cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Rat Liver Glycogen Synthetase: REVERSIBLE IN ACTIVATION OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE D BY SULFHYDRYL-DISULFIDE EXCHANGE

Abstract Rat liver glycogen synthetase D is strongly inactivated by a variety of natural disulfides but not by the corresponding sulfhydryl compounds. Oxidized glutathione was used as a model compound in studies on the mechanism of inactivation. Inactivation by oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is a time- and concentration-dependent process and results in the formation of an inactive, stable enzyme species. Inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by incubation in the presence of various sulfhydryl compounds including glutathione (GSH). The extent of inactivation and reactivation depends upon the presence of glucose-6-P during the two processes. Binding studies with [35S]GSSG revealed simultaneous incorporation of 35S into glycogen synthetase D and loss of enzyme activity. Reactivation with GSH was accompanied by the release of 35S label from the enzyme. Inactivation of glycogen synthetase is the result of the formation of mixed disulfides between GSSG and the sulfhydryl group(s) of glycogen synthetase D.
Organization and function of a dioxin-responsive enhancer

The dioxin-responsive enhancer upstream of the CYP1A1 gene contains four copies of the recognition motif for the liganded Ah receptor. The results of deletion analyses, linker-scanning analyses, and the analysis of individual enhancer subdomains reveal that each copy of the motif contributes to the response of the enhancer to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. In the context of the dioxin-responsive enhancer, a GC box, representing the DNA binding site for Sp1 (or a related transcription factor), has no detectable intrinsic activity but enhances gene expression when linked to a recognition motif for the liganded Ah receptor, thereby producing a synergistic effect on enhancer function.
Elementary education student attitudes to teaching mathematics1

Abstract This research study compares the attitudes toward teaching mathematics of elementary education students using the 22-item Likert-type Mathematics Teaching Attitude Questionnaire (Nisbet, 1991). Data were collected from 153 freshman students majoring in elementary education (133 women and 20 men) whose ages ranged between 18 and 37 years (M = 19.5 yr., SD = 2.1) and from 144 senior elementary education student teachers (128 women, 16 men) whose ages ranged between 21 and 52 years (M = 22.8 yr., SD = 4.6). The freshman students majoring in elementary education were in the first or second semester of their undergraduate degree program and were planning to join the elementary teacher education program; whereas, the senior elementary education student teachers were in the final semester of their elementary teacher education program. Analyses of the responses to the questionnaire by the freshman students majoring in elementary education and the senior elementary education student teachers were carried ...
Back to Basic: Managing Supply Chains Collaboration by Continual Improvement in Over-The-Net Operation Meeting

In the last two decades, enterprise solutions like Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERP), Supply Chain Analytics system (SCA), Manufacturing Execution System (MES), and e-Service have been greatly improving the productivity and operational efficiency in manufacturing. However, a new survey found that, when it comes to the integration of enterprise solutions across the boundaries of enterprises such as the case of supply chain collaboration to support e-Manufacturing, the successful rate of such implementation is extremely low. This paper argues that, while the million-dollar, fancy enterprise solution such as SCA and other e-Manufacturing supporting systems may gain success within an enterprise, it may not be extendable to external organizations due to the complexity of implementation involving different business processes and workflows, different systems and different culture of people. The recommended solution to this problem is to focus on the nature of the integrated business process and workflow instead of fancy software solution. We need to come back to the basics, the nature of the business. A newly created Operation-Over-The-Net (OOTN) architecture, which is a multi-dimensional gateway transmitting events therefore actions along the supply chain horizon and from end-customer directly, is introduced in this paper as a back-to-basic Operation Management (OM) tool. It is demonstrated that a highly effective Operation Meeting Solution (OMS) can easily extend internal OM to manage supply chain collaboration. The solution has been proven by a million-wafer global supply network in semiconductor industry since 2000.
The impact of frequent social Internet consumption: Increased procrastination and lower life satisfaction

Organizations are frequently turning to social Internet applications in an effort to form bonds with consumers. However, little research has addressed the impact of social Internet consumption on the individual. Two studies of regular social Internet consumers (i.e., users of Facebook and socially connected online games) examined the effects of prompted usage reduction or cessation upon participants. In both studies, participants benefitted on average during the reduction/cessation period, reporting increased life satisfaction and decreased procrastination. The Facebooker versus gamer factor had remarkably few effects (i.e., results generalized across these two groups). Implications are discussed for both consumers and organizations involved in social Internet activities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal selection of robust parameter designs when some of the control-by-noise interactions are important

