cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal characteristics of the Main Himalaya Thrust and the Indian lower crust with implications for crustal rheology and partial melting in the Himalaya orogen

Abstract The Main Himalaya Thrust (MHT) is the current tectonic boundary between the subducting Indian lithosphere and the overlying Himalayan orogenic prism and the Tibetan crust. We present thermo-kinematic calculations and metamorphic P–T–t paths of the Indian lower crust (ILC) that constrain the thermal structure of the MHT and the southern Tibetan crust (Lhasa Block) and explain the origin of a thin, seismic low velocity zone that was revealed by the recent Hi-CLIMB experiment from receiver functions of teleseismic waves. Northward of the Himalayas, the low velocity zone occurs within the ductile regime of the crust and is thought to extend along the MHT into the Lhasa Block. In the Lhasa Block, the low velocity zone occurs directly above the ILC. Predicted evolution of mineralogy of the ILC along its subduction P–T–t path shows that its dehydration can potentially induce wet melting within the orogenic prism above the inclined portion of the MHT. However, north of the Yarlung Tsangpo Suture (YTS) below the southern Lhasa Block, where subduction of the ILC is flat, the ILC is predicted to be anhydrous eclogite and therefore, it cannot supply H2O to the overlying crust. The seismic low velocity zone above this portion of the ILC is best explained by dehydration melting due to strain heating. The MHT there appears to be localized by the rheological contrast between the ductile lower Lhasa Block and the strong eclogitic ILC. Southward thrusting of the Himalaya orogenic prism, which contains accreted Indian upper crust, causes advection of hot middle-crustal rocks to shallower levels, thereby producing a shallow ductile regime between the Himalayas and the YTS. The shallow ductile regime is evident in the limit of upper crustal earthquake foci to shallow depths in this region.
Complications and Risk Factors for Failure of Rotationplasty: Review of 25 Patients

Rotationplasty is one treatment option for femoral bone sarcomas in skeletally immature patients. This procedure enables patients to avoid phantom pain, limb length discrepancy, or loosening of an endoprosthesis, and good functional outcome has been reported. However, rotationplasty is only rarely indicated and the surgical complications or risk factors for failure of the procedure that might influence choices of treatment or patient counseling have not been well described. We reviewed 25 patients who underwent rotationplasty focusing on risk factors for failure and postoperative complications. Three of 25 patients had vascular compromise resulting in amputation. All three had vascular anastomosis and were resistant to chemotherapy with less than 95% of tumor necrosis. Two of the three patients who underwent amputation had a pathologic fracture before surgery. Late complications included one patient with a tibial fracture, two with wound complications treated with skin grafts, one with nonunion, and one with subsequent slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Rotationplasty was successfully accomplished in 22 of the 25 patients. Patients with large tumors unresponsive to chemotherapy or preoperative pathologic fracture appear at higher risk for failure of rotationplasty presumably as a result of compromise of venous drainage of the leg. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Signaling Schemes for Distributed Connection Management in Wavelength-Routed Optical Mesh Networks

The next-generation optical transport network will evolve from point-to-point connectivity to mesh networking, which can provide fast and automatic provisioning with enhanced flexibility and survivability. Signaling is used to support connection setup, maintenance, and teardown in such a network. In this paper, we study the performance of two hop-by-hop and one parallel signaling schemes in wavelength-routed optical mesh networks. Based on the sequence between optical crossconnect (OXC) switching and signaling message processing, we classify hop-by-hop signaling into two types that comply with the requirements of GMPLS signaling protocols. These two types are forward before switching configuration (FBSC) and forward after switching configuration (FASC). Also, we propose a parallel signaling scheme that is different from the existing hop-by-hop GMPLS signaling protocols. Considering OXC architectures and traffic patterns, we compare the FBSC, FASC, and parallel signaling schemes using simulation experiments, in terms of network blocking probability and reservation time. The simulation data reveal that the performance of a signaling scheme depends on the nature of the signaling as well as the network setting (e.g., the OXC architecture and traffic pattern). We analyze reasons for this result and discuss tradeoffs between these signaling schemes. This work offers some insight into designing an efficient signaling protocol for wavelength-routed optical mesh networks.
Reconstructing corrupt DEFLATEd files

Abstract We present a method by which to determine a synchronzation point within a DEFLATE-compressed bit stream (as used in Zip and gzip archives) for which the beginning is unknown or damaged. Decompressing from the synchronization point forward yields a mixed stream of literal bytes and co-indexed unknown bytes. Language modeling in the form of byte trigrams and word unigrams is then applied to the resulting stream to infer probable replacements for each co-indexed unknown byte. Unique inferences can be made for approximately 30% of the co-indices, permitting reconstruction of approximately 75% of the unknown bytes recovered from the compressed data with accuracy in excess of 90%. The program implementing these techniques is available as open-source software.
Dislocation-grain boundary interactions in Ni3Al; effects of structure and chemistry

