cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Tests of a Liquid Hydrogen Propellant Densification Ground System for the X33/RLV

A concept for improving the performance of propulsion systems in expendable and single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) launch vehicles much like the X33/RLV has been identified. The approach is to utilize densified cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellants to fuel the propulsion stage. The primary benefit for using this relatively high specific impulse densified propellant mixture is the subsequent reduction of the launch vehicle gross lift-off weight. Production of densified propellants however requires specialized equipment to actively subcool both the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to temperatures below their normal boiling point. A propellant densification unit based on an external thermodynamic vent principle which operates at subatmospheric pressure and supercold temperatures provides a means for the LH2 and LOX densification process to occur. To demonstrate the production concept for the densification of the liquid hydrogen propellant, a system comprised of a multistage gaseous hydrogen compressor, LH2 recirculation pumps and a cryogenic LH2 heat exchanger was designed, built and tested at the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This paper presents the design configuration of the LH2 propellant densification production hardware, analytical details and results of performance testing conducted with the hydrogen densifier Ground Support Equipment (GSE).
A Program to Help Major League Baseball Players Quit Using Spit Tobacco

Program shows promise in decreasing ST use during one season. There are few reports in the scientific literature that describe tested methods for helping people quit using spit (smokeless) tobacco. This paper reports data from a pilot study to determine the effectiveness of two dental-oriented interventions to promote cessation of ST use among major league baseball players. These preliminary findings suggest that interventions involving an oral examination and advice to quit, combined with behavioral counseling, may effectively decrease ST use among professional baseball players.
A Decade of Social Group Work Research: Trends in Methodology, Theory, and Program Development

This study examines a decade of social work group outcome research. Fifty-four group research studies were identified in nine key social work journals and from Social Work Research and Abstracts. M...
Optimal timing of radical cystectomy for patients with T1 bladder cancer

The optimal treatment of lamina propria invasive bladder cancers remains controversial. Assigning strict treatment guidelines is hampered by the heterogeneous clinical behavior of lamina propria invasive bladder cancers. Although many T1 lesions respond very well to transurethral resection and adjuvant intravesical therapy, others demonstrate a high rate of recurrence and progression. While bladder preservation is desired by most patients, experience has documented that survival is compromised in a substantial percentage of patients if T1 disease is allowed to progress. Radical cystectomy for T1 disease is associated with an excellent survival; however, the optimal timing of radical cystectomy remains one of the more difficult clinical dilemmas in the management of patients with bladder cancer. This article reviews the various features associated with an increased risk of disease progression to provide a framework for optimizing the timing of radical cystectomy.
Energy efficiency in Britain: creating profitable alternatives

Abstract Recent actions by the Office of Electricity Regulation (OFFER) indicate that it is beginning to see energy efficiency as a valuable resource option, and is examining the best ways to allow for energy efficiency while maintaining corporate profitability. This paper analyses the complex economic issues surrounding the involvement of the electricity industry in energy efficiency programmes, and proposes policy options that will jointly benefit the industry, its customers and society. The authors conclude that OFFER can play an instrumental role by removing market barriers to energy efficiency through the institution of changes to the pricing formula and by providing regulatory guidance to the PESs.
A 65 nm CMOS Tunable 0.1-to-1.6 GHz Distributed Transmission Line N-Path Filter with +10 dBm Blocker Tolerance

A distributed transmission line N-path bandpass filter is presented from 0.1 to 1.6 GHz with 30 MHz 3dB pass-band bandwidth, LO leakage < -60 dBm, 30 dB to 50 dB out-of-band rejection, in-band IIP3 of +23 dBm, and a +10.1 dBm out-of-band jammer tolerance in a 65 nm CMOS process. Index Terms — Bandpass filter, CMOS, N-path filtering, passive mixer, SAW-less.
Machaerophorus is United with the Genus Sibara (Brassicaceae)

Abstract. Recent conservation of Sibara against the earlier-published Machaerophorus paved the way to transfer the type of the latter genus to the former. The combination S. matthioloides is proposed, and the distinguishing characters of this species from the closely related S. anethifolia are discussed.
Cancer mortality in small areas around nuclear facilities in England and Wales

Cancer mortality trends were examined for the small areas around fourteen nuclear and five non-nuclear facilities in England and Wales. Using routine OPCS mortality data, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for these areas were computed for selected causes of death. Changes in the SMRs were then sought by comparing the SMRs for the five years before the facility opened with the period 10 (in some cases 15) years after start-up, and by computing the weighted regression of the SMRs on calendar year. These analyses indicate no overall pattern of increasing cancer SMRs around nuclear facilities.
OVERPRODUCTION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE XPC SUBUNIT OF THE HUMAN DNA REPAIR EXCISION NUCLEASE

