cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of dependence between time-zero and time-dependent variability in high-κ NMOS transistors

Abstract Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) is a major reliability concern in CMOS technology, especially with High-dielectric constant (High-κ/HK) metal gate (MG) transistors. In addition, the time-independent process-induced variation has also increased because of the aggressive scaling down of devices. As a result, the faster devices at the lower threshold voltage distribution tail experience higher stress, leading to additional skewness in BTI degradation. Since time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) and stress-induced leakage current (SILC) in NMOS devices are correlated to BTI, it is necessary to investigate the effect of time-zero variability on all of these effects simultaneously. Accordingly, we propose a simulation framework to model and analyze the impact of time-zero variability (in particular, random dopant fluctuations) on different aging effects. For small area devices (~ 1000 nm2) in 30 nm technology, we observe significant effects of Random Dopant Fluctuation (RDF) on BTI-induced variability (σΔVth). In addition, circuit analysis reveals similar trend in performance degradation. However, both TDDB and SILC show weak dependence on RDF. We conclude that the effect of RDF on Vth degradation cannot be disregarded in scaled technology and needs to be considered in variation-tolerant circuit design.
Crystalline silicon passivation with amorphous silicon carbide layers

Amorphous silicon enables the fabrication of very high-efficiency crystalline-silicon-based solar cells due to its combination of excellent passivation of the crystalline silicon surface and permeability to electrical charges. Yet, amongst other limitations, the passivation it provides degrades upon high-temperature processes, limiting possible post-deposition fabrication possibilities (e.g. forcing the use of low-temperature silver pastes). We previously evidenced the superior temperature stability of low-carbon-content intrinsic amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC x :H) passivating layers to sidestep this issue, and investigate here in more details the reason for the improved temperature stability. The passivation from intrinsic a-SiC x :H layers is shown to first improved upon annealing, and then degrade past 350 °C. The initial passivation can be improved and the degradation postponed by capping the a-SiCx:H layer by an a-Si:H film. We compare here the passivation provided by stacks of a-Si:H and a-SiC x :H, and investigate the hydrogen bonding and content of these films.
Minorities and mistrust: On the adoption of ethnic recognition to manage conflict

An enduring debate in the conflict management literature concerns the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities in institutions to manage ethnic conflict. Understanding why ethnic recognition occurs is crucial for informing this debate. We develop a theory based on functional and political mobilization effects of recognizing ethnic groups. Contrary to reasoning that minority leaders would be most interested in recognition, the theory suggests that recognition consistently favors the interests of leaders from larger, plurality groups, whereas minority leaders face a ‘dilemma of recognition’ between functional gains and mobilization threats. We use mixed methods to test our theory. For our quantitative analysis, we draw on an original coding of recognition in constitutions and comprehensive political settlements from 1990 to 2012. We find that for cases with leaders from plurality groups, recognition is adopted 60% of the time. With leaders from minority groups, the rate is about ...
Challenges in coupling acidity and salinity transport in porous media

Salinity is an increasingly prescient issue in reactive transport, from low salinity water flooding to fracking brine leakage. Of primary concern is the effect of salinity on surface chemistry. Transport and batch experiments show a strong coupling of salinity and acidity through chemical interactions at the mineral–liquid interface. This coupling is ascribed to the combined effects of ionic strength on electrostatic behavior of the interface and competitive sorption between protons and other cations for binding sites on the surface. The effect of these mechanisms is well studied in batch settings and readily describes observed behavior. In contrast, the transport literature is sparse, primarily applied to synthetic materials, and offers only qualitative agreement with observations. To address, this gap in knowledge, we conduct a suite of column flood experiments through silica sand, systematically varying salinity and acidity conditions. Experiments are compared to a reactive transport model incorporatin...
Mechanisms involved in platelet vessel wall interaction.

The molecular mechanisms underlying formation of platelet thrombi constitute one of the central problems in vascular biology and medicine. Fibrinogen binding to its platelet integrin receptor α IIb β 3 (glycoproteins IIb-IIIa complex) plays a pivotal role in formation of platelet thrombi by providing molecular bridges spanning platelets and by contributing to its receptor-mediated outside-in signaling. Conversely, fibrinogen binding to integrin α IIb β 3 requires inside-out signaling mediated by intraplatelet signal transducers activated in response to external signals generated at the site of vascular injury. This tightly regulated fibrinogen-integrin α IIb β 3 interaction constitutes a fundamental platelet mechanism of response to vascular injuries such as accidental and surgical wounds, rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis and microvascular endothelial desquamation in septic shock. After mapping the fibrinogen site on the γ chain responsible for recognition of platelet integrin α IIb β 3 and the development of synthetic peptide inhibitors, we solved the 3D structure of the carboxy-terminal segment of the human fibrinogen γ chain using our new technology of carrier protein-driven crystallization. Fundamental knowledge concerning a molecular 3D model of fibrinogen-integrin α IIb β 3 interaction, coupled to the mechanism of its inside-out and outside-in regulation, will lead to development of a new generation of platelet-selective anti-thrombotic drugs.
Evidence that a Regional Surgical Collaborative Can Transform Care: Surgical Site Infection Prevention Practices for Colectomy in Michigan.