This paper reports that one of the critical issues in developing an understanding of the response of Ni{sub 3}Al to stress is the interaction between dislocations and grain boundaries. Even in simple metals this issue is complex, depending as it does on the nature and orientation of the grain boundary and the character of the interacting dislocations. In the case of intermetallic alloys, the issue is even more complex, as the additional factors of grain boundary chemistry, local order, etc. play an important role. This si clearly illustrated in the specific case of Ni{sub 3}Al which exhibits brittle intergranular fracture at low temperatures, except for hypo-stoichiometric alloys containing small amounts of Boron. The B-doped alloy exhibits extensive plastic deformation before undergoing ductile rupture. The effect of B is clearly on the response of grain boundaries to the stresses caused by slip dislocations as both ductile and brittle alloys show extensive slip within the grains prior to fracture. Two mechanism have been proposed to account for this effect of B on the fracture process. In one, it is postulated that B segregation to the grain boundaries increases the cohesive energy of the grain boundaries to the extent that stress concentrations atmore » the boundaries are relieved by initiation of slip rather than fracture. This is consistent with the thermodynamic treatment of fracture as it has been observed that B does segregate more strongly to grain boundaries than to external surfaces.« less
Vector-mediated expression of erythropoietin improves functional outcome after cervical spinal cord contusion injury

We evaluated the therapeutic effect of erythropoietin (EPO) delivered by direct injection of a nonreplicating herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vector coding for EPO (vEPO) in a model of cervical hemicord contusion at C7. At 1 h after spinal cord injury (SCI), either vEPO or control vector carrying a reporter gene (vC) was injected into the cord above and below the lesion. Animals injected with vEPO showed a statistically significant improvement in the ipsilateral forelimb function, as measured by open-field evaluation of motor performance, forelimb reaching in the cylinder test and misplacement in grid walk. This correlated with preservation of gray matter in the area of the lesion. There was also mild but significant improvement of hindlimb motor function measured by Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan score and computerized gait analysis in vEPO compared with control vector-injected animals. Microtubule-associated protein tau, phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein and the synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95 were all significantly increased in the spinal cord of vEPO-treated animals compared with control vector-injected animals. These data suggest that gene transfer of EPO after cervical SCI by minimizing the injury size and enhancing tissue sparing preserves large-caliber axons and promotes synaptogenesis.
Using the Moon as a Strange Quark Nugget Detector

We review the romance and mystery of strange quark matter (SQM), including: its basics, our recent work on bounds on the abundance of ton-range strange quark nuggets (SQNs) from Earth seismology, potential SQN bounds from a possible seismic search on the Moon, and our recent bounds on SQNs in the 10 kilogram to ton range from the data of Apollo-implanted seismometers. Finally, we speculate a bit on using the sun or the solar system to detect passage of SQNs of much greater mass than the aforementioned.
The Effect of Air Pollution upon Mortality: A Consideration of Distributed Lag Models

Abstract The relationship between daily mortality and urban air pollution is considered in a regression context. Several distributed lag models are examined in order to discover a possible delayed mortality response. The results of those models with geometrically declining lag coefficients are consistent with those of the other lag models. Adjustment is made for serial correlation, and the consequences of measurement error are explored. Application of the various models to four to six different time periods allows an examination of the consistency of these models. Results for all time periods indicate associations between daily mortality and air pollution values. The distributed lag models suggest that any lagged effect is negligible in comparison with the immediate response.
A comparison of the effects of central ν peripheral bolus injections of potassium chloride on aortic root potassium concentrations in swine

Clinically relevant doses of potassium chloride (equivalent to 2 mEq/60 kg of body weight) were administered as rapid intravenous (IV) boluses to healthy halothane-anesthetized pigs. Potassium was given either peripherally through a standard IV ear catheter or centrally through the central venous port of a pulmonary artery catheter. Multiple injections were made in each pig, and cardiac output was varied by changing end-tidal halothane concentration. The aortic root potassium concentration was measured every three to six seconds for 90 seconds following potassium administration in each pig. Monitored variables included end-tidal halothane, end-tidal carbon dioxide, pulmonary artery pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, electrocardiogram, and temperature. Following both peripheral and central administration of potassium chloride, aortic root potassium increased significantly. However, the time required to achieve the peak aortic root potassium concentration was significantly less after central administration. In addition, the change in aortic root potassium concentration was greater following central administration compared with peripheral. The change in aortic root potassium concentration correlated inversely with cardiac output only after central, but not peripheral injection. Despite marked transient hyperkalemia in all animals, no electrocardiographic evidence of hyperkalemia could be demonstrated. It is concluded that small bolus doses of potassium chloride (2 mEq/60 kg) can be given safely either peripherally or centrally in normal, hemodynamically stable swine.
Immunochemical properties of some atopic allergens

