cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple signaling pathways direct the initiation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in cultured brain neurons

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the synergistic interaction of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and a second co-activator molecule can novelly induce expression of the CA biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in non-TH expressing neurons of the striatum. Several co-activators have been identified, including substances present in L6 muscle cell extract (X. Du et al., J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 7688–7694) catecholamines, such as dopamine (DA) (X. Du and L. Iacovitti, J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 5420–5427; X. Du et al., Brain Res. 680 (1995) 229–233) and activators of protein kinase C (PKC) such as TPA (X. Du and L. Iacovitti, J. Neurochem. 68 (1997) 564–569). In the present study, we investigated whether activators of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway also serve as effective co-activators of aFGF in the induction of TH gene expression. In addition, the combinatorial effects of the various TH-inducing agents were also evaluated. We found that, as with other co-activating molecules, the PKA stimulants IBMX and forskolin had no TH-inducing capacity when administered alone. However, co-treatment of 10 ng/ml aFGF with either (250 μM) IBMX or (10 μM) forskolin resulted in the novel expression of TH in 25% of plated neurons. The number of TH-expressing neurons was increased to 55% in aFGF-treated cultures co-incubated with aFGF and both (250 μM) IBMX and (10 μM) forskolin. Time course studies indicated that TH induction was rapid (peaking within 24 h) and enduring (lasting 4 days in culture). Induction of TH by aFGF and IBMX/forskolin was partially blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase, such as H7, H8 and H89, as well as pretreatment with protein (cyclohexamide) or RNA synthesis (amanitin and actinomycin D) inhibitors. The concomitant addition of combinations of co-activator molecules (DA, TPA and IBMX/forskolin) and aFGF resulted in the additive induction of TH. Maximal expression of TH (80% of striatal neurons) was accomplished when cultures were treated with aFGF and all co-activator molecules simultaneously. Our results suggest that there are multiple ways to signal the initiation of the TH gene, each of which requires the synergy of specific growth factors and either DA, PKA or PKC pathway activators. Since only the combination of growth factor and all co-activators together produces maximum TH induction, each molecule may signal a unique intracellular pathway which converges at targets on the TH gene.
Preferential Attachment of Peritoneal Tumor Metastases to Omental Immune Aggregates and Possible Role of a Unique Vascular Microenvironment in Metastatic Survival and Growth

Controlling metastases remains a critical problem in cancer biology. Within the peritoneal cavity, omental tissue is a common site for metastatic disease arising from intraperitoneal tumors; however, it is unknown why this tissue is so favorable for metastatic tumor growth. Using five different tumor cell lines in three different strains of mice, we found that the omentum was a major site of metastases growth for intraperitoneal tumors. Furthermore, initial attachment and subsequent growth were limited to specific sites within the omentum, consisting of organized aggregates of immune cells. These immune aggregates contained a complex network of capillaries exhibiting a high vascular density, which appear to contribute to the survival of metastatic cells. We found that the vasculature within these aggregates contained CD105+ vessels and vascular sprouts, both indicators of active angiogenesis. A subset of mesothelial cells situated atop the immune aggregates was found to be hypoxic, and a similar proportion was observed to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor-A. These data provide a physiological mechanism by which metastatic tumor cells preferentially grow at sites rich in proangiogenic vessels, apparently stimulated by angiogenic factors produced by mesothelial cells. These sites provide metastatic cells with a microenvironment highly conducive to survival and subsequent growth.
Effect of food intake on the secretion of thyrotrophin during diethylstilbestrol treatment.

ESTROGEN treatment has been variously reported to increase thyroid activity (Emge and Laqueur, 1941; Reineke and Soliman, 1953; Engstrom and Markardt, 1954), to have little effect on thyroid function (Paschkis, Cantarow and Peacock, 1948; Desclin and Ermans, 1951), and to inhibit thyroid cell growth and colloid resorption (Gardner, 1949; Tuchman-Duplessis and Mercier-Parot, 1953). Underfeeding reduces the rat thyroid response to thiouracil in proportion to the reduction in body growth (Meites and Agrawala, 1949). Meites (1949) showed that large doses of estrogen will reduce the appetite of rats and speculated as to whether the decrease in food intake was the cause of, or a result of, an inhibition of thyrotrophin secretion by the estrogen.
Selective α,ω-dicarboxylic acid recognition in a chiral cleft shaped by the 9,9′-spirobifluorene unit

Abstract A 9,9′-spirbifluorene, functionalized in the 2,2′-positions with two 6-methy-2-pyridinyl-aminocarbonyl residues, provides a cleft binding site for the selective 1:1 complexation of glutaric and pimelic acid in chloroform solution. Chiral recognition occurs in the complexes of the chiral cleft with N-Cbz- l -glutamic acid.
Negative differential resistance in InP JFETs

