cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet engine technical advisor (JETA)

The paper describes a generalized knowledge-based tool for diagnosis which is currently being applied to jet engine maintenance. A domain dependent diagnostic tree is created for a particular jet engine by filling in an empty hypothesis frame for each diagnostic node in the tree. The knowledge in the tree is reasoned about using a generalized and explicit reasoning strategy. This strategy can be guided by rules specific to the activation of a particular diagnostic hypothesis in the tree.The user interacts with the system through a window interface which features definitions, glossary information, schematics and explanations of session reasoning, which are all linked to the knowledge contained in the system. A demonstration prototype which runs under the ART (LISP-based) environment on Symbolics 3620 and Sun 3/60 workstations was completed in December 1988. The preliminary prototype diagnoses a subset of the acceleration faults on the General Electric J85-CAN-15 jet engine and is being field tested and evaluated by potential users.
Virtual physical examination (VPE): a multimedia system for education in medicine

The virtual physical examination (VPE) platform is a web–based, multimedia system for medical examination education, distributed and supported by Cerner. The system was built using MySQL, Flash and PHP and developed for creating and conducting physical examinations on virtual patient cases in a simulated environment. VPE allows users to perform physical examinations virtually on patients. A user can create 3D avatars of patients, build medical cases, perform diagnosis and attach associated files including audio, video, image, text and interactive assets. VPE allows for controlled sharing of assets as well as full cases, either within the same organisation or publicly. A video demonstrating VPE can be found at http://digbio.missouri.edu/Cerner/Cerner_VPE_Demo.mp4. VPE has broad educational applications ranging from the basic introduction of medicine to high school students to advanced education for nursing and medical students. The solution is used to both teach and reinforce physical exam concepts. VPE is available at https://vpe.cernerlearningmanager.com.
Virtual polariton modes of slab molecular crystals

The virtual polariton states of a slab dielectric consisting of N planes of discrete molecules are considered using the dipole approximation for intermolecular interactions. It is assumed that the sum of in-plane static interactions is large compared to the inter-plane sums. The dispersion relation of the virtual modes is solved for exactly and the conditions defined under which it reduces to the dispersion relations for symmetric and antisymmetric modes of a slab of continuous matter. Finally some comments are made on the occurrence of virtual polariton states in fluorescence and absorption processes.
News Consumption and the New Electronic Media

Recently, the print and television news media have begun to question the future of their industries. From newspaper executives at the New York Times who have asked whether there will be a print version of their paper in ten years, to television news executives who openly speculate on whether there will be network nightly news, the stated cause for alarm is the competitive threat of the Internet. This article looks at the hypothesized shift of news consumption from the traditional media to the online news media. The hypothesized mass migration of news consumption behavior is not supported by the facts. Some migration from offline to online news consumption has occurred, but this number (12 percent direct substitution) is less than many believe. Another 22 percent of U.S. adults have substituted some online news for offline news, but for a substantial portion of this group, the online news media acts as a complement rather than as a substitute. Most significant is the fact that two-thirds of the U.S. adult ...
The efficacy of self-taught memory training for community-dwelling older adults

The effects of self‐taught memory training on community‐dwelling older adults were examined. Self‐taught memory training was compared to attention‐placebo and delayed‐training control conditions. Results indicate that the self‐taught condition was superior to the delayed‐training control on memory performance improvement, but that the self‐taught and attention‐placebo conditions were equally effective. However, self‐taught training did result in specific, differential improvements in subjective memory functioning relative to the control conditions. Training gains were maintained at six‐month follow‐up. The potential utility of self‐taught memory training is discussed.
Feasibility study of the diagnosis and monitoring of cystic fibrosis in pediatric patients using stationary digital chest tomosynthesis

Digital chest tomosynthesis (DCT) is a 3D imaging modality which has been shown to approach the diagnostic capability of CT, but uses only one-tenth the radiation dose of CT. One limitation of current commercial DCT is the mechanical motion of the x-ray source which prolongs image acquisition time and introduces motion blurring in images. By using a carbon nanotube (CNT) x-ray source array, we have developed a stationary digital chest tomosynthesis (s- DCT) system which can acquire tomosynthesis images without mechanical motion, thus enhancing the image quality. The low dose and high quality 3D image makes the s-DCT system a viable imaging tool for monitoring cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The low dose is especially important in pediatric patients who are both more radiosensitive and have a longer lifespan for radiation symptoms to develop. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using s-DCT as a faster, lower dose means for diagnosis and monitoring of CF in pediatric patients. We have created an imaging phantom by injecting a gelatinous mucus substitute into porcine lungs and imaging the lungs from within an anthropomorphic hollow chest phantom in order to mimic the human conditions of a CF patient in the laboratory setting. We have found that our s-DCT images show evidence of mucus plugging in the lungs and provide a clear picture of the airways in the lung, allowing for the possibility of using s- DCT to supplement or replace CT as the imaging modality for CF patients.
Rat hepatic cytosolic glutathione-dependent enzyme protection against lipid peroxidation in the NADPH-microsomal lipid peroxidation system.