Many substances can act as antigens or allergens to induce immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions in animals and man. Antigens which induce immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by specific IgE antibodies are designated as atopic allergens. In this presentation I will review some of the known immunochemical properties of atopic allergens. Many environmental sources of atopic allergens are of clinical interest. Several of these common sources have been studied for their allergenic components.‘-4 These sources include inhalants such as pollens, animal danders, and mites, injected antigens such as from bee and vespid venoms, and ingested foods such as fish, egg, and milk. In all cases cited, allergenic activity is found to be associated with the protein-rich fractions. Allergens from each source can be divided into major and minor ones, based on their relative allergenic activities. Major allergens are highly active in the majority of allergic individuals tested, while minor allergens are poorly active. However, minor allergens can be as active as, or more so than, major allergens in some selected individuals. This variation in the individual response to different allergens is believed to be under genetic control.” Major allergens are usually in the molecular size range of 20,000 to 40,000 daltons, while the size of minor allergens is highly variable from a few thousand to about 70,000 daltons. Second, major allergens are usually the more abundant proteins in the extract than minor allergens. A third common observation is that the allergenic activity of allergens is markedly reduced on denaturation. This indicates that most, if not all, of the antigenic determinants reacting
Constructing and promoting African Diaspora identity in the Dominican Republic: the emergence of Casa de la Identidad de las Mujeres Afro

Casa por la Identidad de las Mujeres Afro, locally known as Identidad (Identity), began as a Black women's movement in the Dominican Republic in 1989 and later became an organization that challenged prevalent ideas of race and racial identity. This article examines the process by which women in Identidad came to define themselves as Afro-Dominican, mulata, and/or negra in a society that has privileged racial and color categories, such as indio, without reference to an African past and being of African descent. Importantly, this article not only shows how Identidad recreated new individual and collective identities for themselves but also how they promoted this identity in Dominican society through workshops and publications while working to form a network and community of consciousness with other women in the African Diaspora.
Weight loss and temperature regulation in clustered versus individual Glossophaga soricina.

Abstract Dawn to dusk weight loss and body temperature variation of single and grouped Glossophaga soricina was determined. It was found that: 1. Clustered bat weight loss averaged 5.5% of original body weight whereas individual bat weight loss averaged 18.3% of original body weight. 2. Clustered bats maintained high body temperatures (X = 37.5°C) throughout the day. Single bats had lower T b (X = 33.5°C) and more variability in T b . 3. The rate of weight loss for both groups was greater in the first 4 hr of the experiment than in the last 6 hr. This may be due to loss from elimination or to activity decline as bats acclimated to the apparatus.
Two-Impulse Reorientation of Spinning Axisymmetric Body: Single Axis Thrust

It is well known that a sequence of two impulses can be used to redirect the spin axis of an axisymmetric rigid body. The first impulse initiates the coning motion by imparting an initial transverse component of angular velocity. The second impulse brings the coning motion to a halt by completely canceling the transverse angular velocity. When the torque can be given along only one axis in the transverse plane then a two-impulse maneuver can be designed with a coast time before the initiation of the maneuver. The coast time is required to align the torque axis in a specific direction. Further, by appropriately choosing the time of the second impulse, a solution is found when the impulse is restricted to only one direction along a single axis.
An At-Risk Assessment: Teachers Rate Their Students on Academic Skills and Behavior

(1991). An At-Risk Assessment: Teachers Rate Their Students on Academic Skills and Behavior. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 56-62.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: Presentation after cardiopulmonary bypass

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome was diagnosed in a 63-year-old woman 11 days after coronary artery bypass grafting. Her only presenting complaints were incisional leg pain and vague chest discomfort. The syndrome was suspected when her platelet count was found to be 37,000/microL. A subsequent ventilation-perfusion lung scan showed findings highly probable for pulmonary embolism. An inferior venacavogram obtained before a pulmonary angiogram revealed a large retrohepatic thrombus at the right atrial junction. The patient was successfully treated with the defibrinogenating agent ancrod (Arvin). A diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome should be considered and heparin therapy should be avoided in patients with low platelet counts who have been previously treated with heparin.
Effect of LH‐RH Analogue Treatment on Egg Maturation (Ovulation) in Lake Trout Brood Stock

Abstract Brood-stock females of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were injected with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue des-Gly10 [D-Ala6]LH-RH-ethylamide (LH-RHa) in an attempt to induce advanced final egg maturation (ovulation). Experimental fish were divided into three groups: 49 control fish received a saline injection; 45 fish received 10 μg LH-RHa/kg body weight; and 46 fish received 20 μg LH-RHa/kg body weight. Fish in all groups received a single intraperitoneal injection. Data obtained 4 d post injection were inconclusive but appeared to indicate that LH-RHa injection was exerting a positive effect on advanced final egg maturation. Data collected on day 8 postinjection confirmed this observation. By this time, only 53% of the saline-injected controls had ovulated, whereas 91 and 98% ovulation had occurred in the 10- and 20-μg LH-RHa/kg groups, respectively. Both LH-RHa treatment groups showed a significantly greater (P < 0.05) incidence of ovulation than the control group.
Isolation of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: a dimensional concept analysis