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C gene (XPC) encodes a protein of 125 kDa which is present in a tight complex with a 58-kDa protein encoded by the human homolog of the yeast RAD23 gene, HHR23B (Masutani, C., Sugasawa, K., Yanagisawa, J., Sonoyama, T., Ui, M., Enomoto, T., Takio, K., Tanaka, K., van der Spek, P. J., Bootsma, D., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J., and Hanaoka, F. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 1831-1843). The XPC-HHR23B complex is required for excision of thymine dimers from DNA in a human excision nuclease system reconstituted from purified proteins. In order to understand the role of the XPC-HHR23B complex in excision repair, we have overexpressed each subunit alone and the heterodimer in heterologous systems, purified them, and characterized their biochemical properties. We find that both XPC and the heterodimer bind DNA with high affinity and UV-damaged DNA with slightly higher preference. Surprisingly, we find that the XPC subunit alone is sufficient for reconstitution of the human excision nuclease and that the HHR23B subunit has no detectable effect on the excision activity of the reconstituted system.
A cylindrical dielectric surface-wave antenna

A new type of dielectric surface-wave antenna (DSWA) has been proposed using a tapered cylindrical dielectric structure. The structure is radially tapered in permittivity to produce a directive endfire beam that is omnidirectional in the azimuth direction. Unlike a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) that uses a cavity mode to achieve radiation, this antenna uses a radially-propagating surface wave to create an endfire beam.
Flow Properties of Granular Materials with Large Overburden Loads

For the rapid shear flow of granular materials with large overburden loads, an action involving the simultaneous impact of more than two particles is shown to provide a mechanism for reducing the effective drag force acting on the flowing material. The drag is reduced below both the static friction value and the drag due only to binary collisions. Since the frequency of multiparticle collisions increase as the bulk density of the flowing material decreases, larger overburdens result in more multiparticle collisions giving rise to greater decreases in the effective drag force. It is hypothesized that this mechanism may account for the extraordinarily long runout distances observed for large rockslides and avalanches. A simple numerical model of interacting inelastic disks in a quasi-two dimensional flow was used to guide the investigation and verify the proposed mechanism.
A Convenient Preparation of Thieno[2,3-b]Thiophene

Abstract A present concern in this laboratory is the relationship of thieno-[2,3-b]- (I) and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (II) ring systems to the sulfur analogs1,2 of various biologically active indoles. Since the present routes to I3 and II4 are low yielding processes, we have found it imperative to devise a pathway whereby we can obtain these compounds in synthetically useful quantities. Therefore, due to the similarity of I and II with benzo[b]thiophene, it was concluded that the halogen promoted cyclization of α-mercaptocinnamic acids 1,2b,5 to benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acids would be advantageous for this objective.
Infrared emissivity of diatomic gases for the anharmonic vibrating-rotator model

Abstract : In order to compute the emissivity of a diatomic gas, a simplified model of a diatomic molecule is assumed: an anharmonic oscillator with the first approximation to the vibration-rotation interaction. For a given band, the frequency of emitted radiation is expressed as a quadratic function of the quantum number m, which is solved to express m as a function of omega. This expression is substituted for m in the equations used for computing the average line intensity and average line spacing. By applying the random Elsasser model to the fundamental and superposed higher order bands, closed-form solutions are obtained for the emissivity as a function of omega for certain limiting cases. Experimental data, where available, are used for the line widths and total absorption of the bands. The harmonic oscillator approximation is used to estimate strengths of higher order bands for which experimental data are not available. This analysis is applied to HCl, HF, CO, and NO for temperatures ranging from 300 to 7000 deg K.
On the Origin of Strategy: Action and Cognition over Time

We develop a perspective on how managers search for a strategy. In the spirit of Cyert and March (1963), we aim for a perspective that reflects the reality of managerial behavior, that respects both the reasoning power of managers and the bounds on their rationality, and that permits organizations to change but within realistic limits. Our perspective employs the variable time to frame the question of strategy's origins in a distinctive way. Over time, the cognitive and physical elements that make up a strategy become less plastic, while mechanisms to search rationally for a strategy become more available. This generates a fundamental tension in the origin of strategy: Managers struggle to understand their environment well enough to search rationally for an effective strategy before their firms lose the plasticity necessary to exploit that understanding. A focus on time allows us to synthesize and extend the evolutionary and positioning models of strategic search. Toward this end, we couple induction and deduction. The inductive part of the paper uses detailed observation of the search for a strategy at one firm to identify constructs that play a crucial role in strategic search. The deductive part steps beyond our focal firm and uses these constructs to derive theoretical propositions about the typical path of strategic search and the mortality associated with different approaches to search.
Individual trabecula segmentation (ITS)-based morphological analysis of microscale images of human tibial trabecular bone at limited spatial resolution.