Abstract Dialyzed rat liver cytosol (105 000 × g supernatant), when added along with 2.5 mM glutathione, blocked malonaldehyde formation in the NADPH-microsomal lipid peroxidation system, thus protecting against lipid peroxidation. Preheating the cytosol for 10 min at 60° C destroyed its protective ability. Ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration of cytosol indicated that more than one glutathione-dependent protective enzyme was present. Fractions from the G-100 column containing the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase failed to protect, but fractions containing the glutathione S -transferases, which have non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity, did protect. The glutathione S -transferases were purified further with ion exchange chromatography and shown to have protective activity. Thus the rat hepatic cytosolic glutathione-dependent enzyme protection against lipid peroxidation in the NADPH-microsomal lipid peroxidation system is in part due to some of the glutathione S -transferases. The selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase appears to have no protective effect in this system.
Predictive model for heat transfer performance of oblique and normally impinging jet arrays

Abstract A model is created to predict the heat transfer performance of oblique and normal jet impingement arrays of arbitrary extent. The simplicity of the model, being based on just two equations, allows for ease of implementation and relatively few computations. Comparing the performance of the predictive model with experiment yielded a mean absolute error of 2.9%. Comparison with two frequently referenced correlations in literature show mean absolute errors of 14% and 18% for considerably different test conditions, and comparisons with raw data from these studies have yielded even lower error. The proposed numerical model has a higher accuracy than current CFD implementations and is less computationally involved than full direct numerical simulation.
Systemic and Ocular Findings in 100 Patients With Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

To describe associated ocular, neurologic, and systemic findings in a population of children with optic nerve hypoplasia, a retrospective chart review of 100 patients with optic nerve hypoplasia for the presence of neurologic, radiologic, and endocrine abnormalities was performed. Neuroimaging and endocrine studies were obtained in 65 cases. Visual acuity and associated ocular, neurologic, endocrine, systemic, and structural brain abnormalities were recorded. Seventy-five percent had bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Conditions previously associated with optic nerve hypoplasia and present in our patients include premature birth in 21%, fetal alcohol syndrome in 9%, maternal diabetes in 6%, and endocrine abnormalities in 6%. Developmental delay was present in 32%, cerebral palsy in 13%, and seizures in 12%. Of those imaged, 60% had an abnormal study. Neuroimaging showed abnormalities in ventricles or white- or gray-matter development in 29 patients, septo-optic dysplasia in 10, hydrocephalus in 10, and corpus callosum abnormalities in 8. There was an associated clinical neurologic abnormality in 57% of patients with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and in 32% of patients with unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Patients with unilateral and bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia frequently have a wide range and common occurrence of concomitant neurologic, endocrine, and systemic abnormalities.
Engineering Clustered Ligand Binding Into Nonviral Vectors: αvβ3 Targeting as an Example

The development of techniques to efficiently deliver genes using nonviral approaches can broaden the application of gene delivery in medical applications without the safety concerns associated with viral vectors. Here, we designed a clustered integrin-binding platform to enhance the efficiency and targetability of nonviral gene transfer to HeLa cells with low and high densities of αvβ3 integrin receptors. Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) nanoclusters were formed using gold nanoparticles functionalized with RGD peptides and used to modify the surface of DNA/poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polyplexes. DNA/PEI polyplexes with attached RGD nanoclusters resulted in either 5.4- or 35-fold increase in gene transfer efficiency over unmodified polyplexes for HeLa cells with low- or high-integrin surface density, respectively. The transfection efficiency obtained with the commercially available vector jetPEI-RGD was used for comparison as a vector without clustered binding. JetPEI-RGD exhibited a 1.2-fold enhancement compared to unmodified jetPEI in cells with high densities of αvβ3 integrin receptors. The data presented here emphasize the importance of the RGD conformational arrangement on the surface of the polyplex to achieve efficient targeting and gene transfer, and provide an approach to introduce clustering to a wide variety of nanoparticles for gene delivery.
Minor elements in perovskite from kimberlites and distribution of the rare earth elements: An electron probe study

We report REE and minor element distributions for perovskites from seven kimberlites (South Africa and U.S.A.). The REE (1.6–6.3 oxides wt.%) are always strongly light REE enriched, often with Ce > La (chondrite-normalized), and show an expected close correlation with whole-rock analyses. Where examined, perovskite contains far more REE than coexisting apatite, by about an order of magnitude. Calculations indicate that iron is mostly present as Fe^(3+) and is low (1.0–2.9 wt.% Fe_2O_3) compared with perovskite from carbonatite complexes such as Oka (4.4 wt.% FeO [3]). In addition to established Nb (0.3–1.7 oxide wt.%), geochemically interesting elements encountered include Zr (up to 1.5 oxide wt.%), Ba and Sr (up to 0.2, 0.4 oxide wt.% respectively). Specific geological applications suggest a possible genetic link between Wesselton pipe and Benfontein Sills kimberlites, and that carbonate-rich dikes in the Premier mine were derived from kimberlites. The overall similarities with incompatible element-rich titanates in veined mantle peridotites suggest a more direct link between kimberlite magmatism and mantle metasomatism.
Healing and harming.

