cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creep damage evaluation for HAZ of Mod. 9Cr-lMo steels under multi-axial stress conditions

Abstract This study is concerned with the creep damage evaluation for fine grained heat affected zone (HAZ) of Mod. 9Cr-lMo steel. Circumferentially notched bar creep rupture tests have been conducted in order to examine the effect of multiaxial stress state on creep rupture and creep damage of the fined grained HAZ. The simulated fine grained HAZ has been used. Finite element predictions based on a continuum damage mechanics model with ductility exhaustion approach has been used to predict the creep rupture and the creep damage in the notched specimens. It is found that a ductility exhaustion approach provides very large creep damage which leads to too conservative prediction of creep life for notched specimens. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ICM11
Concise Review: Genomic Stability of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells†‡§

The usefulness of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in research and therapeutic applications highly relies on their genomic integrity and stability. Many laboratories including ours have addressed this concern by comparing genomic (at both karyotypic and subkaryotypic levels) and epigenomic abnormalities of hiPSC lines (derived via either DNA- or non-DNA-based methods), as well as human embryonic stem cell lines during long-term culture. A variety of methods have been used for this purpose, such as karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect karyotypic abnormalities, array-based comparative genomic hybridization to detect copy number variations (CNVs), single-nucleotide polymorphism-based microarrays to detect both CNVs and loss of heterozygosity, analysis of integration sites in the genome, and whole genome sequencing for protein-coding exome and DNA methylome profiling. Here, we summarize the progresses in this dynamically evolving field and also discuss how the findings apply to the study and application of hiPSCs.
Childhood Trauma Exposure Disrupts the Automatic Regulation of Emotional Processing

Early-life trauma is one of the strongest risk factors for later emotional psychopathology. Although research in adults highlights that childhood trauma predicts deficits in emotion regulation that persist decades later, it is unknown whether neural and behavioral changes that may precipitate illness are evident during formative, developmental years. This study examined whether automatic regulation of emotional conflict is perturbed in a high-risk urban sample of trauma-exposed children and adolescents. A total of 14 trauma-exposed and 16 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched comparison youth underwent functional MRI while performing an emotional conflict task that involved categorizing facial affect while ignoring an overlying emotion word. Engagement of the conflict regulation system was evaluated at neural and behavioral levels. Results showed that trauma-exposed youth failed to dampen dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity and engage amygdala–pregenual cingulate inhibitory circuitry during the regulation of emotional conflict, and were less able to regulate emotional conflict. In addition, trauma-exposed youth showed greater conflict-related amygdala reactivity that was associated with diminished levels of trait reward sensitivity. These data point to a trauma-related deficit in automatic regulation of emotional processing, and increase in sensitivity to emotional conflict in neural systems implicated in threat detection. Aberrant amygdala response to emotional conflict was related to diminished reward sensitivity that is emerging as a critical stress-susceptibility trait that may contribute to the emergence of mental illness during adolescence. These results suggest that deficits in conflict regulation for emotional material may underlie heightened risk for psychopathology in individuals that endure early-life trauma.
Political Leadership as Social Capital: Governing in a Divided National Culture

Social capital is the latest conceptual attempt to account for democracy'spersistence and, when it occurs, its success. Yet that focus neglects an essential element ofdemocracy's performance, leadership capital. Leadership capital consists of thecompetence, integrity, and capacities for performance that leaders may have or bring to bear onsociety's problems. However, it is grounded and unfolds in a society's culture andpsychology. Increasing diversity and cultural conflict place strong pressures on leadership capitalaccumulation in societies like the United States, and they require different strategies ofleadership if accumulated leadership capital is not to be depleted.
School Desegregation and White Flight Revisited: A Spatial Analysis from a Metropolitan Perspective

Recent studies on school choice have observed a continuing trend of white flight from urban public schools in response to the rising number of poor minority students. However, few researchers have investigated contemporary patterns of white flight in the context of school desegregation, even though a large number of school districts in the United States are still being integrated. This article explores the effects of school desegregation plans on the departure of white students for suburban districts and into private schools across metropolitan Louisville. A spatial analysis of the latest public- and private-school data suggests that desegregation is significantly related to these forms of white flight after controlling for suburbanization and other contextual variables. This research also has potential implications for school integration and assignment policies.
Performance assessment of global solar irradiation models under Romanian climate

Abstract Six global solar irradiation models were tested against data measured at three stations from Romania in the year 2000. One of the tested models, called EIM, is an empirical global solar irradiation model fitted by us, which requires as input a single meteorological parameter associated with the mean daily cloud amount. The accuracy of the EIM is acceptable and comparable to that of parametric models, which need more than one meteorological datum as input. The main conclusion is that such simple empirical “local-models” are a useful alternative for the more complicated one. In addition, the details of obtaining EIM are presented as a driven-tool, which may serve as a guide to elaborate similar simple solar irradiation models in any other location as well.
Organ culture of foetal rat pancreas. Effects of parabiotic culture with foetal adrenal glands.