AIM: To present the findings of a dimensional analysis of isolation in the context, and from the perspective, of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth. BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth are often at greater risk for negative health outcomes compared with heterosexual youth. Isolation is one risk factor cited throughout the literature; however, the concept is complicated and has many uses and thus warrants clarification. DESIGN: Concept Analysis. DATA SOURCES: Sources comprise 35 English language research articles retrieved from CINAHL and EBSCOHost (1987-2012). METHODS: A dimensional concept analysis was undertaken to analyse how the concept, isolation, is socially constructed. RESULTS: This dimensional analysis revealed five socially constructed dimensions and four sub-dimensions. These findings indicate that there is substantial variability in the concept of isolation. These differences and variations are most notably observed in the 20 articles (57%) that had more than one dimension. Although some of these articles were explicit with the different meanings and use of the concept, most of the papers had wide variability in the use and meaning of the concept. CONCLUSION: The disproportionately greater physical and mental health disparities between lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and heterosexual youth are a signal to conduct more research to clarify the concept of isolation, to develop instrumentation to identify at-risk youth and to explore predictors and consequences of isolation. Nurses and others can lead the way in translating this knowledge into strategies that will improve the health and lives of these young people. Language: en
Assessment of the reliability of the determination of carotid artery lumen sizes by quantitative image processing of magnetic resonance angiograms and images

In order to use MR imaging to assess progression or regression of atherosclerosis, one must have an idea of the reproducibility of the imaging and image processing techniques. The ability of dark-blood MRI and semiautomated image processing to reproducibility measure the inner boundary of the carotid arteries was evaluated and compared with results obtained using bright-blood MRA. MRI and MRA images were obtained for two normal and two diseased volunteers six times each over a short period of time (6 months). The carotid bifurcation was used to align slices from different imaging sessions. The area for each vessel (right and left common, internal and external carotid artery) was determined for the six imaging sessions. The standard deviations of each lumen area normalized to the average area were computed for each vessel segment for each volunteer. For the common, internal, and external carotids, the averaged normalized standard deviations for MRI were 8, 12, and 17% and for MRA were 6, 8, and 13%. Lumen sizes obtained by MRI and MRA were found to be not statistically different. Eccentric plaques not seen on MRA were visualized by MRI. In conclusion, dark-blood MRI with semiautomated image processing yields reliable lumen areas that are in agreement with those obtained by MRA.
Effect of radiation on tension, compression, bending, and shear properties of polyethylene

The influence of various nuclear radiation doses on the short-time tension, compression, bending, and pure shear (torsion) stress-strain properties of polyethylene was investigated. In interpreting the test results, an attempt was made to determine the optimum radiation dose for each of the properties evaluated. In addition to the nominal tension and compression properties, the true stress-strain properties were determined. Nominal properties in bending and torsion were also found. For all four types of stress, the influence of radiation was found using four different doses of radiation. A second part of this study deals with the theoretical prediction of bending-curvature and torquetwist relations from the true stress-strain curves in tension and compression. A comparison of the predicted and actual relations for the various radiation doses considered shows good agreement between actual and predicted values. (auth)
Integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles into Residential Distribution Grid Based on Two-Layer Intelligent Optimization

This paper presents a methodology for modeling the load demand of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Due to the stochastic nature of vehicle arrival time, departure time and daily mileage, probabilistic methods are chosen to model the driving pattern. However, these three elements of driving pattern are correlated with each other, which makes the probability density functions (pdfs)-based probabilistic methods inaccurate. Here a fuzzy logic based stochastic model is built to study the relationship between the three elements of driving pattern. Moreover, a load profile modeling framework (LPMF) for PHEVs is proposed to synthesize both the characteristics of driving pattern and vehicle parameters into a load profile prediction system. Based on this stochastic model of PHEV, a two-layer evolution strategy particle swarm optimization (ESPSO) algorithm is proposed to integrate PHEVs into a residential distribution grid. A novel business model is developed for PHEVs to provide ancillary service and participate in peak load shaving. A virtual time-of-use rate is used to reflect the load deviation of the system. Then, an objective function is developed to aggregate the peak load shaving, power quality improvement, charging cost, battery degradation cost and frequency regulation earnings into one cost function. The ESPSO approach can benefit the system in four major aspects by: 1) improving the power quality; 2) reducing the peak load; 3) providing frequency regulation service; and 4) minimizing the total virtual cost. Finally, simulations are carried out based on different control strategies and the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Elemental analysis of mineral lick soils from the Serengeti National Park, the Konza Prairie and Yellowstone National Park

