cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unmasking of slow intrinsic ventricular excitation by magnetic inhibition of R-wave inhibited demand pacemakers.

In patients with permanent pacemakers and slow intrinsic ventricular excitation, the pacemaker rhythm dominates ventricular excitation. Diagnostic considerations may require that the electrocardiographic morphology of the intrinsic beats be known, such as during the exclusion of myocardial infarction. If the pacemaker is a Cordis R wave inhibited (Stanicor) type, it is possible to allow the intrinsic rhythm to emerge by external magnetic inhibition of the pacemaker. Such inhibition can be achieved by rotating a magnet back and forth through a 180° arc with the magnetized poles on the surface of the chest wall above the pacing unit. Successful pacemaker inhibition by the magnet will abolish the pacemaker rhythm. It is concluded that magnetic inhibition of R wave inhibited pacemakers may be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with Stanicor pacemaker rhythms.
Genome dynamics in coevolved genomes: database management system for tracing mutations

We investigate coevolution of two microorganisms in terms of the adaptations and genome dynamics over a thousand of generations. A number of coevolved populations are generated in a lab, and preliminary results about the increased growth rate and density of evolved populations have proven that their interactions are mutually beneficial. In order to understand the underlying genotypic changes, it is important to examine the rates of new mutations in the original and evolved populations. We expect to identify beneficial mutations through computational analyses using the whole-genome DNA sequencing data which are already available in the lab. Initially, Breseq genomic sequencing tool is used to identify mutations. However, the simple results of 'predicted mutations' are not enough to identify real mutations, nor distinguish beneficial mutations from neural or deleterious mutations. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a database management system (DBMS) that can rigorously trace the mutations over different generations by having the ability to update and retrieve data. The DBMS supports a query language and produces reports in a structural way. We also plan to build a web-based interface to increase the usability of the DBMS in near future.
Microwave Bumping: Quantifying Explosions in Foods During Microwave Heating

An apparatus was developed to quantify the degree of bumping due to the explosion of food particulates during microwave heating. The apparatus consisted of a sound recording device, a digital storage oscilloscope, and an electric filter. Degree of bumping for a product was defined by integration of the magnitude of an explosion over time of bumping. The sound spectrum of explosion was analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. Frequency of bumping was usually in the range 1.6 kHz to 8 kHz. The character of microwave bumping varied according to localized microwave superheating effects, product formulations, and prior heat treatment of the food.
Overview of High Priority Technologies for Solar System Exploration

During the past two years, a new solar system exploration roadmap has been developed, supplanting the previous 2003 version. This roadmap identifies a number of high priority technology developments that will be essential to the success of several of the roadmap missions. These technologies include advanced radioisotope power systems (RPS), aerocapture systems and advanced propulsion, numerous technologies capable of surviving the extreme environments encountered in many of these missions, and improved capabilities for both forward and back planetary protection. These key technologies and the missions that require them are described, along with the estimated timeline for their development as laid out in the exploration roadmap.
Global gauge anomalies in higher dimensions

Abstract Global gauge anomalies in higher dimensions are investigated. Examples are found of Z 3 global anomalies and of global anomalies in (4 k +2) dimensions.
Structural behavior of metal tritide films

Abstract Metal tritide films of five different elemental tritides have been observed over a five- to six-year period using interferometry and scanning electron microscopy. Initially the films exhibit a steady dilation with increasing age but no other effects. Later in life (after a few years) the films show considerable spalling which is ascribed to the formation and rupture of bubbles. Tritides of any given element behave in much the same manner, i.e., they show total expansion and bubble formation and rupture at the same age. Tritides of the various elements behave qualitatively in the same way, i.e., they exhibit bubble formation and expansion, but they differ noticeably in time with respect to apparent spalling, bubble density, bubble size, and total expansion. A total film expansion of 10–20 % is observed, bubbles vary from less than 1 to about 50 μm in linear dimension, and apparent spalling starts from two to five years after the tritides are formed.
Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy

Psychosurgery was developed early in human prehistory (trephination) as a need perhaps to alter aberrant behavior and treat mental illness. The “American Crowbar Case” provided an impetus to study the brain and human behavior. The frontal lobe syndrome was avidly studied. Frontal lobotomy was developed in the 1930s for the treatment of mental illness and to solve the pressing problem of overcrowding in mental institutions in an era when no other forms of effective treatment were available. Lobotomy popularized by Dr. Walter Freeman reached a zenith in the 1940s, only to come into disrepute in the late 1950s. Other forms of therapy were needed and psychosurgery evolved into stereotactic functional neurosurgery. A history of these developments up to the 21st century will be related in this three-part essay-editorial, exclusively researched and written for the readers of Surgical Neurology International (SNI).
Geographical representations of the «Other»: the landscape of the Panama Canal Zone