The differentiation and growth of the foetal rat pancreas (20 days postcoitum) was studied in parabiotic organ culture with foetal adrenal tissue. In such co-cultures, characteristic pancreatic morphology was preserved and further acinar cell differentiation was fostered. Acinar cells continued to represent about 65% of the total explant volume following short-term incubation. The selective islet cell proliferation, previously observed in control pancreatic explants cultured alone, did not occur when adrenals were co-cultured. In addition, the amylase content of the incubation media and of the explanted pancreatic tissue remained high with adrenal co-culture, while the insulin content of the media and of the explanted tissue was markedly suppressed when compared to control pancreatic explants cultured alone. The effects of the adrenal in maintaining the differentiated acinar component of the pancreas and suppressing media insulin concentration diminished over extended incubation. The addition of adrenals to culture of foetal pancreatic explants after 6 days of control culture (at a time when differentiated acinar cells were not identifiable in the explant) did not result in redifferentiation of the acinar component, but did markedly depress media insulin content. Removal of adrenals after 4 days of co-culture resulted in an immediate rise in media insulin concentration and a rapid decline in pancreatic acinar mass. An adrenal-exocrine pancreatic axis is proposed and it is suggested that foetal adrenal secretions may play an important role in the development of the exocrine pancreas in vivo as well as in vitro.
Tension reduction by military power equalization: the USA‐USSR case

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present another historical case that supports the theory that power equality – and not power inequality – reduces international tension and makes the world more peaceful.Design/methodology/approach – The paper refers to two mathematical models that back this theory and focuses on the case of the American and Soviet military expenditures during the last 25 years of the superpowers' rivalry. Both datasets are adjusted for inflation and expressed in constant US dollars. The 25‐year interval is divided into two main subintervals into the basis of data characteristics, and four regression lines are determined.Findings – The regression lines of the US and USSR military expenditures corresponding to the first‐time interval intersect in 1971, when the main decisions regarding the SALT Treaty were made. The same lines for the second interval intersect in 1989, when the Cold War ended. The USA decided to escalate the Vietnam War during the period in which their military exp...
Route of administration influences substitution patterns in rats trained to discriminate methadone vs. vehicle.

Abstract Replacement therapy with the synthetic μ-opioid agonist methadone is an efficacious treatment for opioid abuse. While much is known about methadone's pharmacology, its discriminative stimulus properties remain largely unexplored. The present study sought to establish methadone discrimination in rats. Moreover, some research suggests that route of administration alters the discriminative stimulus of methadone. Thus, the present study also compared intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes of administration. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg methadone (i.p.) from vehicle in a two-lever discrimination procedure. Generalization tests were conducted with a variety of compounds administered i.p. and s.c. Methadone fully substituted for itself, yielding ED 50 s of 1.5 mg/kg (i.p.) and 0.2 mg/kg (s.c.). Naltrexone (i.p.), an opioid antagonist produced a dose-dependent reduction in methadone-appropriate responding. The methadone stereoisomers fully substituted for methadone when given s.c.; however, when administered i.p., (+) and (−) methadone produced partial and no substitution, respectively. Heroin fully generalized to methadone regardless of administration route, while morphine fully substituted when given s.c., but not i.p. The kappa-agonist U50-488 failed to generalize to methadone with either route of administration. These results demonstrated that methadone's discriminative stimulus is mediated through μ-opioid receptor activity and is similar to that of commonly abused opioids (heroin, morphine). Additionally, route of administration produced differential results for many of the drugs tested, suggesting decreased drug bioavailability following i.p. administration due to hepatic first pass metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that methadone's shared subjective effects with abused opioids, as well as its unique metabolic properties contribute to its efficacy in opioid maintenance therapy.
Vascular leiomyomas in the hand

Abstract Vascular leiomyomas or angioleiomyomas are benign solitary smooth muscle tumors that occur uncommonly in the hand. The peak incidence is in the third to fifth decades of life, and men are more often affected than women. This tumor is rarely diagnosed before surgery. The usual treatment is simple excision of the mass and ligation of feeder vessels. Although the tumors occur anywhere in the hand, there are only two previous cases of vascular leiomyoma involving the digital artery. A recent case of this tumor involving a digital artery documented by arteriography and treated by excision of the mass and end-to-end anastamosis of the artery is presented. The authors review their experience with vascular leiomyomas in the hand and present four cases along with a review of 105 cases found in the English literature.
Moesin functionality in hypothermic liver preservation injury

