cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bionics Mechanism of Inter-Organizational Knowledge Transfer in Technology Alliances

Technology alliance provides organization with a good opportunity to acquire external knowledge,and the bionic method is an effective means to uncover the rule of inter-organizational knowledge transfer in technology alliances.Based on the biological properties of knowledge,a bionics mechanism model of inter-organizational knowledge transfer in technology alliances was constructed by seven biology fermentation elements including knowledge strains,knowledge body,knowledge enzyme,knowledge environment,knowledge technology,knowledge fermenting bar and new knowledge.Furthermore,its procedure of knowledge reconstruction and transmission from internal knowledge transferring and fermenting is deeply explored.The results indicate that cultivation of fermentation elements can guarantee the success of inter-organizational knowledge transfer in technology alliances.Finally,the rationality of bionics mechanism model is verified by the case of Chinese 3G technology alliances.
Clinical observation of some oral drugs in lessening side effects induced by intravenous Azithromycin

Objective To observe clinical effects of Vitamin B_6,Dioctahedral smectite and Anisodamine for prevention of side effects induced by intravenous Azithromycin.Methods One hundred and twenty children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A was administered intravenously with Azithromycin;group B was performed with combination of Azithromycin and Vitamin B_6;group C was conducted with combination of Azithromycin and Dioctahedral smectite and group D was performed with combination of Azithromycin and Anisodamine.Oral drug was taken after mixing with warm water 30 minutes before intravenous application of Azithromycin and course of treatment was 5 days.Results There were no obvious effects of Vitamin B_6 for side effects including nausea, vomiting,stomachache and diarrhea induced by Azithromycin(P0.05);Dioctahedral smectite and Anisodamine could all decrease incidence of nausea,vomiting,stomachache and diarrhea in patients(P0.05,P0.01);It was better of Anisodamine in decreasing nausea,vomiting and stomachache than Dioctahedral smectite(P0.05,P0.01) and Dioctahedral smectite was better in improving diarrhea than Anisodamine(P0.01).Conclusion Dioctahedral smectite and Anisodamine can all obviously lessen side effects induced by intravenous Azithromycin.
Types and main points of site inspections of drug clinical trial institutions in China

Before and after acquiring the qualifications,all drug clinical trial institutions should be received for various on-site inspections by different levels of supervisory departments.The inspections can be classified as five types as follows: the inspection of qualification-verification,the ordinary inspections,the qualification-review inspections,the inspection with special causes and the on-site inspection for drug registrations.When the institutions get the qualification to conduct the drug clinical trial,they should receive the late four type inspections.This article summarized the four types of on-site inspections.Even though all the inspections have the same contents,each type of the four inspections has its own main points for the different purposes.This article also explained the main points of the inspections corresponding to the different types in the process of drug clinical trials.
Thankful for the little things: A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions

A recent qualitative review by Wood, Froh, and Geraghty (2010) cast doubt on the efficacy of gratitude interventions, suggesting the need to carefully attend to the quality of comparison groups. Accordingly, in a series of meta-analyses, we evaluate the efficacy of gratitude interventions (ks = 4-18; Ns = 395-1,755) relative to a measurement-only control or an alternative-activity condition across 3 outcomes (i.e., gratitude, anxiety, psychological well-being). Gratitude interventions outperformed a measurement-only control on measures of psychological well-being (d = .31, 95% confidence interval [CI = .04, .58]; k = 5) but not gratitude (d = .20; 95% CI [-.04, .44]; k = 4). Gratitude interventions outperformed an alternative-activity condition on measures of gratitude (d = .46, 95% CI [.27, .64]; k = 15) and psychological well-being (d = .17, 95% CI [.09, .24]; k = 20) but not anxiety (d = .11, 95% CI [-.08, .31]; k = 5). More-detailed subdivision was possible on studies with outcomes assessing psychological well-being. Among these, gratitude interventions outperformed an activity-matched comparison (d = .14; 95% CI [.01, .27]; k = 18). Gratitude interventions performed as well as, but not better than, a psychologically active comparison (d = -.03, 95% CI [-.13, .07]; k = 9). On the basis of these findings, we summarize the current state of the literature and make suggestions for future applied research on gratitude. (PsycINFO Database Record
Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension complicating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a rationale grounded in basic science.

Sildenafil may be of benefit in IPF with out-of-proportion PH and could be a step toward effective multimodal therapy http://ow.ly/YYYap
A pilot study to measure dynamic elasticity of the bladder during urodynamics.

