cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient Education and Compliance: How to Make It Cost-Effective

The current level of noncompliance with prescription medications exerts a tremendous burden on the healthcare system in terms of both cost and poor health. The process of developing a program to improve compliance for lipid therapy is twofold. First, patients must be met at their specific level of need. This involves enabling, reinforcing, prompting, and problem solving. Second, the delivery of treatment must be addressed. Large centers and groups should refer lipid patients to a central team of professionals specializing in lipid therapy; or groups of physicians should contract extra patient support out to other groups, such as pharmacies. The implementation of a compliance program will not be immediately cost-effective but will have the long-term benefit of reduced costs through improved health.
Partial dopamine loss enhances activated caspase-3 activity: differential outcomes in striatal projection systems.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a basal ganglia disorder. Motor symptoms develop insidiously following substantial neurodegeneration of the dopamine (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal system and produce slowed, infrequent movements, postural instability, and gait changes. A thorough understanding of neurochemical compensations occurring in the striatum during early stages of PD is crucial in identifying components that are altered initially as the DA is depleted. Producing an incomplete lesion of the nigrostriatal DA system in rats would mimic the principal early neurochemical features of human PD. We infused 6-hydroxydopamine unilaterally into the substantia nigra to reach a target of ∼50% depletion in striatal DA at 4 weeks. This was evaluated by HPLC analysis of tissue DA content and monitored behaviorally by forepaw use reflecting asymmetries in striatal DA levels. DA loss was assessed by using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical staining, and the data were conjoined with the behavioral assessments. We found that activated caspase-3, its actin cleavage product fractin, and components of the apoptosome were increased significantly in DA-depleted striatum. Thus mobilization of the intrinsic programmed cell death pathway occurred, without cell loss. Elevations in apoptogenic proteins were pronounced in enkephalinergic striatopallidal neurons compared with the substance P-containing striatonigral neurons. Our findings suggest that cellular homeostatic imbalances that accompany even mild striatal DA depletion take time to develop, differentially affect the striatal output pathways, and may be an important feature of early-stage PD. These observations could be capitalized upon to develop therapeutic interventions in the preclinical phases of the disorder. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between sputum atypia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality.

Hypothesis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are thought to share common elements in pathogenesis. The authors hypothesized that sputum atypia would reflect the processes leading to progressive airflow obstruction and might be a novel biomarker of more rapidly progressive COPD. Methods The authors analyzed the association between COPD death and sputum cytologic atypia in an ongoing cohort of 2013 smokers with varying degrees of airflow obstruction during the period between January 1, 1993, and July 1, 2001. Results There were 326 deaths attributed to COPD over 4495 person-years, giving a COPD death rate of 7.25 deaths per 100 person-years, which is highly elevated compared with fewer than 0.2 COPD deaths per 100 person-years for the United States population aged between 65 and 74 years. Sputum atypia was not associated with either the degree of airflow obstruction or death from COPD. COPD death was associated with age and degree of airflow obstruction, as expected. Conclusion Sputum cytologic atypia is not predictive of death from COPD. As sputum cytologic grades of moderate or worse atypia are associated with a significant increase in the risk for lung cancer and do not denote a group with increased competing death rates from COPD, patients with sputum atypia are a good high risk group in whom chemoprevention and early detection studies can be conducted.
Age, Growth, and Production of the Yellow Perch, Perca Flavescens (Mitchill), of Saginaw Bay

Abstract Ages were determined and individual growth histories computed from the examination and measurement of scales from 820 yellow perch collected in 1929 and 1930. Calculated lengths greater than 101 millimeters were computed on the assumption (supported by empirical data) that the ratio of body length to scale length is constant. Lengths below 101 millimeters were determined with the aid of an empirical curve of the body-scale relationship of small fish. Yellow perch of age-groups III and IV (in the fourth and fifth years of life) made up the bulk of the collection (78 per cent). Females grew slightly more rapidly than males, but members of both sexes attained the legal length of 8 1/2 inches during the fourth year of life, just as they were entering on the period of most rapid growth in weight. The greatest growth in weight of both sexes occurred in the sixth year of life. In the combined samples of the two years the females exceeded the males in abundance in the ratio, 296:100. The weight of the Sa...
Food and Drug Administration Regulation of in Vitro Diagnostic Devices

The Food and Drug Administration regulates the sale and distribution of laboratory devices under a statutory and regulatory framework that is unfamiliar to most clinical laboratory scientists. In this article we briefly describe the criteria that are used to classify and review in vitro diagnostic devices. We discuss the similarities and differences between devices that are not subject to premarket review, and those that are required to undergo either a premarket application or premarket notification [510(k)] pathway. We then discuss the methods that the Food and Drug Administration uses to assess the performance of in vitro diagnostic devices in the marketplace as a component of the total life cycle approach to medical device regulation.
Immunoglobulin G and serum albumin isolated from the articular cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis contain covalent heteropolymers with proteoglycans.