Abstract Concentrating on the years 1912–1940, this paper explores why the Panama Canal Zone developed as a hyper-American suburb completely separated from surrounding countryside, cities, and people. It argues that American representations of Panama and Panamanians generated a recognizable Panama Canal Zone residential landscape. Canal Zone towns were designed to remove white American residents from an array of «Others», specifically an «Other» natural landscape (the Panamanian «jungle»), an «Other» cultural landscape (Panamanian Cities), and an «Other» people (the West Indian Panama Canal labour force and Spanish-speaking Panamanians). The negative nature of these representations undergirded American perceptions of the Canal Zone. Importantly, the manner in which Americans understood Panama bolstered the imperial practice of rationalizing discrimination against tropical people, the need for segregated housing, and the creation of an Americanized landscape. In doing so, American representations of Panama as «Other» engendered an American sense of superiority. The paper views the Canal Zone communities as not only reflecting social, moral, and economic outlooks of the American administrators, but also as embodying American perceptions of Panama and Panamanians as the «Other».
Pulse Enhanced Electrosorptive Detection of Ions at Silver in Ion Chromatography

Abstract Differential double-layer capacitance measurements applied to the silver-aqueous interface may serve as the basis of detection for surface-active ions in ion chromatography. There is a caveat to this approach, though, and that is that the electrode is subject to gradual fouling due to the accumulation of adsorbed matter. We report here on the incorporation of potential pulsing sequences to counter this damaging effect. Two approaches have been taken: 1) inclusion of a periodic potential cleaning pulse in the conventional, fixed-potential double-layer capacitance measurement scheme, and 2) utilization of a potential-pulse/coulometric measurement technique. the potential-pulse/coulometric procedure entails measurement of the change in charge required to charge the electrical double layer in response to specific adsorption of analyte. Its response-concentration behavior is similar to that observed for differential capacitance detection. the use of a combined, dual-potential (sequential) capacitive/a...
Medullary thyroid cancer: Medical management and follow-up

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine malignancy that occurs in hereditary (25%) and sporadic (75%) clinical settings. MTC is present in all patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) syndromes. MTCs produce calcitonin, measurement of which indicates the presence of tumor in at-risk individuals and the effectiveness of therapy in treated patients. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for primary and recurrent disease. Routine serial postoperative measurement of calcitonin levels should be done. Patients with elevated calcitonin levels should have imaging by computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to identify sites of recurrence and metastasis. The role of radiation therapy is not well defined. There is no effective systemic therapy for MTC at present. Activating mutations in a tyrosine kinase receptor gene are present in the majority of MTCs, and experience with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other agents in the setting of clinical trials is critical for the identification of effective systemic treatment.
Hydrolytic properties of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase isozymes for β-(2-furyl)acryloyl phosphate, a pseudosubstrate for the sodium pump

Abstract The hydrolysis of β-(2-furyl)acryloyl phosphate (FAP), a synthetic substrate for the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by the partially purified enzyme from rat brain and rat kidney, has been assessed. Using previously determined FAPase reaction conditions, it was discovered that the KI for ouabain of the α2 3 isozyme of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was ∼10−5 M, while for the α1 isozyme the KI was ∼10−3 M. These values were an order of magnitude higher (lower affinity) than the KI's for ouabain as determined when using ATP in a coupled assay for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity: ∼10−6 M and ∼10−4 M for the α2 3 and α1 isozymes, respectively. This discrepancy was alleviated by altering established reaction conditions. Previously published FAPase studies have overlooked this fact, since either the properties of the isozymes of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were unknown at that time, or ouabain titration profiles were never performed.
Temperature and Wavelength Dependent Emissivity of a Shocked Surface: A First Experiment

We have conducted an experiment in which the temperature and the wavelength dependent emissivity of a shocked surface has been measured. In the past, only the thermal emission from the shocked surface has been measured. The lack of knowledge of the emissivity as a function of wavelength leads to uncertainty in converting the measured emission spectrum into a surface temperature. We have developed a technique by which we are able to calculate both the emissivity of the shocked surface over a range of relevant wavelengths and the temperature of the surface. We use a multi-channel spectrometer in combination with a pulsed light source having a known spectrum of infrared radiation. Two separate techniques using a pulse of reflected radiation are employed and described. Both give the same result: An initially polished molybdenum surface that is shocked and partially released has a temperature of 1040 degrees Kelvin and a wavelength ((lambda) ) dependent emissivity of 0.16 ((lambda) =1.2micrometers ), 0.10 ((lambda)© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact on routers performance to classify and condition real-time interactive multimedia traffic based on its PHB

