cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Import of Coastally-Derived Chlorophyll a to South Slough, Oregon

Material transfer between estuaries and the nearshore zone has long been of interest, but information on the processes affecting Pacific Northwest estuaries has lagged behind other areas. The west coast of the U.S. is a region of seasonally variable upwelling that results in enhanced phytoplankton production in the nearshore zone. We examined estuarine-nearshore links over time by measuring physical oceanographic variables and chlorophylla concentration from an anchor station in South Slough, Oregon. Data was collected during 24-h cruises conducted at approximately weekly intervals during summer 1996 and spring 1997. The results demonstrate that the physical oceanography of this estuarine site was strongly influenced by the coastal ocean. Marine water reached the estuarine site on every sampled tide, and chlorophylla was clearly advected into the estuary with this ocean water. In contrast, phytoplankton concentrations were comparatively reduced in the estuarine water. There were, however, large fluctuations in the import of chlorophyll over the course of the summer. These variations likely reflect upwelling-generated phytoplankton production in the coastal ocean and subsequent cross-shelf transport to the estuary. Suspension feeding organisms in South Slough likely depend on the advection of this coastally-derived phytoplankton. The large allochthonous chlorophyll input measured for this system appears dissimilar from most estuaries studied to date. Previous investigations have focused on the outwelling and inwelling of materials in estuaries. We must now consider the influence of coastal upwelling and downwelling processes on estuarine material exchange.
The influence of antigen on a model for analysis of multiple coordinate events associated with the primary immune response.

Abstract The influence of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), a T-dependent antigen, was analyzed in an experimental model of multiple coordinate functions of the immune response. The influence of antigen dose on the kinetics with which splenic B and T antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) and plaque-forming cells (PFC) developed, and the relative ratio of each of these cellular subsets were analyzed during the primary immune response to SRBC. As a function of increased antigen dose: 1) the total number of ABL increased, with relative increases on day 3 day 7; 2) the number of direct PFC increased, with relative antigen-dependent increases on day 3 > day 5 > day7; and 3) mean PFC lytic plaque volume progressively decreased. At low antigen doses, T ABL preferentially increased relative to B ABL, whereas at high antigen doses the reverse was observed. Thus, the increased capacity for a secondary response after a primary immunization at low antigen doses could be a consequence of the greater numbers of T ABL induced by small quantities of antigen. Both the rate of proliferation of ABL and their differentiation to PFC were influened positively by increasing doses of antigen; however, the ratio of PFC to ABL was higher at low antigen doses, suggesting that the relative rate of differentiation of ABL to PFC was greater than the rate of proliferation of ABL under conditions of limited antigen dose. Mean lytic plaque volume decreased slightly with time and markedly with increasing antigen dose. This could reflect shifts in binding affinity, mean antibody secreted per antibody-forming cell, or both. Whereas each of these parameters have been separately reported, the coordinate use of each provides a more critical analysis of each of the antigen-specific cell populations that participate in a response and their modification by immunoregulatory factors or events.
Beidler’s theory and human taste stimulation

Beidler’s fundamental taste equation, relating response magnitude and stimulus concentration, was found to be a useful means of expressing data derived from chemoreception experiments with man. Seven L-amino acids and glycine were studied over a wide range in concentration. To a first approximation, the data are in accord with Beidler’s taste equation. Interestingly, the change in free energy (δF) for each stimulus was found to be small, in agreement withearlier published conclusions that the initial step in chemoreception is most likely one of adsorption. Several means of depicting these data are evaluated and their contribution to a better understanding of chemoreception is discussed.
Chromatic polynomials and network reliability

Abstract In this paper, we introduce and study an extension of the chromatic polynomial of a graph. The new polynomial, determined by a graph G and a subset K of points of G , coincides with the classical chromatic polynomial when K is the set of all points of G . The main theorems in the present paper include analogues of the standard axiomatic characterization and Whitney's topological characterizations of the chromatic polynomial, and the theorem of Stanley relating the chromatic polynomial to the number of acylic of G . The work in this paper was stimulated by important connections between the chromatic polynomial and the all-terminal network reliability problem, and by recent work of Boesch, Satyanarayana, and Suffel on a graph invariant related to the K -terminal reliability problem. Several of the Boesch, Satyanarayana, and Suffel are derived as corollaries to the main theorems of the present paper.
Gas-phase structures of phosphopeptide ions: A difficult case