AIMS Previous studies using isolated strips of human detrusor muscle identified adjustable preload tension, a novel mechanism that acutely regulates detrusor wall tension. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a method to identify a correlate measure of adjustable preload tension during urodynamics. METHODS Patients reporting urgency most or all of the time based on ICIq-OAB survey scores were prospectively enrolled in an extended repeat fill-and-empty urodynamics study designed to identify a correlate of adjustable preload tension which we now call “dynamic elasticity.” Cystometric capacity was determined during initial fill. Repeat fills to defined percentages of capacity with passive emptying (via syringe aspiration) were performed to strain soften the bladder. A complete fill with active voiding was included to determine whether human bladder exhibits reversible strain softening. RESULTS Five patients completed the extended urodynamics study. Intravesical pressure (pves) decreased with subsequent fills and was significantly lower during Fill 3 compared to Fill 1 (P = 0.008), demonstrating strain softening. Active voiding after Fill 3 caused strain softening reversal, with pves in Fill 4 returning to the baseline measured during Fill 1 (P = 0.29). Dynamic elasticity, the urodynamic correlate of adjustable preload tension, was calculated as the amount of strain softening (or its reversal) per %capacity (Δaverage pves between fills/Δ%capacity). Dynamic elasticity was lost via repeat passive filling and emptying (strain softening) and regained after active voiding regulated the process (strain softening reversal). CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of dynamic elasticity in the human bladder could lead to both improved sub-typing and novel treatments of overactive bladder. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles and regulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the heart

Abstract Reversible protein phosphorylation is central to a variety of cardiac processes including excitation-contraction coupling, Ca 2 + handling, cell metabolism, myofilament regulation, and cell-cell communication. While kinase pathways linked with elevated adrenergic signaling have been a major focus for the cardiovascular field over the past half century, new findings support the critical role of protein phosphatases in both health and disease. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a central cardiac phosphatase that regulates diverse myocyte functions through a host of target molecules. Notably, multiple mechanisms have evolved to dynamically tune PP2A function, including modulation of the composition, phosphorylation, methylation, and localization of PP2A holoenzyme populations. Further, aberrations in this regulation of PP2A function may contribute to cardiac pathophysiology. In summary, PP2A is a critical regulatory molecule in both health and disease, with a myriad of targets in heart. Based on their unique structure, localization, and regulatory properties, PP2A subunits represent exciting therapeutic targets to modulate altered adrenergic signaling in cardiovascular disease.
New Mechanistic Explanation and the Need for Explanatory Constraints

This chapter critiques the new mechanistic explanatory program on grounds that, even when applied to the kinds of examples that it was originally designed to treat, it does not distinguish correct explanations from those that blunder. First, I offer a systematization of the explanatory account, one according to which explanations are mechanistic models that satisfy three desiderata: they must (1) represent causal relations, (2) describe the proper parts, and (3) depict the system at the right “level.” Second, I argue that even the most developed attempts to fulfill these desiderata fall short by failing to appropriately constrain explanatorily apt mechanistic models.
Floodlight quantum key distribution

We describe a quantum key distribution protocol that breaks the one-photon-per-bit barrier, is secure against the optimum collective Gaussian attack, and is capable of a 2Gbps secret-key rate over a 50 km fiber link.
Development of a Predictive Model Based on an Artificial Neural Network for the Semicircular Bend Test

One of the major distresses in asphalt pavements is fatigue cracking. To avoid premature cracking failure in the field, it is necessary to characterize an asphalt mixture’s fracture resistance in the laboratory before the mixture is produced and constructed. In 2014, Louisiana decided to implement the semicircular bend (SCB) test as part of a balanced mix design procedure. However, fabrication and testing of SCB specimens can take up to 7 days after the asphalt mixture has been successfully designed in accordance with specification criteria. This study developed a predictive model for the SCB that was based on an artificial neural network that used the volumetric properties of asphalt mixture. This predictive model can be used by practitioners during the mixture design process to estimate the critical value of the J-integral, or Jc. To formulate and validate the model, 31 asphalt mixtures representing a wide range of design and production practices were tested with the SCB test. Statistical analysis (Pear...
Cognitive function and depressive symptoms in patients with newly diagnosed primary brain tumors: A potential interactive relationship.

2095 Background: Primary Brain Tumor (PBT) and its treatment result in reduced cognitive function which significantly interferes with work, personal, and social activities. Depression is also a cli...
Reaction of hypotaurine or taurine with superoxide produces the organic peroxysulfonic acid peroxytaurine

Hypotaurine and taurine are amino acid derivatives and abundant molecules in many eukaryotes. The biological reaction in which hypotaurine is converted to taurine remains poorly understood. Here, hypotaurine and taurine were observed to react with superoxide anion in vitro to form the novel molecule peroxytaurine. In contrast, hypotaurine reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form taurine, but taurine does not react with hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Mass and NMR spectrometry as well as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy support the molecular characterization of peroxytaurine. Gravitometric and spectroscopy experiments suggest a stoichiometry of two superoxide anions reacting with one hypotaurine or two taurines. The newly identified molecule is a semi-stable, organic peroxysulfonic acid that may be an intermediate metabolite in taurine synthesis.
The Ethics of Military Privatization: The U.S. Armed Contractor Phenomenon, by Barnes, David M.: New York, NY: Routledge, 2016, 220 pp., $155.00 (hardback). ISBN: 9781472464439.