This paper presents a new method which enhances the quality-of-service (QoS) and hence the response time and queuing delay of real-time interactive multimedia over the Internet. A service class based on differentiated services mechanism has been developed. Evaluation of response time under different traffic conditions has been conducted via simulation. Specifically, the impact on routers performance at the boundary of a DS-enabled domain was evaluated using OPNET and the results are presented. Since audio and video traffic have different needs, priority schemes for different types of interactive multimedia traffic have been studied to provide control and predictable service, and therefore, better quality of service.
Evaluating the influence of different vegetation biomes on the global climate

The participation of different vegetation types within the physical climate system is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model, CCM3-IBIS. We analyze the effects that six different vegetation biomes (tropical, boreal, and temperate forests, savanna, grassland and steppe, and shrubland/tundra) have on the climate through their role in modulating the biophysical exchanges of energy, water, and momentum between the land-surface and the atmosphere. Using CCM3-IBIS we completely remove the vegetation cover of a particular biome and compare it to a control simulation where the biome is present, thereby isolating the climatic effects of each biome. Results from the tropical and boreal forest removal simulations are in agreement with previous studies while the other simulations provide new evidence as to their contribution in forcing the climate. Removal of the temperate forest vegetation exhibits behavior characteristic of both the tropical and boreal simulations with cooling during winter and spring due to an increase in the surface albedo and warming during the summer caused by a reduction in latent cooling. Removal of the savanna vegetation exhibits behavior much like the tropical forest simulation while removal of the grassland and steppe vegetation has the largest effect over the central United States with warming and drying of the atmosphere in summer. The largest climatic effect of shrubland and tundra vegetation removal occurs in DJF in Australia and central Siberia and is due to reduced latent cooling and enhanced cold air advection, respectively. Our results show that removal of the boreal forest yields the largest temperature signal globally when either including or excluding the areas of forest removal. Globally, precipitation is most affected by removal of the savanna vegetation when including the areas of vegetation removal, while removal of the tropical forest most influences the global precipitation excluding the areas of vegetation removal.
Isomerism in the adduct of tris(4,4,4,-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedionato)europium(iii) with dipyridyl

Abstract The title compound (conveniently abbreviated Eu(TAN)3·dipy) has been crystallized from a chloroform/2-propanol solvent mixture to give two different forms. These have been characterized by luminescence spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction. The two forms have different coordination polyhedra which means that they are structural isomers. One of them is best described as bicapped trigonal prismatic and the other, which contains two slightly different molecules, as square antiprismatic.
Empirical model of residue contact probabilities for polypeptides

An empirical theory for the probability of formation of intrachain contacts in denatured polypeptides is presented. Contact probabilities for arbitrary sequences are modeled by composition-weighted averages of the homopolypeptides contact probabilities. Homopolypeptide probabilities are obtained for each one of the 20 amino acids by Monte Carlo simulations. A multipower law model for the homopolypeptides fits very precisely the contact probabilities after optimization. Its asymptotic behavior for large contact loop lengths consist of three different exponents depending on where the contacts are located along the chain in general agreement with other theoretical models. The model for the heteropolypeptide contact probabilities is also able to reproduce the simulated probabilities of a set of denatured proteins but with less accuracy. Contact probabilities for heteropolypeptides are significantly similar, in particular for loop lengths above 20 residues, and the model does not have enough resolution to clearly distinguish between different proteins. Sequence order information seems necessary to increase the precision. Overall, contacts with loop lengths above 33 residues behave as those from random flight chains. One exception are polyproline chains for which this length seems to be much higher.
Caveolae in the uptake and targeting of infectious agents and secreted toxins

A variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and prions, as well as certain secreted bacterial toxins, can now be added to the list of ligands that enter cells via caveolae or caveolae-like membrane domains. In general, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway results in transport of these microbes and toxins to intracellular destinations that are different from that of cargo entering by other means. As a result, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway can profoundly affect the host cell-pathogen interaction long after entry has occurred. Furthermore, some microbes such as SV40 that enter via cavolae will be valuable as probes to analyze certain poorly understood intracellular trafficking pathways, such as retrograde transport to the ER. Also, viruses that enter via caveolae may have unique potential as gene and drug delivery vectors. In addition, some extracellular microbial pathogens, such as Pneumocystis carinii, may also interact with host cells via caveolae. Finally, caveolae may play a role in host immune defense mechanisms.
Alumina-based nanocomposites consolidated by spark plasma sintering

Abstract Spark plasma sintering is a new process by which ceramics and composites can be consolidated very rapidly to full density. In the present study, piezoelectric Nd 2 Ti 2 O 7 second phase toughening nanocrystalline alumina composites with higher toughness were successfully developed at relatively low temperatures through this technique.
ALTRUISM AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNIVERSE: KIRTLEY FLETCHER MATHER ON SCIENCE AND VALUES

