cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroperoxide inactivation of enzymes within spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC19213

Hydroperoxide inactivation of the protoplast enzymes enolase, aldolase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in intact spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC19213 was assessed by first treating the cells with lethal levels of H2O2, then germinating them in the presence of chloramphenicol prior to permeabilization and enzyme assays. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase proved to be more sensitive to H2O2than enolase or aldolase, in agreement with findings for isolated enzymes. Average D values (time for 90% inactivation) for spores treated with 0.50% H2O2 were 173 min for enolase, 67 min for aldolase and 32 min for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, compared with a D value of 34 min for spore killing. H2O2 killing of spores was found to be conditional in that recoveries of survivors were greater on complex medium than on minimal medium. Overall, it appeared that oxidative inactivation of enzymes may be important for hydroperoxide killing of spores.
An Acquired Defect in IgG-Dependent Phagocytosis Explains the Impairment in Antibody-Mediated Cellular Depletion in Lupus

B cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis to rheumatoid arthritis. B cells have also long been considered central players in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion was not effective in two clinical lupus studies, whereas anti-B lymphocyte stimulator, which inhibits B cell survival, was effective. Others and we previously found that anti-CD20-based depletion was surprisingly ineffective in tissues of lupus-prone mice, but that persistent high doses eventually led to depletion and ameliorated lupus. Lupus patients might also have incomplete depletion, as suggested in several studies, and which could have led to therapeutic failure. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of resistance to Ab-mediated cellular depletion in murine lupus. B cells from lupus-prone mice were easily depleted when transferred into normal environments or in lupus-prone mice that lacked serum Ig. Serum from lupus-prone mice transferred depletion resistance, with the active component being IgG. Because depletion is FcγR-dependent, we assayed macrophages and neutrophils exposed to lupus mouse serum, showing that they are impaired in IgG-mediated phagocytosis. We conclude that depletion resistance is an acquired, reversible phagocytic defect depending on exposure to lupus serum IgG. These results have implications for optimizing and monitoring cellular depletion therapy.
Dilemmas Over Racial Integration: Status Consciousness vs. Direct Threat*

In examining some reasons white liberals express attitudinal ambivalence, role conflicts, or unfavorableness toward racial integration, we tested two alternative hypotheses, a direct threat thesis and a status consciousness thesis. Further, we examined the degree of interrelatedness of several status dimensions. We found support for the second hypothesis and suggest further research into relationships between status consciousness and ambivalence toward racial integration.
Liver RNA metabolism in adrenalectomized and intact whole-body irradiated and 5-fluoroorotic acid treated rats

Abstract Newly synthesized RNA as measured by 30 min uptake of (6- 14 C)orotic acid was determined in various liver cell fractions of control, irradiated, 5-FOA treated and 5-FOA plus irradiated adrenalectomizedand intact rats. The level of RNA synthesis was elevated1 hr post-irradiation in adrenal intact rats and peaked at approximately 6 hr except in the nucleus. When labelled RNA precursor was injected for longer times prior to killing similar specific radioactivity results were obtained. Administration of 5-FOA prevented much of the increased incorporation of label into liver RNA of irradiated adrenal intact rats. Synthesis of RNA in adrenalectomized rats (30 min pulse uptake) was reduced by irradiation. However, when the isotope was administered for periods of 3 hr or longer prior to killing the RNA specific radioactivities were greater than those values obtained for controls. These data can be interpreted as follows: (1) the increase in liver RNA synthesis following whole-body irradiation is probably mediated via the adrenal gland; (2) catabolic activity is apparently decreased by irradiation in adrenalectomized rats; (3) when combined with irradiation 5-FOA is neither additive nor synergistic.
Variations in temperature and performance in a standard and thermally bridged compact fluorescent fixture

The spatial temperature distribution in an enclosed, screw base, 13 W compact fluorescent retrofit fixture and the surrounding environment was investigated for a typical recessed fixture application. The minimum lamp wall temperature and light output were measured over time with and without a thermal bridging system. The experimental data were used to design an efficient thermal bridge and to evaluate the performance of the bridge, which was found to increase the relative light output of the fixture of about 20%. >
Changes to coral health and metabolic activity under oxygen deprivation