David M. Barnes examines the ethical implications of military privatization. He presents several arguments against the U.S. government hiring private security companies (PSCs) and writes if the gov...
Cancer immunogenomic approach to neoantigen discovery in a checkpoint blockade responsive murine model of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are an ideal immunotherapy target due to their high mutation burden and frequent infiltration with lymphocytes. Preclinical models to investigate targeted and combination therapies as well as defining biomarkers to guide treatment represent an important need in the field. Immunogenomics approaches have illuminated the role of mutation-derived tumor neoantigens as potential biomarkers of response to checkpoint blockade as well as representing therapeutic vaccines. Here, we aimed to define a platform for checkpoint and other immunotherapy studies using syngeneic HNSCC cell line models (MOC2 and MOC22), and evaluated the association between mutation burden, predicted neoantigen landscape, infiltrating T cell populations and responsiveness of tumors to anti-PD1 therapy. We defined dramatic hematopoietic cell transcriptomic alterations in the MOC22 anti-PD1 responsive model in both tumor and draining lymph nodes. Using a cancer immunogenomics pipeline and validation with ELISPOT and tetramer analysis, we identified the H-2Kb-restricted ICAM1P315L (mICAM1) as a neoantigen in MOC22. Finally, we demonstrated that mICAM1 vaccination was able to protect against MOC22 tumor development defining mICAM1 as a bona fide neoantigen. Together these data define a pre-clinical HNSCC model system that provides a foundation for future investigations into combination and novel therapeutics.
Physical Stability and Dissolution Behavior of Ketoconazole-Organic Acid Coamorphous Systems.

In an earlier investigation, coamorphous systems of ketoconazole (KTZ) prepared with each oxalic (OXA), tartaric (TAR), citric (CIT), and succinic (SUC) acid, revealed drug–acid ionic or hydrogen bonding interactions in the solid-state (Fung et al, Mol. Pharmaceutics, 2018, 15 (3), 1052–1061). We showed that the drug–acid interactions in KTZ–TAR were the strongest, followed by KTZ–OXA, KTZ–CIT, and KTZ–SUC. In this study, we investigated the crystallization propensity and dissolution behavior of the KTZ–acid coamorphous systems. When in contact with water (either as water vapor or as aqueous phosphate buffer), while KTZ–CIT and KTZ–TAR were physically stable and resisted crystallization, KTZ–SUC and KTZ–OXA crystallized more readily than KTZ alone. The dissolution performances of the coamorphous systems were compared using the area under the curve (AUC) obtained from the concentration–time profiles. KTZ–OXA exhibited the highest AUC, while it was about the same for KTZ–TAR and KTZ–CIT and the lowest for K...
The Relationship between Achievement Emotions, Appraisals of Control and Value, and Academic Success / Odnos emocija postignuća, procjena kontrole i vrijednosti te akademskog uspjeha

Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between appraisals of control and value with the positive and negative learning-related achievement emotions and academic success. The research was conducted with psychology and sociology students at the Catholic University of Croatia. The participants completed the Learning-Related Emotion Scales i.e. the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, Task Value Scale and Control of Learning Beliefs Scale from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and few questions about sociodemographic data including their academic success. The results showed that positive learning-related achievement emotions have a statistically significant positive correlation with academic success, while negative learning-achievement emotions have a statistically significant negative correlation with academic success. There was also correlation between other measured variables. The results were interpreted according to theoretical assumptions and practical implications of the importance of emotions in an academic setting were showed. Key words: academic success; learning-related achievement emotions; subjective control; subjective value; the control-value theory of achievement emotions. --- Sažetak Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio ispitati povezanost procjena kontrole i vrijednosti s pozitivnim i negativnim emocijama postignuca vezanim uz ucenje i akademski uspjeh. Provedeno je jednokratno korelacijsko istraživanje sa studentima psihologije i sociologije na Hrvatskom katolickom sveucilistu. Sudionici su ispunili Upitnik emocija postignuca, tocnije Ljestvice emocija povezanih s ucenjem, Ljestvicu vrijednosti zadatka i Ljestvicu vjerovanja o kontroli nad ucenjem iz Upitnika motivacijskih strategija ucenja, kao i upitnik opcih podataka s dodatnim pitanjem o akademskom uspjehu. Rezultati su pokazali kako su pozitivne emocije postignuca statisticki znacajno pozitivno povezane s akademskim uspjehom, a da su negativne emocije postignuca statisticki znacajno negativno povezane s akademskih uspjehom. Uz to je utvrđena povezanost između ostalih ispitivanih varijabli. Dobiveni rezultati interpretirani su u skladu s teorijskim postavkama i pokazuju prakticne implikacije o važnosti emocija u obrazovnom kontekstu. Kljucne rijeci: akademski uspjeh; emocije postignuca povezane s ucenjem; subjektivna kontrola, subjektivna vrijednost; teorija kontrole i vrijednosti emocija postignuca.
Energy and Substrate Requirements for Fetal and Placental Growth and Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy and substrate requirements for fetal and placental growth and metabolism. The substrate requirements of the fetus can be considered in two ways: (1) in terms of caloric requirements and (2) in terms of the total carbon and nitrogen requirements. These requirements, whether expressed calorically or in terms of the elemental building blocks, are defined by the fuel and growth requirements of the organism. The chapter presents calculations of fetal caloric requirements for man and sheep. Because the weight-specific metabolic rate of adults in different species follows the three-fourths' power of body weight, it is clear that the conceptus would represent a tissue mass of lower oxygen consumption than the rest of the mother in small mammals and an equal or higher oxygen consumption in the larger mammals.
Models as Parts of Distributed Cognitive Systems

