cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid From Water by pH-Modulated Brönsted Acid and Base Sites in Mesoporous Hafnium Oxide Ceramics

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly appearing in drinking water sources globally. Our work focuses specifically on the adsorption of the legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using mesoporous hafnium oxide (MHO) ceramic synthesized via a sol-gel process. Experiments were performed at varying pH to determine the effect of surface charge on adsorption capacity of PFOA by MHO and to postulate adsorption behavior. At pH 2.3 the adsorption capacity of PFOA on MHO was 20.9 mg/g, whereas in a more alkaline pH of 6.3 it was much lower at 9.2 mg/g. This was due to increased coulombic attractions at lower pH between the positively charged conjugate acid active sites on MHO surface and negatively charged deprotonated PFOA anion in solution. After adsorption the solid MHO was regenerated via calcination, reducing the amount of toxic solid waste to be disposed since the adsorbent is regenerated, and the PFOA is completely removed.
Developmental-Systemic Family Therapy with Adolescents

Contents * About the Author * Contributors * Acknowledgments * Introduction * Organization of the Material * Conceptual Approach * Assessment * SECTION I: ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT * Chapter 1. Cognitive Development * Influence of Cognitive Development on Therapy Process * Principles of Cognitive Development * Adolescent Egocentrism * Summary * Chapter 2. Emotional Development * Three Aspects of Emotion * Developmental Issues * Emotion in Families * Emotion in Family Therapy * Summary * Chapter 3. Identity Development * What Is Identity? * Identity Crises * Identity Status * Developmental Aspects of Identity * Summary * Chapter 4. Self-Esteem * What Is Self-Esteem? * Primary Aspects of Self-Esteem * Developmental Aspects of Self-Esteem * Domains of Self-Esteem * Factors Associated with Self-Esteem * Presenting Problems Associated with Self-Esteem * Assessment of Self-Esteem * Locus of Control * Summary * SECTION II: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS * Chapter 5. Attachment * What Is Attachment? * Types of Attachment * Attachment in Adolescence * Attachment in Families * Family Therapy Implications * Assessment of Attachment in Family Therapy * Summary * Chapter 6. Parent-Adolescent Relationship * Connectedness for Adolescents * Functions of Families * Parental Influence * Parenting Strategies * Solution-Focused Therapy * Summary * Chapter 7. Peer Relationships * Peer Influence * Friends * Peer Rejection * Assessment of Peer Rejection * Clinical Intervention for Peer Rejection * Summary * SECTION III: ADOLESCENT RISK TAKING * Chapter 8. Sexuality * Media Influences * Influence of Individual Psychosocial Factors * Influence of Dating Dynamics * Influence of Family Relationships * Parental Involvement in Sexuality Education * Summary * Chapter 9. Alcohol and Substance Abuse * Trends * Treatment of Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Conceptual Issues * Treatment of Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Structural Family Therapy * Summary * Chapter 10. Suicide * Research on Suicide and Adolescence * Risk Factors * Conceptualization of Suicide in Family Therapy * Therapeutic Process * Summary * SECTION IV: TREATMENT ISSUES * Chapter 11. Use of Self * The Natural Self * The Fight for Control * The Differentiated Therapist * The Use of Self and Stages of Therapy * Summary * Chapter 12. Some Considerations on Inviting the Participation of Adolescents in Psychotherapy * From the Outside Looking In * Research in Support of Increased Adolescent Involvement in the Family Process * Accountability * Evaluating Our Preferred Models of Psychotherapy for Personal Agency and Cognitive Development * Summary * Conclusion * Concluding Example * Summary * Notes * References * Index * Reference Notes Included
A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Although the image of crocodyliforms as ‘unchanged living fossils’ is naive, several morphological features of the group are thought to have varied only within narrow limits during the course of evolution1. These include an elongate snout with an array of conical teeth, a dorsoventrally flattened skull and a posteriorly positioned jaw articulation, which provides a powerful bite force. Here we report an exquisitely preserved specimen of a new taxon from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar that deviates profoundly from this Bauplan, possessing an extremely blunt snout, a tall, rounded skull, an anteriorly shifted jaw joint and clove-shaped, multicusped teeth reminiscent of those of some ornithischian dinosaurs. This last feature implies that the diet of the new taxon may have been predominantly if not exclusively herbivorous. A close relationship with notosuchid crocodyliforms, particularly Uruguaysuchus (Late Cretaceous, Uruguay)2 is suggested by several shared derived features; this supports a biogeographical hypothesis that Madagascar and South America were linked during the Late Cretaceous3 .
Application of wavelet analysis to ultrasonic characterization of bone