In robust parameter design, both control factors and noise factors are studied, and the objective is to choose the settings of control factors that are insensitive to the noise factors. Information concerning control-by-noise interactions is particularly useful for achieving this objective. In this paper, we propose and study a method for selecting the optimal robust parameter designs when some of the control-by-noise interactions are important. We then discuss how to search for the best designs according to this method and present some results for designs of 8 and 16 runs.
Optimal Upper and Lower Bounds for Boolean Expressions by Dissociation

This paper develops upper and lower bounds for the probability of Boolean expressions by treating multiple occurrences of variables as independent and assigning them new individual probabilities. Our technique generalizes and extends the underlying idea of a number of recent approaches which are varyingly called node splitting, variable renaming, variable splitting, or dissociation for probabilistic databases. We prove that the probabilities we assign to new variables are the best possible in some sense.
Single-scan polarization-resolved heterodyne optical network analyzer

The novel technique presented here is able to accomplish in one scan what ordinarily requires the use of several measurement setups. With one scan, reflectivity transmissivity, group delay, chromatic dispersion, polarisation mode dispersion, and polarisation dependent loss can all be determined. The interferometric nature of the measurement enables the excellent dynamic range and wavelength resolution. The greater than 50 dB dynamic range exceeds the dynamic range available in many other measurement techniques, such as the modulation phase shift method.
Global terrorism: deterrence versus pre‐emption

This paper analyses two anti-terrorism policies when a targeted nation's people and property are in jeopardy at home and abroad. A country's deterrence decision involves both external benefits and costs as the terrorist threat is deflected, while its preemption decision typically gives external benefits when the threat is reduced for all potential targets. With damages limited to home interests, a country will overdeter, while, for globalized terror, a country will underdeter. Pre-emption is usually undersupplied. Leader-follower behaviour is apt to lessen inefficiency for deterrence, but worsen inefficiency for pre-emption, compared with simultaneous-choice equilibrium allocations. Targeted nations can never achieve the proper counterterrorism policy through leadership. Ce memoire analyse deux politiques anti-terrorisme quand la population et la propriete des nations visees sont en danger tant au pays qu'a l'etranger. La decision de dissuasion d'un pays entraine des avantages et des couts externes a proportion que la menace terroriste est evitee, alors que la decision de preemption produit typiquement des avantages externes quand la menace est reduite pour toutes les cibles potentielles. Dans le cas de dommages limites aux cibles dans le pays, un pays va etre portea sur-dissuader; alors que dans le cas de terreur globalisee, un pays va etre portea sous-dissuader. La preemption est generalement sous-offerte. Le comportement leader-suiveur est susceptible de reduire l'inefficacite de la dissuasion, mais d'empirer l'inefficacite de la preemption, par rapport a ce qui se passe quand les choix sont simultanes. Les nations visees ne peuvent jamais en arriver a la politique d'anti-terrorisme appropriee par la voie du leadership.
Metal binding properties of poly[N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine methacrylate]

When incorporated into a polymer hydrogel, the metal chelator, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (THPED), retains its metal binding properties. The resultant poly(THPED methacrylate) homopolymer is a polybase with displacement binding constants for copper (II) and zinc(II) of-3.11 and-6.55, respectively, as compared to values for THPED of-3.83 and-7.44. The chelating capacity of the polymer for various divalent metal ions at pH 5.5 follows the order Cu>Cd>Co>Zn>Mn, while calcium and magnesium do not bind. Metal ion release curves indicate that after 30 hours, Cd(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) are released at a slow, steady rate, while Cu(II) is not released under experimental conditions.
Contributions of social capital theory in predicting rural community inshopping behavior

Abstract The social environment in which the retailer conducts business is not often measured for its fundamental influences on consumers’ local purchasing behavior. This study, using social capital theory as a theoretical framework, examines whether reciprocal actions exist between community members as consumers and retailers and if these actions are persuasive in predicting the economic activity regarded as consumer inshopping. Determinants of inshopping behavior are analyzed from the community member’s perspective in a study of the rural community marketplace. The sample population consisted of consumers living in two rural Iowa communities with populations less than 10,000, agricultural-based economies, and retail mixtures of locally owned and operated small-sized businesses as well as national chain and discount organizations. Structural equation modeling estimated the causal patterns among consumers’ attachment to community with two endogenous variables regarding reciprocity and inshopping behavior. Findings offer supporting evidence that social relationships aid in predicting rural marketplace relationships.
Hydration of fly ash-portland cements