The present study was undertaken to identify the cartilage matrix molecules that are bound with intermolecular disulfide bonds to IgG and serum albumin molecules recovered from the articular cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA). The cartilage specimens were extracted sequentially with three changes of neutral buffer, three changes of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and then partiallydegraded with bacterial collagenase. The extracted IgG and albumin, along with matrix molecules bound to these proteins, were isolated with affinity chromatography using antibodies to IgG or human serum albumin conjugated to agarose beads. The isolated materials were characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer blotting, using specific antibodies to IgG, albumin, and proteoglycans. In the isolated materials, heteropolymers with IgG or albumin wer identified. These polymers contained keratan sulfate and less frequently chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. These findings identified the keratan sulfate rich proteoglycans, prevalent at the surface of joint cartilage, as the most common cartilage matrix molecules that are covalently bound to IgG or to serum albumin by disulfide bonds in the articular cartilage of patients with RA or OA.
Comparison of clinical and angiographic outcomes after saphenous vein graft angioplasty using coronary versus 'biliary' tubular slotted stents.

Background Saphenous vein graft (SVG) angioplasty using 15-mm articulated, tubular slotted stents results in low (0% to 20%) residual diameter stenoses and infrequent (<5%) major complications. A “biliary” stent design with greater radial compressive strength, enhanced visibility, and more variable sizing (diameter and length) has been approved for noncoronary indications. A comparison of outcomes after coronary versus biliary stent placement in SVG stenoses has not been performed. The purpose of this study was to compare the angiographic and clinical results after SVG angioplasty using these two balloon-expandable, tubular slotted stent designs. Methods and Results During a 3-year period, 231 patients with 305 SVG lesions were treated using Palmaz-Schatz coronary (n=108) or biliary (n=123) stents. Cineangiograms were reviewed using qualitative morphological and quantitative angiographic methods. Time-dependent clinical outcome (freedom from death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or the need for repeat coro...
Prolactin and epidermal growth factor regulation of the proliferation, morphogenesis, and functional differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in three dimensional primary culture

The epithelial cell-specific effects of prolactin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the development of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (MEC) were evaluated using a three dimensional primary culture model developed in our laboratory. Non-milk-producing MEC were isolated as spherical end bud-like mammary epithelial organoids (MEO) from pubescent virgin female rats. The cultured MEO developed into elaborate multilobular and lobuloductal alveolar organoids composed of cytologically and functionally differentiated MEC. Prolactin (0.01–10 μg/ml) and EGF (1–100 ng/ml) were each required for induction of cell growth, extensive alveolar, as well as multilobular branching morphogenesis, and casein accumulation. MEO cultured without prolactin for 14 days remained sensitive to the mitogenic, morphogenic, and lactogenic effects of prolactin upon subsequent exposure. Similarly, cells cultured in the absence of EGF remained sensitive to the mitogenic and lactogenic effects of EGF, but were less responsive to its morphogenic effects when it was added on day 14 of a 21-day culture period. If exposure to prolactin was terminated after the first week, the magnitude of the mitogenic and lactogenic effects, but not the morphogenic response was decreased. Removal of EGF on day 7 also reduced the mitogenic response, but did not have any effect on the magnitude of the lactogenic or morphogenic responses. These studies demonstrate that physiologically relevant development of normal MEC can be induced in culture and that this model system can be used to study the mechanisms by which prolactin and EGF regulate the complex developmental pathways operative in the mammary gland. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epothilones: Quantitative Structure Activity Relations Studied by Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks

In this paper the relation between the structure of epothilones (a new class of anti-tumour agents) and their potential to influence the tubulin-microtubule equilibrium is investigated. Insights into the character of the tubulin-epothilone interactions are derived as the accuracy and reliability of support vector machines and artificial neural networks to model such relations quantitatively is compared. Both methods are well qualified to model relationships between the structure of epothilone derivatives and their anti-tumour activities. Artificial neural networks achieve lower residual standard deviations (22%) compared to support vector machines (25%) and better classification results (89% compared to 75%). However, the reproducibility of the results is greater for support vector machines, which suggests a stronger convergence. The mapping of the influence of individual structural descriptors on the three-dimensional epothilone structure suggests one side of the rather flat molecule to be more important for its activity. The "LIBSVM" software which is used for simulating the support vector machines is freely available from www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/∼cjlin/libsvm. The Program "Smart" which is used for simulating artificial neural networks is free for academic use and can be obtained together with the database of epothilones and their activities from www.jens-meiler.de.
Accuracy of a three-dimensional lumbar motion monitor for recording dynamic trunk motion characteristics