Individual trabecula segmentation (ITS), a rigorous model-independent 3D morphological analysis, has been developed to assess trabecular plate and rod microstructure separately based on micro–computed tomographic (µCT) images. We examined the influence of the limited spatial resolution, noise, and artifact of high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) on ITS measurements of human tibial trabecular bone. In comparison with measurements from “gold standard” µCT images (25 µm), decreased spatial resolution (40, 60, and 80 µm) of µCT had minimal influence on the correlations of the scale of trabecular plates (ie, plate bone volume fraction, thickness, and surface area) and the orientation (ie, axial bone volume fraction) and structural type (ie, plate tissue fraction) of the trabecular network. ITS measurements of HR-pQCT images correlated significantly with those of µCT images at a similar voxel size (80 µm, r = 0.71–0.94); correlations were stronger for plate-related parameters, suggesting that measurements of trabecular rods are more subject to noise and artifact associated with HR-pQCT imaging technology. In comparison with measurements of “gold standard” µCT images, the percent absolute errors of HR-pQCT measurements such as axial and plate bone volume fraction, plate number and tissue fraction, and plate and rod thickness (3.5% to 10.3%) were comparable with those of bone volume fraction (9.3%). For both HR-pQCT and µCT images, measurements of the scale and junction densities of trabecular plates and orientation and structural type were strong and positive indicators of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone (r = 0.59–0.95). We conclude that ITS measurements of HR-pQCT images are highly reflective of trabecular bone microarchitecture from a biomechanical perspective. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Use of a Bubble Tracking Method for Prediction of Downhole Natural Separation Efficiency

For any pumping artificial lift system, in the petroleum industry, the free gas significantly affects the performance of the pump and the system above the pump. A model, though not a complete two-phase flow model, has been developed for the effective prediction of separation efficiency across a wide range of production conditions. The model presented is divided into two main parts, the single-phase flow-field solution and the bubble-tracking method. The first part of the model solves the single-phase liquid flow field using the computational fluid dynamics approach. Then, a simple bubble-tracking method was applied to estimate the down-hole natural separation efficiency for two-phase flow. A comparison, between the results of the model and the experimental data was conducted. It shows a very good agreement with the experimental data for lower gas void fractions (babble flow regime).
Dramatic response to rituximab in a child with severe cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia arising after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT

Dramatic response to rituximab in a child with severe cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia arising after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT
Potential chemotherapeutic targets in the purine metabolism of parasites.

Parasites are responsible for a wide variety of infectious diseases in human as well as in domestic and wild animals, causing an enormous health and economical blight. Current containment strategies are not entirely successful and parasitic infections are on the rise. In the absence of availability of antiparasitic vaccines, chemotherapy remains the mainstay for the treatment of most parasitic diseases. However, there is an urgent need for new drugs to prevent or combat some major parasitic infections because of lack of a single effective approach for controlling the parasites (e.g., trypanosomiasis) or because some serious parasitic infections developed resistance to presently available drugs (e.g., malaria). The rational design of a drug is usually based on biochemical and physiological differences between pathogens and host. Some of the most striking differences between parasites and their mammalian host are found in purine metabolism. Purine nucleotides can be synthesized by the de novo and/or the so-called "salvage" pathways. Unlike their mammalian host, most parasites studied lack the pathways for de novo purine biosynthesis and rely on the salvage pathways to meet their purine demands. Moreover, because of the great phylogenic separation between the host and the parasite, there are in some cases sufficient distinctions between corresponding enzymes of the purine salvage from the host and the parasite that can be exploited to design specific inhibitors or "subversive substrates" for the parasitic enzymes. Furthermore, the specificities of purine transport, the first step in purine salvage, diverge significantly between parasites and their mammalian host. This review highlights the unique transporters and enzymes responsible for the salvage of purines in parasites that could constitute excellent potential targets for the design of safe and effective antiparasitic drugs.
Vanishing quasiparticle energies in the BCS theory and a practical solution

Abstract The problem of vanishing quasiparticle energies in the BCS theory is outlined, and a practical solution is reviewed which not only removes the problem but improves the theory in all cases without requiring a substantial increase in the computation time. This solution also removes a major deficiency of the BCS theory, emphasized by Belyaev. The particle-hole channel of the pairing interaction, neglected in the BCS, is taken into account. Moreover, second-order constraints in N 2 , emphasized by Lipkin and Nogami, are included automatically in the Improved BCS theory reviewed in this paper. Thus, the particle-number constraint is improved without the complications of the particle-number projections.
Trouble Comes in Threes