Abstract Hydration products of fly ash-portland cements were studied with x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as part of a continuing research effort to understand the pozzolanic activity of fly ashes. It was found that the amount of calcium hydroxide crystals in the cement pastes is diminished due to the addition of fly ash to the cement. Ettringite was produced in the early age, and the consumption of sulfate by the formation of ettringite was accelerated by the addition of fly ash. A partial conversion of ettringite to monosulfate within the first 7 days of hydration in the fly ash-portland cement pastes, but the formation of ettringite continued to form up to at least 28 days of hydration in the pastes without fly ash. Examination of the fly ash bearing pastes showed, in all cases, varying amounts of calcium hydroxide and unreacted portland cement, with minor quartz and gehlenite hydrate. It appears that hydration reactions actually occur in the fly ash cement pastes more or less on a particle-by-particle basis.
Effect of arginine on insulin release in vitro

Abstract The effect of arginine on insulin release was studied by observing the effect of glucose and arginine, both singly and together, on the release of immuno insulin from pieces of rabbit pancreas incubated in bicarbonate buffer. Arginine alone (1.0–3.0 mg./ml.) failed to stimulate insulin release above control levels, whereas the same pancreas when subsequently exposed to a glucose concentration of 3.0 or 3.5 mg./ml. showed a convincing response. When ariginine was tested in buffer fortified with 1.5 mg./ml. glucose, it significantly enhanced insulin release. These data suggest that arginine influences insulin release by enhancing the stimulatory effect of the glucose metabolite(s) which triggers insulin release in the B-cell.
A negative inotropic response of cat atria to sympathetic nerve stimulation or norepinephrine

Isolierte, sympathisch innervierte Katzenvorhofe wurden durch den rechten Nervus accelerans mit Impulsen von 1–5 msec Dauer und mit einer Frequenz von 0.5–60 Impulsen/sec stimuliert. In allen Praparaten wurde eine positiv chronotrope Wirkung beobachtet, wahrend nur in 52% der Falle eine inotrope Wirkung nachweisbar war. Bei 26% war die Kontraktionsstarke nicht beeinflusst, wahrend bei 22% eine negativ inotrope Wirkung festgestellt wurde, fur deren Variieren bis jetzt keine Erklarung gefunden werden konnte.
Modeling liquid-side particulate fouling in enhanced tubes

Abstract A semi-theoretical model is developed to predict liquid-side particulate fouling in enhanced tubes. The model predicts fouling behavior for a wide range of particle size distribution and foulant concentration. In this study, the deposition model uses a coefficient, K D , which includes two effects, (a) Brownian diffusion in the sticking (or wall) region and (b) momentum transfer to the sticking region. The sticking probability and bond strength factor are defined by empirical correlations as a function of particle size, concentration, and shear stress. The fouling data used in the correlations were taken for concentrations between 2000 and 800 p.p.m. for the particle sizes of 2, 4 and 16 μm. The average fluid velocity in the tube was varied between 1.22 and 2.44 m s−1. The theoretical predictions are in general in good agreement with the experimental data.
Conformational aspects of model chromatographic surfaces studied by sum-frequency generation

Abstract Several model chromatographic surfaces composed of mixed octadecyl (C 18 -) and methyl (C 1 -) modified fused silica surfaces were examined by sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results indicate that the modified surface displaying the highest relative percentage of gauche defects in the bound C 18 chains, as manifested in the sum-frequency data, also shows the highest work of adhesion as determined by contact angle measurements, demonstrating the link between the molecular configuration and the macroscopic energy of the surface. The surfaces were also examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate multilayer formation. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of this observation on reverse-phase chromatographic applications.
Concomitant repair of aortopulmonary window and interrupted aortic arch.

Abstract Aortopulmonary window with type A interrupted aortic arch was diagnosed in 2 critically ill neonates. Echocardlographic diagnostic methods provided precise anatomic information, which allowed cardiac catheterization to be avoided before operation. Repair was undertaken through a midline sternotomy using hypothermie, low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass with subclavian turndown in one patient and hypothermic circulatory arrest with direct aortoaortic anastomosis in the other. Both methods provided good exposure and allowed favorable anatomic repair.
Fluorescence Polarization Screening for Allosteric Small Molecule Ligands of the Cholecystokinin Receptor

ABSTRACT The success in screening for drug candidates is highly dependent on the power of the strategy implemented. In this work, we report and characterize a novel fluorescent benzodiazepine antagonist of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (3-(3-(7-fluoro-1-(2-isopropyl(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]-diazepin-3-yl)ureido)benzoic acid) that can be used as a receptor ligand in a fluorescence polarization assay, which is ideally suited for the identification of small molecule allosteric modulators of this physiologically important receptor. By binding directly to the small molecule-docking region within the helical bundle of this receptor, this indicator can be displaced by many small molecule candidate drugs, even those that might not affect the binding of an orthosteric cholecystokinin-like peptide ligand. The biological, pharmacological, and fluorescence properties of this reagent are described, and proof-of-concept is provided in a fluorescence...
Insertion of a Bulky Rhodium Complex into a DNA Cytosine−Cytosine Mismatch: An NMR Solution Study