As part of a volunteering program, a medical student learns the story of a sick infant whose survival was wholly dependent on modern medicine. The family was pacified by believing, during pregnancy, that the fetus would be healthy. Poor counseling and unethical physician behavior led to the trauma of the family’s struggle to keep its baby alive, happy, and as healthy as possible. The need for adequate, thorough, and individualized counseling is a critical and still unfulfilled need in patient care.
Effect of roentgen irradiation and other types of injurious agents on capillaries.

SummaryBy means of a microinjection method it was possible to measure the fragility of mesenteric capillaries of the frog. Roentgen irradiation, heparin injection, trypsin and peptone shock increase the fragility of the capillaries. The increased capillary fragility appears to be a consequence of a liberation of heparin into the circulation of the animals, due to the irradiation or shock treatments.
Blood bactericidal studies and serum complement in diabetic patients.

Summary 1. Leukocyte-plasma suspensions and plasma from diabetic patients have been tested in vitro against Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive, phagetype 80/81) and Escherichia coli for bactericidal capacity. 2. A decreased leukocyte-plasma bactericidal effect was found against Staph. albus in 4 of 12 diabetic patients and against E. coli in 2 of 11 diabetic patients. This was probably a plasma phenomenon and not because of leukocyte dysfunction. No abnormality was found against Staph. aureus. 3. Diabetic plasma was somewhat less bactericidal than normal against Staph. albus. No differences were found against Staph. aureus and E. coli. 4. No correlation was found in the present study between the blood sugar or serum acetone level and bactericidal effect. 5. Serum complement level was elevated in 7 of 12 diabetic patients. This could not be correlated with the bactericidal capacity of blood. 6. Withholding insulin from several diabetic patients for 48 to 96 hours did not consistently depress the normal bactericidal capacity of blood. 7. No correlation was found between the blood bactericidal capacity of the diabetic patients studied and the presence or absence of clinical infection.
Exterior Roadside Noise Associated with Centerline Rumble Strips as a Function of Depth and Pavement Surface Type

Controlled field studies were performed at 12 locations to evaluate the impacts of milled centerline rumble strips on exterior roadside noise adjacent to rural two-lane highways as a function of rumble strip depth and pavement type. Twenty controlled pass-bys were performed at each location using a minivan traveling at 88.5 km/h (55 mph). An equal number of passes were made both while traveling on and off of the centerline rumble strips, with the latter condition providing baseline noise data. The maximum noise was recorded during each pass using a digital sound meter that was placed 15.24 m (50 ft) laterally from the centerline of the roadway at a height of 1.52 m (5 ft) above the pavement surface. Multiple linear regression models were estimated to ascertain the effects of depth and pavement type while controlling for baseline noise. The milled depth of the rumble strips was the strongest predictor of roadside noise, and this effect was stronger for hot mix asphalt pavements compared to chipsealed pavements. For every 1.5875 mm (1/16-in.) increase in centerline rumble strip depth, roadside noise increased by 2.3 decibels on hot mix asphalt pavements, compared to 1.4 decibels on chipsealed pavements.
The Injection Problem for Anomalous Cosmic Rays

The precise mechanism by which some interstellar pickup ions are selected to be accelerated up to anomalous cosmic-ray (ACR) energies at the heliospheric termination shock is a central puzzle in the physics of the outer heliosphere. Observations by Gloeckler et al. of the mass dependence of the efficiency with which low-energy pickup ions are accelerated at an interplanetary shock is in the opposite sense of related ACR observations made by Cummings and Stone. Furthermore, the rapidity with which ions must be accelerated at the termination shock requires that the scattering of these ions be weak, an effect which requires that relatively energetic ions exist initially. It is shown here that these three sets of observations can be reconciled by using a multiply reflected ion acceleration mechanism to provide a preaccelerated population of pickup ions at the termination shock. The precise fraction of preenergized pickup ions that can subsequently be diffusively shock accelerated depends on the ion scattering strength at the termination shock. It is shown that the assumption of weak scattering yields an anomalously low injection efficiency for pickup H+ compared to those of He+, O+, and Ne+, and those inferred for C+ and N+. The predicted injection efficiencies of C+, N+, O+, and Ne+ are clustered together closely whereas He+ is a little less efficiently injected. Computed ACR termination shock and modulated fluxes compare well to those observed and inferred by Cummings and Stone. Finally, strong scattering of ions at the termination shock is found to eliminate the mass dependence of the ACR injection efficiency.
Active noise control using a dual feedforward approach