Pop becomes entangled in an ever growing web of problems. His wife, Herikula, nags him to accompany her and their two daughters to the island of Samos for a long visit with her parents, although he cannot find anyone one to manage his cafe in his absence. Later at the cafe, a robber threatens Pop’s life with a gun, which Herikula takes as omen from God that he should take his family to Samos before something else bad happens to him. After finally finding someone to manage his cafe Pop discovers while in Samos that the manager is embezzling the cafe’s funds. Pop must cut his visit short to Samos to resolve yet another problem that he looks at from his characteristically philosophical perspective.
Solution processable boron subphthalocyanine derivatives as active materials for organic photovoltaics

Here we present our work on development of new solution processable small molecules for efficient organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Boron subphthalocyanine derivatives possess unique structural and photophysical properties, i.e. excellent solubility, low tendency to aggregate, and high extinction coefficients, that enable the formation of high quality thin films via solution processing for OPVs application. Both p type (donor) and n type (acceptor) boron subphthalocyanine derivatives have been investigated. Using a soluble 2-Allylphenol SubPc derivative as donor and fullerene as acceptor, we have demonstrated simple planar heterojunction OPVs with power conversion efficiencies of over 1.7%, which represents one of the highest efficiencies for devices with solution processable small molecules to date. The use of fluorinated subphthalocyanines as acceptor and typical poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV) as donor has led to fully solution processed OPVs with efficiencies over 0.1%. Our work shows that solution processing of light harvesting small molecules has great potential for application in low cost thin film photovoltaic cells and boron subphthalocyanine derivatives are promising new-generation OPV materials.
A Two-Stage Model of the Promotional Performance of Pure Online Firms

Internet firms frequently employ a two-stage approach to promotional activities. In Stage 1, they attract customers to their websites through advertising. In Stage 2, firms generate sales transactions or sales leads through their website. Comprehensive assessment of the promotional performance of pure online firms requires the study of Stage 1 and of Stage 2 jointly. In this paper we develop a joint two-stage conceptual and econometric model for assessing website promotion on three important dimensions: (1) how advertising response can be measured by linking media schedules to website log files; (2) how advertising and website characteristics jointly affect the desired system outcome of the promotion; and (3) whether the joint investigation of advertising response and desired system outcomes is essential to assess the results of website promotion. Three general findings follow from application of our model to a pure online firm's campaign to generate sales leads through print advertising. First, advertising and website characteristics affect sales leads in different ways. A characteristic may influence sales leads directly, or indirectly, or both. Second, assessing advertising effectiveness in an online environment may not require costly survey research data. Instead, secondary data available from website log files may be used for such assessment. Third, the interaction between the first and second stages of our two-stage model can lead to misspecifications that produce misleading inferences. This occurs because the unobserved characteristics in generating website visits and sales leads may be correlated.
Resonant charge transfer during scattering of low energy 7Li+ from cesiated surfaces

Abstract Neutral fractions of 2 keV 7 Li + ions scattered from cesiated Al(100), Ni(100) and Si(111)-7 × 7 surfaces are measured and compared. For low coverages of Cs adsorbed on Al(100) and Ni(100), there are large differences between the neutral fractions of Li ions singly scattered from substrate and adsorbate atomic sites. These differences disappear as the Cs coverage is increased. This behavior is attributed to an inhomogeneous to homogeneous transition in the surface local electrostatic potential. For Cs adsorbed on Si(111)-7 × 7, on the other hand, the Li neutral fractions for scattering from Si and Cs sites are nearly equal over the entire coverage range. This is attributed to coupling of the exiting Li energy levels to the surface dangling bonds. As a result, the final charge state distribution is insensitive to adsorbate-induced inhomogeneities in the surface potential.
A new protein that gels F actin in the cell cortex of Dictyostelium discoideum

It is thought that the dense actin filament networks found in the cortex of many cell types1–4 might account for the gelled consistency of the cortex5 and the exclusion of other organelles from this region of the cytoplasm6–8. We now demonstrate that a new actin-binding protein from Dictyostelium that gels actin in vitro is concentrated in the cell cortex, suggesting that this protein, in association with actin, accounts for the gel-like properties of this region of the cell.
Nonnutritive Sucking During Tube Feedings: Effect on Clinical Course in Premature Infants