Investigates the application of time-frequency techniques to ultrasonic signals transmitted through bone to noninvasively determine bone density and strength. Ultrasonic transmission measurements are carried out on 3 samples of human vertebral trabecular bone, using a 1 MHz transducer pair. The data is processed using the wavelet transform according to Mallat's (1989) pyramid algorithm. The wavelet representation thus obtained is then cross-correlated with a wavelet representation of a reference signal to obtain the time-frequency representation associated with a particular bone sample. Results indicate that time-frequency methods may serve to accurately discriminate bone in various biophysical states. Further studies are under way to determine the best set of features associated with the time-frequency representation as well as the optimal means for processing the feature set, including neural networks. >
Data assignment in fault tolerant uploads for digital government applications: a genetic algorithms approach

This paper investigates a data assignment problem in a fault tolerance protocol of Bistro, a wide area upload framework. Uploads correspond to an important class of applications, whose examples include a large number of digital government applications. Specifically, government at all levels is a major collector and provider of data, and there are clear benefits to disseminating and collecting data over the Internet, given its existing large-scale infrastructure and wide-spread reach in commercial, private, and government domains. In this project we focus on the collection of data over the Internet. By data collection, we mean applications such as Internal Revenue Service (IRS) applications with respect to electronic submission of income tax forms.In Bistro, clients upload their data to intermediaries, known as bistros, to reduce the traffic to the destination around a deadline. The destination server then computes a schedule for pulling the data from bistros after the deadline. In the Bistro framework, bistros can be unavailable or malicious. Thus, a fault tolerance protocol is a vital and fundamental component of the Bistro framework. In this paper, we are particularly interested in a data assignment problem in the Bistro fault tolerance protocol. We formulate this problem into a non-linear optimization problem and develop a genetic algorithm heuristic as an approximation. We evaluate our approach using simulations and compare the results of our heuristic with other simple heuristics as well as an optimal solution obtained from a brute-force approach.
History of Geodetic Networks

The 50th anniversary of the Surveying and Mapping Division of ASCE provides an occasion to review some of the many advancements that have led to the current state of the art in geodesy. Beginning with the invention of the decimal and sexagesimal systems, the field of geodesy has relied upon many allied developments including the theory of triangulation, the definition of π\N, the invention of the telescope, and an accurate chronometer. In recent years electronic distance measuring instruments, satellite observations, and continued control network densification have pointed to the need for readjustment of the horizontal and vertical networks of North America.
Stress-intensity factor equations for cracks in three-dimensional finite bodies

Empirical stress intensity factor equations are presented for embedded elliptical cracks, semi-elliptical surface cracks, quarter-elliptical corner cracks, semi-elliptical surface cracks at a hole, and quarter-elliptical corner cracks at a hole in finite plates. The plates were subjected to remote tensile loading. Equations give stress intensity factors as a function of parametric angle, crack depth, crack length, plate thickness, and where applicable, hole radius. The stress intensity factors used to develop the equations were obtained from three dimensional finite element analyses of these crack configurations.
EVALUATION OF EXTRACELLULAR DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN PSEUDOMONAS

Streitfeld, Murray M. (University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.), Edward M. Hoffmann, and Herbert M. Janklow. Evaluation of extracellular deoxyribonuclease activity in Pseudomonas. J. Bacteriol. 84:77–80. 1962.—Of 23 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from pathological processes, 22 strains, representative of at least nine different somatic antigen types, were found to elaborate extracellular deoxyribonuclease. Qualitative determinations of enzyme elaboration were performed after the development of a convenient toluidine-blue assay plate procedure, dependent upon the metachromatic properties of the dye. This new procedure permits the determination of enzyme activity despite the presence, in the deoxyribonucleic acid-containing agar medium, of 2 to 5 ml/100 ml serum or plasma, or extracellular pyocyanin.
Model counting: a new strategy for obtaining good bounds

Model counting is the classical problem of computing the number of solutions of a given propositional formula. It vastly generalizes the NP-complete problem of propositional satisfiability, and hence is both highly useful and extremely expensive to solve in practice. We present a new approach to model counting that is based on adding a carefully chosen number of so-called streamlining constraints to the input formula in order to cut down the size of its solution space in a controlled manner. Each of the additional constraints is a randomly chosen XOR or parity constraint on the problem variables, represented either directly or in the standard CNF form. Inspired by a related yet quite different theoretical study of the properties of XOR constraints, we provide a formal proof that with high probability, the number of XOR constraints added in order to bring the formula to the boundary of being unsatisfiable determines with high precision its model count. Experimentally, we demonstrate that this approach can be used to obtain good bounds on the model counts for formulas that are far beyond the reach of exact counting methods. In fact, we obtain the first non-trivial solution counts for very hard, highly structured combinatorial problem instances. Note that unlike other counting techniques, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, we are able to provide high-confidence guarantees on the quality of the counts obtained.
Measurement of pancreatic enzymes in human thoracic duct lymph.