Negative differential resistance, as evidenced by DC and microwave measurements, has been observed in InP JFETs for a range of channel geometries and bias values. These results, adjusted for possible substrate current, are shown to be consistent with the simple theory of stationary Gunn domain formation.
Use of cold ultrafiltered retentates for standardization of milks for pizza cheese: Impact on yield and functionality

Pizza cheese was manufactured from two types of Ultrafiltration (UF)-fortified milks: high solids (UFHS; 15.2% TS) and medium solids (UFMS; 13.5%). Cheese milks were obtained by blending cold processed UF retentate with partially skimmed milk and UF (skim milk) retentate. Cheese functionality was assessed using oscillatory rheology and by baking on a pizza. Gels made from UF-fortified milks had similar clotting times and they clotted faster than control milk. Shear stress values of gels from UF-fortified milks were higher than control. Fat recoveries in the cheeses increased in the order UFHS<control<UFMS. Nitrogen recoveries were lower in control than UF-fortified cheeses. During heating loss tangent curves shifted higher during the first month of ripening and the temperature for the maximum loss tangent decreased. Crossover temperature also decreased during ripening. Trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen levels were similar in all cheeses. Standardization of cheese milk with cold UF retentates increased yield without adversely affecting functionality.
Mapped Clone Sequences Detecting Differences among 28 North American Barley Cultivars

Genetic linkage maps of molecular markers have been developed for barley (Hordeum vulgate L.) to aid development of improved barley cultivars. However, crosses between genetically diverse parents used to maximize polymorphism in map construction are not appropriate for use in breeding programs for cultivar development. The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of genetic variation detected at RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) marker loci among 28 North American spring barley cultivars was sufficient to permit molecular marker-assisted selection in North American barley breeding programs. DNA extracted from these cultivars was restriction digested with BamHI and hybridized to 100 clone sequences mapped by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. A diversity index (DI) was calculated for each clone sequence based on the number and frequency of RFLP patterns detected. Fifty-seven of the clones detected RFLPs among these cultivars. Twenty-nine of these were highly informative (DI>0.500) in detecting differences among the 28 cultivars. Clone sequences were identified that separated the 28 cultivars by geographic origin (Western vs. Midwestern) and by spike morphology (two-rowed vs. six-rowed). While 47% of the clone sequences detected RFLPS among the 15 Midwestern six-rowed cultivars, only 17% detected RFLPs among the currently grown cultivars Robust, Excel, Foster, and Stander. The RFLP loci that differ between these cultivars appear to be associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for agronomic and malt quality traits. Molecular marker-assisted selection in malting barley breeding programs can be used to select the optimal alleles at these QTL and to incorporate qualitative traits such as disease resistance from less adapted germplasm.
Technical Service Report: Report of the ALCTS Cataloging & Metadata Management Section Cataloging & Classification Research Interest Group, American Library Association Annual Conference, Anaheim, June 2012.

Masha Stepanova, Catalog & Slavic Librarian at Miami University, Oxford, OH, was installed as the incoming chair of CCRIG. Nastia Guimaraes, Electronic Resources and Serials Cataloging Librarian, U...
‘Crossing lines of difference’: how college students analyse diversity

Contemporary American college students confront increased diversity during their college years—in race, class, nationality, religion, ethnicity, language, sexual orientation, age, and disability. Yet, how do students conceptualize this diversity, evaluate the options it provides, and assess its limitations? Furthermore, how do those researching diversity develop approaches that are flexible and open enough to reflect emerging student ways of thinking about diversity? Based on work at a diverse US public university—especially a pilot project on free‐form student essays—this paper examines how students conceptually navigate an environment that both encourages and inhibits interaction across difference. These students indicate scepticism about the marketing of diversity and frustration at the limited interaction across difference on campus, yet also an appreciation of the opportunities that diversity provides.
SACRAL NERVE STIMULATION FOR TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE

AbstractPurpose: A prospective, randomized study was performed to evaluate sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence.Materials and Methods: Primary outcome variables were obtained from voiding diaries. After baseline evaluation candidates who satisfied inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Test stimulation results determined eligibility for randomization into a stimulation (treatment) or delay (control) group. The stimulation group included 34 patients who underwent implantation and were followed for 6 months. The delay group comprised 42 patients who received standard medical therapy for 6 months and then were offered implantation. The stimulation group completed a therapy evaluation test (on versus off) after 6 months.Results: At 6 months the number of daily incontinence episodes, severity of episodes and absorbent pads or diapers replaced daily due to incontinence were significantly reduced in the stimulation compared to the delay group (all p <0.0001...
Iterative design and testing of a hand-held, non-contact wound measurement device