On Hawaiian reefs, the fast-growing, invasive algae Gracilaria salicornia overgrows coral heads, restricting water flow and light, thereby smothering corals. Field data shows hypoxic conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO2) < 2 mg/L) occurring underneath algal mats at night, and concurrent bleaching and partial tissue loss of shaded corals. To analyze the impact of nighttime oxygen-deprivation on coral health, this study evaluated changes in coral metabolism through the exposure of corals to chronic hypoxic conditions and subsequent analyses of lactate, octopine, alanopine, and strombine dehydrogenase activities, critical enzymes employed through anaerobic respiration. Following treatments, lactate and octopine dehydrogenase activities were found to have no significant response in activities with treatment and time. However, corals subjected to chronic nighttime hypoxia were found to exhibit significant increases in alanopine dehydrogenase activity after three days of exposure and strombine dehydrogenase activity starting after one overnight exposure cycle. These findings provide new insights into coral metabolic shifts in extremely low-oxygen environments and point to ADH and SDH assays as tools for quantifying the impact of hypoxia on coral health.
The apple of their eye: Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of parents’ perceptions of child obesity

OBJECTIVE This study addressed gaps in the existing literature about correlates of parental perception of child weight using a community sample. This study evaluated how weight-status and its perception related to parents' personal and parenting attitudes/behaviors. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were parents (N = 1,007; 65.3% mothers, 34.4% fathers) of children 5 to 15 years old. Parents completed online measures of personal eating attitudes/behaviors, attitudes/behaviors about their children's eating and weight, and parental practices related to weight-related attitudes. RESULTS Parents frequently underestimated children's overweight/obesity, even more frequently than their own overweight/obesity (P < 0.001). Parents' personal eating attitudes/behaviors were related to their own weight-status (P < 0.001) and perceived child weight-status (P < 0.001) but not actual child weight-status. Parents' child-focused eating attitudes/behaviors were related to actual (P < 0.001) and perceived child weight-status (P < 0.001), but not parent weight-status. CONCLUSIONS In general, parents' personal attitudes/behaviors did not extend into their perceptions of their children's weight or their response to it. Results suggest a dual need to improve parent accuracy perceiving children's overweight/obesity and to guide parent responses to perceived overweight/obesity. Given the high prevalence of childhood obesity, and the serious consequences during childhood and into adulthood, further research is needed to enhance understanding of parents' specific needs to engage in prevention and treatment programs.
Temporal Practice Online: Navigating “Now” and “Then” in a Web-based ESL Course

New pedagogical models are emerging to attend to the needs of ESL learners who may have to communicate online in their second language. The goal-based scenario approach, as deployed in Columbia Interactive’s American Business Writing program, offers one such solution, allowing students to interact with fictional interlocutors in an online business simulation. Involvement in this learning environment forces students to experience two time frames simultaneously — the learning environment of real-time and the fictional environment of the online scenario. The overlapping of the two environments would seem to problematize the communication of temporal and spatial relations, yet effective business correspondence, where speed and clarity are essential, requires clear temporal anchoring. In this study, I investigate how learners navigate the time frames of a web-enabled learning experience and acquire pragmatic skills. Using assignments submitted in a Columbia Interactive course, I explore temporal practice in an online role-play. The data shows that students leave linguistic tracks of two time streams in their assignments, usually maintaining clear boundaries between the “here-now” of real-time and the “there-then” of scenario time, but occasionally weaving the two in inventive – and pedagogically satisfying – ways.
BIRDS AS AGENTS OF LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL FOR DISJUNCT PLANT GROUPS OF THE TEMPERATE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

The existence of disjunct plant distributions has for years prompted plant geographers to offer imaginative accounts of plant dispersal methods. Favorite hypotheses have included dispersal by land bridges, drifting continents, ocean currents, and birds. The last explanation is perhaps the least controversial, although no better understood, as far as long-distance dispersal is concerned. Birds do possess characteristics that appear to qualify them, at least superficially, as agents of long-distance dispersal. It is my intent to explore the plausibility of birds carrying seeds across the tropics in one step from temperate western North America to temperate South America. Admittedly such an event, if it occurs, must be rare; however, the reasons for this rarity are not obvious, especially to the nonornithologist. Long-distance dispersal must also be a repeatable, even if random event; but not fortuitous, as Setchell (1926) has indicated in suggesting that birds blown by storms might be responsible for the movement of seeds. Botanists, in particular, have repeatedly cited the phenomenon of bird migration in attempting to solve problems of long-distance dispersal. However, they have not adequately considered the phenomenon and the processes involved, and have consequently remained unaware of basic weaknesses in their hypotheses. In view of current interest in long-distance dispersal, an examination of various facets of bird migration and birds as dispersal agents is valuable and timely. I will briefly mention the time of origin of bird migrations, discuss the dispersal of seeds by birds, review the salient features of the disjunct plant groups, comment on the various birds which migrate from the United States to Argentina and/or Chile, and, overall, consider birds as long-distance dispersal agents. Finally I will discuss morphological variation and breeding systems with respect to long-distance dispersal and suggest "mountain hopping" as an alternative to one-step, long-distance dispersal. The birds are considered with respect to the plausibility of the hypothesis that they transport seed between California and temperate South America. Although not restricted within these geographical boundaries most of the plants in question are represented in the California flora and most of the birds that migrate through the western United States migrate through California. Furthermore, factors limiting longdistance dispersal between these temperate regions apply to long-distance dispersal in general. I have purposely omitted from the discussion consideration of 16 plant species that live in coastal situations (cf. Raven, 1963, appendix IIB). First, shorebird dispersal of coastal plants is more probable than shorebird dispersal of the "inland" disjuncts considered below. Second, ocean currents might serve as a means of dispersal for these plants. With respect to biology, etc., what is true of the "inland" disjuncts is probably true also of the coastal disjuncts.
Bible References to Insects and Other Arthropods