Abstract The goal of this paper was to investigate gas-phase structures of conformers of doubly charged phosphopeptide ions (ApSAAR + 2H) 2+ and (AApSAR + 2H) 2+ using traveling-wave and drift-tube ion mobility and IR action spectroscopy measurements in combination with molecular dynamics and electronic structure calculations. Lowest free-energy conformers were identified by extensive search of the conformational space with combined molecular dynamics, semi-empirical, density functional theory and perturbational Moller–Plesset ab initio calculations. The low-energy conformers had collisional cross sections that were compatible with the experimental data but did not allow the conformers to be distinguished. IR absorption spectra that were calculated by density functional theory for harmonic normal modes showed several intense bands that were absent in the experimental action spectrum. Agreement with experiment was improved upon implementing second-order anharmonic corrections to the calculated vibrational frequencies. Several factors affecting the action spectra are discussed such as effects of mode anharmonicity on the absorption band intensities, the magnitude of frequency shifts in anharmonic corrections, as well as non-linear effects in multiple-photon absorption that may suppress the detection of strongly H-bonded modes in these measurements.
Lifestyle Behaviors: Evaluating Behaviors That May Justify Increasing the Employee’s Cost for Employer-Provided Health Insurance

Responding to the increasing cost of employer-provided health insurance, some employers have instituted a number of cost-savings efforts such as reduced benefits, limited access, increased copayments, differential premiums and wellness programs. Of interest in this article are cost abatement efforts that focus on lifestyle behaviors that can adversely influence insurance costs. If such efforts are to succeed, it will require employee acceptance of these efforts. This article presents information that identifies lifestyle behaviors that might reasonably receive support for such differential treatment.
The influence of age, sex, pregnancy, starvation, and other factors on the cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins of rat liver.

Rat liver was homogenized in 0.88 M sucrose. The DNA and total RNA were determined, and the homogenate was fractionated by differential centrifugation. The pellets obtained between 30 minutes at 20,000 g and 180 minutes at 105,000 g were analyzed for RNA and nitrogen. The ribonucleoproteins were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The non-pellet RNA was calculated by difference. The results are reported as amounts per 6.7 x 10-9 mg. of DNA. In young, growing male rats the amounts of microsomal protein and ribonucleoprotein B (83S) increased with age. Non-pregnant adult females showed less non-pellet RNA and much more ribonucleoprotein C (63S) than did adult males. During pregnancy both of these cell constituents reverted to levels characteristic for male animals. Starvation for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the mass of liver tissue, the non-pellet RNA, the microsomal protein, and ribonucleoproteins B and C. During recovery from starvation the return of the liver to normal paralleled the rate at which body weight was restored. Treatment with cortisone, 25 mg. per rat per day for 5 days, caused an increase in microsomal protein and a decrease in ribonucleoprotein B. Treatment with 6-mercapto-purine, 50 mg. per kilo per day for 5 days, caused little change in liver composition in either males or females.
Mammography in 40-Year-Old Women: What Difference Does It Make? The Potential Impact of the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) Mammography Guidelines

This 10-year retrospective chart review evaluates the potential impact the most recent U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) report recommending against annual mammographic screening of women aged 40–49 years. The medical record database was systematically searched to discover all women aged 40–49 years treated for breast cancer over a 10-year period. These women were separated into 2 cohorts—mammographically detected cancer (MDC) and nonmammographically detected cancer (NMDC). Statistical analysis of the cohorts was performed for family history (FH), sentinel lymph node (SLN) status, tumor size at presentation, and disease-free and overall survival. A total of 1581 women were treated for breast cancer; of these, 311 were between the ages of 40 and 49 years with complete diagnostic information, 145 were MDC, and 166 were NMDC. The average tumor diameter of the MDC group was 20.68 mm, which was significantly smaller than that of the NMDC group at 30.38 mm (P < .0001). Women with MDC had a significantly lower incidence of SLN positive cancer than the NMDC group, 28 of 113 (24.78%) vs. 85 of 152 (55.92%; P < .0001), respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival for both groups was MDC 94% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 87–97%) and NMDC 71% (95% CI 62–78%). The overall 5-year survival estimates were MDC 97% (95% CI 92–99%) and NMDC 78% (95% CI 69–85%), respectively. This review demonstrates the significance of mammographic screening for early detection and treatment of breast cancer. Mammographic screening in women aged 40–49 detected smaller tumors with less nodal metastasis, resulting in improved survival, which supports annual mammographic screening in this age group.
Hippocampal mossy fibers induce assembly and clustering of PSD95-containing postsynaptic densities independent of glutamate receptor activation.