Background Surgical site infections (SSI) after colectomy are associated with increased morbidity and health care use. Since 2012, the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) has promoted a "bundle" of care processes associated with lower SSI risk, using an audit-and-feedback system for adherence, face-to-face meetings, and support for quality improvement projects at participating hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether practices changed over time. Study Design We previously found 6 processes of care independently associated with SSI in colectomy. From 2012 to 2016, we promoted a bundle of 3 care measures (cefazolin/metronidazole, oral antibiotics after mechanical bowel preparation, and normoglycemia) in 52 hospitals. Primary outcome was change in use of the 3-item SSI bundle. We also used a hierarchical logistic regression model to assess the association between 6-item compliance and SSI rate, morbidity, and health care use. Results The use of cefazolin/metronidazole increased from 18.6% to 32.3% (p Conclusions These data show a significant increase in use of process measures promoted by a regional quality improvement collaborative, and an associated decrease in SSI after elective colectomy. These results highlight the promise of regional collaboratives to accelerate practice change and improve outcomes.
Toward precision breast cancer survival prediction utilizing combined whole genome-wide expression and somatic mutation analysis

Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer in females. It accounts for 18.2% of all cancer deaths worldwide. Although somatic mutations play important roles in cancer development and prognosis, the outcome predictions are largely based on the expression of marker genes. We submit that developing an innovative prognostic model incorporating somatic mutations with gene expression can improve survival prediction of cancer. We studied the whole genome-wide gene expression and somatic mutations of 1091 breast invasive carcinoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified expression of 118 genes that could be used to build the predictor for breast cancer survival risks (log rank p < 0.0001 and c-index=0.63627122). Multiple breast cancer survival-analysis-related genes are found in this gene set, such as FOXR2, FOXD1, MTNR1B, SDC1, PF4, IGF2BP1, ZIC3, OXT2, and PID1. We then selected between different survival-risk groups of 2000 mutated genes with different mutation rates. We applied enrichment analysis to the mutated gene list and identified 25 functional annotations, 15 gene ontology, and 14 gene pathway enriched terms that were related the cancer outcomes. We built the novel predictor and our results showed that combining the different features helps improved performance of survival prediction (c-index = 0. 64033769). Thus our model can be used to facilitate the advancement of our going precision medicine research (http://americancse.org/events/csce2017/keynotes_lectures/yang_talk).
Preface to Section I — Atmosphere and Basic Biological Dosimetry

The antecedent of this monograph, the NATO Advanced Research Institute on the Role of Solar UV Radiation in Marine Ecosystems, was clearly not an assembly of scientists specializing in this particular corner of ecological science. A conscious attempt was made to bring together scientists whose investigations and disciplines are critical to the evaluation of solar UV action in the oceans. But few if any of the assembled scientists would consider themselves primarily concerned with the evaluation of solar UV effects in aquatic systems. Quantitative evaluation of the ecological role of sunlight must utilize a long chain of data and theories, most of which are, at first sight, not even remotely related to ecological systems.
Bridging the Divide: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Sector Agricultural Professionals Working with Amish and Mennonite Producers on Conservation.

As Amish and Old Order and Conservative Mennonite (i.e., Plain) farmers increase their presence in the agricultural sector, it is crucial for public sector agricultural professionals to effectively work with them to mediate nonpoint source pollution and address issues like the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. However, there is a dearth of research on how public sector agricultural professionals can better work with Plain producers on environmental management. There are also few training resources for those working with this key, yet hard to reach, population. Additionally, due to their religious doctrines, Plain communities strive to live apart from the “world” and may be discouraged from working with government entities and attending non-Plain people events. This study analyzes interview data from 23 Amish farmers in one region of Indiana and 18 public sector agricultural professionals from a variety of backgrounds and geographies in areas of the U.S. with heavy Plain populations. Public sector agricultural professionals identified some key agronomic challenges on Plain farms related to issues like poor pasture and manure management as well as socio-cultural challenges such as restrictions on electronic and phone communication. Educators should design outreach strategies that take into consideration that faith convictions and conservation concerns may vary greatly based on the specificities of the particular Plain church group. By better understanding this population and how to work with them, public sector agricultural professionals can more effectively work towards addressing environmental problems with this under-served group.
Multi-Site Comparison of Patient, Parent, and Pediatric Provider Perspectives on Transition to Adult Care in IBD.