. Few American scientists have devoted as much attention to religion and science as Harvard geologist Kirtley Fletcher Mather (1888–1978). Responding to antievolutionism during the 1920s, he taught Sunday School classes, assisted in defending John Scopes, and wrote Science in Search of God (1928). Over the next 40 years, Mather explored the place of humanity in the universe and the presence of values in light of what he often called “the administration of the universe,” a term and concept he borrowed from his former teacher, geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin. Human values, including cooperation and altruism, had emerged in such a context: “the administrative directive toward orderly organization of increasingly complex systems transcends the urge for survival.” He was also active in the early years of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science, an organization created by his good friends Ralph Wendell Burhoe and Harlow Shapley.
An experimental Nexos laboratory using Virtual Xinu

The Nexos Project is a joint effort between Marquette University, the University of Buffalo, and the University of Mississippi to build curriculum materials and a supporting experimental laboratory for hands-on projects in computer systems courses. The approach focuses on inexpensive, flexible, commodity embedded hardware, freely available development and debugging tools, and a fresh implementation of a classic operating system, Embedded Xinu, that is ideal for student exploration. This paper describes an extension to the Nexos laboratory that includes a new target platform composed of Qemu virtual machines. Virtual Xinu addresses two challenges that limit the effectiveness of Nexos. First, potential faculty adopters have clearly indicated that even with the current minimal monetary cost of installation, the hardware modifications, and time investment remain troublesome factors that scare off interested educators. Second, overcoming the inherent complications that arise due to the shared subnet that result in students' projects interfering with each other in ways that are difficult to recreate, debug, and understand. Specifically, this paper discusses porting the Xinu operating systems to Qemu virtual hardware, developing the virtual networking platform, and results showing success using Virtual Xinu in the classroom during one semester of Operating Systems at the University of Mississippi.
Androgenetic alopecia treated with topical minoxidil

A randomized double-blind trial of topical minoxidil was carried out during a 12-month period in 56 patients with male pattern baldness. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment with either 2% minoxidil solution, 3% minoxidil solution, or placebo. The placebo group was switched to 3% minoxidil after the first 4 months. Subjects using the 2% and 3% solutions of minoxidil showed a significant change in terminal and indeterminate hair counts (p
Notch sensitivity of hydrogenated oxygen-strengthened titanium

While earlier studies have shown that the tensile properties and fracture test intensity factors of oxygen-strengthened Ti remain nearly unaffected by the presence of about 70 ppm (weight) hydrogen, the Charpy V-notch test-determined impact properties of oxygen-bearing Ti are strongly affected by the presence of hydrogen. The present study establishes that, concurrently with the strengthening effect of oxygen, there is a substantial lowering of ductility. The presence of hydrogen has virtually no effect on the notch strength of Ti alloys of either low or high oxygen content, where hydrogen contents lie in the 25-80 range.
Cerebellar Control of Balance and Locomotion

The cerebellum is important for movement control and plays a particularly crucial role in balance and locomotion. As such, one of the most characteristic signs of cerebellar damage is walking ataxia. It is not known how the cerebellum normally contributes to walking, although recent work suggests that it plays a role in the generation of appropriate patterns of limb movements, dynamic regulation of balance, and adaptation of posture and locomotion through practice. The purpose of this review is to examine mechanisms of cerebellar control of balance and locomotion, emphasizing studies of humans and other animals. Implications for rehabilitation are also considered.
Arch support use for improving balance and reducing pain in older adults

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of arch supports on balance, functional mobility, and pain in the back and lower extremity joints among older adults. Design A single-factor within-subjects design was used. Method A convenience sample of older adults formed a single group for fitting with arch supports. Balance, functional mobility, and self-reported pain in the back and lower extremities were measured without the arch supports, immediately after the insertion of the supports in the subjects' shoes, and after 6 weeks of arch support use. Findings Sixty-seven older adults completed the study. The measures used indicated statistically significant improvements in scores for the Berg Balance Scale [Berg, K., Williams-Dauphinee, S., & Williams, J. I., (1995). The Balance Scale: Reliability assessment for elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 27, 27–31] and functional mobility [Timed Up and Go test; Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The Timed "Up and Go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 39, 142–148] as well as reduced back, foot, knee, and hip pain ( p p > .05). Implications Knowledge of interventions that enhance health and well-being is essential for nurses. Arch supports may provide improved balance and functional mobility while reducing back and lower extremity joint pains. Further research is needed to support evidence-based practice.
Influence of fitness status on very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions and lipoprotein(a) in men and women