A variety of wound measurement techniques are available to clinicians. Options range from relatively simple and inexpensive to complex, expensive devices. An iterative design approach was used to evaluate and improve performance and clinical utility of a new wound measurement device (WMD). The design was based upon a commercially available Smartphone. Accuracy was assessed using bench testing and reliability of area measurements was determined using multiple evaluators. Clinical utility was investigated by deploying the WMD during wound rounds in a rehabilitation hospital. Accuracy testing revealed an average error <2% at 0° or skew and an average error of 4.28% at 10° of skew. The intra-rater reliability exceeded 0.975 for all raters and inter-rater reliability was 0.966. Clinical utility testing provided the opportunity to address several usability concerns including the software interface and computation times. The accuracy and reliability of a new, non-contact wound measurement device exceeded that of other manual techniques and were, at least, equivocal to other computer-based technologies. Some limitations of using a Smartphone were identified by the clinicians that can be addressed by the more advanced processing power of newer technology. Overall, the WMD was shown to have the potential as a useful clinical tool.
Ethnographic evidence of unique hues and elemental colors

Contrary to argument that unique hues are undemonstrated, the World Color Survey shows that speakers of more than 100 minor and tribal languages focus color categories predominantly on 4 of the 40 hue columns of the ethnographic Munsell array. The pattern is not conditioned by saturation levels or other arbitrary structures among the color chips, nor is Western influence likely to be the cause. Moreover, all evidence suggests that color cognition is autonomous despite the connotations and polysemies of color terms.
A Latency-Tolerant Architecture for Airborne Adaptive Optic Systems

A new data-driven method for latency compensation in adaptive optics sytems is developed and evaluated in this paper. Conventional adaptive optic controllers typically assume a single timestep of latency in the feedback loop, which is an appropriate assumption for low-frequency applications such as atmospheric optics compensation. However, the controller frequencies needed for aero-optic applications can approach the tens of kilohertz. Cumulative latency in the feedback loop originating from digital communication links, sensors, processing, etc. can exceed one timestep and thus significantly reduce the performance of adaptive optic controllers, even though open-loop frequencies of individual components are sufficiently fast for the application. Our method uses proper orthogonal decomposition as a basis for wavefront model reduction and an artificial neural network to predict the evolution of the associated modal coefficients over a short temporal horizon equivalent to the amount of latency present in the feedback loop. The method is capable of significantly augmenting the performance of conventional adaptive optics controllers. This algorithm has been evaluated in closed-loop simulation with disturbance data gathered from the Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory. Over a 5-step prediction window, the new controller could reduce OPDrms in the worst cases by over 35%. Over a single timestep window, mitigations of greater than 55% are realized.
Translate to divide: сontrol of the cell cycle by protein synthesis

Protein synthesis underpins much of cell growth and, consequently, cell multiplication. Understanding how proliferating cells commit and progress into the cell cycle requires knowing not only which proteins need to be synthesized, but also what determines their rate of synthesis during cell division.
Task re-encoding in vision-based control systems

Feedback control systems employing video cameras as sensors have been studied in the robotics community for many years. An especially interesting feature of such systems is that both the process output and the reference set-point are typically observed through the same sensors (i.e., cameras). Due to this unusual architectural feature, it is sometimes possible to achieve precise positioning, despite sensor/actuator and process model imprecision, just as it is in the case of a conventional set-point control system with a perfect loop-integrator and precise output and exogenous reference sensing. But in contrast to a set-point control system where what to choose for an error is usually clear, in vision-based systems there are many choices for errors, each with different attributes. The aim of this paper is to discuss these issues in a fairly general setting and to provide concrete examples to illustrate the concepts involved in geometrical terms.
Nullifying the climate null hypothesis

This essay addresses Trenberth's statement that ‘Given that global warming is “unequivocal”, and is “very likely” due to human activities to quote the 2007 IPCC report, the null hypothesis should now be reversed, thereby placing the burden of proof on showing that there is no human influence.’ We examine how the concept of a null hypothesis is being used implicitly and explicitly in the scientific and policy debate on climate change, in the context of scientific hypothesis testing, as a framework for ‘burden of proof’ arguments and policy deliberations, and metaphorically in the context of a polemic. It is argued that the statement of a null hypothesis is not particularly useful in the broader context of the scientific inferences surrounding the topic of the attribution of climate change and also policy decisions. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:919–924. doi: 10.1002/wcc.141 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Sensory integration in audiovisual automatic speech recognition

Methods of integrating audio and visual information in an audiovisual HMM-based ASR system are investigated. Experiments involve discrimination of a set of 22 consonants, with various integration strategies. The role of the visual subsystem is varied; for example, in one run, the subsystem attempts to classify all 22 consonants, while in other runs it attempts only broader classifications. In a second experiment, a new HMM formulation is employed, which incorporates the integration into the HMM at a pre-categorical stage. A single variable parameter allows the relative contribution of audio and visual information to be controlled. This form of integration can be very easily incorporated into existing audio-based continuous speech recognizers. >
Monitoring Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in pilot-scale warehouses treated with β-cyfluthrin: are residual insecticides and trapping compatible?