Perhaps no other single book in the Western World is so frequently cited as the Bible. It is used to point a moral, to adorn a tale, to win an argument, and to title a book. This all-time best seller is also a rich source of quotable material on insects and their relatives—their records of devastation; their use by philosophers to exemplify desirable attributes of industry and humility; their ravages pointed to as retribution for evil-doing.
Effects of Cellulose Nanowhiskers on Mechanical, Dielectric, and Rheological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Cellulose Nanowhisker Composites

The thermal, mechanical, dielectric, and dynamic mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites strongly depend on nanoparticles’ content and aspect ratio. In this study, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co...
396 PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN RURAL CALIFORNIA.

Background The nationwide prevalence of adolescent overweight is 16%. The prevalence of overweight and its contributing factors has been extensively studied in urban youth. It is believed that urban adolescents are exposed to an obesogenic environment that results in excessive caloric intake and sedentary activities. There is little information on the prevalence of and risk factors for overweight in adolescents in rural communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent overweight in rural California and to determine related environmental factors. Methods We used the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2003 adolescent survey public use file in data analysis. The CHIS is a telephone survey utilizing random digit dialing and a stratified random sampling design. The response rate for the CHIS 2003 adolescent survey was 57.3%. A total of 4,010 adolescents were surveyed and survey weights were used for population estimations. We utilized the operational definition of urban/rural from the California Rural Health Policy Council and classified adolescents with body mass indices ≥ 95th percentile for age and gender as overweight. Results The overall prevalence of adolescent overweight in California is 12.4%. Adolescent overweight is more prevalent in rural areas (16.4%) compared to urban areas (11.9%), a relationship that persisted after controlling for gender, race, parental education, and poverty level. Compared to overweight urban adolescents, overweight rural adolescents were more likely to be male, white, have safe play areas further from home, and have a lower likelihood of discussing nutrition and moods/emotions with their health care provider at their last physical examination. Discussion Adolescent overweight is more prevalent in rural than in urban areas of California. Rural youth may face special circumstances that affect implementation and success of interventions. Some of these may be access to prevention and treatment services, travel distances to health care providers, limited resources, and physical activity opportunities. Interventions need to consider these unique challenges of rural youth.
Calculation and Analysis of Bundle Conductors 'AC Corona Loss in Corona Cage

In order to establish a calculation model of conductor corona loss in corona cage,AC conductor was simulated by line charges,and charges were mirrored by square section cage walls.Considering the impact of space charges,the effect of conductor surface electric field strength in-homogeneity on corona charge was calculated.Meanwhile,emission,migration,and recombination of charges were simulated,and energy loss of charge movement was calculated.Moreover,corona loss of bundle conductors was measured in the 8 m×8 m square cross section UHV cage,the test voltage was 200~600 kV,and corona loss of bundle conductors 8×LGJ-500/35 was 0~680 W/m.According to experience,the roughness parameter was 0.85,and the corona loss was calculated.The research results show that,charge simulation method can be adopted to establish corona loss calculation model of single conductor,bundle conductors,and the corona loss calculation model can compute the AC composite electric field strength including space charge,reflect the fundamental physics process of conductor corona loss,and simulate and calculate corona cage bundle conductors corona loss.
Delayed transitory clinical manifestations after radiation treatment of intracranial tumors.

(1966). Delayed Transitory Clinical Manifestations After Radiation Treatment of Intracranial Tumors. Acta Radiologica: Diagnosis: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5-10.
Roles of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses in the treatment of head and neck cancer.

This article provides an overview of the current imaging techniques for evaluating head and neck cancer. Advantages, disadvantages, and complementary roles of CT and MRI are described.
Eosinophils stimulate fibroblast DNA synthesis.