Recent work on the role of models in science has revealed a great many kinds of models performing many different roles. In this paper I suggest that one can find much unity among all this diversity by thinking of many models as being components of distributed cognitive systems. I begin by distinguishing the relevant notion of a distributed cognitive system and then give examples of different kinds of models that can be thought of as functioning as components of such systems. These include both physical and abstract models. After considering several objections, I conclude by locating distributed cognition within larger movements in contemporary cognitive science.
Benign Orbital Tumors

Benign orbital tumors represent a broad spectrum of tumors. In addition, orbital inflammation and infection may clinically simulate an orbital neoplasm. In a recent survey of 1,264 consecutive patients with suspected orbital tumor referred to an ophthalmic oncology center, 64 % of the lesions were benign.
Moisture movement and heat flow in reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a finite difference model that is used for numerical prediction of hygro-thermal behavior in reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire. Multidimensional simulations can be performed under two different fire conditions—ASTM E119 and ASTM E1529. The spalling of intensively heated concrete elements is associated with the build-up of large pore pressures combined with the development of steep temperature gradients in concrete structural elements. Steel reinforcement can substantially influence both the moisture movement and temperature distribution in reinforced concrete (R/C) elements. In modeling simultaneous flow of heat and fluids through concrete—the effects of moisture movement on key flow parameters, such as permeability and conductivity, are included. Thermal conductivity within concrete can be modeled as a function of degree of saturation during the transient hygrothermal process. T0UGH2 is an excellent tool for the numerical analysis of continuum phenomena of mass and heat transfer in concrete.
Packaging of Miniature Diode Assemblies

Most electronic assemblies are fabricated by connecting discrete packaged components in the desired circuit and then packaging by potting in plastic. Transfer-molding techniques, along with semiconductor surface passivation techniques, have been developed that eliminate the redundancy of this repackaging of hermetically sealed semiconductor packages. This approach has been used to produce a family of miniature diode assemblies. Easier assembly and smaller size, as well as lower costs, have been achieved.
Nondimensional analysis of wind noise and atmospheric surface-layer properties

Wind noise is a prominent limitation to the signal to noise ratio of acoustic sensors. Realistic expectations of signal detectability can be generated by predicting the noise floor prior to a sensor deployment; however, a relationship must be established between the wind noise measured by a sensor and atmospheric surface-layer properties. Under conditions of horizontal homogeneity and quasi-steadiness, Monin-Obukhov similarity theory relates friction velocity, temperature scale, and roughness length to the near-surface profiles of mean wind speed and turbulent intensity, which in turn are known to govern wind noise. It is expected that the ratio of one-third octave band root-mean-square sound pressure to the turbulent flux of momentum, Strouhal number, and dimensionless elevation have a nondimensional relationship that collapses wind noise data as a function of Monin-Obukhov parameters. In order to establish such a relationship, we analyze a dataset of wind noise recorded in Spring 2018 within the Army Research Laboratory’s Meteorological Sensing Array on the Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico. This dataset consists of continuous recordings of ambient noise at several sites on audio microphones up to 20 m above ground level, co-located with a suite of high-fidelity meteorological instruments, including sonic anemometers.
Use of Cardiac Troponin Testing in the Outpatient Setting.

Objectives Cardiac troponin (cTn) measurement is useful for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI), particularly in the inpatient setting. A growing body of literature suggests that cTn may be useful for evaluating chronic conditions in the outpatient environment; however, little is known regarding cTn ordering patterns in this setting. We sought to investigate patterns of care and outcomes for patients evaluated with cTn in the outpatient setting. We hypothesized that a majority of outpatient cTn orders would be for the purpose of diagnosing possible MI. Methods We analyzed 228 patients who had outpatient orders for standard-sensitivity troponin T assays placed at our institution between January 1, 2013 and December 18, 2015. Data were divided into two cohorts based on the intended utility of cTn measurement: orders placed to evaluate for possible MI versus orders placed for some other purpose. Results Of the 228 patients, 161 were evaluated for possible MI and 67 for other reasons. Risk factors (hypertension P = 0.32, diabetes mellitus P = 0.41, coronary disease P = 0.38, heart failure P = 0.098, and chronic kidney disease P = 0.70) were similar between the cohorts. In the suspected MI cohort, an electrocardiogram was obtained in only 77% of patients, and only 13.1% were sent to the emergency department (ED) for further evaluation. Within the suspected MI cohort, 10.5% (n = 17) had elevated cTn and the majority of these patients (n = 10) were not sent to the ED. Conclusions The majority of outpatient cTn orders were intended to evaluate for MI, although electrocardiograms were frequently not ordered and few patients were sent for further ED evaluation. Providers should be encouraged to use cTn testing in a manner that minimizes the potential risk to patients with possible MI.
Coevolution of Resistance to PPO Inhibitors in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