The bulky octahedral complex Rh(bpy)_2chrysi^(3+) (chrysi = 5,6-chrysenequinonediimine) binds single-base mismatches in a DNA duplex with micromolar binding affinities and high selectivity. Here we present an NMR solution study to characterize the binding mode of this bulky metal complex with its target CC mismatch in the oligonucleotide duplex (5‘-CGGACTCCG-3‘)_2. Both NOESY and COSY studies indicate that Rh(bpy)_2chrysi^(3+) inserts deeply in the DNA at the mismatch site via the minor groove and with ejection of both destabilized cytosines into the opposite major groove. The insertion only minimally distorts the conformation of the oligonucleotide local to the binding site. Both flanking, well-matched base pairs remain tightly hydrogen-bonded to each other, and 2D DQF-COSY experiments indicate that all sugars maintain their original C_2‘-endo conformation. Remarkably, ^(31)P NMR reveals that opening of the phosphate angles from a B_I to a B_(II) conformation is sufficient for insertion of the bulky metal complex. These results corroborate those obtained crystallographically and, importantly, provide structural evidence for this specific insertion mode in solution.
Adolescent exaggeration in female catarrhine primates

Adolescent females of 11 primate species display exaggerated versions of the cues to sexual cycle state or fertility which are displayed by adult females: anubis baboons; geladas; Assamese, Barbary, crab-eating, Japanese, and stump-tailed macaques; patas monkeys; gorillas; and humans. These cases are briefly described and a variety of hypotheses is presented and evaluated to account for the adolescent exaggeration. Such exaggeration may be a super-normal sexual stimulus, a barrier to cross-species hybridization, a helpful prop in female:female competition, a passport for transfers, an insurance policy where unpredictable changes of circumstance are likely, or a non-adaptive side-effect of some other phenomenon. The transfer and unpredictability hypotheses seem to apply to the largest number of species, including humans.
Facilitation of both “same” and “different” judgments of letter strings by familiarity of letter sequence

Three experiments employing simultaneous matching were performed to extend recent findings that three kinds of familiarity—familiarity of letter sequences, familiarity of display configuration, and familiarity of letter orientation—facilitate the matching of letter strings for “same” responses and sometimes for “different” responses. It was found that letter sequence familiarity facilitated “same” responses even when the letter strings were in an unfamiliar orientation or configuration and also facilitated “different” responses whenever the task required that a substantial portion of the display be processed before a response could be initiated. A three-stage model of the simultaneous letter-string matching task was developed. This model, which assumes that the same processes account for both “same” and “different” responses, was consistent with findings obtained when there were small differences between string pairs. Discrepant findings obtained when there were large differences between string pairs may have been produced by the premature initiation of responses.
KAPs off for HIV-1 integration.

Integration of reverse transcribed HIV-1 DNA into the host genome, catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase, represents an obligate step in establishing productive viral infection. Allouch et al. (2011) identify KAP1 (TRIM28) as an interaction partner of acetylated integrase. KAP1, in complex with HDAC1, represses HIV-1 integration through specific deacetylation of HIV-1 integrase.
Campsite Impact on Three Western Wilderness Areas

Campsites were studied in subalpine forests in the Eagle Cap Wilderness in Oregon, and in the Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness and the Rattlesnake Wilderness in Montana. Research objectives were to examine ecological changes on these sites and the extent to which these changes become more pronounced as use increases For most parameters measured, impact on campsites used for only a few nights per year exceeds threshold values beyond which further increases in use have little effect Loss of litter, tree root exposure, and site enlargement are the major types of alteration that are more pronounced on sites occupied more frequently than several nights per year In heavily used parts of backcountry areas, this suggests that ecological change can be minimized by limiting use to a small number of sites In the three areas studied, campsite occupancy rates would probably have to be no higher than a few nights per year before dispersal of use among a large number of sites would be an ecologically sound strategy
Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles (order testudines).

This paper combines published and original data on sexual size dimorphism, reproductive behavior, and habitat types in turtles. Our major finding is that observed patterns of sexual size dimorphism correlate with habitat type and male mating strategy. (1) In most terrestrial species, males engage in combat with each other. Males typically grow larger than females. (2) In semiaquatic and “bottom-walking” aquatic species, male combat is less common, but males often forcibly inseminate females. As in terrestrial species, males are usually larger than females. (3) In truly aquatic species, male combat and forcible insemination are rare. Instead, males utilize elaborate precoital displays, and female choice is highly important. Males are usually smaller than females. We interpret these correlations between sexual behavior and size dimorphism in terms of sexual selection theory: males are larger than females when large male size evolves as an adaptation to increase success in male combat, or to enable forcible insemination of females. In contrast, males are usually smaller than females where small size in males evolves to increase mobility (and hence, ability to locate females), or because selection for increased fecundity may result in increased female size. In turtle species with male combat or forcible insemination, the degree of male size superiority increases with mean species body size.
Application of singular perturbation theory to compressible mass flow rate integration