Integrated pest management strategies for cereal processing facilities often include both pheromone-baited pitfall traps and crack and crevice applications of a residual insecticide such as the pyrethroid cyfluthrin. In replicated pilot-scale warehouses, a 15-week-long experiment was conducted comparing population trends suggested by insect captures in pheromone-baited traps to direct estimates obtained by sampling the food patches in untreated and cyfluthrin-treated warehouses. Warehouses were treated, provisioned with food patches and then infested with all life stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Food patches, both those initially infested and additional uninfested, were surrounded by cyfluthrin bands to evaluate if insects would cross the bands. Results show that insect captures correlated with population trends determined by direct product samples in the untreated warehouses, but not the cyfluthrin-treated warehouses. However, dead insects recovered from the floor correlated with the insect densities observed with direct samples in the cyfluthrin-treated warehouses. Initially, uninfested food patches were exploited immediately and after six weeks harbored similar infestation densities to the initially infested food patches. These data show that pest management professionals relying on insect captures in pheromone-baited traps in cyfluthrin-treated structures could be deceived into believing that a residual insecticide application was suppressing population growth, when the population was actually increasing at the same rate as an untreated population.
Selective epitaxy base transistor (SEBT)

A bipolar transistor using selective epitaxy for base formation in a double-poly self-aligned structure is presented. The intrinsic base was formed by a selective-epitaxial deposition in place of ion implantation. Such epitaxial base processes are capable of achieving a narrow intrinsic base sheet resistance R/sub bi/ and base-emitter diffusion capacitance c/sub be/ compared to advanced ion-implanted processes. A selective epitaxial base can be simply introduced in advanced double-poly self-aligned processes compared to a nonselective epitaxial layer. >
Molecular basis of a multiple lymphokine deficiency in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Abstract We have previously reported that the T lymphocytes of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency are defective in the transcription of several lymphokine genes that include IL2, IL3, IL4, and IL5, which encode interleukins 2, 3, 4, and 5 (IL-2, -3, -4, and -5). To determine whether the defect in the patient's T lymphocytes involved a trans-acting factor common to the affected lymphokine genes, we examined the ability of nuclear factors from the patient's T lymphocytes to bind response elements present in the regulatory region of IL2. Nuclear factor NF-kB, activation protein 1 (AP-1), OCT-1, and NF-IL-2B binding activity were normal. In contrast, the binding of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) to its response element in the IL2 enhancer and to an NF-AT-like response element present in the IL4 enhancer was abnormal. To ascertain whether the abnormal NF-AT binding activity was related to an impaired function, we transfected patient and control T lymphocytes with constructs containing the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under the control of the entire IL2 regulatory region or of multimers of individual enhancer sequences. CAT expression directed by the IL2 regulatory region or by a multimer of the NF-AT-binding site was markedly lower in the patient relative to controls. In contrast, CAT gene expression directed by a multimer of the OCT-1 proximal (OCT-1p)-binding site was equivalent in patient and controls. These results indicate that an abnormality of/or influencing NF-AT may underlie the multiple lymphokine deficiency in this patient.
Ethical Issues in Surgical Research

All biomedical research, including clinical medical and surgical research, should conform to a set of ethical principles first delineated in the Nuremburg Code, and subsequently expanded upon in the Belmont and Helsinki Reports. Despite this agreement on principles of human subjects' research in the medical field, there is a lack of clarity about special aspects of surgical research ethics when compared with medical research ethics. Because of the unique relationship between the surgeon and his/her patient, which includes extraordinary proximity and a degree of physical violence, many regard surgical ethics as a unique entity. We define surgical research ethics as research that involves actual procedures and/or operations. The spe-cific ethical issues in surgical research that we discuss are randomized controlled trials, placebo surgery, and surgical innovation and its regulation. Strategies for the adaptation to new cultural norms and expectations are also discussed.
Relation of Left Atrial Volume from Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography to Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Following Ablation