The objective of this study was to determine how expression and functionality of the cytoskeletal linker protein moesin is involved in hepatic hypothermic preservation injury. Mouse livers were cold stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and reperfused on an isolated perfused liver (IPL) device for one hour. Human hepatocytes (HepG2) and human or murine sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) were cold stored and rewarmed to induce hypothermic preservation injury. The cells were transfected with: wild type moesin, an siRNA duplex specific for moesin, and the moesin mutants T558D and T558A. Tissue and cell moesin expression and its binding to actin were determined by Western blot. Liver IPL functional outcomes deteriorated proportional to the length of cold storage, which correlated with moesin disassociation from the actin cytoskeleton. Cell viability (LDH and WST-8) in the cell models progressively declined with increasing preservation time, which also correlated with moesin disassociation. Transfection of a moesin containing plasmid or an siRNA duplex specific for moesin into HepG2 cells resulted in increased and decreased moesin expression, respectively. Overexpression of moesin protected while moesin knock-down potentiated preservation injury in the HepG2 cell model. Hepatocytes expressing the T558A (inactive) and T558D (active) moesin binding mutants demonstrated significantly more and less preservation injury, respectively. Cold storage time dependently caused hepatocyte detachment from the matrix and cell death, which was prevented by the T558D active moesin mutation. In conclusion, moesin is causally involved in hypothermic liver cell preservation injury through control of its active binding molecular functionality.
ISOLATION OF RABBIT IGA ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODY AND DEMONSTRATION OF SKIN-SENSITIZING ACTIVITY IN HOMOLOGOUS SKIN

Multiple antibody components of rabbit antisera against p-azobenzenearsonate (R(p)) were studied with respect to their globulin nature and skin-sensitizing activity. IgA antibody was characterized by isolating two IgA-rich fractions from a specifically purified antibody preparation. Examination of these fractions showed that IgA antibodies existed in two molecular forms, one with a sedimentation constant of 7S and the other 9S. Skin-sensitizing activity was examined by a P-K type test and a PCA test with R(p)-rabbit serum albumin in homologous (rabbit) species. Only the 7S but not 9S IgA antibody sensitized rabbit skin. IgM antibody showed no activity and IgG antibody showed very low activity. In contrast, only IgG antibody was active in the P-K type test to sensitize a heterologous species (guinea pig). None of the antibodies of other classes showed sensitizing activity in heterologous skin. The 7S IgA antibody lost its sensitizing activity upon reduction and alkylation, although no change in its molecular size could be observed. The loss of sensitizing activity was not due to the destruction of antigen-binding activity since the treated 7S IgA antibody retained this activity as shown by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and by binding to the specific immunoadsorbent. The 9S IgA antibody was more resistant to these treatments than the IgM antibody and showed no indication of dissociation. The treated 9S IgA also retained antigen-binding activity. Both the P-K type and PCA reactions were considerably stronger when the interval between injections of antibody and antigen was 24 hr rather than 4 to 5 hr.
Degradation Due to Wet Hydrogen Firing on the High-Voltage Performance of Alumina Insulators in Vacuum Applications

The HV characteristics of plain and doped alumina ceramics fired under air and air plus wet hydrogen conditions were tested in a uniform field vacuum gap using dc excitation. Wet hydrogen firing of doped alumina ceramics considerably degraded voltage hold-off as compared to air firing. Baking hydrogen-fired samples in vacuum did not improve their performance and the V-I curves remained unaltered. Gap currents measured for plain and doped air-fired samples were essentially the same (~1 to 10 nA), however, for wet hydrogen-fired samples the currents were much higher for doped than for undoped alumina samples. In general, the non-resistive current component obtained from the V-I curves was found to follow the Fowler-Nordheim equation only in the high-field region (> 60 kV/cm) for air-fired alumina samples. Processing the wet-hydrogen-fired samples by subsequent firing in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen revived the voltage hold-off of the doped alumina ceramics; the currents being comparable to that of wet-hydrogen-fired samples in the low voltage range (< 50 kV).
Ba 1 − x K x Mn 2 As 2 : An Antiferromagnetic Local-Moment Metal

The compound ${\mathrm{BaMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ with the tetragonal ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ structure is a local-moment antiferromagnetic insulator with a N\'eel temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=625\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ and a large ordered moment $\ensuremath{\mu}=3.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{Mn}$. We demonstrate that this compound can be driven metallic by partial substitution of Ba by K while retaining the same crystal and antiferromagnetic structures together with nearly the same high ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ and large $\ensuremath{\mu}$. ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ is thus the first metallic ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$-type $M\mathrm{As}$-based system containing local $3d$ transition metal $M$ magnetic moments, with consequences for the ongoing debate about the local-moment versus itinerant pictures of the FeAs-based superconductors and parent compounds. The ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ class of compounds also forms a bridge between the layered iron pnictides and cuprates and may be useful to test theories of high ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductivity.
The New Ecological Anthropology