A time efficient digital integration method for the solution of the orifice mass flow rate equations common in internal combustion engine breathing process simulation is discussed. Local linearization followed by development of a standard singular perturbation model is used to synthesize digital integrating factors that are applied to the original nonlinear differential equations. This approach results in a method suitable for high-speed flow rate integration over the entire flow rate operating range. Analytical development of the method and simulation results are summarized. >
Quaternary records of pika, Ochotona, in North America

Mead, Jim I. 1987 06 01: Quaternary records of pika, Ochotona, in North America. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 165–171. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. Pika (Lagomorpha: Ochotona) have lived in North America since the Hemphillian land mammal age (late Pliocene). At least three species, O. whartoni (extinct giant pika), O. princeps (the living species), and unidentified large and small forms, lived in North America during the Quaternary. Forty-six localities of Quaternary-age pika are recorded. Many localities are actually site clusters, where packrat (Rodentia: Neotoma) middens or stratified sediments record pika fossils of many ages. Packrat middens in the arid west have provided pika dung pellets directly associated with plant macrofossils. Individual dung pellets provide direct radiocarbon dates and microhistological remains permit dietary reconstructions. Pika lived in northeastern portions of the continent during the Illinoian glacial age and possibly earlier. During the Wisconsinan glacial period, pika stayed in the mountainous west, but an exception exists. It is proposed that pika were not restricted to rocky/talus slopes during the Pleistocene, as is the living species in North America, and therefore should not be used as an indicator of ecological niche. Equable climates (cooler summers) may have been all that was needed for pika to migrate to new territories, areas without talus.
Accuracy of preoperative localization studies and intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and double adenoma

Abstract Background The purpose of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the results of preoperative localization studies and intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and double adenomas. Study design Twenty-one of 287 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who had double adenomas identified during first-time parathyroid exploration between July 1999 and September 2002 were analyzed. Individual and combined accuracy of preoperative localization studies, and IOPTH assay and their influence on surgical strategy, were compared. Results Seven percent of these 287 patients had double adenomas. Fifteen of the patients were female and six were male with a mean age of 59 years (range 17 to 76 years). The accuracy of ultrasonography (US) and technetium 99m sestamibi ( 99m TC-sestamibi) was 40% and 30%, respectively, in this select group. Combined accuracy of both tests reached 60% and guided the surgeon to select a bilateral approach. After removal of the first gland, IOPTH failed to decrease by 50% relative to the highest baseline value in 43% of the cases, indicating other hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. These results prompted the surgeon to explore further after an initially planned focused approach. When the combination of three tests was analyzed, at least one test accurately suggested a double adenoma in 80% of the patients; in 15% of the patients, no test was suggestive of a double adenoma and in 5% the sestamibi scan was false positive. Conclusions This retrospective investigation documents that neither preoperative localization tests nor IOPTH assay accurately document double adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The combined accuracy of US, sestamibi, and IOPTH assay predicted a double adenoma in 80% of the patients.
Identifying vulnerabilities and critical requirements using criminal court proceedings

Information systems governed by laws and regulations are subject to civil and criminal violations. In the United States, these violations are documented in court records, such as complaints, indictments, plea agreements, and verdicts, which thus constitute a source of real-world software vulnerabilities. This paper reports on an exploratory case study to identify legal vulnerabilities and provides guidance to practitioners in the analysis of court documents. As legal violations occur after system deployment, court records reveal vulnerabilities that were likely overlooked during software development. We evaluate established requirements engineering techniques, including sequence and misuse case diagrams and goal models, as applied to criminal court records to identify mitigating requirements that improve privacy protections. These techniques, when properly applied, can help organizations focus their risk-management efforts on emerging legal vulnerabilities. We illustrate our analysis using criminal indictments involving the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
Competitiveness of nations: A knowledge discovery examination