Fifty‐nine infants, 28–34 weeks'gestation, were assigned to treatment and control groups. Treatment infants were offered a pacifier during and following every tube feeding; control infants received routine care. The treatment began when an infant could tolerate room air and 10 cc of full‐strength formula by tube; it ended when the infant was totally bottle fed. Treated infants showed readiness for bottle feeding 3.4 days earlier, i.e., with 27 fewer tube feedings each. Performance during the first bottle feeding was assessed with a feeding scale and was statistically similar for both groups. From study entry to fast bottle feeding the treated infants gained 2.6 gm/day more and were discharged 4 days sooner. Complications differed between the two groups.
Neoglycopolymers produced by aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization: Decreasing saccharide density increases activity

Abstract Non-natural carbohydrate-bearing polymers are emerging as important materials for the investigation of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions. In the present study, neoglycopolymers were generated via aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerizations. A procedure employing a ruthenium catalyst, preformed by treating a small quantity of the monomer with RuCl 3 , reduced metal contamination in the products. To examine the effect of sugar residue density on polymer function, materials bearing one or two sugar ligands per repeat unit were synthesized. These polymers were tested for their ability to inhibit the erythrocyte agglutinating activity of the carbohydrate-binding protein, concanavalin A. The polymers with lower sugar density were found to be more potent inhibitors than polymers with higher density, a result that can be rationalized by analysis of the protein and polymer structures.
The first decade of molecular genetics in neurology: Changing clinical thought and practice

Molecular genetics has had a powerful impact on clinical neurology. Definitions of disease are changing from clinical criteria to DNA analysis, resolving questions about the nature of clinically similar but not identical diseases. Genetic counseling is more reliable. Concepts of mendelian inheritance are being tested and new forms of mutation have been discovered to explain anticipation. Nonmendelian forms of inheritance have emerged; concepts of pathogenesis are on a more secure footing; and novel treatments are being explored.
The influence of rapid thermal annealing and sulfur passivation on the electrical characteristics of anodically grown InSb MOS structures

The influence of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and sulfur passivation of InSb on the electrical characteristics of InSb metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures are studied. The parameters of interest are the current conduction mechanism, electric breakdown voltage and oxide fixed charges. This study shows that RTA for temperature up to 350 °C improves the electrical properties. For temperatures higher than 350 °C, electrical properties degrade. Passivation of InSb improves the thermal stability of MOS structures. The introduction of Sb atoms (at lower annealing temperature) and In atoms (at higher annealing temperature) in unpassivated structures and the formation of stronger S-In bonds in the passivated structures were used to explain the observations.
Psychophysiology in Attachment Interviews: Converging Evidence for Deactivating Strategies

By asking the subject to consider a host of potentially threatening attachment-related issues, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) allows an assessment of different strategies for regulating the attachment system. These strategies can be assessed along the 2 dimensions of security/anxiety and deactivation/hyperactivation. The greatest inferential leaps may be in characterizing strategies as deactivating. For example, individuals using deactivating strategies often report extremely positive relationships with parents, display restricted recall of attachment memories, and play down the significance of early attachment experiences. If these descriptive features are guided by a strategy that requires diverting attention from attachment information, subjects employing this strategy should experience conflict or inhibition during the Attachment Interview. In the present study, skin conductance levels were monitored for 50 college students during a baseline period and throughout the Attachment Interview. Subjects employing deactivating strategies showed marked increases in skin conductance levels from baseline to questions asking them to recall experiences of separation, rejection, and threat from parents. This finding supports the notion that individuals employing deactivating attachment strategies experience conflict or inhibition during the Attachment Interview.
Injector design criteria using noncircular orifice geometry

Rocket engine propellant injectors with noncircular orifice geometry, presenting experimental spray patterns and predicted performance for noncircular and circular orifice configurations
Intestinal calcium and lead absorption : effects of dietary lead and calcium

The combined effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and lead (Pb) status on intestinal Ca and Pb absorption and related parameters were investigated in young growing chicks. Dietary Pb intake resulted in two remarkable, apparently independent and essentially opposite effects on intestinal Ca and Pb absorption, depending on dietary Ca and Pb levels and duration of treatment. The initial response (1 week) to Ca deficiency was stimulated Ca absorption and calbindin-D level, regardless of dietary Pb intake. The later response (2 weeks) was a reversal, by Pb, of the early phase stimulation. Intestinal Pb absorption was similarly enhanced by Ca deficiency initially, and this response was also inhibited by prolonged dietary Pb intake. Ingestion of Pb by chicks fed adequate Ca resulted in generally elevated intestinal Ca absorption and calbindin-D levels after both 1 and 2 weeks. Intestinal Pb absorption was also increased in the adequate Ca situation, but only after 2 weeks at the lower levels of dietary Pb. The results underscore the complicated nature of Pb-Ca interactions and demonstrate the importance of thorough characterization of the animal model system.
TRANSITION FORMS OF GOLGI APPARATUS SECRETION VESICLES.