The first case of evolved protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor resistance was observed in 2001 in common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. rudis (Sauer) Costea and Tardif]. This resistance in A. tuberculatus is most commonly conferred by deletion of the amino acid glycine at the 210th position (ΔGly-210) of the PPO enzyme (PPO2) encoded by PPX2. In a field in Kentucky in 2015, inadequate control of Amaranthus plants was observed following application of a PPO inhibitor. Morphological observations indicated that survivors included both A. tuberculatus and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson). Research was conducted to confirm species identities and resistance and then to determine whether resistance evolved independently in the two species or via hybridization. Results from a quantitative PCR assay based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer confirmed that both A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri coexisted in the field. The mutation conferring ΔGly-210 in PPO2 was identified in both species; phylogenetic analysis of a region of PPX2, however, indicated that the mutation evolved independently in the two species. Genotyping of greenhouse-grown plants that survived lactofen indicated that all A. tuberculatus survivors, but only a third of A. palmeri survivors, contained the ΔGly-210 mutation. Consequently, A. palmeri plants were evaluated for the presence of an arginine to glycine or methionine substitution at position 128 of PPO2 (Arg-128-Gly and Arg-128-Met). The Arg-128-Gly substitution was found to account for resistance that was not accounted for by the ΔGly-210 mutation in plants from the A. palmeri population. Results from this study provide a modern-day example of both parallel and convergent evolution occurring within a single field.
Using the DMAIC Process to Examine Variability in Extubation Practices in Different Intensive Care Units Relating to Management Teams

Background: In our intensive care units (ICU) there was a perception of a between a successful spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and the time to which the patient is extubated. An SBT is used to predict a mechanically ventilated patient9s ability to breathe on their own and is our standard of care for assessment in the process of extubation. Evidence suggests using a protocol to assess a patient9s readiness for extubation. In our ICUs, a Ventilator Liberation Guideline (VLG) was used daily to assess the patient9s readiness for extubation. SBT practices were reviewed in three Medical ICUs (MICU) and two Surgical ICUs (SICU), primarily managed by either Advanced Practice Practitioners (APP) or Medical Resident (MR) during the first phase of the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) process. The goal of the study was to examine variability in SBT practices across different ICU management teams. Methods: SBT practices from 12/1/17 - 4/30/18 were reviewed. Data points included start time of ventilation, time of successful SBT, time of extubation order entry, and time of extubation. Inclusion criteria were patients with the following characteristics: orally intubated, charted successful SBT, extubation order entry, and charted extubation time. A total of 487 intubations were examined. Patients were excluded if inclusion criteria were not met, the patient self-extubated, care was withdrawn, or if the patient had a tracheostomy. Data was entered into SPSS 24.0 and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey9s post-hoc analysis. Results: Table 1 below lists each unit9s mean times for each process in the extubation process. The greatest mean difference was from a successful SBT to order entry. The results of the ANOVA indicate differences within the units for each of the measurements. Tukey9s post-hoc analysis indicated that the MICU and SICU unit9s mean time differences for all measured time points were statistically significant (P Conclusions: The DMAIC process is used for operational improvement, identifying root causes, and proposing solutions. Variability in practices suggests room for improvement in the extubation process and investigating causal factors for length of time from a successful SBT to order entry. Disclosures: None.
Die „Reichweite“ eines Vertrages mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter – dargestellt anhand von OGH 6 Ob 163/18s, 4 Ob 13/19v und 5 Ob 82/19y

Der gegenstandliche Besprechungsaufsatz untersucht anhand von drei aktuellen Entscheidungen die „Reichweite“ eines Vertrages mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter, vor allem in personlicher und raumlicher Hinsicht. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass primares Abgrenzungsmerkmal in diesem Zusammenhang der jeweilige Vertragszweck sein muss; dieser Beurteilung wurde im Rahmen der bisherigen hochstgerichtlichen Judikatur nicht immer die notwendige Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Abzugrenzen ist der Vertrag mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter von der vor- und nachvertraglichen Haftung aus eigenem Vertrag, wobei sich diese Differenzierung auch im Zusammenhang mit Einkaufszentren zeigt. Richtiger Ansprechpartner ist auch hier primar der jeweilige Geschaftsinhaber – als unmittelbarer Vertragspartner des Kunden – und nicht der Einkaufszentrumsbetreiber.
Subthreshold Voltage Analysis Demonstrates Neuronal Cell-Surface Sialic Acids Modulate Excitability and Network Integration

