cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth responses of indigenous Frankia populations to edaphic factors in actinorhizal rhizospheres

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to follow population dynamics of indigenous Frankia populations in bulk soil, in leaf-litter-amended soil and in the rhizosphere of Alnus glutinosa or Casuarina equisetifolia at 2 matric potentials representing dry and wet conditions in soil microcosms. Analyses revealed between 10- and 100-fold increases of Frankia populations within the incubation period of 12 weeks independent of treatment. Numbers were generally higher under dry conditions and in the rhizosphere, with that of C. equisetifolia supporting highest abundance. Frankiae detected at any time and treatment belonged to either subgroup I of the Alnus host infection group or the Elaeagnus host infection group, with those of the Elaeagnus host infection group largely representing the genus in all samples under wet conditions, and in bulk and leaf litter amended soil under dry conditions. Subgroup I of the Alnus host infection group was most prominent in the rhizosphere of both plant species where it represented up to 95% of the genus with higher percentages in that of C. equisetifolia.
Coordinating Vehicles in an Automated Highway

The paper summarizes the design of an Automated Highway System (AHS). The design objective is to increase highway capacity. We assume the availability of certain elements: vehicles with appropriate sensors and actuators, highways with appropriate sensors, and the ability to communicate between vehicles and between a vehicle and the highway. The design specifies how these elements are configured and controlled, and how the ‘intelligence’ that carries out the control tasks is distributed among the vehicles and the highway infrastructure. One control task—the coordination of the movement of vehicles—is discussed in detail. The paper also presents a simulation suggesting that it is possible to increase highway capacity through automation.
Fastening Our Seatbelts: Turning Crisis Into Opportunity

The field of communication, like much of higher education, is facing a set of crises brought about by economic, political and technological changes that affect all segments of society. We owe to ourselves, our students and our societies to face these challenges and rethink our mission and our practices in ways that will contribute to solutions. In this article I focus on several dimensions of our present circumstances: the need to embrace a broader vision of the career paths for which we are training our doctoral students; the importance of envisioning communication studies as a necessary and essential component of any rational liberal arts education in the 21st century; the critical role that communication scholarship can and should play in addressing current public policy debates and issues; and the crucial role we need to assume as leaders of a cultural environment movement that will counter the negative externalities of our pervasive corporate media environment.
On the construction of vignettes: Short simulation processes for role-playing purposes

Abstract Starting from the concept of the psychiatric interview as a multistage interaction process between the therapist and the patient, a computer simulation was constructed to be used for both research and training purposes. The “patient” was stored in a computer program and a trainee assumed the role of the therapist. In this way, certain interviewing techniques, as well as a number of other features of this interaction process, could be examined and analyzed. All that follows is part of the general area of decision making, subject to complexity, uncertainty, and time pressure.
An apparent identity of 5-S RNA from free and membrane-bound reticulocyte ribosomes.

Abstract 1. 1. A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of reticulocyte 5-S RNA isolated from free and membrane-bound ribosomes was made to clarify further the relationship of 5-S RNA to ribosome function. 2. 2. Although reticulocyte 5-S RNA could be distinguished from Escherichia coli B 5-S RNA by its nucleotide composition, optical properties, response to urea treatment and electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels, no such differences were found between 5-S RNA isolated from free and membrane-bound reticulocyte ribosomes.
Simulations of ion motion in toroidal ion traps

Abstract Potential mapping, field calculations, and simulations of ion motion were used to compare three types of toroidal ion traps: a symmetric and an asymmetric trap made using hyperbolic electrodes, and a simplified trap made using cylindrical electrodes. Higher-order components of the radial electric fields in the simplified design were similar to those of the axial field in the symmetric design, while the asymmetric design had minimal higher-order field contributions. Because of the toroidal geometry of the trapping region, an effect similar to centripetal force was observed in the motion of ions with a significant tangential component of velocity. The result of this effect is that the mean ion location is offset from the theoretical trapping center (the saddle point in the potential). A radial asymmetry in the micromotion was also observed. The average radial position, average kinetic energy, and average velocity were calculated for different trap conditions (temperature and pressure).
High frequency of cytogenetic aberration in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L.) plants