Older ecologies have been remiss in the narrowness of their spatial and temporal horizons, their functionalist assumptions, and their apolitical character. Suspending functionalist assumptions and an emphasis upon (homeo)stasis, “the new ecological anthropology” is located at the intersection of global, national, regional, and local systems, studying the outcome of the interaction of multiple levels and multiple factors. It blends theoretical and empirical research with applied, policy-directed, and critical work in what Rappaport called an “engaged” anthropology; and it is otherwise attuned to the political aspects and implications of ecological processes. Carefully laying out a critique of previous ecologies by way of announcing newer approaches, the article insists on the need to recognize the importance of culture mediations in ecological processes rather than treating culture as epiphenomenal and as a mere adaptive tool. It closes with a discussion of the methodologies appropriate to the new ecological anthropology. [“the new ecology,” political ecology, applied or engaged anthropology, linkages methodology]
Studies of Unequal Cleavage in Molluscs: I. Nuclear Behavior and Anchorage of a Spindle Pole to Cortex as Revealed by Isolation Technique

Unequal division of the eggs of Spisula solidissima was studied by isolating the nuclear elements. The isolation technique consists mainly of the use of Na-lauryl sulphate with occasional inverting of the container of alcohol-fixed eggs. The procedure was applied to the following stages. (1) germinal vesicles, (2) 1st maturation division, showing anchorage of a spindle pole to the cortex, (3) 2nd meiosis, (4) pronuclear encouter, (5) metaphase, (6) shifting of the metaphase spindle to one side of the cell and a contact with the cortex, (7) ana- and telophase of the 1st division. Migration and “anchorage” of the spindle to the cortex by one pole is a common phenomenon in unequal divisions of polar body formation and of egg cleavage.
On frequency-wavenumber estimation by state-space realization

A frequency-wavenumber estimation problem usually requires a computationally expensive numerical search over a 2-D parameter space for the maximum or minimum of a function. A method using state-space models has been proposed. This method decomposes the 2-D problem into two 1-D problems and provides an analytical solution (i.e., without searching) in each dimension separately. It is shown how the separate estimates obtained by the state-space approach can be grouped into pairs of estimates corresponding to each 2-D signal. It is also shown how a 2-D forward-backward data matrix can be used to improve the performance of the state-space approach. >
ROR Inverse Agonist Suppresses Insulitis and Prevents Hyperglycemia in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes

Hyperglycemia associated with type 1 diabetes is a consequence of immune-mediated destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Although it is apparent that both CD8(+) T cells and TH1 cells are key contributors to type 1 diabetes, the function of TH17 cells in disease onset and progression remains unclear. The nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors-α and γt (RORα and RORγt) play critical roles in the development of TH17 cells and ROR-specific synthetic ligands have proven efficacy in several mouse models of autoimmunity. To investigate the roles and therapeutic potential for targeting the RORs in type 1 diabetes, we administered SR1001, a selective RORα/γ inverse agonist, to nonobese diabetic mice. SR1001 significantly reduced diabetes incidence and insulitis in the treated mice. Furthermore, SR1001 reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, particularly TH17-mediated cytokines, reduced autoantibody production, and increased the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells. These data suggest that TH17 cells may have a pathological role in the development of type 1 diabetes, and use of ROR-specific synthetic ligands targeting this cell type may prove utility as a novel treatment for type 1 diabetes.
Low Spectral Efficiency Trellis Coded Modulation Systems in a Pulse-Noise Interference Environment

Trellis-coded modulation (TCM) is a method of implementing error correction coding without decreasing the data rate or increasing the channel bandwidth. TCM is a combination of M-ary modulation and error correction coding. This paper investigates the performance of a low spectral efficiency TCM system. The effects of both additive white Gaussian noise and pulse-noise interference (PNI) are considered for a TCM system with quadrature phase-shift keying modulation and rate r = 1/2 convolutional encoding. The TCM system shows much better than expected performance and significant resistance to PNI, and performance improves as the number of convolutional code memory elements increases.
Effect of Feeding Different Protein Levels and of Changing Protein Level on Egg Production

Abstract A diet containing 13% protein and supplemented with lysine and methionine was as effective as levels of 15, 17 and 18% protein for supporting egg production and egg size. The effect of protein level on body weight gains of hens varied in different experiments. Egg production did not change significantly as a result of changing protein levels after 8 or 10 weeks of production from 18, 17 or 15% protein to 15 or 13% protein. Lowering the level of protein in the diet, after 18 weeks of production, had no adverse effects on egg production. The level of protein in the different treatments did not affect egg weights, except when a diet with 11.5% protein was fed. In that instance, hen performance was inferior in all the parameters taken. Hens consumed equal amounts of feed that were essentially isocaloric diets with different levels of protein. Egg production was optimal when limiting amino acids were supplemented, as was indicated from the better performance of hens fed the 13% protein diet.
Peer-Teaching in the Secondary Music Ensemble.