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the physical activity level of men and women on the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subfractions and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Fifty-four men (n = 30) and women (n = 24) aged 30 to 53 years were recruited based on their level of activity over the past 2 years, and formed three groups: sedentary (S), no routine activity; recreational exercise (R), routine moderate exercise three to five times per week; and trained (T), competition-based, high-volume aerobic training five to seven times per week. Each subject underwent a maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) test and was measured for body composition (skinfolds) and waist to hip ratio (WHR). Following a prescribed 24-hour diet and abstinence from activity, a blood sample was obtained from each subject and the plasma was analyzed for cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) in VLDL1, VLDL2, and VLDL3 subfractions. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Lp(a) also were analyzed. Total VLDL-C was higher in men than in women, but no gender differences were observed in VLDL subfractions. VLDL1-TG and VLDL2-TG were elevated in the S group compared with groups R and T, even though total VLDL-TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C values were not different among the groups. Values for Lp(a) were not significantly different between men and women or among the groups. The two exercising groups were not different on any lipoprotein variable or WHR. VLDL1-TG was inversely correlated with VO2max and HDL-C. These results suggest that life-style activity is associated with a favorable VLDL subfraction pattern and WHR, but not Lp(a). In addition, long-term recreational activity is associated with a lipoprotein profile and WHR similar to those obtained with higher-volume exercise training.
Rostral Mandibulectomy Three Case Reports in Dogs

A rostral mandibulectomy was performed on three dogs with mandibular neopiasia. The technique involves stabilization of the mandibular rami, excision of the mandible rostral to the frenulum of the tongue, and cosmetic closure of the wound. Two patients were living 11 months postoperatively. This technique is effective in treating some malignant neoplasms of the rostral mandible.
Mammary Epithelial Cell Polarity Is Regulated Differentially by p73 Isoforms via Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition

p73 is expressed as TA and ΔN isoforms, both of which are implicated in tumor suppression and/or promotion. To address how p73 possesses these opposing functions, we developed three-dimensional culture of MCF10A cells, which undergo cell morphogenesis to form polarized spheroids with hollow lumen similar to normal mammary acini in vivo. Here, we showed that upon knockdown of p73, particularly TAp73 but not ΔNp73, MCF10A cells formed irregular and near-normal acini without hollow lumen in three-dimensional culture. We also found that upon knockdown of p73 or TAp73, but not ΔNp73, MCF10A cells underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via down-regulation of E-cadherin coupled with up-regulation of β-catenin and laminin V. In addition, we found that Snail-1, Slug, and Twist, all of which are known to act as EMT inducers by repressing E-cadherin expression, were increased markedly upon knockdown of p73 and TAp73 but little if any by ΔNp73. Furthermore, we showed that knockdown of p73 or TAp73 in MCF10A cells led to a marked increase in cell proliferation and migration. Together, our data suggest that TAp73 is necessary for maintaining normal cell polarity by suppressing EMT.
THE CALCULATED COMPOSITION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED YEAST RIBONUCLEIC ACID.

Abstract The specific activities of 5′ and 2′,3′ nucleotides obtained from the RNA of yeast exposed in buffer to [ 32 P]orthophosphate have been determined. The pattern of labeling of the 2′,3′ nucleotides is not influenced by the pattern of labeling of 5′ nucleotides, indicating an approximately random base sequence in the rapidly labeled RNA fraction. It is therefore possible to calculate the composition of RNA synthesized during exposure to 32 P from the distribution of isotope in the 2′,3′ nucleotides of RNA. The overall composition of this fraction is intermediate between yeast DNA and bulk RNA.
Executions as a deterrent to homicide.

For the period 1977-1992, the number of homicides in a state tended to decrease more often after a year of no executions than after a year with one or more executions, the opposite of a deterrent effect. Language: en
Geographic variation in adaptation at the molecular level: A case study of plant immunity genes

Natural selection imposed by interacting species frequently varies among geographic locations and can lead to local adaptation, where alternative phenotypes are found in different populations. Little is known, however, about whether geographically variable selection acting on traits that mediate species interactions is consistent or strong enough to influence patterns of nucleotide variation at individual loci. To investigate this question, we examined patterns of nucleotide diversity and population structure at 16 plant innate immunity genes, with putative functions in defending plants against pathogens or herbivores, from six populations of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis). Specifically, we tested whether patterns of population structure and within-population diversity at immunity genes differed from patterns found at nonimmunity (reference) loci and from neutral expectations derived from coalescent simulations of structured populations. For the majority of genes, we detected no strong evidence of geographically variable selection. However, in the wound-induced serine protease inhibitor (wip1), which inhibits the hydrolysis of dietary proteins in insect herbivores, one population showed unusually high levels of genetic differentiation, very low levels of nucleotide polymorphism, and was fixed for a novel replacement substitution in the active site of the protein. Taken together, these data suggest that wip1 experienced a recent selective sweep in one geographic region; this pattern may reflect local adaptation or an ongoing species-wide sweep. Overall, our results indicate that a signature of local adaptation at the molecular level may be uncommon-particularly for traits that are under complex genetic control.
Color from Motion: Separate Contributions of Chromaticity and Luminance