The behavior of the Golgi apparatus in maize root cap cells is correlated with cellular development. A characteristic form of Golgi apparatus secretion vesicle is found in an annular zone of cells (the “collar zone”) in the proximal region of the root cap, and another form of secretion vesicle is found in the cells of the peripheral region (or “mantle”). Golgi apparatus of cells in the contiguous portions of the collar and mantle zones produce “hybrid” vesicles, intermediate in form between the types of vesicles found in the collar and mantle zones. Synchronous changes in the secretory activities of the Golgi apparatus of a cell or defined region leads to the hypothesis that the Golgi apparatus are informationally interconnected. Possible sources of this informational continuity are discussed.
A comparative life-table analysis of Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on two biofuel hosts, Miscanthus × giganteus and Saccharum spp.

Among the insects reported in biofuel crops, the yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes), is a potential pest of giant miscanthus, Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu ex Hodkinson et Renvoize (M×g) and energy cane “L79-1002”, Saccharum spp. L. We studied the biology of S. flava on M×g and energy cane and estimated the development period, fecundity, longevity, intrinsic rate of increase, doubling time, reproductive value, and survivorship curves. To demonstrate the host suitability in a susceptible species, we studied the aphid life table on sorghum ‘PL 18200,’ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Life-table information was recorded under greenhouse conditions on the host plants. Our results suggested that both M×g and energy cane are suitable hosts for S. flava. We observed similar aphid development period on both hosts. Life-table estimates including longevity and fecundity suggested that M×g is a more suitable host for the aphid than energy cane. The intrinsic rate of increase for S. flava was lower on energy cane (0.231) than on M×g (0.258).
Hydraulic radius and mesh size of gels

For materials with high porosity, the hydraulic radius (r h ) is not proportional to the characteristic dimension of the pore space. Techniques (e.g., NMR) that measure r h will give much larger “pore sizes” than techniques (e.g., thermoporometry) that measure pore entry radii. In this note, estimates of the relation between hydraulic radius and pore size of gel networks are obtained from cell models. The “constant” in the Kozeny equation, which relates permeability to r h , is strongly density-dependent at low densities. For gels it is suggested that the permeability is more directly related to the mesh size of the network than to the hydraulic radius. The mesh size is also critical for immobilization of dyes or enzymes in a gel, and r h is a misleading measure of the ability of a network to entrap a large molecule.
HEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM IS INCREASED IN POORLY CONTROLLED INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM)

In addition to increased glycosylation of hemoglobin, abnormalities of other heme proteins such as cytochrome P-450 might also occur in IDDM. We reported previously that cytochrome P-450 dependent drug metabolism is altered In IDDM using antipyrine (AP) as marker drug. AP is a reliable measure of hepatic drug metabolism. Its elimination from plasma is largely determined by hepatic drug oxidizing enzyme capacity. AP kinetics and urinary excretion of AP metabolites were measured in 14 patients (8-21 years) with IDDM in poor control (nl renal function) and compared to age matched controls. Improvement in diabetic control achieved by increases in insulin dose (mean 1.1 U/kg/day), more frequent insulin doses combined with better dietary control lead to normalization of AP halflife and metabolism, (t½ halflife): All three urinary metabolites of AP were increased to a similar extent in poorly controlled IDDM: N-dimethyl AP ↑60.5±5%, 4-hydroxy AP ↑54±4%, 3-hydroxymethyl AP ↑68±6%. Separate cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes regulating AP metabolism appear to be stimulated to a similar extent in poorly controlled IDDM. Conclusions: Poorly controlled IDDM leads to increased hepatic drug metabolism affecting all three isoenzymes involved in AP metabolism. These data suggest that improved metabolic control normalizes hepatic drug metabolism in IDDM.
LONGEVITY, RESISTANCE TO DEPRIVATION OF FOOD AND WATER, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MALATHION AND DDT OF ORIENTAL FRUIT FLIES, MELON FLIES, AND MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES SEXUALLY STERILIZED WITH TEPA OR RADIATION.

In laboratory tests conducted at Honolulu, Hawaii, from 1964 to 1968, oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), sexually sterilized with tepa, lived longer than untreated flies of both sexes. Longevity increased with higher dosages of tepa until the chemosterilant acted as a toxicant. Females of these species sterilized by gamma rays lived longer than their untreated Counter-parts, but male longevity was not increased. The melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett, reacted conversely, in that when it was sterilized by either method, longevity was decreased. Radiation-sterilized or chemosterilized adults of all 3 species withstood food and water deprivation better to varying degrees than their untreated counterparts, when tested at ages associated with 50% natural mortality in populations. They also required more DDT or malathion to achieve comparable mortalities at the LD50 and LD95 levels than nonsterilized flies.
The ubiquitous and varied role of infection in the lives of animals and plants.