Abstract Purpose This multi-site study examines patient, parent, and pediatric provider perspectives on what is most important for successful transition. Design and Methods Using the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire, 190 participants recruited from two pediatric IBD centers selected the top five skills they considered “most important for successful transition.” Rankings were summarized and compared by group. Results While patients, parents, and clinicians all identified “calling the doctor about unusual changes in health” and “taking medications correctly and independently” as being important, each stakeholder group qualitatively and statistically differed in terms of transition readiness skills emphasized. Patients endorsed “calling the doctor about unusual changes in health” and “being knowledgeable about insurance coverage,” as being most important to successful transition while parents emphasized health monitoring and problem solving. Pediatric providers emphasized adherence to treatment and reporting unusual changes in health. There were statistically significant differences in endorsement rates across participants for seven transition readiness skills. Patients agreed with providers 80% of the time and with their parents 40% of the time. Parent-provider agreement was 60%. Conclusions Although there was some overlap across groups, areas of emphasis differed by informant. Patients emphasized skills they need to learn, parents emphasized skills they most likely manage for their children, and providers emphasized skills that directly impact their provision of care. Practice Implications Patient, parent, and provider beliefs all need to be considered when developing a comprehensive transition program. Failure to do so may result in programs that do not meet the needs of youth with IBD.
Parental divorce disclosures, young adults’ emotion regulation strategies, and feeling caught

ABSTRACTLittle research has focused on young adult children’s emotion management during parental divorce disclosures. However, understanding the ways in which divorce disclosures impact young adults is paramount in promoting healthy family communication. A greater comprehension of these impacts can help families process through difficult conversations and understand disclosures’ influence on individuals’ mental and emotional health. Guided by the divorce disclosure model (Afifi, Schrodt, & McManus, 2009b), the current study included 419 young adult (i.e, aged 18–30) participants who completed an online questionnaire, including a newly developed communicative emotion management measure. Through structural equation modeling, results indicated that cognitive reappraisal and feeling caught mediate the relationship between divorce disclosures and emotion regulation strategies and that this association is contingent upon young adults’ mental health. Implications are discussed, and suggestions for family researc...
Not just heroin: Extensive polysubstance use among US high school seniors who currently use heroin.

Abstract Background Heroin-related deaths are on the rise in the US and a large portion of heroin overdoses involve co-use of other drugs such as benzodiazepines. A better understanding of heroin polysubstance use patterns could help discern better prevention measures. Methods Data were examined from past-month (“current”) heroin users from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (2010–2016, n = 327). We examined how past-month use and frequency of use of various drugs relate to frequency of current heroin use using chi-square and multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Results Prevalence of any past-month use of various other drugs (and past-month use 10+ times) tends to increase as the frequency of heroin use increases; however, other drug use tends to decline among those reporting the use of heroin 40+ times in the past month. In multivariable models controlling for demographic characteristics, most levels of alcohol use were associated with decreased odds of higher-frequency heroin use ( ps p = .037) and tranquilizer (aOR = 14.63, p = .045) use 40+ times in the past month were associated with increased odds of higher-frequency heroin use. Conclusions High school seniors who use heroin also use multiple other drugs. Increases in the frequency of heroin use are associated with shifts in the nature and frequency of polysubstance use, with a higher frequency of heroin use associated with the highest percentage and frequency of use of depressants (nonmedical opioid and benzodiazepine use), compounding the risk of overdose. Prevention measures should consider polysubstance use patterns among heroin-using adolescents.
Outcomes of tibia shaft fractures caused by low energy gunshot wounds.

Abstract Background The purpose of this project was to compare the rates of infections, nonunions, malunions, and secondary operations in tibia fractures resultant from low energy GSWs versus those seen in open and closed tibia fractures resultant from blunt trauma. A secondary objective was to assess the utility of using the traditional Gustilo-Anderson classification system for open fractures to describe fractures secondary to low energy GSW. Methods A retrospective review of 327 patients with tibia shaft fractures was conducted at our level I trauma center. Patients underwent a variety of interventions depending on their injury. Standard fixation techniques were utilized. Outcome measures include: mechanism of injury, rates of superficial and deep infection, nonunion, malunion, and secondary operations. Results Deep infection after low energy GSW tibia fractures was uncommon and seen in only 2.3% of patients. Rates of infection after low energy GSWs were similar to low and high energy closed tibia fractures resultant from blunt trauma, but significantly less than that seen in open type II (25%, p Conclusions While GSWs are traditionally thought of as open injuries, low energy GSW tibia fractures had a low rate of infection and no nonunions, and resulted in a reoperation rate similar to closed blunt tibia shaft fractures and significantly lower than open tibia fractures.
New discoveries in the development of antipsychotics with novel mechanisms of action: beyond the atypical antipsychotics with serotonin dopamine antagonism