We analyzed mineral lick soils and non-mineral lick soils from the Serengeti National Park, the Konza Prairie, and Yellowstone National Park. The concentrations of 14 different elements considered important for ungulate nutrition were analyzed to determine the relative importance of Na vs other elements in attracting animals to lick areas. Only Na was consistently higher in the mineral lick soils of the three ecosystems. Mean Na concentrations were c. 20x greater in Serengeti licks, 10x greater in Konza licks and 3x greater in Yellowstone licks compared to the respective non-lick soils. Despite the numerous elements analyzed for this survey, our results suggest that Na is the primary element initiated mineral lick use in these widely separated ecosystems. The widespread distribution of Na-deficient forage likely explains the importance of Na in most mineral licks
Image-guided noninvasive surgery with ultrasound phased arrays

The current status and the future needs of image-guided ultrasound phased array systems for noninvasive surgery are addressed. Preliminary results from an integrated image- guided therapeutic phased array system for noninvasive surgical applications currently being developed at our laboratory are shown. The therapeutic array utilizes piezo- composite transducer technology and operates (therapeutically) at 1 and 2 MHz. It consists of 64 elements on a spherical shell with a geometric center at 100 mm from its apex. The array was shown to be capable of producing well defined thermal lesions in tissue media at depths from 40 to 60 mm and to scan therapeutic foci up to +/- 15 mm from its geometric center. Image guidance is provided by a modified diagnostic ultrasound scanner which, in addition to providing standard B-scan images of the target region, provides real-time images of the temperature rise due to the therapeutic beam. The temperature information is obtained using a correlation based algorithm for echo displacement estimation, which can be directly related to local variation in tissue temperature due to the therapeutic beam. A complete description of the combined imaging/therapy system is given. Furthermore, illustrative examples of noninvasive real-time image-guided tissue ablation, temperature estimation, and temperature control are presented and discussed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SU-E-T-266: Proton PBS Plan Design and Robustness Evaluation for Head and Neck Cancers.

Purpose: To describe a newly designed proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) planning technique for radiotherapy of patients with bilateral oropharyngeal cancer, and to assess plan robustness. Methods: We treated 10 patients with proton PBS plans using 2 posterior oblique field (2F PBS) comprised of 80% single-field uniform dose (SFUD) and 20% intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). All patients underwent weekly CT scans for verification. Using dosimetric indicators for both targets and organs at risk (OARs), we quantitatively compared initial plans and verification plans using student t-tests. We created a second proton PBS plan for each patient using 2 posterior oblique plus 1 anterior field comprised of 100% SFUD (3F PBS). We assessed plan robustness for both proton plan groups, as well as a photon volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan group by comparing initial and verification plans. Results: The 2F PBS plans were not robust in target coverage. D98% for clinical target volume (CTV) degraded from 100% to 96% on average, with maximum change Δ D98% of −24%. Two patients were moved to photon VMAT treatment due to insufficient CTV coverage on verification plans. Plan robustness was especially weak in the low-anterior neck. The 3F PBS plans, however, demonstrated robust target coverage, which was comparable to the VMAT photon plan group. Doses to oral cavity were lower in the Proton PBS plans compared to photon VMAT plans due to no lower exit dose to the oral cavity. Conclusion: Proton PBS plans using 2 posterior oblique fields were not robust for CTV coverage, due to variable positioning of redundant soft tissue in the posterior neck. We designed 3-field proton PBS plans using an anterior field to avoid long heterogeneous paths in the low neck. These 3-field proton PBS plans had significantly improved plan robustness, and the robustness is comparable to VMAT photon plans.
Review: Cryoablation for carcinoma of the prostate

Percutaneous transperineal cryoablation of the prostate is now available in the armamentarium for treatment of prostate cancer. Technical advances in real-time transrectal imaging of the prostate and improvements in cryosurgical equipment have brought this modality into the limelight of available prostate cancer management. Cryosurgery can be offered to many patients with prostate cancer. However, the main indications for its use include primary treatment for localized disease, salvage therapy after failure of traditional methods, and relief of local symptoms. A historical background, description of the technique, and clinical experience at several medical centers including the University of California San Diego, Allegheny General Hospital, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and Crittenton Hospital, are presented.
Who's Who in G-PMP: Gustave Shapiro

Presents a biography of Gustave Shapiro, Editor of IEEE Transactions on Parts, Materials and Packaging.
Microstructural characterization of U–7Mo/Al–Si alloy matrix dispersion fuel plates fabricated at 500°C