Abstract: Parasitic and symbiotic infections are major forces governing the life histories of plant and animal hosts—a fact that is ever more evident because of recent findings emanating from diverse subdisciplines of biology. Yet, infectious organisms have been relatively little investigated by biologists who study natural populations. Now that new molecular and computational tools allow us to differentiate and track microscopic infectious agents in nature, we are beginning to establish a better appreciation of their effects on larger, more familiar organisms. This special issue on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of infection for plants and animals is based on the annual Vice Presidential Symposium at the meeting of the American Society of Naturalists held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in the summer of 2001.
Cell-type specificity of iminunoglobulin gene expression is regulated by at least three DNA sequence elements

The regulation of cell-type specificity of immunoglobulin (lg) mu heavy chain (H) gene expression was examined by introducing various hybrid genes containing lg gene sequences combined with portions of a tissue-nonspecific transcription unit into lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. Replacing the lymphocyte-specific IgH enhancer with a viral enhancer did not affect tissue specificity of mu Ig gene expression. We identified two new regulatory regions that provide transcriptional tissue specificity. First, the V H promoter region between position -154 and +57 was shown to direct lymphocyte-specific transcription of a bacterial gpt gene, even in the presence of a viral enhancer. Second, mu intragenic sequences, lacking the IgH enhancer, were found to regulate the level of accumulated Ig transcripts in a tissue-specific fashion. These results demonstrate that tissue specificity of Ig gene expression is not solely regulated by the enhancer but that the promoter, and as yet undefined intragenic sequences, contain lymphoid-specific regulatory information.
Effect of parent coronary arterial occlusion on left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery.

In 62 men with open parent coronary arteries who underwent saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass to either the right or left anterior descending coronary artery, or both, left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion of the anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle were measured before and after (average 11 months) the operation. Of 34 left ventricular segments with open vein grafts and open parent coronary arteries, 91 percent were unaltered by the operation, none were in worse condition and 9 percent showed improved wall movement. Among 33 segments with open grafts but new total occlusion of the parent coronary arteries, 67 percent were unaltered, whereas the condition of 18 percent was worse and of 15 percent was improved. Among 21 segments with closed grafts but patent parent arteries, the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse; among 14 segments with occlusion of both grafts and parent arteries the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse. In 10 men with patency of all vein grafts and parent arteries, left ventricular ejection fraction was not altered (0.55 ± 0.03 to 0.53 ± 0.04 [average ± standard error of the mean]) and in 11 with all grafts open but all parent arteries occluded left ventricular ejection fraction was unchanged (0.51 ± 0.02 to 0.54 ± 0.03). Left ventricular ejection fraction was decreased in eight men with occlusion of all vein grafts whether or not occlusion of the parent coronary arteries had occurred. The results suggest that occlusion of the parent coronary arteries in the presence of a patent vein graft does not unfavorably alter left ventricular ejection fraction or segmental wall motion, whereas graft occlusion is associated with deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental motion whether or not the parent artery is also occluded.
Design and Fabrication of the Energy Generating Components for the Sustainable Shepherd’s Residence in Northeastern China

The Sustainable Shepherd’s Residence (SSR) is a novel, multi-year service learning project executed by students at the University of Tulsa in the Jilin Province of Northeastern China. The SSR is an effort to design and fabricate a dwelling that is manufacturable with local materials on a budget commensurate with local earnings. It utilizes modern sustainable energy methods to bring power to some of the 20 million rural Chinese who live without electricity in one of the world’s harshest climates. Wind power, passive solar heating, photovoltaic battery charging, and biogas technology are all incorporated into a structure that houses a single family and their associated livestock. After completing an assessment trip to the region to inventory health conditions, energy needs, and available materials, students designed a residence that provided greatly improved living conditions for the rural shepherd whilst accommodating the special security issues that remain a challenge in the region. On subsequent return trips, the students worked alongside local craftsmen to build the structure and the sustainable energy components and assemble them into a ‘green model home’. The SSR is currently occupied and visited frequently by farmers from neighboring villages who seek to improve their standard of living using the sustainable techniques on display. This paper focuses on the challenges associated with the fabrication of fairly well understood modern sustainable energy technologies in the face of cultural and materiel difficulties present in an international and rural setting. The competing forces at play include the lack of basic maintenance habits due to long-term absence of privatized machinery ownership and the desire for high-wattage electrical conveniences found in the larger cities. The practical engineering aspects of the design and testing of the SSR energy generating components are considered. Specific topics include the fabrication and modification of two different wind turbines, manufacture and operational testing of a biogas digester, and the design of an integrated residential greenhouse with an aquaponics system capable of year round production.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The effects of learning-by-doing on product innovation by a durable good monopolist