Antipsychotic innovation can be divided into three eras. The first era began with the serendipitous discovery of the classical antipsychotic neuroleptics, later found to mediate their therapeutic actions by blocking D2 dopamine receptors, particularly in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway [1]. From the late 1950s through the 1980s, a large number of effective compounds sharing this mechanism of action were thus discovered and marketed. The use of such classical antipsychotic compounds has now given way to the era of “atypical antipsychotics” which began in the late 1980s when the atypical properties of clozapine were observed, and attributed at least in part to the simultaneous blockade of serotonin 2A receptors as well as D2 dopamine receptors [1, 2, 3]. We are currently nearing the end of this era now that several SDAs (serotonin dopamine antagonists) have been discovered and marketed, with a few more in the late stages of clinical development. These compounds have been discussed and emphasised in many of the preceding chapters of this book.
Substance Use Treatment in the Era of New HIV Prevention Technologies

From the start of the AIDS epidemic, a variety of strategies have been implemented in an attempt respond to reduce transmissions among drug users, but these efforts have been narrowly defined, are limited in scope and focused almost exclusively on injection drug use and related risks. The role of non-injection substance use in sustaining sexual transmission and inhibiting effective antiretroviral treatment has been underestimated since the first cases of HIV infection were identified. Substance use remains one of the greatest global challenges to effective risk reduction, access to and retention in HIV care, adherence to antiretroviral medications, and sustained suppression of viral load. This chapter reviews accomplishments and discusses the opportunities and challenges facing the scale-up of HIV prevention technologies in regards to addressing the impact of substance use. Three major topics will be addressed: (1) defining the challenge, (2) medication-assisted treatments for substance use disorders as HIV prevention technologies, and (3) opportunities and challenges for scale-up.
The Effects of Hypoxia and Temperature on Developing Embryos of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus

i Dedication iii Acknowledgments iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 5 Chapter 2: Results 12 Discussion 31 Chapter 3: Summary 40 Future Investigations 40 Significance 41 References 43
The Association of Racial and Homelessness Microaggressions and Physical and Mental Health in a Sample of Homeless Youth

Background: Homeless youth are at higher risk for trauma, school dropout, justice system involvement as well as physical and mental health issues, including substance abuse. Objective: This article focuses on experiences of microaggressions, or subtle forms of discrimination, in homeless youth by describing the development of a new scale measuring homelessness microaggressions and demonstrating the association between microaggressions, and health/well-being in a sample of homeless youth. Methods: Previously validated measures include the Child Behavioral Checklist and the Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale. Findings: Demonstrated that experiencing higher levels of microaggressions was related to more externalizing and aggressive behavior and somatic symptoms in homeless youth. Conclusions: Implications for urban communities and urban social work are discussed, with suggestions offered for practitioners and future research.
Benefits and adverse effects of cannabis use among adults with persistent pain.

Abstract Background Increasingly, states are legalizing cannabis for recreational use. Improved accessibility may allow adults with pain to use cannabis more liberally. Greater understanding is needed about how adults with pain perceive the effects of cannabis, particularly those who also use opioid analgesics. Purpose To examine the perceived effects of cannabis among adults who have been prescribed opioids for persistent pain. Methods A survey-based study was conducted on 150 adults with persistent pain. Data from two open-ended questions were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach and content analysis. Findings Data analysis led to identification of two main categories and five subcategories: (a) cannabis benefits with two subcategories of “physiological” and “mental health”; (b) adverse effects with three subcategories of “physiological,” “mental health,” and “social and economic concerns.” Discussion Both positive and negative effects of cannabis were described. Nursing practice, including open communication with patients, can be guided by patient perspectives surrounding benefits and adverse effects of cannabis use.
Associations of Mother's Behaviors and Home/Neighborhood Environments with Preschool Children's Physical Activity Behaviors.

Objective:Examining associations of mother’s behaviors and home/neighborhood physical activity (PA) environments with preschoolers’ PA and screen time.Design:Cross-sectional online survey.Setting:M...
Impact of IRF4/MUM1 Expression on Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma and Treatment Outcome