Cytological abnormalities were observed in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L. cv. GAF/Park-1) produced by microprojectile bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues. Of the plants from 48 independent transgenic lines examined, plants from only 20 lines (42%) were karyotypically normal (2n=6x=42) without detectable chromosomal aberrations; plants from 28 lines (58%) had chromosomal variation, i.e. aneuploids and structural changes. No significant difference in cytological aberration was observed between the two different culturing systems used for transformation: 57% chromosomal abnormalities in plants derived from D'BC2 medium (2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0. 1 mg/l BAP and 5.0 µM cupric sulfate) used for tissue initiation and maintenance and 60% in plants from tissue initiated on D'BC2 and maintained on DBC3 (1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l BAP and 5.0 µM cupric sulfate). Comparative differences in chromosomal status frequently occurred among plants regenerated from the same T(0) line. The most common cytological aberration in transgenic plants was aneuploidy, followed by deletion of chromosomal segments; no change in ploidy level was observed. In contrast, nontransgenic plants, regenerated from tissues comparable in age and culture media to that used for transgenic tissues, had a much lower percentage of karyotypic abnormality (0-14%). Our data indicate that some stress(es) imposed by the transformation process, e.g. osmotic treatment, bombardment and selection, leads to cytological variation in transgenic oat plants, an observation similar to that observed in our recent studies with transgenic barley plants.
Effect of Heparin-Induced Free Fatty Acid Elevation on Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Man

To determine whether acute elevation of plasma free fatty acids influences myocardial oxygen consumption in man, 17 patients underwent a metabolic study consisting of serial measurements of coronary sinus blood flow, heart rate and aortic blood pressure and arterial and coronary sinus determinations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, glycerol and free fatty acids both before and for 30 minutes after the intravenous administration of a bolus dose of 5,000 units of heparin. Of the 17 patients, 9 (group A) were fasting, and 8 (group B) ingested 100 g of fat 3 hours before the study in order to enhance post-heparin lipolysis. Marked elevation of arterial free fatty acid levels was seen in each group 30 minutes after administration of heparin (group A 713 ± 21 [mean ± standard error of the mean] to 1,757 ± 139 μmoles/liter, P < 0.001; group B 721 ± 57 to 2,668 ± 332 μmoles/liter, P < 0.001); significant increase in arterial-coronary sinus free fatty acid difference was also noted (group A 139 ± 11 to 298 ± 19 μmoles/liter, P < 0.001; group B 147 ± 11 to 334 ± 35 μmoles/liter, P < 0.001). Hemodynamic variables, including mean aortic pressure, heart rate, coronary sinus blood flow and coronary vascular resistance, were unchanged. Despite the marked increase in free fatty acids, myocardial oxygen consumption was unchanged 30 minutes after administration of heparin in both groups A and B. Myocardial triglyceride formation after heparin in both groups was suggested by (1) lack of change in cardiac respiratory quotient, (2) net myocardial glycerol uptake after heparin but not in the control state, and (3) oxygen extraction ratios totaling considerably in excess of 100 percent after heparin. The data suggest that acute elevation of plasma free fatty acids to pathophysiologic levels after heparin-induced lipolysis has no measurable effect on myocardial oxygen consumption in patients in stable condition, probably because the excess free fatty acids are stored as triglycerides rather than oxidized.
Sedimentological effects of strong southward flow in the Straits of Florida

Abstract Periodic southerly currents along the western side of the Straits of Florida are sufficiently strong to erode the seafloor and create large sand waves and coral mounds up to several meters high. Mapping with side-looking sonar and visual observations from the Nuclear Research Submarine NR-1 show that the sand waves are confined to an area about 2 km wide, but over 70 km long. Southerly currents in excess of 50 cm s −1 were measured during our dives, and the size of the bedforms and grain size of sediments suggests currents could attain velocities of 100 cm s −1 . The eastern boundary of the sand waves terminates abruptly with an erosional cliff or a series of erosional steps, grades to a zone of nondeposition and then to an area of sediment accumulation. In the central Straits are regions of ripples, megaripples and small coral mounds that indicate persistent flow to the north. Chemical as well as current erosion appears to be altering the seafloor on the southern side of the Northwest Providence Channel, which feeds into the Straits of Florida. Relict lithoherms are abundant in this channel, but they are much smaller than those observed further north in the Straits of Florida. Bedforms and current measurements show a strong northwest flow in the channel along the south wall.
An evaluation of availability latency in carrier-based wehicular ad-hoc networks

On-demand delivery of audio and video clips in peer-to-peer vehicular ad-hoc networks is an emerging area of research. Our target environment uses data carriers, termed zebroids, where a mobile device carries a data item on behalf of a server to a client thereby minimizing its availability latency. In this study, we quantify the variation in availability latency with zebroids as a function of a rich set of parameters such as car density, storage per device, repository size, and replacement policies employed by zebroids. Using analysis and extensive simulations, we gain novel insights into the design of carrier-based systems. Significant improvements in latency can be obtained with zebroids at the cost of a minimal overhead. These improvements occur even in scenarios with lower accuracy in the predictions of the car routes. Two particularly surprising findings are: (1) a naive random replacement policy employed by the zebroids shows competitive performance, and (2) latency improvements obtained with a simplified instantiation of zebroids are found to be robust to changes in the popularity distribution of the data items.
Cardiac expression of 52β, an alternative transcript of the congenital heart block‐associated 52‐kd SS‐A/Ro autoantigen, is maximal during fetal development