The effect of left atrial (LA) structural remodeling and dilatation on the outcome of ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unknown. We correlated potential prognostic markers of AF ablation, including LA volume from computed tomography, with AF recurrence after ablation. We studied 73 consecutive patients (52 with paroxysmal AF, 21 with persistent AF) undergoing AF ablation. LA volume was calculated by axial slice summation from 3-dimensional computed tomography. Follow-up was through 12 months, with success of ablation determined by electrocardiography and lack of symptoms (unless symptoms proved not AF by Holter monitor). Overall procedure success was 66% (including 15% repeat ablations, 12% on antiarrhythmics). Pulmonary vein isolation was performed, with additional linear ablation in 44 (60%). Mean LA volume (95% confidence interval) for those with recurrent AF was 119 ml (104 to 135) versus 98 ml (90 to 106) for no recurrence (p = 0.01, rank-sum test). Wide variation in LA volume occurred in the 2 groups, but, of the 15% of patients with very large LA volumes (>135 ml), 82% had recurrent AF. A cutpoint of 135 ml yields 36% sensitivity and 96% specificity for recurrence. In multivariable regression analysis, only LA volume and number of cardiovascular co-morbidities were associated with more recurrence (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). In conclusion, LA volume varies greatly in those with and without successful AF ablations, mean LA volume is significantly larger in those with recurrence, and patients with LA volumes >135 ml are very likely to develop recurrent AF.
A segmented parallel-prefix VLSI circuit with small delays for small segments

I present a VLSI circuit for segmented parallel prefix with gate delay O(log S) and wire delay.
Zygotic Transcription Is Required to Block a Maternal Program of Apoptosis in Xenopus Embryos

Abstract At the midblastula transition duringXenopusdevelopment, the cell cycle is remodeled, and zygotic transcription is initiated. Additionally, cyclin E1 is degraded at the midblastula transition independently of protein synthesis, the number of cell cycles, and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. In the studies reported here, cell cycles were delayed by transient inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) prior to the midblastula transition. Even after reaccumulation of mitotic cyclins and resumption of cell divisions, cycloheximide-treated embryos did not resume DNA synthesis, failed to initiate transcription, and synchronously became apoptotic before the gastrula stage. These results were independent of the stage at which embryos were treated or the duration of treatment. Inhibition of zygotic transcription with α-amanitin also induced apoptosis. These data suggest that a developmental checkpoint at the midblastula transition is maternally regulated and can trigger apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by cycloheximide or α-amanitin was blocked by injection of RNA encodingXenopusBcl-2, suggesting that this maternal program is normally blocked by expression of an apoptotic inhibitor. Embryos pulsed with lower doses of cycloheximide (10 μg/ml) delayed development prior to the midblastula transition but resumed DNA synthesis, initiated transcription, and gastrulated normally. This indicates that the apoptotic response is initiated only when delayed embryos are unable to support initiation of zygotic transcription.
Machine Learning Methods for Estimating Heterogeneous Causal Eects

In this paper we study the problems of estimating heterogeneity in causal eects in experimental or observational studies and conducting inference about the magnitude of the dierences in treatment eects across subsets of the population. In applications, our method provides a data-driven approach to determine which subpopulations have large or small treatment eects and to test hypotheses about the dierences in these eects. For experiments, our method allows researchers to identify heterogeneity in treatment eects that was not specied in a pre-analysis plan, without concern about invalidating inference due to multiple testing. In most of the literature on supervised machine learning (e.g. regression trees, random forests, LASSO, etc.), the goal is to build a model of the relationship between a unit’s attributes and an observed outcome. A prominent role in these methods is played by cross-validation which compares predictions to actual outcomes in test samples, in order to select the level of complexity of the model that provides the best predictive power. Our method is closely related, but it diers in that it is tailored for predicting causal eects of a treatment rather than a unit’s outcome. The challenge is that the \ground truth" for a causal eect is not observed for any individual unit: we observe the unit with the treatment,
Gauge sensitivity indices for vehicle body structure assessment and optimisation

Reducing the weight of the primary structure in vehicles is an effective way to improve fuel efficiency and kinematic performance. The most direct approach to achieve such reductions is to decrease the thickness, or gauge, of the vehicle sheet metal stock. This article describes the development of numerical indices for assessing the sensitivity of vehicle body structure architectures to changes in noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) characteristics associated with thickness changes resulting from either same material down-gauging or material substitutions. A rigorous mathematical analysis is used to derive relationships between the indices and NVH parameters, such as structural stiffness and fundamental natural frequencies of critical deformation modes. The derivation also suggests algorithms for computational implementation. The work concludes with a series of validation case studies illustrating application and interpretation of the gauge sensitivity indices.
Black Lynchings: The Power Threat Hypothesis Revisited

Between 1889 and 1931 nearly 3,000 blacks were lynched in the American South. One of the few "theory driven" efforts to explain the lynching phenomenon has employed Blalock's "power threat hypothesis" as a framework, arguing that southern whites lynched blacks to retain political hegemony. This paper reexamines the empirical support for a power threat interpretation of southern lynchings and finds it wanting. It is shown that previous analyses have been plagued by a variety of conceptual and methodological weaknesses including: sensitivity to extremely influential cases; sample selection truncation; an inappropriate measure of lynching; and possible model misspecification. Our alternative analyses, including corrections for these problems, reveal no support for the power threat explanation for lynching. Historically, southern whites have exploited an impressive arsenal of discriminatory tactics to subordinate the black minority. Lynching was one of the most brutal of these tactics. According to an inventory compiled by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 3,290 people were lynched in the South between 1889 and 1931 (NAACP
MR appearance of an ectopic intraspinal adrenal cortical adenoma.