The starting microstructure of a dispersion fuel plate will impact the overall performance of the plate during irradiation. To improve the understanding of the as-fabricated microstructures of U–Mo dispersion fuel plates, particularly the interaction layers that can form between the fuel particles and the matrix, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses have been performed on samples from depleted U–7Mo (U–7Mo) dispersion fuel plates with either Al–2 wt.% Si(Al–2Si) or AA4043 alloy matrix. It was observed that in the thick interaction layers, U(Al, Si)3 and U6Mo4Al43 were present, and in the thin interaction layers, (U, Mo) (Al, Si)3, U(Al, Si)4, U3Si3Al2, U3Si5, and possibly USi-type phases were observed. The U3Si3Al2 phase contained some Mo. Based on the results of this investigation, the time that a dispersion fuel plate is exposed to a relatively high temperature during fabrication will impact the nature of the interaction layers around the fuel particles. Uniformly thin, Si-rich layers will develop around the U–7Mo particles for shorter exposure times, and thicker, Si-depleted layers will develop for the longer exposure times.
What Massachusetts Residents Know about Fluoridation

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health conducted a comprehensive, statewide telephone health interview survey during 1980. Adult members of 1,091 households were interviewed. The purpose of this paper is to report the attitudes and knowledge of the Massachusetts residents surveyed regarding fluoridation, as well as the relation of their attitudes with demographic and socioeconomic variables, dental and other health behaviors, and outcome of fluoridation referenda. The majority, 60 percent, were in favor of community water fluoridation. As expected, groups that were most likely to favor fluoridation were parents, those who were better educated, and those with higher incomes. About three-fourths of those surveyed were correctly aware of the purpose of fluoridation. Public opinion about fluoridation, as measured by this survey, did not correspond with the outcome of fluoridation referenda held in 14 Massachusetts communities between 1980 and 1983, which showed that 61 percent of the voters were not in favor of fluoridation.
Histopathology of a granulosis-virus disease of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella

Abstract The granulosis of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella , is a polyorganotropic disease and produces pathologies in the fat body, hypodermis, tracheal matrix, and Malpighian tubules. Both free virus rods and capsules were observed in these organs with the electron microscope. The occurrence of infection in the Malpighian tubules suggests that the virus may be excreted through this organ. Laboratory tests indicated this possibility, but fecal contamination was not conclusively established. In addition to the virus rods and capsules found in the cells in an advanced stage of infection, there was a mass of coiled filaments that may be associated with the formation of the virus rods.
Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic mutagenic responses to binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene as detected by strains TA98 and TA100 in the salmonella/microsome assay

Binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and benzo(e)pyrene (B(e)P) produce synergistic mutagenic (comutagenic) responses in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 (a frameshift detector). The optimum enhancement (25 X) was found at B(a)P concentration of 0.3 microgram/plate and B(e)P concentration of 1.5 microgram/plate. The response of strain TA100 (mostly a base-substitution detector) is opposite that of TA98, showing antagonism and additivity in similar concentration ranges.
Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver associated with hemihypertrophy and vascular malformations

A case of multiple focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring in a 22-year-old woman with musculoskeletal hemihypertrophy and anomalous vascular supply to the liver is described. The patient had Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome and abdominal pain and tender massive hepatomegaly. Visceral angiography showed marked dilatation of the celiac axis and both the main trunk and peripheral branches of the hepatic artery. Large abdominal veins drained from the dome of the liver into the hepatic veins. The vascular anomalies were evident on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia was confirmed by laparoscopic liver biopsy. The findings in this patient support the concept that multiple focal nodular hyperplasia characteristically occurs in a syndromic form and is induced by an irregular arterial supply in the liver, with localized hyperfusion that leads to nodular areas of hepatocyte hyperproliferation.
Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage

Recent brain imaging and lesion studies provide converging evidence for amygdala involvement in judgments of fear and trust based on facial expression [Adolphs et al., Nature 393 (1998) 470; Adolphs et al., Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 1111; Breiter et al., Neuron 17 (1996) 875; Winston et al., Nat. Neurosci. 5 (3) (2002) 277]. Another type of social information apparent in face stimuli is social group membership. Imaging studies have reported amygdala activation to face stimuli of different racial groups [Hart et al., NeuroReport 11 (11) (2000) 2351]. In White American subjects, amygdala activation to Black versus White faces was correlated with indirect, implicit measures of racial evaluation [Phelps et al., J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12 (5) (2000) 729]. To determine if the amygdala plays a critical role in indirect social group evaluation, as suggested by the imaging results, a patient with bilateral amygdala damage and control subjects were given two measures of race bias. All subjects were female, White Americans. The Modern Racism Scale (MRS) is a direct, self-report measure of race attitudes and beliefs. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is an indirect, automatic evaluation task. Performance on the two tasks did not differ between the patient with amygdala damage and control subjects. All subjects showed a pro-Black bias on the direct, explicit measure of race beliefs, the MRS, and a negative evaluation towards Black faces on the indirect measure of race evaluation, the IAT. These results indicate that even though amygdala activation to Black versus White faces is correlated with performance on indirect measures of race bias [Phelps et al., J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12 (5) (2000) 729], the amygdala is not critical for normal performance on the IAT.
On the uniqueness of Nash strategies for a class of analytic differential games