OBJECTIVE Congenital heart block (CHB), associated with antibodies to SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La, is most often detected between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation, yet the maternal heart is unaffected. We recently described an alternatively spliced 52-kd SS-A/Ro messenger RNA (mRNA) derived from the skipping of exon 4 which encodes a smaller protein, 52beta (MW 45 kd), recognized by CHB maternal antisera. This study was designed to identify whether cardiac expression of 52beta and full-length 52alpha relates to the development of CHB. METHODS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers flanking exon 4 and mRNA from 22 human fetal hearts (age 11-25 weeks) and 3 adult hearts. The brain, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen were similarly evaluated in a 15-week, an 18-week, and a 24-week fetus. RESULTS Expression of 52beta was greatest and 52alpha lowest between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation. In fetal hearts ages 22-25 weeks and adult heart, the 52beta transcript was markedly diminished and 52alpha clearly dominated. The 52beta mRNA was observed in a 15-week brain, kidney, lung, and spleen; however, its expression relative to 52alpha was greatest in the heart. CONCLUSION Since expression of the alternative product 52beta is maximal at the time of cardiac ontogeny when maternal antibodies gain access to the fetal circulation, just prior to the clinical detection of bradyarrhythmia, a role for 52beta in the development of CHB is implicated. Although other fetal tissues express 52beta, there may be differences in accessibility of antigen or regenerative capacities.
Prediction of vortex height from mechanical mixing in metal matrix nanocomposite processing by means of dimensional analysis and scaling

Abstract Mechanical mixing can be used for initial dispersion and distribution of nanoparticle agglomerates in metal matrix nanocomposite (MMNC) fabrication. As vortex height increases, flow is enhanced as well as the risk of oxidate melt contamination. The goal of this study was to examine and predict vortex height using dimensional analysis while varying fluid and the angular speed of a pitched square-blade impeller. An equation proposed by Markopoulos et al. was verified for the present experimental conditions. The relevant dimensionless numbers were the Reynolds (Re), Froude (Fr) and Galilei (Ga) numbers. A modified Fr was defined (Fr*) including the shaft and blade angles of the impeller. Experiments allowed calculation of the dimensionless numbers. Two fluids, water and 50 vol% aqueous glycerine, were used. Angular clockwise speed varied from 200 to 900 rpm in 100 rpm increments. Vortex height was measured in lateral view digital images. Correlations of the dimensionless numbers yielded, first, a linear relationship of the product of dimensionless vortex height (H) and specific gravity (ρ*) with respect to Fr*. A polynomial relationship was found between H and ReFr* for each fluid. The polynomial coefficients, in turn, follow a power law behavior with respect to Ga. This allows a prediction of vortex height in other Newtonian fluids that satisfy the single-phase isothermal flow condition. Perhaps, molten aluminum used in MMNC fabrication, can be analyzed based on a simple, room temperature, low cost transparent fluid system. For the experimental conditions in this study, the equation proposed by Markopoulos et al. was valid. The predicting methodology was verified with experimental results using 25 vol% aqueous glycerine, resulting in an absolute percent error of 5.29%, comparable and lower than an error of 9.12% obtained by predicting vortex height with Markopoulos’ equation.
The relationship between goal perspectives, persistence and behavioral intensity among male and female recreational sport participants

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between identification with mastery versus social comparison‐based goals and select motivated behaviors (i.e., persistence and behavioral intensity) in a recreational sport setting. A secondary focus was to examine whether variation in goal perspectives was significantly related to gender and previous competitive sport involvement. A total of 67 male and 67 female undergraduates who participated on a team sport in an intramural league responded to a questionnaire that examined their preference for mastery and competitive sport goals. The questionnaire also tapped the student's present participation in intramural sport (i.e., type of sport, years of involvement in the sport and hours/week spent practicing the sport in one's free time during the intramural season) and previous competitive sport history. In general, students who placed a high emphasis on mastery in sport were more likely to have participated in their sport longer and practi...
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models

Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models is a comprehensive manual for the applied researcher who wants to perform data analysis using linear and nonlinear regression and multilevel models. The book introduces a wide variety of models, whilst at the same time instructing the reader in how to fit these models using available software packages. The book illustrates the concepts by working through scores of real data examples that have arisen from the authors' own applied research, with programming codes provided for each one. Topics covered include causal inference, including regression, poststratification, matching, regression discontinuity, and instrumental variables, as well as multilevel logistic regression and missing-data imputation. Practical tips regarding building, fitting, and understanding are provided throughout.
“Authority from Heaven”: Robert Southey's Madoc and Epic Christian Imperialism

This article reads Robert Southey's epic poem Madoc (1805) against the context of Southey's changing religious and political positions and his qualified support for missionary activity at the time of the poem's publication. It argues that tensions in his revision of epic tradition in Madoc reveal both the advantages he saw in Christian conversion and his concern for its potential to serve as justification for tyranny. The poem additionally reflects his caution about the enthusiasm of many missionaries and his lingering reservations about established religion. Reading Madoc as an experiment through which Southey could explore his changing ideas about religion and its relation to empire, this article demonstrates how Southey uses the resources of the epic genre in thinking through his responses to missionary activity.
Homoeologous relationships of rice, wheat and maize chromosomes.