Fibrosis complicates a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and occurs in some conditions following chronic hypereosinophilic syndromes. We assessed whether eosinophils might be a source of fibrogenic factors. Extracts of human and guinea pig cell populations enriched for eosinophils contained substances that stimulated tritiated thymidine incorporation by human fibroblasts. Supernatants derived from resting eosinophils and extracts prepared from eosinophil granules also contained fibrogenic factors. Our findings demonstrate a new potential role for eosinophils and suggest a causal relationship between tissue eosinophilia and scar formation in certain parasitic condition.
Systems Design for Automated Speech Recognition

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a systems design for automated speech recognition. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a method for communicating with or inputting data into a computer. The user talks into a microphone and the characteristic features of individual words or utterances are extended using an algorithm that is resident in the computer. The features are then compared to a library of characteristics that are stored in computer memory, and the best match is selected as the preferred word. The intuitive appeal of speech recognition is that speech is the most natural way of communicating and is, for this reason, preferred over other types of input. In fact, it has the potential of being an ideal input device, especially for novice users and when combined with other input modalities. However, using ASR is not as simple or effortless as talking to a person. The act of choosing words from a restricted vocabulary and speaking in a precise and consistent fashion requires much conscious effort and attention.
American Writers and the Approach of World War II, 1935–1941: A Literary History

Ichiro Takayoshi's book argues that World War II transformed American literary culture. From the mid-1930s to the American entry into World War II in 1941, pre-eminent figures from Ernest Hemingway to Reinhold Neibuhr responded to the turn of the public's interest from the economic depression at home to the menace of totalitarian systems abroad by producing novels, short stories, plays, poems, and cultural criticism in which they prophesied the coming of a second world war and explored how America could prepare for it. The variety of competing answers offered a rich legacy of idioms, symbols, and standard arguments that were destined to license America's promotion of its values and interests around the world for the rest of the twentieth century. Ambitious in scope and addressing an enormous range of writers, thinkers, and artists, this book is the first to establish the outlines of American culture during this pivotal period.
Obstinate Memory: Chris Marker’s and Patricio Guzmán’s Pictures for a Revolution

“There is no asphalt of oblivion.” This was the comment of political journalist and author Daniel Singer on the French government’s policy of paving over the cobblestones of the Parisian Latin Quarter after the social upheavals of May 1968. When Chris Marker made Le fond de l’air est rouge (known in English as A grin without a cat) in 1977, the memory of May 1968 was still fresh. In the film we revisit scenes of worldwide popular struggle, from the Vietnam war of independence through the overthrow in 1973 of the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende in Chile. Marker’s film seeks to preserve the memory of those struggles; indeed much of his cinematic oeuvre unfolds as a memory project, from his early short classic La Jetee (1962) and the feature film Sans Soleil (Sunless, 1983) to his personal museum of images in the CD-ROM Immemory, as well as the computer game dramatization, Level Five (1997) and his 1984 video of the future of trade unions in 2084. How things—even future events—will be remembered has been a constant and central preoccupation of Marker’s.
Transportation network company wait times in Greater Seattle, and relationship to socioeconomic indicators

Abstract Transportation network companies (TNC) which use smartphone apps to connect travelers to drivers for point to point, intra-city trips have expanded rapidly in recent years, yet the impacts of their services on urban transportation systems, for good or ill, are not fully understood. These services may increase access to transportation for some individuals, but it is unclear whether these benefits are equitably distributed across different neighborhoods. In this paper, we explore the spatial variability in wait times for a TNC vehicle throughout the Seattle, WA region, testing whether areas with lower average income or a greater percentage of minorities experience different waiting times than other areas. We collected approximately 1 million observations of estimated waiting times, quasi-randomly sampled over approximately two months in 2015. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns using local regression, which suggested lower wait times in densely populated areas of the Seattle region, and the lowest wait times during midday hours. We developed a spatial error regression model to investigate relationships between wait times and socioeconomic indicators at the census block group (CBG) level. We find that conditional on other covariates, expected waiting times are longer in CBGs with higher average income, and shorter in CBGs with greater population density and employment density. After adjusting for differences in density and income, a higher percentage of minorities in a CBG is associated with longer waiting times late at night and shorter waiting times during the day, with an average effect of close to zero. Geographically weighted regression indicates that the strength, and in some cases the sign, of these relationships varies throughout the Seattle region. Overall, the results suggests that transportation network companies offer higher performance in dense urban areas, and that adequate access to TNC services is not necessarily restricted to areas that are “white and wealthy.”
Heart Disease Risk and Self-efficacy in Overweight and Obese Adults

Abstract Knowledge of risks, including a family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD), and the self-efficacy to engage in healthy habits are essential for reducing CHD risk. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to examine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics; CHD risk factors; perceived CHD risk; and self-efficacy to adopt a low-fat, low-salt diet. Perceived risk varied by sex and family history status and increased with the number of risk factors. Self-efficacy differed by family history status, race, education, and income. Assessing and enhancing perceived risk and self-efficacy are integral components of patient counseling when attempting behavior change.
Is the Site of Influenza Virus Assembly and Budding Enriched with Cholesterol and Sphingolipids