Abstract We analyze a durable good monopolist's decision to adopt a new and more efficient technology that is readily available at very low or zero adoption cost. After an initial period of learning-by-doing, the new technology makes the good more attractive to consumers. Anticipating a better product, consumers delay their current purchases which lowers today's profits, but increases future profits since the monopolist can charge a higher price for the high-quality good. We show that the effect on overall profit depends on variables such as the degree of innovation. For certain parameter values, the monopolist adopts the innovation even when it is not first best to do so. We also provide conditions under which the monopolist finds it optimal to continue using the inferior production technology even if the innovation is freely available. The latter result provides a possible rationale for a firm to hold on to a “sleeping patent” when its use is socially desirable.
Confrontational Dynamics of a GPCR Revealed by Single Molecule FRET

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) function as sensory, synaptic and hormone receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are dimeric class C GPCRs that mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity, and serve as drug targets for Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and autism. We developed an assay based on single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe the conformational dynamics of full length mammalian group II mGluRs. Our assay revealed the structural dynamics associated with the ligand binding and provided a dynamical basis for the efficacy of partial agonists or full agonists, as well as the modulation of activation by positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Finally, our work provides a general model for the activation process of mGluRs.
Eikonal expansion as the high-energy limit of the Born series

The Glauber version of the eikonal expansion in potential theory is shown to be the unique result of calculating the high-energy, fixed-momentum-transfer limit of the Born series. Correction terms are systematically calculated and agree with the form proposed by Wallace. These results are used to understand the fact that the Glauber eikonal is an accurate approximation to the exact scattering amplitude at all energies.
Desmoplastic and desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma: experience with 280 patients.

have extended our knowledge of this unusualsubtype of melanoma. However, the authors do not address thequestion of whether there is any difference in the biologic behavior ofdesmoplastic melanoma that arises within a “conventional” mela-noma, one with an atypical intraepidermal melanocytic component,and “de novo” desmoplastic melanoma, one in which there is little orno atypical intraepidermal melanocytic “precursor.” This classiﬁca-tion ﬁrst was proposed by Jain and Allen in 1989 but has received littleattention since.
E-Learner Characteristics and E-Learner Satisfaction: A Study of Taiwanese EFL University Students

The present study aimed at furthering the understanding of the potential effects of e-learner characteristics on e-learner satisfaction in an EFL context. Specifically, it examined the collective impact of computer anxiety, computer-mediated communication CMC apprehension, metacognitive self-regulation strategy use, mastery goal orientation, and performance goal orientation on EFL e-learner satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses revealed that not all university EFL students are satisfied with e-learning English courses; only students with high levels of metacognitive self-regulation strategy use, high levels of mastery goal orientation, and a low degree of CMC apprehension are satisfied with e-learning English courses. Results imply that on-line English instructors need to find ways to help students develop these characteristics.
Identification of volatile compounds from fungus‐infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in female Ectomyelois ceratoniae

Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the souice by mated female carob moths, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants,
How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth

ple answer: Entrepreneurs create new businesses, and new businesses in turn create jobs, intensify competition, and may even increase productivity through technological change. High measured levels of entrepreneurship will thus translate directly into high levels of economic growth. However, the reality is more complicated. If, by entrepreneurship, one allows inclusion of any type of informal self-employment, then high levels of entrepreneurship may actually mean either that there are substantial bureaucratic barriers to formally creating a new business, or simply that the economy is creating too few conventional wage-earning job opportunities. Under these circumstances, we might reasonably hypothesize that high levels of entrepreneurship would correlate with slow economic growth and lagging development. For the past two years I have been the chair of the research committee of a multi-country survey effort known as the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, which has begun to make headway in understanding how different types of entrepreneurship affect development. The starting point has been to distinguish “necessity entrepreneurship,” which is having to become an entrepreneur because you have no better option, from “opportunity entrepreneurship,” which is an active choice to start a new enterprise based on the perception that an unexploited or underexploited business opportunity exists. Analyzing data gathered by GEM researchers in 11 countries, Atilla Varga and I have found that effects on economic growth and development of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship vary greatly. We found that necessity entrepreneurship has no effect on economic development while opportunity entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect. After the fall of the Berlin Wall many uneconomical factories were closed in Central Europe as economies became integrated into the global economy. Those workers who had jobs in the plants and factories of the former socialist countries were productive members of society. However, as factories were closed one after another, many of these workers found themZoltan Acs