A set of cDNA clones, which had previously been mapped onto wheat chromosomes, was genetically mapped onto the chromosomes of rice. The resulting comparative maps make it possible to estimate the degree of linkage conservation between these two species. A number of chromosomal rearrangements, some of which must have involved interchromosomal translocations, differentiate the rice and wheat genomes. However, synteny of a large proportion of the loci appears to be conserved between the two species. The results of this study, combined with those from a recently published comparative map of the rice and maize genomes, suggest that rice, wheat and maize share extensive homoeologies in a number of regions in their genomes. Some chromosomes (e.g. chromosome 4 in rice, chromosomes 2 and 2S in wheat and maize, respectively) may have escaped major rearrangement since the divergence of these species from their last common ancestor. Comparative maps for rice, wheat and maize should make it possible to begin uniting the genetics of these species and allow for transfer of mapping information (including centromere positions) and molecular marker resources (e.g. RFLP probes) between species. In addition, such maps should shed light on the nature of chromosome evolution that accompanied the radiation of grasses in the early stages of plant diversification.
The Roles of Living Arrangements and Household Resources in Single Mothers' Employment

Abstract This study examines the roles of household resources and living arrangements in facilitating single mothers' employment. Data from the National Survey of Families and Households were analyzed through regression models with the hybrid method. The findings show that household resources, including financial, child care, and housework assistance, varied across single mothers' living arrangements, that housework assistance was associated with single mothers' employment, and that cohabitation and marriage were significantly related to singlemothers' employment even after controlling for household resources.
Paul and Mackersy, accountants, 1818–34: public accountancy in the early nineteenth century

The purpose of this paper is to present a contextualised history of a Scottish public accountancy firm in the first half of the nineteenth century. The minute book of a private dining club identifies the employees of Paul and Mackersy, Accountants of Edinburgh from 1818 to 1834, and national archives provide data on the firm's client services as well as the careers and other activities of its partners, clerks and apprentices. The study also observes financial matters consequent to the deaths of Lindsay Mackersy in 1834 and William Paul in 1848. The paper uniquely reveals the structure and operations of a leading training firm in the early period of the modern history of Scottish public accountancy, its strong association with the legal profession and landownership, the contemporary jurisdiction of public accountants, and the potential for practitioners to fail despite their elite professional status.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) improves upper GI symptoms and balances the sympathovagal activity in scleroderma patients.

To assess the impact of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at gastrointestinal (GI) acupoints on GI symptoms and quality of life in scleroderma patients, 17 patients filled out SF-36 and GI symptom questionnaires before the electrocardiogram was recorded for two intervals: baseline and TENS. At home, patients applied TENS for 14 days, then were reassessed.
Review of the single-mode designs

A review of the single-mode designs and their progress in the last few years will be given. Important design variables, their interactions and the trade-offs will be discussed. Current status of various designs for Terabit/s throughput on a single fiber will be presented. Emerging applications of single-mode fibers and waveguides will be described.
Musical Compost, Consorts and Collapsing Pyramids: On the Disintegration of Traditional Performance Practices to Raise a Sound Society

By introducing a consort of instrumentalists representing musical traditions from Iran to the Philippines, Zimbabwe, Japan, Korea and the Americas, the author presents a paradoxical compost approach of defining while disintegrating musical cultural elements, thus conveying the transformative nature of self and society. Improvisation informs the author's chromodal concept, illustrated in the article with a collapsing pyramid model, thereby illuminating co-existence as a shared creative source that ultimately expands human potential through the extinction of the formal.
Evidence and characteristics of hydrolytic disproportionation of organic matter during metasomatic processes