Peer-teaching is an instructional technique that has been used by teachers world-wide to successfully engage, exercise and deepen student learning. Yet, in some instances, teachers find the application of peer-teaching in large music ensembles at the secondary level to be daunting. This article is meant to be a practical resource for secondary school music teachers to incorporate peer-teaching into their classroom. Additionally, several philosophical angles associated with peer-teaching are presented for teachers to consider including the theoretical underpinnings of collaborative learning, the cultural conceptualization of “struggle to learn,” and the suggested degree structure in peer-assisted learning exercises.
A PSYCHIATRIC UNIT IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL PEDIATRIC CLINIC

Emerging concepts of community mental health care suggest the need to revise the traditional orientation of child guidance centers. This paper describes new approaches embodied in the psychiatric unit of Bellevue Hospital's pediatric outpatient department. Based on interdisciplinary teamwork, the changes facilitate quick evaluation and flexible work-up and treatment programs.
The Promise of Secondary Content Area Literacy Field Experiences.

Secondary preservice teachers (N = 67) in a required content area literacy course and 30-hour field experience presented tradebooks, biographies, as well as pre, during, and after reading lessons based on topics in their content area to middle and high school students. At the end of the semester, they were asked to complete an anonymous survey. Results revealed that before the semester, preservice teachers were unlikely to make these presentations in their future instruction. Preservice teachers underestimated the enthusiasm of the students and their cooperating teachers for all three of these presentations. There were positive correlations between preservice teachers' rating of the students' and cooperating teachers' enthusiasm and the likelihood that they would repeat these presentations in their future instruction.
Utility of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with low-risk treadmill scores

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether a previously validated clinical score (CS) could identify patients with a low-risk Duke treadmill score who had a higher risk of adverse events and, therefore, in whom myocardial perfusion imaging would be valuable for risk stratification. Background Current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend using a standard exercise test without imaging as the initial test in patients who have an interpretable electrocardiogram and are able to exercise. Methods We studied 1,461 symptomatic patients with low-risk Duke treadmill scores (≥5) who underwent myocardial perfusion imaging. The CS was derived by assigning one point to each of the following variables: typical angina, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, insulin use, male gender, and each decade of age over 40 years. A CS cutoff ≥5 or Results High-risk scans were more common in patients with a high-risk CS (26.4% vs. 9.5%, p Conclusions In symptomatic patients with low-risk Duke treadmill scores and low clinical risk, myocardial perfusion imaging is of limited prognostic value. In patients with low-risk Duke treadmill scores and high clinical risk, annual cardiac mortality (>1%) is not low, and myocardial perfusion imaging has independent prognostic value.
Validity of Context-Specific versus Broad Individual Differences in International Assignments

Previous research in expatriate selection has employed broad-based personality factors to test the value of personality variables as predictors of performance during international assignments. In contrast, this study focused on developing and testing the incremental validity of context-specific competencies. Drawing from the literature on expatriate management, a measure named the Global Competency Self-Assessment was created involving context-specific competencies deemed important for international assignments. Using hierarchical regression, results from fifty-seven expatriates in the Dominican Republic showed that these context-specific competencies predicted performance above and beyond the broadbased Big Five personality factors.
CONTROL OF pH IN GENERATING CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR BACTERICIDAL USE IN POULTRY PROCESSING WATER

This study showed that there is no significant difference in total aerobic counts, fecal coliform levels, and salmonellae incidence of chiller water or broiler carcasses when pH of the chlorine dioxide generating system is controlled with either hydrochloric acid or chlorine gas. Also, there is no difference in mean number of days of shelf-life of carcasses processed in water treated by either method.
Age-Varying Association Between Blood Pressure and Risk of Dementia in Those Aged 65 and Older: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES: To assess variation in the association between blood pressure (BP) and risk for dementia across a spectrum of older ages and to examine BP changes before dementia onset. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A large health maintenance organization in Seattle, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 2,356 members of a large health maintenance organization aged 65 and older who were initially without dementia. MEASUREMENTS: Dementia diagnosis was assessed biennially, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured at baseline and at four follow-up assessments. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with baseline BP in different age groups. RESULTS: Within the youngest age group (65–74 at enrollment) a greater risk for dementia was found in participants with high SBP (≥160 mmHg) (hazard ratio (HR)=1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01–2.55) or borderline-high DBP (80–89 mmHg) (HR=1.59, 95% CI=1.07–2.35) than for those with normal BP (SBP <140 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg). The dementia risk associated with SBP declined with increasing age (SBP-by-age interaction, P=.01). SBP declined similarly with aging in subjects who developed dementia and those who did not. Thus, in this sample, the association between SBP and dementia risk was not dependent on when BP was measured in relation to onset of dementia. CONCLUSION: High SBP was associated with greater risk of dementia in the young elderly (<75) but not in older subjects. Adequate control of hypertension in early old age may reduce the risk for dementia.
Characterization of Rolled and Recrystallized High-Purity Nickel Using EBSP