'Color from motion' describes the perception of a spread of subjective color over achromatic regions seen as moving. The effect is produced with a stimulus display consisting of colored dots, randomly placed upon a white field, with dots in the test region differing in both chromaticity and luminance from those in the surround. Evidence is presented suggesting that color from motion may be regulated by mechanisms different from those for contour formation and color contrast. (1) Results based on ratings show that, in the absence of luminance differences between the dots in the test and those in the surround regions, chromaticity differences alone are sufficient to produce color spread from motion. As the equiluminance point is approached, subjective color spread is seen despite a reduction in the strength of the subjective contour. Thus, contour formation is not likely to be a prerequisite for color from motion. (2) Color matches show that the hue and saturation of the subjective color spread are determined largely by the chromaticity and the luminance of the dots in the test region, not by those of the dots in the surround for the values explored. This suggests that color from motion may arise in sites distinct from those responsible for the regulation of color contrast.
Design of magnets inside cylindrical superconducting shields

We discuss the design of magnets inside closed, cylindrical, superconducting shields. We give the Green function for the magnetic vector potential for cylindrically symmetric currents inside such a shield. The magnetic field everywhere inside the shield can be obtained from this function, which includes the effects of the induced shield currents exactly. We give the field for a thin solenoid as an example and discuss the convergence of the series solution for this case. The shield can significantly reduce the strength and improve the homogeneity of a magnet. The improvement in homogeneity is of particular importance in the design of correction coils. These effects, and the maximum field on the shield, are examined for a typical solenoid. The results given are also useful, although not exact, for long shields with one or two open ends.
Annotation-based Web content transcoding

Abstract Users are increasingly accessing the Internet from information appliances such as PDAs, cell phones, and set-top boxes. Since these devices do not have the same rendering capabilities as desktop computers, it is necessary for Web content to be adapted, or transcoded, for proper presentation on a variety of client devices. In this paper, we propose an annotation-based system for Web content transcoding. First, we introduce a framework of external annotation, in which existing Web documents are associated with content adaptation hints as separate annotation files. We then explain an annotation-based transcoding system with particular focus on the authoring-time integration between a WYSIWYG annotation tool and a transcoding module. Finally, after giving an example of content adaptation using a page fragmentation module for small-screen devices, we compare our approach with related work.
Recombinants of a defective lysogen of staphylococcal strains.

When certain staphylococci are lysogenized with serotype A phages, a resident defective prophage is dislodged. The extent of the genome of this resident prophage was examined by studying the progeny from recombination between it and an invading phage. The recombinants appeared to have acquired several characteristics from the defective lysogen, suggesting that the resident prophage contains genetic regions other than that specifying immunity.
Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

The concentration of glucose in the blood may soon be measured noninvasively, without puncturing the finger to obtain a drop of blood. Current prototype devices for this purpose require greater accuracy and miniaturization to be commercially viable. No such device has been approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The technology used for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring involves either radiation or fluid extraction. With radiation technology, an energy beam is 1) applied to the body, 2) modified proportionate to the concentration of glucose in the blood, and 3) measured. The blood glucose concentration is then calculated. With fluid extraction technology, a body fluid containing glucose in a concentration proportionate to the blood glucose concentration is extracted and measured. The blood glucose concentration is then calculated. The most promising technologies are 1) near-infrared light spectroscopy, 2) far-infrared radiation spectroscopy, 3) radio wave impedance, 4) optical rotation of polarized light, 5) fluid extraction from skin, and 6) interstitial fluid harvesting. Each method has features predictive of commercial viability, as well as technical problems to overcome.
SURVEY OF SELECTED SEA WEEDS FOR SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN1

Then seaweed species were surveyed for simultaneous photoevolution of hydrogen and oxygen. In an attempt to induce hydrogenase activity (as measured by hydrogen photoproduction) the seaweeds were maintained under anaerobiosis in CO/sub 2/-free seawater for varying lengths of time. Although oxygen evolution was observed in every alga studied, hydrogen evolution was not observed. One conclusion of this research is that, in contrast to the microscopic algae, there is not a single example of a macroscopic alga for which the photoevolution of hydrogen has been observed, in spite of the fact that there are now at least nine macroscopic algal species known for which hydrogenase activity has been reported (either by dark hydrogen evolution or light-activated hydrogen uptake). These results are in conflict with the conventional view that algal hydrogenase can catalyze a multiplicity of reactions, one of which is the photoproduction of molecular hydrogen. Two possible explanations for the lack of hydrogen photoproduction in macroscopic algae are presented. It is postulated that electron acceptors other than carbon dioxide can take up reducing equivalents from Photosystem I to the measurable exclusion of hydrogen photoproduction. Alternatively, the hydrogenase system in macroscopic algae may be primarily a hydrogen-uptake system with respect to light-activatedmore » reactions. A simple kinetic argument based on recent measurements of the photosynthetic turnover times of simultaneous light-activated hydrogen and oxygen production is presented that supports the second explanation. 25 references, 3 figures, 1 table.« less
Inflammatory responses in mice sequentially exposed to JP-8 jet fuel and influenza virus