Summary In patients whose thoracic ducts had been cannulated, the intravenous injection of secretin produced a marked rise in concentration of amylase and lipase of the lymph without significant changes in the serum levels of these enzymes. Morphine given with the secretin augmented the effect on lymph enzyme levels.
Coherence analysis of EEG via multichannel AR modeling

The multichannel autoregressive model and the periodogram approach are used to determine coherence and phase measures between the electrical activity in two distinct brain structures of the rat namely, the subfields CA1 and dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation, during the vigilance states of quiet waking (QW), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Using both periodogram and multichannel autoregressive modeling techniques, high coherence and consistent phase differences were found to exist within the theta range of frequencies (4-11 Hz) only during REM sleep. >
UNIQUENESS THEOREMS FOR HARMONIC MAPS INTO METRIC SPACES

Recent developments extend much of the known theory of classical harmonic maps between smooth Riemannian manifolds to the case when the target is a metric space of curvature bounded from above. In particular, the existence and regularity theorems for harmonic maps into these singular spaces have been successfully generalized. Furthermore, the uniqueness of harmonic maps is known when the domain has a boundary (with a smallness of image condition if the target curvature is bounded from above by a positive number). In this paper, we will address the question of uniqueness when the domain space is without a boundary in two cases: one, when the curvature of the target is strictly negative and two, for a map between surfaces with nonpositive target curvature.
Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris ( Fabaceae). I. Structure of columella cells.

Primary roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) are positively geotropic, while lateral roots are not responsive to gravity In order to elucidate the structural basis for this differential georesponse, we have performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ultrastructure of columella cells of primary and lateral roots of P. vulgaris. Root systems were fixed in situ so as not to disturb the ultrastructure of the columella cells. The columellas of primary roots are more extensive than those of lateral roots. The volumes of columella cells of primary roots are approximately twice those of columella cells of lateral roots. However, columella cells of primary roots contain greater absolute volumes and numbers of all cellular components examined than do columella cells of lateral roots. Also, the relative volumes of cellular components in columella cells of primary and lateral roots are statistically indistinguishable. The endoplasmic reticulum is sparse and distributed randomly in both types of columella cells. Both types of columella cells contain numerous sedimented amyloplasts, none of which contact the cell wall or form complexes with other cellular organelles. Therefore, positive geotropism by roots must be due to a factor(s) other than the presence of sedimented amyloplasts alone. Furthermore, it is unlikely that amyloplasts and plasmodesmata form a multi-valve system that controls the movement of growth regulating substances through the root cap.
A dimensional approach to the psychosis spectrum between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: the Schizo-Bipolar Scale.

Background There is increasing evidence for phenomenological, biological and genetic overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, bringing into question the traditional dichotomy between them. Neurobiological models linked to dimensional clinical data may provide a better foundation to represent diagnostic variation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Low complexity AVS-M using Machine learning algorithm C4.5

Macroblock mode decision is the most expensive process in terms of computational power required. In any video codec motion estimation along with the macroblock mode decision consumes approximately 80% of the encoding time, resulting in encoding maximum of only 2 frames per second. This makes it almost impossible to implement a video codec without using specialized hardware, which causes problems like power consumption and overheating of device in low end devices like mobile, and notebooks. An effort is made here to reduce the encoding time, by implementing Machine learning algorithm C4.5, in the block decision block. The proposed encoder, on an average reduces the encoding time of the sequence by 75%, with an average loss of only 2% in PSNR while saving considerable number of bits used to encode the sequence.
Genetic algorithms in aquifer management

A new genetic algorithm based on multi-niche crowding is capable of efficiently locating all the peaks of a multi-modal function. By associating these peaks with the utility accrued from different sets of decision variables it is possible to extend the use of genetic algorithms to multi-criteria decision making problems. This concept is applied to address the problems arising in the context of remediation of a contaminated aquifer. The multi-niche crowding genetic algorithm is used to decide the optimal location of pumping wells. The aquifer dynamics are simulated by repeatedly solving the partial differential equations describing the flow of water using SUTRA code. Output of this simulation constitutes the input to the genetic algorithm.
Packing equal squares into a large square

Let s(x) denote the maximum number of non-overlapping unit squares which can be packed into a large square of side length x. Let W(x)=x^2-s(x) denote the ''wasted'' area, i.e., the area not covered by the unit squares. In this note we prove thatW(x)=O(x^(^3^+^2^)^/^7logx). This improves earlier results of Erdos-Graham and Montgomery in which the upper bounds of W(x)=O(x^7^/^1^1) and W(x)=O(x^(^3^-^3^)^/^2logx), respectively, were obtained. A complementary problem is to determine s^'(x) the minimum number of unit squares needed to cover a large square of side length x. We show thats^'(x)=x^2+O(x^(^3^+^2^)^/^7logx), improving an earlier bound of x^2+O(x^7^/^1^1).
Antecedents of communication apprehension: A reaffirmation

This study examines the relationship between communication apprehension (CA) and students’ self‐reports of their communication experiences in interpersonal, small group, and public circumstances with peers, parents, and teachers. Questions concerning these experiences were posed from reinforcement, modeling, and social comparison perspectives. The strongest relationships were found between CA and reinforcement oriented questions that involved teachers in public speaking settings. Those with high CA found giving speeches with teachers present to be non‐rewarding The study also found support for a relationship between modeling and CA.
Purification and properties of human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase.