There has been an abundance of evidence in the past decade that indicates that the asymmetric positioning as well as the dynamic action of the trunk during work greatly affects the ability of a worker to perform a lifting task. This is true because trunk strength decreases as the trunk moves more asymmetrically and more rapidly. Loading of the spine is also believed to increase under these conditions, since significantly greater trunk muscle activity has been observed under these conditions. Therefore, we must begin to document the asymmetric positions as well as the dynamic motion characteristics of the trunk when workers are exposed to various work tasks. This paper describes a lumbar motion monitor (LMM) that has been developed for this purpose. The LMM is an exoskeleton of the spine that is instrumented so that instantaneous changes in trunk position, velocity and acceleration can be obtained in three-dimensional space. The current study has assessed the accuracy and reliability of the LMM to measure such motion components. The results of this analysis indicate that the LMM is extremely reliable and very accurate. This study has shown that the LMM is about twice as accurate as a video-based motion evaluation system. The benefits and implications of using an LMM for work assessment and clinical use are discussed.
Forward and backward, horizontal and vertical: Transformation of occupational credentialing in the schooled society

Abstract Underdeveloped theory about educational credentialing flies in the face of the immense practice of educational degree attainment by ever increasing proportions of each new generation, and the ensuing pervasive belief in the power of degrees to both allocate individuals in the labor market and to serve as job requirements throughout the occupational structure. Considering educational credentialing at the center of the educational revolution in postindustrial society, a new theoretical argument is developed from the premise that education as an institution provides the logic by which educational credentialing becomes evermore legitimate, more so than from forces outside the institution itself such as the economy and labor market demand. In support of the proposed theory of credentialing, multiple sets of new findings about education, occupations, and work show that the common negative notion of run-away educational credentialism does not fit empirical trends. Second, as a function of widely held beliefs about education in postindustrial society, four institutional processes by which educational credentialing has deeply integrated into the occupational structure are described and illustrated with empirical observations and analyses. Lastly, consequences of the rapid and robust educational transformation of occupational credentialing for future sociological inquiry into social stratification and mobility are discussed.
Chromosomal localization of tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 (TPT1) encoding the human histamine releasing factor (HRF) to 13q12-->q14.

The human histamine releasing factor (HRF; http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omin/dispim?600763) also called tumor protein, translationally controlled 1 (TPT1; http://www. gdb.org/) causes histamine release from basophils of certain allergic donors (MacDonald et al., 1995). It has identity to the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP, an alias for TPT1) which was previously designated as p23 (Bohm et al., 1989), and is highly conserved from man to alfalfa plants. While originally described as a growth-related tumor protein, it has also been identified in healthy liver tissue (Hughes et al., 1993) and more recently in macrophages, platelets, keratinocytes, erythrocytes, hepatocytes as well as tumor cells (Sanchez et al., 1997). The biologic function of TPT1 remained illusive until HRF was shown to cause histamine release from a subset of allergic donors’ basophils (MacDonald et al., 1995). We proposed that HRF produced this secretion by interaction with a subpopulation of IgE molecules that we termed IgE+. By definition, basophils expressing IgE– on their surface, did not support mediator release when stimulated with HRF. In a subsequent study, we were able to show that HRF enhanced IgE-dependent IL-4 and IL-13 secretion from all basophils (Schroeder et al., 1997). More recently, we have demonstrated that HRF promotes cytokine secretion and a calcium response in purified human eosinophils (Bheekha-Escura and MacDonald, manuscript submitted). Here we report the mapping of the gene encoding HRF (TPT1) to chromosome 13q12→q14. Of interest is the report showing a linkage on chromosome 13 of loci D13S270 and D13S153 to atopy via sibpair analysis (Daniels et al., 1996). Due to the fact that HRF activates cells important in the allergic diathesis, it’s gene could potentially be a candidate gene for allergies including allergic asthma. Therefore, it would be of considerable interest to determine if TPT1 maps close to those loci.
Distributed smart grid architecture for delay and price sensitive power management