Abstract To examine the hypothesis that Jet Propulsion Fuel (JP-8) inhalation potentiates influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses, we randomly divided female C57BL/6 mice (4-weeks old, weighing approximately 24.6 g) into the following groups: air control, JP-8 alone (1023 mg/m 3 of JP-8 for 1 h/day for 7 days), A/Hong Kong/8/68 influenza virus (HKV) alone (a 10 μl aliquot of 2000 viral titer in the nasal passages), and a combination of JP-8 with HKV (JP-8 + HKV). The HKV alone group exhibited significantly increased total cell number/granulocyte differential in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to controls whereas the JP-8 alone group did not. The JP-8 + HKV group further exacerbated the HKV alone-induced response. However, increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability and pathological alterations in JP-8 + HKV just matched the sum of JP-8 alone- and HKV alone-induced response. Increases in BALF substance P in the JP-8 alone group and BALF leukotriene B 4 or total lung compliance in the HKV alone group, respectively were similar to the changes in the JP-8 + HKV group. These findings suggest that changes in the JP-8 + HKV group may be attributed to either JP-8 inhalation or HKV treatment and indicate the different physiological responses to either JP-8 or HKV exposure. Taken together, most of the data did not provide supporting evidence that JP-8 inhalation synergizes influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses.
An application of pre-computed backprojection based penalized-likelihood (PPL) image reconstruction on stationary digital breast tomosynthesis

Stationary Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (s-DBT) is a carbon nanotube based breast imaging device with fast image acquisition and decent resolution. In this paper, we investigate several representative reconstruction methods with the recently improved s-DBT system and also introduce a two-step reconstruction strategy with Pre-computed Backprojection based penalized-likelihood (PPL). This strategy reconstructs three dimensional (3-D) images with a desired resolution properties by choosing the corresponding smoothing parameter, which is evaluated in advance by studying simulated data. Our experiments show that the current s-DBT system has been greatly improved with respect to the performance of image reconstructions. PPL method exhibits controllable pixel precision, high image contrast and low noise on reconstructed images. Therefore, the enhanced Contrast Noise Ratio (CNR) from PPL method benefits both micro-calcifications and mass of the breast-equivalent phantom.
Loop 1 dynamics in smooth muscle myosin: isoform specific differences modulate ADP release

Isoforms of the smooth muscle (SM) myosin motor domain differ in the presence or absence of a seven amino acid insert in a flexible surface loop spanning the nucleotide-binding pocket known as Loop 1. The presence of this insert leads to a two-fold increase in actin sliding velocity and ADP release rate between these isoforms, although the effect of Loop 1 on the kinetics of ADP release remains unclear. To further investigate the role of the Loop 1 insert in modulating ADP release in SM myosin we have inserted a single tryptophan residue into Loop 1 of both isoforms as a probe of local structural dynamics. By monitoring the dynamics of Loop 1 in relation to the release of ADP we have observed a unique movement of Loop 1 in the inserted isoform, preceding nucleotide release, which is absent in the non-inserted isoform. This movement is sequence dependent as alanine replacement of the insert residues abolishes the transition and slows ADP release. Thus movement of Loop 1 is a critical factor in increasing the ADP release rate in the inserted faster isoform of SM myosin.
Role of interfacial sliding on the longitudinal creep response of continuous fiber reinforced metal-matrix composites