1. 1. Human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.-) from human placenta has been purified more than 3000-fold by gel filtration, ion-exchange and substrate affinity chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 90 000 by gel filtration chromatography and 85 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzyme purified from cultured human skin fibroblasts has similar properties. 2. 2. The tritium-labeled chondroitin 6-sulfate trisaccharide N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-(β,1–4)-glucuronic acid-(β,1–3)-N-acetyl[1-3H]galactosaminitol 6-sulfate as substrate demonstrated a Km of 0.12 mM at pH 4.5. Sulfate was hydrolyzed only from the non-reducing terminal of this disulfated trisaccharide. Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, heparin and chondroitin 6-sulfate tetrasaccharide were slightly inhibitory, whereas 6-sulfated pentasaccharides and heptasaccharides were strongly inhibitory. The enzyme does not hydrolyze sulfate from N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate.
Por qué importan las instituciones. La banca y el crecimiento económico en México

Si el sistema financiero es importante para el crecimiento como se ha demostrado en la bibliografia, entonces es pertinente preguntarse por que hay una gran varianza en el desarrollo financiero entre los paises. En otras palabras, ?por que los gobiernos no han impulsado las politicas publicas apropiadas para desarrollar el sector financiero y con ello el crecimiento? El articulo intenta responder estas preguntas explorando el desarrollo del sistema financiero mexicano desde 1880 hasta el presente. El argumento es que las instituciones que motivan a impulsar este desarrollo no pueden ser creadas de la noche a la manana. La creacion de esas instituciones depende en gran medida de otras instituciones que limitan la autoridad y discrecion del propio gobierno. En suma, las instituciones politicas que limitan el accionar discrecional del gobierno son una condicion necesaria para impulsar el desarrollo financiero y por ende el crecimiento economico.
Hybrid thermochemical/biological processing: putting the cart before the horse?

The conventional view of biorefineries is that lignocellulosic plant material will be fractionated into cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and terpenes before these components are biochemically converted into market products. Occasionally, these plants include a thermochemical step at the end of the process to convert recalcitrant plant components or mixed waste streams into heat to meet thermal energy demands elsewhere in the facility. However, another possibility for converting high-fiber plant materials is to start by thermochemically processing it into a uniform intermediate product that can be biologically converted into a bio-based product. This alternative route to bio-based products is known as hybrid thermochemical/biological processing. There are two distinct approaches to hybrid processing: (a) gasification followed by fermentation of the resulting gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H,), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and (b) fast pyrolysis followed by hydrolysis and/or fermentation of the anhydrosugars found in the resulting bio-oil. This article explores this "cart before the horse" approach to biorefineries.
Antimony Oxide Hydroxide Ethanedisulfonate: a Cationic Layered Metal Oxide for Lewis Acid Applications

We have discovered a rare example of a cationically charged inorganic material. The layered structure is an example outside the extensively studied isostructural set of anionic clays/layered double hydroxides and our previously reported lead fluoride nitrate. For the present compound, the antimony oxide hydroxide layers are positively charged and are templated by anionic alkylenedisulfonate. The organic molecules are only bonded electrostatically to the layers with sulfonate oxygen to antimony distances beyond the covalent range. The material catalyzes a ketal formation reaction as a Lewis acid without the need for drying the solvent before the reaction or a nonaqueous medium such as toluene. The catalyst is heterogeneous and is completely recovered after the catalysis for reapplication.
Novel poly(p-phenylene)s via nucleophilic aromatic substitution of poly(4'-fluoro-2,5-benzophenone)

Poly(4‘-fluoro-2,5-benzophenone) was synthesized by Ni(0) catalytic coupling and was reacted with various nucleophiles by aromatic substitution (SNAr) to produce substituted poly(p-phenylene) therm...
Record values and related statistics - a review

In this brief survey, we discuss major developments of the past decade in the study of record values, record times, inter-record times and some related statistics from a series of observations
A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse.