99.995% purity polycrystalline nickel, purchased received from Alfa Aesar, was rolled to either 90 %, 95 % or 98 % thickness reduction at either 293 K or 77 K. The rolled specimens were isothermally annealed in air at their primary recrystallization temperatures and higher temperatures up to 1273 K for 1 h. For SEM/EBSP examination, specimens were mechanically polished, followed by electro-polishing in 10% sulfuric acid in methanol, at a voltage of ~14V, a current density of ~65mA/cm and a temperature < 273 K.
Tax Implications of Earnings Management Activities: Evidence from Restatements

This study examines the tax implications of pretax earnings management. Prior research has examined pretax earnings management activities that have current income tax consequences (book-tax 'conforming earnings management') and earnings management activities that do not have current income tax consequences (book-tax 'nonconforming earnings management'). Our study investigates the prevalence of, and firm-specific characteristics that impact the choice between, these earnings management strategies. This investigation leads to a better understanding of the book-tax trade-offs managers face when managing earnings upward. We utilize a sample of firms that restated their earnings downward due to accounting irregularities and thus can be presumed to have managed their earnings upward. We find that nonconforming earnings management is more prevalent than conforming earnings management. Using the Heckman (1979) two-step estimation approach to control for sample selection bias, we predict and find that firms trade off the net present value of tax benefits against the net expected detection costs associated with nonconforming earnings management. In particular, the presence of NOL carryforwards, high free cash flow, a Big 4/5/6 auditor, or fraud mitigate the general reliance on nonconforming earnings management strategies.
Religious Conversion and Social Evolution Clarified: Similarities between Traditional and Alternative Groups.

In the context of current social trends and the development of "cults, " it is noted that cult formation involves escape from temporal existence, rather than mastery over it, and that conversion to alternative religious groups may be traced to psychosocial, rather than doctrinal influences.
Convergence of the Schulz-Snyder phase retrieval algorithm to local minima

The Schulz-Snyder iterative algorithm for phase retrieval attempts to recover a nonnegative function from its autocorrelation by minimizing the I-divergence between a measured autocorrelation and the autocorrelation of the estimated image. We illustrate that the Schulz-Snyder algorithm can become trapped in a local minimum of the I-divergence surface. To show that the estimates found are indeed local minima, sufficient conditions involving the gradient and the Hessian matrix of the I-divergence are given. Then we build a brief proof showing how an estimate that satisfies these conditions is a local minimum. The conditions are used to perform numerical tests determining local minimality of estimates. Along with the tests, related numerical issues are examined, and some interesting phenomena are discussed.
Integrated, ultrahigh-fidelity 17×40 GHz OAWG

We demonstrate ultrahigh-fidelity (G Lt 0.4%) optical arbitrary waveform generation using an integrated arrayed-waveguide-grating pair based 128-channel Fourier pulse shaper with computer-controlled-feedback, a 17-mode 40-GHz optical-frequency comb source, and cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical-gating measurements.
The Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at Case Western Reserve University

Established in the year 2000, the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education is a multidisciplinary center located at a school of social work that engages in collaborative, community-based research and evaluation that spans multiple systems and disciplines. The Center currently occupies 4,200 sq. ft. with multiple offices and individual workstations and is comprised of a staff of over 30 content experts in the areas of applied research, rigorous program evaluation, scientific investigation, policy/program development and community-based practice implementation. Our responsibilities for dissemination efforts lie not only in the area of moving project findings into the scientific literature but also in following up that dissemination by working directly with community providers and policy makers to advance and improve violence prevention efforts. We are currently working toward integrating the Center’s research activities and outcomes with the Mandel School curricular activities and field e...
The Effect of Creep on Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Impact Mechanics

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is often modeled as a biphasic tissue, with both a solid and a fluid phase [1]. While under a constant compressive load, the IVD responds with continuous creep displacement, resulting in the loss of interstitial fluid from the tissue and increased strain on the annular fibers. The mechanical response of the IVD under impact loading conditions has been previously reported by the authors and others. It is unknown, however, how the loss of interstitial fluid affects disc biomechanics under impact loads. In this study, we investigate the effects of creep on IVD impact mechanics.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Employer Perceptions of Critical Information Literacy Skills and Digital Badges

Digital badges are an educational innovation used to measure learning of specific skills, such as information literacy. However, few studies have quantitatively surveyed employers for their perceptions about information literacy skills or digital badges. An online survey was developed and sent to employers to gauge perceptions of information literacy skills of college graduates and the use of the innovation of digital badges to represent competencies that students have accumulated. Here are the results of the survey: information literacy and metaliteracy skills are valued in the workplace; employers would like more detailed representations of student skills; and digital badges are a possible way to showcase student achievement.
Teaching Integration: How Certain Instructional Moves May Undermine the Potential Conceptual Value of the Riemann Sum and the Riemann Integral.