Inexpensive wireless communication and emerging energy storage technologies are creating a new future for the power grid. These tools are enabling a “smart grid” which can utilize novel control strategies, such as real-time pricing, to achieve efficiency, fairness, and stability. We propose a decentralized smart grid architecture which uses minimal communication to meet these objectives. Then, inspired by queueing models and distributed control in wireless networks, we develop an algorithm for allocating power which is sensitive to both delay as well as price. The delay sensitivity allows for load shifting while the price sensitivity is a natural consumer objective. We show that the algorithm quickly converges even when homes operate asynchronously which makes the architecture practical for implementation. In addition, we show convergence using techniques from lattice theory. Although similar ideas have been used in standard power control algorithms for wireless systems, we demonstrate that the underlying ideas are more general. This provides a theoretical contribution along with a practical contribution to smart grid power management systems.
A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the potential of targeting the kinase in cancers by effectively treating the CML patients. This observation revolutionized drug development to target the oncogenic kinases implicated in various other malignancies, such as, EGFR, B-RAF, KIT and PDGFRs. However, one major drawback of anti-kinase therapies is the emergence of drug resistance mutations rendering the target to have reduced or lost affinity for the drug. Understanding the mechanisms employed by resistant variants not only helps in developing the next generation inhibitors but also gives impetus to clinical management using personalized medicine. We reported a retroviral vector based screening strategy to identify the spectrum of resistance conferring mutations in BCR/ABL, which has helped in developing the next generation BCR/ABL inhibitors. Using Ruxolitinib and JAK2 as a drug target pair, here we describe in vitro screening methods that utilizes the mouse BAF3 cells expressing the random mutation library of JAK2 kinase.
Gaining Weight: The Scientific Basis of Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass

Most athletes today tend to have a larger muscle mass than their predecessors. Better training and nutrition practices are responsible for much of this difference, but whatever the mechanism, the balance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown must be in favor of increased muscle protein. Applying new techniques for measuring whole body and muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise has led to some interesting results. In the recovery period following resistance exercise, both muscle protein synthesis and breakdown are accelerated in the fasted state. Ingestion of carbohydrate or carbohydrate and protein during recovery further increases muscle protein synthesis, due in part to an improved anabolic hormone environment. In addition, the anabolic effect of a resistance training bout may last well beyond 48 hours. Using information obtained from research studies, better training and dietary practices can optimize the benefits from resistance training.
Hydroxylamine as a competitive inhibitor for the kinetic enzymatic assay of ethanol in relatively concentrated solutions

The kinetic enzymatic assay of ethanol may be optimized for a selected range of substrate concentrations by a judicious choice of acetaldehyde trapping agent and ADH competitive inhibitor. Hydrazine and hydroxylamine can serve both of these functions. If the two agents were used simultaneously, hydrazine would serve as the more potent trapping agent and hydroxylamine as the more potent competitive inhibitor.
Coronary Flow Supplementation in Experimental Myocardial Infarction with Shock

Cardiogenic shock was induced in 12 anesthetized sheep by ligating branches of the left coronary artery. Coronary blood flow (CBF) did not decrease until shock was produced by the serial coronary artery branch ligations. Perfusion of the left coronary artery with arterial blood was performed using a special nonocclusive catheter. Perfusion flow rate (PFR) increments up to an optimal level resulted in improvement of left ventricular (LV) function as expressed by rise in cardiac output, fall in left atrial pressure and increase of systemic blood pressure up to a level approximating the control. Higher PFR resulted in deterioration of these variables. The improvement of LV function was related to the increased CBF. It is concluded that in experimental myocardial infarction with shock, supplementation of the CBF deficit, which resulted from decreased systemic blood pressure and increased CBF requirements, can improve the LV function up to the preligation levels. Beyond an optimal perfusion flow rate, autoregulatory phenomena result in decreased CBF and decline of LV function.
A timing jitter insensitive logic gate using tunable gain dynamics in an SOA and optical thresholding

We experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable and timing-jitter insensitive AND/NOT gate based on tunable gain dynamics in a semiconductor optical amplifier and optical thresholding. The measured jitter tolerance is up to ±50 ps or ±25 ps for the AND/NOT gate.
Modes of vibration in a circular plate with three simple support points.

The analytical solutions for the vibrational modes of a thin circular flat plate that is simply supported at three points on the circumference are presented. The mode shapes and corresponding eigenvalues are obtained. Results show that the modes can be grouped into four different types depending on the manner by which they receive the pressure at the supported points. The problem is of the mixed boundary value type in that some portion of the boundary is free while the other portion is simply supported.
Gel electrode imaging of fatigue cracks in aluminium alloys

Abstract Previous papers have described a gel electrode technique recently devised for detecting and imaging fatigue cracks in aluminium tested in simple bending. In this study, the technique is shown to be applicable to testing in both bending and torsion and to high strength aluminium alloys 7075-T6, 2024-T3 and 2024-T4. Fatigue cracks as short as 10 μm in length are consistently detected and located. The flow of charge during image formation under standard conditions provides a quantitative measure of crack length, which is independent of alloy composition. A crack 100 μm long can be reliably detected by charge flow measurement; thus, this approach is not as sensitive as the information contained in the actual images.
Intermediary aspects and tissue interactions of ruminant fat metabolism.