Background: This study attempted to determine the course of male alcohol abuse from the age of 40 years to 60 or 70 years, to estimate the duration of abstinence required for stable remission and to study the hypothesis of progression of symptoms in chronic alcohol abuse. Methods: The subjects were 268 former Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass) undergraduates (college sample) and 456 nondelinquent inner-city adolescents (core city sample) who had been repeatedly studied in multidisciplinary fashion since 1940. Since 47 years of age, these men have been followed up biennially by questionnaire and every 5 years by physical examination. At some point during their lives, 55 (21%) of the college and 150 (33%) of the core city men met DSMIII criteria for alcohol abuse. The college cohort has been followed until the age of 70 years, the core city cohort until age 60 years. The dependent variables were mortality and alcohol abuse status every 5 years. Results: By 60 years of age, 18% of the college alcohol abusers had died, 11% were abstinent, 11% were controlled drinkers, and 59% were known to be still abusing alcohol. By 60 years of age, 28% of the core city alcohol abusers had died, 30% were abstinent, 11% were controlled drinkers, and only 28% were known to be still abusing alcohol. Conclusions: In three respects the two socially divergent samples resembled each other. After abstinence had been maintained for 5 years, relapse was rare. In contrast, return to controlled drinking without eventual relapse was unlikely. Alcohol abuse could continue for decades without remission or progression of symptoms. The samples differed in that the core city men began to abuse alcohol when younger and, although they were more likely than the college men to become alcohol dependent, the core city men were twice as likely to achieve stable abstinence.
Psoriatic corneal abscess.

Purpose/Methods We examined a patient with psoriasis and stromal infiltrate that was treated with topical corticosteroids. Results/Conclusions The patient gradually improved and the stromal infiltrate diminished. The cause of psoriasis and its ocular manifestations remains unknown. A corneal abscess without epithelial infiltration that responds to topical corticosteroid therapy may represent a specific ocular manifestation of psoriasis.
CHILDCARE PRACTICES IN THREE ASIAN COUNTRIES

Childcare practices such as feeding, toilet training, sleeping arrangement and discipline in three Asian countries (Chinese, Japan, and India) are compared. These countries differ from each other in culture, religion, language and ethnic makeup from Euro-American culture. The differences in childcare practices are broadly related to the differences in family values, traditions, and religions among these countries. Educational implications of sensitivity to cultural differences are also discussed.
Social status and ultrasonic vocalizations of male mice

Dominant male mice (Mus musculus) emit much more 70-kHz ultrasound in response to females than do subordinates. Neither dominant nor subordinate males emit much ultrasound in response to male stimuli. Inhibition of initial courtship by social subordination may be a central factor contributing to the greater reproductive fitness of dominant males.
Minority faiths and the American Protestant mainstream

Covering the period from roughly the Civil War to World War I, a collection of scholars explores how minority faiths in the United States met the challenges posed to them by the American Protestant mainstream. Contributors focus on Judaism, Catholicism, Mormonism, Protestant immigrant faiths, African American churches, and Native American religions.
Large-scale video retrieval via semantic classification

Motivated by Google's great success on text document retrieval and recent progresses of semantic video understanding, researchers begin to build new generation of video retrieval systems that are able to support semantic sensitive video retrieval via keywords. Unfortunately, these systems are not able to provide satisfactory results for the masses because of several inter-related challenging problems. We have proposed novel algorithms to resolve some of these problems. Firstly, the salient object based semantic classification algorithm is proposed to extract semantic concepts of video clips. Secondly, the video visualization based interactive retrieval framework is proposed to help users input semantic and visual queries efficiently and effectively. Finally, the concept-oriented skimming algorithm is proposed to help users efficiently check search results.
Effect of age and of screening pigment mutations on the phototactic behavior ofDrosophila melanogaster

Five different eye color mutations ofDrosophila melanogaster have been tested for their effect on phototactic behavior. All five mutations seem to cause flies to be less photonegative than Canton-S control flies. The mutation sepia was found to produce this effect when heterozygous as well. It was also found that wild-type flies from highly photopositive and photonegative strains seem to be more photoneutral with age.
Computational structure of GPSG models

The primary goal of this essay is to demonstrate how considerations from computational complexity theory can inform grammatical theorizing. To this end, generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) linguistic theory is revised so that its power more closely matches the limited ability of an ideal speaker-hearer: GPSG Recognition is EXP-POLY time hard, while Revised GPSG Recognition is NP-complete. A second goal is to provide a theoretical framework within which to better understand the wide range of existing GPSG models, embodied in formal definitions as well as in implemented computer programs.
Smoking prevalence in the United States: Differences across socioeconomic groups

This paper uses recent US state-level data to examine smoking behavior across four population groups divided by age, literacy, income and ethnicity. Another contribution lies in the consideration of various smoking control policies and the full costs of smoking. Overall, the results show that non-price smoking policies are relatively more effective than price or tax policies in reducing smoking prevalence and that these policies gain effectiveness as the population begins to age.
Absarokites from the western Mexican Volcanic Belt: constraints on mantle wedge conditions