This paper presents the insights gained from the use of data mining and multivariate statistical techniques to identify important factors associated with a country's competitiveness and the development of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) models to predict it. In addition to stepwise regression and weighted non-linear programming techniques, intelligent learning techniques (artificial neural networks), and inferential techniques (classification and regression trees), were applied to a dataset of 43 countries from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY). The dataset included 55 variables on economic, internationalization, governmental, financial, infrastructure, management, science and technology, as well as demographic and cultural characteristics. Exploratory data analysis and parameter calibration of the intelligent method architectures preceded the development and evaluation of reasonably accurate models (mean absolute error <5.5%), and subsequent out-of-sample validations. The strengths and weaknesses of each of the KDD techniques were assessed, along with their relative performance and the primary input variables influencing a country's competitiveness. Our analysis reveals that the primary drivers of competitiveness are lower country risk rating and higher computer usage, in entrepreneurial urbanized societies with less male dominance and basic infrastructure, with higher gross domestic investment, savings and private consumption, more imports of goods and services than exports, increased purchase power parity GDP, larger and more productive but not less expensive labor force, and higher R&D expenditures. Without diminishing the role and importance of WCY reports, our approach can be useful to estimate the competitiveness of many countries not included in WCY, while our findings may benefit policy makers and international agencies to expand their own abilities, insights and establish priorities for improving country competitiveness.
The Effect of Mixed Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces on Frost Nucleation and Growth

The purpose of this research is to test hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and mixed hydrophobic and hydrophilic (biphilic) surfaces to see how theses surfaces affect frost nucleation and growth. Frost forms when humid air comes into contact with a surface that is below the dew point and freezing temperature of water. Many engineering systems are hindered by frost, such as aeronautics, refrigeration, and electrical transmission wires. Most recent research on frost formation has looked at making superhydrophobic materials, which lower the freezing point and increase the frost formation time. These materials are very dependent on operating conditions and surface roughness, which fluctuate often. A hydrophobic surface delays frost growth more than a hydrophilic surface and also creates a taller, less dense frost layer than the hydrophilic surface. Our hypothesis is that a biphilic surface will be better at slowing the frost formation process as well as creating a less dense frost layer. The water in the air will preferentially condense on the hydrophilic areas, thus controlling where the nucleation will first occur. This could help to control the size, shape, and location of the frost nucleation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Prospective Study of Cardiomyopathy Induced by Adjuvant Doxorubicin Therapy in Patients With Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

• Since a combination of surgery and adjuvant high-dose doxorubicin therapy can prolong survival in patients with extremity sarcomas, but at the expense of significant cardiomyopathic changes, we prospectively studied the differences in cardiotoxicity in 118 patients with sarcomas treated with high- vs low-dose doxorubicin therapy following surgery. Cardiac function, as assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), was determined by standard radionuclide angiography during rest and exercise. No patients in this study developed congestive heart failure. While both regimens produced net decreases in EF during rest and exercise, the high-dose doxorubicin regimen resulted in significantly greater declines in EF than the low-dose protocol. Of patients with normal baseline values, a greater percentage of patients receiving the high-dose regimen developed an abnormal EF than did those receiving the low-dose regimen, even after separating younger from older individuals. Thus, treatment-induced cardiomyopathy appears to be a significant clinical problem after both high- and low-dose doxorubicin therapy. The use of the low-dose regimen decreases the magnitude of the cardiomyopathic changes. ( Arch Surg 1986;121:1445-1451)
Maxillofacial injuries associated with all-terrain vehicles

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article is to report the pattern and frequency of maxillofacial injuries resulting from all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accidents, to evaluate the mechanisms of injury, to document the length of hospital stay, and to characterize other associated injuries in patients presenting to a level 1 trauma center. Patients and Methods: The records of patients admitted to the University of Kentucky Medical Center from July 1, 1995 through August 1996 with an ATV-related injury were reviewed. Patients were included in the study if the events of their injury, demographic data, and the specifics of their perioperative care were sufficiently documented to provide the information pertinent to the investigation. Age, sex, mechanism of injury, facial injuries, associated injuries, and length of stay were the factors considered for the study. Results: Seventy-two patients met the criteria for the study. Fifty-nine (82%) were male, and 13 (18%) were female. Forty patients required operative intervention. Twenty-five (35%) had soft tissue or bony injuries to the m axillofacial region. One mandibular and 13 midface fractures were identified. Twelve of the patients with midface injuries had multiple facial fractures. Orbital floor fractures occurred in seven patients. Two patients required unilateral enucleation of the globe. Ten soft tissue injuries were diagnosed. Extremity fractures (n = 16) and closed head injuries (n = 17) were the most commonly associated injuries. The length of hospital stay for all the subjects identified in the study averaged 4.7 days. ATV rollover and being thrown from a moving ATV were the most common mechanisms of injury. Conclusions: Head and maxillofacial injuries, particularly midface injuries, are common findings after ATV accidents. Orbital trauma with serious globe injury was a striking feature of this study. Multiple systems injuries should always be anticipated and identified. The public should be alerted to the hazards of imprudent recreational vehicle use.
The Stress-Energy Tensor and the Deflection of Light in 6-Dimensional General Relativity