Abstract An attempt to integrate and evaluate a wide range of data relating to mechanistic and quantitative aspects of ruminant fat metabolism was made with the objectives of representing tissue metabolism in terms quantitatively consistent with amounts of nutrients available and overall energetic restrictions, analysis of patterns of nutrient utilization relating to ruminant fat metabolism, consideration of mechanisms regulating ruminant fat metabolism, and identification of aspects of ruminant fat metabolism requiring further study. In achieving the desired integrations of data, a number of speculative commitments were essential. However, evaluation of ruminant fat metabolism achieved provides a basis for increased perspective.
The effect of copper and cadium on 65Zn absorption in zinc-deficient and zinc-supplemented rats

Abstract The effect of oral copper and cadmium on 65Zn transport to the carcass and 65Zn uptake by the small intestine was examined in zinc-deficient and zinc-supplemented rats. Neither copper nor cadmium, when administered orally with 65Zn-Zn in ratios of 1000:1, 100:1, or 10:1, affected 65Zn transport to the carcass in zinc-deficient rats, but both elements inhibited 65Zn transport to the carcass in zinc-supplemented rats. Copper had little or no effect on 65Zn uptake by the intestine in either group, whereas cadmium markedly decreased intestinal 65Zn uptake in both deficient and supplemented rats. The experimental results suggest that zinc absorption consists of two independent processes: (a) zinc uptake by the intestinal epithelial cells and (b) zinc transport from the lumen to the blood.
Generalized additive models in business and economics

The paper presents applications of a class of semi-parametric models called generalized additive models (GAMs) to several business and economic datasets. Applications include analysis of wage-education relationship, brand choice, and number of trips to a doctor’s office. The dependent variable may be continuous, categorical or count. These semiparametric models are flexible and robust extensions of Logit, Poisson, Negative Binomial and other generalized linear models. The GAMs are represented using penalized regression splines and are estimated by penalized regression methods. The degree of smoothness for the unknown functions in the linear predictor part of the GAM is estimated using cross validation. The GAMs allow us to build a regression surface as a sum of lower-dimensional nonparametric terms circumventing the curse of dimensionality: the slow convergence of an estimator to the true value in high dimensions. For each application studied in the paper, several GAMs are compared and the best model is selected using AIC, UBRE score, deviances, and R-sq (adjusted). The econometric techniques utilized in the paper are widely applicable to the analysis of count, binary response and duration types of data encountered in business and economics.
Absence of p53 gene mutation and infrequent overexpression of p53 protein in hepatoblastoma

Ten cases of hepatoblastoma were studied for overexpression of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry and for possible p53 gene mutation by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction products. Only one case of the macrotrabecular type at stage IV showed overexpression of p53 protein. No DNA mobility shift was found in any of these cases studied by SSCP analysis. DNA sequencing performed on the case showing overexpression of p53 protein revealed no mutation within exons 5 to 8. The associated adrenal cortical carcinoma of the same case also showed overexpression of p53 protein, but no mutation of the p53 gene. These results indicate that mutation of the p53 gene is infrequent in hepatoblastoma. This observation supports the view that mutation of the p53 gene is not as important in the oncogenesis of childhood neoplasms as in adult cancers.
Confidence-based data management for personal area sensor networks

The military is working on embedding sensors in a "smart uniform" that will monitor key biological parameters to determine the physiological status of a soldier. The soldier's status can only be determined accurately by combining the readings from several sensors using sophisticated physiological models. Unfortunately, the physical environment and the low-bandwidth, push-based personal-area network (PAN) introduce uncertainty in the inputs to the models. Thus the model must produce a confidence level as well as a physiological status value. This paper explores how confidence levels can be used to influence data management decisions. In particular, we look at power-efficient ways to keep the confidence above a given threshold. We also contrast push-based broadcast schedules with other schedules that are made possible by two-way communication.
Role of carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes in phenolic antioxidant mobilization from whole soybean fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus

Previous research has suggested a relationship between free phenolic content and β-glucosidase activity in solid-state fermented food substrates and to amylase activity in germinating soybeans. This study was undertaken to examine the role of a number of carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes in phenolic antioxidant mobilization from whole soybean during solid-state fermentation. In addition to total soluble phenolic content, α- and β-glucosidase, α-amylase, and β-glucuronidase activities were measured in extracts of soybean fermented with a food-grade fungus, Rhizopus oligosporus. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability. Our results demonstrate that while total soluble phenolic content increased 120–135% in the extracts, increased antioxidant activity (+61%) was limited to the early fermentation period, with activity decreasing with increased culture time. Higher antioxidant activity was linked to increased glucosidase and glucuronidas...
p19ras Brings a New Twist to the Regulation of p73 by Mdm2

p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. It is now known that the p53 family proteins p63 and p73 play important roles in tumor suppression as well as in development. Because p63 and p73 are rarely mutated in human cancer, understanding the signaling pathways that activate p63 and p73 will not only shed light on the developmental processes regulated by p63 and p73 but may also yield insight into ways to harness p63 and p73 activity for cancer therapy. Recent research has shown that an alternative splice form of c-H- ras , called p19 ras , is a positive regulator of p73β through a mechanism that involves the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2. Implications for this previously unidentified means of regulation are discussed in light of tumor suppression and are extended to p53 and p63.
Evaluating the Impact of Tunneling on Multicast Efficiency

In this paper, we discuss the efficiency of tunneling techniques that should accelerate multicast deployment. Our motivation is that, despite the many proposals focused on tunneling techniques, their impact on multicast efficiency has not yet revealed sufficiently. Through detailed computer experiments, we examine the behavior of some metrics that represent the impact of tunneling on multicast efficiency, such as loads on tunneling endpoints, redundant links, and forwarding states on routers. Experiments are conducted on realistic topologies with hundreds of thousands routers, which were sampled from the Internet in 1999 and 2004. We calculate the metrics for thousands of multicast delivery paths with tunnels, and note several interesting findings; there is a critical size of multicast island, above which the negative impact of tunneling is suddenly diminished. In addition, multicast islands equaling the critical size reduce the overhead of forwarding states on routers. We also find a scaling law between the critical size and group size. Based on these findings, we present simple guidelines for the use of tunneling when deploying multicast systems
A phage P22 gene controlling integration of prophage.

Abstract A mutually noncomplementing group of phage P22 mutants (L mutants) have been isolated which cannot accomplish a late step necessary for prophage integration. L mutants produce turbid plaques and lead to cell survival on high multiplicity infection, but the infecting phage genomes are incapable of integrating as prophage and are progressively diluted among the segregating cells. L mutants can become prophage by complementation with L+ phage. The L+ gene apparently produces a diffusible product which acts trans to accomplish integration. Experiments with temperature sensitive L mutants show that the gene begins acting late, after the infected cells have recovered and begun to divide, and does not accomplish its effect in all the cells until at least the third generation. L lysogens formed by complementation are stable. The L+ gene is thus necessary for integration but not for maintenance of the lysogenic state.
A posteriori finite element bounds for sensitivity derivatives of partial-differential-equation outputs

We present a Neumann-subproblem a posteriori finite element procedure for the efficient and accurate calculation of rigorous, ``constant-free'''' upper and lower bounds for sensitivity derivatives of functionals of the solutions of partial differential equations. The design motivation for sensitivity derivative error control is discussed; the a posteriori finite element procedure is described; the asymptotic bounding properties and computational complexity of the method are summarized; and illustrative numerical results are presented.
Role of visual and olfactory stimuli in host finding of adult cabbage root flies, Delia radicum

Role of visual and alfactory stimuli in host finding of adult cabbage root flies,delia radicum , Role of visual and alfactory stimuli in host finding of adult cabbage root flies,delia radicum , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Evidence for two types of radiation-induced trapped positive charge

New experimental evidence is presented that supports a model that assumes two distinguishable types of positive oxide charge following x-irradiation. Two new experiments have been performed designed to separate the annealing properties of the two types of trapped positive charge. It is found that one type of trapped positive charge can be permanently removed at room temperature using substrate hot electron injection. The second type of trapped positive charge is found to be stable at temperatures up to 160/spl deg/C. >
Images of the Psychotherapist: A Theoretical and Methodological Perspective

This paper presents a theoretical and methodological approach to studying the ways in which psychotherapy patients create and interpret mental representations of their therapists and the psychotherapeutic process both during therapy and after termination. A network of measures, The Therapist Representation Inventory, was developed to specify the interrelationships between the stylistic, functional and formal properties of such symbolic evocations across different states of consciousness and in different situations. It includes a method of examining the ability to formulate a concept of the psychotherapist and guidelines for interpreting both the thematic content and conceptual level of that object representation. The second scale measures the ability to specify the formal properties of therapist representations, as distinct from their particular contents. The third instrument seeks to identify the functions which therapist “introjects” serve for a given individual. Normative data, based upon a sample of 2...
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY : II. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF MONKEYS AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II, III, AND IV PNEUMONIA WITH THE HOMOLOGOUS PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE.