We have investigated the near liquidus phase relations of a primitive absarokite from the Mascota region in western Mexico. Sample M.102 contains ~11.6 wt% MgO, Mg#=0.73 and the lava contains Fo90 olivine phenocrysts, indicating near equilibrium with the mantle. High-pressure experiments on a synthetic analogue of the absarokite composition containing low and high H2O abundances of (~2 and ~5 wt%, respectively) were performed in a piston cylinder apparatus over the pressure range of 1.2 to 2.0 GPa. The composition containing ~2 wt% H2O is multiply saturated with olivine and orthopyroxene at 1.6 GPa and 1,400 °C. At the same pressure, clinopyroxene appears 30 °C below the liquidus. At an H2O content of ~5 wt% the multiple saturation with olivine and orthopyroxene occurs at 1.7 GPa and 1,300 °C. Assuming a batch-melting process, we suggest that the primitive absarokite was segregated from a depleted lherzolite or harzburgite residue at ~50 km, placing the depth of origin well within the mantle wedge beneath the Jalisco Block. A low degree (<5 %wt%) batch-melt of an original metasomatized depleted lherzolite or harzburgite source would contain the observed trace element abundances found in M.102. The liquidus phase relations are not consistent with the presence of non-peridotitic veins at the depth of last equilibration. Therefore, we propose that the Mascota absarokites segregated at an apparent melt fraction of less than 5% from a depleted peridotitic source. Melting first began at a greater depth as a small degree H2O- and trace element- rich melt of a metasomatized peridotite that ascended into the overlying wedge and re-equilibrated with shallower, hotter mantle.
Access to atmospheric data reaches new heights

The newly updated Global Reference Atmospheric Model (GRAM-95) provides complete geographical, altitude, and monthly variations of atmospheric temperature, pressure, density, and winds for the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The model can also simulate spatial and temporal perturbations in these atmospheric state parameters. Estimates are included for atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, molecular oxygen, atomic oxygen, argon, and helium below 90 km and nitrogen, molecular oxygen, atomic oxygen, argon, helium, and hydrogen above 90 km. Other features include a new variable-scale perturbation model and a pressure perturbation model.
Chlorpromazine Phototoxicity: Growth Inhibition and DNA-Interaction in Normal Human Fibroblasts

Growth was impaired in normal human skin fibroblasts following treatment with chlorpromazine and long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A). The degree of impairment was dose dependent to chlorpromazine within the concentration range tested, 2.5-20 microgram/ml, in the presence of UV-A, 1 J/cm2. Pre-irradiated chlorpromazine at a concentration of 20 microgram/ml had no effect on fibroblast growth. Chlorprotixene, a thioxanthene compound structurally similar to chlorpromazine at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml, was not phototoxic in this system. The effects of chlorpromazine and UV-A on fibroblast DNA were studied using the technique of zone sedimentation in alkaline sucrose. In the absence of light chlorpromazine did not affect sedimentation of DNA. After UV-A irradiation at 20 degrees or 0 degrees C in the presence of chlorpromazine, labeled DNA sedimented more slowly indicating that it had been reduced to smaller fragments. No evidence for interstrand DNA cross-links was found. Chlorpromazine alone or in combination with UV-A did not alter the size of the DNA. These results with cultured fibroblasts indicate that the phototoxic action of chlorpromazine at 366 nm is at least partially explained by interaction with DNA and is not due to the effects of cytotoxic photoproducts.
Diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis by right ventricular septal biopsy

Abstract The clinical, hemodynamic and histologic features of six adult male patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are compared with those of three adult patients with aortic valve stenosis. All nine patients had a right ventricular septal biopsy, and the tissue so obtained was examined by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic disorganized architecture with random orientation of myoflbers seen by others in tissue removed from the left ventricular outflow tract was also observed in each specimen from patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis but in none of those from patients with aortic stenosis. The changes were even more striking and bizarre when viewed under the electron microscope. Whorled collagen fibers in the tissue of three patients with Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis resembled the whorled myofibers. Neither structural abnormality was seen in tissue obtained from patients with aortic stenosis. Thus, biopsy of the right ventricular septum can differentiate idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis from aortic stenosis, even when the specimens are examined by light microscopy alone.
Kinetic paths in two order parameters: Theory

Abstract It is shown that when a crystalline alloy is characterized by two order parameters, the alloy may develop various combinations of the two order parameters en route to a final equilibrium state. The kinetic evolution of the two order parameters in a ternary alloy with B2 order is analyzed with an activated state rate theory. Elementary vacancy jump processes are considered in a Master Equation formulation. A two dimensional transport equation describing the evolution of the alloy through the two order parameters is developed, and the chain of states in this two dimensional order parameter space is found by numerical solution of the transport equation. It is shown that either different interatomic interactions or different activation barrier heights for the diffusive jumps of the different atoms will cause the alloy to evolve through different nonequilibrium states, or along different “kinetic paths”.
Analysis and measurement of the external modulation of modelocked laser diodes (relative noise performance)