Introduction: HTLV-1 related adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) remains fatal, thus urging development of new therapies. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), also known as MUM1, is a transcription factor expressed in various aggressive B-cell and T-cell lymphomas (1). IRF4 has been reported to be highly expressed in HTLV-1 transformed cells and in aggressive leukemic forms of ATLL, and has also been implicated in interferon resistance. However, IFR-4/MUM1 expression, and its pathogenic role in ATLL have not been fully investigated. We previously reported lack of IRF4/MUM1 in leukemic ATLL specimens from patients who responded to AZT-interferon-alpha (AI). In this study, we characterized the expression of IRF4/MUM1 in our expanded ATLL cohort. Methods: ATLL specimens from 73 chemotherapy naive patients of all subtypes [lymphomatous (L) n=31, acute (A) n=36, unfavorable chronic (UC) n=5, and smoldering (S) n=1] were analyzed for MUM1 expression. Cases were analyzed or confirmed by immunohistochemistry at our institution using anti-human MUM1 antibody (Dako) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue or cellblock sections prepared from cytospun CD4+-enriched leukemic samples. The cutoff positive value for MUM1 expression was 30%. MUM1 expression was correlated with treatment outcome. Results: In 73 patients the proportion of MUM1+ cases was as follows: L (28/31 =90%), A (7/36 =19%), UC (1/5 =20%), and S (0/1 =0%) (Figure 1A). MUM1 expression was analyzed in 33 chemotherapy naive patients with A (n= 28) or UC type (n=5) treated with AI; only 3 patients (A n=2, and UC n=1) were MUM1+ and had partial response (PR) (UC n=1), stable disease (SD) (A n=1), and no response (NR) (A n=1) respectively (Figure 1B). All 9 patients who achieved a complete response (CR) (A n=7, and UC n=2) and 6 patients with PR (A n=5, UC n=1) were MUM1-. The cumulative 3-year overall survival (OS) rates in MUM1- (n=37) vs. MUM1+ (n=36) patients were 23% vs. 10% respectively (p=0.68) (Figure 2). Notably, the great majority of patients in the MUM1- group (33/37=89%) were treated with AI as first line therapy and were A-type (27/37=73%), while most patients in the MUM1+ group (26/36=70%) were treated with chemotherapy upfront and were L-type (23/36=64%). The cumulative 3-yr progression-free survival in MUM1- patients treated with AI was 28% as compared to 0% in MUM-1+ treated with chemotherapy (Figure 3). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that MUM1 expression is highly associated with L-type ATLL. Patients with aggressive leukemic ATLL subtypes treated with AI generally lacked MUM1 and had a significant better outcome than L-type patients treated with chemotherapy. This study suggests that MUM1 expression may influence the biology at ATLL subtypes and response to interferon-based therapy. Targeting IFR-4/MUM1 function in L-type ATLL should be considered as a therapeutic strategy. The analysis of additional cases is still ongoing and the final results will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Rooting and Subsequent Overwinter Survival of Stem Cuttings of Stewartia ovata

Abstract Three experiments were conducted using stem cuttings of Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby to evaluate: 1) effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on percent rooting and rooting in...
Discovery of Bioactive Small Molecule Inhibitors of Human PD1-PDL1 Interaction

Abstract Background The antibody-based cancer immunotherapies targeting the Programmed cell Death1-Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD1-PDL1) interaction have shown unprecedented clinical success again several types of cancer. Our present study aims to discover small molecule PD1-PDL1 inhibitors that may offer several advantages as compared to antibodies, such as higher oral bioavailability, lower cost, better tumor infiltration, and relatively shorter half-life that is especially helpful in controlling any potential adverse immune reactions. Methods We identified several small molecule inhibitors based on the available crystal structures of human PD1-PDL1 complex as well as apo forms of PD1 and PDL1. Specifically, we first carried out long molecular dynamics simulations to identify “druggable” binding pockets on the binding interfaces of PD1 and PDL1 proteins, followed by molecular docking and consensus-scoring of approved and experimental drugs into those pockets. The top virtually selected compounds were then tested in AlphaLISA and ELISA assays measuring inhibition of the PD1-PDL1 interaction, followed by functional cell-based assays. Results Through integrated virtual and experimental screening protocols, we have identified several potent PD1-PDL1 inhibitors with remarkable activities in both the cell-free and cell-based assays. Notably, one of our top active molecules showed activity as comparable to that of the anti-PD1 antibody used as the positive control in these studies. This is remarkable considering the newly-discovered molecules have relatively low molecular weight and still are capable of inhibiting PD1-PDL1 protein-protein interaction with large binding interface of ∼1,970 A2. Our results provide support for future investigation of these molecules in vivo. Conclusion In summary, we have been successful in identifying novel, non-peptide small molecule inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 interaction through rational design. Considering their remarkable activity and clinical status, they may present immediate clinical potential against cancers expressing PDL1. They may also prove to be ideal starting points for the design of more potent, selective drug-like inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 interaction. Legal entity responsible for the study Widener University, Chester, PA, USA. Funding W. W. Smith Charitable Trust. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
On the Role of Size Differences in Synchronized Motion of Magnetic Particles in Fluid: A Study on Trimers

Synchronized motion and pattern formation of magnetic particle aggregates in variable magnetic field is of growing interest from the point of view of both fundamental science and its applications. In this article, the role of size differences in synchronized motion of magnetic particles under external rotating magnetic field at low Reynolds number flow regimes is considered. Several different motion regimes are observed in simulations as a function of particle size differences and field rotation rate. Simulation indicates phase-like transitions between different motion regimes when particle size differences become significant. It is also shown that particle size differences permit the possibility of locomotion for particle aggregates which cannot be observed for uniform particle sizes.
Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students.