Past research in calculus education has shown that Riemann sum-based conceptions of the definite integral, such as the multiplicatively based summation (MBS) conception, can have important value in interpreting and making sense of certain types of definite integral expressions. However, additional research has shown that students tend to not draw on the MBS conception, even in situations where it would be advantageous to do so. In this study we examine how introductory instruction on integration, in which explicit attention is given to the Riemann sum and Riemann integral, may be related to students’ tendency to not use the MBS conception. In particular, it appears that some calculus instructors may make instructional moves in their classrooms that directly undermine the time the instructors had spent developing the Riemann sum and Riemann integral concepts. In doing so, students may perceive these concepts only as calculational procedures, rather than as a potential source of conceptual meaning.
Is Mathematical Representation of Problems an Evidence-Based Strategy for Students With Mathematics Difficulties?

The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the quality of the research and evidence base for representation of problems as a strategy to enhance the mathematical performance of students with learning disabilities and those at risk for mathematics difficulties. The authors evaluated 25 experimental and quasiexperimental studies according to the Gersten et al. (2005) guidelines for group research studies. Results suggest that the representation of mathematical problems as a strategy is an evidence-based practice based on the criteria set by Gersten et al. Implications for research are discussed.
Fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal distal to the tuberosity : A review

Fractures of the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal can be separated into two types: those involving the tuberosity, and those involving the proximal part of the diaphysis distal to the tuberosity. Recently it has been recognized that the latter group, Jones' fractures, may be difficult to treat. Although reports in the literature have indicated the potential difficulties in the treatment of Jones' fractures, prevailing guidelines for their management are ambiguous. Apparently the varied clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of these fractures have not been correlated with their response to treatment. In this paper we describe a classification of these fractures and a plan of treatment based on clinical and roentgenographic criteria that were developed to define acute fractures, delayed unions, and nonunions. The treatment of choice for acute fractures is immobilization of the limb in a toe to knee cast with nonweight-bearing. Fractures with delayed union may eventually heal if they are treated conservatively, but an active athlete with delayed union or an established nonunion will benefit from operative intervention. The procedures of choice are medullary curettage and bone grafting, and closed axial intramedullary screw fixation using a 4.0-mm ASIF malleolar screw.
Revolution and the Church in Nicaragua and El Salvador

The political crisis and economic chaos that prevail in Central America have long provided necessary conditions for revolt. Were these also sufficient conditions, however, every nation of the region, or for that matter of the Third World, would have long ago been engulfed by the fires of revolution. Clearly, there are additional factors that have contributed to the political turmoil currently sweeping through the isthmus. The principal catalyst has been the emergence of liberation theology in the Catholic Church and, in the case of Nicaragua, the various Protestant churches. The theology of liberation in Central America has received relatively little attention in the relevant literature as a philosophical and political force. This article represents an attempt to compare the impact of liberation theology on the church and its relationship to the revolutionary process in two countries: Nicaragua and El Salvador. The periods examined are not exactly identical. In Nicaragua, an examination is made of the churches before the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza in July 1979, with some discussion in the conclusion of what has caused the recent conflict between the Sandinistas and the Catholic church. In El Salvador, the focus is on the recent events in this country's ongoing struggle, especially after the death of Archbishop Oscar Romero. First, however, it is necessary to outline and describe the origins of liberation theology in Latin America, especially its meaning and message for those who have embraced this revolutionary doctrine. Over the last decade, religion has had a surprisingly powerful political impact, but the relation between religion and politics remains confused and unexamined. Conventional wisdom still holds on to
FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE: ORTHOPEDIC AND NEUROSURGICAL ASPECTS.

Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine are constantly increasing. Trauma, chiefly from automobile accidents, is the most frequent cause.Whether or not the patient is conscious, accurate neurologic and general physical assessment must be made before special diagnostic studies are undertaken. Roentgenograms of good quality are essential to diagnosis and treatment.Injury to the spinal cord or nerve roots must be recognized immediately, and any neurologic disturbance must be accurately interpreted to avoid further damage.The author discusses methods of reducing cervical spine fractures and dislocations and the use of anterior and posterior cervical fusion.
Conducting Faculty Retreats

Creating and running effective, efficient, successful faculty retreats is both an art and a science. The best retreats are designed with the end in mind, understanding goals and objectives first. Timing is an important consideration, as is the content and who to include. A common challenge is managing dominant personalities, personal agendas, and power dynamics. Other important components to consider are whether to hire a facilitator, how to structure the agenda, and what to do to sustain momentum afterwards. Understanding the fundamental components of a good retreat design limits damage and elevates successful outcomes.
Measuring of Very Fast Transient Over-voltage and Very Fast Transient Current Generated by Disconnector in Gas Insulated Switchgear Switching on/off Short Buses with no Load

To investigate the very fast transient over-voltage(VFTO) generated by disconnector in gas insulated switchgear(GIS) switching on/off short buses with no load,we developed a system for measuring VFTO,very fast transient current(VFTC),and gap distance,as well as a 252 kV GIS experimental circuit for testing the system.In the system,VFTO was measured by a hand-hole capacitive sensor;VFTC was measured by a Rogowski coil with fiber optic transmission system;the gap distance was measured by a position sensitive detector.Moreover,the measurement systems were calibrated,showing that the VFTO measuring system had a lower cut-off frequency lower than 20 Hz,and an upper cut-off frequency higher than 80 MHz,the frequency bandwidth of the VFTC measurement system was 70 MHz,and the gap distance measurement system had errors less than 1.5%.These parameters apparently met the requirements of measurement.Test results of the experimental system prove that the measurement systems can measure VFTO and VFTC induced by disconnector switching simultaneously,as well as the gap distance.Typical waveforms of VFTO and VFTC,breakdown voltage characteristics and the arcing law of the disconnector can be obtained in the tests: the VFTO has its highest amplitude of 447.02 kV,with a rise time about 13 ns;the VFTC has its highest amplitude of 2.61 kA,with a rise time about 7 ns.The primary frequencies of both VFTO and VFTC are 4.4,23.3,and 44.2 MHz,depending on the inductance,capacitance of the circuit,and the reflection of travelling wave.No polarity effect exists in the breakdown voltage of the gap,and the arcing time is less than 2 μs.
Application of Preventing Errors to Body Welding Wire Solder

Welding equipment currently can not resolve the problem,which led to a number of defects. Through the application of preventing errors to body welding wire solder,it will solve the defects problem fundamentally.
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at an increased risk of colorectal cancer when compared to the general population. Chronic inflammation is thought to be the underlying cause, and medications that reduce inflammation have the potential to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.Areas covered: After conducting a PubMed search for relevant literature, we examined several classes of medications that have been studied as potential chemopreventive agents. These include 5-aminosalicylates, thiopurines, tumor necrosis factor antagonists, ursodeoxycholic acid, NSAIDs, and statins.Expert commentary: While each class of medications has some data to support its use in chemoprevention, the majority of the evidence in each case argues against the routine use of these medications solely for a chemopreventive benefit.
Multi-tissue polygenic models for transcriptome-wide association studies

Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have proven to be a powerful tool to identify genes associated with human diseases by aggregating cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. However, TWAS relies on building predictive models of gene expression, which are sensitive to the sample size and tissue on which they are trained. The Gene Tissue Expression Project has produced reference transcriptomes across 53 human tissues and cell types; however, the data is highly sparse, making it difficult to build polygenic models in relevant tissues for TWAS. Here, we propose ‘fQTL’, a multi-tissue, multivariate model for mapping expression quantitative trait loci and predicting gene expression. Our model decomposes eQTL effects into SNP-specific and tissue-specific components, pooling information across relevant tissues to effectively boost sample sizes. In simulation, we demonstrate that our multi-tissue approach outperforms single-tissue approaches in identifying causal eQTLs and tissues of action. Using our method, we fit polygenic models for 13,461 genes, characterized the tissue-specificity of the learned cis-eQTLs, and performed TWAS for Alzheimer9s disease and schizophrenia, identifying 107 and 382 associated genes, respectively.
Ethanol and Cell Tyrosine Kinase

Virtually no part of the body is spared by the effects of ethanol. Cells are the primary targets (Alcohol and Health, NIAAA Report, 1990). Ethanol has long been known to affect cell metabolism and enzyme activities (Hawkins and Kalant, 1972). Ethanol is metabolized in cells predominantly to acetaldehyde which can cause damaging effects. One of the first interactions of ethanol on a cell is with the cell membrane (Goldstein and Chin, 1981; Sun and Sun, 1985; Taraschi and Rubin, 1985). There is evidence that ethanol in the concentration range 50–500 mM has influences on membrane fluidity (Harris and Schroeder, 1981). Further, the effects of ethanol on membranes can be more discrete as it modifies lateral and vertical lipid domains (Wood et al., 1989).