A dual feedforward controller for active noise control is presented. The first part of the controller is designed to cancel broadband noise, and the second part is an adaptive controller designed to cancel periodic noise. A simple technique to identify the parameters of the broadband controller is developed. An autoregressive moving-average model is used, and it is found that its stability is improved by prefiltering the test signal with a minimum-phase inverse of the secondary noise channel. The periodic controller uses an estimate of the fundamental frequency to cancel the first few harmonics of periodic noise. A computationally efficient adaptive technique based on least squares is developed to update the harmonic controller gains at each time step. Experimental results are included which demonstrate simultaneous cancellation of both random broadband noise and periodic noise
Electoral Stress and Revenue Structures in the American States Searching for the Elusive Fiscal Illusion

While frequently used to explain the origin and development of fiscal structures, the concept of "fiscal illusion" has proven remarkably soft when use for purposes that go beyond the most general i...
Structure, Conductivity, and Thermopower of Crystalline Polyaniline Synthesized by the Ultrasonic Irradiation Polymerization Method

Polyaniline (PANI) samples were synthesized by an ultrasonic irradiation synthesis method and by a magnetic stirring process. The structure of the polyanilines was investigated by using infrared and UV−vis−NIR spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and elemental analysis. The results clearly show that the crystallinity of polyaniline synthesized by using the ultrasonic synthesis method is much higher than that synthesized by the stirring synthesis method under similar conditions. Transmission electron microscope observation shows that the polyaniline powder synthesized by using the ultrasonic method consists mainly of hexagonal plates. Electron diffraction results show that the plates are small single crystals with well-developed hexagonal morphology. The lattice parameter of the crystal is a = b = 4.56 A. A network structure model of crystalline polyaniline is proposed. The results of elemental analysis and the solubilities of the two types of PANI s...
Spatial Distributions and Hypothetical Grazing Pressures of Zooplankton in the Tidal, Freshwater Potomac River

ABSTRACT Zooplankton in the tidal, freshwater Potomac River were usually unstratified in the water column. Vertical mixing caused primarily by tides apparently prevented stratification, hence the classic pattern of diel vertical migration was not found. Larger grazers could occasionally concentrate in deeper waters during daylight hours, so the mean distributions of zooplankton grazing pressure was slightly skewed towards the bottom. Zooplankton tended to exhibit patchy horizontal distributions, and densities along river transects could vary by an order of magnitude. Populations of zooplankton grazers during the 1981 summer could hypothetically remove an average of of 1.1% to 3.7% of the water column's phytoplankton each day. Estimated values ranged as high as 9.7% day-1.
The Impact of Family-Friendly Compensation: An Investigation of Military Personnel Policy

This research examines the structure of the military labor market and the potential consequences of using family-friendly compensation practices to address recruiting and retention concerns. The limited opportunities for lateral entry into the military lead human resource managers to fill leadership positions from within. Dynamic considerations force recruiters to focus on young high school graduates and emphasize the benefits of a career in military service, which include an allowance system that rewards family status. Controlling for important demographic characteristics, military personnel are more likely to be married and have children than their civilian counterparts. The implications of this finding depend on the costs of family support programs and differences in performance between soldiers with and without dependents. This case highlights the difficulties that arise when government organizations are forced to compete with the private sector for labor and use social incentives as a means to attrac...
Properties of balanced and perfect matrices

In this paper we define wheel matrices and characterize some properties of matrices that are perfect but not balanced. A consequence of our results is that if a matrixA is perfect then we can construct a polynomial number of submatricesAI,⋯,An ofA such thatA is balanced if and only if all the submatricesA1,⋯,An ofA are perfect. This implies that if the problem of testing perfection is polynomially solvable, then so is the problem of testing balancedness.
Ion thruster design and analysis

Questions concerning the mechanical design of a thruster are considered, taking into account differences in the design of an 8-cm and a 30-cm model. The components of a thruster include the thruster shell assembly, the ion extraction electrode assembly, the cathode isolator vaporizer assembly, the neutralizer isolator vaporizer assembly, ground screen and mask, and the main isolator vaporizer assembly. Attention is given to the materials used in thruster fabrication, the advanced manufacturing methods used, details of thruster performance, an evaluation of thruster life, structural and thermal design considerations, and questions of reliability and quality assurance.
Passivity-Based Robust Control with Application to Benchmark Active Controls Technology Wing

A passivity-based robust control design methodology is presented. A brief review of the stability results is given for passive linear and nonlinear systems followed by four different passie cation methods for rendering nonpassive systems passive. The robust control methodology via robust passie cation is demonstrated by application to the Benchmark Active Controls Technology subsonic wing. The controller design is shown to provide robust stability and satisfactory performance.
Thermodynamic properties of solutions based on correlation functions