An ectopic adrenal cortical adenoma presented as an intra­ dural spinal mass in an 8-year-old girl with bilateral leg pain. The patient had no endocrine symptoms of an adrenal ade­ noma despite abnormally high levels of androstenedione found within the tumor. The purpose of this article is to highlight the diagnostic radiologic aspects of this unusual neoplasm.
Graph-based Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval

Graph theory and the fields of natural language processing and information retrieval are well-studied disciplines. Traditionally, these areas have been perceived as distinct, with different algorithms, different applications, and different potential end-users. However, recent research has shown that these disciplines are intimately connected, with a large variety of natural language processing and information retrieval applications finding efficient solutions within graph-theoretical frameworks. This book extensively covers the use of graph-based algorithms for natural language processing and information retrieval. It brings together topics as diverse as lexical semantics, text summarization, text mining, ontology construction, text classification, and information retrieval, which are connected by the common underlying theme of the use of graph-theoretical methods for text and information processing tasks. Readers will come away with a firm understanding of the major methods and applications in natural language processing and information retrieval that rely on graph-based representations and algorithms.
A Debt Strategy for the Next Thirty Years

The task of confronting the national debt is challenging, but it is quickly becoming unavoidable. The strategy that I propose here would help policymakers face the problem head on. By bringing the real issue into focus (the debt-to-GDP ratio), policymakers can set accurate, meaningful goals. By emphasizing economic growth, they can avoid creating a growth problem as they solve a budget problem. By being honest about the primary cause of the problem — entitlement programs — they can move to address issues that will only become more painful if we delay.
Moral philosophy in perinatalology: A collaborative model for perinatal ethics.

The practice of perinatology has become increasingly multidisciplinary, engaging the funds of knowledge and skill sets of obstetricians, pediatricians, other specialists and subspecialists, and other healthcare professionals. Ethics is an essential dimension of perinatology because it focuses all members of the inter-disciplinary on the goal of excellent care for pregnant, fetal, and neonatal patients. To facilitate this goal, obstetricians need to learn to think like pediatricians while still thinking like obstetricians and pediatricians need to learn to think like obstetricians while still thinking like pediatricians. The article in this volume of Seminars in Perinatology explore major topics in perinatal ethics, not shying away from controversy and thus challenging the reader to critically assess his or her own positions on the topics. In recent years perinatal medicine has accomplished increasing integration of a multi-disciplinary clinical team, a remarkable accomplishment when one looks back only a decade. These teams comprise physicians from both obstetrics and pediatrics, including subspecialists in maternal– fetal medicine, fetal intervention, neonatology, pediatric cardiology, pediatric surgery, pediatric nephrology, pediatric neurosurgery, obstetric and pediatric imaging, and pathology. These teams also include obstetric and pediatric nurses, social workers, and chaplains. Ethics has become an essential component of the work of perinatal teams, as documented in the article in this volume
Pharmacology Review: Neonatal Clinical Pharmacology and Dose Development

Neonates are a special population in drug development and require special attention for the management and cure of neonatal diseases. Rapidly changing physiology in this age group makes interpretation of pharmacokinetic data and dosing decisions a difficult task. Conducting a clinical trial in neonates is also a challenge because of factors such as lack of drug development experience in neonatal pharmacology, obtaining informed consent, availability of an appropriate pediatric dosage form, and risk of exposing neonates to a dose that may cause serious safety concerns. This review focuses on neonatal clinical pharmacology efforts to predict and test new drug dosing in neonates.
Supplementation with selenium restores age-related decline in immune cell function