We find the stress-energy tensor of a perfect fluid in the 6-dimensional spacetime proposed by Cole. Using the weak-field Newtonian approximation of general relativity gives a constant of proportionality in Einstein’s field equations that differs by a factor of 4/6 from the usual one and shows that Cole’s extension of the Schwarzschild metric to 6 dimensions is not valid for a gravitating mass of “ordinary” matter. A subsequent evaluation of the deflection of starlight for the 6-d spacetime gives a result that is 4/6 of the 4-d result. We conclude that if spacetime is 6-dimensional, one must find a different way to deal with gravity.
Introducing HTDP 3.1 to transform coordinates across time and spatial reference frames

The National Geodetic Survey, an office within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, recently released version 3.1 of the Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP) utility for transforming coordinates across time and between spatial reference frames. HTDP 3.1 introduces improved crustal velocity models for both the contiguous United States and Alaska. The new HTDP version also introduces a model for estimating displacements associated with the magnitude 7.2 El Mayor---Cucapah earthquake of April 4, 2010. In addition, HTDP 3.1 enables its users to transform coordinates between the newly adopted International Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2008 (ITRF2008) and IGS08 reference frames and other popular reference frames, including current realizations of NAD 83 and WGS84. A more convenient format to enter a list of coordinates to be transformed has been added. Users can now also enter dates in the decimal year format as well as the month-day-year format. The new HTDP utility, explanatory material and instructions are available at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/Htdp/Htdp.shtml .
Gender and Ethnic Role Portrayals: Photographic Images in Three California Newspapers

Analysis of photographic images (N = 450) from the national (n = 253) and sports sections (n = 197) of 3 California newspapers indicated women and minorities were disproportionately represented rel...
Observing light in nature from an airplane window

Photographs taken from commercial airplanes of optical phenomena in nature, such as rainbows, halos, glories, and sky colors, are shown to illustrate the variety of optical displays that can be observed by an informed and alert observer from an airplane window. Observing tips are provided to enhance the probability of seeing certain phenomenon, based on the time of day, location, and direction of travel of the airplane. Generally, a seat on the sun-ward side of the plane provides opportunities to observe halos, coronas, iridescence, glitter patterns, crepuscular rays, sunsets and twilight colors, while a seat opposite the sun provides opportunities to observe glories, rainbows, cloud bows, Earth's shadow, cloud shadows, contrail shadows, and other shadow phenomena. On flights at high latitudes, (north- or south-) pole-facing seats can sometimes provide opportunities for viewing somewhat more exotic phenomena, such as noctilucent clouds and auroras.
Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus.

Abstract Study objectives : To compare the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of rectal diazepam and intravenous diazepam in the treatment of pediatric prehospital status epilepticus. Design and setting : Retrospective analysis of a 30-month consecutive sample of ambulance-transported children in a large urban emergency medical service region. Type of participants : Study group included 324 patients with seizure who were less than 18 years of age; 36 had status epilepticus, of whom 16 received rectal diazepam and 15 received IV diazepam. Interventions : For children with status epilepticus, paramedics administered the 5-mg/mL IV solution of diazepam by one of two routes: rectally either through a 5F feeding tube with an attached syringe or by lubricated tuberculin syringe inserted 4 to 5 cm into the rectum at a one-time dose of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg or intravenously using a one-time dose of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg. Cardiopulmonary status was carefully monitored in the field and emergency department. Measurements and main results : Thirteen of 16 children (81%) who received rectal diazepam stopped seizing after a single dose ranging from 0.16 to 0.57 mg/kg. Convulsions recurred before arrival at the ED in four of the 13 (30.8%). All of the three patients who did not respond to rectal diazepam initially were 3 to 5 years old and had serious underlying comorbidity; two required endotracheal intubation in the ED and multiple anticonvulsants to terminate the seizure. No child treated with rectal diazepam required prehospital endotracheal intubation. All children who received IV diazepam stopped seizing after one dose ranging from 0.04 to 0.33 mg/kg. Convulsions recurred before arrival at the ED in nine of 15 children (60%); two required prehospital endotracheal intubation for profound respiratory depression. Conclusion: Rectal diazepam is a simple, effective, and safe method of prehospital management of pediatric status epilepticus. Compared with IV diazepam, rectal diazepam is easier to administer, especially in infants and toddlers; is equally efficacious; and is less likely to produce respiratory depression. Although respiratory depression is rare with rectal diazepam, prehospital personnel must be prepared to provide definitive respiratory support. Short duration of action is an important limitation of both treatments. [Dieckmann RA: Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med February 1994;23:216-224.]
Electron-Magnon Interaction in Ferromagnetic Semiconductors