The uniqueness of Nash equilibria is shown for the case where the data of the problem are analytic functions and the admissible strategy spaces are restricted to analytic functions of the current state and time.
Glycine Dimerization Motif in the N-terminal Transmembrane Domain of the High Density Lipoprotein Receptor SR-BI Required for Normal Receptor Oligomerization and Lipid Transport

Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI), a CD36 superfamily member, is an oligomeric high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor that mediates negatively cooperative HDL binding and selective lipid uptake. We identified in the N-terminal transmembrane (N-TM) domain of SR-BI a conserved glycine dimerization motif, G(15)X(2)G(18)X(3)AX(2)G(25), of which the submotif G(18)X(3)AX(2)G(25) significantly contributes to homodimerization and lipid uptake activity. SR-BI variants were generated by mutations (single or multiple Gly → Leu substitutions) or by replacing the N-TM domain with those from other CD36 superfamily members containing (croquemort) or lacking (lysosomal integral membrane protein (LIMP) II) this glycine motif (chimeras). None of the SR-BI variants exhibited altered surface expression (based on antibody binding) or HDL binding. However, the G15L/G18L/G25L triple mutant exhibited reductions in cell surface homo-oligomerization (>10-fold) and the rate of selective lipid uptake (∼ 2-fold). Gly(18) and Gly(25) were necessary for normal lipid uptake activity of SR-BI and the SR-BI/croquemort chimera. The lipid uptake activity of the glycine motif-deficient SR-BI/LIMP II chimera was low but could be increased by introducing glycines at positions 18 and 25. The rate of lipid uptake mediated by SR-BI/LIMP II chimeras was proportional to the extent of receptor oligomerization. Thus, the glycine dimerization motif G(18)X(3)AX(2)G(25) in the N-TM domain of SR-BI contributes substantially to the homo-oligomerization and lipid transport activity of SR-BI but does not influence the negative cooperativity of HDL binding. Oligomerization-independent binding cooperativity suggests that classic allostery is not involved and that the negative cooperativity is probably the consequence of a "lattice effect" (interligand steric interference accompanying binding to adjacent receptors).
Hexachlorophene intoxication: characterization of myelin and myelin related fractions in the rat during early postnatal development.

Abstract Neonatal rats were intoxicated with hexachlorophene in order to investigate its effect during the peak period of CNS myelin formation. The white matter showed diffuse vacuolation and splitting of myelin sheaths, but the number and sizes of myelin sheaths were not significantly reduced. Myelin and a myelin-related fraction were isolated and characterized both morphologically and biochemically from 22-day-old brains. The yield of purified myelin from hexachlorophene intoxicated rats was greatly decreased, but the composition of the myelin was normal. An abnormal “floating fraction” was recovered during myelin purification from the hexachlorophene-treated animals. This fraction was probably derived from damaged myelin sheaths, and the sum of the floating fraction plus hexachlorophene-myelin represented 88% of the yield of control myelin. The floating fraction contained myelin whorls with an altered periodicity in some areas. Single membranes and vesicular profiles were also present. With the exception of the major myelin-associated glycoprotein which was absent or greatly reduced, typical myelin constituents were present in substantial amounts in this fraction. These results suggest that the myelin glycoprotein could be particularly susceptible to degradation following hexachlorophene intoxication.
The pulmonary ligament and subpulmonic effusion.

The “middle lobe step” and “lateral peaking of the diaphragm,” signs of subpulmonic pleural fluid, are illustrated. The anatomic and physiologic aspects of these roentgenographic signs are discussed.
Temperature and thickness dependence of low temperature transport in amorphous silicon thin films: A comparison to amorphous germanium

Abstract The temperature and thickness dependence of the low temperature electrical transport of amorphous silicon thin films measured in-situ in ultra-high vacuum are presented. As for a-Ge there is an extended range of ln ϱ ∝ T −1 4 for thick films with ln ϱ ∝ S 2 T −1 3 for thin films with S 2 ∝ d −1 3 as expected from a variable range tunneling mechanism.
An integrated model of process planning and production scheduling

Abstract Functional integration has taken the foreground in current manufacturing system development. Due to the fact that many of the functions in a manufacturing system are developing without a sense of integration, it becomes necessary that more importance be given to the integration of functions than the individual development of the functions itself. Process planning and job-shop scheduling are the two main information generators on the shop floor. Most of the current shop Door decisions are taken by the two functions without any feedback from each other. This leads to a situation wherein most of the created process plans become infcasible. This infeasibility leads to a unproductive shop floor. In this paper we propose an integrated model for process planning and job-shop scheduling. This approach can lead to more structured decision making on the shop floor and hence the creation of feasible plans.
Transient wear of machine parts