Factors that regulate the formation, spatial patterning, and maturation of CNS synapses are poorly understood. We used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures derived from developing (P5-P7) rat to test whether synaptic activity regulates the development and organization of postsynaptic structures at mossy fiber (MF) giant synapses. Antibodies to a prominent postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffold protein, PSD95, identified large (>1 microm) and irregularly shaped PSD assemblies that codistributed with synapsin-I or metabotropic glutamate receptor 7b (mGluR7b) -immunolabeled MF terminals in area CA3. To investigate the spatial organization of synaptic PSDs on individual pyramidal cells, neurons in slice cultures were transfected with a vector encoding a GFP-PSD95 fusion protein. Confocal three-dimensional reconstructions revealed clusters of PSDs along proximal dendrites of transfected pyramidal neurons in area CA3, but not in CA1. Clusters averaged 7.6 microm in length (range, 2.2-29 microm) and contained up to 35 individual PSDs (mean, 8.3). PSD clusters failed to form when slices were cultured without MFs, indicating that MFs induce cluster assembly. Chronic blockade of N-methyl-D-apartate- and AMPA/kainate-type glutamate receptors did not disrupt MF targeting or de novo formation of PSD clusters with a normal distribution on target cells. Additionally, glutamate receptor blockers did not alter the ultrastructural development of MF giant synapses containing multiple puncta adherens-like junctions and asymmetric synaptic junctions at dendritic shaft and spine domains, respectively. The results indicate that MF axons can induce the assembly and clustering of PSD95-containing postsynaptic complexes, displaying a normal subcellular and tissue distribution, by mechanisms that are independent of ionotropic glutamate receptor activation.
Distribution of pre-1400 Ma crust in the Grenville province: Implications for rifting in Laurentia-Baltica during geon 14

Recent geochronological data show that geon 14 and older rocks are found at least 700 km south of the Grenville front in the eastern Grenville province. In the southwestern Grenville province, comparable rocks extend only 200 km south; farther south, in the Central metasedimentary belt and the Adirondack Mountains, the crust mostly postdates 1350 Ma. We explain this contrast by postulating a major rifting event, commencing at ∼1430 Ma, during which large sections of older crust were detached from that part of southern Laurentia now occupied by the Central metasedimentary belt. Crust was also removed from the area between northwest Britain and Scandinavia. Failed arms extended (1) from Missouri to where the Belt Supergroup accumulated, (2) from the Central metasedimentary belt eastward into Labrador, and (3) between Baltica and east of Greenland. The geologic history following late geon 14 rifting was dominated by a southward-subducting magmatic arc that eventually collided with southern Laurentia-Baltica, resulting in the Elzevirian orogeny at ∼1200 Ma.
Risk Compensation in Response to HIV Prevention

The success of emerging and available biomedical HIV prevention strategies is dependent, in part, on behavioral responses to these technologies. Of concern is how HIV risk-taking behavior may change with the availability of new biomedical technologies. In this chapter, we: (a) review the evidence for risk compensation in response to male circumcision, antiretroviral-based prevention, and HIV vaccines and (b) offer direction on the next steps for studying risk compensation related to biomedical technology. In our review of the literature, we find mixed evidence for the presence of risk compensation. In trials assessing the efficacy of biomedical HIV prevention technology, most report that sexual risk-taking decreased over the course of the trial. Yet, in studies outside of randomized controlled trials, we do find evidence for the presence of risk compensation in the context of prevention technologies. Many studies reporting on risk compensation-related findings present it as a secondary outcome and do not use methodological designs ideal for accurately assessing risk compensation. Based on the currently available literature, there is urgent need for longitudinal cohort studies for investigating the influence of risk compensation during the use of biomedical HIV prevention technologies in real-world settings.
The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change as a Gateway Belief: Experimental Evidence

There is currently widespread public misunderstanding about the degree of scientific consensus on human-caused climate change, both in the US as well as internationally. Moreover, previous research has identified important associations between public perceptions of the scientific consensus, belief in climate change and support for climate policy. This paper extends this line of research by advancing and providing experimental evidence for a “gateway belief model” (GBM). Using national data (N = 1104) from a consensus-message experiment, we find that increasing public perceptions of the scientific consensus is significantly and causally associated with an increase in the belief that climate change is happening, human-caused and a worrisome threat. In turn, changes in these key beliefs are predictive of increased support for public action. In short, we find that perceived scientific agreement is an important gateway belief, ultimately influencing public responses to climate change.
Targeted mutations in β1,4-galactosyltransferase I reveal its multiple cellular functions