The observation that the influenza viral envelope is enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids contributed to the hypothesis that the influenza virus assembles and bud from cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains in the plasma membrane. The formation of infectious influenza virions and the clustering of influenza virus proteins in the plasma membrane during virus assembly are reportedly reduced by depletion of cellular cholesterol. Though this cholesterol sensitivity certainly suggests that cholesterol plays a role in influenza virus infection, whether the plasma membrane domain from which the influenza virus buds is enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids has not been decisively determined. We have addressed this question by using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to image the distributions of stable isotope-labeled lipids and immunolabeled influenza virus proteins in the plasma membranes of virus-infected cells with ∼100 nm lateral resolution. In these experiments, we metabolically incorporated the distinct stable isotopes 15N and 18O into the sphingolipids and cholesterol, respectively, in living MDCK cells. We infected these MDCK cells with an H3N2 strain of the influenza virus for 24 h, and immunolabeled the influenza envelope protein, hemagglutinin, to permit the detection of budding virus. Finally, we imaged the metabolically incorporated 15N-sphingolipids and 18O-cholesterol and immunolabeled influenza hemagglutinin on the surfaces of the influenza-infected MDCK cells, and assessed co-localization between these components. The results of these experiments and there implications will be presented.
Bandpass-to-Bandstop Reconfigurable Tunable Filters with Frequency and Bandwidth Controls

A novel method is proposed for designing bandpass-to-bandstop reconfigurable tunable filters. The proposed method employs standard bandpass and bandstop design theory which does not require complex coupling synthesizing process, and can be applied for arbitrary-order bandpass-to-bandstop reconfigurable filters with both frequency and bandwidth control. Second-order and third-order bandpass-to-bandstop reconfigurable filters from 2 to 2.7 GHz were built to demonstrate the proposed method. The filters offer wide frequency and bandwidth tuning flexibility in both bandpass and bandstop modes, and occupy an area smaller than 20 mm $\times20$ mm on a substrate with relative dielectric constant $\varepsilon _{r}= 10.8$ substrate. Theory and measured results are presented with good agreement.
Sperm DNA fragmentation testing: proceed with care.

The authors should be commended for their thorough review of DNA fragmentation and the clinical indications for testing. The basic science review of DNA fragmentation, oxidative stress, and its association with male infertility is detailed yet concise. The authors also present clinical scenarios to better illustrate the current role of evaluating sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in the infertility specialist’s armamentarium, and describe very convincing theoretical arguments for the potential importance of SDF. However, the clinical role of SDF in the evaluation of men with male factor infertility remains unclear, and several recommendations made in this article do not yet have sufficient clinical data to support its routine use
Cyanobacteria Maintain Constant Protein Concentration despite Genome Copy-Number Variation

The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 has multiple copies of its single chromosome, and the copy number varies in individual cells, providing an ideal system to study the effect of genome copy-number variation on cell size and gene expression. Using single-cell fluorescence imaging, we found that protein concentration remained constant across individual cells regardless of genome copy number. Cell volume and the total protein amount from a single gene were both positively, linearly correlated with genome copy number, suggesting that changes in cell volume play an important role in buffering genome copy-number variance. This study provides a quantitative examination of gene expression regulation in cells with variable genome copies and sheds light on the compensation mechanisms for variance in genome copy number.
Introduction: The Trump Interlude and the States of American Federalism

American federalism is a highly institutionalized compound of dual, cooperative, and coercive federalism that are coexisting states as well as historical phases. Contemporary coercive federalism ha...
Curricular Reform in Pharmacy Education Through the Lens of the Flexner Report of 1910.

Abraham Flexner’s 1910 report on medical education in the United States (US) and Canada propelled medical training forward into a contemporary renaissance. The report heralded many seismic changes that still resonate within medical and health professions education throughout the US. Today several factors are accelerating curricular reform within pharmacy education, including but not limited to accreditation standards, technologic advances, and student diversity. Despite the fact that Flexner’s report is now over a century old, many of his observations and recommendations regarding education are as pertinent and timely today as they were in 1910. This commentary will discuss and reflect upon curricular reform in pharmacy education as it contrasts with some of the observations, findings, and recommendations of Flexner’s 1910 report.
Helium Ions versus Iodine 125 Brachytherapy in the Management of Uveal Melanoma: A Prospective, Randomized, Dynamically Balanced Trial