Abstract Petroleum-geochemical analyses of carbonaceous regionally metamorphosed rocks, carbonaceous rocks from ore deposits, and alkalic plutonic rocks from diverse settings, demonstrated the presence of very low to moderately low concentrations of solvent-extractable organic matter, this observation in spite of the fact that some of these rocks were exposed to extremely high metamorphic temperatures. Biomarker and δ13C analyses established that the extractable organic matter originated as sedimentary-derived hydrocarbons. However, the chemistry of the extractable bitumen has been fundamentally transformed from that found in sediment bitumen and oils. Asphaltenes and resins, as defined in the normal petroleum-geochemical sense, are completely missing. The principal aromatic hydrocarbons present in oils and sediment bitumens (especially the methylated naphthalenes) are either in highly reduced concentrations or are missing altogether. Instead, aromatic hydrocarbons typical of sediment bitumens and oils are very minor, and a number of unidentified compounds and oxygen-bearing compounds are dominant. Relatively high concentrations of alkylated benzenes are typical. The polar “resin” fraction, eluted during column chromatography, is the principal compound group, by weight, being composed of six to eight dominant peaks present in all samples, despite the great geologic diversity of the samples. These, and other, observations suggest that a strong drive towards equilibrium exists in the “bitumen.” Gas chromatograms of the saturated hydrocarbons commonly have a pronounced hump in both the n-paraffins and naphthenes, centered near the C19 to C26 carbon numbers, and a ubiquitous minimum in the n-paraffin distribution near n-C12 to n-C14. Multiple considerations dictate that the bitumen in the samples is indigenous and did not originate from either surficial field contamination or from laboratory procedures. Our observations are consistent with the hydrolytic disproportionation of organic matter (HDOM), in which water and organic matter, including hydrocarbons, easily exchange hydrogen or oxygen with one another under certain conditions (Helgeson et al., 1993) . The process appears to take place via well-known organic-chemical redox reaction pathways and is most evident in open-fluid systems. The conclusion that HDOM took place in the analyzed samples, thus producing the chemistry of the extractable bitumen, is supported by numerous previously published organic-geochemical studies of metamorphic, volcanic, plutonic, and ore-deposit-related rocks by other investigators. HDOM is suggested as an unrecognized geologic agent of fundamental importance. The process appears to control major chemical reactions in diverse geologic environments including, but not limited to, petroleum geology and geochemistry, regional metamorphism, and base- and precious-metal ore deposition.
Cell replacement and visual restoration by retinal sheet transplants

Retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) affect millions of people. Replacing lost cells with new cells that connect with the still functional part of the host retina might repair a degenerating retina and restore eyesight to an unknown extent. A unique model, subretinal transplantation of freshly dissected sheets of fetal-derived retinal progenitor cells, combined with its retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), has demonstrated successful results in both animals and humans. Most other approaches are restricted to rescue endogenous retinal cells of the recipient in earlier disease stages by a 'nursing' role of the implanted cells and are not aimed at neural retinal cell replacement. Sheet transplants restore lost visual responses in several retinal degeneration models in the superior colliculus (SC) corresponding to the location of the transplant in the retina. They do not simply preserve visual performance - they increase visual responsiveness to light. Restoration of visual responses in the SC can be directly traced to neural cells in the transplant, demonstrating that synaptic connections between transplant and host contribute to the visual improvement. Transplant processes invade the inner plexiform layer of the host retina and form synapses with presumable host cells. In a Phase II trial of RP and ARMD patients, transplants of retina together with its RPE improved visual acuity. In summary, retinal progenitor sheet transplantation provides an excellent model to answer questions about how to repair and restore function of a degenerating retina. Supply of fetal donor tissue will always be limited but the model can set a standard and provide an informative base for optimal cell replacement therapies such as embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived therapy.
Mechanistic aspects of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol-induced in vitro nephrotoxicity.

Abstract 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (ADCP) is a potent acute nephrotoxicant in vivo inducing prominent renal corticomedullary necrosis. In vitro, ADCP exposure increases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from rat renal cortical slices at 0.05 mM or greater. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of antioxidants, cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase (FMO) activity modulators, indomethacin, glutathione and inhibitors of glutathione conjugate metabolism to attenuate ADCP cytotoxicity in vitro. Renal cortical slices prepared from untreated male Fischer 344 rats (N = 4/group) were preincubated at 37 °C under a 100% oxygen atmosphere with an inhibitor or vehicle for 5–30 min. ADCP (0.05–0.5 mM) or vehicle was added and incubations continued for 120 min. At the end of the incubation period, LDH release was measured as an index of nephrotoxicity. ADCP cytotoxicity was partially attenuated by ascorbate (1.0 or 2.0 mM), but not by N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), α-tocopherol or deferoxamine. Inhibitors of CYP (metyrapone, piperonyl butoxide and isoniazid) and FMO activity modulators (methimazole, N-octylamine) had no effect on ADCP cytotoxicity. Indomethacin or glutathione 1.0 mM completely and partially blocked ADCP 0.1 and 0.5 mM cytotoxicity, respectively. N-acetylcysteine, AOAA (an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate β-lyase) and probenecid (an organic anion transport inhibitor), but not AT-125 (an inhibitor of γ-glutamyl transferase), partially attenuated ADCP 0.1 mM cytotoxicity. Overall, these results suggest that reactive metabolites may be produced from ADCP primarily via a co-oxidation-mediated mechanism. The difference in the ability of ascorbate and glutathione to attenuate ADCP-induced cytotoxicity in vitro in kidney cells could indicate that alkylation via the reactive benzoquinoneimine metabolite might be responsible for cytotoxicity rather than a free radical-mediated mechanism.
Controlling cell behavior using their high-resolution light-sensing capability [Engineering in Genomics]