This study examined the effect of dietary (2.00 ppm for 8 weeks) supplementation with selenium (as sodium selenite) on the ability of lymphocytes from aged (24-month-old), male, C57BL/6JNIA mice to respond to: (i) stimulation with mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) or alloantigen; (ii) develop into cytotoxic effector cells; and (iii) destroy tumor cells. Supplementation with selenium resulted in a significant increase in the ability of spleen lymphocytes from aged animals to undergo blastogenesis, as indicated by significantly higher amounts of nuclear incorporation of 3H-thymidine after stimulation with mitogen. The dietary regimen restored the age-related deficiency of the cells to respond to stimulation by nuclear DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, at least, to the level of cells from unsupplemented young adult animals. Furthermore, populations of in vivo, alloantigen-activated lymphocytes from Se-supplemented aged animals contained significantly higher numbers of cytotoxic lymphocytes than those from Se-normal aged animals, which resulted in an enhanced capacity to destroy tumor cells. The significant increase in the number of cytotoxic effector cells within these activated T-lymphocyte populations was probably the result of an enhanced clonal proliferation of cytotoxic precursors cells, followed by the differentiation of greater numbers of cytotoxic effector cells. This effect occurred in the absence of changes in the ability of the cells to produce IL-2, which confirmed our earlier observation that dietary supplementation with selenium does not affect the production of IL-2. The data suggested that selenium restores the age-related defect in cell proliferation through an increase in the number of high-affinity IL-2 receptors.
Intergeneric interactions between Eimeria separata (Apicomplexa) and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) in the rat.

Ova production inNippostrongylus brasiliensis infected rats was significantly greater than in rats singly infected with the helminth whenEimeria separata infections were introduced 4, 6 and 11 days postinoculation withN. brasiliensis. Patent periods were unaltered during concurrent infections. These results suggest that the presence ofE. separata affects helminth fecundity but does not increaseN. brasiliensis longevity as has been shown withE. nieschulzi.
Effects of Temperature and Plant Species upon the Rates of Metabolism of Systemically Applied Di-Syston

The rates of oxidative metabolism and of hydrolytic decomposition of Di-Syston®, or O,O -diethyl S -ethyl-2-thiocthyl phosphorodithioate (formerly called Bayer 19689) were measured at various temperatures and in several plant species using a p32- radiotracer. The rates of oxidation of the Di-Syston metabolites in isolated cotton leaves were accelerated by increased temperatures between 87° and 100° F., lind from the Arrhenius energy of activation 10,200 cal. per mole it was determined that the rate of oxidation of Di-Syston sulfoxide increased about 1.9 times for each 10° C. rise in temperature. Metabolism of Di-Syston sulfoxide and hydrolytic decomposition of the toxic products occurred from 2 to S times as fast in tomato leaves at 70° F. as in cotton leaves. The rates in a number of other plants studied appreared to be intermediate between those in tomato and cotton.
Jendrassik maneuver facilitates cVEMP amplitude: some preliminary observations.

BACKGROUND The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is an acoustically driven electrophysiological measure of saccular and inferior nerve function that requires tonic sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) activity in order to be elicited. The cVEMP is gaining increased interest in the clinical and research communities based on the anatomical specificity it adds to vestibular test batteries, because it is noninvasive, and since it can be performed with instrumentation commonly found in audiology clinics worldwide. PURPOSE Because maintaining a constant level of tonic background electromyography (EMG) over the entire course of the recording epoch is a requirement for response elicitation, active participation for some individuals including the elderly and those with cervical problems can be difficult. As a way to facilitate the response for some clinical populations, this study addressed whether cVEMPs could be modulated by remote or local changes in EMG related neural activity by applying various maneuvers during the course of the recording epoch. RESEARCH DESIGN Keeping acoustic stimulation and recording parameters constant, three separate experimental conditions, Jendrassik maneuver, jaw (teeth) clenching, and forced-eye closure, were used to determine whether cVEMP amplitudes could be enhanced from the control condition. STUDY SAMPLE Nine adults (2 males; 7 females) ranging in age from 24 to 42 yr with normal pure-tone hearing sensitivity and a negative history of otological disease, neurological disease, and head trauma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were recorded from the SCM using surface electrodes in response to suprathreshold 500 Hz Blackman windowed tone bursts under a control and three experimental conditions. Three separate one-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to evaluate the effects of these maneuvers on P1/N1 peak-to-peak amplitudes and P1 and N1 peak latencies. RESULTS A significant main effect of experimental condition was shown to increase P1/N1 peak-to-peak cVEMP amplitude. Post hoc analysis found that Jendrassik maneuver versus control was the only the condition that produced significantly increased response amplitudes in comparison to all other post hoc contrasts. P1 and N1 peak latencies were unchanged across the various experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS In adults with normal hearing sensitivity and a negative history of otological disease, neurological disease, and head trauma, Jendrassik maneuver increased cVEMP amplitude by over 39% in comparison to the control condition. Such a simple modulation effect warrants further investigation for application in clinical studies.
Sterol synthesis: a simple method for the isolation of zymosterol (5 alpha-cholesta-8, 24-dien-3 beta-ol) from yeast and spectral properties of zymosterol

A relatively simple method is described for the isolation of zymosterol (5 alpha-cholesta-8, 24-dien-3 beta-ol) of high purity from baker's yeast. Also presented are detailed spectral properties, including 13C NMR spectral analyses, of zymosterol and its acetate derivative.
Patient-oriented dietetic information system. I. A computerized menu print and diet order system.