The measurement of the relative intensity noise (RIN) of a ridge waveguide laser and a distributed feedback laser under CW, external cavity, direct modulation, and modelocking conditions is presented. The purpose is to determine the relative noise performance of modelocked laser diodes. The results indicate that the RIN of modelocked lasers are comparable to CW lasers but lower than both external cavity lasers (optimized for modelocking but without the applied RF) and directly modulated lasers; the difference can be as much as 5 optical dB. The microwave carriers produced optically by the direct modulation and modelocking of laser diodes are also compared. The comparison determines that modelocked lasers produce less noisy and more RF power efficient microwave carriers. However, no difference in microwave linewidth is detected within the limit of the resolution bandwidth of the detection system.
Prediction and the efficiency of least squares

SUMMARY The general linear model y = Xp + u is considered when the ranks of X and r, the error covariance matrix, are arbitrary. The least squares and best linear unbiased estimators of the part of p in the row space of X are shown to be unique. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for these estimators to be identical. The treatment deliberately avoids the use of generalized inverses and estimable linear functions. The best linear predictor of Yo = x'O p + uo from the general linear model y = Xp + u is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality of the best linear predictor of yo and the least squares estimator of x0,p are given. The conditions may be approximately satisfied in practice so that the simpler least squares estimator could then be used.
Continuous modes of chromatography

Chromatographic separation on a continuous rather than batch basis has been practiced in laboratories and in industry for almost 30 years. The development and current status of continous chromatography is reviewed.
Collapsing light really shines (presentation video)

The history of super continuum generation with ultrashort pulses in bulk media will be reviewed. In particular, a description on how the self-focusing dynamics leads to shock formation and the generation of extremely broad spectra when an ultrashort pulse travels through a transparent gas, liquid, or solid.
The studies of SMO process on cont layer of 20nm node

The k1 factor continues to be driven downwards; the Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography (EUVL) should be a powerful solution for 2xnm node. But, EUVL is not ready for 2xnm node manufacturing currently. Therefore, we must extend ArF immersion capability on 2xnm devices. In order to enable the features/patterns of 20nm node and beyond, Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF) and Depth of Focus (DoF) play an important role for continuing shrinking designs in the low-k1 lithography. Lithography optimization by RET (Resolution Enhancement Techniques) application is essential to obtain a usable process window (PW). SMO (Source Mask Optimization) [1] is a RET solution for better total process window improvement on 20nm node and beyond. Using these concern patterns of design rule, the optimal source with optical balance would be generated. The wafer result by using the optimal source need to be checked and compare with simulation result. In this paper, we will introduce how to use SMO in Cont lithography process development on 20nm node. The SMO of pattern split with PTD (Positive Tone Develop), single exposure with PTD (Positive Tone Develop) and single exposure of NTD (Negative Tone Develop) had been studied. Pattern split with PTD can provide an enough process window. But, it suffers overlay control and process cost issue. Single exposure is a good solution to fix overlay control and process cost. But it suffers low process window. Hence, single exposure with PTD is another choice to improve the process window. Base on our study, NTD SMO has better performance (DoF: ~20 increase, MEEF: ~10 decrease) than PTD SMO on single exposure process. The detail result will be shown in this paper.
The P300: An Approach to Automated Inspection of Patterned Wafers

As IC groundrules shrink, manual optical inspection of multilevel patterned wafers becomes ineffective if not impossible, and efforts to develop automatic wafer inspection systems have expanded. This paper describes one successful approach, the P300 Automatic Wafer Inspection System[1], which uses a greylevel reference comparison of adjacent cells to locate defects on periodic pattern. The defects may be either pattern anomalies or particulates. Experiments demonstrate that the P300, scanning at a rate significantly faster than a human inspector, finds over ninety percent of half micron defects and over ninety-five percent of defects one micron or larger. By basing the inspection algorithm on a cell-to-cell comparison within a frame, as opposed to the conventional chip to chip or chip to CAD database reference, the system avoids detecting false alarms caused by acceptable variations in reflectivity, film thickness, critical dimensions and overlay registration over the surface of the wafer. A simple cell-to-cell comparison, however, would he prone to detecting false alarms due to electronic and digitization noise, aliasing, vibration, and illumination non-uniformity, as well as small scale acceptable process variation. By adding a statistical test to filter out noise and an edge detector to reduce sensitivity on edges, the false positive rate has been kept below a fraction of a percent of the frames inspected. The paper will discribe the system architecture and inspection algorithms and discuss specific inspection applications.
Investigation of sexual dimorphism in the rabbit masseter muscle showing different effects of androgen deprivation in adult and young adult animals.