General matrix expressions for solution properties such as the chemical potential, partial molal volume and compressibility are developed in terms of (radial) pair distribution functions and of direct correlation functions.
Estimation of the fractional canopy cover of pecan orchards using Landsat 5 satellite data, aerial imagery, and orchard floor photographs

Pecan orchards are the largest agricultural water consumer in the lower part of the Mesilla Valley, NM, USA. Knowledge of fractional canopy FC cover allows better crop water use assessment and orchard management. FC can be estimated from vegetation indices VIs, such as the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI, the soil-adjusted vegetation index SAVI, the simple ratio SR, and the triangular vegetation index TVI, using satellite imagery. The main objective of this research is to develop an approach to determine the FC from a simultaneous imagery campaign consisting of aerial imagery, orchard floor photographs, and satellite images. All the required data were collected based on satellite overpass times at three different times during the initial part of the growing season to enhance the quality of data and reduce errors. The data were processed using the software package Environment for Visualizing Images ENVI® 4.6.1; ITT Research Systems Inc.. The orchard floor digital photographs were used as a ground truth data set that gave a good correlation to the aerial photography. The aerial images were then used to determine the relationship between the FC and the VIs using these ‘corrected FCs’. The results showed significant correlation between NDVI and FC R 2 = 0.80; p < 0.0001. Likewise, the calculated SR not only showed good correlation to the FCs but also verified the calculated NDVI. The results indicated that the methodology of this research can be applied to other tree crops as an aid in estimating the FC.
Quality-of-service improvements from coupling a digital chest unit with integrated speech recognition, information, and picture archiving and communications systems.

Speech recognition reporting for chest examinations was introduced and tightly integrated with a Radiology Information System (RIS) and a Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS). A feature of this integration was the unique one-to-one coupling of the workstation displayed case and the reporting via speech recognition for thatand only that particular examination and patient. The utility of the resulting, wholly integrated electronic environment was then compared with that of the previous analog chest unit and dedicated wet processor, with reporting of hard copy examinations by direct dictation to a typist. Improvements in quality of service in comparison to the previous work environment include (1) immediate release of the patient, (2) decreased rate of repeat radiographs, (3) improved image quality, (4) decreased time for the examination to be available for interpretation, (5) automatic hanging of current and previous images, (6) ad-hoc availability of images, (7) capability of the radiologist to immediately review and correct the transcribed report, (8) decreased time for clinicians to view results, and (9) increased capacity of examinations per room.
Control of site-specific substitution of aminoglycosides by transition metal cations

Abstract The site of transition metal-directed acylations of apramycin and related aminoglycosides can be altered simply by changing the metal cation employed in the reaction.
Redox behavior of europium in the preyssler heteropolyanion [EuP5W30O110 12-

In aqueous, mineral-acid electrolytes, the cyclic voltammetry of the europium-exchanged Preyssler heteropolyanion, [Eu111P5W30O110]12- , is unique among all the other trivalent-lanthanide-exchanged anions. [Ln111P5W30Oll012-] for Ln≡Ce-Lu. To obtain insights about this issue, we conductedin situ Eu L3-edge XANES IX-ray absorption near edge structure) spectroelectrochemical experiments on an aqueous solution of[EuP5W30O110]12- (5.5 mM) in a sup-porting electrolyte of I M H2SO4 at two extreme potentials. The results demonstrate that the Eu111 ion in the colorless Preyssler anion solution at open circuit potential (+0.21 V vs. Ag/AgCI) is electroactive and is reduced to Eu11 in the resulting heteropoly blue solution through constant-potential bulk elec-trolysis at -0.55 V vs. Ag/AgCI. The reduction is reversible upon complete reoxidation of the reduced anion, the Eu XANES is indistinguishable from that observed at the open circuit potential before electrolysis. This unusual redox behavior of[EuP5W30Oll0]12- may be of technological importance in the area of oxidation catalysis.
Cyclic GMP Metabolism in Psoriasis: Activation of Soluble Epidermal Guanylate Cyclase by Arachidonic Acid and 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid

Soluble guanylate cyclase activity was measured in normal and psoriatic human epidermis. The specific activity of guanylate cyclase was determined to be increased 10-fold and 3-fold in involved and uninvolved epidermis of psoriatics, respectively, compared to normal epidermis. Arachidonic acid (5 to 100 μ M) or 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) (5 to 50 μ M) stimulated guanylate cyclase activity from involved epidermis 2- to 3-fold and from uninvolved epidermis up to 2-fold, but these fatty acids had no effect on the activity of this cyclase from normal epidermis. These results indicate that there is an increase in the cGMP biosynthetic capacity of involved epidermis from psoriatics that derives from a markedly increased specific activity of guanylate cyclase and an alteration in a property of this enzyme activity which renders it responsive to fatty acids reported to accumulate in this lesion. These observations are consistent with the report that an elevated steady-state level of cGMP is one of the consequences of the strikingly altered metabolism of cGMP in psoriatic epidermis.
Sources of low-latitude ionospheric E × B drifts and their variability