To gain control over the cellular environment for the study and manipulation of biological systems, it is important to understand the signals and stimuli that provoke cellular mechanisms. Techniques for the perturbation and analysis at the single-cell resolution are crucial for understanding the behavior and mechanisms within the cellular environment. Thus, there is a need for the development of a new technology with the capability to manipulate and study individual cells. One promising technology utilizes light as a mechanism for delivering an active signal to cells. As light can be directed with exquisite precision in time and space, this presents an advantageous delivery system for initiating and controlling signaling events.
Electromagnetic Theory of Light Scattering from an Inhomogeneous Fluid

Abstract The methods of geometric optics are employed to determine the spectral distribution of the time averaged intensity of light scattered by thermal fluctuations in an inhomogeneous fluid. It is assumed that all average quantities undergo little change over distances comparable to a wavelength of the incident or scattered light. An elementary example corresponding to gravitational effects is considered to indicate the use of the method.
Miocene seawater 187Os/188Os ratios inferred from metalliferous carbonates

Abstract Seawater 187Os/188Os ratios for the Middle Miocene were reconstructed by measuring the 187Os/188Os ratios of metalliferous carbonates from the Pacific (DSDP 598) and Atlantic (DSDP 521) oceans. Atlantic and Pacific 187Os/188Os measurements are nearly indistinguishable and are consistent with previously published Os isotope records from Pacific cores. The Atlantic data reported here provide the first direct evidence that the long-term sedimentary 187Os/188Os record reflects whole-ocean changes in the Os isotopic composition of seawater. The Pacific and the Atlantic Os measurements confirm a long-term 0.01/Myr increase in marine 187Os/188Os ratios that began no later than 16 Ma. The beginning of the Os isotopic increase coincided with a decrease in the rate of increase of marine 87Sr/86Sr ratios at 16 Ma. A large increase of 1‰ in benthic foraminiferal δ18O values, interpreted to reflect global cooling and ice sheet growth, began approximately 1 million years later at 14.8 Ma, and the long-term shift toward lower bulk carbonate δ13C values began more than 2 Myr later around 13.6 Ma. The post-16 Ma increase in marine 187Os/188Os ratios was most likely forced by weathering of radiogenic materials, either old sediments or sialic crust with a sedimentary protolith. We consider two possible Miocene-specific geologic events that can account for both this increase in marine 187Os/188Os ratios and also nearly constant 87Sr/86Sr ratios: (1) the first glacial erosion of sediment-covered cratons in the Northern Hemisphere; (2) the exhumation of the Australian passive margin–New Guinea arc system. The latter event offers a mechanism, via enhanced availability of soluble Ca and Mg silicates in the arc terrane, for the maintenance of assumed low CO2 levels after 15 Ma. The temporal resolution (three samples/Myr) of the 187Os/188Os record from Site 598, for which a stable isotope stratigraphy was also constructed, is significantly higher than that of previously published records. These high resolution data suggest oscillations with amplitudes of 0.01 to 0.02 and periods of around 1 Myr. Although variations in the 187Os/188Os record of this magnitude can be easily resolved analytically, this higher frequency signal must be verified at other sites before it can be safely interpreted as global in extent. However, the short-term 187Os/188Os variations may correlate inversely with short-term benthic foraminiferal δ18O and bulk carbonate δ13C variations that reflect glacioeustatic events.
Bubble chamber measurements of cascade times in mesic atoms

This paper describes the pioneering role of the bubble chamber in measuring interesting atomic physics quantities such as the cascade time in mesic hydrogen and helium atoms.
Intentional forgetting benefits from thought substitution

This study provides both experimental and correlational evidence that forgetting in the think/no-think paradigm (Anderson & Green, 2001) is sensitive to the substitution of thoughts about new events for thoughts that are to be suppressed. All the participants learned a list of adjective-noun pairs. Then the adjectives were presented as cues for recalling half of the nouns and as cues for suppressing the other half, 0, 2, or 12 times.Aided participants were provided with substitute nouns, to use during suppression. On a final test that requested recall of all initially learned nouns, aided participants showed evidence of below-baseline forgetting of suppressed nouns.Unaided participants produced below-baseline forgetting only if their later self-reports indicated that they had complied relatively well with instructions for suppression. Independently, forgetting in the unaided condition was more successful when the participants reportedly thought about something else during suppression trials. In general, the use of selfinitiated strategiesseems to affect the degree of forgetting in the think/no-think paradigm.
Recognizing sights, smells, and sounds with gnostic fields.