All neurons are covered in a thick layer of carbohydrates called glycans. Glycans are modified during neurological processes and are thought to play a role in neuronal communication. We develop a voltage imaging platform for analyzing functional connectivity changes using simultaneous voltage recordings in small populations of neurons. We validate this platform using a culture model of development as well as with several pharmacological interventions. Using this platform, we show that ablation of SNA-binding glycans results in loss of functional connectivity in mouse hippocampal neurons, while ablation of MAL II-binding glycans minimally perturbs functional connectivity. Altogether, our data reveal that subpopulations of glycans play different roles in maintenance of electrophysiology and provide a platform for modeling changes in functional connectivity with simultaneous voltage recordings.
Overall Agreement for Multiple Raters with Replicated Measurements

Multiple raters are often needed to be used interchangeably in practice for measurement or evaluation. Assessing agreement among these multiple raters via agreement indices are necessary before their participation. While the intuitively appealing agreement indices such as coverage probability and total deviation index, and relative area under coverage probability curve, have been extended for assessing overall agreement among multiple raters, these extensions have limitations. The existing overall agreement indices either require normality and homogeneity assumptions or did not preserve the intuitive interpretation of the indices originally defined for two raters. In this paper, we propose a new set of overall agreement indices based on maximum pairwise differences among all raters. The proposed new overall coverage probability, overall total deviation index and relative area under overall coverage probability curve retain the original intuitive interpretation from the pairwise version. Without making any distributional assumption, we also propose a new unified nonparametric estimation and inference approach for the overall indices based on generalized estimating equations that can accommodate replications made by the same rater. Under mild assumptions, the proposed variance estimator is shown to achieve efficiency bound under independent working correlation matrix. Simulation studies under different scenarios are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed estimation and inference approach with and without replications. We illustrate the methodology by using a blood pressure data with three raters who made three replications on each subjects.
10.4.1 Architected Agile Solutions for Software‐Reliant Systems

Systems are becoming increasingly reliant on software due to needs for rapid fielding of “70%” capabilities, interoperability, net-centricity, and rapid adaptation to change. The latter need has led to increased interest in agile methods of software development, in which teams rely on shared tacit interpersonal knowledge rather than explicit documented knowledge. However, such capabilities often need to be scaled up to higher level of performance and assurance, requiring stronger architectural support. Several organizations have recently transformed themselves by developing successful combinations of agility and architecture that scale up to projects of up to 100 personnel. This paper identifies a set of key principles for such architected agile solutions for software-reliant systems, and illustrates them with several case studies.
Números naturales: distintas metodologías que convergen en el análisis de su naturaleza y de cómo los entendemos

Jose Ferreiros y Abel Lasalle Casanave (coordinadores), El arbol de los numeros: cognicion, logica y practica matematica, Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 2015, 256 pp.
Do Caregiving Factors Affect Hospitalization Risk Among Disabled Older Adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hospitalization is common among older adults with disability, many of whom receive help from a caregiver and have dementia. Our objective was to evaluate the association between caregiver factors and risk of hospitalization and whether associations differ by dementia status. DESIGN Longitudinal observational study. SETTING The 1999 and 2004 National Long‐Term Care Survey and the 2011 and 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study, linked caregiver surveys, and Medicare claims. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2,589 community‐living Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries, aged 65 years or older (mean age = 79 years; 63% women; 31% with dementia), with self‐care or mobility disability and their primary family or unpaid caregiver. MEASUREMENTS Self‐reported characteristics of older adults and their caregivers were assessed from older adult and caregiver survey interviews. Older adult hospitalization over the subsequent 12 months was identified in Medicare claims. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for older adult characteristics and were stratified by dementia status. RESULTS In this nationally representative cohort, 38% of older adults with disabilities were hospitalized over 12 months following interview. Increased hospitalization risk was associated with having a primary caregiver who helped with healthcare tasks (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–1.40), reported physical strain (aHR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.04–1.42), and provided more than 40 hours of care weekly (aHR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.04–1.54 vs ≤20 hours). Having a caregiver who had helped for 4 years or longer (vs <1 year) was associated with 38% lower risk of hospitalization (aHR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.49–0.79). Older adults with and without dementia had similar rates of hospitalization (39.5% vs 37.3%; P = .4), and caregiving factors were similarly associated with hospitalization regardless of older adults' dementia status. CONCLUSION Select caregiving characteristics are associated with hospitalization risk among older adults with disability. Hospitalization risk reduction strategies may benefit from understanding and addressing caregiving circumstances.
Urinary arsenic and heart disease mortality in NHANES 2003-2014.