Abstract In the present work, the case of a wear scar of approximately constant area is considered and the wear (weight loss)-sliding distance curve is assumed to be the sum of two separate, independent contributions—a linear component and a transient component. The transient component is attributed to a “breaking in” of the surface by removal of surface irregularities associated with the original surface roughness of the part, while the linear component is equal to the steady state wear rate which dominates at long sliding distances after all transient effects are over. A model is developed which predicts that the wear-sliding distance, W - L , curve should be of the general form W = β [1− exp (− nL )]+ KL . It is assumed that the initial surfaces of ground and machined parts are simulated by a regular array of triangular ridges. For this idealization, the coefficient β, which represents the maximum contribution of the transient mechanism to the total wear process, should be a function of only the original surface roughness, apparent area of the wear scar, and density of the material. Experimental wear curves were generated for steel on steel under lubricated conditions in a tester which employs ground cylindrical specimens subjected to combined sliding and rolling contact. The individual wear curves are shown to be described by an equation of the predicted general form and the experimental values of the coefficient β are in good agreement with those calculated by the theoretical model.
Mutant KRAS and GNAS DNA Concentrations in Secretin-Stimulated Pancreatic Fluid Collected from the Pancreatic Duct and the Duodenal Lumen.

Mutant KRAS and GNAS DNA Concentrations in Secretin-Stimulated Pancreatic Fluid Collected from the Pancreatic Duct and the Duodenal Lumen
Professionalization and unionization of police: A Delphi forecast on police values

Abstract The Delphi Forecasting technique was utilized to assess the general direction and magnitude of broad future trends in the occupationally-related values of police officers. Two panels of experts were established and utilized in the Delphi Process: one composed of veteran police officers and the other consisting of law enforcement educators, top echelon police administrators, attorneys, and social ethicists. Two major trends emerged in the course of the study: a movement toward professionalization and a movement toward unionization. These two movements were found to embody generally conflicting sets of occupationally-related values. The increasing emphasis of police chiefs and their administrators on managerial efficiency was identified as the critical factor influencing the future of these trends.
Public legal aid work

There are sixty-six legal aid bureaus in as many American citiess. Those operating under municipal government control are the most successful.
Sitagliptin phosphate: A DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background: Sitagliptin phosphate, the first dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, provides a new treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and cost of sitagliptin in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A literature search of MEDLINE (1966-May 10, 2007), Iowa Drug Information Service (1966-May 10, 2007), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 10, 2007) was performed using the terms sitagliptin and MK-0431. English-language, original research and review articles were reviewed, as were citations from these articles. The 2005 and 2006 American Diabetes Association Scientific Abstracts were searched, and the US Food and Drug Administration review of the new drug application for sitagliptin and select information from the manufacturer were consulted. Results: By inhibiting DPP-4, sitagliptin enhances postprandial levels of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leading to a rise in insulin release and decrease in glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells. Sitagliptin is 87% orally bioavailable, undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism, and is primarily excreted unchanged (~79%) in the urine. At doses ≥100 mg QD, DPP-4 activity is inhibited by >80%, with a consequent 2-fold rise in active GLP-1 levels. The reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) observed with 100 mg QD of sitagliptin in Phase III monotherapy trials ranged from ~0.5% to 0.6% ( P ≤ 0.001 vs placebo). In Phase III combination trials, HbA 1c was reduced by ~0.7% when added to metformin and ~0.9% with pioglitazone ( P Conclusions: When used alone or in combination with metformin or pioglitazone, sitagliptin has been associated with significant reductions in HbA 1c and has been well tolerated. Before its place in therapy can be firmly established, long-term studies evaluating the safety of prolonged DPP-4 inhibition are necessary.
The Ellipsoidal Vortex: A Novel Approach to Geophysical Turbulence

We review the development of the ellipsoidal vortex model within the field of geophysical fluid dynamics. This vortex model is built on the classical potential theory of ellipsoids and applies to large-scale fluid flows, such as those found in the atmosphere and oceans, where the dynamics are strongly affected by the Earth's rotation. In this large-scale limit the governing equations reduce to the quasi-geostrophic system, where all the dynamics depends on a single scalar field, the potential vorticity, which is a dynamical marker for vortices. The solution of this system is achieved by the inversion of a Poisson equation, that in the case of an ellipsoidal vortex can be solved exactly. From this ellipsoidal solution equilibria have been determined and their stability properties have been studied. Many studies have shown that this ellipsoidal vortex model, while being conceptually simple, is an extremely powerful tool in eliciting some of the fundamental characteristics of turbulent geophysical flows.