Mammals rely on vision, audition, and olfaction to remotely sense stimuli in their environment. Determining how the mammalian brain uses this sensory information to recognize objects has been one of the major goals of psychology and neuroscience. Likewise, researchers in computer vision, machine audition, and machine olfaction have endeavored to discover good algorithms for stimulus classification. Almost 50 years ago, the neuroscientist Jerzy Konorski proposed a theoretical model in his final monograph in which competing sets of “gnostic” neurons sitting atop sensory processing hierarchies enabled stimuli to be robustly categorized, despite variations in their presentation. Much of what Konorski hypothesized has been remarkably accurate, and neurons with gnostic-like properties have been discovered in visual, aural, and olfactory brain regions. Surprisingly, there have not been any attempts to directly transform his theoretical model into a computational one. Here, I describe the first computational implementation of Konorski's theory. The model is not domain specific, and it surpasses the best machine learning algorithms on challenging image, music, and olfactory classification tasks, while also being simpler. My results suggest that criticisms of exemplar-based models of object recognition as being computationally intractable due to limited neural resources are unfounded.
THE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM THERMO - HYDROSULFURICUM ON MULTIPLE SUBSTRATES

Abstract Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum has a number of characteristics which make it an attractive organism to use in a process to convert pretreated, lignocellulosic materials into alcohol. One such characteristic is its ability to convert the major products of cellulose hydrolysis, glucose, cellobiose, xylose and xylobiose into ethanol at relatively high yields. Experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of multiple sugar utilization. Results showed that glucose repressed the utilization of cellobiose, xylose and xylobiose all of which could otherwise be catabolized simultaneously in the absence of glucose. Further experiments with the glucose/cellobiose system showed that both transient and permanent repression occurred. A mathematical model was developed which successfully described the growth of Cl. thermohydrosulfuricum on mixtures of glucose and cellobiose in both batch and continuous culture.
Fat aversion in eating disorders

Abstract Patients with eating disorders are reported to show an irrational dislike of starchy foods, sometimes described as a “carbohydrate phobia”. In the present study, food-related attitudes and self-reported food preferences of women patients with anorexia nervosa (N = 13), anorexia with bulimia (N = 16) and bulimia (N = 14) were mapped using multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedures and compared to those of normal-weight controls (N = 49). Sixteen common food names were rated along 9-point category scales for their nutritional similarity, perceived macronutrient content, caloric density and overall nutritional value. MDS (SINDSCAL) and property fitting (PROFIT) procedures revealed that eating disorder patients associated calories with fat content to a greater extent than did controls, and tended to dislike high-fat foods. In contrast, no differences in perceptions or preferences for carbohydrate foods were observed. Anorectic restrictor patients showed the most rigid attitude structure, expressing preferences only for the lowest calorie and the most nutritious foods. The present multivariate techniques of mapping perceptual space may help to distinguish between diagnostic subgroups in studies of eating disorders.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment for intermediate risk endometrial cancer: postoperative brachytherapy vs. observation

Abstract Objective. To compare the survival, morbidity, and cost of treating women with intermediate risk endometrial cancer with postoperative vaginal cuff brachytherapy versus observation followed by treatment for vaginal recurrence. Methods. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing two treatment strategies for intermediate risk endometrial cancer (Stage IC, IG3, II—tumors limited to the uterus with greater than 50% myometrial invasion or poor differentiation or cervical metastasis). All patients undergo hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy: strategy 1—postoperative vaginal cuff brachytherapy, strategy 2—observation. Strategy 2 patients who develop vaginal recurrence undergo diagnostic work-up followed by teletherapy and brachytherapy. All six principles of cost-effectiveness analysis were employed. Importantly, actual payer costs were evaluated, not charges. Results. Although the treatment for vaginal cuff recurrence is expensive, since only 8% of patients develop a vaginal recurrence, there was a 31% decreased cost by not treating patients with postoperative low-dose rate brachytherapy (strategy 2). Also, although the complication rate for teletherapy is greater than brachytherapy, since only 8% of patients develop a vaginal recurrence and require teletherapy, projected complication rates for the two strategies are similar. Survival would be decreased 3% by withholding postoperative brachytherapy (strategy 2). With postoperative high-dose rate brachytherapy (strategy 1), the cost per life saved would be $38764. Conclusion. Using a cost-effectiveness analysis, we have shown that withholding postoperative brachytherapy for patients with intermediate risk endometrial cancer results in a 31% decrease in cost, has a similar radiation complication rate, and results in a 3% decrease in survival.
Lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) as a sensitive cyanide and acetate sensor

Abstract Lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), the essential component of henna, is used as a sensitive colorimetric and electrochemical sensor for anions such as cyanide, acetate, fluoride and dihydrogen phosphate (DHP) in acetonitrile. These anions cause a color change in Lawsone's solution from yellow to orange-red. Other anions, such as chloride, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, do not show a significant change. Cyanide changes the color of Lawsone in water:acetonitrile (95:5) solution significantly while acetate causes a slight color change. On the other hand, hydrogen sulfate anion fades the yellow color of the solution. Job's plots show a 1:1 host:guest complex in acetonitrile for cyanide, acetate and fluorides and 1:2 for DHP. In water/acetonitrile the stoichiometry is 1:1 for host:anion. The binding constants show strong binding with cyanide and acetate in both solvent systems.
Theoretical considerations of soil retention