1. Three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Type II vaccine confer on monkeys a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type II pneumonia. A similar protection can be bestowed on monkeys against Pneumonococcus Type IV pneumonia by three subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from the same strain of pneumococcus. 2. The subcutaneous injection of monkeys with three doses of Pneumococcus Type III vaccine confers a complete immunity against this type in only 50 per cent of cases (four out of eight monkeys vaccinated). 3. In spite of the immunity induced in monkeys by three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Types II, III, and IV vaccine, specific protective bodies against the homologous types are not demonstrable in their serums when the vaccine is so administered.
MEDIC: a memory and disk cache for multimedia clients

We propose an integrated memory and disk cache for managing the resources of a multimedia client's computer or set-top box. The cache cushions the multimedia decoder from input rate fluctuations and mismatches, and because data can be cached to disk, the acceptable fluctuations can be very large. This lets the client operate efficiently at low cost when the network rate is much larger or smaller than the media display rate, and gives the media server much greater flexibility for balancing workload and supporting VCR-like functions. We analyze the memory requirements for this cache, and analytically derive safe values for its control parameters. Using a realistic case study, we examine the interaction between memory size, peak input rate, and disk performance, and show that a relatively modest amount of main memory can support a wide range of scenarios.
Geology in American education: 1825–1860

The year 1825 is a landmark in the history of American geological education owing to innovations pioneered by William Maclure and Amos Eaton. School systems devised independently by them offered a wide background in early nineteenth century science, including for the first time practical experience in field geology. To learn by doing was the simple maxim employed in education. Eaton9s Rensselaer School at Troy, New York, and Maclure9s School of Industry at New Harmony, Indiana, soon developed into the most successful training centers for students of field geology in the United States. State and Federal involvement in the surveying of natural resources expanded toward the middle of the nineteenth century. Between 1830 and 1860, 56 geological surveys were conducted in 33 states or territories. The Troy and New Harmony schools provided leaders and participants for nearly half (48%) of these projects. The most prominent students were David Dale Owen, of New Harmony, and James Hall, of the Rensselaer School.
Effect of initial temperature on the initiation and growth of shear bands in a plain carbon steel

We study the~omechani~~ defo~ations of a thermally softening viscoplastic block undergoing overall adiabatic simple shearing deformations. The dependence of the specific heat, thermal conductivity and shear modulus for the material of the block upon the temperature is accounted for. It is assumed that the block has a geometric defect in the sense that its thickness varies smoothly and is 5% less at the center as compared to that at the edges where essential mechanical boundary conditions are prescribed. It is found that with an increase in the initial temperature of the specimen the initiation of shear bands is delayed, and wider bands form.
APPROACHES TO INDIVIDUALIZED READING: A CHILD‐CENTERED HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Numerous approaches to individualized reading instruction have been used to accommodate differences in reading ability and development. Effective, child‐centered, individualized reading programs are guided by three principles. The desires, needs, and motives of each child are considered; individual abilities, interests, and instructional needs are addressed; and opportunities for social interaction are provided. The achievement of students using individualized approaches and the extent to which the programs have utilized child‐centered principles are discussed.
Insider-Outsider reflections from a Native Hawaiian researcher and the use of community-based participatory approaches.

Objectives:There is an increasing interest in conducting research within indigenous communities among indigenous and non-indigenous researchers alike. This paper offers the critical reflections of one Native Hawaiian researcher and the process of engaging in research as both an insider–outsider.Conclusions:Community-based, participatory research (CBPR) offers one model for outsiders to work effectively with indigenous communities, but CBPR also offers valuable principles for insiders who desire to work with their own communities.
New additive spanners

This paper considers additive and purely additive spanners. We present a new purely additive spanner of size O(n7/5) with additive stretch 4. This construction fills in the gap between the two existing constructions for purely additive spanners, one for 2-additive spanner of size O(n3/2) and the other for 6-additive spanner of size O(n4/3), and thus answers a main open question in this area. In addition, we present a construction for additive spanners with O(n1+δ) edges and additive stretch of O(n1/2−3δ/2) for any 3/17 ≤ δ
Los sistemas RFID aplicados a la aviación

This article presents the basic definition and concepts of Radiofrequency Identification Technology (RFID). Through it, the reader can understand both the components that make up these systems, as well as the benefits and restrictions over other existing atomatic identification technologies. Finally, we cite some applications of this techonology in different fields of aviation used during the last decade. For the future of commercial aviation and it´s daily use, it is vital that it be disseminated by airport managers and airlines, to make commercial air transportation a highly efficient system and therefore improve service quality throughout society.
Electrodeposition of Bi 2 Te 3 Nanowire Composites