Abstract Background Evidence evaluating the prospective association between low-to moderate-inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure and cardiovascular disease in the general US population is limited. We evaluated the association between urinary arsenic concentrations in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2014 and heart disease mortality linked from the National Death Index through 2015. Methods We modeled iAs exposure as urinary total arsenic and dimethylarsinate among participants with low seafood intake, based on low arsenobetaine levels (N = 4990). We estimated multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for heart disease mortality per interquartile range (IQR) increase in urinary arsenic levels using survey-weighted, Cox proportional hazards models, and evaluated flexible dose-response analyses using restricted quadratic spline models. We updated a previously published relative risk of coronary heart disease mortality from a dose-response meta-analysis per a doubling of water iAs (e.g., from 10 to 20 μg/L) with our results from NHANES 2003–2014, assuming all iAs exposure came from drinking water. Results A total of 77 fatal heart disease events occurred (median follow-up time 75 months). The adjusted HRs (95% CI) of heart disease mortality for an increase in urinary total arsenic and DMA corresponding to the interquartile range were 1.20 (0.83, 1.74) and 1.18 (0.68, 2.05), respectively. Restricted quadratic splines indicate a significant association between increasing urinary total arsenic and the HR of fatal heart disease for all participants at the lowest exposure levels Conclusions Despite a small number of events, relatively short follow-up time, and high analytical limits of detection for urinary arsenic species, iAs exposure at low-to moderate-levels is consistent with increased heart disease mortality in NHANES 2003–2014 although the associations were only significant in flexible dose-response models.
Prehospital and Emergency Department Management of TBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Prehospital and emergency management of TBI is highly variable and limited by the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic tools and expertise in this environment. TBI outcomes are predicted by a combination of factors including primary and secondary injury characteristics and rapid access to treatment. Prehospital and emergency providers can reduce the burden of disease through resuscitation from concomitant polytrauma, mitigation of secondary injury, and expediting access to definitive care. Rapid assessment using the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and pupillary exam informs triage and access to appropriate care by directing patients to trauma centers with neurosurgical resources. Secondary injury in TBI is largely due to exposure to hypotension, hypoxia, and hypercarbia, which can be treated by judicious fluid administration, airway management, and capnography-directed ventilation. Additional interventions, such as raising the head, spinal motion restriction, and prevention of hypothermia, may also reduce injury. Serial evaluation of vital signs and mental status may identify patients in need of seizure management, treatment for elevated intracranial pressure, or emergent surgical intervention.
A Spotlight on Sunscreen Regulation

In recent months, the FDA has declined to permit use of eight new sunscreen ingredients (that are already in use in Europe) without additional data. The controversy says as much about how the agency works as it does about sunscreen regulation.
Interferon-γ–induced apoptotic responses of Fanconi anemia group C hematopoietic progenitor cells involve caspase 8–dependent activation of caspase 3 family members

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) from mice nullizygous at the Fanconi anemia (FA) group C locus and children with Fanconi anemia group C (FA-C) are hypersensitive to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This hypersensitivity results, in part, from the capacity of these cytokines to prime the fas pathway. Because fas-mediated programmed cell death in many cells involves sequential activation of specific caspases, we tested the hypothesis that programmed cell death in FA HPC involves the ordered activation of specific caspase molecules. Lysates from lymphoblasts treated with both agonistic anti-fas antibody and IFN-gamma contained activated caspase 3 family members (caspases 3, 6, and 7), as well as caspase 8, whereas activation of caspases 1, 2, 4, 9, and 10 was not detected. The apoptotic effects of fas agonists in IFN-gamma-treated human and murine FA-C cells were blocked when pretreated with inhibitors (ac-DEVD-cho, CP-DEVD-cho, Z-DEVD-FMK) of the caspase 3 protease. Inhibitors (ac-YVAD-cho, CP-YVAD-cho, Z-YVAD-FMK) of caspase 1 did not block apoptosis or caspase 3 activation. Treatment of FA cells with the fluoromethyl ketone tetrapeptide caspase 8 inhibitor (ac-IETD-FMK) did suppress caspase 3 activation. A 4-fold greater fraction of IFN-induced FA-C cells expressed caspase 3 than FA-C cells complemented by retroviral-mediated transfer of FANCC. Therefore fas-induced apoptosis in Fanconi anemia cells of the C type involves the activation of caspase 8, which controls activation of caspase 3 family members and one direct or indirect function of the FANCC protein is to suppress apoptotic responses to IFN-gamma upstream of caspase 3 activation. (Blood. 2000;96:4204-4211)
Abstract T MP74: The Diagnosis, Etiologic Classification, and Safe Discharge of Ischemic Strokes with Transient Symptoms from an Emergency Department Observation Unit

Background: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) who have imaging evidence of infarction portend a high risk of short-term recurrent stroke. Emergency Department Observation Units (EDOU) offer an alternative to hospital admission and are becoming increasingly utilized for acute cerebrovascular emergencies. Hypothesis: We sought to determine whether an EDOU protocol emphasizing etiologic determination and individualized secondary prevention could be a safe alternative to hospital admission for suspected TIA patients with and without brain infarction. Methods: We prospectively studied 189 patients admitted to the TIA EDOU of a single tertiary care academic medical center. There was no ABCD2 cutoff for eligibility and exclusion criteria included persistent deficits or another diagnosis warranting hospitalization. Patients underwent DW-MRI/MRA of the head and neck unless contraindicated, transthoracic echocardiogram and bedside neurologist evaluation. Etiologic subtyping was d...
Dynamic Nucleation of Golgi Apparatus Assembly from the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Interphase HeLa Cells