This computer system generates diet orders, census data, birthday cake needs, menus for patients’ trays, and information as to which patients’ nutrient intake must be calculated.
Ravel: A Database-Defined Network

SDN's logically centralized control provides an insertion point for programming the network. While it is generally agreed that higher-level abstractions are needed to make that programming easy, there is little consensus on what are the "right" abstractions. Indeed, as SDN moves beyond its initial specialized deployments to broader use cases, it is likely that network control applications will require diverse abstractions that evolve over time. To this end, we champion a perspective that SDN control fundamentally revolves around data representation. We discard any application-specific structure that might be outgrown by new demands. Instead, we adopt a plain data representation of the entire network --- network topology, forwarding, and control applications --- and seek a universal data language that allows application programmers to transform the primitive representation into any high-level representations presented to applications or network operators. Driven by this insight, we present a system, Ravel, that implements an entire SDN network control infrastructure within a standard SQL database. In Ravel, network abstractions take the form of user-defined SQL views expressed by SQL queries that can be added on the fly. A key challenge in realizing this approach is to orchestrate multiple simultaneous abstractions that collectively affect the same underlying data. To achieve this, Ravel enhances the database with novel data integration mechanisms that merge the multiple views into a coherent forwarding behavior. Moreover, Ravel is exposed to applications through the one simple, familiar and highly interoperable SQL interface. While this is an ambitious long-term goal, our prototype built on the PostgreSQL database exhibits promising performance even for large scale networks.
In-Fiber Monomode Octave-Spanning OAM Supercontinuum

We demonstrate an octave-spanning supercontinuum generated entirely in the |L|=8 orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode of an air-core fiber. The supercontinuum shows high mode purity (>14dB) and polarization extinction >8 dB across the spectral bandwidth.
"My Voice Is Definitely Strongest in Online Communities": Students Using Social Media for Queer and Disability Identity-Making

In this qualitative study I explored the social media activities of 25 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer students with disabilities at a research-intensive university. Using a framework of identity-making that accounts for students' reflections, narrations, and actions, I detail students' experiences exploring queer/disability identities through social networking sites, smartphone applications, and blogs. Students described going online to find validation, become involved, and manage identities contextually; however, students also described experiencing marginalization online and feeling isolated, suggesting implications for higher education, including the need to critically evaluate students' online engagement.
Power-Angle Synchronization for Grid-Connected Converter With Fault Ride-Through Capability for Low-Voltage Grids

In this paper, the power-angle synchronization control of a grid-tied bidirectional dc–ac converter is investigated for low-voltage grids. The power flow equations for the low-voltage grid are analyzed and compensators are designed to ensure the decoupled control of active and reactive power. The proposed control system operates without the need for a phase-locked loop during balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. It is shown that during balanced conditions the compensators ensure stable operation controlling the desired power flow to and from the grid. It is also demonstrated that the compensators are immune to grid fluctuations and to a large extent can cater grid unbalanced conditions. Experimental results verify the performance of the proposed control scheme.
Effect of preoperative atrial fibrillation on patients with chronic heart failure who undergo long-term continuous-flow LVAD implantation

Although preoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation, how AF affects outcomes remains unclear. We analyzed our single-center experience with CF-LVAD implantation to determine whether preoperative AF was associated with inferior outcomes. From November 2003 through March 2016, 526 patients with chronic heart failure underwent implantation with the HeartMate II (HMII; n = 403) or HeartWare VAD (HVAD; n = 123). We identified 229 patients (165 HMII, 65 HVAD) who had preoperative AF and compared them with non-preoperative AF patients regarding the incidence of postoperative stroke, as well as long-term survival. After implantation, 139 patients had a stroke (78 non-preoperative AF patients [26.2%], 61 preoperative AF patients [26.6%]; p = 0.84). The rate of events per patient-year was 0.19 in non-preoperative AF patients and 0.22 in preoperative AF patients (p = 0.84). Survival was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.60). In Cox regression, preoperative AF was not associated with postoperative stroke (odds ratio: 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-1.74; p = 0.55) or survival (hazard ratio: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.71-1.25; p = 0.66). We conclude that in CF-LVAD recipients, preoperative AF did not diminish perioperative or long-term survival or increase the risk of postoperative stroke. These findings suggest that performing concomitant AF ablation during CF-LVAD implantation may be unnecessary.
Editorial commentary: meeting a paramount challenge

As predicted by the Global Burden of Disease study 2020 (1), lung cancer will continue to be the heaviest burden worldwide to the public health among all malignant diseases (2).