Widespread applications of thermoelectric materials are limited due to low efficiency. Currently, the most widely used thermoelectric devices consist of alloys based on Bi 2 Te 3 . In such devices, the thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) of bulk Bi 2 Te 3 has been increased through doping. It is postulated that further enhancements in ZT may be attained by engineering the microstructure of the material to enhance carrier mobility while suppressing the phonon component of the thermal conductivity. This may be achieved by fabricating Bi 2 Te 3 in the form of one-dimensional (1D) nanowires. We have deposited nanowires of Bi 2 Te 3 with two different diameters (200 nm and 40 nm) by electrodeposition into porous anodic alumina. Characterization of the Bi 2 Te 3 /porous Al 2 O 3 composite materials has been accomplished using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) has been used to determine the stoichiometry of the wires.
Morphological Covariation between the Maxillary Sinus and Midfacial Skeleton among Sub-Saharan and Circumpolar Modern Humans.

Objectives Maxillary sinus volume tracks ecogeographic differences in nasal form and may serve as a zone of accommodation for ontogenetic and evolutionary changes in nasal cavity breadth. However, little is known regarding how sinus volume is distributed within the midface. This study investigates morphological covariation between midfacial and sinus shape to better understand structural and functional relationships between the sinus, midface, and nasal cavity. Methods Cranial and sinus models were rendered from CT scans of modern human samples from two disparate climates: sub-Saharan (South Africans [n = 15], West Africans [n = 17]), and circumpolar (Siberian Buriats [n = 18], Alaskan Inuit [n = 20]). Twenty-five 3D coordinate landmarks were placed on the models and subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis. Two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis was employed to identify patterns of covariation. Results The 2B-PLS analysis indicates PLS1 (58.6% total covariation) relates to height and breadth relationships between the midface, nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus. Significant regional differences in PLS1 scores are evident: circumpolar samples possess taller/narrower noses with taller/wider sinuses compared to sub-Saharan samples. Importantly, PLS1 indicates that sinus breadth is not exclusively related to nasal cavity breadth; variation in lateral sinus expansion toward the zygoma represents an important contributing factor. PLS2 (16%) relates to supero-inferior positioning of the sinus within the midface. Allometric trends, while statistically significant, explain only a small portion of these covariation patterns. Conclusions These results suggest that the maxillary sinus serves as a zone of accommodation at the confluence of multiple facial components, potentially minimizing effects of morphological alterations to certain components on adjacent structures. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:483–497, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of Cerura borealis (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) Larvae to Low-Frequency Sound

Larvae of Cerura borealis Boisduval respond to the low audio frequencies of 330 to 360 and 175 to 180 Hz. The response consists of throwing the two caudal tentacles anteriorly while extending eversible flagella from the two tentacles. The flagella bear what appear to be scent storage and releasing structures which are described herein. The defensive mechanism may function to repel Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids.
Exploring Geographic Variation in Lung Cancer Incidence in Kentucky Using a Spatial Scan Statistic: Elevated Risk in the Appalachian Coal-Mining Region

Objectives.We examined geographic patterns of lung cancer incidence in Kentucky. Recent research has suggested that the coal-mining industry contributes to lung cancer risk in Appalachia. We focused on the southeastern portion of the state, which has some of the highest lung cancer rates in the nation.Methods.We implemented a spatial scan statistic to identify areas with lung cancer incidence rates that were higher than expected, after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking. The Kentucky Cancer Registry supplied information on cases (1995–2007). The U.S. Census (2000) and several years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data (1996–2006) provided county-level population and smoking data. We compared the results with coal-mining data from the Mining Safety and Health Administration and public water utility data from the Kentucky Division of Water.Results.We identified three clusters of counties with higher-than-expected rates. Cluster 1 (relative risk [RR] = 1.21, p<0.01) included 12 counties in ...
A fast genetic algorithm for solving architectural design optimization problems

Building performance simulation and genetic algorithms are powerful techniques for helping designers make better design decisions in architectural design optimization. However, they are very time consuming and require a significant amount of computing power. More time is needed when two techniques work together. This has become the primary impediment in applying design optimization to real-world projects. This study focuses on reducing the computing time in genetic algorithms when building simulation techniques are involved. In this study, we combine two techniques (offline simulation and divide and conquer) to effectively improve the run time in these architectural design optimization problems, utilizing architecture-specific domain knowledge. The improved methods are evaluated with a case study of a nursing unit design to minimize the nurses’ travel distance and maximize daylighting performance in patient rooms. Results show the computing time can be saved significantly during the simulation and optimization process.