Purpose: Optimal radiation therapy for uveal melanoma is uncertain, and the relative efficacies of radioactive plaques and charged particles are unclear. Methods: The authors prospectively studied helium-ion irradiation and iodine 125 ( 125 I) brachytherapy in a randomized, dynamically balanced trial. Of the 184 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 86 were treated with helium ions and 98 with 125 1 brachytherapy. Results: No patients with uveal melanoma had a history of systemic malignancy. Tumors were less than 15 mm in maximum diameter and less than 10 mm in thickness. A minimum tumor dose of 70 GyE was delivered to the tumor apex. There was a significantly higher local recurrence rate after 125 1 brachytherapy than after helium-ion irradiation. Enucleations occurred more frequently after brachytherapy (relative risk=1.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–5.78). More anterior segment complications occurred after helium-ion irradiation. To date, there has been no measurable impact on survival. Conclusions: Most uveal melanomas can be managed with radiation with retention of the eye. There was better tumor control with helium-ion irradiation; however, there were more anterior segment complications.
Picosecond Photoemission Studies of Laser-Induced Phase Transitions in Silicon

Quantitative evaluation of the energy transfer processes from optically excited electron-hole pairs to lattice phonons has become an important issue in the study of laser-induced phenomena at the surface of semiconductors. This goal has been mostly pursued through time-resolved optical diagnostics. Electron-hole plasma kinetics and evolution of the lattice temperature have been explored in a wide range of time scales [1]. However, lack of information on the energy dependence of several critical parameters in the dielectric response of the medium prevent an evaluation of the energy content of the carriers with these methods. The second question of major importance for the understanding of the laser-induced phase transitions is whether the solid state lattice structure becomes unstable by electronic or vibronic excitation. Even with ps laser excitation, however, strong evidence for an ultrafast energy transfer from the plasma to the lattice phonons has been found [2] and the validity of the thermal model confirmed.
Recollections on Mentoring

In this article about mentoring I simply try to tell a story about what transpired involving me and our doctoral students at the University of Minnesota from the early 1970s until the early 1990s. I try to offer a few guiding principles on mentoring doctoral students, but I must set forth a disclaimer that my observations are based on a situation that was very environmentally specific and thus any generalizations should be taken in context of the time and place.
Poly(ethylene glycol) interactions with alumina and silica powders determined via DRIFT

Diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) is used to determine interfacial interactions between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), alumina and silica powders. The interactions are created by grafting in high temperature and low moisture environments due to preferential adsorption between PEG and water. Under these grafting conditions, a shoulder appears on the C–O–C stretching band of the DRIFT spectrum. This is found to occur when PEG is in the presence of a hydrogen donor such as surface hydroxyls on alumina and silica. The shoulder is reported as an interaction band due to hydrogen bonding between the PEG etheric oxygen and the surface hydroxyls of alumina and silica. Specific band positions are measured when the PEG chain is interacting with alumina (1090 cm−1), silica (1080 cm−1), or water (1085 cm−1).
The Role of Books and Book Reviews in the Knowledge Dissemination Process

The editorial goals of the Journal of Marketing are (1) to advance the science and practice of marketing and (2) to serve as a bridge between the scholarly and the practical realms, each of which h...
Contemporary treatment patterns and outcomes of salivary gland carcinoma: a National Cancer Database review

Salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) are rare malignancies and data regarding treatment outcomes stratified by histologic subtype are currently limited. This study aims to examine current, national treatment patterns and overall survival (OS) of patients with the major histologic subtypes of salivary gland carcinoma. A review was performed of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) of patients with confirmed diagnoses of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or carcinoma ex pleomorphic receiving curative treatment between 2004 and 2014. Univariate and multivariate regression modeling were performed to identify risk factors significantly associated with overall survival (OS). Adjusted survival analyses stratified by treatment and staging were performed with the primary outcome of overall survival (OS) and were further stratified based on histologic subtype. The final analysis included 7342 patients [3547 men (48.3%) and 3795 women (51.7%); mean age 58.3 years (range 18–90 years)]. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common histology encountered [n = 2669 (36.4%)]. Unadjusted and adjusted analysis demonstrated improved survival with surgery and radiation therapy (RT) for adenoid cystic (HR = 0.69; p = 0.029), adenocarcinoma (HR = 0.61; p < 0.001), high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (HR = 0.70; p = 0.026), and carcinoma ex pleomorphic (HR = 0.64; p = 0.028), while surgery with chemoradiation therapy (CRT) was associated with worse OS regardless of histologic subtype. The impact of advanced stage on survival varied amongst the histologic subtypes but portended the worst prognosis for patients with adenocarcinoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic. The results of this NCDB review demonstrate unique treatment patterns and survival outcomes for SGC based on major histologic subtype.
Evaluation of Neck Mass

The presentation of a neck mass involves a broad differential diagnosis. An understanding of neck anatomy and the predilection for lesions toward certain areas, based on patient demographics, is necessary for proper assessment. A thorough understanding of diagnostic imaging modalities will facilitate a clinician’s workup. Head and neck malignancy must always be considered as a potential underlying etiology, particularly should the lesion grow despite therapeutic intervention or there be concerning signs/symptoms, as detailed in this chapter.
Chapter 22 – Posttest