Experiments have been conducted on a model single Ni fiber reinforced Pb-matrix composite in order to detect the effect of interfacial sliding during creep under axial tension. This was achieved by separately measuring the axial fiber and matrix strains during creep deformation. The fiber and matrix were observed to strain differentially, this being accommodated by interfacial sliding near the ends of the fiber where the interfacial shear stress is large. Prior work on single fiber push-down creep of Ni fiber-Pb matrix composites has shown that the interface slides by diffusional creep with a threshold stress (Bingham flow). Based on this constitutive law for interfacial sliding, a unidimensional micro-mechanical model for thermo-mechanical deformation of continuous fiber reinforced metal-matrix composites is developed. The results show that during tensile creep, interfacial sliding is typically confined to the extremities of the tensile sample, allowing the isostrain condition to be valid over the tested gauge length. However, with increasing fiber diameter and decreasing gauge length, significant interfacial shear stresses may develop well away from the extremities of the sample, allowing differential matrix and fiber strains (and hence interfacial sliding) even within the gauge length. When interfacial sliding occurs within the gauge length, the composite creep rate is finite even after long times, whereas in the absence of interfacial sliding, the composite creep rate continuously decreases and eventually vanishes with time. These effects are considered to be of particular importance during deformation in the absence of end-constraints, e.g. during thermal cycling or flexural creep of composites.
Vitamin E does not prevent oxygen-induced lung injury in newborn lambs.

Summary: In newborn lambs, lung vascular permeability to protein increases after 3 days of continuous oxygen breathing. We studied six unanesthetized lambs that were less than 1 month old to see if intramuscular administration of vitamin E, an antioxidant, would prevent or lessen the severity of this oxygen-induced lung injury. To assess lung fluid balance, we measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lung lymph flow, and concentrations of protein in lymph and plasma of lambs that received intramuscularly vitamin E, 20 mg/kg body weight, for 2 days before the experiment and then daily as they breathed pure oxygen. Despite a 10-fold increase in the plasma concentration of vitamin E (2.5 ± 0.4 μg/ml to 24.4 ± 2.9 μg/ml), pulmonary microvascular permeability to protein increased in all of the lambs within 3 days of sustained hyperoxia: lung lymph flow tripled, the concentration of protein in lymph increased, and the ratio of the albumin concentration to the globulin concentration in lymph, relative to that in plasma, decreased. Vascular pressures did not change significantly during the course of oxygen breathing. In four lambs, we injected [125I]-albumin into the right atrium and determined the time for specific activity in lymph to reach one-half that of plasma (half-equilibration). The time averaged 146 ± 21 min before oxygen breathing and 46 ± 7 min after 3 days to oxygen. These data provide clearcut evidence that severe endothelial injury occurred. All six lambs died of respiratory failure after 4 days or less in oxygen. Extra-vascular lung water per g of dry lung tissue was significantly greater in these lambs than in control lambs (5.88 ± 0.46 versus 4.72 ± 0.14). These results show that sustained hyperoxia increased trans-vascular movement of fluid and protein into the pulmonary inter-stitium and caused edema. The outcome of these studies was almost identical to that of previous experiments to which lambs continuously breathed oxygen but did not receive vitamin E. We conclude that vitamin E was not effective to protecting the lungs from microvascular injury. Speculation: These results suggest that administration of vitamin E to animals that are not deficient in vitamin E does not protect them from oxygen-induced lung injury.
Tooth bleaching: its effect on oral tissues.

This paper reviews the existing literature that deals with the effects of bleaching solutions and techniques on oral soft and hard tissues.
Late survival after heart transplantation: are we getting better at long-term management?

migration of these cells to the site of inflammation. Recently single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some chemokine receptors have been shown to alter leukocyte recruitment and have been linked to atherosclerosis. We therefore analyzed their importance in a cardiac transplant recipient (CTR) cohort and their association with transplant vasculopathy (TV). Methods: 84 patients were enrolled from our heart transplant clinic. The following SNPs were genotyped: CX3CR1 V249I and T280M, CCR2 V64I and CCR5 A59029G. In 48 CTR two or more angiograms were available to compare transplant vasculopathy (TV) development: 25 subjects were judged to have TV. Mean time from transplant was 7.3 2.8 years. Results: The frequencies of the SNP alleles were in accordance with published data. Demographic data and pretransplant diagnosis were not significantly different among the SNP genotypes. The table shows significant associations with TV for the variant alleles CX3CR1 I249, CX3CR1 M280 and CCR2 I64. In conclusion, common SNPs of the genes encoding the receptors of fractalkine and MCP-1 may have a pathogenic role in the development of TV. The likely mechanism underlying these associations is a modified leukocyte-graft interaction in the vessel wall. Further research is needed to replicate the associations and to establish these mechanisms.
Immunoglobulin light chain repertoire in hairy cell leukemia

Of 166 hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients, 81 had kappa and 80 had lambda expression. IGKV-J and IGLV-J rearrangement structure was analyzed in 21 HCL patients (11 kappa, 10 lambda). For kappa, IGKV1-5 was most frequent, and the KJ2 gene was over-utilized. For lambda HCL, LJ3 was over-utilized compared to normal. This study significantly adds to previous studies of light chain usage in HCL and is the first to report light chain gene usage. In HCL, we confirm the lack of kappa predominance observed in normal lymphocytes and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and note over-representation of several light chain genes.