Abstract β1,4-Galactosyltransferase I (GalT I) is one of the most extensively studied glycosyltransferases. It is localized in the trans-Golgi compartment of most eukaryotic cells, where it participates in the elongation of oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. GalT I has also been reported in non-Golgi locations, most notably the cell surface, where it has been suggested to function non-biosynthetically as a receptor for extracellular glycoside substrates. Cloning of the GalT I cDNAs revealed that the gene encodes two similar proteins that differ only in the length of their cytoplasmic domains. Whether these different GalT I proteins, or isoforms, have similar or different biological roles is a matter of active investigation. The functions of the GalT I proteins have been addressed by targeted mutations that eliminate either both GalT I isoforms or just the long GalT I isoform. Eliminating both GalT I proteins abolishes most, but not all, GalT activity, an observation that led to the realization that other GalT family members must exist. The loss of both GalT I isoforms leads to neonatal lethality due to a wide range of phenotypic abnormalities that are most likely the result of decreased galactosylation. When the long isoform of GalT I is eliminated, galactosylation proceeds grossly normal via the short GalT I isoform, but specific defects in cell interactions occur that are thought to depend upon a non-biosynthetic function of the long GalT I isoform.
Reversible sketches for efficient and accurate change detection over network data streams

Traffic anomalies such as failures and attacks are increasing in frequency and severity, and thus identifying them rapidly and accurately is critical for large network operators. The detection typically treats the traffic as a collection of flows and looks for heavy changes in traffic patterns (e.g., volume, number of connections). However, as link speeds and the number of flows increase, keeping per-flow state is not scalable. The recently proposed sketch-based schemes [14] are among the very few that can detect heavy changes and anomalies over massive data streams at network traffic speeds. However, sketches do not preserve the key (e.g., source IP address) of the flows. Hence, even if anomalies are detected, it is difficult to infer the culprit flows, making it a big practical hurdle for online deployment. Meanwhile, the number of keys is too large to record.To address this challenge, we propose efficient reversible hashing algorithms to infer the keys of culprit flows from sketches without storing any explicit key information. No extra memory or memory accesses are needed for recording the streaming data. Meanwhile, the heavy change detection daemon runs in the background with space complexity and computational time sublinear to the key space size. This short paper describes the conceptual framework of the reversible sketches, as well as some initial approaches for implementation. See [23] for the optimized algorithms in details. comment We further apply various emph IP-mangling algorithms and emph bucket classification methods to reduce the false positives and false negatives. Evaluated with netflow traffic traces of a large edge router, we demonstrate that the reverse hashing can quickly infer the keys of culprit flows even for many changes with high accuracy.
Short communication: Ten guidelines for effective data visualization in scientific publications

Our ability to visualize scientific data has evolved significantly over the last 40 years. However, this advancement does not necessarily alleviate many common pitfalls in visualization for scientific journals, which can inhibit the ability of readers to effectively understand the information presented. To address this issue within the context of visualizing environmental data, we list ten guidelines for effective data visualization in scientific publications. These guidelines support the primary objective of data visualization, i.e. to effectively convey information. We believe that this small set of guidelines based on a review of key visualization literature can help researchers improve the communication of their results using effective visualization. Enhancement of environmental data visualization will further improve research presentation and communication within and across disciplines.
Activity-dependent role of NMDA receptors in transmission of cardiac mechanoreceptor input to the NTS

Evidence suggests that transmission of barosensitive input from arterial baroreceptors and cardiac mechanoreceptors at nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons involves non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NM...
Isolation of mycobacteria from dairy creamery effluent sludge.

Abstract Sixty three samples of dairy creamery effluent were examined for the presence of mycobacteria. Thirty two strains were isolated from 27 samples. These were classified as follows: M. fortuitum (13), M. peregrinum (6), M. gordonae(5), M. marianum (scrofulaceum) (4), unidentified (4). Ten strains, representative of the groups isolated, were tested for their effect on experimental animals. None were pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice but a number produced a minimal amount of skin sensitization in guinea pigs to avian and mammalian tuberculin.
Building Reputations for Internet Clients

We propose a design of a client reputation system that can be used to reduce unwanted traffic in the Internet. Many reputation systems proposed in the trust literature are provider-oriented, but because of different use and adversary models, their techniques are not directly applicable to client reputation systems. We survey the challenges of building client reputations, discuss two different approaches to information collection - a reporter and a monitor model - and propose their combination that successfully handles major threats to reputation validity.
Seeded Zoysiagrass Establishment in a Perennial Ryegrass Sward