This chapter provides a formal assessment of the knowledge you obtained from this book. You should be able to complete the posttest in 80 min. The topics covered in this posttest have been covered throughout the book. You can compare your performance on the posttest with the pretest to identify areas for improvement.
Stress and nicotine during adolescence disrupts adult hippocampal-dependent learning and alters stress reactivity

Adolescence represents increased susceptibility to stress that increases risk for nicotine dependence. The present study examined the interactive effects of brief exposure to stress (shipping/transportation or experimentally induced) and chronic nicotine during adolescence on cognitive function and stress reactivity in adulthood. Adolescent (P31), but not young adult (P47), C57BL/6J mice had higher levels of corticosterone after shipping vs mice bred onsite. Shipped preadolescent (P23) and adolescent (P38) mice, but not those bred onsite, exposed to nicotine showed deficits in contextual fear learning when tested in adulthood. Adult learning deficits were replicated in adolescent mice bred onsite, exposed to experimentally induced stress, and administered chronic nicotine. Stress and nicotine during adolescence resulted in higher expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors and blunted restraint induced CORT release in adulthood. Importantly, studies examining adolescent behavior in mice should consider stress influences outcomes.
Anomalous strain energy transformation pathways in mechanical metamaterials.

This discussion starts with a mechanics version of Parseval's energy theorem applicable to any discrete lattice material with periodic internal structure: a microtruss, grid, frame, origami or tess...
Nomenclature of the Proteins of Cow's Milk—Second Revision: Report of the Committee on Milk Protein Nomenclature, Classification, and Methodology of the Manufacturing Section of ADSA for 1963-64

The Nomenclature Committee has given particular attention to genetic polymorphism in the proteins of cow's milk, and has adopted a nomenclature scheme which embraces genetic designations. The β-lactoglobulins are to be referred to as β-lactoglobulins A, B, and C. Three genetic forms of β-casein have been reported to occur either singly or in pairs in the milk of individual cows, and are appropriately referred to as β-caseins A, B, and C. The term αs1-casein has been recommended and refers to those components of the α-casein complex that are precipitated by calcium and stabilized by κ-casein against precipitation by calcium. They constitute the major proportion of the αs-caseins, and have been reported to exist in three genetic forms, A, B, and C. The genetic forms of αs1- and β-caseins can be conveniently identified by their relative mobilities by zonal electrophoresis.
Dietary Epicatechin, A Novel Anti-aging Bioactive Small Molecule

Epicatechin (EC), a flavonoid present in various foods including cocoa, dark chocolate, berries, and tea, has recently been reported to promote general health and survival of old mice fed a standard chow diet. This is considered a novel discovery in the field of identifying natural compounds to extend lifespan, given that presumably popular anti-aging natural agents including resveratrol, green tea extract, and curcumin had failed in extending the lifespan of standard chow-diet-fed mice. However, the anti-aging mechanism of EC is not fully understood, thus impeding the potential application of this natural compound in improving a healthy lifespan in humans. In this review, we first summarized the main dietary sources that contain a significant amount of EC and recent research regarding the absorption, metabolism and distribution of EC in humans and rodents. The review is then focused on the anti-aging effects of EC in cultured cells, animals and humans with the possible physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its lifespan-extending effects.
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Osteosarcomatous Differentiation and Involvement of Thyroid Cartilage Mimicking Sarcoma Arising from Thyroid Cartilage

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) with a spindle cell component of the head and neck is an uncommon entity. In this case, we present a radiology-pathology correlation of a rare laryngeal BSCC with sarcomatous transformation and osteosarcomatous differentiation involving the laryngeal cartilage, which thus mimicked clinically and radiographically osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma with calcification. Microscopic examination revealed predominantly BSCC with extensive osseous metaplasia among sheets and nests of basaloid tumor cells. There were also small foci of osteosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and spindle cell carcinoma. The presence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in-situ, small areas of conventional SCC and diffuse positivity of p40 in conventional and basaloid squamous components confirmed that this tumor was indeed derived from surface squamous epithelium. Awareness of the broad differentiation potentials of SCC can avoid misdiagnosis of SCCs as sarcoma. This case emphasizes the importance of radiologic-pathologic correlation in definitive diagnosis and clinical management of laryngeal malignancies.
Ethylene Synthesis and Sensitivity in the Formation of Aerenchyma in Response to Deficiencies of N and P in Roots of Zea Mays