[1] The complete mechanism of how upward propagating tropospheric tides connect to the upper atmosphere is not yet fully understood. One proposed mechanism is via ionospheric wind dynamo. However, other sources can potentially alter the vertical E × B drift: gravity and plasma pressure gradient driven current, the geomagnetic main field, and longitudinal variation in the conductivities. In this study we examine the contribution to the vertical drift from these sources, and compare them. We use March equinox results from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. We found that the gravity and plasma pressure gradient driven current and the longitudinal variation of the conductivities excluding the variation due to the geomagnetic main field do not change the longitudinal variation of the vertical drift significantly. Modifying the geomagnetic main field will change the vertical drift at 5–6 LT, 18–19 LT and 23–24 LT at almost all longitudes. In general the influence of the geomagnetic main field on the vertical drift is larger, with respect to the maximum difference, at 18–19 LT and 23–24 LT, equal at 5–6 LT, and smaller at 14–15 LT than the influence due to nonmigrating tidal components in the neutral winds. Examination of the contribution from E- and F-region neutral winds to the vertical drift shows that their importance depends on the local time and the solar activity. This implies that the vertical drift has to be analyzed at specific local times to examine the relation between the wave number in the vertical drift and in the neutral winds.
Association of Conventional Goals and Perceptions of Pregnancy with Female Teenagers’ Pregnancy Avoidance Behavior and Attitudes

Fostering conventional goals is a key component of pregnancy prevention interventions for teenagers. However research has not shown whether having goals independently influences sexual behavior or whether the perception that pregnancy represents an impediment to achieving goals mediates any association. In 1999-2001 a racially mixed group of 351 sexually experienced female teenagers who were inadequate contraceptive users completed surveys about goals the anticipated impact of childbearing on these goals and protective behaviors and attitudes. Chi-square regression and two-by-two table analyses assessed associations between goals and perceptions of early childbearing and pregnancy avoidance measures. Three-fourths of respondents had educational or vocational goals. Eight in 10 of these teenagers perceived their goals to be achievable but fewer than half thought pregnancy would be an impediment to achieving these goals. Teenagers who had goals were more likely than others to have used a contraceptive at last intercourse (odds ratio 1.9) but controlling for the perception of pregnancy as an impediment eliminated this association. In contrast considering pregnancy an impediment was associated with an increased likelihood of supporting each pregnancy avoidance measure (2.1-9.6) and of intending to avoid pregnancy and to have an abortion if pregnant regardless of whether teenagers had goals (8.3-13.8). Conventional goals appear to motivate teenagers to avoid getting pregnant only if they believe pregnancy will be an impediment. Thus it maybe less important to encourage young women to formulate goals than to ensure that they consider adolescent childbearing a threat to their plans.
Model-based evaluation of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza dynamics in wild birds.

There is growing interest in avian influenza (AI) epidemiology to predict disease risk in wild and domestic birds, and prevent transmission to humans. However, understanding the epidemic dynamics of highly pathogenic (HPAI) viruses remains challenging because they have rarely been detected in wild birds. We used modeling to integrate available scientific information from laboratory and field studies, evaluate AI dynamics in individual hosts and waterfowl populations, and identify key areas for future research. We developed a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model and used published laboratory challenge studies to estimate epidemiological parameters (rate of infection, latency period, recovery and mortality rates), considering the importance of age classes, and virus pathogenicity. Infectious contact leads to infection and virus shedding within 1–2 days, followed by relatively slower period for recovery or mortality. We found a shorter infectious period for HPAI than low pathogenic (LP) AI, which may explain that HPAI has been much harder to detect than LPAI during surveillance programs. Our model predicted a rapid LPAI epidemic curve, with a median duration of infection of 50–60 days and no fatalities. In contrast, HPAI dynamics had lower prevalence and higher mortality, especially in young birds. Based on field data from LPAI studies, our model suggests to increase surveillance for HPAI in post-breeding areas, because the presence of immunologically naive young birds is predicted to cause higher HPAI prevalence and bird losses during this season. Our results indicate a better understanding of the transmission, infection, and immunity-related processes is required to refine predictions of AI risk and spread, improve surveillance for HPAI in wild birds, and develop disease control strategies to reduce potential transmission to domestic birds and/or humans.
Chemical weathering and related controls on surface water chemistry in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming

Abstract Chemical relationships among surface waters, soils and rocks were investigated in the drainage basin of the North Fork of the Shoshone River in northwestern Wyoming. The area is underlain entirely by andesitic volcanic rocks. Smectite is the only clay mineral forming in soils over much of the area, although minor kaolinite occurs in a few areas of higher-than-average rainfall. Mass-balance calculations relating stream water chemistry to rock alteration indicate that controls on the chemistry of surface waters take place not in the soil zone but in the altered rock zone. The dominant weathering process which controls the water chemistry is slight alteration of large volumes of rock, rather than development of chemical equilibria involving secondary phases in the soil zone. The altered rock is enriched in feldspars and depleted in ferromagnesian minerals compared to fresh rock. The high rate of physical erosion of the area is enough to remove the residue, reexpose the bedrock, and continue the weathering process.
Immunochemical measurement of DNA in nucleoprotein with the use of anti-DNA antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Complement (C′) fixation reactions of nucleoproteins were studied with sera of three humans with systemic lupus erythematosus which reacted strongly with native DNA. The extent of C′ fixation was slightly higher with nucleoprotein than with DNA, but 20–100-fold greater amounts of antigen (as DNA) were required for the nucleoprotein reaction. By inhibition and absorption experiments, and by the use of purified anti-DNA antibody, DNA was found to be the major antigen measured in the nucleoprotein reaction. On the basis of the quantities of antigen (as DNA) required for reaction, it was estimated that 1–5% of the DNA in native nucleoprotein was sterically available to react with antibody, and that this value increased to 20% after nucleoprotein was dissociated by salt and reassociated. Nucleoproteins from several sources showed similar patterns of reactivity. The amount of available DNA was also measured in artificial histone-DNA complexes as a function of the histone: DNA ratio used in their preparation.
‘A House divided cannot stand’: Britain, Bipartisanship and Northern Ireland

The importance of bipartisanship is that party relations at Westminster can and have had an important impact on the search for a resolution to the conflict in Northern Ireland. The definition of bipartisanship offered here emphasises a general agreement between the two major British parties on constitutional policy towards Northern Ireland, in particular the commitment to the principle of consent for constitutional change. It is argued that bipartisanship has not been broken during the 27 years of ‘the Troubles’. Part One considers the theory of and rationale behind bipartisanship and its evolution on Ireland. Part Two reviews the operation of bipartisanship over the recent period.
The Chromospheric Activity and Variability of Cycling and Flat Activity Solar-Analog Stars

We present an analysis of more than 3700 observations of the Ca II H and K lines in 57 Sun-like stars and over 3000 analogous observations of the Sun. Ten of the 57 stars under consideration are observed in flat states, but these stars do not always exhibit overall Ca II H and K core brightness below that of solar minimum. Solar activity minimum lies near the lowest level observed for stars with cyclic or irregular variability, but many flat stars have HK activity levels comparable to or exceeding that of solar minimum. While flat activity stars may be in periods of extended activity minima analogous to the solar Maunder minimum, a significant reduction in magnetic activity during such periods is not implied (although it is also not rejected) by the data.
Tau neutrino propagation and tau energy loss

Electromagnetic energy loss of tau leptons is an important ingredient for eventual tau neutrino detection from high energy astrophysical sources. Proposals have been made to use mountains as neutrino converters, in which the emerging tau decays in an air shower. We use a stochastic evaluation of both tau neutrino conversion to taus and of tau electromagnetic energy loss. We examine the effects of the propagation for monoenergetic incident tau neutrinos as well as for several neutrino power-law spectra. Our main result is a parameterization of the tau electromagnetic energy loss parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}$. We compare the results from the analytic expression for the tau flux using this $\ensuremath{\beta}$ with other parameterizations of $\ensuremath{\beta}$.
THE EPR SPECTRA OF TETRADENTATE SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES OF COPPER(II) IX. N,N′-BIS(2-HYDROXYBENZOPHENONE)ETHYLENEDIIMINE

Abstract The EPR spectrum of a single crystal of 6 3Cu(II) doped Ni(II) N,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzophenone)ethylenediimine was studied at X-band. At most orientations of the crystal in the magnetic field one set of four copper hyperfine lines was observed, indicating that the chelate planes are nearly parallel. When the applied magnetic field was aligned in directions approximately parallel to the molecular planes an unusual ligand superhyperfine splitting of the copper hyperfine components was seen. This splitting pattern was simulated successfully by assuming it to be the result of a combination of anisotropic ligand hyperfine coupling and the presence of two nearly equivalent magnetic sites differing only in the orientations of their in-plane magnetic directions. The usual doublet spin-Hamiltonian parameters measured for this compound were g′x=2.046 ± 0.004, g′y=2.043 ± 0.004, gz=2.188 ± 0.002, A′x=30.6 ± 10−4 cm−1, A′y=30.5 ± 10−4 cm−1, and Az=204.5 ± 10−4 cm−1. The in-plane values, g′x, A′X, g′y, A′y are...
Multiple cavernous malformations presenting in a patient with Poland syndrome: A case report