Many golf course superintendents in the transition zone of the USA are interested in converting their perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fairways to warm-season grasses to reduce irrigation and fungicide expenses. This research was conducted to identify strategies for converting perennial ryegrass swards maintained under golf course fairway conditions to seeded 'Zenith' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steudel). An experiment was initiated in 1999 (Study I) at the Rocky Ford Turfgrass Research Center at Manhattan, KS, to evaluate the influence of traffic, plant growth regulator (PGR), or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] application to perennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass scalping on zoysiagrass emergence and coverage. In 2000, a second experiment (Study II) was initiated to evaluate zoysiagrass coverage response after perennial ryegrass was treated with glyphosate or scalping, as in Study I, and a zoysiagrass strip-seeding technique was also evaluated. Each study was evaluated for three consecutive years. Before seeding zoysiagrass at 42 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha(-1) in mid June, plots in all treatments were aerified and verticut. Trafficking turf with a smooth power roller in Study I reduced turfgrass quality during the first year of establishment and reduced zoysiagrass seedling emergence 6 wk after seeding and coverage in each of three evaluation years. Plant growth regulators applied to perennial ryegrass before seeding in Study I did not enhance zoysiagrass seedling emergence or coverage. Perennial ryegrass treated with glyphosate or scalped during the first 6 wk after seeding exhibited greater zoysiagrass seedling emergence than PGR-treated or untreated turf in Study I. Zoysiagrass coverage in glyphosate-treated perennial ryegrass was 75 and 84% by October of the first year in Studies I and II, respectively. Scalping perennial ryegrass resulted in 75% (Study I) and 40% (Study II) zoysiagrass coverage by the end of the third season of establishment. Strip seeding zoysiagrass at 84 kg PLS ha(-1) into 7.6-cm wide glyphosate-treated strips, spaced 33 cm apart, resulted in 73% coverage by the end of the third season of establishment in Study II. In general, the treatments that resulted in greatest perennial ryegrass suppression resulted in the largest percentage of zoysiagrass coverage 3 yr after seeding.
Teacher Pension Incentives, Retirement Behavior, and Potential for Reform in Arkansas

Abstract The authors analyze the Arkansas teacher pension plan and empirically gauge the behavioral response to incentives embedded in that plan and to possible reforms. The pattern of pension wealth accrual creates sharp incentives to work until eligible for early or normal retirement, often in one's early fifties, and to separate shortly thereafter. We estimate the effect of pension wealth accrual on teacher separation decisions using a new longitudinal data set of Arkansas teachers and find a significant impact. We then simulate the response to eliminating early retirement and raising the service requirement for normal retirement. We also simulate a shift to a constant accrual retirement plan. The response to both reforms is complex, as some would leave earlier and others stay longer. A constant accrual plan smoothes the pattern of retirement behavior as individuals tailor decisions to their own preferences instead of those built into the pension formula.
Boxed out: blocking cellular interconnect bypass fraud at the network edge

The high price of incoming international calls is a common method of subsidizing telephony infrastructure in the developing world. Accordingly, international telephone system interconnects are regulated to ensure call quality and accurate billing. High call tariffs create a strong incentive to evade such interconnects and deliver costly international calls illicitly. Specifically, adversaries use VoIP-GSM gateways informally known as "simboxes" to receive incoming calls over wired data connections and deliver them into a cellular voice network through a local call that appears to originate from a customer's phone. This practice is not only extremely profitable for simboxers, but also dramatically degrades network experience for legitimate customers, violates telecommunications laws in many countries, and results in significant revenue loss. In this paper, we present a passive detection technique for combating simboxes at a cellular base station. Our system relies on the raw voice data received by the tower during a call to distinguish errors in GSM transmission from the distinct audio artifacts caused by delivering the call over a VoIP link. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach is highly effective, and can detect 87% of real simbox calls in only 30 seconds of audio with no false positives. Moreover, we demonstrate that evading our detection across multiple calls is only possible with a small probability. In so doing, we demonstrate that fraud that degrades network quality and costs telecommunications billions of dollars annually can easily be detected and counteracted in real time.
Application Specific Output Drivers to Reduce SSN

As we scale down CMOS devices into the sub-micron region, the operating frequency of an output driver increases (frequencies over 60 MHz) which translates to reduction in rise/fall times and pulse width. For a 5 V supply, this corresponds to an output transient time less than 0.4 V/ns for a given load capacitance (i.e. T r = T f < 2.0 ns for C Load = 25 pF). As explained in the previous chapters, SSN must be limited within the maximum allowable noise level. Unless power and ground noise are controlled, reliable operation of logic devices that are connected to the same V DD /V SS busses is not guaranteed. Some of the encounted problems with false-operations due to simultaneous switching noise are; 1) false triggering, 2) double clocking, and/or 3) missing clocked pulses [7.1].
(4'-Ethynyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)-ruthenium(II) bis-(hexa-fluoridophosphate) acetonitrile disolvate.