The impostor phenomenon (IP), or erroneous cognitions of intellectual incompetence, is a risk factor for poor psychological adjustment among Black emerging adults. Grounded in Lazarus and Folkman’s...
Complementary Diagnostic and Prognostic Contributions of Cardiac Computed Tomography for Infective Endocarditis Surgery

Background: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is emerging as an adjunctive modality to echocardiography in the evaluation of infective endocarditis (IE) and surgical planning. CT studies in IE have,...
Sodium, Osmolality, and Antidiuretic Hormone

Assessment of urine and serum electrolytes, osmolality, and sometimes vasopressin is helpful in the assessment of polyuria and polydipsia as well as in the evaluation of primary hypo- or hypernatremia. This chapter discusses important assay considerations in this context and reviews laboratory interpretation and the next steps in management.
Novel molecular targets for treating alcohol use disorder and hepatotoxicity

Abstract Novel treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) are greatly needed. We utilized a recently developed Bayesian approach, Integrative Risk Gene Selector (iRIGS), to identify high-confidence risk genes (HRGs) for alcohol consumption using SNPs from the largest alcohol consumption GWAS to date (N = 941,280). We subsequently used the Target Central Resource Database (TCRD) to search for drug-protein interactions for these HRGs and previously identified risk genes for alcohol consumption. We identified several HRGs for alcohol consumption that are novel contributions to the previously published alcohol consumption GWAS. Namely, ACVR2A, codes for activin receptor type-2A, which is critical for liver function, and PRKCE, codes for protein kinase C epsilon, which has been linked to alcohol consumption. Furthermore, several previously identified risk genes for alcohol consumption code for proteins that are implicated in liver function and are targeted by drugs that are promising candidates for managing hepatotoxicity (e.g., metformin), highlighting potential candidates for drug repurposing. This study demonstrates the value of incorporating regulatory information and drug-protein interaction data to highlight promising molecular targets and drugs for treating AUD and ALD.
Reading Hemingway's Men Without Women: Glossary and Commentary

In their close line-by-line annotations of and commentaries on Ernest Hemingway's major works, the volumes in the "Reading Hemingway Series" provide up-to-date, factual information and interpretive guidance for a wide variety of readers. Authors who rank among the best in Hemingway studies take the reader through the text, commenting on details that may not be recognized by general readers, students, or nonspecialist instructors. And with their careful scrutiny and nuanced reading of plot details, the volumes in this series will also be valuable to specialists in the field.This is a close reading of Hemingway's collection of short stories. Because of the fame "The Sun Also Rises" brought Ernest Hemingway, when "Men Without Women" was published just one year later, in 1927, it commanded popular and critical attention. Even reviewers who objected to a masculine emphasis and a sometimes harsh realism identified stories in the collection that could not be ignored. Close commentary, with special attention to allusions, demonstrates that "Men Without Women" merits a place among the best story collections in American literature.Reading Hemingway's "Men Without Women" guides readers toward understanding how Hemingway tested old ideas of family, gender, race, ethnicity, and manhood. This close study invites scholars, teachers, students, and general readers to take a careful look into Hemingway's prose.
The Unfinished Business of Erving Goffman: From Marginalization Up Towards the Elusive Center of American Sociology.

Erving Goffman’s written legacy bears on sociology as a whole, or so he argued in his Presidential Address to the American Sociological Association (Goffman, 1983). However, while being celebrated as important to the discipline, his work is also interpreted in inconsistent ways, often downplayed or marginalized, and even neglected. This paper claims that Goffman’s “well known aversion to self-disclosure” (Shalin, 2013) does not justify overlooking his trajectory, from the unknown “margins” of a Canadian small town to the elusive “center” of American sociology—and much less does it justify still circulating assessments of his personality, crafted while overlooking his life experiences—and, especially, his writings. Anecdotal evidence of his “enigmatic” personality (Lemert, 2003), or “bad-boy outrageousness” (Berger, 1986), works as a derailing tactic, leading to unwarranted appraisals of Goffman’s personality—and, more importantly, to the neglect of crucial aspects of his work. From a theoretical standpoint, Simmel’s treatment of “the stranger” as a social relationship, and Merton’s concept of “moral alchemy”, are used here to try to make some sense of the mixture of celebration and neglect still surrounding “Goffman”. Historical data was gathered in part from the “Erving Goffman Archives'' (Shalin, 2013).
“I’m trying to create, not destroy”: Gendered Moralities and the Fate of IVF Embryos in Evangelical Women’s Narratives