Abstract To evaluate the role played by androgens in the development and maintenance of sex differences in the proportion of muscle fibres of different phenotypes, the effects of castration in adult (>6 months old) and in young adult (2–3 months old) male rabbits was examined. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the proportion of muscle fibres containing different myosin heavy-chain isoforms in 10 different neuromuscular compartments of the masseter. In young adult animals of both sexes, the proportion of fibres of different phenotypes in different compartments was not significantly different from that of normal adult females. In animals castrated as young adults, the development of adult male phenotype proportions was completely blocked in most compartments. In animals castrated as adults, proportions were not significantly different from those of the intact males. For most masseter compartments, androgens produced permanent changes in muscle fibre phenotype during a critical period of postnatal development. However, in the posterior deep compartment, androgen deprivation in young adults had no effect on phenotype proportions, but castration of adults resulted in a striking increase in the proportion of fibres containing the IIa myosin heavy-chain isoform.
Manipulation of egg production reveals costs of reproduction in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus)

Life-history theory predicts that the allocation of energy to current reproduction is associated with a decrement in future fecundity, future survival, or both. I treated this notion as the “cost hypothesis”, and tested the assumption that current reproduction exacts a “cost” in future survival and fecundity. Surgical manipulations of egg production were applied to natural populations of the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, in south western New Mexico by yolkectomy surgery in two different years. I reduced the number of eggs produced in the first clutch during vitellogenesis by approximately 50% in yolkectomized females relative to controls. Subsequent survival, fecundity, and growth of females were followed for two or three years, depending on the cohort. Treated females in both cohorts showed significantly higher growth and survivorship throughout the experiment than in controls. After 2 years, yolkectomized females had grown an additional 2 mm (snout-vent length) compared to controls, enough for them to add on average an additional egg to their next clutch. This demonstrated a cost in terms of future fecundity through a reduction in growth and an increase in mortality in these lizards.
Positive Transfer across Grouping Cue Modalities in Rat Serial Learning

Abstract In Experiment 1, three groups of rats ( n = 4) received four successive repetitions daily of the three-trial series of reinforced (R) and nonreinforced (N) trials RNR. In Group B, a change in runway brightness (/) served as a grouping cue to signal the start of each series repetition, e.g., RNR/RNR/RNR/RNR. In Group T, a relatively long intertrial interval served as a grouping cue, e.g., RNR–––RNR–––RNR–––RNR. Group C was trained in Phase 1 with no grouping cue, e.g., RNRRNRRNRRNR. Groups B and T were superior to Group C in learning to anticipate the events of the RNR series, a result consistent with the hypothesis that those groups would organize the 12-item list into groups of three trials presented recursively. Following Phase 1, groups were shifted from temporal grouping to brightness grouping and vice-versa and to a tactile grouping cue condition. Except for shifts from temporal to brightness grouping, correct responding survived cross-modal shifts in grouping cues. Experiment 2 employed a subtly modified series of reinforcement events and showed that positive transfer could also be obtained in subjects shifted from temporal to brightness grouping. The results support the view that grouping cues employed in rat serial learning investigations are not discriminative cues for particular groupings of reinforcement events.
Predicting Survival of Lung Transplantation Candidates With Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: Does Pao2 Predict Survival?

Objective: To find a parameter that would discriminate between the patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia who survived to undergo transplantation and those who died while waiting to undergo transplantation. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all lung transplant referrals for idiopathic interstitial pneumonia that were listed with United Network for Organ Sharing at the University of California San Diego from January 1990 to February 1999. Of the 331 patients who were listed, 48 met the eligibility criteria. Patient demographics, radiographic studies, pathology reports, and the results of resting and exercise cardiopulmonary function tests were recorded from each patient’s chart. Patients were divided into the following two groups: those patients who survived until transplantation and those still waiting were classified as “alive”; and those patients who died before undergoing transplantation were classified as “deceased.” Results: Forty-three of 48 patients had a pathologic diagnosis. The cohort included 25 patients with usual interstitial pneumonitis, 3 patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, 1 patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, and 14 patients with interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. The only significant difference between the two groups was resting PaO2 (p 0.035). A stepwise multivariate analysis demonstrated that PaO2 and FEV1/FVC ratio were significantly associated with survival (hazards ratio, 1.06; confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.13; p 0.019). Conclusions: A survival analysis using PaO2 and FEV1/FVC ratio values proved to be statistically significant, but a prospective trial is needed to determine the clinical relevance of these parameters for predicting survival in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. (CHEST 2002; 122:779 –784)
Implicit Cognition, Sensation Seeking, Marijuana Use and Driving Behavior among Drug Offenders

This research addresses the relative contributions of cognitive and personality constructs in drug use motivation and problem behaviors associated with use. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among four factors: Sensation seeking, memory association, marijuana use, and driving under the influence (DUI) in a high-risk population. Gender was also analyzed for its potentially confounding effects. Participants were 166 first- and second-time drug offenders ranging in age from 18 to 50 who were enrolled in a drug diversion education/counseling program in southern California. Results showed that memory association independently predicted marijuana use and mediated the predictive effects of sensation seeking on marijuana use. Memory association, but not sensation seeking, also had a significant indirect effect on DUI, mediated through marijuana use. These findings have important implications for the development of prediction models of drug use and DUI for high-risk populations.