The title heteroleptic bis­-terpyridine complex, [Ru(C15H11N3)(C17H11N3)](PF6)2·2CH3CN, crystallized from an acetonitrile solution as a salt containing two hexa­fluoridophosphate counter-ions and two acetonitrile solvent mol­ecules. The RuII atom has a distorted octa­hedral geometry due to the restricted bite angle [157.7 (3)°] of the two mer-arranged N,N′,N′′-tridendate ligands, viz. 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (tpy) and 4′-ethynyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (tpy′), which are essentially perpendicular to each other, with a dihedral angle of 87.75 (12)° between their terpyridyl planes. The rod-like acetyl­ene group lies in the same plane as its adjacent terpyridyl moiety, with a maximum deviation of only 0.071 (11) A from coplanarity with the pyridine rings. The mean Ru—N bond length involving the outer N atoms trans to each other is 2.069 (6) A at tpy and 2.070 (6) A at tpy′. The Ru—N bond length involving the central N atom is 1.964 (6) A at tpy and 1.967 (6) A at tpy′. Two of the three counter anions were refined as half-occupied.
Numerical simulation of mixed mode (I and II) fracture behavior of pre-cracked rock using the strong discontinuity approach

Abstract The existence of macroscopic flaws in geomaterial structures profoundly influences their load-carrying capacity and failure patterns. This paper is devoted to the numerical investigation of mixed–mode fracture propagation in a cracked Brazilian disk (CBD) specimen by means of the embedded strong discontinuity approach (SDA). A recently modified nonassociated, three-invariant cap plasticity model with mixed isotropic/kinematic hardening is used to predict the continuum response for the intact part of the specimen. In addition, this constitutive model adopts bifurcation analysis to track the inception of new localization and crack path propagation. For the post-localization regime, a cohesive-law fracture model, able to address mixed-model failure condition, is implemented to characterize the constitutive softening behavior on the surface of discontinuity. To capture propagating fracture, the Assumed Enhanced Strain (AES) method is employed. Furthermore, particular mathematical treatments are incorporated into the simulation concerning numerical efficiency and robustness issues. Finally, the results obtained from the enhanced FE simulations are analyzed and critically compared with experimental results available in the literature.
Habitat diversity promotes bat activity in a vineyard landscape

Abstract Intensification of agricultural production has greatly limited the capacity of agricultural land to support other species. Maintaining landscape heterogeneity in and around agricultural landscapes can help conserve biodiversity and potentially natural pest control. Whereas bats (order: Chiroptera) are highly valued as natural predators of agricultural pests, little is known about the distribution and abundance of bat species across different types of agricultural landscapes. The objective of our study was to assess how local remnant habitat and surrounding natural areas influence bat activity levels within a vineyard landscape. To accomplish this, we conducted acoustic surveys at 21 vineyards within the North Coast wine-grape growing region of California. Using generalized linear mixed-models, we assessed the influence of local remnant habitat and surrounding natural areas to predict overall and species-specific activity patterns. A total of 14,613 bat passes were recorded, of which 80% were identified by a random forest classifier as either Tadarida brasiliensis the Brazilian free-tailed bat (25%), Myotis yumanensis the Yuma Myotis (24%), or Eptesicus fuscus the big brown bat (23%). The results of our models indicate that total bat activity, and the activity of each of the common bat species, was higher adjacent to remnant vegetation along the edges of vineyards as compared to within the vineyard, but that the effect of landscape-scale characteristics on bat activity was weak. This suggests that natural trees and shrubs should be conserved and restored throughout the vineyard landscape to enhance bat abundance for a win-win agricultural production and conservation solution.
Methodology for Calibration of ANGIM Subjected to Atmospheric Uncertainties

The Airport Noise Grid Integration Method (ANGIM) was developed to enable rapid airport and fleet-level noise contour analysis, but the savings in computational speed over higher-fidelity noise models such as the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) are accomplished by requiring a few simplifying assumptions. These assumptions limit the robustness of ANGIM under varying atmospheric and operational conditions. The underlying concept of ANGIM is rooted in the fact that Day-Night Average Level (DNL) noise grids calculated by a detailed noise tool are simply logarithmic additions of all the Sound Exposure Level (SEL) events occurring during a given flight schedule. ANGIM enables rapid calculation of airport-level DNL grids by pre-calculating SEL grids for individual aircraft at standard day sea-level atmospheric conditions and maintaining a database of these grids. To enable calculation of DNL grids in ANGIM under atmospheric uncertainty would require generating and storing grids for every aircraft under every possible atmospheric condition, which would be both time and cost prohibitive. This study outlines a methodology for calibration of standard day sea-level SEL grids for varying atmospheric conditions using neural nets. This calibration method would improve the robustness of ANGIM under varying atmospheric conditions with a small increase in computation time, but this increase in computation time is still much faster than a detailed model and expands the applicability of ANGIM as a screening tool.
It’s a Matter of Trust Older African Americans Speak About Their Health Care Encounters

Purpose: To examine perceptions of older African Americans’ encounters with health care providers and ways to enhance trust. Method: Transcribed semi-structured interviews with African American sen...
‘Old English literacy, the digital revolution, and media aliteracy’