Although conservative evangelical Protestants advocate for protecting the embryo in their opposition to abortion and embryonic stem-cell research, they generally support the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF), a procedure that routinely results in embryo loss. This study draws on 42 interviews with Protestant women experiencing infertility—the majority of whom are evangelicals who ascribe personhood to embryos—to examine how these women navigate issues of fertility, religion, and reproductive technologies. In their pursuit of parenthood, these women drew on cultural ideals of femininity, such as nurturance and protection, in forming attachments to embryos. These ideals of femininity were also invoked in the women's moral reasoning surrounding embryo loss, where women emphasized their procreative intention as the creation, not the destruction, of embryos. In doing so, the women described themselves as embracing motherhood. Embryo loss was often understood as a means to create the family formations that God intended. I develop the concept of gendered moralities to show how evangelical women mobilize and enact culturally valued forms of femininity in their reasoning about embryo loss. These findings shed light on larger debates about when and why embryo loss becomes a moral issue. I argue that because embryo loss in the fertility clinic occurs in a space where women are striving to become mothers, the clinic and its largely white, middle-class clientele are shielded from moral condemnation that occurs in other settings. This suggests that the fertility clinic, along with its patients and practitioners, occupies a privileged space within the moral hierarchies of reproduction.
An Equation for the Dissipation Rate Correlation and Its Implications for the Intermittency Exponent μ in Turbulence

We derive an equation satisfied by the dissipation rate correlation function, \(\left\langle {\varepsilon (\vec x + \vec r,t + \tau )\varepsilon (\vec x,t)} \right\rangle \) for the homogeneous, isotropic state of fully-developed turbulence from the the Navier–Stokes equation. In the equal time limit we show that the equation leads directly to two intermittency exponents μ1=2−ζ6 and μ2=z″4−ζ4, where the ζ's are exponents of velocity structure functions and z″4 is a dynamical exponent characterizing the fourth order structure function. We discuss the contributions of the pressure terms to the equation and the consequences of hyperscaling.
Topical Antineoplastic Agents in the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Diseases

Topical antineoplastic agents have a well-established role in the treatment of several dermatological conditions. Their use in the treatment of mucosal skin disease also has gained increasing recognition. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite, and imiquimod, an immunomodulatory agent with antitumor properties, are the two principal topical antineoplastic agents used in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases. Although the vast majority of their mucosal uses are currently not approved by the Federal Drug Administration, there are numerous case series, open-label studies and randomized controlled trials supporting their uses in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases. Both topical 5-FU and imiquimod have been successfully utilized in the treatment of a wide range of mucosal diseases, including actinic cheilitis, Bowen's disease of the anal and vulvar mucosa, and genital and perianal condyloma. Reports of their uses in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases indicate that these agents can be safely administered, though adverse effects such as local inflammation may be augmented when these agents are applied to mucosal surfaces. Additionally, locally acting intralesional chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin and interferon, have well-defined applications in the treatment of mucosal skin diseases such as condyloma acuminata. As further studies are conducted, these topical and intralesional neoplastic agents, in addition to emerging agents that are in various stages of development, such as Toll-like receptor 9 agonists and ingenol mebutate, may play an increasingly important role in the future treatment of mucocutaneous diseases.
Angular distributions of Drell-Yan lepton pairs at the Fermilab Tevatron: Order alpha s2 corrections and Monte Carlo studies.

We investigate the angular distribution of the lepton pair in the process pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\mathrm{*}}$+X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{l}}^{+}$${\mathit{l}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$+X, where the virtual photon is produced at high transverse momentum. The angular distribution of the leptons is very sensitive to possible nonperturbative effects, such as a nontrivial vacuum structure of QCD, and offers a good chance to test such effects. We present complete O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}$) calculations of the decay lepton distributions in the lepton pair rest frame. An order O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$) Monte Carlo study of the lepton angular distributions, with acceptance cuts and energy resolution smearing applied to the leptons, is also presented.
Computerized provider order entry in the emergency department: pilot evaluation of a return on investment analysis instrument.

The Vanderbilt Center for Better Health conducted a workflow analysis study to determine the benefits of implementing a computerized provider order entry system in the adult Emergency Department. Time savings by role was 1619 hours/year for nurses, 815 for medical receptionist, −95 for attendings, and −100 for residents. Translating time savings into bottom line savings (FTE/overtime reduction, additional charges) resulted in $31,424 in time savings and $40,000 cost savings (paper forms).
Minimum Weight Design in Double-Layer Panels: Sheet Molding Compound versus Steel

This paper deals with the use of structural optimization techniques to achieve weight reduction in automotive panels made from sheet molding compound (SMC) and steel. Multiple stiffness criteria are imposed as performance requirements on the panels. Specifically, we consider the effect of changes in structural stiffness criteria as well as minimum gage and allowable depth constraints on the minimum weight design of double-layer panels. Both SMC and steel designs are compared.
Transfection of Lysostaphin-treated Cells of Staphylococcus aureus

After treatment with 1 unit of lysostaphin per ml for 3 min, two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 233 and PS 44A HJD, were transfected with phenol-extracted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the staphylococcal bacteriophages, 53 and 44A HJD, respectively. The number of transfected cells was low in both systems, approximately two in 10(7) enzyme-treated cells. There was a saturation effect at high concentrations of DNA; optimal results were obtained at concentrations between 10 to 25 mug/ml. Growth curves and fluctuation tests indicated that cells of strain 44A HJD infected with phage, then converted to protoplasts by a 10-min treatment with lysostaphin, produce only one phage particle and lose their ability to lyse spontaneously in hypertonic media.
Nonpathogenic isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica do not contain functional inv-homologous sequences.

Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between the ability of isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica to cause disease and to invade tissue culture cells in vitro. Two genes, inv and ail, isolated from a pathogenic strain of Y. enterocolitica have each been shown to confer this invasive phenotype upon Escherichia coli. Eighty pathogenic, invasive isolates studied by Miller et al. (Infect. Immun. 57:121-131, 1989) contained sequences homologous to both of these genes. Thirty-five nonpathogenic, noninvasive isolates similarly studied had no ail homology but carried inv-homologous sequences. We investigated inv-homologous sequences from four nonpathogenic isolates. Recombinant clones of these inv-homologous sequences did not confer the invasive phenotype upon E. coli. No RNA transcripts capable of encoding a full-length Inv protein were detected in the four noninvasive Yersinia strains. When the inv gene from a pathogenic isolate was introduced into two of these strains, the resulting transformants invaded tissue culture cells in vitro. The inv gene was transcribed in a pathogenic Yersinia isolate grown at 30 degrees C but not at all in these cells grown at 37 degrees C. The production of RNA transcripts homologous to inv in transformants was not regulated by temperature to the same degree as was seen for pathogenic isolates. We conclude that the inv gene in nonpathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica is nonfunctional. Y. enterocolitica isolates epidemiologically linked to disease contain both a functional inv gene and a functional ail gene. Environmental isolates not associated with disease have a nonfunctional inv gene and no ail gene. Images
Building high‐quality software fault predictors

Over the past several years, we have been developing software fault predictors based on a system's measured structural evolution. We have previously shown significant linear relationships between code churn, a set of synthesized metrics, and the rate at which faults are inserted into the system in terms of number of faults per unit change in code churn. A limiting factor in this and other such investigations has been the absence of a quantitative, consistent and repeatable definition of what constitutes a fault. The rules for fault definition were not sufficiently rigorous to provide unambiguous, repeatable fault counts. Within the framework of a space mission software development effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory we have developed a standard for the precise enumeration of faults. This new standard permits software faults to be measured directly from configuration control documents. We compared the new method of counting faults with two existing techniques to determine whether the fault-counting technique has an effect on the quality of the fault models constructed from those counts. The new fault definition provides higher quality fault models than those obtained using the other definitions of fault. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2'-O-[2-(amino)-2-oxoethyl] oligonucleotides.

Oligonucleotides with novel modifications, 2‘-O-[2-(amino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-O-NAc), 2‘-O-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-O-NMAc), 2‘-O-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-O-DMAc), and 2‘-O-[2-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-O-DMAEAc), have been synthesized. These modified oligonucleotides exhibit high binding affinity to complementary RNA (and not to DNA) and considerably enhance the nuclease stability of oligonucleotides with t1/2 > 24 h.
Changes in the developmental philosophy for American early childhood education

ABSTRACT Recent legislation and governmental policy have provided a rationale to place young children with special needs in integrated, mainstream settings. Many of these settings have a developmental philosophy which is concerned with readiness and age‐appropriate activities. However, in integrating young children with severe handicaps, this developmental philosophy may also need to incorporate a functional approach which teaches survival skills for daily living rather than just concentrating on those skills the child appears ready to learn. Ways to incorporate this approach within a developmental orientation are described. The underlying theme is the assumption that good teaching in early childhood education will accommodate for individual differences.
Adsorption in aerogel networks

Abstract Pore volume of aerogels is often seriously underestimated by nitrogen adsorption measurements. Undetected pore volume has sometimes been attributed to macropores (i.e., with diameters >50 nm), but permeability measurements indicate that the volume of macropores in gels with solids contents exceeding 5–10 vol.% is below the percolation threshold (∼20 vol.%). The discrepancy may be attributable to the use of the conventional adsorption model, which assumes that the pores are cylindrical, to interpret adsorption isotherms on networks. The adsorbate/vapor interface in a sparse network can adopt a surface of zero curvature while much of the pore space remains empty. The extent of this phenomenon depends on the density of the network, not its pore size, so adsorption can be quite limited in a sparse network, even if the pores are small. A model is presented that accounts for the adsorption/desorption isotherm of a silica aerogel containing ∼13% solids, in which almost half of the pore volume is undetected, even though the largest pore diameter is less than 35 nm.