The interaction between conduction electrons and localized moments in degenerate ferromagnetic semiconductors has been studied, assuming Bloch states for the conduction electrons and using the low-temperature spin-wave approximation. The finite-temperature Green's-function formalism has been used to obtain the real and imaginary parts of the electron and magnon self-energies, from which the electron and magnon energies, lifetimes, and specific heats have been calculated. It is found that the conduction-electron energy corrections as a function of electron wave vector behave quite differently for the two conduction-electron spin polarizations, and hence the effective masses and mobilities of up-moment conduction electrons are quite different from those of down-moment electrons. The electron lifetime associated with magnon scattering is short enough to make this a dominant contribution to the electron lifetime in magnetic semiconductors. The electronic specific heat in magnetic semiconductors is small owing to the small number of conduction electrons, and the correction to this specific heat arising from the electron-magnon interaction is also small. The magnon specific heat, on the other hand, is quite large in magnetic semiconductors at low temperatures, and as a result of the change in the magnon spectrum due to the electron-magnon interaction, there is a substantial correction to the magnon specific heat. All of these effects are quite strongly dependent on carrier concentration. Thus, by varying the doping it is possible to see dramatic changes in these effects.
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA during growth and division in lilium

Abstract The synthesis of RNA has been examined in the microspore of lily buds during division and later development into mature pollen grains. RNA synthesis is most active just before division (G2) and after the microspore nuclear division. Column chromatography using a methylated-albumin Kieselguhr column has shown that ribosomal RNA makes up the major portion of RNA being synthesized during this period, when nucleoli are large and active. All of the conventional cytological criteria have failed to demonstrate a nucleolus in growing pollen tubes. RNA is synthesized in pollen tubes but the abrupt drop in specific activity at the ribosomal peaks and the base ratios of this RNA do not correspond to ribosomal RNA. The conclusion seems apparent that little, if any, ribosomal RNA is being synthesized in the pollen tube nuclei in the absence of nucleolar activity.
Transnational feminist solidarity and lessons from the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square

Transnational feminist solidarity can be and has been very effective at bringing about social change in local and regional contexts. Transnational feminist activists, however, must be attentive to cultural differences in the means and methods of protest employed to challenge unjust or oppressive social and political conditions. In this article, I offer a discussion of some of the key theoretical elements of a transnational feminist solidarity. I then use the protests in Tahrir Square in 2011 to problematize transnational feminist solidarity. This exercise reveals both the power of transnational alliances and some of the obstacles – cultural, political, and gender based – that must be addressed by feminist transnational solidarity efforts.
IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE TO A HAPTEN I. INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOLERANCE TO TRINITROPHENYL WITH TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID

Treatment of mice with a nonimmunogenic preparation of free reactive hapten, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), leads to the induction of a state of tolerance to the hapten, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP). This is determined by the lack of response to the haptenic moiety in an immunogenic hapten-carrier conjugate (TNP-SRBC) as assayed both by serum antibody titrations and the hemolytic plaque assay. The tolerance produced is specific for the hapten, since the anticarrier responses are essentially unaltered compared with the control values. The unresponsiveness induced by TNBS treatment is a dose-dependent phenomenon, becoming less complete at lower doses of TNBS. The tolerance is of a definite length, both in its induction phase and in the duration of the established unresponsive state. Tolerance can be maintained and extended, and may also be reentered once escape has been initiated.
Polarization at ion exchange membrane-solution interfaces

Starting from the Nernst-Planck equations of ion flow, an expression is derived for the current-voltage curve characteristic of a small element of the type: p]Electrolyte solution | Ion exchange membrane | Electrolyte solution The contributions of the dissipative and non-dissipative terms of the total potential drop are discussed. p]The conclusion is reached that upon increasing the voltage across the element, current plateaus (somewhat similar to polarographic plateaus) should be reached, both in the absence and in the presence of a polyelectrolyte which can not permeate the membrane. The so-called “limiting currents” described in the electrodialysis literature are rarely plateaus of this kind. It is believed that comparison of measured current-voltage curves with those predicted by the theory will shed light on the side effects (e.g. “water-splitting”) which occur upon passage of current through an electrodialysis stack, and which are not allowed for in the simple Nernst-Planck model.
Developing Partnerships to Create Electronic Reserves at the University of Kansas Libraries.

Today, it is advantageous for academic libraries to look outside their own organizations to other potential campus and commercial partners when considering new services. This case study describes the planning and implementation of electronic reserves at the University of Kansas Libraries, including the integration of two commercial partners, XanEdu (provider of electronic course packs) and Blackboard (a courseware management package). Docutek was chosen as the electronic reserves software package because it offers copyright management and faxing capabilities (when hosted locally). There is also a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of centralization versus decentralization of different aspects of electronic reserves when multiple library locations are involved.