This essay advocates introductory-level study of Old English and the history of the English language as a way to confront growing aliteracy and lack of critical literacy in contemporary American culture. Our culture needs to connect issues of literacy and New Media with the history of our language in order to become aware of the ways that literacy and language have informed and created culture throughout human history; Old English specialists can shepherd these connections throughout the undergraduate curriculum.
Older Couples: Patterns of Assistance and Support

This study examines the degree to which older, noninstitutionalized husbands and wives are involved in providing various types of assistance, the likelihood of providing assistance to one's spouse and to others, and the characteristics associated with giving more forms of help. The findings suggest that older wives are more likely than older husbands to provide most of these forms of assistance. Furthermore, husbands are more likely to help their spouses, while wives are more likely to report helping people outside the conjugal pair. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the ability of the potential recipient spouse to perform daily living tasks is a key factor in determining number of forms of help provided by the potential helping spouse.
Evidence for Genetic Homogeneity in a Familial Platelet Disorder With Predisposition to Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (FPD/AML)

To the Editor: Although familial thrombocytopenias have been described in the literature since the early 1960s,[1][1] they are a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by varying modes of inheritance. A number of autosomal dominant thrombocytopenias have been described, but their
Surface electromyography and plantar pressure changes with novel gait training device in participants with chronic ankle instability.

Abstract Background Rehabilitation is ineffective at restoring normal gait in chronic ankle instability patients. Our purpose was to determine if a novel gait-training device could decrease plantar pressure on the lateral column of the foot in chronic ankle instability patients. Methods Ten chronic ankle instability patients completed 30 s trials of baseline and gait-training walking at a self-selected pace while in-shoe plantar pressure and surface electromyography were recorded from their anterior tibialis, peroneus longus, medial gastrocnemius, and gluteus medius. The gait-training device applied a medially-directed force to the lower leg via elastic bands during the entire gait cycle. Plantar pressure measures of the entire foot and 9 specific regions of the foot as well as surface electromyography root mean square areas were compared between the baseline and gait-training conditions using paired t -tests with a priori level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Findings The gait-training device decreased pressure time integrals and peak pressures in the lateral midfoot (p = 0.003 and p = 0.003) and lateral forefoot (p = 0.023 and p = 0.005), and increased pressure time integrals and peak pressures for the total foot (p = 0.030 and p = 0.017) and hallux (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002). The center of pressure was shifted medially during the entire stance phase (p Interpretation The gait-training device decreased pressure on the lateral column of the foot and increased peroneus longus muscle activity. Future research should analyze the efficacy of the gait-training device during gait retraining for chronic ankle instability.
Inferring mass in complex scenes by mental simulation

Abstract After observing a collision between two boxes, you can immediately tell which is empty and which is full of books based on how the boxes moved. People form rich perceptions about the physical properties of objects from their interactions, an ability that plays a crucial role in learning about the physical world through our experiences. Here, we present three experiments that demonstrate people’s capacity to reason about the relative masses of objects in naturalistic 3D scenes. We find that people make accurate inferences, and that they continue to fine-tune their beliefs over time. To explain our results, we propose a cognitive model that combines Bayesian inference with approximate knowledge of Newtonian physics by estimating probabilities from noisy physical simulations. We find that this model accurately predicts judgments from our experiments, suggesting that the same simulation mechanism underlies both peoples’ predictions and inferences about the physical world around them.
Reassessing the Hallowes Site: Conflict and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Potomac Valley

The John Hallowes site in Westmoreland County, Virginia, was excavated from 1968 to 1969 No report of the excavations was completed at that time, although an article summarizing the findings was published in Historical Archaeology in 1971 The artifacts from the site were not systematically cataloged until the 1980s, and it was not until 2010–2012 that an integrated study comparing the artifact data with site features, site history, regional archaeological findings, and regional history was completed Benefiting from nearly 50 years of advances in Chesapeake archaeology, the reanalysis has challenged accepted dates for the site’s initial occupation, resulted in new interpretations of John Hallowes’s role in the Maryland conflict known as Ingle’s Rebellion, traced political alliances formed during that rebellion that led to the creation of the Potomac River community of Appamattucks, and examined changing ideas about military masculinity on the Chesapeake frontier.
Targeting CXCR4 with Cell-Penetrating Pepducins Enhances Survival in Disseminated Lymphoma