The performance of solar energy devices is adversely affected by surface soiling, and generally, the loss of performance increases with increases in the quantity of soil retained on their surfaces. To minimize performance losses caused by soiling, solar devices should not only be deployed in low soiling geographical areas, but employ surfaces or surfacing materials having low affinity for soil retention, maximum susceptibility to be naturally cleaned by wind, rain and snow, and to be readily cleanable by simple and inexpensive maintenance cleaning techniques. This article describes known and postulated mechanisms of soil retention on surfaces, and infers from these mechanisms that low soiling and easily cleanable surfaces should have low surface energy, and be hard, smooth, hydrophobic and chemically clean of sticky materials and water soluble salts.
Latent Growth Mixture Models: An Important New Tool for Developmental Researchers.

This manuscript by Connell and Frye (Infant Child Dev 2006; 15(6): 609–621) provides a clear example of the application of latent growth mixture models (LGMM) to the development of antisocial behaviour in adolescence. The LGMM approach is discussed in the context of this example, and factors influencing the results achieved with these methods are highlighted. Overall, developmental psychologists have much to gain from the use of these new approaches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcendence and Apocalyptic: A Reply to Barber

This essay takes up Dan Barber's challenge to think Christian theology non-analogically. It does so by re-affirming and re-conceiving transcendence according to a kind of apocalyptic exigence. Apocalyptic transcendence, it is argued, occurs according to a mode of action that is irreducible either to the univocal production of pure immanence, or to the analogical mediation of transcendence within immanence. Rather, apocalyptic transcendence is operative as a mode of action by which immanence is suspended and the territorial conceptions of this-worldly sovereignty are denied. Through engagement with the work of John Howard Yoder, it is argued that apocalyptic thus gives way to doxology as that mode of engaged and embodied action that alone exceeds the presumed need for effective ontological production.
Exploring Alternative Research Epistemologies for Adult Education: Participatory Research, Feminist Research and Feminist Participatory Research.

Although there has been a growing interest in participatory research and feminist research as streams of social science inquiry, they remain largely peripheral to North American adult education res...
Seismic-array signal processing for moving source localization

In this paper, we consider the use of a seismic sensor array for the localization and tracking of a wideband moving source. The proposed solution consists of two steps: source Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation and localization via DOA estimates. Three DOA estimation methods are considered. The Covariance Matrix Analysis and the Surface Wave Analysis are previously published DOA estimation algorithms shown to be effective in the localization of a stationary wideband source. This paper investigates their performance on moving wideband sources. A novel DOA estimation algorithm, the Modified Kirlin's Method was also developed for the localization of a moving source. The DOAs estimated by these algorithms are combined using a least-squares optimization for source localization. The application of these algorithms to real-life data show the effectiveness of both the Surface Wave Analysis and the Modified Kirlin's Method in locating and tracking a wideband moving source.
Variations in fluvial deposition on an alluvial plain: an example from the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), southeastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract The Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation is an important coal-bearing sedimentary unit in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana. We studied the depositional environments of a portion of this member at three sites 20 km apart in the southeastern part of the basin. Six lithofacies are recognized that we assign to five depositional facies categorized as either channel or interchannel-wetlands environments. (1) Type A sandstone is cross stratified and occurs as lenticular bodies with concave-upward basal surfaces; these bodies are assigned to the channel facies interpreted to be the product of low-sinuosity streams. (2) Type B sandstone occurs in parallel-bedded units containing mudrock partings and fossil plant debris; these units constitute the levee facies. (3) Type C sandstone typically lacks internal structure and occurs as tabular bodies separating finer grained deposits; these bodies represent the crevasse-splay facies. (4) Gray mudrock is generally nonlaminated and contains ironstone concretions; these deposits constitute the floodplain facies. (5) Carbonaceous shale and coal are assigned to the swamp facies. We recognize two styles of stream deposition in our study area. Laterally continuous complexes of single and multistoried channel bodies occur at our middle study site and we interpret these to be the deposits of sandy braided stream systems. In the two adjacent study sites, single and multistoried channel bodies are isolated in a matrix of finer-grained interchannel sediment suggesting deposition by anastomosed streams. A depositional model for our study area contains northwest-trending braided stream systems. Avulsions of these systems created anastomosed streams that flowed into adjacent interchannel areas. We propose that during late Paleocene a broad alluvial plain existed on the southeastern flank of the Powder River Basin. The braided streams that crossed this surface were tributaries to a northward-flowing, basin-axis trunk stream that existed to the west.