Like hypoxia, temporary shortages of nutrient ions induce formation of aerenchyma in nodal (adventitious) roots of Zea mays L. The effect of short-term nutrient deficiency (-N, -P) in solution culture was expressed quickly in collapse and lysis of cortical cells and formation of gas spaces in root tips. These changes in root anatomy were prevented by non-toxic levels (0.5 μM) of the ethylene action inhibitor, Ag+. However, unlike hypoxia, nutrient deficiency reduced rather than stimulated ethylene synthesis by excised root tips. The inhibitory effect on ethylene production was detectable after only 1 day of N-deprivation and persisted through a 20-day period. N-deprivation was most effective in promoting aerenchyma formation but was also most effective in inhibiting ethylene synthesis. The pattern for ethylene production was generally paralleled by ACC levels, ACC synthase activity and EFE activity, the only minor exception being that ACC synthase activity was similar in -N and -P treated roots. Since increased ethylene synthesis did not explain the induction of aerenchyma in nutrient-ion deprived maize roots, we tested their sensitivity to exogenous ethylene. At 0.05 μl ethylene liter−1 air, -N roots were strongly induced to form aerenchyma, to a degree indicating saturation of the response. The apparent sensitivity was up to a 100-fold greater than in control plants, which showed a modest response at 1 μl and saturated response at 5 μl ethylene liter−1. Roots from -P plants were one half saturated in aerenchyma formation at 1 μl and fully saturated at 5 μl ethylene liter−1 indicating a 2- or 3-fold increase in sensitivity. Based on data in the literature relating ethylene production rates to air concentrations of ethylene in tissues, and the sensitivity data presented here, it seems likely that nutrient deficiency induces aerenchyma formation by markedly increasing sensitivity to endogenous ethylene while its production rate is reduced.
The Creation of the American Republic at Fifty

Jonathan Gienapp, Stanford University, and Brendan McConville, Boston University reflect on the historiographic and scholarly contributions of Gordon Wood's The Creation of the American Republic.
Forgiveness of others and subsequent health and well-being in mid-life: a longitudinal study on female nurses.

Forgiveness is a concept of growing interest within psychology and of potential relevance to public health. While there has been increasing evidence suggesting positive associations between forgiveness of others and a range of psychosocial well-being and mental health outcomes, its associations with health behaviors and physical health are less clear. This study used longitudinal data from the Nurses’ Health Study II (2008 Trauma Exposure and Post-traumatic Stress Supplementary Survey to 2015 questionnaire wave, N = 54,703), to conduct an outcome-wide analysis among a cohort of female nurses in the United States (age range: 43–64 years). The study prospectively examines the association between spiritually motivated forgiveness of others and a number of of subsequent psychosocial well-being, mental health, health behavior, and physical health outcomes in midlife. A set of linear, logistic, and Poisson regression models were used to regress each outcome on forgiveness in separate models. Sociodemographic factors, prior religious service attendance, and prior values of all outcome variables were controlled for wherever data were available. To account for multiple testing, we performed Bonferroni correction. Forgiveness was associated with subsequent improved psychosocial well-being and reduced psychological distress outcomes in a monotonic pattern. For instance, the top versus bottom level of forgiveness was associated with substantially higher levels of subsequent positive affect (β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.21) and social integration (β = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.17), and was inversely associated with several indicators of subsequent psychological distress such as depressive symptoms (β = − 0.16, 95% CI: − 0.19, − 0.14). However, in this sample, there was little evidence that forgiveness was associated with health behaviors or physical health outcomes. This study suggests that forgiveness may be a health asset for promoting population mental health and psychosocial well-being, and moreover may also be understood as a good in itself. Further investigation on the dynamics between forgiveness and physical health is warranted to explore the discrepancy between the results here and some past research.
Dynamics of zonally elongated transient flows

This study examines the dynamics of zonally elongated transient flows (ZELTs) in the context of quasi-geostrophic turbulence. Unlike stationary zonal jets considered in previous studies, these flow features do not span the entire oceanic basin and propagate in the zonal direction at a speed slower than baroclinic Rossby waves. The analysis of potential vorticity balance in a statistically steady state shows that ZELTs are maintained by the vorticity flux divergences associated with the eddy–eddy interactions whereas the eddy–mean flow interactions play a secondary role. The divergences of the eddy fluxes of barotropic relative vorticity and buoyancy are shown to be the dominant contributors. The importance of specific eddy–eddy interactions are further studied using a dynamical model with the removed eddy–eddy vorticity flux divergences, which is equivalent to the fluid system with an absent cascade of eddy energy. Simulations with this reduced-dynamics model exhibit a complete disappearance of ZELTs, confirming the expectations from the analysis of the vorticity balance. Additional reduced-dynamics simulations demonstrate that the eddy kinetic energy transport leads to the emergence of ZELTs, with the transport in the baroclinic mode playing the leading role, while the potential energy transport acts to damp them.