SOP). The student gained valuable experience in the decision-making processes involved with selecting an SOP based on discernment of which procedures could be performed at our institution. Once a procedure was selected, the student set up and evaluated the performance of the procedure, enabling mastery of the process. After demonstrating competence, the student was asked to suggest and perform modifications to the procedure thereby providing an opportunity to gain a better connection between the procedure and results. In this work, the QuEChERS (quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe) method for the analysis of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was examined demonstrating the effectiveness of using an SOP as a tool...
The uniqueness of the man.

A I had two immediate issues to address when the privilege ame to me to be able to contribute to a festschrift in honor f Jordan M. Phillips, MD. The first was to be sure I fully nderstood the definition of the word “festschrift.” The econd was on what subject I would write. A dictionary easily settled the first issue. A festschrift is efined as “a volume of writings by various people collected n tribute of somebody, for example, a writer or scholar.” It was the answer to the second question that did not mmediately make itself apparent. As I searched for a subect about which to write, there was one thought that kept oming into my mind. It was the uniqueness of the man eing given the honor of a festschrift. Synonyms for uniqueness include individuality, excluivity, exceptionality, inimitability, distinctiveness, and the uality of being one of a kind. Whereas they all describe ordan Phillips, it is the last definition, “the quality of being ne of a kind,” that to me most clearly describes this man nd can be demonstrated by his many accomplishments and nterests. The founding of the AAGL has certainly been the corerstone on which Dr. Phillips has demonstrated his uniqueess. Most organizations are founded by a group of indiiduals only when it has become self-evident that a need for he organization exists. But Dr. Phillips alone was the first o recognize the need to bring the world’s gynecologic aparoscopist together, and he made it happen. The founding f one of the world’s largest medical societies in itself sets r. Phillips apart from most individuals. But he did more than just found a new organization. He
Orbital-Selective Mott Phase in Multiorbital Models for Alkaline Iron Selenides K 1 − x Fe 2 − y Se 2

We study a multiorbital model for the alkaline iron selenides ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ using a slave-spin method. With or without ordered vacancies, we identify a metal-to-Mott-insulator transition at the commensurate filling of six $3d$ electrons per iron ion. For Hund's couplings beyond a threshold value, this occurs via an intermediate orbital-selective Mott phase, in which the $3d$ $xy$ orbital is Mott localized while the other $3d$ orbitals remain itinerant. This phase is still stabilized over a range of carrier dopings. Our results lead to an overall phase diagram for the alkaline iron selenides, which provides a unified framework to understand the interplay between the strength of the vacancy order and carrier doping. In this phase diagram, the orbital-selective Mott phase provides a natural link between the superconducting ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and its Mott-insulating parent compound.
Climate Scientists Take To the Hill

On 27 February 2013 amid hearings and talk of the looming across-the-board budget cuts known as sequestration, AGU partnered with 16 other scientific societies to bring 50 scientists studying different aspects of climate change to Washington, D. C., for the third annual Climate Science Congressional Visits Day on Capitol Hill. Representing a wide array of expertise, from meteorology to public health, paleoclimatology to agriculture, the scientists came to speak to members of Congress on the realities of climate change.
Modern Techniques for Inelastic Thermal Neutron Scattering Analysis

Abstract A predictive approach based on ab initio quantum mechanics and/or classical molecular dynamics simulations has been formulated to calculate the scattering law, S ( κ ⇀ , ω ) , and the thermal neutron scattering cross sections of materials. In principle, these atomistic methods make it possible to generate the inelastic thermal neutron scattering cross sections of any material and to accurately reflect the physical conditions of the medium (i.e, temperature, pressure, etc.). In addition, the generated cross sections are free from assumptions such as the incoherent approximation of scattering theory and, in the case of solids, crystalline perfection. As a result, new and improved thermal neutron scattering data libraries have been generated for a variety of materials. Among these are materials used for reactor moderators and reflectors such as reactor-grade graphite and beryllium (including the coherent inelastic scattering component), silicon carbide, cold neutron media such as solid methane, and neutron beam filters such as sapphire and bismuth. Consequently, it is anticipated that the above approach will play a major role in providing the nuclear science and engineering community with its needs of thermal neutron scattering data especially when considering new materials where experimental information may be scarce or nonexistent.
Solid-phase synthesis, characterization and RNAi activity of branch and hyperbranch siRNAs.

Abstract Linear, branch and hyperbranch siRNAs were effectively prepared for down-regulating GRP78 expression and inducing cell death in HepG2 liver cancer cells. Branch and hyperbranch GRP78 siRNAs were synthesized by automated solid-phase synthesis in good yields (44–78%) and isolated in excellent purities (>99%) following HPLC purification. Moreover, siRNAs adopted stable intramolecular hybrids as discerned by native PAGE and thermal denaturation studies. These sequences also exhibited the pre-requisite A-type helical trajectory for triggering RNAi activity as determined by CD spectroscopy. Biological studies confirmed potent suppression of GRP78 expression (50–60%) while compromising cancer cell viability by ∼20%. Thus, branch and hyperbranch siRNAs may serve as potent siRNA candidates in cancer gene therapy applications.
The Minority Mentorship Project: Changing Attitudes of Preservice Teachers for Diverse Classrooms

(1990). The Minority Mentorship Project: Changing Attitudes of Preservice Teachers for Diverse Classrooms. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 12, Diversity in Today's Classroom: Teacher Education's Challenge, pp. 5-12.
The effect of differences in data base on the determination of absorbed dose in high-energy photon beams using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine protocol.

Exposure rates were adjusted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on January 1, 1986 to take into account more recent values for some physical parameters, mainly in electron stopping power ratios. Exposure calibration factors for /sup 60/Co gamma rays N/sub X/ will therefore be lowered by 1.1%. Consequently, absorbed dose determinations in high-energy photon beams will be reduced by the same amount if the values for these physical parameters remain unchanged in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) protocol. If the same data base as used at NIST is applied in the AAPM protocol, then N/sub gas//N/sub X/ values, water--air stopping power ratios, and P/sub wall/ values will be different. The overall change in absorbed dose determinations using a consistent set of data will be a reduction of 0.8% for /sup 60/Co gamma rays and 1.5% for a 20-MV x-ray beam compared to the values before January 1, 1986. Since the net effect is small when different sets of data are applied, the new NIST exposure calibration factors may be used in combination with the AAPM protocol without significant error.