Introduction Poland syndrome is a congenital disorder related to chest and hand anomalies on one side of the body. Its etiology remains unclear, with an ipsilateral vascular alteration (of unknown origin) to the subclavian artery in early embryogenesis being the currently accepted theory. Cavernous malformations are vascular hamartomas, which have been linked to a genetic etiology, particularly in familial cases, which commonly present with multiple lesions. Our case report is the first to describe multiple cavernous malformations associated with Poland syndrome, further supporting the vascular etiology theory, but pointing to a genetic rather than a mechanistic factor disrupting blood flow in the corresponding vessels.
Detection of transformed cells using a fluorescent probe: The molecular basis for the differential reaction of fluorescamine with normal and transformed cells†

Normal and transformed fibroblasts can be discriminated by a flow cytometry assay on the basis of their differential reaction with fluorescamine. The cause of altered reactivity of transformed cells with this fluorescent probe has been investigated by a detailed analysis of its reaction with chicken embryo fibroblasts transformed by a temperature sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus. The subcellular distribution of fluorescent adducts characterized by cell fractionation and gel electrophoresis procedures supports the hypothesis that transformed cells possess a surface barrier which decreases the accessibility of fluorescamine to reactive macromolecules. The barrier has been identified as being composed at least partly of hyaluronic acid, because of the ability of purified and specific hyaluronidase (from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus) to modulate the response of transformed cells to fluorescamine. Enzyme treatment of transformed cells prior to reaction with fluorescamine causes them to resemble nontransformed cells both in the nature of components labeled and in their fluorescence intensity. It is suggested that fluorescamine monitors an altered surface hyaluronic acid composition which occurs upon transformation. Its significance is discussed in terms of the known physical properties of the molecule and the finding that it is an early event in the process of transformation.
The retinal rod outer segment of the frog: Detachment, isolation, phosphorus fractions and enzyme activity

Frog retinal rod outer segments were detached from dark adapted retinas by (1) agitation in frog Ringer's solution or (2) by crushing between two glass surfaces. The resulting suspensions were further purified by low and high speed centrifugation procedures in Ficoll density gradients. The density of the outer segments in Ficoll solutions was found to be 1.09. The large frog outer segments, unlike bovine outer segments, are not readily separated from nuclei, which were estimated to comprise 2.6–8% of the material, based on DNA analyses. The RNA/DNA ratio was 0.4–0.5, like that of neuronal nuclei. Representative enzymes of glycolysis (lactic dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase), phosphogluconate oxidation (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), the citric acid cycle (malic dehydrogenase) and ATP degradation (ATPase) were assayed. A major part of the malic dehydrogenase activity was probably due to inner segments attached to some of the outer segments. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (but not lactic dehydrogenase) activities were lower in detached outer segments purified on Ficoll gradients than in samples of outer segment layer microdissected from freeze-dried sections of frog retina, as well as in whole retina. The data suggest that the activities of all the enzymes studied are intrinsically low in rod outer segments.
“Things my doctor never told me”: Bridging information gaps in an online community

In a medical climate where doctors are usually pressed for time, patients commonly leave their appointments feeling confused, unable to recall what was discussed, or simply missing information. These communication difficulties result in gaps in patients' knowledge about their conditions and their potential treatments. One response to this problem has been that patients join online health communities as a way to access more information and obtain social support. Research shows that participating in these communities has important benefits, including decreased depression, better ability to cope, and increased social networks that can aid in accessing needed information. However, little research addresses the specific information gaps patients experience, how they fill these gaps through online communication, and how online health information behavior interacts with medical decisions and patient-provider communication. Drawing on data from 31 semi-structured, in-depth interviews, participant observation, and online archives analysis, this paper examines the health information interactions that participants in an online breast cancer community experienced as they progressed through breast cancer and survivorship. The findings reveal an extensive array of information that, from the patients' perspectives, was either not communicated or was inadequately communicated during patient-provider interactions. This research highlights patients' perceptions of information gaps, how patients navigated through their information gaps with the help of the community, and the significance of peer interaction in the comprehension of medical information and medical decision-making.
A numerical investigation of the influence of yarn-level finite-element model on energy absorption by a flexible-fabric armour during ballistic impact

A series of transient non-linear dynamic finite-element method (FEM) analyses pertaining to the interaction of a single-ply plain-woven balanced square textile-fabric armour with a spherical steel projectile is carried out in order to compare the corresponding results obtained for two different yarn models: (a) a solid FEM model in which the warp and weft yarns are represented using first-order three-dimensional solid elements and (b) a membrane model in which the same yarns are represented using second-order membrane elements. The analyses are carried out under different yarn—yarn and projectile—fabric frictional conditions and under different far-field boundary conditions applied to the edges of the fabric. The results obtained showed that the two sets of analyses yield comparable predictions regarding the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of the deformation and damage fields within the fabric, regarding the ability of the fabric to absorb the projectile's kinetic energy and regarding the ...