Abstract Abstract 4244 The G-protein coupled receptor, CXCR4, which normally regulates interactions between stroma and hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, is highly expressed on a variety of malignant hematological cells, such as lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia cells. A new treatment concept has arisen that CXCR4 may be an effective therapeutic target as an adjunct to standard clinical treatments of hematologic malignancies. In this study we developed novel cell-penetrating lipopeptide antagonists of CXCR4, called pepducins, to interdict signaling to intracellular G-proteins in response to the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1. We demonstrated that pepducins targeting the first (i1) or third (i3) intracellular loop of CXCR4 completely abrogated SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis of lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, as well as primary cells isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pepducins enhanced apoptotic cell death in lymphoma and primary leukemia cells when used in combination with the CD20-targeted antibody, rituximab. Furthermore, pepducin treatment significantly increased survival both as monotherapy and in combination with rituximab in mice with disseminated lymphoma. Together, these data demonstrate that CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling is effectively inhibited by cell-penetrating pepducins, suggesting that these lipopeptide antagonists may represent a potentially new treatment strategy for lymphoid malignancies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Discontinuous coarsening of aligned eutectoids

Abstract The thermal stability of aligned Co-Si, Cu-In, and Ni-In euteotoids has been studied. In addition to the usual continuous coarsening within the grains, a discontinuous-coarsening process involving grain-boundary migration was observed. The effects of temperature, lamellar orientation, lamellar spacing, and lamellar perfection on this discontinuous-coarsening process were studied. The driving force and mechanism for this process are analyzed and discussed.
Wrong number: avoiding the hidden perils in iPhone development

Apple's iPhone represents an exciting opportunity for student developers to hone their skills on a compelling platform. However, developing for the iPhone is also extremely challenging, and faculty interested in guiding student developers should be aware of some potential pitfalls. This paper will detail some of the most common difficulties encountered in iPhone development, and strategies for avoiding them.
Significant Linkage Evidence for Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome on Chromosome 3

Purpose: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome is a chronic pelvic pain condition of unknown etiology. We hypothesized that related interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome cases were more likely to have a genetic etiology. The purpose of this study was to perform a genetic linkage analysis.Materials and Methods: We identified interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome cases using diagnostic codes linked to the Utah Population Database genealogy resource and to electronic medical records. For this analysis we used 13 high risk pedigrees, defined as having a statistical excess number of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome cases among descendants compared to matched hospital population rates. Case status was confirmed in medical records using natural language processing. DNA was obtained from stored, nonneoplastic, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks. Each pedigree had at least 2 cases with DNA available. Parametric linkage analysis was performed.Results: Pedigrees ...
A hybrid primal heuristic for finding feasible solutions to mixed integer programs

Abstract We present a new framework for finding feasible solutions to mixed integer programs (MIP). We use the feasibility pump heuristic coupled to a biased random-key genetic algorithm (BRKGA). The feasibility pump heuristic attempts to find a feasible solution to a MIP by first rounding a solution to the linear programming (LP) relaxation to an integer (but not necessarily feasible) solution and then projecting it to a feasible solution to the LP relaxation. The BRKGA is able to build a pool of projected and rounded but not necessarily feasible solutions and to combine them using information from previous projections. This information is also used to fix variables during the process to speed up the solution of the LP relaxations, and to reduce the problem size in enumeration phases. Experimental results show that this approach is able to find feasible solutions for instances where the original feasibility pump or a commercial mixed integer programming solver often fail.
Decreasing cerebral oxygen consumption during upright tilt in vasovagal syncope.

We measured changes in transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during 70° upright tilt in patients with recurrent vasovagal syncope (VVS, N = 20), postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS, N = 20), and healthy controls (N = 12) aged 15–27 years old. VVS was included if they fainted during testing within 5–15 min of upright tilt. We combined TCD and NIRS to obtain estimates of percent change in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv), and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Over the course of 10 min of upright tilt, CBFv decreased from a baseline of 70 ± 5 to 63 ± 5 cm/sec in controls and 74 ± 3 to 64 ± 3 cm/sec in POTS while decreasing from 74 ± 4 to 44 ± 3 cm/sec in VVS. CMRO2 was unchanged in POTS and controls during tilt while OEF increased by 19 ± 3% and 15 ± 3%, respectively. CMRO2 decreased by 31 ± 3% in VVS during tilt while OEF only increased by 7 ± 3%. Oxyhemoglobin decreased by 1.1 ± 1.3 μmol/kg brain tissue in controls, by 1.1 ± 1.3 μmol/kg in POTS, and 11.1 ± 1.3 μmol/kg in VVS. CBFv and CMRO2 fell steadily in VVS during upright tilt. The deficit in CMRO2 in VVS results from inadequate OEF in the face of greatly reduced CBF.
Hopfield-Based Adaptive Observers: Next Generation of Luenberger State Estimators

Abstract Neural networks have been employed to expand application areas of the Luenberger state estimators. Hopfield network IS applied to the problem of system identification and state estimation. This paper presents mathematical derivation of an adaptive observer based on integration of the two techniques. The general case of multiple Input and output systems is considered. Analysis includes the case of noise presence in the measurements. Simulation results for different plant conditions are detailed.