Models of Golgi apparatus biogenesis and maintenance are focused on two possibilities: one is self-assembly from the endoplasmic reticulum, and the other is nucleation by a stable template. Here, we asked in three different experimental situations whether assembly of the Golgi apparatus might be dynamically nucleated. During microtubule depolymerization, the integral membrane protein p27 and the peripheral Golgi protein GM130, appeared in newly formed, scattered Golgi elements before three different Golgi apparatus cisternal enzymes, whereas GRASP55, a medial peripheral Golgi protein, showed, if anything, a tendency to accumulate in scattered Golgi elements later than a cisternal enzyme. During Golgi formation after brefeldin A washout, endoplasmic reticulum exit of Golgi resident enzymes could be completely separated from that of p27 and GM130. p27 and GM130 accumulation was onto newly organized perinuclear structures, not brefeldin A remnants, and preceded that of a cisternal enzyme. Reassembly was completely sensitive to guanosine 5'-diphosphate-restricted Sar1p. When cells were microinjected with Sar1pWT DNA to reverse a guanosine 5'-diphosphate-restricted Sar1p endoplasmic reticulum-exit block phenotype, GM130 and p27 collected perinuclearly with little to no exit of a cisternal enzyme from the endoplasmic reticulum. The overall data strongly indicate that the assembly of the Golgi apparatus can be nucleated dynamically by GM130/p27 associated structures. We define dynamic nucleation as the first step in a staged organelle assembly process in which new component association forms a microscopically visible structure onto which other components add later, e.g. Golgi cisternae.
Validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees

Aims In the United States, transportation employees who are suspected of using alcohol and drugs are subject to reasonable-cause testing. This study aims to assess the validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees. Methods Using reasonable-cause testing and random testing data from the Federal Aviation Administration for the years 1995-2005, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of suspected alcohol and drug violations. The true status of violations was based on testing results, with an alcohol violation being defined as a blood alcohol concentration of >/=0.04 mg/dl and a drug violation as a test positive for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine or opiates. Results During the 11-year study period, a total of 2284 alcohol tests and 2015 drug tests were performed under the reasonable-cause testing program. The PPV was 37.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 35.7-39.7%] for suspected alcohol violations and 12.6% (95% CI, 11.2-14.1%) for suspected drug violations. Random testing revealed an overall prevalence of 0.09% for alcohol violations and 0.6% for drug violations. The LR+ was 653.6 (95% CI, 581.7-734.3) for suspected alcohol violations and 22.5 (95% CI, 19.6-25.7) for suspected drug violations. Conclusion The discriminative power of reasonable-cause testing suggests that, despite its limited positive predictive value, physical and behavioral observation represents an efficient screening method for detecting alcohol and drug violations. The limited positive predictive value of reasonable-cause testing in aviation employees is due in part to the very low prevalence of alcohol and drug violations. Language: en
Towards an Anti-Japanese Territorial Front? Russia and the Senkaku/Diaoyu Dispute

This article examines Russia's position on the Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute. It focuses particularly on the claim that Russia and China are forming an anti-Japanese territorial front. Looking closely at official statements and actions, as well as Russian-language media and scholarship, it finds that Russia, while retaining a position of formal neutrality, clearly considers China's claims more favourably. While this could be seen to have alarming implications by arraying China and Russia on one side against Japan and the USA on the other, the article also finds that Russia's support is not without qualifications and that its place in the conflict is not yet entrenched.
Do team-specific revenues matter in baseball's arbitration system?

According to baseball’s collective bargaining agreement, arbitrators may not consider team finances when rendering a decision. The author develops two theories to examine the setting of final offers. In the first theory, final offers are simply functions of the arbitral criteria and are, therefore, not a function of the revenue-generating capability of the team. In the second theory, the author argues that teams may trade some talented and, thus, high-priced arbitrationeligible players, resulting in an implicit premium embedded in the final offers. The empirical analysis suggests that there are no such premiums embedded in the final offers.
(–)-α-Isosparteine from Lupinus argenteus var. Stenophyllus

Combined GLC–mass spectrometry revealed that an unidentified sparteine isomer was the major component of an alkaloid extract of the aboveground portions of Lupinus argenteus Pursh. var. stenophyllus (Rydb.) Davis (Leguminosae). After isolation, this alkaloid was characterized as the least common of the known sparteine isomers, (–)-α-isosparteine. A preliminary pharmacological study showed (–)-α-isosparteine to have a more rapid onset and a shorter duration of action when compared with (–)